bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic review of the Cleridae (Coleoptera) in Korea (Part 2): Enopliinae Gistel, 1856
Authors: KIM Jin , JUNG Boo Hee
Published: September 2010

Taxonomic reviews of the generaTenerusLaporte de Castelnau andTeneroidesGahn are presented. The latter genus is reported for the first time from Korea. Of the four species presented here, only one,Tenerus hilleriHarold, 1877, has been previously found in Korea.Tenerus lewisi(Lohde, 1899),Teneroides maculicollis(Lewis, 1892) andTeneroides higoniusLewis, 1892, are reported for the first time from Korea. We provide a key to the Korean species, descriptions and photographs of adults, and illustrations of diagnostic characters.
Taxonomic review of the genusSymmorphusWesmael (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from the Far East
Authors: KIM Jeong Kyu , LEE Seung Gil
Published: September 2010

Far Eastern species of the genusSymmorphusWesmael are taxonomically reviewed. Fourteen species are recognized. Taxonomic information regarding this group that has been treated fragmentarily is summarized in this study. A revised key is presented, and recognition characteristics and images are supplied for each species.
Occurrence ofVespa velutinaLepeletier from Korea, and a revised key for KoreanVespaspecies (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: KIM Jeong‐Kyu , CHOI Munbo , MOON Tae‐Young
Published: September 2010

This is the first report of occurrence ofVespa velutinaLepeletier from Korea. The diagnosis and taxonomic relationship between geographical subspecies is provided, with a revised key to complement the previous taxonomic information of KoreanVespaspecies. The ecological aspect of the species is also discussed.
Towards the genetic control of insect vectors: An overview
Authors: ABRAHAM Eappen G. , CHA Sung‐Jae , JACOBS‐LORENA Marcelo
Published: September 2010

Insects are responsible for the transmission of major infectious diseases. Recent advances in insect genomics and transformation technology provide new strategies for the control of insect borne pathogen transmission and insect pest management. One such strategy is the genetic modification of insects with genes that block pathogen development. Another is to suppress insect populations by releasing either sterile males or males carrying female‐specific dominant lethal genes into the environment. Although significant progress has been made in the laboratory, further research is needed to extend these approaches to the field. These insect control strategies offer several advantages over conventional insecticide‐based strategies. However, the release of genetically modified insects into the environment should proceed with great caution, after ensuring its safety, and acceptance by the target populations.
Endoscopic dewaxing in the audiology department – the Bristol experience
Authors: Pothier D.D. , Nieuwoudt D.
Published: September 2010

Keypoints

 Impacted wax accounts for a considerable proportion of cancelled appointments in the audiology department.

 Current practice usually involves the patient being referred back to their General Practitioner (GP) for wax removal.

 Endoscopic dewaxing is a technique that can be used to remove wax under direct vision.

 Having been trained in the technique, an audiologist successfully removed wax from 94% of the patients seen with wax preventing the appointment from going ahead.

 Thirty‐three appointments and 29 h (1740 min) of appointment time were saved over the 6‐week period.

 When introduced with sufficient training of staff, endoscopic dewaxing offers a solution to the problem of impacted wax in the audiology department.
The epidemiology and chronobiology of epistaxis: an investigation of Scottish hospital admissions 1995–2004
Authors: Walker T.W.M. , Macfarlane T.V. , McGarry G.W.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  This study aimed at investigating aspects of the epidemiology and chronobiology of emergency admissions with epistaxis in Scotland between 1995 and 2004. In particular, we sought to examine the epidemiology of hospital admission with epistaxis and effects of factors such as day of week, time of year and lunar cycle.

Design:  A statistical analysis, in terms of descriptive statistics, logistical regression and linear regression, was carried out on data obtained from the Scottish Morbidity Records related to emergency Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) admissions.

Setting and participants:  All emergency inpatient admissions for Scottish residents to ENT wards in Scottish NHS hospitals during the 10‐year period, between 1st January 1995 and December 31st 2004 were studied. This study only looked at admissions and thus excludes Accident and Emergency attendances caused by epistaxis.

Main outcome measures:  Age, gender, year, month and day of the week of admission were considered, as was relationship to the moon phase.

Results:  During the study period, the mean daily admission rate with epistaxis was six. Epistaxis accounted for 33% of all ENT emergency admissions. The average age of non‐epistaxis ENT emergency admission was 31 years. For epistaxis emergency admissions the median age was 70 years. There were fewer admissions in the summer months [August RR: 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54–0.65) P < 0.001]. There were more admissions at the weekends and on non‐weekend public holidays [RR: −0.115 (95% CI −0.160–0.071) P < 0.001]. There was a trend towards a reduction in admission rates from the year 2001. Despite the fluctuations with season and weekday, there was no relationship with phase of the moon [RR: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.88–1.09) for day of the full moon compared with non‐full moon weekday].

Conclusions:  This study underlines the importance of epistaxis as the single most frequent emergency diagnosis in ENT. The frequency and patterns of admission show pronounced fluctuations. The observed increase in winter admissions confirms earlier work and may have implications for health resource allocation. Relationships between weekends/public holidays and increased admissions with epistaxis may correspond with social patterns of alcohol use (a known aetiological factor). The lunar cycle does not have an effect on the frequency of epistaxis admissions.
Extracorporal septal reconstruction with polydioxanone foil
Authors: Gerlinger I. , Kárász T. , Somogyvári K. , Szanyi I. , Ráth G. , Móricz P. , Boenish M.
Published: September 2010

Key points

Conventional septoplasty cannot be the answer to all types of septal deviation.

Indications of extracorporal septal reconstruction with polydioxanone (PDS) foil: (i) selected cases of very high septal deviations, (ii) post‐traumatic and (iii) extremely pronounced congenital septal deviations and/or aesthetic deformities.

Polydioxanone foil facilitates the incorporation of a newly implanted septal graft without significant postoperative complications and is absorbed within 25 weeks.

The surgical technique is described in detail, and the early postoperative functional and aesthetic results (mean follow‐up: 11 months) on 16 patients (mean age: 42 years) are reported. Overall, 88% of the patients responded positively to the question of whether they would choose to undergo the same procedure again, knowing the postoperative result.

The procedure is easy to learn and has already proved to be an excellent combination of modern functional and aesthetic nasal surgery.
Objective assessment of surgical competency – ENT trainees
Authors: Bath A.P. , Wilson T.
Published: September 2010

Key points

The objective assessment of the progression of surgical competence throughout the career of a trainee surgeon is complicated.

An operative competence assessment form was introduced into the RITA process for ENT trainees in 2004 in the Eastern Deanery.

Analysis of the data has shown that there is a clear improvement in their surgical ability with ‘minor’ procedures being mastered much earlier in their career than ‘major’ procedures.

The value of such an assessment tool is that it has the potential to identify the trainee that has poor surgical ability early and it also provides evidence that senior trainees at the end of their training are surgically competent to meet the demands of a consultant post.
What can catarrh patients tell us about catarrh?
Authors: Russell C.
Published: September 2010

Introduction.  Chronic catarrh represents a putative abberation of a normal physiological process. It continues to elude useful definition and convincing explanation. The aims of this research were to explore, though the narrative of patients, the transition of catarrh from body sensation into symptom proper, and to better define the symptomatology associated with chronic catarrh.

Method.  A qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews of 19 chronic catarrh patients. Narrative analysis was carried out on the transcribed interviews, using a constant comparative technique approach to the generation of grounded theory. An open‐ended questionnaire provided supplementa data.

Results.  The transition of physiological body sensation into a symptom seems a complex one; in the case of catarrh, the process is driven by a change in constancy, intensity or quality of the sensation. This change in sensation must have a deemed consequence, which in turn draws a response from the patient, the size of which is indicative of the strength of belief they hold about their problem. Catarrh patients identified a wide variety of associated symptoms. Although described as akin to having a constant cold, they admitted that they rarely had any quantity of mucus to expel, giving rise to a pervading sense of frustration.

Conclusion.  Delineating a catarrh patient's psychosocial response to their perceived problem can provide an indication of the strength of their belief about that problem, thus facilitating their management. Contrary to common assumption, chronic catarrh patients are not productive of an excess of mucus, explaining why nasal steroids are invariably poorly beneficial to them.
Microscopic versus otoendoscopic examination of the tympanic membrane using digital imaging and objective assessment
Authors: Nassif R. , Speilman P. , Ogoston S. , Hussain S.S.M.
Published: September 2010

Objectives.  The microscope and oto‐endoscope are the standard tools for clinical assessment of the tympanic membrane (TM). We aim to compare the adequacy of the tympanic membrane visualisation between methods.

Method.  Healthy adult volunteers with no previously known ear pathology were recruited following ethical committee approval. The senior author conducted the examinations. We used an operating microscope fixed to magnification ×4, and a 0 degree oto‐endoscope connected to a Storz Tricam wired to a computer desktop with digital imaging capture software. Video clips were recorded until the clinician ensured complete clinical examination. Three different assessors conducted assessment using objective criteria and scoring system of the video clips separately.

Results.  42 ears were examined in 21 subjects producing 84 video clips. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 12. The inter‐observer reliability measured using Cronbach's alpha co‐efficient is 0.831, showing reliable agreement between the different 3 assessors. There was near complete agreement on the visualisation of the posterior ½ of the TM in all the clips. The whole TM and the anterior½ measured by Fisher's exact test showed significant difference 0.001 and 0.001 in favour of the oto‐endoscope. There was no significant difference in assessment of TM position. Although the microscopes now have built in camera systems, we accept that the three dimensional view through binocular microscopy is projected as a flat two‐dimensional view on the monitor and video clip.

Conclusions.  In the assessment of normal ears, the oto‐endoscope provides a more complete visualisation of the eardrum than the microscope.
Gamma tubulin: a powerful indicator of recurrence in human squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Syed M.I. , Syed S. , Harrower S. , Singh J. , Chin A. , McLellan D. , Parkinson E.K. , Clark L.J.
Published: September 2010

Objectives.  Centrosome amplification as detected by gamma tubulin (GT) immunostaining is associated with genetic instability and tumour aggressiveness.1 We have assessed GT for its ability to predict recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (SCCL).

Methods.  Five‐micrometer sections of 35 archival SCCL samples were subjected to antigen retrieval and immunostained with an antibody to GT. The keratin antibody (CK5) served as a positive control for antigen retrieval, and tonsillar tissue was used as a negative control.

Results.  Of the 35 tumours analysed, 22 suffered recurrence (R) and 13 did not (NR). 14 of the 22 R tumours, but 0 of 13 of the NR tumours had a GT staining score of 2+ or 3+ (P = 0.0002 by the Fisher's exact Test). Recurrence was unrelated to T stage (P = 0.726) and had a weak relationship to N status (P = 0.211).

Conclusion.  GT staining appears to be a better indicator of tumour recurrence than either T stage or node status.

Reference 1 Carroll P.E., Okuda M., Horn H.F. et al. (1999) Centrosome hyperamplification in human cancer: chromosome instability induced by p53 mutation and/or Mdm2 overexpression. Oncogene, 18, 1935–44
Psychometric qualities of questionnaires for the assessment of otitis media impact
Authors: Timmerman A.A. , Meesters C.M.G. , Speyer R. , Anteunis L.J.C.
Published: September 2010

Background:  The assessment of impact and evaluation of treatment effects in chronic otitis media (OM) calls for a much broader approach than just examining the presence of middle ear effusion or hearing loss. It is increasingly recognised that this condition may result in a comprised quality of life. Several studies have used proxy completed questionnaires to objectify the illness experience associated with chronic OM.

Objective of review:  To review questionnaires which have been developed to describe the effects of chronic OM on the daily functioning of children. Psychometric properties have been evaluated, in addition to discriminative and evaluative qualities.

Type of review:  A systematic review of publications pertaining to developed questionnaires related with chronic OM.

Search strategy:  Systematic literature searches of PubMed (1966–January 2007) and EMBASE (1989–January 2007) were conducted, supplemented by using free text words to identify publications after January 2005.

Results:  The included 15 questionnaires were developed for children with recurrent or persistent OM, describing functional health status (FHS), while two questionnaires also evaluate the effect of tympanostomy tubes insertion. The questionnaires generally cover six impact areas (physical symptoms, child development, educational performance, emotional/practical burden and general health status) with physical symptoms being the most prominant.

Conclusions:  The OM8‐30, OMO‐22 and OM‐6 adequately reflect the multidimensional aspects of FHS in chronic OM. The OMO‐22 and OM8‐30 show the best psychometric properties for the discrimination of impact severity between children, while the OM‐6 was found to have the best qualities for the evaluation of clinical change. Clinical applicability is crucial for the assessment of FHS in chronic OM, but requires a trade‐off with necessary psychometric properties.
Genomic imprinting on the X chromosome: implications for brain and behavioral phenotypes
Authors: Davies William
Published: September 2010

Imprinted genes, in contrast to most mammalian genes, are monoallelically expressed in a parent‐of‐origin dependent manner. The idiosyncratic expression profile associated with imprinted genes arises from the differential epigenetic marking of the alleles in the paternal and maternal germlines. Although small in number, imprinted genes can profoundly influence key developmental and physiological processes, including those in the brain; work in animal models and in humans has shown that such genes can affect behavioral traits and cognition and may confer vulnerability to common mental illnesses. As a consequence of how the X chromosome is inherited, X‐linked imprinting may elicit or indeed attenuate sexually dimorphic phenotypes. Thus, studying X‐linked imprinting is likely to provide important general information about the evolutionary and mechanistic underpinnings of imprinting, as well as the molecular processes underlying sex‐specific neurobiology and sex‐biased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling
Authors: McEwen Bruce S.
Published: September 2010

The adult brain is much more resilient and adaptable than previously believed, and adaptive structural plasticity involves growth and shrinkage of dendritic trees, turnover of synapses, and limited amounts of neurogenesis in the forebrain, especially the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Stress and sex hormones help to mediate adaptive structural plasticity, which has been extensively investigated in the hippocampus and to a lesser extent in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, all brain regions that are involved in cognitive and emotional functions. Stress and sex hormones exert their effects on brain structural remodeling through both classical genomic as well as non‐genomic mechanisms, and they do so in collaboration with neurotransmitters and other intra‐ and extracellular mediators. This review will illustrate the actions of estrogen on synapse formation in the hippocampus and the process of stress‐induced remodeling of dendrites and synapses in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. The influence of early developmental epigenetic events, such as early life stress and brain sexual differentiation, is noted along with the interactions between sex hormones and the effects of stress on the brain. Because hormones influence brain structure and function and because hormone secretion is governed by the brain, applied molecular neuroscience techniques can begin to reveal the role of hormones in brain‐related disorders and the treatment of these diseases. A better understanding of hormone–brain interactions should promote more flexible approaches to the treatment of psychiatric disorders, as well as their prevention through both behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions.
Epigenetics and neuropsychiatric diseases: introduction and meeting summary
Authors: Mehler Mark F.
Published: September 2010

This volume is an outgrowth of a symposium entitled “Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Diseases: Mechanisms Mediating Nature and Nurture” presented at the 88th Annual Conference of the Association for Nervous and Mental Diseases, held on December 5, 2008 at the New York Academy of Medicine. Dolores Malaspina (New York University Medical Center) and Mark F. Mehler (Albert Einstein College of Medicine) organized the symposium as two sessions, “Epigenetics and Brain Behavior Relationships” and “Epigenetics and Neuropsychiatric Diseases.” The symposium brought together basic and translational neuroscientists, neurologists, psychiatrists, neuropsychologists, neuropsycho‐pharmacologists, and other allied biomedical professionals to establish an enduring dialogue and collaborative interactions concerning epigenetics and epigenomic medicine as a “new science” of brain and behavior relationships. This new discipline has begun to revolutionize our understanding of nervous system development in many specific areas, including neural stem cell biology, fate decisions, and cell diversity and connectivity; learning and memory; neuronal and neural network homeostasis; plasticity and stress responses; the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases and novel therapeutic interventions involving dynamic cellular reprogramming; reorganization of synaptic and neural network connections; and remodeling of the brain parenchyma and its systemic connections to promote restoration of higher‐order cognitive, behavioral, and sensorimotor functions.
Student Attrition from Traditional and Immersion Foreign Language Programs
Authors: Wesely Pamela M.
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the research that has been conducted on the phenomenon of student attrition from traditional and immersion foreign language (FL) programs. It includes an explanation of the relevant terminology and a brief review of how researchers have studied FL student attrition. After providing this background, the article explores the four major factors in FL student attrition identified in the research studies on the topic: instruction, academic success, anxiety, and motivation. This summary of the studies and synthesis of their findings reveals both powerful insights and important lacunae in the literature on the phenomenon. The paper concludes with some recommendations for instructors hoping to reduce FL student attrition in their programs, as well as for individuals designing future studies about FL student attrition.
The Past and Future of White Pine Forests in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Ziegler Susy Svatek
Published: September 2010

Eastern white pine plays an important role in the Great Lakes ecosystems of the Upper Midwest. White pine forests were even more extensive two centuries ago before the logging industry, logging‐related fires, subsequent fire suppression, and changing forest‐management goals of Euro‐American settlers profoundly altered the species composition and structure of the pine stands. Pine forests of the Great Lakes region have not recovered from the logging era because multiple factors have impeded the successful establishment of pine seedlings and saplings. Herbivores, diseases, insect pests, fire suppression, and climate change affect the current distribution of white pine and will influence future management decisions. Efforts to rejuvenate the pine forests will be expensive, time consuming, labor intensive, and slow, so desired future conditions should be chosen carefully. White pine persists in the Lake States despite environmental and land‐use changes, and it probably will continue to thrive on certain sites. With a better appreciation of the biophysical and human geography that help explain the dynamics of eastern white pine in the Lake States, we can decide how directly we wish to help the species adapt to the rapidly changing environment.
Use of Ground‐based Radar for Climate‐Scale Studies of Weather and Rainfall
Authors: Matyas Corene J.
Published: September 2010

Reflectivity data from weather radar provide information on the location and quantity of water and ice in the atmosphere at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Although the analysis of radar data facilitates spatially accurate climatologies of weather events and rainfall, relatively few studies have utilized data from the US Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) network for climate‐scale research. Towards the goal of increasing the use of these data by geographers, this article details the collection of radar data, their limitations, and conversion into rainfall rates. Examples of climate‐scale research incorporating NEXRAD data are also presented. Although its capabilities to analyze temporal data are limited, the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by non‐geographers is growing. This suggests that the collaboration of geographers specializing in geospatial techniques with those pursuing research in climatology could develop new GIS‐based methods for the spatial analysis of radar data that facilitate climate‐scale research of weather patterns.
Seasonal Patterns of Nitrate Discharge from Forested Catchments: Information Derived from Japanese Case Studies
Authors: Ohte Nobuhito , Tokuchi Naoko , Fujimoto Masamitsu
Published: September 2010

In recent decades, the seasonal variation of NO3− discharge from forest ecosystems has been increasingly used by ecologists and hydrologists as a diagnostic indicator of the nutrient status of ecosystems. Major factors controlling the seasonal patterns of stream NO3− concentrations include seasonal variations in (i) nutrient demands of the ecosystem, (ii) solute transport capability of the hydrological condition, and (iii) in‐stream nutrient usage and supply. In this article, we show how case studies have helped elucidate the dominant controlling factors by comparing data from Japanese catchments with previously compiled data from studies in North America and Europe, and explain the different influences hydrological and biogeochemical controls exert in rainy summer regions ( Japanese catchments) and dry summer regions (sites in the northeast United States and Europe). The seasonal variation of hydrological conditions is a predominant controlling factor in Japanese forests, whereas nutrient demand may predominate in the northeast United States and Europe. We emphasize that it is important to compare seasonal patterns among different climate regions to obtain more universal explanations of the seasonal variation in stream NO3− concentration. In addition, multi‐scale investigations will be needed to provide insight into the relative contribution of hillslope biogeochemical effects and the influences of in‐stream biological activities.
The Illusion of Equity: An Examination of Community Based Natural Resource Management and Inequality in Africa
Authors: Gibbes Cerian , Keys Eric
Published: September 2010

This article examines the dual goals of community based natural resource management (CBNRM) as a way to protect the environment (specifically wildlife) and enhance the socio‐economic equity of communities. As described in the literature, CBNRM should integrate ecological sustainability, economic efficiency and social equity (Pagdee et al. 2006). Although occasionally successful at the first two ideal objectives, the enhancement of social equity is often wanting due to a priori assumptions about communities and resource management devolution. This article based largely on published literature, and addresses the constraints and opportunities for successful CBNRM in Africa, largely focusing on southern Africa as that part of the world has been one of the early testing grounds for these environmental management ideas.
Haemoglobinuria and hypophosphataemia in postparturient dairy cows without dietary deficiency of phosphorus
Authors: Jubb TF , Jerrett IV , Browning JW , Thomas KW
Published: September 2010

Postparturient haemogloblnuria occurred in 11 Holstein‐Friesian cows in 8 dairy herds in East Gippsland, Victoria. The affected cows had a wide range of ages, body condition and production level. Seven of 9 cows sampled were hypophosphataemic, 4 of 8 cows examined had Heinz bodies present in erythrocytes and strong ketonuria was present in 6 of 10 urine samples tested. Herdmates having similar calving dates had mostly normal serum phosphorus levels and none had Heinz bodies. There was no evidence for dietary phosphorus (P) deficiency, hypocuprosis or excessive P drain from high production being predisposing factors. There were no cruciferous plants in the diet. Haemolysis persisted in 4 cows despite treatment to raise serum P levels.

An hyposthesis is proposed for the sporadic nature and clinical manifestations of the disease. This is based on mechanisms of hypophosphataemia occurring in man and mechanisms of Heinz body formation and haemolysis in other circumstances. We suggest that hypophosphataemia occurs following recovery from preparturient keto‐acidosis caused by undernutrition in late pregnancy and then becoming nutritionally replete in the early postparturient period. Circulating oxidants may cause erythrocyte damage which may be predisposed to by hypophosphataemia.
Electroejaculation in goats
Authors: Carter PD , Hamilton PA , Dufty JH
Published: September 2010

A comparison was made of a sine‐wave and a pulse‐wave electroejaculator for the collection of semen from male goats. Six animals were ejaculated once, using one or other instrument and 8 were ejaculated with each device with an intervening rest period. Comparing the sine‐wave with the pulse‐wave equipment, the mean total number of sperm collected was 5.3 × 109 and 2.1 × 109 cells respectively, in the first experiment and 4.0 × 109 and 1.0 × 109 cells, respectively, in the second experiment. In the latter experiment, a significant difference (p<0.05) was found in the sperm concentration, which was higher with the sine‐wave generator. This instrument, with controlled output, was considered less stressful to the animal.
The relationship between certain blood constituents in cows with milk fever and the response following treatment with calcium borogluconate solutions
Authors: Fenwick DC
Published: September 2010

The association between the concentrations of various blood constituents and the responses of cows with milk fever following calcium borogluconate therapy was determined using analysis of variance. In cows which had not received herdsman treatment prior to sampling (n = 63), plasma potassium was the only constituent with a significant effect (p<0.01), the mean concentrations for cows classified as unassisted, assisted, or delayed, recoveries, and deaths ranging down from 4.3 to 2.8 mmol/l, respectively. In cows which had received treatment prior to sampling (n=55) those making unassisted recoveries had significantly lower mean concentrations of serum total calcium than those making assisted recoveries (1.3v1.9 mmol/l, respectively, p<0.05), and cows making delayed recoveries had significantly lower mean plasma inorganic phosphate concentrations (0.3 mmol/l) than those making unassisted and assisted recoveries (both 0.7 mmol/l, p<0.05) and those subsequently dying (1.2 mmol/l, p<0.01). Response was not dependent on plasma potassium concentrations in the treated group of cows, and plasma sodium, serum magnesium, and erythrocyte sodium concentrations were not significant in either group of cows.
Use of Palm computer as an adjunct to cognitive–behavioural therapy with an ultra‐high‐risk patient: a case report
Authors: Kimhy David , Corcoran Cheryl
Published: September 2010

Aim: Recently, attempts have been made to develop cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) treatment models to target negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia, as well as individuals at ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Successful CBT treatment is founded on active patient participation including completion of homework assignments such as daily logs of activities and experiences. However, these very negative symptoms may themselves hinder the rate of homework assignment completion. We describe a case report of using experience sampling method with a Palm computer as an adjunct to CBT with a female patient at UHR status with predominantly negative symptoms. Our aim was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this methodology to improve homework completion and overcome treatment barriers associated with negative symptoms.

Methods: Over the course of treatment, the patient was provided with a Palm computer to carry with her throughout her daily activities. The Palm computer was pre‐programmed to beep randomly 10 times per day (10 a.m.–12 a.m.) over each three‐day assessment period to elicit information on daily functioning.

Results: The use of the Palm computer was acceptable to the patient and resulted in a substantial increase in homework completion. This methodology resulted in rich information about the patients' daily functioning and patterns of improvement during treatment. The experience sampling method data were also successfully used in the application of treatment interventions.

Conclusion: The findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of using Palm computers as adjunct to CBT with UHR individuals with predominantly negative symptoms. The implications for treatment and future research directions are discussed.
Gene‐drive into insect populations with age and spatial structure: a theoretical assessment
Authors: Huang Yunxin , Lloyd Alun L. , Legros Mathieu , Gould Fred
Published: September 2010

The potential benefits and risks of genetically engineered gene‐drive systems for replacing wild pest strains with more benign strains must be assessed prior to any field releases. We develop a computer simulation model to assess the feasibility of using engineered underdominance constructs to drive transgenes into age‐ and spatially structured mosquito populations. Our practical criterion for success is the achievement of a transgene frequency of at least 0.80 within 3 years of release. The impacts of a number of parameters that may affect the success of gene‐drive, such as the release area, release age, density‐dependent larval survival, fitness cost of the engineered genes, and migration probability of adults, are examined. Results show that patchy release generally requires the release of fewer engineered insects to achieve success than central release. When the fitness cost is very low, central release covering 25% of the total area can be more effective than a completely uniform release over the whole area. This study demonstrates that to determine the best method of spatial release, and the total number of engineered insects that must be released, it is important to take into account the age and sex of the released insects and spatial structure of the population.
Shear Wave Anisotropy of the Upper Mantle Beneath the Region from Tingri of Tibet to Golmud of Qinghai
Authors: Danian Shi , Yingjun Dong , Mei Jiang , Hong Zhao , Poupinet Georges , Hirn Alfred , Nercessian Alexandre
Published: September 2010

Measurements of shear wave splitting at 43 three–component seismic stations show very big difference in anisotropy on both sides of the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture (ITS), but little difference on both sides of the older Bangong–Nujiang suture (BNS) and the Jinsha River suture (JS) to its north. Obvious discrepancy exists between the anisotropy direction and the superficial tectonic trends, which is not explicable directly by the coherent upper mantle deformation usually supposed to occur in consistency with the trend of a collisional belt. On the other hand, strong spatial relationships are observed from the anisotropy results, such as the orthogonal directions of anisotropy on both sides of ITS and the good correlation between the region of larger magnitude of anisotropy and the zone of inefficient Sn propagation of Qiangtang as well as the systematic rotation of the directions of anisotropy, which should testify some much more complicated aspects of the continental convergence mechanism To the best of our data, we tend to suppose that the Qinghai—Tibet plateau might result from a mechanism complicated by the coexistence of Argand's underthrusting and Dewey's diffuse deformation.
New Quaternary Mammalian Faunas and Cave Deposits in the Zhoukoudian Area, Beijing
Authors: Jie Cheng , Mingzhong Tian , Boxun Cao , Zhizhong Zhao
Published: September 2010

From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were discovered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are the East, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices of mammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a temperature–falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species of mammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistocene age. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry–cold) to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, being Middle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. In the cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early Late Pleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper horizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.
The Missing Time Calculation of the Hiatus Surface: A Case Study of the Upper Permian Reef Section the Platform Margin, Ziyun, Guizhou
Authors: Yaoqi Zhou , Yongchao Lu , Sitian Li , Hongzhen Wang
Published: September 2010

Taken as an example the Upper Permian reef section on the carbonate platform margin at Ziyun, Guizhou, the paper discusses the missing time of a hiatus surface, an important problem in chemical sequence stratigraphy, with the concept of cosmic chemistry. Then the paper proposes a series of new concepts for chemical sequence stratigraphy, including the condensation surface, relative compaction factor and time missing factor. Finally a quantitative curve of Late Permian relative sea–level change in the Ziyun area is presented with time coordinates.
Carbon and Strontium Isotopes of Late Palaeozoic Marine Carbonates in the Upper Yangtze Platform, Southwest China
Authors: Sijing Huang , Shaohua Zhou
Published: September 2010

238 marine carbonate samples were collected from seven sedimentary sections of the entire late Palaeozoic (Permian, Carboniferous and Devonian) in the Upper Yangtze Platform, southwest China. Based on the absence of cathodoluminescence and very low Mn (generally < 50 ppm) contents of the samples, it is thought that they contain information on the original sea water geochemistry. The results of isotopic analyses of these samples are presented in terms of δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr ratios versus geological time. The strontium data, consistent with other similar data based on samples from North America, Europe, Africa and other areas in Asia, support the notion of a global consistency in strontium isotope composition of marine carbonates. The strontium data exhibit three intervals of relatively low 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the late Middle Devonian to early Late Devonian, Early Carboniferous and Early Permian, corresponding to global eustatic high sea level stands. The lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio recorded in the Late Permian was probably caused by substantial basalt eruptions in the Upper Yangtze Platform at the time. Three corresponding periods of relatively high δ13C values at roughly the same time intervals were caused by a relatively high rate of accumulation of organic carbon during sea level rises at these times. The deposition of coal was probably responsible for the increase of sea water δ13C at other times. The δ13C values drop dramatically near the Devonian/Carboniferous, Carboniferous/Permian and Permian/Triassic boundaries, consistent with other similar data, which further support the notion that geological time boundaries are associated with mass extinction and subsequent rejuvenation.
Devonian Sea–Level Change Rhythms in South China and Coupling Relationships Among the Earth–spheres
Authors: Yiming Gong , Yi Wu , Yuansheng Du , Qinglai Feng , Benpei Liu
Published: September 2010

Twenty orthosequences and their corresponding sea–level change (SLC) cycles have been recognized in the Devonian overlying the Caledonian unconformity, of which 9, 5.5 and 5.5 occurred in the Lower, Middle and Upper Devonian respectively. They can be grouped into 4 orthosequence sets, in which the maximum flooding surfaces lie in the sulcutus Zone (D12), perbonus Zone (D13), Middle and Upper varcus Zone (D32) and gigas Zone (D21) respectively. Four instant palaeogeographical reconstructions of South China have been made in the Emsian and Givetian. Devonian sea–level change rhythms of South China can be divided into 3 categories: the autorhythmic, the worldwide and regional allorhythmic, and the coupling–rhythmic. They developed respectively in the Famennian, Pragian, Eifelian, Lochkovian, Emsian, Givetian, Frasnian and the F/F (between the Frasnian and Famennian) event. The cause of the worldwide allorhythmic SLC of the Pragian and Eifelian under comparatively dry, warm and tranquil conditions may be related to the pulsating expanding and contracting of the oceanic basin volume or the earth volume pulsation, rather than the common glaciation and plate tectonism. The coupling–rhythmic SLC related to the F/F event is a sensitive indicator of the interaction between terrestrial and extraterrestrial factors, and coordinated action among the earth–spheres.
Geological Characteristics and Manifestations of Geological Processes of Sequence Boundaries and Their Vicinities
Authors: Linping Xiao , Yuguang Zhao
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses the geological characteristics and architectures of sequence boundaries and their vicinities and has proposed a classification scheme for the sequence boundaries, which can thus be grouped into three types and eight categories: type I includes exposed truncated surface, palaeosol surface, palaeokarst surface and exposed surface; type II boundaries include structural transitional surface during sea–level fall and transgressive onlap surface; and type III includes submarine erosional diagenetic diastem and event surface. A study has been made for the three major boundaries lying between the Permian and pre–Permian, the Permian and Triassic, and the Middle and Lower Triassic respectively in terms of multiple disciplines such as lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and carbon and oxygen isotopic geology. These three boundaries are ascribed to type I, type II and type III, respectively.
Ground‐Space Correlation of TM Data and Its Application to the Prediction of Gold Deposits
Authors: Haiping WANG , Yunzhong HU , Zonggui ZHANG , Wei CHEN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: It has been inferred and proved by the remote sensing equations under rational hypotheses in atmospheric physics that there is a linear correlation between the ground reflective brightness Wij and the total reflective brightness Rij received in different bands with a remote sensor. Nine models delineating the ground‐space correlation between the ground spectra and the optimal bands of images of the typical gold deposits have been established based on the ground‐space correlativity and field measurements of the ground spectra of the typical gold deposits in the Ailaoshan area. According to the 9 correlation models, TM images were inverted into ground‐space correlation images that are related to the typical gold deposits within the area and then recognized by a computer. Research on the ground spectra and TM data in the Ailaoshan area shows that the correlation analysis of the ground spectra and TM data of gold deposits can be effectively applied to the prediction of gold deposits, location of prospecting targets, and extraction of imagery information of gold mineralization.
Distribution Patterns of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Hydrocarbons in Low‐Mature Source Rocks from Eastern China
Authors: Dujie HOU , Linye ZHANG , Tieguan WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Four typical distribution patterns of pentacyclic triterpenoid hydrocarbons (types A‐D) are distinguished in the low‐mature source rocks from eastern China. Type A has a relatively high content of pentacyclic triterpenes. It exists in immature sediments and the distribution and abundance of triterpenes vary with the maturity of the sediments. An unknown C30 triterpene (UCT2) has also been detected in very shallow sediments. This compound is very unstable and disappears rapidly with the increase of depth. Type B is characterized by a relatively high amount of 17α(H), 21β(H)‐30‐homohopane. This kind of distribution pattern is common in coals and terrestrial sediments of low maturity. Type C has a relatively high content of diahopane and neohopane series. The analysis shows that this distribution pattern may have an indirect relationship with the input of higher plants despite its microbial source. There are C30—unconfirmed triterpane (UCT2) and a relatively high content of C35 hopane in type D. The distribution patterns of pentacyclic triterpenoids are varied under influences of biological sources, diagentic and sedimentary environments, thermal maturity etc. Therefore, they can provide useful information about the source rocks. Based on geochemical characteristics of the source rocks, the authors postulated that the type B and type C patterns are mainly related to suboxic‐anoxic environments. Type D indicates the reducing to anoxic environment, in which C30‐UCT3 may be related to some specific biological source in saline environments. The precursors and thermal evolution of some triterpenoid hydrocarbons are also discussed herein.
Oncolites of the Lower Permian Chuanshan Formation in South China and Their Geological and Economic Significance
Authors: Yuehua JIANG , Wenzhe YUE , Zhizheng YE
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A large amount of oncolites popularly named “Chuanshan balls” occur universally in the Lower Permian Chuanshan Formation in South China. These kinds of oncolites have the following characteristics: wide distribution, huge quantities, large sedimentary thickness and similar characters, which constitute a specific “fashion facies” in geological history. The authors consider that these kinds of oncolites were due to the intense differentiation of the global climate at that time, which resulted in a universal descent of the sea level and breeding of a large amount of algae in sea water over low‐latitude areas. According to the distribution and characteristics of the oncolitic, relative relationships between different tectonic blocks may be inferred, diagenetic strength indicated and diagenetic history recovered, and more important, oncolites serve as a favourable reservoir rock, so their study is of great theoretical and economic significance.
A Study of Occurrences of Ag in Pb‐Zn‐Cu Ore Deposits in China
Authors: Jingchun WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  A systematic study of occurrences of silver in 156 Pb‐Zn‐Cu ore deposits indicates that silver mainly occurs in nonferrous metal ore deposits in forms of association and paragenesis. It occurs mainly as independent minerals in nature and occasionally as ion adsorption, isomorphous or amorphous silver minerals. Nearly 190 silver minerals have been discovered in China. Their shapes, constituents, textures, grain sizes, embedded types, distribution patterns, mineral assemblages and metallogenic series suggest that these characteristics are closely related to geneses of deposits and dependent of ore‐forming conditions. Pb, Zn and Cu sulphides are the main carrier minerals of silver. The partition of silver in ore is constrained by the mineralization intensity, grain size and embedded form of silver minerals and mineral assemblages.