bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical Characterization and Ammonia Gas Response of a p‐Si/n‐poly[benzimidazobenzophenanthroline] Thin‐Film Junction Diode
Authors: Cruz‐Arzon Alejandro J. , Pérez José , Ramos Idalia , Pinto Nicholas J. , Falcón‐Cruz Nitza V. , Oyola Rolando , Jiang Yue , Gupta Nikita , Charlie Johnson Alan T.
Published: March 2024

The electrical characterization and ammonia vapor (NH3) response of a p‐Si/n‐poly[benzimidazobenzophenanthroline] (n‐BBL) thin‐film junction diode are reported. The presence of a depletion layer at the n‐BBL/p‐Si interface is verified via capacitance–voltage measurements, and the built‐in potential is ≈1.8 V. Using the standard diode equation for data analysis, the turn‐on voltage, rectification ratio, and ideality parameter are found to be 2 V, 16, and 6, respectively. The diode is also tested in the presence of NH3 vapor where it retained its asymmetric J–V behavior with increased currents and an insignificant change in device parameters. NH3 is believed to interact with the adsorbed O2− species on the n‐BBL surface liberating electrons that enhance the diode current. The response time, recovery time, and sensitivity of the diode are 65 s, 121 s, and 52%, respectively. The removal of the gas restores the diode characteristics to their near original shape making it reusable. The diode is also electrically characterized as a function of temperature and is found to retain its rectifying behavior down to 150 K. The rectifying and gas‐sensing features make the diode multifunctional, which expands the range of applications of this ladder‐type conducting polymer.
Why Is the Bandgap of GaP Indirect While That of GaAs and GaN Are Direct?
Authors: Huang Jinhai , Yang Wei , Chen Zihui , Yang Shengxin , Xue Kan‐Hao , Miao Xiangshui
Published: March 2024

Many III–V semiconductors possess direct bandgaps and are thus widely applied in optoelectronics. Although GaN (either in wurtzite phase or zinc blende phase), GaAs, and GaSb are well‐known direct‐gap semiconductors, GaP exhibits an indirect bandgap nevertheless. In this work, the generic rule of energy gaps in GaN, GaP, and GaAs of the zinc blende phase is analyzed, and the trends of gap variation are studied concerning the lattice constant and anion electronegativity. It turns out that GaP actually manifests a normal behavior, the reason why GaN surprisingly has a direct gap is analyzed through examining and perturbing its valence band as well as conduction band (CB). The CB electron shows a non‐negligible probability to emerge near the N cores. The attractive nucleus potential pulls down the CB more strongly at Γ, which is in principle further supported through an analysis of the Kronig–Penney model. The difference between GaP and GaN in this respect is also analyzed in detail.
Dihydrocapsaicin suppresses the STING‐mediated accumulation of ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviates apoptosis after ischemia–reperfusion injury of perforator skin flap
Authors: Lai Yingying , Yang Ningning , Chen Xuankuai , Ma Xianhui , Chen Zhuliu , Dong Chengji , Yu Gaoxiang , Huang Yingying , Shi Donghao , Fang Pin , Fu Kejian , Jiang Renhao , Mao Cong , Ding Jian , Gao Weiyang
Published: March 2024

Avascular necrosis frequently occurs as a complication following surgery involving the distal perforator flap. Dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) can protect tissue from ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its specific role in multizone perforator flaps remains unclear. In this study, the prospective target of DHC in the context of I/R injury was predicted using network pharmacology analysis. Flap viability was determined through survival area analysis, laser Doppler blood flow, angiograms, and histological examination. The expressions of angiogenesis, apoptosis, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, oxidative stress, and molecules related to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)‐adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)‐interferon gene stimulant (STING) pathway were assessed using western blotting, immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Our finding revealed that DHC promoted the perforator flap survival, which involves the cGAS–STING pathway, oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. DHC induced oxidative stress resistance and suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome, preventing apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Through regulation of STING pathway, DHC controlled oxidative stress in endothelial cells and NLRP3 levels in ischemic flaps. However, activation of the cGAS–STING pathway led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby diminishing the protective role of DHC. DHC enhanced the survival of multidomain perforator flaps by suppressing the cGAS–STING pathway, oxidative stress, and the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings unveil a potentially novel mechanism with clinical significance for promoting the survival of multidomain perforator flaps.
Stability tests for neutral‐type delay systems: A delay Lyapunov matrix and piecewise linear approximation of the functional argument approach
Authors: Portilla Gerson , Alexandrova Irina V. , Mondié Sabine
Published: March 2024

New necessary and sufficient stability tests for neutral‐type linear time delay systems are presented. They are based on functionals with prescribed derivative depending on the delay Lyapunov matrix and recent stability/instability theorems. A piecewise linear approximation of the initial function argument in the functional is employed. As a result, the functional is approximated via a quadratic form whose matrix provides stability criteria. This matrix involves the integrals based on the delay Lyapunov matrix which are handled via an efficient computational procedure. The main feature of these tests is that they are verified in a finite number of operations, which is achieved through rigorous bounding of the approximation error on a specific class of functions. Some examples which validate the obtained results are presented and discussed.
Containment control of networked heterogeneous autonomous surface vehicles: A data‐driven control approach
Authors: Weng Yongpeng , Dai Zijie , Qi Wenhai , Hao Liying
Published: March 2024

In this article, by creating a novel distributed full‐form dynamic linearization based model‐free adaptive containment control (FFDL‐MFACC) approach, the containment control problem of networked heterogeneous autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs), suffering from complex external disturbances and unavailable kinetic model‐information, is resolved. In light of the data‐driven strategy, a full‐form dynamic linearization‐based data model is efficiently established. Then, by further deploying the commonly used rotation matrix, a distributed FFDL‐MFACC scheme is thereafter developed such that accurate tracking of a predefined convex hull spanned for all follower vehicles can be achieved. Afterwards, a disturbance observer is further designed to accurately estimate the lumped disturbances and the estimation is served as a compensation within the distributed full‐form dynamic linearization. Rigorously theoretical analysis indicates the devised distributed FFDL‐MFACC method can ensure the asymptotic containment tracking of networked heterogeneous ASVs. Finally, simulation results are illustrated to verify the advantages of the devised approach.
Environmental DNA time series analysis of a temperate stream reveals distinct seasonal community and functional shifts
Authors: Sander Mandy , Beermann Arne J. , Buchner Dominik , Madge Pimentel Iris , Sinclair James S. , Weiss Martina , Haase Peter , Leese Florian
Published: March 2024

Environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from water is routinely used in river biodiversity research, and via metabarcoding eDNA can provide comprehensive taxa lists with little effort and cost. However, eDNA‐based species detection in streams and rivers may be influenced by sampling season and other key factors such as water temperature and discharge. Research linking these factors and also informing on the potential of eDNA metabarcoding to detect shifts in ecological signatures, such as species phenology and functional feeding groups across seasons, is missing. To address this gap, we collected water samples every 2 weeks for 15 months at a long‐term ecological research (LTER) site and at three different positions in the river's cross section, specifically the water surface, riverbed, and riverbank. For these 102 samples, we analyzed macroinvertebrate species and molecular operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and temporal community turnover across seasons based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) metabarcoding data. Using Generalized Additive Models, we found a significant influence of sampling season on species richness. Community turnover followed a cyclic pattern, reflecting the continuous change of the macroinvertebrate community throughout the year (“seasonal clock”). Although water temperature had no influence on the inferred species richness, higher discharge reduced the number of Annelida and Ephemeroptera species detectable with eDNA. Most macroinvertebrate taxa showed the highest species richness in spring, in particular merolimnic species with univoltine life cycles. Further, we detected an increase in the proportion of shredders in winter and parasites in summer. Our results show the usefulness of highly resolved eDNA metabarcoding time series data for ecological research and biodiversity monitoring in streams and rivers.
Online learning for streaming data classification in nonstationary environments
Authors: Gai Yujie , Meng Kang , Wang Xiaodi
Published: March 2024

In this article, we implement the classification of nonstationary streaming data. Due to the inability to obtain full data in the context of streaming data, we adopt a strategy based on clustering structure for data classification. Specifically, this strategy involves dynamically maintaining clustering structures to update the model, thereby updating the objective function for classification. Simultaneously, incoming samples are monitored in real‐time to identify the emergence of new classes or the presence of outliers. Moreover, this strategy can also deal with the concept drift problem, where the distribution of data changes with the inflow of data. Regarding the handling of novel instances, we introduce a buffer analysis mechanism to delay their processing, which in turn improves the prediction performance of the model. In the process of model updating, we also introduce a novel renewable strategy for the covariance matrix. Numerical simulations and experiments on datasets show that our method has significant advantages.
Amine‐ and Polyethylene glycol‐Functionalized Pyrediyne Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Applications
Authors: Arya Jyothibabu Sajila , Vasudha T. K. , Muthuvijayan Vignesh , Prasad Edamana
Published: March 2024

Pyrediyne, a recent addition to the 2D organic nanomaterials family, is known for its improved electrical conductivity, which can have potential applications in the performance of thin film transistors, field effect transistors, and charge storage devices. It has been shown that similar to carbon quantum dots, pyrediyne quantum dots (PDYQDs) can also be generated from 2D pyrediyne nanosheets and can be utilized for imaging cancer cells. In this context, it is highly desirable to enhance the photoluminescence properties of PDYQDs in order to improve the quality of quantum dots‐based cell imaging techniques. Herein, PDYQDs are effectively functionalized using aqueous functionalization agents such as NH3, PEG200, and PEG20000 via a simple and cost‐effective methodology, which resulted in a significant enhancement in the emission quantum yield (QY) (up to 30.2 %) through effectively reducing the non‐radiative recombination centers. After confirming their cytocompatibility using in vitro studies, the amine‐functionalized PDYQDs were utilized for imaging L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The findings in the present study suggest that it is worth exploring various surface functionalization techniques to enhance the applications of novel carbon‐based nano‐structures in various biological and optoelectronic devices.
Regulating Electron Filling and Orbital Occupancy of Anti‐Bonding States of Transition Metal Nitride Heterojunction for High Areal Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Full Batteries
Authors: Liu Jintao , Yu Lianghao , Ran Qiwen , Chen Xi'an , Wang Xueyu , He Xuedong , Jin Huile , Chen Tao , Chen Jun Song , Guo Daying , Wang Shun
Published: March 2024

The commercialization of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is seriously hindered by the shuttle behavior of lithium (Li) polysulfide, slow conversion kinetics, and Li dendrite growth. Herein, a novel hierarchical p‐type iron nitride and n‐type vanadium nitride (p‐Fe2N/n‐VN) heterostructure with optimal electronic structure, confined in vesicle‐like N‐doped nanofibers (p‐Fe2N/n‐VN⊂PNCF), is meticulously constructed to work as “one stone two birds” dual‐functional hosts for both the sulfur cathode and Li anode. As demonstrated, the d‐band center of high‐spin Fe atom captures more electrons from V atom to realize more π* and moderate σ* bond electron filling and orbital occupation; thus, allowing moderate adsorption intensity for polysulfides and more effective d–p orbital hybridization to improve reaction kinetics. Meanwhile, this unique structure can dynamically balance the deposition and transport of Li on the anode; thereby, more effectively inhibiting Li dendrite growth and promoting the formation of a uniform solid electrolyte interface. The as‐assembled Li–S full batteries exhibit the conspicuous capacities and ultralong cycling lifespan over 2000 cycles at 5.0 C. Even at a higher S loading (20 mg cm−2) and lean electrolyte (2.5 µL mg−1), the full cells can still achieve an ultrahigh areal capacity of 16.1 mAh cm−2 after 500 cycles at 0.1 C.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheet as a Proton Conducting Membrane for an H2/O2 Fuel Cell
Authors: Pathak Agamoni , Watanabe Haruki , Manna Biplab , Hatakeyama Kazuto , Ida Shintaro
Published: March 2024

Proton‐conducting metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention as potential electrolytes for fuel cells. However, research progress in utilizing MOFs as electrolytes for fuel cells has been limited, mainly due to challenges associated with issues such as the fabrication of MOF membranes, and hydrogen crossover through the MOF's pores. Here, proton conductivity and fuel cell performance of a self‐standing membrane prepared from of a bismuth subgallate MOF nanosheets with non‐porous structure are reported. The fabricated MOF nanosheet membrane with no binding agent exhibits structural anisotropy. The proton conductivity in the membrane thickness direction (4.4 × 10−3 S cm−1) at 90 °C and RH 100% is observed to be higher than that in the in‐plane direction of the membrane (3.3 × 10−5 S cm−1). The open circuit voltage (OCV) of a fuel cell with ≈120 µm proton conducting membrane is 1.0 V. The non‐porous nature of the MOF nanosheets contributes to the relatively high OCV. A fuel cell using ≈40 µm membrane as proton conducting electrolyte records a maximum of 25 mW cm−2 power density and a maximum of 109 mA cm−2 current density with 0.91 V OCV at 80 °C in humid conditions.
Sorting of Carbon Nanotubes Based on Dispersant Binding Affinities
Authors: Hwang Seongjoo , Son Seokhyeon , Park Minsuk , Choi In‐Seung , Ju Sang‐Yong
Published: March 2024

Sorting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are heterogeneous into homogeneous groups based on their electronic type, chirality, and handedness is crucial for optoelectronic and biological applications. To achieve this, researchers have utilized dispersants with different binding affinities to sort SWNTs according to their chiralities. This review article provides an overview of the methods developed for sorting SWNTs using dispersants, with a particular focus on the role played by dispersant binding affinities. The article is organized into six sections, including an introduction, a background on SWNTs and dispersant‐based individualization of SWNTs, information on dispersants and their binding affinities, separation methods for SWNTs based on controlling the dispersant binding affinity, parameters used to control dispersant binding affinity, and a conclusion. It is hoped that this review will enhance understanding of the intricate interactions between dispersants and SWNTs, leading to the development of new SWNT sorting methods for future applications.
The Effect of Multi‐Fields Synergy from Electric/Light/Thermal/Force Technologies on Photovoltaic Performance of Ba0.06Bi0.47Na0.47TiO3 Ferroelectric Ceramics via the Mg/Co Substitution at A/B Sites
Authors: Gao Qingyuan , Yang Shanming , Yuan Changlai , Liu Xiao , Zhao Jingtai , Rao Guanghui , Zhou Changrong , Xu Jiwen , Zhu Baohua , Lei Wen
Published: March 2024

Currently, it is widely reported that the photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric materials can be promoted by the application of a piezoelectric force, an external electric field, and intense light illumination. Here, a semiconducting ferroelectric composition is introduced, (1−x) Ba0.06Bi0.47Na0.47TiO3‐xMgCoO3 (abbreviated as xMgCo, where x = 0.02–0.08), synthesized through Mg/Co ions codoping. This process effectively narrows the optical bandgaps to a spectrum of 1.38–3.06 eV. Notably, the system exhibits a substantial increase in short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), by the synergy of the electric, light, and thermal fields. The Jsc can still be further enhanced by the extra introduction of a force field. Additionally, the Jsc also shows an obvious increase after the high field pre‐poling. The generation of a considerable number of oxygen vacancies due to the Co2+/Co3+ mixed valence state (in a 1:3 ratio) contributes to the reduced optimal bandgap. The integration of Mg2+ ion at the A‐site restrains the loss and sustains robust ferroelectricity (Pr = 24.1 µC cm−2), high polarizability under an electric field, and a significant piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 102 pC N−1). This study provides a novel perspective on the physical phenomena arising from the synergy of multiple fields in ferroelectric photovoltaic materials.
Prediction of potential targets and toxicological insights of Astragalus in liver cancer based on network pharmacology: Integrating systems biology, drug interaction networks, and toxicological perspectives
Authors: Zou Minjun , Zheng Zhiye , Xiahou Zhikai , Cao Jianwei
Published: March 2024

This study investigates Astragalus's efficacy as a novel therapeutic option for primary liver cancer (PLC), capitalizing on its anti‐inflammatory and antiviral effects. We utilized network pharmacology to unveil Astragalus's potential targets against PLC, revealing significant gene expression alterations in treated samples—20 genes were up‐regulated, and 20 were down‐regulated compared to controls. Our analysis extended to single‐cell resolution, where we processed scRNA‐seq data to discern 15 unique cell clusters within the immune, malignant, and stromal compartments through advanced algorithms like UMAP and tSNE. To delve deeper into the functional implications of these gene expression changes, we conducted comprehensive gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, alongside Gene Set Variation Analysis, to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved. Further, we constructed protein–protein interaction networks to visualize the intricate molecular interplay, highlighting the down‐regulation of MT1E in PLC cells, a finding corroborated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Molecular docking studies affirmed the potent interaction between Astragalus's active compounds and MT proteins, underscoring a targeted therapeutic mechanism. Our investigation also encompassed a detailed cellular landscape analysis, identifying nine cell subgroups related to MT1 expression and specifying five cell subsets through the SingleR package. Advanced trajectory and cell–cell interaction analyses offered deeper insights into the dynamics of MT1‐associated cellular subpopulations. This comprehensive methodology not only underpins Astragalus's promising role in PLC treatment but also advances our understanding of its molecular and cellular mechanisms, paving the way for targeted therapeutic strategies.
Navigating colorectal cancer prognosis: A Treg‐related signature discovered through single‐cell and bulk transcriptomic approaches
Authors: Lv Xuening , Ma Wen , Miao Xiaye , Hu Shaohui , Xie Huaibing
Published: March 2024

Background

The significance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in colorectal cancer is unclear.

Methods

The single‐cell sequencing data for colorectal cancer, specifically GSE132465 and GSE188711, were retrieved from the GEO database. Simultaneously, bulk transcriptome data were obtained from the UCSC Xena website. To delve into the heterogeneity of Treg cells and identify key genes at the single‐cell sequencing level, we employed dimensionality reduction techniques alongside clustering and conducted differential expression gene analysis. For the bulk transcriptome data, we utilized weighted co‐expression network analysis to investigate critical gene modules. Additionally, we employed COX regression and Lasso regression methodologies to construct prognostic models, thereby assessing patient outcomes. To facilitate outcome evaluation, nomograms were constructed. The integration of these diverse approaches aims to comprehensively study colorectal cancer, encompassing single‐cell heterogeneity, key gene identification, and prognosis modeling using both single‐cell and bulk transcriptome data. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments are used to verify mRNA expression levels of key genes. The analysis software was R software (version 4.3.2).

Results

Through single‐cell sequencing analysis and bulk transcriptome analysis, we constructed a prognostic model composed with Treg‐associated signatures. The high‐risk group demonstrated significantly worse prognosis compared with the low‐risk group, highlighting the clinical relevance of our models. PCR confirmed that the key gene DEAH‐box helicase 15 (DHX15) was significantly overexpressed in colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

The prognostic models developed in this study offer a potential tool for risk assessment, guiding treatment decisions for colorectal cancer patients.
Reducing post‐operative length of stay, is it worth the effort?
Authors: Hashmi Syeda Amrah , Raja Mohummad Hassan Raza , Arif Aiman , Naseem Zehra , Pal Khawaja Muhammad Babar , Pal Khawaja Muhammad Inam
Published: March 2024

Background

Studies show that reducing the length of hospital stay (LOS) for surgical patients leads to cost savings. We hypothesize that LOS has a nonlinear relationship to cost of care and reduction may not have a meaningful impact on it. We have attempted to define the relationship of LOS to cost of care. We utilized the itemized bill, generated in real time, for hospital services.

Materials

Adult patients admitted under General, Neuro, and Orthopedic surgery over a 3‐month period, with an LOS between 4 and 14 days, were the study population. Itemized bill details were analyzed. Charges in Pakistani rupees were converted to US dollar. Ethical exemption for study was obtained.

Results

Of the 853 patients, 38% were admitted to General Surgery, 27% to Neurosurgery, and 35% to Orthopedics. A total of 64% of the patients had an LOS between 4 and 6 days; 36% had an LOS between 7 and 14 days. Operated and conservatively managed constituted 82% and 18%, respectively. Mean total charge for operated patients was higher $3387 versus $1347 for non‐operated ones. LOS was seen to have a nonlinear relationship to in‐hospital cost of care. The bulk of cost was centered on the day of surgery. This was consistent across all services. The last day of stay contributed 2.4%–3.2% of total charge.

Conclusions

For surgical patients, the cost implications rapidly taper in the postoperative period. The contribution of the last day of stay cost to total cost is small. For meaningful cost containment, focus needs to be on the immediate perioperative period.
Electroosmotic microchannel flow of blood conveying copper and cupric nanoparticles: Ciliary motion experiencing entropy generation using backpropagated networks
Authors: Sharma Parikshit , Sharma Bhupendra K. , Mishra Nidhish K. , Almohsen Bandar , Bhatti Muhammad M.
Published: March 2024

A novel mathematical model for a hybrid (Cu–CuO/blood) Jeffrey nanofluid passing a vertical symmetric microchannel along with an electroosmosis pump is presented. The focuses on the advancement of mathematical modeling techniques, its comprehensive analysis of microfluidic system dynamics, and its potential to inform the optimal design of devices using nanofluids with broad applications in various fields. Arrhenius's law is used to analyze endothermic–exothermic reactions and activation energy. The governing partial differential equations of the fixed frame are transformed into ordinary differential equations of the wave frame using self‐similarity transformations. Low Reynolds number and long‐wavelength approximations helped to find solutions of the equations by applying a suitable BVP solver in MATLAB. The fluid's velocity, temperature, concentration, and electroosmosis properties are studied graphically. Two‐dimensional contour plots of fluid velocity and three‐dimensional surface plots of fluid properties are discussed. Physically significant quantities of mass transfer rate, skin friction coefficient, entropy generation, and heat transfer rate are studied using contour plots. Artificial neural network simulation using Bayesian regularization backpropagation algorithms is analyzed for training state, error histogram, fit, performance, and regression plots. Conclusively, the comprehensive analysis of the fluid dynamics, entropy generation, mass and heat transfer, and in the microchannel, coupled with the successful implementation of artificial neural network simulation, contributes to an improved understanding of the system's behavior. Entropy generation was raised for enhanced Brownian motion number and reduced values of thermophoresis, activation energy, and endothermic–exothermic reaction parameters. This study's results can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of microfluidic devices used in fields as diverse as electrical cooling and medicine delivery.
Introduction: Towards a Circular Economy Strategy in the Valencian Region’s Tourism Industry
Authors: Segarra-Oña Marival , Santamarina-Campos Virginia
Published: March 2024

Although the tourism industry is a cornerstone of the Valencian Region’s economy, it generates a variety of environmental impacts that require robust management and the implementation of measures to mitigate them. To address this issue, an innovative project entitled “Creation of an Innovation Platform for the Promotion and Implementation of a Circular Economy Strategy in the Valencian Region’s Tourism Industry” has been devised.
Impact Culture and the Circular Economy in the Tourism Industry: An Analysis of Challenges and Recommendations for Sustainability
Authors: Santamarina-Campos Virginia , Mas-Gil Miguel Ángel , de-Miguel-Molina María , Catalá-Pérez Daniel
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the relevance of the circular economy in the tourism industry, highlighting how this model can mitigate environmental and social impacts, promote sustainability and improve competitiveness. Recommendations for the implementation of a circular economy strategy in the Valencian Region’s tourism industry are presented through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) process. The importance of an impact culture in the transition to a circular economy is also highlighted.
The three-pion K-matrix at NLO in ChPT
Authors: Baeza-Ballesteros Jorge , Bijnens Johan , Husek Tomáš , Romero-López Fernando , Sharpe Stephen R. , Sjö Mattias
Published: March 2024

Abstract

The three-particle K-matrix, $$ \mathcal{K} $$
K
df,3, is a scheme-dependent quantity that parametrizes short-range three-particle interactions in the relativistic-field-theory three-particle finite-volume formalism. In this work, we compute its value for systems of three pions in all isospin channels through next-to-leading order in Chiral Perturbation Theory, generalizing previous work done at maximum isospin. We obtain analytic expressions through quadratic order (or cubic order, in the case of zero isospin) in the expansion about the three-pion threshold.
Eclectic flavor group ∆(27) ⋊ S3 and lepton model building
Authors: Li Cai-Chang , Ding Gui-Jun
Published: March 2024

Abstract

We have performed a systematical study of the eclectic flavor group ∆(27) ⋊ S3 which is the extension of the traditional flavor symmetry ∆(27) by the finite modular symmetry S3. Consistency between ∆(27) and S3 requires that the eight nontrivial singlet representations of ∆(27) should be arranged into four reducible doublets. The modular transformation matrices are determined for various ∆(27) multiplets, and the CP-like symmetry compatible with ∆(27) ⋊ S3 are discussed. We study the general form of the Kähler potential and superpotential invariant under ∆(27) ⋊ S3, and the corresponding fermion mass matrices are presented. We propose a bottom-up model for lepton masses and mixing based on ∆(27) ⋊ S3, a numerical analysis is performed and the experimental data can be accommodated.
Mutual-Visibility Sets in Cartesian Products of Paths and Cycles
Authors: Korže Danilo , Vesel Aleksander
Published: March 2024

For a given graph G, the mutual-visibility problem asks for the largest set of vertices $$M \subseteq V(G)$$

M
⊆
V
(
G
)

with the property that for any pair of vertices $$u,v \in M$$

u
,
v
∈
M

there exists a shortest u, v-path of G that does not pass through any other vertex in M. The mutual-visibility problem for Cartesian products of a cycle and a path, as well as for Cartesian products of two cycles, is considered. Optimal solutions are provided for the majority of Cartesian products of a cycle and a path, while for the other family of graphs, the problem is completely solved.
Mechanisms for polyandry evolution in a complex social bee
Authors: Delaplane Keith , Hagan Katherine , Vogel Kevin , Bartlett Lewis
Published: March 2024

Polyandry in social Hymenoptera is associated with reduced within-colony relatedness and increased colony-level ecologic fitness. One explanation for this sees increasing within-nest genetic diversity as a mechanism for improving group task efficiency and colony competitiveness. A queen on her mating flight captures nearly 90% of her breeding population’s allele potential by her tenth effective mating (me ~ 10 males). Under this population allele capture (PAC) model, colony fitness gains track mating number in an asymptotic manner, leveling out after about the tenth mating. A supporting theory we call the genotype composition (GC) model sees genetic novelty at mating levels higher than the me ~ 10 asymptote, the hyperpolyandry zone, resulting from unique genotype compositions whose number are potentially infinite. Colony fitness gains under the GC model will track mating number in a linear manner. We set up field colonies with Apis mellifera queens each instrumentally mated with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 males, creating a polyandry gradient bracketing the qualitative divide of me ~ 10, measured tokens of colony level fitness, and collected observation hive data. Our results lead us to conclude that (1) ancestral colony traits fundamental to eusociality (cooperative brood care) respond to mating level changes at or below me ~ 10 in a manner consistent with the PAC model, whereas (2) more derived specialized colony phenotypes (resistance to the non-native parasite Varroa destructor) continue improving with increasing me in a manner consistent with the GC model. By either model, (3) the mechanism for increasing colony fitness is an increase in worker task specialisms and task efficiency.

Significance statement

Polyandry is a female’s practice of mating with many males, storing their sperm, and using it to produce genetically diverse offspring. In complex social bees, a queen captures nearly 90% of her breeding population’s diversity potential by her tenth mating; however, queens in nature routinely mate with many more than ten males. We tested two models that, together, explain how social bee colonies ecologically benefit from queen mating numbers ranging from 2 to potential infinity. A population allele capture (PAC) model focuses on colony fitness gains at mating numbers at or below 10, and we provide evidence that it was at these polyandry levels that significant gains were made in an ancestral eusocial trait, cooperative brood care. A genotype composition (GC) model focuses on colony fitness gains at higher mating numbers, and we believe these gains are centered around more recently evolved ecologic specialisms such as parasite resistance.
Alveolar membrane and capillary function in COVID-19 convalescents: insights from chest MRI
Authors: Kern Agilo Luitger , Pink Isabell , Bonifacius Agnes , Kaireit Till , Speth Milan , Behrendt Lea , Klimeš Filip , Voskrebenzev Andreas , Hohlfeld Jens M. , Hoeper Marius M. , Welte Tobias , Wacker Frank , Eiz-Vesper Britta , Vogel-Claussen Jens
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To investigate potential presence and resolution of longer-term pulmonary diffusion limitation and microvascular perfusion impairment in COVID-19 convalescents.

Materials and methods

This prospective, longitudinal study was carried out between May 2020 and April 2023. COVID-19 convalescents repeatedly and age/sex-matched healthy controls once underwent MRI including hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI. Blood samples were obtained in COVID-19 convalescents for immunophenotyping. Ratios of 129Xe in red blood cells (RBC), tissue/plasma (TP), and gas phase (GP) as well as lung surface-volume ratio were quantified and correlations with CD4+/CD8+ T cell frequencies were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Signed-rank tests were used for longitudinal and U tests for group comparisons.

Results

Thirty-five participants were recruited. Twenty-three COVID-19 convalescents (age 52.1 ± 19.4 years, 13 men) underwent baseline MRI 12.6 ± 4.2 weeks after symptom onset. Fourteen COVID-19 convalescents underwent follow-up MRI and 12 were included for longitudinal comparison (baseline MRI at 11.5 ± 2.7 weeks and follow-up 38.0 ± 5.5 weeks). Twelve matched controls were included for comparison. In COVID-19 convalescents, RBC-TP was increased at follow-up (p = 0.04). Baseline RBC-TP was lower in patients treated on intensive care unit (p = 0.03) and in patients with severe/critical disease (p = 0.006). RBC-TP correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cell frequencies (R = 0.61/ − 0.60) at baseline. RBC-TP was not significantly different compared to matched controls at follow-up (p = 0.25).

Conclusion

Impaired microvascular pulmonary perfusion and alveolar membrane function persisted 12 weeks after symptom onset and resolved within 38 weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset.

Clinical relevance statement

129Xe MRI shows improvement of microvascular pulmonary perfusion and alveolar membrane function between 11.5 ± 2.7 weeks and 38.0 ± 5.5 weeks after symptom onset in patients after COVID-19, returning to normal in subjects without significant prior disease.

Key Points

• The study aims to investigate long-term effects of COVID-19 on lung function, in particular gas uptake efficiency, and on the cardiovascular system.

• In COVID-19 convalescents, the ratio of 129Xe in red blood cells/tissue plasma increased longitudinally (p = 0.04), but was not different from matched controls at follow-up (p = 0.25).

• Microvascular pulmonary perfusion and alveolar membrane function are impaired 11.5 weeks after symptom onset in patients after COVID-19, returning to normal in subjects without significant prior disease at 38.0 weeks.
Binary ZnS–ZnO films as an alternative buffer layer for solar cell applications
Authors: Gençyılmaz Olcay , Akyüz İdris , Atay Ferhunde
Published: March 2024

In this research, binary ZnS–ZnO films were fabricated by a two-step process, offering an alternative buffer layer solution for photovoltaic solar cell applications. ZnS films were attained through thermal evaporation, after which they were annealed in air at separate temperatures resulting in films containing both ZnS and ZnO phases. Structural, electrical, ellipsometric, optical, and surface properties were examined in detail to elucidate their applicability as a buffer layer in photovoltaic applications. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the films exhibit cubic ZnS and hexagonal ZnO crystal structures, wherein crystallite size is augmented with higher annealing temperatures. ZnS films exhibited a needle-shaped surface morphology, as confirmed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. Annealing caused noteworthy modifications on the surfaces of the films. Additionally, absorption spectra denote two distinct absorption regions forming as a result of the annealing process, possibly indicating the emergence of ZnS and ZnO phases. Photoluminescence analyses demonstrate that binary ZnS–ZnO films exhibit greater emission intensities than single-phase ZnS films. Additionally, the annealing process caused the electrical resistivity of films to reduce from 1.28 × 105 to 3.84 × 101 Ω cm. These results suggest that binary ZnS–ZnO films produced via annealing can be considered as promising buffer layers in potential photovoltaic solar cell applications.
The prevalence and topography of spinal cord demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study
Authors: Waldman Alex D. , Catania Cecilia , Pisa Marco , Jenkinson Mark , Lenardo Michael J. , DeLuca Gabriele C.
Published: March 2024

Spinal cord pathology is a major determinant of irreversible disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. The demyelinated lesion is a cardinal feature. The well-characterised anatomy of the spinal cord and new analytic approaches allows the systematic study of lesion topography and its extent of inflammatory activity unveiling new insights into disease pathogenesis. We studied cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord tissue from 119 pathologically confirmed multiple sclerosis cases. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect demyelination (PLP) and classify lesional inflammatory activity (CD68). Prevalence and distribution of demyelination, staged by lesion activity, was determined and topographical maps were created to identify patterns of lesion prevalence and distribution using mixed models and permutation-based voxelwise analysis. 460 lesions were observed throughout the spinal cord with 76.5% of cases demonstrating at least 1 lesion. The cervical level was preferentially affected by lesions. 58.3% of lesions were inflammatory with 87.9% of cases harbouring at least 1 inflammatory lesion. Topographically, lesions consistently affected the dorsal and lateral columns with relative sparing of subpial areas in a distribution mirroring the vascular network. The presence of spinal cord lesions and the proportion of active lesions related strongly with clinical disease milestones, including time from onset to wheelchair and onset to death. We demonstrate that spinal cord demyelination is common, highly inflammatory, has a predilection for the cervical level, and relates to clinical disability. The topography of lesions in the dorsal and lateral columns and relative sparing of subpial areas points to a role of the vasculature in lesion pathogenesis, suggesting short-range cell infiltration from the blood and signaling molecules circulating in the perivascular space incite lesion development. These findings challenge the notion that end-stage progressive multiple sclerosis is ‘burnt out’ and an outside-in lesional gradient predominates in the spinal cord. Taken together, this study provides support for long-term targeting of inflammatory demyelination in the spinal cord and nominates vascular dysfunction as a potential target for new therapeutic approaches to limit irreversible disability.
Hip-spine relationship: clinical evidence and biomechanical issues
Authors: Di Martino Alberto , Geraci Giuseppe , Brunello Matteo , D’Agostino Claudio , Davico Giorgio , Curreli Cristina , Traina Francesco , Faldini Cesare
Published: March 2024

The hip-spine relationship is a critical consideration in total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures. While THA is generally successful in patient, complications such as instability and dislocation can arise. These issues are significantly influenced by the alignment of implant components and the overall balance of the spine and pelvis, known as spinopelvic balance. Patients with alteration of those parameters, in particular rigid spines, often due to fusion surgery, face a higher risk of THA complications, with an emphasis on complications in instability, impingement and dislocation. For these reasons, over the years, computer modelling and simulation techniques have been developed to support clinicians in the different steps of surgery. The aim of the current review is to present current knowledge on hip-spine relationship to serve as a common platform of discussion among clinicians and engineers. The offered overview aims to update the reader on the main critical aspects of the issue, from both a theoretical and practical perspective, and to be a valuable introductory tool for those approaching this problem for the first time.
Flavokawain C inhibits proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells through FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Rong , Li Rizhao , Yang Huibing , Chen Xuejiao , Wu Liangliang , Zheng Xiaohui , Jin Yuepeng
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study investigated the potential applicability and the underlying mechanisms of flavokawain C, a natural compound derived from kava extracts, in liver cancer treatment.

Methods

Drug distribution experiment used to demonstrate the preferential tissues enrichment of flavokawain C. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration effect of flavokawain C were determined by MTT, colony formation, EdU staining, cell adhesion, transwell, flow cytometry and western blot assay. The mechanism was explored by comet assay, immunofluorescence assay, RNA-seq-based Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics analysis and western blot assay. The anticancer effect of flavokawain C was further confirmed by xenograft tumor model.

Results

The studies first demonstrated the preferential enrichment of flavokawain C within liver tissues in vivo. The findings demonstrated that flavokawain C significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells, induced cellular apoptosis, and triggered intense DNA damage along with strong DNA damage response. The findings from RNA-seq-based KEGG analysis, molecular dynamics, bioinformatics analysis, and western blot assay mechanistically indicated that treatment with flavokawain C notably suppressed the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in liver cancer cells. This effect was attributed to the induction of gene changes and the binding of flavokawain C to the ATP sites of FAK and PI3K, resulting in the inhibition of their phosphorylation. Additionally, flavokawain C also displayed the strong capacity to inhibit Huh-7-derived xenograft tumor growth in mice with minimal adverse effects.

Conclusions

These findings identified that flavokawain C is a promising anticancer agent for liver cancer treatment.
PKHD1L1, a gene involved in the stereocilia coat, causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss
Authors: Redfield Shelby E. , De-la-Torre Pedro , Zamani Mina , Wang Hanjun , Khan Hina , Morris Tyler , Shariati Gholamreza , Karimi Majid , Kenna Margaret A. , Seo Go Hun , Xu Hongen , Lu Wei , Naz Sadaf , Galehdari Hamid , Indzhykulian Artur A. , Shearer A. Eliot , Vona Barbara
Published: March 2024

Identification of genes associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss is a crucial endeavor given the substantial number of individuals who remain without a diagnosis after even the most advanced genetic testing. PKHD1L1 was established as necessary for the formation of the cochlear hair-cell stereociliary coat and causes hearing loss in mice and zebrafish when mutated. We sought to determine if biallelic variants in PKHD1L1 also cause hearing loss in humans. Exome sequencing was performed on DNA of four families segregating autosomal recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Compound heterozygous p.[(Gly129Ser)];p.[(Gly1314Val)] and p.[(Gly605Arg)];p[(Leu2818TyrfsTer5)], homozygous missense p.(His2479Gln) and nonsense p.(Arg3381Ter) variants were identified in PKHD1L1 that were predicted to be damaging using in silico pathogenicity prediction methods. In vitro functional analysis of two missense variants was performed using purified recombinant PKHD1L1 protein fragments. We then evaluated protein thermodynamic stability with and without the missense variants found in one of the families and performed a minigene splicing assay for another variant. In silico molecular modeling using AlphaFold2 and protein sequence alignment analysis were carried out to further explore potential variant effects on structure. In vitro functional assessment indicated that both engineered PKHD1L1 p.(Gly129Ser) and p.(Gly1314Val) mutant constructs significantly reduced the folding and structural stabilities of the expressed protein fragments, providing further evidence to support pathogenicity of these variants. Minigene assay of the c.1813G>A p.(Gly605Arg) variant, located at the boundary of exon 17, revealed exon skipping leading to an in-frame deletion of 48 amino acids. In silico molecular modeling exposed key structural features that might suggest PKHD1L1 protein destabilization. Multiple lines of evidence collectively associate PKHD1L1 with nonsyndromic mild–moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. PKHD1L1 testing in individuals with mild–moderate hearing loss may identify further affected families.
Dietary branched-chain amino acids intake and new-onset hypertension: a nationwide prospective cohort study in China
Authors: Yu Lianlong , Zhu Qianrang , Song Pengkun , Li Yuqian , Man Qingqing , Liu Beibei , Jia Shanshan , Zhang Jian
Published: March 2024

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risk of developing hypertension.

Methods

A cohort study of 14,883 Chinese adults without hypertension at baseline with were followed for an average of 8.9 years. Dietary intakes of BCAAs, including Ile, Leu, and Val, were collected using 3-day 24-h meal recall and household condiment weighing. Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic splines, interaction analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the relationship between dietary BCAAs and risk of developing self-reported hypertension, adjusting for age, gender, region, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking status, physical activity, energy intake, salt intake.

Results

Among 14,883 study subjects, 6386(42.9%) subjects aged ≥ 45 years at baseline, 2692 (18.1%) had new-onset hypertension during the study period, with a median age of 56 years. High levels of dietary BCAAs were associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension. Compared with the 41st–60th percentile, multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension was 1.16 (95% CI 1.01–1.32) for dietary BCAAs 61st–80th percentiles, 1.30 (1.13–1.50) for 81st–95th, 1.60 (1.32–1.95) for 96th–100th. The cut-off value of new-onset hypertension risk, total BCAAs, Ile, Leu, and Val were 15.7 g/day, 4.1 g/day, 6.9 g/day, 4.6 g/day, respectively, and the proportion of the population above these intake values were 13.9%, 13.1%, 15.4%, and 14.4%, respectively. Age, BMI, and salt intake had an interactive effect on this relationship (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

There was a significant positive association between total dietary BCAAs, Ile, Leu, Val intake and the risk of developing hypertension, after adjustment for confounders. This relationship was influenced by age, BMI, and salt intake. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism and potential role of BCAAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension.