bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Slovenia: Key Public Health Tool in Endemic Time of COVID-19
Authors: Kranjec Natalija , Steyer Andrej , Cerar Kišek Tjaša , Koritnik Tom , Janko Tea , Bolješić Maja , Vedlin Vid , Mioč Verica , Lasecky Barbara , Jurša Tatjana , Gonçalves José , Oberacher Herbert , Trop Skaza Alenka , Fafangel Mario , Galičič An
Published: October 2024

With the reclassification of COVID-19 as an endemic disease and the relaxation of measures, Slovenia needed a complementary system for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infections. This article provides an overview of the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in Slovenia using a wastewater surveillance system, demonstrating its usefulness as a complementary tool in epidemiological surveillance. This study found that estimated SARS-CoV-2 infections in Slovenia peaked in September 2022 and showed a declining trend with subsequent lower peaks in March–April and December 2023, mirroring the trends observed from clinical data. Based on both surveillance systems, the most prevalent variant in 2022 was BA.5. By 2023, BQ.1 and other Omicron variants increased in prevalence. By the end of 2023, XBB sublineages and the BA.2.86 variant had become predominant, demonstrating consistent dynamic shifts in variant distribution across both monitoring methods. This study found that wastewater surveillance at wastewater treatment plants in Slovenia effectively tracked SARS-CoV-2 infection trends, showing a moderate to strong correlation with clinical data and providing early indications of changes in infection trends and variant emergence. Despite limitations during periods of low virus concentration, the system proved significant in providing early warnings of infection trends and variant emergence, thus enhancing public health response capabilities.
Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection and Its Treatment: A Narrative Review
Authors: Mathur Poonam , Khanam Arshi , Kottilil Shyam
Published: October 2024

More than 12 million individuals worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV infection is the most severe form of viral hepatitis since it requires hepatitis B virus co-infection and accelerates progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, treatment modalities to slow the progression of the disease are essential but not yet available. In addition, no antiviral treatment to date has been shown to reliably eradicate HDV. Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) is the only universally used treatment to suppress HDV RNA replication and improve liver inflammation and fibrosis. This treatment can be completed in 12–18 months, but cure rates remain low, and success does not reliably increase with the addition of a nucleos(t)ide analog. PEG-IFN therapy is also limited by poor tolerability and multiple adverse effects, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Newer antiviral therapies in development target unique aspects of HDV viral replication and show promising results in combination with PEG-IFN for long-term HDV RNA suppression. These newer antiviral therapies include buleviritide (which blocks HDV entry), lonafarnib (which prevents HDV assembly), and REP-2139 (which prevents HDV export). In this manuscript, we discuss the characteristics of HDV infection and review the new antiviral therapies approved for treatment and those under investigation.
Enhancing Mineral Exploration Programs Through Quantitative XRD: A Case Study from the Gumsberg Polymetallic Sulphide Deposits, Sweden
Authors: Makvandi Sheida , Rost Evelien , Witzke Thomas , Pernechele Matteo , Raat Hein
Published: October 2024

As challenges in precious and base metal exploration intensify due to the diminishing availability of high-grade ore deposits, rising demand, energy costs, and stricter regulations towards net-zero carbon activities, advanced techniques to enhance exploration efficiency are becoming increasingly critical. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) with Rietveld refinement, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis (including agglomerative hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and fuzzy analysis), in characterizing the complex mineralogy of strata-bound volcanic-associated limestone-skarn Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au)-type sulphide deposits (SVALS). Focusing on 113 coarse rejects from the Gumsberg project located in the Bergslagen mining district in central Sweden, the research identified five distinct mineralogical clusters corresponding to polymetallic base metal sulphide mineralization, its proximal alteration zones, and variably metamorphosed host rocks. The results reveal significant sulphide mineralization, ranging from disseminated to massive occurrences of sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and galena, with trace amounts of secondary minerals like anglesite in certain samples indicating weathering processes. The study also identifies rare minerals such as armenite, often overlooked in traditional geological logging. These findings underscore the potential of QXRD to enhance resource estimation, optimize exploration strategies, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable mineral exploration programs. The accuracy of QXRD was cross-validated with geological logs and geochemical data, confirming its reliability as a mineralogical discrimination tool.
Genesis of the Qingchayuan Flake Graphite Deposit in the Huangling Dome of Yangtze Block, South China
Authors: Huang Yang , Jiao Weiwei , Liu Lin , Chen Jianjun , Ma Yuan
Published: October 2024

The Qingchayuan flake graphite deposit is located in the Huangling Dome, which represents a part of the Yangtze Block in South China. This deposit is a major and highly typical flake graphite deposit within this metallogenic region. The graphite ores are found within graphite-bearing mica schist and graphite-bearing biotite–plagioclase gneiss. The fixed carbon content varies from 3.52 to 13.78% with an average of 7.83%. The major element analysis shows that the main chemical components of the Qingchayuan flake graphite ore are SiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O3, and K2O. The carbon isotope study of the graphite ore indicates light carbon values ranging from −22.80 to −26.72‰, suggesting that it has a biogenic origin. In addition, the sulfur isotope values of the graphite samples range from −10.67 to −14.58‰, indicating the formation of the graphite deposit is related to biological processes. The presence of traces of migmatization around the graphite deposit indicates that the graphite has undergone ultra-high temperatures during the formation process. The origin of the Qingchayuan flake graphite deposit is explained by a two-stage genetic model, which involves material deposition and regional metamorphism (including migmatization). Firstly, after the deposition of carbonaceous material and its conversion into graphite by regional metamorphism, the graphite might have undergone recrystallization, resulting in the development of big flakes due to migmatization. This model is supported by previous studies and newly collected information.
Co-Mn Complex Oxide Nanoparticles as Potential Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Agents for Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment
Authors: Yang Wuhao , Yuan Hui , Sun Hao , Hu Ting , Xu Yaping , Qiu Yan , Li Yuhang
Published: October 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and age-related lung disease that has few treatment options. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the introduction and development of IPF. In the present study, we developed multifunctional Cobalt (Co)–Manganese (Mn) complex oxide nanoparticles (Co-MnNPs), which can scavenge multiple types of ROS. Benefiting from ROS scavenging activities and good biosafety, Co-MnNPs can suppress canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways and, thus, inhibit the activation of fibroblasts and the productions of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by Co-MnNPs reduce the LPS-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in macrophages, by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, Co-MnNPs can reduce the excessive extracellular matrix deposition and inflammatory responses in lungs and, thus, alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. Taken together, this work offers an anti-fibrotic agent for treatment of IPF and other ROS-related diseases.
Antioxidant 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Alleviating Apoptosis and Promoting Bone Formation Is Associated with Estrogen Receptors
Authors: Hua Yongqing , Wang Haili , Chen Tingting , Zhou Yeru , Chen Zhiyuan , Zhao Xinyue , Mo Shaoqin , Mao Hongyun , Li Miao , Wang Linxia , Hong Min
Published: October 2024

1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) is the main phenolic active ingredient in Paeoniae Radix Alba, which is commonly used for the treatment of osteoporosis (OP). PGG is a potent natural antioxidant, and its effects on OP remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PGG on promoting bone formation and explore its estrogen receptor (ER)-related mechanisms. A hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblast apoptosis model was established in MC3T3-E1 cells. The effects of PGG were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-qPCR, and Western blot methods. Furthermore, a prednisolone-induced zebrafish OP model was employed to study the effects in vivo. ER inhibitors and molecular docking methods were used further to investigate the interactions between PGG and ERs. The results showed that PGG significantly enhanced cell viability and decreased cell apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial function, attenuating reactive oxygen species levels, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing ATP production. PGG enhanced ALP expression and activity and elevated osteogenic differentiation. PGG also promoted bone formation in the zebrafish model, and these effects were reversed by ICI182780. These results provide evidence that the effects of PGG in alleviating apoptosis and promoting bone formation may depend on ERs. As such, PGG is considered a valuable candidate for treating OP.
1D/2D Heterostructures: Synthesis and Application in Photodetectors and Sensors
Authors: Liu Yuqian , Lin Yihao , Hu Yanbo , Wang Wenzhao , Chen Yiming , Liu Zihui , Wan Da , Liao Wugang
Published: October 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor components have excellent physical attributes, such as excellent mechanical ductility, high mobility, low dielectric constant, and tunable bandgap, which have attracted much attention to the fields of flexible devices, optoelectronic conversion, and microelectronic devices. Additionally, one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor materials with unique physical attributes, such as high surface area and mechanical potency, show great potential in many applications. However, isolated 1D and 2D materials often do not meet the demand for multifunctionality. Therefore, more functionality is achieved by reconstructing new composite structures from 1D and 2D materials, and according to the current study, it has been demonstrated that hybrid dimensional integration yields a significant enhancement in performance and functionality, which is widely promising in the field of constructing novel electronic and optoelectronic nanodevices. In this review, we first briefly introduce the preparation methods of 1D materials, 2D materials, and 1D/2D heterostructures, as well as their advantages and limitations. The applications of 1D/2D heterostructures in photodetectors, gas sensors, pressure and strain sensors, as well as photoelectrical synapses and biosensors are then discussed, along with the opportunities and challenges of their current applications. Finally, the outlook of the emerging field of 1D/2D heterojunction structures is given.
Initial Study of Reduced Graphene Oxide Foams Modified by Mn and Bi as Capacitive Electrode Materials
Authors: Okhay Olena , Yang Tao , Tkach Alexander
Published: October 2024

In a view of application of porous materials in wearable electronics and self-powered systems, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) foams modified by Mn or/and Bi were produced in this study to be used as electrodes for supercapacitors. The hydrothermal method and the freeze-drying processes were used for the preparation of the materials further morphologically, elementally and structurally analyzed. Based on the electrochemical characterization, Bi-modified rGO foam was found to be more a promising material for capacitive electrodes in comparison to the other prepared materials.
Explainable Machine Learning Models for Brain Diseases: Insights from a Systematic Review
Authors: Rodríguez Mallma Mirko Jerber , Zuloaga-Rotta Luis , Borja-Rosales Rubén , Rodríguez Mallma Josef Renato , Vilca-Aguilar Marcos , Salas-Ojeda María , Mauricio David
Published: October 2024

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, specifically Machine Learning (ML) models, have been providing outstanding results in different areas of knowledge, with the health area being one of its most impactful fields of application. However, to be applied reliably, these models must provide users with clear, simple, and transparent explanations about the medical decision-making process. This systematic review aims to investigate the use and application of explainability in ML models used in brain disease studies. A systematic search was conducted in three major bibliographic databases, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, from January 2014 to December 2023. A total of 133 relevant studies were identified and analyzed out of a total of 682 found in the initial search, in which the explainability of ML models in the medical context was studied, identifying 11 ML models and 12 explainability techniques applied in the study of 20 brain diseases.
Circulating Phylloquinone and the Risk of Four Female-Specific Cancers: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Yalew Melaku , Mulugeta Anwar , Lumsden Amanda L. , Madakkatel Iqbal , Lee S. Hong , Oehler Martin K. , Mäenpää Johanna , Hyppönen Elina
Published: October 2024

Background: Observational studies have linked vitamin K and cancer, but the causality of this association remains unknown. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study aims to investigate the association between circulating phylloquinone (vitamin K1) levels and four female-specific cancers. Methods: We used four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to instrument phylloquinone, with the reported F-statistic 16.00–28.44 for all variants. SNP–outcome associations were obtained from consortia meta-analyses, UK Biobank, and the FinnGen database (up to 145,257/419,675, 27,446/362,324, 15,181/591,477, and 2211/320,454 cases/controls for breast, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer, respectively). Analyses were conducted using five complementary MR methods including pleiotropy robust approaches. The MR Egger intercept test, MR PRESSO global test and leave-one-out analyses were used to test for and identify pleiotropic variants. Results: The relevance of the instrument was validated by positive control analyses on coagulation factor IX (p = 0.01). However, the main MR analysis and all sensitivity analyses were consistently supportive of a null association between phylloquinone and all four cancers (p > 0.05 for all analyses, across all methods). MR-PRESSO did not detect outlying variants, and there was no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy relating to any cancer outcome (pintercept > 0.26 for all). Conclusions: We found no evidence for an association between genetically predicted circulating phylloquinone levels and the risk of four female-specific cancers.
Exploring the Prebiotic Potentials of Hydrolyzed Pectins: Mechanisms of Action and Gut Microbiota Modulation
Authors: de Oliveira Débora Preceliano , Todorov Svetoslav Dimitrov , Fabi João Paulo
Published: October 2024

The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem where the microbial community (including bacteria) can metabolize available substrates via metabolic pathways specific to each species, often related in symbiotic relations. As a consequence of using available substrates and microbial growth, specific beneficial metabolites can be produced. When this reflects the health benefits for the host, these substrates can be categorized as prebiotics. Given that most prebiotic candidates must have a low molecular weight to be further metabolized by the microbiota, the role in the preliminary biological pretreatment is crucial. To provide proper substrates to the intestinal microbiota, a strategy could be to decrease the complexity of polysaccharides and reduce the levels of polymerization to low molecular weight for the target molecules, driving better solubilization and the consequent metabolic use by intestinal bacteria. When high molecular weight pectin is degraded (partially depolymerized), its solubility increases, thereby improving its utilization by gut microbiota. With regards to application, prebiotics have well-documented advantages when applied as food additives, as they improve gut health and can enhance drug effects, all shown by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. In this review, we aim to provide systematic evidence for the mechanisms of action and the modulation of gut microbiota by the pectin-derived oligosaccharides produced by decreasing overall molecular weight after physical and/or chemical treatments and to compare with other types of prebiotics.
Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Updates and Review
Authors: Luong Shan , Lezama Liz , Khan Safia
Published: October 2024

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a heterogenous disease process that cannot be adequately categorized by AHI alone. There is a significant prevalence of OSA in the general population with ongoing efforts to evaluate the risk factors contributing to OSA and its associated clinical implications. Only by improving our understanding of OSA can we advance our methods in the diagnosis and treatment of OSA. For this article, the authors reviewed keywords of obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis and therapy in the databases of Embase, Medline, and Medline ePub over the past 3 years, excluding any articles that only addressed sleep apnea in children under age 17 years. This review article is divided into three main sections. First, we will investigate the use of novel screening tools, biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and novel wearable technologies that show promise in improving the diagnosis of OSA. There is mention of comorbid conditions seen in OSA patients since certain disease combinations can significantly worsen health and should raise our awareness to diagnose and manage those concomitant disorders. The second section will look at the current and developing treatment options for OSA. These include positive airway therapy (PAP), mandibular advancement device (MAD), exciting new findings in certain medications, orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT), hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy (HGNS), and other surgical options. We will conclude with a section reviewing the current Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea from 2017, which strongly advises polysomnography (PSG) or home sleep apnea testing (HSAT), along with comprehensive sleep evaluation for uncomplicated patients with a clinical presentation of OSA.
A Pharmacokinetic Study of the Interaction Between Regorafenib and Paracetamol in Male Rats
Authors: Karbownik Agnieszka , Szkutnik-Fiedler Danuta , Otto Filip , Wolc Anna , Grabowski Tomasz , Maciejewska Zuzanna , Borycka Aleksandra , Szałek Edyta
Published: October 2024

Background: In clinical practice, the prevalent problem of polypharmacy could result in increased risks of drug–drug interactions. Regorafenib (REG) is commonly co-administered with paracetamol (PA) as a treatment protocol in cancer patients with pain therapy. Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of paracetamol on the pharmacokinetic parameters of regorafenib and its metabolites following a single administration of both substances in rats. Additionally, the influence of REG and its metabolites on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol was also determined. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into three groups: REG group (IIREG, regorafenib 20 mg/kg, n = 8), PA group (IIIPA, paracetamol 100 mg/kg, n = 8), and REG+PA co-administration group (IREG+PA, REG 20 mg/kg and PA 100 mg/kg, n = 8). The concentrations of regorafenib, regorafenib-N-oxide (M-2), and N-desmethyl-regorafenib-N-oxide (M-5) were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The plasma concentrations of PA and its glucuronide (GPA) and sulfate (SPA) metabolites were measured using the validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model. The statistical evaluation was performed in the SAS program. Results: After the administration of PA, the Cmax and AUC0–∞ of REG increased by 890% and 1140%, respectively; for M-2, they increased by 220% and 170%, and for M-5, by 2130% and 1730% (Cmax and AUC0–∞, respectively). A difference in the ratio of M-2/REG for AUC0–∞ and Cmax between the groups was observed, but not for M-5/REG. The AUC0–∞ for PA and GPA decreased by 20.7% and 51.1%, respectively, when PA was co-administered with REG. But the AUC0–∞ for SPA increased by 91.35% in the IREG+PA group. A difference in the ratio of GPA/PA for Cmax and for SPA/PA for AUC0–t and AUC0–∞ between the groups was observed. Conclusions: Paracetamol increased the plasma exposure of regorafenib, M-2, and M-5, which may exacerbate the drug’s side effects. In contrast, REG reduced paracetamol exposure and contributed to its faster elimination, which may reduce the analgesic and antipyretic effects of paracetamol. These findings suggest clinical relevance for oncology patients requiring analgesic treatment.
Enhancing Force Absorption, Stress–Strain and Thermal Properties of Weft-Knitted Inlay Spacer Fabric Structures for Apparel Applications
Authors: Kwan Mei-Ying , Tu Yi-Fan , Yick Kit-Lun , Yip Joanne , Li Nga Wun , Yu Annie , Lo Ka-Wai
Published: October 2024

The pursuit of materials that offer both wear comfort and protection for functional and protective clothing has led to the exploration of weft-knitted spacer structures. Traditional cushioning materials such as spacer fabrics and laminated foam often suffer from deformation under compression stresses, thus compromising their protective properties. This study investigates the enhancement of the force absorption, stress–strain, and thermal properties of weft-knitted spacer fabrics with inlays. Surface yarns with superior stretchability and thermal properties are used and combined with elastic yarns in various patterns to fabricate nine different inlay samples. The mechanical and thermal properties of these samples are systematically analyzed, including their compression, stretchability, thermal comfort, and surface properties. The results show that the inlay spacer fabric exhibits superior compression properties and thermal conductivity compared to traditional laminated foam and spacer fabrics while maintaining stretchability, thus providing better performance than traditional fabrics for protective clothing and wearable cushioning products. This study further confirms that the type of inlay yarn and inlay structure are crucial factors that significantly influence the thermal, tensile, and compressive properties of the fabric. This research provides valuable insights into the design and development of advanced textile structures to improve wear comfort and protection in close-fitting apparel applications.
Effects of Crystallinity and Branched Chain on Thermal Degradation of Polyethylene: A SCC-DFTB Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Zeng Shumao , Lu Diannan , Yang Rui
Published: October 2024

As a widely used plastic, the aging and degradation of polyethylene (PE) are inevitable problems, whether the goal is to prolong the life of PE products or address the issue of white pollution. Molecular simulation is a vital scientific tool in elucidating the mechanisms and processes of chemical reactions. To obtain the distribution and evolution process of PE’s thermal oxidation products, this work employs the self-consistent charge–density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) method to perform molecular simulations of the thermal oxidation of PE with different crystallinity and branched structures. We discovered that crystallinity does not affect the thermal oxidation mechanism of PE, but higher crystallinity makes PE more susceptible to cross-linking and carbon chain growth, reducing the degree of PE carbon chain breakage. The branched structure of PE results in differences in free volumes between the carbon chains, with larger pores leading to a concentrated distribution of O2 and chemical defects subsequently formed. The breakdown of PE is slowed down when chemical defects are localized in low-density regions of the carbon chain. The specifics and mechanism of PE’s thermal oxidation are clearly revealed in this paper, which is essential for understanding the process in depth and for the development of anti-aging PE products.
Rural Poultry Farming: Leveraging Higher Poultry Input Costs to Grow Zambia’s Indigenous Chicken Sector
Authors: Kanyama Christopher Manchishi , Ngosa Mathews , Sibanda Terence Z. , Moss Amy F. , Crowley Tamsyn M.
Published: October 2024

(a) Introduction: Zambia’s poultry industry comprises commercial chickens and small-scale producers of indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) (ICs). Large, integrated entities run the commercial chicken sector, while the indigenous chicken sector (IC sector) is predominantly run by small-scale farmers (SSFs). Increased costs and low access to formal markets for commercial chickens have motivated SSFs to enter the IC sector under the free-range system (FRS) and semi-intensive system (SIS). (b) Objective: This study aimed to highlight the price changes in poultry inputs and outputs and demonstrate that the IC sector has more potential to contribute to farm income than commercial chickens under family poultry production systems. (c) Method: We analysed the prices for inputs and outputs for Zambia’s poultry industry for the first quarter of 2016 to 2023 using data from the Poultry Association of Zambia (PAZ). We also analysed data from the 2021 Qualtrics survey to investigate the crops grown and crops used as feed and feed ingredients, the sources of feed, and the use of minerals and vitamins by SSFs for chickens. The gross profit (GP) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) were analysed to compare the viability and profitability of ICs and broilers under SSFs. (d) Results: Our study shows that prices for day-old chicks (DOCs) and point-of-lay (POL) pullets increased by 57–125%, broiler and layer feeds increased by 67–96%, and soybean meal (SBM) and fishmeal rose by 143–229%. Prices for live ICs, commercial broilers, and ex-layers increased by 150%, 79%, and 71%, respectively. Egg prices rose by 100–124%. Farmers tried to look for local feed sources. Over 21% of the crops grown was maize, and nearly 43% was used for feed. (e) Conclusion: Our analysis and comparison between the ICs and broilers demonstrated that SSFs could achieve more farm income by producing ICs than commercial broilers.
Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of 904L Composite Plate in a High-Temperature and High-Pressure Gas Field Environment
Authors: Wang Shuai , Mei Ping , Chang Lijing , Wu Chao , Chen Shaoyun , Chen Qingguo , Li Guangshan
Published: October 2024

In order to study the corrosion resistance of 904L composite plate pressure vessels under a high-temperature and high-pressure gas field environment, the pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance of a 904L composite plate body and weld material were compared with those of a 2205 composite plate and 825 composite plate, which are used in high-temperature and high-pressure gas field environments. The results showed that the pitting resistance of the 904L composite plate was lower than that of the 825 composite plate and higher than that of a 2205 solid-solution pure material plate and a 2205 composite plate. The corrosion resistance of the 625 welding material is higher than that of the E385 welding material. In the simulation of the corrosion environment of a high-temperature and high-pressure gas field, the corrosion rates of the 904L composite plate body, welding seam, and surfacing welding were all less than 0.025 mm/a, indicating slight corrosion, and the sensitivity coefficient of chloride stress corrosion cracking was less than 25%, indicating low sensitivity. The 904L composite plate met the requirements of corrosion resistance for pressure vessel materials in a high-temperature and high-pressure gas field environment.
Study on the Vertical Propagation Behavior of Hydraulic Fractures in Thin Interbedded Tight Sandstone
Authors: Zhao Liangliang , Zhang Anshun , Wu Guangai , Chen Zhengrong , Liu Wei , Wang Jinghe
Published: October 2024

Hydraulic fracturing technology is vital for the efficient extraction of oil and gas from low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs.Taking the central Bohai oilfield in China as an example, these fields are typically composed of thinly interbedded tight sandstone, characterized by low permeability and significant lithological heterogeneity between layers. Fractures may either be confined, limiting vertical growth and reducing production, or overextend into water-bearing zones, causing contamination and compromising reservoir integrity. Therefore, predicting vertical fracture propagation during field fracturing operations is critical for efficient resource extraction.However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing vertical fracture growth offshore.This paper applies numerical simulations based on the finite element method to elucidate the interlayer fracture propagation behavior in low-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs. A fracture propagation model for thin interlayered tight sandstone formations is constructed, and the effects of various factors on hydraulic fracture propagation are systematically analyzed, including geological factors such as interlayer stress contrast, thickness, and differences in elastic modulus, as well as operational parameters including fracturing fluid viscosity and injection rate. This study clarifies the cross-layer propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures under the influence of multiple factors and yields a comprehensive prediction chart for fracture propagation thickness under the combination of complex factors. The results of this research can provide theoretical support for the design of reservoir stimulation operations in low-permeability tight sandstone oilfields.
Integration and Evaluation of a Digital Support Function for Space Claims in Factory Layout Planning
Authors: Lind Andreas , Hanson Lars , Högberg Dan , Lämkull Dan , Mårtensson Pär , Syberfeldt Anna
Published: October 2024

Planning and designing factory layouts are frequently performed within virtual environments, relying on inputs from various cross-disciplinary activities e.g., product development, manufacturing process planning, resource descriptions, ergonomics, and safety. The success of this process heavily relies on the expertise of the practitioners performing the task. Studies have shown that layout planning often hinges on the practitioners’ knowledge and interpretation of current rules and requirements. As there is significant variability in this knowledge and interpretation, there is a risk that decisions are made on incorrect grounds. Consequently, the layout planning process depends on individual proficiency. In alignment with Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 principles, there is a growing emphasis on providing practitioners involved in industrial development processes with efficient decision support tools. This paper presents a digital support function integrated into a virtual layout planning tool, developed to support practitioners in considering current rules and requirements for space claims in the layout planning process. This digital support function was evaluated by industry practitioners and stakeholders involved in the factory layout planning process. This initiative forms part of a broader strategy to provide advanced digital support to layout planners, enhancing objectivity and efficiency in the layout planning process while bridging cross-disciplinary gaps.
Optical Energy Increasing in a Synchronized Motif-Ring Array of Autonomous Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers
Authors: Esqueda de la Torre José Octavio , García-López Juan Hugo , Jaimes-Reátegui Rider , Echenausía-Monroy José Luis , López-Muñoz Eric Emiliano , Gilardi-Velázquez Héctor Eduardo , Huerta-Cuellar Guillermo
Published: October 2024

This work investigates the enhancement of optical energy in the synchronized dynamics of three erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) that are diffusively coupled in a unidirectional ring configuration without the need for external pump modulation. Before the system shows stable high-energy pulses, different dynamic behaviors can be observed in the dynamics of the coupled lasers. The evolution of the studied system was analyzed using different techniques for different values of coupling strength. The system shows the well-known dynamic behavior towards chaos at weak coupling, starting with a fixed point at low coupling and passing through Hopf and torus bifurcations as the coupling strength increases. An interesting finding emerged at high coupling strengths, where phase locking occurs between the frequencies of the three lasers of the system. This phase-locking leads to a significant increase in the peak energy of the EDFL pulses, effectively converting the emission into short, high amplitude pulses. With this method, it is possible to significantly increase the peak energy of the laser compared to a continuous EDFL single pulse.
Did the Buddha Teach to Be Called ‘Buddha’?―Focusing on the Meaning of Brāhmaṇa and How Buddhist Authors (re)Formulated His Words to Praise Him―
Authors: Herrero Efraín Villamor
Published: October 2024

The attainment of enlightenment by Gautama Buddha is the very beginning of Buddhism as a religious phenomenon. Because of his attainment of enlightenment, he has been remembered as Buddha for centuries, even though it is uncertain whether buddha was the preferred title to remember him by from the earliest times. Previous scholarship has demonstrated that the term buddha was a common noun in the Indian religious context, and it was also employed to refer to his higher disciples. The verses of the Suttanipāta represent a complex corpus rich in many fundamental concepts common to Jain religious thought. Many epithets were introduced by Buddhists to praise their monastic founder as Jains do. Among them, buddha does not seem to be the preferred one among them. Contrarily, by redefining brāhmaṇa, Buddhists participate in the ascetic discourse of praising their master as the one who deserves to be regarded as that ideal. This paper argues that Buddhists advocated their master as a brāhmaṇa, a title that is not only consistent with the teachings of Jains but also one that may have preceded the popularity of Buddha as his most memorable title.
Spiritual Technologies: The Religious Symbolism of the Digital Universe
Authors: Panarari Massimiliano , Gili Guido
Published: October 2024

This essay attempts to analyse the discourses, gestures and projects of the new digital galaxy’s protagonists who conceive their mission in fundamentally religious terms. It will also aim to trace the intellectual genealogy and conceptual premises of their cultural and communicative vision. This analysis will attempt to define four ideal types based on reference figures taken from mythology and religion as well as the imaginary of contemporary popular culture: Prometheus, Moses, Hermes Trismegistus and Iron Man.
Estimation of Longwave Radiation Intensity Emitted from Urban Obstacles in Each Direction Using Drone-Based Photogrammetry
Authors: Ishida Yasuyuki , Fujiyama Mamiko , Kobayashi Hikaru
Published: October 2024

Longwave radiation is a crucial factor affecting human thermal comfort and thermal stress, especially in outdoor spaces in summer, owing to the vast effect of longwave radiation emitted from high-heated asphalt roads, building walls, and automobiles. Although controlling the longwave radiation environment to improve thermal comfort in summer is crucial, the prediction of the longwave radiation environment is frequently conducted only at the assessment stage of the final proposal because of the high computational cost of radiation calculations and unsteady heat balance analysis considering multiple reflections. This is a significant constraint for the design of urban and architectural environments. A previous study proposed a method to rapidly estimate the longwave radiation environment based on a point-by-point method with longwave radiation intensity distributions of the heat sources. To use this method, 3D models of the geographical objects in urban areas, such as buildings and trees, must be accurately generated, and these models should have information on the longwave radiation emitted in each direction from each object. However, no specific examples of a 3D model and longwave radiation intensity distribution have been presented. In this study, a 3D modeling method for geographical objects in urban areas with longwave radiation information based on drones and photogrammetric techniques was utilized. Moreover, a 3D model of a small-scale building was generated. A longwave radiation intensity distribution was produced for the building. Based on the distribution data, the directional characteristics of longwave radiation were discussed, and the availability of the proposed method was assessed.
A Review of UAV Path-Planning Algorithms and Obstacle Avoidance Methods for Remote Sensing Applications
Authors: Debnath Dipraj , Vanegas Fernando , Sandino Juan , Hawary Ahmad Faizul , Gonzalez Felipe
Published: October 2024

The rapid development of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) has significantly increased their usefulness in various fields, particularly in remote sensing. This paper provides a comprehensive review of UAV path planning, obstacle detection, and avoidance methods, with a focus on its utilisation in both single and multiple UAV platforms. The paper classifies the algorithms into two main categories: (1) global and local path-planning approaches in single UAVs; and (2) multi-UAV path-planning methods. It further analyses obstacle detection and avoidance methods, as well as their capacity to adapt, optimise, and compute efficiently in different operational environments. The outcomes highlight the advantages and limitations of each method, offering valuable information regarding their suitability for remote sensing applications, such as precision agriculture, urban mapping, and ecological surveillance. Additionally, this review also identifies limitations in the existing research, specifically in multi-UAV frameworks, and provides recommendations for future developments to improve the adaptability and effectiveness of UAV operations in dynamic and complex situations.
FFPNet: Fine-Grained Feature Perception Network for Semantic Change Detection on Bi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Zhang Fengwei , Xia Kai , Yin Jianxin , Deng Susu , Feng Hailin
Published: October 2024

Semantic change detection (SCD) is a newly important topic in the field of remote sensing (RS) image interpretation since it provides semantic comprehension for bi-temporal RS images via predicting change regions and change types and has great significance for urban planning and ecological monitoring. With the availability of large scale bi-temporal RS datasets, various models based on deep learning (DL) have been widely applied in SCD. Since convolution operators in DL extracts two-dimensional feature matrices in the spatial dimension of images and stack feature matrices in the dimension termed the channel, feature maps of images are tri-dimensional. However, recent SCD models usually overlook the stereoscopic property of feature maps. Firstly, recent SCD models are usually limited in capturing spatial global features in the process of bi-temporal global feature extraction and overlook the global channel features. Meanwhile, recent SCD models only focus on spatial cross-temporal interaction in the process of change feature perception and ignore the channel interaction. Thus, to address above two challenges, a novel fine-grained feature perception network (FFPNet) is proposed in this paper, which employs the Omni Transformer (OiT) module to capture bi-temporal channel–spatial global features before utilizing the Omni Cross-Perception (OCP) module to achieve channel–spatial interaction between cross-temporal features. According to the experiments on the SECOND dataset and the LandsatSCD dataset, our FFPNet reaches competitive performance on both countryside and urban scenes compared with recent typical SCD models.
Effects of Climate Change on Temperature Sensitivity of Vegetation Growth in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Spatial–Temporal Dynamics and Ecological Adaptability
Authors: Cheng Yuexuan , He Guangxin , Luo Jingjia , Gu Haoting
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the optimal temperature change in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) growth in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain under the background of climate change, aiming to better cope with the impact of global warming on vegetation growth. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the NDVI and temperature factors were analyzed by using the NDVI, average temperature (Tavg), maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) datasets from 1982 to 2020. Through the Buishand U test and sliding slope detection, 1998 was determined to be a year of abrupt climate change. Furthermore, SHAP important feature analysis, a generalized additive model, correlation analysis, and other methods were used to identify the trend in the optimum temperature of vegetation growth before and after climate change. The results showed that (1) from 1982 to 2020, Tavg, Tmax, Tmin, and the NDVI in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain showed a significant upward trend. At the same time, the spatial distribution of these indicators shows the distribution characteristics of high in the south and low in the north. (2) The NDVI was positively correlated with Tavg, Tmax, and Tmin, and the correlation with Tmin was most significant. (3) The most suitable Tavg, Tmax, and Tmin intervals for vegetation growth were 20~30 °C, 25~35 °C, and 16~25 °C, respectively. (4) The optimum temperature range of vegetation growth was expanded after climate change, and the change rates of the Tavg and Tmax lower limits reached 24% and 25%, respectively, under the best condition of vegetation growth. (5) After abrupt climate change, the temperature suitable for vegetation growth increased significantly in the northern part of the plain but decreased slightly in the southern part.
Detection of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Werid Gebremeskel Mamu , Wubshet Ashenafi Kiros , Araya Teshale Teklue , Miller Darren , Hemmatzadeh Farhid , Reichel Michael P. , Petrovski Kiro
Published: October 2024

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle and contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Despite individual studies investigating BRSV prevalence, risk factors, and detection methodologies, a systematic review and meta-analysis have been lacking. The aim of the current study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence and detection rate of BRSV and identify associated risk factors. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the variability in BRSV prevalence based on different detection methods and associated risk factors. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, data from three databases—Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus—were systematically retrieved, screened and extracted. Out of 2790 initial studies, 110 met the inclusion criteria. The study found that prevalence and detection rates varied based on the detection methods used (antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid), study populations, production systems, and geographic locations. Findings were reported as a pooled proportion. The pooled proportion, hereafter referred to as prevalence or detection rate, was determined by calculating the ratio of cattle that tested positive for BRSV to the total number of cattle tested. Key findings include a pooled prevalence of 0.62 for antibody-based methods, 0.05 for antigen-based methods, and 0.09 (adjusted to 0.03) for nucleic acid-based methods. Detection rates in BRDC cases also varied, with antibody methods showing a rate of 0.34, antigen methods 0.16, and nucleic acid methods 0.13. The certainty of evidence of the meta-analysis results, assessed using GRADE, was moderate for antibody detection methods and low for antigen and nucleic acid methods. The study identified significant risk factors and trends affecting BRSV prevalence, such as geographical location, herd size, age, and co-infections. The results of the current study showed the complexity of understanding BRSV prevalence in different settings. The variability in BRSV prevalence based on detection methods and associated risk factors, such as geographic location and herd size, highlights the need for tailored approaches to detect and manage BRSV accurately.
Estimation of Strawberry Canopy Volume in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle RGB Imagery Using an Object Detection-Based Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Gang Min-Seok , Sutthanonkul Thanyachanok , Lee Won Suk , Liu Shiyu , Kim Hak-Jin
Published: October 2024

Estimating canopy volumes of strawberry plants can be useful for predicting yields and establishing advanced management plans. Therefore, this study evaluated the spatial variability of strawberry canopy volumes using a ResNet50V2-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained with RGB images acquired through manual unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights equipped with a digital color camera. A preprocessing method based on the You Only Look Once v8 Nano (YOLOv8n) object detection model was applied to correct image distortions influenced by fluctuating flight altitude under a manual maneuver. The CNN model was trained using actual canopy volumes measured using a cylindrical case and small expanded polystyrene (EPS) balls to account for internal plant spaces. Estimated canopy volumes using the CNN with flight altitude compensation closely matched the canopy volumes measured with EPS balls (nearly 1:1 relationship). The model achieved a slope, coefficient of determination (R2), and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.98, 0.98, and 74.3 cm3, respectively, corresponding to an 84% improvement over the conventional paraboloid shape approximation. In the application tests, the canopy volume map of the entire strawberry field was generated, highlighting the spatial variability of the plant’s canopy volumes, which is crucial for implementing site-specific management of strawberry crops.