bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education in Virtual Environments
Authors: Saiger Aaron
Published: July 2020

The bricks-and-mortar schools contemplated by American education law and regulation are discrete, bureaucratic institutions, where children interact in person with one another, and with adults who supervise them, inside fixed physical borders at fixed times. Their governance is likewise defined geographically. Virtual schooling, by contrast, is untethered from geography, is ubiquitously asynchronous, and involves the interaction of machine representations of people rather than of people themselves. Virtuality privileges the consumer over the bureaucrat, encourages the disaggregation and recombination of educational components on a bespoke basis, and brings different economies of scale and competitive features to the educational marketplace. The education law we have—the law of the traditional, embodied school—fits virtual technology poorly in critical respects. Virtuality demands fundamentally new legal approaches to areas as diverse as curriculum, attendance, student health and safety, privacy, parental responsibility, disability, student rights, discipline, governance, and equity. Responding to these demands provides occasion to see the law afresh, to reassess and redirect, to align principle and practice more closely, and ultimately to transform educational regulation in the service of equity and learning. This is an opportunity of a kind that has not presented itself since the beginning of the Progressive Era.
Fossil Fuels
Authors: Tutuncu Azra N.
Published: July 2020

While experts agree that some fossil fuels will be left in the ground due to economic costs, environmental risks, or political concerns, these resources are likely to remain the primary source of energy for generating electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation for the foreseeable future. This chapter provides an overview of the different types of fossil fuels and their histories, production and consumption trends, and future opportunities and challenges for the fossil fuel sector. Its purpose is to provide a technical background for social scientists working on energy issues.
The Energy Politics of the European Union
Authors: Westphal Kirsten
Published: July 2020

Energy politics in the European Union is characterized by a combination of intergovernmental and supranational forms of governance. Scholars analyze the EU’s energy politics through the lenses of various theoretical approaches, with intergovernmental and neofunctional/supranational approaches dominating. The two approaches explain certain dynamics within the EU and the balance of power between Brussels and the member states. Energy policy is guided by the strategic energy triangle of sustainability, competitiveness, and energy security. The EU’s Energy Union marks a substantial shift: internally, to incorporate energy security as a primary objective together with sustainability and competitiveness; and externally, to use the EU’s economic weight and regulatory power in relation to external actors. Given its multilateral and rules-based character, the EU sui generis relies on a corresponding international environment and the liberal global order. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on EU governance to achieve its climate and energy targets, the role of the EU in the global energy landscape, and the impact of energy transformation.
Patriotic Dollars: ZANU-PF and the Conjuring of a Truly Zimbabwean Currency
Authors: Jones Jeremy L.
Published: July 2020

This chapter analyses the political rhetoric surrounding money in Zimbabwe, with a focus on the early 2000s and the era of hyperinflation. It argues that under President Robert Mugabe, the ruling party, ZANU-PF, consistently sought to anchor the value of the Zimdollar in the charged symbolism of racial autochthony, and ascribed drops in monetary value to the work of external forces and internal ‘sell-outs’. Despite some key changes, those efforts continue to resonate under the new administration of Emmerson Mnangagwa. The chapter traces this logic of economic indigeneity through several specific instances and demonstrates that conceptions of money and wealth have been central to ‘patriotic history’.
‘The Government is the One Who Caused Cholera’: State Transformation and the Politics of Public Health During Zimbabwe’s Crisis
Authors: Chigudu Simukai
Published: July 2020

Zimbabwe’s cholera epidemic of 2008/09 is almost unrivalled, in scale and lethality, in the modern history of the disease. The disease infected nearly 100,000 people, claiming over 4000 lives over a ten-month period. This chapter examines the political and economic origins of the outbreak and analyses some of the meanings, memories, and narratives that the outbreak has left in civic life. It makes three key arguments. First, it contends that the origins, scale, and impact of the cholera outbreak were overdetermined by a multilevel failure of Zimbabwe’s public health system, itself a consequence of the country’s post-2000 political conflicts and economic crisis. Second, by recounting stories of the relentless suffering and dispossession that accompanied the cholera outbreak the chapter reveals how the disease mapped onto and exacerbated the contours of abandonment, abjection, and exclusion within Zimbabwean society. Third, the chapter ultimately argues that cholera emerged from prolonged and multiscalar political-economic processes for which no short-term or easy solutions are available. While the outbreak aroused public anger and outrage at the government for its causal role in the epidemic and the inadequacy of its relief efforts, this anger did not translate into any effective political mobilization or permanent change. Thus, the politics of cholera, in its making and aftermath, show the grim and profound consequences of state transformation for public health and for notions of belonging in the body politic.
Slaves and Religion
Authors: North John A.
Published: July 2020

From accounts of the legal status of Greek and Roman slaves, you might infer that they would have had no place at all in the religious life of the pagan communities where they were held. For many, this must have been true; but this chapter examines the various contexts in which there is evidence of slaves performing rituals, taking vows, paying for monuments, and the like. The argument is made that this range of activity should be seen as part of the opportunities open to privileged slaves, who were able both in Athens and through the Roman Empire to earn money, run businesses, and act as agents for their owners. Finally, the question is raised how the coming of Christianity affected the position and welfare of slaves.
Candy Cane Compared With Boot Stirrups in Vaginal Surgery
Authors: Gupta Ankita , Meriwether Kate , Tuller Molly , Sekula Michael , Gaskins Jeremy , Stewart J. Ryan , Hobson Deslyn , Cardenas-Trowers Olivia , Francis Sean
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate differences in physical function at 6 weeks after vaginal surgery among women positioned in candy cane and boot stirrups.

METHODS:

We conducted a single-masked, randomized controlled trial of women undergoing vaginal surgery with either candy cane or boot stirrup use. The primary outcome was a change in the PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) physical function short form-20a from baseline to 6 weeks after surgery. To achieve 80% power to detect a moderate Cohen effect (d=0.5), we required 64 participants in each group.

RESULTS:

From March 2018 to October 2019, 141 women were randomized, and 138 women (72 in the candy cane group and 66 in the boot stirrup group) were included in the final analysis. There were no baseline differences in participant characteristics including age, body mass index, comorbidities, or preoperative history of joint replacements. There were no between-group differences in surgery type, duration of surgery, estimated blood loss, or adverse events at 6 weeks postoperation. Participants in the candy cane group demonstrated worse physical function at 6 weeks compares with the improvement seen in those in the boot stirrup group; this was significantly different between groups (−1.9±7.9 candy cane vs 1.9±7.0 boot, P<.01).

CONCLUSION:

Women undergoing vaginal surgery positioned in boot stirrups have significantly better physical function at 6 weeks after surgery when compared with women positioned in candy cane stirrups.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03446950.
A Quantitative Approach for the Objective Assessment of Coupling Efficiency for an Active Middle Ear Implant by Recording Auditory Steady-state Responses
Authors: Fröhlich Laura , Plontke Stefan K. , Rahne Torsten
Published: July 2020

Objective:

The coupling efficiency of a semi-implantable active middle ear implant with an electromagnetically driven floating mass transducer coupled to a middle ear ossicle or the round window can only be quantified postoperatively in cooperative patients by measuring behavioral vibroplasty in situ thresholds in comparison with bone conduction thresholds. The objective of the study was to develop a method to objectively determine the vibroplasty in situ thresholds by determining calibration factors from the relation between the objective and behavioral vibroplasty in situ thresholds.

Study Design:

Prospective experimental study.

Patients:

Fifteen patients, implanted with an active middle ear implant for at least 6 months.

Intervention:

Diagnostic.

Main Outcome Measures:

Vibroplasty in situ thresholds measured objectively by auditory steady state responses (floating mass transducer [FMT]ASSR). Subjective vibroplasty in situ thresholds were measured in this experimental ASSR set-up (FMTsubj.) and behaviorally by pure-tone audiometry (vibrogram). All thresholds were obtained at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.

Results:

Thresholds could be objectively measured by ASSR in all patients. Differences between the FMTASSR and FMTsubj. were statistically significant but small. A significant correlation was found between the FMTASSR and the vibrogram thresholds at 4000 Hz but not for the other test frequencies.

Conclusion:

The method is feasible to measure objective vibroplasty in situ thresholds in active middle ear implant users. Since calibration factors could not be determined for all frequencies, the method is only applicable to comparatively determine the coupling efficiency of the floating mass transducer.
Specific Pathogen-Free Animals for Civilian and Military Trauma: a Cautionary Note in the Translation of New Drug Therapies
Authors: Dobson Geoffrey P. , Morris Jodie L. , Biros Erik , Letson Hayley L.
Published: July 2020

Specific-pathogen free (SPF) animals were introduced into biomedical research in the early 1960s to reduce the incidence of disease into experimental design. The goal was to provide animals with selected microbiota compatible with sustained health. Sixty years later, SPF status has become a variable itself in biomedical research. Alterations in the gut microbiome–host relationship can profoundly influence basic physiology, immune/inflammatory function, susceptibility to infection and disease, and behavior. In addition, it can influence the translational success of a drug or technology from animal models to humans. We discuss this aspect of SPF status in animal models used for military or civilian trauma and shock research. Currently, there is a broad spectrum of SPF exclusion and inclusion criteria which vary from one supplier or animal husbandry facility. If translation to humans is the end-game of trauma research, we recommend replicating a gut microbiome similar to the wild-type for optimal success. We further suggest that at the end of each publication a URL access be provided on Animal Microbial/Pathogen Exclusion Status that a study was based upon. This may help address the differences in results within a single laboratory or between laboratories around the world and improve translation success.
Assessment of N95 and K95 respirator decontamination: fiber integrity, filtration efficiency, and dipole charge density
Authors: Yim Wonjun , Cheng Diyi , Patel Shiv , Kui Rui , Meng Ying Shirley , Jokerst Jesse V.
Published: July 2020

Personal protective equipment (PPE) including N95 respirators are critical for persons exposed to SARS-CoV-2. KN95 respirators and N95 decontamination protocols have been described as solutions to a lack of such PPE. However, there are a few materials science studies that characterize the charge distribution and physical changes accompanying disinfection treatments particularly heating. Here, we report the filtration efficiency, dipole charge density, and fiber integrity of pristine N95 and KN95 respirators before and after various decontamination methods. We found that the filter layer of N95 is 8-fold thicker than that of KN95, which explains its 10% higher filtration efficiency (97.03 %) versus KN95 (87.76 %) under pristines condition. After 60 minutes of 70 °C treatment, the filtration efficiency and dipole charge density of N95 became 97.16% and 12.48 μC/m2, while those of KN95 were 83.64% and 1.48 μC/m2; moreover, fit factor of N95 was 55 and that of KN95 was 2.7. In conclusion, the KN95 respirator is an inferior alternative of N95 respirator. In both systems, a loss of electrostatic charge does not directly correlate to a decrease in performance.
SARS-CoV-2 virus culture from the upper respiratory tract: Correlation with viral load, subgenomic viral RNA and duration of illness.
Authors: Perera Ranawaka APM , Tso Eugene , Tsang Owen TY , Tsang Dominic NC , Fung Kitty , Leung Yonna WY , Chin Alex WH , Chu Daniel KW , Cheung Samuel MS , Poon Leo LM , Chuang Vivien WM , Peiris Malik
Published: July 2020

In 68 respiratory specimens from a cohort of 35 COVID-19 patients, 32 of them with mild disease, we found SARS coronavirus-2 virus culture and sub-genomic RNA was rarely detectable beyond 8 days after onset of illness although virus RNA by RT-PCR remained detectable for many weeks.
The Role of Think Tanks in the Swedish Political Landscape
Authors: Allern Sigurd , Pollack Ester
Published: July 2020

The term ‘think tank’ represents a heterogeneous concept and is used to characterise a diverse group of organisations. This diversity also characterises the Swedish organisations and institutions that currently fall under the think tank umbrella. In the Swedish political context, most organisations known by the public and news media as think tanks are advocacy organisations with an unambiguous ideological and political profile. Further, during the last decade, we have seen a proliferation of independent, self‐declared think tanks with more specific policy agendas, such as the environment and health care. However, according to the broader understanding used in global rankings, the Swedish think tank landscape includes a range of research institutions in different policy areas. Some receive funding from the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, corporations and private donors; others are government‐funded, with Stockholm's International Peace Research Institute as a prominent example. The aim of this article is to map the Swedish think tank landscape and its borders and analyse the roles of different types of think tanks in consensual or confrontational policymaking. Strategic differences among these types are related to historical background and funding. While government‐funded and some policy‐sector think tanks typically represent a tradition of consensual policymaking, those funded by the Corporation of Swedish Enterprise and other business interests represent a post‐corporatist development advocating neoliberal ideas and assuming a confrontational role in the expansion of private ownership and market solutions.
Magnetic mesoporous carbon material based electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of penicillin sodium in milk
Authors: Wang Li , Xiu Yi , Han Baoqing , Liu Lu , Niu Xiaodi , Wang Hongsu
Published: July 2020

In recent years, to increase growth rate and prevent infectious diseases, an excessive use of antibiotics in livestock breeding processes has resulted in the presence of antibiotic residues in animal foods. In this experiment, a new kind of electrochemical sensor is prepared based on magnetic mesoporous hollow carbon microspheres (MHM) as a penicillinase (Pen X) adsorption carrier to rapidly detect penicillin sodium (Pen G), named Pen X/MHM/MGCE. The MHM‐adsorbed penicillinase can be separated from the solution by magnetic attraction and fixed on a magnetic glassy carbon electrode by physical adsorption, which is easy to operate and avoids the interference of a crosslinking agent at the active site of the enzyme. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method is used to immerse the working electrode in test samples containing different concentrations of penicillin sodium solution with 0.5 mg/mL oxidized hematoxylin. According to the quantitative relationship between the current value and the concentration of penicillin sodium, the concentration of penicillin sodium in the tested samples can be determined. The detection range of the sensor is 10−8 to 10−2 mg/mL, the linear relationship is good (R2 = 0.9983), and the detection limit (LOD) is 2.655 × 10−7 mg/mL (S/N = 3). The detection of penicillin sodium in milk using a standard addition method shows good recovery. Furthermore, the proposed method has the advantages of a wide detection range, good enzyme immobilization capacity, good precision and stability, convenient cleaning, and recycling of solid materials. Thus, it can successfully achieve rapid detection in milk samples.

Practical Application

The sensor provides a low detection limit and high recovery rate of electrode material; therefore, the sensor can realize the rapid and quantitative detection of penicillin sodium in milk.
The differences and overlaps in the seed‐resident microbiome of four Leguminous and three Gramineous forages
Authors: Dai Ya , Li Xin‐Yu , Wang Yan , Li Cai‐Xia , He Yuan , Lin Hong‐Hui , Wang Tao , Ma Xin‐Rong
Published: July 2020

Given the important roles that seed‐borne endophytes can play on their plant hosts, comprehensive studies of the bacterial and fungal communities of seeds are of great importance. In this study, we assessed the seed endophytes of three gramineous (Avena sativa, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus) and four leguminous (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pretense and Medicago sativa) forages using high‐throughput sequencing. In total, 1013 distinct bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 922 fungal OTUs were detected, with bacteria and fungi per sample ranging from 240 to 425 and 261 to 463 respectively. These seven forages shared a high number of potentially beneficial taxa, including Bacillus, Pantoea, Candida and Helotiales, but the relative proportion of these taxa was different in each seed. Fungal communities were clustered more distinctively by host genotypes than bacterial. Some bacterial taxa may be involved in the recruitment of genera from the same phylum. Three Pantoea sp. and five Bacillus sp. were isolated from seeds, and all showed positive effects on Medicago sativa germination rate under salt stress, and of these, Bacillus subtilis Es‐1 and Pantoea agglomerans Ed‐3 performed best, but their influence was affected by the seed’s microbiome. Rather than simply promoting host plant growth directly, some taxa may also participate in organizing the assembly of plant microbiomes which will influence seed response to biological factors. This study uses a new, high‐throughput sequencing based strategy to identify beneficial strains and analyse the interactions between microorganisms and plants to maximize microbial functions in long‐term agricultural practices.
Internet and social media use among patients with colorectal diseases (ISMAEL): a nationwide survey
Authors: Sturiale A. , Pata F. , De Simone V. , Pellino G. , Campennì P. , Moggia E. , Manigrasso M. , Milone M. , Rizzo G. , Morganti R. , Martellucci J. , Gallo G. ,   the ISMAEL working group
Published: July 2020

Aim

Social media are used daily by both healthcare workers and patients. Online platforms have the potential to provide patients with useful information, increase their engagement and potentially revolutionize the patient–physician relationship. This survey aimed to evaluate the impact of the Internet and social media (I&SM) on patients affected by colorectal and proctological diseases to define a pathway to develop an evidence‐based communications strategy.

Method

A 31‐item anonymous electronic questionnaire was designed. It consisted of different sections concerning demographics and education, reason for the visit, knowledge of the diseases, frequency of I&SM use and patients' opinions about physicians' websites.

Results

Over a 5‐month period, 37 centres and 105 surgeons took part in the survey, and a total of 5800 patients enrolled. Approximately half of them reported using the Internet daily, and 74.6% of the study population used it at least once per week. There was a correlation (P < 0.001) between those who used the Internet for work and those who had knowledge of both symptoms and the likely diagnosis before consultation. Patients who used the Internet daily were more likely to request a consultation within 6 months of symptom onset (P < 0.0001). Patients with anorectal diseases were more likely to know about their disease and symptoms before the visit (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Colorectal patients use I&SM to look for health‐related information mainly after their medical visit. Surgeons and hospital networks should plan a tailored strategy to increase patient engagement, delivering appropriate information on social media.
Assessment of the long‐term efficacy and safety of adjunctive perampanel in tonic‐clonic seizures: Analysis of four open‐label extension studies
Authors: Rektor Ivan , Krauss Gregory L. , Inoue Yushi , Kaneko Sunao , Williams Betsy , Patten Anna , Malhotra Manoj , Laurenza Antonio , Wechsler Robert T.
Published: July 2020

Objective

This post hoc analysis evaluated long‐term efficacy and safety in patients with focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures (FBTCS) or generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (GTCS) who entered open‐label extension (OLEx) studies to receive long‐term adjunctive perampanel.

Methods

Patients aged 12 years and older who completed phase II or III randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies could enter an OLEx study, each comprising a blinded conversion period followed by an open‐label maintenance period (32‐424 weeks; maximum perampanel dose = 12 mg/d). Exposure, seizure outcomes, and treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were analyzed.

Results

Baseline characteristics were generally balanced between patients with FBTCS (n = 720) and GTCS (n = 138). Mean (standard deviation) cumulative duration of perampanel exposure was 102.3 (70.3) weeks (FBTCS) and 83.9 (38.4) weeks (GTCS). Retention rates were 50.0% for up to 4 years (FBTCS) and 49.2% for up to 2 years (GTCS). Across OLEx treatment durations, median reductions in seizure frequency per 28 days were 66.7% (FBTCS) and 80.6% (GTCS). Fifty percent and 75% responder and seizure‐freedom rates were 59.5%, 45.3%, and 18.4%, respectively (FBTCS), and 72.5%, 51.5%, and 16.7%, respectively (GTCS). Efficacy was sustained for up to 4 years (FBTCS) and up to 3 years (GTCS), even when accounting for early dropouts. TEAE incidence was highest during Year 1 (FBTCS, 85.3%; GTCS, 86.2%); most common were dizziness and somnolence. During Year 1, serious TEAEs were reported in 81 (11.3%; FBTCS) and 10 (7.2%; GTCS) patients. TEAEs were consistent with the known safety profile of perampanel; no new safety signals were identified with long‐term treatment.

Significance

This post hoc analysis suggests long‐term (up to 4 years) adjunctive perampanel (up to 12 mg/d) is efficacious and well tolerated in patients (aged 12 years and older) with FBTCS or GTCS.
A damage gradient model for fatigue life prediction of notched metallic structures under multiaxial random vibrations
Authors: Luo Zhengbo , Chen Huaihai , Zheng Ronghui , Zheng Wei
Published: July 2020

In the present paper, a damage gradient model combing the damage concept with the theory of critical distance (TCD) is established to estimate the fatigue lives of notched metallic structures under multiaxial random vibrations. Firstly, a kind of notched metallic structure is designed, and the biaxial random vibration fatigue tests of the notched metallic structures are carried out under different correlation coefficients and phase differences between two vibration axes. Then, the fatigue lives of the notched metallic structures are evaluated utilizing the proposed model with the numerical simulations. Finally, the proposed model is validated by the experiment results of the biaxial random vibration fatigue tests. The comparison results demonstrate that the proposed model can provide fatigue life estimation with high accuracy.
Fluorescence‐aided composite removal during lingual bracket debonding
Authors: Albertini Paolo , Albertini Enrico , Siciliani Giuseppe , Lombardo Luca
Published: July 2020

Objective

This report describes the fluorescence‐aided composite removal during lingual bracket debonding with an ultraviolet light emitting diode flashlight. The purpose of this technique is to help clinicians in composite removal without enamel surface damage.

Clinical considerations

The bracket debonding requires clinical attention in order to remove all composites and resins without enamel surface damage. Different protocols can be used in order to minimize the enamel damages and the excess bonding remnants. The fluorescence‐aided composite removal permits to have an immediate visualization of the composites and adhesives, especially for the uneven lingual surfaces, of which the interindividual morphological variability is greater than the buccal surfaces.

Conclusions

The fluorescence‐aided composite removal during lingual brackets debonding minimizes the risks described in literature and it is an easier, more accurate, reliable, noninvasive, inexpensive, and time‐saving method.

Clinical significance

The application of this technique allows, with inexpensive flashlights, to remove all the composite on the lingual surfaces during debonding, without damaging the tooth and saving time.
Immediate transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis leaves to heat shock
Authors: Liu Min , Zhu Jiafu , Dong Zhicheng
Published: July 2020

Plants have evolved efficient mechanisms for adapting to temperature fluctuations, known as heat stress response and heat stress memory. Although the transcriptional regulatory network of plant heat stress response has been established, little is known about the genome‐wide transcriptional changes occurring within the first several minutes after heat shock. Here, we investigated the nascent RNA and mature messenger RNA (mRNA) from plant leaf tissues exposed to 5 min of heat shock treatment using global run‐on sequencing and RNA sequencing methods. Only a small group of genes were up‐ or downregulated at both the nascent RNA and mRNA levels. Primed plants that were already exposed to mild heat stress exhibited a more drastic alteration at multiple transcriptional steps than naïve plants that had not experienced heat stress. Upon heat shock, we also observed the following: (i) engaged RNA polymerase II accumulated downstream of transcription start sites; (ii) 5′ pausing release was a rate‐limiting step for the induction of some heat shock protein genes; (iii) numerous genes switched transcription modes; (iv) pervasive read‐through was induced at terminators; and (v) heat stress memory occurs at multiple steps of the transcription cycle, such as at Pol II recruitment, 5′ pausing, elongation, and termination.
Nursing teamwork in general ward settings: A mixed‐methods exploratory study among enrolled and registered nurses
Authors: Goh Pearlyn Qin Ling , Ser Ting Fang , Cooper Simon , Cheng Ling Jie , Liaw Sok Ying
Published: July 2020

Aim

To examine the perceived level of nursing teamwork and factors influencing teamwork among enrolled nurses (ENs) and registered nurses (RNs) in general ward settings.

Background

The nursing care delivery model includes RNs, ENs and others who work as a team to deliver patient care. The potential impact of teamwork on nursing care highlights the need to explore the work of nursing teams.

Design

A mixed‐methods exploratory study.

Method

Quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently from ENs and RNs in 2018. Two hundred and forty‐eight (n = 248) nurses completed the Nursing Teamwork Survey. Sixteen nurses participated in focus group discussions. Qualitative data were reported following COREQ guidelines, while quantitative data followed the STROBE guidelines.

Results

Both ENs and RNs scored highest for the shared mental model subscale but lowest for the team orientation subscale. Factors including qualification level, years of working experience, perceived job staffing adequacy and job satisfaction were found to influence teamwork. Three themes emerged from the qualitative findings: expectations of each other's role, delegation practices and interpersonal relationships. ENs and RNs differed in their expectations of their role in basic patient care activities and faced power struggles related to delegation practices. Open and structured communication was deemed essential in building interpersonal relationships.

Conclusion

The ENs and RNs have clear understanding of their personal roles and responsibilities towards achieving a common goal. However, teamwork may be improved with a shared mental model in performing basic nursing care tasks, mutual support for workload management, better delegation practices, effective communication, enhanced interpersonal relationships and better team orientation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurse managers and educators need to work collaboratively to foster positive delegation practices in clinical practice supported by applicable team training that enhances mutual trust, backup behaviours and collective orientation in nursing teams.
Inflation targeting in low‐income countries: Does IT work?
Authors: Morozumi Atsuyoshi , Bleaney Michael , Mumuni Zakari
Published: July 2020

Previous research on inflation targeting (IT) has focused on high‐income countries and emerging market economies (EMEs). Only recently have sufficient data accumulated for the performance of IT in low‐income countries (LICs) to be assessed. We show that IT has not so far been as effective in reducing inflation in LICs as in EMEs. Relatively low central banks’ instrument independence in LICs, associated with weak restrictions limiting a central bank’s lending to the government, helps explain this result.
How do we design and report a high‐quality survey?
Authors: Pagano Monica B. , Dunbar Nancy M. , Stanworth Simon J. ,   BEST Collaborative and the Clinical Studies Group
Published: July 2020

Every day, new surveys are planned, distributed, or reported by health care professionals. Surveys are an inexpensive and convenient research tool used with increasing frequency as an approach to gather and collate information on attitudes and behaviors for a specific topic. However, surveys can squander the valuable time of respondents who may derive little, if any, benefit from participation. Similar to any other research methodology, a careful design is needed to avoid introducing bias and to obtain meaningful information. A recent study evaluating the quality of surveys addressing clinical topics in transfusion medicine (TM) identified common deficiencies in the quality and design, including the failure to report validity and reliability, to address nonresponse error, to report funding and ethics/consent considerations, and to discuss the generalizability of results. Instructions to authors for reporting survey results are lacking in most journals. Inadequate survey design, analysis, and reporting can prevent accurate data collection and compromise the interpretation of the results, which is of critical relevance considering the high citation rates for some of these surveys. Further, survey results might be used to inform policies when no higher level of evidence is available. In this article, the authors seek to provide practical recommendations for designing high‐quality surveys based on personal experience and published literature and to address frequently missing key elements in survey‐based studies related to clinical TM.
How to build a more open justice system
Authors: Pah Adam R. , Schwartz David L. , Sanga Sarath , Clopton Zachary D. , DiCola Peter , Mersey Rachel Davis , Alexander Charlotte S. , Hammond Kristian J. , Amaral Luís A. Nunes
Published: July 2020

Court records are unstructured and costly to access—here's how to fix it
Rigorous wildlife disease surveillance
Authors: Watsa Mrinalini ,   Wildlife Disease Surveillance Focus Group
Published: July 2020

A decentralized model could address global health risks associated with wildlife exploitation
Monumental patience
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: July 2020

Next week marks the 60th anniversary of Jane Goodall's arrival in what is now Tanzania's Gombe National Park to study wild chimpanzees.* Although her story is a familiar one to many scientists, it has taken on a new importance in this era when climate change, racism, and a rapidly spreading coronavirus ravage the globe. It is a story of genuine scientific curiosity, determination, and respect for nature and humanity—all the things we desperately need now.
Sp3 Transcription Factor Cooperates with the Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF50 Protein To Synergistically Activate Specific Viral and Cellular Gene Promoters
Authors: Chen Li-Yu , Chen Lee-Wen , Peng Kuo-Ti , Hung Chien-Hui , Chang Pey-Jium , Wang Shie-Shan
Published: July 2020

Despite the critical role of ORF50 in the KSHV latent-to-lytic switch, the molecular mechanism by which ORF50 activates its downstream target genes, especially those that encode the viral DNA replication enzymes, is not yet fully understood. Here, we find that ORF50 can cooperate with Sp3 to synergistically activate promoters of the viral ORF56 (primase), ORF21 (thymidine kinase), and ORF60 (ribonucleotide reductase) genes via similar Sp1/Sp3-binding motifs. Additionally, the same synergistic effect can be seen on the promoter of the cellular IL-10 gene. Overall, our data reveal an important role for Sp3 in ORF50-mediated transactivation, and we propose a new subclass of ORF50-responsive elements in viral and cellular promoters.
Supplemental Material: Volcanic record of the arc-to-rift transition onshore of the Guaymas basin in the Santa Rosalía area, Gulf of California, Baja California
Authors: Busby C. , al. et
Published: July 2020

Item S1: Analytical methods, including XRF and ICP-MS whole-rock geochemical analysis, 40Ar-39Ar geochronological analytical methods, and zircon isotopic methods. Item S2: Excel spreadsheet of whole-rock geochemical data, including XRF and LA-ICPMS data. Item S3: 40Ar-39Ar geochronological data: Summary table, and data tables and plots for each sample. Item S4: U-Pb zircon data. Item S5. Hf-isotope zircon data. Item S6: Outcrop photos. Item 7: Photomicrographs, including examples of all samples dated by 40Ar-39Ar. Item S8: Summary of published definitions of adakites and high magnesium andesites. Item S9: KMZ files for geologic maps.
Favourable outcome in a child with presumed tubercular pancarditis treated with empirical antitubercular therapy
Authors: Khera Sanjeev , Kumar Vivek , Ramamurthy Ravi , Ramar Praveen
Published: July 2020

Cardiac tuberculosis (TB) as an extrapulmonary manifestation of TB is rare. Pericarditis is a common manifestation while myocarditis and endocarditis are less common. Tubercular pancarditis is extremely rare. Endomyocardial involvement of TB is generally clinically silent and present as sudden death due to arrhythmias. It is recommended that empirical antitubercular therapy (ATT) on the basis of clinical suspicion should be avoided in countries where TB is highly prevalent. However, delaying ATT in endomyocardial TB and extensive investigations for demonstration or culture of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) may be associated with morbidity and may lead to catastrophic consequences, especially in a sick child. We present a child with TB pancarditis who presented with congestive cardiac failure and empirical ATT was started after extensive efforts to demonstrate AFB failed and the outcome was good.
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case from the UK
Authors: Tiet May Yung , AlShaikh Nazar
Published: July 2020

Originating from Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide. Neurological manifestations are more commonly associated with severe COVID-19 infection. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare immune-mediated postinfectious neuropathy. It has been reported as a possible rare complication of COVID-19. We report a case of GBS associated with COVID-19 in the UK.
Erythema nodosum as a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 infection
Authors: Suter Philipp , Mooser Blandine , Pham Huu Thien Hoa Phong
Published: July 2020

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a common dermatological manifestation with many different aetiologies. Often however, the aetiology remains unidentified. We present here a 42-year-old male patient with an EN that is due to an acute COVID-19 infection. Most of the usual aetiologies were excluded by laboratory testing and imaging studies. This case is, to our knowledge, the first report of this cutaneous manifestation in the context of a COVID-19 infection. The EN was successfully treated with the disappearance of the COVID-19 infection and topical corticosteroids.
Fast Dimensional Analysis for Root Cause Investigation in a Large-Scale Service Environment
Authors: Lin Fred , Muzumdar Keyur , Pavlovich Laptev Nikolay , Curelea Mihai-Valentin , Lee Seunghak , Sankar Sriram
Published: July 2020

Root cause analysis in a large-scale production environment is challenging due to the complexity and scale of the services running across global data centers. It is often difficult to review the logs jointly for understanding production issues given the distributed nature of the system. Additionally, there could easily be millions of entities, each described by hundreds of features. In this paper we present a fast dimensional analysis framework that automates the root cause analysis on structured logs with improved scalability.

We first explore item-sets, i.e. combinations of feature values, that could identify groups of samples with sufficient support for the target failures using the Apriori algorithm and a subsequent improvement, FP-Growth. These algorithms were designed for frequent item-set mining and association rule learning over transactional databases. After applying them on structured logs, we select the item-sets that are most unique to the target failures based on lift. We propose pre-processing steps with the use of a large-scale real-time database and post-processing techniques and parallelism to further speed up the analysis and improve interpretability, and demonstrate that such optimization is necessary for handling largescale production datasets. We have successfully rolled out this approach for root cause investigation purposes within Facebook's infrastructure. We also present the setup and results from multiple production use cases in this paper.
Identification of COVID‐19 Infection‐Related Human Genes Based on a Random Walk Model in a Virus–Human Protein Interaction Network
Authors: Zhang YuHang , Zeng Tao , Chen Lei , Ding ShiJian , Huang Tao , Cai Yu-Dong
Published: July 2020

Coronaviruses are specific crown‐shaped viruses that were first identified in the 1960s, and three typical examples of the most recent coronavirus disease outbreaks include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID‐19. Particularly, COVID‐19 is currently causing a worldwide pandemic, threatening the health of human beings globally. The identification of viral pathogenic mechanisms is important for further developing effective drugs and targeted clinical treatment methods. The delayed revelation of viral infectious mechanisms is currently one of the technical obstacles in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, we proposed a random walk model to identify the potential pathological mechanisms of COVID‐19 on a virus–human protein interaction network, and we effectively identified a group of proteins that have already been determined to be potentially important for COVID‐19 infection and for similar SARS infections, which help further developing drugs and targeted therapeutic methods against COVID‐19. Moreover, we constructed a standard computational workflow for predicting the pathological biomarkers and related pharmacological targets of infectious diseases.
Association of Symptoms with Eating Habits and Food Preferences in Chronic Gastritis Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Li Yuan , Su Zeqi , Li Ping , Li Yicong , Johnson Nadia , Zhang Qi , Du Shihao , Zhao Huali , Li Kexin , Zhang Chi , Ding Xia
Published: July 2020

Purpose. There is a lack of research on the relationship between symptoms and dietary factors of chronic gastritis (CG) patients, and the contribution of dietary management in relieving symptoms of CG patients has not attracted enough attention. This study aimed to identify the associations between different symptoms and dietary factors. Patients and Methods. All CG patients in this cross‐sectional study were recruited from 3 hospitals in Beijing, China, from October 2015 to January 2016. Association Rule Mining analysis was performed to identify the correlations between gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary factors (including eating habits and food preferences), and subgroup analysis focused on gender differences. Results. The majority of patients (58.17%) reported that their symptoms were related to dietary factors. About 53% reported that they had the habit of “eating too fast,” followed by “irregular mealtimes” (29.66%) and “eating leftover food” (28.14%). Sweets (27.57%), spicy foods (25.10%), and meat (24.33%) were the most popular among all participants. Stomachache and gastric distention were the most common symptoms and were both associated with irregular mealtimes, irregular meal sizes, eating out in restaurants, meats, barbecue, fried foods, sour foods, sweets, snacks, and salty foods (support >0.05 and lift >1.0). Their most strongly associated factors were irregular meal sizes, barbecues, and snacks (lift >1.2). In addition, irregular mealtimes, salty foods, and sweet foods may be important diet factors influencing the symptoms in CG patients (support >0.05 and lift >1.0), as they were associated with almost all dyspeptic symptoms in the whole group and subgroup analyses. Furthermore, alcohol, barbecue, and spicy foods were associated with almost all symptoms for males (support >0.05 and lift >1.0), but sweets were the only dietary factor associated with all symptoms for females (support >0.05 and lift >1.0). Conclusion. This study has provided new data for the association of symptoms with eating habits and food preferences in CG patients. The role of individual daily management schemes, such as dietary or lifestyle programs, needs more attention.
Epigenetic CRISPR Screens Identify Npm1 as a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Li Fei , Ng Wai-Lung , Luster Troy A. , Hu Hai , Sviderskiy Vladislav O. , Dowling Catríona M. , Hollinshead Kate E.R. , Zouitine Paula , Zhang Hua , Huang Qingyuan , Ranieri Michela , Wang Wei , Fang Zhaoyuan , Chen Ting , Deng Jiehui , Zhao Kai , So Hon-Cheong , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Xu Mousheng , Karatza Angeliki , Pyon Val , Li Shuai , Pan Yuanwang , Labbe Kristen , Almonte Christina , Poirier John T. , Miller George , Possemato Richard , Qi Jun , Wong Kwok-Kin
Published: July 2020

Despite advancements in treatment options, the overall cure and survival rates for non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) remain low. While small-molecule inhibitors of epigenetic regulators have recently emerged as promising cancer therapeutics, their application in patients with NSCLC is limited. To exploit epigenetic regulators as novel therapeutic targets in NSCLC, we performed pooled epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens in vitro and in vivo and identified the histone chaperone nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1) as a potential therapeutic target. Genetic ablation of Npm1 significantly attenuated tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, KRAS-mutant cancer cells were more addicted to NPM1 expression. Genetic ablation of Npm1 rewired the balance of metabolism in cancer cells from predominant aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the population of tumor-propagating cells. Overall, our results support NPM1 as a therapeutic vulnerability in NSCLC.

Significance:

Epigenome-wide CRISPR knockout screens identify NPM1 as a novel metabolic vulnerability and demonstrate that targeting NPM1 is a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with NSCLC.
Mutation of Arginine 264 on ERα (Estrogen Receptor Alpha) Selectively Abrogates the Rapid Signaling of Estradiol in the Endothelium Without Altering Fertility
Authors: Adlanmerini Marine , Fébrissy Chanaelle , Zahreddine Rana , Vessières Emilie , Buscato Mélissa , Solinhac Romain , Favre Julie , Anquetil Typhaine , Guihot Anne-Laure , Boudou Frederic , Raymond-Letron Isabelle , Chambon Pierre , Gourdy Pierre , Ohlsson Claes , Laurell Henrik , Fontaine Coralie , Metivier Raphaël , Le Romancer Muriel , Henrion Daniel , Arnal Jean-Francois , Lenfant Francoise
Published: July 2020

Objective:

ERα (estrogen receptor alpha) exerts nuclear genomic actions and also rapid membrane-initiated steroid signaling. The mutation of the cysteine 451 into alanine in vivo has recently revealed the key role of this ERα palmitoylation site on some vasculoprotective actions of 17β-estradiol (E2) and fertility. Here, we studied the in vivo role of the arginine 260 of ERα which has also been described to be involved in its E2-induced rapid signaling with PI-3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) as well as G protein in cultured cell lines.

Approach and Results:

We generated a mouse model harboring a point mutation of the murine counterpart of this arginine into alanine (R264A-ERα). In contrast to the
C451A-ERα
, the
R264A-ERα
females are fertile with standard hormonal serum levels and normal control of hypothalamus-pituitary ovarian axis. Although R264A-ERα protein abundance was normal, the well-described membrane ERα–dependent actions of estradiol, such as the rapid dilation of mesenteric arteries and the acceleration of endothelial repair of carotid, were abrogated in
R264A-ERα
mice. In striking contrast, E2-regulated gene expression was highly preserved in the uterus and the aorta, revealing intact nuclear/genomic actions in response to E2. Consistently, 2 recognized nuclear ERα-dependent actions of E2, namely atheroma prevention and flow-mediated arterial remodeling were totally preserved.

Conclusions:

These data underline the exquisite role of arginine 264 of ERα for endothelial membrane-initiated steroid signaling effects of E2 but not for nuclear/genomic actions. This provides the first model of fertile mouse with no overt endocrine abnormalities with specific loss-of-function of rapid ERα signaling in vascular functions.