bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PASMINA: Arts-based tsunami education with an Islamic theme adopted from Nandong Smong
Authors: Maulana I , Raswita L , Karlina S , Zahratunnisa  , Mukarram M H A , Oktari R S
Published: April 2021

Indonesia is highly tsunami-prone country. People have difficulty maintaining awareness of the tsunamis. It is therefore very important to build a social system to ensure awareness of disasters and to transfer the lessons future generation.This study aim at developing PASMINA (literally meaning in Indonesia Paket Kesenian untuk Mitigasi Bencana), an arts-based package for disaster mitigation which can be used to educate students about tsunami preparedness. The concept of PASMINA was adopted from Nandong Smong, a local wisdom from Simeulue which also consist of Islamic messages. The PASMINA concept was implemented at one of islamic boarding school in Banda Aceh to obtain students’ feedback and to gain specific ideas and recommendation for changes that lead to improvements to the concepts that were developed. This study used Research and Development approach which consist of: i) Preliminary study, ii) Model’s development, and iii) Model’s testing. The development of PASMINA adapted from Nandong Smong provides benefits for students. PASMINA provide a solution in sustaining the traditional knowledge for disaster risk reduction, and at the same time improving the preparedness towards the tsunami hazard.
National defense perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Octavian A
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 has been classified as a “Pandemic” by WHO, announced on March 11, 2020. Indonesia has also stipulated the COVID-19 pandemic as a national disaster through Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2020. The spread of COVID-19 has disrupted public health as well as social-economic dimension of the nation. This study aims to understand COVID-19 threat from the perspective of national defense. This research employes comparative method by performing comparison and connectivity analysis of academic, government, and defense perspectives. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic is not a genetically modified biological weapon. Nevertheless, COVID-19 has become a “common enemy” and has established a “common sense of crisis”, which in turns resulted in a “common action” by various countries, including Indonesia. People are expected to have high self-immunity and adaptability to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. In national defense perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic is not a military threat. Therefore, the leading sectors are the Ministry of Health and the National Disaster Management Agency as the related ministries/agencies. The involvement of the TNI and Kemhan in mitigating COVID-19 is based on humanitarian purposes to support the leading sectors in assisting people to overcome their difficulties.
Improving identification of a significant soil layer from CPTU combined with acoustic data
Authors: Degago S A , Kjennbakken H , Kavli A , Watn A
Published: April 2021

The Norwegian Public Roads Administrations (NPRA) plans to build world’s longest floating bridge with 5 km length to cross the 570 m deep fjord Bjørnafjorden. The bridge is planned with mooring systems connecting it to anchors on the seabed. The evaluation of soil condition on the seabed is crucial both for design of the anchoring systems and for the evaluation of possible slides that may affect the foundations. Detailed seabed mapping revealed variable seabed conditions and identified up to 45 historic submarine slides. Sub-bottom profiling data was used to interpret past slide events and their slip planes. The sub-bottom profiling revealed a soil layer that is distinctly visible from acoustic data. This soil layer coincides with the slip plane identified from a number of the historic slides. Identification of this layer is considered important to make more realistic slope stability evaluations. The question is whether it is possible to identify this layer with only geotechnical data, particularly CPTu data. Current approaches to establish soil layering as recommended by NS-EN ISO standard and different CPTU based soil behaviour classification charts are investigated. This work shows that these evaluation approaches do not correspond with the results from acoustic data in a consistent and reliable way. Approaches based on CPTu alone might overlook this important layer. However, by revisiting CPTu measurements in relation to the acoustic data, this work established trends in CPTU data and proposed approaches that could identify this slip plane. This approach is more consistent and ensures that the information from geotechnics and geology complement each other in identifying significant layers. This work illustrates that combining acoustic and CPTu data improves geotechnical interpretation and understanding of critical ground conditions. This approach is considered valuable also for other fjord sediments.
Experimental evaluation of time effect on swelling pressure in high plasticity clay
Authors: Peri E , Nielsen S D , Nielsen B N , Damkilde L.
Published: April 2021

Søvind Marl, a high plasticity overconsolidated Danish Paleogene clay, is a stiff clay known to exhibit swelling potential. The dependency of its swelling pressure on time is investigated by performing constant volume (CV) tests. Long periods of swelling are applied to the samples. Two samples are allowed to swell for 19 weeks, the other two only for 24 hours. The long-lasting tests show that the swelling pressure reaches the maximum value (σ’cv) after 13 weeks of testing, and the change between the σ’cv
and the swelling pressure after 24 hours reaches 38%. In order to correct the underestimation of σ’cv
due to the sampling, a graphical correction of the consolidation curve is made. Due to the characteristic smooth yielding of the Søvind Marl, the graphical correction can be affected by personal interpretation.
Correlation between CBR value and effective strength parameters for engineered fills
Authors: Weber M , Lodahl M R , Brødbæk K T , Leth C T
Published: April 2021

It is a tradition in Tanzania to use the California bearing ratio (CBR) value for the design of embankments. To assess the stability of embankments, slope stability calculations are performed, for which the effective strength parameters are needed. CBR values can be determined from the effective strength parameters based on Meyerhof’s general bearing capacity equations. Contrary to that, from a given CBR value, the effective friction angle is not easily calculated directly, as the relationship between the non-dimensional bearing capacity factors and the friction angle is complex. Moreover, only the resulting CBR value is known, not the strength contribution of the effective cohesion. Present study presents results from disturbed samples obtained from test pits and boreholes which were tested in order to determine the particle size distribution curves and Atterberg limits. On representative samples from different soil groups (AASHTO classes), CBR tests were performed to assess the quality of the fill material. Moreover, a set of isotropically consolidated, drained (CID) triaxial tests were carefully planned on the granular materials (AASHTO classes: A-2-4, A-2-6 and A-2-7) in order to investigate the relationship between CBR value and effective strength parameters of the materials when used as fill (normally consolidated conditions) at different stress levels. Based on 18 CID triaxial tests, a correlation was established which can be used directly to calculate effective strength parameters from CBR values.
Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis for geotechnical engineering: review and research gaps
Authors: Samuelsson I , Larsson S , Spross J
Published: April 2021

Geotechnical engineering work contributes to the total environmental impact and monetary cost occurring from the construction sector. Decisions made regarding geotechnical engineering aspects have a profound effect on the environmental impact and the monetary cost of the structure during its life cycle. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) are established methods for assessing the environmental impacts and monetary cost from construction works. This paper presents the results from a literature review of 56 published papers regarding the current situation of the use of LCA and LCCA methods in geotechnical engineering. It is found that only limited research has been published in applying LCA and LCCA to geotechnical engineering structures. Further research should focus on developing a framework using LCA and LCCA for geotechnical engineering structures and also identify and fill data gaps in computer software databases. This would help geotechnical engineers in their daily work to reduce the environmental impact and monetary costs throughout the life cycles of the designed structures.
InSAR monitoring data to assess building response to deep excavations
Authors: Ritter S , Frauenfelder R
Published: April 2021

Recently, there has been growing interest to use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to quantify ground displacements. While InSAR can well determine the area and magnitude of subsidence, very little attention has been paid to explore InSAR measurements to assess the building response adjacent to geotechnical works (e.g., deep excavations, tunnelling). Specifically, few studies have investigated the ability of using InSAR to derive widely accepted building deformation parameters including angular distortion and horizontal strain. On the other hand, geotechnical engineers generally use traditional monitoring data to assess the behaviour of existing structures adjacent to excavations, but often only spatially and temporally limited monitoring data exist to reliably evaluate the governing mechanisms. This contribution follows a case study approach to explore the value of InSAR to quantify the effects of excavation-induced settlements on buildings. Conventional monitoring data of structures adjacent to excavation works for a construction project in Oslo, Norway, are compared to InSAR measurements from satellites with different spatial resolutions and from two different processing methods. Differences between displacements obtained from these different InSAR monitoring datasets and their practical implementation are discussed. Building deformations and respective damage categories are then quantified using a methodology that combines both InSAR and inclinometer measurements. As expected, it was found that high resolution InSAR measurements are more reliable when assessing the building response to excavation works.
Numerical modelling of distinct ice lenses in frost heave
Authors: Amiri S.A. Ghoreishian , Grimstad G. , Gao H. , Kjelstrup S.
Published: April 2021

Frost heave happens when three conditions coincide: the temperature is below the normal freezing point of bulk water, the sub-cooled water is connected to a water reservoir, and the mechanical conditions of the soil allows the ice lens to grow. Upon further penetration of the freezing front, the relative permeability of the soil around the growing ice lens may dramatically decrease, and the ice lens stops growing. Then, if the three requirements for initiating a new ice lens coincide again, another ice lens will appear and start to grow. In this paper, a new thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model has been developed to capture the formation and growth of multiple ice lenses in a freezing ground. Non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory was used to derive the coupled transport equations of heat and mass. Fracture mechanics has been employed to handle the mechanical requirements for the position and growth of ice lens. The governing partial differential equations have been solved using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). In this method, the ice lens is treated as a kind of discontinuity inside the corresponding elements.
BegrensSkade II – REMEDY – Risk Reduction of Groundwork Damage: An Overview
Authors: Langford J , Lande E-J , Sandene T , Kahlstrøm M , Nadim F , Norén-Cosgriff K , Piciullo L , Ritter S , Hauser C , Lysdahl A , Attari Y , Formreide R
Published: April 2021

Deep excavation and foundation works in soft clays can cause large settlements, resulting in damage to neighboring buildings and structures. The costs related to these types of damage can be substantial. There is significant potential for reducing such costs if the causes are better understood and the risk is assessed during planning, design and execution. The research project “BegrensSkade II” (“REMEDY”) focuses on developing guidelines for the main causes of excavation-induced damage related to installation effects, drainage and pore pressure lowering, and vibration effects. In addition, tools to support risk management and decision making in the building process are developed. The project is funded by the Norwegian Research Council with participation from a wide range of consultants, contractors, clients and research institutes in Norway. This paper provides an overview of the work carried out in BegrensSkade II and highlights some initial findings.
Deep soil mixing for stabilising deep excavations
Authors: Vervoorn R R E , Barros A A Santos
Published: April 2021

Excavating tunnels in Scandinavia can be difficult and costly due to deep layers of soft clay. To reduce cost and risk, traditional steel struts can be replaced by deep soil mixing (DSM) struts, as is done at West Link project in Gothenburg. DSM struts are made by mixing columns of lime and cement with the clay in the shaft, usually in rows or a grid pattern. Retaining walls can be designed more lightly while reducing deformations that might affect adjacent buildings. Also, earthworks can be performed more easily. However, the safety of the shaft is dominated by the acquired undrained shear strength of the DSM columns. This strength is hard to guarantee compared to steel struts. DSM strength has a reputation of being ‘poorly understood’ or ‘variable’, so authorities apply restrictions to DSM application as bottom struts. This article comprehensively studies the acquired strength of DSM for excavation support. Undrained shear strengths measured in 315 tests were investigated and two full scale test excavations were back calculated.

It has been shown that although the achieved shear strength depends on many different input parameters, when these inputs are taken into account, the acquired shear strength can be predicted. Important inputs are curing time and temperature, soil natural shear strength, confining stress, binder quantity and binder composition. Particularly the curing time has a great impact and improvements are suggested for dealing with measurements made with incomplete curing. It is proven that the acquired DSM shear strength can be much higher than current restrictions of 100 kPa and a strength prediction formula is proposed that takes these inputs into account.
Analytical solution for two-phase flow of silica sol grouting in homogeneous fractures
Authors: Zou Liangchao , Sandström Heikki , Cvetkovic Vladimir
Published: April 2021

In this study, we present an analytical model for modelling two-phase flow of silica sol grouting in a single rock fracture. This model considers the time-dependent rheological property of the silica sol. The impact of groundwater flow in silica sol grouting is investigated by comparing the results of the present two-phase flow model with that of the single-phase flow model ignoring the groundwater flow. It generally shows that the groundwater flow significantly affects the pressure distribution and grouts penetration in the fracture. Ignoring the groundwater flow in single-phase flow models will underestimate the pressure at the propagation front and overestimate the propagation length. The analytical model presented in this study is able to describe the more realistic two-phase processes in rock grouting, which can be readily used in practice to reduce the potential uncertainties in the application of previous simplified analytical models.
The patterns of lead and copper levels in the vicinity of heavy metal sources in Lampung, the southern part of Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Febriansyah M R , Septiana L M , Supriatin S , Salam A K
Published: April 2021

Heavy metals may easily move through the air system and may deposit and accumulate in the soil system by water precipitation away from their sources. This research aimed to evaluate the soil concentrations of Pb and Cu in the vicinity of several sources of heavy metals in Lampung, the southern part of Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected at distances of 0 (Central Points) to 500 m from the presumed centers of heavy metal sources, including industrial areas, heavily traffic/railroads, and the residential areas of Panjang (Bandar Lampung City), Tanjung Bintang, and Natar (South Lampung Regency). The results show similar patterns of Pb and Cu distributions along with the sampling points. The soil concentrations of Pb and Cu were highest at the central points (0 m) and decreased with distances towards the farthest sampling points of 500 m. The concentrations of Pb and Cu in Panjang were higher than those in Tanjung Bintang and Natar.
Community perception on the utilization of natural resources in the Cisadane Watershed
Authors: Salampessy M L , Febryano I G , Widhyastini I G A M
Published: April 2021

The communities living around the upstream area of the Cisadane Watershed have carried out various activities to utilize the natural resources around them. Community interaction with natural resources also correlates with community perceptions of watersheds and resources that can be used by the community. The purpose of this study is to explain the form of community interaction and perceptions in the use of natural resources around the watershed. The results showed that various forms of community interaction included land use for settlements along rivers, micro-economic activities and land use for gardens. The public perception of the watershed shows that 50.8% of the community do not know the concept of watershed well, 69.2% of community know that the environmental conditions around the watershed have undergone various changes, 53.8% of the community generally do not know the functions and functions the role of watershed and 58.5% of the community knows enough about how to utilize the potential of natural resources around the watershed. The government and related parties are expected to be able to make various policies in directing the community to use natural resources that uphold the sustainable aspects of watershed functions and the active role of the community.
Impact of the Sunda Strait tsunami on fish production and environment in South Lampung Regency, Lampung
Authors: Riantini M , Zakaria W A , Listiana I , Ulfa P N , Mutolib A , Widyastuti R A D
Published: April 2021

The tsunami impact on capture fisheries production and environment in the area of South Lampung Regency of Lampung Province is necessarily assessed. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the 2018 Sunda Strait Tsunami on capture production and environment. The study was conducted from January to March 2020 in Way Muli Village, Rajabasa Subdistrict, South Lampung Regency through the case study method. The data used in this research consisted of primary and secondary data. The method of data analysis applied was the quantitative and qualitative method. The result of the study indicated that the Sunda Strait Tsunami negatively affected the quantity of fish captured by fishermen. In average, capture production decreased from 41.35 kg/month to 16.35 kg/month or approximately 60.5%. The Tsunami also caused a negative impact on the environmental aspect, namely declining clean water availability, damaged village infrastructure, poor environmental sanitation, damaged fishing settlement, and damaged fishing support facility. The support from multi-stakeholder is also needed to increase capture production through the reconstruction of the damaged fisheries facility and infrastructure due to Tsunami. Moreover, it is required to establish a multistakeholder integrated partnership to solve problems of environment and infrastructure in Way Muli Village following the Tsunami disaster.
Analysis of the quadrant strategy for household solid waste management (Case study: BUMDes Amarta, Pandowoharjo Village Sleman Yogyakarta)
Authors: Sumbodo B T , Sardi  , Raharja Sunarya , Prasetyanta H , Kusdarjito C
Published: April 2021

BUMdes Amarta is a company owned by Pendowoharjo Village, where one of the businesses is household waste management. This study aimed to examine the service quality of the BUMdes to seek customer performance and the importance of household waste management and determine the further management development strategy. This research was conducted for three months in mid of 2020. The data were collected using a questionnaire of 30 household waste customers and analyzed using satisfaction level analysis and development strategy quadrant analysis with the importance-performance analysis method. The main variables analyzed include five aspects: tangible, empathy, responsiveness, reliability, and assurance. Most of the customers assessed that they were satisfied with the feasibility of the garbage transporting vehicle. The polite officers’ attitude when picking up the trash, informing the customer about the time to pick up the garbage, the certainty of the service schedule, the certainty of the cost of retribution, and the customer could trust the officer. Based on the level of conformity of expectations and performance, three attributes have poor performance: equipment for transporting garbage, uniform for officers, and safety and health equipment for transporters. The results based on quadrant analysis show that three attributes are the main priority: safety and health equipment for transport officers, officers’ willingness to provide information and consultation regarding waste, and officers’ readiness and responsiveness to respond to customer complaints.
Strategy for the provision of drinking water and environmental sanitation based on the community in Sidodadi Village, Pesawaran Regency
Authors: Wijayanti G M , Yanfika H , Asmara M , Perdana R , Rahmat A , Mutolib A
Published: April 2021

The provision of community-based drinking water and sanitation (PAMSIMAS) is one of the programs implemented by the government to address environmental sanitation problems. This study aims to analyze the success strategy of the PAMSIMAS Program, which is measured based on the success indicators of the PAMSIMAS Program. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach method in Sidodadi Village Way, Lima District in 2020. In this research used the snowball sampling technique. This technique is useful for finding, identifying, selecting and taking samples in a network or chain of relationships. Snowball sampling technique has strengths and weaknesses in its application. Field research housing sector become the case study to explain this sampling technique. The analysis used in this study is a SWOT analysis. The results shows that still have obstacles in several aspects such as the willingness of the community to participate in the form of input and ideas is still low, coordination between agencies has not been going well, there is no legal protection for water sources in order to maintain quality and quantity. The SWOT analysis used aims to formulate a strategic plan so that the PAMSIMAS Program can be sustainable in the fulfillment of clean water. The results of this study are the identification of the position of the PAMSIMAS. Program after the EFAS and IFAS calculations are carried out based on interviews that have been distributed to the implementers of the PAMSIMAS program, and then proceed with recommendations for priority strategies that will be carried out for the development of the PAMSIMAS Program.
The sustainable development goals in boon pring tourism village turen malang with swot methods
Authors: Maulana F I , Pratama F C
Published: April 2021

Improving the welfare of villagers is a noble goal to be achieved together with various parties. The Village’s opportunity to develop Village following the potential offered by prioritizing community participation has been regulated in Law Number 6 of 2014. Sanankerto Village in Turen Malang is one of the Tourism Villages known as the Boon Pring Ecotourism Village. Boon Pring is a bamboo area covering 36.8 ha and has more than 60 types of bamboo and natural springs. For the development and strengthening of the village economy, a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDES) was formed. This development and strengthening are also supported by the existence of the Tourism Awareness Group (POKDARWIS). Increasing fan-inclusive and sustainable economic growth, including rural economic growth, is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Starting from POKDARWIS information, the management of Sanankerto Tourism Village is not good, so research was carried out. The development of Sanankerto Tourism Village has been slow, starting from the preparation, implementation, monitoring, and assessment of tourism village development strategies. This research aims to uncover and understand the management model of Sanankerto Tourism Village so that it becomes a strength, weakness, and opportunity to develop a tourism village development strategy.
Biological and environmental aspects of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Jatibarang Reservoir, Central Java
Authors: Rahman A , Solichin A , Widyorini N
Published: April 2021

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an invasive fish species in Indonesia. A study on biological aspects is expected to be used as an assessment to implement fisheries mitigation, restoration, and enhancement. This study aimed to analyze the environmental conditions, biological aspects of the sex ratio, total length-weight relationship, maturity stages, and tilapia fecundity in the Jatibarang Reservoir. Fish samples were collected four times in July-October 2020 using gill nets (mesh size of 3 inches). The sampling sites were 2 stations located in Jatibarang Reservoir. Environmental parameters were measured, including water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Fish were measured for total length, weighed for gonads, and total weight. Water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen ranged from 28.0-31.9 oC, 6.41-6.70, and 6.04-7.39 mg/l, respectively. The sex ratio of tilapia was 1:1.9 (females: males). Total length ranged from 95 to 349 mm, and total weight ranged from 13 to 798 g. The growth pattern of tilapia was positive allometric. The condition factor of male and female fish was 0.94-1.16 and 0.95-1.21, respectively. 36.8% of the female fishes were ripe stage (IV), and 65.8% of the male fishes were immature stage (I). The fecundity ranged from 28 to 7,852 eggs.
Optimization of sensor model for solar radiation measurement with a pyranometer
Authors: Nugraha M R , Adriansyah A
Published: April 2021

Solar energy is electromagnetic energy produced in a thermonuclear process by the Sun from the nuclear fusion of the Sun’s core. This process produces solar radiation. In the lives of living beings on this Earth, solar radiation plays a significant role. As mentioned earlier, the uses are when there is a certain level required for the solar radiation received and vice versa. A more specific measurement of solar radiation is, therefore, needed. Unfortunately, until now, measurement equipment for solar radiation was limited to a few parameters that could be observed. On the other hand, conventional mechanisms and communication media are still used in the current measurement monitoring system, so that the monitoring and analysis process is ineffective. Therefore, this paper provides a solar radiation sensor model that uses only a sensor but can produce four parameters. The system contains a Pyranometer and a realtime controller that can generate all of the solar radiation measurements needed. The proposed model system is hoped that this sensor system will work more accessible and more efficiently.
Resettlement the location of water compact unit in Al-Khairat city / Karbala
Authors: Hasan Alwan Kareem , Jamal Abed Muhanned , Hussain Maula Baydaa
Published: April 2021

The location of water compact unites in Al-Khairat city within Karbala government were studied regarding to quality and quantity of water, through a large amount of geo-spatial information such as an electronic field survey, intelligent survey methods, get off the location survey modeling by simulation scenario analysis. It was sent to be educated people to obtain correct and realistic result. The geographic information system (GIS) program is used to be creating a database for the region in the program. Then, the establishment of the water compacts unites added to the GIS program to obtain new sites to resettlement for the construction of new water compacts unites to fill the shortfall in the city. The analysis is done by GIS with eight new locations were obtained and results were matched with reality. It was concluded that there are two out of eight sites that are not suitable for construction a water compact. The lack of location survey model for water compact in Iraq as general and for study area to meet the needs for water which are complex problem related with population health. This study aims to survey the quantity and quality of water for the Al-Khairat city and fill the gap if it exists with the proposal of new sites for new water compacts to get the location survey modeling system to reduce the impact of negative locations.

The research problem: The lack of location survey method model for water compact unites to meet the requirements for water which are complex and spatial problem.

The objective of research: Proposal for predicated resettlement locations for water compact units to get highly efficient performance.
Defining the aspects of the local urban sustainability: Eco-cities as a model
Authors: Khalid Zainab , Radi Abaas Zaynab
Published: April 2021

The absence of ecological perception in the local urbanization resulted in the lack of a clear conception of achieving sustainability in its simplest form in the urban reality and in the city of Baghdad in particular. The research assumes the possibility of achieving urban sustainability in Iraqi cities by applying the cities for the most effective methods to implemented ecological solutions and introducing appropriate urban planning tools and improve the living environment. The research focuses on the ability to define some aspects to achieve a sustainable local urban identity from global experiences. This was performed by proposing a scheduled theoretical framework, through which the features of sustainability can be extrapolated from the experiences of countries like the UK, China, Spain, Finland, Germany, and the US, which are considered leaders in the field of environmental conservation. The goal is to reach healthy urbanism preserved from emissions, with developed systems, take into account the environment and social life to establish ecological cities as part of its contributions to low carbon development with the aim of mitigating climate changes and contributing to the promotion of the sustainable identity of the city.
Analysis of the effective change in the functions of land use and its impact on city structure, the study area Karrada / Baghdad / Iraq
Authors: Abbas Ahmed Zianab , Ebraheem Mustafa A.
Published: April 2021

The idea of the research came from the control of real estate developers and investors in the private sector on changing the activities of land uses, contrary to the basic design of cities. This change will be in two types, but the activity will be changed completely, such as converting green areas and orchards into commercial areas such as restaurants and markets, or by increasing the intensity of the activity itself within the same use as splitting the residential areas into small or multi-story housing units. The aim of the research is to quantify this situation in the Karrada district of Baghdad, and trying to find a vision to solve this problem by assuming that this change can be directed positively forward by changing the city’s structure functionally, as one of the biggest problems is leaving the issue without question. On the other hand, the weak implementation of the law in general, and therefore the difficulty of controlling the profitability of the investment movement in changing the city’s activities. Since this phenomenon appeared clearly after the structural change of the economy and society in Iraq after 2003, the time period for the study was chosen from 2007 to 2019. Where the year 2007 was considered the beginning of assimilation of changes after 2003 and their urban appearance with their socio-economic impacts, and 2019 is the current time when this change reaches its peak.
A greenway for sustainable transportation of the university campus: Diyala University as a case study
Authors: Fadhil Amal , Waheeb Raad
Published: April 2021

Transportation is one of the aspects that enable us to achieve sustainability on a university campus, by taking environmental, social, and economic requirements. Walking is a green mode that can be essential to promoting sustainable transport. This study aims to evaluate the ability of campus physical development planning at Diyala University in creating sustainable transport on campus by determining the problems that exist. The research problem was identified in the absence of a comprehensive view of the importance of greenway network connectivity in the sustainability of the campus and the most important barriers that prevent it from being achieved and the incentives to be activated. The methodology used in this study was the quantitative and qualitative approach, by observing the movement problems on campus and imaging as well as defining thermal hotspots using the GIS program, to active modes of transportation through various strategies. Findings revealed several issues on design solutions that related to three levels for campus’s greenways, the relationship of (paths-paths) and (paths-buildings) and (paths-landscape) and the identification of vital foci represented by the areas of intersection, movement, and stopping. Consequently, the framework for a guideline to develop this campus and any campus of similar characteristics. Finally, sustainable design for the University of Diyala has been developed.
Comparative study for Environmental Impact Assessment in Environmental Iraqi and Saudi legislation
Authors: Khaleefah Alrikabi Nada , Oudah Alumery Abbas
Published: April 2021

Countries are developing the spatial development of their societies through the projects that they undertake in various ways, and this development may be cause great impact on the environment, which also depend on the type of development, whether industrial, agricultural, or service and after the problems that occurred as a result of development on the environment, most of the countries currently did to legislating laws Environmental and some other procedures before granting environmental approvals for the purpose of establishing spatial development projects. One of the most important of these laws and regulations is Environmental impact assessment (EIA). The environmental impact assessment in Iraq consider is modern with a comparison with the legislation in the developed world countries. The research problem is the presence of gaps and weaknesses in the law of environmental impact assessment in comparison with regional or global environmental laws, the research hypothesis supposes that regional laws for instance Saudi Arabia are more sobriety and technical instructions than Iraqi regulations. After studying laws and regulations we found that the environmental impact assessment was initiated only as an item within the Law of Protection and Improvement of the Environment in Article Ten of the Law for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment No. 27 of 2009. It does not include the sustainability principles or their detailed methods or the steps of the environmental impact assessment used internationally. The research summarized the most important recommendations that the departments (decision-makers) should follow the procedures and steps for environmental impact assessment and follow a clear methodology, in addition to legislating a special law and special instructions attached to regulations and forms that are studied in detail and covering all environmental, economic and social aspects.
Risk flood matrix for urban services in Baghdad city
Authors: Yassin Abbas Hadeel , Hassan Alwan Kareem
Published: April 2021

The hazards of floods in the world were and still vague matters to forecast because it is difficult to predict the type of flood that the city will be exposed to and the amount of damage it will cause if it happens to a city, However, it is very important to understand the level of risk for each case of expected floods (whether the flooding is pluvial flood or dam failure flood), That’s make residents and decision-makers understand how to deal with obscure areas and how to choose land uses and locate them in the appropriate place away from risks and according to urban planning standards, The risk matrix is a new method for planning institutions to study and understand the lands and avoid locating land uses in dangerous lands because it is considered an important tactic in the strategic plans that must be carried out for the lands before embarking on the establishment of projects and urban infrastructure services, The risk matrix includes an inventory of the expected risks that these lands may pass through on the one hand and the type of uses on the other hand, to study the potential of exposure of these lands and uses to the expected risk, This paper discusses the impact of the hypothetical collapse of the Mosul Dam on some of the infrastructure urban services of the city of Baghdad, for example (main water plants, main power stations, sewage treatment plants, oil refinery, Baghdad International Airport) and in two cases (collapse in the case of the level of the lake of the dam 319 m and The collapse in the case of the level of the lake of the dam 335 m), The result is two risk matrices that show three risk levels for each service (low risk, medium risk, high risk) and for two cases of dam lake level.
An overview of key emerging technologies transforming public transportation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution era
Authors: Mbowa K. , Aigbavboa C. , Akinshipe O. , Thwala D. W.
Published: April 2021

Public transportation connects a large proportion of the world’s population to their destination. Hence it is vital to continuously monitor and improve the quality of services offered in line with technological advances in order to enhance travellers’ experience. This study aims to assess the technologies within the fourth industrial revolution that can be used to improve travellers’ experience of public transportation systems. The study followed a systematic review and extant literature was carefully reviewed to properly understand how new-age technologies can be used to improve travel experience in the public transportation sector. The study revealed that there are five key emerging technologies that can be used to transform the public transportation system. These technologies include operations management systems, traveller information systems, e-fare collection systems, intelligent vehicle and e-security systems. In conclusion, incorporating these emerging technologies with the existing public transportation system will drastically increase operational efficiency and improve travelling experience for users.
Capsular repair vs capsulectomy in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Miranda Luca , Quaranta Marco , Oliva Francesco , Giuliano Attilio , Maffulli Nicola
Published: April 2021

Background

A major complication of total hip arthroplasty is dislocation. The hip joint capsule can be incised and repaired, or can be excised.

Sources of data

We performed a systematic review of the literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines focusing on capsular repair and capsulectomy.

Areas of agreement

We identified 31 articles (17 272 patients). Capsular repair produced a lower blood loss (465.2 vs 709.2 ml), and the procedure lasted 102.5 vs 96.08 min in patients who underwent capsulectomy. The patients undergoing capsulectomy experienced a dislocation rate of 3.06%, whereas in the patients undergoing capsular repair, the dislocation rate was 0.65%.

Areas of controversy

Most studies are retrospective observational studies, with no prospective randomized trials.

Growing points

Capsular preservation is association with a lower dislocation rate and a lower blood loss. Capsular excision does take statistically less time, but it is uncertain how a 6 min difference is clinically relevant.

Areas timely for developing research

Appropriately powered randomized clinical trials should be conducted to better define the association between the chosen implants, approach and outcome.
Investigation of a Suspect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Influenza A Mixed Outbreak: Lessons Learned for Long-Term Care Facilities Nationwide
Authors: Schrodt Caroline A , Malenfant Jason H , Hunter Jennifer C , Slifka Kara Jacobs , Campbell Angela , Stone Nimalie , Whitehouse Erin R , Wittry Beth , Christensen Bryan , Barnes John R , Brammer Lynnette , Hemarajata Peera , Green Nicole M , Civen Rachel , Gounder Prabhu P , Rao Agam K
Published: April 2021

A suspected outbreak of influenza A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at a long-term care facility in Los Angeles County was, months later, determined to not involve influenza. To prevent inadvertent transmission of infections, facilities should use highly specific influenza diagnostics and follow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines that specifically address infection control challenges.
The validity of SOFA score to predict mortality in adult patients with cardiogenic shock on Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Laimoud M , Alanazi M
Published: April 2021

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

veno-arterial ECMO is increasingly used in resuscitation of adults patients with cardiogenic shock  with variable mortality reports worldwide. Our objectives were to study the variables associated with hospital mortality and to determine the validity  of  the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for prediction of hospital mortality . Results : one hundred and six patients were retrospectively included in our study between 2015 and  2019 with in-hospital mortality of  56.6% . The mean age of patients was 40.2 ± 14.4 years and mostly males (69.8%) with a mean BMI of 26.5 ± 7 . Presence of CKD , chronic AF , cardiotomies were significantly more frequent in the non-survivors group . The non-survivors had more frequent AKI  , more haemodialysis , more GI bleeding , more ICH, higher peak and 24 hours blood lactate  and less ICU days as compared to the survivors group. Initial SOFA  score ≥ 13 had a 85 % sensitivity and 73.9 % specificity [AUROC = 0.862 , 95% CI: 0.791 – 0.932 ; p <0.001 ] while SOFA score ≥ 13  at day 3 had 100 % sensitivity and 91.3 %  specificity for predicting mortality [AUROC =0.995 , 95% CI : 0.986 – 1 ; p <0.001 ]. SOFA score ≥ 15  at day 5 had  98 % sensitivity and 100 %  specificity for predicting mortality [AUROC =0.994 , 95% CI : 0.982 – 1 ; p <0.001 ].  The Δ 1 SOFA (3-1) ≥ 2 had 95% sensitivity and 93.5% specificity [AUROC = 0.958 , 95% CI: 0.913 – 1 ; p <0.001 ] while  the Δ 2 SOFA (5-1) ≥ 2 had 90% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity for predicting hospital mortality [AUROC = 0.958 , 95% CI: 0.909 – 1 ; p <0.001 ] .  Increasing Δ 1 SOFA score (OR = 2.506, 95% CI : 1.681 – 3.735,p < 0.001) and increasing  lactate level  (OR = 1.388 , 95% CI : 1.015 – 1.898 , p = 0.04) were significantly associated with hospital mortality . Conclusion: the use of VA-ECMO in adult patients with cardiogenic shock is still associated with high mortality  . Serial evaluation with SOFA score during first few days of VA-ECMO support is a good predictor of hospital mortality . Increase of SOFA score after 48 hours and hyperlactataemia are significantly associated with increased hospital mortality. Predictors of hospital mortality.Studied variablesP valueOR95% CI for ORCentral VA-ECMO0.2483.1020.455 - 21.154lactate peak level0.0401.3881.015 - 1.898Haemodialysis0.7121.6140.127 - 20.473Δ 1 SOFA (3-1)< 0.0012.5061.681 - 3.735GI bleeding0.9170.8910.102 - 7.815ICH0.42414.5850.020 - 204.51Abstract Figure. SOFA scoring of studied VA-ECMO patients
Association between early Q-waves and microvascular injury in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Rusak T , Gelis LG , Miadzvedzeva EA , Shibeko NA , Haidzel IK
Published: April 2021

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

 Pathological early Q-waves (QW) are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It is still not clear how admission Q-waves are related to microvascular injury (microvascular obstruction (MVO) and intramyocardial haemorrhage (IMH)) observed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for STEMI.

Aim

to determine the association between admission Q-waves and microvascular injury in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. 

Methods

 This prospective study included 98 STEMI patients who underwent pPCI within 12 hours and had no contraindication of CMR investigation. Admission 12-lead electrocardiography was evaluated for the presence of pathological QW, defined as a depth of >0,1 mV and a QW duration of > 30 ms. The patients underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging scan at 6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-7) days after pPCI to determine infarct characteristics including MVO (late gadolinium enhancement) and IMH (T2* mapping).

Results

 The 98 first-attack STEMI patients included 87 men and 11 women with a mean age of 55,6 ± 9,7 years in this study. Early QW was observed in 23 (23,5%) patients. These patients were more frequent smokers (p = 0,041), had a significantly more frequent left anterior descending  artery as culprit lesion (p = 0,03), and had higher rates of pre-interventional TIMI flow 0 (p = 0,001). Patients with QW was related to larger infarct size (21% vs. 8% of left ventricular mass, p = 0,002), lower ejection fraction (44% vs. 51%, p = 0,004), and larger MVO (53% vs. 32%, p = 0,001) and IMH (34% vs. 17%, p = 0,003). Q-waves remained associated with both MVO (odds ratio: 5,13, 95% confidence interval: 1,98 to 11,2, p < 0,001) and IMH (odds ratio: 3,66, 95% confidence interval: 1,06 to 7,21, p < 0,001) after adjusting for potential confounders (total ischemia time, ST-segment elevation, pre-interventional TIMI flow 0).

Conclusions

 Admission Q-waves in the ECG were as independent early markers of microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial haemorrhage  in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI.