bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PUPUK FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI MENTIMUN JEPANG (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Oksilia O , Alby Silahuddin
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk fosfat terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi mentimun Jepang (Cucumis sativus L) di polibeg. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 6 (enam) perlakuan dosis pupuk fosfat, yang terdiri dari 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 g SP36/polibeg. Masing-masing perlakuan diiulang sebanyak 4 kali.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa pemberian pupuk fosfat berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah bunga jantan per polibeg dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah bunga betina per polibeg, jumlah buah per polibeg, berat segar buah per polibeg serta berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman. Secara keseluruhan mentimun jepang dengan perlakuan pupuk fosfat 25 g SP36/polibeg (P3) memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lainnya.
ГОРИЗОНТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КРЕМНИЕВЫХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ
Authors: Кадыров Абдулахат
Published: March 2021

Обсуждаются актуальные вопросы развития возобновляемой энергетики, особенно, преобразователи солнечной энергии фотоэлектрическим способом. Показано перспективность и преимущества фотовольтаического метода с точки зрения его экологической чистоты. Предлагается новый дешевый способ получения кремниевого сырья для фотоэнергетики. Приводятся основные результаты исследования вторичного литого поликремния..
Meme Kanserli Hastalarda Ameliyat Sonrası Bulantı Kusma Risk Faktörleri ve Önleme Girişimleri
Authors: MARAŞ Gülseren , CEYHAN Özlem
Published: March 2021

Kadınlar arasında tanı konulan her dört kanser türünden biri meme kanseridir. Tedavisinde kemoterapi, radyoterapi, hormonoterapi ve cerrahi tedaviler yer almaktadır. Kanserli hastalarda hem hastalığın doğal seyrine hem cerrahiye hem de antineoplastik tedavilere bağlı olarak görülen postoperatif bulantı ve kusma (POBK), özellikle kanser cerrahisi geçiren kadınlar için cerrahi sonrası en sık karşılaşılan ve en rahatsız edici komplikasyonlardan biridir. Meme kanseri cerrahisi sonrası bulantı kusma insidansı %40-70 gibi oranlarda bildirilmiştir. POBK risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesinde bazı modeller kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan biri Apfel ve ark., tarafından geliştirilen 4 bağımsız risk faktörü skorlamasıdır. Bu skorlamaya göre risk faktörleri; kadın cinsiyet, sigara içmeme, ameliyat sonrası bulantı kusma veya taşıt tutma öyküsü ve postoperatif opioid kullanımıdır. Bulantı ve kusma ameliyat sonrası hastaların yaşamak istemedikleri problemler arasında yer almakta ve hasta üzerine birçok olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Ameliyat sonrası bulantı ve kusmanın; aspirasyon riski, yara açılması riski, dehidratasyon, sıvı elektrolit dengesizlikleri, hastanede kalış süresinin uzaması, taburculuk sonrası tekrar hastaneye yatma gibi ciddi olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı, POBK'yı mümkün olduğunca etkili bir şekilde önlemek ve tedavi etmek önemlidir. Bunu başarmak için öncelikle hastanın POBK risk faktörlerini belirlemek, POBK'yı önlemede etkili farmokolojik ve farmakolojik olmayan önlemleri almak ve POBK'nın yönetiminde sistematik ve kanıta dayalı yaklaşımların yürütülmesi gerekmektedir.
Henderson Hemşirelik Modeli’ne Göre Kronik Obstrüktif Akciğer Hastalığı Olan Bir Bireyin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: BOZKURT Canan , YILDIRIM Yasemin , ŞENUZUN AYKAR Fisun , FADILOĞLU Zehra Çiçek
Published: March 2021

Dünyada üçüncü ölüm nedeni haline gelen Kronik Obstruktif Akciğer Hastalığı (KOAH), tüm ölümlerin de %5.5’inden sorumludur. Türkiye’de ise solunum sistemi hastalıkları en sık görülen üçüncü ölüm nedenidir ve bu ölümlerin %61.5’i KOAH nedeniyledir. KOAH’ın tedavisinde semptomların giderilmesi ve hastanın rahatlatılması önceliktir. Hemşirelik kuramcılarından Virginia Henderson, sağlığa, iyileşmeye ya da huzurlu ölüme katkı sağlamak için etkili bir hemşirelik bakımını fizyolojik, psikolojik, sosyokültürel, spritüal ve gelişimsel insan gereksiniminin karşılanması olarak tanımlamıştır. Hemşire ve hasta bu gereksinimleri karşılamak ve birey merkezli hedeflere ulaşmak için birlikte çalışmaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunda, KOAH tanısı alan 73 yaşında bir erkek hastada Henderson hemşirelik modeli kullanılarak hemşirelik bakım planı oluşturulmuştur. Bu modele temellendirilmiş hemşirelik bakımının verilmesi ve modelin kullanılabilirliğinin gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Defansif Tıbbın Bilimsel Haritalama Yöntemiyle Analizi
Authors: YEŞİLTAŞ Aysun
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışma defansif tıbba ilişkin yayınların bilimsel analizine odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla yayınların analizinde bilimsel haritalama metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. 1982-2019 yılları arasında defansif tıp ile ilgili Web of Sicence (WoS) veri tabanında yayınlanan bilimsel çalışmalar bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizi için VOSviewer paket programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler, yayınların yılı, yazarı, etkin dergi, atıfları, yazar iş birlikleri, anahtar kelimeler gibi değişkenler açısından analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda defansif tıbba ilişkin yayınlarla ilgili olarak; en fazla çalışmanın 2018-2019 yılları arasında yayınlandığı, ABD’nin bu konuda başı çektiği; Harvard Üniversitesi’ne bağlı araştırmacıların bu konuda en fazla yayın yaptığı; en fazla yayının World Neurosurgery dergisinde yayınlandığı; konuya en fazla katkı yapan araştırmacının M. Michelle Mello olduğu; defansif tıp konusunda en fazla atıf alan yayının ise Studdert ve ark.’nın çalışması olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular neticesinde özellikle son yıllarda defansif tıbba ilişkin yayınların arttığı, özellikle beyin cerrahi ile ilgili yayınlarda defansif tıbbın daha fazla yer aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
The Effect of Impression Formation on Rejection in the Ultimatum Game
Authors: Tham Yukari Jessica , Hashimoto Takaaki , Karasawa Kaori
Published: March 2021

Previous studies have attempted to elucidate people’s motives for rejecting unfair offers in the ultimatum game. One approach assumes that people reject unfair offers to punish ill intentions behind the offers, motivated by retribution and/or deterrence. To disentangle these two motives and investigate when each motive drives rejection, we focused on people’s tendency to form moral impressions rapidly. We hypothesized that the deterrence motive would drive rejection when the negative impression of those who have made unfair offers is uncertain, while the retribution motive would drive rejection when the impression is certain. The result of an online experiment (N = 199) of a repeated mini-ultimatum game did not support our hypothesis; the certainty of the negative impression did not have significant effects on rejection of unfairness. We discuss the implications of this result, incorporating the results of exploratory analyses regarding self-reported motives.
Effectiveness of an intervention to increase the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the return and disposal of unused medications
Authors: Lai Pauline Siew Mei , Tan Kit Mun , Lee Hong Gee , Wong Yin Yen , Azhari Wasi Nur Azrida , Sim Si Mui
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention (Safe D.U.M.P) to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the return and disposal of unused medications. Community-dwelling adults in Malaysia who could understand English were recruited from two healthcare events. Participants were asked to fill out the validated Return and Disposal of Unused Medications (ReDiUM) questionnaire (pre-intervention), view six educational intervention posters on how to dispose of unused medications (Safe D.U.M.P), then answer the ReDiUM questionnaire immediately after viewing the posters (post-intervention). A total of 390 out of 456 participants participated (response rate=85.5%). Most were female (71%) with a median age of 42 years. The overall knowledge of participants significantly increased from 60% to 80% (p<0.001). However, no improvement was seen regarding their overall attitude and practice. This outcome was as expected as it may be more difficult to improve attitude and practice (when compared to knowledge) with a single educational session.
Development and validation of the maternal blues scale through bonding attachments in predicting postpartum blues
Authors: Manurung Suryani , Setyowati S.
Published: March 2021

Background: Postpartum blues in Indonesia has a high prevalence at 37% to 67%. Postpartum blues syndrome has been described as varying changes in the affective domain, such as feelings, behavior, or thoughts, that can be influenced by the roles and tasks of women, along with their social, cultural, and economic support. Instruments that measure maternal blues through bonding attachment behavior have never before been developed in Indonesia.
Objective: This study aimed to develop a maternal blues scale through bonding attachments to predict postpartum blues.
Method: The research design consisted of three stages: 1) phenomenology design and focus group discussion; 2) development and construction of the maternal blues scale, and 3) a cross-sectional study to measure validation of the scales. Respondents were postpartum mothers in the first week after birth. The sample comprised 501 participants. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling at the Public Health Center (PUSKESMAS) in the South Jakarta area. Data analysis used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation, and a diagnostic testing .
Results: Item analysis produced 32 items consisting of 24 items regarding the mother’s role and duties as internal factors and eight factors involving social, cultural, and economic support as external factors. Both factors were valid and reliable in predicting postpartum blues with indicators (t loading factors ≥ 1.96, standardized loading factor (SLF) ≥.50, internal factors: construct reliability (CR) ≥ .70 and extraction variants (VE) ≥ .50 and external factors: CR ≥ .74 to .83 VE ≥ .50 to .63). The relationship with Kennerley’s maternity blues as a gold standard was significant. Internal factors had a score of 53, with a sensitivity of 60.2%. The external factors score was 19, with a sensitivity of 77.3%.
Conclusion: The new scale for postpartum blues prediction developed displayed internal consistency and validity of each indicator (internal and external factors) that was good (CR ≥ .70; VE ≥ .50). This scale provides a feasible tool to predict postpartum blues.
Sane and safe: Forced social distancing to prevent human-to-human transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Jahan Firdous
Published: March 2021

The current outbreak of COVID-19, originating from the city of Wuhan in China and ultimately involving over 200 countries, is now a global concern. Evidence indicates that COVID-19 spread to humans from wild animals, causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans; the typical symptoms of COVID include cough, high-grade fever, sore throat, and difficulty in breathing. The infection spreads from human to human via droplets. Therefore, social or physical distancing can reduce spread within communities. Asymptomatic spread can also occur during family gatherings or in the workplace; thus, we must enforce physical distancing as much as possible to reduce the spread of cases.
MIRNODOBNE DEJAVNOSTI OBOROŽENIH SIL KOT VIR OGROŽANJA OKOLJA: EKOLOŠKOKRIMINOLOŠKI PRISTOP
Authors: Grčar Silvo , Erman Katja , Solar Andrej
Published: March 2021

Povzetek. Okolje je prvina, ki je pogoj za človekov obstoj
in razvoj. Oborožene sile so organizacija, ki lahko
tudi v mirnodobnem času povzroča okoljsko škodo.
Fenomenologija in etiologija ekološke kriminalitete
oboroženih sil v ekološki kriminologiji še nista povsem
raziskani. Oborožene sile so strukturni del ekonomskopolitične organiziranosti države, ki pogojuje delovanje
oboroženih sil. Mirnodobne dejavnosti oboroženih sil so
običajno sistemske in zakonite, čeprav ogrožajo okolje.
Na globalni ravni oborožene sile na bolj ali manj odkrit
način izvajajo različne oblike ekološke kriminalitete.
Družba se podobno odziva na mirnodobne dejavnosti oboroženih sil, ki ogrožajo okolje, in je najmočnejši
dejavnik v družbeni konstrukciji ekološke kriminalitete.
PUBLIC OVERSIGHT OF UKRAINE’S EUROPEAN INTEGRATION COURSE
Authors: Krugashov Anatoliy , Kostenko Andriana
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The article deals with the wide range of mechanisms in support of civil society institutions–government interaction in the context of developing and implementing European integration reforms in Ukraine. The
authors identified 6 strategic documents and 20 areas
of reform related to the process of European integration,
as well as the key issues concerning implementation of
the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the
EU. The authors conclude that positive trends are visible in recent decades in the institutional development
of Ukrainian civil society, which has become a driving
force of the country’s European integration aspirations.
In this setting, civil society institutions (CSIs) work with
government agencies, engage in informal advocacy,
conduct monitoring policies, perform and publish policy analysis and recommendations, and work with and
lobby international agencies and other actors.
STRUKTURA SLOVENSKE POLITIČNE RAZPRAVE NA TWITTERJU OB VOLITVAH V EVROPSKI PARLAMENT
Authors: Jesenšek Luka , Verčič Dejan , Kronegger Luka
Published: March 2021

Povzetek. Z metodami za analizo socialnih omrežij
preučujemo strukturo slovenske politične razprave na
spletnem družbenem omrežju Twitter pred volitvami
v Evropski parlament 2019. Opisujemo omrežje 2867
uporabnikov in 40670 objav (tvitov), središčne uporabnike, pretok informacij prek posredovanih objav (retvitov) in skupnosti uporabnikov. Med najaktivnejšimi
uporabniki prevladujejo širši javnosti manj znani posamezniki, med najvplivnejšimi pa politične stranke, politiki in znane osebnosti. V omrežju pretoka informacij se
pojavljajo politično/mnenjsko homogene skupnosti uporabnikov, kar nakazuje na fragmentacijo mrežne javne
sfere in polarizacijo slovenske spletne politične razprave. Rezultati ponujajo enega izmed prvih vpogledov v
pretok informacij med slovenskimi uporabniki Twitterja
skozi prizmo fragmentacije družbenih omrežij.
SOCIALNE INOVACIJE KOT NOV TIP KOLEKTIVNEGA DELOVANJA
Authors: Hlebec Valentina , Mandič Srna
Published: March 2021

Povzetek. Socialna inovacija (SI) je sodoben pojav, katerega
značilnost je prizadevanje za neko izboljšavo na
področju blaginje, in to z vzpostavitvijo novih povezav
med akterji iz različnih sektorjev. Cilj člankka je na podlagi
obsežne in raznovrstne literature poiskati nastavke
za razumevanje SI v dveh teorijah. Pokažemo, kako je
po strukturacijski teoriji SI možno konceptualizirati kot
obliko kolektivnega delovanja, po teoriji kompleksnosti
pa kot obliko samoorganizacije. Nadalje izpostavimo
dva mehanizma, ki sta po obeh teorijah pomembna
za vznik in obstoj kolektivnega delovanja in – kot
pokažemo – celo konstitutivnega pomena ob soočanju
s tveganji in ovirami, ki so specifične za SI. Prvi je skupno
učenje in pridobivanje znanja, vitalno pomemben
za ohranjanje kohezivnosti akterjev ob srečevanju z
novim in neznanim. Drugi je decentralizirano vodenje,
ki s specifičnimi veščinami omogoči premoščati razlike
v znanju, načinu dela in organizacijski kulturi med
različnimi akterji. Pomen teh mehanizmov in vlogo javnega
sektorja pokažemo na dveh primerih SI: »skupnost
prakse« in »živi laboratorij«.
KONFLIKTI IN KRIZE V LIBANONU: IMPLIKACIJE SEKTAŠKEGA POLITIČNEGA MODELA
Authors: Mikulan Kildi Janja
Published: March 2021

Povzetek. Pričujoči članek prikaže, kako so številni
konflikti in krize v Libanonu posledice odpornega
sektaškega političnega sistema, ki se ohranja tudi s
pomočjo transnacionalnih, predvsem regionalnih, sil.
Klientelističen, koruptiven in popolnoma neodgovoren sistem, ki temelji na delitvi moči med osrednjimi
verskimi skupnostmi/sektami – suniti, šiiti in kristjani/
maroniti, je uspel prodreti globoko v različne družbene
podsisteme: političnovarnostnega, socioekonomskega,
civilnodružbenega in ideološkega. Članek na podlagi
kritičnega pregleda literature in poglobljenih intervjujev z relevantnimi akterji v Libanonu analizira številne dinamike in mehanizme – širjenje neučinkovitega
javnega sektorja, slabljenje (večine) državnih institucij,
klientelizem in disciplinske tehnike sistema, represijo,
infiltracijo ali kooptacijo civilnodružbenih organizacij,
sektarianizacijo; ti so vladajočemu razredu omogočili
njegovo stalno reprodukcijo in krepitev.
Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: Insights into the transport pathways and total bromine
Authors: Rotermund Meike K. , Bense Vera , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Engel Andreas , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Hoor Peter , Hüneke Tilman , Keber Timo , Kluge Flora , Schreiner Benjamin , Schuck Tanja , Vogel Bärbel , Zahn Andreas , Pfeilsticker Klaus
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We report on measurements of total bromine (Brtot) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere taken during 15 flights with the German High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO). The research campaign WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) included regions over the North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea and north-western Europe in fall 2017. Brtot is calculated from measured total organic bromine (Brorg) added to inorganic bromine (Bryinorg), evaluated from measured BrO and photochemical modelling. Combining these data, the weighted-mean [Brtot] is 19.2 ± 1.2 ppt in the northern hemispheric lower stratosphere (LS) in agreement with expectations for Brtot in the middle stratosphere (Engel and Rigby et al. (2018)). The data reflects the expected variability in Brtot in the LS due to variable influx of shorter-lived brominated source and product gases from different regions of entry. A closer look into Brorg and Bryinorg, as well as simultaneously measured transport tracers (CO and N2O) and an air mass lag-time tracer (SF6), suggests that bromine-rich air masses persistently protruded into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) in boreal summer, creating a high bromine region (HBrR). A subsection, HBrR*, has a weighted average of [Brtot] = 20.9 ± 0.8 ppt. The most probable source region is former air from the tropical upper troposphere and tropopause layer (UT/TTL) with a weighted mean [Brtot] = 21.6 ± 0.7 ppt. CLaMS Lagrangian transport modelling shows that the HBrR air mass consists of 51.2 % from the tropical troposphere, 27.1 % from the stratospheric background, and 6.4 % from the mid-latitude troposphere (as well as contributions from other domains). The majority of the surface air reaching the HBrR is from the Asian monsoon and its adjacent tropical regions, which greatly influences trace gas transport into the LMS in boreal summer and fall. Tropical cyclones from Central America in addition to air associated with the Asian monsoon region contribute to the elevated Brtot observed in the UT/TTL. TOMCAT global 3–D model simulations of a concurrent increase of Brtot show an associated O3 change of −2.6 ± 0.7 % in the LS and −3.1 ± 0.7 % near the tropopause. Our study of varying Brtot in the LS also emphasizes the need for more extensive monitoring of stratospheric Brtot globally and seasonally to fully understand its impact on LMS O3 and its radiative forcing of climate, as well as in aged air in the middle stratosphere to elucidate the stratospheric trend in bromine.
Laboratory observations on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice
Authors: Fernández Roberto , Parker Gary
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We present a set of observations on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice and compare them (qualitatively and quantitatively) to morphologies commonly found in meandering channels in different media. The observations include data from planned centimeter-scale experiments and from incidental
self-formed millimeter-scale rivulets. Our data show pulsed lateral
migration features, undercut banks and overhangs, meander bend skewness, and meander bend cutoffs. The data also compare well with planform
characteristics of alluvial meandering rivers (sinuosity,
wavelength-to-width ratios, and meander bend fatness and skewness). We
discuss the (ir)relevance of scale in our experiments, which, in spite of
being in the laminar flow regime and likely affected by surface tension
effects, are capable of shedding light into the processes driving formation
and evolution of supraglacial meltwater meandering channels. Our
observations suggest that sinuosity growth in meltwater meandering channels
on ice is a function of flow velocity and the interplay between vertical and
lateral incision driven by temperature differences between flow and ice. In
the absence of recrystallization (depositional analog to alluvial rivers),
bends are more likely to be downstream-skewed and channels show lower
sinuosities.
Stable isotope signatures of soil nitrogen on an environmental–geomorphic gradient within the Congo Basin
Authors: Baumgartner Simon , Bauters Marijn , Barthel Matti , Drake Travis W. , Ntaboba Landry C. , Bazirake Basile M. , Six Johan , Boeckx Pascal , Van Oost Kristof
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) availability can be highly variable in tropical forests on regional and local scales. While environmental gradients influence N cycling
on a regional scale, topography is known to affect N availability on a local scale. We compared natural abundance of 15N isotopes of soil
profiles in tropical lowland forest, tropical montane forest, and subtropical Miombo woodland within the Congo Basin as a proxy to assess
ecosystem-level differences in N cycling. Soil δ15N profiles indicated that N cycling in the montane forest is relatively more
closed and dominated by organic N turnover, whereas the lowland forest and Miombo woodland experienced a more open N cycle dominated by
inorganic N. Furthermore, we examined the effect of slope gradient on soil δ15N within forest types to quantify local differences
induced by topography. Our results show that slope gradient only affects the soil δ15N in the Miombo forest, which is prone to
erosion due to a lower vegetation cover and intense rainfall at the onset of the wet season. Lowland forest, on the other hand, with a flat
topography and protective vegetation cover, showed no influence of topography on soil δ15N in our study site. Despite the steep
topography, slope angles do not affect soil δ15N in the montane forest, although stable isotope signatures exhibited higher
variability within this ecosystem. A pan-tropical analysis of soil δ15N values (i.e., from our study and literature) reveals that
soil δ15N in tropical forests is best explained by factors controlling erosion, namely mean annual precipitation, leaf area index,
and slope gradient. Erosive forces vary immensely between different tropical forest ecosystems, and our results highlight the need for more spatial
coverage of N cycling studies in tropical forests, to further elucidate the local impact of topography on N cycling in this biome.
Leveling Up: Connected Mentor Learning in a Digital Media Production After-School Space
Authors: Phillips Nathan C. , Killian Lund Virginia
Published: March 2021

This article introduces mirrored practice of leveling up as a model for educator learning grounded in connected learning and the connected mentor framework. Our purpose is to introduce this model and share examples of how it can be enacted. We argue that the model is a rich and successful way for youth development professionals to expand their capacities as educators and to support expansive possibilities for young people’s learning. The model supports all educators’ learning and growth, but it is particularly applicable to mentors working in interest-driven, informal learning environments like makerspaces and YOUmedia learning labs. The model is drawn from our analysis of 2 years of ethnographic observations in an after-school digital design studio housed in an urban public high school in Chicago. We describe mirrored practice as the mentors using the same principles and tools to learn that their students utilized. In the model, leveling up means that both students and mentors are supported in constantly moving towards progressively complex tasks, knowledge, and understanding. Methods of data collection include video- and audio-taped observations and interviews with digital media mentors.
The Evaluation Skill-a-Thon: Evaluation Model for Meaningful Youth Engagement
Authors: Sparks Elizabeth , Molina Michelle , Shepp Natalie , Davey Fiona
Published: March 2021

Active engagement of youth participants in the evaluation process is an increasingly sought out method, but the field can still benefit from new methods that ease youth participatory evaluation implementation. Meaningful youth engagement in the evaluation process is particularly advantageous under the 4-H thriving model because of its potential to contribute to positive youth development, foster relationship building, enhance evaluation capacity, and improve program quality through improved evaluations. This program sought to facilitate actively engaging youth in the evaluation process by breaking it up into clear and manageable steps including evaluation design, data collection, data interpretation and analysis, reporting results, and outlining programmatic change. To achieve this aim, program staff designed the Evaluation Skill-a-Thon, a set of self-paced, experiential evaluation activities at various stations through which youth participants rotate. Actively involving youth participants in the evaluation process using the Skill-a-Thon model resulted in youth being able to identify and design programmatic changes, increased participation and response rates in other evaluations, and several youth participants’ gaining an interest in evaluation and working to design evaluations in later years. The Evaluation Skill-a-Thon holds promise for actively engaging youth participants in the entire evaluation process, easy implementation, and increasing evaluation capacity.
Learning, Idea Sharing, and Transfer From a State 4-H Camp Counselor Workshop
Authors: Epley Hannah K. , Clary Christy D. , Dailey Erin S.
Published: March 2021

Making eXtreme Counselors is a winter statewide camp counselor training workshop to prepare for the camp season. This training brings teens throughout Ohio together to help prepare them to serve as camp counselors in their own counties. Participants engage in competency-focused breakout sessions led by a variety of 4-H professionals, keynote presentations, and peer-to-peer sharing and interactions. To evaluate the workshop’s impact on the summer camping program, data from both teen participants and the 4-H professionals who worked with them were collected following the program for 3 years. Results indicated high ratings on gaining or enhancing skills related to leadership, teamwork, and the camping-related competencies covered in the workshop. In addition, the results indicated that participants shared ideas learned at the workshop with others and transferred their learning from the training to their performance as a camp counselor. Youth development professionals can adopt similar training strategies to enhance participants’ skills.
Historical biography of Warmia and Masuria
Authors: Achremczyk Stanisław
Published: March 2021

Historiografia polska do 1945 roku wykazywała zainteresowanie tylko znakomitymi postaciami, głównie
Warmii. Liczne artykuły i publikacje książkowe pojawiły się na temat Igancego Krasickiego, Stanisława Hozjusza
i Marcina Kromera. Dopiero w latach sześćdziesiatych, gdy w Olsztynie zawiązało się instytucjonalne środowisko
humanistyczne pojawiły się poważne biograficzne artykuły odnoszące się głównie ludzi związanych z działaniami
na rzecz Polski. Niewątpliwym dorobkiem biografistyki polskiej dotoczącej Warmii i Mazur są słowniki biogra�ficzne Tadeusza Orackiego, które były odpowiedzią na podobny słownik wschodniopruski wydany w pierwszej
połowie XX wieku. Gdy powstała oficyna wydawnicza Pojezierze i Ośrodek Badań Naukowych im. W. Kętrzyń�skiego zaczęły pojawiać się serie biograficzne znakomitych ludzi ale działajacych na rzecz kultury i nauki polskiej
na ziemiach pruskich. Nie brakowało wówczas też biografii związanych z kulturą niemiecką, pojawiły się książki
o Herderze czy Ernście Wiechercie. Dorobek powojennej biografistyki historycznej jest spory a nawet duży jeżeli
go porównanmy z innym regionami Polski. Biografie znakomitych ludzi żyjacych na ziemiach też byłych Prus
Wschodnich zaczęto publikowac w licznych regionalnych czasopsimach a także monografiach miast i powiatów
wydanych po 1990 roku. Zaczęto wówczas traktować owe dziedzictwo kulturalne jako wspólne europejskie. Nie
sposób wyliczyć ile biograficznych publikacji powstało wskutek inicjatyw działaczy regionalnych a wpływały one
wszystkie na kształtowanie się świadomości regionalnej.
A medieval sword from the vicinity of Sztum
Authors: Jarosław Ościłowski
Published: March 2021

In the collection of the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, there is an Xa-type sword following Ewart Oake�shott’s classification deriving from the vicinity of Sztum. This sword is decorated on both sides with an ornament:
in the form of the letter S within a circle on one side, and an equal-armed cross (cross potent) on the other. Formal
features of the sword indicate its production between the mid-11th and 12th centuries, while analogies for its
decorations, as well as the region where it was found, also point to the sword being dated to the first half of the
13th century.
Ab humana memoria negoci mundi facilius elebuntur, que nec
scripto eternatur.”. Remarks on the historical geography and chronology of Pomesania
and Pogesania in the Middle Ages
Authors: Szczepański Seweryn
Published: March 2021

In this article, the author focuses on the analysis of Mieczysław Józefczyk’s book: Kościół i społeczeństwo
w Prusach krzyżackich. Teksty źródłowe do dziejów chrześcijaństwa w Pomezanii i Pogezanii (Church and Society in
Teutonic Order Prussia. The Textual Sources for the History of Christianity in Pomesania and Pogesania), published
by the Warmińskie Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne in Elbląg in 2017. A detailed criticism of the author’s methodology
of the book is presented, with the correction of many errors related to the historical geography of medieval Prussia,
medieval chronology and philology. The book, in which we find Polish translations of 548 documents, has numer�ous mistakes that distort the picture of the settlement in the area of Pomesania, Pogesania and Warmia. This article
also highlights numerous errors in the translations from Latin and German. The medieval terminology used in the
book is also corrected. There were many errors relating to the methodology of working with a medieval source.
Translated by Aleksander Pluskowsk
The Characteristics of the Documentation of the Prussian
Land and Building Cadastre in the State Archives in Olsztyn
Authors: Piotrkiewicz Romualda
Published: March 2021

The Prussian land and building cadastre was introduced on May 21, 1861, under three laws that uni�fied the tax system throughout the Prussian state. According to the regulations, the cadastre was to be based on
measurements and calculations. Because broad field surveys were not taken into account, cadastral maps drawn
up at that time were most often copies of already existing land maps. In the 1930s, the Prussian state reorganized
its surveying services, aimed at introducing a uniform system of land classification in the entire German state, and
consequently a single cadastral system. As a result, a unified state cadre - the Reichkataster – was to be formed
throughout Germany. Unfortunately, the work did not produce the desired effect and the Reichkataster was intro�duced only in 1941. Further work on the national cadastre was interrupted by the Second World War.
The State Archive in Olsztyn holds the cadastral documentation from the area of the former Olsztyn
district, the part of the Królewiec district (primarily the area which after the Second World War was within the
borders of the Polish state) and the remains of the cadastral office in Węgorzewo. The full documentation from the
area of the Królewiec district is presented, consisting of cadastral office files and 9 cadastral offices in Bartoszyce,
Braniewo, Gierdawy, Kętrzyn, Lidzbark Warmiński, Morąg, Pasłęk, Pruska Iława and Święta Siekierka. There are
11222 cadastral maps in the file. This documentation is an important part of the pre-war resource of Olsztyn.
Kristijonas Donelaitis - a Lithuanian Homer?
Authors: Sidabraitė Žavinta
Published: March 2021

Decyzja Donelaitisa o tym by pisać w języku litewskim była dobrze przemyślana. Dojrzewająca już od
XVIII wieku idea, jakoby język litewski miał swoje źródła w starożytnej Grecji, mogła ośmielić go do zadania
sobie trudu podjęcia eksperymentu tworzenia poezji w języku litewskim, dorównującej szlachetnym, antycznym
dziełom Hellenów i biorąc za wzór twórczość Homera inspirowała ku temu, by spisać pierwsze, litewskie narodowe poematy. Podejmując się tworzenia literackiego języka litewskiego, Donelaitis zwracał uwagę nie tylko na
jego konstrukcję, ale także na sposób wypowiedzi – w taki sposób, by narracja odzwierciedlała język litewskich
chłopów, potoczny i niewyszukany. Decyzja ta, oryginalna w kontekście literatury europejskiej, mogła być podyktowana specyfiką ówczesnego języka litewskiego. Podział na język pisany i mówiony jeszcze nie był zbyt wyraźny,
co implikowało konieczność tworzenia literatury w oparciu o dobrany odpowiednio materiał leksykalny bazujący na mowie litewskich wieśniaków. Stawiało to Donelaitisa, jako twórcę, w ekskluzywnej sytuacji. Nie miał on rów�nego sobie w owym czasie, który sam byłby w stanie poświęcić życie dla twórczości w języku litewskim. Podążając
za przykładem najznamienitszych autorów starożytności, Donelaitis podjął się zadania utrwalenia prostego języka
litewskich chłopów poprzez sprowadzenie go do formy klasycznej literatury. Jak się okazuje – z sukcesem.
Report on archaeological excavations on the so-called
“Round Mountain” in Pasym, Szczytno district, site 1, in 2017
Authors: Wadyl Sławomir
Published: March 2021

In 2017, the excavation of the fortifications in Pasym, Szczytno district, was continued. During this time
three trenches were excavated (Figure 2). Trench 1/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was laid out in the western part of
the fortification, partly on the edge, partly on the slope descending from the west towards the lake. Trench 2/2017
(measuring 15 x 5 m) was located on the eastern slope of the fortification. Trench 3/2017 (measuring 5 x 5 m) was
located in a dip situated to the south-east of the fort. The study encompassed an area of 1.75 acres. During the
excavations, unusually interesting remains within the courtyard of the stronghold were discovered. Earlier obser�vations concerning the fortification of the site were also confirmed. The powerful defence system has no analogies
in contemporary Prussian territories. Particularly valuable were the layers of accumulated deposits dating from the
Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages.
“Incompatible Conformity”, Praise and Reprimand:
To the King as an Old Polish Royal Panegyric
Authors: Obremski Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The qualification – poem ‘To the king’ is a panegyric - it is conditioned not so much by the text of Kra�sicki’s pen, but by views of the last king of the Commonwealth and on the positions of researchers of the past. For
the so-called panegyric lever can be used as one of the tools of poetic analysis. ‘To the king’, at least indirectly, they
are indicative through their initial words: “the higher, the more visible”. What then is the relationship between
Krasicki’s poem and the tradition depicted by the Old Polish royal panegyric with its nine mechanisms of the so�called “ panegyric leverage? Only one of them is fully and simultaneously innovatively taken – this is the “factual”
force of the interpretation of facts.
The poem ‘The king’ can be read as such a selected set of prerequisites, of which arguments can be selected
for the compliant or reprehensible attitudes of supporters and opponents of Stanislas Augustus. It may even be
difficult to say what the determinant
An outline of the role of local government in the territorial
administrative system in Poland after 1945
Authors: Tomkiewicz Ryszard
Published: March 2021

In post–war Poland, there was a specific system of administration in which the structures of the general
authority with its representative bodies and the fragmented, temporary, territorial self–government co-existed.
The nature of the introduced system became particularly visible after 1950, alongside the strengthening
of the ruling body and the realisation of the vision of the “unification of state power” in the field. In essence, local
self–government was liquidated. This solution, as it was envisaged, was intended to guarantee the widespread
democratisation of public life and the transparency of state governance. In practice, the non–democratic system of
local administration ensured, amongst other things, a means of conducting the elections, limited the possibilities
for decision–making by local councilors on matters relating to their districts and a lack of financial autonomy of
the administration, which was the essence of self–government.
The political and administrative supervision of local government bodies operating in the area of national
councils was subordinated in an unnatural way to the ruling party. At the same time, the diffusion of the com�petences and activities of the general administration and national councils was not an isolated phenomenon, in
practice causing the actions of individual members of the administration to be unclear, slow and ineffective.
, Does “Truska” mean the same as “Druska”? Once again on the Trusotoponym in the light
of the preserved relics of the Old Prussian language
Authors: Panfil Rafał
Published: March 2021

The toponym “Truso” is the oldest known place name from the area of the ancient tribal Prussians preserved in historical sources. In recent decades, several theories have been proposed trying to explain the origin of
this name. One of these hypotheses sought to explain the origin of this toponym from the Lithuanian definition
of salt – “druska” or its alleged counterpart in Old Prussian – “* truska”. However, the authors of this theory have
not taken into account many of the factors which are discussed in this paper. The extinct Old Prussian language
differs significantly from modern Lithuanian in terms of phonetics, grammar and basic vocabulary, as shown in
this paper through the analysis of the vocabulary contained in the most important source on the Old Prussian
language - the Elbląg Dictionary. Therefore, any transfer of words from Lithuanian to Old Prussian with the aim
of “reconstructing” a word should be considered unacceptable. This is confirmed by the opinions of linguists concerned with linguistic reconstructions. The thesis that the equivalent of the Lithuanian term druska – salt was the
Old Prussian word “*truska” is essentially incorrect. From the 16th century historical source (the so-called Dictionary of Grunau) we know that the Prussians used the word Sali (*sólis) for salt. This is also confirmed by another word from the 13th century Elbląg Dictionary (OP – E 376 Saltan) *saltań or “salted meat”. The etymological
formula for the salt word in Old Prussian is therefore (IE) *sal- (1), (BALT-SL) *sālis – sól, (PBALT) *sālis – salt,
(OP) *sólis (Sali) – salt. The word druska in Lithuanian literally means “crumb, scrap” (as in the related Latvian
language) and was adopted into Lithuanian probably only in the Middle Ages - before the Lithuanians also used
the word *sólis for salt. In this respect, the thesis claiming that the toponym of Truso originated from the neverpresent Old Prussian term for salt – * truska, is not supportable. This name cannot, in any case, be translated as
Solec or “salt port”. The toponymTruso derives from a much older hydronim*Drusō or the Old Prussian name of
the present lake Druzno near Elbląg.
Program direction of „Gazeta Grudziądzka” 1894–1939 – selected aspects
Authors: Astramowicz-Leyk Teresa
Published: March 2021

This article presents the principle programming assumptions of the „Gazeta Grudziądzka” (1894–1939),
written and published by one of the leaders of the popular movement in Western Prussia, Wiktor Kulerski. The
rectified information refers to the date of the publication of the first issue of the magazine and the address of the
printing house. Polish literature from Grudziądz had a popular, nationalist and Catholic character. The founder
and owner of the paper and his colleagues focused on these three values. The „Gazeta” reached its largest circulation before the First World War. Later, due to the territorial changes in Greater Poland, uprisings and the attitudes of the publisher during the First World War, it was not easy to attract readers. With the accession of Kulerski to the Polish People’s Party „Piast”, the paper became a press instrument of the popular movement. Moreover,
after the founder’s death his son, Witold, took over the publishing company. The enduring feature of the „Gazeta
Grudziądzka” program was economic anti-Semitism. Nationalism was strongly emphasized until the First World
War, but it was presented as a defence against the Germanization of Polish society under Prussian occupation.
Citizens’ militia officers in the prosecutors’ assessment in Olsztyn’s Court of Appeal
Authors: Płotek Marcin
Published: March 2021

The relations between the prosecutors in Olsztyn’s Court of Appeal to information deriving from the public
administration, are an interesting source for understanding socio-economic and political development in the first
years after the War in Warmia and Mazury. This article presents the activities of the militia from Olsztyn province
and several counties belonging to the province of Białystok. The opinion of the prosecutors of Olsztyn’s Court of
Appeal concerning the attitudes of officers, their morale, level of education and training for service are presented.
Alongside the opinions of the prosecutors concerning the functionaries, especially from the investigate division,
the outlook of judges regarding the activities of the militiamen and their mistakes is presented.
Degraded and potential towns in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Authors: Sokołowski Dariusz
Published: March 2021

In theWarmian-MasurianVoivodeship there is a number of settlements which used to be towns and currently have the status of villages. Most of them were dispossessed of their urban rights in 1945, due to depopulation
and a significant degree of war destruction. These villages generally preserved an urban layout, despite the loss of
a large part of the buildings. Their gradual recovery and renewal of other urban features resulted in the restoration of an urban status by some of them. This study analyses the current demographic, economic, functional and
morphological situation of all towns which were degraded either temporarily or permanently, as well as the largest rural settlements. The aim of the study is to compare them, and to determine whether (and which) formally
rural settlements meet the modern criteria for restoring (or granting for the first time) urban status. Part of them
was chosen as de facto urban centres with realistic chances of obtaining civic rights.
The report of excavations at the „Okrągła góra“ hillfort in Pasym, Szczytno County
in 2016
Authors: Wadyl Sławomir
Published: March 2021

The stronghold is located 1.5 km north-west of Pasym. It is situated on a peninsula called Ostrów within
Lake Kalwa. Numerous artefacts were recovered during the course of the excavations: nearly 9000 fragments of
pottery, over 16,000 animal remains, as well as numerous objects that can be dated to the younger Stone Age /
early Bronze Age (e.g. a stone axe) or the early Iron Age (a fragment of a bronze knife ), whilst the vast majority
of materials can be dated to the Migration Period and the early Middle Ages.
Archaeological research of the Pomezańsko-Bałtycka Mission at the Cathedral Hill
in Frombork in 2011
Authors: Gazda Daniel
Published: March 2021

In 2011, the Pomezanian-Baltic Mission carried out archaeological research at the cathedral hill in Frombork. The excavations provided information on the foundations of the cathedral, confirming the majority of previous findings. During the excavations, burials were also found and numerous portable objects were recovered,
mainly from the modern period.
Saint Adalbert, urbs Gyddaanyzc and chrystianisation of Western Pomerania
Authors: Kajkowski Kamil
Published: March 2021

The 1050 anniversary of the baptism of Poland provided a good reason to resume the current discussion on the causes and circumstances of the conversion of Mieszko I and his nascent state. The scarcity and
ambiguity of available sources has meant that we are far from definitive conclusions in this regard. It would
seem that we can have a better understanding regarding the conversion of Pomerania. Two missions connected sequentially with the eastern and western part of that area have had a direct echo in the literature of
the early Middle Ages. And while the activity of Otto of Bamberg in Western Pomerania brought visible results
(although it seems to have no such consequences as suggested by the sources) it is difficult to find evidence for
the 10th century from the eastern part of the region. Recent archaeological discoveries related to the stronghold
located between the Vistula and the Motława rivers, undermine not only the possibility of missionary work
in this place, but also the presence of St. Adalbert in general. Furthermore, the archaeological sources we have
at our disposal suggests that the inhabitants of the Gdansk were not interested in the reception of Christian
ideology – even if these were associated with early medieval elites (and the presence of their representatives
here is indicated by some discoveries). It seems to be confirmed by a corpus of sources which can indicate that
the functioning of the local community was based on a traditional normative system. In other words, common
archaeological discoveries do not give any direct evidences concerning the stronghold’s conversion, or even to
place a Christian community here. In such circumstances, we must assume, that either the Vita of St Adalbert
does not reflect the reality of their time and should be treated as a ‘classic’ example of hagiographic rhetoric,
or concerns a different stronghold located at the mouth of the Vistula river.
The results of sondage excavations at the stronghold of Palistka in Jedzbark, Olszytn
County
Authors: Wadyl Sławomir
Published: March 2021

The stronghold in Jedzbark named Palistka is located in the south-eastern part of the village. Although
the site was known in fourteenth-century sources as Castrum Hirsberg - the castle of the Warmian bishops
was thought to be older, reaching the period of tribal Prussia. The main objective of the survey conducted in
2016 was to verify the chronology of the site. During the investigation, one trench measuring 5x2 was located
in the south-western part of the fortification. Outside the late medieval trench, no other stratigraphy was
found from this period. No older structures were uncovered, so the existence of a castle during the early Middle Ages can be ruled out. The results of the work confirmed the 14th and 15th century date of the site and
enable it to be identified as the Castrum Hirsberg of the Warmian bishops.