bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem pomocy dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Pach Janina , Solińska Mieczysława
Published: February 2021

Small and medium enterprises (SME) play an important role both in Poland and other countries of the European Union. Their contribution both as a percentage of the total number of enterprises, in general employment and in the production of particular products and gross domestic product confirms their importance for economy.The role of SME in Poland would be greater if the indicator of their activity (which is now below 50%) was higher, and the sustainability of SME’s was improved. Moreover, the crucial condition for enlargement of SME’s importance is the improvement of their investment capacity and increasing expenditure on research and development in this sector. About 50% of entrepreneurs fail to make any investments and do not conduct any research that determine national and international competitiveness. There are many reason for this situation, especially financial limitations, which can be supplemented by state aid. However, there are some restrictions on supporting SME’s by government as a result of the Common European Competition Policy. One of its basic rules is prohibition of state aid that deforms and limits competition, which is a base of economic development. In this situation state aid is allowed only on condition that its implementation does not restrict competition. The size and type, conditions and circumstances of state aid and its duration are precisely stipulated by the regulations.
Dostęp do zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania przedsiębiorstw sektora MŚP w powiecie tarnobrzeskim i stalowowolskim
Authors: Buś-Bidas Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

Small and medium sized entrepreneurs often need external financing to start, run and develop their business. In many cases the SMEs sector cannot obtain financial assistance from the banking system so they seek support from the loan fund system. The loan funds offer not only financial assistance in the form of the loan granted but also other services for example information and advisory services.
Finansowanie kształcenia studentów kierunku turystyka i rekreacja ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego na przykładzie Instytutu Geografii UP w Krakowie)
Authors: Warcholik Witold
Published: February 2021

The key challenge that Polish higher education needs to face in the early 21st century is to adjust its educational offer to the dynamic changes taking place within the employment market. Higher vocational schools and universities are expected to provide students with crucial skills that will in the future empower their mobility on the employment market as well as enhance their professional development. The multifaceted modernization of the educational offer could effectively be supported by means of the European Social Fund. The passport to success in such undertakings as launching a new specialization „Tourism and Recreation” within the initiative: „Development of Didactical Potential of The Pedagogical University in Cracow”, financed by ESF, is not only built up on a clever idea (e.g. new, attractive studies) but above all, on committed and well­prepared organizational team. What constitutes the essential factor is the interaction between coordinators along with determined teaching staff, heads of departments, heads of teaching and public procurements divisions, Ministry of Education and Labour, as well as employers and tourism industry experts. The beneficiaries of the projects implemented with the financial support of ESF belong to difficult target groups. Their deficiencies make it hard to stimulate their active participation in the projects and to make them persevere in the given task.
Założenia i wstępne wyniki europejskiego projektu badawczego FIFOBI w zakresie kształtowania kompetencji uczniów gimnazjum do prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej
Authors: Kurek Sławomir , Rachwał Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The article aims at the presentation of guidelines and preliminary results of European research project „Fit for Business: Developing Business Competencies in School (FIFOBI)” in developing competencies among pupils in lower secondary school (gymnasium) for running business activity, based on premises associated with modern changes in world economy as well as with changes on the labour market. The analysis of core school curriculum, conducted within the first stage of research work, showed that a Polish pupil ought to be equipped with basic economic knowledge to a relatively large degree. However, it should be noticed that there are significant gaps in developing competences for running own business, particularly in management as well as in social competences, especially connected with solving conflicts and doing teamwork, and in personal competences, associated with entrepreneurial attitude (the records of the core curriculum are narrowed to planning further education and describing traits of an entrepreneurial person).
Działalność japońskich koncernów motoryzacyjnych na terenie Unii Europejskiej jako wyraz atrakcyjności układów regionalnych
Authors: Lizak Piotr
Published: February 2021

Automobile industry is one of the key factors contributing to the global economy as it has an impact on both the economic situation in other sectors of economy which produce for the demands of the automotive market and also on other business areas such as services and trade. The subject of this article is to analyse the evolution of the Japanese car industry as an important element of the global economy. The activities and dynamics of Japanese automotive companies are presented as well as their impact on the current shape of the European car industry. When starting the production of cars, especially in the early stages of the automative industry development, the Japanese largely exploited modern technology acquired through the purchase of licenses in Western Europe and the USA. As a result of strenghtening global process of concentration of capital, new corporations are formed in the Japanese automotive market. These corporations are characterised by constantly increasing economic potential. In the next part of the article it has been noted that global corporations, including automobile corporations, seek new effective locations for their factories but also various regions create different conditions to attract new investments to their territory. The article then goes on to present the spatial structure of production of Japanese automotive companies in the world according to different continents in years 1985–2008 and then examines the dynamic changes in the scale of production for individual continents. The next part of the article concetrates on the spatial structure of passenger cars and components factories, as well as on research and development centers belonging to Japanese automotive companies located in the European Union. The analysis of the structure and size of employment in factories based in the European Union has also been made.
Wpływ inwestycji zagranicznych na kształtowanie luki technologicznej w polskich przedsiębiorstwach w branży konstrukcji spawanych w procesie integracji europejskiej
Authors: Janczewska Danuta
Published: February 2021

The Lisbon Strategy, and building of the KBE (Knowledge Based Economy) – make faster the changes of technological systems, social and economy – on level of countries, or regions and companies. The especially accents there are into innovations, the knowledge values and co–operations, into R&D connected with economy. The main goal is to modernize technology, management and organization, environment and other areas of activity of enterprises. After year 2004 – during the integration process with EU there are the advantageous terms of approach to knowledge, technology and wide understanding innovations – by participation in EU Programs and higher level of FDI. The research of Polish steel branch show that foreign companies are more interested in innovations and going to stable lifting the knowledge and skills than polish companies. This phenomenon causes the creation of technological gap between enterprises in the same branch, and also between the different countries – for example nations belonged to „old EU” and new one countries.
Globalizacja a lokalizacja działalności gospodarczej
Authors: Nogaj Wioletta
Published: February 2021

Choosing a proper location is a critical issue for each global company. This work is an attempt to look from the theoretical perspective at a very practical problem, namely, how to determine the best location for making business. The dilemma is presented in the context of the globalization processes. These processes give a framework for companies operating globally and pose both threat and an opportunity for their development. The case study was based on the analysis of the Selena Group, which is undoubtedly one of the pioneers among Polish companies aspiring to gain status of the global enterprise. The first part of this work includes the definition of the term of globalization both in a broad and a narrow scope as well as short information on the origins of the globalization processes. The second part comprises of the presentation of several globalization concepts which refer to the problem of choosing a location. There are also discussed factors influencing location as well as the stages of the process of selecting a location.
Rola przedsiębiorczości władz i mieszkańców gminy Horyniec-Zdrój w aktywizacji gospodarczej regionu
Authors: Kłos Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

Horyniec-Zdrój is one of 44 statutory spa-resorts in Poland. This means that the development of the community is associated with many limitations, but it also entails many benefits. The spa-resort has an impact on the region’s development through its influence on many aspects of different fields of life – it encourages the development of other forms of business activities, which if used appropriately can be a factor in local development. The article examines the actions and initiatives of the authorities on how to use the resort features for the region’s development, how to use EU funds, how to invest in the commune, and how to develop entrepreneurial attitudes. In order to assess the activity of the population, the author analyzed changes in the employment in three sectors of the economy, the changes in the level of unemployment and the number of business entities in the community in the years 1995–2008. The studies have contributed to explore the issues of the shaping of entrepreneurship in the Horyniec-Zdrój commune. The author has confirmed the positive effect
Przedsiębiorczość miejska – lokalne programy rewitalizacji instrumentami odnowy miast
Authors: Grad Nina
Published: February 2021

Owing to widely advertized issue of renewal of urban tissue cities gain their chance for re-birth and “second youth”. These entities struggle with degradation and depopulation through, among others, re-discovering cultural, architectural and historical values alike, restructuring postrailway, post-military and post-industrial areas as well as renovation of old housing estates and other damaged building resources. Next to the degradation of the housing substance, another problem of the cities is demographic crisis. The amount of cities’ inhabitants decreases systematically, the process of ageing of society affects more and more aspects of economy and the decline in population growth as well as mass emigration of young people are not promising. Thus main tasks of cities development became tasks of qualitative revival of material resources and human capital. Considering revitalization as a cities revival tool one have to have in mind it cannot concern only the material structure of a city but has to be spread over the broadly understood social issues. Moreover, the revitalization actions have to be based on a new planning model through involving local societies into planning processes. In this way it can contribute to the integration of residents as well as to the larger identification with place of residence which may be an object of their special care in coming years. To summarise, only such integrated and complex attitude as above may bring expected results of increasing the quality of the cities and the Local Revitalisation Programmes, which are one of the requirements of revitalization programmes studies, may essentially contribute.
Inwestycje zagraniczne we Francji w dobie globalizacji
Authors: Dorocki Sławomir
Published: February 2021

The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries brought an intensive increase of international economic connections that were a part of the process of globalization of the world economy. The result of these processes was opening of the countries’ economies which influenced the increase of the role of foreign investments as a factor of economic development of a country. Foreign direct investments (FDI) are nowadays one of the most sought-after forms of foreign capital flow. Foreign investments do not cause external debt. They influence the flow of technology, generate economic growth, contribute to the decrease in unemployment, introduce new management methods, create access to the new markets and generate production infrastructure. The following study presents a short characteristic of foreign investments in France. It analyses regional differentiation of foreign investments in France on the basis of their quantity and in reference to the number of workplaces generated by FDI. Finally, the article presents the factors that have influence on the localization of foreign investments.
Sektor MŚP jako potencjalny odbiorca Funduszu Rozwoju Lokalnego Eksportu na przykładzie województwa podkarpackiego
Authors: Czapliński Paweł
Published: February 2021

This article is an attempt to identify the needs of small and medium enterprises of Podkarpackie voivodeship in the scope of export support as well as establishing and developing economic contacts with subjects from the EU. As it is suggested by the conducted research, there is a considerable need to the use of export instruments and activities. Unfortunately, their implementation is faced with numerous limitations both on the side of enterprises themselves and their environment. It needs to be emphasised, however, that it requires changes not only at the administrative and legal level, but also at mental-related one.
Fundusze pożyczkowe w finansowaniu przedsiębiorstw sektora MŚP na przykładzie Funduszu Mikro Sp. z o.o. oddział w Tarnobrzegu
Authors: Buś-Bidas Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

The article presents the opinions of entrepreneurs – customers of the loan fund concerning the supply of support services. The respondents evaluated loan services and their influence on functioning and development of the enterprises.
Zmiany w przedsiębiorstwie wobec procesu globalizacji
Authors: Gutowski Tomasz
Published: February 2021

Process of management in the modern world forces enterprises to take many decisions at the strategic level. The ultimate goal of these decisions is to improve the competitiveness of enterprises and the competitiveness of the countries in which they conduct their business. Management of companies imposes a necessity of having in mind the need for the changes – necessary from the perspective of broader competitiveness – as well as ensuring their implementation in shorter time than the competitors can. It is true that new management conditions pose new challenges for companies and open up new opportunities. But it would be advisable to carry out accurate identification of the factors where the necessary changes should be made first, then implement these changes, so as to be able in future to exploit these factors for companies’ development.
Przedsiębiorczość jako postawa wobec innych i świata w kontekście procesu budowania płaszczyzny dla dialogu interpersonalnego. Perspektywa pedagogiczno-kulturowa
Authors: Brzozowski Tomasz Tadeusz
Published: February 2021

A need for developing entrepreneurial attitudes in education has been discussed in the literature and pedagogical discourse for a long time already. This issue play a key role in the economy, education, psychology or pedagogy field. There were many expectations when “business studies” subject was introduced into post- secondary schools hoping that this initiative would help to raise economic awareness of young people who are starting their adult life. Many also believed that it would change the market perception and offer opportunities for those who want to get engaged in the market game in order to improve their standard of life. Teachers are those who are mainly responsible for teaching content of the business studies classes and the way they are arranged. The classes are interesting and creative especially that part of it is transferred over to different financial and administration institutions or bank, which is not always approved by schools authorities. On the other hand there is no financial resources to invite experts from outside. However, a part of the educational material is too much focused on psychological determinants of an entrepreneur or they are too general with regards to honesty and ethics issues when making decisions. The author believes that case studies would be more attractive when students could have an opportunity to discuss interesting cases, exchange their views using reasonable arguments. It could be also a good idea to present and discuss biographies of those who became successful, to analyse decisions they made in certain market and economic conditions at the time they were starting their own business undertakings. The entrepreneurial attitude does not necessarily mean focusing only on maximizing the profits but it can also take into account a fiduciary concept like it is the case in classical theories of social responsibility of business. It is additionally a good starting point for creating dialogue relationships first at the level of educational institutions and later at the level of market dependencies. The author in this paper tries to answer if entrepreneurship can make up a space to establish deeper dialogue relationship. The entrepreneurship is – in the author`s opinion – a good example of building relations between people based on ethical sources. It`s very important for the relationship to concentrate on sincere and in-depth interest in the other man. An authentic meeting of the other man should be ingrained in the truth and genuine experience between two people. It is not only a postulate but also a possibility or a requirement of the present time.
Znaczenie etyki biznesu w kształtowaniu współczesnych norm i wartości
Authors: Dziadkiewicz Anna
Published: February 2021

The role of business ethics is the main subject of this article. A lot of emphasis has been placed on this issue recently both in non-profit and profit activities, because it enhances managerial and employees’ sense of responsibility for compliance of their actions and results of business activities of a company with current ethical norms in the society. The article aims to highlight the role of business ethics in education and then applying it in business. It is a sign of proper treatment of employees and customers and creating value added, which is often neglected in a program of managerial studies. It is said that law limits enterprise activity “from outside”, while ethics limits it “from inside”. Is ethical behaviour a barrier though? This article presents business ethics as a chance to reinforce an enterprise image and build a corporate advantage on the market. It shows a necessity of behaviours in line with ethical rules behaviour in promotion, advertisement, sales promotion etc. that requires credible information without unethical manipulation. And where we can learn about business ethics – in education, especially because the analysis of businessmen behaviour in Poland requires work from scratch.
Integrowanie przedsiębiorczości i procesu kształcenia mechaników samochodowych
Authors: Włodarczyk Mirosław , Janczewski Jerzy
Published: February 2021

Poland is a country with the largest number of cars in the European Union. Furthermore, this number is still growing. Polish people prefer cheap and used cars. They often buy a vehicle imported from the Western Europe that is over 10 years old. Exploitation of used and cheap cars requires a lot of service and repairs hence a car mechanic profession will enjoy popularity for many years ahead. Additionally, schools teaching young people this profession as well as any other profession related to automotive industry shall have many students for a long period of time. The aim of this article is present a role and significance of integrating entrepreneurship with an educational process used for a car mechanic profession. Those integrated processes of vocational education and entrepreneurship is the necessary condition for a company in service-repair market to keep their competitive position.
Podstawy przedsiębiorczości w opinii uczniów krakowskich liceów – szanse i oczekiwania
Authors: Osuch Wiktor
Published: February 2021

In 2002 “Business studies” Basics of entrepreneurship subject was introduced into the Polish post-secondary schools. According to then applicable regulation, concerning the Core Curriculum of general education, the aim of this subject is to teach students entrepreneurial skills and prepare them for active participation in social and economic life. The “Business studies” Basics of entrepreneurship subject helps young people to understand the mechanisms of market economy, prepares them to plan their future careers, develops the ability to communicate effectively and also prepares them to plan and execute tasks in the business environment. This article presents the results obtained in the new questionnaire surveys performed in selected post-secondary schools in Kraków in 2011. The research was designed to analyse fulfilment of the objectives, tasks and teaching content of business studies. Furthermore, it was to evaluate possibilities and future prospects of teaching the entrepreneurship just before introducing the changes in post secondary schools. Thus it seems justified to repeat and extend the conducted studies prior to the forthcoming introduction of curricular changes in the upper secondary school and proposed new teaching content for the Business studies subject. This paper methodologically refers to previous studies in this field, which were presented at the conference in 2004 and published in the Education – Entrepreneurship series No 1 (Osuch E., Osuch W. 2005). Furthermore, the intention of this report is to both update and supplement the previous research.
Uwarunkowania rozwoju przedsiębiorczości w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego
Authors: Zioło Zbigniew
Published: February 2021

W pracy główną uwagę zwrócono na: określenie miejsca przedsiębiorczości w strukturze gospodarki rynkowej, przejawy wpływu kryzysu na gospodarkę narodową, proces upadłości przedsiębiorstw, wpływ sytuacji kryzysowej na rynek pracy, zachowania wybranych sektorów gospodarki w nasilającej się sytuacji kryzysowej, sytuację finansowąprzedsiębiorstw, uwarunkowania instytucjonalne rozwoju działalności gospodarczej i procesy migracji.
Zarządzanie logistyką zwrotną w usługach motoryzacyjnych
Authors: Włodarczyk Mirosław , Janczewski Jerzy
Published: February 2021

W przeszłości systemy logistyczne jedynie wspierały procesy przeprowadzane w sposób klasyczny przez przepływ materiałów od producentów i dystrybutorów do użytkownika końcowego. Producenci nie czuli się odpowiedzialni za swoje produkty po ich zużyciu. Zużyte produkty były wyrzucane lub spalane ze szkodą dla środowiska. Rosnąca świadomość ekologiczna konsumentów i ustawodawstwo zmusiły producentów do zainteresowania się powtórnym użyciem produktów i materiałów. Logistyka zwrotna różni się znacznie od logistyki tradycyjnej w podejściu do wszystkich operacji logistycznych w łańcuchu dostaw. W niniejszym artykule główne problemy logistyki zwrotnej przedstawiono dla zarządzania odzyskiem produktów w usługach motoryzacyjnych, łącznie z różnymi procesami recyklingu i sprzedaży odzyskanych towarów. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na połączenie metod przynoszących maksimum zysków i mniej szkody dla środowiska.
Inwestycje w zbrojenia w czasach kryzysu gospodarczego
Authors: Wilczyński Piotr L.
Published: February 2021

Skutki obecnego kryzysu finansowego często stają się przedmiotem dyskusji specjalistów w różnych dziedzinach, naukowców i publicystów. Głównym problemem badawczym w artykule jest określenie wpływu kryzysu na skalę i lokalizację inwestycji zbrojeniowych oraz obronność. Okazuje się, że kryzys finansowy nie wpływa znacząco na rozmiar wydatków, które w większości krajów są procentowo współmierne do dochodów osiąganych przed kryzysem. Istnieją jednak obszary o wzmożonych zbrojeniach, takie jak Rosja i kraje byłego Związku Radzieckiego, Chiny oraz sąsiadujące z nimi państwa, a także kraje Bliskiego Wschodu i Maghrebu. Kryzys w postaci redukcji zbrojeń jest zaś widoczny w Europie. W celu wyjaśnienia tego zjawiska zastosowano analizy porównawcze danych statystycznych. Ponieważ zmiany rozmieszczenia produkcji i konsumpcji broni wydają się ponadto niezbędną podstawą debaty geopolitycznej, wzbogacono artykuł o konieczne mapy. W zakończeniu problem jest rozpatrywany z perspektywy krajowej. Przedstawiono tam główne dylematy rozwoju polskiego przemysłu zbrojeniowego, polskiej obronności i zdolności bojowej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
Edukacja na rzecz przedsiębiorczości wobec współczesnych wyzwań cywilizacyjno-gospodarczych
Authors: Wach Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja edukacji na rzecz przedsiębiorczości w szerszym kontekście współczesnych wyzwań cywilizacyjnych i gospodarczych, zwłaszcza w aspekcie trwającego światowego kryzysu gospodarczego, identyfikacja tych wtzwań oraz próba nakreślenia pożądanych kierunków ewolucji edukacji dla przedsiębiorczości. W artykule omówiono problem nauczania przedsiębiorczości, dokonując rozróżnienia pomiędzy nauczaniem przedsiębiorczości ekonomicznej a nauczaniem przedsiębiorczości pozaekonomicznej, ponadto poruszono w nim kwestię wertykalnej oraz horyzontalnej edukacji na rzecz przedsiębiorczości. Artykuł zakończono próbą ustalenia rekomendacji dla dalszego kształtowania edukacji na rzecz przedsiębiorczości.
Oferta sektora bankowego dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w czasach kryzysu gospodarczego w Polsce
Authors: Sadkowski Wojciech
Published: February 2021

Podstawą sprawnego funkcjonowania gospodarki jest dobra współpraca przedsiębiorstw z bankami, przynosząca obustronne korzyści dla zainteresowanych podmiotów, mająca szczególnie istotne znaczenie w czasach kryzysu. Sektor MŚP stał się na tyle atrakcyjny, a banki w takim stopniu zainteresowały się obsługą firm z tego sektora, że współpraca na linii bank – przedsiębiorstwo zaczyna przynosić coraz lepsze rezultaty. Jednym z mierników tej współpracy jest wielkość akcji kredytowej banków dla przedsiębiorstw, która w 2011 r. znacząco wzrosła (o 14,2%) w porównaniu z 2010 r. Poznanie specyfiki rynku międzybankowego (w czterech obszarach: prowadzenia rachunku bankowego, udzielania kredytów, wydawania i obsługi kart płatniczych oraz internetowej obsługi klienta) jest gwarancją zrozumienia istoty strategii banków i zależności występujących w polskiej gospodarce między podmiotami kredytującymi, które kreują podaż kredytów, a kredytobiorcami – małymi i średnimi podmiotami, które tworzą prawie 50% PKB oraz dają zatrudnienie dla ponad 2/3 zatrudnionych w Polsce.
АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ЛІКАРСЬКО-РОСЛИННИХ ЕКСТРАКТІВ НА МІКРОФЛОРУ БАКЛАЖАНІВ
Authors: Dubinina Antonina , Letuta Tatiana , Frolova Tatiana
Published: February 2021

Актуальність теми дослідження. З метою подовження термінів зберігання, збереження споживчих властивостей свіжих овочів застосовують різні післязбиральні засоби обробки, але кожен із цих засобів має негативні властивості різного характеру. Актуальним є пошук нових джерел антибактеріальних та протимікробних засобів обробки плодоовочевої сировини, одним з яких можуть бути екстракти з лікарсько-рослинної сировини. Постановка проблеми. Визначено, що мікробіальне псування плодів баклажанів є основною причиною втрат рослинної сировини при зберіганні, яке викликають бактерії та грибки. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Проведено аналітичний огляд вітчизняної та зарубіжної науково-технічної літератури й патентної інформації відносно мікробіоти плодів баклажанів та дії на неї екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Пошук нових антибактеріальних засобів природного походження з властивостями екологічно безпечного для організму людини та широкого спектра дії на мікробіоту плодів баклажанів з метою подовження тривалості зберігання плодовочевої сировини. Постановка завдання. Провести аналіз сучасних методів зберігання плодовоовочевої сировини. Надати аналітичний огляд вітчизняної та зарубіжної науково-технічної літератури й патентної інформації відносно мікробіоти плодів баклажанів та дію на неї екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини. Проаналізувати фунгіцидні
властивості екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини щодо основних природних захворювань баклажанів різних форм гнилі та антракнозу. Визначити перспективність подальшого вивчення та використання екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини для обробки плодів баклажанів при зберіганні.
Виклад основного матеріалу. Дослідження мікробіального псування плодів баклажанів під час зберігання та антимікробної дії на неї екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини. Обґрунтування запропонованої композиції як ефективного універсального засобу для захисту під час збереження, що покриває увесь спектр поширених хвороб плодів баклажанів. Висновки відповідно до статті. Запропонована композиція для післязбирального оброблення з екстрактів лікарсько-рослинної сировини дозволяє зменшити втрати від мікробіального псування та подовження тривалості
зберігання плодів баклажана.
Unpacking the Complexities of NGO Participation among the Youth of Makhanda, South Africa
Authors: Nomsenge Sinazo Onela
Published: February 2021

The primary feature of NGO development intervention is the role that organisations play in extending access to services and opportunities to marginalised populations. Participation, however, as an ideal and central organising principle in these efforts, comes with a host of complexities that requires careful navigation of the cross-cutting contexts within which organisations exist and function. This paper discusses the intricacies of NGO participation within the context of youth-centred initiatives carried out in Makhanda in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. In particular, the paper outlines the dynamics and trends of NGO participation among school-going and out-of-school youth living in a context of acute inequity and socio-economic exclusion. Data collected from young people, parents, teachers and community members in the Makhanda-east township of Joza, indicate that access to NGO services and consistent participation therein are differentiated and unequal in ways that sustain existing inequities in prospects and opportunity. A network of pre-existing features at an institutional, community, family and individual level sustains unequal access to non-state support that replicates dominant trends of inequity among the youth in this context. Consequently, this bears heavily on the choice and likelihood of who—among the youth in Joza—participates in NGOs; and more significantly, why, and why not? In an age where “popular participation” is heralded as the hope for a more egalitarian society, this paper proposes more careful consideration of the fact that NGO intervention exists within a dense and multi-layered network of inequities that, if not met with equally unbridled mediation, will persist and find refuge within a sector that seeks to confront the existing orders of inequity and exclusion.
A note on optimality of quantum circuits over metaplectic basis
Authors: Bocharov Alex
Published: February 2021

Metaplectic quantum basis is a universal multi-qutrit quantum basis, formed by the ternary Clifford group and the axial reflection gate R = |0ih0| + |1ih1| − |2ih2|. It is arguably, a ternary basis with the simplest geometry. Recently Cui, Kliuchnikov, Wang and the Author have proposed a compilation algorithm to approximate any twolevel Householder reflection to precision ε by a metaplectic circuit of R-count at most C log3 (1/ε) + O(log log 1/ε) with C = 8. A new result in this note takes the constant down to C = 5 for non-exceptional target reflections under a certain credible numbertheoretical conjecture. The new method increases the chances of obtaining a truly optimal circuit but may not guarantee the true optimality. Efficient approximations of an important ternary quantum gate proposed by Howard, Campbell and others is also discussed.
Multi-qubit non-Markovian dynamics in photonic crystal with infinite cavity-array structure
Authors: Xiong Heng-Na , Li Yi , Huang Yixiao , Le Zichun
Published: February 2021

We study the exact non-Markovian dynamics of a multi-qubit system coupled to a photonic-crystal waveguide with infinite cavity-array structure. A general solution of the evolution state of the system is solved for a general initial state in the single-excitation subspace. With this solution, we find that the non-Markovian effect of the environment on the system could be enhanced not only by increasing the system-environment coupling strength but also by adding the qubit number in the system. The explicit non-Markovian dynamics are discussed under two initial states to see the non-Markovian effect on entanglement preservation and entanglement generation. We find that the non-Markovian effect tends to preserve the system in its initial state.
Space-efficient classical and quantum algorithms for the shortest vector problem
Authors: Chen Yanlin , Chung Kai-Min , Lai Ching-Yi
Published: February 2021

A lattice is the integer span of some linearly independent vectors. Lattice problems have many significant applications in coding theory and cryptographic systems for their conjectured hardness. The Shortest Vector Problem (SVP), which asks to find a shortest nonzero vector in a lattice, is one of the well-known problems that are believed to be hard to solve, even with a quantum computer. In this paper we propose space-efficient classical and quantum algorithms for solving SVP. Currently the best time-efficient algorithm for solving SVP takes 2^{n+o(n)} time and 2^{n+o(n)} space. Our classical algorithm takes 2^{2.05n+o(n)} time to solve SVP and it requires only 2^{0.5n+o(n)} space. We then adapt our classical algorithm to a quantum version, which can solve SVP in time 2^{1.2553n+o(n)} with 2^{0.5n+o(n)} classical space and only poly(n) qubits.
The Relation Between Ejection Mechanism and Ion Abundance in the Electric Double Layer of Drops
Authors: Kwan Victor , O'Dwyer Ryan , Laur David , Tan Jiahua , Consta Styliani
Published: February 2021

The composition of outer drop layers has been associated with distinct chemical reactivity. We use atomistic modeling to examine how the composition of the surface excess charge layer (SECL) is related to the ejection mechanisms of ions. Even though the drop disintegration is inherently a non-equilibrium process we find that the equilibrium ion distribution in SECL predicts the ions that are ejected. The escape of the ions in aqueous drops takes place from conical protrusions that are global drop deformations and their appearance is independent of the location of a single ion. Our results are consistent with the equilibrium partition model, which associates the mass spectrum with the distribution of analytes in the drop’s double electric layer. We present evidence that atomistic simulations of minute nano-drops cannot distinguish Rayleigh fission from the ion evaporation mechanism.
Avapritinib: a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The literature review and clinical case
Authors: Filonenko Daria A. , Medvedeva Bela M. , Meshcheryakov Andrey A.
Published: February 2021

We have three drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib. Avapritinib (Ayvakit, BLU-285) is one more drug that was approved in January 2020. Avapritinib is a new selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of PDGFRA and KIT mutations. Based on NAVIGATOR trial avapritinib was approved by FDA for treatment of PDGFRA exon 18 mutant GIST including D842V. Avapritinib was included in NCCN guidelines in the first line therapy PDGFRA D842V mutant GIST. There are only several cases describe imatinib and regorafenib efficacy in D842V mutation in the literature. Avapritinib is the first drug with high efficacy in D842V mutant GIST. Avapritinib has high efficacy against second mutations that explain its activity in 4 lines of treatment. This article summarizes the results of NAVIGATOR trial and describes a clinical case of the patient with advanced GIST who received avapritinib in 6th line of treatment. Partial response was achieved that lasted 9 months. The earliest side effects were periorbital edema and increased lacrimation. Three months later the dose of аvapritinib was reduced because of hematological toxicity.
Ifosfamide/cyclofosfamide-induced methemoglobinemia in pediatric patients with hemoblastoses
Authors: Valiev Timur T. , Korkina Yulia S.
Published: February 2021

Rare side effects of already known chemotherapy drugs are a difficult case for clinician. In this article, there is a description of 15 cases of the development of methemoglobinemia after the use of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma. And when ifosfamide-induced methemoglobinemia is already described in the world literature as a form of isolated cases, cyclophosphamide-induced one is presented for the first time in this article in our (domestic) clinical practice. Both pathophysiological basis and inducer drugs are described in the article in detail. Special attention is paid to hereditary variants of methemoglobinemia and to possible combinations of hereditary and drug-induced variants. Clinical and laboratory criteria for the methemoglobinemia diagnosis and corresponding treatment recommendations are provided by the authors.
Squamous cell breast cancer: description of a rare clinical case
Authors: Zikiryakhodjaev Azizzhon D. , Khakimova Shakhnoz G. , Rasskazova Elena A. , Saribekian Erik K. , Omarova Dzhanet F. , Surkova Viktoriia S. , Khakimova Gulnoz G.
Published: February 2021

Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare, aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. To date, due to the low incidence of morbidity, there is no single concept in the complex treatment of this pathology. The article describes the case of a 49-year-old patient after surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the left breast from 2019 on the anamnesis. A year later after the progression of the disease the patient underwent removal of a chest wall tumor with resection of IIIV ribs, allo- and autoplasty, axillary lymphadenectomy on the left. In most cases, the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is surgery, but the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy and endocrinotherapy are still unambiguous.
Optimization of therapy in a patient with coronary heart disease in clinical practice: proven efficacy of the selective If channel inhibitor ivabradine
Authors: Bubnova M. G
Published: February 2021

The paper describes a clinical case of developing coronary heart disease in a young man, by analyzing the specific features of the disease and performed therapy. It discusses the management of this man according to the current recommendations and evidence-based medicine. The paper gives evidence for the importance of controlling heart rate in patients with angina pectoris. The most rational combinations of anti-ischemic agents for clinical application are discussed. Particular emphasis is laid on the selective If channel inhibitor ivabradine and its clinical effects: its good antianginal activity and ability to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
Smoking and cardiovascular system
Authors: Barbarash N. A , Barbarash L. S , Barbarash O. L , Barbarash S. L , Zavyrylina I. N
Published: February 2021

The article is a review of modern data about quantity of smoking people in the whole world and in Russia, in particular among physicians. The influence of smoking on cardiovascular system, its diseases and their pathophysiologic mechanisms is described.
Exercise training and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Pomeshkina S. A
Published: February 2021

Recent epidemiological studies have shown that lifestyle modification such as aerobic exercise reduces the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. But still poorly understood mechanisms underlying the antiatherogenic and anti-hypertensive effects of physical training. Hypertension is associated with impaired endothelial function, which is mediated by a decrease in the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). In animals with simulated hypertension and in people with essential hypertension exercise had been shown to improve endothelial function. This suggests that hypertension, as well as endothelial dysfunction is reversible. It is assumed that changes in lifestyle, including physical exercise, prevent cardiovascular complications by improving endothelial function in patients with hypertension. It is believed that exercise increase the synthesis of NO and reduce levels of inactivation, which results in increased bioavailability of NO. This review presents the potential mechanisms that underlie the positive effect of training on endothelial function in patients with hypertension.
Depressive disorders in cardiology
Authors: Yevsyukov A. A , Petrova M. M , Garganeeva N. P , Kaskaeva D. S
Published: February 2021

Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) with depressive RAS disabilities are a special group of dispensary observation with a higher risk of cardiovascular complications than patients without depression. Timely detection of depressive disorders in IHD patients, the study of psychosocial factors, along with the known factors of cardiovascular risk, are essential components of modern diagnostic, medical and rehabilitation programs for patients with comorbid pathology in the polyclinic.
The effect of mood disorders on the course of coronary heart disease: a modern model of pathogenesis of depression, pathophysiological and behavioral patterns
Authors: Nonka T. G , Repin A. N , Sergienko T. N
Published: February 2021

The prevalence of depressive disorders at the population level is from 2,5 to 10% among patients with coronary heart disease - 20%. The presence of depressive disorders in patients with coronary artery disease leads to hypersympathicotonia decrease vagal activity, endothelial dysfunction and blood coagulation system, weighing down the disease. The most significant theories of pathophysiological mechanism of increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease in combination with mood disorders are increased thrombus formation and disturbance of the autonomic regulation of heart rhythm.
The clinical efficacy of a comprehensive program of rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with coronary artery disease under outpatient department cardio rehabilitation - III stage of rehabilitation
Authors: Aronov D. M , Ioseliani D. G , Bubnova M. G , Krasnitskiy V. B , Novikova N. K
Published: February 2021

Purpose of the study. Evaluate the clinical efficacy of early poststationary rehabilitation of persons with coronary heart disease (CHD) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in a cardiac rehabilitation outpatient department (III stage cardiorehabilitation). Material and methods. The study included men (n=36) suffering from coronary artery disease and had undergone CABG after 3-8 weeks after surgery (an average of 7.8±1.6 weeks). Patients were randomized into two groups: the main group where patients are involved in the educational program "School for patients undergoing CABG" (hereinafter - the "School"), controlled and uncontrolled (at home) physical training (PT) - the control group, where patients were only training in the educational "School" with a recommendation to participate in an uncontrolled PT under the house. Classes in education "School" held 1 time per week, lasting 60-80 minutes, for 5 weeks; controlled PT - 3 times per week for up to 60 minutes in the groups for 4 months. The total duration of the observation - 1 year. Patients underwent instrumental tests - electrocardiogram rest, echocardiography, bicycle stress test, laboratory tests of blood - lipid and lipoprotein, glucose, fibrinogen, a survey by questionnaire of motor activity, nutrition, quality of life, HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Results. After a 4-month course of the PT there was a significant indicator of physical performance. The duration of exercise at the end of the course PT increased from baseline by 32.6% (p
Antihypertensive and pleiotropic activity of the calcium antagonist amlodipine in patients with arterial hypertension and obesity
Authors: Bubnova M. G , Aronov D. M , Kuznetsova I. V , Vygodin V. A
Published: February 2021

The goal lies in the study of amlodipine effects on levels of blood pressure (BP), hypertensive reaction under isometric exercise, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, platelet hemostasis, quality of life (QoL) and psychological status in patients with arterial hypertension (AH), obese abdominal type. Material and methods. The study included 30 patients with hypertension of the 1st and 2 nd degree in age from 37 to 72 years (mean age 56.6±7.9 years) with abdominal obesity type. After a 2-week period "cleanse" of patients, amlodipine was administered at an initial dose of 5 mg, with an increase up to 2 weeks in the absence of 10 mg of achieving target blood pressure (less than 140/90 mm Hg). The total duration of treatment took 6 weeks. In a study conducted, the clinical examination and ambulatory BP monitoring were also included, and a manual isometric test was taken, to determine the concentration of lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and insulin platelet aggregation (spontaneous and under the influence of adenosine acid) was evaluated, as well as adrenaline in different concentrations. The questionnaires on quality of life, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used as well. Results. Against the background of 6 weeks of therapy with amlodipine, a decrease in blood pressure levels, as measured by the patient in a sitting position (21.7±8.2/12.3±4.6 mm Hg, p
Acute coronary syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation (part 1)
Authors: Perepech N. B
Published: February 2021

The lecture provides a definition of "acute coronary syndrome" and entities that united this term. The mechanisms of the development and clinical manifestation of acute coronary syndrome. The methods of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics, rules formulation diagnosis of myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Provides information on how to assess prognosis and risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndrome.