bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-17 The Effects of N Fertilization on N2O Emissions from Urine or Fecal Samples from Nellore Bulls
Authors: Ongaratto Fernando , Xavier Felipe , Lima Lais , Fernandes Marcia H , Vyas Diwakar , Malheiros Euclides
Published: September 2022

Better understanding of N2O emissions from interactions between urine or feces, with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization on tropical pastures would be helpful in developing strategies to mitigate emissions and improve N2O inventories. The objective of this study was to evaluate N2O emissions from feces or urine samples collected from Nellore young bulls, isolated or in association with different levels of N fertilizer. Study was designed as completely randomized block design with five replications per treatment. Treatments were two levels of excreta (Feces or Urine) and three levels of N fertilizer (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha-1). Ammonium nitrate was used as source of N (32% of N). One liter of urine or 1.5 kg of feces was used per chamber with the respective N dose directly applied on excreta sample. Gas emissions were evaluated using the static chamber closed method and quantified using gas chromatography. Chambers were closed for 40 min and gas samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 min. After treatment imposition, gas was sampled three times during week 1, twice during week 2, 3, and 4 and once during week 5, 6, 7 and 8, and subsequently every 2 weeks for two consecutive years. Type of excreta samples did not affect N2O emissions. Additionally, associative effects of N fertilizer onto feces or urine was similar. Cumulative N2O emissions linearly increased with increasing levels of N regardless of source, and ranged from 5.95, 32.1 to 74.7 mg of N2O/m2, for 0, 75 and 150 kg/ha/year of N. Similarly, emissions factor of N2O were linearly increased with increased N fertilizer (0.15, 0.36 and 0.73%, for excreta, excreta + 75 kg N and excreta + 150 kg N). Therefore, the interaction between N fertilizer and excreta on N2O emissions in tropical pastures was additive.
PSX-B-21 Equine Embryo Viability Based on Morphokinetics
Authors: Hickerson Sydney L , Richardson Katylyn J , Perkins Tommy L , Killingsworth Russell , Wells Cara W , Veneklasen Gregg , Jesko Noah P
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to analyze equine embryo morphokinetics and whether or not they were indicative of survivability upon successful implantation into the uterus of a recipient female. In equine reproduction, fertility is a lowly heritable trait that has an exceedingly large financial impact on the ability to grow genetic lines. In order to increase pregnancy rates, producers must have access to accurate decision-making tools. Ten (n = 10) fertilized equine embryos collected via flushing by licensed veterinarian, Dr. Gregg Veneklasen, DVM in Canyon, TX. Flushed embryos were filmed for a thirty-five (35) second observation period with an Iolight Microscope and then processed through video motion magnification (VMM) software Lambda Vue, that amplified embryo activity 300x their normal movement. These VMM embryos were then assessed for time specific morphological changes using Image J software. Embryo morphological dimension shifts previously unseen under a simple microscope became humanly perceptible and measurable. For morula stage embryos, measurements of significance were taken on the inner cell mass (ICM), total embryo area, trophoblast to ICM distance, and finally the vertical, diagonal, and horizontal axis of the sub-zonal distance. Protocols were developed for embryos in the blastocyst stages, where measurements were taken on the vertical, diagonal, and horizontal axis of the total embryo, area of the embryo, notation of general ICM location, and trophoblast thickness around the embryo face. All measurements were taken in microns every five seconds for the thirty-five second recording period. Findings presented that embryos with a greater ICM, total embryo area, and sub-zonal vertical, diagonal, and horizontal distance established pregnancies as frequently as embryos with less momentous differences in distance (P < 0.1). This research has shown the relationship between morphokinetics and pregnancy had no significance of determining pregnancy viability. This resulted in enhanced prediction of embryo transfer techniques based on traditional grading, making pregnancy rates more predictable and consistent.
PSXV-16 Association of Experience and pre-Race Behavior in Performance Among Racing Quarter Horses
Authors: Sedziol Carley , Bosnyak Sari , Knox Nadja , Ravia Haley , Ferguson Clarence E
Published: September 2022

The annual average cost of maintaining a racehorse will typically outweigh its earning, making it important that the horse performs above average. The goal of this study was to investigate if the age or experience level of a racehorse could be associated with performance. This study observed pre-racing Quarter Horses (n = 1,033) behavior during one racing season at Delta Downs racetrack (Vinton, LA). The horses were placed into groups based on race experience (0-2, 3-10, and 11+ total races). Horse pre-race before saddling (BSAD), saddling (SAD), after saddling (ASAD) and post-parade (POST) behaviors (calm, ready or nervous) were observed to identify if the horse was calm, ready, or nervous. The behavior types were recorded as categorical variables in this study and were analyzed using proc FREQ, and the finish was recorded as a quantitative variable and were analyzed using proc GLM with (P < 0.05) being statistically different. Horses with 11+ races had a mean±SE finish (4.9±0.1), better (P< 0.05), than horses with 3 to 10 races (4.8±0.2) and both were better (P< 0.05) than horses with 0 to 2 races experience (5.5±0.2). Race experience was also associated with pre-race behaviors. There were more (P< 0.05) horses with 0 to 2 races experience that were classified as nervous during the BSAD (39/326, 11.9%), SAD (29/326, 8.9%), ASAD (13/325, 4.0%) and POST (17/320, 5.3%) compared with horses with 11 plus races experience; BSAD (5/343, 1.5%), SAD (16/343, 4.7%), ASAD (4/343, 1.2%) and POST (1/341, 0.3%). The improvement in race finish among horses with more experience could be that they have been placed in more suitable levels of racing competition compared with unexperienced horses. However, the additional racing experience was associated with less stress or fear-full behaviors pre-race that can result in a reduction of available energy to possibly prolonged elevated cortisol concentrations.
PSII-B-21 Does Prior Viral Infection Exacerbate the Response to Heat Stress?
Authors: Mayorga-Lozano Edith J , Rodriguez-Jimenez Sonia , Baumgard Lance H
Published: September 2022

In rodent models, prior immune activation appears to exacerbate the response to heat stress (HS), presumably by compounding an inflammatory response by both insults. Thus, study objectives were to investigate whether prior viral infection aggravates the physiological and feed intake (FI) responses to HS. Crossbred barrows (n=45; 75.5±4.8 kg BW) were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in thermoneutral (20ºC) conditions. During P2 (6 d), pigs were exposed to an increased heat load (28 to 31ºC). Rectal temperature (TR), skin temperature (TS), and respiration rate (RR) were obtained twice daily. FI was measured daily as feed disappearance. Unexpectedly, pigs became sick during the experiment and tested positive for influenza on d 6 of P2. Based on TR obtained during P1, animals were retrospectively categorized into 1 of 2 groups: 1) High-TR (HT; top third of pigs; TR>39.32ºC; x̅=39.38ºC; n=15), or 2) Low-TR (LT; bottom third of pigs; TR< 39.10ºC; x̅=38.95ºC; n=15). Pigs in the middle third tier were excluded from the analysis. This ostensibly categorized pigs into a “sick” and “healthy” status. Data were statistically analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. As expected, HS increased TR in both groups; however, HT had elevated TR during P2 relative to LT pigs (+0.5ºC; P< 0.01). Skin temperature and RR increased during HS but remained similar between HT and LT pigs (P>0.41). During P1, FI was similar between groups (P>0.33). During P2, HS reduced FI in both groups; however, the decrease was more severe in HT than LT pigs (53 vs. 37%, respectively; P=0.01). Altogether, HT pigs, presumably infected before HS exposure, had increased TR and a more drastic reduction in FI during HS than LT pigs. A better understanding of how viral or bacterial infection influences the response to HS would have pragmatic implications for all segments of animal agriculture.
PSIII-A-8 Daily Clenbuterol Administration to Lambs Born with low Birthweight due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction Recovered Growth Rates and Improved Body Composition at 60 D of age
Authors: Gibbs Rachel L , Swanson Rebecca M , Beard Joslyn , Schmidt Ty B , Yates Dustin T
Published: September 2022

Low birthweight due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results from unfavorable in utero conditions (i.e., hypoxemia, hypoglycemia) that impairs growth capacity for muscle and other tissues. This programming effect reduces growth efficiency in IUGR offspring below their genetic potential. Specific programming mechanisms are not known, but recent evidence indicates reduced β2 adrenergic regulation of IUGR muscle. Thus, our objective was to determine if early-life growth deficits in IUGR juvenile lambs are improved by manipulating β2 adrenergic activity with daily IM administration of the β2 agonist, clenbuterol (Clen), from birth to 60 d of age. Maternal heat stress-induced IUGR (n=10) and IUGR+Clen (n=9) lambs were smaller (P< 0.05) than controls (n=11) at birth, weighed 18% and 11% less (P< 0.05), respectively, than controls at 30 d of age, and weighed 16% and 13% less (P< 0.05), respectively, at 60 d of age. Average daily gain at 30 and 60 d of age was reduced (P≤0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition in live lambs at 58 d of age. Estimated fat-free lean mass and estimated muscle mass were less (P≤0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Estimated protein and fat content as well as protein:fat were likewise reduced (P< 0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs. At necropsy, whole hindlimbs tended to be lighter (P≤0.09) and flexor digitorum superficialis muscle was lighter (P< 0.05) for IUGR but not IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. Loin-eye areas measured in chilled carcasses were 15% smaller (P< 0.05) for IUGR lambs and 19% larger (P< 0.05) for IUGR+Clen lambs compared to controls. From this study, we conclude that poor postnatal growth and body composition observed in IUGR juvenile lambs was improved when clenbuterol was used to target programmed deficits in β2 adrenergic regulation of muscle.
PSIII-A-19 Thermotolerance and Residual Feed Intake in Bos-Indicus Influenced Beef Heifers
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Podversich Federico , Schulmeister Tessa M , Gonella Angela M , Mateescu Raluca , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the relationship between thermotolerance and residual feed intake (RFI) in Bos-indicus influenced replacement beef heifers. Multiple individual vaginal temperatures (VT) collected during the summer in Florida were used to select the most (n = 14; thermotolerant) and least (n = 13; non-thermotolerant) heat tolerant heifers to undergo a feed efficiency test in the fall. The maximum initial VT difference between groups was of 0.19 and 1.2 ± 0.065 °C (P < 0.01) for thermotolerant and non-thermotolerant heifers, respectively. Heifers (398 ± 11.3 kg; approximately 720 d of age) were randomly allocated to four concrete-floored pens equipped with two GrowSafe feed bunks each and received a common ad libitum total mixed ration (16.9% crude protein and 52% total digestible nutrients) for 56 d (14 d adaptation and 42 d evaluation period). Body weight (BW) was collected on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 41, and 42, while VT was recorded (10 min intervals for 4 consecutive d) from d 29 to 32, using temperature probes placed intravaginally with a hormone-free controlled internal drug release device. Final BW, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), DMI as a percentage of BW, RFI, and VT were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and VT collected during the feeding period were not affected by thermotolerance phenotype (P ≥ 0.42); however, heifers previously classified as thermotolerant had decreased RFI (P = 0.01; -1.32 vs. 1.27 ± 3.31 kg, respectively) and DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.01) when compared with non-thermotolerant heifers. In conclusion, Bos-indicus influenced replacement beef heifers previously classified as thermotolerant based on multiple vaginal temperature measurements collected throughout the summer had decreased residual feed intake when measured in the fall, indicating the potential of more heat tolerant heifers to be more feed efficient.
PSV-B-21 Genome-Wide Analysis of Sheep Artificially or Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Redden Reid , Bowdridge Scott A , Becker Gabrielle M , Stegemiller Morgan R , Murdoch Brenda M
Published: September 2022

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are detrimental to the health and productivity of sheep across the world, necessitating genetic selection for improved GIN resistance. In this study, we used genomic analyses across- and within- two important breeds in the United States (US), Rambouillet and Dorper, to investigate physiological mechanisms associated with GIN resistance. Genomic data were evaluated from two experiments where lambs were challenged with GIN, either in a natural environment or artificially. Lambs were genotyped with the Axiom™ Ovine Genotyping Array (50K) with 42,608 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) remaining following quality control for minor allele frequency and variant call rate. In experiment 1, a fecal egg count (FEC) was collected from four- to eight-month-old Dorper and Rambouillet lambs (n=188 total) exposed to GIN on pasture. Using Plink v1.9, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified significant SNP (P < 6.0e-5) associated with either an increase or decrease of FEC on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 15 and 20. In Experiment 2, Rambouillet lambs (n=77) were inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae and FEC and packed-cell volume (PCV) were recorded. An ensuing GWAS identified significant SNP (P < 2.0e-5) on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 16, 17 and 23 associated with high and low FEC and SNP on chromosome 10 associated with decreased PCV. Multiple genes were in proximity to the identified SNP, including PIK3 subunits in both experiments. Pathway analysis of reported genes, including PIK3, IMP4, NDST3, MRPL22, HSPA2, TGFA, TGFBR1 and RUNX1 revealed involvement in tissue repair, T-cell differentiation and cytokine signaling in Rambouillet and Dorper sheep more resistant to GIN. Results from this study contribute to the genetic underpinnings of host response to GIN in two important breeds in the US, providing a foundation for future selection of animals more resistant to H. contortus infection.
PSVI-21 Including Gene-Edited Individuals in Genetic Evaluations can Bias the Estimated Breeding Values of Their Progeny
Authors: Sanglard Leticia P , See Garret , Spangler Matthew L
Published: September 2022

Gene-editing offers the potential to increase genetic gain for complex traits, but practical issues for routine genetic evaluations need to be addressed to ensure kinship-based predictions are not biased. The objective of this study was to quantify differences in estimated breeding values (EBV) using a 8-generation simulated beef cattle population with progeny of gene-edited (GE) sires. After generating haplotypes, 99 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) and 6,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were distributed across 3 chromosomes. A single trait (h2=0.4) was simulated. After 8 generations, GE sires (n=1, 25, or 50) were introduced. The number of QTN edited (% additive variation) was 1 (2%), 3 (5%), or 13 (20%). All scenarios were replicated 15 times. Genetic evaluations were performed using pedigree (A), genomic (G), or combined (H) kinship matrices. Relationships were also weighted (w) based on the proportion of genetic variance explained by the edited QTN. To create Aw, weights were based on the expected difference between G and Gw. Hw was formed using Aw and Gw. Scenarios were compared using accuracy (correlation of true BV (TBV) and EBV), average absolute bias, and the slope (b1) of the regression of TBV on EBV. Accuracy of EBV between GE vs. non-GE sired progeny did not differ. EBV of GE sired progeny were under-dispersed (b1 from 0.61 to 0.92) and associated with greater average absolute bias (0.8 to 3.8), and these issues increased in severity with the number of edited QTN. Weighting kinship reduced the average absolute bias (from 2.7 to 0.9 with 13 edited QTN) and the dispersion of EBV (from 0.7 to 0.9 with 13 edited QTN). The same pattern was observed across all kinship matrices. Results indicate that including GE individuals in genetic evaluations could lead to biased EBV, but weighting kinship could partially mitigate this concern.
PSVIII-B-8 Effects of Habituation to Livestock Trailer and Extended Transportation on Plasma Metabolomic Profiles in Goats
Authors: Batchu Phaneendra , Naldurtiker Aditya , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind
Published: September 2022

Goats raised for meat production are often transported long distances. Twelve-month-old male Spanish goats were used to determine the effects of habituation to trailers on plasma metabolomic profiles when transported for long periods. In a split-plot design, 168 goats were separated into two treatment (TRT; whole plot) groups and maintained on two different paddocks. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (habituated group, H), while the other group received the same quantity of concentrate, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). Goats were subjected to a 10-hour transportation stress in 4 replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT) after 4 weeks of habituation period. Blood samples were collected prior to loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h of transportation (Time; subplot). A targeted quantitative metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the samples using a combination of direct injection mass spectrometry with a reverse-phase LC–MS/MS custom assay. The data were analyzed using R software. Several amino acids (alanine, serine, glycine, histidine, glutamate, trans-hydroxyproline, asparagine, threonine, methylhistidine, ornithine, proline, leucine, tryptophan) were higher (P < 0.05) in the H group compared to the NH group. Five diacylphosphotidyl cholines, 10 lysophosphotidyl cholines, and several other sphingomyelins were higher (P < 0.05) in the NH group compared to the H group. Butyric acid, propionic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in the NH goats compared to the H goats. In general, amino acid concentrations decreased and acylcarnitine levels increased with transportation time (P<0.05). Habituation to trailers can be beneficial in enhancing stress coping abilities in goats due to higher concentrations of metabolites that support energy homeostasis and antioxidant activities. Fatty acid metabolism may be the main energy pathway in goats during long-distance transportation.
PSVIII-B-5 Dynamic of Accessible Chromatin Regions in Cattle Rumen Epithelial Tissue During Weaning
Authors: Boschiero Clarissa , Gao Yahui , Vi Rannsom Baldwin , Liu George E , Li Congjun
Published: September 2022

Weaning in ruminants is characterized by the transition from a milk-based diet to a solid diet which drives a critical gastrointestinal tract transformation. Identifying regulatory control of this transformation during weaning can help identify strategies to improve rumen health. This study aimed to identify regions of accessible chromatin in rumen epithelial tissue in pre- and post-weaning calves and investigate differentially accessible regions (DARs) to uncover regulatory elements in cattle rumen development using the ATAC-seq approach. A total of 126,071 peaks were identified, covering 1.15% of the cattle genome. From these accessible regions, 2,766 DARs were discovered. Gene ontology enrichment resulted in GO terms related to cell adhesion, anchoring junction, growth, cell migration, motility, and morphogenesis. In addition, putative regulatory canonical pathways were identified (TGFβ, Integrin-linked kinase, Integrin signaling, and regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Canonical pathways integrated with co-expression results showed that TGFβ and ILK signaling pathways play essential roles in rumen development through the regulation of cellular adhesions. In this study, DARs during weaning have been identified, revealing enhancers, transcription factors, and candidate target genes that represent potential biomarkers for the bovine rumen development which will serve as a molecular tool for rumen development studies.
PSVIII-B-4 Differences in Bull Prolificacy and Offspring Body Performance in Western Canadian Multi-Sire Commercial Herds
Authors: Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Thompson Sean , Doherty Becky , Rogerson Jessica , Hamilton Bevin , Durunna Obioha N
Published: September 2022

Beef cattle producers employing multi-sire natural mating systems expect superior breeding and production performance from the bulls. The bulls that sire more healthy calves are more economical considering that the annual maintenance cost for each bull could exceed $2000. Industry benchmarks on bull prolificacy and the production performance of their offspring will enable producers to make better selection and culling decisions. This 3-yr study evaluated 2,130 calves from 62 bulls and 1, 869 cows to assess bull prolificacy and calf production performance in multi-sire breeding pastures – VS (VS1, VS2), OS, CF, KF, DIF, and DEF across Alberta Canada. Calves were matched to bulls using DNA paternity analysis. Prolificacy was assessed among bulls engaged in breeding activities year-over-year. Percentage calves assigned to each sire from sire-progeny matches were assessed within sites over consecutive years (VS1: 11.5 - 46.34%, VS2: 4 - 75%, OS: 2 - 17%, CF: 6 - 33%, KF: 5 - 38%, DIF: 3 - 26%, DEF: 16 - 62%). The differences in body and growth performance of calves were analyzed with linear mixed models. The average birth weight of calves varied by sires (p < 0.05) in VS1 (39.92kg – 42.74kg; P < 0.05), OS (34.09kg–39.49kg), CF (35.72-40.27kg) but not in VS2 (36.35 – 38.02kg; P > 0.05). Similarly, the average calf weaning weights among sires did not differ in VS1 (309.44 – 316.77kg; P = 0.33) but were different (P < 0.05) in OS (219.25 - 236.36kg), CF (216 -243 kg) and KF (178 - 232kg). Differences were also observed in calves' average daily body gain among sires in VS1 (0.93 – 1.14 kg d-1; P < 0.0001). Verifying the sires of calves in multi-sire herds will enable beef producers to make effective management and economic decisions. Measuring the production performance of calves from different bulls is important for the beef industry's profitability and sustainability.
PSVIII-B-6 Effect of Yeast on Rumen pH and Redox Potential in Ruminally-Cannulated Dairy Cows
Authors: Plowman Michaela R , Wellmann Kimberly B , Lambert Barry , Owsley Walter F , Muir James P
Published: September 2022

Yeast products are used worldwide to stabilize the anaerobic rumen environment in dairy cattle. Multiparous lactating ruminally fistulated dairy cows (n = 4; ±150 DIM) were used in an 84-d 4×4 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of yeast on rumen pH and redox potential (eH). Periods were 21 d with 16 d used for treatment acclimation and HOBO pH and Temperature Data Loggers were placed in the rumen cranial sac on d 16 and removed on d 17 after a period of 24 hr for data collection. Cows were housed in a single pen and individually fed a basal dairy diet (CON) with no yeast culture or probiotics formulated for high milk yield targeting 5% feed refusals using a Calan Broadbent feeding system. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in period 1: CON, 14 g Diamond V XPC (XPC), 5 g Phileo-Lesaffre Actisaf HR+ (HR+), and HR+ 5 g Phileo-Lesaffre Safmannan (HR+Saf). Feed was delivered twice daily. Treatments were top-dressed at 0630 hr to ensure treatment consumption. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies were considered at P ≤ 0.15. A treatment by time interaction occurred for rumen pH (P = 0.02). All yeast treatments were different than CON (P < 0.01), with no differences between yeast treatments (P > 0.52). A treatment by time interaction for eH (P = 0.04) occurred. Yeast eH was less than CON (P < 0.01). Redox potential decreased for HR+ compared to XPC (P = 0.04), while HR+Saf tended to decrease eH compared to XPC (P = 0.11). Over time, eH increased after feedings (P < 0.01). Data indicated that adding yeast to a dairy diet promoted an anaerobic environment, increasing rumen efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.
PSVIII-B-14 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Activation Protects Against Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Jejunal Ipec-J2 Cells
Authors: Li Enkai , Horn Nathan , Ajuwon Kolapo
Published: September 2022

The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARg) in the regulation of lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory response has been well characterized. Besides adipose tissue, PPARg is also highly expressed in the intestine. However, the functional role of PPARg in the regulation of intestinal function still remains poorly understood. In the present study we sought to understand the role of PPARg activation on intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells exposed (2mM, 24hr) to the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). PPARg activation by rosiglitazone and troglitazone dose-dependently increased (P < 0.05) the protein expression of tight junction proteins (TJP), claudin-3 and 4. On the contrary, the protein abundance of claudin-3 and 4 was dose-dependently decreased by PPARg antagonist, T0070907. DON exposure decreased the protein expression of TJP, and also significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) PPARg transcriptional activity. Consistent with the therapeutic benefits of PPARg agonists, pretreatment of cells with PPARg agonists (40 mM) reversed (P < 0.05) the reduction of claudin-3 and 4 induced by DON exposure. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the decreased membrane presence of claudin-4 and ZO-1 induced by DON was also reversed by troglitazone. Effect of PPARg activation also included partial restoration of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and reduction of FITC-dextran permeability that have been disrupted by DON. However, the protective effects of PPARg agonist against DON exposure was abolished by PPARg antagonist, confirming the importance of PPARg in the observed effects of the agonists. This shows the importance of PPARg activity in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells homeostasis and barrier function, especially during periods of metabolic stress induced by the mycotoxin, DON. Therefore, pharmacological and natural bioactive compounds with PPARg agonist activity could be effective in preventing DON-induced gut barrier dysfunction in vivo.
PSVIII-B-2 Comparison of in-Person, Online and Hybrid Delivery Methods for a Large Multiple day Extension Event
Authors: Cleere Jason J , Brandao Alice P , Sargent Harley
Published: September 2022

The Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course (BCSC) annually hosts more than 1,800 ranchers on campus for 2.5 days of seminars and demonstrations organized by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. BCSC is nationally and internationally recognized and includes topics such as nutrition, reproduction, genetics, and handling. Seminars and demonstrations are designed to be inclusive for participants of all experience levels in beef cattle production and related areas. In 2019, the BCSC included 2,300 participants from multiple states (n = 24) and countries (n = 6). In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the BCSC was transitioned to a virtual format. All sessions in the large multi-day program event (n = 25) were promptly transitioned to an online format. A commercial convention application (CrowdCompass) was utilized to host the event which included a virtual trade show. Live concurrent sessions were scheduled in 2.5-hour time blocks and broadcasted from a central location on campus to ensure the high quality of videos and improve participant experience. All sessions (n = 32) were recorded and made available to attendees (n=1,800) through the convention platform for six months following the BCSC. Attendees completed a post conference online survey (n=236) assessing their experience and expressed a 97% satisfaction rate with the virtual experience. In addition, 71.62% of respondents stated they anticipated benefiting economically from attending the virtual BCSC. In 2021, BCSC adopted a hybrid format, with the conference being held in person, with a virtual option, due to concerns with the ongoing pandemic. Although the majority of participants still attended in-person (n = 1,645), the virtual presence was significant (n =253). Further, 97% of virtual attendees expressed satisfaction with the online format. The addition of virtual options to extension programs may be a valid alternative to increase outreach, even in large, traditionally in-person programs.
PSVIII-B-1 Biological Pathways Affecting Fertility in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Konoval Haley M , Waymire Ashley , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Vagnoni David B , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Stothard Paul , Anderson Paul , Abo-Ismail Mohammed
Published: September 2022

Infertility is one of the most economically important traits for the dairy cattle industry, accounting for 22.1 % of culled cows in 2017. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify genomic regions via genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and to retrieve the biological pathways that are associated with variation in fertility traits in the dairy cow. Fertility records including days open (DO), Times Bred to Conception (TBRD), Calving Ease (CE), and Days in Milk (DIM) from the Cal Poly Dairy were collected from the DairyComp management system. After quality control, 345 individuals and about 782,000 SNPs were used in the GWAS analyses. Significant SNPs were mapped to the corresponding genes that were used for in-silico functional analyses using DAVID Software. A total of 3, 3, 8, 3, and 7 SNPs were significantly associated with chloride transmembrane transport, neutrophil chemotaxis, cell adhesion, starvation response and nervous system development. The functional analyses suggested potential molecular mechanisms such as chloride transmembrane transport (P = 0.017) and neutrophil chemotaxis (P = 0.02) as significant enriched biological pathways involved with variations seen for DO. Cell adhesion was found as a significant (P = 0.004) biological pathway for TBRD whereas the analysis revealed the starvation response mechanism as significant (P = 0.005) for CE. Nervous system development was significantly (P = 0.0003) associated with DIM. These results from the current study will be validated in a larger population with higher density panel and sequence data.
PSVIII-B-19 The Effect of Dietary Fatty Acid Source on Gene Expression in the Rumen of Cattle
Authors: McConnell Hunter L , Goldkamp Anna K , King Mindy E , Salisbury Carlee , Montgomery Dagan , Moore Jacksen , Hagen Darren , Foote Andrew P
Published: September 2022

The objective of this experiment was to ascertain how different fatty acid sources impacted gene expression in the rumen epithelium. The study utilized rumen cannulated Holstein steers (n = 8) in a crossover design with two 16-d periods with a 20-d washout between periods. The diets contained (DM-basis) dry-rolled corn (57%), Sweet Bran (25%), chopped prairie hay (8%), vitamin-mineral supplement (5%), and 5% of either high oleic soybean oil (Oleic) or 5% commodity soybean oil diet containing predominantly linoleic acid (Linoleic). The diets were provided ad libitum and refusals were collected and subsampled. Water access was unrestricted. Rumen papillae biopsies were taken on d-16 of each period and flash-frozen using dry ice and alcohol. RNA was extracted and sequenced using short-read sequencing. Differential gene expression (DEG) was analyzed using edgeR. Data were analyzed within periods to determine differences between treatments. In period 1, there were 25 DEG (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05) with 13 downregulated and 12 upregulated in the Oleic treatment. In period 2, there were 35 DEG (FDR < 0.05) with 12 downregulated and 23 upregulated in the Oleic treatment. The gene LILRA6, which is involved in immune function, was differentially expressed in both periods. Many of the KEGG pathways enriched were related to fatty acid metabolism, chemokine signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and immune function-related pathways. Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted inflammatory response, chemokine-mediated signaling, and other immune-related processes. These data indicated that dietary fat composition may impact gut inflammatory and immune function.
PSXIII-B-4 Dietary Insulinogenic Amino Acid Restriction Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Neonatal Piglet Model
Authors: Gorton Matthew W , Goodarzi Parniyan , Tarkesh Firoozeh , Soliman Laila , Fuhrig Mallory , Mowery Manon , Clark Emily S , Pezeshki Adel
Published: September 2022

The protein content of infant formula is above what is naturally found in human breast milk. High consumption of dietary proteins and insulinogenic amino acids (IAA) in early life are believed to increase the risk of metabolic diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of IAA restriction at two different doses on glucose tolerance and growth of suckling piglets as a model for human infants. Thirty-two seven-day-old Yorkshire barrows were assigned to three milk-based diets for three weeks: 1) control (CON): 0% IAA restriction (i.e., Leu, Ile, Val, Thr, Phe, Arg and Ala); 2) 50R: 50% IAA restriction; and 3) 75R: 75% IAA restriction. All experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. At week 2, following an over-night fast, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in all pigs via oral gavage of a 50% dextrose solution dissolved in sterile saline (1 g of glucose/kg body weight). Blood glucose (BG) concentration was recorded using a hand-held glucometer prior to and at 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-minutes (min) post glucose administration. Growth parameters were recorded for three weeks. The data were analyzed via Univariate GLM with Dunnett’s post-hoc (SPSS®). Compared to CON, 75R decreased the 120-min BG and total BG under the curve by 22% and 17%, respectively, following OGTT (P = 0.03). No differences among groups were observed on body weight and heart girth (P > 0.05). Relative to CON, pigs in 75R had a lower wither height on weeks 2 and 3 and body length on week 3 (P < 0.05). Pigs in 50R and 75R groups had a reduced rectal temperature than those in CON on week 2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, restriction of dietary IAA by 75% improved the glucose clearance with no effects on body weight in a piglet model.
PSXIII-B-9 Effects of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) Supplementation on Behavior, Heart Rate, Hemogram and Serum Biochemistry Profiles of Beef cow-Calf Pairs During Weaning
Authors: Omontese Bobwealth O , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Samuel Felix , Zakari Friday , Allen Daivon , Jones Kendra , Simpson Monya , Gilles-Brown Yasmine , Kuang Xianyan , Cebert Ernst
Published: September 2022

Weaning is a stressful event that affects animal welfare and performance. This study examined the effects of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) supplementation on behavior, chute score and physiological responses of cow-calf pairs during weaning. Ten apparently healthy Angus cow-calf pairs, average BCS of 6.0, were randomly allocated to one of two groups for 7 days: Control (CON, 200g/head of commercial grower feed, n=10) and Hemp (HMP, 200g/head containing 80% commercial grower feed containing 20% hemp, n=10), daily. Hay and water were provided ad libitum. Chute and exit scores were recorded and blood samples were collected at d 0, 4 and 7 of the feeding period. Animal activity data was recorded using automated activity monitoring systems Moomonitor and IceQubes for cows and calves, respectively. At weaning, cow-calf pairs were separated abruptly and observed. Data was analyzed using Stata 14.2. Overall, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, rumination duration, rumen fluid pH and activity did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Specifically, hemogram and serum biochemistry results did not differ (P > 0.05) between cow groups. However, resting duration tended to be greater in HEMP compared with CON (383.94±19.3 vs 298.60±16.1 mins/day, P = 0.06) cows. In addition, feeding duration was greater in HEMP compared with CON (473.8±24.5 vs 262.3±31.6 min/day) cows. In calves, heart rate was lower in HEMP compared with CON (62.67 vs 94.7 beats/min, P = 0.03). Hemoglobin concentration was smaller in HEMP compared with CON (12.6 vs 14.1mg/mL, P = 0.02). However, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was greater in HEMP compared with CON (33.04 vs 32.04g/dl, P = 0.04). We concluded that hemp supplementation increased resting and feeding duration of cows, and reduced heart rate of calves during weaning. This is the first report on the use of hemp to improve welfare of cow-calf pairs during weaning.
PSXIII-B-1 Black Soldier fly Larvae Were More Digestible Than Adult Flies, and Nutrient Disappearance in Black Soldier fly Larvae can be Predicted Using Acid Detergent Fiber Based on in Vitro Assays for Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Park Kwanho , Ji Sang Yun , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: September 2022

The objectives were to evaluate the nutrient utilization of fish meal, black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae, and adult BSF meal and to develop equations for estimating in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae for pigs. Two-step and 3-step in vitro procedures were used to simulate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. In Exp. 1, defatted BSF larva meal had less (P < 0.05) in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM; 81.2% vs. 91.6% and 61.6%) and crude protein (CP; 81.8% vs. 92.2% and 67.2%) and in vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of DM (82.6% vs. 93.6% and 65.7%) and organic matter (OM; 78.1% vs. 91.5% and 63.2%) than fish meal and greater (P < 0.05) values than adult BSF. In Exp. 2, CP concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with ether extract (r = −0.91) but positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (ADF; r = 0.98) and chitin (r = 0.95). Acid detergent fiber and chitin concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with IVID of DM (r = −0.98 and −0.88) and CP (r = −0.87 and −0.84) and IVTTD of DM (r = −1.00 and −0.94) and OM (r = −0.99 and −0.98). Equations for in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae using ADF (% DM) as an independent variable were developed: IVID of CP, % = −0.95×ADF + 95 (r2 = 0.75 and P = 0.058) and IVTTD of OM, % = −2.60×ADF + 115 (r2 = 0.98 and P < 0.01). In conclusion, in vitro nutrient utilization of defatted BSF larva meal was less compared with fish meal but was greater compared with adult flies and in vitro nutrient utilization of BSF larvae can be predicted using ADF as an independent variable.
PSXIII-B-16 Relationship of Genomic Estimated Breeding Values for age at Puberty, Birth Weight, and Growth in Cyclic and Anestrus Gilts
Authors: Wijesena Hiruni R , Nonneman Dan J , Rohrer Gary A , Lents Clay A
Published: September 2022

Prebreeding anestrus (failure to express estrus) affects 10-30% of gilts. Two main types of anestrus are delayed puberty (prepubertal anestrus; PPA) and ovulation without behavioral estrus (behavioral anestrus; BA). We hypothesized that growth of cyclic gilts during development is greater than PPA and BA gilts. The objectives of this study were to determine if birth weight and growth differed between cyclic and anestrus gilts and the relationship of age at puberty (AP) with growth. Individual body weights were recorded at birth (BTW), and at 4, 8, and 20 weeks of age for cyclic (n=4,982), PPA (n=578), and BA (n=428) gilts. Because anestrus gilts lack puberty records, genomic best linear unbiased prediction was used to predict genomic estimated breeding values for AP (GEBV-AP) for PPA and BA gilts using AP of cyclic gilts. A mixed model was fit using phenotypic group, sire line, and dam parity (1-4) as fixed effects and contemporary group as a random effect. The PPA gilts had a greater GEBV-AP (P< 0.05) compared with cyclic and BA gilts and were heavier at birth than cyclic gilts (P< 0.05). The BA gilts had a greater lifetime growth rate (LGR; ADG from birth to 20 weeks) than cyclic and PPA gilts (P< 0.05). The LGR and GEBV-AP did not differ between dam parities. Relationship of AP and growth was evaluated using GEBV for cyclic and anestrus gilts in a mixed model regression. A positive relationship between GEBV-AP and GEBV-BTW and a negative relationship between GEBV-AP and GEBV-LGR was observed. Results suggest that earlier attainment of puberty could be improved by avoiding the heaviest gilts at birth and selecting for faster growing gilts during grow-finish. However, the latter could increase the risk for more BA gilts due to possible antagonistic effects of growth on behavioral estrus.The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSXIII-B-15 Late Weaning Improves Growth and Reduces the Breeding age in Alpine Dairy Goats
Authors: Lévesque Janie , Julien Carl
Published: September 2022

The aim was to evaluate the effect of weaning age on growth in Alpine dairy goats. Thirty-six female kids were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) early weaning at 6 wk of age (6-wk), 2) weaning at 8 wk of age (8-wk), and 3) late weaning at 10 wk of age (10-wk). Treatments were blocked by BW and birth date, and each female kid was housed with a male companion of similar age and BW. Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer (ME=4.7 Mcal/kg DM), kid starter (ME=2.35 Mcal/kg DM), hay (ME=1.26 Mcal/kg DM) and water. Weaning was performed progressively over 7 d. For the 12 wk period, feed intakes for 6-wk, 8-wk and 10-wk were respectively: 135, 201 and 287 g/d for milk replacer; 90, 68, 54 g/d for hay; 25, 19 and 13 g/d for starter feed. Total ME intake was higher when increasing weaning age (6-wk, 281 kcal/d; 8-wk, 303 kcal/d; 10-wk, 371 kcal/d, P< 0.05). Interestingly, at weaning, total ME intake dropped more markedly when weaning was early (6-wk, 95 kcal/d; 8-wk, 297 kcal/d; 10-wk, 451 kcal/d, P< 0.05). 10-wk had higher BW at 12 wk of age (23.9 kg), compared with 6-wk (21.2 kg, P=0.004), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (22.2 kg, P=0.059). This effect of weaning age on BW was prolonged over time with heavier BW in 10-wk at 8 months (36.1 kg), compared to 6-wk (33.6 kg, P=0.04), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (34.0 kg). Using growth curves, extending the weaning age of dairy goats allowed to reach the breeding BW target of 32 kg sooner (6-wk, 191 d; 8-wk, 188 d; 10-wk, 161 d, P< 0.05). Overall, weaning kids at 10 wk limited the negative impact of earlier weaning on growth in the Alpine breed.
PSXIII-B-3 Determining Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Amino Acid Requirements in Growing Labrador Retrievers Using the Direct Amino Acid Oxidation Technique
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: September 2022

Phenylalanine and tyrosine are important amino acids for synthesis of proteins, catecholamine neurotransmitters, and melanin in canines. Since phenylalanine (Phe) is converted to tyrosine (Tyr), this experiment used the direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) technique to determine the phenylalanine requirement and phenylalanine plus tyrosine requirements for growing Labrador Retrievers. The Phe requirement was separated from Phe plus Tyr requirement by supplementing the test diets utilized for Phe requirements with 1.48% crystalline Tyr. A total of twelve dogs were used in two trials to determine the Phe and Phe + Tyr requirements in growing puppies ( >14wk-1yr). Control diet was fed for two days, followed by a testing day where an experimental diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C] phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the dog’s body weight was supplied, followed by enteral feeding of [1-13C]Phe every 30 minutes, spanning a four hour period. Respiration masks were placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 collected, and enrichment determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented model (JMP® Pro 15). Results showed that Phe mean and population safe requirements were 1.29 +/- 0.26 g/1000 kcal, while the Phe + Tyr requirements were 1.95 +/- 0.65 g/1000 kcal. Knowledge gathered through these studies is invaluable as both the Phe and Phe plus Tyr dietary requirements for growing Labrador Retriever puppies were determined.
PSXIV-17 Evaluation of Dietary Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on Performance of Captive White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus)
Authors: Stutts Kyle , Edrington Tom S , McCluskey Madison , Leatherwood Jessica L
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the difference between two dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on performance characteristics of young, captive white-tailed deer. Pregnant does were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups. Does were offered a commercially available pelleted deer feed (Record Rack, Cargill, Inc., Wayzata, MN) ad-libitum formulated to provide 10g SCFP/kg feed (XPC; n=52) or the same basal pellet containing the other product at 8.8g SCFP/kg feed (NaturSafe; n=52) to provide approximately 12.5g XPC or 11g NaturSafe per animal daily (Diamond V Mills, Cedar Rapids, IA). Does were on diets for 86±19d prior to fawning and through lactation. Upon discovery of a newborn fawn, BW and morphological measurements were obtained using a soft tape measure. Fawns were weaned at 90d of age and remained on trial for 270-d post-weaning. Fawns were provided with the same diet as their dam throughout the study. Body weights were recorded every 90d during the post-weaning period. Antlers of yearling bucks were scored and weighed after removal of antlers the subsequent fall. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with main effects of treatment and sex with age of fawn as a covariate. There were no differences in morphological measurements of fawns at birth. Fawns in the NaturSafe group had a greater (P=0.02) weaning weight than fawns in the XPC group, but there were no differences in post-weaning weights. There was a tendency (P=0.11) for a lower mortality rate for fawns in the NaturSafe group. Yearling bucks in the NaturSafe group had a greater antler score (P< 0.01) and antler mass (P=0.02) than bucks in the XPC group. Results indicate a reduction in fawn mortality, improvement in weaning weight, and increased antler growth in yearling bucks supplemented with NaturSafe compared to those supplemented with XPC.