bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Team and Individual Trust Progression for Human-Autonomy Teaming in Next Generation Combat Vehicles
Authors: Graham Hudson D. , Cohen Myke C. , Hrabovsky John , Orth Dylan , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: October 2022

This study investigated in 22 teams, individual and team trust measures reported by two human participants, recruited from a university populace, as they interacted with each other, robotic combat vehicles (RCVs), a human superior, and their team during a simulated Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) mission conducted within Minecraft. Trust was measured via survey questions based on established metrics and was found to be high toward the human peer, the human superior, and the overall team throughout the mission. In contrast, overall trust in the RCV was significantly lower in phases of the mission when breakdown in RCV functionality caused a hindrance in mission completion. Trust in the RCV was shown to recover as the mission progressed in phases without RCV maintenance issues. The findings reinforce that trust is distinguishable at the individual level and not necessarily perceived the same at the team level.
Toward Safer cycling: An analysis of incidents reported to the Cyclists Reporting of Incidents Tool (CRIT)
Authors: McLean Scott , Coventon Lauren , Hulme Adam , Salmon Paul M
Published: October 2022

Cyclist crash and near miss incidents remain poorly understood. Further, cycling incidents are underreported and there is a lack of sufficient data to support effective prevention. The aim of this study is to introduce and report on the initial dataset from a novel cycling specific incident reporting and learning system, the Cyclist Reporting of Incidents Tool (CRIT) app. Data reported from the first two months of the CRIT app by 153 registered users across Australia were used in the current study. In total, 30 incidents from 263 hours cycled were reported to the CRIT app were analyzed. The findings demonstrate the utility of the CRIT app as an incident reporting tool and provide insight into the frequency and nature of cyclist crashes and near misses in Australia.
Like day and night: Comparing squad level communications and shooting performance under differing battle drill conditions
Authors: Teo Grace , Sikorski Eric , Schreck Jacquelyn , Goodwin Gregory
Published: October 2022

An indicator of squad lethality is the ability to execute battle drills proficiently in a range of real-world situations and environments. While it is a common understanding that military night operations are vastly different from day operations, there is limited research comparing how squad communications and shooting performance differ from day to night in the field. Communication and shooting data were collected from 18 squads that executed a battle drill in the day, and again at night. In the night drills, there were illumination aids of muzzle flashes, chemlights, and Soldier worn night vision devices. The present field study focused on the support-by-fire team, whose central role was to generate suppressive fire which requires substantial teamwork. Findings revealed day-night differences in Soldier communications, firing activity, and the roles of various weapons in generating suppressive fire. Implications for day and night training are also discussed.
Individual Differences in Misremembering Fake News on Social Media
Authors: Barr Hannah M. , Cotter Jenna E. , O’Hear Emily H. , Gray Carly E. , Chesser Amber F. , Atchely Andrew , Tenhundfeld Nathan L.
Published: October 2022

Social media is omnipresent in many lives, and its popularity has made it a prime delivery method for misinformation. This problem is widely recognized, even by social media companies. The debate rages on as to what the right approach should be to combat misinformation; some suggest removal of misinformation; others suggest labeling misinformation. Therefore, it is important to understand how labeling misinformation may interact with individual differences to affect recall of what is and is not misinformation. In addition to factors like confirmation bias, in-group versus out-group assignment, and other cognitive effects, there may be individual differences that could affect the likeliness of misremembering the veracity of information. In this study, the effects of differences in working memory and personality on recall of misinformation labels are tested, with the aim being to determine what, if any, effect these factors have on the utility of misinformation labels. Results indicate no predictive capability for knowing individuals’ working memory, extroversion, and conscientiousness on their recall of whether information was labeled as false.
Modeling Driver-Automation Interaction using A Naturalistic Multimodal Driving Dataset
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Lenné Michael G. , Reimer Bryan , Gershon Pnina
Published: October 2022

This paper explores a holistic approach to understanding the impacts of on-road factors on continuous driver-automation interaction in naturalistic environments. We processed and synchronized CAN Bus signals, GPS coordinates, and high-definition videos collected from two drivers in 98 trips (~97 hours) involving Tesla Autopilot engagement collected over three years as part of the MIT Advanced Vehicle Technology naturalistic driving study. Bayesian generalized linear models were trained with the synchronized data and revealed that steering wheel rotations and speed changes, even to a small extent, cause Autopilot disengagement. Road types and experience were also associated with drivers’ probability of using driver assistance, while speed and surrounding vehicles had little impact (when traveling in stable states). This data-driven approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of driver-automation interaction to enhance safety.
The effect of peripheral cues on motion sickness mitigationwhen using a VR HMD in a car
Authors: Kim Eunjee , Gil Hyunjae , Ryu Jiwon , Oakley Ian , Shin Gwanseob
Published: October 2022

Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising candidate for an in-vehicle personal viewing system. However, motion sickness caused by VR in vehicles is a major obstacle to its use. In this study, we propose mitigating motion sickness by presenting peripheral cues that are integral to a VR scene. The cues react to the vehicle’s rotation with a three-dimensional opposing rotation. An on-road experiment was conducted to evaluate whether the peripheral cues mitigate motion sickness. Outcomes were assessed by both subjective motion sickness ratings and physiological responses. There are two conditions: watching a video with the cues and without the cues. Results indicate that motion sickness gradually increased with exposure time, and the mean levels of motion sickness were lower when the cues were presented. We discuss how these results are related to the cue design and suggest directions for future work.
Charting a Path Through the Storm: General Aviation Weather Training Recommendations
Authors: Domingo Cassandra , Kleber John , Miksa Vanesa , Blickensderfer Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

For general aviation (GA) pilots, weather was the primary contributing factor for 25% of accidents between 1982 and 2013 (Fultz & Ashley, 2016). All GA pilots must complete the same certification exam and requirements, however not all GA pilots are receiving the same depth of training. Depending on their flight school, pilots-in-training may be lacking important opportunities to practice applying weather theory to aviation. Attending to this gap in training by providing more opportunities to practice applying their weather knowledge may help reduce the number of weather-related accidents in GA. This paper outlines certification requirements and guidelines to become a private pilot, clarifies weather-knowledge requirements, outlines how pilots currently learn their weather, and makes training recommendations to potentially reduce the number of weather-related accidents in GA.
How Do Different Cueing Strategies Affect Drivers' Perceived Workload
Authors: Kumar Anil R , Ho Samson , Wu Xingwei , Misu Teruhisa
Published: October 2022

Augmented reality (AR) head-up display (HUD) can be a promising solution to increase drivers' situation awareness (SA) and their trust in automation. However, literature on the limitations of drivers' attention is largely lacking when it comes to designing AR-based assistive interfaces for partially automated driving systems (ADS). The major question that needs to be answered is: "What and how much information should be presented to drivers in order to see the benefits of AR-HUDs?" A within-subjects experimental design was utilized in this study. The manipulated variables were a combination of (1) cueing strategy, (2) driving task, and (3) scenario complexity. A total of 36 adults (18 M/18 F) participated in two laboratory-based studies where data was collected using both quantitative and qualitative measures. The preliminary results from some of the subjective measures are provided in this paper. Key aspects of how this data is useful in assessing the impact of different cueing strategies on workload are also established.
Designing Instructional Materials for Older Adults to Successfully Onboard and Use mHealth Applications
Authors: Azevedo Renato F. L. , Trinh Mimi , Mitzner Tracy L. , Harris Maurita T. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2022

Mobile applications are high-potential tools to aid in the self-management of health and behavioral change, especially for those with chronic health conditions. Though mHealth applications are easily accessible, there may be barriers to adoption, particularly for older adults disproportionally affected by chronic health conditions. We undertook a human factors approach to designing instructional materials to comprehensively guide older adults in utilizing features within MEDSReM, an mHealth application that supports self-management of hypertension. The instructional materials will support older adults in learning to use MEDSReM by reducing the cognitive burden when onboarding and using features available within the system. The systematic approach presented can serve as a model for designing a wide variety of mobile applications for older adult users.
Adaptations to Trust Incidents with Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dorton Stephen L. , Harper Samantha B. , Neville Kelly J.
Published: October 2022

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming ubiquitous in national security work (intelligence, defense, etc.); however, introducing AI into work systems is fraught with challenges. Trust is gained and lost through experiences, and there are many factors that affect trust in AI. Similarly, users adapt their workflows based on trust in these systems. We used a naturalistic approach to understand how intelligence professionals adapted their work practices after gaining or losing trust in AI. We found a variety of adaptations, which were characterized as either being task-based or frequency-based; where users added or removed tasks from their workflow or where they changed the frequency in which they used the AI in their workflow, respectively. We provide specific examples and quotes from participants along with findings, and discuss potential methodological implications for studying and designing AI-driven work systems.
Illustrating Preferences in Multi-stakeholder System Development Projects through Vignettes
Authors: Weger Kristin , Leder Sheri , Eaton Casey , Bhatia Garima , Mesmer Bryan
Published: October 2022

As organizations respond to the ongoing complex challenges driven by technological, social, and environmental factors, the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the system development process has become the norm. Yet, a gap in literature exists concerning the elicitation of preferences from multiple stakeholders to better understand the requirements of the project. With the use of a vignette and survey research approach, this study demonstrates how perceived individual stakeholder identity within a multi-stakeholder project could influence perceptions towards the importance of system attributes and perceived value for multi-stakeholder projects such as the SPORT satellite. Although the statistical results merely provide a proof of concept for the methods applied, our study has direct implications for the approaches used by practitioners to elicit preferences in complex, multi-stakeholder projects.
Manual Wheelchair Movement Performance Differences Between Older Adults with Earlier- and Later-in-Life Incidence
Authors: Tabattanon Kamolnat , Martin Bernard J.
Published: October 2022

Independent mobility is crucial for healthy aging. Although there are anticipated differences between older adults with earlier-in-life (EL) versus later-in-life (LL) incidence of mobility disability, the degree to which incidence periods impact performance within environments is unknown. While current evaluation methods rely heavily on subjective ratings, historically excluded populations are prone to underrepresent their own challenges. This paper describes an experiment comparing the assumed, perceived, and effective performance of manual wheelchair movement tasks to examine differences between EL and LL groups. Preliminary results found higher muscular exertion in the LL group compared to the EL group for similar movements, particularly in the anterior and posterior deltoid muscles. There was a greater mismatch between the assumed and perceived mental and physical demand for the LL group. For both groups, results suggest poorer mental models for moderate-difficulty tasks compared to high-difficulty tasks, suggesting a need for increased perceptual feedback within moderate-difficulty environments.
Examination of User Engagement and Subjective States in an Online Tetris Game
Authors: Shen Su , Winnie Chen Huei-Yen , Covey Thomas J. , Mercado Eduardo , Bisantz Ann
Published: October 2022

Engagement, as a multidimensional construct, fluctuates due to various factors. Previous research that examined engagement as a subjective experience was mainly concerned with the qualitative structure of engagement in different contexts (e.g., task difficulty, aesthetics). Few studies have examined the user’s subjective engagement as a given task progresses over time. This paper reports findings from an online study that aimed to assess the usefulness of subjective measures in capturing momentary feelings related to task engagement, under varying task duration and difficulty conditions. The Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ) and the User Engagement Scale (UES) were used to capture self-reported engagement during a Tetris game. The sensitivity of scales to task conditions and relationships among subscales were examined. Results showed that changes in SSSQ were sensitive to difficulty levels, and Engagement obtained from the SSSQ was highly correlated with UES subscales. SSSQ may be a particularly useful tool to capture participants’ momentary feelings during a task via its Engagement, Distress, and Worry subscales.
Investigation of Perceived External UAM Design Features as a New Transportation Method
Authors: Chun Nathan , Jachim Nate , Park GeeBeum , Kim Sang-Hwan
Published: October 2022

Urban air mobility (UAM) has been suggested as a new method of transportation to solve issues of rising populations and traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. UAM is mostly conceptual, as there is no standardization for the external aesthetic features of a UAM. This study aims to understand how people would perceive and describe the external design of UAM and how specific features of UAM design associate with the descriptor terms and preference by adopting the methods of Kansei Engineering or Measure of Perception. Participants were asked to rate different sample UAM designs using 30 semantic pairs selected to best describe UAM. The factor results on the semantic pairs revealed five descriptor terms including safety, comfort, novelty, simplicity, and its level of advancement. The results also found that participants prefer the sample designs that generate feelings of safety, comfort, and simplicity, with a few advancements. Even though the study is preliminary, the study can be extended to understand users' mental models and apply them to the effective design of UAM in various ways.
Behavior Change over Time When Driving with Adaptive Cruise Control
Authors: Reagan Ian J. , Cicchino Jessica B. , Teoh Eric R. , Reimer Bryan , Mehler Bruce , Gershon Pnina
Published: October 2022

A field operational test assessed visual-manual disengagement when driving with adaptive cruise control (ACC) relative to manual driving. Ten volunteers drove instrumented vehicles on public roads for 4 weeks, using the vehicles as they would their own. To study change over time, the 4-week trial was divided evenly into two periods. Analyses were based on video of drives on limited-access highways when speed was above 25 mph. Visual-manual disengagement from driving was defined as periods when drivers had both hands off the steering wheel or performed visual-manual secondary activity with electronics. Odds of visual-manual disengagement increased from period 1 (weeks 1 and 2) to period 2 (weeks 3 and 4) more during ACC use than during manual driving. Conversely, odds of cellphone manipulation and hands-offwheel behavior increased in period 2 during manual driving only, suggesting a nuanced connection between behavioral adaptation to ACC use after a month of exposure.
Safety and accessibility assessment of a kitchen repurposing design: A gait and task efficiency analysis
Authors: Grimaldi Nicolas S , Luo Yue , Lu Xiaojie , Ahrentzen Sherry , Hu* Boyi
Published: October 2022

As an aging society, it is essential to address the needs of our trending demographic. An expected increase in the number of functional disabilities places many at a potential health and inaccessibility risk in terms of housing. In this study, we proposed and analyzed the related accessibility and safety improvements associated with a repurposed design of a standard kitchen. Virtual reality simulations of a standard and repurposed kitchen are implemented. Participants’ gait and task efficiency performance were measured as they perform activities of daily living. Improvements in efficiency, through overall decreases in traversed distance and shorter completion times for sub-tasks, indicate a clear advancement in accessibility. On the other hand, a lack of significant reductions in direct falling risks, through similarities in SPARC and acceleration RMS measurements, might warrant future investigation. Additionally, upper-body and psychometric measures should be taken into account for further investigations to provide a more comprehensive evaluation.
Putting Technology in Charge: Human and Organizational factors influencing the reliability of train operations under PTC
Authors: Khashe Yalda
Published: October 2022

In 2018, US Congress passed the Rail Safety Improvement Act that required Class I railroads to install Positive Train Control systems on their tracks. On December 29, 2020, two days prior to the deadline, FRA announced that PTC is in operation on all 57,536 required railroad route miles. On September 25, 2021, Amtrak train 7 derailed near Joplin, Montana which resulted in the loss of 4 lives, 44 injuries, and over $22 million in damages. PTC, which is designed to prevent these types of accidents, was enabled and operating when accident happened. In this study, we identified performance factors that have a significant influence on the reliability of train operations under PTC. Although technical factors affect the operation, factors that arise from inadequate interaction of the subsystems or lack of alignment between organizational and human factors, and the technical system have a higher contribution to the train operations under PTC.
Team Communication in Pre-Mission Briefs and Effectiveness in Distributed Action Teams
Authors: Lematta Glenn J. , Bhatti Shawaiz A. , Graham Hudson D. , Kim Joy , Fazio Walter C. , Holder Eric , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: October 2022

Workplace research suggests that roughly equal communication between teammates is positively associated with team effectiveness. A distinction between teams in these studies and distributed action teams is the degree of role specialization and context-driven communication which may entail unequal degrees of communication. Yet, distributed action teams may have more equal footing to provide inputs in contexts such as mission planning or briefings. Twenty-two ad hoc teams participated in a simulated ground combat vehicle task in which teams conducted six-missions and briefed before each mission. We used team performance, team situation awareness, team workload, and team resilience as team effectiveness criteria. Balanced degrees of communication in mission briefs were correlated with performance and resilience measures, and largely uncorrelated with situation-awareness and workload measures. The overall amount of communication was also largely uncorrelated with all effectiveness measures. The results suggest that communication balance in mission briefs may help predict effectiveness in action teams.
A Vision Inference Action Model for Shared Situational Awareness in Autonomous Agents: Approaches, Challenges, & Future Directions
Authors: King Jayde M. , Hough Alexander R. , Collins Michael G.
Published: October 2022

Although there has been a recent increase of research investment in Human Autonomy Teams (HATs), many significant technical challenges and research gaps persist. Specifically, recent reports indicate the need for shared situational awareness within HATs. Shared situational awareness is a necessary precursor for essential team mechanisms, such as communication, coordination, cooperation, cohesion, and trust. Various modeling techniques have approached agent situational/shared awareness; however, these approaches have been limited to simulation environments. In order to achieve HATs in real-world contexts, agents will need to leverage autonomous perception (e.g., vision, audition, and task knowledge) to gain situational awareness of their environment and teammates. In this paper, we discuss approaches toward agent shared situational awareness, challenges/limitations, and review our efforts toward developing shared situational awareness within our Vision Inference Action (VIA) model and ideas for future research.
Identifying Early Predictors of Learning in VR-based Drone Training
Authors: Hayes John , Dwivedi Shivangi , Karthikeyan Rohith , Abujelala Maher , Kang John , Ye Yang , Du Eric , Mehta Ranjana K.
Published: October 2022

The use of small unmanned aerial systems, or drones, has grown rapidly in recent years, but the FAA has no formal requirement for hands-on training. Physical drone training has major limitations, and virtual reality (VR) offers a promising alternative. This study sought to identify early performance markers of learning in VR-based drone training using a physical controller. 14 participants completed a customized VR-based drone training curriculum, while performance metrics, perceptions of workload, and physiological data were collected. Participants were clustered into high and low performers based on a final evaluation task, and separate analyses of variance were conducted to test performance differences between the two groups over time in each training level. We found significant differences in the performance metrics and subjective workload of low and high performers throughout training, suggesting that performance can be predicted early in training and opening the door to future adaptive training systems.
Characterizing the use of Tesla’s Auto Lane Change Feature in Driver-Initiated Maneuvers
Authors: Noonan T. Zach , Gershon Pnina , Mehler Bruce , Reimer Bryan
Published: October 2022

Tesla auto lane change is a feature within Autopilot (AP) – a collection of automated driving features designed to assist the driver with automatic steering and adaptive cruise control. In order to determine how drivers engage in maneuvers performed automatically by AP, 5,154 manual and automated lane change events along with video, system data, and vehicle kinematics were extracted from over 691 hours of naturalistic driving from 19 different drivers. Findings indicate that drivers performed manual lane changes more frequently than auto lane changes despite the use of Autopilot being more prevalent than manual driving on motorways. Auto lane changes occurred at higher speed and were associated with fewer acceleration and braking events and narrower distributions of kinematic characteristics. The lower frequency and kinematic variability in auto lane changes may suggest that drivers use this feature in a limited set of circumstances.
A Field Study: Partnering with Pharmacists to Develop a Tool for Evaluating Misuse of Over-the-Counter Medications among Older Adults in the Community Pharmacy
Authors: Morris Ashley O. , Stone Jamie A. , Xiong Ka , Breslow Robert , Pigarelli Denise Walbrandt , Welch Lauren , Chui Michelle A.
Published: October 2022

Safe over the counter (OTC) medication use by older adults (OAs, aged 65+) is difficult to achieve because of age-related physiologic complexities, and millions of OAs in the US who are at risk of experiencing a major adverse drug event linked to an OTC medication. Our interdisciplinary team studies how we can improve OTC safety in OAs by developing human factors-based, community pharmacy interventions. Testing the effectiveness of our interventions on improving OTC safety necessitated the development of a framework that captures the ways OTC medication misuse can occur and designing and implementing a tool that can be used to evaluate for potential misuse, which can be used by researchers and healthcare professionals to understand misuse in OAs. This paper shares the results of our efforts and discusses the implications of our work for other HF practitioners that may be interested applying our approach to their research.
Dealing with Problematic Asymmetries in Caregiving Relationships: A Role for Social Robots?
Authors: Zijie Qu Noah , Henderson Kailyn , Li Jamy , Chignell Mark
Published: October 2022

How can a third party (person or social robot) mitigate the negative aspects of the asymmetrical dyadic relationships associated with caregiving of the elderly? We start by examining the social-psychological structure of the relationship between givers and recipients of eldercare. We then identify problems that frequently occur and review interventions that have been used or proposed for dealing with those problems. Finally, we synthesize the results of our review in terms of recommendations for how and when social robots might be used as interventions in this context.
The effectiveness of uncertainty communication with varied automation reliability: Specificity is necessary but (potentially) not enough
Authors: Devlin Shannon P. , Brown Noelle L. , Drollinger Sabrina M. , Neilson Brittany N. , Foroughi Cyrus K. , Sibley Ciara M. , Coyne Joseph T.
Published: October 2022

Automation reliance and functionality are ever increasing, especially in supervisory control environments like unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) missions. Of particular relevance is understanding how automation transparency, i.e., explaining the capabilities and limitations of automation to the human in real-time, can improve human-automation performance across automated systems that vary in reliability. Two hundred seventy one Naval Aviation trainees completed a simulated multi-UAV supervisory control mission for 42 minutes with three automated systems that varied in reliability. Participants were never explicitly told the reliability varied, but halfway through the mission, they were alerted that the least reliable system may falter. Results indicated human-automation performance improved after the alert for this specific system, but not as a whole, as one system’s human-automation performance deteriorated. This work suggests uncertainty communication should not only include the specific, real-time capabilities of the automation, but also communicate unintentional consequences it may have on the whole environment.
How to evaluate the wearability of electronic air filtration masks
Authors: Lee Jieon , Lee Kanghyun , Yoon Jaehyun , Ryu Jiwon , Kim Yongmin , Park Hyungho , Shin Gwanseob
Published: October 2022

Electronic masks are wearable devices that can replace common disposable hygiene masks. Understanding user discomfort is important for proper electronic mask evaluation and design, but the method has not been standardized yet. This study presents evaluation methods that can qualitatively and quantitatively assess user discomfort caused by wearing an electronic mask. User interviews, surveys, and laboratory experiments were conducted. The ear band tension force and the facial contact pressure distribution were selected as quantitative evaluation metrics. The task was determined in consideration of various mask usage environments through user observation. The final evaluation method was applied to the comparative evaluation of the two masks. It is the first attempt to evaluate the wearability of the electronic mask, and this evaluation method could improve user convenience by using it for product development and improvement.
Modeling Driver Takeover Intention in Automated Vehicles With Attention-Based CNN Algorithm
Authors: Gupta Shantanu , Mishra Rohit , Chang Yu-Hao , Ma Zheng , Ma Fenglong , Zhang Yiqi
Published: October 2022

In highly and fully automated vehicles (AV), drivers could divert their attention to non-driving-related activities. Drivers may also take over AVs if they do not trust the way AVs drive in specific driving scenarios. Existing models have been developed to predict drivers’ takeover performance in responding to takeover requests initiated by AVs in semi-AVs. However, few models predicted driver-initiated takeover behavior in highly and fully AVs. The present study develops an attention-based multiple-input Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to predict drivers’ takeover intention in fully AVs. The results indicated that the developed model successfully predicted takeover intentions of drivers with a precision of 0.982 and an F1-Score of.989, which were found to be substantially higher than other machine learning algorithms. The developed CNN model could be applied in improving the driving algorithms of the AV by considering drivers’ driving styles to reduce drivers’ unnecessary takeover behaviors.
The Interaction Gap: A Step Toward Understanding Trust in Autonomous Vehicles Between Encounters
Authors: Hunter Jacob G. , Konishi Matthew , Jain Neera , Akash Kumar , Wu Xingwei , Misu Teruhisa , Reid Tahira
Published: October 2022

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) will be introduced in greater numbers over the coming decade. Due to rapid advances in shared mobility and the slower development of fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), SAVs will likely be deployed before privately-owned AVs. Moreover, existing shared mobility services are transitioning their vehicle fleets toward those with increasingly higher levels of driving automation. Consequently, people who use shared vehicles on an “as needed” basis will have infrequent interactions with automated driving, thereby experiencing interaction gaps. Using human trust data of 25 participants, we show that interaction gaps can affect human trust in automated driving. Participants engaged in a simulator study consisting of two interactions separated by a one-week interaction gap. A moderate, inverse correlation was found between the change in trust during the initial interaction and the interaction gap, suggesting people “forget” some of their gained trust or distrust in automation during an interaction gap.
Using Virtual Reality for Training to Identify Cyber Threats in the Bridge of a Ship
Authors: Dattel Andrew R. , Goodwin Trevor , Brodeen Harry , Friedenzohn Daniel , Ochoa Omar , Wang Hui , Gao Peiheng , Haris Syaza , Parkar Irfan
Published: October 2022

Seventeen college ROTC Navy midshipmen were recruited for an 8-week course that met twice weekly for lectures and training to identify cyber security threats in a virtual reality (VR) application. This VR trainer, the Cybersecurity Virtual Reality Trainer (CyVR-T) is an immersive application of a U.S. Navy destroyer. During the training scenarios one of the three designated systems (Voyage Management System, Radar Detection System, and Automatic Identification System) was hacked, showing erroneous information for a ship in the vicinity. In addition to the role of Trainee in the CyVR-T, participants observed their peers, held discussions after each scenario, and played the role of instructor. The trained midshipmen showed significant improvement in knowledge and cyber threat performance compared to a control group. Improved performance was noticed early in the program. CyVR-T showed to be a great tool for identifying cyber threats and has potential to be beneficial in more complex situations.
How an animated pedagogical agent’s emotional expression can impact trust and learning outcomes: Emotive virtual humans have the same results with a smile or scowl
Authors: Siegle Robert F. , Puchalski Jodi L. , Craig Scotty D.
Published: October 2022

The current study examines if the emotional expression of an animated pedagogical agent has an impact on the trust formed between learners and the agent or on learning outcomes. Researchers have shown that the design decisions of pedagogical agents, or virtual humans, can impact user interaction. However, the effects of the virtual human’s emotional expression have yet to be fully understood. Results from this study show that trust is not affected by the emotional expression of the agents. However, evidence suggests that emotive virtual humans reduce attrition effects compared to agents without emotional expressions.
The Internet and Manuals: A Use-Oriented Study of the Acquisition of Novel Procedural Knowledge
Authors: Tidler Zachary R. , Tatel Corey E. , Ackerman Phillip L.
Published: October 2022

Thanks to modern technological advancements (e.g., the Internet), information that can be leveraged to complete tasks requiring procedural knowledge has expanded rapidly. Adults who encounter many unfamiliar procedural problems (e.g., repairs, assembly) can leverage a variety of external resources including how-to videos or written articles on the Internet, traditional instruction manuals, or social resources. The current study is designed to identify individual differences in how people approach novel tasks that require procedural knowledge in an environment that resembles real-world human-machine tasks. Participants completed a series of self-report assessments, a computer component knowledge test, and a hands-on computer upgrade task in which they were required to replace a power supply, replace a graphics card and install a solid-state drive. Results indicated that prior knowledge and experience, along with self-assessments of knowledge and task self-efficacy are critical determinants of whether participants completed the task and how quickly they did so. Additionally, participants who did not complete the task referenced the Internet and task instructions more frequently than participants who did complete the task. Implications for assessing the ability to acquire procedural knowledge in an ecologically valid laboratory setting are discussed.
Resilience, Grit, and Stress Mindset as Predictors of Air Traffic Control Training Success
Authors: Schutt Elizabeth , Torrence Brett
Published: October 2022

Air traffic controllers are responsible for the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. The safety-critical nature of the job calls for understanding the psychological characteristics related to success, particularly those that promote adaptive responses in the face of stress and challenge. Several non-cognitive aptitudes describe one’s capacity to bounce back or persevere under task demands. This study investigated if resilience, grit, and stress mindset were predictive of controller training success and differentiated successful and unsuccessful trainees. Findings suggest that these aptitudes did not significantly differ between trainees and accounted for only a small amount of incremental validity, though range restriction may have attenuated the results.
The Role of Nomophobia and Cellular Presence in Distracted Driving: A Scenario-Based Study
Authors: Arca Alejandro A. , Sablyak Marla , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2022

The current study was designed to empirically examine the role of nomophobia level and cellphone presence in distracted driving. Seventy-One participants consisting of 13 mild, 37 moderate, and 21 severe nomophobia individuals participated in the study. They were required to complete a series of questionaries and driving vignettes related to their cellphone being either accessible or not accessible. It was hypothesized that higher nomophobia level and lack of cellphone presence would result in higher subjective distraction and negative affect scores for each of the driving vignettes. Results indicated higher nomophobia level and the cellphone not being accessible resulted in significantly higher negative affect and subjective distraction. Furthermore, results highlighted individuals with moderate and severe nomophobia as being at higher probability to be easily distracted and engage in risky driving behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are also presented.
Accumulating Distrust: A Dynamic Model of Automation Disuse
Authors: Kamaraj Amudha V. , Lee John D.
Published: October 2022

Human-automation driving style similarity may be a source of trust that influences drivers’ automation use decisions. This is generally examined in scenarios where the driver is attentive to the automation. However, future automation may not require driver attention. Thus, driving style similarity must be revisited as various levels of attention may affect how drivers accumulate evidence of driving style similarity. A model that considers two levels of driver attention (attentive and non-attentive) in the drivers’ evidence accumulation process is proposed. Dissimilarity is used as the evidence that contributes to driver distrust leading to automation disuse. A 2 (conservative and aggressive automation) × 2 (attentive and non-attentive driver) simulation of car following is examined where the driver is assumed to behave conservatively. Simulation results indicated no significant effect of driving styles on disuse, but inattentiveness mitigates disuse. These simulations may inform future empirical studies.
Electrophysiological Data and Aviator Performance: Identifying Measures for Operator State Monitoring
Authors: Feltman Kathryn A. , Basso Jared , Matthews Colby
Published: October 2022

In an effort to identify physiological measures to be used for identifying aviator operator state, a study was completed evaluating electroencephalograph (EEG) data recorded during simulated flight. Eight Army aviators participated in the study. EEG data were recorded during a baseline and high workload flights. Correlational analyses examining the relationship between EEG data and flight performance data found a relationship between frontal alpha activity and altitude deviations. The findings suggest that EEG is a candidate measure for detecting operator state in rotary-wing aviators.
Occupational Exoskeleton Adoption and Acceptance in Construction and Industrial Work: A Scoping Review
Authors: Andrade Christina , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: October 2022

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) pose a significant risk to construction and industrial workers and can result in serious costs for both individuals and businesses. Exoskeletons are one potential occupational intervention being explored to help mitigate risk of WMSDs in construction and industrial domains. However, more research is needed on worker acceptance and adoption, as the usefulness and benefits of an effective exoskeleton intervention will be lost if the workers fail to embrace it. To address this gap, this scoping review synthesizes the current literature on worker acceptance and adoption of occupational exoskeletons using PRISMA's methodology. The results present assessments; acceptance factors using a Work Systems Model framework. Information about the main barrier to adoption, discomfort, other barriers, and other key considerations and implications for future exoskeleton development and research are discussed.
Developing an Instructional Suite for the Amazon Echo to Support Novice Older Adults’ Use
Authors: Blocker Kenneth A. , Ramadhani Widya A. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2022

Digital home assistants (e.g., Amazon Echo) hold great potential to support older adults across a wide range of abilities to improve or maintain their quality of life. However, these devices and other related environmental control applications are not equipped with sufficient support for successful technology adoption among older adults. Without useful and usable information for guidance during the initial and continued use of these technologies (i.e., facilitating conditions), older adults may not sufficiently learn how to best utilize them, which is a primary barrier to technology adoption among this population. Our goal was to iteratively develop and test an instructional suite to support set up and use of an Amazon Echo Show and related connected technologies by older adults. Our human factors approach provides a roadmap to inform future instructional development for older adults to learn smart and connected technologies.
Adaptive Task Allocation Preferences in Different Workload Scenarios in Driving Automation Systems
Authors: Taylor Skye , Garcia Katherine , Chen* Jing , Hu Bin
Published: October 2022

Adaptive task allocation is used in many human-machine systems and has been proven to improve operators’ performance with automated systems. However, there has been limited knowledge surrounding the benefits of adaptive task allocation in automated vehicles. In this study, participants were presented with photos and videos depicting driving scenarios of low or high workloads at two levels of automation (SAE Levels 2 and 3). The participants reported which tasks they felt comfortable allocating to themselves or to the driving automation system (DAS) in each driving scenario, as well as whether they would conduct the task allocation manually or have the DAS automatically allocate the tasks. Our results showed that participants preferred conducting manual task allocation and preferred the system to complete more tasks when the perceived workload was high. There was no significant difference between the high and low workload scenarios in terms of whether participants chose to allocate tasks.
Micro Task Evaluation of Digital Process Control Displays
Authors: Hildebrandt Michael
Published: October 2022

An important aspect in evaluating modern digital control rooms is to assess if control room interfaces support efficient information acquisition by the operators. Interface efficiency is an indicator of good interface design and can therefore help in judging if conditions are right to support good operator decision making and maintenance of situation awareness. This report describes the results of a micro task data collection where 12 operators each performed 36 relatively simple control room tasks. Performance time for each task was measured. Tasks were categorized according to the type of component or system that was used, as well as if they were knowledge-based or simple identification. Results show consistently low performance times for most components. As expected, knowledge-based tasks required more time.
Extracting a Definition and Taxonomy for Audio Augmented Reality (AAR) Using Grounded Theory
Authors: Dam Abhraneil , Siddiqui Arsh , Leclerq Charles , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: October 2022

The concept of Augmented Reality (AR) has evolved over the years since its inception in 1957. However, as of today, AR is mostly realized using a visual medium. Almost all applications of AR rely on the user’s ability to see. A few recent works have attempted to explore a new modality for AR–e.g., audio. However, the concept of using audio to augment reality has been considered debatable and there is no specific definition of the concept. To better understand this new concept, we launched a study using Grounded Theory to develop a definition and taxonomy for the concept of Audio Augmented Reality (AAR). This paper shares the preliminary results based on the activities conducted thus far, and hopes to generate discussion on using audio to augment reality within the Human Factors community.
The Stress of Vigilance May Influence Reports of Simulator Sickness: A Factor Analysis of the SSSQ and SSQ in Auditory Vigilance Tasks
Authors: Hess Lucas J. , Greenlee Eric T.
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the relationship between stress and simulator sickness within auditory vigilance tasks as a follow-up to reports that stress was linked to simulator sickness in visual vigilance tasks. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ) were employed in two different experiments utilizing auditory vigilance tasks. Correlational relationships between reported stress and simulator sickness were investigated using exploratory factor analysis. These results support findings that the stress of vigilance is associated with reports of simulator sickness in vigilance tasks. Since simulator sickness should not occur within an auditory task due to a lack of visuo-vestibular conflict, these findings also support the notion that the stress of vigilance exaggerates reports of simulator sickness symptomology. These stress-related reports of simulator sickness symptomology in auditory vigilance are a potential concern for the validity of simulator sickness assessments within tasks that require vigilance.
An Exploratory Analysis of Air Traffic Controller Speech Intelligibility Using Voice Data from a Simulation Experiment
Authors: Vance Paredes Yancy , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: October 2022

Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) communicate with pilots through radio communication. Speech intelligibility is vital in ensuring that the message is conveyed accurately. Factors such as speech rate affect this. Additionally, workload and stress have been shown to affect how people communicate significantly. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the voice data of ATCs who participated in a simulated experiment in the context of these non-verbal aspects of communication, particularly transmission length and speech rate. To better understand, we analyzed our data at two levels: aggregate and individual. Moreover, we focused on a single participant to see how such non-verbal characteristics evolve. Understanding these intricacies would contribute to building automated detectors in real-time voice transmissions that would leverage technology to avert any incidents brought about by stress and workload.
An Online Method to Study Remote Operation of Automated Vehicles
Authors: Morrison Danielle , Cui Lingfan , Feng Jing
Published: October 2022

Remote operation is an emerging technical component of vehicle automation. One scenario could be a remote operator monitors the functioning of automation and take over vehicle control whenever needed. As the operator may face challenges such as degraded situation awareness or vigilance decrement, it is important to understand operator performance in a variety of takeover scenarios. This study presents an effort to create an online method for studying remote takeover performance. In this study, participants were presented with simulated driving videos and were required to indicate when they felt a takeover was needed. To ensure quality data collection in an online procedure, we made specific considerations when implementing the study. In this paper, we address these considerations and present preliminary data. Our findings suggest that operators may be less able to detect certain automation failures such as disobedience of road signs, and the online method could be useful although with limitations.