bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enteric Viruses and Drinking‐Water Supplies
Authors: Sobsey Mark D.
Published: February 2018

Despite the fact that documented waterborne enteric virus disease has been recognized for nearly two decades, the public health significance of enteric viruses in water has not been adequately evaluated and remains poorly understood. The question of waterborne‐enteric‐virus transmission must therefore be carefully considered as emphasized in this article.
Evaluation of a Single‐Step Bacterial Pollution Monitor
Authors: Cotton R. A. , Sladek K. J. , Sohn B. I.
Published: February 2018

[This article, prepared by members of the Millipore Corp. staff, describes new techniques for bacterial testing that in the opinion of the editorial reviewers, would be of significant interest to readers. Its pubiication in no way implies AWWA endorsement of the equipment or methods described in the article.] A new bacteria fester1 designed for monitoring bacterial Pollution levels was compared with Standard membrane and MPN methods in tests on a variety of water samples. The fester, which is a self‐con‐tained filtration unit, nutrient supply, and incubation Chamber, when immersed in water, samples a 1‐ml aliquot and provides selective nutrient for colony growth. Evaluation of the comparative data indicated that the new test method achieved equivalent results, within Statistical variance, in all waters tested.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Berger Bernard B.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is a brief review of an article by James H. McDermott that appeared in the Dec. 1974 Journal en‐titled “Virus Problems and Their Relation to Water Supplies.”
Mililani Town Wastewater
Authors: Burbank Nathan C.
Published: February 2018

A cooperative study was conducted in which it was concluded, among other things, that data on CCE from sewage in this area are insufficient.
Peak Load Pricing Through Demand Metering
Authors: Feldman Stephen L.
Published: February 2018

It seems likely that in the near future water Utilities will be seeking new methods of usmg price schedules as a management tool. With the future in mind, this article presents the costs and the benefits of demand‐metering Systems.
Bulk Metering for Custody Transfer
Authors: Daneker J. R.
Published: February 2018

The concept of regional use and administration of water sources is rapidly being accepted as a preferred method of distributing water supplies from large watersheds. Regional Utilities should plan their metering Systems carefully to avoid the loss of large amounts of revenue as a result of discrepancies in billing.
Metric Conversion in Britain
Authors: Andrews E. N.
Published: February 2018

The United Kingdom is going metric because of the system's obvious merits.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Bergstedt Dale C.
Published: February 2018

The comment pertains to an article that appeared in the Jun. 1973 Journal AWWA authored by Jesse H. Barlow and entitled “Sludge Handling and Disposal.”
A Study of Heavy Metals in Illinois Impoundments
Authors: Hullinger David L.
Published: February 2018

After research began to determine algal growth potential in potable water supplies, a “bonus” study also occurred involving metal concentrations. The following summarizes the results of the incidental study and compares them with limits proposed or set by various Standards.
PVC Pipe in Water Distribution: Reliability and Durability
Authors: Nesbeitt William D.
Published: February 2018

Defined and discussed here are both disadvantages and adyantages afforded the consumer in the use of PVC pipe.
Toronto's Approach to Preventive Maintenance for Treatment Plants
Authors: Baidock E.H.
Published: February 2018

Preventive maintenance is a crucial issue for treatment plants that must be kept in continuous Operation. This article examines the use of Computers as a means for assisting maintenance Supervisors and ultimately reducing the amount of time necessary for determining exactly the problem Situation that requires maintenance.
Industrial Application of Condensate Treatment and Ion‐Exchange Techniques
Authors: Salem Eli , Dallmann C. H.
Published: February 2018

Described here is a complete pilot plant study, conducted on special condensate polishing and softener‐dealkalizer makeup equipment prior to beginning actual engineering design at an automobile manufacturing plant. A test water of similar composition with approximately twice the TDS was selected from 2‐in. column testing. All resin ratings, dos‐ages, and leakages utilized in the proposal preparation were confirmed before the formal design work was started.
The Cost of Effective Manganese Removal From Wyoming Waters
Authors: Jenkins Stephen R. , Engeset Jogeir
Published: February 2018

In a recent study the cost of treating naturally occurring waters of Wyoming was shown to be small if rapid sand filtration plants were available. Unfortunately, most Wyoming communities do not have existing sand filtration plants and therefore, the removal of manganese by this method is uneconomical. Generally the benefit gained by removing the manganese will usually not justify the expense of building a filter plant solely for that purpose.
Miscellaneous Effects on Water‐Distribution Systems in Cold Weather
Authors: Nelson O. Fred
Published: February 2018

This article was presented during a joint discussion that took place at the 1975 AWWA Annual Conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota; and examines miscellaneous effects on water distribution systems in cold weather. Climatic conditions, planning, training, maintenance, equipment, tools, proper inventory, and emergency procedures are covered.
Winter Maintenance of Water Mains and Services
Authors: Santori Edward
Published: February 2018

To prevent freezing of pipes, a Utility should first research the type of soll the pipe will be installed in, plpe material, and pipe size in additlon to average temperature of the flow. If, however, mains and Services do freeze, thawing and Prevention of refreeze are necessary, and some methods are suggested in the following.
Water Supply for the Greater New York Metropolitan Area
Authors: Schilling Kyle E.
Published: February 2018

The Corps of Engrs. conducted an extensive study of the water resources available and developments that would be necessary to meet the anticipated water requirements or the nprthern New Jersey‐New York City‐western Connecticut area.
Safe Drinking Water Issues— What the Water‐Utility Manager Can Do
Authors: Goss Joseph
Published: February 2018

Reverberations from federally approved Standards requiring higher‐quality water will be felt in all water Utilities; managers must therefore be aware of legislative impacts on the one hand and be prepared for consumer reactions on the other.
Financing Water‐Development Programs in an Ecological Age
Authors: Ogilvie James L.
Published: February 2018

On Nov. 6, 1973, voters of Denver, Colo., approved a S160 million bond issue to finance in part a twelve‐year, S385 million capital improvement program. This article outlines the public education program carried out for sixteen months to inform the public in regard to the critical need for this type of financing.
Crisis and Catastrophe in Water‐Resources Policy
Authors: Wolman M. Gordon
Published: February 2018

Water quantity and quality, it is observed, have been definitely influenced by natural disaster and social or political events. Development of philosophies and occurrences effected by those events, in turn, have affected the creation of present‐day policies and are reviewed in the following, in addition to a general discussion of future resource management.
Network Models and the Impact of Modeling Assumptions
Authors: Eggener Charles L. , Polkowski Lawrence B.
Published: February 2018

Particular emphasis is given to the interest in network simulation expedients (skeletonization, load consolidation, and assumed pipe resistance factors). An approach to fulfilling the research need is presented which consists of building detailed models of actual but representative grid systems, verifying the performance of the models, and using them as research tools to investigate the impact of various simplifying assumptions often made in network modeling.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

This article is intended to clarify the series article, “Design and Operation of High‐Rate Filters—Parts 1‐3,” appearing in the Oct., Nov., and Dec. 1975 issues of the Journal.
Fiber‐Glass‐Reinforced Polyesters and Furan Resins for Water‐ and Waste‐Treatment Systems
Authors: Szymanski Walter A. , Talbot Robert C.
Published: February 2018

Fiber‐glass‐reinforced plastics, primarily polyesters, have found wide application in the process industries during the past eighteen years and are now generally accepted as engineering materials of construction in their own right. These materials are relatively new in water‐ and waste‐treatment facilities. However, they are helping to provide a solution to many of the specific corrosion problems found in this area.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Kiechel Walter
Published: February 2018

The following remarks are presented in the interest of water laws, water rights, and institutional arrangements.
Energy Conservation Through the Architectural Design of Water‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Pillsbury Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The energy crisis is having an ever‐increasing impact on the design, construction, and operation of water‐treatment facilities. Designers and operators of water‐treatment facilities must re‐examine existing program and design criteria to ensure that the facilities built are going to conserve energy in the initial construction phase and throughout the life of the facility.
Lightning Protection of Water Systems
Authors: Streater August L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the theory of lightning and methods of protecting water systems and devices such as electric motors from being damaged by lightning surges.
A State Grant Program for Water‐Supply Projects
Authors: Riley Joseph F.
Published: February 2018

The 1972 approval of the bonds for the Clean Water Bond Act began a program for creating and upgrading water‐supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Grants have been given to 310 out of 361 applicants in this successful program.
The Z‐Joint for Steel Pipe
Authors: Naruse Tadaaki , Niizawa Jun'etsu
Published: February 2018

A new mechanical joint for steel pipe reportedly saves on costs both of manufacturing and installation, permitting the use of lined steel pipe in small diameters.
Seeding Principles of High Gradient Magnetic Separation
Authors: de Latour Christopher
Published: February 2018

This article, the second of a three‐part series, examines the precipitation of AI (III), Fe(MI), Cu(II) and their coprecipitates, after the addition of magnetite seed. The use of a coagulant cation produces a coagulum containing enough magnetite to permit complete removal in the HGMS device at very high filtration rates.
200 Years of Water Service
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

People of the water‐supply field—inheritors of the penalty Joshua enjoined upon the Gibeonites, of being “hewers of wood and drawers of water,” and now beset by a host of modern Joshuas in the form of regulatory commissions, government agencies, and consumer groups—will be interested in Dr. Wolman's survey of past accomplishments and consideration of what the future may bring.
Automated 4AAP Phenolic Method
Authors: Gales M.E. , Booth R.L.
Published: February 2018

Modifying a manufacturer's procedure has produced a method for sampling phenolics that is reportedly comparable in accuracy to the manual method, at a rate approximately nine times greater.
An Evaluation of the Ion Selective Electrode Method for Determination of Nitrate in Highly Mineralized Drinking Water
Authors: Shechter Hana , Gruener Nahman
Published: February 2018

By one's carefully following recommended procedures and meticulously controlling laboratory conditions, the ion selective electrode produces nitrate determination results in good accord with the standard phenoldisulfonic acid method. This series of experiments shows, however, that the technique is not suitable for field application.
Controlling Growth With Water Supplies
Authors: Seeger William R.
Published: February 2018

While it is generally agreed that water supplies should not be used to control community growth, professionals in the water supply field should cooperate with the planners to aid in preventing over population and urban sprawl.
A Review of the History of the Aqueducts of Rome
Authors: Martini Pierluigi
Published: February 2018

The earliest aqueducts at Rome date to the pre‐Christian era; the latest, to the 1960s and 1970s. Under the emperors, the popes of the Renaissance, and under modern engineers, the system has reached its successive peaks. The overview of history in this article also illuminates the influence of the past on modern Roman engineers.
Spherical Concrete Dome Covers for Circular Tanks and Reservoirs
Authors: Crowley Francis X.
Published: February 2018

Covering circular structures with spherical domes is at least as old as the Roman Pantheon, whose roof is 60 in. thick. The modern construction procedures and techniques discussed in this article, producing high strength with thicknesses of only a few inches, can perhaps provide a low‐cost alternative for covering distribution facilities.
Water Utility Hydroelectric Power Development
Authors: Lauten John H. , Balcerzak Richard W.
Published: February 2018

The Colorado River and California aqueducts require large amounts of power to lift the water over intervening mountains. Replacing pressure reducing valves with power generation facilities, at current oil prices, is economically attractive, but regulatory problems need to be solved, and package generation facilities need to be designed.
The New Ductile Iron Pipe Standards
Authors: Kennedy Harold
Published: February 2018

To revise ductile iron pipe standards, extensive tests were run in a Utah test cell. Loading pipe under various soil densities until cement‐lining spall or bell fracture occurred, the test team produced a series of equations for the new standards which incorporate substantial margins of safety.
Considerations in Designing Water‐Treatment Facilities
Authors: Prendiville Paul W.
Published: February 2018

Designers of water‐treatment facilities are inevitably faced with difficult decisions and choices, each constricting later options. Pilot‐scale tests and designing flexibility into the facilities are two methods recommended by the author to achieve economical and efficient Systems. Choice of Chemicals to be used is a particularly important facet of plant design.
Environmental Protection Guidelines for Construction Projects
Authors: Anton Walter F. , Bunnell Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2018

The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EMBUD) has created a series of guidelines for protection of the environment during construction projects. Other Utilities may wish to adopt these or a modified version of these guidelines to minimize the environmental disruptions of construction plans.
A New Water Supply Facility for San Juan
Authors: Goitía Jose R.
Published: February 2018

Burgeoning urban expansion required the construction of a dam and treatment facility for the metropolitan area of San Juan. The new 20 mgd plant features automated control, an island first, and can be expanded to a capacity of 80 mgd, the safe yield of the raw‐water source.
Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments
Authors: Gerhold W.F.
Published: February 2018

Ductile cast‐iron pipe was buried for up to fourteen years in a variety of soil environments. This final report, comparing its Performance to that of carbon steel buried in the same soils, suggests the two substances corrode at nearly the same rates when encased in some soils. Different soils, however, alter the corrosion rates considerably for both materials.
The Birmingham Experience With a New Grading Schedule
Authors: Colee Clarence D.
Published: February 2018

Engineers from the Insurance Services Office (ISO) completed a fire protection survey of the City of Birmingham, Alabama and published a report and grading in 1974. The grading schedule covers the fire department, fire service communications, fire safety control, and water supply. Business and commercial district fire protection, hydrant spacing, and hydrant inspection are discussed.
In Response to Questions and Experiences With the New Grading Schedule
Authors: Carl Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

The grading schedule is a means of classifying municipalities with reference to their fire defenses and physical conditions. Required fire flows, hydrant flow tests, repair time for pumps, power outages, calculating fire flows, hydrant distribution, economic justification of improvements, and evaluation of small distribution mains are discussed.
An Innovative Approach to Rate‐ Making
Authors: Griffith Fred P.
Published: February 2018

The rationale and considerations used in developing a new rate structure for one utility are explained in detail. The new rate structure incorporates a uniform commodity charge, a service charge, and an excess‐use charge in the attempt to provide equity and promote conservation.
University Water Resources Research Institutes
Authors: Gladwell John S.
Published: February 2018

The university community is in complete support of a balanced program of research as originally envisioned in PL88‐379. Without the Title II component, which brings noninstitute universities, private research groups, individuals, and others together, there is a loss of the total coordination and communication that is vitally important from a national perspective.
The Water Utilities' Role in Applied Research
Authors: Spitzer Elroy F.
Published: February 2018

People search for solutions to problems that have already been solved elsewhere and, through lack of coordination and publication, have not been made available to others. Better dissemination of this information can overcome delay in time and added expense in finding a solution to remaining everyday problems through pragmatic research. Here is but a sampling of uncommon‐knowledge research being done but not (usually) being reported.
PL 88‐379: Expectations and Experiences
Authors: Bagley Jay M.
Published: February 2018

The decade following World War II featured an alarming build‐up of complex water problems. Research was viewed as a key weapon in attacking and preventing such problems. It was logical that the legislative and administrative branches of federal government examine the water research base and analyze its potential to resolve, ameliorate, or defuse these impending problems.
Eliminating Iron‐Bearing Water From Well No. 7
Authors: Krause Bill
Published: February 2018

After a problem with “red water” developed in the Ottawa, III., water system, the city decided that the best solution was to determine the source of the iron‐bearing water and try to eliminate its contamination of Well No. 7. Several steps were taken to isolate the well; the proper sealing of nearby abandoned wells; the installation of a welded steel liner in Well No. 7; and the pumping of the well to waste.
Programs of the International Reference Center for Community Water Supply
Authors: Santema Pier , von Damme J.M.G. , Zoeteman B.C.J.
Published: February 2018

All the world's on stage. Efforts in the water field, from basic research to application of the basic tools in developing nations must be coordinated. IRC plays a vital function in this regard. Here's how.
Water: Where Needed, When Needed
Authors: Ogilvie J.L.
Published: February 2018

The difficulty in planning for water is providing a dependable water supply at the right place at the right time. Colorado is a classic example of this difficulty with an abundance of water on the western side of the Continental Divide, and an insufficient supply on the eastern side of the mountains to supply the Denver metropolitan area where 70 percent of the state's population lives.
PLANASA–A National Plan for Water Supply and Sewerage in Brazil
Authors: Klumb Alberto
Published: February 2018

The Brazilian National Sanitation Plan (PLANASA) is a program designed to develop comprehensive systems throughout the country for drinking water supply and sewerage. This article outlines the development, goals, structure, and resources of this far‐reaching plan.
Water Resources and Water‐Supply Development in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Forde Lester
Published: February 2018

The demand for water in Trinidad and Tobago currently exceeds supply. An inventory of water resources that must be developed in a coherent long‐term manner to facilitate projected growth has been compiled. Past history of water development and strategies for future demands are detailed in this article.
Organization of a Utility by Labor
Authors: Lindner Dennis G.
Published: February 2018

In management's efforts to counteract a union‐organizing drive, the development of active, open communication between employer and employee is an essential basis that should be a permanent feature of policy.
Computer Application in Water and Wastewater Management: A Panel Discussion
Authors: Andrews John F. , Radziul Joseph , Gilman Harold D. , Graeser Henry J. , Daniels James E. , Kelley Harold A. , Cobb William A. , Rosenkranz William
Published: February 2018

In this discussion, professionals representing design engineering, installation, and use of computers related experiences and approaches in developing computer applications for water and wastewater management. Economics, instrumentation, automation, water quality analysis, software, hardware, training, manpower, and regionalization are discussed.
Alum Sludge Disposal—Problems and Success
Authors: Nielsen Hubert L.
Published: February 2018

The experiences of one utility with water‐treatment‐plant sludge disposal are detailed with comments on requirements, design, and operations.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Venkobachar C.
Published: February 2018

The following pertains to the article “New Method for Water Disinfection,” by Riley N. Kinman and Ronald F. Layton on p. 298 of the Jun. 1976 issue.
The Potential of Economic Desalinization for Small Systems
Authors: Staackmann Milton , Agardy Franklin J.
Published: February 2018

A study of the economic feasibility of desalinization for community water‐supply systems in the western US indicates that benefit‐cost ratios show an advantage for medium to large population communities, especially those with industrial development.
Pilot Plant Tests of Direct Filtration
Authors: Tate Carol H. , Lang John S. , Hutchinson Harvey L.
Published: February 2018

Pilot plant tests, undertaken in Utah, indicate that direct filtration produces a high quality water with lower capital and operation costs than conventional treatment.
Cincinnati Research in Organics
Authors: Bolton Charles M.
Published: February 2018

By working independently, Cincinnati Water Works believes it has been able to achieve greater progress in efforts to remove organic contaminants in drinking water and is providing input to other projects.
Characteristics of Percolate of Solid and Hazardous Waste Deposits
Authors: Brunner Dirk R. , Carnes Richard A.
Published: February 2018

The need for the water‐supply industry to be informed and concerned is emphasized in an overview of waste disposal and waste percolation and runoff effects on water quality.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Residual Ozone in Water With ACVK
Authors: Masschelein W.J. , Fransolet G.
Published: February 2018

Acid chrome violet K (ACVK) has been used successfully to determine residual ozone in water.
Methods of Cost Control
Authors: Morris C. Robert
Published: February 2018

Five specific programs to reduce, control, and monitor costs in utility operation are detailed.
Safety for Water Utilities
Authors: Batchelor Robert B.
Published: February 2018

Safety procedures for various activities in water‐utility operation are outlined.
Removal of Asbestiform Fibers by Water Filtration
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

Results of pilot plant research in an EPA‐US Army Corps of Engrs. study of asbestiform fiber removal and recommendations are reported.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Weber W.J.
Published: February 2018

The following article is in response to the article “Analytical Note—A Method for Evaluating Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Efficiency” by Albert E. Sylvia et al, published in the Feb. 1977 issue of Journal AWWA. The following comments are made to supplement and to clarify certain aspects of the article.
Municipal and Industrial Water Rates
Authors: Ewen Peter K. Mac
Published: February 2018

The results of a survey of the water‐rate practices of 40 water utilities are reported with discussion in relation to the concept of equity.
Conservation: An Ongoing Policy
Authors: Barling Thomas C.
Published: February 2018

To encourage water conservation, EPA has prepared guidelines for program planners, outlining the flow reduction options to be considered and explaining how the options are to be evaluated in cost effectiveness analyses of proposed treatment works.
The Winter of 1976–77 in Chicago, III.
Authors: Pavia Richard A. , Thomas Cherryl
Published: February 2018

The day‐to‐day responses of the Chicago, III., water department to problems spawned by unusually severe weather were coupled with an exploration of the system effects of subfreezlng temperatures and possible means of alleviating them.
The Winter of 1976–77 in Madison, Wis.
Authors: Brania Jerzy W. , Russell Larry W.
Published: February 2018

Described are conclusions following from the results of the winter of 1977 for the Madison Water Utility.
Corrosion Control by Deposition of CaCO3 Films: Part 2, A Practical Approach for Operators
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Sanks Robert L
Published: February 2018

This, Part 2, explains the relative ease by which one can calculate the various chemical parameters of a water and determine the most economical treatment via the use of C‐L diagrams.
Instrument Diagramming for the Water Industry: A Committee Update
Authors: Lawler Bruce W.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is a problem faced by the Automation and Instrumentation Com. and the way in which the committee proposes to deal with it. The committee also solicits ideas on other approaches to solve the problem.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Sloan Garrett
Published: February 2018

The Miami Dade Water and Sewer Authority is discussed. Topics included in this interview are the utility's expansion to a countrywide service, treatment methods, and problems with high trihalomethane levels. Also covered are fluoridation, sludge, softening, chloroform, granular activated carbon (GAC), prechlorination, humic acid, leak detection, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
The Role of the Engineer: The View of an Engineer
Authors: Bielman Kenneth D.
Published: February 2018

Contracts can define legal responsibilities, but not moral responsibilities. A good construction‐sequencing document is one that is well conceived, well designed, and then properly implemented. Construction schedules should be flexible but original completion dates must be met to maintain the moral responsibility of all parties involved; owner, engineer, contractor, subcontractor, and supplier.
Risk Management in a Water Utility
Authors: Moore James G.
Published: February 2018

With soaring premiums and stricter standards of insurability, risk management—the art of preventing and controlling as well as financing loss—is fast becoming a vital aspect of overall water utility management.
Temporary Bypass—An Answer to Critical Main Relocation
Authors: Sweeney William
Published: February 2018

Innovative use of technology can solve difficult problems. The author describes how Cleveland, Ohio, used modern technology to relocate critical mains without disrupting service.
Chlorine Residual Measurement Cell: The HOCI Membrane Electrode
Authors: Johnson J. Donald , Edwards Joseph W. , Keeslar Frederick
Published: February 2018

A membrane‐covered probe has been developed to measure the active disinfectant form of free chlorine (HOCI) without interference from the inactive disinfectant form (OCI). The electrode can be calibrated to measure free chlorine or as a disinfection indicator.
Establishing Baseline Data for Management of Halifax, N.S., Lake Watersheds
Authors: Thirumurthi D. , Tan Kok‐Heng
Published: February 2018

As pressure increases to open protected municipal watersheds for public access and recreational development, a more complete understanding of the effects of watershed use on water quality becomes imperative. The data presented here detail the impact of limited watershed activities on four once‐protected water supply lakes near Halifax, N.S., and form a basis for assessing future changes in water quality resulting from further release of the watersheds.
Analytical Note—Removal of Humic Acid Using Alum and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Haff James D.
Published: February 2018

Organic color from humic substances can be removed from natural waters by using alum coagulation in conjunction with a high molecular weight polyelectrolyte.
Contaminants in Drinking Water: “…Appropriate as well as required”
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph , Marcus William
Published: February 2018

Animal testing is the only viable way to screen potentially hazardous substances. Design and interpretation of those tests and their relevance to the chemically related risks that humans encounter are discussed. Nearly every chemical shown to cause cancer in humans has also caused cancer in test animals.
Proposed Regulations on Organic: “Premature” …
Authors: Furst Arthur
Published: February 2018

The organics regulations require that water systems serving large populations install a device using granular activated carbon (GAC) to reduce the level of synthetic organic chemicals to the maximum extent feasible. Sufficient work on testing the purity of GAC has not been done. The possibility of exchanging a very weak carcinogen in drinking water for a much more potent one must be examined.
Guidelines for Accreditation of Water Utility Technology Programs
Authors: Mees Quentin M.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is an update on the activities of the AWWA Accreditation Committee along with a brief summary of the accreditation and endorsement guidelines now available.
An Analysis of Municipal Water Supply Costs
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Stevie Richard G. , Trygg Gregory D.
Published: February 2018

Data from an EPA case study of the Cincinnati Water Works are used to develop cost functions that reflect actual variations in the cost of supplying water across a service area. The analysis suggests that there may be definite limitations on the cost‐effective size of a utility service area.
Proposed Regulations on Organic Establishing Priorities
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

When well intentioned groups urge the legislative and executive branches of government to enact laws and regulations on subjects such as cancer, priorities and costs are generally lost sight of. If people in the cities must pay the huge capital and operating costs required by the proposed regulations, there should be more evidence and less arbitrariness. Incomplete knowledge of health effects of contaminants and imperfect nature of measurement and treatment techniques indicate that the organic regulations are premature.
Modified Coagulation for Improved Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors
Authors: Kavanaugh Michael C.
Published: February 2018

One option for reducing trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water is to remove THM precursors before chlorine addition. Reported here are a literature survey and laboratory data investigating modified coagulation as a method for organics removal.
Controlling Organics: The East Bay Municipal Utility District Experience
Authors: Cams Keith E. , Stinson Karl B.
Published: February 2018

Ongoing investigations by the East Bay Municipal Utility District indicate that maximum trihalomethane levels in its finished water can be reduced by half through modifications in existing chlorination practices. Should the total trihalomethane MCL be lowered to less than 50 μg/l, however, additional treatment will be required.
Controlling Organics: The Contra Costa County Water District Experience
Authors: Lange Allen L. , Kawczynski Elizabeth
Published: February 2018

The Contra Costa County (Concord, Calif.) Water District's predrought THM levels, principally CHCI3, in the treated water were considerably less than the proposed MCL of 100 μg/I. As drought conditions prevailed, sea water intrusion into the district's raw water supply led to increases in TTHM. While the chlorine‐containing compounds decreased, the bromine‐containing compounds sharply increased. Laboratory and full‐scale plant studies were conducted to determine what treatment changes would be required to cope with the problem without affecting the bacteriological quality of the water.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson Eric F. , Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The burgeoning authoritarianism of federal regulatory agencies is discussed, with emphasis on the Environmental Protection Agency. The organics regulations, costs, federal funds and grants, carcinogenicity, public information, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), monitoring, maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), toxicity, and environment are covered.
Benefits and Costs of Water Quality Improvements
Authors: Jeffrey Edgar A. , Singley J. Edward
Published: February 2018

Described is a modeling approach for estimating benefit–cost ratios for water quality improvement programs. Although both benefits and costs are necessarily estimates, the model lends perspective to and indicates trends for estimating the cost of a water quality improvement as opposed to its health benefits.
Water Act ‐ Government: Bigger, Not Better
Authors: Nowlin Duane D.
Published: February 2018

An abstract of a paper presented at the Ecodyne Editorial Roundtable in New Orleans, La., on Nov. 10, 1977, by Duane D. Nowlin, Dir. of Tech. Services, Lindsay Div., Ecodyne Corp.
Part 2: The Utility's Design and Specifications
Authors: Bachem W.A.
Published: February 2018

Once the initial parameters for the system had been determined, a conscientious and time‐consuming program for determining the design specifications was initiated.
A Waterborne Outbreak of Giardiasis in Camas, Wash.
Authors: Kirner J. C. , Littler J. D. , Angelo L. A.
Published: February 2018

An account of the investigation launched in the wake of an outbreak of giardiasis reveals how and why the outbreak occurred and describes the steps taken to prevent a reoccurrence.
Effects of the California Drought on the East Bay Municipal Utility District
Authors: Harnett John S.
Published: February 2018

In the wake of California's severe drought, the East Bay Municipal Utility District imposed successful conservation measures designed to cut water use by 35 per cent.
Southern California's Drought Response Program
Authors: Griffith Evan L
Published: February 2018

The Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern California, a wholesale water agency, instituted a variety of measures to cope with drought—water‐conservation education for homeowner, farmer, and industry as well as economic incentives.
Water and Energy Conservation With Bathing Shower Flow Controls
Authors: Sharpe William E.
Published: February 2018

Research conducted in two dormitories of the Pennsylvania State University has shown that significant reductions in both cold‐ and hot‐water usage resulted from the installation of flow‐control devices on shower heads.
Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics
Authors: Sorg Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

This, the first article of a series, presents a summary of the USEPA Water Supply Research Div.'s overall project to evaluate contaminant removal techniques, with specific details on the treatment technology for nitrate and fluoride removal. Subsequent articles will review the treatment technology for the eight other NIPDWR‐regulated inorganic contaminants and the radionuclides.
Automating Distribution System Operations
Authors: Dillingham James H.
Published: February 2018

A user‐oriented control system and flexible documentation facilitate the automation of water distribution systems under normal conditions, but programming for abnormal conditions is not advisable.
An Evaluation of the Need for Preserving Potable Water Samples for Nitrate Testing
Authors: Williams Theodore J.
Published: February 2018

An evaluation of literature related to possible changes in water nitrate content indicates that substantial changes in nitrate content for water of potable quality are unlikely. This hypothesis is verified by a nitrate sample preservation study.
The Kinetics of Breakpoint Chlorination in Continuous Flow Systems
Authors: Saunier Bernard M. , Selleck Robert E.
Published: February 2018

This study measures the rates of the production of NCI3 and the disappearance of total residual ammonia nitrogen when chlorine reacts with ammonia nitrogen.
A Consideration of Microbial Water Quality Analysis Criteria
Authors: Carberry Judith B. , Stapleford Linda R.
Published: February 2018

Bacteria isolated from the Wilmington, Del., water supply were examined as potential candidates for an indicator system capable of yielding accurate assessments of microbial water quality.
Erratum: A Statistical Model for Predicting Chloroform Levels in Chlorinated Surface Water Supplies
Authors: Moore Gary S. , Tuthill Robert W. , Polakoff David W.
Published: February 2018

Corrections are given for an article published in the January 1979 issue of JOURNAL AWWA on Chloroform levels and chlorination rates.
Regionalization of Advantages
Authors: Manwaring James F.
Published: February 2018

Economies of scale, capital resource pooling, and improvement in operation are some of the advantages of regionalization. A large proportion of the hundreds of thousands of small water systems in the U.S. could benefit through regionalization. Unified purchasing, operation, maintenance, monitoring, planning, and financial and administrative management functions could be carried out by a single staff.
Modeling Water Distribution in Santa Clara County, Calif.
Authors: Hall Garth C. , Ortolano Leonard
Published: February 2018

Use of a two‐part procedure involving a mathematical optimization model in tandem with a simulation model for computerized planning of monthly distribution schedules can provide results that are both technically feasible and economical.
Can Off‐Peak Pumping Cut Utility Power Costs?
Authors: Chao Junn‐Ling
Published: February 2018

As energy costs soar, so do water utility pumping costs. One money‐saving possibility is off‐peak pumping to take advantage of time‐of‐use electrical rates.
Methoxychlor Removal from Potable Water
Authors: IV John Steiner , Singley J. Edward
Published: February 2018

Neither coagulation—filtration nor softening removes sufficient amounts of methoxychlor from water to meet the maximum contamination level set by the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. However, when these methods are combined with activated carbon adsorption, enough methoxychlor can be removed to meet the MCL. Removal by granular activated carbon may prove more economical than powdered activated carbon adsorption.
A New Transmission System Provides for Automatic Switching to Alternate Supply
Authors: Roller John A. , Olson Kenneth F.
Published: February 2018

The entire North Fork project at Tacoma, Wash., operates automatically—from the time a sensor detects excessively high turbidity in the Green River to the controlled injection of well water into the reservoir to the system's return to river water when the turbidity decreases.
An Improved Powdered Activated Carbon Feed Facility
Authors: Nielsen Hubert L. , Whipple Delano E.
Published: February 2018

It is recognized within the water industry that powdered activated carbon is a nuisance to receive, unload, and store; these housekeeping problems also increase operational costs. The design of a new facility provides easier handling as well as operational flexibility, an acceptable appearance, and reliable performance.
Removal of Sulfate by Ion Exchange
Authors: Johnson Michael S. , Musterman John L.
Published: February 2018

A new treatment process for the removal of sulfate by ion exchange and of hardness by chemical additions is proposed. Raw water is passed through a packed bed of a commercially available resin that exchanges bicarbonate for the sulfate in solution and converts noncarbonate hardness to the carbonate form.
Control of Coliform Bacteria in Finished Drinking Water Stored in Redwood Tanks
Authors: Talbot Henry W. , Morrow Jan E. , Seidler Ramon J.
Published: February 2018

Supported by nutrients leached from the redwood, Klebsiella can multiply to 106 per mL in dechlorinated water supplies stored in redwood tanks. Coliform growth was controlled in an experimental tank as a result of careful monitoring and simple design adjustments—maintaining a free chlorine residual of 0.2–0.4 mg/L in the tank water, limiting retention time to four to seven days, and using a separate overhead inlet water pipe.
Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Aqueous Solutions: A Comparative Study
Authors: Varma M.M. , Siddique M.R. , Doty K.T. , Machis Alfred
Published: February 2018

Chloroform extraction was performed with three conventional LLE solvents (pentane, methylcyclohexane, and isoöctane) and three new solvents (hexane, n‐heptane, and n‐nonane) using the vapor space extraction method. Also investigated were a sequential extraction using the LLE test in a closed system and the efficiency of THM extraction in a multicomponent system.
Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease in the United States: 1975‐1976
Authors: Craun Gunther F. , Gunn Robert A.
Published: February 2018

An update of previous summaries of waterborne outbreaks cites occurrences of illness in which drinking water has been implicated epidemiologically, discusses the causes of such outbreaks, and offers guidelines for their investigation.
Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Organics: Part 4
Authors: Sorg Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

The fourth in a series summarizing existing treatment technology to meet the inorganic National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, this report describes current treatment methods for removing chromium and mercury from drinking water.
Water Conservation: A Policy on Stilts
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Before accepting a water conservation policy the consequences of the policy must be determined, as well as whether these consequences are favorable or unfavorable.
A Preliminary Survey of Trihalomethane Levels in Selected East Texas Water Supplies
Authors: Glaze William H. , Rawley Richard
Published: February 2018

A study of surface and groundwater treatment facilities in East Texas revealed high levels of trihalomethanes in potable water produced by all of the surface water treatment plants surveyed and low THM levels in all but one groundwater treatment plant. A significant correlation was found between the raw surface water total organic content and the finished water chloroform concentration, but the values for these two parameters did not correlate for groundwater sites.
Meeting Future Water Demands in Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Martinez Pedro Zorrilla
Published: February 2018

The need for sufficient domestic and industrial water supplies is critical to the future of Monterrey. In the past two years all water uses in Monterrey have had to be reconsidered in view of the city's population growth and increasing water demands.
The Removal of Fluoride From Waters by Adsorption
Authors: Choi Won‐Wook , Chen Kenneth Y.
Published: February 2018

In this study various types of adsorbents—including activated carbon, activated bauxite, and activated alumina—were used to remove fluoride from deionized‐distilled water, seawater, and simulated geothermal water. The factors investigated were contact time, pH, salinity, the initial concentration of fluoride, and possible competition or interference by other chemical species.
President Carter's: Image and Reality
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: February 2018

Steve H. Hanke is professor of applied economics in the department of geography and environmental engineering at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
The Mülheim Process for Treating Ruhr River Water
Authors: Heilker Ewald
Published: February 2018

The Mülheim process, utilizing both adsorptive and biological granular activated carbon filters has significantly improved the quality of drinking water produced by the Dohne plant from Ruhr River water, without increasing treatment costs.
An Evolutionary Approach to Activated Carbon Treatment
Authors: Schulhof Pierre
Published: February 2018

Activated carbon has been successfully used in France to remove organics and limit the use of chlorine through two processes—simple filtration on activated carbon beds and double filtration on sand and carbon combined with ozonation.
Treatment of Groundwater With Granular Activated Carbon
Authors: Wood Paul R. , DeMarco Jack
Published: February 2018

Three years of research were conducted on raw, lime softened, and finished water from the Hialeah, Fla., water system to determine the adsorption capacities for four types of granular activated carbon (GAC). The carbons were tested for halogenated organic compounds, total organic compounds, and trihalomethane formation potential, as well as for several high molecular weight compounds.
Regionalization Opportunities and Obstacles: A Case Study
Authors: Hurd Merna
Published: February 2018

In the past six years northern New Castle County, Del., has gained a tremendous feel for the economic considerations involved in regionalization, but also has discovered a number of major legal, political, and social implications.
Microbiological Characterization of Granular Activated Carbon Filter Systems
Authors: Brewer William S. , Carmichael Wayne W.
Published: February 2018

The data presented here indicate that bacterial populations adhere to and accumulate on GAC filters during water filtration. This buildup may lead to the potential buildup of toxic products that could flush through the filter when the filter capacity is reached.
An Early Warning Organics Detection System for the Ohio River
Authors: Moore Glenn E. , Boes Robert , Weaver Leo
Published: February 2018

The early warning organics detection system for the Ohio River notifies water utilities when increases in purgeable organics occur at selected sites along the Ohio River and its major tributaries; it also serves as a basis for regulatory actions against sources of unauthorized purgeable organic discharges.
The Rathation Method of Solving for Fluid Flow
Authors: Hansen A.J. , Crabtree B.W.
Published: February 2018

The rathation method described here results in a more simplified and more direct method for the solution of fluid flow than previous methods, with a calculated error of less than 2 percent. The program can accommodate multisupplies, parallel lines, altitude valves, elevations, and pumps.
Direct Filtration Treatment Plants: Costs and Capabilities
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Clark Robert M. , Tate Carol H.
Published: February 2018

Actual plant construction costs and a cost‐estimating equation are compared, and the reasons for differences between plant costs after construction and estimated costs are explored.
The Use of Chloramines To Prevent Trihalomethane Formation
Authors: Norman Thomas S. , Harms Leland L. , Looyenga Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Chloramines offer a relatively inexpensive means for reducing THM formation by providing an alternate disinfection process to the use of a free chlorine residual.
Determination of Selected Volatile Organic Priority Pollutants in Water by Computerized Gas Chromatography‐Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pereira Wilfred E. , Hughes Barbara A.
Published: February 2018

The method presented here is recommended for the semiquantitative determination of nineteen volatile priority pollutants in raw and treated surface water, groundwater, and industrial effluents.