bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complete Heart Block Mimicking Seizure Disorder
Authors: Farooki Zai Q. , Henry James G. , Green Edward W.
Published: March 2008

Two patients are described who presented with seizures. Electrocardiogram revealed com plete heart block with ventricular asystole last ing four to 10 seconds in each case. These Stokes-Adams episodes were controlled with temporary transvenous pacing. Although there was full clinical recovery in each case, both patients continue to have right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior hemiblock (LAH) 1½ years after their initial presentation.
Stature and Longitudinal Growth in Thalassemia Major
Authors: Constantoulakis Matthew , Panagopoulos George , Augoustaki Olga
Published: March 2008

A high percentage of Greek children with homozygous b-thalassemia were short and had a lag in growth, though some severely affected attained normal height. Bone age lagged significantly behind the chronologic age, even in those with normal height for their age.

A longitudinal study demonstrated an initial normal growth velocity which decreased after the age of six for males and eight for females. No patient had a spurt of growth at adolescence. Height gain continued up to the age of 21 and then ceased.

Statistical analysis with a multiple regression equation showed a significant relationship between the age and height of the patients. Low hemoglobin levels and severity of the disease seemed to hinder normal growth, but neither relationship was statistically significant.
A Successful New Primary Health Care Provider in the Newborn Nursery
Authors: Fine Louis L. , Moore Virginia
Published: March 2008

The mothers' acceptance of the Child Health Associate ("CHA") as a qualified health profes sional and the documentation of CHA's clinical abilities to provide broad-based health care for normal infants attest to their capabilities to function as primary health care providers in a newborn nursery. In "low-risk" nursery set tings, where other capable health professionals may not be available, the CHA can assume primary and direct responsibility for the care of the normal newborn infant.
A Case Study of Neurosis Secondary to Trauma in an Eight-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Pederson William M.
Published: March 2008

This case study deals with an eight-year-old girl who developed persistent abdominal pain and vomiting for which no physiological cause could be discovered. After two months of un successful treatment for her illness, the girl was referred for a psychiatric consultation.

During the psychiatric interview, the psycho genic nature of the girl's illness became readily apparent, as did the nature of the conflict which had produced it.

The tendency is strong for psychogenic ill ness, such as this, to become chronic without psychiatric treatment. Many physicians are re luctant to apply clinically basic psychiatric techniques to the treatment of physical illness. A suggestion is made that closer collaboration between psychiatry and other medical special ties could be of great value in preventive medicine.
Mild Cystic Fibrosis Presenting as an Asymptomatic Distended Appendiceal Mass: A Case Report
Authors: Dolan Thomas F. , Meyers Alan
Published: March 2008

A case of cystic fibrosis presenting as a right lower quadrant mass in a five-year-old white female is presented. At laparotomy, a mucoid, impacted appendix was found which microscopically suggested the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis must be added to conditions presenting with abdominal masses.
Incontinentia Pigmenti with Unusual Features
Authors: Abdul Jamil Khan  , Mitra Nirmala , Evans Hugh E. , Elguezabal Alberto
Published: March 2008

A case is presented of incontinentia pigmenti with severe neurological handicaps and unusual features such as single umbilical artery, pig mented lesion at birth, and biochemical changes including elevated alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin M.
Are We Approaching the Correctional Millennium, and If Not, Why Not?
Authors: Teeters Negley K.
Published: March 2008

Twenty-five years ago my collaborator, Harry Elmer Barnes, and I inscribed the text New Horizons in Criminology to Francis Fisher Kane and Albert G. Fraser. The inscription reads, after naming the two gentlemen: "who, by means of a modern and professional philosophy, are reinterpreting the spirit and realizing the objectives of the early reformers of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons." It was Al Fraser who gave me encouragment to prepare the sesqui-centennial book They Were in Prison, that in a manner told the story of this venerable Society. In those early days, some thirty years ago, the writer accompanied Al Fraser to the several prisons of the Com monwealth and through him, was able to learn much of the philo sophy of what we now refer to as corrections, as interpreted by this man of deep insights. It is believed that the following essay dedicated to Albert G. Fraser speaks not only for the writer but reflects some of the philosophy and spirit of the man to whom we pay honor.
New Methods of Assessing Static and Dynamic Flow Characteristics of Textiles
Authors: Gniotek Krzysztof , Tokarski Pawel
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a new approach to assessing textile static air permeability, which consists of taking into account the nonlinearity and nonsymmetry of flow characteristics. The second part of the paper attempts to assess a new characteristic of textiles called "dynamic permeability."
FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Formation of Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates of Polycarboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Sodium Hypophosphite
Authors: Xiaohong G  , Yang Charles Q.
Published: March 2008

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to find formaldehyde-free durable press finishes to replace the traditional formaldehyde-based N-methylol compounds. 1,2,3,4-Butane-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been the most efficient nonformaldehyde crosslinking agent for cotton, with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) being the most effective catalyst. In our previous research, we found that a polycarboxylic acid esterifies cellulose through the formation of a five-membered cyclic anhydride intermediate by the dehydration of two adjacent carboxyl groups. In this research, we use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the formation of cyclic anhydride intermediates by BTCA and poly(maleic acid) (PMA) with and without the presence of NaH2PO2. In the absence of NaH2PO2, BTCA forms the cyclic anhydride only when the temperature reaches the vicinity of its melting point. In the presence of NaH2PO2, however, the anhydride forms at much lower temperatures. We have found that NaH2PO2weakens the hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid groups of BTCA, contributing to accelerated anhy dride formation at lower temperatures. Sodium hypophosphite also accelerates the for mation of the anhydride intermediates by polycarboxylic acids in an amorphous state. The FTIR spectroscopy data show that there is a chemical reaction between the anhydride intermediate and NaH2PO2when the temperature climbs above 200°C.
A Test Methodology for Studying Liquid Penetration of Barrier Materials
Authors: Miller A. , Schwartz P.
Published: March 2008

A test apparatus for determining pressure at liquid breakthrough as a function of flow rate is designed and constructed. The method reveals that as flow rate increases, the volume of material penetrated by the liquid increases. In addition, pressure at penetration does not strongly depend on flow rate and even decreases with flow rate for some materials. Peak pressure and distance to peak increase with flow rate. Steady-state pressure increases with flow rate but not according to the Poiseuille equation, as would be expected. This test method permits comparison of materials in terms of barrier perfor mance.
Optimum Drafting Conditions of Fine-Denier Polyester Spun Yarn
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Lo Kuo-Jung
Published: March 2008

For high quality fine denier polyester spun yarn, the ring spinning conditions have to be changed according to the twist factor and count of the roving. When the break draft is too low, the twisted roving cannot be sufficiently drafted in the back roller zone, resulting in thick places in the spun yarn. Too great an increase in the break draft and the back roller gauge will frequently cause a drafting wave in the drafted roving and consequently influence the quality of the spun yam. Also, it is better to increase the roller pressure 30-40% to control the fibers to yield a normal drafting behavior. The results of our investigations reveal that a break draft ratio of 1.3 and a 56 mm roller gauge in conjunction with a higher roller pressure (14 kgf) are the optimum spinning conditions for 0.8 denier polyester fiber roving of 0.6 TM and 0.354 g/m linear density.
Numerical Simulation of Moisture Transmission Through a Fiber Assembly
Authors: Nishimura T. , Matsuo T.
Published: March 2008

In this paper, we attempt to numerically simulate moisture transmission phenomena in a fiber assembly. Moisture distribution is calculated with the help of a two-dimensional model consisting of two rectangular areas occupied by fibrous material and air space. Changes in the moisture concentration distribution with time and in the absorption rate from the air space into the fibrous material are then discussed in terms of various diffusion constants of the fibrous materials and the model dimensions. Transient phenomena of moisture transmission with time are clarified by different diffusion constants of the fibrous material. In the air space, the slope of the curve of the mean concentration change with time is initially steeper for a smaller diffusion constant of the fibers than for a larger diffusion constant. With increasing time, the tendency reverses and the curves intersect each other. The effects of the ratio of model thickness to width on moisture transmission are also discussed. For a narrower model, the time required to attain equilibrium concen tration is longer because of the narrow air space entrance. With increasing model width, the time quickly becomes short. But for even wider models, the time required again increases a little because of the larger entrance area of the fibrous material.
Thermo-Insulating Properties of Perpendicular-Laid Versus Cross-Laid Lofty Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Jirsak Oldrich , Sadikoglu Telem Gok , Ozipek Bulent , Ning Pan
Published: March 2008

The thermo-insulating properties of both perpendicular- and conventional cross-laid lofty nonwoven fabrics, four different types each in terms of fiber fineness, are investi gated using a new static method with a heat flux sensor. The relationship between the thermal conductivity and the material density of all the samples is studied, and the compressive behavior of the materials and changes in thermal resistance with compression are also evaluated. The effects of fiber fineness and material density are examined and discussed as well.
Reducing Wind-Induced Heat Loss Through Multilayer Clothing Systems by Means of a Bypass Layer
Authors: Kind R.J. , Broughton C.A.
Published: March 2008

This paper concerns multilayer clothing systems whose outermost layers consist of a somewhat permeable exterior sheath and a layer of light insulating batting. Wind-tunnel tests show that the wind-induced heat loss through such systems can be greatly reduced by introducing a layer with low resistance to airflow between the sheath and the underlying batting layer. The low resistance layer acts as a bypass, allowing air that has penetrated the somewhat permeable sheath to flow downstream with little or no penetra tion of the batting layer. The results have been correlated into a form suitable for guiding of design decisions.
Performance of Open-End and Ring Spun Yarns in Weft Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Candan C. , Nergis U.B. , Iridağ Y.
Published: March 2008

In this paper, the dimensional and some physical properties of a series of plain jersey and lacoste fabrics made from both cotton ring and open-end spun yams are investigated. The results show that structural differences in the yarn play a large part in determining the dimensions and behavior of these two fabric types. It is apparent that the amount of relaxation shrinkage occurring with open-end spun yam is greater than that with ring spun yarn. Furthermore, open-end spun yams tend to be weaker, which results in lower bursting strength, and the fabrics knitted from such yams tend to pill more. Finally, so far as abrasion resistance is concerned, ring spun knits perform slightly better than open-end spun knits.
Distinguishing Between New and Recycled Cashmere with Fisher's Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Langley Kenneth D. , Coskuntuna Esra
Published: March 2008

The mechanical actions involved in recycling cashmere fibers, notably from woven fabrics, cause fiber damage. There are three distinct forms of damage: partial cleavages, axial fractures, and short fibers. Fisher's discriminant analysis techniques are applied to two groups of cashmere fibers, new and recycled. The discriminant function is tested on additional samples from the two groups, all of which are correctly allocated. Thus, the model is apparently capable of distinguishing between new and recycled cashmere fibers.
Self-Tuning pH Control in Dyeing
Authors: Huang Chang-Chiun , Su Chun-Yi , Yu Wen-Hong
Published: March 2008

pH control has received considerable attention in dyeing processes because of its critical role in quality assurance. In dyeing, pH exhibits strong nonlinearity and time- varying behavior, thus increasing the difficulties of control by conventional means. This necessitates the creation of a controller that adapts itself to changing system parameters, and a new approach involving a self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control ler is proposed. The gains of the PID controller are automatically tuned by an estimated parameterized model, which is updated by input and output sequences. The simulation results illustrate that the controller can bring the pH from any initial value to any other value for a simplified dyeing process. The approach is expected to achieve the same results in practical dyeing due to its features of self-tuning and robustness. Hence an operator can manipulate pH control even without knowing the design philosophy.
Fabric Softness Classification Using Linear and Nonlinear Models
Authors: Peykamian Shahram , Rust Jon P.
Published: March 2008

In this study, the authors use linear and nonlinear models and yarn parameters such as CV%, hairiness, and surface softness to classify the softness of knitted fabrics (T-shirts) for comparison to human subjective evaluations. All classification rates are verified with a leave-one-out cross-validation technique. The results show 20% misclassification when using a linear model to sort samples into two classes (low and high). When sorting into three classes, the misclassification is 30%. When sorting T-shirt softness into three classes using a tree modeling technique and the surface response average (SRA) and maximum peak-to-valley height (Ry), it is possible to match the human data at a 65% rate. When using surface response parameters and measured yam properties to sort T-shirt softness into three classes, with tree modeling it is possible to classify 91% of the samples accurately based on the human data.
Geometric Constraints Due to Filling Insertion Element Guides Inside the Front Shed
Authors: Dawson R.M.
Published: March 2008

Loom operation is constrained by the need to align the front shed boundary, filling insertion element trajectory, and any insertion element guides within the working width. The analysis of these constraints is extended to cover guides inside the front shed. Additional constraints are imposed by the need to fully utilize reed height and, usually, to avoid guide penetration of the top warp sheet. The relation between shed accessibility to guides and reed orientation for the given shape of a shed of maximum extent is examined over the range of a shed accessibility parameter, thus covering both gripper projectile and rapier loom values. The parameter is sensitive to reed orientation: the quarter of its range in which the parameter lies can determine orientation to within a few degrees.
New Mathematical Model for Determining Time-Dependent Adsorption and Diffusion of Dyes into Fibers Through Dye Sorption Curves in Combination Shades
Authors: Duffner H. , Bach E. , Cleve E. , Schollmeyer E.
Published: March 2008

Time-dependent dye uptake of textile substrates can be described by a new mathemat ical model that divides the dyeing process into two parts, dye adsorption and dye diffusion. Using this model, the influence of temperature (20-80°C) and NaCl concen tration (2.5-10.0 g/L) on the dye uptake of a trichrome dye combination of C.I. Direct Blue 225, C.I. Direct Violet 47, and C.I. Direct Yellow 27 on cotton is determined from sorption curves obtained by uv-vis spectroscopy. This model can demonstrate differences in temperature dependent dye uptake of the disordered inner and outer surfaces of the substrate and also displacement reactions that occur during dyeing.
Evaluating Glutaraldehyde as a Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finishing Agent for Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Weishu Wei  , McIlwaine Douglas B.
Published: March 2008

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to find nonformaldehyde durable press finishes to replace the traditional formaldehyde-based reagents. In this research, glutaraldehyde is evaluated as a nonformaldehyde durable press finish for cotton fabrics. The infrared spectroscopy data show that the two aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde react with cotton at elevated temperatures. There is a linear correlation between the fabric wrinkle recovery angle and the reduction in the carbonyl band intensity of the treated cotton cured at increasing temperatures. We have compared glutaraldehyde with low- formaldehyde DMDHEU and nonformaldehyde DHDMI as crosslinking agents for cotton. The fabric finished with glutaraldehyde shows adequate wrinkle resistance, sufficient white ness, and high strength retention. As a nonformaldehyde durable press finishing agent, the performance of glutaraldehyde is superior to that of DHDMI.
Strength of Pneumatic Spliced Polyester/Cotton Ring Spun Yarns
Authors: Cheng K.P.S. , Lam H.L.I.
Published: March 2008

The strength of yams spliced under different conditions is investigated. Statistical models that help predict the strength of the splices under different splicing and yarn parameters are established, and the optimum splicing conditions (optimizing both the splicer and the yam parameters) are investigated. The results indicate that the length of the yarn tails and the yam linear density are the parameters that have the most important effect on the strength of spliced yams.
Observing Fibers Swelling in Water with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Jenkins L.M. , Donald A.M.
Published: March 2008

A method has been developed for observing cross-sectional area swelling in textile fibers with water using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Sample preparation is minimal, and water condensation and evaporation is controlled solely by manipulating the temperature and pressure conditions in the microscope. Images of the swollen and dry fibers can then be analyzed to calculate the area increase. Experiments with lyocell fiber samples broadly agree with swelling values from more traditional optical microscopy techniques, but the improved resolution, magnification, and depth of field of the ESEM make it easier to determine the position of cross-sectional edges during ESEM analysis compared with traditional methods.
A Discretized Linear Elastic Model for Cloth Buckling and Drape
Authors: Dias José Miguel S. , Gamito Manuel N. , Rebordão José M.
Published: March 2008

We present a computational model for plain woven fabrics. The model is able to represent known elastic behavior in deformation such as planar extension, shearing and out-of-plane bending, drape, and buckling. Buckling behavior is present both in shear and compression. The cloth is assumed to be an orthotropic linear elastic continuum, dis cretized by a mesh of triangles. Each triangle links three particles and is able to measure the stress and strain of the underlying medium. For the planar deformation, we assume the hypothesis of the plate under plane stress from the classical theory of elasticity. For the out-of-plane deformation, we allow linear elasticity and nonlinear displacement in bend ing, by modeling curvature interactions along the edges of neighboring triangles. To formulate the dynamic equilibrium of the mechanical system, we use Newton's second law. Nonlinear elastic material behavior is made possible by piecewise linear approxi mation of measured data. Visual results of cloth under various deformation conditions are presented—in tensile, draping, and buckling situations.
3D Structural Simulation of Tubular Braided Fabrics for Net-Shape Composites
Authors: Tianyi Liao  , Adanur Sabit
Published: March 2008

A circular braiding machine can be used to produce complex shapes by overbraiding a contoured mandrel and adjusting the process parameters. To simplify the design process and advance this technology, a CAD model is developed to describe the geometry of a 3D circular braid both externally and internally. A quadrilateral mesh is used to generate the over-all yarn appearance from a wire-frame model with texturing and light reflection applied to the surface. Comparison with other simulated structures using different models and with real yams shows that the simulated fabric described in this paper is more accurate and yields an improved visual representation of real preforms. The model takes into account the structural characteristics of yams and the finite dimensions of fibers. The effects of yam crimp, weave pattern, and tubular shape on the yarn appearance in the preform are examined. Some applications of the model to net-shape composite designs are presented, such as a canoe paddle, a drive shaft, and a shaped preform.
Crosslinking of Sulfonated Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Chen Jui-Chin , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: March 2008

Untreated, crosslinked, and sulfonated/crosslinked cotton fabrics are dyed with a basic dye. The results show that dye absorption of the untreated cotton is lower than that of the crosslinked fabric, and dye absorption of the crosslinked cotton is a little lower than that of the sulfonated/crosslinked fabric at the same dyeing duration. The relationships between the logarithm of dye absorption and the logarithm of dyeing time at the initial stages of dyeing are linear. Equilibrium absorption values of the three fabrics are ranked as follows: sulfonated/crosslinked > crosslinked > untreated; however, the difference in the values for crosslinked and sulfonated/crosslinked fabrics is not significant. Structural diffusion resistance constants and activation energies for the three fabrics reveal the following rank: untreated > crosslinked > sulfonated/crosslinked. Additionally, the structural diffusion resistance constants increase with increased dyeing temperature.
Chromium Distribution in Wool by Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Energy Dispersive Analysis
Authors: Lewis D.M. , Yan G. , Julià R.M. , Coderch L. , Erra P.
Published: March 2008

The distribution of various chromium species in individual wool fibers and the effect of various chromium treatments on wool morphology are studied by electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive analysis. In dichromate-treated wool, the chromium is evenly distributed across the fiber cross section, but if wool is pretreated with trivalent chromium salts, the chromium is hardly absorbed by the wool fiber and does not penetrate it at all. However, adding ligands such as lactic acid to the chromium (III) salts improves the penetration of trivalent chromium into wool fibers.
A Computer Vision Approach for Textile Inspection
Authors: Conci A. , Proença C.B.
Published: March 2008

The economic viability of a weaving plant is significantly influenced by its efficiency in eliminating fabric faults. Textile faults have traditionally been detected by human visual inspection, but it is time consuming and does not achieve a high degree of accuracy. Mechanisms with automatic operation are much better. Industrial vision systems may form the basis of a method with a very high degree of accuracy for textile inspection. This work presents a simple system designed for fabric inspection and shows its efficiency in detecting twelve kinds of common defects. The results show that the success of system implementation depends on the choice of the specific approach.
Surface Wetting Characteristics of Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Hyun Suk Whang  , Gupta Bhupender S.
Published: March 2008

Surface wetting behaviors of cotton and two rayons, one a regular crenulated and the other a trilobal (Galaxy), all stripped of topically applied finish, are determined using a sensitive Wilhelmy technique. The contact angles (advancing and receding), work of adhesion, and surface energies are assessed. For the latter, wetting tests are conducted in two dissimilar fluids, deionized ultra filtered water and methylene iodide, whose polar and dispersive contributions to surface tensions are known. Kaelble's model is used for surface energy, providing the magnitude of not only the total energy but also its division into the dispersion and polar components. The results show that the three cellulosic fibers have widely different contact angles and surface energies. They also have different hysteresis values, assessed by comparing the values obtained from measurements in the receding and advancing modes. These differences shed light on differences that exist in their chemical and physical structures.
In-situ Polymerization of Maleic Acid and Itaconic Acid on Cotton: MALDI/TOF Mass Spectroscopy and Light-Scattering Study
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Yun Lu
Published: March 2008

Neither maleic acid (MA) nor itaconic acid (ITA) polymerize under conditions normally used for vinyl monomers. The literature reports that treating cotton fabric with a mixture of MA and ITA significantly improves its wrinkle resistance. In our previous research, we used FRIR spectroscopy to study cotton fabric treated with ITA and MA, and found that free radical polymerization of MA and ITA takes place on cotton at elevated temperatures when both potassium persulfate and sodium hypophosphite are present. In this research, we remove the copolymer of MA and ITA from the treated cotton with alkaline hydrolysis, and apply time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza tion (MALDI) and a multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS) photometer to determine the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the copolymer. The MALDI/TOF mass spectroscopy and MALLS data confirm that in-situ copolymerization of MA and ITA takes place on the cotton. The molecular weight of the copolymer is in the approximate range of 2000-3000.
Building a Rule Set for the Fiber-to-Yarn Production Process by Means of Soft Computing Techniques
Authors: Sette S. , Boullart L. , Van Langenhove L.
Published: March 2008

An important aspect of the spinning process is the ability to predict the spinnability of a yam and its resulting strength based on the fiber quality and machine settings. Currently available fiber-to-yarn models are limited to the so-called "black box" approach, gener ating an output (spinnability) without containing physical, interpretable information about the process itself. This paper presents a method to predict the spinnability and strength of a yam with a set of IF-THEN rules. The rule set is automatically generated using the available data by means of a new learning classifier system called a fuzzy efficiency-based classifier system (FECS), which enhances the original learning classifier algorithm of Goldberg [5] by defining several rule efficiencies and introducing them into the learning strategy of the system. Furthermore, FECS allows the introduction of continuous (fiber and yarn) parameters, which broaden the application fields considerably in contrast to discrete parameters alone. To this end, the generated rules are expanded to represent fuzzy classes with corresponding membership degrees toward each fiber-to-yarn data sample. Rule efficiencies and the reward mechanism are modified to account for the membership degree of each data sample. The paper demonstrates that the resulting prediction accuracy is good and, more importantly, also delivers additional qualitative information about the fiber-to- yarn process behavior. The generated rule set allows almost 100% acceptable classifica tion of yarn strength in three classes. The methodologies described in this paper are conveniently classified as "soft computing."
Crosslinking of Sulfonated Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Chen Jui-Chin , Chiu Shean-Tong , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: March 2008

Sulfonated and unsulfonated cotton fabrics are finished with DMDMDHEU to study the agent distribution and reaction kinetics. The surface concentration of the crosslinking agent on the finished fabrics is significant for sulfonated cottons. Specific reaction rate constants for sulfonated cottons are higher than for the unsulfonated fabric, and the rate constant for the higher degree of sulfonation is greater than for the lower degree. Sulfonation does not affect the energy needed for the crosslinking reaction. Enthalpies of activation for sulfonated fabrics are lower than for the unsulfonated fabric, and the higher the degree of sulfonation, the lower the enthalpy of activation. Entropies of activation decrease with increased degree of sulfonation. Sulfonation of cotton does affect the reaction state, but does not affect energy consumption in the reaction between cellulose and the crosslinking agent.
Enzymatic Decolorization of Textile Dyeing Effluents
Authors: Abadulla Elias , Robra Karl-Heinz , Gübitz Georg M. , Silva Luisa M. , Cavaco-Paulo Artur
Published: March 2008

Commercial azo, triarylmethane, antraquinonic, and indigoid textile dyes are efficiently decolorized with enzyme preparations from Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, Neurospora crassa, Polyporus sp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Trametes villosa, and Mycelioph tora thermophila. The nature of substituents on the dyes' benzene rings influences enzyme activity, and hydroxyl and amino groups enhance decolorization. The presence of lignin peroxidase and/or manganese peroxidase in addition to laccase ( P. ostreatus, S. commune, S. rolfsii, N. crassa) increases decolorization by up to 25%. The effect of textile dyeing auxiliaries depends on the individual enzymes. Polyporus sp. and T. villosa are inhibited up to 20% by copper and iron chelating agents and anionic detergents, while the S. commune enzymes lose up to 70% of their activity.
A Stochastic Simulation of the Failure Process and Ultimate Strength of Blended Continuous Yarns
Authors: Realff Mary Lynn , Ning Pan  , Seo Moon , Boyce Mary C. , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2008

The mechanics of the failure process and ultimate strength of a twisted yarn structure are studied using a newly proposed stochastic model of the failure process. The impor tance of the twist reinforcing mechanism to the strength of a twisted structure with continuous components, the interaction patterns between different component types dur ing yam extension, and the significance of multiple breaks along a component are demonstrated. Building on the three basic concepts of fragmentation and chain-of-sub- bundles, changing lateral constraint between components due to twist and its effect on component strength, and load sharing between broken and still surviving members during yam breakage, a new mechanistic approach is proposed and a stochastic computer model is developed to predict the behavior of blended yams. The approach is similar to that developed earlier by Boyce et al. [3] to study the failure process in woven fabrics. The model acts to predict the strength and fracture behavior of a blended yarn with continuous components. The predicted results are illustrated in comparison with the experiments of Monego et al. [20, 21, 22]. By means of this new model, fundamental features of blended yam behavior are simulated and elucidated, including the strength reinforcing mechanism of twist in a blended yam, the yarn break propagation pattern, and the effect of twist on yam fracture behavior as well as the shape effect of component stress-strain curves. Moreover, the relationship between the strength of a structure and that of its components is also investigated.
Objective Evaluation of Fabric Wrinkles and Seam Puckers Using Fractal Geometry
Authors: Tae Jin Kang  , Jae Yeol Lee
Published: March 2008

Fractal geometry is used to objectively evaluate the surface ruggedness of fabric wrinkles and seam puckers. To measure the fractal dimension (FD) of wrinkles and puckers, both the spatial cubical box-counting method and the cross-sectional method are employed. The results of the fractal dimensions of wrinkles and puckers are compared with subjective evaluations of the AATCC rating method, and they show that the new objective fractal dimension gives a quantitative practical value for evaluating fabric wrinkles and seam puckers with more accuracy and reproducibility. Thus, the fractal dimension can be used to evaluate the surface ruggedness of wrinkles and puckers. Reliable objective five-rating and ten-rating methods using the fractal dimension are suggested as substitutes for the conventional subjective AATCC five-rating test method to establish a new industrial standard.
Evaluating Peracetic Acid Bleaching of Cotton as an Environmentally Safe Alternative to Hypochlorite Bleaching
Authors: Gürsoy Nevin Çiğdem , Dayioğlu Habip
Published: March 2008

Peracetic acid is produced directly in the bleaching liquor from acetic anhydride and hydrogen peroxide. The acid can be catalyzed to bleach knitted cotton fabric at temper atures as low as 30°C in the presence of 2.2' bipyridine, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium tetraborate. We evaluate the effects of the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and acetic anhydride as well as treatment temperature, time, and pH on whiteness, bursting strength, and water absorbency of the fabric. The results of our investigation show that peracetic acid can be acceptable as a bleaching agent for the textile industry as an alternative to hypochlorite bleaching.
Woven Fabric Analysis by Image Processing
Authors: Huang Chang-Chiun , Liu Sun-Chong , Yu Wen-Hong
Published: March 2008

A new image processing approach is proposed for identifying weave patterns of woven fabrics and automatically displaying harness drafts and chain drafts. Fabric counts are also measured. Based on the maximum and minimum gray-level sums of the horizontal and vertical pixel lines over an entire image, yarns and their crossover points are located. The decision rules for recognizing warp and weft floats are developed on the basis of geometric features of yarn distribution. The experimental materials include plain, twill, and satin weaves, each with twenty samples. Experimental results demonstrate that three basic weave patterns can be identified. The computer measurements of fabric counts show good agreement with manual measurements.
Single Fiber Strength Variations of Developing Cotton Fibers: Among Ovule Locations and Along the Fiber Length
Authors: Hsieh You-Lo , Anjia Wang
Published: March 2008

This paper, the first in a series on variations in single fiber properties of developing and mature cotton, focuses on single fiber tensile property variations of greenhouse-grown developing G. hirsutum (Maxxa variety). Variations along single fibers and among locations on ovules are examined on developing and mature cotton fibers sampled from ovules located in the middle of the locules of the first-position bolls. The breaking force and elongation of the midsection of the fibers from the medial portion of these ovules, in either hydrated or dried state fibers, show the most significant increases during the fourth week of development. As fibers develop beyond 30 dpa, the single fiber breaking forces, linear densities, and tenacities become scattered. The forces required to break the mid- sections of the single fibers are highest, while the breaking forces for fiber sections closer to the basal or tips are similarly lower at all stages of development. Fibers from the medial sections of the ovules have the highest tenacities, followed by those from the micropylar and chalazal ends. Of the mature fibers, the ribbon widths of fibers from the medial sections and the micropylar ends of the ovules are similar, but the medial sections are higher than the micropylar ends. Fibers from the chalazal ends are narrowest and have the lowest linear densities. The tenacities of single fibers from the medial regions of the ovules are higher than those from the chalazal and micropylar ends, the latter two being similar. Ultimate fiber tensile properties are reached in the developing fibers by 30 dpa; further fiber development contributes to thicker cell walls and thus to fiber mass, but not to intrinsic fiber strength.
Measuring Nylon Carpet Yarn Heat History by Remote NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Rodgers James E. , Ghosh Subhas
Published: March 2008

Heat setting of nylon carpet yarns is one of the most critical processes in carpet manufacturing. The temperature at which the yarn is heat set—the heat-set temperature (HST)—is one of the most important operational variables in the process. Previous investigations with laboratory, bench-top, near infrared (NIR) reflectance instrumentation had shown NIR to be a simple, rapid, and accurate laboratory technique for measuring the HST of nylon carpet yams. The potential of NIR for measuring the HST/heat history of nylon carpet yarns directly on the carpet yarn bobbin and in the manufacturing area is evaluated in a two-phase program. In this paper, Phase One—the evaluation of remote fiber optic sampling systems and the development of a laboratory measurement of HST/heat history directly on the bobbin—is presented and discussed. Nylon 66 yams are heat set by both the Suessen and Superba methods over wide HST ranges. NIR calibrations for HST are developed and validated with two remote fiber optic sampling systems—an interactance probe ("Probe") and a remote reflectance head ("Head"). Excellent agreement is obtained between the stated Suessen and Superba HSTs and the NIR results for both fiber optic sampling systems, with high R2 values (normally >0.9) and low residuals (standard deviation of differences, SDD) of normally <3° for both systems on both heat-set methods. The Probe sampling system is the best overall system for at-line measurements, with low sampling system weight, simpler operation, faster analysis time, and increased flexibility. The Head sampling system is the best overall system for on-line measurements, where its superior accuracy can be optimized.
Indigo-Cellulase Interactions
Authors: Campos Rui , Cavaco-Paulo Artur , Andreaus Jürgen , Gübitz Georg
Published: March 2008

We have studied the affinity of cellulases from different fungal origins for insoluble indigo dye. Adsorption studies have shown that "acid cellulases" from Trichoderma reesei have a higher affinity for indigo dye than "neutral cellulases" of Humicola insolens. The particle size of indigo dye agglomerates is influenced by cellulase origin and concentra tion. Evidence shows that the nonpolar residues present in higher percentages in the neutral cellulases of H. insolens seem to play an important role in the agglomeration of indigo dye particles and probably in the reduction of backstaining. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of different levels of mechanical action on cellulase adsorption on undyed and indigo dyed fabrics.
Influence of Ozone as an Air Pollutant on Polypropylene Fiber Properties
Authors: Pezelj Emira , Čunko Ružica
Published: March 2008

Ever increasing ozone concentrations in the earth's atmosphere polluted by photochem ical smog raise the question of possible ageing of fibers in such an environment. This paper investigates polypropylene fibers characterized by pronounced ageing in the natural environment under the impact of sunlight. Fibers are exposed to ozone for varying times and temperatures in a concentration range that can be expected in a heavily polluted urban industrial environment. Changes in the level of chemical composition and molecular configuration are investigated, together with morphological characteristics and end-use properties. Results indicate that, even under relatively mild ozone conditions, hydroper oxide groups are created, morphological surface changes occur, fibers become more brittle and lose strength, and the isotacticity of the configuration is pronounced, but there are some rather positive effects as well.
Turbidimetric Evaluation of the Dispersion Properties of Disperse Dyes
Authors: Chung Yong-Sik
Published: March 2008

The dispersion of disperse dyes is examined by two turbidity measurements. Each dispersion of C.I. Disperse Blue 56 and C.I. Disperse Yellow 54 is prepared by a milling process. The complex refractive index can describe the turbidity of dye dispersion by applying Mie's theory. The turbidity ratio—the ratio of the turbidity at the maximum absorption wavelength to that at 850 nm—is theoretically calculated and experimentally measured. Dye particle size gradually decreases with milling time. The turbidity ratio of the dispersion of disperse dyes increases with decreasing geometric mean radius, and shows more noticeable dependence on the mean radius of the particles than the turbidity. Dye dispersion properties are evaluated in terms of the geometric mean radius by the turbidity ratio.
Numerical Drape Behavior of Circular Fabric Sheets Over Circular Pedestals
Authors: Jinlian Hu  , Chen Shui-Fu , Teng J.G.
Published: March 2008

Draping of circular fabric sheets over a circular pedestal is a typical large displacement/ rotation post-buckling deformation problem. Different deformed shapes or drape patterns may appear when repeating the same draping experiment for the same piece of fabric. This paper explores the possibility of using numerical techniques to reproduce this complicated but interesting fabric drape behavior. A recently developed geometrically nonlinear finite-volume method is deployed here in the numerical simulation. An initially flat circular fabric sheet is first subdivided into a number of structured finite volumes (or control volumes) by mesh lines along the warp and weft directions, resulting in rectan gular internal volumes and triangular or quadrilateral boundary volumes. Each control volume contains one grid node. The strains and curvatures and hence the out-of-plane bending and in-plane membrane strain energies of a typical volume can be evaluated using the global coordinates of its grid node and several neighbors surrounding it. The equi librium equations of the fabric sheet are derived by employing the principle of stationary total potential energy. The full Newton-Raphson iteration method with line searches is used to solve the nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from the formulation. Numerical results of two circular fabric pieces of different sizes and materials are presented. The predicted symmetrically deformed shape of the first fabric sheet is compared with existing experimental results, demonstrating good agreement between the two approaches. Several other asymmetrical drape patterns for each fabric sheet are presented, demonstrating that the proposed finite-volume method is capable of predicting not only the basic deformed shape of a circular fabric sheet, but also other possible drape patterns in a real experiment.
The Diameter Dependence of Fiber Medullation and the Medullation Weighting Function
Authors: Glass M.
Published: March 2008

The concept of a medullation weighting function is introduced as a means of describing variations in fiber medullation with fiber diameter. Developed principally as an aid to model wool fiber diameter distributions containing medullated fibers, the medullation weighting function may find wider applicability for classifying animal fibers.
Classifying Web Defects with a Back-Propagation Neural Network by Color Image Processing
Authors: Shiau Yau-Ren , Tsai I-Shou , Lin Chih-Shiang
Published: March 2008

The aim of this research is to construct an appropriate back-propagation neural network topology to automatically recognize neps and trash in a web by color image processing. After studying the ideal background color under moderate conditions of brightness and contrast to overcome the translucent problem of fibers in a web, specimens are reproduced in a color BMP image file format. Assuming that neps and trash can be distinguished without difficulty from the color image, the image-taking device in the system can be easily altered as long as the optical conditions for other color image resources (i.e., CCD) are considered to ensure image quality. With a back-propagation neural network, the RGB (red, green, and blue) values corresponding with the image pixels are used to perform the recognition, and three categories (i.e., normal web, nep, and trash) can be recognized. The numbers and areas of both neps and trash can also be determined. According to experi mental analysis, the recognition rate can reach 99.63% under circumstances in which the neural network topology is 3-3-3. Both contrast and brightness are set at 60% with an azure background color. The results show that both neps and trash can be recognized well, and the method is suitable not only for cotton and man-made fibers of different lengths, but also for different web thicknesses as to a limit of 32.9 g/m2. Since neps and trash in a web can be recognized, yarn quality not only can be assessed but also improved using a reference for adjusting manufacturing parameters.
Formation, Properties, and Antimicrobial Activity of a Cotton Xanthate-Cu(II)-Metronidazole Complex
Authors: Jeoung Soo Lee  , Yun Jin Jung  , Youn Taeg Kim  , Young Mi Kim
Published: March 2008

To develop cotton derivatives with prolonged antibacterial activity, cotton is derivatized to cotton xanthate (CX) and coupled with metronidazole (Mz) by means of chelate bonding in the presence of Cu(II) using one- and two-bath processes. The effects of coupling methods, concentration, [Mz]/[Cu(II)] ratio, and reaction time on the formation of CX-Cu(II)-Mz are investigated at 10°C. In the one-bath process where CX is treated with a solution of the Cu(II)-Mz complex, binding of Mz takes place readily and rapidly and increases with a higher [Mz]/[Cu(II)] ratio. In the two-bath process, binding of Mz is much lower than in one bath. Release of Mz from CX-Cu(II)-Mz prepared from the one-bath process is investigated by the flow method and takes place steadily during the first 3 hours. The extent of release reaches 65-99% in 20 hours, depending on the concentration of Cu(II) and Mz used to form CX-Cu(II)-Mz. Antibacterial activity of CX-Cu(II)-Mz is tested against G(+) S. aureus, B. subtilis, and G(-) E. coli., and lasts longer than that of free Mz.
Detecting Defects in Fabric with Laser-Based Morphological Image Processing
Authors: Mallik-Goswami Bithika , Datta Asit K.
Published: March 2008

Morphological operations such as erosion and opening are applied to both direct and spatially filtered images of test fabrics to identify defects. Detecting defects morpholog ically on spatially filtered images of fabrics produces better results, particularly when the fabric is fine and contains defects of small size. The diffraction pattern of the test fabric is obtained optically by illuminating it with a collimated laser beam. A spatial filter is placed at the Fourier plane to remove the periodic grating structure of the fabric from the image. Morphological operations with a critically selected structuring element are then applied to the image after suitable pre-processing.