bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Culture
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E.
Published: June 2023

This entry provides an updated general description of the concept of corporate culture along with an explanatory list of its central attributes.
Wealth Inequality
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Fleischer Miranda Perry
Published: June 2023

This entry focuses on the normative significance of wealth inequality. The emphasis is mainly on background descriptive considerations about how to understand wealth and measure its distribution in ways that contrast with other significant distributions (principally income). Attention is then given to a variety of philosophical diagnoses of why wealth inequality might be a distinctively or especially concerning kind of inequality from the point of view of justice. Some discussion is then offered of the questions faced by proposals to increase the taxation of wealth, particularly of the largest fortunes.
Commissioning and clinical evaluation of the IDENTIFYTM surface imaging system for frameless stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Covington Elizabeth L. , Stanley Dennis N. , Sullivan Rodney J. , Riley Kristen O. , Fiveash John B. , Popple Richard A.
Published: June 2023

Purpose

To commission and assess the clinical performance of a new commercial surface imaging (SI) system by analyzing intra‐fraction motion from the initial cohort of patients treated with frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS).

Methods

The IDENTIFYTM SI system was commissioned for clinical use on an Edge (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) linear accelerator. All patients who received intracranial radiotherapy with HyperArcTM (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) were immobilized with the EncompassTM (Qfix, Avondale, PA) thermoplastic mask and monitored for intra‐fraction motion with SI. IDENTIFYTM log files were correlated with trajectory log files to correlate treatment parameters with SI‐reported offsets. IDENTIFYTM reported offsets were correlated with gantry and couch angles to assess system performance for obstructed and clear camera field of view. Data were stratified by race to evaluate performance differences due to skin tone.

Results

All commissioning data were found to meet recommended tolerances. IDENTIFYTM was used to monitor intra‐fraction motion on 1164 fractions from 386 patients. The median magnitude of translational SI reported offsets at the end of treatment was 0.27 mm. SI reported offsets were shown to increase when camera pods are blocked by the gantry with larger increases seen at non‐zero couch angles. With camera obstruction, the median magnitude of the SI reported offset was 0.50 and 0.80 mm for White and Black patients, respectively.

Conclusions

IDENTIFYTM performance during fSRS is comparable to other commercially available SI systems where offsets are shown to increase at non‐zero couch angles and during camera pod blockage.
Enlarged perivascular spaces in patients with migraine: a case–control study based on 3T MRI
Authors: Yuan Ziyu , Li Wei , Tang Hefei , Mei Yanliang , Qiu Dong , Zhang Min , Sun Qian , Wang Wei , Zhang Peng , Ma Zhaochao , Zhang Xueyan , Zhang Yaqing , Wang Yonggang , Yu Xueying
Published: June 2023

Objective

To explore whether MRI‐visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are associated with migraine and may serve as a predictor of migraine. Then further explore its correlation with migraine chronification.

Methods

A total of 231 participants (healthy control [HC] = 57, episodic migraine [EM] = 59, chronic migraine [CM] = 115) were included in this case–control study. A 3T MRI device and the validated visual rating scale were used to assess the grades of EPVS in centrum semiovale (CSO), midbrain (MB), and basal ganglia (BG). Comparisons between the two groups were made using the chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests to initially determine whether high‐grade EPVS were associated with migraine and migraine chronification. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to further investigate the role of high‐grade EPVS in migraine.

Results

The prevalence of high‐grade EPVS in CSO and MB were significantly higher in patients with migraine than in HCs (CSO: 64.94% vs. 42.11%, P = 0.002; MB: 55.75% vs. 29.82%, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed no statistical difference between patients with EM and CM (CSO: 69.94% vs. 62.61%, P = 0.368; MB: 50.85% vs. 58.26%, P = 0.351). Individuals with high‐grade EPVS in CSO (odds ratio [OR]: 2.324; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.136–4.754; P = 0.021) and MB (OR: 3.261; 95% CI: 1.534–6.935; P = 0.002) were more likely to suffer from migraine.

Interpretation

This case–control study showed that high‐grade EPVS in CSO and MB in clinical practice with the underlying mechanism of dysfunction of the glymphatic system could be a predictor of migraine, but no significant correlation had been found with migraine chronification.
Exploring and Understanding the Multiscale Mechanical Degradation in Graphene Assemblies via Practical Microstructure Guided Modeling
Authors: Qin Huasong , Tong Wenhao , Pei Qing‐Xiang , Wang Ziqiu , Zhang Guoqiang , Chen Yan , Li Peng , Liu Jingran , Xu Zhen , Liu Yilun
Published: June 2023

Exploring and understanding the structure‐mechanical property relations in hierarchical graphene assemblies is crucial for optimizing their mechanical properties and developing new functionalities, as the tensile strength is two orders of magnitude degradation from pristine graphene to graphene assemblies. Yet, quantifying the strength degradation across multiscale is a challenge due to the complex hierarchical structures. Thus, key structures and dominated factors at different lengthscales that affect the mechanical properties of graphene assemblies should be extracted for the reasonable unveiling of this problem. In this study, the multiscale mechanical degradation of graphene assemblies through practical microstructure‐guided multiscale modeling is characterized. Combining with experimental observations, three representative models are developed to study the mechanical behaviors of graphene assemblies at different lengthscales. Then, the dominated factors affecting the strength at these lengthscales are identified, that is the defects in monolayer graphene, tension‐shear load transfer for stacked graphene, and uniformity of graphene assemblies. Based on the simulation results, the structure‐strength relation of graphene assemblies is given, and practical strategies are proposed followed by experimental realization, to significantly improve the mechanical properties of graphene‐based nanocomposites.
H2S‐Activated Ion‐Interference Therapy: A Novel Tumor Targeted Therapy Based on Copper‐Overload‐Mediated Cuproptosis and Pyroptosis
Authors: Zhao Fan , Liang Liying , Wang Heng , Wang Chen , Su Dan , Ying Yao , Li Wangchang , Li Juan , Zheng Jingwu , Qiao Liang , Mou Xiaozhou , Che Shenglei , Yu Jing
Published: June 2023

Copper overload is a novel way to achieve copper‐ion‐interference therapy by disrupting copper homeostasis and treating diseases through multiple cell death pathways. However, it is difficult to reach copper overload since excess intracellular copper ions will be pumped out. Herein, copper overload is achieved by both raising cellular uptake and reducing the efflux of copper ions using hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐responsive copper hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles (Cu2(PO4)(OH) NPs). After immersion in an H2S‐enriched colon cancer microenvironment, Cu2(PO4)(OH) NPs can transform into copper sulfide NPs with reduced size for higher cell entering, resulting in improved Fenton activity as well as copper ion dissociation. Reactive oxygen species generated by the Fenton reaction not only activate inflammasomes and Caspase‐1 proteins, cause the cleavage of gasdermin D to induce pyroptosis, but also affect mitochondrial function and down‐regulate copper exporter ATP7A to further reduce the copper excretion. The combination of higher endocytosis and lower exportation leads to maximized copper overload. Together with the efficient copper ions release, mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle can be disrupted and iron‐sulfur cluster proteins are downregulated, ultimately triggering cuproptosis. As both pyroptosis and cuproptosis are efficient ways to induce cell death, this study provides a novel way to realize effective tumor‐targeted therapy based on H2S‐activated copper overload with simple Cu2(PO4)(OH) NPs.
Relaxation‐Induced Significant Room‐Temperature Dielectric Pulsing Effects
Authors: Li Zhenzhen , Gong Yutie , Xu Aihua , Zhao Jiayu , Li Qiong , Dong Lijie , Xiong Chuanxi , Jiang Ming
Published: June 2023

Thermo‐responsive dielectric materials are in urgent demand owing to the rapid development of smart electronic/electrical systems. Although different types and structures of thermally responsive dielectric materials have been continuously reported, their dielectric response behaviors all originate from thermodynamic phase transitions. Herein, it is demonstrated that structural relaxation in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), a non‐thermodynamic phase transition, can induce a significant thermal dielectric pulse at room temperature. The dielectric pulse strength of up to 6.3 × 105 at 20 Hz, with a dielectric pulsing temperature of 24 °C, is achieved from polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐PVDF coaxial nanofibrous films (PVDF@PEG), fabricated via a continuous blow spinning method. Moreover, the films exhibit excellent flexibility, adjustable strength and toughness, switchable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and effective thermal management capability. The relaxation‐induced dielectric pulsing effect, outstanding multifunctionality, and simple preparation combine to promote further scalability and prospects of PVDF@PEG. In particular, the work contributes to the discovery of the relaxation‐induced dielectric response mechanism, which provides a new strategy for the generation of thermo‐responsive dielectric materials.
A Hierarchical 3D Graft Printed with Nanoink for Functional Craniofacial Bone Restoration
Authors: Shi Yang , Shi Jue , Sun Yuan , Liu Qiqi , Zhang Chun , Shao Changyu , Yu Kang , Ge Mingjie , Mi Rui , Gu Jingyi , Wu Wenzhi , Lu Weiying , Chen Zhuo , He Yong , Tang Ruikang , Xie Zhijian
Published: June 2023

An ideal craniofacial bone repair graft shall not only focus on the repair ability but also the regeneration of natural architecture with occlusal loads‐related function restoration. However, such functional bone tissue engineering scaffold has rarely been reported. Herein, a hierarchical 3D graft is proposed for rebuilding craniofacial bone with both natural structure and healthy biofunction reconstruction. Inspired by the bone healing process, an organic–inorganic nanoink with ultrasmall calcium phosphate oligomers and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 incorporated is developed for spatiotemporal guidance of new bone. Based on such homogeneous nanoink, a biomimetic graft, including a cortical layer containing Haversian system, and a cancellous layer featured with triply periodic minimum surface macrostructures, is fabricated via projection‐based 3D printing method, and the layers are loaded with distinct concentrations of bioactive factors for regenerating new bone with gradient density. The graft exhibits excellent osteogenic and angiogenic potential in vitro, and accelerates revascularization and reconstructs neo‐bone with original morphology in vivo. Benefiting from such natural architecture, loading force is widely transferred with reduced stress concentration around the inserted dental implant. Taken from native physiochemical and structural cues, this wstudy provides a novel strategy for functional tissue engineering through designing function‐oriented biomaterials.
MXenes and Their Derivatives for Advanced Solid‐State Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Man Quanyan , An Yongling , Shen Hengtao , Wei Chuanliang , Zhang Xinlu , Wang Zhengran , Xiong Shenglin , Feng Jinkui
Published: June 2023

Solid‐state energy storage devices (SSESDs) are believed to significantly improve safety, long‐term electrochemical/thermal stability, and energy/power density as well as reduce packaging demands, showing the huge application potential in large‐scale energy storage. Nevertheless, some key issues like low ionic conductivities, poor interface contact, and dendrites growth limit the practical application of SSESDs. In recent years, MXenes for SSESDs have received reassuring advances on account of unique parameters. Nevertheless, overall reviews about the subject are seldom. In this review, current advances of MXenes and their derivatives in solid‐state Li–metal, Li‐ion, Li–I/S, Na‐ion, Zn–air, Zn–metal batteries, and supercapacitors in cathode/anode optimization, interface medication, and electrolyte fillers, etc., are comprehensively reviewed. First of all, essential principles of MXenes are shown, such as precursors, etching/delamination strategies, as well as superior properties for energy storage systems. Meanwhile, the classification and evaluation parameters of solid‐state electrolytes are summarized. Subsequently, the application, modification mechanism, and design strategy of MXenes for boosting electrochemical behaviors of SSESDs are systematically reviewed and discussed. At last, perspectives and challenges about the future construction strategies of MXenes for SSESDs are recommended. This review shall assist scientists design and build advanced SSESDs with superior energy density along with safety.
Biomimetic Alveoli System with Vivid Mechanical Response and Cell–Cell Interface
Authors: Niu Mengying , Zhu Yujuan , Ding Xiaoya , Zu Yan , Zhao Yuanjin , Wang Yongan
Published: June 2023

Alveolar microenvironmental models are important for studying the basic biology of the alveolus, therapeutic trials, and drug testing. However, a few systems can fully reproduce the in vivo alveolar microenvironment including dynamic stretching and the cell–cell interface. Here, a novel biomimetic alveolus‐on‐a‐chip microsystem is presented suitable for visualizing physiological breathing for simulating the 3D architecture and function of human pulmonary alveoli. This biomimetic microsystem contains an inverse opal structured polyurethane membrane that achieves real‐time observation of mechanical stretching. In this microsystem, the alveolar‐capillary barrier is created by alveolar type 2 (ATII) cells cocultured with vascular endothelial cells (ECs) on this membrane. Based on this microsystem, the phenomena of flattening and the tendency of differentiation in ATII cells are observed. The synergistic effects of mechanical stretching and ECs on the proliferation of ATII cells are also observed during the repair process following lung injury. These features indicate the potential of this novel biomimetic microsystem for exploring the mechanisms of lung diseases, which can provide future guidance concerning drug targets for clinical therapies.
Stimuli‐Responsive Polymer Nanoprobes Intended for Fluorescence‐Guided Surgery of Malignant Head‐and‐Neck Tumors and Metastases
Authors: Pola Robert , Grosmanová Eliška , Pechar Michal , Horák Dominik , Krunclová Tereza , Pankrác Jan , Henry Maxime , Kaňa Martin , Bouček Jan , Šefc Luděk , Coll Jean‐Luc , Etrych Tomáš
Published: June 2023

Nano‐sized carriers are widely studied as suitable candidates for the advanced delivery of various bioactive molecules such as drugs and diagnostics. Herein, the development of long‐circulating stimuli‐responsive polymer nanoprobes tailored for the fluorescently‐guided surgery of solid tumors is reported. Nanoprobes are designed as long‐circulating nanosystems preferably accumulated in solid tumors due to the Enhanced permeability and retention effect, so they act as a tumor microenvironment‐sensitive activatable diagnostic. This study designs polymer probes differing in the structure of the spacer between the polymer carrier and Cy7 by employing pH‐sensitive spacers, oligopeptide spacers susceptible to cathepsin B‐catalyzed enzymatic hydrolysis, and non‐degradable control spacer. Increased accumulation of the nanoprobes in the tumor tissue coupled with stimuli‐sensitive release behavior and subsequent activation of the fluorescent signal upon dye release facilitated favorable tumor‐to‐background ratio, a key feature for fluorescence‐guided surgery. The probes show excellent diagnostic potential for the surgical removal of intraperitoneal metastasis and orthotopic head and neck tumors with very high efficacy and accuracy. In addition, the combination of macroscopic resection followed by fluorescence‐guided surgery using developed probes enable the identification and resection of most of the CAL33 intraperitoneal metastases with total tumor burden reduced to 97.2%.
Molecular One‐ and Two‐Qubit Systems with Very Long Coherence Times
Authors: Schäfter Dennis , Wischnat Jonathan , Tesi Lorenzo , De Sousa J. Alejandro , Little Edmund , McGuire Jake , Mas‐Torrent Marta , Rovira Concepció , Veciana Jaume , Tuna Floriana , Crivillers Núria , van Slageren Joris
Published: June 2023

General‐purpose quantum computation and quantum simulation require multi‐qubit architectures with precisely defined, robust interqubit interactions, coupled with local addressability. This is an unsolved challenge, primarily due to scalability issues. These issues often derive from poor control over interqubit interactions. Molecular systems are promising materials for the realization of large‐scale quantum architectures, due to their high degree of positionability and the possibility to precisely tailor interqubit interactions. The simplest quantum architecture is the two‐qubit system, with which quantum gate operations can be implemented. To be viable, a two‐qubit system must possess long coherence times, the interqubit interaction must be well defined and the two qubits must also be addressable individually within the same quantum manipulation sequence. Here results are presented on the investigation of the spin dynamics of chlorinated triphenylmethyl organic radicals, in particular the perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical, a mono‐functionalized PTM, and a biradical PTM dimer. Extraordinarily long ensemble coherence times up to 148 µs are found at all temperatures below 100 K. Two‐qubit and, importantly, individual qubit addressability in the biradical system are demonstrated. These results underline the potential of molecular materials for the development of quantum architectures.
One‐Pot Synthesis and Excited‐State Dynamics of Null Exciton‐Coupled Diketopyrrolopyrroles Oligo‐Grids
Authors: Bo Yifan , Hou Pengfei , Wan Jun , Cao Hongtao , Liu Yuyu , Xie Linghai , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: June 2023

Exciton coupling in molecular aggregates plays a vital role in impacting and fine‐tuning optoelectronic materials and their efficiencies in devices. A versatile platform to decipher aggregation‐property relationships is built around multichromophoric architectures. Here, a series of cyclic diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) oligomers featuring nanoscale gridarene structures and rigid bifluorenyl spacers are designed and synthesized via one‐pot Friedel–Crafts reaction. DPP dimer [2]Grid and trimer [3]Grid, which are cyclic rigid nanoarchitectures of rather different sizes, are further characterized via steady‐state and time‐resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. They exhibit monomer‐like spectroscopic signatures in the steady‐state measurements, from which null exciton couplings are derived. Moreover, in an apolar solvent, high fluorescence quantum yields and excited‐state dynamics that resembled DPP monomer are gathered. In a polar solvent, the localized singlet excited state on a single DPP dissociates into the adjacent null coupling DPP with charge transfer characteristics. This pathway facilitates the evolution of the symmetry‐broken charge‐separated state (SB‐CS). Notable is the fact that the SB‐CS of [2]Grid is, on one hand, in equilibrium with the singlet excited state and promotes, on the other hand, the formation of the triplet excited state with a yield of 32% via charge recombination.
Aerosol‐Jet‐Printable Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Inks and Temperature‐Sensitive Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Bradshaw Nathan P. , Hirani Zoheb , Kuo Lidia , Li Siyang , Williams Nicholas X. , Sangwan Vinod K. , Chaney Lindsay E. , Evans Austin M. , Dichtel William R. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: June 2023

With molecularly well‐defined and tailorable 2D structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as leading material candidates for chemical sensing, storage, separation, and catalysis. In these contexts, the ability to directly and deterministically print COFs into arbitrary geometries will enable rapid optimization and deployment. However, previous attempts to print COFs have been restricted by low spatial resolution and/or post‐deposition polymerization that limits the range of compatible COFs. Here, these limitations are overcome with a pre‐synthesized, solution‐processable colloidal ink that enables aerosol jet printing of COFs with micron‐scale resolution. The ink formulation utilizes the low‐volatility solvent benzonitrile, which is critical to obtaining homogeneous printed COF film morphologies. This ink formulation is also compatible with other colloidal nanomaterials, thus facilitating the integration of COFs into printable nanocomposite films. As a proof‐of‐concept, boronate‐ester COFs are integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form printable COF‐CNT nanocomposite films, in which the CNTs enhance charge transport and temperature sensing performance, ultimately resulting in high‐sensitivity temperature sensors that show electrical conductivity variation by 4 orders of magnitude between room temperature and 300 °C. Overall, this work establishes a flexible platform for COF additive manufacturing that will accelerate the incorporation of COFs into technologically significant applications.
Non‐Planar Multiprocess Additive Manufacturing of Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Chauvette Jean‐François , Hia Iee Lee , Pierre Juliette , Chenier Gabriel , Farahani Rouhollah D. , Piccirelli Nicola , Therriault Daniel
Published: June 2023

Multiprocess additive manufacturing (AM) consists of integrating different 3D printing techniques to enable the fabrication of multifunctional parts, based on their geometry and material properties. The combination of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct ink writing (DIW) techniques, respectively involving thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers (or composites), often focuses on planar and small‐scale applications (i.e., few cm), with limited nozzle orientation freedom for the fabrication of complex parts. Many industries, such as the aerospace sector, could benefit from the AM of lightweight multifunctional parts. For instance, one of the key aircraft components, the abradable seal coating, is applied on gas turbine engines casing to increase engine efficiency and is mechanically abraded by the rotor blades during engine startup. Abradable coatings made of thermosetting polymer could be 3D‐printed using a multiprocess to obtain more functionalities. In this work, a non‐planar multiprocess AM approach involving FFF of a complex large sandwich panel structure with low material density and large‐scale DIW of an abradable thermosetting coating with controlled porosity for sound absorption potential, and better mechanical abradability than a commercial product, is presented. This multiprocess AM approach can be used to manufacture lightweight multifunctional structural parts for the automotive or aerospace industries.
Vertical Photodetectors Based on In Situ Aligned Single‐crystalline PbS Nanocuboids Sandwiched between Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Fu Jintao , Yang Chan , Nie Changbin , Sun Feiying , Li Genglin , Feng Shuanglong , Wei Xingzhan
Published: June 2023

Lead sulfide (PbS), a classical narrow‐bandgap material, has manifested itself as a reliable choice for short‐wave infrared (SWIR) detection with high sensitivity. The primary efforts of optimizing PbS‐based photodetectors rely on discovering new low‐dimensional morphology and designing delicate device architecture, which may raise problems in the synergistic improvement of response speed, sensitivity, and response region. Herein, a graphene‐PbS nanocuboids‐graphene vertical photodetector is reported, fabricated by in situ electrochemical growth of monocrystalline PbS nanocuboids on graphene using an electrochemical technique. Under illumination, the surface states of PbS nanocuboids trap photogenerated holes and form a photovoltage, which widens the conductive region in the channel. This photogating effect contributes to the photocurrent and renders the device with high responsivity. Moreover, the highly crystalline PbS nanocuboids serve as excellent vertical channels, allowing a fast speed to be achieved. At room temperature, the device shows a responsivity of ≈130 A W−1 at 2700 nm, an external quantum efficiency of ≈6000%, a detectivity of 3 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (@1 kHz), and response/recovery speeds of 15/42 ms. This vertically integrated device, composed of PbS nanocuboids and graphene, offers a promising approach to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible SWIR detection, thus opening up an avenue to tailor device performance by exploiting the anisotropic morphology of nanomaterials.
Controllable Photocurrent Generation in Lateral Bilayer MoS2–WS2 Heterostructure
Authors: Zhao Dongyang , Jiao Hanxue , chen Chao , Chen Yan , Wang Shuang , Cao Hechun , Wang Xudong , Yu Guanghui , Bai Wei , Tang Xiaodong , Wang Jianlu , Chu Junhao
Published: June 2023

Laterally epitaxial two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) heterojunctions are of considerable interest in recent years due to atomically sharp interfaces and tunable band alignment, which have potential applications in novel functional electronics and optoelectronics. However, the studies of 2D lateral heterostructures have mainly focused on the synthesis methods and pristine performance of the fabricated heterojunctions. Herein, the controllable photocurrent generation and enhanced performances of the lateral bilayer (LBL) MoS2–WS2 heterojunctions are reported. A tunable and abrupt built‐in field forms at the interface, and the gate‐tunable rectifying behavior and photovoltaic effect are realized. It is demonstrated that the generation of the photocurrent in the device can be highly controlled to realize ultrahigh responsivity of 1.06 × 104 A W−1 and detectivity of 1.14 × 1013 Jones at a 638 nm incident light. The lateral TMDs heterostructures are expected to constitute the ultimate functional elements of novel electronics and optoelectronics.
Experimental Demonstration of Low‐Energy First‐Order Hybridized Plasmon Resonances in Origami Metashells
Authors: Tao Jie , Tang Peng , He Shuchang , Yang Haochen , Li Yuanzhen , Jing Liqiao , Gao Fei , Song Jizhou , Chen Hongsheng , Wang Zuojia
Published: June 2023

Metallic nanoshells have emerged as promising optical cavities to steer hybridized plasmonic resonances that show the high spectral tunability and a large surface area of localized fields. Despite various optical and photochemical applications, plasmonic resonances in shells have rarely been explored at low frequencies due to a nonlinear increase in particle size and a rapid degeneration in field localization. Here, this work reports the experimental realization of hybridized plasmon resonances in origami metashells that can be excited by low‐energy photons ≈7 GHz, corresponding to a level below 10−4 eV. Metasurfaces built of interconnected meshes act as thin Drude metallic films that support symmetric spoof surface plasmons. Rigid folding of the metasurface leads to diverse 3D hollow cavities that exhibit strong plasmonic responses, large surface areas, and low relative densities. Experimental measurements demonstrate three typical behaviors in Drude metallic shells: shielding to quasi‐static fields, strong scattering at first‐order hybridized plasmon resonances, and transparency to high frequency radiation. The relative density is remarkably reduced owing to the void cavity enabled by 3D folding, and an extra degree of freedom in anisotropic load capacity is provided by customizing crease patterns. These results open a door for extremely low‐energy plasmons with low‐density mechanics.
Creeper legume, in conjunction with biochar, is a potential tool to minimize soil erosion
Authors: De Silva Sujani , Yapa Priyantha Indralal , Mahatantila Kushani , Das Saurav , Maharjan Bijesh
Published: June 2023

Accelerated soil erosion and landslides are destructive consequences of road development and intensive agriculture in the central highlands of Sri Lanka. Properly designed vegetation covers can play a vital role in erosion control. Identifying a plant that can adapt to eroded land with a low‐nutrient supply is critical for natural erosion management. A perennial creeper legume, Vigna marina, adaptable for marginal lands and used to control soil erosion in Australia, was introduced to Sri Lanka via the 2004 tsunami. The objective of this study was to assess V. marina under five different soil substrates, including a reference treatment (RT) recommended for optimal legume growth and subsoil (SS) and decomposing parent materials (DPM) without or with 20% Pinus wood biochar (SSb, DPMb). The growth parameters of V. marina were in the order RT > SSb = DPMb > SS = DPM. Following V. marina growth, nitrogen (N) content in DPM and DPMb increased from non‐detectable to 1.83 and 0.99 mg g−1, respectively. The SSb and SS recorded an increase in N by 1.38 and 0.77 mg g−1, respectively. The RT lost soil N by 3.31 mg g−1. Compared to the RT, root nodules were 3× in SSb and DPMb, 2× in SS, and >2× in DPM. Amending SS and DPM with biochar enhanced the growth of V. marina. The V. marina, in conjunction with biochar, can be an effective tool to provide vegetative cover to exposed soils and, thus, minimize soil erosion on road cuts and other land resources.
Profiling and predicting distinct tau progression patterns: An unsupervised data‐driven approach to flortaucipir positron emission tomography
Authors: Tosun Duygu , Thropp Pamela , Southekal Sudeepti , Spottiswoode Bruce , Fahmi Rachid ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: June 2023

INTRODUCTION

How to detect patterns of greater tau burden and accumulation is still an open question.

METHODS

An unsupervised data‐driven whole‐brain pattern analysis of longitudinal tau positron emission tomography (PET) was used first to identify distinct tau accumulation profiles and then to build baseline models predictive of tau‐accumulation type.

RESULTS

The data‐driven analysis of longitudinal flortaucipir PET from studies done by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Avid Pharmaceuticals, and Harvard Aging Brain Study (N = 348 cognitively unimpaired, N = 188 mild cognitive impairment, N = 77 dementia), yielded three distinct flortaucipir‐progression profiles: stable, moderate accumulator, and fast accumulator. Baseline flortaucipir levels, amyloid beta (Aβ) positivity, and clinical variables, identified moderate and fast accumulators with 81% and 95% positive predictive values, respectively. Screening for fast tau accumulation and Aβ positivity in early Alzheimer's disease, compared to Aβ positivity with variable tau progression profiles, required 46% to 77% lower sample size to achieve 80% power for 30% slowing of clinical decline.

DISCUSSION

Predicting tau progression with baseline imaging and clinical markers could allow screening of high‐risk individuals most likely to benefit from a specific treatment regimen.
Deproteinized natural rubber‐graft‐polyacrylamide‐graft‐polystyrene (DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt): Preparation and performance study of a new water swellable rubber
Authors: Yang Zhenhui , Yuan Yizhong , Tian Xiaohui , Sun Jinyu , Jin Jie
Published: June 2023

In this study, the water swellable rubber DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt (DPP) was prepared by emulsion polymerization in a tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine initiation system using deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) as the substrate, acrylamide (AM) and styrene (St) as the monomers, and Brij‐35 as the emulsifier. On this basis, the bentonite (BT) was added for coblending. The successful grafting of AM and St was verified by particle size, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared,1H‐NMR, scanning electron microscope, and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of blending with different amounts of bentonite on the mechanical properties and water absorption properties were discussed. The water swellable rubber DPP and DPP/BT prepared in this study have good prospects for applications in industry, construction, medical care, environmental protection, soil improvement, and nuclear waste treatment.
Neue Perspektiven auf das Querkrafttragverhalten von Stahlbetonbauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Schmidt Maximilian , Seemab Fahad , Chudoba Rostislav , Claßen Martin
Published: June 2023

Das Querkrafttragverhalten von Bauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung ist seit über 100 Jahren ein fester Bestandteil der Forschung im Massivbau. In den letzten Jahren sind verschiedene mechanische Querkraftmodelle entwickelt worden, die eine Vielzahl wichtiger Erkenntnisse über die Hintergründe des Querkrafttragverhaltens aufzeigen und in der Lage sind, physikalische Erklärungsansätze für das Querkraftversagen in Bauteilen ohne Schubbewehrung zu liefern. Diese Modelle bedürfen jedoch weiterer experimenteller Validierung. Hierbei spielen neue Messverfahren (z. B. digitale Bildkorrelation oder faseroptische Dehnungsmessung), die tiefere Einblicke in das Tragverhalten schubbeanspruchter Stahlbetonbauteile zulassen, eine entscheidende Rolle. Ausgehend von experimentellen Untersuchungen mit modernen Messverfahren wurde eine Software entwickelt, die eine automatisierte Erfassung der Rissbildung basierend auf der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode mit detaillierter Auswertung der Kinematik und der im Riss übertragenen Spannungen durchführt. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über verschiedene Auswertungsmethoden experimenteller Untersuchungen mit modernen Messverfahren gegeben, auf deren Basis eine vertiefte Bewertung neuer Modellansätze erfolgen kann.
Major complications associated with unfavorable outcome in right‐sided large hemisphere infarctions: A single‐center study
Authors: Li Jie , Zhang Ping , Chen Hong , Liu Yingying , Luo Xingrong , Zhou Ju , Wang Chun
Published: June 2023

Objectives

To identify the major complications independently associated with unfavorable outcomes in right‐sided large hemisphere infarction (RLHI) patients.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients admitted within 24 h with the diagnosis of RLHI. The unfavorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 4–6 at 3 months. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the major complications independently associated with 3‐month unfavorable outcomes.

Results

Of the 171 cases with RLHI included, 126 (73.7%) had unfavorable outcomes at 3 months: A total of 64 (37.4%) cases died, and 62 (36.3%) lived with severe disability. Stroke‐related complications occurred in 168 (98.2%) patients during hospitalization. The five most common stroke‐related complications were pulmonary infection (75.4%), electrolyte disorder (61.4%), hypoalbuminemia (49.1%), malignant brain edema (MBE) (48.5%), and hemorrhagic transformation (48.0%). RLHI patients with unfavorable outcomes had more frequent MBE (58.7% vs. 21.4%, p < .001), pulmonary infection (86.5% vs. 42.9%, p < .001), gastrointestinal bleeding (46.8% vs. 28.6%, p = .038), electrolyte disorder (68.3% vs. 40.5%, p = .001), acute renal failure (32.5% vs. 4.8%, p < .001), and hypoalbuminemia (61.1% vs. 11.9%, p < .001) than patients with favorable outcome. Multivariate analyses suggested that only MBE (adjusted OR 4.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–14.48, p = .031), pulmonary infection (adjusted OR 4.69, 95%CI 1.48–14.85, p = .009), and hypoalbuminemia (adjusted OR 6.58, 95%CI 1.74–24.86, p = .005) were independently associated with 3‐month unfavorable outcome in patients with RLHI.

Conclusions

Most of the RLHI patients have at least one stroke‐related complication during hospitalization, and nearly three‐quarters suffered unfavorable outcomes. Only MBE, pulmonary infection, and hypoalbuminemia are independently associated with 3‐month unfavorable outcome.
Stakeholders' engagement through social media analytics in promoting sustainable development practices in the mobile supply chain: A cross‐country analysis
Authors: Shokouhyar Sajjad , Shokoohyar Sina , Mirzaei Shima
Published: June 2023

The stakeholders' perceptions can significantly impact the management of the supply chain; however, there has been little comparative research on customers' opinions in various regions of the world. This paper conducted a thematic analysis to determine the differences between consumers' perceptions in developed and developing countries. This study analyzes six countries—the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, India, Japan, and China—with a high social media engagement rate. Then, sentiment analysis was utilized to uncover consumers' emotions. The results indicate that social media users in developing nations are increasingly concerned about the sustainability of the mobile supply chain. Also, developing nations tweeted primarily about socially sustainable practices, whereas developed nations were more concerned with environmentally sustainable practices. This study contributes to the theory of stakeholders and institutions by concentrating on external stakeholders and analyzing their perspectives to determine how to enhance sustainable practices in supply chains.
Does environmental footprint influence the resilience of firms facing environmental penalties?
Authors: Foulon Brice , Marsat Sylvain
Published: June 2023

This study aims to understand whether prior environmental footprint helps firms to be more resilient against penalties following environmental violations. While the allocation of resources to diminish the company's environmental footprint might be considered detrimental to its financial recovery, the natural resource‐based view argues that environmental capabilities may foster firm resilience when faced with the shocks of environmental penalties. We collected data from press releases using Factiva between 2006 and 2019 to constitute an original sample of 143 events concerning US‐listed firms subjected to fines for environmental misconduct initiated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Using survival analysis methodology, we empirically find that firms with lower environmental footprints prior to the penalty recover sooner from the financial shock, hence exhibiting higher capabilities of resilience. This finding is robust to different survival analysis models and time windows. Our empirical analysis expands the range of studies supporting environmental performance as a way for organizations to improve resilience in the face of disruptions, in providing clear evidence in the case of environmental fines.
Flourishing tumor organoids: History, emerging technology, and application
Authors: Yang Qian , Li Mengmeng , Yang Xinming , Xiao Zian , Tong Xinying , Tuerdi Ayinuer , Li Shisheng , Lei Lanjie
Published: June 2023

Malignant tumors are one of the leading causes of death which impose an increasingly heavy burden on all countries. Therefore, the establishment of research models that closely resemble original tumor characteristics is crucial to further understanding the mechanisms of malignant tumor development, developing safer and more effective drugs, and formulating personalized treatment plans. Recently, organoids have been widely used in tumor research owing to their advantages including preserving the structure, heterogeneity, and cellular functions of the original tumor, together with the ease of manipulation. This review describes the history and characteristics of tumor organoids and the synergistic combination of three‐dimensional (3D) culture approaches for tumor organoids with emerging technologies, including tissue‐engineered cell scaffolds, microfluidic devices, 3D bioprinting, rotating wall vessels, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (CRISPR‐Cas9). Additionally, the progress in research and the applications in basic and clinical research of tumor organoid models are summarized. This includes studies of the mechanism of tumor development, drug development and screening, precision medicine, immunotherapy, and simulation of the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the existing shortcomings of tumor organoids and possible future directions are discussed.
Enhancement of CAR‐T cell activity against cholangiocarcinoma by simultaneous knockdown of six inhibitory membrane proteins
Authors: Qiao Yidan , Chen Jie , Wang Xuemei , Yan Shumei , Tan Jizhou , Xia Baijin , Chen Yongjian , Lin Keming , Zou Fan , Liu Bingfeng , He Xin , Zhang Yiwen , Zhang Xu , Zhang Hui , Wu Xiangyuan , Lu Lijuan
Published: June 2023

Background

Existing treatments for cholangiocarcinoma have poor efficacy. However, chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cells are emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy. Solid tumors possess multiple adverse factors in an immunosuppressive microenvironment that impair CAR‐T cell infiltration and function. This study aimed to improve the function of CAR‐T cells through knock down immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecular receptors.

Methods

We evaluated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and B7 homolog 3 protein (B7H3) antigens in cholangiocarcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry and screened specific immune checkpoints in the cholangiocarcinoma microenvironment via flow cytometry. Subsequently, we engineered CAR‐T cells targeting EGFR and B7H3 antigens. We simultaneously knocked down immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive molecular receptors in CAR‐T cells by constructing two clusters of small hairpin RNAs and evaluated the engineered CAR‐T cells for antitumor activity both in vitro, using tumor cell lines and cholangiocarcinoma organoid models, and in vivo, using humanized mouse models.

Results

We observed high expression of EGFR and B7H3 antigens in cholangiocarcinoma tissues. EGFR‐CAR‐T and B7H3‐CAR‐T cells demonstrated specific anti‐tumor activity. We found an abundance of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐containing protein 3 (Tim‐3), and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (Tigit) on infiltrated CD8+ T cells in the cholangiocarcinoma microenvironment. We then decreased the expression of these 3 proteins on the surface of CAR‐T cells, named PTG‐scFV‐CAR‐T cells. Furthermore, we knocked‐down the expression of transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR), interleukin‐10 receptor (IL‐10R), and interleukin‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) of PTG‐scFV‐CAR‐T cells. Those cells, named PTG‐T16R‐scFV‐CAR‐T cells, potently killed tumor cells in vitro and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells in a cholangiocarcinoma organoid model. Finally, the PTG‐T16R‐scFv‐CAR‐T cells showed greater inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo, and were superior in prolonging the survival of mice.

Conclusions

Our results revealed that PTG‐T16R‐scFV‐CAR‐T cells with knockdown of sextuplet inhibitory molecules exhibited strong immunity against cholangiocarcinoma and long‐term efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This strategy provides an effective and personalized immune cell therapy against cholangiocarcinoma.
Challenges and Solutions in Solar Photovoltaic Technology Life Cycle
Authors: Ullah Nehar , Ahmad Altaf , Sarfaraz Rafia , Khalid Saifullah , Ali Irshad , Younas Mohammad , Rezakazemi Mashallah
Published: June 2023

Solar energy offers a clean and abundant alternative to the challenges associated with fossil fuels such as greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion. The review focuses on the environmental impacts of solar photovoltaic technology throughout its life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal, and highlights potential hazards associated with using and producing photovoltaic technology, including releasing toxic gases and other trace elements into the environment. The paper concludes by summarizing various recycling techniques that can be employed to address these challenges and to take full advantage of solar photovoltaic technology without causing harm to the environment.
Orthodontic camouflage treatment of pseudo‐Class III malocclusion on skeletal class III Base complicated with canine impaction treated with temporary anchorage devices: A case report
Authors: Alotaibi Saud
Published: June 2023

Key Clinical Message

With conventional mechanics to protract the upper posterior teeth for correcting Class III molar relationships, such as intra‐arch mechanics, face mask reverse‐pull headgear protraction, and interarch Class III elastics, there are some adverse effects, including diminished patient compliance, the possibility of losing anchorage, and extrusion of upper molars and lower incisors with counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. Protraction force should be directed through the center of resistance of the upper posterior teeth to prevent these side effects.
Covishield vaccination and pulmonary thromboembolism: A coincidence or a causal association?
Authors: Divas Rijal , Prabhat Rijal , Rohit Raina , Sanjay Chaudhari Ashish , Sushan Homagain , Bijaya Rawol
Published: June 2023

Key Clinical Message

With the eruption of COVID pandemic, many cases of thromboembolic events in association with the COVID infection were reported suggesting the prothrombotic state associated with the infection. After a few years, eventually some of the COVID vaccines came into implementation. With the discovery and implementation of COVID vaccinations, a very few cases have been reported to have developed thromboembolic events, including pulmonary thromboembolism. Different types of vaccines have been associated with different rates of thromboembolic events. Covishield vaccine is rarely associated with thrombotic complications. In the case report below, we present a case summary of a young married female, who presented with shortness of breath a week after the Covishield vaccination and presented to our tertiary care center with further worsening of symptoms during a course of 6 months. On detailed workup, she was diagnosed to have a large pulmonary thrombus affecting the left main pulmonary artery. Other possible etiologies of the hypercoagulable states were ruled out. Though COVID vaccines are known to induce prothrombotic state in the body, we could not be sure if it was the actual cause for the pulmonary thromboembolism or just a coincidence.
Bilateral acute anterior uveitis and optic nerve edema as a manifestation of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19): A case report
Authors: Mohamadzadeh Aria , Mohamadzadeh Dena
Published: June 2023

Key clinical message

Acute anterior uveitis and optic disk edema could be a manifestation of COVID‐19 infection, and healthcare providers should be aware of this possible consequence for in‐time diagnosis and treatment.

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, a wide range of clinical manifestations have been associated with this novel infection. The objective of this study was to show that acute anterior uveitis and optic disk edema could be possible manifestations of COVID‐19 infection. The patient was a nine‐year‐old girl presenting with prolonged fever, myalgia, cough, diarrhea, and skin rashes. She also reported blurred vision, Photophobia, and eye redness. PCR test for COVID‐19 returned positive. Imaging investigations showed pleural and pericardial effusion, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and heart valve regurgitation. She was diagnosed with MIS‐C and treated with methylprednisolone and IVIG. Bilateral acute anterior uveitis and optic disk edema was detected by slit lamp and fundus examination. She was successfully treated and follow‐up ophthalmologic examinations showed improvement.
Stars from the bones—An uncommon presentation of fat embolism syndrome
Authors: Sivanandam Lokesh Koumar , Gupta Prakash , Rahim Maliha , Sanker Vivek , Pandita Ashna , Gupta Umang
Published: June 2023

Trauma or surgery to the lower limbs can cause fat from the marrow within the leg bones to enter the bloodstream and form an embolus. However, if there is cerebral involvement without any pulmonary or dermatological manifestations at diagnosis, it could delay identifying cerebral fat embolism (CFE).