bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Veranderinge en stabiliteit in die evaluatiewe stereotipes van blankes en kleurlinge in Suid-Afrika: 1973–1980/84
Authors: Thiele G.A.
Published: March 2013

In hierdie Studie is die veranderinge en stabiliteit in die evaluatiewe stereotipes ondersoek wat volwasse blanke Afrikaanssprekendes ( N = 5 362), blanke Engelssprekendes ( N = 4 468) en Kaaplandse kleurlinge ( N = 5 759) van 1973 tot 1980/84 ten opsigte van die volgende groepe gehuldig het: hul eie groepe, die ander twee groepe, swartes en Indiërs en in die geval van die blanke ondersoekgroepe ook ten opsigte van Jode en Portugese. Die stereotipes is deur middel van sewepunt bipolêre adjektiewe beoordelingskale gemeet. Op grond van die bevindings in die ondersoek, naamlik dat daar geen betekenisvolle veranderinge voorgekom het nie in die stereotipes van blanke Afrikaanssprekendes ten opsigte van hul eie groep, blanke Engelssprekendes, Portugese en kleurlinge of in die stereotipes van blanke Engelssprekendes ten opsigte van blanke Afrikaanssprekendes, Jode, Portugese, Indiërs en kleurlinge of in die stereotipes van kleurlinge ten opsigte van blanke Afrikaanssprekendes en Indiërs, is die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat stabiliteit, eerder as veranderinge, die stereotipes van die drie ondersoekgroepe van 1973 tot 1980/84 gekenmerk het. Veranderinge wat wel voorgekom het, kan waarskynlik aan die wisselwerking tussen 'n verskeidenheid faktore toegeskryf word, waaronder die versteuring in die geopolitieke balans in Suider-Afrika asook ander konfliksituasies en veranderinge wat gedurende die sewentigerjare in Suid-Afrika plaasgevind het.
Impressions of American and Soviet Behaviour: RWA Images in a Mirror
Authors: Altemeyer Bob , Kamenshikov Andre
Published: March 2013

Thirty years ago Bronfenbrenner described how Russians and Americans appeared to view the world in diametrically opposed fashion. Americans saw Russians as aggressors on the international scene who could not be trusted and who exploited and deluded their people. Russians seemed to mirror this in their image of Americans. The current research, which was conducted in the early years of glasnost, investigated these perceptions in American and Russian students. The findings revealed little evidence of nationalist bias in these subjects. They did, however, show that right-wing authoritarians on both sides were markedly biased. Ironically therefore it seems that in this sense anti-communist Americans and anti-capitalist Russians are the same people. When right-wing authoritarians are standing on each side of the glass, the mirror image still appears. But the reflection they see is their own.
Authoritarianism and Autonomy. 2. Power, Politics and Alienated Nursing Care in a South African Primary Health Care System
Authors: Mgoduso Thandeka , Butchart Alex
Published: March 2013

In this paper the authors extend the predominantly etic analysis of the Soweto Community Health Centre System's macrostructural and managerial factors presented in Part 1 (Seedat & Nell, this issue), to an emic analysis at the microlevel of interpersonal processes and practices among nursing staff. Content analysis of interviews with 18 nurses one year after they had completed a psychological skills-training programme revealed five key constraints on the development of nurse autonomy and integration of psychological with biomedical treatment modalities: (1) Dichotomization of biomedical and psychosocial treatment modalities; (2) Inadequately explained instructions; (3) Contradictions between official roles and organizationally determined powerlessness; (4) Time-limited effects of psychological skills training on patient referral patterns; and (5) Invasion of nurse-patient boundaries by superiors. Positive effects of training were evident in only two areas: (a) Improved conflict resolution skills in relationships with family and peers; and (b) Attempts at self-initiated application of psychological skills during routine treatment of patients. The findings are discussed in relationship to the wider organization, and in particular the attitudes and actions of matrons toward nursing staff. This suggests that in the absence of organizational changes to reduce the ambiguity of role definitions and power relationships between nurses, matrons, doctors and management, the development of holistic and empowering primary health care cannot prosper. In conclusion, some suggestions are presented as to the nature of these changes at the conceptual and organizational levels of primary health care provision.
The Performance Values of white and Black Managers in South Africa
Authors: Watkins M.L. , Mauer K.F.
Published: March 2013

In the near future, more attention will probably be given to the integration of white and black management teams. Diversity with regard to emotional, cognitive and social behaviour patterns, however, creates an inevitable potential for organizational dystrophy. In this study the differences/similarities between the performance values of white and black managers were investigated to formulate indices for the successful management of integration. It was found that, except for values regarding the mastery of skills, typical western performance values are virtually absent among black managers. The results are interpreted from various paradigmatic viewpoints. From social psychological theory it is reasoned that the exclusion of black employees, particularly in the past, from human resource practices (e.g. performance appraisal for incentives and promotion) at managerial level, repressed values of importance for organizational growth. From cognitive psychology, and specifically expectancy theory, alternative interpretations are presented in which it appears that a lack of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards handicapped the development of performance values. In view of the findings, some recommendations pertaining to the successful management of integration are made.
Developmental Dyslexia: Contrasting Patterns of Performance on a Diagnostic Psycholinguistic Assessment
Authors: Broom Yvonne M. , Doctor Estelle A.
Published: March 2013

Models of the stages by which the acquisition of reading skills normally proceeds have been proposed by Frith (1985) and Seymour (1987). Based on these developmental models, a battery of psycholinguistic tests appropriate for English-speaking South African children was devised to identify the processing strategies which a child has and has not acquired. The procedure yields both qualitative and quantitative information and allows comparison of dyslexic children with average readers of similar Reading Age. Two cases of developmental dyslexia are discussed to illustrate different patterns of performance on the assessment. These patterns of performance are interpreted in the context of current models of the development of reading skills.
The social identity of township youth: Social Identity Theory and gender (Part 2)
Authors: Campbell Catherine M.
Published: March 2013

Social Identity Theory in the Bristol tradition has been criticized for failing to pay adequate attention to the social context of identity formation. This article explores the possibility of expanding the theory to lake account of one particular dimension of social context, namely power with particular reference to gender relations. The article draws on open-ended, semi-structured interviews with working-class township youth in the Durban area, 20 women and 20 men, aged between 17 and 23 years. Interviews were analysed according to the trialogue model of identity structuring outlined in Part 1 of the article. It is argued that traditional SIT's conceptualization of gender is too limited to take account of the role played by gender in identity, and that the concept of ideology serves as a useful conceptual device for expanding SIT in this regard.
The Construction of Gender: An Analysis of Men's Talk on Gender
Authors: Harris Eric , Lea Susan , Foster Don
Published: March 2013

The construction of gender and gender interactions is examined through the discourse of men's only groups. Two discourses are identified: Gender as Social Norm and Gender as Natural. These discourse can be seen, through rhetorical strategies, to construct gender in ways that are problematic for women. Of particular concern is the finding that the discourses and explanations used to construct gender generally are the same as those used to explain, and justify, gender aggression. This finding and some of it's implications are discussed.
Is Educational Psychology Alive and Well in the New South Africa?
Authors: Sharratt Pamela
Published: March 2013

Educational psychology in South Africa has been defined in the past as an interventional and helping profession, mainly focused on the alleviation of educational problems such as learning disability or emotional issues that interfere with the educational process. Educational psychologists, apparently by predeliction, have had little to do with the general processes of learning and schooling, nor have they been concerned with educational policy issues. This may be partly to do with the fact that the training of educational psychologists in South Africa is generally light in the theory of cognitive development, instructional psychology and school psychology. This article invites discussion about the nature of the future roles for educational psychologists in the new South Africa, suggesting that their involvement in ordinary processes of schooling, and in assisting in the planning of educational systems will be primary. Appropriate changes in the nature of the training of educational psychologists require broad consultation. The need for change follows from the facts that: (1) paucity of future financial resources will necessitate the work of professional psychologists becoming more advisory, instructional and research oriented, rather than being individually focused; (2) the nature of the problems to be faced in social reconstruction will demand a more research-oriented approach than in the past; and (3) the present disarray of educational services requires the re-thinking of the most basic principles on which the formal education of children rests.
Stress among Clergy: An Exploratory Study on South African Anglican Priests
Authors: Strümpfer D.J.W. , Bands J.
Published: March 2013

In a pilot study 10 male Anglican priests were interviewed individually about their roles, experiences of stress, impact of their work on family life, and problems of working for the church. Items for a questionnaire were formulated on the basis of this information. One hundred and ten usable sets of data (44% return rate) were factor analysed, resulting in three stressor scales: Person-role Conflict, Quantitative Workload and Role Insufficiency. The first two scales correlated significantly with both the Frequency and Intensity scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The first and third scales correlated significantly with Antonovsky's short Sense of Coherence scale. None correlated significantly with Rosenbaum's Self-control Schedule. The burnout mean could be classified as ‘moderate’.
Perceptions of Parenting Task Performance: A Comparison of Single-Earner and Dual-Earner Families
Authors: Gerdes Lily C. , Coetzee Casper H. , Cronjé Elsje M.
Published: March 2013

Marriage and family life are undergoing great changes, creating many uncertainties about, amongst others, parental roles and task performance. This preliminary investigation compared perceptions of parental task performance in single-earner and dual-earner families. The perceptions of mothers and fathers concerning their own and each other's task performance are also compared. The sample consisted of 1465 married subjects drawn from different language and ethnic groups. A parental task questionnaire was used to gather information. These tasks were defined for three developmental stages (babyhood, pre-school and primary school), and focused on major aspects of development (e.g. physical, intellectual, social and moral development). Subjects indicated on a 5-point scale, the proportional contribution by family members to child care tasks. The most important conclusion is that the wife's full-time employment had little effect on the husband's perceived contribution to parenting. Some significant differences were found between fathers' and mothers' perceptions of their own and their spouse's parental task performance. The nature and extent of differences varied with the stage of childhood development and particular aspects of development.

Die huweliks- en gesinslewe ondergaan groot veranderinge wat lei tot baie onsekerhede, ook onder andere wat ouerskapsrolle en die uitvoering van ouerskapstake betref. Hierdie navorsing is 'n voorlopige ondersoek en dit vergelyk persepsies van die uitvoering van ouerskapstake van enkelberoepsgesinne met tweeledige beroepsgesinne. Die persepsies van vaders en moeders met betrekking tot hul eie en mekaar se taakuitvoering word ook vergelyk. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 1465 getroude persone uit verskillende taal- en etniese groepe. 'n Ouerskapstake-vraelys is gebruik om inligting in te samel. Hierdie take is gedefinieer vir drie ontwikkelingstadia (babajare, voorskoolse en laerskooljare), en maak voorsiening vir basiese aspekte van ontwikkeling (bv. fisieke, intellektuele, sosiale en morele ontwikkeling). Die proefpersone moes op 'n vyfpuntskaal die proporsionele bydrae van gesinslede tot ouerskapstake aantoon. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking is dat die vrou se voltydse werk min effek het op die man se waargenome bydrae tot ouerskapstake. Sekere beduidende verskille is tussen mans en vrouens gevind wat hulle persepsies van hulle eie en mekaar se bydraes tot ouerskapstake betref. Daar is gevind dat die aard en omvang van verskille varieer na gelang van die ontwikkelingstadium van die kind en bepaalde ontwikkelingsaspekte.
The Educational Psychologist and School Organization Development in the Reconstruction of Education in South Africa: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Jong Terry De
Published: March 2013

In South Africa, as the myriad of ‘apartheid holy cows’ are buried, so the opportunity for reconstruction takes on an unprecedented challenge. The renewal of South Africa's dishevelled education system is central to the country's renaissance. Against this backdrop, this article briefly describes some current positions on systems thinking and educational psychology service delivery in the South African context. Derived mainly from a formative evaluation of a Cape Town-based teacher in-service project which focuses on whole school development, three substantive issues related to school organization development are raised. They are the issue of effecting a paradigm shift from a positivistic to a systemic worldview; the issue of the relationship between power and organization development, and the issue of sustainability of organization development. These issues are discussed with particular reference to the challenges that they present to educational psychologists as school organization development consultants in South Africa's education reconstruction process.
Attitudes toward Psychology, Psychiatry and Mental Illness in the Central Eastern Cape of South Africa
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: March 2013

A survey of attitudes held by a large sample of university students as well as by smaller samples of psychologists, general medical practitioners, members of the public, psychiatric hospital staff and patients in the central eastern Cape toward mental illness and mental health-care service providers was conducted during the early part of 1994. It was found that marked differences existed between the different samples and that the extent of a person's knowledge about mental illness, as well as the degree of contact with mental-health professionals and their services, were important influences on the attitudes of respondents. In particular, third-year psychology students tended to be more negatively disposed to psychiatric treatment than those students in their first year of study. Conversely, the attitudes of final-year students toward the discipline of psychology were more positive than those held by students in their first year of studying psychology. Within both the student and the patient samples, only a small minority indicated that they would first seek help from general medical practitioners if they were ever to contemplate taking their own lives or if they were seriously mentally ill. Psychiatric patients and service providers indicated their confidence in psychiatric treatment and the psychiatrist was considered to be the most appropriate professional to deal with mental illness. Members of the general public were found to be more optimistic than psychologists about the efficacy of psychological and psychiatric treatment, but less so than general medical practitioners. Although mental health-care professionals were viewed in a favourable light, most respondents indicated that they would nevertheless prefer to approach a friend in times of psychological distress.
Intragroup Accounts of Teenage Motherhood: A Community Based Psychological Perspective
Authors: Parekh Angina , de la Rey Cheryl
Published: March 2013

Using community based and women-centred perspectives, this study explored experiences of unplanned motherhood during adolescence. Ten African teenage mothers from a semi-rural area in KwaZulu-Natal volunteered to meet once a week for eight weeks to discuss their experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. The findings are discussed in the context of the effect of teenage motherhood on self, on family and peer relationships, traditional Zulu customs, and community support. Current relationships with partners and concerns about the future are also reported. The results indicate the need for school-based programmes and parent groups for adolescent mothers that will enhance their ability to examine options with a view to establishing a trajectory towards better life outcomes. Community health workers were also identified as resource personnel for enabling teenage mothers in rural and semi-rural areas to cope with their concerns and develop a way of understanding them.
Perceptions on Integration of Traditional and Western Healing in the New South Africa
Authors: Hopa M. , Simbayi L.C. , du Toit C. D.
Published: March 2013

A focus group study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of various stakeholders (viz., psychiatrists, medical doctors, psychologists, traditional healers and consumers) on integration of the traditional and western healing systems in the new South Africa and other pertinent issues in this debate such as registration, medical aid (health insurance) access and the issuing of sick-leave certificates by traditional healers. Thematic content analysis of the transcripts of the focus groups' discussions revealed that several strategies for integration were preferred by each of the focus groups. Similarly, a number of models of registration were put forward. There were also different views expressed about whether or not traditional healers should have access to medical aid schemes or issue sick-leave certificates. Collectively, most focus groups preferred (a) formal cooperation between the two systems; (b) registration of traditional healers with their own independent body; and (c) traditional healers not having any access to medical aid schemes. However, there was no consensus concerning whether or not traditional healers should issue sick-leave (medical) certificates. The significance of these results as well as their policy implications are discussed.
Development of a Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics
Authors: Maree Jacobus G. , Claassen N.C.W. , Prinsloo W.B.J.
Published: March 2013

The Study Orientation Questionnaire: mathematics was developed for use with all South African pupils in secondary schools in South Africa. The statistical properties of the questionnaire for a sample in which all children in Grades 8 to 11 in secondary schools in South Africa were represented, are briefly described. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire, as well as the intercorrelations between the fields, are demonstrated. Norm tables were determined and the questionnaire may safely be used in educational situations to distinguish between pupils with differing study orientations in mathematics.
Race, Head Size, and Intelligence
Authors: Kamin Leon J. , Omari Safiya
Published: March 2013

We review recent research which estimates racial differences in cranial capacity by measuring head dimensions of living persons. We describe errors in published reports, and find that American whites have greater head height than American blacks, but that blacks have greater head length and greater head circumference. Estimates of cranial capacity are determined by racial differences in head shape. Possible relations between head size and measured IQ are so small that they cannot possibly explain black-white differences in IQ. Why, despite this, does ‘scientific’ interest in race differences in cranial capacity persist?
‘Racialised’ Discourses: Understanding Perceptions of Threat in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Stevens Garth
Published: March 2013

Since 1993 there have been increasing reports of ‘racial’ tensions within South Africa's black populace. Blacks labelled as ‘coloured’ appear to be expressing increased perceptions of ‘racial’ threat in relation to blacks labelled as ‘African’. As discourse is one of the mechanisms through which racist ideology is reproduced, this study examined the ‘racialised’ discourses of seven black adults (i.e. ‘coloureds’) from a Western Cape community. The study, which was conducted in 1995, explored how participants spoke about ‘other’ blacks (i.e. ‘Africans’) and whether representations of ‘racial’ threat were evident within these discourses. Discourse analysis was employed within a hermeneutic framework when interpreting the functions and social significance of the discourses. The discursive themes reflected perceived threat of the ‘other’, but appeared to function defensively for participants, who fear marginalisation in post-apartheid South Africa. The findings emphasise the need for addressing racism at broader social levels, rather than through problematising specific social groups. Introduction
Psychological Stress, Adjustment and Cross-Cultural Considerations in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens , van Oers Helena M.
Published: March 2013

There is a dearth of information regarding the psychological experience of breast cancer in the South African context, particularly within the black population. Existing psychological studies have focused mainly on the healthy breast or instances of non-malignant disease, largely within the white population from a Western perspective. This study addressed some of these concerns and examined and compared the nature and degree of psychological distress with reference to specific variables experienced by South African black and white breast cancer patients. Fifty women, comprising two equal groups of 25 black and white breast cancer patients were assessed and compared in terms of their levels of depression, body image dysphoria and styles of psychological adjustment during the course of their post-surgical chemotherapy treatment. There were several differences in the psychological experiences of black and white breast cancer patients. Most of the black patients were found to experience greater levels of somatisation, depression and body image dysphoria and tended to utilise less adaptive styles of adjustment to their disease. The only measure on which both groups more closely resembled each other was that of anxiety. The greater levels of psychological distress reported by most of the black patient group may be due to traditional cultural reasons which possibly predispose them to suppress emotions or somatise them rather than display these outwardly, and because of a lack of knowledge and of psycho-oncological services for this group. These patients could be regarded as being at high risk for elevated distress levels requiring psychological intervention.
Children’s Advertising Exposure, Advertised Product Desire, and Materialism
Authors: Opree Suzanna J. , Buijzen Moniek , van Reijmersdal Eva A. , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: March 2013

Previous studies have suggested that advertising exposure affects materialism among youth. However, this causal effect has not been investigated among children in middle childhood, who are in the midst of consumer development. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying this relation has not been studied. To fill these lacunae, this study focused on the longitudinal relation between children’s television advertising exposure and materialism. We investigated advertised product desire as a mediating variable. A sample of 466 Dutch children (ages 8-11) was surveyed twice within a 12-month interval. The results show that advertising exposure had a positive longitudinal effect on materialism. This effect was fully mediated by children’s increased desire for advertised products.
Condoned or Condemned: The Situational Affordance of Anger and Shame in the United States and Japan
Authors: Boiger Michael , Mesquita Batja , Uchida Yukiko , Feldman Barrett Lisa
Published: March 2013

Two studies tested the idea that the situations that people encounter frequently and the situations that they associate most strongly with an emotion differ across cultures in ways that can be understood from what a culture condones or condemns. In a questionnaire study, N = 163 students from the United States and Japan perceived situations as more frequent to the extent that they elicited condoned emotions (anger in the United States, shame in Japan), and they perceived situations as less frequent to the extent that they elicited condemned emotions (shame in the United States, anger in Japan). In a second study, N = 160 students from the United States and Japan free-sorted the same situations. For each emotion, the situations could be organized along two cross-culturally common dimensions. Those situations that touched upon central cultural concerns were perceived to elicit stronger emotions. The largest cultural differences were found for shame; smaller, yet meaningful, differences were found for anger.
Pharmaconutrition
Authors: Barros Karina V. , Cassulino Ana Paula , Schalch Lívia , Munhoz Eduardo Della Valle , Manetta José Antônio , Calder Philip C. , Silveira Vera L. Flor
Published: March 2013

Background: Enteral supply of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been used in an attempt to modulate inflammation and improve outcome in critically ill patients. However, enteral administration may be slow to change membrane composition and therefore may not be the best route to supply these fatty acids in patients with acute conditions. This study evaluated the effects of short‐term intravenous (IV) administration of fish oil–based lipid emulsion (FLE) as pharmaconutrition on cytokine levels in critically ill elderly patients. Methods: Enterally fed patients (n = 40; aged 60–80 years) were recruited in the first 48 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Fifteen patients received IV FLE (0.2 g/kg body weight) over 6 hours for 3 consecutive days, and 25 patients did not receive IV lipid (control). Samples were collected before and 24 hours and 72 hours after the third FLE infusion. Nutrient intakes, clinical parameters, and serum cytokine concentrations were measured. Results: Compared with the control, FLE resulted in higher energy intake, lower serum tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin (IL)–8 concentrations, and higher serum IL‐10. These differences occurred around 7–9 days of ICU stay at the time of the patient's extubation. ICU stay, mortality, and markers of coagulation and liver function did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Short‐term IV FLE modulates some inflammatory markers in critically ill elderly patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN), suggesting an anti‐inflammatory effect. This may be a benefit and suggests a role for FLE administration as a supplement in elderly ICU patients receiving standard EN.
Investigation of the effects of chest physiotherapy in different positions on the heart and the respiratory system after coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Guner Sukriye Ilkay , Korkmaz Fatma Demir
Published: March 2013

This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of chest physiotherapy in different positions on the heart and the respiratory system after coronary artery bypass surgery. Patients are divided into two groups of 30 patients each in the study. To the patients in the first group (30 patients), percussion–vibration was performed in the 45° supine position, while slightly laterally lying and endotracheal aspiration was performed in the supine position. To the patients in the second group (30 patients), percussion–vibration was performed in the 0° supine position, while slightly laterally lying and endotracheal aspiration was performed in the supine position. The procedures are repeated two times for all patients and their means were taken. The pre- and postapplication values of patients were measured from central venous and arterial catheters and the values of patient monitors were recorded. Comparison of the two groups in terms of respiratory values did not reveal a significant difference, but chest physiotherapy with the head of the bed at 0° was determined to improve cardiac functions. Evaluation of the groups in terms of pre- and postphysiotherapy applications showed a significant increase in mixed venous oxygen saturation in both groups. Chest physiotherapy with the head of the bed elevated to 45° may be recommended in patients who carry a risk of pulmonary complications and who are candidates for chest physiotherapy at an early stage.
The DC Breastfeeding-Friendly Hospital Initiative
Authors: Long Sahira A. , Young Michal A. , Tender Jennifer A. F. , DeWitty Vernell P. , Logan Kathleen , Kadeshe Mudiwah , Ryan Carol , Haynes Suzanne G.
Published: March 2013

Maternity facilities that follow the 10 steps of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative have improved breastfeeding outcomes. Prior to the DC Breastfeeding-Friendly Hospital Initiative, no maternity facilities in Washington, DC, were recognized as Baby-Friendly. Each facility’s journey toward improved breastfeeding support is unique. The purpose of this project was to help facilities identify areas to focus on in pursuit of this goal. All 8 birthing facilities in Washington, DC, participated in the baseline assessment in September 2008. The 10 steps were used as a framework for developing the assessment tools. Data were collected from each facility regarding (1) accessibility of breastfeeding information and resources on its website, (2) content of written breastfeeding policies, and (3) practices that support breastfeeding. The DC Breastfeeding Coalition shared the outcomes of the assessment with each facility and offered an educational session addressing each facility’s specific needs. The coalition also conducted postintervention evaluations between July and August 2009 to assess changes in each facility’s score. Most facilities were receptive to the intervention, resulting in modest improvements in all areas reviewed. This project provides a model for state and local breastfeeding coalitions to evaluate and recognize incremental improvements in breastfeeding-related maternity care practices.
An experiment on the shape and depth of air pocket on air spindle vibrations in ultra precision machine tools
Authors: Akhondzadeh Mohammad , Vahdati Mehrdad
Published: March 2013

In order to achieve nanometer accuracies, low vibration in air spindle is vital. Some parameters affecting air spindle vibration could be mentioned as rotational speed, inlet hole diameter, air pocket geometry, air gap pressure and so on. In this study, the air pocket geometry and depth plus rotational speed are experimentally investigated. Three levels of quantity are selected for each parameter. Vibration movements were considered as experiment output. Then, experimental results were analyzed by design of experiment method. The results showed that the air spindle with an air pocket of rectangular shape and 3 mm depth at low rotational speed has minimum vibrations.
Three-dimensional flow field numerical simulation and performance analysis for a new type canned motor pump
Authors: Jianzhong Cui , Fangwei Xie , Qingyun Liu , Cuntang Wang , Xianjun Zhang , Gang Zheng , Rui Xuan
Published: March 2013

A new type of canned motor pump with extensive application value is designed, researched, and developed in this article. In order to grasp the characteristic of the internal flow field of the pump, the internal flow field is simulated numerically by using FLUENT software with the standard k–ɛ turbulence model, SIMPLEC algorithm, and multiple reference frame model. The distribution of the pressure and velocity of the flow in the canned motor pump is analyzed in different working conditions. Moreover, the head and efficiency of the pump is predicted based on the simulation results, which show that the head and efficiency of the canned motor pump in small flow rate will be better. The performance of the canned motor pump can be improved by appropriately increasing the outer diameter of the impeller and the base diameter of the volute. The results of the numerical simulation are in accord with theoretical analysis, which verifies the correctness of the numerical simulation. The investigations have important theoretical guiding significance for the design of the canned motor pump.
A Calvinist account of nursing ethics
Authors: Cusveller Bart
Published: March 2013

A relatively small but intellectually robust strand in the Christian religion is the Reformed tradition. Especially, its Calvinist sensibilities inform this Protestant stance towards human culture in general and vocations in particular. Correspondingly, there are some small but robust contributions to academic discourse in nursing ethics. So far there has been no attempt to bring those together as a distinct approach. This article suggests such a Reformed Christian, especially Calvinist, account of nursing ethics. Central to the Reformed perspective is the notion that God is sovereign over all of creation and culture and hence that there can be no religiously or morally neutral area in human life. Consequently, nursing is not seen as professional to the extent it is based on research evidence or theoretical models, but to the extent it serves the ultimate purpose of the practice of care. In the Reformed view, this purpose is fostering the well-being of human beings in need as intrinsically valuable. Nurses are professionals who accept this responsibility, that is, the whole of expectations holding for personal qualities, conduct and outcomes, required to serve the purpose of care. As this is a moral purpose, succeeding or failing to live up to these expectations is the source of moral issues in nursing.
The Politics of India’s Neighbourhood Policy in South Asia
Authors: Chattopadhyay Pratip
Published: March 2013

India’s policy orientation towards its immediate neighbouring countries in South Asia has been subjected to analyses mainly through the prism of foreign policy. In this article, neighbourhood is taken as a prism to categorise the phases of India’s policy since Independence towards these countries. In this effort, certain trends have been identified in Indian foreign policy that cut across chronology of Indian governments in office. The article critically interrogates the Indian policy package towards India’s immediate neighbours through interest based strategies that suit the changing external international political milieu. The Cold War years, the contradictory pulls of economic globalisation and regionalism and the drive towards global multipolarity affected the policy orientations of India towards its neighbours. The article concludes that the political logic of neighbourhood policy of India in South Asia is conditioned by adhocism.
Intertextuality and Interactivity in Hypertext Reading of www.timesofindia.com
Authors: Haneef M. Shuaib Mohamed
Published: March 2013

Reading hypertext is a performative action that elides the traditional canons of origin, centre and finite dimensions of textuality. Lack of origin in hypertext represents its physicality as well as symbolizes the agency enacted by readers in the cyberspace to co-create ‘performative narratives’ defeating the diktats of the author. Readers, thus, become wreaders as they produce as well as consume, and their engagement with text defies teleological tenability. This article explores the hypertext reading performances of college students in the Indian news website www.timesofindia.com Of particular interest are the intertextual and interactive experiences of the students and their reading predicated on the substrate of the medium and its materiality. The visual data of students’ engagement with the website was analyzed using grounded theory. It reveals that interactive experiences of students resonated with intertextual phenomena across different spaces, genres and modalities and they appropriated texts imbricated into multimodal spaces to co-construct multilinear narratives.
Taxation and the Labour Market
Authors: Gahan Peter , Kriesler Peter
Published: March 2013

The last two decades has seen significant changes in the relationship between labour market institutions and taxation regimes. The traditional relationship between tariff systems and arbitration on the one hand, and arbitration and a ‘residualist’ approach to social welfare on the other, has given way to a view of labour market regulation and taxation regimes as potential substitutes in the pursuit of efficiency and equity goals.

A particularly relevant recent example of this new relationship occurred during the Accord negotiations on quarantining the inflationary effects of the large depreciation of the Australian dollar after its deregulation in 1983. An explicit deal was struck to maintain the real value of wages, in the face of rising import prices, by trading off wage increases for falls in income tax. In this way, after tax income remained relatively unaffected, and the inflationary consequences of the depreciation were held in check.
The Social Costs of Indigenous Unemployment
Authors: Hunter B.H.
Published: March 2013

In a purely economic sense, unemployment in the Australian community is extremely costly. This article analyses evidence from the 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey (NATSIS) to illustrate that social costs of unemployment are potentially very large. The unemployed, especially the long-term unemployed, fared worse than the employed on a range of social indicators. For example, among urban unemployed, the long-term unemployed: are more likely to have been arrested, are more likely to be taken from natural family, are less likely to have voted in a recent election, have lower participation rates in voluntary work, are less likely to be motivated and are more likely to have a long-term health problem. The unprecedented range of social indicators in the NATSIS means that the analysis provides an insight into the likely social costs of unemployment in the population at large, not just those for the Indigenous population.
Declining Job Quality in Australia: Another Hidden Cost of Unemployment
Authors: Burgess John , de Ruyter Alex
Published: March 2013

The deterioration of the labour market associated with high and sustained rates of unemployment leads to forms of hidden unemployment and underemployment as well as a systematic decline in job quality. The ability of employers to reduce job quality is enhanced through conditions of persistent excess labour supply. In turn the State can challenge and erode conditions and standards that sustain job quality. Hence, falling job quality is another of the hidden costs of unemployment. This paper sets out the decline in job quality in Australia as manifested by the growth in non-standard employment arrangements and by the systematic erosion of the conditions associated with the standard employment model.
The Health and Safety Effects of Job Insecurity: An Evaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Bohle Philip , Quinlan Michael , Mayhew Claire
Published: March 2013

Since the 1930s, research has indicated that unemployment has serious effects on physical and psychological well-being. Recent evidence confirms these findings and provides greater insight into the processes by which unemployment influences health. It is less widely recognised that job insecurity can also adversely affect the health and well-being of workers. This paper reviews the rapidly growing body of research on the health impact of job insecurity and organisational practices that produce insecurity, such as downsizing and restructuring. Our review identified sixty-eight studies, using a variety of methods and measures, published internationally since 1966. Eighty-eight per cent of these studies indicated that job insecurity was associated with diminished worker health and well-being. Implications of this finding for labour market and industrial relations policies, as well as occupational health and safety, are discussed.
Market-Oriented Reform in the Australian Electricity Industry
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: March 2013

In this paper, the costs and benefits of reform of the electricity industry in Australia are assessed. Issues addressed include the National Grid and the National Electricity Market, corporatisation, competitive restructuring, regulation, and privatisation.
The Rise of Private Health Insurance in Australia: Early Effects on Insurance and Hospital Markets
Authors: Hopkins Sandra , Frech H.E.
Published: March 2013

Over a three year period from July 1997 to July 2000, the Australian government introduced a series of policies designed to increase the proportion of the population with private health insurance. The combined effect of the policies was an increase in the population coverage from a low point of 30.1 percent to 45.7 percent. The motivation for these policies was to force more Australians to use the private sector for their hospital care and in so doing reduce the pressure on the public sector. We piece together fragmentary early data from various sources and various time periods. We find that the increase in activity in the private hospital sector and the reduction in public hospital waiting times has indeed occurred.
Labour-Management Relations and New Public Management: The American Experience
Authors: Hays Steven W.
Published: March 2013

This paper provides a broad overview of the role that unions have, and have not — played in the unfolding drama of public management reform in the United States. Factors impeding the ability of unions to shape the reform movement are highlighted. Fragmentation of power and even the absence of rudimentary collective bargaining rights in many locations restrict civil servants’ ability to influence the reform agenda. As a result, New Public Management (NPM) initiatives have progressed in a fashion that often works to the disadvantage of public workers. ‘De-privileging’, privatisation, and devolution of public agencies have become almost ubiquitous. The paper concludes with the observation that NPM offers a golden opportunity, if not the obligation, for management and labour to adopt a more cooperative and participatory approach to policy making in the workplace.
Unemployment in an Age of Prosperity
Authors: Wooden Mark
Published: March 2013

The 1990s in Australia was characterised by relatively strong and persistent economic growth. For example, over the 8-year period 1992/93 to 1999/2000 GDP growth averaged 4.2 per cent per annum, well in excess of that experienced in most other Western nations. More importantly, growth in GDP per capita over this same period averaged 3 per cent per annum, not far behind the levels recorded during the 1960s (3.3 per cent over the decade), a period generally described as one when full employment prevailed. Moreover, despite a slowdown in 2000/01, economic growth accelerated again in 2001/02, growing by almost 4 per cent in the 12 months ended June 2002.

As would be expected, these relatively high persistent rates of output growth have translated into relatively high rates of growth in income. Real household disposable income per capita over the 10 years to June 2002 grew by 18 per cent, or an average of 1.6 per cent per annum.
Outsourcing and Downsizing: Processes of Workplace Change in Public Health
Authors: Young Suzanne
Published: March 2013

Throughout the 1990s, public hospitals embarked on a range of benchmarking exercises for support services, often accompanied by downsizing and, in some cases, outsourcing. These support services included clinical areas such as, radiology, pharmacy and pathology, and non-clinical areas of catering and cleaning, engineering and environmental services. The impetus for this trend was the introduction of the Federal Government’s National Competition Policy with its rationale that private sector pressures and competition would make the public sector more efficient.

Through a case study approach, this paper discusses this process at two public hospitals, the aim being to investigate the reasons for outsourcing, outsourcing’s interconnectedness with downsizing, and the implications at the workforce level. Workplace issues discussed include consultation between management, unions and employees, changes to employee numbers and work practices, maintenance of workplace conditions, implications for staff recruitment and retention, and the relative power of management and unions. It concludes that benchmarking, outsourcing and downsizing have all been used to bring about workplace change. Whilst the choice between processes may be dependent on management perception of the workplace environment, implications for the workplace from each process have been similar.
Jobless Households in Australia: Incidence, Characteristics and Financial Consequences
Authors: Scutella Rosanna , Wooden Mark
Published: March 2013

An emerging trend in Australia, over the past twenty or so years, has been for employment to become increasingly polarised into households where either no adult is working (jobless households) or all adults are working (all-work households). Despite this, relatively little research has been undertaken in Australia which has focussed specifically on these households. This article seeks to go some way towards filling this gap. Specifically, data from the first wave of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics Survey in Australia (HILDA) Survey are used to: (i) quantify the incidence of jobless households in Australia; (ii) identify the characteristics of individuals that are associated with membership of a jobless household; and (iii) examine some of the financial consequences of living in a jobless household. The analysis finds that household joblessness in 2001 remains pervasive with strong associations with factors generally thought to influence individual joblessness such as age, education, ethnicity, illness and family background. It is also found that poverty and financial stress are more a function of household joblessness than of individual joblessness.
Casual University Work: Choice, Risk, Inequity and the Case for Regulation
Authors: Junor Anne
Published: March 2013

Australian universities now have a headcount casualisation rate near the national workforce average. Reasons for, and impacts of, this development are explored, and an argument is made for the role of industrial regulation in reconciling requirements for flexibility, security and equity in university employment. Responses to a large survey of casual academic and general staff suggest that this employment mode is a minority preference. Discrete groups of casual university staff, including those seeking university careers, those with other secure income sources, and students in transit to other careers, experience different forms and levels of insecurity and inequity. Appropriately targeted regulatory responses thus include criteria-based caps, a general staff conversion mechanism, a work value review, access to increments and service entitlements, and workplace representation rights.