bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Flower Essential Oil Reduces MRSA Pathogenicity by Inhibiting Virulence Gene Expression
Authors: Kim Ji-Hee , Park Bog-Im , Kim Young-Hoi , Yoon Ji-Su , Choi Na-Young , Kim Kang-Ju
Published: January 2025

The essential oil extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam (CZEO), family Asteraceae, was investigated to determine its ability to inhibit the pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The chemical composition of CZEO was analyzed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and 88 compounds were identified and categorized as monoterpenes (68.82%), sesquiterpenes (17.82%), and others (5.01%). CZEO inhibited MRSA floating cell growth, acid production, and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the CZEO treatment decreased MRSA viability and notably reduced the three-dimensional density of the biofilm. Real-time PCR demonstrated that the mRNA expression of the MRSA gene A (mecA), accessory gene regulator A (agrA), staphylococcal accessory regulator A (sarA), and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea), which are pivotal genes implicated in MRSA pathogenicity, declined in a concentration-dependent manner following the CZEO treatment compared with the control. Thus, CZEO appeared to directly target the pathogenicity MRSA regulators. These findings substantiate the potential of CZEO as a natural antimicrobial agent for preventing MRSA infections.
Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Hyperglycemic, and Anti-Aging Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Fractions Obtained from Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché Fruit Pulp and Peel Extracts
Authors: Coutinho Tiago E. , Martins-Gomes Carlos , Machado-Carvalho Liliana , Nunes Fernando M. , Silva Amélia M.
Published: January 2025

The Cucurbita genus comprises various species that are globally consumed and that are commonly used for their nutritional value but also for medicinal applications. Within the Cucurbita genus can be found Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché, a species that is understudied regarding its potential value for the food industry, as a functional food, and for the pharmaceutical industry, as a source of nutraceuticals. Therefore, in this study we investigated the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of aqueous (AF) and methanolic (MF) fractions of C. ficifolia pulp and peel hydroethanolic (HE) extracts. HPLC-DAD-MSn and HPAEC-PAD analyses of extracts’ fractions revealed a low content of polyphenols and a significant content of sugars. Through in vitro inhibition assays of the enzymes alpha-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and elastase, all fractions showed, respectively, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-aging activities. The safety profile and anti-tumoral activities were evaluated in various cell models (Caco-2, HaCaT, HepG2, and RAW 264.7), and results showed that the fractions obtained from pulp extract induce no/low cytotoxicity, while the methanolic fraction of peel induced cytotoxicity in all cell lines. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, aqueous and methanolic fractions of both extracts significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, revealing anti-inflammatory activity. Flow cytometry analysis showed that both aqueous fractions increased basal levels of glutathione (GSH) in Caco-2 cells, while not inducing oxidative stress, revealing potential as antioxidant dietary agents. However, the MF of peel HE extract induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells, as it increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. AF fraction of peel extract induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, while the other fractions induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase. In conclusion, Cucurbita ficifolia fruit presents potential as a functional food but also as a potential source of nutraceuticals, and peel waste products can be valorized by pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules.
An Anthracene-Based Hg2+ Fluorescent Probe with Dithioacetal: Simple Synthesis, High Selectivity and Sensitivity, and Dual-Mode Detection Capability
Authors: Ren Hongli , Yan Qiang
Published: January 2025

With the development of the chemical industry, the threat of mercury pollution to human health is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a low-cost, convenient and efficient Hg2+ detection method. In this study, anthracene-based Hg2+ fluorescent probes AN-2S and AN-4S were synthesized by a dithioacetal reaction for the rapid and efficient detection of the Hg2+ concentration in water. Through molecular structure design and synthesis route optimization, the complexity and cost of the probe synthesis were greatly reduced. AN-2S and AN-4S had good water solubility, rapid response abilities and anti-interference abilities, and could specifically detect Hg2+ using “turn-off” or “turn-on” detection modes within 1 min. The AN-4S probe showed a wide linear response range (0~40 μmol/L) and high sensitivity (4.93 × 10−8 mol/L) to Hg2+ in 99% aqueous solutions, over a pH range of 5~13. The reaction mechanism between the probe and Hg2+ was determined using 1H NMR and FT-IR spectra and Job’s curves. It was proven that the AN-2S and AN-4S probes react with Hg2+ in a molar ratio of 1:1 or 1:2. The dual-detection mode enabled the probes to be used not only for the accurate quantitative detection of Hg2+ under a fluorescence spectrometer, but also for rapid qualitative analysis using a UV flashlight as a test strip, showing a broad practical application potential.
Micro-Size Layers Evaluation of CIGSe Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates by Two-Segment Process Improved for Overall Efficiencies
Authors: Ho Jiajer , Yu Da-Ming , Chang Jen-Chuan , Ho Jyh-Jier
Published: January 2025

This paper details the enhancement of the optoelectronic properties of Cu-(In, Ga)-Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells through a two-segment process in the ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectral range. These include fine-tuning the DC sputtering power of the absorber layer (ranging from 20 to 40 W at segment I) and thoroughly checking the trace micro-chemistry composition of the absorber layer (CdS, ZnO/CdS, ZnMgO/CdS, and ZnMgO at segment II). After segment I of treatment, the optimal 30 W CIGSe absorber layer (i.e., with a 0.95 CGI ratio) can be obtained, it can be seen that the Cu-rich film exhibits the ability to significantly promote grain growth and can effectively reduce its trap state density. After the segment II process aimed at replacing toxic CdS, the optimal metal alloy (Zn0.9Mg0.1O) composition (buffer layer) achieved the highest conversion efficiency (η) of 8.70%, also emphasizing its role in environmental protection. Especially within the tunable bandgap range (2.48–3.62 eV), the developed overall internal and external quantum efficiency (IQE/EQE) is significantly improved by 13.15% at shorter wavelengths. A photovoltaic (PV) module designed with nine optimal CIGSe cells demonstrated commendable stability. Variation remained within ±5% throughout the 60-day experiment. The PV modules in this study represent a breakthrough benchmark toward a significant advance in the scientific understanding of renewable energy. Furthermore, this research clearly promotes the practical application of PV modules, harmonizes with sustainable goals, and actively contributes to the creation of eco-friendly communities.
Redox-Driven Magnetic Regulation in a Series of Couplers in Bridged Nitroxide Diradicals
Authors: Zhang Fengying , Song Meiwen , Luo Cheng , Ma Teng , Zhao Yali , Li Boqiong , Bu Yuxiang
Published: January 2025

Redox-induced magnetic regulation in organic diradicals is distinctly attractive. In this work, taking nitroxide radicals as spin sources, we predict the magnetic properties of 9, 10-anthraquinone, 9, 10-phenaquone, 9, 10-diazanthracene and 9, 10-diazepine-bridged molecular diradical structures in which the couplers are prone to dihydrogenation reduction at positions 9 and 10. As evidenced at both the B3LYP and M06-2X levels of theory, the calculations confirm that the magnetic transitions between ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism can take place for 9, 10-anthraquinone and 9, 10-diazanthracene-bridged diradicals after dihydrogenation. The differences in the magnetic behaviors and magnetic magnitudes of 9, 10-anthraquinone and 9, 10-diazanthracene-bridged diradicals before and after dihydrogenation could be attributed to their noticeably different spin-interacting pathways. As for 9, 10-phenaquone and 9, 10-diazepine-bridged diradicals, the calculated results indicate that the signs of their magnetic exchange coupling constants J do not change, but the magnitudes remarkably change after dihydrogenation. The connecting bond character and spin polarization are crucial in explaining the different magnetic magnitudes of these designed diradicals. In detail, shorter bonds and larger spin polarization are responsible for strong magnetic coupling. In addition, the diradical with an extensively π-conjugated structure can effectively promote magnetic coupling. The McConnell’s spin alternation rule is the key to understanding the observed ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism of these diradicals. The work provides useful information for the rational design of redox-regulated magnetic molecular switches.
Recent Progress of Chemical Reactions Induced by Contact Electrification
Authors: Huo Xinyi , Li Shaoxin , Sun Bing , Wang Zhong Lin , Wei Di
Published: January 2025

Contact electrification (CE) spans from atomic to macroscopic scales, facilitating charge transfer between materials upon contact. This interfacial charge exchange, occurring in solid–solid (S–S) or solid–liquid (S–L) systems, initiates radical generation and chemical reactions, collectively termed contact-electro-chemistry (CE-Chemistry). As an emerging platform for green chemistry, CE-Chemistry facilitates redox, luminescent, synthetic, and catalytic reactions without the need for external power sources as in traditional electrochemistry with noble metal catalysts, significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. Despite its broad applicability, the mechanistic understanding of CE-Chemistry remains incomplete. In S–S systems, CE-Chemistry is primarily driven by surface charges, whether electrons, ions, or radicals, on charged solid interfaces. However, a comprehensive theoretical framework is yet to be established. While S–S CE offers a promising platform for exploring the interplay between chemical reactions and triboelectric charge via surface charge modulation, it faces significant challenges in achieving scalability and optimizing chemical efficiency. In contrast, S–L CE-Chemistry focuses on interfacial electron transfer as a critical step in radical generation and subsequent reactions. This approach is notably versatile, enabling bulk-phase reactions in solutions and offering the flexibility to choose various solvents and/or dielectrics to optimize reaction pathways, such as the degradation of organic pollutants and polymerization, etc. The formation of an interfacial electrical double layer (EDL), driven by surface ion adsorption following electron transfer, plays a pivotal role in CE-Chemical processes within aqueous S–L systems. However, the EDL can exert a screening effect on further electron transfer, thereby inhibiting reaction progress. A comprehensive understanding and optimization of charge transfer mechanisms are pivotal for elucidating reaction pathways and enabling precise control over CE-Chemical processes. As the foundation of CE-Chemistry, charge transfer underpins the development of energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable methodologies, holding transformative potential for advancing green innovation. This review consolidates recent advancements, systematically classifying progress based on interfacial configurations in S–S and S–L systems and the underlying charge transfer dynamics. To unlock the full potential of CE-Chemistry, future research should prioritize the strategic tuning of material electronegativity, the engineering of sophisticated surface architectures, and the enhancement of charge transport mechanisms, paving the way for sustainable chemical innovations.
Antimicrobial Lobophorins from Endophytic Strain Streptomyces sp. R6 Obtained from Azadirachta indica
Authors: Chen Xinyuan , Du Ying , Ma Yunlong , Liu Peibin , Chen Yan
Published: January 2025

Endophytic bacteria are an important source for developing antimicrobial substances. With the aim to find eco-friendly antimicrobial agents from natural sources, Streptomyces sp. R6 was isolated from Azadirachta indica. After that, a new spirotetronate natural product, lobophorin S (compound 2), together with lobophorin H8 (compound 1) and a known macrolide compound divergolide C (compound 3) were isolated from the cultural solution of strain R6. These compounds mark the first isolation of marine-derived microbial natural products known as lobophorins (LOBs) from endophytic bacteria. The structures of these three compounds were identified by extensive NMR and HRMS analyses. The antimicrobial activities of these three compounds against eight fungal and four bacterial phytopathogens were separately evaluated. Compound 1 demonstrated better antibacterial activity against Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and P. syringae pv. lachrymans with MIC values of 3.91, 7.81, and 15.63 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, compounds 1–3 all showed antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, with the MIC values of 1.95, 7.81, and 15.63 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, the in vivo antifungal effect of 1 against B. cinerea was up to 78.51 ± 3.80% at 1.95 µg/mL, significantly surpassing polyoxin B (70.70 ± 3.81%). These results highlight the potential of lobophorins as promising lead compounds for the development of new, sustainable agents to control plant diseases.
Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotube Composites from Coarse-Grained Simulations
Authors: Damasceno Daniela A. , Hue Keat Yung , Miranda Caetano R. , Müller Erich A.
Published: January 2025

Advanced nanocomposite membranes incorporate nanomaterials within a polymer matrix to augment the mechanical strength of the resultant product. Characterizing these membranes through molecular modeling necessitates specialized approaches to accurately capture the length scales, time scales, and structural complexities inherent in polymers. To address these requirements, an efficient simulation protocol is proposed, utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations to examine the mechanical properties of polyethylene/single-walled carbon nanotube (PE/SWCNT) composites. This methodology integrates CG potentials derived from the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT-γ Mie) equation of state and a modified Tersoff potential as a model for SWCNTs. A qualitative correspondence with benchmark classical all-atom models, as well as available experimental data, is observed, alongside enhanced computational efficiency. Employing this CG model, the focus is directed at exploring the mechanical properties of PE/SWCNT composites under both tensile and compressive loading conditions. The investigation covered the influence of SWCNT size, dispersion, and weight fraction. The findings indicate that although SWCNTs enhance the mechanical strength of PE, the extent of enhancement marginally depends on the dispersion, filler size, and weight fraction. Fracture strengths may be elevated by 20% with a minor incorporation of SWCNTs. Under compression, the incorporation of SWCNTs into the composites results in a transformation from brittle to tough materials. These insights contribute to the optimization of PE/SWCNT composites, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple factors to fine-tune the desired mechanical performance.
Effects of Chewing Gum on Satiety, Appetite Regulation, Energy Intake, and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jiménez-ten Hoevel Claudia , Llauradó Elisabet , Valls Rosa M. , Besora-Moreno Maria , Queral Judit , Solà Rosa , Pedret Anna
Published: January 2025

Background: New approaches for the management of obesity, a worldwide problem and a major determinant of disability and mortality, are needed. Mastication influences appetite and satiety mechanisms via actual food or sham feeding. However, the effect of mastication of chewing gum, a type of sham feeding, on appetite regulation has not yet been elucidated. Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the influence of chewing gum on appetite regulation, satiety, energy intake, and weight loss via randomized controlled Trials. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023432699). Electronic databases MEDLINE®/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from July 2023 to September 2024. The quality of each included study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, RoB 2. Results: A total of eight articles with nine RCTs were included in this systematic review. Seven out of nine RCTs evaluated appetite regulation. Five out of seven RCTs reported a significant suppressing effect of hunger, three out of five RCTs reported a significant reduction in desire to eat, and three out of four reported a significant reduction in the desire to eat a sweet snack, all of them compared to the control group. However, the effects on satiety, energy intake, and weight loss are not conclusive. Conclusions: Chewing gum could be a promising non-pharmacological tool for obesity management through appetite regulation; however, further research, with sustained RCTs evaluating the sustained effects of gum chewing on appetite and weight management, is needed.
Comparative Analysis of the Frequency of Fresh and Frozen Fish Consumption Among Two Cohorts of Pregnant Women
Authors: Alibrandi Angela , Giannetto Carlo , Zirilli Agata , Dimitrova Vihra , Incognito Giosuè Giordano , Granese Roberta , De Pascale Angelina , Lanfranchi Maurizio
Published: January 2025

Objectives: today’s consumers are increasingly interested in the relationship between food and health, recognizing food as a means to meet nutritional needs and prevent diseases. A diet rich in fish is beneficial to health, potentially protecting against cancer, cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. During pregnancy, adequate nutrition benefits both the mother and the unborn child. This study compares pregnant women from a decade ago with those recently enrolled to evaluate differences in eating styles, specifically the consumption of fresh and frozen fish. Methods: we compared 114 pregnant women from 2013 with 168 women from 2023, using the same questionnaire to evaluate their eating habits during pregnancy, focusing on fresh and frozen fish consumption. Variables for statistical analyses included age, education, profession, family size, pre-pregnancy BMI, differential BMI, and frequency of fish consumption. Results: the comparison showed an increase in fish consumption, both fresh and frozen, among pregnant women in 2023 compared to 2013, indicating greater awareness of the health benefits of fish. Changes in dietary habits were influenced by profession, education level, and family size. Women in the 2023 cohort experienced smaller weight gain during pregnancy, suggesting potential health benefits. These shifts likely result from improved nutrition education and access to healthy foods, highlighting the importance of public health efforts to enhance maternal and fetal health. Conclusions: significant changes in the dietary habits of pregnant women over a decade were observed, with increased fish consumption in 2023 compared to 2013. These findings emphasize the role of nutrition education and improved access to healthy foods in promoting maternal and fetal health.
The Association Between Glucose Variability and Insulin Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed After 24 Gestational Weeks
Authors: Kasuga Yoshifumi , Kajikawa Kaoru , Ishikawa Naotsugu , Ogata Yasuhiko , Takahashi Marina , Akita Keisuke , Tamai Junko , Fukuma Yuka , Tanaka Yuya , Otani Toshimitsu , Fukutake Marie , Ikenoue Satoru , Tanaka Mamoru
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Recently, it was reported that glucose variability (GV) calculated using the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. However, its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. We investigated the association between GV and insulin parameters in Japanese women diagnosed with GDM after 24 weeks of gestation (late GDM). Methods: A total of 280 mothers with late GDM cared for at Keio University Hospital were included in this study. Using 75 g OGTT, the initial increase and subsequent decrease were calculated as the GV. Results: The initial increase was significantly positively associated with 1 h plasma glucose level (PG) and 2 h PG with 75 g OGTT (p < 0.001), but fasting PG, insulinogenic index (IGI), and homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance were negatively associated with the initial increase (all p < 0.001). The subsequent decrease was significantly positively correlated with 1 h PG (p < 0.001) but negatively correlated with 2 h PG (p < 0.001), IGI (p = 0.009), and the whole-body insulin sensitivity index derived from the OGTT (p = 0.02). Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 was not associated with an initial increase or subsequent decrease. Conclusions: Since the initial increase might reflect insulin secretion and the subsequent decrease might reflect insulin sensitivity in Japanese women with late GDM, GV could alter several insulin parameters. Further studies are required to investigate the usefulness of GV in the management of GDM.
Association of Dietary Intake with Chronic Disease and Human Health
Authors: Tafuri Domenico , Latino Francesca
Published: January 2025

Eating habits are among the major determinants of health, and in most countries in the world part of the population suffers from one or more problems related to malnutrition, by default (due to an acute or chronic lack of micronutrients) or by excess (energy, sugars, and fats, and deficiencies in important micronutrients) [...]
Association Between Riboflavin Intake and Suicidal Ideation: A Nationwide Study in Korea
Authors: Tae Hyejin , Chae Jeong-Ho
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: In recent years, there has been an increased interest in reducing suicide rates through dietary modification; however, the relationship between riboflavin intake and suicide risk remains unclear. This study aims to examine the association between dietary riboflavin and suicidal ideation. Methods: A total of 17,320 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014–2020 were included. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the ninth item of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Riboflavin intake was evaluated through dietary assessments. Multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and interaction tests were conducted to explore the relationship between riboflavin intake and suicidal ideation. Results: There was a statistically significant association between riboflavin intake and suicidal ideation [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.77, 0.91), p < 0.001], after full adjustment for covariates. The linear trend test, using Q1 as the reference, showed ORs (95% CI) for Q2 and Q3 of 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) and 1.06 (0.80, 1.42), respectively. The RCS analysis revealed a non-linear pattern in the relationship between riboflavin intake and suicidal thoughts. This association was particularly significant among women and individuals younger than 60 years. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests indicated that the associations remained consistent across subgroups and were not influenced by factors other than anaerobic exercise. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a non-linear inverse relationship between riboflavin intake and suicidal ideation, with notable variations by sex and age. Modifying dietary riboflavin intake may be a crucial strategy for reducing suicide risk.
Oral Probiotics to Prevent Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections During Pregnancy—Multicenter Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Nachum Zohar , Suleiman Abeer , Colodner Raul , Battino Shlomo , Wattad Malak , Kuzmin Olga , Yefet Enav
Published: January 2025

Objective: During pregnancy, vulvovaginal infections (VVIs), including abnormal vaginal flora (AVF), bacterial vaginosis (BV), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), are associated with serious complications and discomfort. We aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of oral probiotics in secondary prevention of VVIs in pregnant women. Study design: A multicenter prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at three medical centers between 2016 and 2021. Women who complained of vaginal symptoms with positive smear for AVF/BV and/or candida were treated with antibiotics or an antimycotic agent, respectively. After confirmation of VVI eradiation by repeated vaginal smear, the women were divided into a research group, receiving two capsules/day of oral probiotic formula containing Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus and Streptococcus thermophilus (>6 × 109 CFU/capsule), and a control group, receiving a placebo (two capsules/day) until delivery. At least once a month or following complaints, a vaginal smear was taken to assess vaginal microbiota. If VVIs were found, they were treated with antibiotics/antimycotics, and eradication was assessed by a repeated vaginal smear. Lactobacilli vaginal colonization, including the specific strains from the probiotic capsules, were detected using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS). The primary outcome was the rate of women who developed VVI during the study period until delivery. Results: Twenty-three and twenty-four women were analyzed in the probiotic and placebo cohorts, respectively. There was no difference in the rate of any VVI between the probiotic and placebo cohorts (16 (67%) versus 11 (48%), respectively; p = 0.19), time until first infection or pregnancy outcomes. The lactobacilli strains that colonized the vagina were similar at baseline and following probiotic or placebo administration. No woman was detected with vaginal colonization of the strains from the capsule, although the probiotics were taken for about 4 months. Conclusions: The oral probiotic product tested in this study did not reduce the recurrence rate of VVIs in pregnant women following eradication.
Obesity Prevalence and Trend Among Mississippi High-School Students: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2001–2021
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Gordy Xiaoshan Z. , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2025

Obesity has become the most consequential threat to the health of Mississippians, as it is known to be associated with major chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, heart disease, and strokes. Obesity prevalence among Mississippi adolescents has been among the highest in the nation. In this study, data from Mississippi Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2001–2021 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). YRBSS is a survey using a self-administered questionnaire to track the risk behaviors of students in grades 9 to 12. The survey packages in R were utilized for summary statistics to account for the YRBSS complex sampling design that includes stratification, clustering, and unequal probabilities of selection. Logistic regression models and Joinpoint software 5.3.0 were used for trend analysis. Obesity prevalence in Mississippi high-school students demonstrated a significant increasing trend from 2001 to 2021, as a whole or stratified by gender or race. Furthermore, Mississippi obesity prevalence among high-school students has been increasing at a greater pace compared to that of the United States. The increasing trend in obesity prevalence among Mississippi high-school students warrants urgent attention at the government, community, school, family, and personal levels. Concerted efforts must be made to fight and eventually reverse this epidemic.
Optimization of Enterovirus-like Particle Production and Purification Using Design of Experiments
Authors: Kuijpers Louis , van den Braak Wouter J. P. , Freydoonian Abbas , Dekker Nynke H. , van der Pol Leo A.
Published: January 2025

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) represents an emerging health concern whose main causative agents are Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and enterovirus A71 (EV71). The lack of a CVA6 vaccine and the rise of new HFMD-causing strains due to the containment of established HFMD-causing viruses necessitates the search for alternative vaccine technologies, including virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates. While studies have demonstrated that production of enterovirus-like particles in various organisms can be achieved by expression of the viral P1 structural proteins and the 3CD protease, optimization based on the interplay between the three most commonly altered infection parameters (multiplicity of infection (MOI), viable cell density at the time of infection (VCD), and the infection period) is often not investigated. To address this challenge, we have performed Design of Experiments (DoE) to optimize the production of CVA6 and EV71 VLPs. Our results indicate that CVA6 VLP production peaks at high MOI, high VCD, and long infection periods. Our subsequent downstream purification processes yielded 38 mg and 158 mg of purified CVA6 and EV71 VLPs from 1 L crude harvest, respectively. This translates into thousands of potential vaccine doses and highlights the economic potential of enterovirus-like particles for vaccine purposes.
Symmetric Instruction Machines and Symmetric Turing Machines
Authors: Burgin Mark , Schroeder Marcin J.
Published: January 2025

Symmetric instruction machines (SIAs) and symmetric Turing machines (STMs) are models of computation involving concepts derived from those of classical Turing machines such as tape (memory) and head (processor), but with different functional and structural characteristics. The former model (SIAs) introduced in this paper and preferred by Mark Burgin is a result of a reformulation of the latter model (STMs) published in several articles by the second author in the past. The properties of both models are analyzed and compared. The word “symmetric” in both cases represents the feature of the design which is distinct from classical Turing machines where only cells on the tape change under the action of the head. In both models, symmetric computing involves changes of the tape and parallel (“symmetric”) changes of instructions listed in the head. The key difference between SIAs and STMs is in the dynamic of the changes, which in the former model has the form of compound one-way actions and in the latter model, it has the form of uniform mutual interactions, which only in specific realizations can be separated into a pair of actions. Because of the untimely passing of Mark Burgin, the discussion of the two models and cooperation on the paper has never been finished. For this reason, the arguments of both authors are reported even though, in some cases, they are mutually inconsistent or even contradictory.
Red-Leafed Lettuces: Genetic Variation or Epigenetic Photomorphogenesis?
Authors: Smirnova Natalya V. , Timofeenko Ivan A. , Krutovsky Konstantin V.
Published: January 2025

Red-leaf lettuces, rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins and flavonoids, offer health benefits by reducing oxidative stress and boosting immunity. This article provides an extensive review of the genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and technological factors influencing anthocyanin biosynthesis and leaf coloration in red-leaf lettuce, emphasizing its significance in agriculture and nutrition. The genetics of anthocyanin biosynthesis, environmental influences, practical applications, agronomic insights, and future directions are the main areas covered. Anthocyanin accumulation is regulated by structural, regulatory, and transporter genes, as well as the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex. Mutations in these genes impact coloration and stress responses. Advances in genomic studies, such as GWAS and QTL mapping, have identified key genes and pathways involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, aiding breeding programs for desirable traits. In addition, light intensity, stress conditions (e.g., drought, temperature), and phytohormones affect anthocyanin levels and photomorphogenesis in general. Controlled environments, like vertical farms, optimize these conditions to enhance pigmentation and phytochemical content. LED lighting and tailored cultivation techniques improve color intensity, antioxidant capacity, and yield in controlled settings. Sustainable production technologies for red-leaf lettuce in vertical farms are being developed to meet consumer demand and promote functional foods, integrating genetic, epigenetic, and environmental research into agronomy. This review highlights red-leaf lettuce’s aesthetic, nutritional, and functional value, advocating for innovative cultivation methods to enhance its market and health potential.
Real-Time Accurate Apple Detection Based on Improved YOLOv8n in Complex Natural Environments
Authors: Wang Mingjie , Li Fuzhong
Published: January 2025

Efficient and accurate apple detection is crucial for the operation of apple-picking robots. To improve detection accuracy and speed, we propose a lightweight apple-detection model based on the YOLOv8n framework. The proposed model introduces a novel Self-Calibrated Coordinate (SCC) attention module, which enhances feature extraction, especially for partially occluded apples, by effectively capturing spatial and channel information. Additionally, we replace the C2f module within the YOLOv8n neck with a Partial Convolution Module improved with Reparameterization (PCMR), which accelerates detection, reduces redundant computations, and minimizes both parameter count and memory access during inference. To further optimize the model, we fuse multi-scale features from the second and third pyramid levels of the backbone architecture, achieving a lightweight design suitable for real-time detection. To address missed detections and misclassifications, Polynomial Loss (PolyLoss) is integrated, enhancing class discrimination for different apple subcategories. Compared to the original YOLOv8n, the improved model increases the mAP by 2.90% to 88.90% and improves the detection speed to 220 FPS, which is 30.55% faster. Additionally, it reduces the parameter count by 89.36% and the FLOPs by 2.47%. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms mainstream object-detection algorithms, including Faster R-CNN, RetinaNet, SSD, RT-DETR-R18, RT-DETR-R34, YOLOv5n, YOLOv6-N, YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOv8n, YOLOv9-T and YOLOv11n, in both mAP and detection speed. Notably, the improved model has been used to develop an Android application deployed on the iQOO Neo6 SE smartphone, achieving a 40 FPS detection speed, a 26.93% improvement over the corresponding deployment of YOLOv8n, enabling real-time apple detection. This study provides a valuable reference for designing efficient and lightweight detection models for resource-constrained apple-picking robots.
Distribution of Population Sizes in Metapopulations of Threatened Organisms—Implications for Conservation of Orchids
Authors: Štípková Zuzana , Kindlmann Pavel
Published: January 2025

Species are disappearing worldwide, and it is likely that the rate of their disappearance will increase. The most important factors responsible for this are assumed to be changes in climate and land use. To determine the probability of extinction of a given species, it must be viewed as a metapopulation composed of many populations. In plants, seeds are spread by wind or water (passive dispersers), unlike active dispersers, which can actively look for a suitable site of their species. Thus, while active dispersers can locate a suitable site, passive dispersers often fail to arrive at a suitable site. The following question arises: is it better for the survival of a metapopulation of passive dispersers to concentrate on conserving a few large populations, each of which will produce many propagules, or on many small populations, each of which will produce only few propagules? Here, we address the question of which of these strategies will maximize the likelihood of the survival of such a metapopulation, using orchids as a model. We concluded that small populations should be preferentially preserved. Small populations are more numerous and more likely to occur more widely in the region studied and therefore a larger proportion of the seeds they produce is more likely to land in suitable habitats than that produced by the fewer large populations. For conservation, there is a possibility to extend the results to other taxa. However, this must be carried out with caution and must consider the taxon in question.
Optimizing Sowing Time and Density Can Synergistically Improve the Productivity and Quality of Strong-Gluten Wheat in Different Ecological Regions of Shandong Province
Authors: Chen Guangzhou , Yu Weibao , Zheng Yushen , Zhang Le , Si Jisheng , Zhao Kainan , Li Ruochen , Zhao Deqiang , Qu Lei , Zhang Bin , Li Shengdong , Kong Lingan , Yang Zaidong , Li Huawei
Published: January 2025

Timely sowing is a crucial cultivation practice for enhancing crop productivity. In Shandong Province, inadequate supporting cultivation techniques are the primary factors limiting the yield and quality improvement of high-quality strong-gluten wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A promising strategy for achieving synergistic improvements in both yield and quality involves matching the sowing date and density to the specific ecological conditions of each region. To explore this approach, we conducted continuous field experiments at three testing stations—Jining, Dezhou, and Yantai—across the major wheat-growing regions of Shandong Province from 2019 to 2021. Four sowing dates (T1: October 5; T2: October 15; T3: October 25; and T4: November 5) and seven planting densities (ranging from 135 × 104 plants ha−1 to 405 × 104 plants ha−1, denoted as D1–D7) were tested at each location. The results revealed that the wheat yield in each ecological zone initially increased, then decreased as the sowing dates were delayed. In Jining and Dezhou, high grain yields were typically observed at all densities under T3, while Yantai showed optimal yields under T2. Specifically, Jining achieved the highest grain yield of 9326.6 kg ha−1 with 315 × 104 plants ha−1 on October 25 (T3D5), while Dezhou and Yantai reached their maximum yields under 225 × 104 plants ha−1 on October 15 (T2D3), with yields of 8784.0 kg ha−1 and 9366.3 kg ha−1, respectively. Except in Dezhou, the wheat quality compliance rate at all sites followed an increasing trend initially, which then declined with later sowing dates. In Jining and Yantai, high-quality compliance rates were most frequently achieved under T2, while Dezhou showed optimal quality rates under T1. In conclusion, selecting appropriate sowing dates and densities can lead to synergistic improvements in both grain yield and quality of strong-gluten wheat across Shandong’s wheat-growing regions.
The Small Key to the Treasure Chest: Endogenous Plant Peptides Involved in Symbiotic Interactions
Authors: Mamaeva Anna , Makeeva Arina , Ganaeva Daria
Published: January 2025

Plant growth and development are inextricably connected with rhizosphere organisms. Plants have to balance between strong defenses against pathogens while modulating their immune responses to recruit beneficial organisms such as bacteria and fungi. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that regulatory peptides are essential in establishing these symbiotic relationships, orchestrating processes that include nutrient acquisition, root architecture modification, and immune modulation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the peptide families that facilitate beneficial relationships between plants and rhizosphere organisms.
Chemical Recycling of Bio-Based Epoxy Matrices Based on Precursors Derived from Waste Flour: Recycled Polymers Characterization
Authors: Saitta Lorena , Dattilo Sandro , Rizzo Giuliana , Tosto Claudio , Blanco Ignazio , Ferrari Francesca , Carallo Gloria Anna , Cafaro Fabrizio , Greco Antonio , Cicala Gianluca
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the chemical recycling of two different fully recyclable bio-based epoxy matrices based on epoxidized precursors derived from waste flour. The key for their recyclability relies on the use of a cleavable hardener. In fact, the latter contains a ketal group in its chemical structure, which is cleavable in mild acetic conditions, so allowing for the breakage of the cured network. The recyclability was successfully assessed for both the two investigated formulations, with a recycling process yield ranging from 80 up to 85%. The recycled polymers presented a Tg up to 69.0 ± 0.4 °C, determined by mean of DMA and DSC analysis. Next, the TGA revealed that the thermal decomposition of the specimens primarily occurred around 320 °C and attributed to the breaking of C–O and C–N bonds in cross-linked networks. In the end, the chemical characterizations were carried out by mean of Py-GC/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS and FT-IR ATR. In fact, these analyses allowed for investigating how the recycled polymer’s structure changed, starting from the initial epoxy systems. These insights on their chemical structure could further allow for identifying re-use strategies in accordance with a circular economy approach.
Using Artificial Neural Networks to Predict the Bending Behavior of Composite Sandwich Structures
Authors: Sahib Mortda Mohammed , Kovács György
Published: January 2025

The refinement of effective data generation methods has led to a growing interest in using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to solve modeling problems related to mechanical structures. This study investigates the modeling of composite sandwich structures, i.e., structures made up of two laminated composite face sheets sandwiching a lightweight honeycomb core. An ANN was utilized to predict structural deflection and face sheet stress with low computational cost. Initially, a three-point load mode was used to determine the flexural behavior of the composite sandwich structure before subsequently analyzing the sandwich structure using the Monte Carlo sampling tool. Various combinations of face sheet materials, face sheet layer numbers, core types, core thicknesses and load magnitudes were considered as design variables in data generation. The generated data were used to train a neural network. Subsequently, the predictions of the trained ANN were compared with the outcomes of a finite element model (FEM), and the comparison was extended to real structures by conducting experimental tests. A woven carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (WCFRP) with a Nomex honeycomb core was tested to validate the ANN predictions. The predictions from the elaborated ANN model closely matched the FEM and experimental results. Therefore, this method offers a low-computational-cost technique for designing and optimizing sandwich structures in various engineering applications.
Innovative Fluorinated Polyimides with Superior Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties for Advanced Soft Electronics
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Liu Yidong , Min Yonggang
Published: January 2025

This study addresses the limitations of traditional polyimides (PIs) in high-frequency and high-temperature soft electronic applications, and then introducing trifluoromethylbenzene (TFMB) into the molecular structure and employing various diamines as connecting components to solve the bottleneck. The innovative molecular design enhances thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties, overcoming challenges in balancing these performances. The optimized fluorinated PI (TPPI50) exhibits exceptional properties, including a glass transition temperature of 402 °C, thermal decomposition temperature of 563 °C, tensile strength of 232.73 MPa, elongation at break of 26.26%, and dielectric constant of 2.312 at 1 MHz with a dielectric loss as low as 0.00676. These improvements are attributed to the unique synergy between TFMB’s fluorinated groups, which reduce molecular polarization, and the biphenyl structure, which reinforces chain stability. Compared to conventional PIs, TPPI50 demonstrates superior comprehensive performance, making it highly suitable for soft circuits, high-frequency signal transmission, and advanced applications such as wearable devices and biosensors. This study provides a robust framework for industrial applications, offering a path to next-generation soft electronics with enhanced reliability and performance.
Research on the Performance and Application of High-Performance PE Composite Modified Asphalt
Authors: Xia Lei , Su Qidong , Yang Xiaolong , Lin Shixi , Wang Haoran , Hou Rongguo , Cao Dongwei
Published: January 2025

The large-scale production of waste plastics has brought serious environmental pollution problems and its recycling and high value-added utilization technology remains a global challenge. Therefore, this study uses waste polyethylene (PE) to prepare high-performance polyethylene composite modified asphalt (HPEA), solving the problem of poor stability and low temperature performance of traditional plastic modified asphalt, while achieving high value-added utilization of waste plastics. A high-performance polyethylene composite modifier (HPE) was prepared through mechanochemical and thermochemical interactions. Then HPEA with different HPE content and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt (SBSMA) with different SBS content were prepared. Compare and analyze the conventional performance, storage stability, anti-aging performance and microscopic properties of HPEA and SBSMA. The results are as follows: (1) the conventional performance of HPEA is comparable to, or superior to, that of SBSMA. The addition of HPE resulted in a significant decrease in asphalt penetration. The modification effect achieved by adding 3–5% SBS to Kunlun 70# asphalt is equivalent to that achieved by incorporating 4–6% HPE. (2) HEPA exhibits good storage stability and no obvious segregation phenomenon. When the HPE content changes from 4% to 8%, the maximum difference in 48 h softening point of HPEA is 1.1 °C, which is significantly smaller than the 48 h softening point difference of SBSMA when the SBS content changes from 3% to 5%. (3) When HPE attains a specific concentration, HPEA can exhibit an anti-aging performance that is comparable to, or superior to, that of SBSMA. (4) The infrared spectrum of HPEA closely resembles that of SK70# matrix asphalt. The modification of HPEA primarily involves physical blending, with HPE undergoing development and re-crosslinking within the system, leading to interactions between smaller particles and asphalt, resulting in the formation of a relatively stable three-dimensional spatial structure.