bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vous avez dit « parentification » ? Revue du concept et réactualisation selon les derniers résultats empiriques
Authors: Heck Laurent , Janne Pascal
Published: July 2011

La parentification est une ancienne notion de l’approche systémique un peu tombée en désuétude. Bien qu’une littérature approfondie existe sur le sujet, peu de recherches empiriques ont été menées sur le sujet. Cette revue a pour but de présenter les derniers faits empiriques s’y rapportant : définitions, comparaison des conceptions classiques, étiologie s’appuyant sur la psychologie du self et de la relation à l’objet, divers précurseurs dont le genre, la culture et l’abus sexuel et enfin les conséquences à moyen et à long termes, tant au niveau de la personnalité qu’au niveau relationnel. Enfin, un regard critique de cette littérature sera établi concluant sur la nécessité de créer un modèle intégratif et explicatif sur la parentification, appuyé par des faits empiriques.
CD31 Is Required on CD4+ T Cells To Promote T Cell Survival during Salmonella Infection
Authors: Ross Ewan A. , Coughlan Ruth E. , Flores-Langarica Adriana , Bobat Saeeda , Marshall Jennifer L. , Hussain Khiyam , Charlesworth James , Abhyankar Nikita , Hitchcock Jessica , Gil Cristina , López-Macías Constantino , Henderson Ian R. , Khan Mahmood , Watson Steve P. , MacLennan Ian C. M. , Buckley Christopher D. , Cunningham Adam F.
Published: July 2011

Hematopoietic cells constitutively express CD31/PECAM1, a signaling adhesion receptor associated with controlling responses to inflammatory stimuli. Although expressed on CD4+ T cells, its function on these cells is unclear. To address this, we have used a model of systemic Salmonella infection that induces high levels of T cell activation and depends on CD4+ T cells for resolution. Infection of CD31-deficient (CD31KO) mice demonstrates that these mice fail to control infection effectively. During infection, CD31KO mice have diminished numbers of total CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ–secreting Th1 cells. This is despite a higher proportion of CD31KO CD4+ T cells exhibiting an activated phenotype and an undiminished capacity to prime normally and polarize to Th1. Reduced numbers of T cells reflected the increased propensity of naive and activated CD31KO T cells to undergo apoptosis postinfection compared with wild-type T cells. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we show that loss of CD31 on CD4+ T cells alone is sufficient to account for the defective CD31KO T cell accumulation. These data are consistent with CD31 helping to control T cell activation, because in its absence, T cells have a greater propensity to become activated, resulting in increased susceptibility to become apoptotic. The impact of CD31 loss on T cell homeostasis becomes most pronounced during severe, inflammatory, and immunological stresses such as those caused by systemic Salmonella infection. This identifies a novel role for CD31 in regulating CD4 T cell homeostasis.
Insulinoma-Released Exosomes or Microparticles Are Immunostimulatory and Can Activate Autoreactive T Cells Spontaneously Developed in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Sheng Huiming , Hassanali Saleema , Nugent Courtney , Wen Li , Hamilton-Williams Emma , Dias Peter , Dai Yang D.
Published: July 2011

Exosomes (EXO) are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce Ag-specific immune responses. To test possible roles of EXO in autoimmunity, we isolated small microparticles, mainly EXO, from mouse insulinoma and examined their activities to stimulate the autoimmune responses in NOD mice, a model for human type 1 diabetes. We demonstrate that the EXO contains strong innate stimuli and expresses candidate diabetes autoantigens. They can induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines through a MyD88-dependent pathway, and activate purified APC and result in T cell proliferation. To address whether EXO or the secreted microparticles are possible autoimmune targets causing islet-specific inflammation, we monitored the T cell responses spontaneously developed in prediabetic NOD mice for their reactivity to the EXO, and compared this reactivity between diabetes-susceptible and -resistant congenic mouse strains. We found that older NOD females, which have advanced islet destruction, accumulated more EXO-reactive, IFN-γ–producing lymphocytes than younger females or age-matched males, and that pancreatic lymph nodes from the prediabetic NOD, but not from the resistant mice, were also enriched with EXO-reactive Th1 cells. In vivo, immunization with the EXO accelerates insulitis development in nonobese diabetes-resistant mice. Thus, EXO or small microparticles can be recognized by the diabetes-associated autoreactive T cells, supporting that EXO might be a possible autoimmune target and/or insulitis trigger in NOD or congenic mouse strains.
TNF Receptor 1 Deficiency Increases Regulatory T Cell Function in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Chee Jonathan , Angstetra Eveline , Mariana Lina , Graham Kate L. , Carrington Emma M. , Bluethmann Horst , Santamaria Pere , Allison Janette , Kay Thomas W. H. , Krishnamurthy Balasubramanian , Thomas Helen E.
Published: July 2011

TNF has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. When administered early in life, TNF accelerates and increases diabetes in NOD mice. However, when administered late, TNF decreases diabetes incidence and delays onset. TNFR1-deficient NOD mice were fully protected from diabetes and only showed mild peri-insulitis. To further dissect how TNFR1 deficiency affects type 1 diabetes, these mice were crossed to β cell-specific, highly diabetogenic TCR transgenic I-Ag7–restricted NOD4.1 mice and Kd-restricted NOD8.3 mice. TNFR1-deficient NOD4.1 and NOD8.3 mice were protected from diabetes and had significantly less insulitis compared with wild type NOD4.1 and NOD8.3 controls. Diabetic NOD4.1 mice rejected TNFR1-deficient islet grafts as efficiently as control islets, confirming that TNFR1 signaling is not directly required for β cell destruction. Flow cytometric analysis showed a significant increase in the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in TNFR1-deficient mice. TNFR1-deficient T regulatory cells were functionally better at suppressing effector cells than were wild type T regulatory cells both in vitro and in vivo. This study suggests that blocking TNF signaling may be beneficial in increasing the function of T regulatory cells and suppression of type 1 diabetes.
An Improved Tank in Series Model for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Danilov Valery A. , Denayer Joeri , Moon Il
Published: July 2011

This study presents an improved TSR model for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) with mass and energy balance equations taking into account gas evolution in the anode channels. The TSR model includes a modified charge balance equation suitable for potentiostatic fuel cell operation mode. Polarization curves calculated with the improved TSR model agree with experimental data from the literature. The developed TSR model is able to approximate two-dimensional concentration, temperature, and current density profiles in DMFC with parallel flow field.
Hemodynamics and Mechanobiology of Aortic Valve Inflammation and Calcification
Authors: Balachandran Kartik , Sucosky Philippe , Yoganathan Ajit P.
Published: July 2011

Cardiac valves function in a mechanically complex environment, opening and closing close to a billion times during the average human lifetime, experiencing transvalvular pressures and pulsatile and oscillatory shear stresses, as well as bending and axial stress. Although valves were originally thought to be passive pieces of tissue, recent evidence points to an intimate interplay between the hemodynamic environment and biological response of the valve. Several decades of study have been devoted to understanding these varied mechanical stimuli and how they might induce valve pathology. Here, we review efforts taken in understanding the valvular response to its mechanical milieu and key insights gained fromin vitroandex vivowhole-tissue studies in the mechanobiology of aortic valve remodeling, inflammation, and calcification.
Use of Immunohistochemistry Techniques in Patients Exposed to Sulphur Mustard Gas
Authors: Ghanei Mostafa , Chilosi Marco , Mohammad Hosseini Akbari Hassan , Motiei-Langroudi Rouzbeh , Harandi Ali Amini , Shamsaei Hassan , Bahadori Moslem , Tazelaar Henry D.
Published: July 2011

We performed a pathologic study with further using an immunohistochemical technique (using anti-p63 and anti-CK5) on tissues obtained by open lung biopsy from 18 patients with previous exposure to sulphur mustard (SM) as case group and 8 unexposed patients (control group). The most frequent pathologic diagnosis was constrictive bronchiolitis (44.4%), followed by respiratory (22.2%) and chronic cellular bronchiolitis (16.7%) in the case group, and hypersensitivity bronchiolitis (50%) in the control group. The pathologic diagnoses were significantly different in the case and control groups (P=0.042). In slides stained by anti-p63 and anti-CK5, the percent of stained cells and the mean number of epithelial cells were lower in the case group in comparison to the control group. This difference was significant for the mean number of cells stained by anti-CK5 (P=0.042). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between pathologic diagnosis and total number of cells and mean number of cells stained with anti-p63 and anti-CK5 (P  value = 0.002, <0.001, 0.044). These results suggest that constrictive bronchiolitis may be the major pathologic consequence of exposure to SM. Moreover, decrease of p63 in respiratory tissues affected by SM may suggest the lack of regenerative capacity in these patients.
Adipose Tissue Remodeling as Homeostatic Inflammation
Authors: Itoh Michiko , Suganami Takayoshi , Hachiya Rumi , Ogawa Yoshihiro
Published: July 2011

Evidence has accumulated indicating that obesity is associated with a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation. Obese adipose tissue is characterized by dynamic changes in cellular composition and function, which may be referred to as “adipose tissue remodeling”. Among stromal cells in the adipose tissue, infiltrated macrophages play an important role in adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. We have demonstrated that a paracrine loop involving saturated fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor-α derived from adipocytes and macrophages, respectively, aggravates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Notably, saturated fatty acids, which are released from hypertrophied adipocytes via the macrophage-induced lipolysis, serve as a naturally occurring ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 complex, thereby activating macrophages. Such a sustained interaction between endogenous ligands derived from parenchymal cells and pathogen sensors expressed in stromal immune cells should lead to chronic inflammatory responses ranging from the basal homeostatic state to diseased tissue remodeling, which may be referred to as “homeostatic inflammation”. We, therefore, postulate that adipose tissue remodeling may represent a prototypic example of homeostatic inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying homeostatic inflammation may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat obesity-related complications.
Control of Genetically Prescribed Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activities by Environment-Linked Redox Reactions
Authors: Nakashima Izumi , Kawamoto Yoshiyuki , Takeda Kozue , Kato Masashi
Published: July 2011

Recent observations on environment-linked control of genetically prescribed signaling systems for either cell activation or cell death have been reviewed with a focus on the regulation of activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The environment-linked redox reactions seem to primarily affect cell surface receptors and cell membrane lipid rafts, and they induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. ROS thus generated might upregulate the catalytic activities of PTKs through inactivating protein tyrosine phosphatases that dephosphorylate and inactivate autophosphorylated PTKs. Recent evidence has, however, demonstrated that ROS could also directly oxidize SH groups of genetically conserved specific cysteines on PTKs, sometimes producing disulfide-bonded dimers of PTK proteins, either for upregulation or downregulation of their catalytic activities. The basic role of the redox reaction/covalent bond-mediated modification of protein tertiary structure-linked noncovalent bond-oriented signaling systems in living organisms is discussed.
Comparison of Epidemiological Methods for Estimation of Hepatitis B Incidence and Residual Risk for Blood Donors in Southern Brazil
Authors: Kupek Emil , Petry Andrea
Published: July 2011

Background and Objective. The objective of this work was to compare three methods for estimating hepatitis B virus (HBV) incidence and residual risk. Methods. Computerized blood donor records in southern Brazil were examined for the period 2004–2006. The methods for estimating HBV incidence included stand-alone HBsAg, HBsAg yield method, and an extension of the latter which added recent anti-HBc seroconversions as incident HBV cases. Results. HBV incidences for the above methods were 9.91, 20.09, and 22.93 per 100000 repeat donors, respectively. In the same order, corresponding residual risks were 1 : 62482, 1 : 30821, and 1 : 47559, respectively. First-time donors had 52 higher HBV incidence compared to repeat donors. Conclusion. Although the three methods compared produced overlapping 95% confidence intervals, their variation was considerably lower for the method which included recent anti-HBc seroconversions. First-time donors are primary cause for concern regarding HBV transmission via blood transfusion in southern Brazil.
Torsion of a Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Ward N.M. , Frey M.K. , Shaktman B.D.
Published: July 2011

A 55 year-old woman presented with abdominal pain. Transvaginal ultasonography demonstrated an enlarged fibroid uterus. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and was found to have torsion of a large pedunculated leiomyoma. There are fewer than 10 cases reported in the literature of torsion of a uterine leiomyoma.
Parallel Molecular Dynamics with Irregular Domain Decomposition
Authors: Bisson Mauro , Bernaschi Massimo , Melchionna Simone
Published: July 2011

The spatial domain of Molecular Dynamics simulations is usually a regular box that can be easily divided in subdomains for parallel processing. Recent efforts aimed at simulating complex biological systems, like the blood flow inside arteries, require the execution of Parallel Molecular Dynamics (PMD) in vessels that have, by nature, an irregular shape. In those cases, the geometry of the domain becomes an additional input parameter that directly influences the outcome of the simulation. In this paper we discuss the problems due to the parallelization of MD in complex geometries and show an efficient and general method to perform MD in irregular domains.
Volatility of secondary organic aerosol during OH radical induced ageing
Authors: Salo K. , Hallquist M. , Jonsson Å. M. , Saathoff H. , Naumann K.-H. , Spindler C. , Tillmann R. , Fuchs H. , Bohn B. , Rubach F. , Mentel Th. F. , Müller L. , Reinnig M. , Hoffmann T. , Donahue N. M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate oxidation of SOA formed from ozonolysis of α-pinene and limonene by hydroxyl radicals. This paper focuses on changes of particle volatility, using a Volatility Tandem DMA (VTDMA) set-up, in order to explain and elucidate the mechanism behind atmospheric ageing of the organic aerosol. The experiments were conducted at the AIDA chamber facility of KIT in Karlsruhe and at the SAPHIR chamber of FZJ in Jülich. A fresh SOA was produced from ozonolysis of α-pinene or limonene and then aged by enhanced OH exposure. As an OH-radical source in the AIDA-chamber the ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene (TME) was used while in the SAPHIR-chamber the OH was produced by natural light photochemistry. A general feature is that SOA produced from ozonolysis of α-pinene and limonene initially were rather volatile and becomes less volatile with time in the ozonolysis part of the experiment. Inducing OH chemistry or adding a new portion of precursors made the SOA more volatile due to addition of new semi-volatile material to the aged aerosol. The effect of OH chemistry was less pronounced in high concentration and low temperature experiments when lower relative amounts of semi-volatile material were available in the gas phase. Conclusions drawn from the changes in volatility were confirmed by comparison with the measured and modelled chemical composition of the aerosol phase. Three quantified products from the α-pinene oxidation; pinonic acid, pinic acid and methylbutanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA) were used to probe the processes influencing aerosol volatility. A major conclusion from the work is that the OH induced ageing can be attributed to gas phase oxidation of products produced in the primary SOA formation process and that there was no indication on significant bulk or surface reactions. The presented results, thus, strongly emphasise the importance of gas phase oxidation of semi- or intermediate-volatile organic compounds (SVOC and IVOC) for atmospheric aerosol ageing processing.
DRIAS: a step toward Climate Services in France
Authors: Lémond J. , Dandin Ph. , Planton S. , Vautard R. , Pagé C. , Déqué M. , Franchistéguy L. , Geindre S. , Kerdoncuff M. , Li L. , Moisselin J. M. , Noël T. , Tourre Y. M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. DRIAS (Providing access to Data on French Regionalized climate scenarios and Impacts on the environment and Adaptation of Societies) is a 2-yr project (2010–2012). It is funded by the GICC (Management and Impact of Climate Change) program of the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transportation, and Housing (MEDDTL). DRIAS is to provide easy access to French regional climate data and products in order to facilitate mitigation and adaptation studies. The DRIAS project focuses on existing French regional climate projections obtained from national modelling groups such as: IPSL, CERFACS, and CNRM. It is more than a data server, it also delivers all kinds of climate information from numerical data to tailored climate products. Moreover, guidance is to be provided to end-users in order to promote best practices and know-how. Whilst the project is coordinated by the Department of Climatology at Météo-France, a multidisciplinary group of users and stakeholders at large concerned by climate change issues is also involved with the project. The ultimate goal will be to identify societal needs, validate the decision making processes, and thus facilitate exchanges between producers and practitioners. Key results from the DRIAS project will contribute to the implementation of French Climate Services.
Soil warming in a cool-temperate mixed forest with peat soil enhanced heterotrophic and basal respiration rates but Q10 remained unchanged
Authors: Aguilos M. , Takagi K. , Liang N. , Watanabe Y. , Goto S. , Takahashi Y. , Mukai H. , Sasa K.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We conducted soil warming experiment in a cool-temperate forest with peat soil in northern Japan, during the snowless seasons of 2007–2009. Our objective was to determine whether or not the heterotrophic respiration rate and the temperature sensitivity would change by soil warming. We elevated the soil temperature by 3 °C at 5 cm depth by means of overhead infrared heaters and continuously measured soil CO2 fluxes by using a fifteen-channel automated chamber system. Trenching treatment was also carried out to separate heterotrophic respiration and root respiration from the total soil respiration. The fifteen chambers were divided into three groups each with five replications for the control, unwarmed-trenched, and warmed-trenched treatments. We found that heterotrophic respiration contributed 71 % of the total soil respiration with the remaining 29 % accounted to autotrophic respiration. Soil warming enhanced heterotrophic respiration by 74 % (mean 6.11 ± 3.07 S.D. μmol m−2 s–1) as compared to the unwarmed-trenched treatment (mean 3.52 ± 1.74 μmol m−2 s–1). Soil CO2 efflux, however, was weakly correlated with soil moisture, probably because the volumetric soil moisture (33–46 %) was within a plateau region for root and microbial activities. The enhancement in heterotrophic respiration with soil warming in our study suggests that global warming will accelerate the loss of carbon from forested peatlands more seriously than other upland forest soils. On the other hand, soil warming did not cause significant change in the temperature sensitivity, Q10, (2.79 and 2.74 determined using hourly efflux data for unwarmed- and warmed-trenched, respectively), but increased their basal respiration rate at 0 °C (0.93 and 1.21 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively). Results suggest that if we predict the soil heterotrophic respiration rate in future warmer environment using the current relationship between soil temperature and heterotrophic respiration, the rate can be underestimated.
Climate variability in Andalusia (southern Spain) during the period 1701–1850 AD from documentary sources: evaluation and comparison with climate model simulations
Authors: Rodrigo F. S. , Gómez-Navarro J. J. , Montávez Gómez J. P.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. In this work, a reconstruction of climatic conditions in Andalusia (southern Iberia Peninsula) during the period 1701–1850, as well as an evaluation of its associated uncertainties, is presented. This period is interesting because it is characterized by a minimum in the solar irradiance (Dalton Minimum, around 1800), as well as intense volcanic activity (for instance, the eruption of the Tambora in 1815), when the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations were of minor importance. The reconstruction is based on the analysis of a wide variety of documentary data. The reconstruction methodology is based on accounting the number of extreme events in past, and inferring mean value and standard deviation using the assumption of normal distribution for the seasonal means of climate variables. This reconstruction methodology is tested within the pseudoreality of a high-resolution paleoclimate simulation performed with the regional climate model MM5 coupled to the global model ECHO-G. Results show that the reconstructions are influenced by the reference period chosen and the threshold values used to define extreme values. This creates uncertainties which are assesed within the context of the climate simulation. An ensemble of reconstructions was obtained using two different reference periods and two pairs of percentiles as threshold values. Results correspond to winter temperature, and winter, spring, and autumn rainfall, and they are compared with simulations of the climate model for the considered period. The comparison of the distribution functions corresponding to 1790–1820 and 1960–1990 periods indicates that during the Dalton Minimum the frequency of dry and warm (wet and cold) winters was lesser (higher) than during the reference period. In spring and autumn it was detected an increase (decrease) in the frequency of wet (dry) seasons. Future research challenges are outlined.
Drainage basin morphometry: a global snapshot from the shuttle radar topography mission
Authors: Guth P. L.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. A suite of 42 morphometric parameters for each of 26 272 drainage basins larger than 100 km2 from the Hydrosheds Shuttle Radar Topography digital elevation model shows the global distribution of Strahler order for streams and drainage basins. At the scale of 15 arc s spacing (232 to 464 m) the largest basins are order 9. Many common parameters depend both on the size of the basin, and the scale of the digital elevation model used for the computations. These drainage basins display the typical longitudinal stream profiles, but the major basins tend to be generally more concave than the smaller basins.
Towards a Phenomenology of Memory and Forgetting
Authors: Dessingué Alexandre
Published: July 2011

Differences and trends in the discourse of memory in France have been consistent since the publication by Henri Bergson of Matter and Memory in 1896. In History, Memory and Forgetting published in 2000, Ricœur’s approach goes further than Bergson, Durkheim and Halbwachs. The memory issue in Ricœur is closely linked to a “hermeneutics of the self” that he already introduced in Oneself as Another in 1990. It seems that the traditional paradigm between individual and collective memory has been replaced by the affirmation of the dialogical nature of memory related to the dialogical nature of being a self and an other.
Prendre Soin: Anamnèse, Témoignages, Aveux, Preuves documentaires
Authors: Lucas Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

La présente contribution tente d’étudier quelques processus à l’œuvre dans la relation de soin. Cette dernière chemine entre le symptôme et la décision thérapeutique partagée. Les acteurs de cette aventure collaborent à la construction d’un monde singulier interrelationnel remis en cause à chaque nouvelle rencontre. Quelques points d’ancrage sont analysés comme l’anamnèse, les témoignages, les preuves documentaires ainsi que le moment fort de l’aveu à soi-même entraînant une conversion thérapeutique. Tout ceci travaille de concert sur le terreau des mémoires enchevêtrées et au prétexte des symptômes perçus puis allégués. L’ébauche d’une herméneutique clinique se profile alors. Le soi souffrant s’ouvre ainsi sur un soi agissant. Deux auteurs ont guidé principalement nos réflexions: Michel Foucault et Paul Ricœur.
Recognition and Exteriority: Towards a Recognition-Theoretic Account of Globalization
Authors: Purcell Sebastian
Published: July 2011

This essay aims to extend Paul Ricœur’s account of recognition to address some of the concerns of globalization, especially those voiced by Enrique Dussel. The extension is accomplished in two parts.  First, Dussel’s account of spatial existence as dwelling is reviewed as it is pertinent to the concerns of globalization.  Next, it is demonstrated that each of the aspects of Ricœur’s account of recognition may be given a spatial re-articulation.  The results thus establish an outline of how recognition theory might address some of the concerns of globalization.  The essay concludes with several consequences for the modification of recognition politics as one finds it in the late work of Ricœur and in Axel Honneth’s ongoing inquiries.
Between Ideology and Utopia: Honneth and Ricoeur on Symbolic Violence, Marginalization and Recognition
Authors: Moyaert Marianne
Published: July 2011

This article focuses on multiculturalism in the context of present-day societies and the need to incorporate minorities within a reframed social order. In his critical theory, Axel Honneth rightly draws attention to the idea of the moral grammar of struggles for recognition.  Analyzing his theory in depth, the article shows that Honneth underestimates the violent power of ideological discourse in marginalizing and excluding society’s others, e.g. cultural minorities. It then puts forward an alternative approach based on Ricœur’s creative and original reflections on ideology and utopia. For the incorporation of cultural minorities to occur, the symbolic order of society needs to be critiqued, transformed and expanded. From this perspective, the author highlights the subversive and transformative strength of utopian counter-narratives. The latter form a vital resource for cultural minorities in their struggle for recognition.
Paul Ricœur and the Utopia of Mutual Recognition
Authors: Marcelo Gonçalo
Published: July 2011

This article situates The Course of Recognition in the context of Ricœurian philosophy and contemporary debates on mutual recognition. This article reconstructs the debate between Ricœur and mainstream recognition scholars, as well as with the other figures, such as Boltanski, Thévenot and Hénaff, who had a direct influence in the way Ricœur fleshed out his alternative conception of recognition. By connecting recognition with Ricœur’s notions of ideology and utopia, we are able to uncover a major blind spot in the standard model of recognition,and to undo ideological and reified forms of recognition. Honneth and Ricœur both aim at societies whose members are duly recognized, but they do so in radically different manners. Whereas Honneth’s model must be politicized in order to become relevant to social change, Ricœur evisages social change in a pure ethics of recognition.
A New Approach to Asymptotic Behavior for a Finite Element Approximation in Parabolic Variational Inequalities
Authors: Boulaaras Salah , Haiour Mohamed
Published: July 2011

The paper deals with the theta time scheme combined with a finite element spatial approximation of parabolic variational inequalities. The parabolic variational inequalities are transformed into noncoercive elliptic variational inequalities. A simple result to time energy behavior is proved, and a new iterative discrete algorithm is proposed to show the existence and uniqueness. Moreover, its convergence is established. Furthermore, a simple proof to asymptotic behavior in uniform norm is given.
Patient Demographics in Acute Care Surgery at the Ruijin Hospital in Shanghai
Authors: Folmer Willem , Lammers Wim , Mulligan Terry , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Patka Peter , Xu Zhenye , Lu Yiming , Den Hartog Dennis
Published: July 2011

Acute Care Surgery is a discipline that includes trauma care, surgical critical care, and emergency surgery. It is organized in different models and provides mainly operative and nonoperative care. The aim of this study was to provide a demographic analysis of the care of surgical patients at the Emergency Department (ED) in a large teaching hospital in Shanghai, where general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons take care for most of all acute surgery. A bilingual questionnaire was developed to collect data for patients referred to the general or orthopedic surgeon in the ED (June–September 2008). Data about the gender, age, diagnosis, diagnostic tools, treatments, and outcomes were collected. A total of 255 questionnaires were collected; the most common diagnoses of patients were infections of abdominal organs and fractures. Complementary diagnostics like X-ray (59%), blood tests (36%), and ultrasound (17%) were frequently used. More than half of the patients were discharged afterwards most of them with followup. This study gives a first overview of acute care surgery of the emergency patients of the ED in a large Chinese metropolitan hospital.
Focal Epilepsy Associated with Glioneuronal Tumors
Authors: Loiacono Giulia , Cirillo Chiara , Chiarelli Francesco , Verrotti Alberto
Published: July 2011

Glioneuronal tumors are an increasingly recognized cause of partial seizures that occur primarily in children and young adults. Focal epilepsy associated with glioneuronal tumors is often resistant to pharmacological treatment. The cellular mechanisms underlying the epileptogenicity of glioneuronal tumors remain largely unknown. The involved mechanisms are certain to be multifactorial and depend on specific tumor histology, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, characteristics of the peritumoral environment, circuit abnormalities, or cellular and molecular defects. Glioneuronal tumors presenting with epilepsy were observed to have relatively benign biological behavior. The completeness of the tumor resection is of paramount importance in avoiding tumor progression and malignant transformation, which are rare in cases of epileptogenic glioneuronal tumors. An evolving understanding of the various mechanisms of tumor-related epileptogenicity may also lead to a more defined surgical objective and effective therapeutic strategies, including antiepileptogenic treatments, to prevent epilepsy in at-risk patients.
Backward Recall and the Word Length Effect
Authors: Surprenant Aiméée M. , Brown Mark A. , Jalbert Annie , Neath Ian , Bireta Tamra J. , Tehan Gerald
Published: July 2011

The word length effect, the finding that words that have fewer syllables are recalled better than otherwise comparable words that have more syllables, is one of the benchmark effects that must be accounted for in any model of serial recall, and simulation models of immediate memory rely heavily on the finding. However, previous research has shown that the effect disappears when participants are asked to recall the items in strict backward order. The present 2 experiments replicate and extend that finding by manipulating the participant’s foreknowledge of recall direction (Experiment 1) and by giving the participant repeated practice with one direction by blocking recall direction (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a word length effect obtained with forward but not backward recall. The results are problematic for all models that currently have an a priori explanation for word length effects. The finding can be accounted for but is not predicted by Scale-Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning (SIMPLE), a model in which item and order information are differentially attended to in the 2 recall directions.
Are Verbal Transformations Sensitive to Age Differences and Stimulus Properties?
Authors: Pilotti Maura , Simcox Travis , Baldy John , Schauss Frances
Published: July 2011

Verbal transformations are illusory changes that arise from listening to a spoken word repeated over and over for a prolonged period of time. Past research has yielded some evidence of age differences in participants’ reports of verbal transformations. The goal of the present study was to examine reports of illusory percepts in young and older adults to determine whether participant characteristics (i.e., age, cognitive integrity, hearing acuity, vocabulary knowledge, and mood) and differences in sensitivity to properties of the stimulus material could account for age-related declines in reports of illusory changes. We observed age-related declines in new forms (illusory percepts) but merely a trend in the same direction for transitions (changes from the veridical sensory experience to illusory percepts and reversals to either the veridical sensory experience or other percepts). There was no evidence that participant characteristics other than age accounted for reports of illusory changes. However, we found age differences in participants’ sensitivity to properties of the stimulus material: Young adults but not older adults were sensitive to the frequency of the veridical percepts. In contrast, both age groups were sensitive to the size of the neighborhood of similar-sounding words. These findings are discussed regarding the transmission deficit hypothesis (MacKay & Burke, 1990).
Staging the Ethnographic of Dance History: Contemporary Dance and Its Play with Tradition
Authors: Hardt Yvonne
Published: July 2011

Reconstructing and citing historical dance pieces as well as making the dance stage a site for archiving dance performatively have become major trends in contemporary dance (as this issue of DRJ demonstrates). Contemporary choreographers have left behind the incessant striving to create new movements and instead are engaging in dialogue with the past. While the “avant-garde” in Western stage dance was once perceived as embodying the “new” and was believed to be different from dance forms considered marked by tradition, these demarcations are now being challenged by both dance historians and artists (Franko and Richards 2000; Burt 2003). What's more, reenactments increasingly destabilize distinctions between the artistic and academic fields as they highlight the performative nature of “doing history” and present modes of research that involve lectures, texts, and documentation in a stage setting. As such, the past is a playground for the present—a notion of history that is also encouraged academically by a critical historiography that reflects on the narrative structures implicit in doing dance history (White 1990; Bal, Crewe, and Spitzer 1999). History as well as the act of memory are now considered a process that “constitutes, stages, re-stages, and constantly modifies its object while simultaneously creating new models and media of commemorating” (Fischer-Lichte and Lehnert 2000, 14; my translation).
Choreomusical Conversations: Facing a Double Challenge
Authors: Jordan Stephanie
Published: July 2011

Dance is virtually always music-and-dance, unavoidably interdisciplinary and ready for “marriage,” or so the familiar metaphor tells us (Du Manoir 1664/1985; Humphrey 1959, 164). Apart from a few notable exceptions from within modern dance—like the silent dances of the 1920s and 1930s or the flamboyant rejections of musical tyranny by Merce Cunningham and Yvonne Rainer from midcentury—the centrality of music within dance and the “musicality” of the dancer have long been considered unquestioned facts of life.

Yet traditionally, there have been fundamental differences in practice and conceptual frameworks between these two art forms or (within the academy) “disciplines.” Music has a history of being thought “alone” and uncontaminated by matter outside itself. Often, it needs no other partner. Then, in dance, the performer is central—as Yeats famously wrote: “How can we know the dancer from the dance?”—while in music, the score object, written by a composer, has been central and the performer, until quite recendy, relatively marginalized.
Conducting Movement: Xavier Le Roy and the Amplification of Le Sacre du Printemps
Authors: Solomon Noémie
Published: July 2011

The dancer, Xavier Le Roy, walks with a calm yet deliberate pace across the empty stage toward its center, where he stops, with his back facing the audience. He slowly lifts his arms in front of him and, after a brief moment of suspension, makes a hand gesture, as focused as unexpected, as if channeling a stream of intensities—a gesture to which the music responds. Echoing Le Roy's movement, Igor Stravinsky's most notorious score, Le Sacre du Printemps, begins its first notes. The performer goes on gently whisking the air, with a fluid yet measured pace, and thus engages an uncanny dialogue with the recorded symphony by conducting the seemingly empty space before him.
On Due Recognition of Animals Used in Research
Authors: Marks Joel
Published: July 2011

The experimental laboratory can be a horror house for rats, monkeys, and other nonhuman animals. Yet their use in this setting is usually reported in a routine manner in publications that discuss the results. These contentions are illustrated with an analysis of the way animal evidence is presented in David J. Linden’s recent book, The Accidental Mind: How Brain Evolution Has Given Us Love, Memory, Dreams, and God. The article concludes with a call to science authors to acknowledge formally in their written work the ethical significance of such use of nonhuman animals.
Cognitive Relatives yet Moral Strangers?
Authors: Benz-Schwarzburg Judith , Knight Andrew
Published: July 2011

This article provides an empirically based, interdisciplinary approach to the following two questions: Do animals possess behavioral and cognitive characteristics such as culture, language, and a theory of mind? And if so, what are the implications, when long-standing criteria used to justify differences in moral consideration between humans and animals are no longer considered indisputable? One basic implication is that the psychological needs of captive animals should be adequately catered for. However, for species such as great apes and dolphins with whom we share major characteristics of personhood, welfare considerations alone may not suffice, and consideration of basic rights may be morally warranted—as for humans. Although characteristics supporting the status of personhood are present to differing degrees among the diverse array of animal species, this is a barrier to moral consideration only if anthropocentric, exclusive, and monolithic viewpoints about the necessary prerequisites for personhood are applied. We examine the flaws inherent within such positions and argue for inalienable species-appropriate rights.
On the Use of Animals in Emergent Embryonic Stem Cell Research for Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Fenton Andrew , Gilbert Frederic
Published: July 2011

In early 2009, President Obama overturned the ban on federal funding for research involving the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also approved Geron’s first-in-human hESC trial for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. We anticipate an increase in both research in the United States to derive hESC and applications to the FDA for approval of clinical trials involving transplantation of hESCs. An increase of such clinical trials will require a concomitant increase in the number of preceding preclinical assays. We examine important issues concerning the use of animals in SCI stem cell research that require a reevaluation of the moral permissibility of studies such as Geron’s.
Animal Ethics Based on Friendship
Authors: Frööding Barbro , Peterson Martin
Published: July 2011

This article discusses some aspects of animal ethics from an Aristotelian virtue ethics point of view. Because the notion of friendship (philia) is central to Aristotle’s ethical theory, the focus of the article is whether humans and animals can be friends. It is argued that new empirical findings in cognitive ethology indicate that animals actually do fulfill the Aristotelian condition for friendship based on mutual advantage. The practical ethical implications of these findings are discussed, and it is argued that eating meat from free-living animals is more morally acceptable than eating cattle because hunters (unlike farmers) do not befriend their prey.
Friendship and Animals: A Reply to Frööding and Peterson
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: July 2011

This article examines and critiques Frööding and Peterson’s account of friendship developed in their article “Animal Ethics Based on Friendship.” I argue that their central claim—that mutual benefit provides a suitable basis for friendship between human and nonhumans—is untenable, and I identify the general contours of a more satisfactory way of thinking about friendship between humans and nonhumans.
Should Whiteheadians Be Vegetarians? A Critical Analysis of the Thoughts of Whitehead, Birch, Cobb, and McDaniel
Authors: Deckers Jan
Published: July 2011

This article addresses the question whether Whiteheadians should be vegetarians in two ways. First, I question whether Whitehead should have been a vegetarian to be consistent, arguing that his omnivorous diet was inconsistent with his own philosophy. Second, I evaluate the works of three distinguished Whiteheadian philosophers on the ethics of vegetarianism. I argue that Charles Birch, John Cobb, and Jay McDaniel have prioritized animals justifiably over other organisms, yet that Birch and Cobb fail to do justice to the lives of other animals, and that the account provided by McDaniel fails to provide a convincing argument for minimal moral vegetarianism.
Comparison of Several Artistic Judgment Aptitude Dimensions Between Children in Chicago and Lisbon
Authors: Bezruczko Nikolaus , Fróis João Pedro
Published: July 2011

This research examines measurability, statistical interrelationships and association with test IQ, and cultural robustness of several artistic judgment dimensions. Symmetry, Simplicity, Uniformity, and Expressiveness dimensions had been previously validated in a comprehensive study of professional artists and studied in Chicago with children of diverse cultural background. The fifth dimension, the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test (VAST), rests on much weaker validity foundations but was included in this research because of wide use among empirical arts researchers. Cross-cultural comparison of these dimensions has never been reported. The study sample is a culturally homogeneous group of native Lisbon schoolchildren (modal age = 10 years, N = 48). Results showed adequate psychometric reliability for all dimensions (>.80) except VAST (.57). Means were statistically indistinguishable between Portuguese and American children on Simplicity and Uniformity, which support their aptitude foundations. Portuguese children showed significantly higher preference for asymmetry (Symmetry dimension), which indicates consistency with professional artists. However, Portuguese children showed much lower preference for Expressiveness than did Chicago children, which is the opposite direction of artistic expectations. With exception of VAST, these dimensions show considerable promise for cross-cultural and developmental research.
The History of Adult Education in Art in 1930s Delaware: An Examination of Participation and Accessibility
Authors: Scott Kathy Lynn
Published: July 2011

Adult education implemented within the public schools became widespread in the early 1900s in the United States and became available in Delaware in 1919, with 1% of the school budget set aside for this purpose. Although these programs began for purposes of the Americanization of immigrants, the focus shifted to leisure education in the 1930s. This new focus led to the offering of art and craft programs for adults. Although this marks the first time that art education was offered to adults by the public school system on a large scale, some groups of adults were more likely than others to have access to art programming. This paper explores not only the art opportunities available to adults in 1930s Delaware, but also the factors that either granted or limited access to their art education.
Lessons Learned From a Bundled Visual Arts Assessment
Authors: Brewer Thomas M.
Published: July 2011

The primary goal of this research was to develop and test a bundled multiple measures assessment consisting of a multiple-choice test, an art criticism writing item, a planning drawing (D-1), and final drawing (D-2), while employing contemporary art exemplars. Achievement differences between eighth graders in public and private schools and by gender were also examined. The analyses of data reported by two adjudication procedures showed all judges’ paired ratings on D-1 and D-2 and for the art criticism writing were significantly correlated and highly reliable estimates of student scores. No significant differences were found between private and public schools or by gender. Highly qualified, traditionally trained teachers may have served as an intervening influence. The multiple-choice test had a moderately positive correlation to the final drawing that produced a good and bad test: one that served as a positive learning tool and nearly met the moderate parameter for a classically reliable test. Therefore, it is with a considerable degree of confidence that art educators can use any combination of this bundled approach to art assessment.
The A+ Schools: A New Look at Curriculum Integration
Authors: Thomas Rollinda , Arnold Alice
Published: July 2011

This study investigates the effectiveness of the A+ Schools Program, which holds that integration of the arts strengthens learning and creates a positive instructional environment. Participating schools exposed their students to visual art, music, drama, and dance classes each week in addition to integration of the arts with academic subjects. Surveys examined art teachers’ views regarding support and funding, in addition to school administrators’ reports of school attendance. Quantitative data representing the North Carolina End-of-Grade Tests (EOGs) in reading comprehension and mathematics provided insight into the academic success of the A+ schools relative to other public schools across the state. The data analysis demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the academic performance of students attending A+ schools. The results, based upon surveys of participating art teachers and administrators, suggest that the largest potential impact of the A+ schools may be in the affective domain, influencing students’ interest in school and creative expression.