Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity
Authors: Miller Victoria , Webb Patrick , Cudhea Frederick , Zhang Jianyi , Reedy Julia , Shi Peilin , Erndt-Marino Josh , Coates Jennifer , Micha Renata , Mozaffarian Dariush ,   Global Dietary Database, Bas Murat , Ali Jemal Haidar , Abumweis Suhad , Krishnan Anand , Misra Puneet , Hwalla Nahla Chawkat , Janakiram Chandrashekar , Liputo Nur Indrawaty , Musaiger Abdulrahman , Pourfarzi Farhad , Alam Iftikhar , DeRidder Karin , Termote Celine , Memon Anjum , Turrini Aida , Lupotto Elisabetta , Piccinelli Raffaela , Sette Stefania , Anzid Karim , Vossenaar Marieke , Mazumdar Paramita , Rached Ingrid , Rovirosa Alicia , Zapata María Elisa , Asayehu Tamene Taye , Oduor Francis , Boedecker Julia , Aluso Lilian , Ortiz-Ulloa Johana , Meenakshi J. V. , Castro Michelle , Grosso Giuseppe , Waskiewicz Anna , Khan Umber S. , Thanopoulou Anastasia , Malekzadeh Reza , Calleja Neville , Ocke Marga , Etemad Zohreh , Nsour Mohannad Al , Waswa Lydiah M. , Nurk Eha , Arsenault Joanne , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio , Sibai Abla Mehio , Damasceno Albertino , Arambepola Carukshi , Lopes Carla , Severo Milton , Lunet Nuno , Torres Duarte , Tapanainen Heli , Lindstrom Jaana , Virtanen Suvi , Palacios Cristina , Roos Eva , Agdeppa Imelda Angeles , Desnacido Josie , Capanzana Mario , Misra Anoop , Khouw Ilse , Ng Swee Ai , Delgado Edna Gamboa , Caballero Mauricio , Otero Johanna , Lee Hae-Jeung , Koksal Eda , Guessous Idris , Lachat Carl , De Henauw Stefaan , Rahbar Ali Reza , Tedstone Alison , Naska Androniki , Mathee Angie , Ling Annie , Tedla Bemnet , Hopping Beth , Ginnela Brahmam , Leclercq Catherine , Duante Charmaine , Haerpfer Christian , Hotz Christine , Pitsavos Christos , Rehm Colin , van Oosterhout Coline , Cerdena Corazon , Bradshaw Debbie , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Gauci Dorothy , Fernando Dulitha , Sygnowska Elzbieta , Vartiainen Erkki , Farzadfar Farshad , Zajkas Gabor , Swan Gillian , Ma Guansheng , Pekcan Gulden , Ibrahim Hajah Masni , Sinkko Harri , Barbieri Helene Enghardt , Sioen Isabelle , Myhre Jannicke , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Odenkirk Jillian , Bundhamcharoen Kanitta , Nelis Keiu , Zarina Khairul , Biro Lajos , Johansson Lars , Steingrimsdottir Laufey , Riley Leanne , Yap Mabel , Inoue Manami , Szabo Maria , Ovaskainen Marja-Leena , Lee Meei-Shyuan , Chan Mei Fen , Cowan Melanie , Kandiah Mirnalini , Kally Ola , Jonsdottir Olof , Palmer Pam , Vollenweider Peter , Orfanos Philippos , Asciak Renzo , Templeton Robert , Don Rokiah , Yaakub Roseyati , Selamat Rusidah , Yusof Safiah , Al-Zenki Sameer , Hung Shu-Yi , Beer-Borst Sigrid , Wu Suh , Lukito Widjaja , Hadden Wilbur , Becker Wulf , Cao Xia , Ma Yi , Lai Yuen , Hjdaud Zaiton , Ali Jennifer , Gravel Ron , Tao Tina , Veerman Jacob Lennert , Chiplonkar Shashi , Arici Mustafa , Ngoan Le Tran , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Li Yanping , Trichopoulou Antonia , Barengo Noel , Khadilkar Anuradha , Ekbote Veena , Mohammadifard Noushin , Kovalskys Irina , Laxmaiah Avula , Rachakulla Harikumar , Rajkumar Hemalatha , Meshram Indrapal , Avula Laxmaiah , Arlappa Nimmathota , Hemalatha Rajkumar , lacoviello Licia , Bonaccio Marialaura , Costanzo Simona , Martin-Prevel Yves , Castetbon Katia , Jitnarin Nattinee , Hsieh Yao-Te , Olivares Sonia , Tejeda Gabriela , Hadziomeragic Aida , de Moura Souza Amanda , Pan Wen-Harn , Huybrechts Inge , de Brauw Alan , Moursi Mourad , Maghroun Maryam , Zeba Augustin Nawidimbasba , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Keinan-Boker Lital , Goldsmith Rebecca , Shimony Tal , Jordan Irmgard , Mastiholi Shivanand C. , Mwangi Moses , Kombe Yeri , Bukania Zipporah , Alissa Eman , Al-Daghri Nasser , Sabico Shaun , Gulliford Martin , Diba Tshilenge S. , Oh Kyungwon , Kweon Sanghui , Park Sihyun , Cho Yoonsu , Al-Hooti Suad , Luangphaxay Chanthaly , Douangvichit Daovieng , Siengsounthone Latsamy , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Rybak Constance , Luke Amy , Piaseu Noppawan , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Sundram Kalyana , Baykova Donka , Abedi Parvin , Sandjaja Sandjaja , Fadzil Fariza , Bukhary Noriklil Bukhary Ismail , Bovet Pascal , Chen Yu , Sawada Norie , Tsugane Shoichiro , Rangelova Lalka , Petrova Stefka , Duleva Vesselka , Lindroos Anna Karin , Sipinen Jessica Petrelius , Moraeus Lotta , Bergman Per , Siamusantu Ward , Szponar Lucjan , Chang Hsing-Yi , Sekiyama Makiko , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Nagalla Balakrishna , Polasa Kalpagam , Boindala Sesikeran , El Ati Jalila , Silva Ivonne Ramirez , Dommarco Juan Rivera , Barquera Simon , Ramírez Sonia Rodríguez , Illescas-Zarate Daniel , Sanchez-Romero Luz Maria , Ikeda Nayu , Zaghloul Sahar , Houshiar-rad Anahita , Mohammadi-Nasrabadi Fatemeh , Abdollahi Morteza , Chuah Khun-Aik , Mahdy Zaleha Abdullah , Eldridge Alison , Ding Eric L. , Kruger Herculina , Henjum Sigrun , Fernandez Anne , Suarez-Ortegon Milton Fabian , Hamad Nawal Al , Janská Veronika , Tayyem Reema , Mirmiran Parvin , Kelishadi Roya , Lemming Eva Warensjo , Richter Almut , Mensink Gert , Wieler Lothar , Hoffman Daniel , Salanave Benoit , Kim Cho-il , Kuriyan-Raj Rebecca , Swaminathan Sumathi , Garriguet Didier , Dastgiri Saeed , Vaask Sirje , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Zohoori Fatemeh Vida , Esteghamati Alireza , Hashemian Maryam , Noshad Sina , Mwaniki Elizabeth , Yakes-Jimenez Elizabeth , Chileshe Justin , Mwanza Sydney , Marques Lydia Lera , Preston Alan Martin , Aguero Samuel Duran , Oleas Mariana , Posada Luz , Ochoa Angelica , Shamsuddin Khadijah , Shariff Zalilah Mohd , Jan Bin Jan Mohamed Hamid , Manan Wan , Nicolau Anca , Tudorie Cornelia , Poh Bee Koon , Abbott Pamela , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Sharma Sangita , Strand Tor , Alexy Ute , Nöthlings Ute , Carmikle Jan , Brown Ken , Koster Jeremy , Waidyatilaka Indu , Lanerolle Pulani , Jayawardena Ranil , Long Julie M. , Hambidge K. Michael , Krebs Nancy F. , Haque Aminul , Keding Gudrun B. , Korkalo Liisa , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Freese Riitta , Eleraky Laila , Stuetz Wolfgang , Thorsdottir Inga , Gunnarsdottir Ingibjorg , Serra-Majem Lluis , Moy Foong Ming , Anderson Simon , Jeewon Rajesh , Zugravu Corina Aurelia , Adair Linda , Ng Shu Wen , Skeaff Sheila , Marchioni Dirce , Fisberg Regina , Henry Carol , Ersino Getahun , Zello Gordon , Meyer Alexa , Elmadfa Ibrahim , Mitchell Claudette , Balfour David , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Manary Mark , El-kour Tatyana , Nikiema Laetitia , Mirzaei Masoud , Hakeem Rubina 
Published: April 2023

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.