bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuidado do paciente na atenção primária: Contribuição da tecnologia durante uma pandemia
Authors: Lemos de Souza Botelho Joyce , Santiago Ferreira Cardoso Flávio , Duque de Oliveira Marta , Soares do Carmo Gislene , Botelho Ruas Rosana Franciele , Gimenes Cassimiro de Freitas Ingred
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar como e quais tecnologias podem ser implantadas para dar continuidade no cuidado da educação em saúde, tendo enfoque naqueles classificados "˜"™grupo de risco"™' para o COVID-19. Método: Trata- se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados MedLine e Lilacs, no perí­odo de 2015 a 2020, ao final realizado uma análise para identificar nos artigos a relevância e elegibilidade. Resultados: Observa - se variadas situações onde foram utilizadas as tecnologias como no rastreio e orientações em teleconsultas, grupos de apoio e amparo á dúvidas em meio virtual a partir das mí­dias sociais, sites e aplicativos personalizados para repasse de informações sobre sintomas aos usuários. Conclusão: Pode-se constatar a eficiência do uso das tecnologias na atenção primária e com isso, percebe-se uma área inovadora que mostra-se capaz de trazer melhorias para o usuário e facilidade para a equipe de saúde sendo um diferencial para a enfermagem, agregando todas competências em ferramentas informatizadas potencializando a expansão do cuidado.
Sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes escolares: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Junio do Nascimento Francisco , Ferreira Silva Débora Rayanne , Cavalcanti Barbosa Hellen Cavalcanti Barbosa , Ferreira dos Santos Viviane , Mascarenhas Martins Lucielton , Rodrigues Pereira Luz Dayse Christina
Published: September 2020

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes escolares. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada no banco de dados BDENF, Lilacs e SciELO, onde foram analisados 08 trabalhos, nos idiomas português e espanhol no perí­odo de 2017 a 2019, na área temática da saúde e educação. Os resultados apontaram para um quadro de obesidade e sobrepeso de parcela significativa dos escolares investigados, firmando a relação entre esta conjuntura e a prevalência e/ou desencadeamento das doenças crônicas não transmissí­veis, sendo mais presente naqueles que frequentam os ambientes educacionais da rede pública. Assim sendo, uma vez que o ambiente escolar é um espaço privilegiado para realização de levantamento de dados e programas de intervenções em saúde, aponta-se para a necessidade de medidas preventivas e de promoção í  saúde, que visem atender os indiví­duos e a famí­lia de forma integral e contí­nua, por meio de ações multissetoriais.
A enfermagem no contexto da hemoterapia: a segurança ao paciente
Authors: Ribeiro Lopes Daniela , Ribeiro Gontijo Isabela , Silva Marla Ariana , De Rezende e Silva Fernanda Marcelino , Nunes Andrade Silmara , Consolação dos Santos Regina
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento dos enfermeiros no que se refere í s práticas hemoterápicas e a segurança do paciente no processo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem direta e de caráter qualitativo, com 20 enfermeiros de um hospital privado de médio porte do municí­pio de Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. Foi realizado no perí­odo de agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2018 com aplicação de questionário. Resultados: A partir da análise das respostas dos participantes da pesquisa foi possí­vel a criação de quatro categorias temáticas; Práticas transfusionais: treinamentos, atualizações e impressos que auxiliem na hemotransfusão; Checagem das informações necessárias para realização das transfusões; Monitorização do paciente no processo transfusional; Reações adversas e notificação. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou profissionais cientes da importância do procedimento, porém observou-se falhas em alguns dos temas, vendo-se a necessidade de atualização, treinamentos e maiores pesquisas na área, a fim de buscar a segurança do paciente e qualidade do atendimento.
Conhecimento da polí­tica de saúde do homem e a relação com a atenção í saúde
Authors: Braga Oliveira Vanessa , Saraiva Aguiar Ricardo
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento de enfermeiros e gestores da atenção primária í  saúde sobre a Polí­tica Nacional de Atenção Integral a Saúde do Homem, bem como as suas repercussões na atenção í  saúde. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, conduzida por dois revisores independentes, nas bases de dados SCIELO, LILACS e BDENF. Para a definição da pergunta norteadora utilizou-se a estratégia PICO e quanto ao processo de seleção dos estudos, utilizou-se o fluxograma PRISMA. As buscas abrangeram o perí­odo de 2014 a 2019, sendo selecionados os artigos disponí­veis em português, na í­ntegra e no formato original. Dessa forma, selecionaram-se 10 artigos para análise por meio da sí­ntese narrativa. Resultados: Revela-se fragilidades no conhecimento dos profissionais e gestores acerca da Polí­tica Nacional de Atenção Integral a Saúde do Homem, influenciando negativamente na atenção integral do homem nos serviços de saúde. Conclusão: Os profissionais de saúde possuem pouco conhecimento acerca da Polí­tica Nacional de Atenção Integral a Saúde do Homem; e os gestores da atenção primária í  saúde não possuem conhecimento suficiente para a implantação da polí­tica de modo que não estimulam os profissionais a se capacitarem para melhorar o atendimento dos homens.
PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PT. XXX
Authors: Citra Savitri  , Flora Patricia Anggela
Published: August 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti-bukti empirik dan menemukan kejelasan fenomena serta kesimpulan tentang Pengaruh Kualitas Produk,0 Kualitas Pelayanan Dan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan PT. Xxx. Skripsi ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangan bagi pembangunan ilmu manajemen khususnya manajemen pemasaran.

 

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif, dapat diartikan sebagai metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada populasi atau sampel tertentu, pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen penelitian, analisis data bersifat kuantitatif/statistik, dengan tujuan untuk menguji hipotesis yang telah ditetapkan Sugiyono (2013:8). Adapun analisisnya menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan verifikatif.

 

Hasil penelitian diperoleh berdasarkan analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa Kualitas produk El-Bakery pada koperasi karyawan PT Toyota, PT DNP Indonesia, PT Dunlop, PT Yamaha 2, PT HPPM, PT Asama dan Rs Delima Asih saat ini mendapat respon baik, Harga produk roti El-Bakery pada koperasi karyawan PT Toyota, PT DNP Indonesia, PT Dunlop, PT Yamaha 2, PT HPPM, PT Asama dan Rs Delima Asih mendapat respon cukup murah, Kepuasan konsumen terhadap produk roti El-Bakery saat ini sudah mampu memberikan rasa puas kepada kosumen, Kualitas produk secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap harga dengan koefisien regresi pada penelitian ini memiliki nilai sebesar 0,164 dengan tingkat signifikan 3,005, Harga secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan konsumen dengan koefisien regresi pada penelitian ini memiliki nilai sebesar 0,024 dengan tingkat signifikan 2,382, Secara simultan kualitas produk dan harga berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan konsumen dengan nilai F hitung sebesar 4,620 dan hasil uji 2 pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai sebesar 0,234

Kata Kunci: Kualitas Produk, Kualitas Pelayanan, Harga, Kepuasan Pelanggan
Sistem Informasi Distribusian Dana Zakat Nasional pada Baznas Mukomuko Bengkulu Berbasis Web
Authors: Anggraini Vivi , Yenila Firna
Published: September 2020

National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) is an institution that processes the recipient and distribution of funds. Funds that are managed are sourced from individual zakat or an organization, so that at any time have data that requires speed in its processing. So this research was conducted to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the management and distribution of zakat funds in an information system. Data management uses Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming software and its storage uses Structured Query Language (MySQL). The processed data are the recipient data and distribution of zakat in Bengkulu Mukomuko BAZNAS. The results of this study can manage data reception and distribution quickly and accurately as well as storing archived data safely. So that the use of information technology in processing zakat data can be managed better.
Simulasi Algoritma Monte Carlo Dalam Memprediksi Tingkat Hafalan Al-Qur’an Santri
Authors: M Mutia , Nurcahyo Gunadi Widi , Yunus Yuhandri
Published: September 2020

Islamic boarding schools are known to be able to give birth to the Qur'an's tahfidz. With the memorization program, the halaqah about the basic text of the religion makes the Islamic boarding schools increasingly known to the community as an educational institution and a strong milestone of religious knowledge that can bring blessings. The purpose of this study was to predict the level of rote learning of the students at the Tahfiz Lan Tabur Pagaralam Islamic Boarding School. Thus, it is easier for Islamic boarding schools to take strategies to improve the quality of students themselves. The data processed in this study are data sourced from the Natural Boarding School of Tahfiz Al-Qur’an Lan Tabur Pagaralam. Based on the number of students who memorized the Al-Qur'an or Tahfidz in the 2017 to 2019 class which is processed by Monte Carlo algorithm simulation. The processing step is to bring up a random number from the sampling data that has been taken. The results of testing on this method found that the system used to predict the level of memorization of the Al-Qur'an with an average accuracy of 84% in 2018 and an average accuracy of 88% in 2019. With a high degree of accuracy, simulations performed using the Monte Carlo algorithm can predict the number of students memorized by the Qur'an, making it easier for Islamic boarding schools to obtain information about the likelihood of future events at the level of memorization of students at Islamic boarding schools Alam Tahfiz Al-Qur’an Lan Tabur Pagaralam.
ANALISIS PEMASARAN KACANG TANAH DI KECAMATAN PABELAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG
Authors: Pratama Yohanes Yudha , Nuswantara Bayu
Published: August 2020

Pemasaran kacang tanah masih memerlukan perbaikan dalam proses penyaluran kacang tanah dari petani hingga sampai ke konsumen. Penelitian ini dilatarbelangi kondisi bahwa di Desa Segiri merupakan salah satu desa sentra kacang tanah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran umum pemasaran kacang tanah, analisis margin pemasaran, farmer’s share, dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya. Sampel diambil secara sensus dengan jumlah responden yang diambil sebanyak 30 orang petani Desa Segiri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua saluran pemasaran yang digunakan oleh lembaga saluran yang menyalurkan kacang tanah ke konsumen akhir yaitu: 1) petaniàpedagang pengepulàkonsumen, 2) petaniàagenàkonsumen. Efisiensi pemasaran diteliti menggunakan pendekatan marjin pemasaran, farmer’s share, dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya, dengan hasil: 1) saluran I memiliki nilai margin pemasaran Rp.350,-/kg dan saluran II memiliki nilai margin pemasaran Rp.770,-/kg.. 2) farmer’s share pada saluran I memiliki nilai nilai 83,06% dan farmer’s share pada saluran II memiliki nilai nilai 83,26%. 3) rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya pada saluran I sebesar 1,29 dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya pada saluran II sebesar 1,08.
HUBUNGAN KEPELAYANAN KEFARMASIAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PASIEN DI APOTEK KIMIA FARMA 21 YOGYAKARTA PERIODE JANUARI-MARET 2018
Authors: Sheila P.V.J.  , Fitri Sriwaty Situmorang
Published: September 2020

Pelayanan kefarmasian merupakan pelayanan kesehatan yang mempunyai peran penting dalam mewujudkan kesehatan bermutu, dimana apoteker sebagai bagian dari tenaga kesehatan mempunyai tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam mewujudkan pelayanan kefarmasian yang berkualitas (Anonim, 2016).    Tujuan pada penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasaan pasien terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek Kimia Farma 21 Yogyakarta berdasarkan 5 dimensi kualitas pelayanan yang mencakup dimensi tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance serta empathy dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang harus diperhatikan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan pasien.    Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dimana penelitian ini akan Mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek Kimia Farma 21 Yogyakarta . Populasi adalah semua pasien yang berkunjung di Apotek Kimia Farma. Sampel penelitian ini adalah semua pasien yang membeli obat dengan resep di Apotek Kimia Farma yang berjumlah sebanyak 118 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan melakukan perhitungan persentase tiap jawaban yang diberikan oleh responden. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan tersebut, dapat dilihat tingkat kepuasan pasien untuk setiap butir pertanyaan pada masing-masing dimensi .    Hasil secara keseluruhan menunjukkan pasien memiliki persepsi puas terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek Kimia Farma 21 yang diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan persepsi sangat puas dan puas, pada dimensi Tangible (bentuk fisik) sebesar 96,4%, pada dimensi Reliability (keandalan) 98,7%, pada dimensi Responsiveness (cepat tanggap) 98,9%, pada dimensi Assurance (jaminan) 99,4% , dan pada dimensi Empathy ( empati) 97,7% . Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek Kimia Farma 21 dipersepsikan puas oleh sebagian besar pasien. Hal ini menunjukkan Apotek Kimia Farma 21 perlu mempertahankan kualitas pelayanan kefarmasiannya serta lebih ditingkatkan lagi.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KARBOPOL DAN CMC-Na TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK PADA FORMULASI LOTION EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG AMBON (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum)
Authors: Erma Yunita  , Annisa Ayu Rinanda  , Sukatrin Amalia Nur Habibah
Published: September 2020

Kandungan kulit pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum) adalah flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Aktivitas dari antioksidan tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber kolagen, maka kulit pisang dapat dikembangkan menjadi suatu sediaan farmasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk formulasi lotion ekstrak kulit pisang Ambon dan menguji fisik lotion.   Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Penelitian menggunakan 6 formula dengan konsentrasi ekstrak kulit pisang Ambon 4%. Perbedaan konsentrasi terletak pada variasi konsentrasi karbopol dan CMC-Na. Formula I, II dan III masing-masing untuk formula dengan karbopol konsentrasi 0,3%, 0,4%, dan 0,5% dan Formula IV, V, dan VI masing-masing untuk formula dengan konsentrasi CMC-Na 0,25%, 0,5% dan 1,0%. Lotion diuji sifat fisiknya meliputi uji organoleptis, pH, homogenitas, daya sebar, dan daya lekat. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Microsoft Excel.   Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi karbopol menyebabkan lotion menjadi lebih kental, namun tidak mempengaruhi pH, homogenitas, daya sebar, dan daya lekat lotion. Pada formulasi menunjukkan bahwa dalam penyimpanan selama empat minggu, lotion ekstrak kulit pisang Ambon Formula I,II, dan III memiliki bentuk, warna, bau, pH, homogenitas, kemampuan daya sebar dan lekat tidak mengalami perubahan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kulit pisang Ambon dapat dibuat sediaan lotion. Penggunaan karbopol menghasilkan sediaan dengan sifat fisik yang lebih stabil selama 4 minggu penyimpanan.
IDENTIFIKASI DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS PADA PASIEN AUTIS DI RUMAH SAKIT X KOTA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Ruri Renggani Sandra  , Della Midi Wardhani  , Woro Supadmi
Published: September 2020

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) adalah gangguan perkembangan saraf dengan penyebab yang kompleks dari banyak fakor Penggunaan obat pada pasien autis harus dimonitoring untuk mencegah terjadinya drug related problems. Intervensi farmasis dengan mengidentifikasi kejadian drug related problem adalah kegiatan pelayanan asuhan kefarmasian untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi. Penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan pengumpulan data secara retrospektif berdasarkan data rekam medik. Evaluasi kejadian drug related problems meliputi indikasi yang tidak diterapi, terapi tanpa indikasi, pemilihan obat yang tidak tepat, overdosis, under dosis, adverse drug reactions dan interaksi obat. Literatur yang digunakan sebagai acuan adalah Drug Information Handbook, 18thed, Stockley Drug Interaction, Drugs Interaction Facts 2001, dan Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach 2005 dan jurnal yang relevan.   Hasil penelitian diperoleh pasien dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki 20 pasien (77%), perempuan 6 pasien (23%). Usia antara 6-11 tahun yaitu 15 pasien (58%), 1-5 tahun terdapat 9 pasien (34%), usia <1 tahun dan 12-17 tahun masing-masing sebanyak 1 pasien (4%). Penyakit penyerta ISPA merupakan kasus yang paling banyak terjadi, terbanyak kedua adalah epilepsi dan gastroenteritis akut (GEA). Kejadian DRPs Indikasi tidak diterapi 9%, Terapi tanpa indikasi 9%, Pemilihan obat tidak tepat 9%, Over dosis 31%, Under dosis 33% dan interaksi obat 9%.   Terdapat 24 pasien ( 92,3%) yang mengalami DRPs potensial dan 2 pasien (7,7%) yang tidak mengalami. Kriteria DRPs dengan persentase tertinggi adalah under dosis sebanyak 33% dan over dosis sebanyak 31%.
Unified observation network for geodynamic monitoring in FEB RAS: formation, 10 years of development and major achievements
Authors: БЫКОВ В.Г. , ШЕСТАКОВ Н.В. , ГЕРАСИМЕНКО М.Д. , СОРОКИН А.А. , КОНОВАЛОВ А.В. , ПРЫТКОВ А.С. , ВАСИЛЕНКО Н.Ф. , САФОНОВ Д.А. , КОЛОМИЕЦ А.Г. , СЕРОВ М.А. , ПУПАТЕНКО В.В. , КОРОЛЕВ С.П. , ВЕРХОТУРОВ А.Л. , ЖИЖЕРИН В.С. , РЯБИНКИН К.С.
Published: September 2020

Обсуждается проблема современной геодинамики Дальневосточного региона на основе мониторинга разномасштабных деформаций и сейсмичности в области сочленения Евразийской, Североамериканской, Тихоокеанской, Амурской и Охотской литосферных плит с применением современных методов космической геодезии и широкополосной сейсмологии. Дан краткий обзор этапов развития Единой сети геодинамических наблюдений ДВО РАН, основных результатов сейсмологических и GPS/ГЛОНАСС-наблюдений, полученных в рамках целевой комплексной программы научных исследований ДВО РАН «Современная геодинамика, активные геоструктуры и природные опасности Дальнего Востока России (2009–2013 гг.)» и проектов ДВО РАН 2014, 2018, 2019 гг., а также достигнутых позиций ДВО РАН в области геодинамики.

The problem of the recent geodynamics of the Far East region is discussed based on monitoring of different-scale deformations and seismicity in the articulation of Eurasian, North American, Pacific, Amurian and Okhotsk lithospheric plates using modern methods of space geodesy and broadband seismology. We present a brief overview of the development stages of the Unified Network of Geodynamic Observations of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the main results of seismological and GPS/GLONASS observations obtained within the framework of the Targeted Comprehensive Research Program of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2009–2013 «Recent geodynamics, active geological structures and natural hazards of the Far East of Russia», Projects of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2014, 2018, 2019) and the achievements of FEB RAS in the field of geodynamics.
The Socio-Cultural Context of Akan Ethno-Musical Games and Their Relevance to the Lives of Children in Ashanti Region
Authors: Kwaku Owusu Agyeman  , John Kofi Brewu
Published: September 2020

Musical-games present a highly pervasive new platform to create, perform, appreciate and transmit knowledge among children. This study therefore sought to identify the enthno-musical games among Akan children in the Ashanti region that could be relevant to their cognitive development. The study mainly used ethnographic research case study design. Observation, video recording and focus group discussion were used to glean data from study participants. The findings were presented in text and notations. The study found the ethno-musical games among the study participants to include: Kyerε Wo Ti/Kyekyekule (Body-Part Pointing Game), Antoakyire (Circle-Round Game), Awoda Agorכ (Birthday Game), כBoכ Asi Wo Nsa (Stone-Passing Game) and AsכBa (Teen-Jump Game). Others included Atintim Adeε (Strenth-Test Game), Pempenaa (Elimination Game), Dua O Dua (Mammal Tail Game) among several others in the study area. The study found these ethno-musical games to present a unique, yet relatively untapped activities to help cognitive development of children. This warrants investigation of the potentials of these ethno-musical games to promote engagement with music, and the wider benefits of cognitive and psychomotor development in the lives of children.
Impact of Public, Private and Non-Governmental Organisations’ Financial Interventions on Youth Livelihood Outcomes in Kenya
Authors: Ngige Lucy W , Njuguna Christine W
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the impact of public, private and Non-Governmental Organisations’ financial interventions on youth livelihood outcomes (YLO) in Kenya. A survey of 201 respondents randomly sampled from registered Youth Self-Help Groups in Nairobi County was conducted. Results showed that males constituted 74% and females made up 26% of the sample. The ages of the respondents ranged from 18 to 35 years. The results for livelihood outcomes indicated that 52% of the youth were at a survival level, 18% were at the security level and 30% were at the growth level of youth livelihood outcomes. Hypothesis test results further revealed that there was a relationship between the financial interventions and youth livelihood outcomes (χ2= 18.70; d.f. =7; p<0.05). Further regression results revealed three significant predictors of YLO in rank order as the public devolved funds comprised of Youth Enterprise Development Fund and Uwezo Fund (β= 0.761; p=0.009), followed by private micro-finance institutions (β=1.003; p=0.010) and finally, informal loans provided to members of Youth Self-Help Groups  (β=1.037; p=0.018. The variables that were not significant predictors of YLO were Non-Profit Organisations, Faith-Based Organisations and Community-Based Organisations’ financial interventions. These findings implied that government-sponsored devolved funds had the greatest impact on youth livelihood outcomes, followed by funding by private micro-finance institutions and finally informal loans provided by the youth self-help groups to their members. This study has established that the public, private and the youth self-help groups’ financial interventions had the most significant positive impacts on youth livelihood outcomes.  It was recommended that there was a need to provide more youth-targeted financial interventions by both the public and the private sectors in order to enhance youth livelihood outcomes. Furthermore, active participation by the youth in their development process is paramount for sustainable livelihoods to be achieved.
Mafunzo Yanayotawala Ushairi Andishi wa Kiswahili wa Kipindi cha Utandawazi: Mifano Kutoka Diwani ya Kimya! (2020) ya Rehema N. Mbwambo
Authors: Masatu Furaha J , Hyera Venancia F , Ndunguru Osmunda R , Ponera Aneth K
Published: August 2020

Makala yanawasilisha sehemu ya uchunguzi uliolenga kubaini na kufafanua mafunzo yanayopatikana katika Ushairi Andishi wa Kiswahili wa kipindi hiki cha utandawazi kwa kuangazia diwani ya Kimya! (2020) ya Rehema N. Mbwambo. Uchunguzi huu umeongozwa na nadharia ya uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi ijulikanayo kama Uhistoria Mpya. Huu ni msingi mpya wa kihakiki ambao haujatumika sana katika kuhakiki kazi za kifasihi. Uhakiki unaoongozwa na nadharia hii ya Uhistoria Mpya, humsaidia mwanafunzi kujenga uwezo na maarifa ya kutambua sababu, uzito, malengo na aina ya uhakiki uliofanyika. Kwa kuzingatia ukweli huu, uchambuzi wa kipindi hiki cha utandawazi ni lazima uanze kuwazoesha watunzi, walimu na wanafunzi kujikita katika utunzi na uchambuzi wa kazi za kifasihi kwa kutumia nadharia teule badala ya kutunga na, au kuhakiki kazi kimkururo yaani, utunzi au uhakiki jumuishi usiokuwa na dira mahususi kama sehemu muhimu ya kwenda na wakati. Matumizi ya nadharia teule ya uhakiki yanatusaidia kujua iwapo kazi bunilizi za fasihi zinazoingia sokoni zinaakisi mahitaji ya jamii ya wasomaji wa sasa ama la. Kwa sababu, kumekuwapo madai ya kwamba, ari ya usomaji wa kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili inazidi kushuka miongoni mwa walaji wa kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili hasa nchini Tanzania huku moja ya sababu zinazotajwa ni baadhi ya watunzi na wahakiki kukosa weledi, ubunifu, ubora na kushindwa kuisoma jamii inataka nini. Hofu yetu ni kuwa, kama kweli wasomaji wanazidi kupoteza hamu ya kupenda kusoma kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili kwa sababu kadhaa ikiwemo ubunifu na saikolojia, maana yake kwa siku za usoni, pale ambapo watunzi nguli watakapokuwa wametoweka katika uso wa dunia, fasihi ya Kiswahili nayo itakuwa imeanguka kisanaa na kibiashara. Ndiposa, tukaonelea tufanye uchunguzi katika diwani mpya iliyoandikwa na mwandishi chipukizi kwa lengo la kuona iwapo nayo ni sehemu ya kazi bunilizi za Kiswahili zinazochangia anguko la ukuaji na ustawi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili ama la.
Nanotechnology in Brain Targeting
Authors: Karanth Hamsaraj , Rayasa S. Ramachandra Murthy
Published: August 2020

Nanotechnology offers a vision for a ‘smart’ drug approach involving the design, synthesis, and characterization of materials and devices that have a functional association in nanometer scale. One area in which nanotechnology may have a significant clinical impact in neuroscience is the selective transport and delivery of drugs and other small molecules across the strictest barrier in vivo, the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, various strategies have been proposed to improve the delivery of different antineoplastic drugs, oligonucleotides, genes, and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents to this tissue. This review deals in brief about the status of the BBB, different pathologies of brain like neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and inflammatory diseases. The first part of this article aims to review the strategies developed to circumvent the BBB and deliver drugs into the brain. The use of nanotechnology and advancements are discussed especially in the crucial part of the review manifesting their potentiality as non-invasive technique which overcomes the blood-brain barrier limiting characteristics in the delivery of drugs with the possibility to target specific brain tissue decreasing peripheral toxicity.
Regulatory Considerations of Nanotechnological Products in Developed Countries
Authors: Gopal V.S Karthik A , Ranjith Kumar A Udupa N
Published: August 2020

Nanotechnology is a revolutionary field of micro-manufacturing involving manipulation by chemical or physical processes of individual atoms and molecules. It is important that safety regulations of nanotherapeutics keep pace with this growing level of pharmaceutical industry interest. Current and potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine range from research involving diagnostic devices, drug delivery vehicles to enhanced gene therapy and tissue engineering procedures. Safety regulations of nanotherapeutics may present unique risk assessment challenges, given the novelty and variety of products, high mobility and reactivity of engineered nanoparticles, and blurring of the diagnostic and therapeutic medicines. Major efforts are underway, however, very little attention is devoted to assessment of health risks to human or to the ecosystem. Inhaled nanoparticles have already been related to lung injury. It is recognized that physico-chemical properties in conjunction with environmental factors and stability of the nanomaterial all contribute to the overall toxicological responses. Nanotoxicological information, currently insufficient, will be vital in aiding regulatory bodies in elucidating the mechanisms of action, balancing its risk and benefit and thus to lay down the regulations. The present work is aimed at the regulatory considerations of nanoparticulate systems in various regions such as United States, European Union and Australia
Fabrication and Investigations on Hepatoprotective Activity of Sustained release Biodegradable Piperine Microspheres
Authors: R. Bonepally Chandrasekhar , Aukunuru Jithan , Yellu Narsimha Reddy , Vanga Malla Reddy
Published: August 2020

The objective of this research was to fabricate sustained release piperine microspheres and further, to demonstrate piperine’s hepatoprotective activity in a 12-day CCl4-administered mice model, after a one-time injection of the formulation. Two different emulsion-solvent evaporation techniques were employed to fabricate the microspheres, that is, with and without a surfactant using drug/polycaprolactone in different ratios and optimum formulations were determined. Microscopy demonstrated that the optimum formulations were spherical and had smooth texture with no drug crystals or microsphere aggregation. These particles could be administered for a variety of benefits piperine has, using different routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, etc. Particles fabricated using no surfactant was selected as the final formulation for in vivo hepatoprotective investigations. Piperine characteristics in this formulation remained the same, as determined by FTIR and a sustained release for 16 days, in vitro, was observed. Microspheres containing 2 mg piperine were administered intraperitoneally in the animal model. As controls, either no drug or drug as suspension was administered orally and intraperitoneally. SGOT, SGPT and liver-histology that were determined after           12 days, demonstrated the reversal in elevation of SGOT but not SGPT by the microspheres. Histology proved the particles more effective than other controls used
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Catechin after Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Administration
Authors: A Sridhar , AV Jithan , V Malla Reddy
Published: August 2020

Our previous studies demonstrated the efficacy of liposome-encapsulated catechin on the reduction of liver toxicity in rats with the injection of carbon-tetrachloride in vivo. In this investigation, pharmacokinetics of catechin after the injection of solution and liposomal catechin formulations developed in our laboratory were studied in rats. Two different formulations, one multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) intended for sustained release and other small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) intended for targeted release were used. MLVs were injected by IP route while SUVs by IV route. Pharmacokinetic properties of liposome- encapsulated and free catechin were compared. Concentrations of the drug in plasma were determined by HPLC. PK analysis was performed using either WINNONLIN or KINETICA and both, compartmental and non-compartmental parameters were evaluated. Results indicated that, when catechin liposomal formulations were administered by IV and IP routes, mean residence time (MRT), half-life (t1/2) and the volume of distribution (Vd) were higher (P<0.05), and clearance (CL) was lower (P<0.05) than in the case of the free form. When the formulation was administered by I.P. route, the area under the curve (AUC) and the time to peak concentration (tmax) were significantly higher (P<0.05), and maximum concentration (Cmax) of catechin was lower than those of the free form. The results obtained in the present study showed that liposome encapsulated catechin provides the effective and prolonged plasma concentration after IV and IP administration
An in vitro study of Effect of Centella asiatica on Phagocytosis by Human Neutrophils
Authors: G. Mali Ravindra , C. Hatapakki Basavraj
Published: August 2020

Present investigation was planned to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Centella asiatica (CA) on neutrophil phagocytic function. The various concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of the extract was subjected to study its effect on different in vitro methods of phagocytosis such as neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis, immunostimulant activity by phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans and qualitative nitro blue tetrazolium test using human neutrophils. The results of this preliminary study revealed that CA extract has stimulated chemotactic, phagocytic and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils at the concentration range of 25-100 mg/ml. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of CA stimulates cell-mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil phagocytic function.
Lipospheres: Emerging Carriers in the Delivery of Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Rawat Manju , Saraf Swarnlata
Published: August 2020

Currently, drug delivery technologies for protein and peptide delivery mainly rely on biodegradable polymers. However, protein stability during release from these systems can be critical due to physical and chemical instabilities. Lipospheres are solid microparticles composed of fat core stabilized by phospholipids layer represent an alternative carrier for the delivery of highly challenging, labile and unstable  substances. This review highlights various aspects of lipospheres like physicochemical characteristics and stability for better clinical utility with a wider spectrum of proteins and peptides.
Etoposide-Loaded Microparticles Prepared with Poly (Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate) and Poly(-Caprolactone) Blends: Formulation, Characterization and in vitro Drug Release
Authors: J. K Patel , H. M Tank
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this research was to formulate and systematically evaluate etoposide-loaded microparticles. Etoposide microparticles containing poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(-caprolactone) were prepared by an emulsion/solvent evaporation process. Microparticles were discrete, spherical and free flowing. The microparticles showed high % of yeild and drug entrapment efficiency. Etoposide-loaded microparticles demonstrated drug sustained releases (up to 200 hours). The drug release mechanism was dependent on the presence of PCL in the microparticles. The release of etoposide caused an increase in the surface area of the microparticles. A Fickian release was determined for the microparticles prepared exclusively with P(HBHV), while non-Fickian release behaviors were found for the P(HBHV)/PCL microparticles.
Preparation and in vitro Evaluation of Bioadhesive Microparticulate System
Authors: C. D. Nagda , N. P. Chotai , S. B. Patel , T. J Soni , U. L Patel
Published: August 2020

Aceclofenac (ACE) is NSAIDs of a phenyl acetic acid class. It is indicated in arthritis and osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. It has short elimination half life of 4 hours. The objective of the study is to design, characterize and evaluate bioadhesive microspheres of ACE employing carbopol (CP) as bioadhesive polymer. Bioadhesive microspheres of ACE were prepared by solvent evaporation method. The prepared microspheres were free flowing and spherical in shape and characterized for drug loading, mucoadhesion test, infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in-vitro release studies were performed using pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. The drug loaded microspheres in a ratio of 1:5 showed 47% of drug entrapment; percentage mucoadhesion was 81% and 89% release in 10 h. The infrared spectra and DSC showed stable character of aceclofenac in the drug loaded microspheres and revealed the absence of drug-polymer interactions. SEM studies showed that the microspheres are spherical and porous in nature. The in vitro release profiles from microspheres of different polymer-drug ratios followed Higuchi model.
Chirality and its Importance in Pharmaceutical Field- An Overview
Authors: Jagan Mohan Somagoni , Chandra Mohan Eaga , Yamsani Madhsudan Rao
Published: August 2020

Until recently, the majority of single-isomer drugs available were those derived from natural sources (e.g. morphine, epinephrine, hyoscine), and racemates predominated. There is now clear evidence of a trend in the pharmaceutical industry towards the development of chiral drugs. Several factors have influenced this trend, which has occurred independently and in parallel with a quest in the industry totally to develop more potent, selective and specific drugs.  The process is equivalent to developing a new active substance and requires a new application, but data on the racemate may be used as appropriate, together with ‘bridging studies’. There is, however, limited potential in the market for the degree of therapeutic benefit obtained to justify the degree of investment. The real benefit of chiral technology lies in its application in the search for novel chemical entities and its appropriate formulation. This paper gives a brief idea about the importance of chirality, nomenclature, use of chiral excipients in formulations containing chiral drugs, stereoselective dissolution, stereoselective kinetics and dynamics, separation and estimation techniques and some interactions of chiral drugs. This paper also gives a brief overview of work done on chirality from formulation point of view.
Effect of Drug Concentration and Permeation Enhancer on Iontophoretic Transport of Salbutamol Sulphate in vitro
Authors: Faruk Abdul , Singh Gurpreet , Ishar Mohan Paul Singh
Published: August 2020

The effect of different concentrations of drug and permeation enhancer (Dimethylsulfoxide) on iontophoretic transport of salbutamol sulphate was investigated in vitro. The iontophoretic transport was measured at constant (optimum) current density and pH as a function of varied concentration of drug, and at a fixed drug concentration as a function of permeation enhancer to know (i) how does drug concentration affect the efficiency of delivery? (ii) to what extent permeation enhancer affects the percutaneous delivery of drugs? (iii) what would be the combined effect of iontophoresis and permeation enhancer on permeation of drugs? Results showed that the use of different concentrations of drug in donor half cell (4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) increases the steady state flux both in passive diffusion (at pH 10.3) and iontophoresis (anodal at pH 7.4 and cathodal at pH 11) using 0.3 mA/cm2 current density. With the use of different concentrations of permeation enhancer (5, 10, 15 % w/v) in passive diffusion significantly increased (p < 0.05, t-test) the transport of drug and enhancement was 4, 6 and 7.6 folds respectively compared to the control. The maximum steady state flux was obtained with the use of 15 % w/v DMSO.  Iontophoresis in conjugation with permeation enhancer had a significant synergistic effect in terms of transport of drug across skin
Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Poorly Water Soluble Drug using Cosolvency and Solid Dispersion Techniques
Authors: Lingam Meka , Venkateswarlu Vobalaboina
Published: August 2020

The low aqueous solubility of celecoxib (CB) and thus its low bioavailability is a problem.    Thus, it is suggested to improve the solubility using cosolvency and solid dispersions techniques. Pure CB has solubility of 6.26±0.23µg/ml in water but increased solubility of CB was observed with increasing concentration of cosolvents like PEG 400, ethanol and propylene glycol. Highest solubility (791.06±15.57mg/ml) was observed with cosolvency technique containing the mixture of composition 10:80:10%v/v of water: PEG 400: ethanol. SDs with different polymers like PVP, PEG were prepared and subjected to physicochemical characterization using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility and dissolution studies. These studies reveals that CB exists mainly in amorphous form in prepared solid dispersions of PVP, PEG4000 and PEG6000 further it can also be confirmed by solubility and dissolution rate studies. Solid dispersions of PV5 and PV9 have shown highest saturation solubility and dissolution rate
Evaluation of Neuropharmacological Effects of Dichrostachys cinerea Root
Authors: B Ramya Kuber , SanthRani Thaakur
Published: August 2020

Dichrostachys cinerea (DC) root juice is widely used by tribals of Chittoor District against paralysis. The ethanolic extract was given at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/p.o. Spontaneous motor activity, analgesia, grip strength, alertness and immobility in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) were assessed.  The extract at given doses significantly dose dependently decreased exploratory activity, spontaneous motor activity, increased immobility time in both FST and TST, decreased climbing and swimming behaviour in FST and did not alter other parameters. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethonolic extract showed the presence of saponins, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates and tannins.

Results of the present study indicated that the alcoholic extract may have active constituents with CNS depressant activity and at the given doses they are devoid of memory impairment and neurotoxicity
Preliminary Screening of Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants in India for Antimicrobial and Antitumor Activity
Authors: Banu Gani Sharmila , Kumar Ganesan
Published: August 2020

The screening of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi was carried out on isopropanol extracts prepared from 121 isolates of endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants in India. Sensitivity was found to vary among the microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Alternaria sp. were susceptible to extracts from three, two and two isolates of endophytic fungi, respectively. None was found effective against Salmonella typhimurium. Sixteen endophytic fungal isolates tested were also found to exhibit antitumor activity in the yeast cell-based assay.
Studies on the Preparation, Characterization and Solubility of -Cyclodextrin-Roxythromycin Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Venkatesh D. Nagasamy , S. Karthick  , M. Umesh  , G. Vivek  , R.M. Valliappan  , B. Uthayakumar  , Deepak S. Vinu , N. Ramesh  , M.K. Samanta  , B. Suresh
Published: August 2020

Roxythromycin/ β-cyclodextrin (Roxy/ β-CD) dispersions were prepared with a view to study the influence of β-CD on the solubility and dissolution rate of this poorly soluble drug. Phase-solubility profile indicated that the solubility of roxythromycin was significantly increased in the presence of β-cyclodextrin and was classified as AL-type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. Physical characterization of the prepared systems was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and IR studies. Solid state characterization of the drug β-CD binary system using XRD, FTIR and DSC revealed distinct loss of drug crystallinity in the formulation, ostensibly accounting for enhancement of dissolution rate.
Physicochemical Properties of Glimepiride in Solid Dispersions with Polyethylene Glycol 20000
Authors: Singh O.P. Baliar , S. Biswal  , J. Sahoo  , Murthy P. N.
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of glimepiride in SDs with PEG 20000. The phase solubility behavior of glimepiride in presence of various concentrations of PEG 20000 in pH 7.4 buffer was obtained at 37oC. The solubility of glimepiride increased with increasing amount of PEG 20000 in pH 7.4 buffer. Gibbs free energy (ΔGotr) values were all negative, indicating the spontaneous nature of glimepiride solubilization and ΔGotr decreased with increase in the PEG 20000 concentration, demonstrating that the reaction conditions became more favorable as the concentration of PEG 20000 increased. The SDs of glimepiride with PEG 20000 were prepared at 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 (glimepiride: PEG 20000) ratio by melting method. Evaluation of the properties of the SDs was performed by using dissolution, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The SDs of glimepiride with PEG 20000 exhibited enhanced dissolution rate of glimepiride, and the rate increased with increasing concentration of PEG 20000 in SDs. Mean dissolution time (MDT) of glimepiride decreased significantly after preparation of SDs and physical mixture with PEG 20000. The FTIR spectroscopic studies showed the stability of glimepiride and absence of well-defined glimepiride-PEG 20000 interaction. The XRD studies indicated the amorphous state of glimepiride in SDs of glimepiride with PEG 20000.
Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayer Sustained Release Tablets of Salbutamol and Theophylline
Authors: R. Nagaraju  , Kaza Rajesh
Published: August 2020

Salbutamol and theophylline are available in conventional dosage forms, administered four times a day, leading to saw tooth kinetics and resulting in ineffective therapy. The combination of these two drugs in a single dosage form will enhance the patient compliance and prolong bronchodilation. Various polymers, such as hydroxy propyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC- K4M), hydroxy propyl methylcellulose K100M (HPMC- K100M), xanthan gum, ethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMC-P) were studied. HPMC-P and HPMC- K4M were found to be best in controlling the release. In-vitro dissolution studies were carried out for all the bi-layered tablets developed using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 (paddle). It was found that the tablet FB15-FW3 showed 50% release of salbutamol in first hour and the remaining was released for eight hours. However, theophylline was found to be released as per the USP specifications. The IR spectrum was taken for FB15-FW3 formulation and it revealed that there is no disturbance in the principal peaks of pure drugs salbutamol and theophylline. This further confirms the integrity of pure drugs and no incompatibility of them with excipients. Also, formulation of FB15-FW3 has shown required release pattern and complies with all the evaluated parameters and comparable to the marketed formulation.
Design and Evaluation of Rectal Suppositories of Carvedilol
Authors: Swamy P. V. , Farhana Laeeq , Shirsand S. B. , Ali Md.Younus , Patil Ashokgoud
Published: August 2020

Carvedilol (non-cardio selective b-blocker) is an antihypertensive used in management of hypertension, angina pectoris and heart failure.  But its oral bioavailability is about 25-35% only due to significant degree of first pass metabolism.  It has gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, gastric pain and irritation.  Hence, rectal suppositories of carvedilol were developed by using different water-soluble polymeric bases like gelatin and agar-agar using propylene glycol as plasticizer. The gelatin suppositories were disintegrating/dissolving type while gelatin–agar based suppositories were non-disintegrating/non-melting. All the formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters like weight variation,  drug content uniformity, liquefaction time, micro-melting range, in vitro dissolution, short-term stability and drug-excipient interaction (FTIR).  The mechanism of drug release was diffusion controlled and follows first order kinetics in majority of cases. The results suggested that when gelatin is replaced up to 25% w/w with agar, liquefaction time and drug release were not appreciably affected; higher proportions of agar exhibited incomplete and slow release.  Stability studies conducted at 25±3º C and 60±5% relative humidity for three months indicated that the formulations were stable in the drug-content and in vitro drug release rate (p<0.05).