bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil science contributions towards Sustainable Development Goals and their implementation: linking soil functions with ecosystem services
Authors: Bouma Johan
Published: February 2014

The United Nations effort to define Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), emphasizing local goals and capacity building, offers a unique opportunity for soil science to demonstrate the role it can play when focusing on these goals. Several strategic reports have presented key issues for sustainable development: food security, freshwater and energy availability, climate change and biodiversity loss are issues most frequently being listed, not soil degradation. Focusing on soil contributions towards interdisciplinary studies of these key issues, rather than emphasizing soils by themselves, is therefore bound to be more effective for the soil science profession. But this is still inadequate when studying land‐related SDG's, requiring a broader ecosystem approach that can be achieved by a direct link between soil functions and corresponding ecosystem services. Thus, the key issues are not considered separately but linked as part of a dynamic ecosystem characterization following a narrative as is demonstrated for food security, that can be well addressed by precision agriculture. As all key issues and at least five of the ten SDG's are directly land‐related, soil science can potentially play an important role in the suggested interdisciplinary studies. But in addition, the current information society with knowledgeable stakeholders requires innovative and interactive transdisciplinary scientific approaches by not only focusing on knowledge generation but also on co‐learning with stakeholders and, important, on implementation. The soil science discipline can become more effective in the transdisciplinary context by: (1) reconnecting the knowledge chain, linking tacit with scientific knowledge both ways, (2) simplifying soil terminology, (3) learning to deal with “wicked” environmental problems for which no single solutions exist but only a series of alternative options for action, balancing economic, social and environmental considerations, (4) educating “knowledge brokers”, linking science with society in land‐related issues, acting within a “Community of Scientific Practice”, and (5) modernizing soil science curricula. Transdisciplinary approaches are crucial to achieve SDG's, linking science and society. There is a need for specific results on the ground illustrating with hard data the key role soils can play in realizing SDG's.
Drug‐Target Residence Time—A Case for G Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Guo Dong , Hillger Julia M. , IJzerman Adriaan P. , Heitman Laura H.
Published: February 2014

A vast number of marketed drugs act on G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), the most successful category of drug targets to date. These drugs usually possess high target affinity and selectivity, and such combined features have been the driving force in the early phases of drug discovery. However, attrition has also been high. Many investigational new drugs eventually fail in clinical trials due to a demonstrated lack of efficacy. A retrospective assessment of successfully launched drugs revealed that their beneficial effects in patients may be attributed to their long drug‐target residence times (RTs). Likewise, for some other GPCR drugs short RT could be beneficial to reduce the potential for on‐target side effects. Hence, the compounds’ kinetics behavior might in fact be the guiding principle to obtain a desired and durable effect in vivo. We therefore propose that drug‐target RT should be taken into account as an additional parameter in the lead selection and optimization process. This should ultimately lead to an increased number of candidate drugs moving to the preclinical development phase and on to the market. This review contains examples of the kinetics behavior of GPCR ligands with improved in vivo efficacy and summarizes methods for assessing drug‐target RT.
Desmosomes and Extradesmosomal Adhesive Signaling Contacts in Pemphigus
Authors: Waschke Jens , Spindler Volker
Published: February 2014

Desmosomes are adhering junctions present in all cells of simple and complex epithelia. They are most abundant in cells of tissues subjected to extensive mechanical stress such as keratinocytes and cardiomyocytes. The core of desmosomes is built up of desmosomal cadherins, cadherin‐type adhesion molecules that are tethered to intermediate filaments via adaptor proteins of the armadillo and the plakin family. In addition, desmosomal cadherins are present outside of desmosomes. Recent investigations indicate that these molecules are involved in adhesion‐dependent and adhesion‐independent signaling and thus have functions different from the adhesive properties of their counterparts within desmosomes. Impaired adhesion of desmosomal cadherins both within and outside of desmosomes is the cause of the blistering skin disease pemphigus. Autoantibodies interfere with the binding of desmosomal cadherins and alter intracellular signaling pathways, the latter of which is necessary for loss of cell adhesion. Among the plethora of signaling molecules reported, altered activities of p38MAPK, protein kinase C, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are most relevant. This review highlights the recent data on signaling by desmosomal cadherins and the mechanisms involved in pemphigus skin blistering.
The measurement properties of stigmatizing attitudes towards mental disorders: results from two community surveys
Authors: Yap Marie B. H. , Mackinnon Andrew , Reavley Nicola , Jorm Anthony F.
Published: February 2014

Stigma is a well‐documented concern of people living with mental illness. Through the use of novel exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) methods, we aimed to elucidate the structure of stigma as measured by two stigma scales (the Depression Stigma Scale and the Social Distance Scale), to establish dimensions of stigma towards a range of disorders and to compare levels on these dimensions between disorders and respondent subgroups. We used data from two Australian national surveys, one of the general community aged 15+ and another of youths aged 15–25. Stigma responses were elicited using a range of mental illness vignettes: depression, schizophrenia, social phobia and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ESEM revealed that the structure of stigmatizing attitudes in young people and adults is comparable in personally held attitudes and those perceived in others. Personal and perceived stigma formed distinct dimensions with each comprising “Weak‐not‐sick” and “Dangerous/unpredictable” components. The social distance dimension of stigma was separate from other components of stigma, supporting the appropriateness of the existing Social Distance Scale. Scales reflecting these dimensions had different patterns of association with respondent age and gender, and the type of mental disorder portrayed in the vignette. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive periodical representative volume element for simulating periodical postbuckling behavior
Authors: Tong Q. , Wang H. L. , Xu R. , Liu B. , Fang D.N.
Published: February 2014

Finite element method (FEM) with fixed representative volume element (RVE) encounters some difficulties in simulating the periodical postbuckling behaviors of infinite long beam or infinite large film on soft substrate under compression, because the wavelength and pattern of buckling are not known before simulation and will change with the increase of compression strain. In this paper, an adaptive periodical RVE is constructed in a mapping space to avoid remeshing in the real space, and the mapping coefficients, that is, the dimension and shape of RVE in real space, are treated as variables in average energy density minimization to obtain correct postbuckling configurations. The validness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm have been demonstrated by our numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aniline/Ag+ to polyaniline/Ag nanocomposite in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and phenylene diamine
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Alinia pouri Ahmad , Yazdi Mojtaba
Published: February 2014

Silver ion oxidized effectively aniline monomer in the presence of p‐phenylene diamine (PDA) promoter in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar medium to polyaniline/silver nanocomposite (PANI/Ag). To compare the results obtained, a sample of PANI polymer lacking Ag nanoparticles was also synthesized by a similar manner using ammonium peroxydisulfate instead of silver ion as the reaction oxidant. The use of PDA promoter/SDS emulsifier system could on one hand decrease the reaction time compared to those of reported previously, and on the other hand, allow the as‐reduced silver particles to stay nanosized. The Ag‐loaded PANI nanocomposite was structurally confirmed using Fourier transform‐infrared and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The uniformly‐dispersed Ag nanospheres with average particle size of ∼20 nm were clearly detectable in the bright‐field micrographs obtained from transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that major losses of the mass occurred at two temperature regions including 150–375°C and 375–800°C. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:253–256, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stress relaxation of GaN microstructures on a graphene‐buffered Al2O3 substrate
Authors: Mun Dae‐Hwa , Bae Hyojung , Bae Sukang , Lee Hyunjung , Ha Jun‐Seok , Lee Sanghyun
Published: February 2014

GaN microstructures were grown on c‐Al2O3 with a multi‐stacked graphene buffered layer using metal metal‐organic chemical‐vapor deposition. Under the same growth conditions, the nucleation of GaN was suppressed by the low surface energy of graphene, resulting in a much lower density of microstructures relative to those grown on c‐Al2O3. Residual stress in the GaN microstructures was estimated from the peak shift of the E2 phonon using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the compressive stress of approximately 0.36 GPa in GaN on c‐Al2O3 caused by lattice mismatch and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient was relaxed by introducing the graphene layer. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
C603– versus C604– /C602– – Synthesis and Characterization of Five Salts Containing Discrete Fullerene Anions
Authors: Boeddinghaus M. Bele , Klein Wilhelm , Wahl Bernhard , Jakes Peter , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: February 2014

Five new compounds, [Rb(18crown‐6)]3[C60] (1), [Rb(18crown‐6)]6[C60]2(C3H7NO)2(C4H8O)2 (2), [Rb(benzo18crown‐6)]6[C60]2(C2H8N2)5 (3), [Cs(benzo18crown‐6)]3C60(C2H8N2)2 (4), and [Cs3(benzo18crown‐6)5]C60(C2H8N2)(4.5+x) (5) were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination. All compounds contain discrete C60 anions, which are ordered in 1, 2, and 4, where direct cation‐anion contacts occur. The unit cells of 1 and 2 contain two independent fullerides, which coordinate to the rubidium atoms either of two or of four [Rb(18crown‐6)] units. Owing to the presence of differently coordinated fullerene units in compounds 1 and 2, a possible disproportionation of C603– into C602– and C604– anions is discussed. In 3 and 4 the C60 anions are coordinated by three Rb and Cs atoms, respectively. In all compounds the average charge of the anion is –3. Magnetic data reveal a doublet spin state for 3. The EPR spectra are discussed for compounds 3 and 5. The role of a dynamic Jahn‐Teller distortion is discussed, and we report the first IR spectroscopic data of fullerene trianions, which have been obtained in solution.
Constructing Two MnII Coordination Polymers with 1,4‐Bis(1‐imidazol‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyl Benzene and Different Dicarboxylate Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Xu Liping , Wang Xiaoming
Published: February 2014

Two new coordination polymers, [Mn(tda)(bimb)0.5]n (1) and [Mn(obb)(bimb)]n (2) [H2tda = 2,5‐thiophenedicarboxylic acid, H2obb = 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid) and bimb = 1,4‐bis(1‐imidazol‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyl benzene], were hydrothermally synthesized by reactions of MnII salt with a rigid ligand 1,4‐bis(1‐imidazol‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyl benzene and dicarboxylate ligands. Complex 1 exhibits an unusual binodal (3,7)‐connected three‐dimensional (3D) architecture with point symbol (44.617).(63). Complex 2 is a three‐dimensional structure with pcu topology. Furthermore, the luminescent properties of complexes 1 and 2 are investigated.
Is the Volume‐Based Thermodynamics (VBT) Approach Valid for the Estimation of the Lattice Enthalpy of Salts Containing the 5, 5′‐(Tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide) Dianion?
Authors: Glasser Leslie , Jenkins H. Donald B. , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: February 2014

In previous publications we have used volume‐based thermodynamics (VBT) to estimate the lattice energies and enthalpies of new high‐energy ionic materials. The use of the VBT approach for salts containing non‐spherical ions such as the 5, 5′‐(tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide) dianion in TKX‐50 [bishydroxylammonium 5, 5′‐(tetrazolate‐1N‐oxide)] has received some criticism. Herein we show that the VBT approach is suitable for the estimation of lattice energies/enthalpies for such salts.
The oblique plane deformity in slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Cooper Anthony Philip , Salih Saif , Geddis Carolyn , Foster Patrick , Fernandes James A. , Madan Sanjeev S.
Published: February 2014

Background

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is commonly treated with in situ pinning. However, a severe slip may not be suitable for in situ pinning because the required screw trajectory is such that it risks perforating the posterior cortex and damaging the remaining blood supply to the capital epiphysis. In such cases, an anteriorly placed screw may also cause impingement. It is also possible to underestimate the severity of the slip using conventional radiographs. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate a novel method for calculating the true deformity in SCFE and to assess the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of this technique.

Methods

We selected 20 patients with varying severity of SCFE who presented to our institution. Cross-sectional imaging [either axial computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans] and anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiographs were assessed by four reviewers with varying levels of experience on two occasions. The degree of slip on the axial image and on the AP pelvis radiographs were measured and, from this, the oblique plane deformity was calculated using the method as popularised by Paley. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities between and amongst the raters.

Results

The interobserver reliability for the calculated oblique plane deformity in SCFE ICC was 0.947 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.90–0.98] and the intraobserver reliability for the calculated oblique plane deformity of individual raters ranged from 0.81 to 0.94. The deformity in the oblique plane was always greater than the deformity measured in the axial or the coronal plane alone.

Conclusion

This method for calculating the true deformity in SCFE has excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability and can be used to guide treatment options. This technique is a reliable and reproducible method for assessing the degree of deformity in SCFE. It may help orthopaedic surgeons with varying degrees of experience to identify which hips are suitable for in situ pinning and those which require surgical dislocation and anatomical reduction, given that plain radiographs in a single plane will underestimate the true deformity in the oblique plane.

Level of evidence

Level II diagnostic study.
Exothermic properties of plaster–synthetic composite casts
Authors: Burghardt Rolf D. , Anderson John G. , Reed Rob A. , Herzenberg John E.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Plaster casts can cause burns. Synthetic casts do not. Composite plaster–synthetic casts have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study analyzed the temperature from plaster casts compared with composite casts in a variety of in vitro conditions that would simulate clinical practice.

Methods

A Pyrex cylinder filled with constant body temperature circulating water simulated a human extremity. Circumferential casts, of either plaster or composite construction (plaster inner layer with outer synthetic layer), were applied to the model. Peak temperatures generated by the exothermic reactions were studied relative to the following variables: dip water temperature (24 °C versus 40 °C), cast thickness (16, 30, and 34 ply), and delayed (5-min) versus immediate application of the synthetic outer layers. Peak temperatures from the all-plaster casts were compared with the composite casts of the same thickness. Finally, the relative cast strength was determined.

Results

Potentially dangerous high temperatures were measured only when 40 °C dip water was used or when thick (30- or 34-ply) casts were made. Cast strength increased with increasing cast thickness. However, the presence of synthetics in the composite casts layers did not increase cast strength in every case.

Conclusion

When applying composite casts, the outer synthetic layers should be applied several minutes after the plaster to minimize temperature rise. Composite casts do not routinely generate peak temperatures higher than plaster casts of similar thickness. Because the skin of children and the elderly is more temperature-sensitive than average adult skin, extra care should be taken to limit the exothermic reaction when casting children and the elderly: clean, room temperature dip water, minimal required cast thickness, avoidance of insulating pillows/blankets while the cast is drying.
p53: The barrier to cancer stem cell formation
Authors: Aloni-Grinstein Ronit , Shetzer Yoav , Kaufman Tom , Rotter Varda
Published: February 2014

The role of p53 as the “guardian of the genome” in differentiated somatic cells, triggering various biological processes, is well established. Recent studies in the stem cell field have highlighted a profound role of p53 in stem cell biology as well. These studies, combined with basic data obtained 20 years ago, provide insight into how p53 governs the quantity and quality of various stem cells, ensuring a sufficient repertoire of normal stem cells to enable proper development, tissue regeneration and a cancer free life. In this review we address the role of p53 in genomically stable embryonic stem cells, a unique predisposed cancer stem cell model and adult stem cells, its role in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as its role as the barrier to cancer stem cell formation.
Detection of changes in the structure and distribution map of triacylglycerol in fatty liver model by MALDI‐SpiralTOF
Authors: Nishikawa Kahoko , Hashimoto Masahiro , Itoh Yoshiyuki , Hiroi Sadayuki , Kusai Akihiko , Hirata Fumihiko , Sakamoto Toshihisa , Iwaya Keiichi
Published: February 2014

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation spiral orbit‐type time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐SpiralTOF) can analyse lipid profiles and characterise lipid structure. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) also provides distribution maps of selected m/z values. Here, we investigated triacylglycerol (TG) structure and distribution using these technologies to estimate mouse fatty liver. The distribution and intensity of the most intense mass spectrum ion was indicated by IMS at m/z 881.7 (52:2). Analysis using MS/MS showed a structural change between liver TG and dietary TG. These findings suggest that MALDI‐SpiralTOF is a powerful tool for clinical screening and estimating fatty liver.
Does Sludge/Debris Exist in Today's Vascular Access Ports?
Authors: Dalton Michael , Pheil Natan , Lacy Jim , Dalton Jordan
Published: February 2014

Sludge is defined as a slushy mass, deposit, or sediment. In vascular access ports (VAPs), it appears to be the buildup of clotted blood, blood components, drug and mineral precipitates or residues, and lipids that adhere to or reside in the internal path of the reservoir. Several studies note the presence of sludge as a risk factor for increased incidence of VAP-related bloodstream infections as well as higher occlusion rates. Overall, the occurrence of sludge in implanted vascular ports may increase patient-associated risks and costs to health care providers by as much as $40,000 per incident. Understanding the significance of these associated risks and costs may lead to solutions that save health care facilities money; better serve health care providers; and ultimately, improve patient outcomes.
Enhancing Nursing Students' Experience in the Assessment and Care of Vascular Access Devices
Authors: Freeland Barbara S. , Dempsey David J.
Published: February 2014

Background: Bachelor of Science in Nursing students get minimal exposure or experience in the assessment and care of vascular access devices (VADs) let alone the placement of such devices. Students in our university nursing program receive no structured experience. Students learn how to assess and care for VADs in the clinical setting while working with clinical faculty and staff nurse mentors.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot program was to increase the awareness and understanding of VADs for third-year nursing students to enhance their comfort level in assessing and caring for these devices.

Methods: Thirty-two third-year nursing students, in groups of 8, participated in this pilot program in addition to their usual academic and clinical assignments. The 4 structured components of this program included a didactic session to share basic VAD information, simulation laboratory time to practice peripheral intravenous line insertion, a 4-hour one-to-one shadowing experience with a vascular access service team registered nurse providing patient care, and a wrap-up session by the vascular access service team educational nurse coordinator to provide debriefing and additional information.

Conclusions: Students who participated in this pilot program expressed an increased level of comfort regarding VADs. They came away with knowledge that other nursing students in the program do not receive during their academic and clinical time.
Plant-mediated whitefly–begomovirus interactions: research progress and future prospects
Authors: Luan Jun-Bo , Wang Xiao-Wei , Colvin John , Liu Shu-Sheng
Published: February 2014

Plant-mediated interactions between begomoviruses and whiteflies exert important influences on the population dynamics of vectors and the epidemiology of plant diseases. In this article, we synthesize the relevant literature to identify patterns to the interactions. We then review studies on the ecological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions and finally elaborate on the most interesting issues for future research. The interactions between begomoviruses and the insect vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, via their shared host plants can be mutualistic, neutral or negative. However, in contrast to a pattern of improved performance of vectors on virus-infected plants that has been observed with persistently transmitted RNA viruses, the number of cases exhibiting mutualistic, neutral or negative effects in the indirect interactions between begomoviruses and whiteflies appear evenly distributed. With regard to the mechanisms of plant-mediated positive effects on whiteflies, two case studies indicate that suppression of plant defence and/or alteration in plant nutrition as a result of virus infection can be important. Our review shows that we are only just beginning to understand the tripartite interactions between begomoviruses, whiteflies and plants. Future efforts in this area should try to expand the number and diversity of pathosystems for investigation to reveal the patterns of interactions, to investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the interactions using a multidisciplinary approach, and to examine the virus–plant–vector interactions in the field and in natural plant communities.
Comment on “Let's Go to the Moon”
Authors: Volland Nicolai
Published: February 2014

Things were getting busy on the major flight corridors between the Earth and Mars, or so the casual observer of socialist bloc science fiction from the 1950s might come to believe. While there are no reports of intergalactic traffic jams, Mars was becoming a destination of choice in science fiction from both sides of the Iron Curtain. In her fascinating article, Dafna Zur details the exploits of an international exploratory mission to the red planet, consisting of children from a dozen nations, including North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union. It remains unknown whether the explorers from Kim Tong Sŏp's serialized novelYouth Space Expedition Teammet any other socialist space travelers on their way to Mars. But they could have very well run into spaceship #1, commanded by Zhenzhen, the protagonist of Zheng Wenguang's (1929–2003) “Cong diqiu dao huoxing” (From the Earth to Mars) (Zheng 1954a).
Patterns of cervical lymph node metastases in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: implications for elective and therapeutic neck dissection
Authors: Dogan E , Cetinayak H O , Sarioglu S , Erdag T K , Ikiz A O
Published: February 2014

Objectives:

To determine the patterns of lymph node metastases in oral tongue carcinomas, and examine the implications for elective and therapeutic neck dissection.

Method:

The study entailed a retrospective analysis of 67 patients with previously untreated oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone simultaneous glossectomy and neck dissection.

Results:

Of the 40 clinically node-negative patients, 7 patients had metastatic lymph nodes on pathological examination. No occult metastasis was found at level IV. Of the 27 clinically node-positive patients, the incidence rate of level IV metastasis was 11.1 per cent (3 out of 27 patients). No ‘skip metastases’ were found at level IV. Level IV metastases were significantly related to clinically staged nodes categorised as over 2a (p = 0.03) and metastasis to level III (p = 0.01).

Conclusion:

Routine inclusion of level IV in elective neck dissection is not necessary for clinically node-negative patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, extended supraomohyoid neck dissection with adjuvant radiotherapy can be sufficient in the treatment of selected patients with clinically node-positive necks.
Lipids of adult brown shrimp,Crangon crangon: seasonal variations in fatty acids class composition
Authors: Mika Adriana , Gołębiowski Marek , Skorkowski Edward , Stepnowski Piotr
Published: February 2014

Sea food is very rich in lipids. The brown shrimp,Crangon crangonis a most popular and very valuable taxon in the White Sea, in the Mediterranean and in the Black Seas. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal variations of lipids inC. crangonmuscle tissue using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The lipids were separated into groups: neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, sterols) and polar lipids (phospholipids), by high performance liquid chromatography with a laser light-scattering detector. Fatty acids were identified using the GC-MS technique. The mainly fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0 (saturated FAs), 16:1, 18:1 (monounsaturated FAs), 20:4 (ARA), 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA). The largest amounts of fatty acids in the muscle were observed in spring; these were the result of collecting food after winter and before reproduction. The muscle lipid content was 32.2 ± 1.8 mg g−1. The summer was the poorest season and the lipid value was 7.7 ±0.4 mg g−1. The levels of muscle neutral lipids (NL) oscillated between 80% (autumn) and 90% (spring). The temperature and salinity has a significant influence on content and profile of fatty acids. This work will help to understand the biology, the seasonal variation in lipid mass, lipid classes content and fatty acids profile in the abdominal muscle ofC. crangon.
Salieri’sFalstaff, ossia Le tre burleandThe Merry Wives of Windsor: Operatic Adaptation and/as Shakespeare Criticism
Authors: Severn John R.
Published: February 2014

Shakespeare’sThe Merry Wives of Windsorcontains several features that make it unusual within his dramatic output and that thus render problematic the idea of a unified ‘Shakespearean’ canon. Until very recently, literary criticism has either largely ignored or denigrated the play, with a sustained interest in its portrayal of female agency, family life and the natural world only consolidating in the early twenty-first century. However, earlier operatic adaptations, such as Salieri and Defranceschi’sFalstaff, ossia Le tre burle, demonstrate an engagement with those issues which literary criticism has only lately addressed. While approaches to adaptations ofThe Merry Wivesoften focus primarily on the character of Falstaff, Salieri and Defranceschi’s opera’s engagement with the play’s issues beyond Falstaff suggests it might give added weight to a growing awareness of a positive alternative reception history of the play beyond literary criticism. At the same time, a consideration of the opera’s engagement with the play’s themes of female agency, family life and the natural world might shed light onFalstaff, ossia Le tre burlebeyond the shadow cast by Verdi’s central character.
THE FRANKLIN RELICS IN THE ARCTIC ARCHIVE
Authors: Craciun Adriana
Published: February 2014

In August 2013 the Canadian governmentlaunched its largest search for the ships, relics, and records of the John Franklin expedition, which disappeared with all 129 hands lost searching for the Northwest Passage in 1845. Canada's latest search was its fifth in six years, one of dozens of search expeditions launched since 1848, in a well-known story of imperial hubris elevated to an internationalcause célèbre. Recent work in nineteenth-century literary and visual culture has shown the significant role that Franklin played in the Victorian popular imagination of the Arctic (see Spufford, Potter, David, Hill, Cavell, Williams, Savours, MacLaren). In panoramas, stereographs, paintings, plays, music, lantern shows, exhibitions, and popular and elite printed texts, record numbers of Britons could enjoy at their leisure the Arctic sublime in which Franklin's men perished. Alongside this work on how Europeans represented Arctic peoples and places, we also have a growing body of Inuit oral histories describing their encounters with nineteenth-century Arctic explorers. Drawing on these traditional histories of British exploration, visual culture, and literary imagination, and on postcolonial, anthropological and indigenous accounts that shift our attention away from the Eurocentrism of exploration historiography, and toward the “hidden histories of exploration,” this essay uncovers an unexamined material dimension of these encounters – the “Franklin Relics” collected by voyagers searching for Franklin.
“THESE BLURRED COPIES OF HIMSELF”: T. H. HUXLEY, PAUL DU CHAILLU, AND THE READER'S PLACE AMONG THE APES
Authors: Olivier-Mason Joshua
Published: February 2014

In March of 1861, Thomas Henry Huxleywas regularly drawing crowds of six hundred working-class men to Piccadilly for his Thursday night anatomy lectures. In a letter to his wife, Huxley reported that his evolutionary message was a success: “By next Friday evening they will all be convinced that they are monkeys” (L. Huxley, ed. 1: 205). Two years later, the notes from these lectures would make up the core of his popular work of comparative anatomy,Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature.
ESTHER'S ETHER: ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTER IN CHARLES DICKENS'S BLEAK HOUSE
Authors: Pizzo Justine
Published: February 2014

Five chapters after the famousfoggy opening of Charles Dickens'sBleak House(1853), the novel's protagonist Esther Summerson disappears into thick air. Esther's “darling,” the young orphan Ada Clare, first discloses her companion's climatic dissolution when she celebrates her kind-hearted treatment of the hapless Jellyby children. Although Ada and Esther's guardian John Jarndyce maintains that a shower of “sugar-plums, or three-cornered raspberry tarts,” might be a suitable remedy for the children's neglect, Ada contradicts this proposition when she makes the odd claim, “It did better than that. It rained Esther” (61). This assertion that Esther's precipitated personhood is a “better” palliative than an abundance of sugared confections undoubtedly evinces Ada's childlike appreciation of her companion's effusive goodness. Within the larger scope of the novel, however, the remarkable notion that Esther's seemingly embodied actions and emotions are equivalent to rain, raises an unexpected but essential question: To what ends does Dickens's protagonist evaporate into the dense atmosphere we traditionally associate with the setting ofBleak House?
Prospects for Vibrational-Mode EELS with High Spatial Resolution
Authors: Egerton R.F.
Published: February 2014

Taking advantage of previous measurements by Geiger and co-workers, we discuss the possibilities and problems of measuring vibrational modes of energy loss in a transmission electron microscope fitted with a monochromator and a high-resolution energy-loss spectrometer. The tail of the zero-loss peak is seen to be a major limitation, rather than its full-width at half-maximum. Because of the low oscillator strengths and small cross-sections involved, radiation damage will limit the spatial resolution if this technique is applied to organic specimens. Delocalization of the inelastic scattering may also be a limitation, if a dipole description of the scattering process is valid.
Characterization of Fibrous Mimetite
Authors: Thiéry Vincent
Published: February 2014

Mimetite, Pb5(AsO4)3Cl, is a ubiquitous mineral that is of interest in various fields such as ore mineralogy, environmental studies, and minerals engineering. Mimetite generally forms hexagonal prisms and barrel-shaped crystals, but its fibrous form is quite an uncommon one. Here we attempt to present its worldwide occurrences on the basis of a literature review. We then present a study on fibrous mimetite from one of its historical locations based on the petrographic microscope, SEM-SE and EDX, and Raman spectroscopy.
Performance of High-Resolution SEM/EDX Systems Equipped with Transmission Mode (TSEM) for Imaging and Measurement of Size and Size Distribution of Spherical Nanoparticles
Authors: Hodoroaba Vasile-Dan , Motzkus Charles , Macé Tatiana , Vaslin-Reimann Sophie
Published: February 2014

The analytical performance of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) for accurate determination of the size, size distribution, qualitative elemental analysis of nanoparticles (NPs) was systematically investigated. It is demonstrated how powerful high-resolution SEM is by using both mono- and bi-modal distributions of SiO2 airborne NPs collected on appropriate substrates after their generation from colloidal suspension. The transmission mode of the SEM (TSEM) is systematically employed for NPs prepared on thin film substrates such as transmission electron microscopy grids. Measurements in the transmission mode were performed by using a “single-unit” TSEM transmission setup as manufactured and patented by Zeiss. This alternative to the “conventional” STEM detector consists of a special sample holder that is used in conjunction with the in-place Everhart–Thornley detector. In addition, the EDX capabilities for imaging NPs, highlighting the promising potential with respect to exploitation of the sensitivity of the new large area silicon drift detector energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers were also investigated. The work was carried out in the frame of a large prenormative VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) project, dedicated to finding appropriate methods and procedures for traceable characterization of NP size and size distribution.
Sectioning of Individual Hematite Pseudocubes with Focused Ion Beam Enables Quantitative Structural Characterization at Nanometer Length Scales
Authors: Asenath-Smith Emily , Estroff Lara A.
Published: February 2014

A dual-beam focused ion beam microscope equipped with a nanomanipulator was used to fabricate slices from within individual hematite (α-Fe2O3) pseudocubes with selected orientations with respect to the original pseudocubes. Transmission electron microanalysis through selected area electron diffraction enabled assignment of each thin section to a particular zone of the hematite lattice. While the pseudocubes are composed of numerous crystallites, 25–50 nm in size, they are not simply polycrystalline particles. Electron diffraction of thin sections showed that while the pseudocubic hematite particles are composed of numerous coherent domains, the individual thin sections display a net crystallographic orientation to the underlying hematite lattice. Quantitative analysis of the lattice misorientation between coherent domains was calculated from the azimuthal spread of electron diffraction peaks and is consistent with a structure that contains small-angle grain boundaries. Based upon this analysis, we conclude that the pseudocubic hematite particles are mosaic crystals, composed of highly oriented coherent domains.
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies: Why Perform Them and How to Appraise Them Critically
Authors: Sena Emily S , Currie Gillian L , McCann Sarah K , Macleod Malcolm R , Howells David W
Published: February 2014

The use of systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies has become more common, including those of studies describing the modeling of cerebrovascular diseases. Empirical evidence suggests that too many preclinical experiments lack methodological rigor, and this leads to inflated treatment effects. The aim of this review is to describe the concepts of systematic review and meta-analysis and consider how these tools may be used to provide empirical evidence to spur the field to improve the rigor of the conduct and reporting of preclinical research akin to their use in improving the conduct and reporting of randomized controlled trials in clinical research. As with other research domains, systematic reviews are subject to bias. Therefore, we have also suggested guidance for their conduct, reporting, and critical appraisal.
Ultrahigh spin thermopower and pure spin current in a single-molecule magnet
Authors: Luo Bo , Liu Juan , Lü Jing-Tao , Gao Jin-Hua , Yao Kai-Lun
Published: February 2014

Using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism within the sequential regime, we studied ultrahigh spin thermopower and pure spin current in single-molecule magnet(SMM), which is attached to nonmagnetic metal wires with spin bias and angle (θ) between the easy axis of SMM and the spin orientation in the electrodes. A pure spin current can be generated by tuning the gate voltage and temperature difference with finite spin bias and the arbitrary angle except of "Equation missing". In the linear regime, large thermopower can be obtained by modifying Vg and the angles (θ). These results are useful in fabricating and advantaging SMM devices based on spin caloritronics.
Experimental demonstration of a transparent graphene millimetre wave absorber with 28% fractional bandwidth at 140 GHz
Authors: Wu Bian , Tuncer Hatice M. , Naeem Majid , Yang Bin , Cole Matthew T. , Milne William I. , Hao Yang
Published: February 2014

The development of transparent radio-frequency electronics has been limited, until recently, by the lack of suitable materials. Naturally thin and transparent graphene may lead to disruptive innovations in such applications. Here, we realize optically transparent broadband absorbers operating in the millimetre wave regime achieved by stacking graphene bearing quartz substrates on a ground plate. Broadband absorption is a result of mutually coupled Fabry-Perot resonators represented by each graphene-quartz substrate. An analytical model has been developed to predict the absorption performance and the angular dependence of the absorber. Using a repeated transfer-and-etch process, multilayer graphene was processed to control its surface resistivity. Millimetre wave reflectometer measurements of the stacked graphene-quartz absorbers demonstrated excellent broadband absorption of 90% with a 28% fractional bandwidth from 125–165 GHz. Our data suggests that the absorbers' operation can also be extended to microwave and low-terahertz bands with negligible loss in performance.
Niobium(v) chloride and imidazolium bromides as efficient dual catalyst systems for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide
Authors: Wilhelm Michael E. , Anthofer Michael H. , Reich Robert M. , D'Elia Valerio , Basset Jean-Marie , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Cokoja Mirza , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: February 2014

Imidazolium bromides combined with niobium(v) choride were used as catalyst system for the reaction of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonates. The variation of the cation structure strongly affects the properties of the imidazolium salt and therefore the catalytic activity.
An organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor material based on Lindqvist polyoxomolybdate and a tetra-nuclear copper complex containing two different ligands
Authors: Qu Zhi-Kun , Yu Kai , Zhao Zhi-Feng , Su Zhan-hua , Sha Jing-Quan , Wang Chun-Mei , Zhou Bai-Bin
Published: February 2014

A tetranuclear copper complex was first introduced into {Mo6O19} systems to weave an unique 3D network with a 412·63-nbo topology, which displays good semiconductive and magnetic activity.
A computational and experimental study of O-glycosylation. Catalysis by human UDP-GalNAc polypeptide:GalNAc transferase-T2
Authors: Gómez Hansel , Rojas Raúl , Patel Divya , Tabak Lawrence A. , Lluch José M. , Masgrau Laura
Published: February 2014

GalNAc-T2 catalyses GalNAc O-glycosylationviaa front-side nucleophilic attack in which stabilization of the UDP leaving group is crucial.
Long-alkyl-chain-derivatized imidazolium salts and ionic liquid crystals with tailor-made properties
Authors: Wang Xinjiao , Sternberg Michelle , Kohler Florian T. U. , Melcher Berthold U. , Wasserscheid Peter , Meyer Karsten
Published: February 2014

New ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystalline materials with custom-tailored properties were synthesized based on long-alkyl-chain-derivatized 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts.
Stabilization of a hyaluronate-associated gene delivery system using calcium ions
Authors: Feng Min , Ibrahim Basma M. , Wilson Erin M. , Doh Kyung-Oh , Bergman Brandon K. , Park Christopher , Yeo Yoon
Published: February 2014

A “DPH” ternary complex consisting of plasmid DNA (pDNA), intracellularly degradable polyethyleneimine, and hyaluronic acid (HA) was stabilized with Ca2+ ions to prevent aggregation.
Characteristics of fast mediated bioelectrocatalytic reaction near microelectrodes
Authors: Kitazumi Yuki , Noda Tatsuo , Shirai Osamu , Yamamoto Masahiro , Kano Kenji
Published: February 2014

The ideal combination of mediated bioelectrocatalytic reaction and nonlinear diffusion near a microdisc electrode is studied.
Electronic tuning of Mo2(thioamidate)4 complexes through π-system substituents and cis/trans isomerism
Authors: Dolinar Brian S. , Berry John F.
Published: February 2014

Reported here are the syntheses and characterization of new Mo2(thioamidate)4 complexes. By varying the π-system substituent and regioisomerism of these compounds, their electronics are tuned with varying degrees of effect.
Celastrol-modified TiO2 nanoparticles: effects of celastrol on the particle size and visible-light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Chen Caihua , Liu Quanwen , Gao Shanmin , Li Kai , Xu Hui , Lou Zaizhu , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: February 2014

Celastrol-modified TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a mild hydrothermal method and the modification of CSL exhibited higher visible-light photocatalytic activity.
Combinatorial aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition of a photocatalytic mixed SnO2/TiO2 thin film
Authors: Chadwick Nicholas , Sathasivam Sanjayan , Kafizas Andreas , Bawaked Salem M. , Obaid Abdullah Y. , Al-Thabaiti Shaeel , Basahel Sulaiman N. , Parkin Ivan P. , Carmalt Claire J.
Published: February 2014

A mixed phase TiO2 and SnO2 film was deposited by combinatorial aerosol assisted CVD and composition was related to photocatalysis, hydrophobicity and microstructure not inherent to TiO2 or SnO2.
The cysteine desulfurase IscS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is involved in iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis and oxidative stress defence
Authors: Rybniker Jan , Pojer Florence , Marienhagen Jan , Kolly Gaëlle S. , Chen Jeffrey M. , van Gumpel Edeltraud , Hartmann Pia , Cole Stewart T.
Published: February 2014

The complex multiprotein systems for the assembly of protein-bound iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are well defined in Gram-negative model organisms. However, little is known about Fe–S cluster biogenesis in other bacterial species. The ISC (iron–sulfur cluster) operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacks several genes known to be essential for the function of this system in other organisms. However, the cysteine desulfurase IscSMtb (Rv number Rv3025c; Mtb denotes M. tuberculosis) is conserved in this important pathogen. The present study demonstrates that deleting iscSMtb renders the cells microaerophilic and hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Moreover, the ∆iscSMtb mutant shows impaired Fe–S cluster-dependent enzyme activity, clearly indicating that IscSMtb is associated with Fe–S cluster assembly. An extensive interaction network of IscSMtb with Fe–S proteins was identified, suggesting a novel mechanism of sulfur transfer by direct interaction with apoproteins. Interestingly, the highly homologous IscS of Escherichia coli failed to complement the ∆iscSMtb mutant and showed a less diverse protein-interaction profile. To identify a structural basis for these observations we determined the crystal structure of IscSMtb, which mirrors adaptations made in response to an ISC operon devoid of IscU-like Fe–S cluster scaffold proteins. We conclude that in M. tuberculosis IscS has been redesigned during evolution to compensate for the deletion of large parts of the ISC operon.
Structural and mechanistic insights into an extracytoplasmic copper trafficking pathway in Streptomyces lividans
Authors: Blundell Katie L. I. M. , Hough Michael A. , Vijgenboom Erik , Worrall Jonathan A. R.
Published: February 2014

In Streptomyces lividans an extracytoplasmic copper-binding Sco protein plays a role in two unlinked processes: (i) initiating a morphological development switch and (ii) facilitating the co-factoring of the CuA domain of CcO (cytochrome c oxidase). How Sco obtains copper once secreted to the extracytoplasmic environment is unknown. In the present paper we report on a protein possessing an HX6MX21HXM motif that binds a single cuprous ion with subfemtomolar affinity. High-resolution X-ray structures of this extracytoplasmic copper chaperone-like protein (ECuC) in the apo- and Cu(I)-bound states reveal that the latter possesses a surface-accessible cuprous-ion-binding site located in a dish-shaped region of β-sheet structure. A cuprous ion is transferred under a favourable thermodynamic gradient from ECuC to Sco with no back transfer occurring. The ionization properties of the cysteine residues in the Cys86xxxCys90 copper-binding motif of Sco, together with their positional locations identified from an X-ray structure of Sco, suggests a role for Cys86 in initiating an inter-complex ligand-exchange reaction with Cu(I)–ECuC. Generation of the genetic knockouts, Δsco, Δecuc and Δsco/ecuc, and subsequent in vivo assays lend support to the existence of a branched extracytoplasmic copper-trafficking pathway in S. lividans. One branch requires both Sco and to a certain extent ECuC to cofactor the CuA domain, whereas the other uses only Sco to deliver copper to a cuproenzyme to initiate morphological development.
Aging in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Lazenby-Paterson Tracy , Crawford Hannah
Published: February 2014

The literature recognizes the important role of the Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) in the treatment of communication and swallowing disorders in children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). However there is also a need to emphasize the importance of specialist SLP input across the lifespan of people with ID, and to recognize the specific, ongoing and changing communication and swallowing needs of adults with ID as they get older.