bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Rearrangement of 2‐Alkoxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 4,5‐cis‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrofuranones.
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Chung Hunsuk
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Thiophosphate‐Based Method for α‐Alkylidenation of Lactones.
Authors: Krawczyk Ewa
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Cycloaddition of N‐Substituted Pyrroles with Polyfluorinated Substituents.
Authors: Moiseev S. V. , Vasil'ev N. V.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Role of Imino Group in Photochemical Reactions of Fischer Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Campos Pedro J. , Caro Miriam , Lopez‐Sola Susana , Sampedro Diego , Rodriguez Miguel A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Synthesis of 5‐Arylidenethiazolidine‐2,4‐diones on Potassium Fluoride‐Aluminum Oxide.
Authors: Yang De‐Hong , Yang Ben‐Yong , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Chen Song‐Ying
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Formation of 4‐Alkylidene‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones from Propargylic tert‐Butyl Carbonates.
Authors: Buzas Andrea , Gagosz Fabien
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformation of Amino Acids into Nonracemic 1‐(Heteroaryl)ethanamines by the Enamino Ketone Methodology.
Authors: Pirc Samo , Bevk David , Golobic Amalija , Stanovnik Branko , Svete Jurij
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Diazoacetates and α‐Substituted Acroleins: Total Synthesis of Manzacidin A.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Hashimoto Takuya , Maruoka Keiji
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Preparation of 2‐Isoxazolines from O‐Propargylic Hydroxylamines via a Tandem Rearrangement—Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Pennicott Lewis , Lindell Stephen
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Bioactive Venlafaxine Analogues: Novel Thiazolidin‐4‐ones as Antimicrobials.
Authors: Kavitha C. V. , Basappa Basappa , Swamy S. Nanjunda , Mantelingu K. , Doreswamy S. , Sridhar M. A. , Prasad J. Shashidhara , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Nitro, Nitroso, Azo, and Azido Derivatives of (4‐R1‐5‐R2‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐1,2,5‐oxadiazoles by Oxidation and Diazotization of the Corresponding Amines.
Authors: Batog L. V. , Konstantinova L. S. , Rozhkov V. Yu.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suppression of Epimerization due to Selectivity Leakage: An Application Towards the Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Centrolobine (X).
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Hsia Angeline , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective DNA‐Based Catalysis.
Authors: Roelfes Gerard , Boersma Arnold J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Quinaldines and Lepidines by a Doebner—Miller Reaction under Thermal and Microwave Irradiation Conditions Using Phosphotungstic Acid.
Authors: Sivaprasad Ganesabaskaran , Rajesh Rengasamy , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 7‐Azaindole Derivatives via Pd‐Catalyzed C—N and C—O Coupling.
Authors: Thutewohl Michael , Schirok Hartmut , Bennabi Samir , Figueroa‐Perez Santiago
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Bicyclization of Unsaturated Polyols in PdCl2—CuCl2—AcOH Catalytic System.
Authors: Babjak Matej , Remen L'ubos , Szolcsanyi Peter , Zalupsky Peter , Miklos Dusan , Gracza Tibor
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic Pyrimidine‐Fused 5,6‐Dihydrobenzodiazepines via a Pictet—Spengler‐Like Cyclization.
Authors: Che Xin , Zheng Lianyou , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Titanocene(III) Mediated 8‐endo Radical Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Eight‐Membered Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Mandal Samir Kumar , Roy Subhas Chandra
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Reactions of Silacyclobutanes with Aldehydes: Ring Opening and Ring Expansion Reaction.
Authors: Hirano Koji , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylation of Diphenylphosphinylallenes with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Hirabayashi Sho , Yasuhara Yuichi , Hayashi Tamio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Malbrancheamide (I), a New Calmodulin Inhibitor from the Fungus Malbranchea aurantiaca
Authors: Martinez‐Luis Sergio , Rodriguez Rogelio , Acevedo Laura , Gonzalez Maria C. , Lira‐Rocha Alfonso , Mata Rachel
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Furofuran Lignans: (+)‐Sesamin and (‐)‐Sesamin.
Authors: Kim Ju‐Cheun , Kim Kwang‐Hyun , Jung Jae‐Chul , Park Oee‐Sook
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tithoniaquinone A (I) and Tithoniamide B (II): A New Anthraquinone and a New Ceramide from Leaves of Tithonia diversifolia.
Authors: Bouberte Meffo Yemele , Krohn Karsten , Hussain Hidayat , Dongo Etienne , Schulz Barbara , Hu Qunxiu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Polyol Subunit of the Polyene Macrolide Antibiotic RK‐397.
Authors: Gerber‐Lemaire Sandrine , Carmona Ana T. , Meilert Kai T. , Vogel Pierre
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Sequential Allylic Transfer Reaction for the Synthesis of 2‐(1‐Stannylvinyl)‐1,3‐diols: Concise Synthesis of (‐)‐Avenaciolide and (‐)‐Isoavenaciolide.
Authors: Yu Chan‐Mo , Youn Jinsuop , Jung Juyoung
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Lasonolide A.
Authors: Yoshimura Tomoyuki , Yakushiji Fumika , Kondo Shingo , Wu Xiaofeng , Shindo Mitsuru , Shishido Kozo
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Biomimetic Synthesis of SNF4435C (I) and SNF4435D (II), and the Total Synthesis of the Polyene Metabolites Aureothin (IIIa), N‐Acetyl‐aureothamine (IIIb) and Spectinabilin (IV).
Authors: Jacobsen Mikkel F. , Moses John E. , Adlington Robert M. , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Incorporation of Silver Ions into Ultrathin Titanium Phosphate Films: In situ Reduction to Prepare Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Wang Qifeng , Yu Huijun , Zhong Ling , Liu Junqiu , Sun Junqi , Shen Jiacong
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First‐Principles Approaches to the Structure and Reactivity of Atmospherically Relevant Aqueous Interfaces
Authors: Mundy Christopher J. , Kuo I‐Feng W.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ambient Thin Film Water on Insulator Surfaces
Authors: Ewing George E.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organically‐Templated Metal Sulfates, Selenites and Selenates
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Behera J. N. , Dan Meenakshi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at Well‐Defined Single Metal Sites
Authors: Schrock Richard R.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Tripodal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Chelators for Small Molecule Activation.
Authors: Hu Xile , Meyer Karsten
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphorus‐Substituted Carbene Complexes: Chelates, Pincers and Spirocycles.
Authors: Jones Nathan D. , Cavell Ronald G.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Cyclohexenyliodonium Salts
Authors: Okuyama T. , Fujita M.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Novel Reactions Using Ruthenium Carbene Catalyst and Its Application to Novel Methods for Preparing Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Terada Yukiyoshi , Theeraladanon Chumpol , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Nakagawa Masako , Nishida Atsushi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Transition Metal Coordinated Functional Isocyanide of the Type o‐(CH2Y)C6H4NC (Y = OSiMe3, OH; N3; AsR3+).
Authors: Basato Marino , Michelin Rino A. , Mozzon Mirto , Sgarbossa Paolo , Tassan Augusto
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper, Silver and Gold‐Based Catalysts for Carbene Addition or Insertion Reactions.
Authors: Diaz‐Requejo M. Mar , Perez Pedro J.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphorylated Macrocycles: Structures, Complexing Properties, and Molecular Recognition
Authors: Finocchiaro P. , Failla S. , Consiglio G.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alk‐1‐ynylboranes and Alkyn‐1‐ylboronates
Authors: Kaufmann D. E. , Ocal N.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Metalloalkylboranes
Authors: Singaram Bakthan
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryloxy‐ and Alkoxyborates
Authors: Ishihara K. , Yamamoto H.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryloxy‐and Alkoxyboranes
Authors: Ishihara K. , Yamamoto H.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Resolution of Organic Racemates via Host—Guest Enantioselective Inclusion Complexation in Bile Acid Derivatives
Authors: Bortolini O. , Fantin G. , Fogagnolo M. , Maietti S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation and Conversion of Peroxide Intermediates of the N‐Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Oxidation in a Liquid Phase
Authors: Perkel A. L. , Voronina S. G. , Buneeva E. I.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Liquid Phase Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Polyoxometalates
Authors: Neumann Ronny
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Controlling the Regiochemistry of Radical Cyclizations
Authors: Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interaction of Low‐Energy Ions and Hydrocarbon Radicals with Carbon Surfaces
Authors: Jacob W. , Hopf C. , Meier M. , Schwarz‐Selinger T.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bioorganic Chemistry of Nyctinasty Using Functional Probes
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Fujii Tomohiko , Kato Eisuke , Sugimoto Takanori , Kato Nobuki
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Automotive Fuels and Internal Combustion Engines: A Chemical Perspective
Authors: Wallington T. J. , Kaiser E. W. , Farrell J. T.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Natural Bond Orbital Analysis of Photochemical Excitation, with Illustrative Applications to Vinoxy Radical
Authors: Weinhold F.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Semiempirical MR‐CI Calculations for Organic Photoreactions
Authors: Klessinger Martin
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Study of Nitrenes by Theoretical Methods
Authors: Gritsan Nina P. , Platz Matthew S. , Borden Weston Thatcher
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Elucidation of Residue‐Level Structure and Dynamics of Polypeptides via Isotope‐Edited Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Decatur Sean M.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐State NMR Studies of the Structure, Dynamics, and Assembly of β‐Sheet Membrane Peptides and α‐Helical Membrane Proteins with Antibiotic Activities
Authors: Hong Mei
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Differential distribution of voltage‐gated calcium channels in dopaminergic neurons of the rat retina
Authors: Witkovsky Paul , Shen Changpeng , McRory John
Published: May 2006

We studied by immunocytochemistry and Western blots the identity and cellular distribution of voltage‐gated calcium channels within dopaminergic neurons of the rat retina. The aim was to associate particular calcium channel subtypes with known activities of the neuron (e.g., transmitter release from axon terminals). Five voltage‐gated calcium channels were identified: α1A, α1B, α1E, α1F, and α1H. All of these, except the α1B subtype, were found within dopaminergic perikarya. The α1B channels were concentrated at axon terminal rings, together with α1A calcium channels. In contrast, α1H calcium channels were most abundant in the dendrites, and α1F calcium channels were restricted to the perikaryon. The α1E calcium channel was present at such a low density that its cellular distribution beyond the perikaryon could not be determined. Our findings are consistent with the available pharmacological data indicating that α1A and α1B calcium channels control the major fraction of dopamine release in the rat retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:384–396, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation and Growth Mechanism of Metal (Fe, Co, Ni) Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Cao Huaqiang , Wang Liduo , Qiu Yong , Wu Qingzhi , Wang Guozhi , Zhang Lei , Liu Xiangwen
Published: May 2006

Nanotubes composed of layered or nonlayered materials have been synthesized through various methods, among which template‐based electrodeposition technology provides a versatile technique for synthesizing one‐dimensional nanostructured materials. However, the growth mechanism of nanotubes using the template method is seldom clarified. Herein, we present the systematic preparation of metal nanotube arrays and put forward the growth mechanism, termed current‐directed tubular growth (CDTG), for template‐based electrodeposition. There are competitive growth rates for metal atoms entering the crystal lattice, that is, v∥ (growth rate parallel to current direction) and v⊥ (growth rate perpendicular to current direction). Metal nanotubes can be obtained at v∥≫v⊥, while nanowires can be obtained at v∥≈v⊥. The as‐synthesized metal (Fe, Co, Ni) nanotubes are constructed from nonlayered materials, which are of body‐centered cubic iron structure, hexagonal close packed cobalt structure, and face‐centered cubic nickel structure, respectively. The CDTG mechanism is expected to have applications in designing and synthesizing other metal nanotubes and even compound nanotubes via template‐based electrodeposition technology.
Study of the Formation and Thermal Decomposition of an Azo‐Bridged Tricyclic Ring System
Authors: Novák Zoltán , Vincze Zoltán , Czégény Zsuzsanna , Magyarfalvi Gábor , Smith David M. , Kotschy András
Published: May 2006

1‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐pentadienes were treated with dimethyl 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3,6‐dicarboxylate to give diazatricyclo[2.2.2.0]octenes and dimethyl 4‐methylpyridazine‐3,6‐dicarboxylate, the product distribution being largely dependent on the nature of the amino substituent. Under similar conditions the analogous 1‐morpholino‐1,3‐butadiene afforded dimethyl pyridazine‐3,6‐dicarboxylate as the major product. The tricyclic products underwent selective thermal decomposition to give dimethyl 4‐methylpyridazine‐3,6‐dicarboxylate in excellent yield. The proposed mechanism of the formation as well as of the decomposition was supported by quantum chemical calculations and experimental evidence. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Prenylated Stilbenes and Their Novel Biogenetic Derivatives from Artocarpus chama
Authors: Wang Yong‐Hong , Hou Ai‐Jun , Chen Dao‐Feng , Weiller Markus , Wendel Albrecht , Staples Richard J.
Published: May 2006

Two new prenylated stilbenes, artochamins F (1) and G (2), and their four novel derivatives, artochamins H–K (3–6), were isolated from the stems of Artocarpus chama. Their structures were elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structure of 3 was confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The origin of 3–6 could be assumed biogenetically from 2. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against HepG2 cells was evaluated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Voltammetric Determination of Uric Acid with a Glassy Carbon Electrode Coated by Paste of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Ionic Liquid
Authors: Yan Quanping , Zhao Faqiong , Li Guangzu , Zeng Baizhao
Published: May 2006

The voltammetric behavior of uric acid (UA) has been studied at a multiwalled carbon nanotube‐ionic liquid (i.e., 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, BMIMPF6) paste coated glassy carbon electrode (MWNTs‐BMIMPF6/GC). It is found that UA can effectively accumulate at this electrode and cause a sensitive anodic peak at about 0.49 V (vs. SCE) in pH 4.0 phosphate buffer solutions. Experimental parameters influencing the response of the electrode, such as solution pH and accumulation time, are optimized for uric acid determination. Under the optimum conditions, the anodic peak current is linear to UA concentration in the range of 1.0×10−8 M to 1.0×10−6 M and 2.0×10−6 M to 2.0×10−5 M. The detection limit is 5.0×10−9 M for 180 s accumulation on open circuit. The electrode can be regenerated by successively cycling in a blank solution for about 3 min and exhibits good reproducibility. A 1.0×10−6 M UA solution is measured for eight times using the same electrode regenerated after every determination, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak current is 3.2%. As for different electrodes fabricated by the same way the RSD (i.e., the electrode to electrode deviation) is 4.2%(n=9). This method has been applied to the determination of UA in human urine samples, and the recoveries are 99%–100.6%. In addition, comparison is made between MWNTs‐BMIMPF6/GC and MWNTs/GC. Results show that the MWNTs‐BMIMPF6/GC exhibits higher sensitivity, selectivity and ratio of peak current to background current.
Electrochemical Properties of an Osmium(II) Copolymer Film and Its Electrocatalytic Ability Towards the Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid in Acidic and Neutral pH
Authors: Foster Kevin , McCormac Timothy
Published: May 2006

Copolymerization of an osmium(II) functionalized pyrrole moiety, osmium‐bis‐N,N'‐(2,2′‐bipyridyl)‐N‐(pyridine‐4‐ylmethyl‐(8‐pyrrole‐1yl–octyl)‐amine)chloride (I) with 3‐methylthiophene was carried out. The resulting conducting polymer film exhibited a clear redox couple associated with the Os3+/2+ response and the familiar conducting polymer backbone signature. The effect of film thickness upon the redox properties of the copolymer was investigated in organic electrolyte solutions. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) along with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectra of the copolymerized films were undertaken, both after formation and redox cycling in neutral buffer solution. These clearly show that electrolyte is incorporated into the polymer film upon redox cycling through the Os3+/2+ redox system. The Os3+/2+ response associated with the copolymer was seen to be significantly altered in the presence of ascorbic acid both in acidic and neutral pH buffer solutions. This pointed to an electrocatalytic reaction between the ascorbic acid and the Os3+ form of the copolymer. Under acidic conditions the copolymer film exhibited a sensitivity of 1.76 (±0.05) μA/mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.45 μM for ascorbic acid. Under neutral pH conditions the copolymer exhibited a sensitivity of 19.26 (±1.05) μA/mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.28 μM for ascorbic acid.
Integrated Bienzyme Chip for Ethanol Monitoring
Authors: Gonzalo‐Ruiz Javier , Alonso‐Lomillo M. Asunción , Escudé‐Pujol Roger , Muñoz F. Javier
Published: May 2006

An ethanol chip biosensors based on bienzymatic system has been developed. Horse radish peroxidase and alcohol oxidase have been co‐immobilized into a polypyrrole matrix, as well as the mediator, onto the integrated working electrode. Variables that affect to the chronoamperometric response of ethanol have been optimized through the experimental design methodology. Under these conditions, the slopes of several calibrations curves show a reproducibility, repeatability and limit of detection of 6.09% (n=5), 9.03% (n=5) and 2.98±0.38 mmol dm−3 (α=β=0.05, n=3), respectively. Finally, the biosensors based on platinum chips were applied to the determination of ethanol in white wine samples, obtaining successful results.
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry characterisation of secondary metabolites from the antihyperglycaemic plant Genista tenera
Authors: Edwards Emma L. , Rodrigues João A. , Ferreira Joana , Goodall David M. , Rauter Amélia P. , Justino Jorge , Thomas‐Oates Jane
Published: May 2006

Genista tenera is endemic to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where an infusion of the aerial parts of the plant is used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent. Consequently the medicinal properties of the secondary metabolites of this plant have been the subject of an ongoing study. A recently reported LC‐MS method using a 100 min separation allowed identification of five flavonoid components in an extract of the aerial parts of this plant. In order to obtain additional information on the range and complexity of the plant's secondary metabolite components a CE‐MS method has been developed and applied for the analysis of an extract of G. tenera. Twenty‐six different components are distinguished in an analysis time of only 10 min. Results demonstrate that CE‐MS/MS rapidly generates data complementary to those obtainable by LC‐MS/MS and is particularly suited to the analysis of plant metabolites where concentration is not limiting.
Comprehensive two‐dimensional separation in coupling of reversed‐phase chromatography with capillary isoelectric focusing followed by MALDI‐MS identification using on‐target digestion for intact protein analysis
Authors: Yu Wenjia , Li Yan , Deng Chunhui , Zhang Xiangmin
Published: May 2006

A coupling of capillary RP LC as the first dimension with CIEF as the second dimension followed by MALDI‐MS identification was demonstrated. Based on 2‐D separation system developed by our group (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3289–3295), this paper focused on incorporating tryptic digestion into the top‐down proteomics methodology, retaining the benefits of the top‐down method. Hydrophobic layer of packing‐material C18 coated with SE‐30 on the MALDI‐target surface was used to permit the CIEF fractions to be easily concentrated and free of ampholytes using on‐target washing. Following the removal of ampholytes, on‐target tryptic digestion was performed to generate PMF for protein identification. Using the proteome analytical strategy, we could obtain not only intact protein pI value but also PMF for accurate protein identification. The feasibility of the strategy was first tested with a mixture of model proteins with different pIs and molecular masses. Proteome of rat liver tissue extracts was further analyzed using the system for verification. The results have shown that the system is effective for complex proteomic analysis.
Efficient and highly reproducible capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry of peptides using Polybrene‐poly(vinyl sulfonate)‐coated capillaries
Authors: Catai Jonatan R. , Toraño Javier Sastre , de Jong Gerhardus J. , Somsen Govert W.
Published: May 2006

The potential of capillaries noncovalently coated with a bilayer of oppositely charged polymers for the analysis of peptides by CE‐MS was investigated. Bilayer coatings were produced by subsequently rinsing fused‐silica capillaries with a solution of Polybrene (PB) and poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS). The PB‐PVS coating showed to be fully compatible with MS detection causing no ionization suppression or background signals. The bilayer coating provided a considerable EOF at low pH, thereby facilitating the fast separation of peptides using a BGE of formic acid (pH 2.5). Under optimized CE–MS conditions, for enkephalin peptides high separation efficiencies were obtained with plate numbers in the range of 300 000–500 000. It is demonstrated that both the cancellation of the hydrodynamic capillary flow induced by the nebulizer gas and a sufficiently high‐data acquisition rate are crucial for achieving these efficiencies. The overall performance of the CE‐MS system using PB‐PVS‐coated capillaries was evaluated by the analysis of a tryptic digest of cytochrome c. The system provided an efficient separation of the peptide mixture, which could be effectively monitored by MS/MS detection allowing identification of at least 13 peptides within a time interval of 1.5 min. In addition, the PB‐PVS coating proved to be very consistent yielding stable CE‐MS patterns with highly favorable migration time reproducibilities (RSDs < 1% over a 3‐day period).
Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanograined hydroxyapatite and partially stabilized zirconia composites
Authors: Evis Zafer , Sato Michiko , Webster Thomas J.
Published: May 2006

To improve the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) for orthopedic applications, numerous investigators have proposed combining HA with high strength materials, specifically zirconia. Despite the fact that, compared to pure HA, it is now well‐established that zirconia and HA composites have improved mechanical properties, the cytocompatibility properties of this composite remain largely uninvestigated. For these reasons, the objective of the present in vitro study was to synthesize HA and partially stabilized zirconia composites for osteoblast (bone‐forming cell) adhesion assays. Various sintering temperatures and amounts of zirconia in HA composites were used in order to ascertain their influence on osteoblast adhesion. Results demonstrated increased interactions between HA and partially stabilized zirconia, when either higher sintering temperatures (between 900 and 1300°C for 1 h) or higher zirconia contents (between 10 and 40 wt %) were used during material synthesis. More importantly, greater osteoblast adhesion was measured on HA–zirconia composites sintered either at lower temperatures (specifically, 900°C) or with lower amounts of zirconia added to HA composites (specifically, 10 wt %). Results further indicated that when sintered at lower temperatures the composites possessed smaller nanometer grain sizes with increased surface roughness and a more stable HA phase. For these reasons, this study suggests that to optimize osteoblast adhesion on HA and partially stabilized zirconia composites for orthopedic applications, low sintering temperatures and low amounts of zirconia should be used. This suggests that a delicate balance must be reached between increasing mechanical properties of HA without decreasing osteoblast cytocompatibility properties through zirconia addition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vitro and in vivo testing of bioabsorbable antibiotic containing bone filler for osteomyelitis treatment
Authors: Koort Jyri K. , Suokas Esa , Veiranto Minna , Mäkinen Tatu J. , Jalava Jari , Törmälä Pertti , Aro Hannu T.
Published: May 2006

The use of local antibiotics from a biodegradable implant is appealing concept for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Our aim was to develop a new drug delivery system based on controlled ciprofloxacin release from poly(D/L‐lactide). Cylindrical composite pellets (1.0 × 0.9 mm) were manufactured from bioabsorbable poly(D/L‐lactide) matrix and ciprofloxacin (7.4 wt %). In vitro studies were carried out to delineate the release profile of the antibiotic and to verify its antimicrobial activity by means of MIC testing. A long‐term study in rabbits was performed to validate the release of ciprofloxacin from the composite in vivo. Therapeutic level of ciprofloxacin (>2 μg/mL) was maintained between 60 and 300 days and the concentration remained below the potentially detrimental level of 20 μg/mL in vitro. The released ciprofloxacin had retained its antimicrobial properties against common pathogens. In an exploratory long‐term in vivo study with three rabbits, ciprofloxacin could not be detected from the serum after moderate filling (160 mg) of the tibia (follow‐up 168 days), whereas after high dosing (a total dose of 1000 mg in both tibias) ciprofloxacin was found temporarily at low serum concentrations (14–34 ng/mL) during the follow‐up of 300 days. The bone concentrations of ciprofloxacin could be measured in all samples at 168 and 300 days. The tested copolylactide matrix seems to be a promising option in selection of resorbable carriers for sustained release of antibiotics, but the composite needs modifications to promote ciprofloxacin release during the first 60 days of implantation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vitroflexural properties of hydroxyapatite and self‐reinforced poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Wright‐Charlesworth Debra D. , King Julia A. , Miller Darinda M. , Lim Cho Hui
Published: May 2006

Poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) has been used for fracture fixation devices, but its use is limited because of its poor biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The effects of extrusion, incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) and self‐reinforced composites (SRCs) on the resultant mechanical properties of PLLA were examined. Samples were conditioned for up to 52 weeks in PBS at 37°C. Extrusion did not adversely affect the mechanical properties of PLLA. Afterin vitroconditioning, a slight but significant reduction in the strain to failure and modulus was seen. HA (10–40%) by weight was evenly distributed into PLLA using an intermeshing twin‐screw extruder. As ceramic content increased, the initial modulus increased but flexural strength decreased. After immersion, the modulus of all HA‐PLLA blends was lower than PLLA. HA particles did not form a strong bond with the PLLA, which promoted easier degradation of the HA‐PLLA matrix. SRCs showed a higher modulus and strength when compared to all materials except the modulus of 30 and 40% HA‐PLLA composites before immersion. Water preferentially attacked the matrix of the composite, leading to more fiber pullout, but the fiber orientation maintained the advantages in strength and modulus up to 24 weeksin vitro. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Comparing money and labour payment in contingent valuation: the case of forest fire prevention in Vietnamese context
Authors: Hung Le Trong , Loomis John B. , Thinh Vu Tien
Published: May 2006

The contingent valuation method for valuing public goods is a relatively new method in Vietnam. In developed countries, payments are often requested in money, but the form of payment should be more flexible in developing countries that do not have extensive cash economies. Drawing on historical precedent in Vietnam, payment in working days was also used and accepted by the local people; payment in money was less acceptable for the firebreak establishment and maintenance programme. The household mean willingness to pay for the firebreak establishment and maintenance programme was five days a year. The contingent valuation method was found workable at least for a forest fire prevention programme in the Vietnamese context. The lessons learned from this study should be of interest to researchers and policy makers considering applying the contingent valuation method in newly emerging market economies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social security in developing countries: MYTH or necessity? Evidence from India
Authors: Justino Patricia
Published: May 2006

This paper discusses the importance of social security policies in developing economies, using empirical evidence from India. The paper discusses the viability of implementing systems of social protection in developing countries and provides an empirical analysis of the effects of socio‐economic security policies on Indian's economic performance between 1973 and 1999, using a two‐stage least square model adapted to data from a panel of 14 Indian states. The results show that policies that strengthen the social and economic security of the Indian population have been an important endogenous variable to both the reduction of poverty and the increase in economic growth in India. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

JEL codes: C33, H50, I38, O10, O40, O53
Higher education, policy schools, and development studies: what should masters degree students be taught?
Authors: Woolcock Michael
Published: May 2006

What are the distinctive skills and attributes that should be expected of Masters (as opposed to undergraduate and doctoral) graduates of international development programmes? Given the diversity of their academic and cultural backgrounds, the inherent uncertainty of their career trajectories, the variety of country contexts and organizational environments in which they will be working, and the range of constituent groups with which they are likely to interact on a regular basis, I argue that Masters degree programmes in development studies should focus on helping students acquire three core competencies—the skills of ‘detectives’ (data collection, analysis and interpretation), ‘translators’ (reframing given ideas for diverse groups), and ‘diplomats’ (negotiation, conflict mediation, deal making). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of the development of methodology for evaluating the human allergenic potential of novel proteins
Authors: Taylor Steve L.
Published: May 2006

Safety assessment of novel proteins in genetic‐engineered foods is a key component of the overall safety evaluation for these products. Since allergens are typically proteins, assessment of the potential allergenicity of the novel proteins in genetically engineered foods is critical. This article reviews methods available to assess the potential allergenicity of novel proteins, as well as problems and deficiencies in the existing methods. The role of bioinformatics and knowledge of allergenic epitopes in developing new approaches to this problem is discussed.
Effect of curing order on the curing kinetics and morphology of bisGMA/DGEBA interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Cook Wayne D , Chen Fei , Ooi Soo K , Moorhoff Cornelis , Knott Robert
Published: May 2006

The curing kinetics and morphology of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) formed from an epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured by an imidazole (1‐MeI) and a dimethacrylate resin (bisGMA), cured by low‐ and high‐temperature peroxide initiators (TBPEH and DHPB, respectively) have been studied by temperature‐ramping DSC, isothermal near‐infrared (NIR), DMTA and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). bisGMA and DGEBA are polar and chemically similar thermosetting resins which should enhance the miscibility of their IPNs. The phase structure was controlled by varying the curing procedure: the order of gelation of the components is dependent on the choice of low‐ and high‐temperature initiators for bisGMA and this affects the morphology formation. In the cure of the bisGMA/TBPEH:DGEBA/1‐MeI system, the dimethacrylate cures first. For isothermal cure studies at 80 °C, the final conversion of the epoxy is reduced by high crosslinking of the methacrylate groups in the IPN causing vitrification before full cure. The dimethacrylate conversion is enhanced due to plasticisation with unreacted DGEBA, and its cure rate is increased due to accelerated decomposition of TBPEH initiator by 1‐MeI. SANS revealed that phase separation occurs in these IPNs with domains on the scale of 6–7 nm. In the cure of the bisGMA/DHBP:DGEBA/1‐MeI system, the epoxy cures at a similar rate to that of the methacrylate groups. For isothermal cure studies at 80 °C, similar final conversions of the epoxy have been observed except for the 75:25 IPN. The cure rate of the methacrylate groups in the IPN is increased also due to accelerated decomposition of DHBP initiator by 1‐MeI, and the extent of accelerated decomposition for DHBP is stronger than that in the TBPEH‐based systems. SANS studies revealed that this system is more homogeneous due to the rapid formation of the dimethacrylate gel in the presence of the preformed epoxy network which interlocks the networks at low degrees of methacrylate conversion. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and properties of novel phenolic resins modified with nanosized copper particles
Authors: Lin Ronghui , Fang Liang , Li Xinping , Xi Yingxin , Zhang Sufeng
Published: May 2006

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins modified with nanosized copper particles were synthesized by an in situ polymerization process. X‐ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the copper particles in the resulting PF resins had a spherical geometry with a size of 30–60 nm in diameter, and there were about 5% of the particles which were agglomerated. The thermal properties of the resulting PF resins were investigated using TGA. It was found that the copper nanoparticles markedly improved the thermal stability of the PF resins at lower temperatures. The initial decomposition temperature of the modified PF resins could be increased by 47 °C compared to unmodified resins. However, the copper nanoparticles increased the rate of degradation of the PF resins at elevated temperatures. The effects of copper nanoparticles on the thermal properties of the PF resins when used as binders for friction materials are beneficial. The toughness of the resulting PF resins was also studied. The results revealed that copper nanoparticles obviously improved the brittleness of the PF resins. The impact strength of the modified PF resins was increased by 66.6% compared to unmodified resins. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Declarative generation of synthetic XML data
Authors: Barbosa Denilson , Mendelzon Alberto O.
Published: May 2006

Synthetic data can be extremely useful in testing and evaluating algorithms, tools and systems. Most synthetic data generators available today are the result of individual benchmarking efforts. Typically, these are complex programs in which the specifications of both the structure and the contents of the data are hard‐coded. As a result, it is often difficult to customize these tools for producing synthetic data tailored for specific needs. In this article, we describe the ToXgene synthetic data generator, which is a declarative tool for generating realistic XML data for benchmarking as well as testing purposes. We present our template specification language, which consists of augmenting XML Schema with probabilistic models that guide the data‐generation process. We discuss the architecture of our current implementation and we argue about ToXgene's usefulness by discussing experimental results as well as describing two projects that use our tool. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressing heap data for improved memory performance
Authors: Zhang Youtao , Gupta Rajiv
Published: May 2006

We introduce a class of transformations that modify the representation of dynamic data structures used in programs with the objective of compressing their sizes. Based upon a profiling study of data value characteristics, we have developed the common‐prefix and narrow‐data transformations that respectively compress a 32 bit address pointer and a 32 bit integer field into 15 bit entities. A pair of fields that have been compressed by the above compression transformations are packed together into a single 32 bit word. The above transformations are designed to apply to data structures that are partially compressible, that is, they compress portions of data structures to which transformations apply and provide a mechanism to handle the data that is not compressible. The accesses to compressed data are efficiently implemented by designing data compression extensions (DCX) to the processor's instruction set. We have observed average reductions in heap allocated storage of 25% and average reductions in execution time and power consumption of 30%. If DCX support is not provided the reductions in execution times fall from 30% to 18%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.