bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-hospital mortality in adult recipients of living donor liver transplantation: Experience of 576 consecutive cases at a single center
Authors: Kaido Toshimi , Egawa Hiroto , Tsuji Hiroaki , Ashihara Eishi , Maekawa Taira , Uemoto Shinji
Published: October 2009

Adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) was developed against the background of a scarcity of deceased donors and has a number of disadvantages leading to in-hospital mortality, such as marginal donors and grafts and recipients suffering from severe conditions. We have thus developed surgical and medical innovations to overcome these disadvantages. The present study analyzes the causes of death and factors affecting in-hospital mortality in adult recipients of LDLT. Between November 1994 and December 2007, 576 consecutive adult patients underwent LDLT at a single medical center. Overall in-hospital mortality was 18.9%. The peak rate was 55.6% in 1996, and the rate gradually decreased thereafter to 4.4% in 2007. The most frequent cause of death was infection (62.5%), which was followed by rejection (15.7%) and nonseptic multiple-organ failure (8.9%). Being intensive care unit–bound before the operation, ABO blood type incompatibility, an absence of postoperative enteral nutrition, and a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score of 25 or higher were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. In ABO-identical and ABO-compatible cases, retransplantation and a positive lymphocyte crossmatch test were additional independent risk factors. In conclusion, even aggressive efforts, preoperative conditions such as being intensive care unit–bound, a high Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, retransplantation, and a positive lymphocyte crossmatch test are still risk factors. Enteral nutrition could be a promising strategy to improve adult LDLT. Liver Transpl 15:1420–1425, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Lack of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS2 (KIR2DS2) and KIR2DL2 is associated with poor responses to therapy of recurrent hepatitis C virus in liver transplant recipients1
Authors: Askar Medhat , Avery Robin , Corey Rebecca , Lopez Rocio , Thomas Dawn , Pidwell Diane , Eghtesad Bijan , Miller Charles , Fung John , Zein Nizar N.
Published: October 2009

Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed on natural killer and natural killer T cells are involved in activation of these cells and can influence antiviral immunity in the liver. This study investigated the association between KIR genetic diversity and sustained virologic response (SVR) to Peginterferon and Ribavirin (Peg/RBV) therapy in liver transplant (LT) recipients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence. We tested KIR genotypes in 44 HCV-infected LT recipients treated with Peg/RBV for 48 weeks. Patients were categorized as having KIR genotypes A/A or B/x and analyzed for association with SVR. Fifteen of 44 (34%) patients had SVR. Only 2 of 18 (11%) who lacked KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2 achieved SVR compared to 13 of 26 (50%) who carried these two genes (odds ratio: 8.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.5-42.0, P = 0.008). The association between lack of KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2 and SVR remained significant after exclusion of 10 patients with non-genotype 1 HCV. No correlation was found with other activating or inhibitory KIR genes. Absence of KIR2DS2 and/or KIR2DL2 is associated with failure of Peg/RBV therapy in patients with recurrent HCV after LT. These findings support the role of natural killer and natural killer T cells in HCV clearance after LT and might be generalizable to treatment of HCV infection outside the setting of LT. Liver Transpl 15:1557–1563, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
A20 protects mice from lethal liver ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α expression
Authors: Ramsey Haley E. , Da Silva Cleide G. , Longo Christopher R. , Csizmadia Eva , Studer Peter , Patel Virendra I. , Damrauer Scott M. , Siracuse Jeffrey J. , Daniel Soizic , Ferran Christiane
Published: October 2009

The nuclear factor-κB inhibitory protein A20 demonstrates hepatoprotective abilities through combined antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-proliferative functions. Accordingly, overexpression of A20 in the liver protects mice from toxic hepatitis and lethal radical hepatectomy, whereas A20 knockout mice die prematurely from unfettered liver inflammation. The effect of A20 on oxidative liver damage, as seen in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), is unknown. In this work, we evaluated the effects of A20 upon IRI using a mouse model of total hepatic ischemia. Hepatic overexpression of A20 was achieved by recombinant adenovirus (rAd.)-mediated gene transfer. Although only 10%-25% of control mice injected with saline or the control rAd.β galactosidase survived IRI, the survival rate reached 67% in mice treated with rAd.A20. This significant survival advantage in rAd.A20-treated mice was associated with improved liver function, pathology, and repair potential. A20-treated mice had significantly lower bilirubin and aminotransferase levels, decreased hemorrhagic necrosis and steatosis, and increased hepatocyte proliferation. A20 protected against liver IRI by increasing hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a regulator of lipid homeostasis and of oxidative damage. A20-mediated protection of hepatocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation and H2O2-mediated necrosis was reverted by pretreatment with the PPARα inhibitor MK886. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PPARα is a novel target for A20 in hepatocytes, underscoring its novel protective effect against oxidative necrosis. By combining hepatocyte protection from necrosis and promotion of proliferation, A20-based therapies are well-poised to protect livers from IRI, especially in the context of small-for-size and steatotic liver grafts. Liver Transpl 15:1613–1621, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Thymoglobulin induction in liver transplant recipients with a tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid immunosuppressive regimen: A five-year randomized prospective study
Authors: Boillot Olivier , Seket Belhassen , Dumortier Jérôme , Pittau Gabriella , Boucaud Catherine , Bouffard Yves , Scoazec Jean-Yves
Published: October 2009

This randomized, comparative study assessed the long-term efficacy and tolerability of thymoglobulin (TMG) induction in 93 liver transplant patients with an initial regimen of tacrolimus (Tac), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and steroids. Forty-four patients were randomly allocated to the TMG+ group, and 49 patients were randomly allocated to the TMG− group. In both groups, Tac was given orally at the initial daily dose of 0.075 mg/kg twice daily, and MMF was given at the initial daily dose of 2 g/day. Steroid withdrawal was planned at 3 months after liver transplantation. The results were evaluated with respect to acute rejection incidence, patient and graft survival, graft function, and medical complications until 5 years or death for all patients. No significant differences were found between groups for the incidence of acute rejection at 5 years (11.4% versus 14.3%), 5-year patient survival (77.3% versus 87.8%), graft function, or postoperative renal function. One patient in the TMG− group underwent retransplantation. There was no difference between groups with respect to the incidence of medical complications, excepted for a higher rate of leukopenia in the TMG+ group, during the 5-year follow-up. In conclusion, the results of this prospective randomized study suggest that the addition of TMG to a triple immunosuppressive regimen (Tac, MMF, and steroids) did not modify the incidence of acute rejection episodes or long-term survival and was responsible for increased leukopenia rates. Liver Transpl 15:1426–1434, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
First prospective study on brain stem death and attitudes toward organ donation in India
Authors: Seth Avnish Kumar , Nambiar Pradhi , Joshi Ajay , Ramprasad Ramanathan , Choubey Rajendra , Puri Pankaj , Murthy Mandapaka , Naidu Sudeep , Saha Anupam , Bhatoe Harjinder
Published: October 2009

Organ donation following brain stem death is infrequent in India. There is no prospective study on prevalence of brain stem death and causes of non-donation. Consecutive patients admitted to intensive care unit from Sep 2006 to Sep 2008 were studied prospectively. Families of those with brain stem death were approached for organ donation by transplant coordinator. Extensive awareness drive was launched. Reasons for non-donation, if any, were documented. Of 2820 patients admitted, 994 (35%) were on mechanical ventilator and 657 (23%) died. Brain stem death could be diagnosed in 55, 37 males, median age 46 years (range 7 to 87 years) i.e., 1.9% of all admissions and 8.3% of all deaths. Among neurology and neurosurgery patients brain stem death was seen in 45 of 1037 (4.3%) admissions and 45 of 161 (27.9%) deaths. Complications of brain stem death were hypotension in 49, diabetes insipidus in 17 and hypertension in 5 patients. Of 33 families counselled, 16(48%) consented to organ donation. In 14(42%), organs and tissues retrieved and transplanted included 13 livers, 23 kidneys, 25 corneas and 5 cardiac valves. Consent was more likely in females (10 of 14 as compared to 6 of 19 males, p = 0.037). Consent did not correlate with age of donor or medico-legal issues (p = 0.227 & 0.579 respectively). Trained staff with requisite systems in place produced significant organ donation rates. Religious issues and medico legal concerns were not a major hurdle towards organ donation. Female patients with brain stem were more likely to become organ donors. Liver Transpl 15:1443–1447, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Structural trends of 77Se1H spin–spin coupling constants and conformational behavior of 2‐substituted selenophenes
Authors: Rusakov Yury Yu. , Krivdin Leonid B. , Sauer Stephan P. A. , Levanova Ekaterina P. , Levkovskaya Galina G.
Published: October 2009

Experimental measurements and second‐order polarization propagator approach (SOPPA) calculations of 77Se1H spin–spin coupling constants together with theoretical energy‐based conformational analysis in the series of 2‐substituted selenophenes have been carried out. A new basis set optimized for the calculation of 77Se1H spin–spin coupling constants has been introduced by extending the aug‐cc‐pVTZ‐J basis for selenium. Most of the spin–spin coupling constants under study, especially vicinal 77Se1H couplings, demonstrated a remarkable stereochemical behavior with respect to the internal rotation of the substituent in the 2‐position of the selenophene ring, which is of major importance in the stereochemical studies of the related organoselenium compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D noncontrast MR angiography of the distal lower extremities using flow‐sensitive dephasing (FSD)‐prepared balanced SSFP
Authors: Fan Zhaoyang , Sheehan John , Bi Xiaoming , Liu Xin , Carr James , Li Debiao
Published: October 2009

While three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (MRA) is becoming the method of choice for clinical peripheral arterial disease (PAD) examinations, safety concerns with contrast administration in patients with renal insufficiency have triggered a renaissance of noncontrast MRA. In this work, a noncontrast‐MRA technique using electrocardiography‐triggered three‐dimensional segmented balanced steady‐state free precession with flow‐sensitive dephasing (FSD) magnetization preparation was developed and tested in the distal lower extremities. FSD preparation was used to induce arterial flow voids at systolic cardiac phase while having little effect on venous blood and static tissues. High‐spatial‐resolution MRA was obtained by means of magnitude subtraction between a dark‐artery scan with FSD preparation at systole and a bright‐artery scan without FSD preparation at mid‐diastole. In nine healthy volunteers, FSD parameters, including the gradient waveform and the first‐order gradient moment, were optimized for excellent MRA image quality. Furthermore, arterial stenosis and occlusion in two peripheral arterial disease patients were identified using the noncontrast‐MRA technique, as confirmed by contrast‐enhanced MRA. In conclusion, FSD‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession in conjunction with electrocardiography gating and image subtraction provides a promising noncontrast‐MRA strategy for the distal lower extremities. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A two‐level finite element method for the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations based on a stabilized local projection
Authors: Zhang Yan , He Yinnian
Published: October 2009

In this article, we propose a two‐level finite element method to analyze the approximate solutions of the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations based on a stabilized local projection. The local projection allows to circumvent the Babuska‐Brezzi condition by using equal‐order finite element pairs. The local projection can be used to stabilize high equal‐order finite element pairs. The proposed method combines the local projection stabilization method and the two‐level method under the assumption of the uniqueness condition. The two‐level method consists of solving a nonlinear equation on the coarse mesh and solving a linear equation on fine mesh. The nonlinear equation is solved by the one‐step Newtonian iteration method. In the rest of this article, we show the error analysis of the lowest equal‐order finite element pair and provide convergence rate of approximate solutions. Furthermore, the numerical illustrations coincide with the theoretical analysis expectations. From the view of computational time, the results show that the two‐level method is effective to solve the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011
Structured Ti/Hydrocarbon Plasma Polymer Nanocomposites Produced By Magnetron Sputtering with Glancing Angle Deposition
Authors: Choukourov Andrei , Solar Pavel , Polonskyi Oleksandr , Hanus Jan , Drabik Martin , Kylian Ondrej , Pavlova Ewa , Slavinska Danka , Biederman Hynek
Published: October 2009

Structured Ti/hydrocarbon plasma polymer nanocomposite films are deposited at a glancing angle by magnetron sputtering of titanium in an Ar/hexane mixture and by sequential magnetron sputtering of titanium and polypropylene. The surface chemistry of such films is tuned by adjusting the gas mixture composition. The structure of the substrate may convert the morphology of organic films deposited at a glancing angle from continuous to nanostructured thin films.

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HOP is a monomer: Investigation of the oligomeric state of the co‐chaperone HOP
Authors: Yi Fang , Doudevski Ivo , Regan Lynne
Published: October 2009

The co‐chaperone Hsp70‐Hsp90 organizing protein (HOP) plays a central role in protein folding in vivo, binding to both Hsp70 and Hsp90 and bringing them together in a functional complex. Reports in the literature concerning the oligomeric state of HOP have been inconsistent—is it a monomer, dimer, or higher order oligomer? Knowing the oligomeric state of HOP is important, because it places limits on the number and types of multiprotein complexes that can form during the folding cycle. Thus, the number of feasible models is simplified. Here, we explicitly investigate the oligomeric state of HOP using three complementary methods: gel filtration chromatography, sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and an in vivo coexpression assay. We find that HOP does not behave like a monomeric globular protein on gel filtration. Rather its behavior is consistent with it being either an elongated monomer or a dimer. We follow‐up on these studies using sedimentation equilibrium AUC, which separates on the basis of molecular weight (MW), independent of shape. Sedimentation equilibrium AUC clearly shows that HOP is a monomer, with no indication of higher MW species. Finally, we use an in vivo coexpression assay that also supports the conclusion that HOP is a monomer.
Theoretical study of nonlinear optical properties of oxocarbon derivatives
Authors: Junqueira G. M. A. , Faria M. S. , Da Silva A. M. , Dos Santos H. F.
Published: October 2009

In this work, first hyperpolarizability (β) and electronic spectra were obtained at ab initio and semiempirical levels of theory for mono‐ and bi‐squarate derivatives. The results from our calculations suggest the investigated compounds as potential molecules for nonlinear optics (NLO). By means of the employed theoretical methodology, it was possible to identify structural aspects leading to enhancement of the NLO properties of the studied oxocarbons. Furthermore, a correlation between Hammett parameters of the substituents (∑σp) and ln (βtot) was established. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Robust stability of Metzler operators under parameter perturbations
Authors: Anh Bui The , Son Nguyen Khoa
Published: October 2009

In this paper we study how the spectral bound of Metzler operators changes under parameter perturbations. Characterizations of the stability radii of Metzler operator with respect to this type of disturbances are established. The results generalize those obtained in (Vietnam J. Math. 2006; 34:357–368; Vietnam J. Math. 1998; 26:147–163). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal two‐stage reliability studies
Authors: Browne Ryan , Steiner Stefan H. , MacKay R. Jock
Published: October 2009

The intraclass correlation is often used to assess the reliability of a measurement system. There is a considerable literature devoted to optimizing the standard assessment plan in which a number of subjects are measured repeatedly. We propose a two‐stage investigation, here called a leveraged plan (LP), where in Stage I, we measure a number of subjects once. Then in Stage II, we select a subset of subjects with extreme initial measurements for repeated measurement. For a fixed total number of measurements, we show that the optimal LP provides a more precise estimate of the intraclass correlation coefficient than does the optimal standard plan (SP). We provide a table for finding the optimal LP given the true intraclass correlation and a specified precision for the estimate. For a fixed total number of measurements N, a nearly optimal LP makes roughly N/2 measurements in Stage I and then selects roughly N/6 extreme subjects to re‐measure thrice each in Stage II. We also compare optimal leveraged with optimal SPs when there is a limit on the number of times each subject can be re‐measured. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Transplants Improve Recovery after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Sharp Jason , Frame Jennifer , Siegenthaler Monica , Nistor Gabriel , Keirstead Hans S.
Published: October 2009

Evidence that cell transplants can improve recovery outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI) models substantiates treatment strategies involving cell replacement for humans with SCI. Most pre-clinical studies of cell replacement in SCI examine thoracic injury models. However, as most human injuries occur at the cervical level, it is critical to assess potential treatments in cervical injury models and examine their effectiveness using at-level histological and functional measures. To directly address cervical SCI, we used a C5 midline contusion injury model and assessed the efficacy of a candidate therapeutic for thoracic SCI in this cervical model. The contusion generates reproducible, bilateral movement and histological deficits, although a number of injury parameters such as acute severity of injury, affected gray-to-white matter ratio, extent of endogenous remyelination, and at-level locomotion deficits do not correspond with these parameters in thoracic SCI. On the basis of reported benefits in thoracic SCI, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into this cervical model. hESC-derived OPC transplants attenuated lesion pathogenesis and improved recovery of forelimb function. Histological effects of transplantation included robust white and gray matter sparing at the injury epicenter and, in particular, preservation of motor neurons that correlated with movement recovery. These findings further our understanding of the histopathology and functional outcomes of cervical SCI, define potential therapeutic targets, and support the use of these cells as a treatment for cervical SCI.
Non‐viral gene therapy for myocardial engineering
Authors: Holladay Carolyn A. , O'Brien Timothy , Pandit Abhay
Published: October 2009

Despite significant advances in surgical and pharmacological techniques, myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main cause of morbidity in the developed world because no remedy has been found for the regeneration of infarcted myocardium. Once the blood supply to the area in question is interrupted, the inflammatory cascade, among other mechanisms, results in the damaged tissue becoming a scar. The goals of cardiac gene therapy are essentially to minimize damage, to promote regeneration, or some combination thereof. While the vector is, in theory, less important than the gene being delivered, the choice of vector can have a significant impact. Viral therapies can have very high transfection efficiencies, but disadvantages include immunogenicity, retroviral‐mediated insertional mutagenesis, and the expense and difficulty of manufacture. For these reasons, researchers have focused on non‐viral gene therapy as an alternative. In this review, naked plasmid delivery, or the delivery of complexed plasmids, and cell‐mediated gene delivery to the myocardium will be reviewed. Pre‐clinical and clinical trials in the cardiac tissue will form the core of the discussion. While unmodified stem cells are sometimes considered therapeutic vectors on the basis of paracrine mechanisms of action basic understanding is limited. Thus, only genetically modified cells will be discussed as cell‐mediated gene therapy. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 232–248

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Cellular and transcriptional responses of yeast to the cleavage of cytosolic tRNAs induced by colicin D
Authors: Shigematsu Megumi , Ogawa Tetsuhiro , Kido Atsuhiro , Kitamoto Hiroko K. , Hidaka Makoto , Masaki Haruhiko
Published: October 2009

Colicin D is a plasmid‐encoded antibacterial protein that specifically cleaves the anticodon loops of four Escherichia coli tRNAArg species. Here, we report that the catalytic domain of colicin D, which is expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, impairs cell growth by cleaving specific tRNAs. DNA microarray analysis revealed that mating‐related genes were upregulated, while genes involved in a range of metabolic processes were downregulated, thereby impairing cell growth. The pheromone‐signalling pathway was activated only in α cells by tRNA cleavage, which was not observed in ‘a’ cells or diploid cells. On the basis of these results and on the recent identification of two killer toxins that cleave specific tRNAs, the relationship between tRNA depletion and the resultant cellular response is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structures, Spectroscopy, and Magnetic Properties of Pyrazine‐Bridged Two‐Dimensional Complexes {Ni(pyz)2(OCN)2}n and {Ni(pyz)2(SCN)2}n
Authors: Wang Qing‐Lun , Qi Feng , Yang Guang , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Yang Guang‐Ming , Ren Hong‐Xia
Published: October 2009

The two complexes {Ni(pyz)2(OCN)2}n (1) and {Ni(pyz)2(SCN)2}n (2) (pyz = pyrazine) were synthesized by diffusion of metal ion and ligand solutions through a buffer solution in U‐shaped tubes. Single‐crystals were obtained and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Both compounds have 2D sheet structures. Either the cyanate or the thiocyanate group connects to the metal atoms as terminal ligand. The magnetic susceptibility was analyzed and a weak antiferromagnetic interaction is propagated by the bridging pyrazine ligands.
Chelation and Bridging of Zinc(II) by Tetradentate N2S2Donor Ligands: Similarities and Differences to Copper(I) and Copper(II) Systems
Authors: Schnödt Johannes , Sieger Monika , Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo , Kaim Wolfgang
Published: October 2009

Reaction of zinc(II) triflate with neutral bis(benzimidazole‐thioether) ligands yielded the complexes [Zn(bmbdh)(H2O)(η1‐SO3CF3)](SO3CF3) (1) with tetradentate chelating 1,6‐bis(N‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dithiahexane (bmbdh), and dinuclear {[Zn(μ‐bmdhp)(H2O)(η1‐SO3CF3)]2}(SO3CF3)2(2) with bis‐bidentate bridging 1,7‐bis(N‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,6‐dithiaheptane (bmdhp). In both cases, the oxygen donor ligands aqua and triflate adoptcispositions at the approximately octahedrally configured Zn2+ions. The hexacoordination is facilitated by rather long Zn–S(thioether) distances in contrast to the typically shorter Zn–S(thiolate) bonds from classical zinc finger proteins or their models. With the shorter central (CH2)nchain (n= 2) the ligand bmbdh exhibits facial coordination of the two NSS donor sets in1, similar as in [Cu(bmdhp)]+ions with lower coordinate copper(I) but in contrast to the related [CuII(bmdhp)(H2O)](ClO4)2with the longer chain ligand bmdhp. In2, the bis‐bidentate coordination of bmdhp ligands to each Zn2+ion occurs in an all‐cisfashion for the pairs of N, S and O donor atoms, in contrast to related [CuI(mmb)2](BF4), mmb = 1‐methyl‐2‐methylthiomethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole.
Solvent‐regulated Assembly of 1D and 2D CdII Coordination Polymers with Tetrafluorophthalate: Syntheses, Structures and Properties
Authors: Chen Sheng‐Chun , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , He Ming‐Yang , Xu Huan , Chen Qun
Published: October 2009

Two new coordination polymers [Cd(1,2‐BDC‐F4)(H2O)2(py)]n (1) and {[Cd(1,2‐BDC‐F4)(H2O)2](DMF)}n (2) were prepared from the vapor diffusion reactions of CdII acetate with tetrafluorophthalic acid (1,2‐H2BDC‐F4) under different solvent atmospheres, and structurally characterized by single‐crystal diffraction technique. Both complexes reveal polymeric coordination architectures. Complex 1 is a one‐dimensional (1D) double chain, which crystallizes in the space group, P212121. In 1, each CdII ion is hexacoordinate by five oxygen atoms from two terminal water and three 1,2‐BDC‐F4 anions with a μ3‐bridging mode, as well as one nitrogen donor from one pyridine molecule. Complex 2 is a two‐dimensional (2D) layered network, which crystallizes in the P\bar{1} space group. In 2, each CdII ion is heptacoordinate by seven oxygen atoms from two terminal water and four 1,2‐BDC‐F4 anions with a μ4‐bridging mode. The results clearly suggest that the judicious choice of solvent systems does play a critical role in the construction of coordination frameworks with distinct dimensionality and connectivity. Their spectroscopic, thermal, and fluorescence properties have also been investigated.
Zur Kristallchemie von Alkali‐, Erdalkali‐ und Seltenerdmetall‐Oxozinkaten
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: October 2009

Oxozincates are obtained by reactions of ZnO with oxides of large cations like alkali, alkaline earth and rare earth metals. Zinc and oxygen are common elements of the anionic part of crystal structures, mostly forming ZnO4‐tetrahedra. In NaLiZnO2 and RbLiZnO2 the tetrahedra are simultaneously occupied by zinc and lithium atoms. Deviations from the coordination number four are rare. An example of an unusual coordination of the zinc atom is the trigonal planar arrangement of oxygen atoms in Rb2ZnO2, Cs2ZnO2; K4ZnO3 and Na10Zn4O9. Larger polyhedra are square pyramids and octahedra. The first is found for Ba17Ln16Zn8Pt4O57 the latter for the distorted perovskite Sr2ZnUO6. A special feature of the crystal chemistry of zinc is the formation of supertetrahedra, resulting from corner sharing ZnO4‐tetrahedra. Li10Zn4O10 shows a Zn4O10‐supertetrahedron and Ba3M2Zn5O11 (M = In, Lu) the much larger Zn10O20‐supertetrahedron. The connection of Zn10O20‐supertetrahedra to each other results via a simultaneous corner connection of four tetrahedra (unknown in the chemistry of connected SiO4‐tetrahedra). At least KNaZnO2 and RbLiZnO2 show corner connections of four tetrahedra (2 x NaO4 + 2 x ZnO4) and (2 x LiO4 + 2 x ZnO4) at the same point too. Something unusual is the connection of five tetrahedra at the same corner in KLiZnO2 forming a Zn2Li3O11 group.
Clinical Presentation Can Predict Disease Course in Patients with Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Authors: Lubezky Nir , Ben‐Haim Menahem , Nakache Richard , Lahat Guy , Blachar Arye , Brazowski Eli , Santo Erwin , Klausner Joseph M.
Published: October 2009

Background

Preoperative diagnosis of malignancy within intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN) solely by clinical or radiological findings is not always possible. We sought a correlation between preoperative clinico‐radiological findings and outcome.

Methods

A prospective database of pancreatic resections for IPMN (2002–2008) and a retrospective pathological revision of all pancreatic cancer specimens (1995–2001) were analyzed. The patients were grouped into asymptomatic with preoperative diagnosis of IPMN (group 1), symptomatic with a preoperative diagnosis of IPMN (group 2), and those with a preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cancer whose specimen revealed a background of IPMN (group 3). The groups were compared for demographics, clinical presentation, pathological findings, and outcome.

Results

Of the 62 patients with IPMN, 19 were in group 1, 23 in group 2, and 20 in group 3. Their median age (range) was 65.6 (46–80), 67 (50–84), and 73.4 (57–86) years, respectively. The clinical presentation for groups 2 and 3 included abdominal pain (56% vs. 32 %), weight loss (8% vs. 52%), obstructive jaundice (4% vs. 57%), pancreatitis (22% and 5%), and new onset of diabetes (14% and 44%). Invasive cancer was found in one patient in group 1 (5.2%), two patients in group 2 (8.7%), and all patients in group 3. IPMN was present in 23 of 217 (10.6%) of all resected pancreatic cancer specimens. Five year survival for patients with invasive disease was 47% and 92% for patients with noninvasive disease (mean follow‐up 37.6 months).

Conclusions

Benign IPMN can usually be differentiated from adenocarcinoma preoperatively. The clinical presentation is highly indicative of disease course.
Improving Surgical Care in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Pivotal Role for the World Health Organization
Authors: Bickler Stephen W. , Spiegel David
Published: October 2009

In response to increasing evidence that surgical conditions are an important global public health problem, and data suggesting that essential surgical services can be delivered in a cost‐effective manner in low‐ and middle‐income countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has expanded its interest in surgical care. In 2004, WHO established a Clinical Procedures Unit within the Department of Essential Health Technologies. This unit has developed the Emergency and Essential Surgical Project (EESC), which includes a basic surgical training program based on the “Integrated Management of Emergency and Essential Surgical Care” Toolkit and the textbook “Surgery at the District Hospital.” To promote the importance of emergency and essential surgical care, a Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Care was launched in 2005. In what maybe the most important development, surgical care is included in WHO’s new comprehensive primary health care plan. Given these rapid developments, surgical care at WHO may be approaching a critical “tipping point.” Lobbying for a World Health Assembly resolution on emergency and essential surgical care, and developing “structured collaborations” between WHO and various stakeholders are potential ways to ensure that the global surgery agenda continues to move forward.
Ear symptoms in children with Fabry disease: data from the Fabry Outcome Survey
Authors: Keilmann A. , Hajioff D. , Ramaswami U. ,   on behalf of the FOS Investigators
Published: October 2009

Background: Hearing loss and tinnitus are common symptoms in Fabry disease and increase in prevalence with age. This study aimed to provide an epidemiological description of hearing impairment and tinnitus in children with Fabry disease in the Fabry Outcome Survey (FOS), an international database to assess the natural history of Fabry disease and the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy with agalsidase alfa. Methods: Signs and symptoms questionnaires were completed for 543 children with Fabry disease. Pure‐tone audiograms were obtained from 101 children (53 girls, 48 boys). Results: On questioning, 33% of the children (n = 179) reported subjective hearing impairment. However, when assessed by age‐appropriate audiometry, only 19 of 101 patients (19%) had a persistent hearing loss at least one frequency. Of these, 14 had a high‐frequency hearing loss, 4 a pan‐frequency hearing loss, and 1 a pattern typical of noise‐induced loss. Of the 101 children with audiometry, 44 complained of tinnitus. Only 2 children reported sudden hearing loss, which was not verified by audiometry. Children with tinnitus had greater disease severity scores. Conclusions: Hearing loss is a well‐known clinical manifestation in patients with Fabry disease. It was reported in significant numbers of children in the FOS signs and symptoms questionnaire, but confirmed in only 19% by formal audiometry. The subjective hearing impairment may have been due to middle‐ear effusions in many cases. Tinnitus is a well‐recognized symptom in Fabry disease and can present in childhood. The presence of tinnitus correlated with overall disease severity.
Determination of Sinapic Acid Derivatives in Canola Extracts Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Khattab Rabie , Eskin Michael , Aliani Michel , Thiyam Usha
Published: October 2009

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was used to determine the total phenolics, including sinapic acid derivatives in canola. Ten Western Canadian canola seeds, six other commodity canola seeds, their corresponding press cakes and meals were analyzed. Seeds of European 00 rapeseed and Brassica Juncea (Indian mustard) were included for comparison. Phenolic compounds were separated using a gradient elution system of water–methanol‐ο‐phosphoric acid solution with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In addition to sinapine (SP) and sinapic acid (SA), sinapoyl glucose (SG) is reported in the methanolic extracts. The detection and quantification limits of these compounds were 0.20–0.40 and 0.50–0.80 μg/ml, respectively with recovery values over 98.0%. The content of total phenolics, SP, SA and SG in canola extracts ranged from 9.16 to 16.13, 6.39 to 12.28, 0.11 to 0.59 and 1.36 to 7.50 mg/g, respectively with significant differences among varieties.
Characterization of Oil Precipitate and Oil Extracted from Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles
Authors: Majoni Sandra , Wang Tong
Published: October 2009

Oil extracted from condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) can form a semi‐solid and waxy precipitate at the bottom of containers during storage. CCDS is a good source to recover oil, and such oil can be converted to biodiesel. Precipitate formation in the extracted oil is mainly a physical stability problem, but it may become a performance problem for biodiesel. The objective of the present work was to determine the composition of the CCDS oil precipitate and also determine if valuable phytosterols were present in high concentration. The free fatty acid (FFA) content was very high, 35.7%, and fatty acid composition of the FFA fraction was predominantly palmitic acid, 70.3%. The solid appearance was mainly due to a high percentage of high‐melting point free saturated fatty acid. The total unsaponifiable matter was 2.0%, and total phytosterol content was 8.6 mg/g of CCDS oil precipitate. Therefore, CCDS oil precipitate is a not an enriched source of phytosterols compared to total sterols present in crude corn oil (15.6 mg/g oil). The wax content was high, 2.5 mg/g of CCDS oil precipitate compared to 0.5 mg/g of crude corn oil. CCDS oil that is uncentrifugable but polar solvent extractable (trapped oil fraction) was also characterized and found to contain more polar lipids than those in the free oil fraction (centrifugable oil).
Increasing Diversity in Telecommunications Ownership and Increasing Efficiency in Spectrum Auctions by Breaking the Link between Capital Market Discrimination and FCC Spectrum Auction Outcomes
Authors: Bush Clarence Anthony
Published: October 2009

In Section 309(j)4(D) of the Communications Act, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) is required to increase opportunities for minority groups to participate in the provision of spectrum based services. In Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, the Supreme Court held that race-based government programs were subject to strict scrutiny. That is race-based programs must serve a compelling governmental interest such as remedying past discrimination, and must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest. Against this backdrop, a simple theoretical model is developed that explains the relationship between capital market discrimination and outcomes in FCC spectrum auctions. Given capital market discrimination and all other factors being equal, it is shown that a minority firm has zero probability of winning in an auction for spectrum. In addition, it is proven that, if equal bidding credits are given to all firms, if there is capital market discrimination, and if all other things are equal, the minority firm has a zero probability of winning in a spectrum auction. It is shown that a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, is an inferior policy among policies that can be used to allocate spectrum. Finally, a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, results in an inefficient auction. These theoretical results and the empirical literature on capital market discrimination suggest that the FCC is implicitly discriminating against minorities through its auctioning of spectrum under conditions of discrimination in capital markets. The results imply that race-based programs are necessary/justified in order to increase diversity in telecommunications ownership and increase the efficiency of FCC Spectrum Auctions. Given possible legal remedies, the paper contains a critical “audit”/analysis of the FCC's lending practices under the FCC's installment payments. Legislative proposals for creating some new form of credit/installment payment in conjunction with some experienced financial institution(s) are summarized and reviewed.
Control of high osmolarity signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hohmann Stefan
Published: October 2009

Signal transduction pathways control cellular responses to extrinsic and intrinsic signals. The yeast HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) response pathway mediates cellular adaptation to hyperosmotic stress. Pathway architecture as well as the flow of signal have been studied to a very high degree of detail. Recently, the yeast HOG pathway has become a popular model to analyse systems level properties of signal transduction. Those studies addressed, using experimentation and modelling, the role of basal signalling, robustness against perturbation, as well as adaptation and feedback control. These recent findings provide exciting insight into the higher control levels of signalling through this MAPK system of potential general importance.
Targeted Therapies: The Rare Cancer Paradigm
Authors: Pierotti Marco A. , Negri Tiziana , Tamborini Elena , Perrone Federica , Pricl Sabrina , Pilotti Silvana
Published: October 2009

This review analyzes the state of the art of targeted therapies for several tumors, starting from the paradigmatic example of Imatinib treatment in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We discuss how rare tumors can be models for various mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation, and provide the opportunity to develop new therapies also for more common cancer types. We discuss the activation of the downstream RTK effectors as further targets for therapies in colorectal cancer. Finally, we highlight how a novel multidimensional approach which adds an in silico dimension to the in vitro and in vivo approach, can predict clinical results.
Improving oversight of genetically engineered organisms
Authors: Kuzma Jennifer , Kuzhabekova Aliya , Wilder Kelly Morgan
Published: October 2009

Genetic engineering (GE) has been used to produce plants with desirable qualities for over two decades, and widespread, world-wide market adoption of engineered crops with pest and disease resistance characteristics has occurred. Genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), including GE crops, have been formally overseen by the U.S. government since the mid-1980s. In this article, our previous work on identifying strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. GEO oversight system is reviewed, and a new analysis of the system based on expert and stakeholder interviews is presented. Using both analyses and an examination of historical controversies surrounding GEOs, three categories of improvements to oversight are identified: democratization of oversight processes, establishing clear mechanisms for inter-agency and -organization coordination, and taking on uncertainty through upstream and fluid approaches. The paper also discusses feasibility issues and barriers associated with implementing changes in these areas, notably the overarching U.S. approach to regulation and legal authorities.
Plasma alkylresorcinol metabolites as potential biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye cereal fibre intakes in women
Authors: Aubertin-Leheudre Mylène , Koskela Anja , Samaletdin Adile , Adlercreutz Herman
Published: October 2009

It has been demonstrated that intact plasma alkylresorcinols (AR) and urinary AR metabolites could be used as biomarkers of whole-grain intake. Thereafter, we developed the method for the plasma AR metabolites, which is more convenient and requires less sample pretreatment than the analysis of intact plasma AR. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether AR metabolites measured in plasma, in the same population, could also be considered as useful biomarkers of cereal fibre. Fifty-six women were recruited in a cross-sectional and observational study. Dietary intake (5-d record) and plasma AR metabolites (3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, DHBA; 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid, DHPPA) were measured. The relationship between plasma AR metabolites and cereal fibre intake was examined using partial correlation and stepwise regression. Cereal fibre intake correlated significantly with plasma DHBA (r 0·411; P = 0·002) and DHPPA (r 0·463; P = 0·000) even after adjustment for BMI and age. Thus, plasma AR metabolites correlate with cereal fibre intake as noted with plasma intact AR and urinary AR metabolites. We observed that plasma DHPPA was the independent predictor of cereal fibre intake, explaining 18 % of the variance (adjusted r2 0·176; P = 0·002). In epidemiological screening, it might be easier to obtain and to collect plasma than urine samples. In addition, the plasma AR metabolites half-life seems longer than those of intact plasma AR, and their measurements are more convenient, and faster. Thus, sum of plasma AR metabolites and more specifically plasma DHPPA seems to be good and specific biomarkers of cereal fibre intake.
Effects of a breakfast yoghurt, with additional total whey protein or caseinomacropeptide-depleted α-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein, on diet-induced thermogenesis and appetite suppression
Authors: Hursel Rick , van der Zee Lucie , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: October 2009

Previous studies have shown effects of high-protein diets, especially whey protein, on energy expenditure and satiety, yet a possible distinction between the effects of whey or α-lactalbumin has not been made. The present study assessed the effects of the addition of total whey protein (whey) or caseinomacropeptide-depleted α-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein (α-lac) to a breakfast yoghurt drink on energy expenditure and appetite suppression in human subjects. A total of eighteen females and seventeen males (aged 20·9 (sd 1·9) years; BMI 23·0 (sd 2·1) kg/m2) participated in an experiment with a randomised, three-arm, cross-over design where diet-induced energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and satiety were measured. Breakfasts were isoenergetic and subject-specific: a normal-protein (NP) breakfast consisting of whole milk (15, 47 and 38 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively), a high-protein (HP) breakfast with additional whey or a HP breakfast containing α-lac (41, 47 and 12 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively). Resting energy expenditure did not differ between the three conditions. HP breakfasts (area under the curve: whey, 217·1 (se 10·0) kJ × 4 h; α-lac, 234·3 (se 11·6) kJ × 4 h; P < 0·05) increased diet-induced thermogenesis more compared with a NP yoghurt at breakfast (179·7 (se 10·9) kJ × 4 h; P < 0·05). Hunger and desire to eat were significantly more suppressed after α-lac (hunger, − 6627 (se 823); desire to eat, − 6750 (se 805) mm visual analogue scale (VAS) × 4 h; P < 0·05) than after the whey HP breakfast (hunger, − 5448 (se 913); desire to eat, − 5070 (se 873) mm VAS × 4 h; P < 0·05). After the HP breakfasts, a positive protein balance occurred (α-lac, 0·35 (sd 0·18) MJ/4 h; whey, 0·37 (sd 0·20) MJ/4 h; P < 0·001); after the NP breakfast a positive fat balance occurred (1·03 (sd 0·29) MJ/4 h; P < 0·001). In conclusion, consumption of a breakfast yoghurt drink with added whey or α-lac increased energy expenditure, protein balance and decreased fat balance compared with a NP breakfast. The α-lac-enriched yoghurt drink suppressed hunger and the desire to eat more than the whey-enriched yoghurt drink.
Reduced circulating antioxidant defences are associated with airway hyper-responsiveness, poor control and severe disease pattern in asthma
Authors: Wood Lisa G. , Gibson Peter G.
Published: October 2009

Dietary antioxidants are important in protecting against oxidative stress. We have previously demonstrated that circulating dietary antioxidant levels are reduced in asthma. The present study examined the variation in dietary antioxidant levels in asthma, according to airway responsiveness, asthma control and clinical asthma pattern. Peripheral blood was collected from forty-one subjects with stable, persistent asthma. Airway responsiveness was assessed by hypertonic saline challenge. Asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Questionnaire. Clinical asthma pattern was determined using Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria. Whole-blood carotenoids (β-carotene, lycopene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherols (α-, δ-, γ-tocopherol) were measured by HPLC. Plasma antioxidant potential (AOP) was determined by colorimetric assay (OxisResearch, Portland, OR, USA). Asthmatic subjects with airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) had reduced levels of β-carotene and α-tocopherol compared with those without AHR. Subjects with uncontrolled asthma had low levels of AOP compared with those with controlled or partly controlled asthma. Subjects with a severe persistent clinical asthma pattern had reduced levels of α-tocopherol compared with those with a mild to moderate asthma pattern. We conclude that asthmatic subjects with AHR, uncontrolled asthma and a severe asthma pattern have impaired antioxidant defences and are thus most susceptible to the damaging effects of oxidative stress. This highlights the potential role for antioxidant supplementation in these subjects.