bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of infection and disease progression in children exposed to tuberculosis at home, Colombia
Authors: Benjumea Bedoya Dione , Marín Diana M , Robledo Jaime , Barrera Luis F , López Lucelly , Del Corral Helena , Ferro Beatriz E , Villegas Sonia L , Díaz María Lilia , Rojas Carlos A , García Luis F , Arbeláez María P
Published: August 2020

Aim: To assess the risk of tuberculosis (infection and disease) in children less than 15 years’ old who are household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in three Colombian cities (Medellín, Cali, and Popayán).

Methods: A cohort of 1,040 children household contacts of 380 adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was followed up for 24 months. Study period 2005-2009.

Results: Tuberculin skin test was positive (≥10 mm) in 43.7% (95% CI: 39.2-48.2). Tuberculin skin test positivity was associated with age 10-14 years (Prevalence Ratio -PR= 1.43, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), having a BCG vaccine scar (PR= 1.52, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), underweight, closer proximity to the index case and exposure time >3 months. The annual risk of infection (tuberculin skin test induration increase of 6 mm or more per year) was 17% (95% CI: 11.8-22.2) and was associated with a bacillary load of the adult index case (Relative Risk -RR= 2.12, 95% CI: 1.0-4.3). The incidence rate of active tuberculosis was 12.4 cases per 1,000 persons-year. Children <5 years without BCG vaccine scar had a greater risk of developing active disease (Hazard Ratio -HR= 6.00, 95% CI: 1.3-28.3) than those with scar (HR= 1.33, 95% CI: 0.5-3.4). The risk of developing active tuberculosis augmented along with the increase from initial tuberculin skin test (tuberculin skin test 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, 95% CI: 2.5-29.2; tuberculin skin test ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, 95% CI: 2.0-32.9).

Conclusions: There is a need for prompt interruption of adult-to-children tuberculosis transmission within households. Conducting proper contact investigation and offering chemoprophylaxis to infected children could reduce tuberculosis transmission.
Trends in cancer incidence in Uruguay:2002 - 2015
Authors: Garau Mariela , Musetti Carina , Alonso Rafael , Barrios Enrique
Published: August 2020

Background: Uruguay is the southamerican country which has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates. The National Cancer Registry collects data on cancer cases nationwide since 1989 and has reached high quality standards in the last decades. This is the first report on incidence trends.
Methods: Data from the National Cancer Registry of all new cases of invasive cancer from twelve sites diagnosed in 2002-2015 was analyzed.  Age-standardized rates were calculated. Trends of incidence rates were analyzed using joinpoint regression models.
Results For both, men and women, incidence rates trends for all cancer sites, colo-rectal and bladder cancer remained stable. Esophageal and gastric cancers descend while Thyroid and kidney cancer incidence increased. In men lung cancer decreased; testicular cancer increased, and prostate cancer increased at the beginning of the period and decreased in the final years. In women; lung cancer increased, breast cancer remained stable and cervical cancer presented a significant decline from 2005 to 2010 and reached a plateau since then.
Conclusion: Cancer incidence dynamics are complex and affected not only by Public Health policies such as tobacco control, vaccination and screening programs, but also by environmental and life style changes and the attitude of the medical community towards the application of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The aim of this paper is to analyze cancer incidence time trends in the country and provide possible explanations to them.
Political resource of ethnic identity in the conditions of transformation of the modern world structure
Authors: Igosheva Maryna Anatol'evna
Published: August 2020

The subject of this research is the problem of politicization of ethnicity. This trend is substantiated by actualization of ethnic identity, which received the name of “ethnic renaissance” that affected the majority of population in different countries and continents, and became a natural response to the challenges of globalization. The author examines such aspects of the topic, as the analysis of politicization of ethnicity in the scientific discourse, process of political mobilization of ethnic communities and its stages, types of secession movements and their characteristics. Special attention is paid to the problems of ethnic separatism and ethnonationalism, which are the result of politicization of ethnic factor. It is noted that in the conditions of ambiguous global transformations, ethnic identity activates the political resource, successfully used in the conditions of informatization of society at various levels of sociality: macro, mezo, micro. Methodological framework is comprised of constructivist paradigm that allows viewing ethnic identity as the method of organization of sociocultural being of commonality based on delineation of its “symbolic” boundaries. The acquired results allow to theoretically substantiate that ethnic identity possesses strong political potential, which creates the centers of tension and conflicts worldwide. In the conditions of transformation of the international system and new round of geopolitical confrontation, the political resource of ethnicity is fully utilized. The process of political mobilization of ethnos includes the following stages: 1) formation of political consciousness among the representatives of ethnic group; 2) ethnopolitical mobilization; 3) organization of ethno-national movement. At first two stages, the paramount role is played by political elites, and at the third – by ethnic ideology. In the current conditions of nonlinear dynamics of world system, the emergence of a large number of geopolitical actors following various goals, as well as usage of information technologies, ethnic identity is an effective instrument for consolidation, as well as deconsolidation of groups by ethnic grounds, obtains its political agency.
ФОРМУВАННЯ КІЛЬКІСНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ВИПРОБУВАНЬ ДЛЯ ОДЕРЖАННЯ ТОЧКОВИХ ОЦІНОК ЗАДАНОЇ ЯКОСТІ
Authors: Korniіenko Svitlana , Korniienko Ihor , Dmytriiev Volodymyr , Pavlenko Anatolii
Published: August 2020

Актуальність теми дослідження. Одне з найважливіших і трудомістких завдань при підготовці методик випробувань полягає в розрахунках кількісних характеристик випробувань, автоматизація яких при масовому проведенні випробувань стає актуальним завданням. Постановка проблеми. Ефективність функціонування випробувальної організації визначається часовими та якісними характеристиками проведення випробувань, де під якістю випробування розуміється відповідність одержаних оцінок параметрам випробувальних зразків. Вірогідність оцінок досягається неухильним та правильним проведенням випробування відповідно до розробленої методики, у якій вказуються, зокрема кількісні характеристики випробування конкретного зразка. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. На сьогодні є багато фундаментальних праць з питань планування експериментів, обробки їх результатів та одержання оцінок заданої якості. Останнім часом чимало наукових робіт присвячено автоматизації процесів підготовки, проведення та обробки результатів випробувань. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Алгоритмізація та автоматизація процесів планування у випробувальній організації має на меті суттєве спрощення, прискорення та позбавлення помилок при розробці
методик випробування озброєння та військової техніки. Постановка завдання. Для моделювання процесів функціонування випробувальної організації і знаходження оптимальних режимів структури та параметрів виробничого процесу пропонується використання аналітичної моделі теорії систем масового обслуговування. Одним зі структурних елементів моделі має бути модуль планування випробувань, для якого необхідно розробити та підготувати до алгоритмування математичний апарат визначення кількісних характеристик плану проведення випробувань для одержання точкових оцінок параметрів зразку заданої точності й надійності, а також втрати надійності точкової оцінки внаслідок змушеного зменшення кількості випробувань. Виклад основного матеріалу. Сформовано структурно-функціональну схему модуля розрахунків кількісних характеристик випробувань. Розглянуто теоретичне питання одержання точкових оцінок параметрів випробувального зразку заданої точності та надійності. Обчислені кількісні характеристики випробувань для стандартизованих значень точності та надійності. Розглянуто питання зниження надійності оцінок при вимушеному зменшенні
кількості дослідів. Визначені кількісні характеристики серійності випробувань для забезпечення надійності оцінок. Висновки відповідно до статті. Застосування розглянутого математичного апарату визначення кількісних показників плану проведення випробувань для одержання точкових оцінок параметрів зразку заданої точності й надійності в системі планування та управління випробуваннями дозволить суттєво скоротити часові витрати на підготовку до випробування, а алгоритмізація та подальша автоматизація дасть змогу уникнути впливу людського чинника при підготовці методик випробування.
Šķērssubsidēšanas pieļaujamība FKTK finansēšanas modelī
Authors: Grasis Jānis
Published: August 2020

Rakstā ir analizēts Latvijas Republikas Satversmes tiesas spriedums lietā Nr. 2019-09-03, kuras izskatīšanā piedalījos kā pieaicinātā persona. AS “PNB Banka” iesniedza konstitucionālās sūdzības pieteikumu par Finanšu un kapitāla tirgus komisijas (FKTK) normatīvo noteikumu Nr. 198 “Finanšu un kapitāla tirgus dalībnieku maksājumu apmēra Finanšu un kapitāla tirgus komisijas finansēšanai 2019. gadā noteikšanas un pārskatu iesniegšanas normatīvie noteikumi” 2.11. punkta neatbilstību Latvijas Republikas Satversmes 1. pantam, 89. pantam un 91. panta pirmajam teikumam [3]. Satversmes tiesa atzina, ka apstrīdētā norma neatbilst Satversmes 91. panta pirmajam teikumam, jo apstrīdētajā normā paredzētā atšķirīgā attieksme nav noteikta saskaņā ar normatīvajos aktos paredzētā kārtībā pieņemtu tiesību normu. ﻿﻿Šī raksta autors sniedza Satversmes tiesai arī savus apsvērumus šīs konstitucionālās sūdzības sakarā.

﻿The article analyses the judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in case 2019-09-03, in which the author of the article participated as the guest person. The application for a constitutional complaint was submitted by AS “PNB Bank” regarding the non-compliance of Section 2.11 of the Regulation No 198 of the Financial and Capital Market Commission for the financing of the Financial and Capital Market Commission in 2019 with Article 1, Article 89 and with the first sentence of Article 91 of the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia. The Constitutional Court acknowledged that, since the contested rule does not prescribe a different treatment according to a rule of law adopted in accordance with the procedures provided for by regulatory enactments, it was recognised that the contested rule does not comply with the first sentence of Article 91 of the Constitution. The author also provided the Constitutional Court with his observations on this constitutional complaint.
Personas elektroniskās identifikācijas tiesiskā regulējuma problemātika
Authors: Mote Dace
Published: August 2020

Attīstoties informācijas tehnoloģijām un digitālajiem risinājumiem, pieaug iedzīvotāju vēlme saņemt pakalpojumus elektroniski – vai tie būtu sadzīviska rakstura pakalpojumi vai valsts un pašvaldības iestāžu piedāvātie elektroniskie pakalpojumi. Lai persona varētu saņemt attālinātus iestāžu pakalpojumus, tai ir nepieciešams elektroniski identificēties. Personas veiksmīgas elektroniskās identifikācijas būtiskākās komponentes ir abu pušu saistību izpilde personas datu drošības jautājumos un pakalpojumu sniedzēja spēja tehniski nodrošināt personas elektronisko identifikāciju. ﻿﻿Rakstā tiek apskatīti elektroniskās identifikācijas veidi, to raksturojums un tiesiskie aspekti, izvērtējot tiesisko regulējumu, pieejamo literatūru un aktuālo tiesu praksi elektroniskās identificēšanas jautājumos. Raksts ir balstīts uz autores izstrādāto maģistra darbu, kurā tika pētīti personas elektroniskās identifikācijas riski un tiesiskā regulējuma problemātika.

﻿﻿With the development of information technologies and digital solutions, desire of people to receive services electronically increases – whether it is a domestic or an electronic service offered by state or municipal authorities. In order to receive services of authorities remotely, a person needs to be identified electronically. The most important components of a person’s successful electronic identification are the fulfillment of both parties’ obligations on personal data security issues and the ability of the service provider to technically secure the person’s electronic identification. The Author of the paper has analysed types of person’s electronic identification, their characterisation and legal aspects, evaluating legal regulation, available literature and current court practice in electronic identification issues. The article is based on the author’s Master’s thesis, which explored the risks of electronic identification of a person and the issues of legal regulation.
Neoliberal Impact on Social Work in South African Non-Governmental Organisations
Authors: Ornellas Abigail , Engelbrecht Lambert K
Published: August 2020

The South African social work profession, which can be considered to still be in the early stages of rebirth post-apartheid, has been affected by neoliberal compromise. This paper reflects on the impact of neoliberalism on South African social work, particularly within the context of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as perceived and experienced by front-line social workers and social work managers. The findings highlight some of the unseen struggles of South African social work practice, as the profession is caught between the demands of social development and neoliberalism. This study invites the voices of front-line social workers to join academic debate and offer on-the-ground insight which social work academics might not be able to identify. In doing so, the discussion around neoliberal impact on South African social work and NGOs is deepened, allowing for authentic reflection on the challenges for the profession within an environment of neoliberal and developmental conflict.
A Process Model of Social Development Supervision in Social Work
Authors: Ncube Mpumelelo
Published: August 2020

Supervision practice in social work is understood as the mainstay of the profession. However, various studies have pointed to the inadequacies of supervision to facilitate quality service provision. Previous studies have reflected a general misalignment between the approach to supervision practice and the approach to social work practice as one inadequacy leading to the failure of supervision practice. Although there are numerous supervision models in the profession, some of which are aligned with certain practice approaches, none is directly identifiable with the social development approach, which should be at the core of social work orientation in South Africa. Thus, this article provides a process model of supervision in social work that aims to establish a dialectical relationship between supervision and the social development practice approach. The study was underpinned by Thomas’ research and design process, which was used to design and develop a social work supervision model mirroring a social development approach. The paper concludes with recommendations related to the use of the developed model.
Supervisory Experiences of Social Workers in Child Protection Services
Authors: Vetfuti Nkosinathi , Goliath Veonna Marie , Perumal Nevashnee
Published: August 2020

Social work in the child protection field presents an opportunity to positively transform the lives and future of vulnerable children, but frequently at a cost to the mental health and well-being of the social workers concerned. Social workers must constantly manage children’s trauma, resource challenges and parents’ emotions. Providing supervision to social workers is mandatory in the social work profession. Although there are three functions of supervision, it is argued that the support function is neglected in favour of the administrative and educational functions of supervision. The support function of supervision aims to equip social workers to manage their work-related stress especially in the field of child protection. In light of the literature reviewed on the benefits of the support function of supervision juxtaposed with contrasting anecdotal evidence that suggests a neglect of the support function of supervision in practice, a qualitative study was undertaken in South Africa with the aim of enhancing the understanding of the experiences of social workers in child protection services in respect of the support function of supervision. The study’s major finding pointed to an absence of the support function in supervision. Child protection social workers experienced a need for continuing professional development to increase their competence and reduce burnout. The findings also highlighted the value of peer support as a significant experience in child protection work. It was concluded that organisational compliance with the minimum standards set out in the Supervision Framework of the Department of Social Development, in partnership with the South African Council for Social Service Professions, and the inclusion of peer mentoring could contribute significantly in enhancing the mental health and well-being of child protection social workers.
Coping with and Satisfaction of Life among Adolescents: Family Structure and Gender
Authors: George Ancel Andrew , Sloley Chad
Published: August 2020

Changes within the social environment of adolescents’ family structure have the ability to influence the personal growth and well-being of adolescents. This study seeks to analyse if family structure and gender (demographic factors) moderate the relationship between satisfaction with life (SWL) and coping. Following a quantitative approach, a correlational design was used. The research sample consisted of 495 learners drawn from 10 schools in five districts of the Free State province in South Africa. Data collection used a biographical questionnaire, the Revised Coping Schemas Inventory as well as the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Multiple regression analyses yielded a positive correlation between adolescent coping and SWL. Family structure moderated the relationship between SWL and acceptance, meaning, social resilience support, self-restructure, and tension reduction as coping strategies. Further research investigating the relationship between SWL and race or ethnicity, specific family structures, as well as coping throughout adolescence is recommended.
Girls with Disabilities in Zimbabwe's Inclusive Rural Schools: Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Dziva Cowen , Du Plessis Gretchen Erika
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to understand the social and academic experiences of girls with disabilities (GWD) in Zimbabwe’s inclusive secondary rural schools. Guided by the concepts of the critical feminist disability theory, data were collected through in-depth interviews with five purposefully selected girls with physical and sensory disabilities and five special-needs teachers. The findings reveal that, despite the presence of supportive attitudes and resource centres, these GWD’s basic right to quality, inclusive education is negated in rural schools. The research participants narrated their struggles with barriers created by negative attitudes, resource constraints and inaccessible environments. The intersection of gender, disability and rurality contour the experiences of GWD. In particular, resilient patriarchal, religious and societal norms prefigure GWD as abject beings, unworthy of investment by some parents, teachers and state officials. Thus, the notion of inclusive education as adopted in Zimbabwean official policies does not appear to be supported by the implementation or awareness raising of teachers and school leaders in the Mberengwa district of Zimbabwe’s Midlands Province.
The Lived Experiences of Community Caregivers Who Use Integrative Mind-Body-Spirit Practices
Authors: Turton Yasmin
Published: August 2020

This article demonstrates the use of integrative mind-body-spirit practices as experienced by a group of caregivers from a poor, working class community on the outskirts of Johannesburg, South Africa. The social work profession in South Africa has been influenced by Western models of practice that do not necessarily respond to the needs of many communities. To be more responsive to communities and to provide a holistic and integrative approach, this study demonstrates the contribution that integrative mind-body-spirit practices can make to social work interventions with communities. Sixteen women participated in a qualitative study that sought to understand how they experienced and interpreted the use and benefits of integrative mind-body-spirit practices. Interpretive phenomenology was used as the research design to explore how the participants made sense of and gave meaning to their experiences. The participants were first empowered with integrative mind-body-spirit practices and implemented these as homework over a period of sixteen weeks. The data were collected through focus group sessions, using a topic guide to facilitate the group discussions. The data were analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis. The findings demonstrated that the use of integrative mind-body-spirit practices provided the participants with the tools for self-healing and wellness that were self-nurturing beyond basic survival. Integrative mind-body-spirit practices provided them with tools and techniques to manage their day-to-day lives better. The author concludes that social workers must be introduced to integrative mind-body-spirit practices as an additional set of tools and techniques to have at their disposal, and that does not rely on talking only.
Effective Child Welfare Institutions in Uganda: Prerequisite Organisational and Systems Attributes
Authors: Omona Julius
Published: August 2020

This article presents a review of the organisational and systems attributes that contribute to effective child welfare institutions in Uganda. The review was motivated by a baseline study of 29 child welfare institutions in Uganda which established that the institutions were generally not effective owing to the compromised quality of the services and care they give to children. The aim of this study is to broadly examine the characteristics of an effective organisation and systems of child welfare, specifically from an institutional perspective, in order to inform practice and contribute to promoting professional care of children in Uganda. The review was premised on organisational and systems theories. The review revealed that there are many organisational and systems characteristics that a child welfare institution should exhibit if it is to provide effective services to children. These characteristics are embedded within internal and external institutional processes. It was also found that these processes have a direct effect on the organisational outputs and the welfare of the children. The findings are deemed applicable to all social work contexts in this globalising world, where the principles of social work practice are the same. Though the problem that motivated the review is Uganda-based, the citations are predominantly United States-based because, despite their own flaws, the US institutions provide a model for child welfare services globally.
Factors that Motivate African Women in South Africa to Depart from Kinship Care to Legal Adoption of Non-Kin Children
Authors: Gerrand Priscilla Ann , Warria Ajwang'
Published: August 2020

For hundreds of adoptable African babies in South Africa, their right to be permanently raised in a loving family environment is not being realised because there are an inadequate number of adopters. To help deal with this child welfare challenge, a study was conducted in South Africa to investigate what factors affect the decision-making processes of Africans regarding the legal adoption of non-kin children, because only a small number choose the legal adoption trajectory to parenthood. To acquire this knowledge, the grounded theory research method of Corbin and Strauss was implemented. Data were gathered by personally interviewing five different cohorts of African participants; most being women. It was found that African women usually decide to legally adopt non-kin children because their desire to mother permanently is not realised when engaging in kinship care. The four main reasons they turn to legal adoption of non-kin children are: (1) legal adoption offers security because it is a permanent childcare arrangement; (2) legal adoption provides a sense of “ownership” because the adopter acquires full parental rights and responsibilities for raising the adopted child; (3) once accepting infertility, legal adoption can ease the psycho-emotional pain of infertility; and (4) the desire to nurture an infant can be realised through legal adoption. Recommendations for practice and future research regarding this phenomenon are discussed.
Fathers’ Experiences after their Exposure to a Fatherhood Intervention Programme
Authors: Erasmus Charlene , Carelse Shernaaz , Payne Jessica
Published: August 2020

Fatherhood intervention programmes seek to redress fundamental issues that prevent men from succeeding in their fathering role. An understanding and evidence of the influence of fatherhood interventions on the role of the father in the family are thus required. This study, conducted in South Africa, explored the perceptions and experiences of fathers and their partners after the fathers’ exposure to a fatherhood intervention programme. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was utilised to this end. A thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and three main themes emerged from the analysis. The study found that fathers and their partners perceived and experienced the fathers to be more involved, responsible, and sharing in parenthood after exposure to the fatherhood intervention programme. This led to an increase of father involvement with children – childcare activities, schoolwork, the well-being of the children, and an increase in involvement in the home.
Abnormal uterine bleeding: we diagnose and choose treatment
Authors: Chernuha G E , Ilina L M , Ivanov I A
Published: August 2020

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common frequent reasons for contacting a gynecologist and conducting intrauterine interventions. AUB causes iron deficiency anemia and a decrease quality of life of women, which in turn is the reason of their social and clinical significance. Based on the analysis of literature and international data recommendations, the review outlines the basic principles of AUB diagnosis, non-hormonal and hormone therapy Advantages of continuous regimen for the administration of progestogens, in particular the LNG-IUS, and COCs containing estradiol valerate, to reduce menstrual flow blood loss are presented in the article. The need for a differentiated approach of choosing the therapy based on age, causes of bleeding, and balance benefits and risks of medicines.
The health status of children who had cardiac surgery in the first 3 months of life due to coarctation of the aorta
Authors:   Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia, Delyagin Vasiliy M.
Published: August 2020

Актуальность. Врожденные пороки сердца (ВПС) как причина инвалидности находятся на 2-м месте после поражения центральной нервной си-стемы. Возможности современной медицины значительно увеличили показатель выживаемости таких детей. Значительная часть новорожденных с ВПС доживает до взрослого возраста. Стоит задача обеспечения таким людям максимально возможного качества жизни, что неосуществимо без интегральных исследований состояния здоровья в отдаленном послеоперационном периоде. Материалы и методы. Наблюдали 12 детей (6 девочек и 6 мальчиков), оперированных по поводу коарктации аорты. Длительность наблюдения 1–9 лет (Ме – 5,5). Результаты. Коарктация аорты сочеталась с другими пороками (11/12): аномалии клапана аорты с умеренным нарушением гемодинамики (4/12), дефекты перегородок сердца (5/12), открытый артериальный проток (4/12). Зарегистрировано сочетание пороков. В отдаленном периоде выявля-лись неусидчивость, сложности в усвоении школьной программы, нарушения сна, невротические реакции, микроаденома гипофиза, железодефи-цитная анемия, инфантильная анорексия. Часто отмечались аллергические реакции, боли в животе, запоры, гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, на-рушения осанки, аномалии прикуса и роста зубов, грыжи, деформации стоп. Заключение. ВПС не изолированный дефект структуры сердца, а страдание всех тканей и структур сердца (поэтому правомочен термин «хрони-ческая болезнь сердца»). Но одновременно страдают и другие системы организма в результате нарушения кровообращения и сопутствующих со-стояний. Даются рекомендации по совершенствованию помощи детям с ВПС. Ключевые слова: дети, аорта, коарктация, отдаленные исходы. Для цитирования: Делягин В.М. Состояние здоровья детей, перенесших кардиохирургическое вмешательство в первые 3 мес жизни по поводу коарктации аорты. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 1: 48–51. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2020.1.200002
A rational approach to the choice of antiviral therapy for acute respiratory infections in children
Authors:   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, Chugunova Olga L. , Melekhina Еlena V. ,   Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia, Muzyka Anna D. ,   Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia
Published: August 2020

В статье рассматриваются вопросы терапии острых респираторных заболеваний у детей на основании обсуждения современных особенностей этиологии, патогенеза, клинических проявлений. Изменение классической клинической картины течения острых респираторных инфекций в за-висимости от этиологии возбудителя, а также увеличивающаяся с каждым годом доля сочетанных инфекций диктует необходимость этиологиче-ской расшифровки случаев острых респираторных заболеваний у детей. Наиболее быстрым тестом (получение результата в течение нескольких часов), обладающим высокой чувствительностью и специфичностью, является обнаружение нуклеиновых кислот респираторных вирусов в мате-риале мазков из ротоглотки. Особенности взаимодействия герпесвирусов с клетками хозяина, длительное течение инфекционного процесса и изменение иммунологической реактивности вследствие этого определяют целесообразность назначения противовирусной терапии пациентам с клиническими проявлениями острых респираторных вирусных инфекций (ОРВИ) и активными формами герпесвирусных инфекций. На основании обследования более 1500 детей в возрасте от 1 года до 17 лет нами было показано, что до 90% инфицированы хотя бы одним герпесвирусом, наиболее часто встречающимся является вирус герпеса человека 6А/В. Указаны проблемные вопросы терапии ОРВИ, в том числе преобладание сочетанных инфекций, развитие вторичной иммунологической недостаточности и синдрома послевирусной астении. Результаты метаанализа, опубликованного в 2017 г., на основании 531 клинического исследования, продемонстрировали, что применение меглюмина акридонацетата в ка-честве профилактического и лечебного средства при острых респираторных заболеваниях, ОРВИ и гриппе у детей и взрослых более чем в 5 раз повышает шансы предотвратить развитие заболевания или перенести его в более легкой форме. Ключевые слова: ОРВИ, острые респираторные заболевания, герпесвирусные инфекции, меглюмина акридонацетат, дети. Для цитирования: Чугунова О.Л., Мелёхина Е.В., Музыка А.Д. Рациональный подход к выбору противовирусной терапии острых респираторных заболеваний у детей. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 1: 52–57. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2020.1.200082
The value of instrumental methods in the diagnostics of pneumonia in coronavirus infection
Authors:   Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Voitenkov Vladislav B. , Marchenko Natalya V. ,   Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Skripchenko Natalya V. ,   Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Kapiton Marina G. ,   Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Bedova Mariia A. ,   Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: August 2020

Приоритетным при инфекции, обусловленной коронавирусами, является своевременная диагностика таких ее проявлений, как вирусная пневмо-ния. Наряду с оценкой клинического статуса значимым является применение таких инструментальных методов визуализации, как компьютерная томография (КТ) и рентгенография легких. В оценке легочной паренхимы при вирусных пневмониях, в том числе и вызванных COVID-19, рентге-нография малоинформативна. Авторы предлагают тактику ранней инструментальной диагностики поражений легких и их функционального со-стояния при коронавирусной инфекции. Большей диагностической ценностью при вирусных интерстициальных пневмониях обладает КТ, которую авторы предлагают проводить в первую очередь. В условиях массового поступления пациентов и загруженности КТ предлагается проведение ультразвукового исследования легких как методики динамического наблюдения и скрининга с учетом свойственных ей ограничений. При необхо-димости объективизации функции легких целесообразно проводить спирометрию согласно установленным стандартам. Авторы отмечают, что для двусторонней интерстициальной вирусной пневмонии характерен рестриктивный паттерн изменений. В случае его выявления оцениваются также диффузионная способность и общая емкость легких. Ключевые слова: коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, инструментальная диагностика, компьютерная томография, спирометрия. Для цитирования: Войтенков В.Б., Марченко Н.В., Скрипченко Н.В. и др. Значение инструментальных методов в диагностике пневмонии при ко-ронавирусной инфекции. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 1: 20–25. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2020.1.200120
Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19
Authors: Aamir Khan  , Rajni K. Gurmule
Published: August 2020

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.
Integrative approach in Ayurveda for COVID -19- A Review
Authors: Punam Sawarkar  , Gaurav Sawarkar
Published: August 2020

Covid -19 outbreak is current frustating entity to medical field and having dreadful impacts on global health system & economy.As standard line of treatment for this entity is not yet established & current statistics based on its impacts of high mortality rate is really discoraging.This situation demands for alternative search for its treatment in other science & also emphasizes over importance of its prevention in current situation by improving immunity.Basic aim of this paper is to search various treatment & preventative regimes in Ayurveda for management of different Aoupasargic Roga i.e. communicable diaseses. Relevant literature regarding concept of communicable disease in Ayurveda was explored from available Ayurvedic compendium. Various references in Ayurveda shows that both preventaive & curative aspect of airborne communicable diseases can be fulfilled with the help of Ayurveda.By adopting Ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharaya , Rutucharya , Sadvritta,Achara Rasayana, Panchakarma , Shaman Cikitsa & Rasayana , Yogapachara ,Spiritual therapies,Dhoopana Karma; both physical and mental health can be maintained & occurrence & spreading of such diaseases can avoided.Ayurveda can give This is an encouraging development and a good initiative for the treatment.
The hidden positive effects of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Payal Sudhakar Kamdi  , Meena Shamrao Deogade
Published: August 2020

The Coronavirus disease spread like fire, and millions of cases have been reported worldwide, and thousands have died. So, many countries around the globe ordered lockdown to stop the spread of the Coronavirus, which caused significant economic fallout. But every incident has two aspects, positive and negative. This article aimed to study the positive effects of COVID-19 pandemic on some specific factors and to study this topic, datais collected from various websites, web blogs, newspapers and reports on the internet. This pandemic enforced the cancellation or postponement of multiple events, which leads to a reduction in travelling and subsequently there were fewer vehicles on the road, which leads to a decrease in air and water pollution. Road traffic accidents and crime rate had come down suddenly. Due to lockdown, there was a reduction in transportation and industrial activity which allowed Mother Nature to recharge and replenish. Due to lockdown, people spent quality time with their family, fulfilled their hobbies, learnt many new skills and understood the importance of sanitation, hand hygiene and social distancing. This pandemic is a lesson for us to learn many new things. This crisis revealed that there is a need to improve our healthcare system and clinical researches. Immunity of an individual can play an important role to fight these kinds of viral diseases, and these diseases can be avoided by simply following the basic concepts of the Ayurveda. This lockdown showed the short-term depletion in greenhouse gas emissions, but this is not an option for long-lasting climate change, and we have to think about a sustainable solution to save the environment.
Drugs For Ayurvedic Hand Sanitizer And Nasal Spray And Its Method Of Preparation
Authors: Ashiya A S Azim  , Dhirajsingh Rajput
Published: August 2020

Infection causing microbes spread through the air, water, contaminated food, cloth, equipment or from infected person to healthy one. The evidence collected on spreading mode of COVID-19 is mostly through skin contact and respiratory droplets. However, just in contact with the microbe is not enough to cause the disease. Reaching the germ to the internal body is the critical step involved in the manifestation of illness. Contact transmission for the sign of disease in an individual can occur from skin to the inner body especially when the infected part (mostly hands) reaches the mucous membrane of open cavities such as mouth, nose, eyes or open wound. Therefore the use of good quality sanitizers to prevent infections such as COVID-19 is one of the critical measures.Ayurveda is a rich source of vast information on therapeutic potentials of numerous herbs. Many simple to complex formulations can be prepared by using the therapeutic attributes of these herbs. Therefore in the present work, an attempt has been made to initiate the manufacturing of Ayurveda hand sanitizers based on various Ayurvedic medicated drugs mentioned in Samhitas, as developing countries such as India are facing a shortage of hand sanitizers which is a must prevent the spread of COVID-19. The shortage has resulted in an internal price hike, and thus there is a need for a homemade affordable way of sanitizing hands. Therefore by using a combination of antimicrobial, disinfectant, anti-allergic, skin disease curing herbs along can be recommended for the preparation of Ayurveda hand sensitizers. By using similar herbs, nasal spray and aerosols for cleaning and increasing the strength of the respiratory tract can also be prepared.
Role of antioxidant herbs and Yoga practices in prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Krushna Chaitanya Patnaik  , Dhirajsingh Rajput
Published: August 2020

Infectious diseases are the disorders caused by pathogenic organisms which are scary because most of us don’t have the sufficient knowledge about them. They are scarier because they can be dangerous and may lead to loss of life. We think about them only if we are health care workers or it happens to ourselves and our close ones. Immunity plays vital role in prevention of mechanism of the formation of diseases. Significant role of free radicals in initiating as well as improving immunity to minimize the diseases is major point of focus behind utilization of Anti-oxidant and rejuvenation therapy. Ayurveda has mentioned similar principles under the heading of . Present workis a review based on the previous published articles, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19 according to World Health Organization, Ayurveda aspect towards prevention of infectious diseases using antioxidant herbs and yoga practices. There are numerous antioxidant herbs and yoga but the specific mentioned seems to be more useful in developing immunity. The mentioned herbs may prove more useful in developing immunity.
Forensic neuroscience: starting with understanding basic processes
Authors: Eisenbarth Hedwig
Published: August 2020

No description supplied
Pengembangan Indikator Waste (Sampah) pada Penerapan Konsep Green Campus di Itenas (Hal. 122-132)
Authors: Nugroho Satrio Triadi Agung , Akmalah Emma , Ainun Siti
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKSampah merupakan salah satu faktor kerusakan lingkungan terutama di area kampus yang memiliki banyak timbulan sampah. Salah satu upaya untuk menyelamatkan lingkungan kampus adalah dengan menjalankan program green campus. Untuk menilai kegiatan green campus, Indonesia telah memiliki sistem penilaian yang dikeluarkan oleh Universitas Indonesia yaitu UI GreenMetric, dengan salah satu kategori yang dinilai adalah sampah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan indikator pada kategori sampah pada kampus Itenas, Bandung. Data yang diperlukan diperoleh melalui observasi dan studi literatur dan selanjutnya diolah dan dianalisis dengan metode pengembangan atau research and development. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah berupa perkembangan indikator dan sub-indikator yang dapat diterapkan di kampus Itenas yang juga dapat diterapkan di kampus lain.Kata kunci: sampah, green campus, Itenas, pengembangan indikator ABSTRACTWaste is one of the environmental damage factor, especially in campus areas that have a lot of waste generation. One of the efforts to save the campus environment is through the green campus program. To assess the green campus activities, Indonesia has a rating system issued by the University of Indonesia i.e UI GreenMetric, which has waste category. This study aims to develop indicators for waste category and applied at Itenas campus, Bandung. Data required for this research are obtained through observation and literature study and then processed and analyzed by research and development method. The results obtained are the development of indicators and sub-indicators that can be applied on the Itenas campus which can also be applied in other campuses. Keywords: waste, green campus, Itenas, indicators development.
Kajian Tarif Kereta Api Penumpang Pontianak – Sanggau Kalimantan Barat (Hal. 33-44)
Authors: Fatharani Azka Qonita , Triana Sofyan
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKPenetapan tarif kereta api yang berlaku adalah salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh penyedia jasa angkutan kereta api. Penyedia jasa angkutan kereta api dituntut memberikan fasilitas sarana dan prasarana serta pelayanan sebaik-baiknya agar sesuai dengan tarif yang dikeluarkan oleh penumpang kereta api. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besaran tarif kereta api penumpang yang berlaku berdasarkan biaya operasional kereta api. Perhitungan biaya operasional kereta api dan tarif kereta api mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia Nomor: 69 Tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Perhitungan dan Penetapan Tarif Angkutan Orang dengan Kereta Api. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa pola operasi kereta api, besaran penumpang kereta api, dan komponen biaya operasional kereta api. Dari hasil analisis data di dapatkan Biaya Operasional Kereta Api sebesar Rp63.749.645/lintas, besaran tarif dasar Rp998/penumpang km, dan  besaran tarif jarak untuk rute Pontianak-Sanggau sebesar Rp178.764/penumpang.Kata kunci: tarif, kereta api, biaya operasional kereta api ABSTRACTApplicable railway fare is one of the problems faced by the railway service providers. Railway service providers are required to provide facilities and infrastructure and services as well as possible to fit the fare issued by rail passengers. The purpose of this research is to know the amount of railway passengers fare that applies based on rail operational cost. The calculation of rail operational cost and railway fare refers to Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 69 of 2014 on Guidelines for Calculating and Stipulating Transit of People by Railway. The data used are secondary data in the form of railway operation pattern, railway passenger size, and rail operational cost component. From the result of data analysis, obtained the railway operational cost Rp63,749,645/cross, the basic cost Rp998/passenger km, and the distance cost for Pontianak-Sanggau route is Rp178,746/passenger.Keywords:  fare, train, train operational cost
Pengaruh Tension Crack (Tegangan Retak) pada Analisis Stabilitas Lereng menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga (Hal. 80-89)
Authors: Silmi Frizkia Azifa , Hamdhan Indra Noer
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKKondisi kemarau yang terus menerus menyebabkan kondisi lingkungan sekitar menjadi kekeringan. Jika hal tersebut  terjadi pada tanah khususnya lereng maka akan menimbulkan tegangan retak dan memicu terjadinya kelongsoran. Pemodelan ini mengkolaborasikan antara kedalaman tegangan retak, posisi tegangan retak serta kemiringan lereng dengan kondisi tanah tidak jenuh air dan kondisi tanah jenuh air menggunakan PLAXIS 2D dengan metode elemen hingga. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh nilai faktor keamanan untuk kondisi tanah tidak jenuh air berada pada 1,6-1,8 dengan kondisi aman sedangkan untuk kondisi jenuh air untuk kemiringan 1:1 dibawah satu atau berada pada kondisi tidak aman, kemiringan 1:1,5 dan kemiringan 1:2 berada pada 1,4-1,5 dengan kondisi aman.Kata kunci: tegangan retak, lereng dan Metode Elemen Hingga ABSTRACTDrought conditions that continue to cause environmental conditions become dry. If it happens to the ground especially the slope it will cause a Tension crack and trigger the occurrence of sliding. This model is collaborated among a depth of tension crack, position of tension crack and slope gradient with unsaturated soil condition and saturated soil condition using PLAXIS 2D with finite element method. The analysis result for the condition of unsaturated soil is at 1.6-1.8 with safe condition and for saturated soil condition for slope of 1: 1 under one or is in unsafe condition, slope of 1:1,5 and slope of 1:2 are at 1.4-1.5 with safe conditions.Keyword: tension crack, slope dan Finite Elemen Method