bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Effect of Ceramide on Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Li Huige , Junk Peter , Huwiler Andrea , Burkhardt Christian , Wallerath Thomas , Pfeilschifter Josef , Förstermann Ulrich
Published: October 2002

Background—

Generation of the second-messenger molecule ceramide by stimulated sphingomyelinase activity has been implicated in the inflammatory processes contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, reports of stimulatory effects of ceramide on endothelial NO production in animal models suggest antiatherosclerotic effects of the molecule. Therefore, we investigated long-term effects of ceramide on NO generation in human endothelial cells.

Methods and Results—

In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in HUVEC-derived EA.hy 926 endothelial cells, C6-ceramide (
N
-hexanoyl-
d
-erythro-sphingosine) reduced the generation of bioactive NO (RFL-6 reporter-cell assay). At the same time, the signaling molecule increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA (RNase protection assay) and protein expression (Western blot). C6-ceramide stimulated eNOS transcription by a signaling mechanism involving protein phosphatase PP2A but did not modify the stability of the eNOS mRNA. Endothelial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased by C6-ceramide [5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′, 7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H
2
DCFDA) oxidation-based fluorescence assay], and this effect was partially reversed by the NOS inhibitor
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). On the other hand, (6
R
)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-
l
-biopterin (BH
4
) normalized in part the ceramide-induced reduction in bioactive NO.

Conclusions—

Ceramide produces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells, thereby reducing bioactive NO. The partial reversal of this reduction by BH
4
and the diminution of ROS generation by L-NAME suggest that ceramide promotes NADPH oxidase activity of eNOS, leading to ROS formation at the expense of NO synthesis. The ceramide-induced upregulation of eNOS gene transcription can be considered an ineffective compensatory mechanism. The decreased bioavailability of NO is likely to favor a proatherogenic role of ceramide.
Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 Expression Correlates With Cardiac Rejection and Development of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: Autieri Michael V. , Kelemen Sheri , Thomas Bernadette A. , Feller Erika D. , Goldman Bruce I. , Eisen Howard J.
Published: October 2002

Background—

Standard morphological features of endomyocardial biopsy specimens do not necessarily correlate with the efficacy of immunotherapy or development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). We hypothesized that expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), a cytokine-inducible, calcium-binding protein associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, would be associated with allograft rejection and development of CAV.

Methods and Results—

A total of 157 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 26 patients with heart transplants were examined for expression of AIF-1 mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. A significant relation was found between the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation rejection grade and expression of AIF-1 (
P
<0.001). The calculated odds ratio indicates that a biopsy has 2.5 times the chance of AIF-1 expression per grade of rejection. The relative concentrations of AIF-1 and GAPDH mRNA were calculated and the resulting ratios indicated that the amount of AIF-1 mRNA expression is relative to the rejection grade (
P
<0.02). In grade 1 biopsy specimens, AIF-1 was localized to infiltrating immune cells. In grade 3 biopsy specimens, AIF-1 was observed in immune cells and myocytes. AIF-1 is expressed in vascular and immune cells in coronary arteries with CAV, and persistent expression of AIF-1 in the allograft correlates with development of CAV (
P
<0.002).

Conclusions—

Expression of AIF-1 in cardiac allografts correlates with rejection, and the amount of AIF-1 expressed correlates with the severity of rejection. AIF-1 is expressed in coronary arteries with CAV, and persistent expression of AIF-1 in the cardiac allograft is associated with development of CAV.
Effect of Carvedilol on the Morbidity of Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Packer Milton , Fowler Michael B. , Roecker Ellen B. , Coats Andrew J.S. , Katus Hugo A. , Krum Henry , Mohacsi Paul , Rouleau Jean L. , Tendera Michal , Staiger Christoph , Holcslaw Terry L. , Amann-Zalan Ildiko , DeMets David L.
Published: October 2002

Background—

β-Blocking agents improve functional status and reduce morbidity in mild-to-moderate heart failure, but it is not known whether they produce such benefits in severe heart failure.

Methods and Results—

We randomly assigned 2289 patients with symptoms of heart failure at rest or on minimal exertion and with an ejection fraction <25% (but not volume-overloaded) to double-blind treatment with either placebo (n=1133) or carvedilol (n=1156) for an average of 10.4 months. Carvedilol reduced the combined risk of death or hospitalization for a cardiovascular reason by 27% (
P
=0.00002) and the combined risk of death or hospitalization for heart failure by 31% (
P
=0.000004). Patients in the carvedilol group also spent 27% fewer days in the hospital for any reason (
P
=0.0005) and 40% fewer days in the hospital for heart failure (
P
<0.0001). These differences were as a result of both a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and a shorter duration of each admission. More patients felt improved and fewer patients felt worse in the carvedilol group than in the placebo group after 6 months of maintenance therapy (
P
=0.0009). Carvedilol-treated patients were also less likely than placebo-treated patients to experience a serious adverse event (
P
=0.002), especially worsening heart failure, sudden death, cardiogenic shock, or ventricular tachycardia.

Conclusion—

In euvolemic patients with symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion, the addition of carvedilol to conventional therapy ameliorates the severity of heart failure and reduces the risk of clinical deterioration, hospitalization, and other serious adverse clinical events.
Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme With Low-Density Lipoprotein in Aortic Valvular Lesions and in Human Plasma
Authors: O’Brien Kevin D. , Shavelle David M. , Caulfield Michael T. , McDonald Thomas O. , Olin-Lewis Katherine , Otto Catherine M. , Probstfield Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2002

Background—

Recent studies have demonstrated that lesions of aortic sclerosis and stenosis share several similarities with lesions of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is expressed by a subset of macrophages. This study was undertaken to determine whether ACE might be present in aortic sclerosis or stenosis lesions.

Methods and Results—

Immunohistochemistry was performed on 26 paraffin-embedded human aortic valves. Monospecific antibodies were used to identify ACE, macrophages, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1 receptor), angiotensin II, and apolipoprotein B. Human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were isolated from plasma of normal volunteers by sequential density-gradient ultracentrifugation. ACE was not present in normal valves but was present in all valves with aortic sclerosis or stenosis lesions. ACE was detected on a subset of lesion macrophages but was present primarily in an extracellular distribution, where it colocalized with apolipoprotein B. ACE was detected by Western blotting on plasma LDL but not on HDL isolated from normal volunteers. Angiotensin II, the enzymatic product of ACE, was colocalized with ACE in valve lesions. ACE also was colocalized with apolipoprotein B in an adjacent coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Conclusions—

ACE is present in aortic sclerosis and stenosis lesions, where it may participate in lesion development, as is evidenced by the presence of its enzymatic product, angiotensin II. The observation of an association of ACE with LDL in both lesions and plasma suggests that LDL may deliver ACE to lesions and has implications for the role of ACE-containing LDL in other diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Treatment Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hürlimann David , Forster Adrian , Noll Georg , Enseleit Frank , Chenevard Rémy , Distler Oliver , Béchir Markus , Spieker Lukas E. , Neidhart Michel , Michel Beat A. , Gay Renate E. , Lüscher Thomas F. , Gay Steffen , Ruschitzka Frank
Published: October 2002

Background—

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Striking similarities exist in the inflammatory and immunologic response in RA and atherosclerosis. Indeed, adhesion molecules and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in particular, are key mediators of joint inflammation and of vascular dysfunction and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of chronic antiinflammatory treatment with the anti-TNF-α antibody infliximab on disease activity and endothelial function in patients with active RA.

Methods and Results—

Eleven RA patients (mean age 46±5 years; disease duration 9±2 years) with high disease activity despite treatment with stable doses of methotrexate (≤25 mg/wk) and prednisone (≤10 mg/d) were investigated. Clinical status and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the brachial artery as assessed by high-resolution ultrasound were measured before and after 12 weeks of infliximab therapy. Flow-mediated vasodilation improved from 3.2±0.4% to 4.1±0.5% (
P
=0.018), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation with nitroglycerin and baseline diameter remained unchanged (13.6±1.2% versus 12.8±1.4%,
P
=0.98, and 3.74±0.15 versus 3.66±0.11 mm,
P
=0.54, respectively). Disease activity score (DAS28) was significantly reduced, from 5.6±0.3 to 3.5±0.6 (
P
=0.002). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were lowered from 34±7 to 19±5 mm/h (
P
=0.04) and from 38±11 to 15±10 mg/L (
P
=0.08), respectively.

Conclusions—

This is the first study to show that anti-TNF-α treatment improves endothelial function in RA. The data suggest that in RA, endothelial dysfunction is part of the disease process and is mediated by TNF-α.
Assessment of the importance of individual plant-parasitic nematode species in a community dominated by Heterodera sacchari on upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Plowright Richard , Coyne Daniel
Published: October 2002

In temperate climates, densities of plant-parasitic nematodes at or shortly before sowing are a useful predictor of their damage potential. Re-examination of data from nematode communities on upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire showed that interpretation of nematode pest potentials and the damage caused by either individual species, or by the community as a whole, is less simple. The numerical proportion of individual nematode species within a plant-parasitic nematode community, comprising Heterodera sacchari, Pratylenchus zeae , Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Mesocriconema tescorum and Xiphinema spp., changed with duration of the cropping cycle. The relative importance to the crop of the different species changed with time, and with development of the community structure over the course of the season. Analysis suggested that for H.sacchari, the mid-season population densities were most highly correlated with crop damage (yield loss) and therefore its damage potential for that particular season. The pest potential of other known rice pest species, such as M. incognita and P.zeae, was likely indicated earlier in the season, but the population increase of other nematode species in the community, particularly H. sacchari, compounded the interpretation of the data for other species. The use of single linear regression to assess the importance of individual nematode species conflicted with results of analyses using multiple stepwise regression, while use of cluster analysis permitted the identification of species groups at early and late stages in the cropping season.
The African Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 5. Three new species of Brumptaemilius Dollfus, 1952 and remarks on B. seychellarum Adamson, 1987
Authors: Hunt David
Published: October 2002

Three new species of the genus Brumptaemilius Dollfus, 1952 are described from the intestine of diplopods from Ghana and Ivory Coast. Brumptaemilius ultimus sp. n., from Ghana and Ivory Coast, is characterised by the huge spicules (731-894 μm long); numerous (105-136) transverse striae on the spicule shafts; the verrucose appearance of the tuberculate papillae; the blunt, peg-like spines on the posterior cloacal lip; the disposition and form of the rugosities; the very short male tail spike (0.3-0.5 times as long as the gubernaculum); lateral alae absent in both sexes and the exceptionally long female vagina. A spermatophore is apparently absent. B. verrucosus sp. n., from Ivory Coast, is characterised by relatively few tuberculate papillae with a minutely verrucose appearance; relatively long spicules (519-553 μm) with numerous (84-95) transverse striae; spicule shafts parallel and not wrapped around one another distally; gubernaculum 77-87 μm long; presence of subventral paracloacal fields of digitiform rugosities and male tail spike 0.6 (0.6-0.7) times as long as gubernaculum. In addition, the female lateral alae start in the isthmus region and terminate shortly before the anus, and a spermatophore is apparently absent, although a prominent copulatory plug was often seen occluding the vaginal lumen. Brumptaemilius ypoxystus sp. n., from Ivory Coast, is distinguished by features of the male copulatory apparatus and the area rugosa. It is characterised by having four staggered rows of subventral tuberculate papillae, each bearing a terminal corona of ca five to nine minute projections; a postcloacal field comprising transverse, imbricate rows of broad, conical spines; the form and disposition of the subventral fields of rugosities; rugose fields not extending as a ventral band anterior to the cloacal aperture; non-rugose ventral region on tail posterior to last pair of postcloacal papillae; spicules 306 (280-328) μm long with 40 (33-48) transverse striae; gubernaculum 102 (91-107) μm long; tail spike 0.5 (0.4-0.6) times as long as the gubernaculum; lateral alae absent in both sexes and presence of a spermatophore bearing a short peduncle penetrating the distal vagina. A population of B.seychellarum Adamson, 1987 is described from the Seychelles and the presence of a spermatophore recorded in the species for the first time. Useful characters for species diagnosis within the genus are briefly discussed.
Phylogenetic analysis of the phoretic association between Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Futai Kazuyoshi , Kanzaki Natsumi
Published: October 2002

The phoretic relationships between the nematode Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus and the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris, collected at various districts in Japan were investigated. A high proportion of all ten subspecies of the beetle examined were infected with the nematodes, suggesting the universality of this phoretic association. Molecular analysis based on the partial base sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the mitochondrial DNA revealed that the phylogenetic relationships among ten subspecies of the beetle was similar to that among associated nematode isolates obtained from each beetle subspecies. Intraspecific vector replacements were supposed to occur in the isolates of B. conicaudatus on two islands. The phoretic association between the nematode and the beetle is assumed to have been established before the divergence of P.hilaris into subspecies.
Anatomical informatics: Millennial perspectives on a newer frontier
Authors: Trelease Robert B.
Published: October 2002

One of the most ancient of sciences, anatomy has evolved over many centuries. Its methods have progressively encompassed dissection instruments, manual illustration, stains, microscopes, cameras and photography, and digital imaging systems. Like many other more modern scientific disciplines in the late 20th century, anatomy has also benefited from the revolutionary development of digital computers and their automated information management and analytical capabilities. By using newer methods of computer and information sciences, anatomists have made outstanding contributions to science, medicine, and education. In that regard, there is a strong rationale for recognizing anatomical informatics as a proper subdiscipline of anatomy. A high‐level survey of the field reveals important anatomical applications of computer sciences methods in imaging, image processing and visualization, virtual reality, modeling and simulation, structural database processing, networking, and artificial intelligence. Within this framework, computational anatomy is a developing field focusing on data‐driven mathematical models of bodily structures. Mastering such computer sciences and informatics methods is crucial for new anatomists, who will shape the future in research, clinical knowledge, and teaching. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:224–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia as a source and target of cytokines
Authors: Hanisch Uwe‐Karsten
Published: October 2002

Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno‐ and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto‐ and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto‐ and chemokine signals as part of auto‐ and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling. GLIA 40:140–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JUDICIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998
Authors: Young Alison L.
Published: October 2002

SECTION 3(1) Human Rights Act 1998 appears to limit the powers of the court; statutes can only be interpreted in a manner compatible with Convention rights ‘so far as possible’. However, in practice, Parliament has given the judiciary carte blanche to determine when it is impossible to interpret statutes in a manner compatible with Convention rights. The express words of section 3(1) are so vague as to provide no clear outline of the limits of possibility. Nor does the legislative history of the Act provide any clear boundary. Should the judiciary so wish, section 3(1) could have the same effect in practice as if it impliedly repealed the provisions of all statutes contrary to Convention rights. It is the judiciary and not Parliament that determine how far human rights will be protected.
UNLAWFUL POPULATION TRANSFER AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: Haslam Emily
Published: October 2002

THIS article examines the draft Declaration on Population Transfer and Implantation of Settlers developed within the framework of the UN Sub-Committee on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities. The draft declaration provides for the criminalisation of involuntary population transfer. This article argues that the Declaration will be ineffective in practice and will introduce inconsistency and confusion into the law. However, the attempt to introduce a crime of unlawful population transfer reflects a lacuna in existing law. And yet, this gap is unlikely to be filled by extending existing international crimes to cover ethnic cleansing. This is because existing crimes do not address the international community’s sense of what it is that makes ethnic cleansing so heinous. Thus some action needs to be taken. However, this article argues that the ability of the international community to proceed appropriately is stymied by the fact that international criminal lawyers lack the basic tools and the concepts by which to categorise different types of harm.
“CLEAN HANDS” IN DERIVATIVE ACTIONS
Authors: PAYNE JENNIFER
Published: October 2002

THIS article challenges the commonly expressed view that shareholders wishing to bring a derivative action on behalf of the company must have “clean hands” ie that there must be nothing in the shareholders behaviourwhich renders it unjust to allow the derivative action to proceed. While minority shareholders’ misbehaviour might well have consequences for themselves, such as requiring the repayment of dividends known to have been paid unlawfully, those actions ought, in the normal course of events, to be irrelevant for the purpose of deciding whether to allow a derivative action to proceed. This article suggests some circumstances in which a minority shareholder’s situation or actions may affect the decision to allow a derivative action brought by that particular shareholder to proceed, but these do not spring from the clean hands doctrine, but rather from the particular factual circumstances of the case or from an entirely proper desire on the court’s part to use the derivative action only where it is necessary to achieve justice for the company
DIGGING THE DIRT: DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS IN SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES
Authors: Temkin Jennifer
Published: October 2002

THE disclosure of confidential records such as those of doctors, counsellors, and therapists may be sought by the defence as a means of undermining the credibility of complainants in rape and sexual assault trials. It is not clear that the procedure under section 2 of the Criminal Procedure (Attendance of Witnesses) Act 1965, under which disclosure of the records of third parties may be sought, offers sufficient protection for the interests of complainants. This article discusses the weaknesses of section 2 and the implications of public interest immunity as well as Article 8 of the ECHR in this context. It also explores the different approaches taken in Canada, New South Wales and certain American jurisdictions to meet this problem. It concludes by making some suggestions for the amendment of the 1965 Act.
VANDERVELL v. I.R.C.: A CASE OF OVERREACHING
Authors: Nolan R.C.
Published: October 2002

THE decision of the House of Lords in Vandervell v. IRC [1967] 2 AC 291 is difficult to explain but highly convenient in everyday commerce. This article uses the doctrine of overreaching to explain and justify their Lordships’ approach to the formalities for dealing with trust property at the direction of beneficiaries. It seeks to explore the limits of that justification, and thereby suggest answers to practical questions left unresolved by the decision. These questions remain highly relevant, particularly in the age of widespread electronic communication without formality.
NO RIGHT TO ASSISTED SUICIDE
Authors: Keown John
Published: October 2002

TERMINALLY ill with motor neurone disease, Mrs. Diane Pretty wanted her husband to assist her commit suicide. She asked the DPP for an assurance that he would not prosecute her husband. The DPP refused. In proceedings for judicial review she sought an order that the DPP give the undertaking or a declaration that the prohibition on assisted suicide was incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights.
INDECENT ASSAULT: THE PRESUMPTION OF MENS REA REVISITED
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: October 2002

INB (a minor) v. DPP [2000] 2 A.C. 428 (noted (2001) 60 C.L.J. 26) the House of Lords held that mens rea must be established as regards the age element of the crime of gross indecency with a child under the age of 14, contrary to the Indecency with Children Act 1960. It followed that the defendant in that case, who honestly, but mistakenly, believed that the victim was over 14, was not guilty because he lacked the necessary fault. The Court left open the question whether mens rea also had to be established for the age element of indecent assault committed on a child under 16, but it has had the opportunity to consider this in R. v. K [2001] UKHL 37, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 471
NO NEW SCOPE FOR CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE
Authors: Beresford Neil
Published: October 2002

CONTRIBUTORY negligence has never been a defence to an action in deceit. Of the dozen or so authorities to this effect, the dictum most often cited is that of Sir George Jessel M.R. in Redgrave v. Hurd (1881) 20 Ch.D 1 at 13–14:
FARLEY V. SKINNER: RIGHT OR WRONG?
Authors: Pearce David
Published: October 2002

MR. Farley’s action for breach of contract against his surveyor gave the House of Lords an opportunity to consider the recovery of damages for non-pecuniary loss (Farley v. Skinner [2001] UKHL 49, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 899). Mr. Farley had been considering buying a house and instructed Mr. Skinner to survey the property. In particular, Mr. Farley asked Mr. Skinner to investigate whether the property was affected by aircraft noise, saying he did not want a property on a flight-path. Mr. Skinner subsequently reported that he thought it unlikely that the property would be so affected. Mr. Farley, having acquired and spent significant sums refurbishing the house, was therefore disappointed to discover that his enjoyment of the property was significantly impaired by the sound of aircraft waiting to land at nearby Gatwick airport.
IF AT FIRST … UNDUE INFLUENCE AND THE HOUSE OF LORDS
Authors: Oldham Mika
Published: October 2002

THE House of Lords in Royal Bank of Scotland plc v. Etridge (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 44, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 1021 refined and reformulated the principles laid down in Barclays Bank plc v. O’Brien [1994] 1 A.C. 180. Among other things, Etridge sets out new minimum requirements for mortgagees who take third party security from wives or partners and for solicitors whose task it is in such cases to advise the surety.
COURAGE V. CREHAN: JUDICIAL ACTIVISM OR CONSISTENT APPROACH?
Authors: Albors-Llorens Albertina
Published: October 2002

IN Case C-453/99 Courage Ltd. v. Crehan (judgment of 20 September 2001, not yet reported), the European Court of Justice has been confronted once more with the difficult task of reconciling the effectiveness of Community rights with national rules on remedies. By virtue of a series of agreements between Inntrepreneur Estates Ltd. (IEL), a company which owned public house estates, and Courage Ltd., a brewery with a 19% share of the United Kingdom market in sales of beer, all IEL tenants were required to purchase the whole of their beer requirements exclusively from Courage Ltd. In 1993, Courage Ltd. brought an action for the recovery from Mr. Crehan, a tenant of IEL, of a sum of more than £15,000 for unpaid deliveries of beer. Mr. Crehan contended that the exclusive purchasing obligation was anti-competitive because Courage Ltd. sold its beers to independent tenants of public houses at substantially lower prices than those imposed on IEL tenants. He claimed that the beer tie was therefore contrary to Article 81(1) EC and sought damages for loss caused to him by the imposition of the beer tie. Carnwath J. dismissed the counter-claim and found in favour of Courage Ltd. (Courage Ltd. v. Crehan [1998] E.G.C.S. 171). Mr. Crehan appealed.
The Democratic Progressive Party in 2000: Obstacles and Opportunities
Authors: Rigger Shelley
Published: October 2002

Since its inception in 1986, Taiwan's main opposition party, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), has struggled to establish itself as a competitor for national political power. The victory of DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian in the 2000 presidential election marked a major breakthrough, not only for the DPP, but for Taiwan's young democracy as well. This article examines the party's history with an eye to explaining both its extended failure to win national office and its eventual success. The paper identifies two sets of factors: aspects of Taiwan's political system that worked to the advantage of the ruling KMT and historical errors committed by the DPP. It then shows how the KMT's advantages degraded in 2000, just as the DPP overcame its self-imposed liabilities, resulting in a DPP presidency.
Return to Zhenbao Island: Who Started Shooting and Why it Matters
Authors: Goldstein Lyle J.
Published: October 2002

This research reveals a new consensus among scholars in both Moscow and Beijing that the 1969 Sino-Soviet border crisis was a premeditated act of violence orchestrated by the Chinese side. International and domestic causes are investigated for their strength in explaining China's belligerence. There has been a widespread belief among sinologists that China acted out of desperation against Soviet strength and aggressiveness, which had been demonstrated most clearly by the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and the associated “Brezhnev Doctrine.” The author presents evidence that challenges this traditional interpretation. Rather, a stronger explanation for China's aggressiveness in March 1969 is Mao's need at that particular time for an external threat to unify the country. The article additionally explores the implications of these revelations for the study of Chinese foreign policy and international relations generally.
Jürgen Domes (1932–2001)
Authors: Sandschneider Eberhard
Published: October 2002

On 22 September 2001, Jürgen Domes passed away after a week of fighting a sudden illness. It was six months before his 70th birthday. Within hours of the news spreading, tributes flooded in from China scholars all over the world, colleagues and friends mourning his passing and paying their respects to one of the leading figures of contemporary China studies in Europe. Indeed, Jürgen Domes was one of the first German political scientists to work on contemporary China. He approached his subject from a strictly disciplinary perspective, his fluency in Chinese allowing him to base his analyses on primary sources. For almost four decades, he was one of the most internationally renowned German scholars working on contemporary China.
Explaining the Financial Performance of China's Industrial Enterprises: Beyond the Competition-Ownership Controversy
Authors: Cheng Yuk-shing , Lo Dic
Published: October 2002

Scholarly explanations of the worsening financial performance of Chinese industry over the reform era, particularly the loss-making phenomenon, have coalesced around two rival stories: the “inefficient institutions causing poor financial performance” story and the “increased competition inducing profitability decline” story. This article critically reviews the arguments and empirical substantiation of the two stories, and gives an alternative explanation that takes demand conditions and industrial configurations into the analysis. On this basis, it is argued that the worsening financial performance is a macro as well as micro problem that points to the fundamental contradictions in contemporary Chinese political economy. Some policy implications from this analysis are raised in the concluding section.
The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China. By Colin Mackerras. [Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xi+313 pp. Hard cover ISBN 0-521-78143-4; paperback ISBN 0-521-78674-6.]
Authors: Dreyer June Teufel
Published: October 2002

This is a completely revised and updated version of the work of the same name published by Mackerras a decade ago. Similar in structure to the earlier work, save that the original's chapter on society and culture has been omitted, it attempts and generally succeeds in bringing the reader abreast of the many developments that have occurred in China during the intervening decade.
One Industry, Two Chinas: Silk Filatures and Peasant-Family Production in Wuxi County, 1865–1937. By Lynda S. Bell. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. xvii+290 pp. $51.00. ISBN 0-8047-2998-0.]
Authors: Gottschang Thomas R.
Published: October 2002

With this book Lynda Bell contributes a major piece to our understanding of China's modern economic history. The core of the book is a detailed description of the evolution of the silk industry in central China between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. Bell's exhaustively researched analysis covers each level of silk production in Wuxi county, from the rural household producers of cocoons, to the intermediate level cocoon merchants and local filatures, to the major firms that by the early 1930s controlled much of the market through modern, vertically integrated organizations.
China's Leap into the Information Age: Innovation and Organization in the Computer Industry. By Qiwen Lu. [New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. xxi+208 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0-19-829537-5.]
Authors: Cao Cong
Published: October 2002

Through studies of four representative Chinese companies – Stone, Legend, Founder, and Great Wall – this book presents the development of China's information technology (IT), and that of the computer industry in particular, in the past two decades. It argues that such development has been built on a different technology learning process from the traditional, bottom-up, linear technology transfer approach that starts with importation substitution, followed by assimilation, absorption and localization, product redesign, and finally product design.
Guojia xinxi anquan baogao [Report on National Information Security]. Compiled by Zhang Chunjiang and Ni Jianmin, with a foreword by Wu Jichuan. [Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2000. 307 pp. ISBN 7-01-003209-2.]
Authors: Hughes Christopher R.
Published: October 2002

Any source that provides insights into the view of the world from the Ministry of Information Industries (MII) is particularly valuable at a time when debate is raging over the political impact of the Internet in the PRC. This is even more so as China joins the WTO, after which domestic Internet firms will have to gain approval from the MII before they can receive foreign capital, co-operate with foreign businesses or list domestic or overseas stocks.
Across the Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for Understanding China. Edited by Tan Chung. [New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Gyan Publishing House, 1998. ISBN 81-212-0585-9.]
Authors: Garver John
Published: October 2002

This is a fascinating book essential for anyone seeking to understand contemporary China–India relations. It presents in considerable detail and from a number of different perspectives the strategic vision of a coalition of China and India struggling in common to create a new world economic–political order in greater comport with the interests and values of the peoples of the non-Western world. This vision of Sino-Indian co-operation in building a new world order was posited as the desirable end-goal of the process of Sino-Indian rapprochement presided over by Indian Congress Party and Chinese leaders beginning in 1988.
WORDY WOMEN: GENDER TROUBLE AND THE ORAL POLITICS OF THE EAST AFRICAN REVIVAL IN NORTHERN GIKUYULAND
Authors: PETERSON DEREK
Published: October 2002

This essay explores conversion to the East African Revival as a way that Gikuyu women and men argued about moral and economic change. Rural capitalism in the 1930s and 1940s attacked the material basis of Gikuyu gender order by denying some men land. Familial stability was at stake in class formation: landless laborers could scarcely be respectable husbands. Rural elders and revivalists offered contending answers to the terrifying problem of gender trouble. Literate male elders at Tumutumu Presbyterian church used customary law and church bureaucracy to discipline young men and women. Revivalists, many of them women, talked: they confessed private sins vocally, cleansing themselves of sorcerous familial strife. Tumutumu’s debate over Revival played out as a contest between the oral politics of conversion and the bureaucratic power of church elders. Mau Mau continued the debate.
Probing structures in channel flow through
SO(3) and SO(2) decomposition
Authors: BIFERALE LUCA , LOHSE DETLEF , MAZZITELLI IRENE M. , TOSCHI FEDERICO
Published: October 2002

SO(3) and SO(2) decompositions of numerical channel flow turbulence are performed.
The decompositions are used to probe, characterize, and quantify anisotropic
structures in the flow. Close to the wall, the anisotropic modes are dominant and reveal the
flow structures. The dominance of the (j, m) = (2, 1) mode of the SO(3) decomposition
in the buffer layer is associated with hairpin vortices. The SO(2) decomposition in
planes parallel to the walls allows us also to access the regions very close to the wall.
In those regions we have found that the strong enhancement of intermittency can
be explained in terms of streaklike structures and their signatures in the m = 2 and
m = 4 modes of the SO(2) decomposition.
Stability of a buoyancy-driven coastal current at
the shelf break
Authors: CENEDESE C. , LINDEN P. F.
Published: October 2002

Buoyancy-driven surface currents were generated in the laboratory by releasing
buoyant fluid from a source adjacent to a vertical boundary in a rotating container.
Different bottom topographies that simulate both a continental slope and a
continental ridge were introduced in the container. The topography modified the flow in
comparison with the at bottom case where the current grew in width and depth until
it became unstable once to non-axisymmetric disturbances. However, when topography
was introduced a second instability of the buoyancy-driven current was observed.
The most important parameter describing the flow is the ratio of continental shelf
width W to the width L* of the current at the onset of the instability. The values of
L* for the first instability, and L*−W for the second instability were not influenced
by the topography and were 2–6 times the Rossby radius. Thus, the parameter
describing the flow can be expressed as the ratio of the width of the continental shelf
to the Rossby radius. When this ratio is larger than 2–6 the second instability was
observed on the current front. A continental ridge allowed the disturbance to grow to
larger amplitude with formation of eddies and fronts, while a gentle continental slope
reduced the growth rate and amplitude of the most unstable mode, when compared
to the continental ridge topography. When present, eddies did not separate from
the main current, and remained near the shelf break. On the other hand, for the
largest values of the Rossby radius the first instability was suppressed and the flow
was observed to remain stable. A small but significant variation was found in the
wavelength of the first instability, which was smaller for a current over topography
than over a flat bottom.
A super-rotating shear layer in
magnetohydrodynamic spherical Couette flow
Authors: DORMY E. , JAULT D. , SOWARD A. M.
Published: October 2002

We consider axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic motion in a spherical shell driven
by rotating the inner boundary relative to the stationary outer boundary – spherical
Couette flow. The inner solid sphere is rigid with the same electrical conductivity as
the surrounding fluid; the outer rigid boundary is an insulator. A force-free dipole
magnetic field is maintained by a dipole source at the centre. For strong imposed
fields (as measured by the Hartmann number M), the numerical simulations of
Dormy et al. (1998) showed that a super-rotating shear layer (with angular velocity
about 50% above the angular velocity of the inner core) is attached to the magnetic
field line [Cscr ] tangent to the outer boundary at the equatorial plane of symmetry. At
large M, we obtain analytically the mainstream solution valid outside all boundary
layers by application of Hartmann jump conditions across the inner- and outer-sphere
boundary layers. We formulate the large-M boundary layer problem for the free shear
layer of width M−1/2 containing [Cscr ] and solve it numerically. The super-rotation can be
understood in terms of the nature of the meridional electric current flow in the shear
layer, which is fed by the outer-sphere Hartmann layer. Importantly, a large fraction
of the current entering the shear layer is tightly focused and effectively released from
a point source at the equator triggered by the tangency of the [Cscr ]-line. The current
injected by the source follows the [Cscr ]-line closely but spreads laterally due to diffusion.
In consequence, a strong azimuthal Lorentz force is produced, which takes opposite
signs either side of the [Cscr ]-line; order-unity super-rotation results on the equatorial
side. In fact, the point source is the small equatorial Hartmann layer of radial width
M−2/3 ([Lt ]M−1/2) and latitudinal extent M−1/3. We construct its analytic solution and
so determine an inward displacement width O(M−2/3) of the free shear layer. We
compare our numerical solution of the free shear layer problem with our numerical
solution of the full governing equations for M in excess of 104. We obtain excellent
agreement. Some of our more testing comparisons are significantly improved by
incorporating the shear layer displacement caused by the equatorial Hartmann layer.
Improvement of the Stokesian Dynamics method
for systems with a finite number of particles
Authors: ICHIKI KENGO
Published: October 2002

An improvement of the Stokesian Dynamics method for many-particle systems is
presented. A direct calculation of the hydrodynamic interaction is used rather than
imposing periodic boundary conditions. The two major difficulties concern the
accuracy and the speed of calculations. The accuracy discussed in this work is not
concerned with the lubrication correction but, rather, focuses on the multipole
expansion which until now has only been formulated up to the so-called FTS version or the
first order of force moments. This is improved systematically by a real-space multipole
expansion with force moments and velocity moments evaluated at the centre of the
particles, where the velocity moments are calculated through the velocity derivatives;
the introduction of the velocity derivatives makes the formulation and its extensions
straightforward. The reduction of the moments into irreducible form is achieved by
the Cartesian irreducible tensor. The reduction is essential to form a well-defined
linear set of equations as a generalized mobility problem. The order of truncation is not
limited in principle, and explicit calculations of two-body problems are shown with
order up to 7. The calculating speed is improved by a conjugate-gradient-type iterative
method which consists of a dot-product between the generalized mobility matrix and
the force moments as a trial value in each iteration. This provides an O(N2) scheme
where N is the number of particles in the system. Further improvement is achieved
by the fast multipole method for the calculation of the generalized mobility problem
in each iteration, and an O(N) scheme for the non-adaptive version is obtained. Real
problems are studied on systems with N = 400 000 particles. For mobility problems
the number of iterations is constant and an O(N) performance is achieved; however
for resistance problems the number of iterations increases as almost N1/2 with a high
accuracy of 10−6 and the total cost seems to be O(N3/2).
Large-eddy simulation of the turbulent flow
through a heated square duct
Authors: VÁZQUEZ M. SALINAS , MÉTAIS O.
Published: October 2002

Large-eddy simulations of a compressible turbulent square duct flow at low Mach
number are described. First, we consider the isothermal case with all the walls at
the same temperature: good agreement with previous incompressible DNS and LES
results is obtained both for the statistical quantities and for the turbulent structures.
A heated duct with a higher temperature prescribed at one wall is then considered
and the intensity of the heating is varied widely. The increase of the viscosity with
temperature in the vicinity of the heated wall turns out to play a major rôle. We
observe an amplification of the near-wall secondary flows, a decrease of the turbulent
fluctuations in the near-wall region and, conversely, their enhancement in the outer
wall region. The increase of the viscous thickness with heating implies a significant
augmentation of the size of the characteristic flow structures such as the low- and
high-speed streaks, the ejections and the quasi-longitudinal vorticity structures. For
strong enough heating, the size limitation imposed by the lateral walls leads to a single
low-speed streak located near the duct central plane surrounded by two high-speed
streaks on both sides. Violent ejections of slow and hot fluid from the heated wall are
observed, linked with the central low-speed streak. A selective statistical sampling of
the most violent ejection events reveals that the entrainment of cold fluid, originated
from the duct core, at the base of the ejection and its subsequent expansion amplifies
the ejection intensity.
Irregular effects on the transition from regular to Mach reflection of shock waves in wind tunnel flows
Authors: SUDANI N. , SATO M. , KARASAWA T. , NODA J. , TATE A. , WATANABE M.
Published: October 2002

Configurations of shock wave reflection in steady supersonic flows have been experimentally
investigated using a combination of two wedges. It has been experimentally
proved by a symmetric arrangement that both regular and Mach reflections are possible
in the dual-solution domain for various aspect ratio models. In the arrangement
for the purpose of clarifying the influence of the wedge three-dimensionality, the transition
from regular to Mach reflection can happen at any inlet aspect ratio, both when
the inlet aspect ratio is increased and when it is reduced. The inlet aspect ratio has no
effect on the transition provided it is high enough for the regular reflection point at
the spanwise centre to be free from information from wedge edges. Flow visualization
data produced using the vapour screen technique indicate that, in a region influenced
by information from wedge edges, the three-dimensionality of experimental models
promotes regular reflection rather than Mach reflection. To study the criteria for
the transition between regular and Mach reflections, an asymmetric arrangement of
two wedges has been used, and a hysteresis effect is clearly evident. The transition
from regular to Mach reflection, however, occurs significantly below the detachment
condition, and moreover, the repeatability of the transition angle is not satisfactorily
achieved. These experimental results imply that wind tunnel disturbances may dominate
the transition in the dual-solution domain. The stability of regular reflection
in the dual-solution domain is discussed, and effects of free-stream disturbances are
experimentally examined by producing water vapour in the free stream as an artificial
disturbance.
The trajectory and stability of a spiralling liquid jet. Part 1. Inviscid theory
Authors: WALLWORK I. M. , DECENT S. P. , KING A. C. , SCHULKES R. M. S. M.
Published: October 2002

We examine a spiralling slender inviscid liquid jet which emerges from a rapidly
rotating orifice. The trajectory of this jet is determined using asymptotic methods,
and the stability using a multiple scales approach. It is found that the trajectory
of the jet becomes more tightly coiled as the Weber number is decreased. Unstable
travelling wave modes are found to grow along the jet. The breakup length of the jet
is calculated, showing good agreement with experiments.