bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los materiales didácticos en la enseñanza de la historia y de las ciencias sociales en Argentina: percepciones del professorado.
Authors: Jara Miguel Angel
Published: October 2020

Material educativo en la historia de las ciencias sociales y recursos que el profesor utiliza para desarrollar contenido con la intensidad de promover el aprendizaje. El libro de texto es uno de los que históricamente ha tenido más uso. Sin embargo, podemos sostener que, en realidad, la diversidad del material didáctico se ha incorporado a la educación, en diferentes formatos, y se ha ido desvelando la mayoría del texto como "el" recurso didáctico. En este escrito presentamos el análisis de los datos obtenidos del uso de un cuestionario que ha trabajado profesores y profesores en tres ciudades de Argentina: Cipolletti, Bahía Blanca y Mar del Plata en el marco de una formación de posgrado. Entre otras preguntas, preguntamos sobre el material y los recursos didácticos que generalmente se usan en las clases y sobre la valoración que el maestro hace de los mismos. En ambas dimensiones, hemos recuperado las percepciones del profesor, sobre lo que la didáctica de la historia ha contribuido en la formación inicial y las decisiones que ha tomado en sus prácticas docentes diarias.
Narrativas sobre o nazismo e o fascismo nas coleções didáticas de História: saber escolar e demandas do tempo presente
Authors: Cabral Maria Aparecida da Silva , Faricelli Marilu De Freitas
Published: October 2020

As narrativas sobre os temas do nazismo e do fascismo, as quais estão presentes em dois livros didáticos de História organizados em coleções didáticas destinadas ao terceiro ano do Ensino Médio e aprovados no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) de 2018, são analisadas neste artigo. Interessa-nos compreender que articulações são produzidas pelos autores desses materiais em relação às demandas do tempo presente, decisivas na conformação dos saberes históricos escolares, e que interlocuções são feitas com o conhecimento historiográfico. Constata-se que os caminhos trilhados pelos autores de tais livros didáticos não somente respondem aos critérios definidos por esse programa para a área de História em diálogo com as prescrições curriculares para a história escolar, mas também apontam para os diversos projetos historiográficos em circulação no âmbito da ciência de referência, que são norteadores de sua construção.
O ensino de História no Brasil e seus pesquisadores: breves notas sobre uma herança de tensões e proposições
Authors: Mistura Letícia , Caimi Flávia Eloisa
Published: October 2020

Neste estudo, faz-se uma revisão dos percursos do Ensino de História como campo e objeto de estudo, buscando construir uma reflexão sobre as heranças legadas por essa trajetória aos pesquisadores e às propostas atuais do campo. Para tal intento, percorre-se um caminho que parte da história do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB) e do Colégio Pedro II, passa pela inauguração da temática do Ensino de História como objeto de reflexão teórica e culmina em uma breve síntese das presentes frentes investigativas que compõem o campo de pesquisa do Ensino de História no Brasil.
Evaluación del clima institucional y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas del nivel primaria de la red N°11 del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo. Región Lima 2016
Authors: Bellido Corpus Elizabeth , Pando Ezcurra Tamara
Published: October 2020

Es una investigación cuantitativa, transversal, bivariada, básica. Utilizamos un diseño descriptivo correlacional. Donde tenemos a los dos factores son el ambiente institucional y la ejecución del instructor en “el nivel primario de I.E Trabajada” La población está conformada por 12 I.E del nivel primaria de 500 docentes y la muestra constituida por 150 docentes de 8 escuelas. En la recolección de datos se diseñó 2 cuestionarios: La variable de la atmósfera institucional que instruye la ejecución.

Los instrumentos cumplen con la confiabilidad y validez. Tenemos la hipótesis “existe relación significativa entre el clima institucional y el desempeño docente en el nivel primaria de I.E Trabajada”

Los resultados rechazan la hipótesis nula, según se observa en los estadísticos, con un nivel de significación del 5%, existiendo evidencia estadística para afirmar que el desempeño docente tiene relación con el clima institucional, pues la correlación de Rho de Spearman da como resultado 0,850 la cual es considerada como “muy buena”. Por lo tanto, es rechazada la hipótesis nula y se toma que la “relación significativa entre el clima institucional y el desempeño docente en el nivel primaria de I.E Trabajada”.
Critical Success Factors for Implementing CRM Using Data Mining
Authors: Ranjan Jayanti , Bhatnagar Vishal
Published: October 2020

The paper presents the Critical success factors for implementing the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in a firm using the Data mining (DM). The use of the data mining in CRM is widely accepted by the firms. The success of proper implementation of CRM using Data mining in firms is mixed. This is due to the fact that investment involve in this implementation requires planning regarding the factors which need to be considered before going for the new innovative technology. These factors may vary from firm to firm but the general factor for effective implementation of the CRM using data mining is essential. This factor termed as Critical success factor (CSF) decides the failure or success of the implementation. The paper demonstrates the key factors which need to be considered before automating the process of searching the mountain of customer’s related data using Data mining to find patterns that are good predictors of behaviors of the customer which help achieve successful CRM. The paper gives an idea of how proper planning and effective management can lead to increased customer satisfaction and profit for the firms.
Modeling Dynamics of Technovation in Competitive Manufacturing
Authors: Satpathy Jyotirmaya
Published: October 2020

Technovation (technovation + innovation) is a crucial factor for survival and competitive strength of organizations. For manufacturing units, technovations of the product system and of the processes generating these products are essential. Majority of literature focuses either on product technovation or on process technovation. Referring to the complexity and inherent dynamics of industrial technovation process decision-making in technovation management is a challenging job. In addition to numerous interactions with the environment, complexity of technovation processes in manufacturing units results from interactions between product and process technovation. This paper provides modeling dynamics of technovation processes reflecting the interdependencies of the product-process technovation system. The model gives an insight into the dynamic consequences of actions in technovation management and allows testing different technovation strategies. Conclusions concerning the implementation of product and process technovations in manufacturing units are drawn.
PENGARUH LABEL HALAL TERHADAP PILIHAN KONSUMEN GERAI INDOMART PANUMBANGAN KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Authors: Hadaliah Lilis D , Maryani Sri
Published: October 2020

This research aims to analyse the practice of halal labels as well as the process of consumer choice when choosing Halal products at Indomart Panumbangan. The data used in the study is primary data and secondary data. Primary Data is obtained directly from the survey dissemination to the research respondent. Secondary data is derived from literature, journals, or data related to research purposes. The population in this study is the consumer of Indomart Panumbangan, a sampling technique is a simple random sampling, a sampling of 50 people. Methods for collecting data using questionnaire or poll. The data analysis techniques in this study are validity and reliability tests, simple linear regression analyses as well as linear coefficient (R) analyses and determinations (R2).  The results of the study showed the halal Label on each packaged food product offered at Indomart Panumbangan 90% of the official halal Label, the rest of which are labeled halal but not in accordance with the provisions of LPPOM MUI. The selection process on products labeled halal, consumers influenced cultural factors. From a variable X R2 test (Halal label) it affects 29.8% against Y (consumer choice). From simultaneous test results and variable X partial tests significantly affect the consumer's preference (Y).
Somnolencia diurna excesiva en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón
Authors: Antezana Alejandro N. , Vallejos Rodrigo , Encinas Mabel , V. Antezana Erika , Antezana Ariel O.
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: el objetivo primario es determinar si los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS) sufren de somnolencia diurna excesiva mediante el uso de la Escala de somnolencia de Epworth (ESE).

Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo. Estudiantes de medicina de la UMSS completaron una encuesta la cual incluía datos demográficos, escala del sueño de Epworth traducida al español, número de horas nocturnas de sueño, siestas y uso de estimulantes del SNC durante el mes anterior a la realización de la encuesta.

Resultados: el universo consistió en 1923 estudiantes y la muestra en 324 estudiantes del primer al quinto curso de carrera de medicina (5% margen de error, 95% nivel de confianza); 57% del sexo femenino, media de edad de 21 años (±2,1), la media de la escala de Epworth fue de 9 (±3,3) (95% IC 8,46-9,54); 23,6% presentó algún grado de somnolencia diurna excesiva; 67% de los estudiantes indican dormir 4-6 hrs diarias; 79% goza entre 5 – 90 minutos de siesta cada día durante el mes anterior a la encuesta; 76% reporta usar algún tipo de estimulante del sistema nervioso central. 

Conclusiones: un porcentaje menor pero relevante de estudiantes de medicina de la UMSS tiene algún grado de somnolencia diurna excesiva. Este menor porcentaje puede deberse al uso de siestas; habito comúnmente practicado en nuestro país.
Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico recurrente: no olvidar la patología aortoembólica
Authors: Perez Baztarrica Gabriel , Salvaggio Flavio , Porcile Rafael
Published: October 2020

La enfermedad aterosclerótica de la aorta constituye una de las causas cardiovasculares de embolia. La prevalencia de ésta patología constituye un indicador de peor pronóstico, en particular, en caso de debrís aórtico. El debrís aórtico está constituido por una placa ateromatosa complicada con un trombo móvil adherido. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 58 años que presentó episodios reiterados de accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos.
El estrés innecesario durante el desarrollo de un trabajo de investigación
Authors: Mamani Ortiz Yercin
Published: October 2020

Considerando que su revista es de difusión masiva en la comunidad científica local, aprovecho esta vía para poder llegar a los nuevos investigadores en salud, para motivarlos y plantearles algunas recomendaciones que les permitan evitar el estrés innecesario que se genera durante todo proceso de investigación.  El nivel de estrés y su expresión biológica, psicológica u otra, dependerá de la capacidad de resiliencia que desarrolla cada investigador durante su formación y/o conducción de un trabajo de investigación, en cualquiera de los diferentes tipos de investigación.
Trombolisis intravenosa en ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo en Santa Cruz Bolivia: análisis retrospectivo de los primeros 18 casos
Authors: Camargo Villarreal Walter Mario , Urioste Avilés María Teresa , Camargo Jordán Walter Andrés , Ríos Sandra , Montero Jorge , Morales Oscar
Published: October 2020

Objetivos: describir la experiencia en la implementación del protocolo de trombolisis i.v. en 18 pacientes con Accidente Cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico en la Unidad de ACV de la Clínica Foianini, concretamente, entre septiembre de 2013 y julio de 2017.

Métodos: el estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisó las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ACV isquémico agudo, que fueron tratados con trombolitico intravenoso (Alteplasa) en el servicio UTAC, entre septiembre de 2013 y julio 2017 en Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Resultados: el Tiempo Síntoma-Puerta alcanzo a 62,7 +/- 38 min, mientras que el Tiempo Puerta-Aguja fue de 53,6 +/- 15 min. y Tiempo Síntoma-Aguja 114,6 +/- 43 min. Se registraron complicaciones en 6 (33,3%). promedio de 4,6 +/- 3 días de internación en la clínica, pasando un promedio de 2,8 +/- 2 días en la Unidad de ACV. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 16,6%. Según la Escala Modficada de Rankin, tuvieron un puntaje de 0-1 mRS.

Conclusiones: el tiempo Puerta-Aguja en nuestro establecimiento fue de un promedio de 57 minutos, cumpliendo de esta forma la recomendación de la American Heart Association Guidelines 2013, la cual recalca que éste debe ser <60 min13.
Modelo didáctico para la enseñanza de la metodología de la investigación científica
Authors: Claure José L.
Published: October 2020

Hablar de la enseñanza de la metodología de la investigación científica en la formación profesional es hablar de la formación en y para la producción y difusión de conocimiento científico, a través de la investigación científica y la interacción social universitaria.  Asumiendo que esta es la misión de la Universidad, desde la denominada sociedad del conocimiento, en Bolivia se nos remite al modelo educativo que se ha propuesto encarar como política estatal denominado Socio Comunitario Productivo (MEC, 2009)

Lo dicho no resulta novedoso, puesto que el Sistema de la Universidad Boliviana, en su VIII Congreso Nacional (CEUB, 1995) resuelve asumir el paradigma productivo, como respuesta a una de las mayores preocupaciones de la sociedad con referencia a la calidad de la Educación Superior cual es la producción del conocimiento desde la investigación, manifestando con ello que es su responsabilidad crear las bases de un nuevo poder, que es el conocimiento y la racionalidad científica.  Si bien esta resolución empieza a concretarse con la creación de Institutos de Investigación, la inclusión de la asignatura de Metodología de la Investigación en los Planes Curriculares de todas las Carreras y la implementación de modalidades de titulación que impliquen tanto la investigación cuanto la interacción social, no se ha avanzado en la difusión de trabajos de investigación realizados por los estudiantes durante su formación profesional.  Esto quiere decir que tampoco se han desarrollado procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje orientados a la formación de competencias para la producción y difusión de conocimiento científico.
Implementación de un modelo de comunicación en Chagas basado en la estrategia de educación por pares
Authors: Pardo Flores Evelyn Wendy , Billot Claire , Mendoza Claure Nilce , Claros Zanabria Eliana , Torrico Faustino , Lozano Beltrán Daniel Franz
Published: October 2020

Objetivos: el presente estudio evalúa el cambio en las perspectivas, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los familiares de un grupo de pacientes capacitados con la estrategia de educación por pares que fueron tratados en la Plataforma de atención integral de Chagas, y si ese cambio se traduce en un aumento de la demanda de atención integral de Chagas en los servicios de salud del Valle Alto de Cochabamba. Métodos:  se comparó los resultados de la encuesta realizada en 32 familiares de 8 pacientes capacitados en 2018 (grupo A) con una encuesta similar realizada en 64 familiares de 16 pacientes tratados en 2017 (grupo B) que no fueron capacitados, pero en cambio recibieron la consejería que provee el personal de salud de forma rutinaria. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos muestran que los familiares de pacientes educadores pares han modificado sus conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas y percepciones sobre la enfermedad de Chagas y este cambio ha influido positivamente la demanda de atención de servicios integrales para dicha enfermedad. Conclusión: la estrategia de educación por pares ha demostrado ser eficaz, fácil de aplicar por un personal de enfermería en los 1º y 2º niveles de atención, y que permite llegar a las familias afectadas a un costo relativamente bajo.
Necrosis retiniana por citomegalovirus: como presentación inicial de un caso de SIDA
Authors: Quispaya Q Rolando , Fernandez M. Paola
Published: October 2020

La retinitis por CMV es la infección ocular oportunista más frecuente en los pacientes con SIDA. La necrosis retiniana aguda suele corresponder a infecciones por VVZ o VHS, y sólo en un pequeño porcentaje de casos es secundaria a infección por CMV. El tratamiento (dosis de mantenimiento) con valganciclovir no descarta completamente la posibilidad de desarrollo de enfermedad por CMV, además que se asocia a otras infecciones oportunistas, en este caso asociado a herpes zoster y molusco contagioso. Presentamos un Caso Clínico de un paciente VIH positivo, sin tratamiento, con necrosis retiniana aguda por CMV del ojo izquierdo como forma inicial de presentación de la etapa de SIDA y retinitis por CMV de su ojo derecho varios meses después, a pesar de estar en tratamiento con valganciclovir a dosis de mantenimiento.
Instrumentos de reflexión
Authors: Spellman Catherine
Published: October 2020

En octubre de 1991 Enric Miralles conoció su primera promoción de estudiantes de la Staedelschule. Éramos un grupo de doce alumnos internacionales seleccionados por el profesor Peter Cook para pasar un año trabajando sobre diferentes temas elegidos por nosotros mismos, en torno a un proyecto común. Poco antes de que comenzara el semestre, Cook regresó a Londres como decano de la Bartlett School of Architecture y fue Miralles el elegido como profesor de este grupo de estudiantes de arquitectura. El siguiente texto relata la experiencia de un aprendizaje único acontecido ese año.
Campus de la Universidad de Vigo. Acrópolis Atlántica
Authors: Garcia-Setien Terol Diego
Published: October 2020

La obra de Enric Miralles y Benedetta Tagliabue (EMBT) para el Campus de la Universidad de Vigo, situado en la borrosa frontera disciplinar de la arquitectura y el paisajismo, se revisa prestando especial atención a la esfera del espacio público. Por primera vez, se recurre a la arquitectura clásica de la polis griega, para interpretar la propuesta del CUVI, confrontándola con sus espacios públicos arquetípicos, revelando una dimensión clásica en la obra de Miralles y Tagliabue. El texto recopila algunas de las intenciones primigenias del proyecto, desvela algunas fuentes de inspiración, e identifica algunos elementos del imaginario personal de sus autores.
The Effect of Containment Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Deb Pragyan , Furceri Davide , Ostry Jonathan , Tawk Nour
Published: October 2020

Countries have implemented several containment measures to halt the spread of the 2019
coronavirus disease, but it remains unclear the extent to which these unprecedented measures
have been successful. We examine this question using daily data on the number of
coronavirus disease cases as well as on real-time containment measures implemented by
countries. Results suggest that these measures have been very effective in flattening the
“pandemic curve”, but there is significant heterogeneity across countries. Effectiveness is
enhanced when measures are implemented quickly, where de facto mobility is curtailed, in
countries with lower temperatures and population density, as well as in countries with a
larger share of the elderly in total population and stronger health systems. We also find that
easing of containment measures has resulted in an increase in the number of cases, but the
effect has been lower (in absolute value) than that from a tightening of measures.
Filling the Gap
Authors: Bazarbash Majid , Beaton Kimberly
Published: October 2020

Can fintech credit fill the credit gap in the consumer and business segments? There are few cross-country studies that explore this question. Focusing on marketplace lending, an important part of fintech credit, we use data for 109 countries from 2015 to 2017 to study the relationship between fintech credit to businesses and consumers and various aspects of financial development. Marketplace lending to consumers grows in countries where financial depth declines highlighting the role of fintech credit in filling the credit gap by traditional lenders. This result is particularly strong in low-income countries. In the business segment, marketplace lending expands where financial efficiency declines. Our findings show that low-income countries take advantage of the fintech credit opportunity in the consumer segment but face important challenges in the business segment.
Productivity in the Netherlands
Authors: Ando Sakai
Published: October 2020

Although GDP growth in the Netherlands has recently been stronger than in peer countries, the main contributor has been the growth in labor. If GDP is divided by labor, productivity growth appears to have been slower than in peers. This chapter discusses both exogenous and endogenous factors behind the disappointing productivity growth in the Netherlands and derives policy implications.
Japan’s Inbound Tourism Boom
Authors: Nguyen Anh Thi Ngoc
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we review developments in Japanese inbound tourism and investigate the main determinants of its rapid growth prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with data on 34 tourism source markets from 1996Q1 to 2018Q4, we find that not only tourist income and tourism-related relative prices, also visa policies have had significant impacts on Japan’s inbound tourism demand in the long run. In the short run, natural disasters have had large and prolonged effects on tourism. We then derive policy implications for the post-COVID-19 revival of Japanese inbound tourism.
Cook Islands
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: October 2020

A mission was requested by the New Zealand authorities to the Cook Islands to focus on policy options for transitioning to high-income status, financial sector stability and regulatory framework, and debt sustainability.1 It evaluated these issues in the context of the medium-term outlook and against the context of a recently developed fiscal framework. The Cook Islands is a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand, but it is not an IMF member (Box 1).
Coordinating Revenue Incentive Policies in the Caribbean
Authors: Ding Ding , Kalla Samira , Rosales Torres Manuel , Sidibé Abdoul Karim
Published: October 2020

The pervasive use of tax incentives is costly for the Caribbean countries, yet the benefits seem limited. Better policy coordination at the regional level is needed to help overcome the collective action problems and generate more revenue to support the much-needed infrastructure investment. Using the region’s Citizenship-by-Investment (CBI) programs as an example, we also show that a price-quantity coordination mechanism can help achieve an efficient outcome with greater CBI incomes for member countries.
Arab Republic of Egypt
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically disrupted people’s lives, livelihoods, and economic conditions. Growth is expected to slow considerably in both 2019/20 and 2020/21 as tourism is at a standstill and domestic activity is expected to significantly slow. The external accounts are expected to deteriorate from portfolio outflows and the shock to tourism and remittances, resulting in an urgent balance of payments need.
What are the Economic Effects of Pandemic Containment Policies? Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Bricco Jana , Misch Florian , Solovyeva Alexandra
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the economic effects of policies to contain Covid-19, by extracting lessons from Sweden’s experience during the ‘Great Lockdown’. Sweden’s approach was less stringent and based more on social responsibility than legal obligations compared to European peers. First, we provide an account of Sweden’s strategy and the health outcomes. Second, drawing on a range of data sources and empirical findings, our analysis of the first Covid-19 wave indicates that a less stringent strategy can soften the economic impact initially. These benefits could be eroded subsequently, due to potentially higher infection rates and a prolonged pandemic, but in Sweden’s case, the evidence remains mixed in this regard, and it is premature to judge the outcome of Sweden’s containment strategy. In addition, the economic effects of the containment strategy also depend on social behavior, demographics and structural features of the economy, such as the degree of export orientation, reliance on global supply chains, and malleability to remote working.
Seychelles
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 has had a severe economic impact on Seychelles through the implementation of strict domestic measures to contain the spread of the virus and the related global spillovers. The authorities have responded with measures to mitigate the economic fallout on businesses and households. To help address the urgent balance of payments need arising from the pandemic, the Executive Board approved on May 8, 2020 the authorities’ request for emergency financing under the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) of SDR 22.9 million, equivalent to 100 percent of quota (IMF Country Report No. 20/170).
Republic of Korea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

Non-Financial Corporate Sector. Non-financial corporate leverage as share of GDP in Korea remains higher than peer countries but has remained stable since 2013 at around 100 percent of GDP. The stock of non-corporate debt has become slightly more resilient due to the deleveraging of non-conglomerate affiliated firms. Average firm performance has remained resilient for conglomerate-affiliated corporates but weakened for all other firms. As a result, despite the low interest rate environment, around one-quarter of total corporate debt (around 28 percent of GDP) is registered ‘at-risk’. Banks balance sheets are at risk as over half of non-financial corporate debt-at-risk resides with SMEs; Stress tests show that (i) Korean firms which are more indebted, less profitable, smaller and have lower turnover are more likely to experience difficulties servicing their debt; (ii) corporate balance sheets are vulnerable to a sudden hike in interest rates, which combined with a profit shock, could double the amount of debt-at-risk held by non-SME firms and; (iii) exchange rate shocks appear manageable given low FX debt and natural FX hedges. Under a downside macro-financial stress test scenario, non-SME credit losses would total a touch over 2 percent of GDP. Bank stress tests suggest that the maximum cumulative bank losses from distressed SME loans in a stress scenario would total around 2 percent of GDP. Together, these losses would be broadly manageable for the financial system to absorb.
Angola
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: October 2020

The economic outlook has substantially deteriorated since the Second Review, driven by the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on global economic activity and oil prices. The adverse impact of the shock on the Angolan economy, which is highly dependent on oil (95 percent of exports, two-thirds of government revenue), adds to the hardship from five consecutive years of recession. Rapid exchange rate depreciation and the decline in oil prices have pushed the public debt-to-GDP ratio to a very high level. However, continued fiscal retrenchment, prudent debt management, and debt reprofiling are expected to improve debt dynamics progressively.
Intangible Investment and Low Inflation
Authors: Lall Subir , Zeng Li
Published: October 2020

Intangible investment is growing as a share of economic activity. We present a simple framework incorporating its distinguishing characteristic of generally greater scalability and lower marginal costs than tangible investment. We show evidence that this may have contributed to more elastic aggregate supply in recent years, which is consistent with lower inflation and a flattening of the Phillips curve. This framework also highlights the channels through which technological change, a large constituent of intangible investment, may be leading to wage stagnation and greater market concentration.
Belize
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

Cybersecurity risk is embedded in the CBB’s supervisory framework, but additional enhancements are needed to formalize guidance and develop more intensive supervisory practices. Supervisory expectations on cybersecurity are presented in an informal guidance note, which should be formalized into regulation to ensure enforceability; and an IT/cybersecurity supervisory manual should be developed to promote effective and consistent practices. With its principle-based guidance note, the CBB highlights its priorities in strengthening the cybersecurity posture of Belizean financial institutions. The principles are an appropriate interpretation of international best practices on incident prevention, detection, response, and recovery measures, adapted to the cyber maturity of the Belizean financial institutions, and can be used as a foundation for the formalized guidelines. The manual could emphasize the review of cybersecurity strategies, policies, and responsibility specifications and should address obtaining assurance on the effectiveness of the financial institutions’ processes for cyber risk identification, assessment, and mitigation.
Updated Common Evaluation Framework For IMF Capacity Development And Guidance Note
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

This document updates the Common Evaluation Framework (CEF) for the Fund’s capacity development (CD) activities and provides practical guidance on its implementation. Since its adoption, the Fund has made progress in implementing the CEF. However, areas for improvement remain. The document aims to address these areas, drawing on lessons from experience with evaluations since the CEF’s adoption.
The Macroeconomic Effects of Structural Reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: David Antonio , Komatsuzaki Takuji , Pienknagura Samuel
Published: October 2020

This paper estimates the macroeconomic effects of structural reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using the dataset constructed by Alesina et al. (2020). We find that large changes in the reform index have positive effects on GDP and employment that reach 2 percent after 5 years. Furthermore, reforms boost investment, exports, imports,
and reduce export concentration, in addition to favoring tradable sectors. Nonetheless, the results also indicate that the effects of reforms have not been uniform across different segments of the population. These findings bring to the forefront the need to consider accompanying policies to ensure that reforms promote inclusive growth. Moreover, evidence from country case studies using the synthetic control method point to heterogeneous effects of reforms on income per capita.
The Fiscal Multiplier of Public Investment
Authors: Espinoza Raphael , Gamboa-Arbelaez Juliana , Sy Mouhamadou
Published: October 2020

This paper explores whether public investment crowds out or crowds in private investment. To this aim, we build a database of about half a million firms from 49 countries. We find that the effect of public investment on corporate investment depends both on leverage and financial constraints. Public investment boosts private investment for firms with low leverage. However, for firms with high leverage, private investment does not react to an increase in public investment, in line with theory (Myers 1977). We also find that the effect of public investment on corporate investment is much weaker for firms that are financially constrained.
Demographics and the Housing Market
Authors: Hashimoto Yuko , Hong Gee Hee , Zhang Xiaoxiao
Published: October 2020

How does a shrinking population affect the housing market? In this study, drawing on Japan’s experience, we find that there exists an asymmetric relationship between housing prices and population change. Due to the durability of housing structures, the decline in housing prices associated with population losses is estimated to be larger than the rise in prices associated with population increases. Given that population losses have been and are projected to be more acute in rural areas than urban areas in Japan, the on-going demographic transition in Japan could worsen regional disparities, as falling house prices in rural areas could intensify population outflows. Policy measures to promote more even population growth across regions, and avoid the over-supply of houses, are critical to stabilize house prices with a shrinking population.
Review of Enhanced Access Limits Under the Rapid Credit Facility and Rapid Financing Instrument
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

The temporary increase in access limits under IMF emergency financing instruments will expire on October 5, 2020, unless extended. Access limits under emergency instruments (the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) and Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI)) were increased in April 2020 for a period of six months, from 50 to 100 percent of quota annually and from 100 to 150 percent of quota cumulatively. The increased limits are subject to review and can be extended before their expiration.
It is proposed to extend the period of higher access limits for emergency financing for a period of six months, through April 6, 2021. Against a background of continued pandemic-related disruption, staff expects there could be significant demand for emergency lending in the October 2020–April 2021 period, including from countries with pending requests and from countries that received emergency support at levels less than the maximum amounts available. A six-month extension would give more time for countries to benefit from higher access limits under emergency financing.
Enhanced light absorption and reduced snow albedo due to
internally mixed mineral dust in grains of snow
Authors: Shi Tenglong , Cui Jiecan , Chen Yang , Zhou Yue , Pu Wei , Chen Quanliang , Zhang Xuelei , Wang Xin
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Mineral dust is a major light-absorbing aerosol, which can significantly reduce snow albedo and accelerate snow/glacier melting via wet and dry deposition on snow. In this study, three scenarios of internal mixing of dust in ice grains were analyzed theoretically by combining asymptotic radiative transfer theory and (core/shell) Mie theory to evaluate the effects on absorption coefficient and snow albedo. In general, snow albedo was substantially reduced at wavelengths of
Cyclic and square-wave voltammetry for selective simultaneous NO and O2 gas detection by means of solid electrolyte sensors
Authors: Ruchets Anastasiya , Donker Nils , Zosel Jens , Schönauer-Kamin Daniela , Moos Ralf , Guth Ulrich , Mertig Michael
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Solid electrolyte gas sensors (SESs) based on
yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are suitable to detect traces of redox components
in inert gases. Usually, their signals are generated as a voltage between
two electrodes at open circuit potential or as a current flowing between
constantly polarized electrodes. In these rather stationary modes of
operation, SESs often lack the desired selectivity. This drawback can be
circumvented if SESs are operated in dynamic electrochemical modes that
utilize the differences of electrode kinetics for single components to
distinguish between them. Accordingly, this contribution is directed to the
investigation of cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry
as methods to improve the selectivity of SESs. For this, a commercial SES of the type “sample gas, Pt|YSZ|Pt, air” was exposed to mixtures containing NO and O2 in
N2 in the temperature range between 550 and 750 ∘C. On cyclic voltammograms (CVs), NO-related peaks occur in the cathodic direction
at polarization voltages between −0.3 and −0.6 V at scan rates between
100 and 2000 mV s−1 and temperatures between 550 and 750 ∘C.
Their heights depend on the NO concentration, on the temperature and on the
scan rate, providing a lower limit of detection below 10 ppmv, with the
highest sensitivity at 700 ∘C. The O2-related peaks,
appearing also in the cathodic direction between −0.1 and −0.3 V at scan
rates between 100 and 5000 mV s−1, are well separated from the
NO-related peaks if the scan rate does not exceed 2000 mV s−1. Square-wave voltammograms (SWVs) obtained at a pulse frequency of 5 Hz, pulses of 0.1 mV and
steps of 5 mV in the polarization range from 0 to −0.6 V also exhibit
NO-related peaks at polarization voltages between −0.3 and −0.45 V
compared to the Pt–air (platinum–air) electrode. In the temperature range between 650 and
750 ∘C the highest NO sensitivity was found at 700 ∘C.
O2-related peaks arise in the cathodic direction between −0.12 and −0.16 V,
increase with temperature and do not depend on the concentration of NO.
Since capacitive currents are suppressed with square-wave voltammetry, this method provides
improved selectivity. In contrast to cyclic voltammetry, a third peak was found with square-wave voltammetry at
−0.48 V and a temperature of 750 ∘C. This peak does not depend on the
NO concentration. It is assumed that this peak is due to the depletion of an
oxide layer on the electrode surface. The results prove the selective
detection of NO and O2 with SESs operated with both cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry.
Crustal structures beneath the Eastern and Southern Alps from ambient noise tomography
Authors: Qorbani Ehsan , Zigone Dimitri , Handy Mark R. , Bokelmann Götz ,   AlpArray-EASI working group
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We study the crustal structure under the Eastern and Southern Alps using ambient noise tomography. We use cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise between pairs of 71 permanent stations and 19 stations of the Eastern Alpine Seismic Investigation (EASI) profile to derive new 3D shear velocity models for the crust. Continuous records from 2014 and 2015 are cross-correlated to estimate Green's functions of Rayleigh and Love waves propagating between the station pairs. Group velocities extracted from the cross-correlations are inverted to obtain isotropic 3D Rayleigh- and Love-wave shear-wave velocity models. Our models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. Velocity variations at short periods correlate very closely with the lithologies of tectonic units at the surface and projected to depth. Low-velocity zones, associated with the Po and Molasse sedimentary basins, are imaged well to the south and north of the Alps, respectively. We find large high-velocity zones associated with the crystalline basement that forms the core of the Tauern Window. Small-scale velocity anomalies are also aligned with geological units of the Austroalpine nappes. Clear velocity contrasts in the Tauern Window along vertical cross sections of the velocity model show the depth extent of the tectonic units and their bounding faults. A mid-crustal velocity contrast is interpreted as a manifestation of intracrustal decoupling in the Eastern Alps that accommodated eastward escape of the Alcapa block.
Eyes Wide Open- To cornea, to Medical School, to Life
Authors: Sapir Aviad
Published: October 2020

Sharing memories of a medical student who is also a corneal harvester for transplantation. The text will describe and share stories and experiences he went through and what lessons he learned
Interculturalidad y representación social: el conflicto de la Araucanía en la prensa chilena. Casos Melinao y Luchisnger
Authors: Rodríguez-Pastene Fabiana , Niklander Ribera Stefanie Alejandra , Ojeda Gonzalo , Vera Esteban
Published: October 2020

Esta investigación tiene como finalidad revelar las diferencias en el tratamiento y cobertura informativa respecto a los casos Luchsinger-Mackay (asesinato de matrimonio de latifundistas) y Melinao (asesinato de comunero mapuche), sucesos que se enmarcan en el conflicto intercultural en la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se realiza un Análisis de Contenido de la cobertura mediática en dos medios de comunicación de prensa escrita de circulación nacional, El Mercurio, La Tercera y un diario regional El Austral de la Araucanía. Se pretende identificar cuáles son las representaciones que estos diarios –todos vinculados a la derecha, pero pertenecientes a distintos conglomerados- le otorgan a la problemática. La naturaleza de la metodología utilizada para emprender el análisis responde a una línea mixta, mezclando métodos cualitativos con cuantitativos. Por medio de este estudio se ha logrado formular un panorama más preciso sobre las principales representaciones sociales creadas por los medios en cuestión, respecto a los actores del conflicto, a saber mapuches y latifundistas; especialmente cuando la posición de víctima se invierte entre uno y otro caso. La Tercera demostró ser el medio analizado más abierto a la pluralidad en la información, facilitando un diálogo intercultural. El Mercurio evidencia una clara tendencia a la criminalización del pueblo mapuche, reforzando prejuicios y estereotipos. Por último, El Austral de La Araucanía, presentó representaciones que criminalizaban al movimiento mapuche, estableciendo y reforzando un vínculo entre la etnia y el comportamiento delictual.
Jóvenes y sucesos: Tratamiento informativo en la prensa digital española
Authors: Olivar de Julián Francisco Javier , Díaz-Campo Jesús
Published: October 2020

Esta investigación analiza los aspectos formales y emocionales de noticias sobre accidentes de tráfico, ahogamientos, caídas accidentales y suicidios relacionadas con jóvenes. La novedad del presente análisis radica en el estudio de la variable “víctima joven” en las noticias de sucesos de la prensa digital referido a las cuatro principales causas de muerte externas en España. Se han seleccionado seis periódicos generalistas digitales españoles: los diarios inmigrantes digitales elpais.com, elmundo.es, abc.es y lavanguardia.com y los diarios nativos digitales elconfidencial.com y 20minutos.es. Posteriormente, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido cuantitativo, recogiendo a través de Mynewsonline una muestra representativa de 4.733 piezas periodísticas. Desde un punto de vista deontológico se observa cómo los medios de comunicación aplican un tratamiento informativo diferente al colectivo joven frente al resto. Esto podría interpretarse como un reclamo de los medios para tratar de obtener más audiencia y un mayor beneficio económico.
Sports Journalism in Fiction Media: an Ethical Analysis Oriented to the Teaching of Professional Ethics
Authors: Montero Ramos Francisco Javier , López Talavera María Del Mar
Published: October 2020

Este artículo analiza películas y series que abordan el desempeño del periodismo deportivo para obtener un material que haga más atractivo el aprendizaje de la deontología en estudiantes de periodismo. El objetivo es integrar la ficción audiovisual en una metodología de enseñanza en el aula en la que la proyección de películas complemente la explicación teórica. Atendiendo al componente ético reflejado en las obras de ficción seleccionadas se procede a identificar escenas de interés. Mediante un análisis de contenido se extraen 55 ejemplos a partir de 23 películas y 2 series. Su significado es descrito para ilustrar 18 principios éticos del periodismo deportivo.
The NOVA system and ultra-processed foods in relation to consumer decision-making in foods choice
Authors: Angelovičová Mária , Zeleňáková Lucia , Zajác Peter , Čapla Jozef
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the study was to investigate strawberry yogurt according to the NOVA food classification system. The object of research were strawberry yogurts from 6 different manufacturers, which are commonly available to food consumers, were randomly selected to investigate food samples under the NOVA food classification system. Based on this food, we present a methodology for assessing food safety with the application of the procedure. At the same time, we justify the classified food to Group 4, i.e. one of the 4 groups according to the NOVA system of food classification on a scientific basis, knowledge from the scientific literature. The evaluated results of the labeling of strawberry yogurt from various producers indicate that they are all classified as ultra-processed foods. Their characteristic feature is that they are industrial products with five or more, and usually many, items. Strawberry yogurt samples from various manufacturers evaluated contained 7 to 12 specific items that are not basic raw material, i.e. unprocessed or minimally processed food of Group 1.
Investigating chemical changes during Snake fruit and Black tea Kombucha fermentation and the associated immunomodulatory activity in Salmonella typhi-infected mice
Authors: Zubaidah Elok , Valencia Vania , Rifa'i Muhaimin , Srianta Ignatius , Tewfik Ihab
Published: October 2020

This study uncovered the chemical changes during kombucha's fermentation process and revealed the associated immunomodulatory activity in Salmonella typhi-infected mice. The snake fruit juice and black tea extract were processed into kombucha (a beverage known for its health benefits) by fermentation with SCOBY culture at room temperature for  14 days. Snake fruit kombucha showed high changes in fermentation parameters (total acidity, pH, and total sugar), as well as bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Salmonella typhi demonstrated a reduction in the population of CD8+TNFα+ and CD4+IFNγ+ of infected experimental animals. Both snake fruit kombucha and black tea kombucha have the potential to be utilized as an immunomodulator to circumvent unstable conditions of the immune system caused by Salmonella typhi. Black tea kombucha and snake fruit kombucha cancan raise the production of CD8+TNFα+ and CD4+IFNγ+ in mice infected with Salmonella typhi. In the group of normal mice, black tea and snake fruit kombucha were able to lower down the production of CD8+TNFα+, which is a potent mechanism to modulate the immune system. Further research is required to highlight the mechanism and role of black tea kombucha and snake fruit kombucha in the immune response that modulates and treats infection by Salmonella typhi.
Enhancing organizational commitment by exploring job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence
Authors: Romi Mochamad Vrans , Soetjipto Noer , Widaningsih Sri , Manik Ester , Riswanto Ari
Published: October 2020

Problems related to emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment in the world of education, especially lecturers in providing services for students is relevant in the analysis for the sustainability of the quality of an institution. Thus, this study aims to analyze the increase in organizational commitment in Indonesia by involving 371 lecturers from 19 universities in Bandung. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS was employed in selecting the sample. The results explain emotional intelligence had positive effects on organizational citizenship behavior and on organizational commitment, and job satisfaction had positive effects on organizational citizen-ship behavior and on organizational commitment. Organizational citizenship behavior was empirically proven to have a positive effect on organizational commitment. In examining the mediating variable, the results show that emotional intelligence positively influenced the organizational commitment through organizational citizenship, and that job satisfaction had a positive effect on organizational commitment through organizational citizenship behavior as a mediating variable.