bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental History, the Environmental Movement, and the Politics of Power
Authors: Boime Eric
Published: November 2007

While environmental history subsumes much more than the ‘environmental movement’, this movement remains standard, not to mention depressing, subject fodder in environmental history courses. This manuscript examines two emerging patterns in the historiography of environmental politics. The first is a vigorous focus on local, non‐traditional, ‘grass roots’ endeavors. These works spotlight unique and innovative coalitions that challenge the inevitability of class, race, and regional wedges. The second pattern examines the field's new cultural emphasis, particularly its concentration on (what Richard White calls) ‘hybrid landscapes’ and its explicit attack on preservationist ideology. Both patterns offer unique challenges to traditional depictions of the environmental movement as well as to each other.
Maternal Axillar and Breast Temperature After Giving Birth: Effects of Delivery Ward Practices and Relation to Infant Temperature
Authors: Bystrova Ksenia , Matthiesen Ann‐Sofi , Vorontsov Igor , Widström Ann‐Marie , Ransjö‐Arvidson Anna‐Berit , Uvnäs‐Moberg Kerstin
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Little is known about the development and control of skin temperature in human mothers after birth. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of delivery ward practices and early suckling on maternal axillar and breast temperatures during the first 2 hours postpartum and to relate them to the infant’s foot and axillar temperatures.
Methods:
Three groups of 176 mother‐infant pairs were randomized as follows—group I: infants lying prone in skin‐to‐skin contact on their mother’s chest, named the “skin‐to‐skin group” (n = 44), group II: infants who were dressed and lying prone on their mother’s chest, named the “mother’s arms group” (n = 44), and group III: infants who were dressed and kept in the nursery, named the “nursery group” (n = 88). Maternal axillar and breast temperatures and infants’ axillar and foot temperatures were measured at 15‐minute intervals from 30 to 120 minutes after birth. Episodes of early suckling were noted. Results: The axillar and breast temperatures rose significantly in all mothers. The rise of temperature over time was significantly higher in multiparas than in primiparas but was influenced only slightly by group assignment. The variation in breast temperature was highest in mothers in the skin‐to‐skin group and lowest in mothers in the nursery group. In the mother’s arms group, variation in breast temperature was larger in those mothers exposed to early suckling than in those not exposed. A positive relationship was found between the maternal axillar temperature and the infant foot and axillar temperature 90 minutes after the start of the experiment (120 min after birth) in the skin‐to‐skin and mother’s arms groups. The rise in temperature in the infant’s foot was nearly twice that in the axilla. No such relationship was established in the nursery group. In addition, foot temperature in infants from the skin‐to‐skin group was nearly 2°C higher than that in infants from the mother’s arms group. Conclusions: Maternal temperature rose after birth, and the rise was higher in multiparas than in primiparas. Skin‐to‐skin contact and early suckling increased temperature variation. Maternal temperature was related to infant foot and axillar temperatures. (BIRTH 34:4 December 2007)
Therapeutic Effects of Guggul and Its Constituent Guggulsterone: Cardiovascular Benefits
Authors: Deng Ruitang
Published: November 2007

Oleogum resin (known as guggul) from the guggul tree, Commiphora mukul, found in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, has been used to treat various diseases including hyper‐cholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, and obesity over several thousands of years. Guggulsterone isolated from guggul has been identified as the bioactive constituent responsible for guggul's therapeutic effects. Since the first study demonstrating the therapeutic effects of guggul in an animal model in 1966, numerous preclinical and clinical trails have been carried out. Although differences in study design, methodological quality, statistical analysis, sample size, and subject population result in certain inconsistencies in the response to therapy, the cumulative data from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies largely support the therapeutic claims for guggul described in the ancient Ayurvedic text. However, future clinical studies with much larger size and longer term are required to confirm these claims. The cardiovascular benefits of the therapy are derived from the multiple pharmacological activities associated with guggul or guggulsterone, notably its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities. It has been established that guggulsterone is an antagonist at farnesoid x receptor (FXR), a key transcriptional regulator for the maintenance of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. The FXR antagonism by guggulsterone has been proposed as a mechanism for its hypolipidemic effect. A recent study demonstrates that guggulsterone upregulates the bile salt export pump (BSEP), an efflux transporter responsible for removal of cholesterol metabolites, bile acids from the liver. Such upregulation of BSEP expression by guggulsterone favors cholesterol metabolism into bile acids, and thus represents another possible mechanism for its hypolipidemic activity. Guggulsterone has been found to potently inhibit the activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), a critical regulator of inflammatory responses. Such repression of NF‐κB activation by guggulsterone has been proposed as a mechanism of the antiinflammatory effect of guggulsterone.
On the Revelation of Private Information in the U.S. Crop Insurance Program
Authors: Ker Alan , Tolga Ergun A.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The crop insurance program is a prominent facet of U.S. farm policy. The participation of private insurance companies as intermediaries is justified on the basis of efficiency gains. These gains may arise from either decreased transaction costs through better established delivery channels and/or the revelation of private information. We find empirical evidence suggesting that private information is revealed by insurance companies via their reinsurance decisions. However, it is unlikely that such information will be incorporated into subsequent premium rates by the government.
Modeling Operational Risk With Bayesian Networks
Authors: Cowell R. G. , Verrall R. J. , Yoon Y. K.
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Bayesian networks is an emerging tool for a wide range of risk management applications, one of which is the modeling of operational risk. This comes at a time when changes in the supervision of financial institutions have resulted in increased scrutiny on the risk management of banks and insurance companies, thus giving the industry an impetus to measure and manage operational risk. The more established methods for risk quantification are linear models such as time series models, econometric models, empirical actuarial models, and extreme value theory. Due to data limitations and complex interaction between operational risk variables, various nonlinear methods have been proposed, one of which is the focus of this article: Bayesian networks. Using an idealized example of a fictitious on line business, we construct a Bayesian network that models various risk factors and their combination into an overall loss distribution. Using this model, we show how established Bayesian network methodology can be applied to: (1) form posterior marginal distributions of variables based on evidence, (2) simulate scenarios, (3) update the parameters of the model using data, and (4) quantify in real‐time how well the model predictions compare to actual data. A specific example of Bayesian networks application to operational risk in an insurance setting is then suggested.
Predictability in Equilibrium: The Price Dynamics of Real Estate Investment Trusts
Authors: Capozza Dennis R. , Israelsen Ryan D.
Published: November 2007

This research hypothesizes that, in markets where information costs, transaction costs and the economic impact of information can vary widely, we should expect predictability to vary systematically. We test this hypothesis with data on equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) from 1985 to 1992. We document that levels of predictability vary with firm characteristics like leverage, size and focus. Momentum is stronger for larger, more levered REITs. Reversion is faster for focused, levered REITs. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in equilibrium, securities, where information is either less costly to acquire or has less impact on fundamental value, should exhibit less predictability.
Characteristics and Outcome in Patients Receiving Multiple (More Than Two) Catheter Ablation Procedures for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: LO LI‐WEI , TAI CHING‐TAI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , HSIEH MING‐HSIUNG , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , HU YU‐FENG , CHEN YI‐JEN , CHIANG SHUO‐JU , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , CHEN SHIH‐ANN
Published: November 2007

Background:
The features of multiple catheter ablation procedures for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) are unknown. We aimed to investigate the electrophysiologic characteristics and the clinical outcomes in the patients with AF who received more than two ablation procedures.

Methods:
The study consisted of 15 consecutive patients (age 48 ± 14 years, 10 males) who had undergone three to five (3.3 ± 0.6) catheter ablation procedures for recurrent paroxysmal AF.

Results:
Ten patients had pulmonary vein (PV)‐AF and one had AF originating from both PVs and the superior vena cava (SVC) in the first ablation procedure. All of them exhibited PV reconnection during the recurrent episodes. Four of the 15 patients had AF originating from non‐PV foci (three from the SVC, one from the crista terminalis) in the first procedure, and two had AF recurrences due to recovered conduction from the SVC. In all patients with PV‐AF recurrences, repeated PV isolation procedures could effectively eliminate the AF. The incidence of the need for additional LA linear ablation lesions was higher comparing between the first procedure and in the following ablation procedures (18% vs. 71%, P = 0.02). During a follow‐up of 1.7 ± 1.1 years, 73% of the patients remained in sinus rhythm without any antiarrhythmic drugs after the final procedure.

Conclusions:
Recovered PV connection was the major cause of the AF recurrences despite undergoing multiple catheter ablation procedures. It is advisable to inspect all PVs during the AF recurrence. Repeated PV isolation plus left atrial linear ablations could effectively eliminate the AF with satisfactory outcomes.
Plaque and gingivitis in the elderly: a randomized, single‐blind clinical trial on the outcome of intensified mechanical or antibacterial oral hygiene measures
Authors: Schiffner Ulrich , Bahr Mathias , Effenberger Susanne
Published: November 2007

Objectives: To study the outcome of intensified mechanical oral hygiene compared with the effect of an adjunctive antibacterial mouth rinse on plaque and gingivitis in elderly people.

Material and Methods: In a randomized, single‐blind, 6‐month controlled clinical study, 106 subjects, 55 years or older, were divided into four groups: (I) Participants were instructed on improved mechanical oral hygiene, including interdental hygiene; (II) subjects used an antibacterial mouth rinse containing amine and stannous fluoride in addition to their usual oral hygiene practices; (III) both intensive mechanical and antibacterial measures were combined; and (IV) a control group with no specific regimen. Gingivitis and plaque were examined.

Results: After 6 months, both plaque and gingivitis scores were significantly lower than at baseline in all groups. Reductions in gingivitis differed significantly between the control group and all other groups but not between the three intervention groups. Only groups with improved mechanical oral hygiene showed significant improvements in plaque scores compared with control.

Conclusions: Intensive mechanical oral hygiene resulted in greater plaque reduction than the combination of an antibacterial rinse and usual oral hygiene procedures. Gingivitis was reduced by both intensive oral hygiene and use of the amine/stannous fluoride rinse. Combining intensive mechanical oral hygiene with the antibacterial rinse did not result in further gingivitis reduction.
Horizontal root fracture followed for 6 years
Authors: Şaroğlu Işıl , Sönmez Hayriye
Published: November 2007

Abstract –  Intra‐alveolar root fractures in permanent teeth are uncommon injuries among dental traumas. Generally, the principles of treating horizontal root fractures of permanent teeth are repositioning and fixation. The present paper reports 6‐years follow up of two horizontally root‐fractured teeth that were healed with calcified tissue. Both of the teeth were clinically and radiographically symptomless and showed complete pulp canal obliterations.
Restoration of an Intruded Maxillary Central Incisor with a Uniquely Designed Dowel and Core Restoration: A Case Report
Authors: POLAT ZELAL SEYFIOĞLU , TACIR İBRAHIM HALIL
Published: November 2007

This article describes the restoration of an intruded root using a custom‐made metal dowel and metal‐ceramic veneer core restoration. The treatment plan for this patient consisted of restoring the missing esthetics and eliminating psychological trauma by utilizing the root of the intruded maxillary left central incisor to replace both missing central incisor crowns. This treatment will preserve space and bone until the patient is old enough for another prosthodontic restoration to be considered.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

As the lost fragments were not recovered, we considered this restoration of the intruded root to be the best therapeutic option, considering the effect on the patient’s psyche. The patient was satisfied with the final result.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 19:316–323, 2007)
Down‐regulation of reduced folate carrier may result in folate malabsorption across intestinal brush border membrane during experimental alcoholism
Authors: Hamid Abid , Wani Nissar Ahmad , Rana Satyavati , Vaiphei Kim , Mahmood Akhtar , Kaur Jyotdeep
Published: November 2007

Folate plays a critical role in maintaining normal metabolic, energy, differentiation and growth status of all mammalian cells. The intestinal folate uptake is tightly and diversely regulated, and disturbances in folate homeostasis are observed in alcoholism, attributable, in part, to intestinal malabsorption of folate. The aim of this study was to delineate the regulatory mechanisms of folate transport in intestinal absorptive epithelia in order to obtain insights into folate malabsorption in a rat model of alcoholism. The rats were fed 1 g·kg−1 body weight of ethanol daily for 3 months. A reduced uptake of [3H]folic acid in intestinal brush border membrane was observed over the course of ethanol administration for 3 months. Folate transport exhibited saturable kinetics and the decreased intestinal brush border membrane folate transport in chronic alcoholism was associated with an increased Km value and a low Vmax value. Importantly, the lower intestinal [3H]folic acid uptake in ethanol‐fed rats was observed in all cell fractions corresponding to villus tip, mid‐villus and crypt base. RT‐PCR analysis for reduced folate carrier, the major folate transporter, revealed that reduced folate carrier mRNA levels were decreased in jejunal tissue derived from ethanol‐fed rats. Parallel changes were observed in reduced folate carrier protein levels in brush border membrane along the entire crypt–villus axis. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for reduced folate carrier protein showed that, in alcoholic conditions, deranged reduced folate carrier localization was observed along the entire crypt–villus axis, with a more prominent effect in differentiating crypt base stem cells. These changes in functional activity of the membrane transport system were not caused by a general loss of intestinal architecture, and hence can be attributed to the specific effect of ethanol ingestion on the folate transport system. The low folate uptake activity observed in ethanol‐fed rats was found to be associated with decreased serum and red blood cell folate levels, which might explain the observed jejunal genomic hypomethylation. These findings offer possible mechanistic insights into folate malabsorption during alcoholism.
Pelvic Congestion Syndrome Presenting as Persistent Genital Arousal: A Case Report
Authors: Thorne Catherine , Stuckey Bronwyn
Published: November 2007

Introduction

Persistent sexual arousal is defined as an intrusive and unwanted genital arousal unrelated to sexual desire and typically unrelieved by one or more orgasms.

Aim

We report a patient presented with persistent sexual or genital arousal.

Methods

A 62-year-old woman presented with a 5-month history of persistent genital arousal. The symptoms were unrelated to sexual stimuli but were relieved incompletely and temporarily by orgasm.

Results

Doppler ultrasound demonstrated multiple pelvic varices. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated varices in the pelvis, the vaginal wall, perineum, inguinal region, and anterior abdominal wall. Coil embolization of the dilated incompetent left ovarian vein was performed with marked reduction of symptoms.

Conclusion

We proposed that the syndrome of persistent genital or sexual arousal in women warrants a careful and systematic examination for pelvic venous incompetence by Doppler ultrasound and MRI or computerized tomography, with appropriate tilt positioning and Valsalva maneuver, before assigning it to a central neurologic or psychologic etiology.
Mixing in massive stellar mergers
Authors: Gaburov E. , Lombardi J. C. , Portegies Zwart S.
Published: November 2007

The early evolution of dense star clusters is possibly dominated by close interactions between stars, and physical collisions between stars may occur quite frequently. Simulating a stellar collision event can be an intensive numerical task, as detailed calculations of this process require hydrodynamic simulations in three dimensions. We present a computationally inexpensive method in which we approximate the merger process, including shock heating, hydrodynamic mixing and mass loss, with a simple algorithm based on conservation laws and a basic qualitative understanding of the hydrodynamics of stellar mergers. The algorithm relies on Archimedes' principle to dictate the distribution of the fluid in the stable equilibrium situation. We calibrate and apply the method to mergers of massive stars, as these are expected to occur in young and dense star clusters. We find that without the effects of microscopic mixing, the temperature and chemical composition profiles in a collision product can become double-valued functions of enclosed mass. Such an unphysical situation is mended by simulating microscopic mixing as a post-collision effect. In this way we find that head-on collisions between stars of the same spectral type result in substantial mixing, while mergers between stars of different spectral type, such as type B and O stars (∼10 and ∼40 M⊙ respectively), are subject to relatively little hydrodynamic mixing. Our algorithm has been implemented in an easy-to-use software package, which we have made publicly available for download.1
A cautionary note on cosmological magnetic fields
Authors: Teodoro Luís F. A. , Diver Declan A. , Hendry Martin A.
Published: November 2007

This note is concerned with potentially misleading concepts in the treatment of cosmological magnetic fields by magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) modelling. It is not a criticism of MHD itself but rather a cautionary comment on the validity of its use in cosmology. Now that the relevant cosmological data are greatly improved compared with a few decades ago, and even better data are imminent, it makes sense to revisit original modelling assumptions and examine critically their shortcomings in respect of modern science. Specifically, this Letter argues that ideal MHD is a poor approximation around recombination, since it inherently restricts evolutionary time-scales, and is often misapplied in the existing literature.
Reliability as Argument
Authors: Parkes Jay
Published: November 2007

Reliability consists of both important social and scientific values and methods for evidencing those values, though in practice methods are often conflated with the values. With the two distinctly understood, a reliability argument can be made that articulates the particular reliability values most relevant to the particular measurement situation and then the most appropriate evidence and theory to support an argument for the presence of that value. The steps in making a reliability argument are explained and an extended example is given. The article is intended to provoke discussion, debate, and the development of additional reliability methodologies.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE (STP) TREATMENT AND COOKING TIME ON COOK LOSSES AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RED MEATS
Authors: ERDOGDU S. BELGIN , ERDOGDU FERRUH , EKIZ H. IBRAHIM
Published: November 2007

Sodium tripolyphosphates (STPs) are important functional additives used in meat products. STPs reduce cook losses and improve textural properties, especially by increasing the water‐holding capacity of proteins. However, increases in cooking time or temperature enhance meat proteins' denaturation, resulting in a reduced water‐holding capacity. The amount of STPs diffused into meats would play an important role for these changes. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine the effects of processing conditions (cooking time, STP concentration and dipping time) on cook losses and textural properties of red meats, and to relate these changes with diffused amount of STPs.

For this purpose, meats (2 × 2 × 2 cm in size) were dipped in different concentrations of STP solutions (2, 4 and 6%) for 10, 20 and 30 min, and were cooked in boiling water for 5, 10 and 15 min. Cook losses were calculated from weight changes, and textural properties were determined by applying texture profile analysis to data obtained using Texture Analyzer TA‐XT2i (Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, Surrey, U.K.). STPs were found to decrease cook losses and hardness values. While an increase in STP concentration increased cohesiveness, increase in cooking time resulted in higher hardness, gumminess, chewiness and cook losses. An increase in dipping times also decreased the cook losses and hardness.

The results showed that STP concentration, STP dipping and cooking times had significant effects on the changes of textural properties and cook losses of meats. These results may be used for further meat processing optimization studies if they get correlated with sensory data obtained at the same conditions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Cooking to assure safety of food products leads to changes in sensory attributes. The major changes occurring in meats are shrinkage, toughening of tissues, releasing of meat juice and color due to the effect of thermal treatment on proteins. Based on these, resulting cook losses for economical considerations and changes in textural properties affecting consumer satisfaction are widely recognized. Because the meat processing industry uses sodium tripolyphosphates (STPs) to improve textural properties and to reduce cook losses, the objective of this research was to determine the effects of STPs and cooking time on cook losses and textural properties of red meats. The results showed that STPs and cooking time affected the changes in cook losses and textural properties significantly. In addition to these results, an optimization study for decreasing cook losses while improving textural properties should be conducted where these changes are attributed to be significant for human perception using a sensory panel.
COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED ALMOND CULTIVARS WITH HARD AND SOFT SHELL UNDER COMPRESSION LOADING
Authors: AKTAS TURKAN , POLAT REFIK , ATAY UMRAN
Published: November 2007

The mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101‐23 almond cultivars that have different shell properties were loaded between two parallel plates to determine the rupture force, rupture energy, rupture power requirement, toughness and firmness. The tests were carried out with three moisture contents, namely, 7.2, 22.9 and 33.6% wet basis and three loading axes (x, y, z). Physical characteristics of the almond cultivars such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area and weight were determined. Physical properties of both cultivars increased as a numerical by increasing moisture content. The highest rupture force in all moisture content levels was obtained for almond pit loaded along the y‐axis. In addition to rupture force, values of absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness were calculated as mechanical properties. The maximum force required to initiate pit rupture was found as maximum 554.3 N at y‐axis for 7.2% moisture content and minimum 126.9 N at x‐axis for 33.6% moisture content for Gulcan 101‐23 cultivar. These values were determined as 53.3 and 11.2 N, respectively, for Nonpareil cultivar. Rupture force, absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness decreased with an increase of moisture content. The difference between mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101‐23 almond cultivars was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

As almond production increases in the world, almond processes are performed by hand or by using old techniques. Therefore, major quality loss during harvesting and postharvesting processes of almonds occurs. The most critical and delicate operation in postharvesting processes is pit cracking to extract the fragile whole edible kernel from the almond pit. This process is still carried out by hand or by using an apricot cracking equipment. But this is not the right process because shell hardness of almond pit changes in relation to almond cultivars. While some almond pits can be cracked using high power and some apparatus, some of them can be cracked even by hand easily. The cracking operation causes damage and broken kernels because of the excessive mechanical forces. The extent and type of damage depend on the physical characteristics, cultivar and applied force. For this reason, systems must be designed while taking these criteria into consideration to prevent inadequate applications.
From Theory to Practice: General Trends in Foreign Language Teaching Methodology and Their Influence on Language Assessment
Authors: Campbell Christine , Duncan Greg
Published: November 2007

In the late 1970s, language‐learning theorists redefined ability in a second or foreign language, emphasizing its communicative aspects. The proficient linguist was one who could function effectively in the four skills of speaking, writing, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension in real‐life, not contrived or artificial, contexts. This new paradigm led to change in language‐teaching methodology; communicative language teaching became the prevailing approach. From that time through the present, developments in language‐teaching methodology have both informed trends in language assessment and been influenced by them. One recent pivotal development has been the creation and implementation of the national standards for foreign language learning. The product of both theorists and practitioners, the standards broadened the concept of ability to include the capacity to perform in 11 standards that fall under five goal areas: communication, cultures, connections, comparisons, and communities. However, although the original standards describe the content of instruction, they do not specify performance standards for each of the 11 content standards or provide assessments. As a result, the profession has had to rise to the challenge of producing standards‐based assessments in K‐16. Select state and school district programs have devised model assessments; others are gradually following suit. With the standards as a catalyst, both teaching and testing will undoubtedly continue to evolve in a positive direction.
Identification of
Streptococcus uberis
Multilocus Sequence Types Highly Associated with Mastitis
Authors: Tomita Takehiro , Meehan Brian , Wongkattiya Nalin , Malmo Jakob , Pullinger Gillian , Leigh James , Deighton Margaret
Published: November 2007

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of
Streptococcus uberis
has identified a cluster of isolates associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis and a cluster associated with cows with low somatic cell counts in their milk. Specific groups of genotypes (global clonal complex [GCC] sequence type 5s [ST5s] and GCC ST143s) were highly associated (
P
= 0.006) with clinical and subclinical mastitis and may represent a lineage of virulent isolates, whereas isolates belonging to GCC ST86 were associated with low-cell-count cows. This study has, for the first time, demonstrated the occurrence of identical sequence types (ST60 and ST184) between different continents (Australasia and Europe) and different countries (Australia and New Zealand). The standardized index of association and the empirical estimation of the rate of recombination showed substantial recombination within the
S. uberis
population in Australia, consistent with previous multilocus sequence type analyses.
State Housing Policy Formation and the Changing Role of Housing Associations in Britain
Authors: Back Glenn , Hamnett Chris
Published: November 2007

During the 1960s the Conservative government implemented legislation which provided financial support for the provision of privately rented accommodation by organisations independent of government. Their 1961 Housing Act established an exchequer fund to provide resources for housing associations providing accommodation at economic rents, and the 1964 Housing Act created the Housing Corporation to oversee the activity of the housing association movement. By the early 1980s however, a new Conservative administration was attempting to force all associations to sell their properties to sitting tenants. This dramatic switch from the promotion of independent renting to the promotion of ownership raises important questions about the nature of government support for the association movement, and the more general issue of the nature of government policy formation. Had the association movement changed between the 1960s and the 1980s, or had Conservative attitudes towards the movement changed during this time? If the latter explanation is correct, what does this tell us about the nature of state intervention in housing? In order to address these questions it is first necessary to examine the historical legacy of housing association activity which the 1961 Act sought to supplement.
‘Come and Get it’: Distributional Biases in Social Service Delivery Systems
Authors: Gibson D. M. , Goodin Robert E. , Grand Julian Le
Published: November 2007

In examining patterns of utilization of medical and paramedical services by the Australian elderly, Gibson (1983) made an interesting, counterintuitive discovery. While it is only to be expected that a person’s income should constitute a barrier to service utilization, it was somewhat surprising to find that barrier persisting even when services were publicly-funded. Even more surprisingly, that barrier seemed to persist for publicly-funded, publicly-provided services but to disappear for services which were publicly-funded but privately-provided.

That finding runs counter to our ordinary expectations. After all, it is the private market in which income has the most direct role in rendering people’s desires into ‘effective demand’. Whatever impact income has on the delivery of goods and services from the public sector must surely be less direct, and therefore presumably less strong. Yet paradoxically, where service utilization is concerned, low income seems to be a hindrance in the public sector but not in the publicly-funded private sector.

This essay offers a general theory aimed at dissolving that paradox. While it is essentially a theoretical exercise, our analysis does turn crucially at several points on empirical speculations that will ultimately require far more testing in far more countries and far more policy contexts.
Local Planning Authority Controls over Pollution
Authors: Wood Christopher
Published: November 2007

This paper is concerned with the control of pollution by local planning authorities. In particular, it summarises and analyses five case histories of the attempts of planning authorities to control land, air and noise pollution. The examples presented all refer to the United Kingdom but the issues raised appear to be reasonably typical of the implementation of most national pollution control processes. These issues include the conflict between corporate (or economic) and environmental interests, the conflicts between central and local government objectives and the role of the land use planning authority in environmental mediation.

Land use planning can never be the major instrument of pollution control but it does have a very important role in the juxtaposition of polluting land uses (eg industry, major roads) and sensitive land uses (eg housing, hospitals) and in the imposition of conditions on both types of development designed to reduce the effects of pollution. Further, in the United Kingdom, as in some other countries, land use planning decisions are often open to public involvement and pressure in a way that is not true of other types of pollution control. This openness gives planning decisions relating to pollution a unique significance.
Calibration of Raman Spectroscopy at 1064 nm for Beeswax Quantification
Authors: Pan A. , Chiussi S. , Serra J. , González P. , León B.
Published: November 2007

In the early sixties, coating with molten beeswax was considered a valuable method for preventing the erosive action of weather and/or salinity on the surface of granite sculptures and monuments. This technique had been traditionally employed by the Galician stoneworkers for partial repair of historical monuments. For this purpose, beeswax was applied to the Renaissance Frieze in the Cloister of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia (Northwest Spain). The beeswax treatment was counterproductive. An intense grain disaggregation of the granite can be observed in the Frieze, owing to the crystallization of salts. As a consequence, the restoration of the Cloister presents many problems. This fact imposes the need for an exhaustive study of the wax–stone system and the demand for a nondestructive method to measure the beeswax thickness at the stone surface. The aim of this contribution is the evaluation of a laser-based method, namely Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, for analyzing the wax presence in specific rocky material of the Frieze to be restored. To obtain a reliable quantitative calibration, we prepared beeswax films of five different thicknesses on aluminum plates (26.6–97.2 μm). Nylon was selected as external reference to obtain the Raman emission independently from the laser beam power. The ratios of the relative intensities of the Raman bands corresponding to beeswax and nylon were used for the construction of a calibration curve used for the quantitative analysis. The intensities at 2879 cm−1, Ic2879, and 2880 cm−1, In2880, for beeswax and nylon, respectively, in the Raman spectra of each material were used. A linear dependence was found for the ratio Ic2879 / In2880 with the beeswax thickness. The validation of this calibration curve was tested with a second validation set of samples that spans beeswax film thicknesses both inside and outside the calibration range (12.1 to 180 μm), in order to evaluate in addition the accuracy of the model at extrapolation. Without complex sample preparation, near-infrared Raman spectroscopy resulted in an effective technique for localizing the wax with lateral resolution of tens of micrometers, and for determining wax layer thickness in the stone with an uncertainty of a few micrometers.
Polipose gastroduodenal em doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar Pós-Retocolectomia
Authors: Leal Raquel Franco , Ayrizono Maria de Lourdes Setsuko , Coy Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues , Callejas-Neto Francisco , Fagundes João José , Góes Juvenal Ricardo Navarro
Published: November 2007

RACIONAL: As manifestações extracólicas, como os pólipos gastroduodenais e o tumor do duodeno, são fatores que influenciam a morbimortalidade dos doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar no seguimento pós-retocolectomia total. OBJETIVO: Investigar a freqüência destas alterações em doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar e verificar a eficácia do rastreamento endoscópico. MÉTODO:No período de 1984 a 2005, 62 doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar pós-retocolectomia foram estudados retrospectivamente pelo Grupo de Coloproctologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP. O tempo de seguimento médio pós-operatório foi de 81,9 meses, sendo que em 53 (85,5%) foi possível analisar a ocorrência de pólipos gastroduodenais. RESULTADOS: Dos 53 doentes em seguimento, 27 (50,9%) apresentavam pólipos gastroduodenais. Em 8 (15,4%) os pólipos adenomatosos eram gástricos, 14 (27%) pólipos duodenais e 5 (9,6%) pólipos gástricos e duodenais. Dois doentes (3,8%) desenvolveram adenoma duodenal com displasia de alto grau. E outro (1,9%), adenocarcinoma em papila duodenal. CONCLUSÃO: O rastreamento endoscópico, desta forma, é de grande importância e o objetivo é detectar, o mais precocemente possível, os casos de adenocarcinoma duodenal e pólipos gastroduodenais com displasia de alto grau.
Câncer do esôfago em paciente com megaesôfago chagásico
Authors: Henry Maria Aparecida Coelho de Arruda , Lerco Mauro Masson , Oliveira Walmar Kerche de
Published: November 2007

RACIONAL: O megaesôfago constitui problema de saúde pública em nosso país, pois acomete indivíduos em sua fase de maior produtividade. Os doentes com essa afecção podem apresentar em sua evolução associação com câncer do esôfago. OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes com megaesôfago e câncer do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados de maneira retrospectiva 20 pacientes com megaesôfago e câncer (grupo 1) e 20 com câncer do esôfago (grupo 2). Estudaram-se os dados demográficos, hábitos (etilismo e tabagismo), tipo histológico do tumor, localização da lesão, diferenciação celular, estádio, tratamento e sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada diferença entre os grupos, com relação à idade, sexo, localização da lesão, tipo histológico do tumor, diferenciação celular, estádio e sobrevida. Com relação aos hábitos de vida, a associação de etilismo e tabagismo foi observada em maior número de pacientes com câncer do esôfago sem o antecedente de megaesôfago. CONCLUSÃO: As características clínicas dos pacientes com megaesôfago e câncer não diferem daqueles com neoplasia maligna esofágica não associada ao megaesôfago, principalmente no que se refere ao prognóstico desfavorável frente ao tratamento instituído. Nos pacientes com megaesôfago o tumor pode se localizar em qualquer porção do órgão.
Importância da resitência insulínica na hepatite C crônica
Authors: Parise Edison Roberto , Oliveira Ana Cláudia de
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Revisar a importância da resistência insulínica no desenvolvimento da hepatite C crônica e sua interferência na resposta ao tratamento antiviral de pacientes infectados pelo vírus da hepatite C. FONTE DE DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos publicados pelo MEDLINE e dados dos próprios autores. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: Nos últimos anos, grande número de publicações tem demonstrado importante associação entre resistência insulínica e hepatite C crônica. Aumento na prevalência de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, desenvolvimento de esteatose hepática (principalmente nos pacientes com infecção pelo genótipo não-3), progressão mais rápida da doença e redução na taxa de resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento com interferon peguilado e ribavirina, têm sido todos associados à presença de resistência insulínica nos pacientes infectados pelo vírus da hepatite C. A produção aumentada de fator de necrose tumoral pelo core do vírus da hepatite C é o principal mecanismo responsável pelo aparecimento da resistência insulínica. O fator de necrose tumoral afetaria a fosforilação do substrato do receptor de insulina diminuindo a captação de glicose e acarretando hiperinsulinemia compensatória. Aumento da siderose hepática e alterações dos níveis circulantes das adipocitocinas podem ter efeito adicional sobre a sensibilidade à insulina na hepatite C crônica. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico e o tratamento da resistência insulínica nesses pacientes podem não só evitar o aparecimento das complicações, mas também prevenir a progressão da doença e, possivelmente, aumentar a taxa de resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento com interferon peguilado e ribavirina.
Adequação de modelo aditivo-dominante em dois caracteres de crotalária: aditive-dominant in two traits of sunn hemp
Authors: Miranda Manoel Albino Coelho de
Published: November 2007

Partindo do pressuposto de que as médias das populações parentais, das segregantes (F2 e retrocruzamento) e da híbrida (F1), poderiam ser expressas em termos da média dos parentais (m), do efeito aditivo (a) e do efeito de dominância (d), avaliou-se esse modelo pelos testes de escala individual e pelo de escala conjunta, em populações derivadas do cruzamento de duas linhagens endogâmicas de crotalária (Crotalaría juncea L), para a produtividade de sementes e altura de planta. No Centro Experimental de Campinas, em 1990, as plantas foram distribuídas individualmente ao acaso na presença de insetos polinizadores. Concluiu-se que o modelo foi perfeitamente compatível aos dados de produção, não se verificando o mesmo ajustamento para os resultados de altura de planta. A estimativa do efeito de dominância para a produtividade de sementes, calculada através dos quadrados mínimos, foi nove vezes maior que o efeito aditivo. Esses resultados abrem a perspectiva da exploração do vigor de híbrido em crotalária, desde que haja possibilidade de controle da polinização através de mecanismos genéticos.
Relação entre densidade e qualidade de sementes de algodoeiro
Authors: Pizzinatto Maria Angélica , Menten José Otávio Machado , Soave Jaciro , Cia Edivaldo , Maeda Jocely Andreucetti
Published: November 2007

Em quatro anos agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência da densidade da semente de algodoeiro sobre a sua qualidade e sanidade e sobre a planta resultante. Foram utilizadas sementes dos cultivares IAC 17 e IAC 18, separadas nas seguintes classes de densidade: menor que 0,90g/cm³; entre 0,90 e 1 ,00g/cm³ ;entre 1,00 e 1,05g/cm³ e maior que 1,05g/cm³. As sementes mais densas (acima de 1,00g/cm³) apresentaram melhor qualidade física e fisiológica que as menos densas (abaixo de 1,00g/cm³), considerando-se o peso de cem sementes, o poder germinativo e o vigor. Em condições de campo, essas sementes resultaram também em maior porcentagem de emergência de plântulas, influindo, conseqüentemente, na população de plantas e na produtividade. A influência não persistiu sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas por essas plantas, avaliada através da germinação. A melhor condição de sanidade também foi apresentada pelas sementes mais densas, enquanto as menos densas mostraram maior incidência de Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium spp. e Rhizoctonia sp. e do total de fungos. Não houve influência da classe de densidade sobre a planta resultante, considerando-se também o aspecto da sanidade da semente produzida.
Ação de fungicidas sobre dois cultivares de feijoeiro em Capão Bonito, SP
Authors: Castro Jairo Lopes de , Ito Margarida Fumiko , Dudienas Christina , Bulisani Eduardo Antonio , Almeida Luiz D'artagnan de
Published: November 2007

Avaliou-se, no controle de doenças do feijoeiro, cvs. Carioca e Carioca 80, a eficiência de onze fungicidas, aplicados na parte aérea, isoladamente, em condições naturais de infecção. Os ensaios foram efetuados em condições de campo nas safras da seca e das águas de 1985 e 1986, na Estação Experimental de Capão Bonito, pertencentes ao IAC. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos fungicidas: benomil, tiofanato metílico, captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho, carbendazim, tiabendazol, oxicloreto de cobre, sulfato de cobre e hidróxido de trifenil estanho. Na safra da seca/85, pulverizações com captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e carbendazim proporcionaram as melhores produções do 'Carioca', e os fungicidas mancozebe, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho, oxicloreto de cobre e sulfato de cobre, as melhores produções do 'Carioca 80'. Nas safras das águas/85 e da seca/86, os produtos testados não influíram estatisticamente na produção dos dois cultivares. Na safra das águas/86, os melhores tratamentos para o 'Carioca' foram acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho e, para o 'Carioca 80', apenas o hidróxido de trifenil estanho. A antracnose foi detectada apenas no 'Carioca', nas safras da seca/85 e das águas/86. Na seca/85, todos os fungicidas controlaram a doença nas folhas, sendo o clorotalonil e o acetato de trifenil estanho os melhores para vagens. Nas águas/86, tanto em folhas como em vagens, os melhores tratamentos foram mancozebe, captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho. Para a ferrugem, que não foi uma doença muito importante, ocorrendo apenas em duas safras, seca/86 e águas/86, com baixa incidência, o fungicida que mostrou algum controle foi o clorotalonil. Para o controle da mancha-angular, a doença de maior freqüência e severidade, e da mancha de Alternaria e bacteriose, que, com menor severidade, também ocorreram de forma generalizada em todas as safras, os tratamentos mais eficientes foram mancozebe, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho.
Teores de zinco, cobre, manganês e ferro em dois latossolos sob plantios direto e convencional
Authors: Castro Orlando Melo de , Camargo Otávio Antonio de , Cantarella Heitor , Vieira Sidney Rosa , Dechen Sônia Carmela Falci
Published: November 2007

Estudou-se a influência dos sistemas de plantio direto e preparo convencional, após três anos de cultivo, nos teores de zinco, cobre, manganês e ferro, extraídos com DTPA-TEA, em dois latossolos vermelho-amarelos (LV) do Estado de São Paulo: um de textura argilosa, em Itatiba, e outro de textura média, em Casa Branca. Utilizaram-se amostras coletadas em cinco camadas (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-50 cm), com doze pontos de amostragem por tratamento. Observou-se, em profundidade, um decréscimo acentuado nos níveis de zinco e de manganês nos dois latossolos, e de ferro no LV textura argilosa, podendo a diminuição dos teores de matéria orgânica ser um dos fatores responsáveis por esse decréscimo, principalmente para Zn e Mn. Houve diferenças significativas nos níveis de cobre e de manganês nos dois sistemas de preparo do solo no LV textura argilosa, sendo os teores de cobre e de manganês maiores no plantio direto. O sistema de cultivo não influiu nos teores de zinco e de ferro nos dois latossolos.