bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diverse roles of TGF‐β receptor II in renal fibrosis and inflammation in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Meng Xiao‐Ming , Huang Xiao Ru , Xiao Jun , Chen Hai‐yong , Zhong Xiang , Chung Arthur CK , Lan Hui Yao
Published: December 2011

TGF‐β1 binds receptor II (TβRII) to exert its biological activities but its functional importance in kidney diseases remains largely unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that TβRII may function to initiate the downstream TGF‐β signalling and determine the diverse role of TGF‐β1 in kidney injury. The hypothesis was examined in a model of unilateral ureteral obstructive (UUO) nephropathy and in kidney fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells in which the TβRII was deleted conditionally. We found that disruption of TβRII inhibited severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the UUO kidney, which was associated with the impairment of TGF‐β/Smad3 signalling, but not with the ERK/p38 MAP kinase pathway. In contrast, deletion of TβRII enhanced NF‐κB signalling and renal inflammation including up‐regulation of Il‐1β and Tnfα in the UUO kidney. Similarly, in vitro disruption of TβRII from kidney fibroblasts or tubular epithelial cells inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced Smad signalling and fibrosis but impaired the anti‐inflammatory effect of TGF‐β1 on IL‐1β‐stimulated NF‐κB activation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression. In conclusion, TβRII plays an important but diverse role in regulating renal fibrosis and inflammation. Impaired TGF‐β/Smad3, but not the non‐canonical TGF‐β signalling pathway, may be a key mechanism by which disruption of TβRII protects against renal fibrosis. In addition, deletion of TβRII also enhances NF‐κB signalling along with up‐regulation of renal pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which may be associated with the impairment of anti‐inflammatory properties of TGF‐β1. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a new playER in tauopathies
Authors: Ferreiro Elisabete , Pereira Cláudia MF
Published: December 2011

The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which involves a set of protein signalling pathways and transcription factors that re‐establish homeostasis and normal ER function, adapting cells to ER stress. If this adaptive response is insufficient, the UPR triggers an apoptotic program to eliminate irreversibly damaged cells. Recent observations suggest that ER stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the deposition of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau in susceptible brain regions. Moreover, several studies demonstrate that Aβ induces UPR activation, which in turn promotes tau phosphorylation. In the study by Nijholt and colleagues, reported in the current issue of The Journal of Pathology, the association between UPR activation and tau pathology was investigated in the brain of patients diagnosed with sporadic or familial tauopathies in which Abeta deposits are absent. The authors described that increased levels of UPR activation markers are predominantly observed in neurons within the hippocampus, being correlated with early tau phosphorylation. These findings suggest that UPR activation, which occurs in an Abeta‐independent manner, is an early event during tau pathology and point to a functional crosstalk between these molecular mechanisms in tauopathies. A better understanding of UPR activation in tauopathies can thus contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies with the purpose of promoting neuronal cell survival in these disorders. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White Luminescent Polymers by Plasma Polymerized Iridium Complexes from 1,10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Chang Chun‐Chih , Wang Ling‐Wei , Chen Yu‐Hsiang , Hwang Kuo‐Chu , Jou Jwo‐Huei , Chang Yee‐Shyi , Yang Arnold C.‐M.
Published: December 2011

A novel approach of fabricating white phosphorescent polymers for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) was successfully developed via processes of plasma polymerization and complex chelation. Direct injection of high concentrations of aromatic monomer, 1,10‐phenanthroline (Ph), into plasma reaction chamber allowed the polymerization to take place in high yields with excellent retention of desired monomer functionalities. Constructed by conjugated segments of various lengths in their backbones, the synthesized polymer emitted broad‐band photoluminescence spectra from 380 to 600 nm. Subsequent refluxing with the transition metal iridium (Ir) resulted Ir–polymer complexes that manifested broad‐band fluorescence from 400 to 600 nm and phosphorescence from 450 to 700 nm. The phosphorescent emissions were assigned to a combination of triplet ligand‐centered π–π* and metal‐to‐ligand (ML) charge transfer emissions. Between electrodes, the polymer–Ir complexes emanated full‐spectral white‐light emissions that are composed of ligand‐centered π–π* emission with maxima at 435 nm and ML charge transfer emission with maxima at 605 nm. The devices exhibited voltage‐stable white luminescence with the Commission Internationale de l'Enclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.25, 0.26), a maximum luminance efficiency of 7.44 cd · A−1, and a maximum luminance of 4 486 cd · m−2. This simple approach offers great potential for the synthesis and engineering of white organic LED phosphorescent materials.

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Analysis of seasonal change for water conditions in Lake Hosenko, Japan, using ALOS AVNIR‐2 data
Authors: Kageyama Yoichi , Miura Kenichi , Nishida Makoto , Ishiyama Daizo
Published: December 2011

This letter reports the development of a technique to understand the water conditions appearing in the Advanced Land Observing Satellite Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type‐2 (ALOS AVNIR‐2) data using fuzzy c‐means. Also, waters of Lake Hosenko, into which the Tamagawa hot spring flows, were analyzed because the lake contains amorphous iron hydroxide. On the basis of the experimental results for the months of September and May data obtained by the proposed method, it is found that seasonal differences in the water surface conditions of the lake are caused by the changes in the amount of water as well as the water temperature. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bone‐nanohydroxyapatite spheres interface evaluation by synchrotron radiation X‐ray microfluorescence
Authors: Gasperini F. M. , Calasans‐Maia M. D. , Resende R. F. B. , Granjeiro J. M. , Rossi A. M. , Lopes R. T. , Lima I.
Published: December 2011

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is largely used as bone graft; it seems to be the most promising synthetic implant material, mainly because of its excellent biocompatibility. The crystallinity, particle and pore size of HA are important characteristics and can be modified by decreasing basic structural form below 100 nm and have evoked a great amount of attention for improving prevention, diagnosis, and disease treatment, besides improving bone repair through the biodegradation of the material. The aim of this study was to investigate bone mineral content in bone samples with nanohydroxyapatite and HA spheres, specially its spatial distribution on bone microarchitecture. Circular bone defects were made in both tibiae of 12 White New Zeland adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and were divided randomly into five groups – blood clot (control group), sintered HA, non‐sintered HA, sintered nanoHA and non‐sintered nanoHA – all materials in spherical shape, to smooth handling and accommodation of the surgical bed, and to minimize inflammatory response. The rabbits were euthanatized according to the experimental period of 1 and 4 weeks after surgery. The samples were evaluated by polarized microscopy as well as X‐ray microfluorescence in order to account the bone mineral content bone‐implant interfaces, through synchrotron radiation. Our results revealed greater newly formed bone area in the non‐sintered materials and control groups, and the used technique showed that the amount of calcium of new bone was consistent with both mature bone and HA spheres. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that HA‐based biomaterials are biocompatible, promote osteoconduction and favored bone repair. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead concentration in feces and urine of exposed rats by x‐ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Guimarães D. , Carvalho M. L. , Becker M. , von Bohlen A. , Geraldes V. , Rocha I. , Santos J. P.
Published: December 2011

Measurements made in feces and urine of Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate (n = 20) in drinking water since the fetal period were compared with those obtained from a control group (n = 20) in order to assess the age influence on Pb excretion. The measurements were made in different collections of rats aging between 1 and 11 months. To determine the Pb content of the samples, total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) were used for the urine samples and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used for the feces.

The results show high concentrations of Pb being eliminated from the organism by urine and feces in contaminated rats. Values vary from (600 ± 140) µg l−1 to (5 460 ± 115) µg l−1 in urine and from (4 500 ± 300) µg g−1 to (11 400 ± 3 300) µg g−1 in dry feces. The control rats show, in general, low lead concentrations or below detection limits. The fecal/urinary ratio was studied. It was shown to be about three to four orders of magnitude and positively correlated with time. It was verified in feces and urine that excretion decreases with the animal age and that this decrease is made by different levels of excretion. The excretions of Pb in urine and in feces are positively correlated.

A good agreement was found between the results obtained with TXRF and ETAAS for urine samples. This work also stresses the suitability of these techniques in the study of Pb intoxication. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of Camelina Oil with Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Fröhlich András , O'Dea Grainne , Hackett Ritchie , O'Beirne David , Ni Eidhin Deirdre , Burke James
Published: December 2011

Camelina oil was found to have a much lower Oil Stability Index and higher p‐anisidine rates in the oven storage test than either rapeseed or sunflower oils. Stabilization of camelina oil was evaluated with 21 food grade synthetic and natural antioxidants and antioxidant formulations, using both the Oil Stability Index (OSI) and the oven storage test. The Oil Stability Index of camelina oil was able to be increased above that of rapeseed oil with TBHQ and its formulation with citric acid, and above that of sunflower oil with EGC, EGCG, carnosic acid, propyl gallate, rosemary extract with ascorbyl palmitate or with gallic acid. para‐Hydroxyphenols were found to be more effective than ortho‐hydroxyphenols and monohydroxyphenols had no significant effect on the OSI. Good correlation (R2 = 0.96) was found between the stabilizing effect of ortho‐hydroxyphenols and the molarity of the phenyl hydroxyl groups per weight of antioxidant. The oven storage test carried out with six of the evaluated antioxidants indicated that p‐anisidine rates of camelina oil stabilized with commercial formulations of TBHQ with citric acid or rosemary extract with ascorbyl palmitate were about the same as that of sunflower oil, an almost 90% rate reduction when compared to camelina oil. Accordingly, camelina oils stabilized with TBHQ/citric acid and rosemary extract/ascorbyl palmitate formulations were more stable than rapeseed and sunflower oils, respectively in terms of OSI induction times and p‐anisidine rates.
Single-grain OSL dating of glaciofluvial quartz constrains Reid glaciation in NW Canada to MIS 6
Authors: Demuro Martina , Froese Duane G. , Arnold Lee J. , Roberts Richard G.
Published: December 2011

Improved chronological control on the penultimate advance of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in northwest Canada (the Reid glaciation) is required for a better understanding of late Quaternary palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental change in eastern Beringia. However, reliable dating of glaciation events beyond the last glacial maximum is commonly hindered by a lack of directly dateable material. In this study we (i) provide the first combined minimum and maximum age constraint on the Reid glaciation at Ash Bend, its reference locale in the Stewart River valley, northwestern Canadian Cordillera, using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating of quartz; and (ii) compare the timing of the Reid glaciation with other penultimate ice sheet advances in the region with the aim of establishing improved glacial reconstructions in eastern Beringia. We obtain ages of 158±18 ka and 132±18 ka for glaciofluvial sands overlying and underlying the Reid till, respectively. These ages indicate that the Reid advance, at its reference locale, occurred during MIS 6. This precludes an earlier MIS 8 age, and suggests that the Reid advance may have been synchronous with the Delta glaciation of central Alaska, and is likely correlative with the Mirror Creek glaciation in southern Yukon.
Informed Consent
Authors: Bowman Deborah , Spicer John , Iqbal Rehana
Published: December 2011

The literature on informed consent and its ethico-legal significance in clinical practice has grown rapidly in recent years. This unique book offers a practical description of the principles of informed consent and their application in daily clinical practice. Written by a team of experts in medical ethics and law, the chapters use a case-based approach to elucidate the essence of consent and highlight the ways in which individual patients and diverse situations can shape and even challenge the fundamental principles of informed consent. A range of situations in both primary and secondary care are covered and the content is arranged conceptually to help emphasise certain recurrent and related themes. An informative and rigorous yet accessible text, Informed Consent: A Primer for Clinical Practice is an essential resource for healthcare professionals working in all medical fields.
On Not Being Silent in the Darkness: Adorno's Singular Apophaticism
Authors: Finlayson James Gordon
Published: December 2011

Adorno's late work has often been compared to negative theology, yet there is little serious discussion of this comparison in the secondary literature.1 In most of the existing discussions virtually nothing is said about negative theology, as if it is obvious what it is and what the parallels with Adorno's ideas are. The truth is that negative theology is not self-evident, and neither are the parallels with Adorno at all obvious. To find out what they are would require a detailed account of both. In this article I shall make a start in this direction.
Validating the Normative Value and Legal Recognition of the Principle of Equality of Arms in Criminal Proceedings in Botswana
Authors: Cole Rowland JV
Published: December 2011

The principle of equality of arms is firmly entrenched in the jurisprudence of international tribunals, but hardly at all in domestic systems. This article argues for the principle to be applied in Botswana's adversarial system, as a way of ensuring procedural equality and enhancing fair trials. After examining the normative value of the principle, the article refers to a number of domestic jurisdictions that have applied the principle. It also examines the general acceptability of equality and fairness in Botswana case law. This represents a foundation for applying the principle in Botswana. The principle was developed by the European Court of Human Rights, creating its own concept of fairness in trials, irrespective of the position in domestic systems. Since the principle is of international origin, it is necessary to note that “judicial territoriality” and Botswana's dualist system do not pose obstacles to the application of the principle.
The Capability Approach: Insights for a New Poverty Focus
Authors: HICK ROD
Published: December 2011

The concepts of poverty, social exclusion and deprivation are widely employed but often problematic. This paper discusses some problems with prominent interpretations of these concepts and how Amartya Sen's capability approach can provide a conceptual framework that can overcome these problems. It is argued that the capability approach can reflect the many ways that human lives are blighted and that it thus offers a promising framework for poverty analysis. Six insights for poverty analysis provided by the capability approach are discussed.
The on-line processing of unaccusativity in Greek agrammatism
Authors: PERISTERI ELENI , TSIMPLI IANTHI-MARIA , TSAPKINI KYRANA
Published: December 2011

We investigated the on-line processing of unaccusative and unergative sentences in a group of eight Greek-speaking individuals diagnosed with Broca aphasia and a group of language-unimpaired subjects used as the baseline. The processing of unaccusativity refers to the reactivation of the postverbal trace by retrieving the mnemonic representation of the verb's syntactically defined antecedent provided in the early part of the sentence. Our results demonstrate that the Broca group showed selective reactivation of the antecedent for the unaccusatives. We consider several interpretations for our data, including explanations focusing on the transitivization properties of nonactive and active voice-alternating unaccusatives, the costly procedure claimed to underlie the parsing of active nonvoice-alternating unaccusatives, and the animacy of the antecedent modulating the syntactic choices of the patients.
The relationship between listening comprehension of text and sentences in preschoolers: Specific or mediated by lower and higher level components?
Authors: FLORIT ELENA , ROCH MAJA , LEVORATO M. CHIARA
Published: December 2011

Two studies explored the relation between listening comprehension of text and listening comprehension of sentences in preschoolers aged 4 to 5 years, 11 months. The first study analyzed this relationship taking into account the role of lower level components, namely, word knowledge and verbal working memory, as possible mediators. These components specifically accounted for listening text comprehension, whereas sentence comprehension did not. Given that sentences forming a text are not processed in isolation but in context, the second study explored the role of the ability to use linguistic context, a higher level component, in listening comprehension of text and sentences. Listening sentence comprehension was facilitated by the use of context, which accounted for individual differences in listening text comprehension. Overall, results showed that listening text comprehension is related to lower level as well as higher level components, whereas listening sentence comprehension does not play a specific role.
Explicit local reciprocity for tame extensions
Authors: NEWTON RACHEL
Published: December 2011

We consider a tamely ramified abelian extension of local fields of degreen, without assuming the presence of thenth roots of unity in the base field. We give an explicit formula which computes the local reciprocity map in this situation.
Variable “subject” presence in Australian Sign Language and New Zealand Sign Language
Authors: McKee Rachel , Schembri Adam , McKee David , Johnston Trevor
Published: December 2011

This article reports the findings of parallel studies of variable subject presence in two closely related sign language varieties, Australian Sign Language (Auslan) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). The studies expand upon research in American Sign Language (ASL) (Wulf, Dudis, Bayley, & Lucas, 2002) that found subject pronouns with noninflecting verbs to be more frequently unexpressed than expressed. The ASL study reported that null subject use correlates with both social and linguistic factors, the strongest of which is referential congruence with an antecedent in a preceding clause. Findings from the Auslan and NZSL studies also indicated that chains of reference play a stronger role in subject presence than either morphological factors (e.g., verb type), or social factors of age, gender, ethnicity, and language background. Overall results are consistent with the view that this feature of syntactic variation may be better accounted for in terms of information structure than sociolinguistic effects.
Variability in American English s-retraction suggests a solution to the actuation problem
Authors: Baker Adam , Archangeli Diana , Mielke Jeff
Published: December 2011

Although formulated by Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog in 1968, the actuation problem has remained an unsolved problem in understanding sound change: if sound change is conceived as the accumulation of coarticulation, and coarticulation is widespread, how can some speech communities resist phonetic pressure to change? We present data from American English s-retraction that suggest a partial solution. S-retraction is the phenomenon in which /s/ is realized as an [ʃ]-like sound, especially when it occurs in an /stɹ/ cluster (‘street’ pronounced more like [ʃtɹit] than like [stɹit]). The speech of English speakers judgednotto exhibit s-retraction shows a large coarticulatory bias in the direction of retraction. Further, there is also substantial interspeaker variation in the extent of this bias. We propose that this interspeaker variation, coupled with the coarticulatory bias, facilitates the initiation of sound change. In this account, sound change begins when a listener accidentally interprets an extreme case of a phonetic effect as an articulatory target and then adjusts her own speech in response. This adoption of a new target requires phonetic variation that predates the change. Thus, sound change is predicted to be biased toward phonetic effects that exhibit interspeaker variability, and if sound change requires an accident that is rare, then sound change itself is correctly predicted to be rare as well.
DRUG PROHIBITION IS BOTH WRONG AND UNWORKABLE
Authors: Machan Tibor R.
Published: December 2011

Many are growing increasingly skeptical of the claims by government officials about winning the war against drugs. Should this war be supported because a smaller percentage of teenagers use marijuana, or should it be opposed because a larger percentage of teenagers and young adults use cocaine and crack in the USA? Should people be optimistic when multi-billion dollar shipments of cocaine are confiscated, or pessimistic that seizures continue to increase yet have such little impact on price and consumption? Drug prohibition was doomed to failure from the start, no less so than alcohol prohibition, and the best alternative is an immediate return to complete legalization of such drugs.
THE ARGUMENT FROM ABSURDITY: A DIALOGUE BETWEEN AN ATHEIST AND BELIEVER
Authors: Miles Tim
Published: December 2011

Why do believers and atheists seem to talk past each other? From what different perspectives do they see things? The following dialogue suggests that one deep difference is about whether or not the World must make a certain kind of complete sense.
PHILOSOPHICAL SUICIDE
Authors: Stoyles Byron J.
Published: December 2011

We often judge that death is bad for the person who dies – that my death, for instance, will be bad for me when it occurs. It is not easy, however, to explain, justify, or defend this judgment. As Epicurus argued more than 2000 years ago, death is ‘nothing to us’ because ‘when we exist death is not present, and when death is present we do not exist.’ (Letter to Menoeceus, 124–125)
Observational Studies of Pre-Stellar Cores and Infrared Dark Clouds
Authors: Caselli Paola
Published: December 2011

Stars like our Sun and planets like our Earth form in dense regions within interstellar molecular clouds, called pre-stellar cores (PSCs). PSCs provide the initial conditions in the process of star and planet formation. In the past 15 years, detailed observations of (low-mass) PSCs in nearby molecular cloud complexes have allowed us to find that they are cold (T < 10K) and quiescent (molecular line widths are close to thermal), with a chemistry profoundly affected by molecular freeze-out onto dust grains. In these conditions, deuterated molecules flourish, becoming the best tools to unveil the PSC physical and chemical structure. Despite their apparent simplicity, PSCs still offer puzzles to solve and they are far from being completely understood. For example, what is happening to the gas and dust in their nuclei (the future stellar cradles) is still a mystery that awaits for ALMA. Other important questions are: how do different environments and external conditions affect the PSC physical/chemical structure? Are PSCs in high-mass star forming regions similar to the well-known low-mass PSCs? Here I review observational and theoretical work on PSCs in nearby molecular cloud complexes and the ongoing search and study of massive PSCs embedded in infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), which host the initial conditions for stellar cluster and high-mass star formation.
Ices in Starless and Starforming Cores
Authors: Öberg Karin I. , Boogert A. C. Adwin , Pontoppidan Klaus M. , van den Broek Saskia , van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Bottinelli Sandrine , Blake Geoffrey A. , Evans Neal J.
Published: December 2011

Icy grain mantles are commonly observed through infrared spectroscopy toward dense clouds, cloud cores, protostellar envelopes and protoplanetary disks. Up to 80% of the available oxygen, carbon and nitrogen are found in such ices; the most common ice constituents – H2O, CO2 and CO – are second in abundance only to H2 in many star forming regions. In addition to being a molecular reservoir, ice chemistry is responsible for much of the chemical evolution from H2O to complex, prebiotic molecules. Combining the exisiting ISO, Spitzer, VLT and Keck ice data results in a large sample of ice sources (~80) that span all stages of star formation and a large range of protostellar luminosities (<0.1–105 L⊙). Here we summarize the different techniques that have been applied to mine this ice data set on information on typical ice compositions in different environments and what this implies about how ices form and evolve during star and planet formation. The focus is on how to maximize the use of empirical constraints from ice observations, followed by the application of information from experiments and models. This strategy is used to identify ice bands and to constrain which ices form early during cloud formation, which form later in the prestellar core and which require protostellar heat and/or UV radiation to form. The utility of statistical tests, survival analysis and ice maps is highlighted; the latter directly reveals that the prestellar ice formation takes place in two phases, associated with H2O and CO ice formation, respectively, and that most protostellar ice variation can be explained by differences in the prestellar CO ice formation stage. Finally, special attention is paid to the difficulty of observing complex ices directly and how gas observations, experiments and models help in constraining this ice chemistry stage.
Spectral Line Surveys of Evolved Stars
Authors: Cernicharo J. , Agúndez M. , Guélin M.
Published: December 2011

The observation of evolved stars in selected evolutionary stages allow us to track the evolution of the physical properties and chemical composition of the matter that is being returned to the interstellar medium during these last stages of the life of stars. While the dust component can be characterized through the observation of the spectral energy distribution in the infrared part of the spectrum, spectral line surveys carried out in a wide spectral band provide the best probe of the physical properties and chemical composition of the gas phase. In this lecture we review the different line surveys carried out toward these objects and their impact in our understanding of the chemical complexity evolution in the circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars.
Chemistry of the Solar System Revealed in the Interiors of the Giant Planets
Authors: Lunine Jonathan I.
Published: December 2011

The giant planets of our solar system contain a record of elemental and isotopic ratios of keen interest for what they tell us about the origin of the planets and in particular the volatile compositions of the solid phases. In situ measurements of the Jovian atmosphere performed by the Galileo Probe during its descent in 1995 demonstrate the unique value of such a record, but limited currently by the unknown abundance of oxygen in the interior of Jupiter–a gap planned to be filled by the Juno mission set to arrive at Jupiter in July of 2016. Our lack of knowledge of the oxygen abundance allows for a number of models for the Jovian interior with a range of C/O ratios. The implications for the origin of terrestrial water are briefly discussed. The complementary data sets for Saturn may be obtained by a series of very close, nearly polar orbits, at the end of the Cassini-Huygens mission in 2016-2017, and the proposed Saturn Probe. This set can only obtain what we have for Jupiter if the Saturn Probe mission carries a microwave radiometer.
An Overview of Comet Composition
Authors: Bockelée-Morvan Dominique
Published: December 2011

Comets are made of ices, organics and minerals that record the chemistry of the outer regions of the primitive solar nebula where they agglomerated 4.6 Gyr ago. Compositional analyses of comets can provide important clues on the chemical and physical processes that occurred in the early phases of Solar System formation, and possibly in the natal molecular cloud that predated the formation of the solar nebula. This paper presents a short review of our present knowledge of the composition of comets. Implications for the origin of cometary materials are discussed.
Analysis Tools for Spectral Surveys
Authors: Schilke Peter , Rolffs Rainer , Comito Claudia
Published: December 2011

Spectral surveys in the past were a hobby of a few, usually restricted to strong, line-rich and close-by sources which were considered templates for source classes, e.g. Orion KL for hot cores, IRC+10216 for AGB stars, and CRL618 for protoplanetary nebulae. Not any more, since with the large bandwidths and high sensitivities of modern instruments, notably ALMA, all but a few sources will show many lines from many molecules at every observations. So (involuntary) line surveys will be the norm rather than the exception. A common strategy is to ignore all lines but the few one is interested in. Since all data will be available through the archive, this does not mean that the data are lost, since eventually the information will be extracted. Another strategy is to take the bull by the horns, and try to analyze all or at least a large portion of the spectrum. This includes the steps of line identification, source modeling and linking to physical and chemical models. With the data volumes at hand doing it the traditional, pedestrian, way is somewhere between impractical and impossible, semi-automatic methods need to be employed.
Radiative Transfer and Molecular Data for Astrochemistry
Authors: van der Tak Floris
Published: December 2011

The estimation of molecular abundances in interstellar clouds from spectroscopic observations requires radiative transfer calculations, which depend on basic molecular input data. This paper reviews recent developments in the fields of molecular data and radiative transfer. The first part is an overview of radiative transfer techniques, along with a “road map” showing which technique should be used in which situation. The second part is a review of measurements and calculations of molecular spectroscopic and collisional data, with a summary of recent collisional calculations and suggested modeling strategies if collision data are unavailable. The paper concludes with an overview of future developments and needs in the areas of radiative transfer and molecular data.
The Rise of Transnational Environmental Law and the Expertise of Environmental Lawyers
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

The concept of transnational environmental law is used descriptively and prescriptively to refer to a multitude of legal processes which are distinct from transnational law in other legal areas. Hence, the rise of transnational environmental law requires environmental lawyers to reflect on their skills and knowledge and to foster both their contributory and interactional expertise in this area. That process of fostering expertise needs to be seen in light of a number of intellectual challenges, including the necessity to engage with comparative environmental law methodology, the need to not privilege one legal system over others, the need to engage with extended legal pluralism, the importance of thinking about the role of language in legal processes, and the significance of understanding the process of co-production.
Nicht-suizidale Selbstverletzung (NSSV) und Suizidalität in der Adoleszenz
Authors: Plener Paul L. , Fegert Jörg M. , Freyberger Harald J.
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung.Sowohl Nicht-suizidale Selbstverletzungen (NSSV) als auch suizidale Verhaltensweisen (etwa suizidale Gedanken, Suizidversuche) haben ihren Beginn in der Adoleszenz. In den letzten Jahren kam es zu einer zunehmenden Differenzierung zwischen NSSV und Suizidalität, was letztlich auch zum Vorschlag einer eigenständigen Diagnose für NSSV zur Aufnahme in das DSM-5 führte. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll basierend auf einer Übersicht der aktuellen Literatur einen Überblick über Definition, Epidemiologie, Ätiologie und Therapie von NSSV und Suizidalität im Jugendalter geben. Die Funktion von NSSV als Mittel der Stress-Regulation wird sowohl durch neurobiologische als auch durch psychologische Studien gestützt. Auch wenn NSSV und Suizidalität anhand der Absicht zu sterben unterschieden werden können, muss NSSV als Risikofaktor für spätere Suizidversuche beachtet werden.
Sexuelle Übergriffe von Jugendlichen und Heranwachsenden auf Jugendliche
Authors: Allroggen Marc , Rau Thea , Fegert Jörg M.
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung.Sexuelle Übergriffe durch Gleichaltrige sind die häufigste Form sexueller Gewalt, denen Jugendliche ausgesetzt sind, wurde aber bisher kaum in der Forschung berücksichtigt. Auf der Basis einer selektiven Literaturrecherche werden Entstehungsbedingungen unterschiedlicher Formen von sexuell übergriffigem Verhalten dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass sexuell aggressivem Verhalten gegenüber gleich- und andersgeschlechtlichen Jugendlichen wahrscheinlich unterschiedliche Entwicklungswege zugrunde liegen, ebenso Gewalt in jugendlichen Partnerschaften und Gewalt durch Bekannte. Implikationen für die Forschung werden abgeleitet.
A Battery for the Assessment of Young Spanish Adults
Authors: Valls-Vidal Clara , Pérez-Testor Carles , Guàrdia-Olmos Joan , Iafrate Raffaella
Published: December 2011

In Spanish families, parent-child relationships play a crucial role, but they also present specific risks for the children’s transition to adulthood which may hinder their individuation and foster the creation of dysfunctional family patterns in their family of origin. In Spain there is a lack of instruments to assess parent-child relationships in these terms. The present study examines the psychometric properties of a battery to assess individuation with mother, individuation with father, and the existence of dysfunctional family patterns (DFP) in 535 young Spanish adults (20–31 years). Items from the Munich Individuation Test of Adolescence ( Walper, 1998 ), the Network of Relationships Inventory ( Furman & Buhrmester, 1985 ), the Filial Responsibility Scale ( Jurkovic & Thirkield, 1999 ), and the Feeling Caught Between Parents and Parental Pressure scales ( Walper & Schwarz, 2001 ) have been used. The initial structure obtained through exploratory factor analysis underwent a confirmatory factor analysis. The results hint at a model adjusted to the data which guarantees the construct validity of the proposed structure. Internal consistencies for scales and subscales were acceptable to excellent, with α ranging from .62 to .91. Different indices of concurrent validity were also analyzed. The results generally support the reliability and validity of the new instrument. Limitations are discussed.
Reliability and Validity of the German Version of the Schema Mode Inventory
Authors: Reiss Neele , Dominiak Pauline , Harris Dawn , Knörnschild Claudia , Schouten Erik , Jacob Gitta A.
Published: December 2011

This study presents an evaluation of the German version of the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) including reliability and validity analyses. Psychometric properties were assessed. We analyzed the factor structure, internal reliability as well as intercorrelations between the subscales, and compared it to the results of the original version. This was done in a sample of N = 432 nonpatients, psychiatric patients with axis I and axis II diagnoses, and forensic patients. Results indicated a 14-factor structure of the SMI and good-to-excellent internal reliabilities of the 14 subscales (Cronbach’s α from .70 to .95). Furthermore, groups of nonpatients and psychiatric patients could be differentiated by their modes in the SMI as theoretically predicted. A first description of the mode presentations of forensic patients is presented.
Beware of National Symbols
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Enders-Comberg Anne , Wagner Ulrich , Christ Oliver , Butz David A.
Published: December 2011

The present research examined effects of exposure to the German flag on outgroup prejudice in Germany. In agreement with social identity theory, we demonstrated that exposure to the German flag increased outgroup prejudice among highly nationalistic German respondents. This finding seems to contradict prior research illustrating that exposure to the US flag reduced outgroup prejudice among highly nationalistic American respondents. This contradiction is considered the result of various concepts Germans associate with the German flag compared to concepts Americans associate with the US flag. Practical implications for flag exposure are discussed.
Follow the Norm!
Authors: Jonas Eva , Fritsche Immo
Published: December 2011

Terror management research shows that mortality salience (MS) increases people’s attempts to live up to cultural standards. However, as cultures value very different and sometimes even contradictory standards, it is often difficult to derive specific predictions. Previous research identified the salience of injunctive norms (norms based on moral prescriptions) as an important moderator. We tested whether the influence of MS also depended on the salience of descriptive norms, which refer to what most people actually do in a particular situation. We, indeed, found that only when showing people that fellow ingroup members were optimistic (as opposed to pessimistic) that Germany would win the soccer world championship, did MS increase participants’ tendency to likewise express optimism about the team.
Coping With Intergroup Threat via Biased Attributions to Low Group Effort
Authors: Costarelli Sandro
Published: December 2011

Two studies demonstrate that, in order to cope with social identity threat, strongly but not weakly group-identified individuals make attributions of relatively poor group performance to low group effort rather than ability. However, this only takes place when such group members perceive negative group outcomes of intergroup comparisons as relatively illegitimate and unstable. Results demonstrate that such biased attributions were stronger for highly but not weakly identified participants when perceptions of the ingroup’s low status were induced to be illegitimate (but not when they were induced to be legitimate) – as their perceptions of the group low status as being unstable over time increased in parallel. This, in turn, ameliorated their subsequent affect. These findings point to a fairness-based account of coping with social identity threat through biased effort attributions: Perceived low effort on the part of the ingroup may suggest factors potentially within group control in the future ( Weiner, 1986 ) (as opposed to the less controllable low ability), which may in turn suggest that the ingroup does not deserve the self-threatening low status.
Assessment of the long‐lead probabilistic prediction for the Asian summer monsoon precipitation (1983–2011) based on the APCC multimodel system and a statistical model
Authors: Sohn Soo‐Jin , Min Young‐Mi , Lee June‐Yi , Tam Chi‐Yung , Kang In‐Sik , Wang Bin , Ahn Joong‐Bae , Yamagata Toshio
Published: December 2011

The performance of the probabilistic multimodel prediction (PMMP) system of the APEC Climate Center (APCC) in predicting the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation at a four‐month lead (with February initial condition) was compared with that of a statistical model using hindcast data for 1983–2005 and real‐time forecasts for 2006–2011. Particular attention was paid to probabilistic precipitation forecasts for the boreal summer after the mature phase of El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Taking into account the fact that coupled models' skill for boreal spring and summer precipitation mainly comes from their ability to capture ENSO teleconnection, we developed the statistical model using linear regression with the preceding winter ENSO condition as the predictor. Our results reveal several advantages and disadvantages in both forecast systems. First, the PMMP appears to have higher skills for both above‐ and below‐normal categories in the six‐year real‐time forecast period, whereas the cross‐validated statistical model has higher skills during the 23‐year hindcast period. This implies that the cross‐validated statistical skill may be overestimated. Second, the PMMP is the better tool for capturing atypical ENSO (or non‐canonical ENSO related) teleconnection, which has affected the ASM precipitation during the early 1990s and in the recent decade. Third, the statistical model is more sensitive to the ENSO phase and has an advantage in predicting the ASM precipitation after the mature phase of La Niña.
Optical properties and chemical composition of aerosol particles at an urban location: An estimation of the aerosol mass scattering and absorption efficiencies
Authors: Titos G. , Foyo‐Moreno I. , Lyamani H. , Querol X. , Alastuey A. , Alados‐Arboledas L.
Published: December 2011

We investigated aerosol optical properties, mass concentration and chemical composition over a 1 year period (from March 2006 to February 2007) at an urban site in Southern Spain (Granada, 37.18°N, 3.58°W, 680 m above sea level). Light‐scattering and absorption measurements were performed using an integrating nephelometer and a MultiAngle Absorption Photometer (MAAP), respectively, with no aerosol size cut‐off and without any conditioning of the sampled air. PM10 and PM1 (ambient air levels of atmospheric particulate matter finer than 10 and 1 microns) were collected with two high volume samplers, and the chemical composition was investigated for all samples. Relative humidity (RH) within the nephelometer was below 50% and the weighting of the filters was also at RH of 50%. PM10 and PM1 mass concentrations showed a mean value of 44 ± 19 μg/m3 and 15 ± 7 μg/m3, respectively. The mineral matter was the major constituent of the PM10–1 fraction (contributing more than 58%) whereas organic matter and elemental carbon (OM+EC) contributed the most to the PM1 fraction (around 43%). The absorption coefficient at 550 nm showed a mean value of 24 ± 9 Mm−1 and the scattering coefficient at 550 nm presented a mean value of 61 ± 25 Mm−1, typical of urban areas. Both the scattering and the absorption coefficients exhibited the highest values during winter and the lowest during summer, due to the increase in the anthropogenic contribution and the lower development of the convective mixing layer during winter. A very low mean value of the single scattering albedo of 0.71 ± 0.07 at 550 nm was calculated, suggesting that urban aerosols in this site contain a large fraction of absorbing material. Mass scattering and absorption efficiencies of PM10 particles exhibited larger values during winter and lower during summer, showing a similar trend to PM1 and opposite to PM10–1. This seasonality is therefore influenced by the variations on PM composition. In addition, the mass scattering efficiency of the major aerosol constituents in PM10 were also calculated applying the multilinear regression (MLR) analysis. Among all of them, the most efficient in terms of scattering was sulfate ion (7 ± 1 m2g−1) while the least efficient was the mineral matter (0.2 ± 0.3 m2g−1). On the other hand, we found that the absorption process was mainly dominated by carbonaceous particles.
The role of connectivity in the theory of saturated/unsaturated flow through swelling media
Authors: Kleinfelter‐Domelle N. , Cushman J. H.
Published: December 2011

A thermodynamically consistent model for multiphase flow which allows for connected and disconnected phases in a swelling medium is developed using hybrid mixture theory with three spatial scales. The mesoscale of the medium consists of swelling particles and two bulk phases, such as liquid water and vapor. The particles are a combination of a vicinal liquid and a solid, which may swell or shrink as a result of interaction with the other bulk phases; an example is a mixture of montmorillonite platelets and water. The theory defines connected and disconnected bulk phases of liquid and vapor at the mesoscale to create a dual‐porosity type model at the macroscale. The disconnected vapor phase consists of either buoyant bubbles or confined vapor packets. The incorporation of disconnected and connected phases is useful for modeling unsaturated swelling systems. The macroscale solid phase volume fraction is refined from previous hybrid mixture approaches for two‐phase multiscale problems and is fully utilized in the field equations and the constitutive theory. Macroscale equations for each of the six phases are presented with bulk regions separated into connected and disconnected domains. A constitutive theory is derived by exploiting the entropy inequality for the mixture. Generalized Darcy's laws and the final set of field equations for the system are presented and compared with previous hybrid mixture theoretic results. Classical parallel flow models only consider disconnected bulk regions and therefore are only appropriate for drainage; the current system can be useful for both imbibition and drainage, including extremely dry systems.