bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Containing Indeterminacy
Authors: CORLETT WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Outside (though not completely so) the circuit of the international division of labor, there are people whose consciousness we cannot grasp if we close off our benevolence by constructing a homogeneous Other referring only to our own place in the seat of the Same or the Self. Here are subsistence farmers, unorganized peasant labor, the tribals, and the communities of zero workers on the street or in the countryside. To confront them is not to represent (vertreten) them but to learn to represent (darstellen) ourselves.

Spivak (1988, 288-9)
Doing Without Knowing
Authors: ZERILLI LINDA M. G.
Published: March 2007

A picture held us captive. And we could not get outside it, for it lay in our language and language seemed to repeat it to us inexorably.

Wittgenstein
The Effects of Message Valence and Listener Arousal on Attention, Memory, and Facial Muscular Responses to Radio Advertisements
Authors: BOLLS PAUL D. , LANG ANNIE , POTTER ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

This study tested the validity of using facial electromyography (EMG) as a physiological measure of the valence of radio listeners' emotional responses to advertisements and explored the effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention and memory. A within-subjects experiment was conducted in which participants listened to ten 60-second radio advertisements that had been coded in a pretest as having either a positive or negative emotional tone. Facial EMG, heart rate, and skin conductance data were collected during exposure to the advertisements. Following exposure, participants completed free recall and recogniton memory tests. Results demonstrated the validity of using facial EMG to assess the valence of emotional response to media messages. Heart rate data suggest that negative messages receive more attention than positive ones. Furthermore, how arousing a message is appears to be a better predictor of memory than message valence.
Talk among Sexual Partners about AIDS
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. Welch , Freeman Kim E. , Johnson Sarah J.
Published: March 2007

This study identified factors that differentiate among four groups relative to talking about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a sexual partner: safe-sex talkers, general AIDS talkers, nontalkers, and want-to-be talkers. Relational issues rather than health issues dominated differences among groups. Faced with risking one's long-term health versus risking one's immediate interpersonal relationship, many who opted not to talk with their sexual partners about AIDS gave the relationship preeminence. More troublesome is the very absence of differences between safe-sex talkers and general AIDS talkers. The two groups failed to differ in most attitudes about condom use and AIDS talk and in their sexual and preventive behavior. The discussion explores functions of talking about AIDS and the implications of the dominance of relational functions of talking about AIDS with a sexual partner over health-promotion functions. One interpretation suggests that talking about AIDS may function to enhance rather than diminish risk.
THE INTERNATIONAL FLOW OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS
Authors: SCHEMENT JORGE REINA , GONZALEZ IBARRA N. , LUM PATRICIA , VALENCIA ROSITA
Published: March 2007

The international flow of television programs has been a focus of many communication scholars since publication of the United Nations Declaration on Freedom of Information in 1946. An unbalanced flow of T.V. programs between nations has maintained this policy interest. Two competing intellectual paradigm emerged during the 1960s and 1970s to explain and evaluate this phenomenon: (1) the free flow of information, versus (2) American hegemony. However, each paradigm was concerned primarily with the outcomes of unbalanced flows, and so the process by which flows occurred remained unexplored. Here the authors identify cases where international television flows cannot be explained fully by either of the competing paradigms. A middle-range approach is presented with four structural conditions and two catalytic actions serving to determine flows.
An Expectancy-Value Analysis of the Student Soap Opera Audience
Authors: BABROW AUSTIN S.
Published: March 2007

Soap operas constitute the most popular form of daytime television. Students are a large portion of the soap opera audience. The reasons for high student interest are unclear, however. The present investigation uses expectancy-value theory to untangle student perceptions of soap opera viewing, and it weaves these perceptions into the broader fabric of social psychological forces behind viewing levels. Among other things, the study indicates that desires for learning and romantic fantasy play little role in determining student exposure levels, whereas anticipated entertainment and social interaction are powerful expectations. Affective and cognitive factors mediate the effects of these expectations, however. Self-concept also plays a major role in determining exposure levels.
Influence of Story Schema Development on Children's Attention to Television
Authors: MEADOWCROFT JEANNE M. , REEVES BYRON
Published: March 2007

In an experiment, the influence of story schema development on children's attention to television was examined. A factorial design was used: story schema development (low, high) × story content (central, incidental) × story structure (story, nonstory), requiring two separate testing sessions. In the first, children (5 to 8 years old) watched two stories on television and completed story schema assessment tasks; performance was used to assign children to high or low story schema groups. In the second session, children were randomly assigned to view a television program structured like a story or a program with no underlying story structure. Dependent variables were attention (measured with a secondary task) and recognition memory. Advanced story schema skills were related to reduced processing effort, increased memory of central story content, greater flexibility of allocation strategies, and better coordination between attention and memory.
The Impact of Presidential Statements on Press Editorials Regarding U.S. China Policy, 1950-1984
Authors: CHANG TSAN-KUO
Published: March 2007

The mass media have long been a major component in the U.S. foreign policy making process. Less known is the role played by the media in the flow of policy direction. The agenda-setting literature has consistently shown that the mass media are capable of influencing the public agenda, but has left the question of who sets the media agenda largely unanswered. The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship between foreign policy makers and media coverage of foreign policy issues in the context of U.S.-China relations from 1950 through 1984. The study predicted that in the making of U.S. China policy, foreign policy makers affected media coverage of the issue, not vice versa. The findings show that there was a positive and significant relationship between government China policy and media coverage of the issue during the study period. Using the Fourier analysis of time series, the study further provides some evidence suggesting that the causal flow, if any, in U.S. China policy making was from the government policy to the mass media.
Children and the Media Environment
Authors: DORR AIMEE , KUNKEL DALE
Published: March 2007

American children's media environment has changed dramatically in the last several decades. This article reviews these technological advances and their impact. As reported in five other articles in this issue, there have been some changes in the media with which children interact and how they interact with them. However, there is also considerable continuity despite the media changes. Also discussed are issues the other five articles raise about when different technologies are functionally the same for the user and about the relative importance of the technical features and the content of each technology. Finally, policy issues involving newer and older communication media and orientations to the study of children and the media environment are considered.
The Gratifications of the Household Telephone
Authors: DIMMICK JOHN W. , SIKAND JASPREET , PATTERSON SCOTT J.
Published: March 2007

The article reports three studies of gratifications obtained from the household telephone by samples of respondents in Columbus (Franklin County), Ohio, and a statewide sample of Ohio. The first study consisted of open-ended qualitative interviews to ascertain reasons for using the household telephone. In the second study, gratifications questions were administered to a sample of 569 respondents from the Columbus area. A factor analysis clearly demonstrated the presence of two factors: sociability and instrumentality. Evidence suggestive of a third factor was obtained as well. In the third study, gratification questions were administered to a sample of 525 residents of the state of Ohio. A factor analysis clearly demonstrated the presence of a third factor: reassurance. Whereas the reassurance factor is a psychological-level variable, the sociability factor is linked to the process of social integration and the instrumentality factor is tied to a social process called coordination.
Methods, Metaphors, and Media Research
Authors: CARPINI MICHAEL X. DELLI , WILLIAMS BRUCE A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose in this article is threefold: to make explicit the implicit metaphors underlying mainstream public-opinion research and their relationships to the methodologies employed, to offer an alternative “conversational” metaphor for the relationship between television and public opinion, and to present some findings form the authors' initial attempts to investigate empirically this relationship. First the authors argue that most public-opinion research results from, and reinforces, an implicit metaphor of citizens as “political consumers” and media messages as “hypodermic injections.” The authors then present an alternative metaphor that emphasizes the role of discourse in the formation of public opinions and that conceptualizes television and viewers as participants in an ongoing “conversation.” The third section discusses focus groups as a means of observing this conversation. The authors describe their own focus group project and present some initial findings that support the usefulness both of focus groups as a method of inquiry and of their conversational metaphor.
Adolescents' Coping With Frightening Mass Media
Authors: HOFFNER CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

A total of 228 9th and 10th graders completed a questionnaire that measured (among other variables) the use and perceived effectiveness of strategies for coping with scary films (distraction, unreality, momentary avoidance, interpersonal comfort), coping style (monitoring, blunting), and two dimensions of empathy (empathic concern, personal distress). Regression analyses identified predictors of each strategy for coping with scary films. In general, the results for coping style were consistent with evidence that blunting is characterized by distraction or reinterpretation of scary events, whereas monitoring is characterized by attention to threat cues. With regard to empathy, results were consistent with expectations based on the other-oriented focus of empathic concern and the self-oriented focus of personal distress. Findings also suggested that effective coping may enhance empathic viewers' enjoyment of scary films. Finally, gender differences in coping were interpreted as evidence of gender role socialization of emotions.
Assessing News Media Influences on the Formation of Whites' Racial Policy Preferences
Authors: PAN ZHONGDANG , KOSICKI GERALD M.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have shown that news discourse contains images, episodes, themes, and vocabulary that comprise a negative portrayal of Blacks. But evidence linking news media content to Whites' racial policy opinions has lacked clear specification of the opinion formation process and mechanisms of news media influences on such process. This study mimics Whites' reasoning process via a causal model involving ideological orientations, affect toward Blacks, assessment of situations of racial inequality, and causal attributions of the inequality. The characteristics of this reasoning process may be affected by the news media in several ways. By analyzing the National Election Study (NES) 1990 Post-Election Survey data, this study examines how Whites' reliance on ideological principles or affect in forming their opinions is contingent on news media exposure. The data show that increased information-oriented media use enhances the role of ideological orientation and, possibly, causal attributions in Whites' racial policy reasoning.
Community Integration, Local Media Use, and Democratic Processes
Authors: MCLEOD JACK M. , DAILY KATIE , GUO ZHONGSHI , EVELAND WILLIAM P. , BAYER JAN , YANG SEUNGCHAN , WANG HSU
Published: March 2007

Research on dimensions of community integration has suffered from the lack of clear conceptual and operational definitions. The purposes of this article are to explicate the concept of community integration and its dimensions and to specify the structural and media antecedents and the political consequences of these dimensions. Using 15 indicators drawn from previous integration studies, we test the hypothesis that integration is a multidimensional concept. A factor analysis reveals that community integration has at least five dimensions: psychological attachment, interpersonal discussion networks, city versus group, localism versus cosmopolitanism, and city versus neighborhood. The structural and media use antecedents and the political consequences of these dimensions are examined to provide construct validity for our measurement. We find strong relationships between local media use and the dimensions of community integration, as well as links between local media use and community integration and local political interest, knowledge, and participation.
Candidate Image Attributes
Authors: KIOUSIS SPIRO , BANTIMAROUDIS PHILEMON , BAN HYUN
Published: March 2007

This study examined the role of attribute salience in the agenda setting process. Two experiments were conducted to investigate how media emphasis on certain political candidate attributes would influence public perceptions of those politicians. Specifically, media portrayals of candidate personality and qualification traits were explored. Findings suggest that people's impressions of candidate personality traits mirror media portrayals of those traits. However, media portrayals of personality traits do not affect a candidate's overall salience. The data also indicate that candidate qualifications do influence affective perceptions of politicians. Finally, the authors consider the ramifications of these results on future scholarship.
Reducing HIV Risk among Women Visiting Their Incarcerated Male Partners
Authors: COMFORT MEGAN , GRINSTEAD OLGA A. , FAIGELES BONNIE , ZACK BARRY
Published: March 2007

Prisoners are at increased risk for HIV infection. Consequently, their sexual and needle-sharing partners are also at increased risk. Partners of incarcerated men are a hidden at-risk population in the community. Prison visiting is an opportunity to identify and provide services to members of this population. Thirty women visiting their incarcerated partners at a large state prison in California participated in focus groups that led to the development of a peer-led HIV education intervention. Eighty-six women completed baseline surveys, 81 completed postintervention surveys, and 67 were followed 1 month after the intervention. Although women visiting their incarcerated partners are generally well-informed about HIV transmission and prevention, interventions addressing their specific emotional and informational needs are necessary to motivate and to assist them in reducing their risk for HIV infection.
PTSD, Malevolent Environment, and Criminality among Criminally Involved Male Adolescents
Authors: ERWIN BRIGETTE A. , NEWMAN ELANA , McMACKIN ROBERT A. , MORRISSEY CARLO , KALOUPEK DANNY G.
Published: March 2007

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and impairing disorder that is pervasive but often overlooked in the assessment and treatment of adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system. The present study examined the occurrence of malevolent environment factors (e.g., poverty, hunger), substance use, trauma exposure, and PTSD among 51 male adolescent offenders recruited from juvenile treatment facilities representing the highest level of security in Massachusetts. Participants completed self-report instruments and semistructured interviews. Much of the information gathered was verified with records kept by the Department of Youth Services. The results of the current study suggest that among male adolescent offenders, exposure to malevolent environmental factors and traumatic life events is common and rates of PTSD are high. We conclude that PTSD and lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events should be assessed routinely in rehabilitative settings.
The Learning Theory Model of Punishment
Authors: MOFFITT TERRIE E.
Published: March 2007

Both the experimental laboratory model of punishment and the juvenile justice system's negative sanctioning process have a common goal of suppressing undesired behavior. The psychological literature on the experimental model of punishment contains a number of principles that have been demonstrated to improve the effectivenss of punishment in suppressing behaviors under controlled study. This article presents five of these principles, which yield predictions about deterrence of illegal acts by the use of negative sactions in the form of testable hypotheses. The principles are (1) intensity, (2) temporal proximity, (3) availability of reward, (4) schedule of delivery, and (5) availability of alternative behaviors. Following discussion of these principles and their implications for juvenile sanctioning, cautionary comments are made. The article concludes with the reminder that application of any of the principles of punishment would be premature without research aimed at exploration of the numerous issues brought up in the course of this exploratory article.
Decision-Making Processes in Joined Criminal Trials
Authors: TANFORD SARAH
Published: March 2007

According to law, a defendant may be tried for more than one offense in a single trial. The present research investigated the effects of such “joinder” on jurors' decision processes. In Study 1, representative juror subjects viewed a realistic videotaped trial containing the same “target offense” either tried by itself or in a joined trial of three offenses that varied as a function of (a) charge similarity, (b) evidence similarity, and (c) judges' instructions designed to reduce judgment biases. Subjects provided individual verdicts, deliberated in groups of six and reached a group verdict, and responded to a questionnaire that assessed processing of trial information. The results indicated that a defendant was more likely to be convicted on a particular charge in a joined trial than on the same charge tried by itself, and judges' instructions were totally ineffective at reducing judgment biases. Joinder led to confusion of evidence and negative inferences about the defendant. Study 2 replicated and extended the findings of Study 1 using nondeliberating undergraduates. The results of both studies suggest that increased convictions in joined trials are mediated through inferences about the defendant's criminality.
The Prediction of Adjustment to Prison by Means of an MMPI-Based Classification System
Authors: CAREY ROBERT J. , GARSKE JOHN P. , GINSBERG JAY
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of an empirically derived, MMPI-based offender classification system was evaluated in a medium-security state facility. Incoming MMPI data were obtained for 495 male inmates, who were then assigned to one of ten categories or to an unclassified group using the computer program and clinical guidelines developed by Megargee and his colleagues. Behavioral measures of institutional adjustment (e.g., nights spent in correctional cell) during the first six months of incarceration served as the dependent variables, and a 2 × 7 (race by Megargee group) multivariate analysis was employed to investigate adjustment differences between the seven largest MMPI-based groups. Consistent with the results of previous studies, the classification system proved to be generalizable to a state population, with 92% of the inmates assigned to one of the ten categories. While between-groups differences in adjustment were observed, the most noteworthy finding was that these manifested themselves only among the white offenders, raising questions regarding the system's applicability to nonwhite populations.
A Theoretical Revolution in Corrections
Authors: MacKENZIE DORIS LAYTON , POSEY C. DALE , RAPAPORT KAREN R.
Published: March 2007

The articles in the special issue are reviewed within the context of current trends and the state of the art in prison classification systems. A paradigm shift is noted to be occurring within the field, wherein the medical model is being abandoned for a multipurpose model of classification. The purposes are understanding, prediction, management, and treatment. Each of these purposes is discussed with special emphasis on problems inherent in the prediction model when used in isolation. Implications of the paradigm shift are discussed in terms of the future of psychologists' roles within corrections.
Application of the Megargee MMPI Typology to a Forensic Psychiatric Population
Authors: WROBEL NANCY HOWELLS , WROBEL THOMAS A. , McINTOSH J. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Generalizability of a previously established MMPI-based classification system that was developed using a criminal population (Megargee & Bohn, 1979) was investigated using a sample of 151 patients in a forensic psychiatry unit. Comparison of Megargee and Bohn's (1977) prisoners and the forensic sample indicated significantly different proportions occurring for three of the ten groups with significantly higher proportion of the forensic sample occurring in the five more elevated profile types. Comparison of the three most common groups revealed a significant difference on the Beck Hopelessness Scale. These findings are taken to support the applicability of the Magargee system to a hospitalized population.
Response to Criminal Victimization by Older Americans
Authors: WEBB VINCENT J. , MARSHALL INEKE HAEN
Published: March 2007

Recent research suggests that “being older” is a significant correlate of fear of crime and the probability of victimization. This study questions whether “age” is indeed a pivotal variable with regard to the victim's response to being victimized. For a sample of 44,593 personal contact criminal incidents, the relative importance of the victim's age vis-à-vis other sociodemographic variables, incident variables, and contextual variables for victims' resistance and reporting to the police is examined. The findings suggest that none of the variables is strongly related to victims' self-protective action or police reporting. Victims' age is no exception to this general observation.
Handling Battering Men
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W. , McFERRON J. RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This study considers the factors contributing to a range of police actions in domestic violence cases: doing nothing, mediating the couple, providing transportation to the victim, forcing the batterer to leave, and arresting the batterer. Shelter intake interviews administered to 3,208 battered women who contacted the police prior to seeking shelter are used as the data base. The batterers' antisocial conduct (e.g., other arrests, alcohol abuse, and general violence) appears to be most influential in determining the police action, according to a series of discriminant functions using a variety of background and abuse variables. The findings support the notion that police are more likely to respond to the antisocial behavior, that is, to “handle” the immediate situation, than attend to the wife abuse.
The Relationship of Competency to Stand Trial and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: JOHNSON WILLIAM G. , NICHOLSON ROBERT A. , SERVICE NANCY M.
Published: March 2007

Mental health professionals have been accused of confusing the constructs of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility with each or with a third construct such as psychosis. This investigation examined the relationship between decisions about competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in a sample of 121 defendants admitted to a state hospital for pretrial evaluation. In addition, the investigation examined correlates of the two kinds of decisions using demographic data, measures of cognitive functioning and psychopathology, and a rating of crime severity. Conclusions about the empirical relationship between competency and responsibility judgments were precluded because examiners classified most incompetent defendants as “undetermined” on the issue of criminal responsibility. Nevertheless, interesting differences in the correlates of the two legal decisions were obtained. Competency decisions showed modest but significant correlations with performance on a test of competency abilities, a measure of intellectual functioning, and psychiatric diagnosis. Responsibility decisions were most strongly correlated with two indices of psychopathology-psychiatric diagnosis and the presence of hallucinations and delusions.
The P > V Sign in Corrections
Authors: WALSH ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

Doubt has been cast recently on the usefulness of the Wechsler P > V sign test because of a failure to find significant correlations between it and many personality traits measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Milton Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. This article takes issue with this doubt and argues that intellectual imbalance in either direction; that is, V>P or P>V, is a useful predictor of the probability of becoming delinquent. It is also shown that P>V was not an artifact of (a) lower overall IQ, (b) lower verbal IQ, or (c) socioeconomic status (SES) among a sample of 513 male juvenile delinquents. Finally, it appears that, once a youth becomes delinquent, the frequency and severity of delinquent involvement can be predicted by the degree of P>V discrepancy, holding SES and race constant.
The Relationship Between Police Belief Systems and Attitudes Toward Police Practices
Authors: CRANK JOHN P. , PAYN BETSY , JACKSON STANLEY
Published: March 2007

This article develops the proposition that both ideological and traditional belief systems are present in the occupation of policing. Police professionalism is conceptualized as an explicit, articulated ideology that has emerged to challenge the commonsense beliefs associated with craftsmanship, the world-view of traditional police agencies. The relationship between these world-views and three attitudes toward three traditional police practices—antipathy toward due process, the code of secrecy, and the tendency to resolve citizen confrontations with “street justice”—were assessed. Endorsement of a craftsmanship world-view was associated with favorable attitudes toward each of these practices. Also, endorsement of a professionalism world-view had little effect on the relationships between craftsmanship and attitudes toward these three police practices.
Comment on Bachman (1993)
Authors: RUBACK R. BARRY
Published: March 2007

Bachman (1993) concluded that the prior relationship between the rapist and the victim does not affect the victim's decision to report the crime to the police. The present commentary argues that, for both conceptual and statistical reasons, this conclusion is too strong, although it may simply be premature. Conceptually, the victim-offender relationship is important because it helps both the victim and others define whether or not an action is rape and whether or not reporting the crime to the police would be worthwhile. Statistically, in light of prior findings, Bachman could justifiably have used a one-tailed test of significance. In any case, her results are not significantly different from those of a comparable prior study, which found that the victim-offender relationship was important. Furthermore, Bachman's argument of changing societal standards over time calls for a time-series analysis of victim survey data. A table of reporting percentages for victims of stranger and nonstranger rapists over the past 19 years indicates an increase in reporting of nonstranger rapes over time, although over the entire time period, rapes by strangers were more likely to be reported to the police than were rapes by nonstrangers.
Advice to Crime Victims:
Authors: RUBACK R. BARRY
Published: March 2007

There is consistent evidence from a variety of sources that crime victims' reporting decisions are influenced by others. The present studies extended this prior work by surveying two statewide stratified random samples ( ns = 817 and 832). In Study 1, of 148 respondents who said a family member had been a victim of sexual assault, domestic assault, or robbery, only 65% said that they had advised the victims to report the crime, and women were significantly more likely to advise reporting domestic assault than were men. In both Study 1 and Study 2, respondents were asked about the appropriateness of reporting specific crimes to the police. Based on both within-and between-respondent questions, it appears that reporting advice is contingent on several factors: the seriousness of the offense, the gender of the victim, the victim-offender relationship, and the gender of the respondent.
Correctional Officers' Attitudes Toward AIDS
Authors: MAHAFFEY KATHERINE J. , MARCUS DAVID K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined correctional officers' views and attitudes about working with inmates with AIDS. At three prisons in Texas, 153 correctional officers were administered the AIDS in Prison Scale, the AIDS Attitude Scale, an AIDS/HIV Knowledge Test, and a Homophobia Scale. Correctional officers who had more positive attitudes about people with AIDS, who were more knowledgeable about AIDS/HIV, and who were older were more likely to have more positive views about working with inmates with AIDS/HIV. Most of the officers expressed at least some concerns about working with inmates with AIDS. Education programs that address negative attitudes about persons with AIDS may help improve the conditions of HIV-infected inmates.
Pretrial Clinical Evaluations in Criminal Cases
Authors: GRISSO THOMAS
Published: March 2007

This article highlights 25 years of legal, technological, professional, and systemic influences on the delivery of clinical evaluations for competence to stand trial and for criminal responsibility. Projections are made for potential changes in this area of assessment in the near future, as well as suggestions for preserving past advances in the field and promoting its further development.
Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of Criminal Justice and Behavior
Authors: HESS ALLEN K.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the recent history of the liaison between psychology and law, describes the need for an examination of the content domain of psychology and law, and considers the wisdom of uniting the overlap between psychology and law in a discipline termed forensic psychology, with its roots emphatically psychological. The article places the preceding articles in this issue in the context of a developing forensic psychology. It then outlines several emerging trends that will shape the future theory, research, and practice agenda of psychology and calls for a rededication to our mission of knowledge generation and transfer for the betterment of both our students and the public weal.
Maintaining Treatment Integrity with Sexual Abusers
Authors: PITHERS WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

Most treatment providers who work with sex offenders do so with the belief that it may enable them to refrain from further victimizations. Generally, treatment of abusers is confrontative and challenging but demonstrates respect for the human dignity of individuals who have engaged in behavior that imposes enduring harm on others. However, among sex-offender treatment providers in North America, a tendency is growing to accept ever more intrusive measures as therapeutic. This article calls attention to, and discusses the implications of, one example of questionable sex-offender treatment. Readers are encouraged to make their own conclusions about the professional ethics and therapeutic propriety of the interventions described.
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime
Authors: ANGLIN M. DOUGLAS , LONGSHORE DOUGLAS , TURNER SUSAN
Published: March 2007

In response to the increasing numbers of criminal offenders involved with drugs, the criminal justice system has sought more effective means of intervening with these offenders. One intervention approach is Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), an offender management model that has been implemented in various forms since the early 1970s. TASC facilitates treatment for drug-using offenders as part of an overall strategy to control drug use and associated criminal behaviors. This article reviews the evolution of TASC and reports findings from an evaluation of five TASC programs. The evaluation, experimental at two sites and quasi-experimental at three, found favorable effects of TASC programs on service delivery and offenders' drug use. Findings on criminal recidivism were mixed and difficult to interpret. This article concludes with specific recommendations for improving TASC and similar programs within the criminal justice system.
Cultural Governance
Authors: Moon M. Jae
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the concept of cultural governance. Three cases of cultural governance are examined including the Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD) in Colorado, the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District (MZPMD) in Missouri, and the Allegheny Regional Asset District (ARAD) in Pennsylvania. This study shows that cultural governance has emerged as an innovative and effective institutional and financial arrangement that supports local and regional cultural activities. It also suggests that the successful performance of cultural governance relies on strategic coalitions between cultural stake-holders, healthy city-county partnerships, and stable funding mechanisms.
Political Secrecy and Cultural Conflict
Authors: Gabis Stanley T.
Published: March 2007

The recent constitutional crisis in the United States and the remedial process related thereto points towarda renewed interest in the value offormal norms for maintaining accountability in the use of secrecy in politics and administration. Since formal norms require effective forms of mediation to establish their operational value, this paper inquires into the relation between mediating processes and constitutional as well as bureaucratic norms. The cleavage in the principles of the polity caused by the cooptation process in domestic affairs and the requirements of national security are examined as they affect the responsible use of secrecy.
Power, Professionalism, and Commitment
Authors: Styskal Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Although traditional models of professionalism view professional and bureaucratic norms as incompatible, recent studies have found a direct relationship between the two sets of norms. This article reports on the results of research on the reactions of professionals to change in the distribution of power in an educational organization. Interviewed were members of three teacher training projects in which the traditional power and autonomy of professionals were considered inappropriate for innovation. Both amateurs and professionals who were highly committed to the organization supported greater sharing of power, suggesting that the relationship between professionalism, commitment, and attitudes toward power change in organizations is more complex than either the traditional or revised models of professionalism imply.
Theory and Ideology in Soviet Administration
Authors: Urban Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The idea of a "Soviet administrative paradigm" is criticized and found wanting on a number of conceptual grounds. In its place, the concept of ideology is proposed to account for observable patterns in the Soviet literature on administration and to explain the form taken by these patterns.
Integrating Context and Decision Strategy
Authors: Nalbandian John , Klingner Donald E.
Published: March 2007

The authors have drawn from the literature in organization theory and behavior to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics of public personnel administration. They recast the traditional discussion of public personnel administra tion in order to identify when "merit" would be reflected in "routine" decision-making strategies and when it would better resultfrom "bargaining" and the use of "judgment" decision-making strategies. The responses of practitioners in the Midwest provide the basis for an exploratory study testing the utility of this approach.
Scientific and Technical Information in Public Management
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Cole Elliot
Published: March 2007

Despite a tremendous influx of information into public agencies, and a concern with information processing models of organizations, there is a special variety of information that is often poorly utilized or underutilized-scientific and technical information (STI). This study, of public managers' orientations toward STI, a study based on data gathered from questionnaires mailed to officials of the Canadian government's Environmental Protection Service, seeks to better understand patterns of STiacquisition and sharing and information channel preferences among users of S TL
Reforming the Upper Levels of the Bureaucracy
Authors: Ring Peter Smith , Perry James L.
Published: March 2007

The Senior Executive Service (SES) was considered the cornerstone of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 by its framers. A longitudinal investigation of the SES, among employees in grade levels 13 and above in five federal agencies, reveals that after the first two years virtually none of the major objectives of the architects of the SES are perceived as having been met. The theoretical underpinnings of the SES are reviewed and provide a basis for the investigation, which indicates that a number of factors appear to be producing an increasingly stronger negative affect toward the program over time. The likely causes of this negative affect are discussed and an approach is offered for reversing the trend.
Improving the Prospects for Heterodoxy in Organization Theory
Authors: White Orion F.
Published: March 2007

Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis establishes the legitimacy of heterodoxy in organizational research. Its careful examination of the ontological and epistemological foundations of disparate research traditions promises to initiate a new type of integrative theory dialogue.
Administrators and Citizenship
Authors: McSwain Cynthia J.
Published: March 2007

Current concern with founding the legitimacy of the administrative enterprise in a revitalized idea of the public interest leads us to a consideration of the meaning of citizenship in contemporary society. Our constitution, given its liberalist legacy, provides an inadequate appreciation of the collective grounding of society and leaves us bereft of a basis for full citizenship. This article compares classical formulations of citizenship to liberalist ideas and suggests possible directions for exploring alternative conceptions of society that offer a richer possibility for citizenship and overcome the deficiencies of liberalism.
Contending Paradigms in Public Administration
Authors: Lovrich Nicholas P.
Published: March 2007

This brief article argues that contemporary public administration theory and practice can be well served by the competition between two opposing paradigms, each claiming the status of a disciplinary Weltanschauung. The two approaches in question, one reflecting pessimistic and the other optimistic views on the potential for societal betterment via the improvement of governmental administrative organizations and practices, are well reflected in the works of Vincent Ostrom and Robert T. Golembiewski and their respective kindred spirits. Because the issues that divide these two approaches are central to the question of proper democratic governance in the postindustrial age, the potential exists for a creative contribution to social life by public administration theory.
Organization Size, Effectiveness, and Human Values
Authors: Sayles Leonard R.
Published: March 2007

A number of recent studies suggest that large private bureaucracies have not been the highly efficient mechanisms for producing goods and services presumed by the profit motive in industry. A number of reasons for the inherent inefficiencies of large systems are contrasted with the advantages of small size. Smallness has a number of advantages for the simultaneous achievement of human values at work and productivity.
Testing the Statutory Coherence Hypothesis
Authors: McFarlane Deborah R.
Published: March 2007

This article tests the statutory coherence hypothesis, derived from the Sabatier and Mazmanian framework for policy implementation, within the context of the national family planning program. The statutory coherence hypothesis states that effective implementation is a function of the extent to which a statute coherently structures the implementation process. The equitable distribution of statutory benefits is defined as a condition of effective implementation. During the period of study (Fiscal Years 1976-1981), national family planning policy was embedded in four separate statutes. Implementation was operationalized in terms of interstate variation in per capita family planning expenditures under each of the four grant programs. Statutory coherence scores were developed for each of the four enactments. The findings of this study support the statutory coherence hypothesis. Both the theoretical significance and the policy implications of these results are discussed.
Reactions to Domain Overlap
Authors: Yanay Uri
Published: March 2007

In 1968 the Israeli government began to develop a local, publicly directed, autonomous network of community service centers (Matnas) parallel to the traditional, statutory welfare bureaus. Similar claims made by both organizations overpopulation, needs, and services to be implemented caused a domain overlap. This article is based on a long-term observation of such overlap. It describes the case and analyzes the different reactions that evolved. In some places these two organizations managed or were made to coexist. In other settlements domain overlap created a conflict. Reactions to such conflict varied from competition to cooperation, influenced by organizational environments in each settlement. The community and its representatives, local politicians, clients, and professional and lay staff played a critical role in entering such domain overlap and determining the nature and intensity of reactions to it.
In the Shadow of Death
Authors: Kramer Robert
Published: March 2007

Robert Denhardt has made a unique contribution to organization theory. Drawing on depth psychology, In the Shadow of Organization (1981) lays bare the hidden religious underpinnings of organization as cultural symbol of the denial of death. In exchange for the magical, protective embrace of the organization, however, we unconsciously submit to domination and abdicate responsibility for our actions. Only by using the dynamite of "negation" and Critical Theory, argues Denhardt, can we explode the repressed truth: Our toleration of instrumentalism and domination is a form of faulty self-knowledge, of bondage to hypostatized powers. This article probes the strengths and weaknesses of Denhardt's "theology " of organizational life. It contends that Denhardt's religious orientation—once four important limitations of his Critical Theory are recognized-should be accepted into the mainstream of organization theory.
Citation Rankings of Public Administration Journals
Authors: Colson Harold
Published: March 2007

This article employs standard citation analysis techniques to rank the research value of public administration journals. Although prestige is a suspect measure of quality, esteem surveys have been used to rate the perceived importance of journals in many fields (including public administration). By gauging actual consumption rather than estimated value, citation analysis offers a better method of assessing journal worth. The three citation rankings presented in this study confirm the importance of such prestigious journals as Public Administration Review; American Political Science Review, and Administration Science Quarterly. In some cases, however, the citation hierarchies differ considerably from the esteem ratings.
Discretion Advocacy in Public Administration Theory
Authors: Fox Charles J. , Cochran Clarke E.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies a "discretion school" or position within current public administration theory and the proximate historical causes for its articulation. The extent to which administrative discretion is thought to be permissible, and the justifications for it, are explored by way of comparing current views to Plato `s explication of the functions of the guardian class in the ideal Republic. Contemporary analogues to "knowledge of the good " (public interest and regime values) and the role of education are arrayed. The article concludes by posing problematics heretofore insufficiently resolved by discretionist points of view.
Government Regulating Itself
Authors: Paehlke Robert
Published: March 2007

It is not always easy for governments to regulate the organizations which they themselves have established. This article explores the extent to which and the conditions under which governments can control the behavior of public corporations as regards environmental protection. The analysis utilizes a comparative framework, assessing governmental self regulation in the case of Canadian and U.S. public corporations including the Tennessee Valley Authority, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Ontario Hydro, and the Ontario Waste Management Corporation. It concludes that public corporations are not necessarily more difficult to regulate as regards environmental concerns and explores some possible techniques for effective environmental self-regulation of public corporations.
Theoretical Foundations of Ethics in Public Administration
Authors: Stewart Debra W.
Published: March 2007

Ethical action in public administration needs to be informed by more than human intuitions. To make correct intuitive judgments about right and wrong, decision makers can be guided by moral philosophy. The works of three philosophers, R. M. Hare, John Rawls, and A lasdair Macintyre, are considered in this regard; the strengths and weaknesses of each, as applied to public administration, are assessed. Implications for scholarship and teaching in administrative ethics are considered.
The Federal Courts and Nonprofit Administration
Authors: Leazes Francis J.
Published: March 2007

Publicly funded nonprofit organizations are indispensable to a privatized social service system. Federal courts view them as private organizations. As a result, clients and employees are deprived of due process protection in state action cases. Underlying these decisions is a judicial opinion that a nonprofit organization ` legal structure is what defines its public/private nature, rather than statutory purpose, public funding, or contractual administrative requirements. Further, nonprofit agencies are exempt from many federal statutes regulating citizen-government interaction. Policymakers must redefine state action and public agency to avoid a dual system of citizens rights and statutory protection.