bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of sleep apnea index determination using 24h ECG analysis in patients with heart rhythm disorders
Authors: Grdinic Aleksandra , Stajic Zoran , Grdinic Aleksandar , Vucinic Zarko , Randjelovic-Krstic Violeta , Drobnjak Dragan , Bogdanovic Predrag , Djuric Predrag , Stevanovic Angelina , Rakonjac Milanko , Petrovic Stanko , Gudelj Ognjen , Matunovic Radomir
Published: April 2014

Background/Aim. A possible cause of malignant heart rhythm disorders is the
syndrome of sleep apnea (periodic cessation of breathing during sleep longer
than 10 seconds). Recent 24h ECG software systems have the option of
determination ECG apnea index (AI) based on the change in voltage of QRS
complexes. The aim of the study was to determine the significance of AI
evaluation in routine 24-hour Holter ECG on a group of 12 patients. Methods.
We presented a total of 12 consecutive patients with previously documented
arrhythmias and the history of breathing disorders during night. They were
analyzed by 24 h ECG (Medilog AR 12 plus Darwin), that is able to determine
AI. Results. We presented a case series of 12 patients, 8 men and 4 women,
mean age 58.75 years and the average AI 5.78. In the whole group there was a
trend of increasing prevalence of complex rhythm disorders with increasing of
AI and increased frequency of arrhythmias in the night phase vs day phase.
Conclusion. Determination of AI using routine long term (24 h) ECG analysis
is important because sleep apnea can be successfully treated as an
etiological or contributing factor of arrhythmias.
Disease relapses in multiple sclerosis can be influenced by air pollution and climate seasonal conditions
Authors: Vojinovic Slobodan , Savic Dejan , Lukic Stevo , Savic Ljiljana , Vojinovic Jelena
Published: April 2014

Background/Aim. Environmental factors may influence the disease activity in
patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this
study was to evaluate the influence of air pollution and seasonal climate
factors of any on number of relapses in MS patients during a consecutive 5
years of observation. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed data of MS
patients from the town of Nis, hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology,
Clinical Center Nis, Serbia, from 2005 to 2009. Climate data: mean daily sun
shining; mean monthly sun shining, mean whole daily cloudiness, daily
cloudiness at 7 a.m, 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. and air pollution expressed by NSR
(New Source Review) were obtained from the Meteorology Observatory Nis.
Results. During a 5-year of observation there were 260 relapses in 101 MS
patients. The number of relapses showed a significantly negative correlation
with the number of days with NSR < 2 (? = -0.31; p < 0.01) and a positive
correlation with the mean whole daily cloudiness (p < 0.05), mean daily
cloudiness at 7 a.m. (p < 0.05) and 2 p.m. (p < 0.01). We found a
significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the reduced number of
relapses during the period of high vitamin D season, i.e. July-October. There
was a statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) of the number of relapses
during spring (? = 6.53; SD = 3.98) compared to the other three seasons. The
joint presence of lower number of days with NSR < 2 during low vitamin D
season (January-April) correlated with a statistically significant increase
of the number of relapses in MS patients (F = 5.06, p < 0.01). Conclusion.
The obtained results confirmed the influence of air pollution and climate
seasonal conditions on disease relapses in MS patients based on a long-term
observation. Lower numbers of days with low air pollution during the periods
with low vitamin D (January-April), especially with increased cloudiness at 2
p.m, induce a higher risk of MS relapses in southern continental parts of
Europe.
Massive right atrial myxoma with dyspnea at rest in an elderly patient: A case report
Authors: Romanovic Radoslav , Ratkovic Nenad , Davicevic Zaklina , Ilic Radoje
Published: April 2014

Introduction. Primary heart tumors are extremely rare and myxoma is the most
common type of these tumors. Although intraatrial presentation is a
predilection place, right atrial localization is atypical. The symptom triad
is characteristic in the clinical presentation of the tumor: embolic
complication, intracardiac blood flow obstruction and systemic manifestations
like elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fever, anemia, body weight
loss. Case report. We presented an elderly female patient with massive myxoma
in the right atrium, 77 ? 44 mm in diameter, which filled the entire right
atrium and spread into the right ventricle, causing the tricuspid valve
obstruction and dyspnea. It was visualized by transthoracic echocardiography
and small and insignificant pericardial effusion was also seen. After
surgical removal of the tumor, the patient remained without any symptoms and
pericardial effusion. Conclusion. Tumors of the right heart have to be
considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained dyspnea in elderly
patients. Transthoracic echocardiography is certainly necessary and mostly
available diagnostic tool that can be of great help in diagnosing heart tumor
as well as planning cardiac surgery, as it provides in most cases excellent
visualization of the tumor and its relationship with other parts of the
heart.
Characterization of Circulating and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Extreme-Duration Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hernandez Sonia L. , Gong Jennifer H. , Chen Liming , Wu I-Hsien , Sun Jennifer K. , Keenan Hillary A. , King George L.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

We characterized and correlated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) with lack of vascular complications in the Joslin Medalist Study in patients with type 1 diabetes for 50 years or longer.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

EPC and CPC levels were ascertained by flow cytometry and compared among Medalists (n = 172) with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR; n = 84 of 162), neuropathy (n = 94 of 165), diabetic nephropathy (DN; n = 18 of 172), cardiovascular disease (CVD; n = 63 of 168), age-matched controls (n = 83), type 2 diabetic patients (n = 36), and younger type 1 diabetic patients (n = 31). Mitogens, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative markers were measured in blood or urine. Migration of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Medalists and age-matched controls were compared.

RESULTS

Medalists’ EPC and CPC levels equaled those of their nondiabetic age-matched controls, were 10% higher than those in younger type 1 diabetic patients, and were 20% higher than those in age-matched type 2 diabetic patients. CPC levels were 15% higher in Medalists without CVD and nephropathy than in those affected, whereas EPC levels were significantly higher in those without peripheral vascular disease (PVD) than those with PVD. Stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) levels were higher in Medalists with CVD, DN, and DR than in those not affected and their controls. IGF-I levels were lower in Medalists and correlated inversely with CPC levels. Additionally, cultured PBMCs from Medalists migrated more than those from nondiabetic controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Normal levels of EPC and CPC in the Medalists, unlike other groups with diabetes, especially those without CVD, support the idea that endogenous factors exist to neutralize the adverse effects of metabolic abnormalities of diabetes on vascular tissues.
Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Therapy on Body Functions and Structures, Activity, and Participation Poststroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liao Lin-Rong , Huang Meizhen , Lam Freddy M.H. , Pang Marco Y.C.
Published: May 2014

Background

Whole-body vibration (WBV) has gained increasing popularity in rehabilitation. Recent studies have investigated the application of WBV in individuals with chronic illnesses, including stroke.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare WBV exercise with the same exercise condition without WBV and with other types of physical exercise in enhancing body functions and structures, activity, and participation in individuals with stroke and examine its safety.

Data Source

Electronic searches were conducted on MEDLINE, CINAHL, PEDro, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Science Citation Index.

Study Selection

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of WBV among individuals with stroke were identified by 2 independent researchers. Ten articles (9 studies, totaling 333 study participants) satisfied the selection criteria and were included in this review.

Data Extraction

The methodological quality was rated using the PEDro scale. The results were extracted by 2 independent researchers and confirmed with the principal investigator.

Data Synthesis

Only 2 RCTs were considered as demonstrating level 1 evidence (PEDro score ≥6 and sample size >50). Two RCTs examined the effects of a single WBV session, and 7 RCTs examined the effects of WBV programs spanning 3 to 12 weeks. No consistent benefits on bone turnover, leg motor function, balance, mobility, sensation, fall rate, activities of daily living, or societal participation were found, regardless of the nature of the comparison group. Adverse events were minor.

Limitations

A broad approach was used, with stroke as an inclusion criterion for review. No solid evidence was found concerning the effects of WBV on subgroups of people with specific stroke-related deficits due to the heterogeneity of patient groups.

Conclusions

Based on the review, there is insufficient evidence to support clinical use of WBV in enhancing body functions and structures, activity, and participation after stroke.
Correlation of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy findings in diagnosing hematological disorders - a study of 89 cases
Authors: Parajuli S , Tuladhar A
Published: April 2014

Background: Bone marrow examination is an important diagnostic tool to evaluate various disorders which includes both neoplastic and non- neoplastic hematological diseases. Few studies have compared the relative value of aspirate with trephine biopsy. The present study was conducted to compare the role of bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy to formulate an effective and rapid method for diagnosing wide spectrum of hematological diseases. Materials and Methods: This is a three year retrospective study done from July 2010 to June 2013. A total of 95 cases presented with clinical haematological disorders; of which only 89 were biopsied and the correlation done. All the smears and sections were reviewed for morphological details and findings on aspirate and biopsy and compared to each other. Results: Out of the 89 cases selected for study; bone marrow aspiration revealed diagnostic materials in 75 cases and 14 cases were inconclusive for a definite diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of the bone marrow aspiration cytology was 84.26%. Eighty eight cases were diagnosed on trephine biopsy of bone marrow with diagnostic accuracy of 98.87%. Conclusion: Both the aspiration cytology and trephine biopsy complement each other for evaluating any haematological disorder. Though cellular morphology is better understood in marrow aspirates and is equally effective to biopsy in diagnosing various anemias and leukemias; however it is the histopathological study of trephine biopsy that gives well preserved marrow architecture with its all cellular and stromal components. modalities including radiological, microbiological and serological tests. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10294 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 534-538
Smear technique for intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system neoplasms
Authors: Shrestha S , Thapa BK , Bhattarai B
Published: April 2014

Background: Smear cytology has become increasily popular as an alternative to frozen section for the rapid diagnosis of most of central nervous system lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of smear technique for the rapid diagnosis in the neurosurgical biopsies and to compare the smear cytological features with the final histopathological examination. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology of BP Koirala Memorial cancer Hospital for a period of one year. Sixty cases of clinically suspected CNS tumors were sent for intraoperative smear cytological examination and histological examination. Both techniques were then compared for their ability to diagnose as well as grade the tumors. Results: Gliomas (51.6%) were the most frequently occurring tumors in the total cases. Diagnostic accuracy of squash/smear technique achieved was 88 %( 53/60) when compared with histopathological diagnoses. In two cases, smears comprised of blood clots and no opinion was possible in cytology. Complete discrepancy was seen in five cases that included two cases of atypical meningioma, a one case each of germinoma, glioblastoma and metastatic tumor. Conclusion: Smear technique is a fairly accurate, rapid, easily reproducible and cost effective tool to diagnose brain tumours. Smear cytology is of great value in Intraoperative consultation of central nervous system lesions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10296 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 544-547
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Bhatt CP , Karki BMS , Baral B , Gautam S , Shah A , Chaudhary A
Published: April 2014

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureushas emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. It invokes a tremendous financial burden and enhanced morbidity and mortality due to difficult to treat systemic infections.Aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Different clinical specimens were collected and processed for routine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test by standard microbiology techniques. Results: Out of 1173 samples received for microbiological examination, 100 were found to be S. aureus with 19% cases were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fourteen MRSA were found from inpatient and 5 were from outpatient. MRSA was found higher in female than male and maximum number (31.5%) was found in age group 0-10 years. Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (90%), Gentamycin (83%), and tetracycline (81%). On urine isolates Nitrofurantoin(91.6%) was drug of choice. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G. In case of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% sensitive to Vancomycin followed by Amikacin (84.2%), Tetracycline (63.1%), Ciprofloxacin (42%) and Gentamycin (36.8%). Among urine isolates Nitrofutantoin showed 87.5% sensitive followed by Norfloxacin (75%). Conclusion: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found 19% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was most common in females, hospitalized patients and young age group. Vancomycin seems to be drug of choice followed by Amikacin. It would be helpful to formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy and ensure proper empiric treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10297 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 548-551
Utility of prospective step sections in diagnostic skin histopathology for small biopsies
Authors: Kattel G , Sinha AK , Agrawal S
Published: April 2014

Background: Small skin biopsies have a cosmetic advantage and prospective step sections could potentially improve turnaround time without compromising diagnostic information. The study aimed to examine the use of prospective step sections of small skin biopsies and its effect on histopathological diagnosis and turnaround time. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study at Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, BPKIHS from June 2011- June 2012. Diagnoses /comment on three levels of prospectively taken 3mm biopsies were compared with those of 5mm biopsies taken from the same/similar lesion from 100 patients. Additional sections from 5mm biopsies were taken retrospectively. Percentage, proportion, mean, standard deviation, diagnostic sensitivity, kappa statistics and paired sample t- test were used as statistical tools. Results: Of 100 cases, 80 were diagnosed using 5mm biopsies while 73 were diagnosed using 3mm biopsies. On additional step sections of 3mm biopsies, 3 more cases were diagnosed. When compared with 5mm biopsies, the sensitivity of the 3mm biopsy rose from 90% to 93.8% after additional sections while the measure of agreement rose from 0.751 to 0.826.Mean turnaround time for prospectively sectioned 3mm biopsies was 2.56 days and that of retrospectively sectioned 5 mm biopsies was 4.64 days with their difference being statistically significant. Conclusion: A statistically significant decrease in turnaround time and an increase in sensitivity and agreement after step sections elucidates the utility of prospective step sectioned 3 mm biopsies in diagnostic skin histopathology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10298 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 552-559
A study on microvascular density in breast carcinoma
Authors: Pyakurel D , Karki S , Agrawal CS
Published: April 2014

Background: Breast Cancer is the most frequent neoplasm causing death in women between 35-55 years of age. Of the Prognostic indicators existing for breast cancer, axillary lymph node status has been regarded as the most important one. Twenty to thirty percent of all lymph node negative patients will still develop a recurrence of the disease within 10 years of initial treatment. Therefore, a new prognostic marker that could identify patients at high risk of tumor recurrence more accurately than existing indicators would be of great value, one potential indicator is tumor-induced angiogenesis. Materials and Methods: This is a six months prospective (January 2010-June 2010) and 1 year retrospective (Jan2009-Dec2009) study which included thirty five breast cancer cases visiting the Surgical OPD. Angiogenesis was estimated by determining micro vessel counting after immune staining the paraffin embedded tissue sections using anti-CD34 antibody. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 25 to 80 years with a mean age of 45.48 years. Most of the cases were infiltrating ductal carcinoma comprising of 33 cases (94.28%). Three cases (9.10%) showed vascular invasion by the tumor. Majority showed (63.64%) vessel count of less than 200 per 10 high power fields. Conclusion: Micro vascular density positively correlated with size of the tumor, lymph nodes involved by the tumor and Nottingham prognostic index. In the future, Antibodies specific to proliferating endothelium, together with the development of automated image analysis, may improve the accuracy and value of measuring angiogenesis-induced microvessel density. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10315 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 570-575
Lymph node infarction and lymphoma
Authors: Pai R , Ghartimagar D , Khadilkar U , Pai M , Kini A
Published: April 2014

Non Hodgkin lymphoma with infarction at initial presentation is rare and can be confused with an acute inflammatory process. A 47 year-old-man presented with complaint of swelling in the left parotid region for 2 weeks which increased in size with severe, continuous and throbbing pain in the last 2-3 days. A clinical diagnosis of parotid abscess was made. Incision and drainage did not yield any pus. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed a highly cellular tumor comprising of somewhat uniform round cells with granular nuclear chromatin. Ghost outline of cytoplasm was noted. A diagnosis of infarcted neoplasm of the parotid gland, probably acinic cell carcinoma was suggested. Histopathologically, it was reported as non-Hodgkin lymphoma with infarction which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10319 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 591-593
Metaplastic carcinoma of breast
Authors: Dewasi N , Bhattacharya D , Sarker PG , Das M , Ghosh S , Ghosh TK
Published: April 2014

Metaplastic carcinomas of breast are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumours in which part or all of the carcinomatous epithelium is transformed into a nonglandular (metaplastic) growth process. This rare neoplasm usually runs an aggressive course. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10320 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 594-596
The endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of craniopharyngiomas: a series of 103 patients
Authors: Cavallo Luigi Maria , Frank Giorgio , Cappabianca Paolo , Solari Domenico , Mazzatenta Diego , Villa Alessandro , Zoli Matteo , D'Enza Alfonso Iodice , Esposito Felice , Pasquini Ernesto
Published: May 2014

Object

Despite their benign histological appearance, craniopharyngiomas can be considered a challenge for the neurosurgeon and a possible source of poor prognosis for the patient. With the widespread use of the endoscope in endonasal surgery, this route has been proposed over the past decade as an alternative technique for the removal of craniopharyngiomas.

Methods

The authors retrospectively analyzed data from a series of 103 patients who underwent the endoscopic endonasal approach at two institutions (Division of Neurosurgery of the Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy, and Division of Neurosurgery of the Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy), between January 1997 and December 2012, for the removal of infra- and/or supradiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas. Twenty-nine patients (28.2%) had previously been surgically treated.

Results

The authors achieved overall gross-total removal in 68.9% of the cases: 78.9% in purely infradiaphragmatic lesions and 66.3% in lesions involving the supradiaphragmatic space. Among lesions previously treated surgically, the gross-total removal rate was 62.1%. The overall improvement rate in visual disturbances was 74.7%, whereas worsening occurred in 2.5%. No new postoperative defect was noted. Worsening of the anterior pituitary function was reported in 46.2% of patients overall, and there were 38 new cases (48.1% of 79) of postoperative diabetes insipidus. The most common complication was postoperative CSF leakage; the overall rate was 14.6%, and it diminished to 4% in the last 25 procedures, thanks to improvement in reconstruction techniques. The mortality rate was 1.9%, with a mean follow-up duration of 48 months (range 3–246 months).

Conclusions

The endoscopic endonasal approach has become a valid surgical technique for the management of craniopharyngiomas. It provides an excellent corridor to infra- and supradiaphragmatic midline craniopharyngiomas, including the management of lesions extending into the third ventricle chamber. Even though indications for this approach are rigorously lesion based, the data in this study confirm its effectiveness in a large patient series.
A novel screw guiding method with a screw guide template system for posterior C-2 fixation
Authors: Kaneyama Shuichi , Sugawara Taku , Sumi Masatoshi , Higashiyama Naoki , Takabatake Masato , Mizoi Kazuo
Published: May 2014

Object

Accurate insertion of C-2 cervical screws is imperative; however, the procedures for C-2 screw insertion are technically demanding and challenging, especially in cases of C-2 vertebral abnormality. The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of the tailor-made screw guide template (SGT) system for placement of C-2 screws, including in cases with abnormalities.

Methods

Twenty-three patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery with C-2 cervical screw insertion using the SGT system were included. The preoperative bone image on CT was analyzed using multiplanar imaging software. The trajectory and depth of the screws were designed based on these images, and transparent templates with screw guiding cylinders were created for each lamina. During the operation, after templates were engaged directly to the laminae, drilling, tapping, and screwing were performed through the templates. The authors placed 26 pedicle screws, 12 pars screws, 6 laminar screws, and 4 C1–2 transarticular screws using the SGT system. To assess the accuracy of the screw track under this system, the deviation of the screw axis from the preplanned trajectory was evaluated on postoperative CT and was classified as follows: Class 1 (accurate), a screw axis deviation less than 2 mm from the planned trajectory; Class 2 (inaccurate), 2 mm or more but less than 4 mm; and Class 3 (deviated), 4 mm or more. In addition, to assess the safety of the screw insertion, malpositioning of the screws was also evaluated using the following grading system: Grade 0 (containing), a screw is completely within the wall of the bone structure; Grade 1 (exposure), a screw perforates the wall of the bone structure but more than 50% of the screw diameter remains within the bone; Grade 2 (perforation), a screw perforates the bone structures and more than 50% of the screw diameter is outside the pedicle; and Grade 3 (penetration), a screw perforates completely outside the bone structure.

Results

In total, 47 (97.9%) of 48 screws were classified into Class 1 and Grade 0, whereas 1 laminar screw was classified as Class 3 and Grade 2. Mean screw deviations were 0.36 mm in the axial plane (range 0.0–3.8 mm) and 0.30 mm in the sagittal plane (range 0.0–0.8 mm).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the SGT system provided extremely accurate C-2 cervical screw insertion without configuration of reference points, high-dose radiation from intraoperative 3D navigation, or any registration or probing error evoked by changes in spinal alignment during surgery. A multistep screw placement technique and reliable screw guide cylinders were the key to accurate screw placement using the SGT system.
Endosome-to-Plasma Membrane Recycling of VEGFR2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Endothelial Function and Blood Vessel Formation
Authors: Jopling Helen , Odell Adam , Pellet-Many Caroline , Latham Antony , Frankel Paul , Sivaprasadarao Asipu , Walker John , Zachary Ian , Ponnambalam Sreenivasan
Published: April 2014

Rab GTPases are implicated in endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling, but how such membrane traffic regulators control vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2/KDR) dynamics and function are not well understood. Here, we evaluated two different recycling Rab GTPases, Rab4a and Rab11a, in regulating endothelial VEGFR2 trafficking and signalling with implications for endothelial cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. In primary endothelial cells, VEGFR2 displays co-localisation with Rab4a, but not Rab11a GTPase, on early endosomes. Expression of a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound Rab4a S22N mutant caused increased VEGFR2 accumulation in endosomes. TfR and VEGFR2 exhibited differences in endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling in the presence of chloroquine. Depletion of Rab4a, but not Rab11a, levels stimulated VEGF-A-dependent intracellular signalling. However, depletion of either Rab4a or Rab11a levels inhibited VEGF-A-stimulated endothelial cell migration. Interestingly, depletion of Rab4a levels stimulated VEGF-A-regulated endothelial cell proliferation. Rab4a and Rab11a were also both required for endothelial tubulogenesis. Evaluation of a transgenic zebrafish model showed that both Rab4 and Rab11a are functionally required for blood vessel formation and animal viability. Rab-dependent endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling of VEGFR2 is important for intracellular signalling, cell migration and proliferation during angiogenesis.
Energy Substitution, Technical Change and Rebound Effects
Authors: Sorrell Steve
Published: April 2014

This paper investigates the relationships between energy efficiency improvements by producers, the ease of substitution between energy and other inputs and the size of the resulting “rebound effects”. Fundamentally, easier substitution leads to larger rebounds. Focusing upon conceptual and methodological issues, the paper highlights the challenges of estimating and modeling rebound effects with the help of production and cost functions and questions the robustness of the evidence base in this area. It argues that the multiple definitions of “elasticities of substitution” are a source of confusion, the most commonly estimated elasticity is of little practical value, the empirical literature is contradictory, prone to bias and difficult to use and there are only tenuous links between this literature and the assumptions used within energy-economic models. While “energy-augmenting technical change” provides the natural choice of independent variable for an estimate of rebound effects, most empirical studies do not estimate this form of technical change, many modeling studies do not simulate it and others simulate it in such a way as to underestimate rebound effects. As a result, the paper argues that current econometric and modeling studies do not provide reliable guidance on the magnitude of rebound effects in different industrial sectors.
A Combined State of Charge Estimation Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in a Wide Ambient Temperature Range
Authors: Feng Fei , Lu Rengui , Zhu Chunbo
Published: May 2014

Ambient temperature is a significant factor that influences the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, which can produce adverse effects on state of charge (SOC) estimation. In this paper, an integrated SOC algorithm that combines an advanced ampere-hour counting (Adv Ah) method and multistate open-circuit voltage (multi OCV) method, denoted as “Adv Ah + multi OCV”, is proposed. Ah counting is a simple and general method for estimating SOC. However, the available capacity and coulombic efficiency in this method are influenced by the operating states of batteries, such as temperature and current, thereby causing SOC estimation errors. To address this problem, an enhanced Ah counting method that can alter the available capacity and coulombic efficiency according to temperature is proposed during the SOC calculation. Moreover, the battery SOCs between different temperatures can be mutually converted in accordance with the capacity loss. To compensate for the accumulating errors in Ah counting caused by the low precision of current sensors and lack of accurate initial SOC, the OCV method is used for calibration and as a complement. Given the variation of available capacities at different temperatures, rated/non-rated OCV–SOCs are established to estimate the initial SOCs in accordance with the Ah counting SOCs. Two dynamic tests, namely, constant- and alternated-temperature tests, are employed to verify the combined method at different temperatures. The results indicate that our method can provide effective and accurate SOC estimation at different ambient temperatures.
Promoting Positive Psychology Using Social Networking Sites: A Study of New College Entrants on Facebook
Authors: Chang Shu-Man , Lin Yung-Hsiu , Lin Chi-Wei , Chang Her-Kun , Chong Ping
Published: April 2014

This study explores the potential of promoting college students’ positive psychological development using popular online social networks. Online social networks have dramatically changed the ways college students manage their social relationships. Social network activities, such as checking Facebook posts dominates students’ Internet time and has the potential to assist students’ positive development. Positive psychology is a scientific study of how ordinary individuals can apply their strength effectively when facing objective difficulties and how this capability can be cultivated with certain approaches. A positive message delivery approach was designed for a group of new college entrants. A series of positive messages was edited by university counselors and delivered by students to their Facebook social groups. Responses from each posted positive messages were collected and analyzed by researchers. The responses indicated that: (1) relationships of individual engagement and social influence in this study can partially explain the observed student behavior; (2) using class-based social groups can promote a positive atmosphere to enhance strong-tie relationships in both the physical and virtual environments, and (3) promoting student’s positive attitudes can substantially impact adolescents’ future developments, and many positive attitudes can be cultivated by emotional events and social influence.
Symbiotic Activity of Pea (Pisum sativum) after Application of Nod Factors under Field Conditions
Authors: Siczek Anna , Lipiec Jerzy , Wielbo Jerzy , Kidaj Dominika , Szarlip Paweł
Published: April 2014

Growth and symbiotic activity of legumes are mediated by Nod factors (LCO, lipo-chitooligosaccharides). To assess the effects of application of Nod factors on symbiotic activity and yield of pea, a two-year field experiment was conducted on a Haplic Luvisol developed from loess. Nod factors were isolated from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain GR09. Pea seeds were treated with the Nod factors (10−11 M) or water (control) before planting. Symbiotic activity was evaluated by measurements of nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay), nodule number and mass, and top growth by shoot mass, leaf area, and seed and protein yield. Nod factors generally improved pea yield and nitrogenase activity in the relatively dry growing season 2012, but not in the wet growing season in 2013 due to different weather conditions.
Molecular Mechanisms and New Treatment Strategies for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Takaki Akinobu , Kawai Daisuke , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: April 2014

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in which most patients exhibit non-progressive, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) attributable to simple steatosis. Multiple hits, including genetic differences, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and intestinal microbiota changes, account for the progression of NASH. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, which induces adipokine secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress at the cellular level, which in turn induces hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Among these factors, gut microbiota are acknowledged as having an important role in initiating this multifactorial disease. Oxidative stress is considered to be a key contributor in the progression from NAFL to NASH. Macrophage infiltration is apparent in NAFL and NASH, while T-cell infiltration is apparent in NASH. Although several clinical trials have shown that antioxidative therapy with vitamin E can effectively control hepatitis pathology in the short term, the long-term effects remain obscure and have often proved to be ineffective in many other diseases. Several long-term antioxidant protocols have failed to reduce mortality. New treatment modalities that incorporate current understanding of NAFLD molecular pathogenesis must be considered.
Autophagy-Related Direct Membrane Import from ER/Cytoplasm into the Vacuole or Apoplast: A Hidden Gateway also for Secondary Metabolites and Phytohormones?
Authors: Kulich Ivan , Žárský Viktor
Published: April 2014

Transportation of low molecular weight cargoes into the plant vacuole represents an essential plant cell function. Several lines of evidence indicate that autophagy-related direct endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to vacuole (and also, apoplast) transport plays here a more general role than expected. This route is regulated by autophagy proteins, including recently discovered involvement of the exocyst subcomplex. Traffic from ER into the vacuole bypassing Golgi apparatus (GA) acts not only in stress-related cytoplasm recycling or detoxification, but also in developmentally-regulated biopolymer and secondary metabolite import into the vacuole (or apoplast), exemplified by storage proteins and anthocyanins. We propose that this pathway is relevant also for some phytohormones’ (e.g., auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)) degradation. We hypothesize that SA is not only an autophagy inducer, but also a cargo for autophagy-related ER to vacuole membrane container delivery and catabolism. ER membrane localized enzymes will potentially enhance the area of biosynthetic reactive surfaces, and also, abundant ER localized membrane importers (e.g., ABC transporters) will internalize specific molecular species into the autophagosome biogenesis domain of ER. Such active ER domains may create tubular invaginations of tonoplast into the vacuoles as import intermediates. Packaging of cargos into the ER-derived autophagosome-like containers might be an important mechanism of vacuole and exosome biogenesis and cytoplasm protection against toxic metabolites. A new perspective on metabolic transformations intimately linked to membrane trafficking in plants is emerging.
The Relationship between Dioxin Congeners in the Breast Milk of Vietnamese Women and Sister Chromatid Exchange
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kido Teruhiko , Okamoto Rie , Nhu Dang , Nishijo Muneko , Nakagawa Hideaki , Tawara Kenji , Horikawa Hiroaki , Sato Yuko , Dung Phung , Thom Le , Hung Nguyen
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in women from herbicide-sprayed and non sprayed areas. Blood samples were taken from 21 women with high TCDD (tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) levels from sprayed areas, 23 women with moderate TCDD levels from sprayed areas, and 19 women from non sprayed areas to determine their SCE frequency. The SCE frequencies for the high and moderate TCDD groups from the sprayed area and for the non sprayed area group were 2.40, 2.19, and 1.48 per cell, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that the standardized β values for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD (β = 0.60), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD (β = 0.64), and octaCDD (β = 0.65) were higher than those for TCDD (β = 0.34) and 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD (β = 0.42). The adjusted R2 value for polyCDDs (R2 = 0.38) was higher than that for polyCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ (toxic equivalents); R2 = 0.23). This study therefore shows that levels of hexa-, hepta-, and octaCDD, which were previously regarded as being less toxic than TCDD, are closely related to SCE frequency and that the level of dioxin (pg/g lipid) is potentially more useful as an indicator than TEQ value for explaining SCE frequency.
Annealing Effect on the Structural and Optical Properties of Sputter-Grown Bismuth Titanium Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Alfonso José , Olaya Jhon , Bedoya-Hincapié Claudia , Toudert Johann , Serna Rosalia
Published: April 2014

The aim of this work is to assess the evolution of the structural and optical properties of BixTiyOz films grown by rf magnetron sputtering upon post-deposition annealing treatments in order to obtain good quality films with large grain size, low defect density and high refractive index similar to that of single crystals. Films with thickness in the range of 220–250 nm have been successfully grown. After annealing treatment at 600 °C the films show excellent transparency and full crystallization. It is shown that to achieve larger crystallite sizes, up to 17 nm, it is better to carry the annealing under dry air than under oxygen atmosphere, probably because the nucleation rate is reduced. The refractive index of the films is similar under both atmospheres and it is very high (n =2.5 at 589 nm). However it is still slightly lower than that of the single crystal value due to the polycrystalline morphology of the thin films.
Physics of Free-Standing Lyotropic Films
Authors: Pieranski Pawel
Published: April 2014

We explore the structures and properties of stable, free-standing films of lyotropic mesophases drawn on apertures of various shapes in an atmosphere of controlled humidity. New phenomena are uncovered and interpreted.
Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Phthalocyanine with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Lipid Composite Microspheres for Thermo-Responsive Release and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Jiaojiao , Li Jingliang , Zhang Zexin , Weng Yuyan , Chen Gaojian , Yuan Bing , Yang Kai , Ma Yuqiang
Published: April 2014

Phthalocyanine (Pc) is a type of promising sensitizer molecules for photodynamic therapy (PDT), but its hydrophobicity substantially prevents its applications. In this study, we efficiently encapsulate Pc into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgel particles, without or with lipid decoration (i.e., Pc@pNIPAM or Pc@pNIPAM/lipid), to improve its water solubility and prevent aggregation in aqueous medium. The incorporation of lipid molecules significantly enhances the Pc loading efficiency of pNIPAM. These Pc@pNIPAM and Pc@pNIPAM/lipid composite microspheres show thermo-triggered release of Pc and/or lipid due to the phase transition of pNIPAM. Furthermore, in the in vitro experiments, these composite particles work as drug carriers for the hydrophobic Pc to be internalized into HeLa cells. After internalization, the particles show efficient fluorescent imaging and PDT effect. Our work demonstrates promising candidates in promoting the use of hydrophobic drugs including photosensitizers in tumor therapies.
Marine Bioactives and Potential Application in Sports
Authors: Gammone Maria , Gemello Eugenio , Riccioni Graziano , D'Orazio Nicolantonio
Published: April 2014

An enriched diet with antioxidants, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, β-carotene and phenolic compounds, has always been suggested to improve oxidative stress, preventing related diseases. In this respect, marine natural product (MNP), such as COX inhibitors, marine steroids, molecules interfering with factors involved in the modulation of gene expression (such as NF-κB), macrolides, many antioxidant agents, thermogenic substances and even substances that could help the immune system and that result in the protection of cartilage, have been recently gaining attention. The marine world represents a reserve of bioactive ingredients, with considerable potential as functional food. Substances, such as chitin, chitosan, n-3 oils, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals and bioactive peptides, can provide several health benefits, such as the reduction of cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. In addition, new marine bioactive substances with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and thermogenic capacity may provide health benefits and performance improvement, especially in those who practice physical activity, because of their increased free radical and Reacting Oxygen Species (ROS) production during exercise, and, particularly, in athletes. The aim of this review is to examine the potential pharmacological properties and application of many marine bioactive substances in sports.
Pathophysiological Effects of Synthetic Derivatives of Polymeric Alkylpyridinium Salts from the Marine Sponge, Reniera sarai
Authors: Grandič Marjana , Frangež Robert
Published: April 2014

Polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS) are among the most studied natural bioactive compounds extracted from the marine sponge, Reniera sarai. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities, and the most prominent among them are the anti-acetylcholinesterase and membrane-damaging activity. Due to their membrane activity, sAPS can induce the lysis of various cells and cell lines and inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. Because of their bioactivity, poly-APS are possible candidates for use in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and industry. Due to the small amounts of naturally occurring poly-APS, methods for the synthesis of analogues have been developed. They differ in chemical properties, such as the degree of polymerization, the length of the alkyl chains (from three to 12 carbon atoms) and in the counter ions present in their structures. Such structurally defined analogues with different chemical properties and degrees of polymerization possess different levels of biological activity. We review the current knowledge of the biological activity and toxicity of synthetic poly-APS analogues, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of their physiological and pharmacological effects and, in particular, the mechanisms of toxicity of two analogues, APS12-2 and APS3, in vivo and in vitro.
In Vitro Assessment of Marine Bacillus for Use as Livestock Probiotics
Authors: Prieto Maria , O'Sullivan Laurie , Tan Shiau , McLoughlin Peter , Hughes Helen , Gutierrez Montserrat , Lane Jonathan , Hickey Rita , Lawlor Peadar , Gardiner Gillian
Published: April 2014

Six antimicrobial-producing seaweed-derived Bacillus strains were evaluated in vitro as animal probiotics, in comparison to two Bacillus from an EU-authorized animal probiotic product. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated on solid media against porcine Salmonella and E. coli. The marine isolates were most active against the latter, had better activity than the commercial probiotics and Bacillus pumilus WIT 588 also reduced E. coli counts in broth. All of the marine Bacillus tolerated physiological concentrations of bile, with some as tolerant as one of the probiotics. Spore counts for all isolates remained almost constant during incubation in simulated gastric and ileum juices. All of the marine Bacillus grew anaerobically and the spores of all except one isolate germinated under anaerobic conditions. All were sensitive to a panel of antibiotics and none harbored Bacillus enterotoxin genes but all, except B. pumilus WIT 588, showed some degree of β-hemolysis. However, trypan blue dye exclusion and xCELLigence assays demonstrated a lack of toxicity in comparison to two pathogens; in fact, the commercial probiotics appeared more cytotoxic than the majority of the marine Bacillus. Overall, some of the marine-derived Bacillus, in particular B. pumilus WIT 588, demonstrate potential for use as livestock probiotics.
New Benzoxazine Secondary Metabolites from an Arctic Actinomycete
Authors: Moon Kyuho , Ahn Chan-Hong , Shin Yoonho , Won Tae , Ko Keebeom , Lee Sang , Oh Ki-Bong , Shin Jongheon , Nam Seung-Il , Oh Dong-Chan
Published: April 2014

Two new secondary metabolites, arcticoside (1) and C-1027 chromophore-V (2), were isolated along with C-1027 chromophore-III and fijiolides A and B (3–5) from a culture of an Arctic marine actinomycete Streptomyces strain. The chemical structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated through NMR, mass, UV, and IR spectroscopy. The hexose moieties in 1 were determined to be d-glucose from a combination of acid hydrolysis, derivatization, and gas chromatographic analyses. Arcticoside (1) and C-1027 chromophore-V (2), which have a benzoxazine ring, inhibited Candida albicans isocitrate lyase. Chromophore-V (2) exhibited significant cytotoxicity against breast carcinoma MDA-MB231 cells and colorectal carcinoma cells (line HCT-116), with IC50 values of 0.9 and 2.7 μM, respectively.