bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interference Statistics and Capacity-Outage Analysis in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Derakhshani Mahsa , Le-Ngoc Tho
Published: February 2015

This chapter presents a study on the interference caused by Secondary Users (SUs) due to miss-detection errors and its effects on the capacity-outage performance of the Primary User (PU) in a cognitive radio network assuming Rayleigh and Nakagami fading channels. The effect of beacon transmitter placement on aggregate interference distribution and capacity-outage performance is studied considering two scenarios of beacon transmitter placement: a beacon transmitter located at a PU transmitter or at a PU receiver. Based on the developed statistical models for the interference distribution, closed-form expressions for the capacity-outage probability of the PU are derived to examine the effects of various system parameters on the performance of the PU in the presence of interference from SUs. Furthermore, the model is extended to investigate the cooperative sensing effect on aggregate interference statistical model and capacity-outage performance considering OR (i.e., logical OR operation) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) cooperative detection techniques.
Towards Security Issues and Solutions in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Alrabaee Saed , Khasawneh Mahmoud , Agarwal Anjali
Published: February 2015

Cognitive radio technology is the vision of pervasive wireless communications that improves the spectrum utilization and offers many social and individual benefits. The objective of the cognitive radio network technology is to use the unutilized spectrum by primary users and fulfill the secondary users' demands irrespective of time and location (any time and any place). Due to their flexibility, the Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are vulnerable to numerous threats and security problems that will affect the performance of the network. Little attention has been given to security aspects in cognitive radio networks. In this chapter, the authors discuss the security issues in cognitive radio networks, and then they present an intensive list of the main known security threats in CRN at various layers and the adverse effects on performance due to such threats, and the current existing paradigms to mitigate such issues and threats. Finally, the authors highlight proposed directions in order to make CRN more authenticated, reliable, and secure.
Competitive Spectrum Pricing under Centralized Dynamic Spectrum Allocation
Authors: Zhu Hailing , Nel Andre , Ferreira Hendrik
Published: February 2015

Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) has been viewed as a promising approach to improving spectrum efficiency. With DSA, Wireless Service Providers (WSPs) that operate in fixed spectrum bands allocated through static allocation can solve their short-term spectrum shortage problems resulting from the bursty nature of wireless traffic. Such DSA mechanisms should be coupled with dynamic pricing schemes to achieve the most efficient allocation. This chapter models the DSA problem where a centralized spectrum broker manages “white space” in the spectrum of TV broadcasters and sells the vacant spectrum bands to multiple WSPs, as a multi-stage non-cooperative dynamic game. Furthermore, an economic framework for DSA is presented and a centralized spectrum allocation mechanism is proposed. The simulation results show that the centralized spectrum allocation mechanism with dynamic pricing achieves a DSA implementation that is responsive to market conditions as well as enabling efficient utilization of the available spectrum.
Cognitive Radio Techniques for M2M Environments
Authors: Tarchi Daniele , Fantacci Romano , Marabissi Dania
Published: February 2015

Machine to Machine (M2M) communications have been recently introduced as a viable paradigm for allowing low cost and efficient communications among devices mainly in an autonomous manner. Even if M2M protocols need dedicated resources, a new paradigm, called Cognitive M2M (CM2M) communications, has been recently considered exploiting cognitive/opportunistic radio communications. After having introduced the problem of applying cognitive techniques in M2M scenarios, the authors focus their attention on the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for CM2M scenarios, with a particular attention on the OFDMA-based primary systems. Among other approaches, the authors focus on a data-aided approach for the access of the secondary devices aiming to reduce interference toward the primary system.
Outlook for Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane
Authors: Villar-Fernandez Maria A. , Lopez-Escamez Jose A.
Published: February 2015

Tympanic membrane perforation is a common problem leading to hearing loss. Despite the autoregenerative activity of the eardrum, chronic perforations require surgery using different materials, from autologous tissue - fascia, cartilage, fat or perichondrium - to paper patch. However, both, surgical procedures (myringoplasty or tympanoplasty) and the materials employed, have a number of limitations. Therefore, the advances in this field are incorporating the principles of tissue engineering, which includes the use of scaffolds, biomolecules and cells. This discipline allows the development of new biocompatible materials that reproduce the structure and mechanical properties of the native tympanic membrane, while it seeks to implement new therapeutic approaches that can be performed in an outpatient setting. Moreover, the creation of an artificial tympanic membrane commercially available would reduce the duration of the surgery and costs. The present review analyzes the current treatment of tympanic perforations and examines the techniques of tissue engineering, either to develop bioartificial constructs, or for tympanic regeneration by using different scaffold materials, bioactive molecules and cells. Finally, it considers the aspects regarding the design of scaffolds, release of biomolecules and use of cells that must be taken into account in the tissue engineering of the eardrum. The possibility of developing new biomaterials, as well as constructs commercially available, makes tissue engineering a discipline with great potential, capable of overcoming the drawbacks of current surgical procedures.
Liver iron concentration and liver impairment in relation to serum IGF-1 levels in thalassaemia major patients: A retrospective study
Authors: De Sanctis Vincenzo , Soliman Ashraf T , Candini Giancarlo , Kattamis Christos , Raiola Giuseppe , Elsedfy Heba
Published: February 2015

Not available
CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND PARATYPHI INFECTIONS PRESENTING AS FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN IN A TROPICAL COUNTRY.
Authors: Iqbal Nayyar , Basheer Aneesh , Mookkappan Sudhagar , Ramdas Anita , Varghese Renu G'Boy , Padhi Somanath , Shrimanth Bhairappa , Chidambaram Saranya , S Anandhalakshmi , Kanungo Reba
Published: February 2015

Background: Enteric fever, a common infection in the tropics and endemic to India, often manifests as an acute febrile illness. However, presentation as fever of unknown origin (FUO) is not uncommon in tropical countries. Methods: We aim to describe the clinical, laboratory and pathological features of cases hospitalized with fever of unknown origin and diagnosed as enteric fever. All culture proven cases of enteric fever were analyzed retrospectively over a period of three years from January 2011 to December 2013.Results: Seven of 88(8%) cases with enteric fever presented as FUO. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom besides fever. Relative bradycardia and splenomegaly were uncommon. Thrombocytopenia was the most common haematological abnormality, while leucopenia was rare. Transaminase elevation was almost universal. S.Typhi and S.Paratyphi were isolated from six cases and one case respectively.  Yield of organisms from blood culture was superior to that of bone marrow aspirate. Multiple granulomas were identified in 4 out of 6 (67%) of the bone marrows studied, including that due to S. Paratyphi and histiocytic hemophagocytosis was noted in two cases.Conclusion: FUO is a relatively common manifestation of enteric fever in the tropics. Clinical and laboratory features may be atypical in such cases, including absence of relative bradycardia, leucopenia and presence of thrombocytopenia, bicytopenia or pancytopenia.  Moreover, in endemic countries, enteric fever should be considered as a differential diagnosis, next to tuberculosis, in the evaluation of bone marrow granulomas in cases with FUO and culture correlation should be mandatory.
Serratus Anterior and Lower Trapezius Muscle Activities During Multi-Joint Isotonic Scapular Exercises and Isometric Contractions
Authors: Tsuruike Masaaki , Ellenbecker Todd S.
Published: February 2015

Context:

Proper scapular function during humeral elevation, such as upward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tilting of the scapula, is necessary to prevent shoulder injury. However, the appropriate intensity of rehabilitation exercise for the periscapular muscles has yet to be clarified.

Objective:

To identify the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid muscle activities during 2 free-motion exercises using 3 intensities and to compare these muscle activities with isometric contractions during quadruped shoulder flexion and external rotation and abduction of the glenohumeral joint.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Health Science Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 16 uninjured, healthy, active, male college students (age = 19.5 ± 1.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 6.5 cm, weight = 68.8 ± 6.6 kg).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Mean electromyographic activity normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was analyzed across 3 intensities and 5 exercises. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for electromyographic activity of the 4 muscles in each free-motion exercise.

Results:

Significant interactions in electromyographic activity were observed between intensities and exercises (P < .05). The quadruped shoulder-flexion exercise activated all 4 muscles compared with other exercises. Also, the modified robbery free-motion exercise activated the serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus compared with the lawn-mower free-motion exercise. However, neither exercise showed a difference in posterior deltoid electromyographic activity.

Conclusions:

Three intensities exposed the nature of the periscapular muscle activities across the different exercises. The free-motion exercise in periscapular muscle rehabilitation may not modify serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and infraspinatus muscle activities unless knee-joint extension is limited.
Drought in forest understory ecosystems – a novel rainfall reduction experiment
Authors: Gimbel K. F. , Felsmann K. , Baudis M. , Puhlmann H. , Gessler A. , Bruelheide H. , Kayler Z. , Ellerbrock R. H. , Ulrich A. , Welk E. , Weiler M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Precipitation patterns across Central Europe are expected to change over the 21st century due to climate change. This may reduce water availability during the plant-growing season and hence affect the performance and vitality of forest ecosystems. We established a novel rainfall reduction experiment on nine sites in Germany to investigate drought effects on soil–forest–understory ecosystems. A realistic, but extreme annual drought with a return period of 40 years, which corresponds to the 2.5% percentile of the annual precipitation, was imposed. At all sites, we were able to reach the target values of rainfall reduction, while other important ecosystem variables like air temperature, humidity, and soil temperature remained unaffected due to the novel design of a flexible roof. The first year of drought showed considerable changes in the soil moisture dynamics relative to the control sites, which affected leaf stomatal conductance of understory species as well as evapotranspiration rates of the forest understory.
A comparison of model simulations of Asian mega-droughts during the past millennium with proxy reconstructions
Authors: Fallah B. , Cubasch U.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Two PMIP3/CMIP5 climate model ensemble simulations of the past millennium have been analysed to identify the occurrence of Asian mega-droughts. The Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) is used as the key metric for the data comparison of hydro-climatological conditions. The model results are compared with the proxy data of the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA). Our study shows that global circulation models (GCMs) are capable of capturing the majority of historically recorded Asian monsoon failures at the right time and with a comparable spatial distribution. The simulations indicate that El Niño-like events lead, in most cases, to these droughts. Both model simulations and proxy reconstructions point to fewer monsoon failures during the Little Ice Age. The results suggest an influential impact of volcanic forcing on the atmosphere–ocean interactions throughout the past millennium. During historic mega-droughts of the past millennium, the monsoon convection tends to assume a preferred regime described as a "break" event in Asian monsoon. This particular regime is coincident with a notable weakening in the Pacific trade winds and Somali Jet.
Synthesis and Chelation Properties of a New Polymeric Ligand Derived from 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-4-Sulfonic Acid
Authors: Manivannan Dhanasekaran , Biju Valsala Madhavan Nair
Published: February 2015

A novel chelating resin for preconcentration of heavy metals from various seawater samples has been developed by condensing 1-amino-2-hydroxy-7-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl] naphthalene-4-sulfonic acid (AHDNS) with formaldehyde (1:2 mole ratio) in the presence of oxalic acid as the catalyst. The resin thus obtained was used as a solid sorbent for the separationof divalent metal ions present attrace levels in seawater. The functionalized phenol (AHDNS) was characterized by spectral studies. The polymeric resin AHDNS-formaldehyde (AHDNS-F) obtained by condensing thefunctionalized phenol and formaldehyde was characterized by IR and NMR spectral studies. The chelating property of the AHDNS-F resin towards divalent metal ions was studied as a function of pH and in the presence of electrolyte. The metal uptake properties of the resin were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This procedure was validated for recovery of divalent metal ions from seawater samples. The recoveries of cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc were above 92% under the optimum preconcentration conditions. The LOD was <0.73 μg/L and the RSDs were <2%. Thus, the AHDNS-F resin can be widely used as a solid sorbent for the preconcentration of trace metals at ppm levelsin seawater samples.
Determination of Arsenic, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, and Mercury in Certifiable Color Additives by Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hepp Nancy Morris
Published: February 2015

Specifications in the Code of Federal Regulationslimit the levels of As, Pb, and Hg in most certifiable color additives, and some have additional specification limits for Cr and Mn. A new ICP/MS method wasdeveloped and validated for the quantitative determination of these elements in various certifiable color additives. One dissolution and two microwave-assisted digestion sample preparation procedures were optimized to address initial low Hg and enhanced As recoveries. Results using the three sample preparation procedures were generally equivalent for all of the elements determined. LOQ values were 0.3 mg/kg for As, 0.7 mg/kg for Cr, 0.4 mg/kg for Pb, 0.7 mg/kg forMn, and 0.1 mg/kg for Hg.
Real‐time eruption forecasting using the material Failure Forecast Method with a Bayesian approach
Authors: Boué A. , Lesage P. , Cortés G. , Valette B. , Reyes‐Dávila G.
Published: February 2015

Many attempts for deterministic forecasting of eruptions and landslides have been performed using the material Failure Forecast Method (FFM). This method consists in adjusting an empirical power law on precursory patterns of seismicity or deformation. Until now, most of the studies have presented hindsight forecasts based on complete time series of precursors and do not evaluate the ability of the method for carrying out real‐time forecasting with partial precursory sequences. In this study, we present a rigorous approach of the FFM designed for real‐time applications on volcano‐seismic precursors. We use a Bayesian approach based on the FFM theory and an automatic classification of seismic events. The probability distributions of the data deduced from the performance of this classification are used as input. As output, it provides the probability of the forecast time at each observation time before the eruption. The spread of the a posteriori probability density function of the prediction time and its stability with respect to the observation time are used as criteria to evaluate the reliability of the forecast. We test the method on precursory accelerations of long‐period seismicity prior to vulcanian explosions at Volcán de Colima (Mexico). For explosions preceded by a single phase of seismic acceleration, we obtain accurate and reliable forecasts using approximately 80% of the whole precursory sequence. It is, however, more difficult to apply the method to multiple acceleration patterns.
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Manthiram Arumugam , Chung Sheng‐Heng , Zu Chenxi
Published: February 2015

Development of advanced energy‐storage systems for portable devices, electric vehicles, and grid storage must fulfill several requirements: low‐cost, long life, acceptable safety, high energy, high power, and environmental benignity. With these requirements, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries promise great potential to be the next‐generation high‐energy system. However, the practicality of Li–S technology is hindered by technical obstacles, such as short shelf and cycle life and low sulfur content/loading, arising from the shuttling of polysulfide intermediates between the cathode and anode and the poor electronic conductivity of S and the discharge product Li2S. Much progress has been made during the past five years to circumvent these problems by employing sulfur–carbon or sulfur–polymer composite cathodes, novel cell configurations, and lithium‐metal anode stabilization. This Progress Report highlights recent developments with special attention toward innovation in sulfur‐encapsulation techniques, development of novel materials, and cell‐component design. The scientific understanding and engineering concerns are discussed at the end in every developmental stage. The critical research directions needed and the remaining challenges to be addressed are summarized in the Conclusion.
Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Pardanani Animesh
Published: February 2015

Disease overview: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in one or more extracutaneous organs.

Diagnosis: The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of morphologically abnormal MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC expression of CD25 and/or CD2, and presence of KITD816V.

Risk stratification: The 2008 World Health Organization classification of SM has been shown to be prognostically relevant. Classification of SM patients into indolent SM (ISM), aggressive SM (ASM), SM associated with a clonal non‐MC lineage disease (SM‐AHNMD), and mast cell leukemia (MCL) subgroups is a useful first step in establishing prognosis.

Management: SM treatment is generally palliative. ISM patients have a normal life expectancy and receive symptom‐directed therapy; infrequently, cytoreductive therapy may be indicated for refractory symptoms. ASM patients have disease‐related organ dysfunction; interferon‐α (+/−corticosteroids) can control dermatological, hematological, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and mediator‐release symptoms, but is hampered by poor tolerability. Similarly, cladribine has broad therapeutic activity, with particular utility when rapid MC debulking is indicated; the main toxicity is myelosuppression. Imatinib has a therapeutic role in the presence of an imatinib‐sensitive KIT mutation or in KITD816‐unmutated patients. Treatment of SM‐AHNMD is governed primarily by the non‐MC neoplasm; hydroxyurea has modest utility in this setting; there is a role for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in select cases.

Investigational Drugs: Recent data confirms midostaurin's significant anti‐MC activity in patients with advanced SM. Am. J. Hematol. 90:251–262, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes through Direct CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Xu Shuai , Wu Guojiao , Ye Fei , Wang Xi , Li Huan , Zhao Xia , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: February 2015

The copper(I)‐catalyzed alkylation of electron‐deficient polyfluoroarenes with N‐tosylhydrazones and diazo compounds has been developed. This reaction uses readily available starting materials and is operationally simple, thus representing a practical method for the construction of C(sp2)C(sp3) bonds with polyfluoroarenes through direct CH bond functionalization. Mechanistically, copper(I) carbene formation and subsequent migratory insertion are proposed as the key steps in the reaction pathway.
High‐Affinity Anion Binding by Steroidal Squaramide Receptors
Authors: Edwards Sophie J. , Valkenier Hennie , Busschaert Nathalie , Gale Philip A. , Davis Anthony P.
Published: February 2015

Exceptionally powerful anion receptors have been constructed by placing squaramide groups in axial positions on a steroidal framework. The steroid preorganizes the squaramide NH groups such that they can act cooperatively on a bound anion, while maintaining solubility in nonpolar media. The acidic NH groups confer higher affinities than previously‐used ureas or thioureas. Binding constants exceeding 1014 M−1 have been measured for tetraethylammonium salts in chloroform by employing a variation of Cram’s extraction procedure. The receptors have also been studied as transmembrane anion carriers in unilamellar vesicles. Unusually their activities do not correlate with anion affinities, thus suggesting an upper limit for binding strength in the design of anion carriers.
From an Electron‐Rich Bis(boraketenimine) to an Electron‐Poor Diborene
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Vargas Alfredo
Published: February 2015

The reaction of the bisboracumulene (CAAC)2B2 (CAAC=1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidin‐2‐ylidene) with excess tert‐butylisocyanide resulted in complexation of the isocyanide at boron. Though this compound might be formally drawn with a lone pair on boron, these electrons are highly delocalized throughout a conjugated π‐network consisting of the π‐acidic CAAC and isocyanide ligands. Heating this compound to 110 °C liberated the organic periphery of both isocyanide ligands, yielding the first example of a dicyanodiborene. Cyclic voltammetry conducted on this diborene indicated the presence of reduction waves, making this compound unique among diborenes, which are otherwise highly reducing.
Virtual Reconstruction of Modern and Fossil Hominoid Crania: Consequences of Reference Sample Choice
Authors: Senck Sascha , Bookstein Fred L. , Benazzi Stefano , Kastner Johann , Weber Gerhard W.
Published: February 2015

Most hominin cranial fossils are incomplete and require reconstruction prior to subsequent analyses. Missing data can be estimated by geometric morphometrics using information from complete specimens, for example, by using thin‐plate splines. In this study, we estimate missing data in several virtually fragmented models of hominoid crania (Homo, Pan, Pongo) and fossil hominins (e.g., Australopithecus africanus, Homo heidelbergensis). The aim is to investigate in which way different references influence estimations of cranial shape and how this information can be employed in the reconstruction of fossils. We used a sample of 64 three‐dimensional digital models of complete human, chimpanzee, and orangutan crania and a set of 758 landmarks and semilandmarks. The virtually knocked out neurocranial and facial areas that were reconstructed corresponded to those of a real case found in A.L. 444‐2 (A. afarensis) cranium. Accuracy of multiple intraspecies and interspecies reconstructions was computed as the maximum square root of the mean squared difference between the original and the reconstruction (root mean square). The results show that the uncertainty in reconstructions is a function of both the geometry of the knockout area and the dissimilarity between the reference sample and the specimen(s) undergoing reconstruction. We suggest that it is possible to estimate large missing cranial areas if the shape of the reference is similar enough to the shape of the specimen reconstructed, though caution must be exercised when employing these reconstructions in subsequent analyses. We provide a potential guide for the choice of the reference by means of bending energy. Anat Rec, 298:827–841, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ru‐Catalysed CH Arylation of Indoles and Pyrroles with Boronic Acids: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Sollert Carina , Devaraj Karthik , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T.
Published: February 2015

The Ru‐catalysed C2H arylation of indoles and pyrroles by using boronic acids under oxidative conditions is reported. This reaction can be applied to tryptophan derivatives and tolerates a wide range of functional groups on both coupling partners, including bromides and iodides, which can be further derivatised selectively. New indole‐based ruthenacyclic complexes are described and investigated as possible intermediates in the reaction. Mechanistic studies suggest the on‐cycle intermediates do not possess a para‐cymene ligand and that the on‐cycle metalation occurs through an electrophilic attack by the Ru centre.
Synthesis of Cu vanadate nanorods for visible‐light photocatalytic degradation of gentian violet
Authors: Lin N. , Pei L. Z. , Wei T. , Yu H. Y.
Published: February 2015

Cu vanadate nanorods have been synthesized via the hydrothermal process using polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the surfactant. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the nanorods are composed of monoclinic Cu5V2O10 phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation shows that the diameter and length of the nanorods are 50–300 nm and 3 μm, respectively. PVP concentration, hydrothermal temperature and duration time play essential roles in the formation and sizes of the Cu vanadate nanorods. A PVP‐assisted nucleation and crystal‐growth process is proposed to explain the formation of the Cu vanadate nanorods. Gentian violet (GV) is used to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the Cu vanadate nanorods under solar light. The GV concentration clearly decreases with increasing irradiation time, and content of the Cu vanadate nanorods. GV solution with the concentration of 10 mg L−1 can be totally degraded under solar light irradiation for 4 h using 10 mg Cu vanadate nanorods. The Cu vanadate nanorods have good photocatalytic activities for the degradation of GV under solar light.
Sex and ethnic‐origin specific BMI cut points improve prediction of 40‐year mortality: the Israel GOH study
Authors: Dankner Rachel , Shanik Michael , Roth Jesse , Luski Ayala , Lubin Flora , Chetrit Angela
Published: February 2015

Background

Although obesity has been associated with a higher risk for premature death, the sex and ethnic‐origin specific body mass index (BMI) levels that are associated with increased mortality are controversial. We investigated the 40‐year cumulative all‐cause mortality, in relation to the BMI in adult life, among men and women originating from Yemen, Europe/America, Middle East and North Africa, using sex and ethnic‐origin specific BMI cut points.

Methods

A random stratified cohort (n = 5710) was sampled from the central population registry and followed since 1969 for vital status. Weight, height and blood pressure were measured, and smoking status was recorded at baseline. BMI was analysed according to conventional categories and according to sex and ethnic‐origin specific quintiles.

Results

Elevated and significant mortality hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.21 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.45] for women and 1.22 (95%CI 1.03–1.44) for men were found for the highest origin‐specific BMI quintile. In men, the lowest ethnic‐origin specific quintile was also significantly associated with increased mortality (HR of 1.22 95% CI 1.03–1.45), adjusting for age, smoking and blood pressure. Obesity was associated with mortality in non‐smokers (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.04–1.61 in men and HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.19–1.79 in women), whereas leanness was associated with mortality only among smoking men (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.77).

Conclusion

Refinement of BMI categories using country of origin specific quintiles demonstrated significantly increased mortality in the upper quintile in both sexes, while according to the conventional values this association did not prevail in men. We propose the establishment of sex and origin‐specific BMI categories when setting goals for disease prevention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultivar discrimination of Spanish olives by using direct FTIR data combined with linear discriminant analysis
Authors: Vergara‐Barberán María , Lerma‐García María Jesús , Herrero‐Martínez José Manuel , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto Francisco
Published: February 2015

Attenuated total reflection Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of spectral data, was used to discriminate olive fruits according to their cultivar. For this purpose, the spectral data of 136 olives coming from 17 cultivars, collected at different Spanish locations, were recorded. Up to 24 frequency regions were selected on the spectra, which corresponded to a peak or shoulder. The normalized absorbance peak areas within these regions were used as predictors. Although a good resolution was achieved among all categories, a second LDA model was also constructed to improve cultivar discrimination. With both models, evaluation set samples were correctly classified with assignment probabilities higher than 95%. Thus, it is demonstrated that FTIR followed by LDA of the spectral data presents a high potential to discriminate olives from a high number of different cultivars.

Practical applications: Since virgin olive oil (VOO) quality can be affected by different parameters, such as the varietal and geographic origin, among others, the production of good‐quality VOOs should start with raw materials that possess well‐defined quality standards. Thus, it is necessary to develop analytical methods able to control raw material quality, and also to control its origin since olive oil producers have to include in their manufactured products both the genetic variety (monovarietal oils) and the geographical origin of the olives. In this work, a simple and quick ATR‐FTIR method, capable of predicting the cultivar of several olive samples, after spectral data treatment with LDA, has been developed. With the proposed method, it could be possible to establish in a reliable way to perform cultivar prediction of unknown raw materials arising from VOO samples.

ATR‐FTIR data of Spanish olives were used to predict the olive cultivar using LDA.
Intended and unintended (sensory‐)motor coupling between the affected and unaffected upper limb in complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Bank P.J.M. , Peper C.E. , Marinus J. , van Hilten J.J. , Beek P.J.
Published: February 2015

Background

Motor dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has been associated with bilateral malfunction of sensory and motor circuits, which hints at abnormal coupling between the affected and the contralateral unaffected limb. In addition, clinical observations suggest that motor performance may depend on the (voluntary or automatic) context in which movements are executed. The present study aimed to examine the role of voluntary and automatic aspects of interlimb coupling in CRPS.

Methods

Twenty patients with unilateral chronic CRPS and 40 healthy controls performed a set of unimanual and bimanual motor tasks that differed in the degree to which intended bilateral planning, intended afference‐based error correction and unintended reflex‐like entrainment were involved.

Results

Stability of interlimb coordination was reduced in CRPS patients compared to controls, especially for tasks involving active control of the affected side. In CRPS patients, intended coupling between the hands (planning, error correction) was markedly impaired, whereas unintended coupling between the hands (entrainment) appeared normal.

Conclusions

Impaired motor control of the affected limb interfered with bimanual coordination, in particular for tasks involving voluntary (intended) as opposed to automatic (unintended) interlimb coupling. Our findings suggest inappropriate functioning of higher order centres involved in motor control of the affected limb, probably due to pain‐related processes and impaired processing of proprioceptive information. Motor function of the affected limb may benefit from intended synchronization with movements of the unaffected contralateral limb, suggesting that bilateral training may be useful in patients with unilateral CRPS.
Effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on wheat (TriticumAestivumL.) seedlings
Authors: Chang Guohua , Zhang Qing , Zhang Li , Lü Yajuan , Gao Tianpeng
Published: February 2015

In order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the inhibition of wheat seed germination was investigated. The effects of SDS on antioxidant enzyme activities [catalase and gluthione reductase (GR)], protein, soluble sugar, and proline in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were investigated after 6 days of SDS stress. With the increase in the SDS concentration, the root length of the wheat seedlings were inhibited markedly, and the protein content of the shoot decreased gradually. SDS stress caused significant changes in GR activity, soluble sugar, and proline contents in the shoots and roots of wheat. Accumulations of proline were observed in the shoots and roots and SDS caused growth inhibition on the wheat seedling. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1142–1147, 2015
The effect of self‐regulated caffeine use on cognition in young adults
Authors: Harvanko Arit M. , Derbyshire Katherine L. , Schreiber Liana R. N. , Grant Jon E.
Published: February 2015

Objective

Based on previous observational studies that have suggested self‐regulated caffeine use by older adults may enhance reaction time performance and vigilance on cognitive tasks, the current study sought to examine whether this effect held true for young adults as well.

Methods

One hundred and four young adults from two major metropolitan areas, ages 18–29 years, not meeting the criteria for a current psychiatric disorder, completed several cognitive tasks related to decision‐making (Cambridge Gamble Task), response inhibition and reaction time (stop‐signal task), and vigilance and reaction time (Rapid Visual Information Processing). Caffeine usage was self‐reported using a reliable quantity and frequency questionnaire.

Results

Self‐reported caffeine usage was not significantly associated with any of the cognitive measures used in this study after controlling for age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use, and gambling frequency.

Conclusions

These data suggest that self‐regulated caffeine usage may not have a significant impact on reaction time, vigilance, response inhibition, or decision‐making in young adults, or that these effects are contingent upon other variables not accounted for in the current study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REVIEW
Authors: Wedgwood Camilla H.
Published: February 2015

THE DIFFUSION OF CULTURE IN AUSTRALIA: The Sexual Life of Savages in North‐Western Melanesia, by Bronislaw Malinowski, with a preface by Havelock Ellis. George Routledge & Sons, 1929. Pp. xxiv + 506, with 96 plates, 4 figures and a map. Price, 50s.
REVIEWS
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: February 2015

Samoan Material Culture. By Te Rangi Hiroa (P. H. Buck). Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 75. Honolulu 1930, pp. xi + 724. 338 Figs. and LVI Plates.
REVIEWS
Authors: Bell F. L. S.
Published: February 2015

Ethnology of Tongareva. By Te Rangi Hiroa (P. H. Buck). Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 92. Honolulu, 1932. Pp. 226. Plates I–VIII.
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Authors: Fortune R. F.
Published: February 2015

Life in Lesu: The Study of a Melanesian Society in New Ireland. By Hortense Powdermaker, with a Foreword by Dr. Clark Wissler. Williams and Norgate Ltd. London. 1933. Pp. 325.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Depopulation of the Suau District. By F. E. Williams, Anthropology Report No. 13. Practical Education: The Reform of Native Horticulture. By F. E. Williams, Anthropology Report No. 14. The Government Printer, Port Moresby, Papua.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Buffaloes. By Carl Warburton. Angus and Robertson, 1934. Pp. 254. Price 6/‐.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

History of Anthropology. By A. C. Haddon. The Thinker's Library, No. 42. London. 144 pp. English price, 1/‐.
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Authors: Mead Margaret
Published: February 2015

Himalayan Village. By Geoffrey Gorer, with an Introduction by Professor J. H. Hutton. Pp. 1–503 and 32 plates. Michael Joseph, London 1938. English price 25/‐.
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Authors: Hogbin H. Ian
Published: February 2015

The Mountain Arapesh: I, An Importing Culture. By Margaret Mead. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1938. Volume XXXVI, Part III, pp. 139–350.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

La Langue et la Société. By Alf Sommerfelt. Oslo 1938. Pp. 1–233. Price, Kroner 6.00.
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Authors: Ashley‐Montagu M. F.
Published: February 2015

White Settlers in the Tropics. By A. Grenfell Price. American Geographical Society, New York, 1939. Pp. xiii+3II. Price, 4.00 dollars.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

Ethnologische Studien an Indonesischen Schöpfungsmythen. By W. Münsterberger. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1939. Pp. xii+244.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

The Native Races of America. Arranged and edited from the Manuscript Notebooks of Sir James G. Frazer by R. A. Downie. Percy Lund, Humphries and Co., Ltd., London 1939. Pp. 351. Price in England, 35/‐.
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Authors: Warner W. Lloyd
Published: February 2015

The Australian Aborigines: How to Understand Them. By A. P. Elkin. Angus and Robertson, Sydney and London, 1938. Pp. xvi+262, with map and plates. Price 8/6.
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Authors: Hogbin H. Ian
Published: February 2015

Essays in Polynesian Ethnology. By R. W. Williamson, edited by R. Piddington. Cambridge University Press. Pp. xlii+374, with 10 plates and 2 maps. Price in England, 25/‐.
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Authors: Mead Margaret
Published: February 2015

Experiments in Civilization. The Effects of European Culture on a Native Community in the Solomon Islands. By H. Ian Hogbin. Routledge 1939. Pp. xii+268, with 24 plates and 2 maps. Price in England, 15/‐: in Australia, 24/6.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Suye Mura, a Japanese Village. By John F. Embree. Introduction by A. R. Radcliffe‐Brown. University of Chicago Press, 1939. Pp. xxvii+354. Illustrated. Price in America, three dollars.
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Authors: Churchward C. M.
Published: February 2015

A New Fijian Dictionary. By A. Capell. Published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company, Ltd., Sydney, for the Government of Fiji. 1941. Pp. x+464, with chart.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

You and the Native. The Native Carrier.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

The Manufacture of a Flint Arrow‐head by Quartzite Hammer‐stone. By Sir Francis H. S. Knowles, Bart. Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, Occasional Papers on Technology, I. Edited by T. K. Penniman and B. M. Blackwood. (Oxford University Press, 1944, pp. 1–37. Price 5/‐.)
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

New Guinea Headhunt. Caroline Mytinger. Macmillan, New York, 1947. Pp. 1–441. Price $4.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Hawaiian Americans. E. G. Burrows. Yale University Press, 1947. Pp. 1–228. Price $3.
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Authors: Berndt Ronald M.
Published: February 2015

Brown Men and Red Sand, Wanderings in Wild Australia. By C. P. Mountford. Melbourne 1948, vii‐xv, pp. 1–177.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Sir Hubert Murray of Papua. By Lewis Lett. Collins, London, 1949. Pp. 317. 25/–.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

Die Eingeborenen Australiens. By Walter Mannzen. Gebrüder Weiss Verlag, Berlin, 1949. Pp. 260.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

The Linguistic Position of South Western New Guinea. By J. H. M. C. Boelaars, M.S.C. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1950. Pp. 217 and maps and diagrams.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Social Anthropology. By E. E. Evans‐Pritchard. Cohen and West Ltd., London. 1951. Pp. 1–134. Price 8/6.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Notes and Queries on Anthropology. Sixth Edition. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. 1952. Pp. 1–403. English price, 28/–.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

A Reader in General Anthropology. By Carleton S. Coon. Jonathan Cape, London. 1950. Pp. i‐x, 1–624. Australian price, 56/–.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

Malgache et Maanjan. By Otto Chr. Dahl. Egede‐Institutet, Oslo, 1051. Pp. 1–408.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

Kultur und Sprache. Ed. Wilhelm Koppers, assisted by Robert Heine‐Geldern and Josef Haekel. Published by the Institut für Völkerkunde der Universität Wien, Verlag Herold, Vienna, 1952. Pp. 511.
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Authors: Bell F. L. S.
Published: February 2015

Social Anthropology in Melanesia: A Review of Research. By A. P. Elkin, M.A., Ph.D.; Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1953. Pp. xiv, 166, maps. Australian retail price, 27/6.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

The Northern States of Fiji. A. M. Hocart. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Publication No. 11. London, 1952, pp. 303. English price, 15/–.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Missionary Influence on a Political Factor in the Pacific Islands. By Aarne A. Koskinen. Published by the Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Helsinki, 1953. Pp. 263.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

Adam with Arrows: Inside New Guinea. By Colin Simpson. Angus and Robertson Ltd., Sydney and London, 1953. Pp. 239. Price 25/‐.
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Authors: Barnes J. A.
Published: February 2015

Custom and Conflict in Africa. By Max Gluckman. Oxford, Blackwell, 1955. 173 pp. 12/6.
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Authors: Wurm S.
Published: February 2015

Balam. Der Tanz‐ und Kultplatz in Melanesien. By Carl A. Schmitz. Die. Schaubühne, Band 46. Emsdetten (Westf.), Verlag Lechte. 1955. VII and 184 pp., 8 plates, 1 map.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

The Mothers. By Robert Briffault. Abridged, with an introduction by Gordon Rattray Taylor. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London. 1959. Pp. 1–451. Price, 36/– sterling.
REVIEW
Authors: Bell J. H.
Published: February 2015

The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains. By E. Adamson Hoebel. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1960. Pp. 103.

Tepoztlan: Village in Mexico. By Oscar Lewis. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1960. Pp. 102.
REVIEW
Authors: Bell J. H.
Published: February 2015

Anthropology in India. By L. A. Krishna Iyer and L. K. Bala Ratnam. Published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1961. Pp. 257. Price Rs. 10/–.
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Authors: Reay Marie
Published: February 2015

Excess and Restraint: Social Control among a New Guinea Mountain People. By Ronald M. Berndt, University of Chicago Press, 1962. Pp. xxii+474. Price $8.95.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

The Malay Archipelago. By A. R. Wallace. Pp. i–xvii, 1–515. With maps and illustrations. Reprint of the Tenth Edition. Stiff‐paper cover. Dover Publications Inc., New York. Price $2.
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Authors: Capell A.
Published: February 2015

Grundformen der Verwandtschaft. By Carl A. Schmitz, Basler Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnologie: Ethnologische Reihe, Heft 1: Ergänzungsheft zu “Regio Basiliensis”, Pharos‐Verlag Hansrudolf Schwabe AG, Basel 1964, pp. 134. Price Fr.14.50.
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Authors: Hogbin Ian
Published: February 2015

Language and Culture of Rennell and Bellona Islands, Vol. II, Part I, The Religion of Bellona Island. By Torben Monberg. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, 1966. Pp. xii+136. Price: Dan.Kr.30.00.
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Authors: Epstein Scarlett
Published: February 2015

New Guinea Research Unit Bulletin No. 3: Social Accounts of the Monetary Sector of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. 1956–57 to 1960–61. By R. C. White. 1964. Pp. 105, 23 tables. Price $A1.00.
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Authors: Wijeyewardene Gehan
Published: February 2015

The Muslim Matrimonial Court in Singapore, By Judith Djamour. London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 31. University of London, The Athlone Press. New York: Humanities Press Inc. 1966. Pp. 189. 35/‐ Stg.
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Authors: Chowning Ann
Published: February 2015

The Relevance of Models for Social Anthropology, A.S.A. Monographs 1, edited by Michael Banton. Tavistock, London; Praeger, New York. 1965. Pp. xl + 238. Price 35/‐.
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Authors: Hamilton Annette
Published: February 2015

Family and Kinship. A Study of the Pandits of Rural Kashmir. By T. N. Madan. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1965. Pp. xix + 250. Price 50/‐ Stg.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

The Folklore, Manners, Customs and Languages of the South Australian Aborigines. Edited by the late Rev. G. Taplin, of Point Macleay. Government Printer, Adelaide, 1879. Reprinted in the series Landmarks in Anthropology, by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York, 1967. Pp. 1–174. Together with appendix, “Grammar of the Narrinyeri Tribe” by G. Taplin, 1879, pp. 1–24; also photostats of four letters from Aborigines and an Index. Price US$12.50.
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Authors: Tugby Donald J.
Published: February 2015

The Negritos of the Philippines. By John M. Garvan. Edited by Hermann Hochegger. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistick, Vol. 14 (1963), Horn‐Wien, Verlag Ferdinand Berger, 1964.
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Authors: Epstein Scarlett
Published: February 2015

Kuttia Kond Dschungel‐Bauern in Orissa. By Hermann Niggemeyer. Klaus Renner Verlag, Haar bei München, 1964. Pp. 257 with 32 plates and map. Price DM. 58.00.
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Authors: Watson Virginia
Published: February 2015

The Life History in Anthropological Science. By L. L. Langness. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1965. Pp. 82. Price $A1.75.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

American Museum Sourcebooks in Anthropology. The Natural History Press, New York.

Gods and Rituals: Readings in Religious Belief and Practices. Edited by John Middleton, 1967. Pp. 1–468. Price $US6.95.

Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change. Edited by Paul Bohannan and Fred Plog, 1967. Pp. 1–413. Price $US6.95.

Myth and Cosmos: Readings in Mythology and Symbolism. Edited by John Middleton, 1967. Pp. 1–368. Price $US6.95.
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Authors: Elkin A. P.
Published: February 2015

An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Life. By A. W. Reed. Published by A. H. and A. W. Reed, Sydney and Wellington (N.Z.), 1969. Pp. 1–175. Price $A4.
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Authors: Ward Marion W.
Published: February 2015

Urban Problems in the South Pacific. South Pacific Commission Technical Paper No. 152. Noumea, April, 1967. Pp. 50. Price £1 stg.
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Authors: Lawrence Peter
Published: February 2015

The Melanesian Cargo Cult (Millenarism as a Factor in Social Change). By Palle Christiansen. (Translated from Danish by John R. B. Gosney.) Akademisk Forlag (for the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, University of Copenhagen), 1969. Pp. 5–148. (No price mentioned.)