bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell-Mediated Immunity to Insulin and its Polypeptide Chains in Insulin-Treated Diabetics
Authors: Faulk Page , Girard J.P. , Welscher H.D.
Published: July 2009

35 insulin-treated diabetics and 25 control persons were studied for in vivo and in vitro manifestations of hypersensitivity to insulin and its isolated polypeptide chains. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were determined by skin testing, and blastogenic conversion tests were done with peripheral blood lymphocytes. None of the controls and 62.9% of the patients gave positive reactions in the blastogenic test, most of these reacted to the intact molecule, fewer patients responded to B chains, and very few responded to A chains. None of the controls and only three of the patients produced positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to insulin, and all of these were to the intact insulin molecule.
Observations on Rabbit Thymocytes and Peripheral T Cells
Authors: Wilson Anne B. , Gurner B.W. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

The ‘single-stage’ mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) was carried out with rabbit thymocytes. This test involved treating the cells with either sheep or goat anti-rabbit globulin sera, and subsequently reacting them with indicator erythrocytes coated with rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) so as to form rosettes. An unexpectedly high number (up to 38%) of thymocytes reacted, although the rosettes were weaker than those given by peripheral B lymphocytes. When blood and lymph node lymphocytes or thymus cells which had already been treated with sheep anti-rabbit globulin serum were subsequently exposed to rabbit anti-sheep Ig serum and then rosetted with indicator cells coated with ox Ig (cross-reacts with sheep Ig) almost 100% reaction was obtained in each of the cell suspensions. This was designated the ‘two-stage’ MAR. The anomalous results, both in the one-stage and two-stage MAR, were abolished by pepsin-treating the sheep anti-rabbit globulin serum; thus indicating that sheep Ig is adsorbed non-specifically via the Fc part of the molecules to the surface of rabbit thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes.
lmmunogenicity of Aryl Esters of Salicylic or Acetylsalicylic Acid in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Schlumberger H.D.
Published: July 2009

A variety of derivatives of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid have been investigated for their immunogenic properties in guinea pigs including salicylsalicylic acid (SSA), acetylsalicylsalicylic acid (ASSA), disalicylide (DI), trisalicylide (TRI), acetylsalicylic acid paracetamol ester (ASPE) and acetylsalicylic acid guajacol ester (ASGE). Contact sensitivity could be elicited by the sensitizing agent, however, with acetylsalicylic acid anhydride (ASAN) a more pronounced contact reaction could consistently be observed. Systemic anaphylactic reactions elicited by intravenous injection of N-salicyloyl bovine serum albumin could only be induced by ASAN, DI, TRI and ASSA, whereas SSA, ASPE and ASGE did not induce an anaphylactic state at a comparable dose level. From these results it is anticipated that all aryl esters of acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid are immunogenic when applied intradermally, leading to a N-salicyloyl specific immune response.
Quantitation of Salmonella O-Antibodies in Human Sera by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Authors: Carlsson Hans E. , Lindberg Alf A. , Hammarström Sten , Ljunggren Åke
Published: July 2009

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been applied to the detection of antibodies against Salmonella O-antigens in human sera. Phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from serogroups A (O-antigens 2, 12), B (4, 5, 12) and D (9, 12) were used as antigens. When compared to the tube agglutination method according to Widal employing sera from patients with verified or suspected typhoid – or paratyphoid fever and from healthy controls it was found that ELISA (i) correlated significantly with the Widal reaction, (ii) was up to 100-fold more sensitive, and (iii) showed a greater reproducibility.
Antigen-Antibody Complexes in or on Eosinophils in Nasal Secretions
Authors: Fujita Yosuke , Rubinstein Elliot , Greco Dirceu B. , Reisman Robert E. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

The presence of IgE, IgG and ragweed antigen in or on eosinophils in the nasal secretions of ragweed-sensitive patients was investigated by radioautography using specifically purified 125I-labelled antibodies to the above substances. The results indicate a significant (p <0.001) uptake of antiragweed antibody and anti-IgE antibody by eosinophils. There was no evidence of significant uptake of anti-IgG. From the above findings it was postulated that during the pollination season exposure to ragweed leads to the formation of ragweed-IgE antibody complexes. This is followed by the infiltration of eosinophils into the local tissue and the subsequent phagocytosis of these antigen-antibody complexes by the eosinophils.
Quantity and Avidity of Antibodies Against Birch Pollen in Atopic Patients during Hyposensitization
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Belin L. , Eriksson N.E. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

The degree and strength of the binding of radioactively labelled allergen by antibodies in the sera of birch pollen-sensitive individuals was studied during the course of hyposensitization with alun-precipitated aqueous-pyridine extracted birch pollen antigens using the ammonium-sulphate precipitation technique originally described by Farr. The allergen binding was measured before and after absorption of the sera with anti-human IgE antibodies conjugated to Sepharose. It was noted that IgE antibodies of low avidity caused clinical sensitivity as well as IgE antibodies of higher avidity. The nasal sensitivity to birch pollen allergen of six of the seven patients studied significantly decreased by the treatment without any quite uniform change of serum-binding capacity for the allergen. Thus the clinical improvement was accompanied either by disappearance of the specific IgE antibodies, concomitant with formation of antigen-binding non-IgE antibodies, or by increased formation of IgE antibodies with very slight contribution by non-IgE antibodies to the totally increased antigen-binding efficiency. It is felt that the serological antibody changes may not reflect the most relevant immunological events during successful hyposensitization therapy.
Modulation of the Immune Response by Passive Antibodies
Authors: Neveu P.J. , Borduas A.G.
Published: July 2009

The modulating effects of passive antibodies on both delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier and antibody synthesis to carrier and hapten determinants were studied in guinea pigs. Animals were injected with antibodies directed against either the carrier or the hapten prior to immunization with the hapten-carrier conjugate in Freund’s complete adjuvant. Anti-hapten antibodies have been shown to have an enhancing effect on delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier and a suppressive effect on antibody synthesis to the hapten. In this experiment, anti-carrier antibodies seemed to have had no effect on delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier and on antibody synthesis to the hapten.
Effects of Anesthesia, Surgery and Inflammation Upon Host Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Schutte M. , DiCamelli R. , Murphy P. , Sadove M. , Gewurz H.
Published: July 2009

Complement protein levels and C7 hemolytic activity were measured in four individuals following anesthesia and surgery, and in a group of 20 patients with inflammatory diseases. Seven of the eight complement components studied characteristically were elevated, most dramatically C1s and C3PA. Elevation of C1s often was greater than elevation of C1q, displaying an independent variation of C1s and C1q in both postoperative and inflammatory disease patient groups. The major increases of C components were seen subsequent to the peak C-reactive protein response, as was the occurrence of the ‘reactor state’, a propensity to formation of C56 which surprisingly was associated with increased levels of C7. Levels of properdin frequently were reduced postoperatively. It is concluded that multiple complement components, with the notable exception of properdin, respond as acute phase reactants which are elevated and changed in proportion postoperatively and during inflammatory disease.
Relationship of Immunotherapy, Seasonal Pollen Exposure and Clinical Response to Serum Concentrations of Total IgE and Ragweed-Specific IgE
Authors: Reisman Robert E. , Wypych John I. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

The relationship of immunotherapy, seasonal pollen exposure and clinical results to serum total IgE and ragweed-specific IgE was studied in a group of 63 highly ragweed-sensitive individuals. Both immunological parameters rose after small doses of immunotherapy. After larger doses, IgE antibodies fell. Immunotherapy inhibited the seasonal rise in ragweed IgE antibodies, which occurs in nonimmunized patients. This decrease in IgE antibodies and inhibition of seasonal rise was associated with a good clinical response. This immunological pattern and concomitant successful clinical result appeared related to high-dose immunotherapy.
Effect of Infection with Trichinella spiralis and BCG on Thymic Histology
Authors: Molinari J.A. , Cypess R.H. , Appel B.N.
Published: July 2009

The histology of mouse thymic tissue was examined following infection with Trichinella spiralis and/or BCG. 1CR/CD-1 mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis 56 days preceding intravenous administration of 4 × 106 viable BCG. Following assessment of delayed hypersensitive foot pad reactions to BCG, the mice were bled and sacrificed. The thymus was removed from each animal, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin and cut in 4 μm sections. Examination of serial sections indicated that T. spiralis and T. spiralis-BCG infections induced distinct anatomical changes within the thymic cortex and medulla, which may be related to previously described functional alterations of the immune system.
Human Antibodies to Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Foucard T. , Bennich H. , Johansson S.G.O. , Lundkvist U.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies to bovine γ-globulin (anti-BGG antibodies) were detectable by a radio-immunoassay in 70% of healthy blood donors but, generally, the titres were low. Significantly increased concentrations of anti-BGG antibodies were found in patients lacking IgA but not in patients with allergic disorders. The anti-BGG antibodies were shown to give rise to falsely high IgE values in the radio-immunosorbent test for IgE determination (RIST) when a sheep anti-IgE antiserum was used. Furthermore, falsely positive results can sometimes be caused by such antibodies in the determination of cow-dander- or cow’s-milk-specific IgE by the radio-allergosorbent test (RAST). When a rabbit anti-IgE antiserum was used instead of the sheep anti-IgE, normal IgE levels and negative RAST results were obtained. The difference is explained by the higher degree of cross-reactivity between the anti-BGG antibodies and sheep γ-globulin than between anti-BGG antibodies and rabbit γ-globulin.
Tissue Substitutes with Improved Angiogenic Capabilities: An in vitro Investigation with Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Grieb G. , Groger A. , Piatkowski A. , Markowicz M. , Steffens G.C.M. , Pallua N.
Published: July 2009

The use of implantable biomaterials, such as artificial skin substitutes used for dermal defects, remains limited by the low angiogenic potential of these products. The rapid in vivo degradation of growth factors contributes to the limiting of angiogenesis in biomaterials. Here, we report on collagen sponges in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was immobilized through physical binding to heparin, covalently incorporated in the matrix via cross-linking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The in vitro release of VEGF over time and endothelial cell proliferation were investigated in matrices modified at varying heparin to EDC ratios either nonloaded or loaded with VEGF. ELISA demonstrated a significantly slower in vitro release of VEGF over a period of 5 days from heparinized matrices as compared to their unmodified and cross-linked counterparts. The effects of these modifications on the proliferation of endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells were evaluated after 1, 3 and 5 days either according to the bromodeoxyuridine assay or total cell counting with a Neubauer chamber. The endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells cultured in contact with heparinized matrices loaded with VEGF revealed both the highest rate of DNA synthesis and the highest total cell count. Furthermore, these results show that the cross-linking of collagen matrices – both in the presence and absence of heparin – leads to increases of the proliferative activities. We can assume that these changes lead to matrices with increased angiogenic capabilities.
Preparation of an Infectious Mononucleosis Receptor from Sheep Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Callahan Hugh J.
Published: July 2009

A method is described for the isolation and purification of infectious mononucleosis receptor (IMR) in high yield from sheep erythrocyte stroma. The procedure involves extraction of the stroma successively with boiling acetone, 100, 75 and 50% ethanol which removes approximately 40% non-infectious-mononucleosis-active material. Subsequent phenol/buffered saline extraction of the residue from the organic extraction yields a highly active IMR preparation in the aqueous phases. This material was further purified by ethanol precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The yield was 0.2% of the stroma. Approximately 0.1 μg/ml of the purified IMR inhibits 4 agglutinating units of infectious mononucleosis (IM) serum. The material is a glycoprotein containing N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acids, hexose, hexosamine and approximately 46% protein. It gives one band in immunoelectrophoresis with IM serum and loses IM specificity upon treatment with neuraminidase.
Cytotoxic Effector Capacity of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Balow James E. , Pratt Karen R.
Published: July 2009

Purified mononuclear cells from guinea pig bone marrow possess highly efficient cytotoxic effector cell capabilities in the phytohemagglutinin-induced cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays against chicken red blood cell targets. This cytotoxic activity is not removed by depletion of adherent cells by passage through rayon wool columns. Thus bone marrow lymphocytes themselves, depleted of adherent monocytes, possess this killer cell capacity. These effector cells may either arise de novo within the bone marrow parenchyma or arrive there as part of the recirculating lymphocyte pool. These studies lend further understanding of the development of functional capabilities of bone marrow lymphoid cells.
Lymphocyte Transformation in Human Plasma without Addition of Synthetic Medium
Authors: Sengar D.P.S. , Rashid A. , Harris J.E.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro response of lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects, uraemic patients on haemodialysis and diabetic patients was studied using cultures containing either medium plus plasma (medium cultures) or plasma alone (plasma cultures). The study demonstrated that plasma alone can adequately support lymphocyte transformation induced by nonspecific mitogens (PHA and PWM) and allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. This investigation further confirms our previously reported findings that uraemic patients undergoing haemodialysis have a normal lymphocyte response in MLC and to PHA and PWM. Plasma cultures give results similar to conventional medium cultures in subjects where lymphocyte transformation is normal. The lymphocyte hyporeactivity observed in diabetics is, however, better shown in the plasma cultures. The suppressed response of the diabetic patient’s lymphocytes to PHA and PWM both in the presence of autologous and normal AB plasma suggests intrinsic lymphocyte dysfunction as the explanation for impaired immune function. Plasma cultures may provide a better in vitro system for the evaluation of immune function in certain groups of patients where it is desirable to distinguish between intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte function and the effect of humoral immunosuppressive factors.
Immune Mechanisms Affecting Bovine Leucocytes during Suppression of Tuberculin Skin Sensitivity in Cattle
Authors: Corner L.A. , Outteridge P.M. , Pearson Catherine W. , Lepper A.W.D.
Published: July 2009

Complete desensitization to tuberculin skin-testing (anergy) was produced in cattle by repeated intravenous injections of living BCG organisms into animals sensitized by a prior subcutaneous dose of BCG. Two levels of desensitization were produced; complete desensitization following 10 i. v. doses and partial desensitization following 5 i. v. doses of 100 mg BCG. Intradermal tuberculin testing at the end of the experiment stimulated the appearance of reactive blood lymphocytes in sensitized cattle as measured by in vitro 3H-thymidine uptake. The cattle which were partially desensitized showed this response but the completely desensitized cattle did not. Reactivity of blood lymphocytes in vitro to PHA and Brucella abortus antigen was not depressed in the anergic cattle. Serum antibody titres to BCG polysaccharide, PPD, or whole BCG organisms showed remarkably little change during the i. v. desensitizing injections of BCG. Differential blood leucocyte counts also remained within normal limits during this period. The production of MIF by blood lymphocytes from the anergic cattle appeared to be unimpaired. Using 3H-thymidine uptake by lymphocytes from sensitized cattle, it was found that serum from desensitized cattle did not inhibit lymphocyte stimulation with tuberculin. It was concluded that the lack of tuberculin-sensitized lymphocytes in the blood of anergic cattle may have been due to their removal from the recirculating pool and their continued suppression in lymphoid tissue.
IgE Production in Five Inbred Rat Strains Following Immunization with Alum-Precipitated Egg Albumin
Authors: Smith Sidney R. , Petillo John
Published: July 2009

Five inbred rat strains were assessed for their ability to mount IgE responses to alum-precipitated egg albumin (alum EA). Fisher (FI) and Lewis (LE) rats which possess the B1 at the major histocompatibility (Ag-B) locus exhibited weak IgE responses to this antigen. High titer IgE responses were obtained in rats possessing the B3 allele at the Ag-B locus. In some instances the anti-EA IgE response was enhanced following an infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An effort was also made in these studies to determine whether or not there is some correlation between high IgE production and a depressed capacity for cellular immunity. The basis of these experiments was twofold: (a) recent reports have shown elevated serum levels of IgE in some clinical diseases where cellular immunity is depressed, and (b) in the studies reported here, high titers of IgE were obtained in one rat strain known to be somewhat deficient in its capacity for cellular immunity, whereas very low titers were produced by a strain which is much stronger in this respect. From the results obtained, there appears to be no correlation between IgE production and an inherently weaker capacity for cellular immunity.
Immunological Activities of Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Roy Raynald , McNicoll Jean , Daguillard Fritz
Published: July 2009

Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes of normal, thymectomized (Tx) and thymectomized lethally irradiated marrow reconstituted (TxBM or B rats) Lewis rats were studied for their ability to proliferate in vitro in the presence of Con A or PHA. At the same time the lymphoid tissues of these animals were examined for the presence of B cells or T cells by immunofluorescence staining with antiserums to rat immunoglobulins or rat brain antigens (ARBS), respectively. The specificity of ARBS fort T cells was first established in both cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence studies with thymocytes as well as purified T and B cells. In various lymphoid tissues from Tx and B rats, cells carrying brain antigens were found which were unable to respond to Con A and PHA. Thymectomy has a lesser effect on the response to Con A than to PHA; this was particularly true in the thoracic duct where, following thymectomy, lymphocytes continued to respond to Con A but lost their ability to respond to PHA. This suggests that the response to PHA and Con A may belong to different cells’ subsets but that the ability to respond to either one of these mitogens may be impaired in cells carrying known T cell markers.
Sequential Release of Histamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine during Pinnal Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Miller P. , Church M.K.
Published: July 2009

Histamine and 5-HT have been demonstrated to be involved in pinnal anaphylaxis in mice. Each predominates at different stages during the 30-min development of the reaction. The main mediator of the early stage of the reaction (0–10 min) is histamine, that of the middle stage (10–20 min) is 5-HT, and that of the final 20- to 30-min stage is, again, histamine. The source and mechanism of release of the 5-HT and the late histamine are, as yet, unknown but under investigation.
Studies on Immune Responses to Parasite Antigens in Mice
Authors: Mitchell Graham F.
Published: July 2009

Heat-labile, rat skin-fixing antibodies were detected readily in the sera of young female mice dosed intranasally with the body fluid of Ascaris suum (ABF) and the adjuvant, Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BPV). In addition, washed cell suspensions prepared from spleen and the lymph nodes regional to the lungs were positive in an adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay, an assay which may detect activities of reagins associated with mast cells rather than reaginic antibody-secreting cells. The intraperitoneal route was a poor means of inducing circulating anti-ABF reagins and an intraperitoneal injection of ABF + BPV delayed the appearance of circulating reagins in mice dosed at the same time with ABF + BPV intranasally. Hypothymic female BALB/c. nu/nu (‘nude’) mice failed to produce circulating reagins to ABF but an injection of normal thymocytes or cortisone-resistant thymocytes from syngeneic female mice led to higher titers of circulating reagins than found in normal female BALB/c. nu/ + littermates. Using cells from young male or female syngeneic donors and male and female BALB/c. nu/nu recipients, evidence was obtained for a defect in the thymus of young male mice and conceivably this defect may extend to the peripheral T cell population in such mice. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment or adrenalectomy increased circulating reagin titers in normal mice dosed intranasally with ABF + BPV, and pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide intranasally markedly reduced titers of circulating anti-ABF reagins. In the discussion, emphasis is given to the hypothesis that potent allergens are T cell-stimulating, relatively persistent antigens which, when located in submucosal lymphoid sites and under conditions of limited antibody production as a result of limited recruitment of ‘helper’ T cells systemically, lead to the induction and sustained production of IgE by resident Bεcells and their progeny.
Cellular Requirements for Simulation by the Purified Streptococcal Antigen DSR
Authors: Tomar Russell H. , Knight Ruth
Published: July 2009

Delayed skin reactor (DSR) was prepared from streptokinase-streptodornase. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were collected from a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and subsequently subdivided into T cell-, B cell-, or monocyte-depleted populations. Mononuclear cells with complement receptors (B cells) were removed by a nylon-wool column adsorption. Sheep erythrocyte rosette forming cells (T cells) were removed by centrifugation on a second gradient. Populations of cells which did not adhere to plastic and/or ingest iron filings were monocyte-depleted. While response to DSR as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA was not affected by removing B lymphocytes, it was significantly diminished by removing T lymphocytes. Monocyte-depleted cells incorporated less tritiated thymidine into DNA in both antigen stimulated and control cells, but the stimulation index was not significantly altered.
Effect of Alterations in Metabolic Rate on the Duration of Tolerance in Neonatally Injected Animals
Authors: Rose John E.M.St. , Murray Gail W. , Howe Stan A.
Published: July 2009

Exposure to low environmental temperature caused a decrease in the half-life of human albumin (HA) in rabbits injected with 20 mg HA at birth, and a twofold increase in the proportion of animals which lost their tolerance by 150 days of age. Administration of thyroxin produced an even greater effect with respect to tolerance loss. Similar mechanisms may be involved in the effects of cold exposure and thyroxin administration on tolerance duration. One possible mechanism is that the duration of tolerance is dependent upon the metabolic half-life of the tolerance-inducing antigen. An alternative mechanism could be a cold- or thyroxin-induced enhancement of the recruitment of immunologically competent cells from an undifferentiated population of stem cells.
Structure and Biological Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Luster Michael I. , Leslie Gerrie A. , Bardana Emil J.
Published: July 2009

Indirect immunofluorescent tests were employed to study antinuclear antibodies (ANA) of the IgD class in sera from patients with autoimmune disease. In sera containing IgG-ANA, IgD-ANA was detected in 48% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 37% with rheumatoid arthritis, 30% with Raynaud’s disease, 23% with systemic scleroderma and 20% with discoid lupus erythematosus. Quantitative comparison of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD between IgG-ANA-positive sera with and without IgD-ANA revealed that patients with IgD-ANA also had elevated serum IgA levels. The detection of IgD-ANA in over 36% of the patient population suggests that IgD may play a role in autoimmune disorders.
An Immunological Investigation of a Family with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Authors: Rothschild H. , Wilson M. , Lopez M. , Salvaggio J. , Bice D.
Published: July 2009

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in two siblings of consanguineous parents suggested an autosomal recessive transmission of the disease. We evaluated the two affected persons and 21 members of their kindred for an inherited immunological defect. Six members of the kindred, including both patients, had negative skin-delayed hypersensitivity to Candida. The lymphocytes of both patients and three asymptomatic relatives had diminished in vitro blastogenic response when cultured with Candida albicans. Because the defect occurred in clinically unaffected relatives, we concluded that the lack of blastogenic response to C. albicans was not the only determinant for or may be unrelated to the clinical manifestations of the disease.
Studies on the Intergenerical Precipitinogen β with Special Reference to its Presence in Mycobacterial Ribosomes
Authors: Ridell M. , Baker R. , Lind A. , Norlin M. , Ouchterlony Ö.
Published: July 2009

Preparations consisting of crude ribosomes and 50S, 30S and 16S ribosomal subunits from strains of the species BCG, Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. phlei and M. smegmatis were analysed by means of immunodiffusion technique for the presence of a precipitinogen designated β. For comparative purposes, mycobacterial cell wall and protoplasm preparations were also analysed regarding β. This precipitinogen has previously been found in culture filtrates and expressed materials from most mycobacterial and several nocardia and rhodochrous strains tested. In addition, antibodies against β have been demonstrated in sera from patients with leprosy. In the present study it was shown that β exists in all of the ribosomal preparations from all four strains tested. It was also demonstrated that β probably is the principle precipitinogen of 16S core particles from mycobacteria. Ribosomal β did not disappear when heated for 15 min at 100 °C. Ribosomal 16S preparations from all the four test strains reacted with sera against culture filtrate or expressed preparations from strains of heterologous mycobacterial species and nocardia and rhodochrous species. The precipitinogen formed could, in several cases, be identified as β. It was therefore postulated that the β precipitinogen which is shared by mycobacterial, nocardia and rhodochrous strains constitutes a part of the ribosomal structure. Furthermore, antibodies against mycobacterial 16S preparations were found in sera from patients with leprosy indicating that ribosomal material from the M. leprae bacilli has stimulated the production of these antibodies.
Antibodies against Hydroxyethylstarch Produced in Rabbits by Immunization with a Protein-Hydroxyethylstarch Conjugate
Authors: Richter Ary Wolfgang , de Belder Anthony N.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies (ABS) against hydroxyethylstarch (HES) were raised in rabbits by immunization with HES-bovine serum albumin conjugate. ABS against HES were demonstrable by gel diffusion, passive hemagglutination (PH) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA); specificity was confirmed by inhibition of PH and neutralization of PCA. No ABS against starch could be induced in comparative experiments. Non-immunogenicity of starch was attributed to its structural similarity with glycogen, widely distributed in animal species. Absence of cross-reactivity of anti-HES ABS with starch, amylopectin and glycogen and strong reactivity with 2-hydroxypropylstarch (DS = 0.65) and HES (DS = 0.7–1.2) indicate that hydroxyethyl substitution created antigenic determinants and conferred new immunochemical identity on the modified starch molecule. Anti-HES ABS represent specific analytical tools for the identification and quantitation of HES in biological material.
Inhibition of Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pigs by Antibodies to Fragments of Fc from Autologous IgG
Authors: Matre R. , Grov A.
Published: July 2009

The effect of antibodies to Fc subfragments of guinea pig IgG on the anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs has been studied. Control animals were immunized with guinea pig IgG and Fab, human IgG and albumin. All animals with antibodies to fragments of autologous Fc survived challenge with horse serum, whereas the control animals died in anaphylactic shock.
Brain-Associated Thymic Antigen in Chickens
Authors: Barnett John M. , Glick Bruce
Published: July 2009

Sera were produced in rabbits against a saline extract of chicken embryo brain (CBE). The rabbit anti-chicken brain (RACB) sera revealed, in micro-Ouchterlony studies, brain-associated antigens in extracts from the thymus, bursa, spleen and kidney. Absorption of the sera with normal serum (ns) and kidney (K), (RACBns,κ), removed all reactivity with tissues other than brain. However, cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the kidney-absorbed serum was toxic to lymphocytes from thymus, bursa and spleen. Proper dilution of the RACBns,κ produced a serum which was more cytotoxic for thymic lymphocytes than bursal lymphocytes. This study indicates the presence of brain-associated thymic antigens in the chicken.
Immunochemical Studies on a Nephritis-Associated Ubiquitous Tissue Antigen
Authors: Palosuo T. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

A ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), associated with chronic renal diseases was partially purified and characterized. The antigen was extracted by solubihzation in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (DOC) of various organs of human and animal origin. UTA was soluble in ammonium sulfate at 50% concentration and precipitable in 71% ethanol. Considerable purification of UTA was achieved by fractional ammunium sulfate precipitation, zone electrophoresis and gel filtration. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and velocity gradient centrifugation through 10–40% sucrose gradients suggested that the main antigenic component is a macromolecule, although aggregability of DOC-extracted proteins upon removal of the solubilizer prevented more accurate determinations. UTA appeared to be a heat-stable glycoprotein which did not contain lipids detectable by Sudan black B staining. The yield of purest UTA preparations, which did not contain components of homologous serum as tested by double diffusion gel precipitation or immunoelectrophoresis, was 0.1–0.2 mg/100 g of starting tissue. Immunization of rabbits with homologous UTA-containing preparations resulted in anti-UTA antibody formation.
The Antigens of Pigeon Breeder’s Disease
Authors: Fredricks Walter W. , Tebo Thomas H.
Published: July 2009

Approximately 6% of the dry organic dust from pigeon coops was extracted in the form of soluble, nondialyzable components. These pigeon dropping extracts contain a number of stable protein and glycoprotein antigens together with pigments and other components that cause nonspecific precipitation of normal and immune sera. Based on their migration in immunoelectrophoresis, the antigens have been designated PDEB, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
T and B Cell Populations in the Peripheral Blood of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Ganguly N.K. , Mohan C. , Sapru R.P. , Kumar M.
Published: July 2009

B and T cell populations in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys are comparable to those of normal human beings. B cells of monkeys, like those of human beings, also have receptors for IgM, IgG and IgA.
Electrokinetic Properties and Mitogen Responsiveness of Mouse Splenic B and T Lymphocytes Following Hydrocortisone Treatment
Authors: Dumont F. , Barrois R.
Published: July 2009

CBA mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone acetate (OHC) in a dose of 125 mg/kg body weight. At various times thereafter, electrophoretic mobility (EPM), surface immunoglobulin (SIG) and in vitro DNA synthetic reactivity to concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tuberculin (PPD) were investigated on splenic lymphocytes. OHC was found to deplete rapidly the spleen to a minimum of 18% of control cellularity by day 4 posttreatment. At this time, the proportions of low mobility (LM) and SIG-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) were reduced respectively to 28% (control 54%) and 20% (control 45%). The proportion of high mobility (HM) lymphocytes (T cells) was increased to 72% (control 45%). While the mean EPM of LM cells (0.71) was only slightly and transiently reduced, that of HM cells was significantly augmented (1.24) over control value (1.16). This latter finding was interpreted as indicating the selective removal by OHC of a T cell subpopulation with a mean EPM around 1.10. Changes in mitogenic responsiveness were consistent with these alterations of B and T cell compartments. Despite a marked drop in spontaneous 3H-thymidine uptake, the absolute response to T cell mitogens ConA and PHA remained relatively unchanged. By contrast, the reactivity to B cell mitogens LPS and PPD was strongly depressed. Starting by day 12, regeneration and normalization of lymphocyte populations proceeded slowly and were not achieved before day 26–34.
Immunogenicity of p-Phenetidine, 2-Hydroxy-p-Phenetidine and their Protein Conjugates in Guinea Pigs, Rabbits and Man
Authors: Erne P.E. , Geczy A.F. , Spengler H. , de Weck A.L. , Dubach U.C.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were sensitized by p-phenetidine (PT), 2-hydroxy-p-phenetidine (HPT) as well as by conjugates prepared by reacting PT and HPT with proteins in vitro. Sensitization was evaluated by delayed skin reactivity and in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. HPT and HPT-protein conjugates were found to be the most effective sensitizing agents. Reaginic antibodies could be raised in both guinea pigs and rabbits by immunizing with PT- and HPT-protein conjugates but not by PT and HPT alone: these PCA antibodies showed strong cross-reactivity and could be elicited equally well with either the PT- or HPT-protein derivatives. By contrast, no precipitating antibodies could be raised in either species even after repeated immunizations over a period of 4 months. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, from a few patients who gave a positive patch test with PT, could be stimulated in vitro with phenacetin and to a lesser degree with PT and with a HPT-derivative of human serum albumin.
Characterization of the in vitro Cytotoxic Assay of Immune Lymphoid Cells in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Authors: Allbritton Allan R. , Loan Raymond W.
Published: July 2009

Complement, antilymphocyte globulin, antiencephalitogenic antigen serum, actinomycin D and mitoniycin C inhibited the cytotoxicity against syngeneic fibroblasts of spleen cells more than lymph node cells. The results strongly suggest that the immune cell populations in EAE in the spleen and lymph nodes are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different. Cytotoxicity was dependent upon the number of immune cells in the test. There was evidence of antigenic competition between encephalitogenic antigen and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the induction of EAE.
Studies on Immune Responses to Parasite Antigens in Mice
Authors: Mitchell G.F.
Published: July 2009

Hypothymic BALB/c.nu/nu mice are more resistant than intact BALB/c.nu/ + mice to Babesia rodhaini and a proportion survive a dose of infected blood which is uniformly lethal to nu/ + mice. This proportion of nu/nu survivors is not affected by administration of an anti-Babesial drug, whereas the majority of nu/ + mice develop a long-lasting resistance to infection. The data suggest that T cell dependent activities are involved both in the acceleration of parasitaemia and in the development of drug-assisted resistance.
Inhibition of IgE Production in Mice by Non-Specific Suppressor T Cells
Authors: Gollapudi Sastry V.S. , Kind Leon S.
Published: July 2009

SWR adult normal splenic T lymphocytes injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with immune spleen cells can suppress IgE formation by the immune cells. Spleen cells from 1- or 3-week-old mice, however, are not effective in abrogating IgE synthesis. The T lymphocytes which are induced to become suppressors for IgE are hydrocortisone-resistant and anti-thymocyte serum-sensitive. Normal SJL mice, a poor reagin-producing strain, do not appear to have more suppressor cells or cells which are more easily stimulated to become suppressor cells than a good reagin-producing strain (SWR).
Immunoglobulins in Human Cervico-Vaginal Secretions
Authors: Jalanti R. , Isliker H.
Published: July 2009

The concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM has been measured in the cervico-vaginal secretions of 8 women with a normal menstrual cycle, 52 pregnant women, 6 post-menopausal women and 12 women with total hysterectomy. No significant difference in immunoglobulin levels was found in the cervico-vaginal secretions of women with a normal cycle as compared to those of post-menopausal or pregnant women. A significant decrease of the IgG/IgA ratio was noticed during ovulation as a consequence of increased IgA secretion. In patients with hysterectomy, the secretions are of vaginal origin only and contain negligible quantities of IgA. Secretory IgA is found essentially in the superior genital tract. IgM is present in trace amounts in all secretions and does not vary considerably. The secretion of immunoglobulins may be under hormonal control: in addition to ovarian hormones, corticosteroids seem also to be involved. The local application of a fluorinated corticosteroid into the vagina has produced a significant decrease of secretory IgA production. The therapeutic possibilities of administering a fluorinated corticosteroid in cases of sterility which are due to the production of anti-spermatozoal antibodies are discussed.
Effects of Irradiation, Anti-Thymocyte Serum and Corticosteroids on PHA and LPS Responsive Cells of the Mouse
Authors: Doenhoff M.J. , Leuchars E.
Published: July 2009

Peripheral lymphocytes responsive to stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in culture have been quantitated following treatment of mice with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), total body irradiation or corticosteroids. The ATS reduced the number of PHA-responsive cells in both blood and spleen, and induced splenomegaly, but it had little deleterious effect on spleen-borne LPS-responsive cells. In contrast, the spleens of mice treated with hydrocortisone acetate were atrophied and the remaining cells had a reduced LPS response and an enhanced PHA response. Total body irradiation impaired both PHA and LPS responsiveness in the spleen. Recovery of PHA responsiveness after either irradiation or ATS treatment was prolonged and was dependent on the presence of an intact thymus; recovery of LPS responsiveness after corticosteroid treatment was more rapid and was thymus-independent.
Anti-T Cell Activity of Niridazole in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bernard Claude C.A. , Leydon Jenny , Mackay Ian R.
Published: July 2009

The antischistosomal drug niridazole, known to selectively depress cell-mediated immune function, was assessed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. EAE results from an immune attack by activated T lymphocytes on the central nervous system. Niridazole given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight three times a week and starting either before or after immunization caused a significant suppression of signs and histological lesions of EAE, lasting up to ten weeks after cessation of treatment. There was no effect of niridazole on either release of macrophage migration inhibition factor in response to specific neural antigen, production of antibody, or on the nonspecific inflammatory reaction to adjuvant. Niridazole presumably acts by preventing release of lymphokines by activated T cells after contact with antigens.
Effects of Bordetella pertussis on the Sensitivity of Inbred Mice to Vasoactive Amines
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , de Souza Celso M. , Maia Luiz C.S. , Hanson Donald G.
Published: July 2009

Pretreatment with Bordetella pertussis was determined to increase significantly the hypovolemia induced by intravenous injections of histamine either alone or in mixture with serotonin in a total of 26 different strains of mice. Two factors affecting the mortality rates observed by challenge after B. pertussis treatment were: the sensitivity of the strains to vasoactive amines before B. pertussis treatment, and their resistance to acute hypovolemic shock. Appropriate crosses and backcrosses between resistant and susceptible strains failed to demonstrate a clear pattern of inheritance of the susceptibility to B. pertussis effects.
Comparison of Murine Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions Elicited with Particle-Associated Versus Soluble Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Clark Connie , Azar Miguel M.
Published: July 2009

Footpad reactions elicited in DHS mice using human γ-globulin (HGG)-coated polystyrene latex particles and soluble HGG (sHGG) were compared. Both the magnitude and the persistence of DHS lesions produced by HGG-latex were considerably greater; at 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge, the level of reactivity induced by HGG-latex was 24, 41 and 71% higher, respectively, than those elicited with sHGG. Early nonspecific swelling following injection of HGG-latex in footpads of normal mice was negligible by 24 h, whereas Arthus-responsive animals did not return to control levels until 48 h. The possible advantages and limitations of using particle-associated protein to elicit DHS reactions are discussed.
Prognostic Value of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7, and B12 in Ocular Hypertension
Authors: Becker Bernard , Shin Dong H.
Published: July 2009

The prevalences of HLA-A 3, BW 35, B 7 and B 12 in 80 Caucasian patients with ocular hypertension were intermediate between values found in ocular normotensives and in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The presence of HLA-B 7 or B 12 had significant predictive value for the development of glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve in patients with ocular hypertension. The HLA-A 3 antigen by itself, or in combination with B 7 and B 12 did not improve the prognostic value of the B 7 and B 12 antigens. Only one of the 20 white ocular hypertensives in this series with HLA BW 35 antigen developed glaucomatous visual field loss.
Effect of Thermal Trauma on Numbers and Function of T and B Cells from Mouse Spleen
Authors: Markley Kehl , Smallman Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2009

Swiss-Webster female mice were given a moderately severe burn, and studies were carried out on the number and function of T and B cells from the spleens of burned and normal mice. The results showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the number of T and B cells for 2–3 days after burning with a rapid return to normal and a subsequent rise above normal at 14 and 21 days postburn (p < 0.05). In the tests for function, burned mice had a significant decrease in spontaneous mitotic activity of both T and B cells during the 21-day postburn period. When spleen lymphocytes were incubated with purified mitogens, both T and B cells showed a significantly diminished mitotic response in most of the burned animals.
IgG Anti-γ-Globulin Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis Sera Detected by Mixed Agglutination Test
Authors: Kasukawa Reiji , Sato Mikio , Yoshida Hiroshi , Yoshida Takeo
Published: July 2009

In mixed agglutination tests with patient’s sera and sensitized sheep erythrocytes on a glass slide, IgG rheumatoid factor was detected in 15 of 30 rheumatoid arthritis, 3 of 4 progressive systemic sclerosis and 1 of 3 systemic lupus erythematosus sera as well as in 3 of 4 synovial fluids of rheumatoid patients but in none of 10 normal sera. The IgG nature of this factor was confirmed by demonstrating this factor in IgG fractions of positive sera eluted from DEAE-cellulose and its insensitivity to mercaptoethanol.
Effect of Lung Tissue on the Inhibitory Actions of Isoprenaline, Theophylline, Disodium Cromoglycate and PGE1 on Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation
Authors: Taylor W.A. , Sheldon Dianne
Published: July 2009

Isoprenaline, disodium cromoglycate and PGΕ1 poorly inhibit antigen-induced degranulation of sensitised rat peritoneal mast cells, but in the presence of chopped rat lung their inhibitory acivities were markedly enhanced. The chopped lung preparation had no effect on degranulation in the absence of an inhibitor and did not enhance the weak inhibitory potency of theophylline. Lung tissue suspensions pretreated with isoprenaline released a factor into the supernatant which enhanced the action of isoprenaline on peritoneal mast cells. The activity of this supernatant factor was destroyed by boiling for 5 min. Supernatant fluid from untreated lung tissue did not itself reduce antigen-induced degranulation or enhance the inhibitory potency of isoprenaline.
Mast Cell Numbers and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Irradiated Mice
Authors: Carter Brian G.
Published: July 2009

IgE antibody levels in irradiated mice adoptively immunized with primed spleen cells are significantly higher than those measured in actively immunized intact mice. The possible role of mast cells in this elevated IgE response was assessed by the enumeration of mast cells and by determining their capacity to give rise to passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in the skin of irradiated mice. The number of mast cells was found to be not significantly depleted over a period of 11 days by the irradiation doses used. Furthermore, the capacity of these mast cells to give PCA reactions was unimpaired. Radiation effects on mast cells in adoptively immunized mice therefore do not contribute to the high IgE levels observed in such animals.
Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel on the Secondary Response in Mice
Authors: Miguel Najla M.R. , Vaz Eda M.
Published: July 2009

The necessity of using Al(OH)3 gel as an adjuvant in the IgE secondary response to a low dose of ovalbumin in mice was studied. Our results demonstrated that a good secondary response can be obtained independent of the presence of Al(OH)3 gel.