bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social–Emotional Functioning in Preschool-Aged Children With Cancer: Comparisons Between Children With Brain and Non-CNS Solid Tumors
Authors: Willard Victoria W , Gordon Mallorie L , Means Bethany , Brennan Rachel C , Conklin Heather M , Merchant Thomas E , Vinitsky Anna , Harman Jennifer L
Published: February 2021

Objectives 

The preschool years (ages 4–6) are essential for the development of social–emotional skills, such as problem solving, emotion regulation, and conflict resolution. For children with cancer treated during this period, especially those with brain tumors, there are questions regarding the consequences of missed normative social experiences. The objective of this pilot study was to explore the social–emotional functioning of young children with brain tumors, as compared to those with non-CNS solid tumors, who have recently completed treatment.

Methods 

Children with brain (n = 23) or solid tumors (n = 20) 4–6 years of age (5.42 ± 0.73 years; 60.5% male, 65.1% white) who were 8.21 (SD = 2.42) months post-treatment completed objective measures (Challenging Situations Task, NEPSY-II) of social functioning while a caregiver completed questionnaires (e.g., BASC-3, NIH Toolbox Emotion Measures).

Results 

A large portion of the sample (brain tumor: 65.2%, solid tumor: 44.4%) fell in the clinical range on parent-report measures of peer interaction. There were no statistically significant differences between patient groups across measures, but effect sizes suggest youth with brain tumors potentially experienced more difficulties on some indices. All children were more likely to choose prosocial responses when presented with a challenging social situation where they were physically provoked (e.g., hit) versus socially provoked (e.g., left out).

Conclusions 

Preschool-aged children with cancer may experience weaknesses in social functioning shortly after treatment, with youth with brain tumors potentially demonstrating greater concerns. Emphasizing social interaction is critical to ensure young children have the opportunity to develop critical social–emotional skills.
Solovay functions and paradoxes
Authors: Hsiung Ming
Published: February 2021

We use the truth predicate to replace the proof predicate in the Solovay functions. What we obtain is the Solovay–liar functions, a mixture of the Solovay function and the liar paradox. The Solovay–liar functions are defined on frames. We provide a sufficient and necessary condition of frames for deciding whether a Solovay–liar function leads to a paradox. Besides, we prove that all possible paradoxes generated from the Solovay–liar functions are a weakening of a paradox including the liar paradox in the sense that they have lower degrees of paradoxicality than the latter. Among such paradoxes, some are so radically different from all the known paradoxes that they cannot be characterized by the definitional equivalences in the same way as the known paradoxes are usually characterized. We also study other similar functions obtained by mixing Solovay functions with other paradoxes.
How are gamma-ray burst radio afterglows populated?
Authors: Zhang K , Zhang Z B , Huang Y F , Song L M , Zheng S J , Li X J , Li D , Su F F
Published: February 2021

We systematically analyse two GRB samples with radio-loud and radio-quiet afterglows, respectively. It is interestingly found that the radio-selected GRB samples exhibit a clear dichotomy in terms of their distributions of intrinsic durations (Tint), isotropic energies in γ-rays (Eγ, iso), the circum-burst medium density (n), the spectral radio peak luminosity (Lν, p) and flux densities (Fhost) of host galaxies. On average, the values of Tint, Eγ, iso, n, Lν, p, and Fhost of radio-quiet GRBs are relatively smaller than those of radio-loud ones. However, the redshifts and host flux densities of both samples are similarly distributed. In addition, a positive power-law correlation of $L_{\nu ,p}\propto E_{\gamma ,\rm iso}^{0.41\pm 0.04}$ is found for the radio-loud sample, especially in accord with the supernova-associated GRBs, which is marginally consistent with that of the radio-quiet GRB sample. A negative correlation between Tint and z is confirmed to similarly hold for both radio-loud and radio-quiet GRBs. The dividing line between short and long GRBs in the rest frame is at Tint ≃1 s. Consequently, we propose that the radio-selected GRBs could be originated from distinct progenitors and central engines, together with environments.
A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters III: observable-mass scaling relations in f(R) gravity
Authors: Mitchell Myles A , Arnold Christian , Li Baojiu
Published: February 2021

We test two methods, including one that is newly proposed in this work, for correcting for the effects of chameleon f(R) gravity on the scaling relations between the galaxy cluster mass and four observable proxies. Using the first suite of cosmological simulations that simultaneously incorporate both full physics of galaxy formation and Hu-Sawicki f(R) gravity, we find that these rescaling methods work with a very high accuracy for the gas temperature, the Compton Y-parameter of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect and the X-ray analogue of the Y-parameter. This allows the scaling relations in f(R) gravity to be mapped to their Λ cold dark matter counterparts to within a few per cent. We confirm that a simple analytical tanh formula for the ratio between the dynamical and true masses of haloes in chameleon f(R) gravity, proposed and calibrated using dark-matter-only simulations in a previous work, works equally well for haloes identified in simulations with two very different – full-physics and non-radiative – baryonic models. The mappings of scaling relations can be computed using this tanh formula, which depends on the halo mass, redshift, and size of the background scalar field, also at a very good accuracy. Our results can be used for accurate determination of the cluster mass using SZ and X-ray observables, and will form part of a general framework for unbiased and self-consistent tests of gravity using data from present and upcoming galaxy cluster surveys. We also propose an alternative test of gravity, using the YX–temperature relation, which does not involve mass calibration.
SN 2017hpa: a carbon-rich Type Ia supernova
Authors: Dutta Anirban , Singh Avinash , Anupama G C , Sahu D K , Kumar Brajesh
Published: February 2021

We present the optical (UBVRI) and ultraviolet (Swift-Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope) photometry, and optical spectroscopy of Type Ia supernova SN 2017hpa. We study broad-band ultraviolet (UV)+optical light curves and low-resolution spectroscopy spanning from −13.8 to +108 d from the maximum light in B band. The photometric analysis indicates that SN 2017hpa is a normal Type Ia supernova with ΔmB(15) = 0.98 ± 0.16 mag and MB = −19.45 ± 0.15 mag at a distance modulus of μ = 34.08 ± 0.09 mag. The (uvw1 − uvv) colour evolution shows that SN 2017hpa falls in the near-UV (NUV)-blue group. The (B − V) colour at maximum is bluer in comparison to normal Type Ia supernovae. Spectroscopic analysis shows that the Si ii λ6355 Å absorption feature evolves rapidly with a velocity gradient, $\dot{v}=128\pm 7$ km s−1 d−1. The pre-maximum phase spectra show prominent C ii λ6580 Å absorption feature. The C ii 6580 Å line velocity measured from the observed spectra is lower than the velocity of Si ii λ6355 Å, which could be due to a line-of-sight effect. The synthetic spectral fits to the pre-maximum spectra using syn++ indicate the presence of a high-velocity component in the Si ii absorption, in addition to a photospheric component. Fitting the observed spectrum with the spectral synthesis code tardis, the mass of unburned C in the ejecta is estimated to be ∼0.019 M⊙. The peak bolometric luminosity is $L^{\rm {bol}}_{\rm {peak}} = 1.43\times 10^{43}$ erg s−1. The radiation diffusion model fit to the bolometric light curve indicates 0.61 ± 0.02 M⊙ of 56Ni is synthesized in the explosion.
On the origin of GeV spectral break for Fermi blazars: 3C 454.3
Authors: Kang Shi-Ju , Zheng Yong-Gang , Wu Qingwen , Chen Liang , Yin Yue
Published: February 2021

The GeV break in spectra of the blazar 3C 454.3 is a special observation feature that has been discovered by the Fermi-LAT. The origin of the GeV break in the spectra is still under debate. In order to explore the possible source of GeV spectral break in 3C 454.3, a one-zone homogeneous leptonic jet model and the McFit technique are utilized for fitting the quasi-simultaneous multiwaveband spectral energy distribution (SED) of 3C 454.3. The outside border of the broad-line region (BLR) and inner dust torus are chosen to contribute radiation in the model as external, seed photons to the external-Compton process, considering the observed γ-ray radiation. The combination of two components, namely the Compton-scattered BLR and dust torus radiation, assuming a broken power-law distribution of emitted particles, provides a proper fitting to the multiwaveband SED of 3C 454.3 detected 2008 August 3–September 2 and explains the GeV spectral break. We propose that the spectral break of 3C 454.3 may originate from an inherent break in the energy distribution of the emitted particles and the Klein–Nishina effect. A comparison is performed between the energy density of the ‘external’ photon field for the whole BLR UBLR achieved via model fitting and that constrained from the BLR data. The distance from the position of the γ-ray radiation area of 3C 454.3 to the central black hole could be constrained at ∼0.78 pc (∼4.00RBLR, the size of the BLR).
The case for thermalization as a contributor to the [C ii] deficit
Authors: Sutter Jessica , Dale Daniel A , Sandstrom Karin , Smith J D T , Bolatto Alberto , Boquien Mederic , Calzetti Daniela , Croxall Kevin V , De Looze Ilse , Galametz Maud , Groves Brent A , Helou George , Herrera-Camus Rodrigo , Hunt Leslie K , Kennicutt Robert C , Pelligrini Eric W , Wilson Christine , Wolfire Mark G
Published: February 2021

The [C ii] deficit, which describes the observed decrease in the ratio of [C ii] 158 μm emission to continuum infrared emission in galaxies with high star formation surface densities, places a significant challenge to the interpretation of [C ii] detections from across the observable universe. In an attempt to further decode the cause of the [C ii] deficit, the [C ii] and dust continuum emission from 18 Local Volume galaxies has been split based on conditions within the interstellar medium where it originated. This is completed using the Key Insights in Nearby Galaxies: a Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH) and Beyond the Peak (BtP) surveys and the wide-range of wavelength information, from UV to far-infrared emission lines, available for a selection of star-forming regions within these samples. By comparing these subdivided [C ii] emissions to isolated infrared emission and other properties, we find that the thermalization (collisional de-excitation) of the [C ii] line in H ii regions plays a significant role in the deficit observed in our sample.
The impact of a stealth CME on the Martian topside ionosphere
Authors: Thampi Smitha V , Krishnaprasad C , Nampoothiri Govind G , Pant Tarun K
Published: February 2021

Solar cycle 24 is one of the weakest solar cycles recorded, but surprisingly the declining phase of it had a slow coronal mass ejection (CME) that evolved without any low coronal signature and is classified as a stealth CME that was responsible for an intense geomagnetic storm at Earth (Dst = −176 nT). The impact of this space weather event on the terrestrial ionosphere has been reported. However, the propagation of this CME beyond 1 au and the impact of this CME on other planetary environments have not been studied so far. In this paper, we analyse the data from the Sun–Earth L1 point and from the Martian orbit (near 1.5 au) to understand the characteristics of the stealth CME as observed beyond 1 au. The observations near Earth are using data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite located at L1 point, whereas those near Mars are from the instruments for plasma and magnetic field measurements onboard Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. The observations show that the stealth CME has reached 1.5 au after 7 d of its initial observations at the Sun and caused depletion in the nightside topside ionosphere of Mars, as observed during the inbound phase measurements of the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument onboard MAVEN. These observations have implications on the ion escape rates from the Martian upper atmosphere.
Hot and counter-rotating star-forming disc galaxies in IllustrisTNG and their real-world counterparts
Authors: Lu Shengdong , Xu Dandan , Wang Yunchong , Chen Yanmei , Zhu Ling , Mao Shude , Springel Volker , Wang Jing , Vogelsberger Mark , Hernquist Lars
Published: February 2021

A key feature of a large population of low-mass, late-type disc galaxies are star-forming discs with exponential light distributions. They are typically also associated with thin and flat morphologies, blue colours, and dynamically cold stars moving along circular orbits within co-planar thin gas discs. However, the latter features do not necessarily always imply the former, in fact, a variety of different kinematic configurations do exist. In this work, we use the cosmological hydrodynamical IllustrisTNG simulation to study the nature and origin of dynamically hot, sometimes even counter-rotating, star-forming disc galaxies in the lower stellar mass range (between $5\times 10^9\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ and $2\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$). We find that being dynamically hot arises in most cases as an induced transient state, for example due to galaxy interactions and merger activities, rather than as an age-dependent evolutionary phase of star-forming disc galaxies. The dynamically hot but still actively star-forming discs show a common feature of hosting kinematically misaligned gas and stellar discs, and centrally concentrated on-going star formation. The former is often accompanied by disturbed gas morphologies, while the latter is reflected in low gas and stellar spins in comparison to their dynamically cold, normal disc counterparts. Interestingly, observed galaxies from MaNGA with kinematic misalignment between gas and stars show remarkably similar general properties as the IllustrisTNG galaxies, and therefore are plausible real-world counterparts. In turn, this allows us to make predictions for the stellar orbits and gas properties of these misaligned galaxies.
Radio and optical observations of the possible AE Aqr twin, LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9
Authors: Pretorius M L , Hewitt D M , Woudt P A , Fender R P , Heywood I , Knigge C , Miller-Jones J C A , Buckley D A H , Worters H L , Potter S B , Williams D R A
Published: February 2021

It was recently proposed that the cataclysmic variable (CV) LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 may be a twin to the unique magnetic propeller system AE Aqr. If this is the case, two predictions are that it should display a short period white dwarf spin modulation, and that it should be a bright radio source. We obtained follow-up optical and radio observations of this CV, in order to see if this holds true. Our optical high-speed photometry does not reveal a white dwarf spin signal, but lacks the sensitivity to detect a modulation similar to the 33 s spin signal seen in AE Aqr. We detect the source in the radio, and measure a radio luminosity similar to that of AE Aqr and close to the highest so far reported for a CV. We also find good evidence for radio variability on a time-scale of tens of minutes. Optical polarimetric observations produce no detection of linear or circular polarization. While we are not able to provide compelling evidence, our observations are all consistent with this object being a propeller system.
Multiwavelength flare observations of the blazar S5 1803+784
Authors: Nesci R , Cutini S , Stanghellini C , Martinelli F , Maselli A , Lipunov V M , Kornilov V , Lopez R R , Siviero A , Giroletti M , Orienti M
Published: February 2021

The radio, optical, and γ-ray light curves of the blazar S5 1803+784, from the beginning of the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) mission in 2008 August–2018 December, are presented. The aim of this work is to look for correlations among different wavelengths useful for further theoretical studies. We analysed all the data collected by Fermi-LAT for this source, taking into account the presence of nearby sources, and we collected optical data from our own observations and public archive data to build the most complete optical and γ-ray light curve possible. Several γ-ray flares (F > 2.3 10−7ph(E > 0.1 GeV) cm−2 s−1) with optical coverage were detected, all but one with corresponding optical enhancement; we also found two optical flares without a γ-ray counterpart. We obtained two Swift Target of Opportunity observations during the strong flare of 2015. Radio observations performed with VLBA and EVN through our proposals in the years 2016–2020 were analysed to search for morphological changes after the major flares. The optical/γ-ray flux ratio at the flare peak varied for each flare. Very minor optical V − I colour changes were detected during the flares. The X-ray spectrum was well fitted by a power law with photon spectral index α = 1.5, nearly independent of the flux level: No clear correlation with the optical or the γ-ray emission was found. The γ-ray spectral shape was well fitted by a power law with average photon index α = 2.2. These findings support an inverse-Compton origin for the high-energy emission of the source, nearly co-spatial with the optically emitting region. The radio maps showed two new components originating from the core and moving outwards, with ejection epochs compatible with the dates of the two largest γ-ray flares.
Adaptive Admixture of HLA Class I Allotypes Enhanced Genetically Determined Strength of Natural Killer Cells in East Asians
Authors: Deng Zhihui , Zhen Jianxin , Harrison Genelle F , Zhang Guobin , Chen Rui , Sun Ge , Yu Qiong , Nemat-Gorgani Neda , Guethlein Lisbeth A , He Liumei , Tang Mingzhong , Gao Xiaojiang , Cai Siqi , Palmer William H , Shortt Jonathan A , Gignoux Christopher R , Carrington Mary , Zou Hongyan , Parham Peter , Hong Wenxu , Norman Paul J
Published: February 2021

Human natural killer (NK) cells are essential for controlling infection, cancer, and fetal development. NK cell functions are modulated by interactions between polymorphic inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and polymorphic HLA-A, -B, and -C ligands expressed on tissue cells. All HLA-C alleles encode a KIR ligand and contribute to reproduction and immunity. In contrast, only some HLA-A and -B alleles encode KIR ligands and they focus on immunity. By high-resolution analysis of KIR and HLA-A, -B, and -C genes, we show that the Chinese Southern Han (CHS) are significantly enriched for interactions between inhibitory KIR and HLA-A and -B. This enrichment has had substantial input through population admixture with neighboring populations, who contributed HLA class I haplotypes expressing the KIR ligands B*46:01 and B*58:01, which subsequently rose to high frequency by natural selection. Consequently, over 80% of Southern Han HLA haplotypes encode more than one KIR ligand. Complementing the high number of KIR ligands, the CHS KIR locus combines a high frequency of genes expressing potent inhibitory KIR, with a low frequency of those expressing activating KIR. The Southern Han centromeric KIR region encodes strong, conserved, inhibitory HLA-C-specific receptors, and the telomeric region provides a high number and diversity of inhibitory HLA-A and -B-specific receptors. In all these characteristics, the CHS represent other East Asians, whose NK cell repertoires are thus enhanced in quantity, diversity, and effector strength, likely augmenting resistance to endemic viral infections.
Trypanosome RNAEditing Substrate Binding Complex integrity and function depends on the upstream action of RESC10
Authors: Dubey Ashutosh P , Tylec Brianna L , McAdams Natalie M , Sortino Katherine , Read Laurie K
Published: February 2021

Uridine insertion/deletion editing of mitochondrial mRNAs is a characteristic feature of kinetoplastids, including Trypanosoma brucei. Editing is directed by trans-acting gRNAs and catalyzed by related RNA Editing Core Complexes (RECCs). The non-catalytic RNA Editing Substrate Binding Complex (RESC) coordinates interactions between RECC, gRNA and mRNA. RESC is a dynamic complex comprising GRBC (Guide RNA Binding Complex) and heterogeneous REMCs (RNA Editing Mediator Complexes). Here, we show that RESC10 is an essential, low abundance, RNA binding protein that exhibits RNase-sensitive and RNase-insensitive interactions with RESC proteins, albeit its minimal in vivo interaction with RESC13. RESC10 RNAi causes extensive RESC disorganization, including disruption of intra-GRBC protein–protein interactions, as well as mRNA depletion from GRBC and accumulation on REMCs. Analysis of mitochondrial RNAs at single nucleotide resolution reveals transcript-specific effects: RESC10 dramatically impacts editing progression in pan-edited RPS12 mRNA, but is critical for editing initiation in mRNAs with internally initiating gRNAs, pointing to distinct initiation mechanisms for these RNA classes. Correlations between sites at which editing pauses in RESC10 depleted cells and those in knockdowns of previously studied RESC proteins suggest that RESC10 acts upstream of these factors and that RESC is particularly important in promoting transitions between uridine insertion and deletion RECCs.
Relative Information Gain: Shannon entropy-based measure of the relative structural conservation in RNA alignments
Authors: Pietrosanto Marco , Adinolfi Marta , Guarracino Andrea , Ferrè Fabrizio , Ausiello Gabriele , Vitale Ilio , Helmer-Citterich Manuela
Published: February 2021

Structural characterization of RNAs is a dynamic field, offering many modelling possibilities. RNA secondary structure models are usually characterized by an encoding that depicts structural information of the molecule through string representations or graphs. In this work, we provide a generalization of the BEAR encoding (a context-aware structural encoding we previously developed) by expanding the set of alignments used for the construction of substitution matrices and then applying it to secondary structure encodings ranging from fine-grained to more coarse-grained representations. We also introduce a re-interpretation of the Shannon Information applied on RNA alignments, proposing a new scoring metric, the Relative Information Gain (RIG). The RIG score is available for any position in an alignment, showing how different levels of detail encoded in the RNA representation can contribute differently to convey structural information. The approaches presented in this study can be used alongside state-of-the-art tools to synergistically gain insights into the structural elements that RNAs and RNA families are composed of. This additional information could potentially contribute to their improvement or increase the degree of confidence in the secondary structure of families and any set of aligned RNAs.
Assessment of a modified renal angina index for AKI prediction in critically ill adults
Authors: Ortiz-Soriano Victor , Kabir Shaowli , Claure-Del Granado Rolando , Stromberg Arnold , Toto Robert D , Moe Orson W , Goldstein Stuart L , Neyra Javier A
Published: February 2021

Background

The renal angina index (RAI) is a useful tool for risk stratification of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children. We evaluated the performance of a modified adult RAI (mRAI) for the risk stratification of AKI in critically ill adults.

Methods

We used two independent intensive care unit (ICU) cohorts: 13 965 adult patients from the University of Kentucky (UKY) and 4789 from University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW). The mRAI included: diabetes, presence of sepsis, mechanical ventilation, pressor/inotrope use, percentage change in serum creatinine (SCr) in reference to admission SCr (ΔSCr) and fluid overload percentage within the first day of ICU admission. The primary outcome was AKI Stage ≥2 at Days 2–7. Performance and reclassification metrics were determined for the mRAI score compared with ΔSCr alone.

Results

The mRAI score outperformed ΔSCr and readjusted probabilities to predict AKI Stage ≥2 at Days 2–7: C-statistic: UKY 0.781 versus 0.708 [integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) 2.2%] and UTSW 0.766 versus 0.696 (IDI 1.8%) (P < 0.001 for both). In the UKY cohort, only 3.3% of patients with mRAI score <10 had the AKI event, while 16.4% of patients with mRAI score of ≥10 had the AKI event (negative predictive value 96.8%). Similar findings were observed in the UTSW cohort as part of external validation.

Conclusions

In critically ill adults, the adult mRAI score determined within the first day of ICU admission outperformed changes in SCr for the prediction of AKI Stage ≥2 at Days 2–7 of ICU stay. The mRAI is a feasible tool for AKI risk stratification in adult patients in the ICU.
Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on forest biomass fractions
Authors: Chen Renfei , Ran Jinzhi , Hu Weigang , Dong Longwei , Ji Mingfei , Jia Xin , Lu Jingli , Gong Haiyang , Aqeel Muhammad , Yao Shuran , An Lizhe , He Jin-Sheng , Niklas Karl J , Deng Jianming
Published: February 2021

The extent to which key factors at the global scale influence plant biomass allocation patterns remains unclear. Here, we provide a theory about how biotic and abiotic factors influence plant biomass allocation and evaluate its predictions using a large global database for forested communities. Our analyses confirm theoretical predictions that temperature, precipitation, and plant height and density jointly regulate the quotient of leaf biomass and total biomass, and that they have a much weaker effect on shoot (leaf plus stem) biomass fractions at a global scale. Moreover, biotic factors have larger effects than abiotic factors. Climatic variables act equally on shoot and root growth, and differences in plant body size and age, as well as community species composition, which vary with climate in ways that drown out the variations in biomass fractions. The theory and data presented here provide mechanistic explanations of why climate has little effect on biomass fractions.
Incident Tuberculosis Diagnoses in Children at High Risk for Disease
Authors: Wong Milagros , Coit Julia M , Mendoza Milagros , Chiang Silvia S , Marin Helen , Galea Jerome T , Lecca Leonid , Franke Molly F
Published: February 2021

We followed 35 children meeting a research definition for unconfirmed tuberculosis (TB) but in whom a pediatric pulmonologist did not diagnose or treat TB. After a median follow-up of 16.4 months, most children were not diagnosed with TB following a comprehensive evaluation. However, 2 were diagnosed with TB, demonstrating high TB risk (6%; exact 95% CI, 1%–19%). In some contexts, researchers may wish to supplement these research definitions with clinical decision data and longitudinal follow-up in order to improve specificity.
Get Privacy Trending: Best Practices for the Social Media Educator
Authors: Dong Sara W , Nolan Nathanial S , Chavez Miguel A , Li Yijia , Escota Gerome V , Stead Wendy
Published: February 2021

Social media is an increasingly popular forum for medical education. Many educators, including those in infectious diseases, are now creating and sharing unique and educational patient cases online. Unfortunately, some educators unknowingly threaten patient privacy and open themselves to legal liability. Further, the use of published figures or tables creates risk of copyright infringement. As more and more infectious diseases physicians engage in social media, it is imperative to create best practices to protect both patients and physicians. This summary will define the legal requirements of patient de-identification as well as other practical recommendations as they relate to use of clinical case information, patient images, and attribution of primary references on social media.
Severe methemoglobinemia secondary to isobutyl nitrite toxicity: the case of the ‘Gold Rush’
Authors: Taylor Gregory M , Avera Robert S , Strachan Christian C , Briggs Christian M , Medler Jason P , Pafford Carl M , Gant Timothy B
Published: February 2021

Isobutyl nitrite is one of the popular recreational drugs with high abuse potential that is known to cause methemoglobinemia. While inhaling this recreational drug, often referred to as a ‘popper’, is the typical route of administration, oral ingestion can produce a more rapid and fulminant course of methemoglobinemia. We present the case of a 69-year-old male that presented to our emergency department in extreme, life-threatening methemoglobinemia due to the ingestion of isobutyl nitrite that he obtained from an adult novelty store. The patient had a methemoglobin level above our lab cut-off of 28% and was subsequently treated with two doses of intravenous methylene blue. His hospital course was unremarkable, and he was discharged on Day 2. Methemoglobinemia is a medical emergency that requires a high index of clinical suspicion, prompt recognition, and rapid treatment.
How Do We Know That Russian Spies and Saboteurs (aka Hackers and Trolls) Intervened in the 2016 Presidential Election?
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 of Cyberwar outlines how we know that Russian agents, in the form of both hackers and trolls, intervened in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. After briefly summarizing the state of U.S.-Russia relations leading up to the 2016 U.S. election, this chapter details Trump’s and Putin’s denials of Russian interventions and the conspiracy theories used to deflect attention from the Russian origins of hacked content. The chapter also synopsizes the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies that confirmed Russian involvement and outlines the scope of the book and the assumptions underlying it.
The Second Troll Prerequisite
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4 examines the second prerequisite required for hacked and generated content to influence the U.S. election: was it aligned with Trump’s messages and electoral interests? Jamieson argues that the content generated by Russian trolls centered on concerns on Trump’s agenda, such as fear of downward mobility and cultural dislocation. The trolls’ efforts to sow discord by exacerbating cross-group conflict and fueling dissatisfaction with the status quo also advantaged the Trump campaign. Russian-hacked emails and troll content reinforced Trump’s attacks against Hillary Clinton, underscoring both the notion that she was corrupt and dishonest and that her stance on key issues threatened the interests of working-class and culturally anxious Americans.
The Third Troll Prerequisite, Part 2
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 6 extends the book’s analysis of the strategic alignment of the Russian messaging and Trump’s electoral needs by looking at efforts to demobilize a number of key Democratic constituencies, particularly Black citizens and Sanders’s supporters. Jamieson details Russia’s extensive efforts to reach Black audiences through the use of many popular accounts across the social media platforms, which sought to sow a mistrust of mainstream media and the status quo, counterweight Trump’s rhetoric on race and crime, and suppress the Black vote. Similarly, hacked content and troll messaging were used to convert or suppress the Sanders vote by heightening antipathy and alienation toward Clinton and questioning Sanders’s religion. The trolls also attempted to redirect liberals to cast a vote for Jill Stein instead of Clinton.
Evidence-Based Trauma Treatments
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

A review of the major evidence based, manualized trauma treatments, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, and exposure therapy is offered. Common treatment characteristics are identified and listed. Meta-analyses of their comparative effectiveness and overall efficacy are provided. Serious concerns related to real world treatment dropout rates reported by several meta-analyses are identified. Lack of flexibility by all of the approaches is identified as a key driver producing dropouts.
Trauma and Substance Abuse
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

Substance abuse and trauma are the topics of this chapter. The relationship between substance abuse and trauma histories, particularly intrafamilial sexual abuse, is examined. The application of integrative family and systems treatment (I-FAST) with two cases is described in detail. Both cases are examples of adult women who suffered serious intrafamilial sexual abuse, were not supported by their mothers, and subsequently developed serious substance abuse problems. In both cases, their mothers were included in the treatment. Support from their mothers regarding the sexual abuse was finally obtained. In both cases, repairing the mother–daughter relationship resulted in total amelioration of both trauma and substance abuse problems.
Energies
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: February 2021

Traditional societies depended on biofuels and animate power from draft animals and human labor. The energy transition reduced biomass fuels to a globally marginal role, as fossil fuel extraction and electricity generation provided abundant and affordable energy. Consequences of this supply were magnified by conversions of fuels and electricity in new prime movers (first steam engines, and then internal combustion engines, electric lights, and motors). Indeed, they have nearly eliminated animate power, resulting in mechanization of agriculture and industrial production, in the rise of mass mobility, and in the deployment of electronic devices throughout the entire economy. Higher average per capita energy supply has been even more impressive when steady gains in conversion efficiency, and the resulting declines of energy intensities of products and services, are taken into account.
Horizons
Authors: Robin William
Published: February 2021

The downtown marathons of Bang on a Can might seem worlds away from the American symphony orchestra, but in the mid-1980s they shared a common context: David Lang worked for the New York Philharmonic in this period as an assistant to composer-in-residence Jacob Druckman. His assistantship was part of the granting organization Meet the Composer’s Orchestra Residencies Program, which placed American composers in residencies with symphony orchestras and fundamentally reshaped the relationship between new music and the marketplace. The program’s most high-profile success, the Philharmonic’s 1983 Horizons festival, captured an unprecedented audience for new music via its heavily publicized theme of “A New Romanticism?” And Lang’s subsequent work with the Philharmonic provided him with experience and connections, as well as a growing ambivalence toward the orchestral sphere that shaped the maverick mindset of Bang on a Can.
Funding
Authors: Robin William
Published: February 2021

In the midst of the Culture Wars, in which Congressional Republicans and the religious right attempted to defund the National Endowment for the Arts, Bang on a Can expanded and professionalized. Cuts to government funding throughout the 1980s and 1990s shaped how Bang on a Can and their peers navigated their relationship to the marketplace. Other controversies also emerged, as when the New York State Council on the Arts attempted to implement policy around multicultural programming and encourage institutions to seek out audiences, to the chagrin of composers Charles Wuorinen and Milton Babbbitt as well as the Group for Contemporary Music. But Bang on a Can made the most of this moment, carving out new sources of income, diversifying their programming, reaching new audiences, and ultimately starting a new program, the People’s Commissioning Fund, in the wake of the devastating cuts to the NEA passed in the mid-1990s.
The Artist as Reformer
Authors: Price David H.
Published: February 2021

Lucas Cranach the Elder, a close friend of Martin Luther, not only produced the definitive visual record of the history of the Reformation but also became a major leader in the movement to transform Christianity. From 1518 onward, he designed art to advance the Reformation of the church across Germany and Europe. The Bible stood at the center of his media campaign. Cranach and his workshop designed the first Protestant Bible (1522) as well as subsequent imprints of Luther’s translations. He also developed innovative biblical propaganda (most importantly in the anti-papal Passion of Christ and Antichrist). Frequently in his immense oeuvre (including works designed for both Protestant and Catholic contexts) Cranach anchors the new biblicism in a humanist ideal of the authority of philology. A major accomplishment was his development of the portrait type of the professor of the Bible (preeminently Luther and Philipp Melanchthon) as an icon of the authority of humanist biblical philology for the Reformation.
Dürer’s Reformation
Authors: Price David H.
Published: February 2021

This chapter offers an interpretation of Albrecht Dürer’s energetic promotion of the Reformation during the first decade of the movement. As evidenced from personal documents and artwork, his firm adherence to humanism shaped his perception and support of the Reformation. Unquestionably, Dürer advanced the ideals of biblical humanism as the foundation of the new movement in his portraits of Melanchthon, Erasmus, and biblical saints. He also captured the core principles of Luther’s Bible, including the status of good works in a theology of solafideism, in his innovative Last Supper (1523). His Four Holy Men (1526) is a powerful endorsement of Lutheran reform that reveals the political crises arising from Protestant activism. In this important work, Dürer acknowledges that the sudden diversity of Protestantism has fomented political chaos; nonetheless, he defends biblicism, specifically by portraying the preservation of biblicism (and a biblically based orthodoxy) as the right and responsibility of governmental authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

The conclusion begins with reminiscences of a visit to a mosque in the Baṛaliyā village of Patiya district, Chittagong, which houses a cot that supposedly belonged to Saiyad Sultān. The chapter tells the tale of this miraculous cot, and the connections of its master to the kingdom of Arakan. This account highlights the interconnected nature of the histories of Chittagong and Arakan, and the bitter irony of today’s Rohingya crisis. It foregrounds this book’s contribution to translation theory and to research on the Islamization of southeast Bengal and the Islamic cosmopolis of early modern South Asia, while pointing to new directions for research.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents the theoretical argument. It argues that national capacity is important in establishing the equilibrium level of piracy acceptable to the state. In weak or failed states, national governments are either unable or unwilling to counter piracy effectively, while more capable states have sufficient capacity to counter pirates on land and in coastal waters. Yet despite the importance of overall capacity in creating permissive conditions for piracy, it is argued that local governance determines the incidence and organization of piracy. In particular, organized piracy needs access to infrastructure and markets, suggesting that areas with some economic governance will be most attractive to pirates. Furthermore, pirates look for weakly governed areas where opportunities for collusion are plentiful. These expectations should hold most strongly for more organized forms of maritime piracy, since spontaneous, short-term opportunistic attacks could still occur in weak or strong areas.
Governance and Piracy in Indonesia
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter uses quantitative and qualitative methods to assess whether and how local measures of institutional capacity affect piracy in Indonesia. It disaggregates the unit of analysis to subnational grid-cell units and consistently observes a curvilinear relationship between local governance and organized piracy: there appears to be a capacity “sweet spot” that attracts criminal-type organizations that engage in sophisticated maritime attacks. It also finds that opportunistic piracy is affected by local measures of institutional quality but that this relationship is weaker and does not follow the same inverted-U-shaped pattern. The chapter complements the quantitative findings with interviews conducted in Indonesia’s Riau Islands. Interviews with former pirates, local community members, journalists, and other local experts confirm that infrastructure, markets, and collusion opportunities are important considerations for piracy.
Governance and Piracy in Nigeria and Somalia
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter first describes geographic and temporal trends in the frequency of attacks in Nigeria and Somalia. It then reviews the development of piracy in both countries, paying particular attention to local governance capacity. Similarly to the analyses of Indonesia in Chapter 6, this chapter notes a clear curvilinear association between nighttime light emissions and sophisticated pirate attacks against steaming ships on the open water. The findings are stronger in Nigeria than in Somalia, but this is to be expected given low variance in local capacity across the Somali state. Significantly, the empirical evidence presented on Nigeria and Somalia supports the findings from Chapter 6. Pirates locate in spaces characterized by intermediate state capacity, places with some infrastructural development and elites who can be bribed to look the other way. The evidence presented in this chapter shows considerably less piracy in areas with very weak or very strong governance.
Introduction
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

Energy is something we use every day, seamlessly delivered to our home in the case of electricity and abundantly available in the case of gasoline and diesel fuels. Energy has come a long way since the early 1800s, when wood and whale oil were common energy sources. And coal, once a major part of the energy mix in the United States, is being rapidly replaced by natural gas and renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) energy. China, the most populated country in the world, is still highly dependent on coal, but is also rapidly implementing renewable energy sources. An examination of worldwide energy use shows that for different countries, energy use per capita is correlated with average income. This indicates that an increasing world population coupled with growing economies, especially for China and India, will put pressure on energy availability and cost in the future.
Day Laborers
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: February 2021

Day laborers are immigrant men who seek daily employment on street corners, often next to home improvement stores and other venues trafficked by contractors and do-it-yourselfers. The combination of a strong construction market and rising undocumented immigration powered the growth of day labor through the 1990s. Although part of the underground economy, day laborers were some of the most visible immigrant workers, standing on the corners in affluent communities to find jobs. Over the next decade, they became the target of legal backlash, with more than forty cities in the greater L.A. area passing anti-solicitation ordinances making it a crime for day laborers to solicit work from the street corner. This chapter examines the coordinated legal and organizing campaign to challenge these ordinances led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) and the National Day Laborer Organizing Network (NDLON). The campaign challenged local jurisdictions in the greater L.A. area that actively enforced anti-solicitation ordinances. The strategy developed by MALDEF and NDLON focused on organizing day laborers at enforcement hotspots into committees that served as plaintiffs in federal court lawsuits claiming that ordinances violated laborers’ First Amendment right to seek work. The campaign thus adopted a libertarian, rather than an anti-discrimination, legal frame. This frame was used to build precedent toward the end goal of invalidating the most aggressive ordinances: those modeled after Redondo Beach’s pioneering 1987 law banning solicitation in any public right-of-way, including sidewalks. The chapter charts the trajectory of this test-case strategy, which culminated in a seminal 2011 federal appellate court decision striking down Redondo Beach’s ordinance and thereby clearing the way for day laborer solicitation in public space regionwide.
The Patronymic of Her Choice
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

As the victory over the Nazis came into sight and the demographic disaster became apparent, the Soviet leadership keenly felt the need to strengthen pronatalist policy. Several proposals submitted in 1943–1944 expanded existing pronatalist measures without a fundamental change in the vision of population growth. However, Khrushchev, proconsul of devastated Ukraine, submitted the most comprehensive overhaul based on a new vision for population and pronatalism. The government policy reveals a two-faced practice of Bolshevik language, claiming to “protect motherhood” when addressing the masses, and non-Bolshevik discourse, population engineering language, among the top leadership. In the final law, policymakers prioritized giving men the incentive to father extramarital children over assuring the overall well-being of unmarried mothers and their children. This chapter traces the creation of the 1944 Family Law, legislation that definitively shaped the postwar generation in a deeply gendered manner.
Teaching Moral Sex
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

Teaching Moral Sex is the first comprehensive study to focus on the role of religion in the history of public sex education in the United States. It examines religious contributions to national sex education organizations from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century, highlighting issues of public health, public education, family, and the role of the state. It details how public sex education was created through the collaboration of religious sex educators—primarily liberal Protestants, along with some Catholics and Reform Jews—with “men of science,” namely, physicians, biology professors, and social scientists. Slominski argues that the work of early religious sex educators laid foundations for both sides of contemporary controversies regarding comprehensive sexuality education and abstinence-only education. In other words, instead of casting religion as merely an opponent of sex education, this research shows how deeply embedded religion has been in sex education history and how this legacy has shaped terms of current debates. By focusing on religion, this book introduces a new cast of characters into sex education history, including Quaker and Unitarian social purity reformers, the Young Men’s Christian Association, military chaplains, the Federal Council of Churches, and the National Council of Churches. These religious sex educators made sex education more acceptable to the public and created the groundwork for recent debates through their strategic combination of progressive and restrictive approaches to sexuality. Their contributions helped to spread sex education and influenced major shifts within the movement, including the mid-century embrace of family life education.