bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum(II) O,O‐Alkylene Dithiophosphates and Their Adducts.
Authors: BHASIN C. P. , SRIVASTAVA G. , MEHROTRA R. C.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III) are prepared by reaction of potassium chloroplatinate (I) with a slight excess of the corresponding dithiophosphate (II) and characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR, and electronic spectra along with magnetic data.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Alkylation and Acylation of Methyl 2,6‐Dideoxyhexopyranosides via Their Stannylene Acetals: Key Step for the Synthesis of Daunosamine and Related Amino Sugars.
Authors: MONNERET C. , GAGNET R. , FLORENT J.‐C.
Published: May 2016

The L‐lyxo‐hexopyranoside (III) is converted into the benzyl ether (I) and the tosylate (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosylation Using a Thioglycoside and Methyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate. A New and Efficient Method for cis‐ and trans‐Glycoside Formation.
Authors: LOENN H. +
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the thioglycosides (I) and (IV) with the pyranoses (II) or (V) in the presende of methyl triflate gives the disaccharides (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Denitration of Carbohydrate α‐Nitroepoxides by Nucleophiles.
Authors: NAKAGAWA T. , SAKAKIBARA T. , KUMAZAWA S. , HOSHIJIMA Y. , SUDOH R.
Published: May 2016

Epoxidation of the α‐nitroalkenes (I) yields the corresponding epoxides (II) which are treated with several nucleophiles to give the 2‐substituted aldos‐3‐ulose derivatives (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Structure of Allenes and Ketenes. Part 20. Excited States of 3‐Halogeno‐ and Other 3‐Substituted Phenylallenes: Circular Dichroism and Absorption Spectra, and CNDO/S Calculations.
Authors: BAUMANN H. F. , ELSEVIER C. J. , VERMEER P. , RUNGE W.
Published: May 2016

Excited states of phenylallenes (Ib) with energies ≤ 52000 cm‐1 are investigated by means of CD spectra and of (Ia) by UV absorption spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Tris(quinoxaline‐2,3‐dithiolato)molybdate(V): A Distorted Trigonal Prismatic Complex.
Authors: BOYDE S. , GARNER C. D. , ENEMARK J. H. , BRUCK M. A. , KRISTOFZSKI J. G.
Published: May 2016

The monoanion compounds (II) are prepared by iodine oxidation of the corresponding dianion derivatives (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Elimination and Addition Reactions. Part 42. Structural Effects on Reactivity and Mechanism in Eliminative Fission of Three‐Membered Rings.
Authors: PIRAS P. P. , STIRLING C. J. M.
Published: May 2016

A 104‐fold increase in reactivity is observed due to the stabilization of the leaving group in (I) compared with (III), combined with a change in the elimination mechanism from (E1cB)R for (III) and (Ib) to a concerted one (E2) for (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Vinyl‐γ‐butyrolactones by the Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Carbonylation of 3‐Vinyl‐1‐oxo‐2,6‐dioxacyclohexanes.
Authors: TAMARU Y. , BANDO T. , HOJO M. , YOSHIDA Z.
Published: May 2016

The vinylic 6‐ring carbonates (I) are treated with carbon monoxide (II) in the presence of a Pd catalyst to form the γ‐butyrolactones (III) ‐ (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oligomeric 2,5‐Thienylenes. Their UV Spectra and Oxidation Potentials.
Authors: CUNNINGHAM D. D. , LAGUREN‐DAVIDSON L. , MARK H. B. JUN. , VAN PHAM C. , ZIMMER H.
Published: May 2016

The oligomeric thienylenes (III) are prepared by Ni‐catalyzed coupling of the bromothiophenes (I) with the Grignard compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrodenitrogenation of 7,8‐Benzoquinoline over Nickel Molybdenum Alumina.
Authors: MALAKANI K. , MAGNOUX P. , PEROT G.
Published: May 2016

Using reductive conditions (275°C, 170 atm) and a commercial Ni‐Mo‐ Al2O3‐catalyst, 7,8‐benzoquinoline (I) is converted into a mixture of the hydrogenated compound (II) and the secondary products (III) ‐ (V) and ammonia.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1′‐Bi(2‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydrophthalazinylidenes): Potential New Pigments. Relief of Strain by a trans‐Folded Alkene Linkage.
Authors: BUTLER R. N. , GILLAN A. M. , MCARDLE P. , CUNNINGHAM D.
Published: May 2016

The monohydrazones (I) of phthaldialdehyde are subjected to acid‐induced ring closure to give the dihydrophthalazines (II) which are dimerized in the presence of acetic acid, forming the compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: New Cycloaddition Reactions of 2‐Dialkylborylaminopyridines.
Authors: DOROKHOV V. A. , SHAGOVA E. A.
Published: May 2016

The borylaminopyridines (I) react with diphenylcarbodiimide (II), malononitrile (V), or phenyl isocyanide (VII) to give the boron nitrogen heterocycles (III), (IVb), (VI), and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Two Stable Diphosphenes with a New Stabilizing Substituent.
Authors: ESCUDIE J. , COURET C. , RANAIVONJATOVO H. , LAZRAQ M. , SATGE J.
Published: May 2016

1,3‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene (I) is lithiated and subsequently treated with phosphorus trichloride (II) to yield the aryldichlorophosphine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route to Aryltin Compounds: Orthometallation of Schiff′s Bases by Tin(IV) Halides: Crystal and Molecular Structure of N‐Methyl‐ortho‐trichlorostannyldiphenylmethyleneamine, 2‐Cl3SnC6H4C(Ph)=NMe.
Authors: CLEGG W. , GRIEVSON C. M. J. , WADE K.
Published: May 2016

Tin(IV) chloride reacts in boiling toluene with an excess of the Schiff's base (I), prepared from benzophenone and methylamine, to produce the trichlorostannylbenzene (III) mentioned in the title, together with the hexachlorostannate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of VE2+ (E = S, Se) Complexes Using Elemental Chalcogens. Preparation, Structure, and Properties of (VS(SPh)4)2‐ and (VSe(edt)2)2‐ (edt2‐ = Ethane‐1,2‐dithiolate).
Authors: NICHOLSON J. R. , HUFFMAN J. C. , HO D. M. , CHRISTOU G.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of elemental sulfur or selenium with a VCl3/sodium thiolate reaction mixture provides a convenient and direct route to the mononuclear, square‐pyramidal complexes (IV) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur‐Nitrogen‐Bonded Metal Chelates. Part 18. 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions to Coordinated Azide in Nickel(II) Complexes of the Types (Ni(S N N)(N3)) and ((S )Ni(N3)Ni(N N S))(ClO4).
Authors: PAUL P. , NAG K.
Published: May 2016

The mononuclear azido‐Ni complexes (II) and the azido‐bridged dinickel complexes (III) are prepared according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of the Heterobimetallic Complexes ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2Rh(CO)Cl) and ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2M(CO)2)PF6 (M: Rh or Ir, dppm: Ph2PCH2PPh2). Structure of ((OC)3Mo(μ‐dppm)2(μ‐CCMe)Rh(CO)).
Authors: BLAGG A. , ROBSON R. , SHAW B. L. , THORNTON‐PETT M.
Published: May 2016

Reactivity of the title complexes (IIId) and (I) is studied.
Anticoagulants: What is new and what is the standard?
Authors: Lesko LJ
Published: May 2016

This commentary focuses on the status of oral anticoagulants, namely, warfarin and the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban.
Human Urine‐Fueled Light‐Driven NADH Regeneration for Redox Biocatalysis
Authors: Choi Woo Seok , Lee Sahng Ha , Ko Jong Wan , Park Chan Beum
Published: May 2016

Human urine is considered as an alternative source of hydrogen and electricity owing to its abundance and high energy density. Here we show the utility of human urine as a chemical fuel for driving redox biocatalysis in a photoelectrochemical cell. Ni(OH)2‐modified α‐Fe2O3 is selected as a photoanode for the oxidation of urea in human urine and black silicon (bSi) is used as a photocathode material for nicotinamide cofactor (NADH: hydrogenated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) regeneration. The electrons extracted from human urine are used for the regeneration of NADH, an essential hydride mediator that is required for numerous redox biocatalytic reactions. The catalytic reactions at both the photoanode and the photocathode were significantly enhanced by light energy that lowered the overpotential and generated high currents in the full cell system.
Consumer control as a common driver of coastal vegetation worldwide
Authors: He Qiang , Silliman Brian R.
Published: May 2016

Rapid, global, anthropogenic alteration of food webs in ecosystems necessitates a better understanding of how consumers regulate natural communities. We provide a global synthesis of consumer control of vegetation in coastal wetlands, where the domineering role of physical factors such as nutrient and salinity, rather than consumers, has been emphasized for decades. Using a data set of 1748 measures of consumer effects reported in 443 experiments/observations on all continents except Antarctica, we examine the generality of consumer control in salt marshes and mangroves globally. Our analyses show that salt marsh herbivores, including insects, snails, crabs, waterfowl, small mammals, and livestock, generally and often strongly suppress plant survival, aboveground biomass, and height, while their effects on plant density, belowground biomass, reproduction, and cover are more variable. These effects occur in forbs, grasses, and shrubs, and in both seedlings and adult plants. Herbivores additionally affect plant nutrient stoichiometry, and mediate plant interactions, though their effects on plant diversity are less consistent. Higher trophic levels also affect plants, as predators facilitate plant growth through trophic cascades that suppress grazer abundance and grazing rate. In mangroves, there are also signs of consumer control, though the relatively few studies available have often focused on mangrove propagules and seedlings rather than adults. Our analyses further reveal that the strength of consumer control is regulated by many physical factors. Nutrient, disturbance, and flooding, for example, amplify the negative effects of herbivores. Along latitudinal gradients, increased temperature enhances the negative effects of ectothermic herbivores, but has no effect on those of endothermic herbivores. Consumer control of coastal plants is also apparent across study methodologies: in field and laboratory settings, in observational studies, in consumer exclusion and addition experiments, in natural and transplanted plants, and in experiments of various durations. The role of consumer control in coastal vegetation worldwide highlights the need to better recognize and theoretically conceptualize both top‐down and bottom‐up forcing and their interactions in coastal wetlands. Improved understanding and conservation of coastal wetlands will only occur if we incorporate what the science has revealed: trophic feedbacks are an important and pervasive determinant of coastal plant communities.
Construction of the Seismic‐Analysis Technology of the Insulator Base Metals in a Single Pole Structure Disconnecting Switch
Authors: OHYAMA TOMOYUKI , NAGATA KIYPSHI , KANDA KAZUHIKO , ITO TOMOAKI , ETO ATSUSHI , KOBAYASHI TAKAYUKI
Published: May 2016

In the disconnecting switch of 300 kV or less single pole structure, the Great East Japan Earthquake received much damage at the former by the rotation insulator base metal which damage experience had. Conventionally, we carried out a simple desk evaluation about earthquake‐proof evaluation of insulator base metal. However, there is deviation with the damage actual condition and it became clear that it was an apparatus weak point part. Then, we worked on the analysis accuracy improvement of insulator base metal, and we built the analysis technology of the single pole structured disconnecting switch.
Lanthanide Complexes of a Calix[4]arene Ligand with Dangling Phosphonate and Picolinamide Arms: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Extraction Properties
Authors: Glasneck Florian , Kobalz Karolin , Kersting Berthold
Published: May 2016

The coordination behavior of the neutral calix[4]arene‐based ligand L exhibiting dangling phosphonate ester and picolinamide groups in 1,3‐ and 2,4‐distal positions towards a series of lanthanide ions was examined. Reaction of L with Ln(NO3)3 in MeOH afforded mononuclear [LnL(µ1,3‐NO3)2]NO3 complexes [Ln = La (6), Pr (7), Eu (8), Gd (9)]. X‐ray crystallography for 6 and 7 revealed tenfold coordination by phosphoryl O, amide O, and pyridine N atoms from L and four O atoms from two chelating nitrato coligands. Treatment of the [LnL(µ1,3‐NO3)2]NO3 salts with NaBPh4 leads to metathesis of the counterion and, in the case of Pr, Eu, and Gd, to substitution of one nitrato coligand by a methanol molecule yielding [LnL(µ1,3‐NO3)2–n(MeOH)n](BPh4)n+1 for n = 0, Ln = La (10) and n = 1, Ln = Pr (11), Eu (12), Gd (13). X‐ray crystallography of complexes 11–13 revealed an isostructural series of ninefold‐coordinated lanthanide complexes in which one nitrato coligand is exchanged by a methanol molecule. UV/Vis batch titration experiments showed the formation of 1:1 complexes of L with trivalent lanthanides (La3+, Pr3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Yb3+). The stability constants of the complexes determined by UV/Vis spectroscopic titrations are log K11 = 6.44 ± 0.02 (La), 5.96 ± 0.01 (Pr), 6.37 ± 0.01 (Eu), 7.38 ± 0.3 (Gd), and 9.6 ± 0.2 (Yb). Solvent‐extraction experiments with lanthanide picrates revealed that L is able to extract both La3+ and Eu3+ in 1:1 stoichiometry from aqueous media into chloroform.
Alongshore variability of cross‐shore bar behavior on a nontidal beach
Authors: Tătui Florin , Vespremeanu‐Stroe Alfred , Ruessink Gerben B.
Published: May 2016

We report on a 6‐year nearshore bathymetric dataset from the Danube Delta (Romanian Black Sea coast) that comprises 16 km of erosive, stable and accumulative low‐lying micro‐tidal beaches northward of Sf. Gheorghe arm mouth. Two to three two‐dimensional longshore sandbars exhibit a net multi‐annual cyclic (2.8–5.5 years) offshore migration (20–50 m yr−1) in a similar way to other coasts worldwide. Bar morphology and behavior on the sediment‐rich accretionary (dissipative) sector differ substantially from that on the erosive (intermediate) sector. Shoreface slope is the most important factor controlling sandbar number and behavior. It determines different wave‐breaking patterns in the surf zone, translated into different offshore sediment transport and bar zone widths along the study site. Additionally, sediment availability, as a result of the distance from the arm mouth and of the long‐term evolution of the coast, controls the sandbar volume variability. These are all ultimately reflected in the variations of sandbar migration rates and cycle periods. A non‐dimensional morpho‐sedimentary parameter is finally presented, which expresses the bar system change potential as offshore sediment transport potential across the bar zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved ghost‐cell immersed boundary method for compressible flow simulations
Authors: Chi Cheng , Lee Bok Jik , Im Hong G.
Published: May 2016

This study presents an improved ghost‐cell immersed boundary approach to represent a solid body in compressible flow simulations. In contrast to the commonly used approaches, in the present work, ghost cells are mirrored through the boundary described using a level‐set method to farther image points, incorporating a higher‐order extra/interpolation scheme for the ghost‐cell values. A sensor is introduced to deal with image points near the discontinuities in the flow field. Adaptive mesh refinement is used to improve the representation of the geometry efficiently in the Cartesian grid system. The improved ghost‐cell method is validated against four test cases: (a) double Mach reflections on a ramp, (b) smooth Prandtl–Meyer expansion flows, (c) supersonic flows in a wind tunnel with a forward‐facing step, and (d) supersonic flows over a circular cylinder. It is demonstrated that the improved ghost‐cell method can reach the accuracy of second order in L1 norm and higher than first order in L∞ norm. Direct comparisons against the cut‐cell method demonstrate that the improved ghost‐cell method is almost equally accurate with better efficiency for boundary representation in high‐fidelity compressible flow simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of carmustine and selenite effectively inhibits tumor growth by targeting androgen receptor, androgen receptor‐variants, and Akt in preclinical models: New hope for patients with castration resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Thamilselvan Vijayalakshmi , Menon Mani , Thamilselvan Sivagnanam
Published: May 2016

Despite established androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, AR/AR‐variants signaling remain a major obstacle for the successful treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In addition, CRPC cells adapt to survive via AR‐independent pathways to escape next generation therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for drugs that can target these signaling pathways in CRPC. In this study, we sought to determine whether carmustine and selenite in combination could induce apoptosis and inhibit growth of CRPC in‐vitro and in‐vivo. CRPC (22Rv1, VCaP, and PC‐3) cell lines in culture and xenograft mouse were used. Combination of carmustine and selenite treatment significantly increased reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and growth inhibition in CRPC cells with down regulation of anti‐apoptotic (Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1) and proliferative proteins (c‐Myc and cyclin‐D1). This effect was associated with complete reduction of AR/AR‐variants, AR‐V7, PSA and significant induction of p27Kip1. Combination treatment substantially abolished phospho‐Akt, phospho‐GSK‐3β, and anchorage‐independent growth in AR‐positive and AR‐negative cells. Consistent with in‐vitro results, combination treatment effectively induced apoptosis and completely inhibited xenograft tumor growth and markedly reduced AR/AR‐variants, AR‐V7, PSA, and Bcl‐2 in xenograft tumors without causing genotoxicity in host mice. Individual agent treatment showed only partial effect. The combination treatment showed a significant synergistic effect. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the combination of carmustine and selenite treatment completely suppressed CRPC tumor growth by reducing AR/AR‐variants and Akt signaling. Our findings suggest that the combination of carmustine and selenite could constitute a promising next‐generation therapy for successful treatment of patients with CRPC.
Multigene and Drug Interaction Approach for Tamoxifen Metabolite Patterns Reveals Possible Involvement of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1
Authors: Powers Jennifer L. , Buys Saundra S. , Fletcher Deborah , Melis Roberta , Johnson‐Davis Kamisha L. , Lyon Elaine , Malmberg Elisabeth M. , McMillin Gwendolyn A.
Published: May 2016

Tamoxifen is metabolically activated to 4‐hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen by cytochrome P450 (CYP). CYP phenotypes have been correlated to tamoxifen outcomes, but few have considered drug interactions or combinations of genes. Fewer still have considered ABCB1, which encodes P‐glycoprotein and transports active tamoxifen metabolites. We compared the concentrations of tamoxifen and metabolites in 116 breast cancer patients with predicted phenotypes for CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and ABCB1 genotypes. A significant correlation between CYP2D6 phenotypes and tamoxifen metabolites was seen, strongest for endoxifen (P < .0001). Statistical fit of the data improved when using gene activity scores adjusted for known drug interactions. Concentration of tamoxifen was significantly higher (P = .02) for patients taking a CYP2C19 inhibitor. No significant relationships were found for other genes unless patients were subgrouped according to CYP2D6 phenotypes or ABCB1 genotypes. Lower concentrations of endoxifen and endoxifen/4‐hydroxytamoxifen ratios were seen with impaired CYP2C9 (P = .05 and P = .03, respectively) if patients had the same CYP2D6 phenotype and were not taking a CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 inhibitor. Lower concentrations of 4‐hydroxytamoxifen were seen for impaired CYP2C19 when ABCB1 SNP3435 was nonvariant (P = .04). With 3 impaired CYP phenotypes, endoxifen concentrations were lower than if only CYP2D6 was impaired (P = .05). When CYP2D6 was impaired, ABCB1 3435 CC (rs1045642) was associated with significantly higher endoxifen (P = .03). Thus, impairment in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or ABCB1 contributes to a lower steady‐state endoxifen concentration at the dose studied. These studies represent an improved way of examining relationships between pharmacogenetics, drug concentrations, and clinical outcomes and warrants study in larger populations.
Observed trends and changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes over the Koshi river basin 1975–2010
Authors: Shrestha Arun B. , Bajracharya Sagar R. , Sharma Aseem R. , Duo Chu , Kulkarni Ashwini
Published: May 2016

The Koshi river basin is a sub‐basin of the Ganges shared among China, Nepal, and India. The river system has a high potential for investment in hydropower development and for irrigation in downstream areas. The upper part of the basin contains a substantial reserve of freshwater in the form of snow and glaciers. Climate variability, climate change, and climate extremes might impact on these reserves, and in turn impact on systems that support livelihoods, such as agriculture, biodiversity and related ecosystem services. Climatological variability and trends over the Koshi river basin were studied using RClimDex. Daily temperature data (20 stations) and precipitation data (50 stations) from 1975 to 2010 were used in the analysis. The results show that the frequency and intensity of weather extremes are increasing. The daily maximum temperature (TXx) increased by 0.1 °C decade−1 on average between 1975 and 2010 and the minimum (TNn) by 0.3 °C decade−1. The number of warm nights increased at all stations. Most of the extreme temperature indices showed a consistently different pattern in the mountains than in the Indo‐Gangetic plains, although not all results were statistically significant. The warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), warm spell duration (WSDI), and diurnal temperature range (DTR) increased at most of the mountain stations; whereas monthly maximum and minimum values of daily maximum temperature, TX90p, cool nights (TN10p), WSDI, cold spell duration indicator (CSDI), DTR decreased at the stations in the Indo‐Gangetic plains, while the number of cold days increased. There was an increase in total annual rainfall and rainfall intensity, although no clear long‐term linear trend, whereas the number of consecutive dry days increased at almost all stations. The results indicate that the risk of extreme climate events over the basin is increasing, which will increase people's vulnerability and has strong policy implications.
Enzymatic lipophilization of epicatechin with free fatty acids and its effect on antioxidative capacity in crude camellia seed oil
Authors: Chen Sa‐Sa , Luo Shui‐Zhong , Zheng Zhi , Zhao Yan‐Yan , Pang Min , Jiang Shao‐Tong
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Crude camellia seed oil is rich in free fatty acids, which must be removed to produce an oil of acceptable quality. In the present study, we reduced the free fatty acid content of crude camellia seed oil by lipophilization of epicatechin with these free fatty acids in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435), and this may enhance the oxidative stability of the oil at the same time.

RESULTS

The acid value of crude camellia seed oil reduced from 3.7 to 2.5 mgKOH g−1 after lipophilization. Gas chomatography‐mass spectrometry analysis revealed that epicatechin oleate and epicatechin palmitate were synthesized in the lipophilized oil. The peroxide, p‐anisidine, and total oxidation values during heating of the lipophilized oil were much lower than that of the crude oil and commercially available camellia seed oil, suggesting that lipophilized epicatechin derivatives could help enhance the oxidative stability of edible oil.

CONCLUSION

The enzymatic process to lipophilize epicatechin with the free fatty acids in crude camellia seed oil described in the present study could decrease the acid value to meet the quality standards for commercial camellia seed oil and, at the same time, obtain a new edible camellia seed oil product with good oxidative stability. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A combination of additives can synergically decrease acrylamide content in gingerbread without compromising sensory quality
Authors: Komprda Tomáš , Pridal Antonin , Mikulíková Renata , Svoboda Zdeněk , Cwiková Olga , Nedomová Šárka , Sýkora Vladimír
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The present study tested whether replacement of the leavening agent ammonium carbonate by sodium hydrogen carbonate in combination with calcium cation and acidifying agent will synergically decrease acrylamide (AA) content in gingerbread.

RESULTS

The type of leavening agent and the presence of Ca2+ and citric acid accounted for 33.6%, 13.2% and 53.2% of the explained variability of the AA content, respectively (P < 0.01). The AA content in gingerbread produced with (NH4)2CO3 alone was 186.5 µg kg−1. Irrespective of other tested additives, NaHCO3 decreased (P < 0.05) AA content to 42% compared to (NH4)2CO3. Combination of NaHCO3 + CaCl2 + citric acid in dough reduced (P < 0.05) AA content below the limit of detection (25 µg kg−1). The AA content in gingerbread (y; µg kg−1) decreased with an increasing number of additives used (x) according to the equation y = 158.8 – 47.94x (r2 = 0.42; P < 0.0001). A comprehensive sensory analysis did not indicate any significant deterioration (P > 0.05) in the organoleptic quality of gingerbread produced using calcium cation and citric acid.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that the combination of additives NaHCO3/Ca2+/citric acid synergically decreases AA content in gingerbread without compromising the sensory quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy outside the central nervous system
Authors: Dibb Russell , Xie Luke , Wei Hongjiang , Liu Chunlei
Published: May 2016

Magnetic‐susceptibility‐based MRI has made important contributions to the characterization of tissue microstructure, chemical composition, and organ function. This has motivated a number of studies to explore the link between microstructure and susceptibility in organs and tissues throughout the body, including the kidney, heart, and connective tissue. These organs and tissues have anisotropic magnetic susceptibility properties and cellular organizations that are distinct from the lipid organization of myelin in the brain. For instance, anisotropy is traced to the epithelial lipid orientation in the kidney, the myofilament proteins in the heart, and the collagen fibrils in the knee cartilage. The magnetic susceptibility properties of these and other tissues are quantified using specific MRI tools: susceptibility tensor imaging (STI), quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), and individual QSM measurements with respect to tubular and filament directions determined from diffusion tensor imaging. These techniques provide complementary and supplementary information to that produced by traditional MRI methods. In the kidney, STI can track tubules in all layers including the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. In the heart, STI detected myofibers throughout the myocardium. QSM in the knee revealed three unique layers in articular cartilage by exploiting the anisotropic susceptibility features of collagen. While QSM and STI are promising tools to study tissue susceptibility, certain technical challenges must be overcome in order to realize routine clinical use. This paper reviews essential experimental findings of susceptibility anisotropy in the body, the underlying mechanisms, and the associated MRI methodologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of detection sensitivity for cerebral microbleeds using susceptibility‐weighted imaging
Authors: Buch Sagar , Cheng Yu‐Chung N. , Hu Jiani , Liu Saifeng , Beaver John , Rajagovindan Rajasimhan , Haacke E. Mark
Published: May 2016

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small brain hemorrhages caused by the break down or structural abnormalities of small vessels of the brain. Owing to the paramagnetic properties of blood degradation products, CMBs can be detected in vivo using susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI). SWI can be used not only to detect iron changes and CMBs, but also to differentiate them from calcifications, both of which may be important MR‐based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, SWI can be used to quantify the iron in CMBs. SWI and gradient echo (GE) imaging are the two most common methods for the detection of iron deposition and CMBs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the number of voxels detected in the presence of a CMB on GE magnitude, phase and SWI composite images as a function of resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), TE, field strength and susceptibility using in silico experiments. Susceptibility maps were used to quantify the bias in the effective susceptibility value and to determine the optimal TE for CMB quantification. We observed a non‐linear trend with susceptibility for CMB detection from the magnitude images, but a linear trend with susceptibility for CMB detection from the phase and SWI composite images. The optimal TE values for CMB quantification were found to be 3 ms at 7 T, 7 ms at 3 T and 14 ms at 1.5 T for a CMB of one voxel in diameter with an SNR of 20: 1. The simulations of signal loss and detectability were used to generate theoretical formulae for predictions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Evidence for Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Woldekiros H. S. , D'Andrea A. C.
Published: May 2016

Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticusL. 1758) are one of the most valued farm animals in the world today. Chickens are widespread and economically and socially significant in Africa. Despite their importance, little is known about the nature of their introduction and subsequent integration into African economies. One reason for this is the morphological similarity of domestic chickens to wild galliform birds in Africa such as guineafowl and francolin. Here, we present direct dates and morphological evidence for domestic chickens recovered from Mezber, a pre‐Aksumite (>800–450 BCE) rural farming settlement in northern Ethiopia. Key morphological markers differentiated these domestic chickens from francolins. The Mezber direct chicken element accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates of cal 820–595 BCE and indirect/charcoal AMS dates of cal 921–801 BCE constitute the earliest osteological evidence for chickens in Africa. Chicken bones in the domestic food waste of an early rural settlement at Mezber and their presence in later Aksumite urban contexts show that chickens were integrated into diverse Ethiopian highland settings. The Mezber specimens predate the earliest known Egyptian chickens by at least 550 years and draw attention to early exotic faunal exchanges in the Horn of Africa during the early first millennium BCE. These findings support previous archaeological, genetics and linguistic data that suggest maritime exchange networks with South Arabia through ports along the African Red Sea coast constitute one possible early route of introduction of chickens to Africa. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rabbits as Food at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic at Molí del Salt (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Martínez‐Polanco M. F. , Blasco R. , Rosell J. , Ibañez N. , Vaquero M.
Published: May 2016

Many factors have been causally linked to the diversification of hunting during the European Palaeolithic: declining supplies of high‐ranked prey, considerable human demographic growth, reduced residential mobility, larger populations of ubiquitous small mammals and significant technological developments. However, small prey exploitation was not uniform: the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the most frequent species in the Upper Palaeolithic archaeological record of the Iberian Peninsula – south and Mediterranean area – and Southern France. This is demonstrated at Molí del Salt, an Upper Palaeolithic site located at Vimbodí (Catalonia, Spain), whose mammal fauna stands out for the predominance of rabbits [91% of minimum number of individuals (n = 136)]. We analysed the faunal remains from one level [Asup (c. 12 700–13 000 cal BP)] in order to identify the agent responsible for the faunal accumulation, and to reconstruct aspects of procurement and consumption that shed light on Palaeolithic subsistence strategies in the Northeast Iberian Peninsula. Our results indicate that human agency rather than carnivore activity was responsible for the bone accumulation at Molí del Salt. We identified all the stages in the consumption sequence from skinning to ingestion. We argue that the rabbits were mostly harvested during summer or winter or both seasons. Clearly, the European rabbit was a target species for the human groups which lived at Molí del Salt providing meat, and skin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug penetration and metabolism in 3D cell cultures treated in a 3D printed fluidic device: assessment of irinotecan via MALDI imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: LaBonia Gabriel J. , Lockwood Sarah Y. , Heller Andrew A. , Spence Dana M. , Hummon Amanda B.
Published: May 2016

Realistic in vitro models are critical in the drug development process. In this study, a novel in vitro platform is employed to assess drug penetration and metabolism. This platform, which utilizes a 3D printed fluidic device, allows for dynamic dosing of three dimensional cell cultures, also known as spheroids. The penetration of the chemotherapeutic irinotecan into HCT 116 colon cancer spheroids was examined with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). The active metabolite of irinotecan, SN‐38, was also detected. After twenty‐four hours of treatment, SN‐38 was concentrated to the outside of the spheroid, a region of actively dividing cells. The irinotecan prodrug localization contrasted with SN‐38 and was concentrated to the necrotic core of the spheroids, a region containing mostly dead and dying cells. These results demonstrate that this unique in vitro platform is an effective means to assess drug penetration and metabolism in 3D cell cultures. This innovative system can have a transformative impact on the preclinical evaluation of drug candidates due to its cost effectiveness and high throughput.
The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists: Dimensionality and Internal Consistency of the Norwegian Version
Authors: Eland Nicolaas D. , Kvåle Alice , Ostelo Raymond W.J.G. , Strand Liv Inger
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose

The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS‐PT) is a self‐administered instrument developed to assess the strength of two possible treatment orientations of physiotherapists towards the management of low back pain. The aim of this study was to translate the PABS‐PT into Norwegian from the original 36‐item Dutch version and to examine its dimensionality and internal consistency.

Methods

The Norwegian version was generated in a forward–backward translation procedure. To examine construct validity, a cross‐sectional web‐based survey was conducted. A convenience sample of 3849 physiotherapists was invited to fill out the Norwegian PABS‐PT, together with demographic and professional data. Only therapists who had been involved in back pain management for the last 6 months were included. Principal factor and Cronbach's alpha analyses were performed to determine the factor structure and internal consistency, respectively.

Results

The PABS‐PT was successfully translated into Norwegian. Responses from 921 therapists were obtained (response rate 24.8%), and of these, 647 could be included in the factor analysis. Analysis revealed two factors, labelled ‘biomedical’ and ‘biopsychosocial’ treatment orientation, which confirmed the structure of the original Dutch version. Thirty‐six items were reduced to 19, with 13 items loading on factor I and six items on factor II, explaining 18.1% and 7.1%, respectively, of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha of the biomedical sub‐scale was 0.79 and 0.57 for the bio‐psychosocial sub‐scale.

Conclusion

The Norwegian version of the PABS‐PT appears to be equivalent to the original Dutch version, showing a similar structure and internal consistency. The two factors accounted for low explained variance, which may be indicative for problematic construct validity. Psychometric properties and usefulness will be further examined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools
Authors: Parmar Keyur R. , Jhajra Shalu , Singh Saranjit
Published: May 2016

Rationale

Amiodarone is reported to cause hepato and pulmonary toxicity in humans, which has been envisaged to be due to formation of its reactive metabolites, essentially based on its structural similarity to benzbromarone, a drug withdrawn from the market due to reasons of similar hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools.

Methods

Wistar rats were dosed orally with an amiodarone suspension and bile was collected via bile duct cannulation followed by solid‐phase extraction, protein precipitation and centrifugation. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry using tandem mass and constant neutral loss scan in positive electrospray ionization mode.

Results

Glutathione adducts of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites were identified and characterized with the characteristic neutral loss of 129 Da. Glucuronide conjugates of previously reported stable phase‐1 metabolites were also observed.

Conclusions

This study confirmed generation of reactive metabolites of amiodarone for the first time, as was hypothesised earlier by various research groups. Also, the responsible toxicophore was identified to be a benzofuran moiety liable to form reactive diquinone species. However, the results need to be further confirmed in human subjects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
praja2 regulates KSR1 stability and mitogenic signaling
Authors: Rinaldi L , Delle Donne R , Sepe M , Porpora M , Garbi C , Chiuso F , Gallo A , Parisi S , Russo L , Bachmann V , Huber R G , Stefan E , Russo T , Feliciello A
Published: May 2016

The kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) has a fundamental role in mitogenic signaling by scaffolding components of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway. In response to Ras activation, KSR1 assembles a tripartite kinase complex that optimally transfers signals generated at the cell membrane to activate ERK. We describe a novel mechanism of ERK attenuation based on ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of KSR1. Stimulation of membrane receptors by hormones or growth factors induced KSR1 polyubiquitination, which paralleled a decline of ERK1/2 signaling. We identified praja2 as the E3 ligase that ubiquitylates KSR1. We showed that praja2-dependent regulation of KSR1 is involved in the growth of cancer cells and in the maintenance of undifferentiated pluripotent state in mouse embryonic stem cells. The dynamic interplay between the ubiquitin system and the kinase scaffold of the Ras pathway shapes the activation profile of the mitogenic cascade. By controlling KSR1 levels, praja2 directly affects compartmentalized ERK activities, impacting on physiological events required for cell proliferation and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency.
A two-step approach to achieve secondary amide transamidation enabled by nickel catalysis
Authors: Baker Emma L. , Yamano Michael M. , Zhou Yujing , Anthony Sarah M. , Garg Neil K.
Published: May 2016

A long-standing challenge in synthetic chemistry is the development of the transamidation reaction. This process, which involves the conversion of one amide to another, is typically plagued by unfavourable kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Although some advances have been made with regard to the transamidation of primary amide substrates, secondary amide transamidation has remained elusive. Here we present a simple two-step approach that allows for the elusive overall transformation to take place using non-precious metal catalysis. The methodology proceeds under exceptionally mild reaction conditions and is tolerant of amino-acid-derived nucleophiles. In addition to overcoming the classic problem of secondary amide transamidation, our studies expand the growing repertoire of new transformations mediated by base metal catalysis.
The effect of acid–base clustering and ions on the growth of atmospheric nano-particles
Authors: Lehtipalo Katrianne , Rondo Linda , Kontkanen Jenni , Schobesberger Siegfried , Jokinen Tuija , Sarnela Nina , Kürten Andreas , Ehrhart Sebastian , Franchin Alessandro , Nieminen Tuomo , Riccobono Francesco , Sipilä Mikko , Yli-Juuti Taina , Duplissy Jonathan , Adamov Alexey , Ahlm Lars , Almeida João , Amorim Antonio , Bianchi Federico , Breitenlechner Martin , Dommen Josef , Downard Andrew J. , Dunne Eimear M. , Flagan Richard C. , Guida Roberto , Hakala Jani , Hansel Armin , Jud Werner , Kangasluoma Juha , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Keskinen Helmi , Kim Jaeseok , Kirkby Jasper , Kupc Agnieszka , Kupiainen-Määttä Oona , Laaksonen Ari , Lawler Michael J. , Leiminger Markus , Mathot Serge , Olenius Tinja , Ortega Ismael K. , Onnela Antti , Petäjä Tuukka , Praplan Arnaud , Rissanen Matti P. , Ruuskanen Taina , Santos Filipe D. , Schallhart Simon , Schnitzhofer Ralf , Simon Mario , Smith James N. , Tröstl Jasmin , Tsagkogeorgas Georgios , Tomé António , Vaattovaara Petri , Vehkamäki Hanna , Vrtala Aron E. , Wagner Paul E. , Williamson Christina , Wimmer Daniela , Winkler Paul M. , Virtanen Annele , Donahue Neil M. , Carslaw Kenneth S. , Baltensperger Urs , Riipinen Ilona , Curtius Joachim , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kulmala Markku
Published: May 2016

The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere.
Multisensory effects on somatosensation: a trimodal visuo-vestibular-tactile interaction
Authors: Kaliuzhna Mariia , Ferrè Elisa Raffaella , Herbelin Bruno , Blanke Olaf , Haggard Patrick
Published: May 2016

Vestibular information about self-motion is combined with other sensory signals. Previous research described both visuo-vestibular and vestibular-tactile bilateral interactions, but the simultaneous interaction between all three sensory modalities has not been explored. Here we exploit a previously reported visuo-vestibular integration to investigate multisensory effects on tactile sensitivity in humans. Tactile sensitivity was measured during passive whole body rotations alone or in conjunction with optic flow, creating either purely vestibular or visuo-vestibular sensations of self-motion. Our results demonstrate that tactile sensitivity is modulated by perceived self-motion, as provided by a combined visuo-vestibular percept and not by the visual and vestibular cues independently. We propose a hierarchical multisensory interaction that underpins somatosensory modulation: visual and vestibular cues are first combined to produce a multisensory self-motion percept. Somatosensory processing is then enhanced according to the degree of perceived self-motion.
AhR signaling activation disrupts migration and dendritic growth of olfactory interneurons in the developing mouse
Authors: Kimura Eiki , Ding Yunjie , Tohyama Chiharu
Published: May 2016

Perinatal exposure to a low level of dioxin, a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has been shown to induce abnormalities in learning and memory, emotion and sociality in laboratory animals later in adulthood. However, how aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling activation disrupts the higher brain function remains unclear. Therefore, we studied the possible effects of excessive activation of AhR signaling on neurodevelopmental processes, such as cellular migration and neurite growth, in mice. To this end, we transfected a constitutively active-AhR plasmid into stem cells in the lateral ventricle by in vivo electroporation on postnatal day 1. Transfection was found to induce tangential migration delay and morphological abnormalities in neuronal precursors in the rostral migratory stream at 6 days post-electroporation (dpe) as well as disrupt radial migration in the olfactory bulb and apical and basal dendritic growth of the olfactory interneurons in the granule cell layer at 13 and 20 dpe. These results suggest that the retarded development of interneurons by the excessive AhR signaling may at least in part explain the dioxin-induced abnormal behavioral alterations previously reported in laboratory animals.
Paramagnetic effects on the NMR spectra of isotropic bicelles with headgroup modified chelator lipids and metal ions
Authors: Tang Ming , Mao Kevin , Li Stacey , Zhuang Jianqin , Diallo Koumba
Published: May 2016

Mn2+, Gd3+ and Dy3+ bound to chelator lipids can influence NMR signals to provide distance information in the membrane.
Photophysical properties of pyrrolocytosine, a cytosine fluorescent base analogue
Authors: Nguyen Quynh L. , Spata Vincent A. , Matsika Spiridoula
Published: May 2016

The fluorescence properties of pyrrolocytosine, a cytosine analogue, are investigated using high level ab initio methods, and they are found to be affected by hydrogen bonding to water molecules, as well as by pi-stacking with guanine.
Characterisation of the thermodynamics, structure and dynamics of a water-like model in 2- and 3-dimensions
Authors: Torres-Carbajal Alexis , Castañeda-Priego Ramón
Published: May 2016

Thermodynamics, structure and dynamics of a water-like model in 2 and 3 dimensions.
A microphysiological model of the human placental barrier
Authors: Blundell Cassidy , Tess Emily R. , Schanzer Ariana S. R. , Coutifaris Christos , Su Emily J. , Parry Samuel , Huh Dongeun
Published: May 2016

We present a microengineered cell culture device designed to mimic the maternal–fetal interface in the human placenta.
Histone demethylating agents as potential S-adenosyl-l-methionine-competitors
Authors: Navakauskienė R. , Mori M. , Christodoulou M. S. , Zentelytė A. , Botta B. , Via L. Dalla , Ricci F. , Damia G. , Passarella D. , Zilio C. , Martinet N.
Published: May 2016

Histone H3 methylation on K9 and/or K27 depends on histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs).
Homogeneous rhodium(i)-catalysis in de novo heterocycle syntheses
Authors: Neuhaus James D. , Willis Michael C.
Published: May 2016

Rh(i)-catalysed reactions often employ mild reaction conditions and offer excellent functional group tolerance, making them ideal transformations for the preparation of complex molecules. This review surveys examples of these synthetically useful transformations as applied to the synthesis of various heterocycles.
Synthesis of trifluoromethylated isoxazoles and their elaboration through inter- and intra-molecular C–H arylation
Authors: Poh Jian-Siang , García-Ruiz Cristina , Zúñiga Andrea , Meroni Francesca , Blakemore David C. , Browne Duncan L. , Ley Steven V.
Published: May 2016

We report conditions for the preparation of a range of trifluoromethylated isoxazole building blocks through the cycloaddition reaction of trifluoromethyl nitrile oxide and their subsequent derivatisation.
Soft template inducted hydrothermal BiYO3 catalysts for enhanced formic acid formation from the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide
Authors: Qin Zuzeng , Tian Hui , Su Tongming , Ji Hongbing , Guo Zhanhu
Published: May 2016

A soft template influenced hydrothermally synthesized BiYO3 catalysts and enhanced formic acid formation from the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.