bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Cells-on-Chip for Permeability Studies
Authors: Keuper-Navis Marit , Eslami Amirabadi Hossein , Donkers Joanne , Walles Markus , Poller Birk , Heming Bo , Pieters Lisanne , de Wagenaar Bjorn , Myszczyszyn Adam , Sinnige Theo , Spee Bart , Masereeuw Rosalinde , van de Steeg Evita
Published: December 2024

Background: To accurately measure permeability of compounds in the intestine, there is a need for preclinical in vitro models that accurately represent the specificity, integrity and complexity of the human small intestinal barrier. Intestine-on-chip systems hold considerable promise as testing platforms, but several characteristics still require optimization and further development. Methods: An established intestine-on-chip model for tissue explants was adopted for intestinal cell monolayer culture. A 3D-printed culture disc was designed to allow cell culture in static conditions and subsequent permeability studies in a dynamic environment. Membrane characteristics and standardized read-outs were investigated and compared to traditional permeability studies under static conditions. Results: By starting cultures outside the chip in conventional wells plates, the new cell disc design could support accurate cell monolayer formation for both Caco-2 and human enteroids. When transferred to the chip with laminar flow, there was accurate detection of barrier integrity (FD4 and Cascade Blue) and permeability (atenolol/antipyrine). Both flow and membrane characteristics had a significant impact on permeability outcomes. Conclusions: This novel intestinal cell-on-chip system offers large flexibility for intestinal permeability studies, although it still requires validation with more compounds to reveal its full potential.
Bone Fracture Incidence in Postmenopausal Women: Results of a 10 Year Follow Up in a RAC-OST-POL Study of rs1544410, rs7975232 and rs731236 Polymorphisms
Authors: Tabor Elżbieta , Górczyńska-Kosiorz Sylwia , Pluskiewicz Wojciech , Gumprecht Janusz
Published: December 2024

Background: The clinical significance of the genetic influence of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms has still not been well-analyzed. Objectives: To verify whether rs1544410, rs7975232 and rs731236 polymorphisms are associated with a higher 10-year fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Methods: The study group was a subset of a pre-defined population as part of the broader epidemiological research called the RAC-OST-POL Study and consisted of 358 postmenopausal women, chosen randomly from Racibórz (Poland) inhabitants (mean baseline age 65 ± 6.9 years, BMI 31.2 ± 5.5 kg/m2). From all participants’ medical history, data concerning co-morbidities, fracture history, the medication used, parental history of bone fractures, cigarettes and alcohol use were taken at baseline. Moreover, rs1544410, rs7975232 and rs731236 polymorphisms were analyzed. Next, over the following 10 years, participants were contacted once a year and questioned concerning new fractures events and their circumstances. Results: We did not find statistically significant main effects on the fracture incidence of single-polymorphism variants. However, there were some significant findings dependent on the co-existence of these polymorphisms and medical factors. Women with a positive history of parental fracture and configuration of CC rs7975232, AA rs731236 and CC rs1544410 had a higher fracture incidence. The risk of bone fracture was also significantly higher in the group of heterozygotes of AC rs7975232 if their BMI value was in the categories of normal weight or overweight, or if they were treated with calcium or vitamin D. Conclusions: Polymorphisms of rs1544410, rs7975232 and rs731236 are connected with the fracture incidence in postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, its influence should be considered with co-existing clinical factors, especially paternal fracture history, prior fracture, BMI value, any osteoporotic treatment or calcium/vit. D supplementation.
Polyphenol Intervention Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Updated Comprehensive Systematic Review
Authors: Ranneh Yazan , Bedir Alaa S. , Abu-Elsaoud Abdelghafar M. , Al Raish Seham
Published: December 2024

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a challenging metabolic disorder with a strong emphasis on its prevention and management. Polyphenols, a group of naturally occurring plant compounds, have been associated with a decreased risk of various metabolic disorders related to NAFLD. The current systematic review aims to critically assess evidence about the ameliorative effect of polyphenol supplementation on NAFLD patients. A PRISMA systematic search appraisal was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and all relevant studies published prior to April 2024 and met the inclusion criteria were included. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comprised 1840 NAFLD patients. The studies primarily examined eleven phenolic compounds, including turmeric, curcumin, resveratrol, genistein, catechin, green tea extract, hesperidin, and silymarin. Turmeric and curcumin decreased liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and NAFLD score, while resveratrol did not present consistent results across all the studies. Most studies on silymarin showed a reduction in liver enzymes and lipid profile; however, no changes were observed in inflammatory cytokine levels. The dietary supplementation of hesperidin and naringenin or green tea extract caused improvements in liver enzyme, lipid profile, and inflammatory cytokine, while genistein supplementation did not modulate blood lipid profile. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of polyphenols could potentially prevent and ameliorate NAFLD. Still, the inconsistent results across the included RCTs require further clinical research to establish optimal dosage and duration.
Mesoporous Polydopamine Nano-Bowls Demonstrate a High Entrapment Efficiency and pH-Responsive Release of Paclitaxel for Suppressing A549 Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro
Authors: Ngema Lindokuhle M. , Acter Shahinur , Adeyemi Samson A. , Marimuthu Thashree , Govender Mershen , Ngwa Wilfred , Choonara Yahya E.
Published: December 2024

Background: The effectiveness of paclitaxel (PTX) in treating non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is restricted by its poor pharmacokinetic profile and side effects. This limitation stems from the lack of a suitable delivery vector to efficiently target cancer cells. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop an efficient carrier for the optimised delivery of PTX in NSCLC therapy. Methods: The present study describes the fabrication of mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) nano-bowls via an emulsion-induced interfacial anisotropic assembly method, designed for efficient entrapment of PTX and pH-responsive release behaviour. Results: The nano-bowls depicted a typical bowl-like shape, with connecting mesoporous channels and a central hollow cavity, allowing optimal loading of PTX. The fabricated nanocarrier system, mPDA-PTX-nb, had a mean hydrodynamic bowl diameter of 200.4 ± 5.2 nm and a surface charge of −39.2 ± 1.3 mV. The entrapment efficiency of PTX within the nano-bowls was found to be 95.7%, with a corresponding release of 85.1% achieved at the acidic pH 5.9 (simulated tumour microenvironment) at 48 h. Drug release was best fitted to the Peppas–Sahlin model, indicating the involvement of both diffusion and relaxation mechanisms. Treatment with mPDA-PTX-nb significantly suppressed A549 lung cancer cell proliferation at 48 and 72 h, resulting in cell viability of 14.0% and 9.3%, respectively, at the highest concentration (100 µg/mL). Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of mPDA-PTX-nb as an effective nanocarrier for PTX, promoting enhanced anti-proliferative effects in NSCLC therapy.
Model-Based Dose Selection of a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Modulator, Etrasimod, in Patients with Various Degrees of Hepatic Impairment
Authors: Alasmari Mohammed S. , Alqahtani Faleh , Alasmari Fawaz , Alsultan Abdullah
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Etrasimod is a newly FDA-approved Sphingosine-1-Phosphate modulator indicated for moderate and severe ulcerative colitis. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the cytochrome P450 system and may accumulate markedly in patients with hepatic dysfunction, exposing them to toxicity. The aim of the current study is to utilize a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to evaluate the impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic behavior of etrasimod and to appropriately select dosage regimens for patients with chronic liver disease; Methods: PK-Sim was used to develop the etrasimod PBPK model, which was verified using clinical data from healthy subjects and subsequently adapted to reflect the physiological changes associated with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction; Results: Simulations indicated that hepatic clearance of etrasimod is clearly reduced in patients with Child–Pugh B and C liver impairment. Based on these findings, dosing adjustments were proposed to achieve therapeutic exposures equivalent to those in individuals with normal liver function. In the Child–Pugh B and C population groups, 75% and 62.5%, respectively, of the standard dose were enough to have comparable exposure to the healthy population. These adjusted dosages aim to mitigate the risk of drug toxicity while maintaining efficacy; Conclusions: The PBPK model provides a robust framework for individualizing drug therapy in patients with hepatic impairment, ensuring safer and more effective treatment outcomes. Further clinical studies are warranted to verify these dosing recommendations and to refine the model for broader clinical applications.
Investigation of Spray Drying Parameters to Formulate Novel Spray-Dried Proliposome Powder Formulations Followed by Their Aerosolization Performance
Authors: Khan Iftikhar , Edes Kaylome , Alsaadi Ismail , Al-Khaial Mohammed Q. , Bnyan Ruba , Khan Saeed A. , Sadozai Sajid K. , Khan Wasiq , Yousaf Sakib
Published: December 2024

Background: Spray drying, whilst a popularly employed technique for powder formulations, has limited applications for large-scale proliposome manufacture. Objectives: Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate spray drying parameters, such as inlet temperature (80, 120, 160, and 200 °C), airflow rate (357, 473, and 601 L/h) and pump feed rate (5, 15, and 25%), for individual carbohydrate carriers (trehalose, lactose monohydrate (LMH), and mannitol) for 24 spray-dried (SD) formulations (F1–F24). Methods: Following optimization, the SD parameters were trialed on proliposome formulations based on the same carriers and named as spray-dried proliposome (SDP) formulations. Drug delivery of the formulations was assessed using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) in combination with a next-generation impactor (NGI). Results: Upon analysis, formulations F6 (SD-mannitol), F15 (SD-trehalose), and F20 (SD-LMH) demonstrated high production yields (84.01 ± 3.25, 72.55 ± 5.42, and 70.03 ± 3.39%, respectively), small particle sizes (2.96 ± 1.42, 4.55 ± 0.46, and 5.16 ± 1.32 µm, respectively) and low moisture contents (0.25 ± 0.03, 3.76 ± 0.75, and 1.99 ± 0.77%). These SD optimized parameters were then employed for SDP formulations employing dimyristoly phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) as a phospholipid and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) as the model drug. Upon spray drying, SDP-mannitol provided the highest production yield (82.45%) and smallest particle size (2.64 µm), as well as high entrapment efficiency (98%) and a high fine particle dose, fine particle fraction, and respirable fraction (285.81 µg, 56.84%, 86.44%, respectively). Conclusions: The study results are a promising step in the optimization of the large-scale manufacture of proliposome formulations and highlight the versatility of the instrument and variability of formulation properties with respect to the carriers employed for targeting the pulmonary system using dry powder inhalers.
Effects of Different Weak Small Organic Acids on Clofazimine Solubility in Aqueous Media
Authors: Topalović Igor A. , Marković Olivera S. , Pešić Miloš P. , Kathawala Mufaddal H. , Kuentz Martin , Avdeef Alex , Serajuddin Abu T. M. , Verbić Tatjana Ž.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Clofazimine (CFZ) is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) II drug introduced in the US market in 1986 for the treatment of leprosy. However, CFZ was later withdrawn from the market due to its extremely low aqueous solubility and low absorption. In the literature, the intrinsic solubility of CFZ has been estimated to be <0.01 μg/mL, and solubilities of its different salt forms in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids are <10 µg/mL. These are extremely low solubilities for the dissolution of a drug administered orally at 100–200 mg doses. Methods: In the present investigation, seven weak organic acids (adipic, citric, glutaric, maleic, malic, succinic, and tartaric) were tested by determining the aqueous solubility of CFZ as the function of acid concentration to investigate whether any of the acids would lead to the supersolubilization of CFZ. Results: There were only minimal increases in solubilities when concentrations of acids in water were increased up to 2.4 M. The solubilities, however, increased to 0.32, 1.23, and 10.68 mg/mL, respectively, in 5 M solutions of tartaric, malic, and glutaric acids after equilibration for 24 h at 25 °C. Crystalline solids were formed after the equilibration of CFZ with all acids. Apparently, salts or cocrystals were formed with all acids, except for glutaric acid, as their melting endotherms in DSC scans were in the range of 207.6 to 248.5 °C, which were close to that of CFZ itself (224.8 °C). In contrast, the adduct formed with glutaric acid melted at the low temperature of 77 °C, and no other peak was observed at a higher temperature, indicating that the material converted to an amorphous state. Conclusions: The increase in CFZ solubility to >10 mg/mL in the presence of 5 M glutaric acid could be called supersolubilization when compared to the intrinsic solubility of the basic drug. Such an increase in CFZ solubility and the conversion of the glutarate adduct to an amorphous state are being exploited to develop rapidly dissolving dosage forms.
Pseudoplagiostoma Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Key Tropical Fruit Crops in Thailand
Authors: Haituk Sukanya , Karunarathna Anuruddha , Wongwan Thitima , Promthep Tipprapa , Sittihan Sirikanlaya , Ariyawansa Hiran A. , Nakashima Chiharu , Cheewangkoon Ratchadawan
Published: December 2024

Fruit crops have a pivotal role in Thailand’s economy. Continuous evaluation of 13 potential and emerging diseases in fruit crops is important. Necrotic and discolored leaf spots were observed in Persea americana (avocado) and Mangifera indica (mango). The isolated fungi from the leaf spot were identified through multi-loci phylogenetic analyses using a concatenated matrix of ITS, LSU, tef1α, and tub2. The fungal isolates from Pe. americana were identified as Pseudoplagiostoma perseae, and isolates from Mangifera indica were identified as Ps. mangiferae. The pathogenicity assays confirmed that Ps. perseae causes leaf spots of Pe. americana, while Ps. mangiferae causes leaf blotch of M. indica. The pathogenicity of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae has been reported in China and Taiwan. Hence, this study provides a report of the novel geographical distribution of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae. Moreover, the cross-inoculation tests of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae on M. indica and Pe. americana were conducted, respectively. Both pathogens showed host specificity, as suggested by the phylogenetic relationship and the host plants. In addition, disease control with carbendazim, trifloxystrobin, mancozeb, and prochloraz was assayed. All fungicides equally inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens.
Evaluation of Two Different Methods of Fulvic Acid Application (Seed Priming and Foliar Spray) on Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Mahdy Rehab M. , Al-Saif Adel M. , Ahmed Mohamed E. M. , Abd El-Bary Tahany S. , Sharma Ashutosh , El-Sheshtawy Abdel-Nasser A. , El-Serafy Rasha S. , Abd El-Ghany Tamer S.
Published: December 2024

Pea is a commercially significant legume that is widely utilized worldwide and has a elevated amount of nutrition and bioactive components. Its consumption is attributed to a number of health benefits and its potential as a functional food. Fulvic acid can be used as a bio-stimulant to promote plant growth and increase nutrient availability and uptake. A field experiment was designed during two subsequent cropping seasons (i.e., 2022–23 and 2023–24) to evaluate the impact of two methods of fulvic acid application of seed priming and foliar spray on the growth, yield, antioxidant content, and nutritional value of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. The seeds were primed with fulvic acid at 1.5, 3 g L−1, and water, while a foliar spray of fulvic acid with the same doses was performed on the seedlings of non-primed seeds. The results obtained exhibited that the seed priming technique with fulvic acid outperformed the fulvic acid foliar applications. The increase in the fulvic acid dose to 3 g L−1 in both application techniques exhibited the highest plant growth, heaviest fresh and dry weights, and highest green seed yield. The maximum growth parameters were recorded after the foliar spray treatment at a dose of 3 g L−1, as it led to improvement in the growth parameters, leaf pigments, and total carbohydrates. The highest number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, and seed yield were obtained by the seed priming technique. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that the application of fulvic acid at 3 g L−1 via the seed priming technique is beneficial for enhancing the productivity of peas.
Novel β-Benzyloxy-Substituted Copolymers of Seven-Membered Cyclic Carbonate: Ring-Opening Polymerization with L-Lactide, ε-Caprolactone and Trimethylenecarbonate
Authors: Serova Valeriia A. , Mankaev Badma N. , Agaeva Milana U. , Chernikova Elena V. , Berkovich Anna K. , Alekseyev Roman S. , Khvostov Aleksei V. , Timofeev Sergey V. , Karlov Sergey S.
Published: December 2024

To prepare novel biodegradable copolymers with functional substituents that are distributed statistically or randomly over the macromolecule chain and have improved characteristics compared to homopolymers, we conducted a series of synthetic experiments with a novel cyclic monomer, 5-(benzyloxy)-1,3-dioxepan-2-one (4). This compound was synthesized, and its homopolymer, as well as its copolymers with L-lactide, ε-caprolactone and trimethylene carbonate, were prepared in a polymerization solution with stannous octoate as the initiator. The formation of the copolymers was confirmed using NMR spectroscopy and DSC data. The distribution of the monomeric units of the substituted 7CC in the copolymers with L-lactide and ε-caprolactone is random, as it is close to a statistical distribution. The copolymer with TMC is a gradient copolymer due to the different rates of monomer polymerization. The copolymer with a composition of 10(ε-CL):1(carbonate 4) can be considered a promising polymer after the deprotection of the hydroxy group for the inoculation of the functional substituents due to its convenience of preparation and properties similar to those of poly(ε-caprolactone).
Improving Crystallization Properties, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) Bioplastic by Incorporating Cerium Lactate
Authors: Chuangchai Arriya , Baimark Yodthong
Published: December 2024

The more flexible and faster biodegradation rate of poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) triblock copolymer makes it a promising bioplastic compared to PLLA. However, finding effective additives for this triblock copolymer remains a research challenge for their wider applications. This work involved the melt-blending of a cerium lactate (Ce-LA) antibacterial agent with a triblock copolymer. The thermal properties, crystalline structures, mechanical properties, and phase morphology of the PLLA-PEG-PLLA/Ce-LA composites were examined. With 0.5 wt% Ce-LA, the composite exhibited the best crystallization properties. The crystallinity of the composite contained 0.5 wt% Ce-LA increased from 11.8 to 15.9%, and the half-time of crystallization decreased from 3.37 to 1.28 min at 120 °C, compared with the pure triblock copolymer. The incorporation of Ce-LA did not result in any changes to the crystalline structure of the triblock copolymer matrix. The best improvement in thermal stability and tensile properties of the composites was achieved with the addition of 1.5 wt% Ce-LA. When compared to the pure triblock copolymer, the temperature at maximum decomposition rate of PLLA blocks shifted from 310 °C to 327 °C, the tensile strength increased from 14.3 MPa to 19.5 MPa, and the Young’s modulus increased from 204 MPa to 312 MPa. This study concludes that the incorporation of Ce-LA enhanced the crystallizability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of PLLA-PEG-PLLA, indicating that Ce-LA could serve as a versatile additive to the PLLA-PEG-PLLA bioplastic.
Additive Fabrication of Polyaniline and Carbon-Based Composites for Energy Storage
Authors: Hemha Niwat , Khajonrit Jessada , Nuansing Wiwat
Published: December 2024

The growing demand for efficient energy storage systems, particularly in portable electronics and electric vehicles, has led to increased interest in supercapacitors, which offer high power density, rapid charge/discharge rates, and long cycle life. However, improving their energy density without compromising performance remains a challenge. In this study, we developed novel 3D-printed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes coated with polyaniline (PANI) to enhance their electrochemical properties. The rGO 3D-printed electrodes were fabricated using direct ink writing (DIW), which allowed precise control over thickness, ranging from 4 to 24 layers. A unique ink formulation was optimized for the printing process, consisting of rGO, cellulose acetate (CA) as a binder, and acetone as a solvent. The PANI coating was applied via chemical oxidative polymerization (COP) with up to five deposition cycles. Electrochemical testing, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealed that 12-layer electrodes with three PANI deposition cycles achieved the highest areal capacitance of 84.32 mF/cm2. While thicker electrodes (16 layers and beyond) experienced diminished performance due to ion diffusion limitations, the composite electrodes demonstrated excellent cycling stability, retaining over 80% of their initial capacitance after 1500 cycles. This work demonstrates the potential of 3D-printed PANI/rGO electrodes for scalable, high-performance supercapacitors with customizable architectures.
The Effect of Dicarboxylic Acid Structure on the Plasticizing Ability of Its Ester
Authors: Vikhareva Irina N. , Kruchinina Polina , Manojlović Dragan
Published: December 2024

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) belongs to the most widely used group of thermoplastics. Most of the market for PVC products belongs to plasticized compositions. Plasticizers are the most demanded additives in the polymer industry. Environmental problems and the identified toxicity of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) stimulate the restriction of its use and contribute to the development of alternative plasticizers. As a possible replacement for phthalates, esters of dicarboxylic acids are known to provide reduced toxicity and high frost resistance to the resulting compositions. In this regard, esters of dicarboxylic acids and ethoxylated alcohols were obtained and their compatibility with polyvinyl chloride was investigated. The plasticizing effect of the esters obtained was evaluated. The thermomechanical characteristics of PVC compositions containing the developed plasticizers were studied, the glass transition temperature was determined, and the areas of the glassy and highly elastic state of the plastics were identified. It was shown that the chemical structure of dicarboxylate used as a plasticizer determines the important technological and operational characteristics of the PVC plastics obtained. Dibutoxyethyl sebacate (DBES) has the best plasticizing effect among the synthesized esters. The expansion of the highly elastic state area for PVC samples containing this ester exceeded the industrial plasticizers DEHP and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA). The indicators of the critical temperature of dissolution of PVC in the esters under study suggest ensuring their low migration from PVC plastics.
Comparative Study of the Fracture Resistance of 3D-Printed and Prefabricated Artificial Teeth for Removable Dentures
Authors: Dimitrova Mariya , Kazakova Rada , Vlahova Angelina
Published: December 2024

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) printed resin denture teeth represents a significant advancement in digital dentistry. This study aims to assess the ability of 3D-printed denture teeth to withstand chipping and indirect tensile fractures, comparing them with conventionally manufactured resin denture teeth. Four groups, each comprising 30 specimens, were examined: Group 1 featured 3D-printed denture teeth (NextDent, 3D Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands), while the others included commercially obtained Ivostar Shade, SpofaDent Plus, and Major Super Lux teeth. Stereolithography 3D printing was utilized to produce methacrylate-based photopolymerized resin teeth models for Group 1, while the remaining groups were commercially sourced. Chipping and indirect tensile fracture tests were performed at a rate of 0.8 mm/min until material failure, offering valuable insights into the mechanical properties of the tested denture teeth. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), coupled with Tukey’s honestly significant difference test to compare multiple groups, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The findings showed that 3D-printed resin denture teeth exhibited greater indirect tensile fracture resistance than Major Super Lux and Ivostar Shade, though they were surpassed by SpofaDent Plus. In the chipping test, the 3D-printed teeth experienced buccal chipping without distortion, indicating their structural stability under localized force. Fractures during the indirect tensile test originated near the loading point and extended cervically along the inner slopes of both cusps, displaying consistent fracture patterns. These results demonstrate that 3D-printed denture teeth made from resin materials provide adequate fracture resistance for clinical use, although further refinement of materials could enhance their performance relative to conventional alternatives.
Comparative Study of Electrospun Polydimethylsiloxane Fibers as a Substitute for Fluorine-Based Polymeric Coatings for Hydrophobic and Icephobic Applications
Authors: Vicente Adrián , Rivero Pedro J. , Santos Cleis , Rehfeld Nadine , Rodríguez Rafael
Published: December 2024

The development of superhydrophobic, waterproof, and breathable membranes, as well as icephobic surfaces, has attracted growing interest. Fluorinated polymers like PTFE or PVDF are highly effective, and previous research by the authors has shown that combining these polymers with electrospinning-induced roughness enhances their hydro- and ice-phobicity. The infusion of these electrospun mats with lubricant oil further improves their icephobic properties, achieving a slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS). However, their environmental impact has motivated the search for fluorine-free alternatives. This study explores polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an ideal candidate because of its intrinsic properties, such as low surface energy and high flexibility, even at very low temperatures. While some published results have considered this polymer for icephobic applications, in this work, the electrospinning technique has been used for the first time for the fabrication of 95% pure PDMS fibers to obtain hydrophobic porous coatings as well as breathable and waterproof membranes. Moreover, the properties of PDMS made it difficult to process, but these limitations were overcome by adding a very small amount of polyethylene oxide (PEO) followed by a heat treatment process that provides a mat of uniform fibers. The experimental results for the PDMS porous coating confirm a hydrophobic behavior with a water contact angle (WCA) ≈ 118° and roll-off angle (αroll-off) ≈ 55°. In addition, the permeability properties of the fibrous PDMS membrane show a high transmission rate (WVD) ≈ 51.58 g∙m−2∙d−1, providing breathability and waterproofing. Finally, an ice adhesion centrifuge test showed a low ice adhesion value of 46 kPa. These results highlight the potential of PDMS for effective icephobic and waterproof applications.
Encapsulation of Thymol in Ethyl Cellulose-Based Microspheres and Evaluation of Its Sustained Release for Food Applications
Authors: Giotopoulou Iro , Stamatis Haralambos , Barkoula Nektaria-Marianthi
Published: December 2024

Food waste is a global concern with enormous economic, environmental and social impacts that has contributed to active packaging evolution. However, incorporating bioactive substances into the packaging can deteriorate its physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Thus, the objective of this work was to entrap the natural bioactive compound thymol into microparticles and apply them in the form of pads for the controlled release of bioactivity in food packaging material. The physicochemical characteristics and bioactivity of five different ethyl cellulose-based microparticles were evaluated. Increasing the amount of thymol in the formulation led to higher encapsulation efficiency. Encapsulation resulted in a substantial increase of >10–20 °C in the volatilization temperature of thymol, and the release of thymol occurred following a sustained profile, best described by the Higuchi release kinetic model. Increasing the polymer to thymol ratio in the microparticles resulted in higher thermal stability and a more gradual release profile. While all formulations demonstrated considerable inhibition of E. coli growth, the ones with the highest thymol content maintained their antimicrobial activity for at least one month of microparticle storage. Furthermore, the ability of the microparticles in retaining pH and titratable acidity of cherry tomatoes was evaluated, and it was confirmed that these characteristics were maintained during 21 days of storage.
Sacred Orientalism: A Particular Mode of Missionary Ethnographic Thinking and Poetics on Juan González de Mendoza’s Chinese Ethnography
Authors: Gao Bo
Published: December 2024

Mendoza’s History of the Great Empire of China constitutes a notable contribution to the history of the literary relationship between China and Spain. First published in Rome in 1585, the work has exerted a profound influence on international scholarship over the past four centuries. From the perspective of the evolution of Western perceptions of China, contemporary scholars have primarily assessed this text on the basis of Mendoza’s elevation of Europe’s admiration of China from a material to a spiritual dimension. This paper introduces a new perspective on Mendoza’s significant contribution to the field of Chinese studies. Not only is his work a valuable source of information about China, but it is also a pioneering form of missionary ethnographic writing. This approach, here termed as ‘Sacred Orientalism’, served to elevate Europe’s idealised and sacred imagination of China to new heights. This paper demonstrates, among other things, how Mendoza used his two main reference works, Cruz and Rada, to reach such Sacred Orientalism. Furthermore, this paper also examines the factors that led to the emergence and acceptance of this distinctive mode of writing about China in 16th-century Europe.
Mapping the ‘Three Worlds’: A Preliminary Exploration of the Formation and Iconography of Buddhist Cosmological Paintings in Central Siam
Authors: Xiong Ran
Published: December 2024

Buddhist cosmology is prominently reflected in artistic expressions across various regions, particularly through its extensive representation in Buddhist art. From the 12th century onward, depictions of Buddhist cosmology became increasingly significant in Theravāda Buddhist nations in Southeast Asia, underscoring the enduring appeal of these cosmological concepts within local cultures. This paper examines the formation, evolution, and iconography of Buddhist cosmological paintings, with a specific focus on Traiphum representations in central Siam. By drawing on visual and textual evidence from key Theravāda Buddhist centers, including Pagan, Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Bangkok, the study analyzes the graphic characteristics and symbolic nuances of cosmological imagery through a comparative investigation of murals, illustrated manuscripts, and related texts. Situating Traiphum paintings within the broader framework of religious art and sociopolitical structures, this research highlights their role as both doctrinal expressions and mediums of cultural and ideological integration. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how Buddhist cosmological theories were visually articulated, transmitted, and localized in pre-modern Southeast Asia.
Does the Mosaic Law Obligate Christians? The Fate of the Gentiles in Ḥizzuq ʾEmunah by 16th-Century Karaite Jewish Polemicist Isaac Ben Abraham of Troki
Authors: Akhiezer Golda
Published: December 2024

Ḥizzuq ʾEmunah (Faith Strengthened), written by the 16th-century Karaite Jewish scholar Isaac ben Abraham of Troki (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), was one of the most renowned Hebrew anti-Christian polemical works, meriting translation into most European languages. Troki authored his book during the Polish Reformation, a period marked by intense interactions and theological debates between Jews and Christians of various denominations. The author provides a comprehensive philological, grammatical, and historical analysis of the New Testament while relying heavily on the ideas and scriptural interpretations of radical Protestant theologians and Rabbanite scholars. Ḥizzuq ʾEmunah is unusual in a number of respects. This paper examines one such peculiarity—namely, the author’s view that the Torah and its commandments obligate Christians—as well as his eschatological model in which Christians will become part of Israel in the messianic age. His perspective is examined in our study with particular attention to the range of argumentative methods employed. Among these are the use of evidence from the New Testament, especially the accounts of Jesus and his disciples observing the commandments, and the contrast of early Christians’ conceptions and practices, which he views as close to the Mosaic law, with later Christian interpretations of the Old and the New Testament.
Religiosity and Scientificity: The Transformation of Missionary Anthropology in the West China Border Research Society (1922–1950)
Authors: Li Peirong , Bian Simei , Zhang Qi
Published: December 2024

Religiosity and scientificity have long been intertwined in missionary anthropology. Since the 20th century, there has been a shift from religious missionary anthropology to scientific anthropology worldwide. Reviewing published materials and archives, this paper provides a case study of this transformation. It focuses on how the foreign missionary-founded West China Border Research Society transformed from a relatively closed and fixed local Christian academic research institution into a more open, international, and purely scientific research institution disciplined by Christian rationality. It sheds some new light into the Society’s roles and its transformation process. Contrary to the views of many scholars who assert that the Society “died” in 1937 and subsequently engaged in China’s state service and nation-building efforts, we contend that after 1937, the Society sought greater independence and a more scientific approach. Christianity dominated the Society in the early stages after its inception in 1922 in Chengdu, China, and its research results could not be objective or scientific. Although the Society later became more open and globalized, missionary anthropologists still mainly controlled it. After 1937, missionary anthropologists returned to religious rationality under the pressure of being connected to global academia. The Society eventually adopted “salvage anthropology” and tried to develop into a scientific research institution aimed at objective recording, while this somewhat rigid research approach also disciplined and suppressed the nationalist research orientation of Chinese colleagues and scholars. In response, Chinese researchers established other institutions and journals with stronger nationalism and undertook the “border construction work” that the Society could not accomplish.
A Deformable Split Fusion Method for Object Detection in High-Resolution Optical Remote Sensing Image
Authors: Guan Qinghe , Liu Ying , Chen Lei , Li Guandian , Li Yang
Published: December 2024

To better address the challenges of complex backgrounds, varying object sizes, and arbitrary orientations in remote sensing object detection tasks, this paper proposes a deformable split fusion method based on an improved RoI Transformer called RoI Transformer-DSF. Specifically, the deformable split fusion method contains a deformable split module (DSM) and a space fusion module (SFM). Firstly, the DSM aims to assign different receptive fields according to the size of the remote sensing object and focus the feature attention on the remote sensing object to capture richer semantic and contextual information. Secondly, the SFM can highlight the spatial location of the remote sensing object and fuse spatial information of different scales to improve the detection ability of the algorithm for objects of different sizes. In addition, this paper presents the ResNext_Feature Calculation_block (ResNext_FC_block) to build the backbone of the algorithm and modifies the original regression loss to the KFIoU to improve the feature extraction capability and regression accuracy of the algorithm. Experiments show that the mAP0.5 of this method on DOTAv1.0 and FAIR1M (plane) datasets is 83.53% and 44.14%, respectively, which is 3% and 1.87% higher than that of the RoI Transformer, and it can be applied to the field of remote sensing object detection.
Calibration and Validation of NOAA-21 Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Nadir Mapper Sensor Data Record Data
Authors: Yan Banghua , Beck Trevor , Chen Junye , Buckner Steven , Jin Xin , Liang Ding , Uprety Sirish , Huang Jingfeng , Flynn Lawrence E. , Wang Likun , Liu Quanhua , Porter Warren D.
Published: December 2024

The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suites (OMPS) Nadir Mapper (NM) is a grating spectrometer within the OMPS nadir instruments onboard the SNPP, NOAA-20, and NOAA-21 satellites. It is designed to measure Earth radiance and solar irradiance spectra in wavelengths from 300 nm to 380 nm for operational retrievals of the nadir total column ozone. This study presents calibration and validation analysis results for the NOAA-21 OMPS NM SDR data to meet the JPSS scientific requirements. The NOAA-21 OMPS SDR calibration derives updates of several previous OMPS algorithms, including the dark current correction algorithm, one-time wavelength registration from ground to on-orbit, daily intra-orbit wavelength shift correction, and stray light correction. Additionally, this study derives an empirical scale factor to remove 2.2% of systematic biases in solar flux data, which were caused by pre-launch solar calibration errors of the OMPS nadir instruments. The validation of the NOAA-21 OMPS SDR data is conducted using various methods. For example, the 32-day average method and radiative transfer model are employed to estimate inter-sensor radiometric calibration differences from either the SNPP or NOAA-20 data. The quality of the NOAA-21 OMPS NM SDR data is largely consistent with that of the SNPP and NOAA-20 OMPS data, with differences generally within ±2%. This meets the scientific requirements, except for some deviations mainly in the dichroic range between 300 nm and 303 nm. The deep convective cloud target approach is used to monitor the stability of NOAA-21 OMPS reflectance above 330 nm, showing a variation of 0.5% over the observed period. Data from the NOAA-21 VIIRS M1 band are used to estimate OMPS NM data geolocation errors, revealing that along-track errors can reach up to 3 km, while cross-track errors are generally within ±1 km.
Advanced Object Detection in Low-Light Conditions: Enhancements to YOLOv7 Framework
Authors: Zhao Dewei , Shao Faming , Zhang Sheng , Yang Li , Zhang Heng , Liu Shaodong , Liu Qiang
Published: December 2024

Object detection in low-light conditions is increasingly relevant across various applications, presenting a challenge for improving accuracy. This study employs the popular YOLOv7 framework and examines low-light image characteristics, implementing performance enhancement strategies tailored to these conditions. We integrate an agile hybrid convolutional module to enhance edge information extraction, improving detailed discernment in low-light scenes. Convolutional attention and deformable convolutional modules are added to extract rich semantic information. Cross-layer connection structures are established to reinforce critical information, enhancing feature representation. We use brightness-adjusted data augmentation and a novel bounding box loss function to improve detection performance. Evaluations on the ExDark dataset show that our method achieved an mAP50 of 80.1% and an mAP50:95 of 52.3%, improving by 8.6% and 11.5% over the baseline model, respectively. These results validate the effectiveness of our approach for low-light object detection.
Integrating Short Supply Chains and Smart Village Initiatives: Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development
Authors: Sobczak-Malitka Wioleta , Drejerska Nina
Published: December 2024

A profound transformation of the entire food system is necessary to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector. This pertains to the production, distribution, and consumption of food. In the case of distribution, this transformation involves changes both at the beginning of the chain, namely, in the agricultural structure, and at the final stage, in consumer behaviour. By analysing the existing literature, we identify key areas where the principles of short supply chains can be harmonised with smart village initiatives. The concept of smart villages itself is based on using modern technologies and innovative practices to improve the quality of life in rural areas and support sustainable development. Consequently, as mentioned, one of the critical elements of this concept is the cooperation of farmers for sustainable short supply chain management. This study analysed statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and unpublished data from the General Veterinary Inspectorate, complemented by desk research on relevant reports, scientific literature, and legal documents concerning local food systems. The study investigates local food systems in the Mazowieckie region, where 9% of Polish entities operating within local food systems are registered. Activity within this framework is characterised by significant spatial diversity across the region. The spatial distribution is mainly related to the location of the raw material base, e.g., the concentration of specialised agricultural production, distance to the sales market (proximity to consumers), and other broadly understood conditions for conducting business activity. The paper highlights the need to transform food systems to support sustainable agricultural development, focusing on short supply chains and smart village initiatives. By examining local food systems in Poland’s Mazowieckie region, it identifies how spatial and resource factors impact local food distribution and rural sustainability.
Cost–Benefit Analysis of Cross-Regional Transmission of Renewable Electricity: A Chinese Case Study
Authors: Wang Zanxin , Liu Yaqing , Wang Rui , Hu Yushang
Published: December 2024

While the establishment of a unified regional power market that promotes the optimal use of renewable energy is considered to be a pathway to meeting the policy targets of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”, the economic feasibility of the power transmission project is not well understood. To fill this gap, this study conducted a cost–benefit analysis of a proposed project that transmits hydropower, photovoltaic power, and/or wind power whose ratios are 100:0:0, 79:13:8, and 65:22:13 in three scenarios from Dian to Yu in China. It was found that the project has economic feasibilities for each scenario; however, this highly depends on its external benefits, discount rates, and transmission quantity. As the ratio of hydropower becomes lower, the net present value decreases from 117.32 billion to 112.99 billion for an annual transmission of 7.498 billion kWh of electricity. Since the substitution of coal-fired power with renewable power contributes the highest benefit to the project, the cross-regional transmission of renewable electricity should be promoted jointly with the internalization mechanism of externalities.
Numerical Investigation of the Long-Term Service Performance of Subsea Tunnel Lining Structure Considering Ion Erosion Deterioration
Authors: Yang Lei , Yang Yang , Yang Min , Zhang Yaolei , Sheng Xiangchao
Published: December 2024

Ion erosion has a significant impact on the long-term service performance of lining structures in the subsea tunnel and seriously affects its sustainability. Indoor tests are usually used to study the erosion behavior of lining concrete specimens to reveal the degradation pattern of ion erosion. However, the long-term service performance of lining structures under ion erosion is rarely considered in the industry. In this study, the long-term deterioration characteristics of concrete specimens and subsea tunnel linings are analyzed by using numerical investigations. The long-term diffusion patterns of erosion ions in concrete specimens are evaluated. The effects of ion erosion and water pressure on the stress, deformation, and damage characteristics of the lining structure are examined. The numerical results show that solution concentrations and concrete grades have a significant influence on the ion diffusion in concrete specimens. As the erosion time increases, the rate of ion diffusion gradually decreases due to the decrease in the concentration difference between the inside and outside of the concrete. The service time T has a significant effect on the depth and rate of ion erosion. When T is 10, 50, and 100 years, the depth of ion erosion reaches 25, 63, and 84 mm, respectively, showing a nonlinear increase. As the depth of ion erosion increases, the characteristic parameters reflecting the long-term performance of the lining structure will increase. The maximum tensile stress is 0.98 MPa, and the maximum displacement is 1.59 cm, both of which occur at the arch crown. Disregarding the effects of ion erosion and water pressure, the vertical displacements of the lining structure within the first two years under low loads account for more than 97% of the 100-year displacements. Both ion erosion and water pressure exacerbate the damage deterioration of the lining, in which ion erosion significantly increases the maximum tensile stress of the lining, with a maximum enhancement of 326.09%, and water pressure significantly enlarges the maximum compressive stress of the lining, with a maximum enhancement of 53.23%. However, with increasing depths of ion erosion, the high water pressure will reduce the maximum tensile stress. This study can lay the foundation for further research on the long-term stability of the lining under complex erosion environments.