bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐related proteins in neurons and dendrites of brains of atypical Pick's disease without Pick bodies
Authors: Furukawa Yoshiko , Iseki Eizo , Hino Hiroaki , Kanai Akiko , Odawara Toshinari , Kosaka Kenji
Published: February 2004

Nine cases of atypical Pick's disease without Pick bodies were investigated immunohistochemically. Ubiquitin (ub)‐positive and tau‐negative structures were mainly found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus. In the cerebral cortex, most of the ub‐positive structures had ub‐positive dendrites in the neuropil, although some also showed diffuse ub‐positive staining in the neuronal cytoplasm. These ub‐positive structures were distributed throughout layers II‐IIIab and layers V‐VI. Granular cells of the dentate gyrus had ub‐positive intraneuronal inclusions. When the numbers of ub‐positive neurons and dendrites were evaluated in relation to the degree of neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex, the number of ub‐positive neurons was significantly lower in regions showing very mild neuronal loss and higher in regions showing moderate neuronal loss. In contrast, ub‐positive dendrites were detected even in cortical regions showing very mild neuronal loss. Immunoelectron‐microscopically, ub‐positive structures contained ub‐positive ribosome‐like granular components in the neuronal cytoplasm and dendrites, which were occasionally related to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and accompanied by a few filamentous components. Almost all ub‐positive structures were positive for ub‐binding protein p62 in double‐immunostaining method. Some ub‐positive or negative neurons in the cerebral cortex were positively immunolabeled with anti‐ub ligase (Parkin) and anti‐ub C‐terminal hydrolase antibodies, whereas dendrites were not labeled by these antibodies. From the present study, it is suggested that in the cerebral cortex, these ubiquitinated proteins may firstly accumulate in the dendrites at the onset of neuronal degeneration, then appear in the neuronal cytoplasm before finally disappearing with neuronal loss.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia: The clinicopathological spectrum
Authors: Yoshida Mari
Published: February 2004

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia (ALS‐D) is a non‐Alzheimer‐type dementia characterized by both frontotemporal degeneration and motor neuron disease and marked by ubiquitin‐positive, tau‐ and α‐synuclein‐negative intraneuronal inclusions and dystrophic neurites. New neuropathological diagnostic criteria for ALS‐D are proposed on the basis of the present investigation of 28 autopsy cases. Clinical features included those of typical ALS‐D, primary lateral sclerosis, atypical ALS with frontotemporal atrophy and atypical Pick's disease without Pick's bodies. Macroscopically anterior frontotemporal atrophy was observed involving or not involving the precentral gyrus. Microscopically non‐specific neuronal loss and gliosis with spongiosis were seen, particularly in superficial layers II and III of the frontotemporal cortices. Diffuse fibrous gliosis was seen in the frontotemporal white matter. The substantia nigra and amygdala showed neuronal loss and gliosis. In all 28 cases, degeneration of both the lower and upper motor neuron systems, consistent with classic sporadic ALS, was present. The distribution and degree of degenerative frontotemporal lesions and motor neuron disturbance were of various patterns. Ubiquitin‐positive and tau‐ and α‐synuclein negative intraneuronal inclusions and dystrophic neurites in extramotor cortices were observed in all cases. Furthermore, ubiquitin‐positive inclusions in lower motor neurons were found in all cases. The distribution pattern and density differed between neuronal inclusions and dystrophic neurites and correlated with clinicopathological phenotypes. Therefore, the ALS‐D spectrum may be broader than that previously recognized, extending to primary lateral sclerosis, atypical ALS and to atypical Pick's disease without Pick bodies. Further investigation is needed to determine the characteristics of the ubiquitinated component in ALS‐D.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei: Role of cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Choi Chi‐Yee , Lee Siu‐Wing , Lam Siu‐Ho
Published: February 2004

In the past, pseudomyxoma peritonei was considered as an incurable disease and often no active treatment was given. With the advent of cytoreductive surgery, including peritonectomy procedures and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, long‐term survival of these patients is actually possible. A 61‐year‐old patient with adenocarcinoma of the appendix who presented with a clinical picture of pseudomyxoma peritonei is described in the present report. The patient achieved independent activity of daily living and improved quality of life after aggressive surgical approach and intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
Effect of cerebrolysin on moderate and severe head injury: Preliminary result of a cohort study
Authors: Wong George Kwok‐Chu , Zhu Xian‐Lun , Poon Wai‐Sang
Published: February 2004

Introduction:  Cerebrolysin is a compound with neurotropic activities and has a beneficial effect in the treatment of mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated whether the addition of cerebrolysin to the initial treatment regimen in patients with moderate and severe head injury would improve their functional outcome.

Method and Results:  At 6 months, 42% of the rehabilitated patients achieved good recovery without significant cognitive deficit. The study group was compared with the historical cohort of patients eligible for active rehabilitation. Despite a younger population of the historical cohort, the functional outcome was not significantly different from the study group. No significant side‐effects requiring cessation of cerebrolysin was noted.

Conclusion:  Use of cerebrolysin as a part of the initial management of moderate and severe head injuries was safe and well‐tolerated. The result suggests that cerebrolysin is beneficial to the functional outcome in these patients, especially in elderly patients.
Determinants of outcome of inguinal herniorrhaphy in Nigerian patients
Authors: Adesunkanmi Abdul Rashid K. , Badmus Tajudeen A. , Ogundoyin Olukayode
Published: February 2004

Objective:  To determine the clinical, operative and postoperative factors influencing the outcome of inguinal herniorrhaphy for inguinal and iguinoscrotal hernia. A protocol was drafted to carry out a prospective study of all patients who had herniorrhaphy for inguinal or inguinoscrortal hernia within a period of 7 years (February 1995–January 2002). The present study took place in a Teaching Hospital Complex Unit that serves a rural and semiurban Nigerian community.

Patients and methods:  A total of 425 consecutive patients who had inguinal herniorrhaphy were recruited for the current study. Only adult male and female patients were recruited and operated on either as emergency or elective status. Demographic, clinical, operative and postoperative patterns of the patients were documented and analysed using SPSS 7.5 for Window.

Results:  There were 391 (92%) male patients and the patients age ranged from 16 to 90 years, with a mean of 51.8 years. Duration of symptoms ranged 1 day−25 years, median of 1 years. There were 169 patients (39.8%) with 175 (37.6%) cases of inguinoscrotal hernia, 256 patients (60.2%) with 290 (62.4%) cases of inguinal hernia and 15 (3.5%) patients presented with recurrent hernia. Emergency operation was carried out in 112 (26%) patients, with a high incidence of scrotal complications, wound failure, mortality and a prolonged period of hospitalization. There were more scrotal complications among the elderly patients, with a high rate of inguinoscrotal hernia and those patients with systemic pathology. Wound infection and wound dehiscence were more common in patients with obstructive uropathy, longer duration of symptoms, inguinoscrotal hernia, presence of other hernia type and such operative findings as sliding hernia. Postoperative hernia recurrence and scrotal complications were associated with a high wound infection rate, while mortality rate was associated with age, hernia incarceration, inguinoscrotal hernia, suboptimal clinical status and operative findings of gangrenous intestinal segment.

Conclusion:  There were many preoperative, operative and postoperative factors that significantly influence the outcome of inguinal herniorrhaphy at the Teaching Hospital Complex. High postoperative morbidity and mortality were associated with old age, inguinoscrotal hernia and preoperative hernia complications.
Identifying Financial Distress Indicators of Selected Banks in Asia
Authors: Rahman Shahidur , Tan Lian Hwa , Hew Ooi Lyn , Tan Yih San
Published: February 2004

The banking sector plays a pivotal role in the economic development of most Asian countries. In 1997, a full‐fledged banking and financial crisis took place in South Asian countries. Many banks had to be bailed out by their governments. It is believed that an examination of indicators that led to the problems suffered by banks in this region will be of enormous benefit. Models were developed for each country that identified banks experiencing financial distress as a function of financial ratios. The countries in the study include Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand. The banking sectors of these three countries are ideal for this study, as the banks enjoyed profitability during the pre‐crisis period and were the most severely affected by the financial crisis in 1997. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data sample from 1995 to 1997. In the findings, capital adequacy, loan management and operating efficiency are three common performance dimensions found to be able to identify problem banks in all three countries. It is hoped that the financial ratios and results of the models will be useful to bankers and regulators in identifying problem banks in Asia.
Realize the Realized Stock Index Volatility
Authors: Huang Ho‐Chuan (River) , Nieh Chien‐Chung
Published: February 2004

This paper constructs estimates of daily stock index volatilities and correlation using high‐frequency (one‐minute) intraday stock indices. The key feature of these ‘realized’ volatilities and correlations is that they are not only model‐free but also approximately measurement‐error‐free. In fact, they can be treated as observed rather than latent, so that direct modeling and forecasting of the realized volatilities can be performed using conventional time series approaches. Some interesting results appear in the analysis. Despite the fact that the unstandardized returns are skewed to the right and have fatter tails than normal, the distributions of the raw returns scaled by the realized standard deviations appear to be approximately Gaussian. The unconditional distributions of the realized variances and covariances are leptokurtic as well as highly right‐skewed, but the realized correlation tends to be approximately normally distributed. There is no evidence in support of asymmetric volatility effects commonly found in previous findings. However, we find strong evidence to support the fact that there exists high contemporaneous correlation between realized volatilities and high comovement between realized correlation and volatilities.
A Survey of Inverse Rendering Problems
Authors: Patow Gustavo , Pueyo Xavier
Published: February 2004

Inverse rendering problems usually represent extremely complex and costly processes, but their importance in many research areas is well known. In particular, they are of extreme importance in lighting engineering, where potentially costly mistakes usually make it unfeasible to test design decisions on a model. In this survey we present the main ideas behind these kinds of problems, characterize them, and summarize work developed in the area, revealing problems that remain unsolved and possible areas of further research.

ACM CSS: I.3.6 Computer Graphics Methodology and Techniques I.3.7 Computer Graphics—Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism I.4.1 Image Processing and Computer Vision Digitization and Image Capture I.4.7 Image Processing and Computer Vision Feature Measurement I.4.8 Image Processing and Computer Vision Scene Analysis
Automatic View Selection Using Viewpoint Entropy and its Application to Image‐Based Modelling
Authors: Vázquez Pere‐Pau , Feixas Miquel , Sbert Mateu , Heidrich Wolfgang
Published: February 2004

In the last decade a new family of methods, namely Image‐Based Rendering, has appeared. These techniques rely on the use of precomputed images to totally or partially substitute the geometric representation of the scene. This allows to obtain realistic renderings even with modest resources. The main problem is the amount of data needed, mainly due to the high redundancy and the high computational cost of capture. In this paper we present a new method to automatically determine the correct camera placement positions in order to obtain a minimal set of views for Image‐Based Rendering. The input is a 3D polyhedral model including textures and the output is a set of views that sample all visible polygons at an appropriate rate. The viewpoints should cover all visible polygons with an adequate quality, so that we sample the polygons at sufficient rate. This permits to avoid the excessive redundancy of the data existing in several other approaches. We also reduce the cost of the capturing process, as the number of actually computed reference views decreases. The localization of interesting viewpoints is performed with the aid of an information theory‐based measure, dubbed viewpoint entropy. This measure is used to determine the amount of information seen from a viewpoint. Next we develop a greedy algorithm to minimize the number of images needed to represent a scene. In contrast to other approaches, our system uses a special preprocess for textures to avoid artifacts appearing in partially occluded textured polygons. Therefore no visible detail of these images is lost.

ACM CSS: I.3.7 Computer Graphics—Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism
Bias Compensation for Photon Maps
Authors: Schregle Roland
Published: February 2004

Density estimation techniques such as the photon map method rely on a particle transport simulation to reconstruct indirect illumination, which is proportional to the particle density. In the photon map framework, particles are usually located using nearest‐neighbour methods due to their generality. However, these methods have an inherent tradeoff between local bias and noise in the reconstructed illumination, which depends on the density estimate bandwidth. This paper presents a bias compensating operator for nearest‐neighbour density estimation which adapts the bandwidth according to the estimated bias in the reconstructed illumination.

ACM CSS: I.3.7 Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism Raytracing
Ray Tracing Surfaces with Contours
Authors: Balsys Ronald J. , Suffern Kevin G.
Published: February 2004

ACM CSS: I.3.7 3D Graphics and Realism, I.3.3 Picture/Image Generation
A Survey of Real‐time Soft Shadows Algorithms
Authors: Hasenfratz J. ‐M. , Lapierre M. , Holzschuch N. , Sillion F. , Artis GRAVIR/IMAG‐INRIA
Published: February 2004

ACM CSS: I.3.3 Computer Graphics Picture/Image Generation—Bitmap and framebuffer operations
Plate 490. Hymenophyllum tunbrigense Hymenophyllaceae
Authors: Rich Tim , Rumsey Fred
Published: February 2004

The taxonomic history, distribution and ecology of Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. (Hymenophyllaceae) are discussed with special reference to the sandrocks in south‐east England, and the species is illustrated.
Plate 491. Viburnum tinus ‘Eve Price’Viburnaceae
Authors: Clennett Chris
Published: February 2004

The taxonomy, distribution and cultural requirements of the European Viburnum tinus L., and particularly of the cv. ‘Eve Price’ are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
Wild Flowers at Wakehurst
Authors: Hoare Arthur
Published: February 2004

There are over three hundred species of native or naturalised plants found growing wild in Wakehurst Place. Certain areas away from the formal beds have been left wild, but are managed for the encouragement of wild flowers and a visitor taking a gentle stroll around the gardens will have no difficulty in finding many of them.
Gerald Loder, maker of Wakehurst Place: a portrait
Authors: Townsend Harry
Published: February 2004

Gerald Loder, created Baron Wakehurst, (1861–1936), purchased the Wakehurst estate in 1902. His great enthusiasm for trees and shrubs, shared by his head gardener Alfred Coates, laid the foundation for the garden as it is today.
The Lure of Learning in Teaching
Authors: Liston Daniel P.
Published: February 2004

Teaching entails the creation of connections among teacher, student, and content so that educational experiences can be had. Powerful teaching engages and recalls a lure of learning. To explore this lure, or love of learning, and its place in teaching, I first evoke a bit of what this attraction feels and looks like. Depicting this lure conveys some of what the seduction of learning is all about. Following this section on the love of learning, I highlight features of what this love of learning looks like in teaching. In teaching with a love of learning, we (as teachers) attempt to lure our students into reaching beyond themselves, to connect with the subject at hand. It is the teacher who invites us beyond the boundaries of ourselves, to another territory. The second major section of this essay focuses on the qualities of this educational invitation. It is an invitation to join and take part in the human inheritance, the human conversation. It is an invitation that arises from the teacher's depths, builds on what the teacher finds alluring in his or her love of learning, and expresses a respect for, faith in, and insistence that the students see what the teacher finds so precious.
Teachers, Not Technicians: Rethinking Technical Expectations for Teachers
Authors: Sandholtz Judith Haymore , Reilly Brian
Published: February 2004

Despite many efforts at the national, state, and local levels to promote the use of computers in K-12 classrooms, over the past 20 years, the impact of the computer on teaching and learning has been minimal. In this article, we examine how one school district has advanced the use of computers in the classroom by focusing first on curriculum rather than on technology. While national and state technology standards for teachers, as well as educational technology textbooks, tend to start with computer hardware and how to troubleshoot it, teachers in the district described here spend very little time on hardware or troubleshooting. Instead, as a result of district choices with regard to technology, support, and training, teachers are able to bypass the hardware and troubleshooting and move quickly to more productive and inventive uses of technology in the classroom. Our research offers a paradox for furthering the use of computers in classrooms —if we take away expectations for technical skills and allow teachers to focus on developing curriculum, evaluating learning materials, and thinking about how to provide better learning opportunities for their students, teachers are likely to use technology more effectively and creatively in their teaching.
Choosing to Teach: Reflections on Gender and Social Change
Authors: Smulyan Lisa
Published: February 2004

This study uses data from a 10-year longitudinal study to explore how women graduates of a liberal arts college experience the gendered construction of teachers and teaching as they make life and career choices. These women respond to the expectations and pressures of families and teachers, renegotiate their own definitions of success and achievement, and reconstruct definitions of teaching and themselves as teachers. Despite their understanding of the status of other possible career choices, and their resistance of gendered frameworks of career and success, the women in this study ignore the rhetoric of teacher professionalization that might provide them with an alternative definition of teaching. Instead, they reframe teaching as a political act, one through which they can address issues of social inequality and social injustice.
Boys’ Selves: Identity and Anxiety in the Looking Glass of School Life
Authors: Reichert Michael C. , Kuriloff Peter
Published: February 2004

In the last decade, boys’ lives, and particularly their school achievement, have come under increasing scrutiny. While dominant discourses have stressed boys as victims, schools as failing boys, and an essentialist view that boys will be boys, few take account that boys develop their self-concepts in the looking glass of the variously gendered academic and social curricula of schools. Yet understanding how boys form their sense of self is crucial, as much research has shown that students’ self-concepts have a strong relationship with their grades. This exploratory study attempts to address this need, finding that the addition of a measure of boys’ social anxiety significantly enhanced the statistical explanation of self-concept. Follow-up interviews with 27 boys helped us to understand the nature of their social anxiety and its relationship to the power dynamics and traditions of the particular school we studied. We conclude by suggesting ways such schools may be able to help boys reduce their anxiety and enhance their senses of self.
Collaborating with the “Other”: Arab and Jewish Teachers Teaching in Each Other's Company
Authors: Glazier Jocelyn Anne
Published: February 2004

This article describes the collaborative work of three teachers—two Arab and one Jewish—as they taught first grade together in a then new bilingual/bicultural school in Israel. The article is based on an ethnographic study the author conducted at the school during the school's first year (1998–1999), examining in particular the interactions between the teachers to determine how working collaboratively inside and outside of the same classroom context influenced each teacher's understandings about themselves and each other as Arab and Jew. Together, these three teachers negotiated their classroom work, entered into planning conversations, held discussions with parents and others, and shared teaching episodes. As they discovered and worked through the dilemmas of this collaborative work, they learned more about themselves as Arab and Jew, ultimately reshaping how they taught their students. As three teachers with different cultural histories, they were forced to reflect on their beliefs and actions from a number of perspectives as they engaged in the work of the school. They began to develop—or further develop in some cases—a critical consciousness in each other's company. This was particularly true for the Jewish teacher who is central in this article. It is her learning—as a member of the culture of power in Israel—that most closely resembles the potential learning that could be realized by today's teaching cohort in the United States if teacher educators create structures and opportunities that enable meaningful cross-cultural learning to take place. The author posits that a more collaborative and cross-cultural model of teaching and teacher learning is worth thinking about as teacher educators work to prepare teachers everywhere, particularly in the United States, to address the needs of the diverse students in today's schools.
Learning a transparent orthography at five years old: reading development of children during their first year of formal reading instruction in Wales
Authors: Spencer Llinos H. , Hanley J. Richard
Published: February 2004

This study compared the early reading development of five‐year‐old children who were learning to read either English (an opaque orthography) or Welsh (a shallow orthography). The children were being educated in Welsh and English‐speaking primary schools in Wales during their first year of formal reading instruction. Teaching methods in both schools emphasised phonics. The reading, letter recognition and phonological awareness skills of the children were tested at three points in the year (November 1998, March 1999 and June 1999). By March, the children who were learning to read in Welsh were performing better than the English‐speaking group at word recognition. The English‐speaking children showed some improvement in their ability to read regular words across the three test phases, but no significant improvement in their ability to read irregular words. The children learning to read in Welsh also performed better on a phoneme counting task in March and June than the English‐speaking children. Both groups performed similarly on tests of letter recognition throughout the year. The results suggest that a transparent orthography facilitates reading acquisition and phoneme awareness skills from the earliest stages of reading development onward.
Using pencil‐and‐paper lexical‐decision tests to assess word decoding skill: aspects of validity and reliability
Authors: Van Bon Wim H.J. , Hoevenaars Lotje T.M. , Jongeneelen Joyce J.
Published: February 2004

The viability of a pencil‐and‐paper version of the lexical‐decision (LD) task to assess children's word decoding skill was investigated. Participants in this study were Dutch second and third graders. Lexical decision and oral reading appear to be highly correlated, in second grade more than in third grade. Retest reliability of the LD tests is sufficient, at least for screening purposes, to good. The correlation with tests designed to measure pencil‐and‐paper test‐taking skills shows that such skills at most play a minor role. Materials of different phonological and morphological structure caused systematic differences in score level, but a single factor suffices to explain common reading test variance. LD scores appear not to be particularly subject to inappropriate strategies.
The introduction of text conventions and its impact on teaching literacy
Authors: Post Yolanda V.
Published: February 2004

The introduction of text conventions, such as word separation, the separation of letter and background and the lower‐case letter are appraised with respect to their contribution to literacy instruction. The change in the visual appearance of the graphic word over time led to the assignment of secondary status to spelling and low appreciation of the role of phonology, due to the disappearance of audible speech in skilled reading. Since the two major literacy programmes, whole language and phonics, are based on two different stages of reading, both programmes complement each other. Whole language represents the skilled stage of reading, given its reliance on the graphic word, whereas phonics represents the unskilled stage, owing to its emphasis on the intermediatory role of phonological processing in word recognition. Neither literacy programme offers instruction in the integration of letters in a verbally recoded form with the explicit goal of the creation of word gestalts in the course of literacy acquisition.
The Evolution of the Financial Contract in Economic Development
Authors: Bose Niloy , Pereira Maria
Published: February 2004

This paper presents an analysis of the joint determination of real and financial development. The analysis is based on a simple endogenous growth model in which a borrower's risk type is private information. Our innovation is to determine jointly the equilibrium loan contract and the economy's growth path. We show that at a low level of development an economy is likely to experience a large incidence of credit rationing. As capital accumulates, credit rationing may fall as a result of the emergence of a new contract regime in which agents mitigate information friction by making use of available information. This change in behaviour results in a higher capital accumulation path and a higher steady‐state capital stock.
Inflation, Inflation Uncertainty and a Common European Monetary Policy
Authors: Fountas S. , Ioannidis A. , Karanasos M.
Published: February 2004

The relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty is investigated in six European Union countries for the period 1960–99. Exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models are used to generate a measure of inflation uncertainty and then Granger methods are employed to test for causality between average inflation and inflation uncertainty. In all the European countries except Germany, inflation significantly raises inflation uncertainty as predicted by Friedman. However, in all countries except the UK, inflation uncertainty does not cause negative output effects, implying that a common European monetary policy applied by the European Central Bank might lead to asymmetric real effects via the inflation uncertainty channel. Less robust evidence is found regarding the direction of the impact of a change in inflation uncertainty on inflation. In Germany and the Netherlands, increased inflation uncertainty lowers inflation, while in Italy, Spain and, to a lesser extent, France increased inflation uncertainty raises inflation. These results are generally consistent with the existing rankings of central bank independence.
Profiling Primary School Teachers in Relation to Art Teaching
Authors: Pavlou Victoria
Published: February 2004

This paper contributes to the on‐going debate about specialisation and teaching art in primary schools. Moreover it provides a starting point for further research and the design of in‐service training that responds to the different needs and attitudes of primary school teachers in relation to teaching art. This is done by investigating several profiles of teachers who teach art in primary schools in Cyprus. It describes five profiles of teachers, which emerged from analysing data from pupils (questionnaire and interview data) and teachers (interview data) and thus brings a fresh insight to the learning‐teaching situation. There are two profiles of art specialist teachers, named as artist‐teacher and specialist‐teacher, and three profiles of non‐art specialist teachers, named as enthusiastic, disappointed, and indifferent non‐specialist. The most effective teacher in the pupils' eyes is the specialist‐teacher, who integrates more successfully than the others their subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and knowledge of the environmental conditions.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Anti‐Racist Education: An Introduction to the Talacchanda Exhibition and Education Project
Authors: Thapalyal Ranjana
Published: February 2004

The Talacchanda project took place as an independent research/exhibition undertaking supported by the Glasgow School of Art. Over seventeen months an exploratory education programme was introduced at various levels of schools and higher education. The education programme sprang from a contemporary art exhibition and dance performance called Talaccahnda which was informed by ancient Indian thought on art and drama. The exhibition and performance took place in Glasgow's Tramway Project Room and Theatre in October 2002. It had been shown previously in the British Council Gallery in New Delhi in 2000, and later in 2001 at the artist run space ‘Out of the Blue’ in Edinburgh. Thanks to Scottish Arts Council Lottery funding, Talacchanda Glasgow was accompanied by an education programme, which offered workshops and events in schools, at the gallery, through community groups as well as at GSA and Reid Kerr College, Paisley. By demonstrating connections between apparently disparate activities, the project aimed to serve as a catalyst for fresh thinking on inter‐cultural and anti racist education, and to strengthen connections between the community groups and institutions involved.
Door to the Future, Understanding Portals of Ancient Seljuk Colleges
Authors: Gokay Melek
Published: February 2004

Symbols of artistic features on architecture employed by people living in Konya in the 13th Century (circa 1258) have been examined to express their philosophy of art and culture. University students who are educated to become art teachers in secondary and high schools living around these architectural inheritances are supposed to have the same cultural background, but it was found that they did not recognize these historical and artistic values in spite of the art lessons given to them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the output of the students' general art knowledge about the neighboring art environment when the teaching method in lessons is changed. After changing the methods of teaching, according to DBAE requirements, students were asked to design their own architectural portal and prepare related stories for Ince‐minareli Seljuk College. Artistic features engraved on the selected portal of the Seljuk College and student design works were compared and differences and similarities between them were presented by using semiotic studies. The study suggests that through this teaching and learning strategy students gain more understanding of the artistic features of their art heritage
Integrating ‘Outer Space Design’ into Design Curriculum
Authors: Wilsing Markus , Akpinar‐Wilsing Nil
Published: February 2004

The imagination of human beings and the exploration of novel ideas have always contributed to developments in science. These developments lead us to re‐examine the existing structures in our environment and society so that they can be further improved. The review of literature regarding science fiction and its place in education also highlights the need for novel topics in design education. Thus, integrating a course in the curriculum of design education that aims to explore futuristic and visionary oriented environments like Mars Colonies, Orbital Space Colonies or Orbital Space Hotels would seem crucial. Such topics would probably not only stimulate the students in their design process, but also develop their imagination, as they require research and synectic thinking. As to whether stimulating imagination should be among the priorities in teaching, in fact, it is the dreams, imagination and creativity that has shaped and will shape human development and social‐cultural contexts.
The Art and Design Directory: Reaching the Parts?
Authors: Coutts Glen
Published: February 2004

The title of this paper is derived from the advertising campaign of a well‐known drinks company that claimed to reach the parts that its competitors did not. It could be argued that it is an equally appropriate description of the principles underpinning the Art and Design Directory, a weekend staff development event in Scotland. The mantra of ‘Continuing Professional Development’(CPD) sits at the heart of a recent pay and conditions settlement in Scotland [1], but what kind of CPD exists for art and design and who provides it? In Scotland, as in many other countries, CPD in art and design has been on the decline. The Art and Design Directory was developed as a response to this situation.

This paper traces the background to the Directory, outlines the staff development model adopted, and concludes with an evaluation of a recent event and the thought that the model may be capable of replication by art educators in other parts of the world.
Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids
Authors: Nakajima Yoko , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Murray Greg , Burke Robert D.
Published: February 2004

Summary The development and organization of the nervous systems of echinoderm larvae are incompletely described. We describe the development and organization of the larval nervous systems of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Asterina pectinifera using a novel antibody, 1E11, that appears to be neuron specific. In the early pluteus, the antibody reveals all known neural structures: apical ganglion, oral ganglia, lateral ganglia, and an array of neurons and neurites in the ciliary band, the esophagus, and the intestine. The antibody also reveals several novel features, such as neurites that extend to the posterior end of the larva and additional neurons in the apical ganglion. Similarly, in asteroid larvae the antibody binds to all known neural structures and identifies novel features, including large numbers of neurons in the ciliary bands, a network of neurites under the oral epidermis, cell bodies in the esophagus, and a network of neurites in the intestine. The 1E11 antigen is expressed during gastrulation and can be used to trace the ontogenies of the nervous systems. In S. purpuratus, a small number of neuroblasts arise in the oral ectoderm in late gastrulae. The cells are adjacent to the presumptive ciliary bands, where they project neurites with growth cone‐like endings that interconnect the neurons. In A. pectinifera, a large number of neuroblasts appear scattered throughout the ectoderm of gastrulae. The cells aggregate in the developing ciliary bands and then project neurites under the oral epidermis. Although there are several shared features of the larval nervous systems of echinoids and asteroids, the patterns of development reveal fundamental differences in neural ontogeny.
The environmental and genetic regulation of obake expressivity: morphogenetic fields as evolvable systems
Authors: Atallah Joel , Dworkin Ian , Cheung Una , Greene Aisha , Ing Bryant , Leung Lisa , Larsen Ellen
Published: February 2004

Summary
The morphogenetic field, a fundamental concept of classical embryology, is once again being invoked to describe developmental processes. Because the evolution of adult structures requires the modification of development, the ways in which morphogenetic fields can change over time may yield insights into evolutionary possibilities. We considered how the duplication/multiplication of a morphogenetic field in fruit flies, caused by the previously described obake (obk) mutation, is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Mutations of genes in the canonical antenna‐producing imaginal disc pathway suppressed duplication as expected, although the results suggested that other pathways might also be involved. Overgrowth mutations, expected to increase duplication, actually suppressed it. Mutations in the heat‐shock protein gene Hsp83 did not uniformly enhance obk expressivity as hypothesized. Using third chromosomes extracted from wild‐derived lines, natural genetic variation for modifiers of obk function was found to be extensive. Larval crowding suppressed the obk phenotype, but there was no evidence of trade‐offs between body or head size and arista number. Our results suggest that a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the regulation of fields may be responsible for ample natural variation in the expressivity of adult phenotypes, affording multiple opportunities for selection and evolutionary modification.
Assessing Ecological Restoration Potentials of Wisconsin (U.S.A.) Using Historical Landscape Reconstructions
Authors: Bolliger Janine , Schulte Lisa A. , Burrows Sean N. , Sickley Theodore A. , Mladenoff David J.
Published: February 2004

Historical landscape reconstructions provide baseline information for evaluating current land management regimes and restoration potentials. We assessed the historical landscape composition and structure of the state of Wisconsin (U.S.A.). This knowledge forms a basis for delineation of potential spatial distribution of forest species and landscape structures before major human‐induced changes, quantification of the spatial extent and intensity of change in habitats and landscapes, and identification of target areas for ecological restoration (e.g., threatened ecosystems). Methods included two conceptually and methodologically different vegetation classifications. The classifications rely on the original U.S. Public Land Office Surveys conducted during the nineteenth century to sell land to Euro‐American settlers. The subjective classification method we examined was R. W. Finley's “Original Vegetation of Wisconsin.” This classification accounts for qualitative information such as early land surveyors' descriptions of ecosystems (e.g., distinctions into wet and dry prairies). However, the classification is hard to reproduce because some criteria are not strictly hierarchical or exclusive. Numerical cluster analysis was used as an objective classification method. This method offers reproducible, quantitative results and full hierarchical distinction between the classes. Qualitative information, however, is not accounted for in the objective numerical approach and may thus be viewed as less complete when representing local landscape details. Both classifications represent major vegetation characteristics consisting of a complex mosaic of forests (coniferous, mixed coniferous–deciduous, deciduous, and swamps), savannas (oak and pine), and prairies. The objective classification indicates that savannas cover two times more (40%) and prairies six times less area (2%) compared with the subjective classification (savanna, 20%; prairie, 12%). We address the applications of these classifications to current and potential restoration projects, including eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), wetland/riparian, savanna, and prairie ecosystems.
Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Devinsky Orrin
Published: February 2004

Parial and generalized seizures often affect autonomic function during seizures as well as during the interictal and postictal periods. Activation or inhibition of areas in the central autonomic network can cause cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, pupillary, urinary, and genital manifestations. Autonomic dysfunction during or after seizures may cause cardiac and pulmonary changes that contribute to sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.
Normalization of Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve with Successful Intracoronary Stent Placement to a Myocardial Bridge
Authors: KURTOGLU NURI , MUTLU BÜLENT , SOYDINC SERDAR , TANALP CEVAT , IZGI AKIN , DAGDELEN SINAN , BAKKAL R. BENGI , DINDAR ISMET
Published: February 2004

Although myocardial bridge is asymptomatic in most patients, it can lead to myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and sudden death. We successfully treated a myocardial bridge, which caused a severe stenosis in left anterior descending (LAD) artery together with myocardial ischemia and disturbance in intracoronary hemodynamics, with stent implantation. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:33–36)
Initial and Follow‐Up Results of the European Seaquence™ Coronary Stent Registry
Authors: HAMON MARTIAL , PETRESCU VIRGIL , ROSSI PHILIPPE , COMMEAU PHILLIPE , WITTENBERG OLIVIER , JOUVE BERNARD , BRUNEL PHILIPPE , GOMMEAU ANTOINE , MACAYA CARLOS , BETRIU AMEDEO , SERRA ANTONIO , VIECCA MAURIZIO , BORTONE ALESSANDRO , MARZOCCHI ANTONIO , BUSH ULRICH , GRUBE EBERHARD , BLANKE HEINER , FLECK ECKART , GROLLIER GILLES
Published: February 2004

The primary objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility and the safety of the Seaquence™ stent (CathNet‐Science) deployment for the treatment of coronary artery disease and the event‐free survival of patients treated with this coronary stent. The study was conducted as a multicenter, prospective, observational registry. Patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris who were candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention with elective stenting of one single de novo lesion in a native coronary artery ≥3 mm in diameter were included in the study. Clinical follow‐up was performed at 1 month and 9 months. Major adverse coronary events (MACE), that is, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (re‐PTCA or CABG), were recorded over a period of 9 months. Using this stent, a 99% in‐hospital success rate was achieved. A total of 17 patients presented MACE (8.7%) during the whole follow‐up period and target lesion revascularization was needed for 14 (7.1%) patients. Using multivariate analysis only some clinical parameters (patients treated for unstable angina, with a history of CABG or of female gender) were found as independent predictors of MACE after coronary stenting. Procedural related factors, angiographic characteristics, or reference diameter were not found to influence clinical outcome. Because the study was performed in patients with a high proportion of complex lesions (relative high‐risk nonselected population with nearly one third calcified lesions, many long and type B2 and C lesions) we can conclude that the coronary Seaquence™ stent can be considered as a stent of reference in routine practice. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:9–15)
One‐Wire Technique for Performance of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty
Authors: S. BAKER SHERRI , O'LAUGHLIN MARTIN P.
Published: February 2004

Background: We present a new one‐wire technique for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and discuss possible advantages of this technique over other techniques.

Methods: The records of 16 patients who underwent 18 procedures were reviewed.

Technique: A floppy‐tipped, nitinol wire (Ultra‐Select, Microvena Corp., White Bear Lake, MN) is placed across the aortic valve through a guide/measurement catheter positioned in the aortic root. The guide catheter is then removed, and the balloon catheter is positioned. Balloon dilation is then performed.

Results: Predilation all patients had 0–1+ aortic insufficiency (AI). Four of 18 procedures resulted in an increase of >1 grade of AI, leaving 14 of 18 with ≤1 grade increase in AI. The mean gradient reduction achieved was 65%.

Follow‐up: Eighty‐seven percent of the procedures have required no further intervention.

Conclusion: The ease and simplicity of the procedure may reduce the risk of increasing AI, decrease fluoroscopy time, and arterial access time. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:17–19)
Timing, Frequency, and Results of Catheter Intervention Following Recruitment of Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals in Patients with Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: DE GIOVANNI JOSEPH V.
Published: February 2004

The condition of pulmonary atresia (PA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) can have an extremely variable pulmonary blood supply and there are essentially three main anatomical subtypes, one with confluent native pulmonary arteries, one with intrapulmonary but nonconfluent pulmonary arteries, and one with MAPCAs and no native pulmonary arteries.1
Surgical repair can be very challenging and the results are further complicated by patchy vascular distribution to the lung parenchyma, multiple stenoses, progressive narrowing of the MAPCAs, and high pulmonary vascular resistance; despite these hurdles, surgical repair is being carried out with increasing frequency and success, but this is also creating a new population of patients who require a specific interventional strategy. These problems, some of which are not easily addressed surgically, can be helped by catheter intervention methods and the two approaches are complementary. Between 1989 and 2002, 164 patients had surgical recruitment of MAPCAs at Birmingham Children's Hospital with repair in 70%. On average, these patients require 2.3 catheter procedures up to the point of repair. The catheter interventions are technically demanding, time consuming, must be repeated, and require specific techniques due to the pathology of the vessels. The management of PA/VSD/MAPCAs involves a multidisciplinary team approach often requiring repeated procedures, especially for those at the worst end of the spectrum. A proactive approach is essential due to known disease progression. Considerable improvement in patients′ quality of life and, hopefully, life expectancy makes this approach worthwhile. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:47–52)