bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Price Determinants on World Cocoa Prices for Over the Last Three Decades: Error Correction Model (ECM) Approach
Authors: Aklimawati Lya , Wahyudi Teguh
Published: September 2018

High  volatility  cocoa  price  movement  is  consequenced  by  imbalancing between power demand and power supply in commodity market. World economy expectation and market  liberalization would lead to instability on cocoa prices in  the  international  commerce.  Dynamic  prices  moving  erratically  influence the benefit  of market players, particularly  producers. The aim of this research is  (1)  to  estimate  the  empirical  cocoa  prices  model  for  responding  market dynamics and (2) analyze short-term and long-term effect of price determinants variables  on cocoa prices.  This research  was  carried out by  analyzing  annualdata from 1980 to 2011, based on secondary data. Error correction mechanism (ECM)  approach was  used  to  estimate the  econometric  model  of  cocoa  price.The  estimation  results  indicated  that  cocoa  price  was  significantly  affected  by exchange rate IDR-USD, world gross domestic product,  world inflation, worldcocoa production, world cocoa consumption, world cocoa stock and Robusta prices at varied significance level from 1 - 10%. All of these variables have a long run equilibrium relationship. In long run effect, world gross domestic product, world  cocoa  consumption  and  world  cocoa  stock  were  elastic  (E  >1),  while other  variables  were  inelastic  (E  <1).  Variables  that  affecting  cocoa  pricesin  short  run  equilibrium  were  exchange  rate  IDR-USD,  world  gross  domestic product,  world  inflation,  world  cocoa  consumption  and  world  cocoa  stock. The  analysis  results  showed  that  world  gross  domestic  product,  world  cocoa consumption  and  world  cocoa  stock  were  elastic  (E  >1)  to  cocoa  prices  in short-term.  Whereas,  the  response  of  cocoa  prices  was  inelastic  to  change  of exchange rate IDR-USD and world inflation.Key words: Price determinants, cocoa, Error Correction Model, demand, supply, stock
Evaluation the resistance of cocoa clones (Theobroma cacaoL.)
Authors: Wahyu Susilo Agung , Anita Sari Indah
Published: September 2018

Acceleration on clonal selection of cocoa resistance to pod rot (Phytophthora palmivora)was carried out by early evaluation of the resistance using laboratory test. This research has objective to select the promising clone resistance to P. palmivora for field evaluation. Trials were carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using in-vitro inoculation. Isolate of P. palmivorawere collected from the infected pods at Jatirono Estate, Banyuwangi then inoculated to three mature pods of each tested clones. Trials were carried out in two steps to confirm the stability of performance of the resistance. A total of 41 clones were tested in these trials. However due to the availability of pod sample was limited then at 1st trial 31 clones were tested and at 2nd trial 37 clones were tested, both of the test using 27 same clones. The assessed variables were lesion size on pod surface due to Phytophthorainfection at 1st to 7th day after inoculation. The lesion sizes were significantly different among tested clones that performing any variability of the resistance. The variability were grouped into five groups as the resistant classification by which three clones were identified, namely Jano/IV/4/13 (TSH 858 x ICS 13), Jano next to I/7 and Kate/I/10/18 (Sulawesi 01 x TSH 858) consistently performing lowest size of the lesion compared to Sca 6 that could be selected as the resistant clones for field evaluation. Key words: cocoa clones, resistance, pod inoculation, Phytophthora palmivora
Effect of Pollen Feed on Parasitization and Predatism of Cephalonomia stephanoderis onHypothenemus hampei
Authors: Suci Rahayu Dwi , Sulistyowati Endang
Published: September 2018

Biological control of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei)using parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderishas been developed through the improvement of the parasitoid role may using pollens as feed source. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cover crop and weed pollens on parasitization and predatism of C. stephanoderis.The applied treatments were pollens of Turnera ulmifolia, Arachis pintoi, Ageratum conyzoidesadded in glass tube that consist of 10 CBB pupaes and a mated female of C. stephanoderis. Number of pupae parasitized and pupae preyed were observed. The result showed that addition of A. Pintoi pollen increased the number of pupae parasitized at 135% whereas addition of T. ulmifolia and A. conyzoides pollens did not affect parasitization of C. Stephanoderis. The predatismof C. stephanoderiswas higher than parasitization to pupae of H. hampei which showed that the behavior of C. stephanoderiswas parasitization. Addition of T. ulmifolia, A. pintoi, and A. conyzoidespollens increased the number of pupae predatism at 132%, 102%, and 225%, respectively. Key words: Ageratum conyzoides, Arachis pintoi, Cephalonomia stephanoderis, Hypothenemus hampei,parasitization, predatism, pollens, Turnera ulmifolia
The Effectiveness of Lemongrass, Garlic, and Tree Marigold as Botanical Insecticides in Controlling of Cocoa Mirid,Helopeltis antonii
Authors: Sulistyowati Endang , Ghorir Muhammad , Wardani Suryo , Purwoko Setyo
Published: September 2018

Control of cocoa mirid, Helopeltis antoniiso far uses chemicalinsecticides as the main alternative. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the environment friendly control techniques. Lemongrass, garlic, and tree marigold have been known as an efectiveness botanical insecticides for horticulture. A research with aim to study the effectiveness of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus), garlic (Allium sativum) and tree marigold (Tithonia diversifolia)for controlling H. antoniihave been carried out in cocoa plantation at Kaliwining experimental garden of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. The research was arranged in split plot design in three replication, with the main plot infestation time of H. antoniiand sub-plot kind of botanical insecticides. Concentration of botanical insecticides used in this study was 5% and applied on 12 cm cocoa pod in length by using knapsack sprayer. Infestation of H. antonii nymphes were conducted before and after insecticide applications. Observation was conducted on the mortality and the lesion of H. antonii. The results of orthogonal contrast test on feeding activity based on the number of lesion and percentage of mortality of H. antoniishowed that there were significantly different between insecticide treatment and control, between chemical insecticide and botanical insecticides, but there was no significant different on kind of botanical insecticides. The lowest number of lesion due to H. antonii was shown by chemical insecticide with an average 34.0, followed by garlic and lemongrass botanical insecticide with number of lesion were 51.2 and 64.7 respectively, whereas the number of lesion in the control reached 84.2. The highest percentage mortality of H. antoniiwas shown by chemical insecticide with active ingredient teta-cypermethrin at 84.3%, followed by garlic, lemon grass and tree marigold botanical insecticide were 65.8%; 65.0%; and 63.8% respectively and significantly different with control by 8,3%. Based on no significantly different on the effect of time investation of H. antoniion their feeding activity and mortality, it can be concluded that the three botanical insecticides tested have a mode of action both as a repellent and contact poison. Key words: cocoa, Helopeltis antonii, botanical insecticide, lemongrass, garlic, marigold, teta-cypermethrin
Microbial Isolation Derived from Pineapple Extract and Its Application on Cocoa Pod Rot Disease, Phytophthora palmivora
Authors: Sjam Sylvia , Rosmana Ade , Rahim Danial , Sartika Dewi Vien , Surapati Untung
Published: September 2018

Cocoa pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora,is one of the most important diseases in cocoa farm of Indonesia. Yield losses due to the disease were estimated in the range of 33–99%. Pod rot disease could be controlled using antagonistic fungi, Trichodermasp. and Gliocladiumsp., isolated from pineapple extract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the two microbes derived from pineapple extract in suppressing the cocoa pod rot disease. The research was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University and Cocoa Plantation of Pattalassang II Farmers Group, Pattalassang Village, District of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi from May to September 2012. The results indicated that two species of antagonistic fungi, Trichodermasp. and Gliocladiumsp. were dominant in pineapples extract. The mixture of both of microbes showed the ability to suppress the development of pod rot disease on cocoa plantation. Key worlds: cocoa pod rod, Phytophthora palmivora, Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp.
Reduction of Microbe Contamination through Steaming Process to Cocoa Beans Using Steaming Chamber
Authors: Firmanto Hendy
Published: September 2018

Dry cocoa bean quality is also determined by its microbe contamination level. Steaming process for dried cocoa beans as a pretreatment process was selected because of less effect on organic compound inside the dried cocoa bean. This experiment aim was to study microbial contamination level of cocoa beans using steaming process, determining its microbial population and evaluate its chemical changes. Experiment was carried out in Postharvest Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Cocoa beans for the experiment were lots collected from four farms in Jayapura, Papua with different microbial contamination level for each lot. Results of this experiment showed that optimum steaming process was 15 minutes at 100 O C with 10 minutes preheating time. Microbial analysis result of the four lots after complete steaming process by total plate count method showed the same result (<3.0 x 103 cfu). Most of the decrease in microbial contaminant appeared in the plate was 73.5% of Staphylococcus aureusand 0.058% of Penicilliumsp. Bean acidity (pH) after steaming increased (4.76 to 4.80) and free fatty acid increased (1.81% to 1.96%) while carbohydrate content decreased (17.5% to 15.9%) and as well as protein content (12.6% into 11.7%). Key words: cocoa bean, steaming process, microbe reduction, nutrient changes
Performance of Some Promising Genotypes of Fine-flavour Cocoa Selected at Penataran Estate, East Java
Authors: Sari Indah Anita , Susilo Agung Wahyu
Published: September 2018

Prelimanary selection at Panataran Estate, East Java found five genotypes of promising fine flavor cocoa (PNT 12, PT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) which had high yielding potency and estimated tolerant to VSD valuation of superior characters in each accession was important as base to be developed in multilocation test. The research was conducted in Penataran Estate, PTPN XII using single plot design and consisted of five fine flavor cocoa genotypes (PNT 12, PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) and two genotypes as control (DR 2 and DRC 16). Each genotype consisted 33 plants (seven years old). Yield potential, score of VSD resistance, yield quality and morphology of stomata characters were observed. The analysis results showed that PNT 16 and PNT 12 had the highest of yield potential (1.46 and 1.10 kg/plant/year) respectively. PNT 16 also showed VSD scoring value low and stable on two years observation (2012-2013). Increasing pod number in 2013 was caused by recovery of the plant from VSD attack. Number of stomata on young leaf (flush) on PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B was lower than DR 2. Size of stomata qualitatively was different in each number. Characters of yield quality as pod lengh, pod weight, and pod girth on five promising clones were not as significantly different compared to control. Five fine flavor cocoa promising genotypes had white bean percentage more than 80 percent. Character of dry weight per bean on five fine flavour cocoa promising genotypes showed smaller than DR 2 but were not significantly different compared to DRC 16.
Variation of Potential Yield of Hybrid Population of Robusta coffee (Coffea canepor
Authors: Erdiansyah Novie Pranata , Sumirat Ucu , - Priyono
Published: September 2018

The low yield of Robusta coffee in Indonesia may be due to the use of planting materials derived from seeds. The research objective was to determine the variation of Robusta coffee yield wich local propagated by using seeds. The study was conducted in Kaliwining experimental Station of ICCRI (Indonesian Coffee andCocoa Research Institute). There were two populations observed. Number of progeny used in this study were 186 genotypes consisting of two groups from crossesBP 409 x Q 121 with 89 progenies and BP 961 x BP 409 with 81 progenies. The results showed that planting materials from seeds exhibit properties mixed results.Progeny that have the best results (yield more than 2 ton/ha) not more than 5% of the total population. In both populations there is a big difference between the progenythat has high and low yield. Highest yield B population could reach 2,500 kg/ha and the C population reached 2,200 kg/ha. The lowest yield can only produce coffee270 kg/ha in populations B and 120 kg/ha in population C.Key words: Coffea canephora, hybrid, variation, yield
Physical and Flavor Profiles of Arabica Coffee as Affected by Cherry Storage Before Pulping
Authors: . Yusianto , Nugroho Dwi
Published: September 2018

Harvesting and pulping process of coffee cherry in the same day is inaccesible. Storage of coffee cherry before pulping was carried out incorrectly. Some storage treatments before pulping of Arabica coffee cherry had been examined at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using Arabica coffee cherries from Andungsari Experimental Garden, Bondowoso, East Java. Treatments of the experiment were method and period of cherry storage. Methods of coffee cherry storage were put in plastic sacks; immerse in water, without water replacement; and immerse in water with daily water replacement. Period of coffee cherry storage were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. After storage treatments, the coffee cherries were pulped, fermented, washed, sundried, and dehulled. The experiment were carried out using randomized block design with three replications. Observation of coffee cherry during storage periods was done on the physical and temperature. Observation of the green coffee were done on the color dan bulk density. The green coffee were roasted at medium roast level for sensory analysis. Observation of roasting profile were out-turn, bulk density and pH of roasted coffee. Sensory analysis used Specialty Coffee Association of America method. Methods and period of cherry storage before pulping significanly influence on the cherry color, parchment color, green coffee color, and the flavor profile of Arabica coffee. Color of dry parchment changed to be red-brown becouse of cherry immersed in water for two days or more. In plastic sacks, Arabica coffee cherry may be stored only for two days, but underwater with or without water replacement, should be not more than five days. Green and sensory quality of Arabica coffee will be deteriorated after five days storage underwater. Coffee cherry storage immerse in water with daily replacing water may improve sensory quality of Arabica coffee.Key word: Arabica coffe, storage, pulping, flavor, physical perqutions
Control of Vascular Streak Dieback Disease of Cocoa with Flutriafol Fungicides
Authors: Nur'aini Febrilia
Published: September 2018

Vascular streak dieback caused by the fungus Oncobasidium theobromae is one of the important diseases in cocoa crop in Indonesia. One approach to control the disease is by using fungicides. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of class triazole fungicides to the intensity of the vascular streak dieback disease on cocoa seedling phase, immature and mature cocoa. Experiments were conducted in Kotta Blater, PTPN XII and Kaliwining, Indonesian  Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Flutriafol 250 g/l with a concentration 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% foliar sprayed on cocoa seedlings, immature and mature cocoa. Active compound combination of Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole with 0,1% concentration used as a comparation fungicides. The result showed that Flutriafol with 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% concentration and Azoxystrobin & Difenoconazol with 0,1% concentration could suppress the vascular streak dieback disease on seedlings. On immature plants, the application of Flutriafol was not effectively suppress the vascular streak dieback disease whereas the fungicide comparison could suppress with the efficacy level of 46.22%. On mature plants,both of fungicides could not suppress the vascular streak dieback disease. Key words: Fungicide, cocoa, vascular streak dieback, triazole, flutriafol, azoxystrobin+difenoconazol
Effect of picung (Pangium edule) plant extracts as a botanical pesticide on mortality of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei)
Authors: Wiryadiputra Soekadar
Published: September 2018

Coffee pests known as coffe berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) were main pests which decreasing the productivity of Indonesian coffee. One of pests controlling was done by insecticides. Generally, plant uses for insecticide show high security level, because the breaking molecule was easy as not dangerous compound. Pangium edule contains of flavanoide, cyanide acid and saponin had potential as an botanical insecticide. The purpose of this research was to prove the potential extract of seed and leaves of picung (Pangium edule) as an botanical insecticide for CBB. This research used a complete random design. There were 8 treatments with the concentration of the extract from leaves and seed of picung, one positive control treatment (Carbaril 0,02% formulation) and one negative control treatment (aquades). The treatment was repeated four times and carried out observation on every day until six days. The concentrations leaf and seed extracts were 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0%. The result of the research show that between concentration applied the were no significant different and at observation six days after application the mortality of CBB only around 35 -40% on both extracts (ewater and methanol). The result of the research also show that there were no real differentiation between leaves and seed of picung. LT-50 values were 1.25% and 0.96%, for leaves and seed extract in water for six day observation. From this observation could be concluded that picung tree (Pangium edule) is not effective in the controlling CBB in the interval concentration applied and extraction method used.

Key words: Botanical pesticide, picung tree, Pangium edule, mortality, Hypothenemus hampei, water extraction, methanol extraction.
Solar Energy Efficiency of Cocoa Clones which Cultivated under Three Species of Shade Trees
Authors: Regazzoni Oscar , Sugito Yogi , Suryanto Agus , Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86.  Keywords : Solar Energy Efficiency, Cocoa Clones, Shading Plant, Nested Design, Bartlett Method
Stomatal Conductance and Chlorophyll Characteristics and Their Relationship with Yield of Some Cocoa Clones Under Tectona grandis, Leucaena sp., and Cassia surattensis.
Authors: Zakariyya Fakhrusy , Prawoto Adi
Published: September 2018

An optimum physiological condition will support high yield and quality of cocoa production. The research was aimed to study the effects of stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content related to cocoa production under three shade regimes.This research was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station, elevation of 45 m above sea level with D climate type based on Schmidt & Fergusson. Cocoa trees which were planted in 1994 at a spacing of 3 X 3 m were used in the study planted by using split plot design. The shade tree species were teak (Tectona grandis), krete (Cassiasurattensis), and lamtoro (Leucaena sp.) as the main plots, and cocoa clones of Sulawesi 01,Sulawesi 02, KKM 22 and KW 165 as sub plots. This study showed that there was interaction between cocoa clone and shade species for stomatal conductance where stomatal diffusive resistance of KKM 22 was the best under Leucaena sp.and Cassiasurattensis with the values of 1.38 and 1.34 s.cm -1, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content, stomatal index and transpiration values was under Leucaena sp. shade. There was positive correlation between chlorophyll content and transpiration with pod yield of cocoa. The highest yield and the lowest bean count wereobtainedon Sulawesi 01 clone under Leucaenasp. shade.Keywords: stomatal conductance, transpiration, diffusive resistance, shades trees, clones,pod yield
Study on Incentive Price of Fermented Cocoa to Overcome Reluctance of Farmer to Apply Fermentation : Case Study in Jembrana Regency
Authors: Soemarno Joko , Hariyanti Yuli , Soeparto Soetanto Abdoellah , Sophia Hartatri Diany Faila
Published: September 2018

Improving cocoa quality through encouraging farmers to do fermentation is one of the ways to increase the added value of cocoa. However, majority ofIndonesian farmers are reluctance to do fermentation. This research aimed to study factors causing farmers reluctant to do fermentation, weight differencebetween fermented and unfermented cocoa, cocoa processing time difference between fermented and unfermented cocoa, quality difference between fermentedand unfermented coco refers to cocoa bean standard (SNI): 01-2323-2008/Amd-2010, and feasible added value incentive of fermented cocoa beans. The data collectionwere conducted through household farmers’ survey, focus group discussion and experimental research. The experimental research was conducted to understandthe weight and processing time differences; and to asess the quality, including moisture content, bean count, pH and fermentation index. Analysis of the datawere conducted by methods of Fishbone Ishikawa and logit multiplier linear analysis. The research results showed that the main factors causing farmers reluctant todo fermentation were insuitable of selling price of fermented cocoa, the existence of village collectors in buying unfermented cocoa, the lack of cooperation amongfarmers in farmer group (Subak Abian) and the lack of farmers’ skills on cocoa bean fermentation. This study also found that the weight depreciation differencebetween fermented and unfermented cocoa was 0.5-3.75%, and the processing time difference between fermented and unfermented cocoa was 12-24 hours. Qualityof fermented cocoa beans was higher than that of unfermented cocoa beans and it can fulfill the standard of SNI: 01-2323-2008/Amd-2010. It was found that thefeasible added value incentive of fermented cocoa benas was 2,126-3,426 IDR/kg. Keywords: cocoa, fermentation, unfermented, quality, incentive
Effectiveness of Endophytic Bacterial Consortium of Coffee Plant on Mortality of Pratylenchus Coffeae in Vitro
Authors: Halimah Dwi , Munif Abdul , Giyanto Giyanto
Published: September 2018

Bacteria live in wild in form of a consortium. Use of microbial consortium tends to give better results than single isolate, because the action of enzyme of each type of microbe can complement each other in order to survive. This study aimed to study the effectiveness of bacterial endophytic consortium from coffee plant on plant growth and mortality of parasitic nematodes in coffee. Isolation of bacteria is conducted  by growing the crushed roots, stems and leaves of coffee on 20% TSA media, then testing their hemolysis and hypersensitivity reaction. Selected isolates were tested on their effect on the growth of seedling and Pratylenchus coffeae mortality, as well as their chitinolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic, HCN production, dissolution of phosphate (P) and fixation of nitrogen (N2) abilities. The results showed that from 27 isolates of the consortium, 23 isolates showed negative reaction to hypersensitive test and 9 isolates to hemolysis test. The highest mortality rate was shown by K6 isolate (65.8%). The highest growth was shown by K15 and K 21 isolates while the highest root length by K21 isolate. Further analisys showed that 100% of the isolates could hydrolyze proteases, lipid, and produce HCN, while chitinolytic activity was shown by 78% isolates which could fix N2 and 11% of isolates could dissolve phosphate.
Influence of Quality Improvement Activities and Direct Selling Through Mediated Partnership Model on Supply Chain, Farm-Gate Price and Indonesian Households Specialty Coffee Farmers’ Income
Authors: Hartatri Diany Faila Sophia
Published: September 2018

The low farm-gate price of agricultural commodities is commonly caused by low quality and complicated value chain. Quality improvement and direct selling through Mediated Partnership Model (Motramed) are conducted to increase farm-gate price and bargaining power of smallholder farmers. In Indonesia, Motramed has been applied in several coffee producing regions, such as Flores, Kintamani and East Java. This research aimed to understand the influence of quality improvement and direct selling activities through Motramed on market chain, farm-gate price and household coffee farmers’ income in Indonesia. This research was conducted in Kintamani in 2013. This research also used farm-gate data in several specialty coffee producing regions, including Flores (Bajawa and Ruteng), Kintamani and East Java that collected during 2010 and 2011. I incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore and analyse the data. Household farmer survey, semi-structured interview with coffee stakeholders including farmers, collectors, exporters, government officials and NGOs; and field observation were used for collecting the data. The research shows that quality improvement activity in the farm level and direct selling through Motramed has
Chromatographic identification of leaf color characteristics on fine-flavor and bulk cacao as selection indicator
Authors: Sari Indah Anita , Setyawan Bayu , Adhiwibawa Marcelinus A.S. , Susilo Agung Wahyu
Published: September 2018

A problem encountered in plant breeding process to determine bean color quality of fine-flavor cocoa is a long selection period. Preliminary results indicatedthat the fine-flavor cocoa has a low color reflectance than bulk cocoa. The objectiveof this study is to find more applicable and easier method to do the early detectionof fine-flavor cocoa on the breeding population. Detection of the leaf color haracteristics was done by chromatographic and spectrophotometry analysis. hromatographic analysis was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, IndonesianCoffee and Cocoa Research Institute using complete random design consistedof two types of cocoa; fine-flavor (10 clones) and bulk cocoa (10 clones). pectrophotometric analysis was conducted at Ma Chung University, Malang, East Java.Four clones of bulk cocoa and six clones of fine flavor cocoa were used in thisanalysis. The results of the study showed that the flush color characteristics of thefine-flavor cocoa were different from the bulk cocoa characteristics as shown bythe differences in the value of L*, b* and anthocyanin content. Flush characteristic s ofthe fine-flavor cocoa had brighter color, more toward green with higher yellowlevel, while the bulk cocoa had darker flush, red and lower yellow level. Thecolor parameter of L* and b* had a higher genetic variation compared with theenvironment variation. However, the parameter a* had a higher environmental variation compared with genetic variation. Grouping of fine-flavor cocoa and bulk cocoacould be done through the detection of flush anthocyanin content, when tendencyof flush anthocyanin content on fine-flavor cocoa was lower than bulk cocoa.The detection of flush color particularly L* and b* parameters through hromatographic analysis and anthocyanin content through spectrophotometric analysismay be used as a criteria for selection the fine flavor cocoa on seedling phase.
Use of cocoa ethanolic extract for treatment of Staphylococcal infection in rabbit-skin model
Authors: Tunjung-Sari Ariza Budi , Wahyudi Teguh , Chusna Mufida Diana , Tamarizki Mekania , Perwitahati Desyana , Kartika Syamsuddin Ihda , Jati Misnawi
Published: September 2018

In  septic  condition,  the  skin  normal  flora  Staphylococcal  spp.  may  trigger local  and  sistemic  skin  infection.  In  this  study  antibacterial  activity  of  cocoa ethanolic  extract  (CEE)  against  Staphylococcus  aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis infections  was  observed  in  vitro  and  in  vivo.  Ethanolic  extract  from unfermented  cocoa  beans  was  prepared  as  solution  in  the  in  vitro  testing,  while for  in  vivo  testing  the  extract  was  prepared  as  cream.  Agar  well  diffusion  assay showed  that  CEE  ranging  from  7.8  mg/mL  to  1000  mg/mL  demonstrated  inhibitory  activity  against  growth  of  either  S.  aureus  and  S.  epidermidis. Inhibitory activity  of  CEE  was  in  concentration  dependent  manner,  and  was  less  potential than either cephalexin 4 x 10 -3 mg/mL or cefotaxime 8 x 10 -3 mg/mL. Linear regression of CEE concentration plotted against inhibition zone values ha dpredicted the minimum inhibitory  concentrations  (MIC)  of  CEE  towards  S.  aureus  and  S.  epidermidis were at 341.9 mg/mL and 359.7 mg/mL, respectively. Topical application of cream containing  CEE  at  several  concentrations  (2%,  4%,  and  8%)  demonstrated  healing properties  towards  incision  wound  infected  with  S.  aureus and  S.  epidermidis cultures in rabbit-skin model. CEE cream promoted wound contraction and higher recovery  rate  than  of  base  cream  (negative  control)  but  lower  than  mupirocin 2%  cream.  In  S.  aureus and  S.  epidermidis  infected  wound  models,  CEE  cream 8%  improved  wound  recovery  to  72.7%  and  86.1%  from  original  rates  of  23.5% and 34.7% (base cream application). Catechin and procyanidis are suggested playing roles in  alleviation of wound inflammation and stimulation of extracellular matrix accumulation,  thus  accelerate  the  wound  healing  process.  This  study  proposes utilization  of  cocoa  bean  as  source  of  active  ingredient  for  skin  care  products.
Factors Affecting Micro and Small-Scale Industries Income: A Case Study on Coffee Processing Industry
Authors: Aklimawati Lya , Soemarno Djoko , Mawardi Surip
Published: September 2018

Development the competitive industries primarily small firms ought to be realized for improving economic growth of a community. Small industries have an important role especially on income equity improvement in rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess industry players motivation for developing their business in coffee processing and also to analyze factors which influence business income focused on micro and small-scale coffee industries in Bondowoso District. Survey method was used in this study for collecting primary and secondary data. A number of respondents were 25 coffee industry players who be determined by judgement sampling method. Data were analyzed by descriptive and statistic method. Multiple linear regression was used in the suspected factors that affect small industries income. The results indicated that the main motivation of industry players in initiating and developing coffee business was financial incentive. Consecutively, indicators that may explain industry player’s motivation were expectation, motive and incentive. Micro and small-scale industries income was affected by raw material, marketing reach, technology and business experience. Meanwhile, micro and small-scale industries income was not affected by labor cost and source of capital.
Application of Copper Fungicide and Row Covers to Control Phytophthora Seedling Blight Disease on Cocoa
Authors: Aini Febrilia Nur , Santoso Teguh Iman , Sudarsianto Sudarsianto
Published: September 2018

Phytophthora seedling blight disease is one of the important diseases in cocoa. The disease is caused by the fungus of Phytophthora palmivora belongs to class Oomycetes. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of row covers and copper oxide fungicide applications to control seedling blight Phytophthora. Covering treatment was to place cocoa seedlings inside bamboo frame covered by transparent plastic in order to avoid from rainfall effect. The research was conducted in the Kaliwining Experimental Station at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI). Experiments were carried out four treatments and repeated 6 times. Each treatment consists of 100 seedlings planted in polybags and placed in the nursery area with a protective paranet. The treatment consisted of (1) row covers, (2) spraying of copper oxide 0.2%, (3) a combination of row covers and copper oxide 0.2% and (4) control (no covers and spray). Observations made 7 days after treatment with an interval of 7 days for 10 weeks. The results showed that row covers able to prolong the incubation period of the disease for 14 days, while the application of row covers + copper oxide 0.2% was able to save cocoa seedlings by 96.2%.
Cutting Wood Origin and Indole Butyric Acid Influence Success of Liberica Coffee Cuttings (Coffea Liberica W. Bull Ex. Hier)
Authors: Erdiansyah Novie Pranata , Rokhani Inung Pinata , Waluyo Sriyanto
Published: September 2018

Liberica coffee can be grown in peatland and has a specific flavor. To anticipate high demand of Liberica coffee product, it is very important to support the availability of high quality seedlings that need effective multiplication method of superior genotypes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of indole-butyric acid (IBA) concentration and cuttings wood origin and their interaction in the success of Liberica coffee cuttings. This research was held at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, designed using randomized complete block in factorial with two factors consisted of cutting wood origin and concentration of IBA. First factor was cuttings wood origin consisted of the tip, middle, and base, while second factor consisted of the concentration of IBA i.e. 0, 1500, 3000, and 4500 ppm. The results showed that the end of the shoots aged of 4-6 months were better part of shoot for cutting material. Percentage of the grown cutting reach up to 80%, while the middle and base part of shoots had a fairly low percentage of grown cutting, less than 43%. IBA a tended to increase rooted cuttings number. Combined treatment between cuttings material origin in the middle part with the IBA concentration of 4500 ppm showed the best root growth.
Comparison of Competitiveness for Crop Estate Commodities in ASEAN and European Markets: Constant Market Share Approach
Authors: Aklimawati Lya
Published: September 2018

Market transition to free trade agreement encourages Indonesia to improveforeign trade performance through stabilization of market position in the internationalmarket. The aims of this research were to analyze the competitivenessof coffee, cocoa, palm oil and rubber products in the international market, andto analyze Indonesia’s export dynamic in ASEAN and European markets. Thisresearch was conducted by analyzing secondary data particularly export datafrom 2010 to 2015. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant MarketShare (CMS) approaches were used to analyze export competitiveness of Indonesianproducts in the world market. The results showed that Indonesian agriculturalproducts (coffee, cocoa, palm oil and rubber) had a comparative advantage overthe average rate of world (RCA > 1), except natural rubber products. Meanwhile,CMS analysis indicated that dynamic of Indonesian export was more affectedby export growth and product composition effects, than that of market distribution and competitiveness effects. It revealed that Indonesia responded less to market demand in terms of quality, import growth of export destination countries and market intelligence related to competitor market positioning.
Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction on Cocoa Hybrids (Theobroma cacao L.) Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot
Authors: Wahyu Soesilo Agung , Sari Indah Anita , Setyawan Bayu
Published: September 2018

Phenomenon of genotype by environment interaction was able to influence the stability performance of cocoa resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (PPR). This research had an objective to evaluate the effect of genotype by environment interaction on resistance of cocoa hybrids to PPR. The tested hybrids were F1 crosses between selected clones of TSH 858, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, NIC 7, ICS 13, KEE 2 and KW 165. There were 14 tested hybrids and an open pollinated hybrid of ICS 60 x Sca 12 was used as control in multilocation trials at four different agroclimatic locations, namely Jatirono Estate ((highland-wet climate), Kalitelepak Estate (lowland-wet climate), Kaliwining Experimental Station (low land-dry climate) and Sumber Asin Experimental Station (highland-dry climate). Trials were established in the randomized complete block design with four replications. Resistance to PPR were evaluated based on the percentage of infected pod for the years during wet climate of 2010 in Jatirono, Kalitelepak and Kaliwining followed in dry climate of 2011–2015 in Kaliwining and Sumber Asin. Variance of data were analyzed for detecting the effect of genotype by environment interaction (GxE) then visualized with a graph of genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction (a graph of GGE) biplot. There was consistently no interaction effect between hybrid and location to PPR incidence which was affected by single factor of hybrid, year, location and interaction between year and location. The effect of year indicated yearly change of weather was more important to PPR incidence than location difference. A graph of GGE biplot indicated a stable performance of the tested hybrids among locations.
Physical Bean Quality of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica) Cultivated at High and Medium Altitude
Authors: Nugroho Dwi , Basunanda Panjisakti , Mw Suryadi
Published: September 2018

Reducing productivity, outbreak of insects and diseases, and decreasingin physical and cup quality are major problems for Arabica coffee cultivation inmedium altitude. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of altitude onphysical quality in eight genotypes of Arabica coffee. This research was conductedat two locations i.e. Andungsari Research Station-Bondowoso (1250 m asl. ashigh altitude) and Kalibendo Estate-Banyuwangi (700 m asl. as medium altitude).Randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Collecteddata consisted of outturn, weight of 100 beans, shape bean normality, apparentswelling, bulk density before and after roasting. Combined analysis on the physicalquality traits of green bean showed genotype x altitude interactions on weight of100 beans, percentage of normal beans and percentage of empty bean. Altitudesignificantly influenced coffee outturn. Decreasing in altitude from 1.250 m asl.to 700 m asl. caused declining in the outturn as much 32.9%. BP 700A, K 29, K34, K 79, and K 99 were genotypes that stable to produce normal bean and emptybeans at high and medium altidute, while K 8, K 130, and SIG were genotypeswith high normal beans at high altitude but not stable. Genotype x altitude interactiondid not occur for physical quality of other variables of outturn, bulk densitybefore and after roasting, apparent swelling, percentage of round beans,percentage of elephant beans, and percentage of triage beans. Altitude showedsignificant effect on all of physical quality of bean variables.
De Pointis y la representación textual de la expedición a Cartagena en 1697: tipología discursiva, ambigüedad y pragmatismo trascendental
Authors: Borrero Londoño Ricardo
Published: September 2018

Muchas de las discusiones en torno al “giro lingüístico” permanecen en el plano teórico, así que se aplicará la tipología discursiva a un ejemplo concreto: la representación textual de la toma de Cartagena en 1697. Se demuestra que el asedio osciló entre el corso, la piratería y la empresa cortesana, a causa de lo cual se originó una relación en que el tipo y el metatexto no tienen correspondencia, pues además de pender entre la oficialidad y la no oficialidad, fue estructurada como una epopeya o mito heroico. En suma, se da a entender que la ambigüedad del asedio encauzó una manifestación discursiva que se resiste a ser etiquetada, incluso al usar el sistema de clasificación más inclusivo y específico.
Almeida Garrett relê 'Notre Dame de Paris', de Victor Hugo: 'O Arco de Sant’Ana' e a experiência das massas
Authors: Pavanelo Luciene Marie
Published: September 2018

Com o sucesso de seu romance Notre Dame de Paris (1831), Victor Hugo foi responsável pela popularização de um outro tipo de narrativa histórica, diferente do modelo criado por Walter Scott. Entre outras características, Notre Dame de Paris difere da obra do escritor escocês por poder ser associada à voga reacionária do romantismo, que, segundo Lukács, defendia a nostalgia do passado e um olhar avesso às revoluções. Definido por Maria Helena Santana (2007) como um “romance histórico heterodoxo”, O Arco de Sant’Ana (1845-1851), de Almeida Garrett, possui muitos pontos de contato com a obra de Hugo, reconhecidos pelo próprio escritor português. Um desses pontos que nos chama a atenção é a representação da experiência das massas, aparentemente similar nos dois romances, mas profundamente distinta, o que mostraria a diferença de perspectivas políticas dos dois autores. É nosso objetivo, nesse sentido, analisar a recuperação temática e estilística que Garrett promove do romance de Hugo, a fim de compreender as suas especificidades no contexto português.
Mateship and egalitarianism in Henry Lawson’s short stories
Authors: Scheidt Déborah
Published: September 2018

Mateship is an important element of the so-called “Australian Tradition” in literature. It consists of a particular bond between men who travel the rural areas known as “the bush” or “the outback”. This article examines some of Henry Lawson’s mateship stories, with a focus on the different connotations that the term can assume for the author, especially regarding the theme of egalitarianism. It considers how the Bulletin Magazine, which “discovered” Lawson and published many of his stories, had a role in fostering a special model of Australian democracy and a peculiar style for Australian literature. It also reflects on how the dissemination of Lawson’s stories through periodicals in the last decades of the 19th century helped create a feeling of what Benedict Anderson calls “nation-ness”.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MATESHIP E IGUALITARISMO NOS CONTOS DE HENRY LAWSONMateship é um elemento importante da chamada “Tradição Australiana” na literatura. Refere-se a um vínculo especial entre homens que percorrem as áreas rurais conhecidas na Austrália como “the bush” ou “the outback”.  Este artigo examina alguns dos contos de Henry Lawson que trazem esse elemento, com ênfase especial nas diferentes conotações que o termo pode assumir para o autor, especialmente com relação à temática do igualitarismo. O artigo considera como o periódico Bulletin, o qual “descobriu” Lawson e publicou vários de seus contos, foi relevante para a promoção de um modelo particular de democracia na Austrália e um estilo característico para a literatura local. O artigo também reflete sobre como a disseminação dos contos de Lawson por meio de periódicos na última década do século XIX contribuiu para a criação do que Benedict Anderson chama de “nation-ness”.---Artigo em inglês.
Regime estético e campo literário: uma leitura de Jacques Rancière
Authors: Carvalho Lucas Bandeira de Melo
Published: September 2018

Neste trabalho, pretendo pensar a importância do trabalho de Jacques Rancière para a discussão de literatura e política e os limites de sua teoria. Para isso, além de rever seus conceitos e críticas recentes a seus livros, uso o ponto de vista brasileiro como prisma privilegiado para avaliação de sua obra. Sugiro caminhos para discutir como a literatura contemporânea pode ser lida à luz de conceitos como “partilha do sensível” e “regime estético” e apontar os riscos de domesticar essa produção ao recorrer a uma teoria que pensa a partir de objetos europeus e canônicos.
O Acesso à Narrativa: uma leitura de 'Embassytown', de China Miéville
Authors: Mesquita Rui Miguel
Published: September 2018

A partir do romance The City & the City, China Miéville tem reformulado o gênero que popularizou, o New Weird. Para ilustrar essa reformulação, propomos uma análise de um outro seu romance, Embassytown, no qual é apresentada uma associação perturbadora entre linguagem, imaginação e narrativa, que apura o conceito de aproximação entre literatura e política que Miéville tem perseguido na sua obra.
'À luz desta fogueira literária': Rui Nunes e outros indivíduos extremos.
Authors: Barbosa Martins Diogo André
Published: September 2018

Ao lermos Rui Nunes, deparamo-nos com uma escrita que parece condenar voluntariamente ao fracasso qualquer hipótese de se fazer sentido, ou de o sentido existir sequer. Cruzando a sua escrita com algumas ideias de Jacques Rancière e Elias Canetti, pretende-se apenas isto: pensar o gesto de escrever como um acontecimento liminarmente político e dissensual, uma forma de confrontar a democracia com os seus limites e o seu permanente ser-em-potência. E, em última instância, mesmo excluindo radicalmente a premência de haver sentido, emerge uma inegável evidência: há mais um texto no mundo.