bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Construction Method on Pile Performance: Evaluation by Instrumentation. Part 2: Experimental Site at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto
Authors: Albuquerque Paulo J.R. , Massad Faiçal , Fonseca Antonio V. , Carvalho David , Santos Jaime , Esteves Elisabete C.
Published: June 2022

. Three different types of piles (bored, CFA and precast driven) were installed in the experimental site located in the Campus of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto to study the effects of the construction method on pile performance. The subsoil is a residual granitic soil reaching depth levels over 20 m. In this site, several field and laboratory tests were conducted to obtain the local geotechnical parameters. Static pile load tests with load-unload cycles were performed. Bored and CFA piles were instrumented along the depth, with installation of retrievable sensors; a flat-jack load cell was inserted at the bottom of the bored pile. Load tests results demonstrated that bored and CFA piles show similar behavior: i) the applied load reaching the pile tip was about 42%, ii) and the average mobilized lateral resistance was about 60 kPa. After the tests were completed, piles were extracted for further inspection of shaft and load cell conditions. The driven pile although having a smaller cross-section showed a stiffer response and higher resistance than the other two piles, which are a clear indication that the installation effects play an important role in the pile response. The results are compared to those obtained in Part 1 of this article relating to tests performed at the Experimental Field of Unicamp (State University of Campinas).
Evaluation on the Use of Alternative Materials in Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Authors: Viana Paulo M.F. , Palmeira Ennio M. , Viana Helber N.L.
Published: June 2022

Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) have been increasingly used in barrier systems of waste disposal areas and in hydraulic works. However, sometimes they are discarded as possible barrier solutions in these works because of their greater costs in comparison with other solutions (geomembranes or compacted clay liners). This paper presents a laboratory study to investigate the technical feasibility of mixing alternative materials to bentonite for the production of alternative low cost GCLs. The alternative materials used were sand, clay and tire grains. Direct shear, consolidation, and expansibility tests were carried out on bentonite mixtures with varying percentages in mass of the alternative material. Ramp tests and expansibility tests were also performed on alternative GCLs manufactured with these types of mixtures. The results obtained showed that the presence of the alternative materials in the bentonite increased the shear strength and the permittivity of the mixture and reduced its expansibility. The tests on the bentonite-tire grains mixtures suggest that alternative GCLs manufactured with this type of mixture may be used in less critical barrier systems (particularly under high stress levels) and as bedding/protective layers underneath geomembranes, also providing a better use for wasted tires in environmental terms.
The Influence of Laboratory Compaction Methods on Soil Structure: Mechanical and Micromorphological Analyses
Authors: Crispim Flavio A. , Lima Dario C. , Schaefer Carlos E.G.R. , Silva Claudio H.C. , Carvalho Carlos A.B. , Barbosa Paulo S.A. , Brandão Elisson H.
Published: June 2022

This paper addresses the influence of the static and dynamic laboratory compaction procedures in the compaction curves and mechanical strength of two residual soils from the Zona da Mata Norte, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The laboratory testing program was directed to: (i) two gneissic residual soils, respectively, with silty-sandy clay and clayey-silty sand textures; (ii) compaction of specimens at the standard Proctor compaction effort and at the optimum water content (wot), as well as at wot - 3% and wot + 2%; (iii) determination of the unconfined compressive strength of the compacted specimens; (iv) micromorphological analysis of thin sections of the compacted specimens using optical microscopy; (v) statistical analysis of the laboratory testing program data. Conclusions are, as follows: (i) there was statistically significant influence of the compaction procedures on the optimum compaction parameters; (ii) for both soils, significant structural changes represented by variations in the unconfined compression strength were observed evidencing the importance of the soils formation processes in their mechanical responses when compacted; and (iii) differences in the soils structures produced by the static and dynamic compaction procedures were identified through incorporation of the micromorphological analysis.
Kinetic Mass Transfer Model for Contaminant Migration in Soils
Authors: Araújo Adriana S.F. , Valadão Izabella C.R.P. , Castro José A. , Silva Alexandre J. , Ritter Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

This work studied the transport phenomena in the soil of the Gramacho MSW landfill located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A model was proposed to determine the mass transfer rate of the leachate contaminant ions to the soil particles. Previous researchers have focused on the diffusion and sorption phenomena using simple relations that do not completely explain the data of overall mass transfer obtained by laboratory experiments. Thus, this work proposes a modified rate equation implemented into MPHMTP software that takes into account the combined mechanisms of advection and diffusion in the leachate and sorption at the particle surface followed by diffusion in the interior of the soil particle. The model predictions were compared with laboratory-measured data and presented better agreement compared to those obtained using the commercial POLLUTE software.
A Study on the Effects of MSW Fiber Content and Solid Particles Compressibility on its Shear Strength Using a Triaxial Apparatus
Authors: Machado Sandro L. , Fard Mehran K.
Published: June 2022

It is commonly accepted that the shear strength of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is enhanced by the reinforcement effect of its fibrous constituents. However, most papers in the technical literature do not systematically evaluate the effect of the MSW fibers on its stress-strain-strength response. This paper presents results of a series of laboratory triaxial tests performed to evaluate the effect of the MSW fiber content and solid particle compressibility on its mechanical behavior. The variation in the MSW shear strength and shear strength parameters with fiber content and axial strain are analyzed, the effective parameters obtained from CD and CU tests are compared and the applicability of Terzaghi’s equation for MSW materials discussed. Test results were used to calculate the Factor of Safety, FS, for some slope geometrical configurations and the results were used to create some charts relating FS, fiber content and the slope geometry. The authors believe this subject could be of interest to landfill management companies, especially considering the new trend in plastic material recycling for energy recovery purposes.
Long-Term Efficiency of Zero-Valent Iron - Pumice Granular Mixtures for the Removal of Copper or Nickel From Groundwater
Authors: Moraci Nicola , Calabrò Paolo S. , Suraci Paolo
Published: June 2022

The use of Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater represents an attractive technology for both economic and operational reasons. A reactive medium widely used in PRBs is the Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) which, in several case studies, has proved highly efficient for the removal of both inorganic and organic contaminants. One of the major concerns related to ZVI PRBs is their long-term hydraulic conductivity, which often decreases during operation, potentially compromising the long-term efficiency and durability of the barrier. This paper proposes the use of granular mixtures of ZVI and natural pumice in various weight ratios with the aim of solving this problem. The experimental research was carried out using two different metallic contaminants (nickel and copper) in aqueous solution at two concentrations. The issues related with long-term efficiency of the PRB are examined on the basis of the results of the experimental activity carried out by means of long-term column tests. It is demonstrated how iron-pumice granular mixtures are efficient in contaminant removal and, at the same time, are able to maintain constant the permeability of the PRB.
Evaluation of Rockfall Hazard Along Brazil Roads
Authors: Gomes Guilherme J.C. , Sobreira Frederico G. , Lana Milene S.
Published: June 2022

. The Brazilian road network is constructed in a highly heterogeneous geological environment and some stretches cross through discontinuous rock masses that have uncertain or even ignored geotechnical characteristics. Rock slopes are potentially unstable surfaces and as such are susceptible to rockfalls that affect the highway’s user safety, transportation infrastructure and surrounding environment. The geomechanical behavior of rock masses and also the geometric and traffic conditions of highways are fundamental aspects of rockfall evaluation. This research presents a case study of rockfall evaluation for slopes bordering highway sections, aiming to classify them and determine a hierarchy for intervention, based on defined criteria. The presented method could be used as a first step in the study of stabilization techniques for problems caused by rockfalls from highway slopes. In order to use this approach, field investigations including geomechanical classification of rock mass are necessary. In this context, twelve slope sections containing rock slopes in Espirito Santo’s road network were investigated. The slopes were analyzed individually and the influence of each parameter in the global rating was evaluated. Parameter effectiveness in the proposed method was also evaluated. The slopes were classified to define priority measures to minimize roadway problems in each place.
Understanding the Mechanism of Static Soil-Structure Interaction - A Case Study
Authors: Savaris Gustavo , Hallak Patricia H. , Maia Paulo C.A.
Published: June 2022

During the construction of a building, a transfer of loads occurs from the columns which tend to settle more to those that tend to settle less. This observable fact can be attributed to the mechanism called static soil-structure interaction (SSI). In order to understand this mechanism, which is often not considered in designs, an experimental campaign and a numerical simulation were carried out on a building which had its settlements monitored from the start of its construction. For this purpose, linear tridimensional numerical models were constructed for each floor and numerical analysis was performed, using the finite elements method. In this analysis, numerical models corresponding to the execution of each floor were used, considering the settlements measured at each stage of the construction. Results show a change in reaction forces which occurs when settlements are introduced into the model. It was also possible to verify that the spring coefficients of the foundations change along the ground surface, which suggests that they are related to the structural stiffness and with the foundation adopted. Furthermore, the analysis of the susceptibility of the structure to settlements presents results which could justify a greater influence of settlements during the first stages of the construction, with lower stiffness of the structure associated with greater load variation in columns.
Measurement of Drop Height and Impact Velocity in the Brazilian SPT System
Authors: Cavalcante Erinaldo H. , Danziger Bernadete R. , Danziger Fernando A.B.
Published: June 2022

The energy efficiency in SPT is generally evaluated based on the nominal drop height. Measurements of the drop height in systems different from those used in Brazil have shown that the drop height values can be significantly different from the nominal ones, inclusively in those systems where lifting-releasing operations are automatically performed. Measurements of the drop height have been carried out in a manual lifting-releasing pinweight hammer system regularly used in Brazil. The average value of the drop height was 0.79 m, with a standard deviation of 0.03 m and a coefficient of variation of 4%. Only 6 out of the 129 measured values provided drop height values smaller than 0.75 m, which is an indication of the tendency the operator has to lift the hammer above the standard height. The average potential energy error was only 5.1%. The obtained results may be attributed to the crew experience and cannot be considered typical values of Brazilian practice. However, they do represent a condition that can be achieved in practice, provided a proper operation is undertaken. Thus, it must be seen as a goal. The impact velocity of the hammer has also been evaluated from the instrumentation. The average ratio between kinetic energy and potential nominal energy (or e1 value) was 0.74, and 0.70 if the measured potential energy is used instead of the nominal energy. An average value of 0.99 has been obtained for the energy below the anvil and kinetic energy ratio (or e2 value).
Mobility of Manganese in a Compacted Residual Gneissic Soil Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Nascentes Rejane , Azevedo I.C.D. , Matos A.T. , Fontes Maurício P.F. , Azevedo Roberto F. , Guimarães Lucas M.
Published: June 2022

Given the shortage of information available in the literature on transport parameters of heavy metals in Brazilian tropical soils, the mobility of manganese (Mn2+) in a residual gneissic compacted soil is studied in this work. Manganese can be found in toxic concentrations in landfill leachate, besides being one of the main contaminants from acid mine drainage. Column tests were performed in two groups of compacted soil samples to determine the manganese retardation factor. The sample groups presented slightly different soil compaction degrees and water contents. Soil samples were initially saturated by upward percolation of distilled water without applied counter pressure. A multi-species contaminant solution was then percolated through the soil columns. A different behavior of the hydraulic conductivity along time was observed between the two groups, during water as well as solution percolation. Manganese mobility was observed to be independent of soil hydraulic conductivity, k, for the range of k-values attained in this investigation, emphasizing the importance in evaluating the mobility of this metal in compacted soil barriers. Even when these barriers present low hydraulic conductivity values, this cation high mobility may cause it to reach soil layers below the compacted layer resulting in groundwater contamination.
Passive Earth Pressure on a Vertical Retaining Wall with Horizontal Cohesionless Backfill
Authors: Kame G.S. , Dewaikar D.M. , Choudhury Deepankar
Published: June 2022

A method based on the application of Kötter’s equation is proposed for the complete analysis of passive earth pressure on a vertical wall retaining horizontal cohesionless backfill. The unique failure surface consisting of log spiral and its tangent is identified on the basis of force equilibrium conditions. One distinguishing feature of the proposed method is its ability to compute the point of application of passive thrust using moment equilibrium. Another distinguishing feature is the prediction of distribution of soil reaction on the failure surface. The results show a close agreement with some of the available solutions.
Influence of Pile-Soil-Raft Parameters on the Behavior of Piled Raft and Conventional Piled Group Foundations
Authors: Cunha Renato P. , Pando Miguel
Published: June 2022

In the Central Area of Brazil, particularly in the city of Goiânia (and in limited cases of the Brazilian capital Brasília), it is becoming common to observe in few foundation projects the design of a single, thick and large raft, supported by several piles, particularly for the central highly loaded and slender part of very tall buildings. In fact, many of these piles are designed as “settlement reducer” ones, behaving as “floating piles” with distinct geometries or relative pile stiffness (pile-soil) ratios. They are defined with basis on some rationalized procedure adopted to minimize the differential and total settlements of the raft, also based on its relative raft stiffness (raft-soil) together with aforementioned aspects. In such conditions, the calculation is usually done using a capacity and settlement based design approach that is normal in the case of “piled raft” foundation systems. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate this particular topic, scrutinizing numerical results of piled raft cases (and its comparison with “conventional” pile groups) under both cases of horizontal and vertical load conditions. It focuses on the influence of some key parameters of piled raft systems (related to overall pile, soil and raft geometric & mechanical characteristics) on their hypothetical design behavior. It further explores the possible advantages of designing under the concept of piled rafts under few particular conditions, yielding generalized conclusions from a “practical” point of view for those interested in such design methodology.
Tailings Liquefaction Analysis Using Strength Ratios and SPT/CPT Results
Authors: Pirete Washington , Gomes Romero C.
Published: June 2022

Tailings dams constructed using the upstream method generally have relatively low- density materials with a high degree of saturation. Such conditions can generate the phenomena of liquefaction, which is potentially critical in slurry tailings disposal systems. Slope stability analyses involving liquefied soil require that the shear resistance of the softened soil be estimated and then, a good practical alternative is back-analyzed with field case studies involving slope failures, using commonly SPT and CPT results. The Olson (2001) and Olson & Stark (2003b) liquefaction analysis methodology based on strength ratios, included in this approach, is comprised of three stages: (i) liquefaction susceptibility analysis; (ii) triggering analysis; and (iii) post-triggering - flow failure stability analysis. In this paper, this approach was applied for stability assessments to verify liquefaction potential in an upstream tailings dam built by the hydraulic fill technique and located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Iron Quadrangle) region, southeastern of Brazil. The results ratified the safety condition of the impoundment although they have demonstrated that the tailings tend to exhibit contractile behavior during shear, indicating liquefaction susceptibility.
A Method for Predicting Pile Bearing Capacity From Dynamic Penetration Tests
Authors: Schnaid Fernando , Langone Marcelo J.
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a new method for predicting the axial capacity of piles from dynamic penetration tests which is based on the concepts of soil dynamics and principles of energy conservation. The energy delivered to the hammerrod-sampler system and transferred to the soil is computed from the numbers of blow counts Nspt and is analytically converted in a penetration dynamic force. The dynamic force allows the unit resistance mobilized in the SPT sampler (model) to be determined, which is then used to predict the unit resistance mobilized in a prototype pile. The strong direct relationship between the ultimate resistance of driven steel piles and the SPT dynamic force, without any bias of soil type, validates the method. Extension of the method to other pile types requires empirical parameters to account for installation effects. Predictions of 89 instrumented static pile load test database demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be efficiently used in the assessment of axial pile capacity, providing a practical way of increasing reliability in pile design by accounting for effects controlling dynamic penetration.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Distribution and Consequences of Natural and Some Anthropogenic Hazards in Brazil
Authors: Zuquette ‪Lázaro V. , Pejon Osni J. , Lima R.E. , Ferreira Marcilene D. , Rodrigues Valéria G.S.
Published: June 2022

This paper presents the results from a preliminary inventory of natural and man-made hazards and/or disasters in Brazil. The data were collected from previous studies, aerial photographs, satellite images and field studies. The data were obtained to evaluate the spatial distribution of natural and man-made hazards and disasters in different cities and states and to delimit the areas that have been the most affected during the last 50 years. A total of 28 different types of hazards/disasters were identified in Brazil; flooding, gravitational mass movements, continental and coastal erosion, silting and sinkholes are the more frequent, expensive, socially devastating and fatal types of hazards/disasters. Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul and Espirito Santo are the states most often affected by these hazards and disasters and thus experience the largest economic and social costs and the most casualties. Eight zones in which natural and anthropogenic hazards and associated disasters have occurred most frequently are described in this study. Among these, the coastal zone (zone 2) and mountainous regions in Eastern Brazil (zone 8) were found to have been intensely affected by hazards/disasters, with frequencies ranging from annual (e.g., flooding) to once every five years (e.g., high-magnitude gravitational mass movements). The greatest economic and social losses and the highest reported fatalities in Brazil have occurred in these two zones.
Application of Risk Analysis Methods on Tailings Dams
Authors: Espósito Terezinha , Palmier Luiz R.
Published: June 2022

One of the procedures adopted in a Safety Management System is the use of Risk Analysis for which analytical, iterative, descriptive and qualitative methods, such as the FMEA “Failure Modes and Effects Analysis”, have been applied in order to identify and analyse potential failures from a given failure mode, its causes and consequences, as well as the means of detection and prevention of failure modes and mitigation of their effects. In Brazil the FMEA method has been used to evaluate the safe conditions of tailings dams. On the other hand a specific tool for the Risk Analysis of dams, the LCI “Analysis by Diagrams Location, Cause and Failure Indicators” semi-quantitative method, has been developed and in the United Kingdom under the name of “Risk Management for UK Reservoirs” and applied in Europe but not for tailings dams. Recently the LCI MOD-REJ version – an adaptation of the LCI method – has been proposed and applied to one Brazilian tailings dam to explicit deal with the Risk Analysis of this type of structure. Considering the promising results of the former application, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the LCI MOD-REJ version applicability and efficiency by comparing the results of its and the FMEA method applications to two Brazilian tailings dams.
Performance of In-Line Sediment Control Devices Under Field Conditions
Authors: Cavalhieri Caio P. , Campos Sofia J.A.M. , Gallardo Amarilis L.C.F. , Bitar Omar Y.
Published: June 2022

. A wide variety of structural best management practices (BMPs) has been developed in the last few decades to control erosion-related problems at construction sites. Even though many BMPs exist to control erosion and sediment accumulation, there is very little research on their performance and this is even more pronounced when considering the performance of these devices working together and under field conditions. In an effort to address this issue, this study analyzes the performance of in-line devices installed at six drainage exits of a new highway under construction, all of them located upstream and 1.0 km to 2.5 km far from a surface intake in a public water supply reservoir. Altogether, three categories of devices were studied: gabions, silt fences and turbidity curtains. The performance of each device was assessed based on inspections at the construction site after heavy rains, by visually checking changes in the apparent color of the water and accumulation of sediments. Complementary, water quality monitoring data collected at the water intake were analyzed by comparing two different periods: before (from 2002 to 2007) and during (from 2008 to 2010) the construction of the highway. Results indicated that the six drainage exits with BMPs installed in-line did not affect the quality of the water at the surface intake. In addition to that, although each of these devices could not function properly due to unsatisfactory maintenance and sometimes by their own low filtration rates, all of them contributed to retain sediment and keep it close to the limits of the construction site.
An Efficient Model for Numerical Simulation of the Mechanical Behavior of Soils. Part 2: Applications
Authors: Braun A.L. , Awruch Armando M.
Published: June 2022

A numerical model to simulate the mechanical behavior of soils was introduced in Part 1 of this paper (also published in this issue). Detailed information about the analytical model were presented, where the critical state theory for soil mechanics was considered in the context of the elastoplastic formulation. Moreover, an efficient numerical formulation to deal with nonlinear applications was also presented, featuring important characteristics such as reduced integration techniques, explicit integration of the constitutive equation and a corotational formulation for the kinematical description of the continuum. In this second part of the present work, the numerical model proposed in the previous paper is applied to some classical examples of soil mechanics to demonstrate the applicability of the present formulation. Effects of a geometrically nonlinear approach over the numerical predictions are investigated and comparisons are performed taking into account results obtained by using a geometrically linear model. In addition, some comparisons are also carried out considering evaluations performed with different constitutive formulations in order to observe the mechanical behavior of the soil mass under different constitutive assumptions.
Observational Method applied to the Rio Grande Port Breakwater
Authors: Schnaid Fernando
Published: June 2022

A case study describing the experience in modeling and designing the process of construction of the Rio Grande Breakwater on soft clay deposits is summarized in this paper. Field performance during and after embankment construction was monitored with inclinometers, magnetometers and electrical piezometers providing the necessary information to check the design hypothesis, to evaluate the uncertainties related to the natural ground variability and to ensure that the work conformed with acceptable limits of behaviour. The importance of modeling the construction by finite element analysis as an interactive process supported by observations collected from the construction phases is highlighted. The successful completion of the work stimulates the use of the Observational Method in geotechnical practice and, for this reason, guidance is provided for future work.
Dispersion Potential of a Clay Soil Stabilized by Alum. A Case Study
Authors: Jafari Hamid R. , Hassanlourad Mahmoud , Hassanlou Mohammad R.
Published: June 2022

In this paper modification potential of dispersive clay by white natural alum is evaluated. The studied clay is taken from basin of a constructing dam, called “Mirzakhanloo”, located in Zanjan province, northwest of Iran. Dispersion potential of soil and its modifiability were evaluated using pinhole, single and double hydrometric, chemistry and standard compaction tests. The influence of alum on the Atterberg limits of soil was also studied. Tests results indicated that adding the alum and curing time up to 28 days, under hydraulic gradients up to 26.84, decreases the dispersivity of the modified soil. Increasing the alum content increases the plasticity limit. Liquid limit, plasticity index and pH of the soil were increased by adding the alum up to 0.6%, and then decreased. Both the plasticity and liquid limits were decreased by curing time, however the plasticity index variations were limited. Electrical conductivity (EC), and Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of the soil were increased and total suspended solids (TSS) in the leached water were decreased by increasing the alum content and curing time. Generally, addition of 3% alum stabilized the used soil knowing that maximum dry density and optimum moisture content were obtained at 1% of alum.
Scale Laboratory Model for Studying the Behavior of Pipe Umbrella in Sandy Soil
Authors: Galetto D. , Silva João C.B.J. , Peila D. , Assis André P.
Published: June 2022

Steel pipe umbrellas have been used to tunnel in difficult conditions or in weak rock masses and/or soils. Despite the large number of applications around the world, there are still some doubts concerning how pipe umbrellas behave under loading when the tunnel face advances. For this reason, a scale laboratory model of pipe umbrella reinforced tunnel heading in a sandy soil was set up with the aim of understanding tunnel boundary deformation mechanisms in order to understand and define which is the best pipe umbrella design. The laboratory tests were performed using a box (1.5 m x 2.0 m x 1.8 m) in which the excavation of a 50 cm diameter tunnel at a low depth was simulated. The behavior of the ground and of some pipes of the umbrella was monitored during the test and the results were compared with FLAC 3D program modeling results. The paper reports the preliminary results of the first set of tests which, however, demonstrated the great efficiency of the pipe umbrella system, even for heading of half of the tunnel diameter, that the behavior of the tunnel face is a key parameter in the deformation scheme and that this support technique can be modeled using a three-dimensional code.
Penetration Rate Effects on Cone Resistance: Insights From Calibration Chamber and Field Testing
Authors: Salgado Rodrigo , Prezzi Monica
Published: June 2022

Cone penetration in mixed or intermediate soils (soils containing mixtures of sand, silt and clay) is neither fully drained nor fully undrained at the standard cone penetration rate of 20 mm/s. Considerable research, mainly relying on centrifuge tests, has been undertaken to quantify the effects of penetration rate (and thus partial drainage) on cone resistance. In this paper, the effects of penetration rate on cone resistance in saturated clayey soils were investigated by performing field tests and miniature cone penetration tests in a calibration chamber. The field tests were performed at sites especially selected to span the range of drainage conditions from fully drained to fully undrained. The calibration chamber tests, using both conical and flat-tip penetrometers, were performed at different penetration rates in two specimens prepared by mixing kaolin clay and sand with different mixing ratios and one-dimensionally consolidateding the mixtures. A correlation between cone resistance and drainage conditions is established based on the cone penetration test results. The transitions from no drainage to partial drainage and from partial drainage to full drainage are defined as a function of penetration rate normalized with respect to the penetrometer diameter and the coefficient of consolidation.
Critical Rainfall Parameters: Proposed Landslide Warning System for the Metropolitan Region of Recife, PE, Brazil
Authors: Bandeira Ana P.N. , Coutinho Roberto Q.
Published: June 2022

. In the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Northeast Brazil, landslides caused a total of 214 deaths between 1984 and 2012. Efforts have been made, but there is still need to improve the risk area management by discovering the correlations between the rainfall and landslides and by implementing a disaster warning and prevention system in order to reduce the number of accidents and fatalities. The purpose of this study is to propose rainfall parameters likely to trigger mass movements, as a contribution to risk management in this region. It specifically addresses the study undertaken in three municipalities: Recife, Camaragibe and Jaboatão dos Guararapes, which have disorganized occupation in high and very high risk areas. In order to achieve the prime objective, rainfall and landslides were tracked during 2009 to obtain correlations between them. After the data was logged, the rainfall accumulation associated with landslides was checked. According to each area with civil defense action of the municipalities involved in the study, critical values of the cumulative rainfall in 72 h (I72 h), in the long term (Pac) and the parameter Rcrit resulting from the product of I72 h by Pac, are suggested herein to be recommended for operations of the Warning and Alert states. By achieving these critical values, they increase the probability of landslide events, and are important for taking decisions and instructions on Civil Defense actions.
Precipitation Influence on the Distribution of Pore Pressure and Suction on a Coastal Hillside
Authors: Sestrem Liamara P. , Kormann Alessander C.M. , Marinho Fernando A.M. , Pretto José H.F.
Published: June 2022

The frequent interruption of roads in some freeways in Brazil due to slope failure has caused economic losses and potential harm to users. The paper presents data from a monitoring system installed at Serra do Mar in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The slope monitored is called Morro do Boi and is located on BR-101 south, near the municipality of Itapema. It was stabilised using anchor and flexible metal mesh. Hence, all the pore water pressure measured is due to environmental changes. After approximately sixteen months of readings, it was possible to observe that the suction variation in the unsaturated layers presents a time delay in relation to the rainfall observed in the area. The ground water table presented a variation of about 1.5 m. The analyses of the data allowed establishing a trigger accumulated rainfall that reduces the negative pore water pressure to values below 10 kPa. So far, no significant positive pore water pressure has been observed above the ground water table.
Secrecy and disclosure in Angels in America and How to Get Away with Murder
Authors: BAKŞİ YALÇIN Olgahan , KOMUT BAKINÇ Sultan
Published: June 2022

The emergence of various sexual subcultures and communities is part of a larger process that has characterized the twentieth century, resulting in ever-growing social complexity and social differentiation. This differentiation process has produced “a new pluralism of class, ethnic, racial and cultural forms as well as a diversity of gender and sexual experiences,” as Jeffrey Weeks puts it in his work, Sexuality (1986, p. 75). Angels in America (1992-1995) by Tony Kushner is a play set in America in the 1980s against a backdrop of conservatism, sexual politics, and a new mysterious disease: AIDS. On the other hand, How to Get Away with Murder (2014-2020) is an American legal thriller television series created by Peter Nowalk and produced by Shonda Rhimes in ABC Studios, in which the LGBTQ community finds its long-neglected place in American society. In both works, written twenty years apart, secrecy and disclosure strongly tied to sexual identity is the real nexus of the storyline in which the protagonists fight with their sexual identities along with social, cultural, and political attitudes, thus, transforming their entire lives into a battleground. In this paper, we aim to discuss the secrecy and disclosure of sexual identities in light of the USA's social, political, and cultural changes in Angels in America and How to Get Away with Murder.
“That’s a grand story:” Reading J. M. Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World as a postnational allegory
Authors: ÇİMEN Rıza , ÜNLÜ ÇİMEN Esra
Published: June 2022

The concept of “national allegory” formulated in Fredric Jameson’s work on the third-world literatures has been the subject of much critical debate, especially in the context of postcolonial studies. The dispute surrounding the term is closely tied to Jameson’s controversial suggestions such as the view that “all” third-world literary texts inevitably fall into the category of “national allegory”. The “nation” in this sense provides the main conceptual framework out of which literary texts imbued with “allegorical resonances” develop by specifically addressing the nation state. Jameson’s formulation acquires further significance when it is reciprocally held with his concept of the “political unconscious”, which refers to the implicit political aspect behind creative works. Jameson suggests that artistic works are the products of unconsciously felt political and cultural conditions laid out by latent historical and economic realities. J.M Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World lends itself to a Jamesonian reading in that the Irish efforts to achieve independence from British rule are transmuted into the dramatic world of the play in the form of an Oedipal tension between a father and a son. However, the play does not put forward a simplistic allegory of the nation since the text itself avoids reproducing a picture of a clear-cut nationhood. This essay argues that Synge’s play addresses a “postnational” condition transcending the militant nationalist ideologies and produces a “postnational allegory” in which the suggestive background points at a new rationale for defining the nation with a call for imagining a nomadic “beyond”.
A masculinist look at Meredith’s One of Our Conquerors: Hegemonic, ethical and religious masculinity norms as determinant factors in the formation of male anxiety*
Authors: YILMAZ Özlem
Published: June 2022

The field of masculinity studies is a recent branch of research, which seeks answers to questions concerning the construction of masculinities and examines how the construction process differs in different societal, cultural, and historical contexts. Primarily aiming at investigating how male individuals respond to hegemonic masculinity norms either through their rejection or internalisation, the field emphasizes that the close analysis of the concept of masculinity is of great importance since it is impossible to find solutions to problems regarding to gender issues without understanding masculinities. Literary masculinity studies empower this close analysis by foregrounding the construction of masculinities in literary texts. George Meredith’s One of Our Conquerors, which was written in 1891, at the beginning of the nineteenth century fin de siècle, is a successful example of literary texts which present a kind of critique of the prevailing patriarchal ideologies and of the damaging effects of hegemonic masculinity norms on psychologies of male individuals. Through its portrayal of a male protagonist who experiences a striking failure in conforming to the hegemonic masculinity expectations, the novel demonstrates the severe consequences of hegemonic gender expectations on non-hegemonic or alternative masculinities. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of hegemonic, ethical, and religious norms in the construction of masculine identities as well as in the occurrence of male anxiety through analysing masculinity portrayals in the novel.
Küreselleşme sürecinde yaşanan dilsel ve kültürel değişimler ve topluma yönelik etkileri
Authors: ATEŞ Elif , AYTEKİN Halil
Published: June 2022

Türkçede “Küreselleşme” olarak karşılık bulan “Globalleşme” son yüzyıla damgasını vurmuş bir kavramdır. Bir anlamda yeni dünya düzenini tanımlamaya yarayan farklı anlam ve algılara açık oldukça karmaşık bir süreci ifade eder. Küreselleşme kapitalizmin dünyayı ele geçirme çabası ve onun ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel bağlamda yeni versiyonudur. Bu kavramı ele alış şekli bakış açısına göre değişiklik gösterse de hemem hemen bütün toplumlarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle ulaşım ve iletişimin kolaylaşması, bilginin, sermayenin ve ürünlerin küresel ölçekte akışlarının artış göstermesidir. Kültürel açıdan küreselleşme kavramı; toplumların birbirinden ister istemez etkilenmesi ve aynılaşmasını içerdiği gibi aynı zamanda birbirlerinin dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklarına saygı duyma ve beraber yaşama arzusu olarak da ifade edilir. Her kültür doğduğunda özgündür. Küreselleşme ile birlikte beklenen şey; kültürün değişime uğraması ve dayatılan tek bir küresel kültüre tabi olunmasıdır. Milli kültürlerin binlerce yıllık süreç içerisinde, aşınmalar olsa da varlığını sürdürebileceğini bilen batı, bu arzusunu farklılıkları kucaklama ve herkesi kendi kültürüyle kabul etme politikası ile kamufle etmeye çalışmaktadır. Ancak toplumlar, küresel kültürün bu örtülü beklentisi karşısında maalesef fazla bir direnç gösterememektedir. Karşılıklı kültürel geçişleri beklerken, bu etkileşim tek yönlü gerçekleşmekte ve egemen kültür etkisini her alanda hissettirmektedir. Egemen kültür yani Amerikan kültürü yaşam anlayışıyla, yeme içme, giyim tarzı ve özellikle diliyle tüm toplumları etkilemiş durumdadır. Az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler kendilerine empoze edilen bu yeni kültürün tesiri altında kendi kültürlerini kaybetme riskiyle karşı karşıyadırlar. Küresel vatandaş kavramı, kültürel asimilasyona hayır diyebilen ve sadece kendi ülkesinin değil aynı zamanda tüm insanlığın sorunlarına duyarlı, farkılıkları tolere edebilen evrensel bilince sahip insan anlamına geldiği takdirde kabul görür. Zemin çok kaygan ve tehlikelidir. Küresel gelişmelere karşı koyulamaz belki ama küresel kültüre ulusal bilinçle karşılık verilebilir. Bu nitel çalışmada doküman analizi modeli kullanılmıştır.
Ahlaki mesnevilerde misafirlik kavramı
Authors: DURKAYA Hayriye
Published: June 2022

Kültürel değerler, her toplumun kendi içerisinde benimsediği kabullere göre şekil alır. Türk toplumu da kendine has, çeşitlilik gösteren değerler bütününe sahiptir. Bunların içerisinde “misafirlik” ise üzerinde ayrıca durulması gereken bir kavramdır. Çünkü zihinlerde yer edinmiş bir ifade vardır ki bu, “Türk misafirperverliği”dir. Misafirlik, gerek İslamiyet öncesi gerek İslamiyet sonrası Türklerin yaşantısında olan kadim bir kavramdır. Hem dinî hem de millî bir değer olarak Türk toplumundaki yerini koruyan misafirlik, kendi içinde kuralları olan bir uygulamadır. Konuğun ve konuk edenin dikkat etmesi ve yapması gereken davranışlar, misafirlik adabını meydana getiren öğretilerdir. Bu adap içerisinde üzerinde en çok durulan kaide ise gelen misafir her kim olursa olsun onu konuk etmek ve ona ikramda kusur etmemektir. Türk kültüründe taşıdığı önem aşikâr olan misafirlik, edebî metinlerde de işlenen bir mevzu olmuştur. Klasik Türk edebiyatında müstakil hâlde yazılan mesneviler içerisinde dinî, tasavvufi ve ahlaki özellik gösterenler, misafirlik bahsinin nasıl ele alındığı hakkında bilgi verebilecek kaynaklardandır. Bu kabulden hareketle çalışmada klasik Türk edebiyatı kapsamında yazılan ahlaki mesneviler içerisinden -yüzyıl farkı gözetilmeden- yirmi mesnevi incelenmiş ve divan şairlerinin, misafirlik olgusunu daha çok hangi yönlerden ele aldığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
State Regulation of Commodity Prices as a Factor of Global Competitiveness and Development of the Digital Economy in the EAEU Member States
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Savelyeva Nadezhda K. , Sozinova Anastasia A. ,   Vyatka State University
Published: June 2022

One of the driving forces of the modern economic system is global competitiveness and digitalization of the economy, which determine the position of states in world markets. At the same time, restrictions on free trade in the country may lead to deterioration of the activities of domestic entrepreneurs. However, the consequences of state regulation of prices on commodity markets may have ambiguous consequences for these factors, which is why the relevance of the study is determined. The purpose of the study is to identify the degree and nature of dependence in the EAEU member states of competitiveness and development of the digital economy on state regulation of commodity prices. The main methods presented in the work are general scientific methods, statistical methods and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. Within the framework of the study, statistical data were used to study the causal relationships of state regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU: the global competitiveness index, the digital competitiveness index, the digital knowledge index, the technological readiness index, the digital technology application index, the annual economic growth rate, the volume of investments in the economy of the EAEU countries, imports of goods in the EAEU countries. The evaluation of the regression analysis showed that market competition and inflation have a statistically significant impact only on global competitiveness, digital knowledge, the volume of investments, but there is no impact on digital competitiveness, technological readiness, the use of digital technologies, the pace of economic growth, imports, according to the study. Based on the results of the study, alternative scenarios were constructed for the development of the consequences of state regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU member states for global competitiveness and the development of the digital economy in the post-pandemic period.
ON-GRID PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR ENERGY PLANT FOR KING ABULAZIZ AIRPORT LOADS
Authors: Algarni Ali H. , H. Mohamed Mohamed
Published: June 2022

According to Saudi Arabia vision of 2030, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is undergoing through various stages and working on projects to make their airports environment friendly and pollution free. For this, they are working to install solar panels and make electricity to meet up their requirements. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, all the airports will be transformed in environmental friendly airports. We are working on the project to install a solar PV system in Jeddah International airport. It is taken the values for electricity consumption of the airport and designed two different systems: On-Grid and OFF-Grid and implement them with the desired requirements. Using PVsyst software, the On-grid design has been simulated as well as the economic analysis has been calculated. The results indicated that cost analysis shows that energy produced will cost 0.073USD/kWh. Detailed economic analysis of ON-Grid system is introduced and get On-grid design system of PV more beneficial. This system provides our investment back within 4.3 years and its environment friendly obvious.
Adat Rantau as a Solution for Multi-Ethnic Marriage in Pasaman, West Sumatera
Authors: Nofiardi Nofiardi
Published: June 2022

Inter-ethnic marriages involving the Minangkabau and Mandailing people in the rantau region of Pasaman is increasingly unavoidable, even though people of the respective ethnicities keep preserving their customs.  The issue about inter-ethnic marriage tradition in facilitating these two different regions between Minang and Mandailing in the rantau region is an interesting academic analysis. A comparison between it’s  solutions with fiqh as well as the Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam) is also another issue that deserves a discussion. Therefore, the investigation of these issues applies a descriptive-qualitative research compiled through interviews with local figures and bundo kanduang and some sort of secondary sources. This article shows that adat rantau is a new alternative appeared as the solution raised from inter-ethnic marriages, especially between Minangkabau and Mandailing people. This emerging solution also opens up a pathway for the growth of bilateral or parental systems. This adat rantau is different from other regions in which inter-ethnic marriages occur, considering that some maintain the patrilineal system that resonates to fiqh and the Compilation of Islamic Law.