bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific and Computational Challenges in Coupled Plasma Edge/Plasma‐Material Interactions for Fusion Tokamaks
Authors: Brooks J. N. , Hassanein A. , Koniges A. , Krstic P. S. , Rognlien T. D. , Sizyuk T. , Sizyuk V. , Stotler D. P.
Published: June 2014

Plasma/material interactions is a critical scientific issue for fusion power, with major potential limitations on plasma core and edge operating parameters. Gaining understanding and predictive capability in this area will require simultaneously addressing complex and diverse physics occurring over a wide range of lengths (angstroms to meters) and times (femtoseconds to days). This requires further development and validation of detailed physics models and computational strategies at each of these scales. The overriding numerical need is for petascale real‐time coupling between 3‐D material response/evolution/trapping codes, plasma edge/SOL codes, and impurity transport codes. We discuss selected science and modeling/computational challenges in this area and our ideas for achieving these goals; this from the standpoint of our existing simulation codes. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
3D Properties of Edge Turbulent Transport in Full‐Torus Simulations and their Impact on Poloidal Asymmetries
Authors: Tamain P. , Bufferand H. , Ciraolo G. , Colin C. , Ghendrih Ph. , Schwander F. , Serre E.
Published: June 2014

The 3D fluid turbulence code TOKAM3X is used to investigate the 3D properties of edge turbulent transport and their impact on poloidal asymmetries. Simulations are run in circular limited plasmas in a domain covering both closed and open flux surfaces. Turbulence characteristics exhibit large inhomogeneities both in the radial and poloidal directions reminiscent of experimental observations. The low field side mid‐plane in particular is found to be locally more fluctuating and intermittent than the rest of the Scrape‐Off‐Layer (SOL). As a consequence of this asymmetry, radial turbulent transport, that represents 80 to 90% of the total radial flux, is strongly ballooned, with 75% of the flux flowing through LFS. The equilibrium of the edge plasma is impacted by this asymmetry through the existence of large amplitude asymmetric parallel flows as well as through the development of poloidally asymmetric radial decay lengths making it impossible to define a single SOL width. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of Edge and SOL Particle Flux Patterns in High Density Regimes using SOLEDGE2D‐EIRENE Code
Authors: Ciraolo G. , Bufferand H. , Ghendrih Ph. , Tamain P. , Bucalossi J. , Marandet Y. , Serre E.
Published: June 2014

We present numerical simulations of plasma transport obtained with the SOLEDGE2D code coupled to the EIRENE Montecarlo code for neutrals. We consider a double null magnetic configuration in a WEST geometry. Density and temperatures parallel profiles in the SOL domain are presented as well as Mach profile. We detail how using the penalization technique we are able to model plasma transport up to the first wall having access to energy and particle fluxes on the entire chamber wall. Moreover, we present the computed 2D contour map of the plasma mach number and of the magnitude of the ionisation source term in the whole poloidal section, emphasizing how complex and realistic geometries can be handled thanks to the penalization technique. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conversion of Magnetic Energy of Runaway Electrons During Disruption Termination
Authors: Igitkhanov Yu. L.
Published: June 2014

A substantial portion of poloidal magnetic energy stored in the RE beam could dissipate in the first wall (FW) armor due to ohmic dissipation of inductive current. Relatively small part of magnetic energy can also be converted into heat during a direct impact of the RE beam on the FW due to the ohmic dissipation of a return current, induced by penetration of the RE beam into a metal in the skin time scale. The observed increase of temperature at a spot on the JET dump plate upon increasing the RE current can be explained by assuming that 50 % of the RE energy, predominantly magnetic energy, is converted into heat. Calculations of the RE stopping power (SP) onto the ITER FW Be bulk armor predict strong erosion. While the threshold energy for beryllium melting is about 5 MJ/m2, the RE heat deposition is expected to be almost twice as large. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Limit on Reduction of the Power Load to Target Plates for DEMO Reactor
Authors: Stankiewicz R. , Stępniewski W.
Published: June 2014

The several Demo design concepts have been analyzed using the code Corediv solving self consistently the core and scrape off layer regions. The numerical analyses show that there exists the limit on the concentration of impurities above which the solution with burning plasma does not exists. This limits reduce the possibility of reduction of power loads to target plate. In the paper the admissible range of seeded impurity concentration introduced to reduce the power load to divertor plate is analyzed. The possible mechanisms leading to the limitation are shown. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progress with the COGENT Edge Kinetic Code: Implementing the Fokker‐Planck Collision Operator
Authors: Dorf M. A. , Cohen R. H. , Dorr M. , Hittinger J. , Rognlien T. D.
Published: June 2014

COGENT is a continuum gyrokinetic code for edge plasma simulations being developed by the Edge Simulation Laboratory collaboration. The code is distinguished by application of a fourth‐order finite‐volume (conservative) discretization, and mapped multiblock grid technology to handle the geometric complexity of the tokamak edge. The distribution function F is discretized in v‖ – μ (parallel velocity – magnetic moment) velocity coordinates, and the code presently solves an axisymmetric full‐f gyro‐kinetic equation coupled to the long‐wavelength limit of the gyro‐Poisson equation. COGENT capabilities are extended by implementing the fully nonlinear Fokker‐Plank operator to model Coulomb collisions in magnetized edge plasmas. The corresponding Rosenbluth potentials are computed by making use of a finite‐difference scheme and multipole‐expansion boundary conditions. Details of the numerical algorithms and results of the initial verification studies are discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density Regimes and Heat Flux Deposition in the WEST Shallow Divertor Configuration
Authors: Bufferand H. , Bucalossi J. , Ciraolo G. , Fedorczak N. , Ghendrih P. , Leybros R. , Marandet Y. , Serre E. , Tamain P.
Published: June 2014

To support ITER divertor design, the WEST project on Tore Supra aims at studying high heat fluxes on tungsten monoblock during long pulses. In that persective, a particular attention is paid to simulate the edge plasma interaction with complex PFCs using the transport code SOLEDGE2D‐EIRENE. The plasma response to a heating and puffing scenario is described as well as the so‐called divertor density regimes, characterizing the operational domain of the WEST divertor. These results are compared for two different magnetic configurations: a semi‐open double null divertor with the X‐point away from the target plates and a shallow divertor configuration with the X‐point close to the targets. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Systematic Study of Tungsten Impurity Transport in Representative Regimes of Divertor Plasma
Authors: Yamoto S. , Hoshino K. , Toma M. , Homma Y. , Hatayama A. , Bonnin X. , Coster D. , Schneider R.
Published: June 2014

The tungsten impurity transport has been studied by IMPGYRO code for a model tokamak geometry of JT‐60U tungsten experiments. The background plasma profiles calculated from SOLPS has been used. The density profiles of tungsten are compared between the low background deuterium density (Case A: n = 2.0 × 1019 m–3 at core side boundary) and the high background deuterium density (Case B: n = 3.0 × 1019 m–3 at core side boundary). In both cases, flow reversal in the SOL has been observed. The impurity density profile in the SOL is more localized for Case B. These features are possibly explained by the force balance between the thermal force and the friction force. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of Hydrogen Retention and Outgassing from Co‐Deposits with Distributed Energy States
Authors: Smirnov R. D. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Guterl J. , Baldwin M. J. , Doerner R. P.
Published: June 2014

A hydrogen retention/outgassing model with distributed hydrogen energy states in material is proposed. The model considers hydrogen in co‐deposits to occupy continuous energy states arising from all realizable local atomic arrangements in a medium with some degree of disorder. The outgassing flux of hydrogen from a sample is described via occupancy evolution of energy states corresponding to free hydrogen. We apply the model to analysis of hydrogen thermo‐desorption experiments on beryllium co‐deposits produced in a Be capable sputter magnetron system at the UCSD PISCES laboratory. It is demonstrated that the model can describe experimentally obtained time evolutions of hydrogen desorption flux from co‐deposits in different thermal outgassing regimes. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of Radiation Cooling Effects in the GAMMA 10 West End‐Cell Using Fluid Model
Authors: Takeda H. , Nakashima Y. , Iida Y. , Hosoi K. , Furuta T. , Toma M. , Hatayama A. , Ichimura K. , Ueda H. , Iwamoto M. , Hosoda Y. , Yoshikawa M. , Sakamoto M. , Ichimura M. , Imai T.
Published: June 2014

We have started a simulation study of background plasma in the GAMMA 10 west end‐cell using fluid‐code in order to understand divertor simulation experiment. This fluid code is B2 code without including the effects of drifts and currents. In this paper, we obtained the effects of additional neutral particles density. As increasing amount of additional neutral particle density, ion and electron temperature decrease and plasma density builds up. Especially, the peak of plasma density moves from z = 10.04 m from z = 10.1 m. However, electron temperature does not decrease detachment front for high ion temperature. Therefore, it needs that ion temperature is decreased. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simple and Fast Poisson Solver with Arbitrary Boundary Shape and Condition for PIC Simulation
Authors: Takizuka T. , Azuma S. , Fukuyama A. , Shimizu K.
Published: June 2014

Particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations are the very powerful method to understand physics of edge plasmas in fusion devices. Poisson solver with a regular grid in a rectangular vessel is very fast, but it cannot simply be applicable to simulations in complicated divertor configuration. In this paper, a simple and fast Poisson solver with arbitrary boundary shape and condition for PIC simulation is proposed. Boundary points are essential for this Poisson solver, on which the charge density is appropriately given and the boundary condition is satisfied. For particle simulations in the open system, it is necessary to distinguish whether a traced particle moves freely or hits the wall boundary during a time step. A new method for PIC simulation to discriminate a particle position before the boundary or beyond the boundary is also presented. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Guiding Center Orbit Following Calculation of Edge Particle and Heat Transport in Stochastic Magnetic Field
Authors: Chang C.C. , Nishimura Y. , Cheng C.Z.
Published: June 2014

Particle and heat transport in tokamak edge is investigated by guiding center orbit following calculation. The guiding center equation is solved for both electrons and ions in the presence of magnetic perturbation. It is suggested that the remnants of the magnetic islands play a role in characterizing the radial transport. The transport coefficient is estimated which also demonstrate local structure in the vicinity of magnetic islands. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of Differing Electron and Ion Temperatures on Emission Lines of Impurities in Tokamak Divertors
Authors: Koubiti M. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Ferri S. , Marandet Y. , Rosato J. , Stamm R.
Published: June 2014

In this paper we present some investigations of the broadening mechanisms affecting the emission line profiles of impurities present in the divertor regions of tokamaks. For that purpose, we have considered two visible lines (C IV n = 5‐6 and n = 6‐7) emitted by lithium‐like carbon ions for which the contributions of the Zeeman, Stark and Doppler effects are examined. The paper is focused on the impact of differing electron and ion temperatures on the broadening and shapes of the C IV n = 6‐7 line for conditions relevant to a detached tokamak divertor plasma. It is shown, that the C IV n = 6‐7 line profile calculated with differing electron and ion temperatures may be significantly different from the one calculated with equal temperatures but the same density. This suggests that the electron density determination from the fit of the measured spectra of such a line may be inaccurate when using equal ion and electron temperatures instead of differing ones. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Electron Distribution Function in the Edge Plasma
Authors: Gasteiger M. , Tskhakaya D.
Published: June 2014

In this work we consider the electron kinetic equation and obtain electron velocity distributions and corresponding moments. This model represents a generalization of Chodura's [1] by inclusion of electron‐electron and electron inelastic collisions. We find out that ee collisions in the edge plasma reduce the heat flux significantly and cannot be neglected. Contrary to this relatively weak inelastic collisions do not affect the electron heat flux. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐Consistent COREDIV Modelling of WEST Plasma Scenarios
Authors: Marandet Y. , Ivanova‐Stanik I. , Zagörski R. , Bourdelle C. , Bucalossi J. , Bufferand H. , Ciraolo G. , Tsitrone E.
Published: June 2014

The importance of core‐edge coupling in the WEST tokamak via tungsten production and core radiation is investigated with the COREDIV code. We first focus on the idealized situation where the plasma is free of light impurities, and show that for achievable high density discharges tungsten production can be essentially extinguished. For lower densities, core edge coupling is strong, that is tungsten plays a major role in regulating the power flowing through the Scrape‐off layer. The latter is found to saturate with increasing heating power due to increasing radiation losses in the core. Then we investigate the extent to which light impurities change this picture by performing a scan in boron concentration, since Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating antenna protections may be boron coated. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Fluid Transport Modeling of NSTX Upgrade Standard and Snowflake Divertor Configurations
Authors: Meier E. T. , Soukhanovskii V. A. , Gerhardt S. , Menard J. E. , Rognlien T. D.
Published: June 2014

In NSTX Upgrade (NSTX‐U), power exhaust is expected to challenge available material and heat removal technologies, which are limited to ∼10 MW/m2. Preliminary analysis of heat flux mitigation strategies, including the snowflake divertor configuration and radiative divertor operation, is performed with the multi‐fluid edge transport code, UEDGE. Divertor recycling between 95% and 99%, and power exhaust between 7 and 9 MW are explored. Compared to the standard divertor, the particular snowflake divertor studied here strongly reduces outer target heat flux, but tends to have higher (>10 MW/m2) inner target heat flux. This suggests that snowflake divertor optimization should be pursued in future work. Both neon and argon impurity seeding scenarios mitigate high heat fluxes in both standard and snowflake configurations, but argon can cause radiative collapse of the core plasma at only 3% concentration. Divertor cryopumping is also considered, and modeling shows ∼50% more particle removal with the snowflake divertor. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of Tungsten Dust Transport in ITER with Multi‐Physics Code DUSTT/UEDGE
Authors: Pigarov A. Yu. , Smirnov R. D. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Rognlien T. D.
Published: June 2014

Self‐consistent modeling of dust particle kinetics and multi‐fluid multi‐species transport of boundary plasmas in ITER is performed with the multi‐physics code DUSTT/UEDGE. Results are presented for the sensitivity of the pedestal and divertor plasmas to the injection rate, size, and source location of the dust particles. The cases of low‐z and high‐z dust material injection are compared. The impact of dust ablation on impurity inventory, distribution of ions over ionization states, and electron plasma power losses is studied. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of acridine orange, LysoTracker Red, and quinacrine as fluorescent probes for long‐term tracking of acidic vesicles
Authors: Pierzyńska‐Mach Agnieszka , Janowski Paweł A. , Dobrucki Jurek W.
Published: June 2014

Acidic vesicles can be imaged and tracked in live cells after staining with several low molecular weight fluorescent probes, or with fluorescently labeled proteins. Three fluorescent dyes, acridine orange, LysoTracker Red DND‐99, and quinacrine, were evaluated as acidic vesicle tracers for confocal fluorescence imaging and quantitative analysis. The stability of fluorescent signals, achievable image contrast, and phototoxicity were taken into consideration. The three tested tracers exhibit different advantages and pose different problems in imaging experiments. Acridine orange makes it possible to distinguish acidic vesicles with different internal pH but is fairly phototoxic and can cause spectacular bursts of the dye‐loaded vesicles. LysoTracker Red is less phototoxic but its rapid photobleaching limits the range of useful applications considerably. We demonstrate that quinacrine is most suitable for long‐term imaging when a high number of frames is required. This capacity made it possible to trace acidic vesicles for several hours, during a process of drug‐induced apoptosis. An ability to record the behavior of acidic vesicles over such long periods opens a possibility to study processes like autophagy or long‐term effects of drugs on endocytosis and exocytosis. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Application of flow cytometry for genome size determination in Geosmithia fungi: A comparison of methods
Authors: Veselská Tereza , Svoboda Jan , Růžičková Žaneta , Kolařík Miroslav
Published: June 2014

Genome size has played an important role in the evolution of plants and animals because changes in genome size seem to accompany if not facilitate evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a widespread method for determining genome size thanks to its high accuracy and speed of measurements. Nevertheless, only a few comparative studies of FCM methods exist in the field of mycology, and reviews are absent. In this study, we compared the suitability of several concentrations and RNAse A incubation times, fixatives and buffers for estimating genome size in fungi. We chose the genus Geosmithia as a model filamentous fungus. We also introduced a new standard, Aspergillus fumigatus CEA10, to determine absolute genome size. We found FCM to be an appropriate method for measuring genome size in fungi, but optimization steps showed that incorrect propidium iodide staining of nuclei can overestimate genome size due to cytoplasmic staining. We identified fixation with methanol:glacial acetic acid (3:1 v/v), 10% DMSO, 0.1% Triton‐X 100, and 5 mM EDTA in combination with Tris‐MgCl2 buffer as the best treatment. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Microfluidic‐based, live‐cell analysis allows assessment of NK‐cell migration in response to crosstalk with dendritic cells
Authors: Mahmood Sajid , Nandagopal Saravanan , Sow Ibrahim , Lin Francis , Kung Sam K. P.
Published: June 2014

Migration and localization of NK cells into peripheral tissues are tightly regulated under normal and pathological conditions. The physiological importance of NK cell–DC crosstalk has been well documented. However, the ways in which DCs regulate the migratory properties of NK cells (such as chemotaxis, chemokinesis, chemo‐repulsion) are not fully defined in vitro. Here, we employed a microfluidic platform to examine, at the single‐cell level, C57BL/6 NK‐cell migrations in a stable chemical gradient. We observed that soluble factors released by the immature and LPS‐activated mature DCs induced a high level of chemotactic movement of IL‐2‐activated NK cells in vitro. We confirmed these findings in a standard trans‐well migration assay, and identified CXCR3 as a key receptor on the NK cells that mediated the migration. More interestingly, we revealed a novel function of granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in repulsing NK‐cell migrations. The future uses of such microfluidic device in the systematic evaluations of NK‐cell migratory responses in NK cell–DC crosstalk will provide new insights into the development of DC‐based NK‐cell therapies against tumor and infections.
Evaluation of Some Redox Mediators in the Design of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor
Authors: Kausaite‐Minkstimiene Asta , Mazeiko Viktor , Ramanaviciene Almira , Oztekin Yasemin , Osman Solak Ali , Ramanavicius Arunas
Published: June 2014

The influence of redox mediators (tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), tetrathiafulvalene‐tetracyanoquinodimethane complex (TTF‐TCNQ), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 5,6‐diamino‐1,10‐phenonthroline (5,6‐DAP), potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]), methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB)) on the response of amperometric glucose biosensor was investigated in this research. Graphite rod electrode (GRE) modified by adsorbed mediator and glucose oxidase (GOx) cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde was served as working electrode. The highest amperometric signals were observed by using TTF and TTF‐TCNQ as mediators. The impact of amount of immobilized GOx, an optimal pH region for operation, stability and reproducibility of the analytic signal of designed biosensor using these mediators were investigated and discussed.
A Selective Immunosensor for D‐dimer Based on Antibody Immobilized on a Graphene Electrode with Incorporated Lipid Films
Authors: Nikoleli Georgia‐Paraskevi , Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Tzamtzis Nikolaos , Psaroudakis Nikolas
Published: June 2014

The present article describes a miniaturized potentiometric D‐dimer biosensor on graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films. The graphene electrode was used for the development of a very selective and sensitive immunosensor for the detection of D‐dimer by immobilizing the mouse anti human D‐dimer antibody on stabilized lipid films. The immunosensor responded for the wide range of D‐dimer concentrations with fast response time of ca. 15 s. The presented potentiometric D‐dimer biosensor is easy to construct and exhibits good reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, rapid response times, long shelf life and high sensitivity of ca. 59 mV/decade over the D‐dimer logarithmic concentration range from 10−6 μg/L to 10−3 μg/L.
Blade root moment sensor failure detection based on multibeam LIDAR for fault‐tolerant individual pitch control of wind turbines
Authors: Stotsky Alexander
Published: June 2014

Detection of blade root moment sensor failures is an important problem for fault‐tolerant individual pitch control, which plays a key role in reduction of uneven blade loads of large wind turbines. A new method for detection of blade root moment sensor failures which is based on variations induced by a vertical wind shear is described in this paper. The detection is associated with monitoring of statistical properties of the difference between amplitudes of the first harmonic of the blade load, which is calculated in two different ways. The first method is based on processing of the load sensor signal, which contains a number of harmonics. The first harmonic is recovered via least squares estimation of the blade load signal with harmonic regressor and strictly diagonally dominant (SDD) information matrix. The second method is a model‐based method of estimation of the first harmonic, which relies on the blade load model and upwind speed measurements provided by multibeam Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR). This is a new application for future LIDAR‐enabled wind turbine technologies. Moreover, adaptation of the load model in a uniform wind field is proposed. This adaptation improves accuracy of the load estimation and hence the performance of the blade load sensor failure detection method.
Ultra‐High‐Frequency Algorithmic Arbitrage Across International Index Futures
Authors: Alsayed Hamad , McGroarty Frank
Published: June 2014

We show that persistent lead–lag relationships spanning mere fractions of a second exist in all three possible pairings of the S&P 500, FTSE 100 and DAX futures contracts. These relationships exhibit clear intraday patterns which help us to forecast mid‐quote changes in lagging contracts with directional accuracy in excess of 85%. A simple algorithmic trading strategy exploiting these relations yields economically significant profits which are robust to market impact costs and the bid–ask spread. We find that price slippage and infrastructure costs are our most important limits to arbitrage. Our results support the impossibility of EMH view that informational inefficiencies incentivize arbitrageurs to eliminate mispricings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NERC and Enforcement Issues: Self‐Reporting Routine Compliance Violations
Authors: Carpentier Deborah
Published: June 2014

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) assessed a $750,000 civil penalty against International Transmission Company and several of its public utility affiliates for failure to obtain FERC approval under Section 203 of the Federal Power Act (FPA) for 20 jurisdictional transactions, which were self‐reported to FERC. The company and its affiliates were also penalized here for failing to make appropriate filings under FPA Section 205 with respect to 174 jurisdictional agreements that were not self‐reported to FERC.
Promoter‐specific alterations of APC are a rare cause for mutation‐negative familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Pavicic Walter , Nieminen Taina T. , Gylling Annette , Pursiheimo Juha‐Pekka , Laiho Asta , Gyenesei Attila , Järvinen Heikki J. , Peltomäki Päivi
Published: June 2014

In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 20% of classical and 70% of attenuated/atypical (AFAP) cases remain mutation‐negative after routine testing; yet, allelic expression imbalance may suggest an APC alteration. Our aim was to determine the proportion of families attributable to genetic or epigenetic changes in the APC promoter region. We studied 51 unrelated families/cases (26 with classical FAP and 25 with AFAP) with no point mutations in the exons and exon/intron borders and no rearrangements by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA, P043‐B1). Promoter‐specific events of APC were addressed by targeted resequencing, MLPA (P043‐C1), methylation‐specific MLPA, and Sanger sequencing of promoter regions. A novel 132‐kb deletion encompassing the APC promoter 1B and upstream sequence occurred in a classical FAP family with allele‐specific APC expression. No promoter‐specific point mutations or hypermethylation were present in any family. In conclusion, promoter‐specific alterations are a rare cause for mutation‐negative FAP (1/51, 2%). The frequency and clinical correlations of promoter 1B deletions are poorly defined. This investigation provides frequencies of 1/26 (4%) for classical FAP, 0/25 (0%) for AFAP, and 1/7 (14%) for families with allele‐specific expression of APC. Clinically, promoter 1B deletions may associate with classical FAP without extracolonic manifestations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential prefrontal and subcortical circuitry engagement during encoding of semantically related words in patients with late‐life depression
Authors: Weisenbach Sara L. , Kassel Michelle T. , Rao Julia , Weldon Annie L. , Avery Erich T. , Briceno Emily M. , Ajilore Olusola , Mann Megan , Kales Helen C. , Welsh Robert C. , Zubieta Jon‐Kar , Langenecker Scott A.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Verbal memory difficulties are common among individuals with late‐life depression (LLD), though there is limited knowledge about disruptions to underlying cerebral circuitry. The purpose of this study is to examine aberrations to cerebral networks implicated in encoding novel verbal semantic material among older adults with LLD.

Methods

Twenty‐four older adults with early‐onset LLD and 23 non‐depressed comparisons participated in the study. Participants completed a word list‐learning task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

In the context of equivalent recall and recognition of words following scanning and similar hippocampal volumes, patients with LLD exhibited less activation in structures known to be relevant for new learning and memory, including hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, insula, and cingulate, relative to non‐ill comparisons. An important region in which the LLD group displayed greater activation than the non‐depressed comparison group was in left inferior frontal gyrus, an area involved in cognitive control and controlled semantic/phonological retrieval and analysis; this region may be critical for LLD patients to consolidate encoded words into memory.

Conclusions

Functional irregularities found in LLD patients may reflect different modes of processing to‐be‐remembered information and/or early changes predictive of incipient cognitive decline. Future studies might consider mechanisms that could contribute to these functional differences, including hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis functioning and vascular integrity, and utilize longitudinal designs in order to understand whether functional changes are predictive of incipient cognitive decline. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical fibroxanthoma: A series of 56 tumors and an unexplained uneven distribution of cases in southeast Germany
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Schönlebe Jaqueline , Ziemer Mirjana , Friedling Franziska , Koch André , Haroske Gunter , Kaatz Martin , Simon Jan‐C.
Published: June 2014

Background

Atypical fibroxanthoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor of the head and neck region.

Methods

We analyzed the files of 3 large dermatology hospitals from the years 2001 to 2013 in southeast Germany.

Results

We identified 53 patients (56 tumors) with a male predominance. The mean age was 78.0 years ± 8.3 years. Mohs surgery was performed in all cases resulting in complete remission in 45 patients. Five patients had a relapse within 2 years, and 4 developed metastases. None of the tumors with a safety margin of ≥2 cm relapsed. The majority of cases were found in the Dresden region.

Conclusion

Atypical fibroxanthoma demonstrates an uneven geographic distribution in southeast Germany that demands further investigations. Mohs surgery with ≥2 cm safety margins is the treatment of choice. A regular follow‐up is recommended. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 829–834, 2015
Variation at ABO histo‐blood group and FUT loci and diffuse and intestinal gastric cancer risk in a European population
Authors: Duell Eric J. , Bonet Catalina , Muñoz Xavier , Lujan‐Barroso Leila , Weiderpass Elisabete , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Racine Antoine , Severi Gianluca , Canzian Federico , Rizzato Cosmeri , Boeing Heiner , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Argüelles Marcial , Sánchez‐Cantalejo Emilio , Chamosa Saioa , Huerta José María , Barricarte Aurelio , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nick , Travis Rutch C. , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Yiannakouris Nikos , Palli Domenico , Agnoli Claudia , Tumino Rosario , Naccarati Alessio , Panico Salvatore , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H B(as) , Siersema Peter D. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Ohlsson Bodil , Lindkvist Björn , Johansson Ingegerd , Ye Weimin , Johansson Matthias , Fenger Claus , Riboli Elio , Sala Núria , González Carlos A.
Published: June 2014

ABO blood serotype A is known to be associated with risk of gastric cancer (GC), but little is known how ABO alleles and the fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes and genes which are involved in Lewis antigen formation [and in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) binding and pathogenicity] may be related to GC risk in a European population. The authors conducted an investigation of 32 variants at ABO and FUT1–7 loci and GC risk in a case–control study of 365 cases and 1,284 controls nested within the EPIC cohort (the EPIC‐Eurgast study). Four variants (including rs505922) in ABO, and allelic blood group A (AO+AA, odds ratio = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.20–2.80) were associated with diffuse‐type GC; however, conditional models with other ABO variants indicated that the associations were largely due to allelic blood group A. One variant in FUT5 was also associated with diffuse‐type GC, and four variants (and haplotypes) in FUT2 (Se), FUT3 (Le) and FUT6 with intestinal‐type GC. Further, one variant in ABO, two in FUT3 and two in FUT6 were associated with H. pylori infection status in controls, and two of these (in FUT3 and FUT6) were weakly associated with intestinal‐type GC risk. None of the individual variants surpassed a Bonferroni corrected p‐value cutoff of 0.0016; however, after a gene‐based permutation test, two loci [FUT3(Le)/FUT5/FUT6 and FUT2(Se)] were significantly associated with diffuse‐ and intestinal‐type GC, respectively. Replication and functional studies are therefore recommended to clarify the role of ABO and FUT alleles in H. pylori infection and subtype‐specific gastric carcinogenesis.
Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium
Authors: Zhang Li Rita , Morgenstern Hal , Greenland Sander , Chang Shen‐Chih , Lazarus Philip , Teare M. Dawn , Woll Penella J. , Orlow Irene , Cox Brian ,   on behalf of the Cannabis and Respiratory Disease Research Group of New Zealand, Brhane Yonathan , Liu Geoffrey , Hung Rayjean J.
Published: June 2014

To investigate the association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk, data on 2,159 lung cancer cases and 2,985 controls were pooled from 6 case‐control studies in the US, Canada, UK, and New Zealand within the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Study‐specific associations between cannabis smoking and lung cancer were estimated using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for sociodemographic factors, tobacco smoking status and pack‐years; odds‐ratio estimates were pooled using random effects models. Subgroup analyses were done for sex, histology and tobacco smoking status. The shapes of dose‐response associations were examined using restricted cubic spline regression. The overall pooled OR for habitual versus nonhabitual or never users was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.66–1.38). Compared to nonhabitual or never users, the summary OR was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.63–1.24) for individuals who smoked 1 or more joint‐equivalents of cannabis per day and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.67–1.32) for those consumed at least 10 joint‐years. For adenocarcinoma cases the ORs were 1.73 (95%CI: 0.75–4.00) and 1.74 (95%CI: 0.85–3.55), respectively. However, no association was found for the squamous cell carcinoma based on small numbers. Weak associations between cannabis smoking and lung cancer were observed in never tobacco smokers. Spline modeling indicated a weak positive monotonic association between cumulative cannabis use and lung cancer, but precision was low at high exposure levels. Results from our pooled analyses provide little evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer among habitual or long‐term cannabis smokers, although the possibility of potential adverse effect for heavy consumption cannot be excluded.
Inhibition of tumor growth by U0126 is associated with induction of interferon‐γ production
Authors: Ma Xingzhe , Wang Qixue , Liu Ying , Chen Yuanli , Zhang Ling , Jiang Meixiu , Li Xiaoju , Xiang Rong , Miao Robert Q. , Duan Yajun , Han Jihong
Published: June 2014

Several MEK1/2 inhibitors have been in clinical trial evaluation for cancer treatment. Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) is a cytokine with multiple biological functions including antitumor activity. Expression of IFN‐γ can be induced by liver X receptor (LXR), a ligand‐activated transcription factor. However, it remains unknown if the anti‐cancer action of MEK1/2 inhibitors is completed, at least in part, by activating IFN‐γ expression. In this study, we determined that U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, increased tumor‐free and survival rates and decreased growth of inoculated Lewis lung carcinomas in wild type mice. However, the protective effects were substantially attenuated in IFN‐γ deficient (IFN‐γ−/−) mice. At cellular and molecular levels, MEK1/2 inhibitors increased IFN‐γ protein and mRNA expression and activated natural IFN‐γ promoter but not the IFN‐γ promoters with mutations of the LXR responsive elements (LXREs). MEK1/2 inhibitors also enhanced formation of the LXRE‐nuclear protein complexes by inducing LXR expression and nuclear translocation. Similarly, MEK1/2 siRNA inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 while activated IFN‐γ expression. In contrast, inhibition of LXR expression by siRNA blocked MEK1/2 inhibitors‐induced IFN‐γ expression. U0126 also inhibited chemicals‐induced pulmonary carcinomas, which was associated with increased IFN‐γ expression in the lung. Taken together, our study suggests that MEK1/2 inhibitors induce IFN‐γ production in an LXR‐dependent manner and the induction of IFN‐γ expression can partially contribute to the anti‐tumorigenic properties of U0126.
Lessons Offered, Lessons Learned: Reflections on How Doing Family Therapy Can Affect Therapists
Authors: Heatherington Laurie , Friedlander Myrna L. , Diamond Gary M.
Published: June 2014

Only in working conjointly with couples and families do therapists literally witness clients struggling to improve their most intimate relationships. In writing this article, we realized that, in true systemic fashion, not only have many of our clients benefited from working with us, but also we have learned some invaluable lessons from them. Indeed, practicing couple and family therapy gives therapists many opportunities to learn about themselves, especially when it is done thoughtfully. In this article, we reflect on myriad ways in which couples and family therapy has affected each of us personally—as individuals, as partners, as parents, as adult children in our families of origin, and as educators.
Sustained expression of coagulation factor IX by modified cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Dodd Megan , Marquez‐Curtis Leah , Janowska‐Wieczorek Anna , Hortelano Gonzalo
Published: June 2014

Background

Hemophilia B patients are subject to frequent and spontaneous bleeding caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX (FIX). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used in cellular therapies as a result of their immunomodulatory properties, the ability to home to sites of injury and their amenability to variousex vivomodifications, including lentiviral‐mediated gene transfer.

Methods

MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord blood and differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. A lentiviral DNA vector containing the human FIX gene was generated using traditional restriction enzyme digest and ligation techniques to generate viable replication‐incompetent lentiviral particles that were used to transduce MSCs. Quantitative measurement of FIX expression was conducted using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The over‐expression of FIX was sustainedin vitroat levels > 4 µg/106cells/24 h and FIX coagulant activity was > 2.5 mIU/106cells/24 h for the 6‐week duration of study. Lentiviral modification of cells with a multiplicity of infection of 10 did not adversely affect the potential of cord blood (CB) MSCs to differentiate to adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblastic cells, and the expression of functional FIX was sustained after differentiation and was similar to that in nondifferentiated cells.

Conclusions

Modification of human CB MSCs with a lentiviral vector resulted in sustained high FIX expressionin vitroafter differentiation to adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteoblastic cells. These modified MSCs could have applications in cellular therapies for hemophilia B. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treewidth of the Line Graph of a Complete Graph
Authors: Harvey Daniel J. , Wood David R.
Published: June 2014

In recent articles by Grohe and Marx, the treewidth of the line graph of a complete graph is a critical example—in a certain sense, every graph with large treewidth “contains” . However, the treewidth of was not determined exactly. We determine the exact treewidth of the line graph of a complete graph.
Novel Bis(2‐(5‐((5‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)phenoxy)Alkanes: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Qasim Muhammad , Hussain Majid
Published: June 2014

In this study, 10 different substituted aromatic bis‐benzaldehydes were synthesized by treating hydroxy benzaldehydes with various dihaloalkanes. Bis aldehydes 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j were treated with 2‐(5‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazole‐1‐yl)acetohydrazide (3) in acidic medium and in the presence of ammonium acetate to yield a series of new isomeric bis(2‐(5‐((5‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)phenoxy)alkanes (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6j) in excellent to good yield. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by the available spectroscopic analysis.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Chalcone and Pyrazoline Derivatives Bearing Substituted Vanillin Nucleus
Authors: Patel Piyush A , Bhadani Vijay N , Bhatt Parth V , Purohit Dipak M
Published: June 2014

A series of novel chalcone 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l and pyrazoline 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l derivatives have been synthesized as potential antibacterial agents. The pyrazoline derivatives 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l have been synthesized by reaction of various chalcones 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of acetic acid. The chalcones 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l were prepared by the condensation of key aldehyde 3 with appropriate acetophenone using basic condition and ethanol as a solvent. The key aldehyde 3 has been synthesized by reacting 2‐(chloromethyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)pyridine hydrochloride and vanillin. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1H‐NMR, mass, IR, and elemental analysis data. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (Gram‐negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus (Gram‐positive bacteria) and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (fungi).
An Efficient Three‐component, One‐pot Synthesis of Quinazolines under Solvent‐free and Catalyst‐free Condition
Authors: Bhat Subrahmanya Ishwar , Das U. K. , Trivedi Darshak R.
Published: June 2014

An efficient green protocol for the synthesis of quinazolines in the absence of solvent and catalyst has been developed. 2,4‐Disubstituted quinazolines have been synthesized from three‐component one‐pot reactions of 2‐aminoaryl ketones, orthoesters, and ammonium acetate. The present method has advantages of operational simplicity, substrate generality, clean reaction, high yields (76–94%), and moderate reaction time. The plausible mechanism of the reaction has been proposed based on the spectral characterization and single crystal X‐ray analysis of isolated intermediate.
Determination of β‐N‐oxalyl‐l‐α,β‐diaminopropionic acid and homoarginine in Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Sacristán Mara , Varela Alejandro , Pedrosa Mercedes M , Burbano Carmen , Cuadrado Carmen , Legaz M Estrella , Muzquiz Mercedes
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

Lathyrus species as legumes represent an alternative protein source for human and animal nutrition. Heavy consumption of these species can lead to lathyrism, caused by the non‐protein amino acid β‐N‐oxalyl‐l‐α,β‐diaminopropionic acid (β‐ODAP). Currently, there is no well‐defined level below which β‐ODAP is considered non‐toxic. In this work, the β‐ODAP content was determined in L. sativus and L. cicera samples to assess their potential toxicity. Homoarginine is another non‐protein amino acid found in Lathyrus spp. with interesting implications for human and animal nutrition.

RESULTS

The level of β‐ODAP found in these two species ranged from 0.79 to 5.05 mg g−1. The homoarginine content of the samples ranged from 7.49 to 12.44 mg g−1.

CONCLUSION

This paper describes an accurate, fast and sensitive method of simultaneous detection and quantification of β‐ODAP and homoarginine by capillary zone electrophoresis in L. cicera and L. sativus seeds. Moreover, several methods of extraction were compared to determine the highest performance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
O‐Nucleophilicity of Hydroxamate Ions for Cleavage of Carboxylate and Phosphate Esters in Cationic Micelles
Authors: SATNAMI MANMOHAN L. , KARBHAL INDRAPAL , DEWANGAN HITESH K.
Published: June 2014

The nucleophilic reactivities of hydroxamate (HA−) ions of the structure RCONHO− [R = CH3 (acetohydroxamate, AHA−), C6H5 (benzohydroxamate, BHA−), 2‐OHC6H4 (salicylhydroxamate, SHA−), and 4‐CH3OC6H4 (4‐methoxbenzohydroxamate, MBHA−)] for the hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl benzoate (PNPB), tris(3‐nitrophenyl) phosphate (TRIS), and bis(2,4‐dinitrophenyl) phosphate (BDNPP) have been examined kinetically. Over the pH range of 6.7–11.4, the α‐nucleophile (HA−) accelerates deacylation of PNPB and dephosphorylation of TRIS (in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle, 2.0 × 10−3 M). The salicylhydroxamate ion encountered effective catalysis than AHA−, BHA−, and MBHA− ions. The monoanionic SHA− and dianionic SA2− forms of salicylhydroxamic acid are the reactive species. The hydroxamic acid concentration–dependent critical micelle concentration (cmc) and fractional ionization constant (α) and of CTAB provide qualitative information for the micellar incorporation of the hydroxamate ion. The ab initio calculations performed on the hydroxamate ions at restricted Hartree–Fock using the 6‐311G (d,p) basis set revealed the O‐nucleophilicity of hydroxamate ions toward C=O and P=O centers. On the basis of ab initio calculation, it has been concluded that hydroxamic acids can exist into E‐amide and Z‐amide forms. The large stable amide or imide anions of hydroxamate are strong nucleophilic for the esterolytic cleavage of carboxylate and phosphate esters.