bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending periodic eddy covariance latent heat fluxes through tree sap-flow measurements to estimate long-term total evaporation in a peat swamp forest
Authors: Clulow A. D. , Everson C. S. , Mengistu M. G. , Price J. S. , Nickless A. , Jewitt G. P. W.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. A combination of measurement and modelling was used to find a pragmatic solution to estimate the annual total evaporation from the rare and indigenous Nkazana Peat Swamp Forest (PSF) on the east coast of Southern Africa to improve the water balance estimates within the area. Actual total evaporation (ETa) was measured during three window periods (between 7 and 9 days each) using an eddy covariance (EC) system on a telescopic mast above the forest canopy. Sap flows of an understory tree and an emergent tree were measured using a low-maintenance heat pulse velocity system for an entire hydrological year (October 2009 to September 2010). An empirical model was derived, describing the relationship between ETa from the Nkazana PSF and sap-flow measurements. These overlapped during two of the window periods (R2 = 0.92 and 0.90), providing hourly estimates of ETa from the Nkazana PSF for a year, totalling 1125 mm (while rainfall was 650 mm). In building the empirical model, it was found that to include the understory tree sap flow provided no benefit to the model performance. In addition, the relationship between the emergent tree sap flow with ETa between the two field campaigns was consistent and could be represented by a single empirical model (R2 = 0.90; RMSE = 0.08 mm h−1). During the window periods of EC measurement, no single meteorological variable was found to describe the Nkazana PSF ETa satisfactorily. However, in terms of evaporation models, the hourly FAO Penman–Monteith reference evaporation (ETo) best described ETa during the August 2009 (R2 = 0.75), November 2009 (R2 = 0.85) and March 2010 (R2 = 0.76) field campaigns, compared to the Priestley–Taylor potential evaporation (ETp) model (R2 = 0.54, 0.74 and 0.62 during the respective field campaigns). From the extended record of ETa (derived in this study from sap flow) and ETo, a monthly crop factor (Kc) was derived for the Nkazana PSF, providing a method of estimating long-term swamp forest water-use from meteorological data. The monthly Kc indicated two distinct periods. From February to May, it was between 1.2 and 1.4 compared with June to January, when the crop factor was 0.8 to 1.0. The derived monthly Kc values were verified as accurate (to one significant digit) using historical data measured at the same site, also using EC, from a previous study. The measurements provided insights into the microclimate within a subtropical peat swamp forest and the contrasting sap flow of emergent and understory trees. They showed that expensive, high-maintenance equipment can be used during manageable window periods in conjunction with low-maintenance systems, dedicated to individual trees, to derive a model to estimate long-term ETa over remote heterogeneous forests. In addition, the contrast in annual ETa and rainfall emphasised the reliance of the Nkazana PSF on groundwater.
A unifying approach to the difference operators and their applications
Authors: Baliarsingh Pinakadhar , Dutta S.
Published: May 2015

In the present paper, we introduce the idea of difference operators $\Delta^\alpha$ and $\Delta^{(\alpha)} (\alpha\in\mathbb{R})$  and establish certain results which have several applications in Functional as well as Numerical analysis. Indeed, the operator $\Delta^\alpha$ generalizes several difference operators defined by K\i zmaz [1], Et [2], Et and \c{C}olak [3], Malkowsky and Parashar [4], Et [5], Malkowsky et al. [6], Baliarsingh [7] and many others (see [8-15]).
\mu-\mu^{*} - Connectedness via Hereditary Classes
Authors: Modak Shyamapada
Published: May 2015

This paper is an attempt to study and introduce the notion of - - connected set in generalized topological spaces with a hereditary class. We have also investigate the relationships between -separated sets, s - connected sets, c -I - connected sets, c -c -connected sets, c-I - connected sets, -I - connected sets. Further we give some representations of the above connected sets via (-0) - continuity and (-0) - openness.
Vector valued multiple sequence spaces defined by Orlicz function
Authors: Tripathy Binod Chandra , Goswami Rupanjali
Published: May 2015

In this article we define some vector valued multiple sequence space defined by Orlicz function. We study some of their properties like solidness, symmetry, completeness etc and prove some inclusion results.
The Generalized Difference of $\chi^{2}$ over $p-$ metric spaces defined by Musielak
Authors: Subramanian N.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we define the sequence spaces: $\chi^{2qu}_{f\mu}\left(\Delta\right)$ and $\Lambda^{2qu}_{f\mu}\left(\Delta\right),$ where for any sequence $x=\left(x_{mn}\right),$ the difference sequence $\Delta x$ is given by $\left(\Delta x_{mn}\right)_{m,n=1}^{\infty}=\left[\left(x_{mn}-x_{mn+1}\right)-\left(x_{m+1n}-x_{m+1n+1}\right)\right]_{m,n=1}^{\infty}.$ We also study some properties and theorems of these spaces.
Existence and uniqueness of solution for p(x)-Laplacian problems
Authors: Allaoui Mostafa , El Amrouss Abdelrachid , Ourraoui Anass
Published: May 2015

This paper shows the existence of weak solution of a problem which involves the p(x)-laplacian with some dierent boundary conditions. The proof of the result is made by Browder Theorem.
Remarks on soft omega-closed sets in soft topological spaces
Authors: Paul Nirmala Rebecca
Published: May 2015

The paper introduces soft omega-closed sets in soft topological spaces and establishes the relationship between other existing generlised closed sets in soft topological spaces. It derives the basic properties of soft omega-closed sets. As an application it proves that a soft omega-closed set in a soft compact space is soft compact.
On the Fourier transform of the products of M-Wright functions
Authors: Ansari Alireza
Published: May 2015

In this  note, by applying the Bromwich's integral for the inverse Mellin transform we find a new integral representation for the   M-Wright function  $$ M_\alpha(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{(-x)^{k} }{k!\Gamma (-\alpha k+1-\alpha )},\quad  \alpha=\frac{1}{2n+1}, n\in \mathbb{N},$$ and state the Fourier transform of this function. Also, using the new integral representations for the products of the M-Wright functions, we get the Fourier transform of it.
On limit behavior in space-time
Authors: Souza Josiney A.
Published: May 2015

This article presents an interpretation of cosmic evolution. Concepts of general topology, geometry, and topological dynamics are used in the construction of a mathematical model for limit behavior in space-time. The β-compactification plays a role in the formation of a transcendent setting which covers the limits of space-time.
Strongly nonlinear parabolic problems in Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces
Authors: Ahmed Oubeid Mohamed Leimne , Benkirane A. , El Vally M. Sidi
Published: May 2015

We prove in this paper the existence of solutions of strongly nonlinear parabolic problems in Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces. An approximation and a compactness results in inhomogeneous Musielak-Orlicz-Sobolev spaces have also been provided.
Sufficient conditions for certain subclasses of meromorphic p-valent functions
Authors: Singh Onkar , Goswami Pranay , Frasin Basem
Published: May 2015

In the present paper, we obtain certain su¢ cient conditions for meromorphic p-valent functions. Several corollaries and consequences of the main results are also considered.
Solution of integral equations by generalized Wavelet transform
Authors: Loonker Deshna , Banerji P. K.
Published: May 2015

Wavelet transform and distributional wavelet transform are used to obtain the solution of few integral equations in this paper.
Analytical solution of settling behavior of a particle in incompressible Newtonian fluid by using Parameterized Perturbation Method
Authors: Mohammadyari Reza , Rahimi Esboee Mazaher , Rahgoshay Majid
Published: May 2015

The problem of solid particle settling is a well known problem in mechanic of fluids. The parametrized Perturbation Method is applied to analytically solve the unsteady motion of a spherical particle falling in a Newtonian fluid using the drag of the form given by Oseen/Ferreira, for a range of Reynolds numbers. Particle equation of motion involved added mass term and ignored the Basset term. By using this new kind of perturbation method called parameterized perturbation method (PPM), analytical expressions for the instantaneous velocity, acceleration and position of the particle were derived. The presented results show the effectiveness of PPM and high rate of convergency of the method to achieve acceptable answers.
\mu - k - Connectedness in GTS
Authors: Modak Shyamapada , Noiri Takashi
Published: May 2015

Csaszar [4] introduced \mu - semi - open sets, \mu - preopen sets, \mu - \alpha - open sets and \mu - \beta - open sets in a GTS (X, \tau). By using the \mu - \sigma - closure, \mu - \pi - closure, \mu - \alpha - closure and \mu - \beta - closure in (X, \tau), we introduce and investigate the notions \mu - k - separated sets and \mu - k - connected sets in (X, \tau).
Majorization problems and integral transforms for a Class of Univalent Functions with missing coeﬃcients
Authors: Goyal Som P. , Kumar Rakesh , Bulboaca Teodor
Published: May 2015

In 2005, Ponnusamy and Sahoo have introduced a special subclass of univalent functions Un(\lambda) (n 2 N, > 0) and obtained some geometrical properties, including strongly starlikeness and convexity, for the functions of this subclass Un(). Moreover, they have studied some important properties of an integral transform connected with these subclasses. The aim of the present paper is to investigate another important concept of majorization for the functions belonging to the class Un(\lambda) (0 <\lambda=< 1). We shall also discuss a majorization problem for some special integral transforms.
Existence of solution for Dirichlet problem with p(x)-Laplacien
Authors: Moussaoui Nimoun , Elbouyahyaoui L.
Published: May 2015

In this paper we study an elliptic equation involving the p(x)-Laplacien operateur, for that equation we prove the existence of a non trivial weak solution. The proof relies on simple variational arguments based on the Mountain-Pass theorem.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i del Priorat: des de les Borges del Camp a l´Alforja i a la Mussara
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 24 de maig de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà, en la seva major part pel sistema Mediterrani (i més concretament per la seva sots-unitat més interna, la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana). Així, discorrerà pràcticament entre les Borges del Camp, l´Alforja i la Mussara, tot passant per les immediacions de Cornudella de Montsant i de l´Arbolí. Tot i així, també cal dir que també discorrerà, però molt inicialment, per la Depressió Prelitoral Catalana (també del Sistema Mediterrani), per les immediacions de Borges del Camp. Tot i així, la totalitat del recorregut transitarà exclusivament per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana. Així doncs, el recorregut de l´itinerari s´iniciarà a la segona sots-unitat geològica, però s´haurà començat en realitat a la Depressió Prelitoral Catalana, per la qual discorrerà pel poble de les Borges del Camp. Després, de sobrepassar aquesta població es penetrarà a la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, per la qual es transitarà fins a la finalització a la Mussara. Per altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut es realitzarà quasi totalment per dintre de la comarca del Baix Camp, des la localitat de les Borges del Camp fins a l´esmentada  de la Mussara. Tot i així s´haurà entrat breument a la comarca del Priorat, tot fent una fillola des del Coll d´Alforja.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp, del Priorat i de la Conca de Barberà: des de Prades al Coll Roig, a Ulldemolins i a Vilanova de Prades
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 24 de maig de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà, en la seva quasi totalitat pel Sistema Mediterrani (més concretament per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana). Tot i així, en alguns trams ho farà molt prop de la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre (pel seu sector corresponent a la Depressió Central); inclús i penetrarà lleugerament dintre d´aquesta unitat, pels voltants de les poblacions d´Ulldemolins i de Vilanova de Prades. Així, dintre de la primera unitat geològica, es transitarà quasi al llarg de tot el recorregut, entre Prades i les immediacions del Coll Roig. A partir d´aquí, s´anirà sempre per les immediacions del contacte entre aquesta unitat geològica i l´esmentada Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre; i tal com s´ha dit, en alguns trams es transitarà per aquesta unitat geològica. Per altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut s´haurà desenvolupat per la Regió de Reus, iniciant-se a la comarca del Baix Camp (a la població de Prades). Després, el recorregut entrarà a la comarca del Priorat (per on es transitarà entre Albarca, Ulldemolins i la carretera a Vilanova de Prades). Finalment, s´entrarà  a la comarca de la Conca de Barberà (per on finalitzarà el recorregut de l´itinerari, prop de Vilanova de Prades).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques de la Conca de Barberà i del Baix Camp: des de les masies de Poblet a la Pena, a la Mina Atrevida, al Pont de Castellfollit i a Prades
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 30 de maig de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, es realitzarà un recorregut geològic i mineralògic a través de diferents indrets de la comarca de la Conca de Barberà, primer entre les Masies de Poblet (de l´Espluga de Francolí) anant cap a les immediacions del Monestir de Poblet i posteriorment cap a la Mina Atrevida i els voltants de Castellfollit, anant després cap a Prades, per on finalitzarà, dintre ja de la comarca del Baix Camp. El recorregut de l´itinerari s´iniciarà a la zona de contacte entre la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, i el Sistema Mediterrani (Serralada Prelitoral Catalana) cap a les immediacions de les Masies de Poblet; tot i així, la pràctica totalitat  del recorregut de l´itinerari es durà a terme per l´esmentada  Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, una de les sots-unitats que integren el Sistema Mediterrani, una de les unitats geològiques que constitueix el nostre país. Així, al llarg de tot el recorregut de l´itinerari, anirem trobant afloraments dels materials paleozoics (fonamentalment del Carbonífer) que constitueixen aquesta serralada i tanmateix dels terrenys mesozoics del Triàsic. Per altra banda, la major part del recorregut de l´itinerari, tindrà terme dintre de la comarca de la Conca de Barberà, tot i que els darrers trams del recorregut, ja es faran per la comarca del Baix Camp.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Solsonès: des de Solsona i Olius, cap a Besora i a Busa
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 7 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà per una de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya: concretament per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre. Així, ho farà en bona part per un dels sectors que la constitueixen (MATA-PERELLÓ, 1985): exactament per la seva Depressió Central i pels sectors corresponents als Altiplans Septentrionals. Així, el recorregut començarà a la localitat de Solsona, continuant-se després cap als termes municipals d´Olius i Navès, finalitzat a la Serra de Busa.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i del Priorat: des de Montbrió del Camp i Riudecanyes a Escornalbou, Argentera, Duesaigúes i al Coll de Teixeta
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 14 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà íntegrament, per una sola de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya:  concretament per la coneguda com a Sistema Mediterrani. Dintre d’aquesta, el recorregut recalarà, de forma molt desigual, en les dues subunitats més externes: la Depressió Prelitoral Catalana i la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana. Així, el recorregut s’iniciarà dintre de la primera subunitats esmentada, per la qual discorrerà exclusivament pels voltants de Riudecanyes (al principi del recorregut).  Després penetrarà a la segona subunitats, per la qual anirà circulant fins a la fi del recorregut de l´itinerari, des de les immediacions de Riudecanyes fins a Escornalbou. I posteriorment des de l´Argentera al Coll de Teixeta. Per d’altra banda, la quasi totalitat del recorregut del itinerari es desenvoluparà íntegrament per dues de les comarques que constitueixen la Regió de Reus: s´iniciarà a la del Baix Camp i finalitzarà a la del Priorat.
Recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i del Priorat: des del Coll de Teixeta a Porrera, Cornudella del Montsant i a Siurana de Prades
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 14 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà quasi íntegrament, per una sola de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya: concretament per la coneguda com a Sistema Mediterrani. Dintre d´aquesta, el recorregut recalarà exclusivament a la seva Serralada Prelitoral Catalana. Tot i així, d´una forma molt breu, també s´entrarà dintre d´una altra unitat geològica catalana, per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, que trobarem al poble de Cornudella del Montsant. Així, el recorregut s´iniciarà dintre de la primera sotsunitat esmentada, per la qual discorrerà exclusivament entre el Coll de Teixeta i els voltants de Cornudella del Montsant. En aquest tram, trobarem afloraments dels materials paleozoics del Carbonífer. Posteriorment, entre la població abans esmentada i Siurana, tornarem a circular per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana; tot i que ara, a més a més dels materials paleozoics del Carbonífer, també trobarem afloraments dels materials mesozoics del Triàsic (del Buntsandstein i del Muschelkalk). Per altra banda, en passar per Cornudella del Montsant, haurem circulat momentàniament, entre els terrenys cenozoics (de l´Eocè) de la depressió Geològica de l´Ebre. Per altra banda, la quasi totalitat del recorregut del itinerari es desenvoluparà íntegrament per una sola comarca: la del Priorat, tot i que l´haurem començat dintre del Baix Camp (al límit de les dues comarques).
Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species
Authors: Rousse Pascal , Van Noort Simon
Published: May 2015

We revised the species of the genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 in the Afrotropical Region. Fortynine species are recognized, of which 31 are newly described. The following new species are described: P. afrikaner, P. aka, P. babinga, P. bemba, P. dikidiki, P. herero, P. hutu, P. kagga, P. khoikhoi, P. kuku, P. masai, P. mbaka, P. mbama, P. mboum, P. nzakara, P. protea, P. restio, P. san, P. sara, P. sotho, P. swahili, P. teke, P. tutsi, P. venda, P. wolof, P. xhosa, P. yakoma, P. yangere, P. yoccolo, P. zande and P. zulu spp. nov. New synonyms: P. africator, P. cunctator and P. luteolus are new junior synonyms of P. pallidus. New records: new host records are reported for the widespread P. pallidus; new country-level distribution records are added for P. bullis, P. keyka, P. kelikely and P. pallidus; and reports of Trathala concolor and P. veloma in South Africa are shown to have been erroneous. An illustrated dichotomous key to females is provided; an online Lucid interactive matrix key is also available at www.waspweb.org. Finally, the ecological and geographical correlates of colour patterns exhibited by Pristomerus in the Afrotropical region are discussed.
Budget Politics in Really Hard Times:
Authors: Dellepiane-Avellaneda Sebastián
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the politics of fiscal squeeze during the Argentine Great Depression (1999–2002) and subsequent economic recovery (2003–07). Argentina’s dramatic transition from poster child to basket case has received much attention, but little systematic research has been conducted on the logic, determinants and implications of the key budget decisions taken before, during and after the financial collapse of 2001. This chapter fills the gap in two ways. First, it assesses fiscal policymaking during both the recession and economic crisis period and the subsequent recovery, focusing on the timing, size and composition of deficit-cutting measures (spending cuts and tax increases). Secondly, it analyses the politics of fiscal adjustment, including the strategies adopted by governments to legitimise the fiscal squeeze. The Argentine case provides insights into the political effort going into budget consolidation in really hard times and offers a counterpoint to received views about the possibilities and limits of austerity.
Multi-agent Modelling of the Trajectory of the LBK Neolithic
Authors: Bocquet-Appel Jean-Pierre , Dubouloz Jérôme , Moussa Richard , Berger Jean-François , Tresset Anne , Ortu Elena , Vigne Jean-Denis , Bendrey Robin , Bréhard Stéphanie , Schwartz Dominique , Salavert Aurélie , Sanchez-Goñi Maria Fernanda , Ertlen Damien , Gauvry Yoann , Davtian Gourguen , Linden Marc Vander , Lenneis Eva , Noiret Lorette , Guillaumont Agnès , O’Connor Martin
Published: May 2015

A modelling approach is presented in which archaeological data on the first farmers in central and western Europe, called the Linearbandkeramik (LBK; 5600–4900 cal BC), are cross-analysed with the corresponding environmental data. The purpose of this approach is to reconstruct the geographical expansion and subsequent dissolution of the LBK culture, and to gain insights into the reactiveness and resilience of this sociocultural system to climatic impacts. The socio-natural data are cross-analysed at multiple scales (from micro-regional to continental), via multi-agent modelling of the LBK farming system, based on ethno-archaeological inferences and integrating palaeoenvironmental and bioarchaeological disciplines, cultural archaeology, palaeodemography and economics.
Cattle and Sheep Herding at Cheia, Romania, at the Turn of the Fifth Millennium cal BC
Authors: Balasse Marie , Tornero Carlos , Bréhard Stéphanie , Ughetto-Monfrin Joël , Voinea Valentina , Bǎlǎşescu Adrian
Published: May 2015

A stable isotope study was conducted on the zooarchaeological assemblage from Cheia, located on the Central Dobruja plateau, Romania, between the Danube and the Black Sea. Occupied at the turn of the fifth millennium cal BC by Hamangia communities, the site had a faunal assemblage heavily dominated by domesticates. The δ13C isotopes measured on domestic cattle and sheep bone collagen and tooth enamel were comparatively higher than those measured on most wild fauna, suggesting the exploitation of different ecosystems for herding and hunting. They could reveal either pasturing in dry ecosystems in the vicinity of the site, or exploitation of littoral lagoons where C4 plants could have occurred. Cattle birth seasonality occurred over less than four months. Because calving initiates lactation time, this feature might help in the future to define more precisely the parameters of this kind of economy where milk exploitation is suggested by the cattle mortality profile.
Mass Graves of the LBK
Authors: Meyer Christian , Lohr Christian , Kürbis Olaf , Dresely Veit , Haak Wolfgang , Adler Christina J. , Gronenborn Detlef , Alt Kurt W.
Published: May 2015

Truly deviant grave features exist with the known Linearbandkeramik (LBK) mass graves from Germany, which share the absence of grave goods, erratic commingling of bodies, a location within a settlement context and suppressed individuality of the dead. They differ markedly from LBK multiple burials found in cemeteries and seem to have been deposited as a consequence of mass fatality events, whether violence was involved or not. Once thought to be unique, the authors suggest that mass graves should be regarded as a standard way of disposing of a large number of dead occurring within a short period of time. The known LBK mass grave sites from Germany are summarised here and a working typology of mass graves and related features within the LBK cultural context is presented. Osteological and bioarchaeometric analyses, currently in progress, will enable more detailed comparisons between these sites and others already known or to be discovered.
Archaeological Science and the Neolithic
Authors: Halstead Paul
Published: May 2015

Increasingly diverse applications of ‘archaeological science’ are providing more or less direct evidence for aspects of Neolithic life that, until recently, archaeologists explored using very remote proxy measures (for example, settlement locations as evidence for land use). Nonetheless, many applications of new (and old) analytical techniques continue to conflate the variables of which they are direct measures with others for which they are more or less remote and unreliable proxies. This chapter explores examples of such proxy measures and their unstated underpinning assumptions about human cultural behaviour and, sometimes, the natural world. Closer attention to such assumptions will improve not only the reliability of applications of archaeological science to the Neolithic, but also their reach and resolution.
Language Shift in an ‘Importing Culture’:
Authors: Dobrin Lise M.
Published: May 2015

In the Arapesh communities of northern Papua New Guinea, where language shift to Tok Pisin is now advanced, villagers express regret about the loss of their local language. However, they do not seem motivated to actively reclaim it. This chapter illustrates how the ideological stances that bear on this situation derive from a distinctively Melanesian cultural logic that assigns value to, and works to attract, items and activities that are associated with distant others, via what has been called an ‘openness of attitude’, or an ‘importing culture’. For Arapesh people, this desire for importation is elaborated through talk about and practices involving ‘roads’, which are both real physical pathways and metaphors for social interaction and exchange. The Arapesh case points to the importance of exploring the full range of cultural ideas that lead even people who positively value their languages to nevertheless act in ways that diminish their use.
Éducation non formelle et médiations écrites
Authors: Luckerhoff Jason , Velez Maria Juliana
Published: May 2015

La vulgarisation scientifique et l’éducation non formelle permettent d’étudier la diffusion des savoirs en dehors du cadre scolaire. Les médiations écrites, dans ce contexte, sont considérées comme une reformulation du discours spécialisé. Il s’agit d’une tentative de diffusion en dehors des cercles de spécialistes. Ce discours de médiation se trouve entre le spécialiste et le non spécialiste. Nous avons analysé un corpus de médiations écrites afin de voir si le rédacteur doit choisir, transformer, modifier, restructurer et reformuler afin de rendre accessible. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons analysé les médiations en fonction des treize tendances déformantes proposées par Berman (1999) : la rationalisation, la clarification, l’allongement, l’ennoblissement, l’appauvrissement qualitatif, l’appauvrissement quantitatif, l’homogénéisation, la destruction des rythmes, la destruction des réseaux signifiants sous-jacents, la destruction des systématismes textuels, la destruction des réseaux vernaculaires ou leur exotisation, la destruction des locutions et idiotismes et l’effacement des superpositions de langues. Nous considérons que les médiations écrites, en tant que vulgarisation, se trouvent au centre de la tension entre valorisation par des critères culturels et valorisation par des critères de marché.
Pour une nouvelle formation en muséologie : au-delà du « savoir » et du « savoir-faire », le « savoir-devenir »
Authors: Bergeron Yves , Hoffman Sheila
Published: May 2015

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, une vaste réflexion a porté sur les transformations profondes qui sont venues bouleverser le monde des musées. En plus de mener des travaux portant sur les tendances sociétales et leurs répercussions sur la démocratisation culturelle, qui affectent les comportements des visiteurs, jeunes comme adultes, il devient impératif pour le monde universitaire de poser un regard critique sur les grandes orientations qui balisent la formation des muséologues en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. L’examen des transformations de l’institution muséale commande une véritable transformation des programmes d’études supérieures en muséologie, afin de faire face aux nouveaux enjeux de la culture et de son développement. Cet article identifie certaines tendances, comme la convergence des bibliothèques, des archives et des musées, traduite par l’expression anglophone « L.A.M. », la cybermuséologie et les TIC, qui contribuent à transformer l’institution muséale. Celles-ci convoquent de nouvelles perspectives à l’égard du savoir, du savoir-faire et du savoir-être, voire du « savoir-devenir », dans la formation d’études supérieures en muséologie, afin de faire face aux nouveaux défis et enjeux posés par la société de demain.
Le Foster Poetry Conference (1963)
Authors: Camlot Jason , Roussel Renaud
Published: May 2015

Cet article s’intéresse à un événement tenu en 1963 dans les Cantons-de-l’Est, le Foster Poetry Conference, qui avait réuni plusieurs poètes de langue anglaise, ainsi qu’au volume publié dans sa foulée, English Poetry in Quebec (1965). Aujourd’hui presque oubliée, cette rencontre poétique organisée par John Glassco, Frank Scott et A.J.M. Smith, qui bénéficia du soutien financier du Gouvernement du Québec, avait l’ambition de rapprocher les poètes anglophones et francophones du Québec, et cela à un moment charnière tant du développement des événements publics de poésie en Amérique du Nord que des politiques publiques et culturelles du Québec.
La figure du réseau au cinéma : coupe(s) mobile(s) pour représenter les dynamiques de l’urbain contemporain
Authors: Laffont Georges-Henry
Published: May 2015

Figurer l’urbain contemporain, c’est relever l’enjeu de formaliser des rythmes, des mouvements, des fluctuations tout en cherchant à ne pas faire abstraction de son caractère dynamique. En structurant le propos autour du réseau, vocable polysémique et représentation graphique protéiforme rendant le mieux compte de l’urbain contemporain, du moins est-ce l’hypothèse ici formulée, cet article vise à discuter des enjeux actuels, tant conceptuels que méthodologiques, de la représentation des temporalités et des dynamiques. Exprimer graphiquement le réseau dans sa complexité invite à passer de coupes immobiles à des coupes mobiles et la thèse défendue ici est que le cinéma, par son imaginaire graphique peut participer de cet exercice. Cet apport tient notamment au fait que le cinéma permet d’isoler deux éléments d’analyses de l’urbain qui s’expriment graphiquement : le damier et la trajectoire.
Définitions opérationnelles du temps pour l’analyse des données longitudinales : illustration dans le champ des mobilités spatiales
Authors: Pistre Pierre , Commenges Hadrien , Guerrero David , Proulhac Laurent
Published: May 2015

La temporalité des phénomènes étudiés en sciences humaines et sociales pose des problèmes théoriques complexes et des problèmes techniques spécifiques, notamment d’analyse et de visualisation de l’information temporelle. Cet article propose une typologie opérationnelle distinguant trois types de temps – calendrier, processus et succession – puis il illustre l’intérêt de cette typologie à travers trois cas d’étude qui traitent des mobilités spatiales (parcours résidentiels, programmes d’activités et de déplacements quotidiens, itinéraires d’acheminement de marchandises). Ces exemples sont analysés à partir de données longitudinales et de plusieurs modes de représentation graphique (en chronogramme, en tapis, en coulées). Nous cherchons ainsi à enrichir et clarifier l’appréhension du temps comme attribut dans un système d’information statistique. Notre démarche de recherche a été largement inductive et pragmatique. Nous sommes partis de préoccupations thématiques et techniques particulières, concernant l’analyse et la représentation graphique des données longitudinales, pour aller vers des spécifications théoriques plus générales du temps. Nous avons cherché, en somme, à modeler un temps à la mesure de nos objets de recherche. Cette démarche est restituée en sens inverse dans l’article : de la réflexion théorique à la mise en pratique dans le champ des mobilités spatiales.
L’éternel retard. Réflexion sur le moment d’observation des objets dynamiques : l’exemple des projets urbains et des représentations de la ville
Authors: Adam Matthieu
Published: May 2015

Certains objets d’étude peuvent être qualifiés de dynamiques : ils évoluent et leurs acteurs avec eux alors même que les chercheurs se penchent sur eux. Ils convoquent alors une multitude de temporalités dont il convient de prendre la mesure pour en saisir toute la complexité. Pourtant, nos démarches scientifiques et nos contraintes pratiques nous imposent de les figer dans un état, de procéder à des coupes, d’arrêter nos observations, bref de choisir un instant t pour les observer. S’opère donc alors une simplification de la réalité et les choix effectués conditionnent directement le contenu de nos recherches et la validité de nos résultats. À partir de l’exemple d’une recherche s’intéressant aux représentations de la ville contemporaine saisies à travers la médiation de projets urbains, cette contribution propose une réflexion sur la détermination du moment le plus adapté pour observer un objet dynamique et des conséquences ce choix sur les résultats de recherche que le chercheur peut prétendre produire.
Heat Exchangers, 2. Heat Transfer for Heat Exchanger Design
Authors: Shah Ramesh K. , Mueller Alfred C. , Sekulic Dusan P.
Published: May 2015

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Basic Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Analysis

1.1.
Basic Equations and Definitions of Heat‐Transfer Analysis

1.1.1.
Fundamental Concepts

1.1.2.
Temperature Distributions and Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

1.2.
Dimensionless Methods for Exchanger Heat‐Transfer Analysis

1.3.
Extensions of the Basic Heat‐Transfer Theory

1.3.1.
Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction

1.3.2.
Variable Overall Heat‐Transfer Coefficients

1.4.
Exchanger Pressure‐Drop Analysis

1.4.1.
Plate – Fin Exchangers

1.4.2.
Tube – Fin Exchangers

1.4.3.
Regenerators

1.4.4.
Plate Heat Exchangers

2.
Single‐Phase Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Correlations

2.1.
Basic Concepts and Dimensionless Groups

2.2.
Theoretical Solutions and Correlations for Simple Geometries

2.2.1.
Fully Developed Flows

2.2.2.
Hydrodynamically Developing Flows

2.2.3.
Thermally Developing Flows

2.2.4.
Simultaneously Developing Flows

2.3.
Empirical Correlations for Complex Geometries

2.3.1.
Tubular Exchangers

2.3.2.
Plate Exchangers

2.3.3.
Extended Surface Exchangers

3.
Two‐Phase Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Correlations

3.1.
Flow Patterns

3.2.
Two‐Phase Pressure‐Drop Correlations

3.2.1.
Intube Pressure Drop

3.2.2.
Shellside (Tube Bundle) Pressure Drop

3.2.3.
Other Geometries

3.3.
Heat‐Transfer Correlations for Condensation

3.3.1.
Condensation Inside a Horizontal Tube

3.3.2.
Condensation Inside a Vertical Tube

3.3.3.
Condensation Outside Horizontal Tube Bundles

3.3.4.
Condensation over Finned Tubes

3.3.5.
Condensation Outside Vertical Tube Bundles

3.3.6.
Condensation of Mixtures

3.4.
Heat‐Transfer Correlations for Boiling and Evaporation

3.4.1.
Intube Forced Convective Boiling

3.4.2.
Intube Critical Heat Flux

3.4.3.
Shellside Forced Convective Boiling

3.4.4.
Shellside Critical Heat Flux

4.
Thermal Design for Single‐Phase Heat Exchangers

4.1.
Introduction

4.2.
Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers

4.2.1.
Segmental Baffles

4.2.1.1.
Shellside Heat Transfer

4.2.1.2.
Shellside Pressure Drop

4.2.2.
Disk‐and‐Doughnut Baffles

4.2.3.
Rod Baffles

4.2.4.
Design Procedure

4.3.
Compact Heat Exchangers

4.3.1.
The Rating Problem

4.3.2.
The Sizing Problem

4.3.3.
Micro‐Channel Heat Exchangers
Quantifying the relative importance of land cover change from climate and land use in the representative concentration pathways
Authors: Davies‐Barnard T. , Valdes P. J. , Singarayer J. S. , Wiltshire A. J. , Jones C. D.
Published: May 2015

Climate change is projected to cause substantial alterations in vegetation distribution, but these have been given little attention in comparison to land use in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. Here we assess the climate‐induced land cover changes (CILCC) in the RCPs and compare them to land use land cover change (LULCC). To do this, we use an ensemble of simulations with and without LULCC in Earth System Model HadGEM2‐ES (Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2) ‐ for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. We find that climate change causes an expansion poleward of vegetation that affects more land area than LULCC in all of the RCPs considered here. The terrestrial carbon changes from CILCC are also larger than for LULCC. When considering only forest, the LULCC is larger, but the CILCC is highly variable with the overall radiative forcing of the scenario. The CILCC forest increase compensates 90% of the global anthropogenic deforestation by 2100 in RCP8.5 but just 3% in RCP2.6. Overall, bigger land cover changes tend to originate from LULCC in the shorter term or lower radiative forcing scenarios and from CILCC in the longer term and higher radiative forcing scenarios. The extent to which CILCC could compensate for LULCC raises difficult questions regarding global forest and biodiversity offsetting, especially at different time scales. This research shows the importance of considering the relative size of CILCC to LULCC, especially with regard to the ecological effects of the different RCPs.
Atmospheric deposition—Another source of nutrients enhancing primary productivity in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean during positive Indian Ocean Dipole phases
Authors: Siswanto Eko
Published: May 2015

This study used in situ and multisensor satellite data and combinations of various primary productivity (PP) and surface nitrate models to assess the contributions of upwelling and atmospheric deposition to modulating PP in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (ETIO) during positive phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole (+IOD). Surprisingly, atmospheric deposition of nutrients from wildfires accounted for a higher portion of enhanced PP during +IODs than wind‐driven nutrient upwelling. Substantial atmospheric nutrient deposition likely also maintains high PP postupwelling and postwildfire. Multiple regression analysis further supported the importance of atmospheric deposition in determining ETIO PP with a significantly large partial regression coefficient for aerosol optical thickness. It is possible that aerosols from major wildfire areas worldwide contribute nutrients that also nontrivially modulate PP in the oceans' main upwelling systems.
Incidence of ATRX mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes, the value of microcytosis
Authors: Herbaux Charles , Duployez Nicolas , Badens Catherine , Poret Nicolas , Gardin Claude , Decamp Mathieu , Eclache Virginie , Daliphard Sylvie , Murati Anne , Cony‐Makhoul Pascale , Cheze Stéphane , Beve Blandine , Lacoste Caroline , Prebet Thomas , Hunault‐Berger Mathilde , Maloisel Frédéric , Renneville Aline , Figeac Martin , Stamatoullas‐Bastard Aspasia , Bastard Christian , Fenaux Pierre , Preudhomme Claude , Rose Christian ,   for the GFM (Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies)
Published: May 2015

Acquired α‐thalassemia myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (ATMDS) is an acquired syndrome characterized by a somatic point mutation or splicing defect in the ATRX gene in patients with myeloid disorders, primarily MDS. In a large MDS patient series, the incidence of ATMDS was below 0.5%. But no large series has yet assessed the incidence of ATMDS in microcytic MDS. In this study, we focused on patients with MDS and unexplained microcytosis, which was defined as absence of iron deficiency, inflammatory disease, or history of inherited hemoglobinopathy. Our data confirm the low frequency of ATRX mutations in MDS: 0% in an unselected clinical trial cohort of 80 low risk MDS, 0.2–0.8% in a multicenter registry of 2,980 MDS and 43% of MDS with unexplained microcytosis in this same registry. In addition, we reported four novel mutations of the ATRX gene in ATMDS. This study further determines the frequency of ATRX mutations and highlights the importance of microcytosis to detect ATRX mutations within MDS patients. Am. J. Hematol. 90:737–738, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Moving the Policy Agenda Forward in the Post‐2015 Asia
Authors: Cronin Aidan A. , Badloe Chander , Torlesse Harriet , Nandy Robin K.
Published: May 2015

Despite rapid economic growth in Asia, serious health, nutrition and development gaps persist, including inadequate services and inequitable access in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. We show that the WASH sector has ample justification for increased focus and investment to increase health and nutrition impact, but appropriate prioritisation and quality implementation of interventions are required to address these gaps. The Sustainable Development Goals present opportunities for an increased focus. We argue that the key components required to accelerate change include strengthened data availability, quality and use, institutional and policy reform for greater cross‐sectoral integration and clear accountabilities at national and local level if countries are to achieve universal access with equity, sustainability and quality.
Maternal factors in the origin of isolated oesophageal atresia: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Vermes Gábor , Mátrai Ákos , Czeizel Andrew E. , Ács Nándor
Published: May 2015

Background: In most patients affected by isolated oesophageal atresia (IOA) the etiology is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze potential risk factors in mothers. Methods: The study samples included 221 cases with IOA, 356 matched and 38,151 population controls without any defect in the population‐based dataset of the Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980 to 1996. Only those exposures were evaluated that were medically recorded in prenatal maternity logbooks during the critical period of IOA. Results: The findings of this case–control study suggested that the mothers of cases with IOA had a higher proportion of first delivery and lower socioeconomic status. Acute respiratory diseases (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8, 1.8–8.1) and essential hypertension treated with nifedipine (OR 95% CI, 3.8, 1.7–8.7) in the mothers of cases associated with a higher risk for IOA in their children. Conclusion: First delivery, lower socioeconomic status, acute respiratory diseases and essential hypertension treated with nifedipine in the mothers may associate with a higher risk for IOA in their children. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:804–813, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volatile organic compounds generated by cultures of bacteria and viruses associated with respiratory infections
Authors: Abd El Qader Amir , Lieberman David , Shemer Avni Yonat , Svobodin Natali , Lazarovitch Tsilia , Sagi Orli , Zeiri Yehuda
Published: May 2015

Respiratory infections (RI) can be viral or bacterial in origin. In either case, the invasion of the pathogen results in production and release of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present study examines the VOCs released from cultures of five viruses (influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 1 virus), three bacteria (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated colonies. Our results demonstrate the involvement of inflammation‐induced VOCs. Two significant VOCs were identified as associated with infectious bacterial activity, heptane and methylcyclohexane. These two VOCs have been linked in previous studies to oxidative stress effects. In order to distinguish between bacterial and viral positive cultures, we performed principal component analysis including peak identity (retention time) and VOC concentration (i.e. area under the peak) revealing 1‐hexanol and 1‐heptadecene to be good predictors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Lead in Arable Soils, China
Authors: Zhang Xiuying , Chen Dongmei , Zhong Taiyang , Zhang Xiaomin , Cheng Min , Li Xinhui
Published: May 2015

Lead (Pb) contamination in arable soils is one of the most serious ecological problems due to its high toxicity on human health. Thus, we need to understand the concentration level, contaminated area, and spatial distribution of Pb in arable soils on regional or national scale. This paper reviewed the studies on Pb concentrations throughout Chinese arable soils, based on relevant 537 studies from 2002 to 2014. The results showed that the average Pb concentration was 34.41 mg/kg, higher than its background of 23.50 mg/kg, indicating that Pb has been introduced into soil from exterior sources. Mining and smelting activities, irrigation by wastewater, and urban development greatly contributed to Pb accumulation in arable soils. North China had lower Pb concentrations than the south, and many hotspots existed on the Pb concentration map due to mining and smelting activities. On the provincial scale, arable soils in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Shaanxi Provinces were moderately polluted by Pb, Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces were slightly affected by Pb, while the other provinces showed relative safe levels.
Peptide profiling of Internet‐obtained Cerebrolysin using high performance liquid chromatography – electrospray ionization ion trap and ultra high performance liquid chromatography – ion mobility – quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Gevaert Bert , D'Hondt Matthias , Bracke Nathalie , Yao Han , Wynendaele Evelien , Vissers Johannes Petrus Cornelis , De Cecco Martin , Claereboudt Jan , De Spiegeleer Bart
Published: May 2015

Cerebrolysin, a parenteral peptide preparation produced by controlled digestion of porcine brain proteins, is an approved nootropic medicine in some countries. However, it is also easily and globally available on the Internet. Nevertheless, until now, its exact chemical composition was unknown. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ion trap and ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to quadrupole‐ion mobility‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (Q‐IM‐TOF MS), combined with UniProt pig protein database search and PEAKS de novo sequencing, we identified 638 unique peptides in an Internet‐obtained Cerebrolysin sample. The main components in this sample originate from tubulin alpha‐ and beta‐chain, actin, and myelin basic protein. No fragments of known neurotrophic factors like glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were found, suggesting that the activities reported in the literature are likely the result of new, hitherto unknown cryptic peptides with nootropic properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.