bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflationary potential as seen from different angles: model compatibility from multiple CMB missions
Authors: Giarè William , Pan Supriya , Di Valentino Eleonora , Yang Weiqiang , de Haro Jaume , Melchiorri Alessandro
Published: September 2023

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropies, as observed by independent astronomical missions such as WMAP, Planck, and most recently the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the South Pole Telescope have played a vital role in accurately constraining cosmological theories and models, establishing cosmic inflation as the most widely accepted theory for describing the physics of the early Universe. However, the absence of a definitive detection of B-mode polarization and the emerging discrepancies among different CMB experiments present a challenge in determining which inflationary models best explain the observed data. In this work, we further explore this difficulty and conduct a case study by analyzing four well-known inflationary potentials in light of the latest CMB temperature and polarization anisotropy measurements and lensing data released by the Planck satellite and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. Additionally, we incorporate B-modes polarization data from the BICEP/Keck Collaboration, as well as Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Redshift Space Distortions measurements from BOSS DR12 and eBOSS DR16. We show that the most typical models such as Starobinsky and α-attractors are in disagreement with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope small-scale CMB measurements, particularly when combined with B-modes polarization data. On the other hand, these potentials are in perfect agreement with the Planck measurements at larger angular scales. This dichotomy makes it challenging to identify a single model or a group of models that can be universally considered as the preferred choice based on all available CMB observations.
Yang-Mills Casimir wormholes in D = 2 + 1
Authors: Santos Alana C.L. , Muniz Célio R. , Maluf Roberto V.
Published: September 2023

This work presents new three-dimensional traversable wormhole solutions sourced by the Casimir density and pressures related to the quantum vacuum fluctuations in Yang-Mills (Y-M) theory. We begin by analyzing the noninteracting Y-M Casimir wormholes, initially considering an arbitrary state parameter ω and determine a simple constant wormhole shape function. Next, we introduce a new methodology for deforming the state parameter to find well-behaved redshift functions. The wormhole can be interpreted as a legitimate Casimir wormhole with an expected average state parameter of ω = 2. Then, we investigate the wormhole curvature properties, energy conditions, and stability. Furthermore, we discover a novel family of traversable wormhole solutions sourced by the quantum vacuum fluctuations of interacting Yang-Mills fields with a more complex shape function. Deforming the effective state parameter similarly, we obtain well-behaved redshift functions and traversable wormhole solutions. Finally, we examine the energy conditions and stability of solutions in the interacting scenario and compare to the noninteracting case.
35 W highly effective Ytterbium-Erbium-Thulium tandem all-fiber 1.947 µm laser system at 975 nm diode pumping
Authors: Kir’yanov A V , Sholokhov E M
Published: September 2023

We report on progress towards effective mid-IR lasing using a tandem Ytterbium-Erbium/Thulium all-fiber laser system at near-IR diode pumping. ∼35 W 1.947 µm continuous-wave output power at ∼120 W 975 nm pump power (29% overall efficiency) is reached.
On the origin of the DIII-D L-H power threshold isotope effect
Authors: Callahan K.J. , Schmitz L. , Carter T.A. , Belli E.A. , Chrystal C. , Haskey S.R. , Grierson B.A. , Thome K.E. , Smith S.P. , McKee G.R. , Staebler G.M. , Holland C. , Ashourvan A. , Yan Z.
Published: September 2023

The increased low to high confinement mode (L to H-mode) power threshold

P

L
H

in DIII-D low collisionality hydrogen plasmas (compared to deuterium) is shown to result from lower impurity (carbon) content, consistent with reduced (mass-dependent) physical and chemical sputtering of graphite. Trapped gyro-Landau fluid (TGLF) quasilinear calculations and local non-linear gyrokinetic CGYRO simulations confirm stabilization of ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence by increased carbon ion dilution as the most important isotope effect. In the plasma edge, electron non-adiabaticity is also predicted to contribute to the isotope dependence of thermal transport and

P

L
H

, however its effect is subdominant compared to changes from impurity isotopic behavior. This L-H power threshold reduction with increasing carbon content at low collisionality is in stark contrast to high collisionality results, where additional impurity content appears to increase the power necessary for H-mode access.
A 1.3V 12-bit 100-MHz Current-Steering DAC in 55nm Technology
Authors: Zhong S G , Chen Z J , Xu N , Sun X F , Yang S Y , Wang R Y , Li B , Lin X L
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a 12-bit 100MS/s digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is presented, where a segmented current steering technique is employed. A “4+8” segmented architecture is used compromising the advantages and disadvantages of binary-weighted and thermometer-coded DACs. Cascode current source and cascode switch is used to achieve high input impedance and to minimize output glitches for good linearity and dynamic performance. The simulation results show that SFDR is over 77 dB, and the ENOB is 11.6 bit at least. The DAC consumes 2.27 mW from a 1.3-V supply.
Uncertainty analysis method of internal drag measurement for flow-through model in high-speed wind tunnel
Authors: Du Yufeng , Wang Lulu , Xiong Neng , Lin Jun
Published: September 2023

For aircraft with complex air intake and exhaust systems, the flow-through model simulating the internal flow passage is generally used to reduce the interference of internal and external flow fields when carrying out high-speed wind tunnel tests. The drag generated by the internal flow passage needs to be accurately measured and deducted from the full-model aerodynamic force, so as to obtain the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft to be tested. However, the existing internal drag measurement methods do not evaluate the uncertainty of the measurement results, which leads to the failure to evaluate the reliability of the flow-through model high-speed wind tunnel test results. This paper introduces the device and measurement method of internal drag of flow-through model. Based on GUM uncertainty analysis method, the analysis method of internal drag measurement uncertainty is established through strict mathematical derivation, which provides technical support for the evaluation of internal drag measurement uncertainty.
High-precision digital time-amplitude analysis system for the neutron Time-Of-Flight spectrometer in HL-2M
Authors: Zhang W. , Wu T.Y. , Li Y.G. , Zhang Y.P.
Published: September 2023

Neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometers are widely used
for neutron diagnostics in large-scale fusion facilities. However,
traditional amplitude and time analysis methods are limited in terms
of resolution, flexibility, and other factors. To overcome these
limitations, we propose the Digital Time-Amplitude Analysis (DTAA)
system, which combines the advantages of both methods by using a
high-performance FPGA for real-time time and amplitude analysis of
particle pulses. The DTAA system provides accurate timing and pulse
shape information, fast processing speed, and low implementation
cost. We have also developed a multi-mode data joint time-of-flight
correction algorithm and verified its performance through
simulation. The DTAA system passed laboratory and tokamak tests,
achieving a time measurement precision of 122 ps and accurately
measuring neutron counts in tokamak experiments. This work
represents a key step towards comprehensive high-performance
integrated particle pulse analysis.
Accelerating China’s power sector decarbonization can save lives: integrating public health goals into power sector planning decisions
Authors: Luo Qian , Garcia-Menendez Fernando , Lin Jiang , He Gang , Johnson Jeremiah X
Published: September 2023

China, the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter in 2022, aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. The power sector will play a major role in this decarbonization process due to its current reliance on coal. Prior studies have quantified air quality co-benefits from decarbonization or investigated pathways to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector. However, few have jointly assessed the potential impacts of accelerating decarbonization on electric power systems and public health. Additionally, most analyses have treated air quality improvements as co-benefits of decarbonization, rather than a target during decarbonization. Here, we explore future energy technology pathways in China under accelerated decarbonization scenarios with a power system planning model that integrates carbon, pollutant, and health impacts. We integrate the health effects of power plant emissions into the power system decision-making process, quantifying the public health impacts of decarbonization under each scenario. We find that compared with a reference decarbonization pathway, a stricter cap (20% lower emissions than the reference pathway in each period) on carbon emissions would yield significant co-benefits to public health, leading to a 22% reduction in power sector health impacts. Although extra capital investment is required to achieve this low emission target, the value of climate and health benefits would exceed the additional costs, leading to $824 billion net benefits from 2021 to 2050. Another accelerated decarbonization pathway that achieves zero emissions five years earlier than the reference case would result in lower net benefits due to higher capital costs during earlier decarbonization periods. Treating air pollution impacts as a target in decarbonization can further mitigate both CO2 emissions and negative health effects. Alternative low-cost solutions also show that small variations in system costs can result in significantly different future energy portfolios, suggesting that diverse decarbonization pathways are viable.
A century of nitrogen dynamics in agricultural watersheds of Denmark
Authors: Dessirier Benoît , Blicher-Mathiesen Gitte , Andersen Hans Estrup , Gustafsson Bo , Müller-Karulis Bärbel , Meter Kimberly Van , Basu Nandita B , Humborg Christoph
Published: September 2023

Intensive agriculture has been linked to increased nitrogen loads and adverse effects on downstream aquatic ecosystems. Sustained large net nitrogen surpluses have been shown in several contexts to form legacies in soil or waters, which delay the effects of reduction measures. In this study, detailed land use and agricultural statistics were used to reconstruct the annual nitrogen surpluses in three agriculture-dominated watersheds of Denmark (600–2700 km2) with well-drained loamy soils. These surpluses and long-term hydrological records were used as inputs to the process model ELEMeNT to quantify the nitrogen stores and fluxes for 1920–2020. A multi-objective calibration using timeseries of river nitrate loads, as well as other non-conventional data sources, allowed to explore the potential of these different data to constrain the nitrogen cycling model. We found the flux-weighted nitrate concentrations in the root zone percolate below croplands, a dataset not commonly used in calibrating watershed models, to be critical in reducing parameter uncertainty. Groundwater nitrate legacies built up in all three studied watersheds during 1950–1990 corresponding to ∼2% of the surplus (or ∼1 kg N ha yr−1) before they went down at a similar rate during 1990–2015. Over the same periods active soil nitrogen legacies first accumulated by approximately 10% of the surplus (∼5 kg N ha yr−1), before undergoing a commensurate reduction. Both legacies appear to have been the drivers of hysteresis in the diffuse load at the catchments’ outlet and hindrances to reaching water quality goals. Results indicate that the low cropland surpluses enforced during 2008–2015 had a larger impact on the diffuse river loads than the European Union’s untargeted grass set-aside policy of 1993–2008. Collectively, the measures of 1990–2015 are estimated to have reset the diffuse load regimes of the watersheds back to the situation prevailing in the 1960s.
High-clearance front driving axle to the cotton-growing tractor
Authors: Akhmetov A A , Kambarov B A , Kholikov B A , Abdullaev S A
Published: September 2023

The results of research and development and experimental-design activities on creating the front driving axle with an increased agrotechnical clearance for perspective universal cotton cultivating tractor 4K4 are specified in the article. The application of the 4K4 propulsion scheme in the design of a cotton-growing row-crop tractor will ensure aggregation of the main set of machines of the cotton complex with a working width of four or more rows due to increased tractor traction capabilities by 15-18%. At the same time, a decrease in the vertical load on each individual wheel, characteristic of 4K4 tractors, provides better directional stability in the Machine Tractor Unit and safe lateral static stability, and also creates the opportunity for year-round use of the tractor in transportation and field work as well.
The balance of power consumption of the process of grain grinding
Authors: Mamatov F M , Karshiev F U , Borotov A N , Rasulov A D , Shamayev Y J
Published: September 2023

The purpose of the research is to determine the power consumption of the process of grain grinding with a grinder. When conducting theoretical studies to determine the amount of energy spent on grinding grain during the operation of the grinder, the physical and mechanical properties of the grain, the parameters and mode of operation of the grinder, the energy consumption to overcome harmful resistances, to grind grain and to discard the crushed mass were taken into account. The technological scheme of the grain grinder is given. A mathematical dependence is proposed to determine the power consumption of the grain grinding process by a grinder. It has been established that the power consumption of a hammer grinder is mainly influenced by the number of hammers, the angular velocity of the hammer, the area of the front part of the hammer, the radius of the grinding chamber, and the physical and mechanical properties of the grain. As a result of the research, graphical dependences of power consumption and productivity on the number of revolutions of the hammer propeller were built.
Determination of the length of the separating parts of the corn harvester cob picking rollers
Authors: Khatamov B A , Temirov S U
Published: September 2023

Great efforts are currently being made to establish a solid base for the production of grain along with other agricultural products. One of the most important tasks in agriculture today is to increase the number of cattle and poultry. In the near future it is necessary to create specialized livestock complexes and high-tech poultry farms in each region. As a result of the creation of livestock and poultry farms the demand for corn grain and silage will increase. The efficiency of a corn harvester depends on the capacity of the picking rollers. The article is devoted to the determination of the length of the separating parts of cob picking rollers which will greatly improve the corn harvester.
Control of energy recovery of braking of agricultural machinery
Authors: Barbashov N N , Shanygin S V , Polyantseva A A
Published: September 2023

Agricultural machines often operate in unsteady modes with alternating acceleration and deceleration. The energy consumption of this class of machines requires a thorough analysis and the development of modern recommendations for improving efficiency. A number of factors influence the economic characteristics of agricultural machines, such as the characteristics of the unsteady mode of operation of agricultural machines, the efficiency of the working machine, engine and transmission mechanism. The first condition for the possibility of increasing the efficiency of agricultural machines in the design process is the choice of an economical engine and a working machine. But this condition is necessary, but insufficient, its fulfillment provides only a potential opportunity to increase efficiency. For the practical realization of this possibility, it is necessary to combine the economical modes of the engine and the working machine by matching their characteristics by selecting the optimal parameters of the transmission mechanism. At present, a new type of hybrid-driven machines has appeared, which makes it possible to increase their efficiency by using the work of braking forces for useful purposes. The method of accumulating the work of braking forces and using this energy in the subsequent process of accelerating the car is very efficient.
The effect of new protective-stimulating complexes based on plant waste on the yield of spring wheat under stressful conditions
Authors: Seregina Inga , Belopukhov Sergey , Trukhachev Vladimir , Dmitrevskaya Inna , Zaytsev Fedor , Ryabov Dmitry , Fomina Tatyana
Published: September 2023

The article describes the effect of new organomineral protective-stimulating complexes based on technical hemp bonfires in various modifications on the yield and realization of elements of potential productivity of spring soft wheat of the Ester variety under optimal growing conditions and under conditions of oxidative stress caused by a violation of water supply. The positive influence of the studied complexes on both the yield of plants and the degree of realization of elements of potential productivity has been revealed.
Optimum factors of a renewable energy plant from poultry organic waste
Authors: Imomov Sh , Usmonov K , Nuritov I , Tagayev V
Published: September 2023

The article presents the parameters of the device for renewable energy from poultry organic waste. The authors describe the experimental device for the anaerobic processing of poultry organic waste and the results of the implementation of the device. Broad considerations about obtaining alternative energy sources if the dilution mode is used for the first time in the device for obtaining biogas from poultry organic waste are given. Anaerobic treatment of poultry organic waste in a bioreactor was used to absorb odorous gases and to analyze the production of biogas at different temperature regimes by the method of dilution.
Methods of determining the amount of harmful particles released into the environment as a result of car tire wear
Authors: Karimova Kamola , Ismayilov Kubaymurot , Shermukhamedov Abdulaziz , Alimova Zebo , Rakhmatov Utkirjon , Kim Kwonse
Published: September 2023

This article describes determining methods of metal emissions in the composition of small particles coming by brake mechanisms details and tire wear as a result of vehicle movement, and dust to be formed by comparative analysis on asphalt-concrete roads of different compositions. A significant contributor to particulate matter in cities is traffic-related sources. Traffic-related particles can be divided into exhaust particles released by the incomplete combustion of fuel and the volatilization of lubricants during combustion and formed by brake mechanism parts, tire wear and road surface wear, and accumulated due to turbulence caused by road traffic. The method of determining the metal concentration in the formed particles gives information on the physico-chemical properties of the particles.
Obtaining microcrystalline cellulose based on biodamaged wood as a way to improve the sanitary and forest pathological state of forests
Authors: Kaplyov E V , Yurtaeva L V , Marchenko R A , Alashkevich Yu D
Published: September 2023

The paper-forming properties of the fibrous suspension and the physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished types of paper largely depend on the type of initial plant material. Depending on what purpose it is necessary to obtain paper, a composition is made from fibrous semi-finished products of plant origin in various proportions. Basically, paper is produced from two, three, or more fibrous semi-finished products, forming a paper composition according to the type of fibers, and sometimes from one fibrous semi-finished product, suitably prepared for this. The properties of the original fibrous semi-finished products to a large extent affect not only the properties of the finished paper, but also determine the technological mode of their processing. This paper shows the possibility of obtaining cellulose from biodamaged wood. The mechanical strength characteristics of the finished castings are analyzed after grinding the fibrous mass on a knifeless grinding plant of the “jet-barrier” type. The conditions for obtaining microcrystalline cellulose from biodamaged wood are determined.
Meat productivity of bull-calves of the red steppe breed with various methods of keeping
Authors: Sattarov N E , Borotov A N , Choriev R K
Published: September 2023

The article discusses the issues of creating an efficiently developing industry of beef cattle breeding. Technical re-equipment and modernization of meat farms, cluster farms and fattening enterprises capable of producing high-quality beef in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan is described. The authors try to solve one of the tasks for increasing production and improving the quality of cattle meat and reducing production costs in the conditions of agricultural organizations that are engaged in beef cattle breeding.
Study of the composition of useful plant extracts
Authors: Usenov A B , Samatova K M , Sultanova Sh A , Safarov J E
Published: September 2023

The article presents research materials on the composition and properties of BAS in water-alcohol extracts of plants. Phenol-accumulating and spicy-aromatic wild plants were used as plant raw materials for obtaining extracts. In this work extracts of wild herbs and fruits among the variety of BAS contained in hydroalcoholic, substances with P-vitamin activity - a complex of monomeric and oligomeric forms of phenolic compounds are of particular scientific and practical importance. Extractions were found to be phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. The importance of these substances is that the activity of vitamin P is often related to the antioxidant potential of phytocactus.
Analysis of dairy whey food functional modules based on resource-saving technologies
Authors: Ergasheva Z K , Sultanov Sh A , Saparov J E
Published: September 2023

Whey, which is a by-product of the production of hard, medium and soft cheeses and rennet, is called sweet whey and has a pH of 5.9-6.6. The production of inorganic acid precipitated casein produces an acidic whey with a pH of 4.3-4.6. With an estimated 180 million tonnes in 2021, global whey production contains around 1.5 million tonnes of ever-increasingly expensive protein and 8.6 million tonnes of lactose, an important source of carbohydrates for the world. Recent research shows that whey proteins are arguably the most nutritionally valuable protein available, so it’s not surprising that food manufacturers such as sports, health and baby food are investing heavily in the dairy industry. With a full complement of ‘natural niceties’ in its composition, such as high-fat b-lactoglobulin, the mother’s milk protein equivalent a-lactalbumin, lactoferrin and immunoglobulin, as well as having a precursor substance of probiotic galactooligosaccharides, whey becomes one of the most delightful sources of nutrients available today. Whey makes up about 80-90 % of the total volume of milk processed and contains about 50 % of the nutrients in raw milk: dissolved proteins, lactose, vitamins and minerals.
Research results on underground cotton irrigation through artificial pipes
Authors: Isokova Z X , Valiev B F , Xidirov U X
Published: September 2023

The article presents the results of laboratory-field tests of a working body that creates an artificial pipe for irrigation of cotton with a row spacing of 60 cm from under the soil. As evaluation criteria, water flow distance and moisture dispersion were taken from inside the formed pipe without spilling onto the field surface. When using this working body, it was found that a pipe with dense walls was formed under the soil with low energy consumption, and water flow was observed for a long distance. Generated to the proximity of the constructed artificial pipes to the cotton roots, the water demand is met quickly and the irrigation time and water consumption are reduced.
Determination of the level of eutrophytion of small rivers in the area of influence of the industrial city
Authors: Ovsyannikova I V , Asfandiyarova L R , Khakimova G V , Luzina M S
Published: September 2023

The article is devoted to studies on the determination of the eutrophication coefficient of the Sterlya River (Republic of Bashkortostan), which were carried out to test the method developed for defining the eutrophication coefficient of surface rivers. The experiment was fulfilled according to the method for determining the toxicity of drinking, ground, surface and waste waters, solutions of chemicals by measuring the germination rate, average length and dry weight of watercress seed sprouts. The results of the studies show that toxic and eutrophying effects on ecosystems occur simultaneously, but in most cases only the effect of toxicity is analyzed.
Development of an automated lighting control system in agricultural premises to save energy resources
Authors: Zakozhurnikov Sergey , Gorshunova Tatiana , Pronina Elena , Raff Oleg
Published: September 2023

An automated lighting control system has been developed in the premises used for agricultural needs. An algorithm for the operation of the lighting system is presented. The setup of the light sensor in the OpenHAB is shown. The results of an experimental study are presented. The introduction of the developed control system will lead to saving energy resources and reducing economic costs.
Effect of deformation processes on hydraulic efficiency in open drainages
Authors: Abduraimova D A , Otakhonov M Y , Ibragimova Z I , Allayorova D S
Published: September 2023

In agriculture based on irrigated farming, the role of drenage networks is important. The variability of seepage water in the season of irrigation and salt washing has a great impact on the technical condition of the collectors. As a result of the leakage of a large amount of groundwater into the drainage, the sidewalls of the drainage fall by sliding, and as a result, the slided soil fills the bottom, which causes a number of negative problems. The main construction parameter of open drainage is the depth and slope coefficient, which ensures the strength of side wall. When the problem was investigated, it became known that the drainage capacity and water transfer capacity decreased as a result of the deformation of the side slopes of the “CK-2-2” inter-farm collector. So, as you can see in the graphs, when the bottom of the ditch rises to 1.2 meters as a result of deformation, the width of the bottom of the drainage increases to 6 meters. Using Darcy’s formula for filtration flow, it was found that the - comparative seepage water in the drainage was reduced from 0.375 L/sec to 0.265 L/sec, i.e. a reduction of 41%. As a result, the depth of the water in the drainage should have decreased, but the depth of the water is reflected growth as reeds and similar plants grow on the bottom and sides of the drainage. According to the results of the calculation, it was found that water permeability of the drainage reduced by up to 30%.
Hydrocarbon exploration technique based on the ratio coefficient measurement of two-frequency amplitudes
Authors: Yanushkevich V F , Dauhiala D A , Adamovich A L , Maladzechkina T V , Vershinin A S
Published: September 2023

The paper presents a hydrocarbon field exploration technique based on the ratio coefficient measurement of two-frequency amplitudes. The study establishes electronic plasma resonance frequencies. The anomalous measurement values show a large range when receiving the reflected signal at the station line measurement points. The technique test proved an increase in the accuracy of hydrocarbon field boundaries by 20-30 %. The findings can be implemented in prospecting geophysics to improve the accuracy of hydrocarbon boundaries applying the ratio coefficient measurement of two-frequency amplitudes within a wide frequency range. The study also proved that it is possible to increase the deposits location resolution using the coefficient measurement ratio of three-frequency amplitudes of the range covered.
Extraction of metals with analyzed new reagents foaming agents SK-1, SK-2 from coals
Authors: Yusupov S K , Yusupov F M , Khalilov S U , Baimatova G A
Published: September 2023

The article presents the results of studies of brown and black coals from the Angren and Shargun deposits of the Republic of Uzbekistan. According to the results of the research, a number of different non-ferrous and noble metals were revealed in their composition: Tungsten up to 2 wt.% Au, Ag as well as rare earth elements (REE). Methods and techniques have been developed for the extraction of precious metals from coals: Ag, Au and rare earth elements Ge and Sc. Scientists of the laboratory of the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry “ChT, PG and Surfactants” synthesized new reagents - blowing agents SK-1, SK-2, which are used in the enrichment and flotation of non-ferrous and noble metal-containing coals. The method developed by us allows the integrated use of natural coal and can solve the important problem of ash and slag waste disposal and significantly reduce emissions of toxic elements into the atmosphere.
Development of an algorithm for wood biomass processing at the stage of logging operations
Authors: Zyryanov Mikhail , Medvedev Sergei , Sergaev Stepan , Nikiforov Anatoly
Published: September 2023

The paper presents an analysis of the volumes of harvested wood in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The volumes of wood biomass utilized in the cutting area have been calculated. The urgent need for the use of logging waste as an additional raw material in the production of wood chips, softwood and wood flour, as well as wood fiber semi-finished product is discussed. A technological scheme for the processing of individual parts of wood biomass is proposed, which makes it possible to use logging waste as a raw material base. The aim of the work was to develop an algorithm for implementing the proposed scheme. A mathematical method and statistical analysis were used. The developed algorithm clearly demonstrates the possible prospects for the development of such a direction as the processing of waste from logging and woodworking industries. The results of the study allow us to estimate the volume of potentially lost benefits from the processing of logging waste.
Catalytic synthesis of N-substituted allylarylamines
Authors: Luzina Maria , Minibaev Aydar
Published: September 2023

Some N-substituted allylarylamines, for example, N-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline (N-MBA) form, upon isomerization, not only ortho-, but also para- and 2,6-disubstituted derivatives, which does not fit into generally accepted theory. The amino-Claisen rearrangement (ACR) of N-MBA is catalyzed by Lewis acids, cationites, and arylamine hydrochlorides. This work presents the results of studies of ACR N-MBA in solutions of mineral acids. It was found that the reaction must be carried out in dilute solutions. At H2SO4 concentrations of 0.5 mol/L and below, three parallel reactions are observed with the formation of aniline, 2-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline (2-MBA) and 4-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline (4-MBA). The main product in all cases is 2-MBA, the content of which in the reaction mixture exceeds the amount of 4-MBA and aniline by 7 times, which are formed in approximately equal amounts. Prolonged refluxing of 2-MBA under the reaction conditions does not lead to its isomerization to 4-MBA, i.e., the para-isomer is formed directly from N-MBA. The formation of 2,6-di-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline (DMBA) was not observed. In the presence of palladium catalysts, 2-MBA cyclizes to 2,4-methyl quinoline, which indicates the ortho-arrangement of its substituents; 4-MBA does not cyclize under these conditions. The obtained compounds are of interest in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and other polyfunctional organic compounds.
Experimental investigation of coconut shell charcoal and boron carbide/zirconium dioxide in aluminium 7075 matrix composites under varying operating conditions: a comparative analysis
Authors: Silambarasan B , Karthikeyan G
Published: September 2023

This study focused on investigating the influence of varying weight percentages of coconut shell charcoal (CSC) on the physical, mechanical, and wear properties of aluminum 7075 (Al-7075) matrix composites reinforced by boron carbide (B4C) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). Throughout the study, these composites were prepared with a constant 3 wt% B4C/ZrO2. The developed composites were then subjected to the tribological analysis using a pin-on-disc apparatus under a constant sliding speed (2000 m), a sliding distance (4 m s−1), and varying operating temperatures (room temperature, 150, 200, and 250 °C). The worn-out surfaces of the composites were examined using a magnified scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the microstructural analysis and wear behavior. The composites containing 3% B4C/ZrO2 and 3% CSC exhibited the highest hardness and wear resistance among the studied composites. The incorporation of CSC increased the density and porosity of the composites up to a 3 wt%, but at 4 wt%, a decrease was observed. It is worth noting that the B-series samples had slightly lower hardness values compared to the Z-series samples. Regarding the effect of temperature, the wear rate decreased as the temperature increased. The Al-7075/ZrO2/CSC composite demonstrated improved wear resistance and coefficient of friction (COF) compared to the Al-7075/B4C/CSC composite, with respective enhancements of 19.30% and 42.19%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the significant impact of CSC weight fraction on wear for both composites, whereas only the Al-7075/ZrO2/CSC composites showed significance for COF. The SEM analysis revealed that the addition of CSC resulted in a uniform distribution of particles within the matrix, leading to improved wear resistance. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the addition of CSC influenced the density, porosity, hardness, wear resistance, and COF in the Al-7075 matrix composites. Optimal performance was achieved with a 3 wt% CSC for Al-7075/ZrO2/CSC at 250 °C. The composites developed in this study, comprising boron carbide (B4C)- and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)-reinforced aluminum 7075 (Al-7075) matrix with varying weight percentages of CSC, have several potential applications such as in the fields of automotive, aerospace, defense, and industrial machinery.
Facial Aesthetic Ideals: A Literature Summary of Supporting Evidence
Authors: Faderani Ryan , Singh Prateush , Monks Massimo , Dhar Shivani , Krumhuber Eva , Mosahebi Ash , Ponniah Allan
Published: September 2023

Background

To achieve the goal of enhancing facial beauty it is crucial for aesthetic physicians and plastic surgeons to have a deep understanding of aesthetic ideals. Although numerous aesthetic criteria have been proposed over the years, there is a lack of empirical analysis supporting many of these standards.

Objectives

This aim of this review was to undertake the first exploration of the empirical evidence concerning the aesthetic ideals of the face in the existing literature.

Methods

A comprehensive search in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and CENTRAL databases was conducted for primary clinical studies reporting on the classification of the facial aesthetic units as per the Gonzales-Ulloa facial aesthetic unit classification from January 1962 to November 2022.

Results

A total of 36 articles were included in the final review: 12 case series, 14 cohort studies, and 10 comparative studies. These described the aesthetic ideals of the following areas: forehead (6 studies; mean level of evidence, 3.33); nose (9 studies; mean level of evidence, 3.6); orbit (6 studies; mean level of evidence, 3); cheek (4 studies; mean level of evidence, 4.07); lips (6 studies; mean level of evidence, 3.33); chin (4 studies; mean level of evidence, 3.75); ear (1 study; level of evidence, 4).

Conclusions

The units that were most extensively studied were the nose, forehead, and lip, and these studies also appeared in journals with higher impact factors than other subunits. Conversely, the chin and ear subunits had the fewest studies conducted on them and had lower impact factors. To provide a useful resource for readers, it would be prudent to identify and discuss influential papers for each subunit.

Level of Evidence: 3
Genome-wide identification of transcriptional enhancers during human placental development and association with function, differentiation, and disease
Authors: Owen David M , Kwon Minjung , Huang Xuan , Nagari Anusha , Nandu Tulip , Kraus W Lee
Published: September 2023

The placenta is a dynamic organ that must perform a remarkable variety of functions during its relatively short existence in order to support a developing fetus. These functions include nutrient delivery, gas exchange, waste removal, hormone production, and immune barrier protection. Proper placenta development and function are critical for healthy pregnancy outcomes, but the underlying genomic regulatory events that control this process remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that mapping sites of transcriptional enhancer activity and associated changes in gene expression across gestation in human placenta tissue would identify genomic loci and predicted transcription factor activity related to critical placenta functions. We used a suite of genomic assays [i.e., RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), Precision run-on-sequencing (PRO-seq), and Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq)] and computational pipelines to identify a set of >20 000 enhancers that are active at various time points in gestation. Changes in the activity of these enhancers correlate with changes in gene expression. In addition, some of these enhancers encode risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We further show that integrating enhancer activity, transcription factor motif analysis, and transcription factor expression can identify distinct sets of transcription factors predicted to be more active either in early pregnancy or at term. Knockdown of selected identified transcription factors in a trophoblast stem cell culture model altered the expression of key placental marker genes. These observations provide a framework for future mechanistic studies of individual enhancer–transcription factor–target gene interactions and have the potential to inform genetic risk prediction for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Functional network dynamics between the anterior thalamus and the cortex in deep brain stimulation for epilepsy
Authors: Aiello Giovanna , Ledergerber Debora , Dubcek Tena , Stieglitz Lennart , Baumann Christian , Polanìa Rafael , Imbach Lukas
Published: September 2023

Owing to its unique connectivity profile with cortical brain regions, and its suggested role in the subcortical propagation of seizures, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) has been proposed as a key deep brain stimulation (DBS) target in drug-resistant epilepsy. However, the spatio-temporal interaction dynamics of this brain structure, and the functional mechanisms underlying ANT DBS in epilepsy remain unknown.

Here, we study how the ANT interacts with the neocortex in vivo in humans and provide a detailed neurofunctional characterization of mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of ANT DBS, aiming at defining intraoperative neural biomarkers of responsiveness to therapy, assessed at 6 months post-implantation as the reduction in seizure frequency. A cohort of 15 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 6 males, age = 41.6 ± 13.79 years) underwent bilateral ANT DBS implantation. Using intraoperative cortical and ANT simultaneous electrophysiological recordings, we found that the ANT is characterized by high amplitude θ (4–8 Hz) oscillations, mostly in its superior part. The strongest functional connectivity between the ANT and the scalp EEG was also found in the θ band in ipsilateral centro-frontal regions. Upon intraoperative stimulation in the ANT, we found a decrease in higher EEG frequencies (20–70 Hz) and a generalized increase in scalp-to-scalp connectivity. Crucially, we observed that responders to ANT DBS treatment were characterized by higher EEG θ oscillations, higher θ power in the ANT, and stronger ANT-to-scalp θ connectivity, highlighting the crucial role of θ oscillations in the dynamical network characterization of these structures.

Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the interaction dynamic between the ANT and the cortex, delivering crucial information to optimize and predict clinical DBS response in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
Brain perivascular macrophages: current understanding and future prospects
Authors: Wen Wenjie , Cheng Jinping , Tang Yamei
Published: September 2023

Brain perivascular macrophages are specialized populations of macrophages that reside in the space around cerebral vessels, such as penetrating arteries and venules. With the help of cutting-edge technologies, such as cell fate mapping and single-cell multi-omics, their multifaceted, pivotal roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, vascular integrity maintenance and metabolic regulation have more recently been further revealed under physiological conditions.

Accumulating evidence also implies that perivascular macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, cerebrovascular dysfunction, autoimmune disease, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. They can act in either protective or detrimental ways depending on the disease course and stage. However, the underlying mechanisms of perivascular macrophages remain largely unknown. Therefore, we highlight potential future directions in research on perivascular macrophages, including the utilization of genetic mice and novel therapeutic strategies that target these unique immune cells for neuroprotective purposes.

In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive update on the current knowledge of brain perivascular macrophages, shedding light on their pivotal roles in central nervous system health and disease.
Toxicity spectrum and risk factors for chemo-immunotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic lung cancer
Authors: Li Jinjin , Shi Wenhao , Xiong Jin , Huang Yusheng , He Yi , Zhou Yan , Yang Zhenzhou , Peng Yuan
Published: September 2023

Chemo-immunotherapy has become the best first-line treatment for advanced lung cancer patients without oncogenic drivers. However, it may also lead to an increased incidence and severity of treatment-related adverse events. In this retrospective study, lung cancer patients administrated with either anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 treatment plus chemotherapy were included. Data on demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, treatment strategies, laboratory results, and clinical outcomes were collected from the Electronic Medical Records System and evaluation scales. Chi-square, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for immune-related adverse events (irAEs). A total of 116 patients were included in the study, and the majority experienced treatment-related adverse events. Adverse events of any grade were reported in 114 (98.3%) patients, with 73 (62.9%) experiencing Grade 3 or higher events. The most frequent adverse events were anemia (67.2%), decreased appetite (62.9%), and alopecia (53.4%). Fifty-four (46.6%) patients were diagnosed with irAEs, with hypothyroidism (28.4%) being the most commonly reported. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the number of treatment cycles, elevated baseline levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) with irAEs (OR = 1.222, P = 0.009, OR = 1.945, P = 0.016, OR = 1.176, P = 0.004), and IL-6 was identified as a strong predictor of severe irAEs (OR = 1.084, P = 0.014). Our study demonstrated the safety of chemo-immunotherapy in lung cancer patients without additional toxicity. The number of treatment cycles, higher baseline levels of TSH and IL-6 were identified as potential clinical biomarkers for irAEs.
UPLC–PDA Approach for Simultaneous Quantification of Elvitegravir, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat in Tablets: An MS–ESI Study for Degradation Products
Authors: Nimmagadda Rajya Lakshmi , Gummadi Sowjanya
Published: September 2023

A simultaneous ultra-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection method was developed and validated for Elvitegravir, Tenofovir and Emtricitabine and Cobicistat drugs in tablet dosage forms. Effective liquid chromatographic quantification was achieved using a Luna C18 (100 × 2.6 mm, 1.6 μ) column with an acetonitrile: 0.1% v/v trifluoro acetic acid (80:20% v/v) mobile phase and a photo diode array detector at 260 nm for a shorter run time of 3 min. The respective retention times for Elvitegravir, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat were 0.311, 0.792, 1.379 and 2.045 min. The range of linearity was 37.50–225.00, 2.50–15.00, 50.00–300.00 and 37.50–225.00 μg/mL for Elvitegravir, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Cobicistat, respectively. A mass spectrometer was employed for quantitative analysis using electron spray ionization multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode. The developed method was validated for different parameters to meet the acceptance criteria as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Using UPLC–ESI–MS, 12 degradants were identified and their mechanisms were studied.
Patient concern regarding bleeding side effects from oral anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation: an analysis from the multicentre KiCS-AF registry
Authors: Ueda Ikuko , Kohsaka Shun , Ikemura Nobuhiro , Kimura Takehiro , Katsumata Yoshinori , Takemura Ryo , Suzuki Masahiro , Takatsuki Seiji , Koide Daisuke , Fukuda Keiichi
Published: September 2023

Aims

The purpose of this study is to utilize patient-reported outcomes to determine the percentage of patients concerned about mild to moderate bleeding side effects of anticoagulants.

Methods and results

We consecutively enrolled 3312 newly diagnosed or referred patients for atrial fibrillation (AF) management from 11 sites within the Keio interhospital Cardiovascular Studies-Atrial Fibrillation registry between September 2012 and May 2018. Of these patients, 2636 (79.5%) were taking oral anticoagulants at enrollment. Using the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life questionnaire (AFEQT), the patients who responded ‘1: not at all bothered’ or ‘2: hardly bothered’ on the seven-point scale regarding bleeding side effects were classified as the ‘no OAC concern’ group while those responding ‘3: a little bothered’ to ‘7: extremely bothered’ were classified as the ‘OAC concern’ group. On baseline analysis, 29.3% (n = 772) were ‘concerned’ about bleeding side effects. The proportion of women and patients with AF-related symptoms was higher in the oral anticoagulant (OAC) concern vs. no OAC concern group (36.9% vs. 29.8%, P < 0.0004 and 66.2% vs. 56.7%, P < 0.0001, respectively). The CHADS2 scores ≥ 2 were comparable between groups. Of the 430 patients in the 1-year follow-up analysis, the proportion of the continued OAC concern group (1 year from enrollment) was 41.6%. The dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban usage rates were comparable between the two groups in baseline and 1-year follow-up analysis.

Conclusion

Approximately one-third of all patients with AF on anticoagulant therapy were concerned regarding bleeding from short- and long-term anticoagulant use.