bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitive Method for the Confident Identification of Genetically Variant Peptides in Human Hair Keratin
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Burke Meghan C. , Wallace William E. , Liang Yuxue , Sheetlin Sergey L. , Mirokhin Yuri A. , Tchekhovskoi Dmitrii V. , Stein Stephen E.
Published: October 2019

Recent reports have demonstrated that genetically variant peptides derived from human hair shaft proteins can be used to differentiate individuals of different biogeographic origins. We report a method involving direct extraction of hair shaft proteins more sensitive than previously published methods regarding GVP detection. It involves one step for protein extraction and was found to provide reproducible results. A detailed proteomic analysis of this data is presented that led to the following four results: (i) A peptide spectral library was created and made available for download. It contains all identified peptides from this work, including GVPs that, when appropriately expanded with diverse hair‐derived peptides, can provide a routine, reliable, and sensitive means of analyzing hair digests; (ii) an analysis of artifact peptides arising from side reactions is also made using a new method for finding unexpected modifications; (iii) detailed analysis of the gel‐based method employed clearly shows the high degree of cross‐linking or protein association involved in hair digestion, with major GVPs eluting over a wide range of high molecular weights while others apparently arise from distinct non‐cross‐linked proteins; and (v) finally, we show that some of the specific GVP identifications depend on the sample preparation method.
B‐mode Ultrasound Measurement of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness for Craniofacial Identification: A Standardized Approach
Authors: Meikle Brandon , Stephan Carl N.
Published: October 2019

Facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) have long formed a quantitative cornerstone of craniofacial identification methods. Measurement approaches could, however, be improved by standardization that enhances the utility/comparability of these FSTT data between studies and authors. This applies equally within the broad classes of measurement techniques, just as it does between them, where many different varieties of tools, tool settings, and practitioner techniques are used within each measurement modality. Although B‐mode ultrasound is popularly used and holds some prime advantages, such as the measurement of upright living subjects, technical recommendations that provide basic underlying data structure and standardization are essentially nonexistent. This paper provides the first systematic and illustrated description of a standardized B‐mode ultrasound measurement method designed to maximize data utility for craniofacial identification purposes.
Are Canned Beverages Industries Progressively Switching to Bisphenol AF?
Authors: Russo Giacomo , Varriale Fabio , Barbato Francesco , Grumetto Lucia
Published: October 2019

Seven bisphenols, endocrine‐disruptor chemicals, were analytically determined for risk assessment in 52 large‐consumption beverages collected from the Italian market. The analytes under examination were bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol E, bisphenol B, bisphenol AF, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, and bisphenol M. The concentration levels of all bisphenols detected ranged from <LOQ to 1,358 ng/mL in beers and from <LOQ to 76 ng/mL in energy drinks. The results of this monitoring study demonstrate the high presence of some congeners in beers, such as bisphenol AF, for which a European regulation is not yet available. Although the concentrations of the investigated bisphenols and that are under European regulations for migration into the food (Bisphenol A and BADGE) resulted below the legal limits in all screened beverages, the importance of their presence in foods should not be underestimated. Indeed, the safety of these analogues has not entirely been demonstrated and they could contribute to the total daily intake of endocrine disruptors, with special regards to specific demographics.
Subxiphoid uniportal video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery: A cosmetically superior approach to submammary rib tumor resection
Authors: Luo Meng , Kong Demiao
Published: October 2019

This report describes a cosmetically superior approach to submammary rib tumor resection. Surgical resection is the most effective method for the treatment of rib tumors. Common surgical methods include thoracotomy and thoracoscopic surgery. Subxiphoid uniportal video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has recently been described and is being increasingly used in a variety of thoracic procedures, including thymectomy, lobectomy, and resection of giant pleural fibroids. However, there has been no report in the literature which has described the use of uniportal subxiphoid VATS for rib tumor resection. We herein report the successful removal of fibrous dysplasia of the anterolateral segment of the sixth rib by subxiphoid uniportal VATS.
Cell senescence contributes to tissue regeneration in zebrafish
Authors: Da Silva‐Álvarez Sabela , Guerra‐Varela Jorge , Sobrido‐Cameán Daniel , Quelle Ana , Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Sánchez Laura , Collado Manuel
Published: October 2019

Cellular senescence is a stress response that limits the proliferation of damaged cells by establishing a permanent cell cycle arrest. Different stimuli can trigger senescence but excessive production or impaired clearance of these cells can lead to their accumulation during aging with deleterious effects. Despite this potential negative side of cell senescence, its physiological role as a pro‐regenerative and morphogenetic force has emerged recently after the identification of programmed cell senescence during embryogenesis and during wound healing and limb regeneration. Here, we explored the conservation of tissue injury‐induced senescence in a model of complex regeneration, the zebrafish. Fin amputation in adult fish led to the appearance of senescent cells at the site of damage, and their removal impaired tissue regeneration. Despite many conceptual similarities, this tissue repair response is different from developmental senescence. Our results lend support to the notion that cell senescence is a positive response promoting tissue repair and homeostasis.
Default contagion and systemic risk in loan guarantee networks
Authors: Li Wenwei , Ben Shenglin , Hommel Ulrich , Paterlini Sandra , Yu Jiefang
Published: October 2019

This paper studies systemic risk in the Chinese debt market stemming from inter‐corporate loan guarantees using field data from Zhejiang Province. We apply a weighted and directed network model to analyse the implications for default contagion and systemic risk under different stress testing scenarios. The empirical results indicate that the topology of the loan guarantee network is close to a ‘scale‐free’ structure, which is known to be robust against accidental failures but vulnerable to coordinated attacks. Hence, the network is able to cope with idiosyncratic shocks resulting from single company failures, but can easily suffer from more widespread contagion if a group of systemically important companies are hit by a targeted shock. We further demonstrate that within our sample of small and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) companies, increasing leverage reduces network stability and exacerbates the effects of contagion. More lenient bank lending policies increase the survival rate of sample companies and thereby reduce the losses from default contagion.
Novel laparoscopic cornual resection of interstitial pregnancy using the Endo GIA™ Universal Stapler (Medtronic): A series of 12 cases
Authors: Yoong Wai , Neophytou Christina , de Silva Lester , Adeyemo Adewale , Lodhi Wasim
Published: October 2019

Background

The maternal mortality of interstitial pregnancy is five times greater than that of other ectopic gestations due to potential haemorrhage. Minimal access surgical techniques usually comprise cornual resection and cornuostomy, requiring laparoscopic suturing skills.

Aim

To describe a case series using a laparoscopic automatic stapling device with reloadable cartridges to resect the cornu, enabling surgeons less familiar with intracorporeal suturing to avoid laparotomy when managing interstitial pregnancy.

Materials and Methods

Twelve cases of laparoscopic cornual resections for interstitial pregnancies with the Endo GIA™ Universal Stapler (Medtronic) were collected prospectively over eight years. Outcome measures include human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (hβCG) levels, successful laparoscopic completion, estimated blood loss, intra‐and post‐operative complications and length of stay.

Results

Median age and gestation at surgery were 31 years (range: 20–44) and eight weeks (range: 5–12), respectively. All involved live interstitial gestations, and 4/12 cases had significant haemoperitoneum at laparoscopy. The median blood loss was 300 mL (range 100–3500), and five women had blood loss >500 mL. The median serum hβCG level was 6429 IU/L (range: 1800–58690), and the median ectopic size was 4 cm (range 2–6). All cases were completed laparoscopically with no intra‐ or post‐operative complications, although two women required blood transfusions. Median length of stay was 40 h. Further pregnancies could only be followed in 2/12 cases due to the migratory nature of our local population.

Conclusion

We describe a case series of 12 laparoscopic cornual resections for interstitial pregnancies using Endo GIA™ Universal Stapler, which simultaneously staples and transects the tissues, thus minimising the need for laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing.
An international survey about rapid sequence intubation of 10,003 anaesthetists and 16 airway experts
Authors: Zdravkovic M. , Berger‐Estilita J. , Sorbello M. , Hagberg C. A.
Published: October 2019

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content is a significant cause of anaesthesia‐related morbidity and mortality. High‐quality prospective randomised evidence to support prevention strategies, such as rapid sequence intubation, is difficult to generate due to well‐described practical, ethical and methodological barriers. We aimed to generate an understanding of worldwide practice through surveying clinically practicing anaesthetists and airway experts. Our survey was designed to assess the influence of: departmental standards; patient factors; socio‐economic factors; training; and supervision. We surveyed 10,003 anaesthetists who responded to an invitation to participate on LinkedIn. We then surveyed 16 international airway experts on the same content. When asked about a hypothetical patient with intestinal obstruction, respondents expressed preferences for [OR (95%CI)]: the head‐up or ‐down position 4.26 (3.98–4.55), p < 0.001; nasogastric tube insertion 29.5 (26.9–32.3), p < 0.001; and the use of cricoid force 2.80 (2.62–3.00), p < 0.001, as compared with a hypothetical patient without intestinal obstruction also requiring rapid sequence intubation. Respondents from lower income countries were more likely to prefer [OR (95%CI]: the supine position 2.33 (2.00–2.63), p < 0.001; nasogastric tube insertion 1.29 (1.09–1.51), p = 0.002; and cricoid force application 2.54 (2.09–3.09), p < 0.001 as compared with respondents from higher income countries for a hypothetical patient with intestinal obstruction. This survey, which we believe is the largest of its kind, demonstrates that preferences for positioning, nasogastric tube use and cricoid force application during rapid sequence intubation vary substantially. Achieving agreed consensus may yield better training in the principles of rapid sequence intubation.
Cycles, waves, and pulses: Retinoic acid and the organization of spermatogenesis
Authors: Gewiss Rachel , Topping Traci , Griswold Michael D.
Published: October 2019

Background

Spermatogenesis in mammals is organized in a manner that maximizes sperm production. The central aspect of this organization is the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium that is characterized by an asynchronous repeating series of germ cell associations. These cell associations are the result of a fixed point of entry into the cycle at regular short time intervals and the longer time required for cells to fully differentiate and exit the cycle.

Objective

This review will examine the current information on the action and metabolism of retinoic acid in the testis, the interaction of retinoic acid (RA) with the cycle and the spermatogenic wave, and the mechanisms that can lead to synchronous spermatogenesis. Finally, the unique applications of synchronous spermatogenesis to the study of the cycle and the mass isolation of specific germ cell populations are described.

Materials and methods

Retinoic acid metabolism and spermatogonial differentiation have been examined by gene deletions, immunocytochemistry, chemical inhibitors, and mass spectrometry.

Results, discussion, and conclusion

Both the Sertoli cells and the germ cells have the capacity to synthesize retinoic acid from retinol and in the mouse the entry into the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, and the subsequent conversion of undifferentiated spermatogonia into differentiating spermatogonia is governed by a peak of RA synthesis occurring at stages VIII‐IX of the cycle. Normal asynchronous spermatogenesis can be modified by altering RA levels, and as a result the entire testis will consist of a few closely related stages of the cycle.
Fertility in adult men born with hypospadias: A nationwide register‐based cohort study on birthrates, the use of assisted reproductive technologies and infertility
Authors: Skarin Nordenvall Anna , Chen Qi , Norrby Christina , Lundholm Cecilia , Frisén Louise , Nordenström Anna , Almqvist Catarina , Nordenskjöld Agneta
Published: October 2019

Background

Fertility in men with hypospadias may be affected due to anatomical, surgical, or etiological factors and associated conditions. Fertility is further influenced by psychosocial and genetic factors, often shared within families.

Objective

To evaluate fertility in men born with hypospadias and assess confounding by familial factors.

Materials and methods

A population‐based cohort of 1.2 million men born in Sweden 1964‐1998, identified through national demographic and healthcare registers. Associations between hypospadias and (a) being a biological father, (b) conceiving through ART, and (c) diagnosis of male infertility were investigated in the full cohort with logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazard models, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs), respectively, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A stratified proportional hazard model, conditional on sibling group, was used to control for shared familial confounding.

Results

Men with hypospadias, as a whole group, had a lower probability of having biological children (adjusted HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83‐0.92). A significant association was present in both distal (adjusted HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85‐0.96) and proximal hypospadias (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42‐0.81). Men with hypospadias more often became fathers through ART, regardless of concomitant cryptorchidism. The initial association between hypospadias and the diagnosis of infertility disappeared in sensitivity analyses excluding cryptorchidism.

Discussion

Men with hypospadias displayed lower birthrates as compared to their brothers and the general population. Mere birthrates may, however, be a questionable measure of fertility in a population using family planning. However, men with hypospadias were also at higher risk of reproducing through ART and did more often receive a diagnosis of male infertility. Altogether, these findings indicate impaired fertility in men with hypospadias.

Conclusions

Fertility in men with hypospadias is impaired, as shown by lower birthrates, increased use of ART and higher risk of receiving a diagnosis of male infertility.
On the Coloniality of “New” Mega‐Infrastructure Projects in East Africa
Authors: Enns Charis , Bersaglio Brock
Published: October 2019

This article responds to a preference for short‐term history in research on the infrastructure turn by engaging with the longue durée of East Africa’s latest infrastructure scramble. It traces the history of LAPSSET in Kenya and the Central Corridor in Tanzania, revealing the coloniality of new and improved transport infrastructure along both corridors. This exercise demonstrates how the spatial visions and territorial plans of colonial administrators get built in to new infrastructure and materialise in ways that serve the interests of global capital rather than peasant and indigenous peoples being promised more modern, prosperous futures. The article concludes by suggesting that a focus on the longue durée also reveals uneven patterns of mobility and immobility set in motion during the colonial scramble for Africa and reinforced after independence. These “colonial moorings” are significant as they shape political reactions to new mega‐infrastructure projects today and constrain the emancipatory potential of infrastructure‐led development.
Perceptions, outcomes, and regret following social egg freezing in the UK; a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Jones Benjamin P. , Kasaven Lorraine , L'Heveder Ariadne , Jalmbrant Maria , Green Joy , Makki Mahmoud , Odia Rabi , Morris Guy , Bracewell Milnes Timothy , Saso Srdjan , Serhal Paul , Ben Nagi Jara
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Social egg freezing enhances reproductive autonomy by empowering women with the capacity to delay their childbearing years, while preserving the opportunity to maintain biological relation with subsequent offspring. However, age‐related obstetric complications, economic implications and the risk of unsuccessful future treatment make it a controversial option. Despite the upward trend in women electively cryopreserving their eggs, there is limited data about the women’s perceptions, having undergone the process. The aim of this study was to investigate the motivations of women who have undergone social egg freezing, identify their perceptions following treatment, and assess potential feelings of regret.

Material and methods

This cross‐sectional survey, based at a fertility clinic in the UK, used an electronic questionnaire to assess the motivations and perceptions of women who underwent social egg freezing between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2018.

Results

One hundred questionnaires were distributed, and 85 women responded (85% response rate). The most frequent reason for freezing oocytes was not having a partner with 56 (70%) women saying it “definitely” influenced their decision. The majority of women (83%; n = 68) knew there was a chance of treatment failure in the future and that a live birth could not be guaranteed. More than half (n = 39; 51%) disagreed or strongly disagreed that the 10‐year UK storage limit is fair. One‐third of respondents (n = 17; 33%) felt the storage time should be indefinite and 29% (n = 15) believed it should be up to the age of 50. Twenty percent (n = 15) of the women who underwent social egg freezing have successfully had a baby or are currently pregnant, half (n = 8; 53%) of whom conceived spontaneously and a quarter (n = 4; 26%) used their stored oocytes. In all, 91% (n = 73) had no regrets over their decision to undergo social egg freezing.

Conclusions

We demonstrate herein important and novel insights into the motivations and perceptions of women from a UK population who have undergone social egg freezing. Despite potential physical, psychological, and financial burdens, only a small minority of women experience regret after social egg freezing. We also highlight clear discontent with the Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority storage limit among social egg freezers in the UK.
Antifungal activity of some plant extracts and essential oils against fungi‐infested organic archaeological artefacts
Authors: Othman M. , Saada H. , Matsuda Y.
Published: October 2019

The determination of the antifungal activities of nine kinds of powdered plant extracts and five essential oils was studied in vitro against four of the most common fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor, Penicillium sp. and P. purpurogenum), which were isolated from different organic materials from archaeological artefacts such as papyrus and linen. The essential oils showed greater efficacy than the powdered plant extracts, where thyme and lemongrass oils were the most potent. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of these oils were determined. Furthermore, their chemical components were identified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. In vivo, studies were performed using biodeteriorated samples for applying treatment, in which the microbiological test revealed that both oils can eradicate both tested fungi completely after exposure time, ranging from two weeks for papyrus samples to 14 weeks for linen. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and colorimeter were used to assess the treatment process, leading to the final results, which suggest that the essential oils could be useful sources of fungicidal preparations for the disinfection of biodeteriorated linen and papyrus artefacts. Nevertheless, further studies are strongly recommended to introduce these sources into practical use in preventive conservation.
Pyloric outflow obstruction secondary to sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog
Authors: Carroll KA , Wallace ML , Hill TL , Bartges JW , Ruby JL , Mulder AT , Helmick JI
Published: October 2019

A 6‐year‐old, male neutered mixed breed dog was presented emergently with a three‐week history of hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhoea and weight loss. Upon examination, the patient was dull, had generalised muscle atrophy, moderate abdominal pain and a mild amount of peritoneal effusion. A fluid‐filled, distended, corrugated small bowel with marked gastroparesis and moderate peritoneal effusion was noted on abdominal ultrasonography. Endoscopy revealed hyperaemic and friable mucosa and a subjectively narrowed pylorus. Emergency exploratory celiotomy was performed due to worsening patient condition and revealed thick, diffuse, fibrous adhesions of the abdominal cavity. Based on these findings, sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) was suspected. A large mass of omentum adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach had caused a pyloric outflow obstruction. Adhesiolysis was attempted but was unsuccessful due to the friability of the small intestines. The dog was humanely euthanased under anaesthesia. A diagnosis of SEP was confirmed via necropsy. No underlying cause was identified. This is the first known case of a pyloric outflow obstruction secondary to SEP in a dog. Although rare, this condition should be considered as a differential for dogs with signs of a pyloric outflow obstruction with concurrent ascites and abdominal pain, hyporexia, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Effects of long working hours and shift work during pregnancy on obstetric and perinatal outcomes: A large prospective cohort study—Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Authors: Suzumori Nobuhiro , Ebara Takeshi , Matsuki Taro , Yamada Yasuyuki , Kato Sayaka , Omori Toyonori , Saitoh Shinji , Kamijima Michihiro , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi ,   the Japan Environment & Children’s Study Group
Published: October 2019

Background

The work patterns of pregnant women may be related to adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to clarify the effects of weekly working time according to frequencies of night shifts during pregnancy on adverse outcomes in Japan.

Methods

The Japan Environment and Children's Study, a prospective cohort study, was conducted in 15 regions nationwide in Japan. The study population included pregnant women with singleton pregnancies (n = 99 744). The mothers’ working hours and frequencies of night shifts during the first and the second/third trimesters were assessed using a self‐administered questionnaire. Outcome data were collected from medical transcripts.

Results

Compared with nonworking women, women who worked during pregnancy had significantly increased adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of threatened miscarriage (maximum aOR: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.26‐1.73) and of threatened preterm labor (maximum aOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.41‐1.87). Increased aORs were observed for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (maximum aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.39‐2.93) in women working ≥36 hours per week with night shifts, for vacuum/forceps delivery (maximum aOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22‐1.48) at ≥36 hours with or without night shifts, and for small‐for‐gestational‐age babies (aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.10‐1.59) at ≥46 hours with night shifts. In contrast, lower aORs were observed for gestational diabetes and meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in women working without night shifts.

Conclusions

Work during pregnancy slightly increased the risks of threatened miscarriage and threatened preterm labor. Long working hours increased the risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, vacuum/forceps delivery, and small‐for‐gestational‐age babies.
A relational perspective on women’s empowerment: Intimate partner violence and empowerment among women entrepreneurs in Vietnam
Authors: Huis Marloes Anne , Hansen Nina , Lensink Robert , Otten Sabine
Published: October 2019

Research has mainly studied women’s empowerment assessing personal (e.g., self‐esteem) or relational (e.g., decision‐making) empowerment indicators. Women are not isolated individuals; they are embedded in social relationships. This is especially relevant in more collectivist societies. The current research provides a relational perspective on how husbands may hamper women’s empowerment by inflicting intimate partner violence (IPV) assessing women’s self‐reported experience. We tested the link between self‐esteem and experienced IPV on financial intra‐household decision‐making power among women entrepreneurs (N = 1,347) in Northern Vietnam, a collectivistic society undergoing economic development. We report two measurement points. As expected, self‐esteem (and not IPV) was positively related to more power in intra‐household decision‐making on small expenditures, which are traditionally taken by women. However, IPV (and not self‐esteem) was related to less decision‐making power on larger expenditures, traditionally a domain outside women’s power. We test and discuss the directionality of the effects and stress the importance of considering women’s close relationship when investigating signs of women’s empowerment.
Disrupted hepatic pentose phosphate pathway directly participates in and indirectly promotes CYP3A reduction: A new strategy for CYP3A‐mediated drug hepatotoxicity
Authors: Liu Jiali , Jin Xiaoliang , Zhou Fang , Chen Hongzhu , Wang Wenjie , Liu Yan , Wang Guangji , Hao Kun , Zhang Jingwei
Published: October 2019

Background and Purpose

Hepatic CYP450s play an important role in drug‐induced hepatotoxicity. They are altered in liver diseases and in many non‐liver diseases, such as extra‐hepatic tumours. Consequently, CYP450‐mediated abnormal drug exposure increases the incidence and extent of hepatotoxicity. This risk is often underestimated because the mechanisms underlying decreases in hepatic CYP450s in extra‐hepatic tumours remain unclear.

Experimental Approach

We used Balb/c nude mice with s.c. transplanted 4T1, LoVo and HepG2 tumours to model extra‐hepatic tumours. Decreased levels of CYP3A were evaluated by qPCR, western blotting, and metabolic activity. LC‐Q/TOF‐MS and GC–MS were used in combination for analysing liver metabolomics. The contribution of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to decreased CYP3A was assessed using menadione and silencing of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase.

Key Results

CYP3A activity was inhibited at early stages of tumour growth when no significant inflammatory response was observed. The PPP was predominately disrupted at this non‐inflammatory stage. Disruption of the PPP directly inhibited CYP3A through the chk2/p53/p65 pathway at the non‐inflammatory stage, but at the later inflammatory stage, it indirectly potentiated the subsequent IL‐6‐mediated CYP3A decrease. Recovery of the PPP with menadione at the non‐inflammatory stage, reversed the decreased CYP3A. Similar reversal was obtained with the IL‐6 inhibitor, tocilizumab. Such modulation of the PPP to alleviate CYP3A‐mediated drug hepatotoxicity was validated with dasatinib in vivo.

Conclusions and Implications

PPP modulation at early, non‐inflammatory stages might provide a novel and distinctive approach to manage drug hepatotoxicity mediated by decreased CYP3A.
Gaussian Product Sampling for Rendering Layered Materials
Authors: Xia Mengqi (Mandy) , Walter Bruce , Hery Christophe , Marschner Steve
Published: October 2019

To increase diversity and realism, surface bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) are often modelled as consisting of multiple layers, but accurately evaluating layered BSDFs while accounting for all light transport paths is a challenging problem. Recently, Guo et al. [GHZ18] proposed an accurate and general position‐free Monte Carlo method, but this method introduces variance that leads to longer render time compared to non‐stochastic layered models. We improve the previous work by presenting two new sampling strategies, pair‐product sampling and multiple‐product sampling. Our new methods better take advantage of the layered structure and reduce variance compared to the conventional approach of sequentially sampling one BSDF at a time. Our pair‐product sampling strategy importance samples the product of two BSDFs from a pair of adjacent layers. We further generalize this to multiple‐product sampling, which importance samples the product of a chain of three or more BSDFs. In order to compute these products, we developed a new approximate Gaussian representation of individual layer BSDFs. This representation incorporates spatially varying material properties as parameters so that our techniques can support an arbitrary number of textured layers. Compared to previous Monte Carlo layering approaches, our results demonstrate substantial variance reduction in rendering isotropic layered surfaces.
A counterfactual experiment about the eradication of cattle diseases on beef trade
Authors: Zongo Wendkouni Jean‐Baptiste , Larue Bruno
Published: October 2019

In response to disease outbreak alerts in exporting countries, importing countries usually impose trade bans that vary in terms of product coverage and in terms of duration. We rely on a unique balanced panel dataset that covers four‐digit disaggregated beef products over the 1996–2013 period, to estimate the effect of a hypothetical removal of animal diseases outbreaks on trade flows. More specifically, we investigate how bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the foot and mouth diseases (FMDs) affect beef trade flows. We use a sectoral structural gravity approach to measure direct, conditional, and full effects, allowing inward and outward multilateral resistance indices, expenditures, and factory‐gate prices to adjust to the eradication of animal diseases. The indirect channels through which BSE and FMD impact trade are important. Our counterfactual experiment suggests that Canada would secure substantial gains from BSE and FMD eradication.
The role of allied healthcare professionals in head and neck cancer surveillance: A systematic review
Authors: Rocke John , Mclaren Oliver , Hardman John , Garas George , Smith Matthew E , Ishii Hiro , Constable James , Tikka Theofano , Wie Liu Zi , Williams Richard ,   Integrate (UK ENT Trainee Research Network)
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The roles of Allied Health Care Professionals (AHPs) in Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) are wide ranging but not clearly defined. Inter‐regional variability in practice results from a lack of standardisation in approaches to the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) make‐up and structure. Traditionally, the follow‐up of HNC patients is clinician led with multiple scheduled follow‐up appointments. The increasing population of HNC patients provides logistical, monetary and efficiency challenges.

This systematic review presents the roles of the multiple AHP sub‐groups in HNC with the aim of presenting how their differing skill sets can be integrated to modernise our approach in follow‐up.

Design

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, NIHR Dissemination Centre, The Kings Fund Library, Clinical Evidence, National Health Service Evidence and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence to identify multiple subgroups of AHPs (Dentists, Speech and Language Therapists, Dieticians, Physiotherapists, Psychologists, Clinical Nurse Specialists) and evidence of their role in HNC follow‐up. Evidence not directly relating to HNC follow‐up was excluded.

Setting and Participants

This Systematic Review was undertaken online by the Integrate (UK ENT Trainee National Collaborative) Head and Neck Subcommittee.

Main Outcome Measures

Most evidence was of low‐quality, and the broad nature of the protocol provided a wide variety of study models. Two authors screened the articles for relevance to the topic before final analysis.

Results

The main role identified was improvement in Quality of Life and symptom control rather than detecting recurrence. We also demonstrate that it is possible to stratify HNC follow‐up patients using their received treatment modality and Distress Thermometers to identify groups who will require more intensive AHP input.

Conclusions

HNC follow‐up covers a broad group of patients with differing needs. As such, a blanket approach to this phase of treatment is likely to be less effective than a patient‐led model where the group of AHPs are employed on a needs basis rather than at set time points. This will likely lead to greater patient satisfaction, earlier detection of recurrence and efficiency savings.
Testing the presence of marine protected areas against their ability to reduce pressures on biodiversity
Authors: Stevenson Simone L. , Woolley Skipton N. C. , Barnett Jon , Dunstan Piers
Published: October 2019

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the preferred tool for preventing marine biodiversity loss, as reflected in international protected area targets. Although the area covered by MPAs is expanding, there is a concern that opposition from resource users is driving them into already low‐use locations, whereas high‐pressure areas remain unprotected, which has serious implications for biodiversity conservation. We tested the spatial relationships between different human‐induced pressures on marine biodiversity and global MPAs. We used global, modeled pressure data and the World Database on Protected Areas to calculate the levels of 15 different human‐induced pressures inside and outside the world's MPAs. We fitted binomial generalized linear models to the data to determine whether each pressure had a positive or negative effect on the likelihood of an area being protected and whether this effect changed with different categories of protection. Pelagic and artisanal fishing, shipping, and introductions of invasive species by ships had a negative relationship with protection, and this relationship persisted under even the least restrictive categories of protection (e.g., protected areas classified as category VI under the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a category that permits sustainable use). In contrast, pressures from dispersed, diffusive sources (e.g., pollution and ocean acidification) had positive relationships with protection. Our results showed that MPAs are systematically established in areas where there is low political opposition, limiting the capacity of existing MPAs to manage key drivers of biodiversity loss. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on biodiversity outcomes and effective reduction of pressures rather than prescribing area‐based targets, and that alternative approaches to conservation are needed in areas where protection is not feasible.
Overinformative Speakers Are Cooperative: Revisiting the Gricean Maxim of Quantity
Authors: Rubio‐Fernandez Paula
Published: October 2019

A pragmatic account of referential communication is developed which presents an alternative to traditional Gricean accounts by focusing on cooperativeness and efficiency, rather than informativity. The results of four language‐production experiments support the view that speakers can be cooperative when producing redundant adjectives, doing so more often when color modification could facilitate the listener's search for the referent in the visual display (Experiment 1a). By contrast, when the listener knew which shape was the target, speakers did not produce redundant color adjectives (Experiment 1b). English speakers used redundant color adjectives more often than Spanish speakers, suggesting that speakers are sensitive to the differential efficiency of prenominal and postnominal modification (Experiment 2). Speakers were also cooperative when using redundant size adjectives (Experiment 3). Overall, these results show how discriminability affects a speaker's choice of referential expression above and beyond considerations of informativity, supporting the view that redundant speakers can be cooperative.
Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Van der Looven Ruth , Le Roy Laura , Tanghe Emma , Samijn Bieke , Roets Ellen , Pauwels Nele , Deschepper Ellen , De Muynck Martine , Vingerhoets Guy , Van den Broeck Christine
Published: October 2019

Aim

To provide a comprehensive update on the most prevalent, significant risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP).

Method

Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant publications up to March 2019. Studies assessing risk factors of NBPP in relation to typically developing comparison individuals were included. Meta‐analysis was performed for the five most significant risk factors, on the basis of the PRISMA statement and MOOSE guidelines. Pooled odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and across‐study heterogeneity (I2) were reported. Reporting bias and quality of evidence was rated. In addition, we assessed the incidence of NBPP.

Results

Twenty‐two observational studies with a total sample size of 29 419 037 live births were selected. Significant risk factors included shoulder dystocia (OR 115.27; 95% CI 81.35–163.35;I2=92%), macrosomia (OR 9.75; 95% CI 8.29–11.46;I2=70%), (gestational) diabetes (OR 5.33; 95% CI 3.77–7.55;I2=59%), instrumental delivery (OR 3.8; 95% CI 2.77–5.23;I2=77%), and breech delivery (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.67–3.7;I2=70%). Caesarean section appeared as a protective factor (OR 0.13; 95% CI 0.11–0.16;I2=41%). The pooled overall incidence of NBPP was 1.74 per 1000 live births. It has decreased in recent years.

Interpretation

The incidence of NBPP is decreasing. Shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, maternal diabetes, instrumental delivery, and breech delivery are risk factors for NBPP. Caesarean section appears as a protective factor.

What this paper adds

The overall incidence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy is 1.74 per 1000 live births.

The incidence has declined significantly.

Shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, maternal diabetes, instrumental delivery, and breech delivery are the main risk factors.

Prevention is difficult owing to unpredictability and often labour‐related risk.
Improving body functions through participation in community activities among young people with physical disabilities
Authors: Anaby Dana , Avery Lisa , Gorter Jan Willem , Levin Mindy F , Teplicky Rachel , Turner Laura , Cormier Isabelle , Hanes Julia
Published: October 2019

Aim

To examine the impact of engagement in a self‐chosen community‐based activity on three relevant body functions (motor, cognitive, and affective) as well as on the performance of the selected activity.

Method

An individual‐based interrupted time series design with multiple baselines was used. Seven young people (four males, three females) aged 15 to 25 years (median 18y; interquartile range 17–20y) with physical disabilities participated in an 8‐week community activity of choice (e.g. swimming, playing piano). Change in three relevant body functions, underpinning the specific chosen activity, including motor (e.g. Functional Reach Test, Trunk Impairment Scale, dynamometers), cognitive and affective (Behavior Assessment System for Children), as well as activity performance (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) were measured repeatedly, providing individual outcome trajectories. Linear and mixed‐effects models were used.

Results

Significant improvements in at least one aspect of motor function (6 out of 6), cognition (3 out of 3), affect (5 out of 7), and performance (7 out of 7) were observed. Specifically, the intervention had a moderate to large effect on hyperactivity (1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.9) with a smaller effect on anxiety (0.21, 95% CI 0.10–0.32) and inadequacy (0.21, 95% CI 0.02–0.39). Concurrently, a notable effect size for activity performance (4.61, 95% CI 0.76–8.46) was observed. Average change across motor outcomes was substantial (3.7 SDs from baseline), yet non‐significant.

Interpertation

Findings provide initial evidence of the benefits resulting from participation‐based interventions, emphasizing the merit of meaningful ‘real‐life’ young people‐engaging therapy.

What this paper adds

Participation‐based interventions can impact body‐function level outcomes.

Significant improvements in the performance of chosen activities were observed.

Significant improvements were also seen in cognitive and affective body functions.

Improvements in motor‐related outcomes were substantial but not statistically significant.
Users' Involvement in Value Co‐Creation: The More the Better?
Authors: Desmarchelier Benoît , Djellal Faridah , Gallouj Faïz
Published: October 2019

Literature on value co‐creation often postulates that a greater degree of co‐production increases the potential of value co‐creation. To test this hypothesis, we build a computational model of value proposition inspired by March's model of organizational learning. The model allows us to represent various cases of co‐creation: (i) without co‐production, (ii) with downstream co‐production, and (iii) with upstream co‐production. Repeated simulations are partly supporting the literature. On one hand, we find that deeper involvement of consumers into the value offering process increases the potential for value co‐creation. One the other hand, we find that co‐production can increase inequalities of satisfaction among consumers. Also, while scenarios with learning consumers offer the highest potential for value co‐creation, a negative relationship emerges between the number of learning consumers and organizational performance.
Long‐term memory retention in a wild fish species Labroides dimidiatus eleven months after an aversive event
Authors: Triki Zegni , Bshary Redouan
Published: October 2019

Memory is essential to enhance future survival and reproduction as it helps in storing and retrieving useful information to solve particular environmental problems. However, we lack quantitative evidence on how far animals in the wild can maintain given information for extended periods without reinforcement. Here, we document correlative evidence of cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus remembering being caught in a barrier net for up to 11 months. In 2015, about 60% of cleaners from one large isolated reef had been used for laboratory experiments and then returned to their site of capture. Eleven months later, 50% of cleaners at the same site showed an unusual hiding response to the placement of the barrier net, in contrast to three control sites where no cleaners had been caught during the last 2 years. The results suggest that a single highly aversive event (i.e., being caught in a barrier net) resulted in cleaners storing long‐term crucial information that allowed them to avoid being caught again. Our results further our knowledge of fish cognitive capacities and long‐term memory retention.
Does Mattering to Parents Matter to Adolescent Mental Health?: A Psychometric Analysis
Authors: Vélez Clorinda E. , Braver Sanford L. , Cookston Jeffrey T. , Fabricius William V. , Parke Ross D.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To examine the psychometric properties of a scale of perceived mattering to (step)parents and its links to adolescent mental health.

Background

Parenting behaviors are important for adolescent development; less is known about the meanings adolescents attach to parents' behaviors. One fundamental meaning adolescents may intuit is that parental behaviors signify how much the adolescent matters to his or her parents.

Method

Using a cross‐sectional community sample of 392 children in seventh grade and their parents, half intact and half stepfather families, adolescents reported on mattering and adolescents, teachers, and parents reported on adolescent mental health. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the structure and psychometric properties of a new mattering scale.

Results

We found evidence of unidimensionality and discriminant validity for our mattering scale. Mattering correlated negatively with multiple reports of adolescent behavioral problems (internalizing, externalizing) across all parents (i.e., mothers, residential [step]fathers, nonresidential fathers). Within intact families, correlations between mattering and adolescent mental health were stronger for fathers than for mothers.

Conclusions

These findings provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the mattering measure, suggest that mattering is important for adolescent mental health, and highlight the importance of father–child relationships for adolescents.

Implications

Our findings highlight the value of targeting fathers, not just mothers, in parenting interventions and of considering mattering in intervention work with families. Furthermore, policies regarding custodial arrangements in divorced, separated, or repartnered families should support father–child relationships when possible.
New views into class B GPCRs from the crystal structure of PTH1R
Authors: Ehrenmann Janosch , Schöppe Jendrik , Klenk Christoph , Plückthun Andreas
Published: October 2019

The parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a major regulator of mineral ion homeostasis and bone metabolism and is thus considered an attractive drug target for the treatment of disorders in calcium metabolism and bone‐related diseases such as osteoporosis. PTH1R is a member of the class B of GPCRs, which all share a dynamic multidomain binding mechanism to the peptide hormone. For a long time, these complexes have been recalcitrant to structural studies despite their great therapeutic relevance. Through extensive engineering of both the receptor and the peptide agonist ligand, we were able to determine the first high‐resolution structure of a PTH1R–agonist complex. Comparisons of the PTH1R crystal structure with subsequently reported cryo‐electron microscopy structures of the same receptor in complex with a G protein, as well as with other class B GPCR structures bound to antagonists, reveal new insights into the two‐step activation mechanism of class B GPCRs and extend our understanding of the precise molecular rearrangements during receptor activation.