bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIME TO RUIN IN SOME SPARRE ANDERSEN RISK MODELS
Authors: Shi Tianxiang , Landriault David
Published: April 2014

The finite-time ruin problem, which implicitly involves the inversion of the Laplace transform of the time to ruin, has been a long-standing research problem in risk theory. Existing results in the Sparre Andersen risk models are mainly based on an exponential assumption either on the interclaim times or on the claim sizes. In this paper, we utilize the multivariate version of Lagrange expansion theorem to obtain a series expansion for the density of the time to ruin under a more general distribution assumption, namely the combination of n exponentials. A remark is further made to emphasize that this technique can also be applied to other areas of applied probability. For instance, the proposed methodology can be used to obtain the distribution of some first passage times for particular stochastic processes. As an illustration, the duration of a busy period in a queueing risk model will be examined.
RELIGION AND THE LAW OF CHARITY: A LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Harding Matthew
Published: April 2014

This article considers the treatment of religious purposes in charity law from a liberal perspective informed by the work of the political philosopher Joseph Raz. The article begins by describing briefly the main ideas in Razian liberalism. It then considers the key question when thinking from a Razian perspective about the treatment of religious purposes in charity law: To what extent does the state's promotion of religious purposes via charity law promote the conditions of autonomy? Finally, the article considers the practical reasoning of state officials who deliberate about religious purposes in the charity law setting, asking to what extent such reasoning meets an ideal of public reason informed by Razian liberalism. The article concludes that in many, but not all, respects the treatment of religious purposes in charity law is consistent with Razian liberal commitments.
Multiwavelength Observations of AB Doradus
Authors: Slee O.B. , Erkan N. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Budding E.
Published: April 2014

We have observed the bright, magnetically active multiple star AB Doradus in a multiwavelength campaign centring around two large facility allocations in November 2006 and January, 2007. Our observations have covered at least three large flares. These flares were observed to produce significant hardening of the X-ray spectra during their very initial stages. We monitored flare-related effects using the Suzaku X-ray satellite and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 3.6 and 6 cm. Observations at 11 and 21 cm were also included, but they were compromised by interference. Optical monitoring was also provided by broadbandBandVphotometry and some high-dispersion spectrograms. From this multiwavelength coverage we find that the observed flare effects can be mainly associated with a large active region near longitude zero. The second major X-ray and microwave flare of Jan 8, 2007 was observed with a favourable geometry that allowed its initial high-energy impulsive phase to be observed in the higher frequency range of Suzaku’s XIS detectors. The fractional circular polarisation (Stokes V/I) was measured in the uv data for the complete runs, for 25 min integrations and, at 4.80 GHz, for 5 min integrations, using the radio data of Nov 21 2006 and Jan 08 2007. Most of the full data sets showed V/I fractions from AB Dor B that were significant at greater than the 3σ level. In several of the 5 min integrations at 4.80 and 8.64 GHz this fraction reached a significance level between 3 and 9σ. Lack of angular resolution prevented identification of these high V/I values with one or other of the two low-mass red-dwarf components of AB Dor B.
CHOREOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE, GENERATIONS AND THE ART OF LIFE IN POST-COLONIAL DAKAR
Authors: Kringelbach Hélène Neveu
Published: April 2014

This article looks at three generations of choreographic performers in urban Senegal to examine the creative ways in which people develop their bodily skills, not only for the pleasure of innovation, but also to ‘make their way into the world’. In so doing, they produce new social spaces and engage with a multiplicity of existing ones. I suggest that this multiple engagement characterizes contemporary urban Africa, where social mobility is conceived of as multiplying the possibilities of building a decent life in spite of economic hardship. In West Africa, this is in continuity with a long history of social mobility achieved through travel and the acquisition of new skills. Through a multiple engagement with different genres, performers also experiment with new ways of producing choreographic work. At every juncture, the social spaces thus produced either intensify or reduce the connections with global spaces already laid out by previous generations.
Dietary patterns in urban Ghana and risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Frank Laura K. , Kröger Janine , Schulze Matthias B. , Bedu-Addo George , Mockenhaupt Frank P. , Danquah Ina
Published: April 2014

There is epidemiological evidence for associations between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes. However, for sub-Saharan Africa, information on dietary patterns and their contribution to diabetes is lacking. The aim of the present study was to identify dietary patterns and their associations with type 2 diabetes in an urban Ghanaian population. In a hospital-based case–control study on risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Kumasi, a FFQ was administered to 675 controls and 542 cases. Dietary patterns were identified by using factor analysis including thirty-three food items. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of dietary patterns with type 2 diabetes. Overall, two dietary patterns were identified: (1) a ‘purchase’ dietary pattern which positively correlated with the consumption of sweets, rice, meat, fruits and vegetables and (2) a ‘traditional’ dietary pattern that correlated with the intake of fruits, plantain, green leafy vegetables, fish, fermented maize products and palm oil. In the highest quintile of the ‘purchase’ dietary pattern, participants were younger, leaner and of higher socio-economic status than those in the lower quintiles. In contrast, participants in the highest quintile of the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern were older, heavier and more deprived compared with those in the lower quintiles. In the multivariate model, the ‘purchase’ dietary pattern was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (OR per 1 sd 0·41, 95 % CI 0·33, 0·50); the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern increased the odds of diabetes per 1 sd by 54 % (95 % CI 1·35, 1·81). In conclusion, two diverse dietary patterns were identified and associated with type 2 diabetes in urban Ghana. The determinants of pattern adherence require further investigation.
Iron deficiency is uncommon among lactating women in urban Nepal, despite a high risk of inadequate dietary iron intake
Authors: Henjum Sigrun , Manger Mari , Skeie Eli , Ulak Manjeswori , Thorne-Lyman Andrew L. , Chandyo Ram , Shrestha Prakash S. , Locks Lindsey , Ulvik Rune J. , Fawzi Wafaie W. , Strand Tor A.
Published: April 2014

The main objective of the present study was to examine the association between dietary Fe intake and dietary predictors of Fe status and Hb concentration among lactating women in Bhaktapur, Nepal. We included 500 randomly selected lactating women in a cross-sectional survey. Dietary information was obtained through three interactive 24 h recall interviews including personal recipes. Concentrations of Hb and plasma ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors were measured. The daily median Fe intake from food was 17·5 mg, and 70 % of the women were found to be at the risk of inadequate dietary Fe intake. Approximately 90 % of the women had taken Fe supplements in pregnancy. The prevalence of anaemia was 20 % (Hb levels < 123 g/l) and that of Fe deficiency was 5 % (plasma ferritin levels < 15 μg/l). In multiple regression analyses, there was a weak positive association between dietary Fe intake and body Fe (β 0·03, 95 % CI 0·014, 0·045). Among the women with children aged < 6 months, but not those with older infants, intake of Fe supplements in pregnancy for at least 6 months was positively associated with body Fe (P for interaction < 0·01). Due to a relatively high dietary intake of non-haem Fe combined with low bioavailability, a high proportion of the women in the present study were at the risk of inadequate intake of Fe. The low prevalence of anaemia and Fe deficiency may be explained by the majority of the women consuming Fe supplements in pregnancy.
Dietary effects of introducing school meals based on the New Nordic Diet – a randomised controlled trial in Danish children. The OPUS School Meal Study
Authors: Andersen Rikke , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Christensen Tue , Andersen Elisabeth W. , Ege Majken , Thorsen Anne V. , Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim F. , Tetens Inge
Published: April 2014

The OPUS (Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (NND)) School Meal Study investigated the effects on the intake of foods and nutrients of introducing school meals based on the principles of the NND covering lunch and all snacks during the school day in a cluster-randomised cross-over design. For two 3-month periods, 834 Danish children aged 8–11 years from forty-six school classes at nine schools received NND school meals or their usual packed lunches brought from home (control) in random order. The whole diet of the children was recorded over seven consecutive days using a validated Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children. The NND resulted in higher intakes of potatoes (130 %, 95 % CI 2·07, 2·58), fish (48 %, 95 % CI 1·33, 1·65), cheese (25 %, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·36), vegetables (16 %, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·21), eggs (10 %, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·19) and beverages (6 %, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·09), and lower intakes of bread (13 %, 95 % CI 0·84, 0·89) and fats (6 %, 95 % CI 0·90, 0·98) were found among the children during the NND period than in the control period (all,P< 0·05). No difference was found in mean energy intake (P= 0·4), but on average children reported 0·9 % less energy intake from fat and 0·9 % higher energy intake from protein during the NND period than in the control period. For micronutrient intakes, the largest differences were found for vitamin D (42 %, 95 % CI 1·32, 1·53) and iodine (11 %, 95 % CI 1·08, 1·15) due to the higher fish intake. In conclusion, the present study showed that the overall dietary intake at the food and nutrient levels was improved among children aged 8–11 years when their habitual packed lunches were replaced by school meals following the principles of the NND.
Dairy farming: indoorv.pasture-based feeding
Authors: HOFSTETTER P. , FREY H.-J. , GAZZARIN C. , WYSS U. , KUNZ P.
Published: April 2014

The current situation of volatile milk prices and rising costs of, e.g. grain and labour, suggests that it is worth studying productivity and efficiency in dairy farming. The objective of the current whole-system study, carried out in lowland Central Switzerland from 2007 to 2010, was to compare the performance, efficiency, land productivity and profitability of indoor-feeding (IF) dairy production with that of pasture-based feeding (PF) dairy production. An IF herd consisting of 11 Holstein–Friesian (HF) and 13 Brown Swiss (BS) cows was kept in a free-stall barn and fed a part-mixed ration (PMR) of maize silage, grass silage and protein concentrate. The cows were allocated 15·8 ha of agricultural land (AL). In the PMR, an average per lactation of 443 kg protein concentrate and 651 kg compound feed was fed by a concentrate dispenser according to the requirements of each cow. The PF herd comprised 14 Swiss Fleckvieh (SF) and 14 BS cows, which were kept in a free-stall barn throughout the winter; barn-ventilated hay was offeredad libitumduring the lactation period. This herd was allocated 15·7 ha of AL. After calving in spring, the PF cows grazed on semi-continuous pastures; they consumed an average of 285 kg of concentrate per lactation. The IF cows of the BS breed produced significantly more energy-corrected milk (ECM) per standard lactation compared with PF cows (8750v.5610 kg), more milk fat (350v.213 kg) and more milk protein (306v.203 kg). However, the milk of PF cows had higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1·9v.0·6 g/100 g fat) andω−3 fatty acids (1·7v.0·9 g/100 g fat) than the milk of the IF cows. The calving interval (378v.405 days) and the empty time (87v.118 days) of the BS breed were significantly shorter in the PF in comparison with that of the IF production system. The IF herd yielded significantly higher ECM/ha AL and year (12 716v.10 307 kg), and showed a higher feed efficiency (1·3v.1·1 kg ECM/kg of total dry matter intake (DMI)). The productivity per hour was roughly similar in the two systems (IF: 76v.PF: 73 kg milk/h). The PF system resulted in higher labour income compared with the IF system (20·7v.13·4 €/h), but the difference was not significant. In conclusion, land productivity and efficiency were higher with the IF herd than the PF herd due to the higher energy intake per kg feed. However, within the given conditions, the more interesting case, economically, might be the reduced costs and improved milk quality of the PF system rather than the increased milk yield of the IF cows.
Estimating enteric methane emissions from Chilean beef fattening systems using a mechanistic model
Authors: ARIAS R. A. , CATRILEO A. , LARRAÍN R. , VERA R. , VELÁSQUEZ A. , TONEATTI M. , FRANCE J. , DIJKSTRA J. , KEBREAB E.
Published: April 2014

A mechanistic model (COWPOLL) was used to estimate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from beef production systems in Chile. The results expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) were compared with enteric fermentation data reported in the last Chilean greenhouse gases inventory, which utilized an earlier the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 approach. The simulation analysis was based on information from feedstuffs, dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of steers raised and finished at two research facilities located in Central and Southern Chile, as well as three simulated scenarios for grass-based finishing systems in Southern Chile. Data for feedlot production systems in the central region were assessed by considering steers fed a forage : concentrate ratio of 23 : 77 using maize silage and wheat straw as roughage sources during the stages of backgrounding and fattening. Average DMI were 7·3±0·62 and 9·2±0·55 kg/day per steer for backgrounding and fattening, respectively, whereas ADG were 1·1±0·22 and 1·3±0·37 kg/day for backgrounding and fattening. For the Southern Chilean fattening production systems, the forage : concentrate ratio was 56 : 44 with ryegrass pasture as the sole forage source. In this case, average DMI was 9·97±0·51 and ADG was 1·1±0·24 kg/day per steer. Two of the grass-based scenarios used the same initial BW information as that used for the Central and Southern Chilean systems, but feedlot diets were replaced by ryegrass pasture. The third grass-based scenario used an initial BW of 390 kg. In all the grass-based scenarios an ADG of 0·90 kg/day, with maximum DMI estimated as a proportion of BW (0·01 of NDF, kg/kg BW), was assumed. The results of the simulation analysis showed that emission factors (Ym; fraction of GEI) ranged from 0·062 to 0·079 of GEI. Smaller values were associated with finishing systems that included a lower proportion of forage in the diet due to higher propionate production, which serves as a sink for hydrogen in the rumen. Cattle finished in feedlot systems had an average of 0·062 of GEI lost as CH4, whereas grass-based cattle had losses of 0·079 of GEI. Enteric CH4 emissions for the systems using grass-based and concentrate diets were 261 and 159 g/kg weight gain, respectively. The Chilean CH4 inventory employs a fixed Ym of 0·060 to estimate enteric fermentation for all cattle. This value is lower than the average Ym obtained in the current simulation analysis (0·071 of GEI), which results in underestimation of enteric CH4 emissions from beef cattle. However, these results need to be checked against field measurements of CH4 emissions. Implementation of mechanistic models in the preparation of national greenhouse gas inventories is feasible if appropriate information is provided, allowing dietary characteristics and regional particularities to be taken into consideration.
Causes and consequences of anterior pharyngeal pouch after total laryngectomy
Authors: Anderson S , Hogan D , Panizza B
Published: April 2014

Objectives:

To assess the frequency of anterior pharyngeal pouch formation after total laryngectomy, and to discuss the causes and consequences of anterior pharyngeal pouch formation.

Study design:

A prospective, observational study of 43 patients undergoing total laryngectomy.

Methods:

Data collected included laryngeal defect closure type, tumour staging and demographic information. A barium swallow was performed on day 7–14 after surgery to assess for anterior pharyngeal pouch formation and fistula formation.

Results:

The incidence of anterior pharyngeal pouch formation was 47 per cent. Patients who did not have an anterior pharyngeal pouch on swallow imaging assessment were less likely to develop a pharyngo-cutaneous fistula. There was no statistically significant association between laryngeal defect closure type and anterior pharyngeal pouch formation.

Conclusion:

The anterior pharyngeal pouch is a dynamic phenomenon best investigated with a fluoroscopic swallow imaging study. Its causes are multi-factorial. Absence of an anterior pharyngeal pouch appears to confer protection against pharyngo-cutaneous fistula formation, hastening commencement of adjuvant therapy and an oral diet.
Shells of Patella aspera as ‘islands’ for epibionts
Authors: Martins Gustavo M. , Faria João , Furtado Miguel , Neto Ana I.
Published: April 2014

In this study we examined the epibiont assemblage on shells of the living limpet Patella aspera. Limpets were collected at two sites at each of the nine islands of the Azores, totalling 707 individuals examined. Shells were measured and all the epibiota identified to the lowest taxonomic resolution possible. 190 taxa were recorded, of which 97% were algae, including 17 new records for the Azores. Only five shells were devoid of fouling organisms. The assemblage was dominated by a few algal taxa, whereas the majority of species occurred on less than 10% of the shells. A significant and positive relationship was generally found between basibiont size (shell length) and epibiota richness. The strength (slope) of the relationship, however, varied between islands and sites. These results suggest that a range of processes operating at multiple spatial scales influenced epibiont assemblages. Many features identified in these assemblages resemble, in many ways, those examined in island biogeography, suggesting that basibionts may be considered as ‘islands’ and may provide a suitable model system to test ecological hypotheses about ecosystems that are not so amenable to experimentation.
The intertwining of second couplehood and old age
Authors: KOREN CHAYA
Published: April 2014

Second couplehood in old age is a growing phenomenon alongside increases in life expectancy. Lately, a shift has occurred in that individual diversity of ageing is perceived to depend on the physical and social contexts in which older persons experience change. Thus, the purpose of the study on which this paper reports was to examine second couplehood in the context of old age and old age in the context of second couplehood using an existential-phenomenological theoretical orientation. Twenty couples were recruited using criterion-sampling: men aged 65+ and women aged 60+, with children and grandchildren from a lifelong marriage that had ended in widowhood or divorce, living in second couplehood – married or not – in separate houses or co-habitating. Forty individual semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed according to phenomenological tradition. Five sub-themes emerged, demonstrating couplehood and old age intertwining: (a) enjoying life while still possible; (b) living with health-related issues; (c) relationships with adult children: autonomy versus dependency; (d) loneliness: living as a couple is better than living alone; (e) self-image: feeling young–feeling old. Findings support the existence of positive and negative aspects of old age. Our discussion suggests the need to replace perceptions of old age as either a negative burden or a positive asset towards a period of balancing between gains and losses. Furthermore, we acknowledge the role of second couplehood in older peoples’ wellbeing on the personal–micro level through love, the familial–mezzo level through care-giving and the social–macro level by reducing prejudice.
Motivic cohesion and parsimony in three songs from Gentle Giant's Acquiring the Taste (1971)
Authors: Lundberg Mattias
Published: April 2014

In addition to a hierarchy of harmony and fundamental pitch, large-scale modal or tonal music generally needs to generate considerable portions of its substance from a limited number of melodic ideas in order to be readily comprehended as musical form. In Western musical tradition this has typically been achieved by means of motivic development. A distinctive trait in the mainstream of popular music in the 1960s and 1970s, on the other hand, is the predominance of clearly demarcated phrase-bound structures, where either no smaller unit than the phrase could be perceived, or where the smaller units (as in the case of riffs and ostinato figures) have functions that are subservient or complementary to the phrase-structure. Some genuine exceptions from this otherwise highly dominant tendency can be identified in the music from the so-called progressive rock movement in the early 1970s. This article investigates the case of the British group Gentle Giant (active 1970–1980). A motivic analysis of three songs from the album Acquiring the Taste (1971) elucidates how a small set of motives could be used in concatenations to unify larger and more dynamic song structures than what is possible in non-reducible phrase-bound forms.
Cheer up emo kid: rethinking the ‘crisis of masculinity’ in emo
Authors: de Boise Sam
Published: April 2014

‘Emo’, an abbreviation of the word ‘emotional’, is a term both used to describe music which places public emphasis on introspective displays of emotion and a pejorative phrase applied to fans of a diverse range of music. It is overwhelmingly male-dominated in terms of production and it has been suggested that the development of emo can be explained with reference to a ‘crisis in masculinity’. This implies that explicit, male emotional expression is historically incompatible with the performance of Western ‘masculinity’. This article first briefly explores how emo emerged and how it has been linked to the idea of a crisis. It then moves on to conduct a lyrical, discursive analysis around three themes: emotional expression and relationships; overt chauvinism; and ‘beta male misogyny’. Through these concepts I suggest that, rather than indicating a crisis or ‘softening’ of masculinity, there are actually a number of historical continuities with masculinities as a means of sustaining gendered inequalities.
The development of discourse referencing in Cantonese of deaf/hard-of-hearing children
Authors: SZE FELIX , TANG GLADYS , LAU TAMMY , LAM EMILY , YIU CHRIS
Published: April 2014

This paper investigates the development of discourse referencing in spoken Cantonese of fifteen deaf/hard-of-hearing children studying in a sign bilingual and co-enrolment education programme in a mainstream setting in Hong Kong. A comparison of their elicited narratives with those of the hearing children and adults shows that, despite a delay in acquiring the grammatical markings for (in)definiteness in Cantonese, these d/hh children show sensitivity towards the referential properties of different types of nominal expressions and their corresponding mappings with discourse functions. Specifically, they produced more bare nouns across all discourse contexts but fewer existential constructions, pronouns, demonstratives, and classifier-related constructions. Their choice of nominal expressions and the observed errors show striking similarities to the productions by the younger hearing children in this study, suggesting that the d/hh children's route of development of discourse referencing is likely to be similar to that of hearing children despite a slower rate of development.
William Dampier: Navigator Extraordinary
Authors: Kemp John
Published: April 2014

This paper looks at the navigational challenges faced by William Dampier when, as Captain of the Royal Navy ship Roebuck, in 1699, he approached, and then found his way along the coast of Western Australia (at that time known as New Holland). A discussion of the methods and instruments available to Dampier is followed by consideration of how, and with what success, he went about his task. Dampier's own account of the voyage was included in his book A Voyage to New Holland (Dampier, 1703) although this is likely to have been heavily edited, and perhaps even rewritten by a “man of letters” to make it more attractive to the general public. For this reason and, bearing in mind that autobiographical work may contain omissions or otherwise be slanted to show the writer in his best light, the navigational information in his book has been cross-checked with the Roebuck's original Master's Log, held by the UK National Archives at Kew (Documents ADM 52/94). Jacob Hughes was the ship's Master, but the Log entries were written in at least two hands.
Ecological history of Lachlan Nature Reserve, Centennial Park, Sydney, Australia: a palaeoecological approach to conservation
Authors: HAMILTON REBECCA , PENNY DAN
Published: April 2014

Reconstructing the environmental history of protected areas permits an empirically-based assessment of the conservation values ascribed to these sites. Ideally, this long-term view can contribute to evidence-based management policy that is both ecologically ‘realistic’ and pragmatically feasible. Lachlan Nature Reserve, a protected wetland in Centennial Park, Sydney, is claimed to be the final remnant of early and pre-European swamplands that were once extensive in the area, and the site is thus considered to have indigenous cultural and natural conservation significance. This study uses palynological techniques to reconstruct vegetation communities at the Reserve from the late Holocene to the present in order to assess whether these values adequately reflect the history, character and development of the site. The findings indicate that the modern site flora is a modified Melaleuca quinquenervia low forest assemblage formed in response to aggregated anthropogenic disturbance since colonial settlement. This assemblage replaces an Epacris-dominated heath-swampland community that was extirpated in the mid-20th century. These results emphasize the value of long-term studies in contributing to a realistic management policy that explicitly reflects the normative basis of conservation, and values the influence of past land-uses on contemporary protected ecosystems.
Effects of the SAFE Children preventive intervention on developmental trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
Authors: Fowler Patrick J. , Henry David B. , Schoeny Michael , Gorman-Smith Deborah , Tolan Patrick H.
Published: April 2014

This study examined whether a family-based preventive intervention for inner-city children entering the first grade could alter the developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Participants were 424 families randomly selected and randomly assigned to a control condition (n = 192) or Schools and Families Educating Children (SAFE) Children (n = 232). SAFE Children combined family-focused prevention with academic tutoring to address multiple developmental–ecological needs. A booster intervention provided in the 4th grade to randomly assigned children in the initial intervention (n =101) evaluated the potential of increasing preventive effects. Follow-up occurred over 5 years with parents and teachers reporting on attention problems. Growth mixture models identified multiple developmental trajectories of ADHD symptoms. The initial phase of intervention placed children on more positive developmental trajectories for impulsivity and hyperactivity, demonstrating the potential for ADHD prevention in at-risk youth, but the SAFE Children booster had no additional effect on trajectory or change in ADHD indicators.
Impulsivity, risk taking, and cortisol reactivity as a function of psychosocial stress and personality in adolescents
Authors: Finy M. Sima , Bresin Konrad , Korol Donna L. , Verona Edelyn
Published: April 2014

Although adolescence is characterized by hormonal changes and increased disinhibited behaviors, explanations for these developmental changes that include personality and environmental factors have not been fully elucidated. We examined the interactions between psychosocial stress and the traits of negative emotionality and constraint on impulsive and risk-taking behaviors as well as salivary cortisol reactivity in 88 adolescents. In terms of behavioral outcomes, analyses revealed that negative emotionality and constraint were protective of impulsivity and risk taking, respectively, for adolescents in the no-stress condition; personality did not relate to either behavior in the stress condition. Low-constraint adolescents in the stress condition engaged in less risk taking than low-constraint adolescents in the no-stress condition, whereas there was no effect of stress group for high-constraint adolescents. In terms of cortisol reactivity, analyses revealed that low-constraint adolescents in the stress condition exhibited greater cortisol reactivity compared to high-constraint adolescents, which suggests that low-constraint adolescents mobilize greater resources (e.g., increased cognitive control, heightened attention to threat) in stressful situations relative to nonstressful ones. These results demonstrate that two facets of disinhibition and cortisol reactivity are differentially affected by psychosocial stress and personality (and their interactions) in adolescents.
Counting Independent Sets in Hypergraphs
Authors: COOPER JEFF , DUTTA KUNAL , MUBAYI DHRUV
Published: April 2014

Let G be a triangle-free graph with n vertices and average degree t. We show that G contains at least
${\exp\biggl({1-n^{-1/12})\frac{1}{2}\frac{n}{t}\ln t} \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\ln t-1\biggr)\biggr)}$
independent sets. This improves a recent result of the first and third authors [8]. In particular, it implies that as n → ∞, every triangle-free graph on n vertices has at least ${e^{(c_1-o(1)) \sqrt{n} \ln n}}$ independent sets, where $c_1 = \sqrt{\ln 2}/4 = 0.208138 \ldots$. Further, we show that for all n, there exists a triangle-free graph with n vertices which has at most ${e^{(c_2+o(1))\sqrt{n}\ln n}}$ independent sets, where $c_2 = 2\sqrt{\ln 2} = 1.665109 \ldots$. This disproves a conjecture from [8].

Let H be a (k+1)-uniform linear hypergraph with n vertices and average degree t. We also show that there exists a constant ck such that the number of independent sets in H is at least
${\exp\biggl({c_{k} \frac{n}{t^{1/k}}\ln^{1+1/k}{t}\biggr})}.$
This is tight apart from the constant ck and generalizes a result of Duke, Lefmann and Rödl [9], which guarantees the existence of an independent set of size
$\Omega\biggl(\frac{n}{t^{1/k}} \ln^{1/k}t\biggr).$
Both of our lower bounds follow from a more general statement, which applies to hereditary properties of hypergraphs.
Genetic structure and diversity ofTriticum monococcumssp.aegilopoidesandT. urartuin Iran
Authors: Nasernakhaei Fatemeh , Rahiminejad Mohammad Reza , Saeidi Hojjatollah , Tavassoli Manoochehr
Published: April 2014

To preliminarily evaluate the genetic diversity of the Iranian diploidTriticumL. gene pool, in this study, a total of 176 individuals belonging toT. monococcumL. ssp.aegilopoides(Link) Thell. andT. urartuThum. ex Gandil. were pre-screened using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of theAcc-1andPgk-1loci. A selected set of 76 DNA samples corresponding to the observed SSCP variants were sequenced for both loci and evaluated for nucleotide diversity associated with the taxonomic groups and geographical regions. We found three haplotypes, including one that was new for Iran, at each locus. Population structure and analysis of molecular variation results proved that the collection evaluated could be genetically divided into two distinct groups, which to a great extent was in accordance with the taxonomic classification. A genetic leakage fromT. monococcumssp.aegilopoidesintoT. urartuwas observed during structure analysis, which was inferred on the basis of occasional outcrossing, despite their inbreeding nature. The results revealed that there was no variation within the populations belonging toT. urartu, while a meaningful variation was found between the geographical regions forT. monococcumssp.aegilopoides. The median-joining networks revealed a conflict between morphology and haplotype variation, which was interpreted on the basis of introgressive hybridization, recombination signature and rapid speciation. In conclusion, we suggest that SSCP analysis is a useful tool in regions where thorough sequencing of an enormous number of DNA samples is time consuming and not affordable.
Complying with Complementarity? The Cambodian Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors: MEISENBERG Simon M.
Published: April 2014

Learning from past atrocities, Cambodia has taken positive steps to ensure that future international crimes may be adequately prosecuted through its ratification of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002. However, an effective accountability mechanism and deterrence for any future crimes requires more than simply joining the ICC. There is a growing consensus that Member States should adopt the ICC crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes as part of their domestic law, as the absence of legislation may result in an inability to prosecute under the principle of complementarity. Cambodia has followed this trend and enacted implementing legislation into its new 2009 Cambodian Criminal Code (CCC). Scrutinizing the enacted international crimes provisions in the CCC, it becomes apparent that some modifications and reform to the current Cambodian criminal statutes are necessary in order to comply with the complementarity principle in the ICC Statute.
Mindful Attention and Awareness: Relationships with Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Gregório Sónia , Pinto-Gouveia José
Published: April 2014

The growing interest in mindfulness from the scientific community has originated several self-report measures of this psychological construct. The Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a self-report measure of mindfulness at a trait-level. This paper aims at exploring MAAS psychometric characteristics and validating it for the Portuguese population. The first two studies replicate some of the original author’s statistical procedures in two different samples from the Portuguese general community population, in particular confirmatory factor analyses. Results from both analyses confirmed the scale single-factor structure and indicated a very good reliability. Moreover, cross-validation statistics showed that this single-factor structure is valid for different respondents from the general community population. In the third study the Portuguese version of the MAAS was found to have good convergent and discriminant validities. Overall the findings support the psychometric validity of the Portuguese version of MAAS and suggest this is a reliable self-report measure of trait-mindfulness, a central construct in Clinical Psychology research and intervention fields.
Persönlichkeitsentwicklung als schulisches Erziehungsziel jenseits kognitiver Kompetenzen
Authors: Hofer Manfred
Published: April 2014

Allgemein formulierte nicht-kognitive Erziehungsziele sind ethisch bedenklich, weil sie kaum operationalisiert sind und weil keine Wege aufgewiesen werden, wie sie zu erreichen sind. Um der einseitigen Festlegung auf kognitive Bildungsziele entgegenzuwirken, wird in diesem theoretischen Beitrag vorgeschlagen, Persönlichkeitsentwicklung als Erziehungsziel daran zu messen, wie gut Lernende in der Bearbeitung ihrer altersspezifischen Entwicklungsaufgaben vorankommen und inwieweit sie angeben, nicht zu viel und nicht zu wenig Zeit auf die verschiedenen Aufgabenbereiche zu verwenden. Als ein Erfolgsindikator werden Angaben der Lernenden über die gegenwärtige Bewältigung und den gewünschten Zeitpunkt der Bewältigung von Entwicklungsaufgaben angesehen. Ein weiterer Indikator sind Angaben darüber, ob Lernende ihre Zeit angemessen auf die Bearbeitung der Aufgaben verteilen. Beide Indikatoren können mit ausreichender Zuverlässigkeit gemessen werden. Erziehungserfolg wird am Fortschritt in der Bewältigung von Entwicklungsaufgaben bei gleichbleibend ausgeglichener Zeitbalance festgemacht. Anhand der Heuristik werden Vorschläge darüber gemacht, wie schulische Akteure zu einer erfolgreichen Persönlichkeitsentwicklung beitragen können.
Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells
Authors: Failla Mark L. , Chitchumronchokchai Chureeporn , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Goltz Shellen R. , Campbell Wayne W.
Published: April 2014

Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from foods is determined by the efficiency of transfer from food/meal to mixed micelles during digestion, incorporation into chylomicrons for trans-epithelial transport to lymphatic/blood system, and distribution to target tissues.
Role of membrane disturbance and oxidative stress in the mode of action underlying the toxicity of differently charged polystyrene nanoparticles
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sourav , Ershov Dmitry , Islam Mohammed A. , Kämpfer Angela M. , Maslowska Katarzyna A. , van der Gucht Jasper , Alink Gerrit M. , Marcelis Antonius T. M. , Zuilhof Han , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M.
Published: April 2014

Positively charged polystyrene nanoparticles show are cytotoxic, induce oxidative stress and create holes/pores in cell membranes.
Luminescent magnetic hollow mesoporous silica nanotheranostics for camptothecin delivery and multimodal imaging
Authors: Sahu Swagatika , Sinha Niharika , Bhutia Sujit K. , Majhi Megharay , Mohapatra Sasmita
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of a novel and specific nanoplatform for anticancer drug delivery, fluorescence imaging and contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging has been described.
Dual-functionalized mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanospheres for improved CO2 separation membranes
Authors: Roh Dong Kyu , Kim Sang Jin , Chi Won Seok , Kim Jin Kyu , Kim Jong Hak
Published: April 2014

Simultaneous improvement in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity was obtained from mixed matrix membranes consisting of graft copolymer and dual-functionalized mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanospheres (f-MTHSs).
Ionic liquid functionalized Janus nanosheets
Authors: Ji Xuyang , Zhang Qian , Liang Fuxin , Chen Qinan , Qu Xiaozhong , Zhang Chengliang , Wang Qian , Li Jiaoli , Song Ximing , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: April 2014

Ionic liquid functionalized Janus nanosheets are synthesized by selective treatment of the imidazolin terminated side of Janus nanosheets while the other side is preserved.
Dynamic kinetic resolution of dehydrocoronamic acid
Authors: Chaplin David A. , Fox Martin E. , Kroll Sebastian H. B.
Published: April 2014

A dynamic kinetic resolution is described employing enzymatic reaction of a readily racemised azlactone with an alcohol which can provide either enantiomer of dehydrocoronamic acid.
Biotin-conjugated N-methylisatoic anhydride: a chemical tool for nucleic acid separation by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation of RNA
Authors: Ursuegui S. , Chivot N. , Moutin S. , Burr A. , Fossey C. , Cailly T. , Laayoun A. , Fabis F. , Laurent A.
Published: April 2014

An isatoic anhydride derivative, bearing a biotin and a disulfide linker, was specifically designed for separation of nucleic acids by a selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation of RNA.
Solvothermal synthesis of Co3O4/Al2O3 hollow core–shell microspheres for the catalytic oxidation of CO
Authors: Zhang Liangmiao , Liu Taiang , Zhao Xin , Qian Na , Xiong Pan , Ma Wenjing , Lu Wencong , Gao Yanfeng , Luo Hongjie
Published: April 2014

Co3O4/Al2O3 hollow core–shell microspheres, which exhibit a large surface area, a mesoporous structure and an excellent CO catalytic performance, have been synthesized by a solvothermal process.
Self-assembly and secondary nucleation in ZnO nanostructures derived from a lipophilic precursor
Authors: Chiu Wee Siong , Yaghoubi Alireza , Chia Mei Yuen , Khanis Noor Hamizah , Rahman Saadah A. , Khiew Poi Sim , Chueh Yu-Lun
Published: April 2014

Crystal growth and self-assembly in iono-covalent nanomaterials can be directed via lipophilic interactions between a variety of metal soaps and amphiphilic lipids.
A new interpretation of SAXS peaks in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) membranes for fuel cells
Authors: Mendil-Jakani H. , Zamanillo Lopez I. , Legrand P. M. , Mareau V. H. , Gonon L.
Published: April 2014

SAXS of sPEEK membranes for fuel cells: from a new peaks attribution to the identification of the membrane nanostructuration process.
A tutorial for understanding chemical reactivity through the valence bond approach
Authors: Usharani Dandamudi , Lai Wenzhen , Li Chunsen , Chen Hui , Danovich David , Shaik Sason
Published: April 2014

This tutorial teaches the interested how to comprehend and predict reactivity patterns in a variety of reaction types.
Acetalization of aldehydes and ketones over H4[SiW12O40] and H4[SiW12O40]/SiO2
Authors: Zhao Shen , Jia Yueqing , Song Yu-Fei
Published: April 2014

A Keggin cluster of H4[SiW12O40] (H-SiW12) has been developed to catalyze the acetalization of aldehydes and ketones under solvent-free conditions, and could be recycled at least ten times without an obvious decrease in catalytic activity.
Novel cobalt zinc oxide Fischer–Tropsch catalysts synthesised using supercritical anti-solvent precipitation
Authors: Marin Raimon P. , Kondrat Simon A. , Davies Thomas E. , Morgan David J. , Enache Dan I. , Combes Gary B. , Taylor Stuart H. , Bartley Jonathan K. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: April 2014

Cobalt zinc oxide catalysts have been prepared by anti-solvent precipitation in supercritical CO2 and investigated for CO hydrogenation.
Ba2B10O17: a new centrosymmetric alkaline-earth metal borate with a deep-UV cut-off edge
Authors: Liu Lili , Su Xin , Yang Yun , Pan Shilie , Dong Xiaoyu , Han Shujuan , Zhang Min , Kang Jing , Yang Zhihua
Published: April 2014

Ba2B10O17, a new barium borate, with a band-gap of 5.97 eV, possesses a wide transmission range from 180 to 3000 nm.
Predominance of covalency in water-vapor-responsive MMX-type chain complexes revealed by 129I Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Iguchi Hiroaki , Kitao Shinji , Seto Makoto , Takaishi Shinya , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: April 2014

129I Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied to water-vapor-responsive MMX-type quasi-one-dimensional iodide-bridged Pt complexes (MMX chains) in order to investigate their electronic state quantitatively.
The colloidal nanocrystal deposition process: an advanced method to prepare high performance hematite photoanodes for water splitting
Authors: Gonçalves Ricardo H. , Leite Edson R.
Published: April 2014

The association of colloidal deposition of magnetorheological fluid in the presence of an external magnetic field with a sintering process facilitates the attainment of hematite photoanodes with high performance for water splitting.
A 3D scaffold for ultra-sensitive reduced graphene oxide gas sensors
Authors: Yun Yong Ju , Hong Won G. , Choi Nak-Jin , Park Hyung Ju , Moon Seung Eon , Kim Byung Hoon , Song Ki-Bong , Jun Yongseok , Lee Hyung-Kun
Published: April 2014

Ultra-sensitive RGO gas sensors with a facile preparation method are presented. The gas sensor composed of RGO nanofibers showed excellent sensitivity to NO2gas.
Acetal-initiated Prins bicyclization for the synthesis of hexahydrofuro-[3,4-c]furan lignans and octahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran derivatives
Authors: Subba Reddy B. V. , Ramana Reddy M. , Sridhar B. , Singarapu Kiran Kumar
Published: April 2014

The stereoselective synthesis of hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan lignans and octahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran derivatives is reported through a Prins bicyclization.
Reaction mechanism and synergistic anticorrosion property of reactive blends of maleimide-containing benzoxazine and amine-capped aniline trimer
Authors: Lin Shin-Chen , Wu Chuan-Shao , Yeh Jui-Ming , Liu Ying-Ling
Published: April 2014

Reaction mechanism and synergistic effect on anticorrosion for reactive blends of a maleimide-containing benzoxazine and aniline trimer have been explored.
Biocompatible and thermo-responsive nanocapsule synthesis through vesicle templating
Authors: Aguirre Garbiñe , Ramos Jose , Heuts Johan P. A. , Forcada Jacqueline
Published: April 2014

Thermo-responsive and biocompatible cross-linked nanocapsules were synthesized through dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB) vesicle templating. Due to their properties, they can be considered as promising nanocarriers in controlled drug delivery.
Solvothermal synthesis of mesoporous manganese oxide with enhanced catalytic activity for veratryl alcohol oxidation
Authors: Jha Ajay , Chandole Tejansh , Pandya Rajan , Roh Hyun-Seog , Rode Chandrashekhar V.
Published: April 2014

Solvothermally prepared Mn3O4 showed excellent performance for veratryl alcohol oxidation to veratraldehyde due to formation of monoclinic and hausmannite phases.
Polarizability series of aqueous polyatomic anions revealed by femtosecond Kerr effect spectroscopy
Authors: Hou Mengqi , Lu Rong , Yu Anchi
Published: April 2014

Femtosecond OHD-RIKES measurements show that the hyperpolarizability series of aqueous polyatomic anions increases in the following sequence HPO42− < HSO4− < CO32− < AC− < NO3− < SCN−.
Thermally-derived liquid phase involving multiphase Cu(In,Ga)Se2 nanoparticles for solution-processed inorganic photovoltaic devices
Authors: Seo Yeong-Hui , Jo Yejin , Choi Youngmin , Yoon KyungHoon , Ryu Beyong-Hwan , Ahn SeJin , Jeong Sunho
Published: April 2014

Multiphase Cu(In,Ga)Se2 nanoparticles containing low-melting-point phases are synthesized by a microwave-assisted solvothermal method and undergo liquid-phase densification by triggering a thermally-derived phase transformation at elevated selenization temperatures.
Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of Fe3+/Ti3+ co-doped TiO2 nanostructures
Authors: Chen Bo , Haring Andrew J. , Beach Jeremy A. , Li Menghui , Doucette Grayson S. , Morris Amanda J. , Moore Robert B. , Priya Shashank
Published: April 2014

Black TiO2 nanostructures co-doped with Fe3+ and Ti3+ were synthesized by annealing Fe-deposited TiO2 nanotubes under vacuum.
Breakdown of lignins, lignin model compounds, and hydroxy-aromatics, to C1 and C2 chemicals via metal-free oxidation with peroxide or persulfate under mild conditions
Authors: Wu Adam , Lauzon Jean Michel , Andriani Indah , James Brian R.
Published: April 2014

The aromatic components of lignin model compounds and lignins are degraded in basic, aqueous solutions using H2O2or K2S2O8, even at ambient temperatures, to mainly MeOH, formate, carbonate, and oxalate.
Effect of carbon type on the performance of a direct or hybrid carbon solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Kaklidis N. , Kyriakou V. , Garagounis I. , Arenillas A. , Menéndez J. A. , Marnellos G. E. , Konsolakis M.
Published: April 2014

The impact of carbon type on DCFC performance is explored; the optimum performance is obtained with biomass-derived pine charcoal.