bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of community-based health insurance on modern family planning utilization in Ethiopia
Authors: Kassie Girma , Tefera Bekele
Published: September 2019

Background: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) has been established in a number of developing countries to expand access to modern health care service. However, few studies have focused on health care utilization of CBHI members in Ethiopia. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of CBHI on modern family planning (FP) utilization as part of its routine outcome monitoring activities.

Methods: The USAID Transform: Primary Health Care project, conducted a continuous monitoring follow up visit using a multistage sampling technique in its four major targeted regions. A total of 3433 households were selected and 3313 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were interviewed. The questionnaire captured the CBHI status of each household and FP use data from randomly selected women. Microsoft Access database was used to enter the data, which was then transferred to SPSS Version 20 for further analysis. 

Results: 49% of women (aged 15-49 years) were found to be enrolled in CBHI scheme.  Half of the women (50.2%) use any family planning method, of which 49% of them used modern family planning method in project-supported areas. Over half of women (57%) who are exposed to CBHI schemes utilized family planning method which is statistically significant 

Conclusions: Modern FP utilization among insured women was higher compared with uninsured women. While FP methods are provided for free, CBHI enrollment improves FP use among women of child-bearing age. Women who have access to CBHI may frequently visit health facilities seeking services for themselves and their families, during which they may be introduced to FP services. This in turn may improve their awareness and attitude towards FP. The results will increase awareness for program implementer's of the benefits of CBHI schemes in FP programming, particularly in rural settings, and provide an opportunity to increase lifelong returns in Ethiopia.
Metabolic profiling of adolescent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Hartley April , Santos Ferreira Diana L. , Anderson Emma L. , Lawlor Debbie A.
Published: September 2019

Background:Adolescent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The association between adolescent NAFLD and a wide range of metabolic biomarkers is unclear. We have attempted to determine the differences in metabolic profile of adolescents with and without markers of NAFLD.

Methods:We performed cross-sectional analyses in a sample of 3,048 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children at age 17. We used three indicators of NAFLD: ALT >40 U/l; AST >40 U/l and ultrasound scan-assessed steatosis. Associations between each measure of NAFLD and 154 metabolic traits, assessed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, were analyzed by multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, sex and BMI.

Results:All three indicators of NAFLD were associated with ~0.5 standard deviation (SD) greater concentrations of all extremely large to small very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) measures. ALT >40U/l was associated with ~0.5SD greater concentrations of very small VLDLs, intermediate-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins. Concentrations of most cholesterols, including remnant cholesterol, all triglycerides and monounsaturated fatty acids, in addition to glycoprotein acetyls (inflammatory marker), were also higher in participants with NAFLD.

Conclusions:We have identified differing metabolic profiles between adolescents with and without indicators of NAFLD. These results provide the foundations for future research to determine whether these differences persist and result in adverse future cardiometabolic health.
Is diabetes associated with malaria and malaria severity? A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. , Altez-Fernandez Carlos , Ugarte-Gil Cesar
Published: September 2019

Background: We conducted a systematic review to study the association between diabetes as a risk factor for malaria.

Methods: The search was conducted in Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts were screened, full-text studied and information extracted for qualitative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I criteria. The exposure was diabetes and the outcome malaria or malaria severity.

Results: Of 1992 results, three studies were included (n=7,226). Two studies found strong associations: people with diabetes had higher odds of malaria (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46 (95% CI: 1.06-2.03)) and severe malaria (aOR: 2.98 (95% CI: 1.25-7.09)). One study did not find conclusive evidence: aOR for severe malaria was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28). Risk of bias was high in all the studies.

Conclusions: Although the available evidence on the association between diabetes and malaria is limited, the results may suggest there is a non-trivial positive relationship between these conditions.
Actual problems of civil law
Authors: Иванова Светлана , Ivanova Svetlana , Пашенцев Дмитрий , Pashentsev Dmitriy , Санникова Лариса , Sannikova Larisa
Published: September 2019

The manual contains problematic issues of the course of civil law. Particular attention is paid to property and liability law, as well as liability in civil law. Various approaches to understanding and solving civil law problems are shown, the points of view available in civil law science are presented.
The structure of the manual is designed in such a way as to facilitate the effective assimilation of the material presented. For better assimilation of the content, each Chapter ends with control questions and tasks for self-examination, as well as a list of literature recommended for self-reading.
It meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation and the competence approach implemented in it.
For undergraduates and teachers of legal educational institutions of higher education, practitioners.
The differential equations for vocational training of future bachelors of management: substantial and methodical analysis
Authors: Власов Дмитрий , Vlasov Dmitriy , Синчуков Александр , Sinchukov Aleksandr
Published: September 2019

Need of inclusion of differential equations and the simplest differential models in mathematical training of future bachelor of management is proved. Possibilities of Wolfram-technologies in the context of teaching the educational subject «Differential equations» for future bachelors of management are analyzed. Didactic conditions of improvement of quality of mathematical training of future bachelor of management in modern conditions of reduction of hours for classroom work are presented. Connection of applied gain of training in elements of the higher mathematics with development of the innovation components of professional competence of future bachelor of management connected with management and decision-making in the conditions of risk, uncertainty and incompleteness of information is established. Within a subject of a research the system of the micropurposes fully describing educational cognitive activity of students and supporting methodically reasonable inclusion of Wolfram-technologies is selected. The submitted recommendations and examples of use of new instrumental means of WolframAlpha allow to refuse spontaneous and fragmentary implementation of the principle of informatization of educational process, allow to organize educational cognitive activity of the student in a new way. The results presented in this article can be useful to teachers, teachers of the mathematical disciplines, software developers and electronic educational resources which are interested in modern approaches to improvement of quality of vocational training of university graduates.
Influence of Social Media Emotional Word of Mouth on Institutional Investors’ Decisions and Firm Value
Authors: Nguyen Hang , Calantone Roger , Krishnan Ranjani
Published: September 2019

This paper examines how customer sentiment expressed through social media influences institutional investors’ investment decisions and firm value. We use psychology theory to classify the emotional content of social media-based word of mouth, which we refer to as ESWOM. We examine whether ESWOM influences institutional investors’ stockholdings differentially based on investor type and if institutional investors’ stockholdings mediate the relation between ESWOM and firm value. We identify eight types of ESWOM by linguistically interpreting web scrapings of millions of social media posts on 38 corporate brands for the 2007–2015 period. We find differential effects of ESWOM on stockholdings of institutional investors. Dedicated and quasi-index institutional investors increase their stockholdings in response to increases in positive ESWOM such as joy and trust. Transient investors decrease their stockholdings in response to increases in negative ESWOM such as anger, disgust, and fear. Competitive intensity and intangible asset intensity influence these results. Path analysis indicates that ESWOM influences firm abnormal stock returns and idiosyncratic risk both directly and indirectly through its effects on institutional investors’ stockholdings. These findings support our hypothesis that investors’ responses to customer sentiment vary based on whether they follow long-term or short-term investment strategies. Our research highlights the importance of understanding the heterogeneous preferences of institutional investors and their use of social media information for decision making.

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
The Future of Retail Operations
Authors: Caro Felipe , Kök A. Gürhan , Martínez-de-Albéniz Victor
Published: September 2019

Retailing consists of all the activities associated with the selling of goods to the final consumer. In this article, we review the research on retail operations published in Manufacturing & Service Operations Research (M&SOM) since 1999. We then discuss the current retail landscape and the new research directions it offers, in which M&SOM can play a prominent role.
Open Problem—Protocols for Resource-Sharing Networks with Locally Edge-Minimal Fluid Models
Authors: Kruk Łukasz
Published: September 2019

Let (Ω,[Formula: see text]) be a probability space on which all the random objects to follow are defined.
Determining health visitor staffing levels in Wales
Authors: Hancock David
Published: September 2019

Work is under way on an evidence-based workforce planning tool to determine nurse staffing levels for health visiting services across Wales. David Hancock reports
Introduction: Finding the Bible through the Bedouin
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

IN THE LATE SUMMER OF 1970, I WAS living in the heart of the Negev desert at a fledgling educational institution called Midreshet Sde-Boker, from where I conducted ethnographic research into Bedouin culture—the culture of nomadic dwellers in the desert. One Sunday as I sat in my study preparing a lecture that I was to present to a conference the following Friday, a Bedouin friend, Swaylim Abu Bilayya, of the nearby Azazma Sarahin tribe knocked on my door....
Desert Laws
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

To compensate for the traditional lack of centralized authority in the desert, Bedouin society developed a conventionalized legal system that included an individual’s right to use private might to deter and rectify violations perpetrated against him or his clan, whether homicide, the violation of women, or many lesser offenses. In keeping with the biblical portrayal of the earliest Israelites as desert-dwelling nomads, some of the laws ascribed to them are consistent with those of the nomadic Bedouin. This chapter identifies these laws, which mainly reflect the same absence of governmental law enforcement that always obliged Middle Eastern nomads to fend for themselves. To further appreciate the similarities between Bedouin and biblical law, this chapter explores the rationale and workings of the institutions of vengeance, the protection of the weak, and the peaceful resolution of conflict.
Desert Religion
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

Although almost all Bedouin have followed Islam since early in its history, those who remained nomadic in the deserts of the Middle East found the religion barely accessible to them as an ongoing spiritual and psychological support, owing to their distance from Islamic religious instruction and institutions. For such support, they relied instead on primordial, often animistic, practices that had not changed much from the religious behavior of their pre-Islamic ancestors, and which could still be witnessed among pre-modern Bedouin down to the late 20th century. This chapter identifies the similarities between these ancient pre-Islamic religious practices and those of the biblical Israelites, focusing specifically on their common attitudes toward sacrifice, the sacredness of blood, the role of ethics, and respect for taboos, oaths, and vows.
Bedouin Israelites in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the question of what the abundance of Bedouin culture in the Bible tells us about the possibility that the ancient Israelites who were depicted there as nomads were indeed that. It thus addresses two issues. First is how the biblical authors acquired their rich Bedouin-like materials: through plain observation or through transmitted traditions from a nomadic past? The chapter thus studies Pharaoh Merneptah’s citation of a tribe called Israel in the land of Canaan, in 1208 BCE, suggesting that Israelite nomads, whom the Bible does not mention, lived there before the Israelites liberated by Moses could have arrived there. The second issue is: what impelled the biblical authors to infuse these materials into a theological opus concerning the relationship between the Israelites and their god, Yahweh?
The Travails of the French Left
Authors: Woloch Isser
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the French Left. After the fall of France in June 1940, the French parliament convoked in the town of Vichy granted “full powers” to Marshal Pétain, thereby interring the Third Republic and accepting French collaboration with Hitler. Over two-thirds of the Socialist parliamentarians ignored the pleas of their leader Léon Blum and voted yes. The French Left was again in disarray. In the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution, the Socialist Party split apart and the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) labor confederation experienced a comparable schism. Fifteen years later, a reunited Left forged a Popular Front alliance that won a remarkable electoral victory in 1936. Within two years, the Popular Front collapsed; Munich bitterly divided the Socialist camp; and the French Communist Party went its own way. Under these extreme circumstances, however, the French Resistance created new openings for the Left, in tandem with General Charles de Gaulle's Free France in London.
The Roosevelt Era: From the New Deal to D-Day
Authors: Woloch Isser
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at the progressive forces in the U.S. In the U.S., Franklin Roosevelt's presidency became the prime force for progressive gains. In the New Deal's ascendant phase from 1932 to 1936, the agricultural and industrial recovery strategies of the “Hundred Days” came first and foundered. Later, Roosevelt's administration enacted social security, inventive new programs for work relief, and the Wagner labor relations act that changed the rules of the game for trade unions. Once the European war began in 1939, the U.S. gradually became “the arsenal of democracy.” However, only on a fraught and twisting path did Roosevelt finally lead America into the crucible of World War II. Meanwhile, a new social movement reinforced the progressive thrust of Roosevelt's presidency—the rise of new trade unions in the mass production industries impelled by the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), a new labor federation.
Starting Over, with de Gaulle or without Him
Authors: Woloch Isser
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses postwar France. In one respect, the postwar moment began earlier in France than elsewhere with the gradual liberation of French soil in the summer of 1944. Alongside the Allied armies, Charles de Gaulle's Free French units and the paramilitary forces (FFI) of the Resistance helped drive out the Nazis and oust Vichy's collaborators. However, liberation of the national territory was the first of two steps necessary to make France whole again. Only the conquest of the Reich would allow the repatriation from Germany of more than two million French prisoners of war (POWs), forced laborers, and surviving concentration camp deportees. Once that was achieved, the progressive project of renewal, the “peaceful revolution” envisaged by the National Council of the Resistance (CNR) Common Program, could begin in earnest.
Tripartism and Its Aftermath
Authors: Woloch Isser
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that the restoration of democracy in France started in earnest only with the election in October 1945 of a Constituent Assembly. When voters rejected the Constituent Assembly's draft constitution in the requisite referendum, another six months elapsed before a second Constituent Assembly reached sufficient compromises to produce a new draft, which won voter approval by a thin margin. During the long provisional interval, the CNR Common Program helped undergird Charles de Gaulle's unity government and subsequent tripartite coalitions after the general abruptly exited the scene. However, until the fall of 1947, when a great strike wave brought the experiment to an explosive end, tripartism remained the political framework for France's postwar moment. Successive governments addressed the intractable challenges of postwar recovery while they sought to implement the “peaceful revolution” imagined by CNR in such matters as economic controls, social security, housing, and educational opportunity.
Conclusion: Three Scenarios, One Story?
Authors: Woloch Isser
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter argues that as the three western allies crossed the threshold of victory after profoundly different wartime experiences, their postwar moments were bound to vary as well. Independently from one another, progressives in the three countries held comparable values and agendas for postwar change, which they encapsulated in three manifestos: the Common Program of the clandestine National Council of the Resistance (CNR) in early 1944; the Labour Party manifesto for the 1945 British general election, Let Us Face the Future; and The People's Program for 1944 of the CIO-PAC for the U.S. election of November 1944. When aligned, these three programs constitute a new portal into the postwar moment. Domestic postwar struggles in each country form three distinct scenarios, but they constitute a single story as well, foreshadowed by the common themes in the three manifestos.
Setting Suburban Stereotypes 1820s–1850s
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: September 2019

Decrying suburbia at the fin de siècle placed a speaker in a long literary and cultural tradition; Gissing, Wells, Bennett, and Forster inherited images and terms of culturally and aesthetically arid, bourgeois suburbia that had been in circulation for decades. The stereotyping of suburbia in the early to mid-Victorian years was one way of attempting to limit the increasing cultural force of the middle classes: the image of the dull, identikit suburb was a stereotype employed in the service of an aristocratic ideology that emerged at a time of upper-class retreat.
Suburban Opportunity in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Fiction
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: September 2019

Sensation writer Mary Elizabeth Braddon makes plenty of jokes at the expense of the suburbanites reading her novels, poking fun at the interests they shared, the ambitions they nursed. Yet the suburbs function narratively in her works as places of movement, opportunity, and change. Braddon deploys the plot arc of the suburban popular novel (first discussed in chapter 3) to lift worthy heroines out of the lives into which they were born. Striving heroines begin in dusty, down-at-heel Camberwell; if they work hard, and are lucky, they are rewarded with the pleasures of upper-middle-class Richmond.
“The Quintessence of the Suburban”
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: September 2019

Jane Ellen Panton and Julia Frankau made their careers writing—and fighting—about the suburbs. Chapter 7 explores the literary relationship between Frankau and Panton and the communities of which both were a part. Suburban communities played important parts in both their careers, albeit in quite different ways: Frankau made her reputation with a novel about Jewish life in Maida Vale, while Panton rose to prominence writing about home decoration and the suburbs to the south of London. Frankau finally sought to distance herself from her Anglo-Jewish suburban beginnings and enter the ranks of the English cosmopolitan elite; Panton, born Frith, detached herself from her great father and forged a new identity for herself as “Mrs. Panton,” discovering in suburban Shortlands in Bromley a community of writers who helped her transition. The two writers viewed the different suburban communities they encountered quite differently. Yet the two were united by a refusal to view their birth identities as defining their life course, pursing lives and professional careers shaped by the suburb’s thematic of mobility, new starts, and self-recreation.
Conclusions
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: September 2019

It is not accidental that the first exhibition of women’s professional work in England was housed not in a quaint cottage or (for that matter) a purpose-built exhibition hall, but in a suburban villa. The villa was not only consistent with women’s professional work, it helped produce it.
Imagining Beauty and Remembering Ourselves
Authors: Moss Candida R.
Published: September 2019

The conclusion illustrates how societal valuations of different kinds of bodies continue to shape our conception of the afterlife not only in theological speculation, but also in the scientific ambitions of modern technology. It examines how modern technologies continue to be shaped by cultural concerns about memory loss and identity.
Introduction
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the importance of the Temple for the early Christians and the diversity in the attitude toward the Temple found in the New Testament (NT). The Temple is the heart of ancient Judaism, in both an institutional and a symbolic sense. Meanwhile, early Christian discourse about the Temple engages with Judaism or with early Christianity's own Jewishness. This discourse is laden with deep religious sentiments, both positive and negative. Most NT texts allude to the Temple at a time when the physical structure is no longer in existence, and yet the Temple remains significant and even central to the authors of Luke, Hebrews, and Revelation. It is commonly argued that there are at least four ways in which the Temple is superseded in the NT texts: the church is the new Temple; the individual believer is the Temple; the Temple is in heaven; and the Temple is Jesus's body.
The Gospel of John: Temple and Christology
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses the scholarship on the Temple in the Gospel of John. John relates Jesus to the Temple, attributing to Jesus certain features of the Temple. He does so since he uses the Temple as an explanatory model for understanding Jesus. Indeed, Jesus's role and character are explained in terms of several characteristics that are also shared by the Temple. Portraying Jesus as analogical to the Temple does not aim to show that the Temple is no longer relevant. Instead, the Temple is used as a model by which to comprehend Jesus's religious function. This “Temple Christology” provides a more flexible model that corresponds with the literary evidence. The result is a less radical relationship between Jesus and the Temple. Jesus is neither the new Temple nor a full replacement of the Temple. He is like the Temple—serving similar religious functions but certainly not all of the Temple's functions.
Hebrews: The New Heavenly Temple Cult Based on the Old One
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies the Letter to the Hebrews, which presents the most detailed treatment of the sacrificial system in the New Testament and also the most radical one. The author declares that Jesus is the high priest in the heavenly Temple. Jesus offers the ultimate sacrifice, his own body, “so that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in the service of God, to make a sacrifice of atonement for the sins of the people.” Through Jesus as both a high priest and a sacrifice, forgiveness is promised to the Christian believers. The chapter then focuses on the way the author builds on the Levitical system of priests–Temple–sacrifice in order to explain how Christ and his sacrifice lead to forgiveness and atonement. It also addresses the question of why the high priesthood and sacrifice become the author's model for Christology.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter discusses two general issues that build on the previous chapters, namely, the relationship of the early Christians to Judaism and the implications of comprehending the Jerusalem Temple in the first century. Early Christian authors draw heavily on the Temple as a major Jewish institution as well as on the concepts of the Temple and the sacrificial cult. They do so while minimally discrediting the legitimacy of the Jerusalem Temple and the sacrifices, even as they propose alternatives after its destruction. Whether referring to the Temple in the standard manner or a radical one, these authors are undoubtedly aware that they are sharing this key symbol with non-Christian Jews, and this seems to be one of their hidden messages: that they share the same holy center devoted to the one and only God despite their differences and persecution by fellow Jews.
Introduction
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book provides an alternative interpretation of the origins and early development of British India and the Second British Empire. It fundamentally reconceives the process by which British actors on the ground in South Asia laid the basis for a territorial empire that eventually spanned the subcontinent. The main argument is that the East India Company's imperial metamorphosis, and the origins of British India and the Second Empire, were rooted in the political defeat of radical liberalism. The transition to the Second Empire was a result of the victory won by metropolitan conservative-reactionary forces over their radical political opponents.
The First British Empire, the Whig Supremacy, and the East India Company
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the efforts to transform the political economy of England's imperial expansion during the Commonwealth (1649–1653). The architects of the Commonwealth's new imperial political economy were principally drawn from the worlds of unregulated Atlantic trading and East Indian interloping. In alliance with elements of the landed elite and middling social strata in London, these new merchant groupings helped to shift England's centralized territorial state away from an essentially extractive relationship with overseas commercial and colonial expansion—whereby the state attempted to “arbitrarily” raise revenues from such expansion—toward a new relationship in which the state was fully committed to providing the public infrastructure and military protection necessary for the unlimited flow of English trade, shipping, and investment across the globe.
Bourgeois Radicalism and the “Empire of Liberty” in the Age of Pitt
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the transition from the First British Empire to the Second. It argues that when considering large-scale historical changes, such as the transition from the First to the Second British Empire and the origins and early formation of British India, the focus should be on the interpretations of and the responses to unfolding crises and events by the actors experiencing them. It is important to examine the categories and conceptual frameworks with which individuals and groups interpreted and responded to crises and events, seeking to shape and transform them in a given direction. The focus, then, should not be on the intentions of British ministers, merchants, and opinion-makers at the beginning of the Seven Years' War, but rather on the ideological nature of their response to developments during the war and immediately following it.
The Plassey Revolution in Bengal and the Company’s Civil War in Britain
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter first discusses the events leading up to and following the “Plassey Revolution” of 1757, which shifted the balance of power in Bengal heavily in favor of the East India Company (EIC). In the aftermath of Plassey, the Calcutta council and Robert Clive, the leader of EIC troops, sought to transform the EIC's newly won political and military advantages in Bengal into a durable supremacy. Acting as the de facto governor of the British settlement, Clive oversaw the fortification and militarization of Calcutta as well as the Company's upcountry trading stations. Clive governed the EIC's Bengal presidency for two years after Plassey. During that period, he not only transformed the Nawab into a financial and military dependent of the Company but also curbed French and Dutch power in northeastern India.
Clive’s Conquest of East India House and the Company’s Conquest of Bengal
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses how Robert Clive managed not only to undo Laurence Sulivan's supremacy at East India House but also to be returned to Bengal with extraordinary civilian and military powers. This dramatic reversal of fortune was not the result of Clive's fortitude but rather of the convergence of four major sociopolitical developments in late 1763 and early 1764. Taken together, these four developments—metropolitan, pan-imperial, and South Asian in scope—seemed to portend the unraveling of Britain's political order and imperial state. The Baron of Plassey emerged as the military guarantor of the British Empire in the face of the anarchic, destabilizing forces that threatened it on all sides.
The New Toryism and the Imperial Reaction at the Accession of George III
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the conservative reaction to the emergence of radical Whiggism in the 1750s and 1760s —termed the New Toryism—that developed during the 1760s and early 1770s. What was the character of the New Toryism? How and why did it transform British overseas expansion as a whole, from the colonies of North America and the West Indies to the trading settlements of South Asia? Before examining in detail the rise and development of the New Toryism during the early reign of King George III and the shift it led to in Britain's imperial expansion, it first settles accounts with the Namierite interpretation that has remained prominent for over six decades in the historiography on the politics of empire during the 1760s and 1770s.
The Triumph of the New Toryism and the Spirit of the Second British Empire
Authors: Vaughn James M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter details events that occurred between the 1760s and 1770s. During this period, the oligarchic order largely supported the New Tory imperialism, which laid down the foundations of the Second British Empire. However, this general trend was briefly interrupted in July 1766 with the formation of the Chatham administration. William Pitt, now the Earl of Chatham, regained power and set out to create a national unity government similar to the one he had led with the Duke of Newcastle in the late 1750s. The radicals allied with the Chatham ministry advocated a range of measures designed to transform the oligarchic order and the British Empire. While the New Tories were committed to preserving the unreformed and landed parliamentary state and consolidating an autocratic and tributary empire in North America and South Asia, radical Whigs wanted to reform the parliamentary political order and to expand Britain's maritime “empire of liberty.”
On Political Obligation
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

The lectures that comprise this book are a reminder of the legacy and a demonstration of the promise of a critical assessment and evaluation of political obligation. Shklar shows that the crucial questions that any political activist, any reflective citizen, and any existing or aspiring polity should raise are as pertinent today as they were in the past, despite their function and nature having changed over time. The book discusses the practical choices, dilemmas, compromises, risks, and dangers that are the result of the tensions that arise whenever the notions of obligation and loyalty are foregrounded, and when what it means to be a citizen and the aims of a given polity are in conflict. What can I/we do in such a situation? How should I/we act? Shklar takes us through several historical constellations and scenarios in which such questions have arisen and been answered—for better or for worse.
Antigone
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Shklar discusses the moral dilemmas and conflicts in terms of loyalty and disobedience in one of the best known classic Greek dramas—Sophocles’ Antigone. She guides the reader through various interpretations of the play, and argues that its ongoing relevance is a result of its moral complexity.
Crito
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks into an array of conflicts of loyalties centered on political friendship. It uses the trial of Socrates, and particularly his dialogue with Crito concerning obligation to the city, one’s friends, and oneself, to illustrate the dilemmas of duty-bound decision making, its possible alternatives, and the exit strategy finally chosen by Socrates.
The New Testament and Martin Luther
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

This chapter is occupied with the question of religious belief, different “official” religions and related competing notions of what it means to believe in God’s word. It looks in particular at the period of the Reformation, differing interpretations of the New Testament, and the problems such interpretation raise in relation to both loyalty and obligation.
Tyranny
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Shklar takes a closer look at competing forms of political obligation, reflecting on different interpretations of emerging Protestantism (Huguenot, Lutheran, Calvinist). The chapter discusses the possibility of action against tyrannical rule, examining the development of theories of systematic resistance against tyrannical rule—the duty and thus the right to disobey rulers who disobey the command of God.
The Positive State
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Shklar identifies the problems that arise with the development of industrial capitalism. She traces the emergence of social obligations to fellow citizens and the new concerns this raised, paying particular attention to the way the English idealist T.H. Green addressed these issues. She discusses the thinking behind the new welfare state and the rising popularity of social norms and obligations, often also expressed in terms of “the common good,” “positive rights,” and “the obligation to be just.”
Loyalty and Betrayal
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: September 2019

In this chapter Shklar discusses modern forms of loyalty and disloyalty, particularly as they occur in the context of social groups and entities such as clan, nation, race, and class. She draws on the example of the United States to illustrate the complications that have arisen for this new political society whose population is mainly made up of immigrants.
American Dharma
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

The past couple of decades have witnessed Buddhist communities both continuing the modernization of Buddhism and questioning some of its limitations. This fascinating portrait of a rapidly changing religious landscape illuminates the aspirations and struggles of younger North American Buddhists during a period that the book identifies as a distinct stage in the assimilation of Buddhism to the West. The author observes both the emergence of new innovative forms of deinstitutionalized Buddhism that blur the boundaries between the religious and secular, and a revalorization of traditional elements of Buddhism such as ethics and community that were discarded in the modernization process. Based on extensive ethnographic and textual research, the book ranges from mindfulness debates in the Vipassana network to the sex scandals in American Zen, while exploring issues around racial diversity and social justice, the impact of new technologies, and generational differences between baby boomer, Gen X, and millennial teachers.
Introduction
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter begins with an overview of developments in American Buddhism. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to flesh out the distinctive characteristics shaping Buddhism in postmodernity. Through a geographical focus on North American meditation-based convert communities, particularly those deriving from Theravada and Zen Buddhism, the book draws attention to the specific ways in which Buddhist modernism is being transformed. It argues that contemporary developments in American Buddhist meditation-based convert lineages cannot be adequately explained within the category of Buddhist modernism. The postmodern questioning of modernity's dismissal of the traditional and its embrace of diversity, hybridity, and pluralism have resulted in an environment in which many different forms of religious belief and activity have flourished.
Buddhist Modernism from Asia to America
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides historical and theoretical contexts on the emergence of Buddhist modernism in Asia and its transmission to North America. It then offers a series of case studies that show both an interrogation of modernist features and the appearance of characteristics more associated with the postmodern, postcolonial, and postsecular within these communities. A common feature of American meditation-based Buddhism has been to extend and align with the Asian Buddhist modernist trope of distinguishing between essential and cultural Buddhism onto convert and Asian American immigrant communities. This has produced a hierarchical racialized split, which has received scant and insufficient attention in scholarship on American Buddhism.
Meditation and Awakening in the American Vipassana Network
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

Certain patterns have developed around meditation and enlightenment, or awakening, as many prefer to call it, in the American Insight network. Network here is defined as a loose affiliation of individuals and communities that prioritize Vipassana meditation as their central practice and trace their immediate Buddhist roots to Burmese and Thai Theravadin lineages. One current network emphasizes a more relational and integrative orientation toward meditation and draws significantly on psychotherapeutic discourse. The other stresses a more systematic and goal-oriented approach to awakening and relies heavily on traditional Buddhist canonical and commentarial literature. This chapter traces these currents, across both first- and second-generation convert teachers, highlighting the orientation toward meditation, the preferred style of practice, the gendering of meditation, the understanding of enlightenment, and the strategies of legitimation advanced within each before reflecting on their significance for the unfolding of Buddhist modernism in the United States.
From the Boomers to Generation X
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: September 2019

The boomers represent an influential iteration of Buddhist modernism in the West. How, then, should the NextGen of teachers be positioned and understood in relationship to them? This chapter attempts to answer this question by exploring the experience of Gen X teachers. Drawing primarily on thirty-three interviews with Gen X teachers, it identifies what they see as the main characteristics and concerns of their generation. It considers how they locate themselves in relationship to the boomer generation as well as Asian Buddhism and how they are simultaneously continuing and countering the modernization process. Rather than present their perspectives as facts, the chapter offers them as “ideal types” that indicate the main directions Buddhist modernism is headed in a shifting American cultural landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Noelle
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the imaginative representation of venereal disease in British literature and art produced between 1660 and 1800. In other words, it considers not how venereal disease was diagnosed, treated, or experienced in the eighteenth century, but rather how it was depicted by some of the many poets, novelists, dramatists, and artists who sought to exploit its flexibility as a metaphor. The chapters that follow track the representation of venereal disease in a wide range of eighteenth-century images and texts. In the process, it suggests that this “loathsome disease” became an important vehicle for considering—or reconsidering— some of the most important social and economic phenomena of the age: commercialization, globalization, changing gender norms, shifting class boundaries.
Officers and Gentlemen
Authors: Gallagher Noelle
Published: September 2019

This chapter asks what imaginative representations of venereal disease say about Restoration and eighteenth-century attitudes toward gender and sexuality. It does so by considering the portrayal of venereal infections in men. It is no coincidence that many of the positive representations of the disease focus on male rather than female subjects. It has been suggested that the sexual double standard (whereby men were applauded for sexual promiscuity and women punished for it) played some role in shaping imaginative representations of the infection. However, so too did a culture that linked infection to manliness and male power. While historians working with medical texts from the early modern period have tended to conclude that the disease was seen as originating with, and spread by, women, many eighteenth-century literary and artistic works imagine venereal disease as male—as a condition predominantly experienced by men, caused by male sexual indiscretion, and passed on by philandering husbands to their faithful wives and innocent children.
Modern Perspectives
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter suggests that despite the removal of God from human history, which radically altered the understanding of the mechanism that propelled Jewish history, assessments of Jewish historical fate as unfailingly painful survived intact. Observers continued to project the Jews as an endlessly afflicted people and to highlight forced Jewish displacement as the most extreme element in the relentless tragedy of the Jewish people. The ongoing emphasis on Jewish suffering and hurtful demographic dislocation combined with the removal of God and divine causation from the historical arena sparked a search for new causative explanations for the long-established and widely shared views of the tribulations of the previous two millennia of Jewish history. These new explanations revised but at the same time reinforced the still regnant conviction that Jews have suffered incessantly since the onset of their purported third exile.
Governmental Expulsions
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

In traditional Jewish and Christian thinking, God created the universe and controls history, especially the fate of his chosen human partners. To the extent that these human partners do his will, they flourish; to the extent they fall short, they suffer. This has meant to traditional Jews and Christians that Jewish behaviors have brought about historic Jewish suffering. When this theocentric view of history eroded, modern observers abandoned the sense of Jewish sinfulness and divine punishment but clung to the imagery of incessant Jewish suffering. This chapter considers the naturalist explanations provided by these modern observers for this purported persecution of Jews and Jewish suffering, explanations largely rooted in claimed Jewish shortcomings. It focuses on the phenomenon of expulsion, purportedly unceasing throughout the course of Jewish history.
Flight from Governmental Repression or Popular Violence
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

Beginning in the twelfth century, edicts of expulsion set in motion for the first time since early antiquity forced Jewish population movement. There have arguably been two further sources of pre-modern involuntary Jewish migration—repressive governmental edicts that made Jewish life spiritually or materially impossible and popular violence so threatening as to necessitate flight. Neither of these pressures is clear-cut in its impact, as were the edicts of expulsion from European states. This chapter considers the impact of both these pressures on Jewish population movement. It describes instances of abrogation of basic Jewish religious rights, expressed as governmental demands that Jews convert to the ruling faith.
Late Antiquity
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers Jewish population movement from late antiquity through the end of the eighteenth century, with a focus on often-neglected voluntary Jewish relocation; it offers a balanced assessment of the proportional relationship between compulsory displacement of Jews and voluntary relocation. It argues that the forced displacement of Jews should not obscure an alternative reality, clearly and regularly documented in past Jewish experience. Jews also relocated voluntarily, enticed by appealing opportunities and often encouraged by ruling authorities eager to attract them as new and useful settlers. These relocations were arduous but positive experiences, undertaken in search of better circumstances and often resulting in radically improved conditions. Since such voluntary migrations were not at all predicted in Scripture and lacked eye-catching drama, they have tended to be overlooked.
The Islamic World
Authors: Chazan Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes how Jewish life flourished in the Islamic world. The Jews living in the Islamic world were age-old inhabitants, whose presence much antedated the emergence of Islam; these Jews maintained their diversified economic outlets and their well-established social relations with non-Jewish neighbors; they continued to organize themselves effectively as a self-governing minority community; they pursued traditional Jewish intellectual activities and—stimulated by their creative environment—branched out in new spiritual and intellectual directions as well. In a world very much in motion, Jews traveled extensively, sometimes for trade and sometimes in search of knowledge, religious, scientific, or philosophic. In addition, Jews regularly relocated into areas that seemed to promise improved life circumstances.