bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eine Inschrift von Ti. Claudius Paulinus aus Pannonien? Abschrift einer Römerzeitlichen Base Oder Eine Neuzeitliche Fälschung
Authors: Kovács P. , Prohászka P.
Published: June 2014

An Inscription of Ti. Claudius Paulinus from Pannonia? A drawing of an unpublished Roman statue base from Tát came to light together with several archaeological (mainly medieval) finds in a 19th-century (?) booklet in Esztergom, according to the record the drawing was prepared in 1814. The inscription of the statue base describes a senatorial career and the person can be identified most probably with Ti. Claudius Paulinus, governor of Lower Britain in 220 (PIR2 II 231 Nr. 955 cf. RIB 311, 1280, CIL XIII 3162). As the text follows almost exactly his earlier inscription from Britain (RIB 311) and it contaminates a Pannonian funerary text from Sárisáp (RIU 769), it is highly likely that the drawing is a 20th-century forgery.
Archaeological evidence for historical navigation on the Mureş (Maros) river. Enquiries based on a medieval boat imprint from Bizere abbey (Romania)
Authors: Rusu A. , Toda O.
Published: June 2014

The boat imprint unearthed at the site of the Benedictine abbey from Bizere (Frumuşeni, Romania) is a unique discovery for two reasons: its preservation as a negative imprint, due to its reuse for preparing mortar, and its dating back to the 12th century, based on the context of its discovery. It has been identified as a logboat, due to the absence of any technical details specific for plank boats, and now stands as the only vessel of this type with known dating for the territory of Romania. The article also enquires into the wider historical context of the discovery, thus bringing forth the archival data available with regard to medieval inland navigation.
Medieval and Ottoman period (14th–17th c.) Archaeology in the Drava River region, Hungary
Authors: Kovács Gy. , Bartosiewicz L. , Éder K. , Gál E. , Miklós Zs. , Rózsás M. , J A. , Zatykó Cs.
Published: June 2014

The paper is a short summary of the main archaeological outcomes of an interdisciplinary project in a section of the Drava river crossing the territory of Somogy county, in Hungary. One of the study areas is the vicinity of Berzence where medieval settlement patterns, land use and economy have been reconstructed on the basis of historical sources and an archaeological field survey. A comprehensive review of architectural history and material culture of the Ottoman Period stronghold in Barcs was the other area under investigation. Research there was based on written sources and the archaeological assemblage recovered from the palisaded fort. Zooarchaeological research at this site revealed some significant culture historical aspects of this stronghold. Underwater archaeological investigations carried out in the Drava river itself and aerial exploration of the study areas also supplied valuable archaeological results.
Apagamento vocálico e binariedade no português: uma investigação baseada em preditivas Bayesianas
Authors: Abaurre Maria Bernadete Marques , Sandalo Filomena , González-López Verónica
Published: June 2014

As aplicações de modelos estatísticos em fonologia de laboratório têm se mostrado produtivas na avaliações do poder de predição de hipóteses. Neste trabalho, a força da restrição FootBin foi testada estatisticamente, no português brasileiro e no português europeu, a partir de preditivas Bayesianas. Partimos do pressuposto de que, se a restrição FootBin for ativa, há uma preferência, na língua observada, por palavras com um número par de sílabas. Com base neste pressuposto, o estudo foi realizado a partir de dados experimentais (apagamento/redução vocálica) analisados acusticamente e tratados estatisticamente. Nossos resultados estatísticos apontam para o fato de FootBin estar ativa nas duas variedades de português, embora a força para binariedade se manifeste de maneira mais forte em PB. O fato de FootBin estar ativa nas duas variedades da língua com forças diferentes suporta uma análise otimalista baseada em restrições.
Tarefas pedagógicas online criadas por alunos da disciplina de Metodologia de Ensino de Língua Estrangeira em um Curso de Letras
Authors: Almeida Patricia Vasconcelos
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, por meio dos preceitos teóricos da Teoria da Atividade e da teoria de CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning), as diferenças entre as tarefas pedagógicas online criadas por alunos da disciplina de Metodologia de Ensino de Língua Estrangeira em um Curso de Letras de uma universidade pública. A análise dos dados provenientes de estudo exploratório mostrou que na tentativa de se criar tarefas pedagógicas online, utilizando diferentes artefatos de ensino, os professores pré-serviço desenvolveram práticas diferentes de acordo com o artefato utilizado. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, como previsto pela Teoria da Atividade, a alteração do artefato de ensino pode causar tensões no sistema de atividade e alterar os elementos que o constituem..
Affectedness revisited
Authors: García de la Maza Casilda
Published: June 2014

Affectedness has often been invoked as a principle governing the externalization of arguments in certain grammatical structures. This paper reviews the works that have been carried out on this matter and presents some data that challenge the existing proposals.
Estudo sobre a intervenção em crianças falantes do Português Europeu com atraso fonológico
Authors: Pedro Cassandra , Oliveira Tatiana , Lousada Marisa , Couto Pedro Sá
Published: June 2014

O objetivo primordial do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de duas abordagens de intervenção de base fonológica (Parents and Children Together (Bowen, 2009) e terapia de consciência fonológica (Gillon & McNeill, 2007)), num grupo de 6 crianças com idades entre 5;0 - 6;1 e diagnóstico de atraso fonológico. As seguintes medidas de resultados foram obtidas antes e após 10 sessões de intervenção: percentagem de consoantes corretas, percentagem de ocorrência de processos fonológicos, inventário fonético, consciência fonológica e generalização. Estas medidas possibilitaram a análise dos efeitos das intervenções supracitadas. A realização deste estudo sugere que ambas as abordagens de intervenção se revelaram benéficas na melhoria da produção e da consciência silábica das crianças. A terapia de consciência fonológica promoveu adicionalmente uma evolução das capacidades de consciência fonémica das crianças.
Analysis of an educational software for language learning: insights from the Theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability and Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Prebianca Gicele Vieira , Santos Junior Vital Pereira dos , Finardi Kyria Rebeca
Published: June 2014

The aim of the study is to analyze a software for teaching English as a foreign language reporting (i) the interaction between the software and the learner; (ii) the cognitive/mental operations required to perform the tasks in software and (iii) the pedagogical strategies implemented by the software. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) aspects of the software were also analyzed so as to evaluate its degree of interactiveness and usability (Ergolist, 2011). Results of the study suggest that the software is content-oriented and the ergonomic analysis revealed that the didactic resources applied by the software meet most usability criteria, requiring few modifications.
Padrões tipológicos da função interpessoal modalidade em artigos científicos de ciências agrárias: diferenças e similitudes entre português e inglês
Authors: Romero Tania Regina de Souza , Joseph Norma Lírio de Leão
Published: June 2014

Pautando-se pelo propósito de subsidiar o ensino de inglês para fins acadêmicos para pós-graduandos de ciências agrárias, as autoras identificam padrões tipológicos de modalidade entre o inglês e o português brasileiro, especificamente em artigos científicos de ciências agrárias. Os artigos são processados no software AntConc 3.2.1w para identificação de estruturas modalizadas. Em seguida, categoriza-se os itens foco para que, então, se contraste o uso e frequência em uma língua e outra. Os resultados mostram uma grande convergência de uso, o que indica a possibilidade de abordagens de ensino baseadas em familiaridade com o gênero. Concluindo, as autoras refletem sobre a contribuição da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional ao ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira no contexto acadêmico.
Do "politicamente correto" ao incorretamente polido
Authors: Neves Maria Helena de Moura
Published: June 2014

O texto defende que a ligação da análise da linguagem com a apreciação do contexto das posturas sociais do momento é algo absolutamente legítimo, observando, entretanto, que, em diversas situações, esse tipo de atitude investigativo-apreciativa vem sendo transformada em ações e reações que se banalizam no lugar-comum ou que, até, se desfiguram na insensatez. Distorções de avaliação do discurso do "outro" têm sido constantes, e disso é uma amostra gritante a caça que vem sendo feita, ao sabor de paixões irrefletidas, ao que se convencionou chamar de "politicamente incorreto" em linguagem. Na apresentação se avalia uma série de casos dessa natureza em confronto com casos em que, inversamente, a forma de uso se oferece como marcadamente polida, mas a incorreção de conduta é ainda mais evidente. O objetivo é avaliar um e outro caso por via do papel da intersubjetividade na condução do discurso, no sentido de verificar a contraparte conceptual da questão, especialmente as evidências, no enunciado, do engajamento conceptual dos envolvidos na enunciação.
Pragmática, sociedade (e a alma), uma entrevista com Jacob Mey
Authors: Silva Daniel do Nascimento e
Published: June 2014

Jacob Mey, o linguista que fundou (em 1977, com Hartmut Haberland) o Journal of Pragmatics e autor de inúmeros livros e artigos no campo da pragmática, visitou o Brasil em novembro/dezembro de 2012, por ocasião da homenagem ao trabalho do pragmaticista Kanavillil Rajagopalan, realizada na Unicamp, onde Rajagopalan desenvolveu trabalho exemplar. A visita de Mey ao Brasil foi uma convite à reflexão sobre o objeto da pragmática, suas vizinhanças, seus principais problemas e sua agenda. Esta entrevista, realizada no Rio de Janeiro, conta a trajetória de Jacob Mey e sua visada crítica sobre os principais temas e problemas da pragmática.
Synthesis and colour prediction of stable pigments from rice husk biomass
Authors: Wang Zhaofeng , Chen Haoran , Xu Lily , Xu Susan Q. , Gao Caroline F. , Oliphant Adam J. , Liu Jingjing , Lu Yufeng , Wang Weixing , Sun Luyi
Published: June 2014

In this work, we present a method to convert rice husk (RH) biowaste to a wide range of thermally stable and colour intensive pigments. The silica nanoparticles derived from acid-treated RHs are amorphous and of high purity, which make them ideal for the synthesis of ceramic pigments. The reactivity of the silica nanoparticles from RHs is comparable to that of fumed silica. Considering the high cost and health-related/environment-related issues associated with the production of fumed silica, the route to synthesise high-quality pigments using RH biowaste satisfies the sustainable development, economy and environmental demands. Furthermore, a large number of pigments with various colours were prepared through adjusting the formulation of the raw materials. A predictive model for the colours of the ceramic pigments as a function of pigment chemical composition was developed, which provides a quick colour prediction of the synthesized pigments based on their chemical composition. This article contains supporting information that will be made available online once the issue is published.
Properties of pull-out bond strength and concept to assess ultimate bond stress of NSC and HSC
Authors: Diab Ahmed M. , Elyamany Hafez E. , Hussein Mostafa A. , Al Ashy Hazem M.
Published: June 2014

This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was a study of bond behaviour using two different tests – the single pull-out (SPO) test, in which a concrete specimen was subjected to compressive stresses, and the double pull-out (DPO) test, in which a concrete specimen was subjected to tensile stresses. This phase of the study aimed to make a comparison of the SPO and DPO tests. To compare the behaviour of these tests, different levels of cube compressive strength (from 18·0 to 96·8 MPa) were considered through the use of different types of coarse aggregate (pink limestone, gravel and dolomite), different water/cement ratios and different cement contents. The second phase of the study focused on the bond strength of high-strength concrete (HSC) using the DPO test to assess the ultimate bond stress. This phase considered the effects of concrete cube compressive strength, bar diameter, concrete cover, embedded length and pre-flexural crack length. The cube compressive strengths of the concretes used were 30, 50, 70 and 90 MPa, the bar diameters used were 16 and 18 mm and the concrete covers were 67, 66 and 42 mm. Based on the test results, a concept to assess the ultimate stress of normal-strength concrete (NSC) and HSC was developed. Equations to calculate the ultimate bond stress and the required development length are also suggested.
Effects of steel fibre and shear reinforcement on static and impact load resistances of concrete beams
Authors: Min Kyung-Hwan , Kwon Ki Yeon , Lee Jin-Young , Yoon Young-Soo
Published: June 2014

Several sets of static and impact load tests are conducted to estimate the effects of using steel fibre and shear reinforcement on static and impact load resistances. Weights are dropped from a certain height to apply impact loads to the specimens. The performances of all the specimens are evaluated by comparing their load–deflection curves, crack patterns, or maximum numbers of drops before the tests were stopped. Moreover, the partial placement of fibre-reinforced concrete is also used to find ways to manufacture cost-effective concrete members, because fibre-reinforced concrete is mostly more expensive than normal concrete.
Process, property and performance of chalcogenide-based thermoelectric materials
Authors: Jariwala Bhakti , Ravindra Nuggehalli M.
Published: June 2014

The world is facing major challenges for finding alternate energy sources that can satisfy the increasing demand for energy consumption while preserving the environment. The field of thermoelectrics has long been recognized as consisting of materials that are potentially ‘ideal’ candidates for sources of power generation that operate by harvesting waste heat. However, the relatively low conversion efficiency of thermoelectric devices has suppressed their utility on a large scale. In this study, we summarize the global efforts that have been made, in the present scenario, to enhance the figure of merit of chalcogenide-based thermoelectric materials by choosing appropriate processes and their influence on properties and performance. The most recent research approaches, to chalcogenide-based thermoelectric materials in the last decade, from single crystal to polycrystalline form and from bulk to nano dimensions, have been considered in this study. The continued gap between fundamental theoretical results and actual experimental data of figure of merit and performance continues to challenge the commercial applications of thermoelectrics.
Different biomechanical design and ecophysiological strategies in juveniles of two liana species with contrasting growth habit
Authors: Chen Ya‐Jun , Bongers Frans , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Liu Jin‐Yu , Cao Kun‐Fang
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Lianas constitute a major functional type in tropical zones. While some liana species start climbing immediately after germination (shade‐avoidance), others have a long self‐supporting phase (shade‐tolerance). The morphophysiological characteristics of these two growth habits are unknown.

• Methods: We quantified growth traits, biomass allocation, mechanics, anatomy, and hydraulics for saplings of Ventilago calyculata (an immediate obligate climber) and Ziziphus attopensis (having a long self‐supporting phase), both in the family Rhamnaceae. The mechanics, anatomy, and hydraulics for the mature individuals of the two species were also evaluated.

• Key results: In the juvenile stage, V. calyculata had a higher slenderness ratio, height growth rate, and photosynthetic rate but similar biomass growth rate compared with Z. attopensis. In contrast, Z. attopensis had a higher leaf area growth rate, specific leaf area, and leaf mass fraction. Ziziphus attopensis had stiffer, but less conductive stems than V. calyculata. Stem rigidity of saplings decreased from base to apex in Z. attopensis, but increased in V. calyculata. Both species had similar resistance to xylem embolism. However, the leaves of V. calyculata were able to resist greater water deficits. At the mature stage, wider and longer vessels emerged in the xylem, and both species increased stem specific conductivity and drought resistance in stems and leaves. Ventilago calyculata had significantly higher specific conductivity and was more drought tolerant than Z. attopensis.

• Conclusions: The two lianas differed significantly in growth, biomass allocation, anatomy, mechanics, ecophysiology, and hydraulic properties in line with their growth habits and shade adaptation strategies.
Speciation via floral heterochrony and presumed mycorrhizal host switching of endemic butterfly orchids on the Azorean archipelago
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , Rudall Paula J. , Bidartondo Martin I. , Cozzolino Salvatore , Tranchida‐Lombardo Valentina , Carine Mark A. , Moura Mónica
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Most orchid species native to the Macaronesian islands reflect immigration from western Europe or North Africa followed by anagenesis. The only putative exception is the butterfly orchids (Platanthera) of the Azores, where three species apparently reflect at least one cladogenetic speciation event. This multidisciplinary study explores the origin, speciation, phenotypic, and genotypic cohesion of these Azorean species and their mainland relatives.

• Methods: Plants of Platanthera from 30 localities spanning all nine Azorean islands were compared with those of four continental European relatives for 38 morphometric characters; substantial subsets were also analyzed for plastid microsatellites, and for nrITS of both the orchids and their mycorrhizae.

• Key results: Although the three Azorean and four mainland species are all readily distinguished morphometrically using several floral characters, and hybridization appears rare, divergence in ITS and especially plastid sequences is small. Despite occupying similar laurisilva habitats, the Azorean species differ radically in the identities and diversity of their mycorrhizal partners; specialism apparently increases rarity.

• Conclusions: Although morphological evidence suggests two invasions of the islands from NW Africa and/or SW Europe, ITS data imply only one. As the molecular data are unable to distinguish among the potential mainland ancestors, two scenarios of relationship are explored that imply different ancestors. Both scenarios require both anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation events, involving homoplastic shifts in overall flower size and (often substantial) changes in the relative dimensions of individual floral organs. Limited genotypic divergence among the three species compared with greater phenotypic divergence suggests comparatively recent speciation. Mycorrhizae may be the most critical factor dictating the respective ecological tolerances, and thus the relative frequencies, of these species. The recent IUCN Red‐List amalgamation of Azorean Platanthera taxa into a single species urgently requires reappraisal, as P. micrantha is an excellent indicator species of seminatural laurisilva forest and P. azorica is arguably Europe's rarest orchid.
Dynamic control of osmolality and ionic composition of the xylem sap in two mangrove species
Authors: López‐Portillo Jorge , Ewers Frank W. , Méndez‐Alonzo Rodrigo , Paredes López Claudia L. , Angeles Guillermo , Alarcón Jiménez Ana Luisa , Lara‐Domínguez Ana Laura , del Carmen Torres Barrera María
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Xylem sap osmolality and salinity is a critical unresolved issue in plant function with impacts on transport efficiency, pressure gradients, and living cell turgor pressure, especially for halophytes such as mangrove trees.

• Methods: We collected successive xylem vessel sap samples from stems and shoots of Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa using vacuum and pressure extraction and measured their osmolality. Following a series of extractions with the pressure chamber, we depressurized the shoot and pressurized again after various equilibration periods (minutes to hours) to test for dynamic control of osmolality. Transpiration and final sap osmolality were measured in shoots perfused with deionized water or different seawater dilutions.

• Key results: For both species, the sap osmolality values of consecutive samples collected by vacuum extraction were stable and matched those of the initial samples extracted with the pressure chamber. Further extraction of samples with the pressure chamber decreased sap osmolality, suggesting reverse osmosis occurred. However, sap osmolalities increased when longer equilibration periods after sap extraction were allowed. Analysis of expressed sap with HPLC indicated a 1:1 relation between measured osmolality and the osmolality of the inorganic ions in the sap (mainly Na+, K+, and Cl−), suggesting no contamination by organic compounds. In stems perfused with deionized water, the sap osmolality increased to mimic the native sap osmolality.

• Conclusions: Xylem sap osmolality and ionic contents are dynamically adjusted by mangroves and may help modulate turgor pressure, hydraulic conductivity, and water potential, thus being important for mangrove physiology, survival, and distribution.
Cell differentiation and tissue formation in the unique fruits of devil's claws (Martyniaceae)
Authors: Horbens Melanie , Gao Jie , Neinhuis Christoph
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Martyniaceae are characterized by capsules with two upwardly curved, horn‐shaped extensions representing morphologically specialized epizoochorous fruits. Because the capsules are assumed to cling to hooves and ankles of large mammals, fiber arrangement and tissue combinations within the endocarp ensuring proper attachment to the vector's feet during transport are of particular interest. In this first detailed anatomical investigation, the functional adaptation of the fruits and their implications for the specific dispersal mode are provided. The peculiar fiber arrangement may also be of interest for future biomimetic composite materials.

• Methods: Endocarp anatomy and details of tissue differentiation were examined in fruits of Ibicella lutea and Proboscidea louisianica subsp. fragrans combining light microscopy, SEM, and x‐ray microtomography analysis.

• Key results: While tips of the extensions are predominantly reinforced by longitudinally oriented fibers, in the middle segment these fibers are densely packed in individual bundles entwined and separated by transversely elongated cells. Within the capsule wall, the fiber bundles are embedded in a dense mesh of transversely oriented fibers that circularly reinforce and protect the loculus. This fibrous pericarp tissue develops within few days by localized cell divisions and intrusive growth of primarily isodiametric parenchyma cells in the pistil.

• Conclusions: The study allows insight into a unique and complex example of functionally driven cell growth and tissue formation. Long‐horned fruits of Martyniaceae obviously are highly specialized to epizoochorous dispersal, pointing to primary vector‐related seed dispersal. The highly ordered arrangement of fibers results in a great mechanical firmness.
Demographic variation across successional stages and their effects on the population dynamics of the neotropical palmEuterpe precatoria
Authors: Otárola Mauricio Fernández , Avalos Gerardo
Published: June 2014

•Premise of the study:Environmental heterogeneity is a strong selective force shaping adaptation and population dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. Natural and anthropogenic gradients influence the variation of environmental and biotic factors, which determine population demography and dynamics. Successional gradients are expected to influence demographic parameters, but the relationship between these gradients and the species life history, habitat requirements, and degree of variation in demographic traits remains elusive.

•Methods:We used the palmEuterpe precatoriato test the effect of successional stage on plant demography within a continuous population. We calculated demographic parameters for size stages and performed matrix analyses to investigate the demographic variation within primary and secondary forests of La Selva, Costa Rica.

•Key results:We observed differences in mortality and recruitment of small juveniles between primary and secondary forests. Matrix models described satisfactorily the chronosequence of population changes, which were characterized by high population growth rate in disturbed areas, and decreased growth rate in old successional forests until reaching stability.

•Conclusions:Different demographic parameters can be expressed in contiguous subpopulations along a gradient of successional stages with important consequences for population dynamics. Demographic variation superimposed on these gradients contributes to generate subpopulations with different demographic composition, density, and ecological properties. Therefore, the effects of spatial variation must be reconsidered in the design of demographic analyses of tropical palms, which are prime examples of subtle local adaptation. These considerations are crucial in the implementation of management plans for palm species within spatially complex and heterogeneous tropical landscapes.
Linking safe sites for recruitment with host‐canopy heterogeneity: The case of a parasitic plant, Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Viscaceae)
Authors: Mellado Ana , Zamora Regino
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: Canopies are ecologically relevant compartments of forests. Multiple sources of heterogeneity interact within forest canopies due to their structural complexity, which exert major influences on the structure and composition of epiphyte communities. Here, we explore canopy environmental heterogeneity of a Mediterranean pine forest, identifying the key biotic and abiotic factors determining mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) recruitment at coarse and fine spatial scales.

• Methods: Through field experiments, we assessed the range of suitable host species for V. album subsp. austriacum (hereafter, V. a. austriacum). We characterized the variation in abiotic factors at a fine spatial scale on the host species. Finally, we examined the effects of biotic (predation) and abiotic (light, temperature) factors on the fate of mistletoe seeds and seedlings along host branches.

• Key results: We confirmed the tight specificity of V. a. austriacum to pine species, in particular to P. nigra at the local scale. Biotic constraints increased toward the branch interior, with minor effects on apical locations due to the positive effect of pine‐needle coverage. Contrarily, abiotic constraints increased toward branch extremities, harming mistletoe seeds by encouraging their desiccation.

• Conclusions: Biotic and abiotic variables exert a strong, nonrandom filter on V. album regeneration, resulting in recruitment hotspots at the periphery of the branches and sites with a high probability of recruitment failure at thicker and more exposed locations. The narrow range of suitable host species and the scarcity and spatially restricted recruitment hotspots for V. a. austriacum leads to the clumping of mistletoe populations at the finer spatial scale.
Comparative genetic structure betweenSedum ussurienseandS. kamtschaticum(Crassulaceae), two stonecrops co‐occurring on rocky cliffs
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon , López‐Pujol Jordi , Chung Myong Gi
Published: June 2014

•Premise of the study:Geographic isolation due to discontinuities of suitable habitat may have significant effects on the genetic structure of plant populations. Even within a few kilometers, physical barriers to gene flow may lead to considerable genetic differentiation among populations.

•Methods: Sedum ussurienseis a boreal species that in Korea occurs only in four valleys separated by mountain ranges in Juwangsan National Park and its vicinity (a range of ∼15 km). Its congenerS. kamtschaticum, by contrast, co‐occurs in the four valleys but also on the intervening mountains. Using 12 allozyme loci, we comparatively assessed genetic variability and structure in 12 population pairs of the two stonecrops.

•Key results:While we found high and comparable levels of within‐population genetic variation for the two species, among‐population divergence was significantly higher inS. ussuriense(FST= 0.261 vs.FST= 0.165).Sedum ussuriensealso showed a much higher percentage of among‐valley variation (19%) thanS. kamtschaticum(4%).

•Conclusions:High levels of genetic diversity in the twoSedumspecies are consistent with the previous hypothesis that mountains of the Korean Peninsula served as glacial refugia for many boreal species. Given that the two congeners have similar life‐history traits, the lower among‐population differentiation inS. kamtschaticumis attributable to its higher abundance and more continuous distribution in the study area. This study confirms the central role of geographic isolation in the genetic structure of plant species even at very small scales.
Bending properties of a macroalga: Adaptation of Peirce's cantilever test for in situ measurements of Laminaria digitata (Laminariaceae)
Authors: Henry Pierre‐Yves T.
Published: June 2014

• Premise of the study: The mechanical properties of a plant are key variables governing the interaction between the plant and its environment. Thus, measuring variables such as the flexural rigidity (bending) of a plant element is necessary to understand and predict the plant–flow interaction. However, plant elements such as macrophyte blades can be relatively thin and flexible, thus difficult to characterize. Different adaptations of the classical 3‐point bending tests can also affect the interpretation of the flexural rigidity of an element. A simple, robust, method is newly applied to a biomaterial and validated here as an alternative to measure flexural rigidity of thin, flexible plant elements.

• Methods: Based on a bending test procedure developed for the textile industry, an apparatus for in‐situ measurements was developed and compared with other normalized methods, then used in a field test on the blade of a marine macroalga (Laminaria digitata) to assess its suitability to measure the bending modulus of a biomaterial.

• Key results: Results of the presented method on selected surrogate materials agree with a normalized cantilever method (ISO 9073‐7:1998) and 3‐point bending test (ISO 178:2010). Values determined for the bending moduli for blades of L. digitaria were in the typical range for algal material. The range of validity of the method is discussed.

• Conclusion: By validating this method with existing norms, this study suggests a better approach to measure bending properties of different biomaterials in the field compared with more traditional bending tests and opens new possibilities.
Des études féministes aux études de genre. Le double échec de leur réception par les sciences catholiques françaises
Authors: Favier Anthony
Published: June 2014

Les études de genre s’installent dans les cursus universitaires. Il est intéressant d’examiner par quels biais elles ont déjà pu mobiliser les acteurs des Eglises chrétiennes. Une approche historique met en évidence l’importance des travaux états-uniens et québécois, mais aussi, pour le nord de l’Europe, danois. En France, très peu de choses ou plus tardives, notamment par le truchement associatif. C’est la question des ministères qui retint le plus l’attention malgré un faible niveau de présence académique. Le Magistère papal depuis Vatican II ne peut que maintenir dans les marges ce type de travaux. Si un chemin de dialogue est très souhaitable, la querelle récente autour de la théorie du genre le rend moins aisément empruntable.
Servir les pauvres. Oui, mais dites-moi : quels pauvres au juste ?
Authors: Nebel Mathias
Published: June 2014

Si le service des pauvres est une constante de la Tradition chrétienne, les organismes chrétiens actuels sont contraints à la spécialisation. Nos connaissances modernes sur la pauvreté sont de plus en plus assurées. Nous analysons de plus en plus finement les systèmes et sous-systèmes de pauvreté entre le manque et l’excès. Amartya Sen a permis de renouveler l’approche. Quels choix sont à poser aujourd’hui pour les institutions caritatives chrétiennes ? Faut-il privilégier des types de pauvretés ou de pauvres ? Il s’agit bien pour elles de se souvenir de l’origine et donc de participer à l’action du Christ lui-même. En régime chrétien, on ne peut que distinguer efficacité et fécondité de l’action. Nous avons besoin d’une critériologie de choix pour mieux incarner l’option préférentielle pour les pauvres.
Une lecture de la genèse des institutions à partir d'une éthique expérientielle
Authors: Bertrand-Pfaff Dominik
Published: June 2014

Il s’agit déjà d’abord de déployer le concept d’expérience tel que Dietmar Mieth l’a travaillé, à savoir intrinsèquement lié à la question de l’institution. Ceci fait, nous pourrons mieux comprendre comment l’institution fonctionne par exemple en termes d’historicité et de contrôle. P. Leger et T. Luckmann servent ici de fil rouge mais aussi, bien sûr, C. Castoriadi, A. Honneth et H. Joas. Sur ces bases peut se développer toute une grammaire éthico-théologique telle que J.-B. Metz a su la décliner.
Le pape François. De la vocation prophétique à l'institution missionnaire
Authors: Defois Gérard
Published: June 2014

Comment mesurer d’ores et déjà l’effet social de la première année de pontificat de François ? Un premier point : l’approche à la fois historique, subjective et interpersonnelle des pontificats de Benoît XVI et de François tranche avec l’intégrisme de la Fraternité S. Pie X. Primat de la relation et de l’humanisme personnaliste : le lien entre Jean-Paul II et François est aisé à faire. Pour autant, il est incontestable que François met fin aux symboles traditionnels de la monarchie pontificale. Les ostentations du pouvoir temporel ne l’intéressent pas. L’appareil d’Etat est ébranlé par la priorité missionnaire donnée aux périphéries. La formation religieuse du jésuite Bergoglio l’a poussé depuis longtemps à vivre une logique de dépossession contraire aux bénéfices temporels des séculiers. Les modalités d’action pastorale bougent. François change d’abord les esprits avant de toucher aux structures. L’Europe ne plus s’estimer propriétaire ! Ceci posé, bien des questions sont ouvertes, au sens où il est permis désormais de les ouvrir sans anticiper sur la réponse : éthique sexuelle à la faveur du prochain synode sur la famille, fonctionnement de la Curie comme quasi secrétariat de l’évêque de Rome, etc.
Les reconversions professionnelles dans l'artisanat d'art
Authors: Jourdain Anne
Published: June 2014

Résumé Bénéficiant d’une profession socialement prestigieuse et bien rémunérée, un nombre croissant de cadres choisissent d’interrompre leur carrière professionnelle pour s’installer à leur compte en tant qu’artisans d’art. En se fondant essentiellement sur l’analyse d’entretiens biographiques, l’article rend compte de ces reconversions professionnelles « choisies » qui s’apparentent objectivement à une forme de déclassement. Il montre que la transition professionnelle vécue par ces cadres repose sur un double processus de désengagement et de réengagement, configurant une période enthousiasmante mais aussi angoissante du fait des irréversibilités qu’elle fait naître.
La malédiction du « Y'a qu'à former »
Authors: Allek Marnia
Published: June 2014

Résumé L’inaptitude médicale peut être l’événement déclencheur d’une transition professionnelle. La reconversion vers un nouveau métier peut être facilitée par la formation, mais la mobilisation de ces salariés dits « en reclassement thérapeutique » n’est pas toujours simple. C’est pourquoi, la construction d’un dispositif de formation nécessite de penser les conditions de l’engagement des agents en formation, de réfléchir les conditions d’une reconnaissance des apprentissages ou des recompositions identitaires par les pairs et la hiérarchie, et enfin de considérer les dispositifs de gestion des ressources humaines comme des soutiens identitaires de ces transitions.
Devenir chômeur
Authors: Crunel Bérénice , Frau Caroline
Published: June 2014

Résumé Cet article questionne la notion de transition appliquée à des licenciés économiques qui, trois ans après la perte d’emploi, n’ont pas retrouvé d’activité professionnelle. L’analyse met en lumière la multiplicité des définitions attribuées au chômage et, par extension, à l’activité professionnelle, par les chômeurs, leur entourage et les intermédiaires de l’emploi. Activité et inactivité peuvent constituer des phases de transition. Tel est le cas lorsque le chômage représente une période d’inversion des identifications où, le statut de travailleur étant relégué, l’individu fait primer un autre rôle social. En parallèle, le retour temporaire à un emploi peut constituer une transition, une période d’attente, avant l’accès à un nouveau statut d’inactif pensionné.
Enjeux identitaires dans une entreprise en transition
Authors: Graille Caroline
Published: June 2014

Résumé Ce récit retrace quelque dix ans de la vie d’une entreprise de vente automobile, jusqu’à son rachat par un grand groupe en 2013. Une transformation pour le moins brutale s’engage alors, qui bouleverse les habitudes et les règles de fonctionnement à tous les niveaux opérationnels. Le texte restitue l’ambivalence du changement vécu par les acteurs opérationnels, en particulier en termes de stratégies identitaires et de (re)positionnements professionnels induits par la nouvelle organisation. L’histoire de cette PME en transition et de l’avenir subitement incertain de ses salariés pose, en termes concrets, la question cruciale de l’anticipation et de l’accompagnement du changement. Elle souligne aussi la notion d’éthique et de responsabilité du dirigeant d’entreprise dans les périodes de crise ou de mouvement.
La Grèce, la crise et la sociologie
Authors: Constantopoulou Christiana
Published: June 2014

Résumé Le texte qui suit propose un aperçu rapide de la sociologie dans la Grèce contemporaine. Cet article comporte également des « témoignages » de quelques sociologues grecs affrontant « la crise » dans leur vie quotidienne ainsi qu’une analyse de Constantin Tsoucalas.
Mycotoxin syndrome in dairy cattle: characterisation and intervention results
Authors: Santos R.R. , Fink-Gremmels J.
Published: June 2014

In daily practice, dairy cattle may be exposed to complex mixtures of mycotoxins originating from pre- and postharvest contamination of roughages, silage and concentrates. In particular silage has been identified as a source of different microbial toxins, which may impair animal health and productivity. The aim of the current study was to identify functional and descriptive biomarkers for the mouldy silage syndrome in dairy cattle. Such biomarkers should also serve as indicators of the beneficial effects of intervention strategies. In a field trial, a total of 87 cows from three different farms were enrolled in the study. From these animals blood samples were collected at three different time points and subjected to multiple biochemical analyses. Within this group, fine needle liver biopsies were obtained from 43 animals and subjected to biochemical analyses and targeted gene expression profiles. The measured parameters represent biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis and lipids. In the affected animals, oxidative stress and a dysfunction in lipid metabolism were observed, marked by significantly decreased levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) concentrations and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and significantly increased concentrations of free cholesterol in plasma, together with a decreased activity of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). When a glucomannan mycotoxin absorbent was added to the daily ration for a period of 8 weeks most of these biochemical markers gradually improved to normal levels, and body condition and milk yield improved. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological changes associated with multiple mycotoxin exposure in dairy cows and allow a refined assessment of intervention strategies under field conditions.
Rapid surface plasmon resonance immunoassays for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food products
Authors: Meneely J.P. , Elliott C.T.
Published: June 2014

In recent times surface plasmon resonance has demonstrated its applicability to the detection of a wide range of contaminants in food and feed including mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food products. Commercially available, laboratory-based systems have exploited high affinity polyclonal, monoclonal and recombinant antibodies and robust sensing surfaces to provide rapid, accurate and sensitive means of determining these toxins. In addition many custom-built, prototype devices have shown a great deal of potential for this particular application and have included the combination of surface plasmon resonance with enzyme-derivatised sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers, fluorescence spectroscopy and the use of gold nanoparticles for signal enhancement. Of note is the lack of available devices that allow the detection of multiple mycotoxins simultaneously and portable devices that could be used in the field, therefore future research and development should focus on these areas to deliver cost-effective miniaturised devices with multiplexing capabilities.
Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy as efficient tools for detection of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in agricultural commodities
Authors: Hossain M.Z. , Goto T.
Published: June 2014

In the last decade, near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy have proven to be most promising tools for the detection of fungal contamination and estimation of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, particularly of cereals. Owing to significant economic losses incurred from fungal contamination of foodstuffs, producers and processors are looking for fast, reliable, and less-expensive methods for the detection of fungal damage. In this context, NIR and MIR spectroscopy offer a fast, less-expensive, non-destructive, and relatively simple analytical method. Results from published studies indicate that NIR and MIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to identifying fungal contamination and estimating specific mycotoxins. This review will focus on the applications of NIR and MIR spectroscopy to the classification of fungal contamination and the determination of specific mycotoxin contamination levels, and to compare this technology with traditional analytical methods.
Fluorescence polarisation immunoassays for rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of mycotoxins
Authors: Lippolis V. , Maragos C.
Published: June 2014

Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of homogeneous assay. For low molecular weight antigens, such as mycotoxins, it is based on the competition between an unlabeled antigen and its fluorescent-labelled derivative (tracer) for an antigen-specific antibody. The antigen content is determined by measuring the reduction of fluorescence polarisation signal, which in turn is determined by the reduction of tracer molecules able to bind antibody in solution. To develop a competitive FPIA for mycotoxin measurement the tracer has to be synthesised and its binding response with a specific antibody should be tested. Selectivity and sensitivity of the FPIA methods are strictly related to the antibody/tracer combination used. Several FPIA methods for the detection of the major mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone in food and beverages have been developed in the last decade. Basic principles, key elements, advantages and limitations of these methods are reviewed. These FPIA methods are simple, readily automated, rapid, and suitable for high-throughput screening, as well as for the reliable quantitative determination of mycotoxins in foods and commodities.
Rapid testing and regulating for mycotoxin concerns: a perspective from developing countries
Authors: Shephard G.S. , Gelderblom W.C.A.
Published: June 2014

Among the many hurdles faced by developing countries, food safety with respect to mycotoxin contamination has frequently been side-lined with few countries having regulations and with poor enforcement where they do exist. Whereas commodity exporters may have the resources for engaging commercial accredited laboratories, the greatest challenge is found in rural, predominantly subsistence or smallholder farms, where conventional food surveillance is lacking. Rapid methods, designed for use in field conditions, where electricity is lacking or unreliable, can offer some solution to these problems. The World Food Programme's ‘Blue Box’ is an example of how technology can be adapted for these rural areas. The recent development of temperature stable aptamers and smart mobile phone technology may further enhance efforts to provide food safety in these areas.
Determination of nivalenol in food and feed: an update
Authors: Malachova A. , van Egmond H.P. , Berthiller F. , Krska R.
Published: June 2014

Based on the recent scientific opinion published by the EFSA CONTAM panel on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed, this article provides an update on the determination of thisFusarium mycotoxin. After a brief introduction into the chemistry of nivalenol, chromatographic methods as well as other approaches are being discussed. Methods for the determination of nivalenol are well established and can be applied for the analysis of cereals, food, feed and biological samples. Accurate quantification of nivalenol is mostly carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with (multi-stage) mass spectrometry (MS) often within a multi-analyte approach. Some novel techniques, such as direct analysis in real time (DART) MS and electrochemical methods, have shown potential to determine nivalenol, but applications for routine measurements are not yet available. None of the currently available analytical methods has been formally validated in interlaboratory validation studies. While a certified calibrant for nivalenol is available, no matrix reference materials have been developed. Due to the scarcity of appropriate antibodies also no rapid immunochemical methods specific for nivalenol have become available.