bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La précarisation croissante des trajectoires de mobilité professionnelle : l'exemple de la Colombie et du Mexique
Authors: Robert Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Isabelle Robert — The growing precariousness of professional mobility trends : examples of Columbia and Mexico.

Based on Columbian labour statistics and Mexican field surveys, this article analyses the trends of worker-mobility during the 1990s in the light of economic reforms. A comparative study shows great similarities. Having provided some coherence to the labour system, the mobility of the active force between the formal and informal sectors tends to be changing profoundly. The contributors' objective is to stress the diversity, multiplication and precariousness of professional trends resulting from deregulation and the informal tendencies of the labour market.
Cuba : la croisée des chemins
Authors: Johsua Isaac
Published: October 2008

Isaac Johsua — Cuban Crossroads.

This article is devoted to the recent evolution of the Cuban economy. It describes the violent drop in activity following the collapse of the USSR and presents reforms introduced during the first-half of the 90s. It then exposes the following (incomplete) redressing and underlines the price that had to be paid to obtain as much. After interrogations on the perennial span of the « special period », the author concludes on the racecourse manifestly engaged in Cuba, as characterised by the negative windfalls of the new model on one hand, and the positive consequences stimulated by economic growth, on the other.
Brésil, travail et travailleurs
Authors: Cabanes Robert
Published: October 2008

Robert Cabanes — Brazil : Labour and labourers

— Trade Unionism between corporatism and clientelism, paternalism and globalisation. Brazilian labour unionism happens to be at a crossroads characterised by the interaction between historical tendencies, current national choices (october 2002 elections) and the entry of industry into globalisation. This article attempts to assess the conditions open to its evolution by rapidly recalling its foundations and the recent history of the last 30 years.

— Perspectives of the labouring classes in Brazil. Descriptions of the foundations of a labour-culture, as drawn from family accounts, stress the importance of the domestic bases and of the reference to cooperation labour, dominating hierarchical labour. The data involved is not affected by the precariousness of employment, which is an old feature of Brazilian labour trends. The said process has always had national expressions in form of minor unions and has new decentralised forms in relation to production, thus expressing a decentralised form of local democracy.
L'économie de la cocaïne. Éléments d'analyse quantitative et qualitative
Authors: Deffarges Thierry
Published: October 2008

Thierry Deffarges — The cocaine economy : Elements of a quantitative and qualitative analysis.

The cocaine economy is subject to imperfect and incomplete information due to its illegal nature. Besides, analyses of interactions between production and consumption are missing. The purpose of this article is thus methodological, empirical and theoretical. From a purely deductive method, the author seeks to assess the importance of cocaine supply and demand.
La question de la légitimité monétaire : le Patacón argentin
Authors: Clerc Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

Jean-Marc Clerc — The question of monetary legitimacy : The Argentina Patacon case.

During 2002, more than twenty parallel currencies are in circulation in Argentina. These are debt bonds used to pay public servants ;. yet they are not converted into local currency despite their potential liquidity and the remuneration they may procure. The Argentina crisis shows that the acceptability of these titles expresses a lack of reserve values for two reasons : as merchandises, they are structurally dominated by national money, and yet the latter no longer has the confidence of agents, due to its loss of social and political legitimacy.
La gouvernance en microfinance : grille d'analyse et perspectives de recherche
Authors: Lapenu Cécile
Published: October 2008

Cécile Lapenu — Governance in micro-finance : Analytical scheme and research perspectives.

Today's micro-finance has to perpetuate its activity, notably by means of efficient governance. Bypassing a vision limited to the sole technical aspects and to the relationships between administrators and managers, the cerise committee bases itself on four case studies to propose an analysis of power relationships of the conditions of power-exercise and of the management of its dysfunctions, so as to determine how a micro-financial institution could forestall and overcome moments of crisis. The analysis demonstrates the necessity of an organisational basis that would be common to all forms of governance, and which efficiency would vary according to diverse factors.
Les écarts de connaissances scientifiques et techniques Nord/Sud au regard de la théorie des biens publics mondiaux
Authors: Hugon Philippe
Published: October 2008

Philippe HUGON — Margins of scientific and technical knowledge between the North and the South, in regard to the theory of Global Public Goods.

The dilemma between private production and collective use of knowledge - a Global Public Good - underscores the renewal of the problematic concerning constructed, transferred and shared knowledge, and concerning the universalism and particularity of knowledge. Other than the postulate and theory of Public and Collective Goods, the analysis has to be posited in terms of conflicts and tensions between local and global knowledge, between intellectual property rights and rights to use, or the rights of « people », and in terms of the limits of merchandising. This article first presents the debate, and then its implications in developing economies.
Les répercussions du trafic de drogue en Colombie
Authors: Rocha Garcia Ricardo
Published: October 2008

Ricardo Rocha GarcíA — The repercussions of drug trafficking in Columbia.

This essay concerns the repercussions of drug trafficking in Columbia on the economy as well as its collateral effects on sociopolitical stability. It is based on the literature concerning estimates on benefits repatriated during the year 2000. The first part presents the evolution of the economy of narcotics for the period 1980- 2000. The second uncovers the magnitude of profits, their channels of repatriation as well as their micro-economic, sectoral and regional effects. The third part analyses the indirect effects of repatriation and presents the progress attained in terms of quantification. The conclusion envisages two possible scenarios.
Les virtuoses de la violence. Remarques sur la privatisation du maintien de l'ordre en Indonésie contemporaine
Authors: Bertrand Romain
Published: October 2008

« professional violence » group specialised in the exercise of physical coercion. It shows that the mechanism of « State privatisation » favours the introduction of a militia model and furthers the criminalizing of public institutions and of the
Les violences entre hindous et musulmans au Gujarat (Inde) en 2002 : émeutes d'État, pogromes et réaction antijihadiste
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: October 2008

Christophe Jaffrelot — Violence between Hindus and Moslems in Gujarati (Inda) in 2002 : State riots, pogroms and anti-jihad reactions

Riots between Hindus and Moslems increasingly hinge on political determinants. The violence of 2002 in Gujarati is however unique, due to the level of implication of political actors and to the government of that particular State. Such a political instrumentation has been facilitated by Islamic attacks organised in India since december 2001, thus fuelling a desire for reprisals within the Hindu majority. The propaganda of the nationalist Hindu movement has also created conditions that unleash violence even among the aborigine populations, due to the thickening of militant networks of the movement in the current years.
Homicides en Amérique du Sud : les pauvres sont-ils dangereux ?
Authors: Camara Mamadou , Salama Pierre
Published: October 2008

Mamadou Camara, Pierre Salama — Homicides in South America.

Are the poor dangerous ? Are the poor the principal causes of violence ? Can repressive policies be effective and significantly reduce homicide rates or should the dominant modes of development in these countries be re-examined ? The aim of this article is, first, to overview the state of the matter, then to analyse and discuss the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, from an econometric test concerning a number of South American countries, between 1995 and 2000. It finally intends to show that while violence and its rise often have economic roots, it is vain to limit the explanation of the phenomenon to economic determinism.
« Construire la paix » après des massacres
Authors: Pouligny Béatrice
Published: October 2008

Béatrice Pouligny — « Building peace » after massacres

This contribution is concerned with what it may mean to « construct » peace, in societies that have been subjected to mass crimes. It underlines the specific difficulties that researchers are confronted with in practical situations. On the one hand, they have to understand how such massacres could be committed beyond common beliefs on the subject ; on the other, they have to identify resources from which peace may be built in the given society. In so doing, they have to delve deeply into highly paradoxical situations. Such is the adventure for which the first part of this article advances several methodological
Réforme agraire et marché foncier : la réflexion aux États-Unis et son impact dans les institutions multilatérales de développement
Authors: Delahaye Olivier
Published: October 2008

Olivier DELAHAYE — Agrarian reform and land market : Evolution of agricultural land economics in the United States, and its influence in multilateral institutions

us land economics approach was reshaped through the 20th century, according to the evolution of domestic and foreign contexts. The freehold estate constitution let the place of land regulating main agent to the market. Land reform, become a central point in US foreign policy after World War II, was focused on from 1945, giving place to land market in the 1980s. Neo-institutionalist approaches about land market imperfections is renewing the reflection, in which are increasingly participating multilateral institutions.
Gestion du risque social : la Banque mondiale et la protection sociale dans un monde en voie de mondialisation
Authors: Holzmann Robert , Sherburne-Benz Lynne , Tesliuc Emil
Published: October 2008

Robert Holzmann, Lynne Sherburne-Benz and Emil Tesliuc — Management of social risk : the World Bank and social protection in a world of globalisation

Social protection is back on the development agenda. Long-time dismissed as ineffective, expensive or even detrimental to development in third-world countries, there is now an increasing understanding that assisting individuals, households and communities in dealing with diverse risks is needed for accelerated poverty reduction and sustained economic and social development. The paper outlines the development aspect of social protection, presents briefly the social risk management concept and its operationalization in risk and vulnerability evaluations, explains the focus on vulnerable groups (such as children and disabled), and briefly reviews traditional programs such as labor market and pensions through the srm lens.
La protection sociale dans le Brésil de Lula : trop de dépenses, ou trop peu de recettes ?
Authors: Lautier Bruno
Published: October 2008

Bruno Lautier — Social protection in Lula 's Brazil : too much expenditure or too little revenue ?

The social protection debate re-launched by the election of Lula focuses on two issues : The « zero hunger » programme and public sector retirement pensions. Social protection however amounts to more than these two. After a brief review of the situation of the 90s, this paper underlines the principal reasons for the Brazilian social protection crisis, mainly poor revenues and the reasons thereto. Room for manœuvre depends on capacity to build a project and a consensus on social protection, but that is hardly in sight.
La résurgence des politiques sociales au Mexique
Authors: Valencia Lomeli Enrique
Published: October 2008

Enrique Valencia Lomelí — The resurgence of social policies in Mexico

This article retraces Mexican social policies, from the import substitution period to current liberal inroads. It first analyses social policies related to the growth period : The social risk management forms, the integration of the whole population in a social security system and the limits of the strategy. It follows with a presentation of the reforms of the 90s, featuring new policy targets. The discussion leads to an appraisal of social policies issuing from political regime change with particular regard to the resultant social risks of exclusion. The current debate in Mexico, dubbed as the « re-emergence of the social », appears to be a factor of major political confrontation.
Présentation
Authors: Salama Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Salama — Presentation
Prostitution, crime organisé et marchandisation
Authors: Poulin Richard
Published: October 2008

Richard POULIN — Prostitution, organised crime and merchandising

Analyses of capitalist globalisation bearing on the industry of sexual trade are rare. While in full expansion, this industry produces very large population movements and generates flashy incomes. Its phenomenal growth entails the transformation of millions of women and children into sexual merchandise. After assessing the rise of sexual markets and examining the role of organised crime on the basis of its global deployment, the article analyses the merchandising process at work and the mechanisms through which specific human merchandises alienated through their sex are « fabricated ».
La violence indienne aux prises avec l'imaginaire
Authors: Heuzé Djallal G.
Published: October 2008

Djallal G. HeuzÉ — Indian violence at loggerheads with the imaginary

Taking as examples the recurrent drama experienced within the framework of popular Hindu and Moslem milieus, this article attempts to portray the fundamental dimensions of mass violence. Instrumentalist and structuralist theories are not denied. However, the analysed situations reveal that, within entire gaps of violence, imaginary representations and hybrid « civilisation constructions » hold a considerable place. The data related to gender and sexual tensions, the reinvention of the hero and the martyr, the appropriation of space through religious bias play major parts. The fascination exerted on crowds through confrontation is not due to taste for brutality but to the relationships that the latter entertains with the
La violence ethnique à l'épreuve des faits : le cas du Nigeria
Authors: Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine
Published: October 2008

Marc- Antoine PÉROUSE de Montclos — Ethnic violence in the face of facts : The case of Nigeria

Reputed as one of the most violent countries of Africa, Nigeria has gone through numerous conflicts, which don't correspond to lineage patterns only. In fact, power networks and ethnic identities first constitute a handy mode of mobilisation for politicians rivalling at State control and the resources thereto. Given such a viewpoint, tribal explanations of violence are profoundly reductive. Considered within the federal framework, which upholds indigenous rights, community disputes, in reality, obey dynamics « from below » just as those « from above ».
Colombie : le contexte social de la concentration de la propriété rurale à la fin du XXe siècle
Authors: Gomez Jimenez Alcides
Published: October 2008

Alcides Gomez Jimenez — Colombia : The social context of rural property concentration at the end of the XXth century

An unprecedented phenomenon of land tenure concentration is occurring in rural Colombia. It brings about massive peasant evictions resulting in an increase of poverty and of disparity levels much worse than in cities. This extension of the latifundia is linked to drug trafficking. It uses violent methods of expropriation of the peasantry. As such, the transformation of agricultural land into pastures has been exaggerated, without a parallel increase in livestock. The livestock rearing zones hardly contribute to fiscal revenue and block the functioning of the land market. Agrarian reform in Columbia is as such waiting for its hour.
Travail précoce au Brésil : réalité sociale et enjeu politique
Authors: Rocha Sonia
Published: October 2008

Sonia Rocha — Premature labour in Brazil : Social reality and political stakes

The article characterizes the labour of children aged between 10 and 14 years. Given that the age of entry into the labour market does not play a preponderant role on individuals' future income, the study relies on other pertinent aspects of reality, such as the combination of labour and schooling, and their incidence on laborious activities. Widespread as it still is, premature labour reflects a wide range of varying life situations. Therefore, critical conditions requiring the deployment of a specific social policy, that doubly aims at child protection and at fighting future poverty, must be precisely identified.
Du salut du peuple de Dieu au salut de Mexico. La participation politique des évangéliques
Authors: Masferrer Kan Elio
Published: October 2008

Elio Masferrer Kan — From the salvation of the people of God to the salvation of Mexico : The political participation of the Evangelists

The text draws a panorama of the role played by Mexican « Evangelists » in national politics during the last century. Though a minority, their growing numbers have transformed them into an inevitable group. The author analyses the dynamics of their behavior in relation to political phenomena, to elections and to the diversity of attitudes they have adopted in front of the last two governments (Salinas de Gortari and Fox). The analysis further concerns the instability in the Chiapas, where the increase of converts in Indian communities has lead to an explosive social situation.
La représentation de l'Esprit-saint chez les Pilagá du Chaco central
Authors: Idoyaga Molina Anatilde
Published: October 2008

Anatilde Idoyaga Molina — The representation of the Holy Spirit among the Pilaga of central Chaco

The Pilaga are among the indigenous populations of the Chaco in Argentina. Their cosmogony brings into play a great diversity of spiritual entities that sustain relationships of dependency and/or conflict among themselves and with humans. Far from implying a conversion to Western values, the introduction of a Pentecostal movement in the 1940s brought about the appropriation of the figure of the Holy Spirit and its fusing into a symbolical universe crisscrossed by ancestral and foreign dimensions. In particular, the author shows how some chamans also resort to « conversion » as a way of affirming a new power.
Marché des croyances et socialisme de marché au Vietnam
Authors: Sélim Monique
Published: October 2008

Monique Sélim — The market of beliefs and market socialism in Vietnam

The author deciphers the various axis of a return of « beliefs » in a post communist Vietnam, which has however not abandoned an almost fifty years-old official discourse. One may thus witness a cult dedicated to Lieuh Hanh, a mythical figure that is restructuring historic and cultural identity. The second axis turns around personages whose practices embody geomancy, magnetism, meditation and astrology ; they are the new actors of individual and collective salvation. Finally the « mediators of the dead », a category that derives from the previous one - have to render to their families the bodies of those dead or disappeared during the last wars of liberation of the country, through some sort of exorcism. The analysis brings to light the way in which the State uses the new rituals for political aims.
Analyse économique des politiques éducatives en temps de crise à Cuba : la difficile préservation des acquis sociaux
Authors: Mulot Éric
Published: October 2008

Éric Mulot — Economic analysis of educational policies in times of crisis in Cuba : The trying conservation of social benefits

The education system in Cuba has long since been presented as one of the most developed in Latin America and the Caribbean's, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. The economic crisis experienced by the country since 1989- 1991 has however rendered difficult its financing and thereby the maintenance of exceptional results. This article is devoted to showing how Cuban authorities have faced the shock from an economic standpoint. While the education system appears to pull through from such a difficult period, its capacity to contain disparities has nonetheless been considerably reduced.
Privatiser pour conserver ? Petits arrangements de la nouvelle économie des ressources avec la réalité
Authors: Boisvert Valérie , Caron Armelle , Rodary Estienne
Published: October 2008

Valérie Boisvert, Armelle Caron, Estienne Rodary — Privatization for conservation ? The compromises of new resources economics with reality The very free-market inspired current of new resources economics the privatisation of natural resources as a way of ensuring their conservation. Despite its shaky theoretical foundations and the tendency to bend reality to fit arguments, the current has some influence on the determination of policies. We shall demonstrate that it contributes to spreading an erroneous representation of the rights-market and that it is based on questionable experiences wildlife management.
Comment intégrer les pays en développement dans des politiques climatiques fondées sur un système de quotas d'émissions ?
Authors: Mathy Sandrine
Published: October 2008

Sandrine Mathy — How may developing countries be integrated in climate policies based on an emission quota trading system ? Climate policies will not be accepted by developing countries as long as they are perceived as further constraints to their development. The sharing of the burden imposed on these countries therefore has to be perceived as equitable. Howe- ver, the diversity of measures considered for determining the fairness of quota allocation compromises the possibility of reaching agreements. On the other hand, the system of transferable emission permits brings about compensatory transfers, which may significantly help in drawing quotas and accompanying measures aimed at the removal of development barriers.
Biodiversité et ressources génétiques : la difficulté de la constitution d'un régime international hybride
Authors: Ilbert Hélène , Louafi Sélim
Published: October 2008

Hélène Ilbert, Sélim Louafi — Biodiversity and genetic resources : The difficulty of constituting a hybrid international regime Negotiations concerning biodiversity have partially polarised North-South positions. The choice of resorting to intellectual property-rights as a management tool for using and conserving genetic resources is recognised both by the ito and the Biodiversity Convention. However while the trade regime within the framework of the no is an efficient basis for innovation in high-tech countries, the regime governing the use and the conservation of genetic resources within the Convention's framework is still not really enforced.
Marchés de droits et marché du Droit
Authors: Le Roy Étienne
Published: October 2008

POLEMICIST'S CORNER Etienne Le Roy — Rights-markets and market of Law Rights-markets are the latest mechanisms invented for two centuries to adapt market and property patterns to a plural reality or to plural logics. The diversity of their application renders them unavoidable in the domains of environmental management and economic analysis. And yet Law as such is strikingly absent from such developments though markets deal with « rights », which therefore raises issues of definition and application. The relationships between rights and the market are more complex and delicate to interpret than is often imagined. There may hence be a need to re-launch the dialogue between economics and law, by way of legal anthropology.
Dynamique du peuplement, libéralisation économique et décentralisation dans les deltas de l'Asie des moussons
Authors: Fanchette Sylvie
Published: October 2008

VARIA Sylvie Fanchette — Population dynamics, economic liberalisation and decentralisation in the Asian monsoon deltas The deltas and irrigated valleys of monsoon Asia are areas of dense population concentrations. The large plains have considerable advantages that favour human expansion, assuming that their hydraulic systems are properly harnessed. The plains have been developed by societies organised within the framework different political regimes, which have to varying degrees managed to put to value their huge agricultural potentials and exploit the rent from great commercial networks. The conditions of their valorisation have however changed during the last twenty years, with the issuing risk of endangering their fragile environment due to the onslaught of urbanisation and industrialisation.
Les incidences du tourisme sur le développement
Authors: Condès Sébastien
Published: October 2008

Sébastien Condès — The effects of tourism on development Tourism has strongly contributed to the economic growth of developing countries during these past years but is it a factor of development ? An initial response needs to identify the different forms of tourism and the dynamics of global tourism in the « post-September 1 1 » context. Indeed, tourism appears to be a simple way of accumulating wealth, but the analysis of the concomitant risks provides some paths to reflection on ensuring that it does not become a factor of imbalances.
Tourisme, politique et environnement aux Seychelles
Authors: Gay Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Gay — Tourism, politics and environment in the Seychelles Following strong growth during the 1970s, tourist numbers in the Seychelles fell before rising again with uncertainty. This unique evolution in the inter-tropical milieu reflects multiple difficulties. Contrary to current affirmations, the situation is not a result of the wish to protect the environment. The Seychelles State is dependent on tourism for ensuring revenues and economic viability, political stability and social development.
Derrière l'écotourisme, le politique : conservation et discrimination territoriale en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Guyot Sylvain
Published: October 2008

Sylvain GUYOT — The politics behind the of eco-tourism cover : Conservation and territorial segregation in South Africa As legacies of « green apartheid », natural parks in South Africa are reserved for whites and tourists. As concerns the case of St Lucia Park, the predominantly black indigenous populations therefore accumulate frustrations and have often resorted to illegal - but legitimate - practices such as deforestation and poaching. As for political and associative stakeholders, they consider eco-tourism as the miraculous solution for local development. However, other serious issues stand out, such as past legacy management, the effective participation of people, redistribution of tourist benefits, confusion in territorial management and the ambiguous motivations of environmental stakeholders.
Démocratie et développement
Authors: Marchesin Philippe
Published: October 2008

Philippe MARCHESIN — Democracy and Development.

This article is an updated attempt to synthesise a classical theme in development studies : the relationship between democracy and development. Far from the normative attitude of pedalling the dominant ideology of « market democracy », the empirical approach offers a contrasted view : the relationships between democracy and development do not amount to a direct reciprocal conditionality but consist of multiple indirect relationships. Recent works consecrated to human development at the internal level, or to matters of international relations and global government, place the democracy-development equation at the heart of analyses, which goes to demonstrate the prevailing character of the debate.
Trajectoires de croissance et volatilité macroéconomique dans le Mercosur : quelques éléments d'analyse empirique
Authors: Saludjian Alexis
Published: October 2008

Alexis Saludjian — Growth trends and macro-economic volatility in the Mercosur : Some elements of empirical analysis.

To determine whether or not the nature of economic integration is a vector of macro- economic volatility, it is necessary to study the characteristics of different growth patterns in the countries of the Mercosur by bringing to light established trends. Such is the purpose of this article, which assesses the performance of the zone during the 1960-2002 period and analyses the strengths and limits of each growth pattern. The Mercosur and the modalities of its development between 1991 and 2003 are given special consideration by stressing the importance of pattern change and its impact as regards macro-economic volatility.
Une analyse empirique de l'impact de la libéralisation financière en Afrique subsaharienne sur la période 1983-1996
Authors: Verdier Audrey
Published: October 2008

Audrey Chouchane-Verdier — An empirical analysis of the impact of financial liberalisation in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1983-1996 period.

This article analyses the efficiency of financial liberalisation policies undertaken in the majority of Sub-Saharan African economies at the end of the 1980's and the beginning of the 1990's. The evolution of the index of financial development that has been designed here shows a general regression of banking performances and enhanced stability on loan markets. This paper studies in greater detail the case of the countries of the franc zone as regards the application of financial reforms and stresses the discrepancies of the established measures and the banking structures in this region of the world.
Entre État et marché. Une nouvelle régulation sanitaire pour les pays en développement ?
Authors: Tizio Stéphane
Published: October 2008

Stéphane Tizio — Between State and market : A new sanitary regulation for developing countries ?

This paper is positioned in a critical perspective of the most recent international recommendations in matters of health in developing countries and particularly in Sub- Saharan African countries. A brief history of health policies shows that the promotion of these new instruments is greatly owed to the limits of the State and market models of organising health systems. Proceeding from the neo-institutional models of such new health policies, we shall demonstrate the implications and limits consisting, among other things, of discarding the political and ethical dimensions of regulating health systems.
Existe-t-il encore une place pour la coopération bilatérale ? Réflexions à partir de l'expérience canadienne
Authors: Campbell Bonnie , Hatcher Pascale
Published: October 2008

Bonnie Campbell and Pascale Hatcher — Is there still a place for bilateral strategies of international cooperation ? Reflections on the basis of the Canadian experience.

The multilateralisation of analysis and development strategies proposed by the Bret ton Woods institutions has major political implications for aid policies. Based on an analysis of the Canadian experience, this article raises concerns that Canada might abandon its ability to achieve coherence among its various policy instruments at the bilateral level and, as well, that Canada might abdicate responsibility for its own development and aid policies. In such a context, the existence of an autonomous specialised bilateral agency such as the Canadian International Development Agency, СIDА, represents a valuable institutional means which provides space and hence safeguards for debates, analysis and policies which are unlikely to emerge from any other institution.
La solidarité internationale, une profession ? Ambivalence et ambiguïtés de la professionnalisation
Authors: Freyss Jean
Published: October 2008

Jean Freyss — International Solidarity, a profession ?

Is the issue of professionalizing ngo's not, in some way, an expression of more profound transformations affecting such organisations ? This article deciphers the main links which condition the strategies of ngo's before presenting a historical and socio-political analysis of movements of international solidarity around two ideological poles : philanthropic charity and social solidarity. From these results the ambivalence of this professionalizing, the notion of which covers two distinct processes whose pertinence raises questions, in the light of the developments which have now led to the pre-eminence of humanitarian urgencies.
Pour comprendre la professionnalisation dans les ONG : quelques apports d'une sociologie des professions
Authors: Le Naëlou Anne
Published: October 2008

Anne Le Naëlou — Understanding the professionalizing in NGO's : Some contribution from the sociology of professions.

The general tendency to professionalize and market international solidarity during the 1990's and the increasing importance of the liberal model weakened the initial mobilizing bond in the ngo's and, instead, reactivated the sectoral and corporatist logics of the professions which govern their actions. Such a development is evident in the tendency to present technicality (expertise) and professional competence as a capital attribute of ngo's, at the expense of the social transformation goals which animate them. The prevailing functionalist approach limits the abilities of the NGO's to ensure the redeployment of competences and structuring that they require in dealing with specific projects of international solidarity.
Des paysans plus professionnels que les développeurs ? L'exemple du coton au Tchad (1930-2002)
Authors: Arditi Claude
Published: October 2008

Claude Arditi — Peasants more professional than developers ? An example of Coton in Chad (1930-2002).

The history of cotton brings to light many misunderstandings between developers and the developed. Yesterday's developers and today's ngo's, which advice peasants on becoming professionals, have in common a total lack of interest in knowing local societies. The NGO's, just as aid and cooperation organisations, prefer agronomy, human and veterinary medicine, etc., at the expense of the social sciences. The understanding of peasant strategies should constitute the first basis of the process of professionalizing of developers.
À quoi servent les livres ? Échos africanisants
Authors: Copans Jean
Published: October 2008

Jean Cop ANS — Of what use are books ? Africanising Echoes.

S. Smith is a cultured journalist. However a volume 2 to his Négrologies is obviously wanting. Unfortunately those who uphold the opposite view of a timeless and transcontinental African culture are just as schematic. Researchers no doubt share some responsibility for the absence of books aimed at the wider public and presenting a more balanced view of African societies.
Décentralisation et développement local au Sénégal. Chronique d'un couple hypothétique
Authors: Piveteau Alain
Published: October 2008

Alain PlVETEAU — Decentralisation and local development in Senegal. Chronicle a hypothetical couple Is decentralisation in West Africa promoting local development ? An of the situation in Senegal underscores the stakes and difficulties of a decentralized control of public actions and development programs. Decentralisation reinforces the power of aid promoters and the « project-logic » by fragmenting the interventions fields. The resulting local governance, based upon multiple and « regulations », scarcely contributes to mobilise local actors in quest of construction.
Tiers Monde et biodiversité : tristes tropiques ou tropiques d'abondance ? La régulation internationale des ressources génétiques mise en perspective
Authors: Boisvert Valérie , Vivien Franck-Dominique
Published: October 2008

Valérie Boisvert and Frank Dominique Vivien — The Third World and biodiversity : Sad tropics or tropics of plenty ? International regulation and resources in perspective Akin to the much publicised contract drawn between Merck and in 1991, the doctrine issued from the Convention on biological biodiversity on the hypothesis of the development of a new activity - bio prospecting - and a new form of international trade, the one of genes. Whereas this latter conceived in a time which recreated an imagery of plenty attributed to the today this image is doubtful and of disappointment. Ten years after the into effect of the agreement, we hereby propose to draw into perspective the institutional transformations with regard to the international regulation of resources.
Brevet du vivant : progrès ou crime ?
Authors: Berlan Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2008

POLEMICIST'S CORNER Jean-Pierre Berlan — Patenting the living : Progress or crime ? The genetic-industrial cartel, draped in a cloak of philanthropy and progress, has succeeded in slapping a patent on the living in 1980 in the United States and in 1998 in the European Union, with the 98/44 directive which France has just transposed. The World Trade Organisation demands it to be extended to the whole world. Its consequences for people, especially those of the Third World, will be tragic in the twin domains of applied biology : agriculture and health.
Le financement de la sécurisation du commerce international pour les pays en développement. Une approche en termes de bien public mondial
Authors: Dulbecco Philippe , Laporte Bertrand
Published: October 2008

Philippe Dulbecco and Bertrand Laporte. — The financing of international trade security for developing countries : An approach in terms of « global public good » The aim of this article is to identify the modalities of financing international trade security, more specifically for developing countries. It characterises security using a global public good framework, before studying the conditions of financing the supply of the global public good security. A critical analysis of the various sources and instruments for financing allows the authors to propose different financing scenarios, based on specific allocations of responsibilities among the actors involved in security. The article concludes by considering the role of international institutions as managers of the financing and implementation of security in international trade.
Le devenir de l'économie paysanne en Chine
Authors: Aubert Claude
Published: October 2008

Claude Aubert — The future of the peasant economy in China While the population actively involved in agriculture has become a minority in China, it is now the entire future of the peasant economy which is being questioned. However, this latter, based on « minifundias » consisting of multiple activities, is quite lively and involved in the economic growth of the whole country through the temporary migrations to the cities. The source of the Chinese economy's sustenance therefore seems to lie in its « self-exploitation. » It is however valid to question the long term viability of this situation which tends, once again, to favour urban interests at the expense of the peasantry.
Vingt ans d'ouverture économique : l'avenir compromis de l'agriculture familiale au nord du Costa Rica
Authors: Faure Guy , Samper Mario
Published: October 2008

Guy Faure, Mario Samper — Twenty years of economic opening : The compromised future of family agriculture in the North of Costa Rica The North of Costa Rica was colonised during the previous century, thus enabling the creation of vast extensive ranching and the installation of small producers. During the 60's and the 70's, national policies were favourable to family agriculture. Since the 80's however, the progressive withdrawal of the State and the liberalization of exchanges have profoundly modified the conditions of agricultural production. In the new context, family farms are resorting to diversified strategies to prevent risks or to draw profit from new opportunities. However the margins of action are narrowing and the future family agriculture is uncertain.
S'approprier les politiques de développement : nouvelle mode ou vieille rengaine ? Une analyse à partir des expériences du Burkina Faso et du Rwanda
Authors: Meier Rolf , Raffinot Marc
Published: October 2008

Rolf Meier, Marc Raffinot — Working out programs with the IMF in Africa : A new approach ? Analysis of the Rwanda and Burkina Faso cases Since 1999, programs supported by the IMF must align with a poverty reduction strategy designed by government. However, this prerequisite of ownership, that sounds like a major reorientation, was also present during the preparation of Structural Adjustment Programs, but difficult to reach. Based on experiences in Burkina Faso and Rwanda, this article analyses the practice of designing macro- economic frameworks with the IMF. It shows that the IMF teams favored standard diagnoses and policies that were barely adapted to the specificities of the country, disregarding local settings and rejecting programs elaborated by the governments - even as a basis for discussion.
Crise ivoirienne, envois de fonds et pauvreté au Burkina Faso
Authors: Lachaud Jean Pierre
Published: October 2008

Jean-Pierre Lachaud — The horion crisis, remittances and poverty in Burkina Faso Based on the data of household surveys in Burkina Faso, the study shows a fall and a new relative distribution of the remittances from Ivory Coast during the period 1998-2003. Whereas more than half of the households getting transfers benefited from redistribution from Ivory Coast in 1998, they were no more than a quarter in 2003. The study suggests a significant relation between the decline of remittances from Ivory Coast and the rise of national poverty, especially transient poverty, during the same period.
La question alimentaire en Afrique : risque et politisation. Introduction
Authors: Janin Pierre , De Suremain Charles-Édouard
Published: October 2008

Pierre Janin and Charles-Edouard de Suremain. — The food question in Africa : risk and politisation. Introduction.

Without pretending to a systematic comparison, this study examines the risks involved in the management of food in several African countries. The articles expose the gap between the initial intentions of food policies, their implementation and local situations. They stress the weakening of the State, the growing strength of trading networks and individual citizen initiatives, which constitute the most of the relations between the actors of the food system, while indicating the plurality of their perceptions, usages and normative frameworks. Such are the stages of a reflection which examines the relationships between theoretical frameworks, development models and the game of actors.
La politisation de l'aide alimentaire d'urgence au Burkina-Faso
Authors: Poussart-Vanier Marie
Published: October 2008

Marie Poussart-Vanier — The politicization of emergency food aid in Burkina- Faso.

In this article, the author draws the context in which emergency food aid is progressively institutionalised in Burkina Faso. Despite the weakness of food aid supply in contrast to the availability of grain at a national level, the decisions related to distribution are a source of strong politicization between government, aid donors and grain traders. Some polemical, albeit eloquent cases, bring to light the controversies resulting from this aid from the viewpoint of its actors.
Les politiques alimentaires au Maghreb et leurs conséquences sur les sociétés agropastorales
Authors: Alary Véronique , El Mourid Mohammed
Published: October 2008

Véronique Alary and Mohammed El Mou rid — Food policies in North Africa and their consequences on agro-pastoral societies.

Until the adoption of liberalization policies from the 1980's, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have favoured a policy of food self-sufficiency based on economic planning and public control of networks. Despite all this, the external food dependency went on increasing during all the period. With liberalization of exchanges, governments stress a concept of food security based on the satisfaction of the needs of the population through local and imported products. What are the consequences of this evolution on livestock systems and on agro-pastoral societies in the steppe areas of Maghreb ?
Décentralisation et développement local : un lien à penser
Authors: Dubresson Alain , Fauré Yves-André
Published: October 2008

Alain Dubresson and Yves-André Fauré — Decentralisation and local development : a link to reconsider. Introduction The present dossier is an invitation to reconsider the link, which is often described as mechanical, between decentralisation and local development. The analyses issuing from the urbanised public spheres of South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, India and Senegal, bring to light the gap between institutional organisms of decentralisation and the levels of training or of consolidation of localised economic dynamics. Hence, the infra-national political and administrative scales are not necessarily the most viable. To make sense of current changes, it is worthwhile reflecting upon regulatory mechanisms both at intra-local and inter-local levels.
Transformation productives dans l'État de Guanajato (Mexique). Entrepreneurs locaux et mondialisation
Authors: Estrada Magarita , Labazée Pascale
Published: October 2008

Margarita Estrada and Pascal Labazée — Productive transformations in the State of Guanajuato (Mexico). Local entrepreneurs and globalisation The present article explores the role of the entrepreneurial milieu in the productive transformations of four municipalities of the State of Guanajuato, specialized in leader/shoes, clothing industry and automobiles. The quite varying degrees of adaptation of the operators to globalisation appear to be linked to the amount of social capital acquired in the course of professional experiences. Strategies are oriented towards three areas of action that are distinct and yet interdependent : one of them is cooperation in labour relations in the agglomerations, the second one concerns institutions in charge of local and State policies and, finally, the last one is the intermediations between the configuration of activities and their local and international markets.
Des politiques publiques décentralisées, entraves au développement local. Expériences brésiliennes
Authors: Fauré Yves-André
Published: October 2008

Yves-André Fauré — Decentralised public policies, blockages to local development. Brazilian experiences This article covers the relationships between the decentralised structure authorities and administrations and the conditions of local development in federative Republic of Brazil. It also explores the processes of dissolution in which communes are involved and its viability consequences, a series of programmes action clarifying the methods of management of local public affairs, the of inter-institutional relationships, the inter-partisan alliances implicated, budgetary considerations of the communities and the territorial inscription fiscal instruments. The analysis brings to light some obstacles which prevent capacity of decentralized Brazilian administrative apparatus to bring about local development.
Socité civile en question : pentecôtisme et démocratie
Authors: Corten André
Published: October 2008

André CORTEN — Pentecostalism and democracy : Civil society revisited Civil society is usually granted the role of furthering democracy and of translating the private sphere into the public sphere. The remarkable growth of pentecostalism can be explained by the failure of such translating role in Latin America and Africa. This failure thus points to the shortcomings of the concept of society. Pentecostalism does perform translation, but within imaginaries. For the analysis of démocratisation processes, the study of pentecostalism's translation imaginaries provides us with categories that differ from those associated with concept of civil society.