bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing ozone chemistry from Asian wild fires using models, satellite and aircraft measurements during the ARCTAS campaign
Authors: Dupont R. , Pierce B. , Worden J. , Hair J. , Fenn M. , Hamer P. , Natarajan M. , Schaack T. , Lenzen A. , Apel E. , Dibb J. , Diskin G. , Huey G. , Weinheimer A. , Knapp D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We use ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) satellite measurements from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), simulations from the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) and aircraft data from the NASA DC8 aircraft to characterize the chemical and dynamical evolution of Asian wildfire plumes during the spring ARCTAS campaign 2008. On the 19 April, NASA DC8 O3 and aerosol Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) observed two biomass burning plumes originating from North-Western Asia (Kazakhstan) and South-Eastern Asia (Thailand) that advected eastward over the Pacific reaching North America in 10 to 12 days. Using both TES observations and RAQMS chemical analyses, we track the wildfire plumes from their source to the ARCTAS DC8 platform. Comparison between satellite O3 and CO measurements and model results show consistency when the TES averaging kernel and constraint vector are applied to the model. However, RAQMS CO simulations suggest that TES observations do not capture the full range of CO variability in the plume due to low sensitivity. In both plumes, exchanges between the stratosphere and the troposphere tend to be a major factor influencing O3 concentrations. However, fire emissions of ozone precursors increase photochemical ozone production, particularly in the Thailand wildfire plume. Analysis shows that the Kazakhstan plume is responsible for increases of O3 and CO mixing ratios up to 6.4 ppbv and 38 ppbv in the lower troposphere, and the Thailand plume is responsible for increases of O3 and CO mixing ratios up to 11 ppbv and 71 ppbv in the upper troposphere.
Autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism of microbial planktonic communities in an oligotrophic coastal marine ecosystem: seasonal dynamics and episodic events
Authors: Bonilla-Findji O. , Gattuso J.-P. , Pizay M.-D. , Weinbauer M. G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A 18 month study was performed in the Bay of Villefranche to assess the episodic and seasonal variation of autotrophic and heterotrophic ecosystem processes. A typical spring bloom was encountered, where maximum of gross primary production (GPP) was followed by maxima of bacterial respiration (BR) and production (BP). The trophic balance (heterotrophy vs. autotrophy) of the system did not exhibit any seasonal trend although a strong intra-annual variability was observed. On average, the community tended to be net heterotrophic with a GPP threshold for a balanced metabolism of 1.1 μmol O2 l−1 d−1. Extended forest fires in summer 2003 and a local episodic upwelling in July 2003 likely supplied orthophosphate and nitrate into the system. These events were associated with an enhanced bacterioplankton production (up to 2.4-fold), respiration (up to 4.5-fold) and growth efficiency (up to 2.9-fold) but had no effect on GPP. A Sahara dust wet deposition event in February 2004 stimulated bacterial abundance, production and growth efficiency but not GPP. Our study suggests that short-term disturbances such as wind-driven upwelling, forest fires and Sahara dust depositions can have a significant but previously not sufficiently considered influence on phytoplankton- and bacterioplankton-mediated ecosystem functions and can modify or even mask the seasonal dynamics. The study also indicates that atmospheric deposition of nutrients and particles not only impacts phytoplankton but also bacterioplankton and could, at times, also shift systems stronger towards net heterotrophy.
Accepted TCT challenging case: Common femoral artery perforation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention successfully treated with a novel transcatheter “thrombin‐blood patch” injection technique
Authors: Maluenda Gabriel , Waksman Ron , Bernardo Nelson L.
Published: November 2010

Severe vascular access complications are infrequent, yet potentially life‐threatening, conditions related to percutaneous procedures approached via the femoral artery. Surgical vascular repair of such complications are associated with high rates of morbimortality due to advanced cardiovascular disease. Endovascular repair of the injured vessel appears to be the treatment of choice for patients who cannot tolerate vascular reconstruction and bleeding due to severe cardiovascular disease. We report a case that illustrates the feasibility of a novel technique: transcatheter “thrombin‐blood patch” injection to access perforated arteries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduction of disruptive behaviors using an intervention based on the Good Behavior Game and the Say‐Do‐Report Correspondence
Authors: Ruiz‐Olivares Rosario , Pino M. José , Herruzo Javier
Published: November 2010

Disruptive behavior can waste a great deal of teaching time in the classroom, leading to feelings of frustration in teachers and an increase in academic failure among pupils. Prior research indicates that intervening in these kinds of behaviors improves the classroom atmosphere and facilitates the learning process. With this in mind, the aims of this article are to (a) reduce the incidence of disruptive behaviors such as standing up without the teacher's permission, shouting, fighting, and interrupting the teacher or a fellow classmate, using a combination of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) and Say‐Do‐Report (S‐D‐R) Correspondence training; (b) achieve long‐term maintenance of results following the gradual withdrawal of the intervention; and (c) introduce the GBG in a different educational context than those discussed so far in the empirical literature. The intervention took place with the 15 children of a standard primary classroom (Cycle 1) at a state‐run school in Andalusia (Spain). Using a multiple baseline design across situations, the GBG and Say not‐not Do‐Request not (Sn‐nD‐Rn) Correspondence training were introduced. A significant reduction in the incidence of disruptive behavior was observed, contingent on the respective application of the intervention in each baseline. The combined application of the GBG and the S‐D‐R Correspondence proved to be an effective way of decreasing disruptive behaviors (shouting, interrupting, etc.) in the classroom, and the results were maintained for 1 year following the gradual withdrawal of the treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A facile route to ureidopyrimidinone‐functionalized polymers via RAFT
Authors: Celiz Adam D. , Scherman Oren A.
Published: November 2010

Three new ureidopyrimidinone(UPy)‐functionalized chain‐transfer agents (CTAs) have been synthesized for use in reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These UPy‐CTAs are able to polymerize a wide variety of vinyl monomers to yield UPy‐functionalized polymers, including homopolymers, block copolymers, and amphiphilic block copolymers. These polymers have been characterized via 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV/visible spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to demonstrate end‐group fidelity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Heteroarene‐fused π‐conjugated main‐chain polymers containing 4,7‐bis(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole or 2,5‐bis(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole and their application to photovoltaic devices
Authors: Lee Tae Wan , Kang Nam Su , Yu Jae Woong , Hoang Mai Ha , Kim Kyung Hwan , Jin Jung‐Il , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: November 2010

Two conjugated main‐chain polymers consisting of heteroarene‐fused π‐conjuagted donor moiety alternating with 4,7‐bis(5‐bromo‐4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (P1) or 2,5‐bis(5‐bromo‐4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl) thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole (P2) units have been synthesized. They are intrinsically amorphous in nature and do not exhibit crystalline melting temperatures during thermal analysis. The effect of the fused rings on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties of these polymers has been investigated. The polymer (P1) containing 4,7‐bis(5‐bromo‐4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5] thiadiazole has a broad absorption extending from 300 to 600 nm with optical bandgaps as low as 2.02 eV. The HOMO levels (5.42 to 5.29 eV) are more sensitive to the choice of acceptor. The polymers were employed to fabricate organic photovoltaic cells with methanofullerene [6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). As a result, the polymer solar cell device containing P1 had the best preliminary results with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.61 V, a short‐circuit current density of 6.19 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.32, offering an overall power conversion efficiency of 1.21%. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Fabrication and characteristics of ambipolar, light‐emitting organic field effect transistors utilizing blended polyfluorene derivatives
Authors: Koiwai Kyohei , Kajii Hirotake , Ohmori Yutaka
Published: November 2010

Fabrication and characteristics of ambipolar, light‐emitting organic field effect transistors (OFETs) utilizing blended polyfluorene derivatives have been investigated. The OFET utilizing 3.5 mol% poly((9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt‐co‐(1,4‐benzo‐{2,1',3)‐thiadiazole)) (F8BT) blended with poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐dyl) (F8) ex‐hibited both spectra of F8 and F8BT because excitons are formed on the F8, and then the excitonic energy transfers to F8BT. The OFET utilizing 80 mol% F8BT blended with F8 exhibited, on the other hand, only spectrum of F8BT because excitons were directly formed on the F8BT. We found that n‐type conduction is markedly de‐pendent on F8BT mole ratio. F8BT in F8 act as electron trap site and electron can't easily transfer from F8BT to F8 because of wide gap between F8 and F8BT lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels. On the other hand, hole can easily transfer between F8 and F8BT because of the narrow gap between F8 and F8BT highest occupied molecular orbital levels. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bayesian estimates of genetic parameters for cystic ovarian disease, displaced abomasum and foot and leg diseases in Iranian Holsteins via Gibbs sampling
Authors: HOSSEIN-ZADEH N. GHAVI , ARDALAN M.
Published: November 2010

The objective of the current study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations between cystic ovarian disease (COD), foot and leg diseases (FLD) and displaced abomasum (DA) within the first three lactations of Holstein dairy cows. The 57 301 lactation records of dairy cows on 20 large dairy herds in Iran between January 2005 and June 2009 were analysed with three-trait threshold animal models, using Gibbs sampling methodology. The final model included the fixed class effects of herd-year, season of calving, the linear covariate effect of age at calving and additive direct genetic effect of animal. Posterior means of heritability in first, second and third lactations were 0·15, 0·18 and 0·22, respectively, for FLD; 0·09, 0·11, and 0·13 for COD; 0·05, 0·06, and 0·08 for DA. Posterior means of genetic correlations between diseases were low (from 0·03 to 0·14), within lactations; the largest estimates were for FLD and DA, and the lowest involved FLD and COD. Positive genetic correlations between diseases suggest that some general disease resistance factor with a genetic component exists. The results of the present study indicated the importance of health traits for considering in the selection index of Iranian Holstein dairy cows.
Patterns in the Timing of Corporate Event Waves
Authors: Rau P. Raghavendra , Stouraitis Aris
Published: November 2010

Corporate events happen in waves. In this paper, we examine the timing patterns of 5 different types of corporate event waves (new stock and seasoned equity issues, stock- and cash-financed acquisitions, and stock repurchases) using a comprehensive data set of more than 151,000 corporate transactions over the 25-year period from 1980 to 2004. We document a distinctive pattern, previously not found in the literature, in the way stock-related waves form. Corporate waves seem to start with new issue waves (seasoned equity offering preceding initial public offering waves), followed by stock-financed merger waves, followed in turn by repurchase waves. Our results hold over separate decades and across industries. Our results seem consistent with both the neoclassical efficiency hypothesis and the misvaluation hypothesis, and there are distinct periods when one or the other appears dominant.
Parental depression and offspring psychopathology: a Children of Twins study
Authors: Singh A. L. , D'Onofrio B. M. , Slutske W. S. , Turkheimer E. , Emery R. E. , Harden K. P. , Heath A. C. , Madden P. A. F. , Statham D. J. , Martin N. G.
Published: November 2010

Background

Associations between parental depression and offspring affective and disruptive disorders are well documented. Few genetically informed studies have explored the processes underlying intergenerational associations.

Method

A semi-structured interview assessing DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders was administered to twins (n=1296) from the Australian Twin Register (ATR), their spouses (n=1046) and offspring (n=2555). We used the Children of Twins (CoT) design to delineate the extent to which intergenerational associations were consistent with a causal influence or due to genetic confounds.

Results

In between-family analyses, parental depression was associated significantly with offspring depression [hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.93] and conduct disorder (CD; HR 2.27, CI 1.31–3.93). Survival analysis indicated that the intergenerational transmission of depression is consistent with a causal (environmental) inference, with a significant intergenerational association in offspring of discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (HR 1.39, CI 1.00–1.94). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the parental depression–offspring CD association was due to shared genetic liability in the parents and offspring. No intergenerational association was found when comparing the offspring of discordant MZ twins [odds ratio (OR) 1.41, CI 0.63–3.14], but offspring of discordant dizygotic (DZ) twins differed in their rates of CD (OR 2.53, CI 0.95–6.76). All findings remained after controlling for several measured covariates, including history of depression and CD in the twins' spouses.

Conclusions

The mechanisms underlying associations between parental depression and offspring psychopathology seem to differ depending on the outcome. The results are consistent with a causal environmental role of parental depression in offspring depression whereas common genetic factors account for the association of parental depression and offspring CD.
Chicago, the Great Lakes, and the Origins of Federal Urban Environmental Policy
Authors: Platt Harold L.
Published: November 2010

Just after midnight on 17 January 1900, a special train pulled out of Chicago carrying a contingent of public officials on a secret mission to Lockport, about 30 miles to the southwest along the Des Plaines and Illinois River Valleys. They were racing to beat an injunction that was expected to be issued later that day by the United States Supreme Court. The managers of the Sanitary District of Chicago (SDC) were headed for a dam that controlled the water level in a brand new, 30-mile ship canal and drainage channel. Touted as the world's largest earth-moving project, the $33, 000, 000 waterway promised not only to solve the city's sanitation problems but also to boost its economy as the centerpiece of a grand, deep-water highway from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Reaching their destination before noon, they ordered the dam's “bear trap” doors lowered, sending a rush of water down the Illinois River. The opening of the canal was so hurried that unfinished construction projects five miles downstream at Joliet were swept away in the ensuing flood, creating a sudden danger of inundating the city.
Reimagining the “Lost Men” of the Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Late Nineteenth Century Presidents
Authors: Calhoun Charles W.
Published: November 2010

For much of the twentieth century, scholars treated the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era as starkly contrasting phases in the unfolding of the American story: the post-Civil War dark ages followed by the bright light of the early twentieth century. More recently, historians have recognized the oversimplification if not downright wrongheadedness of that dichotomy. The past few decades have witnessed an explosion of studies on a variety of topics with coverage dates roughly from the 1870s to the 1920s. Most of these newer works underscore the continuities between the two periods and the relatively seamless evolution of forces and institutions.
Exploring the Past of the ‘Other’: the Practice of U.S. History in Mexico
Authors: Leidenberger Georg
Published: November 2010

In the courses on U.S. history I teach in Mexico, this speech by Maine congressman Severance serves well to illustrate arguments of the opposition movement to the U.S.-Mexican War. Severance offers a variety of reasons for his anti-war stand, but to my students I like to emphasize this particular one, for it follows a logic contrary to their nationally-framed perceptions. What Severance suggests here, is that these two countries share a common identity, namely that of being “the two largest republics of the world” based on “the principles of civil liberty and elective government,” and that therefore they ought not to be at war. My insistence on a perspective that views the commonalities of the two countries' historic experiences has been futile, however, when teaching about a war that resulted in the “transfer” - to put it in neutral terms - of over half of Mexico's national territory to the U.S. Students are little impressed by this congressman's (and my own) argumentation and stress instead what divides Mexico and the U.S., not only with regard to this historical event, but also with regard to the countries' pasts as a whole. For instance, in a conference at a university in Toluca, my efforts to make my audience understand the internal dynamics of U.S. foreign policy during the 19th century not only appeared to fall on deaf ears but also provoked nearly hostile reactions.
New Perspectives on Socialism I The Socialist Party Revisited
Authors: Schneirov Richard
Published: November 2010

The essays contained in this and the October 2003 special issues of theJournal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Erawere originally delivered at a conference sponsored by Indiana State University, the repository of the Debs papers and site of his house, now a national landmark. Intended to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Debs' first run for the presidency, the conference themes of socialism and dissent attracted a diverse group of scholars, intellectuals, and activists. Their contributions help us gauge the state of the field. They also suggest new departures in the study of socialism.
Thoughts on Capitalism and Socialism: Utopian and Realistic
Authors: Sklar Martin J.
Published: November 2010

The conference at which a shorter version of this discussion was originally presented had as its theme, “Eugene V. Debs and the Politics of Dissent in Modern America.” Let me begin with a few words about “the Politics of Dissent,” because it was part of the overall framework of our discussions, and because it has a significant bearing on the way we think about capitalism and socialism.
The National Progressive Republican League and the Elusive Quest for Progressive Unity
Authors: Murphy William B.
Published: November 2010

In January 1911, Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin announced the creation of the National Progressive Republican League (NPRL). Historians have dismissed this organization as a vehicle for La Follette's challenge to William Howard Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912. This article asserts that a primary purpose of the NPRL was to offer progressives around the country a set of principles that would provide the progressive movement with greater cohesion while allowing for continued diversity in local reform agendas. The NPRL's president, Oregon senator Jonathan Bourne, was renowned as a spokesman for the series of direct democratic reforms known as the Oregon System, which La Follette and Bourne placed at the center of the NPRL platform. Bourne argued that these reforms, focused on altering the way in which candidates were nominated or elected to office, campaigns were funded, and legislation was produced, would provide progressives with a national “foundation” upon which various state and local reform agendas could be constructed. During the campaign of 1912, the league became a casualty of the political and personal conflict between Theodore Roosevelt and La Follette, but Roosevelt's Progressive Party later endorsed most of its agenda, and all elements of the NPRL platform found some political expression before or after 1912.
Lewis Hine, Ellis Island, and Pragmatism: Photographs as Lived Experience
Authors: Willmann Kate Sampsell
Published: November 2010

The origin of Lewis Hine's invention of social documentary photography can be found in his intellectual alliance to pragmatism. Reading Hine's photographs as primary sources of the author's intent, in context with Hine's progressive intellectual milieu and in contrast with his contemporaries, Jacob Riis and Alfred Steiglitz, reveals Hine as a self-conscious and tolerant commentator on the lives of individual immigrants and workers. Although Hine left the objects of his portraits mostly unnamed, through his documentary style, he conferred upon them individual identity in contrast to the nativism, exploitation, and social Darwinism that surrounded immigration issues in the early 1900s. Through his images, Hine transmitted his own perceptions of 1900s New York City, especially Ellis Island. Since Hine was inspired by William James's formulation of “lived experience,” the historian can read Hine through a lens of James's philosophy, solving the pragmatist problem of communicated language by replacing words with images.
Irish-American Terrorism and Anglo-American Relations, 1881-1885
Authors: Gantt Jonathan W.
Published: November 2010

During the 1880s Irish terrorism posed significant difficulties for American international relations. State Department officials at home and abroad monitored and assessed the activities and ideologies of many radical groups throughout Europe, but few were more burdensome and frustrating than Irish-American dynamiters. Recurrent threats to life and property in the United Kingdom and allegations of ties to American institutions and citizens eventually prompted American diplomats to articulate an aversion to terrorism. State Department officials also faulted the British colonial system for creating an environment that nurtured violent resistance and for using counter-terrorist measures believed to be repressive and largely ineffective. The diplomatic complications created by Irish nationalists eventually gave way to a mutual Anglo-American ideological repulsion to terrorism.
Band Excitation Scanning Probe Microscopies
Authors: Jesse Stephen , Kumar Amit , Kalinin Sergei V. , Gannepali Anil , Proksch Roger
Published: November 2010

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have become a mainstay of nanoscience and nanotechnology by providing easy-to-use, gentle, structural imaging and manipulation on nanometer length scales. Beyond topographic imaging, SPMs have an extremely broad range of applications in probing electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Despite impressive growth in applications, the traditional approach to SPM measurements—based on detection of cantilever response to a well-defined periodic excitation at a single frequency—has remained virtually identical for almost twenty years.
Further Comment on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”
Authors: Dobran Flavio
Published: November 2010

The AGU statement on the investigation of Italian scientists and officials in regard to the L'Aquila earthquake (Eos, 91(28), 248, 13 July 2010) appears to be a noble attempt to protect not only these individuals but also those AGU members who are involved in similar hazard and risk assessments. But in the long run this statement not only damages AGU by misleading its membership as to the responsibilities of the indicted individuals but also sends the wrong message to the Italian scientific communities about their social responsibilities.

The AGU statement assumes that the indicted individuals are innocent because it is not possible for scientists to predict earthquakes, but it neglects to explain what their scientific responsibilities are and why these individuals may be also guilty of failing to properly exercise their social responsibility. If one accepts public funds, has the responsibility of deciding how to manage those funds, and is playing the double role of a scientist and a politician, one is also responsible for both the scientific and social consequences of one's actions. Because some of the indicted individuals are also responsible for drafting and promoting the unreliable Vesuvius Evacuation Plan (http://www.westnet.com/~dobran), they should also be accountable for the consequences in the Vesuvius area.
Ocean life census
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2010

The Census of Marine Life, an international effort to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life, issued a report on 23 September summarizing the decade‐long project that the organization calls “the most comprehensive inventory of known marine life ever compiled.” The census has involved more than 2700 scientists and 670 participating institutions from more than 80 nations and territories. In addition, three books were released on 23 September that provide an overview of census insights and their implications, a summary of findings and discoveries by the 17 census projects, and portraits of about 100 species.

The Census of Marine Life is the book of oceans' nature,” census cofounder Jesse Ausubel wrote in a forward to one of the books. Ausubel is vice president of programs for the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which contributed $75 million to the $650 million census. “This book reports the known, unknown, and unknowable of the first Census of Marine Life. This book is about the richness of 3.5 billion years.” For more information, visit http://www.coml.org.
Aksel Wiin‐Nielsen (1924–2010)
Authors: Bengtsson Lennart
Published: November 2010

Aksel Christopher Wiin‐Nielsen, professor emeritus of geophysics at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, died on 26 April 2010 at the age of 85. He was an honorary member of the American Meteorological Society, the former European Geophysical Society, and the Royal Meteorological Society. He received several awards including the 1982 Buys Ballot Medal, given by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the 1983 Wihuri International Prize, given by the Wihuri Foundation for International Prizes. He will be remembered for his impressive and outstanding leadership in meteorology.
Advances in Magnetic and Gravitational Potential Field Data in the Arctic: Integration of Magnetics and Gravity in Northern Exploration (iMAGINE); Tromsø, Norway, 1–2 June 2010
Authors: Olesen Odleiv , Saltus Rick
Published: November 2010

Magnetic and gravitational potential field data are crucial components of regional tectonic framework studies and resource exploration in the Arctic. Special data acquisition difficulties at high latitudes include extreme weather conditions, ice‐covered waters, and magnetic disturbances from the aurora borealis. Improved techniques in sub‐ice, sub‐salt, and sub‐basalt exploration are required. The Integration of Magnetics and Gravity in Northern Exploration (iMAGINE) meeting (part of Arctic Days 2010) featured discussion of the most recent advances in potential field methods with particular attention to Arctic challenges. Presentations concentrated on regional interpretations in the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Siberia, and northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Talks also touched on regional petroleum exploration and on the interpretation of weathered bedrock in Norway. In addition, a group of talks dealt with geomagnetic disturbances and their effect on magnetic data collection and in magnetic orientation for directional drilling.
Satellite‐Derived Ocean Heat Content Improves Cyclone Predictions: Utilization of Satellite‐Derived Oceanic Heat Content for Cyclone Studies: Hyderabad, India, 25–26 March 2010
Authors: Ali M. M. , Goni Gustavo J. , Jayaraman V.
Published: November 2010

Recognizing the important role played by satellite‐derived sea surface height anomalies and upper ocean heat content (UOHC) in cyclone track and intensity prediction in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Hyderabad, India, organized a 2‐day workshop. The goals of the workshop were to discuss recent advances and future work in the investigation of the role of oceans in cyclone track and intensity prediction, with special emphasis on northern Indian Ocean cyclones, and to strengthen the existing collaborative scientific investigations between NRSC and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The workshop also complemented other efforts by NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) geared toward the use of field experiments targeted to specific cyclones in the Bay of Bengal.

Discussions at the workshop highlighted the fact that altimeter‐derived UOHC fields are more effective than sea surface temperatures alone in reducing error in cyclone track and intensity prediction. This is because with atmospheric conditions remaining the same, it is the upper ocean, not just the surface, that interacts with cyclones. Because the current network for sustained ocean observations was not specifically designed for the study or forecast of tropical cyclones globally or in particular in the northern Indian Ocean, products such as UOHC derived from satellites are the most appropriate alternatives for monitoring the upper ocean thermal structure.
A sea drag relation for hurricane wind speeds
Authors: Zweers N. C. , Makin V. K. , de Vries J. W. , Burgers G.
Published: November 2010

For the determination of the stress at the air‐sea interface and the near‐surface wind speed, numerical weather prediction (NWP) models commonly use a drag coefficient. Generally, the Charnock relation is used, which gives an increase in the drag coefficient for increasing near‐surface wind speeds. According to observations, however, the magnitude of the drag coefficient levels off at a wind speed of approximately 30 m s−1, and decreases with a further increase of the wind speed. Consequently, the surface drag is overestimated in NWP models for hurricane wind speeds and the intensity of hurricane winds is underestimated in forecasts. In this study, a parameterization that gives a decrease in the surface drag is tested in an NWP model. Two hurricanes in the Caribbean are modeled: Ivan (2004) and Katrina (2005). The results show that this drag parameterization leads to much stronger hurricanes in forecasts, and are in good agreement with observations.
Source of Infection of Sunflower Plants by Diaporthe helianthi in Yugoslavia
Authors: Mihaljčević M. , Muntan̄ola‐Cvetković M. , Vukojević J. , Petrov M.
Published: November 2010

D. helianthi shows a developmental rhythm similar to that of many plant pathogenic Ascomycotina: the anamorph develops during the summer and the teleomorph during winter. However, under conditions of high humidity D. helianthi can precociously complete the development of its ascomata in autumn. Perithecial differentiation and maturation do not occur simultaneously.

Conidiomata in epidermal and subepidermal tissues and ascomata located in the phloem system were seen in the same over‐wintered sunflower stem detritus in various proportions; however, conidiomata were prevalent on samples collected in early winter, while ascomata were much more numerous in spring.

Infections could not be obtained when conidiomata were employed as inoculum. On the other hand, ascospores from perithecia formed on over‐wintered stem residues were capable of provoking infection regardless of the season in which the residues were collected. In the conditions of Voivodina (Yugoslavia), ascospores are the principal source of infection of the so‐called “Phomopsis” disease of sunflower, not only from one year to the next, but also during the life‐span of the host plants.

D. helianthi zeigt eine ähnlichen Entwicklungsrhythmus wie der vieler pflanzenpathogenen Ascomycotina: die anamorphe Form entwickelt sich im Sommer, und die teleomorphe Form im Winter. Jedoch kann D. helianthi bei hoher Feuchtigkeit die Entwicklung der Fruchtkörper der Asci im Herbst frühzeitig vollenden. Differenzierung und Reife der Perithecien erfolgen nicht gleichzeitig.

Konidienfruchtkörper in epidermalen und subepidermalen Geweben und Fruchtkörper der Asci, die sich im Phloemsystem befanden, wurden im gleichen Detritus der überwinterten Sonnenblumenstielen in unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen gefunden; die Konidienfruchtkörper waren jedoch in Stichproben, die im Frühwinter genommen worden waren vorherrschend, während Fruchtkörper der Asci häufiger im Frühjahr vorkamen.

Infektionen konnten nicht erhalten werden, wenn Konidienfruchtkörper als Inokulum gebraucht wurden. Andererseits waren Askosporen aus Perithezien, die sich an überwinterten Stielen gebildet hatten, fähig, Infektionen hervorzurufen, unabhängig in welcher Jahreszeit die Rückstände gesammelt wurden. In der Umgebung von Voivodina (Jugoslawien) sind Askosporen die Hauptquelle der Infektionen der sogenannten “Phomopsis”‐Sonnenblumenkrankheit, nicht nur von einem zum anderen Jahr, sondern auch während der ganzen Lebensdauer der Wirtpflanzen.
Remembrance Remembered, Remembrance Observed. An Irishman's Daughter Visits His Grave1
Authors: MURPHY BERNADETTE
Published: November 2010

In this essay, prompted by Williamson's “At The Menin Gate” (Journal of Historical Sociology. Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1996), the notion of historical anonymity is explored in the context of a brief ethnography of the changing form, content andz meaning of War Remembrance, and its relationship to wider forms of remembrance of the dead.

Ypres is a lovely town and the Menin Gate is a decent memorial. Gordon has a good spot there. They play the last post every night and stop the traffic. There is something comforting to see parties of school children visiting the place. The names of those on the wall will not be forgotten, though they are now almost beyond living memory. (At the Menin Gate. Williamson B. Journal of Historical Sociology. Vol.9. No.1. March 1996).

St. Martin was a demolished village about a mile behind the battle‐line. As we entered it I noticed an English soldier lying by the road with a horribly smashed head; soon such sights would be too frequent to attract attention … But … in 1917 I was only beginning to learn that life, for the majority of the population, is an unlovely struggle against unfair odds, culminating in a cheap funeral. (Sassoon S. Memoirs of an Infantry Officer. Faber & Faber. London. 1965. 1st Published. 1930. p147).
Narrowly Tailored Actuarial Models for Affirmative Action in Higher Education
Authors: Maeder Evelyn M. , Wiener Richard L.
Published: November 2010

Previous research discusses the superiority of actuarial models over clinical models in a number of areas related to accuracy and consistency in decision making. The current project sought to develop an actuarial candidate selection model for affirmative action in higher education that would achieve the goal of diversity by assigning points for a number of diversity‐related characteristics in addition to standard academic admission criteria. Two experiments showed that participants who used actuarial models selected applicants with more markers of academic success and greater diversity using factors favored by recent U.S. Supreme Court cases. The second experiment showed that an unweighted actuarial model also helped decision makers select more minority student candidates and that it produced higher ratings of procedural fairness. The article discusses how an actuarial model might pass Constitutional muster in light of recent Supreme Court cases.
Mechanical properties of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon relate to specific collagen cross‐link levels
Authors: THORPE C. T. , STARK R. J. F. , GOODSHIP A. E. , BIRCH H. L.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Damage to the flexor tendons, particularly the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries sustained by horses competing in all disciplines. Our previous work has shown that SDFTs from different individuals show a wide variation in mechanical strengths; this is important clinically as it may relate to predisposition to injury. The high mechanical strength of tendon relies on the correct orientation of collagen molecules within fibrils and stabilisation by the formation of chemical cross‐links between collagen molecules. It is not known whether the variation in SDFT mechanical properties between individuals relates to differences in collagen cross‐link levels.

Hypothesis:Enzyme‐derived, intermolecular cross‐linking of tendon collagen correlates with mechanical properties of the SDFT.

Methods:SDFTs were collected from 38 horses and mechanically tested to failure. Structural and material properties were calculated from the load/deformation plot and cross‐sectional area for each tendon. Following mechanical testing, pyrrolic cross‐link levels were measured using a spectrophotometric assay for Ehrlich's reactivity and pyridinoline levels were quantified by HPLC. Cross‐link levels were correlated with mechanical properties and statistical significance tested using a Pearson's correlation test.

Results:Pyrrole cross‐link levels showed a significant positive correlation with ultimate stress (P = 0.004), yield stress (P = 0.003) and elastic modulus (P = 0.018) of the tendons, despite being a minor cross‐link in these tendons. There was no significant correlation of mechanical properties with either hydroxylysyl‐ or lysyl‐pyridinoline levels.

Conclusions:Given the low absolute levels of pyrrole, we suggest that the correlation with high mechanical strength is through an indirect mechanism. Understanding the nature of the relationships between pyrrole cross‐links, other matrix characteristics and tendon material properties may allow development of strategies to identify horses at risk from tendon injury and be of value in informing training practices.
Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on fibre characteristics and oxidative capacity in equine skeletal muscles
Authors: BERGH A. , NORDLÖF H. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is used to increase or maintain muscle strength during rehabilitation. Human studies investigating different protocols show that some treatments induce changes in muscle characteristics. Despite the frequent use of NMES in horses, no studies have been published describing its efficacy.

Objectives:To investigate the effects of a NMES protocol on equine fibre types and areas, glycogen concentrations and enzyme activities.

Methods:NMES was administrated tom. gluteus mediusandm. longissimus dorsi, on one side of 6 healthy Standardbred horses. The contralateral side of each muscle served as a nonstimulated control. The horses were stimulated at 50 Hz a day, with 21–39 mA, for 45–60 min, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Needle biopsies were obtained from the muscles on both sides before and after the experimental period. Muscle samples were analysed for fibre type proportions and area using histochemical methods and for glycogen and enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3‐OH‐acyl CoA dehydrogenase, hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase) using biochemical methods. Muscle contractions at the location and depth of the muscle biopsy were confirmed by diagnostic ultrasound. Nonparametric tests (Mann‐Whitney, Wilcoxon sign‐rank) were used for statistical analysis.

Results:No significant differences were observed in the percentage oftypes I, IIAorIIXfibres, fibre areas, glycogen levels or enzyme activities either when comparing stimulated and nonstimulated muscles before and after the NMES treatment, or when comparing the left and right muscle samples.

Conclusions:The NMES treatment was well tolerated by the horses, but the present protocol did not induce significant muscle adaptations. Further studies are needed to describe the effect of more intense and/or prolonged NMES treatment protocols on muscles of healthy horses, and to describe if stimulation protocols induce positive changes in atrophied muscles.
Association of sequence variants inCKM(creatine kinase, muscle) andCOX4I2(cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 4, isoform 2) genes with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: GU J. , MacHUGH D. E. , McGIVNEY B. A. , PARK S. D. E. , KATZ L. M. , HILL E. W.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:The wild progenitors of the domestic horse were subject to natural selection for speed and stamina for millennia. Uniquely, this process has been augmented in Thoroughbreds, which have undergone at least 3 centuries of intense artificial selection for athletic phenotypes. While the phenotypic adaptations to exercise are well described, only a small number of the underlying genetic variants contributing to these phenotypes have been reported.

Objectives:A panel of candidate performance‐related genes was examined for DNA sequence variation in Thoroughbreds and the association with racecourse performance investigated.

Materials and methods:Eighteen candidate genes were chosen for their putative roles in exercise. Re‐sequencing in Thoroughbred samples was successful for primer sets in 13 of these genes. SNPs identified in this study and from the EquCab2.0 SNP database were genotyped in 2 sets of Thoroughbred samples (n = 150 and 148) and a series of population‐based case‐control investigations were performed by separating the samples into discrete cohorts on the basis of retrospective racecourse performance.

Results:Twenty novel SNPs were detected in 3 genes:ACTN3,CKMandCOX4I2. Genotype frequency distributions for 3 SNPs inCKMandCOX4I2were significantly (P<0.05) different between elite Thoroughbreds and racehorses that had never won a race. These associations were not validated when an additional (n = 130) independent set of samples was genotyped, but when analyses included all samples (n = 278) the significance of association atCOX4I2g.22684390C>T was confirmed (P<0.02).

Conclusions:While molecular genetic information has the potential to become a powerful tool to make improved decisions in horse industries, it is vital that rigour is applied to studies generating these data and that adequate and appropriate sample sets, particularly for independent replication, are used.
Cardiac arrhythmias in clinically healthy showjumping horses
Authors: BUHL R. , MELDGAARD C. , BARBESGAARD L.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Electrocardiographic reference values of clinically normal horses during exercise are a prerequisite when evaluating horses with poor performance or horses presented with cardiac abnormalities (e.g. valvular regurgitation). No published studies have reported cardiac rhythms of clinically normal showjumping horses.

Objectives:To demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) in normal horses during showjumping and also to document the prevalence and frequency of arrhythmias in association with exercise.

Methods:Thirty‐four healthy showjumping horses aged 4–13 years (mean 7.5 years) underwent clinical examination and resting echocardiography. Modified chest lead ECG examinations were performed during rest, during a standardised showjumping course, as well as for the following 45 min recovery. All ECG recordings were analysed for presence and frequency of arrhythmias.

Results:Six horses (17%) were excluded due to ECG recordings of poor diagnostic quality. Echocardiography demonstrated that 11 (39%) horses had one or more mild or moderate valvular regurgitations, but no associations were found between valvular regurgitation and arrhythmias. Supraventricular premature complexes (SVPCs) were found in 9 (32%) horses at rest, 25 (89%) during exercise and 15 (54%) during recovery. Only few arrhythmias occurred in each horse (<9 SVPCs/horse); however, one horse had 13 single SVPCs during exercise and another developed 41 SVPCs during recovery. SVPCs occurred typically at low HR (40–98 beats/min). Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) was demonstrated in 5 (18%) horses during exercise and 2 (7%) during recovery, with <2 VPCs/horse.

Conclusions:It is possible to obtain good quality ECG during showjumping. Reference values for normal performing showjumping horses are presented for the first time and showed a high prevalence of SVPCs both during and after exercise, but few VPCs.

Potential relevance:Normal reference values enable future studies of cardiac function in showjumping horses presented with poor performance and provide valuable information for veterinary practitioners in the field.
The effect of water height on stride frequency, stride length and heart rate during water treadmill exercise
Authors: SCOTT R. , NANKERVIS K. , STRINGER C. , WESTCOTT K. , MARLIN D.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Water treadmill exercise is often incorporated into rehabilitation programmes for horses yet little is known about the biomechanical and physiological responses to water walking.

Objectives:To establish whether stride frequency (SF) reached steady state as a result of 6 introductory water treadmill sessions and then to investigate the effect of increasing water height on SF, stride length (SL) and heart rate (HR).

Methods:Nine horses with no previous experience of water treadmills completed 6 sessions of walking for between 15 and 30 min. Each horse was fitted with a leg mounted accelerometer to measure SF. The effect of session on SF was tested using univariate ANOVA. Eight horses completed 3 further sessions at each of the following water heights; proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), carpus and ulna. SF, SL and HR at each water height were compared to a control (hoof height) using univariate ANOVA.

Results:When SF during introductory sessions 4–6 were compared, there was no significant effect of session on SF (P>0.05). In the second part of the experiment, SF was 0.57 ± 0.03 strides/s at control, 0.54 ± 0.03 strides/s at the PIP joint, 0.51 ± 0.02 strides/s at the carpus and 0.52 ± 0.03 strides/s at the ulna. Stride frequency at carpal and ulna height was significantly lower than at control (P<0.05). Stride length was 1.53 ± 0.09 m for control, 1.63 ± 0.10 m at the PIP joint, 1.71 ± 0.08 m at the carpus and 1.68 ± 0.10 m at the ulna. Stride length at carpal and ulna height was significantly greater than control (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between HR during control and any other water height (P>0.05).

Conclusion:Horses reached steady state gait within the first 6 sessions of water treadmill exercise. Walking in water at the level of the carpus or ulna resulted in a lower SF compared to walking in water at hoof height.