bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of adrenal incidentaloma: use of clinical judgment and evidence in dialog with the patient
Authors: Yoshida Yusaku , Horiuchi Kiyomi , Otsuki Michio , Okamoto Takahiro
Published: December 2023

The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma (AI) in imaging studies, including those of the adrenal glands, is estimated to be 1–5%. Essential factors for the proper management of AI include a correct diagnosis, adequate surgical skills, appropriate perioperative management, and sound dialogue with the patient. Aside from the possibility of overdiagnosis, patients with apparent signs or symptoms attributable to adrenal hormone excess have reasonable indications for surgery. At the same time, milder patients may be candidates for active surveillance without intervention. Even individuals with nonfunctioning AI may benefit from surgery if imaging studies depict the tumor as suggestive of malignancy. However, a differential diagnosis of AI may not be easy for surgeons with little experience in seeing such patients.

Furthermore, a patient without a correct diagnosis may miss the window of opportunity for a cure or incur a greater risk of developing complications, such as adrenal insufficiency or cardiovascular events during or after surgery, due to inadequate management. The clinical practice guidelines for AI from around the world may be helpful for shared decision-making; however, Japan lacks established guidelines. In this review article, we propose practical guidelines relevant to management by summarizing the evidence for five key questions that are often asked in dialog with patients with AI.
Clinicopathologic and genetic analysis of invasive breast carcinomas in women with germline CHEK2 variants
Authors: Schwartz Christopher J. , Khorsandi Nikka , Blanco Amie , Mukhtar Rita A. , Chen Yunn-Yi , Krings Gregor
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Germline pathogenic variants in checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) are associated with a moderately increased risk of breast cancer (BC). The spectrum of clinicopathologic features and genetics of these tumors has not been fully established.

Methods

We characterized the histopathologic and clinicopathologic features of 44 CHEK2-associated BCs from 35 women, and assessed responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A subset of cases (n = 23) was additionally analyzed using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS).

Results

Most (94%, 33/35) patients were heterozygous carriers for germline CHEK2 variants, and 40% had the c.1100delC allele. Two patients were homozygous, and five had additional germline pathogenic variants in ATM (2), PALB2 (1), RAD50 (1), or MUTYH (1). CHEK2-associated BCs occurred in younger women (median age 45 years, range 25–75) and were often multifocal (20%) or bilateral (11%). Most (86%, 38/44) were invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NST). Almost all (95%, 41/43) BCs were ER + (79% ER + HER2-, 16% ER + HER2 + , 5% ER-HER2 +), and most (69%) were luminal B. Nottingham grade, proliferation index, and results of multiparametric molecular testing were heterogeneous. Biallelic CHEK2 alteration with loss of heterozygosity was identified in most BCs (57%, 13/23) by NGS. Additional recurrent alterations included GATA3 (26%), PIK3CA (226%), CCND1 (22%), FGFR1 (22%), ERBB2 (17%), ZNF703 (17%), TP53 (9%), and PPM1D (9%), among others. Responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were variable, but few patients (21%, 3/14) achieved pathologic complete response. Most patients (85%) were without evidence of disease at time of study (n = 34). Five patients (15%) developed distant metastasis, and one (3%) died (mean follow-up 50 months).

Conclusion

Almost all CHEK2-associated BCs were ER + IDC-NST, with most classified as luminal B with or without HER2 overexpression. NGS supported the luminal-like phenotype and confirmed CHEK2 as an oncogenic driver in the majority of cases. Responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were variable but mostly incomplete.
Measuring student and educator digital competence beyond self-assessment: Developing and validating two rubric-based frameworks
Authors: González-Mujico Flor de Lis
Published: December 2023

Over the past decade, self-assessment tools have garnered significant attention in the interest of measuring the skillset required by educators and students to function productively and ethically in digitally mediated environments, particularly in relation to education policy implementation. Since stated beliefs do not always align with actual practice, gaps have been shown to occur between self-reporting and performance in practice. Having an external assessor can counteract this imbalance; however, both perspectives should be taken into consideration as both are equally important. Against this background, this study develops and validates two rubric-based frameworks that supplement self perceived student and educator digital competence with classroom observation and task performance analysis. The DigComp and DigCompEdu self-assessment frameworks were used as a starting point to develop a student rubric and an educator rubric, respectively, underpinned by criteria validated in previous frameworks. The expert technique, which is the base for the Delphi Method, was used to validate each rubric, after which the rubrics were implemented at a Spanish university to test their reliability. The results indicated that the force of agreement across raters was consistent and both rubrics had a high degree of internal consistency, therefore both instruments are reliable.
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub
Authors: Babur Önder , Constantinou Eleni , Serebrenik Alexander
Published: December 2023

Context

EMF metamodels lie at the heart of model-based approaches for a variety of tasks, notably for defining the abstract syntax of modeling languages. The language design of EMF metamodels itself is part of a design process, where the needs of its specific range of users should be satisfied. Studying how people actually use the language in the wild would enable empirical feedback for improving the design of the EMF metamodeling language.

Objective

Our goal is to study the language usage of EMF metamodels in public engineered projects on GitHub. We aim to reveal information about the usage of specific language constructs, whether they match the language design. Based on our findings, we plan to suggest improvements in the EMF metamodelling language.

Method

We adopt a sample study research strategy and collect data from the EMF metamodels on GitHub. After a series of preprocessing steps including filtering out non-engineered projects and deduplication, we employ an analytics workflow on top of a graph database to formulate generalizing statements about the artifacts under study. Based on the results, we also give actionable suggestions for the EMF metamodeling language design.

Results

We have conducted various analyses on metaclass, attribute, feature/relationship usage as well as specific parts of the language: annotations and generics. Our findings reveal that the most used metaclasses are not the main building blocks of the language, but rather auxiliary ones. Some of the metaclasses, metaclass features and relations are almost never used. There are a few attributes which are almost exclusively used with a single value or illegal values. Some of the language features such as special forms of generics are very rarely used. Based on our findings, we provide suggestions to improve the EMF language, e.g. removing a language element, restricting its values or refining the metaclass hierarchy.

Conclusions

In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study into the language usage of EMF metamodels on GitHub. We believe this study fills a gap in the literature of model analytics and will hopefully help future improvement of the EMF metamodeling language.
Brief Report: The Rise of Online Betting in Ontario
Authors: Turner Nigel E. , Sinclair Lindsay , Matheson Flora I.
Published: December 2023

In this paper we examine the nature of calls for the Ontario Problem Gambling Helpline from June 2021 to Jan 2023 to determine if the increased marketing of online and sports gambling has changed the nature of calls to the helpline. An interrupted time series model comparing the monthly calls before and after the expansion of online gambling and advertising (April 2023), found a significant effect. Calls related to the other games examined did not have a significant interrupted time series effect of from the expansion and advertising of online gambling. The results of this analysis clearly indicate an association between the expansion of legalized gambling and gambling advertising with the number of people who call the helpline for problem related to online gambling.
New insights on diagnosis and treatment of AVP deficiency
Authors: Refardt Julie , Atila Cihan , Christ-Crain Mirjam
Published: December 2023

Arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) is one of the main entities of the polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Its correct diagnosis and differentiation from the other two causes - AVP resistance and primary polydipsia – is crucial as this determines the further management of these patients.

Over the last years, several new diagnostic tests using copeptin, the stable surrogate marker of AVP, have been introduced. Among them, hypertonic saline stimulated copeptin was confirmed to reliably and safely improve the diagnostic accuracy to diagnose AVP-D. Due to its simplicity, arginine stimulated copeptin was put forward as alternative test procedure. Glucagon-stimulated copeptin also showed promising results, while the oral growth hormone secretagogue Macimorelin failed to provide a sufficient stimulus. Interestingly, an approach using machine learning techniques also showed promising results concerning diagnostic accuracy.

Once AVP-D is diagnosed, further workup is needed to evaluate its etiology. This will partly define the further treatment and management. In general, treatment of AVP-D focuses on desmopressin substitution, with oral formulations currently showing the best tolerance and safety profile. However, in addition to desmopressin substitution, recent data also showed that psychopathological factors play an important role in managing AVP-D patients.
A Deep Multi-Tasking Approach Leveraging on Cited-Citing Paper Relationship For Citation Intent Classification
Authors: Ghosal Tirthankar , Varanasi Kamal Kaushik , Kordoni Valia
Published: December 2023

Citations are crucial artifacts to provide additional information to the reader to comprehend the research under concern. There are different roles that citations play in scientific discourse. Correctly identifying the intent of the citations finds applications ranging from predicting scholarly impact, finding idea propagation, to text summarization. With the rapid growth in scientific literature, the need for automated methods to classify citations is now growing intense. However, we can only fully understand the intent of a citation if we look at the citation context in the citing paper and also the primary purpose of the cited article. In this work, we propose a neural multi-task learning framework that harnesses the structural information of the research papers and the cited paper’s information for the effective classification of citation intents. We analyze the impact of three auxiliary tasks on the performance of our approach for citation classification. Our experiments on three benchmark citation classification datasets show that incorporating cited paper information (title) shows that our deep neural model achieves a new state-of-the-art on the ACL-ARC dataset with an absolute increase of 5.3% in the F1 score over the previous best model. We also achieve comparable performance with respect to the best-performing systems in the SDP 2021 3C Shared task on Citation Context Classification. We make our codes available at https://github.com/Tirthankar-Ghosal/citationclassification-SCIM
New Technologies in International Arbitration: A Game-Changer in Dispute Resolution?
Authors: Łągiewska Magdalena
Published: December 2023

International dispute resolution in general and international arbitration, in particular, is highly affected by the emergence and fast development of innovation-driven technologies. On the one hand, such technologies are cost and time-effective. To name a few, they allow online filing of a case, collecting of e-evidence and remote hearings, among others. On the other hand, they also may lead to some challenges that need to be addressed. The primary concerns comprise e-arbitration agreements and e-awards, as well as cybersecurity and data protection. Therefore, this begs the question of whether such new technologies will significantly impact the dispute resolution landscape and thus become a game-changer therein. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the emergence of new technologies provides an opportunity to establish a long-lasting new standard for international arbitration.
Decoding Mixed Identities in Hong Kong: A Clustering Analysis of Multiple Identity Indicators
Authors: Yang Shen
Published: December 2023

Given the multiplicity and fluidity of identities, measuring mixed identities is challenging. As an epicenter of identity conflicts, Hong Kong is an ideal place to study mixed identities. However, the conventional unidimensional measurement in Hong Kong surveys and statistical correlation analysis may not accurately estimate the prevalence of different combinations of identities. Therefore, this study reassesses the patterns of identity combinations from 2016 to 2022 through K-means clustering of multiple identity indicators. The clustering analysis identifies three clusters, namely dual identity, moderate hybrid identity, and predominant Hong Kong identity. The analysis suggests that the conventional single-item indicator underestimates the proportion of mixed identities in the population. Furthermore, this study documents the rise of a predominant Hong Kong identity, particularly among young people. The regression analyses illustrate that citizens who are older, non-supporters of the pan-democratic camp, and not born in Hong Kong are more likely to have dual identity. This study contributes to the literature on measuring mixed identities by arguing that multidimensional measurement is preferable to unidimensional measurement when the main research objective is to examine the proportion of various combinations of identities.
Causal Analysis of Influence of the Solar Cycle and Latitudinal Solar-Wind Structure on Co-Rotation Forecasts
Authors: Chakraborty Nachiketa , Turner Harriet , Owens Mathew , Lang Matthew
Published: December 2023

Studying solar-wind conditions is central to forecasting the impact of space weather on Earth. Under the assumption that the structure of this wind is constant in time and co-rotates with the Sun, solar-wind and thereby space-weather forecasts have been made quite effectively. Such co-rotation forecasts are well studied with decades of observations from STEREO and near-Earth spacecraft. Forecast accuracy is primarily determined by three factors: i) the longitudinal separation of spacecraft from Earth determines the corotation time (and hence forecast lead time) [$\delta$
δ
t] over which the solar wind must be assumed to be constant, ii) the latitudinal separation (or offset) between Earth and spacecraft [$\delta\theta$
δ
θ
]] determines the degree to which the same solar wind is being encountered at both locations, and iii) the solar cycle, via the sunspot number (SSN), acts as a proxy for both how fast the solar-wind structure is evolving and how much it varies in latitude. However, the precise dependencies factoring in uncertainties are a mixture of influences from each of these factors. Furthermore, for high-precision forecasts, it is important to understand what drives the forecast accuracy and its uncertainty. Here we present a causal inference approach based on information-theoretic measures to do this. Our framework can compute not only the direct (linear and nonlinear) dependencies of the forecast mean absolute error (MAE) on SSN, $\Delta \theta $
Δ
θ
, and $\Delta t$
Δ
t
, but also how these individual variables combine to enhance or diminish the MAE. We provide an initial assessment of this with the potential of aiding data assimilation in the future.
In vitro rooting of Quercus robur, activated charcoal vs. exogenous auxin: a morphophysiological approach
Authors: Martins João Paulo Rodrigues , Wawrzyniak Mikołaj Krzysztof , Kalemba Ewa Marzena , Ley-López Juan Manuel , Lira Jean Marcel Sousa , Chmielarz Paweł
Published: December 2023

In plant cultivation, morphophysiological status of the plantlets is crucial. We aimed to assess how activated charcoal (AC) and synthetic auxins, separately and in combination, affect the biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology of Quercus robur plantlets. Two concurrent experiments were conducted using indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) as exogenous auxins, with or without AC. Plantlets grown without exogenous auxins and AC displayed weak root development, reduced functionality, lower photosynthetic pigments, and elevated starch and free IAA content. Incorporating IAA or IBA into the medium triggered positive morphophysiological changes, such as aerenchyma formation, increased hydrogen peroxide, and reduced free IAA levels in the in vitro-produced clones. Plantlets cultured with 2 g L−1 AC exhibited higher biomass and more photosynthetic pigments. AC also enhanced the photosynthetic apparatus, as indicated by higher total performance index (PI(TOTAL)) values. Importantly, AC improved rooting success and overall morphophysiological condition, regardless of exogenous auxin presence. These findings provide novel insights into in vitro rooting modulation with AC and exogenous auxins, promising advancements in the growth and performance of Q. robur plantlets.
The cube axiom and resolutions in homotopy theory
Authors: Stelzer Manfred
Published: December 2023

We show that a version of the cube axiom holds in cosimplicial unstable coalgebras and cosimplicial spaces equipped with a resolution model structure. As an application, classical theorems in unstable homotopy theory are extended to this context.
Punishment by Process: The Development of Anti-SLAPP legislation in the European Union
Authors: Farrington Francesca , Zabrocka Magdalena
Published: December 2023

Strategic litigation against public participation (‘SLAPPs’) are abusive lawsuits that seek to suppress communications on matters of public interest. This article analyses the proposed Anti-SLAPP Directive which aims to protect human rights defenders and journalists throughout the European Union. The article analyses the diverging positions adopted by the Council and Parliament in June resp. July 2023, addressing concerns that the final Anti-SLAPP Directive’s scope will be limited to such an extent as to render it largely ineffective to protect civil society actors against abusive court proceedings.
Ensuring Ecosystem Service Provision of Urban Water Nature-Based Solutions in Infill Areas: Comparing Green Factor for Districts and SWMM Modeling in Scenario Assessment
Authors: Lähde Elisa , Dahlberg Niklas , Piirainen Paula , Rehunen Antti
Published: December 2023

This study aims to explore the measurement of potential synergies between water management objectives and other ecosystem services generated by Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in the context of urban planning. The research also investigates the comparative benefits of two analytical methods, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and green area factor for districts (GAFD). The study employs Malmi district in Helsinki, Finland, as a case study, examining five distinct NBS scenarios with varying degrees of integration. The results affirm that NBS can indeed enhance ecosystem services provision and stormwater management. The comparative analysis of the two methods, reveals that scenarios with high green factors exhibit effective flood risk reduction, while those with low green factors struggle to manage water, emphasizing the importance of balancing green and built elements in urban planning for optimal flood risk reduction. Furthermore, the study underscores the advantages of the two methods: GAFD offers simplicity and lower expertise requirements, generating valuable insights into ecosystem services, while SWMM provides precise stormwater management data. The findings emphasize the significance of diverse NBS combinations that harness the multifunctional aspects of green infrastructure, highlighting the need for integrated urban planning. The utilization of GAFD analysis provides a comprehensive districtwide perspective in a flexible manner, thereby improving the comprehension of the interconnected nature of urban green spaces.

Highlights

Nature-based solutions (NBS) support urban stormwater management in infill areas.

Green Area Factor for Districts (GAFD) is a practical tool to compare NBS options.

GAFD and SWMM modeling results on stormwaters are comparable for common rain events.

NBS size, quality and diversity reduce peak flows and enhance ecosystem services.

Assessment of scenarios with the GAFD tool helps to identify multiple benefits of NBS.
Bonuses, options, and bank strategies
Authors: Razul Alberto , Gomes Orlando , Gulamhussen Mohamed Azzim
Published: December 2023

This study focuses on the management financial incentives that banking institutions adopt, with the purpose of best serving their corporate strategies. Specifically, a comparative study is carried out between medium- and long-term incentives, under the form of option-based pay, and short-term incentives, which take the form of bonus-based pay. Banking institutions should seek for the best balance between the two types of compensation, weighing their pros and cons under the specific market conditions they face. The paper advocates in favor of including the options modality in incentive packages, given that it stimulates the alignment of interests between owners and managers, allowing these last ones to act in an independent but responsible manner. Bonuses, in turn, require additional shareholders’ supervision, which might be advantageous when the need to reverse harmful effects of poor performance arises. The developed theoretical model is complemented with two numerical exercises (one with simulated data and the other with real data) that corroborate the model’s conjectures.
Social sustainability in seafood systems: a rapid review
Authors: Alexander Karen A. , Kelling Ingrid
Published: December 2023

Sustainability and sustainable development are the buzzwords of our era. Nowhere is this clearer than in primary production/extraction industries, such as aquaculture and fisheries. Yet in the seafood sector (as with many others), the term continues to be used most commonly in relation to the environmental dimension; much less is known about social and economic sustainability. In this review, we explore what is known about social sustainability in the seafood sector. We identify seven key thematic areas: livelihoods and human development; human rights; social, psychological, and cultural needs; equitable access to resource and benefit sharing; a voice in public issues; flow-on benefits for local and regional economies and improved infrastructure and access. We reveal that while there has been a clear focus on developing social sustainability indicators, this has largely missed more relational and subjective aspects of social sustainability. We also show that some thematic areas of social sustainability also remain underdeveloped. Overall, we argue that it is imperative that we address the knowledge gaps and incorporate what we already know about social sustainability into existing industry and governance processes. If we do not, not only risk not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, but we also risk moving closer towards environmental and societal collapse.
Ethics and Medical Aid in Dying: Physicians’ Perspectives on Disclosure, Presence, and Eligibility
Authors: DeCamp Matthew , Ressalam Julie , Lum Hillary D. , Kessler Elizabeth R. , Bolcic-Jankovic Dragana , Kini Vinay , Campbell Eric G.
Published: December 2023

Medical aid in dying (MAiD), despite being legal in many jurisdictions, remains controversial ethically. Existing surveys of physicians’ perceptions of MAiD tend to focus on the legal or moral permissibility of MAiD in general. Using a novel sampling strategy, we surveyed physicians likely to have engaged in MAiD-related activities in Colorado to assess their attitudes toward contemporary ethical issues in MAiD.
The Current State of U.S. Regulation of Electronic Monitoring to Combat Elder Abuse and Its Future
Authors: Hoffman Laura C.
Published: December 2023

The incidence of elder abuse has led to a growing trend of states taking various methods to regulate the use of electronic monitoring in institutional settings through programs, guidelines, regulations, and laws. This article attempts evaluate how the regulation of electronic monitoring has evolved and may be advanced in the future with the anticipated increase of elder abuse.
The Reproductive Injustices of Abortion Bans for Disability
Authors: Francis Leslie
Published: December 2023

This article argues that state laws banning abortions for disability violate reproductive justice for parents with disabilities. These bans deprive people with disabilities of choices that may be important to their possibilities of becoming parents, including possibilities for abortion of pregnancies that have become risky to continue. Far from protecting disability civil rights, these state law bans restrict the abilities of people with disabilities to choose to have children and to parent.
Teaching Health Law
Authors: Clark Brietta
Published: December 2023

This column will be the first in a series exploring innovative ways to teach concepts and ideas in health law across a wide variety of classrooms, schools, and curriculums.
Beyond Roe: Implications for End-of-Life Decision-Making During Pregnancy
Authors: Krause Joan H.
Published: December 2023

The end of Roe v. Wade has significant implications for the autonomy of pregnant patients at the end of life. At least thirty states restrict the choice to withhold/withdraw life-sustaining treatments from pregnant patients without decisional capacity, invalidating prior advance directives and prohibiting others from choosing these options for the patient. Many restrictions are based on the Roe framework, applying after “viability” or similar considerations of fetal development or prospect for live birth. Scholars have also relied on the abortion framework, arguing that the restrictions impose an undue burden. The end of Roe will free states from having to craft limited restrictions designed to work around prior abortion jurisprudence. Similarly, advocates will no longer be able to draw support from the abortion framework, forcing them to rely instead on cases supporting rights to autonomy/bodily integrity in medical decision-making.
Development of mobile phone-based dietary data collection applications in pregnant women and infants for the M-SAKHI trial
Authors: Bhaise Shilpa , Patel Archana , Dhurde Varsha , Almeida Michelle , Do Tran , Muthayya Sumithra , Dibley Michael
Published: December 2023

In nutritional epidemiological studies, it is imperative to collect high-quality data to ensure accurate dietary assessment. However, dietary data collection using traditional paper forms has several limitations that may compromise data quality. The aim of this study was to propose novel methods to design and develop software applications (Apps) for dietary data collection to assess the nutritional status of pregnant women and infants. This study is part of the M-SAKHI (Mobile-Solutions for Aiding Knowledge for Health Improvement) cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) implemented in central India. Three tablet-based software Apps were developed in this study: the ACEC (Automated Coding and Energy Calculation) App to establish a generic cooked food recipe database, the FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire), and the IDR (24 h Infant Dietary Recall) Apps to collect dietary data from pregnant women and their infants from rural area of Bhandara and Nagpur districts. Regional food lists, recipes, and portion resource kits were developed to support the data collection using the Apps. In conclusion, the Apps were user-friendly, required minimal prior training, had built-in validation checks for erroneous data entry and provided automated calculations. The Apps were successfully deployed in low-resource rural settings to accurately collect high-quality regional cooked food data and individual-level dietary data of pregnant women and their infants.
Finding a balance: resilience in older adults after depression in later life
Authors: Glas Lieneke , Rhebergen Didi , Widdershoven Guy , Huisman Martijn , Kok Almar A. L.
Published: December 2023

Older adults who have had a major depressive disorder (MDD) have a high risk of relapse. Although risk factors for depression have been researched extensively, less is known about protective factors, and what experiences might strengthen subsequent resilience and help to prevent relapse. Therefore, this qualitative study explored factors of resilience in older adults who recovered from MDD and did not relapse across at least six years. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were held with older adults aged 73–85 years who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons from 2008 to 2014 and were re-interviewed for the present study in 2020–2021. Participants were defined as resilient based on having an MDD diagnosis at baseline but not on two- and six-year follow-up. We used grounded theory coding techniques and thematic analysis to identify factors contributing to resilience. Factors contributing to resilience included: taking agency; receiving social support and engaging in social activities; doing activities individually; and managing thought processes. Resilience after late-life depression appeared to be a dynamic process involving internal and external factors, including finding a balance between rest and activity, between taking initiative and receiving support by others, and between accepting negative emotions and ignoring negative thoughts. Additionally, the ability to learn from depression shows that resilience is not only about avoiding psychopathology, but also about the recovery process and preventing relapse. These findings highlight the need for research and interventions to focus on understanding and influencing the dynamics underlying resilience.
GALOIS REPRESENTATIONS FOR EVEN GENERAL SPECIAL ORTHOGONAL GROUPS
Authors: Kret Arno , Shin Sug Woo
Published: December 2023

We prove the existence of
$\mathrm {GSpin}_{2n}$
-valued Galois representations corresponding to cohomological cuspidal automorphic representations of certain quasi-split forms of
${\mathrm {GSO}}_{2n}$
under the local hypotheses that there is a Steinberg component and that the archimedean parameters are regular for the standard representation. This is based on the cohomology of Shimura varieties of abelian type, of type
$D^{\mathbb {H}}$
, arising from forms of
${\mathrm {GSO}}_{2n}$
. As an application, under similar hypotheses, we compute automorphic multiplicities, prove meromorphic continuation of (half) spin L-functions and improve on the construction of
${\mathrm {SO}}_{2n}$
-valued Galois representations by removing the outer automorphism ambiguity.
COUNTING DISCRETE, LEVEL-
$1$
, QUATERNIONIC AUTOMORPHIC REPRESENTATIONS ON
$G_2$
Authors: Dalal Rahul
Published: December 2023

Quaternionic automorphic representations are one attempt to generalize to other groups the special place holomorphic modular forms have among automorphic representations of
$\mathrm {GL}_2$
. Here, we use ‘hyperendoscopy’ techniques to develop a general trace formula and understand them on an arbitrary group. Then we specialize this general formula to study quaternionic automorphic representations on the exceptional group
$G_2$
, eventually getting an analog of the Eichler–Selberg trace formula for classical modular forms. We finally use this together with some techniques of Chenevier, Renard and Taïbi to compute dimensions of spaces of level-
$1$
quaternionic representations. On the way, we prove a Jacquet–Langlands-style result describing them in terms of classical modular forms and automorphic representations on the compact-at-infinity form
$G_2^c$
.

The main technical difficulty is that the quaternionic discrete series that quaternionic automorphic representations are defined in terms of do not satisfy a condition of being ‘regular’. A real representation theory argument shows that regularity miraculously does not matter for specifically the case of quaternionic discrete series.

We hope that the techniques and shortcuts highlighted in this project are of interest in other computations about discrete-at-infinity automorphic representations on arbitrary reductive groups instead of just classical ones.
PARACONSISTENT AND PARACOMPLETE ZERMELO–FRAENKEL SET THEORY
Authors: KHOMSKII YURII , ODDSSON HRAFN VALTÝR
Published: December 2023

We present a novel treatment of set theory in a four-valued paraconsistent and paracomplete logic, i.e., a logic in which propositions can be both true and false, and neither true nor false. Our approach is a significant departure from previous research in paraconsistent set theory, which has almost exclusively been motivated by a desire to avoid Russell’s paradox and fulfil naive comprehension. Instead, we prioritise setting up a system with a clear ontology of non-classical sets, which can be used to reason informally about incomplete and inconsistent phenomena, and is sufficiently similar to
${\mathrm {ZFC}}$
to enable the development of interesting mathematics.

We propose an axiomatic system
${\mathrm {BZFC}}$
, obtained by analysing the
${\mathrm {ZFC}}$
-axioms and translating them to a four-valued setting in a careful manner, avoiding many of the obstacles encountered by other attempted formalizations. We introduce the anti-classicality axiom postulating the existence of non-classical sets, and prove a surprising results stating that the existence of a single non-classical set is sufficient to produce any other type of non-classical set.

Our theory is naturally bi-interpretable with
${\mathrm {ZFC}}$
, and provides a philosophically satisfying view in which non-classical sets can be seen as a natural extension of classical ones, in a similar way to the non-well-founded sets of Peter Aczel [1].

Finally, we provide an interesting application concerning Tarski semantics, showing that the classical definition of the satisfaction relation yields a logic precisely reflecting the non-classicality in the meta-theory.
Using Large Ensembles to Examine Historical and Projected Changes in Record‐Breaking Summertime Temperatures Over the Contiguous United States
Authors: McHugh Colleen. E. , Delworth Thomas L. , Cooke William , Jia Liwei
Published: December 2023

The frequency and intensity of heat extremes over the United States have increased since the mid‐20th century and are projected to increase with additional anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. We define heat extremes as summertime (June–August) daily maximum 2m temperatures that exceed historical records. We examine characteristics of historical and near‐future heat extremes using observations and past and future projections using 100 ensemble members from three coupled global climate models large ensemble simulations. We find that the large ensembles capture the trend and variability of heat extremes over the period 2006–2020 relative to the 1991–2005 climatology but overestimate the frequency at which the heat extremes occur. In future warming scenarios, heat extremes continue to increase over the next 30 years, with high amplitude records in the Northwest and Central US. After 2050, we find there is a spread in the frequency of heat extremes that is dependent on the emissions scenario, with a high emissions until mid‐century followed by a high mitigation scenario showing a decrease in heat extremes by the end of the century. Although the frequency of future heat extremes is likely overestimated in the large ensembles, they are still a powerful tool for researching extreme temperatures in the climate system.
Characterization of Bio‐Optical Anomalies in the Kerguelen Region, Southern Indian Ocean: A Study Based on Shipborne Sampling and BioGeoChemical‐Argo Profiling Floats
Authors: Uitz J. , Roesler C. , Organelli E. , Claustre H. , Penkerc'h C. , Drapeau S. , Leymarie E. , Poteau A. , Schmechtig C. , Dimier C. , Ras J. , Xing X. , Blain S.
Published: December 2023

The Southern Ocean (SO) is known for its atypical bio‐optical regime. This complicates the interpretation of proxies measured from satellite and in situ platforms equipped with optical sensors, which occupy an important niche for monitoring the vast and remote SO. A ship‐based field study in concert with time series observations from BioGeoChemical‐Argo (BGC‐Argo) profiling floats were used to investigate spatial and temporal variations in bio‐optical relationships in the open ocean waters surrounding the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian sector of the SO. Compared to other regions with similar chlorophyll concentrations, chlorophyll‐specific phytoplankton absorption in the blue waveband presented a consistent negative anomaly. The anomaly was uniform over deep mixed layers and correlated with phytoplankton size, photoacclimation and atypically high concentrations of fucoxanthin. The BGC‐Argo observation‐based proxies revealed that the blue absorption anomaly increased with chlorophyll concentration both spatially and temporally and, while particularly pronounced in the naturally iron‐fertilized waters, was also found in the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll region. While phytoplankton size was an important driver of the anomaly, photoacclimation associated with self‐shading of phytoplankton cells was also involved during intense booms. The backscattering coefficient exhibited negative and positive anomalies in the low and high biomass regimes, respectively. The large positive anomaly in high biomass regimes was attributed to the variable non‐algal particles characteristics associated with a relatively high production of bloom by‐products. With clear understanding of the bio‐optical anomalies, BGC‐Argo floats stand as unique tools for monitoring the bio‐optical spatio‐temporal complexity of the SO.
Molecular and Elemental Tracers‐Based Receptor Modeling of PM2.5 in Suburban Hong Kong With Hourly Time‐Scale Air Quality Considerations
Authors: Wang Shan , Wang Qiongqiong , Cheng Yuk Ying , Chen Hanzhe , Zhang Zijing , Li Jinjian , Feng Xin , Wang Zhe , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: December 2023

Continuing control efforts in recent decade have notably brought down fine‐particulate‐matter (PM2.5) pollution to compliance with the annual average air quality objective in Hong Kong. However, short‐term (several hours to few days) PM2.5 pollution sporadically occurred in winter and has become a major focus of attention, calling research in characterizing sources and their variations at hourly timescale. This study reports hourly measurements of PM2.5 and its chemical speciation, including molecular and elemental tracers in suburban Hong Kong in 2020 winter. Hourly PM2.5 was 20.3 ± 7.33 μg m−3, dominated by organics and sulfate. We deployed tracer‐based source apportionment using positive matrix factorization, which resolved six secondary and seven primary sources. Sulfate‐rich and nitrate‐rich factors were the leading PM2.5 contributors. Variation in source contributions under different air masses revealed the Pearl River Delta region and coastal areas to the north are main origins. Elevation in secondary sources was the driving factor in causing high PM2.5 polluted hours. During Chinese New Year holiday, firework emissions partially offset the reductions in anthropogenic sources, even leading to an increased PM2.5. Hour‐by‐hour examination of most polluted and firework event hours enhanced understanding on dynamic variations of haze and firework burning evolution. The mass concentration of firework‐derived PM2.5 was notably lower under “prohibition” than “restriction” control scenario (avg. 3.5 vs. 8.4 μg m−3). Our results highlight the effectiveness of tracer‐based source apportionment in revealing hourly PM2.5 source variations and the necessity of regional joint management to lessen the severity of episodic PM2.5 pollution and health risks.
Bioinspired magnetic cilia: from materials to applications
Authors: Park Seongjin , Choi Geonjun , Kang Minsu , Kim Woochan , Kim Jangho , Jeong Hoon Eui
Published: December 2023

Microscale and nanoscale cilia are ubiquitous in natural systems where they serve diverse biological functions. Bioinspired artificial magnetic cilia have emerged as a highly promising technology with vast potential applications, ranging from soft robotics to highly precise sensors. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the roles of cilia in nature and the various types of magnetic particles utilized in magnetic cilia; additionally, we explore the top-down and bottom-up fabrication techniques employed for their production. Furthermore, we examine the various applications of magnetic cilia, including their use in soft robotics, droplet and particle control systems, fluidics, optical devices, and sensors. Finally, we present our conclusions and the future outlook for magnetic cilia research and development, including the challenges that need to be overcome and the potential for further integration with emerging technologies.
A novel microtubule inhibitor promotes tumor ferroptosis by attenuating SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling
Authors: Ning Nannan , Shang Ziqi , Liu Zhiping , Xia Zhizhou , Li Yang , Ren Ruibao , Wang Hongmei , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2023

MP-HJ-1b is a novel microtubule inhibitor that we designed and reported previously. Ferroptosis is a newly identified type of nonapoptotic cell death induced by ferrous catalysis and lipid peroxidation. Here, transcriptomics, proteomics, and molecular docking analyses were combined to explore the novel effects of MP-HJ-1b on tumors. Both omics analyses suggested that MP-HJ-1b affects ribosomes, and we confirmed that it inhibits the ribosomal component proteins RPL35 and MRPL28. Colchicine was used as an analog, and the results showed that MP-HJ-1b and colchicine increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels and decreased reduced glutathione levels, suggesting that they promoted ferroptosis in HeLa cells. Specifically, MP-HJ-1b downregulated SLC7A11 and GPX4 to enhance the classical pathway of ferroptosis, while colchicine upregulated LC3A/B-II and enhanced autophagy. Clinically, the serum concentrations of ferrous ions, reduced glutathione, and Hcy were higher in cervical cancer patients than in healthy individuals. ALT, AST, Cho, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels were decreased in the serum of patients. Our study expands understanding of the way MP-HJ-1b promotes cell death and enriches research on microtubule inhibitors in the ferroptosis field.
Evaluation of an offline, artificial intelligence system for referable glaucoma screening using a smartphone-based fundus camera: a prospective study
Authors: Rao Divya Parthasarathy , Shroff Sujani , Savoy Florian M. , S Shruthi , Hsu Chao-Kai , Negiloni Kalpa , Pradhan Zia Sultan , P V Jayasree , Sivaraman Anand , Rao Harsha L.
Published: December 2023

Background/Objectives

An affordable and scalable screening model is critical for undetected glaucoma. The study evaluated the performance of an offline, smartphone-based AI system for the detection of referable glaucoma against two benchmarks: specialist diagnosis following full glaucoma workup and consensus image grading.

Subjects/Methods

This prospective study (tertiary glaucoma centre, India) included 243 subjects with varying severity of glaucoma and control group without glaucoma. Disc-centred images were captured using a validated smartphone-based fundus camera analysed by the AI system and graded by specialists. Diagnostic ability of the AI in detecting referable Glaucoma (Confirmed glaucoma) and no referable Glaucoma (Suspects and No glaucoma) when compared to a final diagnosis (comprehensive glaucoma workup) and majority grading (image grading) by Glaucoma specialists (pre-defined criteria) were evaluated.

Results

The AI system demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 93.7% (95% CI: 87.6–96.9%) and 85.6% (95% CI:78.6–90.6%), respectively, in the detection of referable glaucoma when compared against final diagnosis following full glaucoma workup. True negative rate in definite non-glaucoma cases was 94.7% (95% CI: 87.2–97.9%). Amongst the false negatives were 4 early and 3 moderate glaucoma. When the same set of images provided to the AI was also provided to the specialists for image grading, specialists detected 60% (67/111) of true glaucoma cases versus a detection rate of 94% (104/111) by the AI.

Conclusion

The AI tool showed robust performance when compared against a stringent benchmark. It had modest over-referral of normal subjects despite being challenged with fundus images alone. The next step involves a population-level assessment.
Lung dendritic-cell metabolism underlies susceptibility to viral infection in diabetes
Authors: Nobs Samuel Philip , Kolodziejczyk Aleksandra A. , Adler Lital , Horesh Nir , Botscharnikow Christine , Herzog Ella , Mohapatra Gayatree , Hejndorf Sophia , Hodgetts Ryan-James , Spivak Igor , Schorr Lena , Fluhr Leviel , Kviatcovsky Denise , Zacharia Anish , Njuki Suzanne , Barasch Dinorah , Stettner Noa , Dori-Bachash Mally , Harmelin Alon , Brandis Alexander , Mehlman Tevie , Erez Ayelet , He Yiming , Ferrini Sara , Puschhof Jens , Shapiro Hagit , Kopf Manfred , Moussaieff Arieh , Abdeen Suhaib K. , Elinav Eran
Published: December 2023

People with diabetes feature a life-risking susceptibility to respiratory viral infection, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (ref. 1), whose mechanism remains unknown. In acquired and genetic mouse models of diabetes, induced with an acute pulmonary viral infection, we demonstrate that hyperglycaemia leads to impaired costimulatory molecule expression, antigen transport and T cell priming in distinct lung dendritic cell (DC) subsets, driving a defective antiviral adaptive immune response, delayed viral clearance and enhanced mortality. Mechanistically, hyperglycaemia induces an altered metabolic DC circuitry characterized by increased glucose-to-acetyl-CoA shunting and downstream histone acetylation, leading to global chromatin alterations. These, in turn, drive impaired expression of key DC effectors including central antigen presentation-related genes. Either glucose-lowering treatment or pharmacological modulation of histone acetylation rescues DC function and antiviral immunity. Collectively, we highlight a hyperglycaemia-driven metabolic-immune axis orchestrating DC dysfunction during pulmonary viral infection and identify metabolic checkpoints that may be therapeutically exploited in mitigating exacerbated disease in infected diabetics.