bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between attachment and cognitive development
Authors: Tosic Milica , Baucal Aleksandar , Stefanovic-Stanojevic Tatjana
Published: July 2013

Emotional and cognitive development of personality have mostly been explored
independently in the history of psychology. However, in the last decades,
there have been more and more frequent arguments in favour of the idea that
the emotional relationship between the mother and the child in early
childhood, through forming a secure or insecure attachment style, is to a
certain extent linked to the cognitive development. For example, securely
attached children, compared to the insecurely attached, have more frequent
and longer episodes of symbolic play and are more advanced in the domain of
language in early childhood. Securely attached children are also more
efficient and persistent in solving problems. Before starting school,
securely attached children understand better the feelings and beliefs of
others, as well as the fact that these determine people?s behaviour, thus
having an opportunity to understand and predict this behaviour better. In
this paper, we will attempt to point out some of the mechanisms that are
assumed to be mediators between the emotional and cognitive development.
Namely, since it enables a more independent exploration of the surroundings,
more quality social relations among children, higher self-esteem, better
focus and more developed communicative skills, secure attachment might
potentially be linked to the cognitive development.
Manifestation and encouragement of creativity in primary school from the teachers’ perspective
Authors: Bodroza Bojana , Maksic Slavica , Pavlovic Jelena
Published: July 2013

The modern society holds creativity in high esteem while criticizing
education for not investing sufficient efforts in accomplishing this valuable
goal. Teachers? opinions about the manifestation and development of
creativity can significantly affect the extent to which they recognize the
importance of creativity and are prepared to encourage it in their work. This
paper reports the results of research into teachers? opinions on the forms of
manifestation of creativity at the primary school level and the ways in which
the school can contribute to the development of students? creativity. Primary
school teachers from Serbia (N=144) filled out a questionnaire, and the
obtained data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The
findings indicate that teachers described creativity through creative
activities, originality, intellectual abilities, motivation and personality
traits. The majority of teachers were of the opinion that the school can
largely contribute to the development of students? creativity. According to
teachers, creativity can primarily be nurtured at the level of class, and
then at the level of the education system and the society as a whole. It has
been concluded that teachers most often perceive students? creativity through
their activities and personality traits, while seeing the school?s role in
the development of creativity in the domain of their own activities in the
classroom. Research results indicate that teachers? concepts of creativity
largely overlap with the expert ones. The concluding part discusses the
reasons why teachers? positive and activist attitudes towards creativity are
not transferred into school practice, as well as the prerequisites that have
to be fulfilled for this to be accomplished.
The specificities of teachers’ assessments of the prominence of student violence
Authors: Popadic Dragan , Pavlovic Zoran , Plut Dijana
Published: July 2013

Bearing in mind the finding that there is a large number of primary school
students at risk of peer violence, this paper attempts to provide an answer
to the question of the extent of teachers? sensitivity to such problems
encountered by their students. The questionnaire was administered to 95.765
students from the third to the eighth grade in 188 primary schools and 9.141
teachers in the same schools. It has been established that there is a
significant but low correlation between teachers? concern about school
violence and the risk of violence in the same schools. Teachers are the most
sensitive to verbal and physical violence, while the problems caused by other
forms of violence are noticed to a lesser extent. A large number of teachers
(40%) are of the opinion that school is not facing the problem of violence.
Generally speaking, teachers tend to underestimate the risk of violence (both
regarding the number of types and the number of students at risk). Teachers
who are more dedicated to their profession and whose role demands a larger
extent of involvement prove to be more sensitive. Trust in school?s power to
solve violence problems is correlated with the lower level of concern and
consequently with the lower risk of violence among students. The most
important implication of these findings is that the programmes that increase
sensitivity of all participants in the education system to various forms of
violence, especially relational violence, should be continued, as well as
that school capacities for solving violence problems should be strengthened.
Who are the victims of peer violence?
Authors: Nedimovic Tanja , Biro Miklos
Published: July 2013

Peer violence is a very current problem in schools. There are plenty of
studies on the characteristics of perpetrators, while the characteristics of
victims have been explored much less frequently. This research was aimed at
determining the factors from the domain of upbringing and socio-demographic
characteristics of the victims that contribute to the exposure to peer
violence. The total sample comprised 504 primary school students. In order to
determine the effect of victimological factors, hierarchical regression
analysis was performed. The data obtained by the Questionnaire measuring the
manifestation forms and frequency of peer violence were processed by factor
analysis, which yielded the following three factors of exposure to peer
violence: direct, manipulative and social. Factor scores on these factors
were used as criterion variables. In the first step, the variable of gender
was entered into the regression, the second set included three
socio-demographic variables, and the third set of variables comprised
parental upbringing styles and violent behavior in the family. The cold
upbringing style of the mother was identified as an important predictor for
the exposure to direct peer violence; for the exposure to manipulative peer
violence - the cold upbringing attitude of the father and mother; and for the
exposure to social peer violence - gender (female) and the cold upbringing
attitude of the father. The results are discussed in the context of
pedagogical implications of the research, i.e. the guidelines for designing
prevention programmes in schools focused on enhancing parental educational
competences and students? social skills.
Educational activities of secondary school students in Serbia: A time-diary analysis
Authors: Pesic Jelena , Videnovic Marina , Plut Dijana
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the time allocation of various
educational activities within the structure of a typical day of Serbian
secondary school students, and whether there were significant differences in
this respect depending on their socio-demographic characteristics. The
24-hour time diary method was applied: the subjects described
chronologically, at half-hourly intervals, their activities in one weekday an
done weekend day. The research was conducted on a sample of 922 secondary
school students, Structured by region, age and type of school. The analysis
revealed that on weekdays students spent about 5 hours in school. In work
activities outside school they spent almost 2 hours, out of which the largest
part in learning (81 minutes), and significantly less in housework (23
minutes) and economically productive work (7 minutes). From a total of5 hours
and22 minutes of free time, only 5 minutes were devoted to organized
extracurricular activities. Significant differences were obtained with regard
to students? gender, type of school, and level of parents? education. When
these results are compared with the data from other countries, it is shown
that secondary school students in Serbia, compared to the U.S., spend more
time in learning, and significantly less in economically productive work and
house?work, much like the youth in European countries. A very low proportion
of extracurricular activities shows that school learning is almost the only
context of developing educational competencies. The implications of these
findings are discussed from the perspective of positive youth development.
The Role of Auditors' Emotions and Moods on Audit Judgment: A Research Summary with Suggested Practice Implications
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Moreno Kimberly K.
Published: July 2013

The reality for auditors is that, during the audit process, they will experience emotional reactions, such as liking or disliking toward client personnel, or anxiety about components of tasks. Auditors also may experience different moods while conducting audits. Research reveals that an important consequence of auditors experiencing emotions and moods is that these reactions can influence their decision making. We provide a summary of the results and practice implications associated with several studies in a stream of research that has examined the impact of auditors' emotions and moods on audit judgments.
Einstein-Weyl structures on lightlike hypersurfaces
Authors: Atindogbe Cyriaque , Bérard-Bergery Lionel , Ogouyandjou Carlos
Published: July 2013

We study Weyl structures on lightlike hypersurfaces endowed with a conformal structure of certain type and specific screen distribution: the Weyl screen structures. We investigate various differential geometric properties of Einstein-Weyl screen structures on lightlike hypersurfaces and show that, for ambient Lorentzian space ℝ1n+2 and a totally umbilical screen foliation, there is a strong interplay with the induced (Riemannian) Weyl-structure on the leaves.
Fluid-fluid level in cystic vestibular schwannoma: a predictor of peritumoral adhesion
Authors: Xia Lei , Zhang Hongwei , Yu Chunjiang , Zhang Mingshan , Ren Ming , Qu Yanming , Wang Haoran , Zhu Mingwang , Zhao Dianjiang , Qi Xueling , Yao Kun
Published: July 2013

Object

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results and surgical outcomes of cystic vestibular schwannomas (VSs) with fluid-fluid levels.

Methods

Forty-five patients with cystic VSs and 86 with solid VSs were enrolled in the study. The patients in the cystic VSs were further divided into those with and without fluid-fluid levels. The clinical and neuroimaging features, intraoperative findings, and surgical outcomes of the 3 groups were retrospectively compared.

Results

Peritumoral adhesion was significantly greater in the fluid-level group (70.8%) than in the nonfluid-level group (28.6%) and the solid group (25.6%; p < 0.0001). Complete removal of the VS occurred significantly less in the fluid-level group (45.8%, 11/24) than in the nonfluid-level group (76.2%, 16/21) and the solid group (75.6%, 65/86; p = 0.015). Postoperative facial nerve function in the fluid-level group was less favorable than in the other 2 groups; good/satisfactory facial nerve function 1 year after surgery was noted in 50.0% cases in the fluid-level group compared with 83.3% cases in the nonfluid-level group (p = 0.038).

Conclusions

Cystic VSs with fluid-fluid levels more frequently adhered to surrounding neurovascular structures and had a less favorable surgical outcome. A possible mechanism of peritumoral adhesion is intratumoral hemorrhage and consequent inflammatory reactions that lead to destruction of the tumor-nerve barrier. These findings may be useful in predicting surgical outcome and planning surgical strategy preoperatively.
Proximal subcutaneous migration of the distal end of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt presenting with recurrent cerebrospinal fluid galactorrhea
Authors: Maknojia Asif , Caron Jean-Louis
Published: July 2013

The authors report an unusual case of recurrent proximal migration of the distal end of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter presenting as CSF galactorrhea. The authors review the pertinent literature and discuss the possible causes as well as techniques to prevent a similar occurrence.
The effect of screw head design on rod derotation in the correction of thoracolumbar spinal deformity
Authors: Lam Fred C. , Groff Michael W. , Alkalay Ron N.
Published: July 2013

Object

The use of fixed-axis pedicle screws for correction of thoracolumbar deformity in adult surgery is demanding because of the challenge of assembling the bent rod to the screw in order to achieve curve correction. Polyaxial screw designs, providing increased degrees of freedom at the screw-rod interface, were reported to be insufficient in achieving correction of thoracic deformity in the axial plane. Using a multisegment bovine calf spine model, this study investigated the ability of a new uniplanar screw design to achieve derotation correction of the vertebrae and maintain a degree of correction comparable to that of fixed-axis and polyaxial screw designs.

Methods

Eighteen calf thoracolumbar spine segments from T-6 to L-1 (n = 6 per screw design) underwent bilateral facetectomies at the T9–11 levels and were instrumented bilaterally with pedicle screws and rods. To assess the efficacy of each screw design in imparting rotational correction, each instrumented level was tested under applied torsional moments designed to simulate the motion applied during derotation surgery. Once rotation was achieved, the whole spine was tested to assess the overall stiffness of the construct.

Results

The fixed-axis construct showed increased efficacy in imparting rotation compared with the uniplanar (115% increase, p > 0.05) and polyaxial (210% increase, p < 0.05) constructs. Uniplanar screws showed a 21% increase in torsional stiffness compared with the polyaxial screws, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The design of screw heads plays a significant role in affecting the rotation of the vertebrae during the derotation procedure. Uniplanar screws may have the advantage of maintaining construct stiffness after derotation.
Effects of Ethanol Exposure during Distinct Periods of Brain Development on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Patten Anna , Gil-Mohapel Joana , Wortman Ryan , Noonan Athena , Brocardo Patricia , Christie Brian
Published: July 2013

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders occur when a mother drinks during pregnancy and can greatly influence synaptic plasticity and cognition in the offspring. In this study we determined whether there are periods during brain development that are more susceptible to the effects of ethanol exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In particular, we evaluated how the ability to elicit long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was affected in young adult rats that were exposed to ethanol during either the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester equivalent. As expected, the effects of ethanol on young adult DG LTP were less severe when exposure was limited to a particular trimester equivalent when compared to exposure throughout gestation. In males, ethanol exposure during the 1st, 2nd or 3rd trimester equivalent did not significantly reduce LTP in the DG. In females, ethanol exposure during either the 1st or 2nd trimester equivalents did not impact LTP in early adulthood, but following exposure during the 3rd trimester equivalent alone, LTP was significantly increased in the female DG. These results further exemplify the disparate effects between the ability to elicit LTP in the male and female brain following perinatal ethanol exposure (PNEE).
Electroless Nickel-Based Catalyst for Diffusion Limited Hydrogen Generation through Hydrolysis of Borohydride
Authors: Anderson Shannon , Kalu Egwu
Published: July 2013

Catalysts based on electroless nickel and bi-metallic nickel-molybdenum nanoparticles were synthesized for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride for hydrogen generation. The catalysts were synthesized by polymer-stabilized Pd nanoparticle-catalyzation and activation of Al2O3 substrate and electroless Ni or Ni-Mo plating of the substrate for selected time lengths. Catalytic activity of the synthesized catalysts was tested for the hydrolyzation of alkaline-stabilized NaBH4 solution for hydrogen generation. The effects of electroless plating time lengths, temperature and NaBH4 concentration on hydrogen generation rates were analyzed and discussed. Compositional analysis and surface morphology were carried out for nano-metallized Al2O3 using Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDAX). The as-plated polymer-stabilized electroless nickel catalyst plated for 10 min and unstirred in the hydrolysis reaction exhibited appreciable catalytic activity for hydrolysis of NaBH4. For a zero-order reaction assumption, activation energy of hydrogen generation using the catalyst was estimated at 104.6 kJ/mol. Suggestions are provided for further work needed prior to using the catalyst for portable hydrogen generation from aqueous alkaline-stabilized NaBH4 solution for fuel cells.
Maximum Entropy Production and Time Varying Problems: The Seasonal Cycle in a Conceptual Climate Model
Authors: Paillard Didier , Herbert Corentin
Published: July 2013

It has been suggested that the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle, or MEP hypothesis, could be an interesting tool to compute climatic variables like temperature. In this climatological context, a major limitation of MEP is that it is generally assumed to be applicable only for stationary systems. It is therefore often anticipated that critical climatic features like the seasonal cycle or climatic change cannot be represented within this framework. We discuss here several possibilities in order to introduce time- varying climatic problems using the MEP formalism. We will show that it is possible to formulate a MEP model which accounts for time evolution in a consistent way. This formulation leads to physically relevant results as long as the internal time scales associated with thermal inertia are small compared to the speed of external changes. We will focus on transient changes as well as on the seasonal cycle in a conceptual climate box-model in order to discuss the physical relevance of such an extension of the MEP framework.
“Assessment as Discourse”: A Pre-Service Physics Teacher’s Evolving Capacity to Support an Equitable Pedagogy
Authors: Lyon Edward
Published: July 2013

One way to view ‘equitable pedagogy’ is through an opportunity to learn (OTL) lens, meaning that regardless of race, class, or culture, a student has access to rigorous and meaningful content, as well as appropriate resources and instruction necessary to learn and demonstrate understanding of that content. Assessment holds a unique position in the classroom in that it can both uncover whether inequitable conditions exist (i.e., performance gaps, denied OTL) and provide an OTL by mediating communication between teacher and students regarding learning progress and what is important to learn. Nevertheless, individuals entering teacher education programs often hold deficit views toward marginalized students, such as Language Minorities (LMs), believe that assessment strictly serves to evaluate learning, and do not do consider how language and culture influence student thinking–views supplanting assessment’s role at supporting an equitable pedagogy for LMs. Through surveys, interviews, program artifacts, and classroom observation, I report on a case study of one pre-service physics teacher, Dean, to depict how his expertise at assessing science did evolve throughout his yearlong teacher education program in terms of (a) becoming more knowledgeable of the role of language and (b) developing a belief in incorporating ‘discourse’ while assessing science. Within the case study, I analyze one particular episode from Dean’s teaching practicum to highlight remaining challenges for pre-service teachers to integrate science and language in classroom assessment—namely, interpreting students’ use of language along with their understanding of core science ideas. The findings underscore the need for connecting language and equity issues to content-area assessment in teacher preparation.
Notch1 Activation Up-Regulates Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox-1
Authors: Liu Shi-He , Zhou Guisheng , Yu Juehua , Wu James , Nemunaitis John , Senzer Neil , Dawson David , Li Min , Fisher William , Brunicardi F.
Published: July 2013

Transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) plays an essential role in pancreatic development, β-cell differentiation, maintenance of normal β-cell function and tumorigenesis. PDX-1 expression is tightly controlled through a variety of mechanisms under different cellular contexts. We report here that overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), an activated form of Notch1, enhanced PDX-1 expression in both PDX-1 stable HEK293 cells and mouse insulinoma β-TC-6 cells, while NICD shRNA inhibited the enhancing effect. NICD-enhanced PDX-1 expression was accompanied by increased insulin expression/secretion and cell proliferation in β-TC-6 cells, which was reversed by NICD shRNA. Cre activation-induced specific expression of NICD in islet β cells of transgenic βNICD+/+ mice induced increased expression of PDX-1, insulin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and decreased expression of p27 with accompanied fasting hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia and altered responses to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Systemically delivered NICD shRNA suppressed islet expression of PDX-1 and reversed the hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Moreover, expression levels of NICD were correlated with those of PDX-1 in human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Thus, Notch1 acts as a positive regulator for PDX-1 expression, cooperates with PDX-1 in the development of insulin overexpression and islet cell neoplasia and represents a potential therapeutic target for islet neoplasia.
Educational Differences in Smoking among Adolescents in Germany: What is the Role of Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility?
Authors: Kuntz Benjamin , Lampert Thomas
Published: July 2013

Background: Adolescence is the period in which smoking onset usually occurs and the course for future socioeconomic status (SES) is set. However, because of the transitional nature of adolescence, it is questionable whether health inequalities are best measured by indicators of parental SES or rather by indicators of the adolescents’ own developing SES. We examine the independent effects of parental and adolescent education and intergenerational educational mobility on adolescent smoking behaviour while controlling for differences in parental and close friends’ smoking behaviour. Methods: The study is based on data from a subsample (12–17 years, n = 5,053) of the nationally representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Participants reported their education level as well as their personal and close friends’ smoking behaviour. Information on parental education and smoking behaviour was obtained via parent interviews. Adolescent and parental education data were dichotomized (low/high), leading to four categories of intergenerational educational mobility: stable high, potentially upwardly mobile, potentially downwardly mobile, and stable low. Results: After adjustment for parental and close friends’ smoking behaviour, adolescent smoking habits were strongly related to their personal education level, but not that of their parents. Among boys, both stable low and downwardly mobile adolescents had a 2.7-fold increased risk of being a smoker compared with peers with a stable high education. Among girls, only those with a stable low education had a 2.2-fold increased risk of smoking. Among both genders, educational upward mobility was associated with significantly lower smoking rates compared with peers with a stable low education (boys: OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.20–0.53; girls: OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.37–0.73). Conclusions: Our results show that the risk of an adolescent smoking is influenced by their own education level rather than that of their parents. Educational upward mobility seems to be protective against becoming a smoker in youth. Boys who experience downward mobility tend to have a significantly higher inclination to smoke than their peers with a stable high education. These findings illustrate the potential public health benefits of investments in education and help identify high-risk groups for smoking onset.
Phosphate Activation via Reduced Oxidation State Phosphorus (P). Mild Routes to Condensed-P Energy Currency Molecules
Authors: Kee Terence , Bryant David , Herschy Barry , Marriott Katie , Cosgrove Nichola , Pasek Matthew , Atlas Zachary , Cousins Claire
Published: July 2013

The emergence of mechanisms for phosphorylating organic and inorganic molecules is a key step en route to the earliest living systems. At the heart of all contemporary biochemical systems reside reactive phosphorus (P) molecules (such as adenosine triphosphate, ATP) as energy currency molecules to drive endergonic metabolic processes and it has been proposed that a predecessor of such molecules could have been pyrophosphate [P2O74−; PPi(V)]. Arguably the most geologically plausible route to PPi(V) is dehydration of orthophosphate, Pi(V), normally a highly endergonic process in the absence of mechanisms for activating Pi(V). One possible solution to this problem recognizes the presence of reactive-P containing mineral phases, such as schreibersite [(Fe,Ni)3P] within meteorites whose abundance on the early Earth would likely have been significant during a putative Hadean-Archean heavy bombardment. Here, we propose that the reduced oxidation state P-oxyacid, H-phosphite [HPO32−; Pi(III)] could have activated Pi(V) towards condensation via the intermediacy of the condensed oxyacid pyrophosphite [H2P2O52−; PPi(III)]. We provide geologically plausible provenance for PPi(III) along with evidence of its ability to activate Pi(V) towards PPi(V) formation under mild conditions (80 °C) in water.
Comparison of a Full Food-Frequency Questionnaire with the Three-Day Unweighted Food Records in Young Polish Adult Women: Implications for Dietary Assessment
Authors: Kowalkowska Joanna , Slowinska Malgorzata , Slowinski Dariusz , Dlugosz Anna , Niedzwiedzka Ewa , Wadolowska Lidia
Published: July 2013

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the food record (FR) are among the most common methods used in dietary research. It is important to know that is it possible to use both methods simultaneously in dietary assessment and prepare a single, comprehensive interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the energy and nutritional value of diets, determined by the FFQ and by the three-day food records of young women. The study involved 84 female students aged 21–26 years (mean of 22.2 ± 0.8 years). Completing the FFQ was preceded by obtaining unweighted food records covering three consecutive days. Energy and nutritional value of diets was assessed for both methods (FFQ-crude, FR-crude). Data obtained for FFQ-crude were adjusted with beta-coefficient equaling 0.5915 (FFQ-adjusted) and regression analysis (FFQ-regressive). The FFQ-adjusted was calculated as FR-crude/FFQ-crude ratio of mean daily energy intake. FFQ-regressive was calculated for energy and each nutrient separately using regression equation, including FFQ-crude and FR-crude as covariates. For FR-crude and FFQ-crude the energy value of diets was standardized to 2000 kcal (FR-standardized, FFQ-standardized). Methods of statistical comparison included a dependent samples t-test, a chi-square test, and the Bland-Altman method. The mean energy intake in FFQ-crude was significantly higher than FR-crude (2740.5 kcal vs. 1621.0 kcal, respectively). For FR-standardized and FFQ-standardized, significance differences were found in the mean intake of 18 out of 31 nutrients, for FR-crude and FFQ-adjusted in 13 out of 31 nutrients and FR-crude and FFQ-regressive in 11 out of 31 nutrients. The Bland-Altman method showed an overestimation of energy and nutrient intake by FFQ-crude in comparison to FR-crude, e.g., total protein was overestimated by 34.7 g/day (95% Confidence Interval, CI: −29.6, 99.0 g/day) and fat by 48.6 g/day (95% CI: −36.4, 133.6 g/day). After regressive transformation of FFQ, the absolute difference between FFQ-regressive and FR-crude equaled 0.0 g/day and 95% CI were much better (e.g., for total protein 95% CI: −32.7, 32.7 g/day, for fat 95% CI: −49.6, 49.6 g/day). In conclusion, differences in nutritional value of diets resulted from overestimating energy intake by the FFQ in comparison to the three-day unweighted food records. Adjustment of energy and nutrient intake applied for the FFQ using various methods, particularly regression equations, significantly improved the agreement between results obtained by both methods and dietary assessment. To obtain the most accurate results in future studies using this FFQ, energy and nutrient intake should be adjusted by the regression equations presented in this paper.
Peculiarities of One-Carbon Metabolism in the Strict Carnivorous Cat and the Role in Feline Hepatic Lipidosis
Authors: Verbrugghe Adronie , Bakovic Marica
Published: July 2013

Research in various species has indicated that diets deficient in labile methyl groups (methionine, choline, betaine, folate) produce fatty liver and links to steatosis and metabolic syndrome, but also provides evidence of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. Cats, being obligate carnivores, rely on nutrients in animal tissues and have, due to evolutionary pressure, developed several physiological and metabolic adaptations, including a number of peculiarities in protein and fat metabolism. This has led to specific and unique nutritional requirements. Adult cats require more dietary protein than omnivorous species, maintain a consistently high rate of protein oxidation and gluconeogenesis and are unable to adapt to reduced protein intake. Furthermore, cats have a higher requirement for essential amino acids and essential fatty acids. Hastened use coupled with an inability to conserve certain amino acids, including methionine, cysteine, taurine and arginine, necessitates a higher dietary intake for cats compared to most other species. Cats also seemingly require higher amounts of several B-vitamins compared to other species and are predisposed to depletion during prolonged inappetance. This carnivorous uniqueness makes cats more susceptible to hepatic lipidosis.
Subsurface Ocean Signals from an Orbiting Polarization Lidar
Authors: Churnside James , McCarty Brandi , Lu Xiaomei
Published: July 2013

Detection of subsurface returns from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite were demonstrated. Despite the coarse range resolution of this aerosol lidar, evidence of subsurface scattering was observed as a delay and broadening of the cross-polarized signal relative to the co-polarized signal in the three near-surface range bins. These two effects contributed to an increased depolarization at the nominal depth of 25 m. These features were all correlated with near-surface chlorophyll concentrations. An increase in the depolarization was also seen at a depth of 50 m under certain conditions, suggesting that chlorophyll concentration at that depth could be estimated if an appropriate retrieval technique can be developed. At greater depths, the signal is dominated by the temporal response of the detectors, which was approximated by an analytical expression. The depolarization caused by aerosols in the atmosphere was calculated and eliminated as a possible artifact.
An Approach for Characterizing and Comparing Hyperspectral Microscopy Systems
Authors: Annamdevula Naga , Sweat Brenner , Favreau Peter , Lindsey Ashley , Alvarez Diego , Rich Thomas , Leavesley Silas
Published: July 2013

Hyperspectral imaging and analysis approaches offer accurate detection and quantification of fluorescently-labeled proteins and cells in highly autofluorescent tissues. However, selecting optimum acquisition settings for hyperspectral imaging is often a daunting task. In this study, we compared two hyperspectral systems—a widefield system with acoustic optical tunable filter (AOTF) and charge coupled device (CCD) camera, and a confocal system with diffraction gratings and photomultiplier tube (PMT) array. We measured the effects of system parameters on hyperspectral image quality and linear unmixing results. Parameters that were assessed for the confocal system included pinhole diameter, laser power, PMT gain and for the widefield system included arc lamp intensity, and camera gain. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the root-mean-square error (RMS error) were measured to assess system performance. Photobleaching dynamics were studied. Finally, theoretical sensitivity studies were performed to estimate the incremental response (sensitivity) and false-positive detection rates (specificity). Results indicate that hyperspectral imaging assays are highly dependent on system parameters and experimental conditions. For detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells in fixed lung tissues, a confocal pinhole of five airy disk units, high excitation intensity and low detector gain were optimal. The theoretical sensitivity studies revealed that widefield hyperspectral microscopy was able to detect GFP with fewer false positive occurrences than confocal microscopy, even though confocal microscopy offered improved signal and noise characteristics. These studies provide a framework for optimization that can be applied to a variety of hyperspectral imaging systems.
Fabrication of an SPR Sensor Surface with Antifouling Properties for Highly Sensitive Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Using Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Polymerization
Authors: Yatabe Rui , Onodera Takeshi , Toko Kiyoshi
Published: July 2013

In this study, we modified a surface plasmon resonance immunosensor chip with a polymer using surface-initiated atom transfer polymerization (SI-ATRP) for the highly sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). To immobilize a TNT analogue on the polymer, mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylsuccinate (MES), which has a carboxyl group, was used in this study. However, the anti-TNT antibody may adsorb non-specifically on the polymer surface by an electrostatic interaction because MES is negatively charged. Therefore, a mixed monomer with MES and diethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DEAEM), which has a tertiary amino group and is positively charged, was prepared to obtain electroneutrality for suppressing the nonspecific adsorption. The detection of TNT was performed by inhibition assay using the polymer surface. To ensure high sensitivity to TNT, the affinity between the surface and the antibody was optimized by controlling the density of the initiator for ATRP by mixing two types of self-assembled monolayer reagents. As a result, a limit of detection of 5.7 pg/mL (ppt) for TNT was achieved using the optimized surface.
Sustainability Challenges from Climate Change and Air Conditioning Use in Urban Areas
Authors: Lundgren Karin , Kjellstrom Tord
Published: July 2013

Global climate change increases heat loads in urban areas causing health and productivity risks for millions of people. Inhabitants in tropical and subtropical urban areas are at especial risk due to high population density, already high temperatures, and temperature increases due to climate change. Air conditioning is growing rapidly, especially in South and South-East Asia due to income growth and the need to protect from high heat exposures. Studies have linked increased total hourly electricity use to outdoor temperatures and humidity; modeled future predictions when facing additional heat due to climate change, related air conditioning with increased street level heat and estimated future air conditioning use in major urban areas. However, global and localized studies linking climate variables with air conditioning alone are lacking. More research and detailed data is needed looking at the effects of increasing air conditioning use, electricity consumption, climate change and interactions with the urban heat island effect. Climate change mitigation, for example using renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic electricity generation, to power air conditioning, and other sustainable methods to reduce heat exposure are needed to make future urban areas more climate resilient.
Differences in the Regulation of Ochratoxin A by the HOG Pathway in Penicillium and Aspergillus in Response to High Osmolar Environments
Authors: Stoll Dominic , Schmidt-Heydt Markus , Geisen Rolf
Published: July 2013

Penicillium verrucosum, P. nordicum and Aspergillus carbonarius are three important ochratoxin A producing species. P. verrucosum is in addition able to produce citrinin. It has been shown earlier that P. nordicum is adapted to NaCl rich environments like salt rich dry cured foods or even salines. In this organism, the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A plays an adaptive role in this habitat. P. verrucosum generally can be found on cereals, but occasionally also on salt rich dry cured foods. In contrast A. carbonarius usually cannot be found in NaCl rich environments, but it occurs in another environment with high concentration of solutes, e.g., in sugar rich substrates like grapes and grape juices. Usually osmotic challenging conditions activate the HOG MAP kinase signal cascade, which in turn activates various osmo-regulated genes. In the current analysis, it could be demonstrated that in case of P. nordicum and P. verrucosum the NaCl induced production of ochratoxin A is correlated to the phosphorylation status of the HOG MAP kinase. Just the opposite was true for A. carbonarius. In this case, also higher amounts of NaCl in the medium lead to an increased phosphorylation status of HOG, but no increase in ochratoxin biosynthesis was observed. In contrast to the Penicillia, higher NaCl concentrations lead to a rapid cessation of growth by A. carbonarius. High glucose concentrations have much less impact on growth and the phosphorylation of HOG.
Development and Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Glucoside of T-2 Toxin (T2-Glc)
Authors: Maragos Chris , Kurtzman Cletus , Busman Mark , Price Neil , McCormick Susan
Published: July 2013

The interactions between fungi and plants can yield metabolites that are toxic in animal systems. Certain fungi are known to produce sesquiterpenoid trichothecenes, such as T-2 toxin, that are biotransformed by several mechanisms including glucosylation. The glucosylated forms have been found in grain and are of interest as potential reservoirs of T-2 toxin that are not detected by many analytical methods. Hence the glucosides of trichothecenes are often termed “masked” mycotoxins. The glucoside of T-2 toxin (T2-Glc) was linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and used to produce antibodies in mice. Ten monoclonal antibody (Mab)-producing hybridoma cell lines were developed. The Mabs were used in immunoassays to detect T2-Glc and T-2 toxin, with midpoints of inhibition curves (IC50s) in the low ng/mL range. Most of the Mabs demonstrated good cross-reactivity to T-2 toxin, with lower recognition of HT-2 toxin. One of the clones (2-13) was further characterized with in-depth cross-reactivity and solvent tolerance studies. Results suggest Mab 2-13 will be useful for the simultaneous detection of T-2 toxin and T2-Glc.
Saint-Quentin de Troyes : une église romane retrouvée
Authors: Spencer Thomas
Published: July 2013

Saint-Quentin in Troyes : eine wiederentdeckte romanische Kirche, von Thomas Spencer

In der Rue Mitantier in Troyes steht ein Gebäude, das sich äußeilich nicht von den umgebenden Bauten unterscheidet ; es handelt sich jedoch um die ehemalige Kirche Saint-Quentin. Dieses Denkmal ist im Schatten der Stadtgeschichte untergetaucht und die heutigen Einwohner von Troyes rechnen gar nicht mehr mit seiner Existenz.

Nach der Überlieterung wurde die Kirche im 7. Jahrhundert gegründet, in einer Zeit starker Missionstatigkeit in der Champagne. Schriftliche Quellen des 12. Jahrhunderts weisen darauf hin, dass die Kirche Saint-Quentin Ende des 11 . Jahrhunderts durch den Grafen Thibaud I. von Champagne der Abtei Molesme geschenkt wurde. Der Fortgang ihrer Geschichte ist heute weitgehend unbekannt, bis auf einige wenige Intormationen ans neuzeitlichen Quellen. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen religiösen Bauwerken ist die Kirche Saint-Quentin zu Troyes der Zerstorung durch die Französische Revolution entgangen. Sie wurde verkauft und diente bis in die 1920er Jahre zu industriellen Zwecken. In den 1950er Jahren ging sie in den Besitz der Stadt Troyes über, aber sie hat niemals eine neue Bestimmung erhalten.

Eine jüngere architektonische Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass das Bauwerk größtenteils ans Resten besteht, die in die Zeit zwischen 1075 und 1150 datieren, trotz aller späteren Umwandlungen. Es existieren noch zahlreiche bildhauerische Elemente und geben einen Eindruck von den Zum Teil aufsergewöhnlichen Themen und dem Talent der romanischen Bildhauer, die in Frayes tätig waren. Diese Kirche ist von großem Interesse für die Untersuchung sowohl der Bautechniken, als auch der Bauplastik in einer Stadt, in der die Epoche der Romanik fast keine Spuren im aktuellen Stadtbild hinterlassen hat.
Saint-Christophe à Liège : la plus ancienne église médiévale du mouvement béguinal
Authors: Coomans Thomas
Published: July 2013

Malgré ses allures néo-gothiques, résultat de la restauration menée au XIXe siècle, l'église Saint-Christophe du béguinage de Liège (Belgique) date des années 1240 et est donc la plus ancienne église conservée du mouvement béguinal en Europe. L'église présente un parti architectural simple, enchaîne des amples espaces couverts de voûtes en berceau lambrissé, et est dépourvue de toute forme d'ornement et de tour. A cause de sa simplicité, de l'harmonie de ses proportions, et de l'originalité de ses fenêtres circulaires, les architectes ultramontains des Écoles Saint-Luc considérèrent l'église Saint-Christophe comme un exemple d'architecture « sincère », soulignèrent sa valeur de modèle, et la restaurèrent avec excès dans les années 1885-1897. Après avoir procédé à une critique d'authenticité des différentes parties de l'église, l'article établit des comparaisons axée des églises contemporaines des ordres mendiants et s'interroge sur la signification d'un tel dépouillement dans le contexte du retour à la « pauvreté évangélique » qui caractérisa tant la spiritualité mendiante que celle des béguines.
Le chevet de la collégiale Saint-Quiriace de Provins : l'œuvre d'Henri Ier Le Libéral
Authors: Timbert Arnaud
Published: July 2013

In many respects the collegiate church of Saint-Quiriace at Provins can be considered to be a seminal monument in gothic art. Inspired by the architecture of both Normandy and the Paris basin, the Master or Saint-Quiriace forces the capacities of the technical means available to highlight the fundamental characteristics of a new plastic expression. The monument has an aesthetic (maximum opening of spaces, tempered by their individualisation), a balance of proportions between levels, and a technicity (prefabrication and standardisation of the sculpted decoration) that are hallmarks of gothic architecture in its youth. Begun in the 1150s under the aegis of Henry the Liberal, this work announces the great constructions of the décade 1190- 1200.
Le transept et la nef de la collégiale Saint-Quiriace de Provins
Authors: Gajewski Alexandra
Published: July 2013

The construction of Saint-Quiriace at Provins stopped around 1170-1180, after the raising of the choir ; the transept and two bays of the nave were built in the thirteenth Century. The church remained unfinished until the sixteenth Century when the vaulting of the nave was completed along with the west façade. The dating of the campaign undertaken in the thirteenth Century remains controversial, as the only known source is difficult to interpret. Nonetheless, on ccan make a few hypotheses based on an examination of economic and political aspects and of the architectural context. The good relations between the canons and the counts of Champagne, the development of the fairs and cloth industry, and the increasing number of parishioners provide conditions that would have favored a new building campaign, probably around 1238 or slightly later, with the likelihood of more intense activity between 1247 and 1258, the date when the chapter was exeommunicated.
Les polychromies architecturales de la collégiale Saint-Quiriace de Provins
Authors: Vuillemard Anne
Published: July 2013

Le chœur de Saint-Quiriace de Provins conserve trois polychromies superposées, dégagées autour de 1970. Chacune de ces ornementations est une nouvelle version de 1'édifice, tributaire à la fois de l'état précédant et d un contexte culturel particulier. La première polychromie est la mieux conservée. Postérieure à 1180, elle se compose d'un faux appareil à fond beige et de joints rouges dont le nombre diffère entre les travées droites et 1'abside, de manière à offrir un véritable parcours visuel. A la sobriété de ce décor, qui ne transforme que faiblement le travail du maître d'œuvre, s'oppose la richesse de la seconde polychromie, probablement réalisée durant la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle. Sur les assises feintes en ocre jaune avec de simples joints blancs, les articulations sont soulignées de façon beaucoup plus appuyée que le mur grâce à 1'emploi de couleurs vives. Alors que ces deux premières polychromies sont des peintures architectoniques, entretenant une subtile dialectique avec la structure, le décor du XVIe siècle comprend essentiellement des motifs végétaux.
Electron self-exchange activation parameters of diethyl sulfide and tetrahydrothiophene
Authors: Goez Martin , Vogtherr Martin
Published: July 2013

Electron transfer between the title compounds and their radical cations, which were generated by photoinduced electron transfer from the sulfides to excited 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium cations, was investigated by time-resolved measurements of chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) in acetonitrile. The strongly negative activation entropies provide evidence for an associative–dissociative electron exchange involving dimeric radical cations. Despite this mechanistic complication, the free energies of activation were found to be well reproduced by the Marcus theory of electron transfer, with the activation barrier still dominated by solvent reorganization.
The Artifices of Desire in Psychosis
Authors: Westphal Laure
Published: July 2013

Les artifices du désir dans la psychose Quelle que soit son orientation, le clinicien reconnaît dans l’état maniaque un moment de triomphe euphorique dont les sujets semblent se satisfaire. Il existe des états maniaques endogènes, observables dans la psychose mais qui vont bien au-delà. Cette forme de manie s’aide parfois de toxiques et elle est en extension dans le monde contemporain. Elle peut venir à point nommé dans la psychose où le désir non sexualisé par l’Œdipe menace l’existence subjective. En effet, quelle que soit l’origine de la manie, elle a pour vertu de soutenir le sujet dans une trajectoire oniriquement désirante où le corps prend la consistance qui lui manquait. L’excitation artificielle cherche à éviter l’anéantissement tant redouté. Nous avons mesuré la portée de ce procédé à partir de l’étude d’un cas clinique.
Psychanalyse et contrôle scientifique de la reproduction
Authors: Perelson Simone
Published: July 2013

À partir d’un commentaire de Freud à propos des changements drastiques que le contrôle scientifique de la procréation pourrait apporter à la société, du recours que fait Lacan à un cas d’insémination post mortem pour illustrer la fonction paternelle, ainsi que de la mise en évidence par Monette Vacquin de la présence, au sein des nouvelles technologies reproductives, d’une redoutable alliance entre l’inconscient, la science et le marché, l’article prétend réfléchir sur les montages actuels et futurs de la filiation, et plus particulièrement sur la place que le donneur anonyme de sperme peut occuper dans ce montage.