bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A standardized tritrophic small-scale system (TriCosm) for the assessment of stressor-induced effects on aquatic community dynamics
Authors: Riedl Verena , Agatz Annika , Benstead Rachel , Ashauer Roman
Published: November 2017

Chemical impacts on the environment are routinely assessed in single-species tests. They are employed to measure direct effects on nontarget organisms, but indirect effects on ecological interactions can only be detected in multispecies tests. Micro- and mesocosms are more complex and environmentally realistic, yet they are less frequently used for environmental risk assessment because resource demand is high, whereas repeatability and statistical power are often low. Test systems fulfilling regulatory needs (i.e., standardization, repeatability, and replication) and the assessment of impacts on species interactions and indirect effects are lacking. In the present study we describe the development of the TriCosm, a repeatable aquatic multispecies test with 3 trophic levels and increased statistical power. High repeatability of community dynamics of 3 interacting aquatic populations (algae, Ceriodaphnia, and Hydra) was found with an average coefficient of variation of 19.5% and the ability to determine small effect sizes. The TriCosm combines benefits of both single-species tests (fulfillment of regulatory requirements) and complex multispecies tests (ecological relevance) and can be used, for instance, at an intermediate tier in environmental risk assessment. Furthermore, comparatively quickly generated population and community toxicity data can be useful for the development and testing of mechanistic effect models. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1051–1060. © 2017 SETAC
Iron and Single Electron Transfer: All is in the Ligand
Authors: Desage‐El Murr Marine , Fensterbank Louis , Ollivier Cyril
Published: November 2017

This account describes some advances we have made in the field of iron catalysis. Two types of reactivity have been uncovered. Based on the use of an iron(II) precatalyst in the presence of NaBH4, the first one consists in a SET which can be useful for the reductive dehalogenation of iodide and bromide derivatives. Switching to the non‐innocent bis‐iminopyridine ligands promotes a previously undescribed Csp2−H activation reaction leading to biaryl derivatives. First clues into the intricate nature of the mechanism were obtained and suggested that the redox‐active bis‐iminopyridine ligand acts as an electron reservoir. The resulting buildup of electron density triggers the C−H bond breaking. All these findings are discussed in light of the existing literature and perspectives are given.
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia as an Atypical Form of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Marx Stephen J
Published: November 2017

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) causes lifelong hypercalcemia with features that overlap with typical primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). The incompleteness of this overlap has led to divergent nomenclatures for FHH. I compare two nomenclatures. One sets FHH as an entity distinct from PHPT. The other groups FHH with PHPT but conditions FHH as atypical PHPT. I analyzed selected articles about calcium-sensing receptors, FHH, PHPT, CASR, GNA11, and AP2S1. FHH usually results from a heterozygous germline inactivating mutation of the CASR, and less frequently from mutation of GNA11 or AP2S1. The CASR encodes the calcium-sensing receptors. These are highly expressed on parathyroid cells, where they sense serum calcium concentration and regulate suppression of PTH secretion by serum calcium. Their mutated expression in the kidney in FHH causes increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium (hypocalciuria). Many FHH features are shared with PHPT and thus support FHH as a form of PHPT. These include a driver mutation expressed mainly in the parathyroid cells. The mutation causes a parathyroid cell insensitivity to extracellular calcium in vivo and in vitro, a right-shift of the set point for suppression of PTH secretion by calcium. Serum PTH is normal or mildly elevated; ie, it is not appropriately suppressed by hypercalcemia. Total parathyroidectomy causes hypoparathyroidism and durable remission of hypercalcemia. Some other features are not shared with PHPT and could support FHH as a distinct entity. These include onset of hypercalcemia in the first week of life, frequent persistence of hypercalcemia after subtotal parathyroidectomy, and hypocalciuria. The features supporting FHH as a form of PHPT are stronger than those favoring FHH as a distinct entity. Classifying FHH as an atypical form of PHPT represents compact nomenclature and supports current concepts of pathophysiology of FHH and PHPT. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Complying with the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA): Challenges and solutions
Authors: Hsuan Charleen , Horwitz Jill R. , Ponce Ninez A. , Hsia Renee Y. , Needleman Jack
Published: November 2017

The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), which requires Medicare‐participating hospitals to provide emergency care to patients regardless of their ability to pay, plays an important role in protecting the uninsured. Yet many hospitals do not comply. This study examines the reasons for noncompliance and proposes solutions. We conducted 11 semistructured key informant interviews with hospitals, hospital associations, and patient safety organizations in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services region with the highest number of EMTALA complaints filed. Respondents identified 5 main causes of noncompliance: financial incentives to avoid unprofitable patients, ignorance of EMTALA's requirements, high referral burden at hospitals receiving EMTALA transfer patients, reluctance to jeopardize relationships with transfer partners by reporting borderline EMTALA violations, and opposing priorities of hospitals and physicians. Respondents suggested 5 methods to improve compliance, including educating subspecialists about EMTALA, informally educating hospitals about borderline violations, and incorporating EMTALA‐compliant processes into hospital operations such as by routing transfer requests through the emergency department. To improve compliance we suggest (1) more closely aligning Medicaid/Medicare payment policies with EMTALA, (2) amending the Act to permit informal mediation between hospitals about borderline violations, (3) increasing the hospital's role in ensuring EMTALA compliance, and (4) expanding the role of hospital associations.
Total septal perforation repair with a pericranial flap: Radio‐anatomical and clinical findings
Authors: Alobid Isam , Langdon Cristóbal , López‐Chacon Mauricio , Enseñat Joaquim , Carrau Ricardo , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Santamaría Alfonso
Published: November 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Endonasal surgeries are the primary cause of septal perforation (SP). However, trauma, inflammation, infections, neoplasms, or abuse of inhaled drugs can also cause SP. Septal repair is indicated in patients who experience nasal obstruction, crusting, intermittent epistaxis, purulent discharge, or nasal whistling and in those who fail conservative treatment. Multiple approaches have been suggested to repair the SP; however, none has been universally adopted. This study explores the feasibility of repairing a total SP using the pericranial flap (PCF).

Study Design

Anatomical cadaver and radiological study plus case study.

Methods

Total nasal septectomy and endoscopic reconstruction with a PCF was performed in 12 injected cadaveric specimens. Maximum length and area of the nasal septum and the PCF were measured in 75 computed tomography scans. Based on the anatomical study and the radiological measurements of the cadavers, one patient underwent total nasal septum repair.

Results

Anatomic measurements showed that the nasal septum has a mean length of 5.8 ± 0.7 cm, whereas the PCF was on average 18.4 ± 1.3 cm long (mean surface area 121.6 ± 17.7 cm2). Radiological measurements revealed that the PCF should provide a surface area of 40.9 ± 4.2 cm2 to account for the total septal area and an additional 30% to account range for potential scar retraction. For total septum repair, the distal edge of the PCF had to be placed 0.8 ± 2.0 cm (3.4 ± 8.7°) from the adopted reference point (vertical projection of the external ear canal). Total septal reconstruction was performed successfully in one patient without complications.

Conclusions

Radio‐anatomical data and a case study demonstrate that a PCF allows complete endoscopic repair of the nasal septum.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:1320–1327, 2018
A shared decision‐making tool for obstructive sleep apnea without tonsillar hypertrophy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bergeron Mathieu , Duggins Angela L. , Cohen Aliza P. , Tiemeyer Karin , Mullen Lisa , Crisalli Joseph , McArthur Angela , Ishman Stacey L.
Published: November 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Shared decision‐making is a process whereby patients and clinicians jointly establish a treatment plan integrating clinical evidence and patient values and preferences. Although this approach has been successfully employed in numerous medical disciplines, often using shared decision‐making tools, otolaryngologic research assessing its use is scant. Our primary objective was therefore to determine if the tools we developed reduced decisional conflict for children with obstructive sleep apnea without tonsillar hypertrophy.

Study Design

Prospective, single‐blind, randomized controlled trial.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria who were referred to our multidisciplinary upper airway center. Study patients used a shared decision‐making tool whereas controls did not. Measures of decisional conflict (SURE [Sure of myself, Understanding information, Risk benefit ratio, Encouragement], CollaboRATE, and the Decisional Conflict Scale [DCS]) were obtained pre‐ and postvisit.

Results

We assessed 50 families (study group = 24, controls = 26). The mean age was 8.8 ± 6.6 years, 44% were female, 86% were white, and the mean obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index was 12.7 ± 15.6 events/hour. The previsit mean DCS score was similar for controls (42.7) and study patients (40.8) (P = .38). The postvisit mean DCS score for controls was 13.3 and for study patients 6.1 (P = .034). Improvement in this score was greater in the study group (P = .03). At previsit evaluation, 63% of controls and 58% of study patients were unsure about their options. Postvisit, this improved to 4.1% and 0%, respectively.

Conclusions

Families counseled regarding treatment options using shared decision‐making tools had significantly less decisional conflict than those who did not use these tools. These positive outcomes suggest that clinicians should consider integrating this approach into clinical practice.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 128:1007–1015, 2018
Proton density–weighted laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging in systemically dehydrated rats
Authors: Oleson Steven , Lu Kun‐Han , Liu Zhongming , Durkes Abigail C. , Sivasankar M. Preeti
Published: November 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Dehydrated vocal folds are inefficient sound generators. Although systemic dehydration of the body is believed to induce vocal fold dehydration, this causative relationship has not been demonstrated in vivo. Here we investigate the feasibility of using in vivo proton density (PD)–weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to demonstrate hydration changes in vocal fold tissue following systemic dehydration in rats.

Study Design

Animal study.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 10) were imaged at baseline and following a 10% reduction in body weight secondary to withholding water. In vivo, high‐field (7 T), PD‐weighted MRI was used to successfully resolve vocal fold and salivary gland tissue structures.

Results

Normalized signal intensities within the vocal fold decreased postdehydration by an average of 11.38% ± 3.95% (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM], P = .0098) as compared to predehydration levels. The salivary glands experienced a similar decrease in normalized signal intensity by an average of 10.74% ± 4.14% (mean ± SEM, P = .0195) following dehydration. The correlation coefficient (percent change from dehydration) between vocal folds and salivary glands was 0.7145 (P = .0202).

Conclusions

Ten percent systemic dehydration induced vocal fold dehydration as assessed by PD‐weighted MRI. Changes in the hydration state of vocal fold tissue were highly correlated with that of the salivary glands in dehydrated rats in vivo. These preliminary findings demonstrate the feasibility of using PD‐weighted MRI to quantify hydration states of the vocal folds and lay the foundation for further studies that explore more routine and realistic magnitudes of systemic dehydration and rehydration.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E222–E227, 2018
Cricothyroid joint type as predictor for vocal fold elongation in professional singers
Authors: Storck Claudio , Unteregger Fabian
Published: November 2017

Objective

Vocal fold (VF) elongation vocal folds depends on two factors: the activity of the laryngeal muscles and the cricothyroid joint (CTJ). The aim of the study was to show the influence of the CTJ on VF elongation while singing a sustained vowel at different pitches.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Methods

Forty‐nine female professional singers (25 sopranos, 24 altos) were recruited. Three‐dimensional images of the larynx derived from high‐resolution computed tomography scanning were obtained at the mean speaking fundamental frequency (F0) and one (F1) and two octaves (F2) above this pitch.

Results

From F0 to F1, all three CTJ types showed equal elongation of the VF (type A: 14%, type B/C: 13%). From F1 to F2, VF elongation was 8% in singers with type A and 4% in those with type B/C (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The stability of the CTJ directly influences VF during singing. This is the first study to show this relationship in vivo.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:1176–1181, 2018
Cough strength and expiratory force in aspirating and nonaspirating postradiation head and neck cancer survivors
Authors: Hutcheson Katherine A. , Barrow Martha P. , Warneke Carla L. , Wang Yiqun , Eapen George , Lai Stephen Y. , Barringer Denise A. , Plowman Emily K. , Lewin Jan S.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Expiratory functions that clear aspiration from the airway are compromised in patients with neurogenic dysphagia for whom cough and expiratory force may be impaired by the primary disease process. The relationship between expiratory function, cough, and aspiration is less clear in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors for whom the disease process does not directly impact the lower respiratory system. Our objective was to compare mechanisms of airway clearance (expiratory force and cough) with aspiration status in postradiated HNC survivors.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

One hundred and three disease‐free HNC survivors ≥ 3‐months postradiotherapy referred for modified barium swallow studies were prospectively enrolled regardless of dysphagia status. Maximum expiratory pressures (MEPs) and peak cough flow (PCF) measures were taken at enrollment and examined as a function of aspiration status using generalized linear regression methods.

Results

Thirty‐four (33%) patients aspirated. Maximum expiratory pressure and PCF demonstrated a moderate positive correlation (Pearson's r = 0.35). Adjusting for sex and age, MEPs were on average 19.2% lower (21.1 cm H2O, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.3, 36.8) among aspirators. Peak cough flow was also 14.9% lower (59.6 L/minute, 95% CI 15.8, 103.3) among aspirators after adjusting for age and sex.

Conclusion

Expiratory functions were depressed in postradiated HNC aspirators relative to nonaspirators, suggesting that airway protection impairments may extend beyond disrupted laryngopharyngeal mechanisms in the local treatment field. Exercises to strengthen subglottic expiratory force‐generating capacity may offer an adjunctive therapeutic target to improve airway protection in chronic aspirators after head and neck radiotherapy.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1615–1621, 2018
Development and external validation of a risk‐prediction model to predict 5‐year overall survival in advanced larynx cancer
Authors: Petersen Japke F. , Stuiver Martijn M. , Timmermans Adriana J. , Chen Amy , Zhang Hongzhen , O'Neill James P. , Deady Sandra , Vander Poorten Vincent , Meulemans Jeroen , Wennerberg Johan , Skroder Carl , Day Andrew T. , Koch Wayne , van den Brekel Michiel W. M.
Published: November 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

TNM‐classification inadequately estimates patient‐specific overall survival (OS). We aimed to improve this by developing a risk‐prediction model for patients with advanced larynx cancer.

Study Design

Cohort study.

Methods

We developed a risk prediction model to estimate the 5‐year OS rate based on a cohort of 3,442 patients with T3T4N0N+M0 larynx cancer. The model was internally validated using bootstrapping samples and externally validated on patient data from five external centers (n = 770). The main outcome was performance of the model as tested by discrimination, calibration, and the ability to distinguish risk groups based on tertiles from the derivation dataset. The model performance was compared to a model based on T and N classification only.

Results

We included age, gender, T and N classification, and subsite as prognostic variables in the standard model. After external validation, the standard model had a significantly better fit than a model based on T and N classification alone (C statistic, 0.59 vs. 0.55, P < .001). The model was able to distinguish well among three risk groups based on tertiles of the risk score. Adding treatment modality to the model did not decrease the predictive power. As a post hoc analysis, we tested the added value of comorbidity as scored by American Society of Anesthesiologists score in a subsample, which increased the C statistic to 0.68.

Conclusions

A risk prediction model for patients with advanced larynx cancer, consisting of readily available clinical variables, gives more accurate estimations of the estimated 5‐year survival rate when compared to a model based on T and N classification alone.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 128:1140–1145, 2018
Learning a variational network for reconstruction of accelerated MRI data
Authors: Hammernik Kerstin , Klatzer Teresa , Kobler Erich , Recht Michael P. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Pock Thomas , Knoll Florian
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To allow fast and high‐quality reconstruction of clinical accelerated multi‐coil MR data by learning a variational network that combines the mathematical structure of variational models with deep learning.

Theory and Methods

Generalized compressed sensing reconstruction formulated as a variational model is embedded in an unrolled gradient descent scheme. All parameters of this formulation, including the prior model defined by filter kernels and activation functions as well as the data term weights, are learned during an offline training procedure. The learned model can then be applied online to previously unseen data.

Results

The variational network approach is evaluated on a clinical knee imaging protocol for different acceleration factors and sampling patterns using retrospectively and prospectively undersampled data. The variational network reconstructions outperform standard reconstruction algorithms, verified by quantitative error measures and a clinical reader study for regular sampling and acceleration factor 4.

Conclusion

Variational network reconstructions preserve the natural appearance of MR images as well as pathologies that were not included in the training data set. Due to its high computational performance, that is, reconstruction time of 193 ms on a single graphics card, and the omission of parameter tuning once the network is trained, this new approach to image reconstruction can easily be integrated into clinical workflow. Magn Reson Med 79:3055–3071, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
CYP3A5 genotype and its impact on vincristine pharmacokinetics and development of neuropathy in Kenyan children with cancer
Authors: Skiles Jodi L. , Chiang ChienWei , Li Claire H. , Martin Steve , Smith Ellen L. , Olbara Gilbert , Jones David R. , Vik Terry A. , Mostert Saskia , Abbink Floor , Kaspers Gertjan J. , Li Lang , Njuguna Festus , Sajdyk Tammy J. , Renbarger Jamie L.
Published: November 2017

Background

Vincristine (VCR) is a critical part of treatment in pediatric malignancies and is associated with dose‐dependent peripheral neuropathy (vincristine‐induced peripheral neuropathy [VIPN]). Our previous findings show VCR metabolism is regulated by the CYP3A5 gene. Individuals who are low CYP3A5 expressers metabolize VCR slower and experience more severe VIPN as compared to high expressers. Preliminary observations suggest that Caucasians experience more severe VIPN as compared to nonCaucasians.

Procedure

Kenyan children with cancer who were undergoing treatment including VCR were recruited for a prospective cohort study. Patients received IV VCR 2 mg/m2/dose with a maximum dose of 2.5 mg as part of standard treatment protocols. VCR pharmacokinetics (PK) sampling was collected via dried blood spot cards and genotyping was conducted for common functional variants in CYP3A5, multi‐drug resistance 1 (MDR1), and microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT). VIPN was assessed using five neuropathy tools.

Results

The majority of subjects (91%) were CYP3A5 high‐expresser genotype. CYP3A5 low‐expresser genotype subjects had a significantly higher dose and body surface area normalized area under the curve than CYP3A5 high‐expresser genotype subjects (0.28 ± 0.15 hr·m2/l vs. 0.15 ± 0.011 hr·m2/l, P = 0.027). Regardless of which assessment tool was utilized, minimal neuropathy was detected in this cohort. There was no difference in the presence or severity of neuropathy assessed between CYP3A5 high‐ and low‐expresser genotype groups.

Conclusion

Genetic factors are associated with VCR PK. Due to the minimal neuropathy observed in this cohort, there was no demonstrable association between genetic factors or VCR PK with development of VIPN. Further studies are needed to determine the role of genetic factors in optimizing dosing of VCR for maximal benefit.
Long‐term results in children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee
Authors: Affinita Maria Carmen , Ferrari Andrea , Milano Giuseppe Maria , Scarzello Giovanni , De Leonardis Francesco , Coccoli Luca , Pericoli Roberta , Basso Eleonora , Zanetti Ilaria , Scagnellato Angela , Bisogno Gianni
Published: November 2017

Background

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occurring at nonparameningeal head and neck (NPM‐HN) sites carries a better prognosis than parameningeal RMS and some other sites. We analyzed the treatments administered and results obtained in patients with localized NPM‐HN RMS, included in the protocols coordinated by the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee (STSC), in an effort to identify prognostic factors that could facilitate the tailoring of treatment.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients up to 18 years of age with previously untreated, localized NPM‐HN RMS were prospectively registered in three consecutive protocols: RMS79, RMS88, and RMS96. Primary surgery was recommended when complete tumor resection was deemed feasible without mutilations. In other cases, only a biopsy was performed, followed by chemotherapy and delayed surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT).

Results

NPM‐HN RMS showed favorable characteristics: 72.7% were <5 cm, 72.7% were T1, and 80.3% were N0. With a median follow‐up of 16 years (range 7–27), the 10‐year progression‐free survival and overall survival for the whole group were 65.1% (confidence interval [CI]: 52.3–75.3) and 74.2% (CI: 61.8–83.1). Progressive improvement has been seen in the successive protocols. Age and RT emerged as independent prognostic factors. The group of young children (age <l year) not irradiated was at high risk of failure.

Conclusion

The experience of the Italian STSC confirms that NPM‐HN RMS has a favorable prognosis, which has improved over the years due to a better, multimodal treatment approach. RT has an important role, but different modalities such as proton therapy and brachytherapy should be explored in systematic ways in very young children.
Nanoclay decorated polyacrylic acid/starch hybrid nanocomposite thin films as packaging materials
Authors: Sethy Pramod K. , Prusty Kalyani , Mohapatra Priyaranjan , Swain Sarat K.
Published: November 2017

Nanoclay reinforced starch‐co‐PAA hybrid nanocomposite thin films are synthesized by in situ polymerization technique in aqueous solution. The interactions of clay with starch‐co‐PAA are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of nanoclay platelets in starch‐co‐PAA hybrid nanocomposite thin film is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images are used to investigate micro and nanostructural behavior of clay platelets in starch‐co‐PAA matrix. It is noticed that, the thin film has an exfoliated structure at 3 wt% clay loading whereas; clay platelets are agglomerated in higher percentage of clay. The synthesized materials have chemical resistance of 22% more than the virgin matrix. The biodegradable properties of the nanocomposite thin films are reduced by 20% due to incorporation of nanoclay. The oxygen barrier property of starch‐co‐PAA/clay thin film is reduced by seven folds as compared to starch‐co‐PAA. From the measurement of refractive indexes, it is found that, the transparency of the nanocomposite thin films are reduced by around 10% by reinforcement of nanoclay. The results show a substantial enhancement in oxygen barrier property and reduction of refractive index on clay loading, which may permit the synthesized materials suitable for packaging applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:229–239, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evidence for multiple modes of neutrophil serine protease recognition by the EAP family of Staphylococcal innate immune evasion proteins
Authors: Stapels Daphne A.C. , Woehl Jordan L. , Milder Fin J. , Tromp Angelino T. , van Batenburg Aernoud A. , de Graaf Wilco C. , Broll Samuel C. , White Natalie M. , Rooijakkers Suzan H.M. , Geisbrecht Brian V.
Published: November 2017

Neutrophils contain high levels of chymotrypsin‐like serine proteases (NSPs) within their azurophilic granules that have a multitude of functions within the immune system. In response, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has evolved three potent inhibitors (Eap, EapH1, and EapH2) that protect the bacterium as well as several of its secreted virulence factors from the degradative action of NSPs. We previously showed that these so‐called EAP domain proteins represent a novel class of NSP inhibitors characterized by a non‐covalent inhibitory mechanism and a distinct target specificity profile. Based upon high levels of structural homology amongst the EAP proteins and the NSPs, as well as supporting biochemical data, we predicted that the inhibited complex would be similar for all EAP/NSP pairs. However, we present here evidence that EapH1 and EapH2 bind the canonical NSP, Neutrophil Elastase (NE), in distinct orientations. We discovered that alteration of EapH1 residues at the EapH1/NE interface caused a dramatic loss of affinity and inhibition of NE, while mutation of equivalent positions in EapH2 had no effect on NE binding or inhibition. Surprisingly, mutation of residues in an altogether different region of EapH2 severely impacted both the NE binding and inhibitory properties of EapH2. Even though EapH1 and EapH2 bind and inhibit NE and a second NSP, Cathepsin G, equally well, neither of these proteins interacts with the structurally related, but non‐proteolytic granule protein, azurocidin. These studies expand our understanding of EAP/NSP interactions and suggest that members of this immune evasion protein family are capable of diverse target recognition modes.
On the Growth of Stannic Oxide by Ion Beam Sputter Deposition (IBSD)
Authors: Becker Martin , Polity Angelika , Klar Peter J.
Published: November 2017

SnO2 thin films were grown on (0001) (c‐plane), (r‐plane), (a‐plane) and (m‐plane) sapphire substrates using ion beam sputter deposition (IBSD) of a pure metallic Sn target at a constant gas mixture of 2.5 sccm argon and 15 sccm oxygen at 550 °C substrate temperature. X‐ray diffraction in Bragg–Brentano geometry revealed that SnO2 film deposited on each substrate is grown with preferential out‐of‐plane orientation. The determined orientation relationships were SnO2 Al2O3 (0001) (c‐plane), SnO2 Al2O3 (a‐plane), SnO2 Al2O3 (r‐plane) and SnO2 Al2O3 (m‐plane). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) proved epitaxial growth, perceivable by very narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) in rocking curves and Laue oscillations in standard Θ–2Θ Bragg–Brentano scans. X‐ray pole figures even revealed epitaxial in‐plane relationships.
Design of Ultrathin Pt‐Based Multimetallic Nanostructures for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lai Jianping , Guo Shaojun
Published: November 2017

Nanocatalysts with high platinum (Pt) utilization efficiency are attracting extensive attention for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) conducted at the cathode of fuel cells. Ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanostructures show obvious advantages in accelerating the sluggish cathodic ORR due to their ultrahigh Pt utilization efficiency. A focus on recent important developments is provided in using wet chemistry techniques for making/tuning the multimetallic nanostructures with high Pt utilization efficiency for boosting ORR activity and durability. First, new synthetic methods for multimetallic core/shell nanoparticles with ultrathin shell sizes for achieving highly efficient ORR catalysts are reviewed. To obtain better ORR activity and stability, multimetallic nanowires or nanosheets with well‐defined structure and surface are further highlighted. Furthermore, ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanoframes that feature 3D molecularly accessible surfaces for achieving more efficient ORR catalysis are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlooks for the future will be provided for this promising research field.
A Self‐organizing System for Innovation in Large Organizations
Authors: Foss Richard A.
Published: November 2017

Technological innovation is almost certainly the key driver of long‐term economic growth. Yet for many years, not only have discoveries depended on serendipity and happenstance but also selection and development of the innovations has been managed by over‐centralized bureaucracies that are more concerned with stability and error reduction than with adaptation to a changing world. This paper uses bee swarm logic to suggest a different way forward. The novel system proposed would consist of a designed collective intelligence platform co‐ordinating the work of a number of competing, self‐organizing research groups, each using evolutionary algorithms to optimize their potential solution to a given innovation problem. Each research group would compete to recruit supporters in strict proportion to the independently estimated profitability of its solution. The first solution to accumulate a quorum level of support would win the competition, and its supporters would then be able to develop the solution through implementation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Labour Controls on Tipping Point Dynamics in Large Complex Projects
Authors: Li Ying , Jiang Li , Taylor Timothy R.B. , Ford David N.
Published: November 2017

Large, complex development projects are subject to unique risks, including rework and scope increases that can push a project from progressing towards completion past a tipping point to falling farther and farther behind. Previous research demonstrated the potential of rework‐induced tipping point dynamics to cause large, complex projects to fail. The impacts of project labour control policies on performance have also been investigated. However, the impacts of project labour controls on tipping point dynamics have not been fully investigated. The current work uses a simulation model to investigate the ability of project labour control actions to respond to tipping point dynamics. A contribution of the current work to the body of knowledge is to develop an improved understanding of the impacts of project labour controls on project tipping point robustness. The work demonstrates the counter‐intuitive result that well‐intended, reasonable project labour control actions can push a project over a tipping point to failure. Results of project robustness analysis with sensitivity analysis are used to design effective responses to tipping point dynamics. Implications for practice and future research opportunities are discussed. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mereological Nihilism: Keeping It Simple
Authors: Thunder Simon D. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2017

(Mereological) nihilism states that there are no composite objects—there are only sub-atomic particles such as quarks. Nihilism’s biggest rival, (mereological) universalism, posits vast numbers of composite objects in addition to the sub-atomic particles, and so nihilism appears to be the more ontologically parsimonious of the two theories. If this is the case, it’s a significant result for the nihilist: ontological parsimony is almost always thought to be a theoretical virtue, so a nihilist victory in the parsimony stakes gives us a defeasible reason to be nihilists. But things aren’t so straightforward. Karen Bennett (2009) has argued that nihilism is no more quantitatively parsimonious than universalism. Furthermore, her argument can be redirected so that it threatens the nihilist’s perceived advantage over universalism in the qualitative parsimony stakes too. I here argue that these arguments are flawed and that nihilism is indeed more quantitatively and qualitatively parsimonious than universalism.
Non‐state actors in hybrid global climate governance: justice, legitimacy, and effectiveness in a post‐Paris era
Authors: Kuyper Jonathan W. , Linnér Björn‐Ola , Schroeder Heike
Published: November 2017

In this article, we outline the multifaceted roles played by non‐state actors within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and place this within the wider landscape of global climate governance. In doing so, we look at both the formation and aftermath of the 2015 Paris Agreement. We argue that the Paris Agreement cements an architecture of hybrid multilateralism that enables and constrains non‐state actor participation in global climate governance. We flesh out the constitutive features of hybrid multilateralism, enumerate the multiple positions non‐state actors may employ under these conditions, and contend that non‐state actors will play an increasingly important role in the post‐Paris era. To substantiate these claims, we assess these shifts and ask how non‐state actors may affect the legitimacy, justice, and effectiveness of the Paris Agreement.WIREs Clim Change2018, 9:e497. doi: 10.1002/wcc.497

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Can Arctic warming influence UK extreme weather?
Authors: Hanna Edward , Hall Richard J. , Overland James E.
Published: November 2017

We explore a possible relation between the recent Arctic amplification of global warming and changes in North Atlantic jet stream circulation and UK extreme weather conditions over the last decade. Such a link is supported by some tantalising clues from recent North Atlantic atmospheric circulation changes in summer and winter, but due to multiple factors affecting jet stream variability, we need extended records over at least a further decade to more reliably attribute these changes to global warming.
Bosonizing three-dimensional quiver gauge theories
Authors: Jensen Kristan , Karch Andreas
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We start with the recently conjectured 3d bosonization dualities and gauge global symmetries to generate an infinite sequence of new dualities. These equate theories with non-Abelian product gauge groups and bifundamental matter. We uncover examples of Bose/Bose and Fermi/Fermi dualities, as well as a sequence of dualities between theories with scalar matter in two-index representations. Our conjectures are consistent with level/rank duality in massive phases.
Silicon bioavailability in exocarp of Cucumis sativus Linn.
Authors: Tripathi Deepika , Dwivedi Mrigank Mauli , Tripathi Durgesh Kumar , Chauhan Devendra Kumar
Published: November 2017

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) techniques have been used to detect the silicon bioavailability in the exocarp of warty cucumber surface. Warts appear at the time of anthesis and are remnant part of spines/trichomes which on further fruit maturation abscised from the exocarp. Results of EPMA and phytolith analysis clearly revealed that the surface of exocarp (fruit) ofCucumis sativusLinn. containing warts has greater quantity of silicon as compared to the other part of the fruit. Besides silicon, some other elements were also found, on the fruit exocarp and its surrounding area. The other elements are magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and sodium. The percentage of silica is highest followed by Ni, Ca, Al, P, Mg, Fe, S, Cu, K, and Cl. Thus, this study clearly demonstrates thatCucumis sativusLinn. fruits which are used as salads and appetizers on daily basis are loaded with silicon and other useful elements and possess numerous health benefits.
Second-Generation Outcomes of the Great Migration
Authors: Alexander J. Trent , Leibbrand Christine , Massey Catherine , Tolnay Stewart
Published: November 2017

The mass migration of African Americans out of the South during the first two-thirds of the twentieth century represents one of the most significant internal migration flows in U.S. history. Those undertaking the Great Migration left the South in search of a better life, and their move transformed the cultural, social, and political dynamics of African American life specifically and U.S. society more generally. Recent research offers conflicting evidence regarding the migrants’ success in translating their geographic mobility into economic mobility. Due in part to the lack of a large body of longitudinal data, almost all studies of the Great Migration have focused on the migrants themselves, usually over short periods of their working lives. Using longitudinally linked census data, we take a broader view, investigating the long-term economic and social effects of the Great Migration on the migrants’ children. Our results reveal modest but statistically significant advantages in education, income, and poverty status for the African American children of the Great Migration relative to the children of southerners who remained in the South. In contrast, second-generation white migrants experienced few benefits from migrating relative to southern or northern stayers.
The role of career adaptability and courage on life satisfaction in adolescence
Authors: Ginevra Maria Cristina , Magnano Paola , Lodi Ernesto , Annovazzi Chiara , Camussi Elisabetta , Patrizi Patrizia , Nota Laura
Published: November 2017

The present study aimed to extend understanding about the relationship between career adaptability, courage, and life satisfaction in a sample of Italian adolescents. It was hypothesized that courage partially mediated the relationship between career adaptability and life satisfaction. Specifically, 1202 Italian high school students with an age from 14 to 20 years (M = 16.87; SD = 1.47), of which 600 (49.9%) boys and 602 (50.1%) girls, were involved. Using a multigroup approach across gender, it was found that courage partially mediated the relationship between career adaptability and life satisfaction in boys and girls. Results suggested the relevance of career interventions to promote career adaptability and courage for strengthening life satisfaction in adolescence.
Cortical activity in fine‐motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A preliminary fNIRS study
Authors: Caçola Priscila , Getchell Nancy , Srinivasan Dhivya , Alexandrakis Georgios , Liu Hanli
Published: November 2017

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is as a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by poor motor proficiency, which impacts academic performance and activities of daily living. Several studies have determined that children with DCD activate different regions of the brain when performing motor skills in comparison to typically developing (TD) children. However, none have used Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore cortical activation in this population. With that, the goal of this preliminary study was to investigate cortical activation using fNIRS in six children with DCD and six TD children between ages of 8 and 12 years. Three fine‐motor tasks were performed: Finger Tapping (FT), Curve Tracing (CT), and Paragraph Writing (PW). Tasks were presented in counterbalanced order and had a baseline of 30 s. Cortical activity elicited during performance of the FT, CT, and PW tasks was measured by fNIRS, and activation areas within each group were statistically compared. Results indicated that participant groups used different focal activation areas as well as different neural networks to perform the tasks. These distinct patterns were also task‐specific, with differences in the right Pre‐Motor Cortex (Pre‐MC) and Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) for CT, and the right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and the right Pre‐MC for the PW task. These results add to the body of research exploring neurological alterations in children with DCD, and establish the feasibility of using fNIRS technology with this population.
Geographical distribution and volume of Antarctic icebergs derived from ship observation data
Authors: Romanov Yury A. , Romanova Nina A. , Romanov Peter
Published: November 2017

Information on the occurrence, spatial distribution and morphometric characteristics of Antarctic icebergs is needed in a large number of applications including navigation, heat and freshwater balance calculations, biochemistry of the ocean and climatology. Using over 60 000 ship observations of icebergs in the Southern Ocean collected since the end of the 1940s we have produced a detailed map of the distribution of Antarctic icebergs as well as maps of related statistics including the standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of the iceberg concentration and the probability of iceberg-free observations. The study incorporated small and medium-sized icebergs with a length of <10 nautical miles. Most observations were taken during the warm period of the year, from December to April. It is shown that the iceberg distribution across the Southern Ocean is determined by the location of calving regions and peculiarities of the atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. Iceberg concentration data combined with information on the iceberg size and shape distribution have been used to evaluate the area-integrated characteristics of Antarctic icebergs. The instantaneous number of icebergs in the Southern Ocean was estimated as 132 269 with an uncertainty of 7%. The area and volume of icebergs were equal correspondingly to 55 805 km2 and 16 893 km3 with uncertainties of 32–33%.
Cement, Graves, and Pillars in Land Disputes in Northern Uganda
Authors: Meinert Lotte , Willerslev Rane , Seebach Sophie Hooge
Published: November 2017

Cement pillars and graves play significant roles as land markers in disputes over land in postconflict northern Uganda. Contemporary land cases from Acholi and Ikland display different histories of land use and conflict. In Acholi, cemented graves constitute concrete indices of belonging in wrangles. In Ikland, national nature authorities have brought cement pillars into the landscape. We explore how cemented graves and cement pillars are used for land claims in societies affected by conflict and displacement and how articulations of belonging are created, with the specific materiality of cement signaling modernity, permanence, and inflexibility.
Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease as Predictors of Dementia
Authors: Hussain Mohammed Wasif , Camicioli Richard
Published: November 2017

Some nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been shown to increase the risk of developing dementia. A total of 52 PD patients without dementia at baseline were examined for NMS over 36 months. Mini-Mental State Examination, Dementia Rating Scale–2, and caregiver-derived (Clinical Dementia Rating) scores were employed to rate patients as having either clear progression or not. Some 20 of 48 participants (41.7%) had clear cognitive decline. Univariate binary regression analysis was statistically significant for age (odds ratio [OR] (CI95%)=1.24, 1.07–1.45, p=0.006) and orthostatic hypotension (OH) (OR (CI95%)=4.91, 1.24–19.5, p=0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that only age (OR (CI95%)=1.19, 1.0–1.41, p=0.05) and OH (OR (CI95%)=5.57, 1.0–30.97, p=0.05) were correlated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. The presence of OH at baseline may be a significant predictor of progression to dementia in PD.
SOURCING CHIHUAHUAN POLYCHROME CERAMICS: ASSESSING MEDIO PERIOD ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
Authors: Triadan Daniela , Gamboa Carrera Eduardo , Blackman M. James , Bishop Ronald L.
Published: November 2017

Traditionally, the wide distribution of distinctive Chihuahuan polychrome ceramics has been interpreted as evidence for the extensive interaction sphere of Casas Grandes, or Paquime. The role of the major center of Paquime in the political and economic system is a crucial question in defining the nature and intensity of interactions in the Casas Grandes region and the extent of intraregional social and political integration. A large-scale, regional sourcing project using Chihuahuan polychrome ceramics provides new information on their production and distribution. It also demonstrates the limitations of ceramic sourcing analyses and presents a strong case for the fact that the underlying geology of a region determines the resolution at which ceramics can be attributed to production loci or resource procurement zones.
Incidence of paragonimiasis in Chongqing China: a 6-year retrospective case review
Authors: Peng Xiaohong , Zhang Jingru , Zhang Jian , Wang Ying , Zhang Xilin
Published: November 2017

Paragonimiasis is an important infectious disease in Chongqing, China. However, no epidemiological surveys of paragonimiasis have been carried out in Chongqing since it became a municipality in 1997. We conducted a retrospective case review of 683 patients who were referred to our laboratory and diagnosed as having paragonimiasis during 2010–2015. Patients were diagnosed with paragonimiasis based on immunodiagnostic tests in addition to clinical and laboratory findings. Patient data extracted from the epidemiologic form were analysed. The majority of patients were distributed on the east side of the Wujiang River, which belongs to the Three Gorges Reservoir region. Consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater crab or crayfish in the family Cambaridae was the main reason for infection. Notably, more than 50·0% of patients were diagnosed between March and July, indicating that serious clinical symptoms only appear approximately 6 months post-infection. Paragonimiasis remains a public health issue in Chongqing, and an epidemiological study of Paragonimus in the Three Gorges region is strongly recommended.