bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mémoires and Their Legacy
Authors: Goodman Jessica
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers how the whole Parisian period is presented in the Mémoires. It examines which elements of Goldoni’s French career are discussed, and identifies a refrain of failure despite the grand claims of the preface; a refrain that seems to stem from a blinkered focus on the weight of Comédie-Française success, born of the misunderstandings identified in Chapter 6. It then considers plays written about Goldoni since his death, and by analysing their relationship to the Mémoires, suggests that the genius myth he set out to create was unsuccessful in the French context due to a lack of published evidence of successful authorship to counterbalance his misdirected autobiographical writings.
The Afterlife of an Author
Authors: Goodman Jessica
Published: July 2017

The final chapter traces Goldoni’s presence in modern French culture (theatre repertoires, publications, and school curricula) to measure how far Goldoni achieved posthumous gloire in his adoptive country. It reveals how, despite his claims to have proved himself as a French author, his lasting gloire in France is as an Italian; the comic outsider created by the Mémoires. Finally, it suggests that this outsider status meant his quest for integration into the French canon was doomed from the start: that contemporary conceptions of glory and national identity, which focused on a useful contribution to the nation, did not allow space for individuals from outside the national literary space.
Introduction
Authors: Cremona Marise
Published: July 2017

This chapter introduces the book, New Technologies and EU Law. It presents the questions addressed in the book, its organization, and key themes. It argues that we can identify three characteristics of the EU’s approach to law and technology: first, the dominance of a procedural over a substantive approach; second, the EU’s embrace of a risk-based approach to science or technology-based regulation; and third, the tendency to depoliticize debate over new technologies, to present the problems they may raise as essentially technocratic or as primarily concerned with managing access to markets. The chapter then considers rationales for EU regulation of new technologies even where, as in the case of health technologies, EU competence appears limited, and the interplay between the different actors and interests involved, including the courts.
EU Law and Bioethics
Authors: Vauchez Stéphanie Hennette
Published: July 2017

This chapter seeks to present and analyse the existing, albeit incomplete and somewhat scattered, body of EU biomedical law. After first describing the chronology and vectors through which it progressively came into existence, the chapter offers some analytical insights as to the content of EU biomedical law. In doing so, it argues that the existing law is mostly about frames, procedures, and methods, more than it is about substance and content. Finally, the chapter seeks to reflect on some of the most prominent current issues in the field. Looking back at several important rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union as well as of the European Court of Human Rights, it addresses several of the most salient issues for contemporary European biomedical law.
Regulating New Technologies: EU Internal Market Law, Risk, and Socio-Technical Order
Authors: Flear Mark L.
Published: July 2017

The chapter argues that, more than playing catch up with and being determined by technoscientific innovation, law also plays a leading role in the regulation of new technologies by shaping and directing the conditions of possibility for their development and market availability. The chapter charts some of the main ways in which EU internal market law retains its regulatory capacity and efficacy through techniques of negative and positive integration. These techniques centralize the harms or hazards relating to product safety as ‘the’ risks posed by new technologies. Designing regulation and limiting ‘risk’ (through it) marginalizes and obscures other kinds of harms or hazards to which it might pertain. The current regulatory design also depoliticizes, naturalizes, and quells contestation around the approach taken and obscures other potential framings of regulation, such as by human rights and bioethics.
EU Data Protection Law: The Review of Directive 95/46/EC and the General Data Protection Regulation
Authors: Hustinx Peter
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the origins and the current state of EU data protection law, and highlights the context of the ongoing review of Directive 95/46/EC as its key instrument, as well as the main lines of the proposed General Data Protection Regulation which will replace the Directive in the near future. The analysis shows a gradual development along two lines: one aiming at stronger rights in order to provide more effective protection, and one ensuring more consistent application of those rights across the EU. It also demonstrates the increasing impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, both in the case law of the Court of Justice and in the review of the legal framework. At the same time, it is argued that a lack of awareness of the difference in character between Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter could prevent Article 8 from reaching its full potential.
Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses how census data for 1850 and 1860 contributed to the military defeat of the South in the Civil War. For instance, the main innovation of the 1860 census was the cartographic presentation of the data. The agents of the Census Office reported the results of the 1860 census on existing maps of southern postal routes, county by county. Thus, northern generals gained access to data on cultivated acres, the numbers of horses and mules, and the quantities of wheat, corn, oats, or other crops, as well as on the numbers of whites, free blacks, and slaves in each county. The data of the 1850 and 1860 censuses on slaves and free blacks also played a central role in the polemics between slavery proponents and abolitionists.
From “Mulatto” to the “One Drop Rule” (1870–1900)
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses changes in racial categories applied to African Americans in the censuses from 1870 to 1900. At the time of the 1870 census, the schedules offered five choices of “color”: white, black, mulatto, Chinese, and Indian. The instructions for censustakers emphasized the importance of the “mulatto” category, which from that time on explicitly included quadroons and octoroons, and went all the way down the line to the “one drop rule.” The question of unions between members of subordinate groups was not addressed, but this was a secondary concern since the point of the system was to make it impossible for any person of mixed origin to claim membership in the white race. Only from 1900 onward was the question of racial mixing between non-whites formalized by the census.
Immigration, Nativism, and Statistics (1850–1900)
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the emergence of questions on national origins and foreign birth in the censuses of 1850 to 1900 in the context of rising nativism. The 1820 census first introduced the distinction between Americans and foreigners. It also distinguished “foreigners not naturalized” from the rest of the population. Immigration became a subject for official statistics in the 1850 census, which included very detailed questionnaires on numerous social and economic questions, such as occupation, education, or property. In 1870, a major development was the introduction of the question of the foreign birth of each parent. By the 1890 census, statistics on the naturalization of immigrants made it possible to measure the electoral strength of immigrants, whether of the first or second generation.
The Disappearance of the “Mulatto” as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States
Authors: Schor Paul
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses changes in the categorization of blacks and mulattoes at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, for the first time since blacks had been individually enumerated, the entire black population was combined into a single category, “Black”. This included all persons who were “negro or of negro descent.” The mulatto category then reappeared in 1910, but in the new context of a difference in ability rather than a biological difference between blacks and mulattoes but was dropped after the 1920 because the census noted that the classification varied greatly according to the race of the enumerator.
Case Report: Free Latissimus Dorsi Flap in Combination With Subdural Space Reduction for the Prevention of Recurrent Hemorrhage Following Hemispherectomy
Authors: Benson Carolyn M , Joswig Holger , Evans H Brian , Steven David A
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Extensive cerebral resections for the treatment of epilepsy may result in a large intracranial dead space that is prone to recurrent hemorrhage, either due to mechanical dislodgement or the development of extensive subdural membranes. Several techniques have been proposed to decrease the risk of hemorrhage by either reducing or filling the remaining intracranial dead space.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

We present a case of persistent hemorrhage following functional hemispherectomy in a patient with a large porencephalic cyst. A treatment strategy involving both subdural space reduction and cranial vault filling with a vascularized free latissimus dorsi flap is discussed.

CONCLUSION

Subdural space reduction and cranial vault filling with a vascularized free latissimus dorsi flap is a viable treatment alternative in patients with large areas of intracranial dead space.
Deaf Community Involvement in the Research Process
Authors: Singleton Jenny , Jones Gabrielle , Hanumantha Shilpa
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews a number of approaches to research involving deaf participants. The community-engaged research model (CEnR) is applied as a framework to highlight existing barriers to ethical conduct and strategies for successful community engagement in the research process. Strategies are proposed to address the challenges in educational and linguistic research involving deaf children and adult members of the Deaf community. Incorporating the collaborative participation of the Deaf community or their perspectives is argued to be critical to all phases of research decision making: navigating scientific paradigms, developing research questions, sampling, measurement, analysis, interpretation of findings, and publication activities. Collaboration within a CEnR framework promotes an interdisciplinary and intercultural analysis of signing communities and contributes to the creation of new knowledge, narratives, and strategies.
Demographics for Deaf Education
Authors: Mitchell Ross E.
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses the importance of demographic studies for deaf education. It focuses on methods of inquiry that help to answer one of the most basic questions asked by deaf education programs, namely: Who are the children and youth we may expected to be responsible for? Efforts to describe the populations that, along with their families, would benefit from specially designed instructional programming and services have been pursued in various ways. This chapter reviews past and current methods employed to estimate the size and characteristics of the deaf child and youth population in the United States and describes the necessary considerations for future work in the field.
Developing Sign Language Measurements for Research With Deaf Populations
Authors: Henner Jon , Hoffmeister Robert , Reis Jeanne
Published: July 2017

Limited choices exist for assessing the signed language development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Over the past 30 years, the American Sign Language Assessment Instrument (ASLAI) has been one of the top choices for norm-referenced assessment of deaf and hard of hearing children who use American Sign Language. Signed language assessments can also be used to evaluate the effects of a phenomenon known as language deprivation, which tends to affect deaf children. They can also measure the effects of impoverished and idiosyncratic nonstandard signs and grammar used by educators of the deaf and professionals who serve the Deaf community. This chapter discusses what was learned while developing the ASLAI and provides guidelines for educators and researchers of the deaf who seek to develop their own signed language assessments.
Research Synthesis
Authors: Luckner John L.
Published: July 2017

Current educational policies provide a mandate for the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in school-based practices. However, the field of deaf education has a paucity of experimental and quasi-experimental research addressing educational practices that have been tested and demonstrated as being effective with this population. This lack of sufficient, high-quality research to determine EBP for working with deaf students is frustrating for teachers and administrators. Consequently, there is a need to conduct research syntheses pertaining to the effectiveness of educational interventions and to create summaries of the evidence that can be used to improve practices and outcomes. This chapter provides (1) a rationale for conducting research syntheses; (2) a description of procedures for conducting and reporting research syntheses; (3) examples of research syntheses that have been published; and (4) common practices in the field of deaf education that research syntheses indicate have little evidence to support their use.
Beyond Origins
Authors: Bernal Angelica Maria
Published: July 2017

From classical stories of divine lawgivers to contemporary ones of Founding Fathers and constitutional beginnings, foundings have long been synonymous with singular, extraordinary moments of political origin and creation. In constitutional democracies, this common view is particularly attractive, with original founding events, actors, and ideals invoked time and again in everyday politics as well as in times of crisis to remake the state and unify citizens. Beyond Origins challenges this view of foundings, explaining how it is ultimately dangerous, misguided, and unsustainable. Engaging with cases of founding through a series of “travels” across political traditions and historical time, this book evaluates the uses and abuses of this view to expose in its links among foundings, origins, and authority a troubling political foundationalism. It argues that by ascribing to foundings a universally binding, unifying, and transcendent authority, the common view works to obscure the fraught political struggles involved in actual foundings and refoundings. In the wake of this challenge, the book develops an alternate approach. Centered on a political view of foundings, this framework recasts foundations as far from authoritatively settled or grounded and redefines foundings as contentious, uncertain, and incomplete. It looks to actors whose complicated relations to pure origins both reveal and capitalize on the underauthorized and contingent nature of foundations to enact foundational change. By examining such actors—from Haitian revolutionaries to Latin American presidents and social movements—the book prods a reconsideration of foundings on different terms: as a contestatory, ongoing dimension of political life.
The Regenerative Founding
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

This chapter locates a vision of democratic self-constitution beyond origins within Thomas Jefferson’s concept of a regenerative founding. It traces this alternate conception of founding to Jefferson’s writings while minister of France on the eve of the French Revolution, particularly those surrounding his 1789 letter to James Madison. It reevaluates the letter’s central question—“Whether one generation of men has a right to bind another”—and Jefferson’s answer: “that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living.” Constitutional scholarship has traditionally turned to this letter to find in it a critique of constitutionalism and an invitation to ongoing revolution. This chapter makes the case for a third interpretation that turns our attention to issues of originary authority, revolutionary founding, popular sovereignty, and constituent power, and argues that Jefferson provides a compelling argument against singularly binding origins and for ongoing constituent change within constitutional democracies.
Another Birth of Freedom
Authors: Bernal Angélica Maria
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines a previously unexplored perspective on the US civil rights refounding: Méndez v. Westminster School District et al. (1947), a case reflecting the political and legal struggles of Mexican American parents in 1940s Orange County to challenge their children’s segregation from California’s public schools. Against familiar interpretations that excluded groups advance social-justice claims before the broader society as appeals to the promises of the Founding or Founders, this chapter argues that even when situated as appeals within the law, foundational challenges are better understood as underauthorized ones: actions that self-authorize not on the basis of an order that once was, but on the basis of a citizen-subject position and political order that are at once precarious and yet to come. This type of constitutional politics, the chapter argues, challenges understandings of democratic self-constitution predicated on a unified “We, the People” by bringing to light the constituent power of the excluded.
Narrative Doublets
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that a specific compositional device well known from the Homeric poems, the so-called anticipatory doublet, can be detected in nearly every poem of the Trojan Cycle. Although doublets can be used on either a small or a large scale, it is particularly the latter function that comes out most clearly in the evidence. It may be that some poems were essentially constructed from large-scale narrative doublets (especially the Aethiopis, Nostoi, and Telegony). It is notable that different poems use the same conventional elements (e.g., aristeiai, prophetic speeches, divine epiphanies) to develop these structures. Several examples suggest sustained thematic intensification across doublet structures and use of the device to emphasize character roles, in particular that of the epigone Neoptolemus.
Aristeia
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses use of the epic aristeia as a narrative element in Homer and the Cycle. At least four secure examples of aristeiai in the Cycle reveal a simpler structure than examples from Homer’s Iliad. This “cyclic” form of the aristeia typically features as champion a Trojan ally who eventually falls at the hands of a foremost Achaean warrior. Differences between cyclic and Iliadic aristeia-sequences reflect the persons and themes involved, but also bear an intimate relationship to the different narrative requirements of shorter poems. I argue further that the simpler cyclic form of the aristeia can be seen to underlie the more complicated and varied Homeric examples.
The Role of the Gods and the Divine
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the role of the gods, with emphasis on divine intervention as a compositional device. Of the cyclic epics, the Cypria shows the greatest divine activity, with many parallels to the Iliad in the range and function of divine interventions, though the notion of a controlling “will of Zeus” added much irony to the basic scheme. However, it is the Aethiopis that shows a clearer parallel to the Iliad in its mixture of divine aid and divine conflict. The other poems of the Cycle show a much closer affinity to the Odyssey. Divine intervention is used sparingly, with relatively few gods being involved; divine conflict is less emphasized; and gods mainly serve to inspire, advise, or hinder heroes to provide direction to the narrative. Also included is a discussion of the much freer use of prophecies and omens in the Cycle as compared with Homer.
Emerging Economic, Social, and Political Tensions
Authors: Huang Yukon
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses how China’s economic transformation, supported by its decentralized system of governance, has affected social outcomes and prospects for political liberalization. China’s development path differs from the usual norms. Its impressive growth has been facilitated by a unique decentralized administrative system that has incentivized officials to promote growth and maintain political stability. Rapid growth, however, has not spared China from increasing unrest over widening income disparities, environmental degradation, and social and political tensions, thus raising concerns about the need for systemic reforms in governance. Concerns about economic and political sustainability have intensified recently with corruption being highlighted as threatening the legitimacy of the Communist Party. The new leadership has reiterated a commitment to further economic reforms, but the political system appears to be stuck in a time warp.
Neuroendrocrine Pathways to In-Group Bounded Trust and Cooperation
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Giffin Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the possibility, implied by evolutionary theory, that humans may have a biological preparedness for in-group bounded trust and cooperation and that such biological preparedness co-opts core neuroendocrine pathways to (a) sustain trust and cooperation within groups and (b) facilitate aggression against human enemies and rivaling out-groups. The chapter reviews evidence from studies linking (in-group bounded, parochial) trust and cooperation to oxytocin and to testosterone. The review suggests that oxytocin promotes trust in, and cooperation towards, in-group members more than towards individuals considered unfamiliar or out-group; oxytocin also enables aggressive defense toward rivaling out-groups, especially when these threaten the in-group. Testosterone associates with social status seeking. These works suggest that oxytocin is co-opted to enable and motivate individuals to fit into their groups and contribute to group efficiency and defense, whereas testosterone is co-opted to enable and motivate individuals to achieve status within and between groups.
The Biopolitics of Embryos and Alphabets
Authors: Miller Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

The two subjects of this book are biopolitics (unfashionable since the late 1990s) and posthumanism (falling out of fashion since the mid-2000s). Taking the inauspicious intersection of these two passé scholarly analytic modes as its starting point, the book makes a case for their value, nonetheless, in explaining the increasing cen¬trality of nostalgia to democratic politics. Nostalgia, far from being a too human evasion of political responsibility, appears here, on the contrary, as the product of a slow-motion collision between nonhuman biopolitical reproduction and nonhu¬man biopolitical thought. As a reproductive thought process, nostalgia is thus both central to ongoing democratic engagement and irrelevant to the human experience. Embedded in a wide-ranging reading of feminist theories of cognition, reproduction, and the posthuman as well as literary and historical studies of nostalgia as an illness, an experience, and a problem for engaged politics, and drawing together two seem¬ingly unrelated case studies of nostalgic, thoughtful, reproductive activity—first, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writing in French on embryonic material and, second, nineteenth- and twentieth-century writing in Turkish on Alphabet reform—the book demonstrates the unexpected reach of a new, if nostalgic, reproductive his¬tory and politics of the nonhuman.
Feminist Theory and the Politics of Life
Authors: Miller Ruth A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews recent writing in feminist theory on the problem that reproductive life has conventionally posed to democratic engagement. Setting the work of feminist philosophers alongside the writing of both historic and contemporary natural historians and biologists—Elizabeth Grosz alongside Charles Darwin and Rudolf Leuckart, Claire Colebrook in conversation with Cell, and Rosi Braidotti with Alain Prochiantz, among others—the chapter demonstrates that feminist theorists have already begun to describe the political influence of nonhuman thought and, or as, nonhuman reproduction. The chapter posits that these discussions within the field of feminist theory also set a foundation for a discussion of this mode of political engagement as, specifically, nostalgic.
Scientific Ontology
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan
Published: July 2017

Both science and philosophy are interested in questions of ontology—questions about what exists and what these things are like. Science and philosophy, however, seem like very different ways of investigating the world, so how should one proceed? Some defer to the sciences, conceived as something apart from philosophy, and others to metaphysics, conceived as something apart from science, for certain kinds of answers. This book contends that these sorts of deference are misconceived. A compelling account of ontology must appreciate the ways in which the sciences incorporate metaphysical assumptions and arguments. At the same time, it must pay careful attention to how observation, experience, and the empirical dimensions of science are related to what may be viewed as defensible philosophical theorizing about ontology. The promise of an effectively naturalized metaphysics is to encourage beliefs that are formed in ways that do justice to scientific theorizing, modeling, and experimentation. But even armed with such a view, there is no one, uniquely rational way to draw lines between domains of ontology that are suitable for belief and ones in which it would be better to suspend belief instead. In crucial respects, ontology is in the eye of the beholder: it is informed by underlying commitments with implications for the limits of inquiry, which inevitably vary across rational inquirers. As result, the proper scope of ontology is subject to a striking form of voluntary choice, yielding a new and transformative conception of scientific ontology.
Identity Choice
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This chapter outlines the new theoretical approach developed in this book: identity choice or the practice of race as a form of personal identification. The book contends that identity choice is a distinct cultural shift in how Americans define race. Historically race has been defined as a product of assigned classification in which an individual is categorized into a racial group based on the social definitions of that given time. Multiracial Americans are highlighted as an important case of identity choice given that they promote race as a form of identity but reveal the continued importance of assigned classification given that multiracial individuals are often categorized into racial groups by others. This chapter offers a historical analysis contrasting the reliance on assigned classification with the development of identity choice. The final sections of the chapter offer an overview of each chapter of the book.
Exclusive Categories
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents a historical analysis that traces changes in American norms concerning race over time. In particular, it highlights the cultural shift from perceiving race as a form of assigned classification to perceiving it as a product of personal identification. The chapter first establishes why Americans rely on racial categories and how race is practiced by classifying individuals in a small set of discrete groups. It then identifies events that occurred largely during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that cultivated the new cultural norms that created opportunities to express race as a form of personal identity.
Multiracial and Beyond
Authors: Masuoka Natalie
Published: July 2017

This conclusion discusses the lessons generated by the conceptual framework and empirical findings presented in this book. The chapter first offers a review of the main findings and discusses how these findings suggest a new process of racial formation in the twenty-first century. In particular, it emphasizes that even with increased opportunities to express one’s preferred racial identity, Americans continue to be constrained by the historic racial order. The second section of the chapter offers a discussion of how the theory of identity choice can be applied to other identities beyond multiracial identities, such as Latino and transgender identities. There are institutional opportunities that allow greater identity flexibility for Latinos while the transgender identity movement also appears to embrace a worldview that individuals should have greater agency in how to define their identity. It concludes with a discussion about the future trajectory of American race relations.
Mystery of the Artist’s Nature
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Chapter 3 produces a study, using both formal and informal evidence, of the relation between artistic productivity and creativity to the artist’s age. Extending the studies of David Galenson to a cohort of eighty prominent American artists, some painting up to the present day, our statistical analysis of value/age profiles shows some support for Galenson’s conclusion that peak productivity is affected by the age of the artist, although we do not add credence to his view that the “type” of artist (experimental or innovative) is the reason. Further, we apply anecdotal evidence to the artistic productivity of two artists—Georgia O’Keeffe and Jackson Pollock—and show that productivity measured by auction sale prices creates gains from being associated with a “school” of painting.
American Art, “Experts,” and Auction Institutions
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Estimates made by “experts” regarding the value of a painting to be offered at auction are evaluated as to whether or not they provide a “fair” or “unbiased” range. Using a sample of eighty American artists over the period 1987–2013, evidence is found that in general art prices are underestimated, but that very high priced art may be overestimated in the interests of profit-maximizing auction houses; we also find that the higher the low estimate, the less likely a painting is to sell, and the wider the range between high and low estimated, the more likely it is to sell; that if a painting does not sell on first offer, its hammer price will be about 60 percent lower if it sells on the next offering (it is “burned”); and that the rapid rise in buyer’s premiums charged by auction houses has had, in combination with other factors, a reduction in auction house revenues.
Early and Contemporary American Art as Investment Vehicles
Authors: Ekelund Robert B. , Jackson John D. , Tollison Robert D.
Published: July 2017

American art, both pre-1950 art and contemporary works, are examined as investment vehicles in this chapter. This study, unlike others, factors in both buyer’s and seller’s premiums charged by the auction house. These transaction costs must be considered when calculating actual returns from utilizing art at auction as an investment. We find that, under various assumptions of these transaction expenses, early American art (pre-1950) provides a modest return of between a negative 3-plus and a positive 2 percent. Contemporary American art, for our sample, yields a far higher return in the range of 18 percent and above. However, contemporary art carries a higher risk than holding a market portfolio, although quite naturally the return must include psychic income. This chapter, moreover, provides clear evidence that early and contemporary American art are two distinct markets.
Introduction
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter identifies and explains the components and origins of Turkey’s struggles by charting the decline of the military in political affairs and the rise of the AKP. It dissects the problems associated with Turkey’s press and the lack of media freedom, and it evaluates Turkish foreign policy as well as the Kurdish question. It also examines the unstable nature of Turkey’s democracy and its political system. The introduction explains why and how authors view Turkey through the eyes of weak state, explores some of the terminology that is used or rejected and also summarizes the chapters of the book.
Erdogan’s Way
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter demonstrates how failures within Turkey’s democratic system allow it to be dominated by majoritarian-style politics. It dissects Turkey’s institutions of state, its electoral system, and its separation of powers as well as the functions of the government, legislature and judiciary. It shows how these institutions have been able to be dominated by political actors who seek to implant their respective cultural identity onto the nature of the Turkish state and stifle opposition. Historically the ambitions and abilities of politicians to dominate the state’s politics have been tempered by the presence of the military, the self-appointed guardian of Turkey’s secular principles and upholders of the Kemalist definition of who and what is a Turk. However, in recent years under the rule of the AKP, the political power of the military declined. Never a democratic institution, the military was the ultimate check on the power of the political class. The decline of the military in politics was once a promising development which could strengthen Turkey’s democracy and political culture. However, now this possibility appears just as a mere flicker of hope.
Urban Planning, Development and the Politics of the Gecekondu
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the dynamics of Turkey’s policies of urban development. It shows that within the changing urban landscape there are politics not limited to those of ownership of public spaces and environmental concerns, but also a political-patrimonial relationship between the AKP, big businesses and the residents of poorer neighborhoods which stand to gain much from Turkey’s construction boom, despite its discontents. In order to understand this, the nature of the gecekondu (squatter) settlements must be understood and explained and how developing areas such as Gezi Park and planning “mega projects” became a political tool.
Davutoglu’s Rhythmic Diplomacy
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

Turkey’s foreign policy was once Western-looking, with its back turned to the Middle East; however, since the decline of military influence following the AKP’s election in 2002, the party has developed a different global strategy embracing its Middle Eastern neighbors, with some success: new trade links have been forged, closer strategic relations established and Turkey has made its presence felt on the global stage. However, by the time of the 2011 Arab uprisings, Turkey’s foreign policy was marred by strategic misconceptions, aggressive rhetoric and a degree of hubris threatening isolation. This chapter assesses the ideological underpinnings of Turkey’s post-military foreign policy, dissecting the AKP’s “zero problems” strategy and arguing that the government has confused strategy with ambition, leaving post-Arab Spring Turkey’s foreign policy in a perilous state.
Conclusion
Authors: Waldman Simon A. , Caliskan Emre
Published: July 2017

After another election victory, but this time winning almost 52 per cent of the vote, Recep Tayyip Erdogan became the first popularly elected president in the history of the Turkish Republic. In his victory speech, Erdogan vowed to lead Turkey into a "new era of social reconciliation by leaving old disputes in the Old Turkey." He also called on the public to "mobilize our energy for New Turkey”. However, his polarizing rhetoric and steps towards an illiberal democracy may alienate many Turkish discontents, and unless wounds are healed Turkey risks being a weak and fragile state.
“Non-locality”
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

Quantum entanglement is popularly believed to give rise to spooky action at a distance of a kind that Einstein decisively rejected. Indeed, important recent experiments on systems assigned entangled states have been claimed to refute Einstein by exhibiting such spooky action. After reviewing two considerations in favor of this view I argue that quantum theory can be used to explain puzzling correlations correctly predicted by assignment of entangled quantum states with no such instantaneous action at a distance. We owe both considerations in favor of the view to arguments of John Bell. I present simplified forms of these arguments as well as a game that provides insight into the situation. The argument I give in response turns on a prescriptive view of quantum states that differs both from Dirac’s (as stated in Chapter 2) and Einstein’s.
Measurement
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

If a quantum state completely specified the properties of a system to which it was assigned then application of quantum theory to an interaction intended to correlate properties of a measured system to those of a measuring device would leave that device recording no determinate outcome, contrary to what we observe. This is the quantum measurement problem. But the problem does not arise if the function of a quantum state assignment is not descriptive but prescriptive, so that all quantum state assignments are relational. Models of decoherence can certify the empirical significance of rival claims about which measurement outcome a device records, but their application does not explain but presupposes that exactly one such claim is true. The reality criterion which Einstein and colleagues applied to show the incompleteness of quantum description of reality is inapplicable to their chosen system while a slightly modified criterion is false.
Theories, Models, and Representation
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

Quantum theory involves a novel, indirect use of models to further the aims of fundamental science. It is revolutionary because of the way it improves our use and understanding of representations of the universe we could offer without it. The so-called semantic approach takes a scientific theory to supply a collection of models to be used to represent phenomena: but models of quantum theory are applied more indirectly to provide good advice on the significance and credibility of claims about physical things whose existence is assumable here. Inferentialism takes these claims to derive their content through inferential links to others. They are objective, as are the probabilities they are assigned, and some are objectively true.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

The chapter begins with an overview of possible syllable types in Chichewa. Possible consonant sequences and issues relating to their syllabification are taken up next. Epenthesis strategies for adapting loanwords from languages which allow a wider variety of consonant cluster types are discussed in detail. Processes of vowel deletion and syllable reduction which create syllabic nasals conclude the discussion of the syllabification of consonant sequences. Vowel sequences are also limited in Chichewa. Morphologically conditioned vowel hiatus resolution strategies are illustrated in detail.
Phrasal Phonology
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: July 2017

The phrasal phonology of Chichewa is one of the most well-known aspects of the language, thanks to Kanerva’s (1990) widely cited dissertation. The first section of this chapter briefly reviews the phonological evidence for prosodic phrasing: namely, penultimate vowel lengthening and the tonal processes introduced in Chapter 6. The next section reviews the range of data (both simplex and complex sentences) illustrating prosodic phrasing found in the work of Kanerva and follow-up studies. This is followed by a critical evaluation of three theoretical approaches accounting for the phrasing. The question of whether or not focus conditions prosodic phrasing in Chichewa, as Kanerva (1990) claims, is reviewed in the light of follow-up studies of focus prosody in the language. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contribution of studies of Chichewa prosodic phrasing to theoretical and typological issues in the phonology–syntax–focus interface.
Understanding Non-Conceptual Representation of Objects
Authors: Dunlop Katherine
Published: July 2017

This chapter endorses Lucy Allais’s attribution of a non-conceptualist view to Kant and her methodology of appealing to contemporary cognitive science. In particular, it agrees with Allais that intuition should be understood as the result of cognitive processing (rather than as brutely given). But the chapter argues that Allais’s choice of ‘binding’ as an empirical model (for the generation of intuition) is not apt, proposing instead that the processing that generates intuition should be taken to implement empirically-identified ‘principles of object perception’. It is argued that representation conforming to these principles need not qualify as conceptual by Kant’s standards.
Inner Sense and Time
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter explains how outer appearances end up in time, despite the fact that time is only the form of inner sense, on the basis that they are objects of representations of which we become aware in a temporal manner by means of an act of reflexive awareness. This temporalising function of inner sense is to be distinguished from the subjective temporal ordering that results from the reappropriation of mental states by means of inner intuition. Both these functions pertain to sensibility and are, in turn, to be distinguished from time determination, which is performed by the understanding. There is thus a three-fold progression: 1. the temporalising of appearances as a result of reflexive awareness (subjective simultaneity), 2. the subjective ordering of representings that occurs as part of the reappropriation of mental states (subjective succession), and 3. the objective ordering identified by means of time determination (objective simultaneity and succession).
The Swiss and their Neighbours, 1460-1560
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Renewed interest in Swiss history has sought to overcome the old stereotypes of peasant liberty and republican exceptionalism. The heroic age of the Confederation in the fifteenth century is now seen as a turning point as the Swiss polity achieved a measure of institutional consolidation and stability, and began to mark out clear frontiers. This book questions both assumptions. It argues that the administration of the common lordships by the cantons collectively gave rise to as much discord as cooperation, and remained a pragmatic device not a political principle. It argues that the Swiss War of 1499 was an avoidable catastrophe, from which developed a modus vivendi between the Swiss and the Empire as the Rhine became a buffer zone, not a boundary. It then investigates the background to Bern’s conquest of the Vaud in 1536, under the guise of relieving Geneva from beleaguerment, to suggest that Bern’s actions were driven not by predeterminate territorial expansion but by the need to halt French designs upon Geneva and Savoy. The geopolitical balance of the Confederation was fundamentally altered by Bern’s acquisition of the Vaud and adjacent lands. Nevertheless, the political fabric of the Confederation, which had been tested to the brink during the Reformation, proved itself flexible enough to absorb such a major reorientation, not least because what held the Confederation together was not so much institutions as a sense of common identity and mutual obligation forged during the Burgundian Wars of the 1470s.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The history of Switzerland has rarely been of lively concern to foreign scholars. Apart from Edward Gibbon in the mid-eighteenth century (whose reflections on Switzerland and on Bern in particular were written in French), English-speaking historians have been content to treat the country as a peripheral curiosity, since neither its constitution nor its governance appear to fit the pattern of nations and states emerging elsewhere in Europe. This neglect has been compounded by Swiss historians themselves, who until recently have devoted their efforts to burnishing the image of a heroic Swiss past which emphasized separation and exceptionalism....
The Occupation of the Thurgau
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Swiss hostility towards Konstanz led to the ‘Plappart War’ of 1458, followed by papal excommunication of Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1460, which provided the context for Swiss occupation of the Thurgau, which was administered as a second common lordship. But there was legal disagreement over the territorial bailiwick, which fell to the Swiss, and the territorial court, which remained with Konstanz. Any attempt to create a uniform territory in the Thurgau was further hampered by the presence of local jurisdictional lords with sovereign rights, who refused to swear allegiance to the Swiss. The Swiss also faced revived Habsburg power north of the Rhine in Swabia.
Konstanz’s Dilemma
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Konstanz was an imperial free city whose citizens, collectively or individually, retained extensive estates and lands in the Thurgau notwithstanding Swiss occupation. But it was a city of divided loyalties, with pro-Swiss and pro-Austrian factions. Its precarious situation as gateway or bridgehead deterred the Habsburgs from initially requiring Konstanz to join the Swabian League of 1488, which embraced cities and lords in Swabia, and latterly Emperor Maximilian himself. For their part, the Swiss made clear that any such move would entail military reprisals. Joining the Confederation might have solved the dilemma, were it not for entrenched opposition by the Swiss rural or Inner cantons to admitting another city-state. Sporadic sorties by Swiss irregulars finally drove Konstanz to join the Swabian League in 1498.
Raids and Retaliation
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The Swiss mounted raids across the Hochrhein and the Alpine Rhine, as well as taking possession of the bishop of Konstanz’s castles. The Swabian League responded with sorties south of the Rhine. These raids were mostly for booty and were followed by rapid withdrawal: there was no obvious strategic purpose behind them. Both sides employed mercenaries. It is doubtful whether the Swiss had any long-term intention of seizing the southern Black Forest or the Hegau, though military access to the four Austrian ‘Forest Towns’ was an important aim. Nevertheless, individually Zürich and Schaffhausen had territorial ambitions in the Klettgau and Hegau, respectively.
The Peace of Basel and Its Aftermath
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

It is doubtful whether the Peace of Basel (October 1499) constituted a watershed, let alone marking the supposed severance of the Swiss Confederation from the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, there were no further serious military engagements, and the German Peasants’ War (1524–6), with its origins on the Hochrhein barely spilled over into Switzerland, except for Schaffhausen’s territory, which lay north of the river. Emperor Maximilian now wished to use Switzerland as a reservoir of mercenaries in his international campaigns. That culminated in the conclusion of the Hereditary Agreement of 1511 between Austria and Switzerland. The Basel peace did, however, require Konstanz to surrender the territorial court, but that left the position of Konstanz itself unresolved. Maximilian insisted that the city remain open to imperial troops. Sovereignty over the Thurgau remained contentious between Zürich, the abbot of St Gallen, the bishop of Konstanz, and the local jurisdictional lords.