bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaginer la mort : les topographies mémorielles de Shimon Attie
Authors: Massicotte Claudie
Published: February 2020

Visual artist Shimon Attie’s project Finstere Medine consists of a series of archival images that were first projected onto buildings in Berlin, then photographed by the artist for future exhibitions in museums. Representing Jewish victims of the Second World War, these archival images at times relocated their characters at the exact location they had occupied before the extermination. At other times, they relocated these victims in newly developed buildings or areas of the city. The present article suggests that Attie’s project probes the role of architecture with regards to its relationship with the past, and explores new avenues of reflection on the work of mourning that always defines architectural commemorations of historical violence.
Illness, Photography, and Exile: The Photography of Alix Cléo Roubaud
Authors: Morris Kathleen
Published: February 2020

Ces dernières années, le journal et l’oeuvre photographique de Alix Cléo Roubaud ont suscité en France un regain d’intérêt, à travers diverses expositions, publications et interprétations théâtrales. En dépit du fait qu’elle était Canadienne, son oeuvre n’a jamais soulevé le même intérêt au Canada. Fille d’un diplomate, Roubaud a mené une existence nomade avant de se fixer en France à l’âge adulte. Après avoir souffert d’asthme aigu durant presque toute sa vie, elle a succombé à une embolie pulmonaire à l’âge de 31 ans. Cet article souligne le travail de Roubaud et vise à introduire son oeuvre auprès du public canadien. Replaçant sa photographie dans une esthétique féministe de la corporéalité, je montre comment sa maladie a orienté ses représentations corporelles tout en lui permettant d’explorer sa propre expérience de la chose.
Representing Punishments for Dirt-Eating and Intoxication in Richard Bridgens’s West India Scenery, with Illustrations of Negro Character (1836)
Authors: Skelly Julia
Published: February 2020

Notre article se concentre sur l’étude de deux gravures de l’ouvrage West India Scenery dans lequel l’auteur, Richard Bridgens, a représenté des esclaves—dont certains récemment affranchis—qui sont punis pour avoir mangé de la terre et s’être intoxiqués. Bridgens désigne la consommation de terre comme une dépendance et une maladie en même temps, sans se donner la peine d’expliquer pourquoi les esclaves buvaient au point de s’intoxiquer, ni pourquoi l’ivresse était considérée comme punissable dans le contexte de la traite transatlantique des esclaves. Nous défendons l’idée que tant l’intoxication que la consommation de terre étaient des actes de résistance de la part d’esclaves qui ne contrôlaient leur propre corps que de façon limitée. Au dix-neuvième siècle, Bridgens n’est pas le seul propriétaire d’esclaves à assimiler ces attitudes rebelles à des maladies et des dépendances. Notre hypothèse est que les Américains et les Européens ont utilisé cette stratégie représentationnelle pour trouver une explication au fait de manger de la terre ainsi qu’aux tentatives d’échapper à l’esclavage : les concepts de maladie et de dépendance leur permettaient de renvoyer ces attitudes de résistance du côté de l’irrationnel plutôt que de les reconnaître comme des signes de connaissance et de contrôle de leur propre corps par les esclaves. La mise en exergue des lacunes, inconsistances, doutes et aveux d’ignorance qui caractérisent le texte de Bridgens ouvre la perspective et pousse les chercheurs à questionner ce que ses choix esthétiques révèlent sur sa vision biaisée de l’esclavage. La lecture critique des images et du texte met aussi en évidence les problèmes surgissant lorsque les représentations de l’esclavage sont appréhendées comme des récits historiques exacts.

La question qui subsiste est alors celle-ci : si les faits textuellement rapportés par Bridgens dans West India Scenery sont incorrects ou inexacts, quels éléments de sa représentation visuelle devraient-ils être considérés comme incorrects ou inexacts ?
See It Now or Miss It Forever: Materiality, Visuality, and the Written Word in Janice Kerbel’s Recent Artwork
Authors: Dhillon Kim
Published: February 2020

L’utilisation de l’écriture en tant que médium dans l’art contemporain doit beaucoup aux années 1960 et au mouvement conceptuel ainsi qu’à l’art du début du XXème siècle impliquant le langage écrit dans sa démarche. Néanmoins, les artistes contemporains recourent à ce médium par des voies sophistiquées qui divergent grandement du mouvement conceptuel en associant mots, idées et matériaux d’une manière qui aurait semblé contraire à de nombreux tenants de ce mouvement. Débarrassé de la rhétorique de dématérialisation chère à la critique des années 60, l’art contemporain s’empare du langage écrit en démontrant non seulement son potentiel à la fois conceptuel, visuel et matériel, mais aussi sa capacité critique autoréflexive. Dans cet essai, nous prenons l’acte de voir/écrire dans l’art conceptuel comme un point de départ pour explorer le travail fondé sur l’enquête et la recherche de l’artiste canadienne Janice Kerbel. Soulignant la façon dont les mots écrits de Kerbel entrent en dialogue avec leur forme visuelle, nous montrons dans le même temps que le contexte dans lequel une oeuvre de ce type est exposée modifie l’interprétation des mots et des codes visuels qu’ils invoquent. L’analyse se concentre plus particulièrement sur Remarkable (2007–10), une série d’affiches typographiques commandées à l’origine par le salon Frieze Art Fair à Londres, puis présentées à l’occasion d’une exposition individuelle de Kerbel à la Tate Britain en 2010.
Waste and the Sublime Landscape
Authors: Boetzkes Amanda
Published: February 2020

Les impératifs écologiques ont joué un rôle de plus en plus important dans la production de l’art contemporain. Mais, si l’on fait souvent remonter l’« éco-art » au mouvement du land art des années 1960, de nombreux artistes contemporains se sont tournés vers les traditions paysagères du dix-huitième et du dix-neuvième siècle qui représentent pour eux une source d’inspiration esthétique et de réflexion éthique. Cet article se penche sur le renouveau de l’esthétique du sublime dans l’oeuvre de deux artistes canadiens contemporains, le photographe Edward Burtynsky et le sculpteur et auteur d’installations Jérôme Fortin. Ils utilisent des médias différents, mais leurs oeuvres se correspondent à double titre. D’abord, leurs pratiques se fondent sur l’usage de résidus industriels, en particulier le métal et le plastique. Ensuite, tous deux esthétisent le déchet en le présentant dans le vocabulaire visuel du paysage sublime. Leurs paysages sublimes élaborés à partir de déchets industriels soulèvent des enjeux cruciaux à propos de la relation entre l’humain et la terre. Loin de vouloir insuffler carrément un renouveau historique du sublime, ces artistes interrogent la structure de l’expérience du sublime avec l’idée de dévoiler ses implications écologiques. Cet article entend démontrer à quel point, dans l’oeuvre de Burtynsky et Fortin, le paysage sublime se fonde sur un effaçage de la terre dans lequel la présence naturelle est évacuée des paramètres de la représentation. De sorte que l’ampleur, la quantité et le caractère menaçant des déchets humains en viennent à remplacer la nature comme mécanisme de l’expérience du sublime.
Le paysage serait-il une forme surannée ? Mise en représentation de la ville, art urbain et pratiques transitoires
Authors: Paquet Suzanne
Published: February 2020

This essay raises the question of the role remaining to art in today’s vision and practice of landscape. Between the social demands attached to the concept of landscape and the ethical concerns linked to sustainable development, it seems that landscape has become a foreign body within artistic practice. Landscape is now often considered as an object, a piece of land shaped by human use that can even be completely reshaped by landscape architects and other professionals. Paradoxically, this point of view has been, at least in part, inspired by the work of the land artists who worked in the 1960s and 1970s: they conceived a model so strong and operative that it became a formula, and this formula has been appropriated by extra-artistic practitioners. Perhaps landscape must now be evacuated from the field of art. Certain specific instances from the Montréal context support this argument, and certain contemporary artistic interventions suggest a means of resistance to the results of the “landscaping” of cities.
Art et nouvelles technologies : pour un recadrage de la subjectivité humaine par rapport à l’idée de paysage
Authors: Pageot Édith-Anne
Published: February 2020

This article addresses the impact of new media on concepts of landscape. More precisely, it concerns artistic projects using new media that incorporate elements of nature. It shows how these projects participate in an economy of landscape, but at the same time reformulate the very principles associated with the genre. Four projects are presented as case studies: Glenlandia (2005–07) by Susan Collins, Osmose (1995) by Charlotte Davies, Tele-Garden (1995–2004) by Kenneth Goldberg and Joseph Santarromana, and One Tree(s) (1999–) by Natalie Jeremijenko. In essence, these projects deal not with ecology so much as with new spatio-temporal relations of the perceiving subject with nature, relations always mediated by the concept of landscape. As defined by “ecosophy,” these spatio-temporal relations are open to exploration and adaptation characterized by continuous change. These changes include distortion, movement, and a form of blindness that weaken the dominant position of vision in human perception of the world. The projects in question overturn the opposition between humanity and nature that had been, from the beginning of the modern era, the basis of landscape, a genre characterized by frontality, alterity, and pure opticality.
Ce que les romans d’amour ont à nous apprendre
Authors: Shink Anne-Marie
Published: February 2020

Souvent méprisés par les critiques ou relégués à la catégorie « littérature de plage », les romans d’amour ont pourtant beaucoup à nous apprendre sur la façon dont le sentiment amoureux a évolué au fil des siècles. Que s’est-il produit pour que l’on passe de l’amour héroïque de l’époque médiévale à l’amour fluide de l’époque moderne ? Dans cette communication, nous verrons comment la définition de l’amour s’est transformée pour s’adapter aux réalités et aux exigences de la société occidentale. Nous verrons aussi le rôle prédominant de l’époque victorienne dans l’établissement d’une définition de l’amour, mais aussi du flirt, du mariage et de la félicité conjugale. Ceci nous amènera à examiner comment l’amour est appréhendé aujourd’hui et comment nous négocions l’écart entre la vision victorienne de l’amour et les impératifs du XXIe siècle.
Comment les enseignants immigrants formés à l’étranger vivent-ils les relations interpersonnelles et professionnelles à leur entrée dans le milieu scolaire québécois ?
Authors: Niyubahwe Aline , Mukamurera Joséphine , Sirois Geneviève
Published: February 2020

Le nombre d’enseignants immigrants formés à l’étranger (EIFÉ) ne cesse de croître dans les milieux scolaires québécois. Malgré leur expérience d’enseignement acquise dans leurs pays d’origine, ils font figure de débutants dans le nouveau système scolaire dont ils ne connaissent pas les politiques, le fonctionnement, ni la culture professionnelle. Ainsi, leur socialisation peut comporter d’énormes défis puisqu’ils doivent à la fois s’intégrer dans leur milieu de travail dont les repères leur échappent, tout en étant appelés à coopérer et à travailler de concert avec les autres acteurs de la scène scolaire. Cet article a pour objectif de décrire et comprendre comment ces enseignants vivent les relations interpersonnelles et professionnelles lors de leurs premières années d’embauche dans le milieu scolaire québécois. Le cadre d’analyse de notre recherche s’appuie sur le concept d’insertion professionnelle, particulièrement sur le plan de la socialisation organisationnelle. Les données analysées sont issues d’une étude qualitative d’inspiration phénoménologique menée au moyen d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de 13 EIFÉ des régions de Montréal et de Sherbrooke. Les résultats suggèrent que les EIFÉ vivent souvent des problématiques frustrantes, marquées par un accueil froid, l’indifférence, l’isolement, la méfiance, l’absence de soutien et de collaboration ainsi que la non-reconnaissance professionnelle. Quelques-uns rapportent des expériences positives, ce qui laisse comprendre que la situation peut varier d’une école à l’autre en fonction des caractéristiques contextuelles et des qualités personnelles des EIFÉ. Ces résultats sont discutés et des pistes d’action sont proposées pour le milieu scolaire.
Rapports au diagnostic et à la médication en santé mentale chez les jeunes : une enquête auprès de résidentes ou résidents en Auberges du coeur
Authors: Leclercq Jean-Baptiste , Proteau-Dupont Émilie , Van de Velde Cécile , Giguère Nadia , Simamonika Pearce , Ouimet-Savard Tristan
Published: February 2020

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche exploratoire menée auprès de jeunes fréquentant des Auberges du coeur, lesquelles hébergent des jeunes en difficulté et en situation d’itinérance à Drummondville et à Montréal. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux rapports qu’entretiennent ces jeunes avec leurs diagnostics et la médication en santé mentale ainsi qu’à la manière dont elles ou ils sont suivis par les professionnelles ou professionnels de la santé. Nous revenons sur trois éléments clefs de notre étude : 1. l’existence de longs processus d’ajustement solitaire vis-à-vis de la médication pouvant aboutir à un abandon ou un refus de la prescription; 2. les difficultés d’accessibilité à certains services, notamment d’aide psychologique; 3. le développement d’un rapport ambigu, à la fois « expert » et « critique » sur les usages de la médication, conduisant à une prise de distance vis-à-vis de certaines institutions, médicales ou liées aux services sociaux.
Les mémoires professionnels d’étudiants en design : « discordance créatrice » et renouvellement des pratiques
Authors: Tortochot Éric , Moineau Christophe
Published: February 2020

Cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse sémio-cognitive des traces d’activités de rédaction de mémoires et de création-conception d’artefacts par des étudiants en design. Bien que la prescription de la rédaction des mémoires soit floue, l’activité d’écriture « augmente » l’activité de conception et par conséquent en élargit la compétence. Parce qu’ils constituent de nouveaux savoirs pour la conception en réorganisant les concepts scientifiques et pragmatiques de la conception par un processus de « discordance créatrice », les genres de textes opératifs produits contribuent au renouvellement des héritages conceptuels du design et à la mutation de l’activité et des situations professionnelles.
JMJD6 cleaves MePCE to release positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) in higher eukaryotes
Authors: Lee Schuyler , Liu Haolin , Hill Ryan , Chen Chunjing , Hong Xia , Crawford Fran , Kingsley Molly , Zhang Qianqian , Liu Xinjian , Chen Zhongzhou , Lengeling Andreas , Bernt Kathrin Maria , Marrack Philippa , Kappler John , Zhou Qiang , Li Chuan-Yuan , Xue Yuhua , Hansen Kirk , Zhang Gongyi
Published: February 2020

More than 30% of genes in higher eukaryotes are regulated by promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Phosphorylation of Pol II CTD by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is a necessary precursor event that enables productive transcription elongation. The exact mechanism on how the sequestered P-TEFb is released from the 7SK snRNP complex and recruited to Pol II CTD remains unknown. In this report, we utilize mouse and human models to reveal methylphosphate capping enzyme (MePCE), a core component of the 7SK snRNP complex, as the cognate substrate for Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6)’s novel proteolytic function. Our evidences consist of a crystal structure of JMJD6 bound to methyl-arginine, enzymatic assays of JMJD6 cleaving MePCE in vivo and in vitro, binding assays, and downstream effects of Jmjd6 knockout and overexpression on Pol II CTD phosphorylation. We propose that JMJD6 assists bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) to recruit P-TEFb to Pol II CTD by disrupting the 7SK snRNP complex.
Detection and characterization of microRNA expression profiling and its target genes in response to canine parvovirus in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney cells
Authors: Chuammitri Phongsakorn , Vannamahaxay Soulasack , Sornpet Benjaporn , Pringproa Kidsadagon , Patchanee Prapas
Published: February 2020

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in gene regulators in many biological and molecular phenomena. Unraveling the involvement of miRNA as a key cellular factor during in vitro canine parvovirus (CPV) infection may facilitate the discovery of potential intervention candidates. However, the examination of miRNA expression profiles in CPV in tissue culture systems has not been fully elucidated.

Method

In the present study, we utilized high-throughput small RNA-seq (sRNA-seq) technology to investigate the altered miRNA profiling in miRNA libraries from uninfected (Control) and CPV-2c infected Crandell Reese Feline Kidney cells.

Results

We identified five of known miRNAs (miR-222-5p, miR-365-2-5p, miR-1247-3p, miR-322-5p and miR-361-3p) and three novel miRNAs (Novel 137, Novel 141 and Novel 102) by sRNA-seq with differentially expressed genes in the miRNA repertoire of CPV-infected cells over control. We further predicted the potential target genes of the aforementioned miRNAs using sequence homology algorithms. Notably, the targets of miR-1247-3p exhibited a potential function associated with cellular defense and humoral response to CPV. To extend the probing scheme for gene targets of miR-1247-3p, we explored and performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of its target genes. We discovered 229 putative targets from a total of 38 enriched GO terms. The top over-represented GO enrichment in biological process were lymphocyte activation and differentiation, marginal zone B cell differentiation, negative regulation of cytokine production, negative regulation of programed cell death, and negative regulation of signaling. We next constructed a GO biological process network composed of 28 target genes of miR-1247-3p, of which, some genes, namelyBCL6,DLL1,GATA3,IL6,LEF1,LFNGandWNT1were among the genes with obviously intersected in multiple GO terms.

Conclusion

The miRNA-1247-3p and its cognate target genes suggested their great potential as novel therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers of CPV or other related viruses.
HER2 and BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer patients: a retrospective study in Eastern China
Authors: Zhang Xiangyan , Wu Jie , Wang Lili , Zhao Han , Li Hong , Duan Yuhe , Li Yujun , Xu Ping , Ran Wenwen , Xing Xiaoming
Published: February 2020

Objective

To investigate the frequency and prognostic role of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene (HER2) and BRAF V600E gene mutation in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

Clinicopathological and survival information from 480 patients with stage I–III CRC were reviewed and recorded. HER2 amplification was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), BRAF V600E mutation was tested by IHC and Sanger sequencing. The relationship between HER2 and BRAF V600E mutation status and clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were determined.

Results

The amplification of HER2 and BRAF V600E mutation were identified in 27 of 480 (5.63%) and 19 of 480 (3.96%) CRC patients, respectively. HER2 amplification significantly correlated with greater bowel wall invasion (P = 0.041) and more advanced TNM stage (I vs. II vs. III; 0 vs 5.78% vs. 7.41%, P = 0.013). Patients suffering from tumors with poor differentiation had a higher incidence rate of BRAF V600E mutation than those with moderate/well differentiation (7.77% vs 2.92%, P = 0.04). HER2 amplification was an independent prognostic factor for worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.21–5.30, P = 0.014).

Conclusion

The prevalence of HER2 amplification and BRAF V600E mutation in stage I–III CRC patients in Chinese was 6% and 4%, respectively, and HER2 amplification appeared to be associated with a worse DFS. More comprehensive molecular classification and survival analysis are needed to validate our findings.
Production of Fuel Oil from Municipal Plastic Wastes Using Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis
Authors: Omol Dan Kica , Acaye Ongwech , Okot David Fred , Bongomin Ocident
Published: February 2020

Plastics have become an essential part of modern life today. The global production of plastics has gone up to 299 million tonnes in 2013, which has increased enormously in the present years. The utilization of plastics and its final disposal pose tremendous negative significant impacts on the environment. The present study aimed to investigate the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis for the production of fuel oil from the polyethene plastic wastes. The samples collection for both plastic wastes and clay catalyst, sample preparation and pyrolysis experiment for oil production was done in Laroo Division, Gulu Municipality, Northern Uganda Region, Uganda. Catalysts used in the experiment were acid-activated clay mineral and aluminium chlorides on activated carbon. The clay mineral was activated by refluxing it with 6M Sulphuric acid for 3 hours. The experiment was conducted in three different phases: The first phase of the experiment was done without a catalyst (purely thermal pyrolysis). The second phase involves the use of acid-activated clay mineral. The third phase was done using aluminium chlorides on activated carbon. Both phases were done at different heating rates. In purely thermal pyrolysis, 88 mL of oil was obtained at a maximum temperature of 39ºC and heating rates of 12.55ºC /minute and reaction time of 4 hours. Acid activated clay mineral yielded 100 mL of oil with the heating rates of 12.55ºC/minute and reaction time of 3 hours 30 minutes. While aluminium chlorides on activated carbon produced 105 mL of oil at a maximum temperature of 400ºC and heating rates of 15.5ºC /minute and reaction time of 3 hours 10 minutes. From the experimental results, catalytic pyrolysis is more efficient than purely thermal pyrolysis and homogenous catalysis (aluminium chlorides) shows a better result than solid acid catalyst (activated clay minerals) hence saving the energy needed for pyrolysis and making the process more economically feasible.
Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Potential of Annona muricata L., Persea americana Mill. and Montrichardia arborescens L. Schott Utilized by the Residents of Pakuri (St. Cuthbert’s Mission) in Guyana
Authors: Boston Cecil , Rosales Judith , Singh Jaipaul
Published: February 2020

Aim: This study was designed to assess the utilization of plants with anti-diabetic properties and to conduct preliminary phytochemical analysis and moreover, to assess the anti-diabetic potential of selected plants used to treat and manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the residents of Pakuri (St. Cuthbert’s Mission) in Guyana.

Methodology: The leaves of sour sop (Annona muricata L.), pear (Persea americana Mill.) and Mocou-Mocou (Montrichardia arborescens L. Schott) underwent phytochemical testing and a-amylase Inhibition testing to determine their anti-diabetic properties.

Results: This study showed that the leaves of pear, sour sop and mocou mocou contained different chemical constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins but the absence of amino acids (proteins), carbohydrates and glycosides. The a-amylase inhibitory studies performed demonstrated that the extracts of A. muricata in ethanol and chloroform had significant inhibitory potential. 

Conclusion: Considering the promising potential of phytochemicals and the anti-diabetic activity of these species of plant extracts in anti-diabetic drug development, in vivo experiments and clinical trials are required for efficacy and safety evaluation. Also, the anti-diabetic phytochemicals may be used in combination with existing orthodox drugs, thereby, reducing the dose of synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, which will help in addressing the toxicity and cost-related issues in chronic use during the management of diabetes mellitus (DM).
Angle‐Dependent Transitions Between Structural Bistability and Multistability
Authors: Yang Hang , Ma Li
Published: February 2020

Mechanical metamaterials with multi‐nonpositive indexes, especially for a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR)/zero Poisson's ratio (ZPR), negative stiffness (NS)/zero stiffness (ZS), and negative thermal expansion (NTE)/zero thermal expansion (ZTE), have garnered significant interest due to their unprecedented mechanical properties and functional applications for advanced materials and devices. Architected materials with one abnormal index, such as auxetic materials, have been widely studied based on mature and diverse underlying mechanisms. However, metastructures with double or multiple abnormal indexes are rarely reported due to the possible coupling effects between the indexes. Herein, triple‐negative‐index (NPR, NS, and NTE) structural bistability is achieved using assembled composite materials with hexagonal auxetic frameworks and compressed buckled bistable snapping segments. Double‐negative‐one‐zero‐index (NS, NTE, and ZPR) or double‐zero‐one‐negative‐index (ZPR, ZTE, and NS) structural multistability is achieved using assembled composites with rectangular frameworks and compressed buckled bistable snapping segments. Particularly, angle‐dependent transitions between robust structural bistability and multistability are achieved with controllable isotropic or anisotropic thermal expansion. This study demonstrates rationally designed metastructures with multiple abnormal indexes and the potential applications of multifunctional metamaterials.
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Neodymium Oxide Electrolysis in Molten Salt
Authors: Schreiber Andrea , Marx Josefine , Zapp Petra , Kuckshinrichs Wilhelm
Published: February 2020

Rare earth elements are used in renewable energy generation techniques like wind turbines as well as in various high‐tech applications in the automobile industry, electrical engineering, optics, and catalyzers. Due to the environmentally harmful production of rare earths, they have been subject of life cycle assessment investigations in the past years. Most of these studies focus on rare earth oxide production. The subsequent reduction of rare earth oxides to the final metal in a molten salt electrolysis has significant environmental impacts especially on human toxicity. The main drivers are rare earth fluoride production and molten salt electrolysis. In this study, exemplarily a comparative life cycle assessment of neodymium oxide electrolysis in molten salt as well as various neodymium fluoride production processes is conducted. The different assumptions regarding inputs and outputs of the electrolysis process are discussed. Then, the impacts of the electrolysis processes modeled in different ways are analyzed in relation to the entire process chain to produce neodymium. The results show a share of the electrolysis process on the entire process chain varying from 9% to 82% depending on different assumptions. Based on this analysis, improvements for the electrolysis process are proposed.
Solid State Fluorination on the Minute Scale: Synthesis of WO3−xFx with Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Lange Martin Alexander , Krysiak Yaşar , Hartmann Jens , Dewald Georg , Cerretti Giacomo , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Panthöfer Martin , Barton Bastian , Reich Tobias , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Mondeshki Mihail , Kolb Ute , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: February 2020

Solid state reactions are notoriously slow, because the rate‐limiting step is diffusion of atoms or ions through reactant, intermediate, and product crystalline phases. This requires days or even weeks of high temperature treatment, consuming large amounts of energy. Metal oxides are particularly difficult to react, because they have high melting points. The study reports a high‐speed solid state fluorination of WO3 with Teflon to the oxyfluorides WO3–xFx on a minute (<10 min) scale by spark plasma sintering, a technique that is used typically for a high‐speed consolidation of powders. Automated electron diffraction analysis reveals an orthorhombic ReO3‐type structure of WO3–xFx with F atom disorder as demonstrated by 19F magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The potential of this new approach is demonstrated by the following results. i) Mixed‐ valent tungsten oxide fluorides WO3–xFx with high F content (0 < x < 0.65) are obtained as metastable products in copious amounts within minutes. ii) The spark plasma sintering technique yields WO3–xFx nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity, whereas the corresponding bulk phases obtained by conventional solid‐state (ampoule) reactions have no photocatalytic activity. iii) The catalytic activity is caused by the microstructure originating from the processing by spark plasma sintering.
Strong Band Gap Blueshift in Copper (I) Oxide Semiconductor via Bioinspired Route
Authors: Polishchuk Iryna , Bianco‐Stein Nuphar , Lang Arad , Kurashvili Mariam , Caspary Toroker Maytal , Katsman Alexander , Feldmann Jochen , Pokroy Boaz
Published: February 2020

Semiconductors have numerous applications in both science and technology. Several methods have been developed to engineer their band gap, which is one of the most important parameters of semiconductors. Here, it is shown that the incorporation of various amino acids into the crystal lattice of copper (I) oxide, akin to the way living organisms incorporate organic macromolecules into minerals during biomineralization, leads to significant shrinkage in the volume of the host unit cell and a strong blueshift in the band gap of up to ≈18%. In examining the potential location of the bio‐organic molecules within the inorganic host's lattice, a very good fit between the proposed model of incorporation and experimental findings is found. The bioinspired phenomenon of band gap widening is thought to be attributable to the void‐induced quantum confinement effect, even though observed in micrometer‐sized crystals. This hypothesis is supported by developing a tight‐binding model that is found to fit well with the experimental data. The outcome of this research could profoundly impact the fields of light‐emitting and spin‐based devices as well as opens up a new bioinspired route to tune the band gap of semiconductors.
Wireless Monitoring of Small Strains in Intelligent Robots via a Joule Heating Effect in Stretchable Graphene–Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Ding , Xu Suwen , Zhao Xue , Qian Weiqi , Bowen Chris R. , Yang Ya
Published: February 2020

Flexible strain sensors are an important component for future intelligent robotics. However, the majority of current strain sensors must be electrically connected to a corresponding monitoring system via conducting wires, which increases system complexity and restricts the working environment for monitoring strains. Here, stretchable graphene–polymer nanocomposites that act as strain sensors using a Joule heating effect are reported. When the resistance of the sensor changes in response to a strain, the resulting change in temperature is wirelessly detected in an intelligent robot. By engineering and optimizing the surface structure of graphene–polymer nanocomposites, the fabricated strain sensors exhibit excellent stability when subjected to periodic temperature signals over 400 cycles while being periodically strained and deliver a high strain sensitivity of 7.03 × 10−4 °C−1 %−1 for strain levels of 0% to 30%. As a wearable electronic device, the approach provides the capability to wirelessly monitor small strains for intelligent robots at a high strain resolution of ≈0.1%. Moreover, when the strain sensing system operates as a multichannel structure, it allows precise strain detection simultaneously, or in sequence, for each finger of an intelligent robot.
Engineering Stimuli‐Activatable Boolean Logic Prodrug Nanoparticles for Combination Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Hou Bo , Zhou Lei , Wang Hui , Saeed Madiha , Wang Dangge , Xu Zhiai , Li Yaping , Yu Haijun
Published: February 2020

Prodrug nanoparticles that codeliver the immune modulators to the tumor site are highly recommendable for cancer immunotherapy yet remain challenging. However, effective stimuli‐responsive strategies that exploit the endogenous hallmarks of the tumor have paved the way for cancer immunotherapy. For the first time, the development of the Boolean logic prodrug nanoparticles (BLPNs) for tumor‐targeted codelivery of immune modulators (e.g., immune activator and immune inhibitor) and combination immunotherapy is reported herein. A library of stimuli‐activatable BLPNs is fabricated yielding YES/AND logic outputs by adjusting the input combinations, including extracellular matrix metalloproteins 2/9 (MMP‐2/9), intracellular acidity (pH = 5.0–6.0), and reduction (glutathione) in the tumor microenvironment. Tunable and selective control over BLPNs dissociation and prodrug activation is achieved by specifying the connectivity of orthogonal stimuli‐labile spacers while exploiting the endogenous signals at the tumor sites. The tumor‐specific distribution of the BLPNs and stimuli‐activation of the immune modulators for highly efficient cancer immunotherapy are further demonstrated. The results reported in this study may open a new avenue for tumor‐specific delivery of immune therapeutics and precise cancer immunotherapy.
Strongly Emissive Lead‐Free 0D Cs3Cu2I5 Perovskites Synthesized by a Room Temperature Solvent Evaporation Crystallization for Down‐Conversion Light‐Emitting Devices and Fluorescent Inks
Authors: Zhang Fa , Zhao Ziheng , Chen Bingkun , Zheng Hong , Huang Lingling , Liu Yue , Wang Yongtian , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: February 2020

Lead‐free 0D metal halide perovskites are emerging environmentally friendly materials exhibiting large exciton binding energy, which have recently attracted great attention for their excellent light emission properties and favorable stability. Herein, solvent evaporation crystallization at room temperature is adopted to fabricate 0D Cs3Cu2I5 perovskite millimeter‐sized crystals, which show strong blue photoluminescence (PL) with quantum yield of up to 89%, a large Stockes shift and long (microsecond) PL lifetime, originating from self‐trapped excitons. UV pumped light‐emitting diodes are demonstrated by using Cs3Cu2I5 powder as a solid‐state phosphor, and the precursor solution of these perovskite crystals is used as a fluorescent ink. Furthermore, blue‐emitting composite Cs3Cu2I5/polyvinylidene fluoride films are produced by spin coating through the solvent evaporation and followed patterning using a direct laser writing technology, which are potentially useful for displays. Finally, the solvent evaporation crystallization method is expanded to fabricate yellow emissive CsCu2I3 crystals by changing the chemical molar ratio of precursor.
Cell‐Inspired All‐Aqueous Microfluidics: From Intracellular Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation toward Advanced Biomaterials
Authors: Ma Qingming , Song Yang , Sun Wentao , Cao Jie , Yuan Hao , Wang Xinyu , Sun Yong , Shum Ho Cheung
Published: February 2020

Living cells have evolved over billions of years to develop structural and functional complexity with numerous intracellular compartments that are formed due to liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). Discovery of the amazing and vital roles of cells in life has sparked tremendous efforts to investigate and replicate the intracellular LLPS. Among them, all‐aqueous emulsions are a minimalistic liquid model that recapitulates the structural and functional features of membraneless organelles and protocells. Here, an emerging all‐aqueous microfluidic technology derived from micrometer‐scaled manipulation of LLPS is presented; the technology enables the state‐of‐art design of advanced biomaterials with exquisite structural proficiency and diversified biological functions. Moreover, a variety of emerging biomedical applications, including encapsulation and delivery of bioactive gradients, fabrication of artificial membraneless organelles, as well as printing and assembly of predesigned cell patterns and living tissues, are inspired by their cellular counterparts. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further advancing the cell‐inspired all‐aqueous microfluidics toward a more powerful and versatile platform are discussed, particularly regarding new opportunities in multidisciplinary fundamental research and biomedical applications.
Self‐Actuating Electrocaloric Cooling Fibers
Authors: Wang Haolun , Meng Yuan , Zhang Ziyang , Gao Meng , Peng Zihang , He Hongcai , Pei Qibing
Published: February 2020

Solid‐state cooling fibers comprising an electrocaloric polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer, spray‐coated on a conductive fiber core electrode, and a coaxially coated single‐walled carbon nanotubes outer electrode are reported. The fiber coolers can be less than 160 µm thin and more than 8 cm long. Measured cooling ΔT of the EC fibers is 0.7 °C at an electric field of 100 V µm−1 applied between the electrodes. The fiber coolers are flexible; 2000 cycles of repeated bending to a 2.5 mm curvature radius do not significantly degrade the cooling ΔT. Self‐actuated bending of the fibers is observed during the EC operation, which allows the EC fibers to move heat from one location to another without any additional driving mechanisms such as electromagnetic motors, pumps, or electrostatic actuation that are commonly used in conventional coolers. The self‐actuating EC fibers represent the first ever active cooler in a thin fiber form factor.
Differential sensitivity of Kansas Palmer amaranth populations to multiple herbicides
Authors: Kumar Vipan , Liu Rui , Stahlman Phillip W.
Published: February 2020

A field survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the response of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) populations from 16 counties in southcentral Kansas to commonly used herbicides. The main objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of 28 randomly collected populations to field‐use rates of glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, 2,4‐D, dicamba, atrazine, and mesotrione herbicides; and further characterize the sensitivity levels in two populations. The response of all tested populations was categorized as less sensitive (≤59% injury), moderately sensitive (60–89% injury), and susceptible (90–100% injury) based on visible injury at 21 days after treatment (DAT). Results from herbicide screening experiments indicated that 47, 36, 7, 75, and 32% of tested populations were less sensitive (putative resistant) to glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, 2,4‐D, atrazine, and mesotrione herbicide, respectively. None of the tested populations showed less sensitivity (≤59% injury) to dicamba herbicide. Whole plant dose‐response assays on two populations collected from Kiowa (KW2) and Pratt (PR8) counties indicated that the KW2 population had 3.0‐, 2.3‐, 5.8‐, and 8.4‐fold less sensitivity to 2,4‐D, chlorsulfuron, atrazine, and mesotrione, respectively, compared to a known susceptible (MHS) population. In contrast, the PR8 population was 2.0‐, 8.6‐, 10.6‐, 3.7‐, and 2.8‐fold less sensitive to 2,4‐D, glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, atrazine, and mesotrione, respectively, compared to MHS population. Overall, these results suggest that reduced sensitivity to glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, atrazine, and/or mesotrione is highly prevalent in southcentral Kansas. Growers should adopt diversified weed control methods to manage these difficult‐to‐control populations on their production fields.
Manure injection and rye double cropping increased nutrient recovery and forage production
Authors: Binder Jonathan M. , Karsten Heather D. , Beegle Doug B. , Dell Curtis J.
Published: February 2020

Double cropping forage cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) with corn (Zea mays L.) and injecting liquid dairy cow (Bos taurus L.) manure in the fall may increase manure nutrient utilization and total forage production. Although potentially economically and environmentally beneficial, these practices have not been widely adopted by Northeastern U.S. farmers. This 2‐yr full‐factorial experiment conducted in Pennsylvania quantified the effects of (a) rye management (RyeM; early terminated cover crop, CC vs. double crop harvested approximately 1 wk later, DC) and (b) manure application method (ManM; unincorporated broadcasted manure, BM vs. shallow disk injected manure, IM) on rye biomass, rye apparent manure nitrogen and phosphorus recovery (ANR and APR, respectively), subsequent corn silage yield, and total forage production (DC + summer corn silage) and the effect of ManM on DC forage nutritive value. Double cropping increased rye biomass 143%, ANR 119%, APR 126%, and total forage production 29–44% compared to CC. While IM did not increase net returns on rye silage production compared to BM, IM improved rye forage nutritive value by increasing ANR by 84%, rye crude protein by 29%, net energy of lactation by 10%, and reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 10%. Injecting manure also increased summer corn yield 21% and total forage 13% when rye was harvested as DC compared to DC with BM. Farmers adopting DC can increase total forage production and nutrient recovery and, when combined with IM, forage production and rye quality can potentially be improved.
Postoperative complications of minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer
Authors: Ozawa Soji , Koyanagi Kazuo , Ninomiya Yamato , Yatabe Kentaro , Higuchi Tadashi
Published: February 2020

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been performed increasingly more frequently for the treatment of esophageal cancer, ever since it was first described in 1992. However, the incidence of postoperative complications of MIE has not yet been well‐characterized, because (a) there are few reports of studies with a sufficient sample size, (b) a variety of minimally invasive surgical techniques are used, and (c) there are few reports in which an established system for classifying the severity of complications is examined. According to an analysis performed by the Esophageal Complications Consensus Group, the most common complications of MIE are pneumonia, arrhythmia, anastomotic leakage, conduit necrosis, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Therefore, we decided to focus on these complications. We selected 48 out of 1245 reports of studies (a) that included more than 50 patients each, (b) in which the esophagectomy technique used was clearly described, and (c) in which the complications were adequately described. The overall incidences of the postoperative complications of MIE for esophageal cancer were analyzed according to the MIE technique adopted, that is, McKeown MIE, Ivor Lewis MIE, robotic‐assisted McKeown MIE, robotic‐assisted Ivor Lewis MIE, or mediastinoscopic transmediastinal esophagectomy. Pneumonia, arrhythmia, anastomotic leakage, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy occurred at an incidence rate of about 10% each; Ivor Lewis MIE was associated with a relatively low incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. It is important to recognize that the incidences of complications of MIE are influenced by the MIE technique adopted and the extent of lymph node dissection.
Development of a virtual Couette rheometer for aerated granular material
Authors: Yahia Lyes Ait Ali , Piepke Tobias Matthaeus , Barrett Ross , Ozel Ali , Ocone Raffaella
Published: February 2020

A novel rheometer to study the behavior of granular materials in an aerated bed of particles has been developed. The device, called the aerated bed virtual Couette rheometer, is shown to be able to measure the shear stresses in the quasi‐static and in the intermediate flow regimes. To validate the instrument, a Newtonian fluid of known viscosity was first sheared. The device was then used for measuring the shear stress of nonaerated glass beads with three ‐3D printed cells of different sizes to validate the optimal radial position, r*, where both shear rate and shear stress are independent of the cell radius. The results for the nonaerated glass beads displayed Coulomb behavior. The same behavior was observed when the bed was aerated. These experiments also showed that for a fixed shear rate the shear stress decreases as the aeration velocity, U. increases.
22q11.2 deletion syndrome and congenital heart disease
Authors: Goldmuntz Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 4–6,000 livebirths. The phenotype varies widely; the most common features include: facial dysmorphia, hypocalcemia, palate and speech disorders, feeding and gastrointestinal disorders, immunodeficiency, recurrent infections, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, and congenital heart disease. Approximately 60–80% of patients have a cardiac malformation most commonly including a subset of conotruncal defects (tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch type B), conoventricular and/or atrial septal defects, and aortic arch anomalies. Cardiac patients with a 22q11.2 deletion do not generally experience higher mortality upon surgical intervention but suffer more peri‐operative complications than their non‐syndromic counterparts. New guidelines suggest screening for a 22q11.2 deletion in the patient with tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, interrupted aortic arch type B, conoventricular septal defects as well as those with an isolated aortic arch anomaly. Early identification of a 22q11.2 deletion in the neonate or infant when other syndromic features may not be apparent allows for timely parental screening for reproductive counseling and anticipatory evaluation of cardiac and noncardiac features. Screening the at‐risk child or adult allows for important age‐specific clinical, neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and reproductive issues to be addressed.
Label‐Free Imaging of Intracellular Temperature by Using the O−H Stretching Raman Band of Water
Authors: Sugimura Toshiki , Kajimoto Shinji , Nakabayashi Takakazu
Published: February 2020

We propose a label‐free method for measuring intracellular temperature using a Raman image of a cell in the O−H stretching band. Raman spectra of cultured cells and the medium were first measured at various temperatures using a Raman microscope and the intensity ratio of the two regions of the O−H stretching band was calculated. The intensity ratio varies linearly with temperature in both the medium and cells, and the resulting calibration lines allow simultaneous visualization of both intracellular and extracellular temperatures in a label‐free manner. We applied this method to the measurement of temperature changes after the introduction of FCCP (carbonyl cyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) in living cells. We observed a temperature rise in the cytoplasm and succeeded in obtaining an image of the change in intracellular temperature after the FCCP treatment.
An η3‐Bound Allyl Ligand on Magnesium in a Mechanochemically Generated Mg/K Allyl Complex
Authors: Koby Ross F. , Doerr Alicia M. , Rightmire Nicholas R. , Schley Nathan D. , Long Brian K. , Hanusa Timothy P.
Published: February 2020

Milling two equivalents of K[1,3‐(SiMe3)2C3H3] (=K[A′]) with MgX2 (X=Cl, Br) produces the allyl complex [K2MgA′4] (1). Crystals grown from toluene are of the solvated species [((η6‐tol)K)2MgA′4] ([1⋅2(tol)]), a trimetallic monomer with both bridging and terminal (η1) allyl ligands. When recrystallized from hexanes, the unsolvated 1 forms a 2D coordination polymer, in which the Mg is surrounded by three allyl ligands. The C−C bond lengths differ by only 0.028 Å, indicating virtually complete electron delocalization. This is an unprecedented coordination mode for an allyl ligand bound to Mg. DFT calculations indicate that in isolation, an η3‐allyl configuration on Mg is energetically preferred over the η1‐ (σ‐bonded) arrangement, but the Mg must be in a low coordination environment for it to be experimentally realized. Methyl methacrylate is effectively polymerized by 1, with activities that are comparable to K[A′] and greater than the homometallic magnesium complex [{MgA′2}2].