bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial agents derived from fatty acids
Authors: Kabara John J.
Published: July 2007

The author reviews his research, since 1966, for the ideal germicide. The relationship between structure of fatty acids, their corresponding esters, and antimicrobial activity is presented. Saturated fatty acids have their highest activity when the chain length is twelve carbons (C12) long; monounsaturated fatty acids reach their peak with palmitoleic acid (C16∶1); the most active polyunsaturated fatty acid is linoleic.Trans isomers are not active against microorganisms. The esterification of fatty acids to monohydric alcohols leads to inactive derivatives, whereas esterification to polyhydric alcohols increases biological activity. Examples of glycerol and sucrose esters are reviewed. In general, the lauroyl derivatives are the most active. A few examples of esters as active pharmacological agents against organisms causing bovine mastitis are presented as well as the use of monolaurin (Lauricidin®) as cosmetic and food preservatives. The safety and efficacy of fatty acid esters as potential germicides offer new and expanded roles for oleochemicals.
Filler surface treatment with hydrophobic esters
Authors: Naughton Frank C.
Published: July 2007

The use of fillers in polyolefin polymer composites has escalated in recent years in conjunction with the need for improved physical properties and the increased costs of petroleum‐based polymers. Fillers, used as inert extenders and reinforcing agents, present problems when added to organic polymers that are different in chemical nature and physical form. Use of surface‐treatment additives has been developed to overcome problems that originate in the interfacial region where the organic resin phase must wet out the inorganic filler being compounded. Achieving optimal physical and chemical properties in a filled compound, by the use of hydrophobic esters derived from castor oil as wetting and encapsulating agents, was evaluated. The hydrophobic esters improved the dispersion and distribution of filler particles throughout the organic medium. The surface treatment with the ester resulted in a lowering of viscosity and better ability to control the rheology of the compound, raise the extender filler loadings and an upgrading of mechanical properties of the filled resin. It was shown that the use of hydrophobic esters as a surface filler treatment resulted in increased tensile strength, higher impact strength and improved processing of filled polymer composites.
Palm oil fatty acids in soap and detergent formulations
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. K. , Chatterjee B
Published: July 2007

Palm oil fatty acids can be used in increasing quantities in combination with selected minor oils from Indian in making lower cost laundry or toilet soaps and derivatives suitable for use as surface‐active compounds in many formulations. Experimental soap formulations using palm oil products and indigenous fats are provided.
Hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Pryde E. H.
Published: July 2007

When hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty materials is done with rhodium‐triphenyl phosphine (or phosphite) catalysts, a number of advantages become apparent compared to cobalt carbonyl‐catalyzed reactions. With rhodium, the reaction can be carried out (a) at pressures as low as 200 psi, (b) at each double bond location in a polyunsaturated fatty acid, and (c) in high yield and conversion. Solubilized catalyst can be recovered from distillation residue and readsorbed on spent catalyst support by thermal treatment in a rotary kiln. The reconstituted catalyst is more active than the original catalyst and can be recycled indefinitely at a relatively low cost. Recently developed supports for “homogeneous” catalysis may make catalyst recovery even more effective. Acetalation, oxidation with air to polycarboxylic acids and catalytic hydrogenation to hydroxymethyl compounds can be done easily and in high yield on mono‐, di‐ and triformyl derivatives alike. Other reactions investigated for monoformyl fatty esters include reductive amination to form aminomethyl derivatives and Tollen's condensation with formaldehyde to form geminal,bis‐hydroxymethyl compounds. although the Northern Center has carried out some basic investigations on the hydroformylation reaction and on the chemistry of the hydroformylated products, there is a great deal more that can be done with regard to synthesis of new compounds and development of new applications.
Metathesis of fatty acid esters
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Mol J. C.
Published: July 2007

In metathesis reactions, unsaturated compounds are converted into new compounds via an exchange of alkylidene groups: 2 RCH=CHR′⇌RCH=CHR+R′CH=CHR′ Since its discovery in 1964, this catalytic reaction has found several large‐scale applications in petrochemistry. One of the most promising synthetic applications of metathesis is to functionalized olefins such as unsaturated esters, ethers, amines, etc., because this allows single‐step syntheses of a variety of mono‐ and difunctional hydrocarbon derivatives. Unfortunately, however, most metathesis catalysts are easily poisoned by polar groups. In 1972 in our institute, the WCl6‐(CH3)4Sn system was found to be effective as a catalyst for monogeneous metathesis of fatty acid esters. Thus methyl oleate was converted into 9‐octadecene and dimethyl 9‐octadecene dioate, starting materials for the synthesis of valuable chemical products. In 1977 we developed a heterogeneous catalyst system: Re2O7 on Al2O3, activated with a small amout of (CH3)4Sn. Systematic research has led to intersting applications of metathesis and cometathesis reactions with these catalysts. An example is the cometathesis of methyl oleate with ethene, to produce shorter‐chain compounds with terminal double bonds: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOCH3+CH2=CH2⇌CH2=CH(CH2)7CH3+CH2=CH(CH2)7COOCH3 Cometathesis of olive oil (mainly triolein) with ethene opens the possibility of producing both α‐olefins in the C10 range and fatty oils with lower molecular weight (palm oil type). Until now, metathesis of fatty esters has been restricted mainly to synthetic purposes. Large‐scale applications depend mainly on the development of more active and cheaper catalyst systems.
Hydrozirconation for unsaturated fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Alvhäll J. , Gronowitz S. , Hallberg A. , Svenson R.
Published: July 2007

In the hydrozirconation reaction, developed by Schwartz and coworkers,bis(π‐cyclopentadienyl) zirconium hydridochloride Cp2‐Zr(H)Cl, is added to the double bond of an olefin. The organozirconium intermediate can be functionalized by reaction with a variety of electrophiles such as oxygen, halogens, acetyl chloride and carbon monoxide. Furthermore, the double bond can be reformed by treatment with a hydride acceptor such as triphenylmethyl tetrafluoroborate. When a short‐chain internal olefin is hydrozirconated, the initially formed alkylzirconium intermediate is rapidly isomerized to a compound in which the zirconium moiety is bound to the sterically least hindered position, which most often is the terminal position. The isomerization occurs rapidly at room temperature in contrast to the corresponding organoboron or aluminum compounds, which slowly positionally rearrange only at elevated temperatures. Because of the facile isomerization of internal alkylzirconium compounds to the terminal ones, we investigated application of the reaction to unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and erucic acids. However, reactions on long‐chain alkenes (such as oleic acid) are frequently much slower than those conducted on shorter‐chain alkenes, and attention must be given to optimizing the reaction conditions if good yields are to be obtained. It would also be necessary to find an easily removable protecting group for the carboxylic function, as Cp2Zr(H)Cl reduces carboxylic acids to alcohols. We found that the 4,4‐dimethyl‐2oxazoline function is a suitable protecting. group, and therefore synthesized the oxazolines from oleic acid and erucic acid. Hydrozirconation of the 4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazoline of oleic acid followed by oxidation witht‐butyl hydroperoxide and conversion to methyl esters, gave methyl 3‐hydroxy and methyl 18‐hydroxy stearate in 13% and 17% yield, respectively. The relatively low yield is due to competing hydrogenation, the mechanism of which is discussed. Recent results indicate that the carboxyl group can be protected ast‐butyl esters in the hydrozirconation and that oleyl alcohol derivatives can also be used. To understand the isomerization pattern in hydrozirconation, the reaction with α,β‐ and β,γ‐unsaturated fatty acid oxazolines is discussed. Possibilities of making the hydrozirconation reaction catalytic by binding of the hydrozirconation reagent to a solid support as well as the synthetic potential in combining hydrozirconation with the olefin metathesis reaction are briefly reviewed.
Microbial conversions of alkanes and fatty acids
Authors: Ratledge Colin
Published: July 2007

Alkanes are attacked readily by a wide variety of microorganisms. The most frequently encountered mode of oxidation is for one of the terminal methyl groups to be oxidized, through the alkanol, then the alkanal, to the corresponding fatty acid. Alkanes may be attacked subterminally also, and various ketones as well as the corresponding secondary alcohols can be produced. Subsequent degradation of these ketones occurs via introduction of oxygen into the chain to give a corresponding ester, which is then hydrolyzed to give a primary alkanol 2 carbon atoms shorter than the original alkane. The fatty acids arising by either route of oxidation, or by gratuitous introduction to the microbial system, may be oxidized by: (a) β‐oxidation to give a number of acetyl‐CoA units—intermediates of the process cannot be isolated from this pathway due to the tightly coupled nature of the substrates to the enzymes; (b) α‐oxidation; or (c) oxidation at the other end of the molecule. In the latter case, ω‐ and ω—1‐hydroxyfatty acids can be produced. ω‐Hydroxyfatty acids are subsequently oxidized to give dicarboxylic acids, which can be isolated, sometimes in high yield, by use of appropriate microbial mutants lacking in certain of the key metabolizing enzymes. With some yeasts, the fatty acids, including the ω‐hydroxyfatty acids, can be esterified to various sugars to give a series of glycolipids. In some cases, wax esters are formed between fatty acid and alkanol; these wax esters can include diunsaturated molecules having a close chemical similarity to those of sperm whale and jojoba oils. Various recent innovations have occurred using isolated enzyme systems which can be used in transesterification reactions to convert cheap triacylglycerols into high value added commodities such as cocoa butter.
Straight‐chain fatty acids from alcohols, olefins, and ziegler intermediates
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V.
Published: July 2007

Six synthetic routes to straight‐chain saturated fatty acids other than from saturated hydrocarbons currently in research and development within the petrochemical industry are discussed and evaluated and the prospects for each reviewed in the light of advantages and disadvantages for each.
New technology involving nonfatty basestocks at Armour
Authors: Reck Richard A.
Published: July 2007

Use of nonfatty raw materials for the production of a variety of new aliphatic chemical derivatives are discussed, including petroleumderived olefins, which are converted by Armour Industrial Chemical Co. to so‐called “β‐Amines.”
Nutritional properties of medium‐chain triglycerides
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Johnson Ruth Ellen
Published: July 2007

The biological effects of MCT (medium‐chain triglycerides) differed from those of conventional fats, and certain of these suggested examination of the fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of the adipose tissues and other organs of rats which were fed medium‐ or long‐chain triglyceride mixtures with two levels of linoleic acid. Fatty acid compositions and TG patterns varied with the tissue, with the dietary fat, and with the level of linoleate in the diet. Increasing the latter resulted in the deposition of more linoleate at the expense of oleate and in the deposition of more of the dietary fatty acids. The percentage of completely saturated triglyc‐erides (S3), in adipose tissue with the higher linoleate supplement in the rats fed MCT, decreased in those fed LCT and was unchanged in the controls fed a fat‐free diet. The increased deposition of the dietary fatty acids was more pronounced in the S3 band.
Medium‐chain triglycerides—their composition, preparation, and application
Authors: Babayan V. K.
Published: July 2007

Medium‐chain triglycerides, prepared from fractionated fatty acids of vegetable oils ranging from caproic to lauric, have been prepared and used in the treatment of patients suffering from malabsorption syndromes. Commercial practices for processing of the kernel oils to obtain such fractionation of fatty acids are described, and the practical sources for such medium‐chain fatty acids are given. Medium‐chain esters of synthetic fatty acids and modifications of such esters for special medicinal and nutritional uses are suggested for future consideration and application.
Nutritional evaluation of medium‐chain triglycerides in the rat
Authors: Harkins Robert W. , Sarett Herbert P.
Published: July 2007

Nutritional evaluation of a medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) preparation, containing about 75% octanoic acid and 25% decanoic acid, was carried out in short‐ and long‐term experiments in rats. A casein diet containing 19.6% MCT and 2.5% safflower oil, the latter to supply essential fatty acids, was compared with similar diets containing conventional dietary fats. Data obtained in a 47‐week study showed that the MCT diet supported normal growth and development. At autopsy, carcass protein and ash levels, vital organ weights and composition were similar to those in rats fed conventional fats. Histological study showed that intestinal and liver sections were normal after 47 weeks on the MCT‐containing diet. In general, rats fed MCT had slightly lower growth rates and caloric efficiency values, less carcass fat and smaller epididymal fat pads than animals fed conventional dietary fats. Little C8 and C10 were found in depot fat. The MCT diet also supported normal reproducton, as indicated by litter size and number. During lactation the volume of milk secreted by the rats receiving the MCT diet was smaller and contained a lower level of fat than that secreted by the rats receiving an oleo oil diet, resulting in slower gains in weight in the MCT group. After weaning, growth of the rats fed MCT compared favorably with that attained by the animals on the diet containing oleo oil.
Distribution modes and possible origins of sheep wool hydrocarbons
Authors: Simmonds P. G. , Nooner D. W. , Zlatkis A. , Oro J.
Published: July 2007

An unusual mode of distribution of low‐molecular‐weight n‐alkanes (C11‐C15) with a slight even carbon‐number predominance has been observed in the gas Chromatographic analysis of the paraffin fraction which was extracted from the wool of live sheep. This is in addition to the other two modes of medium‐, C15‐C24, and high‐, C24‐C33, molecular‐weight alkanes usually present in wool wax which have also been found in sheep's manure. The high‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons (predominantly odd carbon‐numbered) are presumed to be derived from the diet (pasture plants) whereas the other two hydrocarbon distributions probably result from the combined action of animal and microbial metabolism.
Whiteness and fluorescence of fabrics
Authors: Nieuwenhuis K. J.
Published: July 2007

A method was devised for measuring the whiteness of fabrics containing optical brighteners. It is simple in operation and gives excellent agreement with the visual appraisal by 27 observers of the whiteness for fabrics with different values for their fluorescence, lightness, yellowness or blueness, and redness or greenness. The fabrics contained different quantities of various blues and optical brighteners.

Apart from duplicates it requires only four measurements for each surface, viz., lightness, tristimulus amber and blue reflectance, and the tristimulus blue part of the fluorescent light. Yellowness or blueness, redness or greenness, fluorescence effect on the whiteness, whiteness without fluorescence, and whiteness including fluorescence are calculated from the measurements.

The method also indicates which fabrics cannot be called “near white” because they are too gray or too strongly colored. It can be adapted to different compositions of the incident light with regard to the relative intensity of the ultraviolet and visible portions.
Evaluation method for agglomerating properties of granular detergents
Authors: Nagai Toshio , Onzuka Hiromu
Published: July 2007

A new method for evaluating the agglomerating property of granular detergents was devised. It is useful for comparing commercial products, screening new products, and for studying anticaking agents. This method differs from prior methods, as detergent is fluidized by conditioned air in a reverse conical tower, and agglomeration is evaluated from the lowering of level of fluidized particles because of agglomeration. The height of the fluidized particles is inversely proportional to particle size, and the level of fluidized particles becomes lower more rapidly with ease of agglomeration. The coefficient of variation (σ/−x) of the method is about 10%, and it is shown that the method coincides with the tendency of detergents to agglomerate in the carton.
Crambe seed processing. improved feed meal by soda ash treatment
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Kirk L. D. , Griffin E. L. , Clanton D. C.
Published: July 2007

Crambe seed, like rapeseed, is characterized by having thioglucosides and perhaps other antigrowth factors that diminish feed value and palatability. A soda ash cooking process was developed that modifies the thioglucosides in crambe meal and significantly improves its feeding value. Destruction of the undesirable thioglucoside fraction of the meal was demonstrated, not only by paper Chromatographic changes but also by negative results in tests which were based on conversion of the thioglucoside to thiooxazolidone. Sodium carbonate, added at a level of 1.4% (whole seed basis), destroys both the goitrin precursor,epi‐progoitrin thioglucoside, and the ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in the meal, at least one of which is associated with bitterness. Animal‐feeding tests demonstrated the improved palatability and nutritional quality of the meal.
Beta‐Amines
Authors: McCorkle Miles R. , DuBrow Paul L. , Marsh Byron E.
Published: July 2007

Petroleum‐based olefins are the source of a new series of alkylated amines. These constitute a series of more liquid, more soluble secondary alkyl primary amines and assorted cationic derivatives. Isomer distribution, physical property and application data are presented.
Synthesis ofcis 9, 15‐, 8, 15‐, and 7, 15‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Stroink J. B. A. , Sparreboom S.
Published: July 2007

In connection with the study of autoxidation of someiso‐linoleic acids, the 9,15‐, 8,15‐, and 7,15‐octadecadienoic acids have been synthesized by partial hydrogenation of the corresponding diynoic acids. These acids were prepared by coupling ३‐iodo‐3‐alkynes with ३‐chloro‐1‐alkynes by means of sodium amide in liquid ammonia to form ३‐chlorohexadiynes, followed by condensation of the corresponding iodine compounds with sodium malonic ester.
Thin‐layer chromatographic determination of antioxidants by the stable free radical ॅ, ॅ′‐diphenyl‐ॆ‐picrylhydrazyl
Authors: Glavind J. , Holmer G.
Published: July 2007

The reaction between the stable free radical ॅ,ॅ′‐diphenyl‐ॆ‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and antioxidants can be used for the visualization of antioxidants in thin‐layer chromatography. Amounts of tocopherols down to 0.5 ॖg can be detected. The identification of tocopherols in oils and other natural products and of synthetic antioxidants, added to lard, are described. Saponification is not required. Quantitative analyses of े‐tocopherol give satisfactory results.
Iso‐linoleic acids responsible for the formation of the hardening flavor
Authors: Keppler J. G. , Horikx M. M. , Meijboom P. W. , Feenstra W. H.
Published: July 2007

The hardening flavor that develops in hydrogenated linseed oil and soybean oils during storage was recently identified as 6‐nonenal. According to the theory of Farmer, certainiso‐linoleic acids must be the precursors of this unsaturated aldehyde. By means of oxidation experiments on 9,15‐, 8,15‐, and 7,15‐iso‐linoleic acids, it was established that only the first twoiso‐acids are the precursors of this typical flavor.
Interesterification products and processes
Authors: Going Louis H.
Published: July 2007

Interesterification as applied to fats and oils is a process whereby the fatty, acid moieties of glyceride molecules are rearranged in a random or directed manner. Either type of rearrangement may involve production of new triglyceride compositions in a predictable manner. A number of patented processes for accomplishing interesterification are discussed. Effective rearrangement catalysts are listed. Typical applications to commercial products are reviewed.
Minicolumn chromatography: State of the art
Authors: Holaday C. E.
Published: July 2007

It was recognized in the early 1960s that a rapid screening method for aflatoxin was needed. Holaday first proposed the minicolumn chromatography method as a rapid screening method in 1968. Since that time, many improvements have been made in this method. The latest minicolumn method has a limit of detection of 5μg/kg and can be completed in 5‐7 min. The minicolumn technique has been expanded to include screening commodities other than peanuts for aflatoxin, as well as for other mycotoxins including ochratoxin, zearalenone and aflatoxin M 1.
Pons scaled‐down clean‐up column adapted for use in solvent‐saving modification of the CB method for aflatoxin
Authors: Lee L. S. , Catalano E. A.
Published: July 2007

The solvent‐saving procedure devised by Pons using a small Chromatographie tube (Bio‐Rad Laboratories glass Econo‐Column, 10 mm id X 300 mm long) has been adapted and extended for use in modifications of the Official AOAC procedure for quantitative determination of aflatoxins in corn, peanuts, soybeans, coconut and pistachios. Thirty mL of each of 3 solvents for column washes was used instead of the 150 mL specified by the Official CB Method. The analytical aliquot was also reduced 80%, but sample size and extracting solvent volume were not changed, so that there was no loss in sensitivity. Toxins ranging from 3 to over 1,000μg/g of sample were quantitated after clean‐up using both procedures with no statistically significant difference between results.
Preparation of14C‐labeled aflatoxins and incorporation of unlabeled aflatoxins in a blocked versicolorin‐A‐accumulating mutant ofaspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Floyd J. C. , Bennett J. W.
Published: July 2007

We have compared 2 methods for preparing radiolabeled aflatoxins from [14C] acetate for use in biosynthetic studies at the end of the aflatoxin pathway. The Salhab‐Edwards method (SE) used a 3‐day‐old mycelium and a defined medium containing MnCl2 with incubation at 28 C. The Lee‐Bennett method (LB) used a 2‐day‐old mycelium and a defined medium containing low levels of Mn with incubation at 30 C. Generally, the LB method produced lower quantities of aflatoxin but the product had higher specific activities (sp act). The SE method produced 0.157μmol of aflatoxin B1 and 0.028μmol of G1 compared to the LB method with 0.058μmol of aflatoxin B1 and 0.001μmol of G1. The sp act (inμCi/μmol) for aflatoxin produced by the LB method were: B1 = 1.379; B2 = 0.130; G1 = 5.0 and G2 ‐ 0.063. The sp act of aflatoxin produced by the SE method were: B1 = 0.267; B2 = 0.014; G1 = 0.178; and G2 =0.133. Unlabeled aflatoxins were presented to resting cell cultures of the versicolorin‐A‐accumulating mutant ofAspergillus parasiticus. No conversion of aflatoxin B, was noted. However, when aflatoxins B2 or G1 were presented low levels of aflatoxins B1 and G2 were recovered. Aflatoxins B2 and G1 were recovered when aflatoxin G2 was presented. Similar low levels of recovery were obtained in experiments using autoclaved mycelia. Thus we conclude that these minor quantities of aflatoxins recovered were not produced enzymatically.
Effect ofβ‐lonone onaspergillus flavus andaspergillus parasiticus growth, sporulation, morphology and aflatoxin production
Authors: Wilson D. M. , Gueldner R. C. , Mckinney J. K. , Lievsay R. H. , Evans B. D. , Hill R. A.
Published: July 2007

The ketoneβ‐ionone is reported to be one of the naturally occurring volatile metabolites of developing corn ears. In testing the effects of volatile compounds onAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus, we found thatβ‐ionone applied to the surface of PDA plates had a striking inhibition of growth and sporulation of these fungi. The colonies were restricted, remained buff‐colored and had little or no sporulation. There were major effects on the morphology of the asexual reproductive structures. The conidiophore development was arrested and normal sporulation did not occur. Mycelial transfers from these atypical cultures to potato dextrose agar had normal growth and conidia. Incorporation ofβ‐ionone at levels of 10‐1000μL/L, in liquid media seeded with spore suspensions ofA. parasiticus (NRRL 2999) severely depressed aflatoxin accumulation in shake culture.
Effect of drought on occurrence ofaspergillus flavus in maturing peanuts
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Hill R. A. , Cole R. J. , Blankenship P. D.
Published: July 2007

Florunner peanuts were grown in experimental plots with soil moisture and soil temperature modified during the last third of the growing period to produce drought, drought with cooled soil, irrigated and irrigated with heated soil treatments. Twice each week, beginning 97 days after planting, random samples were harvested and maturities of individual pods were determined without destroying pod integrity. The nature and quantity of the microflora associated with the pods and kernels were subsequently assessed. Drought and lower soil temperature resulted in maturity distributions containing higher proportions of immature pods. On peanuts with no visible damage to the pod or kernel, colonization byAspergillus flavus was more frequent in immature than mature kernels. Drought stress increased the incidence ofA. flavus and irrigation decreased it, except when soil temperatures were modified.A. flavus infestation was greatly increased at all maturity levels by pod damage.
Bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence and aflatoxin in recently harvested yellow corn marketed in north carolina
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Whitaker T. B.
Published: July 2007

Corn kernels that exhibited bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence (BGYF) under long‐wave ultraviolet light were hand‐picked from samples of yellow corn produced in eastern North Carolina. The BGYF kernels from 113 4‐kg samples contained an average of 8665 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin compared to an average of 46 ppb in the non‐BGYF kernels. A regression analysis between the ppb aflatoxin concentration and the wt % BGYF kernels in 2,304 4.5‐kg samples produced the regression equation: ppb in sample =197 (wt % BGYF). The correlation coefficient for the analysis was 0.90. Testing programs to reduce aflatoxin concentrations in purchased lots of corn based on either the BGYF method or the AOAC chemical assay method were compared. The average aflatoxin concentration in lots accepted by the AOAC method was 4 ppb, 10 ppb or 18 ppb when an acceptance level of < 20 ppb, < 50 ppb or < 100 ppb, respectively, was used. For the BGYF method, the average aflatoxin concentration in accepted lots was 10 ppb, 16 ppb or 22 ppb when an acceptance level of < 0.10% BGYF, < 0.25% BGYF or < 0.50% BGYF, respectively, was used. Approximately the same percentage of lots were accepted by both methods when either the low, medium or high acceptance level was used.
Effect of genotype (open‐pollinated vs hybrid) and environment on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize grown in southeastern united states
Authors: Stoloff L. , Lillehoj F. B.
Published: July 2007

Currently popular maize hybrids were compared with open‐pollinated varieties grown in die Southeast prior to 1940 for susceptibility to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Parallel planting were made of 4 hybrids and 8 varieties at 8 locations, most located in the Southeast, in both 1979 and 1980. The test ears, dried immediately after picking, were examined for insect damage (1980 only) and the ground, shelled kernels analyzed for aflatoxins. Aflatoxin incidence and levels were positively related to location and crop year, but not to genotype, except for one variety that was significantly more susceptible to aflatoxin contamination than the others. There was no correlation of aflatoxin occurrence with either drought stress or maximal temperature during the period between flowering and harvest, but insect damage did correlate to some extent with the severity of contamination in 1980 both in relation to genotype and to location, except for the one location (Florence, SC) at which the most severe contamination was encountered. The severity of contamination at this location could not be explained by any of the known or hypothetical factors that have been developed.
Aflatoxin in freshly harvested 1979 georgia corn and formation after collection
Authors: Shotwell O. L. , Kwolek W. F. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: July 2007

In the crop year 1979, freshly harvested dent corn was coUected at maturity in 57 sets of 2 equivalent samples/set. One set was dried the day of collection in Georgia and the other set was shipped to Peoria in corrugated cardboard boxes before drying, The set that was not dried in Georgia was shelled and dried as soon as possible after arrival in Peoria to prevent further aflatoxin formation. Both sets of samples were analyzed randomly at the Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria. In 22 Peoria‐dried samples, aflatoxin was detected in levels ranging from 2 to 449 ng/g total toxin but was not detected in the matching samples dried die same day of collection in Georgia. It took an average of 7 days to ship samples from Georgia. Of the 57 samples dried in Georgia, 63% were negative for aflatoxin; aflatoxin was below violative levels (>20 ng/g) in 82%; the average aflatoxin level in all samples was 36 ng/g. In the matching 57 samples dried in Peoria after shipment, aflatoxin was detected in all but 37%; aflatoxin was below violative levels in 70% of the samples; the average aflatoxin level in all samples that had been dried later was 78 ng/g. There was a significant increase in aflatoxin‐positive samples associated with shipment prior to drying. These results indicate that aflatoxin formed during shipment of the 1979 freshly harvested corn samples from Georgia.
A national survey of mycotoxins in canada
Authors: Andrews R. I. , Thompson B. K. , Trenholm H. L.
Published: July 2007

Mycotoxin contamination of animal feedstuffs continues to be an area of concern in various regions of Canada. A survey of research institutions across Canada revealed that the mycotoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, tricothecenes and aflatoxin, have been detected in suspected feed samples. These mycotoxins have produced mycotoxicoses in poultry, hogs and cattle. Estrogenic syndromes in hogs may be caused by the ingestion of zearalenone produced by Fusarium molds on grain com grown in southern Ontario. Overwintered barley contaminated with T‐2 toxin was suspected in an outbreak of fusariotoxicoses in swine in northern Alberta. Central and eastern Canada, which seem to be the major focus of mycotoxin occurrence, will be the object of further field level examination to discover patterns of occurrence and economic impact.
Survey of vomitoxin contamination of the 1980 white winter wheat crop in ontario, canada
Authors: Trenholm H. L. , Cochrane W. P. , Cohen H. , Elliot J. I. , Farnworth E. R. , Friend D. W. , Hamilton R. M. G. , Neish G. A. , Standish J. F.
Published: July 2007

During the summer of 1980, there was a great deal of rainfall and high humidity in southwestern Ontario. Sprouting of the kernels on plants in the field and pink discoloration down‐graded the white winter wheat crop. Samples were submitted to Agriculture Canada from elevators and boats loading wheat for export. Chemical analyses indicated low levels of vomitoxin, with some analytical results as high as 8.5 ppm. A series of feeding trials was initiated with contaminated wheat (1.0 ppm vomitoxin) to determine effects on swine and poultry. Swine diets containing 0.3 and 0.7 ppm vomitoxin resulted in decreased feed consumption and weight gains. Poultry were fed similar levels of vomitoxin without any serious effects. Gross examination of internal organs at the termination of the subacute studies revealed no apparent toxic effects. Several farmers reported feed refusal, vomiting and death in their livestock. Chemical analyses, in general, revealed relatively low levels of vomitoxin. In one case, the level of vomitoxin (0.95 ppm) in the feed was high enough to be a possible contributing factor in the observed ill effects.
Decontamination of aflatoxin‐contaminated peanut meal using monomethylamine:Ca(0H)2
Authors: Park D. L. , Jemmali M. , Frayssinet C. , Lafarge‐Frayssinet C. , Yvon M.
Published: July 2007

Radiolabeled aflatoxin B1 was added to naturally contaminated peanut meal, and the fate of aflatoxin‐related by‐products after decontamination by monomethylamine:Ca(OH)2 was monitored. The decontamination process resulted in a 94‐100% reduction in aflatoxin levels, depending on the level of contamination and the chemical structure of the aflatoxin. Following air drying and extractions with chloroform/water, methanol, acetic acid and water, the majority (69‐86%) of the, decontamination by‐products remained with the residue. Significant amounts of aflatoxin B1, (12%) and aflatoxin‐related compounds (27%) were liberated from the residue after enzymic digestion. Isolation and identification studies revealed a wide variety of aflatoxin‐related decontamination by‐products. High performance liquid and thin layer Chromatographie separation of chloroform‐soluble compounds revealed compounds that exhibited some degree of toxicity. Comparative toxicity tests showed that, although some decontamination by‐products exhibited elevated responses to specific toxicity tests, the relative toxicity was inferior to aflatoxin B1. The moisture, protein and nitrogen levels did not change significantly. There was a significant change in the mold flora following the decontamination process, and the product was susceptible to recontamination.
Aflatoxin‐induced alteration in soybean membrane protein
Authors: Dashek W. V. , Walker S. J. , Adelstein L. , Danley J. M. , O'rear C. E. , Mills R. R. , Llewellyn G. C.
Published: July 2007

Isolates of aflatoxin‐producing strains ofAspergillus can grow on Glycine max beans. Furthermore, both mixed aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1 inhibit the elongation of both attached and excised G. max roots. In addition, the toxin inhibits the capacity of the excised roots to take up [14C]leucine. This suggests that the toxin may inhibit the activity of an uptake system responsible for uptake of low‐molecular‐weight (MW) compounds by possibly altering membrane structure and/or function. In this connection, incubation of excised roots in media containing either mixed aflatoxins or aflatoxin B1 results in a diminution of acid‐insoluble protein, but neither sterol nor lipid phosphorus levels, of an 80,000 X g pellet (purported “crude” plasmalemma fraction). To provide preliminary evidence that mixed aflatoxins can decrease the amount of a specific plasmalemma protein (which might regulate the uptake of low‐MW compounds), we incubated roots with and without mixed aflatoxins and then gel‐filtrated integral proteins which were released by detergents from 80,000 X g pellets that had been obtained by differential centrifugation of Miracloth filtrates. The released proteins were gelfiltrated on Sephadex G‐100 columns. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X‐100 and Tween 20 each solubilized greater than 85% of the pellet's protein. Gel filtration yielded 280 nm absorbing void volume and retarded peaks for substances which were either precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (total protein) or solubilized by detergents (integral protein) from pellets that were derived from aflatoxin‐treated and nontreated roots. The amounts of protein which were recovered within column void volumes following gel filtration of 80,000 X g, acid‐precipitable protein were not significantly different for treated and nontreated roots, suggesting that incubation of roots with aflatoxins does not reduce the pellet's content of an acid‐precipitable, high‐MW (100,000 or more) protein. However, this conclusion is highly tentative as less than 15% of the acid‐insoluble protein which was layered onto the column was recovered. The amplitude of the void volume peaks for detergent‐released proteins from treated roots was consistently less than that for nontreated roots, suggesting that treatment of roots with aflatoxins diminishes the “crude” plasmalemma fraction's content of high‐MW protein(s). This suggestion was supported through calculation of the amounts of protein which were recovered within both the void volume and retarded peaks and comparing these to the total protein levels that were recovered from the columns. The amount of protein which was found within the void volume peak following gel filtration of either Triton X‐100 or Tween 20‐released proteins from pellets that were derived from treated roots was less than that for nontreated roots.
Hepatotoxicity of the mycotoxin penicillic acid: A pharmacokinetics consideration
Authors: Chan P. K. , Hayes A. W.
Published: July 2007

The hepatotoxicity of penicillic acid (PA), a carcinogenic mycotoxin, was substantiated by a variety of hepatic functional tests. Involvement of an active metabolite as the toxic species was proposed. The toxicity of PA was dependent on the route of administration with intraperitoneal (ip) being the most toxic followed by intravenous (iv) and oral. This difference in toxicity was explained by the kinetic data for PA if liver were assumed to be the site of activation. One‐, 2‐ and 3‐compartment open models were proposed to fit the plasma parent compound concentration after oral, ip, and iv administration of PA. Liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and spleen contained more radioactivity than brain, fat and muscle after [14C] ‐ PA administration. Only a fraction of the radioactivity in the blood was detected as the parent compound. Most of the recovered radioactivity in the kidneys and liver was in the cytosol fraction. [14C]PA was readily metabolized in the liver. The metabolites were excreted in the bile and effectively cleared by the kidneys. Fecal and respiratory CO2 were minor excretory routes. Over 90% of the urinary and 99% of the biliary metabolites were not extracted with polar organic solvents. Three water‐soluble metabolites (derived from GSH or cysteine) were resolved by HPLC in urine and bile. About 10% of the urinary metabolites were detected as glucuronide conjugates. These data supported the hypothesis that an active metabolite which can be detoxified by GSH is involved in the toxicity of PA.
The co‐dominance theory: Genetic interpretations of analyses of mesocarp oils fromelaeis guineensis,elaeis oleifera and their hybrids
Authors: Ong S. H. , Chuah C. C. , Sow H. P.
Published: July 2007

Determination of the fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of the F,(Elaeis guineensis X E. oleifera), F2 and the backcross hybrid mesocarp oils demonstrated that most fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of oils from hybrid palms are intermediate between those of their respective parentals. These data, as well as the acyl group (saturated/palmitate and unsaturated/oleate) distribution of triglycerides of the F2 mesocarp oils provide genetic proof for codominance in the F2 generation which shows a characteristic segregation into the co‐dominance ratio of 1:2:1 (i.e., 1 E.guineensis: 2 F1 hybrid: 1E. oleifera). Similar analyses into the backcross hybrid mesocarp oils on the whole confirmed co‐dominance when the backcross ratio of 1:1 was obtained. These results are used to develop the Co‐Dominance Theory ofElaeis palm hybridization which makes successful predictions for mesocarp oils from the different hybrid palms.
Desolventizing‐toasting of extracted soybean flakes: Development of pilot plant equipment and operational procedure
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Mustakas G. C. , Baker E. C.
Published: July 2007

A pilot plant batch desolventizer‐toaster (D‐T) was designed and built with the intent of producing soybean meals of varied composition, as well as to simulate meals produced in a continuous commercial D‐T unit. Trial runs were made first to determine workable loading levels, temperature control and sparge steam generation. Moisture levels after the steam sparge were influenced by the residual hexane content of defatted hexane‐wet flakes reaching the D‐T. Two moisture levels were used in testing the effectiveness of the toasting operations in producing flakes with low urease activity and trypsin inhibitor levels. The trial runs reported here also provide basic data for current work designed to optimize toasting procedures to produce suitable meals for ongoing animal nutrition studies.
Effect of food emulsifiers on crystal structure and habit of stearic acid
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Sarig S.
Published: July 2007

Several food emulsifiers have been found to serve as crystal structure modifiers for stearic acid crystallized from various organic solvents. Stearic acid that usually precipitates under appropriate crystallization conditions as the B‐ form is converted into the C‐ form when 1‐ 5% of sorbitan esters or ethoxylated sorbitan esters of fatty acids are present in the solution. Other emulsifiers such as polyglycerol esters, bdsubstituted monoglycerides and sucrose esters of fatty acids consisting of bulky hydrophilic groups are also effective emulsifiers in preserving the C‐ form of the crystallized stearic acid. The active emulsifiers modify the external crystal habit of stearic acid. Mass spectrograph analysis indicates that sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) is precipitated with the stearic acid.
Quality, morphology and storability of canola and rapeseed harvested after overwintering in Northern Alberta
Authors: Daun J. K. , Cooke L. A. , Clear R. M.
Published: July 2007

Samples of canola and rapeseed harvested after over‐wintering in Northern Alberta were compared to samples of fall‐harvested seed from the same area. Spring‐harvested seed had a weathered appearance due to changes in the epidermis and received lower grades than the unweathered fall‐ harvested seed. Spring‐harvested seed had more oil and protein than fall‐harvested seed, but also had higher free fatty acid content and conduc‐tivity and lower viability. Spring‐harvested seed did not store as well as fall‐harvested seed, having larger increases in free fatty acids, conductivity and storage fungi and larger decreases in viability when stored hermetically at 10% or 12.5% moisture.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids, Part IX. Synthesis and characterization of oxathiolanes
Authors: Ahmad Suhail , Khan M. , Nasirullah F. Ahmad , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Oxathiolanes are prepared from the condensation of the oxo fatty acids with β‐ mercaptoethanol using BF3etherate as catalyst. 10‐Oxoundecanoic acid (I) reacts with the reagent promptly and gives 1‐(ethylene oxathiolane) undecanoic acid (V). A similar reaction of 9‐oxooctadecanoic acid (II) yields 9‐(ethylene oxathiolane) octadecanoic acid (VII). Hemimercaptals (VI, VIII) are also isolated as minor products in the above reactions. Methyl 9,10‐dioxooctadecanoate (III) is also found to react readily and affords methyl 9(10)‐ (ethylene oxathiolane)‐ 10(9)oxooctadecanoate (IX) as the sole product. There is no reaction with 2‐oxooctadecanoic acid (IV). The spectral (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass) properties of oxathiolanes are detailed.
The Ionic Modification of the Surface Charge and Isoelectric Point of Soy Protein
Authors: Chen W. S. , Soucie W. G.
Published: July 2007

The effect of anionic and cationic binding on the surface charge of soy proteins was measured by electrokinetic analysis. All of the ions investigated suppressed the surface charge of the protein; however, certain multivalent ions such as Al (III), Fe (III), hexametaphosphate and tripolyphosphate also altered the isoelectric point of the protein. The results indicated the unpredictability of ionic effects on protein functionality, thus emphasizing the importance of making measurements of protein charge.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil by nickel/silica catalysts in a rotating packed disk reactor
Authors: Choia Sun , Ghima Young Sung , Change Ho Nam , Rhee J. S.
Published: July 2007

Hydrogenation of soybean oil was carried out by nickel/ silica catalysts in a newly developed rotating packed disk reactor (RPDR). The rotation of a catalyst‐filled disk facilitated hydrogen transfer into the liquid phase and mixing in the reactor, resulting in an improved threephase reaction. Performance of RPDR in a batch operation was studied by varying temperature, pressure, nickel concentration in the oil, and disk rotating speed. The overall reaction rate increased with these variables, but the selectivity of linoleic acid was high when the hydrogen transfer controlled the reaction on the catalyst.
Solvent crystallization of α, β and γ polymorphs of oleic acid
Authors: Sato K. , Suzuki M.
Published: July 2007

The features of the solvent crystallization of α, β and γ polymorphs of ultra‐pure oleic acid were examined in acetonitrile and decane. The solubilities of the three polymorphs were measured precisely, yielding a lower value for β than for the other two forms at any temperature. Thesolution‐ mediated transformation either from α to β or from γ to β was observed directly in the nearly saturated solution. It was found that this transformation occurred predominantly via the nucleation of the stable β form at the expense of the less stable ones. Finally the habit of the single crystal of each polymorph was determined for the first time. The results obtained were compared to the similar experiments of stearic acid polymorphs.
Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil 1
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Butterfield Royden O. , Pryde Everett H.
Published: July 2007

Transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and other triglycerides with alcohols, in the presence of a catalyst, yields fatty esters and glycerol. Di‐ and monoglycerides are intermediates. Reactions are consecutive and reversible. Rate constants have been determined for each reaction with a computerized kinetic program. The effects of the type of alcohol, 1‐butanol or methanol (MeOH); molar ratio of alcohol to SBO; type and amount of catalyst; and reaction temperature on rate constants and kinetic order were examined. Forward reactions appear to be pseudo‐first order or second order depending upon conditions used. Reverse reactions appear to be second order. At a molar ratio of MeOH/SBO of 6:1, a shunt reaction was observed. Energy of activation was determined for all forward and reverse reactions under a variety of experimental conditions from plots of log k vs 1/T. Values ranged from 8–20 kcal/mol.
Study on the oxidative rate and prooxidant activity of free fatty acids
Authors: Miyashita Kazuo , Takagi Toru
Published: July 2007

Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were autoxidized more rapidly than their corresponding methyl esters. Addition of stearic acid accelerated the rate of autoxidation of methyl linoleate and the decomposition of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides. Therefore, the higher oxidative rate of FFA's than their methyl esters could be due to the catalytic effect of the carboxyl groups on the formation of free radicals by the decomposition of hydroperoxides. Addition of stearic acid also accelerated the oxidative rate of soybean oil. This result suggests that particular attention should be paid to the FFA content that affects the oxidative stability of oils.