bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drivers and Spatial extent of Urban Development in Flood-prone Areas in Metropolitan Lagos
Authors: Wahab Bolanle , Ojolowo Saeed
Published: March 2018

Urban development in flood-prone areas has created many environmental challenges in many cities in Nigeria. This survey-based study examined the drivers and spatial extent of development in floodplains in metropolitan Lagos. A total of 1,031 (7.2%) buildings out of 14,273 were systematically selected along 211 streets out of 1,403 prone to flood, and a structured questionnaire was administered to heads of households to determine the factors influencing development in floodplains. A Thematic Mapper of 1990, Enhanced Thematic Mapper of 2000 and the Google Earth Landsat of 2014 were also analysed in ILWIS 3.3 Academic and Arc-GIs 10.2 to determine the extent of development in floodplains. The study revealed, in order of significance, closeness to place of work, nearness to market, closeness to children’s schools, low rent, low income, and family affinity as factors that influenced the development in floodplains in the Lagos metropolis. Ineffective control of development and inadequate compliance with planning and building regulations were additional factors. Urban development in flood-prone areas in Lagos increased from 9.3 km2 in 1990 to 10.50 km2 in 2000 and 17.80 km2 in 2014. The study recommends that floodplains should be acquired and effectively protected to prevent any form of physical development; they should serve as natural sink for storm water and urban green for passive recreation. Urban development regulations should be strictly enforced by the relevant government agencies, such as the Lagos State Building Control Agency in the Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development.
Comparison of the response of seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) to glyphosate applied to the shoot or to the root zone
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Dębski Henryk , Szwed Magdalena , Koczkodaj Danuta , Klocek Józef
Published: March 2018

We examined the response of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seedlings, as a nontarget plant, to various doses of glyphosate applied to the root zone or to the shoots. Glyphosate was used at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM concentrations. The study was conducted on seedlings grown in hydroponic cultures under controlled growth conditions. Primary root and shoot growth, anthocyanin and photosynthetic pigment contents were measured to assess the effects of exposure to glyphosate. Glyphosate applied to shoots had a considerably higher impact on the growth of primary roots and shoots of seedlings. Low glyphosate concentrations produced an increase in anthocyanin content of hypocotyls, regardless of the mode of its application. Increasing the concentration of glyphosate applied to the root zone resulted in a gradual increase in anthocyanin content in cotyledons. Our overall results show that in hydroponically grown common buckwheat seedlings, glyphosate is less phytotoxic when applied to the root zone than when applied to the shoot. Low doses of glyphosate applied to the root zone stimulate root and shoot growth and increase the anthocyanin levels in cotyledons. The phytotoxicity of glyphosate was decreased in the absence of mineral nutrients in the root zone of buckwheat seedlings.
Copper excess-induced large reversible and small irreversible adaptations in a population of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Pluciński Bartosz , Waloszek Andrzej , Rutkowska Joanna , Strzałka Kazimierz
Published: March 2018

Two Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15 populations modified by an excess of copper in growth medium were obtained: a “Cu” population that was continuously grown under the selection pressure of 5 µM Cu2+ (for at least 48 weeks) and the “Re” population, where a relatively short (9 week) exposure to elevated copper, necessary for acquiring tolerance, was followed by a prolonged period (at least 39 weeks) of cultivation at a normal (0.25 µM) copper concentration.

Cells of the Cu population were able to multiply at a Cu2+ concentration 16 times higher than that of the control population at a normal light intensity and at a Cu2+ concentration 64 times higher when cultivated in dim light. The potential quantum yield of photosystem II (FV/FM ratio) under copper stress was also significantly higher for the Cu population than for Re and control populations.

The Re population showed only residual tolerance towards the elevated concentration of copper, which is revealed by an FV/FM ratio slightly higher than in the control population under Cu2+ stress in dim light or in darkness.

We postulate that in the Chlamydomonas populations studied in this paper, at least two mechanisms of copper tolerance operate. The first mechanism is maintained during cultivation at a standard copper concentration and seems to be connected with photosynthetic apparatus. This mechanism, however, has only low adaptive value under excess of copper. The other mechanism, with a much higher adaptive value, is probably connected with Cu2+ homeostasis at the cellular level, but is lost during cultivation at a normal copper concentration.
Transcriptomic landscape of Dendrobium huoshanense and its genes related to polysaccharide biosynthesis
Authors: Han Rongchun , Xie Dongmei , Tong Xiaohui , Zhang Wei , Liu Gang , Peng Daiyin , Yu Nianjun
Published: March 2018

Dendrobium huoshanense has long been used to treat various diseases in oriental medicine. In order to study its gene expression profile, transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of precursors of polysaccharides, as well as mechanisms underlining morphological differences between wild and cultivated plants, three organs of both wild type and cultivated D. huoshanense were collected and sequenced by Illumina HiSeq4000 platform, yielding 919,409,540 raw reads in FASTQ format. After Trinity de novo assembly and quality control, 241,242 nonredundant contigs with the average length of 967.5 bp were generated. qRT-PCR experiment on the selected transcripts showed the transcriptomic data were reliable. BLASTx was conducted against NR, SwissProt, String, Pfam, and KEGG. Gene ontology annotation revealed more than 40,000 contigs assigned to catalytic activity and metabolic process, suggesting its dynamic physiological activities. By searching KEGG pathway, six genes potentially involved in mannose biosynthetic pathway were retrieved. Gene expression analysis for stems between wild and cultivated D. huoshanense resulted in 956 genes differentially expressed. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) analysis revealed 143 SSRs with the unit size of 4 and 3,437 SSRs the size of 3. The obtained SSRs are the potential molecular markers for discriminating distinct cultivars of D. huoshanense.
Changes in forest cover in Sudety Mountains during the last 250 years: patterns, drivers, and landscape-scale implications for nature conservation
Authors: Szymura Tomasz Henryk , Murak Sandra , Szymura Magdalena , Raduła Małgorzata Wiktoria
Published: March 2018

Historical ecology gives a reference point to explain the contemporary state of particular ecosystems as well as entire landscapes. In this study, we examined the quantitative changes in forest cover in the central part of the Sudety Massif (area ca. 1,120 km2) during the last 250 years. The information regarding forest patch distribution and its changes was derived by comparison of maps from 1747 and the 1970s drawn at scales of 1:33,000 and 1:25,000, respectively. To examine the effect of environmental variables (topography and soil conditions) and human population density on forest patch distribution and its changes (afforestation, deforestation), a set of 100 circular plots with a diameter of 1 km was established. The influence of explanatory variables was examined using regression tree methods. Changes at the level of the entire landscape were tested using a set of 25 landscape windows (5 × 5 km each). We found that the overall forest cover increased to 36.4% in the twentieth century from 30.4% in the middle of the eighteenth century. The ancient forests constituted 59% of the total forest area existing more recently. The forests in the eighteenth century occurred mostly on steep slopes, deep valley bottoms, and summits. The land relief explains more than half of the total variation in forest distribution (R2 = 0.56). The effects of soil type and human population density were negligible. The contemporary forest pattern results from both land relief and the historical pattern of human population density in the middle of the eighteenth century (R2 = 0.64), while the effect of soil type was negligible. The pattern of deforestation (R2 = 0.53) and afforestation (R2 = 0.36) results from both land relief as well as recent and nineteenth-century human population density. About 83% of the recent forest area is in physical contact with patches of the ancient forest, which provides an optimistic outlook for the migration of ancient forest species into new areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape structure reveal increased connectivity among forest patches, with potential benefits for the migration of forest species with long-range dispersal.
The Immediate Realism of Léon Noël
Authors: Kerr Gaven ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2018

After the emergence of the neo-Thomist movement in the early twentieth century, the question of how best to present Aquinas’s latent epistemological realism came to the fore. Léon Noël was an important contributor to this area of neo-Thomism, but his work has unfortunately been eclipsed by that of other more recognizable authors such as Etienne Gilson and Jacques Maritain. Noël argued that Aquinas’s realism is a form of immediate realism that recognizes the challenge of modern representationalist epistemologies but does not succumb to non-realist ways of thinking. Hence Noël presented immediate realism as an epistemological position that is inspired by Aquinas but also capable of addressing philosophical concerns that emerged after his death. In this article I present Noël’s view as interesting in its own right and capable of engaging with contemporary non-Thomist trends in epistemology.
Interactive Maps for Systems of Linear-Inequalities
Authors: Eddy Colleen M. , Pratt Sarah S. , Green Cheyenne N.
Published: March 2018

Two inquiry-based tasks modeled with technology during instruction lead to students' increased reasoning, communicating, and sense making about a real-world situation.
Making Room for Inspecting Mistakes
Authors: Lischka Alyson E. , Gerstenschlager Natasha E. , Christopher Stephens D. , Strayer Jeremy F. , Barlow Angela T.
Published: March 2018

Select errors to discuss in class, and try these three alternative lesson ideas to leverage them and move students toward deeper understanding.
Musical notes
Authors: Pacheco Mike , Crawford-Ferre Heather Glynn , King Henry
Published: March 2018

Mathematics provides an important way to inform and interpret music. For example, because of a mathematical breakthrough (better ways to calculate the twelfth root of 2), Johann Sebastian Bach was able to write in every key. This set of problems is intended to facilitate interdisciplinary connections and reasoning with music. Math by the Month features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes four activities each for grade bands K–2, 3–4, and 5–6.
Bansho: Visually Sequencing Mathematical Ideas
Authors: Kuehnert Eloise R. A. , Eddy Colleen M. , Miller Daphyne , Pratt Sarah S. , Senawongsa Chanika
Published: March 2018

Use this Japanese organizational strategy to facilitate multiple problem representations and better classroom communication.
Exploring Multiplication: Three-in-a-Row Lucky Numbers
Authors: Russo James A.
Published: March 2018

This game-based activity prompts students to explore the structure of multiplication, experiment with the distributive property, and begin investigating prime numbers.
Higher Education Leadership Training: Global Maps and Gaps
Authors: Rumbley Laura , Van't Land Hilligje , Becker Juliette
Published: March 2018

Globally, most higher education leaders, managers, and policymakers receive no formal/specialized training for their work. Compared to the need, there is a relatively small number of structured training opportunities that exist to build leadership and management capacity in higher education around the world. These training programs are almost universally small in scale and largely unable to offer systematic accounts ofthe long-term impact of their efforts. This is a critical concern in the face of the myriad opportunities and imperatives facing higher education institutions and systems worldwide—particularly in low-income and emerging economy contexts—now and into the foreseeable future.
Have Chinese Universities Hit a Plateau?
Authors: Usher Alex
Published: March 2018

Top Chinese universities have grown to have enormous financial clout, rivalling that of some top American institutions. But their rapid rise may be coming to an end as their sheer size precludes further major increases. Scientific output at these universities is now very high, though there remains room to improve in terms of impact.
Income-Contingent Loans: Not a Miracle Solution
Authors: De Gayardon Ariane
Published: March 2018

With the rising costs of higher education, an increasing share of which is borne by students and their families, governments have had to design student loans schemes to open higher education to all. A popular option among economists is income-contingent loans, where repayment is calculated as a share of the borrower’s income to avoid high repayment burden. However, the three flagship countries forincome-contingent loans—Australia, England, and New Zealand—are all currently experiencing financing issues. This raises the question of defining the correct specification of income-contingent loans schemes, as well as finding the proper balance between different financial aid policies.
"As-you-go" instead of "after-the-fact": A network approach to scholarly communication and evaluation
Authors: Hartgerink Chris HJ , van Zelst Marino
Published: March 2018

Scholarly research faces threats to its sustainability on multiple domains (access, incentives, reproducibility, inclusivity). We argue that "after-the-fact" research papers do not help and actually cause some of these threats because the chronology of the research cycle is lost in a research paper. We propose to give up the academic paper and propose a digitally native "as-you-go" alternative. In this design, modules of research outputs are communicated along the way and are directly linked to each other to form a network of outputs that can facilitate research evaluation. This embeds chronology in the design of scholarly communication and facilitates recognition of more diverse outputs that go beyond the paper (e.g., code, materials). Moreover, using network analysis to investigate the relations between linked outputs could help align evaluation tools with evaluation questions. We illustrate how such a modular "as-you-go" design of scholarly communication could be structured and how network indicators could be computed to assist in the evaluation process, with specific use cases for funders, universities, and individual researchers.
Marine Fungi: the missing tile in the Ocean Biodiversity mosaic
Authors: Varese Giovanna Cristina , Bovio Elena , Garzoli Laura , Gnavi Giorgio , Poli Anna , Prigione Valeria
Published: March 2018

In recent years, the Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT) carried out several research programs aiming to assess the marine fungal biodiversity mainly in the Mediterranean Sea, a biodiversity hotspot in the world. Several biotic and abiotic marine substrates,, were investigated: algae, seagrasses, invertebrates, wood, water and sediments from natural and anthropic sites. The isolated fungi cover all fungal groups, despite taxa belonging to Ascomycetes are predominant. Our results show how marine fungi are ubiquitous in the oceans and play key roles in several niches despite often neglected. Preliminary studies show that, in marine ecosystems as in the terrestrial one, some taxa are ubiquitary while others are specific and closely related to a specific host or substrate. The distribution of the mycobiota in the marine environment is far from being fully described. It is therefore difficult to understand how marine fungi can respond to climate change and/or interact with other marine organisms. To date, marine fungi have been studied principally for the production of secondary metabolites. Despite they shown to be an untapped source of novel molecules of biotechnological importance, almost unknown remains the role of these metabolites in interactions with other organisms that populate the Ocean.
Approach to Groundwater Management towards Sustainable Development in India
Authors: Khare Y.D. , Varade Abhay M.
Published: March 2018

The management of groundwater resources for sustainable development is a challenging task in India because of its vast geographical extent (3287000 km2), where about 1250 million people live. As a result, the Country is facing scarcity of drinking water quite often. This situation compels to adopt management practices for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. The objective of the paper is to focus on need of adoption of appropriate management strategies for sustainable development of groundwater resources. In view of this the groundwater situation in India as reflected through published literature has been discussed, in which the causes of scarcity, aquifer situation, and groundwater assessment in India have been explained. Based on this study the future approach for groundwater management to achieve the objective of sustainable development has been suggested. This paper provides insight to all the controlling factors affecting groundwater resources in India. Based on this, suggestions for future implementation of water conservation programmes have also been discussed. The present study shows that despite availability of ample groundwater resources the country faces drinking water scarcity quite often. This fact needs further analysis of scarcity situation to provide everlasting solution of problems related to groundwater.
Specific yield of aquifer evaluation by means of a new experimental algorithm and its applications
Authors: Beretta Giovanni Pietro , Stevenazzi Stefania
Published: March 2018

A simplified method to determine specific yield (i.e., effective porosity) from hydraulic conductivity data obtained through pumping tests is proposed. This new method derives from a reprocessing of literature data and a subsequent calibration with results from pumping tests performed in different hydrogeological contexts. The use of the algorithm allows obtaining values of specific yield (Sy), which could be useful for the resolution of problems concerning the water balance and the transport of contaminants in groundwater. The proposed algorithm is applied to a large-scale area (Milan and its suburbs, northwestern Italy) to determine a map of the specific yield of a sandy-gravel aquifer and the effects on the estimation of water volumes stored in the subsoil from a hydrogeological point of view, considering about seventy years of measures. It is demonstrated that the great variation in water volumes reflects the socio-economic history of the territory.
Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: the impacts on enzymatic antioxidants and soluble RAGE
Authors: Wong Foo Nian , Chua Kek Heng , Tan Jin Ai Mary Anne , Wong Chew Ming , Kuppusamy Umah Rani
Published: March 2018

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by long-term kidney damage and renal function decline. Diabetic CKD is the principal subtype of kidney disease in Malaysia and is associated with oxidative stress which plays an important role in development and progression of the disease. Glycaemic control slows down the progression of diabetic complications, including diabetic CKD. However, the implication of glycaemic control on enzymatic antioxidants and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in CKD patients remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glycaemic control on the levels or activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and sRAGE in CKD patients.

Methods

A total of 150 CKD patients and 64 non-CKD patients were enrolled. The type 2 diabetic patients in the recruited study participants were categorised based on their glycaemic control; poor glycaemic control (GC) with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 7% and good GC with HbA1c ≤ 7%. The levels or activities of GPx, SOD and sRAGE in plasma were measured. These biochemical parameters were analysed using Mann–Whitney U test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

The activities of GPx and SOD as well as plasma level of sRAGE were not significantly different among the CKD patients with varying glycaemic control status. Irrespective of diabetes status and glycaemic control status, CKD patients also exhibited lower plasma SOD activities compared with non-CKD patients. Among the non-CKD patients, SOD activities were significantly higher in diabetic patients with good GC than diabetic patients with poor GC. Two-way ANOVA revealed that both CKD status and glycaemic control had an interaction effect on SOD activities in diabetic subjects with and without CKD. Follow-up analysis showed that SOD activities were significantly higher in non-CKD patients with good GC. There were no overall significant differences in GPx activities among the study participants. Furthermore, plasma sRAGE levels were higher in diabetic patients with CKD than those without CKD, regardless of glycaemic control status. There were no interaction effects between CKD status and glycaemic control status on GPx and sRAGE. Instead, CKD status showed significant main effects on these parameters, indicating significant differences between diabetic subjects with CKD and diabetic subjects without CKD.

Conclusion

Glycaemic control did not quantitatively alter GPx, SOD and sRAGE in diabetic CKD patients. Despite the advantages of good glycaemic control, a well-controlled diabetes in CKD did not modulate the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and sRAGE levels, therefore may not be the primary mechanism to handle oxidative stress.
In Situ Temperature Measurements at the Svalbard Continental Margin: Implications for Gas Hydrate Dynamics
Authors: Riedel M. , Wallmann K. , Berndt C. , Pape T. , Freudenthal T. , Bergenthal M. , Bünz S. , Bohrmann G.
Published: March 2018

During expedition MARIA S. MERIAN MSM57/2 to the Svalbard margin offshore Prins Karls Forland, the seafloor drill rig MARUM‐MeBo70 was used to assess the landward termination of the gas hydrate system in water depths between 340 and 446 m. The study region shows abundant seafloor gas vents, clustered at a water depth of ∼400 m. The sedimentary environment within the upper 100 m below seafloor (mbsf) is dominated by ice‐berg scours and glacial unconformities. Sediments cored included glacial diamictons and sheet‐sands interbedded with mud. Seismic data show a bottom simulating reflector terminating ∼30 km seaward in ∼760 m water depth before it reaches the theoretical limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) at the drilling transect. We present results of the first in situ temperature measurements conducted with MeBo70 down to 28 mbsf. The data yield temperature gradients between ∼38°C km−1 at the deepest site (446 m) and ∼41°C km−1 at a shallower drill site (390 m). These data constrain combined with in situ pore‐fluid data, sediment porosities, and thermal conductivities the dynamic evolution of the GHSZ during the past 70 years for which bottom water temperature records exist. Gas hydrate is not stable in the sediments at sites shallower than 390 m water depth at the time of acquisition (August 2016). Only at the drill site in 446 m water depth, favorable gas hydrate stability conditions are met (maximum vertical extent of ∼60 mbsf); however, coring did not encounter any gas hydrates.
Reef Carbonate Productivity During Quaternary Sea Level Oscillations
Authors: Husson L. , Pastier A.‐M. , Pedoja K. , Elliot M. , Paillard D. , Authemayou C. , Sarr A.‐C. , Schmitt A. , Cahyarini S. Y.
Published: March 2018

Global variations in reef productivity during the Quaternary depend on external parameters that may alter the global chemical balance in the oceans and atmosphere. We designed a numerical model that simulates reef growth, erosion, and sedimentation on coastlines undergoing sea level oscillations, and uplift or subsidence. We further develop a probabilistic evaluation that accounts for variable vertical ground motion, erosion, and foundation morphologies. Absolute sea level change appears primordial, as productivity must have increased by an order of magnitude since the onset of the glacial cycles, ∼2.6 Ma. But most important is relative sea level change, i.e., eustasy modulated by uplift or subsidence, that rejuvenates the accommodation space and exposes pristine domains of the shore to active reefs at each cycle. Integrated over the long‐term, vertical land motion sets the pace of reef growth: productivity in tectonically unstable domains is thus expected to be up to 10 times higher than in stable regions, if any. We quantify the global length of reef coasts and the probability density functions for slopes and uplift rates. Productivity waxes during transgressions to reach 2–8
and wanes during highstands, which may contribute to increase atmospheric pCO2 by several tens of ppm during deglaciations. Over the last 1.5 Ma, reefs precipitated ∼0.8 × 106
(∼500 × 103 km3), the equivalent of a 1 m‐thick layer spread over the entire surface of the Earth. This production modulates the calcium budget, for it represents some 30% of the modern Ca flux in the ocean.
CEmin: A MATLAB‐Based Software for Computational Phenocryst Extraction and Statistical Petrology
Authors: Zeng Ling , Cheng Lilu , Costa Fidel , Herrin Jason
Published: March 2018

It is nowadays common to collect large‐area backscattered electron images and X‐ray maps of entire standard petrographic thin sections. These images can be calibrated for compositions of some minerals (e.g., plagioclase) with a small number of electron microprobe analyses, and thus provide a wealth of quantitative data for hundreds of crystals. However, to effectively make use of the textures and compositions of large numbers of crystals we need to be able to efficiently outline and segregate the crystals of interest from the rest of the sample. Here we present CEmin, a set of MATLAB routines that are user‐friendly and allow users to semiautomatically separate plagioclase crystals in grayscale images of volcanic rocks for further processing. These data can then be used for textural and chemical zoning studies. Efficiently extracting large amounts of crystal data allows for identification of plagioclase populations that are indicative of magmatic processes (e.g., closed versus open system) and statistical comparison to thermodynamic models.
Variations in the Iron Mineralogy of a Loess Section in Tajikistan During the Mid‐Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene: Implications for the Climatic Evolution in Central Asia
Authors: Jia Jia , Lu Hao , Wang Youjun , Xia Dunsheng
Published: March 2018

The loess sequences in Tajikistan are an important archive of information about the development of climate and atmospheric circulation in central Asia during the Pleistocene. Here we present the results of an iron mineralogical study of a loess sequence in Tajikistan to reconstruct paleoclimate evolution during the mid‐Pleistocene and late Pleistocene. The record indicates that interglacial intervals were relatively humid and glacials were dry. We propose a shift in the character of the interglacial climate of the region to more humid after beginning of MIS 9; however, temperature was relatively stable. The location and intensity of Westerlies have a close link with Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) circulations. From the beginning of MIS 9, there was a southward movement of the Westerlies circulation, which corresponded to a retreat of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). A similar relationship also existed between the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) circulation and the Westerlies, which is evidenced by the formation of the most weakly developed soil unit in the EASM‐dominated regions during MIS 9, in contrast with the formation of the most strongly developed soil unit in the Westerlies‐dominated regions. As conditions in the areas of loess deposition became more humid, the sedimentary basins which are the dust source areas became progressively more arid. The aridification of the source areas may be the result of increased Northern Hemisphere ice volume and accelerated high mountains and/or plateaus uplift in the surrounding regions.
Origin of Light Noble Gases (He, Ne, and Ar) on Earth: A Review
Authors: Péron Sandrine , Moreira Manuel , Agranier Arnaud
Published: March 2018

We review the different scenarios for the origin of light noble gases (He, Ne, and Ar) on Earth. Several sources could have contributed to the Earth's noble gas budget: implanted solar wind, solar nebula gas, chondrites, and comets. Although there is evidence for “solar‐like” neon in the Earth's mantle, questions remain as to its origin. A new compilation of noble gas data in lunar soils, interplanetary dust particles, micrometeorites, and solar wind allows examination of the implanted solar wind composition, which is key to understanding the “solar‐like” mantle neon isotope composition. We show that lunar soils that reflect this solar‐wind‐implanted signature have a 20Ne/22Ne ratio very close to that of ocean island basalts. New data and calculations illustrate that the measured plume source 20Ne/22Ne ratio is close to the primitive mantle ratio, when taking into account mixing with the upper mantle (that has lower 20Ne/22Ne ratio). This favors early solar wind implantation to account for the origin of light volatiles (He, Ne, and possibly H) in the Earth's mantle: they were incorporated by solar wind irradiation into the Earth's precursor grains during the first few Myr of the solar system's formation. These grains must have partially survived accretion processes (only a few percent are needed to satisfy the Earth's budget of light volatiles). As for the atmosphere, the neon isotope composition can be explained by mixing 36% of mantle gases having this solar‐wind‐implanted signature and 64% of chondritic gases delivered in a late veneer phase.
Properties of the HPS‐ICME‐CIR Interaction Event of 9–10 September 2011
Authors: Al‐Shakarchi Duraid A. , Morgan Huw
Published: March 2018

During 9–10 September 2011 the ACE, Wind, and SOHO spacecraft measured the complex interaction between an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) and a corotating interaction region (CIR) associated with the heliospheric sector boundary. Except for a few short periods, the suprathermal electrons are unidirectional, suggesting that the ICME magnetic field has opened through interchange reconnection. Signatures of interaction are distributed throughout the event suggesting that the structures have become entangled or embedded. Since the ICME speed is relatively low, the strong forward shock must be caused by the ICME‐CIR interaction. Other interesting features are the upstream heating flux discontinuity, the very high proton density in the frontal boundary of the heliospheric plasma sheet and the forward shock, the significant speed elevation within the sheath, the distortion of Bz in the magnetic cloud, the indistinct location of the stream interface, the unidirectional domination of the suprathermal electrons, and the reverse shock at the CIR rear boundary. There is an unusual delay between the proton density and temperature profiles. Furthermore, large differences in proton speed and forward shock density measured between L1 spacecraft indicate high variation at small spatial scales. A few days earlier, STEREO B recorded the undisturbed CIR, which shows that (i) some general features of the CIR are preserved, (ii) the CIR is compressed by a factor of ∼4 by the ICME, and (iii) a magnetic exhausted region at the front of the CIR is a continuous feature and is not formed due to the ICME interaction.
Representing Precipitation Ice Species With Both Spherical and Nonspherical Particles for Radiative Transfer Modeling of Microphysics‐Consistent Cloud Microwave Scattering Properties
Authors: Sieron Scott B. , Zhang Fuqing , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Zhang Lily N. , Lu Yinghui
Published: March 2018

Cloud microwave scattering properties for the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) have previously been created to be consistent with the particle size distributions specified by the WSM6 single‐moment microphysics scheme. Here substitution of soft sphere scattering properties with nonspherical particle scattering properties is explored in studies of Hurricane Karl (2010). A nonsphere replaces a sphere of the same maximum dimension, and the number of particles of a given size is scaled by the ratio of the sphere to nonsphere mass to keep the total mass of a given particle size unchanged. The replacement of homogeneous soft sphere snow particles is necessary to resolve a highly evident issue in CRTM simulations: precipitation‐affected brightness temperatures are generally warmer at 183 GHz than at 91.7 GHz, whereas the reverse is seen in observations. Using sector snowflakes resolve this issue better than using columns/plates, bullet rosettes, or dendrites. With sector snowflakes, both of these high frequencies have low simulated brightness temperatures compared to observations, providing a clear and consistent suggestion that snow is being overproduced in the examined simulation using WSM6 microphysics. Graupel causes cold biases at lower frequencies which can be reduced by either reducing graupel water contents or replacing the microphysics‐consistent spherical graupel particles with sector snowflakes. However, soft spheres are likely the better physical representation of graupel particles. The hypotheses that snow and graupel are overproduced in simulations using WSM6 microphysics shall be examined more systematically in future studies through additional cases and ensemble data assimilation of all‐sky microwave radiance observations.
Salt Precipitation in Ultratight Porous Media and Its Impact on Pore Connectivity and Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Alizadeh A. H. , Akbarabadi M. , Barsotti E. , Piri M. , Fishman N. , Nagarajan N.
Published: March 2018

The degree of salt precipitation and its impact on fluid flow in ultratight porous media are investigated in three preserved core plugs selected from two different wells in an unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir. Small specimens are cut from the core plugs and then imaged using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB‐SEM) to detect any salt precipitation in the pore space. The SEM results show that salt covers the pore walls and either partially or fully blocks pore elements, making some parts of the pore space inaccessible to flow. To examine the effect of salt removal on fluid flow, one of the core plugs is subjected to a cleaning process. The plug is initially saturated with methanol, and then methanol is continuously injected into the sample while the effluent is periodically titrated using silver nitrate to monitor salt removal. The variation of the salinity of the methanol effluent with time, the decrease in the pressure drop across the core, and the increased permeability to methanol indicated the effectiveness of the cleaning process. The successful removal of salt from the sample prompts the adoption of a new workflow for preparing tight rock samples for laboratory experiments.
The dimensions of deception detection: Self‐reported deception cue use is underpinned by two broad factors
Authors: Hamlin Iain , Wright Gordon R.T. , Van der Zee Sophie , Wilson Stuart
Published: March 2018

Many perceived cues to deception have been reported in the literature, but little attention has been paid to how they are combined when making deception judgments. The present research used a data‐driven approach to investigate how cues are integrated when evaluating veracity. Two hundred fifteen participants performed a deception detection task before completing a deception cue use questionnaire. A factor analysis of the questionnaire data produced two dimensions, one associated with nonverbal cues to anxiety and the other associated with detail and level of involvement. The present work extends our understanding of deception detection processes and underlines the importance of examining not only the cues that people use but also the way in which they use them.
Au Catalyzed Carbon Diffusion in Ni: A Case of Lattice Compatibility Stabilized Metastable Intermediates
Authors: Kang Jian‐Xin , Zhang Dong‐Feng , Guo Gen‐Cai , Yu Hai‐Jun , Wang Li‐Hua , Huang Wei‐Feng , Wang Ru‐Zhi , Guo Lin , Han Xiao‐Dong
Published: March 2018

Nickel is a crucial catalyst for its excellent performance in active carbon atom–related catalysis such as hydrocarbon steam reforming and 1D carbon nanostructures preparation. The carbon diffusion activity in Ni is of critical importance in understanding the catalytic behavior and thereby the performance optimization. However, the carbonization process is still vague because of the hardly identified intermediates. In this paper, the metastable intermediates of nickel carbonization process are successfully stabilized by taking advantage of the epitaxial growth to elevate the structure transformation energy barrier. X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and synchrotron X‐ray absorption near edge structure data evidence the face‐centered cubic (fcc)Ni
x
C nature of the intermediates and thus an fccNi
x
C‐intermediated nickel carbonization process from fccNi to hexagonal close‐packed (hcp)‐Ni3C is revealed, which is also confirmed by the Vienna ab initio simulation package calculation from the viewpoint of energy evolution. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first time to report the identification of the fccNi
x
C. More importantly, the introduction of Au is found promoted the catalytic growth of graphitic carbon using either oleylamine or C2H4 as carbon resource. The Au@Ni‐based hybrid catalysts exhibit lower reaction temperature and much higher carbon output than pure Ni.
Particle‐Free Emulsions for 3D Printing Elastomers
Authors: Rauzan Brittany M. , Nelson Arif Z. , Lehman Sean E. , Ewoldt Randy H. , Nuzzo Ralph G.
Published: March 2018

3D printing is a rapidly growing field that requires the development of yield‐stress fluids that can be used in postprinting transformation processes. There is a limited number of yield‐stress fluids currently available with the desired rheological properties for building structures with small filaments (≤l00 µm) with high shape‐retention. A printing‐centric approach for 3D printing particle‐free silicone oil‐in‐water emulsions with a polymer additive, poly(ethylene oxide) is presented. This particular material structure and formulation is used to build 3D structure and to pattern at filament diameters below that of any other known material in this class. Increasing the molecular weight of poly(ethylene oxide) drastically increases the extensibility of the material without significantly affecting shear flow properties (shear yield stress and linear viscoelastic moduli). Higher extensibility of the emulsion correlates to the ability of filaments to span relatively large gaps (greater than 6 mm) when extruded at large tip diameters (330 µm) and the ability to extrude filaments at high print rates (20 mm s−1). 3D printed structures with these extensible particle‐free emulsions undergo postprinting transformation, which converts them into elastomers. These elastomers can buckle and recover from extreme compressive strain with no permanent deformation, a characteristic not native to the emulsion.
Functionally Graded, Bone‐ and Tendon‐Like Polyurethane for Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Ker Dai Fei Elmer , Wang Dan , Behn Anthony William , Wang Evelyna Tsi Hsin , Zhang Xu , Zhou Benjamin Yamin , Mercado‐Pagán Ángel Enrique , Kim Sungwoo , Kleimeyer John , Gharaibeh Burhan , Shanjani Yaser , Nelson Drew , Safran Marc , Cheung Emilie , Campbell Phil , Yang Yunzhi Peter
Published: March 2018

Critical considerations in engineering biomaterials for rotator cuff repair include bone‐tendon‐like mechanical properties to support physiological loading and biophysicochemical attributes that stabilize the repair site over the long‐term. In this study, UV‐crosslinkable polyurethane based on quadrol (Q), hexamethylene diisocyante (H), and methacrylic anhydride (M; QHM polymers), which are free of solvent, catalyst, and photoinitiator, is developed. Mechanical characterization studies demonstrate that QHM polymers possesses phototunable bone‐ and tendon‐like tensile and compressive properties (12–74 MPa tensile strength, 0.6–2.7 GPa tensile modulus, 58–121 MPa compressive strength, and 1.5–3.0 GPa compressive modulus), including the capability to withstand 10 000 cycles of physiological tensile loading and reduce stress concentrations via stiffness gradients. Biophysicochemical studies demonstrate that QHM polymers have clinically favorable attributes vital to rotator cuff repair stability, including slow degradation profiles (5–30% mass loss after 8 weeks) with little‐to‐no cytotoxicity in vitro, exceptional suture retention ex vivo (2.79–3.56‐fold less suture migration relative to a clinically available graft), and competent tensile properties (similar ultimate load but higher normalized tensile stiffness relative to a clinically available graft) as well as good biocompatibility for augmenting rat supraspinatus tendon repair in vivo. This work demonstrates functionally graded, bone‐tendon‐like biomaterials for interfacial tissue engineering.
Ultrahigh‐Strength Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)‐Based Fiber Electrode for High Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Du Jianguo , Wang Zhe , Yu Jiali , Ullah Shahid , Yang Bo , Li Cuihua , Zhao Ning , Fei Bin , Zhu Caizhen , Xu Jian
Published: March 2018

Flexible fiber‐based supercapacitor (FSC) with excellent electrochemical performance and high tensile strength and modulus is strongly desired for some special circumstances, such as load‐bearing, abrasion resistant, and anticutting fabrics. Here, a series of ultrahigh‐strength fiber electrodes are prepared for flexible FSCs based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers, on which the polydopamine, Ag, and poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) are deposited in sequence. The modified fiber‐based electrode exhibits superhigh strength up to 3.72 GPa, which is the highest among fiber‐based electrodes reported to date. In addition, FSCs fabricated with the optimized fiber electrode shows a specific areal capacity as high as 563 mF cm−2 at 0.17 mA cm−2, which corresponds to a high areal energy density of ≈50.1 µWh cm−2 at a power density of ≈124 µW cm−2. The specific areal capacity only decrease 8% after 1000 times bending test, indicating the outstanding bending performance of this composite fiber electrode. Furthermore, several FSCs can be connected in series or in parallel to get higher working voltage or higher capacity respectively, which demonstrates its potential for broad applications in flexible devices.
Materials and Device Constructions for Aqueous Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yun Sol , Park So Hyun , Yeon Jeong Seok , Park Jaemin , Jana Milan , Suk Jungdon , Park Ho Seok
Published: March 2018

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have advantages in terms of their high specific capacity, natural abundance, and low cost of elementary sulfur on the basis of the multielectron conversion reactions in organic electrolytes. Despite their potential as next‐generation batteries, Li–S batteries are still limited by critical challenges such as redox shuttling and the parasitic reaction of polysulfides arising from intrinsic electrochemistry as well as a low electrical conductivity of sulfur and the insolubility of Li2S associated with the materials' properties. The unique redox electrochemistry of sulfur in aqueous electrolytes, which is completely different from that in organic electrolytes, provides a rational strategy to resolve the aforementioned problems by the design of new materials and cell constructions. Furthermore, this system enables to achieve significant benefits of aqueous systems in terms of safety, chemical tractability, environmental friendliness, low cost, and high ionic conductivity. Here, at first materials and cell constructions for aqueous Li–S batteries are reviewed, covering the fundamental electrochemistry of sulfur in aqueous electrolytes, the advances in the host materials and aqueous electrolytes, and the cell design of flow‐type aqueous Li–S batteries. Additionally, the current impediments and perspectives into the future direction of this field are provided.
Porous Porphyrin‐Based Organosilica Nanoparticles for NIR Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy and Gene Delivery in Zebrafish
Authors: Mauriello Jimenez Chiara , Aggad Dina , Croissant Jonas G. , Tresfield Karen , Laurencin Danielle , Berthomieu Dorothée , Cubedo Nicolas , Rossel Mireille , Alsaiari Shahad , Anjum Dalaver H. , Sougrat Rachid , Roldan‐Gutierrez Manuel A. , Richeter Sébastien , Oliviero Erwan , Raehm Laurence , Charnay Clarence , Cattoën Xavier , Clément Sébastien , Wong Chi Man Michel , Maynadier Marie , Chaleix Vincent , Sol Vincent , Garcia Marcel , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Khashab Niveen M. , Bettache Nadir , Durand Jean‐Olivier
Published: March 2018

Periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles emerge as promising vectors for nanomedicine applications. Their properties are very different from those of well‐known mesoporous silica nanoparticles as there is no silica source for their synthesis. So far, they have only been synthesized from small bis‐silylated organic precursors. However, no studies employing large stimuli‐responsive precursors have been reported on such hybrid systems yet. Here, the synthesis of porphyrin‐based organosilica nanoparticles from a large octasilylated metalated porphyrin precursor is described for applications in near‐infrared two‐photon‐triggered spatiotemporal theranostics. The nanoparticles display unique interconnected large cavities of 10–80 nm. The framework of the nanoparticles is constituted with J‐aggregates of porphyrins, which endows them with two‐photon sensitivity. The nanoparticle efficiency for intracellular tracking is first demonstrated by the in vitro near‐infrared imaging of breast cancer cells. After functionalization of the nanoparticles with aminopropyltriethoxysilane, two‐photon‐excited photodynamic therapy in zebrafish is successfully achieved. Two‐photon photochemical internalization in cancer cells of the nanoparticles loaded with siRNA is also performed for the first time. Furthermore, siRNA targeting green fluorescent protein complexed with the nanoparticles is delivered in vivo in zebrafish embryos, which demonstrates the versatility of the nanovectors for biomedical applications.