bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between sexual dysfunction and avulsion of the levator ani muscle after instrumental vaginal delivery
Authors: García‐Mejido José A. , Idoia‐Valero Irene , Aguilar‐Gálvez Isabel M. , Borrero González Carlota , Fernández‐Palacín Ana , Sainz José A.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

The effects of levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion after instrumental delivery on the sexual function of patients are currently unknown. Therefore, the objective of our study was to use a validated questionnaire, namely, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), to compare the sexual function in patients with and without LAM avulsion after instrumental vaginal delivery.

Material and methods

This was a prospective observational study of 112 primiparous women after instrumental (vacuum or forceps) vaginal delivery. The obstetric and general characteristics of the population were studied. At 6 months postpartum, the contraceptive method used and the occurrence of LAM avulsion (using four‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound) were determined, and the FSFI was administered.

Results

A total of 100 patients (62 without avulsion and 38 with avulsion) completed the study. Thirty‐eight (38%) were diagnosed with avulsion (42.1% after Kielland forceps delivery, 57.9% after Malmström vacuum delivery; P = .837). Women with LAM avulsion had significantly lower scores for desire (2.9 ± 1.2 vs 3.4 ± 1.1; P = .049), arousal (2.8 ± 1.7 vs 3.6 ± 1.4; P = .014), lubrication (2.3 ± 1.4 vs 3.0 ± 1.2; P = .011), orgasm (2.6 ± 1.6 vs 3.3 ± 1.2; P = .006) and satisfaction (3.1 ± 1.8 vs 3.9 ± 1.5; P = .051) than did women without LAM avulsion. The overall FSFI score was lower in patients with avulsion (16.7 ± 8.9 vs 20.7 ± 6.9, P = .033). These results were obtained after controlling for confounders (delivery mode, induced labor, birthweight, perineal tears, avulsion degree, contraceptive method and group assignment for the parent study) in the multivariate analysis (F = 4.974, P = .001).

Conclusions

Patients with LAM avulsion present a higher degree of sexual dysfunction compared wiith patients without avulsion at 6 months after instrumental vaginal delivery.
Parents' perspectives on dried blood spot self‐sampling from children with epilepsy: A mixed‐method study
Authors: Linder Camilla , Neideman Mirja , Gambell‐Barroso Miguel , Gustafsson Lars L. , Wide Katarina , Pohanka Anton , Bastholm‐Rahmner Pia
Published: March 2020

Aim

Children with epilepsy often have concomitant diagnoses. Dried blood spot samples for drug monitoring can be collected by parents at home as an alternative to traditional sampling. This mixed‐method study aimed to understand the parents' perspectives on blood self‐sampling from their children and to identify factors contributing to successful sampling.

Method

Parents who had collected a sample from their child during a visit to the neuropediatric clinic were asked to fill in a questionnaire. To get in‐depth information and individual perspectives, parents and nurses participated in semi‐structured interviews and analysed with thematic analysis.

Results

The results from questionnaires (n = 64) and interviews (n = 9) were interpreted together. Watching an instruction video and practical training contributed to successful sampling. 97% of the parents managed to collect a sample, 72% thought it was easy to perform, and 80% found self‐sampling at home desirable. Factors for success were as follows: high motivation, prepared parents with pre‐understanding, a pragmatic attitude, flexible education, effective communication and willingness to take on the role as a performer. Risk factors were as follows: conflict, fear, unprepared parents, confused or worried children.

Conclusion

Voluntary self‐sampling at home for parents of children with epilepsy is feasible and can reduce stress factors in everyday life.
The problem of look‐alike, sound‐alike name errors: Drivers and solutions
Authors: Bryan Rachel , Aronson Jeffrey K. , Williams Alison , Jordan Sue
Published: March 2020

Look‐alike or sound‐alike (LASA) medication names may be mistaken for each other, e.g. mercaptamine and mercaptopurine. If an error of this sort is not intercepted, it can reach the patient and may result in harm. LASA errors occur because of shared linguistic properties between names (phonetic or orthographic), and potential for error is compounded by similar packaging, tablet appearance, tablet strength, route of administration or therapeutic indication. Estimates of prevalence range from 0.00003 to 0.0022% of all prescriptions, 7% of near misses, and between 6.2 and 14.7% of all medication error events. Solutions to LASA errors can target people or systems, and include reducing interruptions or distractions during medication administration, typographic tweaks, such as selective capitalization (Tall Man letters) or boldface, barcoding, and computerized physician order entry.
Association between 8 P‐glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) gene polymorphisms and antipsychotic drug‐induced hyperprolactinaemia
Authors: Geers Lisanne M. , Pozhidaev Ivan V. , Ivanova Svetlana A. , Freidin Maxim B. , Schmidt Amand F. , Cohen Dan , Boiko Anastasiia S. , Paderina Diana Z. , Fedorenko Olga Yu , Semke Arkadiy V. , Bokhan Nikolay A. , Wilffert Bob , Kosterink Jos G.W. , Touw Daan J. , Loonen Anton J.M.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Hyperprolactinaemia, a common adverse effect of antipsychotic drugs, is primarily linked to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the pituitary gland. Certain antipsychotic drugs, such as, for example risperidone and paliperidone, are more likely to induce hyperprolactinaemia compared to others. This effect is probably caused by a relatively high blood/brain concentration ratio, a consequence of being a substrate of P‐glycoprotein. Genetic variants of P‐glycoprotein with changed functional activity might influence the potential of risperidone and paliperidone to cause hyperprolactinaemia as the altered blood/brain concentration ratio would lead to a reduced therapeutic drug level within essential brain areas making dose adaptations necessary. This increases exposure of dopamine D2 receptors within the pituitary gland.

Aims

To investigate possible associations between MDR1/ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and antipsychotic drug‐induced hyperprolactinaemia in Russian patients with schizophrenia and to determine possible differences between risperidone/paliperidone and other antipsychotics.

Methods

In total, 446 patients with schizophrenia were included from 3 psychiatric hospitals in Siberia. Blood samples were obtained in a cross‐sectional study design for DNA extraction and prolactin measurement. Associations between hyperprolactinaemia and 8 MDR1/ABCB1 gene‐polymorphisms were assessed using logistic regression analysis accounting for covariates. The analysis was repeated in a patient subgroup using risperidone or paliperidone.

Results

We did not observe an association between any of the 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the prevalence of antipsychotic‐induced hyperprolactinaemia in the total patient population. However, in the risperidone/paliperidone subgroup, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2032582 (G2677T) was found to be negatively associated with risperidone/paliperidone‐induced hyperprolactinaemia.

Conclusion

This study revealed a significant association between the ABCB1 gene polymorphism rs2032582 (G2677T) and risperidone/paliperidone‐induced hyperprolactinaemia.
Unexpected overdose blood concentration of tacrolimus: Keep in mind the role of inflammation
Authors: Bonneville Edouard , Gautier‐Veyret Elodie , Ihl Cordelia , Hilleret Marie‐Noelle , Baudrant Magalie , Fonrose Xavier , Stanke‐Labesque Françoise
Published: March 2020

Tacrolimus is the cornerstone of the therapeutic immunosuppressive strategy in liver transplantation. The inter‐individual and intra‐individual variability of its trough blood concentrations is a surrogated biomarker of allograft rejection. Here we described two cases of patients with liver transplant who exhibited increases of tacrolimus blood trough concentration adjusted on the dose while experiencing acute inflammatory episodes. These case reports highlight the inhibitory effect of acute inflammation on tacrolimus metabolism and show that it accounts for the longitudinal intra‐individual variability of tacrolimus blood concentrations, beyond drug–drug interaction and observance.
Neuroprotection induced by dexpramipexole delays disease progression in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Buonvicino Daniela , Ranieri Giuseppe , Pratesi Sara , Gerace Elisabetta , Muzzi Mirko , Guasti Daniele , Tofani Lorenzo , Chiarugi Alberto
Published: March 2020

Background and Purpose

Drugs able to counteract progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) represent a largely unmet therapeutic need. Even though the pathogenesis of disease evolution is still obscure, accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a causative role in neurodegeneration and axonopathy in progressive MS patients. Here, we investigated the effects of dexpramipexole, a compound with a good safety profile in humans and able to sustain mitochondria functioning and energy production, in a mouse model of progressive MS.

Experimental Approach

Female non‐obese diabetic mice were immunized with MOG35–55. Functional, immune and neuropathological parameters were analysed during disease evolution in animals treated or not with dexpramipexole. The compound's effects on bioenergetics and neuroprotection were also evaluated in vitro.

Key Results

We found that oral treatment with dexpramipexole at a dose consistent with that well tolerated in humans delayed disability progression, extended survival, counteracted reduction of spinal cord mitochondrial DNA content and reduced spinal cord axonal loss of mice. Accordingly, the drug sustained in vitro bioenergetics of mouse optic nerve and dorsal root ganglia and counteracted neurodegeneration of organotypic mouse cortical cultures exposed to the adenosine triphosphate‐depleting agents oligomycin or veratridine. Dexpramipexole, however, was unable to affect the adaptive and innate immune responses both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion and Implication

The present findings corroborate the hypothesis that neuroprotective agents may be of relevance to counteract MS progression and disclose the translational potential of dexpramipexole to treatment of progressive MS patients as a stand‐alone or adjunctive therapy.
Real‐world experience with mepolizumab: Does it deliver what it has promised?
Authors: Schleich Florence , Graff Sophie , Nekoee Haleh , Moermans Catherine , Henket Monique , Sanchez Carole , Paulus Virginie , Guissard Françoise , Donneau Anne‐Françoise , Louis Renaud
Published: March 2020

Background

Randomized control trials performed in selected populations of severe eosinophilic asthmatics have shown that mepolizumab, an anti‐IL5 therapy, was able to reduce exacerbations and OCS maintenance dose and in some studies, to improve asthma control and lung function.

Objective

The aim of this study was to confirm the results of the RCTs in real‐life in a population of 116 severe eosinophilic asthmatics treated with mepolizumab and who were followed up at the asthma clinic every month for at least 18 months. Severe asthmatics underwent FENO, lung function, asthma control and quality of life questionnaires, sputum induction and gave a blood sample at baseline, after 6 months and then every year.

Results

We found a significant reduction in exacerbations by 85% after 6 months (P < .0001), which was maintained over time. We also found a significant and maintained reduction by 50% in the dose of oral corticosteroids (P < .001). Patients improved their ACT (+5.31pts, p<0.0001) ACQ (‐1.13pts, P < .0001) and their AQLQ score (+1.24, P < .0001) at 6 months and this was maintained during follow‐up. Only 37% reached asthma control (ACQ <1.5, ACT> 20). We observed a progressive increase in post‐BD FEV1 that reached significance after 18 months (190ml or 11%, P < .01). Patients improving their FEV1had higher baseline sputum eosinophils than those not improving airway caliber. We found a significant reduction in sputum eosinophil counts by 60% after 6 months (P < .01) and a maintained reduction in blood eosinophil counts by 98% (P < .0001).

Conclusion

In our real‐life study, we confirm the results published in the RCTs showing a sharp reduction in exacerbation and oral corticosteroids dose and an improvement in asthma control and quality of life. Clinical relevance: Mepolizumab is efficient in severe eosinophilic asthma in real life.
Validity of laryngomalacia classification systems: A multi‐institutional agreement study
Authors: Sivarajah Shanmugappiriya , Isaac Andre , Anderson Shelaina , Mehta Deepak , Hong Paul , Alrajhi Yaser , El‐Hakim Hamdy
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To determine the agreement of paediatric otolaryngologists on classifying laryngomalacia (LM).

Design

Intra‐ and interobserver agreement study of two classification systems.

Setting

Three tertiary referral paediatric centres.

Participants

Three paediatric otolaryngologists, who were blinded to any clinical details, interpreted the videos of children diagnosed with LM using the Holinger and Olney classifications independently. They rated the videos twice with a washout period of at least 2 weeks.

The main outcome measures

Inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement measured by overall Fleiss kappa and unweighted Cohen's kappa coefficients. The secondary outcome measures were inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement on the individual anatomical subunits of the supraglottis affected by LM, characterised by the subcategories of the classifications.

Results

Video records of infants and children <18 years who had an endoscopic diagnosis of LM from 2012 to 2017 were retrospectively chosen for inclusion (n = 73). The overall Fleiss kappa coefficient was 0.25 (95% CI 0.18‐0.32) amongst the raters using the Holinger classification and 0.31 (95% CI 0.21‐0.42) for the Olney classification. Intra‐observer agreement using the Holinger classification was 0.30 (95% CI 0.18‐0.42), 0.62 (95% CI 0.23‐0.85) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.75‐0.94], whilst the Olney classification yielded values of 0.41 (95% CI 0.26‐0.56), 0.51 (95% CI 0.29‐0.63) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.48‐0.78).

Conclusions

The agreement on types of LM between expert observers is modest using the Holinger and Olney classifications. This has significant implications for accurately diagnosing LM and exposes potential obstacles against credible pooling of data and extrapolation of information.
Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery – technical, oncological and patient outcomes from a single institution
Authors: Baker E. J. , Waters P. S. , Peacock O. , Narasimhan V. , Larach T. , McCormick J. , Heriot A. G. , Warrier S. , Lynch C.
Published: March 2020

Aim

Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery (R‐TAMIS) is gaining traction around the globe as an alternative to laparoscopic conventional TAMIS for local excision of benign and early malignant rectal lesions. The aim was to analyse patient and oncological outcomes of R‐TAMIS for consecutive cases in a single centre.

Methods

A prospective analysis of consecutive R‐TAMIS procedures over a 12‐month period was performed. Data were collated from hospital databases and theatre registers.

Results

Eleven patients (six men, five women), mean age 69.81 years (51−92 years), underwent R‐TAMIS over 12 months utilizing a da Vinci Xi platform. The mean lesion size was 36 mm (20–60 mm) with a mean distance from the anal verge of 7.5 cm (3–14 cm). Five lesions were posterior in anatomical location, four anterior, one right lateral and one left lateral. All procedures were performed in the lithotomy position using a GelPOINT Path Platform. Mean operative time was 64 min (40–100 min). Complete resection was achieved in 10/11 patients with two patients being upgraded to a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Nine patients were diagnosed with dysplastic lesions. Four patients had a false positive diagnosis of an invasive tumour on MRI. Six patients required suturing for full‐thickness resections. One patient had a postoperative bleed requiring repeat endoscopy and clipping. One patient (full‐thickness resection of T3 tumour) proceeded to a formal resection without difficulty with no residual disease (T0N0, 0/22). One patient with a fully resected T2 tumour is undergoing a surveillance protocol. The mean length of stay was 1 day with two patients having a length of stay of 2 days and one patient of 4 days.

Conclusion

R‐TAMIS could potentially represent a safe novel approach for local resection of rectal lesions.
Aggressive utilization of liver allografts: Improved outcomes over time
Authors: Rana Abbas , Price Matthew Brent , Barrett Spencer C. , Lai Jennifer , Bakhtiyar Syed Shahyan , Kanwal Fasiha , Vierling John , Wu Mengfen , Galvan Nhu Thao , Goss John
Published: March 2020

Background

Aggressive acceptance of liver allografts has driven utilization of marginal allografts. Our aim was to assess the impact of the aggressive phenotype on transplant center outcomes over time.

Methods

We used a cohort of 148 361 candidates from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network for liver transplantation between 2002 and 2016 in 134 centers. Using the Discard Risk Index, we designated high probability discard allografts by the top 10th percentile for likelihood of discard. Aggressive phenotype was defined by usage of high probability discard (HPD) allografts (top 10th percentile). Our analysis of survival on waitlist and graft survival after transplantation included a comprehensive list of center level covariates across three equal time periods (2002‐2006, 2007‐2011, and 2012‐2016).

Results

After adjusting for recipient and center‐level factors, aggressive centers had improving graft survival over time. Aggressive vs non‐aggressive centers: 2002‐2006 HR 1.12 (1.05‐1.19), 2007‐2011 HR 1.13 (1.05‐1.22), 2012‐2016 HR 0.99 (0.89‐1.10). Aggressive centers had improved waitlist survival compared with non‐aggressive centers after adjusting for allograft disparity.

Conclusions

Aggressive phenotype had a positive impact on waitlist survival, and graft survival in aggressive centers have improved to benchmark levels over time. These findings serve as justification for aggressive utilization of allografts.
Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: Continuous catheter infusion provides no additional analgesic benefit over single‐injection ropivacaine
Authors: Yeap Yar L. , Wolfe John W. , Kroepfl Elizabeth , Fridell Jonathan , Powelson John A.
Published: March 2020

Background

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks are useful for adjunctive pain control following laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LLDN). The objective was to determine if TAP catheter provides additional analgesia compared with single‐injection TAP block alone for kidney donors.

Methods

In this prospective, double‐blinded, randomized controlled trial, LLDN patients received a single TAP injection of 30 mL 0.2% ropivacaine and had a catheter inserted into the TAP space. Postoperatively, either 0.2% ropivacaine (TAP catheter group; TAP‐C) or saline (TAP saline group; TAP‐S) was infused at 10 mL/h. Pain scores, narcotic usage, nausea, and sedation were evaluated at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours.

Results

The study population included 70 patients (35 randomly assigned to each group). No differences in pain scores, narcotic usage, nausea, or sedation were observed at any time point (with the exception of lower median pain score for TAP‐S at 60 hours; 3.2 vs 3.9 for TAP‐C; P = .03).

Conclusions

The lower pain score for placebo group at 60‐hour postoperative is likely clinically insignificant. The TAP catheter infusion provided no benefit over a single‐injection TAP block; thus, the added risk and cost are not supported. Liposomal bupivacaine should be evaluated in future studies.
Describing barriers and facilitators for medication adherence and self‐management among kidney transplant recipients using the information‐motivation‐behavioral skills model
Authors: Ranahan Molly , Von Visger Jon , Kayler Liise K.
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background

We aimed to develop an adapted information‐motivation‐behavioral skills (IMB) model to describe barriers and facilitators for adherence and self‐management among kidney transplant recipients.

Methods

We conducted a review of literature about kidney transplant recipients' knowledge, perceptions, and experiences and organized our results using the IMB framework. We then conducted interviews with transplant recipients and transplant providers to supplement our literature search.

Results

Our proposed adaption of the IMB model describes informational, motivational, and behavioral skills barriers and facilitators for medication adherence and self‐management among kidney transplant recipients. Moderating factors influence not only behavioral skills, but also recipients' understanding of information and motivation to adhere and practice self‐management.

Conclusion

By using the IMB model to organize current research and interviews with recipients and providers, we developed an adapted model for medication adherence and self‐management. Results are promising to impact future educational and behavioral interventions for kidney transplant recipients.
Environmental drivers of large‐scale movements of baleen whales in the mid‐North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Pérez‐Jorge Sergi , Tobeña Marta , Prieto Rui , Vandeperre Frederic , Calmettes Beatriz , Lehodey Patrick , Silva Mónica A.
Published: March 2020

Aim

Understanding the environmental drivers of movement and habitat use of highly migratory marine species is crucial to implement appropriate management and conservation measures. However, this requires quantitative information on their spatial and temporal presence, which is limited in the high seas. Here, we aimed to gain insights of the essential habitats of three baleen whale species around the mid‐North Atlantic (NA) region, linking their large‐scale movements with information on oceanographic and biological processes.

Location

Mid‐NA Ocean.

Methods

We present the first study combining data from 31 satellite tracks of baleen whales (15, 10 and 6 from fin, blue and sei whales, respectively) from March to July (2008–2016) with data on remotely sensed oceanography and mid‐ and lower trophic level biomass derived from the spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model (SEAPODYM). A Bayesian switching state‐space model was applied to obtain regular tracks and correct for location errors, and pseudo‐absences were created through simulated positions using a correlated random walk model. Based on the tracks and pseudo‐absences, we applied generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to determine the probability of occurrence and predict monthly distributions.

Results

This study provides the most detailed research on the spatio‐temporal distribution of baleen whales in the mid‐NA, showing how dynamic biophysical processes determine their habitat preference. Movement patterns were mainly influenced by the interaction of temperature and the lower trophic level biomass; however, this relationship differed substantially among species. Best‐fit models suggest that movements of whales migrating towards more productive areas in northern latitudes were constrained by depth and eddy kinetic energy.

Main conclusions

These novel insights highlight the importance of integrating telemetry data with spatially explicit prey models to understand which factors shape the movement patterns of highly migratory species across large geographical scales. In addition, our outcomes could contribute to inform management of anthropogenic threats to baleen whales in sparsely surveyed region.
Data‐Driven Driver Dispatching System with Allocation Constraints and Operational Risk Management for a Ride‐Sharing Platform
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Wu Desheng
Published: March 2020

In this article, we develop and analyze a driver dispatching system for a control center that aims to minimize passengers' waiting time. The system imposes allocation constraints that ensure a minimum number of drivers in different regions to manage operational risk. The data‐driven system is based on Rolling Time Horizon approach and utilizes knowledge learned from historical data. It incorporates a hybrid forecasting model and a heuristic algorithm to solve the off‐line problem in each iteration. We show that the NP‐hardness of the off‐line problem lies in allocation constraints. We test the performance of the system with a simulation study based on actual past taxi order data. The result suggests that the system markedly decreases the average waiting time and saves planning time in comparison with the request‐driven dispatching mode. The result also demonstrates that in nonextreme cases, the dispatching system finds an acceptable solution which approximately satisfies allocation constraints while guaranteeing a short increase in waiting time.
The changing epidemiology of the ageing thalassaemia populations: A position statement of the Thalassaemia International Federation
Authors: Farmakis Dimitrios , Giakoumis Anastasios , Angastiniotis Michael , Eleftheriou Androulla
Published: March 2020

Therapeutic advances in β‐thalassaemia have gradually lead to a significant improvement in prognosis over the past few decades. As a result, patients living in areas where disease‐specific programmes offering access to modern therapy are in place experience a new era of prolonged survival that tends to reach that of the normal population. This ageing thalassaemia population, however, faces a new spectrum of comorbidities resulting from increasing age that may jeopardise the advances in prognosis provided by current therapy and thus poses new challenges in diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. In this position paper of the Thalassaemia International Federation, we review the changing epidemiology and clinical spectrum of patients with β‐thalassaemia and propose actions to be undertaken in order to address the emerging spectrum of comorbidities resulting from ageing.
Direction and magnitude of natural selection on body size differ among age‐classes of seaward‐migrating Pacific salmon
Authors: Ulaski Marta E. , Finkle Heather , Westley Peter A. H.
Published: March 2020

Due to the mediating role of body size in determining fitness, the “bigger‐is‐better” hypothesis still pervades evolutionary ecology despite evidence that natural selection on phenotypic traits varies in time and space. For Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus), most individual studies quantify selection across a narrow range of sizes and ages; therefore, uncertainties remain concerning how selection on size may differ among diverse life histories. Here, we quantify the direction and magnitude of natural selection on body size among age‐classes of multiple marine cohorts of O. nerka (sockeye salmon). Across four cohorts of seaward migrants, we calculated standardized selection differentials by comparing observed size distributions of out‐migrating juvenile salmon to back‐calculated smolt length from the scales of surviving, returning adults. Results reveal the magnitude of selection on size was very strong (>90th percentile compared to a database of 3,759 linear selection differentials) and consistent among years. However, the direction of selection on size consistently varied among age‐classes. Selection was positive for fish migrating to sea after two years in freshwater (age 2) and in their first year of life (age 0), but negative for fish migrating after 1 year in freshwater (age 1). The absolute magnitude of selection was negatively correlated to mean ocean‐entry timing, which may underpin negative selection favoring small age‐1 fish, given associations between size and timing of seaward migration. Collectively, these results indicate that “bigger is not always better” in terms of survival and emphasize trade‐offs that may exist between fitness components for organisms with similarly diverse migratory life histories.
Genetic data and climate niche suitability models highlight the vulnerability of a functionally important plant species from south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Miller Adam D. , Nitschke Craig , Weeks Andrew R. , Weatherly William L. , Heyes Simon D. , Sinclair Steve J. , Holland Owen J. , Stevenson Aggie , Broadhurst Linda , Hoebee Susan E. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Morgan John W.
Published: March 2020

Habitat fragmentation imperils the persistence of many functionally important species, with climate change a new threat to local persistence due to climate niche mismatching. Predicting the evolutionary trajectory of species essential to ecosystem function under future climates is challenging but necessary for prioritizing conservation investments. We use a combination of population genetics and niche suitability models to assess the trajectory of a functionally important, but highly fragmented, plant species from south‐eastern Australia (Banksia marginata, Proteaceae). We demonstrate significant genetic structuring among, and high level of relatedness within, fragmented remnant populations, highlighting imminent risks of inbreeding. Population simulations, controlling for effective population size (Ne), suggest that many remnant populations will suffer rapid declines in genetic diversity due to drift in the absence of intervention. Simulations were used to demonstrate how inbreeding and drift processes might be suppressed by assisted migration and population mixing approaches that enhance the size and connectivity of remnant populations. These analyses were complemented by niche suitability models that predicted substantial reductions of suitable habitat by 2080; ~30% of the current distribution of the species climate niche overlaps with the projected distribution of the species climate niche in the geographic region by the 2080s. Our study highlights the importance of conserving remnant populations and establishing new populations in areas likely to support B. marginata in the future, and adopting seed sourcing strategies that can help populations overcome the risks of inbreeding and maladaptation. We also argue that ecological replacement of B. marginata using climatically suited plant species might be needed in the future to maintain ecosystem processes where B. marginata cannot persist. We recommend the need for progressive revegetation policies and practices to prevent further deterioration of species such as B. marginata and the ecosystems they support.
Rapid adaptation (or not) in restored plant populations
Authors: Magnoli Susan M.
Published: March 2020

Mismatches between the traits of a colonizing population and a novel habitat can generate strong selection, potentially resulting in rapid adaptation. However, for most colonization events, it can be difficult to detect rapid adaptation or distinguish it from nonadaptive evolutionary changes. Here, I take advantage of a replicated prairie restoration experiment to compare recently established plant populations in two closely located restored prairies to each other and to their shared source population to test for rapid adaptation. Using a reciprocal transplant experiment six years after the populations were established, I found that one restored plant population showed evidence of adaptation, outperforming the other restored population when grown at its home site. In contrast, I detected no evidence for adaptation at the other site. These findings demonstrate that while rapid adaptation can occur in colonizing plant populations, it may not be the rule. Better understanding of when adaptation may or may not occur in these contexts may help us use evolution to our advantage, potentially improving establishment of desirable species in restored habitats.
Genomic insights into historical population dynamics, local adaptation, and climate change vulnerability of the East Asian Tertiary relict Euptelea (Eupteleaceae)
Authors: Cao Ya‐Nan , Zhu Shan‐Shan , Chen Jun , Comes Hans P. , Wang Ian J. , Chen Lu‐Yao , Sakaguchi Shota , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: March 2020

The warm‐temperate and subtropical climate zones of East Asia are a hotspot of plant species richness and endemism, including a noticeable number of species‐poor Tertiary relict tree genera. However, little is understood about when East Asian Tertiary relict plants diversified, how they responded demographically to past environmental change, and to what extent their current genomic composition (and adaptive capacity) might mitigate the effects of global warming. Here, we obtained genomic (RAD‐SNP) data for 171 samples from two extant species of Euptelea in China (24 E. pleiosperma populations) and Japan (11 E. polyandra populations) to elucidate their divergence and demographic histories, genome‐wide associations with current environmental variables, and genomic vulnerability to future climate change. Our results indicate that Late Miocene changes in climate and/or sea level promoted species divergence, whereas Late Pliocene uplifting in southwest China likely fostered lineage divergence within E. pleiosperma. Its subsequent range expansion into central/east (CE) China bears genomic signatures of climate‐driven selection, yet extant CE populations are predicted to be most vulnerable to future climate change. For E. polyandra, geography was the only significant predictor of genomic variation. Our findings indicate a profound impact of Late Neogene geological and climate change on the evolutionary history of Euptelea, with much stronger signals of local adaptation left in China than in Japan. This study deepens our understanding of the complex evolutionary forces that influence the distribution of genetic variation of Tertiary relict trees, and provides insights into their susceptibility to global change and potential for adaptive responses. Our results lay the groundwork for future conservation and restoration programs for Euptelea.
Surgical management of a sinonasal angiomatous polyp and associated cyst involving the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity via standing axial rhinotomy
Authors: Rowley K. J. , Fiske‐Jackson A. R. , Williams J. M. , Jones A. L. , Townsend N. B.
Published: March 2020

This case report describes the successful surgical management of a sinonasal angiomatous polyp involving the dorsal conchal bullae, dorsal conchal sinus, ventral conchal sinus, ventral conchal bullae and ventral conchal recess of the left nasal cavity resulting in a secondary sinusitis and compression of the nasal passage.
Stability in reproductive timing and habitat usage of Chinook salmon across six years of varying environmental conditions and abundance
Authors: Peterson Matthew L. , Lee Dana J. , Montgomery John , Hellmair Michael , Fuller Andrea , Demko Doug
Published: March 2020

The spatial and temporal distribution of spawning activity by autumn‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) was examined across multiple years. The study period included two years of extreme drought conditions when water temperatures in the spawning reach of the Stanislaus River were considered sub‐optimal for spawning and egg incubation. Despite varying levels of superimposition, redd counts and densities remained stable and positively associated with river location, indicating that superimposition may be driven by habitat preference rather than the absence of suitable spawning locations. Spawning occurred slightly later during drought years (6–10 days later compared with wetter years). This delay was attributable to deferred migration instead of deferred spawning, and the majority of redds were constructed at water temperatures exceeding the optimal temperature range. As a consequence, estimates of juvenile production during 2014 and 2015 were among the lowest on record. These findings may be related in part to the high hatchery contribution to the population, above‐average temperatures during spawning and incubation, and superimposition rates. Management recommendations include adequate cold‐water storage in the upstream reservoir, refined spawning habitat restoration techniques in the light of superimposition rates and, on a broader system scale, actions that reduce the amount of stray hatchery Chinook salmon.
Spatial distribution and abundance of the by‐catch coastal elasmobranch Raja undulata: Managing a fishery after moratorium
Authors: Figueiredo Ivone , Maia Catarina , Carvalho Lucília
Published: March 2020

The undulate ray Raja undulata Lacepède is a coastal species common along the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and is highly accessible to coastal fisheries. Between 2009 and 2015, the species was under a European Union (EU) fisheries moratorium that hampered the collection of data to assess its stock status in Portuguese waters. After that period, a small experimental EU fishing quota was set for Portugal enabling collection of fishery data under a fishermen self‐sampling scenario. Based on the data collected, R. undulata abundance was estimated along the Portuguese continental coast through the application of a N‐mixture model and incorporating environmental factors. The results support the species coastal and patchy nature across the study area with higher abundances estimated in areas associated with shallow sandy bottoms as the Southwest region. The present work constitutes an important step for the management of this fishery resource, in particular concerns about its abundance trends over time and its spatial distribution and habitat requirements.
Marine bird response to forage fish during winter in subarctic bays
Authors: Schaefer Anne Louise , Bishop Mary Anne , Thorne Richard
Published: March 2020

Despite the importance of understanding marine bird response to prey fish, few studies have examined this relationship during winter. Over a 5‐year period, we conducted synoptic marine bird and hydroacoustic forage fish surveys during early (November) and late (March) winter to characterize the factors influencing marine bird and forage fish dynamics at two spatial scales (fish school and bay) within subarctic bays of coastal Alaska, USA. Over 40% of observed marine birds were associated with a fish school (within 150 m of a fish school), although only 20% of fish schools were associated with birds. Seasonally, we recorded significantly more schools during early winter. The marine bird community also shifted from being comprised primarily of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) and large gulls (Larus spp.) in early winter to common murres (Uria aalge) in late winter. At the school level, marine birds were more likely to be associated with shallow fish schools within 500 m of shore and in smaller prey patches. At the bay level, gull abundance was positively associated with the total number of fish schools recorded, while diving birds were more abundant when fish schools were higher in the water column, in shallower bottom depths, and in areas with more eel grass habitat. Our results indicate the importance of temporal, habitat, and fish school variables as drivers of marine bird presence and abundance, underscoring the complexity of predator–prey dynamics in the marine environment during winter.
Examining the disconnect between prolactin and parental care in avian brood parasites
Authors: Lynch Kathleen S. , Louder Matthew I. M. , Friesen Caitlin N. , Fischer Eva K. , Xiang Angell , Steele Angela , Shalov Julia
Published: March 2020

Prolactin is often referred to as the “parental hormone” but there are examples in which prolactin and parental behavior are disconnected. One intriguing example is in avian obligate brood parasites; species exhibiting high circulating prolactin but no parental care. To understand this disconnect, we examined transcriptional and behavioral responses to prolactin in brown‐headed (Molothrus ater) and bronzed (M aeneus) brood parasitic cowbirds. We first examine prolactin‐dependent regulation of transcriptome wide gene expression in the preoptic area (POA), a brain region associated with parental care across vertebrates. We next examined prolactin‐dependent abundance of seven parental care‐related candidate genes in hypothalamic regions that are prolactin‐responsive in other avian species. We found no evidence of prolactin sensitivity in cowbirds in either case. To understand this prolactin insensitivity, we compared prolactin receptor transcript abundance between parasitic and nonparasitic species and between prolactin treated and untreated cowbirds. We observed significantly lower prolactin receptor transcript abundance in brown‐headed but not bronzed cowbird POA compared with a nonparasite and no prolactin‐dependent changes in either parasitic species. Finally, estrogen‐primed female brown‐headed cowbirds with or without prolactin treatment exhibited significantly greater avoidance of nestling begging stimuli compared with untreated birds. Taken together, our results suggest that modified prolactin receptor distributions in the POA and surrounding hypothalamic regions disconnect prolactin from parental care in brood parasitic cowbirds.
Individual variation in parental tradeoffs between the number and size of offspring at the pre‐ and post‐natal stages
Authors: Li Jian‐Chuan , Gao Li‐Fang , Fan Li‐Qing , Wong Shi‐Yang , Wei Cong , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Zhang Wen , Du Bo
Published: March 2020

Life‐history theory predicts that parents refer to the resources they hold to determine their breeding strategy. In multi‐brooded species, it is hypothesized that single‐brooded parents produce larger clutches and raise offspring with a brood survival strategy, whereas multi‐brooded parents only do this under good breeding conditions. Under poor conditions, they produce smaller clutches and raise offspring with a brood reduction strategy. We tested this hypothesis in the Brown‐cheeked Laughing Thrush Trochalopteron henrici, which can breed twice a year on the Tibetan Plateau, by investigating the life‐history traits and provisioning behaviours of single‐ and double‐brooded parents. Single‐brooded parents laid larger clutches of smaller eggs and produced more and larger fledglings than double‐brooded parents in their first brood. Double‐brooded parents produced smaller clutches of larger eggs but fledged larger nestlings in their first brood than in their second brood. As single‐brooded parents only need to raise one brood a year, then producing and raising as many offspring as possible (i.e. the brood survival strategy in a large brood) can maximize their reproductive success. For double‐brooded parents, producing and raising fewer offspring in the first brood (i.e. the brood survival strategy in a small brood) can ensure their nesting success during a short breeding cycle. Additionally, producing more offspring but raising larger nestlings in the second brood (i.e. the brood reduction strategy in a large brood) can select for offspring of higher quality within the brood. Our findings indicate that different tradeoffs between single‐ and double‐brooded parents in egg‐laying and nestling‐raising may be an adaptation to the seasonal variation in environmental conditions.
EXISTENCE OF STATIONARY EQUILIBRIUM IN AN INCOMPLETE‐MARKET MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS LABOR SUPPLY
Authors: Zhu Shenghao
Published: March 2020

In this article, I first study an income fluctuation problem with endogenous labor supply. Let β be the agent's time discount factor and be the constant gross rate of return on assets. For , I show that the agent's wealth either approaches infinity almost surely or converges to a finite level almost surely. For , I prove the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the stationary distribution of state variables. I then show the existence of the stationary general equilibrium in an incomplete‐market model with endogenous labor supply.
Nurses' and consumers' shared experiences of seclusion and restraint: A qualitative literature review
Authors: Hawsawi Tahani , Power Tamara , Zugai Joel , Jackson Debra
Published: March 2020

Seclusion and restraint are coercive practices associated with physical and psychological harm. International bodies have called for an end to these practices. However, these practices continue to be used. Elimination programmes have had some success in reducing the rates of these practices. Understanding coercive practices through the perspectives of involved individuals may facilitate a complete cessation of seclusion and restraint from the practice. Therefore, this qualitative review explored how nurses and consumers experienced seclusion and restraint events in mental health care. Five databases were searched. The search strategy resulted in the inclusion of fourteen qualitative papers. A thematic analysis was used to synthesize the findings. Six themes emerged under three main categories; shared experiences: disruption in care, disruption in the therapeutic relationship and shared negative impacts; nurses’ experiences: Absence of less coercive alternatives; and consumers’ experiences: overpowered, humiliated and punished. Considering these experiences during planning for seclusion and restraint prevention might facilitate more effective implementation of seclusion and restraint elimination programmes. Our findings suggested that consumers should receive recovery‐oriented, trauma‐informed and consumer‐centred care; while nurses should be better supported through personal, professional and organizational developmental strategies. Further research should focus on investigating shared interventions among consumers and nurses and exploring carers’ experiences with coercive practices.
A data‐driven approach for predicting nepheline crystallization in high‐level waste glasses
Authors: Sargin Irmak , Lonergan Charmayne E. , Vienna John D. , McCloy John S. , Beckman Scott P.
Published: March 2020

High‐level waste (HLW) glasses with high alumina content are prone to nepheline crystallization during the slow canister cooling that is experienced during large‐scale production. Because of its detrimental effects on glass durability, nepheline (NaAlSiO4) precipitation must be avoided; however, developing robust, predictive models for nepheline crystallization behavior in compositionally complex HLW glasses is difficult. Using overly conservative constraints to predict nepheline formation can limit the waste loading to lower than the achievable capacity. In this study, a robust data‐driven model using five compositional features has been developed to predict nepheline formation. A new descriptor is introduced called the “difference based on correlation”, which has higher accuracy compared to previous descriptors and also has more balanced false positive and false negative rates. The analysis of the model and the data show an overlap, instead of a distinct compositional boundary, between glasses that form and do not form nepheline. As a result, the model's predictive accuracy is not the same throughout the feature space and instead is dependent on the location of the glass composition in the dimensionally reduced feature space.