bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rock Assemblages and Formation Ages of the Baishuijiang Group in the Southwest Qinling Orogenic Belt, Northwest China
Authors: WANG Tao , WANG Zongqi , WANG Dongsheng , WANG Mingqian
Published: November 2020

The Baishuijiang Group, located in the southwest Qinling orogenic belt, is divided into three belts according to the characteristic of the matrix and rock blocks based on the large scale geological mapping. The north belt and south belt are composed of abyssal mudstone and siltstone, and limestone, chert and basic and ultrabasic rock blocks. The middle belt consists of a few limestone blocks and turbidites, which were formed in the trench environment. At present, in the Baishuijiang Group, many fossils were found in matrix and rock blocks, the fossils contain the Cambrian small shell fossils (Xiao, 1992; Tao et al., 1992), Silurian chitinozoas, scolecodonts and spores, and Ordovician graptolites, and middle Devonian Coral and conodonts in limestone and chert blocks (Wang et al., 2011a), and Permian radiolarians in the matrix (Wang et al., 2007). The volcanic rock blocks have undergone different degree of metamorphism. Their geochemical characteristics indicate that the rocks are similar to oceanic island arc and seamount (Wang et al., 2009), and SHRIMP U‐Pb dating yielded ages from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic (Yan et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2009, 2011b). Therefore, comprehensive analysis of regional data, the Baishuijiang group is an accretionary complex which was consisted of matrix and blocks, and was finally formed during Permian‐Triassic.
Origin of the Diamonds within Chromitite from the Mirdita Ophiolite (Albania) and its Geological Significance
Authors: WU Weiwei , YANG Jingsui , ZHENG Jianping , LIAN Dongyang , QIU Tian , RUI Huichao
Published: November 2020

Geophysical investigations and laboratory experiments show evidence for possible subduction of ancient oceanic crust. Geological and mineralogical observations suggest that subducted oceanic crust is recycled into the upper mantle. The subduction is supported by the recovery of super‐deep diamonds from kimberlites and the presence of crustal materials in ophiolitic chromitites and their host peridotites. What is the mechanism? Here we report the new discovery of ophiolite‐hosted diamonds in the podiform chromitites within the Skenderbeu massif from the Mirdita ophiolite in the western part of Neo‐Tethys (Fig. 1). The diamonds are characterized by exceedingly light C isotopes (δ13CPDB ∼ −25‰), which can be interpreted as evidence for subduction of organic carbon from Earth's surface. The diamonds are also characterized by an exceptionally large range in δ15Nair (−12.9‰ to +25.5‰), accompanied by a low N aggregation state (Fig. 2). On the other hand, materials sparsely included in diamonds include amorphous material, Ni‐Mn‐Co alloy, nanocrystals (20 nm×20 nm) of calcium silicate with an orthorhombic perovskite structure (Ca‐Pv), and fluids (Fig. 3). We consider that the Skenderbeu diamonds nucleated and grew from a C‐saturated, NiMnCo‐rich melt derived from a subducted slab of ocean crust and lithosphere in the deep mantle environment. The environment is in the diamond stability field or near the top of the mantle transition zone. The new discovery of diamonds from the Mirdita ophiolite provides a valuable opportunity to understand deep cycling of subducted oceanic crust and mantle (i.e., composition and process).
The Boninite‐like Dolerites in the Xigaze Ophiolites, Tibet: Similar to the MORB‐like Dolerites
Authors: YANG Shengbiao , YANG Jingsui , LI Yuan , LI Ruibao
Published: November 2020

The Early Cretaceous Xigaze ophiolites (XO) exposed along the central segment of the more than 2000 km long Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone in southern Tibet, preserved the structure of the upper mantle and oceanic crust, is interpreted as a definite record of Neo‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere. Many evolution models of the XO have been proposed since the 1980s (Nicolas et al., 1981; Hébert et al., 2012; Maffione et al., 2015). However, the geodynamic environment of the XO whether at a MOR or SSZ remains controversial. As key evidence for the identification of the SSZ ophiolite, the boninite‐like dolerites from the XO are still controversial and poorly constraint (Chen et al., 2003; Bao et al., 2013; Dai et al., 2013). According to previous reports, dolerites were subdivided to MORB‐like type and boninite‐like type (Chen et al., 2003; Dai et al., 2013). Apart from high‐SiO2 (> 52 wt%), high MgO (>8 wt%) and low‐TiO2 (<0.5 wt%), we found the boninite‐like and MORB‐like dolerites are indistinguishable in outcrop, mineral and chemical. They are sills invaded into mantle sequence of the XO, with 50.35–56.80 wt% SiO2, 0.32–1.19 wt% TiO2, 7.39–8.89 wt%Fe2O3T, 5.50–10.42 wt% MgO and Mg# of 0.49–0.74. MORB‐like dolerites display trace element and REE patterns similar to those of most fore‐arc or/and back‐arc basalts from Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM), i.e. enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Cs, Rb, Ba, Pb, U) and depletion in high‐field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta) (Fig. 1). Boninite‐like dolerites resemble the MORB‐like dolerites in trace elements and REE patterns, excepting for lower concentrations in REE, but distinct from the boninites discovered from the IBM or Troodos ophiolite (Fig. 1c, d). Th in both dolerites deviate from the MORB array with negative slopes on the Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram (Fig. 2a), suggesting constant subduction component added to the mantle source (Pearce et al., 1995). We chose depleted MORB source Mantle (DMM, Workman and Hart, 2005) as the starting composition computing immobile element contents for primary melts using the methods and partition coefficients of Shervais and Jean (2012). The results show that MORB‐like and boninite‐like dolerites can be explained by non‐batch fractional melting (≥15%) of a depleted spinel peridotite with few subduction‐derived components (Fig. 2b). Therefore, the boninite‐like dolerites from the XO cannot be regarded as a product of hydrous melting of hot and highly depleted mantle wedge fluxed by the slab‐derived fluid and the XO cannot be used as analogs for the subduction initiation.
Geochronological and Geochemical Study of Mafic‐intermediate Dykes from the Northern West Junggar, NW China: Source, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications
Authors: YIN Jiyuan , CHEN Wen , XIAO Wenjiao
Published: November 2020

Late Silurian‐early Devonian mafic–intermediate dykes occur in the Xiemisitai mountain of the northern West Junggar. However, their ages, petrogenesis and geodynamic process remain to be unraveled. We report firstly in situ zircon U–Pb and hornblende 40Ar‐39Ar ages, geochemical and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data for the Xiemisitai dykes. The Xiemisitai dykes give zircon U–Pb ages of 416.7±2.1 Ma and 405.1±2.5 Ma and hornblende40Ar‐39Ar age of 405.9±4.9 Ma, respectively. They are characterized by high ∊Hf(t)values (+11.9 to +15.5), suggesting a depleted mantle features. The Xiemisitai dykes show low Mg# (46–59) and low Cr (11.3–197 ppm) and Ni (19.9–102 ppm) abundances indicating that they have experienced significant fractional crystallization. These dykes contain hornblende and biotite and display negative Nb‐Ta‐Ti anomalies, enrichment of LREEs, LILEs and depletion of HREEs and HFSEs with high Ba/La ratios, similar with an origin from a depleted lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subducted slab‐derived fluids. In addition, the Xiemisitai dykes are plotted within melting trends with little to no garnet (Cpx:Grt=6:1) in their source. The La/Yb vs. Tb/Yb plot also indicates the presence of less than 1% residual garnet in the source region for the Xiemisitai dykes. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Xiemisitai dykes were generated at a correspondingly shallow depth, mostly within the spinel stability field. Finally, the Xiemisitai dykes were most probably generated by partial melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle in relatively shallow level (<80 km). They could be possibly triggered by the asthenospheric upwelling as a result of the rollback of the subducted Irtysh‐Zaysan oceanic lithosphere.
Composition and Seismic Properties of the Oceanic Lithosphere: A Synthesis of Ophiolites and Core Samples of the IODP
Authors: ZHAO Jiabin , WANG Qin
Published: November 2020

Our knowledge of the oceanic lithosphere largely comes from analogy with ophiolite complexes and the direct scientific drilling of the present‐day oceanic crust (e.g., Christensen and Salisbury, 1975, 1989; Smith and Vine, 1989; Dilek and Furnes, 2011, 2014). In this study, we summarized previous experimental results on seismic properties of oceanic lower crust and upper mantle according to different tectonic settings. The results are used to highlight the compositional heterogeneity and the nature of the oceanic Moho. Observation in different ophiolites reveal an ideal oceanic lithosphere profile with ideal petrologic units and seismic units (Dilek and Furnes, 2011, 2014). The lithospheric mantle beneath ocean basins is composed of tectonized peridotites, which include layered lherzolites and harzburgites and lenses of dunites with chromitites and nearly correspond to the seismic Layer 4. The overlying layered gabbros and mafic sheeted dike complex equal to the seismic Layer 3, as a result of crystallization from a magma chamber. The transitional unit between the former two petrologic units consists of layered ultramafic and mafic rocks, corresponds to the petrological Moho. The seismic Layer 2 and 1 are well defined by pillow lavas and massive flows, and the overlying abyssal sediments, respectively. Compared these results with the refraction seismic profiles, the oceanic crust and upper mantle show different composition and structure. The P‐wave velocities of the Layer 3 gabbros varies from 6.7 to 7.0 km s‐1 and have low velocity gradients of <0.1 km s‐1. Although the gradual increase of P‐ and S‐wave velocities with depth can be attributed to the increasing proportion of mafic minerals from the top to the bottom, prehnite‐pumpellyite facies alteration of basalts, greenschist‐faces metamorphism to epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism of gabbros will decrease the velocities of the Layer 2 and Layer 3 (Christensen and Salisbury, 1975, 1989), because the P‐wave velocities of chlorite and hornblende are 6.00 and 7.00 km s‐1, respectively, lower than those of plagioclase and pyroxene, respectively (Carlson, 2004). In addition, local velocity anomalies near the petrologic Moho can be related serpentinization of ultramafic rocks (Salisbury and Christensen, 1978;Carlson et al., 2009). In the Layer 4, the characteristic P‐wave velocities of the upper mantle should fall in the range of 7.8 to 8.2 km s‐1. Poisson's ratios of chrysotile and lizardite, which are stable in oceanic crustal environments according to the phase diagram, is 0.267 and 0.359, respectively, higher than those of olivine and pyroxene (Wang et al., 2013). Serpentinization will significantly decreased velocities and densities of peridotites and is the main reason for the variation of the Moho reflectivity beneath oceans.
Clinical outcomes and survival following placement of self‐expandable metallic stents for central airway stenosis and fistula
Authors: Usuda Katsuo , Iwai Shun , Yamagata Aika , Iijima Yoshihito , Motono Nozomu , Takahara Yutaka , Shinomiya Shohei , Oikawa Taku , Mizuno Shiro , Uramoto Hidetaka
Published: November 2020

Background

Self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement is an urgent procedure for patients with malignant central airway stenoses (CASs) and central airway fistulas (CAFs). The aim of this study was to determine the outcome and survival after SEMS placement in patients with malignant CASs and CAFs.

Methods

SEMSs were inserted into 20 patients with malignant CASs and four with malignant CAFs. Hospital records, the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) grade, performance status (PS), symptoms, procedure‐related complications and survival after placement were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Spiral Z stents were inserted in nine patients, covered Ultraflex stents in 14, and a bare Ultraflex in one patient. After SEMS placement, 20 patients (83.3%) showed improvement in mMRC grade, 19 (79.2%) showed improvement in PS, and 21 (87.5%) showed improvement in symptoms. There were three patients whose stents migrated out of place, but there were no patients with obstructive granulation, infection, or mucous plugs. Median survival days after stent insertion was 98 days for CAS and 103 days for CAF, and mean survival days was 383 ± 707 days for CAS and 93 ± 33 days for CAF. Two patients with CAS by malignant lymphoma and thymic cancer survived more than six years because they were also treated with efficient therapies. The five‐year survival rate after stent insertion was 7.7%.

Conclusions

SEMS placement for CAS and CAF is associated with improvement in mMRC grade, PS and symptoms in 87.5% of patients.Patients with a malignant CAS are usually terminal, but the possibility of increasing survival rate will become a reality with new efficient therapies.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

Reasonable clinical outcomes and improved survival of patients following SEMS placement for thoracic malignancy with central airway stenosis and fistula.

What this study adds

The possibility of increasing survival rate will become a reality with new efficient therapies.
Globalization and counterdevelopment: The importance of new narratives
Authors: Bidegain Ana Maria
Published: November 2020

The article is a personal recount of living under the called neoliberal regime installed in the post‐Cold War in the region. Written from the perspective of a Latin American woman in the betweenness of the North and the South. Focusing on capitalism history shows how counterdevelopment has been the other face of globalization. The social protests in the whole continent request the respect of human dignity recovering an inclusive collective narrative and social justice caring of our common home, to build a more profound democracy and a more just world.
Insect responses to global change offer signposts for biodiversity and conservation
Authors: Wilson Robert J. , Fox Richard
Published: November 2020

1. Insects have emerged as causes célèbres for widespread concern about human effects on global biodiversity. Here, we consider how insects provide opportunities both to understand the ecological effects of global change and to enhance environmental conservation.

2. Despite a limited time frame and geographic extent of quantitative evidence, recent studies of changes to the abundance, distribution, and diversity of insects indicate temporally heterogeneous trends which vary among taxa, regions, and biotopes. These results suggest a) that insect numbers are responding to multiple stressors in the wider context of the changes to fitness, abundance, distributions, and biotic interactions that result from habitat and climate change; and b) that habitat specialists with narrow geographic ranges may be particularly at risk.

3. Predictions of the effects of global change on insects based on macroecology and ecophysiology can be tested by combining approaches, including experiments and observations over gradients of latitude, elevation, and urbanization; as well as innovative quantitative analyses of data from standardised monitoring schemes and opportunistic data from historical collections and citizen science. Linking these complementary approaches helps to detect the mechanisms influencing insect responses to the interacting drivers of global change and to inform conservation.

4. The impetus and debate provoked by recent high profile reports of insect declines provide opportunities to promote insect conservation, but also to obtain comprehensive evidence for the effects of global change on biodiversity and thus develop and communicate measures to mitigate the threats to ecosystems from global change.
Analytical study on stress intensity factor due to the propagation of Griffith crack in a crystalline monoclinic layer subjected to punch pressure
Authors: Kumar Pulkit , Mahanty Moumita , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Chattopadhyay Amares
Published: November 2020

An analytical model is introduced to analyse moving Griffith crack in a monoclinic crystalline layer of finite width and infinite extent with moving parallel punch pressure acting at the bounding surface of the layer because of the propagation of plane waves under mechanical point loading. Formulation of the model includes coupled singular integral equations with Cauchy‐type singularities. The expression of stress intensity factor (SIF) at the tip of moving crack having constant point loading is established in the closed‐form by employing Hilbert transformation. Further, expression of SIF is deduced for some particular cases of the crystalline layer, that is, without punch pressure and anisotropy. For the sake of validation, the obtained results are matched with pre‐established and standard results. Numerical computations and graphical demonstrations have been carried out for crystalline materials with monoclinic symmetry like lithium niobate and lithium tantalate and for isotropic material as well to unravel the effect of punch pressure, crack length, distinct positions of acting point load and the velocity of crack on SIF. Further, influence of anisotropy has been traced out remarkably through comparative study that is one of the pinnacles of the present study.
Tensile mechanical properties, deformation mechanisms, fatigue behaviour and fatigue life of 316H austenitic stainless steel: Effects of grain size
Authors: Zhao Lei , Qi Xueyan , Xu Lianyong , Han Yongdian , Jing Hongyang , Song Kai
Published: November 2020

To explore the effect of grain size on the tensile behaviour, symmetrical strain control fatigue behaviour and ratcheting fatigue behaviour of the new austenitic steel 316H, a series of tensile tests, symmetrical strain control fatigue tests and ratcheting fatigue tests were conducted at 25°C within an average grain size range from 14 to 122 μm. The average dislocation free path, forest dislocation density and mobile dislocation density of 316H steel with different grain sizes under tension were obtained. Moreover, the decrease of grain size led to saturation of mobile dislocations at lower strains. The decrease of grain size led to the increase of the cyclic stress and affected softening and secondary hardening process. In addition, under the same stress control conditions, the reduction in grain size caused a reduction in ratcheting strain under the same cycle. The grain refinement of 316H steel contributed to the improvement of ratcheting fatigue life.
Vascular obliteration because of endothelial and myointimal growth in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Valtueña Jara , Martínez‐García Gerardo , Ruiz‐Sánchez Daniel , Garayar‐Cantero María , Dueñas Carlos , Hadi Ali , Hadi Suhail , Aguado‐García Ángel , Prieto de Paula José M. , Manchado‐López Pilar
Published: November 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a systemic multi‐organ viral illness. Previous studies have found that many patients had a procoagulant state and/or severe hypoxemia with relatively well‐preserved lung mechanics. Mechanisms underlying the damage to vascular tissues are not well‐elucidated yet. Histological data in COVID‐19 patients are still limited and are mainly focused on post‐mortem analysis. Given that the skin is affected by COVID‐19 and the relative ease of its histological examination, we aimed to examine the histology of skin lesions in COVID‐19 patients to better understand the disease’s pathology.

Methods

Five skin lesions from COVID‐19 adult patients were selected for a deep histological tissue examination.

Results

A strong vasculopathic reaction pattern based on prominent vascular endothelial and myointimal cell growth was identified. Endothelial cell distortion generated vascular lumen obliteration and striking erythrocyte and serum extravasation. Significant deposition of C4d and C3 throughout the vascular cell wall was also identified. A regenerative epidermal hyperplasia with tissue structure preservation was also observed.

Conclusions

COVID‐19 could comprise an obliterative microangiopathy consisting on endothelial and myointimal growth with complement activation. This mechanism, together with the increased vascular permeability identified, could contribute to obliteration of the vascular lumen and hemorrhage in COVID‐19. Thus, anticoagulation by itself could not completely reverse vascular lumen obliteration, with consequent increased risk of hemorrhage. Findings of this study could contribute to a better understanding of physiopathological mechanisms underlying COVID‐19 on living patients and could help further studies find potential targets for specific therapeutic interventions in severe cases.
The Pandemic Creates Urgency around Designing Health System Support Structures for Nursing Homes
Authors: Unroe Kathleen T.
Published: November 2020

This editorial comments on the article by Montoya et al. in this issue.
Ubiquitination and the proteasome rather than caspase‐3‐mediated C‐terminal cleavage are involved in the EAAT2 degradation by staurosporine‐induced cellular stress
Authors: Voss Timo‐Daniel , Gerget Maria , Linkus Birgit , von Einem Bjoern , Landwehrmeyer G. Bernhard , Lewerenz Jan
Published: November 2020

Diminished glutamate (Glu) uptake via the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT2, which normally accounts for ~90% of total forebrain EAAT activity, may contribute to neurodegeneration via Glu‐mediated excitotoxicity. C‐terminal cleavage by caspase‐3 (C3) was reported to mediate EAAT2 inactivation and down‐regulation in the context of neurodegeneration. For a detailed analysis of C3‐dependent EAAT2 degradation, we employed A172 glioblastoma as well as hippocampal HT22 cells and murine astrocytes over‐expressing VSV‐G‐tagged EAAT2 constructs. C3 activation was induced by staurosporine (STR). In HT22 cells, STR‐induced C3 activation‐induced rapid EAAT2 protein degradation. The mutation of asparagine 504 to aspartate (D504N), which should inactivate the putative C3 cleavage site, increased EAAT2 activity in A172 cells. In contrast, the D504N mutation did not protect EAAT2 protein against STR‐induced degradation in HT22 cells, whereas inhibition of caspases, ubiquitination and the proteasome did. Similar results were obtained in astrocytes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C‐terminal ubiquitin acceptor sites—but not the putative C3 cleavage site—exhibit a high degree of conservation. Moreover, C‐terminal truncation mimicking C3 cleavage increased rather than decreased EAAT2 activity and stability as well as protected EAAT2 against STR‐induced ubiquitination‐dependent degradation. We conclude that cellular stress associated with endogenous C3 activation degrades EAAT2 via a pathway involving ubiquitination and the proteasome but not direct C3‐mediated cleavage. In addition, C3 cleavage of EAAT2, described to occur in other models, is unlikely to inactivate EAAT2. However, mutation of the highly conserved D504 within the putative C3 cleavage site increases EAAT2 activity via an unknown mechanism.

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An interdisciplinary approach to safe opioid prescribing and administration for surgical patients at an academic medical center
Authors: Kamm Alaine M. , Liu Jason B. , Demitroulas Kristin , Devanagondi Shwetha , Acevedo Julissa , Heitschmidt Mary G. , Staffileno Beth A. , Fogg Louis , Vondracek Hugh
Published: November 2020

Aim and objectives

To explore and understand the current practice, perceptions, and knowledge of general surgery trainees, advanced practice providers, and surgical nurses regarding opioid prescribing and administration. To this end, a novel opioid education and training was introduced to educate these practitioners on safe opioid practices in surgical patients.

Background

National awareness of the opioid epidemic has increased significantly in the last several years. However, there remain a disturbingly high number of opioid prescriptions written in the US indicating a need for improved provider and nurse education. This involves increasing awareness and understanding of national guidelines as well as implementing multi‐modal therapy to treat pain.

Design

Pre–post‐intervention quality improvement project.

Methods

An opioid education and training involving a morphine equivalent daily dosing calculator in the electronic medical record was provided to 26 surgical trainees, eight advanced practice providers and 97 surgical nurses in November 2019. Perceptions, current practice and knowledge were measured using a pre‐ and post‐intervention survey (SQUIRE checklist).

Results

The survey results showed a positive clinical change in perception of opioid use in surgical patients following the intervention and a modest decrease in the average morphine equivalent daily dosing at discharge in general and transplant surgery patients.

Conclusions

Effective pain management for surgical patients must be individualised. Safe opioid prescribing should involve an interdisciplinary approach with all members of the team undergoing assessment of their opioid knowledge and prescribing habits, easily accessible training tools and opioid calculators in the electronic medical record.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Our initiative may provide useful information to settings that replicate use of a morphine equivalent daily dosing calculator in the electronic medical record. Utilisation of safe opioid prescribing tools in the electronic medical record and continuing education for providers and nurses can help ensure the safety of surgical patients.
Professional identity formation, intersectionality and equity in medical education
Authors: Crampton Paul E. S. , Afzali Yalda
Published: November 2020

Considering the literature on Professional Identity Formation, the authors draw the powerful and alarming conclusion that it is almost devoid of exploration into how race and ethnicity have an influence
Brahms, Twilight and the Decay of Leading‐Note Energy
Authors: Cubero Diego
Published: November 2020

Leading notes possess a powerful drive: once they take hold of the music, their upward resolution is all but certain. In Brahms's works, however, their force tends to dwindle, and many end up yielding chromatically downward. Leading notes typically deflate in order from high to low along the sequence of sharps, resulting in a broad process of tonal de‐intensification. Through close voice‐leading analyses of two accompanied part songs (‘Abendlied’, Op. 92 No. 3, and ‘Der Abend’, Op. 64 No. 2) and two piano pieces (the E major Intermezzo, Op. 116 No. 4, and the B minor Capriccio, Op. 76 No. 2), I argue that the decay in leading‐note energy is in part what gives Brahms's music its weary, twilight tone. In so doing, I seek to bridge a gap between our understanding of the voice leading of Brahms's music and one of the prevailing aspects of the composer's reception.
Evaluation of different lead types and implantation techniques in pediatric populations with permanent pacemakers: Single‐center with 10 years' experience
Authors: Ergul Yakup , Yukcu Bekir , Ozturk Erkut , Kafali Hasan Candas , Ayyildiz Pelin , Ergun Servet , Onan Ismihan Selen , Haydin Sertac , Guzeltas Alper
Published: November 2020

Background

Permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation is performed for various indications and by different techniques in children; however, many problems with lead performance are encountered during follow‐up. This study aims to evaluate the possible effects of different lead types and implantation techniques on pacing at early and midterm in children with a permanent PM.

Patients and methods

Pediatric patients who underwent permanent PM system implantation at our tertiary cardiac surgery center between January 1, 2010 and January 1, 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were categorized in the epicardial pacing lead (EP), transvenous pacing lead (TP), and transvenous bipolar lumenless (Select Secure [SS]) lead groups according to the lead implantation technique and lead type with the same manufacturer. Groups were evaluated statistically for demographic features, pacing type and indication for implantation, lead electrical performance, lead failure, complications, and outcome.

Results

Over 10 years, 323 lead implantations were performed on 167 patients (96 males, median age 68 months [5 days‐18 years]). Of 323 leads, 213 (66%) were EP, 64 (20%) were TP, and 46 (14%) were SS. Of the total, 136 of the leads were implanted in atria, and 187 were implanted in ventricles. Primary pacing indications were postoperative complete atrioventricular (AV) block (n = 95), congenital AV block (n = 71), sinus node dysfunction (n = 13), and acquired complete AV block (n = 1). Additional cardiac diseases were present in 115 patients (69%). No statistically significant difference was observed in gender, syndrome, or pacing indication (P > .05). Atrial and ventricular capture, threshold, sensing, and lead impedance measurements were not significantly different at the initial and follow‐up periods (P > .05). The median follow‐up duration was 3.3 years (6 months‐10 years). Twenty lead failures were determined in 15 patients (EP: 14 lead failures in 10 patients; TP: two lead failures in two patients; and SS: four lead failures in three patients) during follow‐up, and no statistically significant difference was found between groups (P = .466). The 5‐year lead survival was 98% for TP, 95% for EP, and 90% for SS; the 10‐year lead survival was 90% for TP, 70% for EP, and 70% for SS. There was no mortality related to chronic pacing or due to the procedure of implantation.

Conclusions

Despite improvements in technology, lead failure is still one of the most critical problems during these patients' follow‐up. Early to midterm lead survival rates of all three lead types were satisfactory.
Cutaneous manifestations in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Özkur Ezgi , Sert Cansu , Kıvanç Altunay İlknur , Yıldırırmak Zeynep Yıldız , Genç Dildar Bahar , Vural Sema , Erdem Yasemin
Published: November 2020

Background/Objectives

Oncology patients present with various skin manifestations related to primary disease and treatments. Although these skin toxicities are well described in adults, studies of pediatric oncology patients are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cutaneous findings in pediatric oncology patients receiving chemotherapy.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study conducted from December 2018 to March 2020, all pediatric oncology patients were examined and patients who had a dermatologic finding at any point during their treatments were recorded. Dermatologic examinations were performed by the same dermatologists, and biopsy and microbiologic tests were performed according to clinical need. Patients were grouped according to their oncologic diagnoses and types of chemotherapies.

Results

A total of 80 patients with a mean age of 9.1 ± 5.0 years were included in the study. Seventy‐five (93.7%) of them developed a dermatologic manifestation during the study period. Most of the patients had hematologic malignancies (n = 48, 60%). Antimetabolites were the most frequently used class of chemotherapeutic agents. Anagen effluvium was the most common dermatologic finding (61.3%, n = 49), followed by inflammatory dermatoses (51.2%, n = 41, most commonly diaper dermatitis in 33 patients), xerosis (35%, n = 28), and nail changes (20%, n = 16, most commonly nail pigmentation in seven patients). Mucositis was seen in 13 (16.2%) patients. Five patients (6.2%) had drug‐induced cutaneous hyperpigmentation, and five (6.2%) had toxic erythema of chemotherapy. The highest percentage of xerosis (45.4%) was detected in patients using antitumor antibiotics, whereas inflammatory dermatoses were observed more in patients using antimetabolites (48.6% of patients using antimetabolites), and pigmentation changes were more frequently detected in patients using alkylating agents.

Conclusion

Identification, diagnosis, and treatment of these reactions are important to dermatologists and oncologists so that appropriate management may be provided to pediatric oncology patients.
Relational turbulence and health‐compromising behaviors: Integrating relational turbulence and stress theories
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Shrout M. Rosie
Published: November 2020

This study drew upon key elements of relational turbulence and stress and coping theories to advance a conceptual model linking relational turbulence with stress, depression, and involvement in health‐compromising behavior, such as drug and alcohol use, limited or extreme physical activity, disordered eating patterns, and unprotected sex. Romantically involved individuals (N = 476) completed an online survey. Structural equation modeling revealed that greater relational turbulence was related to higher perceived stress and depression which, in turn, were related to more frequent engagement in health‐compromising health behavior. The study provides an extension to both the relational turbulence and health literatures by identifying the downstream effects of relational turbulence on psychological and behavioral health.
The effects of pollination, herbivory and autonomous selfing on the maintenance of flower colour variation inSilenelittorea
Authors: Buide M. L. , Del Valle J. C. , Prado‐Comesaña A. , Narbona E.
Published: November 2020

Intraspecific flower colour variation has been generally proposed to evolve as a result of selection driven by biotic or abiotic agents.

In a polymorphic population ofSilene littoreawith pink‐ and white‐flowered plants, we studied pollinators, analysed flower colour perception and tested for differences in pollinator visitation. We also experimentally analysed pollinator limitation in fruit and seed set, and the degree of autonomous selfing. The incidence of florivory and leaf herbivory was compared over 3–4 years.

Silene littoreais mainly pollinated by bees and butterflies. Pollinators preferred pink flowers, which did not show pollinator limitation. On the contrary, white flowers showed pollinator limitation in fruit set. White‐flowered plants had less floral display and higher levels of florivory than pink plants. Flower colour morphs ofS. littoreacan reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, setting 20% and 12% of fruit and seeds in the pink morph and 27% and 20% in the white morph, respectively. Fruit set of white flowers produced by autonomous selfing did not differ from open‐pollinated flowers.

In conclusion,S. littoreais pollinated by insects of different orders that more frequently visit pink flowers, which is reflected in pollinator limitation of fruit set in white flowers. Moreover, this species has a mixed mating system in which both colour morphs can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, although white flowers mainly produce fruits by autogamy. We suggest that reproductive assurance by autonomous selfing helps to maintain flower colour polymorphism in this population.
Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance inCologania broussonetii
Authors: Carbone L. M. , Cascone G. , Aguilar R.
Published: November 2020

Increased fire frequency usually erodes microenvironmental conditions, causing a drastic limitation of edaphic resources. Thus, the production of permanently closed‐small flowers (cleistogamous, CL) should increase in sites with high fire frequency as this implies a less expensive reproductive assurance strategy. However, because open, insect‐pollinated flowers (chasmogamous, CH) have the potential capacity to outcrossviapollinators, CH progeny produced at any site should outperform selfed CL progeny.

We evaluate the effect of fire frequency on the relative production of CL/CH flowers and fruits, and their seed set, along with several progeny performance parameters inCologania broussonetii(Fabaceae), a resprouting herb with dimorphic cleistogamy native to the Chaco Serrano.

Fire frequency increased cleistogamy expression, reaching extreme levels in high fire frequency sites. Seed set was similarly high for both CH and CL flowers in the unburned condition, while in burned sites the few developed CH flowers set more seeds than CL flowers. However, progeny performance was similar between CH and CL progeny at each and across all fire frequency conditions.

Cleistogamy expression inC. broussonetiiis maximized in abiotically degraded frequently burned habitats, although the selfed CL progeny is as successful as potentially outcrossed CH progeny. Fire frequency may decreased floral size and abundance, selecting for autogamous reproduction, which restricts not only the genetic potential of plant populations but also the resources offered to pollinators. At the community level, increased cleistogamy expression may potentially have negative implications for non‐cleistogamous, more outcrossing species surviving in frequently burned environments.
Ending an Elite Sports Career: Case Report of Behavioral Activation Applied as an Evidence-Based Intervention With a Former Olympic Athlete Developing Depression
Authors: Lundqvist Carolina
Published: November 2020

This case report described the use of behavioral activation when a former Olympic athlete developed depression after career termination. Four sessions were conducted, one session each week, followed by a boost session 1 month later. In Session 1, the former Olympic athlete displayed mild-to-moderate depression with anxiety and a low quality of life (Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale = 21; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale = 17; Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale = 44). By Session 3, the Olympic athlete no longer met the diagnostic criteria for clinical depression or anxiety (Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale = 2; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale = 7) and the quality of life was improved (Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale = 60). Follow-up assessments 1-year posttreatment confirmed that the former Olympic athlete continued to improve (Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale = 0; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale = 0; Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Scale = 96). This case report discusses the benefits of proactive support to elite athletes and the use of established clinical psychological treatments, for example, behavioral activation, when athletes develop health-related conditions.
DORGE: Discovery of Oncogenes and tumoR suppressor genes using Genetic and Epigenetic features
Authors: Lyu Jie , Li Jingyi Jessica , Su Jianzhong , Peng Fanglue , Chen Yiling Elaine , Ge Xinzhou , Li Wei
Published: November 2020

DORGE predicts cancer-driver genes by integrating the most comprehensive collection of genetic and epigenetic data.
Designing spontaneous behavioral switching via chaotic itinerancy
Authors: Inoue Katsuma , Nakajima Kohei , Kuniyoshi Yasuo
Published: November 2020

An approach based on reservoir computing enables design of chaotic itinerancy reproducibly in a high-dimensional chaotic system.
Hydrogen embrittlement through the formation of low-energy dislocation nanostructures in nanoprecipitation-strengthened steels
Authors: Gong P. , Nutter J. , Rivera-Diaz-Del-Castillo P. E. J. , Rainforth W. M.
Published: November 2020

Embrittlement originates from dislocation nanocellular structures stabilized by the presence of hydrogen.
HSF1 physically neutralizes amyloid oligomers to empower overgrowth and bestow neuroprotection
Authors: Tang Zijian , Su Kuo-Hui , Xu Meng , Dai Chengkai
Published: November 2020

HSF1 neutralizes soluble amyloid oligomers to safeguard the mitochondria, thereby enabling uncontrolled growth.
Light-driven, heterogeneous organocatalysts for C–C bond formation toward valuable perfluoroalkylated intermediates
Authors: Filippini Giacomo , Longobardo Francesco , Forster Luke , Criado Alejandro , Di Carmine Graziano , Nasi Lucia , D’Agostino Carmine , Melchionna Michele , Fornasiero Paolo , Prato Maurizio
Published: November 2020

In-depth analysis of structure/activity relationship aids rational design of modified carbon nitride for organophotocatalysis.
Topological phonons in oxide perovskites controlled by light
Authors: Peng Bo , Hu Yuchen , Murakami Shuichi , Zhang Tiantian , Monserrat Bartomeu
Published: November 2020

Perovskites have it all: light-driven topological phonons added to the long list of properties of this family of materials.
Hydroplastic foaming of graphene aerogels and artificially intelligent tactile sensors
Authors: Pang Kai , Song Xian , Xu Zhen , Liu Xiaoting , Liu Yingjun , Zhong Liang , Peng Yuxin , Wang Jianxiang , Zhou Jingzhi , Meng Fanxu , Wang Jian , Gao Chao
Published: November 2020

A hydroplastic foaming method fabricates graphene aerogels and constructs a tactile sensor to outperform human finger.
Big behavior in the era of the brain
Authors: Stevens Jennifer Strafford
Published: November 2020

A smart box learns to distinguish the behavioral profiles of stressed and nonstressed mice.
Structure of the Bacterial Cellulose Ribbon and Its Assembly-Guiding Cytoskeleton by Electron Cryotomography
Authors: Nicolas William J. , Ghosal Debnath , Tocheva Elitza I. , Meyerowitz Elliot M. , Jensen Grant J.
Published: November 2020

This work’s relevance for the microbiology community is twofold. It delivers for the first time high-resolution near-native snapshots of
Gluconacetobacter
spp. (previously
Komagataeibacter
spp.) in the process of cellulose ribbon synthesis, in their native biofilm environment.
Novel Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus 1 VC2 Promotes Long-Lasting, Systemic Anti-melanoma Tumor Immune Responses and Increased Survival in an Immunocompetent B16F10-Derived Mouse Melanoma Model
Authors: Uche Ifeanyi Kingsley , Fowlkes Natalie , Vu Luan , Watanabe Tatiane , Carossino Mariano , Nabi Rafiq , del Piero Fabio , Rudd Jared S. , Kousoulas Konstantin G. , Rider Paul J. F.
Published: November 2020

Current oncolytic virotherapies possess limited response rates. However, when certain patient selection criteria are used, oncolytic virotherapy response rates have been shown to increase.
A Novel Live Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidate with Mutations in the L Protein SAM Binding Site and the G Protein Cleavage Site Is Protective in Cotton Rats and a Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Jenkins Tiffany , Wang Rongzhang , Harder Olivia , Xue Miaoge , Chen Phylip , Corry Jacqueline , Walker Christopher , Teng Michael , Mejias Asuncion , Ramilo Octavio , Niewiesk Stefan , Li Jianrong , Peeples Mark E.
Published: November 2020

Globally, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of death in children under 1 year of age, yet no vaccine is available. We have generated a novel RSV live attenuated vaccine candidate containing mutations in the L and G proteins.
Supplemental Material: Feldspar recycling across magma mush bodies during the voluminous Half Dome and Cathedral Peak stages of the Tuolumne intrusive complex, Yosemite National Park, California, USA
Authors: Oppenheim L.F. , al. et
Published: November 2020

Consists of BSE and CL images of showing zonation in analyzed feldspar grains, EMPA analytical conditions, sample locations, and both whole rock and feldspar chemical data.
Spatio-temporal model to estimate life expectancy and to detect unusual trends at the local authority level in England
Authors: Boulieri Areti , Blangiardo Marta
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To estimate life expectancy at the local authority level and detect those areas that have a substantially low life expectancy after accounting for deprivation.

Design

We used registration data from the Office for National Statistics on mortality and population in England, by local authority, age group and socioeconomic deprivation decile, for both men and women over the period 2001–2018. We used a statistical model within the Bayesian framework to produce robust mortality rates, which were then transformed to life expectancy estimates. A rule based on exceedance probabilities was used to detect local authorities characterised by a low life expectancy among areas with a similar deprivation level from 2012 onwards.

Results

We confirmed previous findings showing differences in the life expectancy gap between the most and least deprived areas from 2012 to 2018. We found variations in life expectancy trends across local authorities, and we detected a number of those with a low life expectancy when compared with others of a similar deprivation level.

Conclusions

There are factors other than deprivation that are responsible for low life expectancy in certain local authorities. Further investigation on the detected areas can help understand better the stalling of life expectancy which was observed from 2012 onwards and plan efficient public health policies.
Quality improvement at scale: evaluation of the drivers and barriers to adoption and sustainability of an intervention to reduce late referral in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Thomas Nicola , Nation Michael , Woolnough Lesley , Gallagher Hugh
Published: November 2020

This quality improvement project aimed to drive large scale and sustained change to reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease in the UK. The intervention is a software program that extracts relevant biochemical data from laboratory databases which then generate graphs of estimated kidney function (eGFR) over time. Graphs showing progressive kidney disease are sent directly back to general practitioners (GPs) to alert them to rereview patient care and if necessary, refer to renal services. The aim of this evaluation study was to explain the barriers and drivers to implementation and adoption of the eGFR graph intervention. This evaluation study involved 5 of the 20 participating renal units (sites) . A developmental evaluation approach was used. Methods included collection of descriptive data about graph reporting; GP surveys (n=68); focus groups (n=4) with practices; face-to-face interviews with secondary care clinicians (n=10). Results showed the mean number of graphs reviewed per week per site was 230, taking 1 hour per week per site. Only 18.2% graphs highlighted a concerning decline in kidney function. Important enablers to sustain the intervention were low cost, easy to understand, a sense of local ownership and perceived impact. Barriers included nephrologists’ perceived increase in new referrals. We concluded that developmental evaluation can explain the barriers/drivers to implementation of a national quality improvement project that involves a variety of different stakeholders. The intervention has the potential to slow down progression of kidney disease due to the eGFR prompts alerting GPs to review the patient record and take action, such as reviewing medications and referring to renal teams if progressive kidney disease had not been identified previously.