bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The difference of gut microbiome in different biliary diseases in infant before operation and the changes after operation
Authors: Sun Xinhe , Cai Yaoyao , Dai Wenwen , Jiang Weiwei , Tang Weibing
Published: August 2022

Background

Evidence supports an association between cholestatic liver disease and changes in microbiome composition. Nevertheless, the identification of this special type of biliary atresia from non-biliary atresia cholestasis is still a major clinical difficulty. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in the composition of gut microbiome between infants with biliary atresia and infant with non-biliary atrestic cholestasis, to find new ways to identify and diagnose these two diseases early, to understand the influence of the presence or absence of bile on the composition of the gut microbiome in infants with cholestasis.

Methods

Using 16S rDNA gene sequencing technology to analyze the intestinal flora of the participants.

Results

In terms of diversity, there is an obvious structural separation in the intestinal microbiota of the BA group and the CD group, and this structural separation also exists in the comparison between the two groups before surgery. Taxonomic analysis demonstrated that the two groups showed an increase in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes before surgery, and the relative abundance of potential pathogens such as Shigella, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, etc. increased, potential probiotics such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus decreased, but the relative abundance of each genus was different between groups. It was found that Enterococcus, Ralstonia, Nitriliruptoraceae, etc. were differentially enriched in the BA group, the CD group are mainly enriched in Veillonella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Lactobacillus. Functional analysis of the groups showed that the BA group mainly focused on the processes of energy release processes, and the CD group mainly focused on the biosynthesis of amino-acids to consume energy.

Conclusions

The composition of intestinal flora is different between biliary atresia and non-biliary atretic cholestasis. Enterococcus, Ralstonia, etc. may become biomarkers for the identification and diagnosis of both.
Identifying and understanding benefits associated with return-on-investment from large-scale healthcare Quality Improvement programmes: an integrative systematic literature review
Authors: Thusini S’thembile , Milenova Maria , Nahabedian Noushig , Grey Barbara , Soukup Tayana , Henderson Claire
Published: August 2022

Background

We previously developed a Quality Improvement (QI) Return-on-Investment (ROI) conceptual framework for large-scale healthcare QI programmes. We defined ROI as any monetary or non-monetary value or benefit derived from QI. We called the framework the QI-ROI conceptual framework. The current study describes the different categories of benefits covered by this framework and explores the relationships between these benefits.

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, Global health, PsycInfo, EconLit, NHS EED, Web of Science, Google Scholar, organisational journals, and citations, using ROI or returns-on-investment concepts (e.g., cost–benefit, cost-effectiveness, value) combined with healthcare and QI. Our analysis was informed by Complexity Theory in view of the complexity of large QI programmes. We used Framework analysis to analyse the data using a preliminary ROI conceptual framework that was based on organisational obligations towards its stakeholders. Included articles discussed at least three organisational benefits towards these obligations, with at least one financial or patient benefit. We synthesized the different QI benefits discussed.

Results

We retrieved 10 428 articles. One hundred and two (102) articles were selected for full text screening. Of these 34 were excluded and 68 included. Included articles were QI economic, effectiveness, process, and impact evaluations as well as conceptual literature. Based on these literatures, we reviewed and updated our QI-ROI conceptual framework from our first study. Our QI-ROI conceptual framework consists of four categories: 1) organisational performance, 2) organisational development, 3) external outcomes, and 4) unintended outcomes (positive and negative). We found that QI benefits are interlinked, and that ROI in large-scale QI is not merely an end-outcome; there are earlier benefits that matter to organisations that contribute to overall ROI. Organisations also found positive aspects of negative unintended consequences, such as learning from failed QI.

Discussion and conclusion

Our analysis indicated that the QI-ROI conceptual framework is made-up of multi-faceted and interconnected benefits from large-scale QI programmes. One or more of these may be desirable depending on each organisation’s goals and objectives, as well as stage of development. As such, it is possible for organisations to deduce incremental benefits or returns-on-investments throughout a programme lifecycle that are relevant and legitimate.
Methodology to derive preference for health screening programmes using discrete choice experiments: a scoping review
Authors: Brain David , Jadambaa Amarzaya , Kularatna Sanjeewa
Published: August 2022

Background

While involving users in healthcare decision-making has become increasingly common and important, there is a lack of knowledge about how to best design community-based health screening programs. Reviews of methods that incorporate discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are scarce, particularly for non-cancer illnesses like cardiovascular disease, diabetes and liver disease. We provide an overview of currently available applications and methods available by using DCEs in health screening programs, for chronic conditions.

Methods

A scoping review was undertaken, where four electronic databases were searched for key terms to identify eligible DCE studies related to community health screening. We included studies that met a pre-determined criteria, including being published between 2011 and 2021, in English and reported findings on human participants. Data were systematically extracted, tabulated, and summarised in a narrative review.

Results

A total of 27 studies that used a DCE to elicit preferences for cancer (n = 26) and cardiovascular disease screening (n = 1) programmes were included in the final analysis. All studies were assessed for quality, against a list of 13 criteria, with the median score being 9/13 (range 5–12). Across the 27 studies, the majority (80%) had the same overall scores. Two-thirds of included studies reported a sample size calculation, approximately half (13/27) administered the survey completely online and over 75% used the general public as the participating population.

Conclusion

Our review has led to highlighting several areas of current practice that can be improved, particularly greater use of sample size calculations, increased use of qualitative methods, better explanation of the chosen experimental design including how choice sets are generated, and methods for analysis.
Receptor deorphanization in an echinoderm reveals kisspeptin evolution and relationship with SALMFamide neuropeptides
Authors: Escudero Castelán Nayeli , Semmens Dean C. , Guerra Luis Alfonso Yañez , Zandawala Meet , dos Reis Mario , Slade Susan E. , Scrivens James H. , Zampronio Cleidiane G. , Jones Alexandra M. , Mirabeau Olivier , Elphick Maurice R.
Published: August 2022

Background

Kisspeptins are neuropeptides that regulate reproductive maturation in mammals via G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion from the hypothalamus. Phylogenetic analysis of kisspeptin-type receptors indicates that this neuropeptide signaling system originated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria, but little is known about kisspeptin signaling in invertebrates.

Results

Contrasting with the occurrence of a single kisspeptin receptor in mammalian species, here, we report the discovery of an expanded family of eleven kisspeptin-type receptors in a deuterostome invertebrate — the starfish Asterias rubens (phylum Echinodermata). Furthermore, neuropeptides derived from four precursor proteins were identified as ligands for six of these receptors. One or more kisspeptin-like neuropeptides derived from two precursor proteins (ArKPP1, ArKPP2) act as ligands for four A. rubens kisspeptin-type receptors (ArKPR1,3,8,9). Furthermore, a family of neuropeptides that act as muscle relaxants in echinoderms (SALMFamides) are ligands for two A. rubens kisspeptin-type receptors (ArKPR6,7). The SALMFamide neuropeptide S1 (or ArS1.4) and a ‘cocktail’ of the seven neuropeptides derived from the S1 precursor protein (ArS1.1-ArS1.7) act as ligands for ArKPR7. The SALMFamide neuropeptide S2 (or ArS2.3) and a ‘cocktail’ of the eight neuropeptides derived from the S2 precursor protein (ArS2.1-ArS2.8) act as ligands for ArKPR6.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal a remarkable diversity of neuropeptides that act as ligands for kisspeptin-type receptors in starfish and provide important new insights into the evolution of kisspeptin signaling. Furthermore, the discovery of the hitherto unknown relationship of kisspeptins with SALMFamides, neuropeptides that were discovered in starfish prior to the identification of kisspeptins in mammals, presents a radical change in perspective for research on kisspeptin signaling.
RASopathies due to de novo pathogenic variants: clinical features, genetic findings and outcomes in nine neonates born with congenital heart defects
Authors: Zheng Simin , Huang Huanyang , Ma Li , Zhu Tianwen
Published: August 2022

Background

There are limited information available related to neonatal characteristics of RASopathies, a group of autosomal dominant syndromes with considerable phenotypic overlap.

Methods

The retrospective review revealed 9 neonates born with congenital heart defects (CHDs) and diagnosed as RASopathies due to de novo mutations (DNMs) by trio-based exome sequencing (ES) between January 2017 and December 2020. We report in details of the neonatal course, molecular analysis and 180-days of age follow-up in affected individuals.

Results

The early clinical spectrum included various types of CHDs, less noticeable multiple extracardiac anomalies and unspecific symptoms like poor feeding. Of the 8 variants identified from 6 genes, 2 inRASA1were novel: (NM_002890.2: c.2828 T > C (p.Leu943Pro)) and (NM_002890.2: c.2001del (p.Pro668Leufs*10)), which functionally impaired the protein structure. There was a relatively high mortality rate of 33.33% (3/9) for all the defects combined. ARAF1-deficient male and aRASA1-deficient male survived from severe heart failure by surgical interventions in early life.

Conclusions

Our results revealed that family-based ES was useful in identifying DNMs and causal genes for sporadic diseases and screening Rasopathies shortly after birth. We recommended a family-based ES and a full phenotypic evaluation including echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and coagulation screening in neonates with CHDs and a suspected genetic etiology.
Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study
Authors: Baviera Marta , Foresta Andreana , Colacioppo Pierluca , Macaluso Giulia , Roncaglioni Maria Carla , Tettamanti Mauro , Fortino Ida , Genovese Stefano , Caruso Irene , Giorgino Francesco
Published: August 2022

Background

GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) have shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), death and worsening nephropathy when added to standard of care. However, these two dug classes differ in efficacy and safety. We compared the effectiveness and safety profile of GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2i in a large and unselected cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes resident in Lombardy from 2015 to 2020.

Methods

Using linkable administrative health databases, we included patients aged 50 years and older initiating GLP-1 RA or SGLT-2i. Clinical events were: death, hospital admission for myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), and renal disease as individual and composite outcomes (MACE-3: all cause-death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke; MACE-4: MACE-3 plus unstable angina). Outcomes were evaluated separately in subjects with and without previous cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Treatments were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression model after Propensity Score Matching (PSM) in both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. Serious adverse events were also evaluated.

Results

The analysis comprised 20,762 patients per cohort. The ITT analysis showed a significant risk reduction for non-fatal MI (HR 0.77; CI 95% 0.66–0.90), MACE-3 (HR 0.91; CI 95% 0.84–0.98), and MACE-4 (HR 0.92; CI 95% 0.86–0.99) in GLP-1RA compared with SGLT-2i users, while no difference was reported in the incidence of HF hospitalization and stroke between the two cohorts. Similar benefits were found in the subgroup of patients without previous CV diseases only. PP analysis largely confirmed the main results. The incidence of serious adverse events was low in both cohorts (< 1%).

Conclusions

GLP-1RA showed to be equally safe and more effective than SGLT-2i in reducing the risk of MACE-3, MACE-4 and MI. This study adds to the growing body of real-world evidence addressing the specific clinical properties of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i in everyday practice to tailor treatment to the individual patient.
Intersecting substance use treatment and harm reduction services: exploring the characteristics and service needs of a community-based sample of people who use drugs
Authors: Krawczyk Noa , Allen Sean T. , Schneider Kristin E. , Solomon Keisha , Shah Hridika , Morris Miles , Harris Samantha J. , Sherman Susan G. , Saloner Brendan
Published: August 2022

Background

Substance use treatment and harm reduction services are essential components of comprehensive strategies for reducing the harms of drug use and overdose. However, these services have been historically siloed, and there is a need to better understand how programs that serve people who use drugs (PWUD) are integrating these services. In this study, we compared treatment and harm reduction services offered by a multistate sample of substance use service providers and assessed how well they align with characteristics and needs of clients they serve early in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We recruited a convenience sample of programs that deliver harm reduction and/or treatment services in ten US states. Program directors participated in a survey assessing the services offered at their program. We also recruited clients of these programs to participate in a survey assessing a range of sociodemographic and health characteristics, substance use behaviors, and health service utilization. We then cross-compared client characteristics and behaviors relative to services being offered through these programs.

Results

We collected and analyzed data from 511 clients attending 18 programs that we classified as either offering treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) (N = 6), syringe service programs (SSP) (N = 8), or offering both MOUD and SSP (N = 4). All programs delivered a range of treatment and harm reduction services, with MOUD & SSP programs delivering the greatest breadth of services. There were discrepancies between services provided and characteristics and behaviors reported by clients: 80% of clients of programs that offered MOUD without SSP actively used drugs and 50% injected drugs; 40% of clients of programs that offered SSP without MOUD sought drug treatment services. Approximately half of clients were unemployed and unstably housed, but few programs offered direct social services.

Conclusions

In many ways, existing programs are not meeting the service needs of PWUD. Investing in innovative models that empower clients and integrate a range of accessible and flexible treatment, harm reduction and social services can pave the way for a more effective and equitable service system that considers the long-term health of PWUD.
Microglial TYROBP/DAP12 in Alzheimer’s disease: Transduction of physiological and pathological signals across TREM2
Authors: Haure-Mirande Jean-Vianney , Audrain Mickael , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Gandy Sam
Published: August 2022

TYROBP (also known as DAP12 or KARAP) is a transmembrane adaptor protein initially described as a receptor-activating subunit component of natural killer (NK) cells. TYROBP is expressed in numerous cell types, including peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, but a key point of recent interest is related to the critical role played by TYROBP in the function of many receptors expressed on the plasma membrane of microglia. TYROBP is the downstream adaptor and putative signaling partner for several receptors implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including SIRP1β, CD33, CR3, and TREM2. TYROBP has received much of its current notoriety because of its importance in brain homeostasis by signal transduction across those receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of evidence indicating that the biology of TYROBP extends beyond its interaction with these four ligand-binding ectodomain-intramembranous domain molecules. In addition to reviewing the structure and localization of TYROBP, we discuss our recent progress using mouse models of either cerebral amyloidosis or tauopathy that were engineered to be TYROBP-deficient or TYROBP-overexpressing. Remarkably, constitutively TYROBP-deficient mice provided a model of genetic resilience to either of the defining proteinopathies of AD. Learning behavior and synaptic electrophysiological function were preserved at normal physiological levels even in the face of robust cerebral amyloidosis (inAPP/PSEN1;Tyrobp−/−mice) or tauopathy (inMAPTP301S;Tyrobp−/−mice). A fundamental underpinning of the functional synaptic dysfunction associated with each proteotype was an accumulation of complement C1q. TYROBP deficiency prevented C1q accumulation associated with either proteinopathy. Based on these data, we speculate that TYROBP plays a key role in the microglial sensome and the emergence of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype. TYROBP may also play a key role in the loss of markers of synaptic integrity (e.g., synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity) that has long been held to be the feature of human AD molecular neuropathology that most closely correlates with concurrent clinical cognitive function.
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of complete insect nervous systems across multiple life stages
Authors: Corrales Marc , Cocanougher Benjamin T. , Kohn Andrea B. , Wittenbach Jason D. , Long Xi S. , Lemire Andrew , Cardona Albert , Singer Robert H. , Moroz Leonid L. , Zlatic Marta
Published: August 2022

Molecular profiles of neurons influence neural development and function but bridging the gap between genes, circuits, and behavior has been very difficult. Here we used single cell RNAseq to generate a complete gene expression atlas of the Drosophila larval central nervous system composed of 131,077 single cells across three developmental stages (1 h, 24 h and 48 h after hatching). We identify 67 distinct cell clusters based on the patterns of gene expression. These include 31 functional mature larval neuron clusters, 1 ring gland cluster, 8 glial clusters, 6 neural precursor clusters, and 13 developing immature adult neuron clusters. Some clusters are present across all stages of larval development, while others are stage specific (such as developing adult neurons). We identify genes that are differentially expressed in each cluster, as well as genes that are differentially expressed at distinct stages of larval life. These differentially expressed genes provide promising candidates for regulating the function of specific neuronal and glial types in the larval nervous system, or the specification and differentiation of adult neurons. The cell transcriptome Atlas of the Drosophila larval nervous system is a valuable resource for developmental biology and systems neuroscience and provides a basis for elucidating how genes regulate neural development and function.
Acetoin production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates with a modular metabolic engineering system in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhang Xian , Ren Kexin , Han Rumeng , Lu Ruiqi , Bao Teng , Pan Xuewei , Yang Taowei , Xu Meijuan , Rao Zhiming
Published: August 2022

Background

Acetoin (AC) is a vital platform chemical widely used in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. With increasing concern over non-renewable resources and environmental issues, using low-cost biomass for acetoin production by microbial fermentation is undoubtedly a promising strategy.

Results

This work reduces the disadvantages of Bacillus subtilis during fermentation by regulating genes involved in spore formation and autolysis. Then, optimizing intracellular redox homeostasis through Rex protein mitigated the detrimental effects of NADH produced by the glycolytic metabolic pathway on the process of AC production. Subsequently, multiple pathways that compete with AC production are blocked to optimize carbon flux allocation. Finally, the population cell density-induced promoter was used to enhance the AC synthesis pathway. Fermentation was carried out in a 5-L bioreactor using bagasse lignocellulosic hydrolysate, resulting in a final titer of 64.3 g/L, which was 89.5% of the theoretical yield.

Conclusions

The recombinant strain BSMAY-4-PsrfA provides an economical and efficient strategy for large-scale industrial production of acetoin.
Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions
Authors: Muema Jackson M. , Bargul Joel L. , Obonyo Meshack A. , Njeru Sospeter N. , Matoke-Muhia Damaris , Mutunga James M.
Published: August 2022

An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes of Babesia sp. Mymensingh and its naming as Babesia naoakii n. sp.
Authors: Sivakumar Thillaiampalam , Tuvshintulga Bumduuren , Otgonsuren Davaajav , Batmagnai Enkhbaatar , Ahedor Believe , Kothalawala Hemal , Vimalakumar Singarayar Caniciyas , Silva Seekkuge Susil Priyantha , Yamagishi Junya , Yokoyama Naoaki
Published: August 2022

Background

The recently discoveredBabesiasp. Mymensingh, which causes clinical bovine babesiosis, has a wide geographical distribution. We investigated the phylogenetic position ofBabesiasp. Mymensingh using its mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes. Based on morphological and molecular data,Babesiasp. Mymensingh is a unique species and we named it asBabesia naoakiin. sp.

Methods

A blood DNA sample from aBabesiasp. Mymensingh-infected cow was subjected to genome sequencing to obtain the sequences of mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genes. Six phylogenetic trees were then constructed with (1) concatenated amino acid sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I, cytochrome oxidase subunit III, and cytochrome b genes of the mitochondrial genome; (2) 16S rRNA of the plastid genome; (3) nucleotide sequences of the elongation factor Tu gene of the plastid genome; (4) ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2; (5) concatenated nucleotide sequences of 89 nuclear genes; and (6) concatenated amino acid sequences translated from the 89 nuclear genes.

Results

In all six phylogenetic trees,B. naoakiin. sp. formed a sister clade to the common ancestor ofBabesia bigeminaandB. ovata. The concatenated nuclear genes ofB. naoakiin. sp. and their translated amino acid sequences shared lower identity scores with the sequences fromB. bigemina(82.7% and 84.7%, respectively) andB. ovata(83.5% and 85.5%, respectively) compared with the identity scores shared between theB. bigeminaandB. ovatasequences (86.3% and 87.9%, respectively).

Conclusions

Our study showed thatB. naoakiin. sp. occupies a unique phylogenetic position distinct from existingBabesiaspecies. Our findings, together with morphological differences, identifyB. naoakiin. sp. as a distinct parasite species.

Graphical Abstract
Emergency medicine physician burnout before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shopen Noaa , Schneider Assaf , Aviv Mordechai Reut , Katz Shalhav Malka , Zandberg Efrat , Sharist Moshe , Halpern Pinchas
Published: August 2022

Background

Burnout is a common issue among physicians, and the rate among emergency medicine physicians (EPs) appears to be higher than those of other medical specialties. The COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented challenges to the medical community worldwide, but its effects on EP burnout has not yet been determined.

Methods

We conducted a three-stage nationwide study between July 2019 and June 2021. First, we evaluated the responses to burnout questionnaires that had been filled in by EP before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then re-sent the same questionnaires, with an addition of pandemic-specific questions. The third step involved a small group of EPs who participated in a burnout reduction workshop and re-took the questionnaires after a 3-month interval. The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured three burnout scales and a Work and Meaning Inventory predicts job satisfaction. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

Results

In the first stage, 240 questionnaires were sent by email to all Israeli EPs listed in emergency departments nationwide, and 84 out of 88 submitted questionnaires were completed in full before the pandemic. 393 questionnaires were sent in the second stage during the pandemic and 93 out of 101 submitted questionnaires were completed in full. Twenty EPs participated in the workshop and 13 out of 20 submitted questionnaires were completed in full. Burnout levels were high (Maslach) among EPs before the pandemic and increased during the pandemic. The feelings of personal accomplishment and work meaning—both protective factors from burnout—were significantly higher in the second (pandemic) stage. The pandemic-specific burnout factors were fear of infecting family members, lack of care centers for the physician’s children, increased workload, and insufficient logistic support. The physician-oriented intervention had no significant impact on burnout levels (p < 0.412, Friedman test).

Conclusions

Physician burnout is a major global problem, and it is now being aggravated by the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare administrators should be alerted to pandemic-specific stress factors in order to help teams cope better and to prevent further worsening of the burnout. Further research is warranted to determine the lasting effect of the pandemic on EM physician burnout and the best means for reducing it.
De novo transcriptome assembly reveals characteristics of flower sex determination of Excoecaria agallocha
Authors: Zhou Yan , Hao Lulu , Huang Lexiang , Tang Xiaoming , Zhuo Danting , Wang Li Yun , Zhang Ying
Published: August 2022

Key message

MADS-box genes family may play important roles in the flower sex determination in Excoecaria agallocha. A total of 73 MADS-box genes were identified in E. agallocha. De novo transcriptome assembly analysis suggested that AP1/FUL, AP3/PI, AGL104, and SOC1 plays potential roles in E. agallocha flower sex determination.

Context

Excoecaria agallocha is a dioecious species containing both male and female individuals producing unisexual flowers. The underlying mechanisms regulating inflorescence differentiation in these species remains poorly understood.

Aims

Flower development influences reproduction and breeding in E.agallocha, which contributes to ecological restoration in the intertidal zone.

Methods

We performed de novo transcriptome assembly analysis on male and female flowers and leaves from E. agallocha.

Results

We identified a total of 73 MADS-box genes in the E. agallocha genome, which we grouped into five distinct classes (MIKCc, Mα, Mβ, Mγ, MIKC*) after phylogenetic comparisons with J. curcas homologs. We analyzed expression profiles and suggested AP1/FUL, AP3/PI, AGL104, and SOC1 as candidate regulators of sex determination. In addition, several EaMADS genes were significantly upregulated in flowers compared to leaves.

Conclusion

Our study represents the first detailed, comprehensive evaluation of the regulation of MADS-box genes associated with sex determination in E. agallocha. The assembled transcriptomic profiles increase the genetic information available for this species and constitute an important contribution to functional studies of inflorescence genes. In turn, this will help exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of E. agallocha.
Location-specific signatures of Crohn’s disease at a multi-omics scale
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos G. , Mills Robert H. , Zhu Qiyun , Sauceda Consuelo , Knight Rob , Dulai Parambir S. , Gonzalez David J.
Published: August 2022

Background

Crohn’s disease (CD), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subtype, results from pathologic interactions between host cells and its resident gut microbes. CD manifests in both isolated disease locations (ileum or colon) or a combination of locations (ileocolonic). To date, a comprehensive understanding of how isolated CD subtypes influence molecular profiles remains outstanding. To address this, we sought to define CD location signatures by leveraging a large cross-sectional feature set captured from the stool of over 200 IBD patients and healthy controls using metaproteomics, shotgun metagenomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomic profiling, and host genetics paired with clinical endoscopic assessments.

Results

Neither metagenomic nor host genetics alone distinguished CD location subtypes. In contrast, ileal and colonic CD were distinguished using mass spectrometry-based methods (metabolomics or metaproteomics) or a combined multi-omic feature set. This multi-omic feature set revealed colonic CD was strongly associated with neutrophil-related proteins. Additionally, colonic CD displayed a disease-severity-related association with Bacteroides vulgatus. Colonic CD and ulcerative colitis profiles harbored strikingly similar feature enrichments compared to ileal CD, including neutrophil-related protein enrichments. Compared to colonic CD, ileal CD profiles displayed increased primary and secondary bile acid levels and concomitant shifts in taxa with noted sensitivities such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii or affinities for bile acid-rich environments, including Gammaproteobacteria and Blautia sp. Having shown robust molecular and microbial distinctions tied to CD locations, we leveraged these profiles to generate location-specific disease severity biomarkers that surpass the performance of Calprotectin.

Conclusions

When compared using multi-omics features, colonic- and ileal-isolated CD subtypes display striking differences that suggest separate location-specific pathologies. Colonic CD’s strong similarity to ulcerative colitis, including neutrophil and Bacteroides vulgatus involvement, is also evidence of a shared pathology for colonic-isolated IBD subtypes, while ileal CD maintains a unique, bile acid-driven profile. More broadly, this study demonstrates the power of multi-omics approaches for IBD biomarker discovery and elucidating the underlying biology.
Correlates of eating disorder pathology in Saudi Arabia: BMI and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Melisse Bernou , Blankers Matthijs , de Beurs Edwin , van Furth Eric F.
Published: August 2022

Background

Saudi Arabia is undergoing rapid sociocultural changes, which may have led to an increase of body mass index and eating disorder pathology. The aim of this study is to investigate whether body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, having lived abroad, cultural orientation, perceived stress, media use, and socioeconomic status are correlates of eating disorder pathology with body mass index as a covariate. Additional aims are to investigate if cultural orientation is associated with symptomatology and if stress is a covariate in the association between eating disorder pathology and Western orientation.

Method

Self-report measures were administered in a convenience Saudi community sample (N = 1225) between April 2017 and May 2018. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses with eating disorder pathology as dependent variable were performed to establish the associations among the variables.

Results

After adjusting for the effect of BMI, only body dissatisfaction and eating disorder pathology were moderately associated. Eating disorder pathology and body dissatisfaction were more severe among Saudi citizens with a higher BMI.

Discussion

Several explanations for the lack of associations of westernization, self-esteem, and stress with eating disorder pathology are reviewed and discussed. The majority of this convenience sample existed of young unmarried Saudi females of high socioeconomic status. Of the total sample, 35% displayed eating disorder pathology which may be a reflection of the high rates of excess weight.
Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum: investigation of monosaccharide composition, antioxidant activity and rheological behavior in presence of salts
Authors: Koocheki Arash , Hesarinejad Mohammad Ali , Mozafari M. R.
Published: August 2022

Background

In the present study, the effects of NaCl and CaCl2 (0–200 mM) on the rheological properties of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG) as a novel potential source of hydrocolloid were investigated. Sugar composition and FTIR analysis were measured to supply more structural information.

Results

The results illustrated that LPSG had small amounts of uronic acids (6.65%) and it is likely an arabinoxylan-type polysaccharide (it has 44.66% and 31.99% xylose and arabinose, respectively). The FTIR spectra also revealed that LPSG behaved like a typical polyelectrolyte due to the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. It was observed that the gum solutions exhibited viscoelastic properties in the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 salts. The tan δ values for all samples were less than 1 but greater than 0.1, exposing the weak gel-like behavior at different ion types and ionic strengths. With increasing salts concentrations, the limiting values of strain mostly increased due to the interchain interactions (from 1.46 to 4.61 and from 0.99 to 2.13 for NaCl and CaCl2, respectively). Therefore, the addition of salts increased the stiffness of mucilage solutions in the concentrated regime. The results of frequency sweep tests revealed that storage and loss moduli were increased with increasing ion concentration. This effect was more pronounced for LPSG solutions containing Ca2+. Among various models, the model of Higiro1 showed a higher efficiency to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity of LPSG for all co-solutes (R2 ≥ 0.98). With increasing the concentration of salts, the intrinsic viscosity of LPSG decreased. Calcium ions had a more diminution effect on intrinsic viscosity than sodium ions.

Conclusions

Trying to adjust the salt concentration could modify the rheological properties of food products. Because food contains a variety of additives, further research should look into the rheological properties of LPSG at different pHs, as well as the presence of other salts and sugars often employed in the food industry. LPSG has the potential to be used in biomedical, pharmaceutical, food industries, tissue engineering, and cosmetic applications due to its biocompatibility, rheological properties, and antioxidant activities.

Graphical Abstract
Community of Inquiry framework to evaluate an online obstetric and neonatal emergency simulation workshop for health professional students in India
Authors: Khot Nisha , Sarkar Mahbub , Bansal Utkarsh , Singh Jai Vir , Pharande Pramod , Malhotra Atul , Kumar Arunaz
Published: August 2022

Background

We transitioned our obstetric neonatal emergency simulation (ONE-Sim) workshops to an online format during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we evaluated key learning acquired by undergraduate medical and nursing students attending the online ONE-Sim workshops from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Methods

Student perception of online workshops was collected using electronic questionnaires. Data was analysed using thematic analysis by employing the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework.

Results

One hundred sixty medical and nursing students who attended the online ONE-Sim workshops completed the questionnaires. There was evidence in the data to support all three aspects of the CoI framework—social, cognitive and teacher presence.

Conclusions

The use of the CoI framework helped to describe key learning from online interprofessional simulation workshops conducted for a LMIC.
Unusual patterns of tuberculosis on cross-sectional imaging: a pictorial review
Authors: Rana Abhilasha , Krishnan Venkatram , Aggarwal Ankita
Published: August 2022

Background

Tuberculosis is routinely encountered on imaging throughout the world. Radiologists are usually familiar with the common patterns of tuberculosis on cross-sectional imaging. However, tuberculosis frequently presents with unfamiliar imaging patterns and/or uncommon anatomic sites which still pose a diagnostic challenge.

Discussion

Rapid improvements in the management of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients leading to increased survival as well as advances in chemotherapy and immunosuppressive medication have complicated the presentation of tuberculosis by increasing the probability of unconventional sites and patterns of involvement in tuberculosis leading to unfamiliar imaging appearances. In this review, we describe these unfamiliar imaging patterns of tuberculosis and provide a diagnostic protocol for arriving at the right diagnosis and differentiating these from other pathologies with similar imaging appearances. These are described through case-based illustrations of unusual patterns and anatomic locations of tuberculosis.

Conclusions

It is important for radiologists to be aware of such unusual imaging patterns of tuberculosis in order to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis for appropriate patient management in the face of changing patient demographics and pathological profile of tuberculosis in the current era of scientific advancements.
Impact of Extractables/Leachables from Filter Materials on the Stability of Protein-Based Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Kushwah Varun , Münzer Juliana , Feenstra Verena , Mohr Stefan , Paudel Amrit
Published: August 2022

The manufacturing of biopharmaceutical drug solutions can involve close contact with various polymeric components, including common filter membranes. Potential leachable substances from filters may interact with the protein and thereby increase the structural damage and aggregation. The main aim of the study deals with the assessment of extractable and leachable (E/L) from different filters and the potential effect of E/Ls on protein (human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rh-GCSF) stability. The present study examines the E/L profile of five different polymeric filter membranes using various chromatographic techniques including LC–MS and GC–MS. In order to investigate their effect on protein stability, G-CSF (human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) formulations were spiked with filter leachable stock solutions at two different pH levels. The spiked formulations were further analyzed with respect to their aggregation behavior. The results demonstrated a higher E/L content in the case of polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethersulfone (PES) filters as compared to the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and regenerative cellulose (RC) filter materials. The E/L from RC and PES was found surface-active, whereas E/L from PA and RC significantly altered the particle size/structure resulting in the aggregation of proteins. Furthermore, bisphenol A was found to be one of the E/L substances from PC filters and can impose significant health problems when administered along with pharmaceutical products. The present study reports a qualitative rank ordering of the filter membranes in terms of their propensity to generate E/Ls and thus can be helpful in selecting a suitable membrane filter.
Probing the response of metals to low-frequency s-polarized evanescent fields
Authors: Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mostepanenko V. M. , Svetovoy V. B.
Published: August 2022

An experimental test for the response function of metals to the low-frequency s-polarized evanescent waves is proposed by measuring the lateral component of the magnetic field of an oscillating magnetic dipole spaced above a thick metallic plate. This suggestion is motivated by the fact that the Lifshitz theory using the Drude response function is in contradiction with high-precision measurements of the Casimir force performed at separations exceeding 150 nm. Analytic expressions for the lateral components of the magnetic field, which are fully determined by the s-polarized evanescent waves, are reported in terms of the reflection coefficients of the plate metal. Numerical computations are performed for the reasonable values of the experimental parameters for different models of the dielectric response. The resulting fields differ by the orders of magnitude depending on whether the Drude or plasma response function is used in computations. Thus, the measurement of the magnetic field will allow to discriminate between these two options. Possible applications of the obtained results are discussed.
Venous Flow Conversion Technique for Sacrificing the Superior Petrosal Vein During Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Yokosako Suguru , Kikuchi Asami , Ohbuchi Hidenori , Kubota Yuichi , Kasuya Hidetoshi
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:

Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) may require sacrifice of the superior petrosal vein (SPV), with potential risks of ischemia and hemorrhagic complications due to impaired venous return.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate methods for safely sacrificing the SPV.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed 21 cases in 346 consecutive microvascular decompression surgeries for TN. They were intraoperatively identified as SPV and its tributaries being the offending vessels causing TN and were intentionally sacrificed.

RESULTS:

The transverse pontine vein (TPV) was sacrificed in 10 patients. The main trunk of the SPV was sacrificed using the TPV as a collateral flow pathway in 10 patients. No complications occurred related to impaired venous return.

CONCLUSION:

The venous flow conversion technique can be applied to safely sacrificing the SPV and its tributaries with the TPV acting as a collateral blood flow pathway to prevent postoperative impaired venous return.
Surgical Planning and Simulation of Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma With Cavernous Sinus Invasion
Authors: Tamura Ryota , Oda Hiroki , Kosugi Kenzo , Toda Masahiro
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:

Transsphenoidal endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) provides effective treatment for patients with lesions of the sella turcica. The endoscopic technique requires different instrumentation, which depends on the gross anatomy of the nasal cavity. The treatment of lateral lesions is more challenging in EES.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative simulation using multiple anatomic landmarks.

METHODS:

Pre- and postoperative tumor volumes were analyzed in 33 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas who underwent EES (Knosp grades 3 and 4). The surgical working angle and space were three-dimensionally simulated at the plane of the anterior/posterior surgical field (tuberculum sellae/posterior clinoid process) using multiple anatomic landmarks of high-resolution computed tomography scans, such as nasal piriform aperture (proximal surgical corridor), and the width of bilateral vidian canals or lamina perpendicularis of palatine bone (distal surgical corridor). Receiver operating characteristic curves for the removed tumor volume were used to determine the cutoff value for the simulated working angle and space.

RESULTS:

Simulated working space at the plane of tuberculum sellae using piriform aperture and lamina perpendicularis of palatine bone was associated with the removed tumor volume in the cavernous sinus. Patients with a larger working space (≥42.7 mm) significantly showed a higher removed tumor volume (P = .023). There was no relationship between other parameters and the removed tumor volume.

CONCLUSION:

A new method to predict the surgical field for cavernous sinus lesions around sella turcica was successfully established. Further studies are needed to define and expand applications of this simulation method.
Crystal Structure of a 4,7-Bis(phenylethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-Based Cyclophane and the Mechanoresponsive Luminescence
Authors: Hiratsuka Keiko , Salim Fazil Thuluvanchery , Takahashi Kiyonori , Nakamura Takayoshi , Sagara Yoshimitsu
Published: August 2022

The photophysical properties of luminescent cyclophanes have been traditionally examined in an isolated state in solution. In contrast, the behavior of luminescent cyclophanes in response to external stimuli in the solid state has not yet been fully understood. Herein, we report on the crystal structure of a cyclophane featuring one 4,7-bis(phenylethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole group and its mechanochromic luminescence. Mechanical grinding of the crystals results in a phase transition to an amorphous state, which is concomitant with an emission color change from green to yellow. Annealing the amorphous phase at 100 °C induces a phase transition to another crystalline state, and green emission is observed again. On subsequent heating, the benzothiadiazole-based cyclophane forms a nematic liquid-crystalline phase above 191 °C. These results indicate that the introduction of π-extended planar luminophores within cyclic molecular structures is a promising approach for the design of stimuli-responsive luminescent materials.