bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear multiple imputation for continuous covariate within semiparametric Cox model: application to HIV data in Senegal
Authors: Mbougua Jules Brice Tchatchueng , Laurent Christian , Ndoye Ibra , Delaporte Eric , Gwet Henri , Molinari Nicolas
Published: May 2013

Multiple imputation is commonly used to impute missing covariate in Cox semiparametric regression setting. It is to fill each missing data with more plausible values, via a Gibbs sampling procedure, specifying an imputation model for each missing variable. This imputation method is implemented in several softwares that offer imputation models steered by the shape of the variable to be imputed, but all these imputation models make an assumption of linearity on covariates effect. However, this assumption is not often verified in practice as the covariates can have a nonlinear effect. Such a linear assumption can lead to a misleading conclusion because imputation model should be constructed to reflect the true distributional relationship between the missing values and the observed values. To estimate nonlinear effects of continuous time invariant covariates in imputation model, we propose a method based on B‐splines function. To assess the performance of this method, we conducted a simulation study, where we compared the multiple imputation method using Bayesian splines imputation model with multiple imputation using Bayesian linear imputation model in survival analysis setting. We evaluated the proposed method on the motivated data set collected in HIV‐infected patients enrolled in an observational cohort study in Senegal, which contains several incomplete variables. We found that our method performs well to estimate hazard ratio compared with the linear imputation methods, when data are missing completely at random, or missing at random. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical entropy of a BTZ black hole from loop quantum gravity
Authors: Frodden Ernesto , Geiller Marc , Noui Karim , Perez Alejandro
Published: May 2013

Abstract

We compute the statistical entropy of a BTZ black hole in the context of three-dimensional Euclidean loop quantum gravity with a cosmological constant Λ. As in the four-dimensional case, a quantum state of the black hole is characterized by a spin network state. Now however, the underlying colored graph Γ lives in a two-dimensional spacelike surface Σ, and some of its links cross the black hole horizon, which is viewed as a circular boundary of Σ. Each link ℓ crossing the horizon is colored by a spin j

ℓ
(at the kinematical level), and the length L of the horizon is given by the sum L = ∑
ℓ

L

ℓ
of the fundamental length contributions L

ℓ
carried by the spins j

ℓ
of the links ℓ. We propose an estimation for the number
$ N_{\varGamma}^{\mathrm{BTZ}}\left( {L,\Lambda} \right) $
of the Euclidean BTZ black hole microstates (defined on a fixed graph Γ) based on an analytic continuation from the case Λ > 0 to the case Λ < 0. In our model, we show that
$ N_{\varGamma}^{\mathrm{BTZ}}\left( {L,\Lambda} \right) $
reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy in the classical limit. This asymptotic behavior is independent of the choice of the graph Γ provided that the condition L = ∑
ℓ

L

ℓ
is satisfied, as it should be in three-dimensional quantum gravity.
Prophylactic Mesh Reinforcement Reduces Stomal Site Incisional Hernia after Ileostomy Closure
Authors: Liu David Shi Hao , Banham Elisabeth , Yellapu Srinivasa
Published: May 2013

Background

Stomal site incisional hernia is a common complication following ileostomy closure. The effectiveness of prophylactic mesh placement at the time of stomal closure is unknown because of fear of mesh infection and subsequent wound complications. The present study investigated whether prophylactic mesh placement reduces the rate of incisional hernia after ileostomy closure without increasing wound complications. The study was based on retrospective review of consecutive ileostomy closures undertaken at a tertiary referral center between January 2007 and December 2011. Hernias were identified through clinical examination and computed tomography.

Results

Eighty‐three cases of ileostomy closure were reviewed; 47 patients received mesh reinforcement, and 36 underwent non‐mesh closure (controls). In total, 16 (19.3 %) patients developed incisional hernia, 13 (36.1 %) of which occurred in the control group; 3 (6.4 %), in the mesh group [odds ratio (OR): 8.29; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.14–32.08; p = 0.001]. Incisional hernia repair was performed in 3 (23 %) patients in the control group; no hernias in the mesh group required surgery. There was no significant difference in wound infection rates between mesh (2 patients, 4.3 %) and control (1 patient, 2.8 %) groups. No mesh infection was found. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that malignancy (OR: 21.93, 95 % CI 1.58–303.95; p = 0.021) and diabetes (OR: 20.98, 95 % CI 3.23–136.31; p = 0.001) independently predicted incisional herniation, while mesh reinforcement prevented hernia development (OR: 0.06, 95 % CI 0.01–0.36; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Mesh placement significantly reduced the incidence of incisional hernia following ileostomy closure, but without increasing complication rates. This technique should be strongly considered in patients at high risk of hernia development.
First Time Myocardial Infarction in a Rheumatic Patient after Elective Arthroplasty
Authors: Calloway James J. , Goodman Susan M. , Hollomon Wesley , Russell Linda A. , Krauser Daniel
Published: May 2013

The management of perioperative cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is challenging due to the independent contribution to risk by high grade inflammatory mechanisms and the underestimation of risk by traditional cardiac risk factors alone. RA is associated with accelerated rates of subclinical atherosclerosis and markedly higher rates of both myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death over non-RA controls. There is an absence of prospectively validated perioperative coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessment tools for this unique patient population and available guidelines may fail to identify those patients most at risk. We examine a singular case of first time myocardial infarction after uncomplicated elective surgery in an adult RA patient with an unrevealing preoperative cardiac assessment. We also review the current literature for shared pathogenic mechanisms between systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis, discuss clinical and biologic markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) in RA patients associated with heightened cardiac risk and discuss recommendations based on available evidence for cardiovascular risk management in this at risk cohort.
Financial Management for Nurse Managers and Executives, 4th Edition
Authors: Fawcett Phyllis J.
Published: May 2013

Steven A. Finkler, Cheryl B. Jones, Christine T. Kovner, Financial Management for Nurse Managers and Executives, 4th Edition, 2013, Elsevier Saunders, 400 pages, softcover
Clinical Issues‐June 2013
Authors: Burlingame Byron L.
Published: May 2013

This Month

OR fire extinguisher placement

Key words: fire, fire extinguisher.

Storage of freestanding oxygen gas cylinders

Key words: oxygen storage, medical gas, gas cylinders.

Use of extension cords in the OR

Key words: electrical cords, extension cords, multiple outlet cords, power strips.

Documenting student RN first assistants on the OR record

Key words: RN first assistant, RNFA, documentation, first assistant, preceptor.

Education requirements for the advanced practice RN first assistant

Key words: advanced practice RN, APRN, education, first assistant, APRN first assistant.
The Creative Destruction of Medicine
Authors: Fawcett Phyllis J.
Published: May 2013

The Creative Destruction of Medicine, 2012, Eric Topol, Basic Books/Perseus Books Group, 303 pages, hardcover
Development of a Complex Orientation Program for Multidisciplinary Training
Authors: Hemingway Maureen , Morrissey Lisa
Published: May 2013

Providing complex orientation and multidisciplinary training for perioperative personnel of a newly constructed health care facility with new surgical suites proved both challenging and valuable to nurse leaders. Despite the need for such training, a program to teach groups across all disciplines regarding technological advances specific to the OR and to orient them to a new facility did not exist previously. To address this, we developed a multiphase educational initiative that involved orientation, technology training, and multidisciplinary simulation. The project required extensive planning, high‐level collaboration, and use of the hospital's information technology systems, all while staff members continued to provide care for patients undergoing surgically complex procedures. The successful implementation of this program ensured that staff members were proficient in new OR technology and oriented to the new facility before occupancy began.
Top 10 Patient Safety Issues: What More Can We Do?
Authors: Steelman Victoria M. , Graling Paula R.
Published: May 2013

A 2012 survey of AORN members identified the top 10 safety issues reported by perioperative nurses. These nurses are in a unique position to understand the errors and the unreported near misses that occur in the OR. For each of the top‐rated safety issues that RNs identified, we discuss the evidence of risk and contributing factors and make targeted recommendations for further improvement in perioperative safety with the goal of mitigating risk and improving patient outcomes.
Slow growth and unstable ribosomal RNA lacking pseudouridine in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing catalytically inactive dyskerin
Authors: Gu Bai-Wei , Ge Jingping , Fan Jian-Meng , Bessler Monica , Mason Philip J.
Published: May 2013

Pseudouridine is the most abundant modified nucleotide in ribosomal RNA throughout eukaryotes and archaea but its role is not known. Here we produced mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing only catalytically inactive dyskerin, the pseudouridine synthase that converts uridine to pseudouridine in ribosomal RNA. The mutant dyskerin protein, D125A, was extremely unstable but cells were able to divide and grow very slowly. Abnormalities in ribosome RNA synthesis were apparent but mature cytoplasmic RNAs lacking pseudouridine were produced and were very unstable. We conclude that pseudouridine is required to stabilize the secondary structure of ribosomal RNA that is essential for its function.
Non‐structural protein 1 of influenza viruses inhibits rapid mRNA degradation mediated by double‐stranded RNA‐binding protein, staufen1
Authors: Cho Hana , Ahn Sang Ho , Kim Kyoung Mi , Kim Yoon Ki
Published: May 2013

NS1
physically interacts with
STAU1‐55
by anti tag‐coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
A Brief Review on the Human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project
Authors: Qu Hongzhu , Fang Xiangdong
Published: May 2013

The ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project is an international research consortium that aims to identify all functional elements in the human genome sequence. The second phase of the project comprised 1640 datasets from 147 different cell types, yielding a set of 30 publications across several journals. These data revealed that 80.4% of the human genome displays some functionality in at least one cell type. Many of these regulatory elements are physically associated with one another and further form a network or three-dimensional conformation to affect gene expression. These elements are also related to sequence variants associated with diseases or traits. All these findings provide us new insights into the organization and regulation of genes and genome, and serve as an expansive resource for understanding human health and disease.
Mediator Complex Dependent Regulation of Cardiac Development and Disease
Authors: Grueter Chad E.
Published: May 2013

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The risk factors for CVD include environmental and genetic components. Human mutations in genes involved in most aspects of cardiovascular function have been identified, many of which are involved in transcriptional regulation. The Mediator complex serves as a pivotal transcriptional regulator that functions to integrate diverse cellular signals by multiple mechanisms including recruiting RNA polymerase II, chromatin modifying proteins and non-coding RNAs to promoters in a context dependent manner. This review discusses components of the Mediator complex and the contribution of the Mediator complex to normal and pathological cardiac development and function. Enhanced understanding of the role of this core transcriptional regulatory complex in the heart will help us gain further insights into CVD.
Intraoperative intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure for predicting surgical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Tsai Tai‐Hsin , Huang Tzuu‐Yuan , Kung Sui‐Sum , Su Yu‐Feng , Hwang Shiuh‐Lin , Lieu Ann‐Shung
Published: May 2013

Intraoperative intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were evaluated for use as prognostic indicators after surgery for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and threshold ICP and CPP values were determined to provide guidelines for patient management. This retrospective study reviewed data for 66 patients (20 females and 46 males) aged 13–83 years (average age, 48 years) who had received decompressive craniectomy and hematoma evacuation for severe TBI. The analysis of clinical characteristics included Glascow Coma Scale score, trauma mechanism, trauma severity, cerebral hemorrhage type, hematoma thickness observed on computed tomography scan, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and mortality. Patients whose treatment included ICP monitoring had significantly better prognosis (p < 0.001) and significantly lower mortality (p = 0.016) compared to those who did not receive ICP monitoring. At all three major steps of the procedure, i.e., creation of the burr hole, evacuation of the hematoma, and closing of the wound, intraoperative ICP and CPP values significantly differed. The ICP and CPP values were also significantly associated with surgical outcome in the severe TBI patients. Between hematoma evacuation and wound closure, ICP and CPP values differed by 6.8 ± 4.5 and 6.5 ± 4.6 mmHg, respectively (mean difference, 6 mmHg). Intraoperative thresholds were 14 mmHg for ICP and 56mmH for CPP. Monitoring ICP and CPP during surgery improves management of severe TBI patients and provides an early prognostic indicator. During surgery for severe TBI, early detection of increased ICP is also crucial for enabling sufficiently early treatment to improve surgical outcome. However, further study is needed to determine the optimal intraoperative ICP and CPP thresholds before their use as subjective guidelines for managing severe TBI patients.
Employers' Attitudes Towards Hiring and Retaining People with Disabilities: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Burke Jana , Bezyak Jill , Fraser Robert T. , Pete Joseph , Ditchman Nicole , Chan Fong
Published: May 2013

This selective review provides an overview of salient research findings related to employers' attitudes towards disability and prospective influences on employers to improve employment outcomes of people with disabilities. Research studies included for review are mainly those which investigated employer attitudes towards disability as predispositions to hiring people with disability. Selected studies were classified into three categories including hiring and accommodating employees with disabilities, work performance, and affective reactions and behavioural intentions of employers. Excluded from the review were studies that investigated other factors influencing employer attitudes toward disability. Altogether 34 research studies from the period of 1987 until 2012 were included in the review. Primary databases for the review included ProQuest, Ebscohost, Lexus Nexus, ERICK Database and the Sage Sociology Collection. This review of the demand-side employment literature suggests employers hold relatively positive attitudes regarding individuals with disabilities. However, employer affective reactions and behavioural intentions of employers towards disability in the work setting were less positive and negatively impact hiring decisions, provision of accommodations and work performance appraisals. Employer attitudes represent an important demand-side factor impacting full participation in competitive employment for individuals with disabilities. While employers report generally positive attitudes toward disability, hiring practices may still be discriminatory. Use by rehabilitation professionals of demand-side strategies with employers would likely result in higher rates of work participation by people with disabilities.
Rehabilitation in Residential Aged Care Facilities: Barriers and Facilitators in a Dementia Context
Authors: Mitchell Leander K. , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: May 2013

This review of the literature sought to highlight key barriers to the implementation of rehabilitation-based interventions in an aged care facility context. It then identifies how such barriers might be actively countered with a view to facilitating rehabilitation-based strategies within such contexts. Key barriers identified included staffing issues, heterogeneity of residents, and the potential complexity behind establishing appropriate forms of rehabilitation for the residents. The most successful facilitators identified included training, the provision of appropriate support, and an open communication process. Having an awareness and an appreciation of potential barriers to the use of rehabilitation interventions in aged care facilities provides the opportunity to actively plan around them, thereby increasing and improving their use.
Transcriptional response of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells to human and bovine milk oligosaccharides
Authors: Lane Jonathan A. , O'Callaghan John , Carrington Stephen D. , Hickey Rita M.
Published: May 2013

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) have been shown to interact directly with immune cells. However, large quantities of HMO are required for intervention or clinical studies, but these are unavailable in most cases. In this respect, bovine milk is potentially an excellent source of commercially viable analogues of these unique molecules. In the present study, we compared the transcriptional response of colonic epithelial cells (HT-29) to the entire pool of HMO and bovine colostrum oligosaccharides (BCO) to determine whether the oligosaccharides from bovine milk had effects on gene expression that were similar to those of their human counterparts. Gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptional data revealed that there were a number of similar biological processes that may be influenced by both treatments including a response to stimulus, signalling, locomotion, and multicellular, developmental and immune system processes. For a more detailed insight into the effects of milk oligosaccharides, the effect on the expression of immune system-associated glycogenes was chosen as a case study when performing validation studies. Glycogenes in the current context are genes that are directly or indirectly regulated in the presence of glycans and/or glycoconjugates. RT-PCR analysis revealed that HMO and BCO influenced the expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, colony-stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte–macrophage) (GM-CSF2), IL-17C and platelet factor 4 (PF4)), chemokines (chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20), chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), chemokine (C–X3–C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and CXCL2) and cell surface receptors (interferon γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) and IL-10 receptor α (IL10RA)). The present study suggests that milk oligosaccharides contribute to the development and maturation of the intestinal immune response and that bovine milk may be an attractive commercially viable source of oligosaccharides for such applications.
Convict Carpets: Jails and the Revival of Historic Carpet Design in Colonial India
Authors: McGowan Abigail
Published: May 2013

One promising traditional industry slated for revival in late colonial India was carpet weaving. Characterized by low technology, high product value, and strong demand, carpets appealed for obvious economic reasons, while simultaneously evoking India's luxurious artisanal past. In western India, carpet weaving was centered in jails where convicts produced high-quality rugs using historic designs in prison factories that served as laboratories for redefining penal labor and traditional design under the eyes of the colonial state. For, even as they were poised at the center of new exchange networks of design ideas, jail factories also claimed practical economic goals: to earn money for jails, train convicts in new skills and habits, and build India's productive potential in a time of economic malaise. As such, they provide an ideal site for examining the economic context for the emerging design industry, and for limitations of colonial visions of the Indian economy.
Dialogue about Elections in Japan and South Korea
Authors: Kang David C. , Leheny David , Cha Victor D.
Published: May 2013

The year 2012 was fascinating for domestic politics and international relations in Northeast Asia. Perhaps most notably, every country in the region experienced a change of leadership. China, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan all saw new leaders begin their tenure. In addition, regional relations took a turn for the worse, with numerous countries engaging in territorial and maritime disputes, disagreeing over interpretations of their shared histories.
Use of nutrigenomics endpoints in dietary interventions
Authors: Hendriks Henk F. J.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, the nutrigenomics approach is discussed as a research tool to study the physiological effects of nutrition and consequently how nutrition affects health and disease (endpoints). Nutrigenomics is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression; the analyses include analysis of mRNA, proteins and metabolites. Nutrigenomics may be useful in dealing with the challenges that nutrition research is facing; by integrating the description of numerous active genes and metabolic pathways stronger evidence and new biomarkers for subtle nutritional effects may be obtained. Also, a new definition of disease and health may be needed. The use of tests challenging homoeostasis is being proposed to help define health. Challenge tests may be able to demonstrate in a better way subtle beneficial effects of nutrition on health. The paper describes some basic concepts relevant to nutrition research as well as some of the possibilities that are offered by nutrigenomics technology. Some of its applications are described.
Disorganized attachment and reproductive strategies
Authors: Lewis Andrew J. , Tooley Gregory
Published: May 2013

Del Giudice provides an extension of the life history theory of attachment that incorporates emerging data suggestive of sex differences in avoidant male and preoccupied female attachment patterns emerging in middle childhood. This commentary considers the place of disorganized attachment within this theory and why male children may be more prone to disorganized attachment by drawing on Trivers's parental investment theory.
Campylobacteriosis outbreak associated with consumption of undercooked chicken liver pâté in the East of England, September 2011: identification of a dose–response risk
Authors: EDWARDS D. S. , MILNE L. M. , MORROW K. , SHERIDAN P. , VERLANDER N. Q. , MULLA R. , RICHARDSON J. F. , PENDER A. , LILLEY M. , REACHER M.
Published: May 2013

A foodborne outbreak with 49 cases (22 culture positive forCampylobactersp.) following a wedding party in the East of England was investigated. A retrospective cohort study identified an association between consumption of chicken liver pâté and infection withCampylobacter jejuni/coli. There was a statistically significant association between dose (amount of chicken liver pâté eaten) and the risk of disease [‘tasted’: odds ratio (OR) 1·5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·04–∞; ‘partly eaten’: OR 8·4, 95% CI 1·4–87·5; ‘most or all eaten’: OR 36·1, 95% CI 3·3–2119). The local authority found evidence that the preparation of chicken livers breached Food Standards Agency's guidelines. This epidemiological investigation established a clear dose–response relationship between consumption of chicken liver pâté and the risk of infection withCampylobacter. The continuing need to raise public awareness of the risk to human health posed by undercooked chicken liver is evident.
Eating for the better: a social marketing review (2000–2012)
Authors: Carins Julia E , Rundle-Thiele Sharyn R
Published: May 2013

Objective

The present study sought to identify both the ingredients for success and the potential impediments to social marketing effectiveness for healthy eating behaviour, focusing on studies conducted over the last 10 years.

Design

A comprehensive literature review was undertaken examining seventeen databases to identify studies reporting the use of social marketing to address healthy eating. Thirty-four empirical studies were analysed to examine the effectiveness of social marketing interventions to improve healthy eating behaviour using Andreasen's (2002) social marketing benchmark criteria. Statistical analysis was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate whether effectiveness varied between study categories (subsets).

Setting

Healthy eating empirical studies published from 2000 onwards.

Subjects

Empirical studies that self-identified as social marketing.

Results

Sixteen social marketing studies (subset 1) were identified in the review. These were systematic studies which sought to change behaviour through tailored solutions (e.g. use of marketing tools beyond communication was clearly evident) that delivered value to the target audience. For these sixteen studies, the mean number of criteria identified was five. Six studies met all six criteria. Positive change to healthy eating behaviour was found in fourteen of sixteen studies. The sixteen studies that met the definition of social marketing used significantly more of Andreasen's (2002) criteria and were more effective in achieving behavioural change than the eighteen studies in subset 2.

Conclusions

Social marketing is an involved process and it is important that studies identifying as social marketing adopt social marketing benchmark criteria. Social marketing when employed to its full extent offers the potential to change healthy eating.
Efficacy and safety of external beam radiation therapy in non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a case–control, nested in a cohort study
Authors: Vargas Guadalupe , González Baldomero , Mendoza Victoria , Guinto Gerardo , López-Félix Blas , Mercado Moisés
Published: May 2013

Background and objectives

Recurrence is frequent in surgically treated non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA). The use of radiation therapy (RT) to prevent recurrence has to be weighted against the potential side effects, particularly, hypopituitarism. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RT in postoperative patients with NFPA with adenoma remnant.

Patients and methods

The 3- and 5-year outcome of 51 patients with NFPA with a remnant after surgery that received RT (cases) was compared with that of 61 subjects who did not receive RT (controls). Cases and controls were matched for postoperative remnant size, cavernous sinus invasion, age and gender.

Results

Tumour volume decreased in the radiated group from a median of 1,601 mm3 to 816 mm3 after 5 years of follow-up (p = 0·01, 50% tumour volume reduction). In the non-radiated controls median tumour volume decreased at 3 years but increased again after 5 years (baseline 1,415 mm3, 5 years 1,204 mm3, p = 0·93). Recurrence rate was 4% for the radiated group and 29% for the controls (OR 0·10, 95% CI 0·01–0·04, p = 0·02). Although pituitary hormone deficiencies at baseline were more prevalent in the radiated group, after 5 years, both groups showed a significant worsening of pituitary function. No RT-related side effects were recorded.

Conclusion

Postoperative RT is effective in preventing tumour regrowth in NFPA patients with postoperative remnants. The fact that hypopituitarism is highly prevalent even in non-radiated patients should allow a more generalised use of this treatment modality.
Introduction: Welfare State Reform, Recognition and Emotional Labour
Authors: Tonkens Evelien , Grootegoed Ellen , Duyvendak Jan Willem
Published: May 2013

Welfare state retrenchment and its corollary, the encouragement of ‘active citizenship’, are widespread phenomena in Western countries today. While public and academic debates have focused on the practical consequences of changing rules and shrinking entitlements, there has been much less attention on how citizens experience these reforms and their accompanying rhetoric. We know even less about how welfare reform impacts upon people's emotions. Such a focus, however, is important because the reform of the welfare state is about more than changing rights and duties. Reforms tell citizens what they are worth, how they are valued and judged, and how they are supposed tofeelabout the new arrangements.
Trust and arena size: expectations, institutions, and general trust, and critical population and group sizes
Authors: ELSNER WOLFRAM , SCHWARDT HENNING
Published: May 2013

While trust and group size in socio-economic processes have been well investigated separately, approaches to synergize them have been rare. After addressing basic conditions for institutionalized cooperation, the agency capability of preferential mixing is introduced in order to determine the carrier group of an institution of cooperation. That platform typically assumes a meso-size smaller than the initial arena. Habituation and generalization within and across overlapping platforms then may lead to first contextual trust. This has to be carried over from individual platforms into the larger public of the whole economy to constitute general trust. The practical relevance of this analysis is illustrated through the fact that even superficially similar economies show different socio-economic performance and trajectories. Our results suggest investigating their inner deep structure of overlapping meso-sized platforms as a critical factor.
Stabilization of the angiotensin-(1–7) receptor Mas through interaction with PSD95
Authors: Bian Weihua , Sun Licui , Yang Longyan , Li Ji-Feng , Hu Jia , Zheng Shuai , Guo Ruihan , Feng Duiping , Ma Qian , Shi Xiaocui , Xiong Ying , Yang Xiaomei , Song Ran , Xu Jianguo , Wang Songlin , He Junqi
Published: May 2013

The functions and signalling mechanisms of the Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] receptor Mas have been studied extensively. However, less attention has been paid to the intracellular regulation of Mas protein. In the present study, PSD95 (postsynaptic density 95), a novel binding protein of Mas receptor, was identified, and their association was characterized further. Mas specifically interacts with PDZ1-2, but not the PDZ3, domain of PSD95 via Mas-CT (Mas C-terminus), and the last four amino acids [ETVV (Glu-Thr-Val-Val)] of Mas-CT were determined to be essential for this interaction, as shown by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and confocal co-localization experiments. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies indicated that PSD95 enhanced Mas protein expression by increasing the stabilization of the receptor. Mas degradation was robustly inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in time- and dose-dependent manners, and the expression of PSD95 impaired Mas ubiquitination, indicating that the PSD95–Mas association inhibits Mas receptor degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of Mas receptor regulation by which its expression is modulated at the post-translational level by ubiquitination, and clarify the role of PSD95, which binds directly to Mas, blocking the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the receptor via the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway.
Can a reaction be written between a set of minerals within error?
Authors: Powell R , Guiraud M
Published: May 2013

Determining whether a reaction can be written between a set of minerals within error is an example of the more general problem of determining whether a set of compositions are coplanar within error. Generally if the compositions are of minerals, ‘within error’ should allow the minerals to maintain stoichiometry. The problem is addressed via the addition of a ‘bogus’ composition to the set, and calculating the reaction coefficients for a reaction between the compositions in this augmented set. A reaction can be written if a confidence interval on the reaction coefficient of ‘bogus’ includes zero. The reaction coefficients can be solved for directly when the problem is posed in terms of least squares with equality constraints. The confidence interval is determined with a bootstrap method, allowing the result to depend on the scatter of the data around the solution of the least squares problem, not on the data uncertainties
Changes in the group associations of free-ranging beef cows at calving
Authors: Finger A. , Patison K. P. , Heath B. M. , Swain D. L.
Published: May 2013

Dyadic association between individuals forms the basis of group structures for herding animals. Group associations and social bonds are dynamic and can result in the establishment of new subgroups. The onset of parturition and the introduction of an offspring create a social change for a mother that is part of a herd. There is a need to nurture the young, develop and maintain a strong maternal bond, and build or maintain social networks within the larger herd. The present study explored associations within a herd of cattle that included pregnant cows and cows with calves (maternal cows). Group dynamics were determined by daily observations of group associations over an 11-week period. During the period, some pregnant cows calved and it was possible to quantify their associations before and post-calving. The associations between individual cows were quantified using a half-weight index (HWI). The HWI data for the maternal and pregnant class of cows were compared. The overall HWI data and the individual class data (pregnant or maternal) were tested against a random model, using data that were generated using permutation methods. There were significant differences in the associations of the pregnant and maternal cows; the maternal cows had stronger associations with other maternal cows while the pregnant cows showed evidence of weaker associations with other pregnant cows and the maternal cows. As pregnant cows calved, they developed stronger associations with other maternal cows. The present study provided evidence that pregnant cows prefer to maintain a degree of isolation, but strengthen their social bonds with other mothers as they enter a maternal phase.
Meaningful shifts
Authors: Stec Kashmiri
Published: May 2013

This review describes the primary strategies used to express changes in conceptual viewpoint (Parrill, 2012) in co-speech gesture and sign language. We describe the use of the face, eye gaze, body orientation and hands to represent these differences in viewpoint, focusing particularly on McNeill’s (1992) division of iconic gestures into observer versus character viewpoint gestures, and on the situations in which they occur. We also draw a parallel between the strategies used in co-speech gesture and those used in different signed languages (see Cormier, Quinto-Pozos, Sevcikova, & Schembri, 2012), and suggest possibilities for further research in this area.
Sum, quorum, tether
Authors: Chandrasekharan Sanjay , Tovey Mark
Published: May 2013

We outline three challenges involved in designing external representations that promote sustainable use of natural resources. First, the task environment of sustainable resource-use is highly unstructured, and involves many uncoordinated and asynchronous actions. Following from this complex nature of the task environment, more task constraints and task interactions are involved in designing representations promoting sustainability, compared to representations that seek to make tasks easier in structured task environments, such as aircraft cockpits and control rooms. Second, external representations promoting sustainable resource-use need to motivate people to make decisions that sustain resources, and persist with this behavior, even though alternate behaviors are easier and commonplace. Third, external representations promoting sustainability also need to lower the cognitive load involved in sustainability decisions. This three-tiered function (meeting complex task constraints, providing motivation, lowering cognitive load) makes such representations challenging to design. However, some early prototype designs promoting sustainable resource-use have appeared recently, primarily addressing electricity use. Analyzing these digital prototypes, we outline three design principles they share, and show how these seek to address the complexities of the sustainability problem-space (complexity of task environments, goals, and representations). We then argue that at least two further cognitive scaffolds are required for effectively promoting sustainable resource use (action scripts, deconstruction). We close with some of the limitations of this approach to promoting sustainability, and outline future work.
The principle of relevance in the light of cooperation and trust
Authors: Santibañez Cristián
Published: May 2013

The principle of relevance of Sperber and Wilson (1995) underestimates the role of cooperation, and the theory’s inclination toward an individual intentionality is problematic. These are two of the critical observations that this paper introduces and discusses. Through a constant counterpoint with the aforementioned authors, the core arguments of their theory are analyzed in each section of this paper. The discussion will allow us to observe why it is necessary to include the notions of cooperation and collective intention in the explanation of the relevance theory and, at the same time, the concept of trust. Finally, it is also important to stress the distinction between the informative and argumentative conversational modes to achieve a full understanding of relevance.
Co-ordination of spatial perspectives in response to addressee feedback
Authors: Thomas Kavita E. , Andonova Elena
Published: May 2013

In this paper we investigate the effect of level of understanding revealed by feedback in the form of clarification requests from a route follower on a route giver’s spatial perspective choice in their response in route instruction dialogues. In an experiment varying the level of understanding displayed by route follower clarification requests (the independent variable), route giver perspective switching in response to this feedback is investigated. Three levels of understanding displayed by feedback are investigated: (1) low-level clarification requests indicating that the instruction was not processed, (2) semantic-level clarification requests indicating that the spatial direction given in the instruction could not be resolved as the speaker of the clarification request could not interpret which perspective was intended, and (3) high-level feedback which indicates that the route giver’s instruction was understood but which note an obstacle to following the instruction. Results show that perspective choice, which is a conceptual feature of language use, is sensitive to perceived level of addressee understanding. We found that route givers consistently switch perspectives in responding to semantic-level clarification requests but not in response to low-level ones, and also that switching occurs more for high-level feedback than for low-level feedback. We address how dialogue systems can take advantage of these findings by modelling our results in an Information State model of dialogue, presenting update rules for response generation which account for our findings and also update rules which enable generation of the feedback themselves.
The semantics of the English and the Spanish motion verb lexicons
Authors: Cifuentes-Férez Paula
Published: May 2013

Talmy’s (e.g., 1985, 2000) seminal work has engendered a great deal of research and debate in the literature on motion event descriptions over the last decades. Despite the vast amount of research on the linguistic expression of motion events, the fact that motion verb roots might encode information apart from Path and Manner of motion is often overlooked. The present paper addresses the semantics of 376 English and 257 Spanish motion verbs by exploring the general conflations which are conveyed by these verbs. In this regard, both crosslinguistic similarities and differences will be pointed out. My research concludes that path-conflating and manner-conflating verbs amount to the largest part of their lexicons but that other minor patterns such as ground conflations, in contradiction to Talmy’s speculations on the lack of ground-conflating verbs, are present as well. Taken as a whole, this paper provides a rich and detailed account on the semantic nature of the English and the Spanish motion verb lexicons, and emerges as a helpful reference for researchers in this field.
On conceptual semantics and discourse functions
Authors: Cornillie Bert
Published: May 2013

This paper deals with the conceptual semantics and the discourse functions of Spanish epistemic adverbs and/or adverbial phrases such as quizá, tal vez, a lo mejor, igual, lo mismo ‘maybe/perhaps’ in informal conversation. The study is based upon the following hypothesis: the best basis for a modal adverb to be ‘successful’ in spontaneous conversation is having a ‘dynamic’ semantic profile with an ‘instructional’ role in speaker-participant interaction. It will be shown that the conceptual profiles of grammaticalized adverbial expressions such as a lo mejor allow for specific interactional functions in conversation. The argument is corroborated by striking semantic and frequency differences with the less grammaticalized but more productive modal adverbs ending in -mente (posiblemente and probablemente). My corpus analysis also indicates that, from an interactional point of view, a lo mejor, igual and lo mismo have consistent discourse functions which quizá(s) and the adverbs in -mente clearly lack.
Genetic and adoptive motherhood: Stress, marital relationship, and child care support
Authors: Howat‐Rodrigues Anna Beatriz Carnielli , Tokumaru Rosana Suemi , de Amorim Thalita Novaes , Garcia Agnaldo , Izar Patrícia
Published: May 2013

In this paper we characterize adoptive and genetic motherhood with or without stress indicators. Participants were 86 mothers (36 adoptive, 50 genetic) with children from 0 to 12 years old. They answered questions about focal child and mother profile, marital relationship, child care support and the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults. Results showed that mothers in both groups reported child care support, but there was more participation of nonrelatives in the care of adoptive children and relatives in the care of genetic children. There was greater marital stability and less conflict with the arrival of the child in the adoptive families and predominance of stress indicators in genetic mothers. We concluded that, although there are differences between adoptive and genetic motherhood, these do not imply advantages for one versus the other. Moreover, marital stability related to the adoption process and sociodemographic characteristics of adoptive mothers may have contributed to lower prevalence of stress.
Fish Passage through Culverts in Central Michigan Warmwater Streams
Authors: Briggs Andrew S. , Galarowicz Tracy L.
Published: May 2013

Road culverts can alter stream flow, remove fish habitat, and limit fish movement. Little is known about the effects of culverts on fish movement in low-order, low-gradient streams in an agricultural setting. Eleven sites on first- and second-order streams in central Michigan were examined for the effects of culvert type (box, bottomless box, pipe arch, and bottomless pipe arch) on fish passage in an agricultural setting. The selected culverts were not obvious barriers to fish passage as none were perched above the stream. Four reaches (two upstream and two downstream of a culvert) were sampled three times in spring, summer, and fall 2011 at each site. Mark–recapture sampling was used to observe fish movement, and the probability of fewer fish being found upstream of a culvert relative to downstream was modeled with logistic regression. Based on recapture movements, limited passage was assumed for at least one fish species during each season at a pipe arch culvert and for one species during summer at a box culvert. The best models from logistic regression revealed that culvert length had the largest effect on the proportion of Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus being found upstream out of the variables used. FishXing, a computer program used to predict fish passage through culverts, predicted that five culverts had passage-limiting flows to either Western Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys obtusus or Creek Chub during at least one season. However, all culverts were predicted to have some passable flows during each season (except one culvert during one season). Results suggest that even though culverts may not be obvious barriers, fish passage can still be limited.

Received November 15, 2012; accepted March 12, 2013
The Shielding Function of Task Rules in the Context of Task Switching
Authors: Reisenauer Renate , Dreisbach Gesine
Published: May 2013

There is increasing evidence that task rules help shield the response against distractor interference. Here, the authors investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying this assumed shielding function of task rules and how it is adjusted to changing task demands. In two experiments, participants switched between a noun categorization and an adjective categorization task. Target words were superimposed on distractor pictures. These pictures were always irrelevant and depicted either objects also used as target words in the noun task (noun distractors) or objects that were not part of the noun target-set but could be categorized according to the noun task (noun-related distractors). Results show that (a) on task repetitions shielding prevents interference from any distractors associated with a competing task; this is indicated by the lack of interference on adjective task repetitions; and (b) shielding is reduced on task switches. In the noun task, this reduction resulted in attenuated interference by noun-related distractors. In the adjective task, spatial distractors did not interfere despite the reduction. This result suggests that shielding is supported by a processing advantage for task-related information and not by distractor suppression.