bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing The Growth and Development of Children with Stunting, Scoping Review
Authors: Dwijayanti Novia , Mufdlilah Mufdlilah
Published: February 2022

Background:  Data related to stunting rates known by country include Thailand (10.5%), Sri Lanka (27.3%), Maldives (20.3%), North Korea (27.9%), Myanmar (29.2%). ), Bhutan (33.6%), Nepal (35.8%), Bangladesh (36.1%), Timor Leste (50.2%), India (38.4%), and Indonesia (36.4% ). Referring to the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) conducted every 5 years, it is known that the percentage of stunting in Indonesia has decreased from 37.2% in 2013 to 30.8% in 2018. Growth and development are closely related to stunting are considered an important indicator of inequality in child health. This can be caused by several factors, both before and after giving birth in the developmental phase, including poor nutrition, household environment, and parents' education and economy.
Research Objectives: This study aims to systematically map the research carried out in this field and identify factors that influence stunting growth and development.
Methods:  The method used is Prism Flowchart (Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic review and Meta-Analyses). It is used to describe the flow of the literature search. Article searches were conducted using 3 databases (PubMed, Wiley, and ProQuest). The inclusion criteria for articles are articles published in 2015-2020, in English and discuss the Factors Affecting the Growth and Development of Children with Stunting. The article search flow is described using the PRISMA Flowchart, while the article quality assessment is carried out using Hawker and CASP. The next stage is the preparation of data and reporting of results.
Result:  Based on the critical appraisal results from 12 articles that have been selected through the cross-sectional method, 11 articles were obtained (A1, A2 A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A10, A11, A12) and 1 study cohort article (A9). Based on the quality of the articles that have undergone critical appraisal, it was found that several articles obtained grade B (A1, A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12) and 1 article received grade D (A5).
Conclusion: The findings from this scoping review are that the child's gender, child's age, mother's age, mother's education, mother's occupation, wealth, economy, nutritional status before and after giving birth, clean water sanitation, latrine management, hygiene, and environmental factors, have an effect on stunting which may hinder the growth and development of children in the future.
Role of Semantics in Figurative-Texture of Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach
Authors: Yadav Meenakshi Sharma , Quadri Kahkasha Moin , Osman Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Semantics process plays a key-role in learning the literal and contextual meanings of a poem’s figurative-texture (Bredin, 1992; Cuccio, et al., 2014; Depraetere 2019). Improper understanding of semantics mechanism and contextual theories may lead also the common and determined audiences to learn ambiguious message and meaning of a word (Leclercq, 2020; Satta, 2020) that has many possible meanings which create semantic ambiguities and conflicts (Hoffman, et al., 2013). However, a poem audience must know that how  does the meaning of a word or phrase work and how can he and she remove confusion to comprehend the literal meanings in the figurative language contexts of a poem. The figuarive-texture of Arnold’s Dover Beach is fabricated within diversed figures of speeches uploaded in the text. The collage text image of figurative texture presents common words and phrases with the byzantine meanings and misinformation of the synonyms and antonyms lexical pragmatic interface to the readers.  In support and singnifant solutions for the research gap, this article attempt defined and described creatively to the role of semantics in the figurative-texture of Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach so that collective and determined audiences can comprehend the poem creatically based on qualitative description research methodology.
Analisis Review Penggunaan Sistem Informasi pada PT Pertamina
Authors: Winarto Wahid Wachyu Adi
Published: February 2022

The information system is a means of transforming company data which is closely related to the efficiency of the company in its operational activities. Along with technological developments, the application of information technology in the company is an important factor in increasing the value and competitiveness of the company. So far, there are still many companies that have not implemented information systems as expected because there is no standard for supervising the use of information technology within the company. This research tries to find out how the information system implementation at PT Pertamina. The sample selection is because PT Pertamina is a state-owned company with large assets. Data analysis using qualitative analysis using a systematic review approach. The results of this study indicate that PT Pertamina has implemented an information system in the form of a management information system properly in the company as a way to achieve company goals so that efficiency and competitiveness of the company can be achieved.
Tumor-associated protein ligands recognized by human γδ T cell receptor and their implications in cancer therapy
Authors: Liu Chang , Xu Yi , Zhang Jianmin , He Wei
Published: February 2022

In recent years, immunologists have been working to utilize the functional mechanism of the immune system to research new tumor treatment methods and achieved a major breakthrough in 2013, which was listed as one of the top 10 scientific breakthroughs of 2013 by Science magazine (see “Cancer immunotherapy”. Science. 2013;342:1417. doi: 10.1126/science.1249481). Currently, two main methods are used in clinical tumor immunotherapy: immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Clinical responses to checkpoint inhibitors rely on blockade of the target neoantigens expressed on the surfaces of tumor cells, which can inhibit T cell activity and prevent the T cell immune response; therefore, the therapeutic effect is limited by the tumor antigen expression level. While CAR-T cell therapy can partly enhance neoantigen recognition of T cells, problems remain in the current treatment for solid tumors, such as restricted transport of adoptively transferred cells to the tumor site and off-targets. Immunologists have therefore turned their attention to γδ T cells, which are not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for neoantigen recognition and are able to initiate a rapid immune response at an early stage. However, due to the lack of an understanding of the antigens that γδ T cells recognize, the role of γδ T cells in tumorigenesis and tumor development is not clearly understood. In the past few years, extensive data identifying antigen ligands recognized by γδ T cells have been obtained, mainly focusing on bisphosphonates and small-molecule polypeptides, but few studies have focused on protein ligands recognized by γδ T cells. In this paper, it is reviewed and analyzed that the tumor-associated protein ligands of γδ T cells that have been discovered thus far, hoping to provide new ideas for the comprehensive application of γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy.
Various facets of excitotoxicity
Authors: Glaser Talita , Silva Jean Bezerra , Juvenal Guilherme , Maiolini Pedro Negrão , Turrini Natalia , Petiz Lyvia Lintzmaier , Marques Lucas Bonfim , Ribeiro Deidiane Elisa , Ye Qing , Tang Yong , Ulrich Henning
Published: February 2022

Aim: Excitotoxicity results from unusually increased activation of excitatory amino acid receptors leading to neuronal death. Since glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, it is also the most common excitotoxicity trigger. This uncontrolled neuronal response participates in various neurodegenerative diseases, such as ischemia, hypoglycemia, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, the investigation in the field expanded a lot in the past decade, leading to in vitro modelling adaptations. However, much performed work on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is methodologically inconsistent in the literature. The field lacks reproducibility, which is one of the main fundaments of empirical science. In this regard, the literature was summarized and the main methodological features were critically evaluated, aiming to guide the researchers that are starting in the field. Methods: Published data since 1985 from PUBMED were collected and analyzed to observe which in vitro experimental conditions of excitotoxicity were reproducible. The suggested methods were based on the characteristics of excitotoxicity, such as abnormal intracellular calcium mediated signaling, mitochondria impairment, reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death. Various conditions and comparative controls were used to design the standard investigation of excitotoxicity, such as culture medium content (presence of glutamate and aspartate), time interval of induction and the concentration of the inductor, based on the most reproducible published ones. Results: Our results and critical analysis point to some experimental conditions to consider, such as primary cultured neurons are more sensitive to glutamate and the response obtained is more robust than in other models; excitotoxicity mediated effects are better observed one hour following the stimulus; the culture medium should contain low levels of glutamate or aspartate or glycine. Online available phosphoproteomic data on excitotoxicity using the primary cortical neurons in vitro model supported the same conditions proposed by us. Conclusions: This manuscript will facilitate the design of any research for excitotoxic or neuroprotective compounds in physiological and pathophysiological conditions by standardizing and improving experimental conditions.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT SKILLS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE’S INTEGRATION INTO THE EUROPEAN EDUCATION AREA
Authors: Dzhurylo Alina , Hlushko Oksana , Shparyk Oksana
Published: February 2022

The paper is focused on the analysis of soft skills as basic competences for future professional success. During the study the concept of “soft skills” in the educational terminology of European countries and Ukraine was analysed; the importance of formation and developing soft skills for successful future professional development was justified; the directions of educational policy in EU countries and Ukraine to ensure the formation and development of soft skills of secondary school students were found out. As a result of research it was made the conclusion about the importance of soft skills formation and development in secondary school students for their future successful professional realization. It was offered the strategic directions on innovation approaches for the New Ukrainian School in formulation and development of soft skills at secondary school in the context of Ukrainian’s integration into European and World education. In consequence of literature review it was determined that over one-third of skills (35%) were considered important in that days’ workforce would have changed over the next five years (the World Economic Forum, 2016). Today, employers look for job candidates who not only have professional skills in a particular field, but also understand how to make difficult decisions and demonstrate leadership skills. It is concluded that in an effort to prepare the younger generation for their future successful careers, educational institutions must ensure both the formation of professional skills (“ hard skills”) and the development of “soft skills”, not limited to communication skills, because “soft skills” are also the ability to listen, work in a team, think critically, set goals and achieve them, the ability to resolve conflict situations, etc. “Hard skills” and “soft skills” in combination with motivation and personality form a pyramid of development of the future competitive professional. Career success depends on so much more than students’ subject-matter knowledge and expertise. Based on the European experience the policy makers, educators and parents in Ukraine have been recommended to collaborate to ensure that each child’s school experience fosters the social and personal skills that will ensure success when he or she enters the workforce.
RATINGS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN WORLD PRACTICE: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE
Authors: Lugovyi Volodymyr , Slyusarenko Olena , Talanova Zhanna
Published: February 2022

The paper shows the high efficiency of the Shanghai University Ranking for assessing the top quality of higher education and identifying national strategies for the development of the highest university potential across the world in 2003–2021. The strengths of this rating, which make it the most perfect today, are objectivity, validity, probability, reliability, transparency, clarity, parametric expediency, top-university mission compliance. Its application makes it possible to find out the main modifications of the university strategy–2 (strategy for the development of higher education of the highest quality). The most groundbreaking were France’s strategic initiative to concentrate university resources by merging leading universities and China’s strategy to consolidate universities and to provide strong targeted support to leading institutions. Concomitantly, in Japan, the lack of a holistic national strategy has led to multiple losses for both world-class universities (in the top 500 group) and extra-class universities (in the top 30 group). Shanghai University Ranking showed an intensification of competition in the field of top higher education. The number of countries represented by universities in the top 30, top 100 and top 500 groups has increased. The US position has deteriorated, although it remains the world’s absolute university leader. The second place is occupied by the United Kingdom. France moved to third place. As stated by the Shanghai University Ranking, Ukraine is increasingly lagging behind the progress of higher education in the world, is not included in the list of 63 countries / territories of the general version and up to 93 countries / territories of the sectoral (54 academic subjects) version of the 2021 rating. Ukraine needs the urgent development and implementation of national strategy-2 for the development of higher education.
THE FEATURES OF TEACHER TRAINING FOR MEDIA EDUCATION OF STUDENTS IN THE DEVELOPED ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
Authors: Prykhodkina Nataliia
Published: February 2022

Media literacy deserves a special place in teacher education, as it stimulates critical thinking, including a variety of reading, writing and speaking skills, the use of computer technology and the decoding of various types of information. In the article, the author analyzes the features of teacher training for media education of students in developed English-speaking countries. Media literacy, introduced into training programs, can be very useful and effective. Preparation for the development of media literacy of teachers can be carried out in the process of advanced training, educational psychology courses, basic training courses and teaching practice. Media literacy contributes to critical thinking, focusing on social issues, understanding the branches of knowledge and children, and shaping teacher professionalism. Media literacy offers prospective teachers new opportunities to succeed and improve school performance. The Canadian, British, Australian, American colleges and universities train teachers in media education. They are acquainted with the media education theory and practice, modern technologies of media education on the system of «key concepts», possibilities of using digital technologies in the process of media education of students. The National Media Education Associations offer vocational courses and media workshops for teachers. One of the most popular ways to improve the qualification and self-education of teachers is MOOC (Futurelearn, Coursera, EdX).
THE MARKERS OF QUALITY OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN MODERN REALITIES: THE ‘IDEOLOGICAL TRIAD’ OF THE STUDY OF THE VALUE EXPERIENCE FORMATION
Authors: Semenova Alla , Hrabovskyi Oleh , Yani Valerij
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the paper is to specify the quality markers of the educational process of higher education on the basis of scientific theoretical, methodological and practical research as the most important element of the internal quality assurance system of higher education. The results obtained: The paper proves that the urgent task in terms of improving the quality of higher education is necessity to study and specify the markers of assessing the quality of higher education in the modern realities of professional development of research and teaching staff. Within the framework of the Centre for Pedagogical Skills of a Higher School Teacher in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, markers of the quality of the higher school educational process in modern realities have been identified and specified from the positions of student, teacher and quality expert. The result of this work was an understanding of the need for a methodological audit of educational components. A questionnaire was compiled, which helps to verify specific data for analysis and further evaluation, providing recommendations. Evaluating the effectiveness of the educational process is a comprehensive procedure in which the teacher must be clear about the relationship between the predicted learning outcomes and ways to set goals to achieve them at the time of course development.
Europa lässt grüßen
Authors: Stricker-Berghoff Undine
Published: February 2022

Vorzeigeprojekte aus ganz Europa standen im Fokus der Fachkonferenz „Effiziente Gebäude“, die im November vergangenen Jahres an fünf Nachmittagen rein digital stattfand. Über 650 Teilnehmende aus dem Bauwesen erhielten dabei wertvolle Hinweise, wie sich die nationalen Klimaschutzziele in Gebäuden erreichen lassen.
Heißwasser und Eiswasser aus einer Maschine
Authors: Genath Bernd
Published: February 2022

Im norwegischen Trondheim realisierte das skandinavische Forschungsinstitut Sintef in einer Molkerei den idealen Energiekreislauf für eine Wärmepumpe. Das neuentwickelte Propan-Butan-Aggregat nimmt als Energiequelle zur Heißwassererzeugung den Rücklauf des Eiswassers, das der Betrieb zur Kühlung der Rohmilch mit einem Ammoniak-Kaltwassersatz herstellt. Die Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpe (HTWP) unterstützt so mit ihrem eigenen Verdampfer auch die Eiswasserproduktion.
Mindestsatz nach HOAI 2009/2013 bei Formmangel?
Authors: Voppel Reinhard
Published: February 2022

Die Entscheidung des EuGH über die Europarechtswidrigkeit der Mindest- und Höchstsätze der HOAI hat zahlreiche praktische Folgefragen ausgelöst. Nicht alle sind abschließend geklärt.
„Stadtwerke sind absolut offen für Innovation“
Authors: Heidak Jürgen , Lange Andreas
Published: February 2022

Laut dem Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft müssen etwa 1,6 Millionen dezentrale Erzeugungsanlagen integriert und die Verteilung und Steuerung des Stroms neu organisiert werden. Bei der Bewältigung dieser Mammutaufgabe ist die Digitalisierung der entscheidende Faktor. Andreas Lange, Vorstand Vertrieb, und Jürgen Heidak, Vorstand Software und Beratung bei der Cursor Software AG, erläutern, wie ein professionelles Customer Relationship Management der Hebel für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Digitalisierung im Unternehmen sein kann.
Zusammenführen des Verkehrs- und Energiesektors
Authors: Kagermann Henning
Published: February 2022

Die „Nationale Plattform Zukunft der Mobilität“ hat seit ihrer Berufung durch die Bundesregierung im Herbst 2018 Vorarbeiten geleistet und Wege beschrieben, wie die Transformation in ein zukunftsfähiges, bezahlbares, sicheres und nachhaltiges Mobilitätssystem aussehen kann. Ein Schwerpunkt lag dabei, neben der Nachhaltigkeit und der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Mobilitäts- und Industriestandorts Deutschland, auch auf der Netzintegration von Elektromobilität.
Das Dilemma der Netzbetreiber
Authors: Breloer Daniel , Krause Gerd , Meier Dirk Henning
Published: February 2022

Nicht nur Industrieunternehmen sondern auch diverse Netzbetreiber würden gerne klimaneutral agieren. Dazu müsste insbesondere die beim Energietransport anfallende Verlustenergie als Grünstrom ausgewiesen werden. Doch rechtliche Hürden bremsen sie hier aus. Diese verpflichten dazu, Verlustenergie in einem diskriminierungsfreien Verfahren zu beschaffen, mit dem Preis als alleinig ausschlaggebendes Kriterium. Auch verschiedene Alternative beim Grünstrombezug sind problematisch.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE HISTORY OF UZBEK-GERMAN LITERARY AND CULTURAL RELATIONS (1960-1975)
Authors:   Associate Professor Of The Department Of German Philology, Faculty Of Foreign Philology Of The National University Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Yakubov Sadirjan Bakievich
Published: February 2022

Productive value of a literary work depends on its functioning not only as an artistic text in a specific autonomous literary space, but also on how it is included in the context of social, cultural and literary factors of the world, reflects socio-cultural guidelines. It is precisely this inclusion in the world literary process that is ensured by literary contacts between different countries, the interaction of national literatures, and translation activities, because it is through translation that the popularization and functioning of any national literature in the global literary space is ensured. Literary ties between Uzbekistan and Germany have their own history and interesting facets of modern interaction.
LINGUISTIC PRAGMATICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL IDIOMS
Authors:   Lecturer of Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Abdullayeva Dildora Shuhratovna
Published: February 2022

In this article we will discuss Pragmatical meanings of phraseological units and difference between informema and pragmemas. The main purpose of the article is to define and explain the meaning of this term. The research explored comperative method in both finding theory and suitable examples. The finding of the research shows the impact of pragmatics in real life conversation. While socializing people really need pragmatic meaning for understanding speaker’s attitude, feeling and thoughts. Theoretical contributions and practical are presented by phraseological units, idioms and authentic dialogues, and drew a conclusion, opposite meaning of semantics argued as pragmatics.
TEACHING PRESENTATION SKILLS TO FUTURE ENGLISH TEACHERS
Authors:   Efl Teacher Of Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Ibrohimova Muqaddam
Published: February 2022

There have been a large number of scientific and methodological works published on teaching presentation skills in a foreign language. This article aims at improving presentation skills in English according to global requirements for presentation activities.
LAND RECLAMATION AND IRRIGATION MEASURES OF VIRGIN LANDS IN KARSHI STEPPE
Authors:   Doctor Of Sciences In History (Dsc), Professor At The Department “Theory Of Civil Society” Of Andizhan State University, Andizhan Region, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Komilov Oybek Kamilovich
Published: February 2022

This article is devoted reclamation of virgin land and increase of cotton monopoly in Karshi steppe in the period of Soviet government by the helping archive materials, historical literatures and media materials as well.
THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING THE CREATIVITY OF MUHAMMAD YUSUF
Authors:   Independent Researcher of Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Saydakhmedova Nigora Sulaymonovna
Published: February 2022

This article explores interesting methods and games used to teach Muhammad Yusuf’s works, highlighting the effectiveness of innovative teaching that helps the teacher engage the student in the learning process.
NOVERBAL MEANS OF UZBEK AND ENGLISH SPEAKING ETHICS
Authors:   Second year Master's student, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan, Usmonova Munavvar A'zamjon qizi
Published: February 2022

The article describes the ideas of speech etiquette, methods of its use, factors of nonverbal communication. As long as the culture of communication is based on knowledge and enlightenment, moral education, good knowledge of the heritage of our ancestors and devotion to our spiritual values, there is no doubt that it is an important sign of cultural and enlightenment development of society.
Marketing activity in the conditions of globalization
Authors: SEMENOVA Liudmyla , DATSENKO Viktoriia , KUDRIA Anastasiia
Published: February 2022

Introduction. The paper to study is the peculiarities of transformations of marketing technologies in the marketing system of companies in the conditions of globalization changes. Development of global management institutes has created a wide range of theoretical research on the role and nature of marketing in international markets of goods and services. The micro-level economies showed the latest marketing concepts with innovative tools and methods of researching marketing activities of companies.
The purpose of the paper is to study marketing activities in the conditions of globalization.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are modern theories, concepts, hypotheses. The methodological and information basis of the work are scientific works, materials of periodicals, information resources.
Results. The expediency of using the “celebrity endorsement” strategy in marketing campaigns to increase the level of identification of the target audience of the brand company is substantiated. The company's recommendations are provided on the strategy for developing an advertising address that hypothetically will increase the level of audience identification with the company's brand. The “celebrity endorsement” strategy is a marketing company development strategy that provides for the active use of celebrities in order to create confidence, expanding market markets and ensuring company competitiveness, target audience identification with its brand.
Conclusion. One of the methods for evaluating the intensity of the customer identification is a questionnaire that contains issues with the elements of the self-report. However, the issues of constituent identification remains open. Prospects for further research are proposed, namely, development: methods of evaluating client identification process with brand company within the framework of the “celebrity endorsement” strategy, budgeting and planning and other marketing procedures.
Influence of the main factors to determine the competitiveness level of the enterprise
Authors: POIASNYK Heorhii
Published: February 2022

Introduction. One of the most important characteristics of the organization that creates products or provides services is the degree of its competitiveness, i.e. the ability to solve the problems at a level appropriate to market requirements. Ukraine's solution to the economic crisis is inextricably linked with increasing the competitiveness of domestic industrial enterprises. Competitiveness of the enterprise is the characteristic which determines its stability, ability to maintain its position in the market or expand its sector.
The purpose of the paper is to study the theoretical provisions on the nature of competitiveness and to identify the main factors influencing the level of enterprise competitiveness.
Results. High level of competitiveness is an integral part to obtain high and stable profits, which in turn will provide needed development and growth for the company. The competitiveness of the enterprise directly depends on the results of economic activity of the enterprise, and is the end result of all the production, sales and management links synergy. Determining the level of competitiveness is highly influenced by the quality of products and services, the availability of an efficient marketing and sales strategy, the skill level of staff and the management skills, as well as the technological level of production used.
Conclusion. The competitiveness of the enterprise depends on achieving the maximum quality of products, which is determined by such factors as product and service level, price, delivery time, efficient marketing strategy, level of after-sales service, staff and management skills, technological level of production. Everything needed to ensure a high level of competitiveness can be achieved by any enterprise, and the set of factors of enterprise competitiveness, which are present at any enterprise at the moment, are called competitive advantages. They determine the overall competitiveness of the company. Thus, a high level of competitiveness at the enterprise should be maintained not only through the presence of only one factor of influence, but also through their usage and extension in a way a particular industry treats them.
Economic and legal aspects of the organization of tourist activity in Ukraine
Authors: SMIESOVA Viktoriia , MIASOID Halyna , LEZHNIEVA Tetiana
Published: February 2022

Introduction. At the present stage of development, it is very important to form a favourable economic and legal environment for the interaction of subjects of tourism activity and the protection of the interests of each participant in economic relations in the field of tourism. The solution to these problems is also relevant in connection with the strengthening of globalization trends, the need to form effective mechanisms for the functioning of the economy against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The purpose of the paper is to identify topical problems of legal support for tourism and the activities of tourist enterprises, substantiate the economic aspects of organizing the tourism at the present stage of development of society as the basis for the development of international economic relations in Ukraine.
Results. The paper substantiates the main problems of legal support of tourism and the activities of enterprises in the tourism industry. Analyzed the international and domestic legal framework in the field of tourism. The current international and national standards in the field of tourism in Ukraine have been substantiated. The paper notes that Ukraine has developed normative legal acts that regulate the basic principles of organizing and implementing tourism activities, the development of tourism as a promising area of international economic relations. However, there is a need to develop legislation that would guarantee the fulfilment of the obligations of tourism enterprises in the provision of tourism services. Also, the procedure for providing this guarantee in the event that the subject of tourist activity does not have appropriate financial support has not been determined. The economic and legal problems of ensuring the functioning of the tourism industry in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic are identified.
Conclusion. Measures of state regulation and stimulation of tourism activities, changes in legislation taking into account the new realities of public life, as well as taking into account the experience of European countries in supporting the tourism sector in pandemic conditions are proposed.
Understanding, Oral Hygiene Practices, Behaviors and Myths to deal with Toothache in Rural Areas
Authors: Sarang Suresh Hotchandani  , Priya Rani Harjani  , Suneel Kumar  Punjabi  , Mowaffaq Abdullmomen  Al Absi  , Hafiz Mahmood Azam  , Ahmed Aswad
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In Pakistan, there is lack of awareness to maintain oral hygiene and cleaning of oral structures. The current study aims to unveil homemade remedies and self-care methods followed by a majority of the rural population to cure dental pain in Sindh, Pakistan.

 METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at dental OPD of the Secondary Health Care Facility of Sindh, Pakistan, by following a random sample selection approach.  Patients from both genders representing oro-dental problems of ages ≥ 5 year were included in the study. Patient’s clinical and demographic data was collected, and further descriptive data analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel 2016.

RESULTS: A total of 1627 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. The highest number of cases (73.81%) were belonging to the age group 15-49 years, affirming that adults are at greater risk of developing toothache and dental pain. Surprisingly, about 78.97% patients had never visited any physician for seeking the clinical services. Similarly, 37.18 % of patients did not use any cleaning substance while 22.12 % patients preferred miswak for cleaning of their teeth. Only 2.95 % of patients visited dentists for proper care.

CONCLUSION: Current research report concludes that from all the confirmed toothache cases, 22.13 % of patients sought care from general physicians in parallel with 22.34 % patients were preferring religious spells to manage their dental pain, which further multiplied the disease rate. However, general physicians at primary healthcare settings have limited knowledge and training in managing dental pain.
THE Missed dose error among nurses working at tertiary care Hospitals, Karachi
Authors: Raja  , Badil  , Pawan Kumar  , Sana Rehman  , Gulsher
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Medication administration error (MAE) has been recognized as a serious health related issue that can lead to surge mortality and morbidity. In addition, it may rise hospitalization that, will increase the ratio of the patient. This study was accomplished to determine the missed dose error among nurses working at tertiary care hospitals in Karachi.

METHODOLOGY: This analytical cross-sectional study was accomplished at Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital and Dow University Hospital, Karachi, for the period of six months from February to July 2018. The calculated sample was 204 nurses of both genders. Nurses having one year of working experience and licensed with Pakistan Nursing Council had been invited for the study. The participants were approached by a non-probability convenient consecutive sampling method. The adopted and validated questionnaire was utilized to gather the data. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0.

RESULTS: Out of 204 subjects, 106 (52%) were male. With respect to age, 168 (82.3%) of respondents had age below 35 years. The percentage of missed medication doses was reported to be 12.3%. In this study, nurses to patients ratio, and timing of medication administration were found statistically significant with missed dose errors p-value≤0.05.

CONCLUSION: The study finding showed a small frequency of missed dose errors among nurses working in tertiary care public sector hospitals, Karachi. The majority of missed doses were recorded in the morning shift, and nurses who had more patients ratio.
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ДОЛГОВЕЧНОСТИ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ НАНОСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ АСФАЛЬТО-МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ БЕТОНОВ
Authors:   доктор технических наук, профессор, академический советник Национальной инженерной академии РК, директор по науке, https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 5774-5423, Асматулаев Б.А. , Асматулаев Р.Б. ,   кандидат технических наук директор, https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 5531-6641, Асматулаев Н.Б. ,   докторант, магистр главный инженер, https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 7562-7252
Published: February 2022

В начале нынешнего столетия выдвинуты новые требования для долговечных дорожных конструкций, в связи с повышением транспортных нагрузок на автомобильных дорогах в 2-3 раза. Приведены результаты фундаментальных, экспериментальных и практических исследований по разработке наноструктурированных асфальто-минеральных и дорожных нано бетонов, которые соответствуют этим требованиям. В результате многолетних научных исследований и мониторинга автомобильных дорог, впервые в Казахстане подтверждена эффективность применения длительно (медленно) твердеющих вяжущих веществ, с преимущественным содержанием двух кальциевого силиката (C2 S), при сопоставлении с высоко прочными портландцементами. При гидратации C2 S, основными структурообзующими новообразованиями (более 60%) являются гидросиликаты кальция C-S-H, имеющие нано размерные величины, поэтому такие материалы отнесены к наноструктурированным бетонам. Впервые в дорожной практике подтверждена эффективность и справедливость применения теория о коллоидной структуре ния на дорожных наноструктурированных асфальто-минеральных и дорожных бетонах, обладающих свойствами тиксотропии-самовосстановления и реопексии-упрочнения от действия транспортных и температурных нагрузок, в процессе эксплуатации автомобильных дорог. Долговечность асфальто-минеральных и дорожных бетонов обосновываются результатами выполненных фундаментальных физико-химических исследований структуры белитового наноструктурирующего асфальтового вяжущего и белитового цементного камня. Достоверность которых подтверждена результатами испытаний бетонных образцов, длительно выдержанных при различных температурах в лабораторных условиях и кернов, высверленных из асфальто-минеральных и бетонных дорог. Прочность бетонов продолжает упрочняться в течение более 40 лет. Предполагается, что это путь к долговечным «римским бетонам».
АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РАЗРАБОТКИ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ КАРАЖАНБАС ПУТЕМ ЗАКАЧКИ ТЕПЛОНОСИТЕЛЯ В ПЛАСТ
Authors:   доктор геол.-мин. наук, генеральный директор (председатель правления) АО «РД «КазМунайГаз», https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 0805-1294, Исказиев К.О. , Хафизов С.Ф. ,   доктор геол.-мин. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой поисков и разведки нефти и газа, https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 1426-7649, Назарова Л.Н. ,   доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры разработки и эксплуатации нефтяных месторождений, https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 2926-6166, Пятибратов П.В. ,   кандидат технических наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой разработки и эксплуатации нефтяных месторождений, https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 5438-2276, Вербицкий В.С. ,   кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры разработки и эксплуатации нефтяных месторождений, https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 4195-1967, Игревский Л.В. ,   кандидат технических наук доцент кафедры разработки и эксплуатации нефтяных месторождений, https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 3452-3486
Published: February 2022

В 2018 году в АО «Каражанбасмунай» при участии НК «Казмунайгаз» и РГУ нефти и газа (НИУ) им. И.М. Губкина реализован проект разработки концепции развития месторождения Каражанбас. В рамках разработки проекта концепции проведена работа по анализу фонда скважин и действующей инфраструктуры месторождения, проведены расчеты и исследования, направленные на определение технико-экономических условий повышения эффективности разведки, бурения, освоения, разработки, добычи, сбора и подготовки продукции скважин месторождения Каражанбас [1]. Одним из ключевых вопросов является оценка эффективности разработки Восточного и Северного участков месторождения Каражанбас путем закачки в пласт теплоносителя. С одной стороны метод закачки пара на объектах разработки месторождения Каражанбас позволил обеспечить максимальные темпы разработки, но с другой стороны современные условия закачки пара требуют оптимизации процесса воздействия на пласт не только с точки зрения достижения проектного КИН, но и с учетом мониторинга качества пара на участке: «парогенератор-забой паронагнетательных скважин».
The Environments of CO Cores and Star Formation in the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy WLM
Authors: Archer Haylee N. , Hunter Deidre A. , Elmegreen Bruce G. , Cigan Phil , Jansen Rolf A. , Windhorst Rogier A. , Hunt Leslie K. , Rubio Monica
Published: February 2022

The low metallicities of dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrr) greatly influence the formation and structure of molecular clouds. These clouds, which consist primarily of H2, are typically traced by CO, but low-metallicity galaxies are found to have little CO despite ongoing star formation. In order to probe the conditions necessary for CO core formation in dwarf galaxies, we have used the catalog of Rubio et al. for CO cores in WLM, a Local Group dwarf with an oxygen abundance that is 13% of solar. Here we aim to characterize the galactic environments in which these 57 CO cores formed. We grouped the cores together based on proximity to each other and strong FUV emission, examining properties of the star-forming region enveloping the cores and the surrounding environment where the cores formed. We find that high H i surface density does not necessarily correspond to higher total CO mass, but regions with higher CO mass have higher H i surface densities. We also find the cores in star-forming regions spanning a wide range of ages show no correlation between age and CO core mass, suggesting that the small size of the cores is not due to fragmentation of the clouds with age. The presence of CO cores in a variety of different local environments, along with the similar properties between star-forming regions with and without CO cores, leads us to conclude that there are no obvious environmental characteristics that drive the formation of these CO cores.
Hierarchical Bayesian Atmospheric Retrieval Modeling for Population Studies of Exoplanet Atmospheres: A Case Study on the Habitable Zone
Authors: Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , Sotzen Kristin S. , Stevenson Kevin B. , Luger Rodrigo , May Erin M. , Mayorga L. C. , Mandt Kathleen , Izenberg Noam R.
Published: February 2022

With the growing number of spectroscopic observations and observational platforms capable of exoplanet atmospheric characterization, there is a growing need for analysis techniques that can distill information about a large population of exoplanets into a coherent picture of atmospheric trends expressed within the statistical sample. In this work, we develop a Hierarchical Bayesian Atmospheric Retrieval (HBAR) model to infer population-level trends in exoplanet atmospheric characteristics. We demonstrate HBAR on the case of inferring a trend in atmospheric CO2 with incident stellar flux, predicted by the presence of a functioning carbonate–silicate weathering negative feedback cycle, an assumption upon which all calculations of the habitable zone (HZ) rest. Using simulated transmission spectra and JWST-quality observations of rocky planets with H2O, CO2, and N2 bearing atmospheres, we find that the predicted trend in CO2 causes subtle differences in the spectra of order 10 ppm in the 1–5 μm range, underscoring the challenge inherent to testing this hypothesis. In the limit of highly precise data (100 stacked transits per planet), we show that our HBAR model is capable of inferring the population-level parameters that characterize the trend in CO2, and we demonstrate that the null hypothesis and other simpler trends can be rejected at high confidence. Although we find that this specific empirical test of the HZ may be prohibitively challenging in the JWST era, the HBAR framework developed in this work may find a more immediate usage for the analysis of gas giant spectra observed with JWST, Ariel, and other upcoming missions.
Relationships between Stellar Velocity Dispersion and the Atmospheres of Early-type Galaxies
Authors: Frisbie Rachel L. S. , Donahue Megan , Voit G. Mark , Lakhchaura Kiran , Werner Norbert , Sun Ming
Published: February 2022

The Voit et al. black hole feedback valve model predicts relationships between stellar velocity dispersion and atmospheric structure among massive early-type galaxies. In this work, we test that model using the Chandra archival sample of 49 early-type galaxies from Lakhchaura et al. We consider relationships between stellar velocity dispersion and entropy profile slope, multiphase gas extent, and the ratio of cooling time to freefall time. We also define subsamples based on data quality and entropy profile properties that clarify those relationships and enable more specific tests of the model predictions. We find that the atmospheric properties of early-type galaxies generally align with the predictions of the Voit et al. model, in that galaxies with a greater stellar velocity dispersion tend to have radial profiles of pressure, gas density, and entropy with steeper slopes and less extended multiphase gas. Quantitative agreement with the model predictions improves when the sample is restricted to have low central entropy and a stellar velocity dispersion of between 220 and 300 km s−1.
Probing Hot Gas Components of the Circumgalactic Medium in Cosmological Simulations with the Thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect
Authors: Kim Junhan , Golwala Sunil , Bartlett James G. , Amodeo Stefania , Battaglia Nicholas , Benson Andrew J. , Hill J. Colin , Hopkins Philip F. , Hummels Cameron B. , Moser Emily , Orr Matthew E.
Published: February 2022

The thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect is a powerful tool with the potential for constraining directly the properties of the hot gas that dominates dark matter halos because it measures pressure and thus thermal energy density. Studying this hot component of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) is important because it is strongly impacted by star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in galaxies, participating in the feedback loop that regulates star and black hole mass growth in galaxies. We study the tSZ effect across a wide halo-mass range using three cosmological hydrodynamical simulations: Illustris-TNG, EAGLE, and FIRE-2. Specifically, we present the scaling relation between the tSZ signal and halo mass and the (mass-weighted) radial profiles of gas density, temperature, and pressure for all three simulations. The analysis includes comparisons to Planck tSZ observations and to the thermal pressure profile inferred from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) measurements. We compare these tSZ data to simulations to interpret the measurements in terms of feedback and accretion processes in the CGM. We also identify as-yet unobserved potential signatures of these processes that may be visible in future measurements, which will have the capability of measuring tSZ signals to even lower masses. We also perform internal comparisons between runs with different physical assumptions. We conclude (1) there is strong evidence for the impact of feedback at R
500, but that this impact decreases by 5R
500, and (2) the thermodynamic profiles of the CGM are highly dependent on the implemented model, such as cosmic-ray or AGN feedback prescriptions.
FOSSIL. II. The Rotation Periods of Small-sized Hilda Asteroids
Authors: Chang 章 Chan-Kao 展誥 , Chen 陳 Ying-Tung 英同 , Fraser Wesley C. , Lehner Matthew J. , Wang 王 Shiang-Yu 祥宇 , Alexandersen Mike , Choi 최 Young-Jun 영준 , Granados Contreras A. Paula , Ito 伊藤 Takashi 孝士 , JeongAhn 정안 Youngmin 영민 , Ji 季 Jianghui 江徽 , Kavelaars J. J. , Kim 김 Myung-Jin 명진 , Lawler Samantha M. , Li 黎 Jian 健 , Lin 林 Zhong-Yi 忠義 , Lykawka Patryk Sofia , Moon 문 Hong-Kyu 홍규 , More Surhud , Muñoz-Gutiérrez Marco , Ohtsuki 大槻 Keiji 圭史 , Pike Rosemary E. , Terai Tsuyoshi , Urakawa 浦川 Seitaro 聖太郎 , Yoshida 吉田 Fumi 二美 , Zhang Hui , Zhao 赵 Haibin 海斌 , Zhou 周 Ji-Lin 济林 ,   (The FOSSIL Collaboration)
Published: February 2022

Using the high-cadence lightcurves collected from the FOSSIL survey, rotation periods of 17 small (diameter 1 km < D < 3 km) Hilda asteroids (hereinafter Hildas) were obtained. Combined with the previously measured rotation periods of Hildas, a spin-rate limit appears at around 3 hr. Assuming rubble-pile structures for the Hildas, a bulk density of ∼1.5 g cm−3 is required to withstand this spin-rate limit. This value is similar to that of the C-type asteroids (1.33 g cm−3) and higher than the ∼1 g cm−3 bulk density of the Jupiter Trojans. This suggests that the Hildas population may contain more C-type asteroids than expected, and the limit at 3 hr simply reflects the spin-rate limit for C-type asteroids. In addition, a Hilda superfast rotator was found, which has a rotation period of 1.633 hr and an estimated diameter of 0.7 km. This object is unlikely to be explained by a rubble-pile or monolithic structure.