bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of MEF2D expression inhibits differentiation and contributes to oncogenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhang Meiling , Truscott Jamie , Davie Judith
Published: November 2013

Background

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant pediatric cancer that is the most common form of soft tissue tumors in children. RMS cells have many features of skeletal muscle cells, yet do not differentiate. Thus, our studies have focused on the defects present in these cells that block myogenesis.

Methods

Protein and RNA analysis identified the loss of MEF2D in RMS cells. MEF2D was expressed in RD and RH30 cells by transient transfection and selection of stable cell lines, respectively, to demonstrate the rescue of muscle differentiation observed. A combination of techniques such as proliferation assays, scratch assays and soft agar assays were used with RH30 cells expressing MEF2D to demonstrate the loss of oncogenic growthin vitroand xenograft assays were used to confirm the loss of tumor growthin vivo.

Results

Here, we show that one member of the MEF2 family of proteins required for normal myogenesis, MEF2D, is largely absent in RMS cell lines representing both major subtypes of RMS as well as primary cells derived from an embryonal RMS model. We show that the down regulation of MEF2D is a major cause for the failure of RMS cells to differentiate. We find that MyoD and myogenin are bound with their dimerization partner, the E proteins, to the promoters of muscle specific genes in RMS cells. However, we cannot detect MEF2D binding at any promoter tested. We find that exogenous MEF2D expression can activate muscle specific luciferase constructs, up regulate p21 expression and increase muscle specific gene expression including the expression of myosin heavy chain, a marker for skeletal muscle differentiation. Restoring expression of MEF2D also inhibits proliferation, cell motility and anchorage independent growthin vitro. We have confirmed the inhibition of tumorigenicity by MEF2D in a tumor xenograft model, with a complete regression of tumor growth.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that the oncogenic properties of RMS cells can be partially attributed to the loss of MEF2D expression and that restoration of MEF2D may represent a useful therapeutic strategy to decrease tumorigenicity.
Influence of monsoon-driven hydrographic features on thaliacean distribution in waters around Taiwan, western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Liao Zhen-Heng , Hsieh Hung-Yen , Lo Wen-Tseng
Published: November 2013

Background

The mesoscale distribution of thaliaceans associated with hydrographic conditions in the waters around Taiwan was investigated during two different monsoon seasons in 2004 in order to elucidate possible influences of hydrological conditions driven by seasonal monsoons on distributional patterns of thaliaceans.

Results

In total, 18 thaliacean species, belonging to 12 genera and 3 families, were identified in our samples.Thalia rhomboides,Doliolum denticulatum,Doliolum nationalis,Thalia orientalis,Pyrosoma verticillatum, andThalia democraticawere the six predominant species and contributed 93% to the total thaliacean collection by number. Thaliacean assemblages were similar in composition between seasons, but abundances and species numbers were higher in summer than in winter. Spatial distribution patterns of doliolids and salps clearly differed and were closely associated with hydrographic characteristics. Doliolids were mainly found in lower-salinity and nutrient-rich shelf and neritic waters; among them,D. denticulatumcould be used as an indicator species of the China Coastal Current. Most salp species showed higher abundances in warm oceanic waters, such as the Kuroshio Current, Kuroshio Branch Current, and South China Sea Surface Current.

Conclusions

This study showed that the succession of water masses driven by monsoons affects seasonal and particularly spatial distributions of abundances of the thaliacean assemblage in the area studied.
Adiposity, inflammation, genetic variants and risk of post-menopausal breast cancer findings from a prospective-specimen-collection, retrospective-blinded-evaluation (PRoBE) design approach
Authors: Yan Xiaowei Sherry , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Chu Xin , Li Ling , Colonie Ryan , Webster Jessica , Smelser Diane , Patel Nikitaban , Prichard Jeffery , Stark Azadeh
Published: November 2013

Chronic internal inflammation secondary to adiposity is a risk factor for sporadic breast cancer and Post-Menopausal Breast Cancer (PMBC) is largely defined as such. Adiposity is one of the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and is a risk factor for PMBC. We examined SNPs of eight genes implicated in adiposity, inflammation and cell proliferation in a Prospective-specimen-collection, Retrospective-Blinded-Evaluation (PRoBE) design approach. A total of 180 cases and 732 age-matched controls were identified from the MyCode prospective biobank database and then linked to the Clinical Decision Information System, an enterprise-wide data warehouse, to retrieve clinico-demographic data. Samples were analyzed in a core laboratory where the personnel were masked to their status. Results from multivariate logistic regression yielded one SNP (rs2922126) in the GHSR as protective against PMBC among homozygotes for the minor allele (A/A) (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.18-.89, P-value = .02); homozygosity for the minor allele (C/C) of the SNP (rs889312) of the gene MAP3K1 was associated with the risk of PMBC (OR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.25-4.63 P-value = .008). Advanced age was protective against PMBC (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-0.99, P-value = .02). Family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.14-4.43. P = .02), HRT (OR = 3.35; 95% CI 2.15-5.21, P < .001), and MetS (OR = 14.83, 95% CI 5.63-39.08, P < .001) and interaction between HRT and MetS (OR = 39.38, 95% CI 15.71-98.70, P < .001) were associated with the risk of PMBC. We did not detected significant interactions between SNPs or between the SNPs and the clinico-demographic risk factors. Our study further confirms that MetS increases the risk of PMBC and argues in favor of reducing exposure to HRT. Our findings are another confirmation that low penetrance genes involved in the inflammatory pathway, i.e. MAP3KI gene, may have a plausible causative role in PMBC. Given the fact that genetic constitutionality of individuals cannot be changed, efforts should be focused on life style modification.
Simultaneous source separation using a robust Radon transform
Authors: Ibrahim Amr , Sacchi Mauricio D.
Published: November 2013

We adopted the robust Radon transform to eliminate erratic incoherent noise that arises in common receiver gathers when simultaneous source data are acquired. The proposed robust Radon transform was posed as an inverse problem using an [Formula: see text] misfit that is not sensitive to erratic noise. The latter permitted us to design Radon algorithms that are capable of eliminating incoherent noise in common receiver gathers. We also compared nonrobust and robust Radon transforms that are implemented via a quadratic ([Formula: see text]) or a sparse ([Formula: see text]) penalty term in the cost function. The results demonstrated the importance of incorporating a robust misfit functional in the Radon transform to cope with simultaneous source interferences. Synthetic and real data examples proved that the robust Radon transform produces more accurate data estimates than least-squares and sparse Radon transforms.
“The Right Kind of Men”: Flexible Capacity, Chinese Exclusion, and the Imperial Origins of Maritime Labor Reform in the United States, 1898 – 1905
Authors: Jackson Justin
Published: November 2013

While the La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915, a landmark Progressive Era labor law, is often understood as the culmination of a heroic campaign for industrial efficiency, consumer safety, and workers' rights, its origins lie in the political milieu of the Spanish-American War. When the 1898 war exposed critical resource shortages in the domestic American maritime industry on which the US navy had traditionally depended in wartime, white seamen's unionists and their Democratic allies in the US Congress sought to turn concerns about maritime and naval weakness into a political strength. They stressed a nineteenth-century institution of flexible capacity, in which private industry had furnished the vessels and men that allowed the US navy to temporarily expand for war, to legitimate and pursue their legislative goals. Dominated by white, European-born immigrants jealous of their jobs and wages in a rapidly industrializing global industry hiring more nonwhite and low-wage seamen in foreign ports, the unions and their allies linked a nationalist politics of maritime and naval crisis to a nativist and racist politics of immigration and citizenship in order to drive Chinese and other Asian seamen from private and US military vessels in the Pacific. By 1905, changes in the industry, ship technologies, and naval manpower eroded the navy's older reliance on commercial vessels and seamen. Yet an imperial politics of flexible capacity left a mark on maritime labor reform and its crusade to exclude Chinese workers from American vessels that endured at the heart of the La Follette Act.
Pure and Simple Radicalism: Putting the Progressive Era AFL in Its Time
Authors: Cobble Dorothy Sue
Published: November 2013

Dorothy Sue Cobble's “Up for Debate” retrospective on the early American Federation of Labor heralds a new era of scholarship connecting labor history to larger judgments about American institutionalism — be it business, politics, the law, or ideology. Cobble reclaims both the complexity of AFL structure and its oppositional stance to market fundamentalism from what she claims (à la E. P. Thompson) from the condescension of history: ultimately, she wants to reconsider the federation as “part of a progressive political tradition on which future generations of reformers can build.” The range of responses from four distinguished commentators suggest just how “radical” (to use a term contested throughout the exchange) Cobble's revisionist turn is. Melvyn Dubofsky, for example, who had once accepted the conventional “business unionism” dismissal of the AFL, now ventures halfway in Cobble's direction: the early AFL, he allows, may well have been more pluralist and politically contentious than previously recognized; however, there was a “darker” side of intolerance and missed opportunities that grew worse through the 1920s. Andrew Wender Cohen not only reaffirms Cobble's central claims regarding the de facto mixed-skill nature of the AFL, but goes further to emphasize its city-based struggles for workers' control. Altogether, the federation, he suggests, was at once a defining historical force in the period and of “vital” benefit to working people. Donna Haverty-Stacke prefers to interrogate further the very framing of the AFL across time. Just how and why labels like “pure and simple” and “conservative trade unionism” were created and “how they functioned” offer an agenda, she suggests, for further research. Within this forum, Julie Greene is the least inclined to accept Cobble's main premises. Although she welcomes renewed attention to the AFL's more innovative aspects, she insists that the federation be judged in relation to actually existing contemporary alternatives. In such light — particularly with attention to an incessant AFL attack on the Labor Left and support for US imperialism — the claim for AFL “radicalism,” in her view, appears far-fetched. Cobble responds with a gracious but full-throated defense of her core arguments.
Promiscuous scaffolds in proteins - non-native, non-additive and non-trivial
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Asgeirsson Bjarni , Dutta Mouparna , Ghosh Anindya S , Oda Masataka , Rendón Adela , Goñi Felix , Frere Jean-Marie , Venkatramani Ravindra , Dandekar Abhaya M. , Rao Basuthkar J.
Published: November 2013

Promiscuity, the ability of an enzyme to catalyze diverse activities using the same active site, sets up the stage for the evolution of complex organisms through gene duplication and specialization. The detection of promiscuous motifs is crucial to understand the physiological relevance of a protein, or for any endeavor that intends to rationally modify these latent capabilities to design new proteins under laboratory conditions. We have established a methodology for identifying catalytic residues based on spatial and electrostatic congruence with known active site configurations. Here, we discuss insights gained in several initiatives using our method on different enzymes.
Responses to Entry in Multi-Sided Markets: The Impact of Craigslist on Local Newspapers
Authors: Seamans Robert , Zhu Feng
Published: November 2013

How do firms respond to entry in multi-sided markets? We address this question by studying the impact of Craigslist, a website providing classified-advertising services, on local U.S. newspapers. We exploit temporal and geographical variation in Craigslist's entry to show that newspapers with greater reliance on classified-ad revenue experience a larger drop in classified-ad rates after Craigslist's entry. The impact of Craigslist's entry on the classified-ad side appears to propagate to other sides of the newspapers' market. On the subscriber side, these newspapers experience an increase in subscription prices, a decrease in circulation, and an increase in differentiation from each other. On the display-ad side, affected newspapers experience a decrease in display-ad rates. We also find evidence that affected newspapers are less likely to make their content available online. Finally, we estimate that Craigslist's entry leads to $5.0 billion (year 2000 dollars) in savings to classified-ad buyers during 2000–2007.

This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
Product Line Design with Seller-Induced Learning
Authors: Xiong Hui , Chen Ying-Ju
Published: November 2013

In practice, some well-established service providers (sellers) offer one-time experiences or product demonstrations for the services that have been introduced to the market for years. Such activities, labeled as seller-induced learning, not only help the consumers learn more about themselves but also exploit the consumers by elaborating on the consumer heterogeneity. When the seller-induced learning completely resolves the consumers' valuation uncertainty, it can facilitate a more sophisticated price discrimination scheme and may give rise to a relatively more efficient allocation. Nevertheless, if there is residual valuation uncertainty, the seller may abandon the seller-induced learning to avoid the exacerbated ex post cannibalization. We show that an exploding offer shall sometimes be offered in conjunction with the seller-induced learning to encourage immediate purchases when uncertainty arises in only some consumers. We identify regimes under which the seller-induced learning is charged at a strictly positive price. Under these regimes, the seller need not sacrifice the ex post efficiency upon inducing consumer learning. Therefore, our result indicates that the seller-induced learning may eliminate the conflict between rent extraction and efficiency initiatives. However, quality distortion prevails when the seller provides an identical menu for all the consumers or the free seller-induced learning.

This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Reviews DVDs and Blu-rays
Authors: Boyle Brendan
Published: November 2013

Margaret (2011) USA Director Kenneth Lonergan Runtime 150/186 minutes Blu-ray/DVD USA, 2012
Ballistic Impact Characteristics of Flat-nose Projectile Penetrating Concrete and Soil Compound Target
Authors: Dong Yongxiang , Feng Shunshan , Huang Guangyan , Liu Chunmei , Xiao Lixing , Song Qing
Published: November 2013

Ballistic impact characteristics on the flat-nose projectile penetrating the concrete and soil compound target are studied. The deformation process and failure zone in the target are described by numerical simulation with finite element software. The results show that penetration depth, residual velocity and deceleration amplitude of flat-nose projectile increase with initial velocity. The features of concrete target after impact are approximately in agreement with experimental results. And the cracks and the tensile crush zone formed during penetration could characterize the damage and failure of target. Meanwhile, terminal ballistic characteristics of flat-nose projectile into single soil layer are studied to compare with that of concrete compound target. The results show that the overload of projectile penetrating hard-soil is only one-third of that of concrete compound target with low velocity. Reversely, the duration of the former is more than five times as long as the latter, and the rebound velocity of projectile penetrating soil medium is greater than the concrete compound target.
The Soret Effect with the D1Q2 and D2Q4 Lattice Boltzmann Model
Authors: Mohamad A. A. , Kuzmin A.
Published: November 2013

The paper analysis the incorporation of the source term in the advection-diffusion equation for the BGK Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The problem is the coupled energy and species conservation equations with the Soret term. The problem is extremely important for people using LBM in simulating multi-physics, because multi-physics effect added as a source term to LB. A Few BGK LBM models were used, namely D1Q2, D1Q3, D2Q4 and D2Q5 to solve advection-diffusion-reaction problems. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the lattice Boltzmann method is able to simulate Soret effect, where the source term is the curvature of the temperature field. Theoretical analysis of the force inclusion is also presented in the paper. To insure that the predictions are correct and consistent with the traditional methods, comparison of LBM predictions with the finite difference method (FVM) predictions were illustrated. Also, the results show that prediction of D1Q2 may suffer from oscillation.
Interferenzkandidaten in zweisprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern, insbesondere im deutsch-ungarischen Kollokationslexikon KolleX
Authors: Hollós Zita
Published: November 2013

The following article exemplarily analyses and types different kinds of interference in the corpus-based bilingual special dictionary ‘KOLLEX’. Based on selected figures the first section shortly overviews this German-Hungarian learner’s dictionary. Then, based on different aspects of the dictionary’s concept, the next chapter presents the concrete realisation of the conception’s focus on the language learner. Though ‘KOLLEX’ is designed for active language production, due to its German register of more than 10.000 cotextpartners it can be used as an appropriate translation tool as well.

The second section scrutinizes the phenomenon of interference in lexicographi cal practice. First some German-Hungarian learner’s dictionaries are surveyed concerning the applied solutions. As a second step, the solutions found for ‘KOLLEX’ are presented by means of concrete examples, the so called interference candidates. This for it’s essential to analyze the phenomenon of interference on different language levels. This baseline study provides a first theoretical step towards a consistent methodical framework for a lexicographic record of interference.
Der Gebrauch zweisprachiger Wörterbücher aus der Sicht italienischer Gemanistikstudierender
Authors: Curcio Martina Nied
Published: November 2013

The article analyzes the use of bilingual dictionaries in the translation process of polysemic verbs from Italian into German. The polysemic verbs are described in a contrastive way in order to highlight the specific difficulties of Italian speakers who are learning German as a foreign language. The empirical research focuses on how the Italian students use their dictionary when faced with translation difficulties presented by polysemic verbs. The results show the relationship between difficulties, errors in translation and the use of the bilingual dictionary. A retrospective questionnaire demonstrate what students think about their own use of dictionary, how they approach specific hurdles in the process of translation and how a high language awareness correlates to an effective use of the dictionary.
What should we demand from an online dictionary for specialized translation?
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: November 2013

This contribution treats the concept of a specialised translation dictionary and argues that this concept is much broader than the traditional vision of a bilingual dictionary going from source language to target language. Based on a methodology developed in the framework of the function theory and using qualitative evidence from existing user research, the contribution then discusses the respective phases and sub-phases of the overall translation process where lexicographically relevant problems and needs may occur. Subsequently, it discusses how these needs could be solved in a complex combination of monolingual and bilingual lexicographical solutions and presents an overall concept of a specialised translation dictionary together with some general principles. Finally, it provides examples of how these principles can be applied in both printed and online dictionaries using already available techniques from information and computer science.
Automated dictionary consultation for text reception: a critical evaluation of lexicographic guidance in linked Kindle e-dictionaries
Authors: Bothma Theo J.D. , Prinsloo D.J.
Published: November 2013

In the Amazon Kindle e-books, readers are automatically directed to a linked e-dictionary which enables the reader to obtain the meaning of the word without having to leave the book being read - the first three lines of the dictionary article are presented to the reader on the same screen as the open book. If this information is not sufficient to enable the reader to obtain the correct information to satisfy his/her information need, (s)he can follow a link to the full dictionary article. This is an excellent feature to help readers obtain relevant information in a text reception situation. It works perfectly in most cases. However, unfortunately there are many cases where the reader is not presented with relevant information or even presented with incorrect information, based on incorrect part of speech identification, linking to the incorrect lemma or a number of other categories of incorrect linking which are discussed in the article. Following a categorisation of such problems, we provide a number of suggestions for possible solutions to the problem. The solutions include the provision of tagged corpora, on-the-fly tagging, a menu of items to enable the reader to disambiguate between various options, etc. Each of these options is discussed in terms of what the option entails, technical issues involved in the specific option and the feasibility of the option. The article concludes that not one option will necessarily resolve all problems and that a multi-pronged approach may be necessary to optimise the automated linking of words in the Kindle e-books to the e-dictionaries that are provided.
Metalexikographische Überlegungen zum Wörterbuch der Falschen Freunde
Authors: Kiyko Svitlana
Published: November 2013

Im Beitrag werden Gestaltungsprinzipien des Wörterbuchs der „Falschen Freunde“ auf der Makro- und Mikroebene behandelt. Zuerst wird auf wörterbuchtypologische Grundfragen eingegangen, von denen sich wichtige Gestaltungsprinzipien des Wörterbuchs ableiten. Anschließend werden herkömmliche Ansätze zur Auswahl der Lemmata, Struktur eines Wörterbuchartikels sowie Differenzierung von Übersetzungsäquivalenten besprochen. Die Darstellung basiert auf Erfahrungen bei der Erstellung eines Wörterbuchs für das Deutsche und Ukrainische.
Ursprungskritik. Nietzsches Anfänge und die Ursprünge der Rhetorik
Authors: Schnyder Peter
Published: November 2013

Zu Nietzsches Metaphysik-Kritik gehört seine Kritik am Konzept eines selbstidentischen Ursprungs. Sie wird gemeinhin mit dem mittleren und späteren Werk, das heißt mit dem Werk des ‚Genealogen‘ in Verbindung gebracht. Wie sich allerdings vor allem im Blick auf Nietzsches Beschäftigung mit der Rhetorik in der ersten Hälfte der 1870er Jahre zeigt, kann bereits im Frühwerk beobachtet werden, wie er Anfang und Ursprung als einen Plural von Anfangen und Ursprüngen denkt. Darauf wurde zwar, insbesondere von poststrukturalistischer Seite, schon hingewiesen. Doch der Fokus blieb dabei beschrankt auf die Problematik der rhetorischen Tropen und Figuren. Hier soll die Frage des Ursprungs umfassender in den Blick genommen werden. Von besonderem Interesse sind in diesem Zusammenhang neben den Rhetorik-Vorlesungen Nietzsches auch die „öffentlichen Reden“, die der junge Professor 1872 unter dem Titel
Modern vs. Ancient Science: Discussing Maudemarie Clark’s Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy
Authors: Johnson Dirk R.
Published: November 2013

In einer einflussreichen Interpretation von Nietzsches späten Schriften verweist Maudemarie Clark auf bestimmte Passagen in GM, GD und AC, um damit zu beweisen, dass Nietzsche geglaubt habe, die Wahrheit sei durch den »richtigen* Einsatz der empirischen Wissenschaften zu erreichen. In meiner Kritik an Clark lege ich dar, dass Nietzsches positive Erwähnungen der Wissenschaft in diesen Texten nicht bedeuten, dass er für die modernen empirischen Wissenschaften ein- tritt. Die Prüfung seiner Argumente in GM und AC ergibt vielmehr, dass er zeigen wollte, dass die moderne Wissenschaft sich aus einem alternativen genealogischen Strang des Asketismus entwickelte und eine Rückkehr zu einer,positiven* Auffassung der Wissenschaft erst wieder möglich würde, wenn man die Bindung des modernen Empirizismus an die asketische Tradition in Frage gestellt habe. Indem er den Geist der antiken,Wissenschaft* neu für sich zurückgewann, fand Nietzsche eine Basis, um die ideologischen Fundamente der modernen Wissenschaft anzugreifen.
Friedrich Nietzsches Krankheiten – eine unendliche Geschichte
Authors: Schiffter Roland
Published: November 2013

Als Reaktion auf Christiane Koszkas Aufsatz in den Nietzsche- Studien 39 (2010) wird nochmals eine Analyse der Symptome und der Verlaufsdynamik von Nietzsches Krankheiten durchgeführt, die erneut zu dem Ergebnis kommt, dass es bei der finalen neurologischen Erkrankung des Philosophen (ab 1888) an der Diagnose einer Progressiven Paralyse keinen Zweifel geben kann. Die aktuelle, offenbar weithin begrüßte ,neue Diagnose* eines sogenannten MELAS-Syndroms von Christiane Koszka ist unzutreffend.
Moralistes darwiniens: les psychologies évolutionnistes de Nietzsche et Paul Rée
Authors: Salanskis Emmanuel
Published: November 2013

Cet article est consacré à l’influence philosophique de Paul Rée sur Nietzsche à l’époque d’
Look before You License: The Use of Public Sharing Websites in Building Co-Created Community Repositories
Authors: Lipinski Tomas A. , Copeland Andrea
Published: November 2013

The legal aspects of building a co-created community repository (CCR) are explored through the examination of existing commercial web-based services. To determine whether commercial services offer a practicable option or a model for the creation of a CCR’s terms of service (TOS), we analyzed six websites. The TOS contain the rules under which content can be stored, accessed, shared, etc. This TOS assessment is based on the consideration of four attributes, applied in a legal context: functionality, integrity, provenance, and permanence. While many of the features of a successful CCR are found across the services, none possesses all of the required elements. Recommendations for preferable CCR TOS are offered.
A novel porcine collagen GTR membrane for treatment of Class II molar furcation involvement
Authors: Hsu Chia-Jen , Lin Shu-Li , Chang Wei-Jen , Salamanca Eisner , Feng Sheng-Wei , Teng Nai-Chia , Huang Haw-Ming
Published: November 2013

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the management of the periodontal furcation invasion is effective. Recent studies showed significant clinical improvement with different materials. The purpose of this study is to provide clinical evaluations of the bone repair potential of GTR combined with a novel porcine collagen membrane in the treatment of human molar Class II furcations. Fifty-one patients, 33 males and 18 females, with no systemic disease and a mean age of 49.1 years, participated in this study after phase I periodontal therapy. Probing depth, attachment loss and radiographic examination were recorded and analyzed before and after GTR therapy with collagen membrane. In the soft tissue measurement, the periodontal pocket (PD) depth was 5.283±0.283 mm before the surgery and improved to 2.631±0.147 mm at 9 months after surgery (p<0.05). Attachment loss also showed similar results. The attachment level was 5.547±0.3 mm before the surgery, and 2.911±0.188 mm at 9 months after surgery (p<0.05). According to the measurements the attachment gain was 2.636±0.168 mm after GTR surgery with porcine collagen membrane. According to this study, the porcine collagen membrane can perform with exceptional results in attachment level gain for the Class II periodontal furcation involvement.
The effects of funoran-containing xylitol chewing gum on dental plaque
Authors: Wang Meng-Jiy , Chang Wei-Jen , Lee Wei-Fang , Lee Sheng-Yang , Sheu Joen-Rong , Teng Nai-Chia
Published: November 2013

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of the addition of funoran to xylitol chewing gum in dental plaque. In a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial, 36 health adults (21–30 years old), who volunteered after informed consent, with >105 colony-forming units/ml mutans streptococci (MS) at baseline, were assigned randomly into one of three parallel study groups: xylitol+funoran gum (group A), sucrose gum group (group B), and control group (no gum have been provided; group C). The pH value, flash weight, and MS of dental plaque were recorded at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment. A statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) of salivary MS was displayed in group A after the intervention when compared with baseline. The weight of plaque was reduced after 2 weeks of treatment (p=0.032) in group A. There was no significance in plaque pH value before and after the treatment in any group. Daily funoran-containing xylitol chewing gum application significantly reduced the dental plaque volume and caries pathogen counts in the oral cavity, suggesting that the use of funoran-containing xylitol chewing gum may be a useful adjunct for caries control.
“Choose your language!” Categorisation and control in cyberspace / “Wählen Sie Ihre Sprache!” Kategorisierung und Herrschaft im Cyberspace / « Choisissez votre langue! » Catégorisation et contrôle dans l’espace cyber
Authors: Kelly-Holmes Helen
Published: November 2013

Die Mehrsprachigkeit hat sich zu einem häufig vorkommenden Tropus von Marken entwickelt, die durch dot.com und Gateway-Websites eine globale Präsenz demonstrieren wollen. Mehr und mehr Unternehmen, Gruppen und Medien-Organisationen stellen eine wachsende Anzahl von Sprachen zur Wahl, um auf der einen Seite sich als global zu qualifizieren und auf der anderen Seite Dienste in der “eigenen” Sprache des Kunden anzubieten. Technologische Entwicklungen bedeuten nun, dass mehrsprachige Dienst- leistungen nicht nur möglich sind, sondern auch in den neuen Medien erwartet werden. Wie Heller (2008: 505) uns sagt, „die Grenzen der Nutzbarkeit von festen soziologischen oder linguistischen Variablen oder von festen Entsprechungen zwischen Sprache (verstanden als ein ganzes, beschränktes System), individueller sozialer Stellung innerhalb stabiler Gemeinschaften und Grenzen von Gemeinschaften“ werden zunehmend von Forschern anerkannt. Dennoch informiert weiterhin eine Beschäftigung mit „Homogenität und territorialer Verankerung“ (Heller 2008: 207) die mehrsprachige Dienstleistung im „grenzenlosen“ Cyberspace. Die Verhängung von Ordnung in einer mehrsprachigen Welt durch das Ausrichten auf bestimmte Sprachen mit festen geografischen Gebieten geht weiter. Dieses Phänomen steht im Gegensatz zu ungeregelten Praktiken auf Web 2.0, welche Hybridität und Heteroglossie reflektieren. Diese stehen auch im Gegensatz zu festen Kategorisierungen und zu Versuchen, sprachliches Verhalten zu regulieren (vgl. Androutsopoulos 2011).

In diesem Artikel stütze ich mich auf frühere eigen|e Arbeiten (Kelly-Holmes 2006), um die Dienstleistung mit und Verwaltung von Sprachen auf einer Reihe von globalen Gateway-Websites zu untersuchen und zu sehen, wie solche Praktiken herrschende Sprachideologien verstärken und/oder herausfordem. Diese Ideologien versuchen, eine saubere Trennung der Sprachen und ihrer Sprecher in Form von diskreten Paarungen herzustellen (Heller 2008: 510f.).
Dilemmas of Estonian nation building in the open media market / Probleme estnischer Nationsbildung im offenen Medienmarkt / L’édification de la nation et le libre marché des médias en Estonie: problèmes et défis
Authors: Vihalemm Triin , Hogan-Brun Gabrielle
Published: November 2013

Die Mediennutzung in Estland hat sich als resistent erwiesen gegen die Etablierung des Estnischen als gemeinsamer Sprache im öffentlichen Raum. Bis zum heutigen Tag nutzt die russischsprachige Minderheit Estlands meist Medien in russischer Sprache. Die Sprachgrenze zeigt sich auch in den Praktiken der inhaltlichen Wahl gruppenspezifischer Medien sowie auf staatlicher Ebene (Republik Estland vs. Russische Föderation). Somit ist die Informationssphäre nicht nur in sprachlich, sondern auch inhaltlich in unterschiedliche Subsysteme aufgeteilt.

Qualitative Studien zeigen, dass verschiedene Bottom-up- und Top-down- Mechanismen diese zweisprachige und ideologisch heterogene Informationssphäre stets neu reproduzieren. Die sprachlich und politisch gespaltene öffentliche Informationssphäre sieht sich ständig dem Dilemma gegenüber, einerseits Zugang zu praktischen und ideologischen Informationen zu gewährleisten und andererseits die Nationalsprache zu etablieren. Die estnischen Machteliten versuchen beide, oft widersprüchlichen Ziele zu erreichen. Wir diskutieren diesbezügliche Strategien unter dem Gesichtspunkt sowohl sprachzentrierter Nationsbildung als auch der Vielfalt globalisierten Medienkonsums.
Serotonin and Aversive Pavlovian Control of Instrumental Behavior in Humans
Authors: Geurts Dirk E.M. , Huys Quentin J.M. , den Ouden Hanneke E.M. , Cools Roshan
Published: November 2013

Adaptive decision-making involves interaction between systems regulating Pavlovian and instrumental control of behavior. Here we investigate in humans the role of serotonin in such Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in both the aversive and the appetitive domain using acute tryptophan depletion, known to lower central serotonin levels. Acute tryptophan depletion attenuated the inhibiting effect of aversive Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, while leaving unaltered the activating effect of appetitive Pavlovian cues. These data suggest that serotonin is selectively involved in Pavlovian inhibition due to aversive expectations and have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying a range of affective, impulsive, and aggressive neuropsychiatric disorders.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Disrupts Intraneocortical Circuitry, Cortical Gene Expression, and Behavior in a Mouse Model of FASD
Authors: El Shawa Hani , Abbott Charles W. , Huffman Kelly J.
Published: November 2013

In uteroethanol exposure from a mother's consumption of alcoholic beverages impacts brain and cognitive development, creating a range of deficits in the child (Levitt, 1998; Lebel et al., 2012). Children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are often born with facial dysmorphology and may exhibit cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits from ethanol-related neurobiological damage in early development. Prenatal ethanol exposure (PrEE) is the number one cause of preventable mental and intellectual dysfunction globally, therefore the neurobiological underpinnings warrant systematic research. We document novel anatomical and gene expression abnormalities in the neocortex of newborn mice exposed to ethanolin utero. This is the first study to demonstrate large-scale changes in intraneocortical connections and disruption of normal patterns of neocortical gene expression in any prenatal ethanol exposure animal model. Neuroanatomical defects and abnormal neocorticalRZRβ,Id2, andCadherin8expression patterns are observed in PrEE newborns, and abnormal behavior is present in 20-d-old PrEE mice. The vast network of neocortical connections is responsible for high-level sensory and motor processing as well as complex cognitive thought and behavior in humans. Disruptions to this network from PrEE-related changes in gene expression may underlie some of the cognitive-behavioral phenotypes observed in children with FASD.
Phthalate-induced pathology in the foetal testis involves more than decreased testosterone production
Authors: Veeramachaneni D N Rao , Klinefelter Gary R
Published: November 2013

Foetal exposure to phthalates is known to adversely impact male reproductive development and function. Developmental anomalies of reproductive tract have been attributed to impaired testosterone synthesis. However, species differences in the ability to produce testosterone have been noted; e.g., following foetal exposure, abnormal clustering of Leydig cells or decreased production of testosterone that is manifested in rats does not occur in mice or humans. Nonetheless, other facets of testicular dysgenesis occur in both rats and mice as well as in some other species tested. We recently published a comprehensive evaluation of the foetal rat testis proteome, following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which revealed changes in individual proteins that are known to be factors in cellular differentiation and migration or related to the capacity of the foetal Leydig cell to produce testosterone and fit a pathway network in which each is regulated directly or indirectly by oestradiol. Plasma oestradiol indeed was found to be elevated approximately twofold in 19-day-old DEHP-exposed foetal male rats. In this brief review, we discuss our new findings vis-à-vis ‘oestrogen hypothesis’ as a cause for testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
Genetic Complexity in aDrosophilaModel of Diabetes-Associated Misfolded Human Proinsulin
Authors: Park Soo-Young , Ludwig Michael Z , Tamarina Natalia A , He Bin Z , Carl Sarah H , Dickerson Desiree A , Barse Levi , Arun Bharath , Williams Calvin L , Miles Cecelia M , Philipson Louis H , Steiner Donald F , Bell Graeme I , Kreitman Martin
Published: November 2013

Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used as a model of human Mendelian disease, but its value in modeling complex disease has received little attention. Fly models of complex disease would enable high-resolution mapping of disease-modifying loci and the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe a fly model of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus and explore the complexity of this model. The approach involves the transgenic expression of a misfolded mutant of human preproinsulin, hINSC96Y, which is a cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. When expressed in fly imaginal discs, hINSC96Y causes a reduction of adult structures, including the eye, wing, and notum. Eye imaginal discs exhibit defects in both the structure and the arrangement of ommatidia. In the wing, expression of hINSC96Y leads to ectopic expression of veins and mechano-sensory organs, indicating disruption of wild-type signaling processes regulating cell fates. These readily measurable “disease” phenotypes are sensitive to temperature, gene dose, and sex. Mutant (but not wild-type) proinsulin expression in the eye imaginal disc induces IRE1-mediated XBP1 alternative splicing, a signal for endoplasmic reticulum stress response activation, and produces global change in gene expression. Mutant hINS transgene tester strains, when crossed to stocks from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, produce F1 adults with a continuous range of disease phenotypes and large broad-sense heritability. Surprisingly, the severity of mutant hINS-induced disease in the eye is not correlated with that in the notum in these crosses, nor with eye reduction phenotypes caused by the expression of two dominant eye mutants acting in two different eye development pathways, Drop (Dr) or Lobe (L), when crossed into the same genetic backgrounds. The tissue specificity of genetic variability for mutant hINS-induced disease has, therefore, its own distinct signature. The genetic dominance of disease-specific phenotypic variability in our model of misfolded human proinsulin makes this approach amenable to genome-wide association study in a simple F1 screen of natural variation.
The effect of population size in idea-based growth models: A critical survey
Authors: Dombi Ákos
Published: November 2013

This paper reviews the issue of population size (scale effects) in idea-based growth models. It addresses both weak and strong scale effects and incorporates the related distinctive features of the three strata of idea-based growth models. The paper also comments on third-generation models, emphasising their fragile framework due to the limited range of R&D spillover space they can accommodate. It is argued that because of the shortcomings of the third-generation models, a precise mapping of the relationship between population size and economic growth requires further research.
Neurocisticercose: formas clínicas pouco freqüentes. I - formas hemiplégicas
Authors: Canelas Horácio M. , Cruz Oswaldo Ricciardi
Published: November 2013

Os autores salientam a raridade dos déficits motores com distribuição mono ou hemiplégica, conseqüentes a lesões encefálicas de natureza cisticer-cótica. Ressaltam, outrossim, a dificuldade dos problemas diagnósticos que eventualmente se impõem nesses casos. Discutindo a patogenia dêsses processos, apontam dois mecanismos principais: as paralisias determinadas por focos encefálicos, constituídos por granulomas, cisticercóticos ou à distância, e os acidentes cerebrovasculares ocasionadas pelas alterações vasculares, cuja importância é realçada. São apresentados 19 casos de neurocisticercose, incluindo 17 formas hemiplégicas e 2 monoplégicas. Em todos, o diagnóstico etiológico foi estabelecido pela positividade da reação de fixação do complemento para cisticercose no liqüido cefalorraqueano, corroborado, em 2 casos, pela cirurgia e pela necropsia. Convulsões foram registradas em 10 casos (focais em 7 e generalizadas em 3). Sintomas de hipertensão intracraniana foram assinalados em 4 pacientes. A hemiplegia instalou-se sob forma de icto em 14 pacientes. Em 3 casos houve elementos altamente sugestivos de patogenia predominantemente vascular; em 3, a sintomatologia relacionou-se diretamente ao granuloma parasitário, embora deva ter havido participação do processo angiopático; em 1 caso, tratava-se, provavelmente, de paralisia pós-convulsiva; em 3, embora não houvesse suficientes dados complementares, os elementos clínicos levaram a salientar a importância do fator vascular na determinação da hemiplegia. Em 5 pacientes o déficit motor instalou-se de modo lento e progressivo. Em 2 casos foram encontrados e extirpados cisticercos situados no córtex cerebral, tendo a necropsia revelado, em um deles, amolecimento isquêmico na região parietal contralateral à hemiplegia; em 1 havia eisticercose da fossa craniana posterior, associada a lesão cortical traduzida por intensas alterações eletrencefalográficas; 2 casos careciam de elementos subsidiários que pudessem orientar melhor quanto ao mecanismo patogênico da hemiplegia. Os autores salientam a possibilidade de, em alguns dêsses casos, os comemorativos clínicos poderem ter conduzido ao diagnóstico errôneo, ora de tumor cerebral, ora de acidente cerebrovascular de etiologia indeterminada. Em tais eventualidades, os pacientes ficariam privados dos possíveis benefícios do tratamento adequado, cirúrgico ou medicamentoso.
Distrofia muscular progressiva: conceito clínico-patológico e formas clínicas
Authors: Levy José Antonio
Published: November 2013

O autor faz referência a 150 cases de distrofia muscular progressiva registrados no ambulatório da Clínica Neurológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, em um total de 33.662 pacientes atendidos até junho 1959. A seguir são feitas considerações ao quadro histopatológico, à etiologia, ao quadro clínico e às várias formas da moléstia, sendo apresentadas 5 observações.
Atrofia muscular proximal familiar
Authors: Levy José Antonio , Wittig Ehrenfried Othmar
Published: November 2013

Os autores relatam dois casos de atrofia muscular proximal familiar, moléstia caracterizada por déficit motor e atrofias musculares de distribuição proximal, secundárias a lesão de neurônios periféricos. Assim, como em outros casos descritos na literatura, foi feito inicialmente o diagnóstico de distrofia muscular progressiva. O diagnóstico correto foi conseguido com auxílio da eletromiografia e da biopsia muscular.
Proteinograma do líqüido cefalorraquidiano na lepra
Authors: Spina-França A. , Brotto Wilson
Published: November 2013

Foi estudado o proteinograma do LCR de 25 pacientes portadores de lepra. Os resultados são registrados e analisados em relação ao proteinograma do sôro, ao tempo de evolução da doença, à forma clínica de lepra e ao resultado da reação de Mitsuda. O proteinograma do LCR estava alterado em 11 casos: em 6 havia aumento do teor de albumina, em 3 do teor de γ-globulina e em 2, do de β-globulina. Foram encontradas alterações das relações normalmente existentes entre as frações proteicas do LCR e do soro: havia tendência a ser maior que a normal a relação referente à albumina e β-globulinas; tendência contrária foi observada quanto às α-globulinas. O aumento do teor de albumina no LCR foi observado em pacientes portadores de formas inespecíficas de lepra, com maior freqüência nos casos de curta evolução. O aumento de β-globulina no LCR ocorreu em portadores de lepra tuberculóide. Havia correlação positiva entre o teor dessa fração e o grau de positividade da reação de Mitsuda. Tal correlação, porém, não se mostrou significativa. O aumento da γ-globulinorraquia foi discreto em todos os casos, podendo ser secundário ao aumento do teor dessa fração no sôro e foi observado em portadores de lepra lepromatosa. Havia correlação negativa entre o teor dessa globulina no LCR e o resultado da reação de Mitsuda; o valor dessa correlação mostrou-se estatisticamente significativo.
Babesiosis and anaplasmosis in dairy cattle in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Souza Francisco de A.L. , Braga Juliana F.V. , Pires Lidiany V. , Carvalho Ciro J.S. de , Costa Érica A. , Ribeiro Múcio F.B. , Santos Renato L. , Silva Silvana M.M.S.
Published: November 2013

The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiological situation and the factors involved in the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in the dairy basin of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. The study was conducted in 22 farms, and collected blood samples from 202 cattle to study serological, molecular and determination of the packed cell volume (PCV). On the farms were applied surveys involving epidemiological aspects. Seroprevalence rates were: Babesia bigemina 52.5%, B. bovis 68.8%, and Anaplasma marginale 89.1%. Of the samples analyzed, 73.3% were reactive for Babesia spp. and A. marginale, showing co-infection. In PCR, B. bigemina and B. bovis were positive in 52.0% and 33.2% respectively, and A. marginale in 76.2%. Of these, 51.5% amplified DNA of Babesia spp. and A. marginale. The semi-intensive management predominated in 68.0% of the farms studied. The clinical history of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, was reported from 73% of the farms. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between age groups and for the PCV of positive compared with negative animals. The study indicates that in this region is enzootic instability for babesiosis and enzootic stability for anaplasmosis, reinforcing the fact that in Brazil there are areas of enzootic instability, even in tropical regions of the country. The PCR technique was a valuable tool for the diagnosis of these diseases and may be used to characterize a geographic region.