bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDEALS, BETRAYAL, GUILT AND FORGIVENESS IN COUPLE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Grier Francis
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper is about the unconscious ideals couples share, and the dynamic effect of these on their relationships. With the aid of two detailed clinical examples, I examine how the unconscious ideals actually affecting couples' relationships are often quite different from couples' conscious ideas of their ideals, and, in particular, how couples can get fixated in paranoid‐schizoid and regressive shared states of mind as a result. I explore the kind of psychological journey couples typically find they have to tread if they are to develop to ideals which are more rational and tolerant, borne of the depressive position. I note how couples' notions of betrayal and forgiveness are quite different according to whether they are relating from the paranoid‐schizoid or depressive position.
‘CLASS IS IN YOU’: AN EXPLORATION OF SOME SOCIAL CLASS ISSUES IN PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC WORK
Authors: Ryan Joanna
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
The absence of frameworks for discussion of social class issues within psychotherapy is one concern of this exploratory paper. Another is to raise questions about how we might think psychoanalytically about the far‐reaching impact of class. A small exploratory qualitative research study is described in which experienced psychoanalytic psychotherapists were interviewed about class issues. The interviews mainly concerned their perceptions and understandings of class issues within psychotherapeutic relationships, but were framed by biographical and professional experiences relating to class. The reports from pairings of differently classed therapists and patients raised many questions about the ways in which class and class differences can be experienced and understood within the transference/countertransference matrix, as well as the surrounding anxieties and projections.
NEGATIVE THERAPEUTIC REACTION
Authors: Tindle Kate
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
For the last 80 years the term ‘negative therapeutic reaction’ has been used by psychoanalysts and psychotherapists to define the phenomenon of improvement followed by deterioration of a client's psychological or symptomatic condition, apparently in response to their therapist's interventions. Negative therapeutic reaction has been the subject of many papers written by these practitioners, who in various ways have attempted to clarify and understand what goes wrong in such therapeutic encounters.

This paper summarises the ideas of many psychoanalytic writers and practitioners who have worked throughout the span of the twentieth century, and up to the present day. Various aspects of negative therapeutic reaction are explored, such as alternative definitions of the concept, possible origins of NTR, the impact of the therapeutic relationship, and treatment implications. These ideas are compared and discussed, drawing mainly on the object relations theories of Fairbairn (1943), and illustrated through examples from myth, literature, research and clinical vignettes.
Maternal clutch reduction in the pied flycatcherFicedula hypoleuca: an undescribed clutch size adjustment mechanism
Authors: Lobato Elisa , Moreno Juan , Merino Santiago , J. Sanz Juan , Arriero Elena , Morales Judith , Tomás Gustavo , Martínez‐de la Puente Josué
Published: October 2006

During eight years of study of a population of pied flycatchersFicedula hypoleucabreeding in central Spain, we observed throughout incubation 22 cases of intact eggs being placed on the nest rim and clearly outside of the nest bowl and remaining there, with consequent embryo mortality. We assume that the removal of eggs had been performed by the incubating female. There is no evidence that pied flycatcher parents can detect embryo mortality and eject unhatchable eggs. Maternal egg ejection constitutes a direct mechanism of clutch size adjustment during incubation and before hatching of any young of the brood. This adjustment of clutch size happened when the mean and minimum temperature of the day before ejection were especially low. Also, clutch‐reducing females were significantly more prone to show moult‐breeding overlap than other females, suggesting a lower disposition to invest in reproduction. Clutch‐reducing females were also frequently older than four years and had indications of a lower immunocompetence than females not ejecting eggs. Our results support the hypothesis that adverse conditions can elicit parental family size adjustment at every stage of reproduction without the need to depend on mechanisms of sibling competition.
Noise, predation risk compensation and vigilance in the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs
Authors: L. Quinn John , J. Whittingham Mark , J. Butler Simon , Cresswell Will
Published: October 2006

Background noise should in theory hinder detection of auditory cues associated with approaching danger. We tested whether foraging chaffinches Fringilla coelebs responded to background noise by increasing vigilance, and examined whether this was explained by predation risk compensation or by a novel stimulus hypothesis. The former predicts that only inter‐scan interval should be modified in the presence of background noise, not vigilance levels generally. This is because noise hampers auditory cue detection and increases perceived predation risk primarily when in the head‐down position, and also because previous tests have shown that only interscan interval is correlated with predator detection ability in this system. Chaffinches only modified interscan interval supporting this hypothesis. At the same time they made significantly fewer pecks when feeding during the background noise treatment and so the increased vigilance led to a reduction in intake rate, suggesting that compensating for the increased predation risk could indirectly lead to a fitness cost. Finally, the novel stimulus hypothesis predicts that chaffinches should habituate to the noise, which did not occur within a trial or over 5 subsequent trials. We conclude that auditory cues may be an important component of the trade‐off between vigilance and feeding, and discuss possible implications for anti‐predation theory and ecological processes.
Structural evolution of the Cross Lake greenstone belt in the northwestern Superior Province, Manitoba: implications for relationship between vertical and horizontal tectonism
Authors: Parmenter Andrew C , Lin Shoufa , Corkery M Timothy
Published: October 2006

Evidence for both vertical and horizontal movement is well preserved in the Cross Lake greenstone belt in the northwestern Superior Province. The vertical movement components are concentrated in high-strain zones along pluton–greenstone contacts and are characterized by pluton-side-up or greenstone-side-down movement, and the geometry, kinematics, and strain distribution are consistent with a vertical tectonic model involving diapirism and sagduction. The horizontal components are concentrated in major east-southeast-trending dextral high-strain zones and in subordinate northeast-trending sinistral, antithetic high-strain zones and can be readily explained by a horizontal tectonic model involving dextral transpression. Results of a detailed structural analysis indicate that the vertical and horizontal tectonism were more or less synchronous, and there was a transition from dominantly vertical tectonism at the early stages to dominantly horizontal tectonism at the late stages. The Cross Lake Group, consisting of Timiskaming-type sedimentary rocks, was deposited in a synclinal keel between granitoid domes associated with vertical tectonism. It is suggested that synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism was a common process in the Neoarchean and might represent a transition from dominant vertical tectonism in the Mesoarchean (and Paleoarchean?) to dominant horizontal tectonism in the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
Paleomagnetism of the Wintering Lake pluton and the Early Proterozoic tectonic motion of the Superior Boundary Zone, Manitoba
Authors: Harris M J , Symons D TA , Blackburn W H , Turek A , Peck D C
Published: October 2006

This Lithoprobe-funded paleomagnetic study of the Early Proterozoic Wintering Lake granitoid body supports tectonic models that suggest continental accretion of the Trans-Hudson Orogen with the Superior Craton occurred at ~1822 Ma. Thermal demagnetization data for the granitoid specimens suggest that the magnetic remanence carriers are coarse-grained magnetite or titanomagnetite, and saturation isothermal remanence tests suggest that the magnetite is mostly multidomain. Six of seven paleomagnetic contact tests were negative, indicating that the host rocks have been remagnetized and that the granitoid body may have been partially remagnetized near its margins. Acceptable site mean remanence directions for 20 of 21 granitic sites yield a paleopole at 46.8°N, 102.2°W (with semi-axes of the 95% ellipse of confidence about the paleopole of dp = 11° and dm = 11°). The paleopole fits on the extrapolated apparent polar wander path (APWP) for the Superior craton at ~1822 Ma, which is the interpreted emplacement age of the pluton close to the peak of the Trans-Hudson orogeny. This is the first well-constrained paleomagnetic result from the Superior Province that provides direct evidence from concordant paleopoles for the Early Proterozoic accretion of the orogen to the craton. Further, the paleomagnetic results from the pluton's host rocks, along with other recent results from the Superior Boundary Zone, fill in a gap in the APWP for the craton between ~1780 and ~1720 Ma. The Superior path is now shown to form a hairpin as the craton moves from mid to polar paleolatitudes from ~1880 to ~1830 Ma, suffers a stillstand from ~1830 to ~1770 Ma during the peak of the Trans-Hudson orogeny, returns to mid-paleolatitudes from ~1770 to ~1740 Ma, and then moves on to subequatorial paleolatitudes by ~1720 Ma.
Rocky shores and development of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Arroyo Blanco Basin on Isla Carmen in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Eros James M , Johnson Markes E , Backus David H
Published: October 2006

Arroyo Blanco Basin on Isla Carmen preserves a 157 m thick, nearly complete record of Pliocene–Pleistocene history in the Gulf of California. Examples of rocky-shore geomorphology occur on all margins of this trapezoidal-shaped, 3.3 km2 basin. A shoreline is developed in low relief on Miocene andesite from the Comondú Group at the rear of the basin parallel to the long axis of the island. Two end walls trace normal faults that stayed active during the life of the basin and maintained steep rocky shores. The basin is 64% filled by calcarudite and calcarenite derived from crushed rhodolith debris. Other facies include shell beds and stringers of andesite conglomerate that define a 4°–6° ramp. The ramp expanded onshore through Pliocene time, based on a succession of overlapping range zones for 22 macrofossils typical of Lower through Upper Pliocene strata in the Gulf of California. The unconformity exposed 1 km inland at the rear of the basin is between Miocene volcanics and Pleistocene cap rock at an elevation of 170 m above sea level. Whole rhodoliths encrusted on andesite pebbles occur above this unconformity. Presumably, the older Miocene-Pliocene unconformity is buried beneath the ramp. Four marine terraces with sea cliffs notched in Pliocene limestone occur at elevations of 68, 58, 37, and 12 m. The 12 m terrace is associated regionally with the last interglacial epoch between 120 000 and 135 000 years ago. Juxtaposition of ramp and terrace features in the same exhumed basin supports a long history of gradual Pliocene subsidence followed by episodic Pleistocene uplift.
The basal unconformity of the Nanaimo Group, southwestern British Columbia: a Late Cretaceous storm-swept rocky shoreline
Authors: Johnstone P D , Mustard P S , MacEachern J A
Published: October 2006

The Turonian to Santonian Comox Formation forms the basal unit of the Nanaimo Group. In the southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, the Comox Formation nonconformably overlies Devonian metavolcanic and Jurassic intrusive rocks and is interpreted to reflect a rocky foreshore reworked by waves and ultimately drowned during transgression. The nonconformity displays a relief of metres to tens of metres. Basal deposits vary in thickness, as does the facies character along the several kilometres of paleoshoreline studied. In the study area, three distinct but related environments are expressed, typical of a complex rocky shoreline with headlands and protected coves. Crudely stratified conglomerates represent gravel-dominated fans characterized by debris-flow processes, building out from local coastal cliffs and gullies directly onto the rocky shoreline. Fine-grained basal units represent shoreline environments protected from higher energy shoreline processes, presumably in small embayments. Sandstone facies associations reflect storm-dominated shoreface environments. The unusual thickness and coarseness of these shoreface intervals suggest a combination of increasing accommodation space, proximal and high sediment supply, and high frequency and energy of storm activity. This, in turn, suggests that the majority of the shoreline was exposed to the full effects of large, open-ocean storms. This interpretation differs from most previous models for the lower Nanaimo Group, which suggest that deposition occurred in more sheltered strait or bay environments.
Dynamics of rocky shores: Cretaceous, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent, Baja California peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Ledesma-Vázquez Jorge , Hernández-Walls Rafael , Villatoro-Lacouture Monique , Guardado-France Rigoberto
Published: October 2006

Rocky shorelines provide an excellent record that can be used to interpret the environmental conditions prevailing in a particular area in time and space. Former rocky shores are first-rate indicators of sea-level position, and they provide important local to regional information on tectonics and neotectonics. In this paper, sedimentary units made of gravel-size clasts, interpreted as having been deposited on a rocky shore, provide data for the interpretation of the hydrodynamic conditions under which the units were deposited. A model is presented by which to evaluate the minimum wave height associated with rocky-shore deposits located on the Baja California peninsula, both on the Pacific and Gulf of California margins for Upper Cretaceous and Pliocene shoreface deposits and for a modern beach deposit. Elements considered under the application of the model are the average clast size and water depth assigned to each deposit based on an equation proposed by earlier workers in conjunction with Airy's linear theory. Results from the application of the model reflect the position of each deposit relative to sea level and the clast-size population for each deposit. Values calculated as minimum wave heights range from 3 m to more than 7 m. These are interpreted in the context of northern winter storms on the Pacific coast and tropical storms or hurricanes on the Gulf of California coast.
Sedimentary and structural evidence for 2.7 Ga continental arc–oceanic-arc collision in the Savant–Sturgeon greenstone belt, western Superior Province, Canada
Authors: Sanborn-Barrie M , Skulski T
Published: October 2006

The western Superior Province sustained rapid crustal growth in the interval 2.72–2.68 Ga through amalgamation of microcontinental crustal blocks and juvenile oceanic terranes. Recent field, isotopic, and geophysical surveys provide insight on the nature, timing, and scale of this accretionary growth. However, few places offer the rich tectono-stratigraphic and structural detail with which to establish accretion of oceanic and continental blocks as does the Savant–Sturgeon area. Here, 3.4–2.8 Ga continental crust of the Winnipeg River terrane is juxtaposed with 2.775–2.718 Ga juvenile oceanic rocks of the western Wabigoon terrane across a 2.85–2.75 Ga, southwest-facing, continental margin sequence. The continental margin was reactivated at ~2.715 Ga with the establishment of an arc, recorded by 2.715–2.70 Ga tonalite and associated intermediate volcanic rocks. This magmatic activity is interpreted to reflect north- and east-dipping subduction that led to consumption of a small tract of oceanic crust between the Winnipeg River and western Wabigoon terranes, ultimately leading to their amalgamation after 2.703 Ga. The telescoped fore arc also includes continental-derived turbiditic wacke, siltstone, and iron formation (Warclub assemblage) that are in tectonic contact with diverse oceanic rocks of the western Wabigoon terrane. Collision is bracketed between 2.703 Ga (the maximum age of marine fore arc deposits) and ~2.696 Ga (the minimum age of a late-tectonic pluton). Effects include thrust stacking and the development of shallow-plunging folds and bedding-parallel fabrics (D1), overprinted by steeply plunging inclined folds, steep foliations, and shear zones (D2). Collectively, these structures have penetratively reworked the suture between the ancient fore-arc and oceanic rocks in the Savant–Sturgeon area.
Predicting the effect of stirrups on shear strength of reinforced normal-strength concrete (NSC) and high-strength concrete (HSC) slender beams using artificial intelligence
Authors: Chabib H El , Nehdi M , Saïd A
Published: October 2006

The exact effect that each of the basic shear design parameters exerts on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams without shear reinforcement (Vc) is still unclear. Previous research on this subject often yielded contradictory results, especially for reinforced high-strength concrete (HSC) beams. Furthermore, by simply adding Vc and the contribution of stirrups Vs to calculate the ultimate shear capacity Vu, current shear design practice assumes that the addition of stirrups does not alter the effect of shear design parameters on Vc. This paper investigates the validity of such a practice. Data on 656 reinforced concrete beams were used to train an artificial neural network model to predict the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams and evaluate the performance of several existing shear strength calculation procedures. A parametric study revealed that the effect of shear reinforcement on the shear strength of RC beams decreases at a higher reinforcement ratio. It was also observed that the concrete contribution to shear resistance, Vc, in RC beams with shear reinforcement is noticeably larger than that in beams without shear reinforcement, and therefore most current shear design procedures provide conservative predictions for the shear strength of RC beams with shear reinforcement.Key words: analysis, artificial intelligence, beam depth, compressive strength, modeling, shear span, shear strength.
Possibilistic approach for consideration of uncertainties to estimate structural capacity of ageing cast iron water mains
Authors: Tesfamariam Solomon , Rajani Balvant , Sadiq Rehan
Published: October 2006

Drinking water distribution networks form essential components of all urban centres. Water mains buried in the soil-backfill are exposed to different deleterious reactions, with the result being that the design factor of safety may significantly degrade, leading to structural failure. In particular, metallic distribution and trunk mains are subject to corrosion. Proactive pipeline management, which entails timely maintenance, repair, and renovation, can increase the service life of pipes. Several nondestructive evaluation techniques have recently become available to measure the remaining wall thickness of metallic pipes. In this paper, a previously developed analytical model based on Winkler-type pipe–soil interaction (WPSI) is cast in a "possibilistic" framework to translate the remaining pipe wall thickness to current structural factor of safety. The WPSI model takes into consideration external (traffic, frost, etc.) and internal (operating and surge pressures) loads, temperature changes, and loss of bedding support and the reduction of pipe structural capacity in the presence of corrosion pits. Uncertainties associated with the input data–parameters are handled using fuzzy arithmetic operations and interpreted through possibility theory. A Monte Carlo type random sampling method is carried out for performing sensitivity analyses to identify the critical data-parameters that merit further investigation.Key words: water mains, pipe–soil interaction, uncertainty analysis, fuzzy arithmetic, possibility theory.
Study of recycled polyethylene materials as asphalt modifiers
Authors: Ho Susanna , Church Ronaca , Klassen Kristel , Law Barkley , MacLeod Daryl , Zanzotto Ludo
Published: October 2006

There has been interest in modifying asphalt with polyethylene materials, which are a major plastic waste substance, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE). In this study, combinations of three low molecular weight polyethylene (PE) wax materials and three recycled LDPE materials were used as asphalt modifiers. The modified asphalts were studied using the SuperpaveTM MP1 and MP1a specifications, 1% direct tension test (DTT) failure strain criteria, phase separation, and microscopy. When the molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene modifiers was widened, the bending beam rheometer thermal stress curve of the modified asphalt shifted to the low-temperature end, giving a better critical cracking temperature. Not all recycled LDPE are the same. When using recycled LDPE in asphalt modification, we have to consider the LDPE properties, such as molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, which have been found to play important roles in asphalt's low-temperature properties, hot storage stability, and polymer phase distribution. This study showed that LDPE with lower molecular weight and wider molecular weight distribution are more suitable materials for asphalt modification, compared with high molecular weight LDPE with very narrow molecular weight distribution.Key words: superpave, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene, asphalt, recycled, bending beam rheometer (BBR), direct tension tests (DTT), molecular weight distribution, low-temperature grading.
Introduction of a stochastic approach in the development of a numerical model for tidal–fluvial interaction analysis and design
Authors: Yazdandoost F , Shamloo H , Adib A
Published: October 2006

The interaction of tidal surges and fluvial flows in any river system results in a prevailing combined condition that requires accurate consideration in the reaches of the system not directly influenced by either phenomenon. The combined return period of the system should be deduced based on the combined effects of the two phenomena, which may usually be considered independent of one another. It is therefore imperative to consider both the return periods of the upstream flood condition and the downstream tidal surge condition to determine the combined return period for design flood analysis in tidal river systems. The task of obtaining a suitable and practical combination of the two phenomena encompasses preparation of an interactive scenario most closely and practically verified against the actual design event. In the present research, a combination coefficient has been introduced using the joint probability method. The combination coefficient is used to combine return periods of tidal surges and fluvial floods. A numerical and stochastic model has been developed for hydraulic routing in tidal rivers. The model is applied to the Karun River in Iran and the Severn River in the United Kingdom. The model can generally be utilized for river management and determination of safe bank height for tidal rivers.Key words: combination coefficient, tidal surges, river floods, joint probability method.
Workflow management and productivity control for asphalt pavement operations
Authors: Choi Jaehyun , Minchin R Edward
Published: October 2006

The construction industry is characterized by high uncertainty and variability in terms of controlling the production and productivity of its operations. Construction projects are sophisticated and have a much larger range of uncertainty than, say, the manufacturing production line. Previous research has shown the cause-and-effect between workflow management and production, but most documented research studied labor-intensive operations, partly because less variability has been assumed in the production of equipment-intensive operations. Therefore, measurement of productivity for equipment-intensive work has been almost nonexistent, and charts and tables provided by manufacturers are relied upon with no regard for factors other than those acknowledged by the manufacturer's handbook. The research team assembled for this study measured daily production rates for highway pavement construction, verified factors that adversely affected performance, and quantified the loss of work hours caused by each factor. The team found that productivity in highway pavement construction contains significant variability.Key words: workflow management, equipment intensive, production variability, highway pavement, delay, disruption.
Identification of failure mechanisms of road embankments due to liquefaction: optimal corrective measures at seismic sites
Authors: López-Querol Susana , Blázquez Rafael
Published: October 2006

Road embankments are infrastructures usually made of granular material that may suffer liquefaction if saturated and subjected to dynamic loading. If pavement rests on the embankment, longitudinal cracks parallel to the road axis are frequently observed at the road surface after the occurrence of an earthquake. This paper presents the application of a new constitutive model that can simulate this type of problem. A new flow rule, related to a degradation state parameter of the soil, is incorporated in the constitutive law to represent the dilative soil behaviour. By so doing, both contraction and dilation of the soil are modelled jointly. The constitutive law has been implemented in a coupled two-dimensional finite element code developed by the authors, which permits identification of the failure mechanisms of road embankments under seismic loadings. Some remedial measures consisting of densifying the soil and (or) improving the drainage at some locations within the embankment are numerically explored, and the optimal measure is determined.Key words: soil dynamics, coupled model, constitutive law, earthquake, road construction.
Winter bat activity in the Canadian prairies
Authors: Lausen C.L. , Barclay R.M.R.
Published: October 2006

Periodic arousal from hibernation among mammalian hibernators is poorly understood. In bats, arousal is often associated with flight. We acoustically monitored two rocky areas along the Red Deer River in southeastern Alberta for bat activity in autumn, winter, and spring months. We found bats to be active in all months and at unexpectedly cold temperatures (coldest activity –8 °C). Bats were active even when ambient temperatures remained below 0 °C during the day and night. We documented Myotis ciliolabrum (Merriam, 1886), Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864), and Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) flying outside hibernacula in winter. Active E. fuscus that we captured in mid-winter of 2004–2005 weighed less than bats captured in the fall, but masses ranged from 14.0 to 21.0 g, indicating that some individuals still had fat reserves. Captured individuals were of various ages, with a male bias. Using radiotelemetry, we located the first natural rock-crevice hibernacula for male and female E. fuscus in the Canadian prairies. Winter roosts were narrow, deep rock crevices or erosion holes located in steep valley walls. We found evidence to suggest that dehydration may be a driving force for winter flights.
Responses of crayfish to a reflective environment depend on dominance status
Authors: May H.Y. , Mercier A.J.
Published: October 2006

Previous work has shown that the reflection from aquarium walls can modify several aspects of crayfish behaviour, but only if the crayfish are socialized. Such socialization is known to generate a dominance hierarchy composed of dominant and subordinate animals. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not behavioural responses to reflection depend on dominance status. Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) were maintained in pairs for 2 weeks to establish dominance ranks and were subsequently observed in an aquarium in which half of the walls were lined with mirrors and the other half were lined with nonreflective plastic. Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, and they spent more time in reflective corners than in nonreflective corners. Dominant crayfish also turned more frequently on the reflective side and crossed the tank more frequently toward reflective walls. Such differences in behaviour were not observed for subordinate crayfish or for crayfish that had been isolated for 2 weeks. Subordinate crayfish exhibited more reverse walking on the reflective side of the aquarium than on the nonreflective side, but crayfish in the other groups did not. Thus, responses of crayfish to reflection depend on dominance status.
A compass without a map: tortuosity and orientation of eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta picta) released in unfamiliar territory
Authors: Caldwell I.R. , Nams V.O.
Published: October 2006

Orientation mechanisms allow animals to spend minimal time in hostile areas while reaching needed resources. Identification of the specific mechanism used by an animal can be difficult, but examining an animal's path in familiar and unfamiliar areas can provide clues to the type of mechanism in use. Semiaquatic turtles are known to use a homing mechanism in familiar territory to locate their home lake while on land, but little is known about their ability to locate habitat in unfamiliar territory. We tested the tortuosity and orientation of 60 eastern painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783)). We released turtles at 20 release points located at five distances and in two directions from two unfamiliar lakes. Turtle trails were quite straight (fractal dimension between 1.1 and 1.025) but were not oriented towards water from any distance (V-test; u < 0.72; P > 0.1). Turtles maintained their initially chosen direction but either could not detect water or were not motivated to reach it. Furthermore, paths were straighter at larger spatial scales than at smaller spatial scales, which could not have occurred if the turtles had been using a correlated random walk. Turtles must therefore be using a reference stimulus for navigation even in unfamiliar areas.
Survival of Steller sea lions in Alaska: a comparison of increasing and decreasing populations
Authors: Pendleton Grey W. , Pitcher Kenneth W. , Fritz Lowell W. , York Anne E. , Raum-Suryan Kimberly L. , Loughlin Thomas R. , Calkins Donald G. , Hastings Kelly K. , Gelatt Thomas S.
Published: October 2006

Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) populations have had differing dynamics in different regions of Alaska over the past 30 years. The western population (west of 144°W, near Cape Suckling) declined by approximately 85% between the 1970s and 2000, while the eastern population has increased at a rate of over 3%/year. Past research has indicated that the decline in the western population likely resulted from decreased juvenile survival and smaller declines in adult female survival and reproduction. Based on repeated observations (1987–2003) of sea lions branded as pups at Marmot Island (58.216°N, 151.840°W; western population; branded in 1987–1988) and at the Forrester Island rookery complex (54.859°N, 133.539°W; eastern population; branded in 1994–1995), we used mark–resight analyses to estimate age-specific survival probabilities. Juvenile sea lion survival probability at Marmot Island from 1988 to 1991 was lower than survival estimates at that location in the 1970s (assumed stable population) and lower than juvenile survival at Forrester Island from 1995 to 1998 (increasing population). Adult female survival at Marmot Island from 1992 to 2003 was only slightly reduced compared with that in the 1970s but was substantially lower than that at Forrester Island (1999–2003). In addition, and contrary to the typical pattern (e.g., Forrester Island), adult female survival probabilities at Marmot Island were indistinguishable from adult male survival probabilities. This suggests that regardless of which factors altered the dynamics of the western Steller sea lion population, they differentially affected females.
Biomechanics of rheotaxis in six teleost genera
Authors: Blake Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Biomechanical, behavioural, and morphological adaptations affecting lift and drag on tropical stream fish (five loricariids and one gyrinocheilid) are analyzed. The drag on fish attached to a surface is directly measured for the first time, allowing the lift coefficient to be inferred. Mean drag coefficients (0.2–0.9, based on projected frontal area) are 2 to 30 times the equivalent frictional coefficients for laminar flow for smooth blisters attached to a surface. Fineness ratios (total length / maximal height, l/h = 6.7–9.0), flattening (maximal body width / maximal height, b/h = 0.9–2.0), and lengthening (distance from end of rostrum to maximal height / total length, x/l = 0.17–0.22) are similar to optimal values for technical bodies of low drag (smooth blisters attached to surfaces: 10, 2, and 0.3 for l/h, b/h, and x/l, respectively). The station-holding ability of Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1883) (closed oral sucker) is compared with that of the loricariids (open oral suckers) using live and dead slipping velocities (Vliveand Vdead; water velocity at which live and dead fish first move backwards against the current, respectively) measured on a smooth Perspex®surface. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri has the greatest station-holding ability (Vlive= 59.1 cm·s–1, Vlive– Vdead= 45.7 cm·s–1). Fish with high Vdeadand low Vlive– Vdeadvalues rely more on frictional devices (e.g., spines and odontodes) for station-holding than on oral suction (e.g., fish of the genera Otocinclus Cope, 1871 and Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803), whereas those with low Vdeadand high Vlive– Vdeadvalues place a greater emphasis on suction (e.g., G. aymonieri and the genus Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858). Stream fishes maximize slipping speed through high densities (1.06–1.15 g·cm–3), high frictional coefficients (0.12–1.2 on a Perspex®surface), and high rheotactic suction pressures (26–173 Pa). In addition, a negative lift coefficient of –0.5 is calculated for the genus Chaetostoma von Tschudi, 1846.
The suspected synonymy of Kampimodromus hmiminai and Kampimodromus adrianae (Acari: Phytoseiidae): morphological and molecular investigations
Authors: Tixier M.-S. , Kreiter S. , Ferragut F. , Cheval B.
Published: October 2006

Kampimodromus hmiminai McMurtry and Bounfour, 1989 and Kampimodromus adrianae Ferragut and Peña-Estévez, 2003 are two morphogically close species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae. They are the only two species within the genus Kampimodromus Nesbitt, 1951 that bear six solenostomes and a reduced ventrianal shield. Only some characters, such as the idiosomal seta lengths, idiosomal dorsal ornamentation, and setae ornamentation, distinguish them. Kampimodromus hmiminai has being reported from France and Morocco and K. adrianae from the Canary Islands. Our study tests the hypothesis of synonymy between these two species, using morphological measurements and molecular typing (mtDNA, cytochrome C oxidase I (COI)). The differences in idiosomal setae lengths between K. adrianae and K. hmiminai seem to be large enough to support their species status. However, genetic distances between these two species correspond to an intraspecific range of variation. According to the present data, K. adrianae and K. hmiminai could be considered synonyms, with morphologic differentiation as a result of geographic isolation. This result indicates that comparative setal length, seta serration, and dorsal shield ornementation should be used with caution for species differentiation within the genus Kampimodromus .
Characterization of Inductively-Coupled RF Plasma Sources with Multiple Low-Inductance Antenna Units
Authors: Takenaka Kosuke , Setsuhara Yuichi , Nishisaka Kazuaki , Ebe Akinori , Sugiura Shinya , Takahashi Kazuo , Ono Koichi
Published: October 2006

We have developed a cylindrical RF plasma source by the inductive coupling of multiple low-inductance antenna (LIA) units and analyzed the plasma density profile of this source using fluid simulation. Experiments using four LIA units showed a stable source operation even at 2000 W RF power, attaining plasma densities as high as 1011–1012cm-3in an argon pressure range of 0.67–2.6 Pa. The amplitude of antenna RF voltage was measured to be less than 600 V, which is considerably smaller than those obtained using conventional ICP antennas. The radial distribution of plasma density sustained using four LIA units showed excellent agreement with profiles numerically predicted using a fluid-simulation code.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy Diagnostic of Discharge Plasma in a Hollow-Cathode Sputtering Source
Authors: Apetrei Radu , Alexandroaei Dumitru , Luca Dumitru , Balan Petru , Ionita Codrina , Schrittwieser Roman , Popa Gheorghe
Published: October 2006

Experimental results of the characterization of a cavity hollow-cathode post-discharge sputtering source by optical emission spectroscopy are presented. The discharge parameters are similar to those currently used in sputter-deposited ferromagnetic (Ni, Fe) and nonferromagnetic targets (Cu, Ti): Ar pressures, 6×10-2–1×10-1 mbar and discharge currents, 5–60 mA. The spatial distribution of the relative electron density in front of the cathode nozzle was determined from the radial distribution of light intensity by applying the Abel transformation. Therefore, the optical data could be correlated with the electrical diagnostic results obtained under low-density plasma conditions. The radial and axial distributions of the emission spectra were also mapped in the 340 to 650 nm wavelength range for Ar and metal (Ni, Ti, Cu) species.
Numerical Analysis of Incident Angle Effects in Reactive Sputtering Deposition of Amorphous SiO2
Authors: Taguchi Masafumi , Hamaguchi Satoshi
Published: October 2006

Effects of the incident angle of deposition species on film properties during reactive sputtering deposition processes for amorphous SiO2 are examined with the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. From the simulation results, it has been confirmed that some properties of the deposited film strongly depend on the incident angle of Si atoms sputtered from the target. For example, the film density is shown to become lower at larger Si incident angles. The stoichiometry of the film expressed by the ratio of the number of O atoms to that of Si atoms contained in the film has been also shown to increase as the Si incident angle increases. In other words, as the angle of incidence for Si atoms becomes large, the film becomes more oxygen rich and porous. Possible physical mechanisms causing these effects are also discussed from the viewpoint of motion of incident Si atoms interacting with the surface atoms.
Qualitative Correspondences of Experimentally Obtained Growth Rates and Morphology of Single-Crystal Diamond with Numerical Predictions of Plasma and Gas Dynamics in Microwave Discharges for Various Substrate Holder Shapes
Authors: Yamada Hideaki , Chayahara Akiyoshi , Mokuno Yoshiaki , Soda Yousuke , Horino Yuji , Shikata Shin-ichi , Fujimori Naoji
Published: October 2006

We have numerically studied microwave plasma discharge for the chemical vapor deposition of single-crystal diamond. It is experimentally confirmed that the arrangement of the seed substrate and local configurations affect the growth rate and macroscopic surface morphology. We found correspondences between experimentally observed growth rates/surface morphology and numerically predicted distributions of microwave power density/substrate temperature/gas flow. These correspondences are instructive information for designing improved reactors that can synthesize larger crystals with a higher quality more efficiently.
Flexible Arrays of Ni/Polyimide/Cu Microplasma Devices with a Dielectric Barrier and Excimer Laser Ablated Microcavities
Authors: Park S.-J. , Eden J. G. , Jain K. , Klosner M. A.
Published: October 2006

Microcavity plasma devices with circular, crescent or, for example, trapezoidal cross-section microcavities (characteristic dimensiond=30–100 µm), produced by excimer laser ablation and overcoated with a silicon nitride barrier film, have been fabricated in Ni/30 µm polyimide/3 µm Cu layered substrates. 12×12 arrays of devices with cylindrical microcavities 100 µm in diameter exhibit turn-on voltages of 255–270 Vrmsfor a Ne pressure of 700 Torr and a sinusoidal excitation voltage having a frequency of 5–20 kHz. All of the device designs explored to date operate in the abnormal glow region, and an increase of 15–20% in the ignition voltage for these arrays is observed whenpdis raised from 4 to 5 Torr cm. Tests in which the arrays wereintentionallydamaged or photoablation parameters were altered from the optimal values show the microplasma devices to be extraordinarily robust and insensitive to the cross-sectional shape of the microcavity.
Pulsed Microplasma Using Carbon Nanotubes for Cathode
Authors: Zou Qin , Kanakusa Hiroaki , Yoshimura Hiroaki , Hatta Akimitsu
Published: October 2006

Using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or a flat Pt film for the cathode, microplasma was produced in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber containing Ar gas at nearly atmospheric pressure, with gap lengths from 10 to 800 µm. Field electron emission measurements were carried out in the SEM chamber, and gas discharges were conducted at the same configuration in a gas cell installed in the SEM chamber. The ignition voltages using the CNT cathode were much lower than those using the flat Pt cathode under the same conditions, because of the field electron emission. The ignition of gas discharge using the CNT cathode was reproducible every time, because of the ensured supply of primary electrons. It was suggested that the pulse discharge using the CNT cathode was a convolution of the discrete electron avalanche originating from the field emission.
Characteristics of Pulsed Arc Electrohydraulic Discharge for Eccentric Electrode Cylindrical Reactor using Phosphate-Buffered Saline Water
Authors: Yamatake Atsushi , Angeloni Danielle M. , Dickson Sarah E. , Emelko Monica B. , Yasuoka Koichi , Chang Jen-Shih
Published: October 2006

Pulsed arc electrohydroulic discharge (PAED) has been proposed as a water treatment technology for the removal of chemical and microbial contaminants. In this work, we examined the fundamental characteristics of a PAED system with an eccentric electrode cylindrical reactor. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) water was used in lieu of tap water, because the conductivity of PBS is much higher than that of tap water. The results show that the voltage and current waveforms generated in PBS and tap water are very different due to the higher conductivity of PBS. Strong pressure waves and UV emission were also observed in PBS.
Optical Emission Spectrometry of Plasma in Low-Damage Sub-100 nm Tungsten Gate Reactive Ion Etching Process for Compound Semiconductor Transistors
Authors: Li Xu , Zhou Haiping , Wilkinson Chris D. W. , Thayne Iain G.
Published: October 2006

In this study, we investigate in situ optical emission spectra from plasma in the reactive ion etching (RIE) of tungsten, a suitable candidate for gate metallization in compound-semiconductor-based high-mobility channel devices. This results in a detailed understanding of the effects of etching parameters vital to reducing etch induced damage and improving etching performance. A SF6 based chemistry was used with other functional gases, such as N2, O2, and CHF3. Van de Pauw (VdP) structures on GaAs based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) layer structures were used for evaluating plasma-induced damage in the RIE process. The optimised process results in a maximum increase of 15% in the sheet resistance of the semiconductor material. Etched tungsten line widths down to 25 nm with well controlled profile were obtained by adjusting the etching conditions based on the understanding of the etching mechanism.
Solid Source Dry Etching Process for GaAs and InP
Authors: Matsutani Akihiro , Ohtsuki Hideo , Koyama Fumio
Published: October 2006

In this study, we have demonstrated vertical and smooth inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching of InP and GaAs using either solid iodine or ICl3 powder as gas sources at a low process temperature of 90 °C. We prepared solid iodine crystal and ICl3 powder in the ICP etching chamber as etching gas sources in a process chamber. Iodine or chlorine gases were supplied with a high vapor pressure from the solid source into the process chamber. Vertical and smooth etching was realized under a condition of low temperature and low bias RF power. We believe that solid iodine- and ICl3 powder-ICP etching are very simple and useful processes for InP- and GaAs-based device fabrication with a resist mask.
Comparison of Properties of Diamond Nanowhiskers Obtained by Etching Diamond Films with Different Metal Coatings in Radio Frequency Plasma
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Hatta Akimitsu
Published: October 2006

The properties of diamond nanowhiskers fabricated from uncoated and oxidizable metals coated diamond film surfaces were compared. Whiskers with average diameter of 50 nm were obtained from all of samples. Iron was found to be the easiest etching metal among the metals used. Metal coatings reduce the number density of whiskers and inhibit etching rate as masks. The lowest density (about 20 µm-2) is obtained by the whiskers fabricated on Mo-coated diamond films. Raman spectroscopy measurement illustrates that a diamond bonding sp3 structure is uninfluenced by the etching process. It is also confirmed that the obtained whiskers show a good field emission behavior. The highest emission current density (10-5 A/µm2) was obtained on the sample with the lowest number density.
Deposition of Mechanically Hard Amorphous Carbon Nitride Films with High [N]/([N]+[C]) Ratio
Authors: Ito Haruhiko , Hori Kenzo , Namiki Kei-ichi C. , Kanda Kazuhiro , Saitoh Hidetoshi
Published: October 2006

Mechanically hard amorphous carbon nitride films were prepared by a combination of radio frequency (RF) bias voltage applied to a substrate and chemical vapor deposition using a decomposition reaction of BrCN with a microwave discharge flow of Ar. A pulsed operation of the negative RF bias voltage (-V
RF) was applied to avoid excess sputtering of the film. The [N]/([N]+[C]) ratios of the films were ≈0.5 irrespective of the application of -V
RF. The maximum hardness was 36±10 GPa for the film obtained under the conditions of -V
RF=100 V, a pulse period of 1000 s, and a pulse-on time of 800 s. According to the IR spectra, the intensity of the stretching vibration of the C–N bond was increased by the application of -V
RF. The Raman spectra showed increases in the relative intensity and width of the D-band. From these observations, the mechanism of film hardening when -V
RF is applied was discussed.