bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPDATING THE ARCHITECTURE AND MODEL OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN THE FIELD OF LABOR PROTECTION
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Tsirin I.V.
Published: December 2023

The subject of the study is the content of the mandatory requirements of the legal and regulation framework (LRF) in the field of labor protection and safety. The purpose of the paper is to assess the extent to which changes in the legal and regulatory framework of relations in the field of labor protection can influence the rate of reduction in occupational injuries, including those with fatal consequences. The scientific novelty lies in the synthesis of the LRF model in the field of labor protection and the structuring of the hierarchical architecture of the content of normative legal acts (NLA), advisory documents (safety standards, checklists, etc.), and local normative acts (LNA). The research methods are analysis, systematization, synthesis, induction, deduction, and modeling. In the course of the study, the author obtained the following results: the relationships between the elements of regulation were established when synthesizing the LRF model in the field of labor protection; within the framework of the risk-oriented approach, using the example of legal regulation when working at height, a correlation has been established between changes in mandatory requirements in occupational health and safety (OHS) rules and the level of fatal occupational injuries; a hierarchical architecture of the content of occupational health and safety requirements was proposed, which inextricably linked legal regulations (federal, regional and municipal levels), advisory documents (safety standards, checklists) and the employer’s LNAs. In the article, based on an analysis of fatal occupational injuries from 2019 to 2022, the author proposes ways to improve the model of NLAs and the architecture of the content of requirements in the field of labor protection. The research conclusions drawn on the basis of this study allow us to take a systematic and scientifically sound approach not only to the upcoming updating of NLAs and OHS in 2025-2026 but also to planning the development of new ones.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Employee Retention
Authors: kamble Mr. Pravin
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to determine the impacting drivers of employee retention using behavioural economic insights in Practices and policies, Environmental factors, Social Factor and Economical factors on selected financial company of Mumbai region, India. Respondents were 50 financial company employees, male and female of different age. The researcher employed a descriptive-quantitative design and developed a validate, self-constructed questionnaire as instrument. The sampling technique used was random. Data were gathered through survey. Statistical tool SPSS V.21 was used to test the hypothesis of study. The found out that factors identified are identified are sufficient to study employee Retention.
Access to Axially Chiral Aryl Aldehydes via Carbene-Catalyzed Nitrile Formation and Desymmetrization Reaction
Authors: Cai Yuanlin , Lv Ya , Shu Liangzhen , Jin Zhichao , Chi Yonggui Robin , Li Tingting
Published: December 2023

An approach utilizing N-heterocyclic carbene for nitrile formation and desymmetrization reaction is developed. The process involves kinetic resolution, with the axially chiral aryl monoaldehydes obtained in moderate yields with excellent optical purities. These axially chiral aryl monoaldehydes can be conveniently transformed into functionalized molecules, showing great potential as catalysts in organic chemistry.
Design, Dasein Und Lebenskunst Des Menschen: Hryhorii Skovoroda Und Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Authors: Kultaieva Maria , Radionova Nataliia
Published: December 2023

Der große ukrainische Philosoph Hryhorii Skovoroda war ein Denker von
europäischer Prägung, der einen immensen Beitrag zur Einwurzelung der
europäischen Werte auf dem ukrainischen Boden geleistet hatte. Sein Jubiläum ist ein
guter Anlass, noch einmal die Methodik der Erinnerung an die Zukunft nach dem
bekannten Modell von Reinhard Koselleck zu überprüfen, und zwar in ukrainischen
und europäischen Kontexten, die verschiedene Facetten der Aufklärung ans
Tageslicht bringen. Das kommt besonders deutlich zum Ausdruck, wenn man die
Positionen der Philosophen vergleicht, die zeitlich relativ nah stehen, aber schon
andere Perspektive erschließen zu glauben
ФЕНОМЕН НАСТРОЮ У ФІЛОСОФСЬКІЙ СПАДЩИНІ ГРИГОРІЯ СКОВОРОДИ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ
Authors: Дяченко Катерина
Published: December 2023

Григорій Сковорода – відомий український мандрівний філософ,
богослов, поет та педагог, який своєю життєтворчістю, способом мислення,
пошуками Бога, Добра, Правди, Свободи, а також вмінням опановувати свої
почуття та настрої в пошуках Щастя сформував безцінний світоглядний скарб
для української культури.
Григорій Сковорода не створював теорію про людські почуття і настрої,
але крізь загальну мозаїку його ідейної спадщини та життєвої стратегії можна
простежити той домінантний настрій, що формував його світовідношення
й світорозуміння і, звичайно, втілювався у філософському вченні.
Загальновідомо, що у його творах розглядалися теми моралі та моральності,
що пов’язані з етикою, релігією і філософією життя, і це стає ідейною основою
дослідження. Важливим, на наш погляд є методологічне положення про єдність
теорії і біографії, а також принцип «антропологічної інтерпретації феноменів
людського буття» (О.Ф.Больнов) – і це все дає методологічну основу
для перепрочитання життя і творчості Григорія Савича.
Г. С. СКОВОРОДА: РЕФЛЕКСІЇ ЖИТТЄТВОРЧОСТІ І ПРАКТИЧНІ НАСТАНОВИ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ФІЛОСОФА
Authors: Васильєв Олексій
Published: December 2023

Життєписи видатних людей завжди привертали увагу широких верств
населення, а у часи великих потрясінь навіть ставали опірною точкою, навколо
якої формувалось національне самоусвідомлення українців. Для наших
сучасників однією з таких опорних біографій став життєпис Григорія Савича
Сковороди. Посилений інтерес до життєвого шляху та біографічних подробиць
філософа, які вплинули на його становлення як виразника духу української
нації, обумовлений не тільки величчю його духу, а й намаганням проникнути
до глибин української ідентичності, розкрити приховані джерела української
незламності у часи випробувань.
У сучасному сковородинознавстві накопичено значний фактологічний
матеріал, який проливає світло на феномен «українського Сократа»1
.
Але контекстуальна і позаконтекстуальна обумовленість життєтворчості
Сковороди залишається все ще недостатньо дослідженою. Не менш важливим
моментом для розуміння специфіки життєтворчості Сковороди є його постійна
саморефлексія – риса, яку філософи зазвичай зберігають у світі повсякденності.
Щоб розглянути цю проблемну лінію, треба звернутись до одного
з фундаментальних положень теорії життєтворчості – її суб’єктності. Переважна
більшість сучасних авторів (наприклад Л.В.Сохань, І.Г.Єрмаков та ін)
погоджується з думкою, що процес життєтворчості передбачає наявність суб’єкту,
котрий здійснює власний вибір та активно працює над власною самореалізацією:
визначає мету і смисл свого життя, шляхи і методи її досягнення, генеруючи
для цього духовне енергію, мобілізуючи фізичні сили та ресурси власного
творчого потенціалу, який постійно потребує відтворення і поповнення
The influence of brand avoidance on consumers purchasing decision
Authors: Sabog Aloysius , Yaw Bludo George , Chovancova Miloslava
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

One of the most important factors affecting a company's capacity to achieve a competitive advantage over its rivals is its brand. This paper seeks to examine the impact of brand avoidance on consumer purchasing decisions. Consumers are more likely to be satisfied and have higher expectations when brand managers can offer them high-quality products. Additionally, quality brands have a favourable impact on the consumer's purchasing decision. This study uses a qualitative methodology, notably document analysis, to uncover relevant sources on the subject to achieve the study’s aim. Furthermore, a keyword-based search of the databases of Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus was carried out to find seventeen useful scientific papers to reach the study's objective. The findings of the study showed that identity avoidance, moral avoidance, and deficit-value avoidance all had a significant impact on consumers' purchasing decisions through the literature reviewed. As a result, the study offers both theoretical and practical directions on how to succeed in getting away from the underlying reasons for disregard for brands so that consumers make insightful purchase decisions.

Keywords: Brand Avoidance, Consumer Purchasing Decision
PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI, LINGKUNGAN KERJA, DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA GURU SMPN 52 JAKARTA
Authors: Dwi Aprianto Putra  , Ismail Razak
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of organizational culture, work environment, and job satisfaction on teacher performance at SMPN 52 Jakarta. The data collection method was carried out by distributing questionnaires to SMPN 52 Jakartateachers as respondents. Sampling was carried out using a saturated sample. The analysis tools used are simple linear regression and multiple linear regression. The results of study indicated that organizational culture, work environment, and job satisfaction have a positive and significant effect partially. However, the work environment is not significant simultaneously. The conclusions in this study show that partially improving organizational culture and work environment as well as increasing job satisfaction really supports improving teacher performance at SMPN 52 Jakarta. However, simultaneously the work environment is less supportive.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA GURU SDN KOTA BARU III
Authors: Aida Fahriyah  , Nuridin
Published: December 2023

To determine the effect of leadership and motivation on teachers’s work performance in the Kota Baru III Elementary School. The purpose of this research is included in the category of causal associative research using a quantitative approach. Theresearch was conducted by distributing questionnaires to respondents, all of whom are teachers of the Kota Baru III Elementary School, while the research method uses simultaneous and partially linear regression analysis. The hypothesis states that leadership and motivation simultaneous have a positive effect on work performance. The hypothesis that partially states that leadership and motivation affect teachers work performance in Kota Baru III Eelementary School.
PENGARUH BAHAN BAKU DAN PROSES PRODUKSI TERHADAP KINERJA PRODUKSI MINUMAN RASA BUAH PT. NUTRIFOOD INDONESIA
Authors: Septian Ripandi  , Wiwik Rachmarwi
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study aims to determine and explain to what extent the influence of raw materials and production processes on the production performance of fruit flavored drinks PT. Nutrifood Indonesia, influence of raw materials and production processes greatly affects production performance, because increased production performance will be able to meet consumer demand for products in the market. Research data analysis using descriptive analysis of the correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effect of X1 (Effect of Raw Materials) and X2 (Production Process) on Y (Production Performance). The simultaneous research on the influence of raw materials and production processes has a positive effect on the production performance of PT. Indonesian Nutrifood.
MODEL KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN PENERAPAN FUNGSI KUALITAS DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN NILAI PENJUALAN JASA BENGKEL MOBIL SHOP AND DRIVE RADIO DALAM
Authors: Suwanda
Published: December 2023

Shop and Drive is one of the retail spare parts service companies facing challenge in achieving sales tergets. The problem arises from a lack of customer loyalty dua to dissatisfaction with the received service, not meeting their expectations. This situation necessities Shop and Drive Radio Dalam to enhance service quality by providing excellent customer service to achieve optimal renenue. Customer satisfaction is measured using the Serqual method. To prioritize areas for omprovement, improvtance performance analysis is employed. The results of improvtance performance analysis are utilized as the basis for improvement through the quality function deployment method. Based on the quality function deployment results, improvement actions are identified, including performance evaluation, regular training emphasizing SOP implementation, offering a more comprehensive spare parts inventory, and enhancing understanding of delivering excellent service. The improvements led to increased customer satisfaction across all attributes. The analysis comparing sales performance before and after the enhancements increase in sales achievements.
PENGARUH DISIPLIN KERJA DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. DARMA PANCA SAMUDRA GRESIK
Authors: Muchammad Ramadhan Aris  , Nur Cahyadi
Published: December 2023

This research aims to determine the influence of work discipline and work environment on the performance employees of PT. Panca Samudra Gresik. This research is included in the category of causal associative research using a quantitative approach. The sampling technique uses saturated samples. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression. The results of multiple linear regression analysis prove that work discipline and work environment are proven to have a partially significant influence on employee performance at PT. Panca Samudra Gresik. These results can be interpreted that the existence of work discipline and work environment can improve employee performance at PT. Panca Samudra Gresik.
Penerapan Voltage Level Detector (VLD)With Hysteresis Untuk Kontrol Level Air
Authors: Harpawi Noptin , Triyani Yuli , Susantok Mochamad
Published: December 2023

Permasalahan kontrol dan monitoring level air dalam suatu wadah merupakan isu yang selalu ada. Baik dari segi metode sebagai solusi permasalahan maupun dari segi studi kasusnya selalu berkembang. Namun ada kesamaan dalam setiap studi kasusnya yaitu menentukan nilai level threshold sebagai ambang batas yang diinginkan. Metode voltage level detector with hysteresis menawarkan metode yang lebih sederhana dalam menentukan nilai ambang batas yang secara umum dari pada metode yang lain menggunakan logika 0 dan 1 atau on dan off. Metode on-off secara umum akan mengalami kesulitan jika sinyal masukan ke sistem tidak stabil dikarenakan berbagai sebab gangguan atau noise. Fungsi hysteresis ini menjadikan fleksibel dalam pengaturan level tegangan yang diinginkan sebagai nilai ambang batas atas dan bawah. Dalam implementasinya nilai ambang batas ini digunakan untuk memantau level ketinggian air atau volume air dalam suatu wadah. Hasil pengujian dari rangkaian ini memiliki tingkat kesuksesan sebesar 100%. Mesin pompa akan nonaktif pada level wadah 80% dan pompa akan aktif pada level wadah 20%. 

Kata kunci: voltage level detector, hysteresis, tegangan threshold
Sentimentos dos professores perante situações de inclusão
Authors: Mesquita Danilo Oliveira , De Sousa Clarilza Prado
Published: December 2023

O proposito deste artigo é descrever um estudo em que procuramos compreender os sentimentos dos professores perante situações de inclusão, que enfrentam no seu cotidiano escolar. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola privada da cidade de São Paulo, com professores de diferentes componentes curriculares que atuam nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário e as respostas obtidas foram classificadas e categorizadas a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontaram que os docentes associam a educação inclusiva a diagnósticos de saúde. Seus sentimentos perante os desafios da inclusão são diversos e ambivalentes, variando desde aqueles ligados a desamparo e perturbação, até aqueles associados a apoio e conforto.
CLÁUSULA DE NÃO CONCORRÊNCIA NOS CONTRATOS EMPRESARIAIS: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE A INTERVENÇÃO ESTATAL DIANTE DA APARENTE COLISÃO ENTRE OS PRINCÍPIOS DA LIVRE CONCORRÊNCIA E DA AUTONOMIA PRIVADA
Authors: ARISTIDES ALMEIDA ANDRÉ
Published: December 2023

This article seeks to analyze and discuss state intervention in the face of the apparent collision between the principles of private autonomy and free competition, as a direct result of the application of a very useful clause for business activity: the non-compete clause or non-compete clause . To this end, bibliographic and qualitative research were used. The non-compete clause is a true expression of the freedom that entrepreneurs have to establish, via contract, the most favorable terms for their activities. However, it appears that the agreement of the aforementioned clause by business people suffers unjustified intervention from the State, which, with the aim of protecting free competition, ends up interfering with private autonomy and preventing the free establishment of contractual terms beneficial to the enterprise and even to society. In this sense, an important discussion arises about the real impacts that non-compete clauses can cause to free competition and the need or not for state intervention with a view to modifying such clauses. Answers to such problems will only be achieved through analysis of the factors inherent to the functioning of the market, which, in turn, will prevent patent abuses in the private sphere without compromising free competition.
Editorial
Authors: Martín María Pía
Published: December 2023

El presente número de Cuadernos del Ciesal, correspondiente al primer semestre de 2023, reúne un conjunto de artículos donde dominan las preocupaciones por la coyuntura actual, cuestiones que afectan a nuestro continente respecto de la política y sus avatares, los excluidos sociales, las nuevas subjetividades, la problemática de género que atraviesa los partidos, sus representaciones y sus prácticas.
Anarquistas al volante. La experiencia ácrata en el gremio de los choferes de colectivos (Buenos Aires, 1928 - 1943)
Authors: Cerdá Jacinto
Published: December 2023

El presente trabajo indaga en el derrotero del gremio de los choferes de la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante los años treinta y la influencia que los anarquistas de la FORA ejercieron dentro del mismo. Los ejes de análisis versan sobre los cambios operativos producidos en el rubro del transporte urbano con el surgimiento del “auto-colectivo”, la influencia de los trabajadores en la configuración del servicio, las disputas entabladas con el poder político por la reglamentación de la actividad, los intereses privados puestos en juego, el repertorio de luchas desplegado por la Unión Chauffeurs y la respuesta represiva presentada por el Estado.
Le dépaysement dans le roman Newgate (1830-1847) : le paysage par effraction
Authors: Malfray Hubert
Published: December 2023

Entre les premiers pas du Romantisme et l’avènement du grand roman social victorien, le XIXe siècle hésite à se trouver une forme littéraire. Le Newgate, genre éphémère, s’impose dans le paysage littéraire des années 1830-1840, et ce faisant, fait entrer le monde des criminels sur le devant de la scène artistique. Le lecteur est invité à suivre des hommes en apparence sans foi ni loi au cœur de territoires souvent obscurs et fantasmatiques. Ainsi la littérature semble-t-elle choisir des chemins de traverse en se centrant sur des paysages incongrus, depuis les bas-fonds jusqu’aux grands chemins. On assiste à un décentrement du paysage littéraire qui pour un temps choisit la marge en ce qu’elle est un lieu de mystère où se jouent des enjeux esthétiques mais aussi politiques et sociaux. C’est à la lumière de ce dépaysement littéraire que nous réfléchirons au lien entre paysage, marge, critique sociale et magie de l’invention, pour mieux appréhender les Newgate comme symptôme d’un temps qui ne pouvait se satisfaire de vieilles recettes, de paysages usuels, et préférait rêver à d’autres contrées.
Ailleurs en Amérique : Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (James Agee, Walker Evans) et l’expérience du dépaysement
Authors: Haben Adriana
Published: December 2023

Cet article s’intéresse aux stratégies à travers lesquelles, pendant la Grande Dépression aux États-Unis, les ouvrages documentaires entendent « dépayser » leurs lecteurs en les confrontant à l’image et au récit de la pauvreté abjecte qui sévit au sein leur propre pays. Grâce à la combinaison de texte et d’images photographiques, les auteurs d’ouvrages documentaires mettent en œuvre un discours dont le but principal est d’émouvoir le lectorat, et de faire prendre conscience à ce dernier de la nécessité de réformes sociales. Dans leur ouvrage intitulé Let Us Now Praise Famous Men et paru en 1941, l’écrivain James Agee et le photographe Walker Evans subvertissent ce « lieu commun » du documentaire en choisissant de décrire exclusivement la vie quotidienne de trois familles de métayers, et d’insister sur la valeur intrinsèque qu’ils y perçoivent, refusant de les considérer comme des avatars de la pauvreté. Les deux artistes soulignent la responsabilité qui est la leur face aux existences vulnérables dont ils sont témoins dans l’Alabama, ouvrant ainsi le genre documentaire à une dimension éthique qui l’éloigne de ses objectifs de réforme sociale. Leur choix de séparer nettement texte et photographies place Let Us Now Praise Famous Men à rebours des codes du documentaire dans les années trente, et contribue à en faire un ouvrage profondément dépaysant.
Dé-paysés et dépaysement à l’œuvre dans Un pays sans bon sens (1970) et La Bête lumineuse (1982) de Pierre Perrault
Authors: Charest Johanne
Published: December 2023

Omniprésent dans l’œuvre de Pierre Perrault, le dépaysement apparait comme une assise herméneutique qui placerait initialement tous ses documentaires, réalisés entre 1963 et 1993, dans une sorte de dispositif de révélation : constater le dépaysement permettrait de donner un accès à tout ce que le visible comporte d’invisible. Dès qu’est exprimée cette « prémisse », la notion porte alors en elle son lot de lieux rhétoriques et il suffit de regarder la manière dont se déploie ce thème pour saisir qu’il s’inscrit dans une mise en action d’un certain regard qui relève du style délibératif ou épidictique pour persuader les spectateurs de l’importance de voir ce qui se cache derrière le mur des évidences.
« Cet ailleurs qui est ici » : de l’usage du dépaysement dans You Are Not Needed Now d’Annette Lapointe
Authors: Omhovère Claire
Published: December 2023

You Are Not Needed Now (2017) rassemble onze nouvelles dont l’auteur, originaire de la Saskatchewan, vit et enseigne au nord de l’Alberta. Annette Lapointe appartient à une génération d’écrivains qui reste ancrée dans le courant régionaliste d’une littérature dite « des Prairies », dont les codes établis dans les premières décennies du siècle passé n’ont cessé d’être remodelés, du réalisme rural de la première moitié du XXème jusqu’aux innovations postmodernes qui donnèrent naissance au « régionalisme expérimental » de la fin du siècle (Fiamengo 2004, 250). A l’heure où les modes de vie sont devenus aussi urbains, connectés et mobiles dans les provinces de l’Ouest qu’à de nombreux autres endroits à la surface du globe, la littérature des Prairies ne s’est pourtant pas diluée dans les mutations post-nationales que traverse le Canada (Davey). A chaque nouvelle parution d’une histoire littéraire, un chapitre est dédié aux courants régionalistes qui n’ont rien perdu de leur vitalité dans ce pays immense et contrasté. L’imposant Oxford Handbook, dirigé en 2016 par Cynthia Sugars, n’est pas en reste. Dans le chapitre « Retracing Prairie Literature », Alison Calder interroge les exclusions sur lesquelles repose l’homogénéité du canon régional : suppression de la voix des femmes, suppression de la présence autochtone mais aussi suppression d’environnements autres que la ruralité investie en ses débuts par cette littérature de peuplement ou « settler literature ». La place qu’y occupe le paysage assortie d’un puissant déterminisme géographique ont en effet longtemps servi à démarquer un type d’intrigue, un profil de personnage ainsi qu’une esthétique reconnaissables entre tous (Calder 2016, 702). A la suite d’Alison Calder qui nous engage à « retracer » la littérature des Prairies pour en dégager les aspects méconnus ou occultés, cet article a pour objet les stratégies de dépaysement à l’œuvre dans Your Are Not Needed Now afin d’observer comment l’écriture de Lapointe parvient à déplacer, c’est-à-dire à décaler pour mieux le renouveler le canon dans lequel elle s’inscrit.
Recréer un paysage littéraire après Fukushima – entre désespoir, ambiguïté et nécessité
Authors: Wellnitz Philippe
Published: December 2023

La triple catastrophe de Fukushima (mars 2011) a dévasté nombre de paysages du Japon mais y a également conduit à un renouveau du paysage littéraire. Pour la littérature occidentale de langue allemande, c’est le roman Heimkehr nach Fukushima (2018), écrit par Adolf Muschg, un des auteurs suisses contemporains les plus en vue, qui thématise ce dépaysement radical. La question qui préside au devenir du protagoniste-architecte Paul Neuhaus est de savoir si la littérature est capable de recréer une autre vie, un « dépaysement » au sens originel du terme. En effet, le maire d’un village irradié espère pousser cet invité à créer une colonie d’artistes occidentaux à cet endroit dévasté, création qui prendra une issue et des formes totalement inattendues, tant par son intertextualité avec l’œuvre d’Adalbert Stifter – poète réaliste autrichien, qui disait la difficulté à représenter les paysages – que par le dépassement de celui-ci au plan intra-diégétique lorsque de nouveaux sens sont révélés au protagoniste et recréent finalement le paysage d’une vie nouvelle, l’existence de ce récit fictif de Muschg répondant ainsi à la question initiale.
Linfoma gástrico primario a células T, no asociado a HTLV1, con presentación inicial de fractura patológica. Reporte de caso
Authors: Riveros Anglas Marisa Estelita , Del Castillo Glenny Rocío , Cerrillo Gustavo
Published: December 2023

El linfoma de células T en adultos (ATLL) es una neoplasia agresiva de linfocitos T, generalmente asociada con el virus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1). De presentación clínica abigarrada. Los linfomas gástricos primarios tienen con mayor frecuencia como etiología, al linfoma no Hodgkin (NH) tipo B, y un mínimo porcentaje por linfocito T. Es escasa la literatura sobre linfomas gástricos primarios por células T con HTLV1 Negativo, que hacen metástasis ósea. Se presenta el caso de un adulto de 41 años, que ingresa por una fractura patológica. A los 15 días presenta diarreas, distensión abdominal. Una endoscopia alta encuentra: “Lesiones ulceradas gástricas, aspecto neoproliferativo”. La Biopsia informó: Linfoma No Hodgkin a linfocito T. El HTLV1: negativo. Tuvo 3 Sesiones de Quimioterapia con esquema CHOEP. Hubo respuesta favorable, al inicio. Lamentablemente NO RETORNÓ.  Regresó a los 2 meses en mal estado general. Presentó complicaciones, falla multiorgánica, produciéndose su deceso.
Jihočeská hradiště z přelomu starší a střední doby bronzové / South Bohemian Hillforts During the Transition from the Early to Middle Bronze Age
Authors: Hlásek Daniel , Bayer Tomáš , Kovačiková Lenka , Křivánek Roman , Novák Jan , Vondrovský Václav , Šálková Tereza
Published: December 2023

Článek shrnuje poznatky o hradištích z přelomu starší a střední doby bronzové v jižních Čechách, kterých bylo dosaženo moderními výzkumy, geofyzikálními průzkumy a detektorovými prospekcemi v letech 2013–2020. Za jistá hradiště lze označit pouze lokality s moderně prozkoumaným a jistě datovaným opevněním. Jsou jimi Kostelec, Vrcovice, Skočice a Všemyslice – Kozí vrch. Dále je z regionu známo ještě dalších 22 potencionálních hradišť. Rozborem archeologických nálezů a získaných radiokarbonových dat byly definovány dvě fáze budování hradišť – sklonek starší doby bronzové (Br A2/B1) a počátek střední doby bronzové (Br B1). Modelací radiokarbonových dat je horizont vymezen intervalem 1800/1730–1490/1440 př. Kr., přechod mezi fázemi nastal mezi léty 1670–1610 př. Kr. Rozšířila se pramenná základna pro výzkum metalurgické činnosti, ale také vojenství. Opevnění se skládalo vždy z hradby, obvykle kamenné konstrukce s dřevěnou armaturou, která byla v základu široká kolem 6 m a její rekonstruovaná výška přesahovala 3 m. Hradba takřka vždy zanikla požárem. Opevněný prostor se pohyboval do 1 ha. Podařilo se doložit budování sídlištních teras. Byly pořízeny prameny k rekonstrukci původního přírodního prostředí a subsistence tehdejších populací.

The work summarises knowledge of hillforts from the period between the Early and Middle Bronze Age in south Bohemia that were subjected to modern excavations, geophysical survey and metal detector prospection in the years 2013–2020. Only sites where the fortification has been modernly investigated and surely dated can be designated as hillforts with certainty, i.e., Kostelec, Vrcovice, Skočice and Všemyslice – Kozí vrch, while another 22 potential hillforts are known from the region. An analysis of the archaeological finds and obtained radiocarbon dates was used to define two phases in the construction of hillforts – the end of the Early Bronze Age (Br A2/B1) and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (Br B1). Based on the modelling of radiocarbon dates, the horizon is defined by the interval 1800/1730–1490/1440 BC, and the transition between phases occurred in 1670–1610 BC. The source base of metallurgical activity and the military expanded. The fortifications were always composed of wall, typically a stone construction with wooden elements, around 6 m wide at the base and a reconstructed height of over 3 m. The walls were nearly always destroyed by fire. The enclosed fortified area was up to 1 ha. The construction of settlement terraces was documented. Sources were acquired for a reconstruction of the original natural environment and subsistence of the population at the time.
Recenze / Reviews
Authors: Černá Lenka , Chvojka Ondřej
Published: December 2023

Recenzované publikace / Reviewed publications:
Karsten Wentink: Stereotype. The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary Practises (rec./rev. by Lenka Černá), 269–273,

Monika Griebl – Benedikt Biederer: Die Speichergruben der späturnenfelderzeitlichen Wallanlage von Stillfried an der March. Von der Getreidelagerung bis zur profanen oder kultischen Verfüllung. Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission, Band 92 (rec./rev. by Ondřej Chvojka), 273–276
Comprensión de la mediana por estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Madrid Ana Esther , Valenzuela-Ruiz Silvia M. , Batanero Bernabeu Carmen , Garzón-Guerrero José A.
Published: December 2023

La mediana es una medida de posición central muy utilizada en el análisis exploratorio de datos y la inferencia no paramétrica, por lo que su enseñanza se incluye en los cursos universitarios de estadística. Con la finalidad de identificar los conflictos semióticos que se producen en el aprendizaje del tema, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de evaluación de la comprensión de la mediana en 148 estudiantes de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos tras analizar las respuestas abiertas a un cuestionario de cuatro tareas relacionadas con la definición, cálculo y propiedades de la mediana, identificando sus conflictos semióticos conceptuales, procedimentales y notacionales, algunos de los cuáles no han sido descritos en la investigación previa.
Formación docente para la sostenibilidad: práctica actual y desafíos pendientes
Authors: Mulà Ingrid , Tilbury Daniella
Published: December 2023

El paso a un futuro sostenible requiere que todos aprendamos a vivir, trabajar y relacionarnos con nuestro planeta de manera diferente. La formación del profesorado ha sido reconocida como uno de los catalizadores más importantes para llevar la innovación y la sostenibilidad a la educación y, por lo tanto, apoyar al alumnado para que contribuya a la transición verde. Este artículo resalta la necesidad de abordar la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (EDS) y describe el papel fundamental de la formación docente en el avance del desarrollo sostenible. Basándose en un estudio encargado por la Comisión Europea, las autoras identifican los desafíos clave y las lecciones aprendidas para mejorar el aprendizaje profesional de los docentes en EDS y proponen acciones para ayudar a los docentes y formadores de docentes, incluidos los docentes de matemáticas, a desarrollar competencias que les permitan conectar mejor su trabajo y experiencia con el imperativo de la sostenibilidad.
Effects of Shochu Distillery By-products on the Energy Budget of Common Carp
Authors: Mokolensang Jeffrie Fredrik , Manu Lusia , Manu Gaspar D.
Published: December 2023

The effects of Shochu distillery by-products (SDBP) were investigated by supplementary different level of SDBP to the basal diets for Japanese Common carp. To clarify the growth performances, energy budget equation was applied in this study. The feeding trial was conducted for 20 days by feeding the test diets containing SDBP at 0, 2,1 and 4.2%, respectively.　Based on the energy budget equation, the digestible energy (DE) requirements for the maximum growth ranged from 49.0 – 55.8 kcal/ind/d. The 4.2% SDBP diet yielded 6.5% higher growth energy but 7.1% lesser metabolic energy than the control. The energy budget on 4.2% SDBP diet accounted for 10.6% of feces (2.42 kcal/ind/d), 4.2% of non-fecal (0.93 kcal/ind/d), 39.4% of metabolic loss  (9.03 kcal/ind/d) and 45.9% of growth (10.5 kcal/ind/d), respectively. Correspond to the control, non-fecal and metabolic energies were lower, in 4.2% SDBP resulting in the higher product energy. The above results indicate that SDBP can be utilized as a supplement ingredient for the growth promotion of carp feed, since it could provide a superior property for growth energy of fish by reduced energy of metabolic loss and non-fecal losses.

Key words: Shochu distillery by-products; Energy requirements; Metabolic loss; Growth; Carp
Algae Community Structure In Kumo Island, North Halmahera
Authors: Lumuindong Frans
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Kumo Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman dan dominasi dari spesies makro alga yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian, mendeskripsikan morfologi makro alga dari masing-masing spesies yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian, menganalisis kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman dan dominasi dari spesies makro alga yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Perbedaan setiap spesias disebabkan karena beberapa faktor lingkungan yaitu faktor fisika, faktor kimia dan faktor biologi. Kepadatan spesies pada Stasiun 3 lebih kecil dibandingkan dari Stasiun I dan 2. Indeks-indeks ekologi seperti keanekaragaman dan dominasi menunjukan bahwa keanekaragaman dan keadaan komunitas sedang pada ketiga stasiun penelitian, sedangkan untuk dominasi pada ketiga stasiun penelitian menunjukan dominasi rendah.

Kata Kunci : indeks, makro, perairan, substrat, suhu

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Kumo Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman dan dominasi dari spesies makro alga yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian, mendeskripsikan morfologi makro alga dari masing-masing spesies yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian, menganalisis kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman dan dominasi dari spesies makro alga yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Perbedaan setiap spesias disebabkan karena beberapa faktor lingkungan yaitu faktor fisika, faktor kimia dan faktor biologi. Kepadatan spesies pada Stasiun 3 lebih kecil dibandingkan dari Stasiun I dan 2. Indeks-indeks ekologi seperti keanekaragaman dan dominasi menunjukan bahwa keanekaragaman dan keadaan komunitas sedang pada ketiga stasiun penelitian, sedangkan untuk dominasi pada ketiga stasiun penelitian menunjukan dominasi rendah.

Kata Kunci : indeks, makro, perairan, substrat, suhu
Antifungal Potential Of The Sponge Styllisa Flabelliformis Against The Pathogenic And Resistant Aspergillus Fungi
Authors: Tomasoa Aprelia Martina , Rieuwpassa Frets Jonas , Azhari Deidy , Ijong Frans Gruber , Mege Revolson Alexius , Tanod Wendy Alexander , Balansa Walter
Published: December 2023

Together with bacterial and viral infection, fungal infection represents the world's top ten killer diseases, desperately requiring new antifungal drugs. This research aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the sponge Styllisa flabelliformis against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by the standard agar diffusion technique. Three concentrations (1, 10, and 10 mg/mL) for the extract and 0.5 mg/mL for ketoconazole and fluconazole were prepared and evaluated in triplicate against the tested fungi. Whereas ketoconazole poorly inhibited A. parasiticus and fluconazole weakly inhibited A. flavus, the extract of S. flabelliformis exerted antifungal activity against A. parasiticus (6.8 ± 1.8; 8.3 ± 3.2; and 9.5 ± 2.1) mm and A. flavus (6.8 ± 1.1; 11.5 ± 1.4; and 14.3 ± 1.1) mm 1, 10 and 100 mg/mL respectively. PASS analysis showed jasplakinolide as a promising antifungal agent with potential activity (Pa) of 0.736. STITCH analysis further confirmed that jasplakinolide worked by inhibiting the expression of cytoskeleton genes that prevented fungi from synthesizing chitin and inhibiting the formation of the fungi’s cell walls and hyphae, different from the ergosterol synthesis inhibition in ketoconazole and fluconazole, implying the potential of jasplakinolide as an antifungal agent.
Sustainable Development Strategy For Water Tourism Park Conservation Area In North Minahasa Regency
Authors: Mokoginta Junio Marzuki Pratama , Paruntu Carolus Paulus , Angmalisang Ping Astony , Rompas Rizald Max , Wullur Stenly , Rondonuwu Arie B.
Published: December 2023

Abstract

The Government of Indonesia has targeted 32.5 million hectares of marine conservation areas or 10% of the total area of ​​Indonesian waters in 2030. The location of the Water Tourism Park Conservation Area of North Minahasa Regency has been reserved by the North Sulawesi Provincial Government through Governor Decree Number 407 of 2018 covering an area of ​​25,838.91 hectares.  The purpose of this research is to formulate a strategy for the sustainable development of the Water Tourism Park Conservation Area in North Minahasa Regency. This research was conducted for 6 months starting from June - December 2022. The method used in this research is a descriptive research method with survey techniques, namely by collecting data through interviews with relevant stakeholders as respondents. The results of this study obtained 10 (ten) priority strategies for the sustainable development of Water Tourism Park Conservation Area in North Minahasa Regency which will be recommended to the local government, in this case the Marine and Fisheries Office of North Sulawesi Province and related stakeholders as suggestions and materials that can be proposed in the context of making public policy in the field of marine and fisheries.

Key words: Conservation; North Minahasa; Sustainable Development; Strategy; Water Tourism Park

Abstrak

Pemerintah Indonesia telah menargetkan 32,5 juta hektar kawasan konservasi perairan atau 10% dari luas perairan Indonesia pada tahun 2030.  Lokasi Kawasan Konservasi Taman Wisata Perairan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara telah dicadangkan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara melalui Surat Keputusan Gubernur Nomor 407 Tahun 2018 seluas 25.838,91 hektar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk merumuskan strategi pengembangan berkelanjutan Kawasan Konservasi Taman Wisata Perairan di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.  Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 6 bulan dimulai dari Juni - Desember 2022.  Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif dengan teknik survey, yaitu dengan cara pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan para stakeholders terkait sebagai responden.  Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan 10 (sepuluh) strategi prioritas untuk pengembangan berkelanjutan Kawasan Konservasi Taman Wisata Perairan di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara yang akan direkomendasikan kepada pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara beserta stakeholders terkait sebagai saran dan bahan yang dapat dipertimbangkan dalam rangka pembuatan kebijakan publik pada bidang kelautan dan perikanan.

Kata kunci: Konservasi; Minahasa Utara; Pengembangan Berkelanjutan; Strategi; Taman Wisata Perairan
Physicochemical Characteristics And Essential Minerals Of Zink (Zn) Trash Fish Nugget Products
Authors: Warsidah
Published: December 2023

Fish nuggets are processed frozen foods, both made from seawater fish and freshwater fish, contain high nutritional value, and are favored by children and adolescents as snacks and as side dishes. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of trash fish nuggets added with Eucheuma cottonii seaweed. The physicochemical characteristics include pH, proximate levels such as protein, fat, and carbohydrates, water content and ash content, and the essential mineral content of zinc (Zn). Trash fish nuggets with the addition of wheat flour alone have characteristics, including pH of 6.8-7.1, water content of 40.5%, ash content of 1.04%, protein content of 40.3%, fat content of 7 0.07% and carbohydrate content of 10.12%, zinc content of 2.55 g/g nugget weight, while trash fish nuggets with the addition of a mixture of wheat flour and E. cottonii had a pH of 6.8-7.1, water content of 42.5%, ash content of 1.22%, protein content of 42.9%, fat content of 5.97% and carbohydrate content of 4.11% and zinc content of 4.56 g/g nugget weight. Based on the organoleptic examination, trash fish and E. cottonii nuggets were chewy with a delicious and savory taste.
Keywords: characteristics, phytochemistry, E. cottonii, nuggets, trash fish
Abstrak
Nugget ikan merupakan salah satu olahan pangan frozen food, baik berbahan ikan air laut maupun ikan air tawar, mengandung nilai gizi tinggi dan digemari oleh anak-anak dan remaja sebagai cemilan maupun sebagai lauk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik fisikokimia dari nugget ikan rucah yang ditambahkan dengan rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii. Karakteristik fisikakimia meliputi pH, kadar proksimat seperti protein, lemak dan karbohidrat, kadar air dan kadar abu serta kandungan mineral essensial seng (Zn).
Nugget ikan rucah dengan penambahan tepung gandum saja memiliki karakteristik antara lain pH sebesar 6,8-7,1, kandungan air sebesar 40,5 %, kadar abu sebesar 1,04 %,  kadar protein sebesar 40,3 %, kadar lemak sebesar 7,07 % dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 10,12 %, kandungan seng  sebesar 2,55 μg/g bobot nugget, sedangkan nugget ikan rucah dengan penambahan campuran tepung gandum dan E. cottonii memiliki  pH sebesar 6,8-7,1, kandungan air sebesar 42,5 %, kadar abu sebesar 1,22 %,  kadar protein sebesar 42,9 %, kadar lemak sebesar 5,97 % dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 4,11 % serta kandungan seng sebesar 4,56 μg/g bobot nugget. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan organoleptis menunjukkan produk nugget ikan rucah dan E. cottoni lebih kenyal dengan rasa yang lezat dan gurih.
Kata kunci: karakteristik, fisikokimia, E. cottonii, nugget, ikan racuh
Egy örökzöld klasszikus újra olvasva : Daniel Gile alapfogalmai és modelljei három évtized távlatából
Authors: Besznyák Rita
Published: December 2023

Vajon mitől válik „klasszikus” olvasmánnyá egy tudományos mű egy adott szak- területen? Mi az a titkos összetevő, amitől az utókor szemében mérföldkőnek szá- mít egy könyv?
ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻟﻳﻑ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺣﻅ
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ. ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﻥ ﺣﺳﻥ ﺧﻠﻑ
Published: December 2023

ﻻأرﻴـد اﻟﺘﻌرﻴـف ﺒﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ ﻫـذا اﻟﻤؤﻟـف ٬ ﻓﻠﻘﺒـﻪ "اﻟﺠـﺎﺤظ" أﺸـﻬر ﻤـن اﻟﺘﻌرﻴـف وﻛﻨﻴﺘـﻪ

"أﺒــو ﻋﺜﻤــﺎن" اﻗــﻝ ﺸــﻬرة ٬ وﻛﺘﺒــﻪ اﻛﺜــر ﻤﻨــﻪ ﺸــﻬرة ٬ "واﻟﻛﺘــﺎب ﻗــد ﻴﻔﻀــﻝ ﺼــﺎﺤﺒﻪ ٬ وﻴﺘﻘــدم

ﻤؤﻟﻔـﻪ" (١) ﺒـﺎﻋﺘ ارف اﻟﺠـﺎﺤظ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ ٬ وﻗـد أﺤـب اﻟﺠـﺎﺤظ اﻟﻛﺘـﺎب ﻗﺎرﺌـﺎً وﻤؤﻟﻔـﺎ ٬ً وﻓـﻲ ﻤ ارﺤـﻝ

ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﺎً وﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎً وﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ ٬ً وﻗد أﺜﻤر ﻫذا اﻟﺠﻬد اﻟطوﻴـﻝ اﻟﻤﺘواﺼـﻝ ﻓـﺄﻟّف "ﻛﺘﺒـﺎً ﻛﺜﻴـرة

ﻤﺸﻬورة ﺠﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺼرة اﻟـدﻴن ٬ وﻓـﻲ ﺤﻛﺎﻴـﺔ ﻤـذﻫب اﻟﻤﺨـﺎﻟﻔﻴن وﻓـﻲ اﻵداب واﻻﺨـﻼق ٬ وﻓـﻲ

ﻀـروب ﻤـن اﻟﺠـد واﻟﻬـزﻝ ٬ وﻗـد ﺘـداوﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻨـﺎس وﻗ أروﻫـﺎ ٬ وﻋرﻓـوا ﻓﻀـﻠﻬﺎ ٬ واذا ﺘـدﺒر اﻟﻌﺎﻗـﻝ

اﻟﻤﺠـد أﻤـر ﻛﺘﺒـﻪ ﻋﻠـم- اﻨـﻪ ﻟـﻴس ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠﻘـﻴﺢ اﻟﻌﻘـوﻝ وﺸـﺤذ اﻷذﻫـﺎن وﻤﻌرﻓـﺔ أﺼـوﻝ اﻟﻛـﻼم

وﺠواﻫرﻩ ٬ ٕواﻴﺼـﺎﻝ ﺨـﻼف اﻻﺴـﻼم وﻤـذاﻫب اﻻﻋﺘـ ازﻝ- ﻛﺘـب ﺘﺸـﺒﻬﻬﺎ" ٬ (٢) ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻴﺠﻌـﻝ اﻟﻘـﺎرئ

أﻤﺎم ﻤؤﻟف ﺒﺎرع ﻗد اﺠﺘﻬد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻝ ٬ واﻤﺘﻠك "ﻤن اﻟذﻛﺎء وﺴرﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﺎطر واﻟﺤﻔظ ﺒﺤﻴـث

ﺸـﺎع ذﻛـرﻩ ٬ وﻋـﻼ ﻗـدرﻩ ٬ واﺴـﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﻋـن اﻟوﺼـف" ٬ (٣) واﺘﺒـﻊ طرﻴﻘـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘـﺄﻟﻴف ﺘﻔـرد ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻋـن

ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء ﻋﺼـرﻩ ٬ وﻟـم ﻴﺴـﺒﻘﻪ اﻟﻴﻬـﺎ اﺤـد ٬ وﻤـﺎ اﺴـﺘطﺎع اﺤـد ﻤـن اﻟـذﻴن أﺘـوا ﺒﻌـدﻩ ان ﻴﻠﺤـق ﺒـﻪ ٬

وﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬذا ﻛﻠﻪ ان ﻛﺜر ﺤﺴـﺎدﻩ واﻟﻤﻌﺠﺒـون ﺒـﻪ ٬ وﻗـد أﺜـر ﻫـذا ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎرﻩ أدﻴﺒـﺎً ﻨﺎﺒﻬـﺎً

واﻨﺴـﺎﻨﺎً ﺤﺴﺎﺴـﺎ ٬ً ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻨﻰ وﺸـﻛﺎ وﺘﺒـرم ٬ ﻓﻘـد ﻋـﺎﻨﻰ ﻤـن ﻤﺘﺎﻋـب اﻟﺘـﺄﻟﻴف وﺴـﻘطﺎﺘﻪ ٬ وﺸـﻛﺎ

ﻤــن اﻨﺘﻘــﺎدات ﻗ ارﺌــﻪ وﻤﺂﺨــذﻫم ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻛﺘﺒــﻪ ﻓﻌــﺎﺘﺒﻬم ورﻓــق ﺒﻬــم ودﻋــﺎ ﻟﻬــم ٬ وﺘﺒــرم ﺒﺤﺴــﺎدﻩ

اﻟطـﺎﻋﻨﻴن ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓﺤـذرﻫم وﺨـﺎف ﻤـﻨﻬم ٬ وﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻟﻬـذا وذاك ان اﺤﺘـرز ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔـﻪ واﺠﺘﻬـد ﻓـﻲ

ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ.
ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ (ﻣﺎ) ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﻭﺍﻥ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻧﺅﺍﺱ ­ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﺣﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ ­
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ. ﺳﻬﻳﻠﺔ ﻁﻪ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ
Published: December 2023

اﻟﺤﻤد ﷲ اﻟذي أﻨزﻝ اﻟﻘرآن ﺒﻠﺴﺎن ﻋرﺒﻲ ﻤﺒﻴن ٬ واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔوة اﻟﺨﻠق ٬

 

وﺤﺒﻴب اﻟﺤق ﻤﺤﻤد ٬ وﻋﻠﻰ آﻟﻪ وﺼﺤﺒﻪ وﻤن ﺘﺒﻌﻬم ﺒﺈﺤﺴﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻴوم اﻟدﻴن.

 

وﺒﻌد ٬ ﻓﺎن دواوﻴن اﻟﺸﻌ ارء ﻟم ﺘﻨـﻝ ﻗﺴـطﻬﺎ اﻟﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﻤـن اﻟـدرس اﻟﻨﺤـوي ٬ اذ اﻨﺼـﺒت ﺠـﻝ

 

اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻘـ ارن اﻟﻛـرﻴم ٬ وﻟﻬـذا اﺨﺘـرت دﻴـوان أﺒـﻲ ﻨـؤاس ﻤـن ﺸـﻌ ارء اﻟﻌﺼـر اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻲ

 

اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ دور ﻛﺒﻴر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻌر.

 

واﻟﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺤث:

 

اﻟﻤﺒﺤــث اﻻوﻝ : ﺘﻨﺎوﻟــت ﻓﻴــﻪ (ﻤــﺎ) اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴــﺔ وﻓﺼــﻠت اﻟﻘــوﻝ ﻓــﻲ إﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬــﺎ ٕواﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬــﺎ ٬ ﺜــم

أﺨﺘرت ﻨﻤﺎذج ﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻛون ﺸواﻫد ﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ (ﻤﺎ) اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ.

 

وﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺤـــث اﻟﺜـــﺎﻨﻲ : ﺘﺤــدﺜت ﻋــن( ﻤــﺎ) اﻟ ازﺌــدة واﻟﻤﺼــدرﻴﺔ ٬ وﻓﺼــﻠت اﻟﻘــوﻝ ﻓــﻲ

 

ﺸروطﻬﺎ ٬ وﻗﺴﻤت (ﻤﺎ ) اﻟﻤﺼدرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴن:

 

­ ﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺼدرﻴﺔ اﻟﺤرﻓﻴﺔ :

 

­ وﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺼدرﻴﺔ اﻟظرﻓﻴﺔ :

 

ﺜم اﺨﺘرت ﻨﻤﺎذج ﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻛﺸواﻫد ﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ (ﻤﺎ) اﻟﻤﺼدرﻴﺔ و(ﻤﺎ) اﻟ ازﺌدة.

 

واﻟﻤﺒﺤث اﻟﺜﺎﻟث: ﺨﺼﺼﺘﻪ ﻷﻨواع (ﻤﺎ) اﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم:

 

اﻟﻤوﺼوﻟﺔ ٬ واﻟﺘﻌﺠﺒﻴﺔ ٬ واﻻﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ ٬ ﺜـم اﺨﺘـرت ﻨﻤـﺎذج ﺸـﻌرﻴﺔ ﻛﺸـواﻫد ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ أﻨـواع

 

(ﻤﺎ) اﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ.

 

وﻗد اﻋﺘﻤدت ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺼـﺎدر ﻤﺘﻨوﻋـﺔ ٬ اﺴﺎﺴـﻬﺎ دﻴـوان أﺒـﻲ ﻨـواس إذ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ دار اﻟﺒﺤـث ﺜـم

 

ﻛﺘـب ﻨﺤوﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﻔرﻗـﺔ وﻫـﻲ: اﻟﻛﺘـﺎب ﻟﺴـﻴﺒوﻴﻪ ١٨٠) ﻫــ) ٬ واﻟﻤﻘﺘﻀـب ﻟﻠﻤﺒـرد ٢٨٥) ﻫــ) وﺸـرح

 

اﻟﻤﻔﺼـﻝ ﻻﺒـن ﻴﻌـﻴش ٦٤٣) ﻫـ) ورﺼـف اﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﻟﻘﻲ واﻟﺠﻨـﻰ اﻟـداﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـ اردي ٧٤١) ﻫـ)

 

وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ.

 

وﺨﺘﺎﻤﺎ أرﺠو أن أﻛون ﻗد وﻓﻘت ﻓﻲ إﻨﺠﺎز ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث ٬ واﷲ وﻟﻲ اﻟﺘوﻓﻴق.
ﻣﻛﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺳﺭﻳﻥ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ
Published: December 2023

ﻤن أﻫم اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﻟد ارﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺴـﻴﺎق ﺒﺄﻨواﻋـﻪ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ٬ وﻗـد وﺠـد ﻟﻨظرﻴـﺔ

اﻟﺴﻴﺎق دﻋﺎة وﻤؤﻴدون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐرب واﻟﺸرق ﻨظﱠروا وأ ﱠﺼﻠوا ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻘواﻋد واﻷﺼوﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ

 

اﻟﺤدﻴث (١) .

 

وﻗـد ﺜﺒـت ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ ٬ أن اﻟﺴـﻴﺎق ﺒﺄﻨواﻋـﻪ اﻟﻤﻌروﻓـﺔ ﻤـن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـر

 

اﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻛـن إﻗﺼـﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻋﻨـد د ارﺴـﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ٬ ﻟﻤـﺎ ﻟـﻪ ﻤـن أﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛﺒـرى ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤدﻴـد

 

اﻟﻤﻌﻨـﻰ وﺘوﺠﻴﻬـﻪ ٬ ﻷن ﻤﻌظـم اﻟﻛﻠﻤـﺎت ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺠـم أﻛﺜـر ﻤـن دﻻﻟـﺔ ٬ واﻟـذي ﻴﺤـﱢدد ﻫـذﻩ

 

اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ وﻴﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻫو اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻓﻲ ﻤورد اﻟﻨص (٢) .

 

وﻴرى أﺼﺤﺎب ﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻤـن اﻟﻤﺤـَدﺜﻴن وﻓـﻲ ﻤﻘـدﻤﺘﻬم اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم اﻹﻨﻛﻠﻴـزي (ﻓﻴـرث)

أ ﱠن ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ اﻟﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﻫـو اﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ٬ أو اﻟطرﻴﻘـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘُﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﺒﻬـﺎ ٬ أو اﻟـدور اﻟـذي

ﺘؤدﻴﻪ. وﻴـرى (ﻓﻴـرث) أﻴﻀـﺎً أ ﱠن اﻟﻤﻌﻨـﻰ: »ﻻ ﻴﻨﻛﺸـف إﻻ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ ﺘﺴـﻴﻴق اﻟوﺤـدة اﻟﻠﻐوﻴـﺔ ٬

أي وﻀـﻌﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻴﺎﻗﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ« (٣) . وﻴـذﻫب أﺼـﺤﺎب ﺘﻠـك اﻟﻨظرﻴـﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﺤـد اﻟﻤﻐـﺎﻻة ﻓـﻲ

 

اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴــد ﻋﻠــﻰ أﺜــر اﻟﺴــﻴﺎق ﻓــﻲ ﺒﻴــﺎن اﻟﻤﻌﻨــﻰ ٬ ﻓﻴﻘوﻟــون: »إ ﱠن اﻟﻛﻠﻤــﺎت ﻻ ﻤﻌﻨــﻰ ﻟﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ

 

اﻹطﻼق ﺨﺎرج ﻤﻛﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﱠﻨظم« (٤) .

 

وﻤن دﻋﺎة ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻨظرﻴﺔ أﻴﻀﺎً اﻟﻠﻐو ﱡي اﻟﻔرﻨﺴﻲ (ﺠوزﻴف ﻓﻨدرﻴس) اﻟذي ﻴرى أ ﱠن اﻟذي

 

ﻴﻌـﱢﻴن ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺤـﺎﻻت ﻛﻠﻬـﺎ »إﻨﻤـﺎ ﻫـو اﻟﺴـﻴﺎق ٬ إذ أ ﱠن اﻟﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﺘوﺠـد ﻓـﻲ ﻛـﻝ ﻤـرة

 

ﺘُﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺠـو ﻴﺤـدد ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫـﺎ ﺘﺤدﻴـداً ﻤؤﻗﺘـﺎ ٬ً واﻟﺴـﻴﺎق ﻫـو اﻟـذي ﻴﻔـرض ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ واﺤـدة

ﺒﻌﻴﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟرﻏم ﻤـن اﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻨوﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻓـﻲ وﺴـﻌﻬﺎ أن ﺘـد ﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ٬ واﻟﺴـﻴﺎق

 

أﻴﻀﺎً ﻫو اﻟذي ﻴﺨﻠص اﻟﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻤن اﻟدﻻﻻت اﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘََدﻋﻬﺎ اﻟذاﻛرة ﺘﺘـ ارﻛم ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ٬ وﻫـو

اﻟذي ﻴﺨﻠق ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻀورﻴﺔ« (٥) .