bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase and Texture of Solution-Processed Copper Phthalocyanine Thin Films Investigated by Two-Dimensional Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Deng Lulu , Wang Kewei , Zhao Cindy X. , Yan Han , Britten James F. , Xu Gu
Published: July 2011

The phase and texture of a newly developed solution-processed copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin film have been investigated by two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The results show that it has β phase crystalline structure, with crystallinity greater than 80%. The average size of the crystallites is found to be about 24 nm. There are two different arrangements of crystallites, with one dominating the diffraction pattern. Both of them have preferred orientation along the thin film normal. Based on the similarities to the vacuum deposited CuPc thin films, the new solution processing method is verified to offer a good alternative to vacuum process, for the fabrication of low cost small molecule based organic photovoltaics.
Intermediates in the Protein Folding Process: A Computational Model
Authors: Roterman Irena , Konieczny Leszek , Banach Mateusz , Jurkowski Wiktor
Published: July 2011

The paper presents a model for simulating the protein folding process in silico. The two-step model (which consists of the early stage—ES and the late stage—LS) is verified using two proteins, one of which is treated (according to experimental observations) as the early stage and the second as an example of the LS step. The early stage is based solely on backbone structural preferences, while the LS model takes into account the water environment, treated as an external hydrophobic force field and represented by a 3D Gauss function. The characteristics of 1ZTR (the ES intermediate, as compared with 1ENH, which is the LS intermediate) confirm the link between the gradual disappearance of ES characteristics in LS structural forms and the simultaneous emergence of LS properties in the 1ENH protein. Positive verification of ES and LS characteristics in these two proteins (1ZTR and 1ENH respectively) suggest potential applicability of the presented model to in silico protein folding simulations.
Alkylphenol Activity against Candida spp. and Microsporum canis: A Focus on the Antifungal Activity of Thymol, Eugenol and O-Methyl Derivatives
Authors: Fontenelle Raquel O.S. , Morais Selene M. , Brito Erika H.S. , Brilhante Raimunda S.N. , Cordeiro Rossana A. , Lima Ynayara C. , Brasil Nilce V.G.P.S. , Monteiro André J. , Sidrim José J.C. , Rocha Marcos F.G.
Published: July 2011

In recent years there has been an increasing search for new antifungal compounds due to the side effects of conventional antifungal drugs and fungal resistance. The aims of this study were to test in vitro the activity of thymol, eugenol, estragole and anethole and some O-methyl-derivatives (methylthymol and methyleugenol) against Candida spp. and Microsporum canis. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) for both Candida spp. and M. canis were found by subculturing each fungal suspension on potato dextrose agar. Thymol, methylthymol, eugenol, methyl-eugenol, anethole, estragole and griseofulvin respectively, presented the following MIC values against M. canis: 4.8–9.7; 78–150; 39; 78–150; 78–150; 19–39 µg/mL and 0.006–2.5 mg/mL. The MFC values for all compounds ranged from 9.7 to 31 µg/mL. Concerning Candida spp, thymol, methylthymol, eugenol, methyleugenol, anethole, estragole and amphotericin, respectively, showed the following MIC values: 39; 620–1250; 150–620; 310–620; 620; 620–1250 and 0.25–2.0 mg/mL. The MFC values varied from 78 to 2500 µg/mL. All tested compounds thus showed in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. and M. canis. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to confirm the usefulness of these alkylphenols in vivo.
A New C-3/C-3”-Biflavanone from the Roots of Stellera chamaejasme L
Authors: Li Jie , Zhao Wei , Hu Jia-Lei , Cao Xin , Yang Jie , Li Xiang-Rong
Published: July 2011

A new 3, 3”-biflavanone, neochamaejasmin C (1), was isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L., together with four known compounds. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 2D-NMR techniques.
Functionalization of anthracene: A selective route to brominated 1,4-anthraquinones
Authors: Berkil Akar Kiymet , Cakmak Osman , Büyükgüngör Orhan , Sahin Ertan
Published: July 2011

Efficient and stereoselective syntheses are described for the preparation of 2,3,9,10-tetrabromo-1,4-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenes 7, 8 and the corresponding 1,4-diol 17 by silver ion-assisted solvolysis of hexabromotetrahydroanthracene 6. Base-promoted aromatization of 7 and 8 afforded synthetically valuable tribromo-1-methoxyanthracenes 10 and 11. The reaction of 17 with sodium methoxide generated tribromodihydroanthracene-1,4-diol 27, whose oxidation with PCC gave 2,9,10-tribromoanthracene-1,4-dione (28). Therefore a selective and efficient method was developed for the preparation of compound 28 starting from 9,10-dibromoanthracene (1), in a simple four-step process. Compounds 10 and 11, and diol 27 constitute key precursors for the preparation of functionalized substituted anthracene derivatives that are difficult to prepare by other routes. The studies also reveal the broad range of reactivity and selectivity of the stereoisomeric anthracene derivatives.
Serum Interleukin-6 Levels Correlate with Resistance to Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection with Pegylated-Interferon-α2B plus Ribavirin
Authors:   the Ochanomizu-Liver Conference Study Group, Ueyama Mayumi , Nakagawa Mina , Sakamoto Naoya , Onozuka Izumi , Funaoka Yusuke , Watanabe Takako , Nitta Sayuri , Kiyohashi Kei , Kitazume Akiko , Murakawa Miyako , Nishimura-Sakurai Yuki , Sekine-Osajima Yuko , Itsui Yasuhiro , Azuma Seishin , Kakinuma Sei , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: July 2011

Background

Interleukin (IL)-6, a pleiotropic cytokine, is increased in various types of chronic liver disease, including chronic hepatitis C (CHC). It was reported recently that IL-6 is associated with insulin resistance, iron metabolism and interferon resistance, which may affect the outcome of antiviral treatment. In this study, we investigated the association of serum IL-6 levels with outcomes of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy.

Methods

We included 149 CHC patients and measured serum IL-6 levels at baseline and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks, and the end of treatment in 49 patients. We performed univariate and multivariate regression analyses for the association of IL-6 levels and clinical and laboratory parameters and treatment responses.

Results

Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in CHC patients than healthy subjects. Pretreatment IL-6 levels of male patients were inversely correlated with sustained virological response (SVR) in univariate analysis ( P=0.012). In male patients with SVR, serum IL-6 levels decreased significantly at 4 weeks of treatment ( P=0.029) and remained significantly lower than those of non-SVR patients after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of PEG-IFN plus RBV therapy.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that baseline levels of IL-6, as well as their decrease during treatment, are correlated to outcomes of PEG-IFN plus RBV therapy in male patients. Further analyses of IL-6 may provide new strategies for difficult-to-treat CHC patients and prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Serum Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 Levels and Il28B Gene Polymorphisms: Pretreatment Prediction of Treatment Failure in Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Umemura Takeji , Joshita Satoru , Yoneda Suguru , Katsuyama Yoshihiko , Ichijo Tetsuya , Matsumoto Akihiro , Yoshizawa Kaname , Ota Masao , Tanaka Eiji
Published: July 2011

Background

Both IL28B gene polymorphisms and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p40 and IL-18 have been reported to affect the outcome of natural and pegylated interferon and ribavirin-treated HCV infection.

Methods

To clarify their association and predictive value in treatment outcome of genotype 1 HCV- infected patients, we measured pretreatment serum IL-10, IL-12p40 and IL-18 levels using multiplex assays and determined IL28B gene polymorphisms (rs 8099917) in 52 cases with chronic hepatitis C.

Results

High baseline levels of IL-10 ( P<0.001) and low levels of IL-12p40 ( P<0.001) were significantly associated with a non-virological response (NVR) in our cohort. The IL28B polymorphism was tested and TT, TG or GG genotypes were found in 60%, 38% and 2% of patients, respectively, with corresponding NVR rates of 10%, 60% and 100% ( P<0.001). Serum cytokine levels were significantly correlated with IL28B gene polymorphisms. When serum IL-10 levels were stratified at 5.0 pg/ml, NVR rates were 50% versus 0% ( P=0.004) for the TT genotype and 87% versus 0% ( P=0.001) for the TG or GG genotypes. Similarly, low IL-12p40 levels were associated with an NVR in patients with TG or GG genotypes ( P=0.006). In multivariate analysis, high IL-10, low IL-12p40 and IL28B TG or GG genotypes were independently associated with an NVR.

Conclusions

Serum IL-10 and IL-12p40 levels in combination with IL28B genotype, especially G-allele carriage, are strong predictive markers of an NVR to HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
The Prophylaxis and Treatment with Antiviral Agents of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Authors: Najarro Pilar , Angell Richard , Powell Kenneth
Published: July 2011

In this review, we consider recent advances in the discovery and development of antiviral agents for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. A background to the various manifestations of human RSV infection and current treatments is provided. The technical, clinical and commercial issues surrounding the development of such antiviral agents are discussed.
The Tele-ICU: A New Dimension in Critical Care Nursing Education and Practice
Authors: Pfrimmer Dale M. , Roslien Jennifer J.
Published: July 2011

As health care reform pushes for improved patient care outcomes and reduced costs, tele-intensive care units are increasingly included in the discussion of critical care delivery. Nursing must be involved in the implementation of and education for this transformative initiative.
A Method for Intraoperative Repositioning of the Cervical Spine During Posterior Cervical Surgery
Authors: Mesfin Addisu , Gjolaj Joseph P. , Lemma Mesfin A.
Published: July 2011

Positioning of the head during posterior cervical decompression and fusion requires invasive techniques (eg, pins placed through the skull) and manual repositioning intraoperatively. This article describes a new technique with a noninvasive device for such positioning. From February 2005 until June 2010 at our institution, 94 patients underwent posterior cervical decompression and fusion with instrumentation. All were positioned prone, and their heads were positioned via our technique and customized device. There were no intraoperative complications secondary to this positioning. The device is easy to use, avoids complications associated with invasive devices, and obviates intraoperative repositioning during posterior approaches.
The Role of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Open Fractures in an Era of Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Saveli Carla C. , Belknap Robert W. , Morgan Steven J. , Price Connie S.
Published: July 2011

Infection is a feared complication and a common cause of loss of function following open fractures. Despite the evidence supporting the administration of prophylactic antibiotics after open fractures, data demonstrating the optimal regimen is lacking. We reviewed the data supporting the current prophylaxis recommendations and the changing epidemiology of
Staphylococcus aureus
, the most common cause of surgical site infection in patients with open fractures. Although widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) has been described in both hospital and community settings, to date, no studies have addressed the need for prophylaxis against MRSA in patients with open fractures. Until well-designed randomized trials are conducted, we recommend that providers consider selecting antibiotics active against MRSA for open fracture prophylaxis based on the local prevalence of MRSA carriage and individualized risk factors.
Simultaneous Bilateral Cataract Surgery With IOL Implantation in Children in Kenya
Authors: Gradin Dan , Mundia Daniel
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To investigate the cost implications, safety, and refractive outcomes of simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery (SBCS) with intraocular lens implantation in pediatric patients in a developing world setting.

Methods:

Children aged 3 months to 10 years with bilateral congenital or developmental cataracts who underwent surgery between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009, were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. Cost data were compared for simultaneous and sequential cases. Postoperative complications and refraction data were analyzed.

Results:

Ninety-six children (192 eyes) were included, 48 in the SBCS group and 48 in the sequential group. The mean age of the SBCS group and the sequential group was 3.4 and 4.7 years, respectively (
P
= .04). The total estimated surgical cost was $274 per child for SBCS and $344 for sequential surgery, a reduction of 20.3% for cases of SBCS. Fibrin formation of any amount occurred in 52 of 192 eyes (27.1%), 25 in the SBCS group and 27 in the sequential group (
P
= .75). Twenty-one eyes (10.9%) had additional surgery to remove visual axis obstruction, 14 in the SBCS group and 7 in the sequential group (
P
= .11). The incidence of early endophthalmitis in all cases of pediatric cataract surgery in an 11-year period was 0.16%. The incidence of anesthetic-related death during the same period was 0.11%.

Conclusion:

Bilateral simultaneous pediatric cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation may be a safe alternative to sequential surgery, with advantages in cost reduction and no difference in sight-threatening complications.
Novel Pachymetric Parameters Based on Corneal Tomography for Diagnosing Keratoconus
Authors: Ambrósio Renato , Caiado Ana Laura C. , Guerra Frederico P. , Louzada Ricardo , Roy Abhijit Sinha , Luz Allan , Dupps William J. , Belin Michael W.
Published: July 2011

PURPOSE:

To describe pachymetric progression indices (PPI) of the Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) and the concept of relational thickness, and to test their accuracy for differentiating keratoconic and normal corneas compared with single-point thickness values.

METHODS:

One hundred thirteen individual eyes randomly selected from 113 normal patients and 44 eyes of 44 patients with keratoconus were studied using the Pentacam HR by acquiring central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest point (TP), position of the TP and PPI at minimal (PPI Min) and maximal (PPI Max) meridians, and the average (PPI Ave) of all meridians. Relational thickness parameters were calculated as the ratios of TP and CCT and PPI values. Mann-Whitney U test assessed differences in groups for each variable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for all variables and pairwise comparisons were performed.

RESULTS:

Statistically significant differences were noted between normal and keratoconic eyes for all parameters (
P
<.001), except for horizontal position of TP (
P
=.79). The best parameters, named Ambrósio’s Relational Thickness (ART), were ART-Ave (TP/PPI Ave) and ART-Max (TP/PPI Max) with areas under the ROC curves of 0.987 and 0.983, respectively. The best cutoffs were 424 μm and 339 μm for ART-Ave and ART-Max, respectively. Pachymetric progression indices and ART had a greater area under the curve than TP and CCT (
P
<.001); TP (0.955) had a greater area under the curve than CCT (0.909;
P
=.002).

CONCLUSIONS:

Tomographic-derived pachymetric parameters were better able to differentiate normal and keratoconic corneas than single-point pachymetric measurements. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of tomography in identifing early forms of ectasia as well as ectasia risk among LASIK candidates.
Glistenings on Intraocular Lenses in Healthy Eyes: Effects and Associations
Authors: Colin Joseph , Orignac Isabelle
Published: July 2011

PURPOSE:

To assess glistenings in AcrySof (Alcon Laboratories Inc) intraocular lenses (IOLs), to quantify any effects of glistenings on the visual function of patients with healthy eyes, and to investigate whether glistenings were associated with demographic or lens characteristics.

METHODS:

Case files from a consecutive series of healthy eyes were retrospectively analyzed. Subjective glistening grades were investigated for associations with the following parameters: contrast sensitivity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular light scattering (measured by C-Quant [Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH]), posterior capsule opacification, demographic characteristics, lens power, and duration of pseudophakia. The subjective grading method was compared to objective software-based quantitation of glistenings.

RESULTS:

The study cohort included 97 eyes from 65 patients with a mean age of 65±11 years. Mean follow-up was 18±17 months. Glistening grades did not vary by duration of pseudophakia (
P
=.19), although study design limited confidence in this result. Glistening grades had no associations with lens power (
P
=.41), intraocular light scattering (
P
=.31), logMAR CDVA (
P
=.64), contrast sensitivity at any spatial frequency (all
P
≥.22), or with any other parameter under investigation. The software-based assessment confirmed the validity of the subjective grading method: glistening grades correlated with vacuoles/mm
2
(
P
<.0001) and mean values for vacuoles/mm
2
were statistically significant for each glistening grade (all
P
≤.004).

CONCLUSIONS:

In healthy eyes, glistening grade was not associated with contrast sensitivity, CDVA, intraocular light scatter, or any lens or demographic characteristics that were investigated.
Clinicopathologic Correlations of Poly-(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) Glaucoma Drainage Devices of Different Internal Diameters in Rabbits
Authors: Arrieta Esdras A. , Aly Mohamed , Parrish Richard , Dubovy Sander , Pinchuk Leonard , Kato Yasushi , Fantes Francisco , Parel Jean-Marie
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To assess the biocompatibility and intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of a novel glaucoma drainage implant in rabbits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits received one of three glaucoma drainage implants fabricated from poly-(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene [SIBS]) with an internal diameter of the lumen of either 70 (6 eyes), 100 (6 eyes), or 150 (4 eyes) μm. Clinical follow-up examinations were performed during 6 months and postmortem eyes were studied with light microscopy.

RESULTS:

Smaller internal diameter implants were associated with fewer complications. IOP levels were not statistically different among the groups. No eyes developed serious complications. Mild chronic inflammation was observed around the tube using light microscopy.

CONCLUSION:

SIBS glaucoma drainage implants did not produce clinically detectable intraocular inflammation in a rabbit model. The 70- and 100-μm SIBS drainage devices demonstrated fewer postoperative complications. IOP levels were not statistically different from control eyes in all groups.
Effects of Changing Operators and Instruments on Time-Domain and Spectral-Domain OCT Measurements of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness
Authors: Mwanza Jean-Claude , Gendy Mohamed G. , Feuer William J. , Shi Wei , Budenz Donald L.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine the amount of interoperator and interinstrument variability introduced into retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured with Stratus OCT and Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Thirty-seven eyes from 37 subjects (20 normal and 17 with glaucoma) were included in the study. Each eye was scanned with one Stratus OCT and one Cirrus OCT by two operators. The eyes were then scanned with a different Stratus OCT and Cirrus OCT by one of the operators. Average, quadrant, and clock-hour RNFL measurements were compared between operators and between instruments after determining the proportion of variance due to subjects, operators, and instruments by means of variance component analysis.

RESULTS:

Significant differences were observed between Stratus OCT instruments, but not between Cirrus OCT instruments, in average (
P
= .01), inferior (
P
= .006), and nasal (
P
< .001) quadrant RNFL thickness in glaucomatous eyes. Interoperator differences in RNFL thickness measured with both types of instruments were non-significant. The interoperator variability ranged from 0% to 1% on Stratus OCT and was 0% on Cirrus OCT, whereas the interinstrument variability ranged from 0% to 3% for Stratus OCT and from 0% to 1% for Cirrus OCT.

CONCLUSION:

The interoperator variability of RNFL thickness measured with Stratus OCT and Cirrus OCT, as well as the interinstrument variability of measurements obtained with Cirrus OCT, are non-significant. However, there is significant variability between RNFL measurements performed on two different Stratus OCT instruments.
Transconjunctival 20-Gauge Vitrectomy Outcomes
Authors: Shah Manthan , Kapur Rashmi , Raja Sharath , Blair Michael P.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the short-term complication profile of the transconjunctival 20-gauge trocar-cannula (20g-TCV) system.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patients who underwent primary 20g-TCV without history of prior vitrectomy were included. The primary outcome was incidence of short-term hypotony. Other data collected included visual acuity (VA), rate of sclerotomy suture placement, and intraoperative and postoperative complications.

RESULTS:

One hundred twenty-seven eyes of 120 patients were included. Postoperative complications included hypotony in 10.2% of eyes at the first postoperative day and 4.7% at week 1, all with spontaneous resolution. No cases of endophthalmitis were observed. Overall mean VA significantly improved from 20/375 preoperatively to 20/221 at month 3.

CONCLUSION:

Although the rate of short-term hypotony was relatively high, it was transient. This 20g-TCV system does not appear to be associated with other intraoperative or postoperative complications. The authors recommend a low threshold for sclerotomy suture placement if adopting this system.
Management Options for Submacular Perfluorocarbon Liquid
Authors: Suk Kevin K. , Flynn Harry W.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients with retained submacular perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A retrospective observational case series of patients with retained submacular PFCL. The medical and surgical records of 8 eyes of 8 patients with retained submacular PFCL after complex retinal detachment repair were reviewed.

RESULTS:

The submacular PFCL was observed without surgery in 7 eyes and was surgically removed in one eye. In the surgical eye, the PFCL was juxtafoveal in location and had associated cystic macular edema. After surgical removal of the PFCL, visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/125 with marked reduction of the macular edema. The remaining 7 eyes were observed without surgery. Follow-up ranged from 10 months to 9 years, with a mean of 4.4 years. Six eyes had extrafoveal PFCL, with visual acuity ranging from 20/25 to 20/200 and 1 eye had subfoveal PFCL with a visual acuity of 20/25. Overall, visual acuity either improved or remained stable in all 7 eyes. The anatomy of the retina and the location of the PFCL also remained stable, although in one case, a small PFCL droplet coalesced into a more posteriorly located droplet.

CONCLUSION:

Patients with submacular PFCL can remain stable for many years. In patients with significant visual loss, surgical removal of subfoveal PFCL can be considered.
Las normativas de construcción con tierra en el mundo
Authors: Cid J. , Mazarrón F. R. , Cañas I.
Published: July 2011

La tierra ha sido utilizada como material de construcción desde hace siglos. No obstante, la normativa al respecto está muy dispersa, y en la mayoría de países desarrollados surgen numerosos problemas técnicos y legales para llevar a cabo una construcción con este material. Este artículo estudia el panorama normativo para las construcciones con tierra cruda a nivel internacional, analizando cincuenta y cinco normas y reglamentos de países repartidos por los cinco continentes, que representan el estado del arte de la normalización de la tierra cruda como material de construcción. Es un estudio referenciado sobre las normas y reglamentos vigentes desarrollados por los organismos nacionales de normalización o autoridades correspondientes. Se presentan las normativas y los organismos que las emiten, analizando la estructura y contenido de cada una. Se estudian y analizan los aspectos más relevantes, como la estabilización, selección de los suelos, requisitos de los productos y ensayos existentes, comparando las diferentes normativas. Este trabajo puede ser de gran utilidad para el desarrollo de futuras normas y como referencia para arquitectos e ingenieros que trabajen con tierra.
La tapia en España. Técnicas actuales y ejemplos
Authors: Font F. , Hidalgo P.
Published: July 2011

La tapia, esa milenaria técnica de construir muros consistente en apisonar tierra húmeda dentro de un molde de madera llamado tapial, ha sido profusamente empleada en la Península Ibérica desde muy antiguo, tanto en la arquitectura monumental como popular, hasta que a principios del siglo pasado entró en franca decadencia, llegando prácticamente a desaparecer unas décadas después.
En Europa, tras la crisis energética de finales de los años setenta, un sector de la población tomó conciencia de la escasez y del agotamiento de los recursos naturales del planeta. Muchos arquitectos y distintos agentes vinculados al sector de la construcción y la investigación se propusieron rescatar materiales y antiguas técnicas constructivas, en un intento de conciliar las exigencias de la edificación actual con los parámetros de la arquitectura bioclimática.
En España, aunque más tardíamente, también ha surgido con determinación este movimiento y en los últimos 20 años han proliferado viviendas y todo tipo de edificaciones construidas a base de tierra.
El tradicional tapial y el apisonado manual conviven actualmente con los encofrados procedentes de la industria del hormigón, pero la modernización de la técnica se va imponiendo paulatinamente. La diversidad de tipologías de edificaciones de tapia levantadas en los últimos años en España es, como puede verse en este trabajo, significativa. En nuestra opinión esto viene a corroborar que esta milenaria técnica constructiva regresa de un injustificado olvido y se reafirma en un esperanzador futuro.
Megarthrusof Korea, with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Proteininae)
Authors: Cuccodoro Giulio , Kim Myoung Hee , Ahn Kee-Jeong
Published: July 2011

A taxonomic study ofMegarthrusCurtis in Korea is presented. The genus is represented in Korea by 10 species includingM. coreanusKim and Cuccodorosp. nov.Megarthrus corticalisSharp,M. fennicusLahtinen,M. incubiferCuccodoro,M. japonicusSharp,M. montanusSawada,M. sawadaiCuccodoro, andM. zercheiCuccodoro and Löbl are reported from Korea for the first time. A diagnosis of the genus and a key to the Korean species are provided. The new species is diagnosed, described, and illustrated and the other species are diagnosed and illustrated. Species distributions are presented, and the effect of these Korean findings on the level of endemism of theMegarthrusfauna of Japan and Far East Russia is discussed.
Field investigation of mating behaviour of Agrilus cyanescens and Agrilus subcinctus
Authors: Lelito Jonathan P. , Domingue Michael J. , Fraser Ivich , Mastro Victor C. , Tumlinson James H. , Baker Thomas C.
Published: July 2011

We examined mate-finding behaviour in Agrilus subcinctus Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Agrilus cyanescens Ratzeburg (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in ash (Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae)) stands in the Great Lakes region of the United States of America. Dead specimens of both species were affixed to ash foliage to serve as models to test visual stimulation of aerial attraction of males. The models were washed in dichloromethane to remove cuticular lipids or were left unwashed, to test for the presence of close-range pheromonal cues. Males of both species located females via a visually guided aerial approach from up to 1 m above females, similar to the behaviour of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. When male A. subcinctus or A. cyanescens made contact with females, contact sex pheromones mediated subsequent copulation behaviour. During their visually mediated airborne descent and landing, male A. cyanescens landed directly on female models; whereas, male A. subcinctus landed significantly more often on the leaf surface supporting a model. Male A. subcintus performed precopulatory pounce behaviour on female models after assessing surface chemical cues with their antennae. Male A. cyanescens landed upon a variety of models, but after landing, rejected a significant proportion of models lacking female A. cyanescens cuticular lipids.
Chalcidoid parasitoids of overwintered pupae of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in hazelnut plantations of Turkey's central Black Sea region
Authors: Sullivan G.T. , Karaca I. , Ozman-Sullivan S.K. , Yang Z.Q.
Published: July 2011

Overwintered pupae of fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), were collected from 38 hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae)) plantations in Samsun province, Turkey, in 2008 and 2009. Four chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species were reared: Chouioia cunea Yang (Eulophidae), Conomorium amplum (Walker), Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker), and Psychophagus omnivorus (Walker) (Pteromalidae). Overall parasitism was 11.97% and 4.84% for 2008 and 2009, respectively; species richness on sites ranged from one to three species. Psychophagus omnivorus parasitised 6.7% of all pupae and comprised 79% of chalcidoid rearings. Chouioia cunea had the highest clutch average (117) and female:male ratio (44.5:1). Records of Chouioia cunea and Conomorium amplum are new for Turkey and, except for P. omnivorus, all parasitoids are new records for H. cunea in Turkey.
First Mesozoic Microphysidae (Hemiptera): a new genus and species in Late Cretaceous amber from Canada
Authors: McKellar Ryan C. , Engel Michael S.
Published: July 2011

A new genus and species of microphysid bug is described and illustrated from two individuals preserved in Late Cretaceous (Campanian) amber from Alberta, Canada.Popovophysa entzmingerigen.etsp. nov.is distinguished from its fossil and modern counterparts. The new species has attributes of the two currently recognized subfamilies Ciorullinae and Microphysinae, suggesting that those taxa may not be distinct and are in need of cladistic analysis.
Phloem and xylem nitrogen variability in Quercus rubra attacked by Enaphalodes rufulus
Authors: Haavik Laurel J. , Ayres Matthew P. , Stange Erik E. , Stephen Fred M.
Published: July 2011

We analyzed nitrogen (N) content in phloem and xylem of 75 northern red oak, Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae), removed in 2002–2007 from three sites within the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, to investigate the relationship between vascular tissue N status and wood borer infestation. Populations of native red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), experienced an outbreak and population crash during the sampling period. Vascular tissue N was not correlated with borer infestation density (exit holes/m−2/bark surface), which suggests variation in N status of vascular tissue was not influenced by or did not influence borer success. Vascular tissue N was greater in trees sampled during winter months than in trees sampled in spring and summer months.
Validation of harmonic radar tags to study movement of Chinese citrus fly
Authors: Gui Lian-You , Xiu-Qin Huang , Chuan-Ren Li , Boiteau G.
Published: July 2011

Effective management of Chinese citrus fly,Bactrocera minax(Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is hindered by a lack of knowledge about its movements. We determined the feasibility of using harmonic radar technology to measure natural dispersal ofB. minax.Tests demonstrated that 3.8 mg tags representing 8% of average insect weight had no visible impact on the ability of flies to takeoff and maintain flight. More than 86% of flies retained their tags for at least 5 days, and there was no significant mortality. Neither adhesive tested for tag mounting affected the survival of flies. Presence of the vertical dorsal tag did not prevent or hamper vertical movement. Together, results validate the use of tags weighing up to 3.8 mg for radar or telemetric study of dispersal ecology ofB. minax.
Effect of artificial diet components on conspecific repellency of larval oral secretions from western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Poirier L.M. , Borden J.H.
Published: July 2011

A choice feeding bioassay was used to investigate the effects of artificial diet components on the repellency of larval oral secretions from western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, to conspecific larvae. Oral secretions from insects fed on agar supplemented with linseed oil were as repellent as secretions from insects fed on complete artificial diet. Secretions from insects fed on agar alone, agar and casein, or agar and wheat germ were not significantly more repellent than distilled water; neither was linseed oil alone. Linseed oil consists of glycerides of several fatty acids, which are likely metabolized quickly in the insect gut; repellency of oral secretions could be due to any of the related fatty acids or metabolites.
Volatile compounds from non-preferred wheat spikes reduce oviposition by Sitodiplosis mosellana
Authors: Gharalari A.H. , Smith M.A.H. , Fox S.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: July 2011

Female wheat midges, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were provided with wheat spikes, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), for oviposition while being exposed to air that had passed over wheat spikes of contrasting genotype or growth stage. Spikes of postanthesis ‘Roblin’ and preanthesis ‘Key 10’ are known to deter oviposition. Volatiles emitted by these spikes suppressed oviposition on preanthesis ‘Roblin', which is preferred for oviposition. Volatiles emitted by spikes of preanthesis ‘Roblin’ did not increase oviposition on preanthesis ‘Key 10'. Reduced oviposition on a resistant genotype and on a deterrent growth stage of wheat is consistent with production of deterrent volatiles rather than a lack of stimulatory volatiles.
Telangiectasia Macularis Eruptiva Perstans: more than skin deep
Authors: Watkins Casey E. , Bokor Winston B. , Leicht Stuart , Youngberg George , Krishnaswamy Guha
Published: July 2011

Systemic mastocytosis is a rare disease involving the infiltration and accumulation of active mast cells within any organ system. By far, the most common organ affected is the skin. Cutaneous manifestations of mastocytosis, including Urticaria Pigmentosa (UP), cutaneous mastocytoma or telangiectasia macularis eruptive perstans (TMEP), may indicate a more serious and potentially life-threatening underlying disease. The presence of either UP or TMEP in a patient with anaphylactic symptoms should suggest the likelihood of systemic mastocytosis, with the caveat that systemic complications are more likely to occur in patients with UP. TMEP can usually be identified by the typical morphology, but a skin biopsy is confirmative. In patients with elevated tryptase levels or those with frequent systemic manifestations, a bone marrow biopsy is essential in order to demonstrate mast cell infiltration. Further genetic testing for mutations of c-kit gene or the FIP1L1 gene may help with disease classification and/or therapeutic approaches. Rarely, TMEP has been described with malignancy, radiation therapy, and myeloproliferative disorders. A few familial cases have also been described. In this review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of patients with TMEP. We also discuss the possible molecular pathogenesis and the role of genetics in disease classification and treatment.
Stratospheric methane profiles from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements derived with onion peeling DOAS
Authors: Noël S. , Bramstedt K. , Rozanov A. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Stratospheric methane (CH4) profiles have been derived from solar occultation measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on ENVISAT with an updated version of the Onion Peeling DOAS (ONPD) method. The SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements cover the latitudinal range between about 50° N and 70° N. Currently, reasonable results are obtained between 20 and 40 km altitude. Comparisons with correlative ACE-FTS measurements show an average agreement within the expected accuracy of the ACE-FTS data of about 10 %. To demonstrate the capability of SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements in the context of greenhouse gas monitoring, time series of stratospheric CH4 profiles covering the period from 2003 to 2010 have been generated. The SCIAMACHY CH4 profile solar occultation temporal series shows a strong seasonal cycle. This is attributed to the variations in both time and space of the retrieved data set. At lower altitudes, the observed temporal variations are explained by variations of the tropopause height. The temporal data set is also impacted by variations of the size and duration of the polar vortex in the northern hemisphere. The data set provides unique information about CH4 changes in the stratosphere at mid to high latitudes.
Copula-based statistical refinement of precipitation in RCM simulations over complex terrain
Authors: Laux P. , Vogl S. , Qiu W. , Knoche H. R. , Kunstmann H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a new Copula-based method for further downscaling regional climate simulations. It is developed, applied and evaluated for selected stations in the alpine region of Germany. Apart from the common way to use Copulas to model the extreme values, a strategy is proposed which allows to model continuous time series. As the concept of Copulas requires independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables, meteorological fields are transformed using an ARMA-GARCH time series model. In this paper, we focus on the positive pairs of observed and modelled (RCM) precipitation. According to the empirical copulas, significant upper and lower tail dependence between observed and modelled precipitation can be observed. These dependence structures are further conditioned on the prevailing large-scale weather situation. Based on the derived theoretical Copula models, stochastic rainfall simulations are performed, finally allowing for bias corrected and locally refined RCM simulations.
Multifocal electroretinograms in age-related macular degeneration before and after photodynamic therapy
Authors: Kojima Masashi , Yukawa Eiichi , Shimoyama Kimie , Nochioka Katsunori , Tsujinaka Hiroki , Matsuura Toyoaki
Published: July 2011

Purpose

To evaluate multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) and macular retinal thickness before and after photodynamic therapy (PDT) for predominantly classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (classic type) and occult with no classic CNV (occult type).

Methods

Recording of mfERG and measurement of macular retinal thickness were performed before and after PDT in 19 patients (19 eyes) with the classic type and 24 (26 eyes) with the occult type. The evaluation items were the amplitude of the first negative wave (N1), the amplitude from the peak of the negative wave to that of the following positive wave (P1), and the peak latencies of the negative and positive waves.

Results

Compared with mfERG before PDT, that after PDT showed a significant decrease in the P1 latency in the central area (31.1±1.9 ms before and 29.6±1.6 ms after PDT) for the classic type and significant decreases in both the central (32.0±2.0 ms before and 30.5±2.4 ms after PDT) and peripheral (30.2±2.0 ms before and 29.5±2.0 ms after PDT) areas for the occult type. Optical coherence tomography showed significant decreases in macular retinal thickness in both groups (464 and 314 μm before and after PDT, respectively, for the classic type and 516 and 340 μm for the occult type).

Conclusions

After PDT, retinal function evaluated by mfERG improved for both the classic and occult types, and the recovery of P1 latency may be due to improvement in retinal edema.
Original article. Transcription factors regulate Forkhead box O1 gene promoter activity in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Luo Ying , Lin Yan , Han Xiao
Published: July 2011

Background: Transcription factors of the Forkhead box O (Fox O) family have important roles in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and stress resistance. In pancreatic β-cells, FoxO1 protein plays an important role in β-cells development. The molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of basal FoxO1 gene expression in pancreatic β-cells is not fully understood.

Objectives: Explore the potential transcription factors regulating FoxO1 promoter activity using pancreatic β-cell line (RINm5F cells)

Methods: Promoter screening method, luciferase reporter gene analysis, transient expression assay system, and deletion analysis of a -974/-18 bp 5’ upstream region of the mouse FoxO1 gene were used in this study.

Results: An inhibition domain (-974/-321) and an activation domain (-321/-18) was identified through deletion analysis of a -974/-18 bp 5’ upstream region of the mouse FoxO1 gene. Using the promoter screening method, several transcription factors were selected. Luciferase reporter studies showed that these factors could regulate FoxO1 promoter activity in RINm5F cells. Among these factors, cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) could positively regulate FoxO1 promoter activity. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) played a negative role on FoxO1 promoter. In addition, ETS oncogene family member Elk-1 did not affect the FoxO1 promoter activity.

Conclusion: Two transcription factors (CREB and STAT1) could effectively regulate the mouse FoxO1 gene promoter activity.
Original article. Efficacy of intravenous dexamethasone for the prevention of vomiting associated with intrathecal chemotherapy and ketamine sedation in children: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover, placebocontrolled trial
Authors: Traivaree Chanchai , Torcharus Kitti , Lumkul Rachata , Komoltri Chulalak , Charuluxananan Somrat
Published: July 2011

Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting remains a significant problem for children with leukemia. There is limited evidence to support using prophylactic antiemetic prior to the administration of intrathecal chemotherapy.

Objective: Determine whether vomiting and nausea associated with intravenous ketamine and intrathecal chemotherapy may be reduced by the addition of prophylactic dexamethasone in children.

Method:A randomized, double-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled trial was completed in 33 children receiving intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate and ketamine sedation at Pharmongkutklao Hospital. Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to receive one of two interventions during the first period, either an infusion of normal saline or intravenous dexamethasone at 0.25 mg/kg/dose. Each patient acted as his or her own control, and each patient was studied at two time-points.

Results: Period effect, sequence effect, and carry over effect were not demonstrated. The absolute risk reduction of vomiting was significantly greater after infusion of dexamethasone than after placebo at 33.3 % (p=0.02). The number needed to treat was three to prevent one episode of vomiting. Fifteen patients in the treatment group reported nausea versus 26 patients in the placebo group (p= 0.007). In the group of patients treated with dexamethasone, five required antiemetic vs. 16 of those receiving placebo (p=0.02). There was no complication from dexamethasone.

Conclusion: Intravenous dexamethasone reduced vomiting associated with intrathecal chemotherapy and ketamine sedation, without significant side-effects. It may be recommended a reasonable option before intrathecal chemotherapy
Original article. The role of p38MAPK in asymmetric dimethylarginineinduced cytoskeleton and cellular permeability changes in cultured endothelial cells
Authors: Zhou Yunfei , Zhang Changqin , Zhang Qidong , Zhang Li , Liu Wenhu
Published: July 2011

Background: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces endothelial cell barrier dysfunction via cytoskeleton activation and contraction. It is supposed that activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) would trigger the formation of stress fibers and increase cellular permeability.

Objective: Explore p38 MAPK as a potentially important enzyme in ADMA-mediated endothelial cell contractile response and permeability change.

Methods: Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured, where ADMA and/or SB203580 (the specific inhibitor of p38MAPK) were used to stimulate HUVECs. Immunofluorescent staining was carried out to examine the expression and distribution of F-actin, flow cytometry was used to quantify F-actin, and Transwell was applied to test cellular permeability with FITC-labelled human serum albumin (HSA). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the changes of intercellar contact.

Results: ADMA induced significant p38MAPK activation in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated with increased stress fibers. SB-203580 attenuated the formation of actin stress fiber and the increase of cellular permeability induced ADMA in the HUVECs (p<0.01, LSCM; p<0.01, cytometry; p<0.05, Transwell). Widened intercellular space induced by ADMA was detected and could be inhibited by SB-203580 (SEM). SB-203580 alone had no effect on cytoskeleton and cellular permeability.

Conclusion: p38MAPK activation participated in cytoskeleton and cellular permeability changes induced by ADMA in HUVECs.
Original article. Effects of telmisartan on angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and p-ERK1/2 phosphorylation in rat cultured cardiomyocytes
Authors: Chang Wei-Han , Yan Jing-Jing , Li Xin , Guo Hai-Yan , Liu Yu
Published: July 2011

Background: Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is a common complication of hypertension, and is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Up to now, no study has been made on the effects of telmisartan on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

Objective: Investigate the effects of telmisartan on angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) in rat-cultured cardiomyocytes.

Methods: Rat myocardial cells were cultured. Beating rates of the cardiomyocytes, cell volumes, total protein contents, protein synthesis rates, and ERK activity were measured. The phosphorylation of p-ERK1/2 was analyzed by Western blot.

Results: Treatment of cultured cardiomyocytes with telmisartan inhibited angiotensin II-induced increases in cell volume, beating rate, total protein content and protein synthesis rate. Telmisartan markedly inhibited p-ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Conclusion: Telmisartan could suppress cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II. The mechanism might be related to the inhibition of p-ERK1/2 phosphorylation.