bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Factor Variance: Two Cases
Authors: Butler D. C. , Gocka E. F. , Hartley J. A. , Pinneau S. R.
Published: September 2011

The analysis of factor variance is a multivariate approach particularly applicable in those instances when the number of variables is large, when the reliabilities of some measures are questionable, when no reasonable a priori combinations of measures exist, and when a search for structure among the measures is a partial objective of the study. The methods of analysis of factor variance, however, allow for a number of important options. Two of these options or cases were investigated in this study. The first required that the “matrix to be factored” be centered around the grand means for the total data while the second required that the “matrix to be factored” be centered around individual group means. The results showed that the choice of method is crucial to the interpretation of results.
Relationship between Cognitive Differentiation and Level of Abstraction
Authors: Epting Franz R. , Wilkins Greg , Margulis Stephen T.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between cognitive differentiation and the level of abstraction of constructs employed to construe social issues was examined. It was thought that abstract constructs would be associated with greater versatility in construing events than would concrete constructs. It was hypothesized, therefore, that individuals demonstrating extensive differentiation in their grids would generate more abstract constructs for construing social issues than those demonstrating less differentiation. The hypothesis was confirmed and the implications for the refinement of current assessment procedures in this area were discussed.
Personality Characteristics and Level of Genuineness in Group Interaction
Authors: Vraa Calvin W. , Gerszewski Mary C.
Published: September 2011

3 interaction groups were formed and met for 9 sessions. Each group was composed of 5 males and 5 females, including a male and a female who acted as facilitators. The relationship of 6 FIRO-B personality needs of Ss to a criterion measure of genuineness was examined. Ss rated most genuine exhibited low needs in Expressed Control and Expressed Inclusion and high needs in Wanted Control.
Self-Disclosure: Relationships to Self-Described Personality and Sex Differences
Authors: Bath Kent E. , Daly Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-described personality (Leary's system) and self-disclosure was explored. Dominance/Submission and Love/Hate related significantly to reported disclosure (Jourard's scale), but only Love/Hate was significantly associated with a behavioral measure. Self-descriptions of dominance and interpersonal closeness predicted high levels of reported disclosure, whereas the Hate end of the Love/Hate dimension was associated with the high levels of behavioral disclosiveness. Females reported more disclosure than males, but little relationship was shown between sex and disclosing behavior.
Student-Father Attitudes toward Contemporary Social Issues
Authors: Buys Christian J.
Published: September 2011

Differences in attitudes between a group of college freshmen and a group of fathers were determined by a sample survey for such issues as: family roles, societal values, college, Blacks, religion, ecology, and marijuana. Group data from 90 students and 90 fathers indicated a substantial generation gap and a failure by both groups to perceive that gap. Clustering of attitudes were similar for students and fathers, but students generally conformed more closely to student stereotypes.
Scaling of the Subjective Stress Scale with a Sample of University Undergraduates
Authors: Neufeld R. W. J. , Davidson P. O.
Published: September 2011

The Subjective Stress Scale was rescaled with a sample of university undergraduates using the method of successive intervals. Scale values were found to correlate .93 with previously established values obtained from a military sample although the order of the items along the stress continuum changed somewhat. The revised order for student populations is presented.
Understanding One's Clients: An Attempt to Improve Sensitivity and Morale in Police Recruits
Authors: Zacker Joseph
Published: September 2011

Recognizing that effective police work demands sensitivity to human behavior and motivation, the importance of police selection and training procedures as they affect human interactional skills becomes apparent. A program of assessment was described. Recruits beginning training were somewhat alienated and possessed no unusual sensitivity to people. Academy training, buttressed by additional experiences (cognitive training in the behavioral and social sciences for one group; affective-experiential training for conflict management for a second group) did not affect sensitivity, alienation, or police cynicism, as measured. The recruits, however, judged the latter training experience as more worthwhile for policemen. Recruits' lack of trust in authority was among the considerations discussed.
Factorial Composition of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with Head Start Children
Authors: Ball Donald W. , Payne James S. , Hallahan Daniel P.
Published: September 2011

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered to 354 Head Start children with a mean age of 4.4 yr. and a mean PPVT IQ of 75.73. A principal components analysis suggested an interpretation of a general factor of receptive vocabulary ability. Seven other factors with eigenvalues greater than one were found. These two were interpreted as possibly being named nouns and progressive verbs. Not ruled out, however, is their being due to error and specific item variance.
Making Community Health Work: Organizing a Work-for-Pay Program
Authors: McDonough Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

Increasing need to provide community-oriented services for individuals exhibiting deviant behavior calls for innovative and flexible rehabilitation programs. Government regulations in mental hospitals and prisons often impede achieving the goal. A solution in the form of the non-profit corporation is suggested. Specific procedures are outlined and the general advantages of such a model are discussed.
Stan's Lost Shadow
Authors: Marshall M. S.
Published: September 2011

A fairy tale in science fiction—this story shows human communication shaped by technological thought.
Canonical Analysis of the Vocational Preference Inventory and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Authors: Williams John D. , Williams Constance M.
Published: September 2011

A canonical analysis was performed, relating the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Vocational Preference Inventory. 145 male graduate students were Ss. Three significant canonical relationships were found. Most of the zero-order correlations were low; only 3 correlations (out of 176 possible correlations) were as large (positively or negatively) as .40.
Psychological Test Characteristics Associated with Training-Success in a Medex (Physician's Extension) Training Program
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Bassett Gerald R. , Brosseau James D. , Demers Judy , Stiening John A.
Published: September 2011

A multiple regression model for predicting trainee success in a Medex training program is reported. This model employs selected MMPI and Strong scales as predictor variables. Although the model has not yet been cross-validated (plans to do so are underway), elements of it seem consistent with evaluations based on clinical judgment.
Evaluation of a Team Approach
Authors: Nelson Ronald H.
Published: September 2011

This study focused on the evaluation of the team approach. The particular team was defined as having three members. It was hypothesized that each member would be familiar with the activities of the other members and view them as being both effective and “good.” The semantic differential was used to measure these hypotheses. The results raised some serious questions regarding the functioning of the team.
Statistical Features of Brain Responses under Conditions of Attention and Habituation
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

This research is concerned with the variance of average evoked responses (AER) under conditions of habituation and that of attentive viewing. The major findings suggest that habituation is the result of increased activity in central sensory systems but an activity that is less organized than that resulting from attentive-state stimulation. Data are also presented which assess certain broad assumptions common to AER research.
Reinforcement Procedures and Social Behavior in a Group Context with Severely Retarded Children
Authors: Guralnick Michael J. , Kravik Mark A.
Published: September 2011

Operant reinforcement procedures were employed by a teacher and a teacher's aide in the classroom to develop simple but sustained social behaviors in 8 young severely retarded children. The relative effectiveness of social and edible reinforcement was also investigated as well as the tendency for these new behaviors to generalize from a group to a free-play situation. Reinforcement procedures were successfully applied by these teachers in class, providing an effective and economical means for developing social behavior. Edible reinforcement proved to be most effective but the behavior did not generalize.
Effect of Inducing Activity upon Performance in an Unfamiliar Task
Authors: Kaufmann Geir , Raaheim Kjell
Published: September 2011

The Hatrack Problem was presented to 93 university students, of whom half were given additional instructions to be active, in the sense of making constructive attempts at solution. The added instructions raised level of activity and also increased number of solutions within a 30-min. period. The results are taken to indicate the importance of actively seeking information in unfamiliar tasks.
Accuracy in Personality Ratings on Phenotypic and Genotypic Items
Authors: Schinka John A.
Published: September 2011

To examine the relationship between the amount of inference required in rating Ss on personality-relevant statements and the accuracy of such ratings, 25 clinicians made personality ratings on two psychiatric outpatients. Ratings were performed on 125 statements which had been Q-sorted on a dimension of inference required in rating by a separate group of clinicians. Differential accuracy was demonstrated for statements lying at the extremes on the inference dimension, but correlational analyses for the entire pool of statements showed no relationship between accuracy or variability of ratings and level of inference.
Relation between Importance Ratings and Two Parts of the Porter Need Satisfaction Questionnaire
Authors: Waters L. K. , Roach Darrell
Published: September 2011

Responses of 101 male managerial personnel, 130 nonsupervisory female clerical workers, and 104 female clerical employees of a university to a job questionnaire showed importance was related to “should be” responses for women and men, and to “is there” for women only. rs with importance ratings were larger for the former responses.
Modeling and Flexibility in Problem-Solving
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Fisher Judith L.
Published: September 2011

To study the effect of modeling on flexibility in problem solving, 67 male and 74 female college students were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: 3 modeling groups, which observed a model solving anagrams in a flexible or rigid manner, and 2 control groups. The results showed that Ss who observed a model solving anagrams in a variety of ways solved anagrams in a more varied manner than Ss in the other conditions. Further, all the modeling groups solved anagrams more flexibly than the two control groups.
Non-Contingent Reinforcement in Concurrent Chain Schedules
Authors: Lachter Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

2 pigeons were exposed to a concurrent-chains procedure consisting of identical 60-sec. random-interval initial links and terminal links which resulted in reinforcement on either a 60-sec. random-interval schedule, or a 30-sec., 60-sec., or 120-sec. non-contingent reinforcement schedule. For both Ss, data indicated a preference for the non-contingent reinforcement schedule at both the 30- and 60-sec. values.
Student-Father Attitudes toward Contemporary Social Issues: Replication with a Matched Sample
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Schmidt Michael
Published: September 2011

A replication of a study (Buys, 1972) which found large attitudinal discrepancies toward contemporary social issues in a non-matched sample of freshmen students and their fathers was conducted with a small matched sample. Significant student-father attitudinal discrepancies toward contemporary social issues supported the previous findings.
Effects of Anxiety on Storage and Retrieval Processes in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Zubrzycki Charles R. , Borkowski John G.
Published: September 2011

The effects of anxiety on storage and retrieval processes in short-term memory were investigated. 8-word units of high and low encodability were tested under conditions of free and prompted recall using strong or weak cues. Results during both test periods showed superior recall under conditions of strong cueing, high encodability, and low anxiety. An interpretation localizing the effects of anxiety in trace formation or storage phases was favored over a retrieval interpretation.
Attitude Similarity and Attraction to an Instructor
Authors: Good Katherine C. , Good Lawrence R.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that a college instructor who is attitudinally similar to oneself will be evaluated more positively than an attitudinally dissimilar one for open-mindedness, promoting feelings of at ease, being stimulating and interesting, over-all teaching competence, personal attractiveness, and desirability as an instructor. Each undergraduate S filled out a 14-item Survey of Attitudes, and, during a later class session, received an attitude survey representing the attitudes and opinions of a hypothetical college instructor who showed either 14% or 86% agreement with S's own views. S then filled out an Instructor Evaluation Scale for his evaluations of the stimulus person. The hypothesized effect of attitude similarity was confirmed for all of the evaluation variables.
Distinctness of Bases of Social Power
Authors: Galinsky Maeda J. , Rosen Aaron , Thomas Edwin J.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the empirical distinctness and independence of the 5 bases of social power as hypothesized by French and Raven. The responses of 110 public assistance workers to 80 questionnaire items regarding their fellow workers' and supervisors' expertness, legitimacy, positive sanctions, negative sanctions, and attraction were submitted to factor analysis. 11 factors were defined, 9 of which corresponded to perceived expertness, legitimacy, positive sanctions, and negative sanctions of supervisors and of workers. Negative sanctions were defined by 2 separate factors for workers. Attraction, or referent power, did not emerge in the analysis as a separate entity.
Reinstatement in Mice
Authors: Manosevitz Martin , Hurt Stephen W. , Ploeger Floyd D. , Plomin Robert
Published: September 2011

Three studies of the reinstatement effect using inbred mice (A/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J) were reported. In each study there were 4 treatment groups: early shock-reinstatement shock, early shock, reinstatement shock, and no shock. In Exp. I, 1, in Exp. II, 2, and in Exp. III, 3 inbred mouse strains were studied. In Exp. III, an albino strain was also included. Significant main effects due to strain, early experience, and reinstatement were obtained. Orthogonal comparisons generally showed that the experimental groups which received some electric shocks in early experience, reinstatement experience, or both, significantly preferred the white non-shocked side of the box. There was some evidence supporting the reinstatement principle. In future studies of this kind, special attention should be given to organismic and apparatus variables.
Exploration of Individual Differences in Preferences for Humor
Authors: Terry Roger L. , Ertel Sarah L.
Published: September 2011

Liking scores for hostile, sexual, and nontendentious cartoons were correlated with personality factor scores of 20 female and 19 male college students. Sexual cartoons were liked more by males, especially by those tending to be tough or group-dependent, than by females, especially by those with higher general intelligence. Nonsense cartoons were liked more by females, especially by those with lower general intelligence.
The Three Levels of Generalizability
Authors: Morf Martin E.
Published: September 2011

The theory of generalizability (Cronbach, et al., 1972) and Loevinger's (1957) analysis of construct validity are examined in an effort to extend the concept of generalizability and to reformulate some aspects of Loevinger's analysis. Three levels of generalizability emerge from this examination: Generalizability from scale score to location on an unspecified personality dimension (reliability), from scale score to location on a vertically defined personality dimension (trait validity), and from scale score to location on a vertically and horizontally defined personality dimension (nomological validity).
Response Generalization in Two Categories of Classroom Behavior
Authors: Coleman Richard
Published: September 2011

Research has demonstrated that working behaviors and academic performance can be manipulated in classroom settings. However, generalization to one group of behavior when the other group is being manipulated has not been sufficiently explored. 19 male adolescent institutionalized delinquents were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Programmed instruction, and a script economy were the treatment conditions. Group 1 was reinforced for working behavior while Group 2 was reinforced for academic performance. Programmed instruction did not produce changes in either working or academic performance, while both groups showed increases in appropriate working behavior as a result of the script economy, with Group 1 showing the greatest change. A trend of improved achievement test scores was established for both groups, with Group 2 making slightly greater gains.
Prediction of Parental Rewards and Actual Parental Behavior in Families of Normal Boys and Boys Screened for Emotional Problems
Authors: Young Richard David , Cochran Gloria McVay
Published: September 2011

20 boys, designated as either normal or screened for emotional problems, predicted size of their mother's and father's rewards for their performance on WISC Block Designs (two items with success and two failure) and on two story-telling tasks. Mother and father each predicted success or failure for each design prior to the child's performance and rewarded their son's performance on each design and story item. The results indicated that: (a) over all tasks mothers and fathers did not differ in terms of the magnitude of their rewards; (b) normal and screened boys did not differ in terms of their expectation of parental rewards; (c) however, the mothers of screened boys gave lower rewards on failure ( p < .04) and story ( p < .01) tasks than did mothers of normal boys. Possible reasons for the mothers of the boys showing preclinical behavior problems being less rewarding are discussed in terms of mother ⇌ son bidirectional interaction.
Effect of Prior Rewarded Goal-Box Placements on Small-Trials Partial-Reinforcement Effect
Authors: Goldman Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to test three hypotheses of the small-trials partial-reinforcement effect. Seventy-two hooded rats received either continuous reward or partial reward for 6 acquisition trials in a runway. Prior to acquisition, an equal number of Ss in each schedule condition were given 0, 5, or 10 rewarded goal-box placements. A strong small-trials partial-reinforcement effect was evident. There was an effect of placements on both initial and terminal acquisition-performance, indicating that rg–sg was preconditioned to goal-box cues. However, this preconditioned rg–sg failed to influence persistence of responding during extinction. The extinction results are contrary to two frustration analyses but do not contradict an analysis of aftereffects.
Effects of Failure Experiences on Configural Properties of the Aspiration Level Concept
Authors: Wiederanders Mark R.
Published: September 2011

To explore further possible multidimensionality of the aspiration level concept and to test the relationship between increased threat during performance experiences and degree of dimensional complexity, subjects responded to 9 definitions of aspiration during pre-task and post-failure conditions. Cluster analyses indicated that not only were more dimensions of aspiration utilized, but dimensions were also more independent, during post-failure conditions of assessment. Content of the different dimensions suggested that aspirations set after failure serve qualitatively different functions than those stated under less intense conditions. Also, while the aspiration component made up of calculated, realistic estimates of performance was very stable across conditions, hopeful and futuristic pretentions interacted complexly with performance feedback to produce less stable components. It was concluded that further empirical attention to these latter components might be more productive, in terms of adding to aspiration level theory, than the usual practice of assessing only realistic estimates of future performance.
Performance in Intra- and Extra-Dimensional Shifts as a Function of Solution Mode in Concept-Identification Problems
Authors: Lowenkron Barry
Published: September 2011

In an initial concept-identification problem with one relevant dimension, subjects learned to respond to 12 stimuli, 4 of which occurred only on nonoutcome trials where feedback was never provided. After criterion or 48 overtraining trials subjects were given a second problem with novel stimuli in which either the initial dimension remained relevant (intra-dimensional shift) or a new dimension became relevant (extra-dimensional shift). Behavior on nonoutcome trials was taken as an indicator of a conceptual or non-conceptual mode of learning. Performance in the two shifts varied as a function of the solution mode subjects attained, while overtraining had no effect on the shift performance of either conceptual or non-conceptual subjects.
Compulsivity, Manifest Anxiety, and Gullibility
Authors: Primavera Louis H. , Hochman Sidney H. , Reynolds William F.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the correlations among compulsivity, as measured by the Breskin Rigidity Test, anxiety, as measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and gullibility, measured by Forer's technique. Anxiety scores of 44 undergraduate men and 54 women correlated .52 with gullibility scores, replicating previous findings. Compulsivity scores correlated −.23 with anxiety scores and were not related to gullibility scores ( r = −.15). These results were contrary to expectation, since previous research had suggested that compulsivity indexed by other tests should be positively related to both anxiety and gullibility.
Needs for Structure, Tolerance of Ambiguity and Dogmatism in Adolescents
Authors: Chabassol David J. , Thomas David
Published: September 2011

Measures of structure needs, ambiguity tolerance, and dogmatism were given to a sample of urban adolescents in British Columbia. Structure need scores were significantly and negatively correlated with scores of ambiguity tolerance and significantly and positively correlated with scores of dogmatism ( rs from .32 to –.45). Dogmatism and ambiguity tolerance scores were negatively correlated, as anticipated from MacDonald's work (1970). The findings are taken as evidence of construct validity for the structure inventory.
Effect of Crowding and Litter Size on Several Behaviors of White Rats
Authors: Robinson Ellen
Published: September 2011

Rats from litters of 4, 7, or 11 were placed 1, 2, 3, or 4/cage till 60 days old. Litters of four were less active in an activity wheel than litters of 7 and 11 ( p < .05) and females were more active than males ( p < .01). Neither cage density nor litter size affected time to begin eating. Although main effects were not demonstrated in a brightness discrimination, there was a cage × sex interaction. Males housed 1/cage were slower to learn than multiply caged Ss. Possible interpretations are facilitative effects of crowding, increased incentive value of food due to home-cage competition for food, or increased activity need generated by crowded living conditions.
The Mental Health Team as a Differential Decisionmaker for Child Patients: A National Survey
Authors: Weissman Herbert N.
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of a national sample of 774 clinical psychologists, 791 psychiatric social workers, and 581 psychiatrists were sampled in a closed-ended survey research format to determine: (a) the relative degree of communality there is among members of the mental health team in the dispositional judgments they render; and (b) whether differential criteria are employed for placing a child patient in individual, group, or conjoint family therapy, or terminating from each of these modalities. 1200 Ss were sampled; rates were 41.0% and 39.3% respectively. Members of the mental health team strongly agree about the differential relevance of specific criteria for each decision-making condition. Variations in interdisciplinary frames of reference of respondents tended not to influence placement in or termination from the treatment modalities in question.
Measuring Preferences for Hierarchical Control: An Attitude Scale for Contemporary Times
Authors: Cochran Nancy
Published: September 2011

A concern for understanding patterns of social control in contemporary society led to the development of an attitude scale measuring preferences for Hierarchical Control ( ns = 473, 510). The scale distinguished situations where decisions were associated with those having power or authority from situations where decisions were made by people most affected by the decision, regardless of status. Statistical characteristics of the 34-item forced-choice questionnaire included (1) moderately high item-total score correlations, (2) a wide distribution of scores, and (3) reliabilities of approximately .80. The scale did not duplicate the I-E Scale, Dogmatism, or the control subscales of FIRO-B, not was it significantly related to social desirability. Data from police officers, army enlisted men, and teachers with differing educational approaches supported the validity of the scale.
Needs and Press of Teacher-Education Students, a 10-Year Study
Authors: Cashen Valjean M. , Ramseyer Gary C. , Smith Edwin B.
Published: September 2011

This article describes a 10-yr. comparison study of needs and press scores for those students enrolled in a teacher-education program at one university. Responses on the Activities Index and College Characteristics Index were contrasted for the years 1961 and 1971. Current prospective teachers exhibited less intellectual and dependency needs but greater needs for impulse expression than those of 10 yr. ago. Correspondingly, current students perceived their college environment to exert less press for intellectualism and dependency. However, in apparent conflict with their needs, present day teacher-trainees perceived their environment as demanding less impulse expression. Some comparisons indicated that teacher-education students have become somewhat more like the general student population in terms of needs and press.
Some Effects of Lesion Level, and Emotional Cues on Affective Expression in Spinal Cord Patients
Authors: Jasnos Theodore M. , Hakmiller Karl L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of peripheral change on emotional expression was examined in 24 males with functionally complete transections of the spinal cord. The higher the level of lesion, the greater was the assumed restriction of afferent return from manipulated peripheral change. Consistent with expectations based on Schachter and Singer's (1962) theory of emotion, less intense feelings of arousal were expressed by subjects with higher (cervical) lesions than by subjects with lower (thoracic and lumbar) lesions. Also, expressed arousal to high and low emotion-relevant situations was similar among subjects with cervical lesions but differentiated those with lower lesions. Possible artifactual effects of several individual differences on expressed emotion were examined. None were significantly related to either lesion level or rated arousal.
Self-Actualization and Attitudes toward Women
Authors: Doyle James A.
Published: September 2011

150 subjects were administered Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory and Kirkpatrick's Feminist-antifeminist Belief-Pattern Scale. Results indicated self-actualizing beliefs and attitudes correlated significantly with profeminist attitudes. rs were of small magnitude. Implications are drawn with regards to sex-role stereotypes and self-perception.
Interrelationships among Intelligence, Product Dimension of Guilford's Model and Multi-Level Measure of Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Jacobs Stanley S. , Shin Se Ho
Published: September 2011

Investigated were the interrelationships for 125 Grade 11 students among a conventional measure of intelligence, 6 measures of verbal creative behavior reflecting the product dimension of Guilford's Structure of Intellect Model, and 6 measures of cognitive functioning, based on Bloom's taxonomy for the cognitive domain. Conventional intelligence was more highly associated with the four most basic levels of functioning, while creativity was more highly associated wth the two higher levels. Further analyses indicated the independence of these two types of function and that two independent levels of creative behavior which are independent of intelligence are tapped by the 6 creativity measures.
Drug Addiction: I. A Theoretical Framework for Behavior Therapy
Authors: Copemann Chester D.
Published: September 2011

Literature on drug treatment efficacy consistently shows a disappointing 10 to 20% recovery rate which may suggest a Hawthorne-like effect. Contrary to the pessimism resulting from poor treatment outcomes, however, are the findings reported from animal morphine addiction experimentation. A learning theory framework of drug addiction is presented and findings from animal addiction studies are used to demonstrate the possible usefulness of learning theory in accounting for development of tolerance, abstinence, and relapse and are suggestive of the over-all value of learning theory as an alternative explanation of drug addiction. Such a sociopsychological formulation of drug addiction would have significant implications in terms of more systematic and individualized treatment intervention procedures. Additionally, treatment procedures would be directly related to theory and demonstrated laboratory results and thus, have a higher probability of success and accountability.
Components of Desensitization in Modification of Fear among Genuinely Fearful Subjects
Authors: Glynn F. Dudley Mc , McClaren Harry A.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were identified who could not pick up a snake despite an incentive to do so. These Ss were then used to study the fear-reducing capability of semi-automated desensitization and of dismantled procedural components of desensitization. For the “genuinely fearful” Ss neither desensitization nor component procedures reduced fear/avoidance more than did a behaviorally inert “treatment.” This result calls into question the interpretive status of much previous research and suggests guidelines for the methodology of future research.
Interpersonal Conflict-Handling Behavior as Reflections of Jungian Personality Dimensions
Authors: Kilmann Ralph H. , Thomas Kenneth W.
Published: September 2011

This study has sought to investigate the Jungian psychological correlates of an individual's choice of different interpersonal conflict-handling modes: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating. These five modes were defined according to the two basic behavioral dimensions of assertiveness and cooperativeness and were also related to integrative and distributive dimensions. The results suggest that the Jungian functions related to judging (thinking vs feeling) and the type of enactment (introverted vs extraverted) are significantly related to an individual's conflict-handling behavior. The study concludes with a schematic illustration of these Jungian functions plotted upon the basic behavioral dimensions which define and characterize the five conflict-handling modes.
Latencies of Sexual and Asexual Responses to Double-Entendre Words as a Function of Sex-Guilt and Social Desirability in College Females
Authors: Kerr Barbara J. , Galbraith Gary G.
Published: September 2011

A restricted association procedure was used to study females' latencies associated with sexual and asexual responses to double-entendre sexual words. Latencies were also examined relative to two personality variables, sex-guilt and social desirability. The results indicated that sexual responses were accompanied by longer latencies than asexual responses. There was also an interaction between sex-guilt and sexual-asexual response latencies, with subjects of high sex-guilt showing longer latencies of sexual response but not of asexual response. Contrary to prediction, individual differences on the social desirability variable were unrelated to latencies of either sexual or asexual response. The study also outlined a stimulus-encoding model for associations to double-entendre sexual words.
Piagetian Stage and Preferred Level of Complexity
Authors: Turner James R. , Arkes Hal R.
Published: September 2011

The complexity preferences of 60 fifth-grade children were assessed using embedded-figure designs. Children were classified into different Piagetian stages of intellectual development according to their performance on four tasks: (a) conservation of quantity, (b) conservation of number, (c) composition of classes, and (d) egocentricity in the representation of objects. With transitional subjects deleted, the predicted Piagetian Group × Complexity Level interaction was significant ( p < .05). Concrete operational subjects preferred more complex designs than preoperational subjects. In addition, the results indicated that female subjects preferred more complex designs than did male subjects ( p < .005).
Social Background Variables, Referral Sources and Life Events of Male and Female Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Noem Avis A.
Published: September 2011

Rural state hospital alcoholics (650 males, 74 females) were investigated on a social history inventory. Alcoholics lost social stability as indicated by continuous employment (47.0%) and poor job performance (24.3%). Spouse (32.3%), family (24.3%), court system (38.5%), and law enforcement agency (29.8%) were primarily responsible for the subjects' referral to treatment. The involvement of other community agencies and health professionals in the referral of alcoholics was minimal. Financial (52.5%) and marital problems (39.9%) might be produced by alcoholism. Other events such as the death of a significant other (28.5%), anticipated or realized responsibility (30.8%), and changes associated with aging (18.7%) might precipitate alcoholism. More female than male alcoholics had spouses with a drinking problem (73.9% vs 15.4%), were transported to the hospital from their own or relative's home (71.6% vs 56.4%), were more frequently referred to treatment by a friend (13.5% vs 5.9%), physician (12.2% vs 4.3%), clergy (2.7% vs 0.6%) and county welfare department (14.9% vs 6.5%) and less frequently by law enforcement agency (13.5% vs 31.7%) and court (25.7% vs 40.0%). More female than male alcoholics reported stressful life events which preceded a period of drinking.
Teaching Nonprofessionals Three Techniques to Modify Children's Behavior
Authors: Talbert Elisabeth E. , Wildemann Donald G. , Erickson Marilyn T.
Published: September 2011

The relative effectiveness of video-taped lecturing, video-taped modeling or a combination of lecturing and modeling was compared in teaching nonprofessionals to correctly choose the behavioral categories of “praise” (verbal reinforcement), “ignore” (extinction), and “timeout.” All three teaching techniques were significantly more effective in teaching these categories than the no-treatment control group ( ns = 17). While no significant over-all differences were found between the three training methods, the subjects trained with both lecturing and modeling emitted the fewest errors. Furthermore, the no-training control subjects showed a tendency to employ timeout for behaviors which should be reinforced and for behaviors which should be extinguished. Suggestions for future research and possible applications of the modeling procedure were discussed.
Measure of Proportional Non-Chance Clustering in Free Recall
Authors: Thompson W. Douglas , Abramczyk Rudolf R.
Published: September 2011

A new ratio of category clustering ( CLT) is presented which, unlike earlier measures, uses an unconfounded estimate of the number of non-chance repetitions occurring in free recall sequences. The measure permits the assessment of clustering of individual categories independently of clustering of the other categories and yields additional statistics which cannot be accurately measured by existing methods. Computer-generated data scored according to CLT and five other clustering measures indicate that the various measures are not equivalent. In addition, the five other measures are shown to be confounded by extraneous characteristics of the set of items recalled. Consequently, the validity of conclusions based on clustering measures other than CLT is questioned.
Sources of Self-Esteem and the Person × Situation Controversy
Authors: Wilson John P. , Wilson Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated various sources of self-esteem contributing to a global measure of self-esteem. Self-esteem scores for 79 male and 56 female undergraduates on a sentence completion test were analyzed by content area and sources of self-esteem were found. As predicted, sex differences were found for major sources of self-esteem. Results were discussed in terms of the utility of the self-esteem construct in interactions of persons and situations.
Personal Space, Sex of Experimenter, and Locus of Control in Normal and Delinquent Adolescents
Authors: Beck Steven J. , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the interrelationship of personal space, sex of experimenter, and locus of control in 28 delinquent and 28 normal adolescent males (13 to 17 yr. old). The personal space measure was the distance at which the subjective discomfort felt by the adolescent caused him to stop the approaching experimenter. The experimenter approached from the front, rear, left, and right side of the adolescent. Results indicated that: (a) these delinquents did not demand greater personal space than normals, (b) there was a significant increase in personal space from front to rear for both groups, (c) both groups allowed female experimenters to approach closer than male experimenters, and (d) while delinquents were more external than normals, this personality variable did not mediate personal space requirements. In general, delinquents were similar to normals on all personal space indices.
MMPI Profiles of Cohabiting College Students
Authors: Catlin Nancy , Croake James W. , Keller James F.
Published: September 2011

89 cohabiting couples may be described as having, on the average, somewhat elevated MMPI profiles, this being slightly more apparent for the men than the women. The highest scales were Hypomania and Psychopathic Deviate respectively, indicating nonconformist attitudes and the high energy level necessary for the acting out of asocial behavior. The elevated Schizophrenia scale also suggests creativity and theoretical interests one might expect to find in such a group.
Recall of “Right” and “Wrong” Responses as a Function of Instructions for Intentional Learning and Task Familiarization
Authors: D'ydewalle Géry
Published: September 2011

Subjects (100 first-year students of both sexes from the Law School at Leuven, Belgium) selected one of several nonsense words as a “translation” of a real word and were told whether their choice was “right” or “wrong.” Subjects who expected to have the whole series of items a number of times until the correct translation for each word was completely learned (multiple-trial condition) recalled more “right” responses than subjects who expected a single second trial (two-trial condition). A preliminary exposure to a similar but shorter task had a different influence according to the two conditions: there was a decrease in recall of response in the multiple-trial condition but an increase in the two-trial condition. The data suggest that conflicting conclusions about the difference in recall between “right” and “wrong” responses are related to differences in the instructions for intentional learning.
Who Presses the Elevator Button after Someone Else: Dominance/Deference, Sex, and Authority Figure Determinants
Authors: Fryrear Jerry L. , Lane Eric J. , Itzkowitz Jack R.
Published: September 2011

The present study analyzed personality and situational determinants of elevator button-pressing following a press by another person. 88 undergraduates participated to test the hypotheses: (a) males are more likely than females to engage in redundant button-pressing, (b) persons who score high on the Dominance subscale of the EPPS are more likely to engage in redundant pressing than persons who score high on the Deference subscale, and (c) the presence of an authority figure (Security Policeman) decreases the likelihood of redundant pressing more than the presence of a male peer. All three hypotheses were confirmed. The results were discussed in terms of socialization of sex roles, the effect of personality traits on behavior, and the respect commanded by an authoritative figure.
Role of Selective Attention to Emotional and Neutral Stimuli in Schizophrenic Affective Deficit
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Jacobs Lyle
Published: September 2011

A test of the hypothesis that psychopathological emotional deficit involves selective attention to unemotional stimuli was made. The attention of schizophrenics ( n = 100) with high and low scores on measures of anhedonia and sensation-seeking to pleasant, unpleasant and neutral stimuli was contrasted. No differences in the mean attention scores of the groups appeared. The results do not support the hypothesis. Emotional deficit in schizophrenia does not seem to result from selective attention to nonemotional stimuli.
Families of Hospitalized Adolescents: Sex Differences
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R. , Moxley Virginia M.
Published: September 2011

The hospitalized adolescent's family milieu constitutes a large part of his pre-hospital environment. 27 boys and 12 girls in a state mental hospital and their parents were given a structured interview. Although the boys' behavior was more overt, the girls had a home environment marked by stricter rules, more parent-adolescent antagonism, less communication and a greater family stress.
Structure of Attitudes—An Italian Sample
Authors: Bruni P. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

850 Italian subjects were administered a 48-item questionnaire of social attitudes constructed on the lines of Eysenck's original inventory. Items were intercorrelated and the resulting matrix factor analysed. Two major factors corresponded very closely with the radicalism and toughmindedness factors found for English, Swedish, German, Japanese and other samples. It is concluded that the structure of attitudes found is similar in all the major industrialized countries.
Teachers' Ratings and Self-Ratings of Curiosity
Authors: Vidler Derek C. , Levine Jonathan
Published: September 2011

In previous studies by different researchers with fifth grade students correlations between teachers' ratings and self-ratings of curiosity have been modest. Evidence from studies with college students indicates more substantial relationships between instructors' ratings and self-ratings of curiosity, using different measures of both variables.
Effect of Locus of Reinforcement Control on a Concept-Identification Task
Authors: Litrownik Alan J. , Franzini Louis R. , Skenderian Daniel
Published: September 2011

One subject from each of 20 triads matched on age and sex was randomly assigned to yoked contingent external, noncontingent external, and self-reinforcement groups. Differential reinforcement was evaluated in terms of accuracy and output of behavior during acquisition, maintenance, and extinction on a concept-identification task. Performances of the contingent self- and external reinforcement groups were equivalent during acquisition and maintenance, while superior to the noncontingent control group. During maintenance the noncontingent group subjects continued at their same level of output and accuracy in contrast to both contingent groups who improved. Groups did not differ in their accuracy during maintenance nor during the extinction phase when all subjects, as expected, were less accurate. Contrary to previous reports, the performances (output and accuracy) of subjects who administered their own reinforcers were not more resistant to withdrawal of an available external reinforcer than subjects who had received externally controlled consequences.
Influencing Associative Thinking and Imagery in Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb , Berkowitz Pearl H.
Published: September 2011

The present study with 105 emotionally disturbed children was a replication of a previous “Fruit-Tree Experiment” with normal children and investigated the influence exerted by an unfamiliar story on the content of drawings. A counterbalanced design was used for two series spaced 1 yr. apart of three picture drawing sessions each. Before the second drawing session a short and novel story was read to the children. Half of the children in the experimental and control groups were simultaneously shown a pertinent picture to the story, while the other half of the children did not receive any visual aid. The results showed that the simultaneous presentation of pertinent pictures with the stories did not seem to have any effect on the responses. However, the children in this study responded very much like the normal children. The present “Fruit-Tree Experiment” showed in the graphic representations by emotionally disturbed children that changes in thought associations and imagery occurred, due to their brief exposure to an unfamiliar story.
Group Size and Population Density in the Probability of Joining or Leaving Free-Forming Groups
Authors: Calsyn Robert , Becker Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

Transactions of free-forming groups (entries into and exits from these groups) were sampled in a conversation lounge to test the model proposed by Coleman and James. The data supported their assumptions for groups of size two or more. As predicted, exit probabilities increased as group size increased, and entry probabilities were independent of group size. The present study also attempted to replicate Tucker and Friedman's finding that group size was inversely related to population density. No such relation was found. Population density also had no effect on probability of entry or exit.