bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ex Vivo Assessment of Natural Teeth Wear against Zirconia and Novel Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Crowns in Primary Teeth by a Three-Dimensional Assessment Method
Authors: Talekar Abhinav , Chaudhari Gayatri , Mallineni Sreekanth Kumar , Kothare Sneha , Patil Amol , Musale Prasad , Chunawala Yusuf , Choubey Shikha
Published: December 2021

Objectives. The main purpose of the study was to assess the material wear, antagonistic natural primary teeth wear, and microhardness of zirconia (ZR), a recently launched novel glass-fiber-reinforced composite crown (GFRC). The research question was, are these aesthetic crowns resulting in antagonistic natural primary tooth wear and the crown material itself? Methods. Forty-five primary canines were divided into three groups (15 per group) and mounted against Zr (Group A), GFRC (Group B), and natural teeth as control (Group C) in the wear test machine. All samples were assessed for surface wear with pre- and post-3-dimensional scanning. In addition, microhardness was assessed for all three groups. Results. The mean microhardness value for the Zr disc was 1157 ± 7 HV; for the GFRC disc, it was 29.35 ± 2 HV; while with natural teeth, it was 105 ± 4 HV. There was a statistically significant difference in teeth wear in the prescan and postscan in the natural tooth (

p
<
0.05

) group, highly significant difference (

p
<
0.001

) in the ZR group, and no significant difference in the GFRC group. Conclusion. There is more significant wear loss of glass-fiber-reinforced composite discs as compared to zirconia. In addition, the wear of the antagonistic tooth with zirconia and natural teeth is more remarkable than with GFRC. There is a vast difference of microhardness between natural teeth and zirconia (almost 10 times higher) which suggests further scope of study. Clinical Relevance. Pediatric dentistry deals with the transition of dentition from primary to permanent through mixed dentition. Selection of restorative material needs to be done cautiously when we are dealing with primary teeth and young permanent teeth as antagonistic teeth. Wear of the crown material itself and opposing natural teeth are essential factors that should be considered in selecting crowns in clinical practice. The present study results can be extrapolated to clinical practice, and the practitioner can consider various factors in selecting full-coverage crowns for primary teeth. The vast difference in aesthetic crowns and natural teeth microhardness indicates a further need for research. Additionally, there is no literature published for the recently launched GFRCs.
Assessment of the Ovarian Reserve by Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Xian-hui , Zhang Ying-an , Chen Xin , Qiao Peng-yan , Zhang Li-yun
Published: December 2021

Background: The ovarian reserve has been reported to be diminished in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, these results are still controversial. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered a reliable biomarker for the ovarian reserve. We thus performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the AMH levels and the effect of DMARDs on the ovarian reserve in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and 2 Chinese databases (CNKI and Wanfang database), up to September 2021, were searched for relevant studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined with the random-effects model. The heterogeneity was described by I2 statistic and p value from the Cochrane Q test. Results: Eight eligible studies (679 patients and 1,460 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with healthy control, the AMH levels in RA patients were significantly lower with the pooled SMD of −0.40 (95% CI: −0.66 to −0.14). However, in comparison of AMH with and without DMARD treatment, there was no significant difference with the pooled SMD of −0.1 (95% CI: −0.39 to 0.19). Conclusion: The results indicated that there was an increased risk of ovarian failure in RA patients and which is not related to DMARD treatment.
Ultrasound Is Not Useful in Monitoring Lipedematous Alopecia: A Clinical, Trichoscopic, Histologic, and Ultrasound Analysis of 2 Cases
Authors: Weir Sydney A. , Awe Olufolakemi , Robbin Michelle L. , Mayo Tiffany T.
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Lipedematous scalp (LS) is a rare condition characterized by thickened adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer of the scalp resulting in a soft, spongy, or thick consistency of the scalp. When associated with hair loss, this condition is called lipedematous alopecia (LA). Various imaging modalities have been used to diagnose LS and LA along with histopathology. Case Presentation: We present 2 cases of LS: a 56-year-old female with a 1-year history of hair thinning, pain, and tenderness at the vertex scalp and a 60-year-old female with a 5-year history of lichen planopilaris presenting with a 1-year history of itching and soreness on the crown of her head. Ultrasound (US) was used for diagnosis, treatment response surveillance, routine clinical examination, and symptom assessment. Follow-up US revealed no improvement in scalp thickness in either case despite symptom improvement and visual improvement in hair growth. Discussion/Conclusion: US has been reported as a helpful tool in the diagnosis of LS; however, treatment response was better approximated by hair growth and symptom alleviation. We found that once the diagnosis with made with US, clinical monitoring is adequate as symptom improvement and hair growth may not correlate with a change in scalp thickness.
How Many Cores Should Be Sampled during Systematic Prostate Biopsy in Case of Negative Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Analysis of 274 Men with Clinical Suspicion of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Berg Sebastian , Tully Karl Heinrich , von Landenberg Nicolas , Bahlburg Henning , Roghmann Florian , Müller Guido , Hanske Julian , Noldus Joachim , Brock Marko
Published: December 2021

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the number of cores needed in a systematic biopsy (SB) in men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) but negative prebiopsy multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and to test prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density as an indicator for reduced SB. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-four patients were analyzed, extracted from an institutional database. Detection rates of any PCa and clinically significant (CS) PCa for different reduced biopsy protocols were compared by using Fisher’s exact test. Results: In total, 12-core SB revealed PCa in 103 (37.6%) men. Detection rates of reduced biopsy protocols were 74 (27%, 6-core) and 82 (29.9%, 8-core). Regarding CSPCa, 12-core SB revealed a detection rate of 26 (9.5%). Reduced biopsy protocols detected less CSPCa: 15 (5.5%) and 18 (6.6%), respectively. All differences were statistically significant, p < 0.05. PSA density ≥0.15 did not help to filter out men in whom a reduced biopsy may be sufficient. Conclusions: Twelve-core SB still has the highest detection rate of any PCa and CSPCa compared to reduced biopsy protocols. If the investigator and patient agree – based on individual risk calculation – to perform a biopsy, this SB should contain at least 12 cores regardless of PSA density.
Implementing a Goal-Directed Care Bundle after Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Process Evaluation for the Third INTEnsive Care Bundle with Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial Study in China
Authors: Ouyang Menglu , Anderson Craig S. , Song Lili , Jan Stephen , Sun Lingli , Cheng Guojuan , Chu Honglin , Hu Xin , Ma Lu , Chen Xiaoying , You Chao , Liu Hueiming
Published: December 2021

Background: The third INTEnsive care bundle with blood pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial is an ongoing international, multicentre, stepped wedge, cluster-randomized trial to determine the effectiveness of a goal-directed care bundle (early intensive blood pressure [BP] lowering, glycaemic control, treatment of pyrexia, and reversal of anticoagulation), as compared to standard of care, on patient-centred outcomes after acute intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). An embedded process evaluation aims to identify factors related to the uptake and implementation of the intervention. Herein, we present the process evaluation results for hospital sites in China. Methods/Design: A mixed methods approach, including surveys, focused group discussions and interviews with clinicians, routine monitoring, and recruitment logs were used to collect data across purposively sampled hospitals. Medical Research Council guidance and normalization process theory were used as theoretical frameworks for design, data analysis, and synthesis. Results: Twenty quantitative surveys were completed with clinicians, and 26 interviews and 2 focus group discussions were conducted during 2019–2020. The care bundle was generally delivered as planned and acceptable by doctors and nurses, but difficulties were reported in achieving the protocol-defined target levels of BP and glycaemic control. Resistance to implementing the care bundle occurred for patients perceived to be at high risk of adverse effects. Common organizational contextual factors that impeded implementation included delayed processes and limited medication supply, while established background care procedures, expertise, and capacity influenced its integration into routine practice. Areas to facilitate implementation included optimizing workflow within available resources, having a dedicated team, and recognizing the potential benefits of the intervention. Conclusions: Varied established care protocols across sites, different levels of background expertise, and lack of staff capacity impeded the integration of goal-directed care bundle into routine practice for ICH patients in China. Ready identification, and efforts to address, these barriers could facilitate uptake of future guideline-recommended interventions for the management of patients with ICH.
Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin Suppresses Arteritis in a Mouse Model of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Nakayama Hironobu , Inada Hiroyasu , Inukai Tatsuya , Kondo Kenta , Hirai Kazuyuki , Tsutsumi Tomonari , Adachi Yoshiyuki , Nagi-Miura Noriko , Ohno Naohito , Suzuki Koji
Published: December 2021

Introduction and Objective: Kawasaki disease (KD) is associated with diffuse and systemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology and primarily affects infants and children. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment reduces the risk of developing coronary aneurysms, but some children have IVIG-resistant KD, which increases their risk of developing coronary artery injury. Here, we investigated the effect of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM), which has anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties on the development of coronary arteritis in a mouse model of vasculitis. Methods: An animal model of KD-like vasculitis was created by injecting mice with Candida albicans water-soluble fraction (CAWS). This model was used to investigate the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-10, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and tissue factor (TF), in addition to histopathology of heart tissues. Results: rTM treatment significantly reduces cardiac vascular endothelium hypertrophy by 34 days after CAWS treatment. In addition, mRNA expression analysis revealed that rTM administration increased cardiac IL-10 expression until day 27, whereas expression of TNF-α was unaffected. Moreover, in the spleen, rTM treatment restores IL-10 and TF expression to normal levels. Conclusion: These findings suggest that rTM suppresses CAWS-induced vasculitis by upregulating IL-10. Therefore, rTM may be an effective treatment for KD.
Chemoprevention of Oesophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma: A Multicentre Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Arai Junya , Niikura Ryota , Hayakawa Yoku , Kawahara Takuya , Honda Tetsuro , Hasatani Kenkei , Yoshida Naohiro , Nishida Tsutomu , Sumiyoshi Tetsuya , Kiyotoki Shu , Ikeya Takashi , Arai Masahiro , Suzuki Nobumi , Tsuji Yosuke , Yamada Atsuo , Kawai Takashi , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: December 2021

Background: Oesophageal cancer comprises 2 different histological variants: oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). While there are multiple therapeutic options for both types, patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer still suffer from poor prognosis. Aims: The study aimed to examine the association between the risk of oesophageal cancer and medications and to estimate the chemopreventive effects of commonly used drugs. Methods: A multicentre retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from 9 hospital databases of hospitalized patients between 2014 and 2019. The primary outcomes were ESCC and EAC. The association of oesophageal cancer with drug use and clinical factors was evaluated. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index scores, and smoking with/without gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Results: The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.48, p < 0.0001), aspirin (aOR 0.32, p < 0.0001), cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX2I) (aOR 0.70, p = 0.0005), steroid (aOR 0.19, p < 0.0001), statin (aOR 0.43, p < 0.0001), and metformin (aOR 0.42, p < 0.0001) was associated with a lower risk of ESCC than that in non-use. The use of aspirin (aOR 0.33, p = 0.0006) and steroids (aOR 0.54, p = 0.022) was associated with a lower risk of EAC than that in non-use. Conclusion: COX2Is, statins, metformin, and PPIs could help in prevention of ESCC, and aspirin and steroids may be chemopreventive for both types of oesophageal cancer.
The Development of Positive Attributes of Character: On the Embodiment of Specificity, Holism, and Self-System Processes
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Bornstein Marc H. , Jervis Pamela
Published: December 2021

Positive character involves a system of mutually beneficial relations between an individual and the context that coherently vary across ontogenetic time and enable the individual to engage the social world as a moral agent. We present ideas about the development of positive character attributes using three constructs associated with relational developmental systems (RDS) metatheory: the specificity of mutually beneficial individual context dynamics across time and place; holistic integration of dynamic processes of an individual with both the context and all cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes; and integration of the character system with other facets of the self-system. These features of RDS-based ideas coalesce on the embodiment of positive character development. We discuss the need for a more robust interrogation of embodied features of the character development system by suggesting that the coaction of morphological/physiological processes with cultural processes becomes part of a program of the integrated individual <=> contextual processes involved in the description, explanation, and optimization of the development of positive attributes of character. We discuss moments of programmatic research that should be involved in this interrogation, and we point to the potential contribution of theory-predicated research about the embodied development of positive attributes of character to enhancing the presence of moral agency and social justice in the world.
Exercícios com a transformada de Laplace
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Linares Juan López
Published: December 2021

Este é o segundo livro eletrônico do autor dedicado à resolução de exercícios do curso de Cálculo IV da FZEA-USP. O livro apresenta e discute, em detalhes, cinquenta questões aplicadas na resolução de equações diferenciais ordinárias pelo método da Transformada de Laplace. O texto conta com vinte e uma figuras que facilitam acompanhar as soluções. Muitos dos problemas têm como complemento gráficos interativos no site do Geogebra e vídeos no YouTube. O conteúdo é organizado em cinco capítulos que abordam: definição e propriedades, transformadas das derivadas de f(t) e F(s), teoremas da translação, integral de Convolução e a função Delta de Dirac. Algumas equações integro-diferencial também são estudadas. A exposição propõe que o material possa de fato ser lido e compreendido por estudantes dos primeiros anos de cursos de Engenharias.
Violência e psicanálise: atualizações intersaberes
Authors: Rosa Miriam Debieux ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Psicologia
Published: December 2021

Este livro escrito a muitas mãos, nasce das pesquisas desenvolvidas na Rede Internacional Coletivo Amarrações: Políticas com Juventudes. Os textos reúnem um conjunto de ideias norteadas pela psicanálise, pelas políticas e pelas discussões acerca do colonialismo. Dessa forma, a obra retoma uma reflexão bastante presente na psicanálise sobre o sintoma social, tendo como ponto de partida o retorno inevitável da formação e do legado coloniais. De fato, o pensamento psicanalítico nos oferece profícuas contribuições sobre efeitos da colonização sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Afinal, a psicanálise tem algo a dizer sobre a colonização. Freud (1921) sempre enfatizou a impossibilidade de uma psicologia individual que se faça descolada de uma leitura social. A obra que o leitor tem em mãos se propõe a discutir a violência em perspectivas diversas, buscando relacionar o evento sociológico contido na ideia de violência (s) ao fato analítico, daquilo que é singular, que diz respeito, portanto, ao sujeito frente à cultura.
IMPROvE-CED Trial: Intracoronary Autologous CD34+ Cell Therapy for Treatment of Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Angina and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries
Authors: Corban Michel T. , Toya Takumi , Albers Diana , Sebaali Faten , Lewis Bradley R. , Bois John , Gulati Rajiv , Prasad Abhiram , Best Patricia J.M. , Bell Malcolm R. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Prasad Megha , Ahmad Ali , Lerman Lilach O. , Solseth Mary L. , Winters Jeffrey L. , Dietz Allan B. , Lerman Amir
Published: December 2021

Background:

Coronary endothelial dysfunction (CED) causes angina/ischemia in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD). Patients with CED have decreased number and function of CD34+ cells involved in normal vascular repair with microcirculatory regenerative potential and paracrine anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated safety and potential efficacy of intracoronary autologous CD34+ cell therapy for CED.

Methods:

Twenty NOCAD patients with invasively diagnosed CED and persistent angina despite maximally tolerated medical therapy underwent baseline exercise stress test, GCSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)-mediated CD34+ cell mobilization, leukapheresis, and selective 1×10
5
CD34+ cells/kg infusion into left anterior descending. Invasive CED evaluation and exercise stress test were repeated 6 months after cell infusion. Primary end points were safety and effect of intracoronary autologous CD34+ cell therapy on CED at 6 months of follow-up. Secondary end points were change in Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class, as-needed sublingual nitroglycerin use/day, Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores, and exercise time at 6 months. Change in CED was compared with that of 51 historic control NOCAD patients treated with maximally tolerated medical therapy alone.

Results:

Mean age was 52±13 years; 75% were women. No death, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred. Intracoronary CD34+ cell infusion improved microvascular CED (%acetylcholine-mediated coronary blood flow increased from 7.2 [−18.0 to 32.4] to 57.6 [16.3–98.3]%;
P
=0.014), decreased Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class (3.7±0.5 to 1.7±0.9, Wilcoxon signed-rank test,
P
=0.00018), and sublingual nitroglycerin use/day (1 [0.4–3.5] to 0 [0–1], Wilcoxon signed-rank test,
P
=0.00047), and improved all Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores with no significant change in exercise time at 6 months of follow-up. Historic control patients had no significant change in CED.

Conclusions:

A single intracoronary autologous CD34+ cell infusion was safe and may potentially be an effective disease-modifying therapy for microvascular CED in humans.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03471611.
Body Composition and Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults: Results From 2 Prospective Cohorts
Authors: Zhang Lili , Bartz Traci M. , Santanasto Adam , Djoussé Luc , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Forman Daniel E. , Hirsch Calvin H. , Newman Anne B. , Gottdiener John S. , Kizer Jorge R.
Published: December 2021

Background

Aging is associated with central fat redistribution and skeletal muscle decline, yet the relationships of tissue compartments with heart failure (HF) remain incompletely characterized. We assessed the contribution of body composition to incident HF in elders.

Methods and Results

Participants from 2 older cohorts who completed dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and, in one cohort, computed tomography were included. We evaluated associations with incident HF for DEXA principal components (PCs) and total lean, appendicular lean, total fat and trunk fat mass; and for computed tomography measures of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat, thigh muscle, intermuscular fat area and thigh muscle density. DEXA analysis included 3621, and computed tomography analysis 2332 participants. During median follow‐up of 11.8 years, 927 participants developed HF. DEXA principal components showed no relationship with HF. After adjustment for height, weight, and cardiovascular risk factors, total lean mass was near significantly associated with higher HF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25 per SD [1.00–1.56]), whereas total fat mass and thigh muscle density were significantly related to lower HF (HR, 0.82 [0.68–0.99] and HR, 0.87 [0.78–0.97], respectively). Patterns were similar for HF subtypes. The relationships with HF for total lean and fat mass were attenuated after adjusting for intercurrent atrial fibrillation or excluding high natriuretic peptide levels.

Conclusions

Total lean mass was positively associated, while total fat mass and thigh muscle density were inversely associated, with incident HF. These findings highlight the limitations of DEXA for assessment of HF risk in elders and support the preeminence of computed tomography–measured skeletal muscle quality over mass as a determinant of HF incidence.
Moving average procedures as an additional tool for real-time analytical quality control
Authors: Ignjatović Svetlana , Lukić Vera
Published: December 2021

Moving average (MA) is one possible way to use patient results for analytical quality control in medical laboratories. The aims of this study were to: (1) implement previously optimized MA procedures for 10 clinical chemistry analytes into the laboratory information system (LIS); (2) monitor their performance as a real-time quality control tool, and (3) define an algorithm for MA alarm management in a small-volume laboratory to suit the specific laboratory.
Moving average alarms were monitored and analysed over a period of 6 months on all patient results (total of 73,059) obtained for 10 clinical chemistry parameters. The optimal MA procedures were selected previously using an already described technique called the bias detection simulation method, considering the ability of bias detection the size of total allowable error as the key parameter for optimization.
During 6 months, 17 MA alarms were registered, which is 0.023% of the total number of generated MA values. In 65% of cases, their cause was of pre-analytical origin, in 12% of analytical origin, and in 23% the cause was not found. The highest alarm rate was determined on sodium (0.10%), and the lowest on calcium and chloride.
This paper showed that even in a small-volume laboratory, previously optimized MA procedures could be successfully implemented in the LIS and used for continuous quality control. Review of patient results, re-analysis of samples from the stable period, analysis of internal quality control samples and assessment of the analyser malfunctions and maintenance log have been proposed for the algorithm for managing MA alarms.
Interpretative comments - need for harmonization? Results of the Croatian survey by the Working Group for Post-analytics
Authors: Jokic Anja , Vlasic Tanaskovic Jelena , Honovic Lorena , Lenicek Krleza Jasna , Podolar Sonja , Rimac Vladimira
Published: December 2021

Interpretation of laboratory test results is a complex post-analytical activity that requires not only understanding of the clinical significance of laboratory results but also the analytical phase of laboratory work. The aims of this study were to determine: 1) the general opinion of Croatian medical biochemistry laboratories (MBLs) about the importance of interpretative comments on laboratory test reports, and 2) to find out whether harmonization of interpretative comments is needed.
This retrospective study was designed as a survey by the Working Group for Post-analytics as part of national External Quality Assessment (EQA) program. All 195 MBLs participating in the national EQA scheme, were invited to participate in the survey. Results are reported as percentages of the total number of survey participants.
Out of 195 MBLs, 162 participated in the survey (83%). Among them 59% MBLs implemented test result comments in routine according to national recommendations. The majority of laboratories (92%) state that interpretative comments added value to the laboratory reports, and a substantial part (72%) does not have feedback from physicians on their significance. Although physicians and patients ask for expert opinion, participants stated that the lack of interest of physicians (64%) as well as the inability to access patient’s medical record (62%) affects the quality of expert opinion.
Although most participants state that they use interpretative comments and provide expert opinions regarding test results, results of the present study indicate that harmonization for interpretative comments is needed.
Gadamerian and Chinese Philosophical Reflections on the Developments of Chung-ying Cheng’s Post-Dialogue Onto-hermeneutic Philosophy
Authors: Pfister Lauren F.
Published: December 2021

In light of developments in Chung-ying Cheng’s (1935-) onto-hermeneutic philosophy during the years after his dialogue with Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) took place in Heidelberg in May 2000, I explore several new issues related to Cheng’s understanding of Gadamer’s hermeneutic philosophy. First of all, I argue that Cheng has not addressed the vital concept of the “inner word” in Gadamer’s Truth and Method, and point toward some of its fecund hermeneutic significance, especially with regard to its characterization of Sprache/Language and its dynamics within human understanding. Secondly, I underscore the fact that Cheng (and the majority of other contemporary Chinese philosophers) have not understood the profound impact of Christian philosophical writings in Gadamer’s work, particularly in his claim that Christian ontology offers an alternative to ancient Greek ontologies that are “categorically significant.” Finally, I describe and analyze the development of a new theistic understanding of reality within Cheng’s post-dialogue publications, suggesting ways of critically advancing his claims in the light of Gadamer’s account of the “inner word” and the Christian ontological claims grounded in the logos-theology as presented in the prologue to the Gospel of John.
On the Borrowability of Body Parts
Authors: Pattillo Kelsie
Published: December 2021

Within recent years, quantitative cross-linguistic research has shown that body parts are one of the least borrowed semantic fields (Tadmor and Haspelmath, 2009a; 2009b; Tadmor, 2009). With body parts showing many similarities to closed classes, it is simple to assume there is little motivation for a language to borrow body part terms into its lexicon. Yet, despite its lower percentage of borrowings cross-linguistically, some languages employ much higher percentages of borrowings for naming the body. The motivations behind such borrowings across languages remain unexplored but can largely be explained by social factors. As Thomason and Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (2008) claim, social factors generally trump linguistic factors as predictors of contact-induced change. This study first discusses proposed inhibitions to lexical borrowing and then examines cases of body part loanwords from various languages showing how they fit into social patterns motivating such borrowings.
Toward a Decolonizing Framework for Equity-Oriented English Language Teacher Education
Authors: Qin Kongji
Published: December 2021

In this article I critically review the current literature on English language teaching (elt), (neo)colonialism, and empire to advance a decolonizing framework for equity-oriented English language teacher education (elte). This framework first argues that teachers should be supported to understand and confront linguistic imperialism of the English empire to promote plurilingual approaches to elt while developing students’ critical awareness of power. Second, it contends that instead of asking elt professionals to apply Western centered pedagogies that are often ill-suited to their local instructional realities, they should be supported to develop their own praxis. Third, it calls for disrupting epistemological racism to reclaim local knowledge. Lastly, it emphasizes the need to unsettle colonial ontology of white supremacy and native-speakerism that render teachers of color and nonnative English speakers (nnes) as perpetual Others. The article concludes with a call for action to prepare language teachers to disrupt racism, (neo)colonialism, and inequality through their praxis.
The Portuguese ‘New State’ and the Diffusion of Authoritarian Models in Interwar Latin America
Authors: Costa Pinto António
Published: December 2021

As an authoritarian ‘gravity centre’ in the interwar period, the Portuguese New State was not the product of strong propaganda or power capacity. Its force of attraction derived, essentially, from having an international means of diffusion: important segments of the Catholic Church's organizations, its associated intellectual politicians, and particularly from having led a corporatist and authoritarian political system model. How and why did Salazar's New State inspire some of the new political institutions proposed by radical right-wing elites or created by many of these regimes? This article tackles this issue by adopting a transnational and comparative research approach, paying particular attention to the primary mediators of its diffusion and analyzing institutional reform processes in selected processes of crises and transitions to authoritarianism in Latin America.
Accent Bias and Perceptions of Professional Competence in England
Authors: Levon Erez , Sharma Devyani , Watt Dominic J. L. , Cardoso Amanda , Ye Yang
Published: December 2021

Unequal outcomes in professional hiring for individuals from less privileged backgrounds have been widely reported in England. Although accent is one of the most salient signals of such a background, its role in unequal professional outcomes remains underexamined. This paper reports on a large-scale study of contemporary attitudes to accents in England. A large representative sample ( N = 848) of the population in England judged the interview performance and perceived hirability of “candidates” for a trainee solicitor position at a corporate law firm. Candidates were native speakers of one of five English accents stratified by region, ethnicity, and class. The results suggest persistent patterns of bias against certain accents in England, particularly Southern working-class varieties, though moderated by factors such as listener age, content of speech, and listeners’ psychological predispositions. We discuss the role that the observed bias may play in perpetuating social inequality in England and encourage further research on the relationship between accent and social mobility.
Interview with John Baugh
Authors: Conner Tracy
Published: December 2021

The following interview was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in the summer of 2021. By that time, I had known John Baugh for about eighteen years after having taken my first class on Black English with him at Stanford. I have always been fascinated by John’s ability to merge innovative and culturally relevant, justice-focused research with liberatory outcomes for Black people and Black language. It was a rare treat for me to talk with my long-time mentor now as a faculty member. In the wake of finally having a critical mass of Black scholars in linguistics and after George Floyd’s murder and a new push to decolonize linguistics, it only seemed fitting to hear the experiences that shaped John’s life, the life of a Black man in linguistics, and how that life has given rise to his groundbreaking scholarship. There is nothing linear about his path. And as the field pushes to admit more Black graduate students and hire more Black faculty, it dawned on me that many in the field might not recognize the exceptional journey of navigating academia as a Black person. Please enjoy this candid snapshot of the life that birthed such a storied career from the upcoming president of the Linguistic Society of America: a unique opportunity to learn how to do better. Consider this a one-time invitation to the cookout.
Polynomial fault detection filter design under adaptive event-triggered scheme via line-integral Lyapunov functions
Authors: Ding Jingyu , Liu Yu , Yang Xuebo
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the problem of polynomial fault detection filter design under an adaptive event-triggered scheme for continuous-time networked polynomial fuzzy model–based (PFMB) systems considering network transmission delays. The proposed adaptive polynomial event-triggered scheme is checked only at the sampling instant to eliminate the Zeno behavior as well as save the network bandwidth. With the consideration of the mismatched membership functions (MFs), the asynchronous problem between the physical plant and the polynomial fault detection filter (PFDF) is examined. A Lyapunov–Krasovskii (L-K) function is introduced to deal with the time delays caused by the network transmission and the zero-order holder (ZOH), and a proper line-integral Lyapunov function is also introduced to reduce the conservation of the design constraints, whose analytical procedure is rule-dependent. The design constraints are given in the form of sum of squares (SOS) to keep the PFMB fault detection system asymptotically stable with [Formula: see text] performance [Formula: see text]. Finally, an inverted pendulum example together with a numerical example is given to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of transfer rate and conservatism.
A new perspective on referentiality in elicited narratives: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Gagarina Natalia , Bohnacker Ute
Published: December 2021

This special issue investigates the use of referential expressions in elicited picture-based narratives by children with and without developmental language disorders, across a range of languages and language combinations. All contributions use the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN, Gagarina et al. 2012, 2019). The studies featured in this issue cover monolingual and bilingual children aged 4–11 years, but focus mainly on age 4–7, a period in a child’s life where great strides are made in the development of narrative skills. This collection of papers offers a new perspective on referentiality for several reasons: all studies use the same stimuli and by and large the same procedure for the elicitation of narratives. The stimuli, four picture-based stories, are controlled for comparability of protagonists, plot and story structure. They were designed as a ‘visual’ representation of a multidimensional model of story grammar. This methodological and theoretical base allows for a comparative investigation of referentiality (including reference introduction, maintenance and reintroduction) in narratives, across languages and populations. This introduction addresses theoretical aspects of referentiality in decontextualised discourse and reviews the literature regarding the impact of language-specific referential systems and the age and path of acquisition in typically developing children and children with developmental language disorders. We also discuss methodological aspects of eliciting referentiality in narratives in detail. This introduction thus seeks explanations for the diverse and sometimes contradictory empirical results regarding children’s mastery of referentiality. Finally, an overview of the contributions in the special issue is given.
Herniation of the Mastoid Segment of the Facial Nerve During Cochlear Implantation Surgery
Authors: Almohammad Mohammad , Tasabehji Tala , Awad Abdulrahman , Hanafi Ibrahem
Published: December 2021

Background: We aim to report a rare case of a herniated mastoid segment of the facial nerve that was accidently discovered during cochlear implantation surgery and how altering the surgery plan could achieve the implantation while preserving the nerve. Case presentation: A four-year-old girl presented with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss that did not completely resolve after 2 years of using hearing aids was scheduled for cochlear implantation surgery in the right ear. During surgery, a herniated mastoid segment of the facial nerve took an anterior course and obstructed the access to the round window. Conclusion: When a traditional posterior tympanotomy approach in cochlear implantation surgery is limited in cases of a herniated facial nerve, a tunnel created near the inferior part of the posterior wall of the auditory canal provided safe insertion of the electrode. It also permitted placement of a piece of fascia between the electrode and the facial nerve, therefore, protecting the facial nerve from electrical stimuli.
Decentralization Reforms in Developing Countries Designed to Champion the Interests of Central Politicians and not Grassroots Development
Authors: Be-ere Seregious
Published: December 2021

Decentralization has been considered as a powerful tool for enhancing development. However, after nearly four decades of implementing decentralization in many countries in the Global South, the evidence suggests that the impact of decentralization on development is weak and uninspiring. This article argues that the design of a decentralization program is always critical with regard the extent to which it can promote development. The evidence across the developing countries demonstrates that the motivations behind decentralization are typically not politically neutral, political interests have been the key motivation behind the adoption of various types of decentralization programs in the developing countries. As a result, the faith in decentralization as a technical tool that could propel grassroots development needs to be reconsidered, since political interests and not development are the main determinants of decentralization. This is because, in practice, the decentralization designs in many developing countries tend to limit rather than expand the political, fiscal, and administrative powers of subnational governments, while the center retains control. This severely limits the development potential of subnational governments.
Clientelism and development: Vote-buying meets patronage
Authors: Shchukin Vladimir , Arbatli Cemal Eren
Published: December 2021

Offering employment in the public sector in exchange for electoral support (patronage politics) and vote-buying are clientelistic practices frequently used by political machines. In the literature, these practices are typically studied in isolation. In this paper, we study how the interaction between these two practices (as opposed to having just one tool) affects economic development. We present a theoretical model of political competition, where, before the election, the incumbent chooses the level of state investment that can improve productivity in the private sector. This decision affects the income levels of employees in the private sector, and, thereby, the costs and effectiveness of vote-buying and patronage. We show that when the politician can use both clientelistic instruments simultaneously, his opportunity cost for clientelism in terms of foregone future taxes declines. As a result, the equilibrium amount of public investment is typically lower when both tools are available than otherwise.
Experimental investigation and empirical modeling for corrosion rate prediction of biodegradable zinc based composite considering the effect of constituent materials
Authors: Pathak Dayanidhi Krishana , Pandey Pulak Mohan
Published: December 2021

Biodegradable zinc (Zn) has shown great potential in the area of biomedical applications. Though, the mechanical properties are decisive for the use of Zn for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. Consequently, one needs to focus on improving the mechanical properties of Zn for its suitability in biomedical applications. Alloying of essential elements of the human body resulted in enhancement of Zn’s mechanical properties in recent years. The corrosion rate of pure Zn is ideal; however, the addition of other elements has resulted in a loss of its ideal corrosion rate. The inclusion of hydroxyapatite (HA) and iron (Fe) in Zn has also been reported in improving the mechanical properties. Hence, a need is raised for the development of a model which can predict the corrosion rate after adding HA along with Fe in Zn. In this research work, empirical based modeling is proposed to predict the corrosion rate, which incorporates the outcome of addition of Fe and HA in Zn. The Zn based materials were fabricated with the help of microwave sintering for developing the empirical model. The corrosion properties of the materials were assessed through a potentiodynamic polarization test in a simulated body fluid solution. The enhanced corrosion rate was attained with the rise in HA (wt%) and Fe (wt%) in Zn. An empirical correlation was established between the influencing controlling parameters (i.e., corrosion current, equivalent weight, and material density) of corrosion rate. Confirmation experiments were conducted to validate the developed model, and the highest error of 6.12% was obtained between the experimental and predicted values exhibiting the efficaciousness of the proposed model.
Qualitative analysis of magnetohydrodynamics stagnation point flow with a novel numerical approach through Shifted Chebyshev collocation method
Authors: Sarkar Suman , Sahoo Bikash
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the third-order nonlinear boundary value problem, resulting from the exact reduction of the Navier-Stokes equation caused by the magnetohydrodynamics boundary layer flow near a stagnation point on a rough plate. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation and partial slip boundary conditions by an appropriate similarity transformation. In this previous work, the boundary value problem (BVP) was investigated numerically, and a lot of speculations regarding the existence and behavior of the solutions were carried out. The primary objective of this article is to verify these speculations mathematically. In this work, we have proved that there is a unique solution for all parameters values, and further, the solution has monotonic increasing first derivative. Moreover, the resulting nonlinear boundary value problem is solved by shifted Chebyshev collocation method. We compare the present numerical results with the previous results for the particular physical parameters, concluding that the results are highly accurate. The velocity profiles and streamlines are also plotted to address the significance of the parameters. Our manuscript is a judicial mix between mathematical and numerical methods.
Hypophosphatemia and Metabolic Bone Disease Associated With the Use of Elemental Formula: Case Report and Review
Authors: Boddu Sirisha Kusuma , Venkata Vijay Kumar Thota
Published: December 2021

A small percentage of infants and children develop cow’s milk protein allergy which is usually treated with exclusive breastfeeding or extensively hydrolyzed formulas. Some children might still be reactive to hydrolyzed formulas and would need elemental amino acid-based formulas. Elemental formulas are also frequently employed in treating very low birth weight babies with significant intolerance to regular preterm formulas and the resulting poor growth. All pediatric formulas are usually prepared as per international guidelines to fulfill the macro- and micronutrient requirements of growing children across a wide range of volume intakes. However, an interesting correlation is being reported recently, between the use of a specific elemental formula and the development of hypophosphatemia and significant metabolic bone disease. We discuss this phenomenon by exploring the available evidence and report 2 similar cases that we managed in our practice.
Neonatal Atrial Flutter: Case Report
Authors: Chandraprakasam Aashika , Muralidharan Uma , Kannan A.
Published: December 2021

Neonatal atrial flutter is a rare entity seen in the newborn period. With prompt treatment, they mostly revert to normal rhythm, with good long-term prognosis. But prolonged untreated atrial flutter can result in heart failure. This necessitates prompt diagnosis and treatment of the condition. However, all available treatment modalities are not effective in all patients. Here, we report 2 newborns with atrial flutter who did not respond initially to medical management, but eventually responded to cardioversion, with good outcome.
Fear or Competition? Antecedents to U.S. Business Student Immigration Attitudes
Authors: Maloni Michael J. , Gligor David M. , Blumentritt Tim , Gligor Nichole
Published: December 2021

Immigration is an important and contemporary topic in management education given its impact on labor, wages, innovation, and diversity. However, extant research offers few insights into the antecedents to student immigration attitudes. Survey data from undergraduate students taking business courses at two large public universities in the southeast U.S. reveal that while student attitudes toward immigration are more moderate than the general U.S. population, these attitudes differ by gender, political affiliation, and immigration background. Following realistic conflict theory and social identity theory, these student immigration attitudes are a function of both fear and competition. First, their attitudes are confounded by conflicting antecedents in perceived personal competition for resources with immigrants (e.g., jobs, wages) versus immigration benefits (e.g., costs, labor base, innovation). Second, xenophobia (fear of immigrants) is a remarkably powerful influencer of one’s immigration attitude and its antecedents. With these points, management educators must engage students in critical thinking about immigration to prepare them to effectively work with diverse colleagues and business partners while leading global organizations. We, therefore, present four cross-disciplinary areas of intersection between immigration and management education, including diversity and cultural intelligence, human resource management and ethics, entrepreneurship and innovation, and finally, economic and socioeconomic impacts.