bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Directive Leadership Style on the Innovative Behavior of Senior Managers in the Manufacturing Sector in Kenya
Authors: Nancy Mutonyi  , George K’AOL  , Caren OUMA
Published: April 2024

This study sought to determine the influence of directive leadership style on the innovative behavior of senior managers in the manufacturing sector in Kenya. Positivism research philosophy and descriptive correlational research design were used. The target population comprised of 802 senior managers in manufacturing firms in Kenya. Stratified random sampling method was used to determine a sample size of 267 senior managers from the total population. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data and a response rate of 85% was achieved. Descriptive statistical analysis techniques used were percentages, means, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics used for data analysis included; Pearson’s correlation, Chi-square, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Ordinal Logistic Regression. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used as the data analysis tool for this study.
The ordinal logistic regression (Nagelkerke Pseudo R-square) results showed that directive leadership style explained 4.4% of the variance in innovative behavior (R2 =.044). The goodness-of-fit results showed that there was a good fit between the observed data and the hypothesized model, [X2(22, N = 228) = 0.008, p =1.000, p>.05]. The parameter estimates results revealed that directive leadership style positively and significantly predicted innovative behavior (β =.626, p =.003, p<.05), thus rejecting the null hypothesis that directive leadership style does not significantly influence the innovative behavior of senior managers.
This study concludes that directive leadership style influenced the innovative behavior of senior managers. The findings of this study will provide knowledge to the leaders in the manufacturing sector on the influence of directive leadership style on the innovative behavior of senior managers, to improve their performance. The study recommends that further research should be conducted on the influence of directive leadership on innovative behavior in small-scale manufacturing organizations in Kenya.
Operational Risks Ascendancy on Water-Sanitation Infrastructure Investments in Kenya
Authors: Jonnah Owen Rao  , Timothy Okech
Published: April 2024

The paper investigated the ascendancy of Operational risks on Water-Sanitation Infrastructure investments in Kenya. Deductive reasoning is used to put forward theories that are tested by means of fixed, predetermined research design and objective measures. The study adopts a mixed methodology research design where qualitative and quantitative research approaches are used to test the research hypotheses. From a target population of 127, Total Population Sampling (TPS) was adopted whereby the whole population was studied. Both descriptive and inferential analysis methods were employed in the analysis. The study results show that water service providers are hobbled by weak incentives for better performance, aging infrastructure, ineffective operations and maintenance, weak institutional capacity and little accountability to consumers. From the empirical evidence and conclusion, going forward Operational risks would be managed through Government enhanced role in absorbing risks aimed at a subsidy plan for investors in Water-Sanitation Infrastructure and strategic pricing through payment for environmental services meant to sustain projects.
Multisystemic Therapy Intervention for Adolescent’s Girls with Conduct Disorder Incarcerated in Selected Rehabilitation Centers in Kenya
Authors: Michael Mbiriri
Published: April 2024

he aim of this paper is to show efficacy of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) on conduct disorder among juvenile girls incarcerated in rehabilitation centers in Kenya. The study investigated effectiveness of MST on conduct disorder. It is important to note that behavioral and emotional problems are among the main occurring mental disorders among juvenile girls incarcerated at Kirigiti and Dagoretti rehabilitation centers. The study sample hada total of 78 purposely selected girls in the two rehabilitation centers. Social demographic questionnaires and Achenbach Youth Self – Report were administered to the respondents. The prevalence of conduct disorder was 55.%. In the experimental group, the study shows statistically significant difference in mean difference scores at both post-treatments one and two (p<0.001). This therefore is an indication that MST had an impact on post treatments one and two among the juvenile delinquents in the experimental group as opposed to control group. The results provide significant insights into effectiveness of MST on conduct disorder among juvenile girls incarcerated in rehabilitation schools.
Factors Associated with Health Seeking Behavior for Reproductive Tract Infections among Young Street Females in Eldoret, Kenya
Authors: Violet Chepchirchir Maritim  , Anthony WANYORO  , Jackim NYAMARI  , John MAINGI  , Lillian ABALLA  , Eunice KIMANI
Published: April 2024

Introduction: A reproductive tract infection (RTIs), among young women is a public health concern, especially in developing countries like Kenya. When a reproductive tract infection occurs, urgent treatment should be done to avoid short and long term consequences.
However, few studies have evaluated factors associated with RTIs and healthcare seeking behaviours especially, among young street women in low and middle-income countries.
Objective: This study aimed at determining the factors associated with healthcare seeking behavior for RTI infections among young street females in Eldoret town in Kenya.  
Methodology:  This study utilized a cross-sectional study design. The study participants were young street females aged between 10-24 years. The independent variables  of the study were age, education level, occupation, marital status, and healthcare associated factors such as distance to the facility, and health care perspectives on reproductive health were assessed.
 Informed consent was obtained from participants while assent was obtained from guardians for minors and persons in charge of street families.
Results: A total of 77 young street females were enrolled. Those aged ≤15 years were 10 (13%) while those aged ≥ 20 years were 48 (62.3%). The study established that participants aged between 16 to 19 years were less likely to report having had an RTI compared to those aged between 20 to 24 years (95% CI; 0.216 (0.070-0.671), p=0.006).
Majority had heard of RTI (62, 80.5%). Out of the fifty respondents (65%) who reported having ever experienced RTI in their lifetime, 36 (72%) sought treatment for the illness with 46 respondents (94%) seeking treatment after two days post-onset of symptoms. Additionally, the main first points of seeking treatment were pharmacies (21, 43%) and health facilities (25, 51%).
Conclusions: The study findings show there’s a high burden of STIs among young street females in Eldoret.
Determinants of the First Antenatal Care Visit among Pregnant Women Attending Tenwek Hospital, Bomet County, Kenya
Authors: Hillary Kositany  , Pamela Kimeto  , Priscah Mosol
Published: April 2024

Pregnancy in itself poses a risk of complication to every individual mother carrying it from conception to postnatal period. Therefore antenatal care Clinic (ANC) is recommended to identify these complications early and adequately managed through timely ANC visits.Late attendance of first antenatal visit is a common problem in developing countries making it difficult to achieve the targeted maternal mortality to a ratio below 70 per 100000 live birthsand newborn deaths to 12 per 1000 live birth by 2030. This study aimed at investigating determinants of first ANC visit among pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinic at Tenwek Hospital. The main objective was to explore maternal individual reasons that determine the timing of the first antenatal visit. This was a qualitative study that utilized a phenomenological study design. Homogeneous purposive sampling was used to sample mothers coming for initial ANC clinic during the current pregnancy. In-depth interviews were used to gather data from the participants. Data analysis was done using the open coding process suggested. It was notable that the results were in line with the objectives that were studied. The following themes were derived from the data: Economic reasons, hospital service provision, fear, cultural Factors and misconceptions about ANC by other women. The study participants seemed not to be well informed of the stage of pregnancy when the initial ANC visit should be made. This study recommends the need for hospital management to provide health education to mothers concerning the importance of ANC attendance and to organize strategies to prevent long queues at the hospital. Further, community leaders should create awareness through administrative "barazas" and employ community-owned resource person strategy in following-up expectant mothers in the community and motivating them to attend ANC. The community leaders and resource persons need to motivate pregnant women to attend ANC clinics.
Credit Risks Ascendancy on Water-Sanitation Infrastructure Investments in Kenya
Authors: Jonnah Owen Rao  , Timothy Okech
Published: April 2024

The paper investigated the ascendancy of credit risks on water-sanitation infrastructure investments in Kenya. The study adopted a mixed methodology research design where qualitative and quantitative research approaches are used to test the research hypotheses. From a target population of 127, Total Population Sampling (TPS) was adopted whereby the whole population was studied. Both descriptive and inferential analysis methods were employed in the analysis. The study results show that that lack of access to funding infrastructure investments has seen poor cost recovery, weak governance and lack of institutional frameworks that adversely affect economic opportunities. From the empirical evidence and conclusion, an advancement to credit risks will need innovative financing models rolled out through co-financing and blended financing, risk pooling through tailor made infrastructure insurance products, private entity receiving a concession from the public sector to finance, design, construct, own, and operate a facility stated in the concession contract.
Conflict Sensitive Journalism and Elections
Authors: Ruth Owino  , Boniface Kirema Karani
Published: April 2024

In any electoral process, the media plays a crucial role in informing the public and acting as a watchdog in ensuring a credible and fair election. Media influences the election dynamics and perceptions, how and what the media reports, builds, or breaks the credibility of an election. Media influences people by way of reporting, offering peaceful resolution, or even ending up in conflicts. Media is therefore instrumental in conflict resolutions and peace-building. In Kenya, the media is faulted for poor reporting and amplifying hate speech that inflames tension and leads to retaliatory attacks. The media has previously reported unconfirmed reports, inciting messages from politicians, or perpetuated viewpoint that has created political discourses that fun violent conflict. The media ought to report freely, fairly, and be neutral during elections without fueling violence. This paper sought to examine the role played by media in the electoral processes, analyses media coverage of the 2017 elections, establish the extent to which the media escalated and/or de-escalated election violence in Kenya. In collecting data, the researchers applied the qualitative approach through content analysis of newspaper articles, journals, and websites. These materials provided the intended information on the issue that was to be addressed, that is conflict-sensitive journalism. The study established that media has a role in framing conflicts and/or escalating conflict. It is also responsible for providing balanced reporting through good investigative journalism especially during conflict situations to promote peace and tranquility.
Reducing Polydrug Use among Methadone Assisted Therapy Patients
Authors: Rose N. Kiiru  , Charity W. Waithima  , Peterson K. Mwangi
Published: April 2024

Polydrug use continues to rise across the world with more victims suffering from substance use disorders (SUD). Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) which has shown significant results in reducing morbidity, increased treatment retention, reduced use of illicit psychoactive substances. This study founded on the self-determination theory, sought to find out the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) on Polydrug Use (PDU) reduction among Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) patients. Using a mixed methods approach with a quasi-experimental research design with pre and post strategy in experimental group site A and control group site B. Both treatment and control group received baseline and endline assessment as well as MAT treatment. The experimental group received MI with instant assessment and feedback to reduce polydrug use through self-rating readiness ruler while the control group received Zero MI treatment. The population of the study comprised 2121 patients from which a sample of 120 respondents was obtained through random sampling technique where 60 respondents were assigned to the treatment group and the other 60 in control group. Base line assessment was done for 5 to 10 minutes using: TimeLine Fallback for polydrug use, WHO (Five) well-Being for MAT patient’s wellbeing, self-rating readiness ruler for readiness to reduced polydrug use. Motivation Interviewing took 15 to 25 minutes, 10 participants per group in the treatments group of 6 sessions for one and half months. Data analysis was done both descriptively and with inferential inform of regression and correlations analysis. At three months follow up, effectiveness of MI in the treatment group is evidenced by MAT patients’ significant reduction in polydrug use, improved wellbeing, increased adherence, reduced MAT dosage, increased MAT patients on cessation of MAT dosage as well as reduced patient dropping out MAT.
Prevalence of Polydrug Use in Patients Undergoing Methadone Assisted Therapy in Nairobi County
Authors: Rose N. Kiiru  , Charity W. Waithima  , Peterson K. Mwangi
Published: April 2024

Polydrug Use (PDU) among Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) continues to be a global concern with users engaging in concurrent intake of more than one psychoactive substance.  However, due to the increased risks of drug abuse in society today, polydrug users are now seeking opioids use disorder (OUD) treatment in Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) which is undoubtedly associated with withdrawal and craving challenges. This paper therefore evaluates the prevalence of polydrug use among MAT patients in Nairobi County Kenya. Guided by the social learning theory, this study used a mixed methods approach comprising both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population comprised 2121 patients from two MAT clinics in the county from which a sample of 120 respondents was drawn through random sampling technique with 60 in treatment group and 60 in control group.  A quasi-experimental research design with pre and post strategy was utilized in experimental group site 1 and control group site 2. Both treatment and control group received baseline and endline assessment and MAT treatment. The experimental group receive MI with instant assessment and feedback through engaging, focusing, evoking and planning and assessment for readiness to reduce polydrug use through self-rating readiness ruler. Control group received Zero MI treatment. Base line assessment was done for 5 to 10 minutes using TimeLine Fallback for polydrug use while End line assessment was done using the same tools after 3 months. Data analysis was descriptively conducted to determine the prevalence of polydrug use among MAT patients used with findings presented in tables and charts.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Written Communication among Students at a Private University in Kenya
Authors: Naom Nyarigoti
Published: April 2024

Regular assessment of program outcome is a fundamental part of efficient curriculum review and improvement. Accrediting commissions expect that by the time of graduation, each student should have achieved the expected program learning outcomes. All accredited programs undergo an assessment process to demonstrate program outcome achievement. This paper presents findings of a longitudinal assessment of students’ writing skills at United States International University (USIU-A). The main objective of this study was to assess the progress made by students in written communication competence right from entry to their final level of the English courses offered at the institution. This was aimed at providing instructionally relevant feedback to instructors which could be used to inform curriculum review and classroom instruction to improve students' writing skills. The study used an analytical rubric to assess students written scripts at different levels from entry to their final level of the English courses. Findings show general improvement in the students writing skills safe for syntax and grammar.  A few recommendations are made from the findings including; providing students with a language intensive program before they begin their degree program, promoting writing across the curriculum (WAC) approach, and limiting language class sizes to 30 for effective teaching, evaluation, and feedback.
First Principles Study of Negative Thermal Expansion (NTE) in Manganese Nitride materials
Authors: Nicholas Langat  , Philip Nyawere  , Elicah Wabululu
Published: April 2024

We report ab initio study of the electronic, mechanical and structural properties for the negative thermal expansion (NTE) application of antiperovskites manganese nitrides materials Mn3XN (X=Al, Ga, Zn). Using first principle calculations based on generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the electronic, structural, and mechanical properties of the Mn3XN (X = Al, Ga, Zn) phases were investigated. The optimized lattice parameters give the first reference to the upcoming theoretical and experimental studies. THERMO_PW as a post-processing code was used for the computation of elastic constants that were used to derive bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G), Young's modulus (E), Poisson's ratio (õ), and hardness. The calculated elastic constants are in excellent agreement with the available data. Moreover, obtained elastic constants revealed that both the Mn3ZnN and Mn3GaN phases are brittle. The band structure and density of states analysis showed that these phases are electrical conductors, having strong directional bonding existing near the Fermi level between Mn -N atoms due to Mn-d and N-p hybridization. The Mn3GaN compound has the highest Debye temperature (452.8K), while Mn3ZnN has Debye temperature of (283.4K) indicating that they are thermodynamically and dynamically stable and can be synthesized experimentally. Mn3AlN compound has Debye temperature (0.000K) indicating the system is unstable for compressional deformation.
A STUDY OF MARITAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AMONG COUPLES IN AINAMOI DIVISION OF KERICHO COUNTY
Authors: Eunice Wambui Njenga  , Julius Langat
Published: April 2024

Conflict exists everywhere.Â  People experience conflicts in their jobs, families, schools and even in the church. Conflict can neither be avoided nor ignored. Conflict that is not managed correctly diminishes happiness and has the potential to destroy people, it leaves them broken and burnt out. Marital conflict is a part of everyday life and how couples handle conflict in their relationship affects the strength and type of relationship a couple may have. Conflict may have the power to destroy or build a marriage. The study on marital conflict management among couples in Ainamoi Division was conducted through randomly interviewing forty married individuals in Ainamoi Division of Kericho County. The researchers employed a descriptive approach to analyse the data which was displayed through tables, charts, and graphs.Â  The research has shown the following factors causing conflict in marriage in their order of priority: communication problems, financial management conflicts, issues surrounding children, in-laws, sexual issues, and finally, behaviour problems. Therefore, there is a need to counsel and teach married couples skills such as communication, financial management and relational skills in order for them to know how to manage marital conflict. This study concludes that marital counselling is in dire need in the society, and so counsellors, pastors and church leaders should come out and make awareness of it in the society
Computational Modeling of 2-Monochlorophenol and 2-Monochlorothiophenol
Authors: Joshua K. Kibet
Published: April 2024

Substituted phenolic compounds are well established organic contaminants in the atmosphere and natural ecosystems. They are implicated in a variety of health problems such as oxidative stress, cancer and respiratory diseases. Although the chemistry of 2-monochlorophenol is extensively studied experimentally, theoretical studies on this molecule especially on its thermal degradation is scarce in literature. The goal of this investigation is to investigate not only the thermal properties of 2-monochlorophenol and 2-monochrothiophenol but also their electronic properties from a theoretical stand point. To simulate the thermolysis of these pollutants under conditions representative of municipal waste incineration, a temperature range of 300-1000ËšC at typical increments of 100 ËšC at 1 atmosphere was chosen. Gaussian 03 computational suite of programs was employed in this study. The density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with B3LYP correlation function and a variety of basis sets were used in this study. Two basis sets normally selected for molecular modeling of organic molecules; 6-31+G and 6-31G have been given priority in this work. Thermochemical results show that 2-mochlorothiophenol easily dissociates to 2-monochlorothiophenoxy radical in comparison to the dissociation of 2-monochlorophenol to 2-monochlorophenoxy radical in the whole range of degradation temperature. At a degradation temperature of 1000 K, the change in enthalpy for the formation of 2-monochlorothiophenoxy and 2-monochlorophenoxy radicals are respectively, 70.40 and 84.39 kcal mol-1. The toxicities of these combustion by-products have also been reported in this study.
Mitigation Efforts of the Seventh Day Adventist Church Teachings to the Borabu/ Sotik Border 2007/8 Post Election Violence, Kenya
Authors: Tom Mong'are Nyagwoka
Published: April 2024

This paper presents mitigation efforts of the Seventh-day Adventist Church teachings to the Borabu/Sotik boarder 2007/8 violence. The paper is an outcome of a study which was conducted whose major objective was to investigate the role of the Adventists in the mitigation efforts to the 2007/8 post election violence along the Borabu/Sotik boarder. The area of study was Borabu Â Sub county. The research is anchored on Aristotleâ€™s institutionalization theory of the natural law which states the importance of natural law in guiding the choices of the Christians. The study adopted descriptive survey study design.Â  A sample size of 207 from a total population of 2070 was used.Â  A questionnaire with a 5 point Likert type scale was used to collect data. The major findings of the study were; Seventh â€“day Adventists along Borabu / Sotik border failed to abide by their known law and they also participated in the 2007/8 post election violence. Mechanisms of validating Godâ€™s law were found wanting as well. There were also challenges of security, social reform, historical injustices, and negation of both Christian and secular values. The findings will be useful to policy makers as a complimentary document to build a Kenya of love command and rule of law. The researchers recommend teaching of Godâ€™s law which may lead to harmonious co-existence.
Access to Higher Education in a Devolved System of Government
Authors: Daniel Otieno
Published: April 2024

The New Constitution (2010) brought in its wake a devolved government with key functions being devolved to county governments. This paper set out to address the following objectives: (1) to evaluate the status of higher education within Uasin Gishu County; (2) to establish the challenges facing HEIs in Uasin Gishu County and (3) to suggest a raft of policy measures to mitigate the constraints facing higher education within the county. Data was obtained from secondary sources including various publications of the State Department of Education, county department of education, Kenya Bureau of Statistics, journals, newspapers, policy documents etc. The findings of the study indicate that HEIs have increased in number and size, but there are still challenges in provision, accessing and management of higher education within the county. Although the county has several Universities, the growing number of admissible students cannot be fully absorbed by the existing Universities. The increased private social demand for education has led to the proliferation of several University campuses, which pose serious challenges of quality and standards. Universities still continue to grapple with the challenges of limited finances, facilities and adequate faculty to meet the growing demand. Access to higher education has to be expanded, especially to students from rural areas and marginalized communities.
THE FUTURE OF MUSIC IN NIGERIA
Authors: Ajewole John Olugbenga
Published: April 2024

The future of music in Nigeria is of great concern to music educators in specific and educationists in general. Music is a dimensional subject but also a skill oriented subject. These functions create career opportunities and means of livelihood for individuals, and even generate revenue for the government. It is from this premise that this paper seeks to discuss the concept of music, education and music education. It highlights traditional and western music education in Nigeria. An examination of formal music education in Nigeria was presented in this article. This paper examines the structure objectives of music education. It also highlights the general situation of music education. Lastly the paper looks into the future direction of music education in Nigeria. Descriptive, survey and bibliographic method were used to determine the future of music education in Nigeria. The outcome of the study revealed that music education in Nigeria is western oriented. It lacks social cultural identity relevant to Nigeria situation. The paper in its conclusion and recommendation emphasized that, the future direction of music education rest solely on the re-structure of music education curriculum so as to provide fertile land for the growth, strength and values of music in Nigeria.
Psycho-Therapeutic Concerns in Performance Arts and Community Development in Africa
Authors: Peter Muhoro Mwangi  , Dr. Peter Muhoro Mwangi  , Professor Mellitus Wanyama
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the position of art as a vehicle of socio-economic development; engineered by playwrights as mouth pieces of their societies. The arts domain has always been a contested field of experimentation in handling community-oriented issues concerning human life. Plato in The Republic, authoritatively condemned arts terming it a less important realm of educationÂ Â  as â€œartists begin from ideas advance further ideas and end up in ideas.â€ This view was however challenged by Aristotelian views, clearly stating the value of imitating the right actions. In contemporary societal disposition, there has emerged a new wave of correction ideas for community artists with the development concerns of a people. Art emerges as a mirror of society and so whatever is performedÂ Â  for its good builds the psychological needs of the community members. The spirit of togetherness and cooperative movement is best expressed through performing arts while engaging, the people in development projects, for instance; building of community schools, cattle dips, police stations, water projects, social halls and churches among others. There is a great opportunity for developing a peopleâ€™s future through the voice of the performers. Performance and educationÂ Â  emerge as important paradigms for shaping not only an individual but community goals, ambitions and aspirations. Ideally, the performance enhances psychotherapeutic ingredient in the audience. An active synergizedÂ Â  audience participates in creating an atmosphere of oneness, peopleâ€™sÂ Â  power, innovation and societal empowerment. A culture of brotherhood, sisterhood andÂ Â  pacification entrenches itself in the minds of community members who are then able to participate in decision-making ventures especially that involve the youth and womenÂ Â  groups. In the long run, the ensuing differences and conflicts that rock the community are addressed harmoniously and courageously through dialogue captured in dramatic arts.
The link between English Language Proficiency and Academic Literacy
Authors: Jacqueline KANDAGOR  , Joseph Rotumoi
Published: April 2024

This paper aims at presenting a scientific explanation behind the link between language proficiency and academic performance. This paper adopted the desktop research approach which mostly relied, not only, on a review of published documents, but also extended to oral interviews. There are two types of language proficiency: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). The earlier a student acquires the latter, the higher the chances of better academic performance. English language development ideally should include instruction in the types of academic language students encounter in their content classes. This paperâ€™s outcome would go a long way in enlightening and subsequently informing the stakeholders and general public on which measures to put in place to improve studentsâ€™ overall academic performance. Since, researchers have indicated that teachers have difficulty explicating scientific and mathematical concepts simply and clearly due to their insufficient lexical resources, the study recommends that teachers be trained to help students access the language in academic texts across the curriculum.
Influence of the Professional training of the Clergy on Fostering Cohesion among Ethnic Communities in Nakuru County, Kenya
Authors: William Koros
Published: April 2024

This paper seeks to establish the influence of the Professional training of the Clergy on fostering cohesion in a multi-ethnic setting like Nakuru County in Kenya.Â  Professional training of the clergy is not an end in itself but is the means to an end. They preach the whole counsel of God that will eventually produce mature believers who will perpetuate the kingdom values wherever they will be. Yet Kenya, with a population that is majority Christian at 83%, has had a trend of electoral violence since the introduction of multiparty politics in the 1990s with the most recent and severe case being the post-election violence (PEV) of 2007/2008. While Christians are generally credited for being a strong source of identity and value formation, it has not been the case for churches have been involved and affected often with ethnic groups pitted against each other. The study was guided by Burtonâ€™s Human Needs Theory (HNT) and Lawrenceâ€™s self- in-God (SIG) model. The study was conducted in Nakuru, a cosmopolitan County, employed descriptive research design and involved the Africa Inland Church (AIC), Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK), Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) and Africa Gospel Church (AGC) Congregations. A sample of 120 members of the clergy selected using purposive, stratified, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques participated in the study. The clergyâ€™s questionnaires (CQ) were used to collect data. The content and face validity of the instruments were examined by experts and their suggestions used to improve the tools before they were used to gather data. The collected data was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Data was described and summarized using frequency tables and percentages. The Spearmanâ€™s correlations was used to establish the relationship between the clergyâ€™s training and fostering cohesion among communities. The findings of the study established that professional training and qualification of the clergy does not influence fostering cohesion among ethnic communities.
Science Process Skills Advance Organizer and Students' Motivation Orientation in Secondary School Physics
Authors: Josephat Kariru Kigo  , Mark I.O. Okere  , Christopher Mkirema Maghanga  , Bernard Chemwei
Published: April 2024

This study was designed to investigate studentsâ€™ motivation orientation in the learning of electric current circuits in secondary school physics after exposure of Science Process Skills advance organizer. The study adopted the posttest only design. Students were exposed to various electric current circuits making activities using electric current components before a physics lesson which was conventionally taught before being post tested. A studentsâ€™ motivation questionnaire was then administered thereafter. A total of seventy two (72) form two secondary school physics students participated in the study. Data were collected using a six item studentsâ€™ motivation questionnaire (SMQ) with a reliability of 0.799. Principal Component Analysis was used to reduce studentâ€™s responses of each of the six items to manageable variables for easy interpretation of studentsâ€™ motivation orientation in the learning of electric current circuits in physics. The results of the study indicated that studentsâ€™ exposure to the science process skills advance organizer made them develop confidence in the physics course, they were excited by the activities that had taken place before the physics lessons especially the experiments they engaged in themselves. The results also indicated students were stimulated when they made conclusions of the experiments exposed to them before the lesson and they were happy when they worked through experiments in groups. This study concludes that science process skills advanced organizer can be used to motivate students in the learning of Physics. The study recommends that teachers of Physics be encouraged to construct relevant science process skills advance organizers for other topics of Physics taught at secondary schools. The study also recommends that publishers and physics education experts publish current research on science process skills advance organizers that can be applied in other subjects.
OPTICAL MODELING OF FLUORINE DOPED TIN OXIDE FILMS FOR SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Wycliffe Maiso Isoe
Published: April 2024

SnO2: F films are widely used for solar cell applications as the front electrode as well as other applications such as electrochromic and displays. The optical design of these and other applications need knowledge of optical constants. In this study we used the dielectric constant of a combined Drude and Lorentz to model the optical behaviour of SnO2: F. To do this, we used the fitting parameters from existing literature. From the model we got n and k values which we inserted into Fresnel R and T calculator and computed R and T spectra over the 300nm -2500nm wavelength range using Fresnelâ€™s equations. We plotted n, k, T and R for different values of plasma frequency, and damping parameter, . The films exhibited very high visual transmittance and high infrared reflectance. The results implied the possibleness of the films to be employed as spectrally selective coating materials.
The effect of pasteurisation and storage on aroma compounds in lager
Authors: Gagula Goran , Đurđević-Milošević Dragica , Ncube Thembekile , Magdić Damir
Published: April 2024

Why was the work done: To investigate the impact of pasteurisation and storage in bottle on aroma compounds in pale lager beer.
How was the work done: Pale lager beer was produced at an industrial scale with 100% pilsner malt and a bottom fermenting yeast. Samples were taken of unpasteurised beer from bright beer tank, after flash pasteurisation and six months after packaging in amber glass bottles.
What are the main findings:  Post pasteurisation, a marked increase was found in the concentration of 2,3-pentanedione (50%) and diacetyl (33%),  presumably reflecting the decomposition by heat of precurser acetohydroxy acids.   There was also a marginal increase in dimethyl sulphide (6%) with little or no change in other aroma compounds. Storage for six months in bottle, also resulted in an increase in the level of 2,3-pentanedione,  diacetyl and dimethyl sulphide.   The linear (Pearson) correlation was > 0.8 for both dimethyl sulphide and diacetyl, and 2,3-pentanedione and diacetyl.  Accordingly, it was concluded that the levels in beer of dimethyl sulphide and 2,3-pentanedione are proportionally related to diacetyl.
Why is the work important: This work provides an insight into the effects on flavour and aroma of lager of flash pasteurisation and subsequent storage in bottle. The inter-relationship between aroma compounds in beer suggests that such synergies may undermine the sensory perception of threshold levels and identification of specific aromas.
Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate using polypropylene steel fiber
Authors: Ahmed Muneer Abdulrahman Al Tekreeti
Published: April 2024

The present study is to investigates changes polypropylene used with various percentages such as 0%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%,2.5% in M25 grade of concrete. In this investigation, OPC 53 grade cement, fine and coarse aggregates were utilized. Further, the characteristics of each construction materials and polypropylene properties were determined under the laboratory tests. Afterwards, the specimens were constructed as per Indian standards then sent for seven days, fourteen days, and twenty-eight days curing, then the specimens were tested under the Tension, compression and flexural strength test. The attained maximum compression strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were 22.15N/mm2,3.81N/mm2,5.2 N/mm2, respectively. Finally, these highest strengths of polypropylene concrete, were achieved by 2.5% polypropylene used in concrete.
Planning for Handling COVID-19: Qualitative Study of COVID-19 at Sukorejo Community Health Center
Authors: Trisnindasari Aisyah Lely , Rasni Hanny , Susanto Tantut
Published: April 2024

Background: Health workers at Community Health Centers have an important role as the main guard in preventive and promotive efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose: The aim of this research is to analyze the existence of planning for handling COVID-19 at the Sukorejo Jember Community Health Center in accordance with the first pillar in the WHO standards for planning for COVID-19. Methods: This research uses a descriptive phenomenological approach aimed at health workers involved in planning the handling of COVID-19 at community health centers. Data has been saturated in 3 health workers. Researchers analyzed the data using Collaizi analysis. Results: The results of the research have obtained three important themes, including team planning (human resources) in dealing with COVID-19, logistical needs, and preparation of activity implementation plans. Conclusion: Therefore, planning for handling COVID-19 is important in identifying and evaluating appropriate planning in infectious disease eradication programs at Community Health Centers.
 
Keywords: COVID-19, planning, health care provider, public health center
Progressive Muscle Relaxation to Reduce Chronic Pain in Elderly with Hypertension: A Case Study
Authors: Miftahurroziqin Moch. Azzam , Susumaningrum Latifa Aini , Kurdi Fahruddin , Basri Achmad Ali
Published: April 2024

Increased blood pressure causes vascular damage to the blood vessels in the neck when carrying blood to the brain, resulting in pressure on the muscle nerve fibres, which causes head pain. One of the independent nursing interventions that can be used is Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR). This case study is to determine the application of PMR to reduce pain scale in elderly with hypertension at UPT PSTW Jember. This Final Scientific Work uses a descriptive design with the Case report method, which describes the application of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice, namely PMR, for headaches in the elderly with hypertension. Therapy is given to a patient in two meetings a day for seven days for 15 minutes. Measurement of pain scale using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The results after being given PMR showed a decrease in pain levels by reviewing complaints of decreased pain, the average pain scale from 4.4 NRS to 3.4 NRS, the average systolic blood pressure from 155.7 mmHg to 142.8 mmHg and the average diastolic blood pressure from 94.2 mmHg to 90 mmHg. PMR therapy can reduce chronic pain by increasing the elasticity of blood vessels, reducing muscle tension and reducing headaches.
Welcome to the April 2024 Issue (Vol: 30, No: 2) and Current News of the European Journal of Therapeutics
Authors: Balat Ayşe , Eren Şevki Hakan , Menzilcioğlu Mehmet Sait , Bahşi İlhan , Doğan İlkay , Kaplan Davut Sinan , Karadağ Mehmet , Özçelik Ayşe Aysima , Sarı Fatih , Yıldız Hamit , Akbaba Murat , Başkonuş İlyas
Published: April 2024

Dear Colleagues,
We think that we have started to reap the rewards of the improvements we have realized within a period of about a year since we were appointed as the editorial team. We are happy to see that the number of articles submitted to the Eur J Ther is increasing day by day. Moreover, this situation allows us to be even more selective in article acceptance.
Due to the many improvements and updates we have made; we are now able to publish a large number of articles in early view. Moreover, the early view articles of the Eur J Ther are now indexed as “Early Access” by Web of Science without being assigned to the issue [1].
On the occasion of this editorial, we would like to thank all the authors, reviewers, editors, and technical team who contributed to the Eur J Ther. We encourage you to submit your valuable work to the Eur J Ther.
We hope to continue to bring you good news on future issues.
Sincerely yours,
COVID-19 pandemic and motivation to smoking cessation
Authors: Kaya Ferit , Doğan Tiryaki Hülya , Selçuk Engin Burak , Tutar Çölgeçen Eda Fulden
Published: April 2024

Background: The aim of this study is to determine how being infected with COVID-19 affects the success of smoking cessation.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study. The population of the study consisted of 2002 COVID-19 patients followed in Adıyaman city center. Two hundred sixty-one people were selected from patients who diagnosed with COVID-19 (PCR positivity). Two hundred sixty-one people who were COVID-19 PCR negative. The questionnaire applied included socio-demographic data and "Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale" and the Fagerström cigarette addiction scale.
Results: The mean age of the participants in the study was 39.95±12.05. 43.1% of the participants were civil servants, 84.5% had been smoking for seven years or more. The mean Fagerström scores of the COVID-19 PCR positive group and the COVID-19 PCR negative group were 4.88±1.88 and 4.49±1.74, respectively. The mean SCSPS score of the COVID-19 PCR positive group (41.90±8.28) was higher than the mean SCSPS score of the COVID-19 PCR negative group (40.21±10.25) (p
YARGI KARARLARI BAĞLAMINDA HUKUKA AYKIRI ARAMA
Authors: Atan Muhammed Satuk Buğrahan
Published: April 2024

Maddi gerçeğin hukuka uygun bir şekilde araştırılması ve değerlendirilmesi, yargılamanın sağlıklı yürümesi ve adaletin tecelli etmesi için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Makale, Türk ceza muhakemesi hukukuna göre yargı kararları çerçevesinde hukuka aykırı arama kavramını detaylı bir şekilde ele alır. Hukuka aykırı aramadan maksat adli ve önleme aramalarının uluslararası ve ulusal mevzuat hükümlerine aykırı olması anlamına gelir. Arama işlemi ceza muhakemesi hukukunda bir koruma tedbiridir. Arama işlemi konusu gereği vatandaşların temel hak ve özgürlüklerine suçun işlendiği hususunda duyulan şüphe ile müdahale eder. Devletin, vatandaşlar üzerinde temel hak ve özgürlüklerini koruma amacıyla kamu güvenliği ve düzenini sağlama yükümlülüğü koruma tedbirlerinden olan arama işleminin uygulanmasını elzem kılmaktadır.

Ceza muhakemesinde önemli olan unsurlardan birisi de, suçun işlenmesi sırasında meydana çıkan delilleri elde etmek için yapılan işlemlerin, hukukun ortaya koymuş olduğu kurallara uygun olup olmadığıdır. Arama işleminin hangi zamanlarda suçun işlenmesini önleme, hangi zamanlarda ise işlenen suçun delilini araştırma işlemi olduğu, önleme araması ve adli arama ayrımının temel nitelendirmesine ilişkin sorular olduğu gibi, tabi olduğu usul hükümlerini de belirlemektedir. Aramanın tanımı, hukuki niteliği, türleri ve işlemi için gereken şüphe dereceleri üzerinde durulur. Şüphe kavramı; basit şüphe, makul şüphe, yeterli şüphe ve kuvvetli şüphe olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Basit şüphe, şüphenin en hafif derecesidir. Kovuşturulabilir bir fiil değerlendirmesi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Başlangıç şüphesi olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Makul şüphe, hayatın akışına göre somut olaylar karşısında genellikle duyulan şüphedir. Şüphenin “makul” sayılabilmesi için, kişinin suç işlemiş olabileceği konusunda tarafsız bir gözlemciyi inandırabilecek bilgi veya belgelerin bulunması gerekmektedir. Yeterli şüphe, hakkında soruşturma yürütülen şahıs hakkında iddianame düzenleyerek kovuşturma aşamasına geçebilmek için gereken şüphe derecesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Kuvvetli şüphe ise hakkında soruşturma yürütü-len kişi için ağır olan tutuklama gibi koruma tedbirlerinin uygulanması için gereken şüphe yoğunluğudur. Adli arama işlemine konu olaylarda makul şüphe kavramı önemli bir kriterdir.
การศึกษาแบบจำลองในการคำนวณหาอายุเชิงเศรษฐกิจของสถานีไฟฟ้าแรงสูง โดยพิจารณาตามรูปแบบการจัดวางบัสบาร์กรณีศึกษาสถานีไฟฟ้า 115/22 kV
Authors:   , ตั้งชีวะสมบัติ กรวิชญ์
Published: April 2024

ความต้องการพลังงานไฟฟ้าภายในประเทศไทยมีอัตราการขยายตัวเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างต่อเนื่อง ส่งผลทำให้ระบบไฟฟ้าโดยรวมต้องมีการเสริมสร้างและพัฒนาความน่าเชื่อถือให้สามารถรองรับกับความต้องการทั้งหมดที่จะเกิดขึ้นได้และพลังงานทางเลือกที่จะมีเพิ่มมากขึ้นในอนาคต โดยสถานีไฟฟ้าแรงสูงนั้นเป็นส่วนหนึ่งที่สำคัญของระบบไฟฟ้าเพราะเป็นจุดเชื่อมโยงของระบบไฟฟ้าและจุดจ่ายกำลังไฟฟ้าให้แก่ผู้ใช้ไฟฟ้า ซึ่งต้องสามารถการจ่ายไฟฟ้าได้อย่างเพียงพอกับความต้องการโดยรวมของทั้งประเทศ

งานศึกษาวิจัยนี้ได้ศึกษาวิเคราะห์หลักการหาต้นทุนทั้งหมดตลอดอายุโครงการโดยใช้ทฤษฎีการหาต้นทุนตลอดช่วงอายุหรือ Life Cycle Cost (LCC) เป็นหลักการเชิงเศรษฐศาสตร์ ที่วิเคราะห์มูลค่าการลงทุนต่าง ๆ ได้แก่ มูลค่าการลงทุนเริ่มต้น มูลค่าการดำเนินการและบำรุงรักษา และมูลค่าอันเกิดจากไฟฟ้าดับ เป็นต้น เพื่อออกแบบรูปแบบจำลองโดยมีสถานีไฟฟ้าแรงสูงที่จังหวัดระยองเป็นต้นแบบ ซึ่งการศึกษาวิจัยกรณีนี้ได้ทำการวิเคราะห์พิจารณารูปแบบการจัดวางบัสบาร์ส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้ในประเทศไทยทั้งหมด 7 รูปแบบ ได้แก่ Single bus, Single bus with sectionalized, Main and transfer bus, Breaker and a half bus, Ring bus, Double bus with transfer, Double bus single breaker และ Double bus double breaker เป็นต้น โดยได้ยกตัวอย่างเปรียบเทียบถ้ามูลค่าการดำเนินการและซ่อมบำรุงรักษาเปลี่ยนไปแล้ว พบว่าถ้ากำหนดให้มูลค่าการดำเนินการและซ่อมบำรุงรักษามีค่าร้อยละ 3, 4 และ 5 ของมูลค่าการลงทุนจะสามารถหา Life Cycle Cost ได้เท่ากับ 34 ,31 และ 29 ปี ตามลำดับ