bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETECTING EXOMOONS AROUND SELF-LUMINOUS GIANT EXOPLANETS THROUGH POLARIZATION
Authors: Sengupta Sujan , Marley Mark S.
Published: June 2016

Many of the directly imaged self-luminous gas-giant exoplanets have been found to have cloudy atmospheres. Scattering of the emergent thermal radiation from these planets by the dust grains in their atmospheres should locally give rise to significant linear polarization of the emitted radiation. However, the observable disk-averaged polarization should be zero if the planet is spherically symmetric. Rotation-induced oblateness may yield a net non-zero disk-averaged polarization if the planets have sufficiently high spin rotation velocity. On the other hand, when a large natural satellite or exomoon transits a planet with a cloudy atmosphere along the line of sight, the asymmetry induced during the transit should give rise to a net non-zero, time-resolved linear polarization signal. The peak amplitude of such time-dependent polarization may be detectable even for slowly rotating exoplanets. Therefore, we suggest that large exomoons around directly imaged self-luminous exoplanets may be detectable through time-resolved imaging polarimetry. Adopting detailed atmospheric models for several values of effective temperature and surface gravity that are appropriate for self-luminous exoplanets, we present the polarization profiles of these objects in the infrared during the transit phase and estimate the peak amplitude of polarization that occurs during the inner contacts of the transit ingress/egress phase. The peak polarization is predicted to range between 0.1% and 0.3% in the infrared.
COSMIC SHEAR RESULTS FROM THE DEEP LENS SURVEY. II. FULL COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS FROM TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Jee M. James , Tyson J. Anthony , Hilbert Stefan , Schneider Michael D. , Schmidt Samuel , Wittman David
Published: June 2016

We present a tomographic cosmic shear study from the Deep Lens Survey (DLS), which, providing a limiting magnitude

(

), is designed as a precursor Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) survey with an emphasis on depth. Using five tomographic redshift bins, we study their auto- and cross-correlations to constrain cosmological parameters. We use a luminosity-dependent nonlinear model to account for the astrophysical systematics originating from intrinsic alignments of galaxy shapes. We find that the cosmological leverage of the DLS is among the highest among existing

deg2 cosmic shear surveys. Combining the DLS tomography with the 9 yr results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP9) gives

,

,

, and

for ΛCDM, reducing the uncertainties of the WMAP9-only constraints by ∼50%. When we do not assume flatness for ΛCDM, we obtain the curvature constraint

from the DLS+WMAP9 combination, which, however, is not well constrained when WMAP9 is used alone. The dark energy equation-of-state parameter w is tightly constrained when baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data are added, yielding

with the DLS+WMAP9+BAO joint probe. The addition of supernova constraints further tightens the parameter to

. Our joint constraints are fully consistent with the final Planck results and also with the predictions of a ΛCDM universe.
THE IMPACT OF STELLAR FEEDBACK ON THE STRUCTURE, SIZE, AND MORPHOLOGY OF GALAXIES IN MILKY-WAY-SIZED DARK MATTER HALOS
Authors: Agertz Oscar , Kravtsov Andrey V.
Published: June 2016

We use cosmological zoom-in simulations of galaxy formation in a Milky-Way-sized halo started from identical initial conditions to investigate the evolution of galaxy sizes, baryon fractions, morphologies, and angular momenta in runs with different parameters of the star formation–feedback cycle. Our fiducial model with a high local star formation efficiency, which results in efficient feedback, produces a realistic late-type galaxy that matches the evolution of basic properties of late-type galaxies: stellar mass, disk size, morphology dominated by a kinematically cold disk, stellar and gas surface density profiles, and specific angular momentum. We argue that feedback’s role in this success is twofold: (1) removal of low angular momentum gas, and (2) maintaining a low disk-to-halo mass fraction, which suppresses disk instabilities that lead to angular momentum redistribution and a central concentration of baryons. However, our model with a low local star formation efficiency, but large energy input per supernova, chosen to produce a galaxy with a similar star formation history as our fiducial model, leads to a highly irregular galaxy with no kinematically cold component, overly extended stellar distribution, and low angular momentum. This indicates that only when feedback is allowed to become vigorous via locally efficient star formation in dense cold gas do resulting galaxy sizes, gas/stellar surface density profiles, and stellar disk angular momenta agree with observed z = 0 galaxies.
THE RINGS OF CHARIKLO UNDER CLOSE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE GIANT PLANETS
Authors: Araujo R. A. N. , Sfair R. , Winter O. C.
Published: June 2016

The Centaur population is composed of minor bodies wandering between the giant planets that frequently perform close gravitational encounters with these planets, leading to a chaotic orbital evolution. Recently, the discovery of two well-defined narrow rings was announced around the Centaur 10199 Chariklo. The rings are assumed to be in the equatorial plane of Chariklo and to have circular orbits. The existence of a well-defined system of rings around a body in such a perturbed orbital region poses an interesting new problem. Are the rings of Chariklo stable when perturbed by close gravitational encounters with the giant planets? Our approach to address this question consisted of forward and backward numerical simulations of 729 clones of Chariklo, with similar initial orbits, for a period of 100 Myr. We found, on average, that each clone experiences during its lifetime more than 150 close encounters with the giant planets within one Hill radius of the planet in question. We identified some extreme close encounters that were able to significantly disrupt or disturb the rings of Chariklo. About 3% of the clones lose their rings and about 4% of the clones have their rings significantly disturbed. Therefore, our results show that in most cases (more than 90%), the close encounters with the giant planets do not affect the stability of the rings in Chariklo-like systems. Thus, if there is an efficient mechanism that creates the rings, then these structures may be common among these kinds of Centaurs.
ION IRRADIATION OF ETHANE AND WATER MIXTURE ICE AT 15 K: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE ISM
Authors: Barros A. L. F. de , Silveira E. F da , Fulvio D. , Rothard H. , Boduch P.
Published: June 2016

Solid water has been observed on the surface of many different astronomical objects and is the dominant ice present in the universe, from the solar system (detected on the surface of some asteroids, planets and their satellites, trans-Neptunian objects [TNOs], comets, etc.) to dense cold interstellar clouds (where interstellar dust grains are covered with water-rich ices). Ethane has been detected across the solar system, from the atmosphere of the giant planets and the surface of Saturn’s satellite Titan to various comets and TNOs. To date, there were no experiments focused on icy mixtures of C2H6 and H2O exposed to ion irradiation simulating cosmic rays, a case study for many astronomical environments in which C2H6 has been detected. In this work, the radiolysis of a C2H6:H2O (2:3) ice mixture bombarded by a 40 MeV58Ni11+ ion beam is studied. The chemical evolution of the molecular species existing in the sample is monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The analysis of ethane, water, and molecular products in solid phase was performed. Induced chemical reactions in C2H6:H2O ice produce 13 daughter molecular species. Their formation and dissociation cross sections are determined. Furthermore, atomic carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen budgets are determined and used to verify the stoichiometry of the most abundantly formed molecular species. The results are discussed in the view of solar system and interstellar medium chemistry. The study presented here should be regarded as a first step in laboratory works dedicated to simulate the effect of cosmic radiation on multicomponent mixtures involving C2H6 and H2O.
REVISITING THE MICROLENSING EVENT OGLE 2012-BLG-0026: A SOLAR MASS STAR WITH TWO COLD GIANT PLANETS
Authors: Beaulieu J.-P. , Bennett D. P. , Batista V. , Fukui A. , Marquette J.-B. , Brillant S. , Cole A. A. , Rogers L. A. , Sumi T. , Abe F. , Bhattacharya A. , Koshimoto N. , Suzuki D. , Tristram P. J. , Han C. , Gould A. , Pogge R. , Yee J.
Published: June 2016

Two cold gas giant planets orbiting a G-type main-sequence star in the galactic disk were previously discovered in the high-magnification microlensing event OGLE-2012-BLG-0026. Here, we present revised host star flux measurements and a refined model for the two-planet system using additional light curve data. We performed high angular resolution adaptive optics imaging with the Keck and Subaru telescopes at two epochs while the source star was still amplified. We detected the lens flux, H = 16.39 ± 0.08. The lens, a disk star, is brighter than predicted from the modeling in the original study. We revisited the light curve modeling using additional photometric data from the B&C telescope in New Zealand and CTIO 1.3 m H-band light curve. We then include the Keck and Subaru adaptive optic observation constraints. The system is composed of a ∼4–9 Gyr lens star of M
lens = 1.06 ± 0.05 M
⊙ at a distance of D
lens = 4.0 ± 0.3 kpc, orbited by two giant planets of 0.145 ± 0.008 M
Jup and 0.86 ± 0.06 M
Jup, with projected separations of 4.0 ± 0.5 au and 4.8 ± 0.7 au, respectively. Because the lens is brighter than the source star by 16 ± 8% in H, with no other blend within one arcsec, it will be possible to estimate its metallicity using subsequent IR spectroscopy with 8–10 m class telescopes. By adding a constraint on the metallicity it will be possible to refine the age of the system.
Figures du cannibalisme
Authors: Huber Fabienne
Published: June 2016

Le thème du cannibalisme est apparu de façon singulière dans un groupe psychothérapique d’adolescents, servant de fil conducteur tout au long de son histoire. Cet article propose d’étudier la polysémie des fantasmes cannibaliques selon l’évolution du processus groupal. Le rôle de l’illusion groupale, d’après notre hypothèse, s’est révélé déterminant pour permettre le passage d’un cannibalisme mélancolique à un cannibalisme incestueux, puis à un cannibalisme défensif contre la génitalité.
Psychothérapie de groupe et dépendance
Authors: Manganelli Brigitte
Published: June 2016

La dépendance s’inscrit dans le processus adolescent en lien avec la réactivation pulsionnelle et les remaniements qu’elle impose. Le groupe psychothérapique est aussi l’espace où la dépendance se rejoue dans les transferts sur le cadre et le thérapeute. La régression qui questionne les limites du sujet résonne avec les premières expériences identificatoires. Cependant les processus groupaux viennent relancer la conflictualité pour accompagner la différenciation et la construction identitaire.
Empathie dans un groupe à l’hôpital
Authors: Fredenrich Anelise , Danielian Joël , Lechenne Éléonore
Published: June 2016

Ce travail propose d’étudier les variations de l’empathie dans un groupe de libre parole, tant chez les psychothérapeutes que chez les adolescents qui le composent. Celui-ci constitue un des espaces de soin d’une unité d’hospitalisation qui accueille des adolescents aux prises avec une crise psychique sévère. Des données ont été recueillies sur plusieurs mois de façon à offrir une nouvelle perspective des mouvements chaotiques du groupe et ont fait l’objet d’un travail de mise en récit.
Psychodrame, scénalité adolescente et rêve
Authors: Duez Bernard
Published: June 2016

La structure du psychodrame psychanalytique de groupe (PPG) entretient un rapport d’anamorphose avec celle du travail transformationnel du rêve. Rêve et groupe sont deux invariants subjectifs et sociétaux. L’auteur souligne les liens de figurabilité entre scénalité originaire, scénalité onirique, scénalité adolescente et scénalité psychodramatique. Il analyse leurs implications dans l’efficacité symbolique du dispositif du PPG avec des adolescents, notamment des adolescents en état limite.
Médiation thérapeutique par l’improvisation théâtrale
Authors: Guénoun Tamara
Published: June 2016

Cet article analyse le « site » thérapeutique de la médiation théâtrale. Le groupe y occupe une place centrale, se différenciant toutefois du dispositif thérapeutique de psychodrame analytique en groupe. Les propriétés du médium théâtral induisent une dynamique spécifique. La scène se fait catalyseur de la fonction phorique. L’accordage esthétique offre des occasions de désidentification.
L’émotion esthétique : art et thérapie
Authors: Nikolova Miroslava , Lecourt Édith , Couchoud Sophie
Published: June 2016

L’émotion esthétique surgit chez l’individu au moment singulier où il est saisi par la beauté unique d’une œuvre d’art, d’une forme ou d’une parole qui lui révèle une vérité profondément intime et en même temps universelle. De tels moments rares et précieux permettent l’ouverture d’un espace de jeu et de créativité dans la monotonie de l’existence ou la répétition pathologique. Nous proposons d’étudier le contexte d’apparition de deux moments d’émotion esthétique que nous avons observés au sein d’un atelier d’art-thérapie accueillant des adolescentes hospitalisées à temps plein.
La communautarisation de la recherche sur la sécurité
Authors: Lavallée Chantal
Published: June 2016

Selon le traité sur l’UE, l’impulsion politique en matière de sécurité européenne vient du Conseil européen. L’article vise ainsi à comprendre comment la Commission européenne a réussi avec une série d’initiatives, notamment en matière de recherche, à se positionner dans le champ européen de sécurité et de défense, et à y jouer un rôle déterminant. L’analyse de la configuration des relations permet de démontrer qu’en faisant un usage habile de ses atouts et de ses ressources au nom de l’approche globale, la Commission produit des effets et renforce sa position dans le champ à l’interface des acteurs étatiques et non étatiques.
Quand l’approche globale se rétrécit
Authors: Waizer Stefan
Published: June 2016

Cet article interroge les limites de l’approche globale de l’UE en prenant le cas de la politique de non-prolifération commune face à l’Iran. En articulant sociologie des secteurs et sociologie des rôles, nous avançons l’idée que la mobilisation et l’abandon soudain de l’approche globale constituent l’objectivation de luttes inter- et intra-sectorielles qui s’inscrivent dans le contexte de négociations internationales. À partir de cette reconstitution socio-historique de la non-institutionnalisation de l’approche globale, nous démontrons que l’institutionnalisation de l’Europe de la politique étrangère ne se fait pas forcément par l’« européanisation » de ses producteurs.
L’idéal de virginité d’après les Pères de l’Église latine
Authors: Tazdaït Fawzia
Published: June 2016

L’analyse du discours de trois Pères de L’Église latine, saint Ambroise, Saint Jérôme, Saint Augustin, permet de dégager une définition complexe de la virginité, et met en évidence le statut de femmes d’exception des vierges des premiers temps chrétiens. D’après ce discours, ces épouses du Christ apparaissent comme des femmes libres, ayant certes renoncé à l’amour charnel, mais pas à leur sexualité, qui relève du fantasme.
Incidences des prescriptions sexuelles sur les positions féminines dans l’Ancien Testament
Authors: Cohen Lina
Published: June 2016

Le judaïsme conservateur ou orthodoxe véhicule une représentation sexiste des rôles masculins et féminins, étayée sur le second récit de la Création où la femme, créée dans un second temps à partir de l’homme, serait cantonnée à une position secondaire d’éternelle mineure ou d’auxiliaire de l’homme. Le judaïsme libéral, s’appuyant sur le premier récit de la Création où l’homme et la femme sont créés dans le même temps, défend une vision plus égalitaire, dégagée du contexte patriarcal dans lequel ont été rédigés les écrits bibliques. En tenant compte des avancées socio-culturelles des sociétés modernes démocratiques, la tradition juive pourrait se départir de la logique de domination masculine pour accéder au registre de l’altérité. Cette approche permettrait en outre de mettre en perspective voire d’éclairer certaines contradictions entre les lois religieuses, figées sur l’idée de soumission féminine, et les récits bibliques ponctués de figures féminines fortes et parfois subversives.
Homosexualité et Torah
Authors: Ardeven François
Published: June 2016

De largement invisible, l’homosexualité en quarante ans est, conséquence aussi du SIDA qui décima la communauté gay, sortie du placard. Des interdits ont été levés, des droits accordés, jusqu’au mariage pour tous en France, et, plus largement, en Europe. Les religions du Livre ont dû réexaminer leurs dogmes. Que faire du verset du Lévitique qui juge « abominable de coucher avec un homme comme avec une femme »? On examine le verset, ses traductions dans différentes traductions, son aménagement.
Mechanism for a Rare, Idiosyncratic Complication Following Hyperopic LASIK: Diurnal Shift in Refractive Error Due to Epithelial Thickness Profile Changes
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Gobbe Marine , Archer Timothy J. , Carp Glenn I.
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:

Case series report of normal-appearing eyes after hyperopic LASIK exhibiting diurnal shift in refractive error found to correlate with diurnal shifts in epithelial thickness profile.

METHODS:

Patients complaining of diurnal shift in vision during the course of the day with more hyperopia on waking and decreasing hyperopia in the evening in the absence of abnormal epithelial or slit-lamp findings were examined. Diurnal concomitant measurement of refraction, topography, and Artemis very high-frequency digital ultrasound scanning (VHFDU) (ArcScan Inc., Morrison, CO) epithelial thickness profile mapping was undertaken throughout the day. A full review of the clinical database revealed 8 eyes of 5 patients with such symptoms. The authors report the findings in 6 eyes of 4 patients with such symptoms.

RESULTS:

Excimer ablation was performed with standard aspheric profiles of 7-mm (4 eyes) and 6.5-mm (2 eyes) optical zone, centered on the coaxially fixating nascent corneal vertex. The total spherical equivalent laser data entry (primary plus re-treatments) was between +3.22 and +8.33 diopters (D). Mean postoperative keratometry was between 41.2 and 48.35 D. One eye treated for spherical equivalent of +4.25 D spontaneously resolved and the remaining 5 eyes possessed increasing central epithelial thickness from morning to afternoon correlated with increased central corneal power and reduced hyperopia. This complication represented 0.3% of all hyperopic eyes treated within a similar refractive range.

CONCLUSIONS:

This phenomenon of diurnal refractive instability in the absence of clinical slit-lamp findings has not been reported previously. The cause has been identified as being due to idiosyncratic diurnal epithelial thickness profile changes. Further study into predictors for this complication and reversal is underway.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(6):364–371.]
La sphère d’influence des groupes de sociétés et les principes directeurs des Nations Unies
Authors: Cossart Sandra , Lapin Raphaël
Published: June 2016

Les catastrophes économiques provoquées par les activités directes ou indirectes des entreprises et qui impactent les droits de l'homme, appellent à définir de nouveaux standards dépassant les limites traditionnelles de la responsabilité pour fait causal d'une personne juridique. La sphère d'influence apparaît comme ce nouveau standard au service des juristes. Cette notion dépasse à la fois les clivages classiques et les obstacles juridiques qui garantissent jusqu'à aujourd'hui l'impunité des sociétés mères lorsqu'une atteinte aux droits de l'homme survient dans leur sphère d'influence. La reconnaissance juridique de cette notion permettrait à la France de respecter les engagements pris en matière de responsabilité sociale des entreprises dans le cadre des principes directeurs de l'ONU.
Le paysagiste et l'écologue : comment obtenir une meilleure collaboration opérationnelle ?
Authors: Morin Sylvain , Bonthoux Sébastien , Clergeau Philippe
Published: June 2016

La nécessité de prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux et écologiques dans l’aménagement du territoire est mise en avant dans plusieurs textes politiques et juridiques. Cependant, la déclinaison des objectifs de conservation de la biodiversité à l'échelle locale est encore très sommaire. D'autre part, la seule approche écologique occulterait la relation aux usages et aux ambiances qui est du ressort du paysagiste. Dans cet article, nous analysons la relation entre paysagistes concepteurs et écologues et faisons différentes propositions pour améliorer la prise en compte des enjeux et des connaissances écologiques dans les projets d'aménagement. Tout d'abord, il est nécessaire de décloisonner la culture des paysagistes et celle des écologues et de faire dialoguer les formations. Les connaissances provenant de la recherche devraient également être synthétisées et rendues plus abordables pour les praticiens. Les paysagistes et les écologues devraient être plus reconnus par la maîtrise d'ouvrage et mieux intégrés dans les services d'aménagement des collectivités. Dans l'objectif de créer des paysages multifonctionnels, il est primordial de croiser les différentes approches intuitives, sensibles et scientifiques et les différents outils tout au long du processus de projet. Enfin, dans le but de capitaliser sur les connaissances développées au cours des projets et d'effectuer des retours sur expérience, des phases d'expérimentation, de suivis et d'évaluation des objectifs pourraient être développées durant le processus de conception.
Le transect : outil de dialogue interdisciplinaire et de médiation
Authors: Pousin Frédéric , Marco Audrey , Bertaudière-Montès Valérie , Barthélémy Carole , Tixier Nicolas
Published: June 2016

L’implantation d’une infrastructure nouvelle dans un territoire est traitée communément dans une logique duale : le tracé d’une part, la compensation des nuisances occasionnées de l’autre. Prise plus globalement, elle soulève un faisceau de questions qui mobilisent plusieurs registres de réflexion : l’écologie, la socio-ethnologie des usages, l’aménagement et le paysage. Ne pas séparer ces divers registres, les articuler à la fois théoriquement et dans l’action, constitue un enjeu fort pour la construction des territoires au XXIe siècle. En s’appuyant sur la recherche D-TRANSECT - programmation ITTECOP 2012, cet article retrace la méthodologie du transect urbain, méthodologie susceptible de saisir dans un même geste les différents enjeux propres à chacun des domaines disciplinaires concernés par un projet d’infrastructure, et d’élaborer un outil capable d’organiser un débat pluri-acteurs autour de lieux de projets qui ne sont pas dictés d’emblée par le tracé de l’infrastructure, mais bien plutôt à révéler en tirant partie des opportunités du terrain, en particulier des territoires délaissés. Ainsi, la question du projet d’infrastructure déborde-t-elle le seul projet de tracé : elle s’ouvre vers des formes de projet qui ne peuvent s’énoncer dans le seul espace du plan et qui requièrent de nouveaux outils et modalités d’énonciation. En s’appuyant sur trois formes différentes, l’article analysera en détail les vertus du transect comme outil de dialogue interdisciplinaire. Comment les approches disciplinaires à la fois interagissent et s’altèrent les unes les autres? Il analysera également les vertus du transect comme outil de dialogue entre les acteurs du projet de territoire (experts, habitants, professionnels) et montrera comment un tel dialogue, réalisé notamment grâce à la mise en débat des transects lors d’un atelier public réuni autour d’une « table longue », permet d’ancrer les projets dans une démarche participative qui renouvelle les pratiques de concertation.
Assurer la maitrise du ruissellement grâce aux zones humides au voisinage des infrastructures de transport dans une perspective de conservation de la biodiversité
Authors: Fressignac Camille , Breil Pascal , Matillon Yannick , Nullans Andréa , Chazelle Blandine , Sarrazin Benoît , Vallod Dominique
Published: June 2016

La conservation de la biodiversité est actuellement un enjeu majeur qui s’insère progressivement dans les politiques publiques d’aménagement d’un territoire de gestion administrative, ceci dans le but de maitriser l’impact de l’activité humaine sur son environnement naturel. Les infrastructures de transport terrestre créent des ruptures sur les écosystèmes et paysages. Le projet exploratoire RHIZU (Ruissellement Intense et Zones HUmides) a pour objet d’évaluer les conditions de coexistence entre infrastructures linéaires de transport et écosystèmes de type zones humides. L’hypothèse majeure qui est traitée dans cet article repose sur une gestion repensée des eaux de ruissellement au voisinage d’une infrastructure linéaire de transport terrestre. Une reconsidération de cette gestion par le concepteur puis l’exploitant voire par d’autres acteurs des territoires ciblés permettrait de développer ou restaurer des zones humides. Outre l’impact positif induit sur la biodiversité, le maillage paysager de ces habitats souvent dégradés et en régression serait renforcé en particulier dans les paysages à forte composante anthropique traversés par les infrastructures de transport terrestre en concevant ces dernières comme parties intégrées du maillage des zones humides. L’article rappelle les conditions d’existence, les types et rôles des zones humides. Il présente ensuite les facteurs de réussite de cette approche qui doit (1) tenir compte des modalités de gestion des eaux de ruissellement par le concepteur et l’exploitant et (2) bénéficier de méthodologies spatialisées opérationnelles permettant de détecter et évaluer des contextes favorables au sein des paysages sur les plans hydrologique et écologique. Une illustration de ces aspects est présentée sur un tronçon de la ligne LGV Méditerranée traité à l’aide d’un outil géomatique en cours de développement à l’IRSTEA et à la SNCF. Les métriques déployées doivent être approfondies pour parvenir à un outil d’aide à la décision faisant face à la diversité des situations de gestion du ruissellement sur les axes de transport. Néanmoins, cette première étude de faisabilité présente de réelles perspectives de s’appuyer localement sur des services écologiques rendus par les zones humides. À partir de cette nouvelle approche qui combine les enjeux de sécurité hydraulique et les enjeux zones humides à partir de nouveaux cribles comme l’analyse du ruissellement proposée ici, la production des linéaires de transport pourrait être satisfaite tout en contribuant à plus large échelle aux continuités écologiques.
Freins et leviers pour l’installation de jardins en bord de voies
Authors: Chelkoff Grégoire , Paris Magali
Published: June 2016

Prenant le contre-pied d’une posture visant à « réparer » les territoires détruits par les infrastructures de transport, nous investiguons les potentiels de développement urbain inhérents aux situations routes/jardins. Les territoires de bord de route possèdent leurs propres règles qui pourraient informer une manière de produire autrement la ville. Perçue depuis un véhicule personnel ou un transport en commun la nature en bord de voie, et en particulier la nature domestiquée des collectifs de jardins, compose des paysages inédits : chaotiques, colorés, texturés, précaires, changeants au gré des saisons et des années, patinés par le temps. Mais comment sont-ils vécus de l’intérieur par ceux qui les modèlent au jour le jour et aussi par ceux qui s’y promènent? Nos travaux apportent des éléments de réponse à cette question à travers une enquête de terrain en France (Département de l’Isère 38 et Région Ile-de-France), au Portugal (Lisbonne) et aux États-Unis (San Francisco, Californie). Cette enquête rend compte de ces milieux jardinés en bord de voie en privilégiant les dimensions sonore, paysagère et sociale. Ces jardins se révèlent parfois remarquables depuis l’intérieur, mais qu’en est-il de leur environnement? En parallèle à cette analyse perceptive et usagère, une analyse environnementale est menée afin d’évaluer la contribution des jardins à la biodiversité fonctionnelle (continuités écologiques) et spécifique (nombre d’espèces) et d’estimer leur degré de pollution (air, sols et végétaux) et son impact sur les jardiniers et les promeneurs. Enfin si ces milieux constituent des lieux de prises pour les habitants ordinaires, promeneurs et jardiniers, qui y trouvent la possibilité d’inventer et de façonner leur quotidien, qui décident et comment du devenir de ces paysages et milieux jardinés? Quelle place et posture(s) les professionnels de la route et des territoires urbains occupent-ils et adoptent-ils en matière de jardins de bord de voies? Des pistes d’actions collaboratives entre acteurs des infrastructures et des territoires locaux sont explorées, et argumentées par les enjeux et critères traversant les facteurs d’ambiances, écologiques et de pollution mis en évidence dans le cours de ces recherches.
Deep divergence and evidence for translocations between Iranian and European populations of the alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) based on mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Sanaei E. , Seiedy M. , Skuhrovec J. , Mazur M.A. , Kajtoch Ł. , Husemann M.
Published: June 2016

The alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica(Gyllenhal): Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an invasive pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativaLinnaeus; Fabaceae) in the Holarctic region. Across the wide geographic distribution of the species different local adaptions have been observed. Further, several distinct mitochondrial lineages have been discovered, which have been treated as western and Egyptian/eastern strains. However, our knowledge of the biogeography ofH. posticais largely limited to North American and Japanese populations. We sampled the species from four locations in Iran and two countries in Europe (Poland and Czech Republic) and sequenced the mitochondrial COI gene to detect patterns of mitochondrial DNA divergence among Iranian and European strains. We detected two groups separated by a deep molecular split, even justifying the distinction of two molecular operational taxonomic units. Joint analyses with previously published sequences suggest that the European samples may represent the western strain, whereas both the western and Egyptian/eastern strains can be found in Iran. This distribution of genetic lineages may be the result of human-mediated translocations. The directionality, however, cannot be inferred. Our data suggest that translocations may have led to the coexistence of multipleH. posticalineages in some parts of the world,e.g., Iran. We discuss these findings against the background of the current taxonomy ofH. postica.
Insights of private general practitioners in group practice on the introduction of National Health Insurance in South Africa
Authors: Moosa Shabir , Luiz John , Carmichael Teresa , Peersman Wim , Derese Anselme
Published: June 2016

Background: The South African government intends to contract with ‘accredited provider groups’ for capitated primary care under National Health Insurance (NHI). South African solo general practitioners (GPs) are unhappy with group practice. There is no clarity on the views of GPs in group practice on contracting to the NHI.Objectives: To describe the demographic and practice profile of GPs in group practice in South Africa, and evaluate their views on NHI, compared to solo GPs.Methods: This was a descriptive survey. The population of 8721 private GPs in South Africa with emails available were emailed an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analyses and thematic content analysis were conducted.Results: In all, 819 GPs responded (568 solo GPs and 251 GPs in groups). The results are focused on group GPs. GPs in groups have a different demographic practice profile compared to solo GPs. GPs in groups expected R4.86 million ($0.41 million) for a hypothetical NHI proposal of comprehensive primary healthcare (excluding medicines and investigations) to a practice population of 10 000 people. GPs planned a clinical team of 8 to 12 (including nurses) and 4 to 6 administrative staff. GPs in group practices saw three major risks: patient, organisational and government, with three related risk management strategies.Conclusions: GPs can competitively contract with NHI, although there are concerns. NHI contracting should not be limited to groups. All GPs embraced strong teamwork, including using nurses more effectively. This aligns well with the emergence of family medicine in Africa.Keywords: Capitation, human resource, primary health care,  family medicine, South Africa, health systems
Critical congenital heart disease screening
Authors: Chamsi-Pasha Mohammed A , Chamsi-Pasha Hassan
Published: June 2016

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a heart lesion for which neonates require early surgical intervention to survive. Without intervention, the rates of mortality and survival with significant disability are extremely high. Early diagnosis can potentially improve health outcomes in newborns with CCHD. Until recent years, no routine screening protocol existed. In the last few years, pulse oximetry screening for CCHD in newborns has been added to the list of recommended uniform screening panels and advocated by several health-care authorities. A positive screening test result warrants an echocardiogram to evaluate for CCHD. Newborn screens do not usually require parental consent. However, most of the states mandates in the United States include a statement allowing exemption from the screen on the basis of parental religious or personal beliefs.
Detection of inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India
Authors: Majhi Subasini , Dash Muktikesh , Mohapatra Dharitri , Mohapatra Ashoka , Chayani Nirupama
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Clindamycin is an excellent drug for skin and soft tissue Staphylococcus aureus infections, but resistance mediated by inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLS B ) phenotype leads to in vivo therapeutic failure even though they may be in vitro susceptible in Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Objective: The study was aimed to detect the prevalence of iMLS B phenotype among S. aureus isolates by double disk approximation test (D-test) in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 209 consecutive S. aureus isolates were identified by conventional methods and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Erythromycin-resistant isolates were tested for D-test. Results: From 1282 clinical specimens, 209 nonrepeated S. aureus isolates were obtained. Majority of isolates 129 (61.7%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). There was statistically significant difference between outpatients 60.1% and inpatients 39.9% (P < 0.0001). From 209 S. aureus isolates, 46 (22%) were D-test positive (iMLS B phenotype), 41 (19.6%) were D-test negative (methicillin sensitive [MS] phenotype), and 37 (17.7%) were constitutively resistant (constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B phenotype). The incidence of inducible, constitutive, and MS phenotype was higher in MRSA isolates compared to MS S. aureus (MSSA). The constitutive clindamycin resistance difference between MSSA and MRSA isolates were found to be statistically significant (P = 0.0086). Conclusion: The study revealed 22% of S. aureus isolates were inducible clindamycin resistant, which could be easily misidentified as clindamycin susceptible in Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Therefore, clinical microbiology laboratory should routinely perform D-test in all clinically isolated S. aureus to guide clinicians for the appropriate use of clindamycin.
Serum, Saliva, and Urine Irisin with and without Acute Appendicitis and Abdominal Pain
Authors: Bakal Unal , Aydin Suleyman , Sarac Mehmet , Kuloglu Tuncay , Kalayci Mehmet , Artas Gokhan , Yardim Meltem , Kazez Ahmet
Published: June 2016

A 112-amino-acid protein irisin (IRI) is widely expressed in many organs, but we currently do not know whether appendix tissue and blood cells express it. If appendix tissue and neutrophil cells express IRI, measuring its concentration in biological fluids might be helpful in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA), since neutrophil cells are the currently gold-standard laboratory parameters for the diagnosis of AA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based measurements of the proposed myokine IRI for the discrimination of patients with AA from those with acute abdominal pain (AP) and healthy controls. Moreover, immunoreactivity to IRI was investigated in appendix tissues and blood cells. Samples were collected on admission (T1), 24 hours (T2), and 72 hours (T3) postoperatively from patients with suspected AA and from patients with AP corresponding to T1-T3, whereas control subject blood was once corresponding to T1. IRI was measured in serum, saliva, and urine by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas in appendix tissue and blood cells, IRI was detected by immunohistohcemistry. Appendix tissue and blood cells (except for erythrocytes) are new sources of IRI. Basal saliva, urine, and serum levels were higher in children with AA compared with postoperative levels (T2) that start to decline after surgery. This is in line with the finding that IRI levels are higher in children with AA when compared with those with AP or control subject levels, most likely due to a large infiltration of neutrophil cells in AA that release its IRI into body fluids. Measurement of IRI in children with AA parallels the increase or decrease in the neutrophil count. This new finding shows that the measurement of IRI and neutrophil count can together improve the diagnosis of AA, and it can distinguish it from AP. IRI can be a candidate marker for the diagnosis of AA and offers an additional parameter to neutrophil count. The promising receiving operating curve results indicate the following sensitivities and specificities, respectively, for IRI: serum 90% and 55%, saliva 90% and 60%, and urine 90% and 50%. Serum neutrophil count gave a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 90%. This promising result now needs to be confirmed in a larger group of patients.
multiClust: An R-package for Identifying Biologically Relevant Clusters in Cancer Transcriptome Profiles
Authors: Lawlor Nathan , Fabbri Alec , Guan Peiyong , George Joshy , Karuturi R. Krishna Murthy
Published: June 2016

Clustering is carried out to identify patterns in transcriptomics profiles to determine clinically relevant subgroups of patients. Feature (gene) selection is a critical and an integral part of the process. Currently, there are many feature selection and clustering methods to identify the relevant genes and perform clustering of samples. However, choosing an appropriate methodology is difficult. In addition, extensive feature selection methods have not been supported by the available packages. Hence, we developed an integrative R-package called multiClust that allows researchers to experiment with the choice of combination of methods for gene selection and clustering with ease. Using multiClust, we identified the best performing clustering methodology in the context of clinical outcome. Our observations demonstrate that simple methods such as variance-based ranking perform well on the majority of data sets, provided that the appropriate number of genes is selected. However, different gene ranking and selection methods remain relevant as no methodology works for all studies.
The Melanoma MAICare Framework: A Microsimulation Model for the Assessment of Individualized Cancer Care
Authors: van der Meijde Elisabeth , van den Eertwegh Alfons J. M. , Linn Sabine C. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Fijneman Remond J. A. , Coupé Veerle M. H.
Published: June 2016

Recently, new but expensive treatments have become available for metastatic melanoma. These improve survival, but in view of the limited funds available, cost-effectiveness needs to be evaluated. Most cancer cost-effectiveness models are based on the observed clinical events such as recurrence-free and overall survival. Times at which events are recorded depend not only on the effectiveness of treatment but also on the timing of examinations and the types of tests performed. Our objective was to construct a microsimulation model framework that describes the melanoma disease process using a description of underlying tumor growth as well as its interaction with diagnostics, treatments, and surveillance. The framework should allow for exploration of the impact of simultaneously altering curative treatment approaches in different phases of the disease as well as altering diagnostics. The developed framework consists of two components, namely, the disease model and the clinical management module. The disease model consists of a tumor level, describing growth and metastasis of the tumor, and a patient level, describing clinically observed states, such as recurrence and death. The clinical management module consists of the care patients receive. This module interacts with the disease process, influencing the rate of transition between tumor growth states at the tumor level and the rate of detecting a recurrence at the patient level. We describe the framework as the required input and the model output. Furthermore, we illustrate model calibration using registry data and data from the literature.
Nucleotide Interdependency in Transcription Factor Binding Sites in the Drosophila Genome
Authors: Dresch Jacqueline M. , Zellers Rowan G. , Bork Daniel K. , Drewell Robert A.
Published: June 2016

A long-standing objective in modern biology is to characterize the molecular components that drive the development of an organism. At the heart of eukaryotic development lies gene regulation. On the molecular level, much of the research in this field has focused on the binding of transcription factors (TFs) to regulatory regions in the genome known as cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). However, relatively little is known about the sequence-specific binding preferences of many TFs, especially with respect to the possible interdependencies between the nucleotides that make up binding sites. A particular limitation of many existing algorithms that aim to predict binding site sequences is that they do not allow for dependencies between nonadjacent nucleotides. In this study, we use a recently developed computational algorithm, MARZ, to compare binding site sequences using 32 distinct models in a systematic and unbiased approach to explore nucleotide dependencies within binding sites for 15 distinct TFs known to be critical to Drosophila development. Our results indicate that many of these proteins have varying levels of nucleotide interdependencies within their DNA recognition sequences, and that, in some cases, models that account for these dependencies greatly outperform traditional models that are used to predict binding sites. We also directly compare the ability of different models to identify the known KRUPPEL TF binding sites in CRMs and demonstrate that a more complex model that accounts for nucleotide interdependencies performs better when compared with simple models. This ability to identify TFs with critical nucleotide interdependencies in their binding sites will lead to a deeper understanding of how these molecular characteristics contribute to the architecture of CRMs and the precise regulation of transcription during organismal development.
Real-time measurements of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in the Los Angeles area
Authors: Ortega Amber M. , Hayes Patrick L. , Peng Zhe , Palm Brett B. , Hu Weiwei , Day Douglas A. , Li Rui , Cubison Michael J. , Brune William H. , Graus Martin , Warneke Carsten , Gilman Jessica B. , Kuster William C. , de Gouw Joost , Gutiérrez-Montes Cándido , Jimenez Jose L.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Field studies in polluted areas over the last decade have observed large formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that is often poorly captured by models. The study of SOA formation using ambient data is often confounded by the effects of advection, vertical mixing, emissions, and variable degrees of photochemical aging. An oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was deployed to study SOA formation in real-time during the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign in Pasadena, CA, in 2010. A high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) alternated sampling ambient and reactor-aged air. The reactor produced OH concentrations up to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in ambient air. OH radical concentration was continuously stepped, achieving equivalent atmospheric aging of 0.8 days–6.4 weeks in 3 min of processing every 2 h. Enhancement of organic aerosol (OA) from aging showed a maximum net SOA production between 0.8–6 days of aging with net OA mass loss beyond 2 weeks. Reactor SOA mass peaked at night, in the absence of ambient photochemistry and correlated with trimethylbenzene concentrations. Reactor SOA formation was inversely correlated with ambient SOA and Ox, which along with the short-lived volatile organic compound correlation, indicates the importance of very reactive (τOH  ∼  0.3 day) SOA precursors (most likely semivolatile and intermediate volatility species, S/IVOCs) in the Greater Los Angeles Area. Evolution of the elemental composition in the reactor was similar to trends observed in the atmosphere (O : C vs. H : C slope  ∼  −0.65). Oxidation state of carbon (OSc) in reactor SOA increased steeply with age and remained elevated (OSC  ∼  2) at the highest photochemical ages probed. The ratio of OA in the reactor output to excess CO (ΔCO, ambient CO above regional background) vs. photochemical age is similar to previous studies at low to moderate ages and also extends to higher ages where OA loss dominates. The mass added at low-to-intermediate ages is due primarily to condensation of oxidized species, not heterogeneous oxidation. The OA decrease at high photochemical ages is dominated by heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation/evaporation. A comparison of urban SOA formation in this study with a similar study of vehicle SOA in a tunnel suggests the importance of vehicle emissions for urban SOA. Pre-2007 SOA models underpredict SOA formation by an order of magnitude, while a more recent model performs better but overpredicts at higher ages. These results demonstrate the value of the reactor as a tool for in situ evaluation of the SOA formation potential and OA evolution from ambient air.