bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic variability in the functioning of photosystem II in leaves of covered and naked oats
Authors: Lisitsyn E. M. , Churakova S. A. , Batalova G. A.
Published: October 2022

Background. Comparing the characteristics of primary photosynthetic processes in photosystem II (PSII) in the leaves of two oat (Avena sativa L.) subspecies will help to understand their genetic differentiation. Comparisons between naked and covered oats to assess the efficiency of energy flows within PSII and its relation to useful agronomic traits have not been previously made but can have an effect on their cultivation practices.

Materials and methods. Two-week-old plants of 16 covered and 17 naked oat genotypes were assessed for rapid chlorophyll α fluorescence using a Fluor Pen FP 110/S fluorometer. Data on the yield structure were obtained in 2021. The data were processed statistically using descriptive statistics, correlation (Excel 2013) and cluster (StatSoft Statistica 10; Ward's method) analyses.

Results. The groups of oat genotypes differed significantly in the absolute magnitude of adsorbed (ABS/RC) and trapped (TRo/RC) light energy flows, which were higher in naked oats (by 7.8 and 7.4%, respectively). The efficiency of electron transfer from plastoquinone QB to PSI in naked oats exceeded that in covered oats by 8.2%. For the whole set of genotypes, a statistically significant correlation of grain yield with the PIABS performance index (r = 0.403), light energy adsorption (r = -0.477) and its utilization at the reaction centers of PSII (r = -0.452) was manifested. The performance indices (PIABS and PIABS_total) positively correlated with part of grain in total biomass (0.571 and 0.418, respectively) and were higher in covered oats (by 28.2 and 21.9%, respectively).

Conclusion. The existence of significant differences was shown between covered and naked oats according to six of the nine evaluated structural and functional parameters of the PSII leaf functioning. The results of the cluster analysis demonstrated the tendency to the grouping of genotypes by the presence/absence of grain hullness.
Russian translation of the International code of nomenclature for cultivated Plants
Authors: Chukhina I. G. , Miftakhova S. R.
Published: October 2022

The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants promotes uniformity, accuracy, and stability in the naming of agricultural, forestry and horticultural plants. It governs the nomenclature of such categories as Cultivar, Group and Grex, and provides stability in the rules of their naming avoiding or rejecting the use of names that may cause errors or ambiguities. The first edition of the Code was published in 1953. Currently, the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants is relevant (International Code…, 2016).

The first translation of the Code into Russian was made on behalf of the All-Union Botanical Society by Professor Ya.I. Prokhanov and published in 1957. The work on the Russian translation of the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was initiated by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. The scientific translation was carried out by I.G. Chukhina (VIR), S.R. Miftakhova (VIR), and V.I. Dorofeyev (BIN RAS). All parts of the Code, including the Preamble, Principles, Rules, Recommendations, Examples and Appendices, are published in the five issues of the Vavilovia journal.
Grain quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars developed in Western Siberia under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Utebayev M. U. , Shelaeva T. V. , Bome N. A. , Chilimova I. V. , Kradetskaya O. O. , Dashkevich S. M. , Novokhatin V. N. , Weisfeld L. I.
Published: October 2022

Background. Environmental testing is the first stage of wheat breeding, the purpose of which is to identify wheat samples suitable for local environments and capable of forming a fairly stable yield and high-quality grain. The proposed study presents the test results for spring bread wheat cultivars of Russian breeding grown in arid environments of Northern Kazakhstan in order to preserve their yield and baking qualities.

Materials and methods. The material of the study included 15 spring bread wheat cultivars. Protein and gluten content and the quality of gluten were determined using an infrared analyzer; the physical properties of the test were assessed using a Chopin alveograph and Brabender farinograph.

Results.  As a result of biochemical assessment, increased protein and gluten content and grain weight were observed in cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 30’, ‘Aviada’, ‘Lutescens 585’, ‘Serebrina’, and ‘Tyumenets 2’. Dough deformation energy (W) characteristic of high-quality wheat and the balance in the P/L ratio (elasticity/elongation) were shown by cvs. ‘Tyumenskaya 33’ (290 a.u.; 1.15 P/L), ‘SKENT-3’ (307 a.u.; 0.89 P/L), and ‘Lutescens 585’ (374 a.u., 1.10 P/L). In laboratory baking, the volume of bread ranged from 620 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 27’) to 768 ml (‘Tyumenskaya 29’) with an average value of 707 ml. A baking quality analysis of the cultivars grown in the Northern Trans-Urals and Northern Kazakhstan demonstrated that the conditions in Northern Kazakhstan were more favorable for obtaining bread with an increased volume. On the basis of environmental tests and an assessment of a set of biochemical and technological indicators, cvs. ‘SKENT-3’ and ‘Tyumenskaya 29’ were selected. It makes sense to continue studying wheat cultivars that can be sources and donors of high-quality grain for the development of cultivars for the arid steppe of Northern Kazakhstan.
Analysis of the relationship between cotton fiber quality and weather conditions in the southeast of Stavropol Territory
Authors: Khodzhaeva N. A. , Podolnaya L. P.
Published: October 2022

Background. Climate change leads to the worsening of cotton cultivation conditions in traditional cotton-producing countries, which, in its turn, can produce a positive impact on cotton cultivation in Russia. Assessment of the variability of fiber quality parameters in breeding lines and the effect of weather conditions in the east of Stavropol Territory will help to identify breeding trends and agricultural practices for this area.

Materials and methods. The fiber produced in 2009, 2012, 2014, 2018 and 2019 by 30 breeding lines grown at Prikumskaya Experimental Breeding Station (Budennovsk, Stavropol Territory) was analyzed under the HVI system in Moscow and Kamyshyn. We compared the variability of fiber quality parameters by sampling over the years of research and conducted ANOVA and correlation analyses of the quality traits and temperature and rainfall indicators. Excel 2016 and Statistica 7 were used.

Results and discussion. An analysis of the variability in individual fiber quality parameters showed that they reacted differently to changing weather; particularly sensitive were fiber strength and micronaire. A strong negative correlation was observed between these characters (r = –0.82), and they were most significantly affected by the temperature and precipitation in August. A hot and dry August contributed to the formation of fiber type 1–3, corresponding to the fiber of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), in plants with habitus and earliness of G. hirsutum L. Under relatively cool and humid conditions of 2009 and 2012, the fiber of most lines was typical for the upland type. Knowledge of the relationship between fiber quality and weather conditions during the fiber development period will help to predict the quality of cotton fiber in advance and prognosticate its utilization.
The use of drought resistance indices in the study of the spring bread wheat collection under the conditions of Aktobe Region
Authors: Kalybekova Zh. T. , Tsygankov V. I. , Zuev E. V. , Novikova L. Yu.
Published: October 2022

Background. Due to the global climate warming trend, the breeding of new drought-resistant cultivars of spring bread wheat remains a priority task for Western Kazakhstan breeders. However, an increase in resistance is often accompanied by a decrease in genotype productivity, and searching for an optimal combination of these characteristics is a trend in contemporary plant breeding.

Materials and methods. In 2017–2019, 175 spring bread wheat accessions from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and locally developed contemporary cultivars were studied under the conditions of Aktobe Agricultural Station. The field study was carried out according to VIR’s guidelines. To assess the drought tolerance of the accessions, the following indices were used: mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), yield stability index (YSI), drought resistance index (DI), and stress tolerance index (STI).

Results and discussion. Drought tolerance indices were calculated for all accessions using yield data in the driest (2019) and more favorable (2017) year. The total score of ranks for all indices was calculated for each accession. The total score correlated most strongly with the yield in an unfavorable year. As a result, 20 cultivars with the best total scores were identified, including 11 accessions bred in Aktobe Region, the reference cultivar, and promising accessions from other countries.

Conclusion. The cultivars identified according to a set of indices are promising in terms of their use in breeding for drought resistance under the conditions of Aktobe Region. The proposed index system makes it possible to combine assessments of different drought tolerance aspects.
Противоопухолевое действие нового производного дигидроакридина на экспериментальной модели рака мочевого пузыря
Authors: Блинова Екатерина Валериевна , Дерябина О. Н. , Кудрявцев М. Ю. , Тумутолова О. М. , Махрова А. А. , Блинов Д. С. , Епишкина А. А. , Гилевская Ю. С. , Самышина Е. А. , Скачилова С. Я. , Арутюнян К. К.
Published: October 2022

На ксенографтной гетеротопической модели рака мочевого пузыря у гуманизированных NOG/SCID мышей изучено противоопухолевое действие производного дигидроакридина ЛХТ-17-19 при внутрижелудочном 7-дневном введении в дозе 7,5 мг/кг в сутки. Показано, что это вещество подавляет рост первичной опухоли, на 40 % снижает частоту метастазирования и увеличивает продолжительность жизни животных — носителей ксенографта. Противоопухолевый эффект сопровождается повышением экспрессии гена FGFR3 и снижением экспрессии микроРНК-145 в ткани опухоли. Установлено, что уровень экспрессии микроРНК-145 взаимосвязан с выживаемостью в группе животных, получавших фармакологическую поддержку. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проведении дальнейших исследований этого соединения в качестве лекарственного средства-кандидата.
Принципы действия лекарственных средств, применяемых при ревматоидном артрите
Authors: Тихонов Дмитрий А. , Кудряшов Н. В. , Горбунов А. А. , Миронов С. Е.
Published: October 2022

Представлены современные аспекты лекарственной терапии ревматоидного артрита. Особое внимание уделено классификации и механизмам действия лекарственных средств, применяемых при ревматоидном артрите, а также перспективным направлениям противоревматоидной терапии.
The link between mindfulness, static and dynamic balance among elite athletes
Authors:   Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Turkey, Tokat Fatma
Published: October 2022

The current study seeks to investigate the link between mindfulness, static and dynamic balance among elite athletes. 77 elite athletes (Mage = 19.03 years, SD = 3.00) completed a Demographic Information Form and the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport. In addition, Y Balance Test and Flamingo Test were used for balance measurements. Simple correlation analysis indicated that overall mindfulness was not significantly related to dynamic and static balance. However, the awareness subscale of mindfulness was negatively correlated with dynamic balance. In addition, the results of the regression showed that the awareness subscale of mindfulness significantly predicted dynamic balance. Findings suggest that awareness, albeit low, may be an important predictor of dynamic balance in elite athletes.
Architectural Instructions in Italy between the 16th and 18th Centuries
Authors: Del Sole Francesco
Published: October 2022

Carlo Borromeo’s Instructions represent the only practical application of the Tridentine decrees in architecture. However, historians over time have given little weight to the work, which is mostly considered a simple parish handbook due to its practical-functional nature used to treat the sacred space. New research conducted on the literary work has focused on the massive diffusion of this treatise in the undergrowth of the ecclesiastical literature of the time, testifying to how much the Instructions are linked to the historical context and the spiritual needs of the post-Tridentine Church. The great novelty of the work lies in the fact that it completely overturned the way of writing about architecture. In the writings of Carlo Borromeo, a continuous interweaving between the doctrine of the soul and the sacred building is outlined to give the Church the image of an institution organically constituted in its material and spiritual reality. The influence of this work outside the Milanese context in which Carlo Borromeo worked is still to be clarified, especially in the South of Italy, which experienced the peak of its Counter-Reformation season between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Here, Instructions will be analyzed along with the Antica Basilicografia of Pompeo Sarnelli (1686) and Il Rettore ecclesiastico of Marcello Cavalieri (1688), two writings born in the diocese of Benevento under the wing of the bishop Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a native of Gravina di Puglia.
Inclusive bilingual early years education by means of the Reggio Emilia Approach
Authors: Marton Vera , Kovács Ivett Judit , Czachesz Erzsébet
Published: October 2022

In diverse classrooms, bilingual early years education demands an inclusive approach for effective language acquisition. In the Reggio Emilia Approach, all children are viewed to be genuine and unique with individual ways and special rights. This paper aims to identify the aspects of the Reggio Emilia Approach that supports inclusive education. The research was conducted in a mixed-age group within a bilingual setting located in Budapest. Different qualitative research methods were used as data sources, including document analysis, participant observation, and unstructured interviews. The data analysis revealed a broader concept of inclusion in the setting. Through the project- based and experience-based learning fostered by an emergent curriculum, children can discover the world at their own pace. Children can work in micro and macro groups on meaning-making and understanding in activities tailored to their individual needs. The teachers scaffold their learning as facilitators supporting independence, cooperation, and peer-assistance while emphasising community-based learning. In the Reggio Emilia Approach, diversity is celebrated, and each child can be connected to differently. By filling the environment with variables, teachers allow for the inclusion of all children into activities, problems, and thinking.
Focus on multicultural education in early childhood
Authors: Czövek Csenge , Endrődy Orsolya , Árva Valéria
Published: October 2022

This article gives account of a research project concerning the implementation of multicultural education in two nurseries in Budapest. The research entailed focus group interviews with their teaching staff and collected qualitative data about their professional experience, views, the possible institutional approach to multicultural education, and how they evaluated its integration into their own programmes. Although the significance of multicultural education in early childhood is acknowledged, the field seems to be under-researched in Hungary. The experiences reported were overwhelmingly positive, but since the research context was limited, further investigation is necessary in the area.
Third-Culture Kids in early childhood education
Authors: Kőrös Noémi Lilla , Trentinné Benkő Éva
Published: October 2022

This paper’s purpose is to introduce the Third-Culture Kid (TCK) phenomenon and seek the significant aspects of a highly mobile lifestyle, focusing on their impact on young children learning in the early childhood education programme. Such features include the potential positive and negative consequences of growing up in a multicultural environment. Furthermore, this study dissects the question of whether young children should be directly exposed to cultural awareness at a young age, thereby highlighting educators’ crucial role in achieving culturally responsible pedagogy in the preschool context. Triangulation was used based on three methods of data collection. A quantitative survey positioned the voices of 140 Adult Third-Culture Kids (ATCK) in the forefront in order to examine their TCK experience. A qualitative interview focused on ten professional childhood educators’ practical knowledge. Finally, a qualitative case study exploring a TCK experience completed the survey. This research offers both a conceptual framework and practical understanding of the complex influence of the TCK lifestyle on children participating in early childhood education.
Prospective teachers’ attitudes and relations toward the culture of English-speaking countries regarding their specialisation
Authors: Bernhardt Renáta , Furcsa Laura
Published: October 2022

By using spontaneous metaphor research, our paper investigates prospective primary school teachers’ attitudes and relations toward the culture of English-speaking countries and learning English as a foreign language. Metaphors reveal people’s subconscious ideas and understandings towards their beliefs and attitudes, in this case, towards the culture of English-speaking countries. The participants consisted of student teachers specialising in English (N=12) or another specialisation (N=20). In addition, students’ English proficiency was also reflected in this grouping, which helped to demonstrate the effects of prior English knowledge and experiences. An elicitation sheet with the unfinished sentence, “Foreign language learning is like ... because ...” was used as the tool of data collection. The data were analysed qualitatively by coding, categorising, and finalising the metaphors. The present paper focuses exclusively on the data in connection with the concept of culture while analyses of the other concepts are described in Kisné Bernhardt and Furcsa (2020). The findings of the metaphor research revealed different attitudes according to teacher students’ specialisations and therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of selecting appropriate approaches to English teaching. In our paper, we first describe the importance and role of cultural beliefs in language teaching, then we focus on various aspects of metaphor research. The sociocultural dimension of metaphor research aims at investigating the involvement of sociocultural factors in the process of conceptualisation. In the second part of the paper, the findings of our metaphor research are presented.
Ten months around the world
Authors: T. Kruppa Éva , Gáspár Adrienn
Published: October 2022

For a Bilingual Generation (FBG) is a new emerging enterprise promoting English language acquisition in the early years of childhood education. During their ten- month-long programme, the teachers and children travel around the world and visit the main English-speaking countries where they discover and learn about the local culture, flora and fauna. Studying different countries not only enriches and makes an ESL activity a more entertaining and better experience for the children, it also allows children to observe and marvel at the world’s beauties. By the end of the ten months, it is expected that the programme participants will learn to respect other cultures and accept otherness. To this end, the programme encourages children to be curious and open to new experiences. Not only about foreign language acquisition, FBG also provides a complex approach to personality development that takes place in English.
Culture in language: Bilingualism and identity in The Poems of American – Hungarian Poets
Authors: Kitzinger Arianna
Published: October 2022

Today, when there is a revival of examining and understanding bilingualism, we often conduct research on bilingual education while scrutinizing the effect of the phenomenon on the individual and the society. Most research aims to highlight how a foreign language can be acquired and how it forms a ‘bilingual pair’ with L1. However, there is less exploration into the other direction, i.e., how L1 behaves in a foreign context and how identity is re-structured in a new setting. It is not only a linguistic but a social question as well that can especially be reflected in literary works. This year, when we celebrate the sixty-sixth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, this paper intends to commemorate the many poets who emigrated to foreign countries as a result of this conflict by examining aspects of their language usage and cultural identity.
Has what was ‘Too far for you to see’ come any closer? Language and Identity in Wales
Authors: Podlovics Éva Lívia
Published: October 2022

This article examines issues of language usage in Welsh and the identity of this region’s residents. The stress is upon people and language as they are inseparably inter- and entwined when forming one’s identity (Evans, 2018, p. 7). In accordance with this approach, I focus on three aspects (of this people, language, and identity): 1) the “diachronic” analysis of the Welsh language; 2) bilingual language use in general and in Wales in particular; 3) the recent period and research that slowly led to Welsh becoming an official language, effective in 2012. In this paper I will discuss what has happened since the poet, R. S. Thomas, captured the feelings and thoughts of his era while expressing his worries for his nation’s fate in the poem, The Welsh Hill County. I believe that my inquiry suits the environment of languages and cultures as the success story of an almost extinct language that survived its foretold death may provide valuable insight into the actual problems minority groups fighting for their rights face. What is more, I find this question important from the viewpoint of a second language teacher: the way we acquire languages in a naturally (albeit sometimes hostile) bilingual region can furnish further ways to enhance language learning abilities of students. The role played by the Welsh in Wales and the UK serves as a good example of the above interests.
Theoretical Parallels in the Exercise of the Power of Vision and Reading
Authors: Hoványi Márton
Published: October 2022

This paper reflects on the nature of reading and vision as analysed in a comparison between Caravaggio’s work entitled Narcissus and a famous narration of the myth describing Narcissus and Echo as found in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. In lines 428-429 of Book IV in Ovid’s poem, Narcissus yearningly approaches the image of his own love as reflected in the water’s surface and touches the water. In Caravaggio’s depiction, this gesture not only shows how vision can create illusion, but also breaks the illusion through the perception of touch that renders the object of desire unperceivable and, thus, unreachable. Since Narcissus’s face does not reflect the experience of breaking the illusion, Caravaggio offers an interpretation of Ovid’s narration which suppresses the tension between perceptions via the domination of vision. The painting appears to claim that desire may remain unbroken based on vision even if Narcissus experiences the opposite. In contrast, the linearity of the narrative in Metamorphoses relays these two moments to the reader, one after the other. Additionally, in Ovid’s version, the nature of visuality and perception appears within the story of Tiresias, the blind seer. Therefore, Ovid’s thematization of vision becomes contextually connected to the literary motifs of blindness and foreseeing. The helplessness inherent to Narcissus’s physical sense of vision and Tiresias’s ability to foresee the future despite his blindness creates an opportunity for viewers and readers alike to ponder the potential of reading and vision in literature and art.
Mesezene: Introducing a new Hungarian approach in fostering language skills to prepare reading in kindergarten
Authors: Szűcs Antal Mór
Published: October 2022

The Mesezene method is an alternative pedagogical initiative that builds upon the knowledge of speech and language therapy and special needs education. The present study introduces the pillars of the method as well as discussing the pilot studies conducted in the field. According to previous assessments, the application of the programme in kindergarten has a positive effect on children’s phonological awareness on both the phonemic and syllable level. The training programme also provides a specific effect on children’s rapid automatised naming, while leaving the phonological short-term memory untouched.
Prevalence of cognitive and affective factors influencing mathematical performance
Authors: Svraka Bernadett , Ádám Szilvia
Published: October 2022

Children’s cognitive ability is the basis of all subject knowledge. It can qualitatively and quantitatively determine the content of the acquired curriculum, and its variation can significantly modify executive functions. There are a number of reasons for underachievement, including problems with genetic origin, parental expectations, the identity of the teacher, the class community, inadequate teaching methods, etc. These factors can trigger anxiety in students and not everyone may have the right coping strategies. The aim of our research is to establish a cognitive ability profile that focuses on the cognitive factors underlying mathematical abilities and the affective factors that influence them. Our research included at 10–15-year-old students in 8 Hungarian primary schools and explored the extent to which symptoms of anxiety affect mathematical performance. Our measuring instruments were the Pedagogical Examination of Dyscalculia and the Math Anxiety Test. The results were examined in the context of mathematical performance. Our research is also relevant in pedagogical practice, because it advances understanding of the cognitive and other psychological processes underpinning children’s performance, and thus can help them to achieve the best performance to their abilities more effectively. In this way, we can provide them with mathematical and self-knowledge that is useful in everyday life.
The population features of visually impaired children aged between 0 and 14 in Hungary
Authors: Kiss Erika , Pajor Emese
Published: October 2022

This paper focuses on the crucial features of the healthcare and pedagogical services provided for 1,432 visually impaired (VI) children aged 0–14 who participated in an exploratory research project conducted between 2014 and 2019. In order to explore the population characteristics of visually impaired children in Hungary, the paper relies on two major data sources: the census data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office between 1990-2016, and the examination documents of the Corps of Pedagogical Services of Visually Impaired Children from 2009 to 2013. The following data were analysed: the ratio of blind and low vision children in the various phases of special and majority educational institutions; the frequency of premature birth among blind and low vision children in relation to gestational weeks; the frequency of ophthalmologist diagnoses among groups of VI children; the frequency of ophthalmologist diagnoses among groups of VI children; associated disabilities of VI children. The results suggest that the population of visually impaired children is under transformation: visually impaired groups based on the classical interpretation of visual performance are being replaced by new groups governed by needs.
Virtual reality therapy in special needs education.
Authors: Ardai Evelyn , Vámos Tibor , Papp Gabriella , Berencsi Andrea
Published: October 2022

The Virtual Reality (VR) technology has become a part of our everyday lives. The VR systems allow the users to be directly involved in human-computer interaction. The Virtual Environment provides artificial sensory information, while Virtual Tools allow direct interaction from the users side. Virtual devices such as computers, smartphones, and interactive whiteboards often appear both in general and special education. Education and rehabilitation professionals also use VR systems in various fields. The aim of the study is to summarise the wide range of VR system applications in diversified areas of special education. Our literature review focuses on special education and rehabilitation, moving towards the context of inclusion. Based on the numerous research, applying VR tools to the educational field has been increasing year by year. In the early ’90s, researchers began using virtual learning environments and they demonstrated that the application of virtual methods can be extended to behavioral therapies (relate anxiety), physical therapies (e.g. wheelchair simulators), and to develop cognitive performance (to develop attention) or social skills (learning to navigate community literacy). VR systems allow the possibility of providing continuous feedback and the opportunity for interactive learning and skill development. In the practice of special needs education, VR systems are useful in intervention, as well as monitoring, and evaluation. By using VR systems, users from any age group can be motivated. Furthermore, these systems apply their own natural semantics and can be used without spoken language or other conventional symbols. VR can promote education more accessible and differentiated for children with disabilities. This is one of the conditions for the effectiveness of co-education. The VR systems make no distinction between the users, on the other hand, users with special needs may require more adaptation or support in using VR. Hungarian professionals in the field of special needs education are also using VR tools, which offer opportunities to develop skills for independent living.
Defining Friendship: An Age Old Question
Authors: Langkamp Christian
Published: October 2022

This paper uses a dataset generated from keyword tagging works of literature and contemporary sources to scope the potential of a common definition and understanding of friendship.

About 9000 keyword tags on about 300 keywords are used to extract friendship definitions from authors such as Aristotle, Cicero, C.S. Lewis, Alberoni, Nehamas, Greif, Degges-White, Hall, Shumway, Millington and others. On the compiled dataset MDS and correlational analysis is used to validate intuitive groupings and relatedness of friendship concepts. Six key dimensions of friendship are deduced with 55 subtraits.

As an application a relative importance of friendship traits in old age is deduced.

The paper is still work in progress but now at a stage soliciit discussion and comments.
Pandemic makers: How citizen groups mobilized resources to meet local needs in a global health crisis
Authors: Browder Russell , Seyb Stella , Forgues Angela , Aldrich Howard
Published: October 2022

The enormous scale of suffering, breadth of societal impact, and ongoing uncertainty wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic introduced dynamics seldom examined in the crisis entrepreneurship literature. Previous research indicates that when a crisis causes a failure of public goods, spontaneous citizen ventures often emerge to leverage unique local knowledge to rapidly customize abundant external resources to meet immediate needs. However, as outsiders, emergent citizen groups responding to the dire shortage of personal protective equipment at the onset of COVID-19 lacked local knowledge and legitimacy. In this study, we examine how entrepreneurial citizens mobilized collective resources in attempts to gain acceptance and meet local needs amid the urgency of the pandemic. Through longitudinal case studies of citizen groups connected to makerspaces in four U.S. cities, we study how they adapted to address the resource and legitimacy limitations they encountered. We identify three mechanisms—augmenting, circumventing, and attenuating—that helped transient citizen groups calibrate their resource mobilization based on what they learned over time. We highlight how extreme temporality imposes limits on resourcefulness and legitimation, making it critical for collective entrepreneurs to learn when to work within their limitations rather than try to overcome them. 
Love Should not hurt-Why Women stay in an abusive relationship?
Authors: PUSHKARNA MEGHA , Madonna Ms. Anannya G , Waddar Dr. Mahadevi , Gopan Ms Rakhi N
Published: October 2022

  

Domestic violence is physical, sexual, or psychological abuse directed towards one’s spouse, partner, or other family member within the household. Domestic abuse is a pattern of one person exerting coercive control over another. The one who abuses, uses physical and sexual threats, emotional insults, and financial deprivation to control and manipulate the victims. The aggression might be intermittent, infrequent, or chronic in nature. Violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women causes major public health problems and violations of women’s human rights. According to the World Health Organization, globally about 1 in 3 (30%) of women worldwide suffer either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime. Worldwide, almost one third (27%) of women aged 15-49 years who have been in a relationship report that they have faced mild to severe forms of physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner. (WHO, 2021). 
Analysis of Gender Disparity in Assam of Workforce Participation & Education
Authors: Bhowmick Rupon , Bora Rajeeb , Devi Mridula
Published: October 2022

Gender equality is one important sustainable development goal. This goal has so many positive aspects in the development path of a nation. And gender equality can only be achieved through providing education to all. Because in developing countries like India social behavior is that males are bread earners and females, only take care of the family. If we do not give importance to female education, then there will be very high gender disparity in workforce participation and gender inequality.  
Predicting cognitive effort: role of mental energy, performance feedback, arithmetic skill, and caffeine
Authors: Bilgen Gamze , Schulz Daniela , Tanriverdi Dilce
Published: October 2022

Effortful behavior sustains family life, makes careers, and improves mental health. Effort is a motivational construct that is typically distinguished from physical and mental energy in diagnostic systems. However, overlapping neural substrates pertaining to the dopamine system tie these constructs together. To shed light on this conflict, here we assessed the individual contributions of mental energy, performance feedback, arithmetic skill, and caffeine to effortful decision-making in a novel, low-cost, high-throughput behavioral task that we designed to measure known dopaminergic functions. In this task, participants chose to expend high or low cognitive effort, solving arithmetic questions in working memory, while taking into account the size of reward associated with each choice, and also the likelihood of winning the reward. We found that individuals high in mental energy chose to expend high cognitive effort when the reward probability was high, but that low energy individuals made fewer high effort choices even when the rewards were likely. High energy individuals prioritized feedback from high effort tasks, whereas low energy individuals responded to feedback from low effort tasks. Arithmetic accuracy, a reward contingency, was predicted by an index of arithmetic skill and caffeine consumption. Shared variances between mental energy, arithmetic accuracy, and cognitive effort point to overlapping substrates. Insights gained have important implications for job and academic environments in which mental effort is key to success. 
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METACOGNITION, LEARNING STRATEGIES AND EMOTIONS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Briceño Martínez John Jairo , Barrios Aguirre Fernando , Castellanos Saavedra Martha Patricia
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between metacognition, learning strategies and academic emotions in 1096 university students belonging to different academic programs from a Colombian higher education institution. To this end, a principal component factor analysis was performed to reduce the dimensions represented in the items of the instruments used and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to explain the existing interrelationships among the three variables studied. The findings show that there is a positive relationship between metacognition and learning strategies and these, in turn, with positive academic emotions; on the contrary, negative academic emotions have a negative relationship with learning strategies and metacognition, which leads us to conclude that metacognition fosters learning strategies and negative academic emotions discourage it.
The Blackboard Learning Management System in the Preparatory Year: Perceptions of EFL Students
Authors: Mahmoud Montasser , Moumene Ahmed
Published: October 2022

 This research was carried out at Dammam University's Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies Deanship during the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021. The population included both genders with different levels of English proficiency (Tables No. 1 and No. 2). A random process was used to choose the samples. A total of 255 students were selected from a total population of 756. The Sample Size Calculator (https://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm), a public service of Creative Research Systems survey software, was used to establish the size of the sample that represents the target population of students. Students' perceptions of learning and teaching processes via Blackboard were among the variables used to create the samples. In the preparatory year, 255 students from the scientific, engineering, and health tracks responded to the survey, out of a total population of 756 at the 95 percent confidence level.  Quantitative data was collected using mostly closed questions in the same previous questionnaire for students of both genders. The participants' basic personal data was collected in the first section (Students’ gender, track, and level of English proficiency). A five-point Likert scale was used to measure differences in opinions about the Blackboard experience in the other sections of the questionnaire (Not at all Effective/Strongly disagree, Slightly Effective/Disagree, Moderately Effective/Neutral, Very Effective/Agree, Extremely Effective/Strongly agree). The final section included open-ended questions designed to elicit further recommendations from both sets of participants regarding problems. The averages were calculated using statistical operations on the collected data for the analysis 
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavior changes among Japanese in different demographics: Examination using a free-response survey
Authors: Kikutani Mariko , Matsui Mie , Takiguchi Yuta
Published: October 2022

  

Background: The spread of COVID-19 has changed people’s everyday behaviors. The present research aimed to describe the dynamics of changes experienced by Japanese people with varying demographic backgrounds, aiming to reveal how those demographic features mediate the behavior changes caused by the pandemic. While most past studies investigating behavioral change caused by the pandemic used multiple-choice questions about pre-selected behaviors, the present research used a free-response style survey to cover a wide range of behaviors. Methods: 301 Japanese with varying demography took part in an online survey. They firstly wrote down at least five activities they frequently performed before the virus outbreak. After, they did the same about their current life. Results: A total of 1858 answers for the before-condition and 1668 answers were collected and grouped into 19 categories. The appearance rate for each category (the number of items divided by the number of participants) was calculated. Those appearance rates were compared across conditions (before and after the outbreak) and demographic features. Conclusion: Although the pandemic altered most people's daily behaviors, its impacts were not identical to everyone and were significantly mediated by individual's demography. 
Economic Analysis of Civil Conflict in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Richa
Published: October 2022

  

The armed conflict between the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the Government of Nepal increased the expenditure of the state on security almost doubled from 1.6 percent of the GDP to 3 percent between 2001 and 2004. The defense budget increased from Rs. 4 billion to Rs. 12 billion a year which was largely because the number of Nepalese Army increased from 46,000 to 96,000. There are numerous studies conducted on Nepal’s’ socio- economic and political aspects during the civil conflict. Much research has focused on the impact on trade and commerce, but little attention has been paid to the increasing security expenditure during the conflict. To fully recognize this dimension of expenditure of the state we must therefore understand the increasing security cost during the conflict, not just the impact of conflict on trade and commerce. Examining various data and information on economic analysis of civil conflict, this paper studies the effects of increased expenditure on defense required during the Maoist insurgency in Nepal. What was the opportunity costs of increases in security expenditure by Nepalese government to invest its war against the Maoist rebellion? How sudden increase in security spending by the government reduced development expenditure and investment of Nepal? How conflict has impacted significantly in the development of education, employment opportunities, health services, and public and private investment?
The Political Use of Encrypted Messaging Applications: Evidence from Southeast Asia and its Implications for the Global Public Sphere
Authors: Martin Zelly , Trauthig Inga K , Glover Katlyn , Woolley Samuel
Published: October 2022

  

This study relies on qualitative, semi-structured interviews with both makers and trackers of political content on EMAs in order to facilitate free-flowing conversations in which the insight of these interviewees can be uncovered. The interviewees consisted of activists, experts, fact-checkers, journalists, politicians, and producers of disinformation to glean insight from members of civil society (fact-checkers, organized activists), the state (politicians and propagandists), and the public (experts who spoke on the general public). We began by contacting experts, fact-checkers, and politicians in each region and then utilized snowball sampling to contact hard to reach populations, such as activists and disinformation producers. We conducted 16 qualitative interviews from June 2021 to October 2021 virtually of interviewees in, from, or knowledgeable about the spaces of Myanmar, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Our interviewees in the Philippines consisted of two presidential communications employees (one of which was a social media specialist), a political manipulation researcher, a former Facebook public policy director for global elections, and a politician/cybersecurity expert. Our five interviewees in Indonesia consisted of an OSINT journalist, an academic, the founder of a fact-checking organization, an employee of a fact-checking organization, and an employee of a “public relations” firm, who we identified as a producer of political propaganda. In Myanmar, our interviewees consisted of a Burmese journalist forced to flee the country, a journalist knowledgeable about current events in Myanmar, an academic, and three activists fighting against disinformation produced by the Tatmadaw: one founder of an organized activist network, and two individual activists. The University of Texas at Austin Institutional Review Board granted approval for this study [20190900940]. We obtained and recorded verbal informed consent in each interview and maintained strict anonymity by using pseudonyms and encrypted storage for personal identifiable information.

  

Interviews were analyzed using open coding, whereby to the best of our ability we allowed theory to emerge from a close reading of the data. Although we sought to further understand the nature of the global public sphere through these case studies, we allowed trends and themes to emerge from the data itself. Referencing interview recordings, interview memos were written following each interview to summarize the key takeaway observations from each interview. After three interviews in a region were conducted, thematic memos were written to connect themes across interviews. The process of memo writing allows for the consolidation of findings to identify trends or dissimilarities across regions of interest.
Extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: a new coronavirus infectionas an aggravating factor in peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Levitan B. N. , Skvortsov V. V. , Eremenko N. V.
Published: October 2022

The global pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has become an extreme challenge for the health care of the whole world since 2020.

The main target of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the lungs, but at the same time, more and more evidence is accumulating that the new coronavirus can also aﬀ ect other organs and systems, such as the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, intestines, and brain.

Thus, adequate management of a coronavirus patient means not only the therapy of viral pneumonia, but also the timely diagnosis and treatment of damage to other organs.

The analysis of predictor factors of severe course and fatal outcome in COVID-19 indicates the aggravating role of comorbid pathology, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, in addition to measures to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, measures should also be taken to control the comorbid conditions present in the patient.

ACE2 receptors, which the virus uses to penetrate human cells, can also be expressed in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver and pancreas. This makes the frequency of gastroenterological symptoms in COVID-19 high, which is caused both by the defeat of the digestive organs by the coronavirus itself and by the exacerbation of chronic gastrointestinal diseases against the background of infection and its aggressive therapy. At the same time, the presence and severity of digestive diseases signiﬁ cantly aﬀect the clinical course of COVID-19.

This article is devoted to the pathogenesis, clinical picture, approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of erosive ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum against the background of a new coronavirus infection.
Metabolic support of antiviral therapy in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Shuldyakov A. A. , Lyapina E. P. , Smagina A. N. , Lisko O. B.
Published: October 2022

Remaxol was evaluated as a means of hepatotropic support for patients with COVID-19 receiving antiviral therapy. Patients were observed in two groups of 30 people each and received intravenous infusions of Remaxol (400.0 ml) or “active placebo” (400.0 ml. 0.9% sodium chloride) for 10 days. In these groups of patients, an analysis was made of the dynamics of clinical parameters and laboratory tests that characterize the functionality of the liver. The results of the analysis made it possible to state that the use of the corrector of cellular and energy metabolism metabolism Remaxol as a hepatoprotector in complex therapy contributes to favorable clinical dynamics, stabilization of biochemical parameters of liver function and allows completing the course of etiotropic therapy in all patients.

Good tolerability of the drug “Remaxol” and the absence of pronounced side eﬀects were noted. The course of Remaxol made it possible to carry out therapy with antiviral agents without dose adjustment and duration of treatment.