bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUD LAKE, FLORIDA; ITS ALGAE AND ALKALINE BROWN WATER1
Authors: Beard M. E.
Published: March 2010

Mud Lake (Marion County, Florida), in the Ocala National Forest, is elliptical, has an area of ca. 180 ha, and a mean depth of less than 50 cm. The water contains about 200 ppm dissolved solids, ranges from brown to nearly colorless (15 to 100 Pt units), and is always alkaline (pH 7.7 to 10.2). Dissolved Fe, Ca, PO4, tannin‐lignin, and the specific conductance, color, and temperature of the water were measured monthly for 1 yr, and temperature and pH were measured many other times during the 3‐yr study (1966–1968). The lake is surrounded by a zone of mixed hardwood swamp flora and a floating mat of vegetation and has no submerged higher plants and only 1 or 2 m2 of emergent plants. The lake sediment consists exclusively of minute fecal pellets produced mainly by chironomid larvae and composed solely of blue‐green algae. Myxophyceae are represented by at least 10 genera and 12 species, which live exclusively on, or in, the fecal pellets; less than half show a seasonal distribution. The Chlorophyceae consist dominantly of Spirogyra triplicata with minor amounts of Sirogonium sp. and generally occur in enormous winter blooms, correlated with changing amounts of dissolved PO4 and apparently inversely with both temperature and incident light. Bacillariophyceae are represented by 18 species and varieties, but the total population is small. Nanno‐, zoo‐ and phytoplankton are extremely rare, probably because of the prevailing high intensity illumination and the extremely shallow water. Only the fish population is large, and this is dominated by minnows, gars, and sunfish. The midge population is remarkably small. A bacterial inhibitor probably accounts for the small population of bacteria both in the water and in the top layer of the sediment.
THE ROLE OF LARVAL CHIRONOMIDAE IN THE PRODUCTION OF LACUSTRINE COPROPEL IN MUD LAKE, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Iovino A. J. , Bradley W. H.
Published: March 2010

Mud Lake is a shallow (avg 45 cm), alkaline (pH 7.7–10.2), brown‐water lake having an area of about 180 ha. A study of its organic sediment was undertaken because it appears to be a present‐day analogue of the richly organic lacustrine oozes that were the precursors of the oil shales of the Green River Formation (Eocene). The water contains about 200 ppm total dissolved solids. The soft ooze is about 1 m thick and consists of minute fecal pellets produced primarily by larvae of Chironomus (Chironomus) sp. Mean numbers of larvae ranged from 120 to 580 m−2; such a small population may reflect extensive predation by fish. The small diversity of Chironomidae at this latitude may reflect the fact that few organisms can tolerate the physical conditions produced by the shallow water.

Experiments with laboratory‐reared Mud Lake midges showed that the numbers of fecal pellets produced generally increased with the concentration of algal cells available; that only when the larvae were fed blue‐green algae were the fecal pellets coherent and durable—larvae fed green algae produced pellets that disintegrated, returning the undigested algae to the food supply; and that larvae fed blue‐green algae changed from filter‐feeding to grazing on the fecal pellets when suspended algal cells became sparse. We conclude that the sediment in Mud Lake is pelletal because only blue‐green algae are available for food and that the larvae probably graze because all the blue‐greens live only on, or in, the fecal pellets. Early instars produce ovoid pellets; later instars produce longer, cylindrical pellets.

The analogy between the Mud Lake pelletal ooze and the Eocene precursors of the Green River Formation oil shale is enhanced by the facts that some oil shale thin sections show minute fecal pellets and that certain beds of rich oil shale contain numerous unmineralized remains of immature chironomids.
ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PLANKTONIC CYANOPHYTE GLEOTRICHIA ECHINULATA1
Authors: Roelofs T. D. , Oglesby R. T.
Published: March 2010

Gleotrichia echinulata was planktonic in Green Lake (Seattle, Washington) during summer, making its initial appearance between May and early July and disappearing during September. It apparently spent 8 to 10 months of the year on the bottom where colonies developed from spores deposited by the preceding year’s bloom. The depth of spore deposition may be important in determining the success of spore maturation, and solar radiation may be a primary factor in inducing the annual return of this alga to the plankton. The maximum growth rate in 1886 was about 0.124 colony doublings per day. The vertical distribution of the colonies was controlled primarily by wind‐induced currents. The colonies had no measurable effect on light penetration even at a maximum density of over 400 colonies per liter. Laboratory studies indicated that G. echinulata can fix nitrogen. Only one herbivore in Green Lake, Lindia euchromatica, is known to feed on this species.
SURFACE CHARGE CHARACTERIZATION OF SEA SEDIMENTS
Authors: PRAVDIĆ V.
Published: March 2010

Sea sediments of various origin have been studied with respect to their electrokinetic potential in seawater of varying salinity. All the sediments tested are negatively charged in seawater and most of them are positively charged in freshwater. Charge reversal occurs between 2 and 6‰ salinity. This could possibly influence the deposition of certain ions and minerals at, or near, river estuaries.
SOME FEATURES OF WIND WAVES IN LAKE MICHIGAN
Authors: Liu Paul C.
Published: March 2010

Sets of simultaneous data of wind profiles and surface waves recorded in Lake Michigan during fall 1965 facilitated a detailed study of generation and decay aspects of wind waves. A logarithmic wind profile, fitted to data measured simultaneously at 3 or 4 anemometer heights, appears to be satisfactory. From the parameters of frictional wind velocity and roughness element computed from the logarithmic wind profile, the spectral growth of waves according to recently developed theoretical models of wave generation was predicted. The energy spectra of measured waves indicate that wave energy growth rate is, as predicted, exponential with respect to time but is 8 times larger than the predicted rate. The decay of wave spectra at a single location was qualitatively examined. The peak frequency either increased or remained constant for decreasing spectral energy. The similarity in behavior of wave spectra was demonstrated through normalization which resulted in an empirical equation for wave spectra. The measured equilibrium range in the high‐frequency region of the spectra follows the f−5 rule.
VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITY COEFFICIENT IN A THERMOCLINE
Authors: Sweers H. E.
Published: March 2010

Two equations are presented giving the vertical eddy diffusivity coefficient Kz in the thermocline of a well‐stratified lake as a function of its lake mean rate of downward displacement and intensity. Both equations are derived by transforming the heat transport equation onto a quasi‐Lagrangian coordinate system, the origin of which moves down with the lake mean thermocline depth. Application of the equations to Lake Ontario yields summer mean values of Kz in the thermocline of 0.02 to 0.07 cm2/sec. During an exceptionally quiet period in July and August 1967, Kz approached the value of molecular diffusivity.
SURFACE SEICHES AND CURRENTS IN DOUGLAS LAKE, MICHIGAN1
Authors: Gannon John E. , Fee Everett J.
Published: March 2010

Surface seiches and currents were studied in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Over 93% of 150 drift bottles used to determine the surface currents were recovered. Eastward flow, highly correlated with prevailing west winds, dominated the current pattern during the study. The periodic responses of the lake were measured by a float gauge in a stilling well and computed theoretically by the Defant method of seiche analysis. The binodal seiche (T = 14.2 min measured, 13.6 min computed) was the dominant mode. The pronounced convexity of the basin probably accounts for the absence of the uninodal period in the records. Bays of even considerable extent have little effect on seiche parameters.
GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF PERIPHYTIC BACTERIA: METHODOLOGY
Authors: Bott Thomas L. , Brock Thomas D.
Published: March 2010

Procedures for determining the growth rate and studying the metabolism of periphytic bacteria are presented. The number of unicellular bacteria or the aggregate length of bacterial filaments appearing on microscope slides after immersion in the habitat for varying lengths of time was determined by direct microscopy. To distinguish on the slides between in situ growth and passive attachment of organisms from the environment, germicidal ultraviolet radiation was used. A semimicro‐assay for amount of protein on colonized glass surfaces was developed. Growth curves based on protein determinations closely resembled those based on direct microscopic counts. Growth rates were determined in the Jordan River, Indiana, and in the effluent of Trinity Springs, a large cold‐water sulfur spring. Results obtained by direct microscopic counting and by protein assay were similar. Colonized glass surfaces were also used to demonstrate uptake of radioactive substrates by the periphytic flora.
SALINITY EFFECTS ON THE MAXIMUM HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FOR GROWTH OF THE MARINE PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIUM, VIBRIO MARINUS1
Authors: Palmer Douglas S. , Albright Lawrence J.
Published: March 2010

In nondefined basal medium containing 35‰ synthetic seawater salts Vibrio marinus MP‐1 reproduces at hydrostatic pressures of 422 ± 13.5 and 280 ± 13.5 atm at 9 and 4C; in defined basal medium containing 35‰ NaCl, these maximums are 422 ± 6.8 and 327 ± 6.8 atm at 9 and 4C. Decreasing the NaCI concentration results in a corresponding decrease in the maximum hydrostatic pressure at which these cells divide: at 8‰ NaCl, cell division is inhibited above 88 ± 6.8 and 61 ± 6.8 atm at 9 and 4C. The relative order of effectiveness for the substitution of the Na+ requirement, in a defined basal medium containing 8‰ NaCl, is Na+ > K+ > NH4+. The relative order of effectiveness for the substitution of the Cl− requirement, in the same basal medium, is SO42−, PO43−, Cl− > Br− > NO3−. The relative ranking of these ions depends on the NaCl content of the basal medium.
THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN TENSION ON THE VERTICAL MIGRATION OF CHAOBORUS LARVAE1
Authors: LaRow Edward J.
Published: March 2010

A factorial experiment was designed to elucidate the environmental factors controlling vertical migration of Chaoborus punctipennis Say larvae. Variables were oxygen concentration, temperature, and presence or absence of food (plankton). Replicate experiments were conducted and hourly counts were made. Under low oxygen conditions (x̄ = 0.57 ppm), 35.5% of the planktonic larvae were found in the stratum immediately above the sediments and 30.0% in the surface stratum 2 hr after sunset. At high oxygen concentrations (x̄ = 6.81 ppm), an average of 88.2% of the larvae remained in the bottom stratum and only 1.1% migrated to the surface stratum 2 hr after sunset. Temperature change and presence or absence of food modified behavior; however, varying these factors under high oxygen concentrations failed to induce vertical migratory behavior. It was concluded that low oxygen tension was a major regulatory factor for the vertical migration in these Chaoborus larvae.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY AND GEOLOGY OF A MEROMICTIC POND ON THE RED SEA SHORE1
Authors: Eckstein Yoram
Published: March 2010

The meromixis is described of a small (140 × 50 m) coastal pond on the Sinai shore of the Red Sea, about 30 km south of Eilat and separated from the sea by a broad (60 m) gravel bar. Its bottom is lined with macrocrystalline gypsum and some halite and its periphery built of algal mats interbedded with gypsum. The water of the pond consists of marine brines, evaporated to various degrees of concentration. Seawater spills over the gravel bar during winter storms. This freshly supplied seawater creates a transparent “greenhouse roof” over a monimolimnetic, highly concentrated brine of low transparency. A high ridge, which almost encircles the pond, retards winds and thus prevents waves and vertical mixing. Water of the monimolimnion, 4 to 5 times more concentrated than seawater, is heated by solar radiation under the greenhouse roof up to 52C. Towards the end of summer the greenhouse roof evaporates and the exposed brine cools to normal temperatures, until winter storms repeat the cycle.
RELEASE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON IN COASTAL AND OFFSHORE AREAS OF THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Anderson G. C. , Zeutschel R. P.
Published: March 2010

The rate of release of dissolved organic matter during phytoplankton photosynthesis was measured in eutrophic and oligotrophic areas of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. A method using liquid scintillation counting techniques is described that allows sample preparation to be done simply and accurately at sea. The absolute amounts of dissolved organic matter release were generally greatest near the surface and in eutrophic waters, but relative to total production were greatest in oligotrophic areas. A close correlation was found between the production of particulate organic matter and the release of dissolved organic matter.
PHYTOPLANKTON‐ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY. IV. THE SEASONAL IMPORTANCE OF GRAZING1
Authors: Martin John H.
Published: March 2010

Grazing experiments with freshly caught plankton from Narragansett Bay were performed at weekly or biweekly intervals through most of a seasonal cycle. The laboratory rates (obtained under simulated natural conditions) were multiplied by the zooplankton concentration in the natural environment and the effects of grazing on the phytoplankton community were assessed. Grazing was most extensive in spring and early summer; phytoplankton production was believed to be high and a large standing crop of Skeletonema costatum persisted. The grazing population was severely reduced during summer, but the phytoplankton standing crop did not increase markedly and some other factor must have been limiting primary production at this time. During fall, decreasing light allowed little phytoplankton growth and mild grazing kept the standing crop at a minimum. This grazing ceased in December and with the release in grazing pressure the winter‐spring diatom flowering began.

Skeletonema costatum, the dominant bay diatom, was selectively grazed and its longer chains were preferentially removed.
SUCCESSION OF A MACROPHYTE COMMUNITY IN A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE RIVER1
Authors: Hannan Herbert H. , Dorris Troy C.
Published: March 2010

The relationship of community metabolism to community structure in a 567‐m stretch of the spring‐fed San Marcos River, Texas, was studied during a period of autotrophic succession after a dredging operation. In general, plant biomass increased throughout the study period. Species diversity of submersed macrophytes increased sharply in the immature community, but there was a general decrease in diversity in the older community. Light intensity limited gross photosynthesis. An inverse relationship existed between photosynthetic efficiency and light intensity. The observed 29:1 ratio of plant surface area to streambed may be about optimum for maximum use of solar energy by the plant community. Community metabolism in the immature community fluctuated as differences in light intensity acted on low biomass and few species. As succession developed in the ecosystem with increase in species and biomass, ecological stability increased until only autotrophic conditions existed even under low light intensity.
FIFTY YEARS OF CHANGE IN THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK
Authors: Harman Willard N. , Forney John L.
Published: March 2010

Three studies of the molluscs in Oneida Lake, New York, were compared to determine the changes between 1917 and 1967. The molluscan fauna present in 1917 was initially enriched by species immigrating from the western Great Lakes drainage after the opening of the Erie Barge Canal in 1925. In recent years, species diversity has been reduced, and one family (Pleuroceridae) has become locally extinct. Concurrently, populations of the introduced European gastropod Bithynia tentaculata (Hydrobiidae) have greatly increased and now dominate the molluscan community.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE STRONTIUM: CHLORINITY RATIO TO WATER MASSES IN THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA
Authors: Andersen N. R. , Gassaway J. D. , Maloney W. E.
Published: March 2010

The strontium: chlorinity ratios of seawater from 5 hydrographic stations in the Atlantic Ocean are statistically compared to 4 in the Caribbean Sea using discriminant analysis. The variation of this chemical parameter is consistent with the physical oceanographic description of water flow into the Caribbean Sea. Increased mixing of the inflowing waters that results from the bottom topography, because of the location of the sill in the Lesser Antillean Arc, is suggested as the physical mechanism for the variation in the observed strontium: chlorinity ratio; the chemical basis for the initial variability in this ratio is not known.
THE REACTIVITY OF DISSOLVED SILICON IN SOME NATURAL WATERS
Authors: BURTON J. D. , LEATHERLAND T. M. , LISS P. S.
Published: March 2010

Several samples of natural waters, from the deep North Atlantic Ocean and four rivers in southern England, have been examined for the presence of dissolved silicon unreactive under the conditions generally used for its absorptiometric determination; none was detected. Polymeric silicon added to the samples depolymerized completely within a few days, most rapidly in seawater. When filtered river water was frozen and subsequently thawed, the silicon was largely present in an unreactive form; the unreactive fraction could be removed by membrane filtration. The silicon became entirely reactive on standing at about 25C for several hours. Unreactive forms of dissolved silicon were not formed when natural waters of salinity >27‰ were similarly treated.
ON THE PRESENCE OF 0.1–0.5‐µ DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN SEAWATER
Authors: OGURA NORIO
Published: March 2010

“Dissolved” organic matter (DOM) in seawater was fractionated by filtration with filters of different pore size.

Samples below 600 m in one station of the East China Sea contained 0.1–0.5‐µ DOM. In a sample from 1,573 m, DOM between 0.1 and 0.5 µ amounted to 24% of the total. In other stations, a large part of the DOM was composed of fractions smaller than 0.1 µ. The nature of 0.1–0.5‐µ DOM is discussed.
SURFACE CHLOROPHYLL AS AN INDEX OF THE DEPTH, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE EUPHOTIC LAYER1
Authors: LORENZEN CARL J.
Published: March 2010

The statistical relationships between surface chlorophyll concentration and the depth, chlorophyll content, and primary productivity of the euphotic layer have been investigated. They all proved to be statistically significant.
REMOVAL OF TRACE METALS FROM MARINE CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: DAVEY EARL W. , GENTILE JOHN H. , ERICKSON STANTON J. , BETZER PETER
Published: March 2010

The sodium form of purified Chelex‐100 can be used to remove trace metals from artificial and natural seawater without altering the major cation‐anion composition or contributing organic toxicants or chelators. Specific contaminant trace metals, often present in artificial seawater at toxic levels, are reduced to levels that permit the growth of sensitive marine phytoplankton and the development of certain invertebrates from the egg through early larval stages. The concentrations of essential trace metals are reduced below the nutritional requirements of selected species of marine phytoplankton.
Facile Fabrication of Monolithic 3D Porous Silica Microstructures and a Microfluidic System Embedded with the Microstructure
Authors: Xiao ZuoYi , Wang Anjie , Perumal Jayakumar , Kim Dong‐Pyo
Published: March 2010

Monolithic 3D porous silica structures are fabricated into a multilayer framework with a bimodal pore size distribution in the micrometer and sub‐micrometer range. The fabrication – which involves directed assembly of colloidal spheres, transfer printing, and removal of a sacrificial template – yields robust and mechanically stable structures over a large area. The structure becomes monolithic upon pyrolyzing the stacked layers, which induces necking of the particles. The monolithic microstructures can easily be embedded in microchannels with the aid of photolithography, leading to the formation of a microfluidic system with a built‐in microstructure in a site‐ and shape‐controlled manner. Utilization of the system results in a fourfold increase in the mixing efficiency in the microchannel.
A systematic approach for the design of UV reactors using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Wols B. A. , Hofman J. A. M. H. , Beerendonk E. F. , Uijttewaal W. S. J. , van Dijk J. C.
Published: March 2010

A wide variation exists in the geometries of UV reactors, which results in completely different hydrodynamics and therefore large differences with respect to the disinfection and oxidation performance. Among the large number of reactor types, it is not known beforehand which reactor type has the best performance with respect to disinfection or oxidation, and if such a reactor is the best reactor out of all the possible reactor designs. In this research, a systematic approach for the design of UV reactors is followed that makes use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. To that end, the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and degradation of atrazine was determined for a wide range of UV systems by means of CFD. The efficacy of UV systems was evaluated and improvements were made by taking measures that increase the mean dose and/or narrow the dose distribution, such as placing mirrors, enhancing the mixing and placing reactors in series. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Nonequilibrium equation of state for Lennard‐Jones fluids and the calculation of strain‐rate dependent shear viscosity
Authors: Ahmed Alauddin , Sadus Richard J.
Published: March 2010

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation data for a 12‐6 Lennard‐Jones fluid are obtained over a wide range of temperatures, densities and strain‐rates. The data, which cover 660 different state points, are used to deduce the nonequilibrium contributions to the energy and pressure of the fluid under steady‐state conditions. These contributions are analysed and used in conjunction with an equilibrium equation of state to obtain an accurate nonequilibrium steady‐state equation of state for the 12‐6 Lennard‐Jones fluid. Comparison with simulation data indicates that the nonequilibrium contributions can be obtained with a similar accuracy to the equilibrium contributions. Relationships for the shear viscosity as functions of density and pressure are obtained, which adequately reproduce the shear viscosity simulation data. The isochoric shear viscosity as a function of pressure is shown to be independent of strain‐rate at sufficiently high strain‐rates. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The usefulness of caries frequency, depth, and location in determining cariogenicity and past subsistence: A test on early and later agriculturalists from the Peruvian coast
Authors: Lanfranco Luis Pezo , Eggers Sabine
Published: March 2010

Dental markers have been used to unravel particularities of paleodiet, subsistence, social structure, and health. This article aims to compare oral pathology among four pre‐Columbian groups with different degrees of agricultural and socio‐cultural development but comparable ecological conditions who lived on the coastal desert of Peru. Three of these groups are assigned to distinct phases of the Formative Period (2500–1 BC), a time critical for our understanding of the development of agriculture and social complexity. The fourth group corresponds to the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1470 AD), when agriculture had its apogee and society was highly stratified. In this study we test whether there is an increase (1) in the frequency of carious lesions and (2) in caries depth, and (3) if there is a shift from occlusal to extra‐occlusal caries locations with the development of agriculture. Therefore, we analyze the frequencies of carious lesions and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), the caries distributions by age, sex, and type of tooth, as well as the tissues affected by, and the location of the carious lesions. Since there are no significant differences in the frequencies of carious lesions and AMTL between the groups, we reject hypothesis 1. In contrast, caries depth does increase, and caries location changes from occlusal to extra‐occlusal sites with agricultural development. However, we can only corroborate hypothesis 2 and 3 when taking into consideration dental wear. Thus, we recommend that caries depth and locations should be used with evaluations of dental wear to reconstruct subsistence in ancient populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:75–91, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological gambling in Parkinson disease is reduced by amantadine
Authors: Thomas Astrid , Bonanni Laura , Gambi Francesco , Di Iorio Angelo , Onofrj Marco
Published: March 2010

To investigate the possible efficacy of amantadine in the control of pathological gambling (PG) associated with Parkinson disease (PD), 17 PD patients with PG were randomly selected for a double‐blind crossover study with amantadine 200mg/day versus placebo and an open follow‐up. Assessments included PG‐specific scales (Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale for PG, Gambling‐Symptom Assessment Scale, South Oaks Gambling Screen) and assessment of expenditures and time spent gambling. Amantadine abolished or reduced PG in all treated patients, as confirmed by scale score and daily expenditure reduction. Amantadine might be useful to treat PG. The effect of amantadine, acting as an antiglutamatergic agent, also opens new insights into the pathogenesis of PG. ANN NEUROL 2010
Phosphite‐driven, [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+‐catalyzed reduction of nicotinamide and flavin cofactors: characterization and application to promote chemoenzymatic reduction reactions
Authors: Grau Maria Mifsud , Poizat Maël , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Hollmann Frank
Published: March 2010

The organometallic compound [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ is a versatile catalyst for the in situ regeneration of reduced nicotinamides and flavins by catalyzing the electron transfer between the cathode or formate to the oxidized cofactors and prosthetic groups. In the present contribution we demonstrate the feasibility of phosphite as an alternative source of reducing equivalents. Thus, [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ combines the catalytic activities of hydrogenases, formate and phosphite dehydrogenases in one catalyst. The catalytic properties of this novel regeneration approach are investigated, demonstrating that the general catalytic properties of [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ are preserved. The principal applicability to promote alcoholdehydrogenase‐catalyzed reduction reactions is demonstrated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinking reactions of oxidized cellulose fiber. I. Reactions between dialdehyde cellulose and multifunctional amines on lyocell fabric
Authors: Han Samsook , Lee Muncheul , Kim Byung Kyu
Published: March 2010

Fibrillation‐controlled lyocell fibers were developed by crosslinking reactions between dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and multifunctional amines. DAC lyocell fibers were manufactured by partial oxidation with sodium metaperiodate and were successfully crosslinked with two multifunctional amines by Schiff‐base formation. The amorphous regions and the char formations, which were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, increased with the degree of oxidation. After the crosslinking reactions, an increase in the amorphous regions also appeared, whereas the thermal stability was somewhat improved by the chain crosslinking. These results were in good agreement with viscosity‐average degree of polymerization values in that they diminished with oxidation level and increased with the crosslinking reactions. The water retention value and moisture regain value decreased with the oxidation and crosslinking levels, which implied that the swellability of fibers and the water absorbency in characteristic sites decreased with them. The increase in the dry crease recovery angle also confirmed the presence of hemiacetal crosslinks in the DAC and amine crosslinks between the DAC and the amines. The fibrillation grade of the crosslinked fibers diminished with oxidation level and the amine concentration. In particular, the fibrillation properties of the crosslinked fibers with 4‐hydroxy‐2,4,6‐triaminopyrimidine sulfate salt were more easily controlled than those of the crosslinked fibers with 2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazine. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Integrating Reaction Chemistry into Molecular Electronic Devices
Authors: Shen Qian , Guo Xuefeng , Steigerwald Michael L. , Nuckolls Colin
Published: March 2010

This Focus Review provides an overview of the design and fabrication of new families of molecular electronic devices where reaction chemistry is an efficient means for covalently bridging the nanogaps between separated contacts. In each case ever‐reducing top‐down device fabrication existing in the silicon‐based semiconductor industry is tailored to meet the requirements of ever‐expanding length scales of bottom‐up assembly. The combination of directed self‐assembly and programmed chemical reactions with device fabrication allows us to modify the electrodes and then to complete electrical circuits by chemically connecting the electrodes.
Using computer software packages to enhance the teaching in Engineering Management Science: Part 3—simulation
Authors: Ku H. , Fulcher R.
Published: March 2010

This paper is the third paper in a series of sharing the experience of using different software packages in the delivery of Engineering Management Science coded as ENG4004, in the Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Engineering Technology programs offered by the University of Southern Queensland. The paper describes how the authors use different software packages to solve the simulation problems of the course, using Monte–Carlo technique. Sometimes more than one package is required for the effective delivery of a topic of the course. The needs for the usage were also explained. The assessments of the course were also studied and reviewed. How the software packages met the objectives of the module were also discussed together with the desired learning outcomes of students. The preferred software was Excel in MS Office. It can be argued that the students' learning experience and satisfaction will be greatly increased with the software packages while the cost to the university will be minimal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 547–552, 2012
Evidence‐based management of patients undergoing PCI: Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Caixeta Adriano , Mehran Roxana
Published: March 2010

Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) is one of the leading causes of hospital‐acquired acute kidney injury. CI‐AKI is highly prevalent in patients with well‐known risk factors, including older age, chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. Thus far, no strategies have been shown to be effective in preventing CI‐AKI beyond thorough patient selection, minimizing the amount of contrast agent, and meticulous hydration of the patient. The role of various drugs in preventing CI‐AKI is still controversial and warrants future studies. Despite the remaining uncertainty regarding the degree of nephrotoxicity produced by various contrast agents, nonionic low‐osmolar contrast media may be preferred in patients at high risk for CI‐AKI. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exergoenvironmental Analysis – A New Approach to Support the Design for Environment of Chemical Processes?
Authors: Buchgeister J.
Published: March 2010

The design of environmental‐effective energy conversion processes can be provided by exergoenviromental analysis which is a new method supporting the design for environment. It combines an exergy analysis with a life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine thermodynamic efficiency and formation of environmental impacts on plant components. The exergoenvironmental approach is used to assign environmental impacts to all energy and material flows as well as thermodynamic inefficiencies within each process component. The analysis reveals the interdependencies between thermodynamic behavior and environmental impacts and between process components. Presenting an example of electricity production using a high‐temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with an integrated allothermal biomass gasification process, exergoenvironmental analysis is described and the environmentally most relevant process components are identified. Furthermore, the result of the exergoenvironmental analysis is discussed with regard to utilization for process design and optimization in chemical production.
Structural remodeling of vagal afferent innervation of aortic arch and nucleus ambiguus (NA) projections to cardiac ganglia in a transgenic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (OVE26)
Authors: Li Lihua , Huang Chenghui , Ai Jing , Yan Binbin , Gu He , Ma Zhuosai , Li Angie Y. , Xinyan Shang , Harden Scott W. , Hatcher Jeff T. , Wurster Robert D. , Cheng Zixi (Jack)
Published: March 2010

Diabetes‐induced structural changes of vagal aortic afferent and cardiac efferent axons are not well understood. FVB control and OVE26 diabetic mice at different ages received injections of the tracer tetramethylrhodamine dextran (TMR‐D) into the nodose ganglion to label vagal aortic afferents (at 3 and 6 months), or DiI injections into the nucleus ambiguus to label vagal cardiac efferents (at 3, 6, and 9 months). The aortic arch and atria were examined by using confocal microscopy. In the aortic arch, TMR‐D labeled large and small vagal afferent axons (axonsLand axonsS) that formed different types of terminals: axonsLproduced large flower‐sprays (flower‐spraysL) and end‐nets (end‐netsL), whereas axonsSproduced small flower‐sprays (flower‐spraysS) and end‐nets (end‐netsS). In the atria, DiI‐labeled vagal efferent axons formed basket endings around ganglion principle neurons (PNs). The vagal afferents, PNs and vagal cardiac efferents in diabetic mice were compared with age‐matched control mice. We found (P< 0.05) that: 1) the size of axonsL, flower‐spraysL, flower‐spraysSand end‐netsSwere reduced at 6 and 9 months; 2) the size of cardiac ganglia and the somatic area of the PNs were decreased, and the PN density in cardiac ganglia was increased at all ages and the PN nuclei/soma area ratio was increased at 9 months; and 3) the percentage of DiI‐labeled axons‐innervated PNs was decreased at all ages. Furthermore, the number of synaptic‐like terminal varicosities around PNs was decreased. Compared with 3 months, more advanced diabetes at 9 months further reduced the number of varicosities/PN. In addition to these changes, swollen axons and terminals, as well as leaky‐like DiI‐labeled terminals, were observed in long‐term diabetic mice (6 and 9 months of age). Taken together, our data show that chronic diabetes induces a significant structural atrophy of vagal aortic afferent and cardiac efferent axons and terminals. Although different morphologies of vagal afferent terminals in the aortic arch may serve as substrates for the future investigation of aortic depressor afferent physiology, structural remodeling of vagal afferents and efferents provides a foundation for further analysis of diabetes‐induced impairment of cardiac autonomic regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2771–2793, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of transverse bands in maintaining paranodal structure and axolemmal domain organization in myelinated nerve fibers: Effect on longevity in dysmyelinated mutant mice
Authors: Mierzwa Amanda J. , Arevalo Juan‐Carlos , Schiff Rolf , Chao Moses V. , Rosenbluth Jack
Published: March 2010

The consequences of dysmyelination are poorly understood and vary widely in severity. The shaking mouse, a quaking allele, is characterized by severe central nervous system (CNS) dysmyelination and demyelination, a conspicuous action tremor, and seizures in ∼25% of animals, but with normal muscle strength and a normal lifespan. In this study we compare this mutant with other dysmyelinated mutants including the ceramide sulfotransferase deficient (CST−/−) mouse, which are more severely affected behaviorally, to determine what might underlie the differences between them with respect to behavior and longevity. Examination of the paranodal junctional region of CNS myelinated fibers shows that “transverse bands,” a component of the junction, are present in nearly all shaking paranodes but in only a minority of CST−/− paranodes. The number of terminal loops that have transverse bands within a paranode and the number of transverse bands per unit length are only moderately reduced in the shaking mutant, compared with controls, but markedly reduced in CST−/− mice. Immunofluorescence studies also show that although the nodes of the shaking mutant are somewhat longer than normal, Na+ and K+ channels remain separated, distinguishing this mutant from CST−/− mice and others that lack transverse bands. We conclude that the essential difference between the shaking mutant and others more severely affected is the presence of transverse bands, which serve to stabilize paranodal structure over time as well as the organization of the axolemmal domains, and that differences in the prevalence of transverse bands underlie the marked differences in progressive neurological impairment and longevity among dysmyelinated mouse mutants. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2841–2853, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural analysis of the synaptic connectivity of TRPV1‐expressing primary afferent terminals in the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus
Authors: Yeo Eun Jin , Cho Yi Sul , Paik Sang Kyoo , Yoshida Atsushi , Park Mae Ja , Ahn Dong Kuk , Moon Cheil , Kim Yun Sook , Bae Yong Chul
Published: March 2010

Trigeminal primary afferents that express the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are important for the transmission of orofacial nociception. However, little is known about how the TRPV1‐mediated nociceptive information is processed at the first relay nucleus in the central nervous system (CNS). To address this issue, we studied the synaptic connectivity of TRPV1‐positive (+) terminals in the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc) by using electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and analysis of serial thin sections. Whereas the large majority of TRPV1+ terminals made synaptic contacts of an asymmetric type with one or two postsynaptic dendrites, a considerable fraction also participated in complex glomerular synaptic arrangements. A few TRPV1+ terminals received axoaxonic contacts from synaptic endings that contained pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and were immunolabeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). We classified the TRPV1+ terminals into an S‐type, containing less than five dense‐core vesicles (DCVs), and a DCV‐type, containing five or more DCVs. The number of postsynaptic dendrites was similar between the two types of terminals; however, whereas axoaxonic contacts were frequent on the S‐type, the DCV‐type did not receive axoaxonic contacts. In the sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion, TRPV1+ axons were mostly unmyelinated, and a small fraction was small myelinated. These results suggest that the TRPV1‐mediated nociceptive information from the orofacial region is processed in a specific manner by two distinct types of synaptic arrangements in the Vc, and that the central input of a few TRPV1+ afferents is presynaptically modulated via a GABA‐mediated mechanism. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4134–4146, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mice deficient in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor have altered development of gastric vagal sensory innervation
Authors: Murphy Michelle C. , Fox Edward A.
Published: March 2010

Vagal sensory neurons are dependent on neurotrophins for survival during development. Here, the contribution of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to survival and other aspects of gastric vagal afferent development was investigated. Post‐mortem anterograde tracing with 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbo‐cyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to label selectively vagal projections to the stomach on postnatal days (P) 0, 3, 4, and 6 in wild types and heterozygous or homozygous BDNF mutants. Sampling sites distributed throughout the ventral stomach wall were scanned with a confocal microscope, and vagal axon bundles, single axons, putative mechanoreceptor precursors (intraganglionic laminar endings, IGLEs; intramuscular arrays, IMAs), and efferent terminals were quantified. Also, myenteric neurons, which are innervated by IGLEs, were stained with cuprolinic blue and counted. Quantitative comparisons across wild‐type stomach compartments demonstrated that the adult distribution of IMAs was not present at P0 but began to form by P3–6. Among all the quantified elements, at P0, only IGLE density was significantly different in homozygous mutants compared with wild types, exhibiting a 50% reduction. Also, antrum innervation appeared disorganized, and some putative IMA precursors had truncated telodendria. At P3–6, the effect on IGLEs had recovered, the disorganization of antrum innervation had partially recovered, and some IMA telodendria were still truncated. The present results suggest that gastric IGLEs are among the vagal sensory neurons dependent on BDNF for survival or axon guidance. Alternatively, BDNF deficiency may delay gastric IGLE development. Also, BDNF may contribute to IMA differentiation and patterning of antral vagal innervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2934–2951, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localized expression of urocortin genes in the developing zebrafish brain
Authors: Bräutigam Lars , Hillmer Janine M. , Söll Iris , Hauptmann Giselbert
Published: March 2010

The corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) family consists of four paralogous genes, CRH and urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3. In a previous study, we analyzed CRH in the teleost model organism zebrafish and its transcript distribution in the embryonic brain. Here, we describe full‐length cDNAs encoding urotensin 1 (UTS1), the teleost UCN1 ortholog, and UCN3 of zebrafish. Major expression sites ofuts1in adult zebrafish are the caudal neurosecretory system and brain. By using RT‐PCR analysis, we show thatuts1mRNA is also present in ovary, maternally contributed to the embryo, and expressed throughout embryonic development. Expression ofucn3mRNA was detected in a range of adult tissues and during developmental stages from 24 hours post fertilization onward. Analysis of spatial transcript distributions by whole‐mount in situ hybridization revealed limited forebrain expression ofuts1anducn3during early development. Small numbers ofuts1‐synthesizing neurons were found in subpallium, hypothalamus, and posterior diencephalon, whereasucn3‐positive cells were restricted to telencephalon and retina. The brainstem was the main site ofuts1anducn3synthesis in the embryonic brain.uts1Expression was confined to the midbrain tegmentum; distinct hindbrain cell groups, including locus coeruleus and Mauthner neurons; and the spinal cord.ucn3Expression was localized to the optic tectum, serotonergic raphe, and distinct rhombomeric cell clusters. The prominent expression ofuts1anducn3in brainstem is consistent with proposed roles of CRH‐related peptides in stress‐induced modulation of locomotor activity through monoaminergic brainstem neuromodulatory systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2978–2995, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age changes in myelinated nerve fibers of the cingulate bundle and corpus callosum in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Bowley Michael P. , Cabral Howard , Rosene Douglas L. , Peters Alan
Published: March 2010

Aging is accompanied by deficits in cognitive function, which may be related to the vulnerability of myelinated nerve fibers to the normal process of aging. Loss of nerve fibers, together with age‐related alterations in myelin sheath structure, may result in the inefficient and poorly coordinated conduction of neuronal signals. Until now, the ultrastructural analysis of cerebral white matter fiber tracts associated with frontal lobe areas critical in cognitive processing has been limited. In this study we analyzed the morphology and area number density of myelinated nerve fibers in the cingulate bundle and genu of the corpus callosum in behaviorally assessed young, middle aged, and old rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In both structures, normal aging results in a 20% decrease in the number of myelinated nerve fibers per unit area, while remaining nerve fibers exhibit an increasing frequency of degenerative changes in their myelin sheaths throughout middle and old age. Concomitantly, myelination continues in older monkeys, suggesting ongoing, albeit inadequate, reparative processes. Despite similar patterns of degeneration in both fiber tracts, only the age‐related changes in the cingulate bundle correlate with declining cognitive function, underscoring its role as a critical corticocortical pathway linking the medial prefrontal, cingulate, and parahippocampal cortices in processes of working memory, recognition memory, and other higher cognitive faculties. These results further demonstrate the important role myelinated nerve fiber degeneration plays in the pathogenesis of age‐related cognitive decline. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3046–3064, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocannabinoid system in the adult rat circumventricular areas: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Suárez Juan , Romero‐Zerbo Silvana Y. , Rivera Patricia , Bermúdez‐Silva Francisco Javier , Pérez Juan , De Fonseca Fernando Rodríguez , Fernández‐Llebrez P.
Published: March 2010

Endocannabinoids (ECs) are important neuromodulators involved in a plethora of physiological processes such as modulation of synaptic transmission, neuroprotection, immune function, and neurodevelopment, among others. However, still lacking is a detailed study on the presence of this system in the circumventricular areas, brain structures controlling the interaction between cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma. The aim of this work was to provide the anatomical basis supporting a functional role of ECs in the activity of circumventricular areas. To this end, an immunohistochemical study of the EC system in rat brain was performed. Receptors and synthesizing and degrading enzymes for ECs were widely distributed in rat ependyma and subependyma, marginal glia, and circumventricular organs (CVOs) such as the choroid plexus, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, median eminence, and area postrema. These zones constitute barrier systems between the brain parenchyma and the ventricular or subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and between the extracellular hemal milieu of CVOs and the brain parenchyma or the CSF. By immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction we found DAGLα, DAGLβ, NAPE‐PLD, MAGL, and FAAH in the ependyma. These finding suggest that the ependyma can release and clear ECs from the ventricular CSF. Subependymal astrocytes and tanycytes displayed DAGLα immunoreactivity but parenchymal astrocytes did not express EC‐synthesizing enzymes, thus establishing a sharp distinction between these two astrocyte populations. CB1 was located in fibers innervating discrete subventricular zones such as the neurogenic striatal subventricular zone and the fourth ventricle. CB1 fibers also innervated some CVOs. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3065–3085, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.