bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Signal Paradoxes of Global Economy
Authors: Malova T. A.
Published: July 2020

The technological and institutional transformation of the global economy is accompanied by paradoxes that arise at its various structural levels. The global COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have strengthened the paradoxical situations. The main paradox of globalization receives an unexpected and dramatic verification by the spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus. Disruption of international communications as the only possible way to combat the spread of infection in the short term contradicts the need to restore its interconnectedness in the long term. The institutional contradictions within global economic governance does not correspond to the digital path of the global economy development. Macroeconomic paradoxes signal the need for a transition from the dominant monetary regulation to fiscal expansion. Monetary regulation mechanisms, even in their non-traditional forms, are ineffective given the coincidence of the coronavirus pandemic with high volatility in global stock markets and oil and gas markets. Fiscal stimulation undertaken by states in the face of the spread of virus can be interpreted as a pilot project for the implementation of some of the basic ideas of the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). The solution of the microeconomic paradox of public goods is possible on the basis of the principle of "rationality" as a priority social concept. Paradoxically, the shock of the pandemic, which “blew up” the course of things, provoked an unprecedented decline in business activity in a number of sectors of the economy, under certain conditions, can turn the vector towards economic growth and development. The paradoxes of the global economy signal that the current socio-economic model of the global economy has exhausted its endogenous development potential. Resolving paradoxical situations requires updating scientific views and patterns of their implementation. The European Commission's economic recovery plan addresses the future generation of the European Union. The shock of the coronavirus pandemic accelerates the transfer of values and technologies to the new paradigm of global world.
Official Development Assistance in Japan's Strategy in Central Asia
Authors: Dobrinskaya O. A.
Published: July 2020

The article analyzes the official development aid (ODA) as a tool for ensuring Japan’s interests in Central Asia. The author puts forward an idea that ODA reflects the complex nature of Japan’s foreign policy which is a combination of a strategies based on national interests, efforts at implementation of liberal values and seeking common Asian identity. The research starts from the brief overview of history of the ODA and then proceeds to the coverage of Japan’s ODA towards Central Asia to demonstrate how the evolution of Japan’s political priorities manifested itself in the country’s assistance policy. The author uses quantitative and qualitative analysis of ODA to Central Asia as well as content analysis of the key documents on diplomacy and ODA. The research then focuses on the main directions of assistance and studies how they relate to Japan’s foreign policy goals. Further attention is given to the role Japan plays in the region, by assessing her position among the main donors of Central Asia as well as the significance of its aid from the point of view of economic development of the region, ODA’s security role and Japan’s efforts at preserving the cultural heritage of the region. The author comes to the conclusion that realism-based objectives such as getting access to the natural resources of the region, securing its geopolitical stance in the heart of Eurasia and ensuring the support for Japan’s bid to the UN Security Council seat by five Central Asian states dominate Japan’s ODA policy. It is also influenced by external factors, such as US-Japan military alliance and Japan’s geopolitical rivalry with China. At the same time, much of Japan’s efforts are directed at liberal goals such as promoting democracy in the region with Japan being a role model for democratization, supporting modernization and market economy. Assisting economic development and helping settle security issues with an emphasis on human security projects demonstrate not only Japan’s desire to boost its positive image in the region but also enhance its international reputation and its vision of Central Asia as a ground for cooperation with other countries. The author comes to the conclusion that cultural ODA is directed at objects related to shared history, mainly at preservation of the Buddhist heritage which Japan sees as a foundation for common identity and which underlies its connections to the Silk Road.
Conceptual principles: Contractual obligations and liabilities as items of financial reporting
Authors: Plotnikov V.S. , Kanapinova S.S.
Published: July 2020

Subject. The article provides a rationale for reporting obligations and liabilities in accounting records as economic phenomena of entity's business operations and items of financial reporting.
Objectives. We explain how the substance of obligations and liabilities is defined in accounting, implying that the economic phenomena should be recognized in financial statements more completely. The study is to unveil the substance of obligations and liabilities so as to harmonize the regulatory and positive economy in the accounting process. We determine their purpose as part of accounts when they are aggregated into the balance sheet.
Methods. We determined promising lines of the accounting theory and practice by analyzing the institutional economics, Conceptual Framework for the Financial Reporting, Integrated Reporting Concept that amplified the scope of accounting, since they recognize economic phenomena of business operations, such as obligations and liabilities.
Results. Contractual obligations should be considered as a consequence of obligations that an entity has due to part events. The substance of the contractual obligations depend on the economic resource to be transferred in the future. Contractual obligations should be entered into accounting records and measured as of the signing date of the contract. The economic substance of the contractual obligations significantly differs from the accounting view of accounts receivable and payable.
Conclusions and Relevance. We believe it is necessary and possible to develop the accounting practice by introducing new economic phenomena, such as obligations and liabilities. They help change the retrospective format of the information as new items get added.
The issues of international cooperation of Russia in countering the economic crime
Authors: Dadalko V.A. , Sud'bina Ya.G. , Dadalko S.V.
Published: July 2020

Subject. We analyze the aspects of Russia's cooperation with other countries in countering the economic crime.
Objectives. The article analyzes methods and goals of Russia's cooperation with other countries, dealing with general issues and aspects coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service, Federal Customs Service and Federal Service for Financial Monitoring.
Methods. The study is based on the economic analysis, methods of classification and modeling, deduction and synthesis.
Results. We studied what various international relations organizations of Russia do in countering the economic crime. We unveil some aspects of such a cooperation, i.e. legal attache, international treaties, common security council, communications, international compliance. Russia was found to cooperate most actively with Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Cyprus, Latvia, France, the USA, Spain, Germany, Kazakhstan, Palestine, Israel, Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Conclusions and Relevance. States need the international cooperation and its advancement to effectively counteract with the economic crime. It is especially important as the transnational crime proliferates. However, the international cooperation is impossible if institutional, legal and regulatory aspects are not refined. The article suggests what should be dine to make the cooperation more effective.
Knowledge spillovers as a factor of innovative development and the effectiveness of agriculture
Authors: Nosonov A.M.
Published: July 2020

Subject. The article discusses how the diffusion of innovation, as a factor of the innovative growth in agriculture, influenced the effectiveness of agricultural production as a result of the spatial spillover of agricultural knowledge. Objectives. I identify and study spatial patterns of knowledge spillovers in agriculture as a factor of the innovative development and food security of the country. Methods. The study involves the bibliometric analysis and geoinformation modeling. Results. The study is the first to analyze how knowledge spillovers in agriculture may influence the effectiveness of agricultural production. I show where agricultural patents are localized geographically, and indicate the main regions of their citations. I sorted out types of the regions by innovative function, which enabled me to pinpoint three types of regions, such as creative, creative recipients and recipients. Referring to the three types, I traced the difference in the effectiveness of agriculture. Conclusions and Relevance. In agriculture, knowledge spillovers cause the diffusion of innovation in a hierarchical and network manner. The outcome is indicative of spatial patterns of patent activities and agricultural knowledge spillovers influencing the innovative development and effectiveness of agriculture, which is an important factor of agricultural production growth and food security of the country. The findings can be used to outline regional programs for the socio-economic development to substantiate what innovation may be implemented in agriculture.
The development of the national system of innovation through investment engineering
Authors: Larin S.N. , Khrustalev E.Yu.
Published: July 2020

Subject. To grow steadily and successfully, any economy should improve its mechanism for managing the socio-economic development, which should rely upon scientific approaches, methods and mechanisms.
Objectives. The study is an attempt to outline the concept for developing the national economic system of innovation through investment engineering.
Methods. The study is based on methods of generalization and systems analysis.
Results. We propose a new concept for formulating the modern national system of innovation economics, which poses an investment project as the backbone constituent, being performed by diverse entities and organizations. The system raises the probability that comprehensive investment projects will be successfully implemented, including the reliability of mutual settlements for the sake of the ultimate economic effect.
Conclusions and Relevance. The investment concept herein opens new opportunities for a new progressive strategy for the national economic development. Based on investment engineering principles, the economic system will carefully protect all types of property, effectively distribute the national property among federal, regional and local entities, and position regional and local budgets as a set of investment projects or the single investment program for the development of regions and country as a whole. The findings help implement new approaches to developing the national economic system of innovation, which will enhance the performance of manufacturing enterprises and public, collective and private entities. It will contribute to the transparency of financial flows in the non-public sector of economy and considerably curb the informal sector of economy.
The nature of institutional changes in foreign trade as a result of the digitalization during the international economic integration
Authors: Shkalenko A.V.
Published: July 2020

Subject. The article focuses on the creation of a favorable institutional environment for the Russian companies to enter foreign markets, being prepared to digitalization processes.
Objectives. I determine the nature of institutional changes that take place during the active and widespread integration of ICT. The article also traces trends in foreign trade relations between countries during the digitalization and the impact of innovation during the digital transformation of international relations. The article evaluates what part network technologies play in the economic, social and political life during the globalization.
Methods. The study relies upon elements of the innovative methodology for the post-industrial analysis through the cross-disciplinary synthesis, which implies overcoming the single aspect focus, dichotomy and dogmatism of many concepts of the orthodox new institutionalism.
Results. Based on digital technologies, institutional mechanisms of trade agreement were found to be a complex set of related constituents. Institutions for the regulation and self-regulation of the digital economy will comprise two big subsystems in the mid-term, i.e. smart institutions (rules and models of conduct resulting from self-performing smart contracts) and hybrid institutions, which combine aspects of traditional, written law and algorithmic one, which is based on computer codes and software. The digital institutional environment will unavoidably engender smart intermediaries, which have already featured legal attorneys for smart contracts, technical experts on digital technologies, auditors and managers of digital business processes.
Conclusions and Relevance. New technologies reshape the institutional environment of the international cooperation on foreign trade, which contributes to the development of innovation so that countries could gain some competitive advantages. Drawing upon the cross-country cooperation within the same institutional space, national and/or regional innovative ecosystems become very important.
Directions of eliminating threats to the socio-economic development of regions
Authors: Krivenko N.V.
Published: July 2020

Subject. I devise a system approach to identifying and evaluating threats in ensuring the economic security of regions.
Objectives. The study focuses on threats to the socio-economic development of regions in difficult geopolitical situations and determines how they can be eliminated. IT is important to determine key threats to the socio-economic development and the way they can be eliminated regionally.
Methods. The article employs the multilevel and integrated approaches, a set of methods, such as systems, comparative and structural analyses, road mapping.
Results. The article sets forth a road map for eliminating threats to the socio-economic development of regions, metrics to monitor the current situation and identify threats. I analyzed the socio-economic development of regions in the Ural Federal District and pinpointed the main threats. I conducted the comparative analysis of indicators to monitor the socio-economic development of regions, illustrative the cases of the Russian Federation, Ural Federal District, Sverdlovsk Oblast for 2018 year-on-year. The Ural Federal District and Sverdlovsk Oblast were found to exceed Russia’s average indicators in terms of directions of eliminating threats. It is indicative of opportunities to effectively employ the high production capacity of the old industrial region.
Conclusions and Relevance. To settle directions of the socio-economic development of regions, economic agents should consider the elimination of threats, such as the new industrialization, comprehensive integration of innovation throughout economic sectors, import substitution, integration of production and social sector. The findings can be used by constituent entities of the Russian Federation to comprehensively assess the socio-economic development of regions, discover the main threats, and choose what should be done to eliminate them.
Spatial socioeconomic development of cooperating regions: The Siberian Federal District case study
Authors: Mongush Sn.P.
Published: July 2020

Subject. This article explores the various aspects of the concept of Spatial Development. Objectives. The article aims to develop a conceptual basis for the spatial socio-economic development of the collaborating regions. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative and statistical analyses. Results. The article shows how cooperation between the subjects of the Russian Federation increases the potential of economically united regions. Conclusions. When preparing national strategic planning documents, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of regions, their capacity, available resources, and focus on the relationship between regions.
Creation of new business value as an indicator of the socio-economic potential use: Evidence from the Arctic Zone regions of the Russian Federation
Authors: Krapivin D.S.
Published: July 2020

Subject. This article explores the impact of the creation of new value (construction) on the socio-economic system of the Russian Arctic regions. Objectives. The article aims to assess the utilization of the socio-economic development capacity of the Russian Arctic regions. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of business and statistical analyses, observation, measurement, comparison, and the expert assessment method. Results. The article presents certain results of an analysis of the impact of new value creation on economic performance and analysis of the industry structure for creating such value for each particular Russian Arctic region. Conclusions. The Russian Arctic regions are characterized by significant uneven regional development. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has optimal conditions for socio-economic development and the greatest investment attractiveness among the other Russian polar regions.
Image Splicing Forgery Detection Scheme Using New Local Binary Pattern Varient
Authors: Abrahim Araz R. , Mohd Rahim Mohd Sh. , Sami Ahmed S.
Published: July 2020

In this research develop passive image splicing detection method based on a new descriptor called Adaptive Threshold Mean Ternary Pattern (ATMTP). It was developed based on strength and weaknesses of both Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Local Ternary Pattern (LTP). ATMTP extraction feature is normally achieved by using proposed mean based thresholding and adaptive ternary thresholding, the former is robust to noise while the latter is robust to noise and other photometric attacks. It is designed to withstand against photometric manipulations, be it single or double attacks. In this research the ATMTP color features extracted from R, G, and B channels have revealed that the present method achieved higher accuracy on standard datasets CASIA V2.0 out of 99.03%, Sensitivity 99.6%, and specificity 98.1%. Finally, in terms of accuracy, the proposed SFD scheme outperformed the best recent works in this area.
Community Service Nurses’ Experiences at a Public Hospital in Tshwane District, South Africa
Authors: Nkoane Naomi , Mavhandu-Mudzusi Azwihangwisi
Published: July 2020

The South African Nursing Council (SANC), in Regulation R765 of 2007, requires every newly qualified professional nurse trained in South Africa to perform remunerated community service in a public hospital for a period of one year before registration as a nurse. However, most newly qualified professional nurses placed in a certain public hospital in Tshwane district as community service nurses request to be transferred to other hospitals before the end of their placement term. The study adopted interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), which aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of community service nurses’ experiences at a public hospital in Tshwane district, South Africa. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with 11 purposively selected community service nurses. Data were analysed using Smith’s IPA framework. Three themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) limited material resources and a shortage of health care personnel; (2) poor interpersonal relationships; and (3) a lack of professional support during the placement of community service nurses at the public hospital under study. The findings imply a lack of hospital readiness and preparedness to offer a conducive environment for community service nurses to gain the required clinical experience and skills. This has a negative impact on the nursing profession, nursing education, and patient care. Recommendations are put forward focusing on the responsibilities of the Health Ministry and the SANC, mentorship, and the transformation of nursing curricula to be contextually relevant to the country’s health care systems and resources.
TROMBOSİTTEN ZENGİN ÜRÜNLER VE DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDEKİ UYGULANMA ALANLARI
Authors: Caymaz Mehmet Gagari , Uyanık Lokman Onur
Published: July 2020

Otojen trombosit konsantreleri diş hekimliğinde ve çeşitli tıp alanlarında yenilikçi ve umut verici tedavi yaklaşımlarıdır. Hastanın kendi kanından üretilen trombosit bakımından zengin ürünlerin tedavi için kullanılmasının, günümüzde tercih edilen bir yöntem olduğu görülmektedir. Yumuşak ve sert dokudaki iyileşmeleri tetiklemek için uygulanan ve çeşitli proteinler ve büyüme faktörlerinin kontrollü salınımlarının gerçekleştiği bu ürünlerin, içeriğinde doğal yara iyileşmesi için gereken maddeler bulunmaktadır. Biyokimyasal bir işlem gerektirmeyen ve kolay uygulanabilen bu sistemler, hastadan elde edilen kandan, trombosit ve lökositten zengin otolog bir biyomateryal üretilmesini sağlamaktadır. Trombositler aktif olduklarında fibrin matriks içerisinde yer alır ve burada büyüme faktörlerini serbest bırakırlar. Bunlar fibrin ile birlikte yapı oluştururlar ve büyüme faktörleri doku iyileşmesini ve rejenerasyonunu stimule eder. Son 20 yılda trombositlerin yara iyileşmesi üzerindeki fizyolojik etkileri araştırılmış ve özellikle ağız cerrahisinde daha başarılı tedavilerin uygulanabildiği belirtilmiştir. Trombosit ürünlerinin elde edilmesinde farklı yöntemler mevcuttur. Bu farklılıklar santrifüj hızına ve süresine, eklenen kimyasal maddelere, oluşan supernatantlara ve çökeltilerine bağlı olarak oluşmaktadır. Bu varyasyonlar fibrin ağı yapılarında ve trombositlerin lökosit ve büyüme faktörleri içeriğinde farklılıklara neden olmaktadır. Bu ürünler incelendiği zaman her yeni üretilen ürünün kendisinden öncekine kıyasla daha gelişmiş özellikler içerdiği görülmektedir. Bu derlemede trombositten zengin ürünlerin elde edilme şekilleri, yapıları, içerikleri ve diş hekimliğinde kullanım alanları hakkında bilgi verilmek amaçlanmıştır.
Hastane ve Evde Lohusalık Dönemindeki Annelerin Konfor Durumlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ATEŞ Tuğçe , DEMİRBAĞ Birsel Canan
Published: July 2020

Giriş: Doğum sonu dönemin anne ve bebek açısından sağlıklı geçirilmesi aile bireyleri ve sağlık profesyonellerinin lohusaya vereceği konfor ile yakından ilişkilidir. Amaç: Araştırma hastane ve evde lohusalık dönemindeki annelerin konfor durumlarının değerlendirilmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı ve karşılaştırmalı nitelikteki araştırmanın örneklemini, Kırklareli il ve ilçe merkezinde bulunan iki kamu hastanesinde 4 ay içerisinde canlı doğum yapmış tüm lohusalardan %95 güven aralığında 0.05 örneklem hatası ile seçilen 110 lohusa oluşturmuştur. Verilerin toplanmasında, lohusaların demografik ve obstetrik özelliklerini değerlendiren Bilgi Formu, konfor düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik Doğum Sonu Konfor Ölçeği ile Çevresel Etmenler Anketi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma, %40.9’u 25 yaş altı, %51.8’i ilköğretim mezunu, %94.5’i çalışmayan, %73.6’sı gelir durumu orta seviyede, %77.3’ü planlı gebeliği olan, %93.6’sı gebelik boyunca düzenli kontrollere giden annelerden oluşmaktadır. Ev ve hastanede doğum sonu konfor toplam puanları ile fiziksel, sosyokültürel ve psikospritüel konfor alt boyut puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık görülmüştür (p<0.05). Sonuç ve Öneriler: Doğum yapan annelerin hastaneden daha çok evde konfor yaşadıkları ve hem evde hem de hastanede fiziksel konfora daha fazla önem verdikleri saptanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yeni doğum yapan annelerin ev ziyaretleri ile desteklenerek lohusalık sürecinin evde geçirilmesi önerilebilir.
Method Development and Validation of simultaneous estimation for Ramipril and Amlodipine besylate by UV- VISIBLE Spectrophotometric method
Authors: Khairunnisa Tasneem  , Sonia K  , Lakshmi K S
Published: July 2020

This experiment shares the method development and analytical validation of an original, accurate and correct UV-Visible Spectrophotometric methods for the fixed dose assessment of Ramipril and Amlodipine besylate. The working solutions of Telmisartan and Ramipril were scanned at 240 nanometer and 210nanometer respectively. The regression strength of Amlodipine besylate and Ramipril over its absorbances take place as y=0.4291x0.0084 and y=0.0399x-0.310 respectively with a correlation coefficient (r2 ) of 0.9998 for Amlodipine besylate and 0.9993 for Ramipril. The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Amlodipine besylate and its % RSD were obtained as 0.08% and 0.25% respectively. The intra-day precision in addition interday precision for Ramipril and% RSD were obtained as 0.16% and 0.24% respectively. The precise amount of tablet formulation were added which holds Alkaline (0.1 N Sodium hydroxide), Acidic (0.1 N Hydrochloric acid) reflux for 3 hours, 3% Oxydol at 50ºC, heat (60ºC), humidity (75 percentage Relative humidity) for 24 hr. and after the particular time diluted to distilled water, separated using Filter paper. From this stock solution, 5 mL section of the filtrate was pipetted out and further thinned with distilled water in a 100 mL standard flask (10 µg/mL). The standard stock solution of two drugs were prepared and compared against a label claim
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultured for anti-fungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Suryani  , Neng Yulia Nengsih  , Waras Nurcholis
Published: July 2020

The rice is the main food crop worldwide. The fungi Pyriculariaoryzae infected the rice and caused a decrease in rice production. The silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) are popular in several research areas such as cosmetics, agriculture, and medicine due to their biological activities and environmentally friendly. Interestingly, the biosynthesis using the microbe is a preferred alternative route for AgNPs production because it does not involve a supplementary reducing agent. The objective of this work was to biosynthesize the AgNPs using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and then also evaluate for antifungal activity against P.oryzae. Biosynthesis of AgNPs was used Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultured with AgNO3 in Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium. AgNPs characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and particle size analyzer (PSA). The AgNPs sample at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were evaluated for antifungal properties against P. oryzae using the agar diffusion method. Results confirmed the absorbance maximum of AgNPs at 423 nm. The size of the AgNPs was 2.0 nm. AgNPs showed antifungal activity against P. oryzae and the highest activity was observed at 0.75% concentration.The results showed the AgNPs could be used as a complementary to bio-fungicide against P. oryzae in the blast disease treatment of rice.
Formulation of parenteral nutrition based on argan oil nanocapsule system using d-optimal mixture design
Authors: Majda Benabbes  , Aicha Fahri  , Yassir El alaoui  , Naoual Cherkaoui  , Abdelkader Laatiris  , Younes Rahali
Published: July 2020

In parenteral nutrition, the lipid emulsions are usually presented separately from other components. The admixture is made just before or during administration because of limited stability. The purpose of the present study is the formulation of lipid nanocapsules (LNC) based on Argan-oil and their introduction into preparations for parenteral nutrition, then the evaluation of their stability. The lipid nanocapsules have been prepared according to the phase inversion temperature method. The experimental design was used to determine the feasibility of LNC with Argan oil (A.O.-LNC), the evaluation of their size and the stability in the final mixing parenteral nutrition. The average size of the LNC was chosen as a response. The LNC based on 14% Argan oil, 6% Labrafac ®, 55% water and 25% of Solutol ® with an average size of 44 nm was selected for the preparation of the parenteral nutrition. The particle size distribution with a value of 70 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.102 indicates the homogeneity of the populations of particles. The statistical analysis shows the excellent stability of parenteral nutrition for 14 days.
False Exemplars: Admiration and the Ethics of Public Monuments
Authors: Rossi Benjamin Cohen
Published: July 2020

Recently, a new generation of activists has reinvigorated the debate over the symbolic public landscape of Western democracies, and in particular, public representations of historical figures whose immoral actions and beliefs are connected to the ongoing oppression of minority groups. In this paper, I consider three proposals for what we ought to do about such representations: remove them from public view, leave them unmodified, or re-contextualize them in some way. Drawing on the work of philosophers and social psychologists, I argue that there are a number of compelling moral reasons not to leave them unmodified. I argue that the decision to make these representations inaccessible to the public or recontextualize them for public consumption must be decided on a case-by-case basis, balancing several moral and pragmatic factors. Finally, I argue that in many cases, weak forms of recontextualization that do not involve altering their institutional context may be an insufficient remedy to the moral problems raised by these representations.
The Search for Meaning: continuing Problems with the Interpretation of Treaties
Authors: McRae Peter
Published: July 2020

This paper argues that old controversies regarding the objects and methods of treaty interpretation have not been resolved by the coming into force of articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. The articles, it is argued, have not so much resolved previous debates between "schools" of interpretation, as obscured them under an apparently clear regime, while interpreters continue to adopt their own preferences. The paper describes the three main schools – textualist, intentions of the parties, and teleological – and concludes none offers a satisfactory scheme by itself. It then examines the development of the Convention articles, and concludes they represented a compromise in which the drafters failed to resolve the key issue of the underlying purpose or object of interpretation. It then shows that an orthodox interpretation of the articles has developed, which assumes they embody the textualist position. The paper then discusses how this orthodoxy has been accepted by the majority of the International Court of Justice in the 1990s, but with significant dissent drawing on insights from especially an intentions of the parties approach. The paper then draws on insights from modern approaches to the interpretation of commercial contracts, to suggest that the best resolution of the "text versus intentions" dichotomy lies in accepting that establishing the actual intentions of parties is the purpose of interpretation, and that therefore an apparently clear text will be strong but not conclusive evidence of such intentions. The paper examines how this refinement would have helped to resolve difficult interpretations before the ICJ, and concludes that such an approach is both desirable and consistent with articles 31 and 32.
Cornsweet surfaces for selective contrast enhancement
Authors: Lieng H , Pouli T , Reinhard E , Kosinka J , Dodgson Neil
Published: July 2020

A typical goal when enhancing the contrast of images is to increase the perceived contrast without altering the original feel of the image. Such contrast enhancement can be achieved by modelling Cornsweet profiles into the image. We demonstrate that previous methods aiming to model Cornsweet profiles for contrast enhancement, often employing the unsharp mask operator, are not robust to image content. To achieve robustness, we propose a fundamentally different vector-centric approach with Cornsweet surfaces. Cornsweet surfaces are parametrised 3D surfaces (2D in space, 1D in luminance enhancement) that are extruded or depressed in the luminance dimension to create countershading that respects image structure. In contrast to previous methods, our method is robust against the topology of the edges to be enhanced and the relative luminance across those edges. In user trials, our solution was significantly preferred over the most related contrast enhancement method. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
On the number of viewing zones required for head-tracked autostereoscopic display
Authors: Dodgson Neil
Published: July 2020

A head-tracked display could be made from a two-view autostereoscopic display where head-tracking allows the display to swap the two views when the eyes move from viewing zone to viewing zone. Variations in human interpupillary distance mean that this basic two-view version will not work well for the significant minority of the population who have interpupillary distance significantly different from the average. Woodgate et al. proposed, in 1997, that a three-view system would work well. Analysis of an ideal version of their proposal shows that it does work well for the vast majority of the population. However, most multi-view, multi-lobe autostereoscopic displays have drawbacks which mean that, in practice, such a system would be unacceptable because of the inter-view dark zones generated by the inter-pixel dark zones on the underlying display technology. Variations of such displays have been developed which remove the inter-view dark zones by allowing adjacent views to overlap with one another: the views appear to smoothly blend from one to the next at the expense of a little blurring. Such displays need at least five viewing zones to accommodate the majority of the adult population with head-tracking and at least six viewing zones to accommodate everyone. © 2006 SPIE-IS&T.
The Socialization Of Patriotism In Jagoi Babang Sub-District
Authors: Zulfahita Zulfahita , Utami Citra , Wulandari Fajar , Fitri Fitri , Istirahayu Iip
Published: July 2020

Indonesia is a country that has a variety of cultures, ethnicities, and races. This diversity is characteristic of the Indonesian state and the assets of the Indonesian people, in accordance with the motto of Unity in Diversity. Therefore, it is important for every citizen to have a sense of patriotism as a form of pride in the country of birth and shelter. The love of the motherland is not only implemented in the world of education, but also must be in the community, one of which is by conducting socialization to the community about the importance of the love of the motherland and then proceed with the screening of the Indonesian film titled "Merah Putih Memanggil (Red and White Calling)". This activity was carried out on Thursday, January 17, 2019, located in Jagoi Village, Jagoi Babang District. Participants in this activity were children and residents of Jagoi village and several members of the TNI from the Task Force Yonif 511 / DY. Through these activities, the aim is to further instill a sense of patriotism for participants who basically reside in the border area, namely the village of Jagoi, Jagoi Babang.
The Socialization Of Patriotism Through The Screening Of The National Defense Film Against Border Area Communities
Authors: Marhayani Dina Anika , Mariyam Mariyam , Buyung Buyung , Hendriyana Evinna Cinda , Murdani Eka
Published: July 2020

Desa Gresik termasuk  wilayah  yang berbatasan langsung Negara Malaysia, sehingga warga negara dituntut untuk memiliki loyalitas demi menjaga keutuhan Negara Republik Indonesia. Namun, kondisi sosial-ekonomi di perbatasan yang terpuruk mengakibatkan masyarakat setempat tergantung kepada negara tetangga. Pada gilirannya, ketergantungan kepada negara tetangga itu mengakibatkan rasa cinta tanah air masyarakat tersebut mengalami penurunan.Masyarakat Desa Gresik lebih banyak berinteraksi dengan warga di negara tetangga dan terpesona oleh uang ringgit, siaran TV dan radio, akses telepon dan transportasi, serta modal usaha yang lebih mudah diperoleh dari Malaysia. Adanya Permasalahan tersebut perlu adanya sosialisasi untuk menumbuhkan rasa cinta tanah air yang ditanamkan pada generasi muda terutama di daerah perbatasan.Implementasi pengabdian kepada masyarakat meliputi beberapa metode yaitu sesi sosialisasi rasa cinta tanah air yang diisi dengan pemaparan materi, sesi penayangan Film bernuansa Bela Negara, dan Sesi Kuis. Kegiatan ini diharapakan dapat menumbuhkan rasa cinta tanah air masyarakat desa Gresik.
Assessment of Forecast of Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation for 2019–2024 (September, 2019)
Authors: Editotial Article
Published: July 2020

Expert Working Group: Dr. Sci. (Eng.) N.M. Abdikeev, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) M.A. Abramova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) O.U. Avis, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) O.A. Aleksandrova, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) E.V. Balatskii, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) V.P. Bauer, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) Yu.S. Bogachev, Leading Researcher O.N. Ekimova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) V.V. Eremin, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) E.A. Zvonova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) S.V. Zubkova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) Yu.P. Kalmykov, Dr. Sci. (Soc.) M.V. Kibakin, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) N.V. Kuznetsov, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) O.I. Lavrushin, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) I.V. Larionova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) E.I. Meshkova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) E.L. Moreva, Cand. Sci. (Eng.) L.V. Obolenskaya, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) V. Ya. Pishchik, Cand. Sci. (Econ.) S.A. Pobyvaev, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) O.S. Rudakova, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) A.I. Selivanov, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) S.N. Sil’vestrov, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) V.G. Starovoitov, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) A.A. Tkachenko, Dr. Sci. (Soc.) A.G. Tyurikov, Researcher M.A. Yurevich

Working Group Leaders: Dr. Sci. (Econ.) V.V. Maslennikov, Corresponding Member, RAS, Dr. Sci. (Econ.) D.E. Sorokin
Plant height of soft winter wheat varieties and its connection with winter hardiness in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region
Authors: Zakharova Nadezhda Nikolaevna , Zakharov Nikolai Grigoryevich , Mustafina Rezida Akhmetovna
Published: July 2020

Research has been carried out to study the height of plants of prospective soft winter wheat of different ecological and geographical origin in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. It was found out that the height of the plants of the studied winter soft wheat varieties is characterized by a wide norm of reaction to changes in growing conditions. A positive correlation and regression dependence of winter hardiness on plant height was revealed. The contribution of plant height to winter hardiness of soft winter wheat is 56.7%. Individual dwarf and semi-dwarf prospective varieties of soft winter wheat with increased and high winter hardiness in specific environmental conditions were identified.
Regularities of water consumption of grasses in forest pastures by types of agricultural landscape in the Volga steppe zone
Authors: Proezdov Pyotr Nikolaevich , Eskov Dmitry Vladimirovich , Mashtakov Dmitry Anatolyevich , Panfilov Andrey Vladimirovich , Dubrovin Vladimir Viktorovich
Published: July 2020

Water consumption and productivity of grasslands are closely related to the type and degree of protection from erosion of the agricultural landscape. One of the main indicators of the type of agricultural landscape is the slope of the slope, which determines the level of soil fertility and productivity of agricultural land. With an increase in the slope, especially on erosive types of agricultural landscape (>30), the thickness of the a+B horizons decreases by more than 3 times from 64 cm on the plakor (<10) to 20 cm on steep slopes (10-200). The humus content in the soil horizon a decreases from 4.69 to 1.97%, or 2.72% in absolute value. Over 35 years, the complex of anti-erosion techniques has increased the power of soil horizons A+B, depending on the type of agricultural landscape, by 1-6 cm, the content of humus-by 0.16 - 0.36%, NPK – by 9.1-30.0%: a larger increase corresponds to the erosive types of agricultural landscape (>30). Productivity and water consumption of pasture lands depend on the level of soil fertility, snowiness of winters, the degree of moisture in the growing season, and the growth dynamics of pasture grasses. In the average humidification years (2015,2016) on open types of agricultural landscape, the productivity of grasses was 1.23-3.14 t / ha, the coefficient of water consumption -675-1538 m3 / t, and under the influence of anti-erosion techniques, respectively-1.73-4.05 t/ha and 627-1242 m3/t. The difference in water consumption coefficients reaches 23.8% on steep slopes (10-200). In dry years with the previous snowy winter on open types of agricultural landscape, the coefficient of water consumption is 930-1500m3/t, under the influence of anti-erosion techniques-703-1169 m3/t, or less by 32.7-28.3%. In wet years, the water consumption coefficient takes the lowest values due to the high productivity of grasses (5.61-8.89 t/ha). The complex of anti-erosion agrotechnical and forest-reclamation techniques is created in accordance with the type of agricultural landscape: on slopes with a steepness of 0-50-forest strips and mulched crevices; 5-80-forest strips and shrubby scenes; >80 - protective forest stands on terraces.
Evaluation of agrotechnical properties of propulsion units in combine harvest-er-threshers with tires of various design
Authors: Kravchenko Vladimir Alekseevich , Melikov Izzet Melukovich
Published: July 2020

The analysis of the carried out experimental studies has shown that when a combine harvester-thresher is equipped with the experimental tire of size 30.5E-32, it has less pressure on the soil substructure (by 11–28 %) than other options and lower voltage values in the arable horizon. As a result of testings for the impact evaluation of propulsion units in combine harvester-threshers on the soil, it has been established that GOST (All-Union State Standard) 26955-86 requires clarification of coefficients K1 and K2, which should be determined for various structural tire sizes and on different soil backgrounds, as well as the fact that when evaluating the impact of the wheel machines on soil processes it is necessary to take into account the residual normal voltages established at various depths.
The use of a two-phase system of liquefied petroleum gas in agriculture
Authors: Malysheva Anna Aleksandrovna
Published: July 2020

The article considers a change in the ratio of components in which the relative content of lighter hydrocarbons will decrease, and the content of heavier hydrocarbons will increase. To improve the operating conditions of the systems, issues related to the calculation of a two-phase system of liquefied carbon-hydrogen gas are considered.
TRIAL RESULTS OF ORGANIC SOIL CONDITIONERS IN CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS ON IRRIGATED CHESTNUT SOILS OF ZAVOLZHYE
Authors: Korsakov Konstantin Vyacheslavovich , Pronko Nina Anatolyevna , Govryakov Alexander Sergeevich , Pronko Victor Vasilievich
Published: July 2020

The effect of two new organic soil conditioners produced by Life Force Research & Production Enterprise was studied within the field trials on irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Zavolzhye region. These two products differ in the content of total carbon, nitrogen compounds and salts of humic and fulvic acids. The objects of research were fodder beets, garden carrots, white cabbage of late ripening variety, onions. The features of the yield formation of vegetable crops using different soil conditioners have been identified and their optimal doses have been established. It was shown that the use of soil conditioners was not covered by the cost of additionally gained crop. All types of the studied fertilizers positively influenced the content of vitamins A and C.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRELATION OF INTERRELATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN SORGHUM
Authors: Starchak Victoria Igorevna , Zhuzhukin Valery Ivanovich , Zhuk Ekaterina Aleksandrovna , Bychkova Vera Valeryevna
Published: July 2020

In modern conditions, the need for cultivation of grain sorghum in regions with insufficient moisture is determined by its high yield and grain quality. For practical breeding, with the objective of assessing linkages 19 morphological and physiological traits model of the population including 15 varieties and 2 promising lines of grain sorghum that is created in the Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize. The biochemical composition of the grain of the objects of research is presented graphically.

A different degree of variation in the characteristics of grain sorghum was revealed: very strong (V> 40,0%) - productive bushiness, number of grains from 1 panicle; strong (20,0% <V <40,0%) - the width of the panicle, the extension of the panicle leg, the thickness of the upper internode, the area of the flag leaf, the area of the fourth on top of the leaf, the mass of the grain from 1 panicle; weak (V <10,0%) - the height of the plants after 30 days, the height of the plants during maturation. The group with an average degree of variation (10.0% <V <20.0%) includes all other signs measured in the experiment. Factor analysis was used to optimize, interpret the calculated matrix of correlation coefficients. In the analysis of the correlation coefficient matrix, hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance are calculated. The first hypothetical factor is determined by the high effects of morphophysiological features. The second factor is largely due to the contribution of plant height 30 days after germination and the extension of the panicle legs. Plant height at maturity, weight of 1000 grains make the greatest contribution to the third factor. The width of the panicle makes the greatest contribution to the accumulated dispersion of the fourth factor. The fifth factor is determined by the effects of plant height at the beginning and end of vegetation, as well as the total contribution of all studied features.
LAW OF HOMOLOGICAL SERIES IN HEREDITARY VARIABILITY. TO 100 ANNIVERSARY OF THE N.I. VAVILOV DISCOVERY
Authors: Ryazantsev Nikita Valer'evich
Published: July 2020

The article is dedicated to the centenary of the main scientific discovery of the academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Agricultural Academy and the USSR Academy of Sciences N.I. Vavilov - to the law of homological series in hereditary variability. The discovery of the law was one of the most significant events in biology of the first half of the twentieth century and had a significant impact on the selection process. From a biographical point of view, the discovery of the law was for N.I. Vavilov - a young professor, head of the department of private agriculture and genetics of the agronomic faculty of the University of Saratov, a fateful event that brought world fame.

In the history of Russian science, much attention is paid to the phenomenon of N.I. Vavilov. At the same time, there is a tendency to analyze his scientific work in the context of three main areas: the doctrine of plant immunity to infectious diseases, the law of homologous series in hereditary variability, and the doctrine of the centers of origin and variety of cultivated plants. In our work, special attention is paid to the integrity of the scientific work of the scientist, which can be traced in all his main works and was put into practice in the world collection of plant genetic resources, the collection of which was carried out under the guidance and with the direct participation of N.I. Vavilov. The history of the perception of the law at different periods in the development of biology and the role of this discovery in the posthumous memory of its author, N.I. Vavilov, who became a symbol of a real scientist and patriot.