bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterotic-string amplitudes at one loop: modular graph forms and relations to open strings
Authors: Gerken Jan E. , Kleinschmidt Axel , Schlotterer Oliver
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We investigate one-loop four-point scattering of non-abelian gauge bosons in heterotic string theory and identify new connections with the corresponding open-string amplitude. In the low-energy expansion of the heterotic-string amplitude, the integrals over torus punctures are systematically evaluated in terms of modular graph forms, certain non-holomorphic modular forms. For a specific torus integral, the modular graph forms in the low-energy expansion are related to the elliptic multiple zeta values from the analogous open-string integrations over cylinder boundaries. The detailed correspondence between these modular graph forms and elliptic multiple zeta values supports a recent proposal for an elliptic generalization of the single-valued map at genus zero.
Vascular dysfunction—The disregarded partner of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sweeney Melanie D. , Montagne Axel , Sagare Abhay P. , Nation Daniel A. , Schneider Lon S. , Chui Helena C. , Harrington Michael G. , Pa Judy , Law Meng , Wang Danny J. J. , Jacobs Russell E. , Doubal Fergus N. , Ramirez Joel , Black Sandra E. , Nedergaard Maiken , Benveniste Helene , Dichgans Martin , Iadecola Costantino , Love Seth , Bath Philip M. , Markus Hugh S. , Al‐Shahi Salman Rustam , Allan Stuart M. , Quinn Terence J. , Kalaria Rajesh N. , Werring David J. , Carare Roxana O. , Touyz Rhian M. , Williams Steve C. R. , Moskowitz Michael A. , Katusic Zvonimir S. , Lutz Sarah E. , Lazarov Orly , Minshall Richard D. , Rehman Jalees , Davis Thomas P. , Wellington Cheryl L. , González Hector M. , Yuan Chun , Lockhart Samuel N. , Hughes Timothy M. , Chen Christopher L. H. , Sachdev Perminder , O'Brien John T. , Skoog Ingmar , Pantoni Leonardo , Gustafson Deborah R. , Biessels Geert Jan , Wallin Anders , Smith Eric E. , Mok Vincent , Wong Adrian , Passmore Peter , Barkof Frederick , Muller Majon , Breteler Monique M. B. , Román Gustavo C. , Hamel Edith , Seshadri Sudha , Gottesman Rebecca F. , van Buchem Mark A. , Arvanitakis Zoe , Schneider Julie A. , Drewes Lester R. , Hachinski Vladimir , Finch Caleb E. , Toga Arthur W. , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Zlokovic Berislav V.
Published: January 2019

Increasing evidence recognizes Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease with multiple contributors to its pathophysiology, including vascular dysfunction. The recently updated AD Research Framework put forth by the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association describes a biomarker‐based pathologic definition of AD focused on amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury. In response to this article, here we first discussed evidence that vascular dysfunction is an important early event in AD pathophysiology. Next, we examined various imaging sequences that could be easily implemented to evaluate different types of vascular dysfunction associated with, and/or contributing to, AD pathophysiology, including changes in blood‐brain barrier integrity and cerebral blood flow. Vascular imaging biomarkers of small vessel disease of the brain, which is responsible for >50% of dementia worldwide, including AD, are already established, well characterized, and easy to recognize. We suggest that these vascular biomarkers should be incorporated into the AD Research Framework to gain a better understanding of AD pathophysiology and aid in treatment efforts.
A Lagrangian probability-density-function model for collisional turbulent fluid–particle flows
Authors: Innocenti A. , Fox R. O. , Salvetti M. V. , Chibbaro S.
Published: January 2019

Inertial particles in turbulent flows are characterised by preferential concentration and segregation and, at sufficient mass loading, dense particle clusters may spontaneously arise due to momentum coupling between the phases. These clusters, in turn, can generate and sustain turbulence in the fluid phase, which we refer to as cluster-induced turbulence (CIT). In the present work, we tackle the problem of developing a framework for the stochastic modelling of moderately dense particle-laden flows, based on a Lagrangian probability-density-function formalism. This framework includes the Eulerian approach, and hence can be useful also for the development of two-fluid models. A rigorous formalism and a general model have been put forward focusing, in particular, on the two ingredients that are key in moderately dense flows, namely, two-way coupling in the carrier phase, and the decomposition of the particle-phase velocity into its spatially correlated and uncorrelated components. Specifically, this last contribution allows us to identify in the stochastic model the contributions due to the correlated fluctuating energy and to the granular temperature of the particle phase, which determine the time scale for particle–particle collisions. The model is then validated and assessed against direct-numerical-simulation data for homogeneous configurations of increasing difficulty: (i) homogeneous isotropic turbulence, (ii) decaying and shear turbulence and (iii) CIT.
A numerical study on reaction-induced radial fingering instability
Authors: Sharma Vandita , Pramanik Satyajit , Chen Ching-Yao , Mishra Manoranjan
Published: January 2019

The dynamics of $A+B\rightarrow C$ fronts is analysed numerically in a radial geometry. We are interested to understand miscible fingering instabilities when the simple chemical reaction changes the viscosity of the fluid locally and a non-monotonic viscosity profile with a global maximum or minimum is formed. We consider viscosity-matched reactants $A$ and $B$ generating a product $C$ having different viscosity than the reactants. Depending on the effect of $C$ on the viscosity relative to the reactants, different viscous fingering (VF) patterns are captured which are in good qualitative agreement with the existing radial experiments. We have found that, for a given chemical reaction rate, an unfavourable viscosity contrast is not always sufficient to trigger the instability. For every fixed Péclet number ($Pe$), these effects of chemical reaction on VF are summarized in the Damköhler number ($Da$) $-$ the log-mobility ratio ($R_{c}$) parameter space that exhibits a stable region separating two unstable regions corresponding to the cases of more and less viscous product. Fixing $Pe$, we determine $Da$-dependent critical log-mobility ratios $R_{c}^{+}$ and $R_{c}^{-}$ such that no VF is observable whenever $R_{c}^{-}\leqslant R_{c}\leqslant R_{c}^{+}$. The effect of geometry is observable on the onset of instability, where we obtain significant differences from existing results in the rectilinear geometry.
HECUBA SUCCUMBS: WORDPLAY IN SENECA'STROADES
Authors: Battistella Chiara
Published: January 2019

Hecuba's grief upon learning of Hector's death in Hom.Il. 22.430‒6 and in the presence of his corpse later on inIl. 24.747‒59 seems to foreshadow the queen's miserable fate in the aftermath of the fall of Troy. In the subsequent literary tradition, the character of Hecuba ends up merging with the destiny of her city: as Harrison points out with reference to Seneca'sTroades, Hecuba, the Latin counterpart of Greek Hekabe, functions as a metaphor for the fall of Troy (118), even represents the fallen Troy itself (128). In turning into an exemplar of maternal grief, she also comes to embody the vicissitudes of fortune. In these pages, I am interested in exploring a possible wordplay on the queen's name in Seneca'sTroades, which may have originated, as I suggest, from Hecuba's distinctive posture in Euripides’ diptychHecubaandTrojan Women(for convenience's sake I will employ the Latin form of the name throughout these pages with the exception of a few passages, in which the Greek form ‘Hekabe’ will be used in order to bring to the fore an etymological connection I will discuss below).
LIBANIUS ON JULIAN'S ALLEGED MURDER OF HIS WIFE HELENA
Authors: Woods David
Published: January 2019

In a speech addressed to Polycles sometime afterc.365, Libanius preserves the otherwise unattested claim that the Emperor Julian paid an unnamed doctor to kill his wife Helena, the sister of his cousin and Eastern rival at the time, Constantius II. However, he does so only in order to refute this charge which his former friend Polycles had made against Julian during a conversation concerning his reign. According to Libanius, Polycles had initially criticized Julian for being too generous to his favourites, and had cited his gift of certain villages to some eunuchs in proof of this allegation (Or. 37.2). He had also made some vague insinuations about the reasons for this generosity, but Libanius says that he was prepared to overlook this, knowing that they were not true and that Julian had made larger gifts to others. However, Polycles then claimed that Julian had contrived at the death of his wife Helena also (Or. 37.3)
PUSHING FORTY: THE PLATONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF REFERENCES TO AGE IN LUCIAN'SDOUBLE INDICTMENTANDHERMOTIMUS
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: January 2019

Opening on Olympus and concluding with two trials involving ‘the Syrian’ (an obvious Lucianic persona), Lucian'sDouble Indictment(=Bis Acc.) presents a fantastical scenario that draws on Old Comic, Platonic and biographical models. In the first of the Syrian's two trials, a personified Rhetoric accuses the Syrian of abandoning her, his legitimate wife, for his lover, Dialogue. Dialogue, in turn, accuses the Syrian ofhubris, asserting that the Syrian rendered him a generic freak when he forced him to accept ‘jokes,iambos, cynicism, and Eupolis and Aristophanes’ (ὁ σκῶμμα καὶ τὸν ἴαμβον καὶ κυνισμὸν καὶ τὸν Εὔπολιν καὶ τὸν Ἀριστοφάνη,Bis Acc.33). Amidst this literary fantasy, Lucian seemingly adds an element of realism when the Syrian specifies that he was ‘almost forty’ (τετταράκοντα ἔτη σχεδὸν γεγονότι,Bis Acc.32) at the time he left Rhetoric for Dialogue. This is notably not the only instance in which we find this age attributed to a Lucianic alter-ego: Lycinus in theHermotimus(=Hermot.) is likewise described as being ‘almost forty’ at the time of the dialogue. This is strikingly also the same age at which the dialogue's eponymous interlocutor—he is sixty at the time of the dialogue—began his own philosophical education (αὐτὸς κατὰ σὲ γεγονὼς ἠρξάμην φιλοσοφεῖν τετταρακοντούτης σχεδόν,Hermot.13).
Dietary fat composition: replacement of saturated fatty acids with PUFA as a public health strategy, with an emphasis on α-linolenic acid
Authors: Lenighan Yvonne M. , McNulty Breige A. , Roche Helen M.
Published: January 2019

SFA intakes have decreased in recent years, both in Ireland and across other European countries; however a large proportion of the population are still not meeting the SFA recommendation of <10% of total energy (TE). High SFA intakes have been associated with increased CVD and type-2 diabetes (T2D) risk, due to alterations in cholesterol homoeostasis and adipose tissue inflammation. PUFA, in particular EPA and DHA, have been associated with health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects. It is well established that dietary fat composition plays an important role in biological processes. A recent review of evidence suggests that replacement of SFA with PUFA has potential to reduce risk of CVD and T2D. The public health and molecular impact of EPA and DHA have been well-characterised, while less is known of effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA). The current dietary guideline for ALA is 0·5% TE; however evidence from supplementation trials suggests that benefit is observed at levels greater than 2 g/d (0·6–1% TE). This review highlights the gap in the evidence base relating to effects of the replacement of SFA with ALA, identifying the need for randomised controlled trials to determine the optimal dose of ALA substitution to define the efficacy of dietary fat modification with ALA.
Aristotle'sPhysicsII 1 and Cultivated Plants
Authors: Katayama Errol G.
Published: January 2019

Argument

The aim of this paper is two-fold: to offer an interpretation that preserves the natural reading ofPhysicsII 1 – that Aristotle is drawing a stark distinction between what is natural and what is artificial; and to show how there is logical room for atertium quid– a category for things that are products of both nature and art. This aim is attained by highlighting two important qualifications Aristotle makes about the products of art in relation to an innate internal principle of change and pointing out that the proper understanding of the significance of the essential-accidental distinction that Aristotle draws must be viewed in the context where he identifies two kinds of nature – form and matter. Based on these analyses, the following three logical categories are shown to be consistent with the passage: 1) purely natural things; 2) essentially artificial objects; and 3) essentially natural things with artificial aspects.
Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies
Authors: Jayedi Ahmad , Rashidy-Pour Ali , Parohan Mohammad , Zargar Mahdieh Sadat , Shab-Bidar Sakineh
Published: January 2019

Objective

The present review aimed to quantify the association of dietary intake and circulating concentration of major dietary antioxidants with risk of total CVD mortality.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting

Systematic search in PubMed and Scopus, up to October 2017.

Participants

Prospective observational studies reporting risk estimates of CVD mortality across three or more categories of dietary intakes and/or circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted.

Results

A total of fifteen prospective cohort studies and three prospective evaluations within interventional studies (320 548 participants and 16 974 cases) were analysed. The relative risks of CVD mortality for the highestv. the lowest category of antioxidant intakes were as follows: vitamin C, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·89;I2=46 %,n10); vitamin E, 0·91 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·03;I2=51 %,n8); β-carotene, 0·89 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·05;I2=34 %,n4). The relative risks for circulating concentrations were: vitamin C, 0·60 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·78;I2=65 %,n6); α-tocopherol, 0·82 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·88;I2=0 %,n5); β-carotene, 0·68 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·83;I2=50 %,n6). Dose–response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes.

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis demonstrates that higher vitamin C intake and higher circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene are associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality.
A RAYLEIGH–RITZ METHOD FOR NAVIER–STOKES FLOW THROUGH CURVED DUCTS
Authors: HARDING BRENDAN
Published: January 2019

We present a Rayleigh–Ritz method for the approximation of fluid flow in a curved duct, including the secondary cross-flow, which is well known to develop for nonzero Dean numbers. Having a straightforward method to estimate the cross-flow for ducts with a variety of cross-sectional shapes is important for many applications. One particular example is in microfluidics where curved ducts with low aspect ratio are common, and there is an increasing interest in nonrectangular duct shapes for the purpose of size-based cell separation. We describe functionals which are minimized by the axial flow velocity and cross-flow stream function which solve an expansion of the Navier–Stokes model of the flow. A Rayleigh–Ritz method is then obtained by computing the coefficients of an appropriate polynomial basis, taking into account the duct shape, such that the corresponding functionals are stationary. Whilst the method itself is quite general, we describe an implementation for a particular family of duct shapes in which the top and bottom walls are described by a polynomial with respect to the lateral coordinate. Solutions for a rectangular duct and two nonstandard duct shapes are examined in detail. A comparison with solutions obtained using a finite-element method demonstrates the rate of convergence with respect to the size of the basis. An implementation for circular cross-sections is also described, and results are found to be consistent with previous studies.
An Externally Forced Decadal Rainfall Seesaw Pattern Over the Sahel and Southeast Amazon
Authors: Hua Wenjian , Dai Aiguo , Zhou Liming , Qin Minhua , Chen Haishan
Published: January 2019

By analyzing observations and model simulations, here we show that there exists a significant anticorrelation on interannual to multidecadal time scales between the Sahel and southeast Amazon rainfall during July‐August‐September. This rainfall seesaw, which is strongest on decadal to multidecadal scales, is due to an anomalous meridional gradient of sea surface temperatures across the tropical Atlantic that pushes the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its associated rain belt toward the anomalously warm hemisphere. Large ensemble model simulations suggest that the seesaw pattern is likely caused by decadal changes in anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols, rather than internal climate variability. Our results suggest that the recent decadal to multidecadal climate variations in and around the North Atlantic basin are largely externally forced and that projected large North Atlantic warming could lead to a wetter Sahel but drier Amazon in the future.
Global Empirical Picture of Magnetospheric Substorms Inferred From Multimission Magnetometer Data
Authors: Stephens G. K. , Sitnov M. I. , Korth H. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Ohtani S. , Gkioulidou M. , Ukhorskiy A. Y.
Published: January 2019

Magnetospheric substorms represent key explosive processes in the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the solar wind, and their understanding and modeling are critical for space weather forecasting. During substorms, the magnetic field on the nightside is first stretched in the antisunward direction and then it rapidly contracts earthward bringing hot plasmas from the distant space regions into the inner magnetosphere, where they contribute to geomagnetic storms and Joule dissipation in the polar ionosphere, causing impressive splashes of aurora. Here we show for the first time that mining millions of spaceborne magnetometer data records from multiple missions allows one to reconstruct the global 3‐D picture of these stretching and dipolarization processes. Stretching results in the formation of a thin (less than the Earth's radius) and strong current sheet, which is diverted into the ionosphere during dipolarization. In the meantime, the dipolarization signal propagates further into the inner magnetosphere resulting in the accumulation of a longer lived current there, giving rise to a protogeomagnetic storm. The global 3‐D structure of the corresponding substorm currents including the substorm current wedge is reconstructed from data.
Downscaling Satellite Precipitation Estimates With Multiple Linear Regression, Artificial Neural Networks, and Spline Interpolation Techniques
Authors: Sharifi E. , Saghafian B. , Steinacker R.
Published: January 2019

Satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) have been widely used in various applications. However, when applied to small basins and regions, the spatial resolution of SPEs is too coarse. In this study, we present three downscaling algorithms based upon the relationships between SPEs and cloud optical and microphysical properties in northeast Austria. Different downscaling techniques, namely, multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, and spline interpolation, were adopted for the downscaling of Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) precipitation data. In this respect, linear and nonlinear relationship among IMERG data and different cloud variables, such as cloud effective radius, cloud optical thickness, and cloud water path, was evaluated. Downscaled SPEs, as well as the original IMERG product, were subsequently validated using 54 rain gauges at a daily timescale. According to the results, all downscaled products were more accurate than the original IMERG data. Furthermore, all downscaling techniques captured the spatial patterns of precipitation reasonably well with more detailed information when compared with the original IMERG precipitation. However, the spline interpolation slightly outperformed the other techniques, followed by multiple linear regression and artificial neural network, respectively. Moreover, the proposed methods, which consistently showed increased correlation (e.g., from 0.30 to 0.56 for spline interpolation) and reduced mean absolute error and root‐mean‐square error (e.g., from 10.14 to 6.55 mm and 13.5 to 8.76 mm, respectively) for average of all events, can more accurately produce downscaled precipitation data.
High‐Frequency Communications Response to Solar Activity in September 2017 as Observed by Amateur Radio Networks
Authors: Frissell Nathaniel A. , Vega Joshua S. , Markowitz Evan , Gerrard Andrew J. , Engelke William D. , Erickson Philip J. , Miller Ethan S. , Luetzelschwab R. Carl , Bortnik Jacob
Published: January 2019

Numerous solar flares and coronal mass ejection‐induced interplanetary shocks associated with solar active region AR12673 caused disturbances to terrestrial high‐frequency (HF, 3–30 MHz) radio communications from 4–14 September 2017. Simultaneously, Hurricanes Irma and Jose caused significant damage to the Caribbean Islands and parts of Florida. The coincidental timing of both the space weather activity and hurricanes was unfortunate, as HF radio was needed for emergency communications. This paper presents the response of HF amateur radio propagation as observed by the Reverse Beacon Network and the Weak Signal Propagation Reporting Network to the space weather events of that period. Distributed data coverage from these dense sources provided a unique mix of global and regional coverage of ionospheric response and recovery that revealed several features of storm time HF propagation dynamics. X‐class flares on 6, 7, and 10 September caused acute radio blackouts during the day in the Caribbean with recovery times of tens of minutes to hours, based on the decay time of the flare. A severe geomagnetic storm with Kpmax = 8+ and SYM‐Hmin = −146 nT occurring 7–10 September wiped out ionospheric communications first on 14 MHz and then on 7 MHz starting at ∼1200 UT 8 September. This storm, combined with affects from additional flare and geomagnetic activity, contributed to a significant suppression of effective HF propagation bands both globally and in the Caribbean for a period of 12 to 15 days.
Tectono‐Sedimentary Analysis of the Hyperextended Liwan Sag Basin (Midnorthern Margin of the South China Sea)
Authors: Zhang C. , Su M. , Pang X. , Zheng J. , Liu B. , Sun Z. , Manatschal G.
Published: January 2019

Although hyperextended rifted margins have been the focus of many recent studies, the potential interaction between tectonic deformation and sedimentation during extreme crustal thinning is poorly understood. In this study, we aim to explore the tectono‐sedimentary evolution during final rifting and lithospheric breakup in the hyperextended Liwan sag basin. We demonstrate the presence of an oceanward inclined shale sequence, which acts as a decoupling level separating a subshale from a suprashale layer. The suprashale layer is characterized by progradational deltaic facies with a high sediment supply to the north and basal facies farther south. Extensional faults together with local gravitational structures are syndepositional and formed during hyperextension. The shale is observed to overlie a highly attenuated basement comprising high‐reflective sequences that may correspond to meta‐sediments. We propose a new model to explain the interaction of tectonic deformation, gravity sliding, and sedimentation. A first stage includes the crustal necking that goes along with the deposition of synrift deltaic sequences decoupled above prodelta shales. During hyperextension, a high sediment supply is linked to migration of depocenters and extension oceanward. The prodelta shale layer acts as the main decoupling level, gravity sliding affects synhyperextensional sediments, and dome‐shape structures start to form. During a third stage, deformation migrates outboard, while formation of dome structures continues in the Liwan sag basin. Although the process controlling these dome‐shape structures remains unclear, a magmatic origin is likely. Diffuse deformation related to differential compaction and minor magmatic additions continued to affect the margin after the onset of seafloor spreading.
Paleoseismic Slip Records and Uplift of the Longmen Shan, Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang H. , Li H. B. , Zhang L. , Zheng Y. , Si J. L. , Sun Z. M.
Published: January 2019

We document the geological fault zone geometry and internal architecture of the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault (YBF) in the Longmen Shan, eastern Tibetan Plateau, which hosted the catastrophic 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The YBF has been repeatedly reactivated during its long‐term activity and contains widespread brittle fault rocks. Pseudotachylytes are recognized in the Pengguan Complex both from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling (WFSD) cores and at a surface outcrop. Microstructural evidence of embayed and rounded fragments, flow structures, vesicles, and microlites of various morphologies indicate that the pseudotachylytes were generated by frictional melting during earthquakes. Cataclasite and fault gouge with fragments of angular shapes and varied sizes observed within the fault zones are also considered as evidence of paleoearthquakes. These imply that the main fault zones in the WFSD cores record ancient seismic slip events. Geological field mapping at the surface and in WFSD cores shows that the YBF is a listric reverse fault, with a 155–290‐m thick fault zone that dips 73°–68° at depths <700 m and 30° at depths >700 m. Three faulted sets of alternating Neoproterozoic Pengguan Complex overthrusting upon the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the WFSD‐2 core imply that the main tectonic framework of Longmen Shan consists of a series of imbricated thrust sheets that have accommodated strong crustal shortening. These suggest that the accumulated crustal shortening caused by imbricated thrusting and long‐term seismic activity along the YBF and deep concealed faults is an important process responsible for the rapid uplift of the Longmen Shan.
Miller Receives 2018 Waldo E. Smith Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2019

M. Meghan Miller received the Waldo E. Smith Award at the 2018 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 12 December 2018 in Washington, D. C. The award honors an individual “for extraordinary service to geophysics.”
Kody Kramer (1985–2018)
Authors: Shedd W.
Published: January 2019

His vision and persistence created a 1.4-billion-pixel map of the Gulf of Mexico seafloor—a crucial tool in research on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and a completely new standard for bathymetry maps.
How Did We Get Here? A Panel of Scientists Answers
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: January 2019

A panel of scientists kicks off AGU’s Centennial by looking back on the groundbreaking achievements of the past century.
Icebergs Reveal Contours of the Ocean Bottom
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: January 2019

Using satellite imagery of grounded icebergs near Greenland, researchers estimate the drafts of these ice masses and therefore water depth, measurements that shed light on future sea level rise.
A PDE1 inhibitor reduces adipogenesis in mice via regulation of lipolysis and adipogenic cell signaling
Authors: Kim Nam-Jun , Baek Jung-Hwan , Lee JinAh , Kim HyeNa , Song Jun-Kyu , Chun Kyung-Hee
Published: January 2019

Vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-1 inhibitor, increases cAMP and cGMP levels and is currently used for the management of cerebrovascular disorders, such as stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and cognitive dysfunctions. In this study, we first determined that vinpocetine effectively suppressed adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. However, we questioned which molecular mechanism is involved because the role of PDE in adipogenesis is still controversial. Vinpocetine decreased adipogenic cell signaling, including the phosphorylation of ERK, AKT, JAK2, and STAT3, and adipokine secretion, including IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-α. Interestingly, vinpocetine increased the phosphorylation of HSL, suggesting the induction of the lipolysis pathway. Moreover, vinpocetine increased UCP1 expression via increasing cAMP and PKA phosphorylation. The administration of vinpocetine with a normal-chow diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice attenuated body weight gain in mice fed both the NFD and HFD. These effects were larger in the HFD-fed mice, without a difference in food intake. Vinpocetine drastically decreased fat weight and adipocyte cell sizes in gonadal and inguinal white adipose tissues and in the liver in both diet groups. Serum triacylglycerol levels and fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by vinpocetine treatment. This study suggested that vinpocetine prevents adipocyte differentiation through the inhibition of adipogenesis-associated cell signaling in the early stages of adipogenesis. Moreover, upregulating cAMP levels leads to an increase in lipolysis and UCP1 expression and then inhibits lipid accumulation. Therefore, we suggest that vinpocetine could be an effective agent for treating obesity, as well as improving cognition and cardiovascular function in older individuals.
Complement pathway changes at age 12 are associated with psychotic experiences at age 18 in a longitudinal population-based study: evidence for a role of stress
Authors: Föcking Melanie , Sabherwal Sophie , Cates Hannah M. , Scaife Caitriona , Dicker Patrick , Hryniewiecka Magdalena , Wynne Kieran , Rutten Bart P. F. , Lewis Glyn , Cannon Mary , Nestler Eric J. , Heurich Meike , Cagney Gerard , Zammit Stanley , Cotter David R.
Published: January 2019

The complement cascade is a major component of the immune defence against infection, and there is increasing evidence for a role of dysregulated complement in major psychiatric disorders. We undertook a directed proteomic analysis of the complement signalling pathway (n = 29 proteins) using data-independent acquisition. Participants were recruited from the UK avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at ages 12 and 18. Protein expression levels at age 12 among individuals who reported psychotic experiences (PEs) at age 18 (n = 64) were compared with age-matched controls (n = 67). Six out of the 29 targeted complement proteins or protein subcomponents were significantly upregulated following correction for multiple comparisons (VTN↑, C1RL↑, C8B↑, C8A↑, CFH↑, and C5↑). We then undertook an unbiased plasma proteomic analysis of mice exposed to chronic social stress and observed dysregulation of 11 complement proteins, including three that were altered in the same direction in individuals with PE (C1R↑, CFH↑, and C5↑). Our findings indicate that dysregulation of the complement protein pathway in blood is associated with incidence of psychotic experiences and that these changes may reflect exposure to stress.
A new case of spastic paraplegia type 64 due to a missense mutation in the ENTPD1 gene
Authors: Mamelona Jean , Crapoulet Nicolas , Marrero Alier
Published: January 2019

Spastic paraplegia type 64 (SPG64; OMIM 615683) is a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) recently identified in individuals diagnosed with suspected neurodegenerative disease. Affected patients carry homozygous mutations in the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 gene (ENTPD1). Although they share common characteristics, affected individuals show slight discrepancies in some clinical aspects. At present, only two different cases of SPG64 have been diagnosed. More findings of genetic variation would be helpful to better understand the effect of mutations in the ENTPD1 gene on the neurological condition of affected individuals. In this study, we examined a family with an individual diagnosed with suspected HSP based on clinical findings. DNA samples from the proband, her affected sister, and both parents were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We used an in-house automated pipeline to detect potential neuromuscular disease-causing variants. Variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. After cosegregation analysis, the variant NM_001776.5:c.401T>G (p.M134R) of the ENTPD1 gene was identified as a novel missense mutation linked to the phenotype of SPG64 in the proband and her sister, who showed similar and distinct clinical features compared with the two cases previously described in the literature.
Fetal-derived macrophages dominate in adult mammary glands
Authors: Jäppinen Norma , Félix Inês , Lokka Emmi , Tyystjärvi Sofia , Pynttäri Anne , Lahtela Tiina , Gerke Heidi , Elima Kati , Rantakari Pia , Salmi Marko
Published: January 2019

Macrophages serve multiple functions including immune regulation, morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis and healing reactions. The current paradigm holds that mammary gland macrophages first arise postnatally during the prepubertal period from the bone marrow-derived monocytes. Here we delineate the origins of tissue-resident mammary gland macrophages using high-dimension phenotypic analyses, cell-fate mapping experiments, gene-deficient mice lacking selective macrophage subtypes, and antibody-based depletion strategies. We show that tissue-resident macrophages are found in mammary glands already before birth, and that the yolk sac-derived and fetal liver-derived macrophages outnumber the adult-derived macrophages in the mammary gland also in the adulthood. In addition, fetal-derived mammary gland macrophages have a characteristic phenotype, display preferential periductal and perivascular localization, and are highly active in scavenging. These findings identify fetal-derived macrophages as the predominant leukocyte type in the adult mammary gland stroma, and reveal previously unknown complexity of macrophage biology in the breast.
Distinct roles of temporal and frontoparietal cortex in representing actions across vision and language
Authors: Wurm Moritz F. , Caramazza Alfonso
Published: January 2019

Both temporal and frontoparietal brain areas are associated with the representation of knowledge about the world, in particular about actions. However, what these brain regions represent and precisely how they differ remains unknown. Here, we reveal distinct functional profiles of lateral temporal and frontoparietal cortex using fMRI-based MVPA. Frontoparietal areas encode representations of observed actions and corresponding written sentences in an overlapping way, but these representations do not generalize across stimulus type. By contrast, only left lateral posterior temporal cortex (LPTC) encodes action representations that generalize across observed action scenes and written descriptions. The representational organization of stimulus-general action information in LPTC can be predicted from models that describe basic agent-patient relations (object- and person-directedness) and the general semantic similarity between actions. Our results suggest that LPTC encodes general, conceptual aspects of actions whereas frontoparietal representations appear to be tied to specific stimulus types.
Direct access to poly(glycidyl azide) and its copolymers through anionic (co-)polymerization of glycidyl azide
Authors: Boopathi Senthil K. , Hadjichristidis Nikos , Gnanou Yves , Feng Xiaoshuang
Published: January 2019

Glycidyl azide polymer or poly(glycidyl azide) which is considered as an excellent energetic binder or plasticizer in advanced solid propellants is generally obtained by post-modification or azidation of poly(epichlorohydrin). Here we report that glycidyl azide can be directly homopolymerized through anionic ring-opening polymerization to access poly(glycidyl azide) using onium salts as initiator and triethyl borane as activator. Molar masses of poly(glycidyl azide) up to 11.0 Kg/mol are achieved in a controlled manner with a narrow polydispersity index (PDI ≤ 1.2). Similarly, alternating poly(glycidyl azide carbonate) are also prepared through alternating copolymerization of glycidyl azide with carbon dioxide. Lastly, the copolymerization of glycidyl azide with other epoxide monomers is carried out; the azido functions carried by glycidyl azide which are successfully incorporated into the backbones of polyethers and polycarbonates based on cyclohexene oxide and propylene oxide subsequently served to introduce other functions by click chemistry.
Ice-VII-like molecular structure of ambient water nanomeniscus
Authors: Shin Dongha , Hwang Jonggeun , Jhe Wonho
Published: January 2019

Structural transformations originating from diverse rearrangements of the hydrogen bonding in water create various phases. Although most phases have been well investigated down to the molecular level, the molecular structure of the nanomeniscus, a ubiquitous form of nanoscale water in nature, still remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the water nanomeniscus exhibits the stable, ice-VII-like molecular structure in ambient condition. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on trace amounts of water, confined in inter-nanoparticle gaps, shows a narrowed tetrahedral peak at 3340 cm-1 in the OH-stretching band as well as a lattice-vibrational mode at 230 cm-1. In particular, the ice-VII-like characteristics are evidenced by the spectral independence with respect to temperature variations and differing surface types including the material, size and shape of nanoparticles. Our results provide un unambiguous identification of the molecular structure of nanoconfined water, which is useful for understanding the molecular aspects of water in various nanoscale, including biological, environments.
MONARCH 3 final PFS: a randomized study of abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer
Authors: Johnston Stephen , Martin Miguel , Di Leo Angelo , Im Seock-Ah , Awada Ahmad , Forrester Tammy , Frenzel Martin , Hardebeck Molly C. , Cox Joanne , Barriga Susana , Toi Masakazu , Iwata Hiroji , Goetz Matthew P.
Published: January 2019

At the MONARCH 3 interim analysis, abemaciclib plus a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) with a tolerable safety profile as initial treatment for hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (ABC). MONARCH 3 is a randomized, phase III, double-blind study of abemaciclib/placebo (150 mg twice daily, continuous) plus nonsteroidal AI (1 mg anastrozole or 2.5 mg letrozole, daily). A total of 493 postmenopausal women with HR+, HER2− ABC with no prior systemic therapy in this setting were enrolled. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS (final analysis after 240 events); other endpoints included response and safety evaluations. Here we analyze the final PFS data and update secondary endpoints. The abemaciclib arm had a significantly longer median PFS than the placebo arm (28.18 versus 14.76 months; hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.540 [0.418–0.698]; p = .000002). The ORR was 61.0% in the abemaciclib arm versus 45.5% in the placebo arm (measurable disease, p = .003). The median duration of response was longer in the abemaciclib arm (27.39 months) compared to the placebo arm (17.46 months). The safety profile was consistent with previous reports. The most frequent grade ≥ 3 adverse events in the abemaciclib versus placebo arms were neutropenia (23.9% versus 1.2%), diarrhea (9.5% versus 1.2%), and leukopenia (8.6% versus 0.6%). Abemaciclib plus a nonsteroidal AI was an effective initial treatment with an acceptable safety profile for HR+, HER2− ABC.
Publisher Correction: GloPL, a global data base on pollen limitation of plant reproduction
Authors: Bennett J. M. , Steets J. A. , Burns J. H. , Durka W. , Vamosi J. C. , Arceo-Gómez G. , Burd M. , Burkle L. A. , Ellis A. G. , Freitas L. , Li J. , Rodger J. G. , Wolowski M. , Xia J. , Ashman T-L. , Knight T. M.
Published: January 2019

J. H. Burns was omitted in error from the author list of the original version of this Data Descriptor. This omission has now been corrected in both the HTML and PDF versions.
Polymer grafted on carbon nanotubes as a flexible cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries
Authors: Yue Xiujun , Liu Haodong , Liu Ping
Published: January 2019

Polydopamine grafted on carbon nanotubes is developed as a cathode for an aqueous zinc-ion battery with long cycle life, high biocompatibility and flexibility.
A critical comparison of neural network potentials for molecular reaction dynamics with exact permutation symmetry
Authors: Li Jun , Song Kaisheng , Behler Jörg
Published: January 2019

Several symmetry strategies have been compared in fitting full dimensional accurate potentials for reactive systems based on a neural network approach.
Photoinduced electron-driven proton transfer from water to an N-heterocyclic chromophore: nonadiabatic dynamics studies for pyridine–water clusters
Authors: Pang Xiaojuan , Jiang Chenwei , Xie Weiwei , Domcke Wolfgang
Published: January 2019

We performed the excited-state dynamics simulations for pyridine–water clusters and found the more water molecules involved in the cluster, the higher efficiency the water-splitting reaction has, which is qualitatively in consistent with a recent gas-phase experimental observations.
Porous boron nitride nanoribbons with large width as superior adsorbents for rapid removal of cadmium and copper ions from water
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Yu-Lian , He Jun-Yong , Hu Yi , Wang Cheng-Ming , Zhang Kai-Sheng , Huang Xing-Jiu , Kong Ling-Tao , Liu Jin-Huai
Published: January 2019

Porous boron nitride nanoribbons with large width and their possible mechanism for the removal of heavy metals.
Implementation Science: Tackling the Research to Practice Gap in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Authors: Douglas Natalie F. , Burshnic Vanessa L.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to outline how implementation science can contribute to the advancement of communication sciences and disorders through its impact on both clinical research and clinical practice. Implementation science's pertinent definitions and history are discussed. Then, information is highlighted pertaining to the position of implementation science within the larger realm of clinical practice research. An exemplar study is reviewed to inform clinical researchers in communication sciences and disorders.

Conclusion

The importance of implementation science is emphasized by outlining ways that speech-language pathologists and audiologists can use implementation science to both inform their clinical practice and contribute to the evidence base of the disciplines.
Molecular characterization of berry color locus on the portuguese cv. ‘Fernão Pires’ and cv. ‘Verdelho’ and their red-berried somatic variant cultivars
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa , Castro Isaura , Carrasco David , Pinto-Carnide Olinda , Arroyo-García Rosa
Published: January 2019

Genotyping studies are increasing the knowledge on grapevine biodiversity, particularly regarding grape berry skin color somatic variants, supporting the research on the color trait. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the berry color locus, and its surrounding genomic region, on the color variation of the Portuguese white-skinned cultivars ‘Fernão Pires’ and ‘Verdelho’ and its derived red-berried somatic variants cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’, respectively.

The analysis of Gret1 insertion within the VvMYBA1 gene revealed no polymorphism responsible for white-to-red shift of the red-skinned cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’. Moreover, VvMYBA2 showed an important role regarding the phenotypic variation of cv. ‘Fernão Pires’, through the recovery of the functional allele G on cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’. Regarding the data obtained for cv. ‘Verdelho’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’, both cultivars showed Gret1 insertion on VvMYBA1 and non-functional T allele on VvMYBA2 in homozygosity for both cell layers of shoot apical meristem, suggesting the occurrence of other mutational events responsible for the color gain.
Prejudice and the Brexit vote: a tangled web
Authors: Hutchings Paul B. , Sullivan Katie E.
Published: January 2019

The decision of the UK public in July 2016 to vote to leave the European Union was greeted with surprise within the UK and across the world. However, should we really have been surprised? Surveys of attitudes towards freedom of movement to the UK over the last 10 years have suggested an increasing negativity regarding immigration, and many debates before and after the vote have raised the issue of whether prejudice played a role in the outcome of the referendum. It is only within the last 12 months that a number of research study findings have started to provide a more coherent, data-informed evidence-base suggesting that voting behaviour in the referendum may have correlates to prejudice personality styles, nationalism, Islamophobia, and implicit/explicit prejudice. We argue that recent evidence suggests that levels of prejudice towards ‘others’ was a factor in the Brexit vote and that the attitudes underlying this vote must be explored in greater detail through cross-disciplinary scientific research, with legitimate concerns recognised and fallacies challenged.
Infinitely many solutions for fractional Kirchhoff-Schrödinger-Poisson systems
Authors: Li Wang , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D. , Zhang Binlin
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we study the existence of infinitely many solutions for a fractional Kirchhoff–Schrödinger–Poisson system. Based on variational methods, especially the fountain theorem for the subcritical case and the symmetric mountain pass theorem established by Kajikiya for the critical case, we obtain infinitely many solutions for the system under certain assumptions. The novelties of this article lie in the appearance of the possibly degenerate Kirchhoff function and weak assumptions on the nonlinear term which are quite mild.
Room-temperature solution-processed, ZrOx-based hybrid gate dielectrics for low-voltage organic thin-film transistors on plastic substrates
Authors: Byun Hye-Ran , You Eun-Ah , Ha Young-Geun
Published: January 2019

For advanced electronic device applications including printable, flexible organic electronics and bioelectronics, it is crucial to develop novel dielectric materials with high dielectric strength and low-temperature processability compatible with plastic substrates for producing flexible and low-voltage organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Herein, we report the facile fabrication of rationally designed, high-capacitance hybrid gate dielectric films for low-voltage OTFTs on plastic substrates via a room-temperature solution process. To create room-temperature-processed gate dielectrics with high dielectric strength, we designed organic-inorganic hybrid gate dielectric films by including ZrOx networks as inorganic high-k oxide materials for obtaining large capacitance and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate as a bifunctional UV cross-linking agent and a flexible organic component for increasing the density and flexibility of films and ensuring room-temperature processability. The UV cross-linked ZrOx-based hybrid composite films with a 15 nm thickness showed excellent dielectric properties with a leakage current density of ∼10−6 A/cm2 and a capacitance of 640 nF/cm2. The film surfaces were modified with hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers to match the surface energy of organic semiconductors for enhancing the OTFT performance. The utility of the hybrid dielectrics for flexible OTFTs was demonstrated by realizing pentacene TFTs on plastic substrates with a low operating voltage at –2.5 V, a high on/off current ratio of 105, a threshold voltage as low as –0.7 V, and a hole mobility up to 0.47 cm2 V−1 s−1, which are comparable to those performed on Si substrates.