bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Perceived Likelihood of False Confession: A Comparison of Justice-Involved Juveniles and Adults
Authors: Haney-Caron Emily , Goldstein Naomi E. S. , Mesiarik Constance
Published: September 2018

False confessions represent a significant problem for the criminal and juvenile justice systems and juveniles may be at particular risk for falsely confessing. In part, this risk may be due to juveniles’ greater likelihood of waiving Miranda rights and, consequently, undergoing interrogation, as well as their heightened suggestibility and greater susceptibility to and compliance with authority figures compared to adults. With data from 260 participants in correctional facilities, this study compared juveniles’ ( n = 168) and adults’ ( n = 92) self-reported likelihood of false confessions. Younger juveniles reported significantly greater false confession propensity than did adults, especially in response to directive interrogation techniques. Older juveniles did not differ significantly from adults in their self-reported likelihood of false confession. Miranda rights comprehension mediated the relationship between age and false confession likelihood. These findings suggest the need for greater protections of younger juveniles during interrogations.
Outcome Effects on Recidivism Among Drug Court Participants
Authors: Gibbs Benjamin R. , Lytle Robert , Wakefield William
Published: September 2018

Drug courts were established to reduce recidivism rates for substance-involved offenders who traditionally would have been sentenced to conventional probation supervision. Past research has reported success in this area, but much of the success is limited to those who graduate the program. Scholars have yet to examine the impact case outcomes and criminal sentencing have on post-participation reoffending. Yet, literature exists outside the area of drug courts, suggesting criminal sentencing, such as incarceration, may have a negative effect on offender recidivism. The current study addresses this gap in the drug court recidivism literature by examining the impact four outcomes of drug court participation (i.e., case dismissal, probation, jail, and prison) have on participant reoffending. We analyzed case outcome records of 824 drug court participants using propensity score analysis to isolate the effect criminal sentencing has on recidivism. Findings, potential policy implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Religious Identity and the Long-Term Effects of Religious Involvement, Orientation, and Coping in Prison
Authors: Stansfield Richard , O’Connor Thomas , Duncan Jeff
Published: September 2018

Criminological literature has largely ignored the specific religious and spiritual ways people in prison identify and make meaning in their life. Analysis of whether identification predicts recidivism above and beyond criminal risk could have significant implications for assessment and treatment of people in prison. Using data from a Spiritual Assessment of 571 people in prison in Oregon, this study compares recidivism behavior of individuals who identify as both religious and spiritual with those who identify as only spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, and neither spiritual nor religious. As expected, religious and spiritual participants were less likely to reoffend than spiritual but not religious inmates. Group differences were partially explained by intrinsic religious orientation and service attendance. The results highlight the importance of ensuring support for persons in prison in the process of making meaning, in addition to supporting the work of prison chaplains and religious volunteers in prison.
Lonely Alone or Lonely Together? A Cultural-Psychological Examination of Individualism–Collectivism and Loneliness in Five European Countries
Authors: Heu Luzia C. , van Zomeren Martijn , Hansen Nina
Published: September 2018

Average levels of loneliness have been suggested to differ between collectivistic and individualistic countries. However, we know little about how individual-level collectivism (i.e., perceiving the self or one’s social environment as collectivistic) is related to loneliness. As individualism and collectivism imply different ideals about how individuals should be embedded in social relationships, they may imply distinct risks for loneliness. Specifically, less demanding ideals in individualism should imply the risk of lower actual social embeddedness; more demanding ideals in collectivism should imply the risk of higher perceived discrepancies from such ideals. Two cross-sectional survey studies in five European countries (Study 1: Austria, N = 239; Study 2: Italy, Portugal, Sweden, The Netherlands, total N = 860) revealed that higher collectivism was related to lower loneliness. Individualism indeed implied lower social embeddedness, but collectivism did not imply higher discrepancies from ideal embeddedness. We discuss implications for reducing loneliness in different cultural contexts.
Results of a Video Prompting Intervention Package Impacting Dishwashing Skill Acquisition for Adolescents With Autism
Authors: Gardner Stephanie J. , Wolfe Pamela S.
Published: September 2018

In order to maximize the future level of independence learners with autism spectrum disorder display, daily living tasks can be taught in K–12 programs using a variety of instructional methods, including video-based instruction. This study investigated the effectiveness of an instructional package including video priming and prompting along with a graduated guidance error correction procedure to teach dish washing skills to four adolescents with autism. A multiple baseline across participants design demonstrated that three of the four participants acquired dishwashing skills upon introduction of the intervention. In addition, two participants were able to generalize their performance to two novel settings and maintain their skills for up to 3-week postintervention. Future research should further explore the efficacy of error correction procedures used with video prompting and the impact that these procedures have on student learning and skill retention.
Educational Anthropology, Tribal Education and Responsible Citizenship in India
Authors: Dar Wahid Ahmad , Najar Irshad Ahmad
Published: September 2018

Despite much anthropological research on education in India, the importance of educational anthropology is not properly acknowledged. This article argues for fuller recognition of educational anthropology as a helpful tool to generate well-informed grassroots research throughout India. It connects this argument to concerns that education among tribal and other marginal communities reflects problems over acceptance of diversity. Educational anthropology could help to support sustainable, people-centric educational policies, curriculum construction, and above all better-focused teacher training. Its interventions can provide cohesive glue for nurturing responsible citizenship for all Indians and would facilitate better integration of peripheral tribal communities and other minorities as responsible citizens of a huge nation that claims to be based on respect for composite culture and unity in diversity.
Harnessing Digital Disruption With Marketing Simulations
Authors: Bolton Ruth N. , Chapman Randall G. , Mills Adam J.
Published: September 2018

A marketing simulation represents a comprehensive and integrative business environment in which students actively manage firms that compete against each other. This article describes how marketing simulations harness digital disruption to enhance learning processes and outcomes and (ultimately) prepare students for their future careers. The article focuses on comprehensive marketing simulations, which have more decision variables and incorporate authentic competition, rather than “play against the machine” games. It defines digital disruption as the change that occurs when new digital technologies change customer experiences, business processes, and business models, thereby changing how value is cocreated. The article begins by describing how simulations capture digital disruption in the marketplace and harness it to improve students’ learning experiences and outcomes. The description reflects the authors’ experiences with the LINKS suite of simulations ( www.LINKS-simulations.com ), as well as the experiences of other instructors and students. The article then discusses pedagogical opportunities and class activities that enhance learning experiences connected with digital disruption in business ecosystems. It closes by emphasizing three best practices for marketing educators. The discussion applies to undergraduate, MBA, executive MBA, and programs targeted at other student groups (e.g., in-house corporate programs).
Making Good in Unpromising Places: The Development and Cultivation of Redemption Scripts Among Long-Term Prisoners
Authors: Bullock Karen , Bunce Annie , McCarthy Daniel
Published: September 2018

Generally regarded as an institution which frustrates rather than enables the process of desisting from crime, the potential for prisoners to find redemption in prison seems bleak. Despite unpromising conditions within the prison, we find strong evidence of reform and a desire to make amends among a cohort of long-term prisoners. While these prisoners were all participating in a rehabilitation program, their narratives of reform were highly individualized and situated in the context of their various experiences of long sentences. However, we report that these individualized accounts of reform were strengthened and facilitated in similar ways through interactions established via their program participation. Specifically, the program was experienced as fulfilling, empowering, and therapeutic. This functioned to reinforce participants’ sense of control, or self-mastery, increased their self-esteem, and instilled hope and confidence that an alternative moral future may be achievable. Implications for supporting desistance in the prison are discussed.
Digital image correlation through image registration in the frequency domain
Authors: Barros Francisco , Sousa Pedro J , Tavares Paulo J , Moreira Pedro MGP
Published: September 2018

The present work analyses displacement field computations for several digital image correlation test cases obtained through the application of image registration in the Fourier domain. The applied method relies on the properties of the discrete Fourier transform with regard to the cross-correlation function to find the rigid displacement between two subsets. The computed displacement fields were compared to their analogous values obtained through a commercial digital image correlation code. The test cases cover both two-dimensional and three-dimensional digital image correlation and make use of the ability of the developed method to calculate the translation and rotation between subsets from images at different loading states, as well as its capacity to match subsets from two cameras of a stereo rig. The presented analysis aims to contribute to the investigation of the use of correlation in the frequency domain as the basis for an alternative to conventional digital image correlation which could provide advantages in terms of robustness and efficiency, particularly in field measurements, where the lack of control over lighting and other factors impacting image quality requires a system which is optimised towards low dependence on the optimal quality of these conditions.
Safety Analysis of Interchange Functional Areas
Authors: Abatan Akinfolarin , Savolainen Peter T.
Published: September 2018

Limited access facilities, such as freeways and expressways, are generally designed to the highest standards among public roads. Consequently, these facilities demonstrate crash, injury, and fatality rates that are significantly lower than other road facility types. However, these rates are generally elevated in the immediate vicinity of interchanges because of increases in traffic conflicts precipitated by weaving, merging, and diverging traffic. Given the extensive costs involved in interchange construction, it is important to discern the expected operational and safety impacts of various design alternatives. To this end, the objective of this study was to analyze safety performance within the functional areas of interchanges. The study involves the integration of traffic crash, volume, and roadway geometric data from 2010 to 2014 in the state of Iowa. Separate analyses were conducted for the freeway mainline and ramp connections. A series of safety performance functions (SPFs) were estimated for both the mainline and ramps. Random effects negative binomial models were estimated, which account for correlation in crash counts at the same location over time. The results show the frequency of crashes to vary based on traffic volume, interchange configuration, speed limit, and traffic control at the ramp terminal. The random effects models are shown to significantly outperform pooled models, which suggest there are several important location-specific factors that are not included in the analysis dataset. The SPFs from this study are also compared with several reference models from the extant research literature.
Investigating the Impact of Meteorological Conditions on Near-Road Pollutant Dispersion between Daytime and Nighttime Periods
Authors: Askariyeh Mohammad Hashem , Vallamsundar Suriya , Farzaneh Reza
Published: September 2018

In urban areas in Texas and the rest of the United States, roadway work zone and construction activities are often conducted at night to reduce disruption to traffic and to prevent congestion caused by lane closures during peak hours. The reduced traffic delays due to nighttime construction have the potential to reduce traffic emissions. However, the air quality impacts associated with moving these activities from daytime to nighttime have not been studied in detail. Air quality impacts depend on two major factors: the traffic emissions and meteorological conditions. While the impact of traffic emissions between time periods has been studied in the literature, there is limited knowledge on understanding the impact of meteorological conditions on the dispersion of mobile source pollutants. This study specifically addresses this gap by evaluating the impact of the meteorological conditions on pollutant concentrations under different input settings related to the region, land use, distance from roadways, and averaging periods. The assessment of the impact of metrological conditions indicated that for the same amount of emissions, the nighttime period could result in higher pollutant concentration levels. However, given that traffic congestion and overall traffic volumes are generally substantially lower in the nighttime period, the findings do not imply that nighttime construction activities result in worse air quality in terms of pollutant concentrations. Thus, the relative difference in pollutant concentrations obtained from shifting construction activities from daytime to nighttime periods should be assessed based on a combination of meteorological and traffic conditions.
Evaluation of Transit Ecodriving in Rural, Suburban, and Urban Environments
Authors: Xu Xiaodan , Li Hanyan “Ann” , Liu Haobing , Rodgers Michael O. , Guensler Randall
Published: September 2018

Ecodriving (also known as eco-driving) is a widely recognized strategy to reduce transit vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. Previous simulation modeling and field studies have demonstrated that ecodriving can reduce fuel consumption by 2%–27%. However, prior studies have typically focused on urban transit operations. More than 1700 transit agencies operate in rural areas within the United States, operating under very different conditions than urban transit systems. Assessing the variability of fuel savings across various transit operating conditions and physical terrain conditions will help transit agencies predict the potential benefits of deploying ecodriving strategies for their systems. The objective of this study is to assess the potential benefits and limitations of deploying ecodriving strategies for different transit services, service areas, fleet composition, and road topographies. There are three preliminary tasks involved in this study. The first element collects and processes the operation data across different transit services. Second-by-second operation data are collected from one urban, suburban, and rural transit agency. The second element evaluates the operation characteristics of each type of transit service. The third element assesses the potential benefits of introducing the transit ecodriving strategy to the operations of these fleets. The fuel consumption is evaluated by matching the second-by-second MOVES model operating mode bin with corresponding emission rates. Overall, the ecodriving strategy can help reduce 1%–5% fuel use across these agencies, and save $ 0.011–$ 0.045 operational cost per mile due to the fuel saving. The actual benefits vary by service, mileage, and road grade impact.
An Improved Inductive Loop Detector Design for Efficient Traffic Signal Operations and Leaner Space Requirements
Authors: Yogesh Goli Koti Veera , Sharma Anuj , Vanajakshi Lelitha
Published: September 2018

Inductive loop detectors (ILDs) are one of the most widely deployed traffic sensors. At present, for lane-by-lane detection, ILDs require separate connecting cables for each loop (each lane) and separate data acquisition systems or detector channels to process them. This becomes problematic with limited conduit and cabinet space. In most cases, transportation agencies use ILDs connected in series to avoid these constraints, in which case the lane-by-lane information is lost. However, research has shown that lane-by-lane detection can lead to safer and more efficient operations at signalized intersections. In order to ease the application of lane-by-lane detection, the current study proposes a solution that uses electronic circuit modification to convert the existing serially connected loops to carry out lane-by-lane detection. This system achieved 100% accuracy of lane-by-lane detection in test runs. The paper also proposes an improved loop design, for future installations, that can be used for vehicle classification and wrong way detection. The study implemented machine-learning algorithms for vehicle classification and direction determination with an accuracy of 99.6% and 78.57%, respectively, using single loop configuration.
Profiling Transport Network Company Activity using Big Data
Authors: Cooper Drew , Castiglione Joe , Mislove Alan , Wilson Christo
Published: September 2018

Transportation network companies (TNCs) provide vehicle-for-hire services. They are distinguished from taxis primarily by the presumption that vehicles are privately owned by drivers. Unlike taxis, which must hold one of approximately 1,800 medallions licensed by the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) to operate in San Francisco, there is no regulatory limit on the supply of TNCs. TNCs have an increasingly visible presence in San Francisco. However, there has been little or no objective data available on TNCs to allow planners to understand the number of trips they provide, the amount of vehicle miles traveled they generate, or their effects on congestion, transit ridership, transit operations, or safety. Without this type of data it is difficult to make informed planning and policy decisions. Discussions with Uber, Lyft, and the California Public Utilities Commission, which collects trip-level data from TNCs in California, requesting information on TNC trips have not resulted in any data being shared. Under increasing pressure from policymakers for objective data to inform policy decisions, the San Francisco County Transportation Authority (SFCTA) partnered with researchers from Northeastern University who developed a methodology for collecting data through Uber’s and Lyft’s application programming interfaces (APIs) with high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper provides a brief literature review on transport network company (TNC) data, and goes one to describe the methodology used to collect data, summarizes the process for converting the raw data into estimated TNC trips, and presents an analysis of the results of the TNC trip estimates. This study determined that TNCs serve a substantial number of trips in San Francisco, over 170,000 on a typical weekday, that these trips follow traditional time of day distributions, and that they tend to take place in the busiest parts of the City.
Timing of Cost Certainty in Highway Construction Project Delivery: Perceptions versus Empirical Results
Authors: Antoine Arthur L. C. , Molenaar Keith R.
Published: September 2018

The early timing of cost certainty during highway project delivery is a primary reason for using alternative contracting methods, but the relative performance of these delivery methods has not been quantified by previous researchers. This research addresses the gap in knowledge by quantitatively showing how the traditional design-bid-build delivery method and the alternative contracting methods of construction manager/general contractor (CM/GC) and design-build (D-B) compare in the timing of cost certainty on U.S. highway construction projects. A novel comparison of the performance of CM/GC versus D-B projects procured by best value is performed. The results reveal a difference between the perceptions of agency decision makers and empirical project performance. By comparing empirical project data with findings aggregated from experts in a Delphi study and with a review of the limited relevant literature, this paper highlights contradictory findings and inconsistencies in the relative performance among the different sources of information. For the alternative contracting methods, the empirical project results show earlier timing for cost certainty than perceived by agency experts. Results reveal that agency personnel underestimate the potential time savings of CM/GC because they believe that D-B is faster to the point of cost certainty. However, empirical data show that CM/GC is substantially faster. The authors emphasize the need for further research to clarify the contradictions and inconsistencies in order to produce reliable, validated results that can provide useful recommendations for application in highway construction project delivery.
Airport Expansion and Endangered Bats: Development and Mitigation Actions Near the Indianapolis International Airport
Authors: Divoll Timothy J. , O’Keefe Joy M.
Published: September 2018

Economic prosperity and globalization are major drivers for development of international airports, but aviation-oriented businesses and residential developments are a by-product of airport business models. Among the multitude of planning and development considerations is the habitat needs of endangered wildlife species. Foraging data were analyzed from 57 bats during three time periods (1998–1999: pre-mitigation; 2005–2006: during mitigation, and 2014–2016: post-mitigation) of a long-term study of Indiana bats ( Myotis sodalis) near the Indianapolis International Airport. At this site, both developed land cover and forested land cover increased between 1998 and 2016 (34.1% and 3.3%, respectively). Mitigation actions included converting 323 ha of residential lots back to forest, and creation of a 56 ha wetland and an 85 ha multi-use park. Bat use of landscape cover types was related to changes in land cover during each period and competing hypotheses were compared to explain changes in bat foraging space use. With the addition of a major highway interchange where the colony foraged, bats increased foraging ranges, presumable in search of new habitat. In all periods, bats selected for forested habitat; as trees in replanted forest and designated parks aged, bats reduced their foraging ranges. Restoring hardwood forest and setting aside parklands were effective proactive mitigation measures for the colony of Indiana bats near the Indianapolis International Airport, and similar actions should benefit other wildlife where human development and habitat needs intersect.
The Effect of Lateral Opening Wedge Distal Femoral Varus Osteotomy on Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics Through Knee Flexion
Authors: Wylie James D. , Scheiderer Bastian , Obopilwe Elifho , Baldino Joshua B. , Pavano Colin , Macken Craig J. , Bell Ryan , Mazzocca Augustus D. , Arciero Robert A. , Imhoff Florian B.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) unloads a diseased lateral compartment of the knee in patients with genu valgum. To the best of our knowledge, there are no biomechanical studies investigating the effect of knee flexion on contact pressure and area after DFO.

Hypothesis:

As knee flexion angles increase, DFO will be less effective at unloading the lateral compartment of the knee.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Lateral opening wedge DFO was performed, correcting a mean of 7°, in 10 cadaveric knees using plate fixation. Tibiofemoral contact pressure was measured in 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° of knee flexion before and after osteotomy using electronic sensors. Peak contact pressure (PCP), mean contact pressure (MCP), and contact area were measured for each condition. Anatomic dissection quantified the tibiofemoral contact position on the distal femur in all degrees of flexion. Mixed-effects regression analyses were used to compare the change in variables before and after osteotomy and between flexion angles.

Results:

One sample had to be excluded because of tibiofemoral arthritis. MCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO throughout all degrees of flexion (all P < .05) but to the greatest extent in 0° of flexion. When examining the percentage of MCP in the lateral compartment, this decreased after DFO at 0° (70.4% to 40.0%; P < .001), 15° (65.1% to 52.1%; P < .001), 30° (60.7% to 52.0%; P = .003), 45° (55.8% to 49.7%; P = .033), and 60° (51.9% to 44.2%; P = .010) but not at 75° (50.2% to 45.3%; P = .112). PCP decreased in the lateral compartment after DFO at 0° (2.41 to 1.34 MPa; P < .001), 15° (2.50 to 1.81 MPa; P < .001), 30° (2.28 to 1.93 MPa; P = .039), 45° (2.21 to 1.73 MPa; P = .005), 60° (2.15 to 1.71 MPa; P = .009), and 75° (1.95 to 1.49 MPa; P = .012). The percentage of contact area decreased in the lateral compartment in full extension (68.7% to 48.1%; P = .007) but not at any other degree of flexion (all P > .05).

Conclusion:

DFO decreased lateral compartment pressure. However, it had the greatest effect in full knee extension.

Clinical Relevance:

DFO decreased contact pressure in the lateral compartment but more effectively decreased contact pressure in the more anterior aspects of the femoral articular cartilage.
Stimulation of Tendon Healing With Delayed Dexamethasone Treatment Is Modified by the Microbiome
Authors: Dietrich-Zagonel Franciele , Hammerman Malin , Tätting Love , Dietrich Fabrícia , Kozak Ljunggren Monika , Blomgran Parmis , Eliasson Pernilla , Aspenberg Per
Published: September 2018

Background:

The immune system reflects the microbiome (microbiota). Modulation of the immune system during early tendon remodeling by dexamethasone treatment can improve rat Achilles tendon healing. The authors tested whether changes in the microbiota could influence the effect of dexamethasone treatment.

Hypothesis:

A change in microbiome would influence the response to dexamethasone on regenerate remodeling, specifically tendon material properties (peak stress).

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Specific opportunist and pathogen-free female rats were housed separately (n = 41) or together with specific pathogen-free rats carrying opportunistic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus (n = 41). After 6 weeks, all co-housed rats appeared healthy but now carried S aureus. Changes in the gut bacterial flora were tested by API and RapID biochemical tests. All rats (clean and contaminated) underwent Achilles tendon transection under aseptic conditions. Flow cytometry was performed 8 days postoperatively on tendon tissue. Sixty rats received subcutaneous dexamethasone or saline injections on days 5 through 9 after transection. The tendons were tested mechanically on day 12. The predetermined primary outcome was the interaction between contamination and dexamethasone regarding peak stress, tested by 2-way analysis of variance.

Results:

Dexamethasone increased peak stress in all groups but more in contaminated rats (105%) than in clean rats (53%) (interaction, P = .018). A similar interaction was found for an estimate of elastic modulus ( P = .021). Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment reduced transverse area but had small effects on peak force and stiffness. In rats treated with saline only, contamination reduced peak stress by 16% ( P = .04) and elastic modulus by 35% ( P = .004). Contamination led to changes in the gut bacterial flora and higher levels of T cells (CD3+CD4+) in the healing tendon ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Changes in the microbiome influence tendon healing and enhance the positive effects of dexamethasone treatment during the early remodeling phase of tendon healing.

Clinical Relevance:

The positive effect of dexamethasone on early tendon remodeling in rats is strikingly strong. If similar effects could be shown in humans, immune modulation by a few days of systemic corticosteroids, or more specific compounds, could open new approaches to rehabilitation after tendon injury.
The local geography of transnational terrorism
Authors: Marineau Josiah , Pascoe Henry , Braithwaite Alex , Findley Michael , Young Joseph
Published: September 2018

Why are some locations more attractive targets for transnational terrorism than others? Remarkably little is known about the local-level conditions and attributes that determine precisely where transnational terror attacks occur within targeted countries. To date, quantitative terrorism research identifies country- or region-level correlates of terrorism, neglecting possible local factors. In this study, we posit five local-level factors that increase the likelihood of a terror attack: security of a target, accessibility, symbolism, material harm, and exclusion. Using a variety of estimation strategies, including multilevel, negative binomial, and propensity score matching models, we regress new sub-national geographically coded transnational terrorism data on various sub-national measures that might theoretically increase the likelihood of a terror attack. The results demonstrate that although country- and region-level factors matter, numerous local-level conditions, including where civil violence occurs, sub-national economic activity, and proximity to capitals and urban areas, are equally, if not more, important. The results help to substantiate the analytical benefits of adopting the sub-national level of analysis in the study of transnational terrorism.
Violence and Economic Empowerment of Women in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Khalid Javeria , Choudhry Misbah Tanveer
Published: September 2018

This article empirically investigates whether women’s access to economic resources acts as a risk factor or protective factor for spousal (emotional and physical) violence against them, particularly in the case of Pakistan. Using data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012 to 2013, we employed logistic regression to investigate this relationship between women’s access to economic resources and spousal violence against them by using two indicators: (a) whether she earns money in cash and/or in-kind and (b) whether she owns property. The results indicate that women who earn in cash and/or in-kind face greater violence. Education can reduce the violence against women and family history of violence contributes positively for greater violence. Result also confirms existence of regional disparity in this regard. Based on findings of this study we provide policy suggestions to mitigate the issue of spousal violence against women.
Does Female Authority Prevent Male Marital Violence? Evidence From Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Karim Rabiul , Swahnberg Katarina
Published: September 2018

While relative resource status between husband and wife is widely discussed in the explanation of male marital violence (MMV) behaviors, the influence of relative family authority between husband and wife on the violence has been generally overlooked in previous studies. An examination can provide a better understanding of the issue. This study examined how various levels of female authority within the family are associated with MMV against women in rural Bangladesh. The study adopted a cross-sectional design and included 342 married men randomly selected from five northwest villages. Negative binomial regression was performed to predict the frequency of self-reported MMV behaviors in a 1-year recall period which estimated the ratios comparing absolute male authority to egalitarian authority within the family. Of the sample, 37.4% were the egalitarian/fair female authority, 41.2% were the higher male authority, and 21.4% were absolute male authority families; 71.1% of the men revealed that they had resorted to at least one incident of MMV (psychological or physical or sexual) against their wives in the year preceding the survey. The mean of yearly MMV occurrences was 6.29 ( SD = 7.58), ranging from 0 to 42. The study revealed that the frequency of MMV against women was 1.96 times higher among absolute male authority families than in egalitarian families. It further revealed that the frequency of psychological abuse was 1.63 times, physical attack 2.89 times, and sexual coercion 1.88 times higher among absolute male authority families than among egalitarian/fair female authority families. Higher male authority did not appear to be different from egalitarian authority in MMV occurrences. The study suggests that increased female authority within the family unit may prevent women from being exposed to MMV in a patriarchal social order.
Institutional Betrayal: Who Is Most Vulnerable?
Authors: Pinciotti Caitlin M. , Orcutt Holly K.
Published: September 2018

Institutional betrayal occurs when, following sexual victimization, institutions create hostile environments which normalize sexual violence, make it difficult to report the experience, mishandle the complaint, attempt to cover up the experience, or retaliate against survivors. These responses are not uncommon and have been linked to adverse survivor outcomes such as dissociation, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, poorer physical health, and depression, yet little is known about which survivors are most at risk for experiencing institutional betrayal. Using a sample of 404 sexual assault survivors recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, the current study employed logistic regression to identify risk factors for institutional betrayal. The findings indicate that institutional betrayal is more likely to be reported by survivors who identify as heterosexual, were older at the time of the assault, and endorse more severe PTSD symptoms yet, unexpectedly, less severe distress severity. Gender, race, assault characteristics, and disclosure tendencies did not significantly predict institutional betrayal risk. Although some relationships may be bidirectional, the results suggest that survivors already at risk for some negative post-assault outcomes may be particularly at risk for institutional betrayal.
Women’s Perceived Likelihood to Engage in Sexual Risk Taking: Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Poor Behavioral Regulation
Authors: Hahn Christine K. , Hahn Austin M. , Simons Raluca M. , Caraway S. Jean
Published: September 2018

Sexual abuse prior to age 18 may put some women at risk for engaging in sexual risk taking. This association could exist, in part, as a result of the impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms on behavioral regulation. The current study utilized a path analysis to investigate the association between severity of sexual abuse before age 18, posttraumatic stress symptoms, poor behavioral regulation, and expected engagement in sexual risk taking among college women. The sample consisted of 88 college women with experiences of sexual abuse prior to the age of 18. Severity of sexual abuse predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, posttraumatic stress symptoms predicted poor behavioral regulation, which in turn predicted expected engagement in sexual risk taking. These findings indicate functional mechanisms involved in sexual decision making of women who have had past sexual abuse and experience posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Literacy, Numeracy, and Health Information Seeking Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Yamashita Takashi , Bardo Anthony R. , Liu Darren , Cummins Phyllis A.
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Health literacy is often viewed as an essential skill set for successfully seeking health information to make health-related decisions. However, this general understanding has yet to be established with the use of nationally representative data. The objective of this study was to provide the first nationally representative empirical evidence that links health information seeking behaviors with health literacy among middle-age to older adults in the United States. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2012/2014 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Literacy (PIAAC). Our analytic sample is representative of adults age 45 to 74 years ( N = 2,989). Results: Distinct components of health literacy (i.e., literacy and numeracy) were uniquely associated with the use of different health information sources (e.g., health professionals, the Internet, television). Discussion: Findings should be useful for government agencies and health care providers interested in targeting health communications, as well as researchers who focus on health disparities.
Evaluation of different methods of relaxation modulus extraction for linear viscoelastic materials from ramp-constant strain experiments
Authors: Shahani Amir Reza , Shooshtar Hamid , Karbasian Arash , Karimi Mohamad Mehdi
Published: September 2018

Experimental determination of relaxation modulus of linear viscoelastic materials, in principle, requires the application of an ideal step strain to the specimen. This could not be achieved in practice, however, and is replaced by a ramp-constant strain history. The material response to the ramp-constant strain deviates from its ideal step response and should be corrected. Different correction methods have been proposed for the full-range modulus extraction from ramp-constant strain experiments, and among them the three methods of Zapas–Phillips, Lee–Knauss, and Sorvari–Malinen are distinguishable. Few comparative studies have been performed on these methods, all of which have been based on the simulated response of a hypothetic material rather than on the real experimental data. Furthermore, the simulations have been performed assuming specific material models not essentially appropriate for the material parameter extraction purposes, leading to undesirable errors in the simulation results. In this paper, the above-mentioned methods are compared based on both simulation and experimental approaches. The simulation results show that all methods effectively improve the range of modulus extraction compared to the well-known “ten-times rule”, and the Lee–Knauss method provides the best predictions, in contrast to some of the previously published results. Considering the experimental results, however, it is observed that all the modulus extraction methods lose their performance if a sufficiently small sampling rate is not provided by the experimental data acquisition system. It has been discussed that the conclusion of some authors regarding the invalidity of ten-times-rule stems from a misinterpretation of their simulation results and is faultful.
An analytical approach on nonlinear mechanical and thermal post-buckling of nanocomposite double-curved shallow shells reinforced by carbon nanotubes
Authors: Duc Nguyen Dinh , Nguyen Pham Dinh , Cuong Nguyen Huy , Van Sy Nguyen , Khoa Nguyen Dinh
Published: September 2018

This work presents the nonlinear mechanical and thermal post-buckling of nanocomposite double-curved shallow shells reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes resting on elastic foundations based on the higher order shear deformation theory with geometrical nonlinearity in von Karman–Donnell sense. The composite shells are made of various amorphous polymer matrices: poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly{(m-phenylenevinylene)-co-[(2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene) vinylene]} (PmPV). The governing equations are solved by the Galerkin method and Airy's stress function to achieve mechanical and thermal post-buckling behaviors of nanocomposite double-curved shallow shells. Various types of distributions of carbon nanotubes, both uniform distributions, and functionally graded distributions are examined. The material properties of nanocomposite double-curved shallow shells are assumed to be temperature dependent. Detailed parametric studies are carried out on the effect of various types of distribution and volume fractions of carbon nanotubes, temperature increments, elastic foundations, edge to radius and edge to thickness ratios on the nonlinear mechanical and thermal post-buckling of nanocomposite double-curved shallow shells reinforced by CNTs.
Nonlinear modeling and analysis of compliant mechanisms with circular flexure hinges based on quadrature beam elements
Authors: Xu SiQiang , Zhu XiaoBo , Dong ZeGuang , Liu PinKuan
Published: September 2018

Linear modeling approaches for compliant mechanisms attract significant attention. However, geometrical nonlinearities require consideration generally because they may result in the modeling error. This paper presents a nonlinear quadrature beam element modeling approach for compliant mechanisms. The geometrically exact beam theory is employed as the basis for the element. Meanwhile, the element tangent stiffness matrix is obtained by using the weak form quadrature element method, which does not need shape functions any more and only performs simple algebraic operations of weighting coefficient matrices. One quadrature beam element is needed to model a flexure hinge. For validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach, typical circular flexure hinges are employed. Moreover, a typical bridge-type compliant mechanism is studied by the proposed approach. Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach are verified by comparing with the finite element results. Meanwhile, the results show that the shear effect can be ignored, when a single flexure hinge is investigated. Nevertheless, the nonlinear behavior of compliant mechanisms is affected at the system level. In addition, the magnification ratio of a bridge-type compliant mechanism is related to the width and material of the structure when nonlinearity is considered.
Estimating age group-dependent sensitivity and mean sojourn time in colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Sung Na Young , Jun Jae Kwan , Kim Youn Nam , Jung Inkyung , Park Sohee , Kim Gyu Ri , Nam Chung Mo
Published: September 2018

Objective

In evaluating the efficacy of cancer screening programmes, sojourn time (duration of the preclinical detectable phase) and sensitivity of the screening test are the two key parameters. Studies suggest that in breast cancer screening, both parameters may vary depending on age at the time of screening, but few studies have examined other cancers. We expanded an existing probability model for periodic screening by performing simultaneous estimation of age group-dependent and sensitivity at preclinical onset time, and tested the expanded model using data from the Korean National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme.

Methods

Simulation studies were conducted to assess the performance of the proposed probability model. The method was then applied to the analysis of 376,542 participants aged 50 or over who underwent fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) as part of the National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme between 2004 and 2007. Age group-dependent mean sojourn time and screening sensitivity of FOBT for colorectal cancer were derived using maximum likelihood estimation.

Results

The method performed well in terms of bias, standard deviation, and coverage probability. National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme data results indicated that the sensitivity of FOBT to detect colorectal cancer increases with age, while mean sojourn time decreases with age (approximately 4.3 years for participants aged 50–54, 3.9 years at age 55–59, 3.4 years at age 60–64, and 3.6 years at age 65–69, with corresponding sensitivity estimates around 41%, 47%, 45%, and 51%, respectively).

Conclusion

Simulation studies showed that the proposed stochastic model considering both mean sojourn time and sensitivity yields highly accurate results.
Governing urban development in the Low Countries: From managerialism to entrepreneurialism and financialization
Authors: Van Loon Jannes , Oosterlynck Stijn , Aalbers Manuel B
Published: September 2018

Has the post-war managerial approach to urban governance in the Netherlands and Flanders been replaced by more entrepreneurial and financialized forms? In this paper, we study the transformation of urban governance in the Low Countries through city case studies of Apeldoorn (Netherlands) and Antwerp (Belgium). We show how Dutch urban governance is financialized by connecting local public finance with financialized real estate markets through municipal land banks. However, inter-municipal financial solidarity and ring-fencing municipalities from financial markets create specific continental European processes of financialization. Flemish municipalities, in contrast, have shifted from a model of laissez-faire urban development (embedded in a system of large municipal autonomy) towards entrepreneurial urban growth regimes, in which technocratic public and private actors have increased access to public financial resources, which are used to create large urban renewal projects. In Belgium, autonomous municipal real estate corporations are a crucial instrument for connecting municipal finance to the real estate market.
Regional Integration and Economic Growth in Southeast Asia
Authors: Bong Angkeara , Premaratne Gamini
Published: September 2018

Southeast Asia has experienced an economic growth since the 1980s. This growth triggered by reforms to increasing global and regional integration has been remarkable. This article aims to examine whether regional integration promotes economic growth in Southeast Asia. It further investigates whether the economic and social factors affect economic growth. The panel data were collected over 43 years (1970–2013) in Southeast Asia. We employ a cross-country growth model using a generalized method of moments in the dynamic panel framework to empirically examine the impact of regional integration on economic growth. Our results found that regional integration had a significant effect on economic growth. More specifically, our empirical results suggest that, in order to enhance regional integration and economic growth in the region, public institutions should work towards eliminating corruption and stabilizing macroeconomics and political stability while promoting international trade among member countries. This article sheds light on the key determinants of economic growth and policy formulations to achieve higher economic growth in Southeast Asia.