bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Environment Policies in Turkey’s Development Plans
Authors: Akca Yasar , Ozturk Melih , Gunes Ali Namik
Published: May 2018

Turkey’s five years development plans had been prepared by State Planning Organization (SPO) before 2011; since that time, Ministry of Development has been preparing these plans. The plans include the resources of development goals and preparations that are necessary in order to reach these goals. There are ten development plans including the years between 1963 and 2018. The basic goal of all these development plans is to ensure Turkish citizens have a fortunate and prosperous life. The environment, which is the topic of the article, is the setting in which human continue his biologic, economic, social and cultural life. Its significance of the environment is increasing especially in terms of production, employment and trade every day. The goal of this study is to review environment policies included in the development plans, to analyze their relations with other policies, to bring up Turkey’s environmental problems to the agenda and to develop solution suggestions to these problems. Development activities should be carried out without causing any damage to the environment. Protection of environment should be prioritized during the process of urbanization and industrialization. This research is based on qualitative design document analysis technique and environment policies that are mentioned in ten development plans are analyzed. Rather than fighting with environmental pollution, it is much more economic to take precautions in order to prevent it.
Measuring Customer Satisfaction with the Influence of Islamic Attributes of Destination in Jordan
Authors: Al Shamaileh Mustafa H. , Alnaser Ahmad Salih Mheidi
Published: May 2018

The research sought to ascertain which Islamic Attributes are fundamental to Muslim tourists while they were visiting Jordan. Furthermore, the impacts that Islamic Attributes have on promoting Jordan as an Islamic destination were also studied. It was anticipated that the research would become an integral part of Islamic tourism. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from national and international Muslim tourists in various regions of Jordan. This was undertaken to determine how Islamic Attributes affect the choice of an individual’s destination. Data was collected utilizing an internationally accepted measurement tool, Structural Equational Modelling (SEM). 370 questionnaires were entered and analyzed by AMOS 20; the variance is 0.32 for overall tourists’ satisfaction.
Encouraging Medium-term Results of Wallis Second Generation Dynamic Stabilisation Device
Authors: Ahmed Awaiz , Jawed Abdulla , Venkatesan Murali , Doyle James
Published: May 2018

Background. Aim of this prospective study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of second generation Wallis system for degenerative lumbar disc disease.
Material and methods. 25 patients underwent discectomy and insertion of Wallis system. Outcome assessment was done using Modified Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for backache and leg pain.
Results. The mean follow-up was 20.5 months. The mean VAS for backache and leg pain showed significant improvement from 7.2 to 3.0 (p<0.001) and mean modified Oswestry disability index showed significant improvement from 59.1 to 24.7 (p<0.001). Only one patient (4%) underwent revision surgery for persistent pain due to granulation tissue deep to the implant. There were no other complications.
Conclusion. The Wallis spine system is a safe and effective implant for treating degenerative lumbar disc disease.
Concept cartoons as teaching method for argumentation and reflection among teacher students and pupils
Authors: Strande Anne-Lise , Madsen Janne
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this research is to investigate Concept cartoons as a teaching method in natural science in teacher education. We explore how Concept Cartoons influence and support the learning of natural science. In recent years, it has become clearer that systematic facilitation of reflection and discussions on a topic increases students’ understanding and learning. In this study, we examined how 29 teacher students experienced the use of concept cartoons in natural science. The empirical data covered two individual reflection notes and a group report including descriptions and reflections on the period of practice. We used qualitative and quantitative methods for analysis. The students experienced a need for learning to argue and to reflect, and they needed both these techniques and central scientific concepts to utilize the Cartoons. Our results show that the Cartoons supported variation in teaching
A rare case of REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome with concomitant severe hypertension: a case report and a review of literature
Authors: Jakutis Gabrielius , Juknevičius Vytautas , Barysienė Juratė , Matačiūnienė Dalia , Petrauskienė Birutė , Petrulionienė Žaneta , Laucevičius Aleksandras
Published: May 2018

Introduction. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome is characterized by pathological asystoles during the REM sleep phase. It is a rare rhythm disorder, being reported only few times in the literature. Due to non-specific symptoms, REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia might be often underdiagnosed. Other cardiac diseases associated with pathological sinus arrests must be excluded to establish the correct diagnosis of and appropriate therapy for REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia. We report a case of this syndrome followed by hypertension and diastolic heart failure.
The case. A 49-year-old male with severe hypertension presented for a cardiologist’s consultation. His main complaints were palpitations, fatigue, dyspnoea, and snoring. Polysomnography test revealed a normal sleep structure with episodes of bradycardia and increased parasympathetic activity during phasic events of REM sleep. Heart rate variability Poincare plot analysis demonstrated similar results. REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome was diagnosed and patient was treated with dual chamber heart pacemaker implantation.
Discussion. Various components of the autonomic nervous system influence the development of REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome. The main factor is likely an increased vagal tone during the phasic REM sleep with the absence of normal compensatory sympathetic activity. Concomitant hypertension in REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome is caused by a paradoxically abnormal control of the autonomic nervous system and can be explained through the acetylcholine metabolism pathway. Best suited diagnostic and treatment options for REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome are discussed.
Conclusions. Patients with REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome often present with indistinct symptoms. Polysomnography is an essential diagnostic test for the differential diagnosis of various nocturnal arrhythmias and sleep disorders. Severe hypertension is a common complication of sleep disorders and requires appropriate treatment of the underlying condition. An implantation of a heart pacemaker is the first-choice treatment for patients with REM sleep-related bradyarrhythmia syndrome.
Recommendations and a guideline for referral of infantile haemangioma to tertiary centres
Authors: Strumila Arūnas , Dagilytė Rūta Vilija , Beiša Virgilijus
Published: May 2018

Background. Infantile haemangioma is the most common childhood vascular tumour, which causes great anxiety to parents and treating firstline physicians due to its proliferative nature. It accounts for a large percentage of a tertiary centre consultations, thus delaying consultation time for patients in need of immediate care.
Materials and methods. Review of literature and experience of treatment and observation of infantile haemangiomas in a tertiary centre of paediatric surgery.
Results. Based on the gathered information, we established an observation guideline of infantile haemangiomas for first-line physicians.
Conclusions. First-line physicians must recognise the infantile haemangioma that requires immediate referral to a tertiary centre in order to prevent the appearance of associated complications. The remaining population of the patients of infantile haemangioma can be actively monitored once a month for at least a year by the treating pediatrician or family doctor. New and easy to use protocoled diagnostic tests such as thermography would greatly benefit first-line and tertiary-centre physicians in the follow-up of infantile haemangiomas.
Risk factors of developing the hungry bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Jakubauskas Matas , Beiša Virgilijus , Strupas Kęstutis
Published: May 2018

Background. Around 13% of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) postoperatively develop a condition known as the hungry bone syndrome (HBS). Although the condition is quite prevalent, the research in this field is very limited. The aim of our study was to determine possible risk factors of developing HBS after parathyroidectomy for PHPT.
Materials and methods. In this study we enrolled patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT from January 2005 to December 2016 and performed a retrospective analysis. We used the definition of HBS as hypocalcaemia with normal or elevated PTH values. Patients were divided into two groups by the postoperative HBS prevalence: patients with postoperative HBS and those without postoperative HBS.
Results. In all, 94 patients were included into the final analysis. We found that patients who developed HBS more often underwent parathyroidectomies simultaneously with a thyroid surgery, underwent longer operations (73.9 ± 41.7 vs. 102.4 ± 44.8 minutes; p = 0.001), and had heavier parathyroid glands removed (0.6 (0.3–8.0) vs. 0.8 (0.15–14.0) g; p = 0.041). Also, these patients had higher preoperative PTH values (15.3 (6.1–63.7) vs. 22.4 (9.2– 47.8) pmol/l; p = 0.003). From the ROC curve of the preoperative PTH values and the development of the hungry bone syndrome (AUC = 0.721 (95% CI 0.59–0.85); p = 0.003) we found a 45 pmol/l PTH cut-off value that shows a 90% tendency to develop postoperative HBS.
Conclusions. Patients undergoing longer parathyroidectomies and those with heavier removed parathyroid glands tend to develop HBS. A preoperative PTH value higher than 45 pmol/l determines an over 90% risk of developing HBS.
Análisis del conocimiento táctico a través del procedimiento d evaluación del deporte del equipo / TSAP: Un estudio de caso en baloncesto
Authors: Catarino L. M. , Carvalho H. M. , Gonçalves C. E.
Published: May 2018

Durante la temporada, los jugadores pueden ser observados y evaluados en dos ambientes:  en situación de partido y en situación de entreno. En baloncesto, la falta de un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar de forma objetiva el nivel de conocimiento táctico, es el problema principal en los procesos de formación y en las comunidades de entrenamiento. Team Sport Assessment Procedure fue ideado por Grahaigne, Godbout & Bouthier, brindando a los profesores datos objetivos sobre las actuaciones ofensivas de los estudiantes. Dos jugadores profesionales fueron observados mediante análisis de video por tres observadores, a fin de determinar la validad del TSAP en baloncesto táctico en situación de partido. El valor del coeficiente k de Cohen (k = 0,88) revela un acuerdo entre observadores casi perfecta lo que significa que los observadores registraron las mismas acciones y los interpretan de la misma manera. Los resultados muestran que el TSAP es una herramienta válida y fiable para evaluar elementos ofensivos en juego del partido y fácilmente utilizable por entrenadores y jugadores.

 
Estudio comparativo de resistencia aeróbica y anaeróbica en jugadores de baloncesto en función de la metodología de entrenamiento
Authors: Mancha-Triguero D. , Ibáñez S. J. , Reina-Román M. , Antúnez A.
Published: May 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las diferencias en la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica de jugadores en período de formación, que son entrenados con metodologías diferentes. Por ello, es necesario conocer como son las demandas fisiológicas y cinemáticas de los entrenamientos.

El diseño de esta investigación se puede enmarcar bajo una estrategia manipulativa, dentro de los estudios de naturaleza empírica de tipo cuasiexperimental donde se busca examinar las diferencias entre grupos, Diseño de Grupos No Equivalentes.

La población del estudio son dos equipos de baloncesto que entrenan bajo diferentes metodologías pero que disponen del mismo tiempo de entrenamiento y material.

En cuanto a los resultados que se obtienen, se encuentran diferencias en la prueba aeróbica y anaeróbica entre los equipos, siendo superior el equipo bajo enfoque comprensivo.

En este caso, se puede afirmar que entrenar bajo una metodología comprensiva provoca mejores resultados tanto en Resistencia Aeróbica como en Anaeróbica.
Detección de estructuras temporales en baloncesto
Authors: Pic Aguilar M.
Published: May 2018

Resumir un partido de baloncesto a la efectividad en el lanzamiento, rebotes ofensivos y/o defensivos, entre otros indicadores; puede ser arriesgado, partiendo de la complejidad relacional existente en un partido de baloncesto. A pesar de ello, tradicionalmente ha sido investigado el éxito en baloncesto sobre datos sin una referencia temporal. La identificación de regularidades temporales y conductuales puede ser un reto de investigación que ayude a concretar la planificación de entrenamientos, así como la optimización estratégica de los equipos. El registro temporal de aciertos y fallos en el lanzamiento entre otros indicadores, puede ofrecer una dependencia temporal ineludible, invisible a una mirada aparente. Es este el propósito primordial del trabajo para optimizar las estrategias puestas en práctica en los partidos y con ello, la concreción de rutinas más ecológicas de acuerdo con las demandas de los partidos en los entrenamientos. Fue empleada una metodología observacional con un diseño nomotético, puntual y multidimensional para el registro de conductas motrices organizadas en torno a un sistema mixto de registro ‘had oc’. Para el análisis de la dimensión temporal de los registros fue empleada la técnica T-patterns (Magnusson, 2000), posibilitando así, la identificación de asimetrías motrices. Los resultados muestran regularidades temporales y estratégicas más relevantes. La identificación de itinerarios estratégicos de los equipos revelan la acomodación funcional entre los equipos. 
What role should Randomised Control Trials play in providing the evidence base underpinning conservation?
Authors: Pynegar Edwin L , Gibbons James M , Asquith Nigel M , Jones Julia P G
Published: May 2018

There is general agreement that conservation decision-making should be evidence-informed, but many evaluations of intervention effectiveness do not attempt to account for confounding variables and so provide weak evidence. Randomised Control Trials (RCTs), in which experimental units are randomly allocated to treatment or control groups, offer an intuitive means of calculating the effect size of an intervention through establishing a reliable counterfactual and avoid the pitfalls of alternative quasi-experimental approaches. However, RCTs may not be the most appropriate way to answer some kinds of evaluation question, are not feasible in all circumstances, and factors such as spillover and behavioural effects risk prejudicing their quality. Some of these challenges may be greater in situations where the intervention aims to influence ecological outcomes through changing human behaviour (socio-ecological interventions). The external validity – the extent to which findings are generalizable – of RCT impact evaluation has also been questioned. We offer guidance and a series of criteria for deciding when RCTs may be a useful approach for evaluating the impact of conservation interventions, and what must be considered to ensure an RCT is of high quality. We illustrate this with examples from one of the few RCTs of a socio-ecological intervention – an incentive-based conservation program in the Bolivian Andes. Those who care about evidence-informed environmental management should aim to avoid a re-run of the polarized debate surrounding RCTs’ use in fields such as development economics and take a pragmatic approach to impact evaluation, while also actively integrating learning from these fields. If this can be achieved, they will have a useful role to play in robust impact evaluation.
Mitochondrial regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Rafiq Mehak , Thompson Elinor
Published: May 2018

Proteolysis is increasingly documented as a method of regulation of mitochondrial function. Our studies of rhomboidfamily proteins’ roles in organelles show that this is also the case in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, in which four of these membrane-bound, evolutionarily ubiquitous, serine proteases are found. Rhomboid proteases act on disparate substrates in different organisms so far studied, but their mode of action is conserved: their location in the membrane means that their membrane-tethered substrates can act in signalling upon release, or be activated, by rhomboid-mediated cleavage. Among eukaryotic rhomboids is the mitochondrial protease ‘PARL’, which ensures the maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of mitochondria and plastids, but we have found that other Dictyostelium rhomboids also affect the organelle. Studying the development and behaviour of Dictyostelium, a microbial model organism with a complex life cycle that includes uni- and multicellular stages, allowed investigation of the role of rhomboids in unicellular vegetative growth, multicellular development and sporulation, phagocytosis, and response to the environment.

We found that two rhomboid-null mutants gave rise to changes in development, rhmA altering the response to chemoattractants and demonstrating decreased motility in general, whereas rhmB null cells had slower growth rates with decreased response to folic acid. RhmA, although located in the contractile vacuole, affects the ultrastructure of mitochondria, and RhmB-GFP fusions protein was localised to the mitochondrion. qPCR analysis revealed RhmA and RhmB transcript levels peaking during the multicellular growth phase and transcriptional networks suggest the Dictyostelium rhmA is regulated along with the orthologues of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial rhomboid substrates.
Dynamic multi-species occupancy models of birds of high-altitude grasslands in eastern South Africa
Authors: Maphisa David H , Smit_Robinson Hanneline , Altwegg Res
Published: May 2018

Moist, high-altitude grasslands of eastern South African harbour rich avian diversity and endemism. This area is also threatened by increasingly intensive agriculture and land conversion for energy production. This conflict is particularly evident at Ingula, an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area located within the least conserved high-altitude grasslands and which is also the site of a new Pumped Storage Scheme. The new management seeks to maximise biodiversity through manipulation of the key habitat variables: grass height and grass cover through burning and grazing to make habitat suitable for birds. However, different species have individual habitat preferences, which further vary through the season. We used a dynamic multi-species occupancy model to examine the seasonal occupancy dynamics of 12 common grassland bird species and their habitat preferences. We estimated monthly occupancy, colonisation and persistence in relation to grass height and grass cover throughout the summer breeding season of 2011/12. For majority of these species, at the beginning of the season occupancy increased with increasing grass height and decreased with increasing grass cover. Persistence and colonisation decreased with increasing grass height and cover. However, the 12 species varied considerably in their responses to grass height and cover. Our results suggest that management should aim to provide plots which vary in grass height and cover to maximise bird diversity. We also conclude that the decreasing occupancy with increasing grass cover and low colonisation with increasing grass height and cover is a results of little grazing on our study site. We further conclude some of the 12 selected species are good indicators of habitat suitability more generally because they represent a range of habitat needs and are relatively easy to monitor.
Tumor-derived CSF-1 induces the NKG2D ligand RAE-1δ on tumor-infiltrating macrophages
Authors: Thompson Thornton W , Jackson Benjamin T , Li P Jonathan , Wang Jiaxi , Kim Alexander Byungsuk , Huang Kristen Ting Hui , Zhang Lily , Raulet David H
Published: May 2018

NKG2D is an important immunoreceptor expressed on the surface of NK cells and some T cells. NKG2D recognizes a set of ligands typically expressed on infected or transformed cells, but recent studies have also documented NKG2D ligands on subsets of host non-tumor cells in tumor-bearing animals and humans. Here we show that in transplanted tumors and genetically engineered mouse cancer models, tumor-associated macrophages are induced to express the NKG2D ligand RAE-1δ. We find that a soluble factor produced by tumor cells is responsible for macrophage RAE-1δ induction, and we identify tumor-derived colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) as necessary and sufficient for macrophage RAE-1δ induction in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we show that induction of RAE-1δ on macrophages by CSF-1 requires PI3K p110α kinase signaling. Thus, production of CSF-1 by tumor cells leading to activation of PI3K p110α represents a novel cellular and molecular pathway mediating NKG2D ligand expression on tumor-associated macrophages.
Ultra‐Light and Scalable Composite Lattice Materials
Authors: Gregg Christine E. , Kim Joseph H. , Cheung Kenneth C.
Published: May 2018

Architected lattice materials are some of the stiffest and strongest materials at ultra‐light density (<10 mg cm−3), but scalable manufacturing with high‐performance constituent materials remains a challenge that limits their widespread adoption in load‐bearing applications. We show mesoscale, ultra‐light (5.8 mg cm−3) fiber‐reinforced polymer composite lattice structures that are reversibly assembled from building blocks manufactured with a best‐practice high‐precision, high‐repeatability, and high‐throughput process: injection molding. Chopped glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (polyetherimide) lattice materials produced with this method display absolute stiffness (8.41 MPa) and strength (19 kPa) typically associated with metallic hollow strut microlattices at similar mass density. Additional benefits such as strain recovery, discrete damage repair with recovery of original stiffness and strength, and ease of modeling are demonstrated.
Nitric Oxide–Releasing Macromolecular Scaffolds for Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Yang Lei , Feura Evan S. , Ahonen Mona Jasmine R. , Schoenfisch Mark H.
Published: May 2018

Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) represents an attractive antibacterial agent because of its ability to both disperse and directly kill bacterial biofilms while avoiding resistance. Due to the challenges associated with administering gaseous NO, NO‐releasing macromolecular scaffolds are developed to facilitate NO delivery. This progress report describes the rational design and application of NO‐releasing macromolecular scaffolds as antibacterial therapeutics. Special consideration is given to the role of the physicochemical properties of the NO storage vehicles on antibacterial or anti‐biofilm activity.
Novel Materials for 3D Printing by Photopolymerization
Authors: Layani Michael , Wang Xiaofeng , Magdassi Shlomo
Published: May 2018

The field of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is developing rapidly in both academic and industrial research environments. New materials and printing technologies, which enable rapid and multimaterial printing, have given rise to new applications and utilizations. However, the main bottleneck for achieving many more applications is the lack of materials with new physical properties. Here, some of the recent reports on novel materials in this field, such as ceramics, glass, shape‐memory polymers, and electronics, are reviewed. Although new materials have been reported for all three main printing approaches—fused deposition modeling, binder jetting or laser sintering/melting, and photopolymerization‐based approaches, apparently, most of the novel physicochemical properties are associated with materials printed by photopolymerization approaches. Furthermore, the high resolution that can be achieved using this type of 3D printing, together with the new properties, has resulted in new implementations such as microfluidic, biomedical devices, and soft robotics. Therefore, the focus here is on photopolymerization‐based additive manufacturing including the recent development of new methods, novel monomers, and photoinitiators, which result in previously inaccessible applications such as complex ceramic structures, embedded electronics, and responsive 3D objects.
Fluorescent N‐Heteroarenes Having Large Stokes Shift and Water Solubility Suitable for Bioimaging
Authors: Yagishita Fumitoshi , Nii Chiho , Tezuka Yoshihiko , Tabata Atsushi , Nagamune Hideaki , Uemura Naohiro , Yoshida Yasushi , Mino Takashi , Sakamoto Masami , Kawamura Yasuhiko
Published: May 2018

A series of fluorescent dimeric imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridinium salts have been synthesized. These salts displayed large Stokes shifts (up to 196 nm), possessed good water solubility, and exhibited blue to yellow emission (Φem=up to 0.50) in solution. When one specific compound was used for co‐incubation of HeLa cells, green fluorescent signals were observed. The combined use of the salt and commercially available blue fluorescent dye realized the double staining of HeLa cells under the single UV excitation.
Effect of reward type on object discrimination learning in socially monogamous coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)
Authors: Freeman Sara M. , Rebout Nancy , Bales Karen L.
Published: May 2018

Highly valued food items are often used as rewards to reinforce an animal's behavior. For social species, social interaction is rewarding and can drive an individual's behavior as well. In the currently study, we wanted to compare the efficacy of a food reward and a social reward on object discrimination learning in socially monogamous titi monkeys. We hypothesized that titi monkeys would perform more accurately for a social reward (their pair mate) than for a food reward (a highly desired food item). Eleven adult titi monkeys were tested with a two‐object visual discrimination task for both types of reward. The colors and shapes of the objects in the two‐object discrimination task were counterbalanced across subjects. During each trial, subjects were shown two objects, and the trial ended when the subject touched the reinforced shape (S+) or after 5 min. A correct trial was defined as one when the subject touched S+ first. We found that 45.5% of subjects were able to learn the task with a social reward, and 83.3% were able to learn the task with a food reward. We found that subjects balked more often and had fewer correct trials for the social reward. Finally, subjects took longer to approach the shapes for a social reward, possibly indicating lower motivation to engage in the task when a social reward is used compared to a food reward. Although significantly fewer subjects met criteria of success with the social reward than with the food reward, our results show that titi monkeys can learn a visual discrimination task with either type of reward.
Measuring peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin in nonhuman primates
Authors: Ziegler Toni E.
Published: May 2018

Studying the neural and hormonal changes that modulate behavior is critical to understanding social relationships. Of particular interest is measuring oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) peripherally, and preferably, non‐invasively, in nonhuman primates. Due to these peptides’ neural origin and their stimulation of brain areas that influence social behavior, there has been debate whether peripheral measures in blood, urine, and saliva reflect central levels in the brain. This review elucidates the challenges of OT measurement and the solutions that provide valuable data on OT's role in social behavior. This review discusses the recent studies in rhesus macaques which indicate that exogenous OT delivered by nasal spray results in increased OT in cerebrospinal fluid, and it notes the new methodologies that can measure both endogenous and exogenous OT simultaneously, which thereby determine the source of measured OT in biological fluids. Next, this review highlights the utility of measuring urinary OT by summarizing the results of clearance rate studies in humans and marmosets, which characterize the timing that circulating OT enters urine and illustrate that endogenous releasers of OT also increase urinary OT. With the ability to reliably measure OT and AVP in urine and in blood, we can now study free‐ranging captive, and non‐captive primates to answer questions about the biology of social bonding that were not possible before. One procedural concern that this review also highlights is whether extraction of the peptides prior to assay is needed, as the values are higher in samples that have not been extracted. Studies indicate that extractions eliminate the interfering compounds that cause higher values. Across studies, to ensure the reliability of measuring OT for nonhuman primates, this review makes suggestions based on empirical evidence for how to correctly preserve samples and emphasizes the need to validate each assay for individual species.
Synchronous Chemoradiation Nanovesicles by X‐Ray Triggered Cascade of Drug Release
Authors: Zhou Zijian , Chan Alexander , Wang Zhantong , Huang Xiaolin , Yu Guocan , Jacobson Orit , Wang Sheng , Liu Yijing , Shan Lingling , Dai Yunlu , Shen Zheyu , Lin Lisen , Chen Wei , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: May 2018

The approach of concurrent‐to‐synchronous chemoradiation has now been advanced by well‐designed nanovesicles that permit X‐ray irradiation‐triggered instant drug release. The nanovesicles consist of Au nanoparticles tethered with irradiation labile linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAHP) molecules and oxidation‐responsive poly(propylene sulfide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PPS‐PEG) polymers, where DOX were loaded in the inner core of the vesicles (Au‐LAHP‐vDOX). Upon irradiation, the in situ formation of hydroxyl radicals from LAHP molecules triggers the internal oxidation of PPS from being hydrophobic to hydrophilic, leading to degradation of the vesicles and burst release of cargo drugs. In this manner, synchronous chemoradiation showed impressive anticancer efficacy both in vitro and in a subcutaneous mouse tumor model by one‐dose injection and one‐time irradiation.
Metabolic Inhibitors of O‐GlcNAc Transferase That Act In Vivo Implicate Decreased O‐GlcNAc Levels in Leptin‐Mediated Nutrient Sensing
Authors: Liu Tai‐Wei , Zandberg Wesley F. , Gloster Tracey M. , Deng Lehua , Murray Kelsey D. , Shan Xiaoyang , Vocadlo David J.
Published: May 2018

O‐Linked glycosylation of serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) residues is catalyzed by O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT). O‐GlcNAc is conserved within mammals and is implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. Herein, we describe metabolic precursor inhibitors of OGT suitable for use both in cells and in vivo in mice. These 5‐thiosugar analogues of N‐acetylglucosamine are assimilated through a convergent metabolic pathway, most likely involving N‐acetylglucosamine‐6‐phosphate de‐N‐acetylase (NAGA), to generate a common OGT inhibitor within cells. We show that of these inhibitors, 2‐deoxy‐2‐N‐hexanamide‐5‐thio‐d‐glucopyranoside (5SGlcNHex) acts in vivo to induce dose‐ and time‐dependent decreases in O‐GlcNAc levels in various tissues. Decreased O‐GlcNAc correlates, both in vitro within adipocytes and in vivo within mice, with lower levels of the transcription factor Sp1 and the satiety‐inducing hormone leptin, thus revealing a link between decreased O‐GlcNAc levels and nutrient sensing in peripheral tissues of mammals.
Phase‐Stable CsPbI3 Nanocrystals: The Reaction Temperature Matters
Authors: Dutta Anirban , Dutta Sumit K. , Das Adhikari Samrat , Pradhan Narayan
Published: May 2018

High temperature colloidal synthesis for obtaining thermal, colloidal and phase‐stable CsPbI3 nanocrystals with near‐unity quantum yield is reported. While standard perovskite synthesis reactions were carried out at 160 °C (below 200 °C), increase of another ≈100 °C enabled the alkylammonium ions to passivate the surface firmly and prevented the nanocrystals from phase transformation. This did not require any inert atmosphere storage, use of heteroatoms, specially designed ligands, or the ice cooling protocol. Either at high temperature in reaction flask or in the crude mixture or purified dispersed solution; these nanocrystals were observed stable and retained the original emission. Different spectroscopic analyses were carried out and details of the surface binding of alkyl ammonium ligands in place of surface Cs in the crystal lattice were investigated. As CsPbI3 is one of the most demanding optical materials, bringing stability by proper surface functionalization without use of secondary additives would indeed help in wide spreading of their applications.
Atomically Precise Multimetallic Semiconductive Nanoclusters with Optical Limiting Effects
Authors: Chen Shuai , Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jian
Published: May 2018

For the first time, multinuclear noble‐metal clusters have been successfully stabilized by Ti‐oxo clusters. Two unprecedented Ag6@Ti16‐oxo nanoclusters with precise atomic structures were prepared and characterized. The octahedral Ag6 core has strong Ag−Ag bonds (ca. 2.7 Å), and is further stabilized by direct Ag−O−Ti coordination interactions. Moreover, as a result of different acidic/redox conditions in synthesis, the Ag6 core can adopt diverse geometric configurations inside the Ti16‐O shell. Correspondingly, structural differences greatly influence their optical limiting effects. The transmittance reduction activity of the clusters towards 532 nm laser shows a nearly linear concentration dependence, and can be optimized up to about 43 %. This work not only opens a new direction for multimetallic semiconductive nanoclusters with interesting optical properties, but also provides molecular models for important noble‐metal/TiO2 heterogeneous materials.
[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]: A Highly Efficient Metal‐Free Single‐Component Initiator for the Helical‐Sense‐Selective Cationic Copolymerization of Chiral Aryl Isocyanides and Achiral Aryl Isocyanides
Authors: Yan Xinwen , Zhang Shaowen , Zhang Pengfei , Wu Xiaolu , Liu An , Guo Ge , Dong Yuping , Li Xiaofang
Published: May 2018

Commercially available [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] served as a highly efficient metal‐free and single‐component initiator not only for the carbocationic polymerization of polar and bulky aryl isocyanides with extremely high activity up to 1.2×107 g of polymer/(molcat. h), but also for the helical‐sense‐selective polymerization of chiral aryl isocyanides and copolymerization with achiral aryl isocyanides to afford high‐molecular‐weight functional poly(aryl isocyanide)s with good solubility as well as AIE characteristics and/or a single‐handed helical conformation.
Pinenes: Abundant and Renewable Building Blocks for a Variety of Sustainable Polymers
Authors: Winnacker Malte
Published: May 2018

Pinenes, a group of monoterpenes containing a double bond, are very suitable renewable building blocks for a variety of sustainable polymers and materials. Their abundance from mainly non‐edible parts of plants as well as the feasibility to isolate them render these molecules unique amongst the variety of biomass that is utilizable for novel materials. Accordingly, their use for the synthesis of biobased polymers has been investigated intensively, and strong progress has been made with this especially within the past 2–3 years. Direct cationic or radical polymerization via the double bonds as well as polymerization upon their further functionalization can afford a variety of sustainable polymers suitable for many applications, which is summarized in this Minireview.
Microwave absorption properties of double‐layer nanocomposites based on polypyrrole/natural rubber
Authors: Rezazadeh Nader , Kianvash Abbas , Palmeh Parya
Published: May 2018

Thin flexible double‐layer microwave absorbers have been fabricated based on polypyrrole (PP)/natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites and their reflection loss characteristics were studied in the range of 8–18 GHz. The PP‐NR matrix was prepared from PP and NR in the ratio of 15:85. The polymers used in this work not only serve as the matrix but also improve the microwave absorption properties. The first layer or impedance matching layer which is comprised of graphite, Fe3O4, and TiO2 nanoparticles in PP‐NR transmits the electromagnetic (EM) wave without reflection. The second layer which is made up of PP‐NR filled with Fe3O4 disperses the EM wave energy. The design of a double‐layer nanocomposite is a method to match the wave impedance, enhance wave absorption ability, and broaden the absorption frequencies. In order to achieve high absorption properties, the EM parameters such as permittivity, permeability, and thickness were controlled precisely according to quarter‐wave plate. The morphology, absorption properties, scattering parameters, thermal and wetting characteristics of double‐layer nanocomposites were investigated. The minimum reflection loss (RL) was −32 dB at 12.1 GHz and the absorbing bandwidth in which the RL < −10 dB was 9 GHz for optimum specimen with 2 mm thickness. For this specimen, the contact angle was equal to 118.7° with water as the liquid. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46565.
Biowastes from wine as natural additive of polyolefins: Thermo‐ and photo‐oxidation efficiency
Authors: Diouf‐Lewis Audrey , Commereuc Sophie , Verney Vincent
Published: May 2018

Biowastes generated from agricultural industries constitute a new source for added value products that can be used in the polymer industry. Grape marc, a residue of the winery industry, is well‐known to be a rich source of polyphenols. The present work reports the use of polyphenol cocktail extracted from black Pinot grape marc as natural antioxidant in polyolefins. The purpose is to advance in the field of green stabilizer, by using an innovating approach based on the direct use of an efficient cocktail rather than a single original molecule to stabilize polymer. The antioxidant efficiency of polyphenol cocktail is measured against photo‐ and thermo‐oxidation conditions in the well‐known polypropylene polyolefin. Attention is paid to molecular structure evolution by rheology, and the efficiency to delay oxidation by‐product formation is monitored with infrared. The results confirm that cocktail approach is a promising route to develop green stabilizers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46607.
Smart films based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers modified by conductive polypyrrole and zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Pirsa Sajad , Shamusi Tohid , Kia Ehsan Moghaddas
Published: May 2018

In this study, we synthesized novel films based on bacterial cellulose (BC), BC modified by polypyrrole (PPy), and a PPy–zinc oxide nanocomposite (BC–PPy–ZnO). The soft polymerization method at room temperature was used to obtain the BC–PPy and BC–PPy–ZnO films. The Combined D‐Optimal design was used to study the effects of the pyrrole monomer concentration, ZnO concentration, and polymerization time on the morphological, physical, color, and electrical conductivity properties of the films. Fourier transform infrared results reflected that some new interactions occurred between BC and PPy and PPy–ZnO. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline behavior of the BC fiber was hindered because of the complete coating with the amorphous PPy particles. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the ZnO, PPy, and PPy–ZnO nanoparticles were placed between the BC fibers. PPy decreased the water vapor permittivity and total soluble matter percentage. Electrical conductivity studies of the synthesized BC–PPy–ZnO film showed that the film's electrical resistance was changed in different oxidation–reduction or volatile compounds media, so the results suggest that the BC–PPy–ZnO films could be used in antioxidative food active packaging and smart packaging. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46617.
Zein nanoparticle‐embedded electrospun PVA nanofibers as wound dressing for topical delivery of anti‐inflammatory diclofenac
Authors: Ghalei Sama , Asadi Hamid , Ghalei Behnam
Published: May 2018

Bioactive wound dressings from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and zein nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with diclofenac (DLF) were prepared successfully by the single jet electrospinning method. DLF‐loaded zein NPs with an average diameter of ∼228 nm were prepared using anti‐solvent precipitation method. The formulation of zein:DLF 1:1 exhibited optimum encapsulation efficiency of 47.80%. The NPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta‐potential measurement, and differential scanning calorimetry.In vitro,drug release profiles of the DLF‐loaded zein NPs, and PVA–zein NPs were also studied within 120 h and showed the release efficiency of nearly 80% from zein NPs. A more controlled release of DLF was achieved by embedding the zein NPs in the PVA nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze possible interactions between different components of the fabricated dressings. The mechanical properties of the developed dressings were also evaluated using uniaxial tensile testing. Young's modulus (E) of the dressings decreased after inclusion of zein NPs within the PVA nanofibers. Moreover, fibroblast culturing experiments proved that the composite dressings supported better cell attachment and proliferation compared to PVA nanofibers, by exhibiting moderate hydrophilicity. The results suggested that the electrospun composite dressing of PVA nanofibers and zein NPs is a promising topical drug‐delivery system and have a great potential for wound healing application. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46643.
Mussel‐Inspired Polydopamine Coating for Flexible Ternary Resistive Memory
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Yan , Cheng Xue‐Feng , Qian Wen Hu , Zhou Jin , Sun Wu‐Ji , Hou Xiang , He Jing‐Hui , Li Hua , Xu Qing‐Feng , Li Na‐Jun , Chen Dong‐Yun , Lu Jian‐Mei
Published: May 2018

In recent years, numerous organic molecules and polymers carrying various functional groups were synthesized and used in fabrication of wearable electronic devices. Compared to previous materials that suffer from poisonousness, stiffness and complex film fabrication, we circumvent above matters by taking advantage of mussel‐inspired polydopamine as our active material to realize resistive random access memories (RRAMs). Polydopamine thin films were grown on indium tin oxide glass catalyzed by Cu2SO4/H2O2 and characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV/Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Al/Polydopamine film/ITO devices possess ternary memory behavior with good ternary device yield with two threshold voltages around 1.50 V and 3.50 V, long data retention over 104 s of continuous reading or 104 pulse reading. The two resistance switchings are attributed to defects functioning as charge traps and the formation of conductive filaments. A flexible device based on Al/polydopamine film/ITO/polyethylene terephthalate retains its ternary memory behavior after being bent with a bending radius of 1.54 cm and bending cycles up to 5000, demonstrating good compatibility and flexibility of polydopamine.
Surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Groot Koerkamp B , Jarnagin W R
Published: May 2018

Recent advances
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Coupling Reactions: Concepts, Classifications, and Applications
Authors: Guo Lin , Rueping Magnus
Published: May 2018

Transition metal‐catalyzed decarbonylative coupling reactions have emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional cross‐coupling protocols due to the advantages associated with the use of carbonyl‐containing functionalities as coupling electrophiles instead of commonly used organohalides or sulfates. A wide variety of novel transformations based on this concept have been successfully achieved, including decarbonylative carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond forming reactions. In this Review, we summarize the recent progress in this field and present a comprehensive overview of metal‐catalyzed decarbonylative coupling reactions with carbonyl derivatives.
Restricted Speciation and Supramolecular Assembly in the 5f Block
Authors: Carter Korey P. , Surbella Robert G. , Kalaj Mark , Cahill Christopher L.
Published: May 2018

Hybrid materials bearing elements from the 5f block display a rich diversity of coordination geometries, connectivities, and assembly motifs. Exemplary in this regard have been uranyl coordination polymers, which feature a wide range of secondary building units resulting from hydrolysis and oligomerization of the [UO2]2+cation. An alternative approach to novel materials, however, suppresses hydrolysis and relies on non‐covalent interactions (e.g. hydrogen or halogen bonding) to direct assembly of a more limited suite of species or building units. This may be achieved through the use of high‐anion media to promote singular actinyl anions that are assembled with organic cations, or by way of functionalized chelating ligands that produce complexes suited for assembly through peripheral donor/acceptor sites. Presented in this Concept article is therefore an overview of our efforts in this arena. We highlight examples of each approach, share our thoughts regarding delineation of assembly criteria, and discuss the opportunities for exploring structure–property relationships in these systems.
Existence of Diverse Modifications in Small‐RNA Species Composed of 16–28 Nucleotides
Authors: Lan Meng‐Dan , Xiong Jun , You Xue‐Jiao , Weng Xiao‐Cheng , Zhou Xiang , Yuan Bi‐Feng , Feng Yu‐Qi
Published: May 2018

RNA contains diverse modifications that exert an important influence in a variety of cellular processes. So far, more than 150 modifications have been identified in various RNA species, mainly in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). In contrast to rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA, the known modifications in small RNA species have been primarily limited to 2′‐O‐ribose methylation in plants and inosine in mammals. The methylation of small RNAs in mammals is still unclear. Current methods widely used in the characterization of small RNAs are mainly based on the strategy of nucleic acid hybridization and sequencing, which cannot characterize modifications in small RNAs. Herein, we have systematically investigated modifications in small RNAs composed of 16–28 nucleotides (nt) by establishing an effective isolation and neutral enzymatic digestion of small RNAs in combination with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS). This method allowed us to simultaneously detect 57 different types of nucleoside modification. By using this approach, we revealed 24 modifications in small RNAs comprising 16–28 nt from human cells. In addition, we found that the obesity‐associated protein (FTO) may demethylate N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) and N6,2′‐O‐dimethyladenosine (m6Am) in small RNAs of 16–28 nt. Our study demonstrates the existence of diverse modifications in small RNAs composed of 16–28 nt, which may promote in‐depth understanding of the regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs.