bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Life of Facial Gestures
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Co-speech facial gestures are distinct from facial expressions of emotion in several ways. They can involve the entire face, head, or gaze, not just a specific set of facial muscles. Facial gestures are precisely timed with the words they refer to, not to an underlying emotion. Also, the variety of meanings of facial gestures is much broader than emotions; for example, smiling to mark ironic humor, making a facial shrug or a thinking face, emphasizing a word with a quick eyebrow movement, or portraying another person’s appearance or expression. Coordination of gaze and mutual gaze are particularly important in facilitating turn exchanges and eliciting back channels. Speakers may also point with their gaze (e.g., drawing attention to their hand gestures). In contrast to emotional expressions, facial gestures serve predominantly track 2 interactive functions rather than conveying topical content.
Meaning and Understanding as an Interactional Process
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Individualistic theories locate meaning in a word, a context, or a speaker’s intention. Several authors have criticized these as an implicit conduit metaphor, in which meaning is packaged in language and passed from one person to another. Others have described meaning instead as an interactive process but have provided few specifics about this process. Our research team started with G. H. Mead’s triadic model and proposed a second-by-second process of three steps with which a speaker and addressee assure mutual understanding: (a) The speaker presents information new to the dialogue; (b) their addressee responds with an implicit or explicit display of understanding; and (c) the speaker acknowledges this response as sufficient evidence of understanding. With each successive triad, speaker and addressee calibrate each other’s understanding. We operationalized and tested this model on a random sample of getting-acquainted conversations and confirmed continuous three-step sequences, about every 5 seconds, throughout the dialogues.
Dialogues in Computer-Mediated Communication, Autism, and Medical Interactions
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

Part III describes applications of microanalysis to diverse dialogues. In Chapter Five, Phillips compared three-person brain-storming dialogues that were either face-to-face or computer-mediated. The computer-mediated dialogues were less reciprocal, less coherent, with fewer back channels; the turns were also longer and often unrelated to the previous turn. Gerwing retrospectively microanalyzed home videos of infant triplets, one of whom was later diagnosed with autism. She focused on projective pairs, in which a parent’s action projected a suitable response (e.g., directing an infant to do something, or initiating play). Two tests with analysts “blind” to the later diagnosis showed that the infant of interest became less likely to respond as projected around 12 to 15 months. Healing added a dimension to patient-centered communication by documenting the idiosyncratic patient-centered (vs. bio-medical) information that oncology patients contribute in their consultations. Gerwing and Dalby identified functions of physicians’ co-speech hand gestures in medical dialogues.
Psychotherapy as Dialogue
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: June 2022

In collaboration with psychotherapists, the research team has used microanalysis of face-to-face dialogue to compare the language of expert therapists who practice within solution-focused versus problem-focused models. Solution-focused therapists used more positive topical content, and problem-focused therapists used more negative topical content. Clients strongly tended to follow their therapist’s topical content, with positive leading to positive and negative leading to negative. Therapists also differed in their formulations (paraphrases or summaries of what the client said). Solution-focused therapists preserved more of their client’s exact words and added fewer of their own than did problem-focused therapists, who tended to use their own terminology in their formulations. A model of questions in psychotherapy focused on their implicit presuppositions and identified micro-steps through which a client is likely to accept these presuppositions. Each of these findings is consistent with and contributes to basic theory and research, especially conversational coherence and Grice’s maxim of relevance.
Limit Situations (of the Digital)
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates the key objective of the book: to restore Karl Jaspers’s existential philosophy for media theory, and to bring its key concerns about what it means to exist, into a serious conversation with media studies. This chapter discusses and expands on Jaspers’s concept of the limit situation and seeks to demonstrate its potential for understanding media life beyond the habitual and the banal. It further expands on the concept by suggesting that our age is in effect a digital limit situation, in which there are essential ethico-political and existential stakes of media. The digital limit situation thereby offers both a reality and a heuristic. The chapter begins with a brief introduction of Jaspers’s philosophy and its reception, as well as the key development of his philosophy, and his thinking on technology, to then go into his ideas about the limit situation as formative for being human in the world. This will be followed by expanding on his thinking to begin to describe the key traits of the digital limit situation, in light of the aims of existential media studies to demonstrate how originary technicity relates to originary human vulnerability. Finally, by having provided substantial definition of the digital limit situation—as both an irreducible reality and a heuristic—the chapter then deepens the theorization by thinking further about limits, which allows for introducing the essays at the heart of Part II of this book.
Existential Media Studies
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers a rigorous anchorage of existential media studies in the legacies of existentialism. It includes an overview of the historical lineages of existential media studies, through an introduction to existential philosophy and phenomenology and its key concerns across time, while stressing how media relate to them, and thereby showing how media have always been existential. The chapter also shows some straightforward senses in which classic existential themes—reflected in staple notions of meaning, time, subjectivity, and community—relate to media. The chapter discusses how three other principal themes within the tradition of existential philosophy—death, ontology, and responsibility—have been addressed in media theory, and identifies some of their distinctive features in the digital era. It shows that the field of media and communication studies suffers from an existential deficit, and then explores some of the exceptions, including the turn to ontology and to Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. It discusses how they relate to the two main emphases in existentialism: the moral (subjectivist, exceptionalist strand) and the material (communitarian, historicist strand). This is followed by an introduction to how Jaspers’s philosophy and philosophy of communication balances and mediates between the two strands. The chapter discusses newer lines of scholarship on vulnerability, providing a deliberation on Jaspers’s idea of existential communication in our time of connective capitalism, affective media landscapes, and datafication of the digital limit situation. The chapter also lays claim to existential vulnerability in the place of tactical forms of vulnerability in intimate publics of our time.
To Receive from Each Other, First Receive Each Other
Authors: Jones Sarah Rowland
Published: June 2022

If the primary motivating questions of Receptive Ecumenism have been for an ecclesial tradition to ask itself ‘What are we lacking?’ and ‘What do we need to receive from others?’, the counterpart questions which have motivated movements such as the Global Christian Forum are ‘Whom are we lacking?’ and ‘Whom do we need to receive—and by whom do we need to be received?’. While both stances have sought to subvert traditional ecumenical practices focussed on what divides, the latter also deliberately moves the emphasis away from faith and order questions towards more relational, affective, even pneumatological engagement, often expressed through witness and testimony exchanged in narrative form. Recognizing through this that those previously considered strangers are brothers and sisters in Christ opens new doors and brings new challenges. It has refreshed existing ecumenical relationships. It has connected with Christians whose understanding of faith is less centred on theological and ecclesiological formulations. Answering St Paul’s call to Christians to welcome—or receive—one another, just as Christ has received us, for the glory of God (Rom. 15:7), takes on new possibilities.
Ecumenical Involvement between US Black and White Churches Revisited
Authors: Barnes Sandra L.
Published: June 2022

This chapter revisits the author’s 2009 study on the relationship between denominational, theological, and organizational indicators and ecumenism between Black and White churches in the United States. Findings then suggested that denominational and organizational indicators were consistently important in explaining ecumenism. Black churches associated with the Presbyterian, United Methodist, and African Methodist Episcopal Zion traditions were more likely than Baptists to engage in ecumenism. Black congregations which had larger memberships, were in rural areas, were frequently exposed to sermons about racial issues, and which were led by formally educated pastors were more ecumenically involved. Over ten years later, does similar cross-racial engagement occur? What factors precipitate ecumenism and/or undermine it? Informed by Receptive Ecumenism, this chapter identifies opportunities and obstacles across both Black and White churches that influence ecumenism, examples of racial reconciliation, and the implications of increased racial challenges, disparities, and unchecked historic wounds nationally. A mixed-methodological, multi-disciplinary approach, referencing current scholarship and mainstream reports, is used to update the original study in light of contemporary US race relations.
Receptive Ecumenism in a Latin American Context
Authors: Casarella Peter J.
Published: June 2022

The question of Mary has been seen as an intractable problem in both Latinx and Latin American contexts, and requires a new approach. In both Pentecostal and Baptist communities in Latin America, for example, the Catholic devotion to Mary is seen as an alternative to and replacement for a Christ-centred faith and form of worship. Without attention to reception, this problem is impossible to address since it is very specific to context and cultural attitudes. This chapter attempts to glean wisdom from Jerry Sandidge—a Pentecostal theologian who engaged the Roman Catholic teaching on Mary—and Ralph del Colle and Jeffrey Gros—Catholic theologians who addressed Pentecostal attitudes to Mary. The offering of insights from both sides is a way to get a conversation started about Receptive Ecumenism. Insights are offered from Latinx theology and the Argentine ‘theology of the people’ to reconfigure the question of Mary and ecumenism in such a way that the reception of the doctrines among the Spanish-speaking communities comes to play a larger and more determinative role in our thinking about Christian unity.
Background part A
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

Here is presented a concise summary of aspects of real analysis that serve as background to the study of the corresponding concepts in the context of complex numbers. This includes the language and notation of very elementary set theory, limit behaviour for a convergent sequence and of subsequences, series convergence and absolute convergence (of power series in particular) and basic convergence tests for series—comparison tests, the nth root test, the ratio test, the alternating series test.
Paths in the complex plane
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

The central idea here is that of integrating a complex function along an appropriate path in the complex plane. To this end we describe and categorise paths, including closed, simple, smooth and piecewise smooth paths (contours), and the operations on paths of concatenation and reversal (the opposite path). Connected sets, star-shaped sets and domains are explained. These ideas lead to the integral along a contour, and to the effects that concatenation and reversal have upon contour integrals. Path length is introduced and used in (over)estimating the modulus of a contour integral.
Cauchy’s theorem(s)
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

The triangular contour case and the star domain case of Cauchy’s theorem are developed in detail, and the general case based upon the Jordan curve theorem is introduced and discussed (but without proof). Cauchy’s integral formula is derived and applied.
Residues
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

In this chapter we encounter Laurent’s theorem and, in particular, the principal part of a Laurent expansion, uniqueness of the coefficients and the key idea of residues. Laurent then allows us to classify singularities into removable singularities, poles of various orders and isolated essential singularities, and to investigate functions’ characteristic behaviour near to a singularity of each class. Cauchy’s residue theorem leads to a number of useful residue calculation tools, especially at simple poles (poles of order 1).
Reality from complexity
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

Here we reach the text’s central message, that many difficult real integrals can be evaluated by complex methods that are often simpler or less ad hoc than purely real methods—if, indeed, any of the latter are even readily available. Demonstrated techniques include contour integration around the unit circle, around an infinite semicircle and around indented contours. We show how to handle trigonometric or exponential factors in the integrand by appealing to Jordan’s inequality and Jordan’s lemma. Some more specialised contours are also mobilised, including an evaluation of the Gaussian integral.
The repair shop for broken promises
Authors: McMaster Brian , McCluskey Aisling
Published: June 2022

The final chapter deals with peripheral or more demanding issues that were skimmed over in the main text in order not to lose momentum there. Included are a brief discussion of the field axioms, a careful exploration of pointwise and uniform convergence of a sequence of functions on a set, including the Weierstrass M-test, and an account of interchanging summation and integration focusing on its role in the proofs of Taylor’s and Laurent’s theorems.
Setting the terms for inclusion
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

Where the previous chapter analysed policy in discourse, this chapter analyses immigrant integration policies ‘on paper’. It first develops categories for classifying integration policies and applies them to Catalan and South Tyrolean laws before extending the analysis to all regional integration laws adopted in Italy and Spain. The cross-regional analysis probes whether the two regions really define their own distinctive policies, or whether policy differences between Catalonia and South Tyrol merely follow broader trends in Italian and Spanish regional policy. The chapter concludes with an outlook on the trajectory of integration policies in Catalonia and South Tyrol following the adoption of their integration laws in 2010 and 2011, respectively.
The legacy of internal migration
Authors: Zuber Christina Isabel
Published: June 2022

What accounts for the differences in how Catalonia and South Tyrol respond to immigration in both discourse and legislation? To answer this question, this chapter uses Mill’s method of difference to identify the political economy of internal migration as the antecedent of an ideational legacy, which drives the observed differences in the two regions’ contemporary politics of migration. Both Catalonia and South Tyrol had already lived through large-scale internal migration by the early 2000s—but under very different economic circumstances. Reconstructing internal migration processes between 1920 and 1970 reveals crucial differences in the social status of migrants and autochthons in South Tyrol relative to Catalonia. These match the differences observed in their contemporary political responses to international migration. The chapter then probes the validity of this historical explanation against alternative economic and institutional explanations.
The Veil of Perception and Kant’s Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

According to the corpuscularian philosophy, our experiences are not iconic copies of scenes in the external world, but constructions of the mind than enable us to survive in it. The nature of the world outside the mind can only be inferred, since we are aware only of our ideas. Kant agreed with the majority of 18th century philosophers of science that we are aware only of ‘appearances’, which present themselves as external to us, and he denied that material corpuscles could be the substance of the external world and the true ground of our experiences. He went farther in arguing that space and time were only the ‘forms of intuition’ that constrained our human sensory perceptions of an external world. Although distinguished from both Platonic and Berkeleyan idealisms, Kant’s theory was motivated by an analogous repulsion from materialism.
The Promise of Political Settlements Analysis (PSA)
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian
Published: June 2022

Few concepts have captured the imagination of the conflict and development community in recent years as powerfully as the idea of a ‘political settlement’. At its most ambitious, ‘political settlements analysis’ (PSA) promises to explain why conflicts occur and states collapse, the conditions for their successful rehabilitation, different developmental pathways, and how to better fit development policy to country context. As such, it provides an analytical framework for development agencies increasingly tasked with working in fragile and conflict-affected states, and frustrated by frequently disappointing ‘good governance’ results in more stable ones. Yet despite the approach’s tremendous promise, not all is well in the world of PSA. Rival definitions of the concept abound, there are disagreements about its scope and the way it should be used, a growing schism between conflict specialists and economists, basic concepts are ambiguous, and little progress has been made on measurement. As an introduction to the book, this chapter provides a genealogy of PSA, situating it within a wider ‘post-institutionalist turn’ in development studies, before providing illustrations of some PSA highlights, problems to date, and proposals for a way forward.
Analysing Political Settlements and Development in Four Countries
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter shows how the approach can be used to analyse the comparative politics of development. Specifically, four countries are selected that over the past two decades provide good representations of the different quadrants of the authors’ typology, and the links between their typological variables and economic and social development are traced. Specifically, Ghana is discussed as a broad-dispersed settlement; Guinea as a narrow-dispersed settlement; Cambodia as a narrow-concentrated settlement; and Rwanda as a broad-concentrated settlement. The relationship between political settlement type, elite commitment, state effectiveness, and development outcomes in three policy areas are explored: economic growth, maternal mortality reduction, and quality education, effectively making twelve cases. Of these twelve, eight conform to the predictions of the authors’ typological theory, and four conform partially. In the chapter’s final section the idea of the ‘policy domain’, a meso-level field of power relations which interacts with the political settlement and within which actors promote competing policy agendas, is invoked to further explain the chapter’s findings.
Summary, Policy Implications, and Future Research
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter concludes, summarizing the argument, the main findings, and considering the implications. The advice given should be treated as a set of ‘first bets’, or ‘compass bearings’ for policymakers, especially development partners, who are seeking to advance the cause of inclusive development. The findings might also be of interest for other inclusive development champions, whether in civil society or governments of the Global South. It also discusses several potential areas for future research, including multi-level analysis and the relationship of political settlements to a range of upstream and downstream variables. PSA has begun to deliver on its promise of understanding conflict and development, the authors argue, and there is much it can still achieve.
Hypotheses Testing in Banking Risk Analysis
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam
Published: June 2022

A risk manager requires taking a decision to select a single alternative from a number of possible alternatives. In this context, hypothesis testing provides a formal procedure for making rational decision based on the information available to the researcher. In this chapter, the author explains the statistical approach to hypothesis testing and relates its relevance to management of risk. It covers statistical concept behind hypothesis testing, type I error, and power of a test. It enables the reader to understand and interpret statistical significance tests. It covers both one-tail as well as two-tail tests. Statistical significance through z-test as well as t-tests is shown with numerous applications in risk management. Parametric as well as non-parametric test concepts, formulas, and their application in statistical package like STATA have been demonstrated. Two group difference mean t-test and rank-sum tests (treatment group vs. control group) and ANOVA test for multiple groups mean comparison tests have been explained with examples.
Correlation Theorem and Portfolio Management Techniques
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam
Published: June 2022

Covariance and correlation play important roles in portfolio management of risk. In market risk, it is used as a measure of the dependence between different financial instruments in the calculation of value at risk (VaR). Correlation is concerned with the measurement of strength of association between two variables. It is a crucial parameter in modern portfolio management theory. It is widely used to measure portfolio return volatility as well as computation of portfolio volatility and risk-adjusted return. This chapter explains in detail how correlation contributes significantly in the assessment of portfolio risk. Correlated and interrelated risk events and indicators need to be highlighted for better portfolio management. The chapter suggests that combining the credit or investment assets with lower correlations tend to reduce the overall portfolio risk. Modern portfolio theorem suggests effective ways to allocate assets and utilize correlations to maximize gains through diversification. Accordingly, portfolio optimization techniques have been illustrated with numerical examples as well as chart demonstration.
Multivariate Analysis to Understand Functional Relationship and Scenario Building
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates widespread applications of multivariate regression techniques in developing credit rating models. Risk analysts use multivariate techniques to forecast default risk or investment outcomes to understand the role of key contributing factors. Multivariate regression models are also used in predicting losses. It explains regression basics, estimation, and interpretation of coefficients, t-statistics, significance of factors, and its relation with the dependent variable. Various test statistics, analysis of variance, and explanatory power of the models have been explained with banking data and also using statistical package STATA. The use of matrix in estimating multiple regression equations, derivation of regression coefficients, and their functional forms has been explained. Application of multiple regressions in credit risk, operational risk as well as market risk has been illustrated with examples. Further, statistical scorecard development using multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression techniques have been explained in step-wise manner. Interpretation of key test statistics and their usage in model development as well as post-regression estimation diagnostic tests are shown with numerous examples. Panel regression techniques in understanding determinants of bank performance and in identifying key factors contribute to refinancing by housing finance companies are demonstrated using STATA. Finally, heteroskedasticity and multicollinearity tests are explained to check robustness of the econometric findings. These tests are useful to validate the statistical results. Regression models are not only used to predict determinant of losses, but it also helps a bank to develop stress testing scenarios.
Prisons in Ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas
Published: June 2022

Prisons in Ancient Mesopotamia: Confinement and Control until the First Fall of Babylon explores the earliest historical evidence related to imprisonment in the history of the world. While many historical investigations into prisons have revolved around the important question of punishment, this work moves beyond that more narrow approach to consider the multifunctional practices of detaining the body in ancient Iraq. It is the contention of this book that imprisonment arose out of the desire to control and detain the body in relation to labor. The practice of detainment for coercion became adaptable to a variety of circumstances and goals, which shaped the contexts and practices of imprisonment. With time, religious ideology was attached to imprisonment. In one literary text, a prisoner was refined like silver and given new birth in the prison. The misery of imprisonment gave rise to lament through which a criminal could be ritually purified and restored to a right relationship with their personal god. Beyond this literary perspective, this work reconstructs how imprisonment and religious ideology intersected with the judicial process and explores the evidence related to the reasons behind imprisonment, the treatment of prisoners, and the evidence related to the lengths of their stays.
Introduction
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas
Published: June 2022

The Introduction deals with the origins and evolution of prisons. To understand the study of prisons from a historical perspective, key developments in the history of prisons in modernity are discussed. This chapter helps to situate the study of Mesopotamian prisons in relation to the birth and development of prisons in the Western world. This helps to provide ideological context for understanding the historic relationship between prisons and concepts like punishment and correction. Further, it explains how imprisonment has been used for a variety of purposes, such as labor coercion, and demonstrates the importance of religious influence on the history of prisons.
Imprisonment from the Dawn of History to the First Fall of Babylon
Authors: Reid J. Nicholas
Published: June 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the period of investigation as well various Assyriological conventions employed when presenting the primary evidence. This is followed by a discussion of the secondary literature to demonstrate the current state of the discussion about imprisonment in early Mesopotamia. After discussing the state of research on the topic, I introduce the primary sources related to Mesopotamian imprisonment by using a hymn to a prison goddess. This literary text provides both an entry point into the discussion and allows me to explain the methodological approach I use to study the sources related to imprisonment in early Mesopotamia.
Introduction
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: June 2022

The Introduction sets out to achieve three things: (1) to justify why poetic discussions of Augustus’ divinization merit critical attention and require treatment as a distinct category; (2) to situate the present study in relation to existing scholarship and current thinking on Augustan poetry; (3) to explain the interpretive approach and reading strategies adopted in this book, laying out the ways in which this study can illuminate scholarly understanding of Augustan poetry. The main focus of the Introduction is to challenge the idea that the poetic discourse of Augustus’ divinity is more or less an expression of attitude towards Augustus. Through a detailed examination of Cicero’s Pro lege Manilia and Pro Marcello, it will be shown that discussions of divinization in late Republican political discourse cut to the core of Rome’s complex relationship with dictatorship and autocratic authority. Against this backdrop, the Introduction proposes that poetry’s discourse on Augustus’ divinization should thus be understood as an attempt to interrogate and come to terms with political change. Propertius 3.11 is used as a case study to demonstrate this point.
Libertas, Peace, and Divine Dependence
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates that the motif of divinization is centrally involved in the poets’ attempts to understand and reconcile with the changing parameters of libertas as Rome gradually falls under Augustus’ control. It argues that, from as early as the Eclogues, libertas is already characterized as something that can only be mediated by the acceptance of a more authoritarian regime. The pastoral drama of Eclogue 1 in particular presents libertas and dependence on extraordinary political power as notionally compatible, thereby foreshadowing the defining ideological character of the Augustan Principate. As the new regime takes shape, however, the poets’ depiction of Augustus as a divine guarantor of peace becomes a way of reflecting on the limits of libertas under the Principate. Through a close examination of Livy’s Preface, the sphragis of the Virgil’s Georgics, and Propertius 3.4, the second half of this chapter argues that these authors frame the return of peace to Rome under Augustus as a form of civic security underpinned by political subordination; and that the divine portraits of Augustus in Georgics 4 and Propertius 3.4 highlight the simultaneously overwhelming and indispensable nature of Augustan power.
Divinization and the Inevitability of Augustan Rome
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: June 2022

Focusing mainly on Virgil’s Aeneid, but also bringing into discussion Horace’s Carmen Saeculare and Propertius 4.6, this chapter argues that the poets’ formulation of Augustus’ divinization as the predestined culmination of Roman history both reflects and interrogates the teleological thinking and ideological distortion that underpin the regime’s claim to supremacy. Primarily, this chapter demonstrates that prophecies of Augustus’ divinization in the Aeneid may be read as the poem’s critique of its own involvement in the Augustan reinvention of history. It will be argued that the tension between inevitability and contingency in the poem’s prophetic scenes may be interpreted as Virgil’s way of showing to the reader that there are different ways of viewing Augustus’ rise to power. It will be argued further that, in these prophetic scenes, Virgil emphasizes that the perception of history as ‘fate’ relies heavily upon representation—including and especially his epic. By doing so, Virgil gestures at how his poetry is implicated in the reframing of ideological construct as imperial fact. The Aeneid’s interrogation of its own role in the reinvention of history as destiny thus not only serves to draw the reader’s attention to the slippage between reality and representation in contemporary political discourse, but also encapsulates the frictions and complicities between art and power in the ‘post-truth’ age of Augustus.
A Literary Life of Sutton E. Griggs
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

Writing, publishing, and marketing five politically engaged novels that appeared between 1899 and 1908, Sutton E. Griggs (1872‒1933) was among the most prolific African American authors at the turn of the twentieth century. In contrast to his Northern contemporaries Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles Chesnutt, Griggs, as W. E. B. Du Bois, remarked, “spoke primarily to the Negro race,” using his own Nashville-based publishing company to issue four of his novels. Griggs pastored Baptist churches in three Southern states, and played a leading role in the influential but understudied National Baptist Convention. Until recently little was known about the personal and professional life of this religious and community leader: critics could only contextualize his literary texts to a limited degree and were forced to speculate about how he published them. This literary biography, the first written about the author, draws extensively on primary sources and late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century periodicals, local and national, African American and white. A very different Sutton Griggs emerges from these materials—a dynamic figure who devoted himself to literature for a longer period and to a more profound extent than ever previously imagined, but who also frequently found himself embroiled in controversy because of what he said in his writings and the means he used to publish them. The book challenges currently held notions about the audience for, and the content, production, and dissemination of politically engaged US black fiction, thereby altering the perception of the African American literature and print culture of the period.
Introduction
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

An advocate for African American voting rights, Sutton E. Griggs helped to establish the American Baptist Theological Seminary, which several members of Martin Luther King’s executive staff attended. An activist and novelist in his 20s and 30s in Virginia and Nashville, he switched permanently to nonfiction and grew more conservative during his later years in Memphis, becoming an elder for his people. Dying suddenly in Texas, he deserves to be regarded as an ancestor of those who risked their lives in the Civil Rights Movement and those who are doing the same in today’s Black Lives Matter protests. Between 1898 and 1908, Griggs believed in the power of fiction to improve conditions for African Americans. His novels have elicited widely divergent critical responses because little has been known about his life and career and because of his dialogical use of competing characters with opposing political views and unresolved endings.
Engaging in Debate and Turning to Fiction to Make His People’s Case
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

Sutton E. Griggs’s first novel Imperium in Imperio (1899) reflects his post-Bishop College experiences as a debater, orator, minister, and journalist; showcases his beliefs in education and informed debate; and highlights his confidence in the power of fiction to address racial injustice. Griggs played an active role in the Dallas Colored Literary Society and enrolled in Richmond Theological Seminary, graduating in 1894. He worked for the Richmond-based Virginian Baptist newspaper and became the pastor of Baptist churches in the Norfolk area. In 1898, he embarked on an unprecedented new career as a Southern black novelist, employing a vanity press to publish Imperium in Imperio. The novel employs the phrase “New Negro” multiple times, uses coprotagonists to stage a conflict between racial and national patriotism that remains unresolved at its conclusion, and, read in the context of Griggs’s life, complicates attempts to connect him and his characters with fixed ideological positions.
Championing Black Labor and Fighting for the Franchise
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

Overshadowed (1901) and Unfettered (1902) echo points Sutton E. Griggs made in well-attended speeches in 1900 and 1901. After moving to Nashville in 1899, he became pastor of the East Nashville First Baptist Church and founded the Orion Publishing Company. In his addresses, Griggs decried intraracial prejudice and denounced the belief that labor detracts from a person’s dignity. In contrast to Booker T. Washington, he counseled African Americans against retiring from politics, advised them to cooperate with Southern white people and not to cast ballots blindly for the Republican Party, and urged them to vote Democratic in the 1900 election because of the Philippine-American War. Overshadowed teems with episodes of violence and exposes social fallacies and political corruption. Unfettered uses coprotagonists to present a debate over overseas expansion, links the major male character to African royalty, and, in contrast to its predecessors, ends conclusively with the race problem having been resolved.
Transitioning away from the Novel
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

Even before Sutton E. Griggs published Pointing the Way (1908), he had begun transitioning away from the novel, bringing out two nonfictional texts in 1907, and going on to issue several more before the end of 1912. In Pulled from Shelter, he criticized National Baptist Convention President E. C. Morris’s suppression of resolutions Griggs had written responding to the Brownsville Incident and spelled out how Baptist ministers should engage with political issues. Pointing the Way revisits earlier themes—intraracial prejudice, unequal justice, and disenfranchisement—but uses an ensemble cast and depicts the positive consequences of black and white cooperation. It makes some variations to a key motif in Griggs’s fiction—the reanimation of the apparently dead black body. Wisdom’s Call covers many of the same points as Pointing the Way, and promotional material for it asserted that nonfiction offered a more effective means of conveying Griggs’s ideas than the novel.
The Shape of Things to Come
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

The advent of COVID-19 in the early months of 2020 and the lockdowns that it brought in its wake were harrowing times for arts organizations across the world. However the pandemic also opened a rare window of opportunity for museums and performing arts theatres situated in different parts of the world. As these organizations braced up to the challenge of switching over to social media platforms to live stream their products, little did they realize that they were opening their wares to a global audience! It also didn’t take them very long to realise that the transition was severely testing their abilities to manage change. The key question is whether arts organizations will able to sustain their digital tempo in a post-pandemic world. This book attempts to answer this question by diving deep into the experiences of eight arts organizations drawn from different parts of the world. The main refrain of this chapter is that the winds of transition that have overtaken the world of arts in the COVID-19 phase compel artists and managers of arts organizations to explore alternative opportunities for survival. More fundamentally, it is argued that these organizations need a raft of new managerial skills to navigate the whirlpool of change.
State Capability
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter briefly examines the historical evolution, the role of state capability in development, and the manifestations of state capability. It discusses the developmental state, a central feature of the post-colonial development discourse, and one which assumed salience with the economic success of the East Asian countries. It examines the differences between policymaking, program formulation, and program implementation. It shows that while there are important differences, in practice, the spectrum from policy design is a continuum with considerable overlap. It concludes with a brief summary of the commonly suggested solutions to address state capability weakness.
Constitutional Provisions and Structure of Government
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the constitutional provisions relating to the administrative and regulatory states. It outlines the structure of the executive and the respective roles of the bureaucratic and political executives. It also has a short description of who rules India at different levels of the government and across the executive, legislature, and judiciary. It also examines the role of regulatory institutions—their constitutional mandate, the need for regulatory bodies, the idea of independent regulators, and the trade-off between consultative process and conventional political representation—and provides an economic perspective. It also lists out the advantages and disadvantages of independent and administrative regulators, and highlights the problems with the increased role for the legal aspect in the regulation of complex public policy issues.
Personnel of the Indian State
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter describes the personnel of the Indian state. It starts with the structure and nature of the higher civil service. It briefly describes the selection and cadre management of the All India Services. In particular, it describes the recruitment and management of the officials of the Indian Administrative Service. It outlines the various design features of the All India Services—all India character, dual control, merit-based, and independent selection, and protection against arbitrary punishment. It also provides a brief description of the intermediate and lower-level services, both of the central and state governments. It describes their structure, recruitment, and management.
Challenges in Execution
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins with the challenge of implementation or execution in India’s context. It describes the systemic view of program implementation and public services delivery. It draws attention to the paradox of outstanding examples of institutional success in execution amidst pervasive state failures. The examples of census and elections are used to illustrate why certain activities are done well by governments. It then examines the challenges of balancing strictness in enforcing the law against the associated likelihood of harassment or corruption and concludes by examining the trade-off between coordination, which demands a strong convening centre, on the one hand, and empowerment of line departments and field functionaries, on the other.
Addressing Policymaking Challenges—II
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter is dedicated to making some suggestions to address the problem of decision paralysis arising from the actions of the judiciary and executive oversight agencies. It also briefly touches on the evolution of regulatory institutions. It posits the idea of a minimum viable product (MVP) approach in effective policymaking and describes its relevance in the context of policymaking. It provides illustrative examples of public issues where an iterative approach starting with an MVP can be effective. It offers some suggestions on designing for scaling of complex public policies. Finally, it provides some suggestions for simplication of policy design.
Addressing Execution Challenges—II
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses arguably the three biggest traditional contributors to the erosion of accountability and corruption across government bureaucracies—failures in personnel management, public procurement, and issuing of permits and licences. It discusses the context and challenges associated with each. It suggests some reforms to address each of these three problems, while also qualifying them with their respective pitfalls. The chapter offers certain suggestions on public procurement reforms—reducing delays due to indecision, reducing disputes arising from indecision, fixed cost selection, rate contracts, centralized earnest money, and shared service centres or agencies. Finally, in the context of the three issues, the chapter discusses the trade-offs between reducing and increasing discretion and delegation across administrative levels.
Proof Is in the Performance
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 argues that time invested in dramatic writing and performance at university was time well spent; it contributed to the development of skills, networks, and reputation. Those students who could display maturity in writing and performing became the protégés of powerful patrons in the colleges and earned special opportunities to shine in front of important visitors, such as members of the royal family. The Church was the biggest single employer recruiting Oxford and Cambridge students, and the most successful clergymen were those who commanded audiences in public speaking. Designed as training grounds for new recruits to the Church, the Oxford and Cambridge colleges were full of young hopefuls striving to get noticed, and many used the college stage as a platform for their rise to the top. In this chapter we note the power of the colleges to determine the qualificatory status of their students, and we explore the role of the college ‘degree play’ as a coming-of-age ceremony.
From Symbolic Legislation, a Forward-moving Debate …
Authors: Neves Marcelo
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the debate about symbolic legislation that developed among German legal scholars and political scientists in the last two decades of the twentieth century and was a major motivation for the book. Given the semantic confusion that revolves around the term ‘symbolic’, the author begins with its meaning in the phrase ‘symbolic legislation’. Here the conceptualizations of symbolic legislation are distinguished from the ideas of symbolic politics and law as symbolism that were current in the 1960s and 1970s. Symbolic legislation concerns specifically those situations in which laws perform latent political functions that are detrimental to their legal-normative efficacy, that is, in opposition to their manifest legal significance. The chapter ends with a brief reflection on the concept, types, and effects of symbolic legislation.
Prospect: Symbolic Constitutionalization of World Society? Peripheralization of the Center?
Authors: Neves Marcelo
Published: June 2022

The final chapter focuses on the prospect of a paradoxical ‘peripheralization of the center’, and with it of an extension of symbolic constitutionalization to the democratic and welfare states that survive in what still exists of ‘central modernity’. This phenomenon is made possible by the tendency of economic code to expand to the detriment of rights and democracy in recent developments of world society (‘economic globalization’). In this new context, the uncontrollable refugee and migration flows caused by war, hunger, and oppression have also affected the hegemonic constitutional democracies and given rise to extreme right-wing reactions. Since it is in a growing worldwide expansion, symbolic constitutionalization must thus be taken seriously, that is to say, it is not restricted to autocratic experiences with instrumental constitutions.