bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod Nonresponsive Siberian Hamsters: Effect of Age on the Probability of Nonresponsiveness
Authors: Freeman David A. , Goldman Bruce D.
Published: March 2007

Groups from three different breeding lines of Siberian hamsters (UNS = general colony animals, PNRa = selected for photoperiod nonresponsiveness as adults, PNRj = selected for photoperiod nonresponsiveness as juveniles) were exposed to short days at weaning and again as adults (Experiment 1) or only as adults (Experiment 2). The proportion of photoperiod nonresponsive individuals in each line was determined by measuring testis length after 6 weeks of exposure to short days (juveniles) or by paired testis weights after 12 weeks in short photoperiod (adults). Adults were blood sampled on the day of sacrifice (Experiment 1) or on Weeks 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,10, and 12 (Experiment 2) for determination of serum prolactin (PRL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations. Nonresponsive individuals were present in all three lines of hamsters. Furthermore, all three lines of hamsters showed an increase in the proportion of nonresponders with age; some individuals are responsive to short days as juveniles, but become nonresponsive in adulthood. The two PNR lines exhibited a greater proportion of nonresponders at both ages compared to the UNS line, with the PNRj line exhibiting the greatest proportion of nonresponders at each age. During exposure to short days, nonresponders exhibited significantly higher serum PRL and FSH concentrations than did the UNS line; nonresponders also exhibited larger testis size, and fewer animals molted to winter-type pelage. The results indicate that (a) in all three lines, a significantly higher proportion of animals are nonresponsive to short photoperiod as adults than as juveniles; (b) selection for nonresponsiveness as juveniles can produce a line of hamsters that, as adults, are nearly all nonresponsive to short days; and (c) some individuals from each line are responsive to short photoperiod early in life, but become nonresponsive as adults.
Quantitative Analysis of Drosophila period Gene Transcription in Living Animals
Authors: Plautz Jeffrey D. , Straume Martin , Stanewsky Ralf , Jamison Creston F. , Brandes Christian , Dowse Harold B. , Hall Jeffrey C. , Kay Steve A.
Published: March 2007

To determine the in vivo regulatory pattern of the clock gene period ( per), the authors recently developed transgenic Drosophila carrying a luciferase cDNA fused to the promoter region of per. They have now carried out noninvasive, high time-resolution experiments allowing high-throughput monitoring of circadian bioluminescence rhythms in individual living adults for several days. This immediately solved several problems (resulting directly from individual asyn chrony within a population) that have accompanied previous biochemical ex periments in which groups of animals were sacrificed at each time point. Furthermore, the authors have developed numerical analysis methods for auto matically determining rhythmicity associated with bioluminescence records from single flies. This has revealed some features of per gene transcription that were previously unappreciated and provides a general strategy for the analysis of rhythmic time series in the study of molecular rhythms.
Hollow Fiber Hemodialyzers for Partial Respiratory Support
Authors: Kostopoulos CH , Rasidakis A. , Moulopoulos SP
Published: March 2007

Acute respiratory failure is still characterized by a high mortal ity rate, in spite of the development of ingenious treatment modalities involv ing mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal respiratory support. The coex istence of renal failure further complicates the outlook for respiratory failure patients.

In this paper the development of the blood oxygenator and current aspects of its application are described. The concept of applying dialysis membranes for partial respiratory support is presented. An experimental animal model which was performed with A-V cannulation using dialysis membranes for partial respiratory support and simultaneous dialysis is analyzed. It is concluded that dialysis membranes are efficient for blood gas exchange and that their use in the management of the above-mentioned types of critically ill patients is promising.
Responsive Planning of Social Development Programs in the Third World
Authors: Howe Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Effective planning and implementation of programs and projects has been a consistent problem in third world countries, and never more so than in programs concerned with social development or poverty. Problems stemfrom the administrative structures and styles of implementing bureaucracies that make programs inaccessible to the poor or unresponsive to their needs. Three mechanisms for making program planning and implementation more responsive are social analysis, citizen participation, and decentralization. After analyzing the administrative context in which planning and implementation of programs takes place, this article surveys the large and scattered literature on the arguments for and against these three approaches to reform.
America's Disorganized Organicists
Authors: Hill David R.
Published: March 2007

Images of good organic urban and regional physical form vary from extreme decentralization to mile-high megastructures-and almost everything in between. The problem with this disparity is that organic spatial theory appears so flexible as to be meaningless. This in turn undermines its authority as a basis for setting reliable planning standards and its usefulness as a basis for practical action. This article describes the major concepts of organic philosophy and organic planning theory. It then investigates, compares, and contrasts eleven American theorists in order to find the causes of the wide variety. It concludes with a summary interpretation of these causes and introduces options for changing the situation.
Linking City Planning and Public Health in the United States
Authors: Greenberg Michael , Popper Frank , West Bernadette , Krueckeberg Donald
Published: March 2007

The professional fields of planning and public health both arosefrom the Progressive movement of the early twentieth century. The fields share many common concerns, including air and water pollution, disposal of hazardous waste, the sick building syndrome, and the aging of building stock. Yet despite their common historical origins and mutual concerns, a comparison of articles and book reviews published between 1978 and 1990 in theflagship publications of the two professions-the Journal of the American Planning Association and the American Journal of Public Health-suggests only minor overlaps between the twofields today. Similarly, a review of the linkages between planning departments and schools of public health at eleven U.S. universities that have accredited graduate programs in both fields suggests only limited interactions. It is important that the links be strengthened between planning and public health through a common literature, professional interaction, and increased cross-disciplinary education.
Gender Issues in Academia: A Second Look at B SW Directors
Authors: Harper Karen V.
Published: March 2007

Women administrators in undergraduate social work education are making gains in representation and salary equity that are atypical of much of academia. In this article, which reports on a 1988 reassessment of academic administrators, reversals in the gaps in salaries are identified for female and male assistant and associate professors. Women in this study continued to be poorly represented at the rank of full professor. Although two points in time are not sufficient to predict trends in equity, particularly when gender and salary are affected by social and economic factors, the study found that rank, tenure, and institutional size are important factors in gender-related disparities.
Women's Content in Social Work Curricula: Separate but Equal?
Authors: Vinton Linda
Published: March 2007

There has been an ongoing debate on whether content on women's issues should be taught in a separate course or integrated throughout the social work curriculum. This study of the knowledge and attitudes of 70 undergraduate social work majors found that all the students had similar attitudes toward women's rights and feminism, but those who had taken a separate course had greater knowledge of female biological processes and the social and historical forces that have affected women.
Women and Drug Policy: Implications of Normalization
Authors: Ferguson Sandra K. , Kaplan Mark S.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses some of the adverse effects that the U. S. punitive drug policy has on women in the form of gender-biased or inaccessible treatment programs, the prosecution of pregnant drug users, and the rising population of female prisoners. It contrasts the U.S. policy with the Dutch normalization policy, showing that normalization is a more humane and pragmatic alternative to this country's punitive and moralistic approach.
Risk for Criminal Recidivism Among Young Sex Offenders
Authors: LÅNGSTRÖM NIKLAS , GRANN MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Several authors have emphasized the need for empirically derived instruments for reoffending risk assessment among young sex offenders (YSOs). The authors screened the literature on sex offenders for clinically or empirically motivated variables related to criminal recidivism, identifying 22 putative risk factors. All Swedish YSOs (aged 15-20) subjected to court-ordered forensic psychiatric investigations from 1988 through 1995 and available for follow-up (n = 46) were included (mean time at risk = 5 years). Base rates for sexual and general recidivism were 20% and 65%, respectively. Previous criminality, early onset conduct disorder, psychopathy, and use of death threats and weapons at index sex crime proved predictive of general but not sexual recidivism. Factors indicative of sexual deviance (early onset sexually abusive behavior, male victim choice, more than one victim) and poor social skills were associated with elevated risk for sexual reoffending. However, replication in independent samples is needed to corroborate these preliminary findings.
Attributions of Self-Blame and Perceived Control as Moderators of Adjustment in Battered Women
Authors: O'NEILL MELANIE L. , KERIG PATRICIA K.
Published: March 2007

The present study explored the relationship among attributions of self-blame, perceived control, and psychological adjustment in battered women. A total of 160 women who experienced physical violence in an intimate relationship completed ratings of characterological self-blame, behavioral self-blame, perceived control, and adjustment. Women currently involved with violent partners reported the highest rates of characterological and behavioral self-blame and the lowest level of perceived control. Both dimensions of self-blame were positively correlated with symptoms. Perceived control was associated with lower symptoms. Characterological self-blame, behavioral self-blame, and perceived control moderated the relationship between violence and adjustment. The implications for understanding the process by which self-blame and perceived control moderate psychological adjustment are discussed.
Predictors of Relationship Abuse Among Young Men
Authors: REITZEL-JAFFE DEBORAH , WOLFE DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

The authors tested a social learning model of men's (N = 585) relationship abuse among a sample of first- and second-year university students. As predicted, structural equation model (SEM) analyses confirmed that violence in the family of origin was associated with men's negative beliefs about gender roles and acceptance of interpersonal violence. These beliefs in turn were associated with reports of friends who also had negative beliefs about gender roles and were abusive in their relationships with peers. Having abusive friends was associated with the participants' own levels of violence in their relationships. Family-of-origin violence was also found to have a direct effect on the levels of violence in participants' own relationships with women. Participants' negative beliefs regarding gender and interpersonal violence were found to have a direct effect on their use of violence in their relationships. This model accounted for 79% of the variance in men's relationship abuse.
Violence and Commitment
Authors: HANLEY M. JOAN , O'NEILL PATRICK
Published: March 2007

Dating couples were given the Conflict Tactics Scale and measures of emotional commitment. Members of a couple were tested at the same time with no opportunity to compare responses during the session. For violence and verbal aggression, participants reported on acts inflicted and received. For commitment, they indicated their own level of commitment and rated the commitment of their partners. This permitted an examination of three sorts of similarity: between the partners, between self-rating and one's perception of the partner, and between rating of the partner and the partner's self-report. One third of couples had at least one member who reported violence, but prevalence dropped to less than 20% when both members' responses were taken into account. There was little agreement about who did what to whom. Violent couples reported greater commitment to the relationship but were also more likely to disagree with one another's level of emotional commitment.
Characteristics of Violence in State Government
Authors: LORD VIVIAN B.
Published: March 2007

This study examines workplace victimization of state government employees. The scope of the violence, demographic and job-related characteristics of victims, levels of violence, and the relationships between victims and perpetrators are explored. Findings indicate that violence is widespread, although it is primarily verbal in nature. Significant relationships are found between the victim's job classification and violence, as well as the association between the victim and perpetrator and the level of violence. Results support studies citing managerial and public safety job categories as high risk for violence but do not find significant workplace violence among domestic partners.
Gender and Power Issues of Peer Sexual Harassment Among Teenagers
Authors: FINERAN SUSAN , BENNETT LARRY
Published: March 2007

This article describes the roles of gender, power, and relationship in peer sexual harassment for 342 urban high school students. Overall, 87% of girls and 79% of boys report experiencing peer sexual harassment, whereas 77% of girls and 72% of boys report sexually harassing their peers during the school year. Girls experience the more overtly sexual forms of harassment more often than boys and boys perpetrate sexual harassing behaviors more often than girls. Hypotheses of a relationship between power, gender, and the perpetration of peer sexual harassment are supported.
Adolescent Physical Abuse and Risk for Suicidal Behaviors
Authors: KAPLAN SANDRA J. , PELCOVITZ DAVID , SALZINGER SUZANNE , MANDEL FRANCINE , WEINER MERRILL , LABRUNA VICTOR
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed the contribution of physical abuse to increased risk for suicidal behaviors in physically abused adolescents compared with nonabused adolescents. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors were assessed using the Suicide Probability Scale. Physically abused adolescents had higher mean scores on the Hopelessness, Negative Self-Evaluation, Hostility, and Suicide Ideation subscales. Significant predictors of subscale and overall scores included parent and adolescent psychopathology, poor academic performance, and decreased family cohesiveness. Physical abuse was a significant predictor of negative self-evaluation scores. It was concluded that physically abused adolescents experienced a combination of risk factors related to increased suicidal thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Furthermore, a model proposing an indirect relationship between physical abuse and suicide risk was described.
The Fair Labor Standards Act Today: A Primer
Authors: Freedman Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2007

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) requires employers to pay a minimum wage and overtime pay to their employees. Certain executive, administrative and professional employees are exempt from these requirements if their duties satisfy specific criteria and if they receive a weekly salary in excess of specified rate. Many issues exist in determining whether employers are in compliance with FLSA, depending, for example, on how employers treat deductions from salary, travel time, meal and rest periods and training time. Lawsuits for alleged violations of FLSA can be brought by either the U.S. Department of Labor or private parties. Every compensation manager should review pay plans and administration to ensure FLSA compliance. This article provides a primer for FLSA compliance that can be used to review pay plans or to train new members of the compensation team.
Research Study
Authors: Le Blanc Peter V. , Mulvey Paul W.
Published: March 2007

American employees don't expect cradle to grave jobs anymore, but they do expect to be rewarded fairly during their tenure. Although almost half (49%) of U.S. workers are satisfied with their current base pay and most remain loyal to their employers, U.S. workers in the main are deeply frustrated with how their performance is evaluated and rewarded. This is one of the key findings of Sibson & Company's recent survey on the "Rewards of Work." U.S. workers responding to the survey expressed a marked preference for rewards that focus on the individual rather than team or unit performance. In other words, people want to be rewarded for what they personally have contributed. Moreover, employees also are overwhelmingly dissatisfied with how promotions and raises are determined in their organizations. But the silver lining for employers is that fixing problems with how employees are rewarded is far less expensive than fixing the actual amount of rewards employees receive.
Is Special Treatment Needed For Elderly Offenders?
Authors: Cavan Ruth Shonle
Published: March 2007

The recent interest in elderly offenders has spawned issues concerning their treatment. Elderly criminals, who contribute only about 4 percent of the total arrest in the United States, have heretofore been subject to the legal procedures applied to all adult offenders, perhaps tempered locally and informally by a certain amount of leniency on the part of police or judges. With the new focus on elderly offenders, has the time come for a general policy on treatment of these offenders, different from that meted out to adult offenders of all ages?
Unintended Victims Of Organized Crime Witness Protection
Authors: Montanino Fred
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses unintended victimization which has resulted from the United States government's policy of protecting organized crime witnesses. Forms that unintended victimization take are described in the context of various court cases against the United States of America in which the victims (complainants) identify themselves and state their grievances. These cases demonstrate that criminal justice policy makers should be concerned about the negative consequences of their policy, and especially that their policy does not abrogate the constitutional rights of citizens and hence victimize them. More generally, this study of the government's decision to protect organized crime witnesses demonstrates that criminal justice policy is in a constant state of flux and that policy makers must be confronted with negative consequences of their policy before they react. This study also demonstrates that there are unforeseen and often unintended consequences of criminal justice policy, that we still operate much on a trial and error basis, and that reasonableness is the measuring rod of sound criminal justice policy.
Assessing Indicators Of Crime Among International Crime Data Series
Authors: Huang W.S. Wilson , Wellford Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Definitions of indicators of crime reported by five international data series are first compared to test hypothesized relationships for pairs of series. Subsequently, data from each series in 1970 and 1980 are analyzed to assess the degree and level of correspondence between series, taking into account the similarities and differences of crime definition. The results of a regression analysis suggest that data on murder and robbery constitute a reliable base for cross-national consistency of reports on the categories of assault, sex offenses and theft. The results suggest that if cross-national indicators of crime are narrowly defined consistent with national crime codes, data can be reliably reported by most countries.
Doing Time: Everybody's Doing It
Authors: Zaitzow Barbara H.
Published: March 2007

Whenever people interact with one another over an extended period of time, they develop a social structure with divisions and strata, informal rules and meanings, and a variety of enterprises (Irwin, 1980). The spe cific social patterns that develop in a prison result from the interactions between the prison's environmental characteristics and those characteriz ing the inmate as well as correctional staff population. The culture of the prison has not been studied much in the past forty years. Not since the time of Clemmer in the 1930's, and Sykes in the 1950's, and several small studies in the 60's and 70's have there been many in-depth studies on what prison life is like, meaning the culture, daily life, and other aspects of prison life. The purpose of the present study was to generate new knowl edge about daily life and the unique cultures that comprise the prison experience as gleaned from the insights of inmates and correctional offi cers at an all-male, medium-security facility in the Southeast. The data for this study of prison culture was obtained from voluntary participants (n = 22; 28 percent of the total population of inmates; n = 16; 36 percent of the total correctional staff population) who completed the three-part question naire. Part one of the survey consisted of questions assessing the socio- demographic characteristics for each group. Part two and three of the inmate survey asked a variety of crime-related and prison-specific ques tions while the correctional officer survey was modified to assess a vari ety of occupation-related and prison-specific issues and topics. Briefly, our contention that both groups - inmates and officers - experience some form of prisonization was borne out in the final analysis. Individuals with in these groups live with role-specific restrictions. They live and work together around the clock within a circumscribed space and under a tight ly scheduled sequence of activities. As in other restrictive environments, prisons subject inmates and correctional officers to deprivations and limit their freedom. The social worlds of both inmates and correctional officers are the focus of the analysis and discussion.
The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory: Greece After Liberation
Authors: Mazower Mark
Published: March 2007

... He was struck by the war not as a historical, geopolitical fact but as a multiplicity, a near-infinity of private sorrows, as a boundless grief minutely subdivided without diminishment among individuals who covered the continent like dust, like spores whose separate identities would remain unknown... .For the first time he sensed the scale of the catastrophe in terms of feeling: all those unique and solitary deaths, all that consequent sorrow, unique and solitary too, which had no place in conferences, headlines, history, and which had quietly retired to houses, kitchens, unshared beds, and anguished memories... .What possible good could come of a Europe covered in this dust, these spores, when forgetting would be inhuman and dangerous, and remembering a constant torture?

Ian McEwan, Black Dogs
The Effect of a Woman's Significant Other on her Breasifeeding Decision
Authors: Kessler Lisa A. , Gielen Andrea Carlson , Diener-West Marie , Paige David M.
Published: March 2007

The infant feeding preferences of significant others have been shown to influence a pregnant woman's breastfeeding decision. Many researchers and policy makers are calling for the inclusion of a woman's significant other in the counseling and education of pregnant women regarding breastfeeding. This study reports on the impact of the significant other's infant feeding preferences and beliefs on a woman's intention to breastfeed, her initiation and successful initiation (longer than seven days) of breastfeeding. "Significant other" was defined as the person whom the pregnant woman reported as the one whose opinion "mattered the most to her" regarding feeding her infant. A randomly selected sub-sample of 133 women and their significant others was chosen from a larger infant feeding study. This sub-sample was heterogeneous with respect to age, education, and marital status. The women were interviewed during their third trimester of pregnancy and again at 7-10 days postpartum. Their significant others (71 percent baby's father and 29 percent baby's maternal grandmother), were interviewed during the woman's third trimester of pregnancy. Results indicate that a woman's intention to breastfeed is strongly and positively affected by the significant other's infant feeding preferences, initiation of breastfeeding is mediated through intention to breastfeed, and successful initiation of breastfeeding is also mediated through intention and is uniquely dependent on the pregnant woman's self-efficacy.
Breastfeeding Difficulties as a Result of Tight Lingual and Labial Frena: A Case Report
Authors: Wiessinger Diane , Miller Marguerite
Published: March 2007

A breastfed baby with impending failure to thrive resisted assuming a wide-mouthed, flanged-lip position at breast. A lingual frenotomy was only partly successful in correcting his breastfeeding problems. Following a labial frenectomy, the baby was better able to flange his upper lip against the breast. He then began breastfeeding with full efficiency.
Breasifeeding and the Sexual Abuse Survivor
Authors: Kendall-Tackett Kathleen
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the possible effects of child sexual abuse on a mother's breastfeeding experience are described. The long-term effects of sexual abuse are divided into seven domains that may impact breastfeeding behavior: posttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive distortions, emotional distress, impaired sense of self, avoidance, interpersonal difficulties, and health problems. In each section, the potential impact of past sexual abuse on current breastfeeding behavior and the mother-infant relationship is described. Finally, specific suggestions and strategies for lactation consultants are offered.
Content of Lipid Nutrients in the Milk of Fulani Women
Authors: Schmeits Barbara L. , Okolo Seline N. , VanderJagt Dorothy J. , Huang Yung-Sheng , Chuang Lu-Te , Mata Jennifer R. , Tsin Andrew A. T. C. , Glew Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the nutrition of the infants of the Fulani, migratory nomads of the western Sahel of Africa. Milk was collected from 18 Fulani women 10 to 30 days postpartum and the fatty acid compositions of the triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. De novo fatty acids (10:0-14:0) comprised 36.3 12.7% of fatty acids of the triacylglycerols. Compared to the milk of various populations worldwide, the milk of the Fulani women contained adequate proportions of oxlinolenic acid (0.50 ± 0.16%) and arachidonic acid (0.42 ± 0.22%), but relatively low amounts of linoleic acid (9.95 ± 2.13%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.15± 0.08%). In addition, the milk of the Fulani women contained adequate concentrations of P-carotene (1.58 ± 0.69 Rtgfdl) and vitamin A (42.7 ± 40.3,ug/dl), but very low levels of vitamin E (0.1 1 ± 0.10 mg/dl). These data indicate that exclusively breastfed infants of Fulani women were receiving relatively low amounts of critical fatty acids and vitamin E.
ETHNOGRAPHY AND AIDS
Authors: KOTARBA JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2007

Ethnography has become an important research method in social scientific efforts to understand AIDS. The relationship between ethnography and AIDS has had numerous consequences on the conduct of ethnographic work: (a) the influx of large-scale government funding; (b) the bureaucratization of the ethnographic team; (c) the need for sophisticated, computerized data management systems; (d) the use of ethnography as a mechanism for empowerment; (e) the movement from viewing the research collaborator as “subject” to “client”; (f) the reduction in the stigma traditionally attached to research on homosexual phenomena; (g) increased cooperation between qualitative and quantitative researchers; and (h) the opportunity to conduct a wide range of innovative ethnographic studies. Although the relationship between ethnography and AIDS can inform current academic debates on the ethnographic enterprise, the ultimate value of our research lies in our ability to elegantly describe the everyday lives of people who are coping with or simply trying to make sense of AIDS.
TRIAL JUDGES IN A RURAL COURT COMMUNITY
Authors: ULMER JEFFERY T.
Published: March 2007

Criminal case processing and sentencing are affected not only by legal factors and defendant characteristics but also by courts' organizational and political contexts. This article examines the influence of these latter factors in the context of a rural trial court. The analysis traces the lines of influence between the state's legal context, the county's political context, the judges' relations with other court community sponsoring agencies, their interaction strategies within courtroom workgroups, and the consequences for defendants' sentences. The article concludes by outlining an agenda for further comparative research and by discussing the potential contributions of such research to the courts/sentencing literature and to interactionist-oriented theories of social organization.
THE OLD-TIMERS' TALE
Authors: KASINITZ PHILIP , HILLYARD DAVID
Published: March 2007

In American cities nostalgic invocations of the past are frequently used to express dissatisfaction with the present. Ethnographers often report these invocations at face value and tend to pay little attention to the context in which they are constructed and the purposes to which they are put. This article analyzes the meanings of the nostalgic narratives of the remnant working-class White population of what is now a predominantly Black and Puerto Rican area. These tales tell of a community once characterized by communal solidarity and economic self-sufficiency and how it has been destroyed by “outsiders.” This view allows working-class Whites to establish the value of a stigmatized neighborhood and helps them claim that they, not the neighborhood's non-White majority, are the “authentic” voice of the community. In this respect the tales are a form of symbolic capital that can be deployed in local political conflicts.
THE DELIVERY AND RECEIPT OF SAFER SEX ADVICE IN PRETEST COUNSELING SESSIONS FOR HIV AND AIDS
Authors: KINNELL ANN MARIE K. , MAYNARD DOUGLAS W.
Published: March 2007

Advice can be highly problematic interactionally, especially in pretest counseling sessions for HIV and AIDS where the advice concerns the already highly charged topic of sexual behavior. However, there is surprisingly little research examining the delivery and receipt of advice. Using detailed transcripts obtained during twenty-five pretest counseling sessions in a clinic that tests for HIV, this study examines the various ways that counselors deliver advice to clients and the ways that clients respond to that advice. Analysis concerns structures of advice giving that are collaboratively produced to maintain an ambiguity between the giving of advice and the giving of information. Implications of these findings both for counseling and for ethnography and conversation analysis are discussed.
THE MORAL CONSTRUCTION OF STUDENT RIGHTS
Authors: LEVINSON BRADLEY A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the different forms of students' moral discourse at a Mexican secondary school, paying special attention to their judgments about teachers' arbitrary use of authority, pedagogical formality, and favoritism. The article then analyzes the historical and cultural roots of this discourse. Taking issue with situationist and organizational explanations of pupil resistance, the author argues that to fully understand student's moral discourse at this school, one must examine the historical changes in local social relations and recently emergent cultural conceptions of “rights” that inform this discourse.
GLOBALIZATION, CAPITAL FLIGHT, AND THE SHOP FLOOR
Authors: WELBORN GARY
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic study illuminates the consciousness of workers at a medium-size production plant by placing it in social-historical context. The strike was a critical turning point in the plant, as qualitative change took place in the social relations of production from the early 1970s through the 1990s. Throughout the strike, workers' definitions of the situation were based on assumptions consistent with the relations of production that had emerged in the relative prosperity of the postwar era, the so-called new social contract. In fact, capital's commitment to those arrangements had faded. The decisions of ITT management during the period reflected the emerging conditions of globalization and restructuring and a new, more coercive era. The development of the strike, and particularly its aftermath, demonstrates the validity of this definition of the situation. The study is based on participant observation data, collected over a fourteen-year period, from 1977 to 1991.
Public Subsidies and the Role of Suburbanization in Urban Economic Development: A Reply to Timothy Bates
Authors: Cashin Sheryll D.
Published: March 2007

This article commends Professor Bates’s analysis of the Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company (MESBIC) program, acknowledging its important object lessons: that size, excellent management talent, and effective cost and risk containment are critical to MESBIC success. I challenge, however, Professor Bates’s implicit indictment of the Clinton administration’s signature community development initiatives. The article argues that such community development investments are justified and should be understood as a small but important component of an overall strategy to connect economically marginal communities and the citizens who live there to the regional economy. More important, this article argues that the next wave of community development strategies sponsored by federal and state government ought to squarely address issues of regional inequity, avoiding subsidization of rapid suburbanization in a manner that exacerbates interjurisdictional disparities of tax-base wealth and of citizen opportunity.
Theoretical Contributions to the Understanding of U.S. Nonmetropolitan Economic Change
Authors: Kale Steven R.
Published: March 2007

The economic and population turnaround in nonmetropolitan America during the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a reversal of this turnaround in the early 1980s, has been the focus of considerable research by economists, geographers, planners, sociologists, and others. Theories and models for understanding regional economic change and the location of economic activity seldom focus on nonmetropolitan areas. This essay reviews some of these theories and models, discusses how they have been used to help analyze and predict nonmetropolitan economic change, and interprets their relevance to understanding U.S. nonmetropolitan growth and decline.
Michigan, Mazda, and the Factory of the Future: Evaluating Economic Development Incentives
Authors: Bachelor Lynn W.
Published: March 2007

Before formulating incentives to attract a Mazda assembly plant, Michigan officials evaluated the project's impact on state employment and revenues, and on transformation of the state's economic base. This article examines the considerations which guided their deliberations, in relation to Eisinger's typology of supply-side and demand-side policies; although the inclusion of some incentives is supported by quantitative analysis of costs and benefits, other components seem to have been included despite the results of such analysis, and to be justified more by their relationship to political priorities or substantive development objectives. "Old-style politics" limited the choices available to policymakers and their ability to rely solely on rational analysis. Examination of the project's initial impacts reveals that the validity of quantitative measures is limited by incomplete data and differences between state- and local-level impacts. Future economic development policies, it concludes, should be guided by criteria based on review of both qualitative and quantitative impacts of past policies.
The Politics of Economic Development Policy
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. , Elkins David R.
Published: March 2007

Based on data from a national sample survey of cities, this article shows that there is considerable variation in the extent to which mechanisms for citizen involvement are in place for economic development decision making. More important, the analysis shows that, for cities that are suffering from property tax stress, there are interesting and significant implications of citizen involvement in the economic development process. Where tax stress is high, higher levels of citizen involvement are associated with greater use of development tools such as loan guarantees that minimize apparent tax costs, as well as development activities that provide credit-claiming opportunities for politicians. However, greater citizen involvement diminishes the likelihood that the city will use tax abatement.
An Economic Performance Index for U.S. Cities
Authors: Coomes Paul A. , Olson Dennis O.
Published: March 2007

Economists and city leaders have long confronted a tradeoff between timeliness and accuracy when searching for a measure of the economic performance of cities. Personal income is a good measure of economic growth, but these estimates for metropolitan statistical areas are only available with a 2-year lag. Job data are timely, but do not distinguish between high- and low-paying jobs. An alternative method of measuring economic growth is to construct an earnings-weighted job index, which weights the number of jobs created each quarter by wages paid in various industries within the metropolitan area. Changes in this economic performance index coincide closely with changes in metropolitan area personal income, and the data are available with only about a 3-month lag. To illustrate, an economic performance index for 75 metropolitan areas in the United States is presented and used to gauge economic growth over the period 1988-1990.
Labor and an Emerging Supranational Corporate Agenda
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

The recent works of Lester Thurow and Robert Reich offer differing perspectives on how globalization of the economy effects the decline of employment in our large cities. This essay examines these perspectives. Both authors associate deindustrialization with increased global competition. Thurow emphasizes competition among blocs of nations. To Reich the competition is among workers, based on their ability to do the kind of work that is valued in a global, integrated economy. This essay argues that neither position presents an adequate picture of the direction in which the global economy is moving, and as a result, the remedies proposed by the two authors are likewise limited. What is missing is an understanding of the historical process that has been facilitating the mobility of capital and natural resources. The view of the author is more consistent with the Moody and McGinn book. This view is that supranational corporations have a policy agenda, facilitated by global institutions, that aims to cheapen production costs to meet a global economic crisis.
Business Strategy and Cross-Industry Clusters
Authors: Doeringer Peter B. , Terkla David G.
Published: March 2007

Although industry clusters are becoming the focus of state economic development policies, most states continue to define clusters in ad hoc ways, often focusing only on clusters of firms in single industries. Such policies run the risk of wasting development resources by neglecting important linkages among firms that cut across industries. Exploiting the dynamic nature of the competitive advantages associated with the clustering process requires an understanding of strategic business decisions made at the firm level. This article draws on previous field research to identify several external economies that contribute to the clustering of firms across industries-collaboration economies, transfers of knowledge, local specialized labor pools, and relationships with nonbusiness institutions. The article concludes by suggesting specific development policies that can identify and use these external economies to attract industry clusters.
Response: What Works Best? Reflections on the Role of Theory in Planning
Authors: Knudsen Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

In this commentary, the author considers how theory helps one understand the development process and how it helps situate the role of planning as an agent of change in society. The problem is not that there is no theory of economic development but that there is too much and that there is little unity to this theory. Theory is also by construction about "what is, "whereas planning is about "what should be. "Planning is socially constituted and is, therefore, contingent on ideology, history, and politics. Similarly, planning initiatives reverberate through a region's historic, geographic, economic, social, and political fabric. It is the artificial separation of theory and planning that is at the heart of both "the problem with planning" and the "problem with theory."
A Question of Evaluation: NBIA's Impact Assessment of Business Incubators
Authors: Bearse Peter
Published: March 2007

The latest report on the impact of business incubators distributed by the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) suffers from severe shortcomings that undermine claims being made for it. Claims of methodological improvements are spurious, as are those for "added value" of the study results over previous incubator impact studies. It is likely that these claims, however, will be used by NBIA and other promoters of business incubator projects to appeal to sources offending at all levels to support both capital and operating costs of such projects. Even though the latest study focused on a rather select subset of the incubator universe, 40 of the 50 incubators analyzed still have not been able to break even. NBIA still has a way to go before it can provide, or help others to produce, valid performance evaluations, performance benchmarking results, and management information that can help incubators attain financial self-sustainability as well as other performance benchmarks.
Zone is Where the Heart is? Lessons from Detroit Employers
Authors: Meiklejohn Susan Turner
Published: March 2007

The author asked case-matched Black and White Detroit employers about their location and how they think customers and other outsiders view the city of Detroit. Nearly all of the city-based employers indicated that land and operating costs in the city of Detroit were lower than in the surrounding suburbs—even without incentives. Both Black and White employers also stated that Detroit was perceived as unsafe and forbidding by customers and outsiders. However, only Black employers felt that the lower costs associated with a Detroit location, sometimes coupled with their community goals, outweighed the perceived costs of this city's negative image. The author discusses the policy implications of these findings in the context of "place"-based incentives, such as enterprise zones and related economic development programs.
Cluster-Based Development Strategies: Lessons from the Plastics Industry in North Central Massachusetts
Authors: Murray Edward P.
Published: March 2007

Much written attention has been given to the rise of technologically dynamic industrial regions. These regions are characterized by the spatial clustering of small firms into flexible production networks that have the ability to quickly respond to changing global markets. Case studies generally have been limited to high-tech manufacturing clusters, even though mature industrial regions have demonstrated similar traits. A case study of the plastics industry in north central Massachusetts gained a formative perspective on a mature industrial cluster and an appreciable understanding of the correlation between the industry’s spatial concentration and organization of production. The case study findings have clear implications for regional economic development. Planning for industrial development will need to rely more on “grounded” contextual analysis, give greater focus to local capacity building, and devise more formalized networks of institutional support.
The Case Against Targeted Industry Strategies
Authors: Buss Terry F.
Published: March 2007

Targeted industry studies and strategies have been widely used in economic development practice since the 1970s, and their use continues to grow. In spite of their longevity, targeting as a method never has been formally or rigorously evaluated. This article looks at dozens of studies and strategies and concludes that targeting is based on poor data, unsound social science methods, and faulty economic reasoning and is largely a political activity. Targeting studies could be improved somewhat by making their methods more transparent, encouraging use of competing studies, and building in a required evaluation component.
The Case Against Targeting Might Have Been More...Targeted
Authors: Finkle Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews Terry Buss’s analysis of economic development targeting. Targeting is an effort by economic developers to focus investment on industries, facilities, and companies based on the assumption that the chosen targets are likely to yield the greatest return in public benefit. It covers many issues such as the quality of data used for targeting, whether targeting is antimarket, and the relationship between targeting and incentive use. The article notes that, although Buss makes some valid arguments, many of his conclusions are not well founded. It critiques many of Buss’s arguments and demonstrates why targeting remains a valid practice for economic development professionals.
COHABITATION, MARRIAGE, AND THE UNRULY CONSEQUENCES OF DIFFERENCE
Authors: ELIZABETH VIVIENNE
Published: March 2007

This article is based on interviews with a small number of cohabitants who are critical of conventional marriage. It examines some of the ways in which the distinction between heterosexual cohabitation and marriage is rendered in the New Zealand context. Culturally available distinctions, like that between cohabitation and marriage, are used in the production of resistant counterdiscourses. However, difference can be rewritten as deviance and in this form is central to the exercise of disciplinary power. Contextual shifts in the assertion of a cohabitational self and a marital self contribute to the blurring of the distinction, further exposing the dilemmas of resistance based on difference.
WOMEN'S WORK AND WORKING WOMEN
Authors: COTTER DAVID A. , HERMSEN JOAN M. , VANNEMAN REEVE
Published: March 2007

The demand for female labor is a central explanatory component of macrostructural theories of gender stratification. This study analyzes how the structural demand for female labor affects gender differences in labor force participation. The authors develop a measure of the gendered demand for labor by indexing the degree to which the occupational structure is skewed toward usually male or female occupations. Using census data from 1910 through 1990 and National Longitudinal Sample of Youth (NLSY) data from 261 contemporary U.S. labor markets, the authors show that the gender difference in labor force participation covaries across time and space with this measure of the demand for female labor.