bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development, validation, and visualization of a web‐based nomogram for predicting the incidence of leiomyosarcoma patients with distant metastasis
Authors: Li Zhehong , Wei Junqiang , Cao Haiying , Song Mingze , Zhang Yafang , Jin Yu
Published: December 2021

Background

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas. LMS is prone to distant metastasis (DM), and patients with DM have a poor prognosis.

Aim

In this study, we investigated the risk factors of DM in LMS patients and the prognostic factors of LMS patients with DM.

Methods and results

LMS patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2016 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database. Patients were randomly divided into the training set and validation set. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, and a nomogram was established. The area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the nomogram. Based on the nomogram, a web‐based nomogram is established. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic risk factors of LMS patients with DM. Eventually, 2184 patients diagnosed with LMS were enrolled, randomly divided into the training set (n = 1532, 70.14%) and validation set (n = 652, 29.86%). Race, primary site, grade, T stage, and tumor size were correlated with DM incidence in LMS patients. The AUC of the nomogram is 0.715 in training and 0.713 in the validation set. The calibration curve and DCA results showed that the nomogram performed well in predicting the DM risk. A web‐based nomogram was established to predict DM's risk in LMS patients (https://wenn23.shinyapps.io/riskoflmsdm/). Epithelioid LMS, in uterus, older age, giant tumor, multiple organ metastasis, without surgery, and chemotherapy had a poor prognosis.

Conclusions

The established web‐based nomogram (https://wenn23.shinyapps.io/riskoflmsdm/) is an accurate and personalized tool to predict the risks of LMS developing DM. Advanced age, larger tumor, multiple organ metastasis, epithelioid type, uterine LMS, no surgery, and no chemotherapy were associated with poor prognosis in LMS patients with DM.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the ADAMTS‐5 Inhibitor GLPG1972/S201086 in Healthy Volunteers and Participants With Osteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip
Authors: van der Aar Ellen , Deckx Henri , Dupont Sonia , Fieuw Ann , Delage Stephane , Larsson Staffan , Struglics André , Lohmander L. Stefan , Lalande Agnes , Leroux Emilie , Amantini David , Passier Paul
Published: December 2021

GLPG1972/S201086 is a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif‐5 (ADAMTS‐5) inhibitor in development as an osteoarthritis disease‐modifying therapy. We report the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (turnover of plasma/serum ARGS‐aggrecan neoepitope fragments [ARGS]) of GLPG1972 in 3 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 1 trials. Study A, a first‐in‐human trial of single (≤2100 mg [fasted] and 300 mg [fed]) and multiple (≤1050 mg once daily [fed]; 14 days) ascending oral (solution) doses, investigated GLPG1972 in healthy men (N = 41; NCT02612246). Study B investigated multiple ascending oral (tablet) doses of GLPG1972 (≤300 mg once daily [fed]; 4 weeks) in male and female participants with osteoarthritis (N = 30; NCT03311009). Study C investigated single (Japanese: ≤1500 mg; White: 300 mg [fasted]) and multiple (Japanese, ≤1050 mg once daily; White, 300 mg once daily [fed]; 14 days) ascending oral (tablet) doses of GLPG1972 in healthy Japanese and White men (N = 88). The pharmacokinetic profile of GLPG1972 was similar between healthy participants and participants with osteoarthritis, with low to moderate interindividual variability. GLPG1972 was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum concentration, 4 hours), and eliminated with a mean apparent terminal elimination half‐life of ≈10 hours. Steady state was achieved within 2 days of dosing, with minimal accumulation. Steady‐state plasma exposure after 300 mg of GLPG1972 showed no or minor differences between populations. Area under the plasma concentration–time curve (56.8‐67.6 μg · h/mL) and time to maximum concentration (4 hours) were similar between studies. Urinary excretion of GLPG1972 (24 hours) was low (<11%). Multiple dosing significantly reduced ARGS levels vs baseline at all time points for all doses vs placebo. GLPG1972 was generally well tolerated at all doses.
A Rhenium Single‐Atom Catalyst for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhang Xiaohan , Shang Lu , Yang Zhaojun , Zhang Tierui
Published: December 2021

Single atom catalysts (SACs) have received a great deal of attention due to their extremely high active site utilization and superior activities. The exploration of metal SACs has been carried out by screening the elemental periodic table from first‐row to second‐row, and even third‐row transition metals. However, Re SACs have not been reported, even if Re metal sites also play essential roles in catalyzing many important reactions. The construction of Re SACs may maximize Re catalytic sites and provide new Re active sites for higher activity. Herein, we used 1,10‐phenanthroline to complex Re cations on carbon black, followed by heat treatment to obtain Re SAC. The Re SAC exhibited an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) half‐wave potential of 0.72 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 M KOH, superior to Re nanoparticles catalyst (0.67 V vs. RHE). Re SAC exhibited better stability at 0.5 V vs. RHE than Pt/C, showing potential as a new electrocatalyst for ORR.
Bidentate Pyridyl‐NHC Ligands: Synthesis, Ground and Excited State Properties of Their Iron(II) Complexes and the Role of the fac/mer Isomerism
Authors: Magra Kévin , Francés‐Monerris Antonio , Cebrián Cristina , Monari Antonio , Haacke Stefan , Gros Philippe C.
Published: December 2021

Iron complexes are promising candidates for the development of sustainable molecular photoactive materials as an alternative to those based on precious metals such as Ir, Pt or Ru. These compounds possess metal‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions potentially of high interest for energy conversion or photocatalysis applications if the ultrafast deactivation via lower‐lying metal‐centred (MC) states can be impeded. Following an introduction describing the main design strategies used so far to increase the MLCT lifetimes, we review some of our latest contributions to the field regarding bidentate Fe(II) complexes comprising N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands. The discussion covers all aspects from their synthesis to their characterization via photophysical, electrochemical and computational techniques. The impact of bidentate coordination together with the configuration (facial and meridional isomers) is analysed, finally highlighting the current challenges in this promising area.
Construction of Tetracyclic Core Skeleton of Cephalotaxus Diterpenoids through Diastereoselective Pauson‐Khand Reaction
Authors: Chen Chong‐Chong , Ren Zhiqiang , Sun Zhongliu , Sun Zezhong , Shu Xin , Wang Yunxia , Hu Xiangdong
Published: December 2021

Cephalotaxus diterpenoids represent a class of attractive natural products with diverse chemical structures and valuable biological activities. The Construction of tetracyclic core skeleton plays an important role in synthesizing these compounds. We report here the development of diastereoselective Pauson‐Khand reactions as an effective strategy to the core structure, which enabled the total synthesis of (+)‐3‐deoxyfortalpinoid F, (+)‐fortalpinoid A, and (+)‐cephinoid H.
Cyber‐physical network architecture for data stream provisioning in complex ecosystems
Authors: Okafor Kennedy Chinedu , Ndinechi Michael Chukwudi , Misra Sanjay
Published: December 2021

Intelligent fog cyber‐physical social systems (iFog CPSS) is a novel smart city project that uses intrinsic processes to automate microservices such as edge‐to‐fog or fog‐to‐cloud monitoring of complex real‐time activities. This article presents a dynamic cyber‐physical architecture that leverages iFog layers to map location‐based services (LBS) on a spine‐leaf datacenter clos topology. Individual edge clusters are connected to the edge‐fog layer, which communicates with iFog gateways for processing streams' requests. Use‐case application of artificial intelligence (AI) in vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs) is introduced for data stream provisioning. In the validation study, a secure docker‐based iFog CPS experiment is carried out using traffic trace files from C++ modeller. iFog spine‐leaf architecture for fog‐computing and cloud‐computing are compared using two key metrics. For traffic workload utilization, the results show that 83.33% of the traffic workload is utilized at the Fog layer while 16.67% is consumed in the cloud layer. For latency profile, the results indicate that Fog and cloud streams had 20.31% and 77.69%, respectively. In terms of iFog VANET spine‐leaf congestion control, three distinct algorithms are studied, namely the proposed linear routing algorithm (LRA), LEACH, and collection tree protocol (CTP). In each case, the resource utilization for VANET gave 34.45%, 32.18%, and 33.37%, respectively. Latency response gave 11.76%, 82.35%, and 5.89%, respectively. Also, the throughput scenario offered 19.61%, 39.22%, and 41.17%, respectively. Consequently, the iFog scenario offers satisfactory LBS provisioning for VANETs clusters.
The use of nondirected donor organs in living donor liver transplantation: Perspectives and guidance
Authors: Fox Alyson N. , Liapakis AnnMarie , Batra Ramesh , Bittermann Therese , Emamaullee Juliet , Emre Sukru , Genyk Yuri , Han Hyosun , Jackson Whitney , Pomfret Elizabeth , Raza Muhammad , Rodriguez‐Davalos Manuel , Rubman Gold Susan , Samstein Benjamin , Shenoy Akhil , Taner Timucin , Roberts John P. ,   The North American Living Liver Donor Innovations Group (NALLDIG)
Published: December 2021

Interest in anonymous nondirected living organ donation is increasing in the United States and a small number of transplantation centers are accumulating an experience regarding nondirected donation in living donor liver transplantation. Herein, we review current transplant policy, discuss emerging data, draw parallels from nondirected kidney donation, and examine relevant considerations in nondirected living liver donation. We aim to provide a consensus guidance to ensure safe evaluation and selection of nondirected living liver donors and a schema for just allocation of nondirected grafts.
Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of programmed death ligand 1 antibody for metastasized liver cancer by overcoming hepatic immunotolerance in mice
Authors: Xin Bing , Yang Meixiang , Wu Panyisha , Du Li , Deng Xingyu , Hui Enfu , Feng Gen‐Sheng
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Immunotherapy with programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade has shown low response rates in liver cancer patients, with the underlying mechanisms unclear. To decipher a specific impact of the liver microenvironment, we compared the effects of anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (αPD‐L1) blockade on the same tumor grown s.c. or in the liver.

Approach and Results

We generated s.c. tumors in mice by inoculating MC38 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells under the skin and metastatic liver tumors by portal vein or splenic injection of CRC cells. Tumor‐bearing mice were treated by i.p. injection of αPD‐L1, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]), or both. αPD‐L1 monotherapy significantly suppressed s.c. tumor growth, but showed no effect on metastatic liver tumors. However, the combination of αPD‐L1 with poly(I:C), an innate immunity‐stimulating reagent, robustly inhibited tumor progression in liver. The combination therapy effectively down‐regulated myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but up‐regulated ratios of M1/M2 macrophages, CD8/CD4, and CD8/regulatory T (Treg) cells infiltrated into liver tumors and whole liver. A group of long‐lasting T‐bet+Eomes−PD‐1− cytotoxic T cells was maintained in the combo‐treated liver, leading to resistance to tumor recurrence. Depleting macrophages or blocking type Ⅰ interferon signaling abrogated the synergistic antitumor effect of αPD‐L1 and poly(I:C), indicating a requirement of boosting innate immunity for optimized activation of cytotoxic T cells by PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade.

Conclusions

The poor response of liver cancers to αPD‐L1 therapy is largely attributable to a unique hepatic immunotolerant microenvironment, independent of tumor origins or types. The success of a combinatorial immunotherapy relies on coordinated inhibition or activation of various innate and adaptive immune cell activities.
Sensitized Lanthanide Photoluminescence Based Sensors–a Review
Authors: Afzal Saima , Maitra Uday
Published: December 2021

Photoluminescent supramolecular systems such as hydrogels and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) can be useful for applications in many areas. In aqueous media, lanthanides exhibit luminescence by sensitization through covalently linked chromophores (antenna effect), making them valuable for sensing and imaging applications. Fluorescent sensing by sensitized lanthanide emission in gels and MOFs provides a simple and rapid detection of analytes with high sensitivity and selectivity. This review presents the gradual evolution and the intriguing conceptualization of sensitized luminescence of lanthanides spanning the sensing of biomolecules, drugs, small organic molecules and enzymes employing hydrogels or MOFs as the sensing platform.
Hyaluronan size alters chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on tricalcium phosphate‐collagen‐hyaluronan scaffolds
Authors: Meng Fangang , Yang Zibo , Long Dianbo , Gu Minghui , Shang Mei , Zeng Anyu , Wen Xingzhao , Xue Yueran , Zhao Xiaoyi , He Aishan
Published: December 2021

Hyaluronan (HA) provides a favorable environment for chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). A previous report from our group indicated that addition of HA increases the chondro‐inductive capacity of scaffolds. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the Mw of the HA could affect chondrogenesis of BMSCs seeded on TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds. Human BMSCs (hBMSCs) and rabbit BMSCs (rBMSCs) were isolated and expanded. TCP‐COL scaffolds and TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds with two different HA Mws were assessed for their capacity to induce cartilage regeneration from hBMSCs in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that about 96.96% of hBMSCs expressed CD44. Moreover,Hyal‐1and chondrogenic marker genes expressions were increased in hMSCs seeded on TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds, and blocking the HA‐CD44 interaction with an anti‐CD44 antibody reduced the expression levels ofHyal‐1and chondrogenic marker genes. Additionally, TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds with 2000 kDa Mw showed greater induction of BMSC chondrogenesis induction compared with those with 80 kDa Mw. Similar results were observed in an ectopic implantation nude mouse model. In a rabbit osteochondral defect repair model, rBMSCs seeded on TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds with 2000 kDa Mw showed greater cartilage regeneration than those seeded with 80 kDa Mw. In addition, hBMSC‐seeded TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds with 2000 kDa Mw showed a significantly higher mechanical strength than those with 80 kDa Mw. Collectively, these results indicate that the Mw of HA could affect chondrogenesis of BMSCs seeded on TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds. The TCP‐COL‐HA scaffolds might be used as allogenic off the shelf products in cartilage tissue engineering in future.
Upregulation of CD3ζ and L‐selectin in antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by eliminating myeloid‐derived suppressor cells with doxorubicin to improve killing efficacy of neuroblastoma cells in vitro
Authors: Xu Weili , Li Suolin , Li Meng , Zhou Hui , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: December 2021

Background

Agglomeration of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumors impedes immunotherapeutic effects. Doxorubicin (DOX) is currently the most specific drug used for the selective removal of MDSCs. Here, we study the feasibility and mechanism of eliminating MDSCs by DOX to improve antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)‐killing neuroblastoma (NB) cellsin vitro.

Methods

CTL and MDSC were prepared; then, CTLs, NB cells, MDSCs, and DOX were mixed and cultivated in different collocation patterns and divided into different groups. The levels of cluster of differentiation 3ζ chain (CD3ζ) and L‐selectin in CTL in different groups were detected. Thereafter, the killing rate of NB cells and secretion of interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ were measured and compared.

Results

By real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot test respectively, the proliferation and killing effect of CTLs on NB cells were all inhibited by MDSC through downregulating CD3ζ (p = 0.002;p = 0.001) and L‐selectin (p = 0.006;p < 0.001). However, this inhibitory effect was reversed by DOX. Significant differences were observed in the levels of interleukin‐2 (p < 0.001), interferon‐γ (p < 0.001), and the killing rate (p < 0.001) among the groups, except between the CTL +SK‐N‐SH and CTL +SK‐N‐SH +DOX groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Targeted elimination of MDSCs by DOX can improve Ag‐specific CTL killing of NB cellsin vitroby upregulating CD3ζ and L‐selectin. This study provides a novel method to enhance the immunotherapeutic effects of NB.
Comparative evaluation of vegetable matter involved lesions with oral parasitic infections in the oral cavity
Authors: Pinheiro Tiago Novaes , Leite Milena Gomes Melo , da Silva Cristiane Cantiga , Alexandre Cleber Nunes , Cabral Lioney Nobre , Carvalho Hannah Marcelle Paulain , de Souza Daniel Frota , Gonçalves Jéssica Lourdes de Aguiar , de Souza Thales Edecherly Nasserala , Melo Nara Deise de Souza , Cintra Luciano Tavares Ângelo , Kanehira Beatriz Terumi Barreto , de Albuquerque Gustavo Cavalcanti
Published: December 2021

The current research aims to perform a comparative evaluation of vegetable matter involved lesions with oral parasitic infections found in oral mucosa, presenting histochemical methods to differentiate their microscopic similarities. Eight cases were selected out of a sample of 1.975 reports from a single Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Service of the author's institution from 2012 to 2019. Specimens were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining, Gomori–Grocott staining, Ziehl–Neelsen staining, Giemsa, and mucicarmine staining. Microscopic analysis included fluorescence, polarized light, and confocal microscopy. Microscopically, in HE coloration, hookworm eggs showed as eosinophilic. Inflammatory multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes, were usually related to the nematode eggs, forming an intense inflammatory infiltrate. Biofluorescent properties of eggs and larvae revealed to be sensitive in the detection of parasitic structures contrasting with the inflamed connective tissue. Vegetable presence was confirmed by polarized light microscopy and it was found to be associated with microbial biofilms. Confocal microscopy has showed to be an excellent method for morphotype differentiation of parasitic eggs. Parasitic infection and vegetable matter displayed similarities in the inflammatory response, but the latter can rot and agglomerate biofilms. The microscopic diagnosis of such infections requires the interpretation of challenging morphological features since the parasites are usually sectioned and mixed with an inflammatory reaction. These histochemical approaches proved to be excellent to distinguish both lesions.
Forbidden pairs of disconnected graphs for 2‐factor of connected graphs
Authors: Holub Přemysl , Ryjáček Zdeněk , Vrána Petr , Wang Shipeng , Xiong Liming
Published: December 2021

Let be a set of graphs. A graph is said to be ‐free if does not contain as an induced subgraph for all in , and we call a forbidden pair if . In 2008, Faudree et al. characterized all pairs of connected graphs such that every 2‐connected ‐free graph of sufficiently large order has a 2‐factor. In 2013, Fujisawa et al. characterized all pairs of connected graphs such that every connected ‐free graph of sufficiently large order with minimum degree at least two has a 2‐factor. In this paper, we generalize these two results by considering disconnected graphs . In other words, we characterize all pairs of graphs such that every 2‐connected ‐free graph of sufficiently large order has a 2‐factor. We also characterize all pairs of graphs such that every connected ‐free graph of sufficiently large order with minimum degree at least two has a 2‐factor.
Fully covered metal stents vs plastic stents for preoperative biliary drainage in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer without neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mandai Koichiro , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Kawakami Hiroshi , Ryozawa Shomei , Saitou Michihiro , Iwai Tomohisa , Ogawa Takahisa , Tamura Takashi , Doi Shinpei , Okabe Yoshinobu , Chiba Yasutaka , Itoi Takao
Published: December 2021

Background/Purpose

Whether a fully covered self‐expanding metal stent (FCSEMS) or plastic stent (PS) is preferable for preoperative biliary drainage in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer (RPC) is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drainage with FCSEMS for obstructive jaundice caused by RPC without neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

Seventy patients with RPC who required preoperative biliary drainage were randomly assigned 1:1 to the FCSEMS or PS group. The primary endpoint was endoscopic re‐intervention rate during the waiting period for surgery. Secondary endpoints were drainage procedure time, drainage‐related adverse events (AE), waiting period for surgery, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, surgery‐related AE, and postoperative hospital stay.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients underwent surgery. None required re‐intervention in the FCSEMS group, whereas five PS patients underwent re‐intervention (P = .023). The FCSEMS group had significantly more intraoperative blood loss (P = .0068) and AE (P = .011) than the PS group. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in the FCSEMS group (P = .016).

Conclusions

Fully covered self‐expanding metal stent had a lower rate of endoscopic re‐intervention during the waiting period for surgery than PS, but showed more intraoperative blood loss, higher incidence of surgery‐related AE, and longer postoperative hospital stays.
A 2020 desk review of Power Africa
Authors: Allela Timothy
Published: December 2021

Power Africa is an ongoing development intervention looking to expand electricity access in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). It was launched in 2013 by former US President Barack Obama and is overseen by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Power Africa operates as a public–private partnership (PPP). This report evaluates its progress from inception up to the end of 2019, relying on official project documentation and correspondence to make its findings. None of the project's stakeholders were interviewed during its preparation, imposing some limitations on findings. The appraisal is a strict desk review, conducted through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) six criteria for project evaluation (relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability). The evaluation found the intervention's relevance to be high along the lines of theory of change, modus operandi, contextual analysis, risk analysis, and both champion and beneficiary needs. External coherence, on the other hand, raised questions. Power Africa's effectiveness emerged as adequate as per set indicators, with its efficiency proving difficult to determine given lack of access to financial statements. The intervention's impact was assessed as minimal on account of disproportionate connectivity success with solar lanterns. Potentials for injury during and after implementation were also identified. With respect to the intervention's sustainability, several issues came up as possible barriers towards its perpetuation beyond its 2030 deadline (and consequently, other goals that make up the 2030 agenda). This evaluation additionally made a few recommendations towards enhancing its effectiveness and sustainability, finally noting the sufficiency of OECD's six criteria for project evaluation for such undertakings.
Sucker formation in a bigfin reef squid: Comparison between arms and tentacles
Authors: Kimbara Ryosuke , Kohtsuka Hisanori , Abe Sou , Oguchi Kohei , Miura Toru
Published: December 2021

Cephalopods have acquired numerous novelties and expanded their habitats to various marine environments as highly agile predators. Among cephalopod novelties, multiple arms are used for complex behaviors, including prey capture. Suckers on arms are innovative features for realizing these arm functions. In addition, tentacles in Decapodiformes (squids and cuttlefishes) are arms specialized in prey capture and tentacular suckers show unique morphologies. However, little is known about the developmental process of sucker formation that should differ between tentacles and other arms. In this study, therefore, sucker formation processes on second arms and tentacles were observed and compared in a bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, to reveal the developmental processes forming the unique sucker morphologies, especially in tentacles. Morphological and histological observations of suckers during embryogenesis showed that, in second arms, the sucker‐producing area appeared at the most distal part. At the most proximal side of the sucker‐producing area, new sucker buds were isolated by invagination of the epithelial tissue. At the proximal arm parts, suckers with functional structures were observed. In tentacles, although the basic sucker formation pattern was similar to that in second arms, sucker formation started at earlier embryonic stages and the number of suckers was drastically increased compared to that in second arms. In addition, although four sucker rows were observed at the tentacular club, that is, the thickest part of a tentacle, our observations suggested that two sets of two sucker rows are compressed to form the four rows. Therefore, the sucker‐formation processes are temporally and spatially different between arms and tentacles. In addition, S. lessoniana shows conserved and unique patterns of sucker formation in comparison with previously described species, suggesting that sucker formation patterns were diversified among Decapodiformes lineages.
Human papillomavirus prevalence and genotype distribution in Vietnamese male patients between 2016 and 2020
Authors: Hoai Bac Nguyen , Cao Thang Nguyen , Luong Thi Lan Anh , Nguyen Minh Nam , Duong Hong‐Quan , Than Van Thai
Published: December 2021

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men is a serious issue because it is associated with genital warts, anogenital cancers, and HPV transmission to their sex partners. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of HPVs in Vietnamese male patients hospitalized with sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms between 2016 and 2020 by using polymerase chain reaction and reverse dot blot hybridization analysis. HPV DNA was detected in 191/941 (20.3%) penile cell samples. The HPV patient's mean age was 30.3 in the range of 16‐ and 69‐year‐old. The highest HPV prevalence (84.7%) was found in patients between 20‐ and 39‐year‐old. A total of 313 HPV genotypes were identified. The multiple‐infection rate was 42.9%. The most common high‐risk (HR)‐HPV genotypes were HPV‐16 (8.0%), HPV‐51 (7.7%), HPV‐52 (4.8%), HPV‐56 (4.2%), and HPV‐18 (3.8%). Furthermore, HPV‐11 and HPV‐6 genotypes were the two most common low‐risk (LR)‐HPV genotypes with the rate of 36.7% and 21.4%, respectively. Notably, HPV‐52 was found circulating in Vietnam for the first time. In conclusion, this study results showed that HPV prevalence in Vietnamese male patients was common and diverse. In addition, regarding public health and cancer prevention, the inclusion of the HPV vaccination into the national vaccination program for both men and women is recommended.
A large reduction of direct aerosol cooling over Poland in the last decades
Authors: Markowicz Krzysztof M. , Zawadzka‐Manko Olga , Posyniak Michal
Published: December 2021

This paper presents an analysis of the long‐term (1982–2015) variability of aerosol optical properties, as well as aerosol and greenhouse gases (GHG) direct radiative forcing (RF) in central Europe on the basis of MERRA‐2 reanalysis and ground‐based observation. Calculations of longwave (LW) and shortwave (SW) RF were made with the use of the off‐line Fu‐Liou radiative transfer model and were preceded by the sensitivity study of the code's input parameters. Then, the long‐term mean as well as the annual variability for selected regions of aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing were analysed. The mean AOD trend was −0.056 ± 9% per decade and AOD was reduced by 48% between 1982 and 2015. While for 1982–1990 the trend per decade was −0.12 ± 20%, for 1991–2000 it was −0.17 ± 17% and only −0.02 ± 31% in the last 15 years (2001–2015). The trend of the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) was 1.52 ± 0.12 W·m−2/10 year and 1.21 ± 0.19 W·m−2/10 year at top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at Earth's surface, respectively. The trend for GHG was significantly smaller and it equalled 0.27 ± 0.01 W·m−2/10 year at TOA and 0.17 ± 0.01 W·m−2/10 year at the surface. Changes in GHG and aerosol direct effect produced additional 3.2 ± 0.2 W·m−2 at TOA, which could be associated with the observed regional climate warming. The change of the direct aerosol effect was about 4 times the GHG RF. The influence of aerosol loading reduction on the radiation budget was significantly higher in the 1990s of the 20th century in comparison to the first decades of the 21st. The effect of aerosol reduction has significant impact on air temperature changes during warm season and negligible during winter.
Something to chew on: technological aspects for novel snacks
Authors: Monteiro Cordeiro de Azeredo Henriette , Carvalho de Matos Matheus , Madazio Niro Carolina
Published: December 2021

Snacks have accompanied people for a long time, meeting our needs for something fast and filling between meals. Societies and technologies have changed, and so have snacks, adapting to people's daily lives, concerns, and demands. Although traditional snacks, such as potato chips, are still ubiquitous and popular worldwide, there is not unanimity around them anymore, since many people have been looking for healthier snacks. Studies have been carried out to propose healthier snack options by changing their composition and/or techniques to produce them, minimizing contents of energy‐dense components and/or maximizing the retention or bioavailability of nutrients. This mini‐review presents the main trends on development of snacks and future perspectives. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms on quality of life in adolescents after general traumatic injury
Authors: Martin‐Herz Susanne P. , McMahon Robert J. , Malzyner Stefanie , Chiang Nikki , Zatzick Douglas F.
Published: December 2021

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms have been associated with poorer health‐related quality of life in adolescents after general traumatic injuries; few studies have examined the broader construct of postinjury quality of life (QOL). We evaluated the impact of traumatic injury on adolescent QOL and examined factors that potentially contribute to poorer outcomes, using the Youth Quality of Life Instrument–Research Version as the outcome measure. Data were collected within 30 days postinjury and 2, 5, and 12 months postinjury. Mixed‐model regression (MMR) was used for the main analyses. Participants (N = 204) were drawn from a prospective cohort study of 12–18‐year‐olds admitted to a Level 1 trauma center (n = 108) and healthy participants from a local cross‐sectional study (n = 116); study group participants were significantly older. The initial MMR indicated that female adolescents had significantly lower QOL, B = −2.69, 95% CI [−4.68, −0.70], and were more likely to score above the cutoffs for PTSD (19.1% vs. 2.0%), χ2(1, N = 381) = 34.6, p < .001, or depression (32.8% vs. 14.0%), χ2(1, N = 381) = 18.7, p < .001, on post hoc analyses. Adolescents with mental health conditions in the year postinjury had significant QOL deficits without predicted improvements toward baseline, PTSD: B = −10.05, 95% CI [−15.29, −4.81]; depression: B = −18.00, 95% CI [−21.69, −14.31]. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing mental health monitoring and care for adolescents, particularly female adolescents, following traumatic injury even when physical recovery appears complete.
Premorbid traumatic stress and veteran responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Fein‐Schaffer Dana , Hawn Sage E. , Annunziata Anthony J. , Ryabchenko Karen , Miller Mark W. , Wolf Erika J.
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had unprecedented effects on lifestyle stability and physical and mental health. We examined the impact of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and depression on biopsychosocial responses to the pandemic, including psychiatric symptoms, COVID‐19 exposure, and housing/financial stability, among 101 U.S. military veterans enrolled in a longitudinal study of PTSD, a population of particular interest given veterans’ trauma histories and defense‐readiness training. Participants (83.2% male, 79.2% White, Mage = 59.28 years) completed prepandemic, clinician‐administered psychiatric diagnostic interviews and a phone‐based assessment between May and September 2020 using a new measure, the Rapid Assessment of COVID‐19–Related Experiences (RACE), which was used to assess pandemic responses and its effects on mental and physical health; COVID‐19 diagnosis and testing were also extracted from electronic medical records. Multivariate regressions showed that, controlling for demographic characteristics, prepandemic PTSD, β = .332; p = .003, and AUD symptoms, β = .228; p = .028, were associated with increased pandemic‐related PTSD symptoms. Prepandemic AUD was associated with increased substance use during the pandemic, β = .391; p < .001, and higher rates of self‐reported or medical record–based COVID‐19 diagnosis, β = .264; p = .019. Minority race was associated with pandemic‐related housing/financial instability, β = −.372; p < .001, raising concerns of population inequities. The results suggest that preexisting PTSD and AUD are markers for adverse pandemic‐related psychiatric outcomes and COVID‐19 illness. These findings carry implications for the importance of targeting prevention and treatment efforts for the highest‐risk individuals.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 308‐nm excimer laser with intralesional corticosteroids for the treatment of alopecia areata: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Kianfar Nika , Dasdar Shayan , Mahmoudi Hamidreza , Abedini Robabe , Fahim Shabnam , Hosseini Seyed Amirhossein , Daneshpazhooh Maryam
Published: December 2021

Background

Corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for alopecia areata (AA). Recently, the 308‐nm excimer laser has been proposed for treating AA.

Objectives

To compare the efficacy and safety of excimer laser with intralesional corticosteroid (ILCS) in AA.

Methods

Patients with at least two alopecic patches were randomly assigned to receive weekly excimer laser treatments or monthly injections of ILCS. Photographs and trichoscopy images were examined at baseline, the last treatment session, and after one month of follow‐up. The hair regrowth score was evaluated on a 6‐point scale.

Results

Sixteen patients with 99 alopecic patches completed the study. At the last treatment session, the mean score of hair regrowth for the laser was significantly lower than the ILCS (p = 0.003). However, after a month of follow‐up, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.148). Positive response in hair regrowth (≥50%) was achieved in 47% of laser‐treated patches and 66% in ILCS‐treated ones. Four (25%) and 8 (50%) patients experienced severe adverse events of laser and ILCS, respectively.

Conclusions

The excimer laser was safe and effective in AA. The effect of laser on hair regrowth might be delayed as compared with ILCS.
Topical delivery of PD‐1 inhibitors with laser‐assisted passive diffusion and active intradermal injection: Investigation of cutaneous pharmacokinetics and biodistribution patterns
Authors: Christensen Rikke L. , Hendel Kristoffer K. , Persson Daniel P. , Husted Søren , Olesen Uffe H. , Haedersdal Merete
Published: December 2021

Background and Objectives

Current cancer immunotherapeutic treatment with PD‐1 inhibitors is administered systemically. However, a local treatment strategy may be advantageous as it could provide targeted drug delivery as well as attenuate side effects seen with systemic treatments. For keratinocyte cancers, where surgical excision is not always applicable, an alternate local treatment approach would be beneficial. This study aims to examine cutaneous pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the PD‐1 inhibitor nivolumab, locally delivered either by ablative fractional laser (AFL)‐assisted passive diffusion or active intradermal injection, in vivo.

Materials and Methods

In vivo pig skin was either exposed to CO2 AFL (80 mJ/mb by two stacked pulses of 40 mJ/mb) at 5% or 15% density followed by topical application of nivolumab (1 mg/ml, 100 µl/10 × 10 mm) or intradermally injected with nivolumab (1 mg/ml, 100 µl). Cutaneous nivolumab delivery was evaluated at different timepoints (0, 1, 2, 4 hours and 2 days) at two tissue depths (100–800 and 900–1600 µm) by ELISA. Visualization of cutaneous biodistribution was shown in vertical tissue sections using HiLyte FluorTM 488 SE labeled nivolumab for fluorescence microscopy whereas nivolumab was DOTA‐tagged with Dysprosium before the laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry analysis (LA‐ICP‐MS).

Results

Our in vivo study revealed different pharmacokinetic and biodistribution patterns for the AFL‐ and injection techniques. A superficial horizontal band‐like uptake of nivolumab was provided with AFL‐assisted passive diffusion whereas a deep focal deposition was seen with active intradermal injection, compared with controls showing remnant deposition on the skin surface. AFL‐assisted nivolumab uptake in upper dermis peaked after 4 hours (p < 0.01). The cutaneous concentration of nivolumab achieved by intradermal injection was markedly higher than with AFL, the highest deposition with intradermal injection was detected at time 0 hours in both upper and deep dermis (p < 0.01) and decreased throughout the study period, although the concentration remained higher compared with saline control injections at all time points (0 hours –2 d) (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Local cutaneous delivery of nivolumab with either AFL or intradermal injection revealed two different pharmacokinetic and biodistribution patterns. Passive AFL‐assisted diffusion of nivolumab resulted in enhanced uptake after 4 hours, while intradermal actively injected nivolumab showed immediate enhanced cutaneous deposition with retention up to 2 days after injection. The two local delivery techniques show potential for development of individualized treatment strategies depending on the clinical tumor appearance.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEADERSHIP
Authors: Karr Ron
Published: December 2021

The author discusses what he calls the “Velocity Mindset®… Borrowing from the physics definition of speed with direction, it means that expending effort of any kind must be coupled with a clear view of the desired outcome or results.” He explains the importance of stories to our life and work; those we tell ourselves and those we hear from others. Unfortunately, they can be self‐limiting and just plain untrue. He further contends that “all the stories we tell ourselves—about ourselves or others, both positive and negative—are fueled by emotion. If the story and the emotion behind it are positive, then they serve you well and keep you moving forward. But if they are negative, then you need to change the story.” He writes about hormones in our body that “have effects on our moods and behaviors.” The three hormones he writes about are Cortisol, Oxytocin, and Dopamine. Cortisol sometimes corresponds to stress. Oxytocin is “produced in response to outside stimuli such as words or gestures interpreted as friendliness, interest, or support.” Dopamine is a “built‐in reward system for activities or actions that satisfy our needs.” The encouraging news is that “we are psychologically capable of benefiting ourselves and those around us.”
Fabrication of Sophisticated Microstructures using Weak Support in 3D Printing
Authors: Yu Zhongwei , Deng Xinghong , Shao Guangbin , Li Longqiu
Published: December 2021

Projection‐based stereolithography (PSL) is one of the most competitive 3D printing technologies in fabricating complex microstructures because of its high accuracy and remarkable efficiency. Due to the layer‐by‐layer forming manner, some structures with cantilever features tend to collapse in the PSL process, for which support structures are required. However, the design, adding, and post‐treatment of traditional support structures can be extremely time‐consuming, and the manual removal step is always destructive and sometimes impossible, thus not suitable for sophisticated microstructures. Here a simple 3D printing method is proposed to fabricate sophisticated microstructures rapidly and precisely using weak support. Grayscale projection is used to produce partially cured photopolymer as weak support, which fills the lower space of overhanging structures and is constrained by a fully cured wall structure. The weak support is sufficient to support the printed parts while easy to remove because of incomplete photocured state. To determine the curing state of weak support, curing characteristics of the resin are measured and the relationship between curing energy and support effectiveness is investigated. Improvement in efficiency and applicability is observed in fabricating sophisticated microstructures using weak support method, which gives a promising solution to fabricate fragile microstructures with inaccessible overhang characteristics.
Restructured coalition of change will maintain local, national focus
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: December 2021

A mental health initiative that began in New York City more than five years ago and has since expanded to encompass more than 220 local governments will now continue under the stewardship of the National Council for Mental Wellbeing. As of January, the National Council will house the Cities Thrive effort, which seeks to share and sustain local mental health innovations and to advocate reforms at the local and national levels.
Massachusetts bill gaining momentum after Senate passage
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: December 2021

Recognizing that mental health care is just as important as physical health care, Massachusetts Senate lawmakers last month unanimously passed legislation with a goal to ensure commonwealth residents receive the mental health care they need when they need it. Among its provisions, the bill enforces mental health parity laws and guarantees annual mental health wellness exams.
On the local fractional variable‐coefficient Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur hierarchy: Hamiltonian structure, localization of nonlocal symmetries, and exact solution of reduced equations
Authors: Yue Chao , Wang Xiaoyan
Published: December 2021

Starting from a local fractional variable‐coefficient Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell –Segur (AKNS) spectral problem involving an arbitrary function
, we derive a hierarchy of fractional variable‐coefficient nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs), which possesses Hamiltonian structure. It is interesting that the hierarchy is explicitly related to many important equations such as the fractional variable‐coefficient nonlinear Schr
dinger equation, the fractional variable‐coefficient Burgers equation, and the fractional variable‐coefficient mKdV equation involving time‐dependent damping and dispersion. Then, the truncated Painlevé method is generalized to find the multiple nonlocal symmetries of the fractional variable‐coefficient Burgers equation. Then, starting from the initial value problem of the localized symmetries for the expanded system, we derive the auto‐B
cklund transformation of the fractional variable‐coefficient Burgers equation. Furthermore, exact solutions of the fractional variable‐coefficient mKdV equation is obtained by the improved solitary ansatze methods.
Radiographic validation of a self‐report instrument for hallux valgus
Authors: Gupta Vatsal , Lingham Aranghan , Marshall Michelle , Rathod‐Mistry Trishna , Menz Hylton B. , Roddy Edward
Published: December 2021

Background

Hallux valgus (HV) is a common condition causing substantial morbidity. Radiographic assessment is the gold standard for grading severity but is not always feasible in clinical/research settings. HV line‐drawings, consisting of five drawings for each foot depicting a sequential increase in HV angle of 15°, have been clinically validated for self‐reporting severity. We aimed to undertake radiographic validation of this self‐report instrument.

Methods

Adults aged ≥50 from four GP practices were sent a health survey. Responders self‐reported HV severity for each foot using the line‐drawing instrument. Those reporting foot pain in the last year had radiographs taken at a research clinic from which intermetatarsal, hallux abductus and hallux interphalangeal abductus angles were calculated. Ten feet were randomly selected for each HV line‐drawing grade for both feet. Associations between self‐reported HV line drawings and radiographic measurements were assessed using Spearman's ρ correlation coefficients, mean radiographic angle measurement (95% confidence interval) and one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

Increasing HV line‐drawing grade was positively correlated with radiographic measurements for intermetatarsal and hallux abductus angles (Spearman's ρ = 0.602, p < 0.001; 0.821, p < 0.001, respectively). Hallux interphalangeal abductus angle showed an inverse correlation with increasing line‐drawing grade (−0.204, p = 0.053). Differences in radiographic measures between HV line drawing grades were significant for intermetatarsal (F = 13.98, p < 0.001) hallux abductus (F = 38.90, p < 0.001) but not hallux interphalangeal abductus angle (F = 2.21, p = 0.075).

Conclusion

Grading HV severity by self‐reported HV line‐drawings provides a valid representation of deformity determined from radiographic measurements and is a useful screening/self‐reporting tool.