bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation on the performance and wear of blades in a small‐sized high‐density polyethylene shredder
Authors: Jalisa A. B. , Wong J. H. , Karen W. M. J. , Liew W. Y. H. , Chua B. L. , Siambun N. J. S. , Melvin G. J. H.
Published: August 2024

In this study, a small‐sized shredder machine equipped with spiral oriented double‐edged rotating and fixed blades was utilized to shred high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) waste. The performance of the shredder machine was determined based on the recycling and shredding efficiency, the percentage of retention, and the wear of its rotating and fixed blades. The wear of the blades was examined using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive x‐ray, and an x‐ray diffraction. High recycling (~95 %–98 %) and shredding (~66 %–70 %) efficiency, and low percentage of retention (~1.2 %–4.1 %) indicated a reliable performance of the shredder machine. The rotating blade exhibited higher wear at the back end, compared to the front end for the fixed blade. The wear of the blades was due to scratching and edge chipping. Formation of iron oxides during shredding did not cause significant changes in the hardness of the blades. Based on the evaluation, cost‐effective and time saving maintenance of the shredder blades could be achieved by gradual maintenance starting from the blade exhibited high wear.
Incretin‐based therapies for the management of cardiometabolic disease in the clinic: Past, present, and future
Authors: Psaltis James P. , Marathe Jessica A. , Nguyen Mau T. , Le Richard , Bursill Christina A. , Marathe Chinmay S. , Nelson Adam J. , Psaltis Peter J.
Published: August 2024

Among newer classes of drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) are incretin‐based agents that lower both blood sugar levels and promote weight loss. They do so by activating pancreatic GLP‐1 receptors (GLP‐1R) to promote glucose‐dependent insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion. They also act on receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract to suppress appetite, slow gastric emptying, and delay glucose absorption. Phase 3 clinical trials have shown that GLP‐1 RAs improve cardiovascular outcomes in the setting of T2DM or overweight/obesity in people who have, or are at high risk of having atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This is largely driven by reductions in ischemic events, although emerging evidence also supports benefits in other cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The success of GLP‐1 RAs has also seen the evolution of other incretin therapies. Tirzepatide has emerged as a dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP‐1 RA, with more striking effects on glycemic control and weight reduction than those achieved by isolated GLP‐1R agonism alone. This consists of lowering glycated hemoglobin levels by more than 2% and weight loss exceeding 15% from baseline. Here, we review the pharmacological properties of GLP‐1 RAs and tirzepatide and discuss their clinical effectiveness for T2DM and overweight/obesity, including their ability to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We also delve into the mechanistic basis for these cardioprotective effects and consider the next steps in implementing existing and future incretin‐based therapies for the broader management of cardiometabolic disease.
Controllability of switched integro‐neutral fractional delay systems over arbitrary time domain
Authors: Pervaiz Bakhtawar , Zada Akbar , Ben Moussa Sana , Popa Ioan‐Lucian
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we examine various qualitative properties for some class of fractional impulsive switched integro‐neutral dynamic systems over arbitrary time domain. We establish the existence, stability, and controllability of the scrutinized models. This article is divided into three parts: The first part is concerned with the existence and uniqueness, the second part is dedicated to the Hyers–Ulam stability, and in the third part, we examine the controllability analysis. We establish our results via the Banach and Leray–Schauder fixed‐point approaches along with the Arzela–Ascoli theorem. To show the implications and effectiveness of established results, we present a simulated numerical example at the end.
Oscillatory behavior of second‐order nonlinear delay dynamic equations with multiple sublinear neutral terms utilizing canonical transformation
Authors: Affan S. E. , Hassan Taher S. , Elabbasy E. M. , Saied E. A. , Hassan A. M.
Published: August 2024

This paper aims to present innovative criteria for characterizing the oscillatory behavior of second‐order nonlinear delay dynamics expressed in noncanonical form with sublinear neutral terms. We achieve this by converting the noncanonical equation into an equivalent canonical form. The practical examples presented throughout this paper illustrate the significance of our findings and contribute to enhancing, generalizing, and augmenting the existing literature on this subject.
Pointwise convergence problem of the one‐dimensional Boussinesq‐type equation
Authors: Wang Weimin , Yan Wei , Zhang Yating
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we consider the initial data problem of the one‐dimensional Boussinesq‐type equation. Inspired by the work of Compaan et al. (Int. Math. Res. Not. 2021, 599–650), by using the Fourier restriction norm method, we investigate the pointwise convergence of the one‐dimensional Boussinesq equation and cubic Boussinesq equation. We also only use the Strichartz estimates instead of Fourier restriction norm method to establish convergence conclusions of the one‐dimensional cubic Boussinesq equation. The key ingredients are some Strichartz estimates and high‐low frequency decomposition related to the nonlinear part of the integral form solution in the Duhamel form and the maximal function estimate related to inhomogeneous estimate.
The out‐of‐pocket cost of living with obesity: Results from a survey in Spain, South Korea, Brazil, India, Italy, and Japan
Authors: Ferreira Karine , Kont Evant , Abdelkhalik Amira , Jones Dominic , Baker‐Knight James
Published: August 2024

Objectives

In many countries, obesity treatments are not fully reimbursed by healthcare systems. People living with obesity (PwO) often pay out‐of‐pocket (OOP) for pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions, placing them in a position of financial risk to manage their condition. This study sought to understand the OOP expenditures and non‐financial costs incurred by PwO to manage weight.

Methods

A 25‐min cross‐sectional online survey was conducted with PwO between ages 18–60 in Italy, Japan, India, Brazil, Spain and South Korea. Respondents were recruited using proprietary vendor panels and non‐probability sampling. N = 600 participants completed the survey (n = 100 per country).

Results

The mean annual OOP expenditure related to weight loss/management was $7,351, accounting for nearly 17% of annual household income. Costs generally increased by BMI. Half or more of the respondents agreed that obesity affected multiple aspects of their lives (outside activities, running a household, social life, work, family life, traveling). 46% agreed that obesity limited their job prospects.

Conclusion

PwO spend a notable amount of their income paying OOP expenditures related to managing their weight. Quantifying the individual economic burden of living with obesity can inform the understanding of the resources required and policy changes needed to treat obesity as a disease.
Composition design and property investigation of bismaleimide by branched crosslinking structure with low dielectric permittivity and high toughness
Authors: Shi Jiahao , Wang Xuan , Gao Yuanjie , Zhang Xiaorui , Weng Ling , Sun Xue
Published: August 2024

Due to the high‐power environments of electronic components, achieving the exceptional dielectric properties and mechanical behavior necessary for electronic packaging materials presents a significant challenge. In this study, a trifunctional maleimide (HTMI) was synthesized by reacting hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HDI trimer) with Maleic anhydride (MA), followed by the preparation of Bismaleimide (BMI) resin featuring a micro‐branching structure through its reaction with diallyl bisphenol A (DBA) ether and BMI. The intentionally designed micro‐branching structure resulted in an increase in the free volume within BMI, leading to an 8.8% reduction in the dielectric constant. Additionally, this micro‐branching architecture imparted superior mechanical properties to the BMI resin, as demonstrated by a 140% increase in bending strength and a 149% increase in impact strength of the cured product.
Improving flexural performances of fused filament fabricated short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composites with natural‐inspired structural design
Authors: Zhou Kexuan , Wang Zhaogui
Published: August 2024

Both the nacre‐like bionic microstructure and the spiral laminated bionic configuration exhibit superior damage‐tolerance characteristics. On the basis of this observation, the design concept of the bionic helical‐interlayer configuration is innovatively integrated into the design of a bionic nacre‐like honeycomb structure. By systematically studying different spiral angles of honeycomb's interlayer stacking forms, their influence on the structural performance is deeply discussed with four‐point bending tests. Mechanical samples are carefully prepared using short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composites (i.e., PA6‐CF) through conventional fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology, where the accuracy and reliability of the designed bio‐inspired samples are ensured. The experimental results reveal significant improvements in bending strength and elastic modulus across various bionic nacre‐like honeycomb spiral structures compared to uniformly overlap configurations. In particular, the SH‐7.5 sample shows a remarkable 35.47% increase in bending strength and a 65.10% increase in elastic modulus over the SH‐11.25 sample. SEM‐based microstructural analyses are carried out to further explore the fracture mode of the carbon fibers, implied the helical configuration adopted in the nacre‐like honeycomb structure enhances the flexural resistant ability of the PA6‐CF composites. The findings above bear important guiding significance and reference value for the design of lightweight and high damage‐tolerance composite structures.

Highlights

A novel bio‐inspired structure is implemented to improve the mechanical performance of fused filament fabricated polyamide composites, where the bionic spiral helical configuration is integrated into high‐fracture‐resistance nacre‐like honeycomb structures.

Mechanical testing results indicate that a helix angle under 10° results in a significant improvement in the structural performance of flexural strength.

Microstructural analysis reveals that the helical configuration enhances the load‐bearing functionality of reinforcing carbon fibers in the printed polyamide composites.

FFF 3D printing enables further implementation of the proposed bio‐inspired novel structure for lightweight and damage‐tolerant composite applications with high customization demands.
Toward flexible electronics: A novel polyurethane integrating self‐healing, UV‐protective, reprocessable, and degradable properties
Authors: Feng Xiao‐qin , Wang Yi , Dai Xun , Liu Xiao‐dong , Liu Yuan
Published: August 2024

Flexible electronics are striving in modern society, and they impose harsh and urgent requirements for flexibility on electronic package substrates. However, traditional materials, including ceramics, metals, or polymers are lack of flexibility. Herein, a polyurethane named PU‐D1Q1VF1 is proposed via incorporating carefully selected biobased units and synergistic dynamic bonds, and the PU‐D1Q1VF1 not only meets the basic requirements of flexibility but also possesses properties of self‐heal, UV‐protection, reprocessability, and degradability. The polycaprolactone diol (PCL diol) was employed as the soft segment, and the bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) disulfide (HEDS) and lignin derived model monomer hydroquinone were selected as chain extenders. Moreover, carefully synthesized bio‐based monomer (E)‐4‐(((furan‐2‐ylmethyl)imino)methyl)‐2‐methoxyphenol (VF) was used as the capping agent, which could facilitate the self‐healing process of the PU‐D1Q1VF1.
Exploring the effect of experimental conditions on the synthesis and stability of alginate–gelatin coacervates
Authors: Blanco‐López Marcos , Marcos‐García Alejandro , González‐Garcinuño Álvaro , Tabernero Antonio , Martín del Valle Eva M.
Published: August 2024

Alginate–gelatin coacervation has been studied by considering different experimental parameters, such as gelatin preheating, pH, alginate–gelatin ratio and their respective concentrations, and salt effect. Results were assessed in terms of size and polydispersion via dynamic light scattering, electrostatic charge in the surface by zeta potential measurements, electrostatic interaction forces by static light scattering, stability by turbidimetry and viscoelastic and pseudoplastic behavior by rheology (oscillatory and statistical analysis). According to the results, gelatin structure has to be previously modified to induce the proper interactions with a subsequent pH reduction. Specifically, stable coacervates (according to turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering) with a size of 300–600 nm and a polydispersion lower than 0.25 were obtained after preheating the gelatin at 37°C and with a subsequent pH reduction until 4–5 for an alginate–gelatin ratio between 1:4 and 1:6. However, different experimental conditions promote an unsuccessful coacervation, obtaining always precipitates and/or coacervates with a wider particle size distribution. Furthermore, in order to study the effect of the temperature on the coacervates, different cooling–heating cycles were applied on them over a week, showing the stability of the thermo‐reversible coacervates for almost 5 days. Also, the interactions were characterized via static light scattering, analyzing the second virial coefficient. Moreover, rheological oscillatory results can be used to identify a proper coacervation due to the increase of the storage modulus. However, no significant changes were observed with statistical analysis due to the highly diluted character of the precursor solutions. These results highlighted how a proper combination of different experimental conditions, mainly temperature to promote a partial gelatin unraveling as well as pH reduction, is required to successfully produce coacervates. Finally, salt effect was proven to induce precipitation when NaCl was increasingly added to solutions of stable coacervates.
Symptomatic osteonecrosis in children treated for Hodgkin lymphoma: A population‐based study in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark
Authors: Giertz Mia , Aarnivala Henri , Wilk Michelsen Sascha , Björklund Caroline , Englund Annika , Grönroos Marika , Hjalgrim Lisa Lyngsie , Huttunen Pasi , Niinimäki Tuukka , Penno Eva , Pöyhönen Tuuli , Raittinen Päivi , Ranta Susanna , Svahn Johan E. , Törnudd Lisa , Niinimäki Riitta , Harila Arja
Published: August 2024

Background

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a potentially disabling skeletal complication of cancer treatment. Although symptomatic osteonecrosis (sON) is well‐known in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with an incidence around 6%, studies on sON in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of sON in children treated for HL.

Procedure

A total of 490 children under 18, diagnosed with HL between 2005 and 2019 in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark were eligible for the study. Data on patient characteristics, HL treatment, and development of sON were collected from patients’ medical records. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were used to establish ON diagnosis and grade ON according to the Niinimäki grading system.

Results

Cumulative 2‐year incidence of sON among the 489 included patients was 5.5% (n = 30). The risk for developing sON was higher for those with older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.49, p < .010), female sex (OR 4.45, CI 1.87–10.58, p < .001), high total cumulative glucocorticoid (GC) doses (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.21‐2.56, p = 0.003), and advanced HL (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.03‐4.65, p = .042). Four (13.3%) patients underwent major surgical procedures and 13 (43.3%) had persistent symptoms due to ON at follow‐up.

Conclusions

This study shows that sON is as common in pediatric HL as in pediatric ALL, with risk factors such as older age, female sex, high cumulative GC doses, and advanced HL. Future HL protocol development should aim to reduce the burden of ON by modifying GC treatment.
Ewing sarcoma among children 5 years of age or younger: Is it a different disease?
Authors: Nagpal Chitrakshi , Ganguly Shuvadeep , Sasi Archana , Kumar Vivek , Biswas Bivas , Pushpam Deepam , Kumar Akash , Agarwala Sandeep , Jain Vishesh , Dhua Anjan , Yadav Devender Kumar , Khan Shah Alam , Barwad Adarsh , Mirdha Asit Ranjan , Biswas Ahitagni , Thulkar Sanjay , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Children ≤5 years of age with Ewing's sarcoma (ES) possibly have a distinct disease biology, data on which are scarce. We evaluated clinical features, outcomes, and prognostic factors of ES among children with age ≤5 years.

Methods

Children with ES registered between 2003 and 2019 were included. Baseline clinical and treatment details were retrieved from medical records. Prognostic factors were identified using multivariable Cox regression. Clinical features and outcomes of children ≤5 years were compared with those greater than 5 years by chi‐square and log‐rank tests. Propensity score‐matched (PSM) analysis was done to evaluate the impact of age on survival in the metastatic and localized subgroups.

Results

Out of the 859 patients, 86 (10%) were ≤5 years of age (median age 4 years, 60 males [69.8%]). The most common location was the extremities (37.2%), followed by thorax (27.9%) and head and neck (H&N) (22.1%); baseline metastases were seen in 25 patients (29.8%). The median event‐free‐survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 25.6 and 68.7 months, respectively. Metastatic disease predicted inferior OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.54, p = .018) and EFS (HR = 2.47, p = .007], symptom duration ≤3 months predicted an inferior OS (HR = 2.17, p = .048). Compared to age greater than 5 years, younger children had more H&N and less pelvic primaries (p < .001) and lesser baseline metastases (p = .037). PSM analysis did not reveal any significant impact of age on OS in the metastatic (HR = 1.59, p = .29) or localized cohort (HR = 1.77, p = .09).

Conclusions

Children with ES ≤5 years of age have a distinct favorable clinical presentation. However, age is not an independent prognostic factor for survival outcomes when adjusted for confounders.
Improvement of interfacial adhesion of aramid fiber/polycarbonate composites by surface modification with graphene oxide modified sizing agents
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhu Liangbo , Song Jiyin , Ma Yufang , Kong Haijuan , Yu Muhuo , Chen Chaofeng
Published: August 2024

Various sizing agents were prepared to enhance the interfacial properties between aramid fiber (AF) and polycarbonate (PC), as well as to enhance the mechanical properties of AF/PC composites. It was found that PC sizing agent, P‐GO sizing agent, and PSi‐GO sizing agent effectively coated the surface of AF from the FTIR and XPS and SEM results. The IFSS and mechanical properties of composites reinforced with fibers treated by the sizing agents exhibited significant improvement, as well as their single fiber tensile strength also improved. Specifically, when AF was treated with PSi‐GO sizing agent, the interfacial shear properties between AF and PC increased by a remarkable 78.69%, reaching 22.89 MPa compared to the original AF/PC composite, the tensile strength of the single‐filament exhibited an increment of 12.4% to 26.4 cN/dtex. Moreover, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composite increased by 5.43%, 77.74%, and 54.71%, respectively. These improvement can be attributed to the GO with a higher concentration of chemical groups and excellent dispersion with modified with the silane agent. These findings suggest that coating the AF with sizing agents can effectively enhance its interfacial adhesion with the matrix, which is useful for its application as the reinforcement in the composites.

Highlights

Adding GO to the sizing agent to change the Aramid fabric surface properties.

Silane coupling agent was used to improve the dispersion of GO on the fiber surface.

GO modified sizing agent can improve the flexural strength, tensile strength, and interlaminar shear strength of the composites.
Comparative study of oil palm and nettle fibers reinforced chemically functionalized high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Gupta Hariome Sharan , Palsule Sanjay
Published: August 2024

The demand of natural fiber reinforced composites has grown enormously in polymer industries owing to their renewability and sustainability and maintaining their performance and properties. In this investigation, two natural fibers have been considered as a reinforcer to develop chemically functionalized high‐density polyethylene (CF‐HDPE)‐based composites. The total holocellulose content of ~85% and ~65% for nettle fiber (NTF) and oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPF) make them significant for this study. OPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites have been developed and characterized to measure their desirable properties. The structural confirmation suggests reinforcement/matrix adhesion through ester and hydrogen bonds between them. NTF/CF‐HDPE and OPF/CF‐HDPE are thermally stable upto 240°C and 250°C, respectively. A significant increment of ~40% and ~64% in tensile strength were observed in addition of OPF and NTF reinforcer in pristine matrix. A similar observation has been shown in flexural strength with improvement of ~58% and ~83% with OPF and NTF as reinforcer. Among all these composite compositions, the 30/70 NTF/CF‐HDPE composite demonstrated the highest tensile and flexural properties values due to higher holocellulose of NTF. This study demonstrates the potential of OPF and NTF reinforcer to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, which helps respective industries to manufactured tailored made products with desirable properties.

Highlights

OPF/CF‐HDPE and NTF/CF‐HDPE composites are sustainable and low cost.

The composite compositions have been developed by extrusion and injection molding.

The composite's mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties have been demonstrated.

SEM and FTIR characterized the composites for the fiber/matrix adhesion.

The composite's thermal stability has been affected by fibers and matrix.
Bayesian Predictive Probability Based on a Bivariate Index Vector for Single‐Arm Phase II Study With Binary Efficacy and Safety Endpoints
Authors: Yoshimoto Takuya , Shinoda Satoru , Yamamoto Kouji , Tahata Kouji
Published: August 2024

In oncology, Phase II studies are crucial for clinical development plans as such studies identify potent agents with sufficient activity to continue development in the subsequent Phase III trials. Traditionally, Phase II studies are single‐arm studies, with the primary endpoint being short‐term treatment efficacy. However, drug safety is also an important consideration. In the context of such multiple‐outcome designs, predictive probability‐based Bayesian monitoring strategies have been developed to assess whether a clinical trial will provide enough evidence to continue with a Phase III study at the scheduled end of the trial. Therefore, we propose a new simple index vector to summarize the results that cannot be captured by existing strategies. Specifically, we define the worst and most promising situations for the potential effect of a treatment, then use the proposed index vector to measure the deviation between the two situations. Finally, simulation studies are performed to evaluate the operating characteristics of the design. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method makes appropriate interim go/no‐go decisions.
Blueberry extract for the treatment of ischaemic stroke through regulating the gut microbiota and kynurenine metabolism
Authors: Wang Raoqiong , Huang Guoxin , Li Shuangyang , Huang Hanlin , Zhu Guoyuan , Wang Liang , Yang Jinrui , Yang Sijin , Jiang Zhihong , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2024

Although the gut microbiota and kynurenine (KYN) metabolism have significant protective effects against ischaemic stroke (IS), the exact mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Combined serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to reveal the differences between the gut microbiota and metabolites in rats treated with or without blueberry extract. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to validate the protective role of the gut microbiota in IS. Furthermore, the interaction between Prevotella and IS was also confirmed in patients. Rats with IS experienced neurological impairments accompanied by an impaired intestinal barrier and disturbed intestinal flora, which further contributed to heightened inflammatory responses. Furthermore, Prevotella played a critical role in IS pathophysiology, and a positive correlation between Prevotella and KYN was detected. The role of KYN metabolism in IS was further demonstrated by the finding that IDO was significantly upregulated and that the use of the IDO inhibitor, attenuated KYN metabolic pathway activity and ameliorated neurological damage in rats with IS. Prevotella intervention also significantly improved stroke symptoms and decreasing KYN levels in rats with IS. FMT showed that the beneficial effects of blueberry extract on IS involve gut bacteria, especially Prevotella, which were confirmed by microbiological analyses conducted on IS patients. Moreover, blueberry extract led to significant changes in kynurenic acid levels and tryptophan and IDO levels through interactions with Prevotella. Our study demonstrates for the first time that blueberry extract could modulate “intestinal microecology‐KYN metabolism” to improve IS.
Dynamic gain adaptive control for uncertain nonlinear systems with actuator and sensor faults
Authors: Hua Changchun , Li Wenwen , Li Hao , Ning Pengju
Published: August 2024

This article focuses on the adaptive output feedback control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems under unknown actuator and sensor faults. In contrast to existing works, we consider unknown time‐varying discontinues faults and loosen their conservative conditions on nonlinear functions. First, since there is just inaccurate output information is available, an observer based on dynamic gain is conceived to reconstruct state variables that cannot be measured. Second, the dynamic gain is introduced into the design of virtual controller by coordinate transformation, and is employed to construct Lyapunov function to handle unknown parameters. On the other hand, a new global output feedback control algorithm is proposed by utilizing dynamic gain which improves the flexibility of parameters selection on the premise of ensuring stability. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, the resulting closed‐loop system is proved strictly all signals are global bounded. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed control algorithm.
Social ties and food insecurity in woman‐headed households
Authors: Silva Andres , Sactic Maria Isabel , Monteza‐Quiroz Diego , Schmidt Rivera Ximena
Published: August 2024

Food insecurity is a global concern, as set in the Sustainable Development Goal 2. Previous research has focused on the demographics and socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity, while little attention has been paid to the role of social ties. Using a national representative survey of Chile, that includes a questionnaire to measure prevalence of food insecurity and 11 social ties, we estimate the prevalence of four groups using a sample of 70,677 households. Then, we focus on the sub‐sample of 29,203 woman‐headed households, who experience the largest food insecurity prevalence. We use a descriptive analysis, followed by a principal component analysis to aggregate 11 social ties in fewer components to assess the associations between social ties and food insecurity and to identify the ties with stronger impact. The results show that woman‐headed households, without a partner, have a prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity of 32.8%, 30.9%, 24.7%, after none, one and two social ties, respectively. This decreasing trend is also observed in woman‐headed households with partners. We also found that the 11 social ties studied are highly correlated among them; they can be explained by two indexes—economic and education components. In particular, we found that economic and educational social ties are associated to a larger effect on food insecurity prevalence. This study provides evidence for policy‐makers regarding investment on social ties to tackle food insecurity.
Construction of S‐Scheme Alkalized C3N4/ZnO Piezo‐Photocatalyst with Improved Degradation Activity
Authors: Xu Shan , Yu Yan , Chang Liangliang , Cao Baoyue , Ma Wei , Li Meilan , Gong Wei , Wang Xiangting
Published: August 2024

The construction of heterojunctions is often considered an effective strategy for achieving visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, defective g‐C3N4 ultrathin nanosheets were synthesized via alkaline etching method. Subsequently, a S‐scheme heterojunction was constructed between the contact interface of ZnO nanorods and alkaline C3N4 (aC3N4) to promote the electron transfer, resulting in a novel piezo‐photocatalyst (aC3N4/ZnO). The piezo‐photocatalytic performance of aC3N4/ZnO samples with different ratios was studied by adjusting the addition amount aC3N4. In addition, optimum 7 %‐aC3N4/ZnO samples exhibited the highest piezo‐photocatalytic degradation activity under light and ultrasonic irradiation with MB as the target pollutant, exhibiting the 99.89 % degradation rate and 65.68 % mineralization rate within 50 minutes. The capture experiments showed that 1O2,⋅O2− and ⋅OH were active substances in promoting the performance of piezo‐photocatalysis. The mechanism studies indicated that the enhanced piezo‐photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the piezoelectric properties of ZnO and the S‐scheme heterojunction formed at the aC3N4/ZnO interfaces, which provides power for the separation and transport of electron and hole. This work highlights the importance of carefully construction S‐scheme heterojunction and defective structures to precisely understand the catalytic properties, benefiting catalytic design and development.
Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin on Silver‐Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterization, Optimization, and Kinetics
Authors: Rezaeiarshad Negin , Safatian Fatemeh , Mirshafieean Simin , Torabbeigi Marzieh
Published: August 2024

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is the commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic and one of the top ten emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in the world. It can pose a potential health risk if its residues enter the body. In this study, the adsorption of CIP onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with silver (Fe3O4@AgNPs) was evaluated. Fe3O4@AgNPs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The parameters affecting the adsorption of CIP on nanoadsorbent were investigated including the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, the salt content, and mixing speed. The highest efficiency of removal was achieved at pH 6, adsorbent dose of 3 mg l−1, salt content of 1 % (W/V) and shaking rate of 100 rpm. The adsorption process of CIP on the nanoadsorbent followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, the adsorption kinetics was pseudo‐second order and the maximum adsorption capacity was 125 mg g−1.
Optimized Electrocatalytic Adsorption Degradation of Oilfield Produced Water Using New Dimension Stable Anode
Authors: Song Tao , Wang Bing , Fu Yongdi , Cheng Haiyu , Zhang Lijian
Published: August 2024

In this study, we synthesized a novel electrode for electrocatalytic adsorption by fabricating ACF‐TiO2 via the sol‐gel method and binding it with IrO2‐TaO2. The electrode's effectiveness in treating oilfield produced water (OPW) was evaluated using batch techniques. Comprehensive characterization, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirmed uniform TiO2 loading onto the ACF surface, preserving structural integrity. BET analysis indicated increased mesopore volume and enhanced organic adsorption capacity without compromising microporous structure. Additionally, FTIR analysis revealed the emergence of functional groups conducive to adsorption and catalytic reactions. Freundlich isotherms and pseudo‐first‐order kinetics best fit the adsorption data. Remarkably, even after five cycles, the electrode maintained high removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil content at 91.35 % and 91.12 %, respectively. We further investigated the complex phenomena of material adsorption, electrochemical oxidation, and desorption during electrocatalytic adsorption, highlighting the importance of solid‐phase adsorption and liquid‐phase electrocatalytic oxidative decomposition in OPW treatment. Comparison with similar electrodes and DSA electrodes demonstrated the superior performance and practicality of the IrO2‐TaO2‐ACF(TiO2) electrode. Its cost‐effectiveness and regeneration method further enhance its applicability in real‐world scenarios, emphasizing its potential in water treatment.
Screening and Specificity Analysis of Aptamer Based on MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cell Culture Media
Authors: Yue Jinyuan , Shi Ming , Liu Zhiwei , Li Jian , Li Kun
Published: August 2024

Breast cancer has been the most common cancer and the most prevalent tumor in women worldwide. However, a rapid, sensitive, and painless test for breast cancer has not yet been discovered. Aptamers, as sensitive molecular recognition elements, which can specifically recognize target molecules and be used in the early diagnosis of cancer. In this study, aptamers of proteins secreted by MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were screened using Med‐SELEX technology. According to the enrichment degree and homology of aptamers, the aptamer family tree was constructed. The structure of the aptamers and the docking results with the targets were then predicted. Aptamer affinity and specificity were determined by qPCR, and the optimal aptamer AY 20 was obtained. Colloidal gold colorimetry confirmed that AY20 had high specificity for breast cancer cell culture media. Therefore, the aptamer AY20 can be used as an early diagnostic tool for breast cancer. The work provides a new idea for the rapid detection of breast cancer.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Phthalocyanine (AgPc)/Ag Supported on Aminosilane‐Modified Silicate
Authors: Wu Kuo‐Hui , Huang Wen‐Chien , Wang Je‐Chuang , Li Chia‐Ling , Yang Tsung‐Han
Published: August 2024

Organic–inorganic composite antibacterial materials based on AgPc/Ag and aminosilane‐modified silicate (Ormosil) were prepared by sol‐gel processes and an in situ reduction method. The physical and chemical properties of AgPc, Pc‐Ormosil and AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composites were analyzed by SEM, XRD, NMR and XPS spectroscopy. As a result, Ag nanoparticles were bonded and chelated in Pc‐Ormosil matrix. The morphology analysis of SEM showed that the AgNPs in the Pc‐Ormosil matrix were spherical and uniformly distributed, with a size of about 5–10 nm. These NMR and XPS results indicated that the AgNPs were coordinated with Pc (N−Ag−N) and chelated with Ormosil (−CH2NH…Ag) to form a AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composite. The antibacterial effects of AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag composites on Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated by inhibiting ring, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and plate counting. The MIC/MBC values of Pc‐Ormosil, AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐2.5, AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐5 and AgPc‐Ormosil/Ag‐10 against bacteria were 11.0/>11.0, 1.10/1.10, 0.11/0.11 and 0.011/0.011, respectively, indicating excellent antibacterial properties.
Durable TPU/PDA/MXene Fiber‐Based Strain Sensors with High Strain Range and Sensitivity
Authors: Cheng Hengyi , Zhang Xun , Zhang Tao , Chen Yixiang , Yu Dan , Wang Wei
Published: August 2024

With the development of the ageing society, wearable strain sensors have great application prospects in the fields of health detection, artificial intelligence, and motion recognition. However, traditional forms of film‐like strain sensors suffer from low sensitivity, adhesion, and impermeability during use, which severely limit their practical applications. To overcome these problems, we propose a strategy to fabricate polyurethane/polydopamine/MXene (TPU/PDA/MXene) composite fibers by wet spinning. Furthermore, the outside is wrapped with (PDMS), giving mechanical strength and chemical resistance. Through a simple and low‐cost wet spinning process, TPU/PDA/MXene fibers are achieved in the preparation of flexible strain sensors, and they can be woven into various forms with good flexibility and comfort according to practical needs. The results indicated that the prepared flexible strain sensor exhibits a high gauge factor (GF) of 57.15 over a large strain range (300 %), which are superior to those of many fiber‐based sensors. Their application properties were also measured by attaching them to fingers, wrists and knees, showing high sensitivity, mechanical durability and chemical stability, and has great potential for wearable strain sensors and flexible strain sensors in complex environments.
Spiro[2.3]hexane‐ and Spiro[3.3]heptane‐derived α‐Amino Acids: Synthesis and Isoelectric Point Evaluation
Authors: Malashchuk Andrii , Chernykh Anton V. , Liashuk Oleksandr S. , Hurbanov Rustam , Lomaka Mykhailo , Tkachuk Hennadii , Granat Dmitry , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: August 2024

An efficient synthesis of spiro[2.3]hexane‐ and spiro[3.3]heptane‐derived α‐amino acids is reported. The used methods are divided on two different approaches. First of them involves modification of commercially available spirocyclic diesters via monohydrolysis, Curtius rearrangement and functional groups deprotection sequence. Alternative approach was based on Bucherer ‐ Bergs hydantoine synthesis with its subsequent cleavage to the target amino acid fragment. The proposed synthetic schemes offer the desired product in 31–52 % overall yield on up to 22.5 g scale. Acid‐base titration of the obtained spirocyclic amino acids revealed lowered pI values compared to the parent 1‐amino‐cyclohexane‐ and ‐cycloheptanecarboxylic acids.
From Waste to Sensor: Facile Synthesis of a Copper‐Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite as a Colorimetric Sensing Platform for Uric Acid
Authors: Ibrahim Saba , Iqbal Jibran , Shah Mohibullah , Sun Wei , Asad Muhammad , Ullah Majeed , Khan Naeem , Ullah Riaz , Iqbal Zafar , Badshah Amir , Nishan Umar
Published: August 2024

Uric acid serves as a vital diagnostic marker for diseases like arthritis, gout, etc. Accurate quantification of UA is crucial for diagnosis. The hydroxyapatite (HAp), being catalytic in nature, was used as a template for copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) synthesis and for providing surface area for chemical reactions needed for sensing uric acid. HAp was synthesized from waste chicken bones, followed by doping with copper metal salt through calcination. The synthesis of copper hydroxyapatite (Cu‐HAp) nanocomposite was confirmed using different techniques. SEM displayed the nanoporous morphology of the material. The hexagonal crystal structure of HAp was revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis showed the successful doping of Cu on HAp. The Cu‐HAp nanocomposite and 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) dye were employed as a new colorimetric sensing platform for uric acid sensing. The fabricated sensing platform detected uric acid with excellent sensitivity (LOD, 0.24 μM) and a wide linear range (1–270 μM). Optimization experiments demonstrated that the proposed sensor performs best at 4 mg of Cu‐HAp nanocomposite, pH 6, with a response time of 100 s. Furthermore, TMB and H2O2 concentrations of 12 and 8 mM were used, respectively. The proposed sensor successfully detected uric acid in physiological samples.
Synthesis of Angular Polycyclic Aromatic Molecules Via Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cycloaddition of 2‐Alkylidenetrimethylene Carbonates with Quinazoline‐Derived Azomethine Imines
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Jin‐Qi , Zhao Li‐Ming
Published: August 2024

A formal [4+3] cycloaddition of 2‐alkylidenetrimethylene carbonates with quinazoline‐derived azomethine imines is described. Under Pd catalysis, the reaction works efficiently under room temperature to afford angular quinazoline‐fused seven‐membered N,N,O‐heterocycles. A variety of cyclic carbonates and azomethine imines were well tolerated under mild reaction conditions. This work demonstrates the synthetic utility of decarboxylative cycloadditions of 2‐alkylidenetrimethylene carbonates for the synthesis of angular polycyclic aromatic molecules.
Kindred spirits: Cognitive frame similarity and good faith provisions in strategic alliance contracts
Authors: Hanisch Marvin , Graf‐Vlachy Lorenz , Haeussler Carolin , König Andreas , Cho Theresa S.
Published: August 2024

Research Summary

An intriguing yet underexamined phenomenon in strategic alliance contracts is the use of good faith provisions. These provisions appeal to parties' integrity and fair dealing but are often ambiguous, and their enforcement in court is unpredictable. Adopting a sociocognitive perspective, we predict a positive relationship between the similarity of partners' organizational‐level cognitive frames and the number of good faith provisions in alliance contracts. We further posit that technological uncertainty strengthens this relationship, whereas each alliance partner's cumulative contracting experience weakens it. We also expect a more positive relationship in instances of “genuine” good faith, which serves as a substitute for an explicit clause, compared with “guarded” good faith, which supplements an explicit clause. Our analysis of 1225 strategic alliance contracts from the biopharmaceutical industry supports our arguments.

Managerial Summary

Managers negotiating strategic alliances often face a dilemma: they negotiate detailed contracts to reduce legal risk but limit flexibility or opt for less codification, saving time and retaining flexibility but increasing legal risk. Good faith provisions offer a potential solution because they are flexible yet legally enforceable, but they require a shared interpretation of the relevant contingency, raising questions about when managers find this approach reasonable. We analyzed 1225 biopharmaceutical alliance contracts and found that such provisions are more common when alliance partners have similar cognitive frames, as evidenced by similar “About Us” web pages. This effect is stronger under conditions of greater technological uncertainty but weakens with more alliance experience. Our study elucidates the use of good faith provisions to aid managers in navigating alliance negotiations efficiently.
Ultra‐Stretchable Composite Organohydrogels Polymerized Based on MXene@Tannic Acid‐Ag Autocatalytic System for Highly Sensitive Wearable Sensors
Authors: Zou Yuxin , Liu Guoqiang , Wang Hanxin , Du Kang , Guo Jinglun , Shang Zhenling , Guo Ruisheng , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: August 2024

Conductive hydrogels have attracted widespread attention in the fields of biomedicine and health monitoring. However, their practical application is severely hindered by the lengthy and energy‐intensive polymerization process and weak mechanical properties. Here, a rapid polymerization method of polyacrylic acid/gelatin double‐network organohydrogel is designed by integrating tannic acid (TA) and Ag nanoparticles on conductive MXene nanosheets as catalyst in a binary solvent of water and glycerol, requiring no external energy input. The synergistic effect of TA and Ag NPs maintains the dynamic redox activity of phenol and quinone within the system, enhancing the efficiency of ammonium persulfate to generate radicals, leading to polymerization within 10 min. Also, ternary composite MXene@TA‐Ag can act as conductive agents, enhanced fillers, adhesion promoters, and antibacterial agents of organohydrogels, granting them excellent multi‐functionality. The organohydrogels exhibit excellent stretchability (1740%) and high tensile strength (184 kPa). The strain sensors based on the organohydrogels exhibit ultrahigh sensitivity (GF = 3.86), low detection limit (0.1%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles, >7 days). These sensors can monitor the human limb movements, respiratory and vocal cord vibration, as well as various levels of arteries. Therefore, this organohydrogel holds potential for applications in fields such as human health monitoring and speech recognition.
Curved Structure Regulated Single Metal Sites for Advanced Electrocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Liu Yang , Wu Zefei , Gu Chen , Chen Jianmei , Zhu Yanwei , Wang Longlu
Published: August 2024

Curved surface with defined local electronic structures and regulated surface microenvironments is significant for advanced catalytic engineering. Since single‐atom catalysts are highly efficient and active, they have attracted much attention in recent years. The curvature carrier has a significant effect on the electronic structure regulation of single‐atom sites, which effectively promote the catalytic efficiency. Here, the effect of the curvature structure with exposed metal atoms for catalysis is comprehensively summarized. First, the substrates with curvature features are reviewed. Second, the applications of single‐atom catalysts containing curvature in a variety of different electrocatalytic reactions are discussed in depth. The impact of curvature effects in catalytic reactions is further analyzed. Finally, prospects and suggestions for their application and future development are presented. This review paves the way for the construction of high curvature‐containing surface carriers, which is of great significance for single‐atom catalysts development.
Mussel‐Inspired Polymer Binders for Organic Electrodes
Authors: Battaglia Alicia M. , Grignon Eloi , Liu Jiang Tian , Seferos Dwight S.
Published: August 2024

The development of polymer binders is necessary to meet the growing demands of modern energy storage technologies. While catechol‐containing materials are proven successful in silicon anodes, their application in organic batteries remains unexplored. In this contribution, the synthesis of four polymers are described with nearly identical side chain composition but varying backbone structures. The materials are used to investigate the effect of polymer backbone structure on the binding abilities of catechol‐containing materials. Comparative analysis with the commonly used polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder aims to address two critical questions: 1) Can catechol‐rich polymers replace PVDF for use in organic cathodes? and 2) Does the choice of polymer backbone affect the performance of the battery?. The investigation reveals that supramolecular interactions, such as π–π stacking and coordination bonding, are pivotal features of catechol binders. Among the catechol‐rich polymers, the polyacrylate binder stands out, likely attributed to its high flexibility. Additionally, introducing an oxygen atom into a catechol‐rich polynorbornene enhances lithium‐ion conductivity and rate performance. Overall, the findings highlight the viability of catechol‐containing polymers as organic cathode binders, and that the choice of polymer backbone is a crucial factor for their use as lithium‐ion battery binder materials.