bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Ocean Colour Derived Chlorophyll-a
Authors: Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Hickman Anna E. , Jahn Oliver
Published: August 2017

Abstract. This article provides a proof-of-concept for using a biogeochemical/ecosystem/optical model with radiative transfer component as a laboratory to explore aspects of ocean colour. We focus here on the satellite ocean colour Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) product provided by the often-used blue/green reflectance ratio algorithm. The model produces output that can be compared directly to the real world ocean colour remotely sensed reflectance. This model output can then be used to produce an ocean colour satellite-like Chl-a product using an algorithm linking the blue versus green reflectance similar to that used for the real world. Given that the model includes complete knowledge of the (model) water constituents, optics and reflectance, we can explore uncertainties and their causes in this proxy for Chl-a (called derived Chl-a in this paper). We compare the derived Chl-a the actual model Chl-a field. In the model we find that the mean absolute bias due to the algorithm is 22 % between derived and actual Chl-a. The real world algorithm is found using concurrent in situ measurement of Chl-a and radiometry. We ask whether increased in situ measurements to train the algorithm would improve the algorithm, and find a mixed result. There is a global overall improvement, but at the expense of some regions, especially in lower latitudes where the biases increase. We do find that regional specific algorithms provide a significant improvement. However, in the model, we find that no matter how the algorithm coefficients are found there can be a temporal mismatch between the derived Chl-a and the actual Chl-a. These mismatches stem from temporal decoupling between Chl-a and other optically important water constituents (such as coloured dissolved organic matter and detrital matter). The degree of decoupling differs regionally and over time. For example, in many highly seasonal regions, the timing of initiation and peak of the spring bloom in the derived Chl-a lags the actual Chl-a by days and sometimes weeks. This result indicate care should also be taken when studying phenology through satellite derived products of Chl-a. This study also re-emphasises that ocean colour derived Chl-a is not the same as the real in situ Chl-a. In fact the model derived Chl-a compares better to real world Chl-a than the model actual Chl-a. Modellers should keep this is mind when evaluating model output with ocean colour Chl-a and in particular when assimilating this product. Our study spans several disciplines: Our goal is to illustrate the use of numerical laboratory that a) helps users of ocean colour, particularly modellers, gain further understanding of the products they use; and b) the ocean colour community could use to explore other ocean colour products, their biases and uncertainties, as well as to aid in future algorithm development.
A temperature threshold to identify the driving climate forces of the respiratory process in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Zhiyuan , Zhang Renduo , Zhou Yang , Cescatti Alessandro , Wohlfahrt Georg , Sun Minmin , Zhu Juan , Magliulo Vincenzo , Tao Feng , Chen Guanhong
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Terrestrial ecosystem respiration (Re) is the major source of CO2 release and constitutes the second largest carbon flux between the biosphere and atmosphere. Therefore, climate-driven changes of Re may greatly impact on future atmospheric CO2 concentration. The aim of this study was to derive an air temperature threshold for identifying the driving climate forces of the respiratory process in terrestrial ecosystems within different temperature zones. For this purpose, a global dataset of 647 site-years of ecosystem flux data collected at 152 sites has been examined. Our analysis revealed an ecosystem threshold of mean annual air temperature (MAT) of 11 ± 2.3 °C. In ecosystems with the MAT below this threshold, the maximum Re rates were primarily dependent on temperature and respiration was mainly a temperature-driven process. On the contrary, in ecosystems with the MAT greater than 11 ± 2.3 °C, in addition to temperature, other driving forces, such as water availability and surface heat flux, became significant drivers of the maximum Re rates and respiration was a multi-factor-driven process. The information derived from this study highlight the key role of temperature as main controlling factor of the maximum Re rates on a large fraction of the terrestrial biosphere, while other driving forces reduce the maximum Re rates and temperature sensitivity of the respiratory process. These findings are particularly relevant under the current scenario of rapid global warming, given that the potential climate-induced changes in ecosystem respiration may lead to substantial anomalies in the seasonality and magnitude of the terrestrial carbon budget.
Water requirements of the oasis in the middle Heihe River Basin, China: Trends and causes
Authors: Liu Xingran , Shen Yanjun
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The middle Heihe River Basin is the main grain base of the northwestern China, where consumed the most water in the whole Heihe River basin. Increasing share of water resources in the middle Heihe River Basin has caused various issues in hydrology, ecology and environment in the Heihe River Basin, especially the downstream. To make clear how and why the water requirement has changed is significant for the water management in the study region. During the past ~30 years, the water requirement amount of the oasis increased from 10.7 × 108 m3 in 1986 to 18.8 × 108 m3 in 2013. And 76 %–82 % of the oasis water requirement amount was consumed by the cultivated land. Maize, spring wheat, and vegetable are the main crops in the middle Heihe River Basin. The mean annual water requirements of the maize, spring wheat, and vegetable were 562.4 mm, 408.7 mm, and 719.0 mm, respectively. By the contribution analysis, the extended planting area was the primary reason why the water requirement has increased in the past ~30 years, the contribution of which to the long-term trend in annual water requirement was 58.3 % and 60.6 % for the oasis and cultivated land, respectively. The changes in land structure were the secondary reason, which explained 25.3 % and 23.4 % of the water requirement variation in the oasis and cultivated land, respectively. The contribution of the climate change was relatively less, which contributed only 7.0 % and 6.8 % to the water requirement variation in the oasis and cultivated land, respectively.
Managing fire risk during drought: the influence of certification and El Niño on fire-driven forest conversion for oil palm in Southeast Asia
Authors: Noojipady Praveen , Morton Douglas C. , Schroeder Wilfrid , Carlson Kimberly M. , Huang Chengquan , Gibbs Holly K. , Burns David , Walker Nathalie F. , Prince Stephen D.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Indonesia and Malaysia have emerged as leading producers of palm oil in the past several decades, expanding production through the conversion of tropical forests to industrial plantations. Efforts to produce sustainable palm oil, including certification by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), include guidelines designed to reduce the environmental impact of palm oil production. Fire-driven deforestation is prohibited by law in both countries and a stipulation of RSPO certification, yet the degree of environmental compliance is unclear, especially during El Niño events when drought conditions increase fire risk. Here, we used time series of satellite data to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns of fire-driven deforestation on and around oil palm plantations. In Indonesia, fire-driven deforestation accounted for one-quarter of total forest losses on both certified and noncertified plantations. After the first plantations in Indonesia received RSPO certification in 2009, forest loss and fire-driven deforestation declined on certified plantations but did not stop altogether. Oil palm expansion in Malaysia rarely involved fire; only 5 % of forest loss on certified plantations had coincident active fire detections. Interannual variability in fire detections was strongly influenced by El Niño and the timing of certification. Fire activity during the 2002, 2004, and 2006 El Niño events was similar among oil palm plantations in Indonesia that would later become certified, noncertified plantations, and surrounding areas. However, total fire activity was 75 % and 66 % lower on certified plantations than noncertified plantations during the 2009 and 2015 El Niño events, respectively. The decline in fire activity on certified plantations, including during drought periods, highlights the potential for RSPO certification to safeguard carbon stocks in peatlands and remaining forests in accordance with legislation banning fires. However, aligning certification standards with satellite monitoring capabilities will be critical to realize sustainable palm oil production and meet industry commitments to zero deforestation.
The Rofental: a high Alpine research basin (1890 m – 3770 m a.s.l.) in the Ötztal Alps (Austria) with over 150 years of hydro-meteorological and glaciological observations
Authors: Strasser Ulrich , Marke Thomas , Braun Ludwig , Escher-Vetter Heidi , Juen Irmgard , Kuhn Michael , Maussion Fabien , Mayer Christoph , Nicholson Lindsey , Niedertscheider Klaus , Sailer Rudolf , Stötter Johann , Weber Markus , Kaser Georg
Published: August 2017

Abstract. A comprehensive hydrometeorological and glaciological data set is presented, originating from a multitude of recordings at several intensively operated research sites in the Rofental (1891–3772 m a.s.l., Ötztal Alps, Austria). The data sets are spanning a period of 150 years and hence represent a unique, worldwide unprecedented pool of high mountain observations. Their collection has originally been initiated to support the scientific investigation of the glaciers Hintereis-, Kesselwand- and Vernagtferner. Later, additional measurements of meteorological and hydrological variables have been undertaken; data now comprise records of temperature, relative humidity, short- and longwave radiation, wind speed and direction, air pressure, precipitation and water levels. For the glaciers, annual mass balance, glacier front variation and flow velocities as well as photographic images of the glacier status have been recorded. Since 2001, a series of distributed (airborne and terrestrial) laserscans has been processed. Most recently, a permanent terrestrial laser scanner installed on "Im hintern Eis" (3244 m a.s.l.) enables to continuously observe almost the entire area of Hintereisferner. The data and research undertaken at the sites of investigation enable combined research of atmospheric, cryospheric and hydrological processes in complex terrain, and support the development of several state-of-the art hydroclimatological and glacier mass balance models. The institutions taking part in the Rofental research framework have joined to a cooperation consortium and promote their site in several international research initiatives. In the framework of INARCH, all original research data sets are now provided to the scientific community according to the Creative Commons Attribution License by means of the PANGAEA repository (https://doi.org/doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.876120).
Biogenic isoprene emissions driven by regional weather predictions using different initialization methods: case studies during the SEAC4RS and DISCOVER-AQ airborne campaigns
Authors: Huang Min , Carmichael Gregory R. , Crawford James H. , Wisthaler Armin , Zhan Xiwu , Hain Christopher R. , Lee Pius , Guenther Alex B.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Land and atmospheric initial conditions of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are often interpolated from a different model output. We perform case studies during NASA's SEAC4RS and DISCOVER-AQ Houston airborne campaigns, demonstrating that using land initial conditions directly downscaled from a coarser resolution dataset led to significant positive biases in the coupled NASA-Unified WRF (NUWRF, version 7) surface and near-surface air temperature and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) around the Missouri Ozarks and Houston, Texas, as well as poorly partitioned latent and sensible heat fluxes. Replacing land initial conditions with the output from a long-term offline Land Information System (LIS) simulation can effectively reduce the positive biases in NUWRF surface air temperature by ∼ 2 °C. We also show that the LIS land initialization can modify surface air temperature errors almost 10 times as effectively as applying a different atmospheric initialization method. The LIS-NUWRF-based isoprene emission calculations by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN, version 2.1) are at least 20 % lower than those computed using the coarser resolution data-initialized NUWRF run, and are closer to aircraft-observation-derived emissions. Higher resolution MEGAN calculations are prone to amplified discrepancies with aircraft-observation-derived emissions on small scales. This is possibly a result of some limitations of MEGAN's parameterization and uncertainty in its inputs on small scales, as well as the representation error and the neglect of horizontal transport in deriving emissions from aircraft data. This study emphasizes the importance of proper land initialization to the coupled atmospheric weather modeling and the follow-on emission modeling. We anticipate it to also be critical to accurately representing other processes included in air quality modeling and chemical data assimilation. Having more confidence in the weather inputs is also beneficial for determining and quantifying the other sources of uncertainties (e.g., parameterization, other input data) of the models that they drive.
Assessing reliability of hydrological simulations through model intercomparison at the local scale in the Everest region
Authors: Eeckman Judith , Nepal Santosh , Chevallier Pierre , Camensuli Gauthier , Delclaux Francois , Boone Aaron , De Rouw Anneke
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Understanding hydrological processes of high-altitude areas is vital because downstream communities depend on water resources for their livelihood. This paper compares the hydrological responses at the local scale of two models using different degrees of refinement to represent physical processes in sparsely instrumented mountainous Himalayan catchments. Two small catchments located in mid- and high- mountain environments were chosen to represent the very different climatic and physiographic characteristics of the Central Himalayas in the Everest region of eastern Nepal. This work presents the novelty of applying, at a small spatio-temporal scale and under the same forcing conditions, a fully distributed surface scheme based on mass and energy balance equations (ISBA surface scheme), and a semi-distributed calibrated model (J2000 hydrological model). A new conceptual module coupled to the ISBA surface scheme for flow routing is presented. The results show that both models describe the evapotranspiration, quick runoff and discharge processes in a similar way. The reliability of the simulations for these variables can therefore be considered as satisfactory. The differences in the structure and results of the two models mainly concern the water storage and flows in the soil, in particular for the high-mountain catchment. This conclusion suggests that the uncertainty associated with model structure is significant for water storage and flow in the soil.
Modelling freshwater quality scenarios with ecosystem-based adaptation in the headwaters of the Cantareira system, Brazil
Authors: Taffarello Denise , Srinivasan Raghavan , Mohor Guilherme Samprogna , Guimarães João Luis B. , Calijuri Maria do Carmo , Mendiondo Eduardo Mario
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Freshwater fluxes are influenced by the volume and quality of water at the headwaters of strategic river basins under change. Although hydrologic models provide hypothesis testing of complex dynamics occurring at river basin scales, freshwater quality modelling is still incipient at many river catchments. In Brazil, approximately only one in twenty modelling studies assesses freshwater nutrients, which limits the policies regarding hydrologic ecosystem services. This paper aims to compare freshwater quality scenarios under different land-use/land-cover (LULC) change, one of them related to the Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) approach in subtropical headwaters. Using the spatially semi-distributed SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, nitrate and total phosphorous loads and sediments yield were modelled in Brazilian subtropical catchments ranging from 7.2 to 1037 km2. Part of these catchments are eligible areas of the Brazilian PES-programmes called Water Producer/PCJ and Water Conservator in the Cantareira Water Supply System, which until the drought in 2013–15 had supplied water to 9 million people in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region. We considered freshwater quality modelling of three LULC scenarios, with no climate change, as: (i) recent past scenario (S1), with the historic LULC records in 1990, (ii) current land use scenario (S2), considered the LULC for the period 2010–2015 as the baseline, and (iii) future land use scenario (S2+EbA). The latter scenario proposed forest cover conversion with restoration through EbA in protected areas according to the Basin Plan of the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí (PCJ) watersheds by 2035. The three LULC scenarios were tested with the same records of rainfall and evapotranspiration observations in 2006–2014, which comprised the occurrence of extreme drought events. We propose a new index to assess hydrologic services related to the grey water footprint (greyWF) and water yield estimated. The Hydrologic Services Index (HSI), as a non-dimensional factor to compare water pollution levels (WPL) for referenced and unreferenced catchments, comprise water pollution levels for nitrate, total phosphorus and sediments. On the one hand, leaching simulations of nitrate and total phosphorous allowed for the regionalization of greyWF at different spatial scales under LULC changes. According to the critical threshold of reference catchments, HSI identified basins in less sustainable and more sustainable areas. On the other hand, conservation practices simulated through the S2+EbA scenario envisaged not only additional and viable best management practices, but also preventive decision making at the headwaters of water supply systems.
Epistemic uncertainties and natural hazard risk assessment. 2. What should constitute good practice?
Authors: Beven Keith J. , Aspinall Willy P. , Bates Paul D. , Borgomeo Eduardo , Goda Katsu , Hall Jim W. , Page Trevor , Phillips Jeremy C. , Simpson Michael , Smith Paul J. , Wagener Thorsten , Watson Matt
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Part 1 of this paper has discussed the uncertainties arising from gaps in knowledge or limited understanding of the processes involved in different natural hazard areas. Such deficits may include uncertainties about frequencies, process representations, parameters, present and future boundary conditions, consequences and impacts, and the meaning of observations in evaluating simulation models. These are the epistemic uncertainties that can be difficult to constrain, especially in terms of event or scenario probabilities, even as elicited probabilities rationalised on the basis of expert judgements. This paper reviews the issues raised by trying to quantify the effects of epistemic uncertainties. Such scientific uncertainties might have significant influence on decisions made, say, for risk management, so it is important to examine the sensitivity of such decisions to different feasible sets of assumptions, to communicate the meaning of associated uncertainty estimates and to provide an audit trail for the analysis. A conceptual framework for good practice in dealing with epistemic uncertainties is outlined and implications of applying the principles to natural hazard science are discussed.
Benefits of sub-component over full-scale blade testing elaborated
on a trailing edge bond line design validation
Authors: Rosemeier Malo , Basters Gregor , Antoniou Alexandros
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Wind turbine rotor blades are designed and certified according to the current IEC (2012) and DNV GL AS (2015) standards, which include the final full-scale experiment. The experiment is used to validate the assumptions made in the design models. In this work the drawbacks of traditional static and fatigue full-scale testing are elaborated, i. e. the replication of realistic loading and structural response. Sub-component testing is proposed as a potential method to mitigate some of the drawbacks. Compared to the actual loading that a rotor blade is subjected to under field conditions, the full-scale test loading is subjected to the following simplifications and constraints: First, the full-scale fatigue test is conducted as a cyclic test, where the load time series obtained from aero-servo-elastic simulations are simplified to a damage equivalent load range. Second, the load directions are typically applied solely in two directions, often pure lead-lag and flap-wise directions which are not necessarily the most critical load directions for a particular blade segment. Third, parts of the blade are overloaded by up to 20 % to achieve the target load along the whole span. Fourth, parts of the blade are not tested due to load introduction via load frames. Finally, another downside of a state-of-the-art, uni-axial, resonant, full-scale testing method is that dynamic testing at the eigenfrequencies of today's blades in respect of the first flap-wise mode between 0.4 Hz and 1.0 Hz results in long test times. Testing usually takes several months. In contrast, the sub-component fatigue testing time can be substantially faster than the full-scale blade test since (a) the load can be introduced with higher frequencies which are not constrained by the blade's eigenfrequency, and (b) the stress ratio between the minimum and the maximum stress exposure to which the structure is subjected can be increased to higher, more realistic values. Furthermore, sub-component testing could increase the structural reliability by focusing on the critical areas and replicating the design loads more accurately in the most critical directions. In this work, the comparison of the two testing methods is elaborated by way of example on a trailing edge bond line design.
TEM Study of Rhodium Catalysts with Manganese Promoter
Authors: Merritt A. , Zhao Y. , Klie R.F.
Published: August 2017

The focus of this research is on studying the effects of a manganese
promoter on rhodium particles for the purposes of ethanol catalysation from
syngas. Through TEM imaging, the particle size has been studied both before
and after reduction with and without a manganese promoter. For pure rhodium
on silica, the average particle size before reduction was 3.1 ± 0.8 nm and
3.1 ± 0.8 nm after reduction. For rhodium with a manganese promoter on
silica, the average particle size before reduction was 2.3 ± 0.5 nm and 2.4
± 0.7 nm after reduction. These results point to a clear effect of manganese
on the particle sizes of rhodium, but an insufficient effect on particle
size to fully explain all effects of manganese promotion on rhodium
catalysts. Further research will be focusing on using a JEOL-2010F to
conduct electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Z-contrast imaging
structural studies.
Selective Atomic Layer Deposition (SALD) of Titanium Dioxide on Silicon
and Copper Patterned Substrates
Authors: Overhage K. , Tao Q. , Jursich G. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of TiO2 has potential applications in the
microelectronics industry for purposes such as formation of the copper
barrier layer. In this paper, TiO2 deposition on silicon and copper
substrates is studied, with a focus on the initial growth and nucleation
period on different substrates. Silicon with native oxide about 1.5
nm-thick, silicon with reduced oxide <1 nm-thick, and silicon/copper
patterned substrates with native oxide are tested for TiO2 deposition. The
temperature-independent window on silicon is studied, and findings are used
encourage selective deposition on the silicon portions of a copper-patterned
silicon substrate. Selective ALD is found to be possible on silicon portions
by taking advantage of the 15-20 cycle TiO2 nucleation period on copper,
allowing a film approximately 2.5 nm-thick to grow on silicon while less
than two monolayers grow on copper. Findings can be used in future work to
further promote selective deposition of TiO2.
Solvent Selection and Recycling for Carbon Absorption in a Pulverized
Coal Power Plant
Authors: Reed R. , Kotechs P. , Diwekar U.
Published: August 2017

Simulated Annealing is used to optimize the solvent selection and
recycling conditions for a carbon dioxide absorber in a pulverized coal
power plant. The project uses Aspen Plus V7.1 to model a pulverized coal
power plant and the carbon capture system. Simulated Annealing is introduced
via the CAPE OPEN feature in Aspen Plus to find the best combination to
absorb the most carbon dioxide while using the least amount of power for
carbon absorption. With this optimal configuration, retrofitting carbon
absorption into current power plants will cause a smaller drop in efficiency
than that of the current practice. This project will lead to improved
sustainability for fossil fuel power plants, by reducing the amount of
emissions from fossil fuel power plants without a significant reduction in
efficiency.
Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characterization of Multiferroic BiFeO3
Thin Films
Authors: Hitchen D. , Ghosh S.
Published: August 2017

The polarization hysteresis and current leakage characteristics of
bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films deposited by pulsed laser
deposition was measured while varying the temperature from 80 - 300 K in
increments of 10 K, to determine the feasibility of BFO for capacitive
applications in memory storage devices. Data is compared to the performance
of prototypic ferroelectric barium strontium titanate, BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST)
under similar conditions. Finding contacts on the BFO samples that exhibited
acceptable dielectric properties was challenging; and once identified, the
polarization characteristics between them varied greatly. However, the
non-uniformity among the contact points within each sample suggests that
either the samples were defective (by contamination or growth process), or
that the deposition process of the contacts may have undermined the
functionality of the devices. Subjected to increasing temperatures, BFO's
polarization improved, and though its polarizability was shown to be
inferior to BST, the dielectric loss was less.
Characterization of Nickel Assisted Growth of Boron
Nanostructures
Authors: Lagunas F. , Sorenson B. , Jash P. , Trenary M.
Published: August 2017

Boron nanostructures were synthesized by the vapor-liquid-solid
mechanism using nickel as a catalyst. Two types of catalyst deposition
methods were used: thermal evaporation and solution dispersion of Ni
nanopowder. Also, the effect of synthesis temperature on the shapes of the
nanostrucrure formed is reported here. The nanostructures were primarily
characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Further qualitative
analyses were done with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and High
Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). For quantitative
analyses Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Electron Energy Loss
Spectroscopy (EELS) were used. These results confirmed that 1) high purity
Ni assisted boron nanostructures grow by pyrolysis of diborane, and that 2)
oxide assisted growth of the nanostructures did not take place as carbon and
oxygen were present only as surface contamination. Selected Area Electron
Diffraction (SAED) patterns showed that the nanostructures were mainly
crystalline. By decreasing the amount of nickel catalyst that is deposited
by thermal evaporation the diameters of the nanowires were reduced. Also,
the use of nickel nanopowder as catalyst instead of Ni film resulted in
significant reduction in wire diameter. The diameter of the boron nanowires
are about 36 nm. With nanowires other types of nanostructures were formed in
either type of deposition. At the lower reaction temperature formation of
nanosheets was observed.
Combined Heat & Power: CHP Present & Future
Authors: Patel M.
Published: August 2017

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is an efficient way to generate
electricity and heat by utilizing the waste heat from the electric generator
in place of heat from a separate boiler. Currently, most electricity is
purchased from a central utility company that generates power at 35%
efficiency; the balance of fuel input energy is lost as heat. With CHP some
of the electricity is generated onsite and the waste heat from the generator
(water jacket and exhaust) is used for space and water heating and other
industrial processes that require heat. This reduces the fuel requirements
to the boiler which also reduces emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) and
other pollutants. Overall CHP efficiencies can make upwards to 85%. CHP is
also known as Buildings Cooling, Heating & Power (BCHP), CHP for
buildings (CHPB), Integrated Energy Systems (IES), Total Energy System
(TES), Tri-generation (Trigen) and Cogeneration. CHP is best fit where there
is demand for heat (or cooling load) and electricity is simultaneous e.g.
hospitals, the hotel industry, educational institutes. Exhaust heat can be
applied to support cooling loads with absorption chillers.
Short Term Energy Storage on Grid
Authors: Kazokoglu S.E.
Published: August 2017

This paper summarizes short term storage applications for electric grid
that are available today. It focuses on U.S. Electric grid and current
challenges of interconnected electrical generation and distribution.
Differences between short term and long term energy storage systems are
explained with more detail on short term technologies, current and the
possible applications on electric grid. For comparison purposes rated power
discharge times, reaction times, life cycles as well as per unit power and
per unit energy costs are presented.
The Next Contender in High Speed Transport Elon Musks Hyperloop
Authors: Sakowski M.
Published: August 2017

Elon Musk, progressive futurist and business magnate has proposed a
fifth mode of transportation called the Hyperloop. Just as he did with the
resurrection of electric vehicle, and the privatization of space ight, Musk
is taking the established concepts of the vactrain and maglev technology and
is attempting to bring it back into the spotlight but with key improvements.
This paper attempts to provide a brief historical literature review of High
Speed Transport to Very High Speed Transit (VHST) and to discuss the
limitations of the existing and theoretical technologies of Maglev trains
and evacuated tube transport. The Hyperloop is proposed as the next
contender in High Speed Transport, and a simplified energy analysis is
performed to aid in evaluating the feasibility of the Hyperloop. This paper
also attempts to highlight several features of the Hyperloop that
distinguishes it from traditional vactrains and evacuated tube technologies
by using capsules or pods to travel in a medium-pressure environment as
opposed to a dicult-to-maintain vacuum environment. A
diuser-compressor-nozzle system has also been proposed to overcome the
Kantrowitz Limit. This paper reviews the Hyperloop concept and its specific
advantages to the future development of a cost-eective and sustainable
high-speed mass transport technology.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for utility-scale Energy Storage systems
Authors: Bakos P.
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the existing literature in life cycle cost analysis
of large scale electricity storage systems, providing an overview of their
technical benefits and drawbacks as well as the cost associated with their
expected lifespan. The energy storage systems that are being evaluated are
Lead-Acid batteries, Nickel-Cadmium batteries, Sodium-Sulfur batteries,
Compressed Air energy storage, and Pumped Hydro plants. These systems are
suitable for grid support, and are considered of great importance for the
grid of the future. Life cycle cost analysis is an eective way of inter-
preting and comparing those systems. Both the technical and cost
characteristics that are presented in the paper are key findings critical
for understanding the applicability and challenges associated with each
system. These metrics should be used to properly evaluate the most cost
eective option among the systems in a holistic approach, as the power
industry moves towards a greener future.
A Review on Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Adalid V.
Published: August 2017

A Thermoelectric Device (TE) is made up of dissimilar conducting
materials that take a tem- perature dierence (waste heat) and converts it to
electrical power. In addition, depending on the direction of the current ow,
a TE can also be used for heating/cooling. The reason why TEs are able to
provide heating/cooling and be a source of electrical power is due to the
Seebeck and Peltier eect. Due to TEs only having a ZT, figure of merit,
value of one a lot of eort is being put into finding materials that could
improve the improve the figure of merit. This paper reviews how the TEs are
implemented in current applications.
Grid Modernization - Integration of Storage
Authors: Islifo Z.
Published: August 2017

The existing electric power grid is reliable enough to meet everyday
needs of U.S. electricity users. However, the grid needs major
infrastructure upgrades to meet the rising demands for a reliable,
resilient, and secure electricity delivery. Drivers to modernize the grid
include increased demand for clean sources of energy, growing number of
renewable energy sources on the grid and customer participation in power
generation. Smart grid technologies are critical for monitoring, managing
and controlling the power grid. Energy storage introduces an important new
dimension on the grid, the ability to store electricity at one time and
release the stored electricity for use at another time. Flow batteries are
one type of energy storage technologies that are well suited for large-scale
utility application on the grid. Currently, vanadium redox ow batteries are
the most common used utility-scaled ow batteries.
Hospitalidade na Odisseia de Homero: cuidado com o viajante, reciprocidade e abuso da hospedagem na Grécia Antiga
Authors: De Carvalho Denis Barros
Published: August 2017

As sociedades humanas são estruturadas através da construção simbólica de instituições que atuam como mediadoras e normatizadoras das relações sociais. Esses símbolos se expressam primordialmente na forma de mitos. O turismo como instituição foi estruturado através da influência das mitologias Greco-Romana, Judaico-Cristã, Celta e Germano-Nórdica. O deslocamento físico é um elemento estruturante do fenômeno turístico e miticamente expresso na figura do deus Odin, que viajava em busca de sabedoria e força. Além do deslocamento físico, era necessário existir um mecanismo de regulação das situações de viagem, instituído através de pactos de solidariedade social e reciprocidade. Este mecanismo é justamente o fenômeno da hospitalidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as formas de hospitalidade presentes no livro A Odisseia, de Homero, com o foco no estudo das motivações para a prática da hospedagem. Com isso, o que se busca é mostrar a importância dos Estudos Clássicos para o entendimento do conceito de hospitalidade que, junto com o conceito de viagem, é constituinte essencial do Turismo.
The Science of Art: The Universality of the Law of Contrast
Authors: van Dongen Noah N. N. , Zijlmans Josjan
Published: August 2017

Visual contrast appears to be an important factor in the appreciation of paintings. However, it has not been determined whether and how the effect of contrast differs between painting characteristics and whether and how it differs between people. We investigated whether the effect of contrast generalizes across cultures, variations in initial contrast levels (i.e., the amount of contrast in the digital reproductions of an original painting) between paintings, painting types (i.e., representational or abstract), and social and cognitive–aesthetic factors (e.g., age, education, art expertise). Our results indicated that people consistently favor high-contrast versions of paintings over their low-contrast counterparts; this effect is stronger for abstract paintings and paintings with a low or moderate initial contrast level; this effect is not influenced by culture, social factors, or cognitive–aesthetic factors; and surprisingly, the aesthetic value of digitized original paintings can be increased by increasing their contrast value. In short, we found empirical support against the universal importance of contrast in relation to painting characteristics but in favor of the universal importance of contrast in relation to people characteristics.
The Eye-Size Illusion Is Handled by Two Separate Processes
Authors: Rakover Sam S.
Published: August 2017

As a visual stimulus, the face is handled by 2 separate processes: the general visual and the face specific. The present study evinces for the first time that the former process is strengthened by the latter when a geometric illusion (handled by the general visual process) is embedded in a face (handled by the face-specific process). This theoretical approach is supported by the following main finding. When a geometric illusion is implanted in a face, the eye-size illusion is generated. Change in or gradual elimination of facial information diminishes the illusion. When all facial information is removed, one obtains a geometric illusion: the rectangle-size illusion, wherein the eyes are replaced by a black rectangle and all other facial features are stripped off. The eye-size illusion is much larger than the rectangle-size illusion. Further results provide additional support for the theoretical approach adopted by the present study.
Flexible Verbal–Spatial Mapping in the Horizontal and Vertical SNARC Effects of Mainland Chinese Readers
Authors: Li Mengxia , Zhang Entao , Zhang Yanjun , Fanga Xi , Li Qiwei
Published: August 2017

Traditionally, the spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect was explained by assuming that the processing of numbers automatically activates internal visuospatial codes. In contrast, Gevers et al. (2010) suggested that the SNARC effect can result from both visuospatial and verbal–spatial processing, with verbal–spatial being the dominant processing mechanism. The current study tested this assumption in two experiments with the SNARC effects obtained from the horizontal and the vertical directions. Consistent with the assumption of Gevers et al., the horizontal SNARC effect is dominantly driven by verbal–spatial coding in Arabic numerals and simplified and complex Chinese numbers. More specifically, in the horizontal direction, mainland Chinese participants more dominantly associate small numbers with the verbal–spatial “left” and large numbers with the verbal–spatial “right.” But inconsistent with key predictions of Gevers et al., a remarkable association was found between small numbers with the visuospatial “top” and large numbers with the visuospatial “bottom” in the vertical SNARC effect for numbers in Arabic numerals and simplified Chinese numbers and a dominant association between small numbers with the verbal–spatial coding “bottom” and large numbers with the verbal–spatial coding “top” for complex Chinese numbers, also in the vertical SNARC effect. These findings demonstrate that verbal–spatial coding of numbers is flexible, which is plausible because of the direction-dissociative and notation-specific nature of number–space mapping.
How You Measure Is What You Get: Differences in Self- and External Ratings of Emotional Experiences in Home Dreams
Authors: Sikka Pilleriin , Feilhauer Diana , Valli Katja , Revonsuo Antti
Published: August 2017

This study demonstrates that different methods for measuring emotional experiences in dreams—self-ratings of dreams using emotion rating scales versus external ratings in the form of content analysis of narrative dream reports—can lead to strikingly different results and contradicting conclusions about the emotional content of home dreams. During 3 consecutive weeks, every morning upon awakening, 44 participants (16 men, 28 women, average age 26.9 ± 5.1 years) reported their dreams and rated their emotional experiences in those dreams using the modified Differential Emotions Scale. Two external judges rated emotional experiences in the same 552 (M = 12.55 ± 5.72) home dream reports using the same scale. Comparison of the 2 methods showed that with self-ratings dreams were rated as more emotional and more positive than with external ratings. Moreover, whereas with self-ratings the majority of dreams was rated as positively valenced, with external ratings the majority of dream reports was rated as negatively valenced. Although self- and external ratings converge, at least partially, in the measurement of negative emotional experiences, they diverge greatly in the measurement of positive emotional experiences. On one hand, this discrepancy may result from different biases inherent in the 2 measurement methods highlighting the need to develop better methods for measuring emotional experiences. On the other hand, self- and external ratings may capture different phenomena and should thus be considered complementary and used concurrently. Nevertheless, results suggest that negative emotional experiences can be measured in a more valid and reliable manner than positive emotional experiences. Supplementary results are available at http://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajp/media/sikka/how_you_measure/
The Relationship Between School Administrators’ Happiness Levels and Their Self-Efficacy Levels
Authors: Duran Ali , Yildirim Nail
Published: August 2017

The aim of this present research is to specify the interrelation between the happiness and self-efficacy levels of the school administrators. This study is a descriptive survey model, and its population consists of the school principals and deputy principals in Amasya Province which are the subsidiaries of the Ministry of National Education. The Correlation coefficient was calculated and the methods of One-Way ANOVA, t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used for the sub-problems. Once the findings of the research were analysed, a positive and mid-level significant interrelation was discovered between the happiness and the self-efficacy levels of the administrators about school administration. The results of the analysis suggest that happiness and self-efficacy levels of the school administrators according to their perceptions can be observed as “fine”. Furthermore, their perceptions about happiness and self-efficacy levels differ according to the length of service groups they belong to. This is evident from the finding that the group of 1-5 years of service has highest score of happiness level, and the experience groups of 6-10, 16-20, 21 and above, and 11-15 years follow them respectively. The highest score of self-efficacy level, at the same time, is owned by the ones who have 21 years of service and above, and the experience groups of 16-20, 6-10, 11-15, and 1-5 years follow them respectively. The self-efficacy levels also show significant difference regarding the variable of age.
Effects of peer mentoring on nursing students’ perceived stress, sense of belonging, self-efficacy and loneliness
Authors: Raymond June M. , Sheppard Kim
Published: August 2017

Mentorship has been around for years and has been explored in nursing education in the clinical settings. Despite evidence that indicates that the academic environment is the most common source of stress, little mentorship implementation and investigation has been done in this environment. The purpose of this research is to describe the effects of a mentorship experience on the level of perceived stress, sense of belonging, self-efficacy, and loneliness by first year baccalaureate nursing students. A quasi-experimental design was conducted.  Seventy baccalaureate nursing students in the first year of their program (n = 34 in the experimental group; n = 36 in the control group) enrolled in a single baccalaureate nursing program were recruited. Third year mentors were purposefully selected by nursing professors within the program. The Perceived Stress Scale, the College Self-Efficacy Inventory (CSEI)–Revised, Sense of Belonging-Psychological, Sense of Belonging-Antecedents, and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale were used to evaluate the various concepts as these tools were used in previous research with college level students and deemed to be reliable and valid tools for measuring the relevant concepts. The mentorship program was statistically significant in reducing first year nursing students’ perceived stress and loneliness. It also appeared to increase their sense of self-efficacy and psychological sense of belonging. The mentorship experience could potentially enhance the student experience as well as aid the academic institution in retention and resource maximization. The focus of this research was on the academic mentoring by peers and is worth further exploration and possible wide-scale integration within nursing education.
Evaluation of evidence-based nursing education of hospital acquired pressure injury prevention in clinical practice: An integrative review
Authors: Henry Michelle , Foronda Cynthia
Published: August 2017

Background and objective: There are 2.5 million Americans affected by hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPI) annually. The objective of this study was to review and synthesize the evidence on competency-based education of interventions to prevent HAPIs and to improve the knowledge-base of nursing to guide quality and safety initiatives for patients.Methods: A total of 30 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were reviewed, and the selected articles focused into three main areas: nurse knowledge and education, HAPI prevention improvement, and competency. These articles were examined to comprise a review on the studies that provided the most relevant synchronized data concerning pressure ulcers and competency-based education.Results: Two themes developed during the literature search and analysis of the selected articles. The first theme focused on nurse education programs for the prevention and identification of HAPI, and the second was the need for nurse knowledge and competency in the prevention of HAPI.Conclusions: Appraisal of the literature showed that various HAPI education programs have improved nurses’ knowledge and competency, and decreased HAPI occurrences. Future research should focus on identifying and reinforcing standardized professional competency-based education to create a culture of success, and ensure consistently high quality care and safe outcomes for patients.