bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of a Simonart's Band in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Alveolus and Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel , Santamaria Milton , da Silva Dalben Gisele , Semb Gunvor
Published: September 2006

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of the presence of a soft tissue bridge (Simonart's band) in patients with complete cleft lip and alveolus and complete cleft lip and palate.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Sample

We assessed 407 consecutive unoperated patients first attending the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of University of São Paulo, in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, in the year 2000. The patients were classified as presenting complete cleft of the primary palate or of the primary and secondary palate, unilateral or bilateral, as follows: unilateral cleft lip, bilateral cleft lip, unilateral cleft lip and palate, and bilateral cleft lip and palate.

Method

Clinical examination. The band was considered as present whenever there was a soft tissue bridge between the separated alveolar ridges, regardless of volume and position. Results were analyzed by descriptive statistics and were expressed as percentages, according to the type of cleft.

Conclusion

31.2% of patients presented with Simonart's band. The band was observed more frequently in patients with unilateral clefts than in patients with bilateral clefts, and in patients with complete cleft lip and alveolus than in patients with complete cleft lip and palate.
Using a Modified Nutrition Plate for Early Intervention in a Newborn Infant with Pierre Robin Sequence: A Case Report
Authors: Oktay Hüsamettin , Baydaş Bülent , Ersöz Mustafa
Published: September 2006

Pierre Robin sequence is a triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate that results in upper airway obstruction and feeding problems. It is a serious condition with potentially severe, life-threatening airway obstruction. Approaches for treatment of airway obstruction among neonates with Pierre Robin sequence include prone positioning of the infant, tongue-lip adhesion, mandibular distraction, and tracheostomy. This case report describes a modified nutrition plate and a baby treated using this appliance.
Primary Rhinoplasty in Unilateral Cleft Patients: The “Limited Open” Approach and Other Technical Considerations
Authors: Ahuja Rajeev B.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To validate a method of primary anatomic alar repositioning using a “limited open rhinoplasty” approach, along with cleft lip repair, without presurgical orthopedics.

Methods

The cleft lip deformities were repaired using a modified Tennison technique, and primary muscle union and gingivoperiosteoplasty were achieved in all cases. The alar cartilages were visualized using an inverted “U” incision on the cleft side and a rim incision on the noncleft side, without joining the two with a transcolumellar incision. The domes of the cartilages were approximated by a single horizontal mattress suture.

Patients

Thirty-five patients were operated on by this technique between March 1999 and February 2004. The patients ranged in age from 4 to 36 months (mean, 6 months). The follow-up ranged from 4 months to 4.5 years (mean, 18 months).

Results

Overall, the results for nasal shape and symmetry have been extremely good.

Conclusions

The technique used here provides an exposure just short of an “open” rhinoplasty without scarring the columella or nasal tip. Arch alignment and a symmetric and stable bony platform are generally achieved by 2 to 3 months after the surgery. In severe cases of complete clefts, we have observed an absolute increase in alar arch length as a result of tissue stretch.
Comparison of Facial Morphology in Two Populations with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate from Two Different Centers
Authors: Daskalogiannakis John , Dijkman Gabriëlle E. H. M. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie , Ross R. Bruce
Published: September 2006

Objective

To identify differences in craniofacial morphology of two populations with a history of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated under different protocols.

Design

Retrospective longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Cleft Center of the University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and the Cleft Lip and Palate Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

Subjects

Nineteen patients (16 male, 3 female) from Nijmegen and 19 patients (16 male, 3 female) from Toronto. Each patient was matched for sex and age with a patient from the other group. The mean ages at which lateral cephalometric radiographs were available for the Nijmegen group were 5.5, 9.9, and 18.3 years, while for the Toronto group these were available at mean ages of 5.3, 10.1, and 18.3 years, respectively. Eighteen patients from the Nijmegen group received an alveolar bone graft at a mean age of 9.5 years (range 8.2 to 13.5 years). None of the patients from Toronto received bone grafts.

Main Outcome Measures

Eighteen cephalometric variables per radiograph were calculated at each time registration, using Dentofacial Planner cephalometric software. Statistical evaluation was performed with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results

No differences were seen in the maxillary measurements. The patients in the Toronto group had significantly larger mandibles at all three time registrations.

Conclusions

The Nijmegen and Toronto protocols resulted in similar maxillary projections in patients with UCLP. Comparison of data from other studies supports the contention that the larger profile convexity of the Nijmegen group is a reflection of a genetically determined smaller mandibular size in the Dutch population.
Adolescents with Craniofacial Anomalies: Psychosocial Adjustment as a Function of Self-Concept
Authors: Bilboul Monica J. , Pope Alice W. , Snyder Heather T.
Published: September 2006

Objective

To evaluate associations between self-concept and psychosocial adjustment among adolescents with craniofacial anomalies.

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Reconstructive plastic surgery department in urban medical center.

Participants

Forty-nine adolescents with congenital craniofacial anomalies, aged 14 to 18 years, and their parents.

Main Outcome Measures

Psychosocial adjustment (internalizing problems and social competence), assessed by self-report and parent-report forms of the Child Behavior Checklist; appearance self-concept and global self-worth, assessed by the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents.

Results

Both appearance self-concept and global self-worth were associated with psychosocial adjustment; however, global self-worth remained associated with adjustment when the effects of appearance self-concept were controlled, whereas appearance self-concept was no longer associated with adjustment when global self-worth was controlled. Demographic variables (ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and adolescent gender) largely failed to moderate the associations between self-concept and adjustment.

Conclusions

Adolescent dissatisfaction with appearance is linked to psychosocial adjustment problems only when it is part of a negative overall view of the self.
Test-Retest Nasalance Score Variability in Hypernasal Speakers
Authors: Watterson Thomas , Lewis Kerry E.
Published: September 2006

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate test-retest nasalance score variability in subjects with hypernasal resonance.

Design

Two groups of subjects with hypernasal speech recited both the Turtle Passage and the Mouse Passage two times each. For one group, the Nasometer headgear was not changed between repetitions of each stimulus (NCHG; n = 17); and for the other group, the headgear was changed between repetitions (CHG; n = 18). Three subjects in the CHG group would not recite the Mouse Passage two times.

Participants

The subjects were 35 patients with hypernasal speech followed by a cleft palate team.

Main Outcome Measures

The outcome measures were the four nasalance scores obtained for each subject.

Results

There was no significant difference between first and second repetitions for either stimulus in either the NCHG group or in the CHG group. Cumulative frequency tables showed that for the Turtle Passage-NCHG condition, 15 of the 17 (88%) repeated nasalance scores were within 5 nasalance points of each other. For the CHG condition, however, only 9 of 18 (50%) repeated nasalance scores were within 5 points. For the Mouse Passage-NCHG condition, 15 of the 17 (88%) repeated nasalance scores were within 5 points. For the CHG condition, however, only 11 of 15 (73%) repeated scores were within 5 points.

Conclusions

Test-retest variability was greater in a population of hypernasal patients than that reported in other studies for normal speakers, and headgear change increased test-retest variability.
Sleep Disturbances in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Case with Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea
Authors: Heike Carrie L. , Avellino Anthony M. , Mirza Sohail K. , Kifle Yemiserach , Perkins Jonathan , Sze Raymond , Egbert Mark , Hing Anne V.
Published: September 2006

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is characterized by wide phenotypic variability, frequently involving characteristic craniofacial features, cardiac malformations, and learning difficulties. Skeletal anomalies are also common and include an obtuse angle of the cranial base, retrognathia, and cervical spine abnormalities. Despite these anomalies, sleep-disturbed breathing is not reported frequently in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We describe a patient with an obstructive sleep disturbance that was successfully treated with a tonsillectomy followed by mandibular distraction osteogenesis. She also had central sleep apnea, initially attributed to spinal cord impingement from cervical instability. Posterior cervical fusion was associated with a decrease in the number of central apneic events.
Efficacy of a Secondary Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program: An Ecological Study Before, during and after Implementation of the Second Chance Club
Authors: Key Janice D. , O'Rourke Kathleen , Judy Natalie , McKinnon Sarah A.
Published: September 2006

Teen mothers are at increased risk of subsequent adolescent births. Interventions to reduce secondary teen pregnancies are expensive and difficult to evaluate. An ecological evaluation compared change in the repeat teen birth rate in an intervention community in Charleston, South Carolina over time to state birth certificate data to determine the efficacy of a school-based pregnancy prevention program. Evaluation included comparison of birth rates for multigravida teens in the program's school catchment area (intervention zip codes) to selected state and community data before, during and after program implementation. The intervention community demonstrated a decrease in repeat teen births during the intervention period of the program with a rebound after it was discontinued. This trend differed from a 50% linear decrease across these time periods in the state. This low cost evaluation method may be useful for evaluation of teen pregnancy prevention programs with limited resources for program evaluation.
A Study of Health Facilities: Implications for Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS Programs in Southern Sudan
Authors: Mandal Mahua , Purdin Susan , McGinn Therese
Published: September 2006

In October 2001, a pilot project to design strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS transmission and improve related reproductive health practices was initiated in southern Sudan. A health facility assessment was conducted in order to determine the type and scope of care given to clients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It was found that many health care practitioners did not have basic training in STI diagnosis and management, and no practitioner had training in the syndromic approach. Standardized drug kits received by public facilities did not provide enough STI drugs to serve the population. Private drug stores were the only facilities where condoms were available, though condoms were not sold to women who came to purchase them without their husbands. An adequately functioning health system will be difficult to achieve without ongoing training and supervision, adequate supplies and equipment, and proper rebuilding of infrastructure and systems, such as roads, communication, and education.
Consumer Response and Satisfaction to Prepackaged Antimalarial Drugs for Children in ABA, Nigeria
Authors: Salami Kabiru K. , Brieger William R.
Published: September 2006

In July 2003, a consortium of three USAID partners launched a project to promote the correct use of color-coded, age-specific, prepackaged drugs (PPDs) to treat malaria promptly in preschool-aged children in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. A 3-pronged promotional approach included training of patent medicine vendors (PMVs), home visits by community health promoters, and mass media. Five hundred seventy respondents were interviewed in February–March 2004. People heard about the PPDs from medicine sellers (33.4%), health workers (24.3%), the electronic mass media (18.4%), and friends or relatives (13.5%). Most children (81.1%) took Robaquine (chloroquine—CQ), while 108 (18.9%) took Fansidar (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine—SP). The median amount paid for Robaquine was x50 ($0.36) and for Fansidar, x80 ($0.57). Respondents rated the effectiveness of the PPD treatment as very effective (86.8%). Most respondents had something positive to say about the drug (94.9%) and the packaging (93.8%). Only 19.5%) had a complaint about either the drug or the packaging. Overall, 454 (83.9%) received the correct age-appropriate packet. Continuing education is needed for the PMVs to ensure that they obtain accurate age information about the child and sell the age-specific packet. Underdosing is just as serious a concern as overdosing in Nigeria where parasite resistance is rapidly developing for both drugs.
Arousal at encoding, arousal at retrieval, interviewer support, and children's memory for a mild stressor
Authors: Quas Jodi A. , Lench Heather C.
Published: September 2006

The relations among children's physiological arousal at encoding and retrieval, interviewer‐provided social support and children's memory for a mild stressor were examined in 109 five‐ and six‐year‐olds. The children came to a research laboratory and watched a fear eliciting video clip. A week later, their memory for the video clip was tested by either a supportive or nonsupportive interviewer. While watching the video and completing the memory interview, children's heart rate was monitored. Increased heart rate at encoding was associated with fewer incorrect responses. In contrast, increased heart rate at retrieval was associated with poorer memory, but only when the interviewer was nonsupportive. Heart rate was unrelated to memory when the interviewer was supportive. Results suggest that arousal at encoding and retrieval have different implications for children's memory for a mild stressor, particularly in nonsupportive interview contexts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of working memory skills and learning in children with developmental coordination disorder and moderate learning difficulties
Authors: Alloway Tracy Packiam , Temple Kathryn Joanne
Published: September 2006

The present study compared 6–11 years old with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and those with moderate learning difficulties (MLD) on measures of memory (verbal short‐term and working memory, visuo‐spatial short‐term and working memory), literacy and numeracy, and IQ. The findings indicate that children with DCD appear to be impaired in all four areas of memory function; in particular they performed at significantly lower levels than children with MLD in measures of verbal short‐term memory, visuo‐spatial short‐term and working memory. In contrast, performance of children with MLD in the memory measures was within age‐expected levels, with deficits observed only in verbal working memory tasks. There were also differential links between memory and attainment between the two groups, and these were significant even after statistically accounting for the contribution of IQ. Reasons for why working memory contributes to learning in these two developmental groups are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐kilogram‐Scale One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Luminescent and Monodisperse Core/Shell Quantum Dots by the Successive Injection of Precursors
Authors: Kim J. I. , Lee J.‐K.
Published: September 2006

The one‐pot synthesis of core/shell quantum dots (QDs) represents an attractive alternative to conventional synthesis techniques, where the core CdSe QDs are first purified and then an epitaxial shell of the desired thickness is obtained by the slow addition of shell precursors to a solution of the purified QDs at high temperature. We have developed a one‐pot synthesis procedure involving the successive injection of deliberately selected core‐ and shell‐forming reagents at appropriate temperatures. Sub‐kilogram quantities of highly luminescent and monodisperse core/shell QDs with desirable optical properties (full width at half maximum of photoluminescence (PL) band is ca. 30 nm) have been produced by the sequential growth of the core and shell in a controlled manner. This one‐pot method has also been extended to form water‐soluble core/double‐shell CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS QDs exhibiting high PL efficiency and stability.
NF‐kB inhibition as a strategy to enhance etoposide‐induced apoptosis in K562 cell line
Authors: Morotti A. , Cilloni D. , Pautasso M. , Messa F. , Arruga F. , Defilippi I. , Carturan S. , Catalano R. , Rosso V. , Chiarenza A. , Taulli R. , Bracco E. , Rege‐Cambrin G. , Gottardi E. , Saglio G.
Published: September 2006

NF‐kB is a transcription factor that mediates antiapoptotic signals in several cancer cell lines. Here we have demonstrated that the cytotoxic drug, Etoposide, activates NF‐kB in K562, a chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis cell line. Treatment with the NF‐kB inhibitors MG‐132, Bay11‐7082, and Resveratrol impedes Etoposide‐induced NF‐kB activation, rendering K562 sensitive to Etoposide‐induced apoptosis. Stable expression of mutant form of IkB‐α, which retains NF‐kB inactive in the cytoplasm of cells, confirmed the data obtained with molecular inhibitors. Both inhibitors and stable expression of SR‐IkB are associated with down‐modulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐xL, suggesting that the survival pathway activated by Etoposide involves NF‐kB‐mediated Bcl‐xL expression. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impairment and olfactory panic from occupational exposure to VOCs
Authors: Reinhartz Abe
Published: September 2006

Background

A Canadian government clerical worker in her early thirties developed frontal lobe dysfunction from inhalation of volatile organic compounds off‐gassed during an office renovation.

Methods

Pulmonary function, bronchial provocation, allergy testing, and a brain (SPECT) scan were performed.

Results

SPECT scanning showed frontotemporal hypoperfusion and neuropsychologic testing revealed deficits in verbal learning and poor organizational memory.

Conclusions

A significant component of this worker's impairment was the development of “olfactory panic,” a debilitating aversion to odor accompanied by symptoms of panic. The Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Appeals Tribunal granted entitlement for her cognitive difficulties and olfactory panic as a result of her toxic exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:862–864, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continued exposure to silica after diagnosis of silicosis in Brazilian gold miners
Authors: Carneiro Ana Paula Scalia , Barreto Sandhi Maria , Siqueira Arminda Lucia , Cavariani Fulvio , Forastiere Francesco
Published: September 2006

Background

There is a paucity of studies analyzing the effect of continued silica exposure after the onset of silicosis with regard to disease progression. The present study investigates differences in clinical and radiological presentation of silicosis among former workers with a diagnosis of silicosis, and compares workers who continued to be exposed to silica with those who stopped silica exposure after having received their diagnosis.

Methods

A sample of 83 former gold miners with a median of 21 years from the first diagnoses of silicosis, had their clinical and occupational histories taken and underwent both chest radiography (International Labor Organization standards) and spirometry. Their silica exposure was assessed and an exposure index was created. The main outcome was the radiological severity of silicosis and tuberculosis (TB). The statistical analysis was done by multiple logistic regression.

Results

Among the 83 miners, 44 had continued exposed to silica after being diagnosed with silicosis. Continuation of silica exposure was associated with advanced radiological images of silicosis (X‐ray classification in category 3, OR = 6.42, 95% CI = 1.20–34.27), presence of coalescence and/or large opacities (OR = 3.85, CI = 1.07–13.93), and TB (OR = 4.61, 95% CI = 1.14–18.71).

Conclusions

Differential survival is unlikely to explain observed differences in silicosis progression. Results reinforce the recommendation that silica exposure should be halted at an early stage whenever X‐ray is suggestive of the disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:811–818, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation, Dynamic Behavior, and Chemical Transformation of Pt Complexes with a Rotaxane‐like Structure
Authors: Suzaki Yuji , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: September 2006

The reaction of [Pt(CH2COMe)(Ph)(cod)] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) with (ArCH2NH2CH2‐C6H4COOH)+(PF6)− (Ar=4‐tBuC6H4 or 9‐anthryl) in the presence of cyclic oligoethers such as dibenzo[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8) and dicyclohexano[24]crown‐8 (DC24C8) produces {(ce)[ArCH2NH2CH2C6H4COOPt(Ph)(cod)]}+(PF6)− (ce=DB24C8 or DC24C8, Ar=4‐tBuC6H4 or 9‐anthryl) with interlocked structures. FABMS and NMR spectra of a solution of these compounds indicate that the Pt complexes with a secondary ammonium group and DB24C8 (or DC24C8) make up the axis and cyclic components, respectively. Temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectra of a solution of {(DB24C8)[4‐tBuC6H4CH2NH2CH2‐C6H4COOPt(Ph)(cod)]}+(PF6)− ({(DB24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)−) show equilibration with free DB24C8 and the axis component. The addition of DB24C8 to a solution of {(DC24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)− causes partial exchange of the macrocyclic component of the interlocked molecules, giving a mixture of {(DC24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)−, {(DB24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)−, and free macrocyclic compounds. The reaction of 3,5‐Me2C6H3COCl with {(DB24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)− affords the organic rotaxane {(DB24C8)(4‐tBuC6H4CH2NH2CH2‐C6H4COOCOC6H3Me2‐3,5)}+(PF6)− through CO bond formation between the aroyl group and the carboxylate ligand of the axis component. The addition of 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) to a solution of {(DB24C8)[4‐H]}+(PF6)− induces the degradation of the interlocked structure to form a complex with trigonal bipyramidal coordination, [Pt(Ph)(bpy)(cod)]+(PF6)−, whereas the reaction of bpy with [Pt(OCOC6H4Me‐4)(Ph)(cod)] produces the square‐planar complex [Pt(OCOC6H4Me‐4)(Ph)(bpy)].
On the binary quality of recognition and the inconsequentiality of further knowledge: two critical tests of the recognition heuristic
Authors: Newell Ben R. , Fernandez Duane
Published: September 2006

The recognition heuristic is claimed to be distinguished from notions of availability and fluency through its categorical or “binary” treatment of information and the “inconsequentiality” of further knowledge to inferences based on recognition. Using the city‐size task of Goldstein and Gigerenzer (2002) we demonstrate that: (1) increasing the validity of other information in the environment decreases the reliance on recognition; (2) cities that are both recognized and have other information known about them (e.g. they have a soccer team) are chosen more often than those which are simply recognized; and (3) there is a negative correlation between the time taken to identify a city and the proportion of times it is selected as the larger of a pair. None of these results is predicted by the process model of the recognition heuristic. The implication of the results for the distinction between the recognition, availability and fluency heuristics is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms for enhancing the credibility of an adviser: prepayment and aligned incentives
Authors: Patt Anthony G. , Bowles Hannah R. , Cash David W.
Published: September 2006

We tested the effectiveness of prepayment for advice and aligned incentives as mechanisms for enhancing trust in unfamiliar advisers in decision‐making under uncertainty. Participants were low‐income Zimbabweans who played two rounds of the Monty Hall three‐door game. In round 1, participants who purchased advice were significantly more likely to follow advice for how to win the game than were participants who received free advice. In round 2, the apparent effectiveness of advisers' suggestions in round 1 moderated participants' propensity to follow advice. If the round 1 advice appeared wrong, the credibility enhancing benefits of prepayment diminished. If the advice appeared right, the benefits of prepayment maintained. Hypotheses with regard to the benefits of aligned incentives received only weak support. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulus format and working memory in fast and frugal strategy selection
Authors: Bröder Arndt , Schiffer Stefanie
Published: September 2006

The necessity of retrieving complex attribute information from long‐term memory has been shown to elevate processing costs and boost the use of simple decision heuristics. This effect was confined to verbal as opposed to pictorial attribute information. In a large‐scale experiment (N = 151), either verbal or pictorial information for inferences had to be retrieved from long‐term memory. Concurrent secondary tasks either interfered with the Central Executive, the Phonological Loop, or the Visuo‐Spatial Sketchpad. These are hypothetical components of working memory responsible for processing different information formats. Whereas the information format massively affected strategy selection, there was an additive rather than interactive effect of secondary task, suggesting enhanced retrieval costs irrespective of the information format. An additional analysis in terms of a similarity match as proposed by exemplar‐based models did not enhance the explanation of the data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guilt and focusing in decision‐making
Authors: Gangemi Amelia , Mancini Francesco
Published: September 2006

In this paper we examined the impact of a specific emotion, guilt, on focusing in decision‐making. Through the focusing mechanism, when making decisions, individuals tend to restrict their thoughts to what is explicitly represented in the decisional task, disregarding alternatives. In this paper, three experiments are performed to investigate whether an emotional state of guilt can critically guide individuals' focusing, and even prevailing over the focusing mechanism. Guilty emotional state was induced by asking participants to write about a guilty related life event. The emotional state was thus neither generated by nor related to the tasks used in the experiments. Results of the first two studies show that guilt affects focusing in decision‐making in the case of only one explicitly specified option (a positive or a negative one). Guilty participants, when presented with a stated option that has predominantly positive characteristics, prefer other, unspecified options over the positive one. Guilty participants faced with a stated option that has predominantly negative features tend to prefer it to other, unspecified, options, instead. Finally, experiment 3 shows that guilty participants presented with two different options (a negative vs. a positive one) having different degrees of explicitness (i.e. they are not equally represented in the decision frame), focus on the negative option, even though the latter was not explicitly represented but only hinted at the end of the text. Overall, these results suggest that guilt emotion state can play a crucial role in either strengthening or reducing the focusing mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classifying simulated air threats with fast and frugal heuristics
Authors: Bryant David J.
Published: September 2006

In three experiments, subjects learned to classify simulated aircraft using four probabilistic cues then classified test sets designed to contrast predictions of several compensatory and non‐compensatory heuristics. Results indicated that a proportion of subjects appeared to use a non‐compensatory fast and frugal heuristic but that significant proportions used less frugal compensatory decision rules. The relative proportions of subjects exhibiting responses consistent with the fast and frugal heuristic versus other decision rules was largely unaffected by manipulations of time pressure and perceived cue uncertainty. An extreme time constraint, however, did result in significant differences in the proportions of subjects who preferred non‐compensatory to compensatory decision rules. These results suggest that it is possible to model multi‐attribute decision tasks like threat assessment with a fast and frugal heuristic although no single heuristic is a general model for the simulated threat assessment task. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of cue exposure with response prevention in extinguishing drug and alcohol cue reactivity
Authors: Havermans Remco C. , Mulkens Sandra , Nederkoorn Chantal , Jansen Anita
Published: September 2006

It has been suggested that drug cue‐elicited urges and psychophysiological reactions are the results of Pavlovian conditioning processes and that it should be possible to extinguish these responses with cue exposure with response prevention. It has already been shown that subjective cue‐elicited urges can be extinguished, but it is unclear whether this is also true for cue‐elicited psychophysiological arousal. This was tested in the present study in a heterogeneous sample of drug and alcohol dependent patients. It was found that cue‐elicited urges can indeed be extinguished. However, such a clear pattern of extinguished cue reactivity was not found for the psychophysiological measures. Furthermore, the extinction of drug urges was not specific for cue exposure treatment. It is concluded that cue‐elicited psychophysiological arousal does not underlie subjective cue reactivity and may not reflect Pavlovian conditioned drug responding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a guided compliance procedure to reduce noncompliance among preschool children
Authors: Wilder David A. , Atwell Julie
Published: September 2006

The effectiveness of a guided compliance procedure to reduce noncompliance among typically developing preschool children was evaluated. After baseline data on compliance to common demands were collected, a parent, instructional assistant, or graduate research assistant implemented the guided compliance procedure, which involved the delivery of progressively more intrusive prompts contingent upon noncompliance. The effects of the procedure were examined using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants. The results suggest that the procedure was effective for four of the six children who participated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin filaments are involved in the maintenance of Golgi cisternae morphology and intra‐Golgi pH
Authors: Lázaro‐Diéguez Francisco , Jiménez Nuria , Barth Holger , Koster Abraham J. , Renau‐Piqueras Jaime , Llopis Juan L. , Burger Koert N. J. , Egea Gustavo
Published: September 2006

Here we examine the contribution of actin dynamics to the architecture and pH of the Golgi complex. To this end, we have used toxins that depolymerize (cytochalasin D, latrunculin B, mycalolide B, and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin) or stabilize (jasplakinolide) filamentous actin. When various clonal cell lines were examined by epifluorescence microscopy, all of these actin toxins induced compaction of the Golgi complex. However, ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography/three‐dimensional modelling of the Golgi complex showed that F‐actin depolymerization first induces perforation/fragmentation and severe swelling of Golgi cisternae, which leads to a completely disorganized structure. In contrast, F‐actin stabilization results only in cisternae perforation/fragmentation. Concomitantly to actin depolymerization‐induced cisternae swelling and disorganization, the intra‐Golgi pH significantly increased. Similar ultrastructural and Golgi pH alkalinization were observed in cells treated with the vacuolar H+‐ATPases inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A. Overall, these results suggest that actin filaments are implicated in the preservation of the flattened shape of Golgi cisternae. This maintenance seems to be mediated by the regulation of the state of F‐actin assembly on the Golgi pH homeostasis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling of metal–mold interface resistance in the A356 Aluminium alloy casting process
Authors: Mirbagheri S. M. H.
Published: September 2006

In this study, a computational model has been developed for determination of metallostatic pressure on the heat transfer coefficient, resistance of metal–mold interface and solidification time for solving of heat transfer equations. The simulation of interface resistance is based on the zero thickness element (ZTE), using the finite element method (FEM). The solid boundary conditions, including contact resistance have been modified by pressure gradient in each ZTE. The pressure gradient has been imposed by an experimental function, which obtained based on experimental data. In order to verify the computational results, an A356 Aluminium alloy has been poured into a permanent mold and temperature of interface was measured by data acquisition system. The comparison between the experimental and the simulation results during solidification process shows a good agreement that confirms the accuracy of the model in order to simulate the effect of interface resistance on the solidification time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of transient water infiltration in heterogeneous soils combining central schemes and mixed finite elements
Authors: Aquino J. , Francisco A. S. , Pereira F. , Amaral Souto H. P. , Furtado F.
Published: September 2006

We present a new numerical scheme for the approximation of solutions of transient water infiltration problems in heterogeneous soils. The two‐phase (water and air) flow problem is governed by a pressure–velocity equation coupled to a saturation equation. The numerical scheme combines a non‐oscillatory, second‐order, conservative central finite differencing scheme for the saturation equation with mixed finite elements for the pressure–velocity equation. An operator splitting technique allows for the use of distinct time steps for the solution of the equations of the governing system. One and two‐dimensional numerical experiments show that the proposed scheme is able to capture accurately and efficiently sharp fronts in two‐phase water–air problem. The simulations were carried out taking into account the effects of gravity and capillary diffusion forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified model for mould filling simulations using CVFEM and unstructured meshes
Authors: Estacio K. C. , Mangiavacchi N.
Published: September 2006

In this work, the finite volume method is used to numerically solve the fluid governing equations of the filling phase of thermoplastic injection in a narrow gap with free surfaces, subject to heat transfer, using a semi‐Lagrangian formulation in an unstructured mesh. The modified‐Cross model with Arrhenius temperature dependence is employed to describe the viscosity of the melt. The pressure field is obtained using the control volume finite element method. The three‐dimensional temperature field is solved by a semi‐Lagrangian scheme based on the finite volume method. A simpler two‐dimensional model for temperature field is also deduced and presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposition of symmetric mass–spring vibrating systems using groups, graphs and linear algebra
Authors: Kaveh A. , Nikbakht M.
Published: September 2006

The main objective of this article is to develop a methodology for an efficient calculation of the eigenvalues for symmetric mass–spring systems in order to reduce the size of the eigenproblem involved. This is achieved using group‐theoretical method, whereby the model of a symmetric mass–spring system is decomposed into appropriate submodels. The eigenvalues of the entire system is then obtained by calculating the eigenvalues of its submodels. The results are compared to those of the existing methods based on graph theory and linear algebra. Examples are provided to illustrate the simplicity and efficiency of the present method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A boundary element approach for topology optimization problem using the level set method
Authors: Abe Kazuhisa , Kazama Shunsuke , Koro Kazuhiro
Published: September 2006

A boundary element method is developed for the topology optimization problem. The topological change is captured using the level set method. The level set function which is defined by signed distance from the boundary contour is assigned to fixed grid points. Boundary elements are developed along the zero contour of the level set function. The design sensitivity analysis is performed for the boundary element equation, and then the boundary velocity is obtained. The velocity field which leads the level set function to optimal material distribution is obtained by the extension of the boundary velocity. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is valid for the topology optimization problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐image and outcome in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Harder Susanne
Published: September 2006

This study examines self‐image in a sample of first‐episode psychosis (N = 97) at baseline and as predictor for outcome. Self‐image was measured using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Questionnaire (=SASB‐Intrex) at the perceived best and at worst state. The main findings are that persons with psychosis and a more positive self‐image at their perceived best state have a better remission from negative and positive psychotic symptoms and an increased level of social functioning after one year in treatment. Further, some support was found for the presence of defensive processes in forming the self‐image in psychosis, as reduced acknowledgement of present illness and grandiosity were associated with a less negative self‐image at worst state. This defensive strategy might be helpful in remission, as a less negative self‐image at worst state was related to better remission in positive psychotic symptoms after one year in treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral Recognition of Mesoporous SBA‐15 with an Incorporated Chiral Porphyrin
Authors: Fa Huan‐Bao , Zhao Lang , Wang Xing‐Qiao , Yu Ji‐Hong , Huang Yi‐Bing , Yang Min , Wang De‐Jun
Published: September 2006

The incorporation of a chiral porphyrin into the mesoporous molecular sieves SBA‐15 by reactions of the surface OH group with an amino group of the porphyrin and its chiral recognition were studied. The resultant material was analyzed by a combination of techniques and it was confirmed that the channels of SBA‐15 have been filled with chiral porphyrins, leaving the mesopores unaffected. The investigation of chiral recognition of the porphyrin and the composite SBA‐15 shows that the incorporated SBA‐15 has a clear CD spectral signal of the chiral porphyrin and exhibits different chiral recognition abilities for small amino acids. The D‐alanine is more tightly bound to the mesoporous composite SBA‐15 than its optical antipode. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Studies on Chromium(III) and Vanadium(III) Complexes with Crown Ether and Crown Thioether Coordination – Synthesis, Properties and Structural Systematics
Authors: Beard Charlotte D. , Carr Loretta , Davis Martin F. , Evans John , Levason William , Norman Louise D. , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael
Published: September 2006

A series of six‐coordinate chloro CrIII and VIII complexes involving crown ether, crown thioether and mixed ether/thioether crowns, [MCl3(crown)] (M = Cr or V; crown = 12‐crown‐4,15‐crown‐5,18‐crown‐6, [12]aneS4, [15]aneS5, [9]aneS2O,[15]aneS2O3, [18]aneS3O3) has been prepared by the reaction of [MCl3(thf)3] with rigorously dried crown in anhydrous CH2Cl2. In the presence of small amounts of water the mono‐aquo species [MCl3(H2O)(15‐crown‐5)] and [MCl3(H2O)(18‐crown‐6)] are obtained. The products have been characterised by IR and UV/Visible spectroscopy, microanalyses and for [CrCl3(H2O)(18‐crown‐6)], [VCl3(H2O)(15‐crown‐5)] and [CrCl3([15]aneS5)], by X‐ray crystallography. The unexpected affinity of specifically the 15‐crown‐5 and 18‐crown‐6 complexes to pick up H2O is rationalised in terms of the strain within the two adjacent five‐membered chelate rings in the anhydrous (κ3‐coordinated) species, and a wider survey of the structures reported for six‐coordinate MIII crown complexes (M = Sc – Cr) with RECH2CH2ER (E = O or S) reveals that while the S–M–S angles in five‐membered chelate rings are typically around 82°, those involving O–M–O are very substantially more acute at around 75°. Thus, the [MCl3(κ3‐crown ether)] complexes are much less stable and can alleviate some of this significant ring strain by switching to κ2‐crown coordination with the H2O ligand completing the six coordination. In contrast, the crown thioether complexes have much less tendency to do this and hence appear to be more stable. Furthermore, using the structurally related (dimethylene linkages) mixed thia/oxa crowns to probe the M–O vs. M–S binding competitively, strongly indicates that the CrIII and VIII preferentially coordinate to the thioether rather than the ether donor atoms, contrary to normal expectation based upon HSAB theory. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Structure and Conformational Properties of Fluoroformylchlorodifluoroacetyl Disulfide, FC(O)SSC(O)CF2Cl: Conformational Transferability in –C(O)SSC(O)– Compounds
Authors: Erben Mauricio F. , Della Védova Carlos O. , Willner Helge , Boese Roland
Published: September 2006

Pure fluoroformylchlorodifluoroacetyl disulfide, FC(O)SSC(O)CF2Cl, has been prepared by the reaction of FC(O)SCl and CF2ClC(O)SH in quantitative yield. The conformational properties of the novel molecule have been studied by vibrational spectroscopy (IR – gas phase, Raman – liquid phase) and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP and MP2 methods). The gaseous compound exhibits a conformational equilibrium at room temperature where the most stable form adopts a C1 symmetry and a syn‐periplanar (sp) orientation of both carbonyl groups with respect to the disulfide bond. A second form, observed in the IR spectrum of the vapor, corresponds to a conformer in which the carbonyl bond of the FC(O) moiety adopts an anti‐periplanar (ap) position with respect to the S–S single bond, and gauche with respect to the ClC–C=O moiety in the chlorodifluoroacetyl group. The experimental free energy difference value ΔG0 = G0(ap–sp) – G0(sp–sp) = 1.4(3) kcal/mol (IR) is reproduced well by the B3YLP/6‐311+G(3df) (1.1 kcal/mol) and the MP2/6‐31G* (1.8 kcal/mol) methods. In addition, the structure of a single‐crystal, grown in situ, was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis at low temperature. The crystalline solid [monoclinic, P21/n, a = 5.579(3) Å, b = 16.615(7), c = 8.455(4) Å, β = 106.876(8)°] consists exclusively of molecules with the (sp–sp) conformation and the usual gauche orientation around the disulfide bond [φ(CS–SC) = 84.2°]. Conformational transferability is thus demonstrated once again for species that contain the –C(O)SSC(O)– group as part of a systematic program designed to analyze the behavior of this class of molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Are Molecular 5,8‐π‐Extended Quinoxaline Derivatives Good Chromophores for Photoluminescence Applications?
Authors: Mancilha Fabiana S. , DaSilveira Neto Brenno A. , Lopes Aline S. , Moreira Paulo F. , Quina Frank H. , Gonçalves Reinaldo S. , Dupont Jaïrton
Published: September 2006

The synthesis of a new series of photoluminescent compounds, namely 5,8‐diaryl quinoxaline derivatives (aryl = phenyl, 4‐fluorophenyl, 4‐methoxyphenyl, and 4‐cyanophenyl), was achieved by a direct Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction with the employment of a NCP‐pincer palladacycle. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds were also investigated. Four new 4,8‐diaryl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles were also synthesized in order to enable a comparison between the two types of nitrogen‐containing π‐extended heterocycles. The substitution of a hydrogen atom at the 4‐position of the aryl that is groups attached to the quinoxaline or benzothiadiazole base by either electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing groups results in an increase in the bandgap energy (from 2.21 to 2.52 eV) of π‐extended 5,8‐quinoxaline derivatives and a decrease in the bandgap energy (from 2.65 to 2.40 eV) of π‐extended 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazoles. Moreover, π‐extension at the 5‐ and 8‐positions of the quinoxaline core is not essential for the photoluminescence of these compounds and 4,7‐π‐extended 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole derivatives are far better candidates for luminescence applications than are the quinoxaline derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Cruentarens A and B — Novel Members of the Benzolactone Class of ATPase Inhibitors from the Myxobacterium Byssovorax cruenta
Authors: Jundt Larissa , Steinmetz Heinrich , Luger Peter , Weber Manuela , Kunze Brigitte , Reichenbach Hans , Höfle Gerhard
Published: September 2006

Two novel secondary metabolites, namely cruentaren A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the myxobacterium Byssovorax cruenta. Their structures have been elucidated by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis. Both compounds are isomers of a C22 polyketide with a 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzoic acid terminus, which forms a 12‐membered lactone in 1 and a six‐membered lactone in 2. An amino group at C‐22 is acylated by a 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylhexanoic acid group whose absolute configuration has been determined by GC analysis after hydrolysis and stereoselective synthesis. Degradation of 2 by olefin cross‐metathesis in the presence of ethylene yields the C‐12 to C‐21 fragment 8, whose relative configuration has been predicted applying Kishi’s 13C NMR spectroscopic data base approach, and whose absolute configuration has been proven by comparison with two synthetic stereoisomers. The configuration of C‐9 and C‐10 has been determined by Mosher’s method and NMR spectroscopy. Degradation of cruentaren A (1) by olefin cross‐metathesis in the presence of ethylene gives crystalline 21,22‐seco‐cruentaren (14). Its crystal structure analysis reveals the relative configuration and conformation of the macrocycle and enables solution conformation analysis. The high cytotoxic activity of 1 is essentially lost on derivatisation or rearrangement to 2.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Oligophenylcalix[4]arenes as Potential Precursors for Funnelenes and Calix[4]triphenylenes: Syntheses and Preliminary Cyclodehydration Studies
Authors: Mastalerz Michael , Dyker Gerald , Flörke Ulrich , Henkel Gerald , Oppel Iris M. , Merz Klaus
Published: September 2006

The concept for a new class of nonplanar polyaromatic hydrocarbons — the funnelenes — is presented. Retrosynthetic considerations lead to polyphenyl‐ and oligophenylcalix[4]arenes as potential precursors. In this paper we describe the synthesis of these calixarenes and the first cyclodehydration studies on a model compound which leads to a hexabenzocoronene derivative. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)