bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internationalising imperatives and decolonising aspirations: Navigating social psychology teaching in Asia
Authors: Hamamura Takeshi , Clemente Jose Antonio R. , English Alexander S. , Ishii Keiko , Siddiqui Roomana N.
Published: September 2024

Working in a field that underrepresents populations outside Western societies, social psychologists in the Asia‐Pacific region encounter challenges in conducting research and imparting knowledge about social behaviour that resonates with local contexts. This paper argues that teaching can be a pathway for social psychology to rectify this representation problem. In this study, we report the results of our survey designed to contribute to an initial understanding of how and what social psychology is currently taught. Collectively, our survey respondents teach social psychology to over 12,000 students each year across 11 societies in the region. Results indicate that social psychology is seen as a crucial part of psychology education. About 80% of the respondents agreed that students should be taught that what is known in the international literature may not apply to a local context. At the same time, about 70% of the content taught was estimated to come from Western countries. Our findings highlight an opportunity for social psychology to evolve through teaching that embraces a more inclusive approach to meet societal demands for sound psychological knowledge.
Impact of viral testing on duration of antibiotic treatment and hospitalisation of febrile infants
Authors: Erdem G. , Watson J. R. , Tomatis C. , Ceyhan K. , Barson W.
Published: September 2024

Aim

To assess the duration of antimicrobial treatment; hospital length of stay; and invasive bacterial infections rates in hospitalised infants following the adoption of a management guideline.

Methods

Faculty agreed to a standard of 24 h of antibiotic treatment for well‐appearing febrile infants with proven viral infection and no growth on bacterial cultures. The outcomes were the duration of hospitalisation and antibiotic treatment of febrile infants less than 8 weeks of age who have enterovirus, parechovirus, respiratory viruses detected. We monitored re‐admissions and missed invasive infections.

Results

Of the total 1696 infants studied, the median antibiotic treatment duration decreased from 31.5 to 24.8 h in virus‐infected infants ≤21 days of age (p = 0.02) and from 26 to 19.7 h in infants 22–56 days of age (p < 0.001). The decrease was less in infants not infected with a virus. No patient had an invasive infection identified after discharge.

Conclusion

The implementation of our care standard resulted in reduction in antibiotic treatment duration without known delayed diagnosis of bacterial infections. Infants without a proven viral aetiology may need further study to inform management decisions.
Efficacy and safety of daratumumab in multiresistant immune‐mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Weisinger Julia , Bouzid Raïda , Ranta Dana , Woaye‐Hune Pascal , Cohen‐Aubart Fleur , Gaible Clotilde , Marjanovic Zora , Corre Elise , Joly Anne‐Christine , Baylatry Minh‐Tam , Joly Berangère S. , Veyradier Agnès , Coppo Paul
Published: September 2024

The immunosuppressive treatment of immune‐mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) in patients with intolerance or refractoriness to the B‐cell depleting monoclonal antibody rituximab remains debated. Daratumumab, a plasma cell‐directed monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, represents a therapeutic option, but data are scarce. The French Thrombotic Microangiopathies Reference Center conducted a nationwide survey on iTTP patients treated with daratumumab. Nine episodes from seven patients were identified. Treatment was administered for A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin‐1 motifs, 13th member (ADAMTS13) relapses while patients were otherwise in clinical response (N = 8), or during the acute phase of the disease following rituximab intolerance (N = 1). Patients have received a median of three previous therapeutic lines. ADAMTS13 activity improved in eight cases following daratumumab administration, including three cases where ADAMTS13 normalized. ADAMTS13 relapses occurred in three patients; in two cases, retreatment with daratumumab was successful. Median ADAMTS13 relapse‐free survival was not reached; 12‐month ADAMTS13 relapse‐free survival was 56%. Daratumumab‐related adverse events occurred in five cases and were non‐severe infusion‐related reactions in all cases. These results suggest that daratumumab may be an effective treatment option for iTTP patients with intolerance or refractoriness to rituximab.
Aberrant brain structural–functional connectivity coupling associated with cognitive dysfunction in different cerebral small vessel disease burdens
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Liang Changhu , Feng Mengmeng , Xin Haotian , Fu Yajie , Gao Yian , Sui Chaofan , Wang Na , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Nan , Guo Lingfei , Wen Hongwei
Published: September 2024

Aims

Emerging evidence suggests that cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) pathology changes brain structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) networks. Although network‐level SC and FC are closely coupled in the healthy population, how SC‐FC coupling correlates with neurocognitive outcomes in patients with different CSVD burdens remains largely unknown.

Methods

Using multimodal MRI, we reconstructed whole‐brain SC and FC networks for 54 patients with severe CSVD burden (CSVD‐s), 106 patients with mild CSVD burden (CSVD‐m), and 79 healthy controls. We then investigated the aberrant SC‐FC coupling and functional network topology in CSVD and their correlations with cognitive dysfunction.

Results

Compared with controls, the CSVD‐m patients showed no significant change in any SC‐FC coupling, but the CSVD‐s patients exhibited significantly decreased whole‐brain (p = 0.014), auditory/motor (p = 0.033), and limbic modular (p = 0.011) SC‐FC coupling. For functional network topology, despite no change in global efficiency, CSVD‐s patients exhibited significantly reduced nodal efficiency of the bilateral amygdala (p = 0.024 and 0.035) and heschl gyrus (p = 0.001 and 0.005). Notably, for the CSVD‐s patients, whole‐brain SC‐FC coupling showed a significantly positive correlation with MoCA (r = 0.327, p = 0.020) and SDMT (r = 0.373, p = 0.008) scores, limbic/subcortical modular SC‐FC coupling showed a negative correlation (r = −0.316, p = 0.025) with SCWT score, and global/local efficiency (r = 0.367, p = 0.009 and r = 0.353, p = 0.012) showed a positive correlation with AVLT score. For the CSVD‐m group, whole‐brain and auditory/motor modular SC‐FC couplings showed significantly positive correlations with SCWT (r = 0.217, p = 0.028 and r = 0.219, p = 0.027) and TMT (r = 0.324, p = 0.001 and r = 0.245, p = 0.013) scores, and global/local efficiency showed positive correlations with AVLT (r = 0.230, p = 0.020 and r = 0.248, p = 0.012) and SDMT (r = 0.263, p = 0.008 and r = 0.263, p = 0.007) scores.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that decreased whole‐brain and module‐dependent SC‐FC coupling associated with reduced functional efficiency might underlie more severe burden and worse cognitive decline in CSVD. SC‐FC coupling might serve as a more sensitive neuroimaging biomarker of CSVD burden and provided new insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of clinical development of CSVD.
Parental diagnostic delay and developmental outcomes in congenital and childhood‐onset myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Trucco Federica , Albamonte Emilio , Pane Marika , Ricci Federica , D'amico Adele , Astrea Guja , Moroni Isabella , Pini Antonella , Fiorillo Chiara , Berardinelli Angela , Johnson Nicholas E. , Sansone Valeria A. ,   The DM1 Paediatric Working Group
Published: September 2024

Aim

To investigate the timing of type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1) diagnosis in parents of affected children and describe children's perinatal characteristics and developmental outcomes.

Method

This was a descriptive case series of children with congenital myotonic dystrophy (CDM) and childhood‐onset myotonic dystrophy (ChDM). Parental timing of DM1 diagnosis and the perinatal, motor, and cognitive outcomes of paediatric patients were recorded.

Results

A total of 139 children followed by 12 highly specialized tertiary care neuromuscular centres in Italy and one tertiary neuromuscular centre in the USA were included: 105 children with CDM and 34 children with ChDM (mean age 8 years 8 months and 12 years 2 months respectively; 49 males and 17 males respectively). Seventy (50%) parents were diagnosed with adult‐onset DM1 after the affected child was diagnosed. Only 12 (17%) of the 69 parents known to be affected had prenatal testing.

Of the 105 children with CDM, 98% had maternally inherited CDM, 36% were born preterm, 83% required a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit for more than 48 hours, 84% and 79% had ambulation and speech delay, and 84% had an IQ lower than 70. Of the 34 children with ChDM, 59% had paternally inherited ChDM, 91% were born at term, and 36% had an IQ lower than 70.

Interpretation

Delay in diagnosing DM1 affects family planning. The prenatal and perinatal outcomes of the affected offspring emphasize the need for proactive counselling as parents may be reluctant to conduct prenatal testing.
Birthweight influences liver structure, function and disease risk: Evidence of a causal association
Authors: Peng Lei , Shen Jiajia , Li Lurong , Liu Jiahao , Jiang Xingzhou , Zhang Guoxin , Li Yuanyuan
Published: September 2024

Aim

Low birthweight is an issue during pregnancy associated with an increased risk of developing liver disease later in life. Previous Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies which explored this issue have not isolated the direct impact of the foetus on birthweight. In the present study, MR was used to assess whether direct foetal effects on birthweight were causally associated with liver structure, function and disease risk independent of intrauterine effects.

Materials and Methods

We extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) about direct foetal‐affected birthweight (321 223 cases) to conduct univariable and multivariable MR analyses to explore the relationships between birthweight and 4 liver structure measures, 9 liver function measures and 18 liver diseases. A two‐step MR analysis was used to further assess and quantify the mediating effects of the mediators.

Results

When isolating direct foetal effects, genetically predicted lower birthweight was associated with a higher risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (odds ratios [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61, 1.29–2.02, p < 0.001), higher magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and higher serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). Two‐step MR identified two candidate mediators that partially mediate the direct foetal effect of lower birthweight on NAFLD, including fasting insulin (proportion mediated: 22.29%) and triglycerides (6.50%).

Conclusions

Our MR analysis reveals a direct causal association between lower birthweight and liver MRI PDFF, as well as the development of NAFLD, which persisted even after accounting for the potential influence of maternal factors. In addition, we identified fasting insulin and triglycerides as mediators linking birthweight and hepatic outcomes, providing insights for early clinical interventions.
Drivers of Perceived Value for an Alumni Association, and the Effect of Perceived Value and Satisfaction on Alumni Loyalty
Authors: Baumann Jan K. , Halpern Nigel
Published: September 2024

Alumni associations are established by higher education institutions to formalise relationships with alumni, and to nurture alumni loyalty over time. This study investigates drivers of perceived value for an alumni association, and the effects that perceived value and satisfaction have on alumni loyalty. Data were collected from 1711 respondents to an online survey of alumni at a university college in Norway. Responses were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings reveal that service quality of alumni activities and attractive quality of the association drive perceived value. Satisfaction among those that have participated in alumni activities has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between perceived value and alumni loyalty. However, the direct effect of perceived value on alumni loyalty is not significant, meaning that perceived value alone is not enough to drive alumni loyalty. It is necessary to also achieve satisfaction among participants.
Median nerve lesions in pediatric displaced supracondylar humerus fracture: A prospective neurological, electrodiagnostic and ultrasound characterization
Authors: Schädlich Ines Sophie , Buschbaum Sabriena , Magnus Tim , Reinshagen Konrad , Wintges Kristofer , Gelderblom Mathias
Published: September 2024

Background and Purpose

Supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) are the most common elbow fractures in children. Traumatic median nerve injury and isolated lesions of its pure forearm motor branch, anterior interosseus nerve (AIN), have both been independently reported as complications of displaced SCHFs. Our main objectives were to characterize the neurological syndrome to distinguish median nerve from AIN lesions and to determine the prognosis of median nerve lesions after displaced SCHFs.

Methods

Ten children were prospectively followed for an average of 11.6 months. Patients received a standardized clinical examination and high‐resolution ultrasound of the median nerve every 1–3 months starting 1–2 months after trauma. Electrodiagnostic studies were performed within the first 4 months and after complete clinical recovery.

Results

All children shared a clinical syndrome with predominant but not exclusive affection of AIN innervated muscles. High‐resolution ultrasound uniformly excluded persistent nerve entrapment and neurotmesis requiring revision surgery but visualized post‐traumatic median nerve neuroma at the fracture site in all patients. Electrodiagnostic studies showed axonal motor and sensory median nerve neuropathy. All children achieved complete functional recovery under conservative management. Motor recovery required up to 11 months and differed between involved muscles.

Conclusions

It was shown that neurological deficits of the median nerve in displaced SCHFs exceeded an isolated AIN lesion. Notably, detailed neurological follow‐up examinations and sonographic exclusion of persistent nerve compression were able to guide conservative therapy in affected children. Under these conditions the prognosis of median nerve lesions was excellent despite severe initial deficits, development of neuroma and axonal injury.
The political economy of open contracting reforms in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Adam Isabelle , Dávid‐Barrett Elizabeth , Fazekas Mihály
Published: September 2024

Transparency reforms make government contracting more open and amenable to public scrutiny, helping to improve public spending efficiency. But they are also politically sensitive, complex and highly technical, which makes them especially difficult to implement if state capacity is weak. Our research on nine low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia systematically assesses progress in improving the legal framework for procurement transparency and implementing systems that allow open access to data, between 2008 and 2019. Through interviews with key informants, we explore the reasons for progress or its absence, finding that success relies on strong leadership commitment, broad coalitions of state and non‐state actors, and sufficient technical capacity. Leadership commitment ensures that implementing bodies have the appropriate mandate and resources, while broad coalitions sustain commitment and harness external technical assistance. Both factors are best achieved by framing the reforms as a way of improving efficiency rather than fighting corruption.
Phylogenomic identification and overexpression of plant size–related genes in Setaria viridis and rice
Authors: Prakash Chudamani Sharma , Li Jieqin , Bible Paul W. , Collins Carina A. , Tu Wenmiao , Xu Jingyi , Wang Yi‐Hong
Published: September 2024

Plant size is a critical component of agricultural productivity as larger plants produce more biomass. To identify genes related to plant size, we grouped C4 grasses into small and large and used OrthoFinder to find orthologous genes present in large but absent in small grasses. Three such genes were identified from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) by phylogenomic approach, and they encode nitrate transporter (Sobic.007G213200), oxysterol binding protein (SbRio.01G578800) and thioredoxin reductase (SbRio.05G168300), respectively. Overexpression of all three genes driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter in Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. indicates that they all affected plant size as measured by plant height and tiller number. Both nitrate transporter and oxysterol binding protein increased plant height and tiller number, and thioredoxin reductase significantly decreased tiller number but had minimal effect on plant height. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), all three constructs reduced plant height significantly. The only commonality between the transgenic species was that nitrate transporter and oxysterol binding protein increased tiller number in both S. viridis and rice. Overall, we have demonstrated that phytogenomic approach can be used to identify genes responsible for large plant size in the grasses.
Social presence and other individual differences in asynchronous English communication
Authors: Shinozaki Fumiya
Published: September 2024

This study discusses the relationship among various factors in English communication, including social presence, international posture (IP), willingness to communicate (WTC), second language learning motivation, and English proficiency. The hypothesis was that IP (having things to communicate to the world) would affect social presence, but WTC would augment its effect on social presence. To confirm this as well as the positioning of social presence in English learning, structural equation modeling was performed on the survey responses of 325 undergraduate students in Japan. The first model revealed that the path from IP to social presence was not significant but the indirect effect of WTC on social presence was. Since the model did not show a good fit, it was improved by eliminating the insignificant path and assuming covariance among the error variables. As a result, the final model showed a good fit. Within the same model, the path from IP to English proficiency via WTC and motivation and the path from IP to social presence via WTC were found to be moderately influential. In other words, the model explains that as IP increases, social presence via WTC and English proficiency via WTC and motivation also increase.
Overview of the potential of pine nuts (Araucaria angustifolia) in new food options and films: an approach on quality, versatility and sustainability
Authors: Salvadori Natalia Maldaner , da Conceição das Mercês Ziane , Evangelista Sabrina Melo , Cochlar Tatiana Barbieri , de Oliveira Rios Alessandro , de Oliveira Viviani Ruffo
Published: September 2024

Pine nuts (Araucaria angustifolia) are naturally distributed in South America and are increasingly being used as a food ingredient. This article aims to evaluate studies that have demonstrated the potential of pine nuts, their applicability in food products and biofilms using this raw material. Detailed search strategies were implemented in each of the selected databases. The results revealed that pine nuts are widely used as food ingredients due to their nutritional value and mild flavour, which allows for the development of different innovative product formulations. The analysis of the studies showed that pine nut seeds can be used as flour, pulp, shell, starch and extract and from these generate other new products. Pine nuts‐based products contain significant amounts of fibre, starch, antioxidants, phenolic compounds and proteins. As for the sensory aspects, the assessors showed good acceptance of the attributes. Incorporation into biofilms could also favour the future of sustainable and antioxidant packaging. Access to new options could increase vegetable productivity and boost new products, favouring the economy, adding nutritional value and expanding sustainability possibilities.
Effect of collagen in Italian type salami with NaCl reduction on the physicochemical and technological properties
Authors: Alves Junior Carlos Alberto , Bellucci Elisa Rafaela Bonadio , Bertuci Marcello Lima , dos Santos João Marcos , Barretto Andrea Carla da Silva
Published: September 2024

Salami is a fermented meat product with a controlled fermentation process, generally with the addition of specific bacteria that improve flavour and texture properties as well as contribute to safety. Also, other additives such as collagen can be used, due to their functional properties that are incorporated in these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding collagen to Italian type salami with reduced NaCl on the water activity, ripening time and physicochemical properties. Six treatments were carried out, three with 2.5% sodium chloride (NaCl): without collagen (CON), 0.25% collagen (T25), 0.5% collagen (T50) and three with 1.25% NaCl: without collagen (TR), 0.25% collagen (TR25), 0.5% collagen (TR50). Collagen improved the texture parameters of Italian type salami with NaCl reduction, as well as contributing to an increase in moisture and a reduction in Aw. The addition of 0.5% collagen reduced the ripening time of Italian type salami, reaching a water activity <0.91. Thus, collagen is an ingredient with potential for use in the production of Italian type salami with reduced NaCl, contributing to the improvement of its physicochemical and technological properties.
Comparative analysis of furan contents and physicochemical properties of various nuts roasted using an air fryer and microwave oven
Authors: Ha Seungwoo , Choi Eunyeong , Lee Kwang‐Geun
Published: September 2024

This study compared the furan levels and physicochemical properties of various 70 samples of five nuts (peanuts, almonds, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, and sacha inchi) roasted using an air fryer (AF) and microwave oven (MO). In the five nuts, furan levels ranged from 1.11 to 2.39 ng g−1 before roasting. As the AF‐based and MO‐based roasting progressed, the furan levels increased to 6.39–165.52 ng g−1 and 11.47–183.87 ng g−1, respectively. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) decreased significantly after roasting but the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) showed only slightly significant differences between the control and roasted nuts. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increased by up to 337% and 218% as roasting progressed but decreased slightly when roasting was performed at 180 °C for 20 min in an AF or at 700 or 1000 W for 5 min in an MO. This study provides useful information on furan production and the changes in physicochemical properties such as fatty acid composition, colour, BI, TPC, and antioxidant activity of nuts roasted using an AF or MO.
Combined effects of high‐pressure processing and polysaccharides on the characteristics and microstructure of low‐salt threadfin bream surimi gel
Authors: Hongviangjan Worawan , Sompongse Warangkana
Published: September 2024

Improving the characteristics of low‐salt protein products also enhanced gelation. The combined effects of high‐pressure processing (HPP) at 200 MPa for 10 min and polysaccharides (tamarind kernel powder; TKP and tapioca starch; TS) on low‐salt threadfin bream surimi (0.5% by surimi weight) were investigated on physicochemical properties (gel strength, expressible water, whiteness, and sulfhydryl group content) and protein structure [Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)]. Higher gel strength and whiteness were observed in low‐salt surimi gel with HPP. Gels with polysaccharides and HPP also had lower expressible water values. Secondary structural alterations from α‐helix to β‐sheet were induced by the addition of polysaccharides and HPP. Low‐salt surimi gel with polysaccharides and HPP displayed a more compact network microstructure with small voids leading to higher gel strength.
Qualitative analysis of fumonisin content and their hydrolysed forms in Mexican diet foods: a perspective on consumption and food safety
Authors: Ocampo‐Acuña Yordin D. , Ramírez‐Cisneros M. Ángeles , Rios Maria Yolanda
Published: September 2024

Food safety is crucial globally, particularly regarding mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxins, primarily found in cereals, can also contaminate animal products. In Mexico, staple foods like maize and animal products may contain fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium fungi linked to various health issues. Type B fumonisins (FBs) and their hydrolysis products are particularly toxic to humans. This study analysed the most commonly consumed foods in the Mexican diet, selected based on data from Mexican government institutions. Samples were processed and dried at various temperatures according to the food type. To identify the most effective extraction method, each sample underwent testing under different extraction conditions. The presence of FB1, FB2, FB3, and their hydrolysed forms in the selected foods, as well as their relative concentrations, was determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS‐QTOF). Therefore, this work aims to analyse the presence of fumonisins as contaminants in foods consumed by Mexicans, providing an analytical method for their inspection.
Combining genomics and semen microbiome increases the accuracy of predicting bull prolificacy
Authors: Alexandre Pâmela A. , Rodríguez‐Ramilo Silvia T. , Mach Núria , Reverter Antonio
Published: September 2024

Commercial livestock producers need to prioritize genetic progress for health and efficiency traits to address productivity, welfare, and environmental concerns but face challenges due to limited pedigree information in extensive multi‐sire breeding scenarios. Utilizing pooled DNA for genotyping and integrating seminal microbiome information into genomic models could enhance predictions of male fertility traits, thus addressing complexities in reproductive performance and inbreeding effects. Using the Angus Australia database comprising genotypes and pedigree data for 78,555 animals, we simulated percentage of normal sperm (PNS) and prolificacy of sires, resulting in 713 sires and 27,557 progeny in the final dataset. Publicly available microbiome data from 45 bulls was used to simulate data for the 713 sires. By incorporating both genomic and microbiome information our models were able to explain a larger proportion of phenotypic variation in both PNS (0.94) and prolificacy (0.56) compared to models using a single data source (e.g., 0.36 and 0.41, respectively, using only genomic information). Additionally, models containing both genomic and microbiome data revealed larger phenotypic differences between animals in the top and bottom quartile of predictions, indicating potential for improved productivity and sustainability in livestock farming systems. Inbreeding depression was observed to affect fertility traits, which makes the incorporation of microbiome information on the prediction of fertility traits even more actionable. Crucially, our inferences demonstrate the potential of the semen microbiome to contribute to the improvement of fertility traits in cattle and pave the way for the development of targeted microbiome interventions to improve reproductive performance in livestock.
Damming of streams due to the construction of a highway in the Amazon rainforest favors individual trophic specialization in the fish (Bryconops giacopinii)
Authors: Barros Gabriel Gazzana , Silva Araújo Márcio , Takeshi Yogui Gilvan , Zuanon Jansen , Pereira de Deus Cláudia
Published: September 2024

In Amazonian streams, damming caused by road construction changes the system's hydrological dynamics and biological communities. We tested whether the degree of specialization in fish (Bryconops giacopinii) individuals is higher in pristine stream environments with intact ecological conditions than in streams dammed due to the construction of a highway in the Amazon rainforest. To achieve this, stomach content data and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in tissues with varying isotopic incorporation rates (liver, muscle, and caudal fin) were used to assess the variation in consumption of different prey over time. The indices within‐individual component (WIC)/total niche width (TNW) and individual specialization were employed to compare the degree of individual specialization between pristine and dammed streams. The condition factor and stomach repletion of sampled individuals were used to infer the intensity of intraspecific competition in the investigated streams. The species B. giacopinii, typically considered a trophic generalist, has been shown to be, in fact, a heterogeneous collection of specialist and generalist individuals. Contrary to our expectations, a higher degree of individual specialization was detected in streams dammed by the highway. In dammed streams, where intraspecific competition was more intense, individuals with narrower niches exhibited poorer body conditions than those with broader niches. This suggests that individuals adopting more restricted diets may have lower fitness, indicating that individual specialization may not necessarily be beneficial for individuals. Our results support the notion that intraspecific competition is an important mechanism underlying individual specialization in natural populations. Our results suggest that environmental characteristics (e.g., resource breadth and predictability) and competition for food resources interact in complex ways to determine the degree of individual specialization in natural populations.
Extraction of bioactive compound from bael (Aegle marmelos) leaves: A comparative analysis of ultrasound and microwave‐assisted methods
Authors: Patra Abhipriya , Arun Prasath V. , Thakur Rahul , Shakthi Sree V. , Sarkar Preetam , Kambhampati Vivek
Published: September 2024

This study designs, models, and compares microwave and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (MAE and UAE) methods for bioactive compounds from bael leaves, highlighting their advantages over conventional techniques in optimizing extraction efficiency. MAE achieved 45.50 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g, 11.41 ± 0.13 μg TAE/g, 0.29 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, 1.30 ± 0.09 mg diosgenin/g, and 80.40% ± 0.89% DPPH scavenging activity at optimized conditions (550 W microwave power, 2 min treatment time, and 26.74 mL solvent:BLP). However, UAE yielded 77.13 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g, 30.19 ± 0.18 μg TAE/g, 0.78 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, 1.09 ± 0.13 mg diosgenin/g, and 83.37% ± 0.80% DPPH scavenging activity at optimized conditions (32% amplitude, 18.5 min treatment time, and 40.9 mL solvent: BLP). Statistical analysis validated RSM model's accuracy, with UAE and MAE models achieving R² > 0.95 and low error values. UAE demonstrated superior efficiency in extracting bioactive compounds, reducing antinutritional components, and enhancing antimicrobial activity. FTIR and SEM confirmed higher phenolic content and greater cell disruption. These methods boost extraction efficiency, supporting the development of nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.

Practical Application

The introduction of innovative extraction methods such as microwave and ultrasound assistance has developed the isolation of bioactive compounds from bael leaves, with wide‐ranging applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, food industries, and so forth. Significant findings reveal that optimized ultrasound and microwave extraction processes yield higher amounts of bioactive compounds and preserve thermolabile components, demonstrating strong potential for industry‐scale production. These advanced techniques efficiently extract compounds with potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, developing novel drugs, nutraceuticals, skincare products, natural pesticides, and growth enhancers. The resulting extracts, rich in bioactive components, offer significant health benefits and robust antimicrobial activity, making them valuable ingredients for cutting‐edge products in healthcare and wellness. By leveraging the medicinal potential of bael leaves through modern extraction processes, researchers and industries can create functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics that meet the demand for natural, effective, and sustainable solutions. These innovations represent a significant leap in product development, emphasizing the importance of nature‐derived ingredients in addressing progressing consumer needs for health and well‐being.
Inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coliK12 in selected fruit juices determined by thermal‐death‐time disks
Authors: Araghi Lida Rahimi , Mishra Abhinav , Adhikari Koushik , Singh Rakesh K.
Published: September 2024

Inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli K12 inoculated in blueberry, grapefruit, cantaloupe, and watermelon juices were evaluated at isothermal temperatures of 52 to 62 °C using thermal death time disks. Juices had variations in titratable acidity, pH, viscosity, and total soluble solids. Survival curves were described by Weibull and linear models, where D‐ and z‐values were determined using the first‐order model. D‐values in watermelon, cantaloupe, blueberry and grapefruit juices, were 6.57–0.64 min, 4.55–0.44 min, 3.94–0.27 min, and 3.03–0.24 min, respectively. The z‐values of E. coli K12 in tested fruit juices ranged from 5.33 to 5.89 °C. While there were no significant differences in the z‐values, the D‐values varied significantly. According to the results obtained, pH and heating temperature dramatically affect the thermal resistance of E. coli K12 under tested conditions. These findings offer a basis for developing predictive models for E. coli inactivation in fruit juices.

Practical applications

Thermal death time (TDT) kinetics is extremely useful in ensuring microbial safety of fruit juices. The D‐ and z‐values calculated in this study can contribute to developing predictive models for inactivating E. coli in fruit juices with varied physicochemical attributes. Furthermore, the data and models can be used for optimization of pasteurization processes and regulatory compliance. TDT studies provide the scientific basis for process calculations and help juice manufacturers comply with regulatory requirements. Also, TDT studies help determine the minimal thermal treatments needed to inhibit spoilage organisms, ensuring the juice remains safe and palatable for longer periods. This research will help scientists understand the thermal resistance of E. coli in various fruit juice matrices.
An exploration into self‐reported inactivity behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability using physical activity questionnaires
Authors: Lynch L. , McCarron M. , McCallion P. , Burke E.
Published: September 2024

Background

Inactivity is a correlate of adverse health. Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) are more inactive than the general population and often present with more complex health issues. Self‐reported activity questionnaires such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form (IPAQ‐SF) and Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire are the predominant source of activity information because of their low cost, non‐invasive nature, ease of administration and interpretation of results.

Methods

Correlates of inactivity among the general and ID populations were identified through a literature scoping review. Inactivity was measured using the RAPA and the IPAQ‐SF. A multiple‐imputation chained equation was used to impute missing data. Using Pearson chi‐squared analyses, relationships between these correlates as well as covariates of age, sex, level of ID, body mass index (BMI) and aetiology, and RAPA and IPAQ‐SF categories were explored. Logistic regression provided more detailed analyses. Results were summarised using the Systems of Sedentary Behaviour framework. Spearman correlations examined the IPAQ‐SF and RAPA relationships.

Results

Three correlates for inactivity emerged from the IPAQ‐SF and RAPA questionnaire. Up after 07:00 h was a correlate for both. Difficulty walking 100 yards and epilepsy were additional correlates of inactivity. Weak but significant correlations were seen between IPAQ‐SF and RAPA scores.

Conclusions

High inactivity levels are present in adults with an ID. The IPAQ‐SF and RAPA questionnaires are weakly correlated.
Effect of artificial aging on fracture toughness and hardness of 3D‐printed and milled 3Y‐TZP zirconia
Authors: Alhotan Abdulaziz , Yilmaz Burak , Weber Anna , Babaier Rua , Bourauel Christoph , Fouda Ahmed Mahmoud
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of artificial aging on the fracture toughness and hardness of three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed and computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) milled 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y‐TZP).

Materials and Methods

Forty bar‐shaped specimens (45 × 4 × 3 mm) were prepared using two manufacturing technologies: 3D printing (LithaCon 3Y 210, Lithoz GmbH, Vienna, Austria; n = 20) and milling (Initial Zirconia ST, GC, Japan; n = 20) of 3Y‐TZP. The chevron‐notch beam method was used to assess the fracture toughness according to ISO 24370. Specimens from each 3Y‐TZP group were divided into two subgroups (n = 10) based on the artificial aging process (autoclaving): nonaged and aged. Nonaged specimens were stored at room temperature, while aged specimens underwent autoclave aging at 134°C under 2 bar‐pressure for 5 h. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in absolute 99% ethanol using an ultrasonic cleaner for 5 min. Each specimen was preloaded by subjecting it to a 4‐point loading test, with a force of up to 200 N applied for three cycles. Further 4‐point loading was conducted at a rate of 0.5 mm/min under controlled temperature and humidity conditions until fracture occurred. The maximum force (Fmax) was recorded and the chevron notch was examined at 30 × magnification under an optical microscope for measurements before the fracture toughness (KIc) was calculated. Microhardness testing was also performed to measure the Vickers hardness number (VHN). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X‐ray unit (EDX) was used to examine surface topography and chemical composition. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to identify crystalline structure. Data were statistically analyzed using two‐way ANOVA and Student's t‐test with a significance level of 0.05.

Results

The nonaged 3D‐printed 3Y‐TZP group exhibited a significantly higher fracture toughness value (6.07 MPa m1/2) than the milled 3Y‐TZP groups (p < 0.001). After autoclave aging, the 3D‐printed 3Y‐TZP group maintained significantly higher fracture toughness (p < 0.001) compared to the milled 3Y‐TZP group. However, no significant differences in hardness values (p = 0.096) were observed between the aged and nonaged groups within each manufacturing process (3D‐printed and milled) independently.

Conclusion

The findings revealed that the new 3D‐printed 3Y‐TZP produced by the lithography‐based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) technology exhibited superior fracture toughness after autoclave aging compared to the milled 3Y‐TZP. While no significant differences in hardness were observed between the aged groups, the 3D‐printed material demonstrated greater resistance to fracture, indicating enhanced mechanical stability.
Melatonin Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Regulating NADPH Oxidase 4–Induced Ferroptosis and Mitigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Qi , Qi Beijie , Shi Shi , Jiang Weihao , Li Dejian , Jiang Xinhua , Yi Chengqing
Published: September 2024

Recent evidence indicates that the damaged regions in osteoarthritis are accompanied by the accumulation of iron ions. Ferroptosis, as an iron‐dependent form of cell death, holds significant implications in osteoarthritis. Melatonin, a natural product with strong scavenging abilities against reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, plays a crucial role in the treatment of osteoarthritis. This study aims to demonstrate the existence of ferroptosis in osteoarthritis and explore the specific mechanism of melatonin in suppressing ferroptosis and alleviating osteoarthritis. Our findings reveal that melatonin reverses inflammation‐induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation while promoting the expression of extracellular matrix components in chondrocytes, safeguarding the cells. Our research has revealed that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) serves as a crucial molecule in the ferroptosis process of osteoarthritis. Specifically, NOX4 is located on mitochondria in chondrocytes, which can induce disorders in mitochondrial energy metabolism and dysfunction, thereby intensifying oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. LC‐MS analysis further uncovered that GRP78 is a downstream binding protein of NOX4. NOX4 induces ferroptosis by weakening GRP78's protective effect on GPX4 and reducing its expression. Melatonin can inhibit the upregulation of NOX4 on mitochondria and mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, effectively suppressing ferroptosis and alleviating osteoarthritis. This suggests that melatonin therapy represents a promising new approach for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Hypoalbuminaemia and its association with disease and clinical outcomes in cats
Authors: Fong K. Y. M. , Oikonomidis I. L. , Leong D. , Lo G. , Heal J. , Woods G.
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To report the incidence of feline hypoalbuminaemia and characterise the distribution of presenting disease categories and pathoaetiologies of hypoalbuminaemia in cats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the relationship between hypoalbuminaemia and clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of cats with hypoalbuminaemia (<28.0 g/L, reference interval: 28.0 to 39.0 g/L) presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital over 5 years were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of hypoalbuminaemia was further stratified into mild (24.0 to 27.9 g/L), moderate (20.0 to 23.9 g/L) and severe (≤19.9 g/L) groups. The median albumin and severity groups were compared between the determined disease categories, pathoaetiologies and clinical outcomes.

Results

The incidence of hypoalbuminaemia was 32.7% (533/1632). Gastrointestinal disease was the most common disease category associated with hypoalbuminaemia [154/533 (28.9%)], of which, 49.4% (76/154) of cats had gastrointestinal neoplasia. Neoplastic [159/533 (29.8%)] and inflammatory conditions [158/533 (29.6%)] were common pathoaetiologies noted. Statistically significant differences in the serum albumin between individual disease and pathoaetiological categories were found. Cats with moderate to severe hypoalbuminaemia had a statistically significantly longer hospitalisation period, cost of treatment and increased odds of death (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 4.6 and odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 6.6, respectively).

Clinical Significance

The incidence of feline hypoalbuminaemia in our study surpasses previous canine reports. Our findings support albumin as a negative acute phase protein in cats, with hypoalbuminaemia frequently associated with inflammatory disease. Hypoalbuminaemia also features prominently in cats with gastrointestinal neoplasia, indicating careful appraisal of the presence of protein‐losing enteropathy is required in these cases. Finally, albumin is found to be a prognostic indicator in this study.
‘I felt her poems were more like my life’: cultivating BPoC teenagers' writer‐identity through a poet residency
Authors: Ramdarshan Bold Melanie
Published: September 2024

This article examines the impact of a poet‐led classroom‐based poetry programme on secondary school students' writer identities and self‐expression, particularly focusing on BPoC teenagers. Drawing on the Writing Realities framework, the research uses focus groups, participant observations, and interviews with the poet‐in‐residence. Rather than analysing the students' poems, the study explores their engagement with poetry writing and the poet‐in‐residence, highlighting the contribution to self‐reflection and meaning‐making. The findings reveal how the residency introduced students to diverse poetry forms, community‐based poetry, and collaborative writing, facilitating critical engagement with themes relevant to their lives. However, the school's status as a Predominantly White Institution hindered full expression of BPoC students' identities. The presence of the poet‐in‐residence, a young mixed‐heritage Muslim woman, positively influenced students' relationships with writing, particularly for BPoC students, by providing a protected space for self‐expression and identity exploration. The study underscores the importance of creating supportive environments in schools to nurture BPoC students' creativity and writer identity, emphasising the need for anti‐racist practices and culturally sustaining pedagogies to empower students from socially marginalised groups.
Australian snubfin vocal activity is influenced by behavioral state and group characteristics
Authors: Banfield Renae , Cagnazzi Daniele , Johnston Nathan , Indeck Katherine L.
Published: September 2024

Acoustic communication is an important aspect of life for marine mammals, as their environment often limits the reliability of visual cues. However, there is little information regarding the acoustic communication and behavior of Australian snubfin dolphins (Orcaella heinsohni). This study was designed to determine if call rate and type were significantly affected by the behavioral state, group size, and cohesion of snubfin dolphins in the Fitzroy River in Queensland, Australia. We found that dolphins significantly modified both call rate (calls/hour/individual) and call type among behavioral states. For example, call rates were higher when dolphins were foraging versus resting or traveling. We also found that group size and cohesion had minimal effects on call rate, but significantly affected the predicted probabilities of call type production. For example, the probability ratio of burst pulse to whistle production is estimated to be highest when groups are widespread (>10 m), indicating the potential importance of burst pulses in maintaining contact between dispersed individuals. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of snubfin dolphin communication under natural noise conditions in relation to behavioral context, which provides a foundation to explore how anthropogenic acoustic masking and behavioral disturbances may affect these dolphins in the future.