bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, and other micropterids
Authors: LUTZ‐CARRILLO DIJAR J. , HAGEN CRIS , DUECK LUCY A. , GLENN TRAVIS C.
Published: July 2007

We isolated and characterized 52 novel microsatellite markers from Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, for use in conservation, management and population genetic studies. Markers were assessed in M. s. floridanus from peninsular Florida (n = 30) and averaged eight alleles per locus with observed heterozygosity of 0.57 (range 0–0.97). Cross‐taxa amplification was successful among 88% of tested congeners. These polymorphic and potentially taxon‐diagnostic markers contribute to the limited number of microsatellites currently available for micropterids and specifically M. s. floridanus.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the invasive weed Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae)
Authors: HONG LAN , NIU HONGYU , SHEN HAO , YE WANHUI , CAO HONGLIN
Published: July 2007

Mikania micrantha is a successful invasive weed in many parts of the world. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from an AC‐enriched genomic library of this species. Twenty‐eight individuals from one population in Dongguan were tested for polymorphism. The average allele number of these microsatellites was three per locus, ranging from two to five. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.275 to 0.742, and from 0.250 to 1.000, respectively. These microsatellite markers can be applied to study the population genetics in the native and invasive ranges of this species, and to trace its invasion history.
Children's Voices: A Review of the Literature Pertinent to Looked‐After Children's Views of Mental Health Services
Authors: Davies Julie , Wright John
Published: July 2007

Service‐user involvement is an essential component of mental health service provision. This review aims to synthesise literature that has attempted to elicit children's experiences of mental health services with particular reference to looked‐after children. The review is limited to qualitative research with study inclusion based on a synthesis of good quality criteria. Identification of gaps in the literature, directions for further research and implications for service developments are discussed.
Screening Efficiency of the Child Behavior Checklist and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Systematic Review
Authors: Warnick Erin M. , Bracken Michael B. , Kasl Stanislav
Published: July 2007

Objective:  Assess the screening efficiency of the caretaker‐report CBCL and SDQ in community and clinical samples using published data.

Methods:  PyschInfo, Medline, and EMBASE were systematically searched to identify studies with appropriate efficiency data. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity were extracted from identified studies and used to generate summary likelihood ratio estimates on which the scales were compared. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated with respect to a ‘true’ diagnosis to compare scales.

Results:  A total of 29 and 3 studies met inclusion criteria for CBCL and SDQ respectively. Summary estimates of the likelihood ratios for domains assessed by CBCL ranged from 3.86 (2.23, 6.69) to 4.87 (2.90, 8.18); and for SDQ from 5.02 (1.61, 15.63) to 8.32 (2.72, 25.48). Heterogeneity was low. For total problems, the SDQ caretaker‐report was found to be most specific (0.93, 95% CI 0.92, 0.94) and the CBCL caretaker‐report to be most sensitive (0.66, 95%CI 0.60, 0.73).

Conclusions:  This meta‐analysis supports continued use of the CBCL and SDQ via caretaker‐report in clinical and community samples. Additional research is required to determine if there is a true difference in efficiency between the two scales.
Fibromyalgia: top down or bottom up?
Authors: GUYMER Emma K. , LITTLEJOHN Geoffrey O.
Published: July 2007

Fibromyalgia is common and has significant personal and societal outcomes. Understanding of the syndrome has advanced through an improved integrated knowledge of both psychological and neurophysiological aspects of the condition. Better management strategies should result from this approach.
Efficacy of lumiracoxib in relieving pain associated with knee osteoarthritis: a 6‐week, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study
Authors: BIN Seong‐II , WU Shing‐Sheng , ZENG Xiaofeng , MOORE Alan , FRANK Nicole
Published: July 2007

Aim:  The aim of the current study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lumiracoxib 200 mg once daily (o.d.) in relieving osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain in patients in China, Taiwan, and South Korea.

Methods:  Patients of either sex (aged ≥ 18 years) with symptomatic, primary OA of the knee for ≥ 3 months were eligible for inclusion if they had OA pain intensity of ≥ 40 mm (100 mm visual analogue scale [VAS]) in the target knee joint during the previous 24 h. Patients were required to undergo regular non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy for ≥ 6 weeks. After 3–7 days of screening, patients were randomized (1 : 1) to receive either lumiracoxib 200 mg o.d. or celecoxib 200 mg o.d. The primary efficacy comparison between the study groups was overall OA pain intensity (VAS) in the target knee after 6 weeks of treatment.

Results:  The mean overall OA pain intensity (VAS) in the target knee after 6 weeks decreased from 60.6 mm to 35.7 mm and 60.5 mm to 36.1 mm in the lumiracoxib and celecoxib groups, respectively. Both study groups showed similar results in terms of improvement in both patient's and physician's global assessment of disease activity and functional health status. The percentage of adverse events (AEs) in the lumiracoxib and celecoxib groups (40.3% and 37.9%, respectively) was similar, as was the proportion of treatment‐related AEs (21.0% and 18.2%, respectively).

Conclusions:  Lumiracoxib 200 mg o.d. provided effective and well‐tolerated pain relief similar to that achieved with celecoxib 200 mg o.d. in knee OA patients.
The mode of anti‐arthritic peptide delivery impacts on the severity and outcome of adjuvant induced arthritis
Authors: KUROSAKA Nozomu , ALI Marina , BYTH Karen , MANOLIOS Nicholas
Published: July 2007

Aim:  A synthetic nonapeptide (core peptide [CP]) was tested as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute onset arthritis. Differing modes of delivery (subcutaneous [SCI]vs. intraperitoneal [IP]) and lipid conjugation of CP were examined.

Methods:  Wistar rats aged 9–12 weeks were injected SCI in the tail with 1 mg of heat‐killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to bring about adjuvant induced arthritis. After development of arthritis (day 12), 6 mg of CP, 6 mg of CP‐lipid conjugate (LP), or 1.2 mg cyclosporin A (Csp; 3 mg/kg) in 100 µL of diluent were given SCI or IP for 4 consecutive days. Severity of arthritis was assessed by changes in body weight, paw thickness, paw and ankle width, and the total number of arthritic joints involved up to 7 days after the first onset of arthritis and the commencement of treatment.

Results:  Core peptide and LP given either SCI or IP were effective in the treatment of acute adjuvant induced arthritis. IP administration of LP was significantly better than that of control and CP‐treated rats (P < 0.05) when examined at two separate time points, day 4 and day 7, after commencement of treatment. The effectiveness of IP‐administered LP was comparable to cyclosporin.

Conclusions:  CP‐lipid conjugate and CP have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of acute arthritis. The mode of delivery and lipid conjugation of CP influences the efficacy and outcome of arthritis.
Prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and the impact of life style factors on bone mineral density
Authors: BENER Abdulbari , HAMMOUDEH Mohammed , ZIRIE Mahmoud
Published: July 2007

Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and the impact of life style factors on bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal and postmenopausal Qatari women.

Methods:  This is a cross‐sectional study. A total of 821 healthy Qatari women aged 20–70 years had given consent and participated and the study was conducted from June 2005 to December 2006 at the Rumaillah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, State of Qatar. All subjects completed a questionnaire on reproductive and life style factors. Height and weight were measured. All subjects underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine factors influencing BMD of the spine and femur. The main outcome measures were menopausal status, socio‐demographic and lifestyle factors and BMD measurements.

Results:  The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was 12.3%. BMI was significantly higher among postmenopausal women (P < 0.001) when compared to premenopausal women. The subjects who regularly consumed dairy products had better BMD at spine, neck and ward sites (P < 0.05). Those doing regular household work for 3–4 h a week had higher BMD at all sites compared to those who did not do their own household work. Multiple regression analysis showed that education level and body mass index were strong positive predictors showing high significance.

Conclusion:  The relation between lifestyle and BMD were explored in Qatari women. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Qatari women is comparable to other countries. BMD values were higher in women who were taking diary products regularly, and were involved with household work.
Prevalence of Behcet's disease in Iran: a WHO‐ILAR COPCORD stage I study
Authors: DAVATCHI Fereydoun , JAMSHIDI Ahmad‐Reza , BANIHASHEMI Arash Tehrani , GHOLAMI Jaleh , FOROUZANFAR Mohammed Hossein , MORADI Maziar , AKHLAGHI Ma'ssoomeh , KHABAZI Ali‐Reza , SALARI Amir‐Hossein , SALESSI Mansoor , KARIMIFAR Mansoor , ESSALAT‐MANESH Kamal , HADJ‐ALILOO Mehrzad , ARABZADEH Bozorgmehr , ALIPOUR Behrang , SHAHRAM Farhad , NADJI Abdolhadi
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To elucidate the prevalence of Behcet's disease (BD) during the World Health Organization‐International League of Associations for Rheumatology Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disease study in Iran. The old estimate was 16 per 100,000 inhabitants, but this was just an estimation and a more precise figure was required.

Materials and methods:  Tehran, the capital of Iran with 1/10th of Iran's population, was selected as the field for the COPCORD study. The population of Iran is of mixed ethnicity (Caucasians 75.4%, Turks 22%, and Semites 2.6%). The same distribution was found in Tehran's general population. Tehran has 22 districts; 50 clusters were randomly selected from them. Interviewers passed an exam by interviewing 20 subjects. The observed agreement was 0.96. The chance expected agreement was 0.531325. The kappa coefficient was 0.919 (standard error: 0.112). The z‐score was 8.19. The one tailed P‐value was < 0.0001. Rheumatologists were selected from the ‘Rheumatology Subspecialty’, that is, those who were scheduled to become a rheumatology professor in one of Iran's medical schools.

Results:  The response rate was 75%. From 10,291 subjects interviewed all subjects with positive questionnaires were examined; seven had definitive BD and five probable BD. The prevalence was calculated on the seven definitive cases. It was 68 for 100,000 inhabitants. The confidence interval was 33.5–137. Four patients were female and three were male. All had oral and genital aphthosis, four had ocular lesions, three had pseudo‐folliculitis, and one had joint manifestations.

Conclusions:  The prevalence of BD in Iran is 68 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is the second highest prevalence after Turkey (80–370) in the world, and far behind comes Saudi Arabia with 20, China 14, and Japan 13.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.
Coexistance of Sjogren's syndrome and familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: KOBAK Senol , KOBAK Arzu Celebi , AKSU Kenan , KESER Gokhan , OKSEL Fahrettin
Published: July 2007

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by recurrent, self‐limited attacks of fever usually accompanied by polyserositis. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth and musculoskeletal system involvement. To our knowledge, coexistence of FMF and SS has not been reported before in the literature. We report a patient being followed up with the diagnosis of FMF over 20 years and later developing SS.
Leflunomide‐induced nodulosis in a case of Rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: ARUL RAJAMURUGAN P. S. , PANCHAPAKESA RAJENDRAN C. , RUKMANGATHARAJAN S. , RAJESWARI S. , RAVICHANDRAN R.
Published: July 2007

We herein report accelerated nodulosis in a 49‐year‐old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who was treated with methotrexate and leflunomide. She developed multiple pulmonary and subcutaneous nodules 2 years after the addition of leflunomide to methotrexate. The nodules developed when the rheumatoid arthritis was in remission. The pulmonary nodules regressed following the institution of hydroxychloroquine after stopping leflunomide.
Takayasu arteritis: burnt out or not?
Authors: MICALLEF Maree , HIEW Chin , NEWMAN Robert , TRAVERS Richard , LIM Keith
Published: July 2007

We report a case of a 57‐year‐old woman with Takayasu arteritis. She had a long history of poorly controlled hypertension and now suffers from severe ischemic cardiomyopathy and lower limb claudication. She did not receive immunosuppressive treatment as there were no signs of inflammation clinically or biochemically. Inspite of the latter, her symptoms have progressed. This case highlights the importance of improved modes of detecting inflammation as well as the need for strict management of vascular risk factors to control atherosclerosis, which has an increased incidence in patients with Takayasu arteritis.
Use of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of venous leg ulcers
Authors: Mermet Isabelle , Pottier Nathalie , Sainthillier Jean Marie , Malugani Carole , Cairey‐Remonnay Sandrive , Maddens Stéphane , Riethmuller Didier , Tiberghien Pierre , Humbert Philippe , Aubin François
Published: July 2007

Amniotic membrane (AM), the most internal placental membrane, has unique properties including antiadhesive effects, bacteriostatic, wound protection and pain‐reduction properties, as well as epithelialization initialization capacities. Furthermore, AM is widely available and less costly than other bioengineered skin substitutes. In a prospective pilot study, we evaluated the safety, feasibility, and the effects on healing of AM graft in 15 patients with chronic venous leg ulcers. AM grafts were prepared from placentas harvested during cesarean section. All grafted AM had adhered to the wound bed 7 days after being applied with a 100% engraftment rate. The percentage of granulation tissue increased significantly (from 17% on day 0 to 69% on day 14, p<0.0001), along with a significant decrease of fibrinous slough (from 36% at day 0 to 16% at day 14, p<0.001). A significant clinical response occurred in 12 patients (80%) including complete healing (20%) in three during the 3‐month follow‐up period. The ulcer surface area decreased significantly from a mean value (±standard deviation) of 4.59±2.49 cm2 at baseline to 2.91±2.01 cm2 on day 30 (p<0.001). All patients experienced a significant reduction of ulcer‐related pain rapidly after AM transplantation. No adverse events were recorded. AM transplantation seems to function as a safe substrate, promoting proper epithelialization while suppressing excessive fibrosis. Further advantages of biotherapy with AM are its easy and low‐cost production, and that it can be applied as an ambulatory treatment without immobilization. AM transplantation may thus be considered to be an alternative method for treating chronic leg ulcers.
The venous leg ulcer quality of life (VLU‐QoL) questionnaire: development and psychometric validation
Authors: Hareendran Asha , Doll Helen , Wild Diane J. , Moffatt Christine J. , Musgrove Elaine , Wheatley Carolyn , Franks Peter J.
Published: July 2007

To develop and validate a disease‐specific quality of life (QoL) measure, based on the conceptual model of the SKINDEX‐29 for patients with a chronic venous leg ulcer (VLU), in‐depth interviews, and focus groups of patients (n=36) with VLU were used to generate VLU‐specific items. These items were added to selected SKINDEX‐29 items that were adapted for use in VLU. Further samples of VLU patients were used for item reduction (n=124) and to assess the psychometric properties of the new tool (n=120). The final VLU‐QoL contained 34 items: 17 items adapted from the SKINDEX‐29 and 17 VLU‐specific items. Factor analysis of the items confirmed the existence of three hypothesized domains: Activities (12 items), Psychological (12 items), and Symptom Distress (10 items). Reliability in terms of internal consistency and test–retest reliability was found to be good. The measure was also found to be valid and responsive to clinical change. The VLU‐QoL has good psychometric properties. The instrument's sensitivity to differences in clinical outcome and responsiveness to change in clinical parameters makes it a useful tool to assess the outcomes of treatment from the patients' perspective.
Expression profile of proteins involved in scar formation in the healing process of full‐thickness excisional wounds in the porcine model
Authors: Ulrich Magda M. W. , Verkerk Michelle , Reijnen Linda , Vlig Marcel , Van Den Bogaerdt Antoon J. , Middelkoop Esther
Published: July 2007

Scar formation in deep dermal wounds is associated with excessive collagen deposition and contraction. Increased collagen synthesis and decreased collagen degradation are the mechanisms through which this form of fibrosis can occur. Another factor might be a different kind of collagen cross‐linking seen in fibrotic skin diseases. This type of cross‐linking is dependent on the enzyme lysyl hydroxylase‐2b. In this study, we examined the expression profile of the potential key players in scar formation in time in healing of acute wounds. Collagen types I and III, lysyl hydroxylase‐2b, α‐smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor βs, and the matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor mRNA levels were determined. All genes examined show distinct expression patterns over time. The expression of lysyl hydroxylase‐2b peaks at day 7, and precedes collagen types I and III expression. Eight weeks after wounding, the scars showed an increased level of lysyl hydroxylase‐2b‐mediated collagen cross‐linking. This study shows that the fibrosis‐specific type of cross‐linking of collagen seen in human hypertrophic scarring also plays a role in this animal model of wound healing. Moreover, the expression of the putative gene responsible for this type of cross‐linking, the lysyl hydroxylase‐2b, is elevated during wound healing.
Characterization of wound drainage fluids as a source of soluble factors associated with wound healing: comparison with platelet‐rich plasma and potential use in cell culture
Authors: Aiba‐Kojima Emiko , Tsuno Nelson H. , Inoue Keita , Matsumoto Daisuke , Shigeura Tomokuni , Sato Takahiro , Suga Hirotaka , Kato Harunosuke , Nagase Takashi , Gonda Koichi , Koshima Isao , Takahashi Koki , Yoshimura Kotaro
Published: July 2007

Wound fluids, human serum from platelet‐poor and platelet‐rich plasma (SPPP and SPRP), contain various soluble factors involved in cell growth and proliferation. Levels of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in drainage fluids (DFs) harvested from subcutaneous wounds, punctured fluids (PF) from seroma, and SPPP were measured. SPPP and SPRP from four healthy volunteers were also subjected to the analysis. Biochemical profiles of DF reflected the sequential stages of wound healing. Early‐phase DF contained high concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor and EGF. The levels of keratinocyte growth factor, interleukin‐6, and MMP‐8 in DF peaked on days 2–3, while vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin‐8, and MMP‐1 increased over time during days 0–6. Punctured fluids contained high levels of TGF‐β1, keratinocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and MMP‐1. Experiments using human adipose‐derived stem cells and dermal fibroblasts cultured in media containing various concentrations of DF and fetal bovine serum suggested that for some cell types, DF‐contained growth factors that are not obtained from SPRP could be used to supplement or substitute for serum in culture media. SPRP and DF are economical ready‐made mixtures of serum and autologous soluble factors, and may be differentially useful for regenerative therapies.
Fibrin as a delivery vehicle for active macrophage activator lipoprotein‐2 peptide: in vitro studies
Authors: Cole Marietta , Cox Steve , Inman Elizabeth , Chan Connie , Mana Miyeko , Helgerson Sam , Tawil Bill
Published: July 2007

Fibrin sealants have been used in hemostasis and tissue sealing for over 25 years and recent studies have shown them to be an ideal delivery vehicle for cells and bioactive substances. We examined the use of fibrin as a delivery vehicle for the macrophage activator lipoprotein peptide (MALP)‐2. MALP‐2, secreted by mycoplasma, plays an important role in an early influx of leukocytes and infiltration by monocytes and their subsequent activation into macrophages as detected by their secretion of cytokines and chemoattractants. We first showed that MALP‐2 activated several monocytic cell lines by increasing the expression of cytokines and chemoattractants in these cells. Furthermore, using a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction approach, we found that MALP‐2 affected the gene expression of its own receptors: TLR2 and TLR4 in various cell types including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, the conditioned medium, containing secreted cytokines and chemoattractants, collected from monocytes treated with MALP‐2 enhanced fibroblast migration using a standard wound culture assay. Next, we examined MALP‐2's effect on the human monocyte cell line when it is mixed with fibrin. Monocytes seeded on three‐dimensional fibrin containing MALP‐2 secreted more cytokines such as interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and chemoattractants such as macrophage inflammatory protein 1 α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 when compared with monocytes seeded on three‐dimensional fibrin in the absence of MALP‐2. This study supports the use of fibrin to deliver MALP‐2, and possibly other peptides, in an active form that might enhance wound healing.
AlphaV beta3 (αvβ3) integrin inhibition reduces leukocyte–endothelium interaction in a pressure‐induced reperfusion model
Authors: Ichioka Shigeru , Sekiya Naomi , Shibata Masahiro , Nakatsuka Takashi
Published: July 2007

The leukocyte–endothelium interaction is known to contribute to reperfusion injury, which is considered to participate in the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers, and integrin alphaV beta3 (αvβ3) has been shown to mediate the processes of cellular adhesion in various types of cells. This study aims to clarify leukocyte behavior in our original microcirculatory pressure‐induced reperfusion model, which can visualize the microcirculation in vivo. We also estimated the effect of αvβ3 integrin inhibition on the reduction of the leukocyte–endothelium interaction. Mice with dorsal skinfold chambers were divided into three groups: the baseline group (n=6), in which animals received no compression; the compression–reperfusion group (n=6), in which animals underwent 2‐hour compression of the dorsal skin, followed by release, and the inhibitor‐treated group (n=7), in which an αvβ3 inhibitor, CP4715, was administered in addition to the compression–release procedure. Staining with rhodamine 6G quantitatively visualized leukocyte behavior under the intravital fluorescent microscope. Compression–reperfusion induced a significant increase in rolling, sticking, and extravasation of the leukocytes. Treatment with the inhibitor strikingly reduced leukocyte sticking and extravasation. The present experiment has provided evidence that αvβ3 inhibition reduces leukocyte–endothelium interaction in our original pressure‐induced reperfusion model.
Differential cutaneous wound healing in thermally injured MRL/MPJ mice
Authors: Davis Thomas A. , Amare Mihret , Naik Shruti , Kovalchuk Alexander L. , Tadaki Douglas
Published: July 2007

Adult wound repair occurs with an initial inflammatory response, reepithelialization, and the formation of a permanent scar. MRL/MpJ mice following ear‐hole punch biopsies display accelerated healing and tissue regeneration. In this study, we characterized the healing responses in both MRL/MpJ and BALB/c mice following a 15% total body surface area full‐thickness cutaneous burn injury. Macroscopic and histological observations show that delayed wound closure in MRL/MpJ mice is accompanied by an increase in edema, reduced neutrophil infiltration, and more prominent eschar. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling showed no defect in keratinocyte proliferation and migration (reepithelialization). In comparison with BALB/c mice, MRL/MpJ wounds had greater collagen deposition, less granulation tissue formation, and contained fewer α‐smooth muscle actin‐positive myofibroblasts. An observed reduction in dermal neutrophil infiltration and myofibroblast development correlated with enhanced angiogenesis. Overall, BALB/c wounds contracted sooner and to a larger degree, resulting in a significant decrease in scar formation. Interestingly, MRL/MpJ mice showed overt abnormalities in hair follicle proliferation, morphogenesis, and subsequent hair regrowth postburn injury. No substantial evidence of tissue regeneration was observed in either BALB/c or MRL/MpJ wounds. Our results convincingly demonstrate that MRL/MpJ skin burn wounds heal with scar formation with delays in two critical wound healing events: wound closure, and myofibroblast development.
Acute complex traumas of the lower limbs: a modern reconstructive approach with negative pressure therapy
Authors: Bollero Daniele , Carnino Riccardo , Risso Daniela , Gangemi Ezio N. , Stella Maurizio
Published: July 2007

Acute traumas of the lower limbs cause complex functional damage for the association of skin loss with exposed tendons, bones, and/or vessels, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Once bone fixation and vascular repair have been carried out, the surgical treatment for skin damage is usually based on early coverage with conventional or microsurgical flaps. Negative pressure therapy can play a primary role in the management of the elderly or intensive care patients, where wounds are secondary to life‐threatening problems. A total of 35 patients with 37 acute traumatic wounds of the lower limbs were treated with vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC®) therapy for an average of 22 days (range 3–46 days). The sponge was applied the day after bone fixation, vascular repair, and surgical debridement of nonviable tissues, so as to obtain a better control of bleeding. After VAC® treatment, all patients quickly developed healthy granulation tissue and a significant reduction in both extent and depth of wounds. Split‐thickness skin grafts were used to cover granulation tissue in most of the cases (66%—24 cases), and then local flaps (13%—five cases) or direct sutures (8%—three cases). The wounds healed spontaneously without surgical management in four patients. One patient died during the treatment period for concomitant diseases. No relevant complications directly related to VAC® therapy were observed other than one case of severe pain in an amputated stump. The average follow‐up duration was 265 days (range 33–874 days). No further tegumentary reconstruction was required. VAC® therapy may represent a valid alternative to immediate reconstruction in selected cases of acute complex traumas of the lower limb and allows for a stable functional result, using a minimally invasive approach.
Conditions of wound healing and cutaneous growth affect metabolic performance of skin following plastic surgery
Authors: Lutz Norbert W. , Confort‐Gouny Sylviane , Casanova Dominique , Andrac‐Meyer Lucile , Magalon Guy , Cozzone Patrick J.
Published: July 2007

The mechanical and structural properties of skin subjected to expansion have been widely investigated in the context of plastic surgery. To determine the actual metabolic state of skin following skin expander placement, we determined the basic biochemical parameters for various conditions of postsurgical wound healing and cutaneous growth. Studying, for the first time, comprehensive metabolic profiles (“metabolomics”) of the skin in a minipig model, we found that the lactate/alanine ratios were significantly increased (p<0.05) in skin attached to noninflated expanders vs. control skin, indicating increased anaerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, creatine/phosphocreatine ratios were decreased in skin from inflated vs. noninflated expanders, implying an improved energetic state for stretched skin. In contrast, no significant differences were detected for these parameters on comparing skin from four inflated expanders with different surface structures, even where the histologically determined capsule thickness was significantly different. Overall, the metabolic performance of skin recovering and growing under stretch was found to be superior to that of skin from noninflated expanders, and comparable to that of control skin. Our results are consistent with the assumptions of (i) major hypoxia/ischemia due to reduced perfusion in skin recovering from surgery without an appropriate supportive structure and (ii) minimal metabolic effects of expander surface structures.
Use of Endovascular Stents in Atherosclerotic Renovascular Stenosis: Blood Pressure and Renal Function Changes in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Tagle Rodrigo , Acevedo Monica , Xu Meng , Pohl Marc , Vidt Donald
Published: July 2007

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis may result in hypertension and ischemic nephropathy. Renal artery endovascular stenting has emerged as current therapy; however, the percentage of patients who benefit from this procedure is still not well established. The authors studied 116 hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renovascular stenosis who underwent successful renal artery stenting for the first time. At 1 year, there was a significant overall decrease in blood pressure in the group after stenting; however, there was no change in renal function. Also, no significant change in the number of antihypertensive drugs was noted. Blood pressure improved in 55% of the patients, worsened in 14%, and remained unchanged in 31%. Renal function improved in 16% of the patients, worsened in 30%, and remained stable in 54%. In relation to blood pressure control, patients with resistant or difficult‐to‐control hypertension showed the most improvement in blood pressure control after stenting.
Direct Renin Inhibitors: A New Approach to Antihypertensive Drug Treatment
Authors: Ram C. Venkata S.
Published: July 2007

Hypertension remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting more than 60 million persons in the United States. Although the past 5 decades have witnessed advances in the therapeutic modalities available to treat hypertension and a dramatic decrease in morbidity and mortality related to hypertension, adequate blood pressure control has still not been achieved in a large number of patients. Therapeutic options to manage hypertension include agents that block the sympathetic nervous system, vasodilators, agents to control plasma volume, and drugs that act at various points in the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). Inadequate control of hypertension may be due in part to incomplete blockade of the RAS pathway in some patients; targeting a point earlier in this cascade might possibly improve control. Direct renin inhibitors, a new class of antihypertensive drugs, block the RAS pathway at the point of activation. Inhibition of renin prevents the downstream production of the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, which is responsible for increasing blood pressure. Recent clinical data with aliskiren, a new direct renin inhibitor, suggest favorable results in patients with hypertension and a possible new treatment option.
An Evaluation of a Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Plasma Separator by Animal Experiment
Authors: Chang‐sheng Zhao , Ting Liu , Zhong‐ping Lu , Li‐ping Cheng , Jia Huang
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Membrane plasma separators are being used routinely for therapy in various diseases. In this study, a newly developed plasma separator made of polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fibers was evaluated for its plasma filtration efficiency and blood compatibility by animal experiment. Hemolysis did not occur under the usual conditions of plasma separation. The sieving coefficients of total protein and albumin were over 95%, and the total cholesterol was over 90% throughout the perfusions. Decreases in white blood cells, platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors were observed during the early stage of plasma separation, but appear to be within acceptable ranges for clinical use.
Clinical and economic burden of infused iron chelation therapy in the United States
Authors: Payne Krista A. , Desrosiers Marie‐Pierre , Caro J. Jaime , Baladi Jean‐François , Lordan Noreen , Proskorovsky Irina , Ishak Khajak , Rofail Diana
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND: Patients requiring chronic blood transfusions are at risk for iron overload, which, if not treated by iron chelation therapy (ICT), can create serious organ damage and reduce life expectancy. Current ICT requires burdensome 8‐ to 12‐hour infusions five to seven times per week.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A naturalistic study of the burden of infused ICT was conducted in four US centers. Data from the initial and most recent years of ICT were collected from medical charts of consenting thalassemia (n = 40) and sickle cell disease (n = 9) patients. Quality of life (QoL), treatment satisfaction, and ICT‐related resource utilization data were also collected from a patient interview.

RESULTS: Mean serum ferritin levels during the initial (2519 ± 1382 ng/mL) and most recent (2741 ± 2532 ng/mL) years remained unacceptably high and increased over time (306 ± 2200 ng/mL; mean of 20± years of therapy). Within 30 days before interview, 55 percent of patients suffered at least one ICT‐related adverse event; 76 percent missed at least one dose. QoL, measured by the SF‐36, and treatment satisfaction appear compromised in this cohort. Although total annual costs of ICT were estimated at USD $30,000 to $35,000, drug accounted for only 50 to 60 percent of this amount.

CONCLUSIONS: Infused ICT may not provide adequate effectiveness in the real world. High ferritin levels seem to be associated with ICT noncompliance, likely in relation to the bothersome mode of administration and side effects. The total cost of ICT appears to well exceed that of drug alone.
A Seasonal Study of the Carbon Content of Planktonic Naked Amoebae in the Hudson Estuary and in a Productive Freshwater Pond with Comparative Data for Ciliates
Authors: ANDERSON O. ROGER
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT. The total carbon contents of gymnamoebae and ciliates, dwelling in the water column of the Hudson Estuary and a highly productive freshwater pond, were monitored during a 7‐month period from April through October 2006. The carbon contents of the gymnamoebae and the ciliates were greater in the pond compared with the estuary, and carbon contents of gymnamoebae were greater in the spring and autumn in both locations than those of ciliates. Given the global distribution of gymnamoebae, these results suggest that greater attention should be given to the potential role of gymnamoebae in microbial food webs.
Identification of Relaxation Functions in Glass by Mean of a Simple Experiment
Authors: Sellier Mathieu , Hann Christopher E. , Siedow Norbert
Published: July 2007

This communication discusses the possibility of identifying the shear and structure relaxation functions in inorganic glass by means of a single, simple, and non‐intrusive experiment. The latter consists of measuring the thickness variation over time of a glass plate cooled symmetrically from both sides from a temperature above the glass transition temperature down to room temperature. Results with “artificially” created experimental observations suggest that in spite of its simplicity, the thickness variation curve contains sufficient information to identify uniquely the relaxation function parameters using the Levenberg–Marquardt method.
Dielectric Behavior and Second Phases in X7R‐Formulated BaTiO3Sintered in Low‐Oxygen Partial Pressures
Authors: Wu Yu‐Chuan , Wang Sea‐Fue , McCauley Daniel E. , Chu Mike S. H. , Lu Hong‐Yang
Published: July 2007

Multi‐layer ceramic capacitor chips prepared from an X7R‐formulated BaTiO3powder and nickel base‐metal electrodes were sintered at 1200°C and re‐oxidized at 1000°C in low‐oxygen partial pressures (pO2). While chips A and B, sintered inpO2≈10−9and 10−11atm, respectively, exhibited a typical temperature coefficient of capacitance resembling the X7R characteristics, normal dielectric behavior was retained in chip C sintered at the lowestpO2of ∼10−13atm with the Curie point resurged at ∼120°C. The chips were analyzed using X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The dielectric layer contains a siliceous residual glassy second phase in grain boundaries, triple‐grain junctions, and quadruple‐grain corners and crystalline second phases in locations scattered inhomogeneously. A crystalline second phase, common to all chips, was determined to hexagonal silicate oxyapatite Ca2Y8Si6O26. Tetragonal Ba2TiSi2O8was another crystalline second phase specific to chip C. Eutectic liquids have also formed principally among BaO, SiO2, and solid‐state additives of CaO and Y2O3below or at 1200°C to aid the densification of BaTiO3dielectrics. They were solidified upon cooling to a residual glassy second phase in the ceramics. Sintered BaTiO3grains of 250–400 nm in both chips A and B contained the characteristic X7R core–shell structure. Those in chip C have grew significantly to 5–8 μm but lost the core–shell completely. With almost all additives in chip C reacting to form second phases, the microstructure is represented by the {111} single and double twins resembling that of undoped BaTiO3ceramics sintered at low temperatures.
Suicidal Hanging Resulting in Complete Decapitation––Forensic, Radiological, and Anthropological Studies: A Case Report*
Authors: Dedouit Fabrice , Tournel Gilles , Bécart Anne , Hédouin Valéry , Gosset Didier
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  The authors report a case of complete posthanging decapitation. The decapitated corpse lay against a pillar of a road bridge. The head had rolled 5 m from the trunk. The bridge was 7.2 m above the road level. The rope was 3.6 m long, its lower end was 3.6 m from the ground and its diameter was 10 mm. The noose used was a slip knot. Plain X‐rays of the skull and cervical spine were obtained. The skull X‐rays showed air in the meningeal spaces, in both lateral and third ventricles. The severance plane of the cervical spine was between the third and the fourth cervical vertebrae. No other cervical vertebral injuries were noted. At autopsy, the brain was macroscopically unremarkable except for air in the meningeal veins. The decapitation injuries of the head and the torso corresponded perfectly, without apparent loss of substance. The severance plane was confirmed. Dry bone study was carried out. Except for fractures of the extremities of the spinous processes of the second and third cervical vertebrae, no other bone injury of the spine was seen. The cervical vertebrae displayed numerous osteoarthritic lesions. The traditional hangman’s fracture was not found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of complete posthanging decapitation with a severance plane between the third and fourth cervical vertebrae.
Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark
Authors: Nielsen Kim , Hjortdal Jesper , Aagaard Nohr Ellen , Ehlers Niels
Published: July 2007

Purpose:  To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hospitalized keratoconus (KC) in Denmark.

Methods:  Data extracts from the National Patient Registry under the National Board of Health (which covers the entire Danish population) were analysed.

Results:  The prevalence of KC was estimated at 86 patients per 100 000 residents and the incidence at 1.3 per 100 000 per year.

Conclusion:  KC is rather widespread in Denmark, with more than 4600 affected individuals.
A controlled 6‐month clinical trial to study the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingivitis
Authors: Mallatt Mark , Mankodi Suru , Bauroth Karen , Bsoul Samer A. , Bartizek Robert D. , He Tao
Published: July 2007

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess anti‐plaque and anti‐gingivitis benefits of a stabilized stannous fluoride (SnF2)/sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) dentifrice versus a negative control.

Material and Methods: This was a randomized, 6‐month, stratified, single‐centre, double‐blind, parallel group, clinical study conducted in harmony with the guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis outlined by the American Dental Association. A stabilized 0.454% SnF2/SHMP dentifrice was tested against a commercially available negative control dentifrice. Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 60 s using their assigned product. Efficacy measurements were obtained at baseline, 3 and 6 months post treatment using the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index and the Turesky Modified Quigley‐Hein Plaque Index. Oral tissue examinations were performed at all visits.

Results: A total of 140 subjects were enroled and 128 completed the study. Results after 6 months showed the SnF2 dentifrice delivered a 16.9% reduction in gingivitis (p<0.001), a 40.8% reduction (p<0.001) in gingival bleeding, and an 8.5% reduction in plaque (p=0.001) versus the negative control. Both treatments were well tolerated.

Conclusions: Twice daily use of the SnF2/SHMP dentifrice over 6 months provided statistically significant anti‐plaque and anti‐gingivitis benefits relative to a negative control.
Biomechanical properties of human hair with different parameters
Authors: Erik Berivan , Havitcioglu Hasan , Aktan Sebnem , Karakus Nuriye
Published: July 2007

Background/purpose: Investigations on the mechanical properties of human hair are inadequate. This research explores the break force of anagen hair by forming criteria according to the diameter of hair, gender, age, strain, use of drugs and hair dyes and how these criteria affect the mechanical resistance of hair.

Methods: The resistances of anagen hair of 120 volunteers were investigated in our biomechanics laboratory. The relationship between the value of break force of hair and hair diameter, gender, age, strain, use of drugs and hair dyes was examined. Tensile tests were applied to each hair with a 50 N load cell device.

Results: The statistical evaluation demonstrated a significant difference between the break forces of hairs with different hair diameters. The hairs with a diameter of 51 μm and above had a significantly higher break force than those of 50 μm and below (P=0.000). An insignificant correlation was observed between break force and strain (P=0.554, r=−0.055) whereas the correlation between diameter and strain was statistically significant (P=0.000, r=0.361).

Conclusion: The break force of hairs did not show any significant dependency on age, presence of hair dyes, gender and usage of drugs. Yet, a statistically significant difference was observed between the break forces of hairs when compared according to their diameters and strain. More research on the mechanical properties of human hair consistent with biological properties like protein structure, α keratin fibers and microfibril–matrix composite behaviors would guide dermatologists for diagnostic symptoms.
Relationships between skin properties and environmental parameters
Authors: Cravello Barbara , Ferri Ada
Published: July 2007

Background/purpose: Many authors have written about skin physiological parameters and their changes according to different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the literature puts in evidence disagreement among different studies due to the great variability in these parameters and due to the difficulty in comparing the results obtained under different working conditions. Hence, the aim of this work is to attempt to clarify the relationship between some skin properties, such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and mean skin temperature (Tsk), and the environmental parameters of ambient temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH), with the help of a climatic chamber to make the environment reliable. This work must be considered as the preliminary step of a wider project dealing with textile engineering: the results will be used in identifying criteria for textile design with the aim of producing more comfortable clothing.

Methods: Experiments were carried out in a climatic chamber with independently controlled Ta and RH. All the combinations between three levels of Ta (20°C, 25°C and 30°C) and four levels of RH (25%, 45%, 65% and 85%) were used on a panel of six young female subjects. The assessments made were: skin surface hydration using an electrical capacitance method, TEWL using a Tewameter and Tsk using a set of thermistors.

Results: The results showed a significant correlation between TEWL and Ta, while the RH had a weaker effect on TEWL in the temperature range under investigation. Also, Tsk showed a higher correlation with Ta compared with RH. Finally, skin surface hydration was found to be strongly affected by both environmental parameters.

Conclusions: The analysis of experimental data resulted in the elaboration of some easy empirical models useful to evaluate the changes in TEWL, skin hydration and Tsk in different climatic conditions. These relationships must be considered to be valid only in a restricted range of Ta (20–30°C) and RH (25–85%) for young female subjects (25–35 years old).