bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theme Issue on Asia Knowledge: Inside and Outside the Ivory Tower
Authors: Miller Laura
Published: February 2014

This essay shares some narratives and motivations that led to this special set of JAEAR articles on how knowledge about Asia is generated, constructed and received. What are the benefits, as well as the challenges, of sharing academic research with a broad range of audiences and readerships? When academics move beyond the scholarly text to produce museum exhibits, documentary films, blogs, interviews with journalists, and other forms of media, the results can be highly rewarding but also, at times, at frustrating. The problems we experienced when sharing academic knowledge rarely related to the use of scholarly jargon or esoteric topics, but rather with audience ideologies, stereotypes, and expectations. Our stance as scholars is not necessarily appreciated outside the academy, and can occasionally antagonize the public. In some instances non-specialists misuse or misunderstand our research. This essay, and the articles that follow, ask us to reflect on the production of academic work and its reception in a variety of domains.
Mandatory Processing of Implied Content: Lessons from Context Effects on Implicitures
Authors: Dorjee Dusana , Garrett Merrill F. , Harnish Robert M.
Published: February 2014

Since early experimental explorations of pragmatic phenomena it has been documented that novel and established utterances are processed differently. This is especially relevant to processing of a class of utterances called “implicitures” (Bach, 1994) in which some aspects of content are not explicitly expressed by the words used—they are implicit. It has been suggested that at least some implicitures have become “standardized” for their content (Bach, 1998; Garrett and Harnish, 2007). That is, the standard use of these expressions conveys the relevant content even though the words uttered do not present that content as conventional, linguistic meaning. While some studies suggest that the implicitures are mandatorily inferred regardless of context (Bach, 1998), others claim that impliciture processing is context-dependent (Sperber and Wilson, 1986). We investigated this issue using spatial, temporal and possession implicitures in two reaction time experiments. Implicitures were presented context-free or embedded in contexts that either supported their preferred interpretation or cancelled it. The results indicated that implicitures are readily available when no context is provided and are produced even when context forces an alternative interpretation. These findings support a standardization view for at least some impliciture processing. Possible differences in processing mechanisms across theories of impliciture processing and across impliciture types are discussed.
Swillsburg City Limits (The ‘City Of Pigs’: Republic 370C–372D)
Authors: McKeen Catherine
Published: February 2014

At Republic 370c–372d, Plato presents us with an early polis that is self-sufficient, peaceful, cooperative, and which provides a comfortable life for its inhabitants. While Glaucon derides this polis as a ‘city for pigs’, Socrates is quick to defend its virtues characterizing it as a city which is not only ‘complete’ (telea), but a ‘true’ (alêthinê polis) and ‘healthy’ city (hugiês tis) (371e–372e). Is Plato sincere when he lauds the city of pigs? if so, why does the city of pigs degenerate so precipitously into the luxurious city (truphôsa polis)? Some commentators have been unable to find any place for the ‘city of pigs’ in the substantive argument of the Republic. Other commentators have supposed that the source of instability in the city of pigs is the nature of human desire. I argue that these interpretations miss what is most deeply interesting about the city of pigs. On my reading, the city of pigs is healthy and true in that it is a unified community. However, this unity depends on good fortune, is highly contingent, and thus unstable.
Profit and Envy: the Hipparchus
Authors: Plax Martin J.
Published: February 2014

Following Schleiermacher, who was unable to account for several oddities in the dialogue, some scholars consider the Hipparchus a spurious Platonic work. This essay, by means of a dramatic re-enactment of the dialogue, accounts for those oddities. It demonstrates that the comrade is a recent immigrant to Athens who, having been deceived by a moneychanger in the agora, accuses lovers of gain of being profiteers. Socrates exposes the comrade as fearful of risk-taking and then defends the reputation of Hipparchus, the Athenian King who encouraged commercial development. By further correcting the democratic account of his assassination, Socrates exposes the comrades envy, which hides his own profiteering ambitions. The discussion points to a series of dualities regarding commerce and philosophy, including both the generating and non-generating qualities of the philosophic life. It also reveals the rural origins of Socrates new accusers, and the notion of justice held by them.
Sophistry and Philosophy in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Berzins McCoy Marina
Published: February 2014

The Republic presents the sophist in three ways: through an example (Thrasymachus), an abstract description in Book Six, and an image (in the analogy of the cave). Thrasymachus presents a coherent understanding of justice and is not inconsistent, as some commentators have argued. Both the philosopher and the sophist are intellectuals who value wisdom, but on Socrates’ account, the sophist equates the necessary with the good. The philosopher separates the necessary and the good, and orients himself to a truth outside of himself. However, the Republic suggests that there is no meta-philosophical position by which the philosopher and the sophist can be judged. The separation of the philosopher from the sophist makes sense only from the viewpoint of the philosopher. Socrates’ emphasis on the incompleteness of wisdom also suggests that the philosopher’s understanding of his own activity must remain open to change.
Law and Absolutism in the Republic
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: February 2014

Barker influentially posited a development from an absolutist Republic hostile to the idea of the rule of law, through an absolutist Statesman which now engages more seriously and to a degree sympathetically with the idea, to a Laws in which the rule of law displaces the earlier absolutism. This paper demonstrates that Barker’s construction is unsustainable. The Republic presents a political philosophy much more like the Laws than the absolutism of the Statesman. There is a lot of law and lawgiving in the dialogue, and no more absolutism than in the Laws itself.
Who Believes in Socrates’ Innocence? The Religious charges against Socrates and the Intended Audience of Plato’s Apology
Authors: Samaras Thanassis
Published: February 2014

This article argues for two theses: first, that Plato’s Apology is not directed to the Athenian public in general, but to an elite audience. Second, that because of this fact, the argument advanced by Vlastos that the Apology must be close to the historical defence of Socrates, because Plato could not present a fictional Socrates to his compatriots, is not compelling. The paper looks at the way Plato’s Socrates responds to the religious charges and concludes that he successfully refutes the charge of atheism (Apology 26b–27a) but evades the charge of heterodoxy. Although sufficient from a legal point of view and from the perspective of a highly educated audience, Socrates’ defence against the religious charges is actually ineffective from the point of view of the average Athenian. Burnyeat is therefore right to say that the Athenians correctly convicted Socrates of heterodoxy. This fact, along with Ledger’s recent stylometric evidence which places the Apology in 387 BC, effectively making it a middle dialogue, indicates that the work may never have been meant as a reasonably close reiteration of what Socrates said in his trial. On the question of the historicity of the Apology, then, the only reasonable response is to remain agnostic.
Of Firemen, Sophists, and Hunter-Philosophers: Citizenship and Courage in Plato’s Laches
Authors: Avramenko Richard
Published: February 2014

The violence of the attacks on New York and Washington and the subsequent war in Iraq have brought to the fore the issue of citizenship virtue. This paper challenges nearly a generation of citizenship theorists who, by privileging discourse over other virtues, have impaired the capacity for a balanced political response to this event. It is argued that the removal of the virtue of courage from the model of good citizenship has resulted in a politics that either cannot suffer violence when it is needed, or one that knows no boundaries to violence when it is employed. From an interpretation of Plato’s Laches, a model of citizenship—which is here called the Hunter-Philosopher — is explored that situates courageous citizenship between the unmitigated and unrestrained violence of the warrior on the one hand, and the irresolute, divisive speech of the sophist on the other.
Thucydides and the Monarch in Democracy
Authors: Mitchell Lynette
Published: February 2014

Athenian democracy depended upon political ‘champions’ in order to operate effectively, although the champions themselves were often heavily criticised. At the same time, critics of democracy looked for alternatives in the ‘best men’, or ‘best man’ to rule the state. Thucydides engages with both these issues, and informed by wider political debates and other representations of the ‘democratic monarch’ (especially that of Theseus), analyses and draws a character sketch of Pericles and Alcibiades, in their role as either ‘good king’ or ‘bad tyrant’, in order to present a critique of democratic stability.
Cyrus’s Imperial Household: an Aristotelian Reading of Xenophon’s Cyropaedia
Authors: Whidden Christopher
Published: February 2014

Xenophon’s Cyropaedia is a fictional account of the life of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire. This article argues that reading the Cyropaedia through an Aristotelian lens provides a useful means by which to understand Xenophon’s analysis of Cyrus’s empire. On an Aristotelian reading, a crucial facet of Cyrus’s knowledge is his view that the household provides an appropriate model by which to found and govern an empire. By incorporating many nations into what I call his ‘imperial household’, Cyrus finds a way to avoid what Xenophon sees as the fundamental problem of political rule, which is that human beings do not wish to be ruled by others and eventually revolt against their rulers. But in contrast to all previous rulers known to Xenophon, Cyrus secures his subjects’ obedience. He does so by treating them as women, children, and slaves, each of whom looks to him as the head of the household. Under Cyrus, the perpetual political revolutions Xenophon describes thus become a thing of the past, at least so long as Cyrus is alive to preside over his imperial household. But Xenophon also suggests that order, peace, and security in the empire come at a cost. In order to keep his subjects in line, Cyrus as leader must distort and do violence to their humanity. Read carefully, the Cyropaedia thus provides a thoughtful critique of imperial ambition and empire.
Logos and the Political Nature of Anthrōpos in Aristotle’s Politics
Authors: Trott Adriel M.
Published: February 2014

Departing from Aristotle’s two-fold definition of anthrōpos (human) as having logos and being political, the argument of this article is that human beings are always fundamentally political for Aristotle. This position challenges the view that ethical life is prior to or beyond the scope of political life. Aristotle’s conception of the political nature of the human is developed through a reading of the linguistic argument at Politics 1.2; a careful treatment of autos, or self, in Aristotle; and an examination of the political nature of anthrōpos in the context of Aristotle’s candidates for the best life in Politics VII.1–3 and Nicomachean Ethics X.6–8. From this consideration the compatibility between Aristotle’s claims that anthrōpos is fundamentally political and that the highest end of the human is achieved in theoria is maintained, since even in pursuing the theoretic life, human beings take up the practical question of what the best life is.
Individual and Polis in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Cantu Gerald
Published: February 2014

Two views of Plato’s politics in the Republic predominate in the literature. Political organicism is the view that the polis is an organism and implies that individual happiness is defined by an individual’s contribution to the polis’s good. Individualism is the view that the polis is reducible to individuals, which implies that the polis’s good is nothing but individual happiness aggregated. This article develops a middle-of-the-road view called weak organicism, which qualifies Plato’s organicism and includes a Platonic account of the mereological relations of the polis. These relations imply that individuals as such are not structurally dependent on the whole polis, thereby making conceptual space for Plato’s expressly stated thesis that the polis’s good is over and above individual happiness without necessarily implying that individual happiness is reducible to the polis’s good, which the literature generally supposes to be a corollary of political organicism.
Why Plato Wrote Epinomis: Leonardo Tarán and the Thirteenth Book of Plato’s Laws
Authors: Altman W.H.F.
Published: February 2014

Tarán’s case against the authenticity of Epinomis depends on the claim that it is incompatible with Plato’s Laws. Behind this claim is the uncritical assumption that the Athenian Stranger of Laws speaks for Plato. While the Athenian Stranger of Epinomis clearly does not do so, the same is equally true, albeit more difficult to detect, of the Stranger in Laws. Once the Athenian is recognized as both ambitious and impious, a reconstruction of the last sentence of Epinomis — on which Tarán’s incompatibility thesis principally rests — reveals the theological-political continuity between the two dialogues: the Stranger is intent on bringing the city into being while securing divine sanction for his own code of laws and divine honours for himself. Plato appended the Epinomis to the Laws in order to make it easier for the student to recognize the Stranger’s intentions as well as to draw attention to Book VII of the Laws, the centre of the dialogue once Epinomis is recognized as its thirteenth book; it is here that the Stranger describes how a mathematical and astronomical man may become a god to other men (818b9–d1).
Counter Piracy Armed Services, the Italian System and the Search for Clarity on the Use of Force at Sea
Authors: Bevilacqua Giorgia
Published: February 2014

There seems to be a broad consensus that maritime piracy is causing serious harm to life and property and to the safety of navigation. Nevertheless, it appears that the international community and affected States lack a coherent and coordinated approach to counter piracy. This article examines the increasingly emerging use of armed security services on board of civilian vessels. Italy, like other flag States fearing a significant threat to well-defined domestic interests, has begun to authorize the deployment of security personnel on national vessels navigating in international waters infested by pirates. However, according to the author, to avoid the consequent predictable escalation of violence at sea and the possible breach of human rights law applicable to suspected pirates, States are required to adopt proper legislative frameworks that duly regulate the actions of embarked armed services.
Luci E Ombre: The Bright and Dark Sides of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: February 2014

The article discusses the achievements of international legal regimes for the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage, focusing on the regimes created under the auspices of UNESCO. It argues that, even though there are many achievements of these regimes, and that these should be celebrated, each major achievement (bright side) casts a shadow (a dark side), which comes to show the unintended consequences of international heritage law. The dark sides often stem from an over-reliance on the law as a vocabulary for articulating heritage matters, while overlooking the limitations of the law as a discipline and a tool in the constantly-changing realm of heritage. The article calls for a more self-aware international heritage law, one that is willing to consider both the lights and the shadows of these regimes.
The appeal of neo-fascism in times of crisis. The experience of CasaPound Italia
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Froio Caterina , Albanese Matteo
Published: February 2014

The present works sets up to analyze the relationship between radical right activism and the unfolding of the financial crisis in Europe, investigating the extent to which the current economic circumstances have influenced right-wing movements’ political supply and repertoires of action. Using the case study of the Italian neo-fascist group CasaPound, and based on a mix of historiography and ethnographic methods, the present work systematically analyzes the ways in which the group tackles the economic crisis. We find that the crisis offers a whole new set of opportunities for the radical right to reconnect with its fascist legacy, and to develop and innovate crisis-related policy proposals and practices. The crisis shapes the groups’ self-understanding and its practices of identity building, both in terms of collective rediscovery of the fascist regime’s legislation, and in terms of promotion of the fascist model as a ‘third way’ alternative to market capitalism. Even more importantly, the financial crisis plays the role of the enemy against which the fascist identity is built, and enables neo-fascist movements to selectively reproduce their identity and ideology within its practices of protest, propaganda, and consensus building.
Breaking the Wall of Monocentric Governance: Polycentricity in the Governance of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
Authors: Prior Tahnee Lisa
Published: February 2014

Abstract

We often mistakenly assume that institutional design will remain effective indefinitely. Complex long-term environmental challenges illuminate the disparity between institutions and state boundaries. While globalization has challenged monocentrism, we must look beyond traditional measures and design resilient governance systems, such as polycentric governance, that combine trust and local expertise in small-scale governance with the governance capacity of large-scale systems. These harness globalization’s benefits and provide solutions for the effects of ecosystem changes.

This work examines the lessons – benefits, challenges, limitations, and unanswered questions – that may be learned from polycentric governance in the case of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic, where a polycentric political system has developed as a result of a mismatch in environmental, jurisdictional, and temporal scales. Section One examines characteristics of polycentricity, focusing on actors, multilevel governance, degree of formality, and the nature of interactions. Section Two concentrates on the tools utilized. Section Three applies the outlined framework. Finally, Section Four examines three lessons that global environmental governance may learn from the case study: (1) Peak organizations are effective tools for managing polycentricity, allowing for the inclusion of non-state actors, such as indigenous peoples organizations (2) and epistemic communities (3), in bridging the human-environment nexus.
The Image of Europe and the Role of its Muslims, as Portrayed in the Contemporary Islamic Debate on Muslim Minorities
Authors: De Angelo Carlo
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article examines one of several ways in which the Muslim presence in Europe is discussed or justified in Islamic terms. It mainly analyses the position of those scholars, some of them close to the Muslim Brotherhood (like Al-Qaradawi and Mawlawi), who have claimed that not only can Muslims live in Western Europe, but that they should live there. In fact, according to them Europe is a context in need of Muslims and that Muslims need it too: Europe needs the moral example Muslims can set there and Muslims need Europe in order to spread Islam. In this light, the presence of Muslims in Europe is both legitimate and necessary, and their absence unthinkable. This article is the result of an examination of particular essays and edicts which Sunni Arab Muslim scholars have contributed to the debate surrounding Muslim minorities in Europe, published between the years 1960-2000.
New Pilophorus species associated with myrmecophilous Macaranga trees from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)
Authors: Nakatani Y. , Komatsu T. , Itino T. , Shimizu-kaya U. , Itioka T. , Hashim R. , Ueda S.
Published: February 2014

Seven new species of the phyline plant bug genusPilophorusHahn, 1926, namely,P. aurifasciatusNakatani & Komatsu,P. gracilipennisNakatani & Komatsu,P. lambirensisNakatani & Komatsu,P. laticollarisNakatani & Komatsu,P. longirostrisNakatani & Komatsu,P. multivillusNakatani & Komatsu, andP. unifasciatusNakatani & Komatsu, are described from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Sarawak). These new species are associated with myrmecophilousMacarangaspp. (Euphorbiaceae), which are well-known as myrmecophytes. All the new species have a uniquely protruded scutellum; the phylogenetic significance of this modification is discussed.
Iconographical Representations of Musical Instruments in Apulian Vase-Painting as Ethnical Signs: Intercultural Greek-Indigenous Relations in Magna Graecia (5th and 4th Centuries B.C.)
Authors: Cerqueira Fábio Vergara
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The paper deals with the representation of musical instruments on Apulian pottery. I shall sketch a general account of the red-figured pottery produced in Apulia and its development between the late fifth and the early third centuries, discussing the iconographical trends in its different phases. Secondly, I shall offer a brief survey of the musical instruments: the instruments belonging to Greek tradition (lyra, kithara, aulos) as well as those belonging to local tradition (rectangular cithara, rectangular sistrum), and those that result from local developments of instruments received from the Greek continental tradition (tympanon, pektis). Morphological and contextual analysis of the representation of such instruments will allow us to sustain our inferences about the intercultural processes of hybridization between local, Greek and oriental organological traditions, pointing to a scenario of multiple and negotiated identities in the colonial world of Magna Graecia.
Ethnicity and Musical Identity in the Lyric Landscape of Early Cyprus
Authors: Franklin John C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This paper re-examines several standing assumptions about the lyre-types of early Iron Age (ia) Cyprus and how these should be correlated with historical and cultural phases on the island, specifically the pre-Greek (‘Eteocypriot’) Late Bronze Age (LBA); Aegean immigration in the twelfth and eleventh centuries; and the so-called Phoenician colony period from the ninth century. I introduce an important new piece oflbaevidence connecting the island to the lyric culture of the Levant; challenge the usual ‘Aegean’ interpretation ofiaround-based lyres; and reassess the evidence of the so-called Cypro-Phoenician symposium bowls, which exhibit a basic bifurcation between ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ morphologies (as traditionally interpreted). A clearer sense of Cypriot musical identity, as distinct from Aegean and Phoenician, emerges, and new methodological guidelines are developed for future investigations.
Notes on the Aulodic nomoi Apothetos and Schoinion
Authors: Ercoles Marco
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Notes upon aulodicnomoi, particularly theApothetosand theSchoinion: the first one was probably so named after the claim of its supposed inventor, Clonas, to have made the larger public know a not (or not yet) widely-circulated melody, perhaps on the occasion of a great festival; the second one was perhaps so called because it resembled in some way the Grey Wagtail’s call (in GreekSchoiniōnorSchoiniklos), recognized by Greeks as a melody characterized by a well defined rhythm.
Aristophanes’ Bacchylides: Reading Birds 1373–1409
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The significance of Aristophanes in the history of ancient literary criticism cannot be doubted. Equally undoubted is also the dismissive attitude that he appears to have towards the musical and poetic innovations of the late-fifth century BC. This position of his becomes essential when one considers the manner in which he treats the appraised canonical lyric poets and the contemned representatives of the New Dithyramb. This paper is concerned with the reading specifically of Bacchylides in Aristophanes. It argues in favour of the use of Bacchylides’ Ode 5 to Hieron inBirds1373-1409 as well as for the poem’s reconfiguration by Kinesias within the context of the New Music. In the process it will allow us to comment on a number of poetic characteristics of Bacchylides’ poetry and also to draw conclusions on Bacchylides’ status within the melic tradition as the poet in-between classical lyric poetry and the New Music.
Unilateral Military Action in the Syrian Arab Republic: A Right to Humanitarian Intervention or a Crime of Aggression?
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli
Published: February 2014

On 29 August 2013 the UK government officially endorsed humanitarian intervention as a legal basis for using force against Syria. The UK government stated that if its action in the Security Council is blocked, the UK would still be permitted under international law to take ‘exceptional measures’ in order to alleviate the scale of the overwhelming humanitarian catastrophe in Syria by deterring and disrupting the further use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime. The UK government claimed that such a legal basis is available, under the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, provided three conditions are met: (i) there is convincing evidence, generally accepted by the international community as a whole, of extreme humanitarian distress on a large scale, requiring immediate and urgent relief; (ii) it must be objectively clear that there is no practicable alternative to the use of force if lives are to be saved; and (iii) the proposed use of force must be necessary and proportionate to the aim of relief of humanitarian need and must be strictly limited in time and scope to this aim (i.e. the minimum necessary to achieve that end and for no other purpose). It concluded that all three conditions would clearly be met in the case of Syria. This article argues that UK’s legal position is flawed and not supported by the permitted exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force under Charter of the United Nations.
M.G. Smith on the Isle of Lesbos: Kinship and Sexuality in Carriacou
Authors: Apter Andrew
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In Kinship and Community in Carriacou (1962), M.G. Smith documents what he calls “abnormal” sexual relations between women in female-headed households on the island. These lesbian madivines represent statistically significant “deviations” from normative patterns of kinship and residence in domestic groups, and are associated with the shapeshifting witchcraft of sukuyan and lougarou. Linking Smith’s ethnography of “mating patterns” to transactional pathways of reproductive value—blood, money, witchcraft and sexuality—I rework his ideological explanation of Carriacou lesbianism (as a “mechanism” for preserving female marital fidelity) into a feminist model of female empowerment with comparative potentialities throughout the Caribbean.
The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane
Authors: Price Richard
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This brief research note provides a radical update of Maroon population figures, which have nearly doubled during the past decade. Based on official 2012 Suriname and Guyane census data, projected two years forward, it offers a picture of the location and size of each of the Maroon peoples of Suriname and Guyane as of 2014. They now number some 210,000 people and constitute 23 percent of the population of Suriname and 26 percent of the population of Guyane.
Colloquium 5: Theoretical Nous And Its Objects In Aristotle
Authors: Vasiliou Iakovos
Published: February 2014

This paper argues for a novel reading of the nature of theoretical nous and its objects, focusing on Aristotle's account in De Anima III.4. It is argued that theoretical nous is not best conceived in this context as a faculty, but as understanding. Moreover the nature of that understanding varies depending on its object's relationship to matter.
Wearing Heavy Iron Clogs Can Inhibit Vection
Authors: Seno Takeharu , Abe Keiga , Kiyokawa Sachiko
Published: February 2014

Visually induced illusory self-motion perception is termed vection. We measured vection strength in participants wearing either wooden or iron clogs together with or without a weight-jacket (four conditions). We hypothesized that the heavier items would inhibit vection more because they make locomotion difficult. Results partially showed that the iron clogs could inhibit vection. We concluded that cognition of the fact that the heavier iron clogs made locomotion difficult might function as an inhibitor of vection, suggesting that cognition can alter vection strength.
Representing Colour Through Hearing and Touch in Sensory Substitution Devices
Authors: Hamilton-Fletcher Giles , Ward Jamie
Published: February 2014

Visual sensory substitution devices (SSDs) allow visually-deprived individuals to navigate and recognise the ‘visual world’; SSDs also provide opportunities for psychologists to study modality-independent theories of perception. At present most research has focused on encoding greyscale vision. However at the low spatial resolutions received by SSD users, colour information enhances object-ground segmentation, and provides more stable cues for scene and object recognition. Many attempts have been made to encode colour information in tactile or auditory modalities, but many of these studies exist in isolation. This review brings together a wide variety of tactile and auditory approaches to representing colour. We examine how each device constructs ‘colour’ relative to veridical human colour perception and report previous experiments using these devices. Theoretical approaches to encoding and transferring colour information through sound or touch are discussed for future devices, covering alternative stimulation approaches, perceptually distinct dimensions and intuitive cross-modal correspondences.
Visualizing wood anatomy in three dimensions with high-resolution X-ray micro-tomography (μCT ) – a review –
Authors: Brodersen Craig R.
Published: February 2014

High-resolution X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) has emerged as one of the most promising new tools available to wood anatomists to study the three-dimensional organization of xylem networks. This non-destructive method faithfully reproduces the spatial relationships between the different cell types and allows the user to explore wood anatomy in new and innovative ways. With μCT imaging, the sample can be visualized in any plane and is not limited to a single section or exposed plane. Conventional CT software aids in the visualization of wood structures, and newly developed custom software can be used to rapidly automate the data extraction process, thereby accelerating the rate at which samples can be analyzed for research. In this review the origins of xylem reconstructions using traditional methods are discussed, as well as the current applications of μCT in plant biology and an overview of pertinent technical considerations associated with this technique. μCT imaging offers a new perspective on wood anatomy and highlights the importance of the relationships between wood structure and function.
Study of Climate Change Impact on Flood Frequencies: A Combined Weather Generator and Hydrological Modeling Approach*
Authors: Qin X. S. , Lu Y.
Published: February 2014

Climate change is expected to lead to more frequent and intensive flooding problems for watersheds in the south part of China. This study presented a coupled Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) and Semidistributed Land Use–Based Runoff Processes (SLURP) approach for flood frequency analysis and applied it to the Heshui watershed, China. LARS-WG, as a weather generator, was used to offer 46 sets of climate data from seven general circulation models (GCMs) under various emission scenarios (i.e., A1B, B1, and A2) over near-term and future periods (i.e., T1, 2011–30; T2, 2046–65; and T3, 2080–99). SLURP is a continuous, spatially distributed hydrological model that uses parameters from physiographic data to simulate the hydrological cycle from precipitation to runoff. Flood frequency analysis based on Pearson type III distributions was followed to analyze statistics of annual peaks. The final results (from ensembles of multimodels and multiscenarios) indicated that the magnitudes of a 200-yr return flood for T1, T2, and T3 would increase by 5.23%, 4.08%, and 12.92%, respectively, in comparison to the baseline level; those under the most extreme condition (i.e., worst scenario) would be 25.18%, 31.00%, and 44.46%, respectively. Various GCMs and emission scenarios suggested different results. But the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model was found to give a more worrying intensification of flood risks and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mark, version 3.0, and the Community Climate System Model, version 3, were relatively conservative. The study results were useful in helping gain insight into the flood risks and its uncertainty under future climate change conditions for the Heshui watershed, and the proposed methodology is also applicable to many other watersheds in Southeast Asia with similar climatic conditions.
Japanese children and plate waste: contexts of low self-efficacy
Authors: Abe Keina , Akamatsu Rie
Published: February 2014

Objective:

Leaving a portion of meals uneaten, known as plate waste, is a serious problem among children in Japan. Although children’s confidence that they can completely finish meals is related to plate waste, the circumstances that influence this confidence are not known. This study examined situations in which low self-efficacy for finishing their meal occurs among elementary school children in Tokyo, Japan.

Design:

A survey using a cross-sectional self-reporting questionnaire was conducted in December 2009. This questionnaire included items about plate waste behaviour, self-efficacy for completely finishing meals in specific situations, sex, height and weight.

Methods:

A total of 2659 Japanese 5th-grade students completed the questionnaire. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with the plate waste behaviour item, the not-completely-eaten group and the completely-eaten group as dependent variables, and with the self-efficacy items as independent variables.

Results:

Significant correlations were found between plate waste and low self-efficacy for completely finishing meals ‘when portion size is too large’ (boys: Odds ratio (OR) = 3.94; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 2.83, 5.49 and girls: OR = 2.68; 95% CI = 2.03, 3.54), ‘when food one dislikes is served’ (boys: OR = 3.74; 95% CI = 2.77, 5.04 and girls: OR = 2.89; 95% CI = 2.21, 3.76), and ‘when the time allowed to eat is too short’ (boys: OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.16, 2.14 and girls: OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.97). Low self-efficacy ‘when a meal is not delicious’ (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.32, 2.43) was a predictor of plate waste only among boys.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that in Japan environmental improvement and nutritional education are related to children’s plate waste.
Analysing process-induced deformation and stresses using a simulated manufacturing process for composite multispar flaps
Authors: Brauner Christian , Bauer Stefan , Herrmann Axel S
Published: February 2014

Although composite materials have numerous advantages, some disadvantages, including high manufacturing costs, are relevant. In particular, if the material is applied to large structural components, such as the wings, flaps or fuselage of an airplane, efficient manufacturing processes are required to generate products that are both high quality and cost effective. Therefore, monolithic designs often become integral due to the lower overall part count and simplified designs (e.g. reducing the number of joints and fasteners significantly). For highly integrated monolithic structures, developing a robust manufacturing process to produce high quality structures is a major challenge. An integral structure must conform to the tolerance requirements because those requirements may change. Process-induced deformations may be an important risk factor for these types of structures in the context of the required tolerances, manufacturing costs and process time. Manufacturing process simulations are essential when predicting distortion and residual stresses. This study presents a simulation method for analysing process-induced deformations on the structure of a composite multispar flap. The warpage depends on the thermal expansion and shrinkage of the resin. In this study, a sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of the process will be used to analyse temperature distribution, curing evolution, distortion and residual stresses of 7.5 m long composite part.
Scotland: Currency Options and Public Debt
Authors: Armstrong Angus , Ebell Monique
Published: February 2014

This paper considers which currency option would be best for an independent Scotland. We examine three currency options: being part of a sterling currency zone, adopting the euro, or having an independent currency. No currency option is the best when considered against all criteria. Therefore, making the decision requires deciding which criteria are most important. Recent events around the world, particularly in Europe, show that it is essential to consider how an independent Scotland would seek to adjust to adverse economic circumstances. In economists' terms, it is important to think through the ‘off-equilibrium’ adjustment paths of each of the currency options. The amount of public debt, and so the capacity for a fiscal response, is a critical determinant of these paths and therefore of the optimal currency choice. Since commitment to a currency union by an independent country can only be conditional, an independent Scotland might find it optimal to abandon the currency union in the future if the financial stability advantages to having its own currency begin to outweigh any disadvantages due to trade and transactions costs.
Prospects for the UK Economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Meaning Jack , Warren James
Published: February 2014

The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Bank of England, HM Treasury, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd, Santander (UK) plc and by the members of the NiGEM users group.
Newman and the Interpretation of Inspired Scripture
Authors: Barbeau Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2014

[The author argues that the relative neglect in recent biblical scholarship regarding Newman's understanding of Scripture during his Anglican years in favor of his late, controversial works has led to broad, sweeping statements of his thought during that period. Tracing a short history of recent scholarship and, drawing from two key works of Newman published in 1838, the author illustrates how a close textual reading, one sensitive to historical methodology, offers a more accurate portrait of Newman's lifelong engagement with Scripture and the doctrine of inspiration.]
The Theological Hermeneutics of Edward Schillebeeckx
Authors: Rochford Dennis
Published: February 2014

[The theological hermeneutics of Edward Schillebeeckx facilitated a reflection on Christology tied to the notion of “experience.” This allowed Schillebeeckx to interpret the experience of salvation in Christ from one cultural milieu to the next. However, the overall experiment in Christology failed to acknowledge the limitations, especially for today, imposed by his reliance on frameworks of interpretation that too narrowly limit experiences of salvation within the legitimation structures of biblical and ecclesiastical theological structures.]
Postcolonial African Theology in Kabasele Lumbala
Authors: Aguilar Mario I.
Published: February 2014

[The author examines various trends and methodological developments in African Christian theology, particularly processes of “ordering” and subsequently “disordering” as a particularly African theological method. His framework suggests that colonialists and theologians shared a common purpose, namely ordering, and as a result, theology and colonialism developed related methodologies of ordering knowledge. In the postcolonial era a process of theological disordering is taking place led, among others, by François Kabasele Lumbala and his conception of the body within African liturgical theology.]
The Dual Vocation of Christian Parents
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon
Published: February 2014

[The author argues that Christian parents have a dual vocation: to care for their children and to contribute to the larger society. Recent theology on the family shows that most writers emphasize only one part of that dual vocation. The author argues that this tendency diminishes family ethics. She roots the obligation to care for one's own in natural inclinations and the experience of Christian parents. The obligation to serve society is rooted in Catholic teaching on work and family.]
Revisiting the Franciscan Doctrine of Christ
Authors: Delio Ilia
Published: February 2014

[Franciscan theologians posit an integral relation between Incarnation and Creation whereby the Incarnation is grounded in the Trinity of love. The primacy of Christ as the fundamental reason for the Incarnation underscores a theocentric understanding of Incarnation that widens the meaning of salvation and places it in a cosmic content. The author explores the primacy of Christ both in its historical context and with a contemporary view toward ecology, world religions, and extraterrestrial life, emphasizing the fullness of the mystery of Christ.]
Sacrifice Unveiled or Sacrifice Revisited: Trinitarian and Liturgical Perspectives
Authors: Daly Robert J.
Published: February 2014

[Recognizing that the Christ event has done away with sacrifice in the history-of-religions sense of the word, this article attempts to unveil the true meaning of Christian sacrifice from trinitarian and liturgical perspectives which enable us to see that sacrifice is, first, the self-offering of the Father in the gift of the Son, and then the free self-offering response of the Son in his humanity, and in completion, the faithful, in the power of the Spirit, being taken up into that Father-Son relationship.]
Notes on Moral Theology Marriage: Developments in Catholic Theology and Ethics
Authors: Cahill Lisa Sowle
Published: February 2014

[Roman Catholic teaching on marriage focuses on interpersonal love of spouses, of which sacramentality and procreation are dimensions. Post Vatican II disputes about sexual morality, divorce, and birth control have taken place in this general context. A new generation of scholars—married, with children—argues for a more social view of marriage, with special concern about socioeconomic pressures. They emphasize that marital and parental commitment needs more attention and support than the justified exceptions, though they do not stress absolute norms.]
Japanese Buddhist Perspectives and Comparative Theology: Supreme Ways in Intersection
Authors: Habito Ruben L. F.
Published: February 2014

[Adherents of a particular religion consider their own tradition as absolutely authoritative for them in regard to ultimate destiny and norms for human living. The author here examines three views of the Supreme Way in Japanese Buddhism, namely, of Kūkai, Dōgen, and Nichiren. He then sets these views in conversation with Catholic perspectives on key religious questions about final destiny and demands of human living. In the process, he demonstrates how engaging in comparative theology can deepen one's understanding of one's own religious tradition seen in intersection with other forms of the Supreme Way.]
Divine Grace and Human Nature as Sources for the Universal Magisterium of Bishops
Authors: O'Meara Thomas F.
Published: February 2014

[Theologians have discussed for a century and a half the ecclesial institution of the ordinary universal magisterium of bishops when it functions apart from an ecumenical council. Teaching by bishops from the entire world involves the activity and identity of the bishop and his relationship to other Christians who ponder and teach the faith. Analysis of how grace impacts the bishops in their scattered college has been little developed in theology as well as in the psychology and social interaction of the teaching. The author here looks at this activity of an episcopal teacher within the worldwide college as it flows from human nature and from divine grace.]
Guadalupe at Calvary: Patristic Theology in Miguel Sanchez's Imagen de la Virgen Maria (1648)
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: February 2014

[Readers of Miguel Sanchez's Imagen de la Virgen María, which contained the first published account of Our Lady of Guadalupe's acclaimed apparitions to the indigenous neophyte Juan Diego, rarely recognize that he was trained in the theology of the Church Fathers, particularly in the writings of St. Augustine. Here the author illuminates the influence of patristic thought and theological method on Sanchez, as well as the frequently ignored but foundational role of his theology and that of the Church Fathers on the Guadalupe tradition.]
Beyond a Western Bioethics?
Authors: Ryan Maura A.
Published: February 2014

[Like theology and ethics generally, bioethics has increasingly developed a global consciousness. Controversies over AIDS research and access to affordable AIDS treatment have generated new awareness about the importance of international collaboration as well as the difficulty of achieving moral consensus across economic, political, and cultural divides. Advances in scientific and medical knowledge through initiatives such as the Human Genome Project invite new questions about the nature of health care as a common good. This budding global consciousness serves as a starting point for examining contemporary challenges to the secular, principle-based, Western bioethics that has dominated national and international debate for three decades.]
The Indissolubility of Marriage: Reasons to Reconsider
Authors: Himes Kenneth R. , Coriden James A.
Published: February 2014

[The present teaching of the Catholic Church on the doctrine of indissolubility of marriage has a complex history. It is based upon scriptural, sacramental, ethical, and canonical materials. Here the authors examine two questions: (a) is the teaching capable of change, and (b) is the evidence from the tradition adequate to support the present teaching? They conclude that indissolubility of a ratum et consummatum marriage is a doctrinal teaching open to revision by the magisterium, and that existing arguments are not sufficient to reject all proposals for alteration of the teaching.]
Hans Urs Von Balthasar and Contemporary Feminist Theology
Authors: Gonzalez Michelle A.
Published: February 2014

[The author initiates a dialogue between Hans Urs von Balthasar and contemporary feminist theology, focusing on three areas: theological anthropology, theological method, and Christology. Each section begins by exploring Balthasar's theological standpoint. This is followed by feminist responses to the themes and questions raised by his theology, both favorable and critical. She concludes by exploring the mutual critiques that each theological standpoint poses to the other, arguing for the fruitfulness of this conversation.]