bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On “Love Experts,” Evil Princes, Gullible Princesses, and Frozen
Authors: Davis Amy M.
Published: April 2022

Frozen’s release in 2013 began a period of unprecedented popular and commercial success for an animated feature; several years after its cinematic release, Frozen remains a merchandizing and entertainment phenomenon. Additionally, it has spawned multiple short films and, in late 2019, a sequel. A recurring subject of discussion regarding Frozen is its emphasis on “sisterly” love as an important—if not the ultimate—form of true love celebrated by the films. Is this reading accurate? This chapter examines the evidence for these claims interrogates what kinds of love play what roles in the lives of Frozen’s characters, and presents a feminist analysis of the main characters, Anna and Elsa.
Children’s Films and the Avant-Garde
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina
Published: April 2022

IAbstract: This chapter focuses on the relationship between children’s films and avant-garde movements, with an emphasis on avant-garde films. The period it covers spans almost hundred years, from the 1920s to the present, and considers different genres and films from four countries: France, Germany, Russia, and the United States. After a definition and contextualization of the notion of “avant-garde” in general and “avant-garde film” in particular, the chapter first elaborates on early animation films and their relationship to avant-garde tendencies. It then examines the influence of the avant-garde on children’s films produced in the 1920s and 1930s. Next, the chapter discusses references to the avant-garde in children’s films produced in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by an analysis of two contemporary children’s films, which still show their directors’ interest in avant-garde filmmaking. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this topic for future research in the realm of children’s film studies.
Star Wars, Children’s Film Culture, and Fan Paratexts
Authors: Geraghty Lincoln
Published: April 2022

Star Wars is a prime example of contemporary transmedia storytelling and a modern children’s film franchise. The story and brand are spread out across multiple media platforms and paratexts, driven by a central narrative story arc. George Lucas is the original content creator, originator of the brand, and author of a series of films and associated texts that speak to a family audience. Since the Disney takeover of the Star Wars franchise, the transmedia story has remained an important part of the company’s strategy to produce new content for both children and adult fans. Star Wars fans are long-standing, multigenerational, and engage with transmedia texts across convergent media platforms to access new content. How they interact with franchise paratexts, such as collecting and modifying the toys, highlights the contemporary appeal of children’s film and the continuing effect of nostalgia on both general audiences and the global Star Wars fan community.
A Multimethod Study on Contemporary Young Audiences and Their Film/Cinema Discourses and Practices in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Veenstra Aleit , Meers Philippe , Biltereyst Daniël
Published: April 2022

This chapter investigates the role films and cinema play in young people’s everyday lives. The objective is to test Henry Jenkins’s concept of “convergence culture” with young film audiences. The first part of the chapter is an overview of contemporary theories about film audiences in the digital age in which young people are at the forefront of participation in new technologies. Arguments celebrating audiences’ newfound agency through the use of personalized media channels that allows them to pursue individual preferences are contrasted with arguments about structured limitations and corporate strategies. The second part of the chapter reports on a survey of young people in Flanders, Belgium, which asked the questions: Is cinema still relevant in popular youth culture? Which screens do young people prefer and use, for which films? Do they engage in activities around film? And is the classical divide Hollywood, European, and national cinema reflected in their discourses and practices? The conclusion reflects on the prominent place film continues to have for young people and problematizes the emphasis on active audiences.
Disney’s Adult Audiences
Authors: Mason James R.
Published: April 2022

Disney films are synonymous with children’s films, yet many adults also watch them, with or without children. Adult relationships with Disney films change, and the films that Disney releases change, but audience understandings about what a Disney film is can be inflexible. Using an innovative mixed methods approach, this chapter draws on a wider piece of research that first identifies common themes and attributes across 390 Disney films released between 1937 and 2015, drawing out issues relating to genre and representation. It then turns to adult audiences and their understanding of and relationships with Disney films, drawn from a sample survey and focus groups involving over 3,500 participants. Audience preconceptions and the reasons for adult enjoyment of or antagonism to Disney films is explored, considering how adult perceptions are matched by Disney’s actual film output.
Intertextuality and “Adult” Humour in Children’s Film
Authors: Summers Sam
Published: April 2022

iAbstract: Although intertextual jokes directed toward an adult audience have become ubiquitous in children’s films in twenty-first-century Western cinema, there is an inherent conflict that arises from their use. Utilizing a number of case studies from the recent history of children’s cinema, this chapter will explore the ways in which the push and pull between a film’s deference to a general audience of children or an audience of informed adults plays out on screen. By looking closely at the formal aspects of these jokes and their positioning in their movies’ narratives, the chapter describes the ways in which filmmaking techniques participate in and facilitate this double coding, often directing jokes toward particular audiences while ensuring continuity for others. Ultimately, it identifies three different strategies for including such that have been deployed to prioritize different segments of the audience.
Screening Innocence in Children’s Film
Authors: Olson Debbie
Published: April 2022

One of the defining features of childhood in Western popular culture is innocence, that state of purity or unknowing that forms the foundation for concepts like nostalgia. Innocence is an integral part of the cinematic geography of children’s films. This chapter examines the ways cinema manufactures, privileges, and interrogates notions of innocence in film. While there are numerous films made for children that do not feature children (including many animated features), this chapter focuses the discussion of innocence on select case studies of live-action films for children and families that star children. Although innocence is key to any depiction of the child—whether it is being challenged or reinforced—many of the films examined here rely on a central belief in the innocence of the child as an ontological condition, one that either remains intact, is unsettled, or lost completely.
Searching the Notes—All of Them
Authors: Rodin Jesse
Published: April 2022

To understand a musical corpus one must attend to its details. But musical details are notoriously hard to control: without months or even years of close study, how can one know if a given melodic gesture is rare or commonplace, a given contrapuntal progression mysterious or mundane? This essay introduces the Josquin Research Project (http://josquin.stanford.edu), a tool for exploring a central repertory of polyphonic music, ca. 1420–1520. A series of case studies shows how digital resources can facilitate finely tuned musical search and analysis of a sort that is otherwise all but impossible—and how research of this kind can profitably change our engagement with musical corpora.
Close and Distant Reading
Authors: Freedman Richard
Published: April 2022

The sixteen volumes of four-voice Chansons nouvelles published in Paris by Nicolas Du Chemin between 1549 and 1568 contain some 380 chansons. A typological thesaurus of musical devices provided a common vocabulary for analysts who systematically searched through about 200 of the complete works, eventually building a database of some 11,000 individual events. This database served as the reference point for the author’s team’s attempts to reconstruct the missing parts in dozens of incomplete pieces from the last five books, which are themselves arrayed in digital editions that allow users to compare and comment on the solutions. This database, however, can also be read in the aggregate, inviting us to imagine new possibilities of distant as well as close readings of texts, surveying stylistic patterns in hundreds of encoded compositions at once, or entertaining questions of style and authenticity.
When the Extraordinary Becomes Mundane
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A. , Sobieraj Sarah
Published: April 2022

This introduction explores sociology’s late entrance to the study of digital media and highlights the value of a sociological lens in helping us re-recognize them as extraordinary even as they begin to feel mundane. We then outline the theoretical and substantive contributions of this volume and its theoretical interventions into existing conceptualizations of the digital self, digital economy, and digital society. The volume explores the way digital media affect key social institutions, influence understandings of identity and community, and reproduce (as well as challenge) social and political inequity. The chapter concludes with a call for sociologists to engage in more interdisciplinary endeavors and to shift their focus beyond North America, Europe, and Australia.
American Indian Leadership
Authors: Jolivétte Andrew J.
Published: April 2022

Gender diversity in Native American and Indigenous communities is deeply embedded in a long genealogical history of culturally rooted ontologies that inform contemporary sociological understanding of geographies of gender. This chapter defines geographies of gender as those sites of convergence where Indigenous place-making intersects with settler scripts to resist, remake, and restore tribal and urban Indian-specific notions of gender thrivance. Geographies of gender are therefore a methodological intervening in settler constructions of gender and sexuality. This chapter applies this concept within the United States, with a specific focus on the San Francisco Bay Area and Southwest Louisiana. It challenges the Eurocentric binary construction of gender through an examination of Two-Spirit history as well as by documenting the often underrepresented leadership contributions of American Indian women who engage culturally specific practices to advance Native American and other Indigenous communities. The lives of five women leaders demonstrate how geographies of gender are not only land- and place-based, but also embedded within a cultural system that is specific to Indigenous worldviews and practices.
Multidimensionality and Superdiversity
Authors: Lessard-Phillips Laurence , Fajth Veronika
Published: April 2022

Multidimensionality has recently arisen as a (welcomed) concern in scholarship around superdiversity and related fields. It is based on the understanding that multiple, interactive, and interdependent domains are present and need to be considered empirically, ideally in a simultaneous manner. This chapter aims to explore the ways in which multidimensionality could be examined from a quantitative empirical perspective, given its relatively rare occurrence thus far in the field of superdiversity. It examines how multidimensionality has been conceptualized and analyzed within superdiversity and draws further examples on how multidimensionality may be engaged with from related fields such as social exclusion, migrant integration, and race studies. The chapter sheds light on two main kinds of approaches to multidimensionality, terming them multidimensionality of characteristics and multidimensionality of outcomes. Superdiversity has so far tended to focus on the former. Overall, within and beyond superdiversity, the study of multidimensionality opens interesting avenues for empirical enquiry. It raises conceptual questions and methodological challenges, especially with regard to measurement and analytical strategies. The chapter argues that the notion of multidimensionality, rather than being limiting, calls for the potential emergence of quantitative empirical research within superdiversity scholarship as an exciting avenue for inquiry, despite potential limitations.
Migrants and New Media
Authors: Palmberger Monika
Published: April 2022

This chapter brings superdiversity into conversation with digital ethnography and transnationalism. It argues that there is a need to include digitalized lifeworlds and, especially, practices related to new information and communication technologies in ethnographies of superdiversity in order to do justice to the social relations and the complexities involved. First, the chapter provides a broad overview of the historical importance of information and communication technologies for migrants and the study of migrants’ lives and of the evolving research field of digital migration studies. It will then bring digital migration studies into conversation with the superdiversity debates, particularly through a (shared) focus on transnationalism. From a methodological perspective, it suggests a digital ethnographic approach for further interweaving these still widely separate research fields. Ultimately, the chapter outlines how a digital ethnography approach can advance conceptual and theory-driven discussions about superdiversity. The chapter ends with an outlook and by raising key questions to be tackled.
Anthropological Perspectives on Superdiversity
Authors: Berg Mette Louise
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses anthropological perspectives on superdiversity and includes reflections on why anthropology as a discipline has been reluctant to engage with the term. Superdiversity and its reception within the discipline is then compared with how semantically proximate concepts—namely migration, transnationalism, and multiculture—were received and developed. The long shadow of functionalism and its interest in stasis and bounded culture is discussed, and alternative or subliminal genealogies for superdiversity are presented, including, especially, the anthropology of the Caribbean. The discipline’s reluctance to engage with race and working-class culture is contextualized, and it is shown how this led to scholarship on multiculture developing separately from that of migration. The emergence of transnationalism in the 1990s made it possible for anthropology to reconceptualize long-held ideas around mixing, cultural fluidity, and relationships between culture and territoriality, but transnationalism was relatively weak on the understanding of interethnic relations in areas of migrant settlement. It is noted that transnationalism poses fundamental challenges to ethnographic fieldwork conventionally conceived, and that this is also the case for superdiversity. To overcome these challenges, it is proposed that collaborative, participatory, and team-based ethnographies that also seek to decolonize ethnography, offer a promising way forward. In the conclusion, proposals are made that seek to bring anthropological engagements with superdiversity into constructive dialogue with work on racism, multiculture, deportation, and intersecting inequalities.
Superdiversity in Settler Societies
Authors: Spoonley Paul
Published: April 2022

Superdiversity has been critiqued by some as being too wedded to elements of modernity and universality, and too little to decoloniality. This chapter acknowledges this critique and explores the options and key elements with regard to a particular group of settler societies—Aotearoa/New Zealand, Canada, and Australia. All three have seen a diversification of domestic diversity as a result of managed migration policy frameworks, but this diversification of diversity is complicated by ongoing processes of colonization and the marginalization of indigenous communities and nations. If superdiversity is to have utility and to continue to address the criticisms arising from those concerned with decoloniality, then conceptualizations of it need to address the role and influence of indigeneity, including the coproduction of conceptual frameworks and policy options with indigenous scholars and communities; the nature and influence of “White” hegemonic groups; and the particular nature of highly structured and managed systems of immigrant recruitment in order to recognize and address the intersection of this diversity with structural inequalities and to retain a critical approach to diversity management policies. This chapter explores the elements that are central to a decolonial superdiversity in the context of certain settler societies.
Mapping Superdiversity
Authors: Stansfeld Katherine
Published: April 2022

This chapter maps the concept of superdiversity in relation to debates in human geography on mobilities, spatial complexity, globalization, and conviviality. Through framing superdiversity as a spatial concept, the chapter attempts to answer the question of what superdiversity refers to, reflecting on how it manifests through spatial scales from the global, to urban, to local. It argues that this spatial approach is important for investigating how superdiversity as a concept responds to a relational condition of time-space compression that involves global metropoles and small localities; the mobile and immobile; the “majority” and “minority.” This approach questions the extent to which superdiversity is an urban condition by engaging with debates on transnational urbanism, glocalization, and relational urban ontologies. Exploring superdiversity as a local experience, it draws attention to the neighborhood as a translocal, multiscalar site for researching the more-than-representational experience of living with difference. The chapter examines how the superdiversity concept can respond to the multiplicity of city life and provide a lens through which to address the power-geometries of social differentiation. Reflecting on empirical research, it argues that using superdiversity in tandem with other key geographical concepts can facilitate a nuanced understanding of the social and cultural complexities, the inequalities, and the affective experience of living together.
Transformations, Complexity, and Rapid Change
Authors: Hylland Eriksen Thomas
Published: April 2022

The diversification of diversity signaled through the concept of superdiversity can be contextualized through a broader, global approach emphasizing the acceleration of acceleration since around 1990, owing mainly to economic deregulation and the globalization of neoliberalism, but also to technological developments, notably, the Internet and mobile telephony, and phenomena such as the containerization of shipping. Fast change limits people’s options for economic, social, and cultural reproduction. The outcomes of this destabilized situation may range from nativism and traditionalism at one end of the spectrum, to creolization and mixing at the other end. The superdiverse society created by more encompassing processes of accelerated change may thus periodically come to be dominated by withdrawal into traditionalist identities, as recent political developments in Europe and elsewhere have suggested. Belonging has been destabilized; cultural continuity is fragmented; and group identity and boundaries are under negotiation. The chapter addresses these issues by considering some ethnographic contributions to contemporary urban diversity, comparing them to earlier work on pluralism and showing in what ways the superdiverse society is also a postplural one.
Superdiversity from a Historical Perspective
Authors: Schrover Marlou
Published: April 2022

In general, historians are skeptical when new terms are introduced, asking whether the term and what it seeks to describe are really new. Over time, researchers have introduced new terms to describe the diversities and complexities they observe. And they have often observed that what they experienced was new, and of unprecedented and ever-increasing speed, scale, and scope. That observation is in some measure true, but it does not mean there are no similarities in how migrants relate to their migrations; how societies, countries of origin, transit, and destination) respond to their departures and arrivals; and how change shapes or influences an experience. There is merit in pointing out newness. But there is also merit in pointing out and explaining continuities. There is continuity in the introduction of new terms. Authors have introduced a multitude of terms, and the differences between them are often not as large as those who coin them suggest. Past differences and changes are easily smoothed over. This chapter shows that problematizing migration today works by deproblematizing that of the past, by homogenizing groups, mostly in retrospect, and by denying the complexities of the past.
Language Development in Infancy
Authors: Ladányi Enikő , Gervain Judit
Published: April 2022

The chapter reviews recent empirical findings on early language development in typically developing children from prenatal experience to the toddler years. We first discuss prevalent topics in language acquisition such as critical period(s) and perceptual narrowing and then review experimental results about language growth in different areas of language, such as phoneme perception, word learning, and the beginnings of grammar. Our knowledge in these areas is rapidly growing thanks to recent advances in neuroscientific techniques that are now available to study young infants and even fetuses. We summarize results of studies using these techniques with anchoring them in behavioral research and general theories of language development. As the review reveals, previous concepts of language development, such as the sequential view whereby infants first learn sounds, then words and then grammar, need to be revised in favor of a more integrative view emphasizing the mutual relationships between different aspects of language.
From A Priori Respect to Human Frailty
Authors: Allais Lucy
Published: April 2022

As a result of his central concern with a priori and universal conditions of the possibility of various human phenomena, Kant is sometimes thought not to be concerned with moral psychology, much less empirical, embodied moral psychology, and he is often taken to be disproportionately focused on a priori, ideal features of agency, such as the a priori conditions of practical reason. In contrast, this chapter explores Kant’s detailed account of the flawed nature of actual human agents. He takes all actual human agents to be deeply and systematically flawed, frail, corrupt, opaque to ourselves and often seriously self-deceived and disunified, and arguably takes this to follow from or be part of our situatedness (since it is something we are born into and arises at least partly out of relating to others), as well as from his account of the a priori commitments of practical reason.
The Moral Psychology of Respect
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: April 2022

There are two major kinds of respect: recognition respect and appraisal respect. The latter is an appraising evaluative attitude of esteem––more specifically, moral esteem for someone’s character or conduct. Recognition respect, by contrast, consists in treatment, more specifically, taking account or giving (due) consideration to something, and the constraints and conditions its nature places upon us, in deliberating about how to conduct ourselves in relation to it. There are many different forms of recognition respect. Moral recognition respect consists in giving due deliberative weight to moral considerations and to beings who are morally considerable, including persons and their dignity, in second-personal relations of mutual accountability. There is, however, another kind of respect for persons that is not moral and that can come into tension with moral recognition respect: honour respect for our different ‘persons’ or ‘personae’ in the sense of our presented selves and social statuses. And there are yet other forms of recognition respect––for example, for expertise or epistemic authority, indeed, for anything that we fail to take adequate account of at our (or their) peril.
The Moral Psychology of Humour
Authors: Olin Lauren
Published: April 2022

While there is controversy about whether the comic domain is normative, many questions about humour are readily described as moral or ethical. Familiar jokes involve pernicious stereotypes about women, members of LGBTQ communities, and members of marginalized ethnic and racial groups, for instance. This chapter critically summarizes classical approaches to humour and the ethics of humour, then introduces recent empirical developments that seem relevant to broader projects in the moral psychology of emotion, motivation, disagreement, evolution, and the development of personality. It concludes with the suggestion that questions about features of comic judgment have substantive connections to traditional questions about the moral psychology of value, and that these connections merit substantive investigations.
The Moral Psychology of Victimization
Authors: Niemi Laura , Young Liane
Published: April 2022

This chapter proposes a more comprehensive understanding of victimization in the context of current theories about the structure of moral cognition and people’s experiences as victims, harm-doers, and helpers. In Section §45.2, ‘Explaining victim-blaming’, we review research on mechanisms for victim blame, and describe recent studies examining individual differences in moral values to understand victim blame. In §45.3, ‘Who wants to be a victim?’, we question the notion of victimhood culture, citing evidence from psychological science showing that, by and large, people don’t exploit the victim role to receive undue care. Generally, they minimize experiences as victims, to retain beliefs of safety and social position. In §45.4, ‘Victimization and moral structure’, we describe the damaging effects of victimization at the personal and societal levels, and how healthier moral judgment of the self and others requires revising models of moral cognition that mirror the victim/perpetrator dyad.
Reason as Servant of the Will
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: April 2022

Voluntarist critics of Aquinas, especially Henry of Ghent, argue that Aquinas’ intellectualist views about belief, desire, and will do not justify his claims about responsibility. Voluntarism maintains that the will is free not to follow the conclusions of intellect about the best course of action. The voluntarist account of will tries to avoid the intellectualist errors that obscure the distinctive features of the will and its freedom. Godfrey of Fontaines replies that the voluntarist criticism of Aquinas’ intellectualism for doing away with freedom is self-defeating, because voluntarism undermines the essentially rational character of the will. The difficulties that arise for voluntarism suggest that the initial voluntarist assumptions about freedom and self-determination are open to question.
Maritime Industry
Authors: Gibbs Martin
Published: April 2022

The archaeological study of maritime industries can potentially encompass a bewildering array of artefacts, sites, structures, landscapes, vessels, mechanisms, processes, and communities on land, in intertidal zones, on and in the water, and on submerged land surfaces. This chapter presents whaling as a case study, focusing on the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During this period whaling emerged as a global industry operating at different scales from pelagic fleets roaming the oceans of the world, to small seasonal shore stations. In particular this section reviews recent work by Australian archaeologists towards a systematic approach to studying whaling at a national level.
Ceramic Production
Authors: Casella Eleanor Conlin
Published: April 2022

Representing the largest class of artefacts recovered from post-medieval and historic sites, ceramics play a central role in the archaeology of industrialized societies. This chapter outlines the main production technologies involved in the creation of ceramic domestic wares and clay smoking pipes. It demonstrates how changes in fabric type and manufacture technologies reflected a broader shift from craft-based local production and distribution networks to industrial mass-production and globalized commercial distribution. It also summarizes the primary diagnostic characteristics commonly used for both stylistic and archival dating of these ubiquitous post-medieval artefacts. Finally, this chapter highlights the role of ceramics in archaeological studies of aesthetic and decorative changes, ethnicity and colonialism, social identities, consumption patterns, and domestic foodways.
Food Processing
Authors: Patrick Amber , Steyne Hanna
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the relationship between industrialization and food processing. Changes in food processing approaches took place as a result of technological improvements and/or changes in health, safety, and hygiene standards. The industrialization of food processing included the adoption of technology, such as steam power, from other industries, and the adaptation of processes for specialist use, such as milling of cereals, sugar, and in cider production. There was almost constant change in the technology of food processing through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, resulting in varied levels of survival of archaeological remains, whether buildings or machinery. Refrigeration was one of the most important industrial developments in food production and processing, allowing for the preservation and global distribution of perishable goods. This chapter explores the development of industrial technology within the food processing industry, and the varied impacts of industrialization, internationally, on food production and distribution.
Ceramics and Pottery
Authors: Jeffries Nigel
Published: April 2022

Among the most familiar archaeological material signatures of the late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century world is British-made pottery decorated with the ubiquitous Willow Pattern transfer print. This chapter traces the history of this design since its inception in the late eighteenth century within the context of the British ceramic revolution, before assessing the romantic story that became associated with the pattern. Willow Pattern representation in song, verse, literature, and other mediums during the Victorian period is also considered. After examining Willow Pattern services related to three contemporary households at different ends of the social spectrum in Victorian London, this chapter concludes by reviewing how the pattern has remained in popular culture and influenced design during the twentieth and twenty-first century.
Conclusion
Authors: Palmer Marilyn
Published: April 2022

Following a review of the early origins of the discipline on industrial archaeology in the UK, this chapter seeks to explore the ways in which it has developed over the last seventy years. The initial imperative in the UK was to ensure the survival of existing sites, but links with practitioners of historical archaeology led to a move from technological explanations of sites to the inclusion of more socially oriented interpretations. Subsurface archaeology assumed greater importance from the 1990s with the involvement of archaeological professionals on developer-funded excavations. Present and future developments include increasing work on sites of the twenty-first century; digital reconstructions; the reanimation of industrial spaces; and the development of industrial archaeology in the Middle and Far East.
Warehouses c.1770 to 1914
Authors: Nevell Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers the new warehouse types of the industrial period in Britain, from the mid-eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. This includes those commercial building types involved with the short- to medium-term storage and distribution of raw and manufactured industrial goods. Such new building types could be found clustered in the manufacturing towns and along the canals and railways. Their design and scale were influenced by new building materials and the particular needs of the industries they served. Warehouse structures are not only one of the physical expressions of the new economic system of the industrial period, but also a reflection of the widespread influence of industrialized distribution and consumption on the social structure and working life of Britain.
Churches and Chapels
Authors: Connelly Angela
Published: April 2022

Churches and chapels form an indelible mark on the landscapes of Britain’s industrial cities. They were built in huge numbers by the major Christian denominations in order to compete with one another and to attract the working classes to religion. Industrial archaeologists have, however, largely ignored the material provision of Christianity in the lives of ordinary people whether they attended for religious worship or to take part in the myriad of social activities that many churches and chapels provided. This chapter looks at the different approaches taken by the Nonconformist organizations—such as the Wesleyan Methodists and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)—to provide both spiritual and leisure activities for the working classes in Britain’s industrial cities with unique building types that, materially, responded more to the industrial cities they were placed in than they did to religion.
The Industrial Archaeology of the Burial Landscape
Authors: Rugg Julie
Published: April 2022

The study of churchyards and cemeteries can benefit from the application of core questions and methods of industrial archaeology, which encourages more detailed interrogation of fundamentals. These include the evolution of burial space over time in a particular location, and a higher level of attention to definition, ownership, and purpose of the different types of spaces used for interment. Industrial archaeological approaches also invite exploration of the infrastructure of burial spaces; the scientific principles guiding the task of cemetery management; and the ‘working knowledge’ of gravediggers whose practices might follow more pragmatic imperatives. The framework of industrial archaeology carries the potential to consider new priorities for conservation, at the same time as highlighting tensions around the audiences and purpose of industrial heritage and interpretation.
A Celebration of Growth, Independence, and Worth
Authors: Marino Gordon S.
Published: April 2022

Drawing on a wealth of archaeological evidence, this chapter seeks to explore the development of urban expansion and civic pride through the emergence of differing designs of swimming pools. These iconic buildings are placed in their historical context and comparisons are drawn with contemporary developments in other fields of architecture. The key motivational factors of hygiene, politics, and recreation are analyzed, as is the emergence of civic pride. Both functionality and status of the new building types are explored, as the communities evolved into the modern world. The chapter further demonstrates how buildings and architectural design are not solely functional, but also reflect emerging elements of status, social and political power dynamics.
Temperance
Authors: Davison Andrew
Published: April 2022

Between 1830 and 1930 the temperance movement had an enormous political and social impact on industrialized societies in North America, the United Kingdom, its colonies (Australia and New Zealand in particular), and northern Europe. The history and impact of the movement has been extensively researched by historians, social historians, and anthropologists, but largely ignored by archaeologists and architectural historians. This chapter characterizes the built heritage of temperance, looking at the range of buildings and memorials constructed by the movement’s members and supporters, some for accommodation for members and their meetings, others to spread the movement’s message, and considers potential avenues for future research.
Butte and Anaconda, Montana
Authors: Quivik Fredric L.
Published: April 2022

Industrial waste has several meanings on the landscape. Waste deposits and the infrastructure developed to manage them are part of the cultural landscape and are recognized by cultural resource professionals and historic preservation advocates as features worthy of study and perhaps preservation and interpretation. Industrial waste is also often comprised of hazardous materials and therefore is the subject, in the United States, of intensive efforts at remediation, during which cultural features may be destroyed. Both preservation and remediation are worthy societal objectives, but they often come into conflict on a given landscape. Because the preservation of industrial waste may be a more foreign concept to many readers, this article articulates why preservation may be a valuable undertaking and, using the copper-mining landscape of south-western Montana as a case study, describes how advocates for the two conflicting objectives have tried to negotiate resolutions.
They Were Here Too
Authors: Hyttinen Marika , Kallio-Seppä Titta
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the role of women and children within early industrial communities, groups that are largely overlooked in industrial archaeological research. We use the early industrial Pikisaari pitch mill community in the town of Oulu, Northern Finland as a case study, which has yielded diverse archaeological evidence for the presence of women and children in the pitch mill area. By combining material culture and written records, this chapter looks at the economic, social, and cultural roles played by men, women, and children in a proto-industrial community. This chapter argues that women and children played an important role in the maintenance of internal social and power relations, as well as the labour system, within early industrial communities. A holistic understanding of early industrial communities and their everyday life can only be achieved through the analysis of social aspects, including the role of women and children.
The Archaeology of the Iron and Steel Industries in Britain
Authors: Nevell Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter deals with the physical remains of the iron and steel industry in Britain. The focus is on extraction and processing rather than the products. The archaeological evidence spans the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries, but with an emphasis on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although the traditional industrial archaeological focus has been the charcoal an coke blast furnace remains, there are many other production elements that survive either as standing buildings below ground remains which are discussed. These include the surviving physical remains of ore extraction and processing, the puddling furnace, smelting, blast furnaces, and finery forges. In the later nineteenth the introduction of mass steel making revolutionized the industry producing a further set of industrial monuments and concentrating production in fewer locations
One-kiloparsec expanding cylinder of H i gas around the Galactic Center
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: April 2022

We report the discovery of an expanding cylinder of H i gas of radius 1 kpc and vertical extent 800 pc by analyzing the 21 cm line survey data from the literature. The cylinder is expanding at 150 km s−1, rotating at 100 km s−1, and is interpreted as due to a high-velocity conical wind from the Galactic Center. The total mass of the cylinder is estimated to be ∼8.5 × 105M⊙ and kinetic energy ∼3 × 1053 erg.
A cohort study examining the association between children’s symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, internalizing symptoms, and mindful parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: O’Reilly Hannah , Rogers Maria , Ogg Julia , Ritchie Tessa , Whitley Jessica , Santuzzi Alecia , Shelleby Elizabeth C
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Increased mental health difficulties have been reported in Canadian children as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and emerging research suggests that children with high levels of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity have been disproportionately impacted. Accordingly, the pandemic has impacted families as well. The purpose of this study was the following: (1) to examine whether children’s symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity at the beginning of the 2020 and 2021 academic year were associated with mindful parenting at the end of the academic year and (2) to examine whether children’s depressive and anxiety symptoms at the end of the year moderated this relationship.

Methods

Parents of 114 young children in a large Canadian city participated in this study in the Winter of 2020 and the Spring of 2021. Parents completed several self-report scales used to measure children’s mental health symptomatology and mindfulness in parenting.

Results

Children’s symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity were significantly, negatively associated with mindful parenting across the pandemic year, and children’s depressive symptoms moderated this relationship. Specifically, when children’s depressive symptoms were low or average it was found that higher symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity were associated with lower levels of mindful parenting. However, when children’s depressive symptoms were high their symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity were not predictive of mindful parenting.

Conclusions

Children’s mental health, namely symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity and depression, are related to challenges in mindful parenting during COVID-19. These results may inform practitioners about which families require additional support during the pandemic.
Parenting principles primer
Authors: Dosman Cara , Gallagher Sheila
Published: April 2022

A good understanding of parenting principles helps clinicians to advise parents how to optimally support their child’s brain development. Parenting principles include co-regulation, attachment, and the five universal parenting strategies that produce self-regulation and attachment. This primer provides updated knowledge translation from evidence-based literature, by integrating interpersonal neurobiology with parenting intervention research. Secure attachment to the parent decreases a child’s stress responses and increases their emotion regulation skills. The child needs support from their parent when stress exceeds their self-regulation skills. Emotion regulation is foundational for all aspects of cognitive and interpersonal functioning. Parent empathy and problem-solving are required to support development of the child’s self-regulation and problem-solving, which in turn foster communication of empathy toward others and development of other skills. The warmth and structure of the five universal parenting strategies provide a straightforward conceptualization of authoritative parenting, which builds secure attachment and self-regulation described by interpersonal neurobiology. Parenting principles are simple to remember when integrating the five universal parenting strategies (attention and empathy, predictable daily routines, consistent sequence within the routines, household rules, and coaching skills) with the four S’s of attachment (Seen + Soothed + Safe for Secure attachment).
A novel immunogenomic signature to predict prognosis and reveal immune infiltration characteristics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Ang , Ye Bicheng , Lin Fangnan , Wang Yilin , Miao Xiaye , Jiang Yanfang
Published: April 2022

Background

The immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and recurrence. We aimed to develop an immune-related gene (IRG) signature to improve prognostic predictive power and reveal the immune infiltration characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PDAC was used to construct a prognostic model as a training cohort. The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were set as validation datasets. Prognostic genes were screened by using univariate Cox regression. Then, a novel optimal prognostic model was developed by using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression. Cell type identification by estimating the relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) and estimation of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumors using expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithms were used to characterize tumor immune infiltrating patterns. The tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm was used to predict immunotherapy responsiveness.

Results

A prognostic signature based on five IRGs (MET, ERAP2, IL20RB, EREG, and SHC2) was constructed in TCGA-PDAC and comprehensively validated in ICGC and GEO cohorts. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that this signature had an independent prognostic value. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at 1, 3, and 5 years of survival were 0.724, 0.702, and 0.776, respectively. We further demonstrated that our signature has better prognostic performance than recently published ones and is superior to traditional clinical factors such as grade and tumor node metastasis classification (TNM) stage in predicting survival. Moreover, we found higher abundance of CD8+ T cells and lower M2-like macrophages in the low-risk group of TCGA-PDAC, and predicted a higher proportion of immunotherapeutic responders in the low-risk group.

Conclusions

We constructed an optimal prognostic model which had independent prognostic value and was comprehensively validated in external PDAC databases. Additionally, this five-genes signature could predict immune infiltration characteristics. Moreover, the signature helped stratify PDAC patients who might be more responsive to immunotherapy.
Global Portfolio Rebalancing and Exchange Rates
Authors: Camanho Nelson , Hau Harald , Rey Hélène
Published: April 2022

We examine international equity allocations at the fund level and show how excess foreign returns influence portfolio rebalancing, capital flows, and currencies. Our equilibrium model of incomplete foreign exchange (FX) risk trading where exchange rate risk partially segments international equity markets is consistent with the observed dynamics of equity returns, exchange rates, and fund-level capital flows. We document that rebalancing is more intense under higher FX volatility and find heterogeneous rebalancing behavior across different fund characteristics. A granular instrumental variable approach identifies a positive currency supply elasticity.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.