bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The comparative pathology of locoweed poisoning in livestock, wildlife and rodents.
Authors: Stegelmeier B. L. , Lee S. T. , James L. F. , Gardner D. R. , Panter K. E. , Ralphs M. H. , Pfister J. A.
Published: November 2017

The clinical, biochemical and histopathological results of various locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.) and swainsonine poisoning studies in rats, hamsters, sheep, cattle, horses and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are presented and compared to determine the distribution, severity and nature of locoweed poisoning. Based on the results, all the examined species are susceptible to locoweed poisoning. However, there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to poisoning and the distribution and severity of locoweed-induced lesions. Horses appear to be the most sensitive as they are highly susceptible to the effects of locoweed. Cattle and sheep have a similar susceptibility, while rats, hamsters and mule deer are relatively resistant to locoweed poisoning.
Rumen function and the ability of goats to consume redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchottii).
Authors: Dunson W. T. , Scott C. B. , Campbell E. S. , Taylor C. A., Jr. , Carr M. A. , Callaway T. R.
Published: November 2017

Experiments were conducted to quantify differences in the rumen microbial activity between goats fed redberry juniper and goats fed alfalfa alone. In Expt. I, goats rumen cannulated and uncannulated goats were fed juniper for 2 h daily for 14 days. Intake and serum metabolites were monitored regularly. Rumen fluid was collected from the cannulated goats on day 10 to assess changes in rumen microbial populations and toxin degradation. In Expt. II, ∼325 ml of rumen fluid was collected from each cannulated goat and was mixed with rumen fluid from goats fed the same diet. Ten goats in Expt. I which were not fed with juniper were inoculated with rumen fluid from either cannulated goats fed juniper or cannulated goats fed only alfalfa. All 10 goats were then fed redberry juniper for 2 h daily for 10 days, and intake was monitored daily. It was shown that in Expt. I, alfalfa intake was similar between treatments and remained constant. Juniper intake increased daily from day 1 to day 10, declined on day 12; intake on day 13 was similar to that of day 10 and increased on day 14. Alfalfa intake was similar for cannulated and noncannulated goats. Juniper intake was lower for cannulated vs. noncannulated goats fed juniper. Serum metabolite levels of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine were elevated in goats consuming juniper. The levels of these metabolites increased across days of collection, while levels remained constant for goats fed only alfalfa. Although serum metabolites were elevated in goats consuming juniper, none were outside the normal range. In vitro toxin degradation of terpenes was similar between treatments. Disappearance of individual terpenes, with the exception of myrcene, and a combination of myrcene, limonene, terpineol and α-pinene, was similar in fluid from goats consuming juniper and fluid from naive goats. Most volatile fatty acids were unaffected by feeding juniper. However, when all 4 terpenes were added in combination, acetic and isobutyric acid levels decreased in goats fed juniper. Acetic acid levels were also lower in goats fed juniper when myrcene was added alone. Adding terpineol to rumen fluid also resulted in lower levels of acetic, butyric and valeric acids. Ammonia levels were similar in goats fed juniper and those fed alfalfa alone. In Expt. II, dosing with rumen fluid had no effect on subsequent juniper intake. Both goats dosed with rumen fluid from goats fed juniper and from those dosed with rumen fluid from goats fed alfalfa alone consumed juniper at similar levels. These results suggest that rumen microbial adaptation alone does not appear to be the physiological processes enabling goats to consume juniper.
Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the seeds of Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae).
Authors: Sena Filho J. G. , Melo J. G. S. , Araujo E. , Pontual K. A. Q. , Souza I. A. , Xavier H. S.
Published: November 2017

An experiment was conducted on female Swiss albino mice to determine the acute toxicity of Xylopia frutescens seeds including the highest dose that killed any treated animal as well as the dose capable of killing all animals. A phytochemical screening of the secondary metabolites of the seeds was also conducted to determine the possible constituents that may cause toxicity in mice. At 250 mg/kg, the mice were agitated with an increase in respiration and appeared pale and sleepy. Mice treated with 600 mg extract/kg showed an increase in respiration, pale colour, sleepiness, aggressive behaviour and photophobia. Mice at 900 mg extract/kg were highly agitated with conjunctive irritation and were prostrate. The 1125 mg/kg dose killed all the mice within 24 hours. Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids were found in the ethanolic extracts of X. frutescens seeds.
The simultaneous characterization of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides from Echium plantagineum using solid phase extraction and LCMS.
Authors: Colegate S. M. , Edgar J. A. , Knill A. M. , Lee S. T.
Published: November 2017

The solid phase extraction of the aqueous acid solubles of methanolic extracts of Echium plantagineum provided an alkaloidal fraction that was analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ion trap, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The SCX SPE capture and HPLC-ion trap ESI-MS of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides provided a method for profiling plant and herbal samples. This approach allowed the direct observation of the N-oxides in contrast to previous studies that implied the presence of N-oxides by observing the difference in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content between unreduced and reduced (zinc/acid) extracts of the plant.
Characterization of a new compound eluting in an ergovaline HPLC assay associated with reproductive problems in dairy cows.
Authors: Duringer J. M. , Estill C. T. , Craig A. M.
Published: November 2017

Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne hay and silage samples were collected from 4 dairies in Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA, during July 2003-April 2005 and analysed for their ergovaline content using HPLC and mass spectrometry. The chemical structure and identity of a large peak of an ergot alkaloid are described. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry scan produced a peak with a m/z ratio of 593.5 which was not consistent with the molecular weight of any known ergot alkaloid. There were two peaks at 533.3 and 534.3, respectively. However, it was closely associated with ergovaline, whose molecular weight is 533.63. Further characterization of this compound is ongoing.
A study of the bioequivalence of corynetoxins and tunicamycins: the effect of these toxins on the viability and morphology of rat hepatocytes in tissue culture.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Retallick M. , Kowalski M. , Colegate S. M. , Speijers E. J. , Doran T. , Michalski W.
Published: November 2017

The effects of corynetoxins (from Lolium rigidum) and tunicamycins on hepatocyte viability and morphology were indistinguishable providing further evidence that these 2 related toxins have equivalent bioactivity and continue to support use of the tunicamycins-based experimental model. In both the cell viability and the cell morphology studies, the treatments fell into 2 distinct groups. The first group included the 2 control treatments and the 5 nM corynetoxins and tunicamycins treatments, and it was not possible to distinguish between the treatments in this group. The second group included all the toxin treatments of 50 nM or greater, and it was in this group that toxic effects of the treatments were very evident. In this group, there was some evidence of a dose rate effect, but corynetoxins treatments could not be distinguished from tunicamycins treatments at each dose rate. There was a good correlation between the results of the 2 studies. Both identified the division of treatments into 2 groups, and in the group in which toxic changes were evident the time sequence of the morphological changes fitted well with the live and dead cell counts. In the morphology study, cell loss commenced at approximately 36 h, was extensive by 76 h and peaked at approximately 96 h.
Concepts and definitions.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the history and components of ecotourism concepts and definitions, considering related terms and different perspectives, and setting the scene for the later chapters.
Marketing.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines ecotourism marketing approaches in general, and ecocertification schemes in particular. Ecotourism marketing basics, traditional distribution systems, syndicated marketing options, electronic marketing, ecolabels, ecocertification, and environmental awards are discussed.
Economics.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the economics of the ecotourism sector, focusing on its scale, valuation, contributions to communities and conservation, fees and charges, and economic equity issues. All of these issues are at a micro or meso scale in economic terms.
Community.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the social costs and benefits that ecotourism may generate for local communities. It considers the various ways in which communities may be involved in ecotourism, and the various types and mechanisms of impacts, both positive and negative. Some of the impacts discussed include: community division and crime; cultural change; employment and entrepreneurship; and commodification.
Access.
Authors: Buckley R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the issues involved in obtaining access to the tour operating area, from the perspective of a commercial outdoor tour operator. It focuses on mobile tour operations, and does not cover the procedures required to obtain development approval for fixed-site tourist accommodation and infrastructure. Aspects discussed include: public and private land tenures; lead time and eco-certification; permit conditions; appropriate activities; user conflicts; legal and commercial issues; invalid political arguments concerning right of access; successful approaches; fee structures; special stipulations; physical access; and client logistics.
Human rights and citizenship rights.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the status of leisure as a human right and a right of citizenship.
Planning tools. 1: Consultative.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses consultative methods and processes concerned with stakeholders in the policymaking and planning process for leisure, sport and tourism.
Planning tools 2: Facility/service audit.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter features the facility/service audit, which involves methods for examining and evaluating existing facilities and services for leisure, sport and tourism.
Planning tools 3: Forecasting.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines demand estimation and forecasting techniques for leisure, sport and tourism.
Economic evaluation.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents an introduction to two economics-based techniques for leisure, sport and tourism, namely cost-benefit analysis and economic impact analysis.
Performance evaluation.
Authors: Veal A. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter 13 examines the evaluation of policies and plans once implemented in the leisure, sport and tourism industry, and how the information generated from such a process is utilized in further rounds of policy formulation and plan-making.
Overview of international legal instruments pertaining to stradding fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the overview of the international legal framework and related instruments pertaining to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Outlines of developments in international fisheries law and international governance for the promotion of sustainable development since the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and during the post-UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) period up to May 2006 Review Conference are also highlighted.
Decision-making.
Authors: Meltzer E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the aspects of the decision-making process associated with management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs). Topics in the chapter include the nature of RFMO prescriptive authority; State sovereignty and flag-State responsibility; RFMO practices in decision-making (voting, unanimity, consensus); RFMO opt-out provisions including efforts made to qualify RFMO objection procedures; and decision-making processes adopted by RFMOs. Some of the new principles introduced under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) that qualify how decisions are made to ensure that fisheries are managed in a sustainable and coherent manner throughout the geographic range of the harvested species are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of peaceful settlement of disputes including compulsory and binding dispute resolutions as provided for in the UNFSA and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), and how RFMOs have adopted and used these principle settlement mechanisms.
The MCS and enforcing regime.
Authors: Meltzer E. , Rayfuse R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and enforcement which are essential components of the international legal framework governing the sustainable management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concepts of MCS and enforcement and the international legal framework supporting them. This is followed by an overview of the comprehensive, practical and innovative measures provided for under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) to address MSC and enforcement. The chapter examines the practice of regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) in implementing these measures. Practical MCS and enforcement measures discussed in the chapter include fishing vessel registries; data collection and reporting; trade-related measures; regulation of transshipment; observer programmes; aerial surveillance; satellite-based vessel monitoring systems; vessel detection systems; at-sea boarding and inspection; requirements on the use of force; and port-State measures. Lastly, the objectives of MCS measures to ascertain what and how much is being caught, where, when and by whom, to collect required scientific data, inform management decisions, and determine RFMO management measures are also presented.
Finding and summarizing research literature.
Authors: Vaske J. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is concerned with finding and summarizing existing research when starting a new leisure, recreation or tourism research. It discusses the variety of functions of a literature review, and outlines a series of six steps that should be followed when conducting such review. The chapter also provides strategies for summarizing what is learned from a literature review and discusses how to think critically about existing research.
Measurement of variables.
Authors: Ekinci Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces how tangible and intangible variables are measured in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. It describes the characteristics of four types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio) and why and when each of them is used in leisure, recreation and tourism research. Also discussed are: the principles of construct measurement; the goodness of measures and how they are established; and various forms of reliability and validity.
Survey research: sampling and questionnaire design.
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk E. , Uysal M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers three major areas of data collection and generation: (i) the underlying logic and principles of survey research; (ii) issues in designing survey instruments; and (iii) means of data collection. It introduces sampling and design of survey research as one of the most important areas of data collection methods in applied leisure, recreation and tourism research. The chapter begins with issues surrounding the logic of sampling and representativeness, sampling process and methods, choosing representative units of analysis, the concept and terminology of sampling, sampling size, sample error (variability) and confidence intervals. The chapter then addresses a number of issues including: questionnaire development, developing questions, constructing a survey instrument, evaluating questionnaires, conducting surveys and secondary analysis of survey data. Furthermore, the chapter briefly covers some of the special issues involved in Internet and panels surveys with some of the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Grounded theory methodology in research.
Authors: Dixon H. E. T. , Igo L. B. , McGuire F. A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. The example study presented in this chapter used the specific recreation activity of swimming as the activity in question. However, methods described in this chapter may be applied to any leisure, recreation or tourism setting. Grounded research is used to develop theories that may be useful to practitioners in understanding a phenomenon or behaviour. This type of research relies on theoretical sampling, interview data and analytic coding. Member checks are conducted to determine if you understand what study participants are communicating. Research results (the theory) are presented in a flowchart or diagram, narrative or propositional statements. Theoretical results may be used by researchers and practitioners to develop interventions and facilitate a change in behaviour.
Titania-carbon nanotubes nanocomposite coating on Mg alloy: Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties
Authors: Bakhsheshi-Rad H. R. , Hamzah E. , Ismail A. F. , Aziz M. , Daroonparvar M. , Parham S. , Hadisi Z. , Yajid M. A. M.
Published: November 2017

Atmospheric plasma spraying was carried out to deposit a bilayered NiCrAlY/nTiO2-CNT composite coating. Initially, NiCrAlY, as an under-layer with a thickness of around 100 µm, was deposited. Afterwards, nanostructured TiO2 (nTiO2), as an over-layer with a thickness of 135 μm, was deposited with and without the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the Mg alloy surface. In contrast to NiCrAlY and NiCrAlY/nTiO2, the NiCrAlY/nTiO2-CNT nanocomposite coating displayed a higher bonding strength. The wear behaviour of the coatings was examined by the pin-on-disc test and the results revealed that the incorporation of CNTs into the nTiO2 coating considerably enhanced the tribological behaviour of Mg alloy due to the CNT's bridging mechanism.
Pathways of cellular proteostasis in aging and disease
Authors: Klaips Courtney L. , Jayaraj Gopal Gunanathan , Hartl F. Ulrich
Published: November 2017

Ensuring cellular protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, requires precise control of protein synthesis, folding, conformational maintenance, and degradation. A complex and adaptive proteostasis network coordinates these processes with molecular chaperones of different classes and their regulators functioning as major players. This network serves to ensure that cells have the proteins they need while minimizing misfolding or aggregation events that are hallmarks of age-associated proteinopathies, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. It is now clear that the capacity of cells to maintain proteostasis undergoes a decline during aging, rendering the organism susceptible to these pathologies. Here we discuss the major proteostasis pathways in light of recent research suggesting that their age-dependent failure can both contribute to and result from disease. We consider different strategies to modulate proteostasis capacity, which may help develop urgently needed therapies for neurodegeneration and other age-dependent pathologies.
Bim suppresses the development of SLE by limiting myeloid inflammatory responses
Authors: Tsai FuNien , Homan Philip J. , Agrawal Hemant , Misharin Alexander V. , Abdala-Valencia Hiam , Haines G. Kenneth , Dominguez Salina , Bloomfield Christina L. , Saber Rana , Chang Anthony , Mohan Chandra , Hutcheson Jack , Davidson Anne , Budinger G.R. Scott , Bouillet Philippe , Dorfleutner Andrea , Stehlik Christian , Winter Deborah R. , Cuda Carla M. , Perlman Harris
Published: November 2017

The Bcl-2 family is considered the guardian of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. We demonstrate that Bim acts as a molecular rheostat by controlling macrophage function not only in lymphoid organs but also in end organs, thereby preventing the break in tolerance. Mice lacking Bim in myeloid cells (LysMCreBimfl/fl) develop a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–like disease that mirrors aged Bim−/− mice, including loss of marginal zone macrophages, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, autoantibodies (including anti-DNA IgG), and a type I interferon signature. LysMCreBimfl/fl mice exhibit increased mortality attributed to glomerulonephritis (GN). Moreover, the toll-like receptor signaling adaptor protein TRIF (TIR-domain–containing adapter-inducing interferon-β) is essential for GN, but not systemic autoimmunity in LysMCreBimfl/fl mice. Bim-deleted kidney macrophages exhibit a novel transcriptional lupus signature that is conserved within the gene expression profiles from whole kidney biopsies of patients with SLE. Collectively, these data suggest that the Bim may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of SLE.
Autophagy protein ATG16L1 prevents necroptosis in the intestinal epithelium
Authors: Matsuzawa-Ishimoto Yu , Shono Yusuke , Gomez Luis E. , Hubbard-Lucey Vanessa M. , Cammer Michael , Neil Jessica , Dewan M. Zahidunnabi , Lieberman Sophia R. , Lazrak Amina , Marinis Jill M. , Beal Allison , Harris Philip A. , Bertin John , Liu Chen , Ding Yi , van den Brink Marcel R.M. , Cadwell Ken
Published: November 2017

A variant of the autophagy gene ATG16L1 is associated with Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and poor survival in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. We demonstrate that ATG16L1 in the intestinal epithelium is essential for preventing loss of Paneth cells and exaggerated cell death in animal models of virally triggered IBD and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Intestinal organoids lacking ATG16L1 reproduced this loss in Paneth cells and displayed TNFα-mediated necroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis. This cytoprotective function of ATG16L1 was associated with the role of autophagy in promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. Finally, therapeutic blockade of necroptosis through TNFα or RIPK1 inhibition ameliorated disease in the virally triggered IBD model. These findings indicate that, in contrast to tumor cells in which autophagy promotes caspase-independent cell death, ATG16L1 maintains the intestinal barrier by inhibiting necroptosis in the epithelium.
Complete densely embedded complex lines in ℂ²
Authors: Alarcón Antonio , Forstnerič Franc
Published: November 2017

In this paper we construct a complete injective holomorphic immersion

C

→

C

2

\mathbb {C}\to \mathbb {C}^2

whose image is dense in

C

2

\mathbb {C}^2

. The analogous result is obtained for any closed complex submanifold

X
⊂

C

n

X\subset \mathbb {C}^n

for

n
>
1

n>1

in place of

C

⊂

C

2

\mathbb {C}\subset \mathbb {C}^2

. We also show that if

X
X

intersects the unit ball

B

n

\mathbb {B}^n

of

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

and

K
K

is a connected compact subset of

X
∩

B

n

X\cap \mathbb {B}^n

, then there is a Runge domain

Ω
⊂
X

\Omega \subset X

containing

K
K

which admits a complete injective holomorphic immersion

Ω
→

B

n

\Omega \to \mathbb {B}^n

whose image is dense in

B

n

\mathbb {B}^n

.
Impact of Fire Suit Ensembles on Firefighter PAH Exposures as Assessed by Skin Deposition and Urinary Biomarkers
Authors: Wingfors Håkan , Nyholm Jenny Rattfelt , Magnusson Roger , Wijkmark Cecilia Hammar
Published: November 2017

Over the past 10 years, a number of safety measures for reducing firefighters’ exposure to combustion particles have been introduced in Sweden. The most important measure was the reduction in the time firefighters wear suits and handle contaminated equipment after turn-outs involving smoke diving. This study was divided into two parts, those being to investigate the level of protection obtained by multiple garment layers and to assess exposure during a standardized smoke diving exercise. First, realistic work protection factors (WPFs) were calculated by comparing air concentrations of the full suite of gaseous and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inside and outside structural ensembles, including jacket and thick base layer, during a tough fire extinguishing exercise using wood as the fuel. Second, during a standardized smoke diving exercise, exposure was assessed by measuring PAH skin deposition and levels of eight urinary PAH metabolites in 20 volunteer student firefighters before and after the exercise. The average WPF for the sum of 22 PAHs was 146 ± 33 suggesting a relatively high protective capacity but also indicating a substantial enrichment of contaminants with a risk of prolonged dermal exposure. Accordingly, in the second exercise, the median levels of skin-deposited Σ14-PAHs and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene significantly increased 5-fold (21 to 99 ng/wipe) and 8-fold (0.14 to 1.1 µmol mol−1 creatinine), respectively, post exposure. Among the PAH metabolites investigated, 1-hydroxypyrene proved to be the most useful indicator of exposure, with significantly elevated urinary levels at both 6 h and 20 h after the exercise and with the strongest correlation to dermal exposure. Metabolites from two-ring and three-ring PAHs were eliminated faster while levels of 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene did not meet the detection criteria. The results from correlation studies indicated that dermal uptake was a major route of exposure in accordance with previous findings. To summarize, this study shows that some of the newly adopted protective measures were correctly implemented, and should continue to be followed and be more widely adopted.
Covalent modification of primers improves PCR amplification specificity and yield
Authors: Schoenbrunner Nancy J , Gupta Amar P , Young Karen K Y , Will Stephen G
Published: November 2017

We report a method for covalent modification of primers that enhances the specificity of PCR and increases the yield of specific amplification products at the end of PCR. The introduction of thermally stable covalent modifications, such as alkyl groups to the exocyclic amines of deoxyadenosine or cytosine residues at the 3′-ends of primers results in enhanced specificity of reactions. This higher specificity can result in greater sensitivity of detection by reducing competition with non-productive reactions. The reduction in the amplification of unintended byproducts is most apparent when both primers are modified at their respective 3′-ends. The TMs of such modified primers are only slightly affected by the inclusion of these modifiers. The principal mode of action is believed to be driven by the poor enzyme extension of substrates with closely juxtaposed bulky alkyl groups, such as would result from the replication of primer dimer artifact.
Enabling surface nuclear magnetic resonance at high-noise environments using a pre-polarization pulse
Authors: Lin Tingting , Yang Yujing , Teng Fei , Müller-Petke Mike
Published: November 2017

The technique of surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) has been widely used for hydrological investigations in recent years. Unfortunately, the detected SNMR signals are limited to tens of nanovolts and are thus susceptible to environmental noise. While pre-polarization pulses to enhance the detected signal amplitudes are common in laboratory applications, SNMR field testing has only utilized excitation pulses until now. In conducting measurements in China, we demonstrate that adding a pre-polarization field to the SNMR pulse sequence is feasible and allows for the reliable detection of SNMR signals in noisy scenarios that otherwise prohibit signal detection. We introduce a forward modelling for pre-polarization using SNMR and present a three-layer model obtained from inverse modelling that satisfies the observed data from the field experiment. We expect this development to open up new applications for SNMR technology, especially in high-noise level places, such as active mines.
Property Lines in the Mind: Consumers’ Psychological Ownership and Their Territorial Responses
Authors: Kirk Colleen P , Peck Joann , Swain Scott D
Published: November 2017

Psychological ownership, or the feeling that something is mine, has garnered growing attention in marketing. While previous work focuses on the positive aspects of psychological ownership, this research draws attention to the darker side of psychological ownership—territorial behavior. Results of five experimental studies demonstrate that when consumers feel psychological ownership of a target, they are prone to perceptions of infringement and subsequent territorial responses when they infer that another individual feels ownership of the same target. Potential infringers are held less accountable when they acknowledge ownership prior to engaging in otherwise threatening behaviors, and when they could not be expected to know that a target is owned, as it was not clearly marked. In addition, high narcissists are subject to a psychological ownership metaperception bias, and are thus more apt than low narcissists to perceive infringement. A multitude of territorial responses are documented for both tangible (coffee, sweater, chair, pizza) and intangible (a design) targets of ownership. Further, consumers infer the psychological ownership of others from signals of the antecedents of psychological ownership: control, investment of self, and intimate knowledge. Theoretical implications for territoriality and psychological ownership are discussed, along with managerial implications and areas for future research.
Molecular Basis of Citrus sunki Susceptibility and Poncirus trifoliata Resistance Upon Phytophthora parasitica Attack
Authors: Dalio Ronaldo José Durigan , Máximo Heros José , Oliveira Tiago Silva , Azevedo Thamara de Medeiros , Felizatti Henrique Leme , Campos Magnólia de Araújo , Machado Marcos Antonio
Published: November 2017

Coevolution has shaped the molecular basis of an extensive number of defense mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions. Phytophthora parasitica, a hemibiothrophic oomycete pathogen and the causal agent of citrus root rot and gummosis, interacts differently with Citrus sunki and Poncirus trifoliata, two commonly favored citrus rootstocks that are recognized as susceptible and resistant, respectively, to P. parasitica. The molecular core of these interactions remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence on the defense strategies employed by both susceptible and resistant citrus rootstocks, in parallel with P. parasitica deployment of effectors. Time course expression analysis (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) of several defense-related genes were evaluated during i) plant disease development, ii) necrosis, and iii) pathogen effector gene expression. In C. sunki, P. parasitica deploys effectors, including elicitins, NPP1 (necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1), CBEL (cellulose-binding elicitor and lectin activity), RxLR, and CRN (crinkler), and, consequently, this susceptible plant activates its main defense signaling pathways that result in the hypersensitive response and necrosis. Despite the strong plant-defense response, it fails to withstand P. parasitica invasion, confirming its hemibiothrophic lifestyle. In Poncirus trifoliata, the effectors were strongly expressed, nevertheless failing to induce any immunity manipulation and disease development, suggesting a nonhost resistance type, in which the plant relies on preformed biochemical and anatomical barriers.
Renal Decapsulation Prevents Intrinsic Renal Compartment Syndrome in Ischemia-Reperfusion–Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Physiologic Approach*
Authors: Cruces Pablo , Lillo Pablo , Salas Camila , Salomon Tatiana , Lillo Felipe , González Carlos , Pacheco Alejandro , Hurtado Daniel E.
Published: November 2017

Objectives:

Acute kidney injury is a serious complication with unacceptably high mortality that lacks of specific curative treatment. Therapies focusing on the hydraulic behavior have shown promising results in preventing structural and functional renal impairment, but the underlying mechanisms remain understudied. Our goal is to assess the effects of renal decapsulation on regional hemodynamics, oxygenation, and perfusion in an ischemic acute kidney injury experimental model.

Methods:

In piglets, intra renal pressure, renal tissue oxygen pressure, and dysoxia markers were measured in an ischemia-reperfusion group with intact kidney, an ischemia-reperfusion group where the kidney capsule was removed, and in a sham group.

Results:

Decapsulated kidneys displayed an effective reduction of intra renal pressure, an increment of renal tissue oxygen pressure, and a better performance in the regional delivery, consumption, and extraction of oxygen after reperfusion, resulting in a marked attenuation of acute kidney injury progression due to reduced structural damage and improved renal function.

Conclusions:

Our results strongly suggest that renal decapsulation prevents the onset of an intrinsic renal compartment syndrome after ischemic acute kidney injury.
Plasma 7-Hydroxymethotrexate Levels Versus Methotrexate to Predict Delayed Elimination in Children Receiving High-Dose Methotrexate
Authors: Fabresse Nicolas , Devictor Bénédicte , Pissier Christel , Chambost Hervé , Lacarelle Bruno , Michel Gérard , Solas Caroline
Published: November 2017

Background:

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OHMTX) and creatinine and to evaluate the predictive value of 7-OHMTX levels on delayed elimination at 24 and 48 hours. In addition, differences in methotrexate (MTX), 7-OHMTX levels, and MTX metabolism using the ratio MTX/7-OHMTX were determined according to age.

Methods:

The authors included a total of 106 cycles, corresponding to 33 patients (mean age: 9.8 years, range: 2–18 years) suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and osteosarcoma and receiving high-dose MTX (HD-MTX). Plasma MTX, 7-OHMTX, and creatinine at T24 and T48 hours were measured.

Results:

Children older than 14 years had significantly higher MTX levels at T48 hours (1.25 versus 0.5 μmol/L, P < 0.05) and a higher MTX/7-OHMTX ratio (0.63 versus 0.20, P < 0.05) than children younger than 6 years. Plasma 7-OHMTX at T24 and T48 hours was positively correlated with serum creatinine and creatinine ratio at T24 and T48 hours. MTX levels provided a better specificity and sensitivity at both 24 and 48 hours than 7-OHMTX to predict delayed MTX elimination. A MTX threshold close to 0.83 μmol/L at T48 hours improved specificity from 58% to 82% and keeps sensitivity at 100%. The authors identified a cut-off at 65 μmol/L for MTX at T24 hours with a good sensitivity (75%) and specificity above 50%.

Conclusions:

These results confirm the concentration-dependent nephrotoxicity of 7-OHMTX. Children older than 14 years old had a higher MTX levels at 48 hours and a higher MTX/7-OHMTX ratio, suggesting a faster metabolism in younger children. This study identified a higher and more specific MTX threshold at T48 hours compared to those currently used, and a new threshold at T24 hours.
Systematic Review of Salivary Versus Blood Concentrations of Antituberculosis Drugs and Their Potential for Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: van den Elsen Simone H. J. , Oostenbrink Lisette M. , Heysell Scott K. , Hira Daiki , Touw Daan J. , Akkerman Onno W. , Bolhuis Mathieu S. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C.
Published: November 2017

Background:

Therapeutic drug monitoring is useful in the treatment of tuberculosis to assure adequate exposure, minimize antibiotic resistance, and reduce toxicity. Salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce the risks, burden, and costs of blood-based therapeutic drug monitoring. This systematic review compared human pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in saliva and blood to determine if salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could be a promising alternative.

Methods:

On December 2, 2016, PubMed and the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge were searched for pharmacokinetic studies reporting human salivary and blood concentrations of antituberculosis drugs. Data on study population, study design, analytical method, salivary Cmax, salivary area under the time–concentration curve, plasma/serum Cmax, plasma/serum area under the time–concentration curve, and saliva–plasma or saliva–serum ratio were extracted. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias.

Results:

In total, 42 studies were included in this systematic review. For the majority of antituberculosis drugs, including the first-line drugs ethambutol and pyrazinamide, no pharmacokinetic studies in saliva were found. For amikacin, pharmacokinetic studies without saliva–plasma or saliva–serum ratios were found.

Conclusions:

For gatifloxacin and linezolid, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is likely possible due to a narrow range of saliva–plasma and saliva–serum ratios. For isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring might be possible; however, a large variability in saliva–plasma and saliva–serum ratios was observed. Unfortunately, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is probably not possible for doripenem and amoxicillin/clavulanate, as a result of very low salivary drug concentrations.
Comparison of Antifactor Xa and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Monitoring for Heparin Dosing in Vascular Surgery Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Rizk Elsie , Wilson Allison D. , Murillo Michelle U. , Putney David R.
Published: November 2017

Background:

Vascular surgery patients often require anticoagulation with intravenous unfractionated heparin monitored through antifactor Xa (anti-Xa) levels or the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). This study compares the 2 monitoring strategies in terms of major bleeding events in the vascular surgery population.

Methods:

This was a single-center, retrospective study that included patients treated with a pharmacy-managed heparin protocol monitored by either anti-Xa or aPTT after vascular surgery. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients experiencing major bleeding events after procedure. Secondary outcomes evaluated minor bleeding episodes, postprocedure packed red blood cell transfusions, and the incidence of thrombotic events. In a secondary analysis, simultaneously measured anti-Xa and aPTT values were identified and analyzed for discordance.

Results:

Major bleeding occurred in 12/72 patients (17%) on the anti-Xa–monitored protocol versus 5/62 patients (8%) on the aPTT-monitored protocol (P = 0.19). Minor bleeding episodes were documented in 10% of the patients in the anti-Xa group versus 6% in the aPTT group (P = 0.54). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in packed red blood cell transfusions and thrombotic events. Of 109 pairs of simultaneously measured anti-Xa and aPTT values, 39 pairs (36%) showed relatively high aPTT values compared with corresponding anti-Xa levels. Nine patients who had these discordant test results experienced bleeding while their heparin drip was titrated based on lower anti-Xa values.

Conclusions:

The use of anti-Xa levels for heparin titration showed higher rates of major bleeding complications in vascular surgery patients compared with aPTT monitoring, but no significant difference was identified in this study. Vascular surgery patients with relatively high aPTT to anti-Xa values may have an increased risk of bleeding complications when heparin is titrated based on anti-Xa levels.
Life Values as an Intrinsic Guide for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Program Engagement
Authors: Ellis Jordan M. , Whited Matthew C. , Freeman John Taylor , Corson Ansley T. , Jameson John Paul , Greenway Stacey , Sager David M. , Midgette Emily P. , Varju Eliza V.
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

Participation in cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation (CVPR) programs can lead to improved functional abilities and improved quality of life, but attendance and adherence to these programs remain suboptimal. Behavioral therapies have emphasized the importance of life value identification as a guide for goal setting and behavior change for both psychological and physical health conditions. Individuals who choose to engage in behaviors that align with their life values are thought to be intrinsically reinforced. The purpose of the following qualitative study was to interview patients enrolled in CVPR about their own life values and motivating factors related to healthy behavior changes.

Methods:

Thirty cardiac or pulmonary patients were recruited from a CVPR program and participated in a semistructured interview about their life values and motivating factors related to program engagement. The data were transcribed and analyzed thematically.

Results:

Participants identified a wide range of values related to program engagement, and only half of the participants endorsed health as a value. The most frequently endorsed life values included being active, family, and independence. The interviews indicated that, although patients make lifestyle changes in the program to improve their physical health, there are often other values that primarily guide their choice to engage in and maintain lifestyle behaviors.

Conclusions:

Life values can serve as a powerful guide for individual behavior change. The present study suggests that the piloting of brief values interventions early in CVPR treatment is warranted and has the potential to improve patient outcomes.
Chemical Burns of the Eye: The Role of Retinal Injury and New Therapeutic Possibilities
Authors: Dohlman Claes H. , Cade Fabiano , Regatieri Caio V. , Zhou Chengxin , Lei Fengyang , Crnej Alja , Harissi-Dagher Mona , Robert Marie-Claude , Papaliodis George N. , Chen Dongfeng , Aquavella James V. , Akpek Esen K. , Aldave Anthony J. , Sippel Kimberly C. , D'Amico Donald J. , Dohlman Jan G. , Fagerholm Per , Wang Liqiang , Shen Lucy Q. , González-Andrades Miguel , Chodosh James , Kenyon Kenneth R. , Foster C. Stephen , Pineda Roberto , Melki Samir , Colby Kathryn A. , Ciolino Joseph B. , Vavvas Demetrios G. , Kinoshita Shigeru , Dana Reza , Paschalis Eleftherios I.
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

To propose a new treatment paradigm for chemical burns to the eye - in the acute and chronic phases.

Methods:

Recent laboratory and clinical data on the biology and treatment of chemical burns are analyzed.

Results:

Corneal blindness from chemical burns can now be successfully treated with a keratoprosthesis, on immediate and intermediate bases. Long term outcomes, however, are hampered by early retinal damage causing glaucoma. New data suggest that rapid diffusion of inflammatory cytokines posteriorly (TNF-α, etc) can severely damage the ganglion cells. Prompt anti-TNF-α treatment is markedly neuroprotective. Long term profound reduction of the intraocular pressure is also vital.

Conclusion:

A new regimen, in addition to standard treatment, for severe chemical burns is proposed. This involves tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibition promptly after the accident (primarily for retinal neuroprotection), prophylactic maximal lowering of the intraocular pressure (starting immediately), and keratoprosthesis implantation in a later quiet state.
Successful Management of Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis With Minimally Invasive Mediastinal Interventions
Authors: Kline David A. , Booher Katelyn J.
Published: November 2017

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a rare and often lethal complication of odontogenic infections despite modern medical advances. We report a case of Ludwig angina leading to descending necrotizing mediastinitis complicated by jugular septic thrombophlebitis and suppurative pericarditis successfully treated with newer, minimally invasive mediastinal interventions.
Danger in Paradise
Authors: Dobosz Anna , Jagarlamudi Rajasekhar , Ferguson Eric , Otto Michael , Kothari Neelay
Published: November 2017

Salmonella-causing osteomyelitis of the sacroiliac joint in healthy young adults is extremely rare. We report a case of a young healthy woman who presented with fever and low back pain after a trip. She was subsequently found to have Salmonella oranienburg bacteremia and associated sacroiliac osteomyelitis. After prolonged parenteral and oral antibiotics, she recovered without complications.
Hyperammonemia as a Manifestation of Mycobacterium tilburgii Infection
Authors: ten Doesschate Thijs , Meinders Arend-Jan , Voorn Geert Paul , Kummer Jean Alain , Moeniralam Hazra
Published: November 2017

Background

Mycobacterium tilburgii is an opportunistic pathogen that has only been described 11 times in the literature. Hyperammonemia as a resulting symptom of a mycobacterial infection has only been reported once. We describe a patient with a disseminated M. tilburgii infection, leading to hyperammonemia.

Case Presentation

A 57-year-old man was referred with stupor, rapidly declining to coma. Hyperammonemia was found as the underlying cause. Ammonia-lowering interventions had an overall disappointing effect. Frequent causes of hyperammonemia were excluded. Finally, a disseminated opportunistic M. tilburgii infection was diagnosed by using 16sRNA sequencing. A combination of antimicrobial drugs was started, after which ammonia level declined and consciousness improved. Unfortunately, it failed to eradicate the infection. The patient died od pneumonia and multiorgan failure.

Conclusions

Hyperammonemia requires an urgent response to prevent cerebral damage. M. tilburgii is not cultivable and diagnosis is performed using 16S RNA sequencing. Long-term antimicrobial drugs are required for eradication.
Neisseria meningitidis Causing Acute Epiglottitis in an Adult
Authors: Raja Nadeem Sajjad
Published: November 2017

With the advent of vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae serotype B, acute epiglottitis in children has significantly decreased in the past several decades. As a result, now most cases of acute epiglottitis occur in adult population. Neisseria meningitidis epiglottitis is rare in humans. We report a case of acute epiglottitis caused by N. meningitidis in an 82-year-old patient from East Sussex Healthcare Trust, United Kingdom. This patient presented to our emergency department with odynophagia, sore throat, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Examination revealed severe swelling in the epiglottis and surrounding areas. The airway was secured rapidly by intubation. Blood culture yielded N. meningitidis serotype W135. The patient was treated with appropriate antibiotics and discharged well. All contacts and the health care personnel who were involved in the management of this patient, who met with the prophylaxis criteria, received chemoprophylaxis. This patient was similar to those previously reported (11 cases) in the literature in terms of the following: (a) clinical presentation, (b) intubation to secure airway, (c) responding well to the antimicrobial therapy, (d) received steroids, and (e) discharged well. We also describe the epidemiological features of 11 patients with acute epiglottitis caused by N. meningitidis.