bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whey pretreatments before ultrafiltration
Authors: Tupasela Tuomo , Koskinen Heikki , Antila Pirkko
Published: July 2018

Whey is a by-product of cheesemaking. Whey dry matter contains mainly lactose, but also valuable whey proteins. The aim of this study was to develop improvements to whey protein membrane isolation processes. In our trials CaCl2 -added, pH-adjusted and heat-treated wheys were found to have MF (microfiltration) permeate fluxes about 30% higher than in untreated MF whey. The total solids and protein content of the MF permeates decreased compared to the original wheys. UF (ultrafiltration) trials were conducted using MF whey to compare it with centrifugally separated whey. The MF whey consistently maintained an UF flux about 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than that of the separated whey. Differently treated MF whey UF permeate fluxes also showed a difference. With CaCl2 addition, pH adjustment and heat treatment, the UF permeate fluxes were about 20 to 40% higher than when only MF was used. The total solids content decreased in each trial. The protein content of the UF concentrate also decreased compared to the MF permeate. The (β-lg (β-lactoglobulin) and α-la (α-lactalbumin) content was almost the same in UF concentrates as in MF permeates.
Supplementation of pig starter diets with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes - stability, activity and mode of action
Authors: Inborr Johan
Published: July 2018

A total of five experiments were conducted to investigate the stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting and the proteolytic conditions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of pigs and poultry, and to try and elucidate the mechanisms behind the improved performance of pigs fed enzyme-supplemented barley/wheat-based diets. The results of the pelleting stability experiment showed that the commercial feed enzyme employed maintained most of its activity in conditioning temperatures up to 85°C.Furthermore, it became evident that measuring enzyme recovery in pelleted feeds by in-vitro assay methods underestimated the actual activity. For this purpose in-vivo models such as that based on gut viscosity measurements in broiler chickens gives a more accurate estimate. Gut viscosity also correlated highly with live weight gain (r2=0.624) and feed utilisation (r2=0.616) of broiler chickens. The in-vitro incubations using conditions similar to those of the GI tract showed that enzymes are not readily denatured and inactivated in such conditions and indicated that wheat and wheat gluten, and possibly similar feed ingredients, may help to maintain the activity longer either due to their buffering capacity or by providing substrates for the enzymes. This was supported by the results of the in-vivo measurements. In the stomach of pigs, 10-20per cent of the xylanase and β-glucanase activities added to the diets could still be recovered 4 hours after feeding. In the ileum, proportionally more added enzyme activities were recovered between 4 and 6 than 0 and 2 hours after feeding. In broiler chickens fed an enzyme-supplemented barley-based diet, β-glucanase was fully recovered in the proximal part of the small intestine, giving further proof of the stability of the enzymes employed to the conditions of the GI tract. When a mixture of fibre- and starch-degrading enzymes were added to a diet based on wheat and barley, β-glucan, starch and dry matter digestibilities were significantly (P
A linkage map of spring turnip rape based on RFLP and HARD markers
Authors: Tanhuanpää Pirjo K. , Vilkki Juha P. , Vilkki H. Joanna
Published: July 2018

A linkage map of spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) was conslructed from an F2 population of a cross Jo4002 x Sv3402. The map contained 22 RFLP loci, 144 RAPDs, one microsatellite, and one morphological marker (seed colour). All ten B.rapa linkage groups could be identified and the total map distance was 519 cM. A proportion of the markers (13%), most of which were located in two linkage groups, showed segregation distortion.
Monitoring and predicting crop growth and analysing agricultural ecosystems by remote sensing
Authors: Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Inoue Y. , Shibayama M. , Awaya Y. , Tanaka N.
Published: July 2018

LANDSAT/TM data, which are characterized by high spectral/spatial resolutions, are able to contribute to practical agricultural management. In the first part of the paper, the authors review some recent applications of satellite remote sensing in agriculture. Techniques for crop discrimination and mapping have made such rapid progress that we can classify crop types with more than 80% accuracy. The estimation of crop biomass using satellite data, including leaf area, dry and fresh weights, and the prediction of grain yield, has been attempted using various spectral vegetation indices. Plant stresses caused by nutrient deficiency and water deficit have also been analysed successfully. Such information may be useful for farm management. In the latter half of the paper, we introduce the Arctic Science Project, which was carried out under the Science and Technology Agency of Japan collaborating with Finnish scientists. In this project, monitoring of the boreal forest was carried out using LANDSAT data. Changes in the phenology of subarctic ground vegetation, based on spectral properties, were measured by a boom-mounted, four-band spectroradiometer. The turning point dates of the seasonal near-infrared (NIR) and red (R) reflectance factors might indicate the end of growth and the beginning of autumnal tints, respectively.
Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod
Authors: Junttila Olavi
Published: July 2018

Plants respond to environmental conditions both by adaptation and by acclimation. The ability of the plants to grow, reproduce and survive under changing climatic conditions depends on the efficiency of adaptation and acclimation. The adaptation of developmental processes in plants to temperature and photoperiod is briefly reviewed. In annual plants this adaptation is related to growth capacity and to the timing of reproduction. In perennial plants growing under northern conditions, adaptation of the annual growth cycle to the local climatic cycle is of primary importance. Examples of the role of photothermal conditions in regulation of these phenological processes are given and discussed. The genetic and physiological bases for climatic adaptation in plants are briefly examined.
An overview of how rubisco and carbohydrate metabolism may be regulated at elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature
Authors: Bowes George , Vu Joseph C. V. , Hussain Mian W. , Pennanen Arja H. , Allen L. Hartwell
Published: July 2018

Although atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been up to 16-fold higher than at present, the past several million years have seen atypically low values. Thus, modern-day plants are adapted to cope with a low [CO2]/[O2] ratio. The present [CO2] does not saturate C3 photosynthesis, so its doubling produces an “efficiency effect”, but it is not always fully realized. Acclimation to high [CO2] during growth can down-regulate photosynthesis, presumably to optimize carbon acquisition and utilization. A primary factor in acclimation is a reduction in rubisco. Two crops, rice and soybean, were used to study this phenomenon. Rice photosynthesis and growth peaked at 500 μmol mol-1 , whereas soybean responded up to 990 μmol mol-1 . Rubisco concentration declined under CO2-enrichment and increasing temperatures, more so in rice than soybean. The rubisco kcat of rice was unaffected by growth [CO2] or temperature, but that from soybean was increased by both. In rice the capacity to handle carbohydrate, as measured by sucrose phosphate synthase activity was up-regulated by CO2 -enrichment, but not by temperature. Leaf carbohydrates were increased by [CO2], but decreased by higher temperatures, starch more so than sucrose. Even though C3 species differ in response to [CO2] and temperature, CO2 -enrichment can moderate adverse effects of temperature extremes.
Sensitivity of temperate grassland species to elevated atmospheric CO2 and the interaction with temperature and water stress
Authors: Jones Michael B. , Jongen Marjan
Published: July 2018

The annual cycle of growth of many temperate grasses is limited by low temperatures during the winter and spring and water stress during the summer. Climate change, induced by increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, can affect the growth and community structure of temperate grasslands in two ways. The first is directly through changes in atmospheric concentration of CO2 and the second is indirectly through changes in temperature and rainfall. At higher latitudes, where growth is largely temperature limited, it is probable that the direct effects of enhanced CO2 will be less than at low latitudes. However, interactions with increasing temperature and water stress are complex. Temperate grasslands range from intensively managed monocultures of sown species to species rich natural and semi-natural communities whose local distributions are controlled by variations in soil type and drainage. The different species can show marked differences in their responses to increasing CO2 concentrations, rising temperatures and water stress. This will probably result in major alterations in the community structure of temperate grasslands in the future. In addition to impacts on primary productivity and community structure, a long-term effect of elevated CO2 on grasslands is likely to be a significant increase in soil carbon storage. However, this may be counteracted by increases in temperature.
Assessing the risks and uncertainties of regional crop potential under a changing climate in Finland
Authors: Carter Timothy R. , Saarikko Riitta A. , Niemi Kai J.
Published: July 2018

Results are presented of a modelling study to estimate the regional suitability and potential productivity of selected crops in Finland under a changing climate. Model simulations were conducted across a regular 10 km grid over Finland for various cultivars of the following crops: spring wheat, barley, oats, potato and maize, and for two nematode pests and a fungal disease of potato. Models were run for both the present-day (1961-1990) climate and scenarios of future climate. Results are presented as maps. The main findings of the study are: (1) A warming of the climate induces shifts in the northern limit of cereal suitability of some 100-150 km per °C. (2) Changes in climate and carbon dioxide concentration by 2050 are estimated to enhance average grain yields of present-day barley cultivars in all regions. (3) Under projected warming, the potential distribution of nematode species expands northwards and additional generations of some species are likely. The risk of late blight occurrence increases in all regions. (4) By 2050 grain maize could be cultivated reliably in favourable regions of southern Finland, and satisfactory yields obtained. (5) Uncertainties surround all estimates, including uncertainties in projections of future climate, model errors and assumptions and observational errors.
Electrofusion of protoplasts of anther-derived dihaploid lines of commercial potato cultivars
Authors: Rokka Veli-Matti , Xu Yong-Sheng , Tanhuanpää Pirjo , Pietilä Leena , Pehu Eija
Published: July 2018

Somatic hybrids of anther-derived dihaploid (2x) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) lines were produced by electrofusion of protoplasts. Using RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, six new combinations of dihaploid parental lines from cultivars Matilda, Nicola, Pito, Stina, Van Gogh and White Lady were identified. RAPD marker identification of the putative hybrids was mostly done using two distinct parental line specific primers. 43% of the 76 regenerated calli from the six combinations produced hybrid shoots. Most of the somatic hybrids were tetraploid (4x), but in four fusion combinations plants of hexaploid (6x), octoploid (8x) or mixoploid level were also identified by chromosome counts or flow cytometric nuclear DNA analysis. The mean nuclear DNA content (2C value) of the tetraploid and hexaploid somatic hybrids was lower than the expected DNA content (i.e. the 2C values of the original tetraploid cultivars or the sum of the 2C values of the dihaploid fusion parents). Some somatic hybrids having the expected nuclear DNA content were also found.
Production of calves following nonsurgical transfer of fresh and refrigerated bovine demi-embryos
Authors: Bredbacka Peter , Jaakma Ülle , Müürsepp Ilmar
Published: July 2018

The viability of microblade-bisected Day-7 embryos transferred to recipients without zona pellucidae directly after splitting or after overnight storage at 4°C was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 26 demi-embryos of excellent or good quality and two of fair quality were transferred to 28 heifer recipients 1-3 h after splitting. The transfers resulted in 20 pregnancies (71.4% pregnancy rate), and 19 calves were born (one pregnant heifer was slaughtered). Another 14 demi-embryos were cultured 1 to 3 h at room temperature, transported for 3 h at 8-10°C and stored for 12 h in a refigerator at 4°C, Twelve of the 14 demi-embryos were considered transferable after storage and nine of these were transferred to nine recipients, of which five became pregnant. Four live calves were born. In Experiment 2, 21 excellent or good quality demi-embryos were transferred into 21 heifer recipients to produce 12 pregnancies (57.1%) and 10 live calves. Another 19 demi-embryos (17 excellent to good quality and two fair quality) were transferred after storage for 1-2 h at 8°C and 18 h at 4°C. Five recipients became pregnant, of which four delivered live calves. It is concluded that a high pregnancy rate can be achieved after the transfer of fresh demi-embryos produced by a simple method of embryo bisection under farm conditions. Although the transfer of demi-embryos stored overnight at 4°C results in decreased pregnancy rates, refrigeration of demiembryos may be useful in certain practical situations. However, further experiments are needed to determine the optimal conditions for overnight storage of demi-embryos.
Estimates of genetic parameters of trotting performance traits for repeated annual records
Authors: Pösö Jukka , Ojala Matti
Published: July 2018

The heritability and repeatability of trotting performance traits and genetic and phenotypic correlations among these traits were estimated from repeated annual records of 6934 Finnhorse and 5298 Standardbred trotters. The number of observations in the two breeds was 19 550 and 14 184, respectively. (Co)variance components were obtained with animal model and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. The heritability estimates were highest for time traits (0.29 to 0.35) and lowest for number of starts (0.08 to 0.10) in the two breeds. The repeatability estimates were high for time traits but only moderate for other trotting performance traits, suggesting that repeated records improve accuracy in genetic evaluations. The genetic correlations among the performance traits, especially between time and money traits, were very high and favourable considering the breeding goals. The phenotypic associations were distinctly weaker than the genetic ones.
Jenkka and Jatsi, two new red raspberry cultivars
Authors: Dalman Pirjo , Hiirsalmi Heimo , Hietaranta Tarja , Linna Minna-Maria
Published: July 2018

The red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars Jenkka and Jatsi have been released from the berry breeding programme of the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland. Cv. Jenkka was selected for its good winterhardiness and reliable yield, and cv. Jatsi for its good flavour, large fruit size and moderate winterhardiness. Both cultivars are suitable for the fresh and pick-your-own market.
Effects of gradual replacement of rapeseed cake with linseed cake in a grass silage-based diet for dairy cows
Authors: Rinne Marketta , Jaakkola Seija , Järvi Matti , Huhtanen Pekka
Published: July 2018

Eight Finncattle cows were used in two replicated 4x4 Latin squares with 21 -day periods to study the effects of replacing rapeseed cake with linseed cake in proportions of 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 1 (on air dry basis), the total amount of supplement being 1.5 kg/day (on air dry basis). The basal diet consisted of silage fed ad libitum and a 4.5 kg/day (on air dry basis) barley:oats (1:1) mixture. The experimental diets had no effect on feed intake. Effective protein degrability (EPD) determined by the nylon bag method was higher for linseed cake than for rapeseed cake. Milk production decreased linearly (P
Farmers’ exposure to dusts and gases in modern Finnish cubicle cow houses
Authors: Louhelainen Kyösti , Kangas Juhani , Reiman Marjut , Kalliokoski Pentti
Published: July 2018

The occurrence of airborne dust, gases, microbes, endotoxin and bovine epithelial antigens (BEA, BDA20) was studied in 26 modern, mainly cubicle, cow houses. Air samples of total dust, total spores, endotoxin and bovine epithelial allergens were collected on membrane filters with portable or piston pumps and analyzed with appropriate methods. Concentrations of gases (ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) were measured with diffusion tubes. Airborne viable spores were collected with a cascade impactor on five selective culture media for the identification of xerophilic, mesophilic and thermotolerant fungi and thermophilic actinomycetes. The geometric mean concentrations of total dust, BEA and BDA20 were 0.2-1.9 mg/m3, 5.2-9.7 μg/m3 and 50-260 ng/m3, respectively. The mean concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide were between 2.8-15 ppm and 2200-3200 ppm, respectively. The geometric mean of endotoxins was 19 ng/m3 and the concentrations of fungi were at the 101-103 cfu/m3 level. In general, the variation in concentrations of total dust, viable fungi and endotoxin was large. The concentrations of total dust and fungi were lower than in earlier studies. Thus new cubicle houses provide a better working environment with regard to airborne hazards than the traditional cow houses.
Sustainability - a challenge to animal production and breeding
Authors: Torp-Donner Heidi , Juga Jarmo
Published: July 2018

Prospects of sustainable animal breeding are briefly reviewed from the animal breeding point of view. The aspects of sustainability included are: ecological sustainability such as environmental sustainability and maintenance of biodiversity as well as ethical and economical sustainability. Environmental degradation can be reduced by intensive production at least on intermediate production levels. Biodiversity of livestock breeds can be maintained with globally diverse breeding goals containing several traits and with national conservation schemes for rare local breeds. Ethical sustainability can be taken into account by improving health and longevity traits. Production must also be economically profitable, otherwise it is not sustainable. In optimising all these aspects, the animal breeders have to lay down criteria for conservation programmes and re-evaluate breeding goals so that sustainability is taken into account.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization, grass species and cultivar on sod production on Valkeasuo peat bog - a case study
Authors: Virkajärvi Perttu , Huhta Harri , Tuuri Hannu
Published: July 2018

As part of a research project concerning the agricultural utilization of cut-away peat bogs, a sod production experiment was conducted at Valkeasuo, Tohmajärvi, in 1990-1993. The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of nitrogen and choice of cultivar on sod production and sod quality on peat bogs. The N fertilization rates were 50, 100 and 150kg ha-1. The Poa pratensis cultivars were ‘Conni’, ‘Cynthia’, ‘Haga’ and ‘Julia’, the Festuca rubra cultivars were ‘Center’, ‘Juliska’, ‘Koket’ and ‘Näpsä’ and the Agrostis capillaris cultivar was ‘Rasti’. Two mixtures of P. pratensis/F. rubra and one of A. capillaris/F. rubra imitated commercial sod products. Increasing of N fertilization from 50 kg up to 150 kg ha-1 a had positive effect on general the quality of sod as well as on the green cover before and after transplanting. It increased the thatch formation. The positive effect of N on the number of tillers and green cover in the year following transplanting was dependent on the species and the cultivar. Species and cultivar affected all measured variables excluding thatch formation. Generally, the P. pratensis cultivars tested suited better for sod production than cultivars of F. rubra, but there were clear differences between cultivars within species as well. Although the soil was infertile, the contents of Ca, K, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn in the herbage samples were within normal range. The botanical purity was high, which supports the hypothesis that the absence of seed bank of weeds on peat bogs immediately after harvesting the peat can be utilized.
Viruses and their significance in agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland
Authors: Tapio Eeva , Bremer Katri , Valkonen Jari P. T.
Published: July 2018

This paper reviews the plant viruses and virus vectors that have been detected in agricultural and horticultural crop plants and some weeds in Finland. The historical and current importance of virus diseases and the methods used for controlling them in cereals, potato, berry plants, fruit trees, ornamental plants and vegetables are discussed. Plant viruses have been intensely studied in Finland over 40 years. Up to date, 44 plant virus species have been detected, and many tentatively identified viruses are also reported. Control of many virus diseases has been significantly improved. This has been achieved mainly through changes in cropping systems, production of healthy seed potatoes and healthy stocks of berry plants, fruit trees and ornamental plants in the institutes set up for such production, and improved hygiene. At the present, barley yellow dwarf luteovirus, potato Y potyvirus and potato mop-top furovirus are considred to be economically the most harmful plant viruses in Finland.
First report of Diuraphis (Holcaphis) frequens as a pest of wheat in Finland
Authors: Robinson Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Colonies of Diuraphis (Holcaphis) frequens (Walker) were found on wheat, Triticum aestivum L. in the vicinity of Jokioinen in south-west Finland in summer 1997. The aphid was present in all wheat fields inspected, and was particularly abundant on spring wheat plants of field and plot margins. The aphid was also common on its recognised, host Elymus repens (L.) Gould (couch grass). Damage symptoms, longitudinal chlorotic streaking of tightly rolled leaves, resembled those caused by Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid. Diuraphis frequens appears unlikely to become a serious pest of wheat, and its relative abundance during 1997 may have resulted from particularly hot, dry weather.
The effects of added glycerol or unprotected free fatty acids or a combination of the two on silage intake, milk production, rumen fermentation and diet digestibility in cows given grass silage based diets
Authors: Khalili Hannele , Varvikko Tuomo , Toivonen Vesa , Hissa Kari , Suvitie Marjatta
Published: July 2018

The addition of glycerol or free fatty acids either alone or in combination to concentrate was studied for the effects on feed intake, milk production, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and diet digestibility in dairy cows given grass silage ad libitum. The study was conducted on 12 mid-lactating cows, four of them ruminally cannulated. Barley-based concentrate (control diet, C) was given 7 kg/d as fed. In the other three diets, 36 g/kg of barley was replaced by glycerol (G) or a mixture of free fatty acids (FA) or by a combination of the two, making a total of 72 g/kg (GFA). The experimental design consisted of balanced 4 x 4 Latin squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of diets: the effects of G, FA and G*FA interaction. The FA diets significantly decreased silage intake, increased milk yield, decreased milk protein content, increased the concentrations of C18:0, C18:1, and C20:1 and decreased those of C8-16, and C18:3 fatty acids in milk fat. The FA diets also increased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma, and decreased the digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre but increased that of fat. Glycerol decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate in the rumen, but the addition of glycerol did not have any effect on silage intake, milk yield or milk composition. Milk yield was highest when glycerol and free fatty acids were given together, showing a positive interaction.
Optimizing anther culture for barley breeding
Authors: Manninen Outi
Published: July 2018

Bailey anther culture methods were optimized for the production of doubled haploid lines from Finnish spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding material. 22 F1 -progenies of two-rowed barley cultivars (‘Bonus’, ‘lnari’, Jo1610, ‘Kustaa’, ‘Kymppi’, ‘Prisma’) and six-rowed barley cultivars (‘Arve’, ‘Botnia’, ‘Larker Mutant’, OB264, ‘Rolfi’, WW7860) were used for the experiments. The effect of basic induction media, pretreatment on mannitol medium, density of anthers, incubation temperature and light regime were tested. Pretreatment of anthers for 4 days on medium containing 0.175 M mannitol was beneficial for all 8 genotypes tested and increased production of green plants per 100 anthers from 26% to 74% for the best genotype (‘lnari’ x ‘Kymppi’ F1). A lower anther density (1.6 anthers per cm2) was better than a more dense one. A modified MS-medium with ammonium nitrate partly replaced with glutamine (MMS-MG) was slightly better than a medium based on N6 salts (N6-MG), and addition of 100 μM silver nitrate reduced both plant and green plant production. No significant differences were observed between the effects of incubation temperatures (20°C vs. 25°C) or the light regime (darkness vs. weak light) during incubation of anthers. In each experiment the genotypic effect was prominent and the recalcitrance of some genotypes was apparent. Green plants were produced however from all genotypes.
Grain yield, net blotch and scald of barley in Finnish official variety trials
Authors: Robinson Jonathan , Jalli Marja
Published: July 2018

Data on grain yield, and terminal severity of net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. teres) and scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) from Finnish official barley (Hordeum vulgare) variety trials were analysed to indicate the pattern of disease incidence over six years and five sites for nineteen barley genotypes, and the effect of the diseases on yield and the genotype by environment interaction for yield. The effect of climatic factors on net blotch severity were also investigated. The genotype by site interaction for net blotch severity was not statistically significant, but that for yield was. Net blotch severity differed between years, but was similar across sites and there were statistically significant first order interactions between year, site and genotype. ‘Saana’ and ‘Thule’ had relatively low mean terminal net blotch scores and their reaction to the disease was less sensitive to the environment than was that of ‘Tyra’ for example. Analysis of yield data adjusted for net blotch severity indicated that the magnitude of the genotype by environment interaction terms were not accounted for to any significant degree by differences in relative net blotch resistances among the barley genotypes. Overall, mean scores for scald severity were lower than those for net blotch. Terminal net blotch severity was correlated with May rainfall and growing degree days.
Climatic conditions for crop production in Nordic countries
Authors: Skjelvåg Arne Oddvar
Published: July 2018

Climate is today a more determinant factor for yield level than it was in the past, when soil fertility was more important. The regional variation in radiation during the growing season in Nordic countries is less than that in temperature conditions. A combined plant growth-related index of these climatic factors accumulated during the growing season decreased from an annual value of 106 at 56°N (Ødum, East Jutland) to about 90, 60 and 44 at 60°N, 67°N and 70°N, respectively. The difference between coastal areas in Norway and the Finnish interior was either negligible or about 10% in disfavour of the coast at 67°N. When the moisture conditions of an imaginary pasture crop on a sandy soil were taken into account, the combined accumulated growth index of radiation, temperature and soil moisture was 71 at Ødum. On the Norwegian coast, the values were 72, 49 and 37, whilst in Finland, up to northeastern Norway, they were 56, 43 and 35 at 60°N, 67°N and 70°N, respectively. Plant production potential may be directly related to the accumulated growth index.
Effects of and interactions between the extent of silage fermentation and protein supplementation in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Heikkilä Terttu , Toivonen Vesa , Huhtanen Pekka
Published: July 2018

Twelve Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of and interactions between extent of silage fermentation and level of protein supplementation on silage intake and milk production. Experimental design was a cyclic change-over with six dietary treatments, with two replicate blocks of six cows and four 3-week periods. Dietary treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement consisted of two wilted silages treated with either a formic acid-based (FA) 5 l/t or a bacterial inoculant additive (I) and three levels of protein supplementation obtained by fish meal (FM) inclusion (0, 60 and 120 g/kg concentrate). Grass silage was given ad libitum and concentrates were offered at a rate of 10 kg/d. Both silages were well-preserved but I-silage was more extensively fermented than FA-silage. Feeding FA-silage decreased diet organic matter digestibility, particularly that of neutral detergent fibre, compared with I-silage. Inclusion of FM increased the digestibility of all dietary constituents. Dry matter (DM) intake of I-silage was lower than that of FA-silage but milk yield was not significantly affected. Restricting silage fermentation increased milk fat content, fat yield and energy corrected milk yield. FM inclusion increased silage DM intake, milk yield, milk protein content and yield. FM120 inclusion increased milk fat yield more with FA-silage than with I-silage, whereas the response in milk protein yield was greater with I-silage. Plasma glucose, plasma urea and milk urea concentrations were lower and blood β-hydroxybutyrate higher in cows given FA-diets than those given I-diets.
The effect of genotype on anther culture response of cultivated and wild oats
Authors: Kiviharju Elina , Puolimatka Matti , Saastamoinen Marketta , Hovinen Simo , Pehu Eija
Published: July 2018

Anther culture ability was tested for 44 oat (Avena sativa L.), six naked oat (A. sativa L., naked type) and 15 wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) genotypes, in addition to progeny of five intraspecific crosses of A. sativa and two interspecific crosses of A. sativa x A. sterilis. Anther culture response was affected considerably by genotype. Thirty one oat genotypes responded by callus growth on induction medium and seven of them produced embryo structures, two of the lines consistently. All naked oat genotypes produced embryo structures. Embryo production rates for the wild oat lines were comparable with those for the naked oat genotypes, and higher than for oat: 13 of the 15 genotypes tested produced embryo structures. Plant regeneration was possible only from wild oat. The regeneration ability was inherited in the progeny of the A. sativa x A. sterilis cross cv. Puhti x CAV 2648. The response of anthers of oat genotypes was inhibited by auxin on the induction medium, while naked oat, wild oat and A. sativa x A. sterilis crosses responded better on a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
The effects of tuber size and chitting method on the growth and yield of Amyla and Barima potatoes
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

The effects of two seed tuber sizes on the growth and the yield of the potato when using various methods of chitting were studied in 1963—66. The cultivars used were Amyla and Barima. The variations affected by seed size were not directly proportional to the seed weight. From small seed the early development of the haulms was slower, the number of stems smaller, the weight of the haulms and roots smaller. The number of tubers per hill was lower but the number of tubers per stem higher. Average yield per seed tuber was 16 per cent smaller. Small seed produced a slightly higher starch content and a lower percentage of blight infected tubers. Plants from large seed tubers developed faster and the weight of their haulms and roots declined more in the autumn. In the early liftings also the tuber yield per hill was distinctly larger than from small seed, but in the case of the earlier cultivar Barima the difference was fully levelled out by the autumn. Chitting made the early growth faster, decreased the number of stems, reduced the weight of the haulms and roots and decreased the number of tubers per hill. The average increases of yield and starch content were not significant but were dependent on cultivar and lifting time. When chitting was employed the amount of large tubers increased and scab infection decreased. In many respects Amyla and Barima reacted differently both to seed tuber size and to chitting.
Effect of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici) on spring wheat in Finland
Authors: Nissinen Oiva
Published: July 2018

In 1970–72 the effect of powdery mildew on Finnish spring wheats with different field resistance was studied. For the mildew control 1 kg/ha Karathane WD (22.5 % Dinocap) was used. These investigations showed that mildew control increased grain yields in susceptible varieties by 2.4 to 6.6 %. The 1000-grain weight increased by 2.2 to 5.3 %, respectively. On the more field resistant spring wheats mildew control had no particular effect. Mildew control evened out the relative yield differences between the varieties. The paper includes notes on the occurrence of mildew in Finland while the need for resistance breeding is also discussed.
Dairy progeny testing in Finland
Authors: Lindström Ulf , Maijala Kalle , Varo Mikko
Published: July 2018

An account is given of the present method of progeny testing of dairy bulls. Correction factors used are presented and an example of their application given. It is noted that progeny tests for milk yield based on less than 30 daughters have a low repeatability. There were no significant changes in the ranking order of AI bulls in different geographical areas. In the Ostrobothnia area, however, the progeny tests seemed to be slightly less accurate than in other regions.
Main trends in Hungarian agriculture
Authors: Szabó Gábor
Published: July 2018

In Hungary the establishment of cooperative farms has radically changed the organizational conditions of production. Nowadays almost three quarters of the agricultural production comes from the co-operative sector. However, the production of small household plots is significant with respect to certain farm products. Thus, 65 per cent of the eggs, 43—46 per cent of the wine, 33—35 per cent of the milk, 30—33 per cent of the slaughtered cattle, 29 per cent of the fruits and 13—15 per cent of the slaughtered pigs come from small privately farmed plots. The efficiency of Hungarian agriculture has developed rapidly since the early 1960s. This is reflected in the increase of average per hectare yields. In the late 1960s two substantial price rises occurred in agriculture. Experience since then shows that with the introduction of the reform and with the rise in the price level the role and scope of prices has become greater and wider. Nowadays it is believed that it is possible to manage farms successfully without compulsory plan directions using more economic regulators instead.
Grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals as affected by nitrogen fertilization in northern conditions: a meta-analysis
Authors: Valkama Elena , Salo Tapio , Esala Martti , Turtola Eila
Published: July 2018

We reviewed quantitatively 40 Finnish field experiments related to the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the main parameters of grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals. The experiments were conducted on a wide range of mineral soils under varying growth conditions from the 1950s to the 1990s. Overall there was no statistically significant effect on 1000 grain weight and a slightly negative effect on grain test weight. Nitrogen fertilizer increased N uptake much more steeply in slightly acidic soils (SA, pH 5.8–6.9), located mostly in South Finland, than in moderately acidic soils (MA, pH 5.0–5.7), located in Central Finland. With increasing N rates, protein content increased to a larger extent in spring barley and oats than in spring wheat. In the light of the current trend to reduce N fertilizerapplication, the obtained regressions between N rates and the parameters of grain quality may be used to maintain yield quality at a desirable level, while optimizing N management.
Meat export competitiveness of European Union countries on global markets
Authors: Bojnec Štefan , Fertő Imre
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this research is to provide insight into the export competitiveness of meat products of the European Union (EU-27) member states on global markets. The revealed comparative advantage index is used to analyze the levels, compositions, and evolutions in patterns of development in the export competitiveness of meat products and their levels of stability at the product level. Except for some niche meat products, a larger number of the EU-27 member states have experienced comparative disadvantages on global markets over the analysed years of 2000 to 2011. The revealed comparative advantages on the global markets are the most robust for Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Cyprus and Hungary. The revealed comparative advantage indices and their survival rates differ across the meat product groups. The heterogeneity in export competitiveness of the EU-27 member states suggests the importance of the differentiation of meat products in competitive export specialization on global markets.
Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Portal Alumni dengan Tracer Study dan Survey Pengguna Alumni Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Authors: Hetty Primasari Clara
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The role of alumni is very important for the education institution. One of the indicators of the quality of a college is the quality of alumni. Because of the importance of the alumni's role, a university should have a medium to connect alumni with their almamater, either with fellow alumni, with lecturers, or with college students in university. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta previuosly has a system called SIMPONI to manage the alumni, but the existing system is still limited in terms of functionality and there is no tracer study function to find out educational outcomes and performance of alumni at the company. Development of Alumni Simponi Information Portal System is done by using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2. The programming language used is C #. SIMPONI is expected to be able to contribute in improving the credibility and continuity of educational institution.Keywords: Alumni portal information system, tracer study, alumni user survey.Abstrak. Peran alumni sangat penting untuk lembaga pendidikan. Salah satu indikator kualitas suatu perguruan tinggi adalah kualitas alumninya. Karena pentingnya peran alumni, alangkah baiknya jika perguruan tinggi memiliki sarana untuk menghubungkan alumni dengan almamaternya, baik dengan sesama alumni, dosen, maupun dengan mahasiswa perguruan tinggi yang bersangkutan. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta telah memiliki sebuah sistem bernama SIMPONI untuk melakukan pengelolaan alumni tersebut, akan tetapi sistem yang ada terbatas dari segi fungsionalitasnya serta belum ada tracer study untuk mengetahui outcome pendidikan dalam bentuk transisi dari dunia pendidikan tinggi ke dunia kerja dan fasilitas survey pengguna alumni yang diisi oleh perusahaan untuk mengetahui kinerja alumni. Sistem Informasi Portal Alumni UAJY dikembangkan dengan menggunakan Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 dan Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2. Bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan adalah C#. Diharapkan dengan melakukan pengembangan fungsionalitas, SIMPONI sebagai sistem portal alumni Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta mampu memberi sumbangsih dalam peningkatan kredibilitas dan kelangsungan institusi pendidikan tersebut.Kata Kunci: Sistem informasi portal alumni, tracer study, survey pengguna alumni.
Implementasi Metode Logika Fuzzy dalam Pembangunan Sistem Optimalisasi Lampu Lalu Lintas
Authors: Maslim Martinus , Dwiandiyanta B. Yudi , Viany Susilo Nonety
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Traffic lights are the lights for controlling the flow of trafficwhichinstalled at crossroads. Traffic lights have an important role in regulating traffic especially crossroads. One way to overcome the traffic problem is to build a system of traffic optimization where each point of the intersection phase at the road signals automatically. This system implements fuzzymamdani logic method with MOM (Mean of Maximum)defuzzification for this method is very simple, easy to understand and objective. The traffic optimization system can generate the maximum green light seconds at each intersection according to the officer's input. The input required by the system is the length of the set queue, the width of the regulated path, the length of the queue on the next path, and the width of the path on the regulated path. The output of this system is proven to help optimize the number of green light seconds according to crossroads conditions.Keywords: FuzzyLogic, Mamdani, Mean of Maximum, Traffic light.Abstrak. Lampu lalu lintas merupakan lampu untuk mengendalikan arus lalu lintas yang terpasang di persimpangan jalan. Lampu lalu lintas memiliki peran penting dalam mengatur lalu lintas khususnya persimpangan jalan. Terdapat salah satu cara untuk mengatasi permasalahan kemacetanyaitu dengan membangun sebuah sistem optimalisasi lalu lintas dimana secara otomatis di setiap titik fase persimpangan jalan bersinyal. Sistem ini dibuat menggunakan metode logika fuzzy. Dalam sistem ini menggunakan metode logika fuzzymamdani dengan defuzzifikasi MOM (Mean of Maximum) karena metode ini sangat sederhana, mudah dimengerti dan obyektif. Sistem optimalisasi lampu lalu lintas dapat menghasilkan detik maksimal lampu hijau pada setiap persimpangan sesuai dengan masukan petugas. Masukan yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem adalah panjang antrian yang diatur, lebar jalan yang diatur, panjang antrian pada jalur selanjutnya, dan lebar jalan pada jalur yang diatur.Hasil keluaran dari sistem ini terbukti dapat membantu mengoptimalisasi jumlah detik lampu hijau sesuai dengan kondisi persimpangan jalan.Kata Kunci: Logika Fuzzy, Mamdani, Mean of Maximum, Lampu lalu lintas.
Model Penerapan Syariah dalam Negara Modern (Studi Kasus Arab Saudi, Iran, Turki, dan Indonesia)
Authors: Fauzan Pepen Irpan , Fata Ahmad Khoirul
Published: July 2018

Modernization of politics in islamic world causes hard dynamics in the relation betwen religion (shariÌ„â€™ah) with state or politics. This paper tries to discuss the historical background of that discussion, and tries to show the models of shariÌ„ â€™ah implementation in the context of modern state. The result of this study is that there are three models of shariÌ„ â€™ah implementation in modern Islamic world: integration betwen religion (Islam) and state as in Saudi Arabia and Islamic Republic of Iran. In this model shariÌ„ ah  formally becomes the positive law.  The second model is secular state. In this model religion (and shariÌ„â€™ah) separated from the state. The best example for this model is Republic of Turkey. And the last is symbiosis-intersectional model as Republic of Indonesia. This model is the middle position betwen both of them. The difference of the models are caused by the diversity of socio-historical-economic-political background of these states.
La Crónica X: sus interpretaciones y propuestas
Authors: Battcock Clementina
Published: July 2018

En 1945 Robert Barlow postuló la existencia de un texto, denominado por él como “Crónica X”, del que derivaron una multiplicidad de fuentes con similitudes estructurales que dan cuenta del pasado prehispánico de la Cuenca de México. Han sido varios los investigadores que se han dedicado a discutir e incorporar nuevos elementos a su propuesta original. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un análisis que integre los argumentos de los estudios realizados para proponer líneas de investigación pendientes en torno a este debate historiográfico
Sangre, luto y horror en tiempos de Rosas: figuras del terror y el caos en ‘Tablas de sangre’ de Rivera Indarte
Authors: Simari Leandro Ezequiel
Published: July 2018

El siguiente trabajo analiza los modos en que “Tablas de sangre” de José Rivera Indarte establece sus mecanismos de representación y propaganda contra el régimen de Juan Manuel de Rosas a partir de la exacerbación y acumulación de tópicos y estrategias de amplia difusión en la prensa y la literatura del antirrosismo, sobre los que ofrece una versión tan singular como radical. En un texto que registra en varios niveles las tensiones entre lo sistemático y lo desmesurado, lo calculado y lo incalculable, las figuras del caos y el terror como ejes del sistema despótico de poder desplegado por Rosas se transforman en pilares de una denuncia que lleva hasta las últimas consecuencias los alcances y posibilidades de la escritura facciosa.
La biografía y el ‘mito personal del escritor’. César Aira y Alejandra Pizarnik
Authors: Capdevila Analía
Published: July 2018

Proponemos una lectura de la biografía literaria escrita por César Aira, “Alejandra Pizarnik (1936-1972)”, publicada en el año 2001, centrándonos en particular en el modo en el que se resuelve allí el vínculo entre literatura y vida. Tratando de superar la “leyenda negra” que circula como una versión de su vida, construida por sus exégetas y a veces promocionada por la misma Pizarnik, Aira intenta pensar el proceso creador desde el lado de la vida a partir del “mito personal del escritor”. La figura es en verdad el procedimiento que le permite considerar la mediación entre vida y literatura como transmutación, esto es, en tanto que reelaboración artística de lo vivido, según una lógica que intentamos describir.
La fascinación biográfica. (Una lectura de Osvaldo Lamborghini, una biografía, de Ricardo Strafacce
Authors: Surghi Carlos
Published: July 2018

El presente trabajo aborda el problema de la biografía como forma en la tensión obra-vida. Partiendo de ciertas consignas del romanticismo alemán se busca establecer de qué modo la autonomía de la obra incorporó la vida como material sensible de la literatura. Sin embargo, la vida entendida como experiencia requeriría de una forma que sea capaz de narrarla como lo que efectivamente es: una sucesión reflexiva y biológica, y en el caso de una vida literaria, una sucesión de momentos intensos. La biografía entonces como forma sería no solo un modo de contar sino también el resultado de una fascinación que el biógrafo manifiesta hacia su biografiado. Desde esta perspectiva el texto Osvaldo Lamborghini, una biografía (2009) de Ricardo Strafacce sería un claro ejemplo de fascinación biográfica, pues su escritura atiende no solo a contar una vida, sino también a hacer con ella un método de escritura.
“Lo difícil es mantener la posibilidad del No”. Entrevista a Neus Espresate
Authors: Añón Valeria
Published: July 2018

e080 “Lo difícil es mantener la posibilidad del No”. Entrevista a Neus EspresatePor Valeria Añón (UNLP-UBA-CONICET)