bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Stalin's Nations Sang: Writing the Soviet Ukrainian Anthem (1944–1949)
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: January 2004

In February 1944, as the victorious Red Army was preparing to clear the Nazi German forces from the rest of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, a surprise official announcement stunned the population. The radio and the newspapers announced amendments to the Soviet constitution, which would enable the union republics to establish their own armies and maintain diplomatic relations with foreign states. While the Kremlin did not elaborate on the reasons for such a reform,Radianska Ukraina,the republic's official newspaper, proceeded to hail the announcement as “a new step in Ukrainian state building.” Waxing lyrical, the paper wrote that “every son and every daughter of Ukraine” swelled with national pride upon learning of the new rights that had been granted to their republic. In reality, the public was confused. In Ukraine's capital, Kiev, the secret police recorded details of rumors to the effect that the USA and Great Britain had forced this reform on Stalin and that Russians living in Ukraine would be forced to assimilate or to leave the republic. Even some party-appointed propagandists erred in explaining that the change was necessitated by the fact that Ukraine's “borders have widened and [it] will become an independent state.”
“Gypsiness,” Racial Discourse and Persecution: Balkan Roma during the Second World War
Authors: Trubeta Sevasti
Published: January 2004

The debate about the Roma's fate throughout the Second World War has taken on a controversial character in recent years. The focal point of this controversy is whether the Roma's persecution was racially motivated or not. Reflecting upon the Roma's treatment throughout the war period, various scholars regard social-political factors such as the wandering way of life and especially the ascription of criminality as the main reasons for discrimination against and persecution of Roma. Ultimately, the authority most responsible for the crimes against Roma in the “Old Reich” was the Criminal Office. An extreme stance is the thesis of G. Lewy, who denies not only the planned character of the persecution but also its racial/racist intention. Lewy also refutes the comparability of the Roma's fate with that of the Jews.
Attitudes towards Roma Minority Rights in Hungary: A Case of Ethnic Doxa, and the Contested Legitimization of Roma Inferiority
Authors: Koulish Robert E.
Published: January 2004

In 1994, after the enactment of Hungary's Minority Rights legislation (herein the Act), representatives from India rather than Roma themselves were invited to represent the Roma at the signing ceremony, against the request of Roma leaders. During an interview in August 2000, former member of Parliament and Roma leader Aladar Horvath describes the events this way:

[t]hey invited all the representatives of the nationalities, and the representative of the Hungarian Gypsies was someone from India … Antall Jozsef made a speech in which he said he wouldn't prevent that Hungarian Gypsies consider India as a mothercountry, and India considers the Hungarian Gypsies as children. In the Indian Embassy, they didn't say a word, and I said, as a member of Parliament: we very much appreciate this gesture that the politicians made, but thank you very much but that's not really what we want. We have very thin roots in Iridia, but they are much stronger here in Europe and Hungary.
National Identities and Virtual Foreign Policies among the Eastern Slavs
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: January 2004

The three eastern Slavic states—Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—have virtual foreign policies towards each other that are a product of weakly defined national identities inherited from the former USSR. In addition, this virtuality has been compounded by the presence of centrist, former high-rankingnomenklaturaelites who have led all three countries at different times since 1992. Former “sovereign communist” centrist oligarchs are ideologically amorphous, in both the domestic and foreign policy arenas.
The Limits of the German Minority Project in Post-communist Poland: Scale, Space and Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Fleming Michael
Published: January 2004

This paper explores the development of the German minority community in Postcommunist Poland, focusing specifically upon the Opole Silesia voivodship. I argue that the minority's successful engagement within democratic fora at all spatial scales allowed the minority to voice its concerns and secure funds to develop its community infrastructure. However, as the 1990s progressed, the minority's ability to manipulate a politics of scale declined as the policy objectives of key allies were achieved or reformulated. Furthermore, the changing contours of the minority–majority relationship within Poland have exposed significant cleavages within the minority, bringing into question the continued relevance of the German minority political party for the constituency it claims to represent.
Russian Economic Nationalism during the First World War: Moscow Merchants and Commercial Diasporas
Authors: Lohr Eric
Published: January 2004

While accounts of the end of the Ottoman and Hapsburg empires have often stressed the rise of Turkish and German nationalisms, narratives of the Romanov collapse have generally not portrayed Russian nationalism as a key factor. In fact, scholars have either stressed the weaknesses of Russian national identity in the populace or the generally pragmatic approach of the government, which, as Hans Rogger classically phrased it, “opposed all autonomous expressions of nationalism, including the Russian.” In essence, many have argued, the regime was too conservative to embrace Russian nationalism, and it most often “subordinated all forms of the concept of nationalism to the categories of dynasty and empire.”
National Sentiments in Eastern and Western Europe*
Authors: Hjerm Mikael
Published: January 2004

In a world of presumed nation-states nation has been, and still is, an intrinsic part of political legitimization. The claim of nationality has played an important role in such legitimization for the last two centuries. More than this, it has also constituted a fundamental collective entity for an individual's understanding of who they are in relation to those who are perceived as not sharing the nationality. This is nothing new, but in an era of globalization we are witnessing the rebirth of nationalism and nationality (Castells, 1997), where the power struggle over the political agenda will increasingly be about the struggle for the right to identity and the risks of exclusion from the national community. Even if this is the case it stands clear that everyday nationalism and nationalist struggles take different forms in different parts of the world.
Perception vs. Reality: Slovak Views of the Hungarian Minority in Slovakia
Authors: Paul Ellen L.
Published: January 2004

After Slovakia and the Czech lands separated in 1993, concerns arose regarding Slovakia's ethnic Hungarian, or Magyar, minority. There were concerns about the Slovak government's attitude toward its considerable Magyar population as well as worries about the Hungarian government's stance regarding Magyars in Slovakia and the Slovak-Hungarian border. Frequently over the past decade, the topic of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia has been manipulated by politicians. In both Slovakia and Hungary, Slovak and Hungarian politicians alike have tried to expose “injustices” or “excesses” for political gain. Indeed, the maneuvering of national politicians might lead one to perceive that the reality of contemporary Slovak-Magyar relations was tenuous and acrimonious. But politics aside, what does the average Slovak think of the Magyar minority and Magyar-Slovak relations generally? To what extent do the political debates encompass their actual concerns and deeply held views?
The Labour Market Potential for Scientists, Engineers and Managers in Milton Keynes, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire
Authors: Smith Helen Lawton
Published: January 2004

This paper examines the issue of the potential employability of the highly-skilled post-retirement from employment in large firms and research institutions in small high-tech firms. The thesis of the study reported here, funded by the Milton Keynes, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire (MKOB) Learning and Skills Council (L & SC), is that reemployment might help address problems of skill shortages in the MKOB region, particularly in its increasing number of hightech firms. Early retirement removes valuable skills from the labour market. The paper has a more general interest because it highlights the considerable challenges to policy makers faced with a diversity of employment profiles within regions.
Growing Old in England: Economic and Social Issues
Authors: Hardill Irene
Published: January 2004

This paper examines the economic and social impact of changes in the duration of working life for the 80 per cent of older adults living in urban England. While some people are experiencing extended retirement because of moving out of paid work in their 50s, a growing minority of those beyond the state retirement age continue in paid employment. This paper highlights the considerable challenges for urban policy makers in addressing the economic and social inclusion of all older adults.
Labour Market Trends, Skill Needs and the Ageing of the Workforce: A Challenge for Employability?
Authors: Green Anne E.
Published: January 2004

This paper addresses the key policy question of whether labour market trends, skill needs and the ageing of the workforce together pose a challenge for employability. Based on a simple descriptive review of selected key data sources, it outlines key labour market trends in the UK, with particular emphasis on the changing industrial and occupational profile of employment, before highlighting the implications of these changes for skill needs. In particular, the growing importance of computing skills, customer care skills and team-working skills is emphasised. Against this background, the role of demography, alongside changes in participation, in influencing workforce size is outlined. It is stressed that ageing is an issue for all age groups - not merely for older workers. However, it is pointed out that retirements are a key factor in changing labour demand, serving to create new job openings in declining sectors. It is concluded that changing labour market trends and the intensification of skills pose challenges for all workers, and especially older workers, in terms of upgrading their skills throughout their working lives.
Combined Expectancy Effects are Modulated by the Relation between Expectancy Cues
Authors: Mattler Uwe
Published: January 2004

Studies of combined expectancies have shown that spatial cueing effects are reduced on trials on which participants have to respond with an unexpected motor response. In the first two experiments the range of reduced expectancy effects is examined. Advance knowledge of the likely response was combined in a trial-by-trial procedure with modality cueing, object cueing, and task cueing. Effects of modality cueing were reduced on trials on which the target requested an unexpected response. However, effects of object cueing as well as effects of task cueing were unaffected by response cueing. Comparing experiments revealed that different types of cues were used in different experiments. To test the effect of type of cue on the interaction of expectancies the third experiment combined spatial cueing with response cueing. When integrated cues were used that cued the likely target location by an arrow and the likely response by an arrow too, spatial cueing effects were reduced on trials with unexpected responses. However, spatial cueing effects remained unaffected by response cueing when separated cues were used consisting in a word cueing the response and an arrow cueing target location. An account for the modulation of combined expectancies by the relation between cues is suggested in terms of the adjusted expectancy model.
ERP Correlates of a Receptive Language-Switching Task
Authors: Jackson G. M. , Swainson R. , Mullin A. , Cunnington R. , Jackson S. R.
Published: January 2004

Previous research has shown large response time costs (in excess of 50 ms) when bilingual speakers switch predictably back and forth between naming items (a productive switching task) in their first (L1) and second languages (L2). A recent study using event-related potentials (ERPs) has shown that switching between languages is associated with activity over frontal (N2) and parietal (late positive complex) areas of cortex (Jackson, Swainson, Cunnington, & Jackson, 2001). Switching between naming in different languages requires a switch in both language representations and language-specific motor responses. The current study investigated a receptive (input) language-switching task with a common manual response. Number words were presented in L1 and L2, and participants were required to judge whether the words were odd or even (a parity judgement). Response costs were considerably reduced, and the frontal and parietal switch related activity reported in the productive switching task was absent. Receptive switching was associated with early switch-related activity over central sensors that were not language specific. These results are discussed in relation to the idea that there is no language-specific lexical selection mechanism. Instead the costs of receptive language switching may arise from outside the bilingual lexicon.
Evidence for Disproportionate Dual-Task Costs in Older Adults for Episodic but not Semantic Memory
Authors: Riby Leigh M. , Perfect Timothy J. , Stollery Brian T.
Published: January 2004

Previous research demonstrates that older adults are poor at dual tasking, but there is less agreement on whether their decrement is worse than that predicted from single-task performance. This study investigated whether task domain moderates dual-task costs in old age. In two experiments, young and older adults retrieved either previously learned associates (episodic retrieval) or overlearned category members (semantic retrieval) under single or working-memory load conditions, using cued recall (Experiment 1) and recognition (Experiment 2) procedures. In both experiments the proportional costs of dual tasking were age invariant for semantic retrieval but were particularly marked for episodic retrieval, although the size of the age effect was reduced in recognition compared to cued recall. The data suggest that age effects in dual tasking may be domain specific.
The Role of Sight of the Hand in the Development of Prehension in Childhood
Authors: Smyth Mary M. , Peacock Kirsty A. , Katamba Janet
Published: January 2004

In two studies, children between 5 and 10 years of age were asked to reach to grasp an object without sight of the hand during the movement. The oldest children and adults were faster when they could see the hand and increased maximum grip aperture when they could not see the hand. The 10-year-olds were less able to integrate grasp and lift than adults when they could see their hands. Children aged 5 and 6 showed no increase in movement time when they could not see the hand and did not adapt maximum grip aperture to lack of sight. These effects remained when children were encouraged to reach for and lift the target as quickly as possible. The results indicate that younger children did not give preference to vision in the control of prehension, while older children used visual feedback to improve efficiency. Dependence on sight of the hand for the control of prehension does not simply decrease with age, but it may be integrated into an anticipatory control strategy where it contributes to the efficiency of control.
Stimulus-Driven Attentional Capture: An Empirical Comparison of Display-Size and Distance Methods
Authors: Turatto Massimo , Galfano Giovanni , Gardini Simona , Mascetti Gian Gastone
Published: January 2004

Four experiments examined attentional capture by colour as assessed by two different investigative methods. Subjects performed a visual search task for a vertical-target line embedded among tilted-distractor lines, presented inside 4, 8, or 12 coloured discs. Interestingly, when the colour singleton was task irrelevant, and data were analysed by means of the display-size method combined with the zero-slope criterion, no evidence for attentional capture by colour was found. However, when data were analysed by means of the distance method, which consists of monitoring the spatial relationship between the target and the singleton, results showed that the target was found faster and/or more accurately when it was inside the singleton than when it was in a nonsingleton location. This provided evidence for a stimulus-driven attentional capture. In addition, the application of signal detection methodology showed that attentional capture, as revealed by the distance method, resulted from a perceptual modulation at the singleton location, rather than from a criterion shift. We conclude that, at least with the kind of stimuli used here, the display-size method combined with the zero-slope criterion is less than ideal for investigating how static discontinuities can affect the automatic deployment of visual attention.
Beyond the Two-Strategy Model of Skilled Spelling: Effects of Consistency, Grain Size, and Orthographic Redundancy
Authors: Perry Conrad , Ziegler Johannes C.
Published: January 2004

Most models of spelling assume that people rely on two procedures when engaging in spelling: a lexical look-up procedure that retrieves spellings in their entirety, and a nonlexical procedure that constructs spellings with a set of phoneme-grapheme rules. In the present research, we investigated whether larger sized subsyllabic relationships also play a role in spelling, and how they compare to small-sized phoneme-grapheme relationships. In addition, we investigated whether purely orthographic units can explain some of the variance typically attributed to the mapping between sound and spelling. To do this, we ran five spelling experiments, two using real words and three using nonwords. Results from the experiments showed that there were independent contributions of both phoneme-grapheme and larger sized subsyllabic sound–spelling relationships, although the effect of phoneme-grapheme-sized relationships was always stronger and more reliable than larger sized subsyllabic sound–spelling relationships. Purely orthographic effects were also shown to affect word spelling, but no significant effects were found with nonword spelling. Together, the results support the hypothesis that a major constraint on spelling comes from phoneme-grapheme-sized relationships.
The Attentional Blink is Susceptible to Concurrent Perceptual Processing Demands
Authors: Christmann Christoph , Leuthold Hartmut
Published: January 2004

In a rapid serial visual presentation stream processing of a first target (T1) impairs detection or identification of a second target (T2) that appears within 500 ms after T1. This effect characterizes the so-called attentional blink (AB). To evaluate contemporary information-processing accounts of the AB phenomenon in terms of the underlying processing mechanisms the present study examined the potential influence of Task 1 difficulty on the AB effect. To this end, T1 contrast and T1 response requirements were systematically varied across four experiments. Experiment 1 ruled out a mere sensory basis of the contrast manipulation on T2 performance. When only T2 had to be reported (Experiment 2) an AB effect occurred that was slightly modulated by T1 contrast. When report of both T1 and T2 was required in a standard AB task (Experiment 3), the magnitude of the AB depended to a larger extent on stimulus contrast, and it increased further when speeded T1 choice responses were additionally required (Experiment 4). On the basis of the present impact of Task 1 difficulty on the AB effect we conclude that processing limitations cause the AB phenomenon. We discuss such limitations in terms of perceptual (T1 consolidation) and central (response selection) bottleneck processes.
The Role of Category Structure in Determining the Effects of Stimulus Preexposure on Categorization Accuracy
Authors: Wills A. J. , Suret Mark , McLaren I. P. L.
Published: January 2004

What are the effects of preexposure of stimuli on participants’ subsequent ability to categorize them accurately? An experiment employing artificial, abstract, visual stimuli confirms that, for adult humans, the effect of preexposure is dependent upon category structure. Whether preexposure has beneficial or detrimental effects is shown to be dependent on the way category examples are generated from the category base patterns. The results are predicted by salience reduction accounts of perceptual learning but may be problematic for stimulus differentiation accounts.
Double standards: Memory loading in temporal reference memory
Authors: Jones Luke A. , Wearden J. H.
Published: January 2004

Three experiments compared human performance on temporal generalization tasks with either one or two different, and distinct, standard durations encoded. In the first two experiments participants received presentations of two different standards at the beginning of each trial block and were instructed to encode either one or both of them. When instructed to encode one standard they then had to judge whether each of a number of comparison stimuli was or was not that standard. When instructed to encode both they were then tested using just one of the standards but the participants were unaware, at the time of encoding, which standard would later be used as a reference. No marked effect of the number of temporal standards encoded was found. In Experiment 3 participants received either one or two temporal standards and had to use both when two were presented. This manipulation produced flatter generalization gradients when two standards were encoded than when just one was, and modelling attributed this difference mainly to an increase in reference memory variability in the double-standard case. This suggests that the variability of representation of durations in temporal reference memory can be systematically increased by increasing temporal reference memory load.
The Degradation of Epoxy Resin‐Coated ZnO Varistors at Elevated Temperatures and Ambient Humidity Conditions
Authors: Li Jianying , Li Shengtao , Alim M. A. , Chen G.
Published: January 2004

The degradation of the epoxy resin‐coated commercial ZnO varistors at elevated temperatures and ambient humid conditions has been investigated experimentally. It has been observed that the leakage current of the ZnO varistors increases under the voltage stress at elevated temperatures with ambient humidity content. The change in the leakage current corresponding to a fixed electric field with respect to the initial current is taken as the
dimensionless degradation index. This index is monitored at various experimental conditions in conjunction with the curing condition of the epoxy resin powder. The results are carefully evaluated, and it has been found that the diffusion process of the moisture into the ZnO varistors plays a key role in the degradation process provided that these varistors had excellent property to begin with. The ionisation of the moisture at the interface between the ZnO block and the epoxy resin coating leads to the increase of the leakage current. Furthermore,
the role of the ambient pressure corresponding to the elevated temperatures is considered as the variable to the degradation process. These data are also monitored and analysed as a function of time.
Ultra‐Low Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance (Tcc) of theSrSnO3‐Based Electrical Components
Authors: Azad Abdul-Majeed , Pang Toh Yen , Alim Mohammad A.
Published: January 2004

The perovskite‐structured SrSnO3
possessing steady capacitance over the temperature range between 27°C and
300°C in a frequency domain spanning nearly four decades has been evaluated. The samples investigated in this study were synthesized by using solid‐state reaction (SSR) and self‐heat‐sustained (SHS) techniques. These samples were sintered at a temperature (T ) ranging between 1200°C and 1600°C with a soak‐time (t) ranging between 2 h and 60 h. The ac immittance (impedance or admittance) measurements were conducted on these
sintered bodies in the frequency range 5Hz to 13 MHz. These ac electrical data were found to exhibit relaxation in more than one complex plane formalisms in a simultaneous manner. The magnitude of the terminal capacitance was found to be in a narrow window of 3 pF to 6 pF possessing very weak temperature dependence. Further analysis also revealed that this material system possessed low dielectric constant and ultra‐low temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) or dielectric constant (TCK). The electrical behavior of these sintered bodies has been systematically correlated with the evolved microstructures. Plausible equivalent circuit
elements were extracted using the lumped parameter/complex plane analysis (LP/CPA) and evaluated at various situations.
Comparison of the effectiveness of the Hanen Parent Programme and traditional clinic therapy
Authors: Baxendale Janet , Hesketh Anne
Published: January 2004

Background: Both direct (clinician to child) and indirect (clinician to carer) approaches are currently used in the management of children with language delay, but there is as yet little evidence about their relative effects or resource implications.

Aims: This research project compared the Hanen Parent Programme (HPP) in terms of its effectiveness and consequent suitability for an inner‐city UK population with clinic‐based, direct intervention.

Methods & Procedures: Thirty‐seven children aged 2;06–3;06 years with a diagnosis of language impairment and their parents took part in the research project. The children were allocated on a geographical basis to receive therapy either as part of an HPP or in a clinic. Nineteen children and their families took part in one of the five Hanen groups that ran successively over 16 months; 18 children and their families received clinic‐based intervention. The children's language was assessed using the PLS‐3 (UK version) and from an analysis of audio‐taped parent and child interaction at three assessment points, one pretherapy and two post‐therapy over 12 months. Two parent language measures were also analysed.

Outcomes & Results: Significant gains in language scores were shown by 71% of the children over 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences in child language scores between the two therapy groups at any assessment point. However, the HPP was twice as intensive (in terms of therapist time) as clinic therapy based on average group size, which has resource implications.

Conclusions: Results suggest that there are parent and child factors that need consideration when choosing an appropriate intervention programme for a child with language impairment. Parental expectations, existing interaction style and the level of child language may be important influencing factors.
Oral diadochokinetic rates for normal Thai children
Authors: Prathanee Benjamas , Thanaviratananich Sangaunsak , Pongjanyakul Amonrat
Published: January 2004

Background: The diadochokinetic (DDK) rate represents an index for assessing motor skills. It is commonly used in routine clinical evaluation of diseases of the central nervous system, disturbances of the peripheral sensory motor formations and immaturity of the speech mechanism. Oral DDK rates are a popular guideline for the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of patients with a neurological deficit of the speech mechanism. Baseline DDK rates have been published for English‐speaking children, but not for Thai‐speaking children. Thailand is situated in South East Asia, and the language belongs to the monosyllabic, tonal, Sino‐Tibetan group with extensive multisyllabic borrowings from the non‐tonal, Pali‐Sanskrit group.

Aims: To assess the oral DDK rates for normal Thai children aged between 6 and 13 attending primary schools in order to establish a baseline for assessing, diagnosing and treating patients.

Methods & Procedures: Subjects included 197 students who repeated, in rapid succession, specified sounds representing different levels of physiologic complexity, as indicated by differences in the developmental schedule, articulatory placement and syllabic content. Twenty syllable repetitions were required for monosyllabic utterances, 15 for bisyllablics and 10 for trisyllablics. Visi Pitch® Analysis was used to calculate the average time that subjects took to produce the sounds.

Outcomes & Results: The time taken for the lip functions , /a:‐u:/, /u:‐i/ and /i:‐a:/ averaged 4.55, 6.67, 7.53 and 7.27 seconds, respectively. The tongue functions and click averaged 4.58, 4.82, 4.85 and 5.87 seconds, respectively. Tongue movement side‐to‐side between the corners of the mouth averaged 8.73 seconds, while the lip–tongue functions and were 6.97, 7.52 and 6.85 seconds, respectively. Sex and age influenced oral DDK time. The findings differ from those reported for English‐speaking children.

Conclusions: A basis for assessment of children with neuromotor deficits or oral structure impairment is provided for both Thai and South East Asian children with similar physiological development and languages with similar sounds.
Prosody in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review
Authors: McCann Joanne , Peppé Sue
Published: January 2004

Background: Many individuals with autism spectrum disorders present with unusual or odd‐sounding prosody. Despite this widely noted observation, prosodic ability in autism spectrum disorders is often perceived as an under‐researched area.

Aims: This review seeks to establish whether there is a prosodic disorder in autism, what generalizations can be made about its various manifestations and whether these manifestations vary according to the diagnosis. A literature review was carried out to establish what areas of prosody in autism spectrum disorders have been researched to date, what the findings have been and to determine what areas are yet to be researched.

Main contribution: It is shown that prosody in autism spectrum disorders is an under‐researched area and that where research has been undertaken, findings often conflict. The findings of these conflicting studies are compared and recommendations are made for areas of future research.

Conclusions: Research in this area has covered mostly prosodic expression, although some more recent studies cover comprehension, processing and the relationship of receptive prosodic ability to theory of mind. Findings conflict and methodology varies greatly.
Providing an equitable service to bilingual children in the UK: a review
Authors: Stow Carol , Dodd Barbara
Published: January 2004

Background: The UK is a multicultural, multilingual society and the majority of paediatric speech and language therapists in England have at least one bilingual child on their caseload. There are many imperatives driving the profession to provide an equitable service for bilingual children. Evidence is beginning to emerge, however, that bilingual children with specific language impairment are not being identified and are, therefore, not accessing services. The situation facing clinicians in the UK is not unique: it is mirrored around the world.

Aims: This paper reviews the literature relating to speech and language services for bilingual children and begins by providing an overview of the forces driving the need to provide equity of service. All aspects of the therapeutic process are then examined, from referral to therapy, in order to identify features that are regarded as best practice. Whilst the focus is on delivery of services in the UK, research findings from around the world are considered.

Main contribution: Certain themes emerged during the review and their implications are discussed. In particular, the need for assessment tools, training and research is highlighted.

Conclusions: Features indicative of best practice are highlighted and tentative suggestions made that would enable services to address the challenges of serving bilingual paediatric caseloads.
Protection from harm: the experience of adults after therapy with prolonged‐speech
Authors: Cream Angela , Onslow Mark , Packman Ann , Llewellyn Gwynnyth
Published: January 2004

Background: It is well documented that adults can control stuttering if they use certain novel speech patterns referred to generically as prolonged‐speech (PS). These speech patterns were refined in the 1960s and developed into behavioural treatment programmes. The bulk of available PS treatment research has focused on speech parameters thought to reflect favourable treatment outcome. Considering this, and that post‐treatment relapse is known to be common, clinicians and researchers could be usefully informed by knowledge about the experiences of those who receive these treatments. Subsequently, they could use such information in attempts to control stuttering in their clients. Yet, at present, systematic research on this topic is scant.

Aims: The continued development of PS treatments could be usefully informed by research into the experiences of those who use PS to control stuttering. Hence, that is the topic of the present report.

Methods & Procedures: The method used was phenomenology. Participants were a purposive sample of 10 people who had received PS treatment. During a 2‐year period, a collaborative approach to the study of the topic was developed between the participants and interviewer. Interviews were from 1.5 to 2 hours, and a total of 34 interviews and discussions were undertaken with participants. Transcripts of these were used to generate text from which themes were identified using line‐by‐line, holistic and selective approaches.

Outcomes & Results: The main findings were that even after therapy with PS there is a continued risk of stuttering occurring, and although adults have the novel experience of controlling stuttering, they also continue to experience feeling different from those who do not stutter, which may be exacerbated after therapy. Given the negative consequences associated with stuttering and feeling different, the essence of the experience after therapy with PS is that adults use their own resources to integrate behavioural skills with existing experiences in order to protect themselves from the harm of stuttering as best they can. PS changes speech, but not the dynamic and often unpredictable communication situations of everyday life. Hence, the maximum benefits of PS are attained when clients use a strategic approach to control stuttered speech and daily communication.

Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the results of existing outcome research as well as with other current research from the present group. Their implications are discussed in relation to the structure of PS treatments as well as in relation to future PS outcome research. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in terms of informing prospective clients of the experiential consequences of PS, selecting clients who might benefit from PS and in terms of assisting clients to achieve optimal benefits from PS.
Do subjective indicators measure welfare?: Evidence from 33 European societies
Authors: Fahey Tony , Smyth Emer
Published: January 2004

Indicators of subjective well-being have gained only limited acceptance as tools for the social-scientific analysis of human welfare, mainly because they seem insensitive to variations in the socio-economic context. However, this apparent insensitivity has been established by research which has been limited in various ways. Using data on life satisfaction for 33 European societies which goes some way to transcending these limits, this paper identifies linkages between subjective well-being and socio-economic conditions which are both strong and suggestive of important insights about national and cross-national relativities in human welfare. Populations in the rich parts of Europe have high and relatively equal life satisfaction, while those in the poorer parts of Europe have low and unequal life satisfaction. Social inequalities within rich European societies seem to have little effect on life satisfaction but they have significant effects within poor European societies. Inequalities between European societies also have strong effects. These findings suggest that analysis of inequalities and relativities in welfare in purely national terms is insufficient. Greater weight needs to be given to cross-national relativities, since these are much more consistent with what otherwise seem to be puzzling variations in subjective well-being across and within countries.
Open markets and welfare values: Welfare values, inequality and social change in the silver age of the welfare state
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: January 2004

Market principles are becoming more prominent in citizen experience of public policy across Europe, as a result of economic globalization and the Maastricht commitment to ‘open markets’, and cost-constraint, privatization and labour market activation pursued in response to the various pressures confronting welfare states. These principles (inequality, competitiveness, allocation through ability to pay) contradict those traditionally associated with social policy (equity, solidarity, social justice). This paper examines the impact of current changes on welfare values in the various types of European welfare states (including accession states), using international attitude survey data. It shows that most citizens remain committed to mild egalitarianism. Citizen ideology will thus continue to buttress resilience to pressures for restructuring in the various welfare state regimes. The paper goes on to consider the impact of social change by examining the values of groups with particular interests who are likely to expand in significance as a result of labour market and population changes. This analysis shows that change does not lead in one direction. There is every likelihood that tensions between market and welfare values will be compounded by social change.
In search of turbulence: Labour market mobility and job stability in Germany
Authors: Erlinghagen Marcel , Knuth Matthias
Published: January 2004

In the course of the transition from an industrial to a service economy, fundamental changes in the functioning of the labour market are expected to occur. A number of authors assert that these changes will result in an increasing external-numerical flexibility of firms which is assumed to affect labour market processes in terms of a generally higher labour market mobility and a decreasing employment stability (‘high-velocity labour market’). This paper examines the hypothesis of a growing importance of numeric-external flexibility, applying simple descriptive statistical methods to the event-history data of the IAB Employment Subsample for the West German labour market covering the years 1976 to 1995. There is no evidence for an acceleration of labour market ‘churning’, but rather for a stagnation or even slight decline of labour market mobility since the 1970s. Furthermore, job stability has not decreased over time, as one might have expected, but rather increased. In spite of these general results it might be conceivable that service-sector jobs have become more unstable but that this effect is cancelled out by a considerable stabilization of jobs in manufacturing. It turns out, however, that there is no evidence for developments in the ‘old’ and ‘new’ labour markets to contrast in such a simple way. Services display divergent trends when broken down by sub-sectors; jobs in some of them have stabilized while there is no or an opposite change in others.
Political and economic logic of western european integration: A study of convergence comparing member and non-member states, 1980–98
Authors: Bornschier Volker , Herkenrath Mark , Ziltener Patrick
Published: January 2004

One of the few cross-national studies, which contrast members of the EU with a comparable set of other countries as benchmark, suggested that membership is beneficial for economic growth and may cause faster economic convergence of less wealthy EU member states. Employing a newly collected data set on inter-state transfers in the EU, we test whether this faster economic con­vergence is due to access to the Internal Market (proposition of the economic logic) or ra­ther a consequence of special forms of inter-state redistribution within the EU (proposition of the political logic). We find that if EU countries grew faster in the 1980s and 1990s (as com­pared to the benchmark and controlling for relevant growth factors), then this was due to transfers within the community. These benefited the poorer EU countries, which thus expe­rien­­ced faster economic convergence. This evidence suggests support for the argument of the poli­tical logic regarding Western European integration which we contrast with the economic logic. The empirical results are highly significant regarding the prospects of catching up for new EU members in Central and Eastern Europe. The decisions about the future EU transfer system will determine the chances for convergence for these countries.
The ‘public–private’ sphere in Soviet and post-Soviet society: Perception and dynamics of ‘public’ and ‘private’ in contemporary Russia
Authors: Oswald Ingrid , Voronkov Viktor
Published: January 2004

The post-Soviet Russian society produces of a great variety of political parties, newspapers, and TV channels but this is not synonymous with democratic pluralism and/or the formation of a critical public sphere. This public sphere suffers from obstructed communication between the state and its citizens as one result of Soviet political socialization. This is not only a reason for fuzzy interview communication in the frame of scientific research in contemporary Russia, it is an important aspect of impediment to the construction of civil society. In our article we will firstly outline Russian sociological discussion on the specific Soviet division of the public sphere in an ‘official’ and a ‘private’ part. Secondly, we will suggest how to compare it with ‘western’ theoretical approaches to the topic by strengthening any non-dichotomous models. Finally, we consider the actual condition of Russian public which is still marked by a general distrust of the state and its ‘organs’, and recently coloured by false public forums threatening freedom of the press and freedom of opinion.
Thalassolituus oleivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium that obligately utilizes hydrocarbons
Authors: Yakimov Michail M. , Giuliano Laura , Denaro Renata , Crisafi Ermanno , Chernikova Tatiana N. , Abraham Wolf-Rainer , Luensdorf Heinrich , Timmis Kenneth N. , Golyshin Peter N.
Published: January 2004

An aerobic, heterotrophic, Gram-negative, curved bacterial strain, designated MIL-1T, was isolated by extinction dilution from an n-tetradecane enrichment culture that was established from sea water/sediment samples collected in the harbour of Milazzo, Italy. In the primary enrichment, the isolate formed creamy-white, medium-sized colonies on the surface of the agar. The isolate did not grow in the absence of NaCl; growth was optimal at 2·7 % NaCl. Only a narrow spectrum of organic compounds, including aliphatic hydrocarbons (C7–C20), their oxidized derivatives and acetate, were used as growth substrates. The isolate was not able to grow under denitrifying conditions. The DNA G+C content and genome size of strain MIL-1Twere estimated to be 53·2 mol% and 2·2 Mbp, respectively. The major cellular and phospholipid fatty acids were palmitoleic, palmitic and oleic acids (33·5, 29·5 and 11·0 % and 18, 32 and 31 %, respectively). 3-Hydroxy lauric acid was the only hydroxy fatty acid detected. Thirteen different compounds that belonged to two types of phospholipid (phosphatidylethylamine and phosphatidylglycerol) were identified. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that this isolate represents a distinct phyletic lineage within theγ-Proteobacteriaand has about 94·4 % sequence similarity toOceanobacter kriegii(the closest bacterial species with a validly published name). The deduced protein sequence of the putative alkane hydrolase, AlkB, of strain MIL-1Tis related to the corresponding enzymes ofAlcanivorax borkumensisandPseudomonas oleovorans(81 and 80 % similarity, respectively). On the basis of the analyses performed,Thalassolituus oleivoransgen. nov., sp. nov. is described. Strain MIL-1T(=DSM 14913T=LMG 21420T) is the type and only strain ofT. oleivorans.
Pseudonocardia chloroethenivorans sp. nov., a chloroethene-degrading actinomycete
Authors: Lee Seung-Bong , Strand Stuart E. , Stensel H. David , Herwig Russell P.
Published: January 2004

A bacterial strain, SL-1T, capable of degrading trichloroethene was isolated from a laboratory enrichment in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, USA. The material in the enrichments was derived from a soil sample from Seattle, WA, USA. Strain SL-1Twas capable of using phenol as a source of carbon and energy. Chemotaxonomic, morphological, physiological and phylogenetic analyses showed that strain SL-1Tis a member of the genusPseudonocardia. The ability of strain SL-1Tto utilize phenol and degrade trichloroethene, as well as other phenotypic properties and the results from a 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, led to the proposal of a novel species,Pseudonocardia chloroethenivoranssp. nov. The type strain is SL-1T(=ATCC BAA-742T=DSM 44698T). Trichloroethene and other chloroethenes are major pollutants at many environmental sites, andP. chloroethenivoranshas biodegradation properties that should be of interest to environmental microbiologists and engineers.
Taxonomic study of neutrotolerant acidophilic actinomycetes isolated from soil and description of Streptomyces yeochonensis sp. nov.
Authors: Kim Seung Bum , Seong Chi Nam , Jeon Soo Jin , Bae Kyung Sook , Goodfellow Michael
Published: January 2004

Acidophilic actinomycete strains that represent the two major neutrotolerant clusters defined by numerical taxonomy (Seong, 1992) were the subject of a polyphasic taxonomic study. The centrotypes of each cluster, designated as strain JL164 (=KCTC 9924) of cluster 21 and strain CN732T (=KCTC 9926T=IMSNU 50114T=NRRL B-24245T) of cluster 13, were assigned initially to the genus Streptomyces on the basis of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics; this assignation was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Strain CN732T formed a distinct phyletic line within the Streptomyces tree, whereas strain JL164 was related closely to the type strain of Streptomyces mirabilis. It is evident from the present and previous studies that neutrotolerant acidophilic actinomycetes comprise taxonomically diverse groups within the variation encompassed by the genus Streptomyces. It is also apparent that strain CN732T and other members of cluster 13 merit recognition as a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces yeochonensis sp. nov. is proposed.