bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laticifers in Vascular Cambium and Wood of Croton Spp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Rudall Paula
Published: February 2014

Laticifers are recorded both penetrating from primary tissues into the vascular cambium and secondary xylem, and traversing the secondary xylem in young stems of various Croton spp. These observations are unique for Euphorbiaceae, and highly unusual in other families. They indicate that laticifers in some instances enter the secondary xylem from the cortex, and in others become enveloped in secondary xylem following secondary meristematic activity by the vascular cambium.
Formation of Traumatic Phloem Resin Canals in Chamaecyparis Obtusa
Authors: Yamanaka Katsuji
Published: February 2014

Anatomical changes in traumatic phloem resin canal formation induced in Chamaecyparis obtusa S. ' Z. were examined periodically after mechanical wounding. Five to seven days after wounding, the parenchyma cells close or closest to the cambium at the time of injury expand radially, and then between the seventh to the ninth day, the expanding parenchyma cells developed into tangential rows. Some of the cells simultaneously divided periclinally within nine to fifteen days after being wounded. Moreover, derivatives schizogenously separated from each other and continued to divide. The spaces were enlarged by tangential and radial division of parenchyma cells. The axial and ray parenchyma cells divided mainly periclinally and also anticlinally to form canals, and eventually, circular or elliptic resin canals c. 100 to 200 µm in diameter in regular tangential rows, separated by ray cells. Traumatic phloem resin canals form a tangentially anastomosing network.
Root Anatomy of 17 Genera Growing in the British Isles
Authors: Gasson P. E. , Cutler D. F.
Published: February 2014

Roots of 23 woody species are described anatomically. They are mostly from species uncommonly planted in the British Isles, and were unavailable at the time the Root Identification Manual of Trees and Shrubs (Cutler et al. 1987) was being written. They were collected from trees blown down in the stonn of October 1987, which uprooted over 15 million trees in the south and east of England. All but one (Tetracentron sinensis) are from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, or Wakehurst Place.
Wood Anatomy of Bhesa Sinica (Celastraceae)
Authors: Xinying Zhang , Baas Pieter , Mennega Alberta M. W.
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of Bhesa sinica (Chang ' Liang) Chang ' Liang, the only species of the genus occurring in China, is described in detail and compared with other Celastraceae. Bhesa sinica closely resembles other species of the genus, in e. g. vessels mainly in radial multiples, exclusively scalariform perforations, large and (almost) simple vessel-ray pits; parenchyma in fine irregular bands, in long (over 8-celled) strands; thick-walled, non septate libriform fibres; 1-5-seriate heterocellular rays, and prismatic crystals in chambered axial and ray parenchyma cells. This combination of characters is not known to occur in any of the other genera of the Celastraceae, and most individual wood anatomical character states of Bhesa are also unusual within the family. The isolated position of the genus in the Celastraceae is discussed.
Wood Anatomy of Zabelia (Caprifoliaceae): Evidence for Generic Recognition
Authors: Ogata Ken
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of Zabelia is described based on stem and twig samples. Wood anatomy supports the recognition of Zabelia - often considered to be congeneric with Abelia- as a distinct genus, on the basis of type of perforations, vessel grouping and porosity. Zabelia is compared with other woody genera of the Caprifoliaceae using selected wood anatomical features (Table 2). The presence of aggregate rays is a very distinguishing feature of Zabelia not found in any other genus of the Caprifoliaceae.
The Wood Anatomy of the Theaceae
Authors: Liang Deng , Baas Pieter
Published: February 2014

A general wood anatomical description of the Theaceae is given on the basis of a previous study of species from China (Deng ' Baas 1990) and additional observations on genera and species outside China. The wood anatomy of Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria, Ficalhoa, Franklinia, Freziera, and Visnea are described separately. Although the Theaceae in the delimitation followed here (Table 1) are wood anatomically relatively homogeneous, the recognition of three subfamilies Camellioideae, Ternstroemioideae and Sladenioideae is supported by anatomical features (vessel grouping, bar number, type of vessel-ray pits, intervessel pit arrangement; cf. Table 4). The controversial position of Ficalhoa is discussed; its wood anatomy closely resembles that of the Camellioideae.
The Secondary Xylem of Aquilaria Agallocha (Thymelaeaceae) and the Formation of 'Agar'
Authors: Rao K. Ramesh , Dayal R.
Published: February 2014

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., the sasi tree of Assam, is the chief source of 'agar' or 'eaglewood' of commerce which is highly prized in perfumery. However, the dark coloured scented wood, to which the name 'agar' is applied, is not found in all trees of this species, and the factors responsible for its occurrence in only a small percentage of trees are not properly understood. This paper compares the anatomical structure of the scented and unscented wood as a contribution towards a better understanding of agar formation.
Response of Differentiating Tracheids to Stem Inclination in Young Trees of Taxus Cuspidata
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuo , Satoh Ikuhiro , Yokota Sinso , Idei Toshinaga
Published: February 2014

Differences in response among differentiating tracheids to the stimulus of stem inclination were examined at three heights in stems of young trees of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. A change in the orientation of the helical cell wall thickenings from an S- to a Z-helix with a simultaneous absence of an S3 layer were the first anatomical responses to appear. These changes first occurred in differentiating xylem on the underside of the upper segment of the stem after 4 days inclination. The gravistimulus for compression wood formation was transmitted basipetally within the stem as the tilting period was increased. After 10 days, the xylem on the underside of the upper segment of the stem contained five mature cells with a Z-helix, indicating that deposition of the thickenings required 2 days. The present results suggest that the rate of cambial division and xylem differentiation differs longitudinally in an inclined stem. For Taxus cuspidata, a change in the orientation of the helical thickenings should be a useful marker for deciding whether or not the differentiating cells have perceived the stimulus for compression wood formation.
Microbial Degradation of Cca-Treated Cooling Tower Timbers
Authors: Singh A.P. , Hedley M.E. , Page D.R. , Han C.S. , Atisongkroh K.
Published: February 2014

Transmission electron microscopy of decaying CCA-treated Pinus radiata timbers from an industrial water cooling tower showed the presence of a thick biofilm covering some areas of the wood. The biofilm contained various morphologically distinct forms of microorganisms embedded in a slime. The study provided evidence of the activity of soft rot fungi and tunnelling and erosion bacteria in wood cells covered by the biofilm. The extent of microbial damage to wood cells varied, with combined fungal and bacterial attack having the most damaging impact.
Annual Growth Rings and Growth Zones in Woody Plants in Southern Australia
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz Hans
Published: February 2014

Cross sections of 760 trunks of approximately 670 species from 47 families of shrubs, dwarf shrubs, and trees were examined to study the incidence and appearance of different categories of growth zones. In montane/alpine sites with relatively cool winter temperatures all the woody plants form distinct growth rings similar to those seen in boreal and temperate regions throughout the world, and thus these rings are considered to represent annual rings. Most species from this phytogeographical zone are useful for crossdating. In the savannahs, the jarrah and karri woodlands of the southwest and the subtropical rain forests of the southeast identifiable growth zones are formed in most species. The approximate age of the woods can be determined, but crossdating is difficult or impossible. In the desert areas woody plants form irregular growth zones, the number of which may correspond to the incidence of rainfall, and age determination and crossdating is mostly impossible. Members of the well-studied families Cupressaceae, Epacridaceae and Myrtaceae form growth zones that are more distinct than the Mimosaceae and Proteaceae. Included phloem is present in all Chenopodiaceae, one Loranthaceae and two species of Verbenaceae.
Lignin Distribution During Latewood Formation in Pinus Radiata D. Don
Authors: Donaldson L.A.
Published: February 2014

Lignin distribution during formation of latewood tracheids in Pinus radiata, was determined by quantitative interference microscopy, and by potassium permanganate staining combined with transmission electron microscopy. Lignin distribution varied among trees sampled on the same date in late winter. In one tree, latewood tracheids were fully lignified up to the growth ring boundary. However in most trees sampled, latewood was only partially lignified. The extent of lignification varied from tree to tree but in all cases, at least some lignin was present in the middle lamella and primary wall at the growth ring boundary. Latewood was ideal for examining the lignification process because of the large number of different stages present in a single specimen.
Variation in Fibre Wall Structure in Bamboo
Authors: Murphy R.J. , Alvin K.L.
Published: February 2014

The degree of polylamellation in the fibre cell walls of the bamboo Phyllostachys virideglaucescens has been investigated. The extent of polylamellation was found to be influenced by position of the vascular bundle in the culm wall, in certain positions by age of the culm and, most strikingly, with position within the vascular bundle. The number of wall lamellae was variable but tended to be greatest in fibres adjacent to either vascular elements or ground tissue at the periphery of the fibre bundles. A similar pattern of variation in fibre wall lamellation was also observed in two other species of bamboo. The characteristic pattern of fibre wall lamellation probably influences mechanical properties and warrants further investigation.
Microfibrillar Orientation of the Innermost Surface of Conifer Tracheid Walls
Authors: Abe Hisashi , Ohtani Jun , Fukazawa Kazumi
Published: February 2014

The orientation of the microfibri1s deposited on the innermost surfaces of the tracheid wall was observed in three conifer species, Larix leptolepis, Picea jezoensis, and Picea abies, using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The microfibrillar orientation is different in each tracheid and exhibits either an S- or a Z-helix. The latest microfibrils deposited were normally joined into small bundles having various widths and had a different orientation from the microfibrils beneath them. When the latest deposited microfibrils on the innermost surface were oriented in an S-helix, the microfibrils beneath them were oriented in either a flatter S-helix or in a Z-helix, and when they were oriented in a Z-helix, the microfibrils beneath them were oriented in a steeper Z-helix. This is because, as seen from the lumen side, the microfibrillar orientation changes counterclockwise from the outer S23 to the innermost S3. These microfibrillar orientations varied throughout a single annual ring in each of the three species. The commonly observed angles of these microfibril were: Larix leptolepis: 70-80°, Picea jezoensis: 60-70°, and Picea abies: 40-50° in an S-helix, and the maximum range of angles was limited in extent to about 90 degrees in all species.
Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. IV. Ulmaceae
Authors: Zhong Y. , Baas P. , Wheeler E.A.
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of 37 species belonging to the eight genera of Ulmaceae native to China is described. The wood of Chinese Ulmaceae is characterised by mostly simple perforations (sporadic scalariform plates occur in Hemiptelea and Zelkova); altemate, non-vestured intervessel pits; relatively short vessel elements and fibres; non septate fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits confined to the radial walls; mainly paratracheal parenchyma; rays rarely higher than 1 mm. Tanniniferous tubes are reported for the first time in Ulmaceae; they are limited to the genus Pteroceltis. Other, sporadically occurring features such as perforated ray and axial parenchyma cells and perforated fibres are also reported for the first time.
Distribution of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Lignins in Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus Microphylla Var. Insularis Nakai
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuo , Watanabe Naomi , Yokota Sbinso , Idei Tosbinaga
Published: February 2014

The distribution of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in the secondary xylem tissues of normal and compression wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible light (VL) microspectrophotometry coupled with the Mäule and Wiesner colour reactions and by UV -microspectrophotometry, and compared with normal wood of Betula ermani Cham. Buxus formed compression wood on the lower side of the leaning sterns, and the secondary walls of the vessels and fibre-tracheids showed excessive lignification, resembling the S2 (L) layer of compression wood tracheids in gymnosperms.In normal wood of both species, the Mäule colour reaction indicated that in Betula the secondary walls of fibres contain larger amounts of syringyl units in the lignins than other tissues, and that in Buxus the secondary walls of fibre-tracheids contain both syringyl and guaiacyl units. The vessel walls of both speeies contained higher amounts of guaiacyl units. Heterogeneity of the syringyl-Jignin distribution was found in the secondary walls of Buxus fibre-tracheids.In compression wood of Buxus, on the other hand, the spectra of the secondary walls of the vessels and fibretracheids after the Mäule reaction showed low absorbances compared with the normal wood, whereas, after the Wiesner reaction, their secondary walls gave high absorbances. In addition, the UV -absorption maximum of the secondary fibre walls shifted from 274 nm to 279 nrn, and the UV -absorbances of the vessei and fibre-tracheid walls greatly increased in compression wood. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that in normal Buxus wood the secondary walls of the vessels and fibre-tracheids contain both guaiacyl and syringyl units, though the syringyl unit is a rninor constituent in the vessel walls, and that both cell types increase their contents of guaiacyl units, especially in the outer parts of the secondary walls during their changes from normal wood to compression wood. The present study also suggested that the Wiesner reaction may be used for examining the content of lignin and the proportion of guaiacyl to syringyl units in lignins.
Radial Variation in Wood Specific Gravity, Fibre Length and Vessel Area for Two Central American Hardwoods: Hyeronima Alchorneoides and Vochysia Guatemalensis: Natural and Plantation-Grown Trees
Authors: Butterfield R.P. , Crook R.P. , Adams R. , Morris R.
Published: February 2014

Natural-grown and young (5.5 year old) plantation-grown trees were sampled for two Central American hardwood species: Hyeronima alchorneoides and Vochysia guatemalensis in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. Increment cores extracted at a height of 1.3 m from trees were divided into 1cm segments from pith to bark. Basic specific gravity was calculated for each segment. Using the same cores, fibre length was measured from macerations for five natural and plantation-grown trees of each species. Number of vessels/mm2 and vessel tangential diameter were measured from segment cross sections for five natural-grown trees of each species.
Wood Anatomy of Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: John Hayden W. , Simmons Mark P. , Swanson Linda J.
Published: February 2014

Wood anatomy of 29 specimens of seven species of Amanoa from tropieal Africa, South America, and the Caribbean is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with most vessels in short radial multiples. Vessel elements are notably long, have simple perforation plates and smalI, alternate intervessel pits; tyloses are present in heartwood. Libriform wood fibres bear thick walls. Axial parenchyma distribution is diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates. Chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma is common. Rays are heterocellular, narrow, and very tal!. The species examined, all from moist lowland forests, have similar wood structure. Wood of Amanoa resembles that of other primitive Euphorbiaceae.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals in African Acacia Species and Them Analysis by Scanning Proton Microprobe (Spm)
Authors: Gourlay I.D. , Grime G.W.
Published: February 2014

The radial and cross sections of wood samples from individual trees of known age of African Acacia species were examined for growth rings. These were apparent in most species as narrow bands of marginal parenchyma filled with long crystal chains. The crystals were subsequently identified as calcium oxalate through the use of a scanning proton microprobe. Several other chemical elements were concentrated around this zone. The number of parenchyma bands formed annually corresponded to the number of peaks in the annual rainfall distribution. These results suggest that the presence of marginal parenchyma bands and crystalliferous chains define growth phases in African Acacia species, and can be used for age determination.
Tumor Wood Anatomy in Korean Red Pine (Pinus Densiflora)
Authors: Geun Eom Young , Jib Chung Youn
Published: February 2014

The anatomy of tumor wood and normal wood in a branch of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) is compared. In tumor wood the tracheids and rays are irregularly arranged, the cell lumina contain resinous substances and fungal hypha, the tracheid files are of variable width within the growth ring, and traumatic vertical resin canals are present. There are also differences in length of tracheids, numbers of vertical and horizontal resin canals (fusiform rays), height of fusiform rays, and number and height of uniseriate rays. The modified structure of the tumor wood originates near the pith. The wider growth rings, considerably shorter but not wider tracheids, and larger and more numerous rays in tumor wood are associated with a higher radial growth rate, which in turn results in the externally massive wood tumor.
Wound Tyloses in Robinia Pseudoacacia L.
Authors: Schmitt Uwe , Liese Walter
Published: February 2014

The formation of tyloses in vessels of Robinia pseudoacacia L. after wounding was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Some tyloses in earlywood vessels exhibit cell division. The young walls between mother and daughter tyloses with primary wall-like appearance evince plasmodesmata; pits develop simultaneously with wall thickening.
Biophysical Perspectives of Xylem Evolution: is there a Tradeoff of Hydraulic Efficiency for Vulnerability to Dysfunction?
Authors: Tyree Melvin T. , Davis Stephen D. , Cochard Hervè
Published: February 2014

In this review, we discuss the evolution of xylem structure in the context of our current understanding of the biophysics of water transport in plants. Water transport in land plants occurs while water is under negative pressure and is thus in a metastable state. Vessels filled with metastable water are prone to dysfunction by cavitation whenever gas-filled voids appear in the vessel lumen. Cavitated vessels fill with air and are incapable of water transport until air bubbles dissolve. We know much more about how cavitations occur and the conditions under which air bubbles (embolisms) dissolve. This gives us an improved understanding of the relations hip between xylem structure and function.
Occurrence of Woods with a Gradation in Vessel Diameter Across a Ring
Authors: Woodcock D.W.
Published: February 2014

The occurrence of a range of vessel diameters across a ring greater than × 5 (referred to here as graduated-porous) is not completely equivalent to ring-porosity as defined in the IAWA features list. Trees with graduated porous wood occur mainly in the mid-latitudes. A limiting factor relating to temperature (winter temperature extremes below -40° C) defines the northern occurrence of these trees, preventing them from being an important element in the boreal forest. Towards the equator, numbers fall off steeply where winter temperatures stay above freezing. In the mid-latitudes, where these trees are most prevalent (40-100% of the tree flora), percentages vary inversely with precipitation amount, a relations hip that has potential applicability in interpreting fossil assemblages. Occurrence of this character is consistent with its interpretation as an adaptation allowing high conduction rates early in the growing season that is particularly favoured in drier climates of the mid-latitudes. Trees with graduated-porous wood occur in the tropics, where they appear to be most common in dry-climate areas. Some tropical woods that display a range of vessel diameters but have narrow and wide vessels arranged in a random pattern (rather than showing a radial sequence from wide to narrow) may serve as indicators of climates that are seasonal with respect to precipitation but not temperature. Well-founded climate estimates based on fossil wood depend upon understanding more about the way wood is preserved in the fossil record; graduated-porosity (or ring-porosity) is itself a character that may influence likelihood of preservation.
Quantitative Changes of Some Anatomical Characters during Bark Development in Quercus Robur, Ulmus Glabra, Populus Tremula and Betula Pendula
Authors: Trockenbrodt Michael
Published: February 2014

Quantitative changes of certain anatomical characters during bark development of Quercus robur L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Populus tremula L. and Betula pendula Roth were analysed.
Fusiform Parenchyma Cells in the Young Wood of Pinaceae, and their Distinction from Marginal Parenchyma
Authors: Noshiro Shuichi , Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: February 2014

Fusiform parenchyma cells found in several genera of Pinaceae are described and compared with marginal parenchyma. Fusiform parenchyma cells are mostly fusiform in shape, with occasional smooth horizontal walls. They form discontinuous tangential bands in complete or incomplete circ1es in the innermost growth rings of Larix, Abies, and Tsuga. Fusiform parenchyma always contains resinous material, and is more conspicuous in branchwoods than in stem woods. Marginal parenchyma cells were observed in Cedrus, Keteleeria, Pseudolarix, and Pseudotsuga as well as in Larix, Abies, and Tsuga, and very rarely in Picea. Marginal parenchyma cells are scattered along growth ring boundaries. They are always in strands with nodular horizontal walls with conspicuous simple pits. Cell wall structure of these two types of parenchyma differs in the intensity of the birefringence of the secondary walls. Fusiform parenchyma cells are distinct from marginal parenchyma with which they were previously confused, and should be regarded as a new component of coniferous wood.
Quantification of the Processes of Secondary Xylem Fibre Development in Eucalyptus Globulus at Two Height Levels
Authors: Ridoutt B.G. , Sands R.
Published: February 2014

The rate and duration of the phases of secondary xylem fibre development were quantified at 10 and 60% of tree height from the base in three trees of Eucalyptus globulus. At 60% of tree height the number of cells undergoing division, en1argement and secondary wall development was fewer than at 10% of tree height (P < 0.0001). A very strong positive correlation (r = 0.968, df = 4, P< 0.01) also existed between the rate of radial cell production and the number of cells in the cambial zone. At 60% of tree height cambial derivatives differentiating into fibre tracheids required an average of 5.3 days to complete enlargement and 25.2 days to complete secondary wall development. At 10% of tree height the average duration of these phases was 6.0 and 32.8 days respectively. Although not statistically significant these differences suggest that the duration of fibre differentiation increases basipetally. The average rate of fibre elongation was 66 µm d-1 at 60% of tree height and 99 µm d-1 at 10% of tree height. The duration of the differentiation of vessel elements and cells associated with vessels was shorter than for fibres, indicating that the different cell types in the developing secondary xylem have their own characteristic rate and duration for the processes of differentiation. Considering theories that suggest vessel development is promoted by auxin, this observation is regarded as indirect evidence that auxin reduces the duration of the differentiation process.
The Fine Structure of the Stegmata in Calamus Axillaris during Maturation
Authors: Schmitt Uwe , Weiner Gudrun , Liese Walter
Published: February 2014

The maturation process of stegmata in the rattan palm Calamus axillaris Becc. was investigated by electron microscopy. Near the apical meristem immature stegmata contain a dense cytoplasm and a centrally located nucleus, but no silica-bodies. Their cell walls, as weIl as those of adjacent fibres, show primary wall-like characteristics. At the third and fourth internode, silica-bodies form within a vacuole of the still immature stegmata; the nucleus becomes displaced towards the parenchyma side of a stegma. Between the fifth and tenth internode, the stegma walls thicken, first at the cell corners adjacent to fibres with subsequent extension to the fibre side. This part of a stegma wall becomes extremely thick and finally envelopes nearly half of the now fully developed silica-body. Its parenchyma side, however, remains free from additional wall material. After completion of wall thickening, the cytoplasm of a stegma degenerates.
The Effects of the Pollution on Wood of Cecropia Glazioui (Cecropiaceae)
Authors: Alves Edenise Segala
Published: February 2014

The wood of nine trees of Cecropia glazioui Sneth. from three different areas of Serra do Mar in São Paulo was quantitatively analysed. One of the areas is highly polluted by petrochemical, chemical, fertilizer and steel industries, another has hardly any pollution, and a third one was intermediate. The modifications found in sampies of the most polluted region were in general in agreement with those present in woods from unfavourable environments, such as water-stressed sites. Since the water is not a limiting factor in the area, pollution is believed to be responsible for the modified wood structure.
Triassic Wood from the Gordon Valley, Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Dei Fueyo Georgina M. , Taylor Edith L. , Taylor Thomas N. , Rubén Cúneo N.
Published: February 2014

Wood from an in situ permineralized forest from the Middle Triassic of Gordon Valley (Queen Alexandra Range, central Transantarctic Mountains) in Antarctica is described as a new taxon, Approximately 100 trunks in growth position are present at the site; they range from 13-61 cm in diameter and suggest that some of the trees were up to 20 m tall, Pits in the radial walls of the tracheids are of the abietinean type, Rays are uniseriate and 1-9 cells high; cross fields include one to two pits that appear to be simple, Axial parenchyma is absent. Pith and cortex are not preserved. The Antarctic wood is compared with existing fossil wood types from Antarctica and other parts of Gondwana. Although the fossil wood shares a number of characteristics with the Podocarpaceae, it differs from any existing genera and is described as a new taxon, Jeffersonioxylon gordonense.
Wood and Stem Anatomy of Saururaceae with Reference to Ecology, Phylogeny, and Origin of the Monocotyledons
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin , Dauer Karen , Nishimura Stefanie Y.
Published: February 2014

Stern and rhizome anatomy is reported for Anemopsis californica Hook., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., and Saururus cernuus L. Secondary growth is reported for the first time in Saururaceae. Cambia function indefinitely in Anemopsis in both fascicular and interfascicular areas. Interfascicular cambium is minimal in Saururus and absent in Houttuynia; fascicular cambium is present in both genera and produces a finite quantity of vessels, fiber-tracheids, and axial parenchyma but no rays. Anemopsis has vessels with simple perforation plates plus tracheids in wood, suggestive of adaptation to fluctuating water availability. The scalariform perforation plates of Houttuynia and Saururus suggest an unbroken history of occupancy of mesic habitats. Ethereal oil cells are reported for rays of Anemopsis, and for pith and cortex of the three genera studied. Stern idioblasts and other histologieal details are ineluded along with wood data in anatomical deseriptions of sterns. DNA data as weIl as maeromorphologie al data implicate Saururaeeae, along with Aristolochiaceae, Lactoridaceae, and Piperaceae as paleoherbs elose to the origin of monoeotyledons. Key wood features that unite these families are cited. Chloranthaeeae, whieh share stern endodermis and sealariform perforation plates with Saururaeeae, are also considered elose. Features of Saururaceae that are analyzed with respeet to monoeotyledon origin inelude loss of interfaseieular cambium, minimization of faseieular cambium, lack of imperforate traeheary elements in monocotyledon bundles, trimery, the sympodial habit, and production of adventitious roots.
Similarities and Differences in Dicotyledonous Woods of the Cretaceous and Paleocene. San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Usa
Authors: Wheeler E.A. , McClammer J. , LaPasha C.A.
Published: February 2014

Fossil wood is common in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Six types of dicotyledonous wood are recognized: Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey, Paraphyllanthoxylon anasazi sp. nov., Plataninium piercei sp. nov., Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense gen. et sp. nov., Chalkoxylon cretaceum gen. et sp. nov., Carlquistoxylon nacimientense gen. et sp. nov. Woods with the characteristics of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey are the most common and occur in the Cretaceous Kirtland Shale and the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Nacimiento Formation. This wood type's characteristics are stable from the Cretaceous to the Paleocene. There were no significant differences in the vessel diameters, vessel densities, ray sizes, or estimated specific gravities of the P. arizonense woods from the Late Cretaceous (Kirtland Shale) and Early Paleocene (Nacimiento Formation and Ojo Alamo Sandstone). Based on the samples examined for this study, dicotyledonous woods were more diverse in the Cretaceous (five types) than in the Paleocene (two types) of the San Juan Basin. Diameters of the Cretaceous woods examined ranged from 14-40cm indicating they were trees rather than shrubs; diameters of the Paleocene woods examined ranged from 10-80cm. All the woods have generalized structure with combinations of features seen in more than one extant family, order, or subclass. Information from databases for fossil and extant woods indicates that some combinations of features (e. g., solitary narrow vessels, low vessel density and scalariform perforation plates, as seen in Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense and Chalkoxylon cretaceum), while relatively common in the Cretaceous, represent strategies of the hydraulic system that are extremely rare in the Tertiary and at present. None of the dicotyledonous woods have distinct growth rings, although some samples of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense from the Paleocene show variations in vessel density and vessel diameter that may correspond to seasonal variations in water availability.
New Records of Secondary Thickening in Monocotyledons
Authors: Rudall Paula
Published: February 2014

A secondary thickening meristem is recorded for the first time in some
herbaceous taxa of Asparagales (Herreria montevidensis and Thysanotus
spiniger), and the new records are assessed in a systematic context.
Connection Between Silviculture and Wood Quality Through Modelling Approaches and Simulation Softwares
Authors: IAWA Journal Editors
Published: February 2014

Below are ten of the 91 abstracts submitted to the organizers; these abstracts represent contributions that include some aspect of wood anatomy or wood formation.
Spiral Growth in Cudrania Tricuspidata Caused by Liana Entwinement
Authors: Ok Lim Dong
Published: February 2014

The anatomy of Cudrania tricuspidata stemwood that grew spirally due to liana entwinement has been examined. In the first three years after entwinement by the liana (Pueraria thunbergiana) annual radial growth of the stemwood increased by 1.2 to 5.0 times . Thereafter the radial increment declined markedly as the liana continued to develop, producing abnormal growth in the tree stem. The wood of the liana-affected stem showed distinct differences in both cell orientation and anatomical characteristics compared with normal wood. In the first three year s after entwinement, the vessels became inclined to the stem axis. In later growth all the axial cells contributed to spiral grain angles up to 30° to the stem axis. Dimensions of vessels and fibres were also found to be affected. Physiological aspects of severe liana entwinement on the wood anatomy of the host stem are discussed.
Intervascular Pit Membrane Structure in Daphne and Wikstroemia - Systematic Implications
Authors: Dute Roland R. , Freeman John D. , Henning Frank , Barnard Logan D.
Published: February 2014

Intervascular pit membranes were investigated in species of Daphne, Wikstroemia, and other allied genera of the Thymelaeaceae. Results confirmed a previous study showing that, except for section Mezereum, all sections of Daphne had pit membranes with tori. Taxonomically isolated species D. aurantiaca and D. genkwa had tori, but lacked a G-layer. Tori similar in structure to those of D. aurantiaca and D. genkwa were observed in three species from the subgenus Diplomorpha of Wikstroemia. Tori of a slightly different morphology were noted in W. kudoi (subg. Daphnimorpha). Tori appeared absent from species of the subgenus Wikstroemia (= Euwikstroemia of Domke), and from the genera Drapetes, Edgeworthia, and Eriosolena. These results suggest a close relationship between Daphne and Wikstroemia. The degree of torus development and the distinctiveness of helical thickenings suggest that smaller tracheary elements serve as a backup water-conducting system to larger vessel elements.
Wood Anatomy of the Aphanocalyx-Monopetalanthus complex (Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: den Outer R.W. , van Veenendaal W.L.H.
Published: February 2014

The secondary xylem of 3 of the 4 genera belonging to the Aphanocalyx-Monopetalanthus complex (Aphanocalyx, Monopetalanthus and Tetraberlinia; from Michelsonia no samples were available) and the closely related genera Julbernardia and Brachystegia was studied in order to aid generic delimitation.
Comparative Wood Anatomy of Root and Stem in Styrax Camporum (Styracaceae)
Authors: Machado Sílvia R. , Angyalossy-Alfonso Veronica , de Morretes Berta L.
Published: February 2014

Styrax camporum Pohl is a shrub common in the cerrado vegetation of south-eastern Brazil. Root and stem wood in Styrax camporum differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative differences follow normal expectations: roots have wider and longer vessel elements, a lower vessel frequency, a lower ray frequency, and wider rays. Qualitative features of the roots are: simple perforation plates, vestured pits, and septate libriform fibres; qualitative features of the stems are: multiple perforation plates, non-vestured pits, and non-septate fibre-tracheids. Based on generally accepted evolutionary trends, root wood of Styrax camporum has more specialized features than stem wood. Additional comparative studies of stem and root anatomy are needed to determine if such differences between root and stem anatomy are widespread, and consistent with the lines of specialization observed in monocotyledons.
Host-Formed Tyloses in Vessels of the Mistletoe Phoradendron (Viscaceae)
Authors: Calvin Clyde L.
Published: February 2014

The xylem-tapping mistletoe, Phoradendron, forms vessel-to-vessel connections with its dicotyledonous host, Juglans. Contact vessels of the host may become embolized as evidenced by the presence of tyloses. Tyloses may also occur in parasite vessels contiguous with embolized host vessels. Differences between parasite and host in nuclear size, shape and intensity of staining make it possible to determine the origin of the tyloses present in contact vessels. Host-formed tyloses occluded not only emboli zed host vessels, but also those of the parasite with which they were continuous. Some parasite vessels may terminate in vessel members lacking perforations at the juncture with host vessels; these vessels lacked tyloses. In parasitic angiosperms in general tyloses within haustoria may be formed by either host or parasite. Several functional roles are reported for tyloses including; absorption of nutrients, defence against invasion of the parasite, and the occlusion of embolized vessels, as exemplified in the present study.
Latewood Density in Relation to Wood Fibre Diameter, Wall Thickness, and Fibre and Vessel Percentages in Quercus Robur L.
Authors: Rao R.V. , Aebischer D.P. , Denne M.P.
Published: February 2014

To elucidate the influence of growth rate and cambial age on latewood density in oak (Quercus robur L.), the diameter and wall thickness of libriform fibres, and percentage of latewood area occupied by libriform fibres and vessels, were analysed across discs often 87-year-old oak trees from Germany.
Wood Anatomy of Some Anaueria and Beilschmiedia Species (Lauraceae)
Authors: Callado Cátia H. , Costa Cecília G.
Published: February 2014

The wood anatomy of the species Anaueria brasiliensis Kosterm., Beilschmiedia emarginata (Meissn.) Kosterm., B. rigida (Mez) Kosterm. and B. taubertiana (Schw. et Mez) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) is described. The taxonomy and ecology of these species, important components of the Amazonian forest or Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil, are discussed as related to wood anatomy. The main anatomical differences are: presence, type, arrangement and location of inorganic inclusions and secretory cells, and the arrangement of the axial parenchyma.
Vessel Diameters in Roots Versus Stems of Tropical Lianas and Other Growth Forms
Authors: Ewers Frank W. , Carlton Matthew R. , Fisher Jack B. , Kolb Kimberly J. , Tyree Melvin T.
Published: February 2014

For trees and shrubs it is well known that vessels tend to be wider in roots than in stems. It is also well known that vines have narrow stems with wide vessels, but roots of vines have been little studied. It was hypothesized that the evolution of the vine habit involved greater changes in stems than in terrestrial roots, and thus vessels in stems of vines would tend to be as wide, or wider, than in roots. Radial vessel diameters were compared in roots versus stems of 62 taxa from 20 families of plants based upon collections made at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama and Fairchild Tropical Garden (FTG) in Miami, FL, USA. As expected, for Fabaceae trees + shrubs, mean and maximum vessel diameters were significantly greater in roots than in stems. Tbe reverse was true for Fabaceae lianas (woody vines), where vessel diameters were significantly greater in stems. When comparing stems of all c1imbing species (n = 51) to non-c1imbing species (n = 11), the c1imbing species had significantly greater mean and maximum vessel diameters. In contrast, for root vessels differences between growth forms were not statistically significant.
Seasonal Rhythms of Xylem Growth Measured by the Wounding Method and With a Band-Dendrometer: An Instance of Chamaecyparis Obtusa
Authors: Kuroda Keiko , Kiyono Yoshiuki
Published: February 2014

The pinning method for the measurement of xylem growth was modified for easier application. Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were monthly incised with a knife instead of a thin needle. Two years later, xylem blocks including wounded areas were harvested. For comparison, circumferential increases of the same trees were measured with a banddendrometer. Measurements from the wounding method indicated a tendency for cambial cell production to accelerate twice a year, around April and August. Circumferential increase measured with the banddendrometer differed from radial growth measured from wounding. Circumferential increase was very small around August and continued after the cessation of cell production. The c1imatic data near the plantation suggested that the circumferential size of the trunk probably is affected by the physical shrinkage of trunks because of water shortage during drought season and trunk swelling following precipitation. Circumferential increments did not reflect the seasonal rhythms of xylem growth. Therefore, for detailed information on radial growth within a season, the wounding method is recommended.
Regulation by Uniconazole-P and Gibberellins of Morphological and Anatomical Responses of Fraxinus Mandshurica Seedlings to Gravity
Authors: Jiang Sha , Honma Tamaki , Nakamura Teruko , Furukawa Ikuo , Yamamoto Fukuju
Published: February 2014

The present study deals with roles of gibberellins (GAs) in gravitropic responses of woody sterns of horizontally-positioned, 2-year-old seedling of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var.japonica Maxim. The application of uniconazole-P, an inhibitor of GAs biosynthesis, to stern nodes at various concentrations significantly inhibited not only righting the sterns but also wood formation. The application of GAs (GA3 and GA4) in combination with uniconazole-P negated the inhibitory effect of the treatment of uniconazole-P alone. The GAs alone did not affect wood formation, however, both GAs increased wood formation on both the upper and lower sides of horizontal sterns with an increase in the concentration of combined uniconazole-P. In all of the seedlings, tension wood was formed on the upper side of sterns. The application of uniconazole-P alone at various concentrations did not inhibit the formation of tension wood fibres.
Growth Rate Effects on Intra-Ring and Inter-Ring Trajectories of Microfibril Angle in Norway Spruce (Picea Abies)
Authors: Herman Marc , Dutilleul Pierre , Avella-Shaw Tomas
Published: February 2014

Fourteen Norway spruces [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], randomly sampled as 7 fast-grown and 7 slow-grown trees, were used to test whether an increased tree growth rate in circumference affects the intra-ring and inter-ring trajectories of the microfibril angle in the S2 layer of the tracheid wall. Those trajectories describe the fluctuations of the S2 microfibril angle, respectively, from earlywood to latewood within rings and from pith to bark among rings. Using the cross-field pit apertures, intra-ring measures of microfibril angle were made at 11 equally-spaced sampling sites over each of 8 growth rings, following an 11 × 8 doubly repeated measures design with the tree as the 'subject' on which repeated measures were made. All the intra-ring trajectories of microfibril angle decreased linearly from earlywood to latewood, whereas the inter-ring trajectories showed significant year effects. Both types of trajectories are significantly affected by the growth rate after first thinning, as the fast-grown spruces showed a systematically larger microfibril angle and a mean microfibril angle of 290 compared to 21 0 for the slow-grown spruces. Thus, lower tensile and tear strengths of tracheids as well as some modifications of the mechanical properties of solid wood and paper can be expected from Norway spruces growing faster than 2.2 cm/year in circumference.
Cell Wall and Lumen Percentages in Relation to Wood Density of Nothofagus Nervosa
Authors: Denne M. P. , Hale M. D.
Published: February 2014

Cell wall and lumen percentages were determined for vessels, fibres and rays from 10 trees of Nothofagus nervosa (rauli), and analysed in relation to ring number from the pith, ring width, and density. Increase in density across the juvenile wood was mainly associated with an increase in fibre wall %, which outbalanced a simultaneous increase in vessel lumen %. Decrease in density across the mature wood was associated with changes in both fibre wall and total lumen percentages. Though density varied only slightly with ring width, this was accompanied by appreciable changes in percentages of different cell types. These trends in the wall and lumen percentages of the various cell types suggest that some physical properties may vary more within the tree (or with growth rate) than is suggested by the limited variation in density that is found in rauli. There were significant between-tree variations in both density and cell types, indicating the possibility of selection for either at an early stage of tree growth.
The Use of Stem Dissection to Sample Trees of Different Ages for Determining Pulping Properties of Tropical Pines
Authors: Barnes R.D. , Plumptre R.A. , Quilter T.K. , Morris A.R. , Burley J. , Palmer E.R.
Published: February 2014

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of rotation age and site altitude on the quality of unbleached kraft pulp made from Pinus elliottii and P. patula grown in the Usutu Forest, Swaziland. Stands well beyond the current rotation age of 18 years were selected at site altitudes of 850, 1200 and 1450 metres. From each tree felled, sample discs were removed to represent the tree as it was at 11, 18 and 25 years of age. This was done by counting back the appropriate number of growth rings for the required age at each sampling point up the stem and paring them off the disc. Wood density, alpha-cellulose, lignin and ethanol-benzene-soluble extractives were measured in the wood and tear and tensile indices on the pulp. The patterns of variation with age were as expected from previous work where whole trees were sampled for each age class except for the ethanol-benzene solubles which showed a decrease with age for the dissected tree. It is concluded that the technique reduces the logistical problems of sampling separate trees to represent different ages from different sites; it controls within-site genetic and environmental variation and it is suitable to determine variation of pulping properties with age and site.
Variation in the Structure of Intertracueary Pit Membranes in Abies Sacualinensis, as Observed by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Sano Yuzou , Kawakami Yuko , Ohtani Jun
Published: February 2014

An examination was made of the fine structure of bordered pit membranes in the radial walls between tracheids in the outer sapwood of Abies sachalinensis to improve our understanding of the so-called extended torus, the minute holes in the torus and the imperforate zone near the periphery of the pit membranes, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that a so-called extended torus was present in many bordered pit membranes. We examined the frequency occurrence of and variations in the extended torus within a single annual ring. The frequency tended to increase from the earlywood to the latewood within a single annual ring. In the tori of many bordered pit membranes, we detected minute holes, and the number and location of such minute holes in a single torus varied among individual pit membranes. The appearance of each minute hole also varied. An imperforate zone was observed near the periphery of the pit membrane. In this imperforate zone, we found amorphous materials, and fine fibrils were visible that were an extension of the fibrillar meshwork of the margo.