bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment of sildenafil attenuates ischemia-reperfusion renal injury in rats
Authors: Choi Dae Eun , Jeong Jin Young , Lim Beom Jin , Chung Sarah , Chang Yoon Kyung , Lee Sang Ju , Na Ki Ryang , Kim Seok Young , Shin Young Tai , Lee Kang Wook
Published: May 2009

Sildenafil was the first selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) to be widely used for treating erectile dysfunction. Many recent studies have investigated the cardioprotective role of sildenafil in animal models. We evaluated the protective effects of sildenafil in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in two studies. In study 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham, sildenafil-treated sham, vehicle-treated IR, and sildenafil-treated IR groups. In study 2, we divided the rats into two groups: sildenafil-treated IR rats and PD98059 (ERK inhibitor)+sildenafil-treated IR rats. Functional parameters of the kidney were evaluated at the molecular and structural levels. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels were lower in sildenafil-treated IR rats than in vehicle-treated IR rats. The expression of inducible (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) proteins in sildenafil-treated IR rats was significantly higher than in vehicle-treated IR rats. Pretreatment with sildenafil in IR rats increased ERK phosphorylation and reduced the renal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, renal caspase-3 activity, and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling-positive apoptotic cells. In contrast, PD98059 treatment increased BUN and serum creatinine levels and attenuated the sildenafil-induced expression of pERK, iNOS, eNOS, and Bcl-2. PD98059 also increased caspase-3 activity but did not decrease the sildenafil-induced accumulation of cGMP. In conclusion, this study suggests that sildenafil has antiapoptotic effects in experimental IR renal injury via ERK phosphorylation, induction of iNOS and eNOS production, and a decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.
Two Distinct Types of Inhibition Mediated by Cartwheel Cells in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Mancilla Jaime G. , Manis Paul B.
Published: May 2009

Individual neurons have been shown to exhibit target cell-specific synaptic function in several brain areas. The time course of the postsynaptic conductances (PSCs) strongly influences the dynamics of local neural networks. Cartwheel cells (CWCs) are the most numerous inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). They are excited by parallel fiber synapses, which carry polysensory information, and in turn inhibit other CWCs and the main projection neurons of the DCN, pyramidal cells (PCs). CWCs have been implicated in “context-dependent” inhibition, producing either depolarizing (other CWCs) or hyperpolarizing (PCs) post synaptic potentials. In the present study, we used paired whole cell recordings to examine target-dependent inhibition from CWCs in neonatal rat DCN slices. We found that CWC inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) onto PCs are large (1.3 mV) and brief (half-width = 11.8 ms), whereas CWC IPSPs onto other CWCs are small (0.2 mV) and slow (half-width = 36.8 ms). Evoked IPSPs between CWCs exhibit paired-pulse facilitation, while CWC IPSPs onto PCs exhibit paired-pulse depression. Perforated-patch recordings showed that spontaneous IPSPs in CWCs are hyperpolarizing at rest with a mean estimated reversal potential of −67 mV. Spontaneous IPSCs were smaller and lasted longer in CWCs than in PCs, suggesting that the kinetics of the receptors are different in the two cell types. These results reveal that CWCs play a dual role in the DCN. The CWC-CWC network interactions are slow and sensitive to the average rate of CWC firing, whereas the CWC-PC network is fast and sensitive to transient changes in CWC firing.
Silencing Viral MicroRNA as a Novel Antiviral Therapy?
Authors: Moens Ugo
Published: May 2009

Viruses are intracellular parasites that ensure their existence by converting host cells into viral particle producing entities or into hiding places rendering the virus invisible to the host immune system. Some viruses may also survive by transforming the infected cell into an immortal tumour cell. MicroRNAs are small non‐coding transcripts that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Viruses encode miRNAs that regulate expression of both cellular and viral genes, and contribute to the pathogenic properties of viruses. Hence, neutralizing the action of viral miRNAs expression by complementary single‐stranded oligonucleotides or so‐called anti‐miRNAs may represent a strategy to combat viral infections and viral‐induced pathogenesis. This review describes the miRNAs encoded by human viruses, and discusses the possible therapeutic applications of anti‐miRNAs against viral diseases.
Gerald Odonis' Economics Treatise
Authors: Piron Sylvain , Ceccarelli Giovanni
Published: May 2009

Gerald Odonis' treatise on contracts, restitutions, and excommunication is one of his earliest works, composed in Toulouse ca. 1315-17. Mainly based on Peter John Olivi's De contractibus, but using a variety of other sources and offering some original arguments as well, it is remarkable for its pragmatic approach to economic phenomena. His rejection of the rational argument against usury reveals a casual use of the bull Exiit qui seminat, defining Franciscan poverty, as well as a change of assumptions in the approach to economic exchange. Whereas various explanations can be provided for the provocative aspect of this youthful treatise, all in all, it can best be described as a free and uninhibited interpretation of the scholastic tradition.
Gerald Odonis' Commentary on the Ethics: A Discussion of the Manuscripts and General Survey
Authors: Porter Camarin
Published: May 2009

Gerald Odonis produced a lengthy commentary on the Ethics, recognized by both his contemporaries and modern scholars as a substantial analysis of Aristotelian thought on the virtues, the will, moral choice, justice, and the nature of ethical inquiry. As recent research on late-medieval ethics has expanded deeper into these discussions, interest in Odonis' contributions has grown, but it has been limited textually to the two early printed editions of the work. The present survey of the commentary's manuscript tradition investigates the codices attributed to Odonis, identifies the incomplete witnesses and misattributions, and clarifies the nature of the manuscripts recently assigned to Odonis.
The Deity Kur(r)a in the First Millennium Sources
Authors: Younger K. Lawson
Published: May 2009

Recent epigraphic evidence from Cebel İres Dağı, Çineköy and Tell Šēh Hamad have provided further important additional documentation in Phoenician for a deity Kur(r)a. This article investigates the growing attestations for this deity in the first millennium sources, both cuneiform and alphabetic. In light of the growing occurrences of b'l kr, it proposes a reassessment of the enigmatic phrase b'l krntryš in the Phoenician text from Karatepe. The article also presents the limited second millennium data and evaluates the possible connections with the third millennium Eblaite deity Kura.L'évidence épigraphique récente de Cebel İres Dağı, Çineköy et Tell Šēh Hamad a fourni encore plus de documentation importante en phénicien pour une divinité nommée Kur(r)a. Cet article étudie les attestations croissantes pour cette divinité dans les sources cunéiformes et alphabétiques du premier millénaire av. J.-C. À la lumière des occurrences croissantes de b'l kr, cette étude propose une réévaluation de l'expression énigmatique b'l krntryš dans le texte phénicienne de Karatepe. L'article présente également les données limitées du deuxième millénaire et évalue les liens possibles avec la divinité éblaïte du troisième millénaire Kura.
Marine Genetic Resources. A Source of New Drugs The Experience of the Biotechnology Sector
Authors: de la Calle Fernando
Published: May 2009

This article provides an overview of the conversion of marine genetic resources into new drugs. Three marine organisms suitable for application in human health and steps in the drug discovery process are described. Specific supply problems resulting from the minute concentration of required compounds for medicine in the natural marine source are examined. Three case studies illustrate different strategies enabling an industrial-scale production: chemical synthesis, biotechnology and fermentation. Future concepts for marine scientific research which could lead to new medical applications are considered. Besides research in unexplored deep sea areas, the “metagenomic approach” particularly might lead to significant new achievements. This DNA analysis of marine organisms facilitates the drug discovery process because it requires significantly less marine material than current approaches. Because this process, starting with the search for bioactive molecules and continuing with the production of drug-like molecules before finally reaching the status of medicine, can take up to 20 years, the development of medicine is a very long and risky venture.
The Settlement of Disputes Arising From Conflicting Outer Continental Shelf Claims
Authors: Nelson
Published: May 2009

This article begins with brief observations on the dispute-settlement system contained in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention). It then reviews the rules of procedure of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (the Commission) which are designed to prevent or minimize disputes concerning outer continental shelf boundaries. In this context reference is made to joint submissions by coastal States. The role of the institutions created by the LOS Convention—the International Seabed Authority, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, in particular the Seabed Disputes Chamber, and the Commission—with respect to dispute settlement is examined. It also considers the circumstances when States Parties may or may not challenge the recommendations of the Commission.
Marine Genetic Resources: Outcomes of the United Nations Informal Consultative Process (ICP)
Authors: Ridgeway Lorraine (Lori)
Published: May 2009

This presentation analyses the outcomes of the 8th ICP meeting devoted to Marine Genetic Resources, from the perspective of policy issues arising from the international debate at that meeting. After describing the purpose and working procedures of the ICP, findings derived from the specific panel discussions and state-to-state debate during the meeting are summarized. Common elements between findings from the panels and discussions, as well as tensions among positions of states, are identified. With regard to policy and legal issues that remained contentious and unresolved, eight considerations underlying divergent views are considered. It is suggested that these divergences may themselves be rooted in further deep-seated tensions between developing and developed states, as well as between commercial benefits and environmental interests. It is concluded that considerably more international debate is necessary in order to develop a better understanding of the contentious issues and to agree on a common way forward. Future solutions at the international level will require patience and realism, but in the meantime practical measures can be put forward that would generate benefits to all states and stakeholders.
How Can Life in the Deep Sea Be Protected?
Authors: Armas-Pfirter Frida
Published: May 2009

The Area and the continental shelf contain living and non-living resources. Although these resources are not expressly regulated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the International Seabed Authority is entitled to manage, protect and control these resources on behalf of humankind. However, intrusions in this highly sensitive environment by means of scientific explorations, bioprospecting or mining activities present considerable threats. The highly complex symbiosis of those resources requires careful attention, as their habitat transcends jurisdictional boundaries.
Any Room for Christ in Asia? Statistics and the Location of the Next Christendom
Authors: Singgih Emanuel Gerrit
Published: May 2009

The claim of Philip Jenkins that there is now a new Christendom emerging in the Southern Hemisphere, i.e. in Latin America, Africa and Asia is not in line with the conviction of Asian theologians who started precisely from the position of Christians in Asia as a minority. In this paper, the view of three Asian theologians will be contrasted with Jenkins. Even from the list of statistical tables provided by Jenkins it is clear that Asia cannot be included in the next Christendom. However, the clash of civilizations of which Jenkins feared will happen in Asia between Christian fundamentalists and Islamic radicals is not dismissed out of hand, but will be evaluated from the experiences of Christians in Indonesia.
Global Christianity: A European Perspective
Authors: Wijsen Frans
Published: May 2009

Reflecting from a European perspective upon the shift of the centre of gravity of Christianity to the global South, the author explores the implications of this shift for intercultural communication and hermeneutics within world Christianity. Are North-South relationships within world Christianity simply to be reversed, and does European Christianity end up exclusively at the receiving end? Discussing his studies of Christian immigrants in The Netherlands, the author states that the struggle between Western and non-Western Christians is a struggle about the values of modernity. This is shown in de debates about abortion, single sex marriages and euthanasia. The author holds that European theologians cannot simply return to pre-modern values, stick to modern universalism or be satisfied with post-modern relativity. They must develop further a trans-modern hermeneutic.
The Role of Governance in Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: de Graaf Frank Jan , Stoelhorst J. W.
Published: May 2009

This article extends the corporate social performance (CSP) model by studying the role of governance structures and governance systems in shaping corporate social responsibility. The authors argue that a governance perspective offers a fruitful research strategy both to study empirically how firms balance the competing moral frameworks and political philosophies that are part and parcel of defining their role in society and to further the theoretical integration of the descriptive and normative perspectives in the business and society field. They illustrate the potential of this research strategy with a comparative case study of processes of responsiveness at four Dutch banks with markedly different governance structures. This study shows how governance systems and structures both enable and constrain corporate responsibility and responsiveness. The authors conclude with a proposal to reorient the CSP model to harness the integrative potential of studying corporate social responsibility through a governance lens.
Review Essay: “It’s the Politics, Stupid!”
Authors: Matten Dirk
Published: May 2009

This review essay analyzes the 2007 books of Naomi Klein and Robert B. Reich. Both books identify a political role for the private corporation in contemporary capitalism globally. The review article concludes with some remarks on the implication of both books for a future research agenda in management studies in general and the business and society field in particular.
Geography as Motivation and Opportunity
Authors: Weidmann Nils B.
Published: May 2009

The literature suggests that geographically concentrated groups face a higher likelihood of conflict. While this finding seems to be commonly accepted, there is no clear consensus that explains why this is the case. Two competing mechanisms have been proposed: first, a motivation-driven mechanism, where the existence of a well-defined group territory makes the group more likely to fight for it; and second, an opportunity-driven link, where concentration facilitates group coordination for collective action. This article aims to resolve this controversy by developing new settlement pattern indicators based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. Using conflict data at the level of ethnic groups, I show that there is clear evidence in favor of the opportunity mechanism. Thus, the effect of group concentration on conflict seems to be driven by the strategic advantages for group coordination that the spatial proximity of group members provides.
The Heritage of Herding and Southern Homicide
Authors: Baller Robert D. , Zevenbergen Matthew P. , Messner Steven F.
Published: May 2009

The authors examine the ecological foundations of the thesis of a “code of honor” as an explanation for southern homicide. Specifically, they consider the effects of indicators of ethnic groups that migrated from herding economies (the Scotch-Irish), cattle and pig herding, and the relative importance of agricultural production across different areas in the Old South. Using county-level data on argument-related White male homicide offenders (1983 to 1998) from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Reports, the authors observe the theoretically expected positive interaction between the proxy measure of the presence of Scotch-Irish communities, namely, the percentage of churches that were Presbyterian in 1850, and the number of cattle and pigs per capita in 1850. They also find a negative effect of an index of crop production in 1850 on argument-related offending. The overall pattern of these findings is highly consistent with the herding thesis advanced by Nisbett and Cohen.
From Sugar to Blackberries
Authors: Chollett Donna L.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, economic crisis in the sugar industry and the closure of an important sugar mill in Michoacán, Mexico, have fostered the entry of transnational agribusinesses that contract with local growers for blackberry production. Land concentration is under way as wealthy growers rent ejido (agrarian-reform) land to grow berries and small-scale growers shift to less capitalized berry production or migrate out of the region. An analysis of the impact of this transition, part of the globalization of the agro-food system, on campesinos, workers, and their communities reveals that a general improvement in the economy has been accompanied by increased inequality, concentration of land ownership, and out-migration, a division of labor by gender that is detrimental to women, and damage to human health and the environment due to increased use of pesticides.
Latin American Evangelicals' Attitudes about the United States' Role in the World
Authors: Melkonian-Hoover Ruth , Hoover Dennis
Published: May 2009

Public opinion studies in the United States reveal significant evangelical Protestant support for many U.S. foreign policies. Evangelical Protestantism is growing at a rapid pace in Latin America. Given the historical and contemporary influence of U.S. evangelical Protestants in Latin America (via missionary efforts, denominational ties, etc.), some scholars presume a uniformity of outlook on U.S. policy among evangelicals in the two regions. A broad-based analysis of public opinion in Latin America evaluating links between religious affiliation and support for the U.S. role in the world reveals that, as indicated by recent groundbreaking scholarship, Latin American evangelicals are not more inclined than others to support U.S. foreign policy.
“Less Than Fully Satisfactory Development Outcomes”
Authors: Kohl Benjamin , Farthing Linda
Published: May 2009

At five key moments, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund pressured weak administrations in Bolivia to adopt policies that had a negative impact on the country's political stability. The principle of “market democracy” had become so sacrosanct within the international financial institutions that they ignored the difficulties their policies created. Changes in policy since 2006, when Bolivia's first indigenous president, Evo Morales, came to power, reflect more of an accommodation in the face of a shifting context than any significant recognition of neoliberalism's limitations.
Design and Integration of a Telerobotic System for Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Throat
Authors: Simaan Nabil , Kai Xu  , Wei Wei  , Kapoor Ankur , Kazanzides Peter , Taylor Russell , Flint Paul
Published: May 2009

In this paper we present the clinical motivation, design specifications, kinematics, statics, and actuation compensation for a newly constructed telerobotic system for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) of the throat. A hybrid dual-arm telesurgical slave, with 20 joint-space Degrees-of-Freedom (DoFs), is used in this telerobotic system to provide the necessary dexterity in deep surgical fields such as the throat. The telerobotic slave uses novel continuum robots that use multiple super-elastic backbones for actuation and structural integrity. We present the kinematics of the telesurgical slave and methods for actuation compensation to cancel the effects of backlash, friction, and flexibility of the actuation lines. A method for actuation compensation is presented in order to overcome uncertainties of modeling, friction, and backlash. This method uses a tiered hierarchy of two novel approaches of actuation compensation for remotely actuated snake-like robots. The tiered approach for actuation compensation uses compensation in both joint space and configuration space of the continuum robots. These hybrid actuation compensation schemes use intrinsic model information and external data through a recursive linear estimation algorithm and involve compensation using configuration space and joint space variables. Experimental results validate the ability of our integrated telemanipulation system through experiments of suturing and knot tying in confined spaces.
A Framework for the Simulation and Haptic Display of Dynamic Systems Subject to Holonomic Constraints
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Basañez L. , Colgate J. Edward , Faulring Eric L.
Published: May 2009

In this paper we present a framework that enables an operator to haptically and visually interact with a simulated dynamic environment subject to virtual holonomic constraints. The framework combines a geometric constraint solver with a constrained dynamics simulation engine that controls an admittance-type haptic display. This system takes on relevant issues in the context of assisted teleoperated tasks, from providing an intuitive interface for creating and combining virtual constraints, to haptically displaying rigid motion constraints in simulated environments subject to desired inertial dynamics. Two experiments carried out using the Cobotic Hand Controller haptic display are presented.
Multiaxis 3D Woven Preform and Properties of Multiaxis 3D Woven and 3D Orthogonal Woven Carbon/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Bilisik Kadir
Published: May 2009

In this study, multiaxis 3D woven preform was developed with five yarn sets: + bias, -bias, warp, filling, and z-yarns. The orientation of the yarns on the five axis have improved the mechanical properties of the preform. The yarns of the preforms, which were made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, were consolidated with an epoxy resin. These preforms were tested and compared with the 3D orthogonal woven carbon composites. It was found that in-plane shear strength and modulus of multiaxis 3D woven composite were higher than that of the 3D orthogonal woven composite. However the bending strength, bending modulus, and the interlaminar shear strength of the multiaxis 3D woven composite were slightly lower than that of the 3D orthogonal woven composite because of the orientations of +/-bias yarns on both surfaces of the multiaxis 3D woven structure. The failures of both woven samples were also analyzed for the assessment of their mechanical behaviors. The unit cell of the multiaxis 3D woven preform was described. Depending on the unit cell geometry, some relationships were developed to predict the volume fraction of each yarn set in the preform and these predicted results were also compared with the measured values.
Studies on Performance of Acrylonitrile-Pretreated Bamboo-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Composites
Authors: Kushwaha Pradeep K. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: May 2009

The present study investigates the effect of acrylonitrile treatment of bamboo mats on bamboo-reinforced epoxy and polyester resin composites. Acrylonitrile treatment has been done for 1 and 5 h. The tensile strength and modulus of the composites have been improved with both the resins after acrylonitrile treatment (cyanoethylation) of fibers. Moisture regain decreases significantly on cyanoethylation. Acrylonitrile-pretreated bamboo-reinforced polyester composite decreases the water uptake drastically from 75 to 14%.
Interacting Blends of Acrylated Poly(Ester-Amide) Resins I with Methyl Methacrylate Monomer Part 2
Authors: Patel Hasmukh S. , Patel Bhavdeep K.
Published: May 2009

Bisphthalamic acids were prepared by reaction of phthalic anhydride and aromatic diamines. Novel poly(ester-amide)s were prepared by the reaction of epoxy resin with bisphthalamic acids. Acrylation of PEAs was carried out using acryloyl chloride and the products derived are acrylated poly(ester-amide)s. PEAs and APEAs were characterized by elemental analysis and by average molecular weight. IR spectra were also recorded for both PEAs and APEAs. Blending of APEAs was carried out with methyl methacrylate monomer. Curing of APEA—MMA blends was monitored on the differential scanning calorimeter. Composites of APEA—MMA blends were laminated and characterized. Unreinforced cured samples of the APEA—MMA blends were analyzed thermogravimetrically.
Systematic Review of Postdischarge Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Patients Undergoing GI Surgery
Authors: Lidder Paul G , Lewis Stephen , Duxbury Mark , Thomas Steven
Published: May 2009

Objective: To determine whether nutritional supplementation following hospital discharge in patients who undergo gastrointestinal (GI) surgery is benefical in specific outcome measures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted of randomized controlled trials comparing nutritional supplements vs a “standard care” regimen given to patients following discharge from hospital after GI surgery. Outcome measures were weight change, quality of life, clinical complications, fatigue, and hand grip strength. Results: Four studies were identified. Postdischarge oral nutritional supplements were found to be safe and increased energy intake, protein intake, and weight in patients after discharge from hospital. The greatest gains in weight were seen in malnourished patients. Little evidence was found that nutritional supplements reduce morbidity or improve quality of life, fatigue, or hand‐grip strength. Only one study was methodologically adequate, and none were powered to detect differences in clinical complications. Conclusions: In patients who undergo GI surgery and receive nutritional supplements after discharge from hospital, little evidence of clinical benefit was found, principally through lack of robust data. All the studies were under‐powered or not specifically designed to show benefit during this period. It is recommended that nutritional supplements be offered to malnourished patients or those at high risk of poor dietary intake at discharge from hospital.
Comment On: Nutritional Deficiencies After Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity Often Cannot be Prevented by Standard Multivitamin Supplementation
Authors: Trumpy Michelle S.
Published: May 2009

Gasteyger C, Suter M, Gaillard RC, and Giusti V.

Background: Despite the increasing use of Rouxen‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) in the treatment of morbid obesity, data about postoperative nutritional deficiencies and their treatment remain scarce. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a standard multivitamin preparation in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiencies in obese patients after RYGBP. Design: This was a retrospective study of a 2‐year follow‐up of obese patients after RYGBP surgery. Between the first and the sixth postoperative months, a standardized multivitamin preparation was prescribed for all patients. Specific requirements for additional substitutive treatments were systematically assessed by a biologic workup at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. Results: A total of 137 morbidly obese patients (110 women and 27 men) were included. The mean (±SD) age at the time of surgery was 39.9± 10.0 years, and the body mass index (in kg/m2) was 46.7± 6.5. Three months after RYGBP, 34% of these patients required at least one specific supplement in addition to the multivitamin preparation. At 6 and 24 months, this proportion increased to 59% and 98%, respectively. Two years after RYGBP, a mean amount of 2.9 ± 1.4 specific supplements had been prescribed for each patient, including vitamin B‐12, iron, calcium + vitamin D, and folic acid. At that time, the mean monthly cost of the substitutive treatment was $34.83. Conclusion: Nutritional deficiencies are very common after RYGBP and occur despite supplementation with the standard multivitamin preparation. Therefore, careful postoperative follow‐up is indicated to detect and treat those deficiencies. (Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1128–33.)
The Association Between Sexual Aggression and HIV Risk Behavior in Heterosexual Men
Authors: Peterson Zoë D. , Janssen Erick , Heiman Julia R.
Published: May 2009

Perpetrating sexual coercion and rape can be conceptualized as a form of sexual risk taking. In this study, the authors evaluated the relationship between sexual aggression and other risky sexual behaviors (e.g., intercourse without a condom) using an online convenience sample of 1,240 heterosexual men. Sexually aggressive men engaged in more sexual risk taking (i.e., sex with multiple partners, unprotected sex, and one-night stands) than nonaggressive men, and almost half of the reported incidents of sexual aggression were unprotected (i.e., no condom was worn). Thus, sexual aggression was found to be part of a larger pattern of sexual risk taking. Regression analyses revealed that sexual aggression was associated with greater alcohol use and lower sexual inhibition—two variables that have consistently been found to be related to other forms of sexual risk taking.
Critical Measurement Issues in Translational Research
Authors: Glasgow Russell E.
Published: May 2009

This article summarizes critical evaluation needs, challenges, and lessons learned in translational research. Evaluation can play a key role in enhancing successful application of research-based programs and tools as well as informing program refinement and future research. Discussion centers on what is unique about evaluating programs and policies for implementation impact (or potential for dissemination). Central issues reviewed include the importance of context and local issues, robustness and external validity issues, multiple levels of evaluation, implementation fidelity versus customization, choosing evaluation designs to fit questions, and who participates and characteristics of success at each stage of program recruitment, delivery, and outcome. The use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods is especially important, and the primary redirection that is needed is to focus on questions of decision makers and potential adoptees rather than the research colleagues.
Strategies for Improving Fidelity in the National Evidence-Based Practices Project
Authors: Bond Gary R. , Drake Robert E. , McHugo Gregory J. , Rapp Charles A. , Whitley Rob
Published: May 2009

Background: The National Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) Project developed and tested a model for facilitating the implementation of five psychosocial EBPs for adults with severe mental illness in the United States. Methods: The implementation model was tested in 53 sites in 8 states. In each site, one of the five EBPs was adopted for implementation and then studied for a 2-year period using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings: At baseline, none of the sites had programs attaining high fidelity. Four factors were identified as influencing fidelity: (a) EBP-specific factors, (b) governmental factors, (c) leadership factors, and (d) fidelity review factors. Conclusion: A multipronged implementation strategy was effective in achieving high fidelity in over half of the sites seeking to implement a new EBP.
Core Implementation Components
Authors: Fixsen Dean L. , Blase Karen A. , Naoom Sandra F. , Wallace Frances
Published: May 2009

The failure of better science to readily produce better services has led to increasing interest in the science and practice of implementation. The results of recent reviews of implementation literature and best practices are summarized in this article. Two frameworks related to implementation stages and core implementation components are described and presented as critical links in the science to service chain. It is posited that careful attention to these frameworks can more rapidly advance research and practice in this complex and fascinating area.
Cultural Practice as a Methodology for a Fashion Designer's Self‐Expression and a New Design Possibility
Authors: Cho KyeongSook
Published: May 2009

This article demonstrates that cultural practices can serve as subject and methodology for designers in developing new ideas, shaping objects, and projecting the future through design. The culture of dancheong—decorative coloring on Korean buildings and items—serves as inspiration for commentary and self‐expression for the design in dress creation. Through the design process, the philosophy, cultural beliefs, and visual elements found in dancheong serve to shape the designer's intent and concept and to inspire the creative energy of the designer. The author's effort was centered on balancing the aesthetic, the expressive, and the functional as a garment. The designer fulfilled her role as a person who conveys intent, imbues a meaning, and adds value to the design.
Atomoxetine Versus Stimulants in the Community Treatment of Children With ADHD
Authors: Whalen Carol K. , Henker Barbara , Ishikawa Sharon S. , Emmerson Natasha A. , Swindle Ralph , Johnston Joseph A.
Published: May 2009

Objective: To compare the morning and afternoon/evening functioning of children with ADHD treated in the community with either atomoxetine or long-acting stimulants and reported to be doing well. Method: 109 8- to 12-year-olds and their mothers participated in one of three groups: stimulants (STIM, N = 26), atomoxetine (ATMX, N = 25), or comparison (COMP, N = 58). Mothers completed morning and evening electronic diaries installed on personal digital assistants throughout an entire week, rating the child’s behaviors and moods as well as their own moods and perceptions. Results: There was no evidence that ongoing pharmacotherapy fully normalized the behaviors of children with ADHD: Mothers in both ADHD groups reported higher rates of child inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositionality, and negative affect and lower levels of parenting efficacy and positive affect than did COMP mothers. Although the behavioral profiles were generally comparable for the STIM and ATMX groups, there were indications of better functioning in the ATMX group during mornings only. Conclusion: Children treated in the community with either STIM or ATMX appear to have similar behavioral profiles, suggesting that medication decisions be guided by other factors such as comorbid disorders, child and parent preferences, and effects on nontargeted behaviors and moods. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(4) 391-400)
Work Performance Differences Between College Students With and Without ADHD
Authors: Shifrin Joshua G. , Proctor Briley E. , Prevatt Frances F.
Published: May 2009

Objective: This study examines the difference between college students with and without Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in regard to their work performance. Method: A series of ANOVAs analyzed group differences in symptoms experienced at work. The independent variable was group (i.e., ADHD, Controls). The dependent variables include items from Barkley’s “Work Performance Rating Scale” (Barkley & Murphy, 1998), which assesses the degree to which symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are evident on the job. For the group with ADHD, the relationship between symptom severity and indicators of work performance (e.g., number of times fired, overall rating of work performance) was also examined, using correlational analyses. Descriptive analyses were also used to examine which items were most frequently endorsed by the group with ADHD, as well as which areas of work were most affected by ADHD symptoms. Results: Results reveal that ADHD has a detrimental impact on the work performance of college students in multiple areas. Severity of symptoms was unrelated to number of times fired from a job and the overall indicator of work performance. Conclusion: College students with ADHD do exhibit more on-the-job difficulties than their non-ADHD peers, and thus may require extra support with their work-related endeavors.
How I treat von Willebrand disease
Authors: Rodeghiero Francesco , Castaman Giancarlo , Tosetto Alberto
Published: May 2009

Recent multicenter studies have clarified the molecular basis underlying the different von Willebrand disease (VWD) types, all of which are caused by the deficiency and/or abnormality of von Willebrand factor (VWF). These studies have suggested a unifying pathophysiologic concept. The diagnosis of VWD, remains difficult because its clinical and laboratory phenotype is very heterogeneous and may overlap with normal subjects. Stringent criteria are therefore required for a clinically useful diagnosis. In this paper, we delineate a practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of VWD. Our approach is based on the critical importance of a standardized bleeding history that has been condensed into a final bleeding score and a few widely available laboratory tests, such as VWF ristocetin cofactor activity, VWF antigen and factor VIII. This approach would help identify those subjects who will probably benefit from a diagnosis of VWD. The next step involves performing a trial infusion with desmopressin in all patients who fail to exhibit an enhanced responsiveness to ristocetin. On the basis of these results and through a series of illustrative examples, the clinician will be able to select the best approach for the optimal management of VWD, according to the patient's characteristics and clinical circumstances.
Increased expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in liver from NZB/W F1 mice received antibody against human parvovirus B19 VP1 unique region protein
Authors: Tsai Chun-Chou , Tzang Bor-Show , Chiang Szu-Yi , Hsu Gwo-Jong , Hsu Tsai-Ching
Published: May 2009

Background

Human parvovirus B19 infection has been postulated to the anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) in autoimmunity. However, the influence of anti-B19-VP1u antibody in autoimmune diseases is still obscure.

Methods

To elucidate the effect of anti-B19-VP1u antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), passive transfer of rabbit anti-B19-VP1u IgG was injected intravenously into NZB/W F1 mice.

Results

Significant reduction of platelet count and prolonged thrombocytopenia time were detected in anti-B19-VP1u IgG group as compared to other groups, whereas significant increases of anti-B19-VP1u, anti-phospholipid (APhL), and anti-double strand DNA (dsDNA) antibody binding activity were detected in anti-B19-VP1u group. Additionally, significant increases of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity and protein expression were detected in B19-VP1u IgG group. Notably, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) proteins were involved in the induction of MMP9.

Conclusion

These experimental results firstly demonstrated the aggravated effects of anti-B19-VP1u antibody in disease activity of SLE.
Transgenic mice exhibiting inducible and spontaneous Cre activities driven by a bovine keratin 5 promoter that can be used for the conditional analysis of basal epithelial cells in multiple organs
Authors: Liang Chih-Chia , You Li-Ru , Chang Junn-Liang , Tsai Ting-Fen , Chen Chun-Ming
Published: May 2009

Background

Cre/lox P-mediated genetic modification is the most widely used conditional genetic approach used in the mouse. Engineered Cre and the mutated ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor fusion recombinase (CreERT) allow temporal control of Cre activity.

Results

In this study, we have generated two distinct transgenic mouse lines expressing CreERT, which show 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)-inducible and spontaneous (4-OHT-independent) Cre activities, referred to Tg(BK5-CreER

T

)I and Tg(BK5-CreER

T

)S, respectively. The transgenic construct is driven by the bovine Keratin 5 promoter, which is active in the basal epithelial lineage of stratified and pseudo-stratified epithelium across multiple organs. Despite the difference in 4-OHT dependency, the Tg(BK5-CreER

T

)I and Tg(BK5-CreER

T

)S mouse lines shared similar Cre-mediated recombination among various organs, except for unique mammary epithelial Cre activity in Tg(BK5-CreER

T

)S females.

Conclusion

These two new transgenic mouse lines for the analysis of basal epithelial function and for the genetic modification have been created allowing the identification of these cell lineages and analysis of their differentiation during embryogenesis, during perinatal development and in adult mice.
Distinct functional defect of three novel Brugada syndrome related cardiac sodium channel mutations
Authors: Hsueh Chia-Hsiang , Chen Wen-Pin , Lin Jiunn-Lee , Tsai Chia-Ti , Liu Yen-Bin , Juang Jyh-Ming , Tsao Hsuan-Ming , Su Ming-Jai , Lai Ling-Ping
Published: May 2009

The Brugada syndrome is characterized by ST segment elevation in the right precodial leads V1-V3 on surface ECG accompanied by episodes of ventricular fibrillation causing syncope or even sudden death. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to Brugada syndrome are not yet completely understood. However, SCN5A is the most well known responsible gene that causes Brugada syndrome. Until now, more than a hundred mutations in SCN5A responsible for Brugada syndrome have been described. Functional studies of some of the mutations have been performed and show that a reduction of human cardiac sodium current accounts for the pathogenesis of Brugada syndrome. Here we reported three novel SCN5A mutations identified in patients with Brugada syndrome in Taiwan (p.I848fs, p.R965C, and p.1876insM). Their electrophysiological properties were altered by patch clamp analysis. The p.I848fs mutant generated no sodium current. The p.R965C and p.1876insM mutants produced channels with steady state inactivation shifted to a more negative potential (9.4 mV and 8.5 mV respectively), and slower recovery from inactivation. Besides, the steady state activation of p.1876insM was altered and was shifted to a more positive potential (7.69 mV). In conclusion, the SCN5A channel defect related to Brugada syndrome might be diverse but all resulted in a decrease of sodium current.
The effects of the bacterial interaction with visible-light responsive titania photocatalyst on the bactericidal performance
Authors: Cheng Chia-Liang , Sun Der-Shan , Chu Wen-Chen , Tseng Yao-Hsuan , Ho Han-Chen , Wang Jia-Bin , Chung Pei-Hua , Chen Jiann-Hwa , Tsai Pei-Jane , Lin Nien-Tsung , Yu Mei-Shiuan , Chang Hsin-Hou
Published: May 2009

Bactericidal activity of traditional titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst is effective only upon irradiation by ultraviolet light, which restricts the potential applications of TiO2 for use in our living environments. Recently carbon-containing TiO2 was found to be photoactive at visible-light illumination that affords the potential to overcome this problem; although, the bactericidal activity of these photocatalysts is relatively lower than conventional disinfectants. Evidenced from scanning electron microscopy and confocal Raman spectral mapping analysis, we found the interaction with bacteria was significantly enhanced in these anatase/rutile mixed-phase carbon-containing TiO2. Bacteria-killing experiments indicate that a significantly higher proportion of all tested pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Acinetobacter baumannii, were eliminated by the new nanoparticle with higher bacterial interaction property. These findings suggest the created materials with high bacterial interaction ability might be a useful strategy to improve the antimicrobial activity of visible-light-activated TiO2.
The PhoBR two-component system regulates antibiotic biosynthesis in Serratia in response to phosphate
Authors: Gristwood Tamzin , Fineran Peter C , Everson Lee , Williamson Neil R , Salmond George P
Published: May 2009

Background

Secondary metabolism in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 (Serratia 39006) is controlled via a complex network of regulators, including a LuxIR-type (SmaIR) quorum sensing (QS) system. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism by which phosphate limitation controls biosynthesis of two antibiotic secondary metabolites, prodigiosin and carbapenem, in Serratia 39006.

Results

We demonstrate that a mutation in the high affinity phosphate transporter pstSCAB-phoU, believed to mimic low phosphate conditions, causes upregulation of secondary metabolism and QS in Serratia 39006, via the PhoBR two-component system. Phosphate limitation also activated secondary metabolism and QS in Serratia 39006. In addition, a pstS mutation resulted in upregulation of rap. Rap, a putative SlyA/MarR-family transcriptional regulator, shares similarity with the global regulator RovA (regulator of virulence) from Yersina spp. and is an activator of secondary metabolism in Serratia 39006. We demonstrate that expression of rap, pigA-O (encoding the prodigiosin biosynthetic operon) and smaI are controlled via PhoBR in Serratia 39006.

Conclusion

Phosphate limitation regulates secondary metabolism in Serratia 39006 via multiple inter-linked pathways, incorporating transcriptional control mediated by three important global regulators, PhoB, SmaR and Rap.