bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diet-induced Gene Expression Changes of Cachectic Muscle, Adipose, and Liver
Authors:   Ohio State University, Angelotti Austin , Cole Rachel ,   Ohio State University, Webb Amy ,   Ohio State University, Pietrzak Maciej ,   Ohio State University, Belury Martha ,   Ohio State University
Published: September 2022

Cancer cachexia is a systemic disease characterized by muscle and adipose loss that cannot be reversed by increasing caloric intake. Our previous research has shown insulin resistance precedes cancer cachexia in the C26 mouse model of cachexia, and a diet high in linoleic acid, the essential omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, attenuates the C26-induced insulin resistance. Therefore, to better understand how dietary linoleic acid is improving insulin sensitivity, we characterized gene expression changes in three major tissues responsible for controlling insulin sensitivity: skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver. To do this male CD2F1 (Charles River, MA) were randomized to semi-purified diet (24% fat by weight) containing fat prominently from lard, or containing fat prominently from safflower oil (a linoleic acid-rich oil). One week after diet randomization, mice were inoculated with colon-26 (C26) adenocarcinoma cells (1.0E6 cells). 13 days after inoculation mice were euthanized and gastrocnemius skeletal muscle, epididymal white adipose tissue, and liver tissue were collected for total transcriptome analysis using poly-A enriched next generation RNA-sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were selected based on p-values < 0.05. There were no detectable differences in body weight or food intake between the two diets in mice with C26 tumors. Between the two diets 12 genes were differentially expressed in the muscle, while 57 genes were differentially expressed in the liver, and 314 genes were differentially expressed in adipose. A linoleic acid enriched diet had little effect on the skeletal muscle transcriptome but induced larger transcriptome changes in liver and adipose. This could suggest dietary linoleic acid increases insulin sensitivity through affecting metabolism in adipose and liver, rather than skeletal muscle. Determining these diet-induced transcriptome changes allows us to better target tissue-specific molecular mechanisms of linoleic acid in future research.
Chemical and Physical Stability of EPA and DHA Fortified Plant Milk Analogs
Authors:   The Ohio State University, Sommer Abigail , Vodovotz Yael ,   The Ohio State University
Published: September 2022

Fish oil and its component fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have demonstrated health benefits including reducing cardiac death risk and lowering inflammation. Yet, fish consumption is below recommended levels, indicating a need for accessible and safe sources of EPA and DHA. The objective of this study was to incorporate EPA- and DHA-rich oils from various sources into plant milks. It was hypothesized that physical and oxidative stability of fortified plant milks would differ by beverage and oil type due to varying structures, viscosity, and endogenous antioxidant compounds. Four beverage types (water, oat milk, soymilk, and almond milk) and three oil types (high-oleic sunflower oil, fish oil, and yeast oil plus algae oil) were utilized. The physical and chemical properties of the beverages were monitored over 15 days at 4°C and 55°C. Turbidity, viscosity, and color were analyzed. The oil droplet size was measured using dynamic light scattering. Oxidation was measured using peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Turbidity did not differ between samples. Viscosity was influenced by beverage type (water, 0.5 mPa⋅s; soy, 9 mPa⋅s; oat, 39 mPa⋅s, almond, 48 mPa⋅s) but not oil type. Color was affected by beverage and oil type. Beverage but not oil type influenced mean particle size (D32) (soy, 533nm; water, 776nm; oat, 1190nm; almond, 1688nm). Beverages with no oil or sunflower oil had approximately 50% lower levels of oxidation as compared to those with fish oil and yeast/algae oil. Soymilk samples with fish or yeast/algae oil oxidized approximately 25-140% less than other beverages. Future work will include sensory evaluation and a clinical study to assess bioavailability, safety, and compliance. The analysis of fortified plant milks will help determine the optimal source and vehicle for EPA and DHA, ultimately resulting in a commercially viable beverage.
Effects on the Physical Properties of Corn Oil Oleogels Structured with Different Ratios of Rice Bran or Carnauba Waxes
Authors:   North Carolina A&T State University, Jones Jabarius , Payne Jaden , Blount Rycal , Silva Roberta
Published: September 2022

The new requirements imposed by the US Food and Drug Administration to ban trans fatty acids, and the pressure to reduce saturated fats in foods pose a significant challenge to developing lipid bases with compatible technological characteristics and similar sensory properties. Natural unsaturated oils do not have suitable physicochemical properties for direct use in food formulations. Thus, oleogelation appears as one of the most promising lipid modification techniques. The aim of this study was to develop a wax-based oleogel to be used as a fat replacement. The corn oil was structured with carnauba (CBW) or rice bran wax (RBW) in different ratios (2, 4, 6, and 10%). The oleogels were analyzed by oil binding capacity (OBC), texture properties, PLM (polarized light microscopy), visual test, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The visual test at room temperature shows that the RBW structured very stable oleogels even in the lowest ratio (2%) for 60 days. The OBC was higher than 99% using RBW as oleogelator in all percentages after 60 days. On the other hand, only 10% of CBW provided a strong network to the corn oil. The enthalpy (DH) in the melting curves of the RBW-oleogels (4, 6, and 10%) were significantly higher (3.12±0.82, 8.42±0.43, and 15.04±1.81 J/g) compared to CBW oleogels (1.99±1.41, 3.47±1.45, and 11.00±0.40 J/g). The firmness of 2% RBW-oleogels (66.9 ± 15.7 g) was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than 2% CBW-oleogels (1.80 ± 1.14 g) and this behavior was observed in all percentages. The microstructure of wax-based oleogels consisted of platelet-like spherulites and clustered crystal-aggregates along with one-dimensional needle-like crystals. The RBW-oleogels exhibited a denser crystal network with stronger birefringence. The results show that rice bran wax is stable even in small ratios compared to carnauba wax generating an appropriate fat replacement since less was needed.
Dietary γ-glutamyl Valine in Reducing Inflammation in Endothelial Cells and in a Mouse Model for Atherosclerosis
Authors:   University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Guha Snigdha , Majumder Kaustav ,   University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Published: September 2022

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality, and their prevalence is estimated at nearly 37% in the United States. Elevated blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, high blood pressure, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein, result in increased levels of inflammation and pathogenesis of various CVDs such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Dietary γ-glutamyl valine (γ-EV), naturally found in dry beans, has exhibited beneficial biological activities to reduce chronic inflammation. The intervention of γ-EV was found to reduce the inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells via the activation of vascular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Human tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) was used to induce inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) pre-treated with γ-EV at 0.01mM, 0.1mM, and 1mM for 2 h. TNF-ɑ treatment significantly increased the expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, E-Selectin), chemokine (MCP-1), and cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). However, the expression of these biomarkers was significantly downregulated by 1 mM γ-EV pretreatment. Furthermore, γ-EV was found to transport across the intestinal monolayer via the PepT1 transporter and paracellular pathways, with the apparent permeability (Papp) of 1.56×10–6 cm/s. The efficacy of γ-EV in reducing vascular inflammation was further evaluated in vivo, in an atherosclerotic mouse model, ApoE-/-. High-fat diet (HFD: 40 kcal% fat, 1.25% cholesterol) fed ApoE-/- mice significantly showed a reduction in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, LOX-1, MCP-1 and improved the pathological characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta with the γ-EV intervention (150 mg/kg BW) as compared to the mice which didn’t receive γ-EV. In addition, the FoxP3+ and CD25+ splenic T-reg cells were significantly decreased in the γ-EV-treated group. Thus, the present study highlights the potential use of γ-glutamyl peptides, as a functional food ingredient for the prevention and management of CVDs.
Physical Properties of Beeswax-based Oleogel-emulsion as a Delivery System of Probiotics
Authors:   North Carolina A&T State University, Blount Rycal
Published: September 2022

This research aims to develop an emulsion-oleogel delivery system for probiotics. Different combinations of oleogelators (beeswax: ethylcellulose, monopalmitin, or glycerol monostearate) were prepared in different rations (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10). The oleogels with 10% oleogelators combined to structure soybean oil. The oleogels were analyzed by oil binding capacity, texture, rheology, PLM (polarized light microscopy), and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The oleogel with (7:3) beeswax: glycerol monostearate as oleogelators shows the desired stability range between 45-50℃ and is suitable for probiotics delivery system based on the physical properties. The texture showed a firmness of 204.3±13.7g and a toughness of 502.4±50.0 g. The oleogel retained 100% of the oil after 60 days. The melting curves presented Ton (Onset Temperature) of 37.5±0.4℃, with a Tp (peak temperature) at 51.6±0.3℃, and an DH of 8.4±0.1J/g). The emulsion-oleogels were prepared using the 7:3 ratio (beeswax and glyceryl monostearate). The emulsion experiments tested different ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) of emulsifiers (Tween 80, Phospholipon, and Lecithin) in three ratios of ionized water (5, 10, 15%). The visual analysis indicates that the emulsions using Phospholipon had minimum phase separation and better stability than the other emulsifiers. The results show that oleogel emulsions prepared with 1.5% Phospholipon in a 10 % water phase are a stable probiotic delivery system.
Microstructure Controlling on the Printability of High Oil Paste Formulated with Nanoporous Starch Aerogels (NSAs)
Authors:   University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Liu Lingyi , Ciftci Ozan ,   University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Published: September 2022

Extrusion-based food printing is the most common technology applied to 3D food printing, which offers the creation of unusual food shapes and innovative ideas to produce novel products with broader freedom in composition, structure, texture, and taste. Extrusion-based food printing requires the material with the capacities to be easily loaded into the printer syringe, extruded out of the nozzle, and exhibit sufficient mechanical integrity to support stacked layers without printing defects or deformation. While not all food components are natively printable. High content liquid oil would increase the ductility of the food complex and then destroy the deposited shape during 3D food printing. Aerogel exhibits outstanding and often record-breaking physical properties, which provides potential application in 3D food printing. In this study, nanoporous starch aerogels (NSAs) with different amylose content were firstly prepared using the supercritical carbon dioxide drying method. The density was reduced, and the porosity structure increased with the increased amylose content. X-ray diffraction showed that most A- and B-type peaks disappeared in 25% amylose NSA, while some weak peaks were observed in 55% and 70% NSAs. Then, NSAs were used to prepare the high-liquid-oil pastes, evaluate the effect of amylose content on the microstructure, rheological properties, and printability, and explore the effect of the paste microstructure on the oil-controlling capacity after printing. 3D printability analysis indicated that oil content increased from 36.8% to 43.5% by formulating with NSAs in the pastes. By reducing the ratio to one-third of corn starch, NSAs pastes demonstrated better printability and oil-controlling capacity after the printing. Amylose content and NSAs cooperation narrowed the particle size distribution of the printing pastes, which was consistent with the microstructure observed using 10× and 40× objective lenses. Rheological analysis showed higher amylose and NSAs increased viscosity of the pastes and mechanical strength in extrusion-based printing.*Lingyi Liu, Honored Student Award Winner; Manuchehr Eijadi Award Winner*
Comparison of High Oleic Palm Oils and Shortenings in a Baking Application
Authors:   University of Florida, Perez-Santana Melissa , Cagampang Gloria ,   University of Florida, Nieves Christopher ,   University of Florida, Cedeño-Sánchez Victor ,   University of Florida
Published: September 2022

Quality characteristics of bakery products rely partially on the amount and type of fats in their formulation. This study focused on producing emulsified shortenings with high oleic palm oil fractions to be thermo-mechanically characterized and used in the baking of high-fat cookies. Palm oil and hydrogenated fats were commonly used in bakery shortenings to achieve texture and flavor. However, saturated and trans-fats have been shown to cause detrimental health effects, motivating their reduction and replacement by unsaturated fats. Blending of fats and the use of emulsifiers are low-cost techniques to produce pumpable shortenings; alternative fats that comply with functional and sensory requirements of current baking fats. High oleic palm oil (HOPO) is a novel oil with a lower content of saturated fat and higher content of oleic acid compared to traditional palm oil (TPO). High oleic red olein (HORO) is a carotene-rich fraction of HOPO. In this study, emulsified shortenings containing HOPO, HORO, and TPO were produced under identical conditions to reach 30% saturated fat. DSC peaks of mid-melting triglycerides in TPO were not present in HOPO or HORO, reflected in lower SFC and hardness of HOPO and HORO shortenings vs. TPO shortening. However, all formulations resulted in similar onset temperatures of crystallization and melting points. Despite thermal and physical differences between shortenings, physical properties of shortening-containing cookies were not statistically different. It was demonstrated how HOPO and HORO can be used as alternative fats to TPO in the making of shortenings to be used in baking applications.
Exploring Plant Biodiversity to Extract Oil Bodies for Sustainable Food Applications
Authors:   CIRAD, Barouh Nathalie , Berton-Carabin Claire ,   INRAE, Chardot Thierry ,   INRAE, Fabre Jean-Francois ,   INRAE/ Université de Toulouse/INPT/ENSIACET, D'andrea Sabine ,   AgroParisTech, Gohon Yann ,   INRAE, Lacroux Eric ,   INRAE/ Université de Toulouse/INPT/ENSIACET, Lullien-Pellerin Valérie ,   INRAE/Univ Montpellier/Institut Agro, Micard Valerie ,   INRAE/Univ Montpellier/Institut Agro, Merah Othmane ,   INRAE/ Université de Toulouse/INPT/ENSIACET, Meynier Anne ,   INRAE, Valentin Romain ,   INRAE/ Université de Toulouse/INPT/ENSIACET, Vié Véronique ,   Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Villeneuve Pierre ,   CIRAD/Univ Montpellier/Institut Agro/IRD/Univ Réunion, Bourlieu-Lacanal Claire ,   INRAE/Univ Montpellier/Institut Agro
Published: September 2022

Oleoproteaginous and cereal seeds enclose a wide range of nutriments such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and various mineral and organic micronutrients. These nutrients are found under the form of natural assemblies such as oil or protein bodies or starch granules, that have interesting functionalities (micronic sizes, surface activity, high physicochemical stability, etc.). These assemblies are extracted by various processes using energy, organic solvents, steam, alone or in combination. Thus, their natural structures are often strongly damaged, and some of their functionalities disappear. Storming through natural assemblies’ biodiversity to address the societal demand for more natural and minimally-processed food, seems promising. Indeed, the soft extraction of such assemblies could be an alternative to traditional intensive fractionation methods of plant raw materials to isolate target ingredients (sucrose, starch, refined oils, etc.). This would allow energy savings and avoid solvent use, but must be balanced with potential challenges of this new green refinery scheme. The purpose of the present work is to highlight the physicochemical properties of various oil bodies from diverse plant origins. A green refinery protocol is proposed for their extraction from various matrices. Then their size distribution, surface activity, resistance to oxidation and fatty acids and liposoluble vitamins bioaccessibility is also presented. Omega-3 rich sources (linseed, chia, hemp…) are of special interest to correct the low dietary intake of US and European population as well as the ω6/ω3 balance. Oil bodies from these plant species can thus constitute new dietary carriers of ω3 and other bioactive molecules. Moreover, the combination of oil bodies with specific features (fatty acid profiles, stabilities, vitamin contents) can help meeting the requirements of specific nutritional targets (infants, children, elderly, athletes, etc.). Altogether, we are convinced that the valorization of these diverse oil bodies can be a strategic route in the development of sustainable food systems.
Biological Activities of Flaxseed Peptides (Linusorbs)
Authors:   University of Saskatchewan, Shim Youn Young , Tse Timothy ,   University of Saskatchewan, Reaney Martin ,   University of Saskatchewan
Published: September 2022

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum >L.) is gaining popularity in the food industry as a superfood due to its health-promoting properties. The flax plant synthesizes an array of biologically active cyclic peptides or linusorbs (LOs, a.k.a. cyclolinopeptides) from three or more ribosome-derived precursors. [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3 and [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B2, suppress immunity, induce apoptosis in human epithelial cancer cell line (Calu-3) cells, and inhibit T-cell proliferation, but the mechanism of LOs action is unknown. Using gene expression analysis in nematode cultures and human cancer cell lines we have observed that LOs exert their activity, in part, through induction of apoptosis. Specific LOs’ properties include: 1) distribute throughout the body after flaxseed consumption; 2) induce heat shock protein (HSP) 70A production as an indicator of stress and addressed the issue in Caenorhabditis elegans (exposure of nematode cultures to [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3 induced a 30% increase in production of the HSP 70A protein); 3) induce apoptosis in Calu-3 cells; and 4) modulate regulatory genes in microarray analysis. These diverse activities indicate that LOs might induce apoptosis in cancer cells or act as versatile platforms to deliver a variety of biologically active molecules for cancer therapy.
Karakterisasi Mutu Fisik Produk Kopi Liberika Merk Liber.Co dan Kesesuaiannya dengan SNI Kopi Bubuk
Authors:   Politeknik Negeri Sambas, Andiyono Andiyono , Jagat Lang ,   Politeknik Negeri Sambas
Published: September 2022

UKM Kartifarm Jaya Abadi dengan produk kopi bubuk merk Liber.Co dalam proses pengembangan usahanya mengalami beberapa kendala terkait standar mutu, kemasan, perizinan, sertifikasi produk, serta pasokan produk yang akan dijual. Kualitas adalah aspek terpenting dari pemasaran kopi, salah satunya adalah kualitas fisik dan visual kopi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi mutu fisik kopi bubuk Liber.Co untuk mengetahui kesesuaiannya dengan SNI 01-3542-2004 Syarat Mutu Kopi Bubuk. Hasil menunjukkan kopi bubuk liberika Sambas yang diproduksi CV. KartiFarm Jaya Abadi dengan merk Liber.Co memiliki karakteristik mutu fisik kopi bubuk yang sesuai dengan persyaratan SNI 01-3542-2004: Kopi Bubuk. Mutu fisik berupa keadaan bau atau aroma, warna, dan rasa kopi bubuk liberika Sambas menunjukkan keadaan normal.
The Pleasures Sought by Others You Despise: Vice and Virtue in Eighteenth-Century English Poetry
Authors: Bismel Celina , Rowan Mason , O’Donnell Emeralde , Johal Sonya , Fu Nathan , Jonchier-Litwack Paris , Farnworth Ryann , Pili Kerr , Liu Sharon , Tran Judy
Published: September 2022

This twenty-eight-poem anthology is the product of a third-year university course in English literature of the long eighteenth century at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby BC, Canada, located on the traditional and unceded lands of Coast Salish peoples of the Səl̓ilw̓ətaʔɬ (Tsleil-Waututh), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish), and xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam) Nations.
A Retrospective Study of Progressive Gait Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors:   Wake Med Health and Hospitals. Raleigh, North Carolina, US, Bader Kimberly , Lah James J. ,   Emory University, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, US, Levey Allan I. ,   Emory University, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, US, Esper Greg J. ,   Emory University, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, US, Wharton Whitney ,   Emory University, School of Nursing, Atlanta, Georgia, US, Nocera Joe R. ,   Emory University, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, Georgia, US,   Emory University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, US,   Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA, Atlanta, Georgia, US
Published: September 2022

Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) have increased gait disturbances throughout disease progression. However, an understanding of gait impairment and progression in early versus late AD is lacking. Further, the longitudinal progression of gait impairment in AD as well as in those with MCI that transition to AD is lacking. Understanding gait pathology and progression of gait impairment is critical for implementation of strategies that could limit the high prevalence of gait related falls, mobility disability and decreased overall function. Further, better understanding of the gait impairment progression may provide insight into disease processes. As such, this retrospective study aimed to evaluate, via cross sectional and longitudinal analyses, the relationship between MCI and AD diagnosis and gait parameters. Cross-sectional findings demonstrate significantly slower gait velocity and decreased step length as well as increased double limb support time and step length variability of both early and late AD when compared to MCI. For the longitudinal data the average time between gait assessment visits was 561 ± 267 days. The results demonstrate increasing gait impairment from intial gait assesement (visit 1) to a follow up gait assessment (visit 2) in both the early AD and late AD groups as well as significant decline in the gait profile from visit 1 to visit 2 in those with MCI that transitioned to having AD. These findings are important as they indicate an increasingly pathological gait profile among these populations suggesting need for early intervention.
Heart Rate Detection using a Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor: Preliminary results
Authors: Cepeda Eduardo , Peluffo-Ordóñez Diego H. , Rosero-Montalvo Paúl , Becerra Miguel A , Umaquinga-Criollo Ana C. , Ramírez Lenin
Published: September 2022

Real-time vital signs monitoring, particularly heart rate, is essential in today's medical practice and research. Heart rate detection allows the doctor to monitor the patient's health status to provide immediate action against possible cardiovascular diseases. We present a possible alternative to traditional heart rate signal monitoring systems, a cardiac pulse system using low-cost piezoelectric signal identification. This system could benefit health care and develop continuous pulse waveform monitoring systems. This paper introduces a heartbeat per minute (BPM) cardiac pulse detection system based on a low-cost piezoelectric ceramic sensor (PCS). The PCS is placed under the wrist and adjusted with a silicone wristband to measure the pressure exerted by the radial artery on the sensor and thus obtain the patient's BPM. We propose a signal conditioning stage to reduce the sensor's noise when acquiring the data and make it suitable for real-time BPM visualization. As a comparison, we performed a statistical test to compare the low-cost PCS with types of traditional sensors, along with the help of 21 volunteers. Experimental results show that the data collected by the PCS, when used for heart rate detection, is highly accurate and close to traditional sensor measurements. Therefore, we conclude that the system efficiently monitors the cardiac pulse signal in BPM.

Keywords: Heart rate; Piezoelectric, BPM; Pulse Detection.
Fitbits for Monitoring Depressive Symptoms in Older Aged Persons: Qualitative Feasibility Study
Authors: Mughal Fiza , Raffe William , Stubbs Peter , Kneebone Ian , Garcia Jaime
Published: September 2022

Background

In 2022, an estimated 1.105 billion people used smart wearables and 31 million used Fitbit devices worldwide. Although there is growing evidence for the use of smart wearables to benefit physical health, more research is required on the feasibility of using these devices for mental health and well-being. In studies focusing on emotion recognition, emotions are often inferred and dependent on external cues, which may not be representative of true emotional states.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using consumer-grade activity trackers for apps in the remote mental health monitoring of older aged people.

Methods

Older adults were recruited using criterion sampling. Participants were provided an activity tracker (Fitbit Alta HR) and completed weekly online questionnaires, including the Geriatric Depression Scale, for 4 weeks. Before and after the study period, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted to provide insight into the acceptance and feasibility of performing the protocol over a 4-week period. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a hybrid inductive-deductive thematic analysis.

Results

In total, 12 participants enrolled in the study, and 9 returned for interviews after the study period. Participants had positive attitudes toward being remotely monitored, with 78% (7/9) of participants experiencing no inconvenience throughout the study period. Moreover, 67% (6/9) were interested in trialing our prototype when it is implemented. Participants stated they would feel more comfortable if mental well-being was being monitored by carers remotely.

Conclusions

Fitbit-like devices were an unobtrusive and convenient tool to collect physiological user data. Future research should integrate physiological user inputs to differentiate and predict depressive tendencies in users.
Perceptions of US Medical Students on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Mixed Methods Survey Study
Authors: Liu David Shalom , Sawyer Jake , Luna Alexander , Aoun Jihad , Wang Janet , Boachie Lord , Halabi Safwan , Joe Bina
Published: September 2022

Background

Given the rapidity with which artificial intelligence is gaining momentum in clinical medicine, current physician leaders have called for more incorporation of artificial intelligence topics into undergraduate medical education. This is to prepare future physicians to better work together with artificial intelligence technology. However, the first step in curriculum development is to survey the needs of end users. There has not been a study to determine which media and which topics are most preferred by US medical students to learn about the topic of artificial intelligence in medicine.

Objective

We aimed to survey US medical students on the need to incorporate artificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education and their preferred means to do so to assist with future education initiatives.

Methods

A mixed methods survey comprising both specific questions and a write-in response section was sent through Qualtrics to US medical students in May 2021. Likert scale questions were used to first assess various perceptions of artificial intelligence in medicine. Specific questions were posed regarding learning format and topics in artificial intelligence.

Results

We surveyed 390 US medical students with an average age of 26 (SD 3) years from 17 different medical programs (the estimated response rate was 3.5%). A majority (355/388, 91.5%) of respondents agreed that training in artificial intelligence concepts during medical school would be useful for their future. While 79.4% (308/388) were excited to use artificial intelligence technologies, 91.2% (353/387) either reported that their medical schools did not offer resources or were unsure if they did so. Short lectures (264/378, 69.8%), formal electives (180/378, 47.6%), and Q and A panels (167/378, 44.2%) were identified as preferred formats, while fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence (247/379, 65.2%), when to use artificial intelligence in medicine (227/379, 59.9%), and pros and cons of using artificial intelligence (224/379, 59.1%) were the most preferred topics for enhancing their training.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that current US medical students recognize the importance of artificial intelligence in medicine and acknowledge that current formal education and resources to study artificial intelligence–related topics are limited in most US medical schools. Respondents also indicated that a hybrid formal/flexible format would be most appropriate for incorporating artificial intelligence as a topic in US medical schools. Based on these data, we conclude that there is a definitive knowledge gap in artificial intelligence education within current medical education in the US. Further, the results suggest there is a disparity in opinions on the specific format and topics to be introduced.
Development of a pulmonary rehabilitation patient decision aid for older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease：Mixed methods study (Preprint)
Authors: Jiang yuyu , Guo Jianlan , Chen Mengjie , Zou Xueqiong , Sun Pingping , Gao Jing , Nuerdawulieti Baiyila , Wang Shanshan
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary rehabilitation is an important part of the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the participation rate of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients is low. Patient decision aids can facilitate patient participation in pulmonary rehabilitation decisions by providing information and incorporating patient values. The aim of this study was to develop a pulmonary rehabilitation decision aid for patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to develop a wechat-based pulmonary rehabilitation patient decision aid to help older patients with COPD participate in pulmonary rehabilitation decision-making.

METHODS

We developed the decision aid in 3 stages: (1) a literature review was performed to determine the evidence for pulmonary rehabilitation options and outcomes for patients with COPD. (2) a semi-structured interview study was conducted to develop and iterate patient decision aids. (3) usability, acceptability and language expression testing in patients and healthcare professionals.

RESULTS

A total of 16 randomized controlled studies were included in the literature review. 36 participants received semi-structured interviews The results of interview include four themes: key points of age-friendly design, content of the tool, presentation requirements of contents and study evidence of the tool and other views and suggestions. The resultant goals-of-care decision aid achieved good usability and acceptability. The frequency of language expression increased in both patients and healthcare professionals.

CONCLUSIONS

This study uses a systematic development process to develop the first pulmonary rehabilitation decision aid for patients with COPD. It has good usability, acceptability and increased communication between patients and healthcare professionals in the pulmonary rehabilitation decision-making process.

CLINICALTRIAL

hinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR): ChiCTR1900028563; http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/default.aspx
Association of Child Growth Failure Indicators With Household Sanitation Practices in India (1998-2021): Spatiotemporal Observational Study (Preprint)
Authors: Jain Lovely , Pradhan Sreya , Aggarwal Arun , Padhi Bijaya Kumar , Itumalla Ramaiah , Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli , Gaidhane Shilpa , Zahiruddin Quazi Syed , Santos Celso Augusto Guimarães , AL-Mugheed Khalid , Alrahbeni Tahani , Kukreti Neelima , Satapathy Prakasini , Rustagi Sarvesh , Heidler Petra , Marzo Roy Rillera
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Undernutrition among children younger than 5 years is a subtle indicator of a country’s health and economic status. Despite substantial macroeconomic progress in India, undernutrition remains a significant burden with geographical variations, compounded by poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the spatial trends of child growth failure (CGF) indicators and their association with household sanitation practices in India.

METHODS

We used data from the Indian Demographic and Health Surveys spanning 1998-2021. District-level CGF indicators (stunting, wasting, and underweight) were cross-referenced with sanitation and sociodemographic characteristics. Global Moran I and Local Indicator of Spatial Association were used to detect spatial clustering of the indicators. Spatial regression models were used to evaluate the significant determinants of CGF indicators.

RESULTS

Our study showed a decreasing trend in stunting (44.9%-38.4%) and underweight (46.7%-35.7%) but an increasing prevalence of wasting (15.7%-21.0%) over 15 years. The positive values of Moran I between 1998 and 2021 indicate the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Geographic clustering was consistently observed in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Gujarat. Improved sanitation facilities, a higher wealth index, and advanced maternal education status showed a significant association in reducing stunting. Relative risk maps identified hotspots of CGF health outcomes, which could be targeted for future interventions.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite numerous policies and programs, malnutrition remains a concern. Its multifaceted causes demand coordinated and sustained interventions that go above and beyond the usual. Identifying hotspot locations will aid in developing control methods for achieving objectives in target areas.

CLINICALTRIAL
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol for Machine Learning Algorithms for Prediabetes Risk Calculation (Preprint)
Authors: Jeem Yaltafit Abror , Nabila Refa , Emelia Dwi Ditha , Lazuardi Lutfan , Kusnanto Hari
Published: September 2022

UNSTRUCTURED

Identifying and delivering interventions to patients with prediabetes was one strategy for dealing with the rising prevalence of T2DM. Risk assessment tools help in disease detection by allowing screening of the high risk group. Machine learning was also used to support in the detection and diagnosis of prediabetes. The purpose of this review is to assess the diagnostic test accuracy of various machine learning algorithms for calculating prediabetes risk. This protocol was written in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. The databases that will be used include PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO, with access limited to January 1999 and September 2022 in English only. Two reviewers will identify articles independently by reading the titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. Any disagreement will be resolved through consensus. To assess the quality and potential for bias, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool will be used. Data extraction and content analysis will be carried out in a systematic manner. A forest plot with 95% confidence intervals will be used to visualize quantitative data. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve will describe the diagnostic test outcome. The Review Manager 5.3 (Rev Man 5.3) software package will be used to analyze the data. Discussion: Using the proposed systematic review and meta-analysis, we will determine the diagnostic accuracy of various machine learning algorithms for estimating prediabetes risk. Machine learning classification is a form of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers to learn without being specifically programmed. It has been used to develop a scoring method for prediabetes identification and diagnosis. As far as we know, there is no systematic review and meta-analysis regarding machine learning utilization for prediabetes risk estimation. Therefore, we proposed this study to obtain the diagnostic accuracy of machine learning algorithms in estimating prediabetes risk. This protocol has been registered in the Prospective Registry of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) database. The registration number is CRD42021251242.
Logical Framework for Tailor-Made Paradigm Shift Hospital Foodservice to Prevent Malnutrition among Geriatric Patients in Hospitals (My Geryfs): A Study Protocol (Preprint)
Authors: Omar Noraida , Shafiee Shazli Illyani , Nor'hisham Siti Hazimah , Ibrahim Zuriati , Jamaluddin Rosita , Rahamat Syafiqah , Mohd Yusof Barakatun Nisak , Minhat Halimatus Sakdiah , Mohd Sallehuddin Hakimah , Mazlan Nur Syazwani
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Hospital food service plays an important role in a patient’s recovery process by providing adequate nutrients. On top of that, the patients’ food service satisfaction can easily be afflicted by the quality of food served and its overall food service experience. Furthermore, it is inevitable for malnutrition to happen from poor food service quality, especially among geriatric patients.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Malaysian geriatric patients’ hospital foodservice protocol (MY GERYFS)

METHODS

The protocol derived of three phases; phase 1 takes place at public hospitals with geriatric wards in the Klang Valley, phase two involves the collaboration of healthcare professionals in the geriatric field, and phase three determines the feasibility of MY GERYFS protocol in a hospital among 60 geriatric patients. These patients will be randomised into control and intervention groups respectively. Intervention care will be done to ensure the safety of the protocol.

RESULTS

Data collection is in progress and is expected complete and submit our results for publication by January 2023..

CONCLUSIONS

This study protocol could potentially benefit the hospital food service system and aid in improving geriatric nutritional status.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrial.gov with registration number 283284-331068 on 30th March 2021.
Assessing the Effect of Nonvisual Information Factors in Pandemic-Related Video Communication: Randomized Controlled Between-Subjects Experiment (Preprint)
Authors: Lungu Daniel Adrian , Røislien Jo , Berg Siv Hilde , Smeets Ionica , Shortt Marie Therese , Thune Henriette , Brønnick Kolbjørn Kallesten
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Videos have been an important medium for providing health and risk communication to the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health officials, health care professionals, and policy makers have used videos to communicate pandemic-related content to large parts of the population. Evidence regarding the outcomes of such communication, along with their determinants, is however limited.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to test the impact of nonvisual information factors of video communication on 4 outcomes: trust, comprehension, intentions, and behavior.

METHODS

Twelve short health communication videos related to pandemics were produced and shown to a large sample of participants, applying a randomized controlled between-subjects design. Three factors were included in the creation of the videos: the topic (exponential growth, handwashing, and burden of pandemics on the health care system), the source (expert and nonexpert), and a call to action (present or absent). Participants were randomly assigned to 1 video intervention, and 1194 valid replies were collected. The data were analyzed using factorial ANOVA.

RESULTS

The 3 pandemic-related topics did not affect trust, comprehension, intentions, or behavior. Trust was positively influenced by an expert source (2.5%), whereas a nonexpert source instead had a positive effect on the proxy for behavior (5.7%) compared with the expert source. The inclusion of a call to action had a positive effect on both trust (4.1%) and comprehension (15%).

CONCLUSIONS

Trust and comprehension in pandemic-related video communication can be enhanced by using expert sources and by including a call to action, irrespective of the topic being communicated. Intentions and behavior appear to be affected to a small extent by the 3 factors tested in this study.

CLINICALTRIAL

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

RR2-10.2196/34275
The suicidal ideation of disaster victims: A nationwide cross-sectional study (Preprint)
Authors: Kim Yujeong , Lee Eunmi
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Various natural and human made disasters occur worldwide. Individuals are affected economically and psychologically, and the persistence of these disasters for a long period may cause suicidal ideation. It is necessary to identify the factors that may cause suicidal ideation among the people affected by these disasters.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting suicidal ideation in victims of disasters such as typhoons, heavy rainfall, fires, and earthquakes.

METHODS

Data were obtained from a long-term survey on life changes among disaster victims conducted in 2019 by the National Disaster Management Research Institute. The study included 2,234 victims of natural and social disasters occurring in Korea between 2012 and 2018. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview developed by the World Health Organization. The participants’ demographic characteristics, disaster-related characteristics (disaster type, disaster duration, injury/disease damage), physical characteristics (subjective health status), psychological characteristics (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, resilience), and social characteristics (social support and social adaptation) were analyzed as the influencing factors. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression.

RESULTS

The results showed that the factors affecting suicidal ideation included disaster-related injury/disease, depression, and social support. The odds ratio of suicidal ideation was higher when there was injury/disease (OR=1.89, CI=0.07-0.48), with higher depression levels (OR=1.31, CI=1.18-1.47) and with lower social support (OR=0.94, CI=0.90-0.99).

CONCLUSIONS

It is necessary to implement psychosocial support strategies and health promotion programs aimed at reducing suicidal ideation in disaster victims.
Overcoming Access Barriers for Veterans: Distribution and Use of VA’s Video-Enabled Tablets Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)
Authors: Dhanani Zainub , Ferguson Jacqueline Marie , Van Campen James , Slightam Cindie , Jacobs Josephine C , Heyworth Leonie , Zulman Donna
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

During the COVID-19 pandemic, as health care services shifted to virtual modalities for patient and provider safety, the Veterans Affairs (VA) Office of Connected Care widely expanded its video-enabled tablet program to bridge digital divides for Veterans with limited virtual care access.

OBJECTIVE

In this paper, we sought to characterize Veterans who received and used U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)-issued video-enabled tablets before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

We compared sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Veterans who received VA-issued tablets during six-month pre-pandemic and pandemic periods (i.e., 3/11/2019-9/10/19 and 3/11/20-9/10/20). Then, we examined characteristics associated with video visit utilization for primary and mental health care within six months after tablet shipment, stratifying models by timing of tablet receipt.

RESULTS

There was a nearly six-fold increase in the number of Veterans who received tablets in the pandemic vs pre-pandemic study periods (N= 35,861 vs 6,733, respectively). Compared to pre-pandemic, tablet recipients during the pandemic were more likely to be older (mean 64 vs. 59 years), urban-dwelling (68% vs. 56%) and have a history of housing instability (24% vs. 15%). Pandemic recipients were more likely to utilize video care (70% vs. 55%) and did so more frequently (5.7 vs. 2.3 average encounters) within six months of tablet receipt. In adjusted models, pandemic and pre-pandemic video care users were significantly more likely to be younger, stably housed, and have a mental health condition than non-users.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased distribution of VA-issued tablets to Veterans with complex clinical and social needs, tablet recipients who were older or unstably housed remained less likely to have a video visit. The VA’s tablet distribution program expanded access to video-enabled devices, but interventions are needed to bridge disparities in video visit utilization among device recipients.
Designing and Developing an eHealth Program for Patients With Persistent Physical Symptoms: Usability Study (Preprint)
Authors: Christensen Oliver Rønn , Hedegaard Leonora , Rask Mette Trøllund , Clemensen Jane , Frostholm Lisbeth , Rosendal Marianne
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Patients with persistent physical symptoms presenting in primary care are often affected by multiple symptoms and reduced functioning. The medical and societal costs of these patients are high, and there is a need for new interventions tailored to both the patients and health care system.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the usability of an unguided, self-help treatment program, “My Symptoms,” developed to assist patients and general practitioners in symptom management.

METHODS

In all, 11 users (4 patients with persistent physical symptoms and 7 laypeople) participated in web-based thinking-aloud interviews involving the performance of predefined tasks in the program. Thematic analysis was used to categorize the severity of usability issues. General usability heuristics were cross-referenced with the usability issues.

RESULTS

The analysis identified important usability issues related to functionality, navigation, and content. The study shows how therapeutic knowledge in some cases was lost in the translation of face-to-face therapy to a digital format. The user testing helped uncover how the functionality of the digital elements and general navigation of the program played a huge part in locating and accessing the needed treatment. Examples of redesign to mediate the therapeutic value in the digital format involving health care professionals, web developers, and users are provided. The study also highlights the differences of involving patients and laypeople in the interviews.

CONCLUSIONS

Taking the experience of common symptoms as a point of departure, patients and laypeople contributed to finding usability issues on program functionality, navigation, and content to improve the program and make the treatment more accessible to users.