bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases brain MAPK signaling, inflammation and renin-angiotensin system activity and sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure
Authors: Wei Shun-Guang , Yu Yang , Weiss Robert M. , Felder Robert B.
Published: August 2016

We previously reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced in the subfornical organ (SFO) and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of heart failure (HF) rats and is reduced by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. The present study further examined the relationship between brain MAPK signaling, ER stress, and sympathetic excitation in HF. Sham-operated (Sham) and HF rats received a 4-wk intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of vehicle (Veh) or the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, 10 μg/day). Lower mRNA levels of the ER stress biomarkers GRP78, ATF6, ATF4, and XBP-1s in the SFO and PVN of TUDCA-treated HF rats validated the efficacy of the TUDCA dose. The elevated levels of phosphorylated p44/42 and p38 MAPK in SFO and PVN of Veh-treated HF rats, compared with Sham rats, were significantly reduced in TUDCA-treated HF rats as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Plasma norepinephrine levels were higher in Veh-treated HF rats, compared with Veh-treated Sham rats, and were significantly lower in the TUDCA-treated HF rats. TUDCA-treated HF rats also had lower mRNA levels for angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and NF-κB p65, and a higher mRNA level of IκB-α, in the SFO and PVN than Veh-treated HF rats. These data suggest that ER stress contributes to the augmented sympathetic activity in HF by inducing MAPK signaling, thereby promoting inflammation and renin-angiotensin system activity in key cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain.
A single dose of histamine-receptor antagonists before downhill running alters markers of muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness
Authors: Ely Matthew R. , Romero Steven A. , Sieck Dylan C. , Mangum Joshua E. , Luttrell Meredith J. , Halliwill John R.
Published: August 2016

Histamine contributes to elevations in skeletal muscle blood flow following exercise, which raises the possibility that histamine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response to exercise. We examined the influence of antihistamines on postexercise blood flow, inflammation, muscle damage, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in a model of moderate exercise-induced muscle damage. Subjects consumed either a combination of fexofenadine and ranitidine (blockade, n = 12) or nothing (control, n = 12) before 45 min of downhill running (−10% grade). Blood flow to the leg was measured before and throughout 120 min of exercise recovery. Markers of inflammation, muscle damage, and DOMS were obtained before and at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. At 60 min postexercise, blood flow was reduced ~29% with blockade compared with control ( P < 0.05). Markers of inflammation were elevated after exercise (TNF-ɑ, IL-6), but did not differ between control and blockade. Creatine kinase concentrations peaked 12 h after exercise, and the overall response was greater with blockade (18.3 ± 3.2 kU·l−1·h−1) compared with control (11.6 ± 2.0 kU·l−1·h−1; P < 0.05). Reductions in muscle strength in control (−19.3 ± 4.3% at 24 h) were greater than blockade (−7.8 ± 4.8%; P < 0.05) and corresponded with greater perceptions of pain/discomfort in control compared with blockade. In conclusion, histamine-receptor blockade reduced postexercise blood flow, had no effect on the pattern of inflammatory markers, increased serum creatine kinase concentrations, attenuated muscle strength loss, and reduced pain perception following muscle-damaging exercise.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Histamine appears to be intimately involved with skeletal muscle during and following exercise. Blocking histamine’s actions during muscle-damaging exercise, via common over-the-counter antihistamines, resulted in increased serum creatine kinase, an indirect marker of muscle damage. Paradoxically, blocking histamine’s actions attenuated muscle strength loss and reduced perceptions of muscle pain for 72 h following muscle-damaging exercise. These results indicate that exercise-induced histamine release may have a broad impact on protecting muscle from exercise-induced damage.
RNA expression profile of calcified bicuspid, tricuspid, and normal human aortic valves by RNA sequencing
Authors: Guauque-Olarte Sandra , Droit Arnaud , Tremblay-Marchand Joël , Gaudreault Nathalie , Kalavrouziotis Dimitri , Dagenais Francois , Seidman Jonathan G. , Body Simon C. , Pibarot Philippe , Mathieu Patrick , Bossé Yohan
Published: August 2016

The molecular mechanisms leading to premature development of aortic valve stenosis (AS) in individuals with a bicuspid aortic valve are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between calcified bicuspid aortic valves (BAVc) and tricuspid valves with (TAVc) and without (TAVn) AS using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We collected 10 human BAVc and nine TAVc from men who underwent primary aortic valve replacement. Eight TAVn were obtained from men who underwent heart transplantation. mRNA levels were measured by RNA-Seq and compared between valve groups. Two genes were upregulated, and none were downregulated in BAVc compared with TAVc, suggesting a similar gene expression response to AS in individuals with bicuspid and tricuspid valves. There were 462 genes upregulated and 282 downregulated in BAVc compared with TAVn. In TAVc compared with TAVn, 329 genes were up- and 170 were downregulated. A total of 273 upregulated and 147 downregulated genes were concordantly altered between BAVc vs. TAVn and TAVc vs. TAVn, which represent 56 and 84% of significant genes in the first and second comparisons, respectively. This indicates that extra genes and pathways were altered in BAVc. Shared pathways between calcified (BAVc and TAVc) and normal (TAVn) aortic valves were also more extensively altered in BAVc. The top pathway enriched for genes differentially expressed in calcified compared with normal valves was fibrosis, which support the remodeling process as a therapeutic target. These findings are relevant to understand the molecular basis of AS in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
Exploring Olfactory Function and Its Relation with Behavioral and Cognitive Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Pilotto Andrea , Rossi Federica , Rinaldi Fabrizio , Compostella Silvia , Cosseddu Maura , Borroni Barbara , Filosto Massimiliano , Padovani Alessandro
Published: August 2016

Background: Behavioral and cognitive impairment are common in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and represent a continuum with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Olfactory dysfunction has been described in a subset of ALS patients and might be associated with frontotemporal and insular cortex dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate olfaction dysfunction in ALS patients and its relationship with either cognition or behavioral impairment. Methods: 28 consecutive ALS patients underwent an extensive cognitive and behavioral battery and were classified as patients with normal cognition (ALS-N, n = 11) or with part of the ALS-FTD spectrum (n = 17), including either cognitive or behavioral impairment or dementia. Odor verbal and visual identification and discrimination were investigated in patients and age-matched controls using a test adapted from the Sniffin' Sticks. Results: Olfactory function was significantly different between ALS-FTD spectrum patients and controls (p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with behavioral and cognitive performance. The 10-point cutoff distinguished ALS-N from ALS-FTD spectrum patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 71 and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: Hyposmia is common in a subset of ALS patients and strongly associated with behavioral and cognitive impairment. Olfactory testing may represent an early screening tool in order to identify ALS subjects with cognitive/behavioral dysfunction. Further studies in larger series are mandatory in order to better investigate clinical and pathological aspects in this group of patients.
Maternal Emotional Availability and Its Association with Maternal Psychopathology, Attachment Style Insecurity and Theory of Mind
Authors: Licata Maria , Zietlow Anna-Lena , Träuble Birgit , Sodian Beate , Reck Corinna
Published: August 2016

Background/Aims: High maternal emotional availability (EA) positively affects various domains of child development. However, the question of which factors promote or hinder maternal EA has not been investigated systematically. The present study investigated several maternal characteristics, namely maternal psychopathology, maternal attachment style insecurity, and theory of mind (ToM) as possible factors that influence maternal EA. Methods: The sample was comprised of 56 mothers and their preschool-aged children. Half of the mothers were diagnosed with postpartum depression and or anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV, and the other half were healthy controls. Results: The results showed that both low maternal attachment style insecurity and high ToM skills significantly predicted maternal EA sensitivity, independently from maternal postpartum and concurrent psychopathology and education. Moreover, maternal attachment style insecurity fully mediated the link between maternal postpartum psychopathology and sensitivity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that maternal attachment style security can buffer negative effects of maternal psychopathology on maternal sensitivity in the mother-child interaction.
Plasma MicroRNA-126-5p is Associated with the Complexity and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris
Authors: Li Hai-yu , Zhao Xin , Liu Yu-Zhou , Meng Zhe , Wang Dan , Yang Fan , Shi Qiang-wei
Published: August 2016

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major problem worldwide. As an endothelium-enriched microRNA (miRNA), miR-126 has been reported to serve as a potential biomarker of acute myocardial infarction. However, the relationship between miR-126 and the severity of CAD remains unknown. This study was designed to test whether circulating miR-126 levels are associated with the severity of CAD. Methods: The present study enrolled 40 patients who had risk factors for CAD without angiographically significant CAD, and 110 patients presenting with stable angina pectoris, who were validated left main coronary artery disease (LMCA) and/or multi-vessel disease by coronary angiography. The expression levels of plasma miR-126-5p from all enrolled subjects were estimated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Then, the relationships between plasma miR-126-5p levels, number of diseased vessels and the corresponding Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score were analyzed. Results: The expression of circulating miR-126-5p was affected by some CAD risk factors including aging, dyslipidemia and DM. Furthermore, plasma miR-126-5p levels were significantly down-regulated in CAD patients with multi-vessel disease, higher SYNTAX score, rather than isolated LMCA and low SYNTAX score. Conclusion: Circulating miR-126-5p has emerged as a potential biomarker for complexity and severity of CAD in patients with stable angina pectoris.
Hanging Maneuver for Stomach Traction in Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatic Resections: An Original Technique Applied in 218 Patients
Authors: Dokmak Safi , Aussilhou Béatrice , Ftériche Fadhel Samir , Belghiti Jacques , Sauvanet Alain
Published: August 2016

Background: Stomach traction done to expose the pancreas is still a problem in laparoscopic left pancreatic resections. We developed a simple hanging maneuver to retract the stomach rapidly and effectively. Methods: After dividing the gastrocolic ligament, the stomach was encircled with a tape, turned along its horizontal axis and pulled with an epigastric trocar, which was later removed. This technique was used in all patients who underwent laparoscopic left pancreatic resections including 165 distal pancreatectomies (DP), 35 central pancreatectomies (CP) and 18 enucleations (En). Demographics, surgical and postoperative outcome data were recorded. Results: There were no mortalities. The mean operative time for DP, CP and En were 174, 191 and 104 min, respectively. The transfusion (0-4%) and conversion (0-3%) rates were low for all procedures. Morbidity was mainly represented by pancreatic fistula and grades (B + C) for DP, CP and En were observed in 26, 22 and 17%, respectively. No complication related to hanging of the stomach, like gastric perforation, was observed. Re-intervention and the mean hospital stay for DP, CP and En were observed in 5, 11 and 0% and were 16, 22 and 12, respectively. The readmission rate was low (0-9%). Conclusions: Hanging maneuver of the stomach is a simple procedure to rapidly, safely and effectively retract the stomach during left laparoscopic pancreatic resections.
Malignant Myoepithelioma of the Breast Clinically and Histologically Masquerading as Angiosarcoma: Cytological Findings and Review of the Literature
Authors: Trichia Helen , Ignatova Olena , Lekka Joanna , Papazian Maria , Manikis Panagiotis
Published: August 2016

Background: Malignant myoepithelioma of the breast is an exceptionally rare, aggressive tumor with a diverse morphology, the cytological features of which have only occasionally been described. Case Report: Our case comprises a 74-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with an erythematous, inflammatory-like mass of her left breast with nipple ulceration, and clinically fixed to the chest wall. The woman underwent fine-needle aspiration and biopsy. The aspirates consisted mainly of loose aggregates of large, highly pleomorphic, polygonal epithelioid cells as well as aggregates of spindle cells with prominent, easily detectable mitoses and single, multinucleated pleomorphic giant cells. The cytological diagnosis was consistent with high-grade malignancy. Histologically, the lesion consisted broadly of eosinophilic epithelioid cells with globoid cytoplasm in a reticulated, angiomatoid pattern and of spindle (sarcomatoid) cells in a storiform pattern, highly suspicious of angiosarcoma. A final diagnosis of malignant myoepithelioma was made. Conclusion: We present the cytological findings in comparison with the unusual histological features of a malignant myoepithelioma of the breast. A high degree of suspicion with a keen eye for morphological details coupled with relevant immunohistochemistry will aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
Repensando as relações raciais no Brasil: o estatuto da igualdade racial e as suas implicações na luta antirracista
Authors: Alves Joyce Amancio De Aquino
Published: August 2016

OLIVEIRA, Sidney de Paula. O Estatuto da Igualdade Racial. São Paulo: Selo Negro, 2013.
Dinâmicas raciais no Brasil contemporâneo: uma revisão empírica
Authors: Bailey Stanley
Published: August 2016

As dinâmicas raciais no Brasil estão mudando. Antes considerado um país em que o danoso legado do comércio de escravos não era admitido, hoje esse gigante da América Latina começou a reconhecer oficialmente a discriminação étnico-racial, tanto como fenômeno histórico, quanto como questão contemporânea. Parte desse processo envolve um afastamento da celebração da ambiguidade racial e a adoção de status raciais bem delimitados: o termo relativo à miscigenação “moreno” cede lugar, em muitas esferas, ao termo afirmativo “negro”, que passa a ocupar lugar central. Mais significativo ainda é o fato de atores estatais terem implementado cotas raciais no país inteiro, cuja importância maior se dê, talvez, na educação superior. O motor por trás dessas dinâmicas em transformação parece ser a conjunção de atores estatais e dos movimentos negros para estabelecer uma estratégia de mudança legal. É importante observar que pesquisas de opinião pública sugerem que a maioria dos brasileiros apoiam os elementos centrais das novas políticas raciais do Estado. Na segunda metade do século XX, os trabalhos acadêmicos associavam o Brasil a uma falta de consciência racial; já nas primeiras décadas do século XXI essa associação é indefensável.
Deletion of LR11 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation With Medial Thickening in Mice
Authors: Jiang Le , Konishi Hakuoh , Nurwidya Fariz , Satoh Kimio , Takahashi Fumiyuki , Ebinuma Hiroyuki , Fujimura Kengo , Takasu Kiyoshi , Jiang Meizi , Shimokawa Hiroaki , Bujo Hideaki , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: August 2016

Objective—

We aimed to determine whether LR11 (low-density lipoprotein receptor with 11 binding repeats) is a potential key regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation during the progression of hypoxia-induced medial thickening in mice and whether sLR11 (soluble LR11) can serve as a biomarker in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Approach and Results—

The role of LR11 in pulmonary arterial hypertension was investigated using mouse and cell models of induced hypoxia. The expression of LR11 and of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was significantly increased in lung tissues from C57Bl/6 mice after 3 weeks of exposure to hypoxia compared with normoxia. Serum sLR11 levels were also increased. Physiological and histochemical analyses showed that increased right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and medial thickening induced under hypoxia in wild-type mice were attenuated in LR11
−/−
mice. The proliferation rates stimulated by hypoxia or platelet-derived growth factor-BB were attenuated in SMC derived from LR11
−/−
mice, compared with those from wild-type mice. Exogenous sLR11 protein increased the proliferation rates of SMC from wild-type mice. The expression of LR11 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was increased in cultured SMC under hypoxic conditions, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α knockdown almost abolished the induction of LR11. Serum sLR11 levels were significantly higher in patients with, rather than without, pulmonary arterial hypertension. sLR11 levels positively correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance and mean pulmonary arterial pressure.

Conclusions—

LR11 regulated SMC proliferation during the progression of hypoxia-induced medial thickening in mice. The findings obtained from mice, together with those in humans, indicate that sLR11 could serve as a novel biomarker that reflects the pathophysiology of proliferating medial SMC in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Pregnancy and the Risk of Aortic Dissection or Rupture
Authors: Kamel Hooman , Roman Mary J. , Pitcher Alex , Devereux Richard B.
Published: August 2016

Background:

Case series have described aortic dissection and rupture in pregnancy. Few population-based data exist to support an association.

Methods:

We performed a cohort-crossover study using data on all emergency department visits and acute care hospitalizations at nonfederal healthcare facilities in California, Florida, and New York. We included women ≥12 years of age with labor and delivery or abortive pregnancy outcome between 2005 and 2013. Our outcome was a composite of aortic dissection or rupture. Based on the timing of reported aortic complications during pregnancy, we defined the period of risk as 6 months before delivery until 3 months after delivery. We compared each patient’s likelihood of aortic complications during this period with an equivalent 270-day period exactly 1 year later. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were computed using conditional Poisson regression with robust standard errors.

Results:

Among 6 566 826 pregnancies in 4 933 697 women, we identified 36 cases of aortic dissection or rupture during the pregnancy or postpartum period and 9 cases during the control period 1 year later. The rate of aortic complications was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 4.0–7.8) per million patients during pregnancy and the postpartum period, in comparison with 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.7–2.9) per million during the equivalent period 1 year later. Pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of aortic dissection or rupture (incidence rate ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–8.2) in comparison with the control period 1 year later.

Conclusions:

The risk of aortic dissection or rupture is elevated during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Blood Pressure, Carotid Flow Pulsatility, and the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Chuang Shao-Yuan , Cheng Hao-Min , Bai Chyi-Huey , Yeh Wen-Ting , Chen Jiunn-Rong , Pan Wen-Harn
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

High blood pressure is a major cause of cardiovascular events, and carotid flow pulsatility may be associated with cardiovascular events. However, the combined effect of blood pressure and flow pulsatility on the development of stroke remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the combined influence of central blood pressure and pulsatility index (PI) on the incidence of stroke.

Methods—

Baseline data from 2033 adults (≥30 years) without stroke history in the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Two-Township Study were linked to incident stroke. Common carotid flow PI was calculated by peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, and mean vessel velocity, which were measured in the common carotid artery. Hazard ratios for the risk of total stroke resulting from high central systolic blood pressure (CSBP) and high PI were calculated with Cox proportional hazard models.

Results—

Over a median follow-up of 9.81 years, 132 people incurred stroke events. The incidence rates of stroke were 1.3, 6.4, and 13.2 per 1000 person-years for tertile groups of CSBP (
P
for trend<0.05) and 4.3, 7.0, and 9.4 per 1000 person-years for tertile groups of PI (
P
for trend<0.05). Compared with the first tertile of CSBP, hazard ratios were 4.88 (95% confidence interval, 2.29–10.43) for the second tertile and 10.42 (5.05–21.53) for the third tertile. Hazard ratios of PI were 2.18 (1.39–3.42; third tertile) and 1.64 (1.02–2.63; second tertile) compared with the first tertile. The individuals with a high CSBP and high PI had a 13-fold higher stroke risk compared with those with low CSBP and low PI (13.2; 1.75–99.71) after adjusting for age, sex, and traditional cardiovascular risk.

Conclusions—

CSBP and common carotid PI jointly and independently predicted future stroke. Carotid flow pulsatility may play an important role in the development of stroke.
Good Intracranial Collaterals Trump Poor ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) for Intravenous Thrombolysis in Anterior Circulation Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Tan Benjamin Y.Q. , Wan-Yee Kong , Paliwal Prakash , Gopinathan Anil , Nadarajah Mahendran , Ting Eric , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Seet Raymond C.S. , Chan Bernard P.L. , Teoh Hock L. , Rathakrishnan Rahul , Sharma Vijay K. , Yeo Leonard L.L.
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

In acute ischemic stroke, large early infarct size estimated by the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is associated with poorer outcomes and is a relative contraindication for recanalization therapies. The state of the intracranial collateral circulation influences the functional outcome and may be a variable to consider before thrombolysis. We evaluated the prognostic effect of the collateral circulation in patients with thrombolyzed acute ischemic stroke who have large early infarct sizes as indicated by low ASPECTS.

Materials and Methods—

Patients with anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke who received a computed tomographic angiogram and subsequent treatment with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator from 2010 to 2013 were studied. Two independent neuroradiologists determined their ASPECTS. We stratified patients using ASPECTS into 2 groups: large volume infarcts (ASPECTS≤7 points) and small volume infarcts (ASPECTS 8–10). In addition, we evaluated a third group with very large volume infarcts (ASPECTS≤5 points). We then analyzed the 3 subgroups using the Maas, Tan, and ASPECTS-collaterals grading systems of the computed tomographic angiogram intracranial collaterals. Good outcomes were defined by modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at 3 months.

Results—

A total of 300 patients were included in the final analysis. For patients with very large volume infarcts (ASPECTS≤5 points), univariable analysis showed that younger age, male sex, lower National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), lower systolic blood pressure, and good collaterals by Maas, Tan, or ASPECTS-collaterals grading were predictors of good outcomes. On multivariate analysis, younger age (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.97;
P
=0.002) and good collaterals by ASPECTS-collaterals system (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–1.57;
P
<0.001) were associated with good outcomes.

Conclusions—

In patients with large and very large volume infarcts, good collaterals as measured by the ASPECTS-collaterals system is associated with improved outcomes and can help select patients for intravenous thrombolysis.
The Role of Domestic Courts in International Human Rights Law: The Constitutional Court of Colombia and Free, Prior and Informed Consent
Authors: Parra José
Published: August 2016

The internalization of international law by domestic courts is central to the effective implementation of international human rights law. This is particularly true for emerging rights rooted in soft law. In this regard, indigenous peoples’ rights have significantly expanded in international law over the past 20 years, essentially in the form of soft law. As a case study, the review of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Colombia illustrates ‘progressive’ interpretation of soft law, notably on free, prior and informed consent, which is enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Thus, domestic courts not only implement international human rights law, but they also foster its development.
Language, Rights and Opportunities: The Role of Language in the Inclusion and Exclusion of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: de Varennes Fernand , Kuzborska Elżbieta
Published: August 2016

Indigenous peoples throughout the world have often seen their languages and cultures disregarded, denigrated or even suppressed. The legacy of these practices remain among us even today and can be witnessed through the low retention and success rates in schools teaching in a language alien to many indigenous children, as well as the common and continued refusal of state authorities to use indigenous languages in their contacts and interaction with indigenous populations. This article presents a global overview of the role of languages historically on the rights of indigenous peoples, and how language preferences have excluded – or in other cases been used to include – indigenous peoples in various spheres of society. It also considers the nature and scope of the rights of indigenous peoples as human rights, and the potential for the language rights of indigenous peoples to be used to empower them.
A checklist of the Cleridae of Iran with new data (Coleoptera: Cleroidea)
Authors: ZAPPI IURI , GHAHARI HASSAN
Published: August 2016

Species diversity of Iranian Cleridae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) is summarized in this paper. A total of 48 species and 1 subspecies in 14 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies of Cleridae are recorded. Eight species, Thaneroclerus buqueti (Lefebvre, 1835), Denops albofasciatus (Charpentier, 1825), Flabellotilloidea palaestina (Pic, 1900), Clerus mutillaroides Reitter, 1894, Opilo cilicicus Hintz, 1902, Opilo longipilis Fairmaire, 1892, Trichodes alberi Escherich, 1894 and Trichodes inermis Reitter, 1894 are recorded from Iran for the first time. Synonymies and distribution data are given. The checklist is based on examination of the literature and also includes records from specimens examined in many collections. Taxa are arranged hierarchically under the categories of subfamily, genus, species and subspecies.
A new Eastern Central Atlantic skate Raja parva sp. nov. (Rajoidei: Rajidae) belonging to the Raja miraletus species complex
Authors: LAST PETER R. , SÉRET BERNARD
Published: August 2016

An investigation of combined CO1 and NADH2 data for rajid skates referable to Raja miraletus provided evidence that populations ranging from southern Africa to the North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, once considered to represent a cline, belong to a species complex consisting of at least four valid species. Raja miraletus appears to be confined to the Mediterranean Sea, and the North-East Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay south to Morocco and Madeira. The southernmost species, referable to the resurrected Raja ocellifera, occurs off southern Africa, off Namibia and from False Bay to Durban (South Africa). Two species occur off tropical West Africa, including Raja parva sp. nov. (Senegal, Liberia and Angola but is probably more widespread within the region), and another unidentified species needing further investigation. Raja cf. miraletus, confirmed from Mauritania and Senegal, appears to be a larger skate with a broader disc, more broadly pointed snout, larger spiracles, and a slightly longer and broader tail. Raja parva sp. nov. differs from nominal members of the complex in having an unusually long procaudal tail (exceeding 22% TL), as well as a combination of other external characters. Past investigators observed morphological and anatomical differences between these forms but these were thought to be due to intraspecific variability. They postulated that an upwelling at Cape Blanco (21°N) may have isolated the Mediterranean form (R. miraletus) from Mauritania-Senegal form (now known to be two species). Similarly, the Benguela Current and upwelling off Cape Frio (18°S) were thought to be responsible for separating the Angolan form (R. parva) and South African form (R. ocellifera).
A new monotypic genus, a species synonymy and nomenclatural corrections in the arid-adapted Canthonini (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) from the Succulent Karoo Biome of south-western Africa
Authors: DESCHODT CHRISTIAN M. , DAVIS ADRIAN L.V. , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H.
Published: August 2016

Although it has been demonstrated that the tribe Canthonini (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) is polyphyletic, those canthonine genera occurring in arid south-western Africa apparently form a monophyletic group. In this paper we add one new monotypic genus, Drogo stalsi gen. et. sp. n. to this group, and synonymize another member, Byrrhidium namaquense Scholtz and Howden, 1987 syn. n. with Byrrhidium ovale Harold, 1869. We correct the spelling of two species names that were not in agreement with the gender rule. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphology supports the erection of Drogo gen. n. An updated key to the genera and species of the Byrrhidium group is presented.
The Potential Predictability of Fire Danger Provided by Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Pappenberger Florian , Wetterhall Fredrik , Krzeminski Blazej , Camia Andrea , Libertá Giorgio , San Miguel Jesus
Published: August 2016

A global fire danger rating system driven by atmospheric model forcing has been developed with the aim of providing early warning information to civil protection authorities. The daily predictions of fire danger conditions are based on the U.S. Forest Service National Fire-Danger Rating System (NFDRS), the Canadian Forest Service Fire Weather Index Rating System (FWI), and the Australian McArthur (Mark 5) rating systems. Weather forcings are provided in real time by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system at 25-km resolution. The global system’s potential predictability is assessed using reanalysis fields as weather forcings. The Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED4) provides 11 yr of observed burned areas from satellite measurements and is used as a validation dataset. The fire indices implemented are good predictors to highlight dangerous conditions. High values are correlated with observed fire, and low values correspond to nonobserved events. A more quantitative skill evaluation was performed using the extremal dependency index, which is a skill score specifically designed for rare events. It revealed that the three indices were more skillful than the random forecast to detect large fires on a global scale. The performance peaks in the boreal forests, the Mediterranean region, the Amazon rain forests, and Southeast Asia. The skill scores were then aggregated at the country level to reveal which nations could potentially benefit from the system information to aid decision-making and fire control support. Overall it was found that fire danger modeling based on weather forecasts can provide reasonable predictability over large parts of the global landmass.
Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Trends from Satellite and Surface Observations and Model Simulations over the North Atlantic Ocean from 2002 to 2012
Authors: Jongeward Andrew R. , Li Zhanqing , He Hao , Xiong Xiaoxiong
Published: August 2016

Aerosols contribute to Earth’s radiative budget both directly and indirectly, and large uncertainties remain in quantifying aerosol effects on climate. Variability in aerosol distribution and properties, as might result from changing emissions and transport processes, must be characterized. In this study, variations in aerosol loading across the eastern seaboard of the United States and the North Atlantic Ocean during 2002 to 2012 are analyzed to examine the impacts of anthropogenic emission control measures using monthly mean data from MODIS, AERONET, and IMPROVE observations and Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model simulation. MODIS observes a statistically significant negative trend in aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the midlatitudes (−0.030 decade−1). Correlation analyses with surface AOD from AERONET sites in the upwind region combined with trend analysis from GOCART component AOD confirm that the observed decrease in the midlatitudes is chiefly associated with anthropogenic aerosols that exhibit significant negative trends from the eastern U.S. coast extending over the western North Atlantic. Additional analysis of IMPROVE surface PM2.5 observations demonstrates statistically significant negative trends in the anthropogenic components with decreasing mass concentrations over the eastern United States. Finally, a seasonal analysis of observational datasets is performed. The negative trend seen by MODIS is strongest during spring (MAM) and summer (JJA) months. This is supported by AERONET seasonal trends and is identified from IMPROVE seasonal trends as resulting from ammonium sulfate decreases during these seasons.
What is the Role of Sea Surface Temperature in Modulating Cloud and Precipitation Properties over the Southern Ocean?
Authors: Huang Yi , Siems Steven T. , Manton Michael J. , Rosenfeld Daniel , Marchand Roger , McFarquhar Greg M. , Protat Alain
Published: August 2016

This study employs four years of spatiotemporally collocated A-Train satellite observations to investigate cloud and precipitation characteristics in relation to the underlying properties of the Southern Ocean (SO). Results show that liquid-phase cloud properties strongly correlate with the sea surface temperature (SST). In summer, ubiquitous supercooled liquid water (SLW) is observed over SSTs less than about 4°C. Cloud-top temperature (CTT) and effective radius of liquid-phase clouds generally decrease for colder SSTs, whereas the opposite trend is observed for cloud-top height, cloud optical thickness, and liquid water path. The deduced cloud depth is larger over the colder oceans. Notable differences are observed between “precipitating” and “nonprecipitating” clouds and between different ocean sectors. Using a novel joint SST–CTT histogram, two distinct liquid-phase cloud types are identified, where the retrieved particle size appears to increase with decreasing CTT over warmer water (SSTs >~7°C), while the opposite is true over colder water. A comparison with the Northern Hemisphere (NH) storm-track regions suggests that the ubiquitous SLW with markedly smaller droplet size is a unique feature for the cold SO (occurring where SSTs <~4°C), while the presence of this cloud type is much less frequent over the NH counterparts, where the SSTs are rarely colder than about 4°C at any time of the year. This study also suggests that precipitation, which has a profound influence on cloud properties, remains poorly observed over the SO with the current spaceborne sensors. Large uncertainties in precipitation properties are associated with the ubiquitous boundary layer clouds within the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere.
Altruism: New perspectives of research on a classical theme in sociology of morality
Authors: Bykov Andrey
Published: August 2016

Since coined by Comte, altruism has become one of the most controversial concepts in social and behavioral sciences, although altruistic behavior and related topics have been successfully studied within a number of fields. Oddly, while the theme of altruism was of primary significance in classical sociology of morality, modern sociology seems to have relatively little interest in studying altruism and altruistic behavior (although there are some exceptions) and the field is largely dominated by other social and behavioral sciences. The article aims at reconsidering altruism as a concept and as an area of research in sociology of morality by reviewing the major concepts of altruism in classical sociology and modern behavioral sciences. The article argues that, although for the ‘new’ sociology of morality it is necessary to take into account behavioral and psychological perspectives, a promising sociological approach to the study of altruism in different social contexts can be based on renewing the classical focus on the normative components of moral behavior.
Death Certification: 800 years of practice; time to modernise teaching?
Authors: Khan Aamir A , Ah-kee Elliott Y
Published: August 2016

A short, personal perspective on the state of death certification teaching in the UK from two foundation doctors, with a focus on the importance of certifying death and the potential educational methods available to improve teaching on the topic.
Characterization and control of oxidized cellulose in ramie fibers during oxidative degumming
Authors: Li Zhaoling , Meng Chaoran , Zhou Jiajia , Li Zhengfan , Ding Jinhua , Liu Fengming , Yu Chongwen
Published: August 2016

Oxidative degumming with hydrogen peroxide provides an efficient pathway and new alternative for natural fiber extraction. In this work, the oxidized cellulose introduced into ramie fibers during the oxidative degumming process was systematically characterized in terms of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The differences of chemical components, chemical shift, surface structure and surface morphology were analyzed and compared within oxidized cellulose fibers with different oxidation degrees. In addition, the relationship between oxidized cellulose contents and mechanical properties of degummed fibers were further discussed. The results show that the number of oxidized groups increases with increasing oxidation. In addition, the greater presence of oxidized cellulose contributes to a larger loss of tenacity, breaking elongation, flexibility and degree of polymerization in degummed fibers. This study could offer useful information in better understanding the reaction characteristics of oxidative degumming and better control of degummed fiber quality. The contents of oxidized cellulose in ramie fibers could be an effective indicating factor to demonstrate oxidative degumming efficiency and fiber properties.
Determinants of Support Exchange Between Grandparents and Grandchildren in Rural China: The Roles of Grandparent Caregiving, Patrilineal Heritage, and Emotional Bonds
Authors: Xu Ling , Chi Iris
Published: August 2016

Mutuality of support provision is a necessary precondition of family solidarity. However, the exchange of care between grandparents and grandchildren has largely been neglected. Using data from the fourth wave of the Anhui Study in China, this study investigated determinants of support exchange between grandparents and grandchildren. Results showed that more grandparents received support from than provided support to their grandchildren. A higher percentage of older adults exchanged support with the grandchildren of their eldest child if that child was male rather than female. Older adults who had strong emotional bonds with the middle generation, especially with sons, or had experience caring for grandchildren were much more likely to receive support from and provide support to their grandchildren. This study confirms the intergenerational solidarity theory and norms of kinship obligation in rural China, where social services are limited.
That’s Not What I Meant
Authors: Edwards Renee , Bybee Brock T. , Frost Jonathon K. , Harvey Adam J. , Navarro Michael
Published: August 2016

Misunderstanding is an integral and unavoidable element of communication. This article links misunderstanding theoretically to message interpretation and conflict, then presents the results of a study that examined relationships among misunderstanding, channel of communication, and three forms of perspective-taking. Participants ( n = 98) responded to scaled items and described experiences of misunderstanding. Results showed that face-to-face misunderstandings are more serious than those that occur in computer-mediated communication. Dispositional perspective-taking, situational perspective-taking, and partner’s situational perspective-taking were correlated with features such as frequency of misunderstanding, use of integrative strategies, open communication, humor, personal offense, and communication satisfaction. In about two thirds of the reported misunderstandings, the problem occurred because of the tone of the message, an interlocutor took personal offense, and open communication was used to resolve it. The findings are consistent with predictions concerning perspective-taking and extend understanding of misunderstanding. Recommendations include examining misunderstanding, especially in CMC, in greater depth.
Minimum weight layouts of spanning structures obtained using graphic statics
Authors: Mazurek Arek , Beghini Alessandro , Carrion Juan , Baker William F
Published: August 2016

The focus of this article is to identify an analytical description for the layout of a minimum volume truss that is uniformly loaded. Two different span conditions are considered: single and multiple spans. The multiple-span condition is supported at equally spaced locations. The methodology utilized for the solution of the problems takes advantage of Maxwell’s Theorem of Load Paths and the properties of reciprocal diagrams in Graphic Statics. This approach provides considerable insight in the properties of the optimal layouts for the given boundary and loading conditions. In Graphic Statics, the solution to a problem is based on tracing two related diagrams: the form and the force diagram. These obtained graphs can also be viewed as the definition of two dual structures. A force diagram created for a truss structure (form diagram) can be understood as the layout of a (dual) structure with its own loading condition. Therefore, the optimization can be conducted in either space (the force or the form). The analytical solutions obtained in this article are verified numerically using a ground structure optimization tool.
Determinants of pain and functioning in knee osteoarthritis: a one-year prospective study
Authors: Helminen Eeva-Eerika , Sinikallio Sanna H , Valjakka Anna L , Väisänen-Rouvali Rauni H , Arokoski Jari PA
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To identify predictors of pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis.

Design:

A one-year prospective analysis of determinants of pain and functioning in knee osteoarthritis.

Study setting:

Primary care providers in a medium-sized city.

Patients:

A total of 111 patients aged from 35 to 75 with clinical symptoms and radiographic grading (Kellgren-Lawrence 2–4) of knee osteoarthritis who participated in a randomized controlled trial.

Main measures:

The outcome measures were self-reported pain and function, which were recorded at 0, 3 and 12 months. Disease-specific pain and functioning were assessed using the pain and function subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index. Generic physical and mental functioning were assessed using the RAND-36 subscales for function, and physical and mental component summary scores. Possible baseline predictors for these outcomes were 1) demographic, socioeconomic and disease-related variables, and 2) psychological measures of resources, distress, fear of movement and catastrophizing.

Results:

Multivariate linear mixed model analyses revealed that normal mood at baseline measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory predicted significantly better results in all measures of pain (WOMAC P=0.02) and function (WOMAC P=0.002, RAND-36 P=0.002) during the one-year follow-up. Psychological resource factors (pain self-efficacy P=0.012, satisfaction with life P=0.002) predicted better function (RAND-36). Pain catastrophizing predicted higher WOMAC pain levels ( P=0.013), whereas fear of movement (kinesiophobia) predicted poorer functioning (WOMAC P=0.046, RAND-36 P=0.024).

Conclusions:

Multiple psychological factors in people with knee osteoarthritis pain are associated with the development of disability and longer term worse pain.
The development and validation of a novel outcome measure to quantify mobility in the dysvascular lower extremity amputee: the amputee single item mobility measure
Authors: Norvell Daniel C , Williams Rhonda M , Turner Aaron P , Czerniecki Joseph M
Published: August 2016

Objective:

This study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a novel patient-reported single-item mobility measure.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Four Veteran’s Administration Medical Centers.

Subjects:

Individuals undergoing their first major unilateral lower extremity amputation; 198 met inclusion criteria; of these, 113 (57%) enrolled.

Interventions:

None.

Main measures:

The Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure, a single item measure with scores ranging from 0 to 6, was developed by an expert panel, and concurrently administered with the Locomotor Capabilities Index-5 (LCI-5) and other outcome measures at six weeks, four months, and 12 months post-amputation. Criterion and construct validity, responsiveness, and floor/ceiling effects were evaluated. Responsiveness was assessed using the standardized response mean.

Results:

The overall mean 12-month Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure score was 3.39 ±1.4. Scores for transmetatarsal, transtibial, and transfemoral amputees were 4.2 (±1.3), 3.2 (±1.5), and 2.9 (±1.1), respectively. Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure scores demonstrated “large” and statistically significant correlations with the LCI-5 scores at six weeks (r = 0.72), four months (r = 0.81), and 12 months (r = 0.86). At four months and 12 months, the correlation between Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure scores and hours of prosthetic use were r = 0.69 and r = 0.66, respectively, and between Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure scores and Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales functional restriction scores were r = 0.45 and r = 0.67, respectively. Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure scores increased significantly from six weeks to 12 months post-amputation. Minimal floor/ceiling effects were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

In the unilateral dysvascular amputee, the Amputee Single Item Mobility Measure has strong criterion and construct validity, excellent responsiveness, and does not exhibit floor/ceiling effects.