bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Talk to Me. There’s Two of Us’: Fathers and Sickle Cell Screening
Authors: Dyson Simon M , Berghs Maria , Atkin Karl
Published: February 2015

Studying kinship has involved doing family, displaying family and ‘displaying family’ as a sensitising concept to understand modalities troublesome to display. Fathers at antenatal screening clinics for sickle cell are faced with pressures to produce multiple displays – of family, illness knowledge, the good father and the model citizen – often in the face of racialised identities. Such fathers emphasise the importance of hypervisibility in gendered spaces and hypervigilence, lest pressures to adopt the ‘right’ disposition have adverse consequences for themselves, partners or their children. The displays of fathers, as well as displays they decline, are orientated to repair of social relationships. Where displays are provoked by social relations – resisting racist or gender stereotypes, navigating citizenship uncertainties, negotiating work and family lives – displays become problematic. Family display becomes troubled where the preferred social relationships fathers seek to constitute are ones that are not readily accommodated within extant social relations.
Preparation and properties of cotton and wool fabrics dyed by black rice extract
Authors: Hong Kyung Hwa
Published: February 2015

Black rice is known as a health-promoting food for its abundant content of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins possess various functionalities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, they are easily wasted during the cooking process since they are water soluble pigments. Thus, the aim of this study was to use the black rice extract produced from the cooking process as a natural pigment and functional agent for textile finishing. In this study, wool and cotton fabrics were dyed by the black rice extract and the dyed fabrics were investigated by various analyzers. For cotton fabric, cationization was conducted before the dyeing process. The results revealed that wool and cotton fabrics were colored in reddish brown through the dyeing process. In addition, the wool and cotton fabrics dyed by black rice extract showed superior colorfastness in drycleaning and washing conditions compared to fabrics dyed by other natural pigments. In particular, the wool and cotton fabrics dyed by black rice extract possessed antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics. It was further observed that the functionality was increased by repeating the dyeing process.
The historical archaeology of capitalist dispossession
Authors: Wurst LouAnn
Published: February 2015

Historical archaeology is defined as the study of capitalism, even though it has seldom confronted capitalism head on. A philosophy of internal relations provides powerful tools with which to confront capitalism. In this paper, I present a range of historical archaeological case studies to explore larger themes relevant to a philosophy of internal relations, including methodological implications, understanding capitalism’s ‘laws of motion’, and their relevance for the dialectical integration of present, past and future. Historical archaeology can help in understanding capitalist dispossession: by fleshing out how capitalism has unfolded, humanising these processes, and emphasising how contested and contingent the history of capitalism was.
An organicist critique of the ahistorical character of orthodox economics
Authors: Badeen Dennis
Published: February 2015

Heterodox economists have criticised the ahistorical character of orthodox economics, focusing on its inadequate ontological foundation. This paper adds to the ontological critique of orthodox economics by arguing that organically based atomism, Marx’s ontology specifying social relations and conditions under capitalism, explains the appearance of social atomism as a result of capitalism’s organic interdependencies. It elucidates how organically based atomism, which is composed of original accumulation and alienation, abstract-alienated labour and the exposition of the value forms, and Marx’s critique of commodity fetishism, can be used to criticise the ahistorical character of orthodox economics.
Marx’s scientific and political criticism: The internal relation
Authors: Paolucci Paul
Published: February 2015

Marx’s method of critique via several philosophy of science categories reveals logical problems, as well as political biases, within different competing approaches of his period. Some principles subject to Marx’s criticism include: metaphysics, ahistoricism, false universalisation, inversion, reductionism, idealism, obscurantism, incommensurability, and tautology. This paper examines these categories and their logical bases, the competing approaches Marx targets as politically biased because of their failure to either respect such principles or their violation of them, and the way in which, by extension, several traditions in modern social discourse reveal parallel political biases because of similar logical failures.
Internal relations and the revolutionary consciousness
Authors: Pomeroy Anne F.
Published: February 2015

Previous work in the field of Marxism has suggested that a philosophy of internal relations underlies Marx’s view of the mediation of the objective world by human productive activity. However, within the philosophical cannon there is a variety of models of internal relations, two of which are represented in the works of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alfred North Whitehead, respectively. The purpose of this essay is to explore the differences between these two visions of internal relations in order to demonstrate that modernist presuppositions inherent in the Leibnizian version lead those attempting a Marxian application into two significant and linked errors, one theoretical, and one practical.
Huygens' headache
Authors: Koehler Peter J
Published: February 2015

Background

Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He became well-known as inventor of the pendulum clock and described light as a wave phenomenon. He became Fellow of the Royal Society (London) and member of the Académie des Sciences (Paris). From the correspondence with family members and famous scientists, we learn that he suffered from frequent headaches.

Aim

To study Huygens' 22-volume Oeuvres Complètes (1888–1950) to find letters in which his headaches are mentioned and translate pertinent sections into English.

Conclusions

Although a posthumous diagnosis of Huygens' headaches is somewhat hazardous, the recurrent episodes with incapacitating headache and family history over two generations are suggestive for migraine. It becomes clear that it impeded his writing, reading, and research. From the letters we get an impression of the impact of the headache upon his life and the treatments that were applied in the 17th century.
Length Change Behavior of Virtual Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Fibers During In Vivo Knee Flexion
Authors: Song Si Young , Pang Chae-Hyun , Kim Chan Hyoek , Kim Jeehyoung , Choi Mi Lim , Seo Young-Jin
Published: February 2015

Background:

In vivo length change behavior of native medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) fibers throughout the range of knee motion has not been reported in vivo.

Purpose:

To measure the length changes of various fibers of the MPFL and to determine their length change patterns during in vivo passive knee flexion.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

The right knees of 11 living subjects were scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of knee flexion, and 3-dimensional (3D) models were constructed using customized software. Five patellar points were determined: 20% (point 20), 30% (point 30), 40% (point 40), 50% (point 50), and 60% (point 60) from the superior pole of the patella. The Schöttle femoral point (point F) was marked on a translucent 3D model of a true lateral view. Five virtual fibers connecting these points on the 3D knee model were created, and the lengths of various fibers were digitally measured.

Results:

The average length changes were 9.1 ± 2.5 mm in F20, 9.1 ± 2.5 mm in F30, 8.1 ± 2.6 mm in F40, 6.9 ± 2.4 mm in F50, and 6.9 ± 1.7 mm in F60. There were significant differences in length changes of these 5 fibers ( P < .001). The lengths of 2 superior fibers (F20 and F30) increased as the knee flexed from 0° to 30° and decreased as the knee flexed over 30°. The lengths of a middle fiber (F40) and an inferior fiber (F50) increased from 0° to 30°, reached a plateau from 30° to 60°, and then decreased from 60° to 120°. F60 showed an increase from 0° to 30°, and then a plateau pattern from 30° to 90°, followed by a decrease during further flexion.

Conclusion:

Superior fibers exhibited their maximum lengths at low flexion angles, and inferior fibers exhibited their maximum lengths at midflexion angles. The MPFL is a complex of functionally various fibers with some taut and others slack over the whole range of knee motion.

Clinical Relevance:

The results for lengths and length change patterns of various MPFL fibers are expected to serve as a theoretical background for anatomic double-bundle MPFL reconstruction.
Vitamin D Profile in National Football League Players
Authors: Maroon Joseph C. , Mathyssek Christina M. , Bost Jeffrey W. , Amos Austin , Winkelman Robert , Yates Anthony P. , Duca Mark A. , Norwig John A.
Published: February 2015

Background:

By maintaining phosphate and calcium homeostasis, vitamin D is critical for bone health and possibly physical performance. Hence, vitamin D is important to athletes. Few studies have investigated vitamin D levels in relation to fractures and performance in athletes, and no published study has included a multiracial sample of professional American football players.

Purpose:

To assess vitamin D levels, including the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, in professional American football players and to evaluate the association of vitamin D levels with race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position, which may be a marker for athletic performance.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Serum vitamin D levels of 80 professional football players from a single team in the National Football League were obtained during the 2011 off-season (mean age, 26.5 ± 3.7 years; black, n = 67 [84%]). These levels were used to compare injury reports from the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Statistical analyses were performed to test if vitamin D levels were related to race, fracture history, and the ability to obtain a contract position.

Results:

Mean vitamin D level was 27.4 ± 11.7 ng/mL, with significantly lower levels for black players (25.6 ± 11.3 ng/mL) versus white players (37.4 ± 8.6 ng/mL; F1,78 = 13.00, P = .001). All athletes who were vitamin D deficient were black. When controlling for number of professional years played, vitamin D levels were significantly lower in players with at least 1 bone fracture when compared with no fractures. Players who were released during the preseason because of either injury or poor performance had significantly lower vitamin D levels than did players who played in the regular season.

Conclusion:

Black professional football players have a higher rate of vitamin D deficiency than do white players. Furthermore, professional football players with higher vitamin D levels were more likely to obtain a contract position in the National Football League. Professional football players deficient in vitamin D levels may be at greater risk of bone fractures.
Perceived Risk of Online Apparel Mass Customization
Authors: Lee Hyun-Hwa , Moon Heekang
Published: February 2015

Given the growing interest in online apparel mass customization (OAMC), retailers must understand how consumers perceive the risk of OAMC, which is distinct from general online shopping for apparel. However, no study has provided an empirical analysis of various dimensions of this risk. The present study proposes a multi-item scale developed through item generation, purification, and validation for measuring consumers' perceived risk of OAMC and identifies eight dimensions of this perceived risk. The results have important theoretical and practical implications. Practitioners would be able to enhance their communication ability with their consumers and improve their online mass customization services by reducing certain risk dimensions.
Dynamic study of anti-backlash gears and angle-contact ball bearing based on a simplification of the Hertz contact theory
Authors: Fei Wan , Guo-xi Li , Jing-zhong Gong , Bao-zhong Wu
Published: February 2015

The contact stiffness of a mechanical joint surface has a significant influence on the assembly resonance frequency by affecting the stiffness matrix of the kinetic equation. The Hertz contact theory is improved and facilitated to found a mapping relationship between the assembly process parameters and contact stiffness, which is applied in the anti-backlash gear and the angle-contact ball bear to establish reduced model of transmission system. The anti-backlash gear can be simplified using a contact of two cylinders in reduced model, and the rotational resonance frequency of the transmission system can be increased through torsional spring preloading, while the angle-contact ball bearing can be facilitated into a contact of two spheres in reduced model, and the translational resonance frequency of the transmission system can be enhanced through axial preloading. The contact stiffness in anti-backlash gear is calculated and converted considering the driving torque and gear preloading, while the contact stiffness in angle-contact ball bearing is improved and merged by multiplying a correction factor [Formula: see text] in axial preloading. By adding corresponding non-massive rigid auxiliary elements, the transmission system model composed by the anti-backlash gear and the angle-contact ball bear is established to simulate the dynamic performance in ADAMS software. The frequency response values of the transmission system agree well with the theoretical value. Thus, the complex theoretical calculation formulas can be replaced by the simplified model.
Book Review: Nirmala Banerjee, Samita Sen, and Nandita Dhawan, eds, Mapping the Field: Gender Relations in Contemporary India (Vol. 2)
Authors: Mukherjee Debolina
Published: February 2015

Nirmala Banerjee, Samita Sen, and Nandita Dhawan, eds, Mapping the Field: Gender Relations in Contemporary India (Vol. 2). Kolkata: School of Women’s Studies and Stree, 2012, pp. xliv + 330, Rs. 475.
States, Market and Cricket: The Political Economy of Globalization in India
Authors: Halder Avipsu
Published: February 2015

The article unravels the globalizing process in the context of cricket in India. It traces the process of the game’s diffusion from the colonial period to the liberalized era. In the colonial context, it demonstrates the role of the state apparatus in facilitating this end. Although the involvement of the imperial state was indirect, it is hard to rule out their enthusiasm in spreading the game. The article deals with these aspects in its first section. The following section delves into the role of the market forces in globalizing the game. In this case, greater emphasis is placed on issues related to financing and broadcasting of the game in the country. The article substantiates these claims by referring to the broadcasting disputes of the Hero Cup and the India–Pakistan series of 2004. It also narrates some of the politico-economic issues related to the Indian Premier League (IPL). The article contends that the state retains its significance despite the increasing interdependence between itself and other non-state entities in the globalized scenario.
Disorder, social capital, and norm violation: Three field experiments on the broken windows thesis
Authors: Keuschnigg Marc , Wolbring Tobias
Published: February 2015

Adding to the debate about the “broken windows” thesis we discuss an explanation of minor norm violation based on the assumption that individuals infer expected sanctioning probabilities from contextual cues. We modify the classical framework of rational crime by signals of disorder, local social control, and their interaction. Testing our implications we present results from three field experiments showing that violations of norms, which prevent physical as well as social disorder, foster further violations of the same and of different norms. Varying the net gains from deviance it shows that disorder effects are limited to low-cost situations. Moreover, we provide suggestive evidence that disorder effects are significantly stronger in neighborhoods with high social capital.
Robust model-based trajectory planning for nonlinear systems
Authors: Boscariol P , Gasparetto A
Published: February 2015

Model-based trajectory planning algorithms are capable of providing a high level of performance. However, they are often lacking in robustness, which severely limits their field of application. In this paper the method of parametric desensitization is applied to nonlinear models, providing a feasible solution to the problem of robust model-based trajectory planning for nonlinear plants with parametric uncertainties. By using an indirect variational solution method, the necessary optimality conditions deriving from Pontryagin's minimum principle are imposed, and lead to a differential two-point boundary value problem; numerical solution of the latter is accomplished by means of collocation techniques. The method is applied to two test cases: a nonlinear spring–mass system and a flexible link manipulator with Coulombian friction. Results show that the technique developed in this paper can significantly improve the robustness of the resulting trajectory to parametric model mismatches in comparison with the conventional method.
A Prospective Examination of the Mechanisms Linking Childhood Physical Abuse to Body Mass Index in Adulthood
Authors: Francis Melville M. , Nikulina Valentina , Widom Cathy Spatz
Published: February 2015

Previous research has reported associations between childhood physical abuse and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood. This article examined the role of four potential mediators (anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, and coping) hypothesized to explain this relationship. Using data from a prospective cohort design, court-substantiated cases of childhood physical abuse ( N = 78) and nonmaltreated comparisons ( N = 349) were followed up and assessed in adulthood at three time points (1989–1995, 2000–2002, and 2003–2005) when participants were of age 29.2, 39.5, and 41.2, respectively. At age 41, average BMI of the current sample was 29.97, falling between overweight and obese categories. Meditation analyses were conducted, controlling for age, sex, race, smoking, and self-reported weight. Childhood physical abuse was positively associated with subsequent generalized anxiety, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at age 29.2 and higher levels of depression and posttraumatic stress predicted higher BMI at age 41.2. In contrast, higher levels of anxiety predicted lower BMI. Coping did not mediate between physical abuse and BMI. Anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between physical abuse and BMI for women, but not for men. These findings illustrate the complexity of studying the consequences of physical abuse, particularly the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and adult health outcomes.
The Cedar Project
Authors: Pearce Margo E. , Blair Alden H. , Teegee Mary , Pan Stephen W. , Thomas Vicky , Zhang Hongbin , Schechter Martin T. , Spittal Patricia M.
Published: February 2015

This study explored trends of sexual assault and associated risk factors within a cohort of young Aboriginal women who used drugs in Vancouver and Prince George, Canada, between 2003 and 2010. Results demonstrated no change in the trend of sexual assault over time; however, odds of sexual assault were significantly higher for women who had at least one parent who attended residential school, had experienced childhood sexual abuse, were involved in sex work, had been offered money to not use condoms, had used injection drugs, had injected cocaine and opiates daily, had binged with injection drugs, and had difficulty accessing clean syringes. Findings highlight the urgency of interventions addressing the complexity of risk and opportunities for healing.
The powers that be: Environmental education and the transcendent
Authors: Bonnett Michael
Published: February 2015

This paper argues that with regard to addressing the potentially catastrophic environmental problems recognized by many as now confronting us, the most fundamental disaster that threatens is a deep-seated and increasing inability in Western style societies to think properly about the issues involved. The highly anthropocentric motives embedded in modernist humanism that prevail, and that view nature as essentially a material resource ultimately comprehended through natural (including ecological) science narratives, has led to important aspects of nature becoming invisible. This stymies both our relationship with nature and our understanding of ourselves in nature, resulting in a defective basis for decision-making on environmental issues. This paper explores the significance in this context of what are considered to be essential transcendent aspects of nature, in the sense that they lie ever beyond our authorship and authority and yet are capable of exercising profound agency in our lives. Included here are what are argued to be nature’s inherent otherness, mystery and integrity, normativity and intrinsic value, and the enlivening elemental powers that run through them.
The Edward Snowden affair: A corpus study of the British press
Authors: Branum Jens , Charteris-Black Jonathan
Published: February 2015

Keyword analysis is used to compare the reporting strategies of three major UK newspapers on the topic of Edward Snowden and state surveillance. Differences are identified in the reporting strategies of The Guardian, Daily Mail and The Sun that provide insight into the ideology of the British press. There is significant variation in the style, content and stances of each newspaper towards state surveillance, as well as clear evidence of ideology within each paper: The Guardian is critical of surveillance and defensive of its decision to publish classified documents; the Daily Mail focuses heavily on personalisation and the personal life of Edward Snowden; and The Sun perpetuates an us/them ideology that is highly supportive of state surveillance. These differences are motivated by each newspaper’s ideology, news values and audience considerations and demonstrate how British newspapers offer radically different perspectives on the same events.
Guarding the memory of the National Guard: Strategies of avoidance in official historiography
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: February 2015

This article examines strategies employed in official state histories to avoid or “collectively forget” an unflattering past. The data comprise the textual histories presented on the websites of the US National Guard. Using content analysis and qualitative textual analysis, I find five different “strategies of avoidance” that these websites employ in their historiography: silence, thematic memory, displacement, invented tradition, and genre switching. These strategies serve to help obscure the occasionally repressive role that the National Guard has played in the history of social justice movements.
Improving Instructional Leadership Through the Development of Leadership Content Knowledge
Authors: Steele Michael D. , Johnson Kate R. , Otten Samuel , Herbel-Eisenmann Beth A. , Carver Cynthia L.
Published: February 2015

Instructional leadership is integral to improving mathematics teaching in secondary schools. However, administrators often lack sufficient content knowledge in mathematics to be effective in this role. This study examined the impact of professional development focused on developing leadership content knowledge in algebra. Data included written assessments, case discussions, and interviews from 10 principals. Analysis identified shifts in principals’ algebra content knowledge and their frames for interpreting algebra instruction. Principles improved their connections between mathematical representations and shifted from using frames highlighting teacher characteristics toward using frames highlighting teacher and student thinking. Implications for leadership professional development design are discussed.
Power Gets You High
Authors: Van Kleef Gerben A. , Oveis Christopher , Homan Astrid C. , van der Löwe Ilmo , Keltner Dacher
Published: February 2015

Inspiration is a source of admirable creation—but where do people get it from? We propose that power allows individuals to draw inspiration from the self. Four studies involving different social settings and operationalizations support this idea. Study 1 revealed that greater power is associated with more self-derived inspiration and less other-derived inspiration. In Study 2, participants with a higher sense of power were more inspired by their own than by their partners’ stories in face-to-face conversations, whereas lower power participants were not. In Study 3, higher power people spontaneously generated more inspiring stories involving themselves than did lower power people. Finally, participants in Study 4 felt more inspired after writing about their own experiences than after writing about someone else’s, especially after having been primed with high rather than low power. These findings suggest that powerful people prioritize themselves over others in social interaction because this is emotionally rewarding for them.
Preparation of silver colloids with improved uniformity and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Meng Wei , Hu Fang , Jiang Xiaohong , Lu Lude
Published: February 2015

Silver colloids of uniform shape and size are prepared by a two-step reduction. Small silver particles form initially by the rapid reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate at 100°C and then grow at 92°C. The reaction processes and resulting silver colloids are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrophotometry, zeta-potential measurements, and Ag+ concentration analysis. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of the silver colloids is then investigated, using crystal violet (CV) as a SERS probe. The silver colloids exhibit uniform shape and size and stable SERS activity. The average size of the silver particles is 47 nm (14% relative standard deviation), while the average sizes of the silver colloids prepared at 100°C and 92°C are 41 (30%) and 71 nm (33%), respectively.
Contested professional role boundaries in health care: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: King Olivia , Nancarrow Susan A , Borthwick Alan M , Grace Sandra
Published: February 2015

Background

Across the Western world, demographic changes have led to healthcare policy trends in the direction of role flexibility, challenging established role boundaries and professional hierarchies. Population ageing is known to be associated with a rise in prevalence of chronic illnesses which, coupled with a reducing workforce, now places much greater demands on healthcare provision. Role flexibility within the health professions has been identified as one of the key innovative practice developments which may mitigate the effects of these demographic changes and help to ensure a sustainable health provision into the future. However, it is clear that policy drives to encourage and enable greater role flexibility among the health professions may also lead to professional resistance and inter‐professional role boundary disputes. In the foot and ankle arena, this has been evident in areas such as podiatric surgery, podiatrist prescribing and extended practice in diabetes care, but it is far from unique to podiatry.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature identifying examples of disputed role boundaries in health professions was undertaken, utilising the STARLITE framework and adopting a focus on the specific characteristics and outcomes of boundary disputes. Synthesis of the data was undertaken via template analysis, employing a thematic organisation and structure.

Results

The review highlights the range of role boundary disputes across the health professions, and a commonality of events preceding each dispute. It was notable that relatively few disputes were resolved through recourse to legal or regulatory mandates.

Conclusions

Whilst there are a number of different strategies underpinning boundary disputes, some common characteristics can be identified and related to existing theory. Importantly, horizontal substitution invokes more overt role boundary disputes than other forms, with less resolution, and with clear implications for professions working within the foot and ankle arena.
Beer and wine consumption and risk of knee or hip osteoarthritis: a case control study
Authors: Muthuri Stella G , Zhang Weiya , Maciewicz Rose A , Muir Kenneth , Doherty Michael
Published: February 2015

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

We conducted a case–control study of Caucasian men and women aged 45 to 86 years of age from Nottingham, UK. Cases had clinically severe symptoms and radiographic knee or hip OA; controls had no symptoms and no radiographic knee or hip OA. Exposure information was sought using interview-based questionnaires and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess beverage consumption at ages 21 to 50 years. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P values were estimated using logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 1,001 knee OA, 993 hip OA and 933 control participants were included in the study. Increasing beer consumption was associated with an increasing risk of OA (P for trend ≤0.001). Compared to those who did not consume beer, aORs for people who consumed 20 or more servings of beer were 1.93 (95% CI 1.26 to 2.94) and 2.15 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.19) for knee OA and hip OA, respectively. In contrast, increasing levels of wine consumption were associated with decreased likelihood of knee OA (P for trend <0.001). Compared to those who did not consume wine, aOR for knee OA among those who consumed 4 to 6 glasses of wine per week and ≥7 glasses of wine per week was 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.80), respectively. No association was identified between non-alcoholic beverages and knee or hip OA.

Conclusions

Beer consumption appears to be a risk factor for knee and hip OA whereas consumption of wine has a negative association with knee OA. The mechanism behind these findings is speculative but warrants further study.
Systems biology from virus to humans
Authors: Lee Youri , Kim Yu-Jin , Jung Yu-Jin , Kim Ki-Hye , Kwon Young-Man , Kim Seung Il , Kang Sang-Moo
Published: February 2015

Natural infection and then recovery are considered to be the most effective means for hosts to build protective immunity. Thus, mimicking natural infection of pathogens, many live attenuated vaccines such as influenza virus, and yellow fever vaccine 17D were developed and have been successfully used to induce protective immunity. However, humans fail to generate long-term protective immunity to some pathogens after natural infection such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) even if they survive initial infections. Many vaccines are suboptimal since much mortality is still occurring, which is exampled by influenza and tuberculosis. It is critically important to increase our understanding on protein components of pathogens and vaccines as well as cellular and host responses to infections and vaccinations. Here, we highlight recent advances in gene transcripts and protein analysis results in the systems biology to enhance our understanding of viral pathogens, vaccines, and host cell responses.
Ca2FeMnO6: A Layered Double Perovskite with Unusual High-Valence Fe4+ in a Layered Arrangement
Authors: Hosaka Yoshiteru , Ichikawa Noriya , Saito Takashi , Haruta Mitsutaka , Kimoto Koji , Kurata Hiroki , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: February 2015

A new double perovskite Ca2FeMnO6 with a layered arrangement of Mn4+ and the unusually high-valence Fe4+ was obtained by oxidizing the precursor brownmillerite Ca2FeMnO5 with ozone at 200 °C. This low-temperature topotactic reaction kept the layered cation arrangement of the brownmillerite but oxidized Mn3+ to Mn4+ and Fe3+ to Fe4+. The crystal structure with a P21/c space group was revealed by detailed structure analysis with neutron powder diffraction data, and the layered arrangement of the cations was confirmed in an STEM-EELS elemental mapping image. The fully oxidized chemical composition was also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Even with the two-dimensional layered arrangement, the instability of the unusually high-valence Fe4+ in Ca2FeMnO6, like that of the Fe4+ in the perovskites CaFeO3 and CaCu3Fe4O12 with three-dimensional arrangements of Fe4+, was relieved by charge disproportionation (2Fe4+ → Fe3+ + Fe5+) at a low temperature.
Efficient Adsorption of Rh(III) from HNO3 Solution on Ion-exchange Resin Bearing N,N,N-Trimethylglycine by Adding N Donor Ligands and Desorption Using Thiourea
Authors: Suzuki Tomoya , Morita Keisuke , Sasaki Yuji
Published: February 2015

To recover Rh(III) from HNO3 solution, adsorption experiments have been performed using an ion-exchange resin bearing an N,N,N-trimethylglycine group (AMP03). AMP03 was found to exhibit relatively high adsorption ability for Rh(III) for [HNO3]surp < 0.02 M ([HNO3]surp denotes HNO3 concentration in the supernatant), and the Kd values increase significantly with the addition of triethylamine or tris(2-aminoethyl)amine to 0.12 M HNO3 solutions. In contrast, the addition of thiourea leads to a decrease in the Kd values; i.e., a masking effect on Rh(III) was observed. These results show that AMP03 has a significant potential for effectively recovering Rh from HNO3 solution.
Determination of the Bimolecular Rate Constant of Polyacrylamide and Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Nomi Sonia N , Higaonna Yumi , Kasaba Tomoha , Arakaki Takemitsu
Published: February 2015

The half-lifetime of polyacrylamide (PAM) in aquatic environments was evaluated by determining the bimolecular rate constants that govern the reaction of PAM and the hydroxyl radical (OH•) in aqueous solution. Rate constants of 1.5 × 109 and 2.0 × 109 M-unit−1 s−1 were determined at 293 K using a competitive kinetics technique at pH 4 and 8, respectively. Both constants showed little dependence on temperature between 10 and 40 °C.
Energy Absorption of Seated Body Exposed to Single and Three-Axis Whole Body Vibration
Authors: Mandapuram Santosh , Rakheja Subhash , Boileau Paul-Émile , Shangguan Wen-Bin
Published: February 2015

The absorbed power characteristics of seated body exposed to whole-body vibration along the individual and combined fore-aft ( x), lateral ( y) and vertical (z) axes are investigated through measurements of body-seat interactions at the two driving-points formed by the body and the seat-pan, and upper body and the seat backrest. The experiments involved two levels of back support (no back support and vertical backrest) and two levels of broad-band vibration with nearly constant acceleration power spectral density in the 0.5–20 Hz frequency range applied along the individual x-, y- and z- axis (0.25 and 0.4 m/s2 rms acceleration), and along the three-axis (0.23 and 0.4 m/s2 rms acceleration along each axis). The biodynamic responses, measured at the seat-pan and the backrest are applied to characterize the total seated body's energy transfer along each axis. Furthermore, an alternative frequency response function method Hv is employed to capture the coupling in the seated body responses to uncorrelated multi-axis vibration. The total vibration absorbed power responses to simultaneous x, y and z –axis vibration are subsequently derived as the summation of vibration absorbed power along the individual axis within each one-third frequency band. The mean responses measured at the seat-pan suggest strong effects of the back support, and the direction and magnitude of vibration. The total vibration power absorbed by the seated body is further estimated under a multi-axis vibration environment of four different work vehicles. The results suggest that total average power absorbed under reported vehicular vibration varies with the effective acceleration in a nearly quadratic manner.
Low Frequency Sound Scattering from Rough Bubbly Ocean Surface: Small Perturbation Theory Based on the Reformed Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel Method
Authors: Ghadimi Parviz , Bolghasi Alireza , Chekab Mohammad A. Feizi
Published: February 2015

Through the use of perturbation theory, Kuo has previously introduced a joint surface roughness/volumetric model in order to characterize bubbly sea surface reverberation based on volumetric wave spectra, surface roughness wave spectrum, and correlation of volumetric wave spectrum and surface roughness wave spectrum. Due to the lack of undetermined volumetric scattered wave number Kv, Kuo obtained backscattering strengths using only Pierson-Moskwitz wave spectrum. In this paper, the reformed integral equation of authentic Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel is discussed in which volumetric scattering is involved. By applying the reformed Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel, volumetric scattered acoustic pressure field Pv is obtained. Using Helmholtz wave equation and the obtained pressure field Pv, the wave number vector of volumetric scattered field Kv is calculated, and this used to compute the volumetric wave spectrum and the joint surface roughness/volumetric wave spectrum. The obtained spectra are then used to compute scattering strengths. Comparison of the obtained results against the results of experimental Critical Sea Tests shows good agreement. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of wind speeds, grazing angles, and frequencies on the scattering strengths.
Studies on the Effectiveness of Noise Protection for an Enclosed Industrial Area Using Global Active Noise Reduction Systems
Authors: Latos Mariusz , Stankiewicz Krzysztof
Published: February 2015

A global noise protective solution, based on the idea of virtual acoustic corridors, dedicated to industrial areas, is investigated. Research studies on decentralized ANC system with several secondary sources and error sensors are performed in the KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology. The models of the electro-acoustic paths are obtained through dynamical systems identification. Experimental results from the proposed active noise reduction system are presented, based on recorded noise signals from the Rybnik Power Plant. Finally, effectiveness and usefulness of hearing protection of such a global system are verified.
Cybernetic Diagrams: Design Strategies for an Open Game
Authors: Veloso Pedro L.A.
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the use of diagrams related to cybernetics and information theory in experimental design practices in the 1960s and 1970s. Those diagrams are investigated in light of Vilém Flusser's concept of game, which mediates the modus operandi of computers and possible strategies for design based on distributed cognition. The research adopts the interpretative method to analyze the diagram proposed by cyberneticist Gordon Pask for Fun Palace, the diagrams produced by utopian architect Yona Friedman in the conceptual description of the Flatwriter program and Christopher Alexander's diagrams for his theories of Synthesis of Form and Pattern Language. In the end, it establishes a brief parallel between current debates of computational design with the cybernetic diagrams, highlighting differences in their approach to complexity and design knowledge.
An Inquiry into Designing in Context using Generative Systems
Authors: Abdelmohsen Sherif M.
Published: February 2015

The use of generative systems has been widely investigated in the architectural design process through different procedures and levels of autonomy to generate form. The digression from abstract pre-existing notions of vocabulary and rules – even when resulting in emergent forms – to address complex real-world contexts is yet a challenging undertaking. This paper explores incorporating context in the process of designing using generative systems from ideation to fabrication, and explores the relationship between the emergent nature of generative design and the situated act of designing while using generative design tools. A course offered for 3rd year architecture students at the Department of Architecture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, was designed for this purpose. 110 students employed systems including shape grammars, L-systems, fractals and cellular automata, to design and fabricate 8 group projects. A discussion around emergence and situatedness is presented, with special attention to the designing process from ideation to fabrication.
PAGAL - Properties and corresponding graphics of alpha helical structures in proteins
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Rao Basuthkar J. , Dandekar Abhaya M.
Published: February 2015

Alpha helices (AH) are peptide fragments characterized by regular patterns of hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and amino nitrogen of residues regularly spaced in sequence, resulting in spiral conformations. Their preponderance in protein structures underlines their importance. Interestingly, AHs are present in most anti-microbial peptides, although they might remain in random-coil conformations depending on the solvent dielectric. For example, the cecropin component of the chimeric anti-microbial protein designed previously by our group comprises of two AHs linked by a short stretch of random coil. These anti-microbial peptides are often amphipathic (quantified by a hydrophobic moment), aligning hydrophobic residues on one surface and charged residues on the others. In the current work, we reproduce previously described computational methods to compute the hydrophobic moment of AHs - and provide open access to the source code (PAGAL). We simultaneously generated input files for TikZ (a package for creating high resolution graphics programmatically) to obtain the Edmundson wheel and showing the direction and magnitude of the hydrophobic moment, and Pymol scripts to generate color coded protein surfaces. Additionally, we have observed an empirical structural property of AHs: the distance between the Cα atoms of the ith and (i+4)th residue is equal to the distance between the carbonyl oxygens of the ith and (i+4)th residue. We validated this using 100 non-homologous high resolution structures from the PISCES database. The source code and manual is available at http://github.com/sanchak/pagal and on http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11136.
Emerging strategies to prevent heart failure after myocardial infarction
Authors: Cimato Thomas R.
Published: February 2015

Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a significant cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Projections show that the prevalence of CHF will increase 46% from 2012 to 2030, resulting in over eight million adults with CHF in the United States. While substantial advances have been achieved in the treatment of CHF over the past two decades, CHF rivals cancer as a cause of mortality. Strategies focused on prevention of CHF should be emphasized to meaningfully impact the projected increase in CHF. Irrespective of the type of CHF, either systolic or diastolic, coronary artery disease has supplanted hypertension as the most prevalent cause for congestive heart failure, with a high rate of mortality and future hospitalizations. Since coronary artery disease plays a central role in the development of CHF, approaches to treat coronary artery disease and identification of patients at risk for recurrent myocardial infarction (RMI) are approaches to prevent development of CHF.

            Subjects who sustain recurrent MI represent a particularly high-risk group for development of CHF. Despite the evolution of therapy for MI from thrombolytic therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), RMI occurs in ~ 10% of patients in the first year after first MI, and 3 years after their first MI. In this review I explore emerging approaches to prevent RMI including the rationale for recent trials of complete revascularization at the time of MI, newly emerging biomarkers that have additive predictive value for identifying patients with high risk of CHF and death when using existing biomarkers. Finally, the paradigm of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in MI leading to monocyte expansion and acceleration of atherosclerosis is discussed as an emerging approach to identify patients at high risk of RMI, CHF, and death after MI.
Entering new publication territory in chemoinformatics and chemical information science
Authors: Bajorath Jürgen
Published: February 2015

The F1000Research publishing platform offers the opportunity to launch themed article collections as a part of its dynamic publication environment. The idea of article collections is further expanded through the generation of publication channels that focus on specific scientific areas or disciplines. This editorial introduces the Chemical Information Science channel of F1000Research designed to collate high-quality publications and foster a culture of open peer review. Articles will be selected by guest editor(s) and a group of experts, the channel Editorial Board, and subjected to open peer review.
Social Dollars: The Economic Impact of Customer Participation in a Firm-Sponsored Online Customer Community
Authors: Manchanda Puneet , Packard Grant , Pattabhiramaiah Adithya
Published: February 2015

Many firms operate customer communities online. This is motivated by the belief that customers who join the community become more engaged with the firm and/or its products, and as a result, increase their economic activity with the firm. We describe this potential economic benefit as “social dollars.” This paper contributes evidence for the existence and source of social dollars using data from a multichannel entertainment products retailer that launched a customer community online. We find a significant increase in customer expenditures attributable to customers joining the firm’s community. While self-selection is a concern with field data, we rule out multiple alternative explanations. Social dollars persist over the time period observed and arose primarily in the online channel. To assess the source of the social dollar, we hypothesize and test whether it is moderated by participation behaviors conceptually linked to common attributes of customer communities. Our results reveal that posters (versus lurkers) of community content and those with more (versus fewer) social ties in the community generated more (fewer) social dollars. We found a null effect for our measure of the informational advantage expected to accrue to products that differentially benefit from content posted by like-minded community members. This overall pattern of results suggests a stronger social than informational source of economic benefits for firm operators of customer communities. Several implications for firms considering investments in and/or managing online customer communities are discussed.