bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data Processing: Multiple Attenuation of Line 250 at the Coast of Southern California Using Hyperbolic Radon Transform
Authors: Putra A S , Sismanto N , Wardhani D P , Srigutomo W
Published: June 2021

Multichannel seismic reflection data processing of line 250 at the Coast of Southern California has been done by using Echos®. The purpose of this research is to separate multiple reflections from the primary reflection. Multiple reflections yield dramatic effect especially on marine seismic survey. Multiple reflections in marine seismic data is the noise caused by waves that trapped in a layer of sea water or rock layers. One of geophysics exploration problem is removing multiple reflections from primary reflection. Multiple reflections often destructively interfere with the primary reflection making interpretation difficult, so it’s needed to get seismic section free from multiple reflections. There are some methods to attenuate the multiple reflections, one of them is Hyperbolic Radon transform. Hyperbolic Radon transform method works by transforming the data from time-offset domain into the Radon domain. Primary reflection and multiple reflections can be separated into Radon domain. In the end of this research, seismic section before and after multiple attenuation using hyperbolic Radon transform were compared. Based on the result of processing, it can be concluded that hyperbolic Radon transform is effective to attenuate multiple reflections at 0,24-l,25s TWT. But, it can eliminate some of data and makes seismic section seen unclear.
Experimental Study of Thermal Behavior of a Single-phase Natural Circulation Loop with Vertical Heater and Cooler
Authors: Hariyanto D , Permana S
Published: June 2021

The natural circulation systems have been widely applied to various technologies, for example, safety systems in molten salt reactors. Hence the instability of the natural circulation system became an exciting topic to study. This study aimed to find out the effect of horizontal width variation on the thermal behavior of a single-phase natural circulation loop (NCL) with vertical heater and vertical cooler. Three loops with horizontal widths of 50 cm, 100 cm, and 150 cm, respectively, were designed for experimental studies. Meanwhile, the vertical height of all three loops was 100 cm. The cooler was installed vertically on the upper arm of the loop to cool the fluid. The heater was installed vertically on the forearm on the other side of the loop to heat the fluid. K-type thermocouples integrated with the data acquisition system were used to measure the temperature distribution in several zones of the loop directly. The conclusion obtained in this study was a single-phase natural circulation loop with vertical heater and vertical cooler did not indicate a reversal of the direction of heat transfer at each operating power and geometry configuration. This study is expected to be one of the references to the design of a single-phase natural circulation loop as an advanced nuclear reactor passive safety system.
Safety Nanocosmetics: Triblock Copolymer Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and application on Hair Cosmetics
Authors: Dini A X P , Costa A F , Fávaro W J , Durán N
Published: June 2021

Nanotechnology has been extensively studied for application in the pharmaceutical area. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are safe lipid nanoparticles that improve the performance of cosmetic products due to their high superficial area. The NLC were produced with the solid lipids, cupuaçu and lanolin, and the liquid lipid, buriti. The production method was by high pressure homogenizer, with three cycles at 600 bar. The produced nanoparticles presented diameters around 200 nanometers and a low polydispersity index. The images obtained by electron cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed an NLC solution with nanoparticles with circular projection structures with dimensions between 15 nm to 140 nm, without signs of aggregation between these structures. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed visible changes in the capillary structure after treatment with the conditioner containing NLC versus the non-treated wicks. The outer cuticle are seal and have a uniform appearance and brightness to the naked eye after application of conditioner containing NLC. The color seems not to vary when comparing the hair treated with the conditioner base (without NLC) and the control. Otherwise, after the treatment with NLC-containing conditioner it was observed an improvement on the average parameter. Then, our results indicated a significant improvement in the brightness caused by the nanoparticle action, as well as a contribution to the retention of moisture in the capillaries, reduction of hair wicks frizz and for greater brightness.
Investigation of indoor aerosols emitted from electrical appliances
Authors: Koched A , Schmitt S H , Tritscher T , Krinke T , Bischof O F
Published: June 2021

Air quality inside a residential apartment has been investigated by measuring the PM emission generated from cooking and ironing using electrical devices. The samples were collected in the kitchen, the living room and the bedroom. The total number concentration, the size distributions and mass concentration PM0.1, PM2.5 and PM10 were measured using portable and compact instruments; a NanoScan SMPS 3910, an Optical Particle Sizer 3330 and a Condensation Particle Counter 3007. The results were analyzed and compared to the WHO guidelines for ambient air quality. In the absence of a standardized method for assessing indoor air quality, a procedure is suggested for a better consideration of the physical properties of the particles. The results obtained showed that an electrical oven with visible heating electrical resistances inside is much more emissive compared to a cooktop plate or a steam-iron were the heating resistances are protected in a steel housing. The emission from the kitchen spreads all over the apartment and the concentration levels remain high for a long time. The dissemination of particles is accompanied by a growth in their size. Ventilating the areas, for example by using a hood or opening a window, seems an efficient measure to reduce the high concentration of particles emitted by residential activities.
Grouping of exposure and risk for processing of nanocomposites
Authors: Möhlmann C , Schumacher C , Gasse B , Plitzko S , Broßell D
Published: June 2021

Several approaches had been performed to group similar properties of nanomaterials for the purpose of risk assessment. In addition to material and release properties, exposure during selected machining processes at workplaces was investigated. During exposure, transport and transformation processes between source and recipient also affect the materials. Ways of structuring the determination of risk are proposed for a risk assessment in activities involving nanomaterials in the workplace. The exposure during sanding of nanocomposites was found to depend on the matrix material rather than on the nano-additive.
Safe-by-design strategies applied to scaffold hybrid manufacturing
Authors: López De Ipiña Jesús M. , Vaquero Celina , Egizabal Ainhoa , Patelli Alessandro , Moroni Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

The EU-project FAST (GA 685825) has developed a 3D printer machine prototype for the manufacture of bone implants (scaffolds), by merging masterbatches of biodegradable polymer poly(ethylene oxide)terephthalate/poly(butylene terephthalate) [PEOT/PBT] doped with nanofillers [reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium aluminium hydroxide ciprofloxacin hydrotalcite (LDH-CFX)], and atmospheric plasma technology. This paper focus on the safe design strategies identified by FAST to address the risk to health resulting from the potential airborne emission of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAAs) by the 3D printer prototype, which might result in occupational exposures by inhalation. The work also includes measurements of airborne emissions and occupational exposures carried out during the verification stage of the prototype design. Nanofillers particles (rGO, n-HA, LDH-CFX) were not observed, neither at source nor in the working area, suggesting no release of free nanofillers to the air one they have been embedded in the polymer masterbatch. Additionally, the exposure in the workplace was far below the selected Occupational Exposure Levels (OELs), for total particle number concentration (PNC), dust, elemental carbon (EC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results showed that, when working with the current prototype in normal operation (for its intended use) and with controls enabled [enclosure with the doors closed and Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) activated], the emission from the machine and the worker’s exposure to NOAAs are well controlled.
The OASIS-Sustainable Nanomanufacturing Framework (OASIS-SNF): a new simplified approach to implement sustainable production in nanomanufacturing pilot lines and evaluate its sustainable manufacturing performance
Authors: López De Ipiña Jesús M. , Clavaguera Simon , Steck Josephine , Escabasse Jean-Yves , Hernan Angel , Insunza Mario , Gomendiourrutia Paul , Machicado Fernando , Florez Sonia
Published: June 2021

The pilot production ecosystem deployed by the EU-project OASIS consists of 12 pilot lines (PLs) for the manufacture of nanomaterials, nano-intermediates and nano-enabled products, intended for the final production of lightweight multifunctional products, based on aluminium and polymer composites, for construction, energy, automotive and aeronautics. OASIS intends to deploy this nanomanufacturing ecosystem under a common umbrella of sustainable production, to ensure a future competitive, quality, safe and environmentally friendly production of nanoproducts, in compliance with the applicable regulation. This paper introduces the new OASIS-Sustainable Nanomanufaturing Framework (OASIS-SNF) and some first results obtained during the initial stages of deployment in the PLs (diagnostic and planning stages). The adoption of the OASIS-SNF among the OASIS PLs is intended to enable them to sustainable manufacturing their nanoproducts, properly manage their sustainability priorities, and continually improve their sustainability performance (management and results).
Nano-Immunotherapy Accelerates Recovery of Patient with Covid-19: Clinical Analysis and Metabolomics
Authors: Alonso J C C , Delafiori J , Mariano V M , Dos Santos L A , Busanello E N B , Rocha A R , Durán N , Catharino R R , Fávaro W J
Published: June 2021

In a severe COVID-19 patient case (78-year old male) that was under active immunotherapy for high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer was followed. He received a shorter hospitalization period, as hypothesis it was suggested that active immunotherapy played a crucial role together to anti-inflammatory and antiviral treatment in precluding the evolution of pulmonary symptoms to a poor prognosis.
Robust Amazon precipitation projections in climate models that capture realistic land–atmosphere interactions
Authors: Baker J C A , Garcia-Carreras L , Buermann W , Castilho de Souza D , Marsham J H , Kubota P Y , Gloor M , Coelho C A S , Spracklen D V
Published: June 2021

Land–atmosphere interactions have an important influence on Amazon precipitation (P), but evaluation of these processes in climate models has so far been limited. We analysed relationships between Amazon P and evapotranspiration (ET) in the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models to evaluate controls on surface moisture fluxes and assess the credibility of regional P projections. We found that only 13 out of 38 models captured an energy limitation on Amazon ET, in agreement with observations, while 20 models instead showed Amazon ET is limited by water availability. Models that misrepresented controls on ET over the historical period projected both large increases and decreases in Amazon P by 2100, likely amplified by unrealistic land–atmosphere interactions. In contrast, large future changes in annual and seasonal-scale Amazon P were suppressed in models that simulated realistic controls on ET, due to modulating land–atmosphere interactions. By discounting projections from models that simulated unrealistic ET controls, our analysis halved uncertainty in basin-wide future P change. The ensemble mean of plausible models showed a robust drying signal over the eastern Amazon and in the dry season, and P increases in the west. Finally, we showed that factors controlling Amazon ET evolve over time in realistic models, reducing climate stability and leaving the region vulnerable to further change.
Intervention levers for increasing social acceptance of conservation measures on private land: a systematic literature review and comprehensive typology
Authors: Tanguay Louis , Bissonnette Jean-François , Turgeon Katrine , Calmé Sophie
Published: June 2021

Private lands are increasingly targeted for ecological restoration and conservation initiatives in high-income countries. However, the fragmented nature of private land tenure, the large number of landowners and their heterogeneous profiles can pose significant challenges for conservation initiatives. This can lead to a range in landowners’ attitudes toward conservation initiatives, with some initiatives being received with resistance, and others with consent and participation. Most research dealing with social outcomes of conservation or restoration initiatives on private lands addresses regionally specific case studies, but few studies have attempted to derive general trends. To fill this gap, we performed a systematic literature review of conservation measures on private lands to develop a comprehensive typology of factors influencing the acceptance of conservation initiatives on private lands. Our results show that conservation agents (typically government agencies or NGOs), despite their limited power over individual factors of private landowners, can seek to encourage both the adoption and perceptions of conservation initiatives on private land through improving institutional interactions. We propose six recommendations to help support and design conservation programs on private lands and to identify intervention levers that may be acted upon to improve the social acceptance of such conservation initiatives.
Commercial herbicides trial against Alocasia sp. (wild yam) at oil palm plantation, Borneo, Malaysia
Authors: Abas M A , Karim M F A , Fitriani N , Razikin M Z M , Hamzah Z
Published: June 2021

Weeds in oil palm plantations include any plant or vegetation that in any way interferes with the production of palms, resulting in a reduction in yield or quality. Alocasia sp. (wild yam) is a common weed at oil palm plantation in Borneo, Malaysia. This study was conducted to evaluate commercial herbicides’ effectiveness (amine, ally, glyphosate, and paraquat) against Alocasia sarawakensis, Alocasia robusta, and A. macrorrhizos. Cocktail herbicide showed faster wilting, scorching and rotten and least/late regeneration within 30 days of monitoring. Combination of two chemicals reacted better and potentially long-lasting, and further observation can provide info on the difference between (systemic+contact), (contact+contact) and (systemic+systemic). Cost-effectiveness analysis showed herbicides cocktails Treatment 9 (amine + ally + surfactant), Treatment 11 (amine + paraquat + surfactant), and Treatment 12 (ally + paraquat + surfactant) were the most cost-effective (±RM0.58 cent/16 L) to control Alocasia sp. This study’s finding would give an alternative solution for oil palm plantation to control weed, especially Alocasia sp.
Research on the development law of freezing temperature field based on different refrigerant temperature
Authors: Wang Yue , Cui Bingbing , Fu Cai , Gao Wei , Jiang Haoliang
Published: June 2021

In order to obtain the evolution law of freezing temperature field at different refrigerant temperatures, the mathematical model of freezing temperature field with phase transition in single tube was established, and the model test and numerical analysis were used to study it. The accuracy of numerical analysis is verified by comparing the data obtained by the two methods. Based on the numerical model, the development law of freezing temperature field under different refrigerant temperatures is analyzed by single factor analysis. The research results show that:(1) in silty clay formation, the development speed of frozen wall is about 26.67 mm/d under the condition of -27°C saline water freezing; (2) The refrigerant temperature has a great influence on the early development speed of the freezing wall. When the refrigerant temperature is between-50°C and-90°C, the time required to form a 0.8m freezing wall is advanced by 4 days for every 20°C decrease in refrigerant temperature. The research results provide reference for related practical projects.
Research on the Influence of Luffing Radius on Stress of Combinatorial Boom Portal Slewing Crane on Detected Data Analysis
Authors: Wen Haobai
Published: June 2021

Luffing radius is the main parameter of combinatorial boom portal slewing crane, which affects the stress distribution level of the whole. Aiming at different types of cranes with luffing radius, the high stress measurement points are determined, and the relationship between the overall stress level and the luffing radius is obtained. The stress characteristics of cranes with different types of luffing radius are further summarized.
Response Analysis of HTPB Propellant under Extreme Low Temperature Conditions
Authors: Lu Bang , Li Tian Peng , An Zhen Tao
Published: June 2021

Temperature load is one of the loads that propellant grains are often subjected to. Temperature shock or temperature cycling will affect the structural integrity of propellant grains to a certain extent. How to ensure that the propellant grains meet the structural integrity requirements under temperature load conditions and ensure equipment the significance of a smooth launch is very important. In this paper, the HTPB propellant sample response analysis test is carried out based on the global temperature environment distribution of different temperature grades, and the extreme low temperature impact simulation experiment is carried out for the grains under the specific structure considering the impact of extreme low temperature conditions, and finally different models are constructed. The constitutive model of HTPB propellant under extreme low temperature, its grain meets the structural integrity criterion after being subjected to the impact of extreme low temperature.
Research on Optimal Cut Coal Production Overcapacity Output in Coal-Rich Province of China
Authors: Qiang Wang , Haiying Liu , Ping Wu , Xuefeng Yan , Jiaxin Wang , Jiaoyu He , Xin Liu
Published: June 2021

Recently, global economy is undergoing a structural change. The current world economic structure is mainly characterized by low growth rates in the economy, investment and trade, as well as low coal prices, interest rates and inflation. Overcapacity is a problem in many traditional industries. With the deterioration of overcapacity in coal-rich province of China, how to reduce coal production overcapacity is becoming an urgent problem to be solved. China’s coal market is still under the pressure of excess production capacity, the structural overcapacity has not been completely resolved. The coal industry is highly market-oriented, so the market mechanism plays an important role in the market downturn performance. Based on the Cournot competition model, this paper obtains the optimal cut coal production overcapacity output of coal production enterprises, the scenario of each firm enters the market in normal coal production capacity is analysed, in excess coal production capacity scenario without or with cut coal production overcapacity output. The analysis as show that: optimal cut coal production overcapacity output is the optimal choice for coal production enterprises in coal-rich province of China.
Trend Analysis and Periodicity Analysis of Annual Precipitation in Dongxi River Basin of Xiamen
Authors: Kaiqi Shen , Chao Zhao , Xiangyu Zhang
Published: June 2021

Precipitation is an important part of hydrology, which is of great significance to local water resources allocation and farmland irrigation. This study uses the Dongxi River basin in Xiamen City as the research area. Based on the precipitation series data from 1956 to 2015, the Mann-Kendall test, linear regression method, Sen’s slope estimation and wavelet analysis are used to analyze the trend and periodicity of precipitation. The results show that precipitation generally followed a small rise over a period of 60 years. The Mann-Kendall test detected several possible change points, but they can only indicate that the precipitation in the basin changes frequently. In addition, wavelet analysis reveals that the annual precipitation series have main periods of 4a, 12a, 30a, and 49 a, and on the time scale of the first main period, the precipitation has undergone two wet and dry transitions between 1956 and 2015. Our results reveal the trend and periodicity of precipitation in Dongxi River basin, which is conducive to the optimization of local water resources allocation, and provides scientific support for subsequent agricultural water conservancy project application and ecological construction.
Study on the Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Chinese Kale Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Huang Xiaomei , Lin Shan , Xie Dandan , Shi Lirong , Lin Liwen , Chen Xin , Zeng Ruijuan
Published: June 2021

The extraction process of total flavonoids in Chinese kale was studied. The mathematical models of extraction rate of total flavonoids related to ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature, liquid-to-material ratio and ethanol concentration were established by response surface methodology. Through the mathematical model, ultrasound assisted method is the optimum conditions to extract the total flavonoids from Chinese kale. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the extraction was: ultrasonic time 29 min, ultrasonic temperature 71 °C, liquid-to-material ratio 27 mL/g and ethanol concentration 77%. Based on these conditions, the extraction rate of total flavonoids in Chinese kale was 18.47 mg/g, with a relative error of 0.75% compared with the predicted value. The mathematical model had a high fitting degree and a better predictability about the extraction rate of total flavonoids in Chinese kale. The obtained conditions were reliable and could be used to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids in Chinese kale.
Evidence of the Different Associations of Prognostic Factors With Censoring Across Treatment Groups and Impact on Censoring Weight Model Specification: The Example of Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Sinyavskaya Liliya , Schnitzer Mireille , Renoux Christel , Guertin Jason R , Talbot Denis , Durand Madeleine
Published: June 2021

Inverse probability of censoring weights (IPCWs) may reduce selection bias due to informative censoring in longitudinal studies. However, in studies with an active comparator, the associations between predictors and censoring may differ across treatment groups. We used the clinical example of anticoagulation treatment with warfarin or a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) in atrial fibrillation to illustrate this. The cohort of individuals initiating an oral anticoagulant during 2010–2016 was identified from the Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) databases. The parameter of interest was the hazard ratio (HR) of the composite of stroke, major bleeding, myocardial infarction, or death associated with continuous use of warfarin versus DOACs. Two strategies for the specification of the model for estimation of censoring weights were explored: exposure-unstratified and exposure-stratified. The HR associated with continuous treatment with warfarin versus DOACs adjusted with exposure-stratified IPCWs was 1.26 (95% confidence interval: 1.20, 1.33). Using exposure-unstratified IPCWs, the HR differed by 15% in favor of DOACs (1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.34, 1.48). Not accounting for the different associations between the predictors and informative censoring across exposure groups may lead to misspecification of censoring weights and biased estimate on comparative effectiveness and safety.
Mapping Decolonial Environmental Imaginaries in Latinx Culture
Authors: Vázquez David J
Published: June 2021

Mapping Decolonial Environmental Imaginaries in Latinx Culture addresses a growing dialogue between antiracist environmental humanities and Latinx studies scholars that emphasizes how Latinx creativity expresses decolonial environmental values. Even as we face a racial crisis in the US, there is a looming, similarly daunting challenge in environmental change. Locating forms of progressive environmental ideas that think simultaneously about race and racialization is crucial if we are to meet these twin challenges. This essay introduces a mode of comparative analysis that places multiple genres and forms (novels, films, visual art, and short stories) created by authors from multiple Latinx communities (Chicanx, Puerto Rican, Peruvian, and Central American) into conversation. This comparative approach provides a more nuanced account of how Latinxs from multiple racial, class, gender, sexual, and other identity positions think about and represent environmental ideas. As the legatees of colonialism and racism, Latinx artists have much to say about combatting, circumventing, and, at times, proposing remedies for oppression and environmental harm as complex, interrelated phenomena. These authors and artists comprehend racial capitalism as directly causing environmental crises that perform in concert with racism and colonialism.
BLAST from the Past: Impacts of Evolving Approaches on Studies of Evolution by Gene Duplication
Authors: Chain Frédéric J J , Assis Raquel
Published: June 2021

In 1970, Susumu Ohno hypothesized that gene duplication was a major reservoir of adaptive innovation. However, it was not until over two decades later that DNA sequencing studies uncovered the ubiquity of gene duplication across all domains of life, highlighting its global importance in the evolution of phenotypic complexity and species diversification. Today, it seems that there are no limits to the study of evolution by gene duplication, as it has rapidly coevolved with numerous experimental and computational advances in genomics. In this perspective, we examine word stem usage in PubMed abstracts to infer how evolving discoveries and technologies have shaped the landscape of studying evolution by gene duplication, leading to a more refined understanding of its role in the emergence of novel phenotypes.
Hunting for Beneficial Mutations: Conditioning on SIFT Scores When Estimating the Distribution of Fitness Effect of New Mutations
Authors: Chen Jun , Bataillon Thomas , Glémin Sylvain , Lascoux Martin
Published: June 2021

The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of new mutations is a key parameter of molecular evolution. The DFE can in principle be estimated by comparing the site frequency spectra (SFS) of putatively neutral and functional polymorphisms. Unfortunately, the DFE is intrinsically hard to estimate, especially for beneficial mutations because these tend to be exceedingly rare. There is therefore a strong incentive to find out whether conditioning on properties of mutations that are independent of the SFS could provide additional information. In the present study, we developed a new measure based on SIFT scores. SIFT scores are assigned to nucleotide sites based on their level of conservation across a multispecies alignment: the more conserved a site, the more likely mutations occurring at this site are deleterious, and the lower the SIFT score. If one knows the ancestral state at a given site, one can assign a value to new mutations occurring at the site based on the change of SIFT score associated with the mutation. We called this new measure δ. We show that properties of the DFE as well as the flux of beneficial mutations across classes covary with δ and, hence, that SIFT scores are informative when estimating the fitness effect of new mutations. In particular, conditioning on SIFT scores can help to characterize beneficial mutations.
Ecological Limits on the Decoupling of Prey Capture and Processing in Fishes
Authors: Burress Edward D , Muñoz Martha M
Published: June 2021

Synopsis

Ray-finned fishes have two jaw systems, the oral and pharyngeal jaws, which perform functions associated with prey capture and processing, respectively. The structural independence of the jaw systems is recognized as having broad implications for the functional and ecological diversity of the radiation. Cichlids (and a few other lineages) possess a modified pharyngeal jaw system that enhances prey processing versatility and capacity. This innovation, pharyngognathy, is hypothesized to have freed the oral jaws to diversify in terms of prey capture. We test the relative role of prey capture properties (e.g., evasiveness) and prey processing (e.g., crushing) in driving divergent selection in the oral and pharyngeal jaws using a macroevolutionary model fitting framework. Evolutionary outcomes were asymmetric. All transitions between different properties of prey capture had a corresponding transition in properties of prey processing. In contrast, fewer than half the transitions in the properties of prey processing had a corresponding prey capture transition. This discrepancy was further highlighted by multi-peak models that reflect the opposing function of each jaw system, which fit better than null models for oral jaw traits, but not pharyngeal jaw traits. These results suggest that pharyngeal jaw function can change independently from the function of the oral jaws, but not vice versa. This finding highlights the possibility of ecological limits to the evolutionary decoupling of jaw systems. The independent actions of prey capture and processing may be decoupled, but their respective functional demands (and evolution) are not. Therefore, prey likely impose some degree of coordinated evolution between acquisition and processing functional morphology, even in decoupled jaw systems.
Field-Collected Glassy-Winged Sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Perform MoreXylella fastidiosa-Inoculating Behaviors on SusceptibleVitis viniferacv. ‘Chardonnay’ Than on ResistantVitis champiniiGrapevines
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Shugart Holly J , Gutierrez Jose , Ebert Timothy A , Walker M Andrew
Published: June 2021

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), is an introduced vector of the xylem-dwelling bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) in California. Once acquired, X. fastidiosa colonizes the functional foregut of the vector. Bacteria can be inoculated directly into grapevine xylem during the xylem cell acceptance process in sharpshooter stylet probing, represented by the X wave using electropenetrography (EPG). Since 2001, an effort has been underway to develop PD-resistant grapevines, Vitis vinifera L., through classical breeding of various species of resistant wild grapevines with more susceptible V. vinifera. The present study used EPG to compare H. vitripennis stylet probing behaviors in a factorial experiment between V. champinii (a V. candicans/V. rupestris natural hybrid with moderate trichomes) and V. vinifera cv. ‘Chardonnay’ (which lacks trichomes) that had been gently scraped to remove trichomes or was not scraped. Results showed that sharpshooters performed significantly more X waves/X. fastidiosa inoculation behaviors of overall longer duration on Chardonnay than on V. champinii, regardless of shaving or not-shaving to remove trichomes. In addition, trichomes caused more frequent standing/walking/test-probing behaviors on V. champinii, whose xylem was rapidly accepted for sharpshooter ingestion once probing began. Thus, EPG can detect a novel type of grapevine resistance to X. fastidiosa—to the vector’s probing process and inoculation of bacteria—in addition to the bacterial infection and symptom development processes that are the basis for most resistance breeding today. Future research could use EPG to screen grapevines for this novel type of resistance.
Creative Lawyering: Leveraging the Flexibility of Institutional Relationships to advance Social Justice--Two Case Studies from South Africa
Authors: Chamberlain Lisa
Published: June 2021

While private sector legal work is characterised by attorney-client relationships of a relatively homogenous kind, social justice lawyering offers a myriad of different ways in which organisations can partner with each other. The social justice sector is infused with a diversity of different kinds of partners, but also great variety in the forms that those partnerships can take. This practice note discusses attempts to do this creatively in South Africa using the Mapungubwe Campaign and the mobilization of mining-affected communities around the Mining Charter as case studies, in order to draw out some principles to guide the establishment and maintenance of institutional partnerships. These principles include the need for a shared objective, the notion of ‘gaps not glory’, the importance of role clarity, having pre-existing relationships to draw on in times which call for urgent collaboration, and the need for dedicated training on the management of partner relationships within NGOs. Ultimately, if managed strategically, these kinds of institutional partnerships present an opportunity for human rights lawyers to leverage the flexibility of these institutional relationships in order to advance social justice.
Forecasting under Long Memory
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Pohle Marc-Oliver
Published: June 2021

Motivated by the mixed evidence in the literature on forecasting long memory processes, we show that methods based on fractional integration are superior to alternatives not accounting for long memory by simulations and applications to classical long memory time series from macroeconomics and finance. Furthermore, we analyze the optimal implementation of these methods, among others comparing parametric and local and global semiparametric estimators of the long memory parameter, providing asymptotic theory on different mean estimators and assessing the use of a fixed long memory parameter to overcome the inherent difficulties of its estimation.
Winter roosting ecology of tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) in trees and bridges
Authors: Newman Blaise A , Loeb Susan C , Jachowski David S
Published: June 2021

Tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) that roost in subterranean hibernacula have experienced precipitous declines from white-nose syndrome (WNS); however, understudied populations also use during winter non-subterranean roosts such as tree cavities, bridges, and foliage. Our objectives were to determine winter roost use by tricolored bats in an area devoid of subterranean roosts, determine roost microclimates to relate them to growth requirements of the fungal causal agent of WNS, and determine habitat factors influencing winter tree selection. From November to March 2017–2019, we used radiotelemetry to track 15 bats to their day roosts in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina and recorded microclimates in accessible tree cavities and bridges. We also characterized habitat and tree characteristics of 24 used trees and 153 random, available trees and used discrete choice models to determine selection. Roost structures included I-beam bridges, cavities in live trees, and foliage. Bridges were warmer and less humid than cavities. Roost temperatures often were amenable to fungal growth (< 19.5°C) but fluctuated widely depending on ambient temperatures. Bats used bridges on colder days (8.7°C ± 5.0 SD) and trees on warmer days (11.3°C ± 5.4). Bats selected low-decay trees closer to streams in areas with high canopy closure and cavity abundance. Bats also appeared to favor hardwood forests and avoid pine forests. Our results suggest that access to multiple roost microclimates might be important for tricolored bats during winter, and forest management practices that retain live trees near streams and foster cavity formation in hardwood forests likely will benefit this species. Our results also suggest tricolored bats using bridge and tree roosts might be less susceptible to WNS than bats using subterranean hibernaculum roosts. Thus, forests in areas without subterranean hibernacula in the southeastern United States that support bats during winter might represent important refugia from WNS for multiple species.
An aberrant medial basal segmental pulmonary artery (A7b) behind the superior segmental pulmonary vein (V6) in a patient undergoing right superior segment (S6) segmentectomy
Authors: Takase Yoshiaki , Tsubochi Hiroyoshi , Yamaki Ei , Kawashima Osamu
Published: June 2021

Herein, we report the first case of a patient with lung cancer with an aberrant medial basal segmental pulmonary artery (A7b) behind the superior segmental pulmonary vein (V6) who underwent right superior segment (S6) segmentectomy via uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (uVATS). A 56-year-old man with a right lower lobe pure ground-glass nodule (GGN), measuring 12 mm in diameter on computed tomography (CT) had an aberrant A7b branching from the basal pulmonary artery, which was located behind the V6 as detected on 3D CT. The right S6 segmentectomy, via uVATS, for the GGN was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. The final pathological diagnosis was invasive adenocarcinoma (p-T1bN0M0, stage IA2) with no evidence of disease recurrence at 3-month follow-up. Thoracic surgeons should be aware of the possibility of damaging the A7b when dividing the V6 for S6 segmentectomy, especially during uVATS because of insufficient dorsal visibility.
100 km wear-free sliding achieved by microscale superlubric graphite/DLC heterojunctions under ambient conditions
Authors: Peng Deli , Wang Jin , Jiang Haiyang , Zhao Shuji , Wu Zhanghui , Tian Kaiwen , Ma Ming , Zheng Quanshui
Published: June 2021

Wear-free sliding between two contacted solid surfaces is the ultimate goal in the effort to extend the lifetime of mechanical devices, especially when it comes to inventing new types of micro-electromechanical systems where wear is often a major obstacle. Here we report experimental observations of wear-free sliding for a micrometer-sized graphite flake on a diamond-like-carbon (DLC) surface under ambient conditions with speeds up to 2.5 m/s, and over a distance of 100 km. The coefficient of friction (COF) between the microscale graphite flake, a van der Waals (vdW) layered material and DLC, a non-vdW-layered material, is measured to be of the order of ${10^{ - 3}}$, which belongs to the superlubric regime. Such ultra-low COFs are also demonstrated for a microscale graphite flake sliding on six other kinds of non-vdW-layered materials with sub-nanometer roughness. With a synergistic analysis approach, we reveal the underlying mechanism to be the combination of interfacial vdW interaction, atomic-smooth interfaces and the low normal stiffness of the graphite flake. These features guarantee a persistent full contact of the interface with weak interaction, which contributes to the ultra-low COFs. Together with the extremely high in-plane strength of graphene, wear-free sliding is achieved. Our results broaden the scope of superlubricity and promote its wider application in the future.
What Is Feminist Philosophy?
Authors: Hall Kim Q. , Ásta
Published: June 2021

What is feminist philosophy? What are some major themes? This chapter is the editors’ introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Feminist Philosophy. It offers an introduction to feminist philosophy and discusses the field’s relation to both feminism and philosophy. Readers get a glimpse of some of the history of the field of feminist philosophy and its current state. Just as feminism is not monolithic, feminist philosophy is an extraordinarily diverse field. The authors reflect on some important themes in feminist philosophy, such as inclusion, exclusion, and power and describe their vision for the volume as a whole and its salient features.
New developments in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tsang-A-Sjoe Michel W. P. , Bultink Irene E. M.
Published: June 2021

In this review, the results of recent and ongoing clinical trials in patients with SLE are discussed. After many unsuccessful trials in the past decade, belimumab was the first biologic specifically designed for SLE that met its primary end point. At the same time, studies on the pathophysiology of SLE have further elucidated the pathways involved in the disease, which has led to the identification of new possible therapeutics and has encouraged the initiation of new trials. These new drugs include biologics that target B cells, T cells and type 1 interferons, and small molecules that inhibit kinases. Other therapeutics aim to restore immunological balance by restoring tolerance. Results from phase II and even phase III trials are promising and it is likely that some of the therapeutics discussed will receive approval in the following years. Hopefully, this will allow for more tailor-made medicine for SLE patients in the future.
CHST11 Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis through Changing Intracellular Iron Metabolism
Authors: Chang Wei‐Min , Chiu I‐An , Jan Yi‐Hua , Hsiao Michael
Published: June 2021

Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most lethal cancers, for it often develops metastasis after therapy. Cancer metastasis usually begins from epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metabolic disorder is a key mediator of lung cancer EMT. The linkage between metabolic disorder and NSCLC EMT is still unclear. Here, we compared gene expression signatures from both TGFb induction EMT model of NSCLC cells and the EMT score from clinical NSCLC patients' cohort. We found several chondroitin sulfate (CS) biosynthesis genes were highly correlated to NSCLC EMT status. CHST11, the key enzyme of this pathway, was selected for further functional studies. Enforced CHST11 expression promoted NSCLC cells migration, invasion and increasing M‐type markers, such as Slug, N‐cadherin and Vimentin expression and vise versa. Deplete the final product of CS biosynthesis by chondroitinase ABC or enzyme‐dead CHST11 could abolish the NSCLC EMT ability from TGFb and CHST11, respectively. Moreover, we found the CHST11 expression changing the iron metabolic status in NSCLC cells and promoting the NSCLC EMT.

In the end, immunohistochemistry showed that CHST11 was a poor prognostic marker of overall survival and disease‐free survival in clinical NSCLC patients. In conclusion, our findings implicated that 1) The chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis pathways is crucial for NSCLC EMT; 2) A novel CHST11‐CP‐Fe3+ pathway is involved in NSCLC EMT. 3) CHST11 is a poor prognostic marker in NSCLC patients. These results might help us to understand the role of aberrant cancer metabolism in NSCLC EMT.

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Down‐regulation of Fatty Acid Transporter‐encoding Gene SLC27A3 Modulates Immuno‐response and Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chiou Jean , Hsiao Michael
Published: June 2021

Fatty acid transporter 3 (FATP3, also named as SLC27A3) plays a critical role in brain development and monocyte‐macrophage differentiation. It has been reported that SLC27A3 were upregulated in CD16+ Dendritic‐like cells and CD4+ T memory cells. However, the prognostic significance and functional consequence of SLC27A3 downregulation remains unclear in human cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic values of SLC27A3. First, we searched public gene expression database and analyzed SLC27A3 protein expression by immunohistochemical staining on cancer tissue microarray samples. We showed that reduced levels of SLC27A3 were widely detected in tumors compared to normal tissues and reflect a poor clinical outcome in non‐small cell lung cancer and glioma, especially in lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, we verified the functional role of immune‐regulation of SLC27A3 in NSCLC cell lines. Since SLC27A3 expressed in T memory cells, we raised the hypothesis that SLC27A3‐expressed cancer cells may establish microenvironment that fit for T cells. Therefore, T cells will recruit to kill cancer cells in the nearby. In vitro T‐cell proliferation assay showed that SLC27A3 modulated the inhibition of T‐cell proliferation exerted by lung cancer cells. In conclusion, downregulation of SLC27A3 expression is an independent prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma patients and may play critical roles in the inhibition of immuno‐response in lung cancer.

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Three‐dimensional in situ sequencing of single cells in intact tissue
Authors: Wang Xiao , Allen William E. , Deisseroth Karl
Published: June 2021

Conventional sequencing methods are unable to measure sequence and spatial information simultaneously, limiting our understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of molecules within cells and intact tissues. To address this issue, multiplexed in situ hybridization and a new generation of sequencing methods termed in situ sequencing have emerged, aiming to spatially resolve RNAs inside cells. Such spatial transcriptomic profiling is critical to resolving cell identity in intact issues, a key question in neuroscience today as the brain consists of a three‐dimensional (3D) tapestry of cell types whose functional diversity arises from the spatial heterogeneity of gene expression. We developed a 3D intact‐tissue RNA sequencing technique in complex organs, termed STARmap, enabling targeted single‐cell gene expression mapping via in situ sequencing within mouse cortex. This new analytical approach has great promises for addressing a series of fundamental questions in neuroscience (e.g. spatial organization of cell types, molecular markers of functional circuits, activity‐triggered gene expression) that are hard to be studied otherwise.

Support or Funding Information

X.W. is supported by a Life Science Research Foundation fellowship and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. W.E.A. is supported by a Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Fellowship and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. K.D. is supported by NIMH (R01MH099647), NIDA (P50DA042012), the DARPA NeuroFAST program W911NF‐14‐2‐0013, the NSF NeuroNex program, the Gatsby Foundation, the AE Foundation, the NOMIS Foundation, the Fresenius Foundation, the Wiegers Family Fund, the James Grosfeld Foundation, the Sam and Betsy Reeves Foundation, and the HL Snyder Foundation.

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.