bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PURIFICATION OF GONADOTROPHIN FROM HUMAN MENOPAUSAL URINE
Authors: Donini P. , Puzzuoli D. , Montezemolo R.
Published: December 2008

Gonadotrophins were prepared from human postmenopausal urine with the kaolin-acetone method and purified by adsorption of impurities on diethylamine ethyl cellulose (DEAE-C).

The last step, namely chromatography on the column of permutit, resulted in a significantly improved specific activity.

The immunoelectrophoresis showed that the purified HMG is not homogeneous and that the constituents are glycoproteins which migrate into the region α1, α2 and β globulins.
PURIFICATION OF GONADOTROPHIN FROM MENOPAUSAL URINE BY GEL FILTRATION ON SEPHADEX
Authors: Donini P. , Puzzuoli D. , D'Alessio I.
Published: December 2008

The further purification of HMG obtained from postmenopausal urine with kaolin-acetone, DEAE-C and permutit chromatography was performed using gel filtration on Sephadex (G 200).

The potency of the purest fraction isolated was about 2.5 times higher than that of the starting material.

The total recovery of biological activity was 96 %.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ON PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION
Authors: Perks A. M. , Schapiro H. , Woodward E. R.
Published: December 2008

Intravenous injections of an ADH preparation into unaesthetized dogs resulted in reduced rates of pancreatic exocrine flow, provided that the doses were above 4.2 mU/kg dog. There was a direct relationship between the percentage inhibition of pancreatic flow and the log of the dose of ADH administered. Oxytocin had no such effect in doses up to 83 mU/kg dog. During ADH inhibition, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate concentrations in the juice remained unchanged but protein and amylase concentrations increased.

Sodium thioglycollate, sodium hydroxide, and ultraviolet light, all of which destroy ADH, destroyed the pancreas-inhibiting factor. Intravenous injection of hypertonic sodium chloride and hypertonic glucose solutions also reduced the rate of pancreatic exocrine flow.

It is suggested that ADH can cause the isosmotic reabsorption of electrolytes from pancreatic secretion by an action on the cells of the pancreatic ducts.
HORMONE ASSAYS DURING RECURRENT EXCESSIVE HAIRGROWTH IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Turunen Aarno , Pesonen Sykkö , Zilliacus Harry
Published: December 2008

Three cases of recurrent excessive hairgrowth during pregnancy are described. The hormone excretion of two of these women was studied before and after stimulation tests. The patients received 40 IU of corticotrophin as an intravenous infusion and in addition a total of 3 mg fluorocortisone to produce suppression of the adrenals. Urinary steroids were determined before and during the stimulation tests. Four patients who were in the first trimester of pregnancy served as controls.

After the legal termination of pregnancy incubation experiments with placental tissue were carried out to determine the ability of the placenta to convert the 17-OH-group of testosterone to the 17-keto-group. The results of these experiments were compared with those in normal subjects. In one case pregnancy had been legally terminated, and in the other the placenta was full-term.

In both patients an increased 17-OH-progesterone secretion and some block in steroid synthesis were responsible for dysfunction. The excretion of total 17-ketosteroids, epiandrosterone and androsterone were higher in these patients than in the control group.

In incubation experiments of placental tissue it was confirmed that the 17β-dehydrogenase activity of the patients was lower than in the control placenta. Hence, the inactivating capacity of testosterone was less than that of the control group. This phenomenon may be responsible for an increased level of testosterone in the plasma of the patients and of excessive hairgrowth during pregnancy.

Of the six children born to the three mothers with recurrent excessive hairgrowth during pregnancy, three had severe congenital malformations, in one case of the heart and in two cases of the extremities.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ISOLATED PANCREATIC ISLETS OF MAMMALS
Authors: Hellerström Claes , Täljedal Inge-Bert , Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Quantitative studies of non-specific acid phosphatases were performed on isolated pancreatic islets from obese-hyperglycaemic mice. The islets of these animals are composed of a rather pure population of B cells. The following observations were made:

Acid phosphatases originating in the islet tissue, showed maximal enzyme activities at about pH 3.5 and 5.3 using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. The acid phosphatase activity of the exocrine tissue showed a single distinct maximum at about pH 5.3.

The islet acid phosphatases were inhibited by sodium fluoride, sodium tartrate and formaldehyde. They were stable against storage in crude tissue homogenates at + 4° C and + 20° C for 48 hours.

The pancreatic islets exhibited a significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the exocrine parenchyma. Starvation for 7 days did not alter the enzyme levels in the islets or acini when measured at pH 5.3, while a probably increased enzyme activity was obtained in both these regions at pH 3.5. There was no evidence for a relationship between the insulin secretion and the acid phosphatase activity of the B cells.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEINS OF THE MUSCLES AND ORGANS OF THE NORMAL, CASTRATED AND TESTOSTERONE TREATED GUINEA PIG
Authors: Kochakian Charles D. , Hill John , Costa Giovanni
Published: December 2008

The protein of several muscles, liver, kidney, prostate, seminal vesicles and seminal vesicle fluid of normal, castrated and testosterone propionate or testosterone treated guinea pigs was prepared by either trichloracetic or perchloric acid treatment. The extracted and defatted proteins were hydrolysed with acid and the amino acid composition determined by ion exchange chromatography. Each tissue contained all of the commonly occurring amino acids. The seminal fluid also contained several other unidentified ninhydrin reacting compounds. The quantity of each acid changed in direct proportion with the changes in weight of the tissues produced by castration or androgen treatment. The nine different muscles analysed ranged in no dependency to very great dependency on androgen for normal growth but the amino acid composition of their proteins was practically identical. The quantity of the individual amino acids of the fluid of the seminal vesicles was very different from that of the organ.
VANILLINSÄURE ALS ENDPRODUKT DES ABBAUES VON ADRENALIN UND NORADRENALIN
Authors: Dirscherl Wilhelm , Brisse Betty
Published: December 2008

Incubation of homogenates of rat liver or human liver with D,L-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid yielded 3 diazopositive compounds. In addition to the starting material, vanillic acid could be isolated by means of column chromatography. It was identified by the shape of its crystals, micro melting point, mixed melting point, UV- and IR-spectra, and paper chromatography in 3 different solvent systems. The third substance has not yet been identified. Since acid hydrolysis does not result in any cleavage a conjugate can be ruled out.

The yield of vanillic acid was about 12 per cent with rat liver, 3 per cent with post mortem liver and 7-8 per cent with liver obtained at operation. Vanillic acid is not further metabolized by liver homogenates and can also be considered as the final metabolite of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the human liver.
A MASCULINIZING MIXED GERM CELL TUMOUR (GONOCYTOMA III)
Authors: Teter J. , Philip J. , Wecewicz Gr. , Potocki J.
Published: December 2008

A case is presented of gonocytoma III (gonadoblastoma), which was diagnosed in a patient, aged 19 years who had been brought up as a woman, and who had primary amenorrhoea, and some signs of masculinization. The sex chromatin pattern was negative, and the urinary gonadotrophin titre was increased. Laparotomy disclosed a uterus, fallopian tubes and bilateral knob-like gonadal tumours. It was found that the karyotype was 46/XY. The authors discuss the pathogenesis of gonocytoma III and believe that the presence of a Y chromosome is important evidence that such dysgenetic gonadal tumours develop in a »testis«.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE ALTERATIONS IN PLASMA, BRAIN AND LIVER OF RATS AFTER CASTRATION AND SEX HORMONE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Woolley Dorothy E. , Timiras Paola S.
Published: December 2008

Ovariectomy, hypophysectomy and administration of oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone or methylandrostenediol altered water or electrolyte concentrations in plasma, liver, cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum in the rat. High daily doses of the steroids (500 μg/100 g body weight) increased plasma sodium levels. Oestradiol, followed by progesterone, then testosterone and methylandrostenediol, was most effective in producing hypernatraemia. Lower doses of oestradiol (10–200 μg/100 g body weight) did not change plasma sodium concentrations. Plasma potassium was increased by ovariectomy and decreased by low doses of oestradiol in ovariectomized, but not in hypophysectomized, rats. All doses of oestradiol lowered per cent plasma water in intact adult male rats and ovariectomized adult females, but not in hypophysectomized rats. High doses of the steroids, especially of oestradiol plus progesterone, raised concentrations of water, sodium, potassium and chloride in the liver, whereas water, sodium and potassium concentrations remained constant in brain. Each of the steroids elevated brain chloride concentrations. Of the brain areas analyzed, the cerebral cortex most consistently showed increased chloride after injections. Testosterone and progesterone, followed by oestradiol and then methylandrostenediol, were most potent in increasing brain chloride concentrations. Because the sex hormones have previously been shown to alter brain excitability, it is postulated that some of these alterations may be correlated with concomitant changes in brain anionic concentrations.
ÜBER DEN EINFLUSS DES ALLOXANDIABETES AUF DEN CORTISON-STOFFWECHSEL IN DER RATTENLEBER
Authors: Schriefers Herbert , Herborn Ulrich , Pohl Franzis
Published: December 2008

In liver slices of alloxandiabetic rats the rate of the δ4-5α-hydrogenase-catalyzed cortisone reduction is diminished.

The decrease is more pronounced in females than in males; in male rats diabetes causes a significant increase in the δ4-5α-hydrogenase-activity present in microsomal fractions, while in diabetic females the activity of this enzyme is within the normal range.

Since with microsomal fractions obtained from livers of diabetic rats and supplemented with a TPNH-generating system the rate of hydrogenation of cortisone is unchanged or even elevated it is concluded that the decreased cortisone reduction in diabetic liver slices cannot be accounted for by a lowered activity of the microsomal δ4-5α-hydrogenase but can be explained by the inability of the diabetic liver cell to supply sufficient TPNH for a normal cortisone reduction rate.
GENETIC STUDIES IN FAMILIAL GOITROUS CRETINISM
Authors: Leszynsky Hannah E.
Published: December 2008

The mode of inheritance of the gene producing goitrous cretinism in 3 sibs was studied by means of clinical and laboratory investigations of the available family members (3 generations).

8 relatives (including the mother of the patients) had more or less distinct cretinoid features, and 3 (also including the mother) had a small goitre. Isotope studies revealed various patterns of thyroid hypoactivity in 9 family members and a trend towards hyperactivity in 2 (the mother and a sister of the patients). (In previous studies Zondek et al. 1959, 1961 a, b, 1963) a similar hyperactive pattern had been repeatedly found in 2 of the patients during prolonged therapy-free remissions, induced by shorttermed massive thyroid therapy.) None of the family members investigated showed any evidence of clinically manifest hypothyroidism or of the specific metabolic defect found in the patients (presumably an inability of the thyroid to convert the trapped iodide into organic iodine).

The distinguishing features setting this sibship apart from other similarly affected kindreds were (i) transmission of the metabolic defect by a presumably incompletely dominant gene, (ii) the great variability in the expression of the defective gene, culminating in a trend towards hyperactivity in 2 relatives, and (iii) the therapy-induced reversal of the metabolic defect to this hyperactive pattern in 2 of the patients.
THE USE OF HAEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTION FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF HCG IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Carlsson Mats G.
Published: December 2008

A commercial preparation of HCG has been shown to contain 5 nonspecific antigenic substances which can give rise to antibodies in rabbits. A method for blocking the non-specific antibodies with male urine extract is described. The purified antiserum has been used for the assay of the immunological HCG-activity in 920 specimens of human urine with the haemagglutination inhibition technique. One doubtful negative reaction was found in 570 cases of pregnant women. No »false postive« reaction was found in 133 urines from healthy non pregnant women and 5 »false postive« reactions in urines from 115 women with gynaecological diseases. 100 urines from males were negative.

The level of immunological activity in urine obtained with this method was lower throughout pregnancy when compared to Wide's results (1962). In cases of threatened or complete abortion and toxaemia of pregnancy, immunological activity of the urine seemed to correspond to the viability of the foetus.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUMBER OF AUTOFLUORESCENT LIPID GRANULES IN THE UTERINE SURFACE EPITHELIUM OF THE RAT AND MOUSE
Authors: Nilsson O.
Published: December 2008

The effect of combinations of adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, ovariectomy, and of hypoglycaemia on autofluorescent lipid granules of the uterine epithelium in the spayed rat and mouse has been investigated. The experiments have shown that apart from oestrogen, some metabolic process – directly or indirectly influenced by insulin – is involved in the control of the number of these lipid granules.
CONJUGATION OF ANDROSTERONE IN YOUNG AND OLD SUBJECTS
Authors: Ryan Michael T.
Published: December 2008

In view of the decrease in excretion of total and individual 17-keto-steroids which occurs in elderly subjects, a comparison was made of the ability of the conjugating systems of young and old subjects to metabolize a moderately large dose of androsterone. Poor recoveries of administered androsterone, excreted into the urine, were observed in many of the older subjects and the change observed in the distribution of 17-ketosteroids between glucuronide and sulphate fractions seems to be related to level of steroid recovered in the urine rather than to age of the subjects.
UTERINE AND PLACENTAL ENZYMES
Authors: Hafez E. S. E.
Published: December 2008

The effects of ovariectomy and exogenous gonadal hormones on uterine enzymes have been examined for several laboratory mammals. Qualitative and quantitative measurement of uterine and placental enzymes involve histochemical, cytochemical and biochemical techniques. Enzymes have a wide and characteristic distribution in the female reproductive tract. The pattern of distribution varies showing peculiar species – specific differences in the anatomical localization of the enzyme and its relationship to the reproductive cycle. Progestational responses involve major endometrial growth and striking change in the enzyme system. The amount and biochemical composition of endometrial secretions vary with the stage of reproductive cycle. The placenta contains a complex enzyme system which has been classified into five major groups: hydrases, transferases, oxidoreductases, lyases and isomerases. The passage of many substances across the placental barrier is chemically regulated; the cytoplasm of barrier contains several enzymes and organelles. Carbonic anhydrase activity of the endometrium increases markedly during the luteal phase of the cycle and during pregnancy in the rabbit but not in some other species. Alkaline phosphatase is widely distributed in all types of placenta, in maximal concentration in species producing no fructose. Several hydrolytic enzymes are associated with the small cytoplasmic particles, the lysosomes, β-glucuronidase of the endometrial and glandular epithelia shows cyclical changes with the oestrus cycle. The activity of the succinic dehydrogenase may be an index of the functional status of the epithelial cells. Some enzymes e. g. acid and alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and adenosinetriphosphate show a typical »secretion cycle«. The role of certain uterine enzymes in implantation of blastocyst deserves investigation.
A SCREENING TEST FOR LONG-ACTING CORTICOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Rerup Claus , Hedner Pavo
Published: December 2008

The mouse assay for corticotrophin, using plasma steroid levels as the response, is shown to be suitable with slight modifications as a screening test for long-acting corticotrophin. Four hours after the subcutaneous administration of 10–20 milliunits of corticotrophin in saline, the plasma steroid levels had virtually returned to the preinjection levels, whereas corticotrophin injections in combination with 15 per cent gelatine or 1 per cent polyphloretin phosphate, resulted in sustained high plasma steroid levels. Unlike the usual type of prolongation (e. g. insulin, testosterone) which is characterized by delayed maximal end-point readings, peak responses were observed at the same time following prolonged or non-prolonged corticotrophin. Significantly higher responses were observed following long-acting preparations at this time (one hour after the injection). The test also enables the investigator to distinguish between a local and systemic effect of the prolonging material. Thus it was shown that polyphloretin phosphate and gelatine were active only when given in local combination with corticotrophin. The advantages of the method together with its limitations for the assessment of a long-acting effect in man are briefly discussed.
PARATHYROID HORMONE AND PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS IN MAN
Authors: Halden Allan , Eisenberg E. , Gordan Gilbert S.
Published: December 2008

To determine whether parathyroid hormone is required for renal response to phosphorus loading, the effects of ingestion of 3100 mg of phosphorus daily for 3 days were compared in 5 treated hypoparathyroid patients and 5 normal control subjects of comparable age and sex.

In both normal and hypoparathyroid subjects the response to phosphorus loading was characterized by an increase in urinary excretion of phosphorus without a concomitant increase in the rate of glomerular filtration of phosphorus. Some mechanism other than changes in rates of parathyroid hormone secretion probably accounts for renal responses to changes in phosphorus intake. The timing of urine and serum collections with regard to food intake and the total amount of phosphorus in the diet were found to affect the assessment of renal handling of phosphorus. The finding that a 3-day period of oral phosphorus loading did not increase the serum phosphorus level in the hypoparathyroid patients suggests that phosphorus restriction is not always necessary in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. The addition of one more condition to the list of those that may affect the percentage of renal tubular resorption of phosphorus in no way decreases the usefulness of this determination in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TWO TYPES OF A CELLS IN THE PANCREATIC ISLETS OF SOME MAMMALIAN SPECIES
Authors: Alm Gunnar , Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Both types of pancreatic A cells were identified in the sheep, hamster, guinea pig, rat, pig and monkey. The argyrophil A1 cells displayed a distinct metachromatic reaction in the latter two mammals. While neither the A1 nor the A2 cells were localized to any particular islet region in the guinea pig and monkey, characteristic islet positions were noted in each of the other four species. There was a considerable increase of the A2/A1 cell number ratio with increasing islet diameter. The increased proportion of the A2 cells in the large islets was especially marked in the rat. While no differences were encountered between the duodenal and splenic pancreatic regions for the relative contributions of the A1 and A2 cells in the islets of the pig, monkey and guinea pig, the analyses of the rat pancreas revealed a higher frequency of A1 cells in the splenic part.
TRIPLE MOSAICISM OF THE SEX CHROMOSOMES IN A PHENOTYPICAL FEMALE
Authors: Bijlsma J. B. , James J. , Drukker W.
Published: December 2008

A patient is described showing a female phenotype, but with under-development of secondary sexual characteristics and primary amenorrhoea. Chromosome analysis in skin and blood cultures revealed the presence of nuclei with 44 autosomes and an XO, XX or XXX sex chromosome complement; metaphases with an XX and XXX constitution were, however, very scanty.

The sex chromatin pattern gave strong support to the assumption that there was a triple mosaicism of the XO/XX/XXX type, as nuclei with one and nuclei with two Barr bodies were found – with a high proportion of negative nuclei – in buccal and vaginal epithelial cells and cultured fibroblasts. Some problems of a quantitative nature in this respect are discussed.
TURNER'S SYNDROME WITH SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA AND SEX CHROMOSOME MOSAICISM
Authors: London D. R. , Kemp N. H. , Ellis R. , Mittwoch Ursula
Published: December 2008

A female patient is described aged 28 years, height 145 cm, with infantile genitalia, infantile uterus and atrophic ovaries and in whom menstruation had occurred over a period of five years. Chromosome studies from bone marrow, blood, skin (arm and abdominal wall) and both ovaries revealed sex chromosome mosaicism and a structurally abnormal X chromosome.

Three cell lines were observed. The prevalent cell line which was present in cultures from all tissues had 45 chromosomes and an XO karyotype; cultures from all tissues except the abdominal skin contained cells with 46 chromosomes, with an X/deleted X karyotype (the latter in the form of a large acrocentric chromosome); lastly a small dot-like (ring?) chromosome was present as the 46th chromosome in some cells derived from the abdominal skin and right ovary.

The frequency of the different cell types in cultures from the ovaries differed considerably from those of other tissues.
CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN MICE: FAILURE OF PENTOBARBITAL-MORPHINE TO BLOCK THE EFFECT OF NON-SPECIFIC STRESS
Authors: Rerup Claus
Published: December 2008

Corticotrophin release in mice was determined from plasma free corticosteroid levels. The blocking effect of dexamethasone against non-specific stress was compared with that of pentobarbital-morphine. In marked contrast to the findings in the rat, pentobarbital-morphine pretreatment in mice did not prevent the activation of the pituitary-adrenal hormonal system, following the non-specific stress of histamine injection. Pentobarbital-morphine thus does not render the mouse a specific in vivo preparation for the determination of corticotrophin releasing activity (CRA). Dexamethasone, on the other hand, appears to be effective in blocking corticotrophin release due to non-specific stress and allowed of activation of the pituitary-adrenal system after intravenous injection of vasopressin and hypothalamic extract only. The steroid had no direct effect on the adenohypophysis.
IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PAROTID FLUID CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: Katz Fred H. , Shannon Ira L.
Published: December 2008

Parotid fluid, which can be collected in continuous fashion, was previously shown to possess free 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OH-CS) levels which paralleled those in serum and reached a maximum two hours after corticotrophin or cortisol administration to normal men. The present study demonstrates that intravenously administered cortisol rapidly appears in parotid fluid, and that, thus, parotid fluid 17-OH-CS levels would serve as reliable indicators of plasma corticosteroid levels. This was borne out by ACTH stimulation studies in patients with Cushing's Syndrome as well as adrenal hyporesponsiveness. In the third trimester of pregnancy, despite the large rise in plasma 17-OH-CS, there was only a small, though significant, increase in parotid fluid 17-OH-CS.

Conjugated 17-OH-CS were not found in appreciable quantity in parotid fluid. Chemical and radioisotopic techniques indicated cortisol and cortisone to be the major human parotid fluid 17-OH-CS. Parotid tissue from the dog converted cortisol to cortisone. Radioactive aldosterone, oestrogen and androgen also appeared in parotid fluid after intravenous injection.
EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON BILE ACIDS IN RATS
Authors: Telkkä Antti , Lahikainen Toini , Kuusisto A. N.
Published: December 2008

The effect of adrenalectomy on taurocholic acid, the main bile acid of the rat, was studied. The bile was obtained by cannulation from the ductus choledochus. The concentration of taurocholic acid in the bile was determined using thin-layer chromatography. The taurocholic acid concentration in the bile of the adrenalectomized animals was significantly decreased, being about a half that of the control rats. The results are briefly discussed.
THE ACTION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE RENAL EXCRETION AND UTILIZATION OF CITRIC ACID
Authors: Laake Helge , Brodwall Erling Kruge
Published: December 2008

During treatment with steroid hormones the tubular reabsorption of citric acid (cit.) increases, and the endogenous citric acid clearance is reduced. This is attributed to increased diffusion of citric acid from the tubular lumen to the renal tissue. With simultaneous administration of corticosteroids and anabolic steroids the tubular reabsorption of citric acid becomes normal.

Steroid hormones block the renal synthesis of cit. and the renal utilization of cit. becomes identical with the amount of cit. reabsorbed in the tubules. Blockade of the synthesis of cit. is attributed to the inhibitory effect of steroid hormones on enzyme systems.
OESTRIOL METABOLISM IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Wilson R. , Eriksson G. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Oestriol-16-14C was administered intravenously to four pregnant women prior to sterilisation and surgical interruption of pregnancy and the quantity and nature of radioactive metabolites in the products of conception, systemic venous blood and urine were studied. Thirty minutes following the injection of the isotope, less than 0.5 per cent of the administered dose was found in the amniotic fluid, foetus and placenta.

Approximately 40 per cent of the radioactive material recovered from the systemic venous blood withdrawn 10 to 30 minutes following injection was unconjugated (free) oestriol. Some 15 per cent of the circulating radioactive material was identified as oestriol-3-sulphate and almost 10 per cent behaved as oestriol-3-sulphate,16(17?)-glucosiduronate. Oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate was also detected, but only in minute quantities (0.5 per cent of total). The rest of the circulating radioactive material was present as unidentified »polar conjugates«.

Urine specimens collected over various intervals revealed a changing pattern of conjugation. Oestriol and oestriol-3-sulphate were present only in very small amounts in all specimens studied. The bulk of radioactive material was excreted as oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate and as so-called »polar glucosiduronates« (consisting of di- and perhaps triglucosiduronates of oestriol), accompanied by small, but significant, amounts of oestriol-3-sulphate,16(17?)-glucosiduronate-like radioactive material.

As time passed following injection of the isotope, the amount of »polar glucosiduronates« present in the urine increased markedly. This was associated with a corresponding decrease in the amount of oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate.

At least 99 per cent of the oestrogen moiety of the urinary radioactive material consisted of oestriol.

The recovery of radioactivity from the urine, collected during 72 hours, was low, ranging from 41 to 47 per cent.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON PREVIABLE HUMAN FOETUSES PERFUSED WITH RADIOACTIVE STEROIDS
Authors: Bengtsson G. , Ullberg S. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Using the technique of whole-body autoradiography, the distribution of radioactive material was studied in two previable foetuses following perfusion with progesterone-4-14C.

The uptake of radioactivity was by far the highest in the adrenal cortex. A specific accumulation of radioactive material was also demonstrated in the pituitary gland, testicles, thyroid and thymus. The liver, intestinal mucosa, kidneys and certain structures of the developing eye and central nervous system also showed an increased uptake. The possible physiological significance of the findings is discussed.
ROUTINE DETERMINATIONS OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND PORTER-SILBER CHROMOGENS COMPARED WITH THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF GROUPED AND INDIVIDUAL STEROIDS
Authors: Ernest Ingrid , Håkansson Britt , Lehmann Jörgen , Sjögren Björn
Published: December 2008

The accuracy of two routine methods for the determination of urinary steroids – 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) and Porter-Silber chromogens – has been investigated by chromatographic separation and quantitative determination of individual 17-KS and Porter-Silber reacting steroids in 141 urine samples. For this purpose urine was submitted to enzyme hydrolysis and subsequent solvolysis. The pertinent steroids were separated by column chromatography into three groups, 11-deoxy-17-KS, 11-oxy-17-KS and Porter-Silber reacting steroids. The final separation was accomplished by paper chromatography.

As a mean, the urinary excretion of true 17-KS corresponded to about 40–50 per cent of the routine figures. Due to non specific chromogens, individual routine figures were completely unreliable and probably had no more significance than showing a difference between a high and a low urinary content of 17-KS A true figure, however, was never higher than that indicated by the routine method.

The routine method for determination of Porter-Silber chromogens also overestimated the urinary content of steroids, the true excretion of Porter-Silber steroids being, on an average, about 25 % lower. Again, the significance of individual determinations was low.

The determination of 17-KS and Porter-Silber steroids by column chromatography was found to be rather simple and reliable as only minor amounts of unspecific chromogens were included in the results. Moreover with this method, the 17-KS were separated into 11-deoxy-17-KS and 11-oxy-17-KS.
OBSERVATIONS INDICATING A SEX CYCLE IN THE MALE RABBIT
Authors: Kihlström Jan Erik , Hornstein Otto
Published: December 2008

Recently some physiological characteristics of a sex cycle in male animals have been demonstrated. However, nothing is known at present about any morphological expressions of this cycle, and particularly about any rhythmical variation in exfoliation of cells comparable with that of the vaginal mucous membrane. On the assumption that such a rhythm may occur in the male urethra, the exfoliation of cells in this organ has been studied by taking daily smears. Cyclically varying frequencies of four different types of exfoliated cells, mainly in an immature stage, were demonstrated. Only a fifth type of cells, characterized by cornification and nuclear degeneration, is not subjected to such rhythmical variation. The mean duration of these cycles is about four days. Simultaneous investigations on the seminal volume and body temperature showed some relation to the cycle of cell desquamation. The results give additional evidence for the existence of a male sex cycle, probably with a hormonal background.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN METALLIC CATIONS ON THE IODIDE UPTAKE IN THE THYROID GLAND OF MICE
Authors: Anbar M. , Inbar M.
Published: December 2008

Ferric, cupric, mercuric, zinc, cadmium and nickel ions at the dose level of 0.1 millimole per kg body weight were found to decrease the uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland. Manganous ions exhibited a similar effect when the dose was doubled. A parallel decrease in the BF4− uptake could be demonstrated; this suggests an interference at the stage of iodide accumulation. Cobaltous, cobaltic, magnesium, beryllium and zirconium ions were shown to have no effect on iodine uptake at the same dose level. The mechanism of the effect is discussed.
EFFECT OF GRADED DOSES OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THYROIDAL HORMONE SYNTHESIS IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND IN THE THYROXINE-TREATED RAT
Authors: Shimoda Shin-ichi
Published: December 2008

The inhibition of thyroidal hormone synthesis by propylthiouracil (PTU) was studied in intact, hypophysectomized and thyroxine-treated rats. Animals were fed a low iodine diet for 7 days before hypophysectomy or before thyroxine injection was started and continued on this diet for one more week up to autopsy. Graded doses of PTU were administered once daily for the last 2 days before autopsy. Radioiodine was given intraperitoneally immediately after the last dose of PTU and thyroids were removed 24 hours later.

In intact animals fed a low iodine diet for 2 weeks, the formation of T3 + T4 was the most easily, the formation of DIT next and the formation of MIT the least easily inhibited by PTU. In contrast, the formation of MIT and DIT in hypophysectomized and in thyroxine-treated animals given graded doses of PTU was apparently inhibited to an equal extent. No iodothyronines were formed in the hypophysectomized rats and very little was formed in the thyroxine-treated rats which did not receive PTU. Approximately 10 times as much PTU was required to depress MIT and DIT formation to an equivalent extent in the thyroxine-treated as in the hypophysectomized animals.
ACCRETION OF 131I AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE 131I BY THE RAT OVARY
Authors: Yatvin M. B. , Leathem J. H.
Published: December 2008

Ovarian uptake of 131I was increased by five daily injections of human chorionic gonadotrophin to animals fed either casein or casein and thiouracil for 15 days. No enhanced ovarian accretion of triiodothyronine 131I (T3*) was obtained after 5 injections of gonadotrophin. When animals continued to receive injections for an additional 15 days there was a significant decrease in ovarian accumulation of 131I.

These findings are discussed in reference to their relationship to steroid synthesis and protein metabolism in the ovary of the rat.
CALCIUM SUPPRESSION AND RENAL PHOSPHORUS THRESHOLD TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Devlin James G. , Duff F. , O'Donovan D. K.
Published: December 2008

Using a standard infusion of 500 mg of calcium gluconate, and collecting urine in four hourly fractions for 36 hours in patients whose calcium and phosphorus intake had been previously stabilised for 3 days a satisfactory difference in the degree of inhibition of phosphate excretion between cuparathyroidism, and hypo- and hyperparathyroidism was achieved. The value of the renal phosphorus threshold estimation is diminished by the finding of threshold figures between 2.0 and 3.0 mg/100 ml in both hyperparathyroidism and normal subjects.
RECOVERY OF GONADAL FUNCTION IN MALE RATS TREATED NEONATALLY WITH 17β-OESTRADIOL BENZOATE
Authors: Kind Fred A. , Maqueo Manuel , Folch Pi A.
Published: December 2008

Groups of five day old rats were injected with 120 or 240 μg of oestradiol benzoate. When examined at the age of fifty days, the animal presented atrophied testes and marked decreases in the weights of ventral prostate, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscle. Treatment with pregnant mare's serum or with testosterone propionate given from day 20 through day 50 fully restored the gonadal activity. The dose of PMS needed to restore spermatogenesis was 10 IU which was given every third day. Testosterone propionate, 1 mg, given daily was equally effective.
TIEREXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE ANTIKATABOLE WIRKUNG DES 1-METHYL-ANDROST-1-EN-17β-OL-3-ON (Primobolan Schering)
Authors: Borberg Helmut , Lücker Peter
Published: December 2008

Albino rats of a defined tribe were made corticoid-osteoporotic by experiment. A control group was treated with 1-methyl-androst-1-enolon at the same time. After killing the animals, the X-ray extinction of the first lumbal vertebra was measured. The contents of calcium of the same vertebra was determined chemically. With both methods we had findings of an osteoporosis in the animals treated with cortisone, and no findings in the animals treated simultaneously with the anabolic hormone.
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS ON THE OVARIES OF RADIOLOGICALLY CASTRATED WOMEN
Authors: Lindell Arne
Published: December 2008

Five cases of irradiated cervical carcinoma have been investigated in order to see whether radiological castration completely suppresses ovarian function. After an interval of 7–8 months, and when the oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion had become stabilised at a low level, gonadotrophic hormones were given. Human pituitary follicle stimulating hormone together with human chorionic gonadotrophin were administered in adequate amounts. No effect whatever was seen on the excretion of the three oestrogen fractions investigated, or of pregnanediol. Excretion of 17-OHCS and 17-KS was also unaffected.

Histological examination of the ovaries after conclusion of hormone stimulation showed completely atrophic ovaries.

As seen in this investigation, the ovarian function after radiological castration is totally abolished and radiological castration produces the same effect as oophorectomy.
NORMALAUSSCHEIDUNG VON 17-KETOSTEROIDEN IM HARN BEIM MENSCHEN
Authors: Kaiser Eberhard , Rindt Walther , Conrad Karl-Heinz , Zimmermann Wilhelm
Published: December 2008

In 519 female and 948 male healthy subjects of all age groups between 1 and 70 years the 24-hour excretion of 17-ketosteroids in urine has been determined on 2 or 3 consecutive days. On behalf of the relatively great number of 3360 assays the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors such as weight, height, weather, etc. upon the results as demonstrated by the statistically established excretion curve could be neglected. The present excretion curve is compared to similar ones of other authors.
EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL INFUSION OF ARGININE-VASOTOCIN INTO THE PORTAL CIRCULATION OF THE AVIAN KIDNEY
Authors: Skadhauge Erik
Published: December 2008

Synthetic arginine-vasotocin was infused into one renal portal circulation of the hen to investigate whether the antidiuretic hormone must reach the kidney cells from the blood or from the luminal side in order to produce its action.

It would appear that arginine-vasotocin need not be filtered in order to have an effect since a significantly higher degree of antidiuresis (decrease in diuresis associated with increase in urine osmolality, both around 20%) was found on the side on which the infusion was made. The fact that no consistent changes in the inulin- and p-aminohippurate clearances occurred, further supports the hypothesis that the difference observed is due to a specific tubular action of the hormone.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON 131I-COMPOUNDS IN FAECES AND BILE
Authors: Blomstedt B. , Neujahr H. Y.
Published: December 2008

The occurrence of 131I-compounds in human faeces was studied after intravenous administration of 131I-thyroxine. The excretion of the radioactivity during 12 days ranged from 7.8 to 32.1 per cent of the dose administered with a mean of 16.0 (± 1.76). The radioactivity in the faeces was derived from free 131I-thyroxine. The total amount of faeces did not seem to influence the total excretion of the dose administered. After administration of 131I-triiodothyronine to rats and humans, triiodothyronine occurred in the bile mainly conjugated with glucuronic acid, but a considerable part of the radioactivity was found in diiodotyrosine. The radioacivity of human faeces after the administration of 131I-triiodothyronine was derived from free triiodothyronine.

After injection of 131I-diiodotyrosine only labelled iodide was detected in the bile of rats. In the bile of humans most of the radioactivity was derived from iodide, and a small part of it was found in diiodotyrosine.
REACTIONS OF ANTISERA TO PORCINE RELAXIN WITH RELAXIN-CONTAINING TISSUES OF OTHER SPECIES IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Steinetz Bernard G. , Beach Vivian L. , Tripp Lenore V. , DeFalco Ralph J.
Published: December 2008

Serum of rabbits repeatedly injected with porcine relaxin in Freund's adjuvant contained demonstrable antibodies to the hormone. The antisera agglutinated relaxin-coated latex particles, inhibited interpubic ligament formation in relaxin treated mice, and produced visible bands when reacted with relaxin on Ouchterlony plates. The antisera also inhibited the pubic symphysis-relaxing activity of ovaries of pregnant rats or mice, corpora lutea of whales, and an extract of rooster testes. The inhibitory effects on pelvic relaxation in mice were prevented by prior incubation of the antisera with small amounts of relaxin, or with pregnant sow or rat ovaries, human or whale corpora lutea or rooster testis extract. Cross reactions were observed between antisera to porcine relaxin and tissues of whales, armadillos, roosters and humans on Ouchterlony plates. These reactions did not occur if the antisera were first neutralized with porcine relaxin. The findings suggest the presence of substances similar to porcine relaxin in a variety of species.
COMPARISON OF THE ANTI-FERTILITY AND SEX HORMONAL ACTIVITIES OF SEX HORMONES AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: Desaulles P. A. , Krähenbühl C.
Published: December 2008

The following effects exerted by sex steroids were measured: androgenic, oestrogenic, and progestational effects; the inhibition action on gonadotrophic function in castrated animals; and the inhibitory action on ovulation and blastocyst implantation in intact animals.

The steroids investigated consisted of oestradiol and its ethinyl and methoxyethinyl derivatives, oestrone, oestriol, testosterone, progesterone, and certain synthetic gestagens derived from nortestosterone, i. e. norethisterone, norethynodrel, and ethinyl-oestrenol.

Oestradiol and its derivatives show potent anti-gonadotrophic activity, a relatively less potent anti-ovulatory effect, and a marked inhibitory action on implantation. Progesterone, on the other hand, which has only a very weak inhibitory effect on gonadotrophic function, shows an anti-ovulatory activity which, though inferior in absolute terms to that of oestradiol, is still appreciable, whereas it exerts almost no effect at all on implantation. With regard to its activity ratios, testosterone occupies a position mid-way between the two female hormones. Norethisterone, norethynodrel, and ethinyl-oestrenol have a more potent effect on gonadotrophic function than progesterone. The activity ratios for the effects of these three compounds on ovulation and implantation are comparable to those of oestradiol or progesterone, depending on the relative intensity of their oestrogenic and progestational action.

The nature of the endocrine changes produced by these compounds are discussed with reference to the inhibition of ovulation and implantation.
THE ACTION OF SEX HORMONES ON GONADOTROPHIN-INDUCED OVULATION IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PREPUBERAL RATS
Authors: Krähenbühl C. , Desaulles P. A.
Published: December 2008

Ovulation was induced in prepuberal hypophysectomized female rats by the administration of subcutaneous doses of FSH (0.5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 days, followed by one dose of 0.5 mg/kg on the 4th day at 8 a. m.) and LH (1 mg/kg on the 4th day at 4 p. m.). Various steroids, i. e. oestradiol (3 mg/kg daily), oestrone (10 mg/kg daily), oestriol (10 mg/kg daily), progesterone (100 mg/kg daily), and testosterone (30 mg/kg daily) were administered subcutaneously either for 4 days or for 8 days. In rats treated for 4 days, the steroids were given simultaneously with the FSH and LH, whereas the rats treated for 8 days received the steroids 4 days prior to, and 4 days in combination with, FSH and LH.

In no instance was the induced ovulation inhibited.

These results are compared with other experimental data.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF URINARY UNCONJUGATED CORTISOL BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Pal S. B.
Published: December 2008

Unconjugated corticosteroids are extracted from normal human urine and the urine of patients with rheumatic disorders treated with synthetic corticosteroids and corticotrophin. A simple and specific method using paper chromatography has been developed to detect the unconjugated cortisol in urine.
DER EINFLUSS HOHER KOCHSALZ-GABEN AUF DIE ALDOSTERON- UND ELEKTROLYTAUSSCHEIDUNG BEI GESUNDEN SCHWANGEREN
Authors: Stark G. , Lehmann-Achilles J.
Published: December 2008

In order to determine what effect is produced on aldosterone excretion by the sodium retention observed in pre-eclampsia, a large dose of sodium was administered and the following were investigated: excretion of aldosterone, sodium, potassium, water, body weight, blood pressure and oedema formation. This investigation was performed on eleven women between the seventh and tenth months of pregnancy. The experimental period consisted of five (5) pre-test days, ten (10) days of actual testing and two (2) days after the test.

During the test-period the patient received 18 g NaCl as a 1.8% i. v. solution daily.

All the patients tolerated the infusions well. No definite changes in blood pressure, weight or oedema were noted. By intake and out-put measurements during the test period a sodium and water retention was found, while the potassium excretion remained unchanged.

In all cases the values of aldosterone excretion (very high in pregnancy) were reduced as a result of salt-loading to about ⅕ of the pre-test period. In the post-experimental period the values returned to those of the pretest period.

It is concluded that the lowered aldosterone excretion values in preeclampsia or eclampsia are caused by increased sodium retention, which also occurs in the sodium loading experiments.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND CORTICOID REPLACEMENT ON OVARIAN COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY IN RATS
Authors: Edgren Richard A. , Peterson DeAnn L.
Published: December 2008

Adrenalectomy abolished the ovarian compensatory hypertrophy that followed unilateral castration in rats. Maintenance of the animals with saline to drink or with injected cortisol or deoxycorticosterone restored the response. These data are interpreted as follows: the absence of cortical hormones disrupts cellular metabolism, probably at the level of the ovary, so that the ovary is not capable of a growth response to the increased gonadotrophin available after hemicastration. The data do not support the »pituitary shift« hypothesis of Selye (1950).
A CASE OF GONADAL DYSGENESIS IN A PATIENT WITH A 46/XY KARYOTYPE, PHALLIC ENLARGEMENT AND ABSENCE OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
Authors: Boczkowski Krzysztof , Philip John , Teter Jerzy
Published: December 2008

Among the patients with gonadal dysgenesis, the cases with phallic enlargement, but without the somatic malformations seen in Turner's syndrome, are classified as a special group. This group includes chromatin-negative as well as chromatin-positive cases.

A patient is described with gonadal dysgenesis, XY karyotype, absence of seminiferous tubules in streak gonads, presence of female internal and external genitalia and phallic enlargement.

The problems of sex-determination and differentiation are discussed with regard to this patient.