bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central 22q11.2 deletion (LCR22 B‐D) in a fetus with severe fetal growth restriction and a mother with severe systemic lupus erythematosus: Further evidence of CRKL haploinsufficiency in the pathogenesis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Lin Isabella , Afshar Yalda , Goldstein Jeffrey , Grossman Jennifer , Grody Wayne W. , Quintero‐Rivera Fabiola
Published: July 2021

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS, MIM #188400) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion with an incidence of 1 in 4000 live births. 22q11.2 DS patients present with varying penetrance and a broad phenotypic spectrum including dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, hypoplastic thymus and T‐cell deficiency, and hypocalcemia. The typical deletion spans 3 Mb between 4 large blocks of repetitive DNA, known as low copy repeats (LCRs), on chromosome 22 (LCR22) A and D. This deletion is found in ~85% of 22q11.2 DS patients, while only 4–5% have central LCR22B‐D (1.5 Mb) and LCR22C‐D (0.7 Mb) deletions. We report on a prenatally diagnosed, inherited case of central LCR22B‐D 22q11.2 DS, born to a 22‐year‐old female with multiple autoimmune disorders. These include Sjogren's‐syndrome‐related antigen A (SSA+) severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with cutaneous and discoid components and seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Amniocentesis was performed due to fetal growth restriction (FGR). FISH with TUPLE1 (HIRA) probe was normal; however, chromosomal microarray identified a ~737 kb heterozygous loss between LCR22B‐D. Subsequently, the same deletion was identified in the mother, which included CRKL and 19 other genes but excluded HIRA and TBX1, the typical candidate genes for 22q11.2DS pathogenesis. This case explores how loss of CRKL may contribute to immune dysregulation, as seen in the multiple severe autoimmune phenotypes of the mother, and FGR. Our experience confirms the importance of thorough workup in individuals with reduced penetrance of 22q11.2 DS features or atypical clinical presentations.
Costs of male infanticide for female capuchins: When does an adaptive male reproductive strategy become costly for females and detrimental to population viability?
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. , Hogan Jeremy D. , Campos Fernando A. , Kalbitzer Urs , Jack Katharine M.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Infanticide in white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) typically occurs in association with alpha male replacements (AMRs). Although infanticide is likely adaptive for males, it imposes costs on females that are difficult to quantify without long‐term demographic data. Here we investigate effects of AMRs and infanticide on female reproductive success and how these costs affect capuchin groups. We investigate (1) effects of AMR frequency on the production of surviving infants; (2) energetic and (3) temporal “opportunity costs” of infant loss; and (4) how AMR frequency impacts capuchin group sizes.

Materials and methods

We censused six groups (7–33 years/group, 74 adult females). We modeled surviving infant production in relation to AMR. We estimated a female's energy requirements for lost infants and the temporal cost relative to the median reproductive window. We simulated how varying AMR rates would affect future capuchin group sizes.

Results

Females exposed to more frequent AMR tended to produce fewer surviving offspring. We estimate the average lost infant requires approximately 33% additional energy intake for its mother and represents 10% of the average reproductive opportunity window available to females. Simulated populations remain viable at the observed rate of AMR occurrence but decrease in size at even slightly higher rates.

Discussion

While infanticide is adaptive for males, for females it affects lifetime reproductive success and imposes energetic and opportunity costs. Although capuchin populations have evolved with AMRs and infanticide, small increases in AMR frequency may lead to population decline/extinction. Infanticide likely plays a large role in population maintenance for capuchins.
Successful interventional management of mediastinal hematoma caused by thyroid ima artery injury
Authors: Yajima Hisao , Tokue Hiroyuki , Mori Mizuki , Aramaki Yuto , Sawada Yusuke , Nakajima Jun , Murata Masato , Oshima Kiyohiro
Published: July 2021

Background

The thyroid ima artery (ThIA) is a rare anatomical anomaly, commonly branching from the brachiocephalic artery. Thyroid ima artery injury can cause severe mediastinal hematoma because its descending branch extends into the mediastinum.

Case presentation

A 91‐year‐old man presented with syncope after a motor vehicle accident. A bruise on the chest was evident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed a massive mediastinal hematoma with signs of active hemorrhage. Injury to a descending branch of the ThIA was indicated. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was successful in stopping the bleeding.

Conclusions

Although a ThIA injury is rare, it can cause serious mediastinal hematoma. Thyroid ima artery injury should be considered as a cause of traumatic mediastinal hematoma. Transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic ThIA injury is considered a safe and effective treatment.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cascade of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones by Dipeptided Phosphonium Salt Catalysis: Stereospecific Construction of Dihydrofuro‐Fused [2,3‐b] Skeletons
Authors: Zhang Hongkui , He Jiajia , Chen Yayun , Zhuang Cheng , Jiang Chunhui , Xiao Kai , Su Zhishan , Ren Xiaoyu , Wang Tianli
Published: July 2021

Chiral (dihydro)furo‐fused heterocycles are significant structural motifs in numerous natural products, functional materials and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, developing efficient methods for preparing compounds with these privileged scaffolds is an important endeavor in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we develop an effective, modular method by a dipeptide‐phosphonium salt‐catalyzed regio‐ and stereoselective cascade reaction of readily available linear β,γ‐unsaturated ketones with aromatic alkenes, affording a wide variety of structurally fused heterocyclic molecules in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Moreover, mechanistic investigations revealed that the bifunctional phosphonium salt controlled the regio‐ and stereoselectivities of this cascade reaction, particularly proceeding through the initial ketone α‐addition followed by O‐participated substitution; and the multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions between Brønsted acid moieties of catalyst and nitro group of aromatic alkene were crucial in asymmetric induction. Given the generality, versatility, and high efficiency of this method, we anticipate that it will have broad synthetic utilities.
Über Takais Olefinierungsreagenz hinaus: Anhaltende Dehalogenierung mündet in einem Chrom(III)‐μ3‐Methylidin‐Komplex
Authors: Trzmiel Simon , Langmann Jan , Werner Daniel , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Scherer Wolfgang , Anwander Reiner
Published: July 2021

Die Reaktion von CHI3 mit sechs Äquivalenten CrCl2 in THF bei tiefen Temperaturen ergibt [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] als den ersten in hohen Ausbeuten isolierbaren CrIII‐μ3‐Methylidinkomplex. Substitution der terminalen Chlorido‐Liganden via Salzmetathese mit Alkalimetall‐Cyclopentadieniden generiert die isostrukturellen Halbsandwich‐Chrom(III)‐μ3‐Methylidine [CpR3Cr3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH] (CpR=C5H5, C5Me5, C5H4SiMe3). Neben‐ und Zersetzungsprodukte des Cl/CpR‐Austausches konnten identifiziert und für [Cr4(μ2‐Cl)4(μ2‐I)2(μ4‐O)(thf)4] und [(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)CrCl(μ2‐Cl)2Li(thf)2] strukturell charakterisiert werden. Der Cl/CpR‐Austausch verändert das effektive magnetische Moment bei Raumtemperatur dramatisch von μeff=9.30/9.11 μB (Lösung/Feststoff) zu 3.63/4.32 μB (CpR=C5Me5). Die Reaktionen von [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] mit Aldehyden und Ketonen produzierten komplexe Produktmischungen durch Sauerstoff/Methylidin‐Austausch, welche teilweise als Radikalrekombinationsprodukte durch GC/MS Analyse und 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie identifiziert werden konnten.
Selektive Bindungsspaltung in RAFT Agenzien durch niederenergetische Elektronenanlagerung
Authors: Izadi Farhad , Arthur‐Baidoo Eugene , Strover Lisa T. , Yu Li‐Juan , Coote Michelle L. , Moad Graeme , Denifl Stephan
Published: July 2021

Radikalische Polymerisation mit reversibler Additions‐Fragmentierungs‐Kettenübertragung (RAFT Polymerisation) wird erfolgreich eingesetzt, um Polymere mit wohldefinierter Architektur zu erzeugen. Für die RAFT‐Polymerisation wird eine Quelle von Radikalen benötigt. Jüngste Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass diese, für minimale Nebenreaktionen und hohe räumlich‐zeitliche Kontrolle, direkt aus dem RAFT‐Agens oder makroRAFT‐Agens (meist Carbonothiosulfanylverbindungen) thermisch, photochemisch oder durch elektrochemische Reduktion gebildet werden sollten. In dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir die niederenergetische Elektronenanlagerung an ein gängiges RAFT‐Agens (Cyanomethylbenzodithioat), und zum Vergleich eine einfache Carbonothioylsulfanylverbindung (Dimethyltrithiocarbonat, DMTTC), in der Gasphase mittels Massenspektrometrie sowie quantenchemischen Berechnungen. Wir beobachteten für beide Verbindungen, dass die spezifische Spaltung der C‐S‐Bindung bei niederenergetischer Elektronenanlagerung, bei Elektronenenergien nahe 0 eV erfolgt. Dies gilt auch im Falle einer schlechten homolytischen Abgangsgruppe (.CH3 in DMTTC). Alle anderen Dissoziationsreaktionen, die bei höheren Elektronenenergien auftreten, sind deutlich seltener. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Kontrolle der durch Elektronenanlagerung induzierten chemischen Reaktionen.
Nickelkatalysierte, reduktive C(sp3)‐Si‐Kreuzkupplung von α‐cyanosubstituierten Alkylelektrophilen und Chlorsilanen
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Oestreich Martin
Published: July 2021

Es wird über eine Nickel/Zink‐katalysierte, gekreuzte Kupplung von Elektrophilen – im gegebenen Fall Alkylelektrophile, welche durch eine α‐Cyanogruppe aktiviert sind, und Chlorsilane – berichtet. Elementares Zink ist das stöchiometrische Reduktionsmittel in diesem reduktiven Kupplungsprozess. Damit lässt sich ausgehend von zwei elektrophilen Reaktanden eine C(sp3)‐Si‐Bindung knüpfen, während frühere Methoden auf die Kombination von Kohlenstoffnukleophilen und Siliciumelektrophilen und umgekehrt angewiesen sind.
Beyond Takai's Olefination Reagent: Persistent Dehalogenation Emerges in a Chromium(III)‐μ3‐Methylidyne Complex
Authors: Trzmiel Simon , Langmann Jan , Werner Daniel , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Scherer Wolfgang , Anwander Reiner
Published: July 2021

Reaction of CHI3 with six equivalents of CrCl2 in THF at low temperatures affords [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] as the first isolable high‐yield CrIII μ3‐methylidyne complex. Substitution of the terminal chlorido ligands via salt metathesis with alkali‐metal cyclopentadienides generates isostructural half‐sandwich chromium(III)‐μ3‐methylidynes [CpR3Cr3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)] (CpR=C5H5, C5Me5, C5H4SiMe3). Side and decomposition products of the Cl/CpR exchange reactions were identified and structurally characterized for [Cr4(μ2‐Cl)4(μ2‐I)2(μ4‐O)(thf)4] and [(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)CrCl(μ2‐Cl)2Li(thf)2]. The Cl/CpR exchange drastically changed the ambient‐temperature effective magnetic moment μeff from 9.30/9.11 μB (solution/solid) to 3.63/4.32 μB (CpR=C5Me5). Reactions of [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] with aldehydes and ketones produce intricate mixtures of species through oxy/methylidyne exchange, which were partially identified as radical recombination products through GC/MS analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Plasma Tuning Local Environment of Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane
Authors: Liu Zhankai , Yan Bing , Meng Shengyan , Liu Rui , Lu Wen‐Duo , Sheng Jian , Yi Yanhui , Lu An‐Hui
Published: July 2021

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has lately received great attention in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction of propane to propylene for its extraordinary olefin selectivity in contrast to metal oxides. However, high crystallinity of commercial h‐BN and elusive cognition of active sites hindered the enhancement of utilization efficiency. Herein, four kinds of plasmas (N2, O2, H2, Ar) were accordingly employed to regulate the local chemical environment of h‐BN. N2‐treated BN exhibited a remarkable activity, i.e., 26.0 % propane conversion with 89.4 % selectivity toward olefins at 520 °C. Spectroscopy demonstrated that “three‐boron center” N‐defects in the catalyst played a pivotal role in facilitating the conversion of propane. While the sintering effect of the “BOx” species in O2‐treated BN, led to the suppressed catalytic performance (12.4 % conversion at 520 °C).
Selective Bond Cleavage in RAFT Agents Promoted by Low‐Energy Electron Attachment
Authors: Izadi Farhad , Arthur‐Baidoo Eugene , Strover Lisa T. , Yu Li‐Juan , Coote Michelle L. , Moad Graeme , Denifl Stephan
Published: July 2021

Radical polymerization with reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) has been successfully applied to generate polymers of well‐defined architecture. For RAFT polymerization a source of radicals is required. Recent work has demonstrated that for minimal side‐reactions and high spatio‐temporal control these should be formed directly from the RAFT agent or macroRAFT agent (usually carbonothiosulfanyl compounds) thermally, photochemically or by electrochemical reduction. In this work, we investigated low‐energy electron attachment to a common RAFT agent (cyanomethyl benzodithioate), and, for comparison, a simple carbonothioylsulfanyl compound (dimethyl trithiocarbonate, DMTTC) in the gas phase by means of mass spectrometry as well as quantum chemical calculations. We observe for both compounds that specific cleavage of the C−S bond is induced upon low‐energy electron attachment at electron energies close to zero eV. This applies even in the case of a poor homolytic leaving group (.CH3 in DMTTC). All other dissociation reactions found at higher electron energies are much less abundant. The present results show a high control of the chemical reactions induced by electron attachment.
A Boratafulvene
Authors: Heitkemper Tobias , Naß Leonard , Sindlinger Christian P.
Published: July 2021

Structurally authenticated free B‐alkyl boroles are presented and electronic implications of alkyl substitution were assessed. Deprotonation of a boron‐bound exocyclic methyl group in a B‐methyl borole yields the first 5‐boratafulvene anion—an isomer to boratabenzene. Boratafulvene was structurally characterized and its electronic structure probed by DFT calculations. The pKa value of the exocyclic B−CH3 in a set of boroles was computationally approximated and confirmed a pronounced acidic character caused by the boron atom embedded in an anti‐aromatic moiety. The non‐aromatic boratafulvene reacts as a C‐centered nucleophile with the mild electrophile Me3SnCl to give a stannylmethyl borole, regenerating the anti‐aromaticity. As nucleophilic synthons for boroles, boratafulvenes thus open an entirely new avenue for synthetic strategies toward this highly reactive class of heterocycles. Boratafulvene reacts as a methylene transfer reagent in a bora‐Wittig‐type reaction generating a borole oxide.
Effect of Clonally Expanded PD‐1highCXCR5–CD4+ Peripheral T Helper Cells on B Cell Differentiation in the Joints of Patients With Antinuclear Antibody–Positive Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Fischer Jonas , Dirks Johannes , Klaussner Julia , Haase Gabriele , Holl‐Wieden Annette , Hofmann Christine , Hackenberg Stephan , Girschick Hermann , Morbach Henner
Published: July 2021

Objective

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)–positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is characterized by synovial B cell hyperactivity, but the precise role of CD4+ T cells in promoting local B cell activation is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the phenotype and function of synovial CD4+ T cells that promote aberrant B cell activation in JIA.

Methods

Flow cytometry was performed to compare the phenotype and cytokine patterns of PD‐1highCD4+ T cells in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with JIA and T follicular helper cells in the tonsils of control individuals. TCRVB next‐generation sequencing was used to analyze T cell subsets for signs of clonal expansion. The functional impact of these T cell subsets on B cells was examined in cocultures in vitro.

Results

Multidimensional flow cytometry revealed the expansion of interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) and interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–coexpressing PD‐1highCXCR5–HLA–DR+CD4+ T cells that accumulate in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients. These T cells exhibited signs of clonal expansion with restricted T cell receptor clonotypes. The phenotype resembled peripheral T helper (Tph) cells with an extrafollicular chemokine receptor pattern and high T‐bet and B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 expression, but low B cell lymphoma 6 expression. SF Tph cells, by provision of IL‐21 and IFNy, skewed B cell differentiation toward a CD21low/–CD11c+ phenotype in vitro. Additionally, SF Tph cell frequencies correlated with the appearance of SF CD21low/–CD11c+CD27–IgM– double‐negative (DN) B cells in situ.

Conclusion

Clonally expanded CD4+ Tph cells accumulate in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients and, in particular, promote CD21low/–CD11c+ DN B cell differentiation. The expansion of Tph cells and DN B cells might reflect the autoimmune response in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are impaired in absolute but not relative pitch and duration matching in speech and song imitation
Authors: Wang Li , Pfordresher Peter Q. , Jiang Cunmei , Liu Fang
Published: July 2021

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical imitation. However, few studies have identified clear quantitative characteristics of vocal imitation in ASD. This study investigated imitation of speech and song in English‐speaking individuals with and without ASD and its modulation by age. Participants consisted of 25 autistic children and 19 autistic adults, who were compared to 25 children and 19 adults with typical development matched on age, gender, musical training, and cognitive abilities. The task required participants to imitate speech and song stimuli with varying pitch and duration patterns. Acoustic analyses of the imitation performance suggested that individuals with ASD were worse than controls on absolute pitch and duration matching for both speech and song imitation, although they performed as well as controls on relative pitch and duration matching. Furthermore, the two groups produced similar numbers of pitch contour, pitch interval‐, and time errors. Across both groups, sung pitch was imitated more accurately than spoken pitch, whereas spoken duration was imitated more accurately than sung duration. Children imitated spoken pitch more accurately than adults when it came to speech stimuli, whereas age showed no significant relationship to song imitation. These results reveal a vocal imitation deficit across speech and music domains in ASD that is specific to absolute pitch and duration matching. This finding provides evidence for shared mechanisms between speech and song imitation, which involves independent implementation of relative versus absolute features.

Lay Summary

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical imitation of actions and gestures. Characteristics of vocal imitation in ASD remain unclear. By comparing speech and song imitation, this study shows that individuals with ASD have a vocal imitative deficit that is specific to absolute pitch and duration matching, while performing as well as controls on relative pitch and duration matching, across speech and music domains.
A brief assessment of pica
Authors: Morris Cody , Stapleton Kelsey , Conway Alissa , Peterson Stephanie M.
Published: July 2021

The settings and procedures described in published studies focused on assessing and treating pica may not be relatable or feasible for all practitioners. This brief report demonstrates a successful replication of modified methods for assessing and treating a 16‐year‐old diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder who engaged in pica. The study extended the existing research on pica in the following ways: First, it supported the utility of brief analysis methods, including brief functional analysis (FA) sessions, fewer FA sessions, and a preference assessment requiring less time to complete. Second, it described an FA for pica in a home setting. Finally, it evaluated the utility of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in the form of mands in treating pica.
Spectroscopic analysis of coenzyme binding to betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase dependent on potassium
Authors: Muñoz‐Bacasehua César , Rosas‐Rodríguez Jesús A. , López‐Zavala Alexis Alonso , Valenzuela‐Soto Elisa M.
Published: July 2021

Glycine betaine is the main osmolyte synthesized and accumulated in mammalian renal cells. Glycine betaine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) using NAD+ as the coenzyme. Previous studies have shown that porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (pkBADH) binds NAD+ with different affinities at each active site and that the binding is K+ dependent. The objective of this work was to analyze the changes in the pkBADH secondary and tertiary structure resulting from variable concentrations of NAD+ and the role played by K+. Intrinsic fluorescence studies were carried out at fixed‐variable concentrations of K+ and titrating the enzyme with varying concentrations of NAD+. Fluorescence analysis showed a shift of the maximum emission towards red as the concentration of K+ was increased. Changes in the exposure of tryptophan located near the NAD+ binding site were found when the enzyme was titrated with NAD+ in the presence of potassium. Fluorescence data analysis showed that the K+ presence promoted static quenching that facilitated the pkBADH–NAD+ complex formation. DC data analysis showed that binding of K+ to the enzyme caused changes in the α‐helix content of 4% and 12% in the presence of 25 mM and 100 mM K+, respectively. The presence of K+ during NAD+ binding to pkBADH increased the thermal stability of the complex. These results indicated that K+ facilitated the pkBADH–NAD+ complex formation and suggested that K+ caused small changes in secondary and tertiary structures that could influence the active site conformation.
Relationship between intelligence quotient measures and computerized neurocognitive performance in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Gur Ruben C. , Moore Tyler M. , Weinberger Ronnie , Mekori‐Domachevsky Ehud , Gross Raz , Emanuel Beverly S. , Zackai Elaine H. , Moss Edward , Gallagher Robert Sean , McGinn Daniel E. , Crowley Terrence Blaine , McDonald‐McGinn Donna , Gothelf Doron , Gur Raquel E.
Published: July 2021

Intelligence quotient (IQ) testing is standard for evaluating cognitive abilities in genomic studies but requires professional expertise in administration and interpretation, and IQ scores do not translate into insights on implicated brain systems that can link genes to behavior. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) often undergo IQ testing to address special needs, but access to testing in resource‐limited settings is challenging. The brief Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) provides measures of cognitive abilities related to brain systems and can screen for cognitive dysfunction. To examine the relation between CNB measures and IQ, we evaluated participants with the 22q11.2DS from Philadelphia and Tel Aviv (N = 117; 52 females; mean age 18.8) who performed both an IQ test and the CNB with a maximum of 5 years between administrations and a subsample (n = 24) who had both IQ and CNB assessments at two time points. We estimated domain‐level CNB scores using exploratory factor analysis (including bifactor for overall scores) and related those scores (intraclass correlations (ICCs)) to the IQ scores. We found that the overall CNB accuracy score showed similar correlations between time 1 and time 2 as IQ (0.775 for IQ and 0.721 for CNB accuracy), correlated well with the IQ scores (ICC = 0.565 and 0.593 for time 1 and time 2, respectively), and correlated similarly with adaptive functioning (0.165 and 0.172 for IQ and CNB, respectively). We provide a crosswalk (from linear equating) between standardized CNB and IQ scores. Results suggest that one can substitute the CNB for IQ testing in future genetic studies that aim to probe specific domains of brain‐behavior relations beyond IQ.
Lithium orotate: A superior option for lithium therapy?
Authors: Pacholko Anthony G. , Bekar Lane K.
Published: July 2021

Bipolar disorder (BD) poses a significant public health concern, with roughly one‐quarter of sufferers attempting suicide. BD is characterized by manic and depressive mood cycles, the recurrence of which can be effectively curtailed through lithium therapy. Unfortunately, the most frequently employed lithium salt, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), is associated with a host of adverse health outcomes following chronic use: these unwanted effects range from relatively minor inconveniences (e.g., polydipsia and polyuria) to potentially major complications (e.g., hypothyroidism and/or renal impairment). As these undesirable effects can limit patient compliance, an alternative lithium compound with a lesser toxicity profile would dramatically improve treatment efficacy and outcomes. Lithium orotate (LiC5H3N2O4; henceforth referred to as LiOr), a compound largely abandoned since the late 1970s, may represent such an alternative. LiOr is proposed to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter cells more readily than Li2CO3, which will theoretically allow for reduced dosage requirements and ameliorated toxicity concerns. This review addresses the controversial history of LiOr, complete with discussions of experimental and clinical efficacy, putative mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and its potential future in therapy.
The effect of the March 2020 COVID‐19 lockdown on national psychiatric contacts in Denmark: An interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Hansen Jens Peter , van Sas Tessa Quirina Bang , Fløjstrup Marianne , Brabrand Mikkel , Hvolby Allan
Published: July 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in national lockdowns in several countries. Previous global epidemics led to an increase in the number of psychiatric patients presenting symptoms of anxiety or depression. Knowledge about the impact of early lockdown initiatives during the COVID‐19 pandemic on the number of healthcare interactions is sparse. Contacts in this study include all recorded face‐to‐face (FTF) and virtual treatment interactions between patients and healthcare systems.

Aim: To investigate both the impact of the Danish lockdown event on psychiatric patients’ contact with the healthcare system, stratified by type of contact (FTF or virtual) and ICD‐10 diagnosis, and how acute contacts were impacted in the five regions in Denmark.

Methods: An interrupted time series analysis was applied to determine the effect of the COVID‐19 lockdown event on the number of contacts with psychiatric hospitals in Denmark, from February 25, 2019 to May 3, 2020. The analyses took a Box‐Jenkins approach to fit an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model.

Results: Virtual contacts replaced most FTF contacts during the lockdown. For most patient groups, the total number of contacts did not decrease significantly. However, for adult patients diagnosed with ICD‐10 F 0–10, 10–19, and 60–69 and child and adolescent patients diagnosed with F 10–19, 70–79, and 80–89, the number of contacts decreased during lockdown. The number of acute contacts with the psychiatric system decreased significantly in all regions in Denmark during lockdown.

Discussion: The Danish healthcare system was forced to introduce innovative tele‐psychiatry to mental health care during the lockdown. Disruption to service delivery was minimized because the resources were in place to sustain the transition from FTF to virtual contacts.
The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2021
Authors: Wang Feng‐Hua , Zhang Xiao‐Tian , Li Yuan‐Fang , Tang Lei , Qu Xiu‐Juan , Ying Jie‐Er , Zhang Jun , Sun Ling‐Yu , Lin Rong‐Bo , Qiu Hong , Wang Chang , Qiu Miao‐Zhen , Cai Mu‐Yan , Wu Qi , Liu Hao , Guan Wen‐Long , Zhou Ai‐Ping , Zhang Yu‐Jing , Liu Tian‐Shu , Bi Feng , Yuan Xiang‐Lin , Rao Sheng‐Xiang , Xin Yan , Sheng Wei‐Qi , Xu Hui‐Mian , Li Guo‐Xin , Ji Jia‐Fu , Zhou Zhi‐Wei , Liang Han , Zhang Yan‐Qiao , Jin Jing , Shen Lin , Li Jin , Xu Rui‐Hua
Published: July 2021

There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biological characteristics, treatment patterns, and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub‐specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually. Taking into account regional differences, giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources, these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China. The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis, treatment, follow‐up, and screening of gastric cancer. Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines, this updated guideline integrates the results of major clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year, focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations. For the comprehensive treatment of non‐metastatic gastric cancer, attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment. The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated. For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer, recommendations for immunotherapy were included, and immune checkpoint inhibitors from third‐line to the first‐line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.
Yoga for cancer survivors with chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy: Health‐related quality of life outcomes
Authors: Zhi W. Iris , Baser Raymond E. , Zhi Lillian M. , Talukder Dristi , Li Qing S. , Paul Tina , Patterson Clare , Piulson Lauren , Seluzicki Christina , Galantino Mary L. , Bao Ting
Published: July 2021

Background

Yoga is a meditative movement therapy focused on mind‐body awareness. The impact of yoga on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes in patients with chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is unclear.

Methods

We conducted a pilot randomized wait‐list controlled trial of 8 weeks of yoga (n = 21) versus wait‐list control (n = 20) for CIPN in 41 breast and gynecological cancer survivors with persistent moderate to severe CIPN. HRQOL endpoints were Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The Treatment Expectancy Scale (TES) was administered at baseline. We estimated mean changes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from baseline to weeks 8 and 12 and compared arms using constrained linear mixed models.

Results

At week 8, HADS anxiety scores decreased −1.61 (−2.75, −0.46) in the yoga arm and −0.32 (−1.38, 0.75) points in the wait‐list control arm (p = 0.099). At week 12, HADS anxiety scores decreased −1.42 (−2.57, −0.28) in yoga compared to an increase of 0.46 (−0.60, 1.53) in wait‐list control (p = 0.017). There were no significant differences in HADS depression, BFI, or ISI scores between yoga and wait‐list control. Baseline TES was significantly higher in yoga than in wait‐list control (14.9 vs. 12.7, p = 0.019). TES was not associated with HADS anxiety reduction and HADS anxiety reduction was not associated with CIPN pain reduction.

Conclusions

Yoga may reduce anxiety in patients with CIPN. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Clinical Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03292328.
Changes in Compositional Properties during Fruit Development and On‐Tree Ripening of Two Common Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Cultivars
Authors: Karabulut Ihsan , Ozdemir Ibrahim S. , Koc Tugca B. , Sislioglu Kubra , Gokbulut Incilay , Saritepe Yuksel
Published: July 2021

The objective of the present study was to investigate the variations in some major primary (sugars and organic acids) and secondary (phenolics, β‐carotene) metabolite contents during fruit development and ripening in two important apricot cultivars (Hacıhaliloğlu and Kabaaşı). The changes in the compositional properties of two apricot cultivars were monitored during fruit development with one‐week intervals from 56 to 119 days after blossom. During fruit development, the contents of organic acids and phenolics decreased whereas that of sucrose and sorbitol increased. p‐Coumaric acid was the only phenolic compound which increased in concentration during fruit development regardless of the cultivar. The content of the other phenolic compounds decreased in a cultivar‐dependent manner. The β‐carotene content of the cultivars showed distinct patterns of change such that 3 fold increase in β‐carotene content of Kabaaşı cultivar was observed whereas the β‐carotene content of the Hacıhaliloğlu cultivar did not show any significant change during fruit development.
mRNPs: Structure and role in development
Authors: Voronina Anna S. , Pshennikova Elena S.
Published: July 2021

In eukaryotic cells, mRNA molecules are coated with numerous RNA‐binding proteins and so exist in ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). The proteins associated with the mRNA regulate the fate of mRNA, including its localization, translation and decay. Before activation of translation, the mRNA does not display any template functions—it is masked. The coordinated activity of certain RNA‐binding proteins determines the future fate of each mRNA individually. In embryo development, the temporal and spatial regulation of translation can cause a situation when the mRNA and the encoded protein are localized in different compartments and so the differentiation of the cells can be determined. The fundamentals of regulation of the mRNAs fate and functioning in nerves are similar to those already described for oo‐ and embryogenesis. Disorders in the mRNA masking and demasking result in the emergence of various diseases, in particular cancers and neuro‐degenerative diseases.
Effect of biopolymer mixing ratios and aqueous phase conditions on the interfacial and emulsifying properties of lentil protein isolate–κ‐carrageenan and lentil protein isolate–ι‐carrageenan complexes
Authors: Wang Yingxin , Ghosh Supratim , Nickerson Michael T.
Published: July 2021

Background and objectives

The use of plant protein ingredients within the food industry is increasing rapidly due to their lower cost, greater environmental sustainability, perceived safety concerns related to consuming animal products, and consumer dietary preferences. Lentil protein, as an emerging nonsoy, gluten‐free, plant‐based protein, could play more important role in food processing. However, plant proteins generally contribute lower solubility than animal proteins; incorporation of polysaccharides such as carrageenan could tailor the functionality of lentil protein. This work aimed to investigate the complexation behavior between lentil protein isolate (LPI) and carrageenan (κ‐carrageenan: κ‐C and ι‐carrageenan: ι‐C) as a function of pH and biopolymer mixing ratio, and the emulsifying properties of their resulting soluble and insoluble complexes.

Findings

Incorporation of both κ‐C and ι‐C into the LPI solution led to the suppression of large protein aggregates being formed during a turbidimetric pH acid titration. As LPI–carrageenan mixing ratio decreased, maximum optical density (max OD) values for both LPI‐κ‐C and LPI‐ι‐C systems decreased. Emulsions made at pH 6 showed higher emulsion stability than those made at pH 3.5 for each sample. Emulsions at pH 6 also formed smaller, more uniform, and higher charged droplets and showed lower interfacial tension. 4:1 LPI‐κ‐C and 4:1 LPI‐ι‐C emulsions at pH 6 showed higher emulsion viscosity and higher corresponding continuous phase viscosity.

Conclusions

Soluble and insoluble complexes were formed between LPI and both carrageenan polysaccharides through electrostatic interactions at pH 6 and pH 3.5, respectively. Emulsions prepared at pH 6 showed higher stability than emulsions at pH 3.5, where the highest emulsion stability was contributed to 4:1 LPI‐κ‐C and 4:1 LPI‐ι‐C emulsions.

Significance and novelty

Lentil protein interacted with carrageenan through electrostatic attraction, where soluble complexes were formed between the positive patches on LPI and negatively charged carrageenan and insoluble complexes were formed between positively charged LPI and negatively charged carrageenan. Both types of electrostatic complexes were used to prepare emulsions, and soluble complexes were shown to contribute better emulsion stability than insoluble complexes. Preparation of the stable LPI–carrageenan‐based emulsion is a low‐cost, nonsolvent, and relatively easy process, which shows potential for further food applications.
Large‐Scale Production of Carbon‐Supported Cobalt‐Based Functional Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Bähr Alexander , Petersen Hilke , Tüysüz Harun
Published: July 2021

A series of Co‐based nanoparticles supported on activated carbon was synthesized by using waste tea leaves as a template as well as a sustainable carbon source. The crystal structure of the Co particles was adjusted by post‐treatments with H2O2, ethanol vapor, and H2, which result in Co3O4, CoO, and metallic Co phases, respectively. After these different treatments, the composite materials consist of small Co‐based nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 6–14 nm supported on activated carbon with apparent specific surface areas up to 1065 m2 g−1. Correlations between the structure of the materials and their activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were established, whereby the post‐treatment with ethanol vapor was found to yield the most effective electrocatalyst. The material shows good stability at 10 mA cm−2 over 10 h and reaches a mass activity of 2.9 A mgCo−1, which is even higher than pristine ordered mesoporous Co3O4. The superior electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to a high dispersion of Co‐based nanoparticles and the conductivity of the activated carbon that facilitate the charge transport.
Effect of Support Properties on Selective Butanediols Production from Erythritol using Ir/ReOx Catalysts
Authors: Virgilio Emanuel M. , Padró Cristina L. , Sad María E.
Published: July 2021

This study reports the selective obtaining of butanediols (BDO), widely used in the polymer and synthetic rubber industry, by C−O hydrogenolysis of erythritol. The effect of the support on catalytic activity and selectivity to BDO was exhaustively studied using Ir/ReOx catalysts supported on SiO2, Al2O3, activated carbon, CeO2, TiO2 and ZrO2. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized and it was found that the physicochemical, redox and acidic properties of the supports notably influenced the metal dispersion, reducibility of the species and particle sizes. The most active and selective catalyst was Ir/ReOx/TiO2 (maximum BDO yield of 53 %), favoring C−O hydrogenolysis and minimizing C−C scissions and dehydration reactions. This superior performance was attributed to the formation of small clusters with an intimate contact between Ir and partially oxidized Re species (mainly Re+IV) that favors the appropriate adsorption of erythritol on ReO2 and the further interaction with H2 adsorbed on Ir0 to render BDO.
Electrochemical Effect of Cokes‐Derived Activated Carbon with Partially Graphitic Structure for Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Kang Seo Hui , Jeong Jun Hui , Chae Ji Su , Kang Yun Chan , Roh Kwang Chul
Published: July 2021

We report the optimized electrochemical performance of a hybrid supercapacitor constructed with cokes‐derived activated carbon (CAC) and Li4Ti5O12/carbon nanotube (LTO/CNT), which has improved capacitance and rate capability. The improved capacitance of the CAC is attributed to additional shallow intercalation due to the remaining graphitic structure with ion adsorption via optimized surface area and pore structure. The graphitic structure is partially maintained via adjusted KOH activation conditions. The improved rate capability of LTO/CNT is affected by the increase in electronic conductivity, which entails the formation of an electron pathway via a 3D CNT network, whereas nanosized LTO arrangements are embedded in the CNT structure. The maximum energy and power densities of the hybrid supercapacitor are 69.1 Wh kg−1 and 16.5 W kg−1, respectively, whereas the cycle‐life performance is 88 % after 8000 cycles. This hybrid supercapacitor can allow for the expansion of the application of supercapacitors.
Metal‐Organic Framework Derived Nanostructured Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Dey Gargi , Shadab  , Aijaz Arshad
Published: July 2021

With continuously increasing energy requirements, electrochemical water splitting is a solution to generate hydrogen as a carbon‐free fuel for future energy demands. Water splitting reaction is made up of two half electrochemical reactions ‐ hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER). The principal components of these electrochemical reactions are electrode materials, which are currently facing challenges in performance improvement, thus developing advanced electrode materials or electrocatalysts is essential. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials that have recently exhibited great potential as precursor for designing excellent water splitting electrocatalysts. These MOF‐derived materials are not attractive just because of high‐performance in electrocatalysis but also owing to their fascinating nanostructures, which are difficult to achieve by other synthetic methods. Search for well‐shaped nanostructured materials using MOF as a precursor for water splitting have attracted the attention in recent time and is a rapidly growing research area. This review summarizes the progress towards MOF‐derived electrocatalysts for water electrolysis especially focusing on nanostructure engineering, structure‐property correlations, and their bifunctional HER/OER performances. Performance of these bifunctional catalysts in two‐electrode electrolyzers are also discussed. Finally, existing obstacles and the future prospects of MOF‐derived bifunctional water splitting electrocatalysts are elaborated.
Enantioselective Recognition of Racemic Amino Alcohols in Aqueous Solution by Chiral Metal‐Oxide Keplerate {Mo132} Cluster Capsules
Authors: Pow Robert W. , Sinclair Zoё L. , Bell Nicola L. , Watfa Nancy , Abul‐Haija Yousef M. , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: July 2021

Determining the relative configuration or enantiomeric excess of a substance may be achieved using NMR spectroscopy by employing chiral shift reagents (CSRs). Such reagents interact noncovalently with the chiral solute, resulting in each chiral form experiencing different magnetic anisotropy; this is then reflected in their NMR spectra. The Keplerate polyoxometalate (POM) is a molybdenum‐based, water‐soluble, discrete inorganic structure with a pore‐accessible inner cavity, decorated by differentiable ligands. Through ligand exchange from the self‐assembled nanostructure, a set of chiral Keplerate host molecules has been synthesised. By exploiting the interactions of analyte molecules at the surface pores, the relative configuration of chiral amino alcohol guests (phenylalaninol and 2‐amino‐1‐phenylethanol) in aqueous solvent was establish and their enantiomeric excess was determined by 1H NMR using shifts of ΔΔδ=0.06 ppm. The use of POMs as chiral shift reagents represents an application of a class that is yet to be well established and opens avenues into aqueous host‐guest chemistry with self‐assembled recognition agents.
A Photo‐ and Redox‐Driven Two‐Directional Terthiazole‐Based Switch: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation
Authors: Baggi Nicolò , Léaustic Anne , Groni Sihem , Anxolabéhère‐Mallart Elodie , Guillot Régis , Métivier Rémi , Maurel François , Yu Pei
Published: July 2021

Terthiazoles with redox‐active substituents like an N‐methyl pyridinium group and ferrocene have been synthesized and their photo‐ and electro‐chromic behaviors were investigated. The presence of two lateral N‐methyl pyridinium substituents in the structure of terthiazole proved to be effective in inducing not only the reductive ring‐closure of the terthiazole core but also its oxidative ring‐opening reaction, leading to the first terarylene‐based switch able to fully operate both photochemically and electrochemically. Moreover, the large increase in the redox potential between its open and closed form (700 mV) means that a part of the photon energy necessary to trigger the cyclization is stored in the form of chemical potential available for other works. Introduction of a second redox‐active unit such as ferrocene onto the central thiazolyl moiety is found to inhibit the photochromism of the switch but not its redox switchability, which, instead, got improved for the ring‐opening reaction via the redox properties of the ferrocenyl unit. The optical and redox properties of the switch in its different oxidation states are analyzed with the aid of DFT calculations in order to rationalize different switching processes.
Stereoselective synthesis of (−)‐cytoxazone and its unnatural congener (+)‐5‐epi‐cytoxazone
Authors: Miranda Izabel Luzia , dos Santos Pedro Henrique Costa , Kohlhoff Markus , Purgato Gislaine Aparecida , Diaz Marisa Alves Nogueira , Diaz‐Muñoz Gaspar
Published: July 2021

An interesting protocol for stereoselective synthesis of (−)‐cytoxazone and its unnatural stereoisomer (+)‐5‐epi‐cytoxazone from d‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycine in overall yields of 10% and 16%, respectively, is described. The stereoselective addition of cyanide to an N‐Boc protected aminoaldehyde (tert‐butyl ((R)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐oxoethyl)carbamate) (5) constitutes the key step in this approach, producing a mixture of cyanohydrins 6a and b (1,2‐anti and 1,2‐syn tert‐butyl (2‐cyano‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethyl)carbamate) in 89% yield, with reasonable stereoselectivity (1.0:1.8) in favor of the anti‐Felkin product (1,2‐syn). A one‐pot sequence of three successive steps from this mixture produced the oxazolidinone isomers 9a and b ((4R,5R)‐ and (4R,5S)‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐oxooxazolidine‐5‐carboxylate). Chromatographic column separation and reduction of the ester function of both precursors led to (−)‐cytoxazone and (+)‐5‐epi‐cytoxazone.
More than just acral melanoma: the controversies of defining the disease
Authors: Bernardes Sara S , Ferreira Ingrid , Elder David E , Nobre Aretha B , Martínez‐Said Héctor , Adams David J , Robles‐Espinoza Carla Daniela , Possik Patricia A
Published: July 2021

Acral melanoma (AM) is a malignant cutaneous melanocytic tumour specifically located on the palms, soles, and nail apparatus, which are areas of glabrous (hairless) skin. Acral lentiginous melanoma, a subtype of AM, represents a histopathological subtype diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma with unique morphological and structural features. Despite clear definitions, the misuse of these terms and the inconsistency in reporting the histopathological features of AM cases have become a major obstacle to the study of the disease. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, histopathological features, prognosis, and genetic profile of AM, highlighting the differences observed when histopathological subtypes are considered. The increasing global effort to characterise AM cases from ethnically diverse populations would benefit greatly from a more consistent classification of the disease.