bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Savings of a Program to Prevent Ankle Sprain Recurrence
Authors: Hupperets Maarten D. W. , Verhagen Evert A. L. M. , Heymans Martijn W. , Bosmans Judith E. , van Tulder Maurits W. , van Mechelen Willem
Published: August 2010

Background

The most common ankle injury is the lateral ankle sprain. Dutch annual sports-related ankle sprain costs can roughly be estimated at 187,200,000. Research has shown that proprioceptive training accounts for an approximated overall 50% reduction in ankle sprain recurrence rate.

Hypothesis

An unsupervised proprioceptive training program to reduce the recurrence of lateral ankle sprains will reduce overall health care costs.

Design

Cohort study (economic analysis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

The study included 522 male and female athletes: 256 athletes (120 female and 136 male) in the intervention group, and 266 athletes (128 female and 138 male) in the control group. Both groups received treatment according to usual care. Athletes allocated to the intervention group received an 8-week proprioceptive training program in addition to usual care. Costs per athlete and costs per injured athlete were calculated. Costs related to ankle sprain recurrences were measured from a societal perspective using cost diaries. Bootstrapping was used to analyze the cost-effectiveness data. Follow-up was 1 year.

Results

Mean total costs in the intervention group were 81 (standard deviation, 134) per athlete and 114 (325) per injured athlete. Mean overall costs in the control group were 149 (836) per athlete and 447 (1403) per injured athlete. Statistically significant differences in total costs were found per athlete (mean difference, —69; 95% confidence interval, -200 to -2) and per injured athlete (-332; -741 to -62) in favor of the intervention group. A cost-effectiveness plane showed the effect of the intervention was larger and the costs were lower in the intervention group than the control group.

Conclusion

The use of a proprioceptive training program after usual care of an ankle sprain is cost-effective for the prevention of ankle sprain recurrences in comparison with usual care alone. In the Netherlands, an estimated annual 35.9 million in medical and lost productivity costs can be saved solely by advocating a proprioceptive training program as in the present study.
The Effect of Distal Clavicle Excision on in Situ Graft Forces in Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kowalsky Marc S. , Kremenic Ian J. , Orishimo Karl F. , McHugh Malachy P. , Nicholas Stephen J. , Lee Steven J.
Published: August 2010

Background

Recently, some have suggested that the acromioclavicular articulation confers stability to the construct after coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction for acromioclavicular joint separation. Therefore, it has been suggested that distal clavicle excision should not be performed in this context to protect the graft during healing.

Hypothesis

Sectioning the acromioclavicular ligaments would significantly increase in situ forces of a coracoclavicular ligament graft, whereas performing a distal clavicle resection would not further increase in situ graft forces.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

A simulated coracoclavicular reconstruction was performed on 5 cadaveric shoulders. Static loads of 80 N and 210 N were applied directly to the clavicle in 5 directions: anterior, anterosuperior, superior, posterosuperior, and posterior. The in situ graft force was measured using a force transducer under 3 testing conditions: (1) intact acromioclavicular ligaments, (2) sectioned acromioclavicular ligaments, and (3) distal clavicle excision.

Results

For both magnitudes of load, in all directions, in situ graft force with intact acromioclavicular ligaments was significantly less than that with sectioned acromioclavicular ligaments (P < .001). Distal clavicle excision did not further increase the in situ graft forces with load applied to the clavicle in an anterior, anterosuperior, or superior direction. However, in situ graft forces were increased with distal clavicle excision when the clavicle was loaded with 210 N in the posterosuperior direction (60.4 ± 6.3 N vs 52.5 ± 7.1 N; P = .048) and tended to be increased with posterior loading of the clavicle (71.8 ± 6.2 N vs 53.1 ± 8.8 N; P = .125).

Conclusion

Intact acromioclavicular ligaments protect the coracoclavicular reconstruction by decreasing the in situ graft force. The slight increase in the in situ graft force only in the posterosuperior and posterior direction after distal clavicle excision suggests only a marginal protective role of the acromioclavicular articulation. Further, the peak graft forces observed represent only a small fraction of the ultimate failure strength of the graft.

Clinical Relevance

Distal clavicle excision can perhaps be safely performed in the context of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction without subjecting the graft to detrimental in situ force. Although the acromioclavicular articulation serves only a marginal role in protecting the coracoclavicular ligament graft, reconstruction of the acromioclavicular ligaments may serve an important role in decreasing in situ graft force during healing.
Intrinsic Risk Factors for Groin Injuries among Male Soccer Players
Authors: Engebretsen Anders Hauge , Myklebust Grethe , Holme Ingar , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald
Published: August 2010

Background

This study was conducted to determine if risk factors for groin injuries among male soccer players could be identified.

Hypothesis

Previous groin injuries, reduced function scores, age, findings on clinical examination, and low isometric groin strength are associated with increased risk of new groin injuries.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

A total of 508 players representing 31 amateur teams were tested during the 2004 preseason for potential risk factors for groin injury through a questionnaire on previous injury and function score (Groin Outcome Score [GrOS]) and a clinical examination of the groin. Generalized estimating equations were used in univariate analyses to identify candidate risk factors, and factors with a P value <.10 were then examined in a multivariate model.

Results

During the soccer season, 61 groin injuries affecting 55 legs (51 players) were registered. The total incidence of groin injuries was 0.6 injuries per 1000 playing hours (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-0.7), 0.3 injuries per 1000 training hours (95% CI, 0.2-0.4), and 1.8 injuries per 1000 match hours (95% CI, 1.2-2.5). In a multivariate analysis, previous acute groin injury (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.60; 95% CI, 1.10-6.11) and weak adductor muscles as determined clinically (adjusted OR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.31-14.0) were significantly associated with increased risk of groin injuries. A multivariate analysis based only on acute time-loss injuries revealed the 40-m sprint test result (adjusted OR, 2.03 for 1 standard deviation change [injured group faster]; 95% CI, 1.06-3.88; P = .03) and functional testing of the rectal abdominal muscles (adjusted OR, 15.5 [painful in 19% of the players in the injured group compared to 16% in the uninjured group]; 95% CI, 1.11-217; P = .04) as significant risk factors.

Conclusion

A history of acute groin injury and weak adductor muscles are significant risk factors for new groin injuries.
Life cycle assessment of a road safety product made with virgin and recycled HDPE
Authors: Simões Carla L , Xará Susana M , Bernardo CA
Published: August 2010

The present study aims at evaluating the potential environmental impact of using recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the production of an anti-glare lamella (AGL), a road safety device currently manufactured from virgin (not recycled) polymer. The impact was evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique and comparing two alternative systems: current AGL, manufactured from virgin HDPE, and optional AGL, made with recycled HDPE obtained from post-consumer packages. The AGL manufacturing phase was found to be responsible for most of the impacts in both systems, with the production of the raw material being the largest contributor for that phase. The present study makes a contribution to the problem of developing value-added products made from post-consumer polymeric recyclates.
Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondrial Molecular Pathology, Inflammation, Statins, and Therapeutic Neuroprotective Nutrition
Authors: Kones Richard
Published: August 2010

Pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, especially the substantia nigra, and the presence of Lewy bodies within nerve cells. Environmental toxins are associated with the disease and, in a minority of cases, genetic factors have been identified. Inflammation—with activation of phagocytic microglia, release of cytokines, invasion by T cells, and complement activation—plays a role in damaging these neurons. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction leading to apoptosis, accumulation and oligomerization of the protein α‐synuclein, and defective protein disposal by the ubiquitin proteasome system are involved in the complex web of events mediating nigral cell demise. Two agents of current interest, coenzyme Q10 and creatine, may be disease modifying, and large studies are in progress. Related mechanisms of other substances, including ω‐3 fatty acids and vitamin D, are included in this review. The association with serum cholesterol levels and the effects of statin drugs are uncertain but important.
Update in Pediatrics: Focus on Fat‐Soluble Vitamins
Authors: Sathe Meghana N. , Patel Ashish S.
Published: August 2010

This article provides an update on fat‐soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the healthy pediatric population and in children with chronic disease states that commonly cause deficiencies, specifically cystic fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease. For each fat‐soluble vitamin, the biological function, nutrition availability, absorption, deficiency, toxic states, and monitoring parameters are defined.
Book Review: Portable Fluids and Electrolytes
Authors: Ireton‐Jones Carol
Published: August 2010

Cole SR Schaeffer K (editors). Portable Fluids and Electrolytes. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. Restruture page‐count as size[@units=“page”] 410 pp, $44.95. ISBN 13:978‐1‐58255‐678‐9.
Article Commentary: Trends and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Severe Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents, 1976‐2006
Authors: Mullin Gerard E.
Published: August 2010

Trends and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Severe Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents, 1976‐2006 Wang CY Gortmaker SL Taveras EM published online ahead of print March 17, 2010. Int J Pediatr Obes.
Productive Tensions: Ethnographic Engagement, Complexity, and Contradiction
Authors: Chapkis Wendy
Published: August 2010

This article discusses engagement, complexity, and contradiction as resources for, rather than simply impediments to, good research. Drawing on examples from her own work of the past three decades on body image, commercial sex, and the medical use of marijuana, the author examines the benefits of, as well as some of the challenges presented by, this approach to scholarly practice.
Do Restrictions on Eminent Domain Harm Economic Development?
Authors: Carpenter Dick M. , Ross John K.
Published: August 2010

After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld in the Kelo decision the use of eminent domain for private-to-private transfer of property for economic development, public outrage was followed by attempts to restrict such use of eminent domain. Opponents of restrictions predicted dire consequences for state and local economies. This study considers whether restricting the use of eminent domain for economic development results in negative economic effects. The authors examine economic indicators before and after legislative or judicial restrictions on eminent domain across all states and between states based on the type of legislative/judicial change. Results indicate that there appear to be no negative economic consequences resulting from limiting the use of eminent domain when examining economic indicators before and after legislative/judicial change. Adopting either moderate or major eminent domain restrictions appears to create no economic ill effects when analyzing differences in trends based on the type of legislation passed or scope of judicial decision.
Critical Globalization Studies and the New Imperialism
Authors: Fuchs Christian
Published: August 2010

In recent years, the concepts of imperialism, global capitalism, and capitalist empire have become increasingly relevant to critical globalization studies. Within the context of this discourse, this article explores whether or not contemporary society can be characterized as a new form of the Marxist notion of imperialism. In an attempt to answer this question, I employ Vladimir Lenin’s analysis of imperialism as it relates to contemporary capitalism. I test Lenin’s theories with a macroeconomic statistical analysis of existing data.
The Promise and Limits of Collective Action for Nonprofit Self-Regulation: Evidence From Asia
Authors: Sidel Mark
Published: August 2010

Self-regulation is an increasing mandate in American nonprofit life, but the new focus on self-regulation is not limited to the United States. Nonprofit self-regulation is expanding rapidly in Asia as an expression of collective action to defend against encroaching and increasing state pressures; to strengthen the quality of sectoral governance, services, financial management, and fundraising; to improve public, corporate, media, and other perceptions of nonprofits and charities; to organize an unruly sphere and marginalize lower quality actors or other outliers; to access governmental or donor funding; to act as a market mechanism to exclude competitive or unproductive actors for the benefit of remaining players or to marginalize organizations causing reputational damage to the sector; as a learning opportunity for nonprofits and their networks; and as a means to clarify and strengthen shared identity. This article analyzes the rapid development and forms of nonprofit self-regulation in Cambodia, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines and the motivations behind this rapid growth.
Structured Inequalities—Factors Associated with Spatial Disparities in Maternity Care in India
Authors: Desai Sonalde , Wu Lijuan
Published: August 2010

Research on India documents considerable heterogeneity in health and health care across states. However, while regional differences are well established, factors underlying these differences have received little attention. This paper seeks to explain disparities in delivery care across districts by focusing on three factors: (1) marriage and kinship patterns; (2) district wealth; (3) governance and quality of services. Using data from the nationally representative India Human Development Survey 2005 (IHDS) it examines the probability that the 11,905 women who had a child between 2000 and 2005 delivered in a hospital or received care from a doctor or a nurse while delivering at home. The results suggest that 47 per cent of the variation in delivery care in India is between districts while 53 per cent is between women within district. Although compositional differences in education and household wealth explain some of the variation between districts, marriage and kinship patterns, district wealth and governance each has a significant impact on shaping between-district variation in maternity care.
The Gamer Who Became Me
Authors: Lobuts John
Published: August 2010

This autobiography is an attempt to write and share the author’s personal story, first as a learner, then as a teacher. It also attempts to share the educational gifts initially bestowed and then passed on from one generation to the next. The writer will talk about how games and simulations were first inherited and learned, then employed in teaching, and subsequently disseminated to the next generation. The role play, games, and simulations are but a disposition to the love affair, passion, calling, and ideal that the writer calls education, with simulations as a hallmark to the process.
Electroencephalographic Assessment of Player Experience
Authors: Nacke Lennart E. , Stellmach Sophie , Lindley Craig A.
Published: August 2010

Psychophysiological methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG), provide reliable high-resolution measurements of affective player experience. In this article, the authors present a psychophysiological pilot study and its initial results to solidify a research approach they call affective ludology, a research area concerned with the physiological measurement of affective responses to player-game interaction. The study investigates the impact of level design on brainwave activity measured with EEG and on player experience measured with questionnaires. The goal of the study was to investigate cognition, emotion, and player behavior from a psychological perspective. For this purpose, a methodology for assessing gameplay experience with subjective and objective measures was developed extending prior work in physiological measurements of affect in digital gameplay. The authors report the result of this pilot study, the impact of three different level design conditions (boredom, immersion, and flow) on EEG, and subjective indicators of gameplay experience. Results from the subjective gameplay experience questionnaire support the validity of our level design hypotheses. Patterns of EEG spectral power show that the immersion-level design elicits more activity in the theta band, which may support a relationship between virtual spatial navigation or exploration and theta activity. The research shows that facets of gameplay experience can be assessed with affective ludology measures, such as EEG, in which cognitive and affective patterns emerge from different level designs.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Prevalence Among Patients With Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Köktürk Nurdan , Kanbay Asiye , Aydoğdu Müge , Özyılmaz Ezgi , Bukan Neslihan , Ekim Numan
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study is to evaluate the plasma total homocysteine level in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to investigate the effect of different risk factors on plasma levels. Ninety-three-patients with VTE and 37-control participants diagnosed with other than VTE were included in the study. Plasma homocysteine levels and the factors affecting plasma homocysteine levels were evaluated. Plasma homocysteine level was higher among patients with VTE compared to the controls independent from vitamin B12 and folate levels. The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in VTE was 63%. Plasma homocysteine level was higher in patients with PE than deep venous thrombosis (DVT; 23 ± 13.7 vs 16 ± 5.8 μmol/L, P = .018). With regression analysis hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be associated with a 4.8-fold increased risk of VTE. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a common and possibly modifiable risk factor that should be considered when screening patients with VTE. Secondary causes of hyperhomocysteinemia especially vitamin B12 deficiency should be monitored in patients with VTE to prevent recurrences.
Oxaliplatin-induced acute thrombocytopenia
Authors: Mason Jessica M , Rees Gareth JG
Published: August 2010

We describe a patient who experienced immediate onset severe thrombocytopenia as part of a hypersensitivity reaction to oxaliplatin, following substantial relatively uncomplicated previous exposure to the drug. We review other reports of acute hematological toxicity from oxaliplatin. We draw attention to the important need for vigilance when patients develop unusual acute symptoms during or shortly after oxaliplatin infusion.
The Association Between the rs2234693 and rs9340799 Estrogen Receptor α Gene Polymorphisms and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Review
Authors: Casazza Krista , Page Grier P. , Fernandez Jose R.
Published: August 2010

Although estrogen is primarily thought of as the hormone involved in female reproduction, it also plays a role in many additional physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated an association between estrogen and clustered risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as lipid and glucose metabolism and obesity-related phenotypes, as well as occurrence and severity of CVD. Evidence suggesting a genetic basis for this link is accumulating. Several polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ER) α (ESR1) gene exist that may influence the impact of estrogen, leading to clinically relevant phenotypes. Based on the relationship ERS1 seems to exhibit with CVD risk factors, these polymorphisms may play a role in the mediation of vasoprotective effects, modulation of cardiovascular physiology, and development of risk factors for CVD. The two most frequently studied polymorphisms located in ESR1 are often identified by their restriction endonucleases Pvull (rs2234693) and Xbal (rs9340799). ln this review, we have evaluated and summarized the results of studies involving rs2234693 and rs9340799 and clustered risk factors accompanying development of CVD. Despite inconsistent findings, together these studies provide some support for a relationship between polymorphisms in ESR1 and risk factors for CVD. These summarized findings do not yet support inclusion of ESR1 genotypes in genetic testing algorithms for predisposition to CVD, but they do indicate that further investigation into the potential connection between ESR1 and risk factors for CVD is warranted.
The effect of core stability training on balance and mobility in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: A multi-centre series of single case studies
Authors: Freeman JA , Gear M , Pauli A , Cowan P , Finnigan C , Hunter H , Mobberley C , Nock A , Sims R , Thain J
Published: August 2010

Background: Core stability training is popular in the management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, scientific evidence to support its effectiveness is scarce.

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of core stability training on balance and mobility.

Method: A multi-centre series of eight single case studies was undertaken. Eight ambulant individuals with stable MS participated in 16 face-to-face core stability training sessions, delivered by a neurophysiotherapist, plus a daily home exercise programme. A range of outcomes were measured: 10-m timed walk, 12-item MS walking scale, timed get up and go, functional reach tests, timed single leg stance, visual analogue scales of two activities, and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale.

Results: Visual analysis of trend, level and slope demonstrated improvement in five subjects (62%) in seven measures. This was confirmed by the two standard deviation band method of analysis for six measures. Analysis of group data (repeated measures within subjects analysis of variance) indicated significant improvement between baseline and intervention phases for timed walk ( p = 0.019), MSWS-12 Scale ( p = 0.041), forward ( p = 0.015) and lateral reach ( p = 0.012). In general, no further improvements were made following withdrawal of the intervention.

Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of an 8-week core stability training programme in improving balance and mobility in ambulant people with MS. Variations in response to intervention are evident. Assessor-blinded randomized controlled studies are required to confirm these findings and determine patient characteristics which identify those who benefit most from this intervention.
Educational inequalities in ischaemic heart disease mortality in 44,000 Norwegian women and men: The influence of psychosocial and behavioural factors. The HUNT Study
Authors: Ernstsen Linda , Bjerkeset Ottar , Krokstad Steinar
Published: August 2010

Aims: To investigate the influence of psychosocial and behavioural factors on educational inequalities in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality. Methods: A population-based cohort study of 44,128 women and men free of IHD aged 30 years and older at baseline in 1995—97. Results: After adjustment for age and long-standing illness, both women (HR 3.22, 95% CI 1.31—7.90) and men (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03—2.40) who completed only primary education level (primary and lower secondary school) were at increased risk for IHD mortality compared to those who completed the tertiary education level (first and second stage of tertiary education). Behavioural factors explained 25% of the relative difference between primary and tertiary education level in IHD mortality among women and 53 % in men. Psychosocial factors had small influence on the relative difference in IHD mortality Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that differences in behavioural factors contribute considerably more to inequalities in IHD mortality in educational levels than do psychosocial factors, and this effect seems to be stronger in men than women.
Recovery of the Sit-to-Stand Movement After Stroke: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Janssen Wim , Bussmann Johannes , Selles Ruud , Koudstaal Peter , Ribbers Gerard , Stam Henk
Published: August 2010

Background and Objective . To present quantitative data on sit-to-stand (STS)-related functioning and recovery during the first year after stroke. STS-related functioning was used to evaluate independent STS movement, rising speed, and actual STS performance during normal daily life. Methods. This was a prospective cohort study of 50 patients poststroke. Assessments were made at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 weeks poststroke. Actual STS performance was assessed at 0, 12, and 48 weeks. The main outcome measures were the following: ability to rise independently, rising speed (power chair stand up), number of STS movements, percentage of time walking and standing during daily life (using an activity monitor), and clinical outcomes, measured among others by the Barthel index (BI). Results. During year 1, the percentage of patients able to rise increased from 54% to 83%. Most improvements occurred during weeks 0 to 12, whereas no significant changes were observed during weeks 12 to 24. Rising speed similarly increased from 0.15 to 0.26 s− 1 during weeks 0 to 12 and to 0.30 s−1 at week 48. Gait speed and BI also significantly increased. The number of STS movements increased significantly during weeks 0 to 12 (from 10.6 to 17.7) but not during weeks 12 to 48. Conclusions. STS-related functioning improved significantly in the first year after stroke, with the most improvement occurring during the first 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, rising speed, gait speed, and BI continue to improve.
Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Motor Functional Recovery in the Rat Model of 15-mm Sciatic Nerve Gap Bridged by Scaffolds With Longitudinally Oriented Microchannels
Authors: Jinghui Huang  , Lei Lu  , Xueyu Hu  , Zhengxu Ye  , Ye Peng  , Xiaodong Yan  , Dan Geng  , Zhuojing Luo
Published: August 2010

Background. Electrical stimulation (ES) can enhance the regenerative capacity of axotomized motor and sensory neurons. However, the impact of ES on axonal regeneration and functional recovery has not been investigated in an animal model of a lengthy peripheral nerve defect. Objective. To determine whether ES accelerates axonal regeneration and functional recovery of a 15-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Methods. A 15-mm excision of the sciatic nerve was bridged with a chitosan scaffold with longitudinally or randomly oriented pores or with autologous grafting of the segment. In half of the animals with chitosan grafts, the proximal nerve stump was electrically stimulated for 1 hour at 20 Hz immediately after the nerve repair with the scaffolds. Axonal regeneration was investigated by retrograde labeling and morphometric analysis. The rate of motor functional recovery was evaluated by electrical nerve stimulation, behavioral tests of stepping, and histological appearance of the target muscles. Results. Axonal regeneration and motor functional recovery were improved by ES in animals that received longitudinal pore grafts as compared with others. The maximal number of axons that regenerated across the longitudinal graft was achieved 2 to 4 weeks earlier in rats with ES. In addition, the latency of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), the peak amplitude of CMAPs, and nerve conduction velocity were improved by ES. Stepping indices were better, with less atrophy of target muscle in ES rats managed with longitudinal pores. Conclusion. Brief ES may accelerate axonal regeneration and motor recovery after focal peripheral nerve transection when repaired with optimally tissue-engineered grafts.
Loop-Anchor Purse-String Closure of Gastrotomy in NOTES® Procedures: Survival Studies in a Porcine Model
Authors: Romanelli John R. , Desilets David J. , Chapman Christopher N. , Surti Vihar C. , Lovewell Carolanne , Earle David B.
Published: August 2010

Introduction: Transgastric NOTES® procedures remain without a simple method to close the gastrotomy. In four survival swine studies, we have tested a novel gastric closure device: the loop-anchor purse-string (LAPS) closure system. Methods: In four anesthetized pigs, an endoscopic gastrotomy was performed. Four loop anchors were arrayed in a 2-cm square pattern around the gastrotomy. The endoscope was passed into the abdominal cavity, and the gastrotomy was cinched closed. Results: Procedure times ranged from 50-180 minutes. Three pigs survived 14 days. One animal was sacrificed early due to signs of sepsis. Another animal developed fevers and was treated with antibiotics. At necropsy, there were no abscesses, including in the septic animal. Histologic examination revealed evidence of healing in all animals. Discussion: The LAPS system holds promise with early success in an animal model. Future human studies are needed to determine viability as a human visceral closure device.
Citizenship education and the Dutch national identity debate
Authors: Doppen Frans H.
Published: August 2010

As a result of dramatic demographic changes during the last half century as well as a series of recent events surrounding prominent personas, the Dutch have been engaged in an intense debate about their national identity and how citizenship education can contribute to the integration of Muslim immigrants in particular. This article analyses the history and impact on citizenship education of the recently released Canon van Nederland, which is now part of the required curriculum in the primary and middle grades.
Miseducating children about their rights
Authors: Howe R. Brian , Covell Katherine
Published: August 2010

This article concerns educating children in schools about their basic rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.The question we address is the teaching of responsibilities.We point out that although there is no mention of children’s responsibilities in the Convention, responsibilities are inherent in the concept of rights. Therefore, children’s rights education requires that children learn responsibilities that go together with rights. But we also point out that although there is a conceptual linkage between rights and responsibilities, effective education requires that the central focus is on rights and that children are given the opportunity to discover for themselves the connection between rights and responsibilities. That teachers unduly focus on responsibilities is miseducation about children’s rights. Our latter discussion is based on our observations of a children’s rights education program in Hampshire, England.
Obesity and immune cells in Saudi females
Authors: Al-Sufyani Amal Abdulaziz , Mahassni Sawsan Hassan
Published: August 2010

For the past two decades or more, obesity has been increasing in industrialized and affluent countries. This increase has been shown in children, adults and the elderly. The latest statistical studies in Saudi Arabia show that obesity is increasing, with obese Saudi women outnumbering obese Saudi males, and that these numbers are continuously rising. Obesity, which leads to many medical risks, affects the immune system in direct and indirect ways. In this study, the effect of obesity on the immune system of 119 Saudi female university students was investigated. Using a blood sample from each subject, the following immune-related parameters were determined: total and differential white blood cell counts (WBCs), total lymphocyte and sub-lymphocyte cell counts. Two measures of body fat were used: the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to correlate body weight to the other measured parameters. A significant correlation was present between BMI and WHR each with total white blood cells, neutrophils, and CD4 lymphocyte concentrations. Some other parameters were only affected by the increase in the BMI but not the WHR, such as platelets, while others were affected by the WHR only, such as total T-cells. On the other hand, there were no significant correlations between BMI or WHR and basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, CD8, B-cell, and NK-cell counts. The findings indicate that obesity might seriously affect the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Regulation of colon cancer cell proliferation and migration by MD-2 activity
Authors: Grondin Virginie , Seksik Philippe , Dumont Sylvie , Thomas Ginette , Trugnan Germain , Fléjou Jean François , Masliah Joelle , Wendum Dominique , Bachelet Maria
Published: August 2010

Evidence suggests that signalling through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a significant role in the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. We previously demonstrated the critical role of myeloid differentiation (MD)-2, the essential co-receptor of LPS, for induction of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Cyclooxigenase-2 was suggested to play a key role in colorectal cancer through the effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2 generated. We, therefore, addressed the role of MD-2 in several parameters related to malignancy, namely cell proliferation and migration, using colon cancer cells (HT-29). We found that overexpression of MD-2 confers a significantly greater proliferation and migration capacity to these cells. MD-2-dependent proliferation and migration appeared independent of Cox-2 activity but was reduced by endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) neutralizing antibodies as well as by pharmacological inhibition of EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. We propose that MD-2 overexpression contributes to tumour aggressiveness via a Cox-2-independent excessive EGFR signalling. Moreover, MD-2 expression levels were higher in tissue from patients with colorectal cancer as compared with paired control colorectal mucosa. Our data attest to a role of MD-2 activity in colon cancer epithelial cell proliferation and migration, which may be important in the general correlation between innate immune response, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
Karyopherin α7 (KPNA7), a divergent member of the importin α family of nuclear import receptors
Authors: Kelley Joshua B , Talley Ashley M , Spencer Adam , Gioeli Daniel , Paschal Bryce M
Published: August 2010

Background

Classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) dependent nuclear import is carried out by a heterodimer of importin α and importin β. NLS cargo is recognized by importin α, which is bound by importin β. Importin β mediates translocation of the complex through the central channel of the nuclear pore, and upon reaching the nucleus, RanGTP binding to importin β triggers disassembly of the complex. To date, six importin α family members, encoded by separate genes, have been described in humans.

Results

We sequenced and characterized a seventh member of the importin α family of transport factors, karyopherin α 7 (KPNA7), which is most closely related to KPNA2. The domain of KPNA7 that binds Importin β (IBB) is divergent, and shows stronger binding to importin β than the IBB domains from of other importin α family members. With regard to NLS recognition, KPNA7 binds to the retinoblastoma (RB) NLS to a similar degree as KPNA2, but it fails to bind the SV40-NLS and the human nucleoplasmin (NPM) NLS. KPNA7 shows a predominantly nuclear distribution under steady state conditions, which contrasts with KPNA2 which is primarily cytoplasmic.

Conclusion

KPNA7 is a novel importin α family member in humans that belongs to the importin α2 subfamily. KPNA7 shows different subcellular localization and NLS binding characteristics compared to other members of the importin α family. These properties suggest that KPNA7 could be specialized for interactions with select NLS-containing proteins, potentially impacting developmental regulation.
Comparative transcriptional profiling analysis of the two daughter cells from tobacco zygote reveals the transcriptome differences in the apical and basal cells
Authors: Hu Tian-Xiang , Yu Miao , Zhao Jie
Published: August 2010

Background

In angiosperm, after the first asymmetric zygotic cell division, the apical and basal daughter cells follow distinct development pathways. Global transcriptome analysis of these two cells is essential in understanding their developmental differences. However, because of the difficulty to isolate the in vivo apical and basal cells of two-celled proembryo from ovule and ovary in higher plants, the transcriptome analysis of them hasn't been reported.

Results

In this study, we developed a procedure for isolating the in vivo apical and basal cells of the two-celled proembryo from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and then performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of the two cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) combined with macroarray screening. After sequencing, we identified 797 differentially expressed ESTs corresponding to 299 unigenes. Library sequence analysis successfully identified tobacco homologies of genes involved in embryogenesis and seed development. By quantitative real-time PCR, we validated the differential expression of 40 genes, with 6 transcripts of them specifically expressed in the apical or basal cell. Expression analysis also revealed some transcripts displayed cell specific activation in one of the daughter cells after zygote division. These differential expressions were further validated by in situ hybridization (ISH). Tissue expression pattern analysis also revealed some potential roles of these candidate genes in development.

Conclusions

The results show that some differential or specific transcripts in the apical and basal cells of two-celled proembryo were successfully isolated, and the identification of these transcripts reveals that these two daughter cells possess distinct transcriptional profiles after zygote division. Further functional work on these differentially or specifically expressed genes will promote the elucidation of molecular mechanism controlling early embryogenesis.
The characterisation of AOP2: a gene associated with the biosynthesis of aliphatic alkenyl glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Neal Calida S , Fredericks Dale P , Griffiths Cara A , Neale Alan D
Published: August 2010

Background

Glucosinolates, a group of nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds associated with plant-insect interactions, are produced by a number of important Brassicaceae crop species. In Arabidopsis the AOP2 gene plays a role in the secondary modification of aliphatic (methionine-derived) glucosinolates, namely the conversion of methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates to form alkenyl glucosinolates, and also influences aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation.

Results

This study characterises the primary structural variation in the coding sequences of the AOP2 gene and identifies three different AOP2 alleles based on polymorphisms in exon two. To help determine the regulatory mechanisms mediating AOP2 expression amongst accessions, AOP2 5' regulatory regions were also examined however no major differences were identified. Expression of the AOP2 gene was found to be most abundant in leaf and stem tissue and was also found to be light dependent, with a number of light regulatory elements identified in the promoter region of the gene. In addition, a study was undertaken to demonstrate that the Arabidopsis AOP2 gene product is functional in planta. The over-expression of a functional AOP2 allele was found to successfully convert the precursor methylsulfinyl alkyl glucosinolate into the alkenyl form.

Conclusions

The expression of the AOP2 gene has been found to be influenced by light and is most highly expressed in the photosynthetic parts of the Arabidopsis plant. The level of AOP2 transcript decreases rapidly in the absence of light. AOP2 exists as at least three alleles in different Arabidopsis accessions and we have demonstrated that one of these, AOP2-2, is functionally able to convert methylsulfinyl glucosinolates into the alkenyl form. The demonstration of the in planta functionality of the Arabisopsis AOP2 gene is an important step in determining the feasibility of engineering glucosinolate profiles in food plants.
Variant alleles of the CYP1B1 gene are associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility
Authors: Trubicka Joanna , Grabowska-Kłujszo Ewa , Suchy Janina , Masojć Bartłomiej , Serrano-Fernandez Pablo , Kurzawski Grzegorz , Cybulski Cezary , Górski Bohdan , Huzarski Tomasz , Byrski Tomasz , Gronwald Jacek , Złowocka Elżbieta , Kładny Józef , Banaszkiewicz Zbigniew , Wiśniowski Rafał , Kowalska Elżbieta , Lubinski Jan , Scott Rodney J
Published: August 2010

Background

CYP1B1 is a P450 enzyme which is involved in the activation of pro-carcinogens to carcinogens as well as sex hormone metabolism. Because differences in the activity of the enzyme have been correlated with variant alleles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), it represents an attractive candidate gene for studies into colorectal cancer susceptibility.

Methods

We genotyped 597 cancer patients and 597controls for three CYP1B1 SNPs, which have previously been shown to be associated with altered enzymatic activity. Using the three SNPs, eight different haplotypes were constructed. The haplotype frequencies were estimated in cases and controls and then compared. The odds ratio for each tumour type, associated with each haplotype was estimated, with reference to the most common haplotype observed in the controls.

Results

The three SNPs rs10012, rs1056827 and rs1056836 alone did not provide any significant evidence of association with colorectal cancer risk. Haplotypes of rs1056827 and rs10012 or rs1056827 and rs1056836 revealed an association with colorectal cancer which was significantly stronger in the homozygous carriers. One haplotype was under represented in the colorectal cancer patient group compared to the control population suggesting a protective effect.

Conclusion

Genetic variants within the CYP1B1 that are associated with altered function appear to influence susceptibility to a colorectal cancer in Poland. Three haplotypes were associated with altered cancer risk; one conferred protection and two were associated with an increased risk of disease. These observations should be confirmed in other populations.
Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant
Authors: Kanjilal Barun , Mazumdar Papiya Guha , Mukherjee Moumita , Rahman M Hafizur
Published: August 2010

Background

Despite recent achievement in economic progress in India, the fruit of development has failed to secure a better nutritional status among all children of the country. Growing evidence suggest there exists a socio-economic gradient of childhood malnutrition in India. The present paper is an attempt to measure the extent of socio-economic inequality in chronic childhood malnutrition across major states of India and to realize the role of household socio-economic status (SES) as the contextual determinant of nutritional status of children.

Methods

Using National Family Health Survey-3 data, an attempt is made to estimate socio-economic inequality in childhood stunting at the state level through Concentration Index (CI). Multi-level models; random-coefficient and random-slope are employed to study the impact of SES on long-term nutritional status among children, keeping in view the hierarchical nature of data.

Main findings

Across the states, a disproportionate burden of stunting is observed among the children from poor SES, more so in urban areas. The state having lower prevalence of chronic childhood malnutrition shows much higher burden among the poor. Though a negative correlation (r = -0.603, p < .001) is established between Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) and CI values for stunting; the development indicator is not always linearly correlated with intra-state inequality in malnutrition prevalence. Results from multi-level models however show children from highest SES quintile posses 50 percent better nutritional status than those from the poorest quintile.

Conclusion

In spite of the declining trend of chronic childhood malnutrition in India, the concerns remain for its disproportionate burden on the poor. The socio-economic gradient of long-term nutritional status among children needs special focus, more so in the states where chronic malnutrition among children apparently demonstrates a lower prevalence. The paper calls for state specific policies which are designed and implemented on a priority basis, keeping in view the nature of inequality in childhood malnutrition in the country and its differential characteristics across the states.
Airway basal stem cells: a perspective on their roles in epithelial homeostasis and remodeling
Authors: Rock Jason R. , Randell Scott H. , Hogan Brigid L. M.
Published: August 2010

The small airways of the human lung undergo pathological changes in pulmonary disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans and cystic fibrosis. These clinical problems impose huge personal and societal healthcare burdens. The changes, termed ‘pathological airway remodeling’, affect the epithelium, the underlying mesenchyme and the reciprocal trophic interactions that occur between these tissues. Most of the normal human airway is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells, secretory cells and 6–30% basal cells, the proportion of which varies along the proximal-distal axis. Epithelial abnormalities range from hypoplasia (failure to differentiate) to basal- and goblet-cell hyperplasia, squamous- and goblet-cell metaplasia, dysplasia and malignant transformation. Mesenchymal alterations include thickening of the basal lamina, smooth muscle hyperplasia, fibrosis and inflammatory cell accumulation. Paradoxically, given the prevalence and importance of airway remodeling in lung disease, its etiology is poorly understood. This is due, in part, to a lack of basic knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation, maintenance and repair of the airway epithelium. Specifically, little is known about the proliferation and differentiation of basal cells, a multipotent stem cell population of the pseudostratified airway epithelium. This Perspective summarizes what we know, and what we need to know, about airway basal cells to evaluate their contributions to normal and abnormal airway remodeling. We contend that exploiting well-described model systems using both human airway epithelial cells and the pseudostratified epithelium of the genetically tractable mouse trachea will enable crucial discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of airway disease.