bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When the Weak Bargain with the Strong: Negotiations in the World Trade Organization
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: October 2003

When a developing country negotiates with a large developed country it generally faces the problem of unequal bargaining power. Within the context of trade negotiations, forming coalitions is one natural response to this. However, even in multilateral contexts, the sources of bargaining power still operate to advantage the large developed state and developing states do not always gain strength from numbers. The experience of the Uruguay Round, especially the negotiations over intellectual property rights, suggests that developing countries have to think much more creatively about group life rather than focusing on the institutional reform of the World Trade Organization. Informaland formal groups have different advantages and disadvantages. A more formal structure along the lines proposed in this article would help developing countries to overcome the weaknesses of informal groups, especially the two-track dilemma. Developing countries need groups that encourage communication among themselves, especially in the hard bargaining stages of a trade round. Better communication among developing countries is the basis for making calculative trust more robust and allows for the possibility of forming some level of social identity trust.
The Mediator as Coalition Builder: George Mitchell in Northern Ireland
Authors: Curran Daniel , Sebenius James
Published: October 2003

In 1996, George Mitchell became the co-chairman of the All-Party Talks in a polarized Northern Ireland where the extremes had the dominant voice while the center was relatively mute politically. In analyzing Mitchell's actions, we seek to break new ground in the study of mediation. First, we explicitly assess the context to identify key barriers and opportunities. Second, we move beyond general categories of mediator approach – such as communication, formulation, and manipulation – to match classes of mediator action to barriers. Finally,we place these discrete actions in service of a larger purpose by exploring the "mediator as coalition-builder."Whether explicit or implicit, Mitchell's overarching approach in the All-Party Peace Talks can be interpreted as a drive toward creating an outward rippling "coalition of the center against the extremes."Mitchell's effort to forge a coalition of the center led him to follow coordinated and multi-pronged process, issue and timing strategies, which are the main focus of this article. In principle, Mitchell might have sought to forge agreement via very different potential coalitional approaches: for example, seeking to bridge the extremes, seeking consensus among all parties, seeking to forge a dominant coalition on one side or the other that could have prevailed over its opponents, or seeking a sequential divideand-conquer approach to isolate and overwhelm the opposition, etc. Yet for this particular context, the centrist coalitional approach led to significant progress.
Social Class and Cultural Mobility
Authors: Emmison Michael
Published: October 2003

This article explores the idea of `cultural mobility' both as a way of thinking about the polarizing logic of class relations and practices in contemporary society and as a means by which the debate over the cultural omnivore might be advanced. The concept of cultural mobility refers to the differential capacity to engage with or consume cultural goods and services across the entire spectrum of cultural life, an ability which is itself premised upon an unequal, class-related distribution in cultural competence. Cultural mobility, then, is the ability to move at will between cultural realms, a freedom to choose where one is positioned in the cultural landscape. I argue that the concept provides fertile ground for exploring possible interconnections between a number of diver-gent strands in current social theory which have largely developed independently of each other. At the same time much of this theoretical effort remains divorced from concrete research agendas. Using data collected as part of a major study of Australian cultural consumption, the article provides a case study of cultural mobility and its class moorings which serves to clarify some of the existing confusions concerning the cultural omnivore.
Boardroom Networks among Australian Company Directors, 1976 and 1996
Authors: Alexander Malcolm
Published: October 2003

This article examines the (interpersonal) network of boardroom contacts among the directors of Australia's largest companies in 1976 and 1996. Interlocking directors create an intercorporate network but also an interpersonal, contact network. The network reaches all directors serving on any board that has a connected interlocker/networker on it. The interpersonal network of 1996 is broader, more cohesive and more densely connected than that of 1976. However, there is only minimal change in the density of inter-corporate linkages over these two decades. These findings suggest that, by the late 1990s, internal social organization among the corporate elite in Australia is independent of the political economy of intercorporate relations and changing in directions suggested by Useem's study of `investor capital-ism' in the USA. Australian corporate power structure research needs to study the interaction of these trends with the pre-existing concentrations of corporate control in this country.
`I'm not his Wife'
Authors: Natalier Kristin
Published: October 2003

Share households composed solely of men are a site in which masculine identities in the home are disembedded from marital ideologies. This allows us to unravel the connections between housework, power and what it means to be a man. The study finds that the domestic labour practices of men who reside with their peers reflect those traditionally associated with husband-hood, although the bases for these interactions, and the associated play of power, differ in the absence of a wife. It is evident that gender continues to be an important organizing principle of domestic labour outside marital homes.
Assessing the Reactions of Males and Females to Attributes of the Principalship
Authors: Newton Rose Mary , Giesen Judy , Freeman John , Bishop Harold , Zeitoun Peter
Published: October 2003

This article reports the results of research designed to assess whether specified attributes of the principalship influence the decision making of men and women, as prospective job applicants, differently. The results indicate that both men and women are likely to make their job choice decisions based on salary. The results have practical implications for organizational recruiters.
Public School Administrators and Technology Policy Making
Authors: Nance Jason P.
Published: October 2003

Given little information about administrators' predilections toward participation in policy making, this study measured 256 midwestern principals' involvement in technology policy making at the building, district, state, and national levels. The study tested a conceptual model identifying influences on principals' involvement in technology policy making. Using hierarchical ordinary least squares regression analysis, administrators' disposition for participation set the stage for actual involvement at the building, district, and state levels. At the district, state, and national levels, involvement on a lower policy-making level was a strong predictor of involvement at a higher level. Principals' familiarity with the policy process was a predictor for involvement at the building level. Urban principals are less likely to become involved in technology policy making in their buildings and districts than suburban and rural principals are. Elementary principals are less likely to become involved in technology policy making than their high school and middle school counterparts.
Becoming a Principal: Role Conception, Initial Socialization, Role-Identity Transformation, Purposeful Engagement
Authors: Browne-Ferrigno Tricia
Published: October 2003

This article presents findings from an exploratory study that described and analyzed the professional growth of 18 educational practitioners while participating in a principal preparation cohort program. The goal of the study was to add understanding to the nature of transformations that occur as teachers prepare to become school principals, and thus, researcher propositions guided the design and focus of this yearlong investigation. Analysis of the exploratory case study data suggests four major themes influencing practitioners' growth toward becoming principals: (a) role conceptualization of the principalship, (b) initial socialization into a new community of practice, (c) role-identity transformation, and (d) purposeful engagement based on career aspirations.
The Effects of Job Attributes, Institutional Mission Emphasis, and Institution Type on Perceptions of the Provost Position
Authors: Murrell Lisa E. , Hughey Aaron W.
Published: October 2003

Randomly selected deans (N = 456) employed at public institutions rated one of four provost position announcements varied by two variables: job attributes and institutional mission. Independent variables were job attributes, institutional mission, and institution type; dependent variable was a rating of three items with Likert-type scales: likelihood of applying for provost job described, likelihood of accepting an interview for provost job described, and likelihood of accepting provost job described if offered. A 2 X 2 X 3 ANOVA (12 cells; n = 38) detected a main effect for institutional mission (F = 3.95; df = 1,444; p < .05). Deans rated jobs emphasizing a research mission more favorably than those emphasizing a teaching mission. No other significant effects or interactions were found. Results support use of Rynes and Barber's (1990) Applicant Attraction Model to frame investigations concerning recruitment practice in higher education, specifically strategic selection of recruitment message content for vacant provost positions.
Dyadic Processes and International Crises
Authors: Hewitt J. Joseph
Published: October 2003

This study reports the results of a project to construct dyadic-level data from the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project data collection. The project defines coding rules used in identifying crisis dyads and applies them to identify 766 crisis dyads for the period from 1918 to 1994. This research makes it possible to perform a careful comparison of crisis dyads to dyads involved in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs). The comparison indicates that conflicts that qualify as both a MID and a crisis are significantly more severe than conflicts that do not pass both thresholds. The study offers a robustness analysis of Russett and Oneal's Triangulating Peace (2001) and finds that two of the three Kantian variables theorized to inhibit conflict involvement maintain a relationship similar to the onset of international crises as they do for MIDs. The analysis indicates that economic interdependence is a somewhat weaker inhibitor of crises than MIDs.
Relative Gains Concerns when the Number of States in the International System Increases
Authors: Mosher James S.
Published: October 2003

Realists argue that relative gains concerns make cooperation more difficult than liberal institutionalists expect. In response, Duncan Snidal has argued that when the number of states increases, the problem of relative gains concerns is generally attenuated. The author contends that current analysis of the impact of increasing the number of states is contingent on two implicit and inaccurate assumptions. Relative gains concerns, rather than being relative “absolute” gains concerns, are relative “percentage” gains concerns, and currently, an increase in the number of states is caused by the breakup of a state. Using these new assumptions, the author shows that when the number of states increases, the negative impact of relative gains concerns can continue under many conditions to inhibit cooperation. The results have specific predictions about changes in the likelihood of cooperation due to state breakup, such as the Soviet Union, and state merging, such as the European Union.
Bearing the Defense Burden, 1886-1989
Authors: Goldsmith Benjamin E.
Published: October 2003

Competing hypotheses are tested on an extensive set of defense-burden data to determine the general factors that influence states' levels of military spending. Results provide some clear answers to longstanding questions and supply new findings that beg further investigation. When controls are introduced for domestic political and economic factors, several international factors, including alliances and rivalries, lose statistical significance. Consistent with liberal theory, regime type has a robust effect: democracies spend proportionately less on defense than other states. As implied by realism, under conditions of economic growth or high levels of wealth, “extra” resources are diverted disproportionately to the military.
The Political and Economic Sources of Inflation in the American Military Budget
Authors: Fordham Benjamin O.
Published: October 2003

Three complementary explanations are tested for the phenomenon that, since 1940, the inflation rate for military goods and services has been higher on average than the inflation rates for the nonmilitary government sector or the economy as a whole. First, higher rates of public-sector inflation are often attributed to the low productivity of labor-intensive government activities compared with the relatively capital-intensive private sector. Because military goods and services are not necessarily labor intensive, however, this pattern explains only a small part of military inflation. A second, more important, consideration is that rapid buildups in military spending, usually associated with wars, lead to high inflation. For political reasons, however, retrenchments at the ends of wars do not produce a corresponding drop in prices, leading to higher average inflation over time. Finally, there is evidence that the Pentagon's interest in higher military spending may have influenced the construction of the deflator series.
Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism in Three Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Drakos Konstantinos , Kutan Ali M.
Published: October 2003

A consumer-choice theoretical model is developed to test the regional effects of terrorism on competitors' market shares in the tourism sector where involved countries enjoy significant tourism activities but are subject to a high frequency of terrorist attacks. Using data for three Mediterranean countries—Greece, Israel, and Turkey—for the period from January 1991 to December 2000, results show significant own and spillover effects of terrorism on market shares. Terrorist incidents are decomposed to better identify the impacts of terrorism on tourism. Significant contagion effects of terrorism on market shares in the region are documented, as is evidence of the effect of terrorism on the substitutability between countries.
Gustave Hervé's Transition from Socialism to National Socialism: Continuity and Ambivalence
Authors: Loughlin Michael B.
Published: October 2003

In 1901 Gustave Hervé attained notoriety by writing an article which included the image of the tricolour planted in a pile of manure. Soon he founded a French anti-militarist movement called Hervéism which attempted to unite the revolutionary left. When French socialists united in 1905, Hervé led the most extreme faction and soon created a weekly newspaper, La Guerre sociale. Before the first world war Hervé was a strident voice within European socialism, advocating revolutionary means to prevent war. Six years of provocative campaigns failed to implement his ideas. Despite his dedication, the quixotic Hervé grew frustrated due to continuing leftist divisions. His disillusionment was connected to a rather naive reading of the increasingly anachronistic revolutionary tradition. Hervé was sincere, yet his romantic and eclectic socialism exhibited atavistic features. Well before 1914 he rallied to 'la patrie en danger' and eventually renamed his paper La Victoire. In 1919, Hervé and several prominent socialists created a national socialist party. Startling as his reversal may appear, Hervé's activist Insurrectionalism actually included an anti-materialistic critique of society. That critique was crucial to his national socialism which looked to the nation and its religious traditions to remedy social division. His interwar writing and organizations offered various authoritarian panaceas to end French decadence. Despite Hervé's marginalization during the interwar era and his reluctance to engage in violence, his neo- Bonapartist views and admiration for Mussolini must inescapably be included within 'the fascist drift'. Striking shifts, such as Hervé's , from one extreme to the other, have often been tied to fascism. But the two chief interpretations of French fascism sometimes use Hervé's career to buttress their contrasting arguments. Such a paradox demands an explanation. This article analyses the anomalous features of Hervé's socialism in order to make his shift to the extreme right understandable. As strange as it may seem, the anti-militaristic, anti-patriotic and international socialist Hervé exhibited patriotic, ethnocentric, ascetic and anti-democratic attitudes from the very beginning, and he was episodically ambiguous on the issue of antisemitism. Hervé's ideas often belie the apparent logic of political language. Such continuity and ambivalence underscore the limits of political language in dealing with hybrid movements such as fascism.
Bedouin Tribes and the Imperial Intelligence Services in Syria, Iraq and Transjordan in the 1920s
Authors: Thomas Martin
Published: October 2003

Bedouin tribes were among those most affected by the mandate frontiers and new regimes imposed across the Middle East. Their nomadic traditions clashed with confinement within a single state. In the Syrian mandate in particular, the French authorities attempted to transform nomadic bedouin into sedentary farmers. Yet bedouin tribes were far from the loyalist smallholders envisaged by French planners. Their unwritten customary laws had never been regulated by central government and sedentarization was inevitably regarded as detribalization thinly disguised. In the interior of Syria and Iraq the writ of the central government frequently counted for little with indigenous populations for whom livestock raiding and inter-tribal dispute remained facts of life. Pioneering work on the bedouin has brought together historians, anthropologists and social scientists. This article discusses the policing of the nomad populations of Syria, Transjordan and Iraq, and the central role of imperial intelligence services in the policies pursued. Tribal control defied easy categorization or force majeure solutions. It was quite unlike the authorities' concurrent struggles with emergent nationalist protest and inter-communal violence amongst the sedentary populations of the new Arab states. Preventing bedouin dissent was less a matter of repressive policing than of penetrating nomad society to secure the compliance of its leaders.
Edvard Beneš' Undoing of Munich: A Message to a Czechoslovak Politician in Prague
Authors: Hauner Milan L.
Published: October 2003

This is the first translation into any foreign language of the perhaps most important testimony written by Edvard Beneš from his London exile in the second half of November 1938 shortly after the Munich tragedy. Challenged by a sincere young politician from Prague, Ladislav Rašín, the ex-President of Czechoslovakia replies by providing a comprehensive defence of his foreign and domestic policy. His comments on the appeasement policy of the French and British governments, on the chances of reaching an agreement with `our Germans', as well as with Hitler, with the Slovaks seeking an autonomous status, as well as with Poland, requesting territorial adjustment, provide indispensable source material for any historian of the Sudeten crisis. Of the three choices he faced in September 1938 — military defeat from a combined German-Polish invasion, a humiliating settlement if Hitler's outrageous terms were accepted, or approval of the conditions imposed by the Great Powers rather than by Hitler alone — Beneš was passionately convinced that the last option was the optimal one. Unlike young Czech patriots, including Rašín, Beneš did not believe in the military alternative.
From Villain to Partner: British Labour Party Leaders, France and International Policy During the Phoney War, 1939-40
Authors: Imlay Talbot
Published: October 2003

For much of the interwar period, the Labour Party's international policy had been characterized by a profound dislike and distrust of France. During the Phoney War, however, Labour policy towards France underwent a transformation, and by early 1940 Labour leaders openly advocated the establishment of a permanent Anglo-French alliance. This transformation merits study for it had important implications for Labour's international policy in general, and the issue of alliances and the postwar organization of European security in particular. These implications, moreover, cast doubt on the usefulness of terms such as `realistic' or `idealistic' that are frequently used to describe Labour's international policy.
Armed with a Yellow Mimosa: Women's Defence and Assistance Groups in Italy, 1943-45
Authors: Alano Jomarie
Published: October 2003

During the Italian Resistance of 1943-45, over 70,000 Italian women participated in Women's Defence and Assistance Groups, begun by women activists in Milan in November 1943. While they aided the partisans and assisted families in need, these women also planned a role for women in postwar Italian society. Based on oral and written information from Group leaders Ada Gobetti, Bianca Guidetti Serra and Frida Malan, unpublished sources from archives in Italy and in the USA, and articles from clandestine women's newspapers printed during the Resistance, this article argues that the Women's Defence and Assistance Groups had a significant impact on individual and collective women's consciousness and their perceptions of gender, and set the stage for postwar advances regarding women.
Police Work, Burnout, and Pro-Organizational Behavior
Authors: Kohan Andrea , Mazmanian Dwight
Published: October 2003

This study assessed officers' perceptions of daily work experiences (operational and organizational) and the nature of their associations with burnout and pro-organizational behavior (organizational citizenship behavior [OCB]). The moderating and mediating effects of dispositional affect and coping style were also considered. Findings showed that (a) appraisals of negative experiences (hassles) depended on frequency of exposure to the different facets of work, whereas positive organizational experiences (uplifts) were perceived as being more uplifting than operational ones; (b) burnout and OCB were more strongly associated with organizational experiences than with operational ones; and (c) only problem- and emotion-focused coping moderated, but did not mediate, associations, suggesting that chronic exposure to stressful events may act independently of disposition and that both coping styles may be beneficial.
Harassment as a Predictor of Job Burnout in Correctional Officers
Authors: Savicki Victor , Cooley Eric , Gjesvold Jennifer
Published: October 2003

The experiences and effects of harassment were examined in correctional officers (129 male and 60 female) from one state and three county medium-security facilities. Survey results indicate that women reported significantly more harassment (70%) than did men (44%) ( p < .001), and women were less likely to depersonalize ( p < .05). Separate multiple regressions were performed for each gender on burnout, organizational commitment, and perceived stress. Harassment significantly contributed to each regression for females, whereas harassment was significant only in the male regression for perceived stress. Although men and women did not differ on burnout or organizational commitment, harassment was a pervasive contributor to these measures for women. It appears that in correctional settings, harassment forms a background stressor differentially affecting women.
Culture, Education, and the Attribution of Physical Causality
Authors: Peng Kaiping , Knowles Eric D.
Published: October 2003

Two studies investigated the impact of culturally instilled folk theories on the perception of physical events. In Study 1, Americans and Chinese with no formal physics education were found to emphasize different causes in their explanations for eight physical events, with Americans attributing them more to dispositional factors (e.g., weight) and less to contextual factors (e.g., a medium) than did Chinese. In Study 2, Chinese Americans' identity as Asians or as Americans was primed before having them explain the events used in Study 1. Asian-primed participants endorsed dispositional explanations to a lesser degree and contextual explanations to a greater degree than did American-primed participants, although priming effects were observed only for students with little physics education. Together, these studies suggest that culturally instilled folk theories of physics produce cultural differences in the perception of physical causality.
Psychological-State Theories about Significant Others: Implications for the Content and Structure of Significant-Other Representations
Authors: Chen Serena
Published: October 2003

Three studies tested a theory-based approach to significant-other representations. The central hypothesis was that perceivers are especially likely to possess lay theories to explain the responses of their significant others, and this is reflected in the content and structure of significant-other representations. Theories were defined in IF-THEN terms as beliefs about the psychological states (e.g., “IF Bill wants to make a good impression...”) that explain others' responses (e.g., “... THEN he acts friendly”). All three studies yielded evidence indicating that the content of significant-other representations is especially likely to include such psychological-state theories (PSTs). Study 3 assessed the internal structure of PSTs—specifically, the strength of the linkages between psychological-state IFs and the THENs they are believed to elicit—and showed that such linkages are particularly strong for PSTs about significant others. Overall, the findings add to the growing literature on the role of explanatory or lay-theoretical forms of knowledge in how perceivers make sense of the social world.
A Program Analysis of Esuba: Helping Turn Abuse Around for Inmates
Authors: Bedard Laura E. , Pate Kerensa N. , Roe-Sepowitz Dominique E.
Published: October 2003

This investigation is an empirical evaluation of Esuba, an abuse awareness program implemented in the Florida correctional system. Research has indicated a link between violent and abusive behavior and criminal activity. This study specifically addressed whether the Esuba program had an impact on offenders' self-esteem, stability of self, faith in people, and sensitivity to criticism as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results from the application of the Esuba program to an incarcerated offender population are encouraging. The results suggest that the Esuba program does appear to significantly increase offenders' emotional self-preservation.
Comparability of the MMPI-2 F(p) and F Scales and the SIRS in Clinical Use with Suspected Malingerers
Authors: McCusker Paul J. , Moran Marianne J. , Serfass Lisa , Peterson Kevin H.
Published: October 2003

Relationships among Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) scores and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) F(p) and F scores were examined for 63 suspected malingerers evaluated at either of two psychiatric facilities. Despite differences between facilities in terms of seriousness of subjects' offenses, mean scores on the malingering tests were similar. Cutting scores for F(p) and F resulting in substantial correspondence between these scales and the SIRS were derived. Use of the cut score for F(p) proposed by Arbisi and Ben-Porath (1995) resulted in less agreement with the SIRS than did a lower cut score. No substantial difference between F(p) and F in each scale's overall agreement with the SIRS was observed. A principal components analysis of the SIRS primary scales produced two factors, interpreted as Overreporting of Symptoms and Implausible Symptoms. F(p) was observed to correlate significantly with Implausible Symptoms but not with Overreporting of Symptoms; F was significantly correlated with both factors.
Robert Bolling and Thomas Jefferson: Gemini Rising
Authors: Lockridge Kenneth A.
Published: October 2003

Robert Bolling was an acquaintance of Thomas Jefferson and a fellow agitator for revolution against Britain. In his ceaseless ambition and violent hatred of the British and of the ruling clique in Virginia, Bolling seems to resemble the ferocious young revolutionaries of Robespierre's France. Like them, he seemed determined to create a new world in which he could succeed, and like them he died in the effort. A mutual friend said to Jefferson on hearing of Bolling's death in 1775, “Poor Bolling,” as if Robert Bolling were worthy of pity. But what is extraordinary is that in his ambitions and desires, he resembled his friend Jefferson so profoundly. In the 1760s and 1770s, both men danced the dance of ambition that young southern gentleman with insufficient resources had to perform, and each felt and expressed its frustrations. Both focused their anger on the young women with wealth whose hands they must win, in a fierce competition with other suitors, if they were to advance themselves. These women were more resented than the British rulers. Jefferson's unique skill was in dissembling his fury in courtship and in politics and in leading equivocal allies into a revolutionary world where his leadership would redefine both masculinity and success. Both men are obvious kin to the young Virginians who, a generation later, would seize success on the lands of the new cotton South.
The Social Life of an Essay
Authors: Sheehy Margaret
Published: October 2003

Standardization discourse is dominantly linked to tests; yet standardization occurs in practices of everyday social life, too. This research seeks to understand standardization processes involved in the writing done by a class of seventh grade students, half of whom did not do well in school or on tests. Acting as participant observer in a classroom where a civics project resulted in the writing of an essay, the author collected audiotaped classroom and group discussions, student writing, field notes, and texts (a history booklet, a neighborhood-planning book, two videos, census data) students drew from to write a speech which their language arts teacher taught as an essay. One essay/speech was delivered to the school board. The author examined the exchange of ideas, across the 8-week project, to consider how standardization as a process of production, consumption, and distribution played in students' writing. The author found that standardizing forces involved direct teaching, genre memory, and several strategies employed to bring cohesion and unity to diverse ideas.
A Type-1 Phosphoprotein Phosphatase from a Dinoflagellate as a Possible Component of the Circadian Mechanism
Authors: Comolli James C. , Fagan Thomas , Hastings J. Woodland
Published: October 2003

Indicative of the importance of protein phosphorylation in the core circadian clock mechanism, chronically applied inhibitors of both protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases have significant effects on the period, phase, and light-dependent regulation of circadian rhythms in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. This study was aimed at identifying the presence of the affected phosphatase(s). Dephosphorylation of a PP1/PP2A-specific substrate by L. polyedrum extracts was inhibited by okadaic acid only at concentrations greater than 100 nM, as in vivo, by mammalian inhibitor-2 (I-2), and by an endogenous inhibitor with properties similar to I-2, indicating that a type-1 protein phosphatase (PP1) was predominant. A cDNA encoding a highly conserved PP1 was isolated, the 1st such signaling molecule identified in dinoflagellates. Anti-sera specific for this type of phosphatase recognized a 34 kDa protein in L. polyedrum extract, this being the same size as the PP1 encoded by the isolated cDNA. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the L. polyedrum PP1 may be a part of the clock mechanism in this species.
Olfactory Bulbectomy Modifies Photic Entrainment and Circadian Rhythms of Body Temperature and Locomotor Activity in a Nocturnal Primate
Authors: Perret Martine , Aujard Fabienne , Séguy Maud , Schilling Alain
Published: October 2003

Studies on rodents have emphasized that removal of the olfactory bulbs modulates circadian rhythmicity. Using telemetric recordings of both body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity (LA) in a male nocturnal primate, the gray mouse lemur, the authors investigated the effects of olfactory bulbectomy on (1) the circadian periods of Tb and LA in constant dim light condition, and (2) photic reentrainment rates of circadian rhythms following 6-h phase shifts of entrained light-dark cycle (LD 12:12). Under free-running condition, bulb-ectomized males had significantly shorter circadian periods of Tb and LA rhythms than those of control males. However, the profiles of Tb rhythms, characterized by a phase of hypothermia at the beginning of the subjective day, and Tb parameters were not modified by olfactory bulbectomy. Under a light-dark cycle, olfactory bulbectomy significantly modified the expression of daily hypothermia, especially by an increase in the latency to reach minimal daily Tb, suggesting a delayed response to induction of daily hypothermia by light onset. Re-entrainment rates following both a 6-h phase advance and a 6-h phase delay of entrained LD were also delayed in bulbectomized males. Olfactory bulbectomy led to significant fragmentation of locomotor activity and increased locomotor activity levels during the resting period. The shortening of circadian periods in bulbectomized males could partly explain the delayed responses to photic stimuli since in control males, the longer the circadian period, the better the response to light entrainment. This experiment shows for the 1st time that olfactory bulbs can markedly modify the circadian system in a primate.
Acute and Phase-Shifting Effects of Ocular and Extraocular Light in Human Circadian Physiology
Authors: Rüger Melanie , Gordijn Marijke C. M. , Beersma Domien G. M. , de Vries Bonnie , Daan Serge
Published: October 2003

Light can influence physiology and performance of humans in two distinct ways. It can acutely change the level of physiological and behavioral parameters, and it can induce a phase shift in the circadian oscillators underlying variations in these levels. Until recently, both effects were thought to require retinal light perception. This view was challenged by Campbell and Murphy, who showed significant phase shifts in core body temperature and melatonin using an extraocular stimulus. Their study employed popliteal skin illumination and exclusively considered phase-shifting effects. In this paper, the authors explore both acute effects and phase-shifting effects of ocular as well as extraocular light. Twelve healthy males participated in a within-subject design and received all of three light conditions—(1) dim ocular light/no light to the knee, (2) dim ocular light/bright extraocular light to the knee, and (3) bright ocular light/no light to the knee—on separate nights in random order. The protocol consisted of an adaptation night followed by a 26-h period of sustained wakefulness, during which a 4-h light pulse was presented at a time when maximal phase delays were expected. The authors found neither immediate nor phase-shifting effects of extraocular light exposure on melatonin, core body temperature (CBT), or sleepiness. Ocular bright-light exposure reduced the nocturnal circadian drop in CBT, suppressed melatonin, and reduced sleepiness significantly. In addition, the 4-h ocular light pulse delayed the CBT rhythm by -55 min compared to the drift of the CBT rhythm in dim light. The melatonin rhythm shifted by -113 min, which differed significantly from the drift in the melatonin rhythm in the dim-light condition (-26 min). The failure to find immediate or phase-shifting effects in response to extraocular light in a within-subjects design in which effects of ocular bright light are confirmed strengthens the doubts raised by other labs of the impact of extraocular light on the human circadian system.
Mammalian Diurnality: Some Facts and Gaps
Authors: Smale Laura , Lee Theresa , Nunez Antonio A.
Published: October 2003

A major factor contributing to the evolution of mammals was their ability to be active during the night, a niche previously underused by terrestrial vertebrates. Diurnality subsequently reemerged multiple times in a variety of independent lineages. This paper reviews some recent data on circadian mechanisms in diurnal mammals and considers general themes that appear to be emerging from this work. Careful examination of behavioral studies suggests that although subtle differences may exist, the fundamental functions of the circadian system are the same, as seems to be the case with respect to the molecular mechanisms of the clock. This suggests that responses to signals originating in the clock must be different, either within the SCN or at its targets or downstream from them. Some features of the SCN vary from species to species, but none of these has been clearly associated with diurnality. The region immediately dorsal to the SCN, which receives substantial input from it, exhibits dramatically different rhythms in nocturnal lab rats and diurnal grass rats. This raises the possibility that it functions as a relay that transforms the signal emitted by the SCN and transmits different patterns to downstream targets in nocturnal and diurnal animals. Other direct targets of the SCN include neurons containing orexin and those containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and both of these populations of cells exhibit patterns of rhythmicity that are inverted in at least one diurnal compared to one nocturnal species. The patterns that emerge from the data on diurnality are discussed in terms of the implications they have for the evolution and neural substrates of a day-active way of life.
The Effects of Low-Dose 0.5-mg Melatonin on the Free-Running Circadian Rhythms of Blind Subjects
Authors: Hack Lisa M. , Lockley Steven W. , Arendt Josephine , Skene Debra J.
Published: October 2003

Exogenous melatonin (0.5-10 mg) has been shown to entrain the free-running circadian rhythms of some blind subjects. The aim of this study was to assess further the entraining effects of a daily dose of 0.5 mg melatonin on the cortisol rhythm and its acute effects on subjective sleep in blind subjects with free-running 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) rhythms (circadian period [τ] 24.23-24.95 h). Ten subjects (9 males) were studied, aged 32 to 65 years, with no conscious light perception (NPL). In a placebo-controlled, single-blind design, subjects received 0.5 mg melatonin or placebo p.o. daily at 2100 h (treatment duration 26-81 days depending on individuals' circadian period). Subjective sleep was assessed from daily sleep and nap diaries. Urinary cortisol and aMT6s were assessed for 24 to 48 h weekly and measured by radioimmunoassay. Seven subjects exhibited an entrained or shortened cortisol period during melatonin treatment. Of these, 4 subjects entrained with a period indistinguishable from 24 h, 2 subjects continued to run for up to 25 days during melatonin treatment before their cortisol rhythm became entrained, and 1 subject appeared to exhibit a shortened cortisol period throughout melatonin treatment. The subjects who entrained within 7 days did so when melatonin treatment commenced in the phase advance portion of the melatonin PRC (CT6-18). When melatonin treatment ceased, cortisol and aMT6s rhythms free ran at a similar period to before treatment. Three subjects failed to entrain with initial melatonin treatment commencing in the phase delay portion of the PRC. During melatonin treatment, there was a of free significant increase in nighttime sleep duration and a reduction in the number and duration of daytime naps. The positive effect of melatonin on sleep may be partly due to its acute soporific properties. The findings demonstrate that a daily dose of 0.5 mg melatonin is effective at entraining the free-running circa-dian systems in most of the blind subjects studied, and that circadian time (CT) of administration Optimal melatonin may be important entrains to melatonin treatment. 24-h sleep disorder should p.o. in determining whether a subject disorder the sleep-wake cycle) in addition to improving sleep acutely. correct treatment with melatonin for the underlying circadian this (to non-entrain
The Circadian Rhythm of the Sex-Pheromone-Mediated Behavioral Response in the Turnip Moth, Agrotis Segetum, is not Controlled at the Peripheral Level
Authors: Rosén Wen Qi , Han Gui-Biao , Löfstedt Christer
Published: October 2003

The pheromone-mediated upwind flight of male turnip moths was observed in a flight tunnel at different times of day under conditions of a light-dark (LD) cycle, constant darkness (DD), and a shifted photoperiod. Under both LD and DD conditions, a significantly larger number of males flew to the pheromone during both the scotophase and the subjective scotophase than during the photophase and the subjective photophase for 2 consecutive days. When 1-day-old moths were transferred to a shifted LD cycle with lights turned off 4 h earlier, male behavioral responses to the pheromone advanced in time accordingly by 4 h. This showed that male behavioral responses to the pheromone are under the control of an endogenous oscillator. To further examine the level at which the circadian rhythm of the male behavioral response is regulated, the authors tested the olfactory responses of male antennal receptors to pheromone stimuli by means of electroantennograms (EAG) at different times of day. No significant variation in the sensitivity of the male antennal response to the pheromone was observed in terms of time of day. The results suggest that circadian regulation of the rhythmic behavioral response to pheromones in the male Agrotis occurs at the central nervous system level.
Treatment of Expatriate Tax: A Look at U.S., U.K. and Canadian Practices
Authors: Latta Geoffrey W. , Danielsen Tricia A.
Published: October 2003

The difficulties inherent in international assignments—whether short term or long term—are exacerbated by home and host tax regulations, as well as company policy. In an effort to better understand how employers treat expatriate income tax, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc. recently conducted a series of surveys polling multinational employers based in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Mindful of the similarities and differences among individual tax policies, tax equalization still leads the list of employer approaches to taxation of company-source income. With the ongoing popularity of the balance sheet approach to international pay, the predominance of tax equalization is no surprise. Many employers continue to believe that in most typical assignee situations, protecting the expatriate's purchasing power and lifestyle—and tax liability—while abroad is still the approach that works best for all.
Is it all in the Timing? The Practice of Bonus Payments in the United Kingdom
Authors: Nisar Tahir M.
Published: October 2003

Bonuses are increasingly linked to wider business goals, replacing the traditional focus on output or profit measures. The evidence also shows that companies make awards to coincide with payments made by competitors to raise their profile among prospective employees and customers. The timing of bonus payments has thus become a strategic consideration in many markets in recent years. These trends suggest that there are a host of factors that contribute to companies' decisions about bonus payouts. This article uses case studies of two U.K. banks to show that companies pay bonuses for a variety of purposes, ranging from employee performance and productivity to wider company goals, such as company reputation, stakeholder influence and employee hiring and retention policies. The article argues that current bonus pay practices are best understood as a value-added strategy, as various trade-offs are required before a company can expect to benefit from its employee rewards and benefit strategy.
Expanding HR's Global Potential: Shared Service Centers in Multi-Country Regions
Authors: Horan Peter , Vernon Philip
Published: October 2003

One way to dramatically improve the performance of the HR function—particularly for large, geographically dispersed organizations with multiple lines of business—is through shared services. Consolidating administrative and transactional processing activities within a dedicated ad-ministrative facility is not a new concept. Region-al shared services supporting finance, IT, travel and expatriate management exist throughout the world. But shared services for HR has mostly been limited to the larger, uniform countries, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom. This article argues that, when done correctly, shared services can deliver significant cost savings and result in better, more efficient services while freeing up resources for activities that enhance human capital. The article is based on research conducted around the world by Mercer Human Resource Consulting regarding HR shared service solutions in multicountry regions.
E-Organizing, the Next Frontier? Labor Unions Seek Access to Company E-mail Systems
Authors: McDaniel Thomas L.
Published: October 2003

When organizing new employee groups, unions have relied on traditional, “low tech” means of communication to spread their message. Although these methods remain the core avenues for communication, unions have been exploring other options in recent years. One prime avenue is e-mail. Until recently, no National Labor Relations Board judge had addressed the legal standard governing the use of e-mail during a union organizing campaign in the face of an employer's nondiscriminatory, “business-only” e-mail policy. In November 2002, in The Prudential Insurance Company of America, an administrative law judge addressed that very issue. He held that the company's e-mail policy, which prohibited employees from using the company e-mail system for union-related communications, was an overly broad prohibition that unlawfully infringed on the employees' rights to choose whether to be represented by a union. Furthermore, the administrative law judge held that the company's e-mail policy gave it a substantial advantage in winning a representation election and recommended that the election be set aside.
CEO Compensation in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Roach George P. , Goedde Alan G.
Published: October 2003

This study statistically examines the key determinants of compensation for CEOs in the pharmaceutical industry. Size, as measured by the log of the company's market value, provides the greatest explanatory power, in addition to the value of the CEO's holdings in the company and the composition of those holdings. The absolute number of employees provides a better explanation for smaller companies in the industry. An interesting relationship appears between the CEO's wealth and the total return of the company, perhaps suggesting that stock options provide some incentive for the CEO to maximize his total wealth by improving the company's market value and the stockholders' total return.