bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional dysconnectivity within the emotion-regulating system is associated with affective symptoms in major depressive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study
Authors: He Zongling , Lu Fengmei , Sheng Wei , Han Shaoqiang , Long Zhiliang , Chen Yuyan , Luo Wei , Yu Yue , Nan Xiaoyu , Ouyang Aili , Cui Qian , Chen Huafu
Published: February 2019

Objective:

Major depressive disorder (MDD) can be characterized as a multidimensional and system-level disorder. The neuropathophysiological abnormalities have been reported to be distributed in emotion regulation system, involving the prefrontal cortex (PFC), limbic and striatum in convergent studies. Decrease of positive affect and increase of negative affect are recognized as a hallmark of MDD. However, the dysfunctions in affective processing in MDD within the emotion regulation system remains largely unclear. In this study, our goals are to characterize the dysconnectivity pattern within this system and explore the relationships between this kind of dysconnectivity pattern and affective symptoms, which might help us better look into the neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying MDD.

Methods:

A total of 34 MDD and 34 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The alterations in functional connectivity (FC) within the emotion regulation system and their relationships with affective symptoms were explored.

Results:

Compared with HCs, MDD patients showed aberrant FC within this system. Importantly, deceased FC was mainly involved in the prefrontal–limbic system, while elevated FC was observed in the prefrontal–striatum system. In the MDD group, decreased FC of right posterior hippocampus–left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was negatively associated with the negative affect scores and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores and the FC of left ventral striatum–left dlPFC was significantly negatively related with the positive affect scores.

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrated that MDD showed characteristic pathological alterations of the emotion regulation system. Dysconnectivity within prefrontal–limbic system might be more related to the dysregulation of negative affect, whereas dysconnectivity within prefrontal–striatum system might influence more on positive affect processing. The decrease in positive affect and increase in negative affect in MDD might have different pathological basis. These results could help better understand the dysconnectivity pattern in the emotion-regulating system underlying depression.
Portia goes to Washington: Shakespeare and Judge Kavanaugh
Authors: Russell Anthony
Published: February 2019

Ne Il mercante di Venezia, William Shakespeare invita il lettore/spettatore a percepire l'ipocrisia di una societá veneziana nella quale la moralitá e la legge servono a tutelare i privilegi ed a legittimare le azioni del gruppo dominante. Questa pièce- che si accentra con insistenza sulla dimensione etica dell'atto interpretativo-funge qui da lente attraverso la quale meglio intendere le clamorose e turbanti vicende che si sono concluse di recente con la conferma del giudice Brett Kavanaugh alla Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti.
The Role of Motivation as a Factor in Mental Fatigue
Authors: Herlambang Mega B. , Taatgen Niels A. , Cnossen Fokie
Published: February 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess motivation as a factor in mental fatigue using subjective, performance, and physiological measures.

Background:

Sustained performance on a mentally demanding task can decrease over time. This decrement has two possible causes: a decline in available resources, meaning that performance cannot be sustained, and decrement in motivation, meaning a decline in willingness to sustain performance. However, so far, few experimental paradigms have effectively and continuously manipulated motivation, which is essential to understand its effect on mental fatigue.

Method:

Twenty participants performed a working memory task with 14 blocks, which alternated between reward and nonreward for 2.5 hr. In the reward blocks, monetary rewards could be gained for good performance. Besides reaction time and accuracy, we used physiological measures (heart rate variability, pupil diameter, eyeblink, eye movements with a video distractor) and subjective measures of fatigue and mental effort.

Results:

Participants reported becoming fatigued over time and invested more mental effort in the reward blocks. Even though they reported fatigue, their accuracy in the reward blocks remained constant but declined in the nonreward blocks. Furthermore, in the nonreward blocks, participants became more distractable, invested less cognitive effort, blinked more often, and made fewer saccades. These results showed an effect of motivation on mental fatigue.

Conclusion:

The evidence suggests that motivation is an important factor in explaining the effects of mental fatigue.
Book review: Himanshu Roy and Mahendra Prasad Singh, Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers
Authors: Jha Bhuwan Kumar
Published: February 2019

Himanshu Roy and Mahendra Prasad Singh, Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers (2nd Edition). Noida: Pearson, 2017, xxix + 441 pp., ₹339 (paperback). ISBN: 978-93-325-8733-5.
Public Procurement Reform for Ease in Doing Business
Authors: Sen Bulbul
Published: February 2019

Public procurement is one area needing governmental reforms. It is largely governed by dated rules that businesses feel are not able to encompass the complex needs of a modernising Indian economy. They also feel that there is a plethora of public contract rules often not in harmony with each other creating confusion and giving opportunity for corruption. However, the Modi regime’s anti-corruption mandate should not stifle business initiative that is the main critique against the Public Procurement Bill (2012). An amended public procurement law should inter alia be comprehensive in its coverage. It should incorporate new forms of tendering to cover complex procurement situations, maintain balance between the cost and the quality in tender awards, check abuse of monopoly in single-source procurement, prevent ‘digital divide’ in transparency provisions, maintain balance between external openness and promotion of domestic economy in market access provisions, encourage sustainable public procurement, incorporate effective mechanisms for redressing grievances of bidders and avoid penal provisions punishing offences covered by existing laws. Regulatory reform in public procurement will have substantial economic impact, as government contracts annually average approximately 30 per cent of India’s GDP and cover almost every sphere of government activity. Hence, such a reform will improve India’s anti-corruption/ease of doing business global rankings.
Time synchronization requirement of global navigation satellite system augmentation system based on pseudolite
Authors: Ma Chao , Yang Jun , Chen Jianyun , Tang Yinyin
Published: February 2019

Global navigation satellite systems are widely used across the world because of their continuous/all-weather, global coverage, and high precision positioning. But, three-dimensional positioning accuracy, especially in the vertical direction, remains insufficient because of the geometric distribution of satellites. This is especially true for air-borne objects such as unmanned aerial vehicles, civil aviation devices, and missiles. To solve this problem, we adopt a satellite-ground joint positioning system based on a pseudo-satellite (pseudolite). The introduction of ground pseudolites can significantly reduce the vertical dilution of precision and improve positioning accuracy. This method has been proposed in the 1980s. However, we have to ask a question, as long as we add a pseudolite, can the positioning accuracy be improved? The answer is no. Pseudolites can cause time synchronization problems with satellites, and the resulting timing errors of the pseudolite are converted into pseudorange errors, reducing accuracy. Here, we seek to evaluate the impact of the reduced vertical dilution of precision and the increased range errors associated with the introduction of a pseudolite on the ground. We derive a mathematical formula to explain this relationship. We conclude that when the satellite range error and the change in the position dilution of precision associated with a pseudolite are known, we can calculate an approximate limit for the pseudolite timing accuracy to ensure that the use of the pseudolite improves the positioning accuracy. This work should be of great value in guiding engineering practice.
Determination of the flight dynamic envelope via stable manifold
Authors: Yuan Guoqiang , Li Yinghui
Published: February 2019

The flight envelope plays an important role in flight safety. The concept of posing the flight envelope as a region of attraction is explored further, and it is investigated whether the stable manifold for the region of attraction computation is an efficient method for determining envelope. The stable manifold describes the flight dynamic envelope of an aircraft in an explicit representation, which means that the computation needs to be done only on the envelope, not the entire state space. In this paper, the stable manifold is computed by using a fast method which reduces the computation to solving a system of partial differential equation. Then, the stable manifold grows in the way of advancing front mesh generation framework. The stable manifold is then applied to the envelope determination of a nonlinear F-16 model. The result is compared to the results obtained with the level set method, demonstrating that the stable manifold provides a feasible and accurate result to the dynamic envelope. The proposed method is then used to investigate the effect of actuator failure on the flight safety. The proposed method can also be used as a safety assessing tool during the design phase of an aircraft.
The Measurement and Interpretation of Machinery Noise with Special Reference to Oil Engines
Authors: Bradbury C. H.
Published: February 2019

This paper attempts to deal with the problem of machinery noise from the engineer's viewpoint and particular consideration is given to oil-engine noise. After a brief consideration of basic acoustical principles, an examination is made of commercial methods of noise measurement, illustrated by examples from various types of machinery. A suggested interpretation of these examples is then considered, from both the objective and subjective viewpoint, and an attempt is made to correlate diagrams obtained by measurement and known sources of engine noise. Methods of noise reduction are examined. Brief reference is made to the acoustic hood and the possibilities of its use in residential districts.

The paper is restricted to an examination of airborne noise. Vibration transmitted through the ground and its reappearance as noise away from the machinery is not considered.
The Allocation of Machines to Operators
Authors: O'Connor T. F.
Published: February 2019

The object of the paper is to establish a method for obtaining the allocation of machines to operators which is economically best.

There is no difficulty with automatic machines, it is possible with them to load the operator to 100 per cent of his capacity without loss of productivity. But with machines which suffer random interruptions to the cycle of production—termed semi-automatic machines—there are successive drops in productivity per machine for each machine added to an operator's quota. To obtain the best results the value of the product must be balanced against the cost of the operator's time.

An indispensable factor in the calculation is the prediction of the machine productivity under different allocations. Hitherto this prediction has not been possible, but tables have recently been published which contain all the necessary information. The method is outlined, and a simple chart is devised for quick use.

The present solution is of considerable interest to many industries, in particular, the cotton and textile industries.
Some Considerations regarding a Factory Maintenance Engineering Department
Authors: Bentham Max
Published: February 2019

In this paper the author attempts to focus attention on the necessity for a suitable organization of the maintenance services in factories, whatever their size. His object is to promote discussion and not to put forward an ideal scheme for all plants, which would be quite impossible.

A general survey is made of preventative maintenance measures and breakdown conditions to be met by the department. Consideration is given to the administrative personnel and organization of work with reference to the location of the maintenance plant in relation to the factory production machinery, and also to the layout and equipment required for the maintenance department. The author discusses the need for adequate stores for spare parts and consumable goods and, where necessary well laid-out outside storage areas with good access roads. Suggested ways of controlling workers’ time, and hence the cost, are outlined, although it is fully realized that the extent of detail for proper administration of costs, varies widely with differing products and size of factory. References are made to organization for a group of small factories, and also a system of emergency posts in large factories.

Attention is finally directed to the existence of undesirable conditions sometimes encountered in maintenance departments.
The Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Water
Authors: Haywood R. W.
Published: February 2019

The paper is divided into three parts, with an appendix. In the first, the general properties of the temperature–entropy diagram for water and steam are examined. By a simple device resulting from the use of Clapeyron's equation, it is shown that it is possible to give a very complete representation of the thermodynamic properties of saturated liquids by areas on this diagram.

The second part of the paper constitutes a critical review of Callendar's hypothesis that saturated water contains in solution its own volume of saturated steam, and the pictorial representation of the properties of saturated water is here found to be very useful.

In an appendix to the paper the use of Callendar's hypothesis as a working proposition is shown to give elegant and rapid evaluation of the relations required in the calorimetry of saturated water under ideal experimental conditions. This section of the paper is placed in an appendix as the ability to use the hypothesis under these conditions does not constitute a proof of its validity. It is, in fact, shown in the second part of the paper that, on the latest experimental data, the hypothesis fails to give an exact prediction of the thermal properties of saturated water.

The third part of the paper shows that the failure of Callendar's hypothesis to fit the experimental data can be accounted for by supposing that the quantity of dissolved steam is related to, but less than, that postulated by Callendar. This leads to an interesting picture which bears some resemblance to certain aspects of the hole theory of liquids, to which Callendar's hypothesis has been compared. Both, however, are based on hypotheses, the validity of which can be tested only by the measure of agreement between theory and experiment.
The Adiabatic Flow of Evaporating Fluids in Pipes of Uniform Bore
Authors: Linning David L.
Published: February 2019

The paper presents a theoretical investigation of the adiabatic flow of evaporating fluids in pipes, supported by experiments with water.

It is postulated, on the basis of published data, that an evaporating fluid flow will conform to one of three modes: (1) annular (2) separated, and (3) frothing.

In types (1) and (2) the liquid and vapour phases flow with different velocities.

Starting from assumptions usually made in the subject of fluid flow, theory is developed which enables the mean liquid and vapour velocities and also the associated critical outlet conditions to be calculated.

In type (3) a network of liquid maintained by surface tension operates to prevent relative motion, and standard thermodynamic theory is applicable.

In experiments with water the flow was found to be annular. By measuring the fluid momentum at the tube outlet an experimental determination of the relative velocity factor (the ratio of mean vapour velocity to mean liquid velocity) was obtained. Data given by Burnell (1947)† are also analysed.

Measured values of critical outlet pressures and relative velocity factors are in good agreement with those predicted by theory.

A chart is provided relating initial pressure, critical outlet pressure, and mass flow per unit area, over a range of initial pressures from 8 to 100 lb. per sq. in. abs. for water.
Filter Efficiency and Standardization of Test Dust
Authors: Heywood H.
Published: February 2019

In this paper the basic theory for the efficiency of air cleaners and filters is developed. The intrinsic efficiency is a characteristic of the filter and conditions of operation, is independent of the size composition of the entrained dust, and is expressed by a graph of collection efficiency for individual particle sizes. Knowledge of the intrinsic efficiency of a filter enables the mass efficiency of collection to be calculated for any given size composition of dust burden.

A full description is given of the characteristics of natural airborne dusts, and of research which led to the formulation of a standardized test dust for cleaners and filters for the air supply to internal-combustion engines. The test dust specification for this purpose was adopted by the Ministry of Supply, and subsequently incorporated in British Standard 1701: 1950. Notes on the method of examination of dusts are included.

The object of the specification is to ensure that the test dust contains some of all particle sizes that are likely to be encountered in the practical operation of vehicles and aircraft. Furthermore, the particle size distribution in the test dust should be uniformly graded from the maximum to the minimum size.
The Separation of Airborne Dust and Particles
Authors: Davies C. N.
Published: February 2019

This paper, which is based on a paper read at the Conference on Industrial Hygiene of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, 1950, is a study of the physical theory underlying various methods of separating particles from gases. Emphasis is entirely on fundamental considerations which lead to formulae of value to those concerned with the design and engineering of separators. New theories of the conical elutriator, the cyclone, and of fibrous filtration are put forward, together with graphs and tables which enable them to be applied, without difficulty, to practical problems.
Heat Transfer to Low Pressure Sprays of Water in a Steam Atmosphere
Authors: Weinberg Sidney
Published: February 2019

An investigation is made into the mechanism of the flow of water, and the heat transfer from steam to the water, from the coarse spray nozzles used in commercial apparatus. The heat transfer can be regarded as taking place in two phases, the film phase and the drop phase, corresponding to the flow of water as a film and in drops. For a range of pressures up to about one atmosphere, the first phase is the more significant so that the use of a larger number of nozzles (to produce smaller drops) becomes of secondary importance in heat transfer, where the initial temperature difference and velocity are the important parameters. Methods of arriving at the values of the various dynamical stages are demonstrated. Heat-transfer coefficients in the film phase are of a much greater order than those used in conventional tube flow arrangements, although the physical relations are the same. The drop-phase coefficient has also been measured.
Improvements in Thermal Efficiencies with Single-stage Reheating at High Steam Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: London J. C.
Published: February 2019

In this paper are supplemented the data given by Baumann and by Finniecome in papers on improvements in thermal efficiencies with high steam pressures and temperatures in non-reheating plant. Except for changes necessary to cover single-stage reheating, the same basic assumptions as listed in Finniecome's paper are followed; a detailed feed-heating heat-balance is included in Appendix II as an example.

Curves from Finniecome's paper, extended to higher steam conditions and showing the improvements in thermal efficiencies, non-reheating, at various pressures and temperatures, are included to preserve continuity and for comparison with single-stage reheating cycles on a common basis of 600 lb. per sq. in. gauge, 800 deg. F. non-reheating.

With single-stage reheating, the effect of varying the feed-temperature at different reheat pressures is illustrated by the results of typical examples which were calculated to determine the optimum feed-temperatures. The improvements in thermal efficiencies due to reheating at various reheat pressures are plotted for stop-valve steam pressures of 900, 1,200, 1,500, and 2,000 lb. per sq. in. gauge; the loss when reheating to a temperature which is 50 deg. F. below the stop-valve temperature is also indicated. The thermal performances reheating and non-reheating, relative to 600 lb. per sq. in. gauge, 800 deg. F., non-reheating, are included; the improvement in thermal efficiency due to reheating is plotted against stop-valve pressure with initial and reheat steam temperatures as parameters for a reheat pressure which is 25 per cent of the stop-valve pressure.

The effects of changing certain basic assumptions (such as the pressure drop across the reheater and the vacuum) are stated; wetness values at exhaust reheating and non-reheating are given for comparison.
Scale Formation in Sea-water Distilling Plants and its Prevention
Authors: Hillier H.
Published: February 2019

The scales found in sea-water evaporators are formed of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide. Calcium sulphate scale can be avoided by using a sufficiently dilute brine concentration to maintain the sulphate in solution. The conditions are indicated under which the formation of this scale can be avoided.

Calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide scales are shown to be due to the carbonate alkalinity in the sea water, which is limited and reasonably constant. These scales are due to the break-up of the bicarbonate ions in the sea-water as heating and boiling occur. Up to a well-defined range of operating temperatures, a scale that is predominantly of calcium carbonate is experienced. At higher temperatures, a scale predominantly of magnesium hydroxide is formed; but both types of scale may occur in the region of the change-over zone.

It is shown that the break-up of the bicarbonate ions produces carbonate ions, which give rise to the calcium carbonate scale and that, with further heating and boiling, break-up of the carbonate ions occurs with the formation of hydroxyl ions, which combine with magnesium ions to form the magnesium hydroxide scale. It is shown that some of the alkalinity leaves the evaporator with the blow-down; as calcium carbonate in solution, or calcium carbonate and/or magnesium hydroxide in suspension.

The amount of scale formed is found to be proportional to the amount of sea-water used, and no benefit is obtained by operating at low brine densities. It is shown that the rate of scale formation is greater for low temperatures than high temperatures, and increases with the temperature difference across the heating surface. Tests show that the use of organic dispersive compounds gives rise to a weaker scale structure, which allows some of the scale to be shed by cracking.

The calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide scales can be completely prevented if the appropriate quantity of hydrogen ions is supplied by the injection of acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid, or an acid salt such as sodium bisulphate. These scales can also be prevented by the injection of ferric chloride, which provides a supply of ferric ions. The ferric ions combine preferentially with the hydroxyl ions formed by the break-up of the bicarbonate and carbonate ions— thus allowing the formation of ferric hydroxide, which is very insoluble and is maintained in suspension in the brine without forming scale.

Long-period tests on large commercial plants have confirmed the research tests.
Wave Action following the Sudden Release of Air through an Engine Port System
Authors: Wallace F. J. , Stuart Mitchell R. W.
Published: February 2019

As an intermediate step in the analysis of the scavenging process in two-stroke engines, a ported opposed-piston engine liner, discharging cold air through the exhaust ports into a conventional exhaust system, is considered. The ports are sealed by cellophane membranes which, when pierced by a solenoid-operated needle, give a sudden discharge.

The process of discharge, wave propagation in the exhaust pipe, and partial evacuation of the cylinder by the returning rarefaction wave, is analysed by methods developed from the work of Bannister and Mucklow (1948)‡ on waves of finite amplitude, and good agreement between the experimental and theoretical investigation is obtained, particularly with regard to the duration and magnitude of the depression in the cylinder. In addition, the coefficient of discharge of the exhaust ports is examined under different release conditions and a relation, based on dimensional analysis, is established from which a coefficient of discharge under any given set of operating conditions may be deduced.

The results of the present investigation may be summarized under three headings:—( 1) Wave Action. The various phenomena associated with the discharge of compressed gas from the cylinder into the pipe through the exhaust ports may be accounted for satisfactorily by an extension of the theory of waves of finite amplitude.

( 2) Coefficient of Discharge. The coefficient of discharge of the exhaust ports varies with cylinder pressure, port opening, and temperature, and a general relation, based on dimensional analysis, is established between the coefficient of discharge and these variables.

( 3) Depression in the Cylinder. The duration and magnitude of the depression in the cylinder following wave action in the exhaust pipe may be evaluated satisfactorily with the aid of a step-by-step analysis based on the finite wave theory. While there is no scavenging action, in the accepted sense, in the experimental apparatus, owing to the permanently closed inlet ports, the present analysis may readily be extended to simultaneous flow through the inlet and exhaust ports, as it occurs in the running engine.
Instruction and Research in Hydraulic Laboratories
Authors: Addison Herbert
Published: February 2019

In this paper, after the mention of alternative policies that might control the planning and conduct of instructional laboratories in general, it is suggested how either of these policies might be adapted to hydraulic laboratories. Probably because of these diverse possibilities there seems to be no accepted or standardized layout for such laboratories. Nevertheless, it might be possible to derive guidance from the record of development in one particular technological institution, showing how equipment and operation have responded to changing circumstances.

The institution chosen for study in the paper is the Faculty of Engineering of the Fouad I University, Giza, Egypt, where, twice within the space of thirty years, the staff have had the opportunity of planning completely new hydraulic laboratories. Some units of experimental equipment are described, and comments are added giving the results of experience in the conduct of the laboratories.

To show the interrelation between instruction and research in such an institution, the findings of some post-graduate research projects carried out there are summarized.
An Experimental Investigation into the Redrawing of Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Chung S. Y. , Swift H. W.
Published: February 2019

Cups having a height/diameter ratio greater than unity cannot as a rule be produced from flat circular blanks in a single stage, and redrawing in one or more operations has to be carried out until the desired shape of the shell is attained. In this paper an account is given of an experimental investigation into the forces, work, and strains involved in the first redrawing process.

The work was carried out in an experimental crank press (Seed and Swift 1950)‡ of 50 tons nominal capacity, and was based on a first-stage cup diameter of 4 inches. Brass, mild steel and aluminium (in two tempers) were used.

The conditions examined include the direct and reverse methods of redrawing, first-stage drawing ratio, inter-stage heat-treatment, punch profile radius, first-stage punch-die clearance, redrawing ratio, blank thickness, material, and temper.

It is thought that the results are sufficiently accurate and detailed to give a reasonably complete insight into the redrawing process, and conclusions have been drawn to assist press-tool engineers in the design of drawing tools.
An Experimental Investigation of the Yielding of Strip between Smooth Dies
Authors: Watts A. B. , Ford Hugh
Published: February 2019

When two smooth, rigid dies indent a strip of material, the mean pressure on the dies at yield varies with the configuration. In this investigation, die breadth b and material thickness t are varied to cover the range of t/b from 12 to ⅓. This range may be conveniently subdivided into t/b ≥ 1 and t/b ≤ 1, the form of the solution being different above and below the common value 1. The deformation of the strip under the conditions of the test is essentially plane strain, with the exception of two small regions at the edges of the strip. Theoretical solutions for the two ranges have been obtained by Hill (1947)‡ and Green (1951) respectively, using the equations of Hencky and Geiringer for plane plastic strain. A comparison is made between the experimental values obtained and these theoretical curves which have been derived for an ideal rigid-plastic material.
Experiments on Short-radius Pipe-bends
Authors: Gross Nicol
Published: February 2019

A series of experiments on short-radius pipe-bends of seamless and welded types is described, the objective being to compare the strength and flexibility of the two kinds of pipe-bends under different forms of loading. To do this rationally, it was necessary to establish whether the existing theory for curved tubes could be applied to the short-radius bend, where the pipe radius is not negligible as compared with the radius of curvature.

The validity of existing theory and of a suggested extension to it was checked by carrying out extensive measurements of the stresses and deformations in pipe-bends subjected to the test loading. The results are given in two sections: (1) bending of short-radius pipe-bends (without internal pressure), and (2) stresses in short-radius pipe-bends subjected to internal pressure.
Recent Developments in the Machinability of Steel
Authors: Wolfe K. J. B.
Published: February 2019

A description of the term “machinability” is given, and it is shown that the behaviour of the metal being machined, called “true machinability”, and also the conduct of the tool, known as “cutability”, are separate and distinct factors in the metal cutting process. The action of cutting-fluids is shown to be a modifying factor.

Recent work at one laboratory in the field of “true machinability” is described, and includes the effects on this property of hardness, rate of work hardening, microstructure, manganese segregations, and the size of lead globules. The effects on surface finish of speed in turning and some aspects of interest which arise under conditions of intermittent cutting, such as shaping, are included.

Under new work on “cutability” is mentioned the modifying effect on that factor of surface austenite, produced by grinding, and metallic segregations, as shown by micro-radiography. A general description is given of the properties and performance of milling cutters produced by a casting process. Developments in the field of cutting-fluids are noted.

Future trends in the developments of all the important fields of machinability are especially discussed, in view of the present alloy shortage. The use of ceramic materials and low tungsten and molybdenum high-speed steels as cutting-tool materials is mentioned, and also the application of new cutting techniques such as the “hot spot” and electrolytic/electro-erosion methods. Suggestions are made for improvements in both machining stock and cutting-fluids.
The Use of Gelatin Models in Structural Analysis
Authors: Crisp John D. C.
Published: February 2019

The thesis of this paper† is that gelatin in photo-elasticity can be applied successfully as a potent means of quantitative stress-analysis of body-force structures capable of representation as plane elastic problems. A valid simulation of a prototype is derived, in general terms, in accordance with similarity principles and the choice of model materials shown to be vital in any particular application. Details of model construction are given and mention is made of the important influence of model thickness, temperature control, and polariscope design, on the attainable accuracy of calibration and stress patterns. The exposition is illustrated by reference to the problem of the elastic, untied, bulkhead that retains an elastic mass by virtue of its flexural rigidity. Curves of pressure distributions derived from model analyses are included.
A Photo-elastic Study of Stresses in Screw Threads
Authors: Brown A. F. C. , Hickson V. M.
Published: February 2019

The several components of the deformation of a screw subjected to tension through a nut have been examined theoretically by Sopwith (1948)‡. He showed that the distribution of load along the thread was far from uniform and that it reached its maximum intensity at the plane of the bearing face of the nut. Sopwith's conclusions have now been investigated photo-elastically with a Fosterite model of a stud and nut, using the “frozen-stress” method. An additional investigation was made of the stress distribution in a tension nut with a recessed stud, suggested by Sopwith as a means of rendering the load distribution more uniform.

The experimental results confirm the theory in both cases, showing a large rise in stress in the stud near the bearing face of the ordinary nut and a much more uniform distribution of stress when the tension nut is used. The stress concentration factors determined for the normal nut are higher than those found by Hetényi, who used Bakelite B.T.61-893 as the model material. This difference may be accounted for partly by improvements in technique and partly by the greater accuracy which becomes possible with the use of Fosterite.
“Frozen Stress” Phenomenon in Photo-elasticity
Authors: Fessler H.
Published: February 2019

Tensile tests were carried out at different temperatures and under different stresses on “Marco Resin SB. 26c”, “Fosterite”, and “Bakelite”. Loads were applied through hinged pads acting on inclined faces at the ends. The separate existence of an “instantaneous”† (room temperature) as well as a “delayed” (“frozen”) optical effect was proved for Marco. “Hot delayed” fringe orders (fringe reading at test temperature—no load fringe order at test temperature—corresponding instantaneous fringe order) are distinguished from “residual” fringe orders (fringe order after freezing cycle—fringe order before). Hot delayed and residual fringe orders and strains were found to be proportional to stress at all temperatures tested. Fringe orders and strains showed maximum values at certain temperatures.

An increase in fringe order during cooling under constant stress was observed in Fosterite and Bakelite. Except for this and the opposite sense of instantaneous and delayed fringe orders in Marco and Fosterite, the three materials behaved similarly.
The role of information and communications technology in the transformation of government and citizen trust
Authors: Mahmood Mohamed , Weerakkody Vishanth , Chen Weifeng
Published: February 2019

We present an empirically tested conceptual model based on exit–voice theory to study the influence of information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government on citizen trust in government. We conceptualize and address the key factors affecting the influence of transformation of government on citizen trust, including government performance and transparency. Based on 313 survey responses from citizens in Bahrain, the top-ranked country in information and communications technology adoption in the Gulf Cooperation Council region, we test government performance and transparency as mediators between transformation of government and citizen trust. The resulting preliminary insights on the measurement and manifestation of citizen trust in the context of information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government have multiple policy implications and extend our understanding of how information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government can improve the government–citizen relationship and digital services adoption.

Points for practitioners

To fundamentally change the core functions of government, information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government must move beyond the simple digitization and web enabling of processes. Information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government has the potential to address declining citizen trust in government by improving transparency and performance. The success of information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government in Bahrain is attributable to its small size and demographic composition, the relative maturity of digital government initiatives, and the complete commitment of the government to information and communications technology-enabled transformation of government.
Sex, Military Brothels and Gender Violence during the Italian Campaign in the USSR, 1941–3
Authors: Pannacci Raffaello
Published: February 2019

During the Italian occupation in the USSR, the soldiers of Italian Armed Forces often had relationships with Soviet women, opposed by the authorities for motives of politics and security. Some of the officers openly practised concubinage, in contrast to the racism expressed on that campaign. The authorities in situ also decided to open brothels for the troops, filled with local women, in order to avoid both enemy espionage and the spread of venereal disease. As for the Germans in the USSR, the organization of brothels was difficult from the start due to the absence among the civilians of a ‘prostitution outlook’ and to the inexperience of the women, who at best offered to work out of hunger. Sexual crimes were also committed then, facilitated by the conflict’s climate and often disregarded by military justice, which had other priorities. Such aspects of the Italian occupation in the USSR have been superficially studied, in part because they are at odds with the collective imagination and a national awareness based on war memoirs and military publications, often reticent on the more inconvenient aspects of the Italian presence abroad during the Second World War.
The Phenomenology of Change Beyond Tolerating
Authors: Skalski Jon E. , Aanstoos Chris
Published: February 2019

The concept of tolerance has been idealized and abstracted from its historical pedigree and the actual experience of tolerating, and a growing number of scholars are dissatisfied with tolerance as a value for the contemporary age; they call for a movement beyond tolerance. A hermeneutical approach and a phenomenological approach were used to explicate 63 written descriptions and 7 interviews, respectively, of experiences that involved tolerating another followed by a change in perception and positive experience of that same person. The findings convey two main forms of changes in perception beyond tolerance related to giving to the other or receiving from the other. The general structure of the experience is described in terms of before and after a discontinuous revelation of the other, and some implications are considered.
Judgments of Sentence Grammaticality and Field-Dependence of Subjects
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: February 2019

11 field-dependent and 14 field-independent students rated the relative grammaticality of sentences three times, with sentences presented repeatedly during the first and second judgments. All the subjects received negative reinforcement after the second judgments. Analyses showed that field-independent subjects tended to adopt a more stringent criterion on judgments after than before repetition, whereas no change in criterion was found for field-dependent subjects. Negative reinforcement showed only a tendency to lead field-dependent subjects toward greater change to a more lenient criterion than field-independent subjects. Change in judgments of grammaticality are reliably associated with the cognitive style of subjects, field dependence or field independence.
Effects of Locus of Control and Pacing on Performance of and Satisfaction with a Simulated Inspection Task
Authors: Freeman Mark J. , Miller Duane I.
Published: February 2019

Subjects performed a simulated-inspection task where they searched 200 printed circuits for defects. Self-paced subjects were allowed to control the amount of time spent on each circuit, while the machine-paced subjects were allowed 10 sec. per circuit. Each subject completed Rotter's (1966) Locus of Control Scale (I-E). Variance was maximized by excluding the middle scores of the I-E scale. Self-paced subjects performed significantly better on correct decisions and on the number of misses. Internal scorers performed significantly better than external scorers on the number of misses. The personality variable interacted with the pacing variable when false alarms were considered. in the self-paced condition, external subjects had fewer false alarms than internal scorers. There were no differences in locus of control, pacing, or the interaction for these variables when satisfaction was the dependent variable. Evidence suggests locus of control may be useful in selecting inspectors for self-paced and machine-paced tasks.
A New Method for Teaching Architectural Studios-Use of Objective Feedback to Help Design Students Refine their Capacity for Self-Evaluation
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: February 2019

The literature suggests that there is concern about the traditional method of teaching architecture. This article describes an alternate method of teaching design studios in which scientific assessments are used instead of the traditional architectural juries. Analysis suggests that the scientific method of teaching design leads to improvements in the students’ abilities to predict how other students would respond to their projects.
Psychology of Computers: XIV. Cognitive Rehabilitation through Computer Games
Authors: Larose Simon , Gagnon Sylvain , Ferland Christiane , Pépin Michel
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that computer games may be an efficient therapeutic tool in a cognitive rehabilitation program. 60 subjects who showed attention difficulties with or without cerebral dysfunctions participated in a 12-hr. training program based on intensive use of a computer game. Analyses show improvement for the experimental group on scanning and tracking variables, notwithstanding the nature of their particular dysfunctions. Recommendations are presented regarding the nature and content of the cognitive tasks in a rehabilitation program.
Sex-Related Differences in Spatial Ability: More Evidence for Convergence
Authors: Stumpf Heinrich , Klieme Eckhard
Published: February 2019

Sex-related differences in spatial ability, favoring males, have frequently been reported in the literature. Recent analyses, however, have found indications of a convergence in the scores of men and women on spatial tests over the years. This research examined the evidence for such a secular trend in a German population using data of 18 samples that had completed the Cube Perspectives Test, a measure of spatial visualization ability. The largest effect size ( d = .77) was found for a sample tested in 1978, the smallest difference ( d = .38) was observed for a sample tested in 1987. There was a clear trend narrowing the sex-related differences; the correlation between the recency of the data and the respective d-value was -.926. The convergence of the scores of men and women proved to be stronger than in the previous studies.
Coping Behaviors in Relation to Frequency and Intensity of Anxiety-Provoking Situations
Authors: Olah Attila , TÖrestad Bertil , Magnusson David
Published: February 2019

The relationships between coping strategies (constructive, passive, and escape), on the one hand, and anxiety reactions and individuals’ frequency of experiences of anxiety, and situations’ rate of recurrence, and general anxiety-inducing effect on the other, were explored. The investigated factors and their associations were studied both as individual characteristics and situational properties. Data for boys and girls were treated separately. The results for individuals showed that both trait-anxiety and frequency of stressful experience were related positively to escape strategies and negatively to constructive solutions. For situations, general situational effect correlated positively with escape solutions and negatively with constructivity. Rate of recurrence was correlated positively with constructive strategies and negatively with escape solutions. No significant sex differences were found.
Relations between Personality Measures and Physiological Reactivity Using a Perceptual Motor Challenge
Authors: Randall Tracy , Crabtree Darryl , Antrim Laura
Published: February 2019

60 undergraduates participated in research designed to investigate the relations between psychological and physiological measures of personality under stress. Psychological assessments were elicited from responses to the Jenkins Activity Survey. Physiological assessments were elicited during 5 1-min. trials on the pursuit rotor, a perceptual motor task. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses were consistent with the notion that psychological and physiological assessments yield contradictory information and that research is needed to develop valid methodologies with which to assess human stress.
Psychophysiological Responses to Subliminal Auditory Suggestions for Activation,
Authors: Borgeat Francois , Boissonneault Josée , Chaloult Louis , Elie Robert
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to characterize further the experimental procedure proposed by Borgeat and Goulet in 1983. Subliminal activation auditory suggestions were expected to increase heart rate and skin conductance in presence of a stressing task. 20 subjects were alternately exposed to activating or neutral (random numbers) 25-dB suggestions masked by a 40-dB white noise. Analyses of variance and covariance indicated an effect of the activating suggestions on heart rate but not on skin conductance. Partly confirming previous results, the data support the reliability of heart rate and the importance of a stressing factor to reveal the effects of preconscious or subliminal stimulations.
Number Concepts of Preschool Children
Authors: Leder Gilah C.
Published: February 2019

Using the format of the tin game described by Hughes in 1986, this study investigated the extent and variety of written representations of small numbers of objects used spontaneously and meaningfully by a sample of 39 preschool children.