bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatology of sea ice changes attributed to cyclones, fronts, and cold-air outbreaks
Authors: Weyland Franziska , Spensberger Clemens , Spengler Thomas
Published: March 2022

Rapid changes in the sea ice cover are commonly attributed to periods of strong winds, which in turn are often associated with cyclones and their fronts. In addition to geographically redistributing sea ice, and thereby potentially increasing its export from the Arctic, cyclones also transport moist warm air masses into the Arctic which can lead to local sea ice melt while the cyclone’s cold sector might lead to freezing and sea ice formation. Furthermore, cold air outbreaks associated with the withdrawal of cold air masses over the open ocean usually lead to sea-ice formation. The relative contribution of these competing effects of weather events on the sea ice is so far poorly understood.

We climatologically assess these competing effects of cyclones on sea ice using detected cyclones, fronts, and cold-air outbreaks in the coupled ECMWF CERA-SAT reanalyses. We then decompose the climatological sea-ice increases and decreases during the different seasons into the components that occur in the vicinity or at larger distance from the different weather events. Preliminary results indicate that the amplitude of both positive and negative sea ice changes increases around cyclones, with an overall net effect of reducing sea-ice concentration during most seasons. Thus, the effect of the wind and warm intrusions within cyclones dominates over the effect of the cyclone’s cold sector. In contrast, cold-air outbreaks are associated with sea-ice growth at any time of the year, but exhibit a clear seasonality in their frequency of occurrence.
Modelling global vertical total electron content with machine learning
Authors: Kume Karolina , Shprits Yuri , Smirnov Artem , Zhelavskaya Irina , Vasile Ruggero , Bianco Stefano
Published: March 2022

This study introduces a new two-step neural-network based approach for modelling vertical total electron content (VTEC) on a global level. The inputs to the neural network are chosen and evaluated through different feature selection techniques, namely time-lagged Pearson cross-correlation, mutual information, random forests and permutation feature importance. The feature sets consist of geomagnetic and solar wind indices, their time histories and geomagnetic and geographic coordinates. The parameters of the neural networks are tuned with cross validation and the final model is tested in extended time intervals covering a wide range of solar activity conditions. The proposed approach increases computational efficiency and provides with a high generalization skill.
Decadal prediction for Ireland and Irish Fisheries
Authors: O’Beirne Catherine , Vaughan Louise , Koul Vimal , Düsterhus André
Published: March 2022

Fishery sector is of vast importance to the Irish economy. In 2019 it has generated €577 million and employed 16 thousand. The ability to predict changes in the future stock will support adaptation and fish stock management. In decadal climate prediction, initialized predictions have demonstrated improved prediction skill for the North Atlantic. The different stages of fish development are dependent on oceanic variables like temperature and variability and so decadal prediction skill for those variables would allow to make statements on potential changes in fish stock. 

Our aim is to improve decadal prediction skill in the Northeast Atlantic. For this we apply ensemble subsampling, a process that selects those ensemble members for creating a subsampled ensemble mean, which perform best under evaluation by physically-based statistical predictors. Climate modes, like Subpolar Gyre (SPG) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), interact with our region of interest and therefore we will use those to inform us about our subsampling decisions. Applying this methodology on seasonal scales has demonstrated improved prediction skill for other climate modes.

For this contribution we will investigate the application of subsampling on decadal scales for the Northeastern Atlantic on variables like temperature and salinity for different depth levels. The analysis will show how decadal prediction skill will change when wider oceanographic basin information, like SPG and AMV, are considered in the decadal predictions. We will discuss potential implications for a selection of species for the Irish fisheries sector, and with it the possibility for improving the current fish stock management systems in Ireland.
Chemical Analysis of Organic Aerosol Particles and Nanoplastics Deposited on Alpine Glaciers
Authors: Notø Hanne , Materić Dušan , Gill Alasdair James , Milner Robin , Holzinger Rupert
Published: March 2022

Organic aerosols (OAs) have a significant effect on Earth’s climate due to their radiation scattering properties and potential to be cloud condensation nuclei. OAs occur naturally from biological processes and biomass burning, but anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel burning, residential biomass burning and pollution add to the presence of organic compounds in the atmosphere.

In this work we present data from a sampling campaign aimed at investigating the concentrations of nanoplastics and organics on the snow surface in remote Alpine areas. Surface snow samples from 13 locations in the Swiss and French Alps were collected in August 2021 during reconnaissance for an expedition in June 2022. The samples were taken from glaciers at altitudes between 1880 and 3550 m and as far as possible away from areas trafficked by mountaineers. The sampling was performed by mountaineers acting as citizen scientists, and analysis of blank purity proved that well-trained citizens can be a good recourse for high-quality sample access, especially in difficult-to-access mountain locations.

Upon arrival at Utrecht University, the snow samples were filtered through a 1 μm PTFE filter before being analyzed using Thermal Desorption - Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (TD-PTR-MS). This method analyzes semi- and non-volatile organic compounds in the snow samples, which includes unique tracers for biomass burning (e.g. vanillic acid and levoglucosan), biogenic organic aerosols (e.g. pinonic acid) and nanoplastic pollution (e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene carbonate, and polyvinyl chloride). Further processing will reveal the total organic carbon content, presence of nanoplastics of different polymer types, and the oxidative state of the carbon in the samples.
Monitoring microseismicity with SeisComP and a local 3D velocity model
Authors: Rossi Camilla , Cocorullo Chiara , Grigoli Francesco
Published: March 2022

Microseismic monitoring plays a fundamental role for the risk assessment and management of industrial activities related to the exploitation of georesources. In such application, microseismic monitoring is performed in real-time.

One of the most widely distributed and used tools for seismic monitoring is SeisComP, a software package for automatic data acquisition and processing in real-time or during post-processing developed by the German Research for Geosciences (GFZ).

In this work, we show how SeisComP can be optimized for real-time data-processing for microseismic monitoring of an Underground Gas Storage field in Northern Italy.

We analysed 2-years of continuous seismic data recorded by a network composed of 15 (surface and borehole) stations. In order to improve the accuracy of earthquakes location, after processing seismic data in real-time, we used Joint Hypocentral Inversion techniques to compute a 1D velocity model (both for P and S waves) for the surrounding area of gas storage field. Then, we extracted a P 3D velocity model at reservoir scale, based on the migration velocity from a 3D seismic reflection survey. The Vp model is then converted to Vs by using an average Vp/Vs value extracted from the 1D velocity model and well-logs.

Finally, we compared the different velocities models by analysing earthquakes location obtained with each model.

For the events located in the inner area, our comparison shows a systematic location improvement (both in terms of RMS and waveform coherence) with the 3D model. For events outside that area, the optimized 1D model performs better than the initial model (both in terms of RMS and waveform coherence). Our processing routine for this seismic network is the first application in Italy where a 3D velocity model is fully integrated within the real-time microseismic monitoring operations, as suggested by the Italian Guideline for Microseismicity Monitoring on Industrial activities.
A first regional model of the past Earth’s magnetic field from Africa for the last 4,000 years
Authors: Pavón-Carrasco F. Javier , Di Chiara Anita
Published: March 2022

Holocene geomagnetic data from large areas such as the oceans, the African and South American continents, constitute only the 4–6% of the global datasets, limiting our understanding of the geomagnetic field features and evolution. So far, 48 studies from Africa sensu latu are available, the 14.5% of studies from Southern Africa, the 23% from Central Africa and 62.5% from the Norther Africa. About half of them are from archaeomagnetic data, and the rest are from volcanic and sedimentary records. Here, after selecting the available volcanic and archaeomagnetic data following a set of 3 FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reproducibility) principle-based criteria, we build a first regional geomagnetic model for Africa covering the last 4000 years, based on the revised version of the spherical cap harmonic analysis in 2 dimensions. The new regional model helps understanding the most important feature of the modern geomagnetic field anomaly, the South Atlantic Anomaly. The model shows, at the Earth’s surface, the westward migration of the SAA from the Indian Ocean over Africa since 1100 AD. Finally, we test the new model as a paleomagnetic dating tool by re-dating previous archaeomagnetic data from Africa, confirming that, despite being based on a still sparse database, it can be used to date other African archeological sites and the many active and dormant volcanoes of the East African System.
Real-time soil nutrients monitoring
Authors: Saiz Ernesto , Radu Aleksandar , Ullah Sami , Del-Rio-Ruiz Ruben , Alsaedi Mossab , Sonkusale Sameer
Published: March 2022

The availability of nutrients is one of the main factors in soils that affect plant growth. This is something that has always been worrying humans; initially using natural fertilizers such as animal and human waste to enhance crop productivity. However, the industrial revolution brought the Haber-Bosch process (artificial nitrogen fixation), which posed a milestone on artificial fertilizers. The production of fertilizers increased exponentially during the twentieth century and is still increasing although at a slower pace. It has had not only positive results, e.g. food production, but is also causing major environmental, health and economic problems.

Because of these problems, it is critical to improve soil management strategies at the precise spatial scales in order to protect human health and the environment, while food production is also guaranteed. To do so, what is needed is a low-cost way to measure nutrients in the soil, in real-time, at different spatial scales.

During recent years, researchers have been working on the adaptation and modification of Ion Selective Electrodes for the analysis of nutrients directly in the soil. However, low precision and accuracy, intense instrument handling (pre and post-calibration), and complex data processing is preventing its general use.

We will present here two modifications of our first prototype of a low-cost ISE-based sensor probe. The probe allows measurements in situ and/or continuous monitoring of up to 16 chemical species. We will here showcase preliminary data obtained by measuring four replicates of four analytes. We also apply the Bayesian calibration methodology previously developed by us in order to improve the precision and accuracy of measurements.
The balancing act of robust decision-making in complex water resource systems 
Authors: Wendt Doris E , Pianosi Francesca
Published: March 2022

Balancing drinking water supply and environmental water needs requires careful use of water resources. Some water sources are more resilient to climate extremes than others. For example, groundwater resources can buffer climate extremes, as groundwater storage in aquifers is slowly released, complementing water supply from surface sources during periods of water scarcity, heatwaves and (extreme) drought events. However, this resilience declines when groundwater storage is compromised due to periodic or sustained overuse with severe consequences for groundwater-dependant ecosystems. Sustainable groundwater management needs a robust decision-making approach, that looks beyond historical drought events and prepare for a possible combination of extreme conditions in a future climate, including not only climate uncertainty but also a changing water anthropogenic demand and environmental water needs.  

In this study we present a bottom-up approach to support robust decision-making to improve climate resilience of drinking water supply systems, considering both surface water and groundwater use. We consider uncertainties related to model parameters, changing water demand and future climate conditions, as we apply this method to a system-level representation of a water management region in South England.  

Results show under which climate conditions current water management strategies are confidently meeting drinking water supply with a margin for (seasonally) increased water demand. Future extreme conditions reveal increasing competing interests with environmental water needs and possible shortages in drinking water supply. Mapping the associated (un)certainty of short-term and long-term management strategies shows the value of robust decision-making to sustainable water use in complex water resource systems.
HydroCAL: An Integrated Surface-Subsurface Cellular Automata Hydrological Model
Authors: Furnari Luca , Senatore Alfonso , De Rango Alessio , Mendicino Giuseppe
Published: March 2022

The Integrated Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic Modeling (ISSHM) approach, based on the coupling of physical-based surface and subsurface routing processes, evolved significantly in the last decades, also thanks to the continuously increasing capabilities offered by high-performance computing (HPC). The Extended Cellular Automata (XCA) paradigm perfectly fits the needs of HPC infrastructures, due to its inherent aptitude for parallel computing and other specific features like asynchronism that allow not only parallelization but also the reduction of the computational cost.

We present HydroCAL, a new ISSHM based on the Extended Cellular Automata paradigm linking a two-dimensional weighted XCA surface routing model with a three-dimensional XCA subsurface model. The model was implemented in the parallel software library Open Computing Abstraction Layer (OpenCAL), which allows users to exploit several parallelization strategies, hardware architectures and XCA features.

Preliminarily, the subsurface model was tested in several thousand synthetical test cases to assess the effects produced by an asynchronous functionality based on a fixed threshold rule on the hydraulic head difference. The results show the high efficiency of the asynchronous XCA model in terms of elapsed time, preserving the accuracy of the results.

Then, the coupled surface and subsurface HydroCAL modules were tested with high-resolution (101 m) simulations in a small headwater Mediterranean catchment characterized by high hydrogeological heterogeneity. The model parameters were calibrated and validated using different events, characterized by several discharge peaks, during two years.

The results show that the model can accurately catch the hydrological response, reproducing multi-peak events with correct peak times and discharge values, simulating adequately also the recession phases. At the same time, the XCA model implementation permits highly detailed coupled simulations with computational times adequate to operational (even real-time) purposes.

Further study will regard the application of different asynchronism rules on both the surface and subsurface modules and the addition of other modules concerning subsurface-groundwater and land surface-atmosphere interaction.
Assessing the resilience of the Carboniferous limestone transboundary aquifer (Belgium/France) to recharge deficit events and groundwater abstraction
Authors: Vandelois Guillaume , Picot Géraldine , Parmentier Marc , Goderniaux Pascal
Published: March 2022

The carboniferous aquifer of the international hydrographic district of the Scheldt river extends across three countries and administrative regions: France, Wallonia (South Belgium), Flanders (North Belgium) covering 1420 km². More than 75 million cubic meters of water are pumped every year in the considered hydrogeological system for drinking water distribution, agriculture, industry, and quarry dewatering. Stresses on groundwater resources in the aquifer are therefore important and pumping operations need to be managed adequately. Groundwater levels have been decreasing significantly due to the overexploitation of the aquifer caused by the industrial and demographic development of the region during the 20th century. In some area the piezometric level has dropped by 90 meters between 1910 and 2010.

The transboundary aquifer is mainly composed of fractured carboniferous limestone. The aquifer is considered as unconfined in eastern part and confined below marls and chalk in the northwest area. Recharge is thus mainly observed within the unconfined area, with important lateral groundwater flows to the confined area.

Groundwater flow in the aquifer has been modelled in 3D using the finite volume calculation code MARTHE, in collaboration between the different involved entities, and using data officially exchanged between administrations. The model has been calibrated for the 1900-2017 period considering abstracted groundwater volumes, recharge calculated from precipitation and evapotranspiration data, observed piezometric levels and river flow rates, collected or reconstructed since 1900.

The model is used for predictive purpose. Simulations are performed for the next decades following several scenarios including the possible evolution of groundwater abstraction as a function of the demographic and economic development of the region, the expected climate evolution and related groundwater recharge change, the evolution of dewatering operations in stone quarries. Recently, recharge scenarios based on historical meteorological data were applied to the model to determine the impact of rainfall deficit on groundwater resources and the resilience of the aquifer. The impact has been quantified and time recovery map of the aquifer were built. Results show a recovery time difference up to twenty years between the confined and unconfined area of the aquifer.

All these simulations constitute a scientific support for the decision-makers involved in the management of this transboundary aquifer.
Multi-year analysis on cirrus cloud optical and geometrical properties at Goddard Space Flight Center in the frame of the NASA MPLNET lidar network
Authors: Lolli Simone , Dolinar Erica , Lewis Jasper R. , Campbell James R. , Welton Ellsworth J.
Published: March 2022

In this study, we present the results of 20 years of cirrus cloud optical and geometrical properties retrieved from lidar observations at NASA Goddard Flight Space Center, a permanent site of the Micropulse lidar network (MPLNET). In this research, moreover, we also focus on determining the consistency of lidar long-term measurements, i.e. assessing the Signal-To-Noise variation over the two decades and its relationship to detection sensitivity and/or the quality of the calibration procedure. Through this research, it is possible to assess how changes in optical and geometrical properties of the cirrus clouds over twenty years impacted the Earth-atmosphere radiative budget, both at the surface and at the top-of-the-atmosphere. This unique and unprecedented study is the first step in assessing how climate changes influence cirrus cloud formation and lifetime and their feedback to climate. The same analysis will be then carried out for all the MPLNET permanent observational sites deployed at global scale. 
Assessing machine-learning algorithms for digital soil mapping in an agricultural lowland area: a case study of Lombardy region.
Authors: Adeniyi Odunayo David , Brenning Alexander , Maerker Michael
Published: March 2022

Sustainable agricultural landscape management needs reliable and accurate soil maps and updated geospatial soil information. The traditional process of soil surveying is time-consuming and limited in terms of accuracy and spatial distribution. This problem can be partly overcome by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the application of digital soil mapping (DSM) approaches. The DSM analyse the relations between soil properties and environmental variables derived from the Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as well as from remotely-sensed information. Moreover, DSM uses these relations and hence, allows for the regionalization of point observations of soil properties. Several machine-learning methods are used today for DSM. The main goal of this study is the evaluation of different supervised machine-learning techniques for mapping several topsoil properties in an agricultural lowland area of Lombardy region, Italy, and interpreting the modelled relationships. The methods analysed are Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine, Support Vector Machine and Generalized Additive Model. We applied the models to predict different correlated soil properties such as the soil organic carbon (SOC), texture (sand, silt, clay content) and topsoil depth. Cross validation performances of these models were determined, and diagnostic tools for the post-hoc interpretation of these black-box models were applied to assess their interpretability as well as similarities and differences in the modelled relationships, which reflect each model’s abilities and biases. An important challenge is the interpretation of the effects of highly correlated predictors, which is achieved using a transformation-based post-hoc interpretation technique. The study helps to identify the best-performing predictive model for lowland area and to understand the robustness of the applied models. The selected models will be used to provide valuable information for facilitating a sustainable land use in an area with a unique soil water cycle as well as for assessing how future climate and socioeconomic changes may influence water content, soil pollution dynamics and food security.
Development and dynamics of sediment waves in a complex morphological and tidal dominant system: southern Irish Sea
Authors: Creane Shauna , Coughlan Mark , O'Shea Michael , Murphy Jimmy
Published: March 2022

With the recent push for a transition towards a climate resilient economy, the demand on marine resources is accelerating. For many economic exploits, a comprehensive understanding of environmental parameters underpinning seabed morphodynamics in tidally-dominated shelf seas, and the relationship between local and regional scale sediment transport regimes as an entire system, is imperative. In this paper, high-resolution, time-lapse bathymetry datasets, hydrodynamic numerical modelling outputs and various theoretical parameters are used to describe the morphological characteristics of sediment waves and their spatio-temporal evolution in a hydrodynamic and morphodynamic complex region of the Irish Sea. Analysis reveals sediment waves in a range of sizes (height = 0.1 to 25.7 m, and wavelength  = 17 to 983 m), occurring in water depths of 8.2 to 83 mLAT, and migrating at a rate of 1.1 to 79 m/yr. Combined with numerical modelling outputs, a strong divergence of sediment transport pathways from the previously understood predominantly southward flow in the south Irish Sea is revealed, both at offshore sand banks and independent sediment wave assemblages. This evidence supports the presence of a semi-closed circulatory hydrodynamic and sediment transport system at Arklow Bank (an open-shelf linear sand bank). Contrastingly, the Lucifer-Blackwater bank complex and associated sediment waves are heavily influenced by the interaction between a dominant southward flow and a residual headland eddy, of which also exerts a strong influence on the adjacent banner bank. Furthermore, a new source and sink mechanism are defined for offshore independent sediment wave assemblages, whereby each sediment wave field is supported by circulatory residual current cells originating from offshore sand banks. This new data and results improve knowledge of seabed morphodynamics in tidally-dominated shelf seas which has direct implications for offshore renewable developments and long-term marine spatial planning.
Optimality in (sub)optimal conditions; Leaf stoichiometry in response to contrasting CO2 and phosphorus fertilization
Authors: Lankhorst Jan , Rebel Karin , van Dijk Jerry , de Boer Hugo
Published: March 2022

Theorethical Eco-Evolutionary Optimality (EEO) hypotheses are proving helpful in representing leaf-level processes, but are scarcely applied to whole plant levels. Applying EEO approaches at plant level can provide simple ways of representing plant- and ecosystem interactions and dynamics, especially when incorporating anthropogenic environmental impacts. An increase in plant productivity related to, for example, increased emission of CO2 and Nitrogen (N), will likely increase limitation by other essential nutrients and minerals, such as phosphorus (P). Interacting effects of elevated CO2 and limitation of essential nutrients are thought to affect plant tissue concentrations, organ growth rates, and photosynthetic capacities. However, it remains uncertain how plant-level reactions to varying nutritional resources affects optimality in plant functioning. Here we used plants with contrasting nutrient limitations to test EEO theoretical optimal photosynthetic traits and the corresponding internal nutrient allocation. It is hypothesised that (I) relative allocation of N and P towards the leaf will decrease under rising CO2 to optimize photosynthesis in relation to transpiration and (II) effects of P deficiency on growth will be relatively stronger in plants grown in high CO2 conditions compared to lower CO2 concentrations. Preliminary data was collected from a phytotron experiment focussing on the combined effect of P limitation and CO2 fertilization. In this experiment, plant photosynthetic traits (e.g. photosynthetic maximum carboxylation rate, Vcmax, and electron transport rate, Jmax) were measured on three different plant species, Holcus lanatus, Panicum miliaceum, and Solanum dulcamara (a C3 grass, a C4 grass, and a C3 herb respectively). They were grown at either low (150ppm), ambient (450ppm), or high (800ppm) CO2 concentrations, and given one of either treatments; sufficient P in an N:P ratio of 1:1, or severely limiting P in an N:P ratio of 45:1 with a similar supply of N. Preliminary results suggest that decreased availability of P limits Vcmax and Jmax, constraining the maximum photosynthesis rate. This effect is amplified in low CO2 conditions, as this triggers plants to increase their photosynthetic capacities when nutrients are sufficiently available. Measured leaf N and P concentrations, alongside Vcmax and Jmax, will be additionally used to determine leaf stoichiometry and photosynthetic P-use efficiency as a result of fertilization. Applied N and P will be compared with leaf concentrations to evaluate their relative allocation. Results will be used to validate EEO model predictions on optimality in suboptimal conditions.
How certain are we about the model-based estimations of global irrigation water withdrawal? 
Authors: Puy Arnald , Sheikholeslami Razi , Gupta Hoshin , Hall Jim , Lankford Bruce , Lo Piano Samuele , Meier Jonas , Pappenberger Florian , Porporato Amilcare , Vico Giulia , Saltelli Andrea
Published: March 2022

Irrigation agriculture is the most important user of the global freshwater resources worldwide, which makes it one of the key actors conditioning sustainable development and water security. The anticipated future climate change, population growth, and rapidly rising global demand for food will likely lead to agricultural expansion by allowing the development of irrigated areas. This together with the fact that irrigated crops are approximately four times more profitable than rainfed crops will place much additional pressure on water resources in the next years. Therefore, it is of vital importance to devise solutions that minimize the negative impacts of agricultural expansion, particularly on biodiversity and water use, so as to help us achieve environmental and economic sustainability. To realize such an ambition, quantifying irrigation water withdrawal at different spatio-temporal scales is essential. Global Hydrological Models (GHM) are often used to produce irrigation water withdrawal estimates. Yet GHMs questionably rely on several uncertain estimates of irrigated areas, crop evapotranspiration processes, precipitation and irrigation efficiency, which are the four main inputs in the structure of GHMs. Here we show that, once basic uncertainties regarding these estimates are properly integrated into the calculations, the point-based irrigation water withdrawal estimates actually correspond to uncertainty intervals that span several orders of magnitude already at the grid cell level. Our approach is based on the concept of “sensitivity auditing”, a practice of process-oriented skepticism towards mathematical models. The numerical results suggest that current estimates of global irrigation water withdrawals are spuriously accurate due to their neglect of several ambiguities/uncertainties, and thus need to be re-assessed. Our analysis highlights that models of global irrigation water demands need to better integrate uncertainties, both technical and epistemological, so as to avoid misguiding the development of strategies intended to help ensure water and food security.
Compositional constraints on the lifetime of habitable climates on rocky exoplanets
Authors: Foley Bradford , Unterborn Cayman
Published: March 2022

An essential factor for the habitability of rocky exoplanets over geologic timescales is climate regulation via the carbonate-silicate cycle. Without such regulation, uninhabitably hot or cold climates could form, even for planets lying within their host star’s habitable zone. While often associated with plate tectonics, recent work has shown that the carbonate-silicate cycle can operate on planets in a stagnant-lid regime of tectonics, as long as volcanism is active. Volcanism drives release of CO2 to the atmosphere, without which climate could cool into a globally frozen state, and the creation of fresh rock for weathering, without which a CO2-rich hothouse climate could form. A key factor dictating how long volcanism can last on a rocky planet is the budget of heat producing elements (U, Th, and K) it acquires during formation. While not directly measurable for exoplanets, estimates on the range of heat producing elements (HPEs) can be made from stellar composition observations. We estimate a probability distribution of HPE abundances in rocky exoplanets based on the Hypatia catalog database of stellar U, Th, and K abundances, where Eu is used as a proxy for the difficult to measure U.

We then constrain how long volcanism, and hence habitable climates, can last on rocky exoplanets in a stagnant-lid regime using a simple thermal evolution model where initial HPE abundances in the mantle are randomly drawn from the distributions constructed from the Hypatia catalog. We further explore the influence of planet size and factors such as the initial mantle temperature and mantle reference viscosity in our models. Our models are conservative, meant to estimate the earliest time that volcanism could cease on rocky exoplanets. We find volcanism lasts for ~2 Gyrs, with 95% confidence intervals of 0.6-3.8 Gyrs for an Earth-sized planet, increasing modestly to ~3.5 Gyrs (95% confidence intervals of 1.4-5.8 Gyrs) for a six Earth mass planet. The variation in volcanism lifetime is largely determined by the K abundance of the planet, as K is a potent HPE and highly variable in stars. The likelihood of acquiring high enough abundances of the long half-life HPEs, Th or 238U, to power long-lived volcanism through these heat sources is low. In most cases even Th and 238U abundances at the high end of our observationally constrained probability distributions are not sufficient to power volcanism on their own, such that planets will see volcanism cease once K concentrations have decayed. Only with a high reference viscosity can Th or 238U potentially drive long-lived volcanism, as in this case volcanism can be sustained for a lower total radiogenic heat production rate.  
Microplastic dynamics within turbulence for improved modelling and monitoring strategies
Authors: Al-Zawaidah Hadeel , Vermeulen Bart , Waldschlager Kryss
Published: March 2022

Microplastics are an unavoidable part of riverine systems, altering the natural composition of rivers and the associated processes. Within a riverine system, microplastics can be present throughout the water column or within bedload, implying different transport, deposition, and erosion mechanisms. Some recent models have been developed to predict and understand the depth distribution concentration of microplastics and macroplastics, primarily relying on the Rouse model for sediments. However, the great variety in microplastics shape and size accompanied by the dynamic nature of riverine systems (e.g., variety of flow conditions, sediment composition and bedforms) question how realistic and reliable models for plastic distribution along the water column and within sediments are. Present models are often analogous to suspended sediment models and assume diffusivity to be equal to turbulent viscosity, they often exclude the bedload, neglect the effect of turbulence and bed morphology, and come short in explaining the behaviour of mixtures of microplastics and sediments. Understanding these aspects is crucial to improve present models and to aid mitigation efforts and to optimize collection systems and policy. This project targets employing both physical and numerical modelling techniques to further develop depth concentration models of microplastics. We aim to further examine and quantify the influence of turbulence on microplastics transport and concentration distribution by establishing preliminary estimates for the eddy viscosity and diffusivity of microplastics and further examine a wider range of mixtures of microplastics and sediments with different shapes and sizes.
Hydrodynamic Response to Partially Spanning Logjams
Authors: Schalko Isabella , Follett Elizabeth , Nepf Heidi
Published: March 2022

Wood is a key part of a river ecosystem and affects both flow conditions and channel morphology. Wood accumulations or logjams may generate important habitat by increasing the upstream water surface elevation (backwater rise) and creating a downstream region with reduced flow velocity. Depending on the logjam size and the flow conditions, the resulting backwater rise can also provoke a flood hazard. Therefore, the prediction of backwater rise due to logjams is required to inform river restoration as well as flood hazard assessment efforts. Backwater rise due to channel spanning logjams can be described based on analytical and empirical models. However, logjams can exhibit various shapes, including partially spanning logjams. The hydrodynamic response to logjams that partially span the channel lateral extent has not been studied so far. Therefore, a series of flume experiments was conducted at the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) at ETH Zurich to study how the flow depth and flow velocity are altered by partially spanning logjams with a lateral gap. The objectives were to determine how the jam relative width (jam width to channel width) influenced flow heterogeneity, described by flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, and to predict the backwater rise. Initial results demonstrated that logjams with a relative width Brel ≥ 0.5 created two distinct zones of velocity and increased flow heterogeneity. In addition, backwater rise increased with increasing relative logjam width. As a next step, the existing analytical model for channel spanning logjams will be adapted to describe backwater rise due to partially spanning logjams.
Texturally controlled oxygen isotope analyses of serpentine phases record the multistage hydration history during abyssal serpentinization
Authors: Vesin Coralie , Rubatto Daniela , Pettke Thomas , Deloule Etienne
Published: March 2022

Serpentinization of ultramafic mantle rocks is one of the main reactions leading to a significant water incorporation into the oceanic lithosphere. The multiphase hydration is yet poorly constrained, in terms of sequence of events, their chemical and isotopic compositions, and the reaction conditions (temperature, fluid composition and the water/rock ratio). We present here the first study on Iberia and Newfoundland passive margins samples (oceanic drill core samples, ODP, from Site 1070 and Site 1277) that closely correlates petrographic observation, in situ oxygen isotopic data and major and trace elements mobility in serpentine phase.

The serpentine minerals lizardite and chrysotile are the main hydrous phases formed during the serpentinization reaction. These minerals crystallize in specific textures, depending on the primary minerals being replaced: (i) serpentine in mesh texture after the alteration of olivine, and (ii) serpentine as bastite pseudomorphing pyroxenes. As the textural control is the key to detect multistage fluid uptake during progressive hydration, we used Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) to achieve a good spatial resolution of ∼20 µm for in situ oxygen isotope measurements. The trace elements analyses were analyzed with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and a spot size of ∼38 µm. Newfoundland samples show less variability in the oxygen isotope composition than Iberia samples and have values higher than the mantle composition, suggesting low temperature of serpentinization (110-200°C). One of the Iberia samples shows similar variability of the oxygen isotope composition but lower values than 𝛿18Omantle (temperature around 140-200°C). The second sample has the highest variability: (i) homogeneous mesh rim texture with 𝛿18O = 4.4 ± 0.8 ‰ (2𝜎), (ii) wide compositional range for mesh centers with 𝛿18O = 4.0 - 7.7 ‰, and (iii) bastite with large isotopic variation from 5.5 to 13.5 ‰. These values suggest a large hydration temperature range from 60-200°C within a single sample.

Texturally controlled rare-earth element (REE) analyses of the serpentine minerals reveal inherited, typical melt depletion patterns of the protolith, for both localities. The trace element composition of serpentine in the different textural domains displays typical signatures related to the precursor minerals (olivine vs. pyroxene), particularly in terms of Ni/Cr ratio. Positive anomalies of fluid-mobile elements (e.g. B, Sr, As) confirm hydration of the mantle rocks during oceanic serpentinization.
Examining Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT) climatologies and trends in ERA5 reanalysis (1979-2020)
Authors: Prosser Mark , Williams Paul , Marlton Graeme
Published: March 2022

Although a previous study has created a global 2PVU diagnosed CAT climatology and North Atlantic trend analysis, one does not exist for a constant pressure surface on which aircraft typically cruise. Other previous work has shown a tripling in frequency of diagnosed CAT in climate model simulations with climate change. However, the question of whether an increase in global diagnosed CAT can already be seen in reanalysis since 1979, has not yet been addressed.

Here, we calculate 21 CAT diagnostics from ERA5 to produce a global 197hPa climatology of moderate/severe CAT exceedance frequencies for the period 1979-2020. Linear regressions are then performed to calculate trends in the frequency of diagnosed CAT over this period.

The results of the 197hPa climatology show three features of interest. Firstly, there appear to be roughly two distinct regimes of diagnosed CAT: a midlatitude regime and a tropical one. Secondly, diagnosed CAT appears to be more frequent over the oceans than the land and finally, mountain ranges appear to be hotspots of diagnosed CAT. The most significant result from the trend analysis is that North America and the North Atlantic have seen a substantial increase in the frequency of diagnosed CAT since 1979, far more than any other region worldwide.

The diagnosed CAT climatologies produced here are of general scientific interest to those researching turbulence theory or geophysical fluid dynamics. The result of the trend analysis will be of substantial interest and use to the aviation industry and aviation turbulence forecasters in long term planning and aviation safety.
Lossy Data Compression and the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Baker Allison H. , Hammerling Dorit M. , Pinard Alex , Xu Haiying
Published: March 2022

Climate models such as the Community Earth System Model (CESM) typically produce enormous amounts of output data, and storage capacities have not increased as rapidly as processor speeds over the years. As a result, the cost of storing huge data volumes has become increasingly problematic and has forced climate scientists to make hard choices about which variables to save, data output frequency, simulation lengths, or ensemble sizes, all of which can negatively impact science objectives.  Therefore, we have been investigating lossy data compression techniques as a means of reducing data storage for CESM.  Lossy compression, by definition, does not exactly preserve the original data, but it achieves higher compression rates and subsequently smaller storage requirements. However, as with any data reduction approach, we must exercise extreme care when applying lossy compression to climate output data to avoid introducing artifacts in the data that could affect scientific conclusions.  Our focus has been on better understanding the effects of lossy compression on spatio-temporal climate data and on gaining user acceptance via careful analysis and testing. In this talk, we will describe the challenges and concerns that we have encountered when compressing climate data from CESM and will discuss developing appropriate climate-specific metrics and tools to enable scientists to evaluate the effects of lossy compression on their own data and facilitate optimizing compression for each variable.  In particular, we will present our Large Data Comparison for Python (LDCPy) package for visualizing and computing statistics on differences between multiple datasets, which enables climate scientists to discover potentially relevant compression-induced artifacts in their data.  Additionally, we will demonstrate the usefulness of an alternative to the popular SSIM that we developed, called the Data SSIM (DSSIM), that can be applied directly to the floating-point data in the context of evaluating differences due to lossy compression on large volumes of simulation data.
Kitab-ı Mukaddes ile Kuran-Kerim Kıssalarının Karşılaştırılması
Authors: SEYHAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Beyazıt Yaşar
Published: March 2022

Kor'an, says that it confirmed books of before itself. Exactly like this, it ought to be a group of similarities between Koran and The Bible. At the same time to be difference between two books is probable. Because Koran has ciriticized the people of the book at the same subjects. In our this thesis, We considered, to what needed mean from the Kor'an's “confirming” word. Just, Koran corrects in its opinion the matters to be located in the Bible. Koran is in apperence an arbitration with this its resposibility. With particular attention, the most evidence to be historical phenomenon of Narrition which located in Koran is the Bible. Because when the Bible talk about narrations, it is at apperance a historical book. We can't talk about this property for Koran. One of the most important difference which located between Koran and other the holy books is the manner which Koran has used when it explains thees narrations. This manner exposes that Koran is celestical book. Keywords: Qur`an, Torah, Bible, Mythology, Narration, Confirmation.
Concept for Minimally Invasive Hook Plate Stabilisation of the Acromioclavicular Joint
Authors:   Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Haupt Samuel , Bütler Kerstin ,   Department of Orthopedics, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Hess Silvan ,   Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Grehn Holger ,   Department of Orthopedics, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Sommer Christoph ,   Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland, Michelitsch Christian ,   Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
Published: April 2022

Aims: Despite the availability of various operative procedures, hook plates are still one of the main implants used for the treatment of acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. The aim of this report is to present a novel minimally invasive operation technique for AC hook plate fixation. The functional outcomes of patients operated upon with this technique are presented. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 5 patients who were operated upon with minimally invasive hook plate fixation. The QuickDASH score (QDS) and subjective shoulder value (SSV) were used to express functional outcomes, and the numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to evaluate pain. Results: The mean (SD) follow-up was 30±7 months. Patients were hospitalized for a mean of 3±1 days and operated upon for a mean of 54±7 minutes. Functional outcomes measured with the QDS showed a median (IQR) of 2.3 (0 - 6.8) and a median SSV relative to the healthy side of 95% (89 - 100). The median NRS was 0 (0 - 0). Conclusion: Minimally invasive hook plate fixation for acromioclavicular joint dislocation led to excellent functional outcome scores without complications in a small case series of 5 patients.