bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior
Authors: Yan Xinyuan , Yong Xue , Huang Wenhao , Ma Yina
Published: May 2018

Significance

The World Health Organization defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Although placebo treatment has been widely shown to improve physical and mental well-being, it remains unknown whether placebo treatment facilitates social well-being. Here, we provide evidence that placebo treatment facilitates social approach by increasing trust in others and preference for being physically closer to others. The social placebo effects (SPEs) resemble the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin, an important neuropeptide for social cognition, on social trust and approach behavior, but the SPE is more sensitive to motivational state. Our findings extend the understanding of placebo effects on improving physical, mental, and social well-being and suggest clinical potentials in the treatment of social dysfunction.
Volatile biomarkers of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infection in humans
Authors: De Moraes Consuelo M. , Wanjiku Caroline , Stanczyk Nina M. , Pulido Hannier , Sims James W. , Betz Heike S. , Read Andrew F. , Torto Baldwyn , Mescher Mark C.
Published: May 2018

Significance

Malaria elimination efforts are hindered by the prevalence of asymptomatic infections, which frequently go undetected and untreated. Consequently, there is a pressing need for improved diagnostic screening methods. Based on extensive collections of skin odors from human populations in Kenya, we report broad and consistent effects of malaria infection on human volatile emissions. Furthermore, we found that predictive models based on machine learning algorithms reliably determined infection status based on volatile biomarkers and, critically, identified asymptomatic infections with 100% sensitivity, even in the case of low-level infections not detectable by microscopy. These findings suggest that volatile biomarkers have significant potential for the development of robust, noninvasive screening methods for detecting symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections under field conditions.
Distinct macrophage populations direct inflammatory versus physiological changes in adipose tissue
Authors: Hill David A. , Lim Hee-Woong , Kim Yong Hoon , Ho Wesley Y. , Foong Yee Hoon , Nelson Victoria L. , Nguyen Hoang C. B. , Chegireddy Kavya , Kim Jihoon , Habertheuer Andreas , Vallabhajosyula Prashanth , Kambayashi Taku , Won Kyoung-Jae , Lazar Mitchell A.
Published: May 2018

Significance

Obesity has reached pandemic levels, prompting the need for novel therapeutics. The immune system has been suggested to be critically linked to metabolic health, leading to the prospect of immune-directed therapies. We report that obese fat tissue contains multiple distinct populations of macrophages with unique tissue distributions, transcriptomes, chromatin landscapes, and functions. These results provide a higher resolution of the cellular and functional heterogeneity within adipose macrophages and provide a framework within which to develop new immune-directed therapies for the treatment of obesity and related inflammatory comorbidities.
Helical rotation of the diaphanous-related formin mDia1 generates actin filaments resistant to cofilin
Authors: Mizuno Hiroaki , Tanaka Kotaro , Yamashiro Sawako , Narita Akihiro , Watanabe Naoki
Published: May 2018

Significance

It remains obscure how actin polymerizing and depolymerizing activities cooperate to control diverse actin dynamics. Formins rotate along the long-pitch helix of F-actin during processive actin elongation (helical rotation), which may twist F-actin in the opposite direction of the cofilin-induced twisting. In this study, we show that a mammalian formin mDia1 generates F-actin resistant to cofilin. Tethered F-actin elongating from immobilized mDia1 contained a less twisted portion in EM analysis and exhibited resistance to the severing activity of cofilin. In cells, overexpression of an active mDia1 mutant, which harbors N-terminal regulatory domains, prolonged F-actin lifetime and accelerated dissociation of cofilin. Helical rotation of formins may thus facilitate the formation of stabilized F-actin resistant to actin severing activities of cofilin.
High-temperature superconductivity using a model of hydrogen bonds
Authors: Kaplan Daniel , Imry Yoseph
Published: May 2018

Significance

In this paper, we suggest a simple model for high-temperature superconductivity in hydrogen-containing compounds. We show several features: starting with the nonmonotonic behavior of

T

c

even in the simple HO model, with the resulting nontrivial isotope effect, and culminating in the use of special dynamics of protons on H bonds, to get high

T

c

. We use interesting concepts of chemistry to solve an important problem in physics. Thus, the paper is truly interdisciplinary.
Size-tagged preferred ends in maternal plasma DNA shed light on the production mechanism and show utility in noninvasive prenatal testing
Authors: Sun Kun , Jiang Peiyong , Wong Ada I. C. , Cheng Yvonne K. Y. , Cheng Suk Hang , Zhang Haiqiang , Chan K. C. Allen , Leung Tak Y. , Chiu Rossa W. K. , Lo Y. M. Dennis
Published: May 2018

Significance

Cell-free DNA molecules in the plasma of pregnant women exhibit nonrandom fragmentation with preferred end sites. We studied if such preferred end sites might bear any relationship with fragment lengths of plasma DNA. Short and long plasma DNA molecules were associated with different preferred DNA end sites. Analysis of size-tagged preferred ends could be used for measuring fetal DNA fraction and for facilitating fetal trisomy 21 detection. Fetal preferred end sites were generally located in the nucleosome cores, while the maternal ones were located in the linker regions. This conceptual framework provides an explanation of the relative shortness of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and brings us closer to understanding the biological mechanisms that influence plasma DNA fragmentation.
Sequencing-based counting and size profiling of plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA enhance population screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lam W. K. Jacky , Jiang Peiyong , Chan K. C. Allen , Cheng Suk H. , Zhang Haiqiang , Peng Wenlei , Tse O. Y. Olivia , Tong Yu K. , Gai Wanxia , Zee Benny C. Y. , Ma Brigette B. Y. , Hui Edwin P. , Chan Anthony T. C. , Woo John K. S. , Chiu Rossa W. K. , Lo Y. M. Dennis
Published: May 2018

Significance

We identified differentiating molecular characteristics of plasma EBV DNA between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and non-NPC subjects. Sequencing-based analysis revealed higher amounts of plasma EBV DNA and generally longer fragment lengths of plasma viral molecules in NPC patients than in non-NPC subjects. Based on these findings, we have developed a highly accurate blood-based test for screening of NPC. Such an approach is shown to enhance the positive predictive value and demonstrate a superior performance for NPC screening. It also obviates the need of a follow-up blood sample and therefore allows single time-point testing. We believe that this more clinically practical protocol would facilitate NPC screening on a population scale.
Complex NPs with third-order entity clauses
Authors: Davidse Kristin
Published: May 2018

This article focuses on complex NP constructions of the form ‘determiner (+ adjective) + noun (+ complementiser) + clause’, which refer to third-order entities, defined by Lyons (1977: 443) as “such abstract entities as propositions, which are outside time and space”. Their functional structure has so far tended to be analysed in terms of one syntagmatic model, either as an appositive structure defined by the criterion that NP and clause have identical reference (e.g. Quirk et al. 1985) or as a complementation structure in which the noun is viewed as licensing the complement clause (e.g. Huddleston & Pullum 2002). I argue that, as unified descriptions, neither of these analyses can be maintained. I propose instead that these NPs divide into two distinct subtypes on the basis of different grammatical behaviour: one in which the third order entity clause is premodified by the noun and one in which it complements the head noun. Starting from this basic functional-structural division, I propose a typology that distinguishes the main semantic classes of nouns patterning with third-order entity clauses. The typology aims to capture the most important semantic distinctions between the subtypes of these complex NPs.
Anaphoric reference in Early Modern English
Authors: Ho-Cheong Leung Alex , van der Wurff Wim
Published: May 2018

Work on the anaphoric NPs the said + N and the same has shown that both were frequent in sixteenth-century English but declined afterwards. We address the question why this happened. After reviewing earlier work on the two constructions, we present data showing that their properties and development are too dissimilar to assume that they declined for the same reason. Instead, we identify for each of the changes two separate causal factors, which involve tension between form and meaning of the anaphor. In exploring these case histories, we also offer some discussion of the general kinds of explanations that have been proposed for the decline of linguistic forms and constructions, which is an aspect of language change that deserves more systematic investigation.
The state of the field and debates on ethnic cleansing
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: May 2018

This review article outlines the progress that the literature on the causes of ethnic cleansing has made in the last 10–15 years. The article specifically focuses on two lines of research that have expanded our understanding of ethnic cleansing: (a) the studies that focus on the role of wars (this literature can in turn be divided into those works that treat “wars as strategic environments” and those that treat “wars as transformational forces”); (b) the studies that focus on the pre-war domestic or international conditions that hinder or promote ethnic cleansing. The last section of the article suggests several future avenues of research that could further refine the study of ethnic cleansing and its relationship to other types of mass violence.
Doping effect investigation of Li-doped CdS thin films
Authors: Samiyammal P. , Parasuraman K. , Balu A. R.
Published: May 2018

Li-doped CdS (CdS:Li) thin films with 0, 1, 2 and 3 wt-% Li concentrations were prepared by the spray technique using a perfume atomiser. The effect of Li doping concentration on the structural, optical, electrical and magnetic properties was systematically investigated and the results are reported in this paper. Analysis of the microstructure indicates that all the films consist of a hexagonal CdS phase with a strong (0 0 2) preferential growth texture. Nanoneedles were evinced from the SEM images of the doped films. Optical studies reveal that the transparency and band gap were dependent on Li-doping content. Hall effect measurements reveal that all the doped films exhibit p-type conductivity and the resistivity values strongly depend on the occupancy of Li atoms on the substitutional and interstitial sites of the CdS lattice. Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed for the doped films.
Optimal Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive Subjects: A Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Examinee Cohort Study
Authors: Seo Jiwon , Lee Chan Joo , Hwang Jinseub , Oh Jaewon , Lee Sang-Hak , Kang Seok-Min , Choi Donghoon , Kim Hyeon-Chang , Park Sungha
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

To describe the association between mean blood pressure (BP) and clinical outcomes and to investigate the optimal BP in elderly hypertensive subjects.

METHODS

This study used the National Health Insurance Service health examinee cohort. Subjects aged >60 years with a new diagnosis of hypertension from 2003 to 2006 were selected. Patients with previous major cardiovascular events were excluded. The remaining 23,523 subjects were divided into three groups according to the average of the observed systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP): (i) average SBP <130 mm Hg (n = 6,893), 130–140 mm Hg (n = 8,676), and ≥140 mm Hg (n = 7,954) or (ii) average DBP <80 mm Hg (n = 9,273), 80–90 mm Hg (n = 11,607), and ≥90 mm Hg (n = 2,643).

RESULTS

Compared with SBP ≥140 mm Hg, SBP 130–140 mm Hg was associated with significantly lower rates of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62–0.76, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.50–0.75, P < 0.001). However, SBP <130 mm Hg did not show further lowering of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates compared with SBP 130–140 mm Hg. DBP 80–90 mm Hg was also associated with lower risks of all-cause death (HR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.57–0.72, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular death (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.40–0.64, P < 0.001) compared with DBP ≥90 mm Hg. There were no additional benefits with DBP <80 mm Hg for all-cause death and cardiovascular death.

CONCLUSIONS

Mean BP of <140/90 mm Hg were associated with lowest all-cause and cardiovascular mortality without any further benefit with mean BP <130/80 mm Hg.
Poverty, Vulnerability and Everyday Resilience: How Bangladeshi Street Children Manage Economic Challenges through Financial Transactions on the Streets
Authors: Reza Md Hasan , Bromfield Nicole F
Published: May 2018

In Bangladesh, an estimated one to three million street children face poverty, violence and social stigma daily. This qualitative study of seventy-five child participants from three sites in Dhaka, Bangladesh, explores how street children in Bangladesh engage in financial transactions in their social networks to build resiliency and sustain contextual well-being under conditions of extreme adversity. For these street children, contextual well-being refers to the context of living and surviving on the street (i.e. access to food, shelter, safety, sense of belonging). Our findings indicate that both significant vulnerabilities and adaptive responses in street children’s lives are common across participants. Daily life for these children consists of attaining money and then spending it quickly as a means of survival. Significant vulnerabilities for these children are the need to engage in daily income generation along with income uncertainty; an adaptive response among the participants is the engagement in financial transactions within their peer networks. Findings also show that street children are deeply embedded in these social networks, which work to sustain their well-being. We argue that interventions for Bangladeshi street children should be peer-based, grounded in a strengths perspective, and promote resilience.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Among Children Hospitalized With Community-acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Kutty Preeta K , Jain Seema , Taylor Thomas H , Bramley Anna M , Diaz Maureen H , Ampofo Krow , Arnold Sandra R , Williams Derek J , Edwards Kathryn M , McCullers Jonathan A , Pavia Andrew T , Winchell Jonas M , Schrag Stephanie J , Hicks Lauri A
Published: May 2018

Background

The epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) among US children (<18 years) hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is poorly understood.

Methods

In the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community study, we prospectively enrolled 2254 children hospitalized with radiographically confirmed pneumonia from January 2010–June 2012 and tested nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs for Mp using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical and epidemiological features of Mp PCR–positive and –negative children were compared using logistic regression. Macrolide susceptibility was assessed by genotyping isolates.

Results

One hundred and eighty two (8%) children were Mp PCR–positive (median age, 7 years); 12% required intensive care and 26% had pleural effusion. No in-hospital deaths occurred. Macrolide resistance was found in 4% (6/169) isolates. Of 178 (98%) Mp PCR–positive children tested for copathogens, 50 (28%) had ≥1 copathogen detected. Variables significantly associated with higher odds of Mp detection included age (10–17 years: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 10.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.4–21.1] and 5–9 years: aOR, 6.4 [95% CI, 3.4–12.1] vs 2–4 years), outpatient antibiotics ≤5 days preadmission (aOR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.5–3.5]), and copathogen detection (aOR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.3–3.3]). Clinical characteristics were non-specific.

Conclusions

Usually considered as a mild respiratory infection, Mp was the most commonly detected bacteria among children aged ≥5 years hospitalized with CAP, one-quarter of whom had codetections. Although associated with clinically nonspecific symptoms, there was a need for intensive care in some cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae should be included in the differential diagnosis for school-aged children hospitalized with CAP.
Passive monitoring of a sea dike during a tidal cycle using sea waves as a seismic noise source
Authors: Joubert Anaëlle , Le Feuvre Mathieu , Côte Philippe
Published: May 2018

Over the past decade, ambient seismic noise has been used successfully to monitor various geological objects with high accuracy. Recently, it has been shown that surface seismic waves propagating within a sea dike body can be retrieved from the cross-correlation of ambient seismic noise generated by sea waves. We use sea wave impacts to monitor the response of a sea dike during a tidal cycle using empirical Green’s functions. These are obtained either by cross-correlation or deconvolution, from signals recorded by sensors installed linearly on the crest of a dike. Our analysis is based on delay and spectral amplitude measurements performed on reconstructed surface waves propagating along the array. We show that localized variations of velocity and attenuation are correlated with changes in water level as a probable consequence of water infiltration inside the structure. Sea dike monitoring is of critical importance for safety and economic reasons, as internal erosion is generally only detected at late stages by visual observations. The method proposed here may provide a solution for detecting structural weaknesses, monitoring progressive internal erosion and delineating areas of interest for further geotechnical studies, in view to understand the erosion mechanisms involved.
Risk of Congenital Malformations in Children Born Before Paternal Cancer
Authors: Al-Jebari Yahia , Rylander Lars , Ståhl Olof , Giwercman Aleksander
Published: May 2018

Background

Increased risk of congenital malformations in children fathered by men treated for cancer might be due to mutagenicity of cancer therapies. Finding of increased malformation prevalence in offspring born before paternal cancer would indicate a treatment-independent mechanism.

Methods

Through national registries, we obtained data on singletons born in Sweden from 1994 to 2014 (n = 1 796 160) and their fathers and mothers (1 092 950/1 092 011). Men with cancer (n = 23 932) fathered 26 601 and 9926 children before and after cancer diagnosis, respectively. Associations between paternal cancer, diagnoses retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Register, and offspring malformations, based on Swedish Medical Birth Register data, were estimated by logistic regression.

Results

Children conceived before paternal cancer had a statistically significantly increased risk of all malformations (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 1.15, P = .016, 3.8% vs 3.4%) and major malformations (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.18, P = .03, 2.4% vs 2.1%). Eye and central nervous system cancers were associated with the highest risk of all malformations (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.61, P = .02, 4.5% vs 3.4%). A similar trend was seen for testicular cancer. The malformation rates among children conceived before and after paternal cancer diagnosis were similar.

Conclusions

The association between paternal cancer and risk of malformations in the offspring is not solely due to mutagenic effects of cancer therapy. The increase in prevalence of birth anomalies among children of fathers with malignancy might be due to cancer per se or a common underlying paternal factor, for example, genomic instability.
The contribution of organelles to plant intracellular calcium signalling
Authors: Costa Alex , Navazio Lorella , Szabo Ildiko
Published: May 2018

Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living organisms. Understanding the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants may help to unravel the molecular basis of their exceptional flexibility to respond and adapt to different stimuli. In the present review, we focus on new tools that have recently revolutionized our view of organellar Ca2+ signalling as well as on the current knowledge regarding the pathways mediating Ca2+ fluxes across intracellular membranes. The contribution of organelles and cellular subcompartments to the orchestrated response via Ca2+ signalling within a cell is also discussed, underlining the fact that one of the greatest challenges in the field is the elucidation of how influx and efflux Ca2+ transporters/channels are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a Ca2+ signature.
Data on inelastic processes in low-energy collisions of barium atoms and ions with hydrogen atoms and anions
Authors: Belyaev Andrey K , Yakovleva Svetlana A
Published: May 2018

Inelastic rate coefficients for 686 partial processes in low-energy Ba + H, Ba+ + H−, Ba++ H and Ba2+ + H− collisions are calculated. These data are needed for the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) modelling of Ba i and Ba ii spectra, especially in cool stellar atmospheres. The calculations of the rate coefficients are performed by means of the quantum model approach, based on the asymptotic semi-empirical method for the electronic structure calculations and on multichannel formulas for the non-adiabatic nuclear dynamical calculations. The inelastic rate coefficients for all transitions between the 17 lowest covalent states and one ionic molecular state in Ba + H and Ba+ + H− collisions, as well as the inelastic rate coefficients for all transitions between the 19 lowest covalent states and one ionic molecular state in Ba+ + H and Ba2+ + H− collisions are calculated. In Ba+ + H− collisions, the highest rate coefficients correspond to the mutual neutralization processes into the   Ba(6s6p1P°), Ba(6s7s3S) and   Ba(6s7s1S) final states, with the largest value of 5.93 × 10−8 cm3 s−1 at T = 6000 K for the process Ba+ + H− →   Ba(6s7s3S) + H. The highest rate coefficient for excitation and de-excitation processes in Ba + H collisions corresponds to the   Ba(6s7s1S) →  Ba(6s7s3S) transition, with the value of 7.62 × 10−9 cm3 s−1 at T = 6000 K. In Ba2+ + H− collisions, the highest rate coefficients correspond to the neutralization processes into the Ba+( 7p2P°), Ba+( 4f 2F°), Ba+( 6d 2D) and Ba+( 7s 2S) final states. The highest neutralization rate has the value of 3.96 × 10−8 cm3 s−1 at T = 6000 K for the Ba2+ + H− → Ba+( 7p 2P°) + H process. The largest rate coefficient for excitation and de-excitation processes in Ba+ + H collisions corresponds to the Ba+(7s 2S) → Ba+( 6p 2P°) transition, with the value of 1.23 × 10−9  cm3 s−1 at T = 6000 K.
Effect of prebiotic (fructooligosaccharide) on uremic toxins of chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ramos Christiane Ishikawa , Armani Rachel Gatti , Canziani Maria Eugenia Fernandes , Dalboni Maria Aparecida , Dolenga Carla Juliana Ribeiro , Nakao Lia Sumie , Campbell Katrina Louise , Cuppari Lilian
Published: May 2018

Background

Microbial-derived uremic toxins, p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), have been associated with the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Prebiotics have emerged as an alternative to modulate the gut environment and to attenuate toxin production. This trial aims to investigate the effect of a prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on uremic toxins of non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) patients.

Methods

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted for 3 months. In all, 50 nondiabetic NDD-CKD patients [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 mL/min/1.73 m2], aged 18–80 years, were allocated to prebiotic (FOS, 12 g/day) or placebo (maltodextrin, 12 g/day) groups. Primary outcomes were changes in serum (total and free) and urinary (total) PCS. Secondary outcomes included changes in IS, IAA, serum markers of intestinal permeability (zonulin), gut-trophic factors (epidermal growth factor and glucagon-like peptide-2), eGFR, inflammation (high sensitive c-reactive protein and interleukin-6), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, lipid profile and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Results

From 50 participants (54% men, 57.3 ± 14.6 years and eGFR 21.4 ± 7.6 mL/min/1.73 m2), 46 completed the follow-up. No changes in dietary intake or gastrointestinal symptoms were observed. There was a trend in the difference of serum total ΔPCS (treatment effect adjusted for baseline levels: −12.4 mg/L; 95% confidence interval (−5.6 to 0.9 mg/L; P = 0.07) and serum-free Δ%PCS [intervention −8.6 (−41.5 to 13.9%) versus placebo 3.5 (−28.8 to 85.5%); P = 0.07] between the groups. The trend in the difference of serum total ΔPCS was independent of eGFR and dietary protein:fiber ratio intake. No difference was found in urinary PCS. Aside from the decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intervention, no differences were observed in the change of IS, IAA or other secondary outcome between the groups.

Conclusions

Our result suggests the potential of FOS in reducing serum total and free PCS in nondiabetic NDD-CKD patients.
An Analysis of the On-Call Clinical Experience of a Junior Neurosurgical Resident
Authors: Gordon William E , Gienapp Andrew J , Jones Morgan , Michael L Madison , Klimo Paul
Published: May 2018

The process of transforming a medical student to a competent neurosurgeon is becoming increasingly scrutinized and formalized. However, there are few data on resident workload.

We sought to quantify the workload and educational experience of a junior resident while “on-call.”

A single resident's on-call log was reviewed from the period of July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2016, corresponding to that resident's postgraduate years 2 and 3. For each patient encounter (ie, consult or admission), information pertaining to the patient's demographics, disease or reason for consult, date/time/location of consult, and need for any neurosurgical intervention within the first 24 hours was collected.

In total, 1929 patients were seen in consultation. The majority of patients were male (62%) with a median age of 50 years (range, day of life 0-102 years) and had traumatic diagnoses (52%). The number of consults received during the 16:00 to 17:00 and 17:00 to 18:00 hours was +1.6 and +2.5 standard deviations above the mean, respectively. The busiest and slowest months were May and January, respectively. Neurosurgical intervention performed within the first 24 hours of consultation occurred in 330 (17.1%) patients: 221 (11.4%) major operations, 69 (3.6%) external ventricular drains, and 40 (2.1%) intracranial pressure monitors.

This is the first study to quantify the workload and educational experience of a typical neurosurgical junior resident while “on-call” (ie, carrying the pager) for 2 consecutive years. It is our hope that these findings are considered by neurosurgical educators when refining resident education.
Effectiveness of and User Experience With Web-Based Interventions in Increasing Physical Activity Levels in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dennett Rachel , Gunn Hilary , Freeman Jennifer A
Published: May 2018

Background

Supporting people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to achieve and maintain recommended levels of physical activity is important but challenging. Web-based interventions are increasingly being used to deliver targeted exercise programs and promote physical activity.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to systematically review current evidence regarding the effectiveness and user experience of web-based interventions in increasing physical activity in people with MS.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PEDro, PsychInfo, Web of Sciences, The Cochrane Library, and gray literature were searched from 1990 to September 2016.

Study Selection

English language articles reporting the use of web-based interventions to increase physical activity in adults with MS were included. Eligible quantitative studies were of any design and reported a measure of physical activity. Qualitative studies exploring users’ experiences in any context were included. Of the 881 articles identified, 9 met the inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction

Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality and extracted data using standardized critical appraisal and data extraction tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI).

Data Synthesis

Meta-analysis of self-reported physical activity questionnaire data from 4 studies demonstrated a standardized mean difference of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.43–0.92), indicating a positive effect in favor of the web-based interventions. Narrative review of accelerometry data from 3 studies indicated increases in objectively measured physical activity. No qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria.

Limitations

In the 9 included articles, only 2 different interventions (used with people who were ambulant) were reported.

Conclusions

Web-based interventions had a short-term positive effect on self-reported physical activity in people who had MS and were ambulant. Evidence is not currently available to support or refute their use in the long-term or with people who are not ambulant.
Community Business in Scotland: An Alternative Vision of ‘Enterprise Culture’, 1979–97
Authors: Murray Gillian
Published: May 2018

The force and coherency with which Margaret Thatcher and her inner circle outlined their vision for ‘enterprise culture’, like so many aspects of Thatcherism, have masked the complexity of its origins and the histories of alternative responses. This article provides a history of an alternative vision for enterprise culture by examining the community business movement in Scotland, the largest experiment of its kind in the UK in the 1980s and a forerunner of social enterprise. Working across Scotland, but with a hub of activity in the Strathclyde region, practitioners worked with local people to find ways to develop their neighbourhood economy while improving their environment, creating jobs, and developing services needed in their area. This article outlines the origins of the movement, the shared values of its founding members, and how their training in community development informed the community business model. It analyses how practitioners put their ideas into practice and the reasons behind the fragmentation of the movement in the 1990s. It argues that although at face value the concept of community business may appear to chime with the dominant political rhetoric of Thatcher’s ‘enterprise culture’, the history of the movement provides a signpost to an alternative, if unrealised, vision for Scotland’s recovery from social and economic depression. Where previous historical research has focused on the political consequences of Thatcher’s policies in Scotland, this research connects this discussion to the transformation of Scotland’s civic society in the wake of deindustrialization.
The Nurse Leader Role in Crisis Management
Authors: Edmonson Cole , Sumagaysay Dio , Cueman Marie , Chappell Stacey
Published: May 2018

Leaders from the American Organization of Nurse Executives describe the dynamic state of today’s healthcare system related to crisis management. Adaptive leadership, driven by strong values and morality, can guide leaders and organizations through the most difficult times.
The Influence of Nurse Manager Leadership Style on Staff Nurse Work Engagement
Authors: Manning Jennifer
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND:

Nursing literature supports the importance of an engaged nursing workforce as a means to positively influence performance. Nurse manager leadership style plays a critical role in engaging staff nurses. These relationships have been minimally studied in nurse managers and staff nurses.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of nurse manager leadership style factors on staff nurse work engagement.

METHODS:

Using a descriptive correlational research design, 441 staff nurses working in 3 acute care hospitals were surveyed. Survey instruments included the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire 5X short form.

RESULTS:

Transactional and transformational leadership styles in nurse managers positively influenced staff nurse work engagement. Passive-avoidant leadership style in nurse managers negatively influenced staff nurse work engagement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Nurse managers who provide support and communication through transformational and transactional leadership styles can have a positive impact on staff nurse work engagement and ultimately improve organizational outcomes.
A Metasynthesis Exploring Nurses and Women on Governing Boards
Authors: Sundean Lisa J. , McGrath Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a metasynthesis addressing significant issues relating to board appointments for nurses and women.

BACKGROUND:

Nurses are rarely engaged as voting board members even though they are positioned to add value. When nurses and women are appointed to boards, their experiences reflect the struggles associated with traditional patriarchal board norms.

METHOD:

A metasynthesis of qualitative studies was conducted. Seven studies from nursing and business literature were analyzed using the meta-ethnography methodology.

RESULTS:

Proving worth is the central issue of nurses and women on boards.

CONCLUSION:

Boardroom parity for nurses and women is an important social agenda with implications for strategic decision making in healthcare and business.
Utility of Postoperative Mandibulomaxillary Fixation After Rigid Internal Fixation of Isolated Mandibular Fractures
Authors: Diaconu Silviu C. , McNichols Colton H.L. , Liang Yuanyuan , Orkoulas-Razis Dennis , Woodall Jhade , Rasko Yvonne M. , Grant Michael P. , Nam Arthur J.
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

The utility of postoperative mandibulomaxillary fixation (MMF) after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mandible fractures is debated. The purpose of this study is to analyze if patients undergoing ORIF with postoperative MMF have improved outcome compared with those treated with ORIF alone.

Methods:

A retrospective study was performed on patients who underwent ORIF of isolated mandibular fractures. Patients were divided into those placed in MMF postoperatively (ORIF with MMF) and those who were not (ORIF only). Postoperative complications and follow-up compliance were compared.

Results:

A total of 238 patients were identified. Of these, 204 had sufficient follow-up with 94 patients in the ORIF with MMF group and 107 patients in the ORIF only group. Both groups had similar minor complication rates (13% vs 12%, P = 0.83) and major complication rates (16% vs 13%, P = 0.69). After adjusting for potential confounders, the use of postoperative MMF did not reduce the risk of minor (P = 0.34) or major complications (P = 0.57). Patients with postoperative MMF had a 5% lost to follow-up rate compared to 20% in the ORIF only group.

Conclusion:

Postoperative MMF does not improve clinical outcome after ORIF in patients with isolated mandible fractures but has the potential benefit of improving follow-up compliance.
Anatomy of a glacial meltwater discharge event in an Antarctic cove
Authors: Meredith Michael P. , Falk Ulrike , Bers Anna Valeria , Mackensen Andreas , Schloss Irene R. , Ruiz Barlett Eduardo , Jerosch Kerstin , Silva Busso Adrián , Abele Doris
Published: May 2018

Glacial meltwater discharge from Antarctica is a key influence on the marine environment, impacting ocean circulation, sea level and productivity of the pelagic and benthic ecosystems. The responses elicited depend strongly on the characteristics of the meltwater releases, including timing, spatial structure and geochemical composition. Here we use isotopic tracers to reveal the time-varying pattern of meltwater during a discharge event from the Fourcade Glacier into Potter Cove, northern Antarctic Peninsula. The discharge is strongly dependent on local air temperature, and accumulates into an extremely thin, buoyant layer at the surface. This layer showed evidence of elevated turbidity, and responded rapidly to changes in atmospherically driven circulation to generate a strongly pulsed outflow from the cove to the broader ocean. These characteristics contrast with those further south along the Peninsula, where strong glacial frontal ablation is driven oceanographically by intrusions of warm deep waters from offshore. The Fourcade Glacier switched very recently to being land-terminating; if retreat rates elsewhere along the Peninsula remain high and glacier termini progress strongly landward, the structure and impact of the freshwater discharges are likely to increasingly resemble the patterns elucidated here.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
A simplified method to estimate the run-off in Periglacial Creeks: a case study of King George Islands, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Falk Ulrike , Silva-Busso Adrián , Pölcher Pablo
Published: May 2018

Although the relationship between surface air temperature and glacial discharge has been studied in the Northern Hemisphere for at least a century, similar studies for Antarctica remain scarce and only for the past four decades. This data scarcity is due to the extreme meteorological conditions and terrain inaccessibility. As a result, the contribution of glacial discharge in Antarctica to global sea-level rise is still attached with great uncertainties, especially from partly glaciated hydrological basins as can be found in the Antarctic Peninsula. In this paper, we propose a simplified model based on the Monte Carlo method and Fourier analysis for estimating discharge in partly glaciated and periglacial hydrological catchments with a summer melt period. Our model offers the advantage of scarce data requirements and quick recognition of periglacial environments. Discharge was found to be highly correlated with surface air temperature for the partially glaciated hydrological catchments on Potter Peninsula, King George Island (Isla 25 Mayo). The model is simple to implement and requires few variables to make most versatile simulations. We have obtained a monthly simulated maximum flow estimates between 0.74 and 1.07 m
3
 s
−1
for two creeks (South and North Potter) with a very good fit to field observations. The glacial mean monthly discharge during summer months was estimated to 0.44±0.02 m
3
 s
−1
for South Potter Creek and 0.55±0.02 m
3
 s
−1
for North Potter Creek.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
Macronutrient and carbon supply, uptake and cycling across the Antarctic Peninsula shelf during summer
Authors: Henley Sian F. , Jones Elizabeth M. , Venables Hugh J. , Meredith Michael P. , Firing Yvonne L. , Dittrich Ribanna , Heiser Sabrina , Stefels Jacqueline , Dougans Julie
Published: May 2018

The West Antarctic Peninsula shelf is a region of high seasonal primary production which supports a large and productive food web, where macronutrients and inorganic carbon are sourced primarily from intrusions of warm saline Circumpolar Deep Water. We examined the cross-shelf modification of this water mass during mid-summer 2015 to understand the supply of nutrients and carbon to the productive surface ocean, and their subsequent uptake and cycling. We show that nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid and inorganic carbon are progressively enriched in subsurface waters across the shelf, contrary to cross-shelf reductions in heat, salinity and density. We use nutrient stoichiometric and isotopic approaches to invoke remineralization of organic matter, including nitrification below the euphotic surface layer, and dissolution of biogenic silica in deeper waters and potentially shelf sediment porewaters, as the primary drivers of cross-shelf enrichments. Regenerated nitrate and phosphate account for a significant proportion of the total pools of these nutrients in the upper ocean, with implications for the seasonal carbon sink. Understanding nutrient and carbon dynamics in this region now will inform predictions of future biogeochemical changes in the context of substantial variability and ongoing changes in the physical environment.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
Evidences of strong sources of DFe and DMn in Ryder Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Bown Johann , van Haren Hans , Meredith Michael P. , Venables Hugh J. , Laan Patrick , Brearley J. Alexander , de Baar Hein J. W.
Published: May 2018

The spatial distribution, biogeochemical cycling and external sources of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese (DFe and DMn) were investigated in Ryder Bay, a small coastal embayment of the West Antarctic Peninsula, during Austral summer (2013 and 2014). Dissolved concentrations were measured throughout the water column at 11 stations within Ryder Bay. The concentration ranges of DFe and DMn were large, between 0.58 and 32.7 nM, and between 0.18 and 26.2 nM, respectively, exhibiting strong gradients from the surface to the bottom. Surface concentrations of DFe and DMn were higher than concentrations reported for the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters, and extremely high concentrations were detected in deep water. Glacial meltwater and shallow sediments are likely to be the main sources of DFe and DMn in the euphotic zone, while lateral advection associated with local sediment resuspension and vertical mixing are significant sources for intermediate and deep waters. During summer, vertical mixing of intermediate and deep waters and sediment resuspension occurring from Marguerite Trough to Ryder Bay are thought to be amplified by a series of overflows at the sills, enhancing the input of Fe and Mn from bottom sediment and increasing their concentrations up to the euphotic layer.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
Changes in the upper ocean mixed layer and phytoplankton productivity along the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Schofield Oscar , Brown Michael , Kohut Josh , Nardelli Schuyler , Saba Grace , Waite Nicole , Ducklow Hugh
Published: May 2018

The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has experienced significant change over the last 50 years. Using a 24 year spatial time series collected by the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research programme, we assessed long-term patterns in the sea ice, upper mixed layer depth (MLD) and phytoplankton productivity. The number of sea ice days steadily declined from the 1980s until a recent reversal that began in 2008. Results show regional differences between the northern and southern regions sampled during regional ship surveys conducted each austral summer. In the southern WAP, upper ocean MLD has shallowed by a factor of 2. Associated with the shallower mixed layer is enhanced phytoplankton carbon fixation. In the north, significant interannual variability resulted in the mixed layer showing no trended change over time and there was no significant increase in the phytoplankton productivity. Associated with the recent increases in sea ice there has been an increase in the photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll
a
-normalized carbon fixation) in the northern and southern regions of the WAP. We hypothesize the increase in sea ice results in increased micronutrient delivery to the continental shelf which in turn leads to enhanced photosynthetic performance.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and Antarctic climate feedbacks
Authors: Barnes David K. A. , Fleming Andrew , Sands Chester J. , Quartino Maria Liliana , Deregibus Dolores
Published: May 2018

Sea ice, including icebergs, has a complex relationship with the carbon held within animals (blue carbon) in the polar regions. Sea-ice losses around West Antarctica's continental shelf generate longer phytoplankton blooms but also make it a hotspot for coastal iceberg disturbance. This matters because in polar regions ice scour limits blue carbon storage ecosystem services, which work as a powerful negative feedback on climate change (less sea ice increases phytoplankton blooms, benthic growth, seabed carbon and sequestration). This resets benthic biota succession (maintaining regional biodiversity) and also fertilizes the ocean with nutrients, generating phytoplankton blooms, which cascade carbon capture into seabed storage and burial by benthos. Small icebergs scour coastal shallows, whereas giant icebergs ground deeper, offshore. Significant benthic communities establish where ice shelves have disintegrated (giant icebergs calving), and rapidly grow to accumulate blue carbon storage. When 5000 km2giant icebergs calve, we estimate that they generate approximately 106tonnes of immobilized zoobenthic carbon per year (t C yr−1). However, their collisions with the seabed crush and recycle vast benthic communities, costing an estimated 4 × 104 t C yr−1. We calculate that giant iceberg formation (ice shelf disintegration) has a net potential of approximately 106 t C yr−1sequestration benefits as well as more widely known negative impacts.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.