bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Theoretical and Methodological Principles of Forming the Economic Security System of Industrial Enterprise
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Tkachenko T. P.
Published: September 2021

The article is aimed at improving the theoretical and methodological principles and formalizing the methodological provision of the processes of formation of a comprehensive system of economic security of industrial enterprises. The article analyzes the theoretical principles of interpretation and management of the economic security system of enterprises. In particular, it is defined that modern scientific define the economic security system as an aggregate of elements that provide protection along with threat assessment. The author proposes to consider the concept of «economic security system» as an aggregate of resource elements and functions for harmonization of interests, complexity, flexibility, interaction and coherence of space, which determines the economic efficiency of adaptability of units, management elements, subsystems and allows comprehensively and fully diagnosing risks and threats, potential deviations, as well as substantiating the cost of resources for the systematic provision of security of industrial enterprise. A functional-resource approach to the formation of the economic security system is substantiated. Internal incentives and motivators of the formation of the economic security system are formalized, which are disclosed through structural elements of the system and process flows in the internal environment of the enterprise. To activate the resource and functional elements, it is necessary to establish the goals of the system formation and formalize their species composition. This will allow to determine and substantiate the cost of security provision, minimization of risks and the instrumentarium of the organizational and economic security mechanism. The article describes elements of the security space, which include the resource and functional constituents, methodological means of diagnostics and regulation, as well as economic agents who are in contact with external actors. Motivators, strategic guidances and tasks of its development are defined as strategic elements of the economic security system. The formation of the economic security system of industrial enterprises should be based on the conceptual coordination of elements and functions in accordance with the subjective impact of the environment, as well as on strengthening innovation and integration processes and increasing the cost of preventive activities. The specified aspects are implemented through the instrumentarium of organizational management, which is formalized through the subjects, object, tasks and directions of ensuring economic security.
Estrategia didáctica para fortalecer las competencias de producción mediática desde la comunicación para el desarrollo
Authors:   Universidad de Colima, México, Navarrete Vega Mabel , Romero González Rosa María ,   Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México
Published: September 2021

Con relación a la formación de los comunicadores, se parte de la convicción de que es necesario fortalecer sus competencias de producción mediática desde experiencias que les permitan comprender el proceso integral de producción desde una comunicación responsable, crítica y democrática. La metodología del estudio es exploratoria y cuantitativa, con la aplicación de una encuesta a estudiantes de Comunicación y Periodismo de la Universidad de Colima se buscó conocer sus percepciones sobre el nivel de competencias para desarrollar productos mediáticos desde la comunicación para el desarrollo. Los resultados reflejan que en la mayoría de los ítems sobre producción mediática y gestión de proyectos los encuestados no se consideran capaces de realizar la acción de forma autónoma. La información obtenida permite ofrecer una propuesta didáctica que fortalezca competencias vinculadas a la producción mediática como las habilidades digitales, de gestión de proyectos y responsabilidad social.
Promoción de la lectura digital: un estudio de caso entre oficinistas universitarios
Authors:   Universidad Veracruzana, México, Sánchez Sosa Erika Rubi , Jarvio Fernández Antonia Olivia ,   Universidad Veracruzana, México, Ojeda Ramírez Mario Miguel ,   Universidad Veracruzana, México
Published: September 2021

El presente trabajo reporta un proyecto de intervención de fomento de la lectura realizado con empleados de áreas administrativas de la Universidad Veracruzana (UV) en México, algunos con nivel licenciatura y otros con posgrado. La intervención se enmarca en la teoría sociocultural y el dialogismo, bajo la metodología de investigación-acción. Se analizan aspectos conceptuales sobre la lectura por placer, la lectura digital y la importancia de su promoción. Los empleados se encuentran familiarizados con las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC), por ello la propuesta buscó aprovechar y ampliar estas experiencias. Se usó un blog para gestionar las lecturas, además del correo electrónico, y una red social para mantener un contacto cercano entre la coordinadora de la intervención y los asistentes. Para reforzar el diálogo y promoción de la lectura se realizaron 13 sesiones presenciales en las áreas de trabajo. Esto permitió eludir la limitación del tiempo disponible de los participantes. Se constató el impacto positivo en la percepción de la lectura digital por placer a partir del diálogo presencial y virtual. El grupo mejoró su cohesión y habilidades lectoras, aspectos benéficos para el desarrollo de sus actividades y por ende para la institución donde laboran.
ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF QUARTER-LIFE CRISIS PADA LULUSAN PERGURUAN TINGGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK MUSI CHARITAS
Authors: Riyanto Agustinus , Arini Diana Putri
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT: QUARTER-LIFE CRISIS DESCRIPTVE ANALYSIS ON COLLEGE GRADUATES OF KATOLIK MUSI CHARITAS UNIVERSITY Quarter-life crisis is a phenomenon of anxiety over the age of 20, which is the transition from late adolescence to adulthood. The research objective was to reveal the quarter-life crisis phenomenon in freshmen graduates. Research participants were 115 graduate students for the 2019 and 2020 periods from the  Catholic University of Musi Charitas. The analysis technique used is statistical description analysis, data collection using a quarter-life crisis scale which is given online using WhatsApp Group. Based on the research results, it was found that 86% of students experienced a quarter-life crisis. Based on the results of interviews, the anxiety experienced by students was related to careers which were considered difficult to find suitable jobs and feelings of being trapped with jobs because of financial needs. This research is a preliminary study to analyze the quarter-life crisis. It is hoped that this research can be continued to look at various other variables that are thought to have contributed to the quarter-life crisis. Keywords: quarter-life crisis, anxiety, college graduates Quarter-life crisis adalah fenomena kecemasan di usia 20 tahun keatas yang merupakan transisi masa remaja akhir menuju masa dewasa muda. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengungkap fenomena quarter-life crisis pada mahasiswa baru lulus. Partisipan penelitian adalah 115 mahasiswa lulusan periode 2019 dan 2020 dari Universitas Katolik Musi Charitas. Teknik Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskripsi statistika, pengumpulan data menggunakan skala quarter-life crisis yang diberikan secara daring menggunakan whatsapp group. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan ada 86% mahasiswa yang mengalami quarter-life crisis. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara, kecemasan yang dialami mahasiswa berhubungan dengan karir yang dianggap sulit untuk mencari pekerjaan yang sesuai dan perasaan terjebak dengan pekerjaan karena kebutuhan finansial. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal untuk menganalisa quarter-life crisis, harapannya penelitian ini dapat diteruskan untuk melihat berbagai variabel lain yang diduga berkontribusi terhadap quarter-life crisis. Kata kunci : quarterlife-crisis, kecemasan, lulusan perguruan tinggi
HUBUNGAN ANTARA INTENSITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM DENGAN HARGA DIRI
Authors: Dalila Firda , Putri Asri Mutiara , Harkina Prida
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INTENSITY OF INSTAGRAM SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE WITH SELF ESTEEM  Self-esteem is formed by interactions with other people. At present, social interaction can not only be done in the real world but can also be done in the virtual world, through social media such as Instagram. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the intensity of Instagram social media usage and self-esteem. This research is a quantitative study with a correlational design. The sample in this study were 205 undergraduate students of Malahayati University, aged between 17 to 25 years. The data in this study were obtained using an Instagram social media intensity usage questionnaire and a self-esteem scale. The results of data analysis using Spearman's rho show that there is a significant positive relationship between intensity of Instagram social media usage and self-esteem. Keywords: Intensity of Social Media Usage, Instagram, Self Esteem Harga diri terbentuk dari interaksi dengan orang lain. Saat ini untuk melakukan interaksi sosial tidak hanya dapat dilakukan didunia nyata namun juga dapat dilakukan didunia maya, melalui media sosial seperti instagram. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara intensitas penggunaan media sosial instagram dengan harga diri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain korelasional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 205 mahasiswa S1 Universitas Malahayati, berusia antara 17 sampai 25 tahun. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner intensitas penggunaan media sosial instagram dan skala harga diri. Hasil analisis data menggunakan Spearman’s rho menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara intensitas penggunaan media sosial instagram dengan harga diri. Kata Kunci: Intensitas Penggunaan Media Sosial, Instagram, Harga Diri
COMPARATIVE TEACHING EXAMPLE RELATED TO COURSE ACTIVITIES DEVELOPING TRANSFER SKILL IN PROBLEM SOLVING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PROGRAMS IN SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA REGION
Authors: Ültanır Y. Gürcan
Published: September 2021

As of 2004-2005 school year, principles of constructivism have been adopted to a great extent in the education system of Turkey. In the present study, the lessons were video recorded in order to observe the activities to develop the transfer skills used in problem solving by the students attending 4th and 5th grades of elementary schools in Tarsus province of Icel in Southeast Anatolian Region. Moreover, lessons were also video recorded in order to observe the problem solving behaviors of the 6th grade Turkish students attending Turkish language lessons given by a Turkish teacher in Linden province of Hannover in Germany. The lessons given in Linden and Tarsus were compared in terms of “environment and process” through tables. It was concluded that the environmental conditions existing in the elementary school in Southeast Anatolian Region are not suitable for constructivist applications and here, it was observed that direct instruction model was continuously in use. On the other hand, at the school in the Linden region, while transfer skills necessary for real life are being developed, “asking question and discussion” behaviors are also gained.
Key words: inert / flexible knowledge; direct instruction model; invention; self-explaining.
CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND LITERACY PRACTICES OF YOUNG PEOPLE, ADULTS AND SENIORS IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE SOUTH
Authors: de Oliveira Ivanilde Apoluceno , da Mota Neto João Colares
Published: September 2021

In this article we discuss the cultural knowledge and educational practices of young people, adults and seniors linked to literacy classes of a Popular Education center at a public university in the Brazilian Amazon. The study deals specifically about cultural knowledge built in these literacy practices developed in non-school spaces, as coastal communities, hospitals, community center and asylum. The focus of debate is the contribution of the practices of popular education analyzed to epistemologies of the South, understood in view of the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos, as a set of epistemological interventions that challenge the denial of knowledge and / or colonized people, value the knowledge that resisted successfully and investigate the conditions of a horizontal dialogue between knowledge. The data in this article were obtained through research with qualitative approach, involving 30 teachers and students, allowing the construction of knowledge cartographies. The results show that the literacy practices analyzed, because they are based on dialogical and humanistic thought-liberating the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, help to give visibility to multiple competencies which express the social diversity of the Amazon region.
Key words: cultural knowledge, literacy practices, young people and adults’ education, Brazilian Amazon, epistemology of the South.
SCHOOL-AGE CARE, AN IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTION
Authors: Karlsudd Peter
Published: September 2021

In the doctoral dissertation "Children with intellectual disability in the integrated school-age care system" the extent and goal fulfilment of after-school recreation centre activities in 19 Swedish municipalities were studied. The study gave high marks to these centres for integrating intellectually disabled children into their activities. The empirics of the dissertation revealed, however, a number of warning signals, which indicated an increase in offering “special solutions” to these children.
This article will contain a comparison between the study from 1999 and the one carried out in the spring of 2011. The two studies have followed the same question construction in order to achieve a comparison over time. The aim of study, focusing on children received into schools for the intellectually disabled was to evaluate to what extent integrated activities occurred and to look for factors with a positive impact on the quality of those after-school activities which gathered children from these and compulsory schools in the same groups.
On the basis of the comparison made between the 12 years that have passed from the earlier to the later study, it must be regretfully concluded that segregated activities have gained a firm hold on the activities of after-school recreation care centres.
Key words: after-school activities, inclusion, integrated, intellectual disability, school-age care system.
SELF-ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF TEACHER’S WELL-BEING
Authors: Liepa Diana , Dudkina Aija , Sile Maruta
Published: September 2021

Our dynamic life brings changes not only into our daily life, but in thinking and the way to work and to learn as well. We have to be faster and more flexible in order to develop our professional, social and civic competencies. Education helps to develop the attitudes, skills and knowledge necessary to make informed decisions for the benefit of themselves and others, now and in the future, and to act upon these decisions. That is why teachers have to find the best ways in acquiring professional competencies and in developing their individual qualities. The teacher’s role in the educational process has always been vital. Especial significance is being attached to the teacher’s personality and professional growth, the teacher’s satisfaction with the life in general and their abilities’ conformity to the demands of the profession. The teacher’s satisfaction serves as a motivation factor in order to advance the educator’s professional competence (high mastery). The teacher’s as a professional’s advancement is closely connected with his personality development. The human’s personality in general influences positively the professional adaptation, promotes professional creativity, safeguards from professional obsoleteness. The teacher’s personality maintains the professional expertise, promotes professional competences’ advancement. There are relationships between aspects of teacher’s well-being and student’s learning, job performance or other aspects of teaching effectiveness. The teacher’s well-being influences the effectiveness of student’s learning.
Key words: compensation, dissatisfaction, professional development, satisfaction with work.
REPERTORY GRID ANALYSIS AND CONCEPT MAPPING: PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
Authors: McCloughlin Thomas J.J. , Matthews Philip S. C.
Published: September 2021

'Repertory grid analysis' was used as a way of constructing representations of learners conceptions of living things; and finding a common structure or understanding; this was described in previous work. 'Concept mapping' has been stated as an appropriate assessment procedure in science curricula in a number of countries. Previous relevant published work describing the benefits of 'concept mapping' as a learning, teaching, and assessing tool is large. However, the existence of a large literature is not justification in itself, and in this work we provide a critique of the current literature. Problems with 'concept mapping' are simply ignored. However, it is thought that 'repertory grid analysis' does overcome some of the recognized problems of 'concept mapping' such as: i) comparison of concept maps between students or between students and educators: in repertory grid this becomes not only possible but a reliable method - this has proven to be one of the more problematic areas in traditional 'concept mapping'; ii) quantification of concept mapping - integer scoring of whole concept maps in 'repertory grid analysis' is eliminated since the arranged structure of the graph produced holds significance for the conceptual structure. More research needs to be done in repertory grid analysis and its implications and applications in curricular research have yet to be fully explored.
Key words: concept mapping, conceptual frameworks, repertory grid analysis.
Potential utilization of quartz sand and kaolin from tin mine tailings for whitewares
Authors: Subari  , Erlangga Bagus D , Maryani Eneng , Arifin Danang Nor
Published: September 2021

Purpose. To do experimental research into the potential utilization of residual quartz-based sands and kaolin from the tin mine tailings in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia. Methods. Process of raw materials beneficiation by washing, vibration on the screen, magnetic separation. Manufacturing whiteware from beneficiated quartz sand, beneficiated kaolin, ball clay and feldspar. The whiteware properties were analyzed in terms of shrinkage, water absorption, flexural strength, and whiteness index. Findings. The amount of iron oxide in the quartz sand and the kaolin was reduced by beneficiation process from 1.12% and 1.06 to 0.51% and 0.5%, respectively. The whiteware specimens showed the required physical and mechanical properties. Thus, these raw materials can principally be utilized for the manufacture of whiteware ceramic items with whiteness index up to 68.3. Originality. Quartz sand and kaolin extracted from tin mine tailings were used after beneficiation of raw materials for whiteware manufacture. Practical implications. This research can provide practical solution to the problem related to mine tailings rich in quartz and kaolin which can be utilized for manufacturing whiteware. Keywords: tin mine tailings, quartz sand, kaolin, magnetic separation, whiteware ceramics
Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Passing Bawah Bola Voli	Dengan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Massed Practice
Authors: Imistauma Ahmad , Kusuma Lalu Sapta Wijaya , Imran Ali
Published: September 2021

The following reaserch intends for intensifying volleyball lower passing skills at 1st grade students in SMP Satu Atap 3 Pringgasela. This kind of Classroom Action Reaserch (CAR) aims to fix and increase learning quality and recover teachers to solve several learning problems at school. This reaserch uses Practice Massed Method in 2 Cycles that consists a plan, implementation, action, observation, and evaluation/reflection. The samples in this reaserchis 12 students from 1st grade. The results show that volleyball lower passusing massed practice  method at  1st grade of SMP Satu Atap 3 Pringgasela increased from cycle 1 got 5 students (41.6%) passed and 7 students (58.3%) unpassed. And from cycle 2 shows 9 students (75%) passed and 3 students (25%) unpassed. According to the result can be stated an incrase occurs 33%  in cycle 1 and  2.
Determinants of Capital Structure Using Profitability as Moderating in Indonesia’s Property and Real Estate Firms
Authors: Tamba Cecilia Anggie O. , Purwanto Purwanto
Published: September 2021

The research aim is to examine determinant factors of Indonesia's property and real estate firms capital structure listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This is a quantitative research which taken 72 observation data from 12 companies audited financial statement and fulfilled certain criteria. Processing through classical assumption tests and multivariate analysis with the help of the EViews 10 software instrument. The results show that tangibility assets, business risk, and firm size have a significant influence on capital structure partially, but sales growth and liquidity have insignificant. The determination coefficient is 42.83%  and the proportion is included in the strong criteria. Profitability as a moderating variable weakens the effect of business risk but strengthens the effect of firm size on the debt to equity ratio, further determining the company's ability to pay off its debt which is of great concern to investors and creditors. Furthermore, as a consideration for choosing the composition of a good funding decision in Indonesia.
Nineteenth-Century Pygmalions: The Sexual Politics of Tactility
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the prevalence of the Pygmalion myth in Victorian fiction, considering works that have received comparatively little critical attention: George MacDonald’s Phantastes (1858), William Morris’s ‘Pygmalion and the Image’ from The Earthly Paradise (1868-1870), and Thomas Woolner’s Pygmalion (1881). Opening with a discussion of Ovid’s Pygmalion and its influence on Romantic and late-Romantic writing, this chapter focuses on the ways in which the aesthetic and sexual concerns it raises inform and complicate negotiations of heterosexual desire and the ‘purity’ of the artist in the Victorian texts discussed. Demonstrating the slippage between living and sculpted women in such expressions of eroticism, this chapter explores the tensions between touch, animation and stasis that are at the heart of the book.
Artworks in Marble: Capturing Venus in Durable Form
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by emphasising the role played by Venus Aphrodite in the animation of Galatea. It considers the prevalence of Venus sculptures in Arthur O’Shaughnessy’s ‘Thoughts in Marble’ series, which appear in Songs of a Worker (1881), and in Thomas Hardy’s The Well-Beloved (1897). It examines these writers’ conflation of creativity, aesthetics and eroticism through metaphors of moulding and sculpting, before focusing on the role played by sculpture in the memorialisation of the dead in their texts.
‘Of marble men and maidens’: Sculptural Transformations
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes as its starting point the fact that Hawthorne’s novel, The Marble Faun; or The Romance of Monte Beni, was also published under the title Transformation (1860), thus suggesting a tension between animation and stasis that is implicitly explored in the text. It examines the connections between Hawthorne’s work and Henry James’s early novel Roderick Hudson (1875). Drawing on both writers’ relationships with circles of sculptors, artists, and writers in Rome, this chapter considers the mediation of desire between protagonists in The Marble Faun and Roderick Hudson through key sculptural figures and metaphors of touch that contribute to the recognition, and eventual burial, of unruly desires.
Between Death and Sleep: Libidinal Entombments
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter focuses on the role played by funerary monuments in the mediation of sexual expression and repression. It considers the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by Jacopo della Quercia, and its importance in the writings of John Ruskin and Michael Field, before going on to explore the broader significance of entombment in the literary texts discussed in the preceding chapters.
Ways of Being: Identity and Hollywood Animation
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how contemporary animated films have negotiated changes in attitudes towards individual and group identity, particularly (though not exclusively) in relation to gender, sexuality, race and ethnicity. One of the central projects of post-1990s Hollywood animation is that of accommodating difference. This is partly a matter of commercial pragmatism: films must address a pluralistic, global audience to remain profitable, and therefore must be able to reconcile a multitude of different interests, backgrounds and perspectives. However, it also responds to current debates regarding the social desirability, and the political capital, of diversity in its many forms. This chapter is concerned not only with how different kinds of identity are represented in contemporary animation, but also how valorisations of difference are reconciled with the utopianism traditionally embodied by the Hollywood family film.
Harvard lectures, fall semester 1926
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by George Perrigo Conger, Everett John Nelson, Lester Snow King, Gardner Jackson, and George Bosworth Burch during Whitehead’s class ‘Philosophy 3b: Philosophy of Science’. The topics covered in these thirty-six lectures are wide-ranging, but the focus is largely on metaphysics and the intersection of philosophy and science.
Introduction
Authors: Connelly Stephen
Published: September 2021

In his book, Creation and Anarchy, Georgio Agamben writes that ‘it is … worth reflecting on the fundamental function that modal verbs develop in our culture and in philosophy in particular’.1 Agamben has in mind the modal verb ‘to be able to’ which he links to Aristotelean conception of potential (...
Power and Obligation in the Elementa Iuris Naturalis: The State Space
Authors: Connelly Stephen
Published: September 2021

In the Elementa Iuris Naturalis Leibniz changes tack and attempts a deontic theory of right and obligation. Drawing together our results from earlier chapters, this theory is examined in light of Leibniz’s views on power, and this chapter argues that in the place of power Leibniz posits the notion of a ‘state space’ which determines the obligations of the world of rational animals.
Electricity Comes to the Countryside: Visual Representations of a Connected Countryside in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Shirley Rosemary
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, Rosemary Shirley analyses an extensive range of visual propaganda, diagrams and informational drawings from the British Electrical Development Agency (BEDA) published during the interwar years, advancing a reading of the English countryside as a place of networked inter-connection, rather than the more usual characterisation of remoteness and isolation. Materials focussing on rural electrificiation are particularly instructive for studies of rural modernity because they are relatively rare examples of material designed to communicate ideas about the countryside and modernity to the people who lived and worked in rural places. Through analysis of BEDA’s facinating contribution to the visual cultures of rural modernity, this chapter aims to complicate received ideas of the rural as a victim of modernity, building instead an understanding of the English countryside and its inhabitants as active agents in processes which continue to shape our understanding of what it means to be rural.
Windmills and Woodblocks: Agnes Miller Parker, Wood Engraving and the Popular Press in Interwar Britain
Authors: Bluemel Kristin
Published: September 2021

Using artist and wood engraver Agnes Miller Parker’s career as a case study, Kristin Bluemel argues that the so-called wood engraving revival reached its symbolic consolidation as an elite practice for the masses only upon the successful integration of Miller Parker’s wood engravings in the 1930s nature books of Victor Gollancz. Miller Parker’s illustrated editions of H. E. Bates’s Through the Woods (1936) and Down the River (1937) confirmed in the public imagination associations of the black and white forms of wood engraving with rustic landscapes and natural subjects even as it was seen to ‘elevate’ into art the mass marketed Gollancz books in which these wood engravings appeared. This chapter shows how circulations between antique ‘craft’, modern reproductive print technologies, and rural subjects placed Parker and her art at the centre of the drama of modernity even as she tried to conduct a quiet life on Britain’s rural peripheries.
Eden in Sussex: Atheist Moderns and the Berwick Church Murals
Authors: Leaper Hana , Mills Polly
Published: September 2021

After war broke out in 1939, Bloomsbury artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant accepted a commission from Dr. George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, to design murals for Berwick church. This chapter discusses the realisation of these unique works within a framework of Bell and Grant’s Charleston House location, their pacifism and atheism, their adoption of rural life and decoration of Charleston. A major theme is exploration of the relationship between dissenting voices in the local Sussex community and the support from the church and artistic establishments that overrode these concerns. Hana Leaper and Polly Mills explore why this project was so high on the nation’s wartime cultural agenda. Rather than dismissing Bell’s and Grant’s work in Sussex as irrelevant to twentieth-century culture, their chapter demonstrates that Bell and Grant’s move to the countryside and privileging of the domestic, local, and everyday made them pivotal to a thriving rural modernist culture.
Introduction: Incompatible Bishops?
Authors: Ellis Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers an overview of Bishop Studies in the last 40 years. It analyses the posthumous publication of Bishop’s poems, prose, letters and unpublished material and identifies different phrases of criticism via influential readings of Bishop’s work. In the second half of the chapter, new trends in Bishop Studies are identified, alongside a consideration of Bishop’s presence in films, paintings and other media and her influence on contemporary writing.
‘The color of the world all together’: Elizabeth Bishop’s Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Waite Amy
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Bishop’s fascination with material entanglements, and the curious posthuman figures that emerge in her work. It argues that Bishop’s poems encourage strange encounters between the human and the non-human, opening up ontological borders and celebrating the various processes of merger and radical intra-relation that continuously constitute and reconstitute our world. Reading Bishop alongside contemporary posthuman theory, the chapter presents Bishop as a poet preoccupied with what Karen Barad terms ‘diffraction patterns’ or ‘interference effects’.
‘This heaped-up autobiography’: The Role of Religion in Elizabeth Bishop’s Poetry
Authors: Inhoff Marcel
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines poems from Bishop’s early, middle and late work. It focuses in particular on the way she uses landscapes, animals, other people and objects to characterize her speakers. The chapter argues that Bishop's reason for adopting this strategy can be found in her reading and understanding of a certain religious tradition, particularly various classics of religious autobiography, including those of St Augustine, Kierkegaard and Teresa of Avila, and the religious poetry of Herbert and Hopkins. This leads to a discussion of Baudelaire's role in her work, an aspect that has not been widely discussed in Bishop scholarship so far.
Elizabeth Bishop: Life Change and Poetic Transformation
Authors: Nuzzo Angelica
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the issue of ‘change’— change in life and in the landscape of life, in nature, in relationships, but also in the writing of poetry—and its connection with the topic of travel that emerges in Elizabeth Bishop’s third collection of poetry, Questions of Travel.
‘Solid cuteness’: Elizabeth Bishop’s Art of Simplicity
Authors: Cotton Jess
Published: September 2021

Elizabeth Bishop’s early work is marked by a simplicity of effect and naivety of tone that works against the opacity of the poetry’s subject. This chapter considers the disjunct that is set up within such poems as ‘Large Big Picture’, ‘Cirque d’Hiver’ and ‘Florida’ between the naivety of perception and the speaker’s knowingness. This poetic technique, which, I propose, Bishop appropriated principally from Rimbaud, but also from Joseph Cornell and the French Surrealists, works principally as a kind of parody of, and check against, the Modernist overvaluation of simplicity in primitive or childlike art, a tradition which she considers outdated and shameful, but to which she had nonetheless apprenticed herself. This childishness, this chapter proposes, opened up space for a new kind of lyric, one that is marked by clarity of expression and a provisionality of form, in which the simplicity of tone provides a counter to both the excess of childhood and the spectacle of travel. The latter half of the chapter considers the way John Ashbery has reformulated this interplay between naivety and knowingness in his own work.
The Case of the Falling S: Elizabeth Bishop, Visual Poetry and the International Avant-Garde
Authors: Rosenbaum Susan
Published: September 2021

This chapter reads Elizabeth Bishop’s poem ‘Arrival at Santos’, with its famously odd breakage of the letter S from the word falls (‘Glen Fall / s, New York’), as an experiment in visual poetry shaped by the work of the international avant-garde. The breaking of a word between consonants is unusual for Bishop, but it was not at all unusual for her avant-garde precursors and peers. Scholars have explored Bishop’s relation to the visual arts as a painter of watercolors, as a lifelong student of modernist painting, sculpture, and architecture, and as a writer who derived poetic strategies from the visual arts and wrote many ekphrastic poems. However, we have paid less attention to the importance of the visual design and spatial layout of Bishop’s poems in the context of avant-garde experiments with visual poetry.
‘The Moose’ as Movie: Elizabeth Bishop as Screenwriter
Authors: Welsch J. T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the practical influence of film on Elizabeth Bishop’s writing by drawing out cinematic techniques in her narrative poem, ‘The Moose’. In a series of close readings, it analyses specific splices or film-editing effects produced in the poem, before moving on to suggest that Bishop’s filmic techniques have significant implications for the titular creature’s climatic entrance. The moose’s appearance is related to beastly encounters in Krzysztof Zanussi’s Kontrakt (1980) and Stephen Frears’ The Queen (2006) in order to emphasise how Bishop’s poem works against this cinematic trope, which typically marks some epiphany for the human involved. Instead, a crucial inconsistency or ‘trick shot’ used to exaggerate the moose’s height in the poem underscores the constructedness of that expectation.
Elizabeth Bishop’s Poetics of Islandology
Authors: McCorkle James
Published: September 2021

Drawing upon Marc Shell’s Islandology and Daniel Tiffany’s Toy Medium: Materialism and Modern Lyric, this chapter explores Bishop’s meditations on place, specifically the littoral zone, and how place becomes both the poem itself and what Tiffany terms ‘lyric substance.’ As Tiffany queries, ‘is poetry merely a “place” in which real things might appear? Or could it be that bodies possess, or are possessed by something called lyric substance, a consistent and perhaps even systematic doctrine of corporeality proper to the devices of lyric poetry?’ (14-15). The instability of the littoral zone forms the basis for Bishop’s lyric aesthetic; less a boundary or a binary construction, the littoral is permeable and transforming.
Elizabeth Bishop and Audre Lorde: Two Views of ‘Florida’ in the Global South Atlantic
Authors: Campbell Marvin
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates how the transnational crossings Elizabeth Bishop launched from the peninsular Florida and its Key into Haiti, Mexico, Aruba, and most famously, Brazil, across North & South, Questions of Travel and Geography III correspond to an analogous geographical arc on the part of Audre Lorde, in which the Southeastern United States, Oaxaca, Mexico, and the Virgin Islands inform an equally fluid and indeed oceanic space from her work of the 1980s onward, when Lorde began spending significant time in the Virgin Islands. As Bishop sought to ‘do more’ with Key West and its environs in than modernist predecessors like Wallace Stevens and Hart Crane by employing this island to make investments in gender, race, nation, and class, Audre Lorde brought racial and sexual difference to the fore of this liminal crossing across national borders and boundaries, hybridizing her own better documented investments in Yoruba myth with a trans-American consciousness lodged squarely in not only the Caribbean and the Southeast, but in Oaxaca, Mexico and the Southwest. Such a remapping reveals two outsider poets who stand at the center of a literary formation where twentieth century American and African-American poetics converge and clash.
Dissolving Subjectivities: Imagined Selves in F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Keats
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that sympathetic ambivalence is the hallmark of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s mode of narration (for instance, exemplified in The Great Gatsby (1925) by Nick Carraway’s curious ambivalence towards the subject of his narration, Jay Gatsby). Paradoxically, Fitzgerald portrays subjectivity as involved in both an intimate immediacy from within and an incisive viewpoint marshalled from without. Fitzgerald’s narrative technique – one of empathetic engagement and critical distance – constitutes a form of Keats’s negatively capable poetics. Fitzgerald’s negatively capable poetics depict a process of self-dissolution which reconfigures the relationship between inner and outer identities, as well as the dynamics between self and world. Such fictions of the self, for Fitzgerald, are paradoxically a release from and an imposition on subjectivities (as played out through Dick Diver’s dilemma in Tender is the Night (1934)) and the environs they occupy.
Ghostly Selves, Light and Nature in William Faulkner: Wordsworthian Shadows and Byronic Shades
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter suggests that Faulkner’s fiction, especially The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Light in August (1932), shares, with Wordsworth, an elegiac attachment to both the past and place in its representation of nature and natural haunts. In The Sound and the Fury, for instance, Benjy’s experience of the past is a kind of haunting in which figures glide in and out of his narration like ghostly forms. Nature, then, for Faulkner, emerges as a ghostly presence within his fiction which points up the secrets that haunt, but are often concealed (or delayed) by, his own narrative structures. These figurations of the ghostly and nature’s spectral presence are refracted through Byron’s poetic motifs of light and water in Light in August. Nietzsche’s reflection that ‘A truly “historical” rendition would be ghostly speech before ghosts’ usefully characterises Faulkner’s literary transactions and encounters with Wordsworthian shadows and Byronic shades in his very real imaginings of Yoknapatawpha.
Fictions of the Self and Nature: Reading Romanticism in Saul Bellow
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how Bellow advocates an intuitive Romantic knowledge in Herzog (1964), Mr Sammler’s Planet (1970) and Ravelstein (1999) that recognises that the sacrosanct resides in the ordinary nature of things and teaches us that we have wider communal obligations to one another as fellow human beings. Such obligations in Bellow’s fiction, especially Herzog, recall William Blake’s emphasis on the divine within the human breast and the possibility of a Wordsworthian communion with nature. British and American Romanticism were decisive in shaping his aesthetic vision of the relations between the self and the urban and rural environment. Bellow’s brand of Romanticism is read as indebted to Emersonian and Wordsworthian reflections on the interconnection between the visionary and the natural world, as well as moving towards a darker, sceptical, even Shelleyan sensibility.
Introduction: Milestones in the History of the Twentieth-Century Press
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter offers a new interpretation of twentieth century British press history by examining the changing ways in which owners, editors and journalists sought to address the British public in five milestone years – 1903, 1938, 1969, 1986 and, more briefly, 2011.  Each section offers a brief overview of the industry at each of these crucial moments, before considering how the press tried to adapt both to new political, social and commercial opportunities, and to the challenges of the shifting media landscape. The central focus is on the most widely circulating and influential national (usually London-based) daily newspapers as a way of exploring some of the key trajectories of the wider industry.
Economics: Ownership and Competition
Authors: Hardy Jonathan
Published: September 2021

The ways newspapers developed as products for readers was influenced by their costs and financing, forms of ownership and market competition. This chapter explores the economics of print and online news publishing in Britain and Ireland from 1900 to 2018 and examines the patterns of ownership, concentration and competition in the national, regional and local newspaper markets. The chapter explores the relationship between the financing of the press, market competition and ownership patterns showing how these have mutually influenced provision. The chapter integrates original analysis of primary and secondary sources and draws on the author’s research on media and advertising relationships to trace the significance of advertising subsidy for publications, up to contemporary challenges, including falling ad revenues for print, and business responses including advertiser sponsored content. The chapter also provides original table data setting out newspaper ownership and circulation for the period.
Readership and Readers
Authors: O’Malley Tom
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines aspects of the relationship between newspapers and their readers in the twentieth century. It explores the ways the newspaper industry understood its readers and how readers responded to newspapers. It discusses patterns of circulation; the effect of industry research on the content of newspapers; the demographics of readership; what readers read, and the nature of their engagement and the question of the effects of the content. It argues that if historians are to grasp the roles newspapers played in the political, cultural and social world of the twentieth century, we need to pay far more attention to their readers.
Regulation
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the laws which have had a particular bearing on the practice of journalism in newspapers in England and Wales in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. These relate to defamation, privacy, breach of confidence, official secrecy and terrorism. In particular it focusses on the recent impact of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998 on how courts have interpreted and applied the various laws affecting press freedom in these particular areas. It argues that whilst much of the press has chafed against laws which prevent it from invading people’s private lives and unjustly defaming them, it has been remarkably insouciant about those which make it difficult to reveal abuses of state and corporate power.
Identities and Communities: Negotiating Working-Class Identity in the Regional Press
Authors: Steel John
Published: September 2021

National newspapers have long been considered key agents in the formation of national identity and the reinforcement of social class. Yet questions concerning the way in which the regional press reflects and reinforces both regional and class identity remain relatively underexplored. This chapter explores these issues which include a role in providing independent and critical commentary on issues of local concern as well as refracting national debates through regional and local perspectives (Franklin, 2006). I addition, the chapter examines how these newspapers are important in the reflection of distinctive regional identities which have enabled them to carve out a distinguishing role in the construction of ‘the local’. By keeping the national news agenda in the frame, the local press has sought to present national and local news to its target audience with a distinctive local voice that is closely tied to conceptions of place and belonging. As such, a negotiation between national and local is always present and the chapter examines this negotiation during three distinctive periods of the twentieth century: the 1930s, the 1950s and the 1980s.
News Agencies: From Telegrams to Tweets
Authors: Grun Jonathan
Published: September 2021

The chapter examines the evolution of the news agency, with particular reference to the Press Association, the national news agency of the United Kingdom and Ireland (PA). News agencies have survived for more than a century by evolving to meet the requirements of their customers, whether in print or online. High editorial standards are vital because an agency story be able to be used without further checks being made – customers must trust that it is verified, accurate and impartial. The chapter relates how PA reporters had to maintain editorial impartiality in Ireland during the Troubles and also how the agency covered the Falklands War, with its censorship and the febrile media atmosphere in which the war was waged.
The Sporting Press
Authors: Tate Stephen
Published: September 2021

A central theme in this chapter is the consistent growth of sports coverage in all sections of the press throughout the twentieth century. In addition, the longevity and ubiquity of the Saturday night sports special editions in the regional evening press, featuring final scores and reports of the day’s play, especially in football, is examined. So too is the search for novelty and variety, epitomised by the recruitment of sporting stars, both active and retired, to fill the role of player-reporter, or sportsman-journalist, offering hoped-for expertise and credibility. The career of Fleet Street sports journalist Trevor Wignall is highlighted in an attempt to record and analyse the rise of newspaper sports columnists – writers with a brief to go off-diary and range far and wide in their musings and comments, with expectation of candour, insight, criticism and controversy in equal measure.