bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Moran Renae E.
Published: February 2019

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.
NEW BLACKBERRY AND GRAPE CULTIVARS FOR THE SOUTH
Authors: Moore J.N. , Clark John R. , Morris Justin R.
Published: February 2019

The impending release of a new blackberry cultivar and a new grape cultivar by the University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment station will be discussed. The blackberry, tested as A-1536, is an erect, thornless type ripening two weeks before 'Navaho'. It produces very firm, highly flavored fruit similar to 'Navaho'. The grape, tested as A-1335, is a blue-seeded juice grape with good adaptation to areas with high summer temperatures where 'Concord' does not ripen evenly. Fresh fruit and processed juice quality has been rated equal to or better than 'Concord' juice for quality attributes.
RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY RESPONSES TO HERBICIDES
Authors: Himelrick D.G. , Dozier W.A.
Published: February 2019

Rooted rabbiteye blueberry cuttings were transplanted to 15 cm pots containing either builders sand or 80% sand 20 peatmoss v/v (1% OH). Five different herbicides were applied at the high and low recommended rates. Terbacil at 1.4 or 2.9 kg/ha a.i. caused a 72% mortality while 1.8 or 3.6 kg/ha a.i. application of norflurazon caused a 53% mortality. Root volume, weight, top weight, and leaf chlorophyll concentrations were reduced by terbacil treatment. Oryzalin at 2.7 kg/ha a.i. or norflurazon at 3.6 kg/ha a.i. reduced root and top weight and chlorophyll. Napropamide at 2.2 kg/ha a.i. reduced top weight and chlorophyll. Two good choices for young plants appear to be simazine at 1.8 kg/ha a.i. and napropamide.
VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS ON NITROGEN AND CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN BLUEBERRY
Authors: Merhaut Donald J. , Darnell Rebecca L.
Published: February 2019

The influence of stage of vegetative flush development on NH4NO3-N uptake and carbon and nitrogen partitioning was evaluated in two-year-old 'Climax' rabbiteye blueberries using dual labeling with 15N and14C. Plants were grown in sand and fertilized with a modified Hoagland's solution. Plants were pruned to induce three stages of vegetative development: flush initiation, mid -flush, and flush maturity.

Total nitrogen uptake did not differ for the different stages of growth. However, N allocation to leaves was greatest at mid-flush, possibly due to higher transpiration rates of developing leaves. Total 14C partitioning to roots was reduced at mid-flush, compared to the other growth stages, reflecting the increased demand for carbon by growing shoots. Although less carbon was allocated to roots at mid-flush,this did not limit N uptake.
NEW AU WATERMELONS
Authors: Norton J.D. , Boyhan G.E. , Abrahams B.R.
Published: February 2019

Disease is a major factor limiting production of watermelons in Alabama. Gummy stem blight, anthracnose, and Fusarium wilt are three of the most serious diseases, causing reduced yields of melons in certain fields in Alabama. Although satisfactory control of gummy stem blight and anthracnose may be accomplished with the proper application of organic fungicides during normal weather conditions, no control measure is effective during periods of high humidity and high rainfall. The discovery that certain plant introductions were resistant to gummy stem blight and race 2 anthracnose led to development of multiple disease resistant breeding lines that produce high yields of excellent quality fruit. This research resulted in the 1991 release of AU-Golden Producer and Au-Sweet Scarlet varieties that are resistant to gummy stem blight, Fusarium wilt, and anthracnose (Colletotrichum laginarium race 2). Both melons are superior to current varieties of their type in yield, quality, and disease resistance.
SWEET CORN HERBICIDES
Authors: Straw R. A. , Mullins C. A.
Published: February 2019

`Merit' and `Silver Queen' sweet corn plants were treated with nicosulfuron and primisulfuron herbicides at rates of 0.035 and 0.039 kg ai ha-1, respectively. These herbicides were applied either over the top postemergence or directed post emergence. Over the top postemergence applications killed all of the `Merit' plants, but did not injure `Silver Queen' plants. All treatments provided greater than 90 % control of johnson grass and fall panicum.

In a separate experiment, `Silver Queen', `Incredible', `How Sweet It Is', `Pinnacle', `Sweetie 76', and `Landmark' showed slight injury, while `Silverado' showed moderate injury 2 weeks after application of a postemergence treatment of either nicosulfuron or primisulfuron. However, the plants soon outgrew this injury and yields were not reduced due to herbicide treatments.
Stand Establishment and Yield Responses to Improved Direct-seeding Methods of Tomatoes
Authors: Odell Gerald B. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , Bryan Herbert H. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: February 2019

Primed, pregerminated, or nontreated `FloraDade' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds in combination with several soil amendments were evaluated in three experiments for stand establishment characteristics and fresh-market fruit yields. Total percent emergence, seedling shoot weight, and marketable fruit yield were not consistently improved by GrowSorb, gel-mix, plug-mix covers, or mixtures with seeds as compared with a control (soil cover). However, rate of emergence was generally faster for plots containing primed or pregerminated seeds with soil amendments than for plots with a soil cover. Primed or pregerminated seeds emerged faster, and had higher total percent emergence and heavier seedling shoot weights than nontreated seeds, but there was little difference in response between primed and pregerminated seeds. Plants from the primed or pregerminated plots produced earlier (first harvest) marketable fruit than did plants from nontreated seed plots in one of three experiments. Priming or pregermination of tomato seeds resulted in a more consistently improved stand establishment than soil amendments.
Growth Regulators and Storage Temperature Govern Germination of Coreopsis Seed
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Ostmark Eric R.
Published: February 2019

The storage and germination environments were evaluated to determine the cause of low total germination percentages and highly irregular germination of Coreopsis lanceolata L. seed. Highest total germination and most rapid and uniform germination of seed occurred at constant 15C, other constant temperatures and all alternating temperature regimes caused lower total germination or delayed it. Seeds tolerated -20C during storage, but total germination was reduced below -5C. Recently harvested seeds had 44% total germination, but 54% to 81% germination was achieved after 6 hours of soaking seeds in 1000 ppm GA3, 1000 ppm ethephon, or 25 ppm kinetin alone or in combination. Growth regulators reduced the number of days to 50% of final germination (T50), and the span in days between 10% and 90% of germination (T90 - T10). Storing fresh seeds without chemical treatment for > 6 months at 5C and 10% to 20% relative humidity (RH), or 15C at 20% to 35% RH, increased total germination to 75% and 80%, respectively. Ten days were required to achieve T50 after 5 to 6 months of storage at 5C and 10% to 20% RH or 15C and 10% to 40% RH, with longer periods to T50 at other storage durations and RH levels. The germination spans (T90 - T10) were lengthened the higher the seed storage temperatures between 5 to 25C, with longer spans as seed storage durations and relative humidities increased. Total germination was similar after storing seeds at 5 or 15C and 10% to 30% RH and after soaking recently harvested seeds in GA3 + ethephon, but the days to T50 and T90 - T10 were shorter after growth regulator treatment. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon); gibberellic acid (GA3); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin).
Temperature and Age of Plant Affect Resistance in Peach-Almond Hybrid Rootstock Infected with Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Canals Jordi , Pinochet Jorge , Felipe Antonio
Published: February 2019

The influence of temperature and age of the plant was determined on nematode reproduction on a susceptible almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch.) and on a resistant peach-almond hybrid (P. persica Stok. × P. amygdalus Batsch.) rootstock inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in heated and unheated sand beds. `Garrigues' almond inoculated with 3000 nematodes per plant showed extensive galling, high final nematode population levels, and high counts of nematodes per gram of root at 27 and 32C. The hybrid G × N No. 1 showed minimal galling and reproduction at 27C but higher levels of galling and final population and nematode counts per gram of root at 32C, suggesting a partial loss of resistance with temperature increase. One-month-old and 1-year-old plants of `Garrigues' were susceptible following inoculation with 2000 nematodes per plant, although plantlets (l-month) were significantly more affected. Plantlets of hybrid G × N No. 1 were also susceptible, but 1-year-old plants were resistant. Resistant genotypes (G × N selections) seem to require root tissue maturation before expressing full resistance.
Resistance of White-flowered Gourd to Sweetpotato Whitefly
Authors: Kishaba A.N. , Castle S. , McCreight J.D. , Desjardins P.R.
Published: February 2019

Confined-leaf tests in a greenhouse showed Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley plant introduction (PI) 442369 was as susceptible to sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, oviposition as Cucumis melo L., Cucurbita ecuadorensis Cutler and Whitaker, and Cucurbita lundelliana Bailey, whereas L. siceraria accessions PI 419090, PI 419215, PI 432341, and PI 432342 were resistant. Resistance rankings of L. siceraria accessions based on adult counts in greenhouse and field tests were similar. Adult entrapment among trichomes was highest on adaxial leaf surfaces of L. siceraria PI 419090. Abaxial leaf trichome density was 48.7/mm2 on sweetpotato whitefly-resistant L. siceraria PI 432342, 42.1/mm2 on Cucurbita lundelliana PI 540895, and ranged from 51.0 to 85.5/mm2 on Cucurbita ecuadorensis PI 540896. Leaf trichome densities of selected plants of four L. siceraria accessions ranged from 33.0 to 52/mm2 on the abaxial and from 6.3 to 20.8/mm2 on the adaxial surface. Scanning electron micrographs of the abaxial leaf surface, the preferred surface for oviposition, suggest that trichome configuration (density and arrangement of different lengths) could be a factor in reduction of whitefly oviposition on L. siceraria.
Micropropagation of Lupinus texensis from Cotyledonary Node Explants
Authors: Upadhyaya Abba , Davis Tim D. , Sankhla Daksha , Sankhla N.
Published: February 2019

Both kinetin and BA promoted in vitro shoot formation from hypocotyl explants of Lupinus texensis Hook. placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. With either cytokinin, shoot formation was best at ≈4.5 μm. Adventitious root formation was observed only on tissue culture-derived shoots placed in MS media containing 5.4 to 54 μM NAA. IAA and IBA, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 55 μm, failed to stimulate rooting. Even at the optimal concentration of NAA, only 14% of the shoots produced roots. Thus, although hypocotyl explants readily produced shoots, adventitious root formation on these shoots occurred with relatively low frequency. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopnrine (BA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
FIELD GROWTH ANALYSIS OF WATERMELON PLANTS UNDER VARIOUS ROWCOVERS AND MULCHES
Authors: Soltani N. , Harmon A.R. , Anderson J.L.
Published: February 2019

`Crimson Sweet' watermelon plants grown under various mulches and rowcovers were harvested weekly and analyzed for absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf weight ratio (LWR), leaf area duration (LAD), biomass duration (BMD), and runner growth. Hourly air and soil temperatures were monitored inside the rowcovers. Vispore and Reemay rowcovers generally showed greater mean AGR, LAR, SLA, LAD, and BMD than Agronet black-clear and black mulches. No significant differences in LWR were found between mulched and rowcovered plants. Plants under mulches and rowcovers showed significant increases in AGR, RGR, NAR, LAR, SLA, LAD, and BMD over noncovered (bare ground) plants. Longest runner length was highly correlated with total runner length. Growth analyses depicted decreased growth rate inside the rowcovers during the hottest weeks of the summer, and generally correlated well with the earliness and total yield of the crop.
TRANSLOCATION AND USE OF 14C-LABELED PHOTOSYNTHATES FROM SENESCING `CARIGNANE' GRAPEVINE LEAVES AND THEIR STORAGE IN OTHER PARTS OF THE PLANT
Authors: Ahmedullah M.
Published: February 2019

The extent of translocation of 14C-labeled photosynthates from the senescent leaf to the parent vine before leaf abscission and the short-term effects of premature leaf removal on the carbohydrate balance of the vine were studied by using autoradiography and trapping 14CO2 respired from the treated leaf. The treated leaf abscissed 1.5 days after administering the label. The plant was harvested after natural leaf abscission. The radioactivity recovered from the plant, excluding the treated leaf, was 20% of the input. Radioactivity was detected in the roots, trunk, shoot, and leaves. Most of the radioactivity remained in the trunk and the young and old roots. The implications of premature leaf removal by mechanical harvesting on the carbohydrate balance of the vine are discussed.
Assimilative Lighting with High-pressure Sodium Lamps Reduces Freesia Quality
Authors: Blom Theo J. , Piott Brian D.
Published: February 2019

Four freesia cultivars were exposed to 24 hour·day-1 high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting during various stages of their development. Upon emergence, freesia plants were exposed to the following four lighting treatments: 1) ambient; 2) ambient until shoot length was 5 to 8 cm followed by HPS lighting until flowering; 3) HPS lighting until shoot length was 5 to 8 cm followed by ambient lighting; and 4) continuous HPS lighting. Supplemental HPS lighting was provided at 37 μmol·m-2·s-1 at plant level in a glasshouse. Continuous lighting or lighting during flower development hastened flowering but reduced the number of flowering stems per corm, as well as stem length and weight. Lighting during the vegetative and flower initiation periods produced minor effects. The main benefit of supplemental lighting was found in total corm weight.
Emergence and Seedling Growth of Okra Genotypes at Low Temperatures
Authors: Marsh Lurline
Published: February 2019

Seedling emergence and growth of 39 genotypes of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] were studied at several temperatures. Seeds were evaluated in two separate studies. One was a 3-year early planting field evaluation where air temperatures ranged from -2 to 29C. The other was a study at controlled temperatures of 10/10, 14/10, 15/15, 20/10, and 20/20C day/night. Okra genotypes showed variation in seedling emergence in the field, but the results fluctuated over years. Seedlings emerged at all the controlled temperatures, although the percentage of emergence reached only 13% at 10/10C. All temperature regimes produced some degree of leaf chlorosis, the severity of which was greatest at the lower temperatures. Leaves of none of the okra seedlings of any of the genotypes grew at 10/10, 14/10, or 15/15C. Genotypic variation in emergence was observed with the controlled temperatures.
Floral Initiation and Vascular Development in Lateral Buds of Kalanchoe
Authors: Kessler Raymond , Myers Stan P.
Published: February 2019

Early development of lateral buds is demonstrated as one of the evocation events in Kalanchoes (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.). Lateral buds of `Cactus Candy', `Gelbe Melody', and `Jupiter' that were ≈5 mm long or less showed no signs of a change to the reproductive state after 21 short days. However, larger lateral buds for `Jupiter' did show floral initiation while those of `Cactus Candy' and `Gelbe Melody' did not. Studies of the vascular arrangement indicate the presence of four dorsal and four ventral bundles connecting leaves to the stem. Vascular connections to lateral buds arise from vascular cambium but do not appear to connect to any of the bundles that supply leaves.
Screening of Allium Tester Lines in Vitro with Pyrenochaeta terrestris Filtrates
Authors: Ludwig Andrew C. , Hubstenberger John F. , Phillips Gregory C. , Southward G. Morris
Published: February 2019

Callus cultures were established from intraspecific lines of Allium cepa L., interspecific F1 progeny of A. cepa crossed to A. fistulosum L. and to A. galanthum L., advanced generations of A. fistulosum x A. cepa backcrossed to A. cepa, and lines of A. fistulosum and A. galanthum. These genotypes had been identified as susceptible, resistant, or partially resistant tester lines based on prior seedling and field nursery screenings using the pink-root pathogen Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker and Larson. Tester line calli were challenged in vitro with culture filtrates of the fungal pathogen and were assessed by visible damage ratings expressed as the percentage of pigmentation in response to the filtrate. The degrees of callus sensitivity to the filtrate observed in vitro corresponded well with the in vivo tester line classifications. These results eliminated the possible confounding influence of using various species of Allium for in vitro screening. Our results indicated the suitability of the in vitro screening approach for the possible identification of useful segregants or somaclonal variants possessing pink-root resistance. However, in vivo pathogenicity may involve mechanisms in addition to sensitivity to the putative toxins present in the filtrate.
Identification of Red Maple Cultivars by Isozyme Analysis
Authors: Tobolski James J. , Kemery Ricky D.
Published: February 2019

Dormant bud tissue from two or more trees representing 18 red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars was subjected to isozyme analyses using starch-gel electrophoresis. Polymorphic enzymes resolved were alcohol dehydrogenase, peroxidase, phosphoglucase isomerase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and malic dehydrogenase. An enzyme pattern or combination of patterns was useful in identifying individual cultivars, these included: `Autumn Blaze', `Autumn Flame', `Bowhall', `Celebration', `Columnare', `Curtis', `Doric', `Firedance', `Gerling', Y.J. Drake', `Morgan', `Northwood', `Scarlet Sentinel', `Schlesingeri', and `Tilford'. `Armstrong', `October Glory', and `Red Sunset' could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of enzymes examined in this study.
Prestorage Heating of Apple Fruit for Enhanced Postharvest Quality: Interaction of Time and Temperature
Authors: Klein Joshua D. , Lurie Susan
Published: February 2019

`Anna' and `Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) that were kept at 46C for 12 hours or at 42C for 24 hours before storage at 0C were firmer at the end of storage and had a higher soluble solids: acid ratio and a lower incidence of superficial scald than unheated fruit. These heat regimes produced results similar to those obtained by keeping fruit at 38C for 72 or 96 hours before storage. Prestorage regimes of 46C for 24 hours or 42C for 48 hours resulted in fruit damage after storage.
Xanthomonas Resistance of Phaseolus Interspecific Cross Selections Confirmed by Field Performance
Authors: Scott M.E. , Michaels T.E.
Published: February 2019

Effective genetic resistance to common bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye] is not present in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Ontario. Foliar symptoms and seed yield of white pea bean breeding lines from a P. vulgaris/P. acutifolius interspecific cross in the presence and absence of common blight were evaluated. In inoculated plots, seven of the 20 breeding lines did not differ significantly in severity of foliar symptoms from the most resistant controls, XAN 159 and XAN 161. The most susceptible lines tended to have the highest yield when grown under disease-free conditions (r = 0.61 and 0.49 at two locations). However, the susceptible lines showed an average yield loss of 25% when disease-free and inoculated plots were compared, while resistant lines had little or no yield loss. The most severely infected lines tended to have the greatest loss in yield (r = 0.72 and 0.53 at two locations). A resistant breeding line from this study is available as OAC 88-1.
Spinach Tissue Culture Improved with Coconut Water
Authors: Al-Khayri Jameel M. , Huang Feng H. , Morelock Teddy E. , Busharar Tahani A.
Published: February 2019

A preliminary study has shown that the addition of 15% (v/v) coconut water (CW) to the culture medium significantly improved callus growth, shoot-regenerative capacity, and shoot growth in leaf disk cultures of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Subsequently, the influence of a range of CW concentrations, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% (v/v), was examined. Callus weight obtained after 5 weeks showed direct relationship to the concentration of CW. This stimulator action was observed in both cultivars tested in this study, `High Pack' and `Baker'. On CW-containing medium, shoot regeneration was expedited to 4 to 5 weeks compared with 8 to 12 weeks on a CW-free medium. Callus of `Baker' induced on a CW-free medium exhibited a significant increase in shoot regeneration frequency when transferred to a regeneration medium enriched with CW, suggesting that the addition of CW to the regeneration medium only is sufficient to achieve improved regeneration.
Ethanol Enhances the Effectiveness of Ethephon on Anthocyanin Production in Cranberry Fruits in the Field
Authors: Farag Karim M. , Palta Jiwan P. , Stang Elden J.
Published: February 2019

The application of ethanol for enhancing effectiveness of ethephon under field conditions on cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) fruit was tested during three seasons (1986 to 1988). The formulation containing ethephon plus the surfactant Tergitol (0.3% or 0.5%, v/v) and ethanol (2.5%, 5%, or 10%) consistently increased anthocyanin content in the fruit by 28% to 54% over the control. In general, fruit size was not affected by the ethephon treatment containing ethanol and Tergitol. The application of ethephon plus surfactant did not increase the anthocyanin content in the fruit. The presence of ethanol in the ethephon and surfactant mixture, however, consistently enhanced the fruit anthocyanin content by 21% to 40% as compared to ethephon plus surfactant. No adverse effect of various treatments on vine growth or appearance was noticed over the three seasons. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon).
POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORTED AND TRANSHIPPED TROPICAL FLORICULTURAL COMMODITIES
Authors: van Gorsel Rik
Published: February 2019

Intercontinental trade in floriculture products exceeds US$ 1,250 mln annually. One fourth are tropical commodities. Most of the US$ 200 mln of tropical floriculture products imported into western Europe arrive by airplane and are transhipped before arriving at the country of destination. For cut flowers, it takes four to seven days from arrival at the port of entry to destination at the consumer. Mode of transport and market structure have as result that postharvest requirements for individual products are seldomly met. Potential vase life is reduced by five to ten percent for every day spent in the marketing chain. Because quality loss is often invisible, there is a necessity to have measures of internal quality. The only measure currently being used is a test on bacterial contamination. Internal quality tests based on carbohydrates, chlorophyll fluorescence or near-infrared spectra are being developed. Control on the application of pretreatments against bacteria, ethylene and drought needs to be intensified. Extension efforts continue to emphasize hygene and temperature control.
POST-TRANSPLANT WATER RELATIONS AND GROWTH RESPONSES OF `RED SUNSET' RED MAPLE TREES TO ROOT PRUNING AND Cu (OH)2-TREATED CONTAINER PRODUCTION
Authors: Arnold. Michael A. , Stearman G. Kim , Cripps Reed W.
Published: February 2019

Rooted cuttings of Acer rubrum `Red Sunset' grown in containers treated on interior surfaces with 100 g Cu(OH)2/liter white interior latex paint, or left untreated, were root pruned or not root pruned and planted in a field plot. A pseudo-bareroot treatment, trees from untreated containers shaken free of media, was included. Height (115 vs. 108 cm) and caliper (12.0 vs. 10.7 mm) at transplant was slightly greater for copper treated trees than for untreated trees. Leaf water potentials (LWP) at transplant were similar for all treatments. Mid-day LWP of trees transplanted from untreated containers tended to be lower than that of trees grown in copper treated containers at days 3, 14, 28, and 53 after transplant. Pseudo-bareroot trees had the most negative mid-day and pre-dawn LWP through day 92. Soil water potentials were from -0.01 to -0.03MPa.
DETERMINATION OF SEASONAL FLOWERING PATTERNS FOR HELICONIA IN HAWAII THROUGH GROWER SALES RECORDS
Authors: Criley R. A. , Lekawatana S.
Published: February 2019

More than three dozen species of Heliconia have entered the cut flower trade since the expanded interest in bold tropical cut flowers began in the early 1980s. Most were wild-collected originally with little information on their habitats or season of bloom. A natural flowering season for some species can be found in the taxonomic literature, but it may be influenced locally by rainfall and drought periods as well as by photoperiod and therefore not reliable in indicating production periods in Hawaii. Sales records from 1984 through 1990 or several heliconia growers on Oahu reflected not only the quantities produced but also the time and duration of the blooming season. Such information is helpful in coordinating with the flower markets. Heliconia species of commercial interest with strong seasonal flowering periods are noted: angusta, bihai, caribaea, caribaea X bihai, collinsiana, farinosa, lingulata, rostrata, sampaioana, stricta, subulata, wagneriana.
CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH CHILLING-UNIT ACCUMULATION IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BLUEBERRY
Authors: Rowland Lisa J. , Muthalif M. , Mubarack
Published: February 2019

There is evidence from several plant species that low, nonfreezing temperatures induce the accumulation of specific proteins in leaves and stems. Only recently, however, have attempts been made to identify changes in gene expression in dormant buds of woody plants in response to chilling. For our investigations, we have used dormant blueberry plants representing three different species, placed them in a room maintained at about 4C, and collected buds after 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 hours. Proteins were extracted from bud samples and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Results indicated that various cultvars and species responded differently to chilling unit accumulation. The most dramatic changes were noted in the V. corymbosum cultivar `Bluecrop'. The concentration of about 6 polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 60-115 kD increased by 500 hours. The concentration of a 17.5 kD polypeptide increased after 1000 hours and the concentration of a 114 kD polypeptide decreased throughout the treatment.
THE EFFECT OF ALGAE AND ALGICIDAL TREATMENTS ON HYDROPONIC STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Bish Eric B.
Published: February 2019

Some countries have achieved success in growing strawberries hydroponically. These countries, however, attain a higher price for produce. Algae growth in strawberries and other hydroponic operations has been reported as a potential limitin factor. Three treatments were set up using a modified NFT system; a control in which algae was allowed to grow, a treatment physically covering all the nutrient solution to prevent contact with light, and a treatment of 1 ml metam-sodium in 100 liters nutrient solution. Measurements of yield, nutrient composition, plant survival, and runnering were taken. There was no significant difference in nutrient consumption among the treatments. There were significant differences in time to first fruit, yield, and runnering. Metam-sodium inhibited runner production. The treatment that excluded light from the nutrien solution resulted in prolific runnering and had larger fruit size.
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION REDUCES TISSUE NITRATE CONTENT IN POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: MacDonald William N. , Tsujita M. James , Blom Theo J.
Published: February 2019

Excessive supply of fertilizer N can lead to inefficient use of supplied N and consequently affect plant quality. Reduction of supplied fertilizer N can possibly increase plant N usage efficiency and improve quality. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. `Yellow Favor' was grown single stem in 10 cm pots on an ebb and flow benching system. All plants received 18.5 mM NO3- N, until the mid point of this ten wk crop, at which time the following NO3- concentrations (mM) were employed: 18.5, 15.5, 12.5, 9.5, clear water and clear water alternating with 18.5 mM NO3-. Plants were harvested at two wk intervals, cut in half and separated into leaves, stems plus petioles and inflorescence (when developed). Plant tissue from the lower half of the plant was analyzed for total and NO3- N, with reduced N being estimated as the difference between these two values. All growth parameters measured did not significantly differ, although termination of N fertilization (clear water) and reduction of NO3- level to 9.5 mM significantly reduced NO3- levels in the lower leaf and stem plus petioles, with a concomitant increase in reduced N in these tissues, over the 6-10 wk period. Total amounts of N accumulated in plant tissues analyzed did not differ significantly at flowering.
GENETIC VARIANCES AND CORRELATIONS AMONG FRUIT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN A Lycopersicon. esculentum × L. pennellii BACKCROSS POPULATION.
Authors: Nienhuis James , Schroeder Steve , King Gretchen
Published: February 2019

An accession of the wild species of tomato, L. pennellii (Cor.) D'Arcy, LA 1077 is much more water-use efficient (WUE) than the cultivated tomato. The F1 hybrid between L. esculentum cultivar UC82 and LA 1077 was backcrossed to UC8 2 and selfed. S1 families (BC1S1) were evaluated for fruit quality characteristics at the Heinz Research Farm, Stockton, CA. Broad sense heritabilities were estimated as follows: Fruit weight, 0.52 ± .28; Soluble solids 0.56 ± .27; viscosity 0.63 ± .27; pH 0.43 ±.29 Color L 0.59 ± .27 and Color A/B ratio 0.50 ± .28. The following phenotypic correlations were observed in the BC1S1 generation between expression of soluble solids and fruit quality characteristics: Fruit weight (g), 0.15; viscosity, -0.65; pH -0.52; Color L, -0.53 and Color A/B ratio 0.02.
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND ORGANOGENESIS OF EASTERN BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA)
Authors: Long Lynn M. , Preece John E. , Gaffney Gerald R. , Van Sambeek J. W.
Published: February 2019

Cotyledon explants were harvested from immature walnut fruits during July and August 1991. Media consisted of either WPM with 0.1 μM 2,4-D, 5.0 μM TDZ and 1.0 g/liter casein hydrolysate or DKW with 4.4 μM BA, 0.05 μM IBA, 9.3 μM Kinetin and 250 mg/liter l-glutamine. Treatments were arranged factorially with 2 gelling agents, 7 g/liter Sigma agar or 2 g/liter Gelrite and were incubated in light or in darkness. After 4 weeks, all explants were placed on basal DKW with no growth regulators and were cultured in darkness. The best treatment tested was from seeds collected 14 weeks post-anthesis on WPM, agar, and incubation in light (22 embryos/explant, 78% embryogenesis). Use of DKW and gelrite in darkness resulted in 1 embryo/explant and 38% embryogenesis. Up to 90% shoot organogenesis also occurred on cotyledon explants from seeds collected 16 weeks post-anthesis and placed on WPM. Shoots elongated on stationary liquid DKW with 10 μM BA.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE AGE, CYTOKININ LEVEL IN CULTURE, AND “RETIPPING” ON GROWTH AND THE INCIDENCE OF VARIATION IN TISSUE-CULTURED RHODODENDRONS
Authors: Keith Virginia M. , Brand Mark H.
Published: February 2019

Significant occurrences of phenotypic variation have been noted in micropropagated Rhododendron. Studies were undertaken to determine what aspects of micropropagation lead to variation. Rhododendron `Molly Fordham' was used to evaluate growth parameters and the incidence of variation in plants that originated from 3 month and 54 month old cultures. Plants from 3-month-old cultures were significantly wider than plants from 54-month-old cultures. Rhododendron `Aglo', `Molly Fordham', and `Scintillation' were used to evaluate growth and the incidence of variation in plants grown from microcutting bases and rerooted microcutting tips (retips). Three-month-old retips were significantly taller and wider than bases of the same age, but possessed fewer branches. The influence of in vitro N6-[2-isopentenyl]adenine (2-iP) concentration on the growth and phenotype of regenerated plants of `Aglo', `Molly Fordham', and `Scintillation' was examined. Data taken 3 months post-acclimation indicate that growth and the incidence of variation in response to 2-iP concentration is cultivar dependent.
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION IN BEGONIA
Authors: Marek Randall J. , Parker Ronald D.
Published: February 2019

An interspecific hybridization program involving ancestral species of the Begonia Semperflorens Cultorum Group was initiated to expand the genetic base of this group. Viable seeds were recovered from four reciprocal crosses. F, progenies were sterile and phenotypically intermediate between parental types. Fluorescence microscopy revealed evidence of both sporophytic and gametophytic incompatibility. Post-pollnation responses of flower petals were positively correlated with pollen tube growth in stigmatic, stylar, and ovarian tissue. A digital image analyzer was used to facilitate seed counts and to determine the percentage of ovules that developed into seeds. Seed germination percentages ranged from 0-91 for crosses to 80-99 for selfs.
EFFECTS OF INBREEDING ON FLOWER YIELD IN GERBERA
Authors: Huang Hongzhan , Harding James , Byrne Thomas
Published: February 2019

Inbreeding depression is found in most flower crops. Limited population size can cause inbreeding even in outcrossed populations. The Davis population of Gerbera hybrida has been selected for increasing flower yield for 15 generations. The mean yield per plant of the population has been increased from 14.2 to 28.0 flowers per winter six-month period. In each generation 23 to 80 selected parents have been crossed at random. Inbreeding coefficients were estimated from the pedigrees of each of the 6199 plants in the 16 generations. The inbreeding level in this population was found to increase in each generation and currently is 16.5%. Mean yield and inbreeding per family have a statistically significant negative correlation in generations 13 to 16. The results indicate that inbreeding is increasing in this randomly outcrossed population because of its finite number of parents, and that yield is reduced by 3.9 flowers per six-month due to inbreeding.
EFFECT OF DITHIOPYR, SEED PLACEMENT. AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT ON GROWTH OF TOLERANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE WEEDS
Authors: Setyowati Nanik , Weston Leslie A.
Published: February 2019

Dithiopyr (Dimension, Monsanto) is a turfgrass herbicide currently under evaluation for use in ornamentals. Granular herbicide depth and seed placement were evaluated in greenhouse studies with tolerant or susceptible weeds. Dithiopyr was applied preemergence to weeds at the rate of 2.24 kg/ha to Maury silt loam soil. Weed seeds were planted routinely at 0.64 cm depth. Dithiopyr placed at the soil surface or 0.64 cm in depth caused the greatest injury to seedlings, followed by dithiopyr at 1.28 cm depth. Dithiopyr at 2.54 and 3.81 cm below the surface had no effect upon seedling growth. When seeding depth was investigated, seed placed at 0.64, 1.28 or 1.91 cm below the surface showed greatest seedling injury when dithiopyr was routinely applied at 0.64 cm depth. Seed placement on the soil surface resulted in the least injury to weeds.

Peat moss was added to Maury silt loam soil and to sand to investigate the influence of organic matter upon activity. Soil with 2% peat resulted in the least injury to selected weed seedlings while sand, and sand plus up to 3% peat showed greatest injury. Sand amended with 5 and 6% peat also resulted in less injury to weed seedlings. Ivy leaf morningglory and KY 31 fescue were most tolerant of dithiopyr while barnyardgrass and large crabgrass were most sensitive. Dithiopyr uptake, translocation and metabolism studies will be conducted with susceptible and tolerant weed and woody ornamental species.
1989-90 VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN MEXICO FOR U.S. EXPORT
Authors: Gomez Jose F.
Published: February 2019

The proposed free trade agreement (FTA) between U.S. and Mexico may open opportunities for a new economic relationship with our nearest international trading partner. Understanding Mexico's vegetable exports will become important for estimating the economic impact of the FTA on the U.S. vegetable business. In the 1989-90 season, Mexico farmed approximately 20 million ha of which 3.5% or 700,000 ha were dedicated to vegetables including 246,000 ha for export. National vegetable production was 8 million tons with 1.5 million tons or 17.6% exported. Of the 100 different vegetables produced in Mexico many are major crops in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. About 72% of the vegetables exported to the U.S. were produced in three states: Sinaloa, Sonora and Baja California. Nearly 83% of the vegetable imports into the U.S. occurred during the winter and spring months. Based on importation figures at seven main points of entry, Reynosa was the second, most important entry point after Nogales. If the FTA is signed, all ports of entry will most likely experience increased activity.
COMPETITIVE VEGETATIVE ORCHARD COVERS REDUCE PEACH ROOTING
Authors: Parker Michael L. , Meyer John R.
Published: February 2019

Peach trees (`Biscoe'/Lovell) were planted in March, 1988 in ten different ground cover management systems. The trees were planted at the Sandhills Research Station in Southeastern North Carolina on a Candor sand and Eunola sandy loam. In December, 1991 the trench profile method was used to evaluate root distribution under the six orchard floor management systems of nimblewill, bare ground control, centipedegrass, brome, bahiagrass, and weedy control. Trenches were dug parallel to the tree row 60 cm from the center of the row on both sides of the tree. Grids 1 meter square, sectioned into 10 cm squares, were placed on the profile walls and root distribution (in three size categories) was recorded for 1 meter on each side of the tree in each trench. Root numbers were greatly reduced under the vegetative covers that provided the greatest suppression of vegetative tree growth. Total root densities under the trees in the vegetative covers were ranked into three size categories which were correlated with the amount of vegetative tree growth.
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN SWEETPOTATO ROOTS DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LaBonte Don R. , Picha David H.
Published: February 2019

Six sweetpotato cultivars were evaluated for changes in individual sugar concentration, dry weight, and alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) during growth and development. Measurements were taken at weekly intervals from 7 to 21 weeks after transplanting. Sucrose, the major sugar during all stages of development, generally increased in concentration throughout development for `Heart-o-gold', `Travis', and `Jewel', but peaked at 17 weeks for `Beauregard' and `Whitestar'. The high-dry matter white flesh cultivars of `Rojo Blanco' and `Whitestar' contained the lowest sucrose concentration. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose generally decreased in concentration up to 17 weeks in 4 of 6 cultivars, followed by an increase from 17 to 21 weeks in all cultivars. Glucose concentration was marginally greater than fructose at all stages of development in each cultivar. Little or no increase in total sugar concentration occurred during development in `Whitestar' and `Rojo Blanco'. A substantial increase in total sugars occurred during development with `Jewel', `Beauregard', `Heart-o-gold' and `Travis'. Cultivars differed widely in their individual sugar concentrations during development. Percent dry matter increased in all cultivars from 7 to 14 weeks. Dry matter and AIS decreased during the later stages of development.
MECHANICAL INJURY IN SOLO PAPAYA FRUIT
Authors: Quintana Maria Eloisa G. , Paull Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Ripe yellow papaya fruit in the markets frequently show green sunken areas called “green islands” (GI). This disorder seems to be caused by mechanical injury in a commercial postharvest handling system. Fruit at different stages of ripeness (5 to 50% yellow) were dropped from different heights (0 to 100 cm) onto a smooth steel plate to try to create GI. The injury sustained was not the same as GI seen in fruit from the handling system. Fruit (10 to 15% yellow) dropped on different grades of sandpaper (220 mesh to 36 mesh) from a height of 10 cm had injury symptoms similar to those seen on fruit from the handling system. These results suggest that abrasion damage was more important than impact damage in papaya fruit. Heating fruit at 48°C for -6 hours or until fruit core temperature (FCT) reached 47.5°C aggravated the severity of GI. Delaying the time of heating from the time of dropping did not significantly lower the severity of GI, except for fruit heated 24 hours after dropping. Waxing fruit alleviated the severity of GI. The results indicate that avoidance of abrasive surfaces such as the plywood walls of field bins is the best approach to avoiding the unsightly GI blemishes on papaya peel.
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF `HASS' AVOCADOS
Authors: Faubion Dana F. , Arpaia Mary Lu , Mitchell F. Gordon , Mayer Gene
Published: February 2019

Optimum controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions were evaluated over a two year period for California-grown `Hass' avocado (Persea americana). Fruit harvests corresponded to early, middle and late season commercial harvests. Various temperatures and CA conditions were tested. The results indicate that the storage life of `Hass' can be extended from 3 to 4 weeks in 5C air, to 9 weeks in 5C CA if they are held in 2% oxygen and 2 to 5% carbon dioxide. Loss of quality as determined by chilling injury expression and flesh softening was greatly reduced in these conditions. Fruit maturity influenced the response to CA storage. Late season fruit had greater loss of quality in storage than earlier fruit. In 2% oxygen and 2.5% carbon dioxide, continuous exposure to ethylene levels as low as 0.1 ppm significantly increased quality loss. Delays in cooling and CA atmosphere establishment of up to three days after harvest did not effect quality.
EFFECT OF HOT WATER TREATMENT AND FILM PACKING ON MARKET QUALITY OF MANGOS FOR EXPORT.
Authors: González-Aguilar G. , Báez-Sañudo R. , Troncoso-Rojas R. , Báez-Sañudo M. , Bringas-Taddei E.
Published: February 2019

México is an important producer of mangos for exportation. Losses occurring during postharvest due to poor handling practices, spoilage and injury during transportation reduces the quality of the fruit for shipment overseas. A hot water immersion treatment of 46C for 90 min and film wrapping of the fruit were studied to evaluate losses that occur during the sorting and packing of the fruit for market abroad. Cultivars of mangos included in the study were Tomy Atkins, Hayden, Kent, and Keitt. Fruits were selected from different points in the packing line before and after the hot water treatment and were stored at 10C and 20C for 30 days. Additionally, fruits were divided in subgroups and packed individually in low density polyethylene bags. Fruits were evaluated every 10 days for color, weight, firmness and injuries. Most severe losses occurred when the fruits were selected later in the packing line. Hot water treatment caused severe discoloration on the fruits. Film packing decreased weight loss, improved firmness, and retarded ripening and onset of spoilage.
FRUIT CLUSTER THINNING, SHADIHG, AND DEFOLIATION ON FRUIT COLOR DEVELOPMENT OF RELIANCE GRAPES
Authors: Gao Yu , Cahoon G. A.
Published: February 2019

Significant differences in fruit color were created with fruit cluster thinning (20, 40, and 60 clusters/vine), cluster shading (full sun as control, 55% shading, and 95% shading using shading cage constructed of shade cloth), and defoliation (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 leaves/cluster). Fruit cluster shading and defoliation treatments decreased red fruit color (characterized by Hunte Color a). Fruit cluster thinning increased red fruit color. Anthocyanin profile of Reliance grape was characterized as cyaninidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside using Paper Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography. Analyses of total anthocyanin content (pH shift method), individual anthocyanin and soluble carbohydrates content (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), are being conducted to determine effects of carbohydrate allocation to fruit and sun light on fruit color of Reliance grapes.
MODE OF CARBON DIOXIDE ACTION ON METABOLISM OF ORGANIC AND AMINO ACIDS IN CRISPHEAD LETTUCE
Authors: Ke D. , Mateos M. , Siriphanich J. , Li C. , Kader A.A.
Published: February 2019

Leaf tissues of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were kept in air or in air enriched with 5% to 20% CO at OC for 2 to 9 days followed by transfer to air or to CO2 2enhanced atmospheres at 20C for 1 day to study the mode of CO2 action on metabolism of organic and amino acids. The 20%  treatment caused a decrease in intracellular pH, which alone or, in combination with, other CO2 effects, inhibited succinate dehydrogenase but activated glutamate decarboxylase. This resulted in an accumulation of succinate and γ-aminobutyrate and a reduction in concentrations of malate and glutamate. Elevated CO2 atmospheres did not affect other organic and amino acids. These effects of CO2 were influenced by temperature and concentration/duration of exposure to CO2, while type of tissue (green vs. white) and cultivars of lettuce generally had no influence.