bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Humeroradial and Humeroulnar Transarticular Joint Forces in the Canine Elbow Joint After Humeral Wedge and Humeral Slide Osteotomies
Authors: MASON DAVID R. , SCHULZ KURT S. , FUJITA YUKIHIRO , KASS PHILIP H. , STOVER SUSAN M.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To determine the effect of humeral wedge and humeral slide osteotomies on force distribution between the articular surfaces of the humerus and the radius and ulna in normal canine thoracic limbs.

Study Design—In vitro mechanical testing.

Sample population—Cadaveric canine right thoracic limbs (n=12).

Methods—Transarticular elbow force maps were measured using a tactile array pressure sensor in elbow joints of axially aligned limbs under 200 N axial load before and after humeral wedge and humeral slide osteotomies.

Results—Loading induced 2 distinct areas of high forces that corresponded with the proximal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna. Mean force on the proximal articular surface of the ulna was reduced by 25% and 28% after 4 and 8 mm sliding osteotomies, respectively. Statistically significant differences were not observed for the wedge osteotomies.

Conclusion—Humeral slide osteotomy significantly decreases force on the proximal articular surface of the ulna.

Clinical Relevance—The proximal articular surface of the ulna contributes significantly to load transfer through the canine elbow joint. Abnormalities that significantly increase this force might contribute to canine elbow dysplasia, specifically fragmentation of the medial coronoid process and osteochondritis dissecans of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle. Under the conditions studied, the overall reduction in mean joint surface force across the proximal articular surface of the ulna after humeral slide osteotomy indicates that this technique merits further investigation for potential use in medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the canine elbow joint.
Pes Varus Correction in Dachshunds Using a Hybrid External Fixator
Authors: RADASCH ROBERT M. , LEWIS DANIEL F. , MCDONALD DARRYL E. , CALFEE EARL F. , BARSTAD ROBERT D.
Published: September 2010

Objective— To describe surgical correction of pes varus deformity in Dachshunds by acute medial opening wedge osteotomy of the distal aspect of the tibia stabilized with a hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF), and report clinical and radiographic outcomes.

Study Design— Multicenter, retrospective clinical study.

Animals— Immature Dachshunds (n=13) with pes varus deformity.

Methods— Limb function and lameness scores were assigned before and after surgery, and correction was determined visually at surgery. Tibiotarsal joint orientation (TTJO) and medial and lateral tibial cortex lengths, measured on radiographs of deformed and normal (when available) limbs, were compared before correction and after fixator removal.

Results— Pes varus deformities (n=14) were corrected; 93% had good to excellent clinical outcome. None of the dogs had a normal preoperative gait. Mean TTJO of abnormal and normal tibiae before surgery were 29° varus (median, 28°), and 12° valgus (median, 12°). Angular correction ranged from 20° to 51° (mean, 36±8°; median, 36°). Mean TTJO after fixator removal was 7° valgus (median, 7°). Two dogs had minor transient postoperative complications whereas 3 had major complications; only 1 of which was resolved.

Conclusions— Pes varus deformity in Dachshunds can be corrected by acute medial opening wedge osteotomy of the distal aspect of the tibia stabilized by HESF. Technique modifications are needed to improve correction precision.

Clinical Relevance— Visual inspection of limb alignment during surgery resulted in good to excellent clinical outcomes; however, 91% of tibiae were under‐ or overcorrected (mean, 6°; median, 5°). Limb alignment should be based on evaluation of immediate postoperative TTJO measurements, not solely on intraoperative visual assessment.
Ventral Intraspinal Cysts Associated with the Intervertebral Disc: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Observations in Seven Dogs
Authors: KONAR MARTIN , LANG JOHANN , FLÜHMANN GABY , FORTERRE FRANCK
Published: September 2010

Objective—To report clinical and diagnostic imaging features, and outcome after surgical treatment of ventral intraspinal cysts in dogs.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Dogs (n=7) with ventral intraspinal cysts.

Methods—Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and surgical findings of 7 dogs and histologic findings (1 dog) with intraspinal cysts associated with the intervertebral disc were reviewed.

Results—Ventral intraspinal cyst is characterized by: (1) clinical signs indistinguishable from those of typical disc herniation; (2) an extradural, round to oval, mass lesion with low T1 and high T2 signal intensity on MRI, compatible with a liquid‐containing cyst; (3) cyst is in close proximity to the intervertebral disc; and (4) MRI signs of disc degeneration. Although the exact cause is unknown, underlying minor disc injury may predispose to cyst formation.

Conclusion—Intraspinal cysts have clinical signs identical to those of disc herniation. Given the close proximity of the cyst to the corresponding disc and the similarity of MRI findings to discal cysts in humans, we propose the term “canine discal cyst” to describe this observation.

Clinical Relevance—Discal cysts should be considered in the differential choices for cystic extradural compressing lesions.
The Effects of Lifetime Food Restriction on the Development of Osteoarthritis in the Canine Shoulder
Authors: RUNGE JEFFREY J. , BIERY DARRYL N. , LAWLER DENNIS F. , GREGOR THOMAS P. , EVANS RICHARD H. , KEALY RICHARD D. , SZABO STEPHANIE D. , SMITH GAIL K.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To report effects of age and lifetime food restriction on development and progression of shoulder joint osteoarthritis (OA) in Labrador retriever dogs.

Study Design—Longitudinal life‐span, cohort study.

Animals—Labrador retriever dogs (n=48).

Methods—Littermates were paired (gender, weight) to make 24 pairs of genetically similar dogs. Each diet‐restricted (DR) pair‐mate was fed daily 75% of the same diet consumed by its control‐fed (CF) pair‐mate for life. Shoulders were evaluated radiographically at years 6, 8, and end of life (EOL). At EOL shoulders were evaluated grossly and by histopathology for OA.

Results—Radiographic evidence of shoulder OA was identified in 78% of dogs. Severity of radiographic shoulder OA at 6 (P<.03) and 8 years (P<.02) was significantly lower among DR dogs compared with CF dogs. Pooled gross evaluation results revealed 40 of 46 dogs had cartilage erosion on the caudal aspect of the humeral head. By EOL, 91% of dogs had histopathologic changes consistent with OA.

Conclusion—There was a high overall prevalence of radiographic, gross, and histologic OA among dogs. Substantial disparity was found between radiographic evidence of OA (at EOL) and characteristic changes visible by gross and histologic examination.

Clinical Relevance—Radiographic evaluation correlates poorly with severity of shoulder joint pathology. The benefits of DR on shoulder OA are consistent with the demonstrated effect of DR in delaying species‐ and strain‐specific diseases of aging.
Methadone Toxicity Fatalities: A Review of Medical Examiner Cases in a Large Metropolitan Area*
Authors: Shields Lisa B.E. , Hunsaker III John C. , Corey Tracey S. , Ward Michael K. , Stewart Donna
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Over the past several years, Medical Examiners in Kentucky and around the nation have observed a dramatic rise in drug intoxication deaths involving the prescription medication methadone. This documented rise in methadone‐related deaths requires a better understanding of methadone’s pathophysiology and the ways it contributes to significantly increase morbidity and mortality. This study reviews 176 fatalities ascribed to methadone toxicity by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in Kentucky between 2000 and 2004. Postmortem toxicological analysis recorded a more than 10‐fold increase in methadone toxicity fatalities, rising from 6 cases in 2000 to 68 cases in 2003. Of the 176 methadone‐related fatalities, methadone was the only drug detected in postmortem blood and urine toxicological analyses in 11 (6.25%) cases. The mean methadone blood concentration of all 176 cases was 0.535 mg / L (0.02–4.0). The following psychoactive medications were detected: antidepressants (39.8%), benzodiazepines (32.4%), and other opioids in addition to methadone (27.8%). Cannabinoids were detected in 44 (28.4%) cases and cocaine or metabolite in 34 (21.9%) cases. Of the 95 cases with a known history of methadone use, 46 (48.4%) involved prescription by private physician. The interpretation of blood methadone concentrations alone or combined with other psychoactive drugs requires consideration of the subject’s potential chronic use of and tolerance to the drug. A thorough investigation into the practices of procurement and use/abuse of methadone is essential to arrive at the proper designation of the cause of death.
The Fate of the Chemical Warfare Agent During DNA Extraction*
Authors: Wilkinson Della A. , Hulst Albert G. , De Reuver Leo P. J. , Van Krimpen Simon H. , Van Baar Ben M. L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Forensic laboratories do not have the infrastructure to process or store contaminated DNA samples that have been recovered from a crime scene contaminated with chemical or biological warfare agents. Previous research has shown that DNA profiles can be recovered from blood exposed to several chemical warfare agents after the agent has been removed. The fate of four toxic agents, sulfur mustard, sodium 2‐fluoroacetate, sarin, and diazinon, in a lysis buffer used in Promega DNA IQ™ extraction protocol was studied to determine if extraction would render the samples safe. Two independent analytical methods were used per agent, selected from GC‐MS, 1H NMR, 19F NMR, 31P NMR, or LC‐ES MS. The methods were validated before use. Determinations were carried out in a semi‐quantitative way, by direct comparison to standards. Agent levels in the elution buffer were found to be below the detectable limits for mustard, sarin, sodium 2‐fluoroacetate or low (<0.02 mg/mL) for diazinon. Therefore, once extracted these DNA samples could be safely processed in a forensic laboratory.
Allele Frequencies of DYS19, DYS385, DYS388, DYS389 (I and II), DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393 STR loci in a Korean Population
Authors: Zhang Yong Ji , Zheng Zhe Jia , Lin Hai Yu , Lee Jung Bin
Published: September 2010

Population:  South Korean.
Influence of repeated painful procedures on prefrontal cortical pain responses in newborns
Authors: Ozawa Mio , Kanda Katsuya , Hirata Michio , Kusakawa Isao , Suzuki Chieko
Published: September 2010

Aim:  We examined whether previous experience of repeated skin punctures altered the correlation between prefrontal cortical pain responses and Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores, compared with infants who had no experience of skin puncture.

Methods:  Eighty infants at 37–42 weeks of gestational age were observed during clinically required blood sampling: full‐term infants with no experience of painful skin‐breaking procedures before data collection (controls; n = 30), full‐term infants with the experience of painful skin‐breaking procedures (n = 20) and preterm infants with the experience of painful skin‐breaking procedures (n = 30).

Results:  We found no significant differences in PIPP scores among groups. In controls, prefrontal activation in both hemispheres correlated with facial expression score of the PIPP (r = 0.53 for right prefrontal area; r = 0.37 for left prefrontal area) and the total score. In full‐term infants with the experience of pain, there was no correlation between cortical activation and clinical pain scores. In preterm infants, prefrontal activation in both hemispheres correlated with the physiological component of the PIPP score (r = 0.36 for right prefrontal area; r = 0.41 for left prefrontal area).

Conclusion:  Our findings may be useful in considering the effects of cumulative painfulexperience on emotion and stress in neonates.
Parental illness perceptions and medication perceptions in childhood asthma, a focus group study
Authors: Klok Ted , Brand Paul L , Bomhof‐Roordink Hanna , Duiverman Eric J , Kaptein Adrian A
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Asthma treatment according to guidelines fails frequently, through patients’ nonadherence to doctors’ advice. This study aimed to explore how differences in asthma care influence parents’ perceptions to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Methods:  We conducted six semistructured focus groups, including 44 parents of asthmatic children (2–12 years of age, treated in primary or specialist care). Verbatim transcripts were analysed with standard qualitative research methods.

Results:  Parents decided deliberately whether ongoing ICS use was useful for their child. This decision was based on their perceptions about illness and medication. In primary care, this issue was hardly ever discussed with the health care provider because regular scheduled follow‐up was unusual. In specialist care, regular scheduled follow‐up was usual, and parental perceptions about illness and medication were discussed and modified when needed. Parent‐reported adherence was lower in primary care than in specialist care.

Conclusion:  This focus group study illustrates how strongly parental perceptions of illness and medication influence adherence to health care providers’ advice and that such perceptions can be modified within a strong doctor–patient partnership, improving adherence.
Physical and Sexual Abuse of Wives in Urban Bangladesh: Husbands' Reports
Authors: Sambisa William , Angeles Gustavo , Lance Peter M. , Naved Ruchira T. , Curtis Siân L.
Published: September 2010

Using data from 8,320 husbands’ self reports for the 2006 Urban Health Survey, this article examines the prevalence of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by husbands against their wives in Bangladesh and identifies risk markers associated with such violence. Of the men included in the sample for this study, 55 percent reported perpetrating physical IPV against their wives at some point in their married lives, 23 percent reported perpetrating physical IPV in the past year, 20 percent reported ever perpetrating sexual IPV, and 60 percent reported ever perpetrating physical or sexual IPV. Bivariate analyses revealed that men residing in slums had a greater likelihood than those residing in nonslum areas and in district municipalities of perpetrating lifetime and past‐year physical IPV, and any lifetime (physical or sexual) IPV. Lifetime sexual IPV prevalence, by contrast, was highest in district municipalities (26 percent), followed by slum (20 percent) and nonslum (17 percent) areas. Net of other factors, low socioeconomic levels were associated with men's increased likelihood of perpetrating IPV. Alcohol and drug use, sexually transmitted disease infection, poor mental health, and holding attitudes supportive of wife beating were predictive of IPV perpetration. These results suggest that IPV‐prevention programs targeting men should consider spousal abuse, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors as social and public health problems and should also consider the sociocultural context within which men who abuse their partners are embedded.
Predictive Ability and Stability of Adolescents’ Pregnancy Intentions in a Predominantly Latino Community
Authors: Rocca Corinne H. , Hubbard Alan E. , Johnson‐Hanks Jennifer , Padian Nancy S. , Minnis Alexandra M.
Published: September 2010

Using data from a prospective cohort of 555 adolescent girls and boys from a predominantly Latino neighborhood of San Francisco, we examined how well four survey questionnaire items measuring pregnancy intentions predicted the incidence of pregnancy. We also compared consistency of responses among items and assessed how intentions fluctuated over time. Girls experienced 72 pregnancies over two years (six‐month cumulative incidence = 8 percent), and boys reported being responsible for 50 pregnancies (six‐month cumulative incidence = 10 percent). Although the probability of becoming pregnant generally increased with higher intention to do so, the risk of becoming pregnant was elevated only at the highest response categories for each item. Most pregnancies occurred among teenagers reporting the lowest levels of intention: for instance, 73 percent of pregnancies occurred among girls who reported that they definitely did not want to become pregnant. Considerable change in respondents’ intentions were found over short periods of time: 18 percent and 41 percent of responses to the wantedness and happiness items, respectively, changed between six‐month survey visits. The development of appropriate strategies to reduce pregnancy among adolescents would benefit from a more nuanced understanding of how teenagers view the prospect of pregnancy and what determines whether they actively protect themselves from unintended pregnancy.
Women and High Fertility in Islamic Northern Nigeria
Authors: Izugbara Chimaraoke O. , Ezeh Alex C.
Published: September 2010

Research on fertility trends in Islamic northern Nigeria has rarely sought the perspectives of the people of that region concerning the causes of high fertility in the area. Relying on qualitative data elicited from women in northwestern Nigeria, we explore their views on high fertility in the region. A principal finding is that respondents ascribed to their husbands the responsibility for high parity; these women reported deliberately giving birth to many children in order to inhibit men's tendency to divorce or engage in plural marriage. We contend that the social meanings that women ascribe to their husbands’ behaviors and the ways they respond to them are significant contributors to current high fertility in northern Nigeria.
The Impact of a Quality‐improvement Package on Reproductive Health Services Delivered by Private Providers in Uganda
Authors: Agha Sohail
Published: September 2010

This study assesses the effectiveness of a quality‐improvement (QI) package designed to enable small‐scale commercial reproductive health (RH) service providers to improve the services they offer. The study was conducted among midwives who are members of the Uganda Private Midwives Association. A pretest‐post‐test quasi‐experimental panel study design was used wherein midwife clinics were allocated to two experimental groups and one control group. Baseline and follow‐up measurements of structural and process attributes of quality were taken at the clinics by means of a facility inventory, interviews with midwives, and observations of client‐provider interactions. Nearly 70 percent of the midwives who were trained to use the package reported that it was easy to use. Among clinics in which midwives received training in the use of the self‐assessment tool and in developing action plans, structural and process attributes of quality improved only among those clinics in which the midwives’ supervisors received training in finding solutions to the problems identified through self‐assessments. The QI package may be implemented with small‐scale private providers of RH services who are part of a professional association, network, or franchise that supervises their performance.
AN AMINO ACID DELETION ASSOCIATED WITH THE IgG4b ALLOTYPE OF HUMAN IgG4 MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Abel C. A. , Despont J. ‐P.
Published: September 2010

Comparative aminoacid sequence studies were done on chymotryptic peptides from the Fc fragments of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4a and IgG4b human myeloma proteins. Eleven peptides were positioned within the Fc fragments of IgG4 proteins. While leucine was present at position 309 of the Fc fragment of the IgG4a protein, it was absent from the Fc fragment of the IgG4b protein.
PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES IN THE SERA OF TRANSFUSED PATIENTS: POSSIBLE CONFUSION WITH ANTI‐AU
Authors: Blumberg Baruch S. , Hann Hie‐Won L. , Thomas London W. , Yin Lok‐Kee
Published: September 2010

The Ag system, inherited antigenic determinants on serum low density lipoprotein and Australia antigen (Au), an antigen associated with an infectious agent which can cause hepatitis in man were discovered by reacting in immunodiffusion tests sera from multiply transfused patients and sera from geographically human populations. The approach has been pursued in the experiments described herein and has resulted in the identification of seventeen precipitating systems. They are different from the previously described anti‐Au and anti‐Ag precipitins. In some cases they may be confused with Australia antigen precipitins, and care should be taken in the evaluation of Au test systems where comparisons with antigen controls are not routinely performed.
HL‐A TYPING IN DRIED BLOOD STAINS 1. SPECIFICITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INHIBITION TEST
Authors: Rittner Ch. , Waiyawuth V.
Published: September 2010

It is described that HL‐A inhibiting substances can be detected in dried human blood stains. An inhibition test is used to evaluate stability and specificity of soluble HL‐A antigens in one‐ and two‐stage methods. With few exceptions, the occurrence of inhibition and non‐inhibition of stains from different subjects in respect to given HL‐A antisera is in agreement with specificities present on the donor's cells. Some‘weak inhibitors’were observed. Extra‐reactions with given antisera can be explained by cross‐inhibition. One‐ and two‐stage methods are evaluated with regard to the inhibition test for human blood stain HL‐A typing.
ON THE ZYGOSITY OF Gm(a)
Authors: Prokop O. , Rackwitz A. , Bauer K.
Published: September 2010

A family study on Gm determinants is reported starting from the pair: mother Gm(a ‐ x ‐ f + b +)/child Gm(a + x ‐ f ‐ b ‐). The genotypes derived from the results show the probable influence of the inactive allele Gm‐ described earlier. The importance of this and similar findings for our knowledge of the Gm system and for its use in practical medico legal work is stressed.
Molecular diversity of HLA‐Cw alleles in the Maratha community of Mumbai, Maharashtra, western India
Authors: Shankarkumar U. , Ghosh K. , Mohanty D.
Published: September 2010

Recent advances suggest a significant role for the HLA‐C locus as a target of alloreactions after bone marrow transplantation. The biological importance of products of the HLA‐C locus, both as transplant antigens and as ligands for natural killer (NK) cells, is well established. A total of 10 different serologically defined HLA‐Cw antigen specificities (Cw1–Cw10) are encoded by the C locus; however, there are now 151 different alleles that can be identified by molecular methods. Serological definition of Cw alleles therefore includes 20–50% blanks, which cannot be detected by the available antisera. We used the molecular method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based sequence‐specific amplification and probe hybridization to define Cw alleles in 91 individuals from the Maratha community, and compared the data with data for 92 serologically typed Maratha individuals from India. We identified Cw*12, Cw*14, Cw*15, Cw*16 and Cw*18, along with the serologically identified Cw*01, Cw*02, Cw*03, Cw*04, Cw*06 and Cw*07 alleles. The HLA‐Cw blank allele frequency in the Maratha was reduced from 0.5706 to 0.00. Furthermore, by using a molecular technique, it was possible to identify novel allele subtypes, such as Cw*0104, Cw*0203 and Cw*0707, and a high frequency of Cw* 1801 in the Maratha community compared with other Indian and world populations. Our results will have clinical implications in related and unrelated HLA‐matched bone marrow transplantation in India.
Association study of polymorphisms within matrix metalloproteinase 9 with bronchial asthma
Authors: Ganter K. , Deichmann K. A. , Heinzmann A.
Published: September 2010

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 plays an important role in the development of bronchial asthma. We were interested in whether the polymorphisms –T1702A, –C1562T, R279Q and +C6T within the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) gene were associated with asthma in a population of 231 asthmatic children. However, we found no association. Thus MMP‐9 might not be a major gene for asthma.
Analysis of a biomarker for Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Cooley P. , Taylor K. H. , Czika W. , Seifer C. , Taylor J. F.
Published: September 2010

This molecular epidemiology study integrated questionnaire and genotype information to examine a disease susceptibility hypothesis. The study was based on a previously reported association demonstrated between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified as A‐564G within the promoter of the proteinase‐3 gene (PRTN3) and the autoimmune disease Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). To further examine the strength of this association, we employed a family‐based design in which the inheritance of alternate alleles could be ascertained from the parents of affected and unaffected progeny. Genotype information for the study participants was derived from DNA samples from participants who collected buccal cells using a harvesting method that was non‐invasive and self‐administered. A brief questionnaire captured demographic data on the participants, the family relationships between participants, and the prevalence of autoimmune disease among family members. Samples were obtained on 132 individuals representing 43 WG cases and 89 unaffected controls. Thirty‐four nuclear families containing at least one unaffected sibling or parent of a WG case were represented in this sample. We found no evidence for an association between A‐564G and the likelihood of a WG diagnosis. We examined five additional SNPs and a sixth SNP haplotype within the PRTN3 promoter region in a family‐based association analysis and found no evidence that mutations within PRTN3 are associated with WG diagnosis.
White dwarfs stripped by massive black holes: sources of coincident gravitational and electromagnetic radiation
Authors: Zalamea I. , Menou K. , Beloborodov A. M.
Published: September 2010

White dwarfs inspiralling into black holes of mass MBH≳ 105 M⊙ are detectable sources of gravitational waves in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) band. In many of these events, the white dwarf begins to lose mass during the main observational phase of the inspiral. The mass-loss starts gently and can last for thousands of orbits. The white dwarf matter overflows the Roche lobe through the L1 point at each pericentre passage and the mass-loss repeats periodically. The process occurs very close to the black hole and the released gas can accrete, creating a bright source of radiation with luminosity close to the Eddington limit, L∼ 1043 erg s−1. This class of inspirals offers a promising scenario for dual detections of gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation.
Snack patterns of Greek adults 20–50 years of age
Authors: Elena Fotiadou , Maria Babajimopoulos
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to describe the snacking habits of Greek adults. The study sample consisted of 97 men and 103 women aged 20–50 years living in Thessaloniki, Greece. The data were collected using a questionnaire on snacking patterns and by a 24‐h recall of the previous day. The subjects were classified into groups based on gender and similarity in snacking frequency. Snacking episodes were defined as ‘all food and drinks’ consumed throughout the day, and the subjects self‐reported whether they considered the eating episode to be a snack or a meal. Results show that the vast majority of the sample (87%) consumed snacks. Forty‐nine percent of them were classified as light snackers (snack consumption 1–3 times/week), and the rest 51% as heavy snackers (snack consumption >3 times/week). Almost half of both categories preferred both sweet and savoury snacks. Among the rest, the heavy snackers preferred mostly sweet (38%) to savoury (13%) snacks as opposed to light snackers who were evenly divided (31% sweet snacks, 27% savoury snacks). The most common time of day for snacking for both categories was the afternoon. The snacking patterns between men and women were similar. The three most frequently consumed snacks for both genders were chocolates–cakes–ice cream, savoury pies and coffee. Only beer consumption was different between men and women, with 39 men and 11 women reporting beer as their snacking habit. Snackers had significantly higher energy intake than non‐snackers. The contribution of snacks to the daily energy intake was 628 kcal, almost 33.5%. The snacking contribution to the daily protein, carbohydrate and lipids was 25, 45 and 29% respectively.
What do stakeholders consider the key issues affecting the quality of foodservice provision for long‐stay patients?
Authors: Walton Karen , Williams Peter , Tapsell Linda
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to elicit concerns of key stakeholders regarding foodservice provision for long‐stay hospital patients. Seventeen focus groups and four individual interviews were conducted involving six stakeholder groups: dietitians, nutrition assistants, patients, nurses, foodservice assistants and foodservice managers. Ninety‐eight participants (20 male, 78 female) were recruited from public and private hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Each of the focus groups and individual interviews was conducted in a hospital setting where free and open discussions could be digitally recorded. Transcripts were prepared from the digital recordings and QSR Nvivo 2.0 qualitative analysis software (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) was used to code the transcripts prior to content and thematic analysis. Themes were identified by relative frequency in the discussion, number of issues raised within each theme and the importance placed on the issues raised. Five major themes emerged from 37 discussion topics: the foodservice system, menu variety, preparation to eat and feeding assistance, packaging and portion size. Participants were particularly concerned about the increased packaging of food products, perceived lack of meal set up and feeding assistance, limited menu variety especially when considering longer stay hospital inpatients, and the increased use of cook‐chill operations. These findings lend themselves well to testing in a wider sphere via quantitative means in a proposed national survey. The results of this survey may produce a position on the main barriers to effective foodservice provision for long‐stay patients in the Australian context, and enable identification of practical solutions.
Foodservice in hospital: development of a theoretical model for patient experience and satisfaction using one hospital in the UK National Health Service as a case study*
Authors: Hartwell H. J. , Edwards J. S. A. , Symonds C.
Published: September 2010

Hospital foodservice does not operate in isolation but requires the cooperation and integration of several disciplines to provide the ultimate patient experience. The objective of this research was to explore the antecedents to patient satisfaction and experience, including the service element. Accordingly, focus groups were conducted with doctors (n = 4), nurses (n = 5), ward hostesses (n = 3) and patients together with their visitors (n = 10), while open‐ended interviews were conducted with the foodservice manager, facilities manager, chief dietitian, orthopaedic ward dietitian and chief pharmacist. Themes centred on ‘patients’, ‘foodservice’ and ‘mealtimes’, and results show that food qualities, particularly temperature and texture, are important factors impinging on patient satisfaction, and the trolley system of delivery is an acceptable style of service. Service predisposition demonstrates little relevance to patient satisfaction towards overall meal enjoyment. A theoretical model has been developed that identifies hospital foodservice in a cyclic relationship with the community primary healthcare team.
FAMM: from food to meal research on the product aspect of the meal experience
Authors: Öström Åsa , Rapp Erika , Prim Mia
Published: September 2010

The Five Aspect Meal Model (FAMM) has been widely used at the Institution of Restaurant and Culinary Arts, Örebro University, Sweden, not only for developing meal services in restaurants but also for formulating research questions. The aim of the present paper was to highlight research projects focused on the product aspect of FAMM. Important research fields are the sensory quality of food and meal, and the responsibility of the restaurants and their contribution to a better welfare. Meal service, including ready meals, is a growing sector within the food industry, with important research questions concerning consumers' needs and wishes. To further develop the research on Culinary Arts and Meals Science discipline, a broad perspective on the meal is useful. Research questions based upon FAMM, where the entirety of the meal is studied, present an interesting challenge for the future.
Are the chain operations simply with it?: Five aspects meal model as a development tool for chain operations/franchise organizations
Authors: Carlbäck Mats
Published: September 2010

The issue of belonging to a chain or affiliation, or indeed the right one, is becoming more and more vital for all participants in this fast moving and highly competitive business and could be a key factor for success or failure. However, how does one choose and in what ways it is possible to get the concept right and in line with trends, cultural and social aspects? And what possibilities are there to keep the concept uniform and easy to relay to current and future participants alike? One factor is what the chain actually offers as possible new outlets. If the chain organization lacks clear models, clear concepts or does not grasp new and important trends evolving on the scene, the outlook for individual members looks less promising. This paper examines how the five aspects meal model, as used in the Department of Restaurant and Culinary Arts at Örebro University (Gustafsson et al. 2006), might be used to better understand chain/franchise operations and the environment in which they work. Hopefully, it could help chain organizations and individual businesses to develop strategies for the future.
The meeting aspect and the physical setting: are they important for the guest experience?
Authors: Walter Ute
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe some aspects of the restaurant experience with a service and hospitality perspective. These are illustrated by means of a case, which describes how a restaurant employee / host acts and interacts with guests. The case shows an unusual situation in a restaurant context because the host joined the guests at the table, had lunch with them and also joined in the conversation. At the same time, he also managed the service. This case shows that there are many different ways to design and develop a meal experience. The importance of the physical setting and the social interactions within the guest experience is examined. One of the most important questions is how the guests could be involved in an exciting way and whether one aspect is more important than another. In the case described, the most important aspect for the guests was the social interaction; the physical setting seemed less important and less perceptible for the guests. This is interesting because many new restaurant settings are designed with a strong focus on the physical environment, but is the aspect of the social interaction concerned in restaurant experience design?
Valuing lobster for Maine coastal tourism: methodological considerations
Authors: Daniel Harold , Allen Thomas , Bragg Lisa , Teisl Mario , Bayer Robert , Billings Catherine
Published: September 2010

A major issue for travel and tourism practitioners, researchers and governmental leaders are determining the value of the experiences deliverable via destination assets. We hypothesize that Maine's ‘lobster culture’ (lobster cuisine, lobster fishing, lobster fishing villages) is an important part of the coastal Maine tourist experience and that Maine's coastal tourism industry relies on the presence of an active lobster fishery for its economic success. This paper proposes a method for valuing the lobster fishery asset in Maine for its coastal tourism trade by valuing the experiences that are derivable from it, namely lobster cuisine and the lobster industry and village culture. This specific project is part of a larger program to measure the economic value of the lobster fishing industry to the economy of Maine. This paper considers and outlines a specific rationale and choice of methods for assessing the value of that industry for Maine's tourism economy.
Lycopene content in raw tomato varieties and tomato products
Authors: Toma Ramses B. , Frank Gail C. , Nakayama Kensaku , Tawfik Eman
Published: September 2010

This study evaluated the lycopene content in raw tomato varieties and processed tomato products. The separation of lycopene isomers was conducted by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Lycopene content was determined on a dry weight basis (DWB). The function of three different isomers (cis, all‐trans and 5‐cis) of lycopene was examined. Data for raw tomato varieties were analyzed within and among groups. Cherry tomatoes ranked the highest in lycopene content. On DWB, Roma tomatoes contained the highest lycopene concentration, while the vine tomatoes ranked the lowest in lycopene content. Among processed tomato products, tomato paste ranked the highest in lycopene content and canned tomato juice the lowest. Furthermore, tomato catsup ranked the lowest in lycopene concentration after DWB. Different dilution ratios may contribute to significant variability in lycopene content.
Conditions causing burn injuries in foodservice workers
Authors: Halpin John , Forst Linda , Zautke John
Published: September 2010

Minor occupational burn injuries are common among foodservice workers. Risk factors and interventions to prevent these injuries, however, have not been well elucidated. The goal of this study was to determine the workplace conditions that put foodservice workers at risk for such burn injuries. A chart review of patients who presented to an ambulatory clinic located in a large metropolitan airport in the US with burns from handling food was conducted. This was followed by workplace visits of multiple food vendors and aircraft. The majority of burn injuries identified were scald injuries to the hands and upper extremities, and occurred primarily while handling coffee and from splashes of cooking oil. Contact burn injuries were also common, involving the use of hot equipment or incidental contact with nearby equipment. Mechanisms of injury and root causes were explored. Measures for preventing these painful, potentially disfiguring and time‐losing occupational injuries are suggested.
Inherent Limitations of Hydraulic Tomography
Authors: Bohling Geoffrey C. , Butler James J.
Published: September 2010

We offer a cautionary note in response to an increasing level of enthusiasm regarding high‐resolution aquifer characterization with hydraulic tomography. We use synthetic examples based on two recent field experiments to demonstrate that a high degree of nonuniqueness remains in estimates of hydraulic parameter fields even when those estimates are based on simultaneous analysis of a number of carefully controlled hydraulic tests. We must, therefore, be careful not to oversell the technique to the community of practicing hydrogeologists, promising a degree of accuracy and resolution that, in many settings, will remain unattainable, regardless of the amount of effort invested in the field investigation. No practically feasible amount of hydraulic tomography data will ever remove the need to regularize or bias the inverse problem in some fashion in order to obtain a unique solution. Thus, along with improving the resolution of hydraulic tomography techniques, we must also strive to couple those techniques with procedures for experimental design and uncertainty assessment and with other more cost‐effective field methods, such as geophysical surveying and, in unconsolidated formations, direct‐push profiling, in order to develop methods for subsurface characterization with the resolution and accuracy needed for practical field applications.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY AND SOURCE ROCK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZAGROS PETROLEUM PROVINCE, SOUTHWEST IRAN
Authors: Ala M. A. , Kinghorn R. R. F. , Rahman M.
Published: September 2010

The Zagros of SW Iran and its continuation into N Iraq forms the tectonised NE margin of the Middle East basin. Sedimentation in the Zagros began in the late Precambrian and continued with comparatively few interruptions until the Pliocene, when strong earth movements affected the area and gave rise to the present day large. elongated NW‐SE trending structures. Some of the world's largest structurally‐controlled oil fields are located in the Zagros. The most productive pay zone is the Oligo‐Miocene Asmari Formation, although significant oil pools are present also in the Cenomanian‐Turonian Sarvak limestone and in the Neocomian‐Jurassic Khami Group carbonates. Recently, large gas deposits have been discovered in the Permo‐Triassic carbonates assigned to the Deh Ram Group. Geochemical studies were carried out five potential source beds of Eocene‐Palaeocene (Pabdeh Formation). Coniacian‐Neocomian (Garau Formation) and Silurian (Ghakum Formation) age. The results showed that the organic matter in these formations is almost exclusively of marine algal origin, and that the Kazhdumi is the major source of the hydrocarbons in the Asmari and Sarvak reservoirs. The origin of the hydrocarbons in the Khami and Deh Ram reservoirs is at present speculative.
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE JURASSIC KIDOD SHALES, ISRAEL
Authors: Bein Amos , Binstock Ruth
Published: September 2010

The Jurassic Kidod shales, which reach a thickness of up to 300 m., are found throughout the subsurface of central Israel at depths ranging from 1,200 m to over 2,300 m. Data derived from the study of bitumen and kerogen extracted from these shales were used to evaluate its source potential and depositional regime. Methods used included liquid and gas chromatography, microanalysis, δ13C determination, U V spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), thermal analysis (DTA and GTA), pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance.

The data indicate that the shales were deposited in a normal open‐shelf environment under oxic conditions. This conclusion, considered with the thickness trends of the shales and their diachronous progradation from west to east, points to a marine rather than, as previously proposed, a fluvio‐deltaic provenance for the shales. The implication of this interpretation is that truncation rather than lateral facies relationships accounts for the abrupt termination of the shales to the west over the north‐soth trending sturctural highs of Be'eri–Helez–Ashdod.

From quantitative source‐rock evaluation a reasonable source potential is assumed. The presence of significant volumes of exploitable oil derived from the Kidod shales is, however most unlikely, because of its low maturation stage.
LAGOA FEIA FORMATION (LOWER CRETACEOUS) CAMPOS BASIN, OFFSHORE BRAZIL: RIFT VALLEY TYPE LACUSTRINE CARBONATE RESERVOIRS — II
Authors: Bertani R. T. , Carozzi A. V.
Published: September 2010

The first section of this paper appeared in our last issue (Journ. Petrol. Geol. 8 (1), 37–52, January 1984) The Authors' conclusions and references apply to both parts of the paper.
POST‐DRILLING ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH FALKLAND BASIN— PART 1: TECTONO‐STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
Authors: Richards P. C. , Hillier B. V.
Published: September 2010

Six wells were drilled in the extensional North Falkland Basin in 1998. The wells encountered a Devonian to Cenozoic stratigraphy dominated by thick Mesozoic syn‐ and post‐rift successions. Although most previously published models predicted that the succession would most likely be of marine origin, it is in fact predominantly terrestrial; marine conditions did not become established in the basin until the Late Cretaceous. The oldest rocks recorded are Devonian and these were penetrated in only one well. The overlying succession comprises: a fluvio‐lacustrine, early syn‐rft interval of ?mid‐Jurassic to Tithonian age; a late syn‐rift fluvio‐lacustrine interval of Tithonian to Berriasian age; a rift‐sag transitional unit of Berriasian to Valanginian age; an early post‐rift lacustrine unit of Valanginian to early Aptian age; a middle post‐rift, transgressive unit of Aptian to Albian age; a late post‐rift, terrestrial to marine unit of Albian to early Palaeocene age; and a post‐up lift thermal subsidence unit of Palaeocene to Recent age.

Much of the sediment appears to have been derived from volcanic and/or metamorphic terranes, probably located to the north or NW of the basin. As well as the volcanic material which occurs in the ground mass and as lithoclasts in many of the units, some volcaniclastic rocks and minor amounts of ashfall tufls are observed, particularly within the late syn‐rift succession.
SILURIAN — LOWER DEVONIAN BLACK SHALES IN MOROCCO: WHICH ARE THE ORGANICALLY RICHEST HORIZONS?
Authors: Lüning S. , Loydell D. K. , Sutcliffe O. , Salem A. Ait , Zanella E. , Craig J. , Harpel D. A. T.
Published: September 2010

Lowermost Silurian (Rhuddanian, lower Llandovery) black shales represent the main Palaeozoic petroleum source rock throughout North Africa and Arabia. The unit also occurs in parts of Morocco with recorded TOC values of up to 10.5%. However, in contrast to many other North African and Arabian countries, the Silurian‐Lower Devonian shale‐dominated succession in Morocco also contains a number of other horizons with elevated organic contents. In order to evaluate the organic richness and better understand the depositional mechanisms of this shale succession in Morocco, samples were collected from petroleum exploration wells, from the spoil heaps of shallow water wells and from outcrops, and were subsequently analysed. Graptolite biostratigraphy provided a high‐resolution correlation framework. The data was integrated with that from published and unpublished studies, and the results may help in improved predictions of the source quality of Silurian—Lower Devonian strata in Morocco.

An Aeronian (middle Llandovery) shale sample with a high organic content (4.35% TOC) was recovered from the NE margin of the Tadla Basin, central Morocco. Based on gamma‐ray data from the subsurface, however, this horizon appears to be laterally discontinuous within the basin. Secondly, late Telychian‐Wenlock shales from the eastern Atlas Mountains were found to have TOC values of around 2.5%, and may be correlated with age‐equivalent organic‐rich strata in the Ghadames Basin (eastern Algeria, western Libya, southern Tunisia) and Iraq. Late Silurian shale‐limestone alternations in Morocco apparently do not contain major amounts of organic mattel; although comparable deposits in parts of western Algeria are believed to be organic rich. Early Devonian graptolitic black shales from the Tadla Basin and its margins contain high amounts of organic matter (around 5% TOC); however; the lateral continuity of this unit is at present unclear.

We propose that high primary productivity during the Silurian‐Early Devonian provided the basis for the formation of these organic‐rich shales in Morocco. Sea level changes may have been an important additional factor. For example, the Rhuddanian organic‐rich shales were deposited during the initial stages of a transgression, when circulation was still restricted due to the pronounced pre‐Silurian relief. At other times during the Silurian‐Early Devonian in Morocco, deposits with elevated organic content seem to have been formed during periods of high sea level, which may have been associated with high primary productivity and/or a rise in the oxygen minimum zone onto the shelf.