bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Drug Scene: Drug Use Trends and Behavioral Patterns
Authors: Ungerleider J. Thomas , Andrysiak Therese
Published: November 2015

The “drug scene” in the United States has evolved very dramatically in the period from prior to 1965 to the present. The sociology of drug use patterns was rather constant prior to 1965. In the mid 1960s “fashionable trends” in drug use took shape, starting with use of psychedelics for consciousness expansion. This led to poly-drug use, where the quality of the drugs taken deteriorated leading to present availability of “look alikes” which are manufactured to resemble original drug products but are counterfeit controlled substances. Several special current drug problems currently exist including freebasing cocaine, phencyclidine use and methaqualone use. The potential behavioral meanings of drug use are discussed, which may be multiple and multi-determined in nature. The interface of adolescent development issues and family dynamics are important to consider in regard to potential underlying reasons for adolescent drug abuse.
An Integrative Model of Physiological and Social/Psychological Factors in Alcohol Consumption among Chinese and Japanese Americans
Authors: Sue Stanley , Nakamura Charles Y.
Published: November 2015

The rate of alcohol consumption among Chinese and Japanese Americans is examined. Attempts are made to reconcile previous research findings that have attributed low rates of consumption to physiological or to social/cultural factors. The reciprocity model is proposed as a means of conceptualizing and integrating these factors. By using the reciprocity model, the unique kinds of problems faced by Asian American adolescents are explained. Implications for future research are drawn that simultaneously consider physiological and social/cultural influences.
Activity Workshops to Reduce Clinical Attrition among Adolescents
Authors: Fawzy Fawzy I. , Coombs Robert H. , Santana Felipe O. , Wolcott Deane L.
Published: November 2015

Adolescent youth who are drug-prone were involved in a workshop program designed to restructure the system of social reinforcers to furnish interpersonal and intrapsychic rewards for productive “straight” behaviors. These six-month workshops resulted in a 73 percent retention rate compared to a 15 percent rate in a comparison group involved in conventional one-on-one counseling. The implications for “drug careers” are discussed.
Conceptions of the Nature and Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Ward David A.
Published: November 2015

This paper provides an analytical comparison of seven current conceptions of alcoholism. Six dimensions are used for the purposes of comparison: (1) definition of alcoholism; (2) etiology; (3) alcoholic personality; (4) epidemiology; (5) treatment; and, (6) prognosis. In addition to the traditional conceptions of alcoholism such as A.A. and family therapy, the paper examines three more recent points of view—namely, the behavioral, the sociological, and the transactional conceptions. Throughout the analysis, areas of disagreement are highlighted and important issues arising from these disagreements underscored.
The Social Thought of Alcoholics
Authors: Kurtz Ernest , Kurtz Linda Farris
Published: November 2015

Concern about alcoholism historically involves concern about the social thought of alcoholics. Alcoholics Anonymous “works” by changing the social thought of its members. Yet also for historical reasons, large differences exist between the wisdom-orientation of the social thought of Alcoholics Anonymous and the knowledge-orientation that characterizes the social thought of modern professionals. Empirical testing of these historical generalizations suggests that understanding those differences is essential to establishing rapport between treatment professionals and A.A. members.
Self-Esteem and Subjective Effects during Marijuana Intoxication
Authors: Maguire Frank , Wilson Stephen
Published: November 2015

This study tests the hypothesis that persons varying in self-esteem have different expectations about “getting high” and therefore have different experiences while high. Experienced marijuana users responded to a questionnaire containing Rosenbergs (1965) self-esteem scale and Tart's (1971) items to measure marijuana effects. It was found that low self-esteem respondents were more likely than high self-esteem respondents to report becoming less inhibited, more sociable and more spontaneous when high. They were also more likely to experience anxiety about losing control. The results suggest that for low self-esteem persons, whose ordinary state of consciousness is generally unpleasant, getting high is an “excuse” for moving into a euphoric state. Because this transformation is so dramatic, getting high is more likely to cause anxiety among persons with low as compared to high self-esteem.
The Social Psychology of Drinking and Human Sexuality
Authors: Lang Alan R.
Published: November 2015

This article reviews the experimental social psychology literature addressing the relation between drinking and sexuality in normal adult populations. In particular, it examines the role that psychosocial, as opposed to pharmacological, factors may play in alcohol's reputation as an aphrodisiac. The action of learned cognitive expectancies and social meanings surrounding drinking are illustrated in the differential effects that drinking has on the sexual reactions of men and women and of persons with differing personality dispositions. It is concluded that to the extent alcohol serves as an aphrodisiac, it is largely through psychosocially-determined interpretations of physical states and the ease with which attributions to drinking can be used to explain violations of sexual propriety that otherwise would have ego threatening implications.
Alcohol, Eroticism and Sexual Performance: A Social Interactionist Perspective
Authors: Wiseman Jacqueline P.
Published: November 2015

Impotence and reduction in libido among chronic alcoholic men has been seen to be primarily caused by physiological changes resulting from constant and heavy drinking. Studies of this phenomenon have focused on males, amount of intake, and the correlation of alcohol ingestion with effects on bodily functions, to the exclusion of three social factors that may be a significant part of the sex act: First, the attitudes and behavior of the sex partner of the drinking male as they affect interaction between the two; second, sexual arousal has been studied as an “encapsulated” act, rather than a part of the process of negotiation between partners which may culminate in intercourse; and third, the focus of research on impotence is restricted to the realm of sexual activity, ignoring other aspects of the relationship an alcoholic may have with his sex partner. Additionally, the sex problems of men in marriages (or with sex partners) where alcohol is not a problem is seldom compared with alcoholic men to see if they differ substantially in this area. In a study designed to explore the impact of these social factors on impotence, 76 wives of alcoholics, 28 alcoholic husbands and a control sample of 63 wives and 46 husbands in marriages where alcohol is not a problem were interviewed in depth about their sexual relationship and about other areas of their marriage which surfaced as the most troublesome for wives of alcoholics—companionship, meals, and recreation. Findings suggest that a good portion of the erotic reduction and performance problems that alcoholic men experience are much more complex than physiological decline alone. A complex amalgam of rejection by their partners, which is influenced by the dynamics of their relationship in other areas of the marriage, as well as their different perspectives on what sort of behavior is a suitable prelude to intercourse can be seen to affect sexual interest and/or performance.
Work is Not Enough: A Quasi-Experimental Study of a Vocational Training Programme for Young Drug and Alcohol Abusers
Authors: Hammer Torild , Ravndal Edle , Vaglum Per
Published: November 2015

One hundred forty-one young substance abusers who participated in a vocational training programme were followed up with personal interviews five years later. Forty-six per cent completed one of three different vocational training careers for a minimum of three months. This group had a higher total work activity during the last three years before follow-up than those who dropped out of the programme. There was also a high positive correlation between this later work activity and reduction in substance abuse. This finding offers confirmation of the theory underlying vocational training. Work in the secondary labour market in itself was not found to be sufficient as a remedy to reduce substance abuse. Vocational training, however, may help clients develop the social skills they need on the secondary labour market.
Risk Factors for Delinquency and Illicit Drug Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Kandel Denise , Simcha-Fagan Ora , Davies Mark
Published: November 2015

This study examines the interrelationships and predictors of involvement in delinquent activities and illicit drug use over a nine-year interval, from adolescence (age 15–16) to young adulthood (age 24–25) in a cohort representative of adolescents formerly enrolled in grades 10 and 11 in public secondary schools in New York State (N =1,004). Persistence of illicit drug use in this period of the life-cycle is greater than for delinquency and is higher among men than among women. Convergences and divergences in intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors of drug use and delinquency are analyzed. Adult illicit drug use is much better predicted by adolescent illicit drug use, especially among men. Among women, early drug use predicts later delinquent behavior. However, illicit drug use in the period from adolescence to early adulthood selectively predicts adult participation in one type of delinquent behavior, namely theft, among men and women, but has no effect on interpersonal aggression. Different risk factors in adolescence other than drug use predict continued delinquent involvement among men and women. In particular, depression plays an important role for women and family factors for men. Lifestyle factors subsequent to adolescence, especially failure to enter the conventional roles of adulthood, such as marriage and continuous employment, are important predictors of continued illicit drug use in adulthood but not of delinquency. Delinquency among males and illicit drug use among females appear to be subject to common etiological factors and may play similar roles in the lives of young people. Convergence between the findings and results reported by others are discussed.
Alcoholism and Gender: Patterns of Diagnosis and Response
Authors: Smith Annette R.
Published: November 2015

Through in-depth interviews with 10(ten) male and 10(ten) female self-identified recovering alcoholics, this study examines the gender-related differences in pathways to alcoholism diagnosis and treatment. Respondents' stories suggest that while denial of the diagnosis delays appropriate treatment for both men and women, gender-related differences in the nature of the denial systems, such as who makes the diagnosis, who responds to it and how, keep women from such treatment more often than men. This applies irrespective of other gender differences in actual drinking behavior or rationale, symptoms (including psychopathology), time of onset or course of illness.
Charles Terry, the Opium Problem, and American Narcotic Policy
Authors: Courtwright David T.
Published: November 2015

This article is a biographical sketch of Charles Edward Terry (1878–1945), a public health reformer who pioneered narcotic maintenance in early twentieth-century America. He also coauthored (with Mildred Pellens) The Opium Problem, a book that has been posthumously recognized as one of the most important works on the subject ever written. Terry's career and ideas are described against the background of the Harrison Act and the formation of American narcotic policy—a policy against which Terry vigorously, but unsuccessfully, dissented.
Raising the Legal Minimum Drinking Age: Short-Term Effects with College Student Samples
Authors: Hughes Stella P. , Dodder Richard A.
Published: November 2015

Student drinking patterns were examined before and after legislative action raising the minimum drinking age for 3.2 beer. Sampling was done at Oklahoma State University with three samples of 185, 276 and 245. The total quantity-frequency of drinking and the problem drinking index remained essentially the same after the law change, although some differences in drinking patterns were noted. Few changes were observed among men, but women reduced drinking in the sample immediately following the legislation, although they increased drinking by the end of the sampling period (six months later). After the law change, students tended to drink less often in bars, but more often at home and in other less public places; and they reported drinking significantly less beer, but more wine and liquor. The possibility was discussed that culturally relevant behavior, such as alcohol consumption, may require efforts to produce changes which are broader in scope than just changing laws.
Social Acceptance of the Recovering Alcoholic in the Workplace: A Research Note
Authors: Tootle Deborah M.
Published: November 2015

Labeling theory suggests that those individuals identified and subsequently labeled as deviant drinkers will become stigmatized and subject to impaired social interactions. Within the workplace, the consequences of limited social interactions can affect both the individual and the organization. Data analysis supports the existence of the construct of social rejection of the alcoholic and supports the hypothesis that the labeled, stigmatized alcoholic is at least partially disqualified from social acceptance in the workplace.
Notes on the New Epidemiology of Alcoholism in the USA
Authors: Roman Paul M. , Blum Terry Christine
Published: November 2015

The definition of alcohol problem intervention in the US has undergone a major transformation over the past 15 years. The structure of this transformation has been based on the promulgation and diffusion of the notion that alcohol problems are distributed throughout the social class structure rather than concentrated among the disaffiliated on Skid Row. The effective development of this new epidemiology as “fact” required several other elements vital to the mainstreaming of alcoholism intervention into the American health care system: health insurance coverage, private systems for care and a source of clients from the population of employed persons. The interdependence among these events is analyzed, indicating the success of each has been dependent on the social accomplishment of the others.
The Meaning of Chronic Marijuana Use among Adults: A Psychosocial Perspective
Authors: Haas Ann Pollinger , Hendin Herbert
Published: November 2015

Research on marijuana smoking among adults has raised questions about whether such behavior is essentially maladaptive. Drawing from their study of the role of marijuana in the psychosocial adaptation of long-term, heavy adult users, the authors explore the meaning this behavior appears to have for such individuals. On the basis of questionnaire results obtained from 150 chronic marijuana-smoking adults, use of the drug was not found to be linked with maladaptive functioning in any consistent behavioral sense. Intensive interviews with a smaller number of subjects revealed a quite different picture, however, pointing to a relationship between heavy marijuana use and significant adaptive difficulties in the areas of work and personal relationships. While suggesting the need to use psychodynamic, as well as social variables, in defining marijuana abuse, the authors caution against concluding a causal linkage between the drug behavior and users' difficulties in psychosocial functioning.
Chemical Dependency Treatment and Black Adolescents
Authors: Thompson Ted , Simmons-Cooper Cynthia
Published: November 2015

The use and abuse of drugs within the urban black community has become a serious and pressing problem. The use of alcohol among black youth continues to increase while identification of abuse and intervention occur later in the black than in the white community. In an attempt to look at some of the dynamics of chemical dependency treatment for black adolescents, we talked with treatment staff and clients, as well as called upon our own experiences and as a result, we focus our analysis on the following concerns: 1) initial issues and problems as a youth enters treatment; 2) issues and problems which need attention during treatment and; 3) issues and problems which confront the client after primary treatment ends.
The Role of Drugs in Self-Care
Authors: Coons Stephen Joel , McGhan William F.
Published: November 2015

This article provides an overview of self-care and explores the role of self-medication within the self-care process. A model of illness behavior is described which includes the various courses of action that consumers may undertake when they experience a symptom or deviation from health. Reasons behind the trend toward self-care are presented along with information on the extent of this phenomenon. Self-medication is described as a response to symptoms which involves the use of nonprescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications. It has been estimated that at least seventy-five percent of all illnesses and injuries are initially treated through self-care and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. It is suggested that the re-emergence of these forms of self-reliance is allowing individuals to retrieve some of the control that has been assumed by health-care professionals.
Evolving Ethics in Psychedelic Drug Taking
Authors: Smith Elvin D.
Published: November 2015

Psychedelics are unique from other drugs in that the experiences they make available often demand an ethic of living. Ethics of a spiritual, therapeutic, or exploratory quality develop spontaneously because of the transcendental nature of the experience. Contemporary psychedelic drug taking went through a cycle which peaked in 1972 and declined about 1979. A slow resurgence of interest is indicated by receding irrational hysteria and the emergence of new information. Psychedelic drug takers often adopt ethics similar to those in societies where such drugs are already an accepted part of culture, ethics which constructively integrate the experience with ongoing life.
Non-Customary Prescribing, Dangerous Drugs and Medical Discipline
Authors: Morgan John P. , Winick Charles
Published: November 2015

The number of disciplinary actions against physicians has increased recently. An important contributor to the call for administrative sanction has been the careless prescribing of controlled drugs. The literature characterizing prescribing behavior indicates that prescribers learn to employ medicinals by comparing their actions to their peers and teachers. They follow customary rules and cannot adequately assess the outcome of prescribing. We believe that non-customary prescribers are isolated socially, professionally and organizationally from other physicians and practice with a greater patient orientation than colleague orientation. Because they receive little or no negative outcome information from patients, they may not modify their actions to fit the newer cautionary customs of the profession stated by a distant leadership.
Correlates of Cocaine Use among Adolescents
Authors: Newcomb Michael D. , Fahy Bridget N. , Skager Rodney
Published: November 2015

In 1985, 2,926 seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders from the Ventura County School District were surveyed to determine the extent of their drug use and the psychosocial correlates of such use. The sample was divided into roughly equal numbers of girls and boys. Differential patterns associated with cocaine use were examined separately for each gender by grade grouping for eight domains of variables. These domains were selected on the basis of theory and previous research and include life satisfaction, emotional distress, perceived adult drug use, peer tolerance of drug use, parental approval of drug use, academic orientation, social conformity, and other drug use. In general, cocaine use was significantly correlated with several affective, attitudinal, and behavioral variables. However, only other drug use was significantly and uniquely associated with cocaine use when all the other variables were controlled. Thus, for this group of teenagers, there was no discernable integrated lifestyle specific to cocaine; cocaine use was integrated into a lifestyle of general drug use or poly-drug use.
Heroin Use, Crime and Employment Status
Authors: Faupel Charles E.
Published: November 2015

The impact of employment on addict criminality is examined with data from interviews with 544 daily heroin users in five American cities. Addict criminality is examined across employment levels, occupational categories and crime types. The hypothesis that increased employment level and occupational status should inhibit criminal involvement vis a vis increased legitimate income is only partially supported. These findings further suggest that both drug use and criminal behavior are manifestations of a broader social involvement in the subculture of drug use. Likewise, employment represents more than simply a source of income, but rather constitutes a dynamic social feature of the subculture which may impact on criminality in various ways.
Legal Pressure in Therapeutic Communities
Authors: De Leon George
Published: November 2015

Therapeutic community (TC) studies are reviewed to assess the effects of legal referral on treatment retention and outcome. The main findings reveal little evidence for differential outcomes between legally referred and non-legally referred clients in TCs, although legal referrals to TCs remain longer in treatment than do “voluntary” clients. Thus, there is an indirect relationship between legal referral and outcome which is mediated through retention in treatment. Issues are discussed which have confounded interpretation of research on the efficacy of compulsory treatment, e.g., definitions, client perception of pressure, implementation of legal referral procedures and the complexity of the recovery process itself. It is hypothesized that legal pressure can have a limited but potent role in the recovery process for appropriately identified substance abusers.
The Management of Opiate Abuse: Learning from other Addictions
Authors: Brewer Colin
Published: November 2015

Similarities between the addictions suggest that much may be learned about the management of opiate abuse from a study of the problems and results of treatment in other types of compulsive or addictive behavior. Medical methods of treatment, notably methadone, laevo-alpha acetyl methadole, naltrexone and random urine screening, may make a useful contribution to improvements in the outcome of mandatory programs when combined with close supervision, and a rapid and predictable response to lack of compliance. Some important features of a model treatment program are suggested.
Observations on the Importance of Social Context in HIV Transmission among Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Watters John K.
Published: November 2015

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is arguably the most significant health consequence associated with intravenous drug use. The primary mode for HIV transmission among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) is the sharing of contaminated hypodermic equipment. These activities take place under social conditions that may vary widely among different groups of IVDUs.

In 1987, HIV seroprevalence among heterosexual IVDUs was approximately 15% in San Francisco and 50% in New York City. In New York City 31.6% of AIDS cases were diagnosed among heterosexual IVDUs, while 1.3% of AIDS cases fell into the same category in San Francisco. Different trajectories of HIV infection among IVDUs in San Francisco and New York are explored; possible explanations for disparities are considered; and the social contexts and conditions in which risk behavior takes place are discussed. Implications for public health policy, community-based interventions, and the efficacy of needle-exchange programs are explored.
Family, Friends and Neighbors: The Role of Primary Groups in Preventing the Misuse of Drugs
Authors: Kail Barbara Lynn , Litwak Eugene
Published: November 2015

Primary groups such as relatives, neighbors and friends are a source of support that health care providers overlook. We present a theoretical framework which suggests primary groups can help prevent the misuse of prescription medicine. Kin are especially helpful in assisting elderly to take medications on a long-term basis where the regimens are fairly simple. It may also be especially important to engage kin in helping the older minority woman to understand the doctor. Even at a distance, kin may be able to provide such assistance and should not be discounted as a resource. Neighbors can be helpful in getting a medicine needed unexpectedly and might assist with relatively complex routines that last for only a brief period. Friends who have had similar experiences are especially helpful when the medicine is prescribed on an as needed basis by teaching the client how to judge when a dose is needed.
Use of Folk Medicine by Elderly Mexican-American Women
Authors: Mayers Raymond Sanchez
Published: November 2015

There is a vast anthropological/sociological literature on the use of folk healers in Hispanic (Mexican - American) communities. While the use of folk healers has decreased with urbanization, acculturation, and increased education, recent studies done in Dallas, Texas, show that elderly Hispanic women are familiar with, and use a variety of informal healing methods and substances for a variety of illnesses, both physical and mental. The folk-healing system is used to supplement the formal scientific one, rather than replace it. Informants seemed to have a clear idea about the point at which one or the other should be consulted. There are a variety of herbs readily available for use and sold in boticas or botanicas.
Stress among Employee Assistance Program Administrators: The Influence of Role and Organizational Characteristics
Authors: Bennett Nathan
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the relationship between the role characteristics, organizational characteristics and stress in a sample of employee assistance program (EAP) administrators. In addition, variables which the organizational literature suggests “buffer” the relationship of antecedents with stress are considered. The results indicate that the role, organizational, and intervening variables have unique effects on stress, rather than fitting a buffering model. The perceptions of status and autonomy held by the program administrator, as well as structural characteristics of the workplace, all contribute significantly to an understanding of reported stress.
Alcoholism Day Treatment: Rationale, Research, and Resistance
Authors: Schneider Robert , Googins Bradley
Published: November 2015

Despite recent cost-containment pressures, 28-day inpatient treatment continues to predominate in the field of alcoholism treatment. This paper presents some clinical, pragmatic and fiscal disadvantages of the inpatient model. Day treatment is discussed as an alternative modality and the results of a study supporting day treatment are also presented. Several hypotheses to explain the continued predominance of inpatient treatment are offered.
The Sexual Behavior of Intravenous Drug Users: Assessing the Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV
Authors: Feucht Thomas E. , Stephens Richard C. , Roman Shadi W.
Published: November 2015

Sexual behavior data for a twelve-month period are presented from a survey of 662 intravenous drug users (IVDUs). Attention is focused on the number of sex partners, the frequency of sex, the occurrence of anal sex, and the use of condoms for both IVDU and non-IVDU sex partners. Findings indicate high levels of sexual activity among IVDUs, and significant percentages with multiple partners. Condoms are not used regularly, and anal sex is relatively uncommon. Black male IVDUs were more likely to have had sex with a non-IVDU female than with an IVDU female; they were also more likely to have multiple non-IVDU female partners. Among female IVDUs, sex partners are more likely to be IVDU males than non-IVDU males. Having multiple sex partners was less common among female than male respondents. The overall risk for IVDUs and their sex partners due to sexual activity is discussed, and hypotheses are formulated regarding the spread of HIV from IVDUs to the non-IVDU population.
Evolving a New Policy for Illicit Drugs
Authors: Chesher Greg , Wodak Alex
Published: November 2015

The primary objective of drug policy should be the minimization of harm which can result from the consumption of certain drugs. The pharmacological and toxicological properties of drugs can cause harm by inducing antisocial behaviors, causing morbidity or death from overdosage, or tissue damage. Other social problems attributed to drugs, such as crimes of property or violence and corruption, are essentially the unintended negative consequences of the policy of prohibition. Prohibition also represents an increasing financial burden to the state because of costs of law enforcement, court proceedings and prisons. Modifications to prohibition policy which may attenuate some of its disadvantages are reviewed. Alternative policies are offered which should offer greater individual and social benefits and fewer negative consequences. It is proposed that the essential problem associated with the policy of prohibition is the nature of the illicit market. The proposal favored is one which can eliminate the illicit market by the employment of “market forces.” However, some questions remain to be answered and this paper may encourage some responses.
Comprehensive Economic Development: An Alternative Measure to Reduce Cocaine Supply
Authors: Morales Edmundo
Published: November 2015

In light of the failure of the War on Drugs, the Bush administration is trying to implement new policies to reduce supply and demand of cocaine. Using published information and fieldwork data on Peru, the largest cocaine-producing country, this paper argues that the boom of cocaine production is the result of North-South politicoeconomic relations. In order to wean the Andean peasants from their dependence on the illicit cocaine economy, a comprehensive economic development in the national periphery is necessary.
Canada's Drug Laws
Authors: Solomon R.M. , Usprich S. J.
Published: November 2015

Canada's drug laws originated and developed in response to racial and political factors rather than reasoned analysis. After tracing the history of the legislation, this paper outlines the current drug offences and enforcement powers. The impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on drug legislation and enforcement is also considered.
How a Medical Journalist Helped to Legalize Heroin in Canada
Authors: Walker Ken
Published: November 2015

The article describes one physician's campaign to have heroin legalized for medical use as a painkiller. Funding and lobbying support from the public was marshalled by the author to put the heroin issue on the federal government's agenda. The Canadian cancer establishment generally fought the proposed reform and made many unfounded arguments. The government compromised by granting physicians the right to administer heroin, while tying up the process with such demanding red tape that almost no one bothers with the narcotic.
Marijuana Use and Delinquency: A Test of the “Independent Cause” Hypothesis
Authors: White Helene Raskin
Published: November 2015

This paper tests an “independent cause” hypothesis, that there is a degree of etiological independence between marijuana use and delinquency. Adolescent subjects are clustered into groups based upon their levels of marijuana use and delinquency over time. The independent cause hypothesis is supported. Specific mode of friends' deviance clearly differentiates between deviants who become more involved in marijuana use and those who become more involved in delinquency. On the other hand, while several personality variables reliably distinguish deviants from nondeviants, they do not differentiate between marijuana users and delinquents.
The Influence of Substance Use among Adult Female Inmates
Authors: Blount William R. , Danner Terry A. , Vega Manuel , Silverman Ira J.
Published: November 2015

Using a 90% sample (1,076) of the women incarcerated in August 1985 in Florida prisons, and a “non-use, casual/recreational use, problem use” typology, the extent of substance abuse was found to be inversely related to age at first arrest as an adult, age at incarceration, and employment at time of arrest. Extent of substance use was directly related to number and percent of prior offenses and incarcerations, broken parental home, and criminality in the family of origin. Even though non-users were more likely to be convicted of homicide, casual/recreational users were the most violent. No evidence was found for an increase in substance use/abuse between 1975 and 1985.
Decision Factors and Program Preferences of Drug-Using and Non-Using Students
Authors: Schwartz Sanford
Published: November 2015

Factors considered by high school youth when deciding whether to use alcohol and marijuana are examined along with student perceptions of various drug prevention initiatives. Respondents who reported no drug use in the preceding year cited a greater number of decision-making factors and endorsed more interventive strategies as effective in deterring personal drug use than students with some level of prior drug involvement. Concern about injuring another person was the most commonly cited decision factor, irrespective of previous alcohol or marijuana use. For all levels of student drug involvement, the program initiatives most frequently endorsed included providing information about the negative consequences of substance abuse. The importance of subgroup analyses is addressed with reference to drug program design and evaluation.
The Great American War on Drugs: Another Failure of Tough-Guy Management
Authors: Gardiner Gareth S. , McKinney Richard N.
Published: November 2015

The increasingly obvious failure of the “tough-guy” approach that we have adopted to cope with the national drug problem is discussed. The public continues to strongly support such authoritarian management of the problem, largely because it has been led to see the drug problem as a crisis, and partly because tough-guy management promises a quick fix. The reality has been that a thriving black market in drugs, run by entrepreneurs, has made the problem worse in every respect: disrespect for the law, disruption of communities (particularly in the inner city), continued appeal of illegal drugs, and prisons bulging with inmates. A “tough-minded” alternative policy involving controlled legalization, social disapproval, and effective education is proposed, but this policy must overcome the popular perception that this would be a “nice-guy,” or do-nothing approach to managing the problem.
Aids Prevention: Criminal Justice Involvement of Intravenous Drug Abusers Entering Methadone Treatment
Authors: Leukefeld Carl G. , Battjes Robert J. , Pickens Roy W.
Published: November 2015

The criminal justice system provides access to large numbers of intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) for AIDS prevention activities. Data from a study of IVDAs entering methadone treatment suggest that criminal justice (CJ) involved IVDAs (probation, parole or released on bond) are somewhat more deviant, relative to HIV behaviors, than subjects not CJ involved, but these differences are minimal. This study suggests that CJ involved can be as responsive to AIDS prevention efforts as IVDAs not CJ involved and emphasizes community HIV prevention focused on needle use and sexual behaviors for IVDAs and their sexual partners.
Type of Setting, Employee Substance Abuse, and Hypothetical Supervisors' Eap Referrals
Authors: Gerstein Lawrence H. , Lynn David , Brown Patricia
Published: November 2015

This analogue study investigated 90 hypothetical supervisors' EAP referral behaviors with three subordinates: cocaine abusers, alcohol abusers, and non-abusers. It also examined supervisors' behaviors across three work environments: manufacturing company, high school, and hospital. Relying on Bayer and Gerstein's Bystander Model of Supervisory Helping Behavior, we predicted that cocaine abusers would be referred more often than alcohol or non-abusers. We also anticipated higher referral rates in the school setting compared to the other work environments. ANOVA results supported our first hypothesis, but not our second prediction. Interpretations are offered based on Bayer and Gerstein's propositions concerning how supervisors' helping behavior might be influenced by the severity of an employee's problem, the costs associated with intervening, levels of supervisory arousal, and the degree of “we-ness” supervisors may have experienced with their impaired subordinates.
The Synergic Impact of Promotion Intensity and Therapeutic Novelty on Market Performance of Prescription Drug Products
Authors: Murphy Masako Nagasawa , Smith Mickey C. , Juergens John P.
Published: November 2015

Multiple regression analysis was conducted to study the relationships among promotion intensity, product differentiation based on therapeutic novelty, and sales performance measured in relative market share. Especially, synergic effects of promotion intensity and therapeutic novelty on relative market share were examined. Selected as study drugs were new chemical entity drug products introduced in the United States from 1 January 1973 through 31 December 1982, which were classified into 47 different therapeutic classes. The data were obtained for the six-year period 1983 through 1988.

The first multiple regression model was constructed in which relative market share was regressed on promotion and therapeutic novelty. The model explained 20.8% of the total variance. Both promotion and therapeutic novelty had significant, positive main effects on relative market share. The second model included the interaction term of promotion and therapeutic novelty, and explained 21.7% of the total variance. The interaction term was significantly positive, which suggested the synergism between promotion and therapeutic novelty.
The Influence of Drug Advertising on Children's Drug Use Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Almarsdottir Anna B. , Bush Patricia J.
Published: November 2015

This article focuses on the effects on children of proprietary drug advertising. It first provides an overview of previous studies on the influence of drug advertising and promotion on licit and illicit drug use attitudes and behaviors in children. Second, current perspectives on the issue are reviewed. Finally, frameworks for studying the effects of drug advertising on children's medicine use are evaluated and further application of the children's health belief model is proposed along with recommendations for improving the quality of research.
Recent Issues and Concerns about Pharmaceutical Industry Promotional Efforts
Authors: Bleidt Barry
Published: November 2015

Promotional efforts put forth by pharmaceutical manufacturers have accomplished their intended purposes — greatly expanding demand. The strategies and tactics employed are ethical, in most circumstances; however, questions are frequently raised about the possible unscrupulous nature of some methods. Inquiries have been made recently about just how moral some of these activities are and regulatory actions taken against those found to be unacceptable.

The drug industry uses many unique promotional techniques that have been evolving over the past several decades. Discussed in this article are such powerful tools as video news releases, “pseudo-scientific” sessions, information exchange programs, using multiple sales forces, and self-competition, among others.

The resulting furor over these operations has brought about changes in order to counter the abuses that have occurred. In the realistic view, though, due to the high stakes involved, promotional evolution will continue and new approaches developed, raising different, yet similar, questions. The answer lies within the target markets, prescribers and other practitioners through questioning and maintaining the normal adversarial nature expected in a fiduciary relationship.
Rules and Practices: The “British System” in Australia
Authors: Manderson Desmond
Published: November 2015

The article discusses the implementation of legislation concerning “dangerous drugs” in Australia from the 1930s. Although these laws and regulations clearly prohibited their consumption for non-medical purposes and their prescription “merely for the purposes of addiction,” a system developed which nevertheless allowed the continued maintenance of addicts under medical supervision and remained in place until the 1960s. Contrasts are drawn between the image of evil drug use, which was addressed by legislation and condemned by politicians, and the reality of addiction in Australia, which was in practice tolerated and treated as an illness rather than as a vice. The existence of this double standard is used to highlight the fact that the reality of drug use and drug enforcement cannot simply be gleaned by interpreting laws: their administration and the social practices with which they must interact often change and modify their effect in a complex manner.
Monitoring the South Australian Cannabis Expiation Notice Initiative
Authors: Sutton Adam , Sarre Rick
Published: November 2015

In 1987, a Labor government in South Australia made widespread changes to laws concerning possession and use of small amounts of cannabis. At the time of the introduction of the new legislation, because of not inconsiderable media and other attention being paid to law enforcement data on the controversial “on-the-spot” scheme, the government gave an undertaking that the new approach would be monitored and results published Despite problems with the lack of long-term survey data on patterns and trends of drug consumption in Australia, and the fact that only limited research resources were available, the Office of Crime Statistics undertook a study of the critical first nine months of the new procedures. Monitoring the new system provided Parliament and the public with the opportunity to assess operation of the new procedures and to gauge whether there had been consequences not anticipated when the legislative changes were made. Full results of the study are in Cannabis: The Expiation Notice Approach released in South Australia in September 1989 (Office of Crime Statistics 1989). This article reproduces parts of the report and provides an update on an attempt in 1990 by the South Australian Opposition party to repeal the scheme.
Drug and Alcohol Treatment Research, Policy and Practice: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Mattick Richard P. , Ward Jeff
Published: November 2015

Drug and alcohol treatment research, policy and practice are poorly linked in the drug and alcohol field, compared with other areas of health care. The reasons for this situation are explored from the perspective of treatment providers, researchers and policy makers. It is suggested that the improvement of research dissemination and uptake will rely upon more (and better) quality research studies, and upon the development of clearer methods of summarising and presenting findings to the target audience. Potential pitfalls in this process are briefly discussed, and details of two recently conducted Australian projects are provided as an example of how these difficulties are being dealt with in Australia.
Public Drinking and Violence: Not Just an Alcohol Problem
Authors: Homel Ross , Tomsen Steve , Thommeny Jennifer
Published: November 2015

Three hundred hours of unstructured observation by pairs of observers in twenty-three licensed premises in Sydney allowed the identification through qualitative analysis of situational factors and management practices that increase the risk of physical violence. Four high-risk and two low-risk premises were particularly contrasted, as were violent and non-violent occasions in the same venues. Violence was concentrated in' specific places at specific times. It was related to complex interactions between aspects of patron mix, levels of comfort, boredom, and intoxication, and the behaviour of bouncers. Violence is perpetuated by poor management, lax police surveillance, and inappropriate bureaucratic controls and legislation. The authors conclude that regularly violent venues should have their licenses cancelled, and police should enforce laws regulating bouncers. Promotions which cause mass intoxication should be banned, but responsible serving practices on their own may not greatly influence levels of violence.
Alcohol and other Recreational Drug Issues in New Zealand
Authors: Casswell Sally
Published: November 2015

In New Zealand as in other industrialised countries the pattern of recreational drug use reflects the pattern of availability, with use of the legal drugs alcohol and tobacco more widespread than that of illegal drugs. These two drugs have been the major focus of political activity during the past decade. In the case of tobacco, major public health advances have been achieved by means of legislative change. In contrast, changes in alcohol legislation have resulted in a liberalisation of alcohol availability, but the public health debate continues at the level of policy implementation. Relatively little public or political attention has been paid to illicit drug use during the past decade, but there are signs that this may change in the near future.
Drug Use in Prison: Patterns, Processes, and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Inciardi James A. , Lockwood Dorothy , Quintan Judith A.
Published: November 2015

Although there seems to be a consensus that “drugs are in every prison,” and that “prison drug use is widespread,” little is really known about the prevalence and patterns of drug use in prison. What appears in the academic and research literature is at best anecdotal, suggesting only that drug use and trafficking exist in correctional settings, and that the control of drugs by inmates is in part related to prison violence. Similarly, press reports descriptive of drug use in prison typically focus on trafficking networks and the complicity of prison personnel, rather than on prevalence and patterns of use. Within this context, this article addresses the nature of drug use in prison, based on systematic interviewing and drug testing in the Delaware correctional system. Some conclusions and implications are offered relative to the impact of prison drug use on corrections-based therapeutic initiatives.
Prevalence Estimation and Policy Formulation
Authors: Reuter Peter
Published: November 2015

Prevalence estimation has a potentially important role in drug policy decision making. To date, however, it has played only a modest role in decisions at the national level, though it has come to be important in the rhetoric of national drug policy. This limited influence arises from the limited capacities and credibility of the estimates on the one hand and the highly moralistic nature of the policy process surrounding the illicit drug issue on the other. The available numbers are developed either systematically from data sources that have low credibility (self-report) or are developed less systematically from sources that simply are not well understood. Estimates of the number of problematic drug users are most likely to have a significant role in policy making in the near future.