bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kanka, Megan (Megan's Law)
Authors: Huberman Stephanie M.
Published: August 2019

Prior to the vicious sexual assault and murder of young Megan Kanka, citizens were unable to search for convicted sex offenders who lived in or nearby their neighborhoods. While sex offenders were mandated to register with their local law enforcement agency, it was not until the year after Megan Kanka's murder that information through the sex offender registration became accessible to the public. Megan's Law, an act named after the young girl to honor her memory, was established in 1995 and required that all sex offender registration information be available to individuals across the United States. The purpose of Megan's Law is to ensure the safety of both children and adults and notify the public about the location of convicted sex offenders.
Learned Helplessness and Battered Woman Syndrome
Authors: Redd Nikaela Jacko
Published: August 2019

Battered woman syndrome (BWS) describes the behavioral effects of women abused over an extended period of time at the hands of a dominant male partner. Learned helplessness theory identifies a survival behavior abused women may exhibit due to the constant threat or exertion of violence, isolation, and/or intimidation. Dr. Lenore Walker and other researchers have been able to pinpoint common behaviors exhibited by women exposed to intimate partner violence. America's understanding of BWS has evolved over time allowing expert testimony in cases in which women have assaulted or killed their partners. Further, BWS has been amplified to include nonheterosexual relationships and children who are abused.
Gender and the Level of Service Inventory
Authors: Davidson Janet T.
Published: August 2019

The Level of Service Inventory‐Revised (LSI‐R) and similar correctional‐based risk and need assessment instruments, purport to be gender‐neutral. The LSI‐R was created based on research conducted on male offender samples. While there is empirical support for the gender‐neutral effectiveness of the LSI‐R and similar instruments, there is also a growing body of contemporary research that challenges this contention. Current research further outlines the potential negative implications for using so‐called gender‐neutral instruments to manage and supervise female offenders. This submission outlines salient work in this area, as well implications for the future use of risk and need instruments in community corrections.
Lifestyle Exposure Theory of Victimization
Authors: Madero‐Hernandez Arelys
Published: August 2019

Lifestyle exposure theory posits that persons with certain demographic profiles are more prone to experience criminal victimization because their lifestyles expose risky situations. The probability of victimization increases as a function of engaging in lifestyles that increase the amount of time spent in public spaces, particularly at night, and time spent among strangers. Lifestyles are important because they increase the exposure to would‐be offenders without effective restraints that can prevent a crime. Thus, it is the exposure to risk and not the lifestyles per se that create opportunities for victimization. This logic suggests that the well‐established relationship between demographic characteristics, such as gender, and victimization, is fully mediated by lifestyles and exposure to risk. To date, empirical studies have found consistent support for the theory, particularly with respect to property victimization.
Magdalene Asylums
Authors: Pasko Lisa
Published: August 2019

The Magdalene asylums were houses of refuge used to treat wayward women and “save” them from promiscuity, pregnancy out of wedlock, and prostitution. Operating from the 1700s to the late 1990s throughout Australia, Europe, Canada, and the United States, the institutions were named after Mary Magdalene, a figure in Christianity purported to be a reformed prostitute who traveled with Jesus and his followers. Allegations of horrible conditions of confinement and abuse by the nuns and other staff running the asylums led to investigations and the shuttering or transformation of the facilities by the late twentieth century.
Media and Female Crime
Authors: Silva Jason R.
Published: August 2019

Media portrayals of female crime highlight heinous and sexualized incidents that often inaccurately represent the common types of female crimes and the experiences of female offenders. Sensationalized framing in the news media and popular culture influences the social construction of the phenomenon, negatively stigmatizing and over‐criminalizing female crime.
Military and Crimes Against Women
Authors: Cox Matthew Christopher
Published: August 2019

Rape has been a consequence of military missions from at least the time of recorded history. Even though rape laws have historically provided harsh punishment for rape – death – the act of wartime rape continued. Ad hoc international criminal trials were convened to dispose of offenders charged with violating the laws of war, which proscribed rape. The Articles of War were initially used domestically to regulate the United States military. Significant changes to US military laws prohibiting crimes against women resulted from several military sexual scandals. Numerous reports of sexual assault by active duty servicewomen serving in combat zones during the war in Iraq served as a catalyst to Congress's emphasis on sexual assault.
Motherhood Behind Bars
Authors: Dodson Kimberly D.
Published: August 2019

Nearly two‐thirds of incarcerated women are mothers of minor children. About three‐fourths of these women were the primary caregiver for their children prior to their imprisonment. Estimates show that the number of children with a mother in prison has more than doubled over the last two decades. After release, many mothers anticipate regaining custody of their children but fulfilling maternal roles while incarcerated is often difficult. Pregnant prisoners have special medical and treatment needs. In response, correctional administrators and treatment staff provide a variety of programs designed to ease the burden of motherhood behind bars and to facilitate the successful restoration of mother–child bonds and family stability post‐incarceration.
Mothering and Community Corrections
Authors: Godboldt Suzanne M.
Published: August 2019

There are many benefits and challenges associated with mothering and community corrections. The benefits of probation for mothers include remaining connected to their children and the community. The children of the offenders also benefit from community corrections. Challenges of mothering on community corrections involve difficulties meeting the requirements of the court, balancing her needs with the needs of her children, and the loss of public assistance programs due to her criminal conviction. Women on parole experience the challenges of reentry in addition to the added strain of reunification with their children. Community‐based residential centers and gender‐responsive programming provide opportunities for mothering and community corrections to overcome some of these challenges.
Multiple or Repeat Victimization
Authors: Mummert Sadie J.
Published: August 2019

Research has shown that a portion of crime victims experience more than one victimization, known as repeat victimization. For women, repeat victimization is most commonly in the form of sexual victimization and intimate partner violence (IPV). Understanding the prevalence of repeat victimization and why some individuals may be at greater risk of being a repeat victim is important when examining this unique population of victims. This entry will discuss the extent, explanations, and risk factors, and the consequences of repeat victimization.
Paroline
v.
Amy Unknown and
US
Authors: Lounsbury Camm
Published: August 2019

The case of
Paroline v. Amy Unknown and US
answers the question of whether victims of child pornography can be awarded restitution from offenders who possessed, but did not produce or distribute, their images. Amy Unknown was between 8 and 9 years old at the time she was sexually exploited when a different offender took pornographic images of her. Doyle Paroline was convicted of possessing two such images of her in the case that formed the basis of her effort to seek restitution.
Paternalism and Sentencing
Authors: Martin Brittany T. , Shannon Sarah K. S.
Published: August 2019

Research consistently shows that, on the whole, women are sentenced more leniently than men. Chief among the theoretical explanations for this phenomenon is the chivalry/paternalism perspective, which asserts that women are treated more leniently than men because they are viewed as weak and in need of protection. We discuss this perspective, its empirical support, as well as alternative theories and future directions for research.
Pennsylvania State Police
v.
Suders
Authors: Bell Keith
Published: August 2019

This entry summarizes the importance of the 2004 Supreme Court Case
Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders
. The case involved a sexual harassment claim made by the victim, Nancy Suders, after she was forced to quit her job as a dispatcher for the Pennsylvania state police after repeated sexually explicit and sexual‐ and gender‐bias comments by coworkers and supervisors. The importance of the case is noted in the lack of clarity provided by the Supreme Court in the final ruling as to how the court views the “responsibility” of the employer and the “rights” of the accuser in following procedure in employment‐based sexual harassment claims.
Police Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Pattavina April
Published: August 2019

This entry chronicles the police response to intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States. Topics covered include the variety of legislative and programmatic developments that have influenced how the police respond to victims of intimate partner violence over the past 50 years. Also summarized is the growing body of research that addresses the effectiveness of the police response. Future challenges for police will involve finding ways to respond to IPV that meet public safety needs, provide equal treatment, and consider the needs of victims facing complicated relationships and living circumstances.
Postcolonial Criminology
Authors: Blount‐Hill Kwan‐Lamar
Published: August 2019

Postcolonial criminologists offer four primary critiques to mainstream criminological theory: It has (1) failed to take into account crimes of the colonial state and its governing progeny, focusing on the crimes of individuals in service to the policy prerogatives of the status quo power structure; (2) declined to adapt theoretical frames to the unique circumstances of indigenous peoples; (3) failed to take into account the influence of history on present realities; and (4) is inadequate to explain the realities of postcolonial native communities because the field has a dearth of voices representing indigenous backgrounds.
Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA)
Authors: Dzordzormenyoh Michael K. , Diamond‐Welch Bridget K.
Published: August 2019

The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA), was passed in 2003 with unanimous support from both the Senate and the House of Representatives of the 108th Congress and signed by President George W. Bush. The purpose of the PREA was to provide for the collection, analysis, and evaluation of data on the incidence and effects of prison rape in federal, state, and local institutions. The Act also provides information, resources, recommendations, and funding to protect individuals from prison rape and institutional sexual violence.
Rape Shield Laws
Authors: Doude Sara Buck
Published: August 2019

This entry addresses the history of perceptions of rape and the justifications of rape shield laws in the United States through the later part of the twentieth century.
Refugee Status and Female Victimization
Authors: Keegan Brittany
Published: August 2019

According to the United Nations Refugee Agency, there are approximately 21.3 million refugees worldwide, about half of whom are female. Although all refugees face challenges, female refugees face unique situations and struggles which can make them particularly vulnerable. Victimization of female refugees can take place at various points during their migration experience, including before leaving their home country, in a refugee camp, upon arrival in their receiving country, and after resettlement in their receiving country. There are also different types of victimization that may be experienced, including physical and mental/emotional victimization. In order to help female refugees cope with experiences of past victimization and avoid future victimization, agencies and refugees can work together to discuss and identify cultural differences, especially those regarding gender roles, so that female and male refugees are afforded equal rights within their receiving country community.
Safe Haven Laws
Authors: Garase Maria L.
Published: August 2019

Safe Haven, or Baby Moses, laws are statutes currently enacted in all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. They are intended to prevent infanticide by decriminalizing the abandonment of unharmed infants in specified Safe Haven locations (e.g., hospitals, fire departments, churches). Parents, or parental agents, can legally drop off their infants at those locations and remain anonymous and immune from prosecution for it. Safe Haven laws have been enacted in the United States since 1999; the laws vary by state and also by the targeted age range of the child.
School Violence Prevention Act
Authors: Barnes Lynn M.
Published: August 2019

The School Violence Prevention Act is a 2009 North Carolina state law enacted as part of the North Carolina General Assembly's goal of safety in schools. The law requires local school districts to adopt comprehensive and consistent policies to protect students from bullying and harassment. While the law was passed to protect all students, it enumerates the student categories most vulnerable to bullying or harassment. Real or perceived gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation are among the categories listed. The law was revised in 2012 to include criminalizing cyberbullying of school employees by students.
Self‐Control Theory and Female Offending
Authors: Sobba Kristen N.
Published: August 2019

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self‐control theory describes how lack of self‐control can result in criminal offending. The main component of self‐control is appropriate discipline through the use of noncorporal punishment. Once established at age eight years, self‐control, or lack of it, remains more or less consistent throughout a lifetime. In relation to gender, there are several studies addressing male criminality and lack of self‐control. However, female offending is less often noted in the literature; therefore, it is imperative that this topic is discussed in more depth.
Sentencing Outcomes and Female Offenders
Authors: Doerner Jill K.
Published: August 2019

Since the mid‐1980s, women have been entering prison at a higher rate than their male counterparts and now represent the fastest‐growing segment of the prison population. Thus, it is not surprising that there are now over one million women under the supervision of the United States criminal justice system. An important component of this growth is the role that gender plays during the decision‐making process, specifically the sentencing stage. Overall, women are less likely to be sentenced to prison than men, and when incarcerated, receive sentences that are significantly shorter. However, other important factors like race, ethnicity, and age should also be included in this important discussion, as they add to the complexity and understanding of the overall findings of the research on gender and sentencing.
Sexual Predator Laws
Authors: Lave Tamara Rice
Published: August 2019

Sexually violent predator laws allow the state to lock men and women away indefinitely after they have completed their maximum prison sentence. The US Constitution bars punishing someone twice for the same crime, but the Supreme Court has upheld civil commitment laws if they are locking up persons who are mentally ill and dangerous. A closer examination shows that so‐called sexually violent predators may be neither mentally ill nor dangerous, which undermines the entire constitutional justification for these laws.
Southall Black Sisters
Authors: Cotton Allison M.
Published: August 2019

The Southall Black Sisters are a multicultural, women‐centered group of social workers, barristers, crisis counselors, and activists who help to facilitate freedom for abused women in the United Kingdom. They provide social and legal services to women under extreme duress from forced marriages, domestic violence, acid attacks, marital rape, sexual assault, coercion, intimidation, human trafficking, and female genital mutilation, among other crimes against women. Based in Southall, London, this group has worked in the courts, police stations, and streets of London since 1979 to educate and advocate for women in the United Kingdom about their rights under the laws of Parliament.
Taylorv.Louisiana
Authors: Coroian George E.
Published: August 2019

InTaylor v. Louisiana(1975), in an 8 to 1 decision, the United States Supreme Court held that women, as a class, could not be excluded from a venire (a panel from which a jury is to be selected), or given automatic exemptions based solely on their gender. The Court noted a requirement is that a petit (trial) jury must be selected from a representative cross‐section of the community, and any systematic exclusion of women from jury panels violates the Sixth Amendment, as made applicable to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision overturnedHoyt v. Florida(1961), which allowed such an exclusion. The Taylor court noted this decision did not override a state's right to grant exemptions from jury service to individuals based on certain individual factors. The Court also stated there is no requirement that a chosen jury must mirror the community to reflect all distinct groups in the community.
Town of Castle Rock
v.
G
onzalez
Authors: Costello Robert
Published: August 2019

Jessica Gonzales sued the Castle Rock Police Department over the lack of enforcement of a permanent restraining order against her husband issued during their divorce. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Police Department.
U
nited
N
ations and Human Trafficking
Authors: Bruckenstein Rebecca Paige
Published: August 2019

Human trafficking is an international issue that impacts individuals, communities, countries, and the global community. Victims include women, men, and children who are exploited and forced into the sex industry, forced labor, slavery, and other forms of black market trade, such as the illegal organ market. The United Nations has created multiple protocols that have binding status in the global community in order to provide practical and legalistic tools that are country specific. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is focused on implementing these protocols and assisting victims of human trafficking.
University Response to Rape
Authors: Mummert Sadie J.
Published: August 2019

Due to legislation regarding the rape and sexual assault of college students, such as the Clery Act and Title IX, colleges and universities have been required to acknowledge and respond to incidents of sexual victimization among their students. The Clery Act requires colleges and universities to measure the occurrence of rape and sexual assault, as well as other types of victimization, and take action when victimizations take place on their campuses. Beyond the requirements of the Clery Act, colleges and universities have responded to rape and other types of sexual victimization with the implementation of safety and security measures, judicial systems, and prevention programs.
Victim Advocacy
Authors: Wright Elizabeth Q.
Published: August 2019

A victim advocate is one who is intent on assisting the victim in responding to and recovering from a crime‐related incident. While their primary goal is to help victims, they also engage with actors within the criminal justice, medical, social service, and other fields to ensure the fair treatment of victims and, when applicable, help to secure victim participation in the justice process. A victim advocate is one who walks the recovery walk with victims, as needed and as invited, to both decrease the deleterious impact of crime and improve the recovery outcomes for victims overall. This entry will describe the history of victim advocacy, the roles of victim advocates in the public and private sectors, the utilization of victim advocacy, the perceived effectiveness of services, and remaining challenges for those in the victim advocacy field.
Victim Precipitation Theory
Authors: Lasky Nicole V.
Published: August 2019

Victim precipitation theory, the first theory of victimization, contends that victims contribute to the criminal events that harm them, either though victim facilitation or through victim provocation. Victimology, the study of victims, originated with victim precipitation theory and the typologies developed by early victimologists, including those of Von Hentig, Mendelsohn, Shafer, Wolfgang, and Amir. Amir's typology of forcible rape and its corresponding implications regarding victim precipitation was greatly criticized and led to broad developments in victimological theory.
Victimization of Females with Disabilities
Authors: Marcus‐Mendoza Susan , Nosek Margaret
Published: August 2019

Violence against women and girls with disabilities is a complicated issue, but one that must be confronted. Although women with disabilities are more likely to be victims of violence than other women, they face significant challenges in reporting, prevention, and safety. Girls with disabilities are also very vulnerable to multiple types of abuse and neglect. Girls and women with disabilities are a heterogeneous group, so it is difficult to find solutions that are appropriate for all. There is research that examines these issues, but much more is needed to understand the scope of the problem, and develop programs for prevention, safety planning, and treatment, that are appropriate for girls and women with disabilities.
War and Rape
Authors: Siddique Julie Ahmad
Published: August 2019

Rape and other forms of sexual violence have often been prevalent in times of war. For centuries, the rape and sexual enslavement of civilians by soldiers were widely accepted and even legitimized as “the spoils of war.” Sexual violence has also been used strategically as a means to punish and humiliate enemies and systematically destroy, in whole or in part, groups of people based on their ethnic, cultural, or religious affiliations. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that international organizations began to classify wartime sexual violence as a human rights violation and a war crime. The first international prosecutions for rape in wartime occurred in the 1990s for atrocities perpetrated in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Nevertheless, sexual violence in conflict zones continues to be a serious global security problem in the modern world, and the international community is still working to address this phenomenon in a better way.
War on Drugs and Impact on Females
Authors: Sibila Deborah A. , Yatsco Andrea J.
Published: August 2019

The “war on drugs” is a term commonly applied to a period in US history characterized by punitive governmental drug policies aimed at the elimination of illicit drug use in America. Because of its profound and disparate impact on women, particularly women of color and those from the lower socioeconomic strata, the war on drugs has been described as a “war on women.”
Wrongful Convictions
Authors: Fox Michael H.
Published: August 2019

Wrongful convictions, the great miscarriage of justice, continue to be uncovered at an alarming rate. Yet little research has focused on women. Prosecutors know that, compared to men, women are easy to convict. Women who do not fit the typical stereotype of good girls or can be characterized as unfit mothers are easily convicted, as principals or accomplices. Character assassination and guilt by association are powerful tools in the hand of a prosecutor and weigh heavily in the minds of juries. Moreover, women are easy prey to charges of filicide. And in certain cultures, the foreign woman holds a special lure as a trophy upon conviction.
Carter, Eunice Hunton
Authors: Cotton Allison M.
Published: August 2019

Eunice Hunton Carter was an African American lawyer who entered the legal profession after graduating from Smith College and Fordham Law School. She helped to bring down one of the biggest mob‐run criminal enterprises in New York City during the early 1930s. She was the first African American woman to pass the New York State bar exam and she was nominated by the Republican Party to run for a state office in 1934.
Dippolito, Dalia
Authors: Craig Miltonette Olivia
Published: August 2019

Dalia Dippolito was convicted of solicitation of first‐degree murder in 2017 and sentenced to 16 years in state prison. Her case first made national news headlines in 2009 when investigators alleged that she hired a hitman to kill her husband. The hitman was an undercover officer who recorded their interactions. The crime scene staged by local police and Dippolito's feigned reaction to the scene were filmed and have since gone viral. Dippolito's case has been in the Florida court system since 2011 and she has had three separate prosecutions related to this criminal charge.
The Use of Different Templates for the Synthesis of Reproducible Mesoporous Titania Thin Films and Small Pore Ultrafiltration Membranes
Authors: Herregods Sebastiaan Johan Frans , Wyns Kenny , Buekenhoudt Anita , Meynen Vera
Published: August 2019

State‐of‐the‐art commercial membranes are made with the sol–gel method. But the pore size is somewhat restricted to control in a reproducible way. Furthermore, the synthesis of uniform pores via the sol–gel method is challenging, and therefore the resulting membranes often exhibit a limited selectivity. In contrast, the template‐assisted method (evaporation‐induced self‐assembly) described herein is able to form defect‐free membranes and thin films with more narrow pore size distributions and thus sharper cutoff curves in a more reproducible way. Moreover, the effect of different templates (Brij 58, Brij 56, Brij 78, Brij 76) and concentrations on the porosity of the titania top layer and separation performance is thoroughly investigated. The pore formation mechanism of the template‐assisted method is discussed. Under the synthesis conditions described herein, the Brij templates act as a separator, whereby the final pore size can be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of template used. Furthermore, the pores obtained with this template‐assisted method are more uniform. Such defect‐free, reproducible small pore ultrafiltration membranes with controllable pore size and narrow pore size distribution can open the path to further process intensification and more sustainable production by separating molecules with a small difference in molecular weight.
Increasing Solar Absorption of Atomically Thin 2D Carbon Nitride Sheets for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Wang Yong , Du Peipei , Pan Hongzhe , Fu Lin , Zhang Yu , Chen Jie , Du Youwei , Tang Nujiang , Liu Gang
Published: August 2019

Atomically thin 2D carbon nitride sheets (CNS) are promising materials for photocatalytic applications due to their large surface area and very short charge‐carrier diffusion distance from the bulk to the surface. However, compared to their bulk counterpart, CNS' applications always suffer from an enlarged bandgap and thus narrowed solar absorption range. Here, an approach to significantly increase solar absorption of the atomically thin CNS via fluorination followed by thermal defluorination is reported. This approach can greatly increase the visible‐light absorption of CNS by extending the absorption edge up to 578 nm. The modulated CNS loaded with Pt cocatalyst as a photocatalyst shows a superior photocatalytic hydrogen production activity under visible‐light irradiation to Pt‐CNS. Combining experimental characterization with theoretical calculations shows that this approach can introduce cyano groups into the framework of CNS as well as the accompanied nitrogen vacancies at the edges, which leads to both narrowing the bandgap and changing the charge distribution. This study will provide an effective strategy to increase solar absorption of carbon‐nitride‐based photocatalysts for solar energy conversion applications.
Optical Vortex Transmutation with Geometric Metasurfaces of Rotational Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Zhang Yuchao , Gao Jie , Yang Xiaodong
Published: August 2019

The free‐space optical vortex transmutation is realized by using geometric plasmonic metasurfaces with the designed noncanonical vortex phase profiles possessing discrete rotational symmetries of finite order. Based on the introduced continuous‐to‐discrete rotational symmetry breaking in metasurfaces, the vortex transmutation phenomena are observed behind the metasurfaces from the near‐field to far‐field diffraction in free space. The near‐field optical beam profile represents the input vortex, while in the far field the input vortex is diffracted into the central output vortex with topological charge determined by the transmutation rule and the symmetrically distributed off‐axis vortices with unity topological charge bifurcating from the input vortex, with the total orbital angular momentum conserved. The demonstrated free‐space optical vortex transformation will promise many potential applications related to optical communication, particle manipulation, and quantum information processing.
Silylative Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 2,2‐Dialkyl 5‐ and 6‐Membered Cyclic Benzylic Alcohol Derivatives Catalyzed by Chiral Guanidine, (R)‐N‐Methylbenzoguanidine
Authors: Yoshimatsu Shuhei , Nakata Kenya
Published: August 2019

Efficient silylative kinetic resolution of racemic 2,2‐dialkyl 5‐ and 6‐membered cyclic benzylic alcohols was achieved using diphenylmethylchlorosilane (Ph2MeSiCl) or phenyldimethylchlorosilane (PhMe2SiCl) as a silyl source catalyzed by chiral guanidine. The reaction could be applied to a broad range of 2,2‐dialkyl 1‐indanols with good s‐values, irrespective of the electronic nature of the substituent on the aromatic ring of the substrates and the type of substituent at the C2‐position. In addition, several 2,2‐dimethyl 6‐membered cyclic and heterocyclic alcohols could be adopted in the reaction.

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Effect of electrolyte nature in mass transport of a neutral solute in a microtube with porous wall
Authors: Bhattacharjee Saikat , Mondal Sourav , Mondal Mrinmoy , De Sirshendu
Published: August 2019

Electroosmotic flow in a microchannel is an active area in microfluidics. Microchannels with porous wall are advantageous due to selective separation and enhanced mass transport. An economic and innovative method to fabricate hollow microtubes and their application in electrokinetics are illustrated. Effects of asymmetric electrolyte on mass transport of a neutral macrosolute in the microtube with porous wall are investigated. The combined velocity profile including both pressure‐driven and electroosmotic flow is modeled for different electrolytes. It is found from the study that the addition of higher valency asymmetric electrolyte (3:1) increases transport of neutral solutes across the porous wall compared to its symmetric counterpart (1:1). The developed model was validated with the experimental results, using a cartridge having hollow microtubes with porous wall. This study would be helpful to select an appropriate electrolyte, improving the design, and performance prediction of microfluidic devices.
Quadruple and Sextuple Triptycene Gears in Macrocyclic Frameworks
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Kawahata Kenta , Sugahara Kota , Oki Tomohiro , Iwanaga Tetsuo
Published: August 2019

Three macrocyclic compounds consisting of four or six triptycene‐9,10‐diyl units and acetylene and phenylene linkers were synthesized as multiple‐gear systems. These compounds were synthesized by macrocyclization of acyclic precursors via Eglinton coupling. DFT calculations showed that two or three triptycene units meshed with each other in the macrocyclic frameworks with C−H⋅⋅⋅π contacts. The 1H NMR spectra of these compounds were symmetric at room temperature, and the signals became slightly broad at low temperature. These observations suggest that the gear moieties rotate rapidly on the NMR time scale.
CF2‐Functionalized Trifluoromethylated Fullerene C70(CF3)8(CF2): Structure, Electronic Properties, and Spontaneous Oxidation at the Bridgehead Carbon Atoms
Authors: Lukonina Natalia S. , Semivrazhskaya Olesya O. , Apenova Marina G. , Belov Nikita M. , Troyanov Sergey I. , Goryunkov Alexey A.
Published: August 2019

Thermally‐induced CF2 addition to Cs‐C70(CF3)8 upon reaction with sodium chlorodifluoroacetate is found to proceed via the nucleophilic cyclopropanation pathway, possibly with a certain involvement of the alternative singlet carbene pathway. Of the two major isomers of C70(CF3)8(CF2) characterized by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopically, the less abundant one has a [6,6]‐open structure whereas the more abundant product is a [5,6]‐open isomer with highly reactive bridgehead sites. Under ambient conditions, its rapid oxidation and hydration produce C70(CF3)8[CF2](OH)2 and C70(CF3)8[CF2](OH)H, respectively, in which the π‐system is split in two disjoint caps and the HOMO–LUMO gap is considerably increased, as evidenced by the blue‐shifted fluorescence.
Visible‐Light‐Enabled Selective Oxidation of Primary Alcohols through Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer and its Application in the Synthesis of Quinazolinones
Authors: Xia Qiangqiang , Shi Zuodong , Yuan Jiangpei , Bian Qilong , Xu Yuanqing , Liu Baoying , Huang Yongwei , Yang Xiaobo , Xu Hao
Published: August 2019

A visible‐light‐enabled selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes has been developed under transition‐metal‐free conditions. Utilizing eosin Y as the direct hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) photocatalyst and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant, both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes could be obtained in moderate to good yields. Using this approach, various quinazolinones, including two real drug molecules, were easily synthesized from the corresponding o‐aminobenzamides and alcohols.
Discrete π‐Stacks from Self‐Assembled Perylenediimide Analogues
Authors: Su Feng , Chen Guangmei , Korevaar Peter A. , Pan Fangfang , Liu Huijiao , Guo Zongxia , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Lin Jianbin , Jiang Yun‐Bao
Published: August 2019

The formation of well‐defined finite‐sized aggregates represents an attractive goal in supramolecular chemistry. In particular, construction of discrete π‐stacked dye assemblies remains a challenge. Reported here is the design and synthesis of a novel type of discrete π‐stacked aggregate from two comparable perylenediimide (PDI) dyads (PEP and PBP). The criss‐cross PEP‐PBP dimers in solution and (PBP‐PEP)‐(PEP‐PBP) tetramers in the solid state are well elucidated using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy. Extensive π–π stacking between the PDI units of PEP and PBP as well as repulsive interactions of swallow‐tailed alkyl substituents are responsible for the selective formation of discrete dimer and tetramer stacks. Our results reveal a new approach to preparing discrete π stacks that are appealing for making assemblies with well‐defined optoelectronic properties.
HfN Nanoparticles: An Unexplored Catalyst for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Defilippi Chiara , Shinde Dipak V. , Dang Zhiya , Manna Liberato , Hardacre Christopher , Greer Adam J. , D'Agostino Carmine , Giordano Cristina
Published: August 2019

Water electrolysis is one of the most promising methods to produce H2 and O2 as high potential fuels. Comparing the two half‐reactions, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the more difficult to be optimized and still relies on expensive noble metal‐based catalysts such as Ru or Ir. In this paper, we prepared nanoparticles of HfN and Hf2ON2 and tested them for the OER for the first time. The HfN sample, in particular, showed the highest activity, requiring an overpotential of only 358 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in Fe‐free electrolyte and, above all, exhibiting long‐term stability. This result places this system amongst one of the most promising catalysts for OER tested to date, in terms of sustainability, activity and stability. The prepared nanoparticles are small (less than 15 nm in diameter), well‐defined in shape and crystalline, and were characterised before and after electrochemical testing also via electron microscopy (EM), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Total Synthesis and Functional Characterization of Selenoneine
Authors: Lim David , Gründemann Dirk , Seebeck Florian P.
Published: August 2019

The N‐α‐trimethyl 2‐selenohistidine selenoneine is the selenium isolog of the natural antioxidant ergothioneine. Sulfur‐to‐selenium substitutions are known to endow proteins and nucleic acids with special activities. In contrast, secondary metabolites that exploit selenium‐specific chemistry are rare. Selenoneine therefore provides a unique opportunity to study how natural organoselenides interact with cellular processes. In this report we describe the chemical synthesis of selenoneine and other 2‐selenoimidazoles. With synthetic selenoneine at hand we discovered a set of reactivities that distinguish selenoneine from ergothioneine, showing that the two compounds can fill distinct functional niches. Synthetic access to 2‐selenoimidazoles should pave the way to explore the pharmaceutical potential and physiological function of this heretofore inaccessible class of compounds.
The Psychiatrist's Role in Implementing an Open Dialogue Model of Care
Authors: Valtanen Kari
Published: August 2019

The Open Dialogue approach is a family‐oriented early intervention model for mental health problems developed in the health district of Western Lapland, Finland. Since the 1990s the psychiatric service system in Western Lapland Health Care District has been organised according to Open Dialogue principles and applied to the treatment of any mental health concerns. The Open Dialogue approach considers the client and their family as active participants rather than as objects of treatment in its planning and implementation with a psychotherapeutic focus. In daily work, the responsibility for the treatment process is shared with the case‐specific team. The model of care requires a dialogical orientation from all staff members, psychiatrists included, to interact with the team and the client's network. In this article I describe the role of the psychiatrist in implementing an Open Dialogue model of care in psychiatric services leaning on my experiences of clinical work in the adolescent psychiatric team in Western Lapland.
Effects of Conjugation between Proteins and Polysaccharides on the Physical Properties of Emulsion‐Based Edible Films
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Luxin , Xue Feng
Published: August 2019

The effects of conjugation between protein (soybean or peanut protein isolates) and polysaccharides (dextran or gum acacia) with different glycation time (0–32 hours) on the physical properties of emulsion‐based edible films containing beeswax as dispersed phase were studied. Both the reaction time and type of polymers significantly (P < 0.05) affected the emulsifying properties of conjugates. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), and droplet size of emulsions were in strong correlation with the physical properties of films, such as whiteness index, transparency, water vapor permeability, surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, even though glycation could significantly (P < 0.05) affect intermolecular interactions between polymers in films, there was no strong correlation between the intermolecular interactions and the physical properties of films. Therefore, the emulsifying properties of conjugates are essential for preparing emulsion‐based edible films.
Adaptive high‐order sliding mode controller‐observer for MIMO uncertain nonlinear systems
Authors: Hendel Rim , Khaber Farid , Essounbouli Najib
Published: August 2019

In this paper, an adaptive high‐order sliding mode controller‐observer is proposed for multi input–multi output uncertain systems with application to robotic manipulators. Firstly, a type‐2 Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy system is used to model the original system. Next, with the unavailability of velocity measurement, a fuzzy high‐order sliding mode observer is designed to estimate both the joint velocities and uncertainties. Moreover, based on a super twisting second‐order sliding mode, the proposed robust controller generates smooth control and guarantees finite‐time convergence to the third‐order sliding set with respect to the sliding variable by keeping second‐order sliding mode constraint. The controller gains are generated based on an adaptive estimation scheme without overestimation. The finite‐time stability of the suggested controller is proved by using an homogeneous and strict Lyapunov function. Finally, the obtained simulation results for two‐link robot manipulators demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Maßgeschneiderte Proteine
Authors: Bornscheuer Uwe
Published: August 2019

Der Nobelpreis für Chemie 2018 würdigte eine Wissenschaftlerin und zwei Wissenschaftler für deren herausragende Forschung im Bereich Protein‐Engineering. Die Hälfte des Preises erhielt Prof. Frances H. Arnold für die gerichtete Evolution von Enzymen, die es erlaubt Biokatalysatoren zu erzeugen, die vor allem für industrielle Anwendungen maßgeschneidert werden können. Die zweite Hälfte teilten sich George P. Smith für seine Entwicklung des Phagen‐Displays und Sir Gregory P. Winter für die Anwendung dieser Methode zur Erzeugung hochaffiner Antikörper für Therapeutika.
Quantification of the energy storage caused dual performance of thermal protective clothing containing with moisture exposed to hot steam
Authors: He Jiazhen , Lu Yehu , Yang Jie
Published: August 2019

Except for providing thermal protection, thermal protective clothing (TPC) may also impose thermal hazards on human skin due to the discharge of energy storage. The dual thermal protective/thermal hazardous performance of TPC is rather complicated when TPC gets wet from internal and external sources and especially when it is exposed to conditions of pressurized hot steam. In this study, several indices were used to quantitatively investigate the influences of moisture location, moisture content within TPC, and their combined effect on the energy storage caused dual performance of TPC under exposure to steam. Results showed that both the increasing of external and internal moisture could decrease heat absorption of the skin and increase burn injury time under steam exposure through heat storage, but the positive effect of the external moisture amount was more obvious. The external moisture amount had no significant effect on heat discharge from TPC to the skin, whereas the internal moisture amount increased heat discharge. Empirical models were successfully established to predict the energy absorption of human skin and the burn injury time. Research outcomes of this study will contribute to thoroughly understanding the impact of moisture on dual performance under steam exposure and provide new insights into the development of functional textile materials.
Research on dynamical overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well
Authors: Mao Liangjie , Cai Mingjie , Liu Qingyou , Wang Guorong , Wang Xiangyang
Published: August 2019

This work aims to explore the overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well. A two‐phase flow model for H2S‐containing natural gas well combining with a transient temperature prediction model was established to simulate the overflow process of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well. The model was validated by reproducing the field data of Well Longhui #2. The effects of H2S content, mud displacement, drilling fluid density, geothermal gradient, and reservoir permeability on the overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well were studied and analyzed in this work. Results indicate that bubble, slug, and churn flows constitute the main flow patterns in the whole overflow process. The higher the H2S content is, the more obviously the gas void fraction increases. The phase change position of H2S is closer to the wellhead at lower H2S content. An increase in mud displacement indicates the decreases in overflow time. As drilling fluid density increases, the release position of H2S moves up, and the overflow time and shut‐in casing pressure increase. The initial gas void fraction is higher and the gas invasion volume will be larger in gas reservoirs with higher permeability. As the reservoir permeability increases, the shut‐in casing pressure rises while the overflow time declines. With higher geothermal gradient, the wellbore temperature tends to be higher at the same depth, leading to an increase in the H2S solubility. The gasification starting position is further away from the wellhead at higher geothermal gradient. The results of this work could provide important theoretical basis and technical guidance for drilling engineers to reduce a blowout risk during drilling of H2S‐containing natural gas well.
Methamphetamine‐associated psychosis: Clinical presentation, biological basis, and treatment options
Authors: Chiang Mathew , Lombardi Domenico , Du Jiang , Makrum Ursula , Sitthichai Rangsun , Harrington Amy , Shukair Nawras , Zhao Min , Fan Xiaoduo
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Methamphetamine associated psychosis (MAP) represents a mental disorder induced by chronic methamphetamine use in a subset of users. The prevalence of the disorder has increased in several countries in Europe and Asia where methamphetamine use has increased. MAP remains difficult to distinguish from primary psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, creating complications in prescribing treatment plans to patients.

Design

This narrative review sought to summarize difficulties related to MAP diagnosis and highlight the need for a better treatment model. Current best practices are described and potential novel therapies and future research suggested.

Results

Results suggest that clear biological and clinical differences appear between patients presenting with MAP and schizophrenia and that there may exist distinct subgroups within MAP itself. MAP‐specific treatment studies have been few and have focused on the use of antipsychotic medication. Antipsychotic treatment has been shown to alleviate the psychotic symptoms of MAP but produce debilitating adverse effects and fail to adequately address methamphetamine use in patients.

Conclusions

Continued identification of subgroups within the heterogenous MAP population may lead to better diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes for patients. Psychosocial therapies should be explored in addressing the cooccurring substance use and psychosis in the treatment of MAP.
Glycerol: A Promising Benign Solvent for Catalyst‐free One‐pot Multi‐component Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrozolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐diones and 2H‐Indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones Under Controlled Microwaves Irradiation
Authors: Zaky Omnyia Said , Selim Maghraby Ali , Ebied Manal Makboul , Sadek Kamal Usef
Published: August 2019

A simple green and efficient one‐pot multi‐component synthesis of 1H‐pyrozolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐diones and 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones has been developed utilizing one‐pot multi‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, active methylene reagents, phthalic anhydride, and hydrazine hydrate or alternatively phthalhydrazide in glycerol without catalyst under controlled microwave heating. The current synthetic protocol offers several advantages such as excellent yields, high EcoScale and atom economy, simple working up reactants and products, and the absence of hazardous catalysts or solvents.