bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TLR2 Activation Limits Rhinovirus-Stimulated CXCL-10 by Attenuating IRAK-1–Dependent IL-33 Receptor Signaling in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Ganesan Shyamala , Pham Duc , Jing Yaxun , Farazuddin Mohammad , Hudy Magdalena H. , Unger Benjamin , Comstock Adam T. , Proud David , Lauring Adam S. , Sajjan Uma S.
Published: August 2016

Airway epithelial cells are the major target for rhinovirus (RV) infection and express proinflammatory chemokines and antiviral cytokines that play a role in innate immunity. Previously, we demonstrated that RV interaction with TLR2 causes ILR-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) depletion in both airway epithelial cells and macrophages. Further, IRAK-1 degradation caused by TLR2 activation was shown to inhibit ssRNA-induced IFN expression in dendritic cells. Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of TLR2 and IRAK-1 in RV-induced IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and CXCL-10, which require signaling by viral RNA. In airway epithelial cells, blocking TLR2 enhanced RV-induced expression of IFNs and CXCL-10. By contrast, IRAK-1 inhibition abrogated RV-induced expression of CXCL-10, but not IFNs in these cells. Neutralization of IL-33 or its receptor, ST2, which requires IRAK-1 for signaling, inhibited RV-stimulated CXCL-10 expression. In addition, RV induced expression of both ST2 and IL-33 in airway epithelial cells. In macrophages, however, RV-stimulated CXCL-10 expression was primarily dependent on TLR2/IL-1R. Interestingly, in a mouse model of RV infection, blocking ST2 not only attenuated RV-induced CXCL-10, but also lung inflammation. Finally, influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus–induced CXCL-10 was also found to be partially dependent on IL-33/ST2/IRAK-1 signaling in airway epithelial cells. Together, our results indicate that RV stimulates CXCL-10 expression via the IL-33/ST2 signaling axis, and that TLR2 signaling limits RV-induced CXCL-10 via IRAK-1 depletion at least in airway epithelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the role of respiratory virus–induced IL-33 in the induction of CXCL-10 in airway epithelial cells.
THE CYCLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN A PLANKTON BLOOM IN THE GULF OF MAINE1
Authors: Ketchum Bostwick H. , Corwin Nathaniel
Published: August 2016

The cycle of phosphorus was studied in detail during the spring bloom of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine in April 1964. A parachute drogue was placed at a depth of 10 m so that the movement of the surface water could be Followed. Five stations were occupied (luring an interval of 24 hr on 8–9 April when the drogue was launched and another five stations at the location of the drogue were occupied 10 days later on 17–18 April. During this interval, the drogue had drifted to the southward about 63 km. Because the isopycnal surfaces below 50 m sloped upwards from the first to the final set of stations, the distribution of properties is compared on surfaces of equal density. Particulate, dissolved organic, and inorganic phosphorus were determined on all samples. There was a considerable decrease in inorganic and an increase of both particulate and dissolved organic phosphorus in the surface waters during this time. Much of the particulate phosphorus formed had sunk below the 50‐m cuphotic zone to the deeper waters. The data permit estimates of the exerction of organic phosphorus in the euphotic zone and of the decomposition of this fraction in the deeper water. Below about 136 m, there was no net change in any of the fractions of phosphorus and the change in total phosphorus for the entire water column was essentially zero.

Measurements were made of the distribution of oxygen and of chlorophyll at these two times, which permit the computation of the primary production from the changes in phosphorus, oxygen, and chlorophyll. The average rate for the 10‐day period was slightly more than 2 g C m‐2 day‐1. The rate of exchange of oxygen across the sea surface has been computed from these data and gives an exchange coefficient somewhat smaller than had been previously observed. The relationship between the changes of phosphorus, oxygen, and chlorophyll in primary production in the euphotic zone and in the decomposition processes in the deeper water are discussed. Both the chlorophyll and the particulate phosphorus data give indications of the sinking of particulate matter during the bloom. The sinking particles contain an unusually high proportion of chlorophyll compared to phosphorus.
AN IN SITU PARTICLE COUNTER1
Authors: Maddux William S. , Kanwisher John W.
Published: August 2016

Knowledge of the microdistribution and of the microecology of plankton is an important aspect of biological oceanography. Work in this area has been hampered by observational inadequacies. Operational considerations are discussed and a specific technique is presented which offers an improved solution for some of the problems involved in this field of study. A device is described which can measure the number and sizes of individual particles such as zooplankton organisms in situ and record their spatial distribution as it is towed along transects through the sea.
SALINITY AND FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE POCASSET RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Sanders H. L. , Mangelsdorf P. C. , Hampson G. R.
Published: August 2016

During the summer of 1963 and the spring of 1965, a study was made comparing the subtidal sediment salinities with those of the immediately overlying water in a small estuary north of Woods Hole, the Pocasset River, and relating these findings to the distribution of the estuarine fauna. The estuary is a fluctuating type with a nearly constant river flow. At each location, there are pronounced though precise fluctuations of the water salinity with tidal periodicity. Bottom waters show periods of highly saline, essentially marine water and periods of nearly freshwater, separated by abrupt and brief transitional periods throughout the upper half of the estuary. The low salinity phase is longer at the upper end of the estuary and the high salinity phase gradually predominates as one proceeds seaward. In contrast to the marked fluctuation in bottom salinity, the salinities in the sediments are stable and constant, with each station having its own characteristic salinity that gradually increases from the uppermost reaches to the mouth.

This salinity regime has a marked effect on the distribution of the benthic fauna. The epifauna, subjected to the extreme salinity fluctuation and rapid and extreme salinity changes, is poorly represented, particularly in the upper part of the estuary. The infauna, living under much more stable salinity conditions, make up the vast majority of the fauna. The periodic short‐term fluctuations in the water salinity stabilize the sediment salinities and subject the infauna to less physiological stress than that imposed on the epifauna. A brackish water fauna dominates the uppermost part of the estuary. The fauna is transitional in a zone where the sediment salinities vary from 19 to 22%. At higher sediment salinity values, lower in the estuary, the marine element predominates.

Animals collected from the transitional zone were exposed in the laboratory to low and high salinity water obtained from the same locality at low and high tide, respectively, and to a control salinity duplicating the average sediment salinity of the zone. There were four patterns of response: 1) stress symptoms and death usually in less than 24 hr; 2) stress symptoms and recovery; 3) behavioral response; and 4) normal, identical activity in the low, high, and control salinity water. These responses were related to the depth distribution patterns of the species, sediment salinities, and redox potential values at the collecting site.
NOTES ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF RAJIDS FROM THE SUB‐ANTARCTIC REGION1
Authors: Bigelow Henry B. , Schroeder William C.
Published: August 2016

Five species of rajids from the Patagonian‐Falkland Islands‐South Georgia Island regions and off Valparaiso, Chile are described.
LIVE ALGAE IN POSTGLACIAL LAKE DEPOSITS1
Authors: Stockner John G. , Lund J. W. G.
Published: August 2016

Deep‐water cores from three lakes in the English Lake District (Ullswater, Esthwaite Water, and Windermere South Basin) contained viable algae to varying depths, and the maximum depths to which live cells were found in each of the lakes examined were partially correlated with the density of burrowing, benthic invertebrates. Possible modes of disturbance by chironomid larvae and oligochaetes are discussed in relation to their vertical distribution in the sediment and the results of our culture experiments. The invertebrate “disturbance factor” did not alone explain our findings; contrary evidence suggests that the variety of viable algae at any given depth is dependent on their resistance to decomposition—a notable example being Melosira italica. Assuming that not all algae growing in culture were carried down from the surface, we derived an approximate age, based on an average sedimentation rate of between 1.2 and 1.5 mm/yr for the top 50 cm, of 262 ± 28 yr for algae grown from samples from 35 cm deep in Esthwaitc and of 195 ± 12 yr from 25 cm deep in Windermere South Basin. Viable cells were never found in any samples taken from a sediment depth greater than 35 cm.
ON THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY IN RHODE ISLAND SOUND1
Authors: Shonting David H. , Cook Gerald S.
Published: August 2016

The temperature and salinity of Rhode Island Sound were measured between July 1963 and July 1964. A seasonal thermocline developed at middepth in spring and intensified through August. Early fall cooling and wind mixing rapidly destroyed the thermocline, rendering the water column practically isothermal by late October. The salinity patterns are more complex than those of temperature and are strongly influenced by seasonal variations in coastal runoff. Brackish water outflow from Narragansett Bay was traced as a salinity wedge as far as 20–30 km from the coast. The seasonal variation in thermal energy of the sound is estimated to be at least four orders of magnitude greater than the potential energy changes.
A SIPHON WATER SAMPLER FOR USE THROUGH THE ICE
Authors: MAGNUSON JOHN J. , STUNTZ WARREN E.
Published: August 2016

A sampler was designed to observe detailed vertical gradients of dissolved gases in a shallow lake in winter; modified versions were used to examine horizontal gradients at the ice‐water interface and vertical gradients in the littoral of lakes in summer. A weighted cylinder, open at the top and sealed at the bottom, is lowered into the water deep enough that bottles then placed in it will be below the water surface. Water is siphoned into the bottles through tygon tubes with a self‐starting siphon. Repeated samples were obtained at air temperatures as low as −25C.
A NEAR‐BOTTOM WATER SAMPLER1
Authors: CULBERSON C. , PYTKOWICZ R. M.
Published: August 2016

A water sampler is described that can sample at 0.5‐m intervals above the sea floor and contains 560 ml of seawater. It consists of a modified Van Dorn bottle with a release activated by bottom contact.
AMINO ACIDS IN AN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: HALL K. J. , WEIMER W. C. , LEE G. FRED
Published: August 2016

The marsh grass Spartina alterniflora contains a higher percentage of essential amino acids than previous evidence indicated. Estuarine suspended solids contain less protein and essential amino acids than the marsh grass, indicating biological breakdown as tidal movements circulate this material.
Temperature Microstructure in Crater Lake, Oregon1
Authors: Neal Victor T. , Neshyba Stephen J. , Denner Warren W.
Published: August 2016

Vertical temperature profiles made in Crater Lake with a modified XBT system show that layers of nearly isothermal water, separated by sheets of relatively high temperature gradient, exist in the upper 265 m of the lake. The microstructure was better developed and more persistent in late than in early summer. The relationship between temperature microstructure and rate of vertical heat transfer in lakes is still undetermined.
Respiration, photosynthesis, and oxygen isotope fractionation in oceanic surface water1
Authors: Kroopnick Peter M.
Published: August 2016

Atmospheric oxygen is about 23‰ higher in 18O than ocean surface water, whereas oxygen in isotopic equilibrium with ocean water would be only 6‰ higher in 18O. The fractionation of 18O during respiration has been measured on natural populations in unfiltered marine surface water samples. The decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration and the increase in δ18O due to respiration was measured as a function of time. An average enrichment factor of 21‰ was calculated for the removal of oxygen in a closed system. The results indicate that the enrichment of 18O in the atmosphere, and possibly the present oxygen concentration, may be controlled by biogenic processes.
Chemical and biological processes controlling the response of a freshwater ecosystem to copper stress: A field study of the CuS04 treatment of Mill Pond Reservoir, Burlington, Massachusetts1
Authors: McKnight Diane
Published: August 2016

The response of natural phytoplankton populations to copper stress and its dependence on the chemical speciation of copper was studied during CuSO4 treatment of Mill Pond Reservoir to control a nuisance bloom of Ceratium hirundinella. Potentiometric and ultrafiltration experiments showed that the chemistry of the added copper was controlled by complexation by humic substances. The Ceratium population decreased by 90% 1 day after treatment and was replaced as the dominant phytoplankter by two green algae, Nannochloris sp. and Ourococcus sp. Primary productivity decreased initially but returned to pretreatment levels in 10 days with the growth of the green algae; toxicity experiments in the laboratory with algae isolated from the reservoir showed that Nannochloris and Ourococcus can tolerate much higher cupric ion activities than C. hirundinella. The field and laboratory data together show that the concentration of the free copper ion determined the toxic response of the phytoplankton in the reservoir.
Forested wetlands in freshwater and salt‐water environments
Authors: Lugo Ariel E. , Brown Sandra , Brinson Mark M.
Published: August 2016

A review of data from over 50 freshwater and about 50 salt‐water sites revealed that freshwater and salt‐water forested wetlands exhibit parallel responses to hydrologic factors. Greater ecosystem complexity and productivity are associated with higher hydrologic energy and more fertile conditions (riverine > fringe ≥ basin > dwarf = scrub). However, structural complexity is greater in freshwater forested wetlands than in salt‐water forested wetlands. Net primary productivity, litter fall, and export of organic matter are higher in salt‐water forested wetlands. These differences raise questions about the efficiency with which nutrients are used in forested wetlands. Available data suggest that nutrient‐use efficiency by litter fall and litter turnover are higher in tidal salt‐water wetlands than in freshwater wetlands.
Contribution of bacteria to release and fixation of phosphorus in lake sediments
Authors: Gächter René , Meyer Joseph S. , Mares Antonin
Published: August 2016

Cycling of phosphorus at the sediment‐water interface is traditionally considered to be controlled by pH‐ and redox‐dependent, abiotic processes, such as formation and dissolution of FeOOH‐PO4 complexes. In this study, however, a large part of total P in sediments of Lake Sempach, an 87‐m deep eutrophic lake, was estimated to be incorporated in bacterial biomass. Laboratory experiments indicated that sediment microorganisms can rapidly take up and release soluble reactive P (SRP), depending on redox conditions, and that sterilization of oxic sediments decreased their SRP sorption capacity. In an in situ experiment conducted in the lake, bacteria also contributed considerably to SRP fixation when water enclosed within a sediment flux chamber was reoxygenated following anoxia. Moreover, in that experiment and in data sets from several other lakes, anoxic releases of Fe and P from sediments appeared to be partly uncoupled. As part of an ongoing revision of the classical model for P exchange across the sediment‐water interface, these results provide direct evidence that fixation and release of SRP may be controlled partly by redox‐dependent changes in microbial physiology, as well as by production and decomposition of microbial biomass.
The relative importance of denitrification and nitrate assimilation in midcontinental bogs
Authors: Urban N. R. , Eisenreich S. J. , Bayley S. E.
Published: August 2016

Denitrification rates measured in a Minnesota bog and a bog in western Ontario were similarly low (<0.20–2.28 µg m‒2 h‒1 as N). Nitrate addition stimulated denitrification at the Minnesota bog, but <1% of added NO3‒‐N (0.01–0.1 g m‒2) was denitrified in 24 h. In the Ontario bog, denitrification was not stimulated by NO3‒‐N application (0.08 g m‒2). Rates of NO3‒‐N uptake by Sphagnum, measured by nitrate reductase activity assays and NO3‒ disappearance from cultures, were much higher, 100–24,000 µg m‒2 h‒1 (0.57–48.7 µg g‒1 h‒1), than rates of denitrification at comparable NO3‒ loadings. Measurements of NO3‒ in pore water and moss throughfall confirm that NO3‒ disappears in the top 5–10 cm of moss. Plant uptake appears to be the dominant sink for NO3‒ in midcontinental bogs.
The aquatic insect Chaoborus as a biomonitor of trace metals in lakes
Authors: Hare Landis , Tessier André
Published: August 2016

We tested larvae of three species of the widespread lacustrine insect Chaoborus as potential biomonitors of the trace metals Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical and biological measurements were made in a large number of lakes covering a wide range of pHs and trace metal concentrations and distributed over a large geographical area. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in sediment and water varied widely among lakes but not in animals, suggesting that the insects regulate these essential metals over a wide range of environmental concentrations and consequently would be of little use for monitoring Cu or Zn. Although lead concentrations in the Chaoborus species varied more widely than did those of Cu or Zn, we were not able to relate larval Pb concentrations consistently to those! in sediment or water, suggesting that further research on this metal is needed. Cadmium concentrations in Chaoborus were not well explained by total Cd concentrations in either sediment or water. We found that Cd concentrations in animals were better predicted by free Cd ion concentrations provided that we took into account competition between hydrogen ions and free cadmium ions at biological uptake sites. This result is consistent with the mainly laboratory based free‐sion activity model and suggests that this model would provide an effective theoretical framework for the use of Chaoborus larvae as Cd biomonitors in nature.
ASLO Membership Application 2008
Authors: Nicholson David , Dyhrman Sonya , Chavez Francisco , Paytan Adina
Published: August 2016

Enzyme‐labeled fluorescence (ELF) and bulk alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity enzyme assays were used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) status of phytoplankton communities in San Francisco and Monterey bays. Both regions exhibit spatial and temporal variability in bulk AP activity with maximum activities during the early spring and summer periods of high biological productivity. ELF analysis revealed pronounced differences in the makeup of organisms responsible for AP activity in these two environments. In Monterey Bay dinoflagellates are responsible for the bulk of the AP activity. Diatoms infrequently exhibited AP activity. Dinoflagellates that comprised only 14% of all cells counted in Monterey Bay accounted for 78% of AP‐producing cells examined. The presence of AP activity in this group suggests that changes in P sources, concentrations, and bioavailability could disproportionably influence this group relative to diatoms in Monterey Bay. In San Francisco Bay, AP production, indicated by ELF, was associated primarily with bacteria attached to suspended particles, potentially used to hydrolyze organic compounds for carbon, rather than to satisfy P requirements. Our results highlight the importance of organic P as a bioavailable nutrient source in marine ecosystems and as a component of the marine P cycle.
Dynamics of organic‐aggregate‐associated bacterial communities and related environmental factors in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic shallow lake in China
Authors: Tang Xiangming , Gao Guang , Chao Jianying , Wang Xiaodong , Zhu Guangwei , Qin Boqiang
Published: August 2016

To investigate the spatial and temporal variations of organic‐aggregate‐associated bacterial communities (OABC), a 25‐month observation was conducted at two contrasting sites (Meiliang Bay and the lake center) in Lake Taihu, China. The structures and dynamics of the OABC were determined by partially sequencing cloned 16S rRNA genes, and by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. One hundred ninety‐two T‐RFs were detected from the two sites, but only 17 T‐RFs were dominant, suggesting that specific microbial populations were adapted to the unique niche provided by the organic aggregates (OA). Phylogenetically, Beta‐ and Alphaproteobacteria constituted the numerically most important heterotrophic bacterial group. Analysis of similarity revealed significant intra‐lake heterogeneity, and significant temporal shifts in OABC. Canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that site‐specific differences in sediment resuspension and nutrient enrichment (namely nitrate and total phosphorus) were the forces driving the intra‐lake differences in OABC. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were related to the seasonal dynamics of OABC. The annual succession in OABC was significant in Meiliang Bay, but not in the lake center. In addition, nearly 35% of the bacterial sequences from OA related to bacteria from soils, activated sludge, sediments, and other habitats, indicating the potential importance of allochthonous bacteria in OABC.
Comparison of zooplankton vertical migration in an ice‐free and a seasonally ice‐covered Arctic fjord: An insight into the influence of sea ice cover on zooplankton behavior
Authors: Wallace Margaret I. , Cottier Finlo R. , Berge Jørgen , Tarling Geraint A. , Griffiths Colin , Brierley Andrew S.
Published: August 2016

We present observations of zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) over a period of 2 yr in an ice‐free and a seasonally ice‐covered Arctic fjord. The contrasting environments permitted assessment of the influences of physical and biological factors on temporal variability in DVM patterns and a test of the hypothesis that a reduction in summer sea ice extent and thickness following climatic warming will lead to changes in DVM via the loss of a shading effect on the pelagic marine environment. Acoustic backscatter and vertical velocity data from moored 300‐kHz acoustic Doppler current profilers were used to derive DVM patterns, while measurements of sea ice and snow thickness enabled assessment of the underwater light environment and consideration of its potential to influence DVM. Pronounced differences in DVM between the sites emerged during summertime when intermittent synchronized DVM was observed at the ice‐free site, whereas the ice‐covered site was characterized by asynchronous behavior, thereby highlighting the influence of sea ice. Notably, the 0.8‐m‐thick sea ice cover was deemed important for its influence on water column properties such as food, turbidity, and zooplankton species composition, as indicated by biological samples from moored sediment traps, rather than a simple shading of the ocean and direct modification of zooplankton DVM. Loss of Arctic sea ice is likely to have an indirect but substantial effect on zooplankton DVM via modification of hydrography and composition of the pelagic community.
The strongly damped baroclinic response to wind in a multibasin reservoir
Authors: Imam Yehya E. , Laval Bernard , Pieters Roger , Lawrence Gregory
Published: August 2016

Field data and a forced, modal‐based, two‐layer, variable‐cross‐section model (TLVC) were used to examine the baroclinic response to wind in a large multibasin reservoir, Nechako Reservoir (British Columbia, Canada). The TLVC showed that most of the thermocline deflections at the dam could be accounted for by considering the first two basins upstream of the dam, Knewstubb and Natalkuz Lakes, and that the thermocline deflections were dominated by the first (H1) and second (H2) horizontal baroclinic modes of the combined basins. Calibration of the TLVC against the field data showed that the H1 and H2 modes were strongly damped, with effectively no free thermocline oscillations. This strong damping had two effects: high coherence between the wind and thermocline deflections and phase lags between thermocline deflections at different locations. The damping in Nechako Reservoir is stronger than in many lakes, and results from both high velocities within the geometric constriction between Knewstubb and Natalkuz Lakes and drag due to submerged trees, which cover 30% of the bed. Our study provides a picture of overdamped baroclinic response and shows how useful information about the baroclinic response in complex bathymetries can be obtained using relatively simple tools such as the TLVC.
Contributions of autochthonous and allochthonous sources to dissolved organic matter in a large, shallow, eutrophic lake with a highly calcareous catchment
Authors: Toming Kaire , Tuvikene Lea , Vilbaste Sirje , Agasild Helen , Viik Malle , Kisand Anu , Feldmann Tõnu , Martma Tõnu , Jones Roger I. , Nõges Tiina
Published: August 2016

We traced the origin of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv in Estonia. Allochthonous DOM (Al‐DOM) had higher δ13C values than autochthonous DOM (Au‐DOM). The δ13C of inflow DOM varied from −28.2‰ to −25.4‰ (mean −26.7‰) and in‐lake DOM varied from −28.4‰ to −26.1‰ (mean −27.2‰). Low stable isotope (SI) signatures of Au‐DOM were caused by relatively 13C‐depleted values of its precursors (mainly phytoplankton) with mean δ13C of −28.9‰. SI signatures of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the inflows and in the lake were also relatively low (from −15.1‰ to −3.28‰). SI values of DOM were lower during the active growing season from May to September and higher from October to April, with the corresponding estimated average proportions of Al‐DOM 68% and 81%. The proportion of Al‐DOM decreased with increasing water temperature, chlorophyll a, and pH and increased with increasing water level and concentration of yellow substances and DIC. The high proportion of Al‐DOM in Võrtsjärv shows that, even in this highly productive ecosystem, the labile Au‐DOM produced is rapidly utilized and degraded by microorganisms and thus makes a relatively small contribution to the instantaneous in‐lake DOM pool.
Mixing processes in the deep water of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba): Evidence from measurements and modeling of the triple isotopic composition of dissolved oxygen
Authors: Wurgaft Eyal , Shamir Ofer , Barkan Eugeni , Paldor Nathan , Luz Boaz
Published: August 2016

A time series of the 17O excess (17Δ) was measured in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) between May 2007 and August 2009. 17Δ is unaffected by respiration; thus it is a unique, conservative tracer that preserves the signature acquired in the photic zone, the source region for deep‐water formation. In this study we used 17Δ to assess the ratio of photosynthetic O2 to atmospheric O2 in deep water. We observed an increase of 17Δ by 20 per meg in the water residing below 300 m over a period of 3 months, followed by a decrease of 60 per meg over the next 7 months. These changes indicated penetration of photosynthetic O2, followed by penetration of atmospheric O2 into the deep water. To test whether vertical mixing could explain the observed variations in 17Δ, we compared our results with simulated values obtained from a one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, which was extended to include dissolved O2 isotopes. Although successfully reproducing the observed temperatures, salinities, and dissolved O2 concentrations in the gulf, the model could not reproduce the observed variations in 17Δ in the deep water. This discrepancy shows that horizontal mixing processes have an important role in the interaction between deep and surface water in the gulf. We suggest that for the most part, these processes occur along the coastal boundaries of the gulf.
Quantifying the volatility of organic aerosol in the southeastern U.S.
Authors: Saha Provat K. , Khlystov Andrey , Yahya Khairunnisa , Zhang Yang , Xu Lu , Ng Nga L. , Grieshop Andrew P.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The volatility of organic aerosols (OA) has emerged as a property of primary importance in understanding their atmospheric lifecycle, and thus abundance and transport. However, quantitative estimates of the thermodynamic (volatility) and kinetic parameters dictating ambient OA gas-particle partitioning, such as saturation concentrations (C*), enthalpy of evaporation (ΔHvap) and evaporation coefficient (γe), are highly uncertain. Here, we present measurements of ambient OA volatility at two sites in the southeastern U.S., one at biogenic-volatile-organic-compound (BVOC)-dominated rural setting in Alabama as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in June–July, 2013, and another at a more anthropogenically-influenced urban location in North Carolina during October–November, 2013. These measurements applied a dual-thermodenuder (TD) system, in which temperature and residence times are varied in parallel, to constrain equilibrium and kinetic aerosol volatility properties. Gas-particle partitioning parameters were determined via evaporation kinetic model fits to the dual-TD observations. OA volatility parameters values derived from both datasets were similar despite the fact that measurements were collected in distinct settings and seasons. The OA volatility distributions also did not vary dramatically over the campaign period nor strongly correlate with OA components identified via positive matrix factorization of aerosol mass spectrometer data. A large portion (40–70 %) of measured ambient OA at both sites was composed of very low volatility organics (C*≤ 0.1 μg m−3). An effective ΔHvap of bulk OA of ~ 80–100 kJ mol−1 and a γe value of ~ 0.5 best describe the evaporation observed in the TDs. This range of ΔHvap values is substantially higher than that typically assumed for simulating OA in atmospheric models (30–40 kJ mol−1). TD data indicate that γe is on the order of 0.1 to 0.5, indicating that repartitioning timescales for atmospheric OA are on the order of several minutes to an hour under atmospheric conditions. The OA volatility distributions resulting from fits were compared to those simulated in the Weather, Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) with a current treatment of SOA formation. The substantial fraction of low-volatility material observed in our measurements is largely missing from simulations, and OA mass concentrations are underestimated. The large discrepancies between simulations and observations indicate a need to treat low volatility OA in atmospheric models. Volatility parameters extracted from ambient measurements enable evaluation of emerging treatments for OA (e.g., secondary OA using the volatility basis set or formed via aqueous chemistry) in atmospheric models.
Ensemble flood simulation for a small dam catchment in Japan using 10 and 2 km resolution nonhydrostatic model rainfalls
Authors: Kobayashi Kenichiro , Otsuka Shigenori ,   Apip, Saito Kazuo
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This paper presents a study on short-term ensemble flood forecasting specifically for small dam catchments in Japan. Numerical ensemble simulations of rainfall from the Japan Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model (JMA-NHM) are used as the input data to a rainfall–runoff model for predicting river discharge into a dam. The ensemble weather simulations use a conventional 10 km and a high-resolution 2 km spatial resolutions. A distributed rainfall–runoff model is constructed for the Kasahori dam catchment (approx. 70 km2) and applied with the ensemble rainfalls. The results show that the hourly maximum and cumulative catchment-average rainfalls of the 2 km resolution JMA-NHM ensemble simulation are more appropriate than the 10 km resolution rainfalls. All the simulated inflows based on the 2 and 10 km rainfalls become larger than the flood discharge of 140 m3 s−1, a threshold value for flood control. The inflows with the 10 km resolution ensemble rainfall are all considerably smaller than the observations, while at least one simulated discharge out of 11 ensemble members with the 2 km resolution rainfalls reproduces the first peak of the inflow at the Kasahori dam with similar amplitude to observations, although there are spatiotemporal lags between simulation and observation. To take positional lags into account of the ensemble discharge simulation, the rainfall distribution in each ensemble member is shifted so that the catchment-averaged cumulative rainfall of the Kasahori dam maximizes. The runoff simulation with the position-shifted rainfalls shows much better results than the original ensemble discharge simulations.
Foreshocks and short-term hazard assessment of large earthquakes using
complex networks: the case of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Daskalaki Eleni , Spiliotis Konstantinos , Siettos Constantinos , Minadakis Georgios , Papadopoulos Gerassimos A.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The monitoring of statistical network properties could be useful for the short-term hazard assessment of the occurrence of mainshocks in the presence of foreshocks. Using successive connections between events acquired from the earthquake catalog of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) for the case of the L'Aquila (Italy) mainshock (Mw = 6.3) of 6 April 2009, we provide evidence that network measures, both global (average clustering coefficient, small-world index) and local (betweenness centrality) ones, could potentially be exploited for forecasting purposes both in time and space. Our results reveal statistically significant increases in the topological measures and a nucleation of the betweenness centrality around the location of the epicenter about 2 months before the mainshock. The results of the analysis are robust even when considering either large or off-centered the main event space windows.
Comparing Higher Education Practices and Cultural Competences in Kenya and the United States
Authors: Musamali Kennedy , Martin Barbara N.
Published: August 2016

Examined within this paper are effective leadership practices across two cultures. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between cultural competency and effective leadership practices in higher education institutions. A quantitative design was used to investigate and compare effective practices of educational leaders in two distinct cultures, Kenya and the United States. Kouzes and Posner’s (2002) conceptual framework was used to examine effective leadership practices while the cultural intelligence conceptual framework developed by Earley and Ang (2003) was utilized to assess the influence of culture on effective leadership. A significant correlation was found between effective leadership practices and cultural intelligence. The results have implication for leadership practices in higher education settings across cultures.
Tau-Proportionate Form of Congeneric Covariance Structure
Authors: Maiti Saran Ishika
Published: August 2016

From the view point of constructing a composite possessing the largest possible common covariability with all of its constituent tests,  the concept of the best equi-covariable composite (BEC) has been introduced. When the covariance matrix of the constituent tests are so structured that its row (column) totals are all equal, the corresponding BEC is shown to be reducible to simple aggregated (or averaged) test. Under the purview of congeneric tests, it is shown that there exists a special form termed tau-proportionate congeneric form in which case the simple aggregated (or averaged) test is not only the BEC but also the most reliable composite. Statistical techniques of the estimation of parameters, testing and goodness-of-fit of the such structure are considered with the aid of an illustrative example.
Quartile Method Estimation of Two-Parameter Exponential Distribution Data with Outliers
Authors: Elgmati Entisar A. , Gregni Nadia B.
Published: August 2016

Several methods have been used to estimate the unknown parameters in the two-parameter exponential distribution. Here we have considered two of these methods, maximum likelihood method and median-first order statistics method. However, in the presence of outliers these methods are not valid. In this paper we propose two approaches that deal with this situation. The idea is based on using first and third quartile instead of the minimum statistics. We investigated the parameters estimate using these methods through simulation study. The new method gives similar results under the normal situation and much better results when the data has outliers.
O CASO DA TERRAPLANAGEM BARBOSA
Authors: Dias Tiago Farias , Angnes Derli Luís , Wegner Douglas
Published: August 2016

Este caso para ensino tem como objetivo subsidiar alunos de cursos de graduação e pósgraduação no processo de decisão de viabilidade de investimento a partir de uma análise financeira e econômica de um empreendimento do setor de prestação de serviços. A análise de viabilidade reduz os riscos inerentes ao investimento de capital e proporciona informações relevantes para a tomada de decisão em negócios. Considerando esse aspecto, o caso para ensino propõe a realização de um estudo de viabilidade econômica de um empreendimento em terraplenagem, com base em um caso verídico de consultoria financeira empresarial em uma cidade do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Ao final do caso, o aluno é instigado a analisar a viabilidade do negócio, por meio das atividades propostas nas notas de ensino. 

 
Comportamento, atitudes e consciência ambiental quanto ao descarte de telefones celulares: um estudo quantitativo na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Arenhardt Daniel Luís , Damke Luana Inês , Rodrigues Luis Adriano , Dill Rafael Augusto , Trevisan Marcelo
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to identify the behavior of consumers of the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul regarding the attitudes and willingness to pay for the mobile phones recycling. The literature on electronic waste, disposal of cell phones and National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) has been revised in order to subsidize the analyzes. Descriptive and quantitative in nature, this research was developed through the application of questionnaires to 430 municipal consumers, based on the model used by Yin, Gao and Xu (2014). The results showed that 56.1% of respondents replace their phones on at most every two years, only 7% return the discarded appliances to be recycled and 69.1% do not agree to pay part of the costs involving the recycling of phones. The study found also that most of the sample participants do not have knowledge of the law regarding the treatment of electronic waste. As practical implications, the findings of this study highlight the need for effective public policies so that cell phones are disposed of properly, as well as actions aimed at raise awareness about the impact of electronic waste on the environment and their responsibilities to minimize this problem.
Norma ISO 14004: identificação de aspectos ambientais em uma indústria alimentícia localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Berneira Viviane Montierre , Godecke Marcos Vinicius
Published: August 2016

Consumers, laws and regulations are increasingly demanding regarding the environmental quality preservation, leading companies to conform their actions to a responsible attitude to the environment. In this sense, emphasis is added to seeking certifications related to the implementation of Environmental Management Systems (EMS). To implement an EMS, the ISO 14004 standard guides the organization to to know its environmental aspects and its resulting impacts, aimed at continuous improvement of environmental quality. In view of this, through interviews, legal requirements verification and direct observation, an investigation was carried out on the relevant environmental aspects of a food industry located in the South of Rio Grande do Sul. Easily perceived in the company studied that an EMS could be implemented, because the company has been concerned to comply with the applicable legal environmental requirements. However, better internal systematization would be necessary in order to get the full qualification of its environmental management.Consumers, laws and regulations are increasingly demanding regarding the environmental quality preservation, leading companies to conform their actions to a responsible attitude to the environment. In this sense, emphasis is added to seeking certifications related to the implementation of Environmental Management Systems (EMS). To implement an EMS, the ISO 14004 standard guides the organization to to know its environmental aspects and its resulting impacts, aimed at continuous improvement of environmental quality. In view of this, through interviews, legal requirements verification and direct observation, an investigation was carried out on the relevant environmental aspects of a food industry located in the South of Rio Grande do Sul. Easily perceived in the company studied that an EMS could be implemented, because the company has been concerned to comply with the applicable legal environmental requirements. However, better internal systematization would be necessary in order to get the full qualification of its environmental management.
Contabilizar para a sustentabilidade: estudo de caso em uma concessionária de veículos da região norte do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Andriolli Elaine Marisa , Ávila Silvia Regina da Silva , Sandri Alessandra Wolf , Felten Amanda De Castro
Published: August 2016

The term sustainability is used to ensure that human activities are carried out in order not to compromise the future. In this wider context, also arises, environmental accounting as an innovative tool for sustainable management by providing information demonstrating solutions to prevent or reduce environmental damage. This work aims to highlight the importance of environmental accounting, checking the concessionaire Netherlands Vehicles Palmeira of Missions, Rio Grande do Sul, holds records of environmental accounting, specifically in the financial statements. The data used for this study were obtained through case study and on-site observation including analysis of the financial statements of the years 2012 to 2014, provided by the car dealership studied and through a semi-structured interview descriptive exploratory nature, in November 2014, with the manager and owner of the company. As the results showed that the company performs some environmental practices, however, does not have the environmental accounting
Construct validation of the Portuguese version of the Restraint Scale
Authors: Carvalho João , Marques Marta M. , Ferreira Mário Boto , Lima Maria Luísa
Published: August 2016

Aim

The main purpose of this study was to adapt the Restraint Scale (RS) to Portuguese and examine its psychometric properties, specifically its construct validity.

Method

In this study, 238 normal-weight adults (82% women; Mean age = 36.6, SD = 15.0) participated in an online survey containing measures of Restraint Scale, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, and Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness scales.

Results

Exploratory factor analyses corroborated the two-factors structure found in previous studies, in particular when three items without clear factorial assignment and low correlation were excluded. A final two-factors version of the RS containing seven items presented a very good fit to the measurement model and good internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis of the 7-items RS in relation to a three-factor model of overeating, dieting and body dissatisfaction measures revealed that the RS was the only restraint measure loading in all three factors.

Conclusion

This suggests that the 7-items Portuguese version of the RS has good psychometric properties and unique features that lend it appropriate to identify and study unsuccessful chronic dieters.
From Death to Print: Marcantonio Raimandi‘s Morbetto and the Power of Engraving in Raphael‘s Rome
Authors: Wouk Edward H.
Published: August 2016

The Morbetto, or Plague in Crete, designed by Raphael and engraved by Marcantonio
Raimondi, juxtaposes the pestilence described in Virgils Aeneid with the ruinous
state of Romes ancient remains in the Renaissance. This article examines this
exceptional collaboration between the artist and engraver in light of early
modern medical knowledge of contagion and an emerging discourse on the
preservation of Roman ruins. It argues that the tonal properties of engraving
and reproducible nature of print are integral to the meaning of the Morbetto, an
image in which new artistic creation arises from a cultural landscape dominated
by the fragmentary heritage of the past.
The Spencer Album of Marcantonio Raimondi Prints in the John Rylands Library
Authors: Pon Lisa , Wouk Edward H.
Published: August 2016

This article and checklist present the contents of the Spencer Album of
Marcantonio Raimondi prints, long considered to be lost. By examining its
composition and tracing its provenance from the Spencer collection at Althorp
House to the John Rylands Library, Manchester, we offer new insight into how
attitudes toward Marcantonio Raimondi‘s work evolved during the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, particularly in Great Britain. Our article also explores
Victorian collecting practices and the importance of the graphic arts for Mrs
Rylands‘s vision for the Library to be dedicated to her late husband‘s
memory.
Enhancement of mobility in ultra-thin-body GeOI p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors with Si-passivated back interfaces
Authors: Chang Wen-Hsin , Irisawa Toshifumi , Ishii Hiroyuki , Hattori Hiroyuki , Takagi Hideki , Kurashima Yuichi , Maeda Tatsuro
Published: August 2016

Ultra-thin-body (UTB) germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates with Si-passivated back interfaces have been fabricated by using advanced epitaxial-lift-off (ELO) technology. Performance of UTB GeOI p-MOSFETs with body thickness (T
body) in the 4–16 nm range has also been characterized. Si-passivated back interfaces have been fabricated and found to be effective in mitigating the unpleasant hole-mobility degradation in the UTB GeOI regime owing to the suppression of the back interface scattering.
High rate capability of a BaTiO3-decorated LiCoO2 cathode prepared via metal organic decomposition
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Katsuji Naoto , Yoshikawa Yumi , Yoneda Mika , Hayashi Hidetaka , Kishimoto Akira , Yoda Koji , Motobayashi Hidefumi , Tasaki Yuzo
Published: August 2016

Metal organic decomposition (MOD) using octylic acid salts was applied to synthesize a BaTiO3–LiCoO2 (BT–LC) composite powder. The Ba and Ti octylates were utilized as metal precursors, in an attempt to synthesize homogeneous BT nanoparticles on the LC matrix. The BT–LC composite, having a phase-separated composite structure without any impurity phase, was successfully obtained by optimizing the MOD procedure. The composite prepared using octylate precursors exhibited a sharper distribution and better dispersibility of decorated BT particles. Additionally, the average particle size of the decorated BTs using metal octylate was reduced to 23.3 nm, compared to 44.4 nm from conventional processes using Ba acetate as well as Ti alkoxide as precursors. The composite cathode displayed better cell performance than its conventional counterpart; the discharge capacity of the metal octylate-derived specimen was 55.6 mAh/g at a 50C rate, corresponding to 173% of the capacity of the conventional specimen (32.2 mAh/g). The notable improvement in high rate capability obtained in this study, compared with the conventional route, was attributed to the higher density of the triple junction formed by the BT–LC–electrolyte interface.