bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliciting Metaphor through Clean Language: An Innovation in Qualitative Research
Authors: Tosey Paul , Lawley James , Meese Rupert
Published: January 2014

This paper shows how an innovative method of questioning called Clean Language can enhance the authenticity and rigour of interview‐based qualitative research. We investigate the specific potential of Clean Language as a method for eliciting naturally occurring metaphors in order to provide in‐depth understanding of a person's symbolic world; despite substantial interest in metaphors in the field of organizational and management research there is a lack of explicit, systematic methods for eliciting naturally occurring metaphors. We also demonstrate how Clean Language can improve qualitative research more widely by addressing the propensity for researchers inadvertently to introduce extraneous metaphors into an interviewee's account at both data collection and interpretation stages. Data are presented from a collaborative academic–practitioner project in which Clean Language was used as a method of interviewing to elicit the metaphors of six mid‐career managers, relating to the way they experienced work–life balance. The first contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of Clean Language for eliciting naturally occurring metaphors in order to provide in‐depth understanding of a person's symbolic world. The second contribution is to show how Clean Language can enhance the rigour and authenticity of interview‐based qualitative research more widely.
Does Inter-Group Deliberation Foster Inter-Group Appreciation? Evidence from Two Experiments in Belgium
Authors: Caluwaerts Didier , Reuchamps Min
Published: January 2014

Deliberative democrats assume that political deliberation is capable of transforming citizens' opinions and attitudes. This article takes this assumption as a starting point and tries to test it empirically by determining whether deliberation in an inter-group setting induces more positive out-group attitudes. Based on data from two deliberative experiments in Belgium, we argue that the overall effect of deliberative quality on attitude change is limited. The most important determinant of changes in out-group attitudes is the group composition. Citizens who are confronted with the out-group are more likely to hold more positive out-group attitudes afterwards.
Taste clusters of music and drugs: evidence from three analytic levels
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Uggen Christopher , Lageson Sarah
Published: January 2014

This article examines taste clusters of musical preferences and substance use among adolescents and young adults. Three analytic levels are considered: fixed effects analyses of aggregate listening patterns and substance use in US radio markets, logistic regressions of individual genre preferences and drug use from a nationally representative survey of US youth, and arrest and seizure data from a large American concert venue. A consistent picture emerges from all three levels: rock music is positively associated with substance use, with some substance‐specific variability across rock sub‐genres. Hip hop music is also associated with higher use, while pop and religious music are associated with lower use. These results are robust to fixed effects models that account for changes over time in radio markets, a comprehensive battery of controls in the individual‐level survey, and concert data establishing the co‐occurrence of substance use and music listening in the same place and time. The results affirm a rich tradition of qualitative and experimental studies, demonstrating how symbolic boundaries are simultaneously drawn around music and drugs.
Statistical models to predict type 2 diabetes remission after bariatric surgery 预测2型糖尿病患者减肥手术后缓解情况的统计学模型
Authors: Ramos‐Levi Ana M. , Matia Pilar , Cabrerizo Lucio , Barabash Ana , Sanchez‐Pernaute Andres , Calle‐Pascual Alfonso L. , Torres Antonio J. , Rubio Miguel A.
Published: January 2014

Background

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission may be achieved after bariatric surgery (BS), but rates vary according to patients' baseline characteristics. The present study evaluates the relevance of several preoperative factors and develops statistical models to predict T2D remission 1 year after BS.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 141 patients (57.4% women), with a preoperative diagnosis of T2D, who underwent BS in a single center (2006–2011). Anthropometric and glucose metabolism parameters before surgery and at 1‐year follow‐up were recorded. Remission of T2D was defined according to consensus criteria: HbA1c <6%, fasting glucose (FG) <100 mg/dL, absence of pharmacologic treatment. The influence of several preoperative factors was explored and different statistical models to predict T2D remission were elaborated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Three preoperative characteristics considered individually were identified as the most powerful predictors of T2D remission: C‐peptide (R2 = 0.249; odds ratio [OR] 1.652, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.181–2.309; P = 0.003), T2D duration (R2 = 0.197; OR 0.869, 95% CI 0.808–0.935; P < 0.001), and previous insulin therapy (R2 = 0.165; OR 4.670, 95% CI 2.257–9.665; P < 0.001). High C‐peptide levels, a shorter duration of T2D, and the absence of insulin therapy favored remission. Different multivariate logistic regression models were designed. When considering sex, T2D duration, and insulin treatment, remission was correctly predicted in 72.4% of cases. The model that included age, FG and C‐peptide levels resulted in 83.7% correct classifications. When sex, FG, C‐peptide, insulin treatment, and percentage weight loss were considered, correct classification of T2D remission was achieved in 95.9% of cases.

Conclusion

Preoperative characteristics determine T2D remission rates after BS to different extents. The use of statistical models may help clinicians reliably predict T2D remission rates after BS.
Variations in CCR5, but not HFE, ELMO1, or SLC12A3, are associated with susceptibility to kidney disease in north Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes CCR5变异而不是HFE、ELMO1或者SLC12A3变异与印度北部的2型糖尿病患者的肾病易感性相关
Authors: Yadav Ashok K. , Kumar Vinod , Dutta Pinaki , Bhansali Anil , Jha Vivekanand
Published: January 2014

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end‐stage renal disease worldwide, may have a genetic component. In the present study, we investigated variations in a set of genes with susceptibility to DN in a north Indian population.

Methods

Four genes (HFE, ELMO1, SLC12A3, and CCR5) were selected on the basis of reported association with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. In all, 417 diabetic subjects (215 without kidney disease [DM] and 202 with DN) and 197 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for variations in HFE (845 G>A and 187G>C), SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A), CCR5 (59029A>G), and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A). Polymorphism analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and Taqman allele discrimination assays.

Results

Significant differences were found in genotype and allelic frequency in SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A) between diabetic subjects and HC (P < 0.03). There were no differences in the SLC12A3 g.34372G>A (AA+GA) genotype between diabetic subjects with and without nephropathy. However, the CCR5 59029AA genotype and A allele were significantly more frequent in diabetics compared with the HC (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively) and subjects with DN versus DM (P = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively). For ELMO1 (+9170 G>A), the GG genotype frequency was higher in the diabetic versus HC group. There were no differences in the frequency of HFE‐845 G>A and HFE‐187G>C among the groups.

Conclusion

This study shows that the CCR5 AA genotype is over‐represented in subjects with kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes. The CCR5 59029G>A and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A) loci are more frequent, and the SLC12A3 34372 AA genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes.
Primary prevention of food allergy in children and adults: systematic review
Authors: de Silva D. , Geromi M. , Halken S. , Host A. , Panesar S. S. , Muraro A. , Werfel T. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , Roberts G. , Cardona V. , Dubois A. E. J. , Poulsen L. K. , Van Ree R. , Vlieg‐Boerstra B. , Agache I. , Grimshaw K. , O'Mahony L. , Venter C. , Arshad S. H. , Sheikh A.
Published: January 2014

Background

Food allergies can have serious physical, social, and financial consequences. This systematic review examined ways to prevent the development of food allergy in children and adults.

Methods

Seven bibliographic databases were searched from their inception to September 30, 2012, for systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, quasi‐randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before‐and‐after studies, interrupted time series studies, and prospective cohort studies. Experts were consulted for additional studies. There were no language or geographic restrictions. Two reviewers appraised the studies using appropriate tools. Data were not suitable for meta‐analysis due to heterogeneity, so were narratively synthesized.

Results

Seventy‐four studies were included, one‐third of which were of high quality. There was no good evidence to recommend that pregnant or breastfeeding women should change their diet or take supplements to prevent allergies in infants at high or normal risk. There were mixed findings about the preventive benefits of breastfeeding for infants at high or normal risk, but there was evidence to recommend avoiding cow's milk and substituting with extensively or partially hydrolyzed whey or casein formulas for infants at high risk for the first 4 months. Soy milk and delaying the introduction of solid foods beyond 4 months did not have preventive benefits in those at high or normal risk. There was very little evidence about strategies for preventing food allergy in older children or adults.

Conclusions

There is much to learn about preventing food allergy, and this is a priority given the high societal and healthcare costs involved.
Single‐dose tranexamic acid in advanced ovarian cancer surgery reduces blood loss and transfusions: double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized multicenter study
Authors: Lundin Evelyn S. , Johansson Torsten , Zachrisson Helene , Leandersson Ulf , Bäckman Fatma , Falknäs Laila , Kjølhede Preben
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine whether single‐dose tranexamic acid given intravenously immediately before surgery for presumed advanced ovarian cancer reduces perioperative blood loss and blood transfusions.

Design

A randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multicenter study.

Setting

Two university hospitals and two central hospitals in the southeast health region of Sweden.

Population

One hundred women with presumed advanced ovarian cancer scheduled for radical debulking surgery between March 2008 and May 2012 who complied with inclusion/exclusion criteria were randomized; 50 were allocated to receive tranexamic acid and 50 to receive placebo. Analysis was performed according to intention‐to‐treat principles.

Methods

The volume of tranexamic acid (15 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/mL tranexamic acid) or the same volume of placebo (0.9% NaCl) was added to a 100‐mL saline solution plastic bag. The study medication was given immediately before the start of surgery. Data were analyzed by means of non‐parametric statistics and multivariate models adjusted for confounding factors.

Main outcome measures

Blood loss and red blood cell transfusions.

Results

The total blood loss volume and transfusion rate were significantly lower in the tranexamic acid group compared with the placebo group. Median total blood loss was 520 and 730 mL, respectively (p = 0.03). Fifteen (30%) and 22 (44%), respectively received transfusions (odds ratio 0.44; upper 95% CI 0.97; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

A single dose of tranexamic acid given immediately before surgery reduces blood loss and transfusion rates significantly in advanced ovarian cancer surgery. Tranexamic acid may be recommended as standard prophylactic treatment in advanced ovarian cancer surgery.
Maternal obesity and the developmental programming of hypertension: a role for leptin
Authors: Taylor P. D. , Samuelsson A.‐M. , Poston L.
Published: January 2014

Mother–child cohort studies have established that both pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain are independently associated with cardio‐metabolic risk factors in young adult offspring, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Animal models in sheep and non‐human primates provide further evidence for the influence of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular function, whilst recent studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to the metabolic milieu of maternal obesity may permanently change the central regulatory pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Leptin plays an important role in the central control of appetite, is also involved in activation of efferent sympathetic pathways to both thermogenic and non‐thermogenic tissues, such as the kidney, and is therefore implicated in obesity‐related hypertension. Leptin is also thought to have a neurotrophic role in the development of the hypothalamus, and altered neonatal leptin profiles secondary to maternal obesity are associated with permanently altered hypothalamic structure and function. In rodent studies, maternal obesity confers persistent sympathoexcitatory hyper‐responsiveness and hypertension acquired in the early stages of development. Experimental neonatal hyperleptinaemia in naive rat pups provides further evidence of heightened sympathetic tone and proof of principle that hyperleptinaemia during a critical window of hypothalamic development may directly lead to adulthood hypertension. Insight from these animal models raises the possibility that early‐life exposure to leptin in humans may lead to early onset essential hypertension. Ongoing mother–child cohort and intervention studies in obese pregnant women provide a unique opportunity to address associations between maternal obesity and offspring cardiovascular function. The goal of the review is to highlight the potential importance of leptin in the developmental programming of hypertension in obese pregnancy.
Influence of covariate distribution on the predictive performance of pharmacokinetic models in paediatric research
Authors: Piana Chiara , Danhof Meindert , Della Pasqua Oscar
Published: January 2014

Aims

The accuracy of model‐based predictions often reported in paediatric research has not been thoroughly characterized. The aim of this exercise is therefore to evaluate the role of covariate distributions when a pharmacokinetic model is used for simulation purposes.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of a hypothetical drug were simulated in a paediatric population using a pharmacokinetic model in which body weight was correlated with clearance and volume of distribution. Two subgroups of children were then selected from the overall population according to a typical study design, in which pre‐specified body weight ranges (10–15 kg and 30–40 kg) were used as inclusion criteria. The simulated data sets were then analyzed using non‐linear mixed effects modelling. Model performance was assessed by comparing the accuracy of AUC predictions obtained for each subgroup, based on the model derived from the overall population and by extrapolation of the model parameters across subgroups.

Results

Our findings show that systemic exposure as well as pharmacokinetic parameters cannot be accurately predicted from the pharmacokinetic model obtained from a population with a different covariate range from the one explored during model building. Predictions were accurate only when a model was used for prediction in a subgroup of the initial population.

Conclusions

In contrast to current practice, the use of pharmacokinetic modelling in children should be limited to interpolations within the range of values observed during model building. Furthermore, the covariate point estimate must be kept in the model even when predictions refer to a subset different from the original population.
Lost in Translation (LiT): IUPHAR Review 6
Authors: Dollery Colin T
Published: January 2014

Translational medicine is a roller coaster with occasional brilliant successes and a large majority of failures. Lost in Translation 1 (‘LiT1’), beginning in the 1950s, was a golden era built upon earlier advances in experimental physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, with a dash of serendipity, that led to the discovery of many new drugs for serious illnesses. LiT2 saw the large‐scale industrialization of drug discovery using high‐throughput screens and assays based on affinity for the target molecule. The links between drug development and university sciences and medicine weakened, but there were still some brilliant successes. In LiT3, the coverage of translational medicine expanded from molecular biology to drug budgets, with much greater emphasis on safety and official regulation. Compared with R&D expenditure, the number of breakthrough discoveries in LiT3 was disappointing, but monoclonal antibodies for immunity and inflammation brought in a new golden era and kinase inhibitors such as imatinib were breakthroughs in cancer. The pharmaceutical industry is trying to revive the LiT1 approach by using phenotypic assays and closer links with academia. LiT4 faces a data explosion generated by the genome project, GWAS, ENCODE and the ‘omics’ that is in danger of leaving LiT4 in a computerized cloud. Industrial laboratories are filled with masses of automated machinery while the scientists sit in a separate room viewing the results on their computers. Big Data will need Big Thinking in LiT4 but with so many unmet medical needs and so many new opportunities being revealed there are high hopes that the roller coaster will ride high again.
An assessment of the cause of the ‘extension discrepancy’ with reference to the west Galicia margin
Authors: Reston T. , McDermott K.
Published: January 2014

A common observation at rifted margins is that the amount of extension measurable from faulting is too little to explain the observed crustal thinning and subsidence. This is the ‘extension discrepancy’. Several causes have been proposed, including depth‐dependent stretching (DDS) or thinning (DDT), sequential faulting, subseismic faulting and polyphase faulting. In this contribution, we explore the different possibilities, with specific reference to the west Galicia margin. If we take the observations at face value, then it seems unavoidable that the upper crust must be stretched and thinned less than the middle and lower crust, i.e. that DDS or DDT has occurred. However it is unclear where the displaced lower crust has gone as there is no inverse discrepancy. Furthermore, independent evidence against large‐scale DDT is provided by seismic velocities and by the occurrence of upper crustal, lower crustal and mantle rocks in close proximity at the deep margin. We thus reject DDT as a sole cause of the extension discrepancy, although recognize that small‐scale local DDT associated with asymmetric faulting is expected. Such small‐scale DDT is an integral part of models of sequential faulting, but these do not predict an overall extension discrepancy, so alone cannot explain one. Subseismic faulting also alone seems inadequate as it cannot explain the magnitude of the extension discrepancy observed at the deep margin. However, as subseismic faulting is a requirement of the fractal distribution of fault sizes and the limited resolution of the seismic method, it must contribute to the extension discrepancy, something that is commonly ignored. Polyphase faulting, in which the thinnest crust has been affected by more than one phase of faulting, resulting in complex and poorly imaged structural architecture, is both predicted at deep margins, and in combination with subseismic faulting, capable of explaining the extension discrepancy. We demonstrate that the west Galicia margin has undergone more than one phase of faulting, with later faults offsetting earlier ones to create complex geometries and, in combination with the expected amount of subseismic faulting, a substantial underestimate of the amount of extension.
Non‐uniform hyper‐extension in advance of seafloor spreading on the vietnam continental margin and the SW South China Sea
Authors: Li L. , Clift P. D. , Stephenson R. , Nguyen H. T.
Published: January 2014

The SW South China Sea preserves a propagating oceanic spreading centre and associated continent–ocean transition (COT) that characterizes the continental margin offshore SE Vietnam. We investigated the nature of strain accommodation in the region immediately in front of the propagating rift using a combination of 1‐ and 2‐D backstripping subsidence reconstructions, coupled with forward modelling based on the measured upper crustal extensional faulting applied to a flexural cantilever model. Major normal faulting ceases after an inversion event at ca. 16 Ma, although moderate extension was also noted at 22–23 Ma, representing the end of an extensional phase that initiated around 28 Ma. 1‐D subsidence models indicate rapid ‘syn‐rift’ subsidence, possibly lasting until 10 Ma, despite the lack of observed extensional faulting. We show that depth‐dependent extension is required to explain the great depth of the basins despite the modest observed upper crustal faulting. Brittle faulting could not have extended much deeper than 10 km, suggestive of weak crust in the presence of high heatflow. The regional topographic slope on the basement suggests very low mid‐crustal viscosities of 1019–1020 Pa.s., consistent with the idea that flow in the ductile mid and lower crust was responsible for much of the subsidence prior to, and possibly after, seafloor spreading, which extended ca. 300 km from the tip of the mid ocean ridge. Flow is inferred to be dominant towards the spreading centre prior to 16 Ma. Extension in the COT postdates seafloor spreading and further supports the idea of this crust being very weak, albeit with more coherent, less extended crustal fragments, now forming banks offshore the Sunda continental shelf and surrounded by hyperextended crust of the COT.
Constraining Cenozoic exhumation in the Faroe‐Shetland region using sonic transit time data
Authors: Tassone D. R. , Holford S. P. , Stoker M. S. , Green P. , Johnson H. , Underhill J. R. , Hillis R. R.
Published: January 2014

The Mesozoic‐Cenozoic basins located between the Faroe, Orkney and Shetland Islands along the NE Atlantic Margin are actively explored oil and gas provinces whose subsidence histories are complicated by multiple tectonic factors, including magmatism, inversion and regional‐scale uplift and tilting, that have resulted in spatially variable exhumation. These basins also exhibit nonburial related, transient Cenozoic heating anomalies that make thermal history interpretation and burial history reconstructions problematic. In this study, we have applied a compaction‐based approach, which is less susceptible to distortions from transient heating, to provide new constraints on Cenozoic burial and exhumation magnitudes in the UK sector of the Faroe‐Shetland region using sonic transit time data from Upper Cretaceous marine shales of the Shetland Group in 37 wells. As estimates of exhumation magnitude depend critically on the form of the normal sonic transit time‐depth trend, a new marine shale baseline trend was firstly constructed from shales presently at maximum burial, consistent with other marine shale baseline trends of different ages from nearby basins. Our results indicate that Upper Cretaceous marine shales are presently at or near (i.e. within ≤100 m net exhumation) maximum burial depths in the Møre and Magnus basins in the northeast of the study area as well as in the deeper water Faroe‐Shetland Basin (i.e. Flett and Foula sub‐basins). However, Upper Cretaceous strata penetrated by wells in the southwest have been more deeply buried, with the difference between maximum burial depth and present‐day values (net exhumation) increasing from ca. 200 to 350 m along the central and northeastern parts of the Rona High to ca. 400–1000 m for wells located in the West Shetland Basin, North Rona Basin and southwestern parts of the Rona High. Although the precise timing of exhumation is difficult to constrain due to the complex syn‐ to post‐rift tectonostratigraphic history of vertical movements within the Faroe–Shetland region, our estimates of missing section, together with available thermal history constraints and seismic‐stratigraphic evidence, implies that maximum burial and subsequent exhumation most likely occurred during an Oligocene to Mid‐Miocene tectonic phase. This was probably in response to major post‐breakup tectonic reshaping of this segment of the NE Atlantic Margin linked to a coeval and significant reorganization of the northern North Atlantic spreading system, suggesting that fluctuations in intraplate stress magnitude and orientation governed by the dynamics of plate‐boundary forces exert a major control on the spatial and temporal variations in differential movements along complexly structured continental margin.
PRIVACY PRESERVATION FOR ASSOCIATIVE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Harnsamut Nattapon , Natwichai Juggapong , Sun Xingzhi , Li Xue
Published: January 2014

Privacy preservation is becoming a critical issue to data‐mining processes. In practice, a data transformation process is often needed to preserve privacy. However, data transformation would introduce a data quality issue. In this case, the impact on data quality due to the data transformation should be estimated and made clear to the user of the data transformation process. In this article, we consider the problem of k‐anonymization transformation in associative classification. The privacy preservation and data quality issues are considered in twofold. First, we propose a frequency‐based data quality metric to represent the data quality for associative classification. Second, a novel heuristic algorithm, namely minimum classification correction rate transformation, is proposed. The algorithm is guided by the classification correction rate of the given datasets. We validate our proposed metric and algorithm with University of California–Irvine repository datasets. The experiment results have shown that our proposed metric can effectively demonstrate the data quality for associative classification. The results also show that the proposed algorithm is not only efficient but also highly effective.
Agency Theory in Practice: a Qualitative Study of Hedge Fund Activism in Japan
Authors: Buchanan John , Chai Dominic Heesang , Deakin Simon
Published: January 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

We look at the reaction to hedge fund activism of managers and shareholders in Japanese firms and explore the implications of our findings for agency theory.

Research Findings/Insights

Confrontational shareholder activism of the kind practiced by American and British hedge funds in Japan during the 2000s failed to gain acceptance from Japanese investors and managers or to alter the internal focus of corporate governance practices in Japanese firms.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We use a qualitative research design which treats the standard agency‐theoretical model of the firm as only one possible approach to understanding corporate governance, to be tested through empirical research, rather than as an assumption built into the analysis. We find that Japanese managers do not generally regard themselves as the shareholders' agents and that, conversely, shareholders in Japanese firms do not generally behave as principals. Our findings suggest that the standard principal‐agent model may be a weak fit for firms in certain national contexts.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

For policymakers, our work demonstrates the importance of understanding the distinctive features of national‐level corporate governance arrangements. For practitioners, it cautions against the view that national corporate governance systems are converging around the model of shareholder primacy and directs attention to the need for investors to be informed of the diversity of practices across different countries.
Covariance and specificity in adolescent schizotypal and borderline trait expression
Authors: Badoud Deborah , Billieux Joël , Eliez Stephan , Imhof Anouk , Heller Patrick , Eytan Ariel , Debbané Martin
Published: January 2014

Aims

The first aim of the present study is to assess the overlap between borderline and schizotypal traits during adolescence. The second objective is to examine whether some psychological factors (i.e. cognitive coping mechanisms, impulsivity and encoding style) are differentially related to borderline and schizotypal traits and may therefore improve the efficiency of clinical assessments.

Methods

One hundred nineteen community adolescents (57 male) aged from 12 to 19 years completed a set of questionnaires evaluating the expression of borderline and schizotypal traits as well as cognitive emotion regulation (CER), impulsivity and encoding style.

Results

Our data first yielded a strong correlation between borderline and schizotypal scores (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Secondly, linear regression models indicated that the ‘catastrophizing’ CER strategy and the ‘lack of premeditation’ impulsivity facet accounted for the level of borderline traits, whereas an internal encoding style predominantly explained schizotypal traits.

Conclusions

Our results support the abundant literature showing that borderline and schizotypal traits frequently co‐occur. Moreover, we provide original data indicating that borderline and schizotypal traits during adolescence are linked to different specific psychological mechanisms. Thus, we underline the importance of considering these mechanisms in clinical assessments, in particular to help disentangle personality disorder traits in youths.
Selective acquiescence, creative commitment and strategic conformity: situated national policy responses to Bologna
Authors: Sin Cristina , Saunders Murray
Published: January 2014

The non‐binding nature of the Bologna Declaration and loose policy‐making and implementation through the open method of coordination (OMC) have led to varied national responses to the Bologna Process. The OMC has allowed countries room for manoeuvre to interpret Bologna policy and attach different degrees of importance to it. Looking at the interplay between agency and structure in policy implementation, this article aims to illustrate the localised character of Bologna policy implementation driven by national priorities and political agendas, a reflection of the ‘policy as text’ metaphor (Ball, 1994).

The analysis is driven by an agentic understanding of the policy process, highlighting ‘actors’ perceptions, perspectives, preferences, actions and interactions' (Trowler, 2002). Three different country reactions are examined — England, Portugal and Denmark, described as selective acquiescence, creative commitment and strategic conformity to capture the essence of the cases in question. In analysing the countries' responses, the article considers national readings of Bologna, motivations behind responses to the Process, as well as its reception and implementation at national level.
Behavioural Thermoregulation in a Small Neotropical Primate
Authors: Gestich Carla C. , Caselli Christini B. , Setz Eleonore Z. F.
Published: January 2014

The maintenance of body temperature in endothermic animals imposes considerable metabolic costs that vary with air temperature fluctuations. To minimise these costs, endotherms can adopt certain behaviours to adjust the pattern of heat transfer between their bodies and the environment. In this study, we evaluated whether a small Neotropical primate, the black‐fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), living in a seasonal environment can use behavioural mechanisms to cope with fluctuations in the air temperature. We monitored the air temperature and the titi monkeys’ behaviour over 1 yr. When the animals were inactive, we recorded the microhabitat used, the huddling between individuals and the body postures adopted. The monkeys primarily responded to air temperature fluctuations through microhabitat selection: they spent more time in sunny places and used higher strata of forest under lower temperatures. Moreover, they used sunny microhabitats during the first hour of their active period after colder nights. The monkeys did not huddle or change body postures in response to air temperature fluctuations. Huddling behaviour seemed to be primarily influenced by social interactions, and body postures were more energy conserving, regardless of temperature. Titi monkeys, however, used more energy‐conserving postures and huddling behaviour under cloudy conditions than sunny conditions, suggesting that these behaviours may be important when they are unable to thermoregulate by microhabitat selection. We concluded that fluctuations in air temperature can promote significant changes in the behaviour of titi monkeys and can impose important restrictions on mammals’ activities, even in tropical regions.
Analytical and computational investigation into the influence of the compressive stress cycles on crack growth under variable amplitude loading using CTOD
Authors: Iranpour M. , Taheri F.
Published: January 2014

Fatigue crack growth rate of 6061 T651 aluminum alloy centre‐cracked plates, subject to a variable amplitude loading (VAL), is established using a coupled analytical/computational approach. The method utilises the generalised Willenborg retardation model in conjunction with the Walker model, with several of the models parameters obtained through nonlinear finite element analyses. A two‐parameter approach is also used in this study to explore the influence of compressive stress cycles in a VAL scenario on the crack tip opening displacement, and in turn, on the resulting fatigue crack growth rate of the material. The work includes the evaluation of the crack tip opening displacement and residual stresses in the vicinity of a crack by nonlinear finite element analysis, and application of the Generalised Willenborg model to evaluate the fatigue crack growth; particularly, under the influence of the compressive stress cycles, tensile overloads and underloads have been investigated. The finite element analysis results are compared with the experimental results reported in earlier studies by the authors.

The results further demonstrate two important phenomena, that is, (i) the influence of FCG retardation effects due to the tensile overloads and (ii) the acceleration effect due to the applied compressive underloads of a VAL stress–time history.
When Is a Treasury Security On‐the‐Run?
Authors: Moore Mark E. , Winters Drew B.
Published: January 2014

The literature contains two conflicting definitions of the on‐the‐run period for Treasury securities. We address the conflict by empirically examining the implications of the two definitions. We conclude that it is important that researchers clearly understand the implications of each definition. Our results suggest that on‐the‐run activity spans different auction calendar time in T‐notes and T‐bills.
Modelling the Holocene migrational dynamics of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst
Authors: Lehsten Doerte , Dullinger Stefan , Hülber Karl , Schurgers Guy , Cheddadi Rachid , Laborde Henri , Lehsten Veiko , François Louis , Dury Marie , Sykes Martin T.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Vegetation dynamics and the competitive interactions involved are assumed to restrict the ability of species to migrate. But in most migration modelling approaches disturbance‐driven succession and competition processes are reduced to simple assumptions or are even missing. The aim of this study was to test a combination of a migration model and a dynamic vegetation model to estimate the migration of tree species controlled by climate, environment and local species dynamics such as succession and competition.

Location

Europe.

Methods

To estimate the effect of vegetation dynamics on the migration of European beech and Norway spruce, we developed a post‐process migration tool (LPJ‐CATS). This tool integrates outputs of the migration model CATS and the dynamic vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. The model LPJ‐CATS relies on a linear dependency between the dispersal kernel and migration rate and is based on the assumption that competition reduces fecundity.

Results

Simulating potential migration rates with the CATS model, which does not account for competition and disturbance, resulted in mean Holocene migration rates of 435 ± 55 and 330 ± 95 m year−1 for the two species Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, respectively. With LPJ‐CATS, these mean migration rates were reduced to 250 ± 75 and 170 ± 60 m year−1 for spruce and beech, respectively. Moreover, LPJ‐CATS simulated migration pathways of these two species that generally comply well with those documented in the palaeo‐records.

Main conclusions

Our ‘hybrid’ modelling approach allowed for the simulation of generally realistic Holocene migration rates and pathways of the two study species on a continental scale. It suggests that competition can considerably modify spread rates, but also the magnitude of its effect depends on how close climate conditions are to the niche requirements of a particular species.
GEORGE GORDON LORD BYRON UND AUGUST WILHELM SCHLEGEL – ZWEI LEHRER HEINRICH HEINES: HEINES BYRON‐ÜBERSETZUNGEN UND SEINE ENTWICKLUNG ALS DICHTER
Authors: Al‐Taie Yvonne
Published: January 2014

Heinrich Heine's translations from George Gordon Lord Byron were his only translations and date from the early years of his career. Most of the translations were carried out in 1820 while he was studying with August Wilhelm Schlegel at the University of Bonn. The following contribution argues that Heine's translations were influenced by his teacher Schlegel, who was well known for his Shakespeare translations. On the basis of a detailed stylistic analysis and comparison with other contemporary translations of Byron's works this contribution shows how major principles of translation adhered to by Schlegel are reflected in Heine's translating. August Wilhelm Schlegel and Lord Byron can be seen as two teachers who played a crucial role in Heine's development as a poet in his own right.

Heinrich Heines Übertragungen aus Werken George Gordon Lord Byrons sind seine einzigen Übersetzungen geblieben und fallen in die Frühphase seines Werkes. Die meisten der Übertragungen sind 1820 in Bonn entstanden, während er bei August Wilhelm Schlegel studierte. Der folgende Aufsatz diskutiert die These, dass Heine wichtige Anregungen zu seinen Übertragungen von dem Shakespeare‐Übersetzer Schlegel erhalten hat. Mithilfe einer detaillierten stilistischen Analyse und im Vergleich mit anderen zeitgenössischen Byron‐Übertragungen wird nachgezeichnet, wie sich zentrale Übersetzungsgrundsätze August Wilhelm Schlegels in Heines Byron‐Übertragungen widerspiegeln. Es wird die These entfaltet, dass August Wilhelm Schlegel und Lord Byron als zwei Lehrerfiguren verstanden werden können, die Heinrich Heines Entwicklung zum eigenständigen Dichter auf inhaltlicher wie stilistischer Ebene maßgeblich beeinflussten.
BRITISH RAIL KATABASIS: W.G. SEBALD'S ‘DAY RETURN’
Authors: Englund Axel
Published: January 2014

This article addresses the analogy between language and location, and between travel and interpretation, in the hitherto little‐studied poetry of W.G. Sebald. Its primary example is ‘Day Return’, a two‐part poem from the early 1980s, which describes a train trip through East Anglia to London and back. This poem develops the analogy between language and location in various ways. For one thing, it is a bilingual text: it intersperses a number of English lines among the German ones, evoking the linguistic ambiguity inherent in the experience of the expatriate writer. Moreover, as Sebald's lyrical ‘I’ passes Ipswich, Romford, Stratford and Maryland on the way to Liverpool Street Station, he weaves these sites together in an intertextual web involving, among others, Dante, Kafka and Samuel Pepys. Finally, the journey is allegorically construed by the poetic voice as a descent into (and return from) the underworld. While many of these themes are familiar from Sebald's later work, the value of his poems does not depend upon their relation to his canonised prose: they are fascinating literary constructs in their own right, deserving of close critical attention.

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Analogie zwischen Sprache und Ort, sowie zwischen Reise und Interpretation, in der bisher wenig untersuchten Lyrik W.G. Sebalds, anhand von ‘Day Return’, einem zweiteiligen Gedicht aus den frühen 1980er Jahren. Dieses Gedicht, das eine Zugfahrt durch East Anglia nach London und zurück beschreibt, entwickelt die Analogie zwischen Sprache und Ort auf mehrerlei Weise. Erstens ist es ein zweisprachiger Text, der durchsetzt ist mit englischen Zeilen, und somit den sprachlichen Zwiespalt evoziert, der der Erfahrung des ausgewanderten Dichters innewohnt. Überdies webt Sebalds lyrisches Ich, als er auf dem Weg in Richtung Liverpool Street Station Ipswich, Romford, und die Londoner Stadtteile Stratford und Maryland passiert, diese Orte zu einem intertextuellen Netz zusammen, das, unter anderem, Dante, Kafka und Samuel Pepys einschließt. Schließlich wird die Reise des lyrischen Subjekts als ein Hinabsteigen in die (und Heraufsteigen aus der) Unterwelt allegorisch gedeutet. Wenn auch viele dieser Themen aus Sebalds späteren Werken bekannt sind, ist der Wert seiner Gedichte nicht von ihrer Beziehung zu seiner kanonisierten Prosa abhängig: sie sind faszinierende literarische Werke an sich, die sorgfältige kritische Aufmerksamkeit verdient haben.
Parenteral Treatment of Episodic Tension‐Type Headache: A Systematic Review
Authors: Weinman Danielle , Nicastro Olivia , Akala Olabiyi , Friedman Benjamin W.
Published: January 2014

Background

Tension‐type headache is highly prevalent in the general population and is a consistent if not frequent cause of visits to acute care settings. Analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and salicylates are considered first‐line therapy for treatment of tension‐type headache. For patients who present to an acute care setting with persistent tension‐type headache despite analgesic therapy, it is not clear which parenteral agent should be administered. We performed a systematic review of the medical literature to determine whether parenteral therapies other than salicylates or nonsteroidals are efficacious for acute tension‐type headache.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google scholar, and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials from inception through August, 2012 using the search terms “tension‐type headache” and “parenteral or subcutaneous or intramuscular or intravenous.” Our goal was to identify randomized trials in which one parenteral treatment was compared to another active comparator or to placebo for the acute relief of tension‐type headache. Parenteral was defined as intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration. We only included studies that distinguished tension‐type headache from other primary headache disorders, such as migraine. The primary outcome for this review was measures of efficacy one hour after medication administration. Data abstraction was performed by two authors. Disagreements were resolved by a third author. We assessed the internal validity of trials using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Because of the small number of trials identified, and the substantial heterogeneity among study design and medications, we decided that combining data and reporting summary statistics would serve no useful function. The results of individual studies are presented using Number Needed to Treat (NNT) with 95%CI when dichotomous outcomes were available and continuous outcomes otherwise.

Results

Our search returned 640 results. One hundred eighty‐seven abstracts were reviewed, and 8 studies involving 486 patients were included in our analysis. The most common reasons for exclusion of abstracts were no assessment of acute pain relief, use of nonparenteral medications only, and no differentiation of headache type. Risk of bias ranged from low to high. The following medications were more effective than placebo for acute pain (NNT, 95%CI): metamizole (4, 2‐26), chlorpromazine (4, 2‐26), and metoclopramide (2, 1‐3). The combination of metoclopramide + diphenhydramine was superior to ketorolac (4, 2‐8) The following medications were not more effective than placebo: mepivacaine, meperidine + promethazine, and sumatriptan.

Conclusions

Various parenteral medications other than salicylates or nonsteroidals provide acute relief of tension‐type headache. Comparative efficacy studies are needed.
Antibiofilm activity of irrigating solutions associated with cetrimide. Confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Nascimento C. A. , Faria‐Júnior N. B. , Graeff M. S. Z. , Watanabe E. , Tanomaru‐Filho M.
Published: January 2014

Aim

To evaluate the antibiofilm activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions associated with cetrimide (CTR), and QMiX using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Methodology

Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC‐ 29212) biofilms were induced on bovine dentine blocks for 14 days. The dentine blocks containing biofilm were immersed for 1 min in the following solutions: 2.5% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl + 0.2% CTR; 2% CHX; 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR; 0.2% CTR; QMiX. After contact with the solutions, the dentine blocks were stained with Live/Dead® BacLight for analysis of the remaining biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscope. Images were evaluated using the BioImage_L software to determine the total biovolume (μm3), the green biovolume (live cells) (μm3) and the percentage of substrate coverage (%). The data were subjected to nonparametric statistical test using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level.

Results

After exposure to irrigants, the total biovolume observed for CHX, CHX+CTR, CTR, QMiX was similar to distilled water (P > 0.05). NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR had the lowest total and green biovolume. The CTR and QMiX had intermediate green biovolume, with greater antibacterial activity than CHX and CHX+CTR (P < 0.05). The NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR solutions were associated with microorganism removal and substrate cleaning ability.

Conclusions

NaOCl and NaOCl+CTR solutions were effective on microorganism viability and were able to eliminate biofilm. The addition of cetrimide did not influence antibacterial activity.
Martin Luther on Preaching Christ Present
Authors: Jorgenson Allen G.
Published: January 2014

This article advances the thesis that proclamation in Martin Luther's theology illumines Christ's non‐manipulative presence and sacrament his available presence. It is demonstrated that Luther's interest in the church as Mundhaus was not advanced at the expense of an emphasis on the sacraments. Hearing and seeing as correlates of Word and sacrament advance different theological points of emphasis vis‐à‐vis Christ's sovereign yet available presence. Moreover, I suggest that these themes of Word and sacrament – held in tension – roughly correspond to the following pairs in the thought of Luther: pride and despair; redemption and creation; and forensic and effective metaphors of justification. In conclusion, some suggestions regarding the utility of the theme of real presence are advanced for understanding the world as the object of God's saving actions.