bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Comparative Value of Fresh and Aged Tetanus Toxoid as an Immunizing Agent
Authors: Wilcox Harriet Leslie
Published: January 2023

Tetanus toxoid, preparation no. 180, was prepared December, 1929 from a tetanus toxin containing 25,000 m.l.d. per cubic centimeter. Four-tenths of 1 per cent of formalin (40 per cent formaldehyde) was added to this toxin which was then placed at a temperature of 39°C. to detoxify. Twenty-two days later 5 cc. of the modified toxin produced only a slight trace of tetanic symptoms when injected into 350-gram guinea pigs. On the twenty-sixth day of detoxification the toxoid was placed in the ice chest. To verify the non-toxic character of the preparation, six pigs were injected, three with 30 cc. and three with 20 cc. of toxoid. One pig in the group which received the 30 cc. died in twenty-four hours from pneumonia, The remaining pigs in both groups showed on the second and third day after injection a doubtful trace of tetanic symptoms, which disappeared in the following twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
Protective Antibodies Following Oral Administration of Pneumococcus Type 1 to Rats
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: January 2023

Protective antibodies appear in the blood of a large majority of rats successfully immunized by oral administration of type 1 pneumococcus vaccines. These circulating antibodies appear following ingestion of either the intact cell or the bile salt-dissolved organism.

By analogy it would seem that the appearance of such protective substances in the blood of humans following ingestion of the same vaccines can be interpreted as a sign of increased resistance to this organism.
Oral Immunization of Humans Against the Pneumococcus
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: January 2023

Following ingestion of pneumococcus vaccines about 75 per cent of the individuals tested formed protective antibodies against type 1 and about 60 per cent against type 2. For type 3 there is insufficient data to make a satisfactory estimate but the results are approximately as for type 2.

Antibodies for type 1 have been found in most of the sera examined seven to fourteen months after oral administration of the vaccine. The indications are that the duration is the same for the three types. (See addendum.)

The protective substances appear promptly, being present within two to three days following 6 feedings.

The number of feedings employed has varied from 2 to 10. In one instance where 2 doses were given antibodies were formed. In some cases 10 doses elicited no response. A new set of feedings was followed by the appearance of protective substances in the blood of about 50 per cent of such cases. It is estimated that a practical procedure would employ the pneumococci from 1200 cc. growth per type on each of six to ten successive days, estimating the bacterial content at 109 per cubic centimeter. The use of completely autolyzed cultures,4 which contain several times as much antigenic material as the bacteria present in an eighteen-hour growth, would reduce proportionately the volume of broth to be handled.

So far, of the several forms in which the vaccine has been prepared, none has proved superior to the others. However, the impression remains that desiccated organisms, when not emulsified in water previous to administration, do not give such uniform results as other preparations. This opinion is based on the results of animal and human experiments.

The concentration of antibodies formed is generally such that 1 cc. of serum will protect a mouse against 5000 fatal doses of pneumococci (types 1 and 2). This is within the range of the amount others have reported for the sera of patients recovering from pneumonia.

It is believed that these protective substances indicate a generalized resistance to the pneumococcus.

Agglutinins have not been detected in sera in which protective antibodies have been found.

Natural protective antibody against type 1 has been found in fairly large amounts in 10 per cent of the sera examined and in smaller amounts in 20 per cent more; in the case of type 2 the figures were 41 and 18 per cent; for type 3, 31 and 50 per cent.
Fatal Pseudo-Anaphylaxis by Intramuscular Injection of Benzene and Related Substances
Authors: Steiner Paul E.
Published: January 2023

Fatal pseudo-anaphylactic shock is produced in guinea pigs and other species by the repeated intramuscular injection of benzene and related chemicals. Death is due to bronchospasm. Similar reactions are caused by the inhalation and the intravenous injection of benzene in animals who have had no previous experience with the drug. The spasm is not relieved by epinephrine or atropine. It appears quickly, and disappears equally rapidly after forced ventilation of the lungs. Repeated intramuscular injections are necessary, not to cause a state of true allergy, but to produce an area of inflammation from which the benzene at subsequent injections is absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce a bronchospasm.
Formaldehyde Hypersensitiveness an Experimental Study
Authors: Horsfall, Frank L.
Published: January 2023

Hypersensitiveness to relatively simple chemical substances is very common, and usually manifests itself in the skin. McConnell (1) states that 27 per cent of two thousand industrial workers suffered from chemical dermatoses. Knowles estimates that onesixth of all skin disease is chemical in origin, while Hazen places the figure at one-fifth, and White at one-fourth (quoted by Cole and Driver (2)).

It is our purpose to consider only hypersensitiveness to formaldehyde (HCHO). This paper is concerned chiefly with the pathogenesis and etiology of the condition, and records those experiments carried out each day, for a period of six months, upon an individual sensitive to formaldehyde in a dilution of 1:8,000,000.

Since Hofmann (3) discovered formaldehyde in 1867 there have been reported but 18 cases of hypersensitivity to the aldehyde, and of these none have been investigated from an experimental viewpoint. No attempt will be made to describe the clinical characteristics of formaldehyde hypersensitiveness, as this has been well done by Galewsky (4), Thilo (5), Blaschko (6), and Chajas (7).
Hemolytic Streptococcus Toxins and Antitoxins
Authors: Cianciarulo Joseph , Malcolm Wilbur G.
Published: January 2023

Banzhaf (1), in 1926, published a description of a method for the purification of scarlet fever streptococcus antitoxin which was essentially the same as that employed by him since 1912 for the experimental purification of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins. His method consisted in adding to the citrated plasma of horses immunized by injections of scarlet fever streptococcus toxin, 0.8 per cent of an equal volume of trikresol and ether, diluting the plasma with a half volume of water, and adding a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate up to 25 per cent saturation. The mixture was rapidly heated to 57°C. and held at that temperature for one and one-half hours, when it was immediately filtered. The clear filtrate was then brought up to 46 per cent saturation with saturated ammonium sulphate solution, at which degree of saturation the antitoxin was precipitated.
Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Ando K. , Komiyama T.
Published: January 2023

Semi-synthetic medium for toxin production by C. diphtheriae is quite convenient in preparation and also economical. Toxin produced in the medium described above is as potent as that produced in the ordinary-infusion bouillon. Anatoxin prepared from this toxin does not flocculate when mixed with graded amounts of antitoxin and placed at 45°C. for a long period. This is only due to the presence of some inhibitory substance or substances in it which may be removed or modified by purification, dialysis or acidification. Antigenicity of this anatoxin was also proved directly on guinea pigs and horses. It compares very favorably with routine infusion anatoxin for the immunization of horses in the production of diphtheria-antitoxin.
The Nature of Post-Anaphylactic State in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ostromislensky I. , Openchowski M.
Published: January 2023

Normal guinea pigs react to subcutaneous injection of diphenylformamidine hydrochloride by the same characteristic symptoms as those which appear in desensitized guinea pigs on the injection of chrysoidin in the post-anaphylactic state. The symptoms of the anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs in which a hydrochloric acid solution of antifebrine (acetanilide) was injected shortly before the reinjection, are expressed, as a rule, in very unusual forms. They become in this case identical with the symptoms which appear in animals in the period of post-anaphylactic state after subcutaneous injection of chrysoidin. Subcutaneous injection of some anti-shock preparations, in particular diphenylformamidine hydrochloride and di-phenylmethylpyrazolonyl, quickly and considerably increases in antimals (rabbits) the sugar content of blood.
On the Relationship Between Complement and Prothrombin
Authors: Quick Armand J.
Published: January 2023

A close relationship between complement and prothrombin (thrombin) is indicated by: Both are inactivated at 56°C.Heated plasma and serum become both anti-complementary and anti-clotting.Plasma and serum treated with magnesium hydroxide become markedly inhibitory to complement and thrombin action. The effect is more pronounced in plasma than in serum.The azo dye, Calcomine fast pink 2 BL. Unbl., inhibits both complement and thrombin.

Complement and prothrombin (thrombin) are probably not identical for: The conversion of prothrombin to thrombin has no effect on complement.Calcium is essential in the clotting process, but is not needed for the action of complement. Excess calcium, however, will antagonize both thrombin and complement.Aluminum hydroxide will remove or inactivate prothrombin but will not affect thrombin or complement.Heparine is markedly anti-thrombic, but relatively weak in inhibiting complement.Clinically, it was found that a plasma (from a patient with a marked hepatic insufficiency) was strongly anti-complementary, yet showed no disturbance in clotting factors.

These findings lead to the conclusion that complement and prothrombin are not identical, but appear to have some similarity in structure which makes them susceptible to certain inhibitory substances such as various azo dyes. Prothrombin probably has a group or special structure that reacts with calcium and thromboplastin. While this structure is essential for the activity of prothrombin, it plays no part in complement activity.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M.
Published: January 2023

The only antibody known at present to bear a definite relationship to resistance and immunity in acute anterior poliomyelitis is that occurring in serum capable of neutralizing virus in vitro and designated as antiviral antibody. The presence of an amount of this antibody in 0.5 cc. of serum neutralizing at least 10 minimal infective doses of monkey passage virus is believed to indicate effective resistance to poliomyelitis. It is likely however that resistance to poliomyelitis may be present without demonstrable amounts of this antibody in the blood. This tissue resistance may be constituted by body cells sensitized to virus and capable of rapidly producing antibody upon infection or vaccination or represent a type of resistance due to “maturation immunity” or the physiological activity of the tissues. The antibody varies greatly according to age being absent in the sera of the majority of children over six months of age and present in the majority of adults. The antibody may be absent in the blood of recovered cases of poliomyelitis although one attack of the disease usually confers a solid immunity for the balance of life. The technic of conducting antiviral tests has varied on the part of different investigators which has influenced the results reported. The variable factors have been discussed and a technic described which is hoped will assist in evolving a standardized method so highly desirable at the present time. The method is based upon the principle of expressing the amount of antibody in terms of the number of minimal infective doses of virus for Macacus rhesus monkeys inoculated intracerebrally, neutralized by 0.5 cc. of serum in an exposure of two hours at 37°C. in a water bath. While this method is expensive and requires about three weeks for its conduct yet it is available as a practical test for determining susceptibility before vaccination against poliomyelitis. The spinal cords of monkeys developing the disease during the conduct of the test may be employed for the preparation of the Kolmer vaccine of attenuated virus for active immunization of human beings against the disease which greatly reduces the cost of the test since the cord of a single monkey furnishes sufficient vaccine for the immunization of 40 to 50 children.
Genetic Studies of the Agglutinogens M and N
Authors: Hyman Harriet S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

M and N sera were prepared by injecting washed human red cells of known donors into rabbits. The resulting fluids containing agglutinins against the agglutinogens M and N corresponded in every respect to those discovered and described by Landsteiner and Levine.

The bloods of twenty pairs of identical twins and two pairs of fraternal twins were examined for the agglutinogens A, B, M, and N. It was found that blood grouping is one criterion for determining the non-identity of twins.

The bloods of 578 individuals were tested for M and N reactions to determine the frequency of the three types M, MN, and N in the population. The relationship of m + n = 1 held closely, being 1.0173 in this study, thus offering proof for the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.

A study was made of the heredity of the agglutinogens A, B, M, and N in 100 families with 220 children. No exceptions were found to the two rules based upon the theory that M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.

The data presented in this paper bear out the validity of the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
The Gonococcus Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Thomson Annis E. , Hamann Agnes C. , Park William H.
Published: January 2023

The Hamann Combined System largely removes the irregularities previously noted in the diagnosis of sera sent to different laboratories. It consists in recognizing and titrating the fixing and hemolytic power of the complement. Previously the complement was tested for its hemolytic power only.
The Toxigenic Properties of Hemolytic Streptococci from Human Infections
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Coffey Julia M.
Published: January 2023

In a comparative study of 471 cultures of hemolytic streptococci from human infections, no relationship was detected between the type or severity of the infectious process from which a culture was isolated and its toxigenic activity or virulence for mice. The incidence of virulent strains was highest among cultures isolated from cases of severe suppurative infections, excluding meningitis. Although, by means of toxin-antitoxin neutralization tests, toxigenic strains were divided into several distinct groups, no evidence of the specificity of any of these groups for a particular type of infection was obtained.

According to toxin-antitoxin neutralization tests, antistreptococcus sera varied markedly in valency, depending upon the strains used in their production. Serum of the Dochez N. Y. 5 strain was of broadest valency, neutralizing approximately 77 per cent of the toxins. Two other monovalent sera were each effective against different groups of the remaining toxins, representing 21 per cent of the total. Of 314 toxigenic strains, 5 were encountered, the toxins of which were neutralized only by combinations of one or the other of these sera with that of the N. Y. 5 strain.
Observations on the Action of Human and Animal Blood on the Meningococcus
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Fraser Donald T.
Published: January 2023

It is the purpose of this report to record the results of some further studies on the bactericidal effect of samples of blood, from humans and animals, on the meningococcus. The observations reported previously by Silverthorne and Fraser (1) have been extended. The present investigations deal principally with the specificity of this reaction.

Technic. In that communication (1) the technic of the bactericidal test was reported and a modification of the original technic was outlined. Essentially this modification consists in the use of smaller volumes, both of citrated blood (0.2 cc.) and of suspended meningococci (0.01 cc.); the initial (undiluted) suspension being made up in 5 cc. of broth in place of 2 cc. This modified technic was used in the following experiments.

Experimental. Tests were set up in order to determine the bactericidal effects of certain constituents of blood. Samples of human blood, known to be bactericidal and others possessing relatively little bactericidal action were tested.
A Rapid Method for the Production of Precipitin Antigen from Bacteria: An Attempt to Apply it to the Determination of the Type of Pneumococcus in Sputum
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Noble W. Carey
Published: January 2023

A simple method of preparing a precipitin antigen from bacteria is presented, which allows of the preparation of such antigens with a rapidity and in concentration hitherto impossible. An attempt to modify the method to extract antigen from pneumonic sputum to determine rapidly the type of pneumococcus present has been partially successful. It is presented as a possible basis for further improvements.
Extracts of Antibodies Obtained from Specific Precipitates of Typhoid-Antityphoid Serum Complex
Authors: Weinstein Israel
Published: January 2023

An investigation was undertaken in this laboratory with a view to precipitating the antibodies from antityphoid sera by means of a specific antigen and subsequently dissociating this antigen-antibody complex, obtaining the antibodies in a solution as free from foreign protein as possible.

As is well known, a number of antityphoid sera have been prepared and occasionally physicians have reported good results with them, but their use has never been general. In order to be successful with a bactericidal serum it seems necessary to inject large amounts. For example, Cole (1), in the treatment of pneumonia, by using very large quantities of antipneumococcus serum (from 190 to 700 cc.) has had success where others have failed. Owing to the danger of “serum sickness” following the injection of large amounts of horse serum, physicians have hesitated to treat their patients with it.
A New Method of Estimating the Antitryptic Index of Blood Serum
Authors: Robertson T. Brailsford , Hanson Samuel
Published: January 2023

A simple and accurate method of measuring the antitryptic indices of blood-sera is described. It is shown that for varying proportions of antitrypsin (= A) added to a specified amount of trypsin (regarded as unity) the relation: holds good for any given serum, T being the proportion of the trypsin neutralized by the serum and C a constant which is a direct measure of the number of molecules of antitrypsin contained in a specified volume of the serum. The molecular concentration of antitrypsin in blood serum is in great excess of the molecular concentration of proteolytically active material in a 1 per cent solution of Gruebler's trypsin.
Effects of Intravenous Injections of a Colloid (Gelatin), Upon Rabbit Sera
Authors: Clark Guy W.
Published: January 2023

Experimental results are presented which show that: The serum proteins of individual rabbits vary through a wide range and that the variation is even greater between different rabbits.Intravenous injections of large amounts of gelatin does not produce any marked change in the ratio of the globulins to the total proteins.The gelatin begins to disappear from the blood immediately after injection and continues to do so at a fairly constant rate, being completely eliminated at some time between six and twenty-four hours.The injection of gelatin causes tissue fluids to be drawn into the blood stream, resulting in hydremic plethora.
The Constancy of the Protein Quotient During Intensive Digestion and Prolonged Starvation
Authors: Hanson Samuel
Published: January 2023

It is usually assumed that the fluctuations of the protein quotient under normal and pathological conditions are due directly or indirectly to variations in the general nature and especially in the rapidity of the metabolic processes.

Thus, Cervello (1) ascribes to a retardation of metabolism the rise in globulins he obtained under the administration of antipyrin. Hurwitz and Meyer (2) suppose that the increase in the serum globulins in certain actue infections is due to metabolic disturbances. Schmidt and Schmidt (3) are inclined to believe that the serum proteins have no relation to immunity and would rather attribute the increase in globulins to changes in the metabolism resulting from the toxemia and tissue waste of acute infections.

In view of the fact that alterations in the protein quotient have been so frequently attributed by various authors to disturbances in the metabolism, it was considered necessary to investigate the more precise relations of the globulin albumin ratio to difference in the rapidity of metabolism.
A Study of the Immunizing Properties of Bacterial Vaccines Prepared after Various Methods
Authors: Perry M. W. , Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

It is now generally recognized and conceded that bacteria, vaccines may exert both specific and non-specific effects when administered to persons and lower animals by parenteral injection; by specific effects we refer to the production of specific antibodies as agglutinins and lysins for the bacterial protein while non-specific effects refer to the temperature and leucocytic response, the mobilization of ferments and other reactions studied and described by Jobling and Petersen (1), and others.

For purposes of therapeutic immunization bacterial vaccines are generally prepared by suspending the microörganisms in isotonic sodium chloride solution followed by a destruction of their vegetative power by heating at 56 to 60°C. for one hour. It has been claimed, however, that heating even to 53°C. tends to alter or destroy in a measure the essential antigenic immunizing or specific properties of a vaccine and various other means for their preparation has been proposed.
A Method of Preparing Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Small James C.
Published: January 2023

No method of preparing bacterial antigens for complement deviation can be regarded as wholly satisfactory until it offers a preparation in which the whole content of the complement deviating principles of the bacterial cell is rendered available and in which, at the same time, no substances occur that tend to interfere with the specific complement deviation reaction. The availability of the antigenic substances for the complementdeviation reaction depends; first, on their freedom in solution or suspension, and secondly, on the physical state in which they occur. While suspensions of whole bacteria have been used as antigen, it is most probable that their antigenic properties are to be attributed to a partial disintegration and extraction of the bacteria, for it is difficult to see how substances within the unbroken cell membrane could be available for 1eaction with colloidal substances in the serum, attributing, as we must by analogy, only semipermeable properties to the cell membrane.
A Study of Saponin Hemolysis
Authors: Furuhata Tanemoto
Published: January 2023

The hemolytic action of saponin or sapotoxin is, to a certain extent, inhibited in a nonelectrolyte medium. This phenomenon is, perhaps, attributable to the increase of viscosity of the medium, which makes the diffusion of saponin into red blood cells the more difficult. Ions of various salts favor saponin hemolysis even in higher concentration, except (NH4)2SO4, which can alter the red blood cells in higher concentration. BaCl2 and CaCl2 are indifferent. The resistance of red blood cells against saponin is different in the different species of animal.

I desire to express my indebtedness to Professor S. Mita for his kind direction and encouragement during my experiments.
Experimental Pollinosis
Authors: Ulrich Henry L.
Published: January 2023

That hay fever is a form of hypersensibility to pollen proteins is conceded by everyone. The mechanism of this form of hypersensibility, likewise the phenomenon of its desensitization with pollen extract (phylactically or prophylactically administered) are still mooted questions.

Cooke, Flood, Coca's (1) definition of hay fever as a “clinical symptomatic expression of local hypersensitiveness” cannot hold. The skin and conjunctional reactions in hay fever subjects are certainly extranasal. Sewall's (2) criticism that no local manifestation of hypersensibility can occur without the background of a general hypersensibility is amply justified.

Up to now animal experiments to produce clinical hay fever have not been successful. Koessler (3) reports passive anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs. Cooke, Flood and Coca (4) and myself2 have failed to produce active or passive anaphylaxis with pollen extracts. My experiments to produce a passive anaphylaxis were made with patients' blood out of season. It is possible that Koessler's experiments were made in season.
A Study of the Pneumococcus Toxins
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Straus Henry W. , Grove Ella F.
Published: January 2023

A toxin has been demonstrated in filtrates of pneumococcus cultures the injection of which in young children caused a rise in temperature which reached 105°F. in the more susceptible children. All of 34 children under 3 years of age, excepting two who previously suffered either bronchopneumonia or a severe bronchitis, were found susceptible to the type I toxin. All of 31 persons suffering from or convalescent from pneumococcus pneumonia were found immune to the type I toxin (skin test). The toxin seems to be type-specific. The toxin is not the type-specific polysaccharide. Cultures grown in the absence of artificially supplied CO2 have been found to contain toxin which, however, seemed not to be capable of stimulating antitoxin production in human beings. Two injections in children were followed, in the majority of instances, by prompt antitoxin production (one or two weeks). Serum from two pneumonia convalescents neutralized the pneumococcus type I toxin.
Effect of Gonadotropic and Oestrogenic Hormones on Agglutinin Response to B. Pertussis in Immature Animals
Authors: Dingle John H. , Meyer Roland K. , Gustus Edwin L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Immature rats and rabbits did not respond to injections of B. pertussis and B. typhosus with the high degree of agglutinin production obtained in mature animals of these species. A general correlation existed between agglutinin titer, body weight, and sexual development (as indicated by testes and seminal vesicle weights), and their rates of increase with age in rats injected with B. pertussis.

Gonadotropic hormone obtained from pregnant mare serum, prolan, theelin, or pituitary implants do not influence agglutinin production in immature or infantile rats or rabbits in the doses administered, although such administration in rats does produce definite development of the gonads and accessories.
The Development of Foreign Protein Sensitization in Human Beings
Authors: Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

The gradual development and maintenance of skin sensitivity to serum protein in human beings has been followed over a period of nearly two years. The first evidence of this hyper-reactivity is a twenty-four-hour delayed type of skin reaction. This type of skin sensitivity is in most instances replaced in more sensitive subjects by the usual immediate wheal and flare at the site of injection. There are great individual variations in the ease with which individuals develop, maintain, and lose their sensitivity, but most persons having repeated intracutaneous injections of this protein eventually become more or less sensitive.

The skin sensitivity is lost in the reverse order of its appearance—the immediate wheal is replaced by the twenty-four-hour reaction and this in turn will become negative.

Serum antibody studies in so far as done further emphasized the quantitative variations of sensitivity in the various individuals.

Human beings may be rendered quite sensitive to very minute amounts of serum protein by the intracutaneous route of injection.

The significance of this twenty-four-hour delayed “allergic” type of reaction is briefly discussed.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Sawin Paul B. , Wheeler K. M. , Battey Shirley
Published: January 2023

Thirty-nine per cent of the normal serums from 422 rabbits contained group-specific agglutinins for human A cells, 16 per cent specific agglutinins for B cells and 38 per cent failed to agglutinate any type of human cell. There is considerable evidence to show that the presence or absence of specific A agglutinins in the serum of rabbits is typically Mendelian in its inheritance.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Sawin Paul B. , Griffin A. M. , Wheeler K. M.
Published: January 2023

The presence or absence of normal group-specific A agglutinins is a satisfactory indication of the ability or inability of rabbits to produce specific A agglutinins upon immunization.
Comparison of the Bactericidal Action of Human and Guinea-Pig Blood on Strains of the Meningococcus with the Mouse-Mucin Test for Virulence
Authors: Silverthorne Nelles , Fraser Donald T.
Published: January 2023

In 1934 the authors (1) reported on the bactericidal action of samples of human blood on strains of the meningococcus. It was found that a sample of blood possessing no bactericidal power against a cerebrospinal fluid strain of the meningococcus behaved in a different manner towards nasopharyngeal strains from noncontact carriers. In a later article in 1935 they (2) demonstrated the specificity of this property and showed that it could be induced in the blood of guinea pigs by vaccination. During the latter part of 1935 and 1936 these studies on the bactericidal effect of samples of human blood on various strains of the meningococcus were extended. The bactericidal action of human and guinea-pig blood has been compared with the virulence of strains when tested by means of the mouse-mucin test described by Miller (3).
The Behavior of Immediate and Delayed Cutaneous Reactions to Bacterial Nucleo-Proteins in Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Jordani Leopold
Published: January 2023

Studies of the cutaneous reactions to bacterial nucleoproteins in asthmatic patients have been in progress for several years and the results obtained on testing 100 consecutive patients on admission have been tabulated and analyzed in a previous publication (1). Immediate and delayed reactions occurred in these patients, and although both types of reaction were obtained simultaneously with different bacterial proteins in the same patient, an immediate reaction to a bacterial protein was seldom combined with a delayed response at the site of the same bacterial inoculation. In a few patients retested on several occasions some reactions were transient while others were persistent but tests done at one time failed to indicate with certainty the types of reaction and the bacteria to which a patient might react later. The retesting has been continued. Table 1 shows the results with a number of patients studied intensively over a period of years.
The Permeability of the Lungs to Antibodies
Authors: Fox John P.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

It has been shown that antibodies of three different types and contained in foreign or homologous serum appear in the blood stream but slowly and in slight degree after intratracheal injection. Conversely, such antibodies are retained in the lungs over a relatively prolonged period. These facts suggest that the lungs are only slightly permeable to antibody. Additional evidence indicated that the presence of sterile pulmonary inflammation exerted little effect on this permeability. On these grounds it was found impossible to agree with Besredka that the intratracheal route is a good way to induce general passive immunity.
Blood Grouping in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Gettler Alexander O. , Kramer Herbert E.
Published: January 2023

Fresh blood samples of known group were smeared on cloth, paper and metal implements, and allowed to stand for various intervals of time. The dried blood-stains were then again tested. When putrefaction of the blood samples set in before they dried, as many as 14 out of 18 wrong groups were obtained. It is of importance to note that not only were agglutinogen or agglutinin destroyed during the drying or ageing of the blood stains, but in some instances changes occurred which yielded reactions simulating those of some particular agglutinogen.

The authors strongly advise against the use of blood-grouping of partially decomposed (and contaminated) blood stains, since our experiments definitely prove that 100 per cent correct results cannot be obtained.
The in Vitro Action of Synthetic Crystalline Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) on Herpes Virus
Authors: Holden Margaret , Resnick Rose
Published: January 2023

The experimental evidence presented in this paper shows that synthetic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) inactivates “W” virus in vitro. This is a non-specific action and is due to a pH effect since, when the vitamin is added to a virus suspension buffered between pH 5 to 8, it fails to inhibit the virus. The virus treated with unadjusted ascorbic acid loses its antigenic power.

These observations apply only to the inactivating effect of ascorbic acid on the virus in test tube mixtures and have no reference to the effect that vitamin C may exert in inhibiting virus infections in the animal body.
Delayed and Immediate Reactions to Bacterial Nucleoproteins in Asthma, Hay Fever, and in a Group of Miscellaneous Diseases
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Jordani Leopold
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The data in tables 1 and 2 show that immediate reactions to bacterial nucleoproteins in the groups of patients studied occur almost exclusively among those with hay fever and asthma. While it is possible that reactions of the immediate variety may be due to bacterial carbohydrates precipitated with the nucleoproteins, such an assumption seems improbable. Julianelle and his associates (2) have found that 12 per cent of normal patients react to the group specific (group A staphylococcus) carbohydrate of Staphylococcus aureus. Since less than 1 per cent of the patients in the control group has reacted to the nucleoprotein of Staphylococcus aureus this protein presumably contains carbohydrate in quantities insufficient to provoke immediate reactions in the average patient. Assuming that Julianelle is correct in the statement that carbohydrate from his group A staphylococcus causes immediate reactions if injected intracutaneously while similar responses are not obtained with the group B polysaccharide with these polysaccharides and the corresponding nucleoproteins, a differential experiment is possible. This experiment now under way will determine with finality whether the immediate reactions with the proteins are caused by the protein or by traces of carbohydrate inseparable from the nucleoprotein fraction. The evidence at hand indicates that the immediate reactions are caused by the protein and are peculiar to patients with hay fever and asthma.
Agglutination Reactions of the Heat Stable Antigens of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Gunnison J. B.
Published: January 2023

Nine serologic types of Clostridium tetani have been differentiated by means of the agglutination reaction as a result of the studies of Tulloch (1), Bauer (2), Fildes (3), Bauer and Meyer (4), Coleman and Meyer (5) and Coleman and Gunnison (6). As Felix and Robertson (7) have pointed out, this division into types was based on the reaction of the “flagellar” or “H” antigens only, as the methods employed were unsuitable for “somatic” or “O” agglutination.

The method of qualitative receptor analysis of H and O antigens as proposed by Weil and Felix (8, 9) was applied to the study of Cl. tetani by Felix and Robertson (7). They stated that the thermolabile H or flagellar antigens which gave flocculent agglutination were type specific, but that the thermostable O or somatic antigens which gave finely granular agglutination were closely related and showed marked overlapping among the types.
Reverse Anaphylaxis in Rats with Special Attention to Kidney Damage
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Swift Homer F.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. An understanding of the general picture of simple reverse anaphylaxis in rats is necessary in interpreting the lesions which result when anti-rat-kidney serum is administered to members of this species. The question of the more specific renal injury induced by nephrotoxin has already been discussed (1). This communication is limited to a detailed description and discussion of the clinical signs and pathological lesions observed in simple reverse anaphylaxis in rats induced by the intravenous injection of serum from rabbits immunized with rat serum.

Material and Methods. The precipitin titer of the immune rabbit serum used in the present experiments was determined by mixing 0.2 cc. with 0.4 cc. of suitably diluted normal rat serum; this titer, expressed as dilution of antigen, varied between 1:5,000 and 1:25,000.

Black and white hooded rats of an inbred strain were employed. Autopsies were performed immediately post mortem, and tissue for microscopic study was fixed in Zenker acetic solution.
Immunological Responses of Tissues Cultivated in Vitro
Authors: Salle A. J. , McOmie W. A.
Published: January 2023

Neither precipitins, agglutinins nor hemolysins were produced by suspensions of chicken's embryonic tissue in Tyrode's solution. An examination of some of the physical effects on the survival of embryonic tissue cell of the chicken was made. The optimal condition for survival at 37°C. was a dilution of 1:20 or greater in sealed containers. Chicken's embryonic tissue actively proliferating in a medium of guinea pig's plasma failed to produce antibodies against rabbit's or guinea pig's serum, or guinea pig's red blood cells in any demonstrable amount with the technic employed. Rabbit's or guinea pig's splenic or pulmonary tissue cells actively proliferating in plasma-medium likewise failed to produce demonstrable antibodies against guinea pig's or rabbit's serum.
A “Normal Antibody” in Monkey Serum
Authors: Weichsel Manfred , Salfeld Hans
Published: January 2023

The majority of sera of Macacus rhesus react with commercial lecithin in complement fixation tests. Almost 100 per cent of the sera of Macacus rhesus show strong and specific complement fixation in the presence of a certain acetone-soluble fraction (fat?) isolated from commercial lecithin.
The Survival of Virulent H. Influenzae in Phagocytes
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Chandler Caroline A. , Dingle John H.
Published: January 2023

Evidence is presented which suggests that H. influenzae may be protected from the destructive action of antiserum when ingested by phagocytes. This may be a factor in the frequent failure of specific therapy in patients with meningitis due to this organism.
Behavior Exhibited by Mixtures of Pneumococcus Type III and Homologous Antiserum, Analogous to That Described for Similar Associations of Virus and Antiviral Serum
Authors: Enders John F. , Shaffer Morris F.
Published: January 2023

The so-called “dilution phenomenon”, or the reappearance of pathogenic properties in inactive mixtures (not fatal to mice) of pneumococcus type III and homologous antibody on simple dilution, has been demonstrated. When the organisms are removed from such inactive mixtures they can be shown to be practically undiminished in virulence for mice up to 65 hours following the preparation of the mixture. After these mixtures have stood one to two weeks the cocci in the centrifuged sediments in the majority of instances fail to kill mice. The supernatant fluid from under-neutralized mixtures (fatal for mice) of pneumococcus type III and homologous antiserum contains unbound mouse protective substance even when contact between organisms and serum has been maintained for two weeks at 4°C. The quantity of free antibody, however, decreases with the passage of time. A comparison of these findings with those recorded by nearly all other observers for analogous mixtures of virus and antiviral serum reveals a striking parallelism in behaviour between the two kinds of pathogenic agents and their respective antisera.
The Apparent Antigenicity of Plastein
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Mudd Stuart , Flosdorf Esther W.
Published: January 2023

Continued injections of plasteins into rabbits give rise to precipitins, to cutaneous sensitivity, and to local anaphylaxis (the Arthus phenomenon). This in general confirms earlier observations by other workers. However, it has been found that the enzymes used in plastein-formation are themselves weakly antigenic, and, moreover, that the digests used as substrates may contain traces of denatured but still antigenic protein. The order of magnitude of the various reactions involving plasteins, digests and enzymes, and the specificity of these reactions, suggest that the antigenicity of plastein is due to the enzymes and traces of denatured proteins in the digests rather than to synthesized antigenic molecules. This work, therefore, if sound, invalidates the immunologic evidence which has been offered in support of the view that plasteins are synthesized products of molecular dimensions approximating those of proteins.
Blood Grouping in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Boyd William C. , Boyd Lyle G.
Published: January 2023

A simple technic is outlined by which about 150 dried blood stains were correctly grouped, including 28 unknown stains, identified only by number, sent the authors by Dr. Wiener. It is thought that this method, in the hands of experienced and competent operators, will give 100 per cent correct results. The limitations and sources of error are discussed.
Serological Specificity in Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Pirie N. W.
Published: January 2023

The specificity of the serologic reactions of benzene derivatives has been investigated with a rather large number of substances. Recently Berger and Erlenmeyer (1) have examined a serum got by using an azoprotein made from 3-amino pyridine and their results would seem to indicate that in this case less specific antibodies are formed than are obtained with benzene derivatives. In order to investigate further this question we have prepared antisera against two pyridine amino carboxylic acids as well as against 3-amino pyridine. The behavior of these antisera with related antigens and the inhibitory effect of related haptens on the precipitation with the homologous antigen have been studied and the results are recorded in this paper.

Technic. Preparation of haptens and inhibitors. 3-amino-4-carboxy pyridine and 4-amino-3-carboxy pyridine. Cinchomeronic acid was prepared by the oxidation of isoquinoline using a method essentially that of Hoogewerff and van Dorp (2).
Heterogenetic Hemagglutinins in Man Following Therapeutic Injections of Immune Sera Produced in Rabbits
Authors: Schiff Fritz
Published: January 2023

The development of non-specific hemagglutinins following the injection of horse serum, and particularly in cases of serum sickness, has been carefully studied by several observers (1–9). Although a definite and generally accepted theory has not yet been established, it seems likely that the phenomenon is due to a distinct antigen, believed to exist in the sera of horses as well as in the red cells of various animal species (horse, sheep, ox, rabbit). These are some of the animals whose blood is agglutinated by the serum from patients with serum sickness. Moreover, according to absorption experiments, the antigen is present in the serum and tissues of some of these animals.

Because of its distribution among several species of animals and in accordance with the definition given by Friedberger and Schiff (10), this antigen may be called a heterogenetic one.2
The Antitoxic Response to Diphtheric Antigens in Children
Authors: Fraser D. T. , Halpern K. C.
Published: January 2023

The results of approximately six hundred titrations of sera from 244 children, given three injections of “unmodified” diphtheric toxoid, are presented by showing the per cent distribution of children, by antitoxin levels, at certain intervals of time after the last injection.

The tabulated results are suggested as a standard of measurement or yard-stick for assessing the relative value of any given diphtheric antigen.

The antitoxin levels three months after three injections of unmodified toxoid compare favorably with the levels of antitoxin in a group of “naturally” immune persons.

These results were obtained during a time when the incidence of diphtheria infection was low, as evidenced by the morbidity rates, by carrier studies and by the fact that, among the sera serially titrated, in five instances only was there an indication of a rise in antitoxin level due to secondary stimulus.

A graph showing the rate of loss of antitoxin of the group as a whole is presented.

The antitoxic responses to various diphtheric antigens are presented and compared with the suggested standard.
Fractions of the Human Group-Specific A-Antigen
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Stuart C. A.
Published: January 2023

Four fractions of the group-specific A-antigen of human erythrocytes were distinguished by their reactions with various types of normal and immune A-agglutinins as follows: 1, a thermostable, alcohol-soluble fraction whose serologically reactive group was present in pepsin but not in sheep-erythrocytes; 2, a thermostable, alcohol-insoluble fraction whose reactive group was likewise present in pepsin but not in sheep-cells; 3, a thermostable, alcohol-soluble fraction whose reactive group was present both in pepsin and sheep-erythrocytes; and 4 a thermolabile, alcohol-labile fraction present neither in pepsin nor sheep-cells. The fourth component has the properties of an isophilic antigen and possibly is the A-antigen restricted in distribution to human A- and AB-individuals.
Anaphylaxis with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein and Hemocyanin
Authors: Seastone C. V. , Loring Hubert S. , Chester K. Starr
Published: January 2023

The anaphylactic properties of the tobacco mosaic virus protein and the hemocyanin of Limulus polyphemus have been studied in sensitized guinea pigs in vivo and by means of the Schultz-Dale method.

The results demonstrate that the tobacco mosaic virus protein is anaphylactogenic when tested in vivo, but in agreement with previously published data fails to cause smooth muscle contraction when tested in vitro.

The results of the experiments with the hemocyanin of Limulus polyphemus demonstrate that this protein is anaphylactogenic when tested by either of the above methods.
A Sheep Antibody Which Blocks the Prausnitzküstner Reaction
Authors: Cohen Milton B. , Nelson Tell
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Two sheep have been repeatedly injected with an aqueous extract of ragweed-pollen. The sera of these sheep contain an antibody which inhibits the Prausnitz-Küstner reaction to an extract of ragweed-pollen.
A Diluent for Stabilizing Tuberculin “O.T.” Diluted for the Mantoux Test
Authors: Gottschall Russell , Bunney William Edward
Published: January 2023

A diluent buffered to pH 7.2 with borax and boric acid, containing 0.04 per cent gum arabic and 0.5 per cent phenol was found to stabilize tuberculins tested when diluted 1:10,000 and dispensed in rubber stoppered hard glass vials of 1 or 10 ml. capacity. This stability was proof against destruction by shaking for seven days, exposure to indirect sunlight at room temperature for four months, or prolonged transportation to warm climates and return.