bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourism Interactions and Redistribution Effects in the Balearic Islands: A SAM Analysis
Authors: Polo Clemente , Valle Elisabeth
Published: November 2014

This paper presents new estimates of the weight of tourism in the Balearic Islands (BI) and examine the interactions among tourism-oriented sectors and non-tourism sectors. It also estimates the redistributive effects caused by tourism sectors. The results are obtained for three alternative linear models whose numerical specification relies on a new social accounting matrix (SAM) of the BI constructed by the authors for 2004. This SAM is more ambitious than previous matrices. It is a 62 square matrix built on the information provided by the latest input-output table available, the regional accounts and other statistical information of the BI government and the Continuous Consumers' Expenditure Survey. It includes 35 production activities and 5 representative households. The results of the models confirm the key role of tourism in the BI economy. They also indicate that the more encompassing models provide a fairer picture of the effects of tourism.
The Effects of Economic Crises on Tourism Success: An Integrated Model
Authors: Perles-Ribes José Francisco , Ramón-Rodríguez Ana Belén , Sevilla-Jiménez Martín , Rubia Antonio
Published: November 2014

This paper provides a theoretical model of the influence of economic crises on tourism destination performance. It discusses the temporary and permanent effects of economic crises on the global market shares of tourism destinations through a series of potential transmission mechanisms based on the main economic competitiveness determinants identified in the literature. The proposed model explains the non-neutrality of economic shocks in tourism competitiveness. The model is tested on Spain's tourism industry, which is among the leaders of the global tourism sector, for the period 1970–2013 using non-linear econometric techniques. The empirical analysis confirms that the proposed model is appropriate for explaining the changes in the market positions caused by the economic crises.
The Use of Mediation in Tax Disputes – UK Position
Authors: Nias Peter , Popplewell Nigel
Published: November 2014

The Use of Mediation in Tax Disputes – UK Position

The article looks at the background to the use of mediation as a tool for resolving tax disputes between the UK tax authorities (HMRC) and UK taxpayers. It explains HMRC's litigation and settlement strategy which comprises the broad structure within which HMRC must operate to resolve such disputes. It then looks at specific guidance published by HMRC dealing with ADR and mediation in particular. The operational elements of this guidance, and the authors practical experience of them are then described, as are their views, with the limitations of the process. Finally the authors look at the application of ADR in the international arena.
Pojetí a rozvoj čtenářské pregramotnosti v předškolním období
Authors: Kropáčková Jana , Wildová Radka , Kucharská Anna
Published: November 2014

Příspěvek se zaměřuje na problematiku čtenářské pregramotnosti, která je z pohledu celoživotního vzdělávání nesmírně významnou oblastí, neboť v období předškolního věku se kladou základy nejen čtenářské, ale i řady dalších gramotností a současně se rozvíjí osobnost dítěte, jeho motivace pro vlastní poznávání. Cílem studie je charakterizovat pojetí čtenářské pregramotnosti v českém předškolním vzdělávání, analyzovat vývoj související terminologie a sumarizovat závěry výzkumných šetření zaměřujících se na pojetí, podporu a rozvoj čtenářské pregramotnosti v domácím prostředí. Autorky se zaměří v prvé části na vývoj terminologie, konkrétně používání pojmů v českém předškolním vzdělávání, dále na precizaci pojmů z vývojového hlediska a v kontextu současného českého předškolního kurikula. Druhou část věnují prezentaci výsledků výzkumných šetření v oblasti čtenářské pregramotnosti a třetí část zařazení této problematiky v pregraduální přípravě učitelek mateřských škol na PedF UK v Praze a dalším možnostem podpory rozvoje v předškolním období, které je považováno i v zahraniční odborné literatuře za jedno z klíčových období v rozvoji čtenářské gramotnosti. Díky tomuto postupu autorky v závěrečné části objasňují preferenci používání pojmu čtenářské pregramotnosti a docházejí ke zjištění, že k pojetí a rozvoji čtenářské pregramotnosti je třeba přistupovat komplexně, jak ve výzkumu, tak ve vlastní přípravě učitelů a samotném předškolním vzdělávání.
Proč se chci stát učitelkou v mateřské škole? Pohled kvalitativního výzkumu
Authors: Wiegerová Adriana , Gavora Peter
Published: November 2014

Příspěvek referuje o výzkumu motivů volby profese učitelky mateřské školy. Vzorek se skládá z 29 studentek bakalářského studia učitelství v mateřské škole na jedné moravské univerzitě. Výzkumnou metodou bylo tematické psaní o motivech, proč se studentky chtějí stát učitelkami v mateřské škole, jaké byly okolnosti jejich rozhodnutí a též o tom, jaké je jejich pojetí dítěte a dětství a koncepce činnosti učitelky mateřské školy. Tematické psaní bylo zadáno dvakrát, v prvním a třetím semestru studia. Texty byly analyzovány s cílem hledat odpovědi na výzkumné otázky. Výsledky ukazují, že rozhodnutí stát se učitelkou v mateřské škole je výsledkem předcházejících složitých interakcí mezi osobnostními charakteristikami subjektu a externími faktory, jejichž vliv však subjekt nepřijímá pasivně, ale filtruje je přes své dosavadní postoje a přesvědčení. U participantek se ukázaly dva významné osobnostní faktory – feminita a emocionalita. Pokud jde o externí determinanty, silným faktorem bylo prostředí rodiny, která poskytla příležitosti pro herní činnosti, které participantky realizovaly s dětmi, a rolové modely. Předprofesionální zkušenosti vyústily do pojetí učitelství v mateřské škole jako prodlouženého dětství. Edukační filozofie participantek spočívá ve třech rolích učitelky: ochranářské, průvodce dítěte z dětství do života a průvodce při vstupu do školního života.
Surface warming hiatus caused by increased heat uptake across multiple ocean basins
Authors: Drijfhout S. S. , Blaker A. T. , Josey S. A. , Nurser A. J. G. , Sinha B. , Balmaseda M. A.
Published: November 2014

The first decade of the 21st century was characterized by a hiatus in global surface warming. Using ocean model hindcasts and reanalyses we show that heat uptake between the 1990s and 2000s increased by 0.7 ± 0.3W m−2. Approximately 30% of the increase is associated with colder sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific. Other basins contribute via reduced heat loss to the atmosphere, in particular, the Southern and subtropical Indian Oceans (30%) and the subpolar North Atlantic (40%). A different mechanism is important at longer timescales (1960s–present) over which the Southern Annular Mode trended upward. In this period, increased ocean heat uptake has largely arisen from reduced heat loss associated with reduced winds over the Agulhas Return Current and southward displacement of Southern Ocean westerlies.
Direct measurement of lower thermospheric neutral density using multifrequency incoherent scattering
Authors: Nicolls Michael J. , Bahcivan Hasan , Häggström Ingemar , Rietveld Michael
Published: November 2014

Incoherent scatter (IS) is sensitive to collisional properties of the ion gas when the mean free path is close to the radar wave number. However, it has been traditionally difficult to infer the rate of collisions from IS measurements because of ambiguities in the theory for measurements at a single wave number (k). We demonstrate that multifrequency measurements to achieve diversity in k can allow for direct inference of the composition‐weighted ion‐neutral collision frequency in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. By direct, we mean that no significant constraints are imposed on the interpretation of the IS spectra and that interpretation relies only on the IS formalism (rather than a steady state ion‐momentum equation, for example). The technique is demonstrated using measurements from the European Incoherent Scatter VHF and UHF radar systems. This technique can be used to investigate neutral atmosphere variations as well as the validity of collision models commonly used in the IS formalism.
Enhancement of ultralow frequency wave amplitudes at the plasmapause
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Glassmeier K.‐H.
Published: November 2014

We present measurements of ultralow frequency (ULF) wave amplitudes measured by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes while crossing the plasmapause. During one crossing on 24 June 2007 which we study in detail, all three probes of which data that were obtained show an increase in the ULF compressional wave amplitude between 10 and 50 mHz by about 30%. These results are confirmed by a statistical study that examines the ULF compressional wave amplitude in the same frequency range averaged over 132 sharp plasmapause crossings between June 2007 and December 2007 made by THEMIS C, D, and E. Sharp plasmapause crossings are defined as those where the density increases by more than a factor of 50 over a spatial scale of 500 km. We find that assuming that the plasmapause can be approximated by a tangential MHD discontinuity, a ULF wave amplitude enhancement of 30% is in good agreement with theoretical transmission coefficient calculations if the plasma density increases from about 4 cm−3 on the magnetospheric trough side to about 540 cm−3 on the plasmaspheric side while simultaneously the magnetic field magnitude increases from 250 nT to 350 nT. These results might have important implications for the detection of global fast modes by satellites as their amplitude is hence expected to be higher inside the plasmasphere than outside.
On the physical and biogeochemical processes driving the high frequency variability of CO2 fugacity at 6°S, 10°W: Potential role of the internal waves
Authors: Parard Gaëlle , Boutin J. , Cuypers Y. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Caniaux G.
Published: November 2014

The availability of nutrients in the mixed layer is the main limitation to organic carbon biological production in the tropical regions. In this paper, we investigate the potential role of internal waves at promoting the development of biological activity on a PIRATA mooring at 6°S, 10°W. This mooring is located above the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge where we observe strong internal waves. Using a one‐dimensional physical and biogeochemical coupled model, we simulate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Providing the influence of vertical advection and turbulent diapycnal diffusivity are (it is vertical advection + turbulent dipycnal mixing) accounted for, we find that this model provides a good fit with observed in situ CO2 fugacity (fCO2). Main effect of internal waves is to rapidly increase the DIC, thus the fCO2 and the nutrients in the mixed layer. The latter induce progressive development of biological activity leading to gradual DIC decrease. Our study highlights the importance of correctly taking into account the effect of internal waves in tropical regions.
Informed Consent in Genetics
Authors: Knoppers Bartha M , Avard Denise , Thorogood Adrian
Published: November 2014

This chapter discusses the important role that informed consent plays in healthcare and medical research involving genetic testing. The requirement of informed consent for treatment and research poses additional difficulties for certain populations. The ethical challenges posed by the informed consent process for newborns, children, adolescents and incompetent adults are each addressed separately. This chapter also highlights two recent developments that have implications for informed consent: next‐generation genetic sequencing technologies and biobanking. These developments increase uncertainty over the predictive value of genetic test results. They also raise ethical concerns about the disclosure of the results of genetic tests to individuals and families, and the storage and future use of samples and data. In order to protect the interests of patients and research participants, these issues need to be addressed in the informed consent process.

Key Concepts:

Informed consent must be obtained before medical treatment or participation in medical research.

Parental consent is generally required for research involving children and adolescents. Parental consent must be exercised in the best interests of the child or adolescent. In some circumstances, adolescents may be authorised to consent themselves for medical care or research.

Whenever possible, assent from the child should be obtained according to his or her level of development and capacities.

Research involving children and adolescents should present no more than minimal risk, unless there is a prospect of direct benefit.

Explicit parental consent is not required for newborn screening since it is traditionally justified by the right of the child to receive the potential health benefits from screening.

The storage of newborn bloodspots has increased the demand that newborn screening samples be made available for research.

Biobanking involving children or newborn bloodspots has the potential to generate new medical knowledge but poses ethical challenges.

The volume of data produced by next‐generation sequencing poses new challenges for informed consent, especially because of the possibility of discovery of incidental findings.

The return of results in paediatric genetic studies raises complex issues for the use of next‐generation sequencing where incidental findings are revealed.

Genetic research and diagnostic testing can also pose challenges for competent adults given the familial nature of genetic information.

Research on incompetent adults is now allowed if it provides at least an indirect benefit to the related population, but few guidelines exist to allow legal representatives to make decisions about such participation.

Biobanking involves the storage of biological samples, often for future research of an uncertain nature. Broad consent has been used to address this issue. Re‐consent of participants may be necessary if the research framework changes.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Amino Acids and Their Phosphonate Analogues
Authors: Bera Kalisankar , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: November 2014

Asymmetric synthesis of α‐amino acids and their phosphonate analogues has received considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. Quaternary α‐amino acids and their phosphonate analogues are often more resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation and therefore have been targets of various synthetic endeavors. This Focus Review provides a summary of recent approaches to catalytic asymmetric synthesis of quaternary α‐amino acids and α‐aminophosphonates.
Population Shuffling of Protein Conformations
Authors: Smith Colin A. , Ban David , Pratihar Supriya , Giller Karin , Schwiegk Claudia , de Groot Bert L. , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Lee Donghan
Published: November 2014

Motions play a vital role in the functions of many proteins. Discrete conformational transitions to excited states, happening on timescales of hundreds of microseconds, have been extensively characterized. On the other hand, the dynamics of the ground state are widely unexplored. Newly developed high‐power relaxation dispersion experiments allow the detection of motions up to a one‐digit microsecond timescale. These experiments showed that side chains in the hydrophobic core as well as at protein–protein interaction surfaces of both ubiquitin and the third immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G move on the microsecond timescale. Both proteins exhibit plasticity to this microsecond motion through redistribution of the populations of their side‐chain rotamers, which interconvert on the picosecond to nanosecond timescale, making it likely that this “population shuffling” process is a general mechanism.
Total Synthesis of Ascospiroketal A Through a AgI‐Promoted Cyclization Cascade
Authors: Chang Stanley , Hur Soo , Britton Robert
Published: November 2014

The total synthesis of four candidate stereostructures for the marine octaketide ascospiroketal A have been achieved. These concise and highly stereocontrolled syntheses feature a unique AgI‐promoted cyclization cascade involving an oxetanyl ketochlorohydrin to access the entire tricyclic core of the natural product in one step. These syntheses also establish the full stereochemistry for the ascospiroketal natural products.
Development of a time‐resolved fluorescence immunoassay for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 IgG antibodies
Authors: Liang Qian‐Ni , Zhou Jian‐Wei , Liu Tian‐Cai , Lin Guan‐Feng , Dong Zhi‐Ning , Chen Zhen‐Hua , Chen Juan‐Juan , Wu Ying‐Song
Published: November 2014

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for anti‐HSV glycoprotein G (gG) are most commonly used in the clinical diagnosis of HSV infection. But most of them are qualitative and with narrow detection ranges. A novel time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) methodology was developed for the quantitative determination of HSV IgG in human serum. The assay was based on an indirect immunoassay format, and performed in 96‐well microtiter plates. HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 were used as the coating antigens. Eu3+‐labeled goat anti‐(human IgG) polyclonal antibodies were used as tracers. The fluorescence intensity of each well was measured and serum HSV IgG levels quantified against a calibration curve. The detection range of the novel TRFIA was between 5 and 500 AU/mL. Assay sensitivity was 0.568 AU/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 0.59–3.63% and 3.65–6.81%, respectively. Analytical recovery, dilution tests and serum panel tests were performed using TRFIA and the results proved satisfactory. There were no statistically significant differences in sensitivity and specificity between the TRFIA and commercial ELISAs. An effective, sensitive and accurate quantitative HSV type 1 and type 2 IgG TRFIA was successfully developed and provided diagnostic value in clinical use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valve‐sparing aortic root reconstruction in patient with prior renal transplantation
Authors: Ueki Chikara , Sakaguchi Genichi , Akimoto Takehide , Shintani Tsunehiro
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical Message

We describe a David operation in a 62‐year‐old renal transplant recipient with valsalva aneurysm and concomitant aortic insufficiency. The risk of postoperative infection seemed significant because he was receiving immunosuppressive therapy; thus, David operation was performed. He recovered uneventfully. David operation appears to be an attractive alternative in transplant recipients.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Tris(ethylenediammonium) Hexasulfatopraseodymium(III) Hexahydrate.
Authors: Held Peter
Published: November 2014

(H2en)3 [Pr2(SO4)6]·6H2O is obtained from a 1:1:2 molar aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as a Reusable Solvent Medium for an Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition. Application to the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds.
Authors: Feu Karla S. , de la Torre Alexander F. , Silva Sandrina , de Moraes Junior Marco A. F. , Correa Arlene G. , Paixao Marcio W.
Published: November 2014

A highly stereoselective organocatalytic Michael addition of aldehydes to trans‐β‐styrenes (I) using polyethylene glycol as a recyclable solvent medium is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Organic Solvent‐Free and Biphasic Oxidation of Aromatic gem‐Disubstituted Alkenes to Carbonyl Compounds by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide at Room Temperature.
Authors: Hossain Md. Munkir , Huang Wei‐Kai , Chen Hung‐Jie , Wang Pei‐Han , Shyu Shin‐Guang
Published: November 2014

A simple catalyst system for the selective oxidative C—C double bond cleavage of gem‐disubstituted alkenes (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles with Base‐Activated Iridium N,P Ligand Complexes.
Authors: Mueller Marc‐Andre , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: November 2014

The difficult asymmetric hydrogenation of the conjugated double bond in α,β‐unsaturated nitriles is achieved using a chiral Ir/N,P‐ligand complex in the presence of iPr2NEt.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles in PVP Solutions and Their Catalytic Activity in Suzuki and Heck Reactions in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Uberman Paula M. , Perez Luis A. , Martin Sandra E. , Lacconi Gabriela I.
Published: November 2014

The synthesis and characterization of a palladium nanoparticle—poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) solution and their application in Suzuki and Heck cross‐coupling reactions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Ketones via the Cu‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Silyl Enol Ethers Using an Electrophilic Trifluoromethylating Agent.
Authors: Li Lun , Chen Qing‐Yun , Guo Yong
Published: November 2014

Experimental evidence for a radical pathway is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethylurea/Citric Acid as a Highly Efficient Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Multi‐Component Reactions.
Authors: Bafti Behnaz , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah
Published: November 2014

Dimethylurea/citric acid deep eutectic solvent is successfully used as dual catalyst and green reaction medium for the efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes, quinolines and 2,4,5‐diarylimidazoles via multicomponent reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Allylic C—H Arylation with Electron‐Deficient Arenes by 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol—Palladium Cooperation.
Authors: Wang Gang‐Wei , Zhou An‐Xi , Li Shi‐Xia , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: November 2014

The first successful use of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol as the ancillary ligand in allylic C—H activation, and high selectivity allylic C—H acetoxylation and amination are described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organocatalytic Synthesis of N‐Sulfonyl Imines Using Chloramine‐T in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Chawla Ruchi , Singh Atul K. , Yadav Lal Dhar S.
Published: November 2014

The novel protocol using L‐proline as an organocatalyst allows the synthesis of N‐sulfonyl imines from aldehydes and chloramine‐T under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chitosan Supported Ionic Liquid: A Recyclable Wet and Dry Catalyst for the Direct Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles and Amides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Mohammadi Somayeh
Published: November 2014

With the dry catalyst nitriles are obtained as products whereas the wet catalyst gives the corresponding amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative C—H Olefination of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines Catalyzed by a Rhodium Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Nan‐Jin , Mei Shu‐Tao , Shuai Li , Yuan Yi , Wei Ye
Published: November 2014

A useful method for the synthesis of ortho‐olefinated ketimines from readily accessible cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines and various olefins is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Aziridination of Olefins with Bromamine‐T in Presence of Iodine as Catalyst.
Authors: Sharma Chinta Mani , Kashyap Bishwapran , Phukan Prodeep
Published: November 2014

Various kinds of olefins produce the corresponding aziridines under optimized reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: TFAA/H3PO4‐Mediated C‐2 Acylation of Thiophene: A Direct Synthesis of Known and Novel Thiophene Derivatives of Pharmacological Interest.
Authors: Bindu P. , Naini Shravan Reddy , Shanmukha Rao K. , Dubey P. K. , Pal Sarbani
Published: November 2014

14 Thiophene derivatives (III) are prepared by this new TFAA/H3PO4‐mediated acylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multisubstituted 1H‐Pyrrole: Selenium‐Catalyzed Reaction of γ‐Nitro Substituted Carbonyl Compounds and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Umeda Rui , Mashino Tsukasa , Nishiyama Yutaka
Published: November 2014

γ‐Nitro‐substituted carbonyl compounds undergo a selenium catalyzed reductive cyclization with CO as reducing agent to yield multi‐ to fully‐substituted pyrroles (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Addition of Ethanolamine Affording 2‐Hydroxymethyl Naphtho[2,1‐d]oxazoles from 2‐Naphthols.
Authors: Wang Xiuzhen , Yang Baoyun , Li Rui
Published: November 2014

Naphtho[2,1‐d]oxazole derivatives [(III), (V), and (VII)] are synthesized by oxidation of starting 2‐naphthols in air mediated by CuCl2‐ethanolamin complex followed by addition of ethanolamine in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Substituents on the Regioselectivity of the Reaction of α‐Tosyloxyketones with Thioureas in Acidic Medium: Access to 2‐Aminothiazoles and 2‐Imino‐2,3‐dihydrothiazoles.
Authors: Aggarwal Ranjana , Kumar Rajiv , Sanz Dionisia , Claramunt Rosa M.
Published: November 2014

The regioselectivity of the reaction of tosyloxyketones (I) with N‐substituted thioureas (II) is strongly influenced by the substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Flask Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles from Nitriles and Hydrazonoyl Chlorides via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Wang Li‐Ya , Tsai Henry J. , Lin Hui‐Yi , Kaneko Kimiyoshi , Cheng Fen‐Ying , Shih Hsin‐Siao , Wong Fung Fuh , Huang Jiann‐Jyh
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of trisubstituted triazoles involves the conversion of nitriles into imidate intermediates followed by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with in situ generated nitrilimines.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted InCl3 Mediated Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indolylpyran under Solvent‐Free Condition and Its Chemical Transformation to Indolyltriazolylpyran Hybrids.
Authors: Kamalraja Jayabal , Perumal Paramasivan Thirumalai
Published: November 2014

A convenient one‐pot procedure is developed for the three‐component reaction of 3‐cyanoacetylindoles, 2‐nitroethenamine, and aromatic aldehydes to give indolylpyrans.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Carboxylic Anhydrides as New Reagents for Formation of Chromone Ring.
Authors: Frasinyuk Mykhaylo S. , Bondarenko Svitlana P. , Gorbulenko Nataliia V. , Turov Alexander V. , Khilya Volodymyr P.
Published: November 2014

Chromones of type (III) or (VII) are prepared by the reaction of acetophenone derivatives of type (I) with cyclic carboxylic anhydrides.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free (Boc)2O‐Mediated C4‐Selective Direct Indolation of Pyridines Using TEMPO.
Authors: Qin Wen‐Bing , Zhu Jia‐Yi , Kong Yu‐Bo , Bao Yun‐Hong , Chen Zheng‐Wang , Liu Liang‐Xian
Published: November 2014

A great variety of 3‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐indole derivatives is efficiently synthesized in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Access to N‐(Un)substituted Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones: Unusual Formation of Regioisomeric Isoquinolin‐1(4H)‐ones.
Authors: Chary R. Gangadhara , Dhananjaya G. , Prasad K. Vara , Vaishaly S. , Ganesh Y. S. S. , Dulla Balakrishna , Kumar K. Shiva , Pal Manojit
Published: November 2014

The coupling—cyclization reaction of 2‐iodobenzamides (I) with terminal alkynes (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of cupric acetate leads to isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones (III), whilst the reaction of amide (Ia) with alkynes (II) in the presence of excess Cu(O‐Ac)2 affords regioisomeric isoquinolin‐1(4H)‐ones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐3‐carbohydrazide and Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine Derivatives.
Authors: Bhavsar Dinesh C. , Nikam Prashant S. , Gangurde Sachin A. , Toche Raghunath B.
Published: November 2014

Pyrazole derivatives are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a series of heterocyclic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclizations Reactions of Boc‐ and Cbz‐Protected N‐Allylguanidines.
Authors: Murphy Patrick J.
Published: November 2014

The iodocyclization of allyl and homoallyl guanidines is investigated with respect to formation of cyclized and ring‐contracted cyclized products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 5‐Alkyl(aryl)‐3‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl)anilino]‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo [4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐imines.
Authors: Li Hai‐Bo , Shi De‐Qing
Published: November 2014

13 Title compounds of type (III) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Pteridines from the Leech Whitmania pigra
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Guo‐Cai , Wang Chun‐Hua , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: November 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of two new lumazines, whitmanines A (I) and B (II), along with a new pterin (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Variations of Interlayer Spacing in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kharissova Oxana V. , Kharisov Boris I.
Published: November 2014

Review: 48 refs
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Self‐assembly of Coordination Polymers in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Li Wen , Kim Yongju , Li Jingfang , Lee Myongsoo
Published: November 2014

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review: Solution Equilibria of Ternary Complexes Formed from Copper(II), Aliphatic Amines, and Bioligands
Authors: Kamecka Anna , Kurzak Barbara
Published: November 2014

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Disulfide Formation Strategies in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Postma Tobias M. , Albericio Fernando
Published: November 2014

Review: data from 2006 until now; 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Application of the Oppolzer Camphorsultam as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Zadsirjan Vahideh
Published: November 2014

Review: [147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenes in Honey: Occurrence, Origin and Their Role as Chemical Biomarkers
Authors: Jerkovic Igor , Kus Piotr Marek
Published: November 2014

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Product Synthesis at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Hong Jiyong
Published: November 2014

Review: [35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Experiment and Computation: A Combined Approach to Study the Reactivity of Palladium Complexes in Oxidation States 0 to IV
Authors: Bonney Karl J. , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: November 2014

Review: 274 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptides Come Round: Using SICLOPPS Libraries for Early Stage Drug Discovery
Authors: Lennard Katherine R. , Tavassoli Ali
Published: November 2014

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organophosphonates as Anchoring Agents onto Metal Oxide‐Based Materials: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Boissezon Remi , Muller Julien , Beaugeard Vincent , Monge Sophie , Robin Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2014

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Overview of Solids Modeling for Chemical Processes
Authors: Dyment Jennifer , Reimers Claus , Beck Ron
Published: November 2014

Review: 5 refs.
Does the primary site of colorectal cancer impact outcomes for patients with metastatic disease?
Authors: Price Timothy J. , Beeke Carol , Ullah Shahid , Padbury Robert , Maddern Guy , Roder David , Townsend Amanda R. , Moore James , Roy Amitesh , Tomita Yoko , Karapetis Christos
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Previous reports have described differences in biology and outcome for colorectal cancer based on whether the primary is right or left sided. Further division by right, left, and rectum or even exact primary site has also been explored. Possible differences in response to biological agents have also been reported based on side of primary lesion.

METHODS

We explored the South Australian registry for metastatic colorectal cancer to assess if there were any differences in patient characteristics, prognostic markers, and treatment received and outcomes based on whether the primary was right or left sided. We also explored if differences exist based on left colon and rectum and by exact primary site.

RESULTS

Two thousand nine hundred seventy‐two patients were analyzed. Thirty‐five percent had a right‐sided primary. The median overall survival for the entire group right versus left was 9.6 versus 20.3 months (P < .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed side of primary as an independent prognostic factor. For the group that had active therapy, defined as chemotherapy (± metastasis resection), median overall survival was right, 18.2 months; and left, 29.4 months (P < .001). Importantly, we found no suggestion of major differences if left side was divided by left colon and rectum, and trends by individual site still supported a left and right division.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a right‐sided primary have more negative prognostic factors and indeed have inferior outcomes compared with those with a left‐sided primary. Our data with further breakdown by exact site still favor a simple left‐versus‐right division moving forward for metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2015;121:830–835. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Phase 2, randomized, open‐label study of ramucirumab in combination with first‐line pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy in patients with nonsquamous, advanced/metastatic non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Doebele Robert C. , Spigel David , Tehfe Mustapha , Thomas Sachdev , Reck Martin , Verma Sunil , Eakle Janice , Bustin Frederique , Goldschmidt Jerome , Cao Dachuang , Alexandris Ekaterine , Yurasov Sergey , Camidge D. Ross , Bonomi Philip
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–mediated angiogenesis plays an important role in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ramucirumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF receptor 2. This phase 2 study investigated ramucirumab in combination with first‐line pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy in advanced/metastatic NSCLC.

METHODS

Eligible stage IV nonsquamous NSCLC patients with no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were randomized 1:1 to pemetrexed and carboplatin (or cisplatin) or ramucirumab (10 mg/kg) plus pemetrexed and carboplatin (or cisplatin) once every 3 weeks. Treatment was given for 4 to 6 cycles, and this was followed by a maintenance phase with pemetrexed or ramucirumab and pemetrexed. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) with a sample size of sufficient power to detect an increase from 7 to 10.4 months.

RESULTS

From October 2010 to October 2011, 140 patients were randomized (pemetrexed‐platinum arm, 71; ramucirumab‐pemetrexed‐platinum arm, 69), and most baseline characteristics were similar for the 2 treatment arms. The median PFS was 5.6 months for the pemetrexed‐platinum arm and 7.2 months for the ramucirumab‐pemetrexed‐platinum arm (hazard ratio, 0.75; P = .132). The objective response rates were 38.0% and 49.3% for the pemetrexed‐platinum and ramucirumab‐pemetrexed‐platinum arms, respectively (P = .180). The disease control rate was 70.4% for the pemetrexed‐platinum arm and 85.5% for the ramucirumab‐pemetrexed‐platinum arm (P = .032). The grade 3 or higher adverse events occurring in 10% or more of patients were thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, fatigue, anemia, nausea, back pain, and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

The primary endpoint of significant prolongation of PFS was not met; however, ramucirumab showed evidence of clinical activity in combination with pemetrexed and platinum in nonsquamous NSCLC patients. The addition of ramucirumab to pemetrexed and platinum did not result in new or unexpected safety findings. Cancer 2015;121:883–892. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Decomposition of Perfluorinated Compounds in Water by DC Plasma within Oxygen Bubbles
Authors: Hayashi Ryuichi , Obo Hayato , Takeuchi Nozomi , Yasuoka Koichi
Published: November 2014

Complete decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at a concentration of 41.4 mg/L and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at a concentration of 60 mg/L in water was successfully completed by DC plasma within oxygen bubbles. PFOA and PFOS were decomposed completely after 3‐h operation and 8‐h operation, respectively. The decomposition efficiency was evaluated by measuring the amounts of fluorine ions that were detached from PFOA and PFOS in the solution. As indicated by the measurement of LC/MS, the main byproducts generated during the plasma treatment turned out to be perfluorocarboxylic acids. For practical application, 2‐parallel operation of DC plasma was also demonstrated as a basic technology for a large capacity reactor. The decomposition efficiency of 2‐parallel operation was at the same level as that of single operation.
The First Late‐Transition‐Metal Cyclopentadienyl Chelate Complexes with Silylphosphane or Secondary Phosphane Tethers
Authors: Werner Irina , Butenschön Holger
Published: November 2014

While phosphane‐tethered cyclopentadienyl complexes with tertiary phosphane moieties have extensively been investigated for many metals, this is not the case for such complexes with a secondary phosphane tether. Only a few representatives of such complexes with early‐transition‐metals are known. Here, we report the first late‐transition‐metal cyclopentadienyl chelate complexes with silylphosphane or secondary phosphane tethers. The respective ligand system is generated by nucleophilic opening of spiro[2.4]hepta‐4,6‐diene with lithium tert‐butylphosphide. The anionic ligand is trapped with iron(II) chloride with formation of the respective ferrocene derivative. Treatment of lithium tert‐butylphosphide with tert‐butylchlorodimethylsilane or with chlorotriisopropylsilane affords the respective secondary silylphosphanes. Deprotonation, reaction with spiro[2.4]hepta‐4,6‐diene, followed by treatment with nickel dihalide complexes affords the respective nickel cyclopentadienylalkylsilylphosphane chelates as the first representatives of their kind. Their halide ligands can easily be exchanged by methylation with methyllithium or by reaction with trimethylsilyl cyanide to give the respective cyano chelate. Under the chromatographic conditions applied, this complex undergoes a protiodesilylation to give the first secondary cyclopentadienylalkylphosphane chelate of a late‐transition‐metal, which has been characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Alternatively, deprotonation of the extremely sterically crowded primary (2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl)phosphane followed by nucleophilic ring opening of spiro[2.4]hepta‐4,6‐diene and reaction of the anionic ligand system with NiBr2(thf)2 directly affords the respective cyclopentadienylalkylphosphane nickel chelate with a secondary phosphane ligand.
Amperometric In Vitro Monitoring of Penetration through Skin Membrane
Authors: Gari Hala , Rembiesa Jadwiga , Masilionis Ignas , Vreva Naida , Svensson Birgitta , Sund Torbjörn , Hansson Henri , Morén Anna Karin , Sjöö Malin , Wahlgren Marie , Engblom Johan , Ruzgas Tautgirdas
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that penetration of quercetin, hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid through skin membranes can be monitored amperometrically. Skin membrane was fixed on the top of chemically modified electrodes and penetration of the appropriate compound was registered as electrode current. The methodology allows the study of penetration from solution as well as from pharmaceutical creams. From real‐time measurements of electrode current, fluxes and diffusion coefficients of mentioned compounds in skin membranes have been estimated.
Composite likelihood estimation for models of spatial ordinal data and spatial proportional data with zero/one values
Authors: Feng Xiaoping , Zhu Jun , Lin Pei‐Sheng , Steen‐Adams Michelle M.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we consider a spatial ordered probit model for analyzing spatial ordinal data with two or more ordered categories and, further, a spatial Tobit model for spatial proportional data with zero/one values. We develop a composite likelihood approach for parameter estimation and inference, which aims to balance statistical efficiency and computational efficiency for large datasets. The parameter estimates are obtained by maximizing a composite likelihood function via a quasi‐Newton algorithm. The asymptotic properties of the maximum composite likelihood estimates are established under suitable regularity conditions. An estimate of the inverse of the Godambe information matrix is used for computing the standard errors, and the computation is further expedited by parallel computing. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, followed by a real ecological data example. The connections between the spatial ordered probit model and the spatial Tobit model are explored using both simulated and real data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural stressors in uncontaminated sediments of shallow freshwaters: The prevalence of sulfide, ammonia, and reduced iron
Authors: Kinsman-Costello Lauren E. , O'Brien Jonathan M. , Hamilton Stephen K.
Published: November 2014

Potentially toxic levels of 3 naturally occurring chemical stressors (dissolved sulfide, ammonia, and iron) can appear in freshwater sediments, although their roles in shaping ecosystem structure (i.e., plant and animal communities) and function (e.g., biologically mediated elemental cycles) have received little study. The present critical review discusses the prevalence and ecological effects of potentially toxic concentrations of sulfide, ammonia, and iron in uncontaminated freshwater sediments, including a review of the literature as well as a case study presenting previously unpublished data on sediment porewaters from a diverse set of shallow (<2 m) freshwater ecosystems in southwest Michigan, USA. Measured concentrations are compared with surface water quality criteria established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and with acute and chronic toxic thresholds in the published literature, where available. Based on USEPA criteria for aquatic life for these 3 stressors, the benthic environment of almost every freshwater ecosystem sampled was theoretically stressful to some component of aquatic life in some area or at some time (i.e., in at least 1 sample), and 54% of samples exceeded more than 1 criterion simultaneously. Organismal tolerances to chemical stressors vary, so the observed concentrations are likely shaping benthic animal communities and influencing rates of ecosystem processes. Consideration of the role of natural chemical stressors is important in shaping freshwater benthic environments and in developing bioassessments, restoration goals, and remediation plans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:467–479. © 2014 SETAC
The mirror neuron system and the strange case of Broca's area
Authors: Cerri Gabriella , Cabinio Monia , Blasi Valeria , Borroni Paola , Iadanza Antonella , Fava Enrica , Fornia Luca , Ferpozzi Valentina , Riva Marco , Casarotti Alessandra , Martinelli Boneschi Filippo , Falini Andrea , Bello Lorenzo
Published: November 2014

Mirror neurons, originally described in the monkey premotor area F5, are embedded in a frontoparietal network for action execution and observation. A similar Mirror Neuron System (MNS) exists in humans, including precentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal sulcus. Controversial is the inclusion of Broca's area, as homologous to F5, a relevant issue in light of the mirror hypothesis of language evolution, which postulates a key role of Broca's area in action/speech perception/production. We assess “mirror” properties of this area by combining neuroimaging and intraoperative neurophysiological techniques. Our results show that Broca's area is minimally involved in action observation and has no motor output on hand or phonoarticulatory muscles, challenging its inclusion in the MNS. The presence of these functions in premotor BA6 makes this area the likely homologue of F5 suggesting that the MNS may be involved in the representation of articulatory rather than semantic components of speech. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1010–1027, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3.1.4 SOME LESSONS LEARNED IN REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Jones David A.
Published: November 2014

Some basic lessons learned, some “heresies,” and some causes of requirement denial are presented with the goal of providing information and food for thought for persons interested in designing requirement management systems. These are based upon practical experience of the author and others.

One of the major lessons learned is the advantage of the use of a limited number of analysis documents to control derived, implied, or budgeted requirements. A layered schema made up of alternating specification (hardware/software/process/test) layers and analysis layers has proved ideal for handling all types of requirements.

The heresies are some challenges to current strongly held beliefs. Sample heresy is “Just because we can't test it doesn't mean it's not a requirement.”

Requirement denial is something like, “That's not a requirement that's just an algorithm we're going to use to meet a requirement.” (The other side of the argument is “If you gotta do it, it's a requirement.”)
2.1.1 THE APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES IN A REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT: NRC HIGH‐LEVEL WASTE REGULATORY PROGRAM
Authors: Mackin Patrick C. , DeWispelare Aaron R. , Brient Robert D. , Johnson Robert L.
Published: November 2014

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and its Federally Funded Research and Development Center, the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (CNWRA) are streamlining the NRC high‐level radioactive waste (HLW) regulatory program by applying systems engineering (SE) techniques. This effort is partially in response to a statutory mandate requiring a licensing decision for construction of a geologic repository for HLW within three years after license application submission. The tailored use of SE presented herein has evolved from experience gained attempting to apply classical SE techniques to evaluating regulatory compliance. This compliance evaluation is made against the criterion of “reasonable assurance.” The resulting subjectivity prevents a clear definition of a requirements hierarchy and development of specifications. Efforts have been made to streamline the HLW program in the following areas: (i) definition of a regulatory structure for program execution, (ii) provision of regulatory guidance to the license applicant, (iii) provision of guidance to the NRC staff in the form of compliance determination strategies and methods, and (iv) establishment of criteria to support prioritization of technical and regulatory work.
4.2.4 THE ROLE OF MODELING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE SYSTEMS
Authors: Hodapp Jonathan M. , Hyer Scott A.
Published: November 2014

When developing a complex system it is becoming less acceptable to build a prototype or first article without first predicting performance, functionality, form, and fit with a set of models. Models are used to reduce risks by identifying problems early and providing means to trade off candidate solutions. With the relatively recent explosion in computer capabilities, modeling has become more efficient and affordable than ever before. This paper discusses the reasons for using models and the value they add throughout the system life cycle, describes the different levels of modeling, and suggests how models should be developed. A case study from work done by the authors is included to support the general statements made and to demonstrate their practical application.
5.2.3 JUSTIFYING THE INVESTMENT IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOOLS
Authors: Sampson Mark E.
Published: November 2014

“Automation Tools for Systems Engineers are good and the right thing to do…” has never been a good enough justification in most companies for purchasing tools for Systems Engineers. Arguments such as “Systems Engineering has been successfully done without automation over the last thousands of years” (the pyramid builders were Systems Engineers or we landed a man on the moon with my slide rule) always took the wind out of our justification sails. Of course the basic response to that argument is that computerized tools are needed to handle the complexity, communication, control, and myriad other issues that Systems Engineers are called upon to design/manage; but we could never quite pin it down financially. This article attempts to gather the appropriate cost/benefit financial justification arguments in one place and presents a framework for dealing with management unbelief.