bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Geometrical and Material Features on Damage Onset and Propagation in Single-lap Bolted Composite Joints under Tensile Load: Part II – Numerical Studies
Authors: Riccio A.
Published: November 2005

A numerical investigation has been carried out in single-lap bolted composite joints. A previously developed three-dimensional progressive damage FEM model, based on the Hashin failure criteria and ply discount material degradation rules, has been adopted in order to point out the influence of geometrical and material characteristics on the damage onset and propagation under tensile loading conditions.

The numerical results in terms of load versus displacement curves and in terms of strains have been compared with experimental data presented in Part 1 of the present study. From the same experimental campaign, useful data on damage evolution, found by non-destructive ultrasonic evaluations, have been used to further validate the adopted numerical tool. This tool has been found to be able to give detailed information, complementary to the experimental data, on the matrix cracking and fiber breakage onset and growth during the loading process in composite single-lap joints with different bolt types (protruding and countersunk), different bolt diameters, and different plates' interfaces (composite–composite and composite– aluminum).
Processing Sticky Cotton: Effect of Stickiness on Yarn Quality
Authors: Hequet Eric F. , Abidi Noureddine , Ethridge Dean
Published: November 2005

Seventeen cotton samples with small-to-moderate stickiness contamination were created by mixing sticky cottons with non-sticky cottons, and then processed through ring and rotor spinning. Trehalulose contents ranged from 0.002% to 0.034% of the fiber weight (corresponding to 1.8% and 16.8% of the total sugars), while melezitose contents ranged from 0.023% to 0.071% (corresponding to 10.5% and 22.5% of the total sugars). High-speed stickiness detector (H2SD) readings of the card slivers ranged from 2.0 to15.7. At these relatively low levels of contamination there was no correlation between ends-down in spinning and H2SD readings. Results showed that in the short term, less than 12 H2SD spots within a mix of cotton does not seem to influence spinning productivity on either ring (Saco-Lowell SF-3H) or rotor (Rieter R20) systems. A slight, but significant, negative effect on the ring-spun yarn quality was found even at low levels of stickiness. In the long term, it appears likely that even very small amounts of trehalulose slowly contaminate the equipment. This accumulation of sugars would be expected to have a cumulative, negative impact on both productivity and yarn quality.
HPLC of Insect Honeydew Deposits Collected from the High Speed Stickiness Detector
Authors: Abidi Noureddine , Hequet Eric
Published: November 2005

The objective of this work is to study the composition of insect honeydew deposits collected from the high speed stickiness detector (H2SD). Both the effects of the hot plate temperature and the cleaning roll pressure of the H2SD on honeydew-contaminated cottons are evaluated. The tested materials consist of samples from 27 bales contaminated by whitefly honeydew (from geographic Area 1), 27 bales contaminated by aphid and whitefly honeydew (from geographic Area 2), and 27 bales contaminated by aphid honeydew (from geographic Area 3). Analyses of the data reveal strong interactions of hot plate temperature, cleaning roll pressure, and contamination type. The HPLC analysis of sticky deposits collected from the H2SD aluminum foil shows that for cotton contaminated with whitefly honeydew, trehalulose is the dominant sugar and the main cause of stickiness. However, for cotton contaminated with aphid honeydew, unidentified compounds are suspected of being major contributors to stickiness.
Assessing Reflectance and Color Differences of Cotton Fabrics after Abrasion
Authors: Alpay Halil Rifat , Becerir Behcet , Akgun Mine
Published: November 2005

This paper assesses color differences and percent reflectance changes occurring in nine dyed cotton fabrics after different cycles of abrasion for different fabric construction parameters. The fabrics differ from each other in their weft yarn types and counts, weft densities, and weft yarn twists. Warp yarn type and count, warp density, warp yarn twist, and fabric weave are the same for all fabrics. Fabric samples are dyed in a commercial red direct dye (CI Direct Red 89) and four different abrasion cycles (2500, 5000, 7500, 10000) are used. The percent reflectance of the abraded fabrics is measured, and color differences between the original (control fabric, dyed but not abraded) and abraded fabrics are calculated. The main differences in percent reflectance and color difference values are observed between 0 and 2500 cycles of abrasion. Increasing abrasion cycles after 5000 do not change the reflectance and color difference values of the fabrics significantly. The rubbing motion of the Martindale instrument apparently creates a combing effect on the fibers of the fabric surface at higher abrasion cycles, which makes the surfaces look more regular and avoids greater color differences. The main effect of abrasion on percent reflectance and color differences occurs up to 5000 cycles. Photographs of the control and fabrics abraided 10,000 times are presented to show changes in the alignment of fibers after abrasion.
Moisture Vapor Transport Behavior of Polyester Knit Fabrics
Authors: Prahsarn C. , Barker R. L. , Gupta B. S.
Published: November 2005

A test method that measures microclimate drying time is used to compare the ability of different knit materials to dissipate moisture vapor from a saturated clothing environment to the ambient atmosphere. The performance assessment provided by this novel method is compared with those from common test methods. The latter include measures of the moisture vapor transmission rate provided by the upright cup and the evaporative thermal resistance provided by the sweating guarded hot plate procedure. Upright cup and sweating hot plate measurements are shown to be predominately influenced by fabric thickness, but microclimate drying time, or the time-dependent dissipation of accumulated moisture vapor, assessed by the new method is most influenced by the pore characteristics of the fabric. Moisture vapor transmission through fabrics is assumed to be controlled mostly by fiber, yarn, and fabric variables that determine fabric thickness and porosity. Therefore, constructional variables that lead to thin knit structures, with unobstructed interyarn pores, are shown to be important considerations for designing fabrics with optimum moisture vapor dissipation properties.
Role of the EDTA Chelating Agent in Bioscouring of Cotton
Authors: Losonczi A. , Csiszár E. , Szakács G. , Bezúr L.
Published: November 2005

Our previous work demonstrated that ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) markedly enhances the apparent activity of commercial xylanase and pectinase enzymes in cotton bioscouring, accelerating degradation and removal of impurities. In this study, we explore how EDTA can improve the efficiency of the enzyme process in cotton bioscouring. The effects of EDTA on the enzyme action and degradation of seed-coat fragments—the most resistant natural impurities of cotton to be degraded in bioscouring—are investigated. Results show that application of EDTA in different concentrations does not inhibit the main activities of the enzymes investigated. Thus, the pectinase activity of Viscozyme 120L and the xylanase activity of Pulpzyme HC remain almost unchanged. On the other hand, EDTA modifies the substrate structure by removing the calcium ions from the cross bridges that link the macromolecules in pectin to one another or pectin to other polysaccharides. While EDTA pretreatment significantly decreases the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis monitored by reducing sugar liberation, simultaneous application of EDTA and enzyme in one treatment bath largely accelerates the degree of hydrolysis, indicating a synergistic effect of enzyme and EDTA.
Effect of Lyocell Blend Yarn and Pile Type on the Properties of Pile Loop Knit Fabrics
Authors: Uçar Nuray , Karakaş Hale Canbaz
Published: November 2005

This paper investigates some physical properties of pile loop knit fabrics. Several fabric parameters, such as pile type (pile loop and cut-pile loop fabrics), fiber type (100% cotton and 50/50% cotton/lyocell blend), fabric tightness (slack, medium, and tight), relaxation (dry relaxation and wash and dry relaxation), are changed. The effects of these parameters on the physical properties of the fabrics, such as dimensional, drapeability, abrasion, and spirality, are analyzed. To determine their relationship and significance, a bivariate correlation analysis and an analysis of variance are conducted. The presence of lyocell and cut-pile loop fabrics increases the lengthwise shrinkage and widthwise extension after repeated wash and dry cycles. Fabric thickness decreases with the presence of lyocell and decreases fabric tightness. Lyocell blend and ground-face fabrics have lower drape coefficients. Spirality tends to increase with the presence of lyocell and pile loop fabrics. Fabric abrasion behavior is also studied.
Stress Relaxation of Tufted Carpets and Carpet Components: Analysis of the Tufted Carpet Structure
Authors: Phillips Kristie J. , Ghosh Tushar K. , Dickey David A.
Published: November 2005

Dimensional stability of tufted carpets has been a continuing problem in the carpet industry for years. When a tufted carpet is installed by the stretch-in method, it experiences stress relaxation over time which can cause the carpet to buckle, wrinkle and become loose with the only option being a costly re-stretching of the carpet. Analysis of the various components of the tufted carpet composite structure was performed to identify the role each component plays in the phenomenon of stress relaxation. A biaxial loading system was used to test various samples of the primary backing alone, primary backing after tufting (with tufts), secondary backing alone, and the finished carpet after attaching the backings with various binder weights per area. The four variables under consideration included primary and secondary backing constructions, tufting density, and latex weight. A rheological model that includes representations of each component in the carpet structure was developed and will be presented in a following paper.
Bio-Polishing of Polyester and Polyester/Cotton Fabric
Authors: Mccloskey Stefanie G. , Jump Joseph M.
Published: November 2005

Enzymatic bio-polishing offers a finish for pill prevention. The present study demonstrates that a cutinase can be used for bio-polishing of polyester fabrics and can be combined with a compatible cellulase to treat polyester and cotton blended fabrics. Two different cutinases were investigated with 100% polyester woven fabric. One cutinase and one cellulase were tested separately and in combination with 50%/50% polyester/cotton blend knit fabric. Following enzymatic treatment, weight loss, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the treatment liquor and pilling note were evaluated. An improvement in pilling note for both polyester and polyester blends was demonstrated. Additionally, HPLC analysis of the treatment liquors indicated polyester hydrolysis due to cutinase activity which correlated well with pilling note results
Effect of Abrasion and Absorbed Water on the Handle of Nonwovens for Disposable Diapers
Authors: Hong Kyung Hwa , Kim Soo Chang , Kang Tae Jin , Oh Kyung Wha
Published: November 2005

Among the components of a disposable diaper, the top layer that comes into direct contact with the infant’s skin is usually made of a nonwoven fabric. Therefore, the mechanical and surface characteristics of the nonwovens are important for the health of the baby’s skin. In this study, we explored the mechanical and surface properties of some hygienic nonwoven fabrics that are used as the top layer and investigated consumers’ preferences concerning these nonwovens. The variations in their properties with increasing abrasion cycles and in wet conditions were also examined. The hygienic nonwoven fabrics examined in this study were cotton spunlace, tencel spunlace, polypropylene (PP) thermal bonding and PP Thru-air bonded carded web (TABCW). The surface of PP nonwoven fabrics were treated with surfactant to obtain the required hydrophilic properties. From the results of KES-F analysis, it was found that PP TABCW had a low friction coefficient and showed little change in surface properties with increasing number of abrasive cycles, and moreover, it revealed superior quick-drying characteristics. However, the consumers showed a somewhat higher preference for cellulose spunlaces in comparison with surfactant-treated PP nonwoven fabrics. On the other hand, although they showed excellent absorption characteristics, the spunlace-type nonwovens made with cellulose tissue displayed higher surface friction coefficients and relatively low abrasion strength, especially in wet conditions.
Image Analysis for Quantifying Marquisette Damage in Home Laundering
Authors: Kim Soo Chang , Kang Tae Jin , Hong Kyung Hwa , Xu Bugao
Published: November 2005

The fabric damage in home laundering is often measured to evaluate the performance of a washing machine. Currently, the standard methods of measuring the fabric damage are manual based. We developed an image-analysis method in an effort to create an automatic and objective way of evaluating on the fabric damage caused by a washing machine. The images of washed marquisette swatches were processed with Gabor filters to extract distorted yarns from the regular weave and unwanted objects in the output image were removed by judging their shape factors. The parameters of Gabor filters were estimated based on an unwashed marquisette sample, and are applicable to the samples with the same weave structure. A preliminary experiment on evaluating the marquisette damage incurred in washing shows that the image analysis evaluations have a strong correlation with the subjective assessment based on the standard of the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM).
End Breaks in the Spinning and Weaving of Weavable Singles Yarns
Authors: Lappage James
Published: November 2005

An end break will occur in spinning when the tension in the balloon exceeds the strength at the weakest point in the yarn, which is at the point of twist insertion and before the fibers are fully twisted together. Other than gross faults such as slubs, the cause of an end break is generally a very thin place, the incidence of which can be estimated from the mean linear density of the yarn and its variance. A good correlation was found between the end breakage rate and the irregularity (CV%) of the yarn, which appears to be independent of yarn count. The tenacity of the yarn at a break was estimated to be only about 1.85 g/tex. For wool yarns which are woven in the warp as singles, end breaks in spinning effectively remove those thin places which are likely to break in warp ends during weaving. It is recommended that such yarns be spun at high speed to remove those short, very thin places which might not be detected in clearing, but which may fail in weaving.
Manufacture and Application of High-Performance Geogrids with PP/PET Composite Covered Yarn
Authors: Lin Ching-Wen , Lin Jia-Horng
Published: November 2005

In this investigation, composite PP/PET covered yarns were spun using a rotor twister, to weave geogrids. Thermal bonding was employed to reinforce the mechanical properties of the geogrids. The results revealed that when the twist multiple of the composite covered yarn was 8.3, the strength and elongation were 323.7 N and 13.2%, respectively. The optimal heating temperature and time were 190 °C and 4 minutes, respectively, in this experiment, under which conditions the longitudinal strength was 46.4 kN/m; the transverse strength was 23.6 kN/m, the junction strength was 6.2 (kN/m), and the longitudinal elongation was 11.4 (%).
Computer Vision-Aided Fabric Inspection System for On-Circular Knitting Machine
Authors: Saeidi R. Ghazi , Latifi M. , Najar S. Shaikhzadeh , Saeidi A. Ghazi
Published: November 2005

This paper describes a computer vision-based fabric inspection system implemented on a circular knitting machine to inspect the fabric under construction. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part, detection of defects in knitted fabric was performed and the performance of three different spectral methods, namely the discrete Fourier transform, the wavelet and the Gabor transforms were evaluated off-line. In the second part, knitted fabric defect-detection and classification was implemented on-line. The captured images were subjected to a defect-detection algorithm, which was based on the concepts of the Gabor wavelet transform, and a neural network (as a classifier). An operator encountering defects also evaluated the performance of the system. The fabric images were broadly classified into seven main categories as well as seven combined defects. The results of the designed system were compared with those of human vision.
Comfort Properties of Heat-Resistant Protective Workwear in Varying Conditions of Physical Activity and Environment. Part I: Thermophysical and Sensorial Properties of Fabrics
Authors: Yoo Shinjung , Barker Roger L.
Published: November 2005

This series of studies investigates the impact of thermophysiologial and sensorial properties and end-use conditions of heat-resistant protective workwear on the wear comfort response. In Part I of this paper, material features and test methods are screened to obtain fabric characteristics that explain wear comfort effectively. Thermophysiological and sensorial properties including liquid moisture transfer properties are assessed for six heat resistant workwear materials with different fiber content, yarn property, weave type, and functional finishes. Based on the thermophysical values, small differences among the test garments are predicted. Measured sensorial properties, obtained from fabric mechanical, surface, and liquid moisture management properties, provide more distinctive comparisons. The remaining moisture ( A) is calculated from the evaporated ( E) and total driven ( T) water to predict the sensation of clamminess after sweating. Results from surface roughness, contact area, and wet cling analysis show that softer yarns, finer fibers and twill weaves produce measurably smoother fabrics with small contact. Also, effects of hydrophilic fiber blending and wicking finishes on the moisture management properties are examined. The former does not affect the liquid moisture management properties while the latter measurably enhances the absorption rate. These results are discussed in relation to the wear comfort response in varying conditions of physical activity and ambient environments in Part II of this paper.
Bacteriostasis and Skin Innoxiousness of Nanosize Silver Colloids on Textile Fabrics
Authors: Lee Hoon Joo , Jeong Sung Hoon
Published: November 2005

This research deals with the bacteriostasis and the skin-innoxiousness of a nanosize silver colloidal solution used as an agent for the antibacterial treatment of textile fabrics. We placed nanosize silver colloidal solutions and the textile fabrics treated with the same solutions on germ-containing agar plates, respectively, and calculated the bacterial reduction after certain contact times to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of nanosilver in colloidal solutions and textile fabrics. The antibacterial treatment of textile fabrics was easily achieved by using nanosize silver colloidal solution. The result of skin-irritation testing of a nanosilver colloidal solution showed the skin-innoxiousness of nanosilver to animals. The TEM observation of silver nanoparticles showed their shape and size distribution. The SEM image of the treated fabric indicated silver nanoparticles were well dispersed on the fabric surface.
A Note on Jet Streaks in Hydroentangled Nonwovens
Authors: Shim E. , Pourdeyhimi B.
Published: November 2005

Hydroentanglement is the fastest growing bonding method in the nonwoven arena. Its strengths are good fabric aesthetics, and the lack of any complex binder chemistry with its inherent environmental concerns. Hydroentanglement is used for mechanically bonding both staple and filament nonwovens as well as being used for post-treatment of fabrics. As hydroentangling uses fine, closely spaced, high-speed waterjets, they create ridges or streaks that are quite visible to the naked eye. This may be undesirable if it interferes with other textures on the surface or if a smooth flat surface is desired. This study reports on methodology used for the analysis of jet streaks using texture-based methods.
Influence of Fiber Surface Purity on Wicking Properties of Needle-Punched Nonwoven after Oxygen Plasma Treatment
Authors: Verschuren Jo , Van Herzele Peter , De Clerck Karen , Kiekens Paul
Published: November 2005

Polyester and meta-aramid nonwoven samples were treated at reduced pressure in a radiofrequency oxygen plasma for between 5 and 30 seconds. The hydrophilic effect of the plasma treatment was assessed by three consecutive vertical wicking tests on each sample. The influence of cleaning of the fiber surface before as well as after the plasma treatment was determined. The presence of fiber surface additives had a positive influence on first-time wicking. On the other hand, when the layer of surface additives is plasma treated rather than the fiber polymer surface, the treatment effect is easily washed away. Log(time) wicking curves and summed wicking height plots are introduced as a means to help the interpretation of wicking data.
Novel Compound Cushion Layer for Reinforcement of Ballistic Resistance
Authors: Lin Jia-Horng
Published: November 2005

Energy transmission and dissipation are the basic functions of cushion materials. In this investigation, spread polyester filament was laid on the pre-punching polyamide web with low-melted polyester staple fibers to create a sandwich structure by covering another web. Bonding by needle punching and thermal calender then, produced compound nonwoven fabrics, and these were then used to replace the original cushion material of a bulletproof vest. The buffer effect of the compound nonwoven fabrics in the bulletproof complex fabrics was assessed based on the deformation of the backing material in a bullet-shooting test. The content of low-melting-temperature polyester staple fibers, needle punching density and the polyester filament content were adjuster to determine the influences of these parameters on the buffer effect of the compound nonwoven fabrics in bulletproof complex fabrics. The compound nonwoven fabrics were demonstrated to be superior to the original cushion material of a bulletproof vest in terms of buffer effect. Additionally, this work hoped to reduce the production cost of bulletproof vests. The analytical results show that the maximum deformation of the backing material changes from 3.29 to 1.85 cm under adaptable processing conditions. Compound nonwoven fabrics with improved buffer effect thus can be used to replace the original cushion material of a bulletproof vest.
Recycling Polyester and Polypropylene Nonwoven Selvages to Produce Functional Sound Absorption Composites
Authors: Lou Ching-Wen , Lin Jia-Horng , Su Kuan-Hua
Published: November 2005

The consumption of polypropylene and polyester makes up over 50% by weight in the nonwoven industry and consequently the waste generated from them increases gradually every year. In this study, the polyester and polypropylene nonwoven selvages were recycled to produce functional composites. First, the two kinds of selvages were shredded and mixed in the proportion1:1, and then stirred well. The functional sound absorption composites were produced by a compress molding technique with proper parameters. Sawdust was also added in the composites to investigate the influence of processing parameters and materials on the sound absorption efficiency of the composites. The sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 by an impedance tube. The results revealed that the average of the sound absorption coefficients increased with the thickness of the composites, but decreased with the density. The effect of adding sawdust to the sound absorption efficiency of the composites was not obvious from this work.
End Breaks in the Spinning and Weaving of Weavable Singles Yarns
Authors: Lappage James
Published: November 2005

The eight weavable singles yarns studied in Part 1 of this paper were all woven plain weave and the end breaks identified by cause and recorded. End breaks were found to be due to failed splices, abrasion failure and thin places. The incidence of thin-place breaks was found to increase with increasing irregularity (CV%) of the yarn, and as the linear density of the yarn decreased. It is primarily the thin-place end breakage rate which determines the yarn count limit for acceptable weavability, and this is shown to depend on the evenness of the yarn. It is shown how to predict the thin-place end breakage rate from the yarn, fabric and loom parameters.
Factors Affecting the Color Yield of an Ink-Jet Printed Cotton Fabric
Authors: Yuen C. W. M. , Ku S. K. A. , Choi P. S. R. , Kan C. W.
Published: November 2005

We attempt to study and understand the factors affecting the final color yield of ink-jet printed cotton fabrics. These factors include the content of the pretreatment paste (the amount of sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate, and urea) and the duration of steaming time. Four different colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, are considered, and the influences of these factors on the four colors are studied. The results show that not only the individual factors affect the final color yield, but the interaction effects of the factors also play a role.
Investigating Changes in Mechanical Properties and Tissue Reaction of Silk, Polyester, Polyamide, and Polypropylene Sutures in Vivo
Authors: Karaca E. , Hockenberger A. S. , Yildiz H.
Published: November 2005

Changes in two important mechanical properties, tensile strength and knot strength, and tissue reactions are investigated for four different nonabsorbable sutures, silk, polyester, polyamide 6, and polypropylene, in vivo. Three different sizes (0, 2/0, 3/0) are also used for each suture type. In the experimental in vivo conditions, rats ( Rattus norvegicus) obtained from University of Uludag Medical Faculty Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center are used. The experiments are carried out on the Instron 4301 tensile tester before and after implantation. In the tests, maximum tenacity values are obtained. After all suture materials are broken, a scanning electron microscope and optical light microscope are used to take their pictures. For braided sutures, the encapsulation rate around the suture plays a very important role in the strength and breaking mechanism and axial splits, but controls these parameters for polypropylene sutures. Encapsulation increases the strength and has a greater effect on smaller sizes. A granulomatous inflammation is observed around all sutures in varying degrees of severity.
A Pilling Mechanism of Man-Made Cellulosic Fabrics—Effects of Fibrillation
Authors: Okubayashi S. , Bechtold T.
Published: November 2005

The effects of washing and drying treatments on fibrillation, fuzz, and pill formation of lyocell knitted fabrics are investigated in this study. Pilling ratings of the fabrics after wash (W), dry (D), and wash/dry (WD) treatments are evaluated according to a pilling scale using a microscope. Water retention values and fiber-fiber friction are also measured after the treatments. Fuzz occurs on fabrics treated with D and WD treatments, indicating that fuzz is mainly generated during mechanical abrasion in dry conditions. But fibers fibrillate with W and WD treatments, suggesting that fibrillation is induced by mechanical abrasion in wet conditions. Pills form only on fabrics treated with WD in the experimental conditions used here. The water retention value decreases, fiber-fiber friction increases, and the degree of pilling increases with increases in the repetitions of WD. Considering these changes in fiber and textile properties during W, D, and WD treatments, a mechanism of pill formation is proposed, including the fibrillation process, and it is suggested that pills are significantly promoted by a combination of fuzz formed in the dry state with fibrillation occurring in wet state. Increasing fiber-fiber friction and decreasing water accessibility after certain numbers of WD treatments lowers the pilling tendency.
Dry Jet-Wet Spinning of Cellulose/N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide Hydrate Solutions and Physical Properties of Lyocell Fibers
Authors: Kim Dong Bok , Pak James Jungho , Jo Seong Mu , Lee Wha Seop
Published: November 2005

In dry jet-wet spinning of a cellulose/ N-methylmorpholine N-oxide hydrate solution, the effects of the hydration number n in NMMO hydrates and the concentration and molecular weight of cellulose are investigated in terms of the physical properties of the fibers. Dry jet-wet spinning of lyocell fibers is also investigated using three different set-ups; a piston type, an N2 gas pressure type, and spinning equipment with an extruder. The effects of spinning conditions such as the spin draw ratio, air gap distance, and composition of the coagulation bath are investigated. The physical properties of the fibers such as birefringence, initial modulus, and tensile strength increase with a decrease in n and an increase in the air gap distance and spin draw ratio. The relationship between the physical properties and the fiber denier is newly suggested in this spinning system. The tensile fracture morphology reveals that fibers from the NMMO hydrate containing less water have more fibrils due to their higher molecular orientation. Further, the orientation structure of the cellulose becomes more noticeable with the decreased hydration levels of the solvent because it produces thicker and longer fibrils when the cellulose fibers are treated with an ultrasonic generator. The crystallite size of the cellulose depends on the composition of NMMO in the coagulation bath. The crystallite size also decreases with the increased air gap distance.
Predicting Yarn Processing Performance from the Noncellulosic Content of Raw Cottons
Authors: Brushwood Donald E.
Published: November 2005

Noncellulosic materials on raw cottons can influence spinning performance. Chemical and physical tests are conducted on a series of nonsticky single-season upland cottons originating from three U.S. growing areas. Relationships are determined between yarn production performance and efficiency and fiber frictional and physical properties as well as nonfibrous material content for three different spinning systems. Fiber micronaire significantly influences results. Increases in yarn strength correlate with increasing levels of total fiber alcohol surface extractables, wax, and potassium content. Processing ends down increases in ring and open-end spinning and decreases in vortex spinning as fiber alcohol surface extractables, wax, and light metal content increase. Ends down decrease in ring an open-end spinning and increase in vortex spinning as the HVI trash measurement increases. Uster yarn evenness neps and thick and thin places decrease in ring and open-end and increase in vortex yarns as alcohol surface extractables increase. Fiber yellowness and grayness increase as concentrations of the metals potassium, magnesium, and iron increase.
Optimum Drafting Conditions of Polypropylene Spun Yarns
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Lai Wen-Chuan
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we use polypropylene (PP) fibers (1.67dtex × 40mm) as a test material to prepare roving for measuring the drafting force in the break draft zone. We investigate the influence of the roller gauge, draft ratio, and roving twist factor on the drafting force to realize the drafting behavior during roller drafting of the PP roving. In actual spinning, we spin the 18.5 tex PP spun yarn to correlate the variation in drafting force and the yarn properties by evaluating the yarn quality index. The results show that we can obtain the best yarn quality under drafting conditions of 1.2-1.3 break draft ratio and 62 mm back roller gauge in conjunction with a roving of 0.476g/m and 7.7 twist factor.
Liquid Ammonia Treatment of Regenerated Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: Lee Muncheul , Wakida Tomiji , Tokuyama Takako , Doi Chizuko , Lim Yong Jin , Jeon Sung-Ki
Published: November 2005

Liquid ammonia is effective at improving the strength, shrink resistance, and hand of cotton fabric. In this study, we apply a liquid ammonia (NH3) treatment to three regenerated cellulosic fabrics—rayon taffeta, cupro taffeta, and polynosic broadcloth— and subsequently process these with hot water and dry heat. We investigate the effect of the processes on crystal form, crystallinity, moisture regain, water absorption, and dyeing properties. Also, the mechanical properties of the NH3-treated fabrics are measured in relation to fabric hand. The diffraction intensity profiles of the rayon taffeta are unchanged by the NH3 treatment and subsequent heat processing. The profile of cupro taffeta is not changed by the NH3 treatment, but it is transformed to cellulose IIIII by subsequent hot water and dry heat processes. On the other hand, although the profile of polynosic broadcloth is transformed to cellulose IIIII by the NH3 treatment, the profile is not changed by hot water and dry heat. Furthermore, fabric crystallinity decreases with the NH3 treatment and increases somewhat after the hot water and dry heat processes. Water absorption and equilibrium dye uptake decrease with the NH3 treatment. Excellent washing shrinkage resistance is obtained with the NH3 treatment. The shearing and bending parameters of the rayon and cupro fabrics decrease somewhat with the NH3 treatment, so this treatment of regenerated cellulosic fabrics is effective at improving hand as well as washing shrinkage.
Objective Evaluation of Durable Press Treatments and Fabric Smoothness Ratings
Authors: Abidi Noureddine , Hequet Eric , Turner Chris , Sari-Sarraf Hamed
Published: November 2005

In this research, we validate an imaging system for automatic grading of fabric smoothness, developed at Texas Tech University. This system consists of a sheet-of-light, laser-line projector; a smart CMOS camera; a moving platform; and a PC. Its purpose is to provide the textile industry with a tool for rapid, objective evaluation of fabric smoothness after home laundering. The validation study involves two cotton fabrics treated with increasing amounts of a textile-finishing agent to impart durable press properties. The UATR-FTIR is used as a rapid and nondestructive technique to determine the amount of the crosslinking agent linked to the cellulose after the required laundering cycles. To demonstrate the potential of our newly developed imaging system, we extract five features from the acquired images and relate them to AATCC grading and to the amount of finish as evaluated by FTIR. Our results demonstrate that this new wrinkle measurement technology has the potential to discriminate between different levels of fabric treatments and different fabrics.
Statistical Analysis of the Effect of Processing Conditions on the Strength of Thermal Point-Bonded Cotton-Based Nonwovens
Authors: Rong Haoming , Leon Ramon V. , Bhat Gajanan S.
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we investigate the effect of thermal calendering temperature, binder fiber type, and binder fiber component (blend ratio) on the tensile strength of resulting thermal point-bonded nonwovens. The experimental results are statistically analyzed using the general linear models procedure in JMP 5.0 to determine the significance of the effects of the variables on fabric strength. Based on the interactions of binder fiber composition and bonding temperature, empirical models are developed to predict the breaking loads of webs.
Effects of Processing Parameters on the Fiber Diameter of Melt Blown Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Chen Ting , Wang Xinhou , Huang Xiubao
Published: November 2005

Our air drawing model of polymers in the melt blowing process is verified by the experimental results obtained with our university’s equipment. The predicted fiber diameters tally well with the experimental data. The effects of the processing parameters on the fiber diameters are further investigated in this paper. We find that a lower polymer flow rate, a higher initial polymer temperature, a higher initial air velocity, and a higher polymer melt flow index can all produce finer fibers, while the effect of the initial air temperature is insignificant. The results reveal the great potential of this research for computer assisted design of the melt blowing technology.
A Linear Dynamic Model for Two-Strand Yarn Spinning
Authors: He Ji-Huan , Yu Yan-Ping , Yu Jian-Yong , Li Wei-Ru , Wang Shan-Yuan , Pan Ning
Published: November 2005

A linear dynamic model is established for two-strand or Sirospun yarn processing. Approximate oscillating frequencies in the vertical and horizontal directions are obtained. By suitable choice of certain processing parameters, the mixture construction after the convergence point can be optimally matched.
Fibers from Three Cultivars of New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax)
Authors: Carr D. J. , Cruthers N. M. , Laing R. M. , Niven B. E.
Published: November 2005

Botanists recognize only two kinds of New Zealand flax ( Phormium tenax and Phormium colensoi), while Māori weavers recognise over fifty different cultivars that have specific end-uses. Selected properties of muka4(sclerenchyma fiber aggregates extracted from harakeke ( P. tenax)) from three of these cultivars (Arawa, Tapamangu, Makaweroa) are examined. Māori consider these three cultivars to provide excellent fibers that are easy to process. Tapamangu and Arawa are similar in terms of muka length, linear density, tenacity, extension at maximum load, and maximum extension, and the ultimate fibers of these cultivars have similar dimensions (width, length). Muka from Makaweroa is longer, not as tough, but with a linear density similar to the other cultivars. The ultimate fiber length of Makaweroa is greater, but the width is similar to Tapamangu and Arawa. Muka from the keel is longer, of higher linear density, and tougher (similar tenacity, higher maximum extension) compared to margin muka. The side of the leaf from which muka is extracted does not affect the properties measured.
Recovery from Strain and Shrinkage Measurements of Poly(m-methylene Terephthalate) and Poly(ethylene 2,6-Naphthalate) Fibers
Authors: Hockenberger A. S. , Koral S. , Wilding M. A.
Published: November 2005

Recovery from strain, tensile, and shrinkage are measured for poly(ethylene 2,6-naphtha-late) (PEN), dimensionally stable polyester (DSP PET), and high tenacity polyester (HT PET). The results are considered in the context of an earlier study examining the mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2GT), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (3GT), and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) (4GT). DSP PET and PEN show good recovery from 10% applied strain, at 30% strain DSP PET has the highest recovery overall, and at 60% strain recovery is poor for all types. In the case of HT PET, specimen breakage sometimes occurs before the recovery measurement can be completed. PEN shows the minimum shrinkage in boiling water, and DSP PET is more dimensionally stable than HT PET. However, an interesting observation is that PEN develops a crimped appearance after this treatment, which is not seen in the other two fibers. We associate this with the good recovery behavior of PEN.
Distribution of Single Fiber Tensile Properties of Four Cotton Genotypes
Authors: Liu Jihua , Yang Hongbo , Hsieh You-Lo
Published: November 2005

The distributions of breaking force and elongation of single fibers from five cultivated cotton varieties, African-51 ( G. herbaceum), Asian-163 ( G. arboreum), Maxxa and Texas Marker-1 ( G. hirsutum), and Pima-S7 ( G. barbadense), are studied. The range and distribution patterns of single fiber breaking force and elongation are significantly different for these cultivars and appear to be highly dependent on genotypes. Single fiber breaking force ranges from 16, 17, 20, 24, and 28 g for Pima-S7, TM-1, Maxxa, African-51, and Asian-163, respectively, and single fiber breaking elongation ranges from 16, 17, 18, 18, and 24% for these varieties. The single fiber breaking forces of Pima-S7 and TM-1 are symmetrically distributed, whereas those of the other three are asymmetrically distributed. African-51 and Maxxa have longer right tails, whereas Asian-163 has a longer left tail. Distributions of single fiber breaking elongation for all five varieties are asymmetrical and positively skewed, with the African and Asian cultivars having longer right tails. Within each cultivar, fibers of varying lengths have similar distributions in their breaking forces and elongation. This lack of relationship with fiber length suggests that these fibers’ tensile properties may be independent of length development, i.e., during elongation of the primary cell wall through the early stage of secondary cell wall synthesis. Single fiber breaking force and elongation are positively correlated ( r = 0.259 to 0.443) for all five varieties, with Pima having the highest correlation coefficient.
Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Lee S. Joon , Rust Jon P. , Hamouda Hechmi , Kim Y. Richard , Borden Roy H.
Published: November 2005

The influence of fibers on the fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt concrete is investigated using fracture energy. Nylon, a popular facing yarn of carpets, is used for the actual recycled carpet fibers in asphalt pavement. The experimental program is designed with two phases: the single fiber pull-out test and the indirect tension strength test. Through pull-out tests of 15-denier single nylon fibers, the critical fiber embedded length is determined to be 9.2 mm. As for indirect tension strength tests, samples of asphalt concrete mixed with nylon fibers of two lengths, 6 and 12 mm, based on results of the pull-out tests (critical embedded length) and three volume fractions, 0.25, 0.5, and 1%, are prepared and tested. Asphalt concrete samples fabricated with fibers of 1% and 12 mm results in 85% higher fracture energy than non-reinforced specimens, showing improved fatigue cracking resistance. Although an optimized asphalt mix design with fibers has not been developed for this study, the increased fracture energy represents a potential for improving asphalt fatigue life, which may be facilitated through the use of recycled carpet fibers.
Properties of Three-Thread Fleece Fabrics
Authors: Ozcan Gulay , Candan Cevza
Published: November 2005

This study investigates the effect of course length and washing processes on the physical characteristics and shrinkage behavior of three-thread fleece fabrics. Three groups of fabrics in five different course length ranges are produced, and their areal density, fabric thickness, pilling, and abrasion resistance are measured in accordance with the relevant ISO and British Standards. The dimensional changes of the samples in both width- and length-wise directions, together with skewness (%), are also measured after washing and tumble-drying cycles. The experimental results are evaluated with the SPSS statistical program.
Antimicrobial Silver/Sodium Carboxymethyl Cotton Dressings for Burn Wounds
Authors: Parikh D. V. , Fink T. , Rajasekharan K. , Sachinvala N. D. , Sawhney A. P.S. , Calamari T. A. , Parikh Ashish D.
Published: November 2005

Antimicrobial Ag/Na carboxymethyl cotton burn dressings are developed by partial cation exchange of sodium by silver from sodium carboxymethyl cotton gauze/nonwovens through treatment with silver nitrate in an 85/15 ethanol/water medium. The ethanol/water medium is necessary to preserve the fibrous form of carboxymethyl gauze/nonwovens with a degree of substitution of 0.3 to 0.4. From the behavior of antimicrobial release and the suppression of bacterial and fungal proliferation, it is apparent that the dressings containing the silver antimicrobial agent will protect wound surfaces from microbial invasion and effectively suppress bacterial proliferation. Antimicrobial evaluations of Ag/Na carboxymethyl cotton at North American Science Associates and the Southern Regional Research Center are positive. Additionally, the results show that an enhanced burn treatment is possible using a highly moisture retentive sodium carboxymethyl gauze instead of conventional gauze now used with silver nitrate. The carboxymethyl gauze’s capacity to hold a large amount of antimicrobial solution creates the possibility for better antimicrobial treatment. The retention of a greater amount of silver nitrate solution on the dressing will require less replenishment of solution on dressings on patients, which will reduce nursing time.
Evaluating the Physical and Fabric Hand Characteristics of Lyocell Fabrics Made with Different Wood Pulps
Authors: Ahn Cheunsoon , Yoo Hye Ja , Oh Young-Se , Han Sam-Sook , Lee Hye Ja , Kim Jung Hee , Song Kyung-Hun , Rhie Jeon Sook
Published: November 2005

Four different kinds of wood pulp are used to make lyocell fabric and its intermediate products, and each is evaluated in terms of its physical characteristics and fabric hand values measured with the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics. The rank orders of fiber, yarn, and fabric characteristics as a whole suggest that H4 pulp is ranked highest for its physical characteristics, thus producing textile intermediates with higher strength and dimensional stability than the other pulp types. Comparing such physical results with the KES-FB rank orders, it appears that high strength and stability along with high elongation and crimp factors are less significant for characterizing fabrics with higher hand values. For lyocell fabrics made from yarns with higher CV%, the results are more favorable for increasing the hand values of numeri, fukurami, sofutosa, and shari characteristics, and such fabric hand as a total is an important requirement for women’s suit fabrics.
Crystallization and Properties of Poly(ethylene 2,6-Naphthalate)/Poly(trimethylene Terephthalate) Blends
Authors: Cheng Yao-Yi , Hsueh Yu-Lun
Published: November 2005

The crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PEN/PTT) blends is investigated by scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The isothermal crystallization kinetics of PEN/PTT blends is analyzed from 220° to 240°C using the Avrami equation for various compositions. The results of DMA indicate that PEN/PTT blends are immiscible. Nevertheless, small amounts of PTT can increase the crystallization rate of PEN and reduce the amount of less perfect PEN crystals in PEN/PTT blends.
Combined Bleaching, Shrinkage Prevention, and Biopolishing of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Cardamone Jeanette M. , Yao J. , Phillips John G.
Published: November 2005

In earlier work, we established that alkaline hydrogen peroxide systems that include dicyandiamide, gluconic acid, and Triton X surfactant, used alone or followed by enzyme treatments, control shrinkage in wool fabrics to 3.0% and 1.2%, respectively. We have perfected this system for complete shrinkage control with no loss in mechanical properties by using the same pretreatment and enzyme applied from a buffered triethanolamine solution that incorporates sodium sulfite. Fabrics treated by this method are bright white and exhibit a soft handle with a smoothed surface. Digital image analysis is used to quantify fiber projections above the fabric surface for a measurement of smoothness. A statistical analysis with a central composite design reveals the optimum concentrations of enzyme, sodium sulfite, and exposure time that maximize shrinkage control while maintaining adequate levels of tensile strength and weight loss.