bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iron Absorption from Maize
Authors: Björn-Rasmussen Erik , Hallberg Leif
Published: November 2008

The present study was performed to measure the effect of increasing amounts of ascorbic acid on the absorption of 5 mg iron in a maize meal. 30 normal subjects were served two maize meals, one of them with ascorbic acid at different dose levels. At the dose level of 200 mg ascorbic acid there was a sixfold increase in iron absorption. Still at the dose level of 25 mg, the iron absorption was significantly increased. The results of the study thus indicates that supplementation with ascorbic acid might be an alternative to iron fortification to increas dietary iron absorption.
Iron Absorption from Wheat Bread
Authors: Björn-Rasmussen Erik
Published: November 2008

Bran is known to reduce iron absorption. There is, however, no information on the relationship between the amount of bran added and the decrease in iron absorption. In the present study a comparison was made of the iron absorption from a white wheat bread and a bread baked with different amounts of bran added (from 10 to 0.3%). There was a decrease in iron absorption from rolls baked with added bran in amounts equal to and greater than 3.3 %. A significant linear relationship was found between the ratio of absorption with/without added bran and the log amount of bran added. From the relationship observed it is concluded that addition of approximately 7% of bran to wheat bread decreases ironabsorption by a factor of two. It is considered reasonable to ascribe the marked reductionin iron absorption to the content of phytate in bran.
Riboflavin Deficiency and Galactose Metabolism in Human Subjects
Authors: Bhat Seetharam
Published: November 2008

Galactose utilization was studied in 25 riboflavin-deficient patients, before and after administration of 10 mg of ribo flavin orally, for 10–15 days and 18 apparently healthy persons. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity was also studied in these subjects. In riboflavin-deficient patients, the tolerance to galactose loading was normal, whereas the activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes was lowered significantly compared to those observed in controls. Assay of galactokinase in erythrocytes and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in whole blood from riboflavin-deficient subjects revealed no significant change compared to normals. Following riboflavin administration, glutathione reductase levels were raised significantly in riboflavin-deficient subjects, but apparently the galactose tolerance and the activities of galactose-metabolising enzymes were not influenced. The possible role of riboflavin in the metabolism of galactose is discussed.
Apollo 16 Bio Energetic Considerations
Authors: Johnson P.C. , Rambaut P.C. , Leach C.S.
Published: November 2008

During the manned lunar mission of Apollo 16, a study was undertaken to obtain more definitive information on human caloric requirements of prolonged exposure to weightless flight. Observations were made of immediate pre- and postflight body mass, total body water and exchangeable potassium. Continuous inflight recording of nutrient intake was achieved and partial metabolic excretory data were obtained. During weightlessness, the three crew members lost body water and adipose tissue. Caloric requirements calculated from these deficits proved to be different from those estimated prior to flight on the basis of body weight and age. The problem of predicting the metabolic cost of spaceflight is discussed.
Endogenous Glyceride Synthesis Rate in Baboons Fed Diets Containing Sucrose or Glucose
Authors: Jourdan M.H.
Published: November 2008

Triton WR 1339 has been used to block lipid removal from the serum of baboons. When Triton WR 1339 is given intravenously to baboons, there is a linear increase in the serum lipid concentrations over a 3-hour period. The rise in serum glyceride concentration is very marked, while cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations increase more slowly. The rates of secretion of glyceride, cholesterol and phospholipids into the serum have been calculated for baboons in the fasting state. The mean values for glyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid secretions in the male and female animals are not statistically different. In both male and female baboons, the rates of secretion of glyceride into the serum are about six times greater than the rates of secretion of cholesterol and phospholipid as determined in these experiments. Consumption of a diet containing 75% by weight of sucrose for a period of 4 weeks is associated with a rise in fasting serum glyceride concentration in male and female baboons. In those animals consuming 75% by weight of glucose, no significant changes occur in the fasting serum glyceride concentrations. Ingestion of a high sucrose diet produces no significant change in the fasting serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations, while in those baboons consuming the high glucose diet there is a significant fall in the serum concentrations of these lipid fractions. There is no measureable increase in the rate of secretion of glycerides, cholesterol or phospholipids into the serum in the fasting state after 4 weeks of consumption of high glucose or sucrose diets as compared with the control period.
Influence of a Combined Oral Contraceptive upon Rats Fed Low Protein/High Carbohydrate Diets
Authors: Jefferys D.B. , White I.R.
Published: November 2008

The nutritional effects of feeding either sucrose or starch as components of a high carbohydrate low protein diet were studied and the effects of a combined oral contraceptive observed. Animals receiving the contraceptive had a greater weight loss. An inverse relationship between serum albumin and γ-globulin was demonstrated, but did not hold for rats on the sucrose diet receiving the ‘pill’. A marked increase in the liver lipid concentration was shown for the group receiving sucrose and the ‘pill’.
Analysis of Lipid Disturbances in Patients with Angiographically Confirmed Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Válek J. , Grafnetter D. , Fabián J. , Belán A.
Published: November 2008

An analysis of the dependence of weight index (WI), cholesterol, triglyceride levels or lipoprotein phenotypes on the extent of coronary artery lesions was carried out in 90 patients with angiographically established coronary artery disease. Close relationships were revealed between cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic lesions as well as an enhanced incidence of lesions in types II and IV of hyperliproteinaemia. No relationships could be detected between the Wl, triglyceride levels, and atherosclerosis. Conclusions are drawn as to the time of prophylaxis onset in types II and IV hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects and its main direction.
Effect of Dietary Pectin and Algin on the Biosynthesis of Hepatic Lipids in Growing Rats
Authors: Mokady Shoshana
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary pectin and algin on hepatic lipogenesis in rats was studied in vivo and in vitro. The biosynthesis of cholesterol, as measured by conversion of acetate-1-C14 to cholesterol was substantially higher in the experimental groups in vivo and in vitro. The incorporation of label into triglycerides and hospholipids and into total lipids was found to be significantly lower in the pectin-fed group in the in vivo study and significantly higher in the in vitro study. The results indicate that pectin interferes with absorption of the various lipids. The significance of these observations is discussed. The differences between the algin-fed group and the controls were not always significant.
Osteoporosis in Surinam
Authors: Visser W.J. , Bellot S.M. , Duursma S.A. , Luyken R.
Published: November 2008

Bone biopsies acquired from 32 healthy Surinamese at ages varying from 20 to 74 years, have been quantitatively histologically examined according to a morphometric method. Compared with healthy Europeans a slight osteoporosis is found.
Sucrose and Hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Naismith D.J. , Rana I.A.
Published: November 2008

Diets rich in starch, sucrose or fat were fed to rats for various periods in order to investigate the relationship between plasma lipids and tissue lipogenesis. The high-fat diets supressed lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue, and reduced the plasma triglycerides (relative to values obtained in the starch-fed group). The high-sucrose diet greatly elevated hepatic lipogenesis without appreciably affecting the fat content of the liver, reduced fat synthesis in the adipose tissue, and raised the plasma triglycerides and (at 50 days) plasma cholesterol. These adaptive changes were evident throughout the lives of the animals. It is concluded that the hyperlipidaemia associated with sucrose feeding is a reflection of the increased throughput of triglycerides from the liver to the adipose tissue.
Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Essential Fatty Acids on the Fatty Acid Composition of Lecithin in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Alling Christer , Bruce Åke , Karlsson Ingvar , Svennerholm Lars
Published: November 2008

Three dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA); 3.0, 0.75 and 0.07 cal%, and with a linoleic/linolenic acid ratio of 4:1, were fed to rats for more than two generations. The phospholipid concentration and fatty acid composition of lecithin in skeletal muscle were analyzed from term to 120 days of age. Muscle from rats, fed the 3.0- and 0.75-cal% diets, always had a higher concentration of phospholipids than those of rats fed the 0.07-cal% diet. At all ages the concentration of polyenoic acids in the muscle lecithin was influenced by the level of EFA in the diet, but after the age of 45 days, the difference between rats fed 3.0 and 0.75 cal% EFA was very small. The most pronounced influences were found at birth and at weaning of the rats. The sums of fatty acids of the linoleic and linolenic acid series were diminished roughly to the same extent, when rats fed 0.75 cal% were compared to those fed 3.0 cal%, but the levels of fatty acids of the linolenic acid series were more reduced than those of the linoleic acid series in the rats fed 0.07 cal% EFA. Arachidonic acid varied more with the dietary level of EFA than did linoleic acid, while the minor fatty acids of the linoleic acid series were only slightly affected. The deficiency in EFA was to some extent compensated for by the fatty acid 20:3 (n-9), but mainly by monoenoic acids. The saturated fatty acids were not influenced at all.
Effect of Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Mixture on Protein Synthesis in vitro in Rat Liver
Authors: von der Decken Alexandra , Omstedt Per T.
Published: November 2008

Rats received for 6 consecutive days a diet containing 20% of the protein under test, or an equivalent amount of amino acid mixture. Protein synthesis of liver ribosomes was determined by measuring the incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into protein in vitro. Protein synthesis was related to (a) ribosomal RNA (mg), (b) wet weight of liver (g), (c) total liver wet weight, and (d) liver per 100 g body weight. The following five nitrogen sources were studied. Preparations of the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus, Spirulina platensis; wheat gluten, amino acid mixtures deficient in either lysine or methionine. When compared to a standard diet containing a high-quality protein (casein supplemented with methionine), or a complete amino acid mixture, the five nitrogen sources gave relative reductions in protein synthesis. (1) The primary effect was on activity per unit of ribosomal RNA. This was obtained by giving rats one of the following preparations; Scenedesmus obliquus, Spirulina platensis, wheat gluten, or an amino acid mixture deficient in lysine or methionine. (2) Due to a decrease in liver weight, an effect on activity per total liver wet weight was observed after feeding Spirulina platensis, wheat gluten or the amino acid-deficient diets. (3) A smaller number of ribosomes are responsible for a lower protein synthesis per gram liver after feeding wheat gluten, or the amino acid-deficient diets. A less pronounced change was obtained with Spirulina platensis. (4) Liver activity related to 100 g body weight was lower with wheat gluten, the amino acid-deficient diets and Spirulina platensis. Activity was restored within 1 day by giving a complete amino acid mixture after 6 days of lysine deficiency.
Human Cataract and Galactose Metabolism
Authors: Bhat Seetharam , Gopalan C.
Published: November 2008

A number of parameters of galactose metabolism was studied in 28 patients with cataract and 17 normal subjects. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity was employed to evaluate their riboflavin nutritional status. Patients with cataract had significantly lower activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes as compared to controls. While these patients exhibited abnormal galactos tolerance to galactose load, the activities of galactokinase in erythrocytes and transferase in blood samples were normal. Although administration of riboflavin improved the activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase, it failed to correct the abnormal galactose tolerance in cataract patients. The impaired tolerance to oral galactose load, observed in patients with cataract, was not associated with either reduced uptake of 14C galactose by erythrocytes or lower excretion of the sugar through kidney.
Incorporation of Palmitate-1-14C into Liver Lipids of Rats Fed Millet (Sorghum vulgarie) at Different Protein Levels
Authors: Misra Rama , Misra U.K. , Venkitasubramanian T.A.
Published: November 2008

Feeding of defatted millet (Sorghum vulgarie) at different protein levels to rats for 6 weeks caused significant increases in liver total lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides (TG), phospholipids and its two major fractions PC and PE, as compared to the controls. Plasma triglycerides in millet protein fed rats were not reduced. Incorporation of palmitate-1-14C into liver TG, PC and PE of millet protein fed rats was significantly greater than the controls. The incorporation of palmitate-1-14C into plasma TG and into liver FC and EC of rats fed millet protein was equal to or slightly increased as compared to controls. These results show that the accumulation of TG in liver of rats fed millet at different protein levels results from their greatly enhanced synthesis and unimpaired secretion into plasma.
Some Biological Effects Observed in Rats Fed on Single Cell Proteins of Yeast and Bacterial Origin
Authors: Ågren G. , Stenram U. , Nordgren H. , Eklund A. , Glas J.E.
Published: November 2008

Single cell proteins prepared from yeast or bacterial cells grown on a chemically pure hydrocarbon fraction were fed to male and female rats either as the sole sources of protein at a dietary protein level of 20 % or as supplements to a commercial stock diet at two levels providing 15 and 25 %, respectively, of single cell protein. Two control diets were used. One was a synthetic casein containing diet and the other a commercial stock diet. With the exception of an increased occurrence of renal calcification yeast diets did not affect mortality, general condition or behaviour of the animals. Yeast as the sole source of protein produced a lower growth rate than the casein and stock diets. This could be due to a deficit in sulfur-containing amino acids. Adverse effects on the health of rats fed bacterial single cell protein as the sole source of protein were observed. These were arrested growth, weight losses, bleedings at nose and eyes and increased mortality. At the histological examination of organs from these rats, severe pyelonephritis, nephrocalcinosis and testicular atrophies were seen. Blood from these rats showed a changed neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio.
Studies on Carbohydrate Digestibility and Weight Gain Response in Rats Fed Dietary Sucrose, Glucose or Fructose
Authors: MacRae A.R. , Slinger S.J. , Neudoerffer T.S.
Published: November 2008

A study was made of carbohydrate digestibility and weight gain response in rats fed sucrose, glucose or fructose at varying levels in the diet. In a long-term experiment with older rats, sucrose-fed animals attained a greater mature weight than glucose and fructose-fed animals. In a digestibility study of shorter duration, animals fed sucrose and glucose diets had similar weight gains whereas fructose-fed animals showed a diminished weight gain response at higher levels of fructose in the diet. The digestible energy of glucose was observed to be significantly lower than that for either sucrose or fructose. Whereas the lower digestible energy of glucose may account for the lower weight gain on high glucose diets, a similar explanation is not valid for the response to fructose feeding. It would appear that an effect other than lowered feed intake or decreased digestibility is the cause of the lower weight gains observed on high fructose diets.
Gastric Mucosal Morphology in Tropics and Influence of Spices, Tea and Smoking
Authors: Tyagi K.P. , Mukhopadhyay A.K. , Agarwal H.H. , Naik S.R. , Malik Gauri Bazaz , Gupta D.N. , Chuttani H.K.
Published: November 2008

82 patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and 76 comparable controls were studied. Gastric biopsy revealed chronic gastritis in 42 out of 82 patients and 23 out of 76 normal control subjects, the dyspeptic population showing significantly greater frequency of gastritis. Changes of superficial gastritis were seen in 28 patients with dyspepsia and in 19 controls. Atrophic gastritis was observed in 14 patients with dyspepsia and in 4 subjects of the control group. This condition is uncommon in the tropics as compared to the Anglo-Saxon population. The significantly high occurrence of chronic gastritis in the inmates of the poor-house included as a subgroup of asymptomatic normals, points towards the possible role of chronic malnutrition in causing chronic gastritis. Spices, tea and smoking did not appear to influence the frequency of gastritis.
The Effects of Protein and Calorie Restriction on Tissue Nitrogen Content and Protein Catabolism
Authors: Nettleton Joyce A. , Hegsted D.M.
Published: November 2008

Young adult female rats, previously labeled with L-(14 C-guanido) arginine and L-(3-3 H) glutamic acid were fed ad libitum diets containing either 10- or 0-percent lactalbumin supplemented with arginine and glutamic acid, 0-percent protein or 10-percent lactalbumin plus amino acids restricted to 5 g diet/ day. Retention of radioactivity in liver and muscle was greater in the restricted groups but was restored to normal by feeding cold amino acid, indicating amino acid recycling. It is concluded that the apparent changes in rates of protein synthesis and degradation during protein and calorie restriction are due to changes in amino acid recycling rather than changes in metabolic rate, and that amino acid reutilization can be minimized by providing dietary amino acids.
Protein-Energy Interrelationships during Dietary Restriction: Effects on Tissue Nitrogen and Protein Turnover
Authors: Nettleton Joyce A. , Hegsted D.M.
Published: November 2008

Young adult female rats were fed diets containing either 50 or 0 % lactalbumin at levels of 2, 4 or 6 g diet/day for 2, 8, and 16 days. There was no other protein in the diet. Tissue nitrogen and loss of radioactivity from tissues labeled with 14C- and 3H-glutamate were measured. In a second study, similar rats were fed graded levels of lactalbumin at food intake levels of 3, 5, or 7 g/day. Change in tissue nitrogen varied with the tissue, the time of observation, and the severity of the food restriction. After 8 days, animals fed high levels of protein at the most severe food restriction showed increases in gastrocnemius nitrogen and losses in liver nitrogen, while after 16 days both tissues had marked nitrogen losses. Nitrogen losses at the lowest level of food intake increased with the dietary protein level, whereas dietary protein was protective of tissue nitrogen at higher food intakes. Severity of energy restriction had no effect on loss of tissue radioactivity and the apparently longer tissue protein half-lives from animals fed protein-free diets are attributed to increased amino acid recycling. Such results indicate that short-term studies and overall nitrogen balance experiments will fail to identify changes occurring in different tissues and may yield misleading results.
Effect of Vitamin D on Serum Cholesterol and Arterial Blood Pressure in Infants
Authors: Çurčić Vera Golubović , Çurčić Borivoje
Published: November 2008

91 children suffering from rickets, most of them less than 2 years old, were divided into four groups and treated with different doses of vitamin D. After 1 month the arterial blood pressure and the serum cholesterol had risen in all groups and in all but one of them significantly so. It is suggested that the reason why children in one group gave a poor response to vitamin D in spite of receiving a high dose was that they had kwashiorkor with low serum albumins and abnormal livers.
The Effect of Dietary Protein Levels on the Rate of Lipid Biosynthesis from Glycerol-3-Phosphate in Rat Liver
Authors: Holub Bruce J.
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate was studied in the rat. Optimal conditions for studying this metabolic reaction were established by measuring the entry of sn-14C-glycerol-3-phosphate into lipid in vitro. The rate of glycerol-3-phosρhate incorporation into lipid in animals fed a 10 % protein diet for 6 days was significantly less than for those given diets containing 20 or 30 % protein while the converse was true after 26 days. The results indicate that the response of this particular metabolic step in lipid formation to dietary protein should be considered when attempting to explain the influence of dietary protein on lipid concentration in various tissues.
Histidinemia Produced in the Rat by Treatment with Nitromethane
Authors: Lee Shih-Ching , Wang Mong-Lan
Published: November 2008

Metabolic effects of in vivo administration of nitromethane, a histidase inhibitor, were studied in the rat. Histidinemia produced by feeding a 5-percent histidine diet to the rat was included for comparison. Rats injected subcutaneously with nitromethane every other day appeared to be histidinemic, with a plasma histidine level of 43 µmol/100 ml (control 9.2 µmol/100 ml) after 12 days of treatment. Histidine concentrations in the brain, liver, kidney, and urine of the nitromethane-treated rats were also increased. Liver histidase activity was decreased about 75 % after nitromethane administration, and the rate of in vivo CO2 production from histidine was also depressed. No abnormal change in liver and kidney sizes was observed in these animals. Rats fed the 5-percent histidine diet showed markedly higher plasma histidine concentrations (99 µmol/100 ml) than the nitromethane-treated rats. The magnitude of increase in plasma histidine in the histidine-fed rats was considerably greater than that observed in humans with histidinemia. Furthermore, the liver histidase activity was decreased only by about 20 %, and a significant increase in liver and kidney sizes was noted in the histidine-fed animals. These findings indicate that histidinemia produced by nitromethane administration is a better model for studies of the genetic disorder than histidinemia induced by high levels of histidine in the diet.
Plasma Triglyceride Secretion in Squirrel Monkeys: Effects of Nicotine
Authors: Topping David L. , Turner David M.
Published: November 2008

The acute effects of intravenous nicotine on the appearance of plasma triglycerides have been studied in anaesthetised squirrel monkeys given Triton-WR 1339. At both dose levels studied, 4 and 10 µg/kg/30 sec, nicotine caused a stimulation in the rate of accumulation of plasma glycerides, the larger dose producing the greater effect. Nicotine caused a transient elevation in plasma free fatty acids (FFA), also in proportion to the dose given. It is suggested the changes in plasma glycerides are due to enhanced hepatic secretion secondary to increased plasma FFA. The administration of Triton-WR 1339 caused a rapid and sustained fall in plasma cholesterol concentrations. This fall was similar to that observed in plasma Triton and evidence is presented to suggest that Triton and cholesterol are removed from the circulation by a similar mechanism. There was no effect of nicotine on plasma cholesterol. The implications of the effects of nicotine of plasma triglycerides in relation to coronary heart disease are discussed briefly.
Levels of Histidine and Histidine Derivatives in Breast Muscle of Protein-Depleted and Repleted Adult Cockerels
Authors: Fisher Hans , Konlande James , Strumeyer David
Published: November 2008

Four groups of adult cockerels, consisting of a control group given adequate protein, a protein-depleted group, and two groups that had been given, respectively, a low and a higher nitrogen-containing diet following protein depletion, were killed after appropriate time intervals and histidine and histidine derivatives analyzed in breast muscle extract. The concentration of 1-methylhistidine increased more than 12-fold during protein depletion and returned to near control levels during repletion. Carnosine decreased during depletion to less than 1/20 of the concentration in controls, yet increased more rapidly during repletion in the group fed a low-nitrogen diet free of histidine compared to the group fed a high-nitrogen diet containing histidine. Depleted cocks showed an elevation in the concentration of free histidine which decreased toward control levels after repletion. Levels of 3-methylhistidine were highest in the cocks fed diets containing histidine. Evidence for an accumulation in the breast muscle of adult cocks of 3-methylhistidine consisted of unusually high ratios of this derivative to muscle protein in all experimental groups. It was suggested that both 3-methylhistidine and 1-methylhistidine might serve as useful indices for assessing protein depletion in the adult cockerel, but that consideration should be given to the possibility of species differences in the metabolism of histidine derivatives during protein depletion and repletion.
Influence of Carbohydrate-Free Protein-Rich Diet on Free α-Amino Nitrogen Changes in Plasma, Erythrocytes and Leucocytes
Authors: Lal H. , Agarwal K.N.
Published: November 2008

On feeding carbohydrate-free, protein-rich diet, plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes and hepatic free α-amino nitrogen levels were increased within 2 days in rats but were later nearly normalized within 8 days. It may be suggested that the given diet results in a temporary rise of the amino acid pool in the body but high dietary protein, in the absence of carbohydrate may further be utilized by the body for the purposes of energy.
Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Zn-Absorption bei verschiedenen Dünndarmabschnitten und Zn-Verbindungen
Authors: Schwarz F.J. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: November 2008

The absorption of zinc in different parts of the small intestine and from various Zn compounds was studied in situ, using rats. Segments of equal length from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were ligated. Into these loops, 65Zn-ZnCl2 or 65Zn-ZnCl2 with an excess of histidine at a molar ratio of 1:250 and 1:2,000 was injected. The uptake of 65Zn was measured in blood, plasma and different organs after 1 h of absorption. The absorption of zinc was significantly greatest from the duodenum, followed by the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum differed only slightly from the ileum in the absorption capacity for zinc. A 250-fold excess of histidine did not alter the Zn absorption in comparison to ZnCl2. There were, however, distinct interactions between the site of Zn absorption and the Zn compound at the molar ratio of zinc:histidine of 1:2,000. With this addition of excess histidine, zinc was absorbed just as well from the jejunum as from the duodenum. The 2,000-fold addition of histidine raised the Zn absorption from the jejunum by about 40 % in comparison to ZnCl2.
Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Long-Chain Alcohols from Plasma
Authors: Gelman Rose A. , Gilbertson John R.
Published: November 2008

Cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol was fed as a dietary supplement to adult male rats for 7 and 14 days. At the end of these feeding intervals, lipids were extracted from brain and liver. The neutral lipids were analyzed for free and esterified long-chain alcohols and alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerols. Total lipid phosphorus, alkyl acyl and alk-1-enyl acyl phosphoglycerides were determined in the phospholipid fraction. A marked change was observed in these lipid types in the liver, but not in the brain. In liver the free and esterified long-chain alcohols increased threefold following feeding of the dietary supplement. Feeding cis-9-octadecenyl alcohol had no effect on the neutral alkoxy lipids of liver but resulted in an approximately three- to eightfold increase in the ionic alkoxy lipids.
Normal Activity of Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Formation and Utilization of Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in Erythrocytes of Patients with Primary Metabolic Gout
Authors: Sperling O. , Boer Pnina , Brosh Sara , Elazar Ella , Szeinberg A. , de Vries A.
Published: November 2008

The activity of metabolic pathways involved in the formation and utilization of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) was studied in the erythrocytes of 34 patients with idiopathic metabolic gout. The activities of the oxidative pentose shunt, of the hypoxanthine-guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferases (HGPRT, APRT) and of PRPP synthetase, as well as the rates of PRPP generation and of adenine incorporation into nucleotides were found to be normal in the erythrocytes of all these patients. Four patients with metabolic gout due to enzymatic abnormalities, two relatives with partial deficiency of HGPRT and two relatives with mutant feedback-resistant PRPP synthetase, were studied for comparison. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to postulated mechanisms for purine overproduction in metabolic gout.
Influence de la vitamine A sur la distribution des glycosaminoglycanes dans les tissus du rat
Authors: Lacord-Bonneau M. , Picard J. , Dubernard L.
Published: November 2008

Glycosaminogly cans (GAG) from brains, intestines, livers and skin of rats were analyzed by electrophoretic and enzymatic methods. Variations in GAG distribution have been studied in rats fed on a vitamin-A-deficient diet and on a diet supplemented with an excessive quantity of vitamin A. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in GAG isolated from connective and hepatic tissues. The incorporation of labeled sulfate into the GAG of these tissues has been studied. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in sulfate incorporation into the GAG isolated from connective tissues. A large increase in sulfate incorporation into the GAG of the digestive tract is observed for vitamin-A-treated rats. A decrease is noted for vitamin-A-deficient rats. It was suggested that these variations in distribution and specific activity of GAG could be due to different effects of vitamin A. Vitamin A seems to be required either for the release of lysosomal enzymes or for the sulfatation and elongation of certain glucidic chains in the biosynthesis of sulfated GAG.
Toxicological and Teratological Studies of a Rapeseed Protein Diet in Rats and Mice
Authors: Sharpe G.L. , Larsson K.S. , Liedén S.-Å.
Published: November 2008

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, fed a rapeseed protein diet (containing 0.2 mg glucosinolates/g protein concentrate) from day 0, showed no teratological effects on the 18th day. However, rats which were permitted to deliver, developed anorexia and weight loss after day 18. A reddish discharge, not blood, from the nose stained the fur of most animals fed rapeseed protein. A similar discharge developed in dams fed on lab chow but fasted after day 18. At delivery, dams would neglect the newborn during the first 24 h but would then resume their diet and litter care. Surviving litters of rapeseed-fed animals were comparable to controls in weight after 3 weeks. Vitamin supplementation did not prevent these effects. Force feeding the diet by gavage aggravated these toxic effects and prolonged the gestation period. No toxic effects were seen until day 18 of gestation when the rapeseed protein diet was fed to rats 3–6 weeks before mating. Control rats given glucosinolates by gavage did not show any adverse effects. The rapeseed protein diet had no effect on NMRI mice during pregnancy and on litter care up to 3 weeks.
Effect of Dietary Rapeseed Oil on Hepatic Hexobarbital Metabolism in Mice
Authors: Michalek Hanna , del Carmine Renata , Gatti Gian Luigi
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary rapeseed oil (RSO) on hepatic hexobarbital metabolism has been studied in short-term experiments in mice by measuring both the activity of mixed function oxidase system in microsomal preparations in vitro and the in vivo hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. Moreover, the fatty acid pattern of liver tissue, with particular regard to erucic and gadoleic acids, was analyzed gas-chromatographically. The hexobarbital metabolism in young RSO-fed mice (RSO containing 52 % of erucic acid and 7.4 % of gadoleic acid; 50 cal% for 3 days) is lower by about 44 % than in controls treated in the same way with peanut oil, independently of sex. RSO did not have a statistically significant effect on hexobarbital metabolism in adult animals of both sexes. As to the dose-response study, the prolongation of the hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in young male mice is statistically significant when fed with 30 cal% in RSO for 3 days, while it is not more statistically significant in mice fed 15 cal% in RSO. In RSO mice (50 cal%) erucic and gadoleic acid account both for about 10 % of the total fatty acids in the liver tissue, while they are quite absent in controls. It causes a relative deficiency of linoleic and arachidonic acids, known to be essential for synthesis and maintenance of the membranes supporting hepatic microsomal enzymes responsible for the metabolism of some drugs.
Effect of Dietary Sucrose and Fructose on the Metabolism and Lipid Fractions in Liver in the Rat
Authors: Tuovinen C.G.R. , Bender A.E.
Published: November 2008

Male and female weanling rats were fed one of the following diets for 26 weeks: 60 % (w/w) starch as control (59 % of energy content); 20 (20), 40 (39) or 60 % (59 %) sucrose; or 20 % (20 %) fructose. With increasing levels of dietary sucrose the livers of male rats but not those of females, were progressively heavier. Livers of rats of both sexes showed progressively higher total lipid levels mainly as a result of high triglyceride levels. The 20 % fructose diet produced the same effect as the 40 % sucrose diet. The incorporation of 14C-glucose into liver lipids in vitro, and the production of 14CO2 were both depressed by sucrose and fructose feeding in both sexes.
Effet à moyen terme de la teneur en magnésium d’un régime riche en huile de colza sur l’apparition des lésions du myocarde chez le rat
Authors: Pointillart A. , Meslin J.C.
Published: November 2008

Cardiac lesions (histiocyte infiltration and fibrosis) obtained in rats fed rape-seed oil and 3 magnesium levels (high, low and normal) during 30 or 50 days are quantified by their size. Correspondence factorial analysis is used to compare the results. After 30 days, less cardiac lesions of histiocyte infiltration or fibrosis appear with rats fed a diet high in both rapeseed oil and magnesium than with normal or low magnesium diet. After 50 days, cardiopathogenic effects are less severe with normal magnesium diet than with the others (high or low). In both cases, more severe lesions are seen with low magnesium diet. It is concluded that magnesium overload in the diet does not protect against the cardiopathogenic effects of a diet containing high levels of rapeseed oil. Classical nephrocalcinosis and hypomagnesemia are seen with a low magnesium diet (70 ppm).
Influence of Experimental Dietary Conditions on Hepatic Enzymes of Glutamic Acid Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Lal Harbans , Agarwal K.N.
Published: November 2008

The lowering levels of dietary protein induced a significant fall of some hepatic enzymes associated with glutamic acid metabolism. The changes were later normalised during dietary rehabilitation of the protein-deprived rats. The levels of these enzymes were found to be increased as compared to those observed after starvation, on feeding a carbohydrate-free, protein-rich diet or by the dietary supplementation by glutamic acid.
Influence du degré d’insaturation des lipides alimentaires sur la croissance et la lipogénèse chez le rat
Authors: Demarne Y. , Toure M. , Flanzy J. , Lecourtier M.J.
Published: November 2008

In the growing rats weighing between 70 and 300 g, when 20 % of the total daily energy intake consists either of ‘lard (with 36 % oleic acid) or sunflowerseed oil (with 61 % linoleic acid)’, lipogenesis, proteinogenesis, feed efficiency ratio and body compositions are identical. With the nutritional conditions used during these experiments, the occurrence of a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids level in the diet cannot be considered as an exogenous factor able to modify the parameters studied.
Effect of Ethanol on the Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase in Adipose Tissue of Male and Female Rats
Authors: Johnson Owe , Hernell Olle
Published: November 2008

The effect of a single large dose of ethanol on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue of previously fasted male and female rats was followed over a 16-hour period. Feeding of ethanol caused an increase in the plasma triacylglycerol concentration in both male and female rats. This has previously been attributed to an increased secretion of triacylglycerols from the liver into the plasma. The present results show that there is probably not any significant increase in the uptake of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue after ethanol feeding in male and female rats, since there was no major increase in the activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue. This may be a prerequisite for the ethanol-induced increase in the plasma triacylglycerol concentration and shows the unphysiological nature of ethanol as a source of energy.
Increased Levels of Esterified Arachidonic Acid in Plasma by Feeding γ-Linolenic Acid
Authors: Larking P. , Nye E.R.
Published: November 2008

The effects of diets containing 5 % of methyl-γ-linolenate (Δ 6, 9, 12) or 5 % of methyl-α-linolenate (Δ 9, 12, 15) on the fatty acid composition of lipids in rat plasma were studied. After 10 days the cholesterol esters and total phospholipids in the plasma of rats fed γ-linolenate contained higher percentages of arachidonic acid than the corresponding lipid classes in the plasma of rats fed the α-isomer. A fairly high percentage of γ-linolenic acid was incorporated into the cholesterol esters of rats fed methyl-γ-linolenate.
Hepatic Triglyceride Storage and Ketonemia in Rats Fed High Fat Diets
Authors: Griglio S. , Malewiak M.I.
Published: November 2008

Hepatic triglycerides and ketonemia were studied on young rats fed a carbohydrate dietC or fat diets f (22.5 % fat) and F (41.5 % fat) for 8–15 days. Rats were sacrificed between 9 and 11 a.m. (1) Triglycerides and ketonemia varied proportionally to the diets but triglycerides were strikingly increased with protein deficient fat diets (10 % proteic calories). Weight gains were then most reduced but ketonemia remained unchanged. (2) A 24-hour fasting was sufficient to suppress the excess of triglycerides while ketonemia remained still more elevated after 48 h of fasting in rats previously fed the fat diet F as compared to diet C. (3) During the adaptation to the fat diet F, liver triglycerides and plasma non-esterified fatty acids showed an acute rise on day 2 followed by a stabilization to lower levels after 8 days and an increase again with ageing (7 months) while ketonemia was relatively stable. The liver participates in adaptation to a fat diet that induces obesity, by the rapid esterification of the exogenous fatty acids and their output back into the circulation as lipoprotein-triglycerides.
Biochemical Assessment of Thiamin Status in Patients with Neurosis
Authors: Gontzea Iancu , Gorcea Viorica , Popescu Felicia
Published: November 2008

The thiamin status of 65 patients with neurosis was studied soon after their admission to the psychiatric department; 49 healthy persons were also studied. In comparison with the control group, the patients with neurosis had a twice as low thiamin excretion and a 22 % lower erythrocyte transketolase (p < 0.001), while their blood pyruvate and pyruvate excretions were 31–38 % higher (p < 0.001).
Cellular Immunity in Malnourished Mice
Authors: Nejad Ghavami , Mohagheghpour N.
Published: November 2008

The effects of malnutrition on the cellular immune response were studied in mice. Cellular immunity, measured by contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, was found to be impaired in protein energy deficient animals.
Outcome of Pregnancy from Day 0 to 19 and Serum Tocopherol Levels in Mother Rats Fed on a Rapeseed Protein Concentrate Essentially Free from Glucosinolates
Authors: Eklund Anders
Published: November 2008

A rapeseed protein concentrate containing only minute amounts of glucosinolates was fed to rats during gestation as the sole source of protein at a 20 % dietary protein level. Compared with rats obtaining a casein-based diet at the same level of protein, the mother rats on the rapeseed diet showed much lower weight gains during the last trimester. At day 19 of gestation, rats treated with rapeseed protein showed a reduced number of live fetuses and an increased resorption quotient. The average weight of the fetuses was similar, in some cases even higher, in mother rats given the rapeseed diet vis-à-vis the controls. The animals on the rapeseed diet also showed a highly significant decrease in the serum content of tocopherol, which amounted to between 24 and 41 % of the control values.
A Model System for Direct in vivo Measurement of Absorbed Nutrients in Portal Venous Blood
Authors: Hovland William N. , Thomas George W. , Kline Edward S.
Published: November 2008

In order to investigate the in vivo effect of alcohol on intestinal absorption and on other factors which influence the rate of appearance of nutrients into the portal venous system, an experimental system has been developed in which separate cannulas have been implanted in the duodenum and portal vein of the rat. Following recovery from surgical procedures, unanesthetized animals may be administered nutrients directly into the duodenum, with and without alcohol, and the rate of appearance of nutrients in the portal system may be monitored by rapid sampling of the portal blood. Potential applicability of this experimental animal is demonstrated by the kinetics obtained with an amino acid, L-phenylalanine, both in the presence and the absence of alcohol.
A Comparison of Dietary Starch and Dietary Sucrose in the Pig
Authors: Bruckdorfer K.R. , Yudkin John
Published: November 2008

Seven litter-mate pairs of male crossbred pigs were fed diets in which 50 % of the dry weight was either corn starch or sucrose for 1 year. Unlike reports of two similar experiments published since our work was carried out, no lesions of the cardiovascular system were found in any of the animals at the end of the experiment. The sucrose-fed animals differed from those fed starch in the following respects: growth was faster during the first 9 weeks of the experiment, but became significantly slower during the remaining 43 weeks, with a less efficient food conversion. The pancreas was about 30 % smaller but with no difference in gross or histological appearance. In the plasma there was a transient increase in concentration of insulin, a decrease in albumin, and a decrease in activities of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase. No significant changes in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride, phospholipid or glucose were observed.
Ammonia and Uric Acid Formation after Rapid Intravenous Fructose Administration to Healthy Subjects and Patients with Compensated Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Brodan V. , Brodanová M. , Kuhn E. , Filip J. , Pechar J.
Published: November 2008

To seven healthy volunteers, 12 and 24 g i.v. fructose were administrated in the form of 20 % solution at a rate of 4 g/min. After both doses, during the 10th min after the completed intravenous administration, a statistically significant increase of serum ammonia and serum uric acid occurred. After 24 g, the rise of the uric acid level remains significant during the 40th min after administration, while ammonia values return to the basal level. Increments of ammonia and uric acid are higher after a larger fructose dose. Under the same set-up and at the same rate, 24 g fructose were administered to eight patients with compensated cirrhosis of the liver. The rise of uric acid was practically the same as in healthy subjects similar to the rise of the ammonia level during the 10th min after administration. 40 min after administration, however, the ammonia level in cirrhotic patients remained significantly raised, as compared with the initial level.
Lipid Metabolism of Developing Central Nervous Tissues in Organotypic Cultures
Authors: Giesing M. , Zilliken F.
Published: November 2008

Organotypic cultures of rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum have been supplemented with different media. Fatty acid analysis in incubated media and in tissue explants revealed a characteristic differentiation of three periods during maturation: a post-traumatic repair phase, a synaptogenic period and a synaptic stage. Medium fatty acids are biphysically depleted from the nutrient. Both tissues differ in the depletion pattern of individual fatty acids. The development of tissue fatty acids is mainly observed during the synaptogenic period. Turnover studies of individual fatty acids indicate a tissue-specific and time-dependent characteristic.
The Effect of Vitamin E Deficiency on Permeability of Mitochondria for Phosphate
Authors: Hommes F.A. , Mastebroek-Helder D.J. , Molenaar I.
Published: November 2008

We have investigated whether the earlier-found decreased unsaturation in mitochondrial membranes in vitamin E deficiency affects the permeability properties of mitochondria. The iso-osmotic swelling technique was used as a measure for the rate of uptake of substrates by these organelles. A significantly slower uptake could be observed of ammonium malate in the presence of phosphate and of ammonium phosphate. These changes in membrane permeability might give a clue to the mechanism of some metabolic abnormalities as seen in vitamin E deficiency in relating these abnormalities to specific membrane functions, e.g. an affection of carriers; for instance the phosphate carrier.
Vitamin B2 Status in Athletes and the Influence of Riboflavin Administration on Neuromuscular Irritability
Authors: Haralambie Georg
Published: November 2008

In order to obtain information on the vitamin B2 status in athletes in training, the following aspects were investigated: in one group of athletes, riboflavinuria at rest, during the autumn and winter months (mean values 23.8 and 9.45 µg/h, respectively); in the second group (n = 18), the activity of the nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate-dependent red blood cell glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and its activation by added flavin adenine dinucleotide. In 8 athletes, activation coefficients higher than 1.25 were found, indicating a biochemical deficiency of riboflavin. Erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) was activated by more than 25 % with added thiamine pyrophosphate in 12 cases. In muscle samples of 10 healthy patients (fresh fractures or removing of metal plates from old fractures), glutathione reductase (mean activity 0.846 ± 0.458 U/g wet weight) was activated by more than 25 % in 5 cases. Administration of lOmg of riboflavin per os resulted in moderate lowering of neuromuscular irritability (musculi vastus medialis and lateralis quadricipitis) particularly for 0.1-msec rectangular stimuli.