bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between body mass index/body composition and survival in patients with heart failure
Authors: Shirley Shelby , Davis Leslie L. , Carlson Barbara Waag
Published: June 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to summarize the literature on the relationship between obesity and survival in persons with heart failure (HF). In particular, the article examines the ways in which studies define body size/composition (body mass index [BMI], body composition, weight, cachexia, fluid retention, or albumin) and the relationship of BMI and survival after controlling for factors such as HF severity, etiology of the HF, gender, race, age, and/or time since HF diagnosis.

Data sources: The keywords heart failure and body mass index, heart failure and obesity, and heart failure and body composition were indexed in PubMed. Articles published from 1999 to 2006 that used multivariate analyses to examine the relationship between obesity and survival in persons with HF were included in the review.

Conclusions: BMI is the standard most often used for measuring body weight in patients with HF. Yet, BMI does not address other major components of body weight (fat, lean body mass, and fluid) that may factor into the mortality of patients with HF. Four of the six studies reviewed reported a positive relationship between obesity and improved survival. However, the studies are limited by design, with the majority being cross‐sectional. Furthermore, most of the data were collected through secondary data analysis from patient records in the 1990s, before contemporary HF treatment was used.

Implications for practice: Until further research solidifies a clear association between higher BMIs and improved survival in patients with HF, nurse practitioners and others should continue to counsel their patients with HF who are overweight to lose weight. Assessing BMI alone as a predictor of survival for patients with HF may be misleading and should be performed in the context of other factors. Moreover, care should be taken in managing patients with HF who are cachexic because these patients have a worrisome prognosis.
Lower urinary tract symptoms in women—A common but neglected problem
Authors: Bradway Christine , Coyne Karin S. , Irwin Debra , Kopp Zoe
Published: June 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to provide nurse practitioners (NPs) an understanding of female lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Data sources: Scientific literature including articles on epidemiology, assessment, impact on quality of life (QoL), treatment barriers, and management.

Conclusions: Female LUTS are common and adversely affect QoL. Nevertheless, the social stigma prevents many women from seeking treatment, and healthcare providers often lack adequate time to inquire about bladder health. Although LUTS are not life threatening, the impact is tremendous, and there is an urgent need for healthcare providers to improve management of chronic conditions.

Implications for practice: NPs should play a role in driving this response by increasing awareness of LUTS, taking the lead in examining barriers to treatment, and providing long‐term support to patients.
Autalia rivularis (Gravenhorst) and Brachida clara (Weise) new to Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: KIM Yoon‐Ho , CHO Young Bok , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: June 2008

Two aleocharine species, Autalia rivularis (Gravenhorst) and Brachida clara (Weise), are identified for the first time in Korea. Diagnoses, habitus illustrations, and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided.
Taxonomic study of the genus Meganephria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from north‐east China
Authors: HAN Hui‐Lin , LI Cheng‐De
Published: June 2008

We reviewed four species of the genus Meganephria Hübner from north‐east China. M. kononenkoi Poole is reported for the first time from China, and M. cinerea (Butler) is newly added to the continental fauna of China. The adults and genitalia of the species are illustrated, and distributional ranges and host plants are provided.
Effects of four Bacillus spp. of soil origin on the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Authors: ERTÜRK Ömer , YAMAN Mustafa , ASLAN İrfan
Published: June 2008

Four species of Bacillus were isolated from soil in an effort to find safe, effective and alternative biological control agents against plant pests. These bacteria were identified as Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus cereus on the basis of fatty acid methyl ester analysis and carbon utilization profiles by using Microbial Identification and Biolog Microplate Systems. Laboratory experiments carried out to determine the insecticidal activities of these isolates showed that B. pumilus caused 95.7 and 26.7% mortality and B. sphaericus caused 74.5 and 23.3% mortality of Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae and adults, respectively. B. cereus and B. megaterium showed 51.1 and 29.7%, respectively, of L. decemlineata larvae. This study presents at least two Turkish isolates from the genus Bacillus showing high insecticidal activity against L. decemlineata.
Origin and rearing season of honeybee queens affect some of their physiological and reproductive characteristics
Authors: AL‐GHZAWI Abd Al‐Majeed , ZAITOUN Shahera
Published: June 2008

Queen honeybees of Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis mellifera syriaca were raised to investigate physiological and reproductive characteristics and to determine the most suitable time for queen rearing under semi‐arid conditions in Jordan. The queen rearing season as well as the origin of the queens affected the queens’ weight, acceptance, preoviposition period, volume of the spermatheca, and quantity and quality of sperm in the spermatheca. Italian bees were heavier than Syrian bees at emergence. The introduced queen acceptance rate appeared to be a genetic influence of the queen: A. m. ligustica virgin queens were accepted at a higher rate than were A. m. syriaca queens. There were large seasonal variations in the acceptance rate. Experimental bee colonies accepted their virgin queens during spring with good honey flows at a higher rate compared to the other rearing periods. The greatest mating success was achieved in May and the smallest was during July and August. The preoviposition period was shorter in the Syrian than in the Italian queens, and was longer during summer for both honeybee subspecies. The volume of the spermatheca was smaller in Syrian bees and the spermatheca had lower numbers of spermatozoa compared with Italian bees. Thus, under semi‐arid Mediterranean region conditions, it is highly recommended to raise virgin queens in the spring months only to obtain their highest quality.
Taxonomic study of the genus Charops Holmgren (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) from the Eastern Palaearctic Region
Authors: CHOI Jin‐Kyung , LEE Jong‐Wook
Published: June 2008

We report three species –Charops brachypterus (Cameron, 1897), C. cantator (DeGeer, 1778) and C. striatus (Uchida 1932) – new to Korea. Of these, C. brachypeterus (Cameron, 1897) is recorded for the first time from the Eastern Palaeartic Region. A revised key to the species, descriptions, and photographs of diagnostic characters are provided.
Microstructure of the silk apparatus in the coelotine spider Paracoelotes spinivulva (Araneae: Amaurobiidae)
Authors: MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: June 2008

The microstructural characteristics of the silk‐spinning apparatus and its ecological significance in the coelotine spider Paracoelotes spinivulva were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, with the goal of understanding the properties and the evolutionary origins of these silk constructs. The silk apparatuses of this spider were composed of four basic types of silk‐spinning spigot (ampullate, pyriform, aciniform and tubuliform), which connected with typical silk glands in the abdominal cavity. Of the three pairs of spinnerets, the posterior pairs were highly elongated along the body axis. Anterior spinnerets comprised two pairs of ampullate glands and approximately 70–80 pairs of pyriform glands in both sexes. Middle spinnerets had one to two pairs of ampullate spigots, three pairs of tubuliform spigots in females, and 50–60 (female) or 80–90 (male) pairs of aciniform spigots. An additional two pairs of tubuliform spigots in females and 70–80 (female) or 100–120 (male) pairs of aciniform spigots were counted on the spinning surfaces of the posterior spinnerets in both sexes. Although the coelotine spiders use their silk to catch prey, P. spinivulva characteristically do not have a typical “triad” spigot, including a flagelliform and two aggregate spigots, for capture thread production.
Endogenous Factors Affecting Oxidative Stability of Beef Loin, Pork Loin, and Chicken Breast and Thigh Meats
Authors: Min B. , Nam K.C. , Cordray J. , Ahn D.U.
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT:  The susceptibility of meats from different animal species (chicken breast [CB] and thigh [CT], pork [PL], and beef [BL]) to lipid oxidation was studied. The amounts of TBARS in raw PL, CB, and CT did not change during a 7‐d storage period. TBARS values of raw BL, however, significantly increased during 7‐d storage because of high heme iron content, high lipoxygenase‐like activities, and low 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Ferric ion reducing capacities (FRC) were detected in all raw meats, but their characteristics were different: storage‐unstable in CB and CT and storage‐stable in PL and BL. Ferric ion reducing capacities in raw CB and CT was higher than those of PL and BL, and could be related to their high oxidative stability. The TBARS values of cooked meat increased significantly with storage. The rates of TBARS increase in cooked CT and BL were significantly higher than those of cooked CB and PL after a 7‐d storage. Nonheme iron content in cooked BL was higher than other meats and increased significantly after 7 d. Cooked BL had a higher amount of heat‐stable FRC, which acted as a prooxidant in the presence of high free ionic irons, than other meats. Therefore, high heat‐stable FRC and increased nonheme iron content in cooked BL were responsible for its high susceptibility to lipid oxidation. Despite relatively low nonheme iron and heat‐stable FRC levels, cooked CT showed similar levels of TBARS to cooked BL after a 7‐d storage because of its high PUFA content.
Quantifying Nonhomogeneous Colors in Agricultural Materials Part I: Method Development
Authors: Balaban M.O.
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT:  Measuring the color of food and agricultural materials using machine vision (MV) has advantages not available by other measurement methods such as subjective tests or use of color meters. The perception of consumers may be affected by the nonuniformity of colors. For relatively uniform colors, average color values similar to those given by color meters can be obtained by MV. For nonuniform colors, various image analysis methods (color blocks, contours, and “color change index”[CCI]) can be applied to images obtained by MV. The degree of nonuniformity can be quantified, depending on the level of detail desired. In this article, the development of the CCI concept is presented. For images with a wide range of hue values, the color blocks method quantifies well the nonhomogeneity of colors. For images with a narrow hue range, the CCI method is a better indicator of color nonhomogeneity.
Using Phytochemicals to Enhance Health Benefits of Milk: Impact of Polyphenols on Flavor Profile
Authors: Axten L.G. , Wohlers M.W. , Wegrzyn T.
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT:  The focus of new product development of functional foods is not only on the associated health benefits but also on the sensory properties of the finished product. A trained panel (n= 13) assessed 5 milk‐based beverages fortified with added apple or grape seed polyphenols and a control using descriptive analysis techniques. The resulting vocabulary consisted of 16 odor, taste, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes, complete with reference standards and scale intensities. Panelists differentiated between samples using all 16 attributes in the vocabulary (P < 0.001). Samples fortified with polyphenols, sourced from grape seed and apple extracts, differed significantly. Bitterness and UHT (ultra‐high temperature) odor and flavor were the key drivers of product difference. Relatively small (but still significant) differences were identified between those containing polyphenols from the same plant source but different suppliers. We concluded that both grape seed and apple polyphenols suppress the flavor characteristics of the milk, with apple polyphenols having more of an impact than grape seed polyphenols. In particular, the high level of bitterness in apple extracts has large flavor profile implications for product development.
Effect of Electrolyzed Water for Reduction of Foodborne Pathogens on Lettuce and Spinach
Authors: Park E.‐J. , Alexander E. , Taylor G.A. , Costa R. , Kang D.‐H.
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT:  The ability of electrolyzed water (EW) to inactivate foodborne pathogens on the surfaces of lettuce and spinach was investigated. Lettuce and spinach leaves were inoculated with a cocktail of 3 strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and treated with acidic electrolyzed water (AC‐EW), alkaline electrolyzed water (AK‐EW), alkaline electrolyzed water followed by acidic electrolyzed water (sequential treatment, AK‐EW + AC‐EW), deionized water followed by acidic electrolyzed water (sequential treatment, DW + AC‐EW), and deionized water (control, DW) for 15, 30 s, and 1, 3, and 5 min at room temperature (22 ± 2 °C). For all 3 pathogens, the same pattern of microbial reduction on lettuce and spinach were apparent. The relative efficacy of reduction was AC‐EW > DW + AC‐EW ≈ AK‐EW + AC‐EW > AK‐EW > control. After a 3‐min treatment of AC‐EW, the 3 tested pathogens were reduced below the detection limit (0.7 log). DW + AC‐EW and AK‐EW + AC‐EW produced the same levels of reduction after 5 min when compared to the control. AK‐EW did not reduce levels of pathogens even after a 5‐min treatment on lettuce and spinach. Results suggest that AC‐EW treatment was able to significantly reduce populations of the 3 tested pathogens from the surfaces of lettuce and spinach with increasing time of exposure.
Lipoxygenase Independent Hexanal Formation in Isolated Soy Proteins Induced by Reducing Agents
Authors: Lei Q. , Boatright W.L.
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT:  Compared to corresponding controls, 6.5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) elevated headspace hexanal level over aqueous slurries of both commercial isolated soy proteins (ISP) and laboratory ISP prepared with 80 °C treatment. Further analysis revealed that lipoxygenase (LOX) activity was not detected from these ISP, indicating that LOX is not involved in the observed hexanal increase. Levels of the induced headspace hexanal over the ISP aqueous slurries were proportional to the amount of DTT added in the range of 0 to 65 mM. Subsequent systematic investigations with model systems revealed that iron was required for the reducing agent‐induced hexanal formation from linoleic acid. Erythorbate, another reducing agent, can also induce hexanal formation in both ISP and model systems. As a comparison, the LOX activity and hexanal synthesis in defatted soy flour were examined. The corresponding results showed that defatted soy flour maintained high LOX activities and that hexanal synthesis in such sample was significantly inhibited by high concentration DTT (above 130 mM). Data from the current investigation demonstrate the existence of LOX independent hexanal formation induced by reducing agents in ISP and the potential requirement of iron as a catalyst.
Geochemical patterns in Norwegian greenstones
Authors: Gale G. H. , Pearce J. A.
Published: June 2008

Representative samples of Caledonian greenstones from the Grong, Joma, Løkken, Støren, Stavenes, and Bømlo areas in central and southern Norway have been analysed for major elements and over 20 trace elements. Ocean-floor tholeiite-normalized trace-element patterns and chondrite-normalized rare-earth patterns both provide clues to the genesis, original tectonic setting, petrologic character, and effects of alteration of these greenstones. We conclude that the Støren, Stavenes, and Løkken greenstones were generated at spreading axes within the Caledonian ocean, the Grong and possibly the Bømlo submarine greenstones were erupted in an island-arc system, and the Joma and Bømlo subaerial greenstones were erupted in a within-plate setting. The Løkken greenstones may have been generated in a marginal basin, whereas those from Støren and Stavenes were probably generated at a rapidly spreading axis in a major ocean.
A 1100 year paleoclimatic record from Burton Bay – Tarr Inlet, Baffin Island
Authors: Short Susan K. , Jacobs John D.
Published: June 2008

Pollen studies were carried out in the upper Frobisher Bay area, Baffin Island, as part of joint paleoenvironmental–archaeological investigations in the area. Pollen data from southern Baffin Island are rare, and this paper expands this record.A shallow peat section and several recent pollen records are presented. They suggest a contrast between an earlier assemblage, dated 2000–1650 BP, which was characterized by a rich, diverse flora, especially birch shrubs, and a subsequent pollen assemblage dominated by grass pollen and interpreted as representing colder and drier conditions to 900 BP.
Quaternary interglacial and associated deposits in southwest Newfoundland
Authors: Brookes Ian A. , McAndrews John H. , von Bitter Peter H.
Published: June 2008

A coastal cliff section near Codroy, Newfoundland exposes five distinctive lithologic units, which are defined lithologically and structurally as colluvial, lacustrine, or glacial in origin. They have been preserved in a gypsum karst depression, but continuing karst evolution has disturbed their original attitudes.The two oldest units, 5 and 4, were formed by sidewall slumping of local bedrock and earlier glacial material from the failing rim of a newly formed sinkhole. Unit 3 represents tranquil sedimentation of thin sand and silt–clay laminae, first in a freshwater sinkhole pond, then in brackish marine waters that entered after breaching of its seaward wall, and finally again in fresh water as sea level fell below the sill of the small embayment. Units 2 and 1 are glacial deposits laid down over older units after a second major sinkhole collapse. Collapse has continued to the present day.Pollen and spores from unit 3 indicate that during its deposition regional vegetation changed from tundra (Zone A) to boreal forest (Zone B), and back to tundra (Zone C), through an interglacial cycle of vegetation change. Balsam fir wood from Zone B is radiocarbon-dated to > 40 000 BP (I-10203).Foraminifera from unit 3 indicate that brackish marine conditions prevailed before Zone B times, and that nearshore fully marine conditions briefly prevailed in Zone B times. Zone B is thus assigned full interglacial status, based on pollen and foraminiferal evidence, and is tentatively assigned to the Sangamonian for want of indications to the contrary and for economy of interpretation. The overlying glaciogenic units 1 and 2 are thus probably of early Wisconsinan age.Calcite crystals, possibly pseudomorphous, found within Zone B of unit 3, were radiocarbon-dated at 30 000 ± 1450 BP (UQ-115). δ18O values of −6.8 to −7.5‰ (versus PDB) indicate replacement by calcite under conditions similar to present. δ13C values of −24.00 to −26.24‰ (versus PDB) indicate that carbonate carbon was supplied by decay of local organic matter. The date is thus a minimum and supports the contention that the sediments are of at least last interglacial age.Gypsum karst has thus been evolving in this area since before the last interglacial and has preserved a record of environmental change for that period that is unique in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Unit 3 is proposed as the stratotype for the "Codroy Interglacial Beds" (new name).
Patapedia: an Appalachian calc-silicate-hosted copper prospect of porphyry affinity
Authors: Williams-Jones Anthony E.
Published: June 2008

The Patapedia prospect is in several bodies of calc-silicate hornfelses and subordinate marbles in which fracturing and metasomatism are associated with copper-bearing sulphide mineralization. Igneous rocks are restricted to a swarm of thin felsic dykes of calc-alkaline affinity.Prograde metamorphic isograds (anorthite–K-feldspar; tremolite–anorthite; sphene; diopside; and wollastonite) are telescoped into the marginal parts of each metamorphic body, and are estimated from phase equilibrium relationships to have developed at temperatures above 400 °C at XCO2 < 0.5. The prograde metamorphism, which was accompanied by some addition of potassium and a loss of calcium, is interpreted to have been caused by heat transferred from hydrothermal fluids.Garnet- and epidote-bearing assemblages are exclusively metasomatic and formed when conditions of XCO2 < 0.1 prevailed. Epidote-bearing assemblages developed at lower temperatures than those containing garnet, and are associated with the bulk of the copper mineralization. The metasomatic stage, including sulphide deposition, is considered from various lines of evidence (albitization of prograde plagioclase, local marialitic scapolite development, and NaCl-saturated fluid inclusions) to have proceeded from the interaction of the rocks with saline hydrothermal fluids.Dyke rocks show evidence of potassic, sericitic, and propylitic alteration. Those centrally located with respect to the metamorphism are potassically altered. Such areas are also better mineralized.The metasediments display patterns of 13C and 18O depletions that are due in part to the prograde metamorphism and in part to the interaction of the rocks with an isotopically lighter hydrothermal fluid of probable magmatic origin.A model is proposed for the evolution of the deposit and its host, which involves prograde metamorphism of calcareous sediments caused by heat transferred from a largely magmatic hydrothermal system. This fluid altered associated dyke rocks and, after calcite was consumed in the calc-silicate hornfelses, fractured and altered those rocks with concomitant precipitation of copper and iron sulphides. This model is similar to that commonly put forward for the development of porphyry copper deposits.
Kinematic interpretation of mylonitic rocks in part of the Columbia River fault zone, Shuswap terrane, British Columbia
Authors: Brown Richard L. , Murphy Donald C.
Published: June 2008

Mylonitic rocks of the Columbia River fault zone have been examined in a 600 m thick section, 20 km north of Revelstoke, British Columbia. At this locality coarse-grained granite with well-preserved igneous texture lies in the hanging wall of the fault zone. Adjacent to the boundary of the mylonite zone the granite is foliated and mineral segregation gives rise to well-defined compositional layering. The foliation (Sf) is defined by oriented mineral grains and flattened porphyroclasts. In areas of intense strain compositional layering (Sc) is parallel to Sf. At the boundary of the mylonite zone and in weakly deformed areas within the mylonite zone Sc and Sf are inclined at angles up to 30°. Sf is taken to be a plane of flattening, and Sc appears to parallel a plane of shear. After correction for effects of late-stage flexural slip folding the angular relationship of Sc to Sf may be used to determine sense of shear in the mylonitc zone; the hanging-wall rocks have been displaced toward the east relative to the footwall. Formation of mylonitic fabrics and associated displacement of the Selkirk allochthon eastward relative to the underlying Monashee Complex occurred after the Middle Jurassic peak of regional metamorphism and before brittle reactivation and uplift in the Tertiary.
Superimposed low-grade metamorphism in the Mount Fisher area, southeastern British Columbia—implications for the East Kootenay orogeny
Authors: McMechan M. E. , Price R. A.
Published: June 2008

Middle Proterozoic (~1500–1350 Ma) Belt–Purcell strata exposed in the Purcell and southwestern Rocky Mountains were affected by at least three distinct episodes of deformation and regional metamorphism. The oldest episode (1300–1350 Ma) apparently terminated Belt–Purcell sedimentation and involved folding, regional metamorphism, and granitic intrusion. The second episode (800–900 Ma) occurred during deposition of the Windermere Supergroup and involved uplift, block faulting, and low-grade regional metamorphism. Mesozoic–Cenozoic metamorphism, deformation, and plutonism overprinted the results of the earlier deformation and metamorphism.Illite crystallinity and muscovite polymorph ratios indicate that Purcell strata in the Mount Fisher area are in the lower green-schist to prehnite–pumpellyite facies of regional metamorphism. In the Steeples and Fisher blocks this metamorphism is related to structures that formed during the Late Cretaceous – Paleocene deformation. However, in the Sand Creek block the regional metamorphism is related to the development of a spaced cleavage that is folded by a Late Cretaceous – Paleocene nappe. Regional considerations suggest that this cleavage formed during the 1300–1350 Ma episode of deformation and metamorphism.The "East Kootenay orogeny" as currently defined embraces the two older episodes of tectonism. It is proposed that the term East Kootenay orogeny be restricted to designate the 1300–1350 Ma episode and that the term "Goat River orogeny" designate the 800–900 Ma episode of tectonism. The East Kootenay and Goat River orogenies appear to be correlative with the Racklan and Hayhook orogenies recognized in the northern Canadian Cordillera.
The South Lake Igneous Complex, Newfoundland: a marginal basin – island arc association
Authors: Lorenz Brenna E. , Fountain John C.
Published: June 2008

The South Lake Igneous Complex, located south of Notre Dame Bay in the Exploits Zone of central Newfoundland, consists of ophiolitic (layered gabbro and sheeted dike) fragments intruded by a quartz–hornblende diorite and a later tonalite. All units are cut by swarms of basalt dikes. The sheeted dikes of the ophiolitic fragments are depleted in incompatible elements relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts, but to a lesser degree than the depleted lavas of the Bett's Cove Ophiolite in the Notre Dame Bay Zone to the west, and are interpreted as being components of oceanic crust formed in a back-arc basin. The intruding plutonic phases are rich in hydrous minerals and are severely depleted in incompatible elements, and are considered to be related to the formation of an island-arc volcanic pile upon the ophiolitic basement, with the rising magmas massively intruding and disrupting the basement rocks. The late dikes are enriched in incompatible elements and have a transitional tholeiitic–alkalic character. How much younger these dikes are than the rocks they intrude is unknown. Assuming that they are similar in age, an origin of these basalts from a subducted oceanic ridge is speculated.
The Dusty Creek landslide on Mount Cayley, British Columbia
Authors: Clague J. J. , Souther J. G.
Published: June 2008

A large (ca. 5 × 106 m3) landslide occurred on the west flank of Mount Cayley in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia in 1963. Failure commenced when a large block of poorly consolidated tuff breccia and columnar-jointed dacite was detached from the subvolcanic basement and slid into the valley of Dusty Creek, a small tributary of Turbid Creek. As the detached block accelerated, it quickly fragmented into an aggregate consisting of angular clasts up to several metres across, partially supported by a matrix of fine comminuted rock material. The landslide debris moved about 1 km down Dusty Creek as a wedge-shaped mass up to 70 m thick, banking up on turns and attaining a maximum velocity of 15–20 m/s. The debris mass thinned as it spread across the broader, flatter valley of Turbid Creek, and was deposited as an irregular blanket with a maximum thickness of 65 m along a 1 km length of this valley. As a result of the landslide, Turbid and Dusty Creeks were blocked, and lakes formed behind the debris. These debris dams were soon overtopped and rapidly breached, causing floods and probably debris flows to sweep down Turbid Creek valley far beyond the terminus of the landslide.From an analysis of the annual rings of slide-damaged trees, it is concluded that the landslide probably occurred in July 1963. Although the largest earthquake of 1963 and a moderately intense rainstorm also occurred during this month, there were much larger earthquakes and storms in this area on many previous occasions, and these did not cause large slope failures. Thus, it appears that the stability of the slope at the head of Dusty Creek gradually deteriorated over a long period of time until a relatively minor event, such as a small earthquake or storm, triggered the failure.The main contributing factors to this landslide are geologic and include the presence of: (1) hydrothermally altered faults and fractures in poorly lithified pyroclastic rocks and in jointed volcanic flows; (2) an outward-sloping unconformity separating the Quaternary volcanic sequence from older basement rocks; and (3) fractured glassy selvages surrounding small intrusions in the base of the volcanic pile.Deposits of one or more landslides that predate the 1963 event also occur in Turbid Creek valley. These older deposits are present over a much larger area than the 1963 slide deposits and probably were emplaced by highly mobile debris flows with high water content.
Na–K–Li geochemistry of the Prestige pluton in the Slave Province of the Canadian Shield
Authors: Kretz Ralph , Garrett Diane , Garrett Robert G.
Published: June 2008

In the southwestern Slave Province (Canadian Precambrian Shield), a cluster of 14 muscovite–biotite granite plutons dated at about 2.6 × 109 years was emplaced into a thick succession of Archean greenstone, graywacke, and argillite known as the Yellowknife Supergroup. One of the medium-sized plutons (the Prestige pluton), with an outcrop area of 14 km2, consists of equal portions of quartz, plagioclase, and potash feldspar, and minor muscovite, biotite, and apatite. The presence of muscovite, andalusite, and sillimanite in the metamorphic aureole indicates that the pluton was emplaced at a depth of about 9 km (2.5 kbar (250 MPa)) and a temperature of about 600 °C. The texture is complex, as shown especially by muscovite, which occurs as large crystals, as small oriented inclusions in plagioclase, and as fine-grained aggregates along grain boundaries.The mean density of the Prestige granite is 2.641 g cm−3, which is less than that of the country rock by a factor of 0.96. The mean alkali content is 2.5 wt.% Na, 4.3 wt.% K, and 700 ppm Li (80 samples). Na and K are normally distributed; Li is strongly skewed. Analysis of variance shows that 50–80% of the element variability occurs on a small scale (within 0.25 km2 cells). Some of this variability was possibly produced by chemical transport reactions such as:[Formula: see text]which may also account for some of the textural complexity.Large-scale trends within the Prestige pluton could be detected for K and Li but not for Na. Thus the western half is relatively poor in K, and the narrow margin of the pluton is relatively rich in Li. These trends may be attributed to inhomogeneity within the granite prior to emplacement or to a large-scale migration of alkalies that occurred during the formation of the associated pegmatite dikes.Virtually all of the physical and chemical data that are available for the Prestige pluton are consistent with a model that supposes the granite body was in a totally crystalline, but plastic, condition while it migrated to higher crustal levels, in response to buoyant forces.
Holocene vegetation and climatic change in the Peace River district, Canada
Authors: White James M. , Mathewes Rolf W.
Published: June 2008

A sediment core from a pond on the Alberta Plateau in the Peace River district of British Columbia was studied using pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating. Percentage and influx diagrams were produced, and radiocarbon dates were corrected to calendar years to calculate the sedimentation rate. The 231 cm core terminated in clay, and a basal date of 7250 ± 120 years BP was obtained, several thousand years after the recession of Glacial Lake Peace. The formation of the pond is interpreted as resulting from a climatic change, probably a transition from the peak of the Hypsithermal. Zone 1, from 7250 to 5500 years BP, is interpreted as representing a seasonal slough, with upland vegetation percentages consistent with a boreal forest. At about 5500 years BP a permanent pond with surrounding sedge wetlands was formed. Vegetation has been essentially modern during the last 3100 years. Measurements of spruce grains suggest the presence of black and white spruce throughout the pollen record. The formation of permanent ponds and wetlands on the Alberta Plateau at about 5500 years BP is thought to have been the most important vegetation change of the last 7000 years, which may have affected faunal and human populations.
The biostratigraphy of the Nicolet River Formation in Quebec and intra-North American correlations in Middle and Upper Ordovician strata
Authors: Walters Martin , Lespérance Pierre J. , Hubert Claude
Published: June 2008

At the present time, graptolites provide the only satisfactory biostratigraphical zonation of the Nicolet River Formation in Quebec. Five detailed sections of this formation show that it ranges in age from the Corynoides americanus or Orthograptus ruedemanni Zone to post-Climacograptus manitoulinensis Zone. Correlation of these strata with others in North America indicates that the bases of the Cobourgian (classical uppermost Champlainian) and Edenian (basal Cincinnatian) are not correlative, although these stages must be partially time equivalents; however, we have refrained from suggesting a new stadial term for these post-Shermanian but pre-Edenian strata. Our graptolite-based correlation of Berry's Zone 13 (Marathon region, Texas) with the eastern North American and western European successions differs from conodont-based correlations.
Late Quaternary sea levels and crustal movements, coastal British Columbia
Authors: Clague John , Harper John R. , Hebda R. J. , Howes D. E.
Published: June 2008

Late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations on the British Columbia coast have been established from studies of terrestrial and marine sediments and landforms. These studies indicate that the sea-level history of mainland British Columbia and eastern Vancouver Island is very different from that of the Queen Charlotte Islands and western Vancouver Island. Specifically, in the former areas, there was a rapid rise of submerged coastal lowlands between about 13 000 and 10 000 years ago. Emergence culminated about 6000–9000 years ago, depending on the locality, when the sea, relative to the land, was 12 m or more lower than at present in some areas. During middle and late Holocene time, relative sea level rose on the mainland coast and at least locally on eastern Vancouver Island, resulting in inundation of coastal archaeological sites and low-lying terrestrial vegetation. Tidal records and precise levelling suggest ongoing submergence of at least part of this region.In contrast, shorelines on the Queen Charlotte Islands were below present from before 13 700 years ago until approximately 9500–10 000 years ago. A transgression at the close of the Pleistocene climaxed about 7500–8500 years ago when relative sea level probably was about 15 m above present in most areas. Most of the emergence that followed apparently occurred in the last 5000–6000 years. There has been a similar pattern of emergence on the west coast of Vancouver Island during late Holocene time.The above patterns of late Quaternary sea-level change are attributed to complex isostatic response to downwasting and retreat of the late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet, to transfers of water from melting ice sheets to oceans, and to plate interactions on the British Columbia continental margin. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene crustal movements were dominantly isostatic. Although the recent regression on the outer coast likely is due, at least in part, to tectonic uplift, some late Holocene sea-level change in this area and elsewhere on the British Columbia coast may be either eustatic in nature or a residual isostatic response to deglaciation, which occurred thousands of years earlier.
Rare earth elements in volcanic rocks associated with Cu–Zn massive sulphide mineralization: a preliminary report
Authors: Campbell I. H. , Coad P. , Franklin J. M. , Gorton M. P. , Scott S. D. , Sowa J. , Thurston P. C.
Published: June 2008

Massive sulphide deposits are closely associated with felsic volcanism. This association is believed to be genetic and it forms the cornerstone for most exploration programs, but unfortunately not all felsic volcanic rocks contain ore. It seems likely that ore-bearing felsic volcanic rocks have a different genetic history from those that are barren and, if this is so, these differences should be reflected in their REE geochemistry.A preliminary study of REE in Archean felsic volcanic rocks has shown that those associated with ore have flat REE patterns with well-developed Eu anomalies whereas those from barren volcanic rocks have steep REE patterns with weak or absent Eu anomalies. The felsic volcanic rocks associated with ore can be subdivided into two types: tholeiitic and calc-alkaline. Kam-Kotia, Matagami, and South Bay are tholeiitic whereas Sturgeon Lake, Golden Grove, and Kuroko are calc-alkaline.The well-developed Eu anomalies in the ore-related felsic volcanic rocks indicate that the melt has undergone a high degree of fractional crystallization en route to the surface, suggesting the existence of a subvolcanic magma chamber below the orebody. The characteristic REE patterns of the ore-associated felsic volcanics should help mining companies in area selection for massive sulphide exploration.
Water vole Microtus richardsoni (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the Late Pleistocene of Alberta
Authors: Burns James A.
Published: June 2008

A Late Pleistocene specimen of the water vole has been recovered from a cave in the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Alberta. Pleistocene records for this species are rare and this specimen is probably the oldest known. The evolutionary history of Microtus richardsoni, although yet uncertain, is tentatively discussed. Information is gained concerning the paleoenvironment of southwestern Alberta during late(?) mid-Wisconsinan time.
Grenville metagabbro complexes of the Otter Lake area, Quebec
Authors: Kretz Ralph , Jones Peter , Hartree Ron
Published: June 2008

Metagabbro complexes in a portion of the Grenville Province lying northwest of Ottawa occur as sheets, cylinders, and irregular bodies within a medium- to high-grade marble–gneiss–amphibolite terrane. The largest bodies (0.5–10 km in greatest dimension) consist principally of felsic metagabbro, mafic metagabbro, and minor metapyroxenite. Major-element and select trace-element analyses show that different complexes contain distinctly different amounts of K and other elements resulting in different interelement trends.Microstructure and microprobe mineral analyses provide evidence that the following metamorphic changes have occurred: (i) recrystallization of Ca pyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase; (ii) reaction of Mg-rich olivine with plagioclase to produce reaction zones consisting of orthopyroxene and a hornblende–spinel intergrowth; (iii) reaction of Mg–Fe olivine with plagioclase to produce garnet and hornblende; (iv) production of anthophyllite and hornblende from orthopyroxene and plagioclase; (v) production of hornblende (locally as rims about Ca pyroxene) from Ca pyroxene and plagioclase; (vi) crystallization of biotite, possibly by reaction between orthopyroxene and K-feldspar; and (vii) crystallization of small inclusions of spinel and ilmenite in Ca pyroxene and of spinel and biotite in plagioclase.With regard to the reaction olivine + plagioclase = orthopyroxene + hornblende + spinel, the anorthite and locally the forsterite components were extracted preferentially from plagioclase and olivine; K and Ti (for hornblende) and Zn (for spinel) were evidently obtained from the surrounding minerals; and H, F, and Cl (for hornblende) were obtained from beyond the gabbro bobies. Locally the reaction occurred within large crystals of Ca pyroxene where embedded olivine and plagioclase crystals were in contact.The production of hornblende rims about Ca pyroxene evidently involved plagioclase as a reactant, but the rims formed regardless of the contacting minerals. For example, rims were locally produced where Ca-pyroxene crystals were embedded in large crystals of orthopyroxene.Application of five geothermometers to crystals of both igneous and metamorphic origin yield temperatures of about 700 °C, similar to temperatures recorded for the enclosing marble and gneiss.
P–T history and kinematics of the Monashee Décollement near Revelstoke, British Columbia
Authors: Lane Larry S. , Ghent Edward D. , Stout Mavis Z. , Brown Richard L.
Published: June 2008

Microstructural and petrofabric analyses of mylonites from the Monashee Décollement demonstrate that the hanging wall was displaced eastward over the footwall. Microstructural kinematic indicators include shear-band foliation, asymmetric strain shadows, and S–C fabrics. Quartz c axes locally exhibit asymmetric fabrics that are consistent with the microstructural evidence for sense of shear. The kinematic evidence is reliable because multiple criteria coexist within individual specimens.Metamorphic assemblages from footwall Monashee Complex pelites at the Revelstoke damsite indicate that the peak metamorphic assemblage was sillimanite–K-feldspar–biotite–almandine–quartz ± plagioclase. Biotite–garnet geothermometry and garnet–plagioclase–sillimanite–quartz geobarometry set broad constraints on metamorphic temperatures but closer constraints on pressures, near 650 °C and 630 MPa.Comparison of these data with Late Cretaceous hornblende cooling ages from the same locality indicates that the metamorphism is at least as old as Late Cretaceous. Complex microstructures relating to repeated mylonitization and annealing render difficult the correlation of metamorphic conditions with mylonitic fabrics. Early mylonitic textures predate the metamorphic equilibration and thus are pre-Late Cretaceous in age. Postmetamorphic mylonites are well preserved, but their ages are poorly constrained. The present interpretation favours a Late Cretaceous to Paleocene age relating to compressional tectonics. However, an Early Eocene age relating to extensional shearing cannot be excluded.
Geology and paleoecology of early Holocene lacustrine deposits in the Columbia River valley near Fauquier, southern British Columbia
Authors: Fulton Robert J. , Warner Barry G. , Kubiw Helen J. , Achard René A.
Published: June 2008

Early Holocene lake sediments are exposed near Fauquier, on the east side of the Arrow lakes in the Columbia River valley of British Columbia. A glacial lake occupied the valley at the time of deglaciation, but by 10 ka BP this had been replaced by a nonglacial lake that was at least 250 km long and as much as 5 km wide.Comparison of pollen and macroscopic plant remains in these nearshore and littoral deposits with modern vegetation indicates that many of the plants present between 9 and 10 ka BP are found in the area today, either along the valley floor or at higher elevations in the subalpine zone nearby. Some of the organic material may be allochthonous; this complicates paleoecological and paleoclimatological interpretations. It appears that the climate in the Columbia River valley between 9 and 10 ka BP was as wet or wetter than at present. The presence of many of these species in the southern Columbia River valley of British Columbia during early Holocene time suggests that elements of the modern vegetation had migrated rapidly northward from southern refugia, probably within 1500 years of the end of the last glacial episode.
Paleomagnetism of the Lawrenceton Formation volcanic rocks, Silurian Botwood Group, Change Islands, Newfoundland
Authors: Gales Julie E. , Pluijm Ben A. van der , Voo Rob Van der
Published: June 2008

Paleomagnetic sampling of the Lawrenceton Formation of the Silurian Botwood Group in northeastern Newfoundland was combined with detailed structural mapping of the area in order to determine the deformation history and make adequate structural corrections to the paleomagnetic data.Structural analysis indicates that the Lawrenceton Formation experienced at least two folding events: (i) a regional northeast–southwest-trending, Siluro-Devonian folding episode that produced a well-developed axial-plane cleavage; and (ii) an episode of local north-trending folding. Bedding – regional cleavage relationships indicate that the latter event is older than the regional folding.Thermal demagnetization of the Lawrenceton Formation yielded univectorial southerly and shallow directions (in situ). A fold test on an early mesoscale fold indicates that the magnetization of the Botwood postdates this folding event. However, our results, combined with an earlier paleomagnetic study of nearby Lawrenceton Formation rocks, demonstrate that the magnetization predates the regional folding. Therefore, we conclude that the magnetization occurred subsequent to the local folding but prior to the period of regional folding.While a tectonic origin for local folding cannot be entirely excluded, the subaerial nature of these volcanics, the isolated occurrence of these folds, and the absence of similar north-trending folds in other areas of eastern Notre Dame Bay suggest a syndepositional origin. Consequently, the magnetization may be nearly primary. Our study yields a characteristic direction of D = 175°, I = +43°, with a paleopole (16°N, 131 °E) that plots near the mid-Silurian track of the North American apparent polar wander path. This result is consistent with an early origin for the magnetization and supports the notion that the Central Mobile Belt of Newfoundland was adjacent to the North American craton, in its present-day position, since the Silurian.