bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Jurisdiction Over Consumer Contracts in e-Europe
Authors: Øren Joakim St
Published: November 2004

In its work to maintain and develop the free mobility of judgments within the European Union, the EU approved on 22 December 2000 a new regulation1 (hereafter the Jurisdiction Regulation) that replaced the Brussels Convention with effect from 1 March 2002.2 Possibly the most discussed and disputed new development in the Jurisdiction Regulation is Section 4, which concerns jurisdiction over consumer contracts. Before the approval of the Regulation, the provisions of Section 4 were heavily debated. The unreserved right of the consumer, under certain circumstances, to sue the other party in the courts of the State where the consumer is domiciled met strong resistance. This was particularly the case in relation to e-commerce, where there was an expressed fear that the provisions would lead to a scenario where anyone doing business through the Internet or by other electronic means could face the risk of being hauled into court in every state in Europe. It was asserted that this would significantly increase the costs of establishing new businesses online, and that, as a result, small and medium size enterprises would be deterred from offering their products online throughout the EU, and restrain the development of e-commerce in Europe.
Anti-Suit Injunctions in Cross-Border Insolvency: A Restatement
Authors: Ho Look Chan
Published: November 2004

In its simplest form, a transnational insolvency involves an insolvency1proceeding in one country, with creditors located in at least one additional country.2In the most complex case, it involves multiple proceedings, subsidiaries, affiliated entities, assets, operations, and creditors in dozens of nations. Complex international insolvencies continue to proliferate alongside a burgeoning world-wide free market economy that entails the globalisation of commercial and financial markets.3
III. Agriculture
Authors: Weatherill Stephen
Published: November 2004

Since the last review in 2000, there have been dynamic developments in European Community agricultural law. This might appear surprising in that the Berlin Special European Council of March 1999 (‘Berlin Summit’) had seen agreement on major reforms to the common organisations of the market, including consolidation of existing legislation, and the drawing up of financial perspectives for the period 2000–2006. Accordingly, a degree of stability might have been expected. However, not long after agreement was reached at the Berlin Summit, Commissioner Fischler could emphasise that: ‘Reforming farm policy is an ongoing process.’1
Independence, Impartiality, and Immunity of Arbitrators—us and English Perspectives
Authors: Hong-Lin Yu , Shore Laurence
Published: November 2004

At the 2002 conference of ICCA (International Commercial Congress of Arbitration), the conference participants debated the following proposition: ‘the parties, not the arbitrators, control the arbitration.’ Thus, the proposition permitted only two answers—either the parties or the arbitrators control the arbitral process. Both answers were consistent with the contractualist theory of arbitration:
Public Procurement: An Appraisal of the Uncitral Model Law as a Global Standard
Authors: Arrowsmith Sue
Published: November 2004

The UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services,1adopted in 1993/4, provides a template for reforming regulatory systems on public procurement. A decade on, UNCITRAL is now considering a review.2This is timely for several reasons, not least because of new purchasing practices, especially in electronic procurement, and the increasing need for harmonization with other international norms. In this context, the present article offers a critical appraisal of the Model Law as a global standard for public procurement.
World Cultural Heritage: Obligations To The International Community As A Whole?
Authors: O'Keefe Roger
Published: November 2004

The preamble to the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972 (the ‘World Heritage Convention’),1adopted 30 years ago, testifies to the conviction of the States Parties ‘that deterioration or disappearance of any item of the cultural…heritage constitutes a harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all the nations of the world’.2It speaks of the recognized ‘importance, for all the peoples of the world, of safeguarding this unique and irreplaceable property, to whatever people it may belong’3and declares ‘that parts of the cultural…heritage…of outstanding interest…need to be preserved as part of the world heritage of mankind as a whole’.4
Public International Law
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: November 2004

In May 2003 the United Nations General Assembly approved an agreement between the United Nations and the Cambodian government (UN Agreement) providing for United Nations assistance in the establishment and operation of ‘Extraordinary Chambers’ within the domestic court structure of Cambodia.1The UN Agreement is the result of a lengthy process of negotiation between the United Nations and the Cambodian government, with the intervention of several interested states.2The final agreement reflects a compromise between the need to address impunity and the need to preserve Cambodian sovereignty.
Refugee Law At Sea
Authors: Barnes Richard
Published: November 2004

Coping with refugees arriving by sea is a problem that has existed for a number of years.1Throughout this period the crux of the matter has remained the same, reconciling the humanitarian plight of refugees and asylum-seekers with the destination States' concerns about illegal immigration, mass migrations of people, and the costs of asylum. The boarding of the Tampa by Australian SAS troops in August 2001, in order to prevent the disembarkation of 433 asylum-seekers on Christmas Island, has once again brought into sharp focus the acute tension created between competing legal norms, and between moral and legal considerations. What are the rights of vessels and people in distress under the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea and other maritime agreements? How do commercial considerations affect the obligation to assist those in distress at sea? What are the rights of refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention and other human rights instruments? What are the powers of a coastal State to protect itself from threats to national security in its coastal waters? This article examines the legal obligations incumbent upon coastal States and flag States in respect of asylum-seekers rescued at sea and seeks to answer these questions. It goes on to suggest that the law in respect of search, rescue, and refuge is highly unsatisfactory because a number of key obligations are poorly defined and inadequately implemented. It alsoseems clear that insufficient weight is given to humanitarian considerations. Finally, consideration is given to possible solutions to the problem.
REFLECTIONS ON MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THECAMEROON/NIGERIACASE
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: November 2004

International courts and tribunals have played a predominant role in the development of the law of maritime delimitation.1In fact, since theNorth Sea Continental Shelfcases of 1969, eleven judgments concerning maritime delimitations were given by international courts and tribunals. Owing to the richness of international decisions, one may currently speak of ‘case law’ in the field of maritime delimitations. Thus it is indispensable to consider the evolving process of the law of maritime delimitation on the basis of the practice of international courts and tribunals.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: IV. CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Szyszczak Erika
Published: November 2004

Citizenship and human rights continue to play an important role in the evolution of Community law. Both sets of principles have appeared in the case law of the European Courts and in the creation of a Constitutional document for Europe. Part II of the draft Constitution incorporates the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union. Additionally, the first report from the independent network of experts in fundamental human rights details the various international human rights obligations which the Member States are subject to, analysing Member State policy in a number of areas in the light of the international obligations.1Paradoxically, at a time when greater emphasis is being paid to the constitutional recognition of human rights there are indications of divisions between some of the Advocates General, the Court of First Instance and the European Court of Justice (the Court) on the constitutional role of fundamental rights in relation to access to justice.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: I. Brussels II bis: Matrimonial Matters, Parental Responsibility, Child Abduction and Mutual Recognition
Authors: McEleavy Peter
Published: November 2004

At the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Council meeting in Brussels on 2 and 3 October 2003 final political agreement was reached on a new and expanded version of the Brussels II Regulation, a text which has commonly become known as Brussels II bis. The instrument, which was adopted by the JHA ministers on 27 November, has now received formal classification as Council Regulation No 2201/2003 Concerning Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters and Matters Relating to Parental Responsibility Repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000.1 The net result of this precipitous reform is that Brussels JJ shall cease to have effect from 1 May 2005,2 a mere 4 years and 2 months after it entered into force. Henceforth there will be a single, integrated instrument which will cover, inter alia, the free movement of judgments in matters of parental responsibility as well as of matrimonial judgments and introduce provisions on cooperation between Member States.
The ‘Rise of European Music’ and the Rights of Others
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2004

Two conspicuous scholars have honoured the publication of my book The Rise of European Music, 1380–1500 (Cambridge, 1993) with reactions that may interest a much wider readership. Lewis Lockwood's review of the book, in Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 120 (1995), 151–62, and Christopher Page's essay ‘Towards: Music in the Rise of Europe’, in The Musical Times, 136 (1995), 127–34, are both highly engaging, masterly studies of the basic dividing lines in history and the historian's dilemma of distributing his attention among all the issues that have a claim on it. That both find the time to confer generous praise on the book is a demonstration of scholarly solidarity of which I do not feel worthy. If all the objections they also raise against the book are justified, then their kind evaluations of it are doubly undeserved.
Birdsong and the Origins of Music
Authors: Head Matthew
Published: November 2004

How old is music, and what are its most ancient forms? What is its origin, its source, and to whom shall we attribute its invention? Is music from man, from nature, or from God? Whom does it serve, in whose name is it sung? These are the questions that eighteenth-century writers asked themselves as they embarked on their histories of music; these are the questions they felt it necessary to answer on the first pages of their manuscripts. Today we have consigned the questions to comedy. Who but Barbra Streisand could fall in love with the professor who arrived at the congress of American musicologists with a suitcase filled with rocks that he claimed to be the earliest musical instruments? Innocent and unanswerable, the question ‘How did music begin?’ strikes us as childlike; it has fallen out of currency. In journalism, fiction, the testimony of musicians and composers, and in psychological and psychoanalytical literature, music's origin is still touched upon obliquely. Roland Barthes, inviting the postmodern reader ‘not [to] reject the delirium of origins’, proposes his own theory concerning certain ‘rhythmic incisions … on cave walls of the Mousterian epoch’ that point to ‘the intentional reproduction of a [musical] rhythm’. But the question of music's origin has vanished from histories of music. This being so, we might ask under what intellectual, institutional or professional circumstances the question was withdrawn: for a discourse on the origins of music continued to the middle of this century with the revised edition of the New Oxford History of Music.
Policing Masculinity: Schumann, Berlioz and the Gendering of the Music-Critical Idiom
Authors: Biddle Ian
Published: November 2004

Robert Schumann's review of Berlioz'sSymphonie fantastiquehas attracted continued intensive scholarly attention since its serialized publication in theNeue Zeitschrift für Musikin 1835. There is a marked tendency in that attention to focus on a set of closely related critical themes: to use the review as a key to the German reception of Berlioz; to read it in terms of what it demonstrates about Schumann's own critico-aesthetic position; to see it as a model of music-critical practices in the first half of the nineteenth century; to scrutinize it in terms of the insights it furnishes into music-analytical practices. More recent scholarship has also added to this cluster of scholarly topoi the formal design of the text, its polyvalent texture and, in particular, what Fred Everett Maus terms ‘intersubjectivity’, scrutinizing the text for any clues it might offer as to the manner in which constructions of forms of subjectivity are engaged, sustained, problematized or subverted. Maus's attention to this ‘intersubjectivity’ stands as testament to musicology's (somewhat belated) interest in theories of subjectivity (or subjectivities), and opens Schumann's text to myriad new readings. In particular, Maus begins to tease out the text's potential as an artefact for the study of contemporaneous formations of ‘the composer’ as a cultural ‘type’ in the music-critical idiom.
Eros in the Metropolis: Bartók's The Miraculous Mandarin
Authors: Downes Stephen
Published: November 2004

Bartók's essay ‘The Relation of Folk Song to the Development of the Art Music of our Time’, published in 1921, was written as he was working on the score of The Miraculous Mandarin. Three main issues in the essay, the question of origin, the position of the creative subject with relation to ‘Nature’ and ‘Culture’, and the character of the music of Stravinsky and Schoenberg, are given fresh contexts by the musical work's emphasis on the character and function of differing types of eroticism. The possibility of cultural renewal based on the recovery of erotic self-expression in the face of the oppressive, objective conditions of the modern metropolis emerges as a central concern. This links Bartók's work to that of the Sunday Circle group of intellectuals, including Karl Mannheim, György Lukács and Béla Balázs, who sought an affirmative alternative to Georg Simmel's pessimistic view of the ‘tragedy of modern culture’.
The Meaning of ‘Lateness’: Mediations of Work, Self and Society in Tippett's Triple Concerto
Authors: Clarke David
Published: November 2004

‘Lateness’ is a musicological concept relevant to Tippett's oeuvre – if applied dialectically. His Triple Concerto (1978–9) is arguably the first work to reveal the ‘late’ trait of renewed lyricism and tonal transparency which together serve as an immanent critique of the fragmentation and dissonance of his second period (which began with King Priam). The co-presence of both sets of characteristics, whose synthesis is only partial, issues in a heterogeneity suggestive of a future social order in which the particular is not subsumed into the totality. This world-view sedimented in the musical structure constitutes a pluralism which invites comparison with, but may not be identical to, notions within postmodernism. Its paradigm may also have been distilled from the (problematic) social mediation of self which Tippett would have experienced as a gay person.
Civilizing the Savage: Johann Georg Sulzer and the ‘Aesthetic Force’ of Music
Authors: Riley Matthew
Published: November 2004

Johann Georg Sulzer's Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste (1771–4) exerted considerable influence on late eighteenth-century German musical writers. But for many modern commentators, it typifies the negative attitude to instrumental music characteristic of much Enlightenment rationalism. A reassessment of Sulzer, taking account of his philosophical background in Leibniz, Wolff and Baumgarten, shows that in fact he considered music the first of the fine arts. The arts have an ethical, civilizing role; but while most can affect only people who are already partly civilized, music possesses a special ‘aesthetic force’ which energizes the minds of cognitively passive people or ‘savages’.
Thomas Morell and his Letter about Handel
Authors: Smith Ruth
Published: November 2004

The manuscript of Thomas Morell's letter about his collaboration in oratorio writing with Handel, a key document in Handel studies, is in Cambridge University Library, its presence there previously unknown to Handel scholars. Its addressee can be identified as John Nichols, who used its information in his biographical publications, and its date can be narrowed to 1776–81. The letter is printed accurately for the first time, along with the fullest account to date of Morell's character, circumstances, career, abilities and interests, and a reassessment of the position of his letter in our knowledge of Handel.
Sondheim's Piano Sonata
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: November 2004

Stephen Sondheim composed a three-movement piano sonata for his thesis in music at Williams College and submitted the two outer movements upon graduation. Sondheim has since been unwilling to publish or disseminate the work, and a college stipulation has prevented reproduction of the thesis. The sonata shows the influences on Sondheim's emerging musical style – predominantly Ravel, Rachmaninov (influences previously established by scholars), Prokofiev and Hindemith (influences less well established) – and demonstrates that his compositional language was significantly developed by the time of his graduation. Similarities abound between the sonata and the mature musicals of the 1970s and beyond. In addition to providing examples from the completed movements – a feat made possible by Sondheim's decision to grant limited permission to reproduce the sonata – the article examines a two-page sketch for the second movement, a manuscript that had remained in Sondheim's sole possession until October 2000.
Deep flow in the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin over the last 150000 years
Authors: McCave I. N. , Kiefer T. , Thornalley D. J. R. , Elderfield H.
Published: November 2004

The SW Indian Ocean contains at least four layers of water masses with different sources: deep Antarctic (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water) flow to the north, midwater North Indian Deep Water flow to the south and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to the north, meridional convergence of intermediate waters at 500–1500 m, and the shallow South Equatorial Current flowing west. Sedimentation rates in the area are rather low, being less than 1 cm ka
−1
on Madagascar Ridge, but up to 4 cm ka
−1
at Amirante Passage. Bottom flow through the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin into Amirante Passage varies slightly on glacial–interglacial time–scales, with faster flow in the warm periods of the last interglacial and minima in cold periods. Far more important are the particularly high flow rates, inferred from silt grain size, which occur at warm–to–cold transitions rather than extrema. This suggests the cause is changing density gradient driving a transiently fast flow. Corroboration is found in the glacial–interglacial range of benthic d
18
O which is
ca.
2%, suggesting water close to freezing and at least 1.2 more saline and thus more dense glacial bottom waters than present. Significant density steps are inferred in isotope stage 6, the 5e–5d, and 5a–4 transitions. Oxygen isotope data suggest little change by mixing in glacial bottom water on their northward path. Benthic carbon isotope ratios at Amirante Passage differ from glacial Southern Ocean values, due possibly to absence of a local productivity effect present in the Southern Ocean.
Bikunin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induction in Macrophages
Authors: Matsuzaki Hidenori , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Yagyu Tatsuo , Wakahara Kiyoshi , Kondo Toshiharu , Kurita Noriyuki , Sekino Hideo , Inagaki Kiyokazu , Suzuki Mika , Kanayama Naohiro , Terao Toshihiko
Published: November 2004

Bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in protection against cancer and inflammation. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this inhibition, we analyzed the effect of bikunin on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production in human peripheral mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory inducer. Here, we show the following results. (i) LPS induced TNF-α expression in time- and dose-dependent manners through phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (ii) Bikunin inhibits LPS-induced up-regulation of TNF-α protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 60% inhibition at the highest doses of bikunin tested (5.0 μM). (iii) Inhibition by bikunin of TNF-α induction correlates with the suppressive capacity of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, implicating repressions of at least three different signals in the inhibition. (iv) Bikunin blocks the induction of TNF-α target molecules interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 proteins. (v) Bikunin is functional in vivo, and this glycoprotein blocks systemic TNF-α release in mice challenged with LPS. (vi) Finally, bikunin can prevent LPS-induced lethality. In conclusion, bikunin significantly inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α production, suggesting a mechanism of anti-inflammation by bikunin through control of cytokine induction during inflammation. Bikunin might be a candidate for the treatment of inflammation, including septic shock.
Presentation and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in patients with diabetes
Authors: Bhansali A , Bhadada S , Sharma A , Suresh V , Gupta A , Singh P , Chakarbarti A , Dash R J
Published: November 2004

Aim: To report presentation and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) exclusively in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative, interventional analysis of the medical records of 35 patients with ROCM among 22 316 patients with diabetes seen over the last 12 years.

Results: A cohort of 23 men and 12 women with a mean (SD) age of 47.3 (14.4) years (range 18–70 years) was studied. Five patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus, 29 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and one had secondary diabetes. Nine patients had ROCM as the first clinical manifestation of diabetes. The mean (SD) blood glucose at presentation was 20.6 (8.3) mmol/l (range 10.0 to 53.3 mmol/l) and 17 patients had ketosis/ketoacidosis. Ophthalmic symptoms and signs were pronounced: external ophthalmoplegia (89%), proptosis (83%), visual loss (80%), chemosis (74%), and eye lid gangrene (14%). Non-ophthalmic manifestations included sinusitis (100%), nasal discharge/ulceration (74%), infranuclear VI nerve palsy (46%), palatal necrosis (29%), cerebral lobe involvement (20%), and hemiparesis (17%). Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed involvement of paranasal sinuses in all patients with ethmoid (86%) and maxillary (80%) sinuses being most frequently involved. Orbital involvement was observed in 80% of patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis in 11%, and internal carotid occlusion and hydrocephalus in 3% each. All were treated with amphotericin B (3–3.5 g) and 26 (74%) patients underwent appropriate surgery. Twenty one patients (68%) survived with a mean (SD) follow up of 39.6 (34.1) months (range 10 months to 11 years). Factors related to poor survival included delay in diagnosis and treatment (p<0.05), facial and/or eye lid gangrene (p<0.05), hemiplegia (p<0.05), cerebral invasion by mucorales (p<0.05), and treatment with amphotericin B alone (p<0.05).

Conclusions: In patients with diabetes and ROCM, ROCM was the presenting manifestation in one fourth of the patients. Ophthalmic and extensive cerebral involvement predominated in the clinical picture. Delay in treatment due to late presentation and associated complications were major determinants of the survival outcome in these patients.
Fungal colonization of immersed wood in mangroves of the southwest coast of India
Authors: Maria G L , Sridhar K R
Published: November 2004

Patterns of fungal colonization during in situ decomposition of woody substrata of two mangrove tree species (Avicennia officinalis L. and Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) were studied in the Udyavara mangrove forest in the west coast of India. Wood pieces detached from the terrestrial parts of trees were packed in litter bags and introduced into the mangrove habitat at low tide. Samples were retrieved at different intervals for up to 18 months. They were scanned for fungi following incubation in the laboratory for up to 6 months on a sand bath with sterile mangrove water collected on each sampling date. Temperature, pH, oxygen, and salinity of water were assessed at each sampling date to relate to the colonization of fungi on wood. Forty-five species of fungi comprising 20 ascomycetes and 25 anamor phic taxa were recovered. Aigialus mangrovei Borse, Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm., Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm., Lignin cola laevis Höhnk, Lulworthia sp., Savoryella paucispora (Crib et J.W. Cribb) J. Koch, Tirispora sp., Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers et R.T. Moore) Dixon, and Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm. were the core group (frequency of occurrence, ≥10%) Avicennia officinalis wood. Aigialus mangrovei, Ascosalsum cincin natulum (Shearer et J.L. Crane) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson et Shearer, Cirrenalia pygmea, Cirrenalia tropicalis, Lul worthia grandispora Meyers, Tirispora sp., and Verruculina enalia were the core group on R. mucronata wood. On both wood types, distinct peaks were seen in richness, diversity, and core-group fungi after 2, 10, and 14 months of immersion. Avicennia officinalis yielded a higher number of fungi in most of the samples than did R. mucronata. Within 2 months, typical marine fungi replaced the terrestrial fungi on the wood because of increased salinity. The number of fungi recorded in the month of August (monsoon season) was highest. Most of the additional fungi were terrestrial fungi that colonized the wood because of a decline in salinity. The pattern of fungal colonization with respect to early, late, and persistent colonizers was similar in both types of wood. Instead of differing in fungal species, the frequency of colonization of fungi differed on Avicennia officinalis and R. mucronata wood, which indicates substrate recurrence rather than specificity.Key words: colonization, diversity, filamentous fungi, mangroves, seasonal occurrence, woody litter.
Differences in light and temperature responses determine autumn versus spring germination for seeds of Schoenolirion croceum
Authors: Walck Jeffrey L , Hidayati Siti N
Published: November 2004

Seeds of the southeastern North American Schoenolirion croceum (Michx.) Wood are dormant when dispersed in late spring to early summer. Fresh seeds buried in soil after dispersal germinate in autumn, whereas those sown on the soil surface do so the following late winter  early spring. To understand this difference in germination phenology, we examined the light and temperature requirements for dormancy break and germination. Seeds germinated to high percentages in darkness over 12:12 h thermoperiods ranging from 15:6 to 35:20 °C following warm stratification (25:15 °C) in darkness, whereas no seeds germinated in light following stratification in light. On the other hand, seeds germinated to high percentages in light and in darkness following cold stratification (5 °C) in light or darkness. Seeds exposed to light during autumn germinated in winterspring regardless of the light regime in summer or winterspring, whereas those in darkness during autumn germinated in autumn regardless of the light regime in summer. Thus, light conditions during autumn are critical for determining whether seeds will germinate in autumn versus early spring. In contrast with many other species in which germination phenology is mostly temperature controlled, timing of germination for S. croceum depends on the light conditions in relation to temperatures experienced during dormancy release.Key words: dark, germination phenology, Hyacinthaceae, negative photoblastic seeds, photoecology, seed dormancy.
Population stage structure of Hawaiian endemic fern taxa of Diellia (Aspleniaceae): implications for monitoring and regional dynamics
Authors: Aguraiuja Ruth , Moora Mari , Zobel Martin
Published: November 2004

Single census data were used to investigate the stage structure within populations of the endemic fern genus Diellia in the Hawaiian Islands. Populations were classified as "dynamic" (sporelings predominate), "normal", or " regressive" (mature plants predominate). Six taxa were studied: Diellia erecta Brack., Diellia erecta f. alexandri (Hillebr.) W.H. Wagner, Diellia falcata Brack., Diellia mannii (D.C. Eaton) W.J. Rob., Diellia pallida W.H. Wagner, and Diellia unisora W.H. Wagner. There were significant differences between the population stage structures of different taxa. The populations of D. erecta f. alexandri, and D. unisora represented regressive cases. Diellia pallida was represented by two regressive and one dynamic local population. The status of local populations of D. erecta and D. falcata varied from dynamic to regressive. Diellia erecta f. alexandri, D. mannii, D. pallida, and D. unisora are probably near extinction. Variation in local population conditions of D. erecta, D. falcata, and D. pallida may represent the history of local colonization and subsequent extinction events. The regional dynamics of these taxa correspond with the metapopulation model, since pteridophytes have good dispersal ability, and recruitment of Diellia species takes place only in moist years and is influenced by local disturbances. We conclude that stage structure of local populations can indicate the regional dynamics of a species. All local Diellia populations have to be considered as priority candidates for future conservation efforts.Key words: conservation, Diellia, Hawaiian Islands, metapopulation, population stage structure, regional dynamics.
Testing for anthropogenic influence on fire regime for a 600-year period in the Jaksha area, Komi Republic, East European Russia
Authors: Drobyshev Igor , Niklasson Mats , Angelstam Per , Majewski Przemyslaw
Published: November 2004

In an attempt to quantitatively evaluate the natural versus anthropogenic signal in site fire histories, the statistical relationship between dendrochronologically dated fire events and tree-ring chronologies (deemed to be an independent proxy for climate variation) was analyzed for 14 sites in a 2600-km2 area of pine-dominated forests in the Komi Republic (East European Russia) over the period from 1424 to 1954. We developed a cumulative measure of statistical fit between two types of fire events (early- and late-season fires) and ring-width chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (total ring- and latewood-width chronologies). For a given site, the statistical fit between fires and tree-ring data tended to decrease with an increasing proportion of unique fire years. Distance from a site to the nearest village (deemed to be a proxy of human impact) explained 50% of the variation in statistical fit between fires and tree-ring data. The fit decreased in the majority of the sites from the earlier (14241700) to the later (17001960) periods. We interpret this to be a result of increased human impact on the fire regime since 1700 due to intensified colonization of the area.
Nest cavity availability and selection in aspenconifer groves in a grassland landscape
Authors: Aitken Kathryn EH , Martin Kathy
Published: November 2004

Cavity-nesting vertebrates, a significant component of forest wildlife communities, are connected ecologically in nest webs arranged in guilds of cavity producers (strong and weak excavators) and cavity consumers. The availability of tree cavities for nesting and roosting is considered critical to maintaining communities of cavity nesters. Using univariate tests and resource selection indices, we examined nesting use of both natural and excavated cavities in small aspenconifer groves of interior British Columbia in relation to availability of cavity, tree, and habitat features. In a 2-year study, we monitored 197 cavities for use, 8% of which were lost between years. Of those that survived, 26% were occupied in both years, 29% were used in only one year, and 45% were not used in either year. Occupied cavities were larger internally than those not occupied in either year and were more likely to be in trees with only one cavity. In species-level resource selection analyses, tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor Vieillot), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), and chickadees (Poecile spp.) used live, heart rot infected trees more than expected from their proportional abundance and used dead trees less than expected, while northern flickers (Colaptes auratus L.), mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides Bechstein), and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) used live and dead trees in proportion to their availability. Managed, open landscapes with small mixed or deciduous forest groves can sustain healthy communities of cavity nesters, if there is a range of suitable trees for excavators and open areas for foraging.
Harvesting impacts on soil and understory vegetation: the influence of season of harvest and within-site disturbance patterns on clear-cut aspen stands in Minnesota
Authors: Berger Alaina L , Puettmann Klaus J , Host George E
Published: November 2004

We investigated impacts of harvesting on soil disturbance and vegetation in the aspen cover type of northern Minnesota, United States. The soil disturbance (resistance to penetration) and understory vegetation were characterized for 19 sites on five 60-m2 plots placed along a disturbance gradient: landings (high harvesting traffic), skid trails (intermediate harvesting traffic), and areas off skid trails (low to no harvesting traffic). Penetration levels were quite variable, but they still indicated that within-site responses to disturbance patterns created by clear-cut harvesting were not uniform. In general, soil disturbance and understory species composition within landings were similar to those with skid trails. The soil disturbance and vegetation composition of these two levels differed from those of the low-disturbance plots (off skid trails), indicating that removing trees alone did not affect vegetation composition as much as creating an established skid trail, regardless of harvest timing. However, sites with more variable species composition (winter-harvested sites) and lower disturbance levels were less altered than sites with likely lower initial diversity (summer-harvested sites). The results suggest that it is important for recovery of understory plant communities to not only limit the amount and level of disturbances but also consider the spatial layout of harvesting, thus maintaining a spatially connected network of remnant forest patches large enough to contain interior forest species.
FUNDAMENTALS, PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF III-V COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS
Authors: GAO GUANG-BO , MOHAMMAND S. NOOR , MARTIN GREGORY A. , MORKOÇ HADIS
Published: November 2004

Recent developments in the physics and technology of III-V compound heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are reviewed. The technologies discussed are AlGaAs/GaAs, GaInP/GaAs, InP/InGaAs, and AlInAs/InGaAs based heterostructures. WIth current gain cut off frequencies over 100 GHz and maximum oscillation frequencies of about 200 GHz, the III-V compound semiconductor based HBTs have advanced to the point of commercialization. These developments also had the fortuitous effect of providing impetus and theoretical base to advance Si based HBT technologies, such as SiGe HBTs, to advance also. Recent SiGe HBTs, taking advantage of advanced Si processing technologies, have also recorded performances in excess of 100 GHz with applications envisioned in high speed analog-digital converters. While there remain some voids in the fundamental understanding of HBTs, the state-of-the-art of the GaAs HBT technology, concerning reproducibility and reliability, is at a point where problems related to production are at the forefront. The next few years are going to prove interesting with each technology recording improved performance.
MONOLITHIC MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BASED ON GaAs MESFET TECHNOLOGY
Authors: BAHL INDER J.
Published: November 2004

Advanced military microwave systems are demanding increased integration, reliability, radiation hardness, compact size and lower cost when produced in large volume, whereas the microwave commercial market, including wireless communications, mandates low cost circuits. Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology provides an economically viable approach to meeting these needs. In this paper the design considerations for several types of MMICs and their performance status are presented. Multi-function integrated circuits that advance the MMIC technology are described, including integrated microwave/digital functions and a highly integrated transceiver at C-band.
HIGH SPEED DIGITAL CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY
Authors: LONG STEPHEN I.
Published: November 2004

The performance of high speed digital integrated circuits, defined here as those requiring operation at high clock frequency, is generally more sensitive to material properties and process techniques than ICs used at lower frequencies. Obtaining high speed and low power concurrently is especially challenging. Circuit architectures must be selected for the device and application appropriately. This paper presents simple models for high speed digital IC performance and applies these to the FET and bipolar transistor. Heterojunction devices are compared with those using single or binary materials. Circuits for high speed SSI and low power VLSI applications are described, and their performance is surveyed.
HIGH FREQUENCY, HIGH TEMPERATURE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS FABRICATED FROM WIDE BAND GAP SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: TREW R.J. , SHIN M.W.
Published: November 2004

Electronic and optical devices fabricated from wide band gap semiconductors have many properties ideal for high temperature, high frequency, high power, and radiation hard applications. Progress in wide band gap semiconductor materials growth has been impressive and high quality epitaxial layers are becoming available. Useful devices, particularly those fabricated from SiC, are rapidly approaching the commercialization stage. In particular, MESFETs (MEtal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) fabricated from wide band gap semiconductors have the potential to be useful in microwave power amplifier and oscillator applications. In this work the microwave performance of MESFETs fabricated from SiC, GaN and semiconducting diamond is investigated with a theoretical simulator and the results compared to experimental measurements. Excellent agreement between the simulated and measured data is obtained. It is demonstrated that microwave power amplifiers fabricated from these semiconductors offer superior performance, particularly at elevated temperatures compared to similar components fabricated from the commonly employed GaAs MESFETs.
63-LAYER TCM WIRING WITH THREE-DIMENSIONAL CROSSTALK CONSTRAINTS
Authors: CHEN HOWARD H. , WONG C.K.
Published: November 2004

In the state-of-the-art thermal conduction module (TCM) design, as many as 63 thinfilm and glass-ceramic layers can be used to interconnect 121 chips.1,2 The total amount of noise on the package consists of not only the crosstalk between adjacent signal lines in the X and Y directions, but also the coupled noise between adjacent pins and vias in the Z direction. This paper describes the wiring and layer assignment strategies to minimize both the XY and Z-direction coupled noise in TCM design.
DATA MANIPULATION ON THE DISTRIBUTED MEMORY BUS COMPUTER
Authors: SAHNI SARTAJ
Published: November 2004

We consider fundamental data manipulation operations such as broadcasting, prefix sum, data sum, data shift, data accumulation, consecutive sum, adjacent sum, sorting, and random access reads and writes, and show how these may be performed on the distributed memory bus computer (DMBC). In addition, we study two image processing applications: shrinking and expanding, and template matching. The DMBC algorithms are generally simpler than corresponding algorithms of the same time complexity developed for other reconfigurable bus computers.
FAST PARALLEL PERMUTATION ALGORITHMS
Authors: HAGERUP TORBEN , KELLER JÖRG
Published: November 2004

We investigate the problem of permuting n data items on an EREW PRAM with p processors using little additional storage. We present a simple algorithm with run time O((n/p) log n) and an improved algorithm with run time O(n/p + log n log log (n/p)). Both algorithms require n additional global bits and O(1) local storage per processor. If prefix summation is supported at the instruction level, the run time of the improved algorithm is O(n/p). The algorithms can be used to rehash the address space of a PRAM emulation.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF GLOBAL FLUSH PRIMITIVES USING COUNTERS
Authors: AHUJA MOHAN , RAYNAL MICHEL
Published: November 2004

We present an implementation of Global-Flush Primitives using counters. This implementation costs comparable to the most lightweight implementation of causal ordering. Thus, at a comparable cost, the presented implementation enriches functionality compared to causal ordering; as Global-Flush Primitives permit making an assertion about messages sent in the past of sending m, in the future of sending m, about both, or neither, where the past and the future of an event is defined using the relation "happened before." Using Global-Flush, a message can be sent to any subset of processes specified as a parameter.
AN OPTIMAL SYSTOLIC DICTIONARY
Authors: CHAN I. W. , CHOI F.
Published: November 2004

We present a simple systolic algorithm for implementing dictionary machine based on the VLSI technology. Our design makes use of a dynamic. global tree rebalancing scheme to attain high system throughput. Our scheme is simple to implement and requires low sophistication in the design of processing nodes. Results from analysis and simulation show that our algorithm has optimal response time and achieves an average latency close to 1. This represents a significant improvement over many of the previous designs. Unlike most parallel dictionary machines reported in the literature, our approach requires no compression operations.
ABOUT CACHE ASSOCIATIVITY IN LOW-COST SHARED MEMORY MULTI-MICROPROCESSORS
Authors: DRACH N. , GEFFLAUT A. , JOUBERT P. , SEZNEC A.
Published: November 2004

Sizes of on-chip caches on current commercial microprocessors range from 16 Kbytes to 36 Kbytes. These microprocessors can be directly used in the design of a low cost single-bus shared memory multiprocessors without using any second-level cache.

In this paper, we explore the viability of such a multi-microprocessor. Simulations results clearly establish that performance of such a system will be quite poor if on-chip caches are direct-mapped. On the other hand, when the on-chip caches are partially associative, the achieved level of performance is quite promising. In particular, two recently proposed innovative cache structures, the skewed-associative cache organization and the semi-unified cache organization are shown to work fine.
ALMOST-SAFE BYZANTINE AGREEMENT IN SPARSE NETWORKS WITH RANDOM FAULTS
Authors: PELC ANDRZEJ
Published: November 2004

We consider the Byzantine Agreement problem by assuming that nodes of a network fail independently with fixed probability 0 < p < 1. The goal is to construct almost-safe agreement protocols working for classes of sparse n-node networks. For such protocols, the probability of reaching consensus, under any behavior of faulty nodes, must converge to 1 as n grows. For p < 1/3 and every function L: N → N growing faster than linear, we show n-node networks with L (n) links and an almost-safe Byzantine Agreement protocol working for these networks. We also construct such a protocol working for a large class of n-node networks of maximum degree O( log n). We show, further, that these networks are asymptotically sparsest possible to support almost-safe Byzantine Agreement.
EVALUATION OF STATIC SCHEDULING HEURISTICS FOR REAL-TIME MULTIPROCESSING
Authors: SHIRAZI BEHROOZ , YOUN HEE YONG , LORTS DANIEL M.
Published: November 2004

Suboptimal solutions to the NP-complete problem of scheduling in a multiprocessing system are achievable with the aid of heuristic methods. Development and evaluation of static scheduling heuristics for real-time multiprocessing systems have inherited techniques from work for non-real-time systems. Unfortunately, the existing techniques compromise the results of the scheduling effort by limiting the scope of the problem. In this paper we present results of experimentation in which the parameters of the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) are enhanced to more correctly correspond to those of a real-world application. A method of specifying weighted combinations and priorities of simple scheduling heuristics to the scheduling algorithm is presented. Results of the compound heuristics are compared to the results of previous work in the field with some interesting conclusions.
FRIEDEL SUM RULE ON A LATTICE
Authors: MAHAN G.D.
Published: November 2004

The Friedel Sum Rule is derived for electrons whose motion through the lattice is described by the tight-binding model. The Friedel Sum Rule is a statement of charge neutrality: the screening charge around an impurity cancels the charge from the impurity itself. The answer is given in closed form for a complex of n-impurities.
DYNAMICS OF T=0 BCS CONDENSATES
Authors: STONE MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

Fermi-surface bosonization is used to show that the long-wavelength, T=0, dynamics of a BCS superfluid or superconductor is described by a galilean invariant non-linear time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This equation is of same form as the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a Bose superfluid, but the “wavefunction” is not the superfluid order parameter.
2D EXTENDED HUBBARD MODEL: A SUPERSYMMETRIC CHAIN-CLUSTER APPROACH
Authors: RASETTI MARIO , ZANARDI PAOLO
Published: November 2004

A two-step linearization scheme is proposed to approach the 2D extended Hubbard model: (i) by a chain-cluster linearization, the model is first mapped onto a self-consistent 1D problem for a modified extended Hubbard model; (ii) a further linearization is then performed in the proximity of the U(2|2)-supersymmetric model introduced by Essler, Korepin and Schoutens (EKS). The resulting Hamiltonian is shown to be equivalent to a 1D EKS Hamiltonian whose coefficients have to be determined self-consistently. The self-consistency equations can be obtained thanks to the exact solvability of the EKS model.
THE EFFECT OF A BOND-SITE INTERACTION ON THE GROUND-STATE INSTABILITIES OF THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL HUBBARD MODEL
Authors: BUZATU F.D.
Published: November 2004

The ground-state instabilities for a one-dimensional lattice system of electrons with onsite (Hubbard) and bond-site (hopping) interactions are analyzed in a perturbative approach. The zero temperature phase diagram at different band fillings is drawn; an attractive (repulsive) bond-site interaction favors the appearance of a superconductor state at low concentrations of electrons (holes). A comparison with the exact results for the Hubbard model and previous works for particular cases is also discussed.