bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software
Authors: Edwards Paul N.
Published: March 2007

Hypertext - advanced software for organizing information according to webs of conceptual, rather than symbolic, links - has recently provoked humanists to reconsider post-structuralist semiotic concepts. Debates about the design and uses of hypertext, among both software developers and humanists, reflect a conflict between two problematic views of text: as a medium for social interaction, and as a replication of a cognitive structure. Post-structuralist critical theory (PSCT), in challenging concepts of authorship and univocal meaning, argued that semiotic products were more closely connected to each other than to `reality' or to their `original' producers. PSCT's notion of `intertextuality' captured this hyperactive, social aspect of language products. Theories of social construction of scientific knowledge (SCSK), I argue, have crucially relied upon similar, essentially semiotic concepts such as inscription devices, discourse repertoires and the textualization of heterogeneous resources. As SCSK's practitioners have articulated their programme, they have covertly imported cognitive abilities into ostensibly social processes, creating a kind of theoretical hypertension which surfaces in the similar debates over hypertext. Questions about the status of artificial intelligence, which concerns the capacity of a purely symbolic/syntactic structure - a hyper text - to perform as a social actor, sharply expose the tension between cognitive and social that underlies many of SCSK's key concepts.
Relativist/Constructivist Programmes in the Sociology of Science: Redundance and Retreat
Authors: Gieryn Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

Two recent collections of empirical reports claim to offer a new and possibly more effective agenda for the sociology of science. These claims are challenged. The `relativist' and `constructivist' programmes yield findings often of historical or ethnographic interest, but rarely new when compared to earlier theoretical writings. Moreover, methodological and metatheoretical assumptions of the programmes force a retreat from the constitutive question of the sociology of science: how does the institution of science establish and maintain its `cognitive authority'?
The Problem of Relevant Collectivities: Solar Energy Research in Australia
Authors: Dunford Richard W.
Published: March 2007

One of the central concerns of sociologists of science has been the significance attached to received scientific collectivities such as the `discipline' and `specialty'. This has ranged from implicit acceptance of their centrality in scientific practice, to a rejection based on the identification of such collectivities as constructs of minimal significance to scientific work. This paper investigates the significance of collectivities in respect to solar energy research in Australia. On the basis of this study it is argued that the significance of received collectivities has been exaggerated; they do influence the way the researcher's world is perceived and organized, but this contribution is made within a network of multiple, overlapping and often—at the margins—vaguely defined collectivities.
Scientific Method and Expert Witnessing: Victorian Perspectives on a Modern Problem
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: March 2007

The disagreement of scientists serving as expert witnesses in courts of law or forums for public policymaking is well known, and has raised philosophical questions about the applicability of general knowledge to particular instances, philosophical and sociological questions about the place of dissent in science, sociological questions about the investment of credibility, and, most importantly, pragmatic questions about how societies are to utilize expertise in making just and wise decisions. These are not new problems. Expert disagreement was common in the nineteenth century, and Victorian scientists such as Robert Angus Smith, William Odling, William Crookes and Norman Lockyer recognized and discussed these problems with a clarity and an acuity that is absent from much of the modern literature. This paper focuses on debates about expert witnessing which occurred in 1860 and 1885, and uses these debates to suggest that the role of expertise in jurisprudence and policymaking needs to be rethought so as to recognize expert disagreement as a normal, rather than a pathological, phenomenon.
History of Science in Non-Western Classrooms: A Bridge between Cultures
Authors: Dugan Kathy
Published: March 2007

Teaching the history of science in non-Western countries obliges the Western-trained scholar to reflect upon the cultural assumptions implicit in our textbooks and lectures, and upon the use of language in conveying cultural bias. Judging from recent experience in Papua New Guinea and China, the training afforded Western scholars rarely prepares them for some of the most immediate `facts' of classroom life. This recognition deserves closer attention from all of us who in some sense see the world `under Western eyes'.
The Sociology of Sparks: An Episode in the History and Meaning of Electricity
Authors: Morus Iwan Rhys
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the problem of measurement in nineteenth-century electrical science. By using the conceptual tools provided by a social constructivist sociology of scientific knowledge, it is possible to display the reciprocal relationship between different actors' conceptions of electrical science and their perceptions of the meaning and significance of electrical measurements. In particular, the debate between Michael Faraday and William Sturgeon concerning the volta-electrometer, provides an insight into the contingency of instruments as the only legitimate surrogates for electrical action. Faraday's experiments and Sturgeon's response to them make explicit the amount of interpretative work required to make the use of such surrogates self-evident.
Inequality in Scientific Performance: Adjustment for Attribution and Journal Impact
Authors: Stephan Paula E. , Levin Sharon G.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the degree to which measured inequality in scientific output is sensitive to adjustments for attribution and the quality of the journal (as proxied by journal impact) in which the article appears. Data for the study come from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients and the Science Citation Index. Generally, we find that the adjustment for attribution only marginally affects inequality. In all instances, however, the adjustment for journal impact increases inequality by a statistically significant amount. The conclusions persist when the analysis is restricted to only those scientists who publish, and suggest that prolific scientists have not gained their status by `sharing' authorship, as is popularly imagined; neither have they traded quality for quantity by publishing in journals of lower impact. The data also allow for an examination of inequality by sector of employment. The analysis points to substantial differences in inequality between employment sectors, due largely to wide differences in the proportion of scientists publishing in the different sectors.
A Study of `Failure' with a `Successful Innovation': Joseph Day and the Two-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine
Authors: Torrens Hugh S.
Published: March 2007

The life of Joseph Day (1855-1946) demonstrates the complexity of issues behind many `failed innovations'. His 1891 `invention', improved by Cock in 1892, greatly simplified the internal combustion engine. Hopes were high on its introduction that it would succeed in English engine markets which had just been liberalized by the lapse of the all-embracing Otto four-stroke patent. But English shareholders were uninterested in developing this new technology against the hegemony of the steam engine, and in any case its hoped-for market in England as a lightweight electricity generator failed to materialize. These market problems were hopelessly complicated by numerous lawsuits involving Day's activities as a company director. These helped to force Day into bankruptcy in 1893. Success only came as patent protection on the `valveless' engine was about to lapse. The engine had by then emerged as a perfect power unit for motor boats, since it was easily reversible, and had perfect power characteristics for water. The Day engine started to sell at first under licence. Day then attempted to find oil from shales in England. This risky speculation proved an ill-fated venture and first forced Day to abandon engineering, and then history to abandon him as well.
Inventing Boundaries: The Prior Art of the Social World
Authors: Packer Kathryn , Webster Andrew
Published: March 2007

This is a Comment on Greg Myers' paper on the writing and rewriting of patent applications by two biological scientists. It draws on data from our own study of patenting in UK public sector biosciences. While agreeing with much that Myers says, we place the issues in a wider context of developing relationships between industry and academe. The emergence of new networks blurs boundaries, and makes apparently separate arenas less distinct.
Aldermaston and British Nuclear Weapons Development: Testing the `Zuckerman Thesis'
Authors: Spinardi Graham
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the proposition put forward by Solly Zuckerman that the nuclear arms race has been driven by scientists and engineers. The history of British nuclear weapons developments is described with particular attention to both their changing organizational relationships and the fluctuating interface between the UK and the USA on the exchange of nuclear weapons assistance. The relationships between the nuclear weapons communities and their governments in the UK and USA are briefly compared, and it is concluded that Zuckerman's thesis cannot be sustained. Technologists do engage in `heterogeneous engineering' in pursuit of their goals, but they are far from all-powerful in achieving these goals.
Undead Science:
Authors: Simon Bart
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the problem of how to account for the observation of research on cold fusion (CF) after the apparent closure of the controversy in 1990. Despite `losing the controversy', hundreds of scientists around the world continue to work on CF. The issue of whether the controversy is in fact closed and CF is `dead', or whether it is still `alive', is considered, and this dualism is rejected in favour of a hybrid category: CF is `undead'. Researchers continue to do scientific work, but that work is configured by the experience of having `lost' the controversy in 1989-90. Consequently, CF is `alive', but it is not scientific life as we, in science studies, typically understand it.
Do Politics Have Artefacts?
Authors: Joerges Bernward
Published: March 2007

In social studies of technology, as in many other scientific disciplines, highly persuasive similes are at work: pious stories, seemingly reaped from research, suggesting certain general theoretical insights. Variously adapted, they are handed down: in the process, they acquire almost doctrinal unassailability. One such parable, which has been retold in technology and urban studies for a long time, is the story of Robert Moses' low bridges, preventing the poor and the black of New York from gaining access to Long Island resorts and beaches. The story turns out to be counterfactual, but even if a small myth is disenchanted, it serves a purpose: to resituate positions in the old debate about the control of social processes via buildings and other technical artefacts - or, more generally, about material form and social content.
Do Angels Have Bodies? Two Stories About Subjectivity in Science:
Authors: Mialet Hélène
Published: March 2007

How can we characterize an individual creator `in vivo' - or, to use a more traditional category in philosophy, a knowing subject `in the making'? While informed by philosophical modes of questioning, this paper addresses this problem using tools developed by anthropologists and sociologists of science. Based on two case studies - William X, a researcher working at France's largest petroleum company (Elf Aquitaine), and Stephen Hawking - the paper examines how these scientists came to distinguish themselves as creative geniuses. By breaking down the narrative representation of the creative process as a simple mental operation, the paper shows how creation is materially `distributed' in specific tools, practices and social networks. Conversely, it demonstrates how and why the distribution of competences into heterogeneous practices provides an explanation of how a person becomes a singular, inventive individual. In conclusion, it proposes a new conceptualization of the knowing subject as the distributed-centred subject.
The Retarded Offender: Missing in Action
Authors: Rockoff Edward C.
Published: March 2007

The problem of the mentally retarded offender is small in numbers and large in significance. It concerns the overlap of two major as pects of the human condition, behavior and intelligence-an over lap where the unthinking, unfeeling reaction is to castigate the doubly handicapped individuals as both stupid and bad. And yet, as a civilization we can be measured by our response to these unfor tunates.
Money Payment Supervision Orders and their Place in the Enforcement Procedure
Authors: Kenny Mary
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the origin, function and scope of Money Payment Supervision Orders (MPSOs) and their place in the fine enforcement procedure. It looks at the potential for this type of order, as well as pointing out the limitations, using three case histories to illustrate the variety of use. It concludes that, with a clarification of the legal definition concerning the order, more positive use could be made of it as a means of avoiding imprisonment for default.
A Program for Training Probation Personnel to Conduct Psychological Evaluations
Authors: Nanon Goodman A. , Calhoun James F.
Published: March 2007

In Georgia, probation officers are being trained to undertake psychological evaluations on convicted offenders. These evaluations are completed through the administration and interpretation of psychological tests and a clinical interview. The officers attend a course consisting of three week's study, each week being separated from the next by three months in which they learn to use the skills they have been taught. They have finally to pass a comprehensive written test on psychopathology, testing, report and writing and policy procedures, and to go before a certification board. They may receive unconditional certification, which allows them to write reports under their own signature; conditional certification , or they may be rejected.
Treatment of a Sex Offender in a Maximum Security Forensic Hospital: Detecting Changes in Personality and Interpersonal Construing
Authors: Shorts Ivor D.
Published: March 2007

In recent years the personal construct systems of mentally abnormal offenders have increasingly become the subject of clinical research interest. This single case study examines a much underresearched aspect in this area, namely long-term changes in construing by a rapist. Essentially, this report illustrates that whereas psychometrically assessed hostility levels failed to show reduction, the patient's construing processes have indeed undergone marked changes. Although the patient's self-esteem shows some enhancement, in general his more recent pattern of construing points to increasing self isolation from others, especially relevant women. The flexibility and comprehensiveness of the personal construct approach was indicated to have more clinical utility than psychometric tests in the evaluation of change.
Police Shootings: Psychoanalytic Viewpoints
Authors: Turco Ronald N.
Published: March 2007

The author discusses a traumatic event and its impact on the individual, emphasizing the reemergence of earlier traumas. The importance of dealing with these developmental conflicts is emphasized and clinical examples are presented.
Some Aspects of Criminality and Criminology in the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Authors: Sagel-Grande Irene
Published: March 2007

A summary of the difficulties associated with Marx and Engels' hypotheses regarding crime as reflective of the social condition.
Violent Hate Groups in Rural America
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The "agrarian myth" portrays rural America as a refuge from the "evils" of the urban environment. Despite this popular image, criminal violence does occur in rural communities and in some situations it evolves out of the social, political, and economic structures of rural life. This is illustrated by the criminal activities of various hate groups found throughout the farm belt.
The Effects of Custody in a Scottish Detention Centre on Inmates Self-Esteem
Authors: Power Kevin G. , Beveridge Lesley
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed the effects of Detention Centre custody on levels of self-esteem, hopelessness, and custodial adjustment among 32 Scottish Young Offenders. All inmates were sentenced to a 3-month period of detention where the emphasis was on physical training, personal hygiene, keeping a tidy room and kit, and the demonstration of effort. Inmates were assessed on admission, at the mid-point of their sentence, and prior to release. The main assessment measures included the Bennett Self-Attitude Inventory, the Warr and Jackson Positive and Negative Self-Esteem Scale, Coopersmith 's Behaviour Rating Form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Thornton 's Custodial Adjustment Scale. In generalself-esteem increased significantly over time, while hopelessness decreased, and a significant adjustment to the custodial environment occurred. Findings are discussed with regard to the nature of the Dentention Centre regime.
The Failure to Construct an MMPI-Based Incest Perpetrator Scale
Authors: Goeke John M. , Boyer Michele C.
Published: March 2007

The viability of the MMPI item pool for the purpose of constructing a scale to identify and assess the characteristics of incest perpetrators was empirically tested using the contrasted groups or external criterion method. All 566 MMPI items were empirically contrasted through an item selection procedure known as "Validation Generalization," which minimized Type I selection errors. Subjects included 89 male incest perpetrators and 81 male mental health outpatients who had no known history of psychosexual disorder. Out of an initial pool of 81 significant MMPI items, six items were selected that reliably discriminated between the criterion and contrast groups at the .05 level. Only one of these six items was directly indicative of sexual deviance. The obtained number of significant MMPI items was insufficient for inventory scale construction. It was concluded that these findings do not support the utility of the MMPI item pool in making prepetrator identifications in outpatient settings.
Homicide between Inpatients in a Mental Institution Ward
Authors: Ferracuti Stefano , Palermo George B. , Manfredi Mario
Published: March 2007

Although violence in psychiatric hospital wards is of increasing concern, homicide is a rare event. Among the exceptions is a chronic schizophrenic patient, who murdered a fellow demented inpatient. Overcrowding, staff organization, and poor compliance with therapy are among the known risk factors for violence occurring in this case. A further precipitating circumstance was a period of legal uncertainty in Italy owing to a change in the law.
Relationships among Prison Adjustment, Beliefs, and Cognitive Coping Style
Authors: Sappington Andrew A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationships among prison adjustment, response-outcome and self-efficacy beliefs, cognitive coping style, and circumstantial variables (time served, age, and education) for 48 inmates who were in an anger management program. The number of "disciplinaries" received and the level of negative affect of participants correlated with (a) a belief that behavior did not affect treatment in prison, (b) a belief that it was not possible to control one's own behavior, (c) a tendency to blame others when unpleasant events occur, and (d) longer time served in prison.
A Criminological Study of the Use of Intensive Correction Orders in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Tomaino John , Kapardis Andreas
Published: March 2007

In Victoria, Australia, the intensive correction order (ICO) was introduced in the Sentencing Act of 1991. In general terms, it is suitable for offenders who are being rejected for community-based orders on the basis of their high risk and/or recidivism and who would have received short terms of imprisonment. The present study investigated general perceptions of ICOs by both staff and offenders, the type of offenders currently receiving ICOs, and relationships between offender characteristics and ICOs. It was found that ICOs are quite successful in fulfilling their stated aim of providing a credible sanction to fill the gap between community-based orders and short-term imprisonment and that ICO "target groups" such as drunken drivers are significantly represented.
Trafficking in Human Organs: An Emerging Form of White-Collar Crime?
Authors: Foster Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a review and synthesis of media information and the professional literature relating to international human organ trafficking. The article inquires into the global scarcity of transplantable organs and explores the typical circumstances that surround the sale-for profit-of organs. Factors contributing to the establishment of legal, as well as clandestine, organ markets are discussed, as are the efforts of buyers and sellers of organs to avoid, or to violate, national laws that criminalize the sale and purchase of organs in most Western nations.
Two Sources of Uneven Development Under Advanced Capitalism: Spatial Differentiation and Capital Mobility
Authors: Walker Richard A. , Walker Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Although capitalist penetration results in a certain regional con vergence, uneven development does not disappear under advanced capitalist conditions. Two sources of geographic unevenness are spatial differentiation and capital mobility. Differentiation produces a spatial mosaic in which the pieces are neither equal, autonomous, nor properly considered "underdeveloped." Mobil ity of capital means that capital may use location as a strategy against labor, local development becomes more dependent on outside capital, development comes and goes over time("Boomtownism") and capital generates a permanent reserve of stagnant places — a lumpengeography of capital. These processes of uneven development are not principally owing to flows of surplus value but to the struc turing of places as use-values for capital, nor are the results particularly suscept ible to traditional regional development policies. Labor's appropriate strategies are several, but must be aimed at finding an alternative to capitalist development not toward a misguided effort to redress geographic differences.
Socialist Planning and Social Transformation in Cuba: A Contribution to the Debate
Authors: Dupuy Alex , Yrchik John
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process that has shaped the transforma tion of the Cuban social formation from 1961 to the present. To this end, socialist planning is constituted as the object of analysis; planning is viewed as a mani festation of and hence an indicator of a more inclusive process of change. It is our contention that any discussion of planning must be couched in terms commen surate with those used to explain socialism itself, i.e., a discussion of the forms and nature of the social relations. For this reason, we first outline our theoretical formulation of socialism (seen here as the combination of elements from two contradictory modes of production — communism and capitalism). Planning is then located in this general schema prior to a discussion of specific planning practises followed in Cuba for the period under consideration. Our analysis points to the fluidity of the forms taken by planning in Cuba, while attempting to demonstrate that struggles within the Party over correct planning procedures and between the Party and the masses over planning failures have caused this fluidity and stamped each form with its own specific orientation.
U.S. Hegemony Over the Three Worlds
Authors: Dann James , Dann James
Published: March 2007

The article attacks the Chinese "Three World" thesis and argues that the world is united by the hegemony of U.S. imperialism. The "Third World" is shown to be under increasing U.S. domination through the mechanism of dependence on U.S. debt, on U.S. capital and technological exports and on U.S. investment and aid. The "second world's" competition with U.S. imperial ism is shown to be limited by its economic and institutional ties with the U.S. world system that was established after World War II. The Soviet world, while not in a relation of dependence, is too weak economically to pose a mortal threat to U.S. hegemony.
The Labors of Steedman on Marx
Authors: Hunt Ian
Published: March 2007

Steedman rejects the labor theory of value on two grounds: that it says nothing that could not be said better within an alternative theory; and that it has limited generality as compared with the alternative theory.

The first ground is shown to involve a number of errors in reasoning, and it is suggested that the labor theory of value provides a clear basis for Marx's theory of exploitation, shows how exchange depends on labor productivity, and establishes a relation of "reflection" between the exchange of products in the market and the exchange of labors in the process of production. The second ground raises important questions about the possible scope of the labor theory of value. The initial mathematization of the concept of value, which identifies values with employment multipliers, is shown by Steedman's cases to be inadequate for a general theory of prices of production. However, a redefinition of value can and should be pursued.

Steedman's project for a new political economy of capitalism appears more consistent with a conception of socialism confined to the increase of the public sector, the transformation of capitalists into public officials, and the abolition of private rentier income, than with Marx's conception of the dissolution of social classes amid the dissolution of commodity production.
Hard Times for Organized Labor in Appalachia
Authors: Simon Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Richard Simon examines the relationship between the UMW and coal mine operators in Appalachiafrom 1974 to the present. Simon identifies a sharp break, following the 110-day strike of 1977-8, from a period with workers on the offensive to one of disillusionment and of defensive actions. In this latter period, management has obtained a substantial number of take-aways during contract negotiations. They have also, with mixed success, promoted the ideology of worker-management cooperation. Simon discusses in detail the forces working for and against such cooperation.

Simon also analyzes the shift from union to non-union mining in Appalachia. This shift is not, as commonly believed, due to the growth of western strip-mining. Rather, it is due to increased strip-mining of eastern coal and to geographical shifts of mining away from traditionally unionized areas. However, new factors have entered in the 1980s that Simon feels could threaten the very existence of the UMW. Provisions of the 1981 contract allow union companies to start separate non-union operations. In addition, non-union mines have been opened in traditionally unionized areas. The response, Simon argues, should be a major UMW campaign to organize the unorganized.
Analytical Problems in Explaining Criminal Behavior: Neoclassical and Radical Economic Theories and an Alternative Formulation
Authors: Nickerson Gary W.
Published: March 2007

Neoclassical economic theories of criminal behavior treat crimes as a product of individual choices about time allocation among activities. By contrast, radical political economic approaches focus not on individual choices but on the social conditions underlying crime, although an important subclass of radical theories is operationally quite similar to a neoclassical approach. In any case, neither approach adequately accounts for the links between the conditions of individual choice, or social conditions, and criminal behavior by individuals. Moreover, both approaches have failed to deal satisfactorily with anomalous empirical findings that contradict their implications. This paper proposes some theoretical reasons for these failings and suggests an alternative specification for modeling individual behavior, which allows some test of the adequacy of neoclassical and radical understanding of individual behavior.
The "Unknown" Marx's Capital, Volume I: The French Edition of 1872-75, 100 Years Later
Authors: Anderson Kevin
Published: March 2007

None of the existing English editions of Marx's Capital, Vol. I, including the new Ben Fowkes translation published by Penguin in 1976, fully incorporate the text as revised by the author for his 1872-75 French edition. These omitted or alternate texts cover the subjects of the role of private property in capitalism, alienation and unskilled factory work, capitalist crises, unemployment, and imperialism. Finally, the French edition of Capital is viewed briefly in the overall context of the writings of Marx's last decade, 1873-1883.
Women in the Marketplace: Petty Commerce in Peru
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: March 2007

Conceptualizing women workers in the tertiary sector of Third World economies poses certain problems. Researchers disagree as to the class position, productive activity and political consciousness characteristic of these workers. Focusing on women in small-scale commerce, a growing population in the cities of many underdeveloped areas, this paper questions some commonly held views and suggests a need to refine our analysis of women in the distributive trades and the services. As one effort in this direction, the results of research on marketers in a provincial city in Peru are presented to show that while there is some ambiguity in the class status of market women owing to the various forms of their participation in the capitalist economy, they may be termed productive workers with evident potential for mobilization.
The U.S. Welfare State and the Working Class, 1952-1980
Authors: Tonak E. Ahmet
Published: March 2007

The main focus of this study is the role of the state in the distribution process vis-a-vis the working class in the United States during the period 1952-1980. This focus led me to formulate and then answer a question: what is the net impact of the distributive activities of the state on the wages of the working class as a whole and various segments within it? In order to deal with this question I proposed a concept, net-tax, which is taxes paid to the state minus benefits and income received from it. The empirical findings of the article concerning the net-tax paid by labor led me to call into question the economically beneficial role of the welfare state in relation to the wages of the working class.
The Two-Stage Decline in U.S. Nonfinancial Corporate Profitability, 1948-1986
Authors: Michl Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The decline in the rate of return on nonfinancial corporate capital from 1948-1986 can be usefully divided into two distinct periods. From 1948-1972, a decline in the profit share accounts for most of the decline in the profit rate. From 1972-86, the profit share rose, and a decline in capital productivity accounts for the continued decline in the profit rate. Regression analysis of the trend structure and a decomposition of the factors accounting for the profit rate are used to support this thesis.
Capital Mobility and Unequal Profit Rates: A Classical Theory of Competition by Boundedly Rational Firms
Authors: van Wegberg Marc
Published: March 2007

A key concept in the classical economic theory is the long-run equilibrium based on a uniform rate of profit with associated prices of production. This equilibrium is the outcome of an adjustment process: differential profit rates induce capital mobility between markets, which continues until profit rates equalize. Nikaido's (1983) critique initiated a series of papers modeling this process. This paper contributes to the debate by employing an evolutionary-type model with (1) bounded rationality in decision-making, (2) imperfect labor mobility, and (3) structural change in the economy. It finds that the latter two conditions impede a tendency for profit rates to equalize.
NAFTA and the New Transnational Corporate Agenda
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the present proposal for a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) represents a significant escalation of a process underway since the mid-1970s. That process involves a transnational corporate agenda, borne out of the collapse of Bretton Woods, and designed to resolve the crisis which brought on the collapse. The elements of this transnational corporate agenda are analyzed as well as it implication for popular organizing.
The Future of NAFTA in the Post-National Era
Authors: Drache Daniel
Published: March 2007

The formation of the North American trade bloc represents a dramatically different variant of trade liberalization from its Cold War predecessor. The latter reconciled the need to promote greater openness with Keynesian kinds of social welfare measures. By contrast, global free trade-for-all wants every sector and every aspect of society to be open to competition. For Canada and Mexico with their weak industries, NAFTA has no mechanism to neutralize the asymmetry of power between the partners. It does not have a way to redistribute the benefits of economic integration. Nor does it have the resources to address the magnitude of adjustment that is occurring. Finally, as the NAFTA text demonstrates, access is not qualitatively enhanced either for Canadian or Mexican industries. For these reasons, the future of NAFTA is in serious doubt. It will have to be transformed and, if this is not possible, this integration initiative will likely collapse
Sex and Union Member Discrmination under the Satei System in the Japanese Firm
Authors: Endo Koshi
Published: March 2007

A case study shows that a Japanese firm discriminates against employees on the basis of sex and union affiliation through the satet assessment system. This paper analyzes the effect of discrimination on the amount of monthly pay. The nature of sex discrimination is found to be different from that of discrimination by union affiliation.
The Nonprofit Sector: Radical Potential?
Authors: Gunn Christopher
Published: March 2007

What is the potential for using nonprofit institutions to foster radical change in the United States? At a time when the public sector is heavily constrained, does the third sector provide a base for radical activity? Recent writing advocating growth of the sector is surveyed, as are some of the sector's most significant areas of activity. While most nonprofit institutions function for social reproduction and tight constraints exist for all of them, they do offer some means by which to work for change.
The Politics of Counter Inflationary Credibility in Britain, 1990-94
Authors: Bonefeld Werner , Burnham Peter
Published: March 2007

The article makes a contribution to the analysis of national states in the global economy through the lenses of the British political arena. In the 1990s, the British state has sought to underwrite its anti-inflationary stance, firstly through membership in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (1990-92) and, secondly, by moving from 1992 onwards towards a "soft" model of central bank independence. The paper argues that the means adopted involved an attempt to "externalize" or "depoliticize" government policy by shifting responsibility for its consequences on to an international regime or "Independent" body. These issues are analysed in class terms.
Accumulation, Technical Change, and Prisoners' Dilemmas: A Rejoinder to Frank Thompson
Authors: Laibman David
Published: March 2007

Frank Thompson has proposed (this Review, 30(1): 90-107) that accumulation can cause the profit rate to fall (by forcing the wage rate to rise), but that biased technical change, by itself, can only cause the profit rate to rise (by forcing the wage rate to fall). By contrast, this paper argues that: 1) accumulation pressure generates cycles in the profit rate, but no trend; 2) biased technical change may (and in most circumstances is likely to) produce cycles around a falling trend. This is because the fall in the profit rate is associated with a rise in the profit share, and this latter rise reduces the degree of the optimal bias sought by capitalists and therefore establishes dynamic balance in the labor market at a lower rate of profit. Marx's story is therefore confirmed in a nuanced and conditional manner that focuses attention on the empirical conditions and social relations pro-ducing this particular contradictory law of motion.
Projective Identification: Transference-type and Defence-type
Authors: Konig Karl
Published: March 2007

This paper further develops some of the issues addressed in the Eleventh S.H. Foulkes Annual Lecture (Konig, 1987). The term `projective identification' now serves as an umbrella concept and has been extended far beyond its original meaning. The author distinguishes between transference-and defence-type, both of which have an interactional component.
Omnipotence Versus Therapeutic Response in Group-Analytic Therapy
Authors: Woods John
Published: March 2007

This paper was presented to the Institute of Group Analysis, London, in July 1990, at the end of the qualifying course. It describes the work of a once-weekly group for psychiatric outpatients in a hospital setting. The therapeutic process is discussed in terms of Donald Winnicott's theory. Included also are comments on the author's personal and professional development during the course of training.
Repertory Grid Technique as a Group Psychotherapy Research Instrument
Authors: Winter David A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a brief description of repertory grid technique and the measures which can be derived from it which may be of value to the investigator of group therapy. It reviews the technique `s application in this area of research, with particular reference to studies of group therapy outcome, studies of the prediction of therapeutic change and studies of the group process.
Psychotherapy During Social Upheaval in the USSR
Authors: Semyonova Natalia D.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade what was formerly the USSR has been exposed to a rapid social change, first as a result of the so-called `perestroika' and then from disappointment at its results. This change has been ac- companied by dramatic shifts in thinking, feeling and behaviour. The author considers some psychotherapeutic consequences of the change.
The Expression and Experience of Ambivalence in a Melbourne Large Group
Authors: Coombe Paul D.
Published: March 2007

In 1989, along with twenty-five other individuals interested in group dynamics, I participated in a large group experience in Melbourne, Australia. This was initiated by Dr Peter McCallum and myself following our experience in a Group-Analytic Society (London) Winter Workshop. Dr Stanley Gold and Dr Ann Morgan were the conductors. The group met for one-and-a-half hours at night on a weekly basis for five months.

The following represents some of my reflections about four months after the large group experience ceased. I was invited to contribute comments at an Australian Association of Group Psychotherapy meeting. I had neither made notes during the large group sessions nor since it ended. In addition there was no communication between the conductors and myself on the topic prior to our joint formal presentation. To what degree repression plays a part in what I said I am uncertain.
Transference and Countertransference in the Group's Response to the Therapist's Pregnancy
Authors: Gavin Bea
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the impact of the therapist's pregnancy on the functioning and dynamics of a hospital-based therapy group. This impact is conceptualized in terms of transference, countertransference and group boundaries. Each member of the group related the experience of the therapist's pregnancy to his or her own family situation, particularly the early infant-mother dyad. Sexual images proved extremely powerful not only in relation to fantasies about the primal scene but also to the members' current sexual identities. Different aspects of this were expressed by the male and female members of the group. After initial elaboration and working through they began to consider that the pregnancy could become a metaphor for personal change, psychic birth and rebirth.
The Power of Countertransference in Groups for the Severely Mentally Ill
Authors: LeFevre Dianne Campbell
Published: March 2007

Research on countertransference within groups run on psychoanalytical-psychotherapy principles with chronically psychotic inpatients showed a consistency of countertransference feelings in different facilitators at different phases of the groups. The phases resembled those encountered in bereavement. The strength of the countertransference in facilitators of groups may hinder the sharing of the experience and may result in unwanted effects on the staff, including physical illness. This paper emphasizes the importance of dealing adequately with countertransference in staff treating severely psychotic patients.
`The Depot Group': Mutual Injection of Emotion in Community Psychiatry
Authors: Gordon John , Adebakin Dale , Jones Anne
Published: March 2007

`Care in the Community' has become a political slogan in the UK, but the financial and emotional implications of its realization and development have not been adequately anticipated. This account of clinical material presented to a supervision group in a Community Mental Health Resource Centre shows how patients and staff try to work together and how staff struggle to understand that work.
The Psychoanalytic Approach to Institutional Life: Why So Little Impact?
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews and reflects on the development of a psychoanalytic approach to understanding institutions. It traces the origins of such an approach from the early work of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations after the Second World War; comments on the resistances such an approach has aroused, both internal and external; and suggests grounds for optimism regarding its future.
The Secret War in the Dis-United Kingdom: Psychological Aspects of the Ulster Conflict
Authors: Benson Jarlath F.
Published: March 2007

The prospect of resolving the conflict in Northern Ireland (Ulster) is illusory unless one considers the Ulster situation as a violent expression of separation-individuation dynamics in the whole of the British Isles: this article attempts to locate the war in the context of regional separatist impulses and their repression by an archaic grandiose self structure in the centralist political psyche. The paper attempts to elaborate some of the particular psychological features of the conflict by reference to a group session which occurred immediately after the October 1993 Shankill Road, Belfast, bomb explosion. It is asserted that a dream presented by one of the group members gives clear insight into the psychological anxieties and preoccupations structured into the Ulster state at its inception and which continue to fuel the violence.
Countertransference in Adolescent Psychotherapy
Authors: Nagliero Gianni
Published: March 2007

The author considers the special quality of the psychotherapy relationship with adolescents, which involves not only personal transference/countertransference mechanisms, but also collective or archetype aspects. Since these aspects form part of what we can define as the History of Humanity, they are often hard to recognize. It is particularly important for the therapist to analyse counter transference reactions; failure to acknowledge and treat them may lead to a destructive process in the relationship, often the cause of the common phenomenon of interruption of psychotherapy.
Self through Attachment and Attachment through Self in Group Therapy
Authors: Maratos Jason
Published: March 2007

Development proceeds through the interaction, of one's body with one's Self and one's attachments. This paper explores how the process is facilitated through group analysis and gives illustrations from group therapy sessions. The author claims that had S.H. Foulkes written after Self Psychology and Attachment theory flourished he would have claimed that group analysis not only provided `ego training' but also `Self and attachment training' in action.
Limits of change: cognitive constraints on “postmodernization” and the political redirection of science
Authors: Gläser Jochen
Published: March 2007

The debate about revitalization of the finalization theory was documented in 1997 in Social Science Information. It hinted at a worthwhile methodological idea that could be useful in current debates on science—society relationships.

Finalization theory asked whether a field's cognitive state constrains research policy attempts to direct the field toward applications. Since the difficulties faced in answering this question are at least partly due to the level of analysis, this article proposes refocusing finalization theory on the micro-level of research processes and research trails. On the basis of an empirical analysis, the cognitive links between basic research and contexts of applications are explored. Five types of basic research can be distinguished by their various cognitive links to contexts of application. Scientists' opportunities to change the links between their basic research and applications are discussed. Analysis on the micro-level enables conclusions to be drawn about (1) the scope of hypotheses about changes in knowledge-production and (2) constraints on institutional pressure for basic research to contribute to societal welfare.
Change in the nature of the university: the quality regime and its effects on the university teaching environment
Authors: Buckley Finian , Hurley John
Published: March 2007

One of the world's most enduring organizational forms, the university, enters the third millennium facing many challenges. Recent decades have seen the relationship of the university to the state and the commercial world change and mutate rapidly. The closely guarded concepts of academic freedom and autonomy have become threatened and some might say compromised. As state and corporate support is predicated upon explicit accountability and transparency of functioning, universities have had to enter and adopt the quality model to justify their activities. This article argues that while the objectives of the quality movement are praiseworthy, the validity of the application of crude quality metrics to the complex functioning of a university, particularly in relation to teaching, is suspect. It warns against the naive adoption of managerialist rhetoric and methods and calls for a more holistic and sophisticated approach to the measurement of university processes.