bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traditional Healing in Africa: Implications for Cross‐Cultural Counseling
Authors: VONTRESS CLEMMONT E.
Published: December 2011

Even though the change in Africa from traditional societies to modern ones is evident in many institutions throughout the continent, the transition is uneven. One institution that seems to have changed little over the years is the healing establishment. In general, traditional healers still treat their patients as their forebears did in the distant past. This article indicates who the indigenous doctors are, the role the family plays in health maintenance, the nature of the healing relationship, what diagnostic techniques are used, the specific healing methods used, how music is used as a therapeutic accompaniment, how healers are selected and prepared, and the implications of traditional healing for cross‐cultural counseling.

Aunque el cambio en Africa desde sociedades tradicionales a sociedades modernas es evidente en muchas instituciones por todo el continente, la transición es desigual. Una de las instituciones que parece haber cambiado poco a través de los años es la del curandero. En general, los curanderos tradicionales todavía tratan a sus clientes de la misma manera que sus antepasados. Este artículo indica quienes son los doctores indígenas, el papel de la familia en el mantamiento de la salud, el cáracter de la relación de curación, las ténicas de diagnóstico que se usan, los métodos específicos de curación, cómo se usa la música como acompañamiento terapeútico, cómo se escogen y preparan los curanderos, y las implicaciones de la curación traditional en la consejería intercultural.
All the World Is Not a Stage: Emerging Contextualist Themes in Counseling and Development
Authors: STEENBARGER BRETT N.
Published: December 2011

Classical stage‐based theories of human development, drawn from organismic worldviews, possess many shortcomings when extended to counseling applications. In attempting to reduce development to linear, hierarchical sequences, these theories fail to account for the interactional nature of change processes and implicitly pathologize developmental diversity. Responding to these shortcomings, counselors are turning to contextualist models of development that emphasize process over outcome. In this article I review key assumptions of contextualism, as embodied in social role theory and the life‐span developmental tradition, highlighting relevant theory and research. I propose that two vital forces within current counseling—constructivism and interactional counseling—are animated by contextualist notions of development. Specific implications of contextualism for future counseling research and practice are outlined.
CACREP: The Need for a Mid‐Course Correction
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: December 2011

Since its inception in 1981, CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) has been AACD's (American Association for Counseling and Development) program accrediting agency. As of April 1991, 72 counselor preparation programs have earned CACREP accreditation. Recommendations to modify CACREP's standards and system of governance are made with the intention of increasing CACREP's influenceand making it accountable to the constituents it serves.
Organizational Resources for Addressing Sexual Harassment
Authors: HOWARD SHARON
Published: December 2011

The author acknowledges the difficulties in arriving at a definition of sexual harassment. Employing a definition that has become commonplace, she distinguishes between quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment. The obligations of organizations are outlined and attention is given to the development of appropriate policies and procedures. The effect of the organization's climate on institutional responsiveness to this issue is discussed, and pertinent educational and training interventions are provided.
Application of Personality Theories and Counseling Strategies to Clients With Physical Disabilities
Authors: LIVNEH HANOCH , SHERWOOD ARDIS
Published: December 2011

This article describes how certain relevant theoretical concepts, intervention methods, and criteria for determining therapeutic change, which are borrowed from several personality theories and counseling approaches, can be useful in counseling people with physical disabilities. The clinical utility of each discussed personality theory is explored in the context of the efforts directed at (a) gaining insight into the psychosocial impact of physical disability, (b) counseling for personal adjustment to the disability, and (c) becoming familiar with theory‐specific guidelines for assessing therapeutic changes. It is argued that counselors who serve clients with disabilities ought to choose those interventions most congruent with their own theoretical orientation, academic training, work setting, and nature of the disability condition.
Developing and Using Educational and Psychological Tests and Measures: The Unificationist Perspective
Authors: ELLIS MICHAEL V. , BLUSTEIN DAVID L.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a critical review of traditional testing practices and offers the unificationist perspective as the next logical step in the evolution of psychological and educational measurement. Building on the notion that any activity involving testing should be unified under the rubric of the scientific method, the unificationist view is defined and contrasted to traditional test validation strategies. Implications for test development and for the use of tests and measures in counseling (e.g., interest inventories, personality measures) are delineated from the unificationist perspective.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2: A Review
Authors: DUCKWORTH JANE C.
Published: December 2011

The new version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the MMPI‐2, is described and critiqued in this article. The MMPI‐2 has many positive features such as updated items, new norms, additional validity scales, and additional clinical scales for diagnosing problems not addressed by the original MMPI. There are, however, also many negative features for this test such as problems with the compatibility of code types and the representativeness of the norm group. Much research needs to be done before accurate interpretations can be made for all MMPI‐2 profiles and the full potential of the test is realized.
Toward an Interpersonal Model of Codependence and Contradependence
Authors: HOGG JAMES ANDREW , FRANK MARY LOU
Published: December 2011

Codependence is used increasingly to describe various dysfunctional relationships. This article differentiates codependent from contradependent behavior and defines both in an interpersonal context. A model is proposed to address gender issues, diagnosis, and treatment from an emotional health perspective.
A Career Assistance Program for Elite Athletes
Authors: PETITPAS AL , DANISH STEVEN , McKELVAIN ROBERT , MURPHY SHANE
Published: December 2011

A program to assist elite athletes in coping with the transition out of active sport competition is presented. A life span development framework is used to describe the formulation of the program. An outline of the program is presented, and implications for counselors are discussed.
The Use of Positive Reframing in the Context of Supervision
Authors: MASTERS MARK A.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the use of positive reframing in the context of supervision. Supervisors encountering resistance from their supervisees can use positive reframing as a way to reduce threat and promote growth. A rationale is developed for using reframing with supervisees. The positive reframes are designed with an emphasis on the supervisee's experience of personal power and self‐esteem. The supervisor capitalizes on the experience by modeling for the supervisee how to resolve the situation. Examples are presented and limitations are outlined.
Gay and Lesbian Speaker Panels: Implementation and Research
Authors: CROTEAU JAMES M. , KUSEK MICHAEL T.
Published: December 2011

Speaker panels are educational interventions in which lesbian women and gay men share their personal stories and respond to questions and comments. The panels are frequently used with college and community groups to reduce homophobic attitudes. Counselors, student development professionals, and other human services professionals are given practical information on effective panel presentations. Then the empirical findings concerning panels are discussed, and recommendations are made to human development professionals for research to expand empirical knowledge about this intervention.
Do “Womanist” Identity Attitudes Influence College Women's Self‐Esteem and Perceptions of Environmental Bias?
Authors: OSSANA SHELLY M. , HELMS JANET E. , LEONARD MARY M.
Published: December 2011

Helms (1990) proposed a four‐stage model of womanist identity in which she hypothesized that development of healthy identity in women involves movement from external standards of gender identity to internal standards. Attitudes derived from her model were used to predict undergraduate women's self‐esteem and perceptions of sex bias in the campus environment. Female undergraduates (N = 659), freshmen through seniors, were surveyed in classes at a large eastern university. Results indicated that Encounter (characterized by questioning of previously held stereotypical views about gender and dawning awareness of alternative perspectives) and Immersion‐Emersion (characterized by an active rejection of male supremacist values and beliefs and the search for a positive self‐affirming definition of womanhood) attitudes were inversely related to perceptions of environmental gender bias and positively related to self‐esteem. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
The Impact of Counselor and Participant Gender on Willingness to Discuss Relational Topics: Development of the Relationship Disclosure Scale
Authors: SNELL WILLIAM E. , HAMPTON BETHANY R. , McMANUS PAMELA
Published: December 2011

The current investigation examined people's willingness to disclose personal information about their intimate relationships to counselors. This was accomplished by asking 431 students to indicate how willing they would be to discuss 25 relationship topics, as measured by the newly developed Relationship Disclosure Scale (RDS), with female and male counselors. The results indicated that people's willingness to disclose their intimate relationships to counselors depended on their own gender, the gender of the counselor, and the particular relationship topics assessed by the RDS. In addition, several personality variables associated with relational‐esteem and relational‐consciousness were found to be associated with women's willingness to engage in relationship disclosure with male and female counselors. These findings underscore the impact of gender and personality on counseling disclosure tendencies. The discussion focuses on gender and the use of the RDS in research and counseling settings.
Problems Expressed by Career and Non‐Career Help Seekers: A Comparison
Authors: LUCAS MARGARETHA S.
Published: December 2011

Students seeking help at a university counseling center were asked to mark on a problem checklist what type of career, educational, personal, or social problems they experienced at the time. Few differences in endorsement were found between counseling center help seekers with career concerns and counseling center help seekers without career concerns, but both types of help seekers indicated concerns with study habits, emotional distress, and relationships. These issues also significantly correlated with help seekers' degree of clarity and stability of career goals. When compared with non‐help‐seeking students, significantly more help seekers with career concerns indicated worrying about issues concerning emotional distress, decision making, independence, and eating problems. Suggestions regarding conceptualizations of career problems as well as career guidance are offered.
Two and One‐Half Decades of Leadership in Measurement and Evaluation
Authors: THOMPSON BRUCE
Published: December 2011

This article explores the role of professional organizations, such as the American Association for Counseling and Development's (AACD) Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (AMECD) division, and the possible futures of such groups. It is suggested that AMECD and similar groups are experiencing a similar set of social and professional pressures. Aspects of the missions of creating and disseminating measurement and evaluation expertise are discussed. It is suggested that the explosion in knowledge has created new tensions involving special challenges for members of AMECD and related groups. Nevertheless, some remarkable recent accomplishments can be readily identified, and are noted here.
Caring for the Carers: A Note on Counseling for the Wider Impact of AIDS
Authors: VINEY LINDA L. , ALLWOOD KERRI , STILLSON LARRY , WALMSLEY ROBERT
Published: December 2011

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Symdrome) affects the psychological functioning not only of people with AIDS but also of those who care for them. In this article we describe the provision of counseling for voluntary curers, using personal construct counseling. Some of the problems in providing such counseling are considered.
Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Standards: A Call to the Profession
Authors: SUE DERALD WING , ARREDONDO PATRICIA , McDAVIS RODERICK J.
Published: December 2011

In April 1991, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) approved a document outlining the need and rationale for a multicultural perspective in counseling. The work of the Professional Standards committee went much further in proposing 31 multicultural counseling competencies and strongly encouraged the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) and the counseling profession to adopt these competencies in accreditation criteria. The hope was to have the competencies eventually become a standard for curriculum reform and training of helping professionals.
Suicide and Alcohol: Conceptualizing the Relationship From a Cognitive‐Social Paradigm
Authors: ROGERS JAMES R.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a formulation of the association between alcohol consumption and suicidal behavior derived from recent advances in the area of social cognition. It is suggested that the social cognitive mechanism of alcohol‐induced myopia may serve an important role in developing a comprehensive conceptualization of the alcohol‐suicide relationship. Implications for practitioners and ethical considerations of further research in this area are discussed.
Ethical Implications in Cross‐Cultural Counseling and Training
Authors: BURN DAVID
Published: December 2011

The nonspecificity of the ethical guidelines forces counselors to develop personal philosophies in regard to serving culturally unique clients. The resulting variability in the quality and availability of services threatens the growth and dilutes the integrity of the counseling profession. The worldview of the counselor is discussed as it affects client welfare, self‐determination, and cultural autonomy in the counseling alliance. Ethical issues surrounding the development and implementation of cross‐cultural training programs are reviewed and discussed.
Personality Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics
Authors: SEEFELDT RICHARD W. , LYON MARK A.
Published: December 2011

A study that attempted to validate the characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) as presented by Woititz (1983) was conducted. Male and female college students self‐reported to be ACOAs, non‐ACOAs, or individuals who had participated in an ACOA treatment group. These groups were compared on 12 of Woititz's 13 characteristics using objective personality measures. No significant differences were found among the groups on any of the characteristics measured. The results severely question the validity of Woititz's descriptions of ACOAs. The dangers of using these characteristics in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals are discussed.
Comparison of Cognitive‐Behavioral Stress Management Techniques With Adolescent Boys
Authors: HAINS ANTHONY A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effectiveness of two cognitive‐behavioral interventions to help adolescent boys cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional arousal. One group of youths, those receiving cognitive restructuring, learned how to identify and monitor stress‐promoting cognitions, restructure these cognitions into more adaptive thoughts, and practice and apply these acquired skills. Another group of youths received anxiety management training, and they were taught to recognize cues that signal the onset of anxiety and to react to these cues using various relaxation skills to reduce the anxiety. The youths who received training were compared with a waiting list control group on measures of anxiety, anger, self‐esteem, depression, and reports of anxious self‐statements. Both groups that received the intervention showed significant reductions in levels of state and trait anxiety, state anger, anger expression, and depression. These treatment gains were maintained at an 11‐week follow‐up.
Characteristics of Academically Talented Minority Students
Authors: KERR BARBARA , COLANGELO NICHOLAS , MAXEY JAMES , CHRISTENSEN PAULA
Published: December 2011

Although there is often fierce competition among schools and universities for the recruitment of academically talented minority students, little is known about their needs, interests, and future plans. This article provides insights into the concerns of talented young minority people by describing the profiles of approximately 3,545 minority students who scored in the top 5% on the American College Test Assessment. The authors examine the relationship of specific minority group membership and gender, postsecondary educational plans, career interests, needs for services, desires for extracurricular activities, and satisfaction with educational experiences. Implications are drawn for counselors, advisers, and administrators striving to improve their ability to serve academically talented minority students.
What Counselors Should Know About the Use and Interpretation of Psychological Tests
Authors: ANASTASI ANNE
Published: December 2011

The effective use of tests in counseling depends on the choice of appropriate tests for the particular individual and problem under consideration, as well as the proper interpretation of test scores and their integration within the total assessment process. The knowledge needed for these purposes is discussed with reference to, first, statistical and technical knowledge about tests, and second, substantive psychological knowledge about the behavior domain that the tests assess. Because of the rapid accumulation of knowledge in both areas, counselors need to keep abreast of current developments through continuing efforts to update their knowledge.
What You Should Know About Behavioral Assessment
Authors: GALASSI JOHN P. , PEROT ANNETTE R.
Published: December 2011

The article provides the reader with an introduction to behavioral assessment. The assumptions and methods of behavioral assessment are described and are then compared and contrasted with those of traditional assessment. Recent developments in behavioral assessments are reviewed. Two case examples illustrate many of the principles and methods of behavioral assessment that are discussed.
A Conversation With Donald H. Blocher
Authors: CASEY JEAN M.
Published: December 2011

Donald H. Blocher has been a major contributor and advocate in the field of counseling psychology for more than 30 years. He has written six books, more than 60 book chapters and journal articles, and has had several publications translated into international journals. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, a recipient of the Distinguished Achievement Award from Harvard University, and a Fulbright Lecturer in the United Kingdom. Donald Blocher was interviewed on the occasion of his retirement after a distinguished career. In this conversation he discusses a wide range of provocative ideas as he looks back at his life as a developmental psychologist.
Twenty Major Issues in Remarriage Families
Authors: WALSH WILLIAM M.
Published: December 2011

Twenty major issues in remarriage families are identified from the professional literature and are placed in four categories: initial family issues, developing family issues, feelings about self and others, and adult issues. Each issue is discussed using citations from the primary sources. Many suggestions for counselor assessment and intervention are offered.
Predicting the Academic Success of Student‐Athletes Using SAT and Noncognitive Variables
Authors: SEDLACEK WILLIAM E. , ADAMS‐GASTON JAVAUNE
Published: December 2011

Noncognitive variables were better predictors of grades for athletes than were Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores. If is suggested that athletes be considered nontraditional students rather than student‐athletes.
Self‐Esteem Groups: A Synthesis of Consciousness‐Raising and Assertiveness Training
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the history of consciousness‐raising groups and assertiveness training, discusses the strengths and limitations of each, and proposes that the features of these two models of change can be combined in self‐esteem enhancement groups. The components and interventions associated with self‐esteem groups are outlined for counselors who wish to conduct self‐esteem enhancement experiences.
A Case for Standards of Counseling Practice
Authors: Anderson Donald
Published: December 2011

A mature counseling profession has entered the decade of the 1990s. Several factors including professionalism, accountability, health care consumerism, credentialism, and public demands for quality mental health care indicate a need for more definitive statements on standards of practice in counseling. In response to this need, an 8‐point proposal for standards of practice in mental health counseling is offered.
Counseling Adult Sex Offenders: Unique Challenges and Treatment Paradigms
Authors: Priest Ronnie , Smith Annalee
Published: December 2011

Current definitions and research literature related to characteristics of adults who sexually victimize children are reviewed. Treatment issues that may confront counselors engaged in treating adults who sexually victimize children are examined, and implications for practitioners are discussed.
Effects of Consultee Problem Presentation and Consultant Training on Consultant Problem Definition
Authors: Conoley Collie W. , Conoley Jane Close , Gumm William B.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the consultee's influence on the process of problem definition. It was hypothesized that a consultee would influence the consultant's ability to formulate specific, descriptive problems by the consultee's original problem conceptualization. The 18 doctoral student consultants represented the two groups of consultants—one group enrolled in a mental health consultation course and the other enrolled in a behavioral analysis class. In a structured consultation simulation the consultants were presented with both medical and behavioral conceptualizations. The results supported the hypothesis that the consultee's problem conceptualization influences consultants' formulation of the problem.
The Effects of Career Education Interventions on Academic Achievement: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Evans James H. , Burck Harman D.
Published: December 2011

A meta‐analysis was conducted on 67 studies of the impact of career education on academic achievement. It offered evidence of a small positive effect. Across the 67 studies analyzed, the average experimental effect size was .16. Career education interventions improved student academic achievement levels an average of .16 standard deviations over alternative or control conditions. Results support the value of career education as a contributor to academic achievement. Elementary students of average ability seem to profit the most in their academic achievement. This was particularly true if (a) they were randomly assigned to groups, (b) the career education intervention was coupled with math and language arts subject matter, (c) the intervention averaged 151 to 200 hours per 9‐month school year, and (d) the program was concluding its second year with the same students.
Personal Intervention Preferences for Alleviating Mild Depression
Authors: Thompson Charles L. , Campbell Sharon B.
Published: December 2011

The findings of a study to identify personal preferences for alleviating mild depression are presented. Preferences were classified into four treatment modalities: affective, behavioral, cognitive, and eclectic. The affective category received significantly more preferences than did the other three. Preferences were found to be related to sex and occupational level, but not to age.
Interpersonal Assessment in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Van Denburg Todd F. , Schmidt James A. , Kiesler Donald J.
Published: December 2011

This article provides a review of some of the major instruments, methodologies, and strategies available to assess clients' interpersonal functioning. The focus is on instruments that provide characterizations of clients' and counselors' overt interpersonal behavior and covert reactions translated onto interpersonal circle models. A suggested interpersonal assessment battery is presented, and how the information obtained from this battery can be applied to assist in conceptualization and treatment efforts is described.
A Response to Celmer and Winer
Authors: Lucca Christopher A. , Kahn Beverly , Martin Mechele , Marvian Sarah , Soucar Emil
Published: December 2011

According to Celmer and Winer (1990). the presence of an absolute papal ban against women who aspire to the Roman Catholic priesthood creates both a unique opportunity for investigation of vocational theory (Holland, 1985) and a rare sample for the counselor and researcher. While acknowledging our respect for this ambitious and thought‐provoking investigation, we found problems with the sample selection procedure, the choice of samples, and the instrument selection that threaten the external validity of the study. As a result of these limitations, the application of this study for the counselor and the researcher was diminished.
Wellness, Prevention, Development: The Cornerstone of the Profession
Authors: Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

The American Counseling Association's (ACA), formerly the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD), unique contribution to a wellness philosophy lies in the profession's concern for development over the life span. In this article, ACA's commitment to and proactive stance toward wellness are described, the relationship between wellness, developmental approaches, and prevention is addressed, and the debate surrounding prevention as a non‐third‐party‐reimbursable mental health service is discussed.
As If Your Life Depended on It: Promoting Cognitive Development to Promote Wellness
Authors: Hatfield Tim , Hatfield Susan Rickey
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors discuss key elements of the cognitive‐developmental perspective and the need to integrate it as an important component of the wellness model. Each speaks to the personal empowerment of every person to live a rewarding and responsible life. Each also emphasizes the ongoing promotion of growth rather than secondary prevention or remediation.
Occupational Wellness: The Integration of Career Identity and Personal Identity
Authors: Dorn Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Historically, career and vocational counseling have served as cornerstones to the counseling profession. Still, there are several survey studies that indicate that interest in career counseling among counseling professionals has eroded. Conversely, there has been an overwhelming response from counselors to the idea of wellness. The intent of this article is to encourage practicing counselors and researchers to consider career development as a key ingredient in the conceptualization of wellness. Furthermore, it is imperative that we begin to assist clients in achieving this aspect of occupational wellness through the integration of career identity and personal identity.
The Predicament‐Problem Continuum: Dealing With Stressors Outside Our Control
Authors: Fetsch Robert J.
Published: December 2011

The author developed a practical, effective way of teaching people how to refocus their energy from predicaments to problems and thereby reduce their stress levels. Feedback about using the technique was positive. Benefits and limitations are discussed.
Psychoeducational Interventions for Stress Management and Well‐Being
Authors: Romano John L.
Published: December 2011

The importance of educating students about stress and stress management is emphasized, because students will confront stressors throughout their life span. In this article the author summarizes major stress theories and shows how stress theory and stress management strategies can be integrated into existing school curricula.
Three Generations: The Continuing Evolution of Frederic Kuder's Interest Inventories
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author reviews the history of Frederic Kuder's work in interest measurement and the development of two of his interest inventories currently in use—the Kuder General Interest Survey and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey. Features of the inventories' most recent editions are discussed, emphasizing those that distinguish them from other popular interest measures. In addition, a third‐generation Kuder inventory is briefly described.
DSM‐IV Progress Report
Authors: Hohenshil Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

It is clear that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM‐IV) will become one of the most frequently used reference documents in the counseling profession. It is the purpose of this article to describe the progress being made in the development of the DSM‐IV, which is scheduled for publication in 1994. The revision process as well as proposed organizational changes and new diagnostic categories are described. In addition, the implications of the DSM‐IV for counselor practice are described.
Multicultural Issues in Consultation
Authors: Jackson Dennis N. , Hayes Denise Hughley
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors examine the historical development of consultation and superimpose multicultural theories and models onto several traditional consultation models. Included in this article is a selective review of literature from consultation, communication, and education as they relate to multicultural issues. An ethical imperative for the consultant is made to acknowledge, validate, and implement multicultural sensitivity.
A Taoist Paradigm of EAP Consultation
Authors: Gerstein Lawrence H. , Sturmer Paul
Published: December 2011

Recently, professionals of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have offered consultation services to a diverse clientele, thus necessitating an understanding of the complexity of problems and structures of various organizational systems and subsystems. In this article the authors describe a new Taoist paradigm as an alternative approach to conceptualizing the consultation process and to formulating successful, isomorphic interventions constructed to facilitate four change processes. The paradigm presented stresses the following: the importance of interrelationships between individuals and groups; integrating repulsion and assimilation forces; balancing human and economic factors: cooperation; reinforcing strengths rather than weaknesses; encouraging solutions instead of problems; and respecting the consultee's structure and behavior.
Enhancing Consultee Problem‐Solving Skills in Consultative Interactions
Authors: Zins Joseph E.
Published: December 2011

Selected empirical research on consultative problem solving is reviewed. Although there is general support for the effectiveness of consultation in resolving a variety of presenting problems and in improving consultees' skills for solving future problems, there is a need for additional methods to facilitate the process. Direct training of consultees in behavior management, communication, and consultation process skills is advocated as one means of attaining this goal.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1992–1993
Authors: Smith Janice L.
Published: December 2011

The activities of the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee are summarized for the year 1992–1993. Complaints received and adjudicated by the committee as well as formal inquiries regarding ethical conduct are summarized.
Counseling in the Era of AIDS
Authors: Dworkin Sari H. , Pincu Lester
Published: December 2011

The AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) crisis is affecting greater numbers of people, and counselors are being called upon to work with this population. Counseling roles have expanded, and counselors have been thrust into the medical, social service, and political spheres. In this article the authors describe the role of the counselor in the era of AIDS; psychological reactions to a chronic, stigmatized, and ultimately fatal illness; and the special needs of specific populations (gay men, families and friends of gay men, gay youth, significant others, people of color, heterosexual women and lesbians, college students, substance abusers, and the “worried well”). The authors also examine the effects of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) illness and AIDS on the care giver. Counseling interventions are described throughout the article.
Preventing AIDS via Education
Authors: House Reese M. , Walker Catherine M.
Published: December 2011

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) education is the only effective method of reducing the transmission of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) disease. The authors of this article compare the AIDS epidemic to past epidemics, including social and political responses. Populations at risk for HIV infection are identified, and the authors discuss current social and economic factors affecting AIDS education programs. Recommendations are made and resources are identified for starting a community‐based AIDS education program.
The Influence of Counselor Trainee Anger‐Proneness and Anger Discomfort on Reactions to an Angry Client
Authors: Sharkin Bruce S. , Gelso Charles J.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors explored the relationship between counselor trainee anger‐proneness and anger discomfort and trainees' reactions to an angry client. A total of 38 of trainees viewed and gave their reactions to a videotape of an angry client‐actress. There were two dependent variables in the study: discomfort with and anger toward the client. Trainee anger‐proneness and anger discomfort scores were positively and significantly related to discomfort with and anger toward the client. Implications for future research and training are discussed.
Experimental Construct Validity of the Outcomes of Study Skills Training and Career Counseling as Treatments for the Retention of At‐Risk Students
Authors: Polansky Joan , Horan John J. , Hanish Christine
Published: December 2011

The authors evaluated the separate and combined effects of study skills training and career counseling on student retention. Participants who were at high risk for dropping out of college were randomly assigned to one of four treatment or control conditions. The study‐skills‐alone treatment had a significant impact on retention; all of these participants continued their enrollment in the following two semesters. Career‐counseling‐alone and a combined (study skills plus career counseling) treatment did not register significant effects. Participants who received the study‐skills‐alone treatment also achieved significantly greater academic success; 88% had grade point averages (GPAs) equal to or greater than 2.0, whereas most other treatment and control participants had GPAs lower than 2.0 and were placed on academic probation. Issues relevant to the construct validity of these changes are discussed.
A New integrated Battery of Psychological Surveys
Authors: Campbell David P.
Published: December 2011

The Campbell Development Surveys™ constitutes an integrated battery of five surveys covering organizational satisfaction, leadership characteristics, interests and skills, team morale, and community life. All of the surveys have a common set of features: identical item formats (although different contents), homogeneous scoring scales, standard T scores, procedural checks, and similar profile reports. Each survey is described; the normative process is reported, and illustrative data for a variety of samples are presented. Comments are made on the survey development process, and applications of these surveys are discussed.
Fundamental Issues in Defining Consultation
Authors: Kurpius DeWayne J. , Fuqua Dale R.
Published: December 2011

Understanding and articulating one's definition of consultation is essential for successful consultation to occur. Early definitions presented the consultant primarily as a one‐an‐one content expert. Today there are many definitions ranging from the original one‐on‐one content expert to system‐wide operations. Several different definitions are reviewed and presented for consideration, The main issues that surround the operational definitions of consultation are also included. The final conclusion is that consultants define consultation depending on their work setting, educational backgrounds, goals, and conceptual models.
The Counselor as Consultant in the Collaborative School
Authors: West J. Frederick , Idol Lorna
Published: December 2011

A collaborative work environment has been consistently cited as a characteristic of schools that effectively respond to the diverse needs of students. Because of their role and related skills, counselors seem uniquely positioned to have a significant impact on the development or enhancement of team structures and staff relationships within a collaborative school. Educational collaboration and its relationship to school consultation as a structured planning, decision‐making, and problem‐solving process is described. Characteristics of a collaborative school and its organizational structures are identified. Roles and related skills the counselor can use in providing leadership in developing and implementing collaborative teams in the school are articulated.
Community‐Based Interventions: A Return to Community Mental Health Centers' Origins
Authors: Werner John L. , Tyler J. Michael
Published: December 2011

Consultation services offered by community mental health centers (CMHC) have gone through several significant changes since the signing of the Community Mental Health Center Act of 1963 (The President's Commission on Mental Health, 1978). Initially, consultation and education services were an integral part of the CMHC mission. With the passage of additional legislation that promoted a shift in focus, consultation services declined. By 1981, with the passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (Cutler, 1992) national mental health policy was adrift. Consultation and education were no longer seen as central components of mental health services, which increasingly were tied to acute care hospitalization. With a renewed focus on consultation and education, a coherent mental health policy can be reintroduced at the community level.
Directions in Consultation Research: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice
Authors: Froehle Thomas C. , Rominger Robert L.
Published: December 2011

The authors promote the application of research findings to consultation and suggest directions for practice‐relevant consultation research. The authors suggest that consultation research is in an early evolutionary stage and that further development depends on resolving several fundamental issues. Three approaches to consultation research are discussed: naturalistic studies, single‐case designs, and alternative means of determining significance. Representative research in three areas of interest (consultant practice, consulting process, and consultation interventions) is reviewed, and criteria for evaluating research are discussed. The authors conclude with comments on operationalizing the scientist‐practitioner ideal in consultation research and practice.
A Multicontextual Model of Counseling: Bridging Brevity and Diversity
Authors: Steenbarger Brett N.
Published: December 2011

Practice trends in counseling have emphasized the values of brevity and diversity in the delivery of services. In this article the author reviews central elements of brief therapy and multicultural counseling, highlighting the tension created by their differing developmental assumptions. Drawing on recent science and practice literature, the article outlines and illustrates an integrative, multicontextual model of counseling that bridges these important trends by intervening at the interface between individuals and their physical, social, and cultural contexts.
Ethical Issues in Counseling Adult Survivors of Incest
Authors: Daniluk Judith C. , Haverkamp Beth E.
Published: December 2011

Most counselors working with an adult clientele are faced with negotiating the many ethical dilemmas that occur when counseling adult survivors of child sexual abuse. In this article, the primary ethical concerns encountered in the treatment of adult survivors are addressed. Meta‐ethical principles are identified for guiding ethical decision making in dealing with issues that arise in the survivor's relationships with the counselor, the abuser, and other family members.
Constructive Development and Career Transition: Implications for Counseling
Authors: McAuliffe Garrett J.
Published: December 2011

The ability to effectively manage career transition may be related to an individual's meaning‐making framework, or constructive development. The implications of constructive developmental theory for career choice and implementation are explored. The interplay between career transition and developmental transformation is examined, and counseling strategies for assisting such transformation are proposed. Case illustrations are offered.
Reassessing Predictors of Therapist Competence
Authors: Herman Keith C.
Published: December 2011

Clinicians frequently cite theoretical orientation and training as the central aspects of therapist competence: however, research has indicated that neither is predictive of therapy outcome. Instead, nonspecific factors such as therapist personal characteristics may be the primary determinants of successful outcome. A redefinition of therapist competence is necessary to complement the continued search for significant predictors of therapy outcome.
School Adjustment and Small‐Group Therapy: An Israeli Study
Authors: Shechtman Zipora
Published: December 2011

In this study the author examines the effects ofsmall‐group therapy on school adjustment. It included 73 elementary students assessed by school faculty as poorly adjusted and in need of counseling. A pre‐post‐test comparison group design was used. Based on a 10‐item teacher evaluation, results indicated significant progress for the experimental students in their interpersonal relationships, behavior, and some achievement scores.
Counselor Sex Role Orientation, Flexibility, and Working Alliance Formation
Authors: Kivlighan Dennis M. , Clements Lisa , Blake Christopher , Arnzen Alicia , Brady Lisa
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the hypothesized relationship among counselor androgyny, counselor flexibility, and the establishment of client‐rated working alliances. In Study 1, 41 counseling students completed the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1981a) and the Counselor Behavior Analysis Inventory (Gabbard, Howard, & Dunfee, 1986). Contrary to the hypothesis, there was no relationship between androgyny and counseling flexibility. In Study 2, 42 counseling students completed the BSRI and videotaped counseling sessions with a recruited client. Analyses revealed a significant relationship between counselor flexibility and client ratings of working alliance, but no relationship between counselor androgyny and counselor flexibility. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Alexander W. Astin: Higher Education's Relentless Reformer
Authors: Bloland Paul A.
Published: December 2011

Alexander “Sandy” W. Astin of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), probably the most prolific and influential researcher in American (U.S.) higher education today, talks about his development as a professional in the field, his mentors, his professional contributions, his personal development, his family, dual career issues, and his hopes for the future of the field.
On Technical Eclecticism
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A. , Beutler Larry E.
Published: December 2011

Differences among unsystematic eclecticism, theoretical integrationism, and technical eclecticism are underscored. A brief case history is presented to demonstrate how and why a combination of theories, and a smorgasbord conception of eclecticism, yields clinical confusion rather than therapeutic precision. Unless counseling and psychotherapy are tied to empirical efficacy, the field is likely to become (or remain) a quasi‐religious philosophy rather than a scientific enterprise. We explain why atheoretical or mechanistic procedures must be replaced by specific types of theories with a view to prescriptive matching on the basis of diagnostic entities, problem clusters, and interpersonal characteristics of clients. We contend that systematic, technical eclecticism may represent the Zeitgeist in counseling and psychotherapy well into the 21st century.
Anger and Gender: Theory, Research, and Implications
Authors: Sharkin Bruce S.
Published: December 2011

The idea that women and men differ significantly in the experience and expression of anger continues to be a popular one in the psychological and counseling literature, even though there is little empirical support for it. In this article the author examines theoretical perspectives on female and male anger and provides a review of studies that have explored anger as a function of gender. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Supervision of Beginning and Advanced Graduate Students of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Ronnestad Michael Helge , Skovholt Thomas M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive picture of supervision for the beginning and the advanced graduate student of counseling and psychotherapy. Even though early‐level supervision is generally characterized by high levels of structure, a didactic orientation, and a skill focus, it is argued that supervision should encourage continuous reflection at all levels of expertise. For the beginning student, the impact of performance anxiety and the advantages and disadvantages of modeling are examined. For advanced students, tension in supervision is considered and the rationale for an explicit contract is explained. For both levels, the quality of the supervisory relationship is considered critical for effective supervision,
Extending Holland's Hexagon: Procedures, Counseling Applications, and Research
Authors: Prediger Dale , Swaney Kyle , Mau Wei‐Cheng
Published: December 2011

Since its introduction nearly 25 years ago, Holland's (1985) hexagon has remained in skeletal form. The hexagon is used to depict similarities and differences among occupations—but only six general types of occupations. The authors show in this article how to extend the basic concepts embodied in the hexagon. Procedures for locating counselees and occupations on the hexagon are illustrated. These procedures, which are compatible with scores from a wide variety of assessment instruments, can help counselees identify and explore occupational options. The authors also report research on the hexagon locations of 27 career groups.