bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soy Nut dietary intervention on cardiovascular disease biomarkers in adults with cardiometabolic syndrome
Authors: LaSalle Colette D , Reverri Elizabeth J , Kappagoda C Tissa , Steinberg Francene M
Published: June 2021

Intake of bioactive compounds (such as isoflavones in soy) has been shown to ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunction. Consumption of soy products is correlated with improvement of lipid profiles, oxidative reactions and vascular functions. This study aimed to determine effects of soy nut intake on biochemical risk factors associated with cardiometabolic syndrome. The ongoing randomized controlled crossover study has completed 14 of the 18 planned subjects. Each 4 week intervention included either 70 g/d soy nuts (101 mg isoflavones) or milk‐protein based nutrient matched food, with treatments separated by a 2 wk washout period. Plasma levels of VCAM, ApoB100, oxidized LDL, lipid panel and clinical labs were measured. Based on preliminary analyses of the first 9 (3M, 6F; Age 55 ±4.8; yrs; BMI 30.3 ± 2.3) subjects (meeting Metabolic Syndrome criteria) soy nut treatment resulted in non significant reduction in glucose and calcium. The matched food led to significant decreases in cholesterol and serum calcium with a trend for reduced systolic blood pressure. Both treatments produced a significant decrease in uric acid. Initial results suggest that clinical lab values remained within normal limits and neither soy nor the matched food were significantly better at reducing biomarkers of lipid metabolism and endothelial function in cardiometabolic syndrome.

Support: Departmental research funds
Low papaya consumption increases risk for low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in Mexican college applicants
Authors: Mosley Michelle Ann , Andrade Flavia CD , Morales Juan Manuel Vargas , Aradillas-Garcia Celia , Teran-Garcia Margarita
Published: June 2021

Raising high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) via nutrition intervention is a challenge. Papaya fruit contains Carica papaya lipase, which may influence lipid metabolism. Our objective was to determine whether individuals consuming less papaya were at greater risk for low HDL‐C or other dyslipidemias. We focused on a subset of 339 Mexican college applicants (50.7% females) aged 18–25 years with complete data on a Mexican‐adapted Willett food frequency questionnaire and blood lipid profiles. Overall prevalence of low HDL‐C was 48.4%. Subjects were split into two consumption groups: <3 or >3 weekly papaya servings (mean intake 0.38 vs. 4.3 servings/week, P<0.0001). There were no differences in blood lipid profiles between the two groups; however, females who consumed less than 3 servings of papaya per week were at 1.52 times greater risk (95%CI: 0.99–2.32, P=0.05) of having low HDL‐C after adjustment for age and family history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These findings were not observed in males. We did not observe risk for other at‐risk blood lipid measures. Consumption of at least 3 servings of papaya per week may prevent low HDL‐C in female Mexican college applicants.

Grant Funding Source: This study was sponsored by C09‐PIFI‐030606 (UASLP); UIUC Center for Health Aging and Disability grant; and USDA NIFA Hatch Projects.
Wild blueberry diets attenuate phenylephrine (Phe)‐induced vasoconstriction via NO‐sGC‐cGMP signaling, but not the COX pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
Authors: Kristo Aleksandra S. , Kalea Anastasia Z. , Schuschke Dale A. , Klimis-Zacas Dorothy
Published: June 2021

The role of wild blueberries on the NO and COX pathways was examined in 20 week‐old SHRs after eight weeks of a control (C, n=10) or an 8% wild blueberry (WB, n=10) diet. Phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction was examined in aortic rings in the absence or presence of LNMMA (10−5M), ODQ (10−5M) and sildenafil (10−5M), inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE5) respectively; or MFA (10−5M), TCP (10−5M) and dazoxiben (10−5M), inhibitors of COX, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) synthase and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase, respectively.

The maximum force of contraction (Fmax) was lower in the WB, 0.79±0.01g, than in the C rats, 0.96±0.01g, (p≤0.05). Application of LNMMA led to a higher but similar Fmax in both groups, whereas inhibition of sGC resulted in a higher Fmax in the WB, 1.61±0.01g vs 1.52±0.01g in the C group (p≤0.05). Sildenafil application decreased Fmax to a similar level in both groups. Additionally, concentration of aortic cGMP was higher in the WB‐fed SHRs, 5.49□0.20 vs 4.07□0.20 pg/ml/mg, (p≤0.05). A similar reduction of Fmax in both groups was elicited by MFA, TCP or dazoxiben, indicating that COX is not involved in the reduced Phe vasoconstriction in the SHRs fed a WB diet.

Therefore, wild blueberries modulate NO‐sGC‐cGMP signaling, without a significant effect on the COX pathway in the SHR model.
Immunometabolic shifts in an organism of children and correction by foodstuff “Bapol”
Authors: Tell Leonid , Makhambetov Kairat , Uteubaeva Gulzada , Tkachyev Viktor , Àsilbekova Gulzhan
Published: June 2021

The carried out clinical, immunological, microbiological, experimental studies have confirmed the role of factors in the development of infectious and somatic diseases in children of preschool age uranium provinces of Northern Kazakhstan. In structure of disease of children the pathology prevails from respiratory organs (20,6 }1,1%), digestion (19,8 }0,9%), urinary excretion (12,5 }0,56%), and systems of blood (10,8 }0,32%). The immune status of children with presence of tension of adaptation is characterized monocytose, increase in relative maintenance NK of cages 17%, the general and cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes of 10%, decrease phagocytic and metabolic activity of neutrophils in 1.3 times, and as consequence, the increase in an aggregate number of is conditional‐pathogenic bacteria against decrease in obligate flora („‚<0,05) is revealed. Study teziographical patterns of blood plasma with the disappearance of zoning and education system and subsystem violations of the structure of facies indicates that the development of endogenous intoxication in children at the back round immune system. Application of foodstuff “Bapol” promotes leveling immunometabolic shifts at children subject to a complex of adverse factors of inhabitancy characterized by increase of pul of ƒÀ‐lymphocytes in 1.6 times in the background of the reduce of express CD95+cells and by that raises adaptable possibilities of an organism.
The effect of adiponectin on the phenotype and function of Jaws II cells
Authors: Collins Shawntawnee , Turbitt William J , Finch Emily R , Rogers Connie J
Published: June 2021

Many adaptive immune responses are impaired by obesity. Adiponectin is an anti‐inflammatory adipokine that may play a role in mediating the immunoregulatory effects of obesity. The goal of the present study was to determine if adiponectin alters the phenotype and function of dendritic cells (DCs), potent antigen presentation cells important in activating antigen‐specific T cells. In vitro studies were performed utilizing an immortalized murine dendritic cell line, Jaws II, which responds to cytokine stimulation and presents antigen similarly to bone marrow‐derived DCs. Jaws II cells were evaluated at baseline or stimulated with LPS for 24 hours to induce maturation, and treated with vehicle or two forms of adiponectin (mouse recombinant and globular domain) at 1 and 10 μg/mL for 48 hrs. At baseline, and following LPS stimulation, Jaws II cells were harvested, counted and MHCI, MHCII, and CD80 expression was quantified with and without adiponectin treatment by flow cytometry. IL‐6 production was also quantified in the harvested supernatants. Adiponectin treated Jaws II cells had a significantly greater LPS‐induced increase in MHC class II expression (20–130%) and IL‐6 production (<50%) as compared to vehicle treated control cells. These results suggest that adiponectin alters the phenotype and function of DCs and may play a role in antigen presentation or other important functions of DCs.

Grant Funding Source : Penn State internal funding
Culture is central: a framework for incorporating cultural influences in promoting exclusive breastfeeding
Authors: Reinsma Kathryn Reona , Bolima Nancy , Fonteh Florence , Okwen Patrick , Yota Daniel , Montgomery Susanne
Published: June 2021

Background

Since 2003, the World Health Organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life. In the Northwest Region of Cameroon approximately 90% of women initiate breastfeeding, yet only 34% of these women EBF for the recommended 6 months.

Study Objective

To understand the influences on women's EBF practices in the Kumbo West Health District, Northwest Region, Cameroon.

Aim and Methods

Using qualitative grounded theory methodologies, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 6 women and 6 men followed by focus group discussions with 3 groups of women and 3 groups of men all selected using theoretical sampling to assure triangulation for a total of 37 female and 41 male participants.

Results

Three themes emerged that influence EBF practices: woman's readiness to EBF, cultural influences towards EBF, and perceived constraints to EBF.

Conclusion

These emergent themes were used to create a theoretical framework, which provides a guide for developing a breastfeeding health behavior change intervention in non‐Western settings that are less individualistic and more heavily influenced by peer and family norms and cultural beliefs.

Grant Funding Source: Nestle Foundation
Agroecological Zone is Associated with Stunting in Children Aged 12–59 Months in Kenya
Authors: Smith Laura Elizabeth , Stoltzfus Rebecca , Mutiga Samuel
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between agroecological zones (AEZ) and stunting in children aged 12–59 months in Kenya. Kenya has 7 AEZ, ranging from humid to very arid. Aflatoxin exposure has been associated with child stunting and studies have found that aflatoxin contamination of grain varies by AEZ with aflatoxin highest in AEZ with moderate rainfall (600–1000mm). GPS data from the 2009 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey and an AEZ GIS map of Kenya were used to calculate AEZ for children (n=3015 children). Mean HAZ was −1.58 (range= −1.44 in very arid to −1.93 in semi‐arid). A hierarchical linear model was used to predict height‐for‐age Z score (HAZ) and child stunting (z<‐2). After controlling for known predictors of child stunting (sex, diet diversity, wealth index, and maternal height, weight and education), there were no significant differences in HAZ among zones except for the semi‐arid zone (rainfall ranging from 450–900mm) where children are 47% more likely to be stunted (OR = 1.47, CI (1.063,2.033)) with a difference of almost 0.4 Z scores (ΔHAZ =‐0.358 compared to mean HAZ in other zones, P= 0.011). These findings suggest that a characteristic of AEZ‐potentially aflatoxin contamination of grain‐is associated with child stunting in Kenya.

Grant Funding Source : None
Mothers Perceptions and Responsiveness to Malnutrition among HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative Children in Ghana
Authors: Dieumegarde Tanya Marie-Averill , Anderson Alex Kojo
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to assess mothers’ perceptions of the causes of their child's malnutrition and thus their responsiveness to the child's condition. This was a qualitative study. In‐depth interviews were conducted with mothers of children diagnosed with organic (n=2) and inorganic (n=6) malnutrition, as well as reviewing their medical chart for data extraction in the only Children's Hospital in Ghana. This was done in concurrence with the nutritional rehabilitation program of the Nutrition Rehabilitation Clinic. Of the 8 mothers with malnourished children observed and interviewed, only 1 correctly attributed poor nutrition as the cause of malnutrition and admittance to the hospital while the remaining 7 did not have any idea of the role of nutrition. Overall, mothers of the organic cases were more responsive to the nutritional care of their child at the clinic, while some of the mothers of the inorganic cases withheld the PlumpyNut supplied by the clinic. This observation was consistent with the rate of recovery of the 2 organic cases compared to their inorganic counterparts according to their medical charts. Our observation and interaction with the mothers suggested a lack of nutrition knowledge and awareness in child feeding. There is therefore a need for nutrition education in the area of child feeding in resource poor areas and a rehabilitation program that strictly require mothers’ involvement.

Grant Funding Source : None
A Plasma α‐Tocopherome in School Aged Children of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sudeep , West Keith P. , Cole Robert N. , Schulze Kerry , Ruczinski Ingo , Christian Parul , Yager James , Wu Lee , Groopman John D.
Published: June 2021

Alpha tocopherol (α‐T) regulates numerous biological processes which may give rise to a defined plasma proteome associated with vitamin E (plasma α‐tocopherome). This cross‐sectional study among Nepalese children 6–8 yr of age explored the validity of a plasma nutriproteome that covaries with α‐T that could, in the future, be used to assess VE status. Plasma samples (n=280 to date) were obtained, processed, transported and stored by standard methods, and analyzed by HPLC for α‐T concentration (mean ± SD = 12.02 ± 3.3 μmol/L). Tandem MS iTRAQ and bioinformatics analyses were employed to identify plasma proteins and quantify their relative abundance. Of 293 unique proteins identified to date with 95% confidence, 66 proteins are correlated with α‐T [p<0.05, p (false discovery) = q<0.15; 60% at p<0.01, q<0.04). Seven of the 11 proteins most strongly correlated with α‐T are members of apolipoproteins A, B and C (all p<0.0000001, q<0.000002). Based on functional annotation clustering (DAVID Bioinformatics Resources, v6.7) most proteins currently in the plasma α‐tocopherome are associated with secreted and signaling (enrichment score (ES), 25.9), disulfide bonding (ES 12.41), acute inflammatory and defense responses (ER 8.27), lipid and lipoprotein metabolism (ES 5.24), and complement and coagulation cascades (ES 3.05), affirming diverse biological functions of vitamin E. A diverse and clear plasma α‐tocopherome exists that, in the future, will have public health utility as a platform for population assessment of VE function and status. Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Predictors of hemoglobin at age 6 weeks among infants born to HIV‐infected mothers in Tanzania
Authors: Carter R. Colin , Kupka Roland , Manji Karim P. , Aboud Said , Okuma James , Kisenge Rodrick R. , Fawzi Wafaie W. , Duggan Christopher
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

To identify maternal, environmental, and neonatal predictors of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and anemia among infants born to women with HIV infection.

METHODS

: Among 2276 infants enrolled in a randomized trial of micronutrient supplementation, maternal socioeconomic and nutritional data were recorded during pregnancy, and Hb and HIV status were assessed at 6 wks. Multivariable regression models were created to identify predictors of infant Hb and anemia (Hb < 9.0 g/dL) at postnatal age 6 weeks.

RESULTS

: 29.4% of mothers had CD4 T‐cell count < 350 cells/μL, and 27.2% met criteria for WHO HIV Stages II–IV. 7% of infants had birthweight < 2500 g. At age 6 weeks, 11.3% were HIV‐infected, and 13.0% had CD4 T‐cell % < 25. Mean Hb was 10.3 g/dL, and 16.6% had anemia. Independent predictors of lower Hb at age 6 weeks included lower daily family food expenditure, lower maternal CD4 count, maternal ARV use, lower birthweight, and higher weight‐for‐length Z‐score. Independent predictors of Hb < 9.0 g/dL included lower daily family food expenditure, lower maternal Hb, lower maternal CD4 count, lower birthweight, and lower infant CD4%.

CONCLUSIONS

: Poverty, maternal HIV severity, lower maternal Hb, lower birthweight, and infant HIV severity were all associated with anemia at age 6 weeks in HIV‐exposed infants. Infants with these risk factors should be screened for anemia and treated appropriately.
Maternal prenatal attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding at three months in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Yu EA , Thomas JS , Faruque ASG , Das SK , Schwartz B , Stein AD
Published: June 2021

We assessed the relationships between psychosocial constructs (maternal intention, attitudes, self‐efficacy, breastfeeding knowledge) at 7 mo gestation and exclusive or full breastfeeding at 3 months post‐partum, among 729 mother‐infant dyads in two sub‐districts (Karimganj; Katiadi) of Bangladesh. Over 80% of women intended to exclusively breastfeed (EBF) during pregnancy (89.8% Karimganj; 72.3% Katiadi). Maternal intentions to exclusively breastfeed were positively associated with positive attitudes, self‐efficacy, and knowledge about breastfeeding (all p<0.05). All mothers initiated breastfeeding and all children were still breastfed at 3 mo. At child age 3 mo, 162 mothers (22.2%) reported continuing to EBF their infants (36% Karimganj; 9% in Katiadi), and 117 mothers (16.1%) predominantly breastfed their infants (14.3% Karimganj; 17.8% Katiadi). EBF and full breastfeeding at age 3 mo were not associated (p>0.05) with any of the prenatal maternal psychosocial constructs examined, in either sub‐district. Despite expressed maternal intentions to exclusively breastfeed during pregnancy and universal breastfeeding initiation, the prevalence of both exclusive and full breastfeeding at 3 months were low.

Grant Funding Source : CARE USA
How are maternal‐child nutrition activities integrated at the community level? Lessons from Haiti
Authors: Heidkamp Rebecca Anne , Teta Ismael Ngnie , Gervais Suzanne , Stoltzfus Rebecca J , Pelletier David L , Habicht Jean-Pierre , Pelto Gretel , Philips Erica , Marhone Joseline , Ayoya Mohamed Ag
Published: June 2021

A variety of nutrition interventions are needed to meet national and global goals for women and children, and scarce resources necessitate integration of those activities. Haiti's national nutrition strategy includes 3 priority intervention areas: 1) promotion of age‐appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices 2) prevention of micronutrient deficiencies (PMD) in young children, adolescent girls and pregnant women and 3) management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children under 5. Policy makers need to identify program delivery models that effectively integrate these areas at the community level. To address the question of integration, we mapped the program impact pathways for 3 large‐scale nutrition programs serving rural Haitian communities. Two programs were managed by NGOs and one by the public sector. For each program, we assessed how activities related to IYCF, PMD, and SAM were integrated at the service delivery level. Data was collected through document review and semi‐structured interviews with program staff and beneficiaries. Analyses and findings reveal ways that various community‐based nutrition activities can be most efficient and synergistic. Research support: UNICEF Haiti
Mitochondrial Fusion and Division
Authors: Sesaki Hiromi
Published: June 2021

Mitochondria play important roles in cellular functions including energy production, metabolism and cell death. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously fuse and divide in a regulated manner. A balance of fusion and division controls mitochondrial morphology and functions. Conserved dynamin‐related GTPases feature prominently in mitochondrial fusion and division. In mammals, inner‐membrane‐located Opa1 and outer‐membrane‐located Mfn mediate mitochondrial fusion while Drp1 is recruited to the surface of mitochondria to divide mitochondria. Highlighting the importance of mitochondrial fusion and division in human health, defects in these proteins lead to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Focusing on Opa1 and Drp1, my laboratory is studying the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of fusion and division. In this talk, I will discuss our recent findings on mitochondrial dynamics.
Prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in Brazilian adults by socio‐economic status: National Dietary Survey, 2008–2009
Authors: Araujo Marina Campos , dos Santos Barbosa Flávia , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Sichieri Rosely
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake among Brazilian adults by income and educational level.

The first national survey of dietary intake in Brazil included 21,003 adults between 20–59 years old (52.5% women). Foods records of two non‐consecutive days were used to estimate usual nutrient intake distributions according to the Iowa State University method accounting for the complex sample design. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) method was used to determine the prevalence inadequate intake. Income groups varied from ¼ of the official country minimum monthly wage (MW) to more than 5 MW and educational level from less than one year to more than 12 years of education.

Prevalence of inadequate intake ≥70% was observed for calcium, magnesium and vitamin E. Prevalences of inadequacy of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin decreased with income and educational level. Calcium inadequacy was 16% and 32% lower in the highest income stratum compared to the lowest for men and women respectively. Similar trends were observed for phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin. There were no socioeconomic differences in the inadequacy of vitamin E and magnesium.

Socioeconomic status may play an important role in the dietary adequacy in Brazil.

Grant Funding Source : Fellowship from CAPES and Grant of Brazilian Health Ministry
Prevalence of low B12 and folate status of Cameroonian women and children, and risk factors for deficiency
Authors: Shahab-Ferdows Setareh , Engle-Stone Reina , Nankap Martin , Ndjebayi Alex O. , Brown Kenneth H. , Allen Lindsay H.
Published: June 2021

To establish baseline nutritional status prior to a national fortification program a cross sectional, nationally representative, survey was conducted in 3 ecologic zones of Cameroon (South, North, and Large Cities). Maternal and child micronutrient status, including B12 and folate, and prevalence and deficiency risk factors were assessed in 30 randomly selected clusters/zone and 10 households/cluster. In women of reproductive age and their 12–59 mo old children (n= 391 pairs), plasma B12 & folate concentrations were determined by radioassay, and hemoglobin (Hb) by HemoCue. Mean maternal and child plasma values, respectively, were B12, 375 and 368 pM; folate, 20.9 and 24.3 nM. Prevalence (%) of B12 deficiency (B12<150 pM) in mothers and children was 25 and 24 urban vs. 33 and 34 rural; and folate deficiency (folate<10 nM) 17 and 6 urban vs. 25 and 24 rural. Living in the north, low SES and pregnancy predicted low B12, while folate was highest in the south and negatively associated with SES. Mothers B12 and folate concentrations were correlated with their children (p<0.01). Child Hb was correlated with B12 (r = 0.16, p=0.0017), and maternal Hb with folate (r = 0.15, p= 0.002). There was a moderately high prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in women and children in Cameroon, associated with anemia, suggesting a need for programmatic intervention.

Funding: Michael and Susan Dell Foundation, UNICEF
Prevalence of rearing by an overweight/obese mother (early exposure to an obesogenic environment) among infants in a urban metropolitan area of the Guatemalan highlands
Authors: Doak Colleen M , Reurings Marieke , Campos Maiza , Vossenaar Marieke , Solomons Noel W
Published: June 2021

Background

The combination in a maternal‐child dyad of an overweight/obese mother and a stunted child has been termed the household‐level dual burden of malnutrition. An important consequence is that a stunted child, more susceptible by short stature to metabolic conditions in later life, is being raised in a proven obesogenic milieu.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of 5–23 month olds in this dyadic relationship in the metropolitan Quetzaltenango area.

Methods

Anthropometric measures (weight and length), were collected in 449 mother‐infant dyads, with subsequent classification of infants for stunting (<2 SD of the WHO‐2006 median) and mothers for overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2) or obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2).

Results

200 (44%) mothers were overweight or obese and 50 (11%) were classified as obese. 172 (37%) children were stunted. Of the 172 children who were stunted, 75 (44%) were living in an environment permissive for adult overweight or higher order body composition abnormality. The combination of stunted children living in an obesogenic milieu comprised 75 (17%) children.

Conclusion

The prevalence of stunted child and overweight or obese mother is high relative to other studies. The exposure of stunted children to household obesogenic factors may present hazards for health in later life.

Funded by the Nestlé Foundation and Sight and Life, Switzerland
Effect of Iron Deficiency on Worker Productivity through Production Function Intermediates
Authors: Rhee John Yohan , Lovenheim Michael , Wenger Michael J , Venkatramanan Sudha , Przybyszewski Eric , Haas Jere D.
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms of the effect of iron deficiency on worker productivity through production function intermediates. Female subjects (n=217, age=18–55 y) participated in a dietary iron intervention (double fortified salt, DFS) on a tea estate in West Bengal, India. Productivity was assessed as work output measured in kilograms of tea picked per day over one week. The intermediates were iron status, measured through total body iron; energy expenditure, estimated through accelerometry and heart rate monitoring; cognitive function, measured through the attention network task, simple reaction test, temporal threshold task, and contrast threshold task; infectious diseases morbidity, measured through white blood cell counts, alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein, and C‐reactive protein; physiological health, measured through body mass index and mid‐upper arm circumference; and labor/leisure trade‐off, measured through changes in discretionary time outside of work. The difference‐in‐difference method was used to find the changes in productivity between the treatment (DFS) and control (iodine only) groups. The Oaxaca‐Blinder Decomposition was applied to decompose the total change in worker output into two parts: changes in each production function input and the changing returns of those inputs. Supported by the Mathile Institute and Micronutrient Initiative
Does improving the iron status with double fortified salt affect nutrient intakes of women tea plantation workers in West Bengal, India?
Authors: Venkatramanan Sudha , Marquis Grace S , Neufeld Lynette , Murray-Kolb Laura E. , Wenger Michael J. , Reinhart Greg , Haas Jere D
Published: June 2021

Iron deficiency is highly prevalent in India and affects women's health status. A randomized double‐masked study tested the efficacy of salt dually fortified with iron and iodine (DFS) to improve the iron status of female tea plantation employees in West Bengal, India. Study participants (N=217) were randomized to iodized salt or DFS and followed for 10 mo. The women were at least 18 y, not pregnant or lactating, and experienced full‐time tea pickers. Diets were assessed at 3 time points by 3 methods: 1) one weighed food intake during lunch, 2) one 24‐hr recall, and 3) one 7‐d food frequency questionnaire. At baseline and endline, women shared their lunch with co‐workers in the tea garden; lunch at midpoint was consumed at home. The analysis examined food types, ingredients, and amounts (g) served, consumed, and shared, and required the development of a nutrient composition database for 334 food items consumed. We hypothesized that improving the iron status of female workers would increase energy and nutrient intakes through different mechanisms, including an increase in appetite and an improvement in food accessibility through better work capacity and higher incomes. This study is the first to examine the nutrient intakes of women tea plantation workers consuming DFS. Supported by the Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition and the Micronutrient Initiative
Rethinking maternal IFA supplementation: A qualitative approach to understanding barriers and facilitators in Ayacucho, Peru
Authors: Shaw Alina Gauntlett , Golding Lenette , Girard Aimee Webb
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age in Peru has increased recently despite government efforts to provide free iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements to pregnant women. Numerous quantitative studies have identified reasons for high discontinuation rates; however, this study provides qualitative insight into the nuances influencing Peruvian women's adherence to the supplementation regime. Twenty‐two in‐depth interviews were conducted with women 16 weeks gestation to two months post‐partum in urban, semi‐urban, and rural communities. Additionally, nine key participant interviews took place with obstetricians and directors of maternal health programs at the hospital and district levels. Results indicate that women do not take the generic form of the prescribed IFA tablets because they have a strong odor and taste, which make women feel nauseous. In order to overcome barriers to supplementation, providers should gain the trust of a patient during her first visit and particularly during her first pregnancy through successful counseling strategies. Providers would like a more reliable way to monitor women's adherence to the regimen, accomplished by conducting monthly visits to patients’ homes to provide more directed counseling. IFA programming efforts should consider alternative physical forms of the supplement that have a more appealing taste and are easier to ingest.

Grant Funding Source : CARE Internatioal
Daily consumption of orange‐fleshed sweet potato increased plasma beta‐carotene concentration but did not increase total body vitamin A pool size in Bangladeshi women
Authors: Haskell Marjorie J , Jamil Kazi M , Jamil Maleka , Peerson Janet M , Keenan Alison H , Newman John W , Brown Kenneth H
Published: June 2021

We assessed the effect of daily consumption of orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), with or without added fat, on the total body vitamin A (VA) pool size of Bangladeshi women with low initial VA status. Women (n=120) received for 60d either 1) 0 μg RAE/d as boiled white‐fleshed sweet potatoes (WFSP) and a corn oil (CO) capsule; or 600 μg RAE/d as either 2) boiled OFSP and a CO capsule, 3) fried OFSP and a CO capsule, or 4) boiled WFSP and a retinyl palmitate capsule, in addition to their home diets. Plasma concentrations of retinol and β‐carotene, and total body VA pool size were assessed before and after the 60‐d intervention. Initial and final mean plasma retinol concentrations were 0.75 ± 0.18 μmol/L and 0.84 ± 0.19 μmol/L, respectively (p=0.31); final means did not differ by group (p=0.11). Initial and final mean plasma β‐carotene concentrations were 0.10 ± 00 μmol/L and 0.18 ± 0.09 μmol/L, respectively (p<0.0001); final mean plasma β‐carotene concentrations were higher in groups that received OFSP (p<0.0001). Initial and final mean total body VA pool sizes were 17.2 ± 13.3 mg and 26.0 ± 20.1 mg, respectively (p=0.048; n=110). Final mean VA pool sizes did not differ by group (p≥0.12). The 60‐d OFSP intervention increased plasma β‐carotene concentrations but did not increase total body VA pool size. Supported by the HarvestPlus Program and the Int'l Atomic Energy Agency.
Vitamin A supplementation of young children in Burkina Faso, and risk factors for non‐coverage
Authors: Hess Sonja Y , Ouédraogo Cesaire T , Wilson Shelby E , Prince Lea , Rouamba Noël , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Vosti Stephen A , Dakkak Mark , Brown Kenneth H
Published: June 2021

Background

High‐dose vitamin A supplements (VAS) are distributed to children 6–59 mo in Burkina Faso (BF) twice yearly.

Objective

To assess VAS coverage in southwestern BF and factors associated with missed coverage.

Methods

A cross‐sectional household survey was conducted in 106 villages in the Orodara Health District. Caregivers with children aged <27 mo were shown a photo of the VAS capsules and asked whether their child received VAS in the past 6 mo.

Results

8,892 caregivers of 10,490 children <27 mo were interviewed. Among children 6–27 mo who were eligible to receive VAS, 94.3% reportedly received VAS in the previous 6 mo. Coverage was lower in urban areas (89.6% urban vs. 94.9% rural, p<0.0001), among children of younger mothers (p=0.001) and in selected communities. Among all children who received VAS, 18.7% were younger than the age minimum of 6 mo.

Conclusion

VAS coverage was high, but specific targeting of urban areas and children of younger mothers may further increase coverage. Focus on targeted age range will require reinforcement of staff training.

Financial support from the Thrasher Research Fund and the Canadian International Development Agency.
A fortified corn/soy atole increases growth, decreases morbidity and improves nutritional status in urban Guatemalan toddlers and young children
Authors: Reinhart Gregory Allen , Villanueva Lisa Maria
Published: June 2021

This study assessed growth, morbidity and nutritional biomarkers in toddlers and children receiving multiple micronutrients via a fortified corn/soy atole. Children 6–72 mo of age, n=1003, from six municipal nurseries in Guatemala City, GT were enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal study. Five d/wk for 10 mo children received Chispuditos®, a corn/soy atole beverage mix (18.8 g blended in 227 ml heated liquid), under the supervision of nursery staff. Chispuditos was fortified with 21 vitamins/minerals and provided 12 mg iron and 9 mg zinc per serving. Anthropometric data and morbidity were monitored every 2 mo and fasting venous blood samples obtained at baseline and end line. Growth rates increased (P<0.05) across all age groups (58% for children 6–23 mo, 87% 24–35 mo, 69% 36–59 mo, 80% 60–72 mo) when compared to similar aged children in the same nurseries the prior yr. After 10 mo the incidence of acute diarrhea and acute respiratory infections were lowered (61% and 71% decrease, respectively, p<0.05). End line hemoglobin, iron, transferrin, folic acid and vitamin B12 increased (P<.0.05) vs baseline. Zinc, ferritin and C‐reactive protein did not change. We conclude that Chispuditos is a culturally acceptable mechanism to provide multiple micronutrients and improve health and nutritional status in malnourished Guatemalan children. Supported by the Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition®.
Reducing Infectious Morbidity and Accelerating Linear Growth among Low Birth Weight Infants with Hand Sanitizers and Nutrition and Hygiene Education in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Shafique Sohana , Shikder Hasina , Jolly Saira Parveen , Jalal Chowdhury SB , Sellen Daniel W , Zlotkin Stanley H
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate if use of water‐based hand sanitizer along with nutrition and hygiene education can prevent linear growth faltering among term, low birth weight (TLBW) infants in Bangladesh.

Methods

Community‐based, cluster randomized, controlled trial using 48 clusters randomly assigned to two groups: i) Nutrition and Hygiene Education (NHE) plus directed use of Benzalkonium Chloride‐based Hand Sanitizers (HS) by mothers and other family members; ii) NHE only. We followed 467 TLBW infants for 6 months with weekly morbidity and monthly anthropometry.

Results

At enrolment, mean ± SD anthropometric measures were comparable between HS and NHE groups (birth weight: 2.27±0.2 vs. 2.26±0.2 kg; and birth length: 44.2±1.8 vs. 43.8±1.9 cm). Although results at 1 month postpartum showed no difference in anthropometry between groups, infants in the HS group had reduced rates of skin lesions (12.6% vs.19.4%); infected umbilicus (0.8% vs. 1.4%) and eye infections (0.0% vs. 2.1%) compared to the NHE group. Reported household expenditure on care seeking due to neonatal illness was significantly less in the HS group than that of the NHE group (P<0.009). These preliminary findings suggest a positive effect of hand sanitizer on morbidity at 1 month in term, low birth weight, rural Bangladeshi infants. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to FHI 360, through the Alive & Thrive Small Grants Program managed by UC Davis.

Grant Funding Source : Alive and Thrive Small Grants Program, managed by UC Davis
Skeletal Muscle Resistance to Leucine Induced Signal Transduction and Regulation of Autophagy in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Authors: McIntire Kevin , Chen Yu , Sood Sumita , Rabkin Ralph
Published: June 2021

Protection against muscle wasting with leucine(LEU) is of particular interest in AKI patients as it can cause activation of the mTOR pathway and reduce autophagy(ATG), elevated in AKI. Since LEU resistance develops in other acute catabolic conditions we investigated if LEU is effective in stimulating skeletal muscle mTOR signaling and inhibiting ATG, in AKI. Rats with AKI and sham operated controls(CON) were gavaged with LEU or saline(Sal) and sacrificed 60 mins later. Results show that basal Akt, mTOR, 4eBP1, S6k1, FOXO3a and LC3B‐II protein plus IL‐ 6 mRNA were all elevated in AKI. Compared to Sal, LEU significantly stimulated mTOR, 4eBP1, S6K1 and rpS6 in CON but only rpS6 in AKI. Akt activation was lower after LEU in both groups and LEU suppressed LC3B‐II protein levels in CON. LEU also lowered AMPK in CON, but not AKI. The failure of LEU to stimulate the mTOR pathway and failure to suppress both AMPK and ATG strikingly demonstrates that severe AKI induces a leucine resistant state. We suggest that this nutrient resistant state contributes to protein energy wasting that often persists in critically ill AKI patients despite nutritional supplementation. Funded by VA Merit Award and CDA‐1.
Exercise Prevents Fructose‐Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Young Males
Authors: Egli Léonie , Theytaz Fanny , Campos Vanessa , Hodson Leanne , Schneiter Philippe , Fielding Barbara , Tappy Luc
Published: June 2021

A high fructose intake increases plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations in sedentary humans, but the effects of exercise are not known. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a weight‐maintenance, high fructose diet with or without moderate physical activity.

8 healthy males were studied on three occasions, after 4 days on a) a diet low in fructose and no exercise (Ctrl), b) a diet with 30% fructose and no exercise (Fru), or c) a diet with 30% fructose and moderate exercise (60 min cycling at 125 W; FruEx). In each condition, energy intake was adjusted to energy requirements (resting energy requirements times 1.5 for Ctrl and Fru, times 1.7 for FruEx). On each occasion, substrate oxidation was measured by calorimetry and de novo lipogenesis was assessed from VLDL 13C‐palmitate after 13C‐fructose loading.

Fru significantly increased TG by 18 ± 12%, and VLDL 13C‐palmitate by 333 ± 231% (both p<0.05 vs Ctrl). FruEx blunted the increase in TG (−6 ± 9%), VLDL 13C‐palmitate (−55 ± 28%), and increased lipid oxidation, non‐esterified fatty acid and beta‐hydroxybutyric acid concentrations by 122 ± 45%, 34 ± 16%, and 48 ± 17 % (all p<0.05 vs Ctrl).

We conclude that a moderate exercise prevents fructose‐induced dyslipidemia in healthy males, independently of energy balance. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation
A 1‐year multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention improves cardiovascular disease risk profiles in at‐risk adults
Authors: Rambo Chelsea N , Holben David H. , Knight Mallory , Shubrook Jay H. , Murray Tom
Published: June 2021

The effectiveness of a comprehensive 1‐year lifestyle intervention (nutrition, physical activity, stress management) to reduce risk of cardiovascular (CVD) events was examined in 97 at‐risk adults. Each participant completed lung function, body composition (body weight, % fat, lean mass, fat mass, body mass index, waist circumference), biochemical (glucose, cholesterol [total, LDL, HDL]), and exercise stress test (maximal oxygen capacity, predicted VO2) measurements at baseline, 100 days, and 1 year. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate effectiveness of the intervention. All parameters significantly improved from baseline to 100 days and from baseline to 1 year of treatment (p<0.05). However, only HDL improved from 100 days to 1 year (p<0.01). This multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention was effective in reducing CVD risk factors at both 100 days and 1 year. Future studies should examine how to increase program effectiveness after the initial 100 days.
Medically Supervised Weight Loss Promotes Medical Clearance for Non‐Bariatric Surgery in Obese Veterans
Authors: Kurtz Julie L. , Bremer Ashley M. , Parrington Diane J. , Schwenke Dawn C.
Published: June 2021

Studies using medically supervised weight loss programs (MSWLP) have not targeted obese patients denied medically indicated non‐bariatric surgery for whom traditional weight loss programs were ineffective. We asked if a MSWLP including liquid meal replacements [Optifast® as sole calorie source (800 Kcal/day)] and education for 6–16 weeks would promote sufficient weight loss for medical clearance for non‐bariatric surgery. Our study population included 20 Veterans (90% male, 90% Caucasian), median age and BMI 54 yrs (range 43–68) and 43.8 kg/m2 (range 34.8–57.3), respectively. Comorbidities included psychiatric diagnoses 80%, hypertension 80%, diabetes 60 %, and hyperlipidemia 60%. Median and interquartile ranges for weight and fat loss, and changes in resting energy expenditure were −47.3 pounds (−30.8, −76.2), −35.4 pounds (−21.1, −42.9) and −570 Kcal (− 380, − 920), respectively (all p<0.0001). Weight loss was greater in older Veterans. Medical clearance for surgery was 40%; 10% delayed surgery due to decreased pain. Additionally, HbA1C, fasting glucose, plasma low‐density lipoprotein and blood pressure improved. Greater than 29% of medications for hypertension and diabetes were reduced or eliminated. This study provides evidence that medically supervised weight loss promotes medical clearance for non‐bariatric surgery in obese Veterans who would otherwise be denied surgery. VA funded.
Effect of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, W) on the intestinal mucosa of growing Wistar rats
Authors: Vidueiros Silvina Mariela , Fernandez Inés , Bertero Héctor Daniel , Roux María Estela , Pallaro Anabel Nora
Published: June 2021

In previous studies, we characterized the nutritional properties of quinoa from Argentinean Northwest. Moreover, quinoa seeds have a high content of saponins that give them a bitter taste and may alter the intestinal mucosa due to their detergent properties.

Aim

to study the effect of a variety of quinoa from Campo Tapial de Colanzuli, Iruya, Salta, without washing treatment, on the intestinal mucosa of growing rats.

Materials and Methods

Wistar rats (n=6/group) fed from weaning to 7 days a 10% protein diet with 1) unwashed quinoa (Q), 2) commercial washed quinoa (QR), 3) casein (C) as control group. Body weight (BW,g) and diet intake (I, g/day) were determined and ponderal growth rate (PGR, g/day/100g) was calculated. Intestines were removed and stained with Alcian Blue‐H/E. Goblets cells/100 epithelial cells (GC) were determined in 10 intestinal villi/rat. IL‐17 was characterized in lamina propria (LP) and intraepithelium (iIEL) by IFI (cells+/ 30 fields).

Statistical analysis

ANOVA‐SNK/Kruskal‐Wallis.

Results

(Mean±SD)

Q
QR
C

BW
45.0±2.7a
60.0±5.4b
69.7±6.4c

PGR
−1.97±0.6a
1.63±0.5b
3.95±0.9c

I
4.7±03 a
6.9±1.0ab
8.4±0.6b

GC
24.2±6.5b
14.7±2.7a
10.9±1.2a

IL‐17 LP
60.3±9.0b
41.7±4.6a
38.0±3.9a

IL‐17 iIEL
9.3±4.2 a
10.5±3.7 a
9.0±1.6 a

Means within rows with different superscript, differ 0.05> p <0.001

Conclusion

GC and IL‐17 were significant increased in Q group which could indicate an inflammatory process caused by the saponins from unwashed quinoa. This could affect the normal intestinal absorption of nutrients which is reflected in BW, PGR and I, compared to QR group.

Supported by UBACyT 20020100100255 y 20620100100014
Spondylosis in Pre‐Columbian Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) from Weyanoke Old Town Virginia
Authors: Kelderhouse Charles , Warner Samantha , Smith Laura , Mixon Emily R , Blick Jeffrey P , Uhl Elizabeth W
Published: June 2021

One hundred and twenty‐five pre‐Columbian (760–1310 AD) dog skeletons excavated from Weyanoke Old Town, a Native American village site in Virginia, were assessed for signs of spondylosis, a degenerative disease of the spine characterized by proliferation of osteophytes along the ventral aspect of the intervertebral joints. Spondylosis has been described in many species, including dogs, red foxes, wolves, and coyotes. The dogs in this study were medium sized, averaging 42 cm tall and 12–13 kgs. Lesions of spondylosis were found in 18 dogs and scored based upon severity. The affected dogs were mature to older individuals based on the presence of ossified costal cartilage, dental wear, and fused growth plates. In contrast to those in modern dogs, the lesions in the pre‐Columbian dogs were more localized and less severe. In the ancient dogs, spondylosis lesions were confined to the lumbar vertebra (L1–L7), while in modern dogs lesions were also common in the cervical (C5–C7) and thoracic (T4–T9) vertebrae. Spondylosis has been correlated with the age, but other factors affect its development including biomechanics, weight, and breed. The results of this study indicate that spondylosis was common in pre‐historic as well as modern dogs, but was generally less extensive and less severe in prehistoric dogs.
Effect of Schlafen 2 on Natural Killer and T cell Development from Common T cell/ Natural Killer Progenitors
Authors: ahmadi slahadin , veinotte linnea L
Published: June 2021

Natural Killer (NK) cells are thought to develop from common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow. Even though thymus is not essential for NK cell development, Thymic T‐cell/natural killer–cell (T/NK) precursor, DN2 (CD44+CD25+) when cultured on an OP9 stroma, give rise to some NK1.1+ cells. The objective of this study was to see if the Schlafen 1 (Slfn1) and Schlafen 2 (Slfn2) genes differently affect the maturation of T cell and NK cells from DN2 progenitors. We transduced DN2 progenitors prepared from C57BL/6 (B6) mouse thymus with Slfn1 and Slfn2 genes using retroviral vector and cultured those Slfn1 and Slfn2 transduced progenitors on OP9 and OP9 stroma expressing the Notch ligand Delta‐like 1 (OP9‐DL1) with appropriate cytokines to see if it affects generating NK and T‐cells differently. We got a small number of Slfn1 and Slfn2 expressing mature T and NK cells upon culture of transduced DN progenitors on Op9‐DL1 and Op9 stroma cells. There was no difference between Slfn1 positive and Slfn1 negative population regarding CD3 expression but nearly all mature NK cells were belong to Slfn1 negative population. Slfn2 completely blocked maturation of T cells but not NK cells. The result of this study indicates that both Slfn1 and Slfn2 interfere with maturation of DN2 progenitors but T cell development is more sensitive to Slfn2 expression than NK cell development.

This research was supported by Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.