bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long term settlement of foundations made of 195 x 147 m slabs built on a layer of fluvial sediment
Authors: Dapena E.  , Román F.  , San Salvador J.
Published: February 2025

A waste water treatment plant was built on an open space in the North of Spain located on top of recent alluvial deposits ranging in thickness from 10 to 20 m. For the past 40 years blast furnace slag has been depositing on this open space forming a layer which, prior to the start of construction of the treatment plant and precisely coinciding with its siting, was as high as 15 m and this caused consolidation of the alluvial deposits beneath, allowing part of the installations to be built using direct foundations, having taken the precaution of not exceeding the preconsolidation load.
Long-term properties of cement treated soil 20 years after construction
Authors: Ikegami M.  , Ichiba T.  , Ohishi K.  , Terashi M.
Published: February 2025

Three decades have passed since the first application of the wet method of deep mixing. This paper presents results of a research on the long-term prperties of cement treated soil twenty years after construction. The long-term properties have two aspects. One is to confirm long-term strength of the cement treated soil. The other is to investigate the deterioration at the boundary surface of the treated soil. The results are that the present strength inside the treated soil mass is 2.1 times greater than 20 years ago, while at the periphery the strength reduction is observed up to a depth of 30 to 50mm from the boundary surface of treated soil.
The behaviour of expansive clayey embankments reinforced with lime addition
Authors: Oteo C.  , Castanedo F.J.
Published: February 2025

Severe problems arise in road and railway works when expansive clayey materials must be used. One solution is to reinforce them with the addition of water and lime, to reinforce the clay and make it more resistant and less expansive. This paper presents several laboratory and field studies, and real experiences recorded on diverse sites in Spain in recent years. A classification of these materials is also introduced to choose the most convenient solution.
Lime cement columns in alluvial soft soil
Authors: Verástegui Flores R.D.  , Van Impe W.F.  , Afschrift P.  , Cromheeke W.
Published: February 2025

This paper deals specifically with the improvement, on land, of soft silty clay and highly organic silty clay through the addition of cementing agents, by means of dry mixing. Lime and different type of cement have been employed and the improvement measures on cylindrical laboratory-mixed specimens has been followed up for a certain period of time. It has been found that blast furnace cements work rather well for both soil type. In the field, instrumented trial embankments built both on improved and on non-improved ground have put on view the benefit of different binder dosages with L-C columns installed. Moreover, the actual improvement on site of the soil columns and the effects of the column installation on the soil nearby have been assessed by field testing.
Soil improvement methods of Incheon and Astana International Airports
Authors: Zhusupbekov A.A.  , Shin E.C.  , Kim J.I.  , Das B.M.  , Zarenkov V.A.
Published: February 2025

Many large-scale land reclamation works are being performed along the south coast and the west coast in Korean Peninsula and left coast of Ishim River in Astana (Kazakhstan). A great amount soils are hydraulically filled by the dredging ship and various soil improvement techniques such as sand compaction piles on land and sea, plastic board drains, packed drains, horizontal and vertical vacuum consolidations, dynamic compaction, deep mixing method, progressive trenching method are being used for stabilization of soft ground. This paper describes soil improvement methods of the Incheon and Astana International Airports in Korea and Kazakhstan. The selection of soil improvement method is depended on geological formation of soil, soil characteristics, cost, availability of back-fill material, and experience in the past.
Pullout resistance of extruded geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil
Authors: Moraci N.  , Recalcati P.
Published: February 2025

In order to study the pullout behaviour of reinforcement geogrids embedded in granular compacted soils, a new large scale pullout test apparatus has been designed. The layout of the apparatus has been studied after a careful study of similar tests performed by other researchers in order to define a device that could reproduce, as close as possible, the real situation. More than 40 pullout tests have been performed, at constant displacement rate (1.0 mm/min), on three different HDPE extruded mono-oriented geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil varying the specimen lengths and the applied vertical effective confining pressures. The different geogrids used in the research have been tested with tensile tests performed at different speeds, and in particular at the same speed of the pullout tests, and the granular soil have been characterized through classification, Proctor and shear tests.
Design and instrumentation aspects of a 40m high nailed slope
Authors: Sayão Alberto S.F.J.  , Lima André P.  , Springer Fernanda O.  , Nunes Anna Laura L.S.  , Dias Paulo Henrique V.  , Gerscovich Denise M.S.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents details of a monitoring program on a 40m-high nailed excavation in gneissic residual soil. Stability studies and stress-strain analysis of the nailed mass were fundamental for defining the most efficient and economical solution in terms of nails and excavation geometries. The nails are made of steel bars 25mm in diameter, placed in drill holes with variable lengths (15 to 24m), with vertical and in horizontal spacing of 2m. Instrumentation included inclinometer and tell-tales for monitoring horizontal displacements of the soil mass. Strain gauges were also placed on the steel bars for obtaining tension and bending along the nails. Design concepts and construction details are briefly described, together with details of the monitoring program and preliminary results.
Continuum approach for analysis of short composite caisson foundation
Authors: Ali Jawaid S.M.  , Madhav Madhira R.
Published: February 2025

This study is an attempt to analyze the load – settlement behavior of short composite caisson foundation using the continuum approach. The steining considered to be rigid, undergoes rigid body translation and hence is treated as an incompressible cylinder while the core inside is analyzed as a compressible pile. Only compatibility of vertical displacements is considered in this analysis. The soil displacements are calculated at mid points of the outer surfaces of each element, and at the centers of bases of steining and granular core by integrating numerically the Mindlin's solution for a vertical point load inside a semi-infinite medium. A detailed parametric study is carried out to evaluate the relative influence of each parameter on the overall deformation response of the composite foundation. The results encourage the use of the above foundation for alluvial lowlands.
Observed bracing responses at the Ford Design Center excavation
Authors: Blackburn J. Tanner  , Sylvester Kate  , Finno Richard J.
Published: February 2025

The relative contributions of temperature, earth pressurs and construction loading on the resulting stresses in excavation support members were evaluated by analyses of the results of strain gauge measurements obtained at a 10 m deep excavation through clay. Temperature impacted both axial and bending stresses in the supports. It is shown that axial thermal loading may constitute 50% of the axial strut load. Bending stresses developed as a result of thermal variations through the cross-section of a support member, self-weight of the supports, and unexpected construction loadings. The bending introduced large stresses as well. The proximity of a support member to a corner of the excavation had little effect on the stress in the member.
Dutch research on the impact of shield tunnelling on pile foundations
Authors: Kaalberg F.J.  , Teunissen E.A.H.  , van Tol A.F.  , Bosch J.W.
Published: February 2025

In 1993 the Dutch government decided to commence with an extensive research and development program on underground construction. One of the main topics was to gather and develop knowledge in the field of the impact of shield tunnelling on buildings (i.e. pile foundations) situated in the vicinity of the bored tunnels. Several research projects were started in 1993 combined with the already planned tunnel projects, such as the Second Heinenoordtunnel, the Botlek railway tunnel and more recently the Sophia railway tunnel. This paper describes the results of the research projects and gives an evaluation of the impact of shield tunnelling on the bearing capacity of pile foundations and the ratio between surface settlements and pile settlements.
Experimental and numerical investigations of the guided caisson method
Authors: Lenzi M.  , Halsegger W.  , Semprich S.
Published: February 2025

The conventional caisson construction method has already been in use for a long time. A drawback of the procedure is the irregular lowering process of the caisson and that the final position of the caisson cannot be achieved precisely. To achieve a higher accuracy, the “guided caisson technique” was developed within a Vienna tunnelling project. Thereby a steel frame that is positioned at the surface is used as guidance during the lowering process and prevents the conventionally occurring pendulousness of the caisson. This method of construction works for single objects as well as for successive lowered elements in shallow tunnelling. This paper shows the results of a large-scale laboratory test and for the first time numerical simulations of the lowering process of a caisson using the Particle Flow Model especially to simulate the penetration of the cutting edge into the soil.
Evaluation of three-dimensional tunnel face failure mechanism using X-ray CT
Authors: Otani J.  , Takano D.  , Nagatani H.
Published: February 2025

A tunnel face failure is simulated by pulling out a tunnel model set in a model ground. The ground is then investigated by X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner in order to not only visualize the failure zone in three-dimension but also evaluate mechanism of the face failure. Here, the effect of overburden and pull-out length on the scale of failure zone is evaluated quantitatively. Finally, it is concluded that the mechanism of face failure can be investigated visually in three-dimension by the proposed test method. And the quantitative discussion on the face failure mechanism is well performed.
Tunneling through soft clay
Authors: Saarelainen Seppo  , Viitala Jouko
Published: February 2025

A new railway line was under construction in Northern Sweden, along the shoreline of the Gulf of Bothnia, between Umea and Ornskoldsvik. The ground conditions varied dramatically: Postglacial clay and silt valleys with intermediate ridges of crystalline, Precambrian bedrock, crossing the railway line. Within the stretch in question, the railway line level was about 20m below ground surface in soft organic silt.
Reliability of settlement prediction based on monitoring
Authors: Calle Ed  , Sellmeijer Hans  , Visschedijk Marcel
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an alternative method to predict expected mean values and standard deviations of embankment settlement, as function of time. The method is based on both prior assumptions regarding expected means and standard deviations of settlement parameters and computation model uncertainty, as well as actually observed settlement behavior, e.g. during the construction stage, applying a Bayesian updating concept. Potential applications concern e.g. design of a monitoring strategy and philosophy. The method is still under development, however the first results, demonstrated in this paper, look promising.
Stress-strain behaviour of compacted geomaterials for pavements
Authors: Gomes Correia A.  , Anh Dan L.Q.  , Koseki J.  , Tatsuoka F.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents some new and significant aspects of pre-failure deformation characteristics, particularly stress-strain properties at small strains, of crushed unbound granular materials used in pavement construction. The data was obtained from a series of precision cyclic triaxial tests performed at the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, using stress paths and strain levels representatives of pavement field conditions. Based in this data, effects of stress state and strain level in Young's modulus are discussed to some depth.
Stress distributions and its evaluation in asphalt pavement ground subjected to roller loading
Authors: Hayano K.  , Kitazume M.
Published: February 2025

Stress distributions in ground are important for analytical pavement designs to introduce new pavement materials such as recycled construction by-products. Therefore a monitoring system was newly developed in laboratory to measure stress distributions in asphalt pavement ground subjected to roller loads. Vertical and shear stresses at the bottom of the ground could be monitored. With using the monitoring system, a series of laboratory model test were conducted. The test results showed that the stress distributions in model grounds could be obtained with sufficient accuracy. It was also found that ratios of shear to vertical load acting to the roller, Fh/Fvwere affected by the surface conditions. The measured stress distributions were simulated by finite element analyses based on isotropic-linear property. The simulated results were quite well comparable with the measured ones when the ratio Fh/Fvwas properly taken into account.
Dynamic effects due to moving loads on tracks for high-speed railways and on tracks for metro lines
Authors: Kopf Fritz  , Adam Dietmar
Published: February 2025

The motion of trains induces various dynamic effects on tracks. Vehicles moving with high speed generate waves, which propagate both to the track and the ground influencing the traction of the train significantly, whereas metro carriages often cause perturbing vibrations to adjacent buildings and inadmissible noise. In both cases specific designs for rail track systems are required in order to minimize the mentioned effects. In this paper a design model is derived, which allows the determination of the dynamic response in different rail track systems due to a load moving with constant speed. The pavement and the rail are modeled as an infinite flexible beam resting on continuous spring-dashpot elements simulating ideal high-speed rail tracks. The solution is found by transfer functions consisting of series approximation. Furthermore, a model is proposed comprising an additional bedding of continuous springs between the flexible beam and the spring-dashpot elements. Therewith, innovative tracks with additional synthetic track pads for metro lines can be simulated in order to investigate vibration effects and wave propagation caused by the vehicle. Properties of spring-dashpot elements simulating the bedding of the layered subgrade structure are calculated from a dynamic cone model. The results of large scale in situ tests involving speeds up to 230 km/h carried out on high-speed rail tracks are presented as well as experiments on test tracks for the Vienna metro line.
Optimization of drawdown procedures of partially submerged slopes
Authors: Bellezza I.  , Fratalocchi E.
Published: February 2025

The paper investigates the stability of earth dams or reservoirs under drawdown conditions taking into account suction effects, usually neglected in routine analyses. An unsaturated soil profile above the water table is assumed and soil suction values are estimated by an appropriate soil-water characteristic curve. Starting from full and partial submergence levels, stability analyses are performed both for rapid and slow drawdown conditions, by varying non-dimensional suction parameters. Results and practical implications in drawdown procedures are discussed, demonstrating that the negative pore-water pressures can significantly accelerate a safe drawdown process.
Observational method for dike management
Authors: van de Kamp R.A.J.  , Rob E.H.
Published: February 2025

An observational method for dike management is proposed in this contribution. Due to several causes, dikes in The Netherlands are exposed to an increase in and variation of loads. Though many dikes have sufficient safety, the safety of a significant number of dikes is classified as doubtful. Since large-scale dike strengthening is undesirable, a search for new methods for dike management has been initiated. The proposed observational method uses monitoring of relevant parameters to assess the safety of dikes under actual circumstances, by comparing measurement results with predefined boundary values. As soon as the boundary values are exceeded, dike managers are expected to undertake measures. In this way, dike strengthening is limited to those locations for which it is truly necessary.
Effects of pore pressure response around pile on horizontal subgrade reaction during liquefaction and lateral spreading in large shaking table tests
Authors: Tokimatsu K.  , Suzuki H.
Published: February 2025

Effects of pore water pressure response on the subgrade reaction of a pile during liquefaction and lateral spreading are investigated through large shaking table tests. In liquefied soils, the extension and compression stress states cyclically develop on both sides of the pile. The pore water pressure and earth pressure on the extension side decrease significantly, while keeping those on the compression side constant. As a result, the pile is pulled back by the soil where the reduction in pore water pressure occurs. In laterally spreading ground, a large pore water pressure reduction occurs only on the downstream side when the ground moves downstream, but on neither side when the ground moves upstream. Thus, the pile is pulled by the downstream soil only when the ground moves downstream. Such mechanisms of p-y relation in liquefied and laterally spreading soils are completely different from those occurring in dry sand.
Modification of Davisson's method
Authors: Baligh F.A.  , Abdelrahman G.E.
Published: February 2025

Davisson's method (Offset Limit Method) is probably the best-known and most widely used method for predicting the ultimate pile load from load test results. This method when applied to the load-settlement curve of a tested pile, usually fails, unless the pile is loaded close to failure. Results of eighty static axial load tests on different types of piles carried out in Egypt were analyzed according to Davisson's method to obtain the ultimate load. Only four out of the eighty tests satisfied the method and predicted the ultimate load.
Nonlinear sensitivity of laterally loaded long piles in non-homogeneous soil – effect of boundary conditions
Authors: Hafez D.H.  , Budkowska B.B.
Published: February 2025

In the last few decades pile foundations became one of the most important sources of resistance against lateral loads. The paper presents the study of single laterally loaded piles, embedded in non-homogeneous soil and subjected to cyclic loading, using the sensitivity analysis approach. The sensitivity of maximum lateral deflection due to the changes of the design variables is investigated in a theoretical fashion. The design variables considered are the properties of both the pile and soil. The sensitivity results are given in a graphical form that reveals how the changes in the design variables that are crucial for the performance of the system are distributed spatially along the pile axis. The paper investigates the effect of the pile head boundary condition on the sensitivity results. A comparative analysis between piles with different head constraints is presented. It is shown that the sensitivity results connected with the pile bending stiffness are the results mostly affected by the change in head condition.
Use of sewage sludge and other waste materials for land reclamation
Authors: Chu J.  , Lim T.T.  , Goi M.H.
Published: February 2025

A large amount of sewage sludge and other waste materials are produced every year in Singapore. A study was carried out to establish a method to use sewage sludge and other waste materials for land reclamation. Portland cement and/or lime were used as binders. Waste materials, such as copper slag and marine clay, were also added in as fillers. The physical and environmental properties of the sewage sludge used and the properties of the treated sludge were characterized. The consolidation behaviour of the sludge-waste-binder mixtures around vertical drain was investigated using model tests. The study shows that both the geotechnical and environmental properties of the sewage sludge can be improved using the method proposed.
Flow visualization using transparent synthetic soils
Authors: Liu J.  , Iskander M.  , Tabe K.  , Kosterelos K.
Published: February 2025

Transparent materials including glass beads or quartz powder have been used to help in understanding flow processes through the soil. However, glass and quartz surrogates are limited by both their poor transparency and their inability to represent the geotechnical properties of soils. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of producing transparent soils made of amorphous silica gels or powders and liquids with matching refractive indices that can be used for modeling flow in soils, while representing the macroscopic geotechnical properties of a wide range of soils including sands and clays. Movement of a contaminant through soil was modeled. A clear pore fluid made of clear calcium bromide brine was used. A red dye was mixed in a mineral oil solution to represent contamination. The concentration of the oil-soluble dye solutions with known concentrations was simulated. These tests demonstrate that transparent synthetic soil can be used to visualize and non-intrusively measure pollutant transport in natural soils
Geotechnical behaviour of lime treated sulphatic soils
Authors: Sivapullaiah P.V.  , Sridharan A.  , Ramesh H.N.
Published: February 2025

This study has been under taken to understand the influence of sulphate content on two extreme types of fine-grained soils, namely montmorillonitic black cotton soil and kaolinitic red earth stabilised with optimum lime content of 6%. . It has been observed that unusual increase in liquid limit and plasticity index of both types of lime treated soils occurs in the presence of sulphate. However, only the shrinkage limit of expansive soil decreases in the presence of sulphate. Compressibility of lime treated soil containing sulphate increases significantly after curing for one year. The strength of both the lime treated soils decreased considerably due to alteration of soil lime reactions products to swelling ettrengite type of compounds in the presence of sulphate. The strength decrease is more for expansive montmorillonitic black cotton soil than in kaolinitic red earth soil. Use of barium chloride in the proportion of two times the weight of sulphate overcomes the adverse effects of sulphate in lime stabilised soils.
Modeling of soil moisture profile during infiltration into vadose zone
Authors: Sugii T.
Published: February 2025

A model of dynamic soil moisture distribution in unsaturated soil is proposed in order to solve Klute's equation simply. This model can represent relationships among soil moisture, depth and elapsed time by using a sigmoid function. By substituting this model into Klute's equation (the governing equation of one-dimensional vertical seepage flow in the unsteady state), Klute's equation can be solved easily and the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil can be obtained.
Trigger mechanism of progressive landslides analysis and explanation
Authors: Chirica Anton
Published: February 2025

Abstract text Conditions for the occurrence and development of slope instability in macrostructured dilatant clayey soils are investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. A computing procedure based on the finite element method adapted to nonlinear and dilatant media, was elaborated to evaluate the state of stress and strain in sloping earth masses having a dilatant mechanical behavior. In this paper are presented some major landslides from Romania with corresponding conclusions
The influence of earth temperature on dynamic characteristics of frozen soil and the parameters of ground motion at the sites of permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wang Lanmin  , Wu Zhijian  , Zhang Dongli  , Zhang Luxin
Published: February 2025

Based on the field investigation on the west of Kunlun mountain pass 8.1 earthquake in 2001 and site exploration along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China, the influence of temperature on dynamic constitutive relationship, dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic strength of frozen soil were studied quantitatively by means of dynamic triaxial test. Moreover, the characteristics of ground motion on permafrost site under different earth temperatures were analyzed for the four profiles of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway using the time histories of ground motion acceleration with 3 exceedance probabilities for Kunlun mountain area. The results show that earth temperature has predominant influence on seismic displacement, velocity, acceleration and response spectrum on permafrost sites. A scientific basis was presented for earthquake disaster prevention of structures, railways, highways and underground engineering in permafrost areas.
Use of Finite Element Methods in Geotechnical Ultimate Limit State Design
Authors: Bauduin C.  , Bakker K.J.  , Frank R.
Published: February 2025

The paper introduces to the use of FEM in Ultimate Limit State Design. The accuracy of FEM to predict failure load is briefly discussed. Procedures for FEM in MFA (Material Factoring Approach) and LRFA (Load and Resistance Factoring Approach) formats are proposed. In MFA it is advised to simulate the stress and loading history using unfactored values of the material parameters and, at each stage where the ULS requirements have to be checked, to reduce stepwise the shear strength parameters to their design values (ϕ'-c' reduction, usually performed using a simple elastic-purely plastic model). This allows to check for ULS in the ground and provides design values of forces in structural members. In LRFA, the design values of forces in structural members are obtained by multiplying their characteristic values by the load factor. Checking for geotechnical failure in LRFA is in some cases not always straight-forward. The links between the proposed procedures and the three Design Approaches introduced by Eurocode 7 for persistent and transient design situations are explained. The advantages and limitations involved by the use of a simple elastic-purely plastic model for the ϕ'-c' reduction are discussed.
Interactive computer-aided learning of landslide identification and monitoring process
Authors: Bonnard Ch.  , Derron M.-H.  , Moreno J.  , Pittet X.  , Tacher L.  , Turberg P.  , Parriaux A.  , Vulliet L.
Published: February 2025

Within a large multidisciplinary project, a well-structured and interactive knowledge database was developed aimed at providing MS and PhD students with a comprehensive and well-illustrated information on all natural hazards and risks. In particular it develops methods to plan investigation works and interpret landslide field data and monitoring results so as to establish the mechanisms of the studied landslides. The main aspects of this teaching tool accessible through internet are presented as well as the tests allowing a self-evaluation of the knowledge acquired by the students.
The synergy between theory and practice in geo-engineering
Authors: Hemmen B.R.
Published: February 2025

GeoBrain is a facility at GeoDelft with the purpose to provide society with all relevant geo-engineering knowledge and experience in a structured way. On the basis of the available knowledge and experience engineers, decision makers and construction supervisors can come to a fast, reproducible and objective choice, taking into account the consequences. The paper presents examples from the GeoBrain experience databases and forecasting models developed for foundation engineering and directional drilling, or: “GeoBrain Foundations” and “GeoBrain Drilling”.
Teaching geotechnical engineers to avoid excessive deformations
Authors: Osman Ashraf  , Bolton Malcolm
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a design approach based directly on the data of carefully chosen soil tests, conceived within the framework of plasticity theory, but allowing for strain-hardening. Mobilized shear stresses beneath foundations, for example, are found by using conventional bearing capacity factors. Strains required to mobilize these stresses are deduced from a triaxial test on a representative sample taken from a specified location in the plastic zone of influence. These strains are entered into a simple plastic deformation mechanism to predict boundary displacements.
Geo-characterisation and properties of natural soils by in situ tests
Authors: Schnaid Fernando
Published: February 2025

Site characterisation and in situ test interpretation have been evolving from basic empirical recommendations to a sophisticated area demanding a thorough knowledge of material behaviour and numerical modelling. With the advent of modern testing techniques and more rigorous methods of analysis, site characterisation in natural soils is gaining momentum. This Report presents a critical appraisal in the understanding and assessment of the stress-strain-time and strength characteristics of natural soil conditions and explores new interpretation methods capable of measuring soil properties shaped by effects of microstructure, stiffness non-linearity, small and large strain anisotropy, weathering and destructuration, consolidation characteristics and rate dependency. Interpretation methods in different soil formations such as clay, sand, silt and bonded geomaterials are explored using different testing techniques. Since the in situ behaviour of natural soils is complex, a single general recommendation is to cross-correlate measurements from different tests. When data are combined there is more scope for rational interpretation and, for this reason, emphasis has been placed on correlations with mechanical properties that are based on the combination of independent measurements.
Administrative report: TC 36 – Foundation engineering in difficult soft soil conditions
Authors: Auvinet G.
Published: February 2025

This report reviews the scope and activities of ISSMGE's Technical Committee TC36 “Foundation Engineering in Difficult Soft Soil Conditions” for the 2001–2005 period. An international workshop on this topic was successfully organized in Mexico City in May 2002. A special volume has been published and is available with the Mexican Society of Soil Mechanics. Other activities and plans for a new technical meeting in a near future are also reported.
Indirect estimation of segregation potential based on soil index properties
Authors: Konrad J.-M.
Published: February 2025

A new approach to estimate segregation potential values using the frost heave response of two reference soils is presented. The reference characteristics consist of a relationship between segregation potential at zero overburden pressure, specific surface area and average grain size of the fines fraction for two artificial soil mixtures in which the clay mineral is poorly crystallized kaolinite. The prediction of segregation potential values using the reference frost heave characteristics approach is more robust and reliable than other empirical approaches which do not specifically distinguish between clay and nonclay fines.
Fraser River sand. Mathematical characterization
Authors: Badillo Eulalio Juárez
Published: February 2025

General equations provided by the principle of natural proportionality are applied to mathematically characterize the undrained behaviour of Fraser River sand. The undrained tests were carried out using displacement-controlled loading to confidently capture the post-peak strain-softening response. The very good tests, already published, were made to show the dependence of the undrained behaviour of sand on the initial stress state and the orientation of principal stresses with respect to the bedding planes under generalized loading paths using hallow cylinder torsional shear tests. A mere rotation of principal stresses at constant deviator stress alone is included.
Marine soft clays of Santos, Brazil: Building settlements and geological history
Authors: Massad Faiçal
Published: February 2025

The paper deals with the settlement of tall buildings, supported by shallow foundations, in the City of Santos, Brazil. After describing the Geological History of the clayey sediments of Santos Coastal Plain, the paper presents briefly their Geotechnical Properties, emphasizing the pre-consolidation mechanisms and the 4 classes of soft marine clays. With this background it is shown that the soft clays of Santos City, deposited before 7.000 years BP, overlaid with a 8-12 m thick sand deposit, were submitted to dune action that may explain: a) the differences in settlements of buildings with the same height and thickness of soft layer, in some cases in a proportion of 1:3; and b) some occurrences of inclined buildings.
Strength characteristics and construction management of cement-mixed gravel
Authors: Watanabe K.  , Tateyama M.  , Yonezawa T.  , Aoki H.
Published: February 2025

Aiming at cost-effective use of cement-mixed gravel as the backfill of critical civil structures allowing small deformation, such as bridge abutments, a series of drained triaxial compression tests were performed on cement-mixed well-graded gravel. Based on these test results, new construction management standard for the cement-mixed gravel for the backfill of bridge abutment was prescirbed and it was applied to the current project of new bullet line at Kyushu. Additional large triaxial tests on core-sampled cement-mixed gravel specimen at Kyushu were also carried out and these specimens cleared the required strength, indicating that the standard is reasonable and practical.
Ménard and Cambridge selfboring pressuremeters: Correlations between mechanical parameters in Lisbon Miocene clayey soils
Authors: de Sousa Coutinho António G.F.  , Ludovico Marques M.A.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a mechanical characterization of Miocene overconsolidated clays of the Lisbon subsoil, carried out by pressuremeter tests. These tests were run in the scope of the enlargement of the Lisbon underground net. The tests were performed with a Ménard pressuremeter and a Cambridge selfboring pressuremeter, both with a pressure capacity of 10 MPa.
Comportement anisotrope des sols et caractérisation d'un site à partir d'essais de propagation d'ondes
Authors: Di Benedetto H.  , Geoffroy H.  , Duttine A.  , Sauzéat C.  , Chau B.
Published: February 2025

L'existence d'un tenseur limite Me, reliant les amplitudes des cycles de contraintes et de déformations a été montrée pour les sables, dans le domaine des très petites déformations (<quelques 10−5). Un modèle hypoélastique appelé DBGS a été formulé pour décrire Me. Il tient compte des observations expérimentales (tenseur symétrique, anisotropie, effet des contraintes, etc.). Une application pratique est proposée sur le site d'une centrale nucléaire, dont le sol est essentiellement constitué de marnes. Sur ce site, des essais cross-hole ont été réalisés. Le modèle DBGS a permis d'évaluer les modules d'Young horizontal et vertical, le module de cisaillement ainsi que les coefficients de Poisson dans les différentes directions, à partir des mesures des vitesses de propagation d'ondes (P et S).
CPTU correlations for clays
Authors: Karlsrud K.  , Lunne T.  , Kort D.A.  , Strandvik S.
Published: February 2025

New correlations between various CPTU factors, undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio have been developed for soft to medium stiff clays. The correlations are based on comparing the CPTU results against undrained traxial compression strength and preconsolidation pressure determined on block samples of very high quality taken with the Sherbrooke 250 mm block sampler. The data base covers samples from 17 different sites ranging from soft to medium stiff clays with plasticity index from 10 to 50 % and sensitivity from 3 to about 200. The data clearly show that the measured excess pore pressure gives the best and most consistent correlation to the measured undrained strength. The cone resistance shows fairly large scatter, which may partly be an equipment/measurement problem and partly reflect that the cone resistance is a more complex parameter than the pore pressure response and which depends on more subtle clay characteristics. The cone factors also depend on the clay sensitivity and the plasticity index of the clays tested and the type of cone used.
Pressuremeter testing in a calibration chamber with unsaturated minco silt
Authors: Tan Norman K.  , Miller Gerald A.
Published: February 2025

The pressuremeter is an excellent test to determine the in situ stress-strain relationship for soil. Many of the theories and methods of analysis for the pressuremeter have been developed using saturated soil or dry soil mechanics. Unsaturated soil is frequently encountered during subsurface exploration, especially in arid regions of the world where the ground water table can be at substantial depth. Thus, there is a need for methods to interpret pressuremeter test data from unsaturated soil. At the University of Oklahoma, multiple pressuremeter tests have been conducted in unsaturated soil in a laboratory controlled environment via the use of a calibration chamber. The soil beds were built of a clayey silt to encompass a range of matric suction from 15 kPa to 90 kPa. In addition to the influence of matric suction, the influence of net normal stress on pressuremeter test results was also investigated. Thus, the soil beds were compressed at three different net normal stresses. Multiple approaches were taken to control and measure the matric suction in the soil beds. The active approach involved regulating the pore air and pore water pressure of the soil beds via a pressure control system and high air-entry porous discs. The passive approach involved compacting the soil beds at moisture contents with reference to a target matric suction based on the soil-water characteristic curves and taking measurements of the pore water pressure in the soil beds via tensiometers. Cavity expansion theory was incorporated in the analyses of the experimental results. This paper presents the results of the pressuremeter tests in unsaturated Minco Silt beds conducted in the calibration chamber at different levels of matric suction, and discusses the influence of various testing parameters on the results.
Combining geophysical and mechanical testing techniques for the investigation and characterization of ISC'2 residual soil profile
Authors: Viana da Fonseca A.  , Carvalho J.M.  , Ferreira C.  , Santos J.A.  , Almeida F.  , Hermosilha H.
Published: February 2025

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental site investigation and characterization survey, on a residual (saprolitic) soil from granite, located at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP). This project aims at characterizing these unusual soils in the context of the development of an International Prediction Event (Class A) on the behaviour of different types of piles. A very extensive site characterization campaign, including a large variety of in situ tests and field methods, has been held. These investigations comprised the application of several geophysical borehole and surface methods, namely: P and S-wave seismic refraction, reflection, cross-hole (CH), down-hole (DH), electrical resistivity imaging, ground probing radar (GPR), etc. – as well as mechanical tests – namely: SPT, CPT, DMT, among others. The site is geologically formed by an upper layer of heterogeneous residual granitic soil overlaying a rather weathered granite contacting a gneissic migmatite. Direct and indirect results from some of the referred surveys are compared between them and with some of the available geological and geotechnical information, namely those obtained from seismic, electrical and GPR profiles, conducted adjacent to three boreholes in which undisturbed soil samples were collected previously to geophysical data acquisition. In addition, an extensive laboratory testing program was carried out using the collected undisturbed samples. A discussion of the obtained results is inhere presented, giving emphasis to the correlations encountered between the different tests, specific of saprolitic soils with weak relic structures.
Determination of the mechanical characteristics of soils by results of plate load tests
Authors: Zhusupbekov A.Zh.  , Zhakulin A.S.  , Bakenov H.Z.
Published: February 2025

The complex of field researches by plate load tests on loamy and loam sandy soils of water-saturated bases on the construction site of New Airport Astana have been carried out by the authors. The means for reconstruction of the airport in capital of Kazakhstan are allocated as the grant by Japanese Bank for Development and Reconstruction, and also the Japan company “Marubeni” taking active part in the construction. And also the spatial task by a method of final elements for estimation of stressed – deformed condition of water-saturated bases is solved. The elastic and plastic model of soil, supposing elastic work within the limits of surface, described by criterion Mor-Kulon and coextensive current on this surface is considered. As a result of the numerical analysis the model of soil environment for the forecast of the stressed-deformed condition of water-saturated base is chosen.
Cyclic soil degradation/hardening models: A critique
Authors: Allotey N.  , El Naggar M.H.
Published: February 2025

The response of soils to applied loading is affected by the current state of stress and previous loading history. To account for this when evaluating their response to cyclic or dynamic loading, it is necessary to track the state of stress at each given time. Cyclic degradation or hardening of soils results in an increase or decrease in soil stiffness and strength. This is as a result of changes in the effective confining stress due to void ratio or pore pressure changes. Therefore, all cyclic soil response models account for this effect in an implicit or an explicit manner by tracking a specified memory parameter. For most empirical models, the state parameter is usually related to the number of uniform or equivalent uniform loading cycles experienced by the soil. This paper discusses various implementations of such models in the literature from a general fatigue framework point of view. Various unique features of the models are highlighted to show their capabilities, underlying assumptions and limitations.
The effect of the rate on the cyclic strains in clays – theoretical and laboratory tests
Authors: Jastrzebska M.  , Lupiezowiec M.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, influence of the rate on cyclic strains in cohesive soils is analysed. The authors' aim is a comparison of two different approaches: theoretical and experimental. A new model which is a viscoplastic generalization of the NAHOS (the model able to describe strong nonlinear behavior of soils in the preconsolidation state) is presented. Simultaneously, triaxial tests on kaolin samples were realized with a local measurement of deformation by means of contact free micro displacements sensors. A satisfactory agreement between the theoretical analysis and the experimental results in the preconsolidation state was reached.
An elasto-plastic constitutive model for structured sand with interparticle bonding
Authors: Katsuki D.  , Nakata Y.
Published: February 2025

A constitutive equation of sand in which the particles are weakly bonded at contact was proposed. The proposed equation was developed on the basis of critical state and subloading surface concepts. The effect of bonding on the mechanical behavior of sand was quantified as an internal stress component. The degradation of bonding caused by loading was modeled as an evolution law of the internal stress. Analysis of the specifics of internal stress degradation played an indispensable role in developing a valid model of bonded sand.
Numerical investigation of hydraulic fracture in saturated cohesive body
Authors: Amirodin Sadrnejad Seyed
Published: February 2025

Hydraulic fracturingis defined as the process of initiationpropagation of cracks due to fluid pressure at relatively high flow rates in cohesive soil. Fractures in cohesive earth layers are desired for a variety of reasons, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, re-injection of drilling or other environmentally sensitive wastes, measurement of in situ stresses, geothermal energy recovery, and enhanced well water production. These fractures can range in size from a few meters to hundreds of metes and their cost is often a significant portion of the total development cost. In locations where the in situ stress field, including the directions, is known and the oil well-bore is aligned with one of the far-field principal stresses, the hydraulic fracture geometry can be predicted and controlled with reasonable accuracy. Numerical simulations and an accurate elastic-plastic model may be used to evaluate and predict the location in three dimension medium, orientation and extent of hydraulic fractures.
Learning Temporal Context for Activity Recognition
Authors: Coppola Claudio  , Krajník Tomáš  , Duckett Tom  , Bellotto Nicola
Published: February 2025

We investigate how incremental learning of long-term human activity patterns improves the accuracy of activity classification over time. Rather than trying to improve the classification methods themselves, we assume that they can take into account prior probabilities of activities occurring at a particular time. We use the classification results to build temporal models that can provide these priors to the classifiers. As our system gradually learns about typical patterns of human activities, the accuracy of activity classification improves, which results in even more accurate priors. Two datasets collected over several months containing hand-annotated activity in residential and office environments were chosen to evaluate the approach. Several types of temporal models were evaluated for each of these datasets. The results indicate that incremental learning of daily routines leads to a significant improvement in activity classification.
A Practical Approach to Fuse Shape and Appearance Information in a Gaussian Facial Action Estimation Framework
Authors: Hassan Teena  , Seuss Dominik  , Wollenberg Johannes  , Garbas Jens  , Schmid Ute
Published: February 2025

In many domains of computer vision, such as medical imaging and facial image analysis, it is necessary to combine shape (geometric) and appearance (texture) information. In this paper, we describe a method for combining geometric and texture-based evidence for facial actions within a Kalman filter framework. The geometric evidence is provided by a face alignment method. The texture-based evidence is provided by a set of Support Vector Machines (SVM) for various Action Units (AU). The proposed method is a practical solution to the problem of fusing categorical probabilities within a Kalman filter based state estimation framework. A first performance evaluation on upper face AUs demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed fusion method. The method is applicable to arbitrary imaging domains, apart from facial action estimation.