bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Storage in a Potassium‐Ion‐Bound Metal–Organic Framework Incorporating Crown Ether Struts as Specific Cation Binding Sites
Authors: Lim Dae‐Woon , Chyun Seung An , Suh Myunghyun Paik
Published: June 2014

To develop a metal–organic framework (MOF) for hydrogen storage, SNU‐200 incorporating a 18‐crown‐6 ether moiety as a specific binding site for selected cations has been synthesized. SNU‐200 binds K+, NH4+, and methyl viologen(MV2+) through single‐crystal to single‐crystal transformations. It exhibits characteristic gas‐sorption properties depending on the bound cation. SNU‐200 activated with supercritical CO2 shows a higher isosteric heat (Qst) of H2 adsorption (7.70 kJ mol−1) than other zinc‐based MOFs. Among the cation inclusions, K+ is the best for enhancing the isosteric heat of the H2 adsorption (9.92 kJ mol−1) as a result of the accessible open metal sites on the K+ ion.
Reversible photochemische und thermische Isomerisierung von Azaboratabisnorcaradien zu Azaborabenzotropyliden
Authors: Rao Ying‐Li , Hörl Christian , Braunschweig Holger , Wang Suning
Published: June 2014

Durch Photoisomerisierung von N‐Methyl‐2‐phenylimidazolyl‐chelatisierten Dimesitylboranen wurden zwei neue tricyclische 1,2‐Azaboratabisnorcaradiene (1 b und 2 b) hergestellt. Diese zeigen nach Bestrahlung bei 350 nm einen eindeutigen Farbumschlag als Folge einer ungewöhnlichen Photoisomerisierung, welche die ersten Beispiele für 1,2‐Azaborabenzotropylidene (1 c und 2 c) liefert. Die Verbindungen 1 c und 2 c beinhalten eine konjugierte Alkylidenboraneinheit und können thermisch vollständig zu 1 b und 2 b bzw. zu 1 a und 2 a zurückreagieren. Der Mechanismus der beiden neuen Isomere wurde anhand von DFT‐Rechnungen untersucht und verläuft über eine “Walk”‐Umlagerung.
Elucidation of Pseurotin Biosynthetic Pathway Points to Trans‐Acting C‐Methyltransferase: Generation of Chemical Diversity
Authors: Tsunematsu Yuta , Fukutomi Manami , Saruwatari Takayoshi , Noguchi Hiroshi , Hotta Kinya , Tang Yi , Watanabe Kenji
Published: June 2014

Pseurotins comprise a family of structurally related Aspergillal natural products having interesting bioactivity. However, little is known about the biosynthetic steps involved in the formation of their complex chemical features. Systematic deletion of the pseurotin biosynthetic genes in A. fumigatus and in vivo and in vitro characterization of the tailoring enzymes to determine the biosynthetic intermediates, and the gene products responsible for the formation of each intermediate, are described. Thus, the main biosynthetic steps leading to the formation of pseurotin A from the predominant precursor, azaspirene, were elucidated. The study revealed the combinatorial nature of the biosynthesis of the pseurotin family of compounds and the intermediates. Most interestingly, we report the first identification of an epoxidase C‐methyltransferase bifunctional fusion protein PsoF which appears to methylate the nascent polyketide backbone carbon atom in trans.
Nature’s Chemical Signatures in Human Olfaction: A Foodborne Perspective for Future Biotechnology
Authors: Dunkel Andreas , Steinhaus Martin , Kotthoff Matthias , Nowak Bettina , Krautwurst Dietmar , Schieberle Peter , Hofmann Thomas
Published: June 2014

The biocatalytic production of flavor naturals that determine chemosensory percepts of foods and beverages is an ever challenging target for academic and industrial research. Advances in chemical trace analysis and post‐genomic progress at the chemistry–biology interface revealed odor qualities of nature’s chemosensory entities to be defined by odorant‐induced olfactory receptor activity patterns. Beyond traditional views, this review and meta‐analysis now shows characteristic ratios of only about 3 to 40 genuine key odorants for each food, from a group of about 230 out of circa 10 000 food volatiles. This suggests the foodborn stimulus space has co‐evolved with, and roughly match our circa 400 olfactory receptors as best natural agonists. This perspective gives insight into nature’s chemical signatures of smell, provides the chemical odor codes of more than 220 food samples, and beyond addresses industrial implications for producing recombinants that fully reconstruct the natural odor signatures for use in flavors and fragrances, fully immersive interactive virtual environments, or humanoid bioelectronic noses.
From an α‐Functionalized Silicon‐Stereogenic N,O‐Silane to a Monomeric and Tetracoordinate tBuLi Adduct with Lithium‐Centered Chirality
Authors: Bauer Jonathan O. , Strohmann Carsten
Published: June 2014

Donor‐functionalized silanes with stereogenic silicon centers are extremely rare. A convenient stereocontrolled route to a nitrogen‐oxygen‐functionalized silicon‐chiral compound with an additional aminomethyl function is presented. This silane was directly achieved in stereochemically pure form by a simple nucleophilic substitution reaction. Owing to the unique asymmetry of this silane and the presence of three donor functions, the first monomeric butyllithium compound with lithium‐centered chirality could be isolated; the configuration was assigned by X‐ray crystallography. This [silane⋅ tBuLi] complex undergoes an unexpected deprotonation/stereospecific substitution sequence in toluene, leading to the development of a convenient one‐pot synthesis of a functionalized silicon‐chiral benzylsilane, which proceeds with inversion of configuration and complete preservation of the stereochemical integrity at silicon.
Reversible Photochemical and Thermal Isomerization of Azaboratabisnorcaradiene to Azaborabenzotropilidene
Authors: Rao Ying‐Li , Hörl Christian , Braunschweig Holger , Wang Suning
Published: June 2014

Two new tricyclic 1,2‐azaboratabisnorcaradiene molecules (1 b and 2 b) generated through the photoisomerization of N‐methyl‐2‐phenylimidazolyl‐chelated dimesitylboranes (1 a and 2 a) have been found to undergo unusual photoisomerization, producing the first examples of 1,2‐azaborabenzotropilidenes (1 c and 2 c), accompanied by a distinct color change, upon irradiation at 350 nm. Compounds 1 c and 2 c contain a conjugated alkylideneborane unit and can be fully reverted back to 1 b and 2 b, and subsequently to 1 a and 2 a upon heating. The mechanistic pathway of the new isomerism has been established to involve “walk” rearrangements by DFT computational studies.
Rituximab With or Without a Conventional Maintenance Agent in the Treatment of Relapsing Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's): A Retrospective Single‐Center Study
Authors: Azar Lama , Springer Jason , Langford Carol A. , Hoffman Gary S.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) induction therapy and the duration of remission, when RTX is used with or without a conventional maintenance agent, in a cohort of patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA).

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center study of patients with relapsing GPA treated with at least 1 course of RTX (4 weekly doses of 375 mg/m2 intravenously [IV] or 2 fixed doses of 1,000 mg IV 2 weeks apart). Complete remission was defined as the absence of disease activity measured by a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's granulomatosis of 0 and not qualified by the prednisone dosage at the time.

Results

Eighty‐nine patients achieved remission after their first course of RTX and were not re‐treated preemptively with RTX to maintain remission of their disease during followup. Among these patients, relapse‐free survival was significantly higher in those who received a conventional maintenance agent (azathioprine, methotrexate, or mycophenolate mofetil) in conjunction with RTX and glucocorticoids (n = 47) than in those who received no additional immunosuppressive agent (n = 42) (P = 0.04). The hazard ratio of relapse in those receiving a maintenance agent was 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.29–0.97). Serious adverse events did not differ between the 2 groups. Within a subset of 15 patients in the cohort who were relapse free 2 years after 1 course of RTX, remissions endured for 2–6 years in 8 patients.

Conclusion

RTX is an effective remission‐inducing agent in GPA. The addition of a conventional maintenance agent to RTX and glucocorticoids decreased the incidence of relapse and did not result in a higher incidence of adverse events.
DNA Microarray Analysis of Labial Salivary Glands in IgG4‐Related Disease: Comparison With Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Tsuboi Hiroto , Nakai Yuji , Iizuka Mana , Asashima Hiromitsu , Hagiya Chihiro , Tsuzuki Sayaka , Hirota Tomoya , Miki Haruka , Hagiwara Shinya , Kondo Yuya , Tanaka Akihiko , Moriyama Masafumi , Matsumoto Isao , Nakamura Seiji , Yoshihara Toshio , Abe Keiko , Sumida Takayuki
Published: June 2014

Objective

To compare gene expression in labial salivary glands (LSGs) from patients with IgG4‐related disease with that in LSGs from patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS).

Methods

Gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarray in LSG samples from 5 patients with IgG4‐related disease, 5 SS patients, and 3 healthy controls. Genes differentially expressed in IgG4‐related disease and SS were identified, and gene annotation enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) annotation. Validation of the results was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using LSG samples from 9 patients with IgG4‐related disease, 10 SS patients, and 4 controls.

Results

Gene expression patterns in patients with IgG4‐related disease, SS patients, and healthy controls were quite different from each other in hierarchical clustering as well as in principal components analysis. In IgG4‐related disease compared with SS, a total of 1,771 probe sets (corresponding to 1,321 genes) were identified as up‐regulated, and 1,785 probe sets (corresponding to 1,320 genes) were identified as down‐regulated (false discovery rate of <5%). GO term analysis indicated that the up‐regulated set of differentially expressed genes in IgG4‐related disease encoded proteins that function in cell proliferation, extracellular matrix organization, and organ development. PCR validated significantly higher expression of lactotransferrin in patients with IgG4‐related disease than in SS patients (P < 0.05) and significantly higher expression of CCL18 in patients with IgG4‐related disease than in SS patients and controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results clearly showed that the gene expression pattern in LSGs from patients with IgG4‐related disease is different from that in LSGs from SS patients.
SERS Imaging of Cell‐Surface Biomolecules Metabolically Labeled with Bioorthogonal Raman Reporters
Authors: Xiao Ming , Lin Liang , Li Zefan , Liu Jie , Hong Senlian , Li Yaya , Zheng Meiling , Duan Xuanming , Chen Xing
Published: June 2014

Live imaging of biomolecules with high specificity and sensitivity as well as minimal perturbation is essential for studying cellular processes. Here, we report the development of a bioorthogonal surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging approach that exploits small Raman reporters for visualizing cell‐surface biomolecules. The cells were cultured and imaged by SERS microscopy on arrays of Raman‐enhancing nanoparticles coated on silicon wafers or glass slides. The Raman reporters including azides, alkynes, and carbondeuterium bonds are small in size and spectroscopically bioorthogonal (background‐free). We demonstrated that various cell‐surface biomolecules including proteins, glycans, and lipids were metabolically incorporated with the corresponding precursors bearing a Raman reporter and visualized by SERS microscopy. The coupling of SERS microscopy with bioorthogonal Raman reporters expands the capabilities of live‐cell microscopy beyond the modalities of fluorescence and label‐free imaging.
Bühnen des Kapitalismus: Der Getreidehandel als Wissensobjekt zwischen den Weltkriegen
Authors: Dommann Monika
Published: June 2014

Summary: Capitalism on Stage: Grain Trade as Objects of Knowledge During the Interwar Period. Between 1900 and 1930 the worldwide grain markets attained considerable attention in literature (Frank Norris’ novel The Pit of 1903), cinema (D. W. Griffith’s A Corner in Wheat of 1909), theatre (Bertolt Brecht’s unfinished play fragment Jae Fleischhacker in Chikago, 1924–1926), politics (e. g. Report of the Federal Trade Commission on the Grain Trade, 1920–1926) and economics (e. g. Wheat Studies by the Food Research Institute at Stanford University, 1924–1944). The paper discusses grain trade as objects of knowledge in paradoxical situations and entails a parallel reading of these texts by analyzing their epistemic practices and narrative techniques. Bertolt Brecht’s comprehensive plan to depict the laws of the allocation and distribution of grain markets on stage failed in 1926 and he turned to Marxism. In the meantime economic research focused on the aggregation of statistics relating to world grain supplies and prices. Studies about the relation between changes in the volumes of stocks and phases of trade cycles served furthermore as material for John Maynard Keynes’ abolition of the classical theory around 1930.
The neuroanatomical correlates of anxiety in a healthy population: differences between the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
Authors: Donzuso Giulia , Cerasa Antonio , Gioia Maria C. , Caracciolo Manuela , Quattrone Aldo
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Hamilton scale for anxiety (HARS) are two of the most important scales employed in clinical and psychological realms for the evaluation of anxiety. Although the reliability and sensibility of these scales are widely demonstrated there is an open debate on what exactly their scores reflect. Neuroimaging provides the potential to validate the quality and reliability of clinical scales through the identification of specific biomarkers. For this reason, we evaluated the neural correlates of these two scales in a large cohort of healthy individuals using structural neuroimaging methods.

Case report

Neuroimaging analysis included thickness/volume estimation of cortical and subcortical limbic structures, which were regressed on anxiety inventory scores with age and gender used for assessing discriminant validity. A total of 121 healthy subjects were evaluated. Despite the two anxiety scales, at a behavioral level, displaying significant correlations among them (HARS with STAI‐state (r = 0.24; P = 0.006) and HARS with STAI‐trait (r = 0.42; P < 0.001)), multivariate neuroimaging analyses demonstrated that anatomical variability in the anterior cingulate cortex was the best predictor of the HARS scores (all β's ≥ 0.31 and P's ≤ 0.01), whereas STAI‐related measures did not show any significant relationship with regions of limbic circuits, but their scores were predicted by gender (all β's ≥ 0.23 and P's ≤ 0.02).

Conclusion

Although the purpose of HARS and STAI is to quantify the degree and characteristics of anxiety‐like behaviors, our neuroimaging data indicated that these scales are neurobiologically different, confirming that their scores might reflect different aspects of anxiety: the HARS is more related to subclinical expression of anxiety disorders, whereas the STAI captures sub‐dimensions of personality linked to anxiety.
Global structure of sloppiness in a nonlinear model
Authors: Tafintseva Valeria , Tøndel Kristin , Ponosov Arcady , Martens Harald
Published: June 2014

The problem of structural ambiguity or “sloppiness” of a mathematical model is here studied by multivariate metamodeling techniques. If a given model is “sloppy”, it means that a number of different parameter combinations—“a neutral parameter set”—can give more or less the same model behavior and thus equally good fit to data. This paper presents a way to characterize the structure of such sloppiness. The model used for illustration is a nonlinear dynamic model of reaction kinetics—a simple version of the S‐system model. When fitted to time series data by various nonlinear curve fitting methods, an unexpected problem was discovered: For every time series, a large neutral parameter set was observed. Each of these sets was analyzed by principal component analysis and found to have clear, but nonlinear, subspace structure. The neutral parameter sets were found for many different time series data, and the global sloppiness structure of the model was characterized. This global sloppiness structure of the model allowed us to find strong correlations between parameters, and on this basis to simplify the original model. A method to reduce the ambiguity in kinetic model parameter estimates based on combining several time series is suggested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dihydrogen Activation by a Silylium Silylene Frustrated Lewis Pair and the Unexpected Isomerization Reaction of a Protonated Silylene
Authors: Schäfer Annemarie , Reißmann Matti , Schäfer André , Schmidtmann Marc , Müller Thomas
Published: June 2014

The isolable silylene 1 forms a frustrated Lewis pair with silylium ion 2 that is able to split hydrogen under ambient conditions. The protonated silylene 3 obtained in this reaction isomerizes to yield the hydrogen‐bridged disilyl cation 4. Cation 4 is fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and by XRD analysis. Its formation via the protonated silylene 3 is indicated by independent synthesis of cation 3 by hydride abstraction from the corresponding dihydridosilane 11 and is further supported by the results of density functional calculations.
The Reflective Observer Model
Authors: Kathleen Moore J.
Published: June 2014

The reflective observer (RO) model is a unique process that incorporates live observation by a trained observer of an ombudsman during a mediation session, followed by an in‐depth debriefing between the ombudsman and the RO. The clinical goal is to explore cognitive schema used by the ombudsman in decision making during critical moments of the mediation and to describe the underrecognized rationale behind seemingly intuitive expertise. During the debriefing, the exploration is guided by a protocol specifically designed to elicit personal associations, as well as tactical decisions of the ombudsman not frequently addressed in ombudsman practice or training. While research on reflective practice is common among mediators (Bronson ), less research has focused on the impact of reflective practice on the work of ombudsmen. The RO model shows promise as a personal and professional developmental tool for ombudsmen and is a novel approach for both deeper learning as well as developing higher‐order clinical interviewing skills.
Stretching the Coaching Model
Authors: Levine‐Finley Samantha
Published: June 2014

This article provides an orientation to a general coaching model employed within the NIH Office of the Ombudsman, Center for Cooperative Resolution (OO/CCR), and explains how it fits within the framework of our interpretation of the ombudsman role and compares to other approaches in the coaching field. The article describes steps that ombudsmen may employ as the coaching relationship becomes more established and as trust develops between the ombudsman and visitor. It also describes indicators of potential problems in coaching and how an ombudsman might respond to them.
On the loadbearing capacity of masonry walls subjected to concentrated end strip loads / Zur Beanspruchbarkeit von Mauerwerkwänden durch Teilflächenlasten an Wandenden
Authors: Gunkler Erhard , Dashkhuu Odontsetseg
Published: June 2014

Concentrated loads in masonry walls are caused by point loads resulting from beams or columns perpendicular to the horizontal joint. In theory, locally occurring multi‐axial stress conditions lead to compressive stress underneath the area subjected to the load, the numerical values of which are greater than the mono‐axial compressive strength of the masonry. Load increase factors derived from this and stated in [1] and [2] were last determined in Germany approx. 30 years ago [3] using standard test specimens (in accordance with [4]) and not using walls. The types of masonry investigated at the time were made up of types and sizes of masonry units and of types of mortar and joint configurations that were common at the time; this however no longer appears current. The loadbearing capacity of the wall was completely ignored. In view of current structural design methods based on EC 6 [5] where applied and internal force variables in building elements are compared, this remains unsatisfactory.

For this reason, experimental and theoretical investigations of partially loaded walls (l/h/t = 1.875/1.75/0.115 m) made of aerated concrete and brick masonry with thin‐layer mortar were carried out at the Ostwestfalen‐Lippe University of Applied Sciences. In addition to the type of masonry unit, the detail of the perpendicular joint was varied (with mortar (v) versus without mortar (uv)). Below follows a report on the result of these investigations.
Recent developments in masonry construction / Neuere Entwicklungen im Mauerwerkbau
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Saenger Dorothea , Winkels Bernd
Published: June 2014

Thanks to innovative ideas, it has been possible in recent years to advance the development of masonry construction. In response to the stricter requirements for the thermal insulation of buildings, the thermal insulation properties of masonry are continually being improved. Larger masonry units, improved mortar application techniques and prefabricated wall elements all make it possible to improve the efficiency of masonry construction and counteract the increase in labour costs. In parallel to the development of the material, the behaviour of the built masonry and its components when subjected to load is analysed in ever greater detail, in many cases using numerical models. The objective is a better understanding of the load‐bearing behaviour of masonry in order to be able to use its various components more efficiently and hence to save material.
Reinforced masonry in Europe – Working strategy for the preparation of the State of the Art Report / Bewehrtes Mauerwerk in Europa – Arbeitsstrategie für die Erstellung des State‐of‐the‐Art‐Reports
Authors: Kubica Jan , Mojsilovic´ Nebojša
Published: June 2014

The behaviour of reinforced masonry structures, especially when reinforcement is provided to enhance the mechanical properties, i.e. different strength types or resistance of masonry, is still not completely investigated or thoroughly understood. A significant lack of knowledge can be observed in many areas, especially in Europe. As a result of this situation, the Commission W023 – Wall Structures of the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) set up a Working Group (WG5) – Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry a few years ago, of which the authors are convenors. The first task of the WG5 is to produce a State of the Art document covering reinforced masonry applications in order to identify topics for future research and development. This document will serve as a contribution for the revision of European Structural Masonry Code EN 1996‐1‐1:2005 (Eurocode 6) [1], which is planned to be done between 2015 and 2018. It was agreed at the last W023 Commission Meeting held in Eindhoven in October 2013 that the preparation of the State of the Art document should cover the specific experience and problems connected with reinforced and prestressed masonry structures under static and dynamic/seismic loading, also outside Europe. The process of preparing such a report is now underway and the following article describes the planned scope of the document.
The durability of autoclaved aerated concrete / Dauerhaftigkeit von Porenbeton
Authors: Straube Berit , Schoch Torsten
Published: June 2014

In order to be able to better assess the durability of autoclaved aerated concrete, a number of research activities have been carried out in the past. As a result of these studies, a new requirement was defined for autoclaved aerated concrete. The overall shrinkage rate, tested according to DIN EN 680, must be smaller than 0.4 mm/m. This article describes and discusses contributing factors and the background to this new requirement.
The clever compound solution – the Ytong Energy+ / Die clevere Compound Lösung – der Ytong Energy+
Authors: Schoch Torsten , Pallesen Niels Jorgen
Published: June 2014

The development of EU regulations dealing with energy conservation will sooner or later lead to changes in all member states – usually involving stricter insulation targets. In all markets traditionally dominated by solid construction methods, this development may make it harder for the monolithic construction method to retain its market share, because both the physical and commercial limitations – to a certain extent – appear insurmountable. The obvious solution seems to be to resort to thicker insulation material. But there are other alternatives. One of them has been developed initially specifically for the Scandinavian market where the climate has traditionally dictated tough thermal insulation requirements. In Denmark for example, U‐values of 0.15 W/(m²K) are considered standard today. With conventional thermal conductivity, this U‐value presents a challenge even when using autoclaved aerated concrete if one wants to retain familiar, commercially viable wall dimensions. But there are other possibilities: the compound solution offered by the Ytong Energy+ block.
Six‐Membered Silacycle Odorants: Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Si Analogues of Artemone, β‐Dynascone, and Herbac
Authors: Liu Junhui , Zhang Qidong , Li Peng , Qu Zhan , Sun Shihao , Ma Yuping , Su Dongying , Zong Yongli , Zhang Jianxun
Published: June 2014

Si‐Artemone (4a), Si‐β‐Dynascone (5a), and Si‐Herbac 6a, which are Si analogues of the commercial fragrance ingredients Artemone (1), β‐Dynascone (2), and Herbac (3), were synthesized expediently by the insertion of terminal alkynes into silacyclobutane 7a. The sensory characterization results revealed that 4a and 6a had quite similar odor qualities compared with those of 1 and 3, whereas 5a had a totally different odor character relative to that of 2. In terms of the odor threshold values, that of 4a was slightly more substantive than that of its carbon analogue 1, 6a was less potent than its carbon analogue 3, whereas that of 5a was approximately one‐sixth that of its carbon analogue 2.
Cycloruthenation of N‐(Naphthyl)salicylaldimine and Related Ligands: Utilization of the Ru–C Bond in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Dutta Jayita , Richmond Michael G. , Bhattacharya Samaresh
Published: June 2014

Upon reaction with [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2], N‐(naphthyl)‐4‐R‐salicylaldimines (R = OCH3, H, Cl; H2L1–H2L3) and 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(naphthyl)naphthaldimine (H2L4) readily undergo cycloruthenation by C–H bond activation at the peri position to afford complexes of the type [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1–L4). The crystal structures of the [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1, L2, L4) complexes were determined and the structure of [Ru(PPh3)2(L3)(CO)] optimized by DFT calculations. The thermodynamics for the reaction of [Ru(PPh3)2(CO)2Cl2] with H2L2 to give [Ru(PPh3)2(L2)(CO)] were determined. All the complexes show intense absorptions in the visible and UV regions, which have been analyzed by TDDFT calculations. Cyclic voltammetry of the four cycloruthenated complexes showed two oxidations within the range 0.50–1.35 V versus SCE and a reduction at around –1.75 V versus SCE. The [Ru(PPh3)2(L)(CO)] (L = L1–L4) complexes were found to efficiently catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds.
Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure C4‐Symmetric Tetramethoxyresorcarenes by Using the (–)‐(S)‐1‐Phenylethyl Isocyanate Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Thakar Amit S. , Parekh Hitesh M. , Pansuriya Pramod B. , Friedrich Holger B. , Maguire Glenn E. M.
Published: June 2014

The synthesis of a series of tetramethoxyresorcarene diastereomers is reported. The reactions of inherently chiral C4‐symmetric tetramethoxyresorcarene derivatives with the chiral auxiliary (–)‐(S)‐1‐phenylethyl isocyanate gave new diastereomeric carbamate compounds in good yields. The diastereomers were separated by simple silica chromatography and then converted by hydrolysis into their parent tetramethoxyresorcarenes to yield the optically pure (–)‐(M,R)‐ and (+)‐(P,S) enantiomers.
Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐7‐methylcarbazole, Glycozolicine, Mukoline, Mukolidine, Sansoakamine, Clausine‐H, and Clausine‐K and Structural Revision of Clausine‐TY
Authors: Schuster Christian , Börger Carsten , Julich‐Gruner Konstanze K. , Hesse Ronny , Jäger Anne , Kaufmann Györley , Schmidt Arndt W. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2014

A Buchwald–Hartwig amination and palladium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization reaction sequence provided efficient access to a series of oxygenated tricyclic carbazoles. In the present work, this approach was applied to the total syntheses of the naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids 2‐hydroxy‐7‐methylcarbazole, glycozolicine, mukoline, mukolidine, sansoakamine, glycozolidine, clausine‐H (clauszoline‐C), clausine‐K (clauszoline‐J), and methyl 2‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxycarbazole‐3‐carboxylate, which was originally proposed as the structure of clausine‐TY. The synthesis of the latter led to the structural reassignment of clausine‐TY.
Concerted Determination of the Hydrogen Atom and Electron Transfer Capacity of Lipid Soluble Reducing Agents
Authors: Lemma Solomon Mengistu , Scampicchio Matteo , Bulbarello Andrea , Mason Marco , Schweikert Loni
Published: June 2014

This paper describes a method based on square wave voltammetry to evaluate either the electron transfer or the hydrogen atom transfer of lipid soluble antioxidants such as dl‐mix‐tocopherol, BHT, ethoxyquin and retynil acetate. The electron transfer (ET) capacity was evaluated by the peak current, peak potential and the area under the anodic wave, whereas the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) capacity by the kinetic rate of the reaction between antioxidants and 2,2‐Azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The results indicate that ethoxyquin and tocopherol have the highest ET and HAT capacity. However, HAT capacity of tocopherol, BHT and retinyl acetate depend on the concentration. The approach has the advantage to assess HAT and ET capacity of lipid soluble antioxidant in a single concerted protocol.
Central and Peripheral Peptides Regulating Eating Behaviour and Energy Homeostasis in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: A Literature Review
Authors: Tortorella Alfonso , Brambilla Francesca , Fabrazzo Michele , Volpe Umberto , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Mastromo Daniele , Monteleone Palmiero
Published: June 2014

A large body of literature suggests the occurrence of a dysregulation in both central and peripheral modulators of appetite in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but at the moment, the state or trait‐dependent nature of those changes is far from being clear. It has been proposed, although not definitively proved, that peptide alterations, even when secondary to malnutrition and/or to aberrant eating behaviours, might contribute to the genesis and the maintenance of some symptomatic aspects of AN and BN, thus affecting the course and the prognosis of these disorders. This review focuses on the most significant literature studies that explored the physiology of those central and peripheral peptides, which have prominent effects on eating behaviour, body weight and energy homeostasis in patients with AN and BN. The relevance of peptide dysfunctions for the pathophysiology of eating disorders is critically discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Development of a Micro Temperature Sensor and 3D Temperature Analysis for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Wang H. Y. , Yang W. J. , Lee D. W. , Kim Y. B.
Published: June 2014

This study examines the development of micro in situ sensors and analyzed the through‐plane temperature of a fuel cell. Temperature sensing inside a fuel cell is important in fuel cell diagnosis and analysis. Temperature sensors must be adequately small, so that fuel cell performance is maintained and the temperature anywhere inside the cell can be flexibly measured. In this study, a temperature sensor based on a micro‐electromechanical system (MEMS) is designed and fabricated to achieve these objectives. The micro temperature sensor was installed inside a cell to measure through‐plane temperature. The current and voltage of the fuel cell with the micro temperature sensor were measured and compared with those of a fuel cell without the sensor to analyze the effect of the sensor on fuel cell performance. The developed temperature sensor is of resistance temperature detector (RTD) type, with a flexible substrate of polyimide, high sensitivity, and easy installation characteristics. After calibration of the sensors, three sensors were inserted into the cell to measure the through‐plane temperature, and the polarization curve of the cell with and without the micro sensor was compared. Finally, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a fuel cell was developed and analyzed by comparison of the measured temperature results to determine the accuracy of the model.
Servant Leadership and Work Engagement: The Contingency Effects of Leader–Follower Social Capital
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Bouckenooghe Dave , Raja Usman , Matsyborska Ganna
Published: June 2014

Drawing from research on work engagement, contingent leadership, and social capital, the authors investigate the relationship between servant leadership and work engagement, as well as how this relationship might be moderated by leader–follower social capital. Data captured from 263 employees of four information technology (IT) companies show that servant leadership enhances work engagement, especially at higher levels of goal congruence and social interaction. In addition, a significant three‐way interaction effect shows that, in conditions marked by high social interaction, goal congruence more strongly enables the conversion of servant leadership into enhanced work engagement. These findings have significant implications for HRD research and practice.
Selenium‐Containing π‐Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Patra Asit , Kumar Rachana , Chand Suresh
Published: June 2014

Organic solar cell research has attracted scientific and commercial interest in the last decade due to a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Today, PCEs in the range of 8–10 % have been obtained using conjugated polymers as electron‐donor materials in combination with fullerene/other acceptors. However, to enable commercial applications, the efficiencies and lifetimes of organic solar cells still need to be improved significantly. In recent years, due to the potential advantages of Se‐containing conjugated materials, namely, lower band gaps, rigidity, and strong Se⋅⋅⋅Se integration, have attracted surprising attention for use in organic solar cells. In this review, we focus on the synthesis and applications of Se‐containing conjugated polymers for organic solar cells and throughout compare them with S‐ and O‐containing analogues where applicable. The relationships between the chemical structures and properties, such as absorptions, energy levels, mobilities, and photovoltaic behavior, are also discussed.
Combining Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate/methyl Isobutyl Ketone Microextraction in an Inexpensive Disposable Pipette with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Cd and Pd
Authors: Wang TsingHai , Sung Yi‐Jung , Hsu Chien‐Hua , Hsieh Yi‐Kong , Wang Chu‐Fang
Published: June 2014

This paper describes a new analytical method, using a combination of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone (APDC‐MIBK) microextraction and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), for the determination of the concentrations of Cd and Pb in aqueous samples. Only 200 μL of organic solvent was used throughout the entire analysis process, with enhancement factors as high as 25. Recoveries from replicate analyses of natural water [NIST 1640(a)] containing mean concentrations of 3.1 μg Cd L−1 and 9.3 μg Pb L−1 were 95 ± 3 and 104 ± 4%, respectively. The corresponding detection limits were 0.6 μg L −1 for Cd and 0.9 μg L −1 for Pb. The main advantage of this approach is its simplicity in terms of sample preparation, as demonstrated by quantifying the levels of Cd and Pd in real samples, including tap water, groundwater, and seawater, using a standard addition method.
NMR Analysis of Substituent Effect of Arymethylene‐malononitriles and Malonates
Authors: Lin Lee‐Hui , Lee Chuan‐Chen , Ding Mei‐Fang , Lin Shaw‐Tao
Published: June 2014

A series of arylmethylene‐malononitriles and malonates were prepared from the condensation of arylaldehydes and malononitriles and malonates, respectively. The function of substituents on the carbon‐13 chemical shifts of the Cα and Cβ was studied. The correlation between Hammett's constants and the substituent chemical shifts demonstrates a negative slope for Cα and positive for Cβ (1, Cα:ρ = ‐3.877, r2 = 0.979; Cβ:ρ = 6.899, r2 = 0.984; 2, Cα:ρ = ‐2.817, r2 = 0.926; Cβ:ρ = 5.355, r2 = 0.950). The large slopes for Cβ for both series compounds resemble our previous studies on the arylcyclopropanes.

The relaxation time of both proton and carbon are slightly affected by the size of substituents. In the viscosity study, an inverse‐law relationship between relaxation time and viscosity was observed.
A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Pd‐Ni/Graphene via Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite from Used Battery for the Electrocatalysis of Ethanol
Authors: Tan Joshua L. , Villar Paolo Gio , de Jesus Arvee , Tongol Bernard John V.
Published: June 2014

A simple, environmentally benign, and cost‐effective approach is described to prepare graphene via electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rod from spent batteries. PdNi was deposited on electrochemically exfoliated graphene materials with the electrocatalyst synthesized using a borohydride‐facilitated reduction. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis confirmed the exfoliation of graphite from used batteries and deposition of PdNi on electrochemically exfoliated graphenebased material. Cyclic voltammetry results show that the electrocatalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation of PdNi on electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxide (EGO) exfoliated from graphite of used battery has improved compared to carbon black as a support material.
Structure Design and Performance of LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2 Cathode Materials for Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review
Authors: Zhao Xinru , Wang Jinxian , Dong Xiangting , Liu Guixia , Yu Wensheng , Wang Limin
Published: June 2014

Lithium‐ion batteries are now considered to be the technology of choice for future hybrid electric and full electric vehicles to address global warming. One of the challenges for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries to meet increasingly demanding requirements for energy storage is the development of suitable cathode materials. The recent advancement of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides are investigated as advanced positive cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. This review aims at providing the reader with an understanding of the critical scientific challenges facing the development of LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2 materials, the latest developments in crystal structure, synthesis methods, and structure designs to unravel the mechanisms of charge and mass transport processes associated with battery performance, and the outlook for future‐generation batteries that exploit gradient structures materials for significantly improved performance to meet the ever‐increasing demands of emerging technologies.
Determination of Graphene Sheets Content in Carbon Materials by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Liou Yan‐Jia , Huang Wu‐Jang
Published: June 2014

Graphene layer is a monolayer of graphite. Graphene single layer has confirmed to have a higher electron and hole mobility than silicon and has high heat conduction and special optical properties. And un‐perfect graphene sheets exist in any carbon materials. In our previous result to determine the graphene sheets content in any carbon material can be determined by X‐ray spectrum combination with a peak decomposition method. In this study, we have prepared two serious carbon materials from wood wastes, with and without MnO2 catalytic pyrolysis processes. Results show that all the G band intensity of all synthesized samples including a commercial graphene powder in Raman spectrum has a proportional relation with the graphene sheets content in these carbon materials.
Forster's tern chick survival in response to a managed relocation of predatory California gulls
Authors: Ackerman Joshua T. , Herzog Mark P. , Hartman C. Alex , Herring Garth
Published: June 2014

Gull populations can severely limit the productivity of waterbirds. Relocating gull colonies may reduce their effects on nearby breeding waterbirds, but there are few examples of this management strategy. We examined gull predation and survival of Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks before (2010) and after (2011) the managed relocation of the largest California gull (Larus californicus) colony (24,000 adults) in San Francisco Bay, California. Overall, survival of radio‐marked Forster's tern chicks from hatching to fledging was 0.22 ± 0.03 (mean ± SE), and daily survival rates increased with age. Gulls were the predominant predator of tern chicks, potentially causing 54% of chick deaths. Prior to the gull colony relocation, 56% of radio‐marked and 20% of banded tern chicks from the nearest tern colony were recovered dead in the gull colony, compared to only 15% of radio‐marked and 4% of banded chicks recovered dead from all other tern colonies. The managed relocation of the gull colony substantially increased tern chick survival (by 900%) in the nearby (<1 km) colony from 0.04 ± 0.02 in 2010 to 0.40 ± 0.12 in 2011 but not at the more distant (>3.8 km) reference tern colony (0.29 ± 0.10 in 2010 and 0.25 ± 0.09 in 2011). Among 19 tern nesting islands, fledging success was higher when gull abundance was lower at nearby colonies and when gull colonies were farther from the tern colony. Our results indicate that the managed relocation of gull colonies away from preferred nesting areas of sensitive waterbirds can improve local reproductive success, but this conservation strategy may shift gull predation pressure to other areas or species. © 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Experimental and theoretical studies of 2‐amino thiazole as an inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Cui F. Y. , Guo L. , Zhang S.‐T.
Published: June 2014

The corrosion inhibition of 2‐amino thiazole (AT) for 45# steel in 0.1 M HCl solution was studied by means of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Quantum chemical calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) method were performed on AT. The results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of 2‐amino thiazole was excellent, and its corrosion inhibition efficiency could reach 90.34% at 500 mg/L. The results obtained from the weight loss experiment and electrochemical experiments were in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization study showed that the 2‐amino thiazole was a mixed‐type inhibitor. And the slow‐release process was controlled by electro transfer steps. The electronic properties obtained by quantum chemical approach were correlated with the experiment results.
Polyolefin ‐ Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: Interfacial Interactions and Low Temperature Brittleness Reduction
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Luckachan Gisha E. , Matsko Nadejda B.
Published: June 2014

The interfacial interactions and low temperature brittleness of high density polyethylene (PE)‐chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends as well as their nanocomposites with graphene oxide (G) were characterized. The filler and the CPE phases were observed to have chemical interaction during solution mixing which enhanced during melt mixing of CPE‐graphene oxide masterbatch with PE matrix. Majority of the Cl atoms in the CPE chains were observed to be depleted during chemical reaction or thermal degradation at melt compounding temperature, thus, resulting in chlorine free materials. The samples with CPE35 could not be sufficiently hardened even at −180 °C and remained too soft for cryo‐sectioning. The composites had even higher degree of surface roughness due to additional effect of weak filler matrix interactions.
Shape Distortion of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Parts During Fabrication
Authors: Nawab Yasir , Park Chung Hae , Saouab Abdelghani , Agogué Romain , Beauchêne Pierre , Desjoyaux Bertrand
Published: June 2014

The accurate modelling of residual stress in thermoset composites requires comprehensive consideration of all the phenomena contributing to its formation. These include: chemical shrinkage of matrix due to cross linking of molecules, mismatch of thermal expansion or contraction among fibres and matrix and viscoelastic relaxation during the fabrication. Thermo‐physical and thermo‐mechanical properties are altered during the curing process due to an exothermic chemical reaction. Since all the phenomena causing residual stress are strongly coupled, the solution procedure is a complex task. In this study, spring‐in angle of carbon/epoxy woven composite bracket with three different thicknesses are calculated by simultaneously solving the thermo‐kinetics and thermo‐mechanics coupling by a finite element code COMSOL Multiphysics. Properties of composites required for numerical simulation are obtained using an analytical method. The spring‐in angle values obtained by numerical simulation are also compared with the results of the analytical model.
Novel Electrically Conductive Melamine‐formaldehyde Nanocomposite Based on Graphite Nanosheets
Authors: Abdala Ahmed A. , Pretschuh Claudia , Schwarzinger Clemens , Lonkar Sunil , Vukusic Sulafudin
Published: June 2014

Conductive polymer composites based on carbon materials are widely used in commercial applications. Herein, electrically conductive melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin was fabricated by incorporating various loadings of graphite nanosheets (GNS) via in‐situ polymerization followed by crosslinking at 165 °C. The effect of GNS loading on the electrical conductivity, interfacial properties and thermal stability of the composites is discussed. SEM fractogram confirm the uniform dispersion and toughening of MF upon GNS reinforcement. The electrical percolation was achieved at about 0.9 vol.% loading of GNS suggesting an aspect ratio for GNS between 130 and 240 depending on the model used.
Reconstruction with vascularized medial femoral condyle flaps in hindfoot and ankle defects: A report of two cases
Authors: Mattiassich Georg , Marcovici Lucian Lior , Dorninger Leopold , Kerschhagl Martina , Buerger Heinz , Kroepfl Albert , Larcher Lorenz
Published: June 2014

In this article, we report using free vascularized medial femoral condyle (MFC) flaps for reconstruction of bone defects and nonunion of the hindfoot and ankle in two patients. One patient had an open calcaneal fracture and hindfoot bone defect with impaired gait due to Achilles tendon functional loss. The second patient had nonunion with a chondral defect of the talus after a fall. Following uneventful recoveries, good objective and subjective results were achieved in terms of pain reduction and improved gait in both patients. No further operative intervention was needed during a 3‐year follow‐up period. The versatility of the corticoperiosteal graft from the MFC makes it an important reconstructive tool for addressing several major surgical problems of bony nonunion in the extremities, including posttraumatic reconstruction of hindfoot and ankle disorders. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:576–581, 2014.