bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nasal saline irrigation has no effect on normal olfaction: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Liu Jack J. , Chan Guy C. , Hecht Avi S. , Storm Dan R. , Davis Greg E.
Published: November 2013

Background

Nasal saline irrigation is a safe treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis; however, its effect on olfaction is unclear. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger in the mechanism of olfaction and has been shown to be associated with smell function. In animal studies, olfactory cilia may be harvested by simple saline preparations. This study aimed to characterize the effect of nasal saline irrigation on smell function.

Methods

Volunteers with normal olfaction were randomized into a control or irrigation cohort. In the initial appointment, subjects completed a University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and nasal samples were obtained by 2 methods: the nasal curette and cytobrush. The irrigation cohort performed daily nasal saline irrigations. Both cohorts then returned in 1 week. The UPSIT and nasal cell collection were repeated, and each subject completed a subjective olfactory transition scale. Nasal samples were processed for cAMP levels using a commercial assay.

Results

Thirty‐two subjects were enrolled and randomized into each cohort. Control and postirrigation mean UPSIT scores were 36.8 and 36.7 (p = 0.48). No subjects reported a subjective smell loss. Ten pairs of nasal samples were assayed. Using the curette, control and postirrigation cAMP levels were 509 and 490 fmol/(mg/mL), respectively (p = 0.94). Using the cytobrush, respective cAMP levels were 424 and 449 fmol/(mg/mL), respectively (p = 0.94).

Conclusion

Nasal saline irrigation has no subjective or objective effect on olfaction. It also does not appear to affect cAMP levels, a potential marker of smell function.
Comparison of L‐strut preservation in endonasal and endoscopic septoplasty: a cadaveric study
Authors: Russell Marika D. , Kangelaris Gerald T.
Published: November 2013

Background

Preservation of an adequate cartilaginous L‐strut to prevent complications of septoplasty has been long recognized as critical. However, no previous study has examined the dimensions of the L‐strut that remain after septoplasty. We hypothesized that differences in exposure and visualization between endoscopic and endonasal techniques would result in differences in preserved L‐strut dimensions. We designed this study to determine L‐strut dimensions after performance of septoplasty with endonasal and endoscopic technique.

Methods

We performed a cadaveric study with 24 heads randomly assigned to undergo endonasal vs endoscopic septoplasty by senior resident surgeons (postgraduate year 4 [PGY‐4] and PGY‐5). Removal of the skin–soft tissue envelope and mucoperichondrium was performed after septoplasty to permit direct measurement of the L‐strut. Minimum and maximum widths were recorded for the caudal and dorsal segments; a single measurement was recorded for the width at the anterior septal angle. Statistical analysis was carried out using the 2‐tailed distribution Student t test.

Results

There was no significant difference in caudal or anterior septal width between endonasal and endoscopic techniques. There was a statistically significant difference in dorsal segment width for both minimum and maximum values, with endoscopic technique resulting in a narrower dorsal segment than endonasal technique (mean minimum value of 10.8 mm vs 13.2 mm, respectively, p = 0.03; and mean maximum value of 12.6 mm vs 16 mm, respectively, p = 0.01). There was significant variation in resident surgeon performance, with the performance of 1 resident surgeon accounting for the difference in minimum dorsal width.

Conclusion

Differences in exposure and visualization between endoscopic and endonasal septoplasty techniques may result in differences in preserved L‐strut dimensions. Care should be taken with endoscopic technique to prevent overly aggressive resection of septal cartilage, particularly with learners of this technique.
Quantum simulations of localization effects with dipolar interactions
Authors: Álvarez Gonzalo A. , Kaiser Robin , Suter Dieter
Published: November 2013

Quantum information processing often uses systems with dipolar interactions. Here a nuclear spin‐based quantum simulator is used to study the spreading of information in such a dipolar‐coupled system. While the information spreads with no apparent limits in the case of ideal dipolar couplings, additional perturbations limit the spreading, leading to localization. In previous work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 230403 (2010)], it was found that the system size reaches a dynamic equilibrium that decreases with the square of the perturbation strength. This work examines the impact of a disordered Hamiltonian with dipolar interactions. It shows that the expansion of the cluster of spins freezes in the presence of large disorder, reminiscent of Anderson localization of non‐interacting waves in a disordered potential.
Nanopartikulär geprägte Polymere für die größenselektive Erkennung von Nanopartikeln
Authors: Kraus‐Ophir Shlomit , Witt Julia , Wittstock Gunther , Mandler Daniel
Published: November 2013

Citrat‐stabilisierte Goldnanopartikel von 15 und 33 nm Durchmesser wurden durch Langmuir‐Blodgett‐Transfer bei pH 5 gleichzeitig mit einer Monolage positiv geladenen Polyanilins auf einen Träger aus leitfähigem Indium‐dotiertem Zinnoxid (ITO) übertragen. Filme aus 1–3 Lagen Polyanilin mit 1–3 nm Dicke wurden hergestellt und durch Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM), Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) sowie Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie charakterisiert. Nach Elektrooxidation der Goldnanopartikel in 0.1 MKCl blieben Kavitäten im Film zurück, die durch SEM analysiert werden konnten. Diese Kavitäten waren in der Lage, Analytnanopartikel aus einer Lösung bei pH 10 wieder einzufangen, und zeigten dabei Größenausschlussverhalten. Die Menge der durch die Kavitäten aufgenommenen Nanopartikel war leicht durch die Ladung zu analysieren, die mit der Elektrooxidation dieser Partikel in 0.1 MKCl nach Waschen mit Wasser assoziiert war. Die Größenausschlusseigenschaften verbesserten sich mit der Zahl der übertragenen Langmuir‐Blodgett‐Lagen.
Sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, in the Mediterranean Sea: a summary of status, threats, and conservation recommendations
Authors: Notarbartolo‐Di‐Sciara Giuseppe
Published: November 2013

Sperm whales in the Mediterranean are a genetically distinct population classified as Endangered on the basis of the IUCN Red List criteria.

Threats that result in sperm whale direct mortality, such as bycatch in illegal driftnets and collisions with ships, together with the noxious effects of noise, pollution, ingestion of solid debris, disturbance from irresponsible whale watching operations, and possibly prey depletion and climate change, affect the survival of the Mediterranean population and are the cause of an inferred continuing decline.

Recommendations to sustain the presence of sperm whales in the Mediterranean in the future include respecting existing fishery, pollution and whale watching regulations, and introducing precautionary noise and maritime traffic regulations in areas characterized by high sperm whale densities, some of which could be considered for MPA designation. Finally, the regular monitoring of sperm whale population ecology, behaviour and mortality at the regional scale, to detect trends and help to understand links between the observed phenomena and their possible cause(s), could help to address other potential threats, such as prey depletion and climate change.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the ecological niche overlap between two interacting invasive species: the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis)
Authors: Quinn Alex , Gallardo Belinda , Aldridge David C.
Published: November 2013

The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are two closely related invasive species. They usually occupy different habitats (e.g. shallow versus deep water) at a local scale, while occurring in the same broad regions at a large scale. The present study assesses the extent to which the habitat partitioning observed at local scales extends to niche partitioning at the global scale.

Species distribution models (SDMs, using MaxEnt) were used to model the potential distributions of both species based on a set of environmental and dispersal related predictors.

According to environmental SDMs calibrated with bioclimatic, geographic and geological factors, only 75% of the predicted quagga mussel distribution overlaps with the distribution of zebra mussel, demonstrating that the niches of the two species are moderately different at a global scale.

Quagga mussels were found to occur at higher average temperature and lower average precipitation, leading to the prediction that their niche includes Mediterranean and arid regions such as California and southern Spain, two areas currently unaffected by zebra mussel.

A second set of SDMs illustrated a notable influence of dispersal‐related factors (e.g. human population density, closeness to commercial ports and reservoirs), on quagga mussel distribution. These models suggest that the distribution of quagga mussel is more constrained by dispersal‐related factors than is the distribution of zebra mussel.

Evidence suggests that economic and environmental impacts can differ between the two species; joint accurate predictions may therefore prove important for targeting precautionary management plans at the right species.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compositing Amorphous TiO2 with N‐Doped Carbon as High‐Rate Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiao Ying , Hu Changwen , Cao Minhua
Published: November 2013

Compositing amorphous TiO2 with nitrogen‐doped carbon through TiN bonding to form an amorphous TiO2/N‐doped carbon hybrid (denoted a‐TiO2/CN) has been achieved by a two‐step hydrothermal–calcining method with hydrazine hydrate as an inhibitor and nitrogen source. The resultant a‐TiO2/CN hybrid has a surface area as high as 108 m2 g−1 and, when used as an anode material, exhibits a capacity as high as 290.0 mA h g−1 at a current rate of 1 C and a reversible capacity over 156 mA h g−1 at a current rate of 10 C after 100 cycles; these results are better than those found in most reports on crystalline TiO2. This superior electrochemical performance could be ascribed to a combined effect of several factors, including the amorphous nature, porous structure, high surface area, and N‐doped carbon.
High‐Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Phenothiazine Dyes Containing Double Anchors and Thiophene Spacers
Authors: Hung Wei‐I , Liao You‐Ya , Hsu Chih‐Yu , Chou Hsien‐Hsin , Lee Ting‐Hui , Kao Wei‐Siang , Lin Jiann T.
Published: November 2013

A series of new push–pull phenothiazine‐based dyes (HL1, HL2, HL3, HL4) featuring various π spacers (thiophene, 3‐hexylthiophene, 4‐hexyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene) and double acceptors/anchors have been synthesized, characterized, and used as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Among them, the best conversion efficiency (7.31 %) reaches approximately 99 % of the N719‐based (7.38 %) DSSCs fabricated and measured under similar conditions. The dyes with two anchors have more efficient interfacial charge generation and transport compared with their congeners with only single anchor. Incorporation of hexyl chains into the π‐conjugated spacer of these double‐anchoring dyes can efficiently suppress dye aggregation and reduce charge recombination.
Tiefe Baugrube in Teildeckelbauweise am Alsterufer in Hamburg
Authors: Böttcher Christian , Bäumer Stephan
Published: November 2013

Direkt an der Hamburger Außenalster wurde für die Errichtung hochwertiger Büro‐ und Gewerbeflächen mit vier Untergeschossen eine ca. 13 m tiefe Trogbaugrube in Schlitzwandbauweise und mit natürlicher Dichtsohle erforderlich. Aufgrund von sensibler Nachbarbebauung waren nur geringe Baugrundverformungen verträglich. Dies konnte mittels einer innen liegenden Aussteifung als vorgespanntes Stahlfachwerk in der oberen Steifungslage und einem Stahlbetonteildeckel in der unteren Steifungslage sichergestellt werden. Im Rahmen eines umfangreichen Messprogramms wurden die im Entwurf berechneten Baugrundverformungen bestätigt.

Deep excavation pit with partial concrete cover at Alsterufer in Hamburg

Along with the development of an exclusive office‐ and business building with four underground parking levels an about 13 m deep excavation pit with diaphragm walls and natural bottom sealing was needed. Considering the sensitive neighbouring buildings only little deformation of the underground was acceptable. By using a pre‐stressed inner framework as upper bracing and a partial concrete cover as lower bracing the requirements were fulfilled. Already during preliminary design calculated ground deformations could be approved by an extensive measuring program accompanying the project.
Entwurf und Berechnung von gekrümmten Betonfertigbauteilen mit CAD‐basierten Verfahren
Authors: Breitenberger Michael , Wüchner Roland , Bletzinger Kai‐Uwe
Published: November 2013

“Leicht Bauen mit Beton” und “form follows force” sind die Motivation dieses Artikels. Es wird ein Prozess vorgestellt, wie das Entwerfen, Berechnen und Bemessen von sehr leichten und filigranen Freiformschalen aus Betonfertigbauteilen in der Zukunft aussehen könnte. Dafür werden neueste Methoden aus dem Bereich CAD‐basierte Verfahren verwendet, welche eine sehr elegante Vereinigung von Design und Analyse ermöglichen. Der vorgestellte Prozess zeigt den Weg von der Entwurfsidee bis zur Bestimmung der optimalen Geometrie und Anordnung der Betonfertigbauteile.

Design and Analysis of Curved Precast Concrete Components Using CAD‐based Approaches – to build lightweight structures in the future

“Leicht Bauen mit Beton” and “form follows force” are the motivation for this article. In this contribution a process is presented, which shows how the design and analysis of very light, free‐form shells, made of precast concrete components, could be done in the future. Therefore, new techniques from the area of CAD‐based methods are used, which allow for a very elegant way of integrating design and analysis. The presented process shows the path from the idea of the design to the determination of the optimal geometry and assembly of the precast concrete components.
Stable Anilinyl Radicals Coordinated to Nickel: X‐ray Crystal Structure and Characterization
Authors: Kochem Amélie , Gellon Gisèle , Leconte Nicolas , Baptiste Benoit , Philouze Christian , Jarjayes Olivier , Orio Maylis , Thomas Fabrice
Published: November 2013

Two anilinosalen and a mixed phenol‐anilinosalen ligands involving sterically hindered anilines moieties were synthesized. Their nickel(II) complexes 1, 2, and 3 were prepared and characterized. They could be readily one‐electron oxidized (E1/2=−0.30, −0.26 and 0.10 V vs. Fc+/Fc, respectively) into anilinyl radicals species [1]+, [2]+, and [3]+, respectively. The radical complexes are extremely stable and were isolated as single crystals. X‐ray crystallographic structures reveal that the changes in bond length resulting from oxidation do not exceed 0.02 Å within the ligand framework in the symmetrical [1]+ and [2]+. No quinoid bond pattern was present. In contrast, larger structural rearrangements were evidenced for the unsymmetrical [3]+, with shortening of one CorthoCmeta bond. Radical species [1]+ and [2]+ exhibit a strong absorption band at around 6000 cm−1 (class III mixed valence compounds). This band is significantly less intense than [3]+, consistent with a rather localized anilinyl radical character, and thus a classification of this species as class II mixed‐valence compound. Magnetic and electronic properties, as well as structural parameters, have been computed by DFT methods.
Catalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets by Glutathione Peroxidase Mimetics Reveals a New Structural Motif in Graphene Oxide
Authors: Vernekar Amit A. , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: November 2013

A catalytic reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimics is reported. This study reveals that GO contains peroxide functionalities, in addition to the epoxy, hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups that have been identified earlier. It also is shown that GO acts as a peroxide substrate in the GPx‐like catalytic activity of organoselenium/tellurium compounds. The reaction of tellurol, generated from the corresponding ditelluride, reduces GO through the glutathione (GSH)‐mediated cleavage of the peroxide linkage. The mechanism of GO reduction by the tellurol in the presence of GSH involves the formation of a tellurenic acid and tellurenyl sulfide intermediates. Interestingly, the GPx mimics also catalyze the decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid functionality in GO at ambient conditions. Whereas the selenium/tellurium‐mediated catalytic reduction/decarboxylation of GO may find applications in bioremediation processes, this study suggests that the modification of GO by biologically relevant compounds such as redox proteins must be taken into account when using GO for biomedical applications because such modifications can alter the fundamental properties of GO.
ChemInform Abstract: Afterglow Luminescence Properties and Mechanism of Novel Orange Afterglow Phosphor: Ca2Sb2O7:Sm3+.
Authors: Shi Liurong , Zhang Jiachi , Li Huihui , Feng Pengfei , Liu Xue , Fu Zhongqiu , Wang Yuhua
Published: November 2013

A series of Sm‐doped Ca2Sb2O7 samples is prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3, Sb2O3, and Sm2O3 (air, alumina crucible, 1150 °C, 16 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Luminescence Intensity of Sr3B2O6:Eu2+ Phosphor Prepared by Sol—Gel Method.
Authors: Fan Li , Zhao Xin , Zhang Song , Ding Yufeng , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: November 2013

Yellow‐emitting Sr3B2O6:Eu phosphors are prepared by sol‐gel synthesis involving SrCO3 and Eu2O3 dissolved in dilute HNO3 and stoichiometric amounts of H3BO3 together with citric acid as chelating agent (150 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Diiron(III)‐Containing 23‐Tungsto‐2‐Borate: First Evidence of 3d Metal Substitution in the {BW13} Framework.
Authors: Reinoso Santiago , Vitoria Pablo , San Felices Leire , Gutierrez‐Zorrilla Juan M.
Published: November 2013

Greenish‐yellow prismatic crystals of Cs6K2 [{Fe(H2O)3}2(WO2) (HBW11O39)2]· ≈16H2O are synthesized from an aqueous solution of K8[HBW11O39], FeCl3, Na2WO4, and HCl (pH 1.5, 20 °C, 1 h) followed by filtration and addition of CsCl solution to the filtrate (evaporation at 20 °C; 18% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Nosylates: An Ideal Partner for Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Cheval Nicolas P. , Dikova Anna , Blanc Aurelien , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Pale Patrick
Published: November 2013

The reactions covered in this paper are: Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling, Stille coupling, Heck reaction, and Sonogashira coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Protocol for the Cross‐Metathesis of Sterically Demanding Olefins
Authors: Wang Zhen J. , Jackson W. Roy , Robinson Andrea J.
Published: November 2013

by using the second generation of the Hoveyda—Grubbs catalyst
ChemInform Abstract: Various Cyclization Scaffolds by a Truly Ugi 4‐CR.
Authors: Sinha Mantosh K. , Khoury Kareem , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Doemling Alexander
Published: November 2013

Four heterocyclic scaffolds based on a four component Ugi reaction of α‐amino acids, oxo components, isocyanides and primary or secondary amines suitably functionalized are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkynyl Ketones with the η6‐Arene/TsDPEN—Ruthenium(II) Catalyst.
Authors: Arai Noriyoshi , Satoh Hironori , Utsumi Noriyuki , Murata Kunihiko , Tsutsumi Kunihiko , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: November 2013

The highly enantioselective title reaction is presented for the first time and conducted with an S/C as high as 5000.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroaroylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters Using Aroyl Chlorides and Et2MeSiH.
Authors: Muraoka Takako , Hiraiwa Eiji , Abe Minami , Ueno Keiji
Published: November 2013

The rhodium complex catalyzes both the initial hydrosilylation of α,β‐unsaturated esters and the subsequent C‐C bond formation of the resulting silyl enol ether with aroyl chlorides to yield β‐keto esters (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Indirect Hydration of Alkynes in Presence of Methanesulfonic Acid.
Authors: Park Jungmin , Yeon Jihee , Lee Phil Ho , Lee Kooyeon
Published: November 2013

Aliphatic and aromatic alkynes are easily converted into the corresponding ketones in the presence of an iron catalyst and methanesulfonic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Rearrangements with Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Farid Umar , Malmedy Florence , Claveau Romain , Albers Lena , Wirth Thomas
Published: November 2013

A stereoselective rearrangement of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with a chiral hypervalent iodine reagent and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol is developed leading to acetals (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Involvement of Ethyl‐2‐cyano‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetate Cleaved Product in the Promotion of the Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldoximes: A Mechanistic Perception.
Authors: Dev Dharm , Palakurthy Nani Babu , Kumar Nitesh , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: November 2013

The sulfonate ester of Oxyma (OXS) is an efficient promoter for the conversion of aldoximes into the corresponding nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: A C(sp3)—C(sp3) Bond Forming Reductive Condensation of α‐Keto Esters and Enolizable Carbon Pronucleophiles.
Authors: Zhao Wei , Fink Darla M. , Labutta Carolyn A. , Radosevich Alexander T.
Published: November 2013

This new reaction is initiated by Kukhtin—Ramirez addition of a commercially available phosphine to the α‐keto ester.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd Immobilized in Mesoporous Silica Particles as Recyclable Catalysts for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling: Cooperative Effects Exerted by Co‐Immobilized Amine Functionalities.
Authors: Dickschat Arne T. , Surmiak Sabrina , Studer Armido
Published: November 2013

A monofunctionalized mesoporous silica immobilized Pd‐catalyst is demonstrated to efficiently catalyze the Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides and bromobenzene, but not of chlorobenzene.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Curcumins to Chalcones and Azodicarboxylates.
Authors: Ayyagari Narasimham , Mehta Ankit , Gopi Elumalai , Deb Indubhusan , Mobin Shaikh M. , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: November 2013

A one‐pot cascade double Michael reaction of curcumin with chalcones proceeds with good diastereoselectivity to give highly substituted cyclohexanones (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck Reactions Between Alkyltrifluoroborates and Vinyl Arenes.
Authors: Liwosz Timothy W. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: November 2013

The presented reaction conditions are further applied to amination [reaction of (XIX)] and dimerization reactions [viz.
ChemInform Abstract: MCM‐41‐SO3H: A Novel Reusable Nanocatalyst for Synthesis of Amidoalkyl Naphthols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Abdollahi Fatemeh , Shadjou Nasrin , Amani Ali Mohammad
Published: November 2013

Title compounds [(IV) and (VII)] are conveniently and rapidly synthesized using silica nanotubes modified by covalently bonded sulfonic acid on the inside surface as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Aqueous Multicomponent Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Indole‐spiro Fused Pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Wu Qiong , Feng Hui , Guo Dong‐Dong , Yi Mian‐Shuai , Wang Xing‐Han , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: November 2013

The reaction is conducted under environmentally benign conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Benign Process for the Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzo[b]thiophenes Using Electrophilic Cyclization.
Authors: Kim Seoyoung , Dahal Nikesh , Kesharwani Tanay
Published: November 2013

The electrophilic cyclization of 2‐alkynylthioanisoles (III) with sodium halides leads to 3‐halogenated benzo[b]thiophenes in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Paal—Knorr Reactions.
Authors: Handy Scott , Lavender Kevin
Published: November 2013

A mixture of choline chloride with urea is used as a good solvent for the preparation of furans and pyrroles from diketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Henry—Nef Reaction: A Practical and Versatile Chiral Pool Route to 2‐Substituted Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloids.
Authors: Bhat Chinmay , Tilve Santosh G.
Published: November 2013

Compounds (II) and (IV) are prepared by a combinatorial Henry and Nef reaction protocol.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Rhodium(I) Carbenes from Ynamides and Their Reactions with Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Liu Renhe , Winston‐McPherson Gabrielle N. , Yang Zhong‐Yue , Zhou Xin , Song Wangze , Guzei Ilia A. , Xu Xiufang , Tang Weiping
Published: November 2013

The process applies the reaction of the carbenes with the electron‐rich or neutral diynes or substituted enynes and affords 2‐oxopyrrolidines and 3‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles.
Authors: Gupton John T. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2013

Various indole derivatives (III), (VIII), and (IX) are coupled with hydrazines or α‐amino esters to give indole appended pyrazoles and pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Isoxazolidines: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrosoarenes, (Trifluoromethyl)diazomethane, and Alkenes.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Cavalcanti Livia N.
Published: November 2013

Additionally a one‐pot procedure for the cycloaddition reaction followed by reductive ring cleavage (Zn/AcOH) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: TBHP/I2‐Promoted Oxidative Coupling of Azoles with Benzyl Compounds via Cleavage of Nonactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Liu Xiang , Yu Guiqin , Li Jihui , Wang Dong , Chen Yongxin , Shi Keqin , Chen Baohua
Published: November 2013

The simple and environmentally friendly title reaction is efficiently applied for the oxidative coupling of benzotriazoles and benzimidazoles with methylarenes, diarylmethanes, and ethylbenzene.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Triazolyl‐2‐iminochromenes via a Catalytic Three Component Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Qian Wenyuan , Amegadzie Albert , Winternheimer David , Allen Jennifer
Published: November 2013

2‐Azidoacetonitrile is generated in situ and subsequently coupled in a Cu‐catalyzed three component reaction with terminal alkynes and salicylic aldehydes to give the title compounds in generally good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Nitrogen Heterocycles with a Versatile Iridium Catalyst.
Authors: Wu Jianjun , Talwar Dinesh , Johnston Steven , Yan Ming , Xiao Jianliang
Published: November 2013

Catalytic dehydrogenation of a wide variety of benzo fused N‐heterocycles is achieved in the presence of a cyclometalated iridium complex as the catalyst in the absence of any oxidant or acceptor for hydrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: Reagent‐Free Synthesis of 2,3,4‐Polysubstituted Tetrahydroquinolines: Application to the Formal Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Martinellic Acid and Martinelline.
Authors: Rong Zhouting , Li Qingjiang , Lin Wenhan , Jia Yanxing
Published: November 2013

A simple method is elaborated for the preparation of tetrahydroquinolines (III) from anilines (I) and aldehydes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of CF3‐Containing 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐phosphonates via Regioselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Co‐Cyclotrimerization of 1,7‐Azadiynes.
Authors: Zotova Maria A. , Vorobyeva Daria V. , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Bruneau Christian , Osipov Sergey N.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of the title compounds is achieved through N‐propargylation of substrates (I) and (VIII) followed by cyclotrimerization with alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyano‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,10]phenanthroline Derivatives Using a Multicomponent Condensation.
Authors: Marandi Ghasem , Hazeri Nourallah , Maghsoodlou Malek T. , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed M. , Torbati Niloufar Akbarzadeh , Rostami‐Charati Faramarz , Skeleton Brian W. , Makhar Mohamed
Published: November 2013

All products are purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized 1,4‐Dihydropyridine‐fused‐1,3‐diazaheterocycles: One‐Pot Reaction of 1,1‐Bis(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethylene, 1,n‐Diamine, Arylaldehyde, and Malononitrile
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Firuzyar Tahereh , Mikaeili Azadeh
Published: November 2013

All products are purified by mere filtration and washing.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Tryptanthrin Derivatives from Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Wang Chen , Zhang Lianpeng , Ren Anni , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: November 2013

A concise synthesis of the title compounds is developed by aerobic oxidative CuI‐promoted dimerization of indole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Functionalized Tricyclic Dihydropyrazinoquinazolinedione Chemotypes via an Ugi/N‐Acyliminium Ion Cyclization Cascade.
Authors: Gunawan Steven , Hulme Christopher
Published: November 2013

The substitution of the fluorine group in the Ugi adduct (V) by primary amines (VI) followed by a microwave‐promoted double cyclization affords the desired tricyclic derivatives (VII) as a single diastereomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Reusable α‐MoO3 Nanobelts Catalyzes the Green and Heterogeneous Condensation of 1,2‐Diamines with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Jafarpour Maasoumeh , Rezaeifard Abdolreza , Ghahramaninezhad Mahboube , Tabibi Tooba
Published: November 2013

α‐MoO3 nanobelts are prepared and successfully applied as a catalyst for synthesis of quinoxalines and indoles from diamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Triazines as Potent, Selective and Orally Active PDE4 Inhibitors.
Authors: Gewald Rainer , Grunwald Christian , Egerland Ute
Published: November 2013

A series of triazine derivatives are synthesized and evaluated as novel PDE4 inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: CeCl3·7H2O—SiO2: Catalyst Promoted Microwave Assisted Neat Synthesis, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of α‐Diaminophosphonates.
Authors: Devineni Subba Rao , Doddaga Srinivasulu , Donka Rajasekhar , Chamarthi Naga Raju
Published: November 2013

Ten α‐diaminophosphonates of dapsone (IV) are synthesized in good to excellent yields by a one‐pot three‐component reaction under neat reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: E‐Factor Minimized Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Polystyryl‐BEMP under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Angelini Tommaso , Bonollo Simona , Lanari Daniela , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: November 2013

PS‐BEMP is found to promote the title reaction (Pudovik reaction) between alkyl or aryl aldehydes (I) and diethyl phosphite (II) giving the corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphonates (III) in high yields and low E‐Factor values.
ChemInform Abstract: Click Synthesis of Triazolyl Phenylalaninyl and Tyrosinyl Derivatives as New Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors.
Authors: Cui Lei , He Xiao‐Peng , Gao Li‐Xin , Li Jia , Chen Guo‐Rong
Published: November 2013

The reactions are carried out under microwave‐assisted conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 2“,4”‐O‐Diacetylquercitrin, a Novel Advanced Glycation End‐Product Formation and Aldose Reductase Inhibitor from Melastoma sanguineum.
Authors: Lee Ik‐Soo , Kim Il Soon , Lee Yun Mi , Lee Youngseop , Kim Joo‐Hwan , Kim Jin Sook
Published: November 2013

The novel flavonoid (I) is isolated from the aerial parts of M.sanguineum together with six known flavonoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Wet Chemical Synthesis of LiBaF3 Phosphor.
Authors: Singh Vartika S. , Joshi C. P. , Moharil S. V.
Published: November 2013

Lanthanoid activated LiBaF3 is obtained from mixed LiCl/BaCl2 solutions by co‐precipitation with KF at 85 °C followed by addition of dopant (Ce3+ or Tb3+) chlorides in a 7‐fold KF surplus as optimum for phase purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Hole‐Doping and Disorder on the Magnetic States of Delafossite CuCrO2 Having a Spin‐3/2 Antiferromagnetic Triangular Sublattice
Authors: Okuda Tetsuji , Kajimoto Ryoichi , Okawa Mario , Saitoh Tomohiko
Published: November 2013

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 5 Imides and Bis(imide)s as Selective Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Gianetti Thomas L. , La Pierre Henry S. , Arnold John
Published: November 2013

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scaling Up API Syntheses
Authors: Van Arnum Patricia
Published: November 2013

Review: 7 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Aminated Reaction
Authors: Driver Tom G.
Published: November 2013

Review: iron(II)‐catalyzed transformations of alkyl azides into cyclic secondary amines, 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Reactions Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrin‐Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Nakagaki Shirley , Ferreira Gabriel Kaetan Baio , Ucoski Geani Maria , de Freitas Castro Kelly Aparecida Dias
Published: November 2013

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Helical Chirality Induction of Expanded Porphyrin Analogues
Authors: Setsune Jun‐ihiro
Published: November 2013

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Hsin‐Yi , Jia Xinli , Liu Bin , Yang Yanhui
Published: November 2013

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts for Production of Biodiesel from Trans‐Esterification of Triglycerides with Methanol: A Review
Authors: Chopade Shruti G. , Kulkarni K. S. , Kulkarni A. D. , Topare Niraj S.
Published: November 2013

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Base Catalysis of the Mukaiyama Directed Aldol Reaction: 40 Years of Inspiration and Advances
Authors: Beutner Gregory L. , Denmark Scott E.
Published: November 2013

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Remotely Controlled Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Terminal 1,1‐Diaryl Alkenes
Authors: Besset Tatiana , Gramage‐Doria Rafael , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: November 2013

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Voltage‐Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy in Spintronic Devices
Authors: Amiri Pedram Khalili , Wang Kang L.
Published: November 2013

Review: 2 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Gallo Juan , Long Nicholas J. , Aboagye Eric O.
Published: November 2013

Review: 160 refs.
Poly(ethylene oxide)‐graft‐methotrexate Macromolecular Drugs Conjugating via Aminopteridine Ring Exhibit Potent Anticancer Activity
Authors: Guo Weiwei , Zheng Meng , Zhong Yinan , Meng Fenghua , Deng Chao , Zhong Zhiyuan
Published: November 2013

Water soluble poly(ethylene oxide)‐graft‐methotrexate (PEO‐g‐MTX) conjugates with a robust amide linkage via the amine or carboxylic acid groups of MTX were designed, prepared and investigated for in vitro anti‐tumor effects. MTX was conjugated to multi‐functional PEO containing multiple pendant carboxylic acid (PEO‐g‐COOH) or amine groups (PEO‐g‐NH2) via the carbodiimide chemistry, which afforded PEO‐g‐MTX conjugates with an amide bond to the aminopteridine ring or carboxylic acid groups of MTX (denoted as PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH) and PEO‐g‐MTX(NH2), respectively). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that all PEO‐g‐MTX conjugates, with MTX contents varying from 4.8 to 19.6 wt%, existed as unimers in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4, 20 mmol·L−1). Interestingly, MTT assays showed that PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH) exhibited potent anti‐tumor activity in HeLa, A549, KB and NIH3T3 cells with cytotoxicity profiles comparable to that of free MTX. In contrast, PEO‐g‐MTX(NH2) revealed diminishing cytostatic effect with IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) ten to hundred times higher than that of PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH). Moreover, PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH) conjugates allowed facile conjugation with targeting ligands. Notably, folate‐decorated PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH) macromolecular drugs showed apparent targetability to folate receptor‐overexpressing KB cells with an IC50 over 12‐fold lower than non‐targeting PEO‐g‐MTX(COOH) control and about 2‐fold lower than free MTX under otherwise the same conditions.
Light‐Triggered Molecular Level Self‐Healing Spiropyran Thin Film
Authors: Yang Bingjie , Liu Juehuan , Zheng Hongzhi , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An
Published: November 2013

Spiropyran thin film with capability of light‐triggered molecular level self‐healing has been successfully designed and fabricated by Langmuir‐Blodgett technology. Various remarkable properties of thin film shrinkage or height increase or self‐healing nano‐defect recovery under different fabrication conditions have been observed. In addition, further evidence of the self‐healing, which resulted from the movement of spiropyran molecules (such as "standing" "lie‐down" and "tip‐toes" etc.) on the substrate, has also been observed from the reversible contact angle change of the thin film.
Elemental Composition Analysis of Plants and Composts Used for Soil Remediation by Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Senesi Giorgio S. , Dell'Aglio Marcella , De Giacomo Alessandro , De Pascale Olga , Chami Ziad Al , Miano Teodoro M. , Zaccone Claudio
Published: November 2013

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast and reliable technique suitable for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of major and trace elements in samples of various nature and origin. In last decades, the use of metal accumulator plants, in combination with compost, has become a cheap and sustainable alternative technique to lower soil contamination by toxic heavy metals. In the present work, the LIBS technique has been applied to measure the concentrations of selected elements, including Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Sr, and Zn, in two composts of different origin and nature and four accumulator plant species (Atriplex halimus, Brassica alba, Brassica napus, and Eruca vesicaria). The plant samples were analyzed either as bulk plant material or as specific organs (i.e. shoots and roots). The concentrations measured by LIBS were assessed by complementary induced coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy. The significant correlation found between the data obtained by the two techniques (R = 0.732–0.999) supports the feasibility of LIBS for fast screening of major, trace and toxic elements in plant and compost samples. In conclusion, the LIBS technique shows promising for further applications in soil remediation as well as in agriculture.
Structural Optimization of Berberine as a Synergist to Restore Antifungal Activity of Fluconazole against Drug‐Resistant Candida albicans
Authors: Liu Hong , Wang Liang , Li Yan , Liu Jiang , An Maomao , Zhu Shaolong , Cao Yongbing , Jiang Zhihui , Zhao Mingzhu , Cai Zhan , Dai Li , Ni Tingjunhong , Liu Wei , Chen Simin , Wei Changqing , Zang Chengxu , Tian Shujuan , Yang Jingyu , Wu Chunfu , Zhang Dazhi , Liu Hua , Jiang Yuanying
Published: November 2013

We have conducted systematic structural modification, deconstruction, and reconstruction of the berberine core with the aim of lowering its cytotoxicity, investigating its pharmacophore, and ultimately, seeking novel synergistic agents to restore the effectiveness of fluconazole against fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans. A structure–activity relationship study of 95 analogues led us to identify the novel scaffold of N‐(2‐(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐5‐yl)ethyl)‐2‐(substituted phenyl)acetamides 7 a–l, which exhibited remarkable levels of in vitro synergistic antifungal activity. Compound 7 d (N‐(2‐(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐5‐yl)ethyl)‐2‐(2‐fluorophenyl)acetamide) significantly decreased the MIC80 values of fluconazole from 128.0 μg mL−1 to 0.5 μg mL−1 against fluconazole‐resistant C. albicans and exhibited much lower levels of cytotoxicity than berberine toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Methanol Fractionation of Softwood Kraft Lignin: Impact on the Lignin Properties
Authors: Saito Tomonori , Perkins Joshua H. , Vautard Frederic , Meyer Harry M. , Messman Jamie M. , Tolnai Balazs , Naskar Amit K.
Published: November 2013

The development of technologies to tune lignin properties for high‐performance lignin‐based materials is crucial for the utilization of lignin in various applications. Here, the effect of methanol (MeOH) fractionation on the molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal decomposition, and chemical structure of lignin were investigated. Repeated MeOH fractionation of softwood Kraft lignin successfully removed the low‐molecular‐weight fraction. The separated high‐molecular‐weight lignin showed a Tg of 211 °C and a char yield of 47 %, much higher than those of as‐received lignin (Tg 153 °C, char yield 41 %). The MeOH‐soluble fraction of lignin showed an increased low‐molecular‐weight fraction and a lower Tg (117 °C) and char yield (32 %). The amount of low‐molecular‐weight fraction showed a quantitative correlation with both 1/Tg and char yield in a linear regression. This study demonstrated the efficient purification or fractionation technology for lignin; it also established a theoretical and empirical correlation between the physical characteristics of fractionated lignins.
An investigation of the stability of emerging new psychoactive substances
Authors: Soh Yan Ni Annie , Elliott Simon
Published: November 2013

The evolving nature of new psychoactive substances (NPS) – often referred to as ‘legal highs’, ‘designer drugs’ or ‘bath salts’ – presents an evolving challenge for toxicologists. Apart from the detection and identification of these compounds, further analytical challenges may arise from the presence of possible metabolites or degradation products which may have to be considered when devising an analytical strategy. Whilst there has been some stability research for some more established drugs of abuse and medicinal products, data on emerging NPS are less abundant. In order to address this need, 13 NPS (4‐MEC, MDAI, methoxetamine, 5‐MeO‐DALT, 6‐APB, MPA, 5‐IAI, MDAT, 2‐AI, AMT, 25C‐NBOMe, AH‐7921, 5‐MAPB) were spiked in blood and plasma and kept at room temperature (20–23 °C). Detection and identification of the suspected breakdown products were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD), liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with high mass accuracy quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS). 4‐MEC became undetectable in blood within 14 days with a corresponding loss of 54% in plasma. A breakdown product was identified as dihydro‐4‐MEC which was also found in vivo in a case work sample. Storage of AMT led to a range of potential breakdown products which were also found in vivo. The remaining substances were found to be stable for at least 21 days in blood and plasma. This is the first time stability data have been published for these emerging substances and showed that additional compounds found during forensic casework were potential metabolites rather than instability products. In particular, presumptive metabolites of 25C‐NBOMe and AH‐7921 are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of recombinant EPO in blood and urine samples with EPO WGA MAIIA, IEF and SAR‐PAGE after microdose injections
Authors: Dehnes Yvette , Shalina Alexandra , Myrvold Linda
Published: November 2013

The misuse of microdoses of performance enhancing drugs like erythropoietin (EPO) constitutes a major challenge in doping analysis. When injected intravenously, the half‐life of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) like epoetin alfa, beta, and zeta is only a few hours and hence, the window for direct detection of rhEPO in urine is small. In order to investigate the detection window for rhEPO directly in blood and urine with a combined affinity chromatography and lateral flow immunoassay (EPO WGA MAIIA), we recruited nine healthy people who each received six intravenously injected microdoses (7.5 IU/kg) of NeoRecormon (epoetin beta) over a period of three weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected in the days following the injections and analyzed with EPO WGA MAIIA as well as the current validated methods for rhEPO; isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sarcosyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR‐PAGE). For samples collected 18 h after a microdose, the sensitivity of the EPO WGA MAIIA assay was 100% in plasma and 87.5% in urine samples at the respective 98% specificity threshold levels. In comparison, the sensitivity in plasma and urine was 75% and 100%, respectively, with IEF, and 87.5% in plasma and 100% in urine when analyzed with SAR‐PAGE. We conclude that EPO WGA MAIIA is a sensitive assay for the detection of rhEPO, with the potential of being a fast, supplemental screening assay for use in doping analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An appraisal of the effectiveness of nature‐close torrent control methods – Jindrichovicky Brook case study
Authors: Kovar Pavel , Krovak Frantisek , Rous Vit , Bily Michal , Salek Miroslav , Vassova Darina , Hrabalikova Michaela , Tejnecky Vaclav , Drabek Ondrej , Bazatova Tereza , Peskova Jitka
Published: November 2013

Discharge fluctuation and extreme bed load movement, i.e. erosion and sedimentation occurring on short upper reaches of the river, are characteristic features of torrential rivers. This paper presents a biotechnical appraisal of a torrent catchment for implementing revetments methods, focusing on selected hydraulic characteristics of the flow. The Infiltration and Kinematic wave hydrological model (KINFIL) hydrological model (for design discharges) is used to verify these variables and also the Hydrologic Engineering Centre's River Analysis System and Sedimentation and River Hydraulics Two‐Dimensional hydraulic models for channel flow. Data and computation for proposing nature‐close remedial measures are demonstrated in a case study of the Jindrichovicky Brook, a mountain torrent located in the Ore Mountains (Czech Republic).

Particular attention is given to appropriate adaptation of the river for the invertebrate community. The hydraulic analysis is carried out in two sections of the river (section A: ‘nature‐close’, restored in 2008, and section B: ‘old style’, regulated in the 1970s). The aim is to compute the major hydraulic characteristics (depths, velocities, shear stress values etc.). Then, a hydrobiological investigation is carried out in both sections to find how much the invertebrate communities extended their diversity and abundance as a consequence of better geomorphological diversity after restoration. It was found that, from the hydraulic point of view, the old section B is sufficiently robust and stable. However, it is clearly evident that this section can hardly be populated by fauna and if so, then only very sparsely and impermanently. Section A meets both priorities, hydraulic stability and an acceptable living environment for the benthic community. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique ζ‐chain motifs mediate a direct TCR‐actin linkage critical for immunological synapse formation and T‐cell activation
Authors: Klieger Yair , Almogi‐Hazan Osnat , Ish‐Shalom Eliran , Pato Aviad , Pauker Maor H. , Barda‐Saad Mira , Wang Lynn , Baniyash Michal
Published: November 2013

TCR‐mediated activation induces receptor microclusters that evolve to a defined immune synapse (IS). Many studies showed that actin polymerization and remodeling, which create a scaffold critical to IS formation and stabilization, are TCR mediated. However, the mechanisms controlling simultaneous TCR and actin dynamic rearrangement in the IS are yet not fully understood. Herein, we identify two novel TCR ζ‐chain motifs, mediating the TCR's direct interaction with actin and inducing actin bundling. While T cells expressing the ζ‐chain mutated in these motifs lack cytoskeleton (actin) associated (cska)‐TCRs, they express normal levels of non‐cska and surface TCRs as cells expressing wild‐type ζ‐chain. However, such mutant cells are unable to display activation‐dependent TCR clustering, IS formation, expression of CD25/CD69 activation markers, or produce/secrete cytokine, effects also seen in the corresponding APCs. We are the first to show a direct TCR‐actin linkage, providing the missing gap linking between TCR‐mediated Ag recognition, specific cytoskeleton orientation toward the T‐cell–APC interacting pole and long‐lived IS maintenance.