bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fukutin‐related protein localizes to the Golgi apparatus and mutations lead to mislocalization in muscle in vivo
Authors: Keramaris‐Vrantsis Elizabeth , Lu Pei J. , Doran Timothy , Zillmer Allen , Ashar Jignya , Esapa Christopher T. , Benson Matthew A. , Blake Derek J. , Rosenfeld Jeffrey , Lu Qi L.
Published: June 2007

Mutations in the fukutin‐related protein gene (FKRP) are associated with a spectrum of diseases from mild limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I to severe congenital muscular dystrophy type 1C, muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB), and Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS). The effect of mutations on the transportation of the mutant proteins may constitute the underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here we examined the subcellular localization of mouse and human normal and mutant FKRP proteins in cells and in muscle in vivo. Both normal human and mouse FKRPs localize in part of the Golgi apparatus in muscle fibers. Mutations in the FKRP gene invariably altered the localization of the protein, leading to endoplasmic reticulum retention within cells and diminished Golgi localization in muscle fibers. Our results therefore suggest that an individual missense point mutation can confer at least two independent effects on the protein, causing (1) reduction or loss of the presumed glycosyltransferase activity directly and (2) mislocalization that could further alter the function of the protein. The complexity of the effect of individual missense point mutations may partly explain the wide variation of the FKRP‐related myopathies. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Efficient scheduling discipline for Hierarchical Diff‐EDF
Authors: Saleh Moutaz , Othman Zulaiha Ali
Published: June 2007

Packet networks are currently enabling the integration of traffic with a wide range of characteristics that extend from video traffic with stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements to the best‐effort traffic requiring no guarantees. QoS guarantees can be provided in conventional packet networks by the use of proper packet‐scheduling algorithms. As a computer revolution, many scheduling algorithms have been proposed to provide different schemes of QoS guarantees, with Earliest Deadline First (EDF) as the most popular one. With EDF scheduling, all flows receive the same miss rate regardless of their traffic characteristics and deadlines. This makes the standard EDF algorithm unsuitable for situations in which the different flows have different miss rate requirements since in order to meet all miss rate requirements it is necessary to limit admissions so as to satisfy the flow with the most stringent miss rate requirements. In this paper, we propose a new priority assignment scheduling algorithm, Hierarchal Diff‐EDF (Differentiate Earliest Deadline First), which can meet the real‐time needs of these applications while continuing to provide best‐effort service to non‐real time traffic. The Hierarchal Diff‐EDF features a feedback control mechanism that detects overload conditions and modifies packet priority assignments accordingly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaping programs through marketing
Authors: Sahnas Elizabeth , Crittenden Victoria L.
Published: June 2007

Marketing in the Public Sector: A Roadmap for Improved Performance, by Philip Kotler and Nancy Lee. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, publishing as Wharton School Publishing, 2007. 336 pp., $35.00 cloth.
Epoxy phosphonate crosslinkers for providing flame resistance to cotton textiles
Authors: Chang SeChin , Sachinvala Navzer (Nozar) D. , Sawhney Paul , Parikh D. V. , Jarrett William , Grimm Casey
Published: June 2007

Two new monomers (2‐methyl‐oxiranylmethyl)‐phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (3) and [2‐(dimethoxy‐phosphorylmethyl)‐oxyranylmethyl]‐phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (6) were prepared and used with dicyandiamide (7) and citric acid (8) to impart flame resistance to cotton plain weave, twill, and 80:20‐cotton/polyester fleece fabrics. Monomers 3 and 6 were prepared from methallyl chloride (1) and 3‐chloro‐2‐chloromethylpropene (4) respectively via a two‐step phosphorylation epoxidation sequence in 79.3 and 67.5% overall yields. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GCMS) data were used to confirm their structures. Decomposition of monomers 3 and 6 in nitrogen by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) occurred at 110 and 220°C, respectively. The mixtures of 3:7:8 and 6:7:8 (in 2:1:1 ratio) exhibited peak‐curing temperatures by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at 125 and 150°C and the temperatures were deemed suitable for curing treated fabrics without marring them. Flame‐retardant treatments were applied by the pad‐dry‐cure methods. All untreated fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18% oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with monomer 3, LOI values for the three types of treated fabrics were greater than 25.5% when add‐on values for the formulation were 17.4, 12.7, and 21.1%. For formulations comprising monomer 6, LOI values were greater than 28.6% when add‐on values for the formulation were 18.3, 13.1, and 16.7%. With the formulation comprising monomer 3, the three fabrics passed the vertical flame test when add‐on values were 21.6, 12.7, and 23.5%, respectively; and with the formulation comprising monomer 6, they passed the vertical flame test when add‐on values were 13.8, 8.4, and 18.0%. In all cases char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flame test were less than 50% of original length and after‐flame time was 0 sec and after‐glow time was less than 2 sec. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of optical waveguide devices using gas‐assisted UV micro/nanoimprinting with soft mold
Authors: Weng Y.‐J. , Weng Y.‐C. , Yang S.‐Y. , Wang L. A.
Published: June 2007

Wavelength limitation and diffraction of light are the bottlenecks encountered in the production of structures by conventional lithography. Nano‐imprinting has been a potential process for mass production of nanometer structures at low cost. This paper reports an innovative process to replicate the ridge‐shaped microstructures on the silicon mold onto the photoresist using gas‐assisted pressing mechanism and soft mold. The microstructures on the silicon mold are replicated unto PC films. The soft mold is obtained by casting the PDMS with the PC film as templates, PDMS mold and UV‐curable photoresist are brought into contact, and are pressurized by gas and cured by UV‐light at the same time. After curing, structures for optical wave guilding can be obtained, In this process, through the control of gas pressure, the residual layer of the ridge‐shaped component for light guilding can eliminated. Etching is no longer needed to get rid of the residual layer. This process is effective for mass production for replication of microstructures at low cost. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure of submicron polyethylene/silica composite particles
Authors: Makarov Carina , Khalfin Rafail L. , Makarov Vadim , Cohen Yachin , Sertchook Hanan , Elimelech Hila , Avnir David
Published: June 2007

A novel method for a one‐step preparation of silica/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composite particles has been developed recently, based on performing sol–gel polycondensation within an emulsion of LDPE dissolved in xylene and tetraethyl othosilicate which is stabilized by poly (ethylene‐block‐ethylene glycol) block copolymer surfactant (PBP), all dispersed in a basic ethanolic medium. The particle dimensions are in the sub‐micron range with diameters of 200–500 nm. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements with contrast variation, in conjunction with other characterization methods, provide information on the inner structure of the nanoparticle's composition and inhomogeneity, which has a characteristic dimension of about 7 nm. Increase in the PBP amount and the presence of LDPE result in decrease in volume fraction of voids. The surface of the particles is heavily coated with the organic material. The crystallinity and melting behavior of LDPE is unaffected by its confinement to the particles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric materials for fuel cells: concise review of recent studies
Authors: Jagur‐Grodzinski Joseph
Published: June 2007

Polymeric materials find applications in almost all types of fuel cells (FCs). For example, microstructural optimization of materials by poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or as the conductive binders for the preparation of carbon electrodes for the phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs). However, these applications are only marginal and not intrinsically essential to the functioning of these types of fuel cells, and will not be discussed in this review. On the other hand, ion exchange polymers used for the preparation of the ion exchange membranes, separating anode and cathode compartment of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are one of their major components, and investigations of them, conducted during the last two years, are discussed in the present review. The same is true for a few polymers used for complexation of enzymes and their attachment to electrodes of biofuel cells (BFCs). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer modified biomass of baker's yeast for treating simulated wastewater containing nickel and lead
Authors: Tong Mi , Yu Junxia , Sun Xiaomei , Li Buhai
Published: June 2007

Baker's yeast was cross‐linked by glutaraldehyde and then modified by grafting with poly(amic acid), which was prepared via reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and arginine at 50°C. The morphology of the pristine, cross‐linked, and modified biomass was observed by microscope. The presence of poly(amic acid) on the biomass surface was verified by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Due to the high density of the functional groups on the modified biomass surface, the metal adsorption capacity for nickel and lead increased significantly, especially when the carboxylic acid groups were converted into carboxylate ions using NaOH. The adsorption process for nickel and lead adsorption followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The metal adsorption data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with the former having a better fit. Using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the maximum uptakes for nickel and lead were found to be 0.848 and 0.980 mmol g−1 respectively which were about 15 and 11 times higher than the prisitine biomass. In the simulated wastewater containing 0.400 mmol l−1 of Ni2+ and Pb2+, the metal adsorption capacity of Ni2+ and Pb2+ reached 0.365 mmol l−1 and 0.390 mmol l−1, respectively. The metal ions loaded biomass was regenerated using Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) solution and used repeatedly over four cycles with little loss of uptake capacity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sickle cell disease caused by Hb S/Québec‐CHORI: Treatment with hydroxyurea and response
Authors: Tubman Venée N. , Bennett Carolyn M. , Luo Hong‐yuan , Chui David H.K. , Heeney Matthew M.
Published: June 2007

Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S; β Glu6Val) is due to an A>T transversion in codon 6 of the β‐globin gene. Other variant hemoglobins mimic Hb A, S, or C on newborn screening and clinical laboratory diagnostic tools, thus making their correct identification potentially difficult. Sickling disorders can result in individuals who are compound heterozygous for β‐globin mutations (e.g., Hb SC, HbSOArab). The authors report a second case of HbS/Québec‐CHORI, a severe compound heterozygous sickling disorder and their experience managing this patient with hydroxyurea. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:207–210. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐grade astrocytoma in very young children
Authors: Sanders Robert P. , Kocak Mehmet , Burger Peter C. , Merchant Thomas E. , Gajjar Amar , Broniscer Alberto
Published: June 2007

Background

High‐grade astrocytomas are rare in young children, but have been reported to have a better prognosis than similar tumors in older patients.

Procedure

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics, survival, and long‐term sequelae for patients younger than 3 years old with high‐grade astrocytoma, treated at a single institution between 1984 and 2005.

Results

Sixteen patients were included. Histology included anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 9), glioblastoma multiforme (n = 5), and malignant glioma (n = 2). All patients underwent biopsy or resection, followed by chemotherapy. Six patients received scheduled irradiation and six were irradiated at the time of disease progression. Ten patients are alive at a median follow‐up of 11.6 years (range, 1.7–21.6 years). 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 66.3% (SE 12.2%), and 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 28.6% (SE 12.1%). Age at diagnosis was a significant predictor of the hazard of death in a Cox model (HR 2.871, 95%CI 1.015–8.123). Gender and histology did not predict OS or EFS. Trends toward improved OS were detected for patients with hemispheric tumors and those undergoing complete resection. All evaluable survivors (n = 9) had some neurocognitive impairment, with estimated overall cognitive ability ranging from significantly delayed to average; all survivors attending school (n = 5) performed below grade level on achievement testing. Seven of nine evaluable survivors had endocrine dysfunction.

Conclusions

Young children with high‐grade astrocytoma have better long‐term overall survival than older patients, but recurrence is common, and most children require irradiation. Long‐term complications are frequent and often severe. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:888–893. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid induced downregulation of MYCN is not mediated through changes in Sp1/Sp3
Authors: Kanemaru Kelli K. , Tuthill Matthew C. , Takeuchi Kenneth K. , Sidell Neil , Wada Randal K.
Published: June 2007

Background

Use of retinoic acid (RA) has become the standard of care in the treatment of high risk neuroblastoma (NB). In vitro, RA induces growth arrest and differentiation, an effect that likely underlies its activity in the clinical setting. An important event in differentiation is the transcriptional downregulation of the MYCN oncogene, which is frequently activated in aggressive tumors. While it is known that Sp1/Sp3 and E2F are necessary to drive basal MYCN expression, the mechanism for its downregulation by RA remains enigmatic. Changes in E2F binding have been reported, however these occurred after the actual transcriptional response. Here, post‐translational modifications of Sp proteins were examined as an alternate mechanism of RA‐mediated promoter regulation.

Procedure

Western blot was used to evaluate steady state levels of nuclear/cytoplasmic Sp1/Sp3. Promoter binding and DNA conformation were determined by gel shift, circular permutation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Immunoprecipitation/western and 32P‐phosphoamino analyses were used to detect glycosylation, acetylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation.

Results

RA did not affect the cellular level of Sp1/Sp3 proteins, their nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution, ability to bind the MYCN promoter, degree of Sp‐induced DNA bending, or post‐translational modifications.

Conclusions

MYCN RA response is not mediated solely though the region controlling basal activity. RA may be exerting its effects via multiple non‐adjacent regulatory regions, potentially including basal motifs, either within the MYCN promoter or distally, on the same or even different chromosomes. Such cooperative trans‐type DNA–protein interactions could explain the inaccessibility of this mechanism to the locus‐specific approaches employed up to this point. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:806–811. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilisation review of clopidogrel: are they used under the FDA‐approved indications?
Authors: Niruntraporn Surachet , Chaiyakunapruk Nathorn , Nathisuwan Surakit , Thamlikitkul Visanu
Published: June 2007

Background

Clopidogrel has shown benefit in patients with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Due to its high acquisition cost and its increased use, this study was conducted to review the use of clopidogrel based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved indications and the ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Method

This was a cross‐sectional study conducted at a tertiary‐care, university‐affiliated hospital in the Northern part of Thailand. Medical records of patients receiving clopidogrel during January 2005 to February 2006 were reviewed. Baseline characteristics of patients along with specific information regarding the use of clopidogrel were collected. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Result

A total of 191 patients were included in this utilisation review (95 and 96 were inpatient and outpatient, respectively). The use of clopidogrel was deemed appropriate in 82.7% of cases including 72.2% for FDA‐approved indications and 10.5% for STEMI. Clopidogrel/aspirin combination was indicated in 93 patients; however, 22 patients received clopidogrel monotherapy. On the contrary, 10 patients received clopidogrel/aspirin combination when only clopidogrel monotherapy was indicated. Moreover, 60% of patients who received clopidogrel monotherapy had no history of aspirin intolerance or recurrent events while on aspirin therapy.

Conclusion

The results showed that the majority of clopidogrel use was deemed appropriate based on FDA‐approved indications and for medically justified indication. However, a significant number of patients received clopidogrel instead of aspirin while no aspirin intolerance was documented. Therefore, efforts should be made to promote the appropriate use of this agent to improve patient outcomes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation into the ROMP copolymerization of peptide‐ and PEG‐functionalized norbornene derivatives
Authors: Biagini Stefano C. G. , Parry Alison L.
Published: June 2007

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP), using RuCl2 (PCy3)2CHPh, of a series of peptide‐functionalized norbornene derivatives have been investigated. Incorporation of a PEG‐monomer was found to prevent premature precipitation of polymer strands during the course of polymerization reactions and yield water compatible polymers in high conversions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3178–3190, 2007
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in papillary thyroid carcinomas with V600E mutation of BRAF
Authors: Puxeddu Efisio , Susta Federica , Orvietani Pier Luigi , Chiasserini Davide , Barbi Flavia , Moretti Sonia , Cavaliere Antonio , Santeusanio Fausto , Avenia Nicola , Binaglia Luciano
Published: June 2007

BRAF, a serine/threonine kinase of the RAF family, is a downstream transducer of the RAS‐regulated MAPK pathway. V600E mutation of BRAF protein is the most common genetic alteration occurring in papillary thyroid carcinomas and is prognostic of poor clinicopathological outcomes. Protein expression in the subclass of PTC bearing the BRAFV600E mutation was investigated by using 2‐DE and MS/MS techniques and compared to that of matched normal thyroid tissues from seven patients. 2‐D gel image analysis revealed that the expression of eight polypeptide spots, corresponding to five proteins, were significantly underexpressed in PTC bearing BRAFV600E mutation whereas 25 polypeptides, representing 19 distinct proteins, were significantly upregulated in tumour tissue, as compared to normal thyroid. Among the differentially expressed polypeptides, mitochondrial proteins, ROS‐scavenger enzymes, apoptosis‐related proteins as well as proteins involved in tumour cell proliferation were identified. Although dissimilarities between the present results and those previously reported can be ascribed to the use of different 2‐DE techniques, the possibility that BRAFV600E mutation is responsible for changes in protein expression distinct from those induced by other oncogenes cannot be ruled out.
Crystal structure of glutathione reductase Glr1 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yu Jiang , Zhou Cong‐Zhao
Published: June 2007

Yeast glutathione (GSH) reductase Glr1 is a dimeric flavo‐oxidoreductase involved in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox regulatory systems. It reduces the oxidized GSH GSSG to the reduced form, GSH with NADPH as electron donor and FAD as coenzyme. Crystal structures and enzymatic mechanisms of GSH reductases from Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens have been well investigated, whereas the structural prosperities of yeast Glr1 remain unknown. Herein, we overexpressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae Glr1 in Pichia pastoris GS115 and determined its crystal structure at 2.40 Å resolution. Although the overall structure and the active site are much conserved, obvious variety was found at the interface of Glr1 monomers when superimposed against the homolog from E. coli or human. The nonconserved C239 is exposed to the solvent and accessible to GSH or GSSG enriched in a microenvironment around the Glr1 molecules, leading to the partial and transient glutathionylation, as primarily identified from the 2Fo–Fc electron density map and further confirmed by biochemical assays. Meanwhile N278 at the vicinity of NADP‐binding pocket was artificially glycosylated when heterogeneously overexpressed in P. pastoris. The highly motile oligosaccharide chain linked to N278 of the recombinant Glr1 interferes with the entry of NADPH, which results in a dramatic increase of Km for NAPDH and a significant decrease of turnover number, when compared with the native protein. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computing van der Waals energies in the context of the rotamer approximation
Authors: Grigoryan Gevorg , Ochoa Alejandro , Keating Amy E.
Published: June 2007

The rotamer approximation states that protein side‐chain conformations can be described well using a finite set of rotational isomers. This approximation is often applied in the context of computational protein design and structure prediction to reduce the complexity of structural sampling. It is an effective way of reducing the structure space to the most relevant conformations. However, the appropriateness of rotamers for sampling structure space does not imply that a rotamer‐based energy landscape preserves any of the properties of the true continuous energy landscape. Specifically, because the energy of a van der Waals interaction can be very sensitive to small changes in atomic separation, meaningful van der Waals energies are particularly difficult to calculate from rotamer‐based structures. This presents a problem for computational protein design, where the total energy of a given structure is often represented as a sum of precalculated rigid rotamer self and pair contributions. A common way of addressing this issue is to modify the van der Waals function to reduce its sensitivity to atomic position, but excessive modification may result in a strongly nonphysical potential. Although many different van der Waals modifications have been used in protein design, little is known about which performs best, and why. In this paper, we study 10 ways of computing van der Waals energies under the rotamer approximation, representing four general classes, and compare their performance using a variety of metrics relevant to protein design and native‐sequence repacking calculations. Scaling van der Waals radii by anywhere from 85 to 95% gives the best performance. Linearizing and capping the repulsive portion of the potential can give additional improvement, which comes primarily from getting rid of unrealistically large clash energies. On the other hand, continuously minimizing individual rotamer pairs prior to evaluating their interaction works acceptably in native‐sequence repacking, but fails in protein design. Additionally, we show that the problem of predicting relevant van der Waals energies from rotamer‐based structures is strongly nonpairwise decomposable and hence further modifications of the potential are unlikely to give significant improvement. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An automated decision‐tree approach to predicting protein interaction hot spots
Authors: Darnell Steven J. , Page David , Mitchell Julie C.
Published: June 2007

Protein–protein interactions can be altered by mutating one or more “hot spots,” the subset of residues that account for most of the interface's binding free energy. The identification of hot spots requires a significant experimental effort, highlighting the practical value of hot spot predictions. We present two knowledge‐based models that improve the ability to predict hot spots: K‐FADE uses shape specificity features calculated by the Fast Atomic Density Evaluation (FADE) program, and K‐CON uses biochemical contact features. The combined K‐FADE/CON (KFC) model displays better overall predictive accuracy than computational alanine scanning (Robetta–Ala). In addition, because these methods predict different subsets of known hot spots, a large and significant increase in accuracy is achieved by combining KFC and Robetta–Ala. The KFC analysis is applied to the calmodulin (CaM)/smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) interface, and to the bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2)/BMP receptor‐type I (BMPR‐IA) interface. The results indicate a strong correlation between KFC hot spot predictions and mutations that significantly reduce the binding affinity of the interface. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyses of pesticide residues in fruit‐based baby food by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Gilbert‐López Bienvenida , García‐Reyes Juan F. , Ortega‐Barrales Pilar , Molina‐Díaz Antonio , Fernández‐Alba Amadeo R.
Published: June 2007

A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐TOFMS) method has been developed for the determination of 12 pesticides (namely, carbendazim, thiabendazole, imazalil, tridemorph, triadimefon, bitertanol, prochloraz, flutriafol, myclobutanil, iprodione, diphenylamine and procymidone) in fruit‐based baby food (multi‐fruit jars and juices intended for infant consumption). The developed method consists of a sample treatment step based on liquid‐liquid extraction using acetonitrile, followed by a clean‐up step based on dispersive solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with a primary‐secondary amine (PSA). Multi‐fruit and apple juices were processed by a SPE procedure using Oasis HLB™ cartridges. Subsequent identification and quantitation was accomplished by LC/ESI‐TOFMS analysis: the confirmation of the target pesticides was based on accurate mass measurements of selected ions (protonated molecules ([M+H]+) and fragment ions). Confirmation studies were accomplished at low concentration levels (10 µg kg−1) and accuracy errors lower than 2 ppm were obtained in most cases. Baby food extracts spiked at 10 µg kg−1 fortification level yielded average recoveries in the range 78–105% with relative standard deviations less than 10% for most of the analytes. Limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.1 and 4 µg kg−1 depending on the pesticide studied. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a total of 33 baby food samples from Spain and the United Kingdom. Although imazalil, thiabendazole and carbendazim were detected in a high number – over 60%– of baby food samples, none of the samples tested were found to be above the 0.01 mg kg−1 EU standard. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid structural determination of new trace cassaine‐type diterpenoid amides in fractions from Erythrophleum fordii by liquid chromatography‐diode‐array detection/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Qu Jing , Wang Ying‐Hong , Li Jian‐Bei , Yu Shi‐Shan , Li Yuan , Liu Yun‐Bao
Published: June 2007

Electrospray ionization multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn), and combination with HPLC (HPLC/ESI‐MSn), have been extensively applied to on‐line analysis of natural products. Hyphenation of liquid chromatography to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HPLC/NMR) has been developed in the last decade, which is utilized for the analysis of metabolites and drug impurities. In the study reported here, the fragmentation behaviors of eight cassaine‐type diterpenoid amides from Erythrophleum fordii were investigated by ESI‐MSn. The fragmentation rules and NMR spectral characteristics are summarized, and the relationship among the rules, characteristics and the structures is described. According to the fragmentation rules and NMR spectral characteristics, seven trace constituents and two formerly obtained compounds of cassaine‐type diterpenoid amides in the fractions from E. fordii were structurally characterized on the basis of HPLC/HRMS, HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MSn, HPLC/1H NMR and HPLC/1H‐1H COSY rapidly. Among them, constituents 1–5 are new compounds, and 6 and 7 are reported from E. fordii for the first time. The aim is to develop an effective analytical method for structural identification of new trace natural products in plants. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally Friendly Methodologies of Nanostructure Synthesis
Authors: Mao Yuanbing , Park Tae‐Jin , Zhang Fen , Zhou Hongjun , Wong Stanislaus S.
Published: June 2007

Environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies have gradually been implemented as viable techniques in the synthesis of a range of nanostructures. In this work, we focus on the application of green‐chemistry principles to the synthesis of complex metal oxide and fluoride nanostructures. In particular, we describe advances in the use of the molten‐salt synthetic methods, hydrothermal protocols, and template‐directed techniques as environmentally sound, socially responsible, and cost‐effective methodologies that allow us to generate nanomaterials without the need to sacrifice sample quality, purity, and crystallinity, while allowing control over size, shape, and morphology.
On the Generalized Sampling Theorem, Generalized Frequency, and Generalized Band‐Limited Spectrum Function
Authors: Takizawa Éi Iti
Published: June 2007

A generalized sampling theorem is presented, by which a continuous function can be reconstructed from its sampled values and sampled higher order derivatives. Several remarks are made on the generalized sampling formula presented here. The generalized frequency and the generalized band‐limited spectrum function are discussed in relation to the generalized sampling theorem. The condition for establishing the generalized sampling theorem is stated in terms of the generalized frequency. The bound for truncation error of the generalized sampling expansion is briefly mentioned.
Das Jacobi‐Verfahren für Ax = λBx
Authors: Gose Günther
Published: June 2007

Falk und Langemeyer machten 1960 einen Vorschlag zur Verallgemeinerung der wohlbekannten Jacobi‐Methode für Ax = λx auf das allgemeine Eigenwertproblem Ax = λBx. Sie schlugen die gleichzeitige Reduktion von A und B auf Diagonalform durch eine Folge gewisser elementarer Transformationen vor. Dabei annuliert eine Transformation die Elemente im Durchschnitt von Zeile p mit Spalte q, p < q. Die numerischen Ergebnisse waren zufriedenstellend, aber ein Konvergenzbeweis wurde nicht gegeben. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß eine Skalierung der Transformationsmatrizen und Regeln für die Wahl von p und q existieren, so daß alle Eigenwerte von Ax = λBx mit jeder vorgegebenen Genauigkeit approximiert werden können.
A Simple Derivation of Representations for Non‐Polynomial Constitutive Equations in Some Cases of Anisotropy
Authors: Boehler Jean‐Paul
Published: June 2007

A method is developed allowing to establish irreducible representations for anisotropic non‐polynomial constitutive equations. The case when a constitutive equation takes the form of an explicit relation between two symmetric second order tensoers is considered in detail. Transitions from the most general anisotropy to particular cases of anisotropy are established. As an example the transition from the general non linear forms to the case of classical linear elasticity is given. It appears that for the considered case of tensor functions the irreducible representations for the non‐polynomial case are similar to those concerning a polynomial function. This similarity disappears for functions involving a larger number of arguments.
Analyse stochastisch erregter nichtlinearer Systeme mittels linearer Differentialgleichungen für verallgemeinerte Quasimomentenfunktionen
Authors: Sperling L.
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine neue Näherungsmethode für die statistische Analyse diskreter nichtlinearer Systeme angegeben, die durch weißes Rauschen erregt werden. Dazu wird ein Differentialgleichungssystem für bestimmte Quasimomentenfunktionen entwickelt, das auch nach Abschluß im Endlichen linear ist.
Zur iterativen Lösung von nichtlinearen Integrodifferentialgleichungsproblemen
Authors: Steudel R.
Published: June 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Integrodifferentialgleichung vom Volterra‐Typ als Operatorgleichung im Hilbert‐Raum formuliert. Unter geeigneten Voraussetzungen wird das Problem iterativ gelöst. Es wird ein Beispiel betrachtet.
A Direct Approach to the Problem of Diffraction by a Half‐Plane under Mixed Boundary Conditions
Authors: Chakrabarti A.
Published: June 2007

A general direct technique of solving a mixed boundary value problem in the theory of diffraction by a semi‐infinite plane is presented. Taking account of the correct edge‐conditions, the unique solution of the problem is derived, by means of Jones' method in the theory of Wiener‐Hopf technique, in the case of incident plane wave. The solution of the half‐plane problem is found out in exact form. (The far‐field is derived by the method of steepest descent.) It is observed that it is not the Wiener‐Hopf technique which really needs any modification but a new technique is certainly required to handle the peculiar type of coupled integral equations which the Wiener‐Hopf technique leads to.
Grenzverteilungssätze bei der Messung von Geräteauslastungen
Authors: Schatte P.
Published: June 2007

Bei der Messung von Geräteauslastungen mittels RC‐Glied stellt sich am Meßgerät nach hinreichend langer Zeit eine zufällige Spannung U(δ) ein, die durch (1), (2) oder (4) definiert ist. Durch Satz 1 wird gezeigt, daδ U (δ) unter geeigneten Voraussetzungen für kleine δ kleine δ asymptotisch normalverteilt ist. Diese Aussage kann zur zweckmäßigen Dimensionierung von konkreten Schaltungen herangezogen werden. Im Grenzfall δ = 0 kann nur über eine endliche Zeit gemessen werden, und nach Satz 2 ist die Anzeige des Meßgerätes für große Zeiten asymptotisch normalverteilt.
The Effects of Heat Transfer on the Behavior of a Bubble and the Impulse Pressure in a Viscous Compressible Liquid
Authors: Tomita Y. , Shima A.
Published: June 2007

The problem regarding the nonequilibrium collapse of a bubble containing both the noncondensable gas and the vapor in an infinite volume of viscous compressible liquid is solved. Through numerical calculations in a wide range of temperatures the effects of heat transfer on the behavior of the bubble and the maximum impulse pressure producing on the bubble collapse are clarified.
Effects of Compressibility upon the Stability Characteristics of a Free Shear Layer
Authors: Shivamoggi Bhimsen K.
Published: June 2007

This paper treats smoothly‐varying flow‐profiles subject to long‐wave disturbances in an unbounded isoenergetic shear‐layer flow, towards examining the effect of compressibility upon the inviscid stability characteristics of a free‐shear flow. Within the framework of the linear theory, the compressibility effects are found to promote the stability of the perturbed basic flow. In order to emphasise the trend of the compressibility effects revealed in the foregoing that considered the flow‐field to be inviscid for the purpose of stability analysis, the latter restriction is then removed and the viscous terms in the linearised‐disturbance equations are considered in the stability analysis; it is then found that the compressibility effects act towards promoting the stability of the perturbed basic flow thereby validating the conclusions reached in this direction previously under more restricted circumstances. Next, in order to clarify whether the inviscid result has anything to do with the allowance for a sharp discontinuity in the velocity profile underlying the arrangement, this paper then treats a free‐shear layer between two parallel streams, the velocity profile for the basic isoenergetic shear being continuous and given by u(y)=tanh y, and the same trend is observed in regard to the effects of compressibility upon the stability characteristics.
On Constitutive Equations of Quasihomogeneous Materials
Authors: Kafka V.
Published: June 2007

In this paper a new conception of derivation of macroscopic constitutive equations of quasihomogeneous materials is presented. The macroscopic equations are derived from the constitutive equations of the material constituents, their volume fractions and a simplified description of the influence of the micro‐geometry of composition. The general relations are applied to viscoelastic and elastic‐plastic materials. A two‐phase viscoelastic material and a two‐phase elastic‐plastic material are analysed as examples.
On Some Qualitative Properties of the Boolean Model of Stochastic Geometry
Authors: Stoyan Dietrich
Published: June 2007

For the Boolean model, one of the basic models of stochastic geometry and stereology, monotonicity and continuity properties are proved. In particular, for Boolean models on the line the relation between primary and number granulometry is discussed, and monotonicity properties of the covariance function are studied. Finally, the probability of hitting of an arbitrary primary grain by one of the other ones is considered.
Families of Direct Fourth‐Order Methods for the Numerical Solution of General Second‐Order Initial‐Value‐Problems
Authors: Chawla M. M. , Sharma S. R.
Published: June 2007

We consider the construction of certain families of direct fourth‐order methods based on four function‐evaluations for the general second‐order initial‐value problem: y″ = f(x, y, y′), y(x0) = A, y′(x0) = B. We obtain these families of methods from the set of conditions sufficient for order four (see Hairer and Wanner [3], Table 2). We obtain a four‐parameter family of methods in the general case, whereas in each of the four special cases we obtain a three‐parameter family of methods. The classical Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström method is a member of the family of methods in one of the special cases. While determining particular methods from these families we require that when these methods are applied to the linear differential equation y″ ‐(α + β)y′ + αβy = 0, the measure of the relative error F, introduced by Rutishauser [5], should have the properties that (i) when α = −β, F should not deteriorate, (ii) when α = –β, F should be least. It was pointed out by Rutishauser [5] that the classical Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström method lacks these properties; it is interesting to note that by a suitable adjustment of some of the parameters, we obtain a new Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström type method which possesses the above two desirable properties. Some particular methods are listed and illustrated by numerical examples; it will be observed from the numerical examples that all these methods perform far better than the classical Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström method, particularly for large x.
On the Internal Stability of Explicit, m‐Stage Runge‐Kutta Methods for Large m‐Values
Authors: van Der Houwen P. J. , Sommeijer B. P.
Published: June 2007

Explicit, m‐stage Runge‐Kutta methods are derived for which the maximal stable integration step per right hand side evaluation is proportional to m when applied to semi‐discrete parabolic initial‐boundary value problems. The internal stability behaviour of these methods is compared with that of similar Runge‐Kutta methods proposed in the literature. Both by analysis and by numerical experiments we show that the value of m in the schemes proposed in this paper is not restricted by internal instabilities.
Preparation of pure gossypol from dianilinogossypol
Authors: Smith F. H.
Published: June 2007

A simple method has been developed for the acid hydrolysis of dianilinogossypol, resulting in gossypol yields of about 86%. The gossypol may be readily purified by recrystallization as gossypol‐acetic acid from a mixture of ethyl ether and acetic acid. After removal of the acetic acid the gossypol may be crystallized either from a mixture of ether and light petroleum ether or from a mixture of ether, ethanol, and water. Crystallization from the latter mixture results in a yield of about 75% of gossypol, based on the amount of dianilinogossypol hydrolyzed, with a high degree of purity as is indicated by spectrophotometric and titrimetric methods.
Pure oleic acid from olive oil
Authors: Rubin Leon J. , Paisley Willow
Published: June 2007

Oleic acid of 99–100% purity has been prepared in 36–43% yield from olive oil. The combination of two urea‐adduct separations (at room temperature) and three acid soap crystallizations (at 3°C.) gives an oleic acid of high quality without recourse to fractional distillation or low‐temperature solvent crystallization.
The enzymatic hydrolysis and tissue oxidation of fatty acid esters of sucrose
Authors: Berry James F. , Turner David A.
Published: June 2007

Various preparations of sucrose fatty acid esters were hydrolyzed by wheat germ or pancreatic lipase, pancreatin, pancreatic juice, α‐amylase, invertase, or liver homogenates to yield sucrose and free fatty acids as products. The greatest activity was observed with the liver homogenate.

None of the enzymes studied cleaved the glycosidic linkage as indicated by the lack of appearance of reducing groups and by paper chromatography of the products.

The greatest hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase was observed with sucrose esters having a greater preponderance of unsaturated fatty acids, namely, sucrose trilinoleate, sucrose dilinoleate, sucrose tetralinoleate, and “Sequol 260” (69% unsaturated fatty acids).

Sodium taurocholate was required for hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase but not by wheat germ lipase. Sucrose ester was inhibitory to the hydrolysis of triolein by all lipolytic preparations. Tetra‐ethyl pyrophosphate and cupric ions were not inhibitory to the hydrolysis of sucrose ester.

Sucrose fatty acid esters supported respiration by rat liver homogenates and to a much lesser extent by rat intestinal mucosa. The rate of oxidation was greater than that observed with sucrose and the corresponding fatty acid. The greatest activity was observed with esters of fatty acids having a greater preponderance of unsaturated fatty acids, namely, “Sequol 260,” sucrose di‐, tri‐, and tetralinoleate.
Seed oils from cassia fistula, C. Occidentalis, and C. Tora (Indian varieties)
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Aziz M. A. , Ahmad M. S.
Published: June 2007

Fatty acids from oils of Indian varieties ofC. fistula, C. occidentalis, andC. tora were fractionated by the lead salt‐alcohol and methyl ester distillation methods. Compositions were calculated from the iodine values and saponification equivalents of the ester fractions. Identities of saturated acids were established by determining the properties of the recrystallized acids. Unsaturated acids were identified as the bromo‐and hydroxy‐derivatives.

Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, andC. tora oils were found to contain the following percentages of fatty acids, respectively: palmitic, 16.0, 19.7, 23.5; lignoceric, 5.2, 4.3, 3.4; oleic, 30.7, 31.6, 28.1; and linoleic, 48.1, 38.1, 45.0. In addition,C. occidentialis oil contained 6.3% of linolenic acid.

Chrysophanic acid was isolated in yield of 0.6% fromC. tora oil, but only traces were obtained fromC. occidentalis oil.
Directed interesterification as a new processing tool for lard
Authors: Hawley H. K. , Holman G. W.
Published: June 2007

The directed interesterification process has been put into successful factory use on lard shortenings. This process increases the fraction of high melting solids (trisaturated glycerides) and decreases the fraction of intermediate melting glycerides (disaturated glycerides) in lard. This change in glyceride composition allows the following advantages to be realized in lard shortenings:

an improved plastic range for any given level of oxidative stability, meaning less variation in softness and creaming properties from cold to warm temperatures, achieved without the use of relatively expensive hardstock (completely hydrogenated fat);

an improved uniformity from a variable raw material, and a flexibility that makes possible a wider selection of raw materials; and

an overall performance equivalent to the premium vegetable shortenings.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. I. Linseed oil
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Cannon J. A.
Published: June 2007

Linseed oil has been fractionated in a 200‐tube countercurrent‐distribution apparatus. Iodine values of fractions ranged from 51 to 261. As determined by the weight distribution curve, iodine values and spectrophotometric analyses, 18.2% trilinolenin, 12.3% linoleo‐dilinolenin, and 19.5% oleo‐dilinolenin combined with 4.1% dilinoleo‐linolenin were isolated. Based upon this type of data and upon several methods of analysis and collation of the data, it is concluded that linseed oil glycerides follow essentially the random pattern of distribution.
Modification of soy proteins and their adhesive properties on woods
Authors: Kalapathy U. , Hettiarachchy N. S. , Myers D. , Hanna M. A.
Published: June 2007

Adhesive properties of trypsin‐modified soy proteins (TMSP) on woods were investigated. A simple method developed in our laboratory, consisting of measuring the force required to shear the bond between glued wood pieces in the Instron universal testing machine, was used to examine adhesive strength of modified soy proteins on wood. Adhesive strength of TMSP was measured for cold‐pressed (ambient temperature for 2 h) and hot‐pressed (60, 80, 100, and 120°C for times varying from 0.5 to 2.5 h) woods. Of the woods examined, soft maple gave the highest strength [743 Newtons (N) at a protein glue concentration of 2 mg/cm2]. For soft maple and cold‐pressing, TMSP at 2 mg/cm2 gave twice the adhesive strength of unmodified protein controls, 743 vs. 340 N. Also, the adhesive strength of TMSP increased from 284 to 743 N as glue concentration was increased from 1 to 2 mg/cm2. However, hot‐pressing of wood pieces beyond 1 h at 120°C and 30% relative humidity resulted in decreased adhesive strengths of TMSP compared to controls. Further, adhesive strengths of hot‐pressed glued wood samples decreased when the relative humidity at which they were kept for curing increased from 30 to 60%. This negative effect of increased humidity on adhesive strengths of glued wood pieces was not observed with cold‐pressed TMSP.
Oil and fat hydrolysis with lipase fromAspergillus sp.
Authors: Fu X. , Zhu X. , Gao K. , Duan J.
Published: June 2007

Hydrolysis of olive oil, soybean oil, mink fat, lard, palm oil, coconut oil, and a hydrogenated, hardened oil with lipase from anAspergillus sp. has been studied. The lipase had high specific activity (60,000 U/g) and did not show any positional specificity. The lipase proved to be a more effective catalyst than Lipolase fromA. oryzae, with an optimal activity at 37°C and pH 6.5–7.0. It was activated by Ca2+ but inactivated by organic solvents such as isopropanol and propanone. All substrates examined could be hydrolyzed to corresponding fatty acids with this enzyme at concentrations of 5–30 U/meq with yields of 90–99% in 2–24 h. The degree of hydrolysis was almost logarithmically linear with reaction time and occurred in two stages. The lipase was stable and could be repeatedly recycled for hydrolysis.