bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical students’ learning approaches and examination outcomes: longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in a problem-based system
Authors: Maudsley Gillian
Published: September 2022

Entwistle learning approaches are an evidence-based lens for analysing and improving student learning. Quantifying potential effects on attainment and in specific medical curriculum types merits further attention. This study aimed to explore medical students’ learning approaches in an integrated, problem-based curriculum, namely their validity, reliability, distribution, and how they change with student progression; their association with satisfaction; their association with cumulative attainment (examinations). Within the pragmatism paradigm, two series of mixed-methods questionnaires were analysed multi-cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Of seven surveys of Liverpool medical students (n ~ 115 to 201 responders, postal) and one of prospective medical students (n ~ 968 responders, on-campus), six included Entwistle 18-item Short RASI—Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory and six included ‘satisfaction’ items. Comparing four entry-cohorts, three academic years (9-year period), four levels (year-groups), and follow-ups allowed: cross-tabulation or correlation of learning approaches with demography, satisfaction, and attainment; principal components analysis of learning approaches; and multiple regression on attainment. Relatively high deep and strategic approach and relatively low surface approach prevailed, with strategic approach predominating overall, and deep and strategic approach waning and surface approach increasing from pre-admission to mid-Year 5. In multivariable analysis, deep approach remained associated with sustained (cumulative) high attainment and surface approach was inversely associated with passing Year 1 examinations first time (adjusted odds ratio = 0.89, p = 0.008), while higher ‘satisfaction’ was associated with higher strategic and lower surface approach but not with attainment. This study illuminates difficulties in maintaining cohesive active learning systems while promoting deep approach, attainment, and satisfaction and dissuading surface approach.
Investigation the performance of PV solar cells in extremely hot environments
Authors: Hassan Mohamed K. , Alqurashi Ibrahim M. , Salama Ahmed E. , Mohamed Ahmed F.
Published: September 2022

Manufacturers typically define photovoltaic (PV) modules under conventional test settings of 1000 W/m2 at 25 °C, which may not be possible anywhere in the globe, because high ambient temperature is one of the most critical factors affecting photovoltaic solar cell efficiency. In this study, we will investigate the ambient temperature as well as the open circuit voltage, output power, short circuit current, and efficiency in hot regions such as Mecca (Makkah). It also discusses the correlations between PV efficiency, solar radiation, and ambient temperature. On the other hand, the addition of a layer of copper sulphate at a concentration of 1% is investigated. The use of a copper sulphate layer enhanced the PV characteristic in cases where the PV cell temperature was reduced by around (0.3–34.6 °C), while also increasing the open circuit voltage, output power, efficiency, and fill factor.
Internationalization as a Leap of Faith: Arbitration Reforms in China and the Challenges of Implementation
Authors: Huang Kai-Shen
Published: September 2022

Recent years have witnessed an increasing trend in Chinese arbitration reform that emulates international norms and practices. This article examines some of these key reform measures and major challenges to their implementation. It explores in both legal and practical terms why most of these reform techniques may remain largely ineffective, showing that engaging in international norms and standards in China can be highly challenging due to their potential illegality, the general lack of institutional capacity to sustain them, and the conflicts of local ideas about the purposes of arbitration. It is thus doubtful whether commitment to satisfying the formal requirements prescribed by the legal reforms would often prevail. When it does, it is questionable whether this form of commitment would become prevalent and how it could proceed in a sustainable and coherent manner from a practical perspective.
Regulatory role of JMJD6 in placental development
Authors: Shen Xiaoli , De Geyter Christian , Zhang Hong , Huang Guoning
Published: September 2022

Correct placental development and function are critical to both the mother's and the foetus' health during pregnancy. Placental function depends on the correct development of the vascular network, which requires proper angiogenesis. Impaired angiogenesis in the placenta can induce foetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and even foetal death. Placental angiogenesis is finely controlled by ubiquitous and pregnancy-specific angiogenic factors. Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a Fe (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenase that catalyses arginine demethylation and lysine hydroxylation of histone and non-histone peptides. JMJD6 has been implicated in embryonic development, cellular proliferation and migration, self-tolerance induction in the thymus, and adipocyte differentiation. In this review we present JMJD6's structure and activity, as well as its role in angiogenesis, oxygen sensing, and adverse pregnancy outcomes related to placental development. Understanding the interaction between JMJD6 and other placental factors may identify potential therapeutic targets for correcting abnormal placental angiogenesis and function.
Modeling seasonal growth of phototrophs on bare ice on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap, northwestern Greenland
Authors: Onuma Yukihiko , Takeuchi Nozomu , Uetake Jun , Niwano Masashi , Tanaka Sota , Nagatsuka Naoko , Aoki Teruo
Published: September 2022

Glacier phototroph blooms on the surfaces of ice sheets and glaciers cause albedo reduction, leading to increased melting rates. We observed seasonal changes in the abundance of phototrophs on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap in northwestern Greenland from June to August 2014, and reproduced these changes using numerical and empirical models. The phototroph community on the ice surface mainly consisted of the glacier algaAncylonema nordenskioldiiand the cyanobacteriumPhormidesmis priestleyi. The glacier alga appeared on the ice surface in late June, after which its abundance increased exponentially throughout the melting period. A logistic growth model designed for snow algal growth reproduced the measured exponential increases, suggesting that growth could be explained using the model as a function of the ice melting duration. Cyanobacteria appeared and their abundance increased in late July but did not change exponentially thereafter. The abundance of cyanobacteria was explained with an empirical model expressed as a function of the amount of mineral dust on the bare ice surface. Our numerical and empirical models for reproducing glacier algae and cyanobacteria could be useful for quantifying the albedo reduction caused by their growth and the melt rates of the Greenland ice sheet and glaciers in the future.
Glacier mass-balance estimates over High Mountain Asia from 2000 to 2021 based on ICESat-2 and NASADEM
Authors: Fan Yubin , Ke Chang-Qing , Zhou Xiaobing , Shen Xiaoyi , Yu Xuening , Lhakpa Drolma
Published: September 2022

High Mountain Asia (HMA) glaciers are critical water reserves for montane regions, which are readily influenced by climate change. The glacier mass balance during 2000–2021 over HMA was estimated by comparing the elevations from ICESat-2 and the NASADEM. Radar penetration depth could be one of the intrinsic error sources in estimating glacier mass balance by using NASADEM. Therefore, we doubled elevation differences between the X-band Shuttle Radar Topography Missions (SRTMs) and NASADEM to estimate the potential error. The spatial characteristics of the altitude-dependent penetration depth can be detected in most sub-regions of HMA. Relatively deep penetrations in the Himalaya (2.3–3.7 m) and Hissar Alay (4.3 m) regions and small penetrations in the south-eastern HMA (1.0 m) were observed. The HMA region experienced a significant mass loss at a rate of −0.18 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1, in which the Hengduan Shan exhibited the highest mass loss of −0.62 ± 0.10 m w.e. a−1, the West Kun Lun experienced a substantial mass gain of 0.23 ± 0.13 m w.e. a−1, and the Karakoram showed a more or less balance. Our results are in agreement with previous studies that assessed the mass balance of HMA glaciers from different methods.
On the study of the running maximum and minimum level of level-dependent quasi-birth–death processes and related models
Authors: Javier Kayla , Fralix Brian
Published: September 2022

We present a study of the joint distribution of both the state of a level-dependent quasi-birth–death (QBD) process and its associated running maximum level, at a fixed time t: more specifically, we derive expressions for the Laplace transforms of transition functions that contain this information, and the expressions we derive contain familiar constructs from the classical theory of QBD processes. Indeed, one important takeaway from our results is that the distribution of the running maximum level of a level-dependent QBD process can be studied using results that are highly analogous to the more well-established theory of level-dependent QBD processes that focuses primarily on the joint distribution of the level and phase. We also explain how our methods naturally extend to the study of level-dependent Markov processes of M/G/1 type, if we instead keep track of the running minimum level instead of the running maximum level.
Remembering the Causes of Collective Violence and the Role of Propaganda in the Yugoslav Wars
Authors: Kiper Jordan
Published: September 2022

Legal narratives about collective violence have given an outsized explanatory role to propaganda in conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide and the Yugoslav Wars. While post-conflict ethnographies have examined what Rwandans remember about propaganda and collective violence, similar studies have not been undertaken in territories of the former Yugoslavia. The present ethnographic study fills this gap. After introducing the theoretical and empirical problems that have stemmed from recent speech crime trials in international criminal law, I examine the causes of collective violence in the Yugoslav Wars as remembered by former combatants, survivors, and the greater populations of post-conflict regions in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. I show that remembered causes, including the role of propaganda, vary significantly between former combatants and the greater populations. Nevertheless, local perspectives, especially among former combatants and survivors, converge on the effects of populist movements following Yugoslavia’s economic crisis and the rise of ethnic, religious, and nationalist leaders who engaged in inflammatory rhetoric and misinformation to mobilize war efforts. This article thus corroborates key findings from other post-conflict ethnographies which show that propaganda plays a secondary but significant role in the cultural manufacturing of state-sponsored ethnicity and cultural logics of violence.
Spectral analysis of 22 radio pulsars using SKA-Low precursor stations
Authors: Lee C. P. , Bhat N. D. R. , Sokolowski M. , Swainston N. A. , Ung D. , Magro A. , Chiello R.
Published: September 2022

We present the first observational study of pulsars performed with the second-generation precursor stations to the low-frequency component of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA-Low): the Aperture Array Verification System 2 (AAVS2) and the Engineering Development Array 2 (EDA2). Using the SKA-Low stations, we have observed 100 southern-sky pulsars between 70–350 MHz, including follow-up observations at multiple frequencies for a selected sample of bright pulsars. These observations have yielded detections of 22 pulsars, including the lowest-frequency detections ever published for 6 pulsars, despite the modest sensitivity of initial system where the recording bandwidth is limited to${\sim}{1}\,\mathrm{MHz}$. By comparing simultaneous flux density measurements obtained with the SKA-Low stations and performing rigorous electromagnetic simulations, we verify the accuracy of the SKA-Low sensitivity simulation code presented in Sokolowski (2022, PASA, 39, e015). Furthermore, we perform model fits to the radio spectra of the detected pulsars using the method developed by Jankowski (2018, MNRAS, 473, 4436), including nine pulsars which were not fitted in the original work. We robustly classify the spectra into five morphological classes and find that all but one pulsar exhibit deviations from simple power-law behaviour. These findings suggest that pulsars with well-determined spectra are more likely to show spectral flattening or turnover than average. Our work demonstrates how SKA-Low stations can be meaningfully used for scientifically useful measurements and analysis of pulsar radio spectra, which are important inputs for informing pulsar surveys and science planned with the SKA-Low.
The mod-p homology of the classifying spaces of certain gauge groups
Authors: Kishimoto Daisuke , Theriault Stephen
Published: September 2022

Let $G$ be a compact connected simple Lie group of type $(n_{1},\,\ldots,\,n_{l})$, where $n_{1}<\cdots < n_{l}$. Let $\mathcal {G}_k$ be the gauge group of the principal $G$-bundle over $S^{4}$ corresponding to $k\in \pi _3(G)\cong \mathbb {Z}$. We calculate the mod-$p$ homology of the classifying space $B\mathcal {G}_k$ provided that $n_{l}< p-1$.
What It Means to Have Nothing: Poverty and the Idea of Human Dignity in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Althammer Beate
Published: September 2022

This article explores the historical background of an issue that is central to present-day constitutional and human-rights discourse: the relationship between human dignity and the fight against poverty. It analyzes the role the idea of human dignity played in the reasoning of nineteenth-century German middle-class authors who were professionally engaged in social-reform debates, with a particular focus on debates about mendicancy. In these debates, notions of dignity were pervasive, and they provoked a troubling question: Is poverty a state of impaired dignity, and if yes, in which direction does causality point? Tracing the shifting perceptions from the enlightened belief in the self-perfectibility of man at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the rise of biomedical theories at its end, the article argues that concerns about human dignity gave the commitment to eradicate destitution an important impetus, yet with side effects that highlight the pitfalls of the dignity concept.
Child Assistance and the Making of Modern Refugee Camps in Austria-Hungary during the First World War
Authors: Cretu Doina Anca
Published: September 2022

This article explores the development of modern refugee camps in Austria-Hungary during the First World War by looking at the organization and implementation of child assistance in the camps. The article argues that a state-driven mobilization of relief and rehabilitation was organized to alleviate the plight of refugee children. It points particularly to children's health care and the organization of education as instances that marked a shift in the scope of refugee camps in wartime Austria-Hungary. At first, camps represented a temporary measure to immobilize and control displaced populations. As the war progressed, they became a permanent feature of refugee policy and a microcosm of agendas of state consolidation. Ultimately, the case of child assistance shows that the organization of refugee camps in wartime Austria-Hungary was a fluid and gradual process that meshed technologies of population containment with humanitarian and welfare practices.
Prevalence, incidence, and persistence of psychotic experiences in the general population: results of a 9-year follow-up study
Authors: Monshouwer Karin , ten Have Margreet , Tuithof Marlous , van Dorsselaer Saskia , Bak Maarten , Gunter Nicole , Delespaul Philippe , van Os Jim , de Graaf Ron
Published: September 2022

Background

Psychotic experiences (PEs) frequently occur and are associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Prospective studies on PEs are scarce, and to date no study investigated PE prevalence, incidence, persistence, their risk indicators, and psychiatric comorbidity, in one dataset. Furthermore, most studies are based on self-report, and it is unclear how this compares to clinical interviews.

Methods

Data are used from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2), a psychiatric cohort study among a representative sample of adults (baseline characteristics: N = 6646; 49.6% female; 18–64 years). Results are presented for self-reported and clinically validated PEs. Associations are assessed for mental disorders, socio-demographic, vulnerability, physical health, and substance use factors.

Results

Based on self-report, at baseline 16.5% of respondents had at least one PE in their lifetime, of those, 30.1% also reported a PE at 3-year follow-up. 4.8% had a first PE at 3-year follow up. The 3-year prevalence of PE was associated with almost all studied risk indicators. Generally, the strongest associations were found for mental health disorders. Prevalence and incidence rates were two to three times higher in self-report than in clinical interview but results on associated factors were similar.

Conclusions

Validated prevalence and incidence estimates of PE are substantially lower than self-reported figures but results on associated factors were similar. Therefore, future studies on associations of PEs can rely on relatively inexpensive self-reports of PEs. The associations between PE and mental disorders underline the importance of assessment of PE in general practice.
Challenges to the Strategic State: Welfare Reform Lessons from a Devolved Polity
Authors: SINCLAIR STEPHEN
Published: September 2022

The article critically examines the Strategic State approach to social policy as represented by the ‘Scottish Approach’ to policy-making and delivery. The article outlines the defining features of a strategic approach to social policy and critically appraises the Scottish Government’s claim to reflect these principles in flagship welfare reforms. The article considers how far a strategic policy approach has been applied in Scotland and draws upon research exploring the response of local leaders to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to examine what this experience reveals about how ‘strategic’ these actions were. The article concludes that, in contrast to previous slow progress in implementing a strategic approach, the exigencies of COVID compelled innovations in policy making and accelerated practices consistent with a strategic approach. The article concludes with some reflections on what this evidence implies for strategic social policy making and governance.
COMMUNICATION AND THE ROLE OF THE MEDIEVAL TOWER IN GREECE: A RE-APPRAISAL
Authors: Blackler Andrew
Published: September 2022

Little evidence has survived of the long-distance communication networks established by the Byzantines and Venetians in the medieval period. We know only of a chain of beacons established by Leo the Mathematician in the ninth century, an inscription found in the Peloponnese and a Venetian network in the central Aegean. This article reappraises the existing evidence and introduces new data following a study recently undertaken by the author of the topography of Negroponte (modern Euboea) and the medieval towers of Greece. Making extensive use of early cartographic sources, toponymic studies, and satellite imagery and telemetry, it identifies 142 tower and beacon sites on the island alone, and demonstrates, utilising archaeological evidence, how complex messages could be sent between towers. The research also uncovers a new term – thepyrgari, which appears to apply to a circular beacon tower. Combining this new evidence and the topographic study, the article then delineates, using GIS mapping, four Middle Byzantine and Venetian long-distance communication networks. The paper concludes by proposing a theoretical framework for the tower based on its role in communication and defence. Such work potentially helps us to understand in a more nuanced way the administrative and military organisation of the Byzantinethemataand the Venetian Empire. The methodology also has potential for application in other regions: in essence it looks at the landscape not as a collection of nodes – bishoprics, cities and fortresses – but as a network of connections.
Understanding perspectives of older adults on the role of technology in the wider context of their social relationships
Authors: Long Katrina M. , Casey Kit , Bhar Sunil , Al Mahmud Abdullah , Curran Simon , Hunter Kristie , Lim Michelle H.
Published: September 2022

Technological interventions are increasingly popular methods of targeting and preventing loneliness in older adults. Research has identified various factors that influence the willingness and propensity of older adults to integrate technology into their social lives and the ways in which this may enhance their social connectedness. Given prevalence rates and negative outcomes associated with loneliness for this population, further research is warranted to clarify the mechanisms through which technological interventions may decrease loneliness. This study aimed to better understand the perspectives of older adults on the role of technology in their social relationships in later life. Four focus groups were conducted with 27 older adults, aged 65–80 years. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis, and results were validated via written participant feedback. Participants reported technology as one of many tools used to maintain their social relationships. Their choice to use technology for social interaction was influenced by their estimation of effort required, likely quality of the interaction, and the privacy and security provided. These factors were the same as those that influenced decisions to use other methods (e.g. face-to-face meetings). Based on the results, we recommend that loneliness interventions should be technology-agnostic and multifaceted, providing a wide range of tools that recognise the technological competencies of older adults and supporting different interaction types to meet the preferences of the individual.
The experiences of grandparents looking after their grandchildren: examining feelings of burden and obligation among non-custodial grandparents
Authors: Grünwald Olga , Damman Marleen , Henkens Kène
Published: September 2022

Quantitative research on how grandparents fare when looking after grandchildren has mainly focused on general wellbeing indicators, showing that grandparenting is linked to higher wellbeing. However, global assessments of wellbeing reveal little about activity-specific experiences and only indirectly provide insights about how grandparents experience grandchild care. Whereas qualitative studies have observed diversity in grandparenting experiences, quantitative insights regarding potential strains of grandparenting are scarce. This study examines directly to what extent grandparents experience supplementary grandchild care as burdensome and obligatory, and tests – building on role strain theory – how differences in grandparents' characteristics can explain these experiences. Analyses are based on data collected in 2015 and 2018 among 3,429 Dutch grandparents who look after grandchildren. Descriptive findings show that 20 per cent of the studied grandparents experienced grandparenting as fairly/very burdensome and 8 per cent as fairly/very obligatory. Ordinal logistic regression models with random effects show that more-intense grandparenting situations were linked to higher levels of burden and obligation. Moreover, grandparents in poor health, higher education and those with other responsibilities (e.g. paid work) were relatively more likely to experience higher levels of burden and obligation. Our findings imply that the understanding of non-custodial grandparenting as only rewarding might be one-sided, as positive and negative experiences can go together. There appears to be substantial heterogeneity in how grandparents experience looking after their grandchildren.
Indexed and fibered structures for partial and total correctness assertions
Authors: Wolter U.E. , Martini A.R. , Häusler E.H.
Published: September 2022

Hoare Logic has a long tradition in formal verification and has been continuously developed and used to verify a broad class of programs, including sequential, object-oriented, and concurrent programs. Here we focus on partial and total correctness assertions within the framework of Hoare logic and show that a comprehensive categorical analysis of its axiomatic semantics needs the languages of indexed and fibered category theory. We consider Hoare formulas with local, finite contexts, of program and logical variables. The structural features of Hoare assertions are presented in an indexed setting, while the logical features of deduction are modeled in the fibered one.
A multivariate account of particle alternation after bare-formtryin native varieties of English
Authors: TIZÓN-COUTO DAVID
Published: September 2022

This multifactorial study reviews the determinants of particle alternation after uninflectedtryin varieties where English is native. The effects of a number of previously discussed and novel predictors are probed in data from well-known corpora. The results confirm the inclinations of North American varieties (try to) in contrast with those of the Australasian, British and Irish varieties (try andin speech buttry toin writing). The previously reported general effects of the tense oftry, mode andhorror aequiare also corroborated. As regards the effect of register, the study contributes the finding that following Latin-based infinitives favortry toin most varieties, especially in writing. The article discusses the status of the substantiated effects with respect to the notions of conventionalization and entrenchment: crucially, the higher degree of conventionalization oftry toin North American varieties (a) makes the use of this variant less conditional on the sequential need to license euphony and (b) neutralizes the general contextual/register distinction for the alternation. From a usage-based viewpoint, the findings suggest that the higher frequency of a multiword sequence in a specific variety, and the higher degree of activation in the language users’ minds, can make it less contingent on general probabilistic constraints.
Blastocyst Stage Affects the Isolation and Culture of Buffalo Naive/Primed Embryonic Stem-Like Cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ruan Qiuyan , Feng Yun , Ruan Ziyun , Wu Zhulian , Shi Deshun , Lu Fenghua
Published: September 2022

Since embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first identified, significant progress has been achieved. However, the establishment of buffalo ESCs (bESCs) is still unclear. This study was undertaken to explore the effect of the blastocyst stage on the isolation of bESCs. Firstly, our results indicated that the pluripotent genes were mainly expressed at the early stages of blastocyst, and the attachment and colony formation rates of bESCs derived from expanded blastocyst and hatched blastocyst were significantly higher than early blastocyst and blastocyst. In the meantime, bESCs showed positive alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed genes like OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, c-MYC, CDH1, KLF4, and TBX3. Immunofluorescence also confirmed the expression of OCT4, SOX2. Embryoid bodies expressing three marker genes were generated from the differentiation experiment, and fibroblast, epithelial, and neuron-like cells were induced. Moreover, naive-related genes KLF4, TBX3, primed-related genes FGF5, ACTA2 were expressed in the cells, but not REX-1. Immunofluorescence and western blot confirmed the FGF5 expression. Furthermore, bESCs could maintain pluripotency with the signal of LIF and bFGF. In summary, our results indicated that expanded blastocyst and hatched blastocyst are more suitable for bESCs isolation.
Any lessons to learn? Pathways and impasses towards health system resilience in post-pandemic times
Authors: Ewert Benjamin , Wallenburg Iris , Winblad Ulrika , Bal Roland
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an ultimate challenge for health systems as a whole rather than just single sectors (e.g. hospital care). Particularly, interface management between health system sectors and cooperation among stakeholders turned out to be crucial for an adequate crisis response. Dealing with such interfaces, it is argued in the literature, demands from health care systems to become resilient. One way to analyse this is to focus on the ways in which bottlenecks in health systems are dealt with during the pandemic. This paper investigates six bottlenecks, including overburdened public health agencies, neglected nursing homes and insufficient testing capacities that have been encountered in the health systems of Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands during the pandemic. Based on empirical findings we identify and critically discuss preliminary lessons in terms of health system resilience, an increasingly popular theoretical concept that frames crises as an opportunity for health system renewal. We argue that in practice health system resilience is hindered by path dependencies of national health systems and, owed to the crisis, interim policies that lack ambition for broader reforms.
Die Personalsituation in der ambulanten Pflege
Authors: Büscher Andreas , Schröder Dorit , Gruber Eva Maria
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In Deutschland mehren sich Anzeichen eines Personalmangels in der ambulanten Pflege. Die Anzahl offener Stellen steigt und der Bedarf pflegebedürftiger Menschen kann nicht gedeckt werden. Es gibt nur wenige Ansätze zur Personalbemessung und -bedarfsplanung. Ziel: Das Ziel bestand in der Gewinnung von Erkenntnissen über die bestehende Praxis des Personaleinsatzes und der -bedarfsplanung in ambulanten Pflegediensten sowie der Prüfung von Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung eines Personalbemessungsverfahrens. Methoden: Es wurden qualitative, leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Expert_innen ( N = 33), bestehend aus Vertreter_innen von Pflegedienstleitungen und Verbänden, Berater_innen von Pflegediensten und Expert_innen des Personalmanagements geführt und mittels Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Aus Sicht der Expert_innen können ambulante Dienste aufgrund der angespannten Personalsituation die Versorgung Pflegebedürftiger nicht mehr vollständig gewährleisten. Die Einsatzplanung, Rekrutierung und Bindung von Personal stellt eine zunehmende Herausforderung dar. Die Personalplanung erfolgt vor dem Hintergrund rahmenvertraglicher Vorgaben und Refinanzierungsbedingungen, weniger bedarfsgesteuert. Auch die Betriebsgröße ist von der Personalgewinnung und -fluktuation abhängig. Schlussfolgerung: Die Personalsituation in der ambulanten Pflege und die damit verbundene Sicherstellung der pflegerischen Versorgung wird auf absehbare Zeit eine Herausforderung bleiben. Ansätze, die über eine rein erlösorientierte Personalplanung hinausgehen, können dabei wichtige Impulse liefern.
Time Course of Anticipation in Pilots’ Beyond-Visual-Range	Situation Awareness
Authors: Jarry Marianne , Blättler Colin , Ferrari Vincent
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The study presented here aims to objectively measure the persistence in time of situation awareness (SA) in beyond-visual-range (BVR) situations. How long does a pilot maintain SA of air traffic communicated by radio? Overall, 63 participants (non-pilot and pilot trainees) had to position air traffic on a map based on radio calls. This study presents two new findings: (1) The spatial representation developed from audioverbal information has an anticipatory component and (2) this anticipation is time-bound. These results are encouraging for the development of an objective method measuring the factors that enhance or impair the anticipation of SA such as the division of attention. This study could lead to new aeronautical rules specifying how long a BVR situation can be held.
Consumption Change‐Induced Transients in a Water Distribution Network: Laboratory Tests in a Looped System
Authors: Meniconi S. , Maietta F. , Alvisi S. , Capponi C. , Marsili V. , Franchini M. , Brunone B.
Published: September 2022

At the Water Engineering Laboratory of the University of Perugia, Italy, a wide experimental program has been carried out in a polymeric pipe network with two 100 × 100 m square loops. The aim of this program is to analyze the dynamic response of the system to transients caused by a change in water consumption. To emphasize such a response, transients are generated by the complete and fast closure of an end‐user, located at the downstream end of a service line. During tests, the combined effect of simultaneous consumers, whose consumption is varied both deterministically and stochastically, has been analyzed. The tests allow examining the propagation of the generated pressure waves within the network for different water consumption variations and end‐user locations. The lessons learnt from the experimental results may help the water utility managers to identify the reasons for the higher frequency of occurrence and severity of faults in some specific portions of water distribution networks apparently “similar” to others where damages are less frequent and severe.
Deep Learning for Simultaneous Inference of Hydraulic and Transport Properties
Authors: Zhou Zitong , Zabaras Nicholas , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: September 2022

Identification of a heterogeneous conductivity field and reconstruction of a contaminant release history are key aspects of subsurface remediation. These two goals are achieved by combining model predictions with sparse and noisy hydraulic head and concentration measurements. Solution of this inverse problem is notoriously difficult due to, in part, high dimensionality of the parameter space and high computational cost of repeated forward solves. We use a convolutional adversarial autoencoder (CAAE) to parameterize a heterogeneous non‐Gaussian conductivity field via a low‐dimensional latent representation. A three‐dimensional dense convolutional encoder‐decoder (DenseED) network serves as a forward surrogate of the flow and transport model. The CAAE‐DenseED surrogate is fed into the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ESMDA) algorithm to sample from the Bayesian posterior distribution of the unknown parameters, forming a CAAE‐DenseED‐ESMDA inversion framework. The resulting CAAE‐DenseED‐ESMDA inversion strategy is used to identify a three‐dimensional contaminant source and conductivity field. A comparison of the inversion results from CAAE‐ESMDA with physical flow and transport simulator and from CAAE‐DenseED‐ESMDA shows that the latter yields accurate reconstruction results at the fraction of the computational cost of the former.
Six Decades of Thermal Change in a Pristine Lake Situated North of the Arctic Circle
Authors: Noori Roohollah , Woolway R. Iestyn , Saari Markus , Pulkkanen Merja , Kløve Bjørn
Published: September 2022

The majority of lake temperature studies have investigated climate‐induced changes occurring at the lake surface, primarily by analyzing detailed satellite images of surface water temperature. Whilst essential to observe long‐term change, satellite images do not provide information on the thermal environment at depth, thus limiting our understanding of lake thermal responses to a warming world. Long‐term in situ observational data can fill some of the information gap, with depth‐resolved field measurements providing a detailed view of thermal change throughout the water column. However, many previous studies that have investigated multi‐decadal changes in lake temperature, both at the surface and at depth, have typically focused on north temperate lakes. Relatively few studies have investigated temperature variations in lakes situated north of the Arctic Circle, which is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth. Here, using a 60‐year (1961–2020) observational data set of summer water temperature (July–September) from Lake Inari (Finland), we investigate changes in the thermal environment of this pristine lake. Our analysis suggests a statistically significant summer warming trend at the lake surface (+0.25°C decade−1, p‐value <0.1), whilst deepwater temperatures remain largely unchanged. This contrasting thermal response of surface and bottom water temperature to climatic warming has likewise resulted in a strengthening of summer stratification in this high latitude lake. Implications of the observed change in both temperature and stratification on the lake ecosystem will likely be extensive, including impacts on aquatic organisms which this lake supports. Our work builds on the ever‐growing literature regarding lake thermal responses to climate change.
Bedload Fluxes in a Glacier‐Fed River at Multiple Temporal Scales
Authors: Coviello Velio , Vignoli Gianluca , Simoni Silvia , Bertoldi Walter , Engel Michael , Buter Anuschka , Marchetti Giulia , Andreoli Andrea , Savi Sara , Comiti Francesco
Published: September 2022

In mountain rivers, long‐term observations of water and sediment fluxes are crucial for understanding the dynamics of bedload fluctuations. We analyze 7 years of continuous data gathered from eight geophone plates at a monitoring station in the glacier‐fed Sulden/Solda River (South Tyrol, Italy) to estimate the bedload flux at 1‐min scale. Sixty‐five bedload samples were used to derive the calibration equations adopted to quantify the transported bedload mass. The signal power is proposed as a more effective metric than threshold‐based impulses for calculating bedload masses. Results show (a) a remarkable variability of bedload rates for the same value of flow discharge, (b) the joint effect of storm‐driven flood events and seasonal changes in sediment supply on bedload rates, and (c) the strong impact of climatic factors (i.e., temperature and snow cover) on bedload fluxes. Moderate bedload rates occurring in late spring/early summer are likely related to the mobilization of riverbed sediments, while sustained bedload transport during melt flows in July–August—corresponding to the effective bedload discharge range—is associated with the activation of glacial and proglacial sediment sources. The data set shows a complex climatic control on bedload transport at the basin scale, where precipitation, air temperature, and snow cover determine flow and glacier melting dynamics. These findings suggest how the effects of climate change in the Alps likely will lead to an increase in peak bedload rates in a context of declining annual bedload yields as melt flows will progressively reduce in the next decades.
GMA: An Improved Framework of Radar Extrapolation Based on Spatiotemporal Sequence Neural Network
Authors: Wang Shengchun , Jiang Kefei , Huang Jingui , Huang Long
Published: September 2022

Most previous current spatiotemporal sequence neural networks used for radar extrapolation have difficulties in learning long‐term spatiotemporal memories. This is because the spatiotemporal sequential neural networks only use the information from the previous time step node to update the prediction state, and the networks tend to rely on the convolution layers to capture the spatiotemporal features, which are local and inefficient. In order to capture the long‐term temporal characteristics and local abrupt spatial characteristics of radar echo sequence, we propose a new framework, Global Memory Attention (GMA), which has two contributions. The first is that we establish a global information flow between calculation units, extract the key historical memory from the global information flow, calculate the correlation between the historical key memory and the current time frame prediction state, and determine how much historical memory participates in the prediction state update. It alleviates the current network's difficulty in learning the long‐term spatial and temporal characteristics of radar echo sequences and the problem of short‐term dependence, and reduces the interference of image noise in the process of radar extrapolation prediction. The second is that the GMA module is a flexible additional module that can be applied to most radar extrapolation algorithms based on timing networks. GMA has reached the highest level on radar extrapolation tasks, and we have provided ablation studies to verify the effectiveness of GMA.
Three‐Dimensional Fourier Analysis of Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed in Airglow Images in Hawaii Over Three Years
Authors: Naito Hideto , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Fujinami Hatsuki , Tsuboi Takuma , Sakanoi Takeshi , Saito Akinori , Nakamura Takuji
Published: September 2022

Three‐dimensional Fourier spectral analysis of airglow images is a useful technique to provide propagation characteristics of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) in the mesopause region and medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) in the thermosphere observed at emission wavelengths of 557.7 nm (altitudes: 90–100 km for AGWs) and 630.0 nm (200–300 km for MSTIDs). However, a statistical study of spectral analysis of airglow images over years has not been done yet at Hawaii. Here, we report the first spectral analysis of AGWs and MSTIDs using airglow images obtained at Haleakala (20.71°N, 203.74°E), Hawaii, during the three years from 2013 to 2016. The power spectral density (PSD) of AGWs tends to be larger toward north to northeast in summer and from north to west and southward in winter. The eastward (summer) and westward (winter) preferences are consistent with a wind‐filtering mechanism of AGWs by a mesospheric jet. Some correspondence is found between the locations of tropospheric convection activities and AGW propagation directions, suggesting that these mesospheric AGWs are originated from the troposphere. The PSDs of MSTIDs are larger in solstice than in equinox. This PSD enhancement in solstice is consistent with a sporadic‐E (Es) layer occurrence in either northern or southern hemisphere, suggesting that the MSTIDs over Hawaii could be caused by a coupling process between the Perkins and Es layer instabilities. A small correlation was found between the PSDs of AGWs in the mesopause region and the PSDs of MSTIDs, suggesting that the MSTIDs are partly caused by AGWs from the mesopause region.
Climatology of the CO Vertical Distribution on Mars Based on ACS TGO Measurements
Authors: Fedorova Anna , Trokhimovskiy Alexander , Lefèvre Franck , Olsen Kevin S. , Korablev Oleg , Montmessin Franck , Ignatiev Nikolay , Lomakin Alexander , Forget Francois , Belyaev Denis , Alday Juan , Luginin Mikhail , Smith Michael , Patrakeev Andrey , Shakun Alexey , Grigoriev Alexey
Published: September 2022

Carbon monoxide is a non‐condensable gas in the Martian atmosphere produced by the photolysis of CO2. Its abundance responds to the condensation and sublimation of CO2 from the polar caps, resulting in seasonal variations of the CO mixing ratio. ACS onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter have measured CO in infrared bands by solar occultation. Here we provide the first long‐term monitoring of the CO vertical distribution at the altitude range from 0 to 80 km for 1.5 Martian years from Ls = 163° of MY34 to the end of MY35. We obtained a mean CO mixing ratio of ∼960 ppmv at latitudes from 45°S to 45°N and altitudes below 40 km, mostly consistent with previous observations. We found a strong enrichment of CO near the surface at Ls = 100–200° in high southern latitudes with a layer of 3,000–4,000 ppmv, corresponding to local depletion of CO2. At equinoxes we found an increase of the CO mixing ratio above 50 km to 3,000–4,000 ppmv at high latitudes of both hemispheres explained by the downwelling flux of the Hadley circulation on Mars, which drags the CO enriched air. General circulation models tend to overestimate the intensity of this process, bringing too much CO. The observed minimum of CO in the high and mid‐latitudes southern summer atmosphere amounts to 700–750 ppmv, agreeing with nadir measurements. During the global dust storm of MY34, when the H2O abundance peaks, we see less CO than during the calm MY35, suggesting an impact of HOx chemistry on the CO abundance.
Upscaling Hydrodynamic Dispersion in Non‐Newtonian Fluid Flow Through Porous Media
Authors: An Senyou , Sahimi Muhammad , Niasar Vahid
Published: September 2022

Hydrodynamic dispersion in flow through porous media is an essential phenomenon in many geosystems. While dispersion in flow of Newtonian fluids is relatively well‐understood, many subsurface applications, such as groundwater remediation, use the flooding system with non‐Newtonian fluids, such as polymer oxidants. Despite its significance, however, very limited studies have been carried out focusing on hydrodynamic dispersion in flow of non‐Newtonian fluids. The present study addresses a fundamental question regarding how solute transport in flow of non‐Newtonian fluids in porous media differs from the Newtonian limit. We report on the results of an extensive pore‐scale study of the upscaling of advection‐diffusion in flow of a non‐Newtonian, shear thinning fluid through disordered and spatially‐correlated porous media, using an advanced GPU‐based pore‐scale simulator in order to delineate the effects of the fluid's rheology, dynamics of fluid flow, and pore‐scale spatial correlations on hydrodynamic dispersion. The simulations indicate a surprising non‐monotonic relation between the injection rate (or injection velocity) and the dispersivity. While dispersivity in Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is constant in the flow regime that we study, we find, however, that the dispersivity in flow of non‐Newtonian fluids is shear‐dependent. This highlights the gap in the existing theories of transport through porous materials for non‐Newtonian fluids, which can lead to erroneous estimates of dispersion coefficients in porous materials when the fluid's rheology cannot be represented by Newtonian mechanics.
Differentiable, Learnable, Regionalized Process‐Based Models With Multiphysical Outputs can Approach State‐Of‐The‐Art Hydrologic Prediction Accuracy
Authors: Feng Dapeng , Liu Jiangtao , Lawson Kathryn , Shen Chaopeng
Published: September 2022

Predictions of hydrologic variables across the entire water cycle have significant value for water resources management as well as downstream applications such as ecosystem and water quality modeling. Recently, purely data‐driven deep learning models like long short‐term memory (LSTM) showed seemingly insurmountable performance in modeling rainfall runoff and other geoscientific variables, yet they cannot predict untrained physical variables and remain challenging to interpret. Here, we show that differentiable, learnable, process‐based models (called δ models here) can approach the performance level of LSTM for the intensively observed variable (streamflow) with regionalized parameterization. We use a simple hydrologic model HBV as the backbone and use embedded neural networks, which can only be trained in a differentiable programming framework, to parameterize, enhance, or replace the process‐based model's modules. Without using an ensemble or post‐processor, δ models can obtain a median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.732 for 671 basins across the USA for the Daymet forcing data set, compared to 0.748 from a state‐of‐the‐art LSTM model with the same setup. For another forcing data set, the difference is even smaller: 0.715 versus 0.722. Meanwhile, the resulting learnable process‐based models can output a full set of untrained variables, for example, soil and groundwater storage, snowpack, evapotranspiration, and baseflow, and can later be constrained by their observations. Both simulated evapotranspiration and fraction of discharge from baseflow agreed decently with alternative estimates. The general framework can work with models with various process complexity and opens up the path for learning physics from big data.