bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Carrier Diffusion in Cs‐Doping FAPbI3 Perovskite Thin Films Using Transient Absorption Microscopy
Authors: Xie Junhan , Zhou Wei , Li Haozheng , Wang Ziyu , Jiang Jiaming , Zhang Yile , Shen Xiaoqin , Ning Zhijun , Liu Weimin
Published: May 2024

The determination of the semiconducting materials performance heavily relies on the diffusion coefficient and length of the carrier. Recently, significant progress is made in enhancing solar cell efficiency through improved carrier diffusion in perovskite thin films. However, the spatial‐temporal mechanisms underlying carrier transport remain unclear. Recent advancements in utilizing transient absorption microscopy (TAM) offer promising opportunities to directly visualize the carrier transport dynamics within perovskite films. Here, the wide‐field imaging TAM combined with X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy is employed to investigate the spatial‐temporal carrier transport dynamics in FA1−xCsxPbI3 perovskites with varying Cs doping ratios. The experimental results indicate that the diffusion constant remains consistent regardless of the excitation power. Moreover, a decrease in the Cs doping ratio leads to an increase in the diffusion length within FA1−xCsxPbI3 perovskites. The measurements reveal a highest diffusion coefficient of up to 0.085 cm2 s−1 and a maximum diffusion length of ≈1.4 µm in FA0.97Cs0.03PbI3. Comparative analysis of short‐circuit current density, open‐circuit voltage, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency demonstrates that FA0.97Cs0.03PbI3 exhibits superior device efficiency. The TAM visualizes spatial/ temporal carrier diffusion dynamics, showing a significant correlation with device efficiency and thus providing valuable insights for further enhancing device performance.
Optical Force Sensor Based on Plasmon Modulated Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Corbella Bagot Conrad , Ba Tis Taleb , Xu Bo , Sabo Cobi , Rappeport Eric , Park Wounjhang
Published: May 2024

A novel force sensor exploiting the interaction between plasmonic nanostructures and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is reported. The nanosensor is composed of a gold nanodisk and UCNPs separated by a flexible polymer layer. The gold nanodisk is designed to exhibit a plasmon resonance that selectively enhances one of the emission bands of the UCNPs while leaving the other ones largely unaffected. As the nanosensor is compressed or stretched by an external force, the polymer layer thickness changes, modulating the plasmon‐UCNP coupling. The resulting changes in the luminescence intensity provide the basis for sensing. Furthermore, the nanosensor employs ratiometric sensing, which makes it highly robust against any environmental variations. The nanosensors exhibit two orders of magnitude higher responsivity than previously reported UCNP‐based force sensors. They can be prepared as an on‐chip sensor array or in a colloidal solution, making them suitable for a variety of applications in biology and robotics.
Tissue Tension and Strain as Indicators of Suction‐mediated Cutaneous DNA Transfection: A Parametric Study
Authors: Jhumur Nandita Chakrabarty , Lallow Emran O. , Nachtigal Catherine J. , Yeo Dahee , Kwon Ijoo , Park Young K. , Roberts Christine C. , Zahn Jeffrey D. , Shreiber David I. , Shan Jerry W. , Singer Jonathan P. , Maslow Joel N. , Lin Hao
Published: May 2024

Cutaneous suction‐based transfection is a recently developed technique that is painless and simple‐to‐use for the delivery of DNA for nucleic‐acid‐based vaccines. The technique promises high efficiency for both antigen expression and immunogenicity as demonstrated in both animal studies and human clinical trials. To realize this promise, a parametric study and systematic evaluation of the efficacy of cutaneous suction as a transfection method is performed. Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) plasmid expression as a transfection reporter in a rat model, the expression level as a function of both suction nozzle size and suction pressure is quantified. A numerical model is employed to compute skin deformation in terms of strain, which is used to correlate with GFP expression. Based on these results, two quantities, integrated total strain and tissue tension, are proposed as indicators of expression level that can be used to guide protocol development and optimization. These indicators are also discussed in relation to possible cellular uptake mechanisms.
Pseudocapacitance Facilitates the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Velasco‐Vélez Juan‐Jesús , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Roldan‐Cuenya Beatriz , Schlögl Robert , Jones Travis E.
Published: May 2024

Electroreduction of CO2 to value‐added products is a promising strategy for CO2 reuse, where copper has a unique ability to produce oxygenates and C2+ products. Unfortunately, the electronic factors making copper so unique are unknown, which limits the ability to design improved catalysts. By combining in situ surface‐sensitive X‐ray resonant photoelectron spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations, the complex electronic structure of copper is uncovered during the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. It is found that the pseudocapacitive charging of copper, produced by the incorporation of protons and electrons into the subsurface, facilitates the activation of CO2, while simultaneously increasing the barrier for H‐H coupling. The net result is that cathodic pseudocapacitive charge suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction and promotes the production of hydrocarbons and oxygenated products on copper. These results represent a new paradigm in the understanding of CO2 reduction, highlighting the key role of pseudocapacitive charge in the reaction.
Atomic Engineering of 3D Self‐Supported Bifunctional Oxygen Electrodes for Rechargeable Zinc‐Air Batteries and Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Poudel Milan Babu , Balanay Mannix P. , Lohani Prakash Chandra , Sekar Karthikeyan , Yoo Dong Jin
Published: May 2024

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are cornerstone half reactions involved in many renewable energy technologies. High‐density single‐atom catalysts maximize the atom utilization and isolated active sites. Furthermore, introduction of pyri‐N into the carbon‐based nanostructures as an oxygen electrocatalyst creates an abundance of active sites. Here, an innovative strategy is reported based on atomic scale dispersion of Co atoms into the pyri‐N enriched carbon nanotube encapsulated Ni nanoparticles grown on 3D electrospun carbon nanofiber nano‐assemblies. Notably, the CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF electrocatalyst exhibited excellent OER and ORR activity in terms of low overpotentials and higher half‐wave potentials. The atomically distributed Co allows the maximum exposure of active sites on the pyri‐N dominated multidimensional carbon skeleton, and synergistic effects with Ni nanoparticles greatly reduced the delocalization around the metal centers and provided an ideal environment for interactions with oxygen intermediates, thus facilitating the 4e− pathway, as evidenced by the DFT calculations. Moreover, Zn‐air batteries using a CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF air cathode exhibited a high‐power density and admirable specific capacity. This studies may provide an avenue for the rational modulation of single‐atom catalysts and cost‐effective, large‐scale synthesis of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries and anion exchange membrane fuel cell.
Photoelectrocatalytic Synthesis of Urea from Carbon Dioxide and Nitrate over a Cu2O Photocathode
Authors: Li Min , Shi Qiujin , Li Zhenhua , Xu Ming , Yu Shixin , Wang Ye , Xu Si‐Min , Duan Haohong
Published: May 2024

Transformation of carbon dioxide and nitrate ions into urea offers an attractive route for both nitrogen fertilizer production and environmental remediation. However, achieving this transformation under mild conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report an efficient photoelectrochemical method for urea synthesis by co‐reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrate ion over a Cu2O photocathode, delivering urea formation rate of 29.71±2.20 μmol g−1 h−1 and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 12.90±1.15 % at low external potential (−0.017 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). Experimental data combined with theoretical calculations suggest that the adsorbed CO* and NO2* species are the key intermediates, and associated C−N coupling is the rate‐determining step. This work demonstrates that Cu2O is an efficient catalyst to drive co‐reduction of CO2 and NO3− to urea under light irradiation with low external potential, showing great opportunity of photoelectrocatalysis as a sustainable tool for value‐added chemical synthesis.
Biomimetic Charge‐Neutral Anion Receptors for Reversible Binding and Release of Highly Hydrated Phosphate in Water
Authors: He Maolin , Yao Yuhang , Yang Zihe , Li Boyang , Wang Ji , Wang Yanchao , Kong Yu , Zhou Zihan , Zhao Wei , Yang Xiao‐Juan , Tang Juan , Wu Biao
Published: May 2024

Control of phosphate capture and release is vital in environmental, biological, and pharmaceutical contexts. However, the binding of trivalent phosphate (PO43−) in water is exceptionally difficult due to its high hydration energy. Based on the anion coordination chemistry of phosphate, in this study, four charge‐neutral tripodal hexaurea receptors (L1–L4), which were equipped with morpholine and polyethylene glycol terminal groups to enhance their solubility in water, were synthesized to enable the pH‐triggered phosphate binding and release in aqueous solutions. Encouragingly, the receptors were found to bind PO43− anion in a 1 : 1 ratio via hydrogen bonds in 100 % water solutions, with L1 exhibiting the highest binding constant (1.2×103 M−1). These represent the first neutral anion ligands to bind phosphate in 100 % water and demonstrate the potential for phosphate capture and release in water through pH‐triggered mechanisms, mimicking native phosphate binding proteins. Furthermore, L1 can also bind multiple bioavailable phosphate species, which may serve as model systems for probing and modulating phosphate homeostasis in biological and biomedical researches.
Clinical Issues — June 2024
Authors: Hanks Tammy , Wright Renae
Published: May 2024

THIS MONTH

Addressing pediatric perioperative anxiety

Key words: pediatric patient, anxiety, parental presence, stress‐diversion activities, anxiolytic medications.

Using acupressure to reduce perioperative anxiety in children

Key words: acupressure, anxiety, pediatric patient, complementary care interventions, acupressure wristband.

Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric surgical patients

Key words: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), pediatric patient, adenotonsillectomy, screening tool, polysomnography.

Assessing fire risk

Key words: fire risk assessment, fire prevention, algorithm, cognitive aid, fire triangle.
Transient contribution of the sphenoid ala major to the socket of the temporomandibular joint in near‐term fetuses
Authors: Hirouchi Hidetomo , Takeuchi Yuki , Yang Tianyi , Yamamoto Masahito , Hayashi Shogo , Murakami Gen , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Abe Shinichi
Published: May 2024

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex structure that plays a vital role in the movement of the jaw. Some anatomy and dental textbooks show that, at the medial margin, the TMJ capsule attaches to a suture between the sphenoid ala major and the temporal bone squamosa. In near‐term fetuses, the ala major extends posterolaterally to approach the TMJ. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of the sphenoid ala major to the socket of the TMJ in near‐term fetuses. We examined histological sections from 22 human fetuses (approximately 15–40 weeks). At midterm, the lateral and superior walls of the TMJ cavity were formed by the temporal bone squamosa, whereas the ala major was distant from the joint. However, at near‐term, the ala major formed the medial wall of almost the entire part of the joint cavity. The top of the TMJ was attached to both the squamosa and ala major, with the condylar head consistently separated from the sphenoid by the joint disk. We observed a significant descent of the middle cranial fossa in near‐term fetuses, which brought the ala major close to the TMJ. This transient position of the TMJ near the sphenoid is likely due to brain enlargement and posterolateral growth of the ala major. After birth, occlusion causes the anterior growth of the mandibular fossa of the squamosa, which moves the ala major away from the TMJ. Similarly, the lateral growth of the sphenoid toward the squamosa suture may also stop in children.
Toe pad morphology and adhesion in the miniaturized gecko, Chatogekko amazonicus (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae)
Authors: Griffing Aaron H. , Daza Juan D. , Nielsen Stuart V. , Werneck Fernanda P. , Viana Patrik F. , Gamble Tony
Published: May 2024

Chatogekko amazonicus is a miniaturized gecko from northern South America and is among the smallest of toe pad bearing lizards. The toe pads of C. amazonicus are miniscule, between 18% and 27% of the plantar surface area. We aimed to investigate the relationship between adhesive toe pad morphology, body size, and adhesive capabilities. Using scanning electron microscopy, we determine that the adhesive pads of C. amazonicus exhibit branched setae similar to those of other geckos, but that are generally much smaller. When compared with other gecko taxa, we show that C. amazonicus setae occupy a similar range of seta length: snout–vent length ratio and aspect ratio as other gekkonoid species (i.e. Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, and Sphaerodactylidae). We demonstrate that C. amazonicus—even with its relatively small toe pads—is capable of climbing a smooth glass surface at a nearly vertical angle. We suggest that sphaerodactylids like C. amazonicus offer an excellent system for studying toe pad morphology and function in relation to miniaturization.
Saccharification and structural changes in Areca catechu husk fiber
Authors: Vardhan Harsh , Sasmal Soumya , Mohanty Kaustubha
Published: May 2024

Areca nut husk (ANH) holds promise as a viable biomass source for xylose production. Xylose is a precursor for various biochemicals. However, the recalcitrant nature of ANH makes saccharification more complex. To address this, lime and acid pretreatments were carried out to enhance the susceptibility of biomass to saccharification. Before this, a compositional analysis was conducted to determine the initial constituents of the feedstock. Saccharification was conducted under the following conditions: 2% (wV−1) substrate loading, 100 rpm agitation, and 30 °C hydrolysis temperature for 12 h hydrolysis time at pH 4.5 to 5.0. However, parameters like xylanase enzyme loading were varied to enhance the saccharification of the ANH. The results demonstrated that acid‐treated husk (ATH), lime‐treated husk (LTH), and raw husk (RH) achieved the highest yield (gg−1) of reducing sugar, approximately 90, 83, and 15%, respectively, at an enzyme loading of 15.0 IUg−1. Various analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to examine structural changes in the native, pretreated, and saccharified residues of ANH. The analysis revealed that a significant amount of partial crystalline and amorphous cellulose in the ANH biomass was hydrolyzed during the saccharification process. However, saccharification also led to the removal of amorphous substances, disruption of the crystalline structure, and conversion of crystalline regions into amorphous domains.
Crowd evacuation simulation based on hierarchical agent model and physics‐based character control
Authors: Ye Jianming , Liu Zhen , Liu Tingting , Wu Yanhui , Wang Yuanyi
Published: May 2024

Crowd evacuation has gained increasing attention in recent years. The agent‐based method has shown a superior capability to simulate complex behaviors during crowd evacuation simulation. For agent modeling, most existing methods only consider the decision process but ignore the detailed physical motion. In this article, we propose a hierarchical framework for crowd evacuation simulation, which combines the agent decision model with the agent motion model. In the decision model, we integrate emotional contagion and scene information to determine global path planning and local collision avoidance. In the motion model, we introduce a physics‐based character control method and control agent motion using deep reinforcement learning. Based on the decision strategy, the decision model can use a signal to control the agent motion in the motion model. Compared with existing methods, our framework can simulate physical interactions between agents and the environment. The results of the crowd evacuation simulation demonstrate that our framework can simulate crowd evacuation with physical fidelity.
Mixed response to the first‐line treatment of KRAS G12C inhibitor, sotorasib, in non‐small cell lung cancer: A brief report
Authors: Yang Jiao , Huang Jie , Yuan Gongjun , Lin Xiao‐Cheng , Chen Hua‐Jun , Yang Jin‐Ji
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

One Kirsten Ras (KRAS) G12C mutated non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient had improved poor performance status and obtained mixed response with the first‐line KRAS‐targeted treatment of sotorasib. After disease progression, partial response was achieved with chemotherapy plus immunotherapy. KRAS G12C mutated immunoenvironment in NSCLC may favor the immunotherapy.

KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated genes, which used to be untargetable. The phase II CodeBreak 100 trial revealed 6.8‐month median progress‐free survival (PFS) and 12.5‐month overall survival (OS) in previously treated KRAS G12C‐mutant NSCLC patients treated with KRAS inhibitor, sotorasib. The specimens of the brain, lymph node (LN), and blood from the patient were analyzed by next‐generation sequencing. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were performed for pathological characterization. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were used for treatment response evaluation. The patient was diagnosed in a bad Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG‐PS) with metastatic KRAS G12C‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma who had achieved mixed response to sotorasib as the first‐line treatment. Although 5‐month PFS of the treatment with sotorasib was not surprising, the patient achieved significantly improved ECOG‐PS score from 4 to 1. Subsequently, partial response (PR) was achieved with the treatment of pemetrexed plus pembrolizumab. This case highlights superior efficacy of first‐line treatment with sotorasib for the advance untreated KRAS G12C‐mutant patients. The high efficacy of the treatment with chemotherapy plus immunotherapy revealed that immunoenvironment of KRAS G12C‐mutated patient may favor the immunotherapy.
Tenofovir induced Fanconi syndrome in a middle age African female from Kenya, East Africa: Case report and brief literature review
Authors: Odhiambo Fredrick , Nareeba Shallot , Mwangeka Grace , Njambi Ann , Nyakebati Vashti
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case presentation highlights the need to routinely monitor renal function in patients on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) due to its side effect of proximal tubule dysfunction.

This is a case presentation of a 50‐year‐old African female who had been on a Tenofovir based regimen for 12 years and developed Fanconi syndrome. She recovered after discontinuation of the Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF).
Elevation of the tumor marker CA19‐9 in a pancreatic cancer survivor with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A clinical case report
Authors: Pendry Steve D. , Singhal Nimit , Neo Eu‐Ling , Foreman Darren , Winter Jean M.
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Serum carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) is used for recurrence surveillance in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This report describes the association of increasing CA19‐9 in a male PDAC survivor with presence of prostatic hyperplasia. Unexplained elevation of CA19‐9 in male PDAC survivors might be attributable to benign prostatic conditions.
Gastrointestinal amyloidosis in a 50‐year‐old patient with miliary tuberculosis: A case report
Authors: Rauf Sameer Abdul , Shah Hussain Haider , Khatri Rahul , Ul Haq Mansoor , Dave Tirth , Ali Javaria Parwez , Ali Syed Khizar
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

This case highlights the importance of considering tuberculosis as an underlying cause of gastrointestinal amyloidosis, even in patients previously treated for the infection. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for atypical presentations of amyloidosis, especially in individuals with chronic inflammation, enabling early diagnosis and tailored management for improved patient outcomes.

Gastrointestinal amyloidosis is a rare condition often associated with chronic inflammation. We present a unique case of a 50‐year‐old female with a history of miliary tuberculosis who developed gastrointestinal amyloidosis. The patient exhibited chronic loose stools, weight loss, abdominal pain, and urinary incontinence symptoms. Diagnostic workup revealed characteristic findings of amyloidosis on biopsy. Despite treatment for tuberculosis, her symptoms persisted, highlighting the challenging nature of managing this condition. This case underscores the importance of considering tuberculosis as a potential cause of secondary amyloidosis in patients with ongoing symptoms of inflammation and infection. Early recognition and tailored management are crucial in optimizing patient outcomes.
Staphylococcus aureus subcapsular splenic abscess and associated empyema in the setting of tocilizumab therapy: A case report
Authors: Lee Audrey , Aw Yi Tong Vincent
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of Staphylococcus aureus subcapsular splenic abscess and associated empyema after recent commencement of tocilizumab, masquerading as musculoskeletal pain. This highlights the importance of considering unusual underlying infections in patients on tocilizumab.
A case of a patient requiring medically supervised withdrawal after ingestion of witch hazel toner as a surrogate alcohol
Authors: Anderson Kayley E. , Balasanova Alëna A.
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Standardized alcohol withdrawal treatments, such as the phenobarbital taper protocol, are effective in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndromes associated with surrogate alcohols including witch hazel toner.

Ingestion of alcohol not intended for consumption, also known as surrogate alcohols, is well‐documented in patients with alcohol use disorder. Ingestion of surrogate alcohols may lead to higher morbidity and mortality than standard alcohol consumption alone. However, management of complications such as withdrawal syndromes in individuals consuming surrogate alcohols has received little attention in the literature. We present the case of a patient with alcohol use disorder who required medically supervised withdrawal following ingestion of witch hazel toner as a surrogate alcohol. Review of patient's history revealed routine ingestion of witch hazel toner as a substitute to traditional alcohols. Witch hazel toner is a non‐FDA regulated product designed for topical use; it is commonly sold in a steam distilled formulation containing 13%–15% ethanol and small amounts of essential oil components, such as carvacrol and eugenol. During hospitalization the patient received treatment of alcohol withdrawal with a phenobarbital taper protocol and was discharged in stable condition. He also received resources for alcohol use disorder to follow‐up in the outpatient setting. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a patient requiring medically supervised withdrawal following ingestion of witch hazel toner and sheds light on the potential complications and management of patients who present following ingestion.
Can cotton seed size mitigate preemergence herbicides injury?
Authors: Holladay Sarah K. , Marshall Michael W. , Plumblee Michael T. , Jones Michael A. , Narayanan Sruthi , Inman Matthew D.
Published: May 2024

Preemergence herbicides (PRE) have become integral for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), especially with the prevalence of glyphosate‐resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.). However, PRE herbicides have the potential to injure cotton seedlings. Previous research has shown that a larger seed size can compensate for early season stresses which could mitigate potential PRE herbicide injury. In this study, we evaluated growth and yield of two cotton varieties with different seed sizes (large and small) in response to three PRE herbicides alone and in combination. Percent visual injury, biomass, plant heights, stand counts, lint yield, and fiber quality were obtained to make comparisons between seed sizes and PRE treatments. In both years, the large‐seeded variety had a higher biomass at 3‐leaf stage. However, both varieties had “grown out” of the herbicide injury at 42 days after planting and the early season vigor of the larger seed did not result in higher lint yield. The small‐seeded variety had greater yield in both years of the study. This may be due to the genetics or yield potential of the small‐seeded variety, or bolls containing smaller seeds typically have a greater number of seeds with more opportunity for lint production. Cotton treated with diuron had the most visual injury and decreased biomass. The results from this study will allow growers to make more informed decisions with regards to seed size, vigor, and PRE herbicide choices. If crop injury is likely, a larger seeded cotton variety may mitigate potential early season injury; however, seed size did not have an impact on final lint yield.
Modulation of Intermolecular Interactions in Organic Emitters for Highly Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jiao Yihang , Qiu Weidong , Li Mengke , Su Shi‐Jian
Published: May 2024

The adverse aggregated‐caused quenching (ACQ) problem of most electroluminescent materials existing in highly doped thin films is one of the key factors impeding the commercialization of high‐efficiency organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) panel. Whereas, by delicately constructing and modulating moderate intermolecular interactions, some aggregates have been demonstrated to present distinct luminescent properties such as tunable emission spectra, improved photoluminescence quantum yields, different emission mechanism and enhanced horizontal transition dipole ratio (Θ) of emitting layer, providing feasible solution for ACQ problem. The luminescence from newly generated emissive state in aggregates is different from the traditional “isolated” molecules in organic electronics and will possess novel properties and applications. Herein, we summarize the different types of intermolecular interactions within emitter aggregates exhibiting distinct luminescent mechanisms, as well as their effects on photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties, offering reliable reference for the advancement of highly efficient OLEDs utilizing aggregated emitters.
Electrophilic Behavior of the “Nucleophilic” Pyramidane: Reactivity of Ge‐Pyramidane towards Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Wang Junkang , Sasamori Takahiro , Gapurenko Olga A. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I. , Takeuchi Katsuhiko , Fukaya Norihisa , Gornitzka Heinz
Published: May 2024

The particular reactivity of the recently discovered class of the main group element polyhedral clusters, pyramidanes, remains largely unexplored. In this communication, we report the reaction of the germapyramidane with tert‐butyllithium leading to the rather unusual organogermanium compound [Li+(thf)2]⋅2−, as the product of the formal insertion of a Ge‐apex into the C−Li bond. This reactivity mode exemplifies unusual electrophilic behaviour of a pyramidane, which is a priori considered as a nucleophilic reagent. Being highly reactive, [Li+(thf)2]⋅2− readily undergoes reactions with electrophiles (MeI, EtBr), initially forming intermediate germahousenes, which isomerize to the thermodynamically more favourable germoles.
Impact of Binder Content and Type on the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Anode Materials
Authors: Zhang Sheng S.
Published: May 2024

Binders are crucial for stabilizing the cycling performance of silicon (Si) materials by preventing Si particle pulverization during lithiation and delithiation. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are the two most studied binders for Si electrodes, with PAA being an elastic polymer and CMC a rigid polymer. Starting with the elastic PAA, in this work the impact of binder content on the cycling performance of Si electrodes is studied. It is found that regardless of Si particle size, there is an optimal binder content between 20 % and 25 % for the cycling stability of Si electrodes. On the other hand, the rigid CMC binder results in lower capacity and faster capacity fading for Si electrodes compared with the elastic PAA. AC‐impedance analysis reveals that the lower capacity is due to higher grain boundary resistance (Rgb) in CMC‐coated electrodes, leading to high charge‐transfer resistance (Rct) and increased polarization. This high polarization triggers premature termination during the discharging process (i. e., the lithiation) of Li/Si cells, underutilizing the Si active material. Additionally, the rapid capacity fading of CMC‐coated electrodes is attributed to the rigid binder's inferior ability to prevent Si particle pulverization.
Cellulose‐based smart materials: Novel synthesis techniques, properties, and applications in energy storage and conversion devices
Authors: Bishnoi Pariksha , Siwal Samarjeet Singh , Kumar Vinod , Thakur Vijay Kumar
Published: May 2024

There has been a significant scope toward the cutting‐edge investigations in hierarchical carbon nanostructured electrodes originating from cellulosic materials, such as cellulose nanofibers, available from natural cellulose and bacterial cellulose. Elements of energy storage systems (ESSs) are typically established upon inorganic/metal mixtures, carbonaceous implications, and petroleum‐derived hydrocarbon chemicals. However, these conventional substances may need help fulfilling the ever‐increasing needs of ESSs. Nanocellulose has grown significantly as an impressive 1D element due to its natural availability, eco‐friendliness, recyclability, structural identity, simple transformation, and dimensional durability. Here, in this review article, we have discussed the role and overview of cellulose‐based hydrogels in ESSs. Additionally, the extraction sources and solvents used for dissolution have been discussed in detail. Finally, the properties (such as self‐healing, transparency, strength and swelling behavior), and applications (such as flexible batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, flexible supercapacitors and carbon‐based derived from cellulose) in energy storage devices and conclusion with existing challenges have been updated with recent findings.
Analysing the impacts of extreme torrential events using multi‐temporal LiDAR datasets—The Schöttlbach catchment, Upper Styria, Austria
Authors: Krenn Paul , Kamp Nicole , Peßenteiner Stefanie , Sass Oliver
Published: May 2024

Extreme precipitation events in small alpine catchments trigger hazardous hydro‐geomorphic processes that cause considerable damage to settlements and infrastructure. In summer 2011 and 2017, two flood events mobilizing large amounts of sediments struck the town of Oberwölz (Styria, Austria) located at the outlet of the Schöttlbach catchment. We used data from local weather stations and precipitation radar to analyse the meteorological settings that caused the flooding. We compiled a consistent sediment budget for the 2017 event by combining geomorphic mapping, connectivity analysis, high‐resolution airborne LiDAR (ALS) and uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)‐borne LiDAR (ULS), data from other authors for the 2011 event and external information (e.g., event analysis and excavation data). The 2017 event mobilized higher sediment volumes than the 2011 event (131 000 m3 vs 90 000 m3) even though 24‐h precipitation and peak discharges were lower in 2017. First assumptions that the larger sediment output was caused by the reworking of the 2011 flood deposits proved to be incorrect. The impacts of the 2011 event affected the resilience of the geomorphic system resulting in a significantly higher hillslope sediment supply. We conclude that sediment transport in alpine catchments can increase disproportionately when recurrence intervals fall below a critical level.
Construction of an immune‐related prognostic model and potential drugs screening for esophageal cancer based on bioinformatics analyses and network pharmacology
Authors: Qi Pengju , Qi Bo , Gu Chengwei , Huo Shuhua , Dang Xinchen , Liu Yuzhen , Zhao Baosheng
Published: May 2024

Background

Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is a highly invasive malignant tumor with poor prognosis. This study aimed to discover a generalized and high‐sensitivity immune prognostic signature that could stratify ESCA patients and predict their overall survival, and to discover potential therapeutic drugs by the connectivity map.

Methods

The key gene modules significantly related to clinical traits (survival time and state) of ESCA patients were selected by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WCGNA), then the univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses were used to construct a 15‐immune‐related gene prognostic signature.

Results

The immune‐related risk model was related to clinical and pathologic factors and remained an effective independent prognostic factor. Enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the high‐ and low‐risk groups were associated with tumor cell proliferation and immune mechanisms. Based on the gathered data, a small molecule drug named perphenazine (PPZ) was elected. The pharmacological analysis indicates that PPZ could help in adjuvant therapy of ESCA through regulation of metabolic process and cellular proliferation, enhancement of immunologic functions, and inhibition of inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to explore and verify the PPZ‐core target interactions.

Conclusion

We succeed in structuring the immune‐related prognostic model, which could be used to distinguish and predict patients' survival outcome, and screening a small molecule drug named PPZ. Prospective studies also are needed to further validate its analytical accuracy for estimating prognoses and confirm the potential use of PPZ for treating ESCA.
The phenotypic spectrum of PTCD3 deficiency
Authors: Lace Baiba , Faqeih Eissa , Kaya Namik , Krumina Zita , Mayr Johannes A. , Micule Ieva , Wright Nathan Thompson , Achleitner Melanie T. , AlQudairy Hanan , Pajusalu Sander , Stavusis Janis , Zayakin Pawel , Inashkina Inna
Published: May 2024

The PTCD3 gene product (protein PTCD3 or MRPS39) forms the entry channel of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit and binds to single‐stranded mRNA. Here, we expand on the clinical manifestations of PTCD3 pathogenic variants by describing an early‐onset patient with Leigh‐like syndrome and two patients with milder form of disease, with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. A 34‐year‐old male and his 33‐year‐old sister both have horizontal nystagmus, pronounced rough tremor, truncal ataxia, dysmetria, spasticity and hyperreflexia. The basal respiration rate decreased significantly for the male patient and his mother (p < 0.0001) compared to the controls. The whole genome sequencing analysis revealed two heterozygous variants in the PTCD3: c.1182T>A, p.(Tyr394Ter) and c.805C>T, p.(His269Tyr). Tyr394Ter variant ablates the C‐terminal half of the protein, including a significant portion of the central fold. In silico modelling for the variant His269Tyr shows that the inclusion of the slightly larger tyrosine sidechain is well tolerated, with no significant change in either the position or the movement of the surrounding area. The third case is a 9‐year‐old boy, who has a global developmental delay, central hypotonia, hyperreflexia and abnormal MRI. PTCD3 pathogenic variant c.538+4A>G was identified by whole exome sequencing. To test the variant's effect on splicing, an RT‐PCR experiment was performed, which revealed skipping of an out‐of‐frame exon 7.
Tandem mass spectrometry of homologous 3‐hydroxyfurazan and nitrile amino acids: Analysis of cooperative interactions and fragmentation processes
Authors: Grossert J. Stuart , Crowell Andrew M. J. , Boschi Donatella , Lolli Marco L. , White Robert L.
Published: May 2024

The assignment of structure by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) relies on the interpretation of the fragmentation behavior of gas‐phase ions. Mass spectra were acquired for a series of heterocyclic mimetics of acidic amino acids and a related series of nitrile amino acids. All amino acids were readily protonated or deprotonated by electrospray ionization (ESI), and distinctive fragmentation processes were observed when the ions were subjected to collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The deprotonated heterocycles showed bond cleavages of the 3‐hydroxyfurazan ring with formation of oxoisocyanate and the complementary deprotonated nitrile amino acid. Further fragmentation of the deprotonated nitrile amino acids was greatly dependent on the length of the alkyl nitrile side chain. Competing losses of CO2 versus HCN occurred from α‐cyanoglycinate (shortest chain), whereas water was lost from 2‐amino‐5‐cyanopentanoate (longest chain). Interestingly, loss of acrylonitrile by a McLafferty‐type fragmentation process was detected for 2‐amino‐4‐cyanobutanoate, and several competing processes were observed for β‐cyanoalanate. In one process, cyanide ion was formed either by consecutive losses of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and acetylene or by a one‐step decarboxylative elimination. In another, complementary ions were obtained from β‐cyanoalanate by loss of acetonitrile or HN=CHCO2H. Fragmentation of the protonated 3‐hydroxyfurazan and nitrile amino acids resulted in the cumulative loss (H2O + CO), a loss that is commonly observed for protonated aliphatic α‐amino acids. Overall, the distinct fragmentation behavior of the multifunctional 3‐hydroxyfurazan amino acids correlated with the charged site, whereas fragmentations of the deprotonated nitrile amino acids showed cooperative interactions between the nitrile and the carboxylate groups.
Cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, and glutathione enhance crosslinking between proteins during high moisture meat analog extrusion processing and may improve the fibrousness of the products
Authors: Richter Jana K. , Watanabe Preston , Bernin Josh , Smith Brennan , Mitacek Rachel , Ganjyal Girish M.
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

High moisture meat analog (HMMA) products processed using extrusion have become increasingly popular in the last few years. Because the formation of disulfide bonds is believed to play a critical role in the texturization mechanism, this study aimed to understand how chemical compounds capable of reducing disulfide bonds, specifically cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, and glutathione, affect the texture and the chemical interactions between the proteins.

METHOD

Wheat protein blended with cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, or glutathione at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g kg−1 was extruded at three different temperatures (115, 140, and 165 °C) using a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The feed rate (85 g min−1), the moisture content (600 g kg−1), and the screw speed (300 rpm) were kept constant. Unextruded and extruded material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polymeric protein fractionation, and sulfhydryl group/disulfide bond analysis. Extruded samples were further analyzed for their hardness and their anisotropic index.

RESULTS

The inclusion of reductants significantly affected the structure of the obtained extrudates. Although reducing agents had a relatively small impact on the total amount of disulfide bonds, their action significantly enhanced crosslinking between the proteins. At select conditions, samples with high fibrousness were specifically obtained when cysteine or sodium metabisulfite was included at levels of 5.0 g kg−1.

DISCUSSION

In the presence of reducing agents, it is believed that disulfide bonds are split earlier during the process without binding to them, giving the protein strands more time to unravel and align, leading to a better flow behavior and more fibrous products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Integrating deep learning with non‐destructive thermal imaging for precision guava ripeness determination
Authors: Low Ee Soong , Ong Pauline , Sim Jia Qing , Sia Chee Kiong , Ismon Maznan
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

To mitigate post‐harvest losses and inform harvesting decisions at the same time as ensuring fruit quality, precise ripeness determination is essential. The complexity arises in assessing guava ripeness as a result of subtle alterations in some varieties during the ripening process, making visual assessment less reliable. The present study proposes a non‐destructive method employing thermal imaging for guava ripeness assessment, involving obtaining thermal images of guava samples at different ripeness stages, followed by data pre‐processing. Five deep learning models (AlexNet, Inception‐v3, GoogLeNet, ResNet‐50 and VGGNet‐16) were applied, and their performances were systematically evaluated and compared.

RESULTS

VGGNet‐16 demonstrated outstanding performance, achieving average precision of 0.92, average sensitivity of 0.93, average specificity of 0.96, average F1‐score of 0.92 and accuracy of 0.92 within a training duration of 484 s.

CONCLUSION

The present study presents a scalable and non‐destructive approach for guava ripeness determination, contributing to waste reduction and enhancing efficiency in supply chains and fruit production. These initiatives align with environmentally friendly practices in agriculture. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Understanding the configurational causes of traveler's moral ambiguity in the sharing economy: Evidence from PLS‐fsQCA
Authors: Fan Xiaojun , Zheng Shuyin , Jiang Xinyu , Deng Nianqi , Xu Pengbo
Published: May 2024

Although the sharing economy in tourism has garnered much positive attention, perennial ethical gray areas have been ignored. Drawing upon the ecological systems theory, we investigate the influence of different systemic factors, classified as individual differences and environmental context, on the ethical behavior of travelers (i.e., reporting malfunctions in a bike‐sharing context and saving water/electricity in a peer‐to‐peer accommodation context). PLS‐SEM and fsQCA are applied to analyze and examine proposed hypotheses. The results complement the factor configuration differences between the two behaviors. Moreover, this study provides new insights into the regulatory guidelines for shared service operators in the tourism industry.
Influence of aerosol–meteorology interactions on visibility during a wintertime heavily polluted episode in Central‐East, China
Authors: Zhang Xin , Wang Yue , Zhuang Zibo , Yuan Chengduo
Published: May 2024

Atmospheric visibility profoundly impacts daily life, and accurate prediction is crucial, particularly in conditions of low visibility characterized by high aerosol loading and humidity. This study employed the WRF‐Chem model to simulate a severe wintertime haze pollution episode that transpired from January 17 to 19, 2010, in Central‐East China (112–122° E, 34–42° N). The results reveal that excluding aerosol–meteorology interactions led to underestimated PM2.5 concentrations and relative humidity in comparison with ground‐based measurement data, accompanied by a significant overestimation of visibility. Aerosols can engage with meteorological elements, particularly humidity, resulting in positive feedback. Upon considering these feedback interactions, the simulation results showed an increase of 5.17% and 1.99% in PM2.5 concentration and relative humidity, respectively, compared with the original simulation. This adjustment narrowed the bias between simulated and measured data. The overestimation of simulated visibility was reduced by 16% and 25% for the entire study period and the severe haze pollution period, respectively. These findings underscore the vital role of incorporating aerosol–meteorology interactions in visibility simulations using the WRF‐Chem model. Notably, the inclusion of aerosol–meteorological feedback significantly enhances the accuracy of visibility predictions, particularly during heavily polluted periods.
Technical note: Dosimetry and FLASH potential of UHDR proton PBS for small lung tumors: Bragg‐peak‐based delivery versus transmission beam and IMPT
Authors: van Marlen Patricia , van de Water Steven , Slotman Ben J. , Dahele Max , Verbakel Wilko
Published: May 2024

Background

High‐energy transmission beams (TBs) are currently the main delivery method for proton pencil beam scanning ultrahigh dose‐rate (UHDR) FLASH radiotherapy. TBs place the Bragg‐peaks behind the target, outside the patient, making delivery practical and achievement of high dose‐rates more likely. However, they lead to higher integral dose compared to conventional intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), in which Bragg‐peaks are placed within the tumor. It is hypothesized that, when energy changes are not required and high beam currents are possible, Bragg‐peak‐based beams can not only achieve more conformal dose distributions than TBs, but also have more FLASH‐potential.

Purpose

This works aims to verify this hypothesis by taking three different Bragg‐peak‐based delivery techniques and comparing them with TB and IMPT‐plans in terms of dosimetry and FLASH‐potential for single‐fraction lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

Methods

For a peripherally located lung target of various sizes, five different proton plans were made using “matRad” and inhouse‐developed algorithms for spot/energy‐layer/beam reduction and minimum monitor unit maximization: (1) IMPT‐plan, reference for dosimetry, (2) TB‐plan, reference for FLASH‐amount, (3) pristine Bragg‐peak plan (non‐depth‐modulated Bragg‐peaks), (4) Bragg‐peak plan using generic ridge filter, and (5) Bragg‐peak plan using 3D range‐modulated ridge filter.

Results

Bragg‐peak‐based plans are able to achieve sufficient plan quality and high dose‐rates. IMPT‐plans resulted in lowest OAR‐dose and integral dose (also after a FLASH sparing‐effect of 30%) compared to both TB‐plans and Bragg‐peak‐based plans. Bragg‐peak‐based plans vary only slightly between themselves and generally achieve lower integral dose than TB‐plans. However, TB‐plans nearly always resulted in lower mean lung dose than Bragg‐peak‐based plans and due to a higher amount of FLASH‐dose for TB‐plans, this difference increased after including a FLASH sparing‐effect.

Conclusion

This work indicates that there is no benefit in using Bragg‐peak‐based beams instead of TBs for peripherally located, UHDR stereotactic lung radiotherapy, if lung dose is the priority.