bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
pH Responsive [2]Rotaxanes with 6-Modified-α-Cyclodextrins
Authors: Omori Koji , Takashima Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira
Published: June 2011

Rotaxanes are considered to be prototype molecular machines bearing a rotor and an axis within a molecule. In our study on complex formation of modified α-CDs as host molecules for guest molecules consisting of an alkyl chain with pyridyl end caps, we observed control of complex formation and dissociation by pH responses of functional groups on modified α-CDs.
Quantitating nocturia: a study into the recording of solute and water excretion to determine causation
Authors: Waters Philip , Hack Melissa A , Richards Jeanette , Penney Michael D
Published: June 2011

Background

Nocturia is common but the clinical assessment of its severity and cause rarely involves any biochemical analysis. Investigating the cause of nocturia needs to be informed by the overall 24 h fluid and solute excretion patterns. The aim of this study was to establish a practical method of monitoring the renal excretion of water and solutes over a complete 24 h cycle.

Methods

The excretion patterns of sodium, volume and osmoles were assessed in 89 healthy control subjects over a 24 h period by sampling each voiding from the 24 h collection and then using the total urine creatinine as the denominator. A group of 21 patients under investigation for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB: a group of disorders known to increase the risk of nocturia) were also studied to determine comparative excretion patterns.

Results

Reference excretion patterns of sodium, volume and osmoles were described. Patients under investigation for SDB had overall a significant ( P < 0.001) increase in urine sodium excretion at night (nocturnal natriuresis) matched by an increased osmotic excretion and accompanied by a significantly increased nocturnal urine volume ( P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Breaking down a 24 h urine collection into voided aliquots provides practical information on the pattern of water and solute excretion. Such patterns may assist in identifying the underlying mechanism of significant nocturia in individual patients presenting with this symptom, and could be used as a method of monitoring treatment.
Relationship between production of acute-phase proteins and strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats
Authors: Kuribayashi Takashi , Tomizawa Misaki , Seita Tetsurou , Tagata Kazutoshi , Yamamoto Shizuo
Published: June 2011

The relationship between intensity of inflammatory stimulation and production of α2-macroglobulin ( α2M) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in rats was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with turpentine oil at doses of 0.05, 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. Serum levels of α2M, interleukin (IL)-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and AAG was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. Peak serum levels of α2M and AAG in rats injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. However, no significant differences were observed for peak serum levels of these acute-phase proteins between 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat. Furthermore, peak serum levels of IL-6 and CINC-1 in rats injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. Thus, the production of these acute-phase proteins has upper limits, even under increased strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats injected with turpentine oil.
The baby, the bathwater and the bath itself: a response to Tyrer et al.'s review of the successes and failures of dangerous and severe personality disorder
Authors: Howells Kevin , Jones Lawrence , Harris Mike , Wong Stephen , Daffern Michael , Tombs David , Kane Eddie , Gallagher Jennifer , Ijomah Geoffrey , Krishnan Gopi , Milton John , Thornton David
Published: June 2011

A recent paper by Tyrer et al. in this journal has reviewed the dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) initiative in the assessment and management of severe personality disorder associated with high risk. This previous paper summarized the authors' perceptions of the successes and failures of the DSPD pilot. In the present paper we identify some inaccuracies in the previous review and provide a critique of the conclusions reached.
Anisotropy in Zircaloy
Authors: Picklesimer M. L.
Published: June 2011

The early days of the development of the study of the anisotropy in Zircaloy in the Zirconium Metallurgy Group, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory are discussed. A program of research on developing zirconium base alloys for service in the Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor at Oak Ridge led to the long term study of anistropy of mechanical properties in Zircaloy and its relationship to the preferred orientation developed in the material by the fabrication procedures used. The history of the early research program is related, without review of the extensive technical data reported in the literature then and later. The study led to the development, ultimately, of a better understanding of the relationship between fabrication variables and the anisotropy of properties resulting, and an improvement in the commercial production of Zircaloy tubing. The tubing is the cladding for the uranium oxide fuel pellets used in light water reactors producing electrical power commercially throughout the world. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 939, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Seventh International Symposium, 1987, pp. 23–34.
Zirconium Activities in Europe: 1945–1984
Authors: Syre Robert P.
Published: June 2011

The production of nuclear-grade zirconium sponge and the fabrication of zirconium-base alloys have been considered vital in some European countries, because of the need for zirconium independence for military (atomic bomb) or economic (nuclear power plant) reasons. This paper describes the various steps of this scientific and industrial development, mainly from 1950 to 1984, in which mostly the Federal Republic of Germany and France were involved. The important improvements brought by Europe to the basic processes are pointed out, and the present status of the European zirconium industry is described. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 939, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Seventh International Symposium, 1987, pp. 35–46.
Development of Zirconium—Barrier Fuel Cladding
Authors: Armijo Joseph Sam , Coffin Louis F. , Rosenbaum Herman S.
Published: June 2011

This paper was prepared for the 1991 Kroll Award. A review is presented of the development of barrier fuel. It includes the recognition of the pellet-cladding interaction (PCI) fuel failure mode and of a coordinated program to develop understanding, mitigation strategies, and a fuel that is resistant to this failure mode. The efforts to understand PCI led to the conclusion that the dominant mechanism is stress-corrosion cracking of the Zircaloy. The invention and development of zirconium-barrier fuel was intended to provide a materials solution to this fuel failure made. This review includes the work to understand the failure mechanism as well as the program to develop PCI-resistant fuel designs. Ultimately, the zirconium-barrier fuel was tested in power ramps to ascertain and to quantify the resistance to PCI under expected service conditions in commercial boiling water reactors (BWRs). The program that led to a large-scale demonstration in a commercial power plant (Quad Cities-2) is described briefly. Subsequent to that, program work continued with in-reactor load following and experiments in a test reactor on power cycling of barrier fuel. Finally, the performance of failed fuel is discussed briefly. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1245, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Tenth International Symposium, 1994, pp. 3–18.
Zirconium Alloy Performance in Light Water Reactors: A Review of UK and Scandinavian Experience
Authors: Pickman David O.
Published: June 2011

Various aspects of zirconium alloy development for light water reactors in the UK and Scandinavia are reviewed, including the contribution made by some unique nuclear testing facilities. Among the problems encountered were the irradiation enhancement of corrosion and hydrogen pickup, crud deposition, iodine-induced stress-corrosion cracking on power ramping, and severe cladding deformation in loss-of-coolant accident conditions. The causes and behavior of defect, including hydride defects and fretting corrosion, are discussed. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1245, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Tenth International Symposium, 1994, pp. 19–32.
Behavior and Properties of Zircaloys in Power Reactors: A Short Review of Pertinent Aspects in LWR Fuel
Authors: Garzarolli F. , Stehle H. , Steinberg E.
Published: June 2011

Zircaloy-2 and -4, developed mainly in the United States, have been used in Germany for fuel rod claddings and in-core structural components from the beginning of reactor technology. Extensive studies of the material properties of the Zircaloys have been performed in Siemens laboratories 1957. Irradiation testing was done in several test reactors. However, the combined effects of irradiation and real environmental conditions were determined through many experimental irradiations in existing power reactors. Elaborate examinations in the reactor pools of such experimental materials and of many standard fuel rods and assemblies after intermediate, full, and intentionally extended exposures were the main source of information and hard data. These programs were supported by several ulilities and in certain areas carried out in cooperation with others.

Zircaloy-2 and 4 turned out to be very reliable materials that fulfilled all requirements for normal operation and likewise the requirements for postulated accidental conditions and for intermediate storage for many years. Optimization of Zircaloy-2 und -4 during, recent years includes both optimization of microstructure and of chemical composition. BWRs and PWRs need differently optimized materials. Today's more demanding operation conditions and discharge burnups required a further optimization of the Zircaloys and for “hot” PWRs even the development of more corrosion-resistant Zr alloys. A significant improvement of PWR corrosion behavior can be achieved with Zr alloys using the alloying elements of Zircaloy with somewhat modified concentration. Sn should be below or at least in the lower range of the ASTM specification range far Zircaloy-4, Fe and Cr should be somewhat higher, and Si should be specified as an alloying element rather than as an impurity. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1295, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Eleventh International Symposium, 1996, pp. 12–32.
Understanding Hydrogen in Zirconium
Authors: Sawatzky A. , Ells C. E.
Published: June 2011

Selected examples of the Canadian contribution to the development of understanding of the behavior of hydrogen in zirconium alloys reviewed. To solve the technical problems faced by the nuclear industry, it was necessary to have values for the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen in the alloys, the diffusivity needed for the three gradients of concentration, temperature, and stress. With these quantities known, sensible models for the accumulation of hydrogen at points in the reactor components and the morphology of the resultant hydride phase were developed. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1354, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Twelfth International Symposium, 2000, pp. 32–48.
Microstructure and Properties of Zirconium Alloys in the Absence of Irradiation
Authors: Charquet Daniel
Published: June 2011

In order to optimize zirconium-based alloys, it is usually necessary to understand the relationships and interaction between four different types of parameters: chemical composition, manufacturing process, metallurgical characteristics, and functional properties Examples for various materials show that corrosion resistance depends on the texture and density, distribution, and composition of the precipitate particles. The precipitate composition is determined not only by the alloy chemistry, but also by other factors, such as the cooling rate from the beta phase range. It is also pointed out that some parameters can have opposite effets on nodular and uniform corrosion. Finally, the effects of some impurity elements are described, especially the effect of sulfur on creep and of chlorine on microstructure. The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1354, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Twelfth International Symposium, 2000, pp. 3–14.
Simulating the Behavior of Zirconium-Alloy Components in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Coleman Christopher E.
Published: June 2011

To prevent failure in nuclear components, one needs to understand the interactions between adjacent materials and the changes in their physical properties during all phases of reactor operation. Three examples from CANDU reactors are described to illustrate the use of simulations that imitate complicated reactor situations. These are: • swelling tests that led to a method for increasing the tolerance of Zircaloy fuel cladding to power ramps • observations of the behavior of leaking cracks in Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes that provide confidence in the use of leak-before-break as part of the defense against flaw development • contact boiling tests on modifications to the surfaces of Zircaloy calandria tubes that enhance the ability of the heavy water moderator to act as a heat sink after a postulated loss-of-coolant accident The original paper was published by ASTM International in STP 1423, Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Thirteenth International Symposium, 2002, pp. 3–19.
Evolution of the Beta-Quench Process: Kroll Medal Award Presentation, 2001
Authors: Schemel John H.
Published: June 2011

Reprinted with permission from John Schemel.
Zirconium Corrosion Resistance: Key to Success of the Methanol Carbonylation Acetic Acid Process
Authors: Sanders B. J.
Published: June 2011

The global demand for acetic acid is around fourteen (14) billion pounds per year, of which twenty (20) percent is provided by recycling, and the balance is new production. The methanol carbonylation technology to produce synthetic acetic acid accounts for nearly ninety (90) percent of the new production. This technology was invented and commercialized by Monsanto Company during the late 1960's and early 1970's and zirconium alloys have evolved as the material of choice for containing the very corrosive process streams. This paper deals with the process technology development and the evolution of the use of zirconium since construction of the original plant, which had no zirconium, to an aggregate total of more than 6.5 million pounds in the twenty-three (23) plants currently operating around the world and using the methanol carbonylation technology. An additional three (3) plants are being commissioned or constructed or have been announced and these collectively will consume another estimated 1.0 million pounds of zirconium. Many of the common types of chemical processing equipment are utilized in these acetic acid plants and nearly all farms of zirconium mill products were used during the fabrication of equipment. Reprinted with permission from B. J. Sanders.
Explosion Cladding: An Enabling Technology for Zirconium in the Chemical Process Industry
Authors: Banker John G.
Published: June 2011

Zirconium is a commonly used material for containment of corrosive media by the chemical process industry (CPI). Zirconium's corrosion resistance is exceptional in a broad range of aggressively corosive environments. However, zirconium is significantly more expensive than most of the alternative, but often inferior, corrosion resistant alloys. Explosion cladding has enabled CPI companies to cost effectively benefit from the superior performance features of zirconium in heavy-wall pressure vessels and heat exchangers. Explosion cladding is a unique technology that uses the energy of an explosive detonation to produce a metallurgical bond between metal plates. Since its discovery and industrialization in the 1960s, explosion cladding has proven to be a highly reliable, robust manufacturing technology. Zirconium clad has become a broadly accepted material of construction for a significant range of chemical process equipment. Zirconium clad equipment is used in manufacture of an extensive range of chemical products or intermediates including nitric acid, acetic acid, urea, and various organic acids. Zirconium clad and related design, manufacture, and fabrication processes have been shown to be highly reliable and to reduce both capital and opening cost. The original paper was published by ASTM International in the Journal of ASTM International, July 2010.
Performance of Zirconium Alloys in Light Water Reactors with a Review of Nodular Corrosion
Authors: Franklin David G.
Published: June 2011

This paper provides historical context and future direction on selected contributions to understanding zirconium-alloy deformation and corrosion in light water reactors. More detailed discussion of the relative importance of electrochemical potential and hydrogen pickup on nodular corrosion is provided. Since nodular corrosion was observed about 50 years ago, several explanations have been proposed. None have explained all the observations, especially the sharp transition between nodular-free and nodular-covered regions of some fuel rods, with the transition being reversed between high- and low-power regions. However, the effect of electrochemical potential dominates any effects of hydrogen, other than the effect of hydrogen on electrochemical potential. The original paper was published by ASTM International in the Journal of ASTM International, July 2010.
The Evolution of Microstructure and Deformation Stability in Zr-Nb-(Sn,Fe) Alloys under Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Shishov V. N.
Published: June 2011

A review is given on the effect of neutron irradiation on the microstructure and properties of Zr-Nb and Zr-Nb-Fe (Sn,O) alloys. The in-reactor performance of Zr alloys is dependent on their composition and microstructure, and even small changes in the composition and processing lead to substantial changes in properties as a result of evolution of precipitates and matrix composition. The development of a new generation of alloys of Zr-Nb-Fe (Sn,O) system (that show higher resistance to the irradiation-induced growth, creep, and corrosion) required an examination of their microstructure during the manufacturing process and evolution after neutron irradiation. The basic irradiation phenomena involve irradiation-induced damages (formation of the a- and c-component dislocations) and redistribution of alloying elements. The influence produced by precipitates containing Zr, Nb, and particularly Fe on the properties under irradiation is demonstrated. Relationships between composition, microstructure, and irradiation-induced growth of the Zr-Nb-Fe-Sn are described. An increased content of iron (over limit of the solubility) in Zr-Nb alloys leads to lower irradiation growth and creep and to strengthening of the matrix as a result of Fe leaving Laves phase (HCP) particles with their transformation into β-Nb (bcc). β-Nb precipitates become depleted in niobium (or enriched in zirconium), and finely dispersed irradiation-induced secondary particles enriched in niobium are formed. The basic microstructures that illustrate neutron damage structures, precipitates instability, evolution, and irradiation growth are shown and discussed. The original paper was published by ASTM International in the Journal of ASTM International, July 2010.
The Development of Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes for CANDU Reactors
Authors: Cheadle B. A.
Published: June 2011

The first reactor to use zirconium alloy tubes to contain hot pressurized water as a heat transport medium was the Hanford N reactor in 1962. For this reactor, three companies that had suitable extrusion and cold working equipment were given contracts to produce Zircaloy-2 tubes. All the companies were successful, and tubes from each company were installed in the reactor. When Canada decided to design and build a power reactor (nuclear power demonstration (NPD)), it elected to use the pressure tube concept and gave a contract to one of the companies (Chase Bass) to fabricate the Zircaloy-2 tubes. Douglas Point and Pickering Units 1 and 2 followed NPD, and all used similar Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes. A stronger tube was desired in order to thin the wall and improve the neutron economy. An alloy development program in the USSR had shown that the alloy Zr-2.5Nb looked very promising as a stronger alloy than Zircaloy-2, and both the USSR and Canada developed this alloy and subsequently used Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes in their reactors. When both the Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes were first installed in the reactors, several important properties and characteristics such as hydrogen ingress into the metal from corrosion in water, the enhancement of creep by neutron irradiation, shape change by neutron irradiation, reduction in fracture toughness by neutron irradiation, and delayed hydride cracking were not appreciated. These properties all led to problems during the service lives of the early tubes. Large research programs investigated these properties and showed that the α-grain size, shape, and crystallographic texture, the distribution of the β-phase, the dislocation type, and density as well as the micro-chemistry controlled the in-reactor properties of the tubes. This information enabled the design and operation of the reactors to be changed so that the tubes had satisfactory service lives. In addition, the information was used to fabricate tubes that had much improved properties and service lives. The original paper was published by ASTM International in the Journal of ASTM International, August 2010.
Learning About Time: An Interview with Apichatpong Weerasethakul
Authors: Kim Ji-Hoon
Published: June 2011

An interview with Thai director Apichatpong Weerasethakul, winner of the 2010 Cannes Palme d'Or for his haunting feature, Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives, in which he discusses the relationship between the film and a 2009 installation, The Primitive, as well as the impact of digital technology on cinema.
Filarete and the East: The Renaissance of a Prisca Architectura
Authors: Hub Berthold
Published: June 2011

Filarete's Libro Architettonico, written in Milan between 1460 and 1464/66, calls for a rebirth of antiquity. This is conventionally interpreted as a appeal for the emulation of Roman (or Greek) architecture, but Berthold Hub shows that Filarete's designs have noticeable elements in common with the architecture of the Near and Far East. The Libro locates the ideal buildings it describes in "India" and repeatedly mentions Egypt as being the place of origin of all architecture and as the model to be imitated. Filarete and the East: The Renaissance of a Prisca Architectura provides evidence of Filarete's familiarity with the Orient and subjects his designs to detailed comparison with buildings from India and Turkey. The author argues that Filarete was aiming to revive a prisca architectura, analogous to the efforts of humanist contemporaries who were searching for ever-older and more venerable evidence of an original truth, a prisca theologia.
Early Autism Detection: Are We Ready for Routine Screening?
Authors: Al-Qabandi Mona , Gorter Jan Willem , Rosenbaum Peter
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND.

Autism is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that has a reportedly rising prevalence rate. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that screening for autism be incorporated into routine practice. It is important to consider the pros and cons of conducting autism screening as part of routine practice and its implications on the community. We have explored this question in the context of screening from a scientific point of view.

METHOD:

A literature search was conducted to assess the effectiveness of community screening programs for autism.

RESULTS:

Judged against critical questions about autism, screening programs failed to fulfill most criteria. Good screening tools and efficacious treatment are lacking, and there is no evidence yet that such a program would do more good than harm.

CONCLUSIONS:

On the basis of the available research, we believe that we do not have enough sound evidence to support the implementation of a routine population-based screening program for autism. Ongoing research in this field is certainly needed, including the development of excellent screening instruments and demonstrating with clinical trials that such programs work and do more good than harm.
Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorine Compounds and Birth Size
Authors: Lopez-Espinosa Maria-Jose , Murcia Mario , Iñiguez Carmen , Vizcaino Esther , Llop Sabrina , Vioque Jesus , Grimalt Joan O. , Rebagliato Marisa , Ballester Ferran
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the possible association between birth size and cord concentrations of some organochlorine compounds (OCs), including 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 4,4′-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-dichlorodiphenyl)ethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), 4 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (118, 138, 153, and 180), and their sum (ΣPCBs) in a birth cohort in Valencia, Spain.

STUDY DESIGN:

A total of 494 mothers and their newborns (born 2003–2006) participated in the study. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed between birth weight, length, or head circumference and OC concentrations.

RESULTS:

Median concentrations of 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE, HCB, β-HCH, and ΣPCBs were 0.02, 0.46, 0.22, 0.09, and 0.35 ng/mL, respectively. For birth weight there was a significant decrease of 63 and 107 g for each 10-fold increase in cord serum 4,4′-DDT and 4,4′-DDE concentrations, and a marginally significant decrease of 79 and 53 g for each 10-fold increase in HCB and β-HCH concentrations. A significant decrease of 0.39 cm in birth length was found for each 10-fold increase in HCB concentrations. For newborns with cord 4,4′-DDT concentrations above the median there was a significant decrease of 0.26 cm in birth head circumference.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results reveal that prenatal exposure to some OCs could impair the anthropometric development of the fetus, reducing the birth weight, length, and head circumference.
Predictive Value of an Early Amplitude Integrated Electroencephalogram and Neurologic Examination
Authors: Shankaran Seetha , Pappas Athina , McDonald Scott A. , Laptook Abbot R. , Bara Rebecca , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Tyson Jon E. , Goldberg Ronald , Donovan Edward F. , Fanaroff Avroy A. , Das Abhik , Poole W. Kenneth , Walsh Michele , Higgins Rosemary D. , Welsh Cherie , Salhab Walid , Carlo Waldemar A. , Poindexter Brenda , Stoll Barbara J. , Guillet Ronnie , Finer Neil N. , Stevenson David K. , Bauer Charles R. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the predictive validity of the amplitude integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) and stage of encephalopathy among infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) eligible for therapeutic whole-body hypothermia.

DESIGN:

Neonates were eligible for this prospective study if moderate or severe HIE occurred at <6 hours and an aEEG was obtained at <9 hours of age. The primary outcome was death or moderate/severe disability at 18 months.

RESULTS:

There were 108 infants (71 with moderate HIE and 37 with severe HIE) enrolled in the study. aEEG findings were categorized as normal, with continuous normal voltage (n = 12) or discontinuous normal voltage (n = 12), or abnormal, with burst suppression (n = 22), continuous low voltage (n = 26), or flat tracing (n = 36). At 18 months, 53 infants (49%) experienced death or disability. Severe HIE and an abnormal aEEG were related to the primary outcome with univariate analysis, whereas severe HIE alone was predictive of outcome with multivariate analysis. Addition of aEEG pattern to HIE stage did not add to the predictive value of the model; the area under the curve changed from 0.72 to 0.75 (P = .19).

CONCLUSIONS:

The aEEG background pattern did not significantly enhance the value of the stage of encephalopathy at study entry in predicting death and disability among infants with HIE.
HBV and HCV serological markers in patients with the hepatosplenic form of mansonic schistosomiasis
Authors: Silva Jéfferson Luis de Almeida , Souza Veridiana Sales Barbosa de , Vilella Tatiana Aguiar Santos , Domingues Ana Lúcia C. , Coêlho Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte
Published: June 2011

CONTEXT: Blood transfusion is one of the major risk factors for the transmission of the hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses. However, there are no reports describing the endoscopic transmission of these viruses in patients with the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of serological markers of HBV and HCV in patients with the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis and evaluate the possible risk factors associated with these infections. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 patients with hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis who attended a university hospital in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, from February to August 2008. The patients answered a standardized questionnaire about risk factors. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HBc total, anti-HBs, HBsAg, and anti-HCV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence was 30% for anti-HBc total and/or HBsAg and 7.4% for anti-HCV. There was a higher frequency of the serological markers in females and in patients aged .50 years. A significant association was detected between the presence of anti-HCV and the receipt of six or more blood transfusions. There was no association of history and number of digestive endoscopies with the serological markers analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a higher prevalence of serological markers for HBV and a lower prevalence of anti-HCV. Our results indicate that females and patients of an advanced age are the most affected categories and that patients that received multiple transfusions are at a higher probability of HCV infection.
Prevalence of celiac disease in siblings of Iranian patients with celiac disease
Authors: Chomeili Bashir , Aminzadeh Majid , Hardani Amir Kamal , Fathizadeh Payam , Chomeili Pooya , Azaran Azarakhsh
Published: June 2011

CONTEXT: Celiac disease, one of the best-known autoimmune human leukocyte antigen-dependent disorders, has a relatively increased prevalence in first-degree relatives. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of celiac disease in siblings of patients with confirmed celiac disease. METHODS: Siblings of confirmed celiac disease patients in our center were identified and enrolled in this study. Their serum immunoglobulin A and tissue transglutaminase antibody-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (anti-tissue transglutaminase, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin G) were measured and multiple endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens were obtained with parental consensus. Celiac disease was confirmed by observation of characteristic histological changes. RESULTS: A total of 49 children (male, 29; female, 20; age, 2-16 years) with confirmed celiac disease in a pediatric gastroenterology ward were studied from 1999 to 2006. We found 30 siblings (female, 16) all shared in both parents. The only measurement available was for immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase antibody. A duodenal biopsy was performed in all 30 siblings. Clinical findings such as abdominal pain, fatigue, growth retardation and diarrhea were found in 53.3% of the completely studied siblings, and positive serology without histological changes was identified in four cases. Both serology and biopsy (confirmed new cases) were positive in 2 of the 30 siblings. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of celiac disease among siblings of patients with confirmed celiac disease necessitates serologic screening (and confirmatory biopsy if indicated) in families having celiac disease. It is advantageous to diagnose the disease as soon as possible because early diagnosis and diet intervention may prevent serious complications such as growth retardation, short stature, chronic diarrhea, and malignancy.
Prevenção da violência escolar: avaliação de um programa de intervenção
Authors: Mendes Carla Silva
Published: June 2011

A violência escolar (bullying), é hoje considerada um problema de saúde pública crescente em todo o mundo. Intervir sobre este fenómeno é essencial para melhorar a qualidade de vida das crianças/adolescentes escolarizados, devendo por isso, constituir uma prioridade de pesquisa a incluir na agenda dos enfermeiros. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar os resultados de um programa anti-violência escolar, implementado em 307 estudantes do 2º ciclo de uma escola de Lisboa. A avaliação pré e pós Programa, foi feita por questionário, elaborado e validado para este estudo. Constatámos que antes da intervenção, existia um elevado nível de bullying (50% vítimas e 35% agressores), verificando-se também agressões dirigidas a professores (7%) e outros funcionários (9%). O Programa aplicado consistiu na sensibilização/formação de docentes e pais e no treino de competências sociais dos estudantes. Após a intervenção verificaram-se resultados significativos na redução global da violência escolar.
(Des)controle de parâmetros clínicos e antropométricos em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária
Authors: Gama Glicia Gleide Gonçalves , Mussi Fernanda Carneiro , Mendes Andréia Santos , Guimarães Armênio Costa
Published: June 2011

Estudo de corte transversal que avaliou parâmetros clínicos e antropométricos em 100 indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, atendidos em um ambulatório de cardiologia preventiva em um hospital público, em Salvador/BA. Na coleta de dados empregou-se entrevista, avaliação clínica e laboratorial. Os resultados foram analisados em médias e percentuais. Predominou homens, faixa etária <60 anos, raça/cor negra casado(a)s, baixa escolaridade e renda, indivíduos sem ocupação e com diagnóstico de infarto do miocárdio. A maioria relatou hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, abandono do tabagismo e da bebida alcoólica. Todas as mulheres e 82% dos homens tinham circunferência abdominal aumentada, 19% glicemia casual >200 mg/dl, 36% sobrepeso, 28% obesidade, 65% algum estágio de hipertensão arterial, 65% HDL-C baixo e 43% estava com colesterol total alto. Em indivíduos de alto risco cardiovascular e condições socioeconômicas deficitárias constatou-se o descontrole de vários fatores de risco cardiovascular, demandando práticas de cuidar efetivas para o controle da doença.
Papel atual dos métodos de imagem no diagnóstico das neoplasias císticas e sólidas do pâncreas: 1ª parte
Authors: Ardengh José Celso , Goldman Suzan Menasce , Lima-Filho Éder Rios de
Published: June 2011

Os autores fazem uma revisão considerando o valor da colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada, da ultrassonografia, da tomografia computadorizada, da ressonância magnética e da ecoendoscopia para o diagnóstico das neoplasias císticas e sólidas do pâncreas, demonstrando que cada um deles tem grande importância para aumentar, de forma inconteste, a acurácia diagnóstica das doenças do sistema biliopancreático. determinando qual o melhor método para cada um dos diversos tumores.
Anatomia foliar de Eugenia sulcata Spring ex Mart. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Machado Raul D , Costa Cecília G , Fontenelle Gerusa B
Published: June 2011

A lâmina foliar de Eugenia sulcata Spring ex Mart, é analisada, ressaltando-se aspectos de suas epidermes, à luz da microscopia óptica e da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de varredura. As paredes anticlinais destas células são sinuosas e as periclinais externas têm espessura não uniforme, em decorrência de projeções internas destas paredes. Ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão tais paredes apresentam-se constituidas por 3 camadas distintas. O microscópio eletrônico de varredura mostra completa ausência de estriações na superfície externa da epiderme abaxial. Os estômatos são classificados como anomoestaurocíticos quanto ao numero e arranjo das células subsidiárias e considerados graminóides em função do espessamento desigual das células estomáticas. A lâmina foliar tem estrutura dorsiventral, ocorrendo no mesofilo bolsas secretoras em posição subepidérmica.
As leguminosas da Amazônia brasileira: lista prévia
Authors: Silva Marlene Freitas da , Carreira Léa Mª Medeiros , Tavares Aldaléa Sprada , Ribeiro Ilze Coelho , Jardim Mário Augusto G , Lobo Mª da Graça Albuquerque , Oliveira Jorge
Published: June 2011

Um levantamento das Leguminosas da Amazônia brasileira foi feito nos principais herbários da região (INPA, IAN e MG). Um total de 1241 espécies e 310 táxones infraespecíficos (subespécie, variedade e forma) e 146 gêneros foi registrado para as três subfamilias: Caesalpinioideae (48 gêneros, 475 espécies, 22 subespécies e 175 variedades); Mimosoideae (23 gêneros, 288 espécies 3 subespécies e 18 variedades); Papilionoideae (75 gêneros, 478 espécies, 2 subespécies, 84 variedades e 6 formas). As categorias taxonómicas encontradas e as ocorrências registradas nos Estados e Territórios da Amazônia brasileira, sào mostradas em tabelas e localizadas em um mapa geográfico da região.
Fungos micorrízicos vesículo-arbusculares em rizosferas de plantas em dunas do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo, Brasil: (1) Taxonomia
Authors: Trufem S. F. B , Otomo H. S , Malatinszky S. M. M
Published: June 2011

De março/1988 a março/1989, mensalmente, foram coletadas o total de 450 amostras de solo de rizosferas de plantas de dunas do Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Estado de Sáo Paulo, com a finalidade de se verificar a ocorrência de fungos micorrízicos vesículo-arbusculares (MVA). As plantas mais constantemente investigadas foram: Baccharis trimera DC. (Compositae), Blutaparon portulacoides (St. Hü.) Mears (Amaranthaceae), Dalbergia hecastaphylla (L.) Taub. (Legurninosae), Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. (Umbelliferae),Ipomoeapes-caprae (L.)Sweet(Convolvulaceae), Polygaid cyparisseas St. Hül & Moq. (Polygalaceae), além de gramíneas, ciperáceas e outras, que foram coletadas mais esporadicamente. O solo foi tratado pela técnica de decantação e peneiramento em via úmida. Foram verificados 14 taxons de fungos MVA: Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe, Acaulospora tuberculata Janos & Trappe, Cigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe emend. Walker & Koske, Glomus globiferum Koske & Walker, Glomus monosporum Gerd. & Trappe, Sclerocystis sinuosa Gerd. & Bakshi, Scutellospora calospora (Nicol & Gerd) Walker & Sanders, Scutellospora coralloidea (Trappe, Gerd. & Ho) (Walker & Sanders), Scutellospora gilmorei (Trappe & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders, Scutellospora gregaria (Schenck & Nicol.) Walker & Sanders, Scutellospora pérsica (Koske & Walker) Walker & Sanders, Scutellospora verrucosa Koske & Walker) Walker & Sanders e Scutellospora sp. São apresentadas descrições taxonómicas, comentarios e murônimos dos taxons verificados.
Flora briofítica da Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, São Paulo: 1 - Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticopsida)
Authors: Giancotti Cristina , Vital Daniel Moreira
Published: June 2011

No levantamento de Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticopsida), na Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, São Paulo, a partir de 1982, foi constatada a ocorrência de 14 gêneros e 20 espécies. Em contrapartida, pelo exame feito na coleção do herbário do Estado Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo do Instituto de Botânica, da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente (SP) e por citações bibliográficas, foi verificada a existência de 25 gêneros e 66 espécies entre as décadas de 1920-1960. A diminuição do número de espécies consideradas sensíveis, provavelmente deve-se à poluição emanada do Polo Industrial de Cubatão.
Diversity and biogeography of neotropical bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: Clark Lynn G
Published: June 2011

The present paper analyses the distribution of bamboos in New World. For convenience, bamboos are divided into two broad groups, the woody bamboos and the herbaceous bamboos. These categories do not necessarily reflect phylogenetic relationships among bamboo groups. The Bambuseae includes all of the woody bamboos and is probably monophyletic, whereas the herbaceous bamboos are classified into eight tribes. In the New World (including underscribed taxa), 45-46 genera and approximately 515 species are represented; only two genera: Arundinaria and Streptogyna are not exclusively neotropical. The area of greatest endemism and diversity is the humid coastal forests of Bahia, Brazil. 22 genera have been found in this relatively small area, representing 48% of all New World genera. Five of the 22 genera are endemic to the Bahia coastal forests.
Gêneros dos liquens saxícolas, corticícolas e terrícolas do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
Authors: Fleig Mariana , Medeiros Filho João W. de
Published: June 2011

São caracterizados 77 gêneros de liquens do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, RS, por meio de chaves analíticas, breves descrições e ilustrações; Anisomeridium Müll. Arg., Baeomyces Pers., Chrysothrix Mont, Laurera Reichemb., Maronea Massal., Pseudopyrenula Müll. Arg. e Ramalea Nyl. são acrescidos à flora liqüênica conhecida do Rio Grande do Sul.
Estudo de publicações em periódicos gerais de artigos sobre ortopedia e aparelho locomotor
Authors: Camargo Olavo Pires de , Leme Luiz Eugênio Garcez
Published: June 2011

Os autores estudam o perfil de publicação de artigos sobre ortopedia e área de interesse em aparelho locomotor em revistas gerais, não específicas de ortopedia, com registro no PUBMED, em um período de dois anos. Selecionados 67 artigos com distribuição heterogênea entre as revistas estudadas foi constatada presença de 26,47% de artigos com desenho de intervenção e 38% com desenho observacional. Os dados são comentados.
Estudo comparativo da capacidade de contração do assoalho pélvico em atletas de voleibol e basquetebol
Authors: Reis Ariana Oliveira , Câmara Cibele Nazaré da Silva , Santos Suzele Gomes dos , Dias Thaíris dos Santos
Published: June 2011

As modalidades esportivas de alto impacto podem produzir um aumento exagerado e frequente na pressão intra-abdominal, um dos fatores desencadeadores da incontinência urinária de esforço (IUE) em atletas. Foi realizado um estudo com 20 atletas, sendo 10 de basquetebol e 10 de voleibol, do tipo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e comparativo, no qual foi comparada a capacidade de contração do assoalho pélvico (AP) entre atletas de voleibol e basquetebol, e então correlacionadas com sintomas de IUE. A avaliação das atletas foi composta por um questionário, a avaliação funcional do assoalho pélvico (AFA) e avaliação da capacidade de contração do AP através do Biofeedback Eletromiográfico Fênix®. Após a avaliação, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante com relação à capacidade de contração do assoalho pélvico entre atletas de basquetebol e voleibol; porém, ambas as modalidades apresentaram atletas com relatos de perda involuntária de urina mediante esforço físico, com maior proporção no grupo de atletas de basquetebol.
A associação de esteroide anabolizante ao treinamento físico aeróbio leva a alterações morfológicas cardíacas e perda de função ventricular em ratos
Authors: Carmo Everton Crivoi do , Rosa Kaleizu Teodoro , Koike Daniel Cia , Fernandes Tiago , Silva Junior Natan Daniel da , Mattos Katt Coelho , Wichi Rogério Brandão , Irigoyen Maria Claudia Costa , Oliveira Edilamar Menezes de
Published: June 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: O esteroide anabolizante (EA) associado ao treinamento físico induz mudança da hipertrofia cardíaca (HC) fisiológica para patológica. Entretanto, esses trabalhos foram realizados com atletas de força, sendo os efeitos do EA associados ao treinamento aeróbio poucos conhecidos. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio e dos EA sobre a estrutura e função cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos: sedentários controle (SC), sedentários anabolizante (SA), treinados controle (TC) e treinado anabolizante (TA). O EA foi administrado duas vezes por semana (10mg/kg/ semana). O treinamento físico de natação foi realizado durante 10 semanas, cinco sessões semanais. Foram avaliadas a pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca por pletismografia de cauda, função ventricular por ecocardiografia, diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos e fração volume de colágeno por métodos histológicos. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças na PA. O grupo TC apresentou redução da frequência cardíaca de repouso após o período experimental, o que não ocorreu no grupo TA. Foram observadas HC de 38% no grupo SA, 52% no grupo TC e de 64% no grupo TA em relação ao grupo SC. O grupo TA apresentou diminuição da função diastólica em relação aos outros grupos. Os grupos treinados apresentaram aumentos significantes no diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos. Os grupos SA e TA apresentaram aumento na fração volume de colágeno em relação aos grupos SC e TC. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentados mostram que o treinamento físico de natação induz a HC, principalmente pelo aumento do colágeno intersticial, o que pode levar a prejuízos da função diastólica.
Pleistocene karyotypic divergence in Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) populations in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Jacobina Uedson Pereira , Paiva Edson , Dergam Jorge Abdala
Published: June 2011

The lacustrine system of the middle rio Doce basin is considered a paradigm of Pleistocene geomorphology. In these lakes, two Hoplias malabaricus karyomorphs (2n = 42A and 2n = 42B) live in sintopy in Carioca Lake. Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 65 specimens from 8 lakes (including Carioca Lake) to determine the distribution and relative frequency of these karyomorphs and the degree of cytogenetic divergence caused putatively by recent geographic isolation. All fish were 2n = 42B karyomorphs, except for 1 specimen from the Marola Lake, which was 2n = 42A. Among-population variation was especially high for C-banding patterns. Other characters such as X chromosome size and CMA3/DAPI also varied among populations. Our results suggested that the karyotype of H. malabaricus is able to respond rapidly to geographic isolation, and revealed that heterochromatic variation may represent the lowest hierarchical level of chromosomal evolution.
Predictability of Crude Oil In-Situ Combustion by the Isoconversional Kinetic Approach
Authors: Cinar Murat , Hasçakir Berna , Castanier Louis M. , Kovscek Anthony R.
Published: June 2011

One method to access unconventional heavy-crude-oil resources as well as residual oil after conventional recovery operations is to apply in-situ combustion (ISC) enhanced oil recovery. ISC oxidizes in place a small fraction of the hydrocarbon, thereby providing heat to reduce oil viscosity and increase reservoir pressure. Both effects serve to enhance recovery. The complex nature of petroleum as a multicomponent mixture and the multistep character of combustion reactions substantially complicate analysis of crude-oil oxidation and the identification of settings where ISC could be successful. In this study, isoconversional analysis of ramped temperature-oxidation (RTO) kinetic data was applied to eight different crude-oil samples. In addition, combustion-tube runs that explore ignition and combustion-front propagation were carried out. By using experimentally determined combustion kinetics of eight crude-oil samples along with combustion-tube results, we show that isoconversional analysis of RTO data is useful to predict combustion-front propagation. Isoconversional analysis also provides new insight into the nature of the reactions occurring during ISC. Additionally, five of the 10 crude-oil/rock systems studied employed a carbonate rock. No system displayed excessive oxygen consumption resulting from carbonate decomposition at combustion temperatures. This result is encouraging as it contributes to widening of the applicability of ISC.