bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving taxonomic relation learning via incorporating relation descriptions into word embeddings
Authors: Huang Subin , Luo Xiangfeng , Huang Jing , Wang Hao , Gu Shengwei , Guo Yike
Published: March 2020

Taxonomic relations play an important role in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks (eg, information extraction, question answering and knowledge inference). Existing approaches on embedding‐based taxonomic relation learning mainly rely on the word embeddings trained using co‐occurrence‐based similarity learning. However, the performance of these approaches is not quite satisfactory due to the lack of sufficient taxonomic semantic knowledge within word embeddings. To solve this problem, we propose an improved embedding‐based approach to learn taxonomic relations via incorporating relation descriptions into word embeddings. First, to capture additional taxonomic semantic knowledge, we train special word embeddings using not only co‐occurrence information of words but also relation descriptions (eg, taxonomic seed relations and their contextual triples). Then, using the trained word embeddings as features, we employ two learning models to identify and predict taxonomic relations, namely, offset‐based classification model and offset‐based similarity model. Experimental results on four real‐world domain datasets demonstrate that our proposed approach can capture additional taxonomic semantic knowledge and reduce dependence on the training dataset, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art compared approaches on the taxonomic relation learning
task.
Hybrid model of generative adversarial network and Takagi‐Sugeno for multidimensional incomplete hydrological big data prediction
Authors: Li Xiaoli , Song Guomei , Du Zhenlong
Published: March 2020

The processing of rainfall‐runoff transmission in the catchment area is a very complex phenomenon, such as temporal and spatial changes of the catchment characteristics and uncertainties of rainfall patterns. To handle this challenge, data‐driven hydrologic models emerge rapidly for the rainfall runoff prediction. However, the incomplete hydrological data constrain the development of digital hydrologic model. This article proposes a rainfall‐runoff prediction method of coupling generative adversarial network (GAN) and Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy model, in which the GAN is used to generate the data for completing the incomplete hydrological data, and the T‐S fuzzy model is utilized for forecasting the rainfall runoff. The presented method is examined by real data in Huaihe basin just considering the precipitation and streamflow. Experiments show that the model combined GAN and T‐S can achieve satisfactory prediction results.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Retention of Crystal Chiral Information of Tetraphenylethylene Incorporated by Polysaccharides in Water
Authors: Hino Shodai , Sugikawa Kouta , Kawasaki Riku , Funabashi Hisakage , Kuroda Akio , Ikeda Atsushi
Published: March 2020

Polysaccharides, such as pullulan and λ‐carrageenan, can incorporate tetraphenylethylene derivatives through self‐aggregation in water by a high‐speed vibration milling method, which cannot be done by sonication and heating methods. Aggregation‐induced emission is observed from the tetraphenylethylene‐polysaccharide complexes. Furthermore, the tetraphenylethylene self‐assembled into polysaccharides is able to preserve the initial helical chirality (M‐ or P‐helicity) of the crystals in water after ball milling. Intracellular uptake of the polysaccharide‐complexed tetraphenylethylene derivative with a phenol unit by HeLa cells is enhanced compared with that without the phenol unit.
Transmission Electron Microscopy‐Based Statistical Analysis of Commercially Available Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots
Authors: Guo Biyu , Zuo Ying , Shi Yuanyuan , Han Tingting , Lanza Mario
Published: March 2020

Thanks to their excellent thermal and optical properties, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQD) have been extensively explored for several applications, such as composite material, optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and fluorescence materials, among others. Consequently, GOQDs are commercially available suspended in a solution. However, the density, size, and crystallinity of commercially available GOQDs can differ a lot from one manufacturer to another, which rarely provide exhaustive information about them. Furthermore, a recent report has questioned the quality of graphene‐based materials produced by liquid phase exfoliation. Here a statistical analysis of the quality of commercially available GOQDs, using transmission electron microscope (TEM), is presented. This technique enables to observe the internal structure, thickness, lattice structure, orientation, and local defects of the samples at atomic scale. High resolution TEM images reveal that the thickness of the GOQDs is not homogenous from center to edges within one single domain. The edges show hexagonal lattice (monolayer) while the central location shows to be rhomboidal structure (multilayer). This work provides clear statistical information about the quality of the commercially available GOQDs.
Modeling canopy senescence to calculate soybean maturity date using NDVI
Authors: Lindsey Alexander J. , Craft John C. , Barker David J.
Published: March 2020

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are the second largest crop in the United States, and cultivar development is important to improve productivity on existing farms. High‐throughput phenotyping can assist breeders in characterizing new lines particularly for phenotypic traits of interest such as crop canopy color, leaf distribution, and seed yield. However, current methods for characterizing the maturity date of soybeans needs to be improved to further leverage high‐throughput phenotyping platforms. The objective of this study was to examine if relative differences in leaf senescence patterns of soybean cultivars could be used to accurately calculate the observed maturity date. A field study was conducted in 2016–2017 at two locations in Ohio. Leaf canopy senescence was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and observed maturity was measured for each cultivar. Senescence was modeled for each cultivar, and relative differences in senescence calculated from NDVI reductions were compared with the relative differences in observed maturity for each cultivar. The relative differences between cultivars in the date when NDVI was reduced by 85% during senescence (compared with NDVI at the R5 growth stage) were accurate to calculate maturity differences to within 1.5 d of the observed values for 21 of the 24 cultivar × site‐year combinations. This practice has potential to contribute additional data to enhance the high‐throughput phenotyping process using existing equipment (or data being collected) in many programs.
Systematic determination of the reproductive growth stage most sensitive to high night temperature stress in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Coast Onoriode , Šebela David , Quiñones Cherryl , Jagadish S.V. Krishna
Published: March 2020

High night‐temperature (HNT) stress during the reproductive stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) reduces spikelet fertility and yield by inhibiting important physiological processes. However, specifics such as the period of time that is most sensitive to HNT, is unknown. To investigate this, we conducted four controlled‐environment experiments with two rice cultivars, N22 (HNT tolerant) and WAB56–104 (HNT susceptible). These cultivars were exposed to varying durations and intensities of night temperatures (control, 24°C; HNT, 30 and 35°C) during the reproductive stage. The effect of HNT on spikelet fertility and grain weight varied with duration: spikelet fertility reduced by 47–77% when exposed to HNT for 15 nights, 6–29% when exposed for four nights, and 9–15% when exposed for 5.5 h (pre‐midnight, 1830–0000 h or post‐midnight, 0000–0530 h) for four nights. Spikelet fertility and grain weight were most sensitive to HNT during the first 4 d of anthesis, compared with 1–4, 5–8, and 9–12 d before anthesis. At anthesis, reduction in spikelet fertility did not differ significantly between pre‐ and post‐midnight high‐temperature treatments. Our results suggest that greatest sensitivity to HNT during the reproductive stage occurs during the first 4 d of anthesis, providing a reference for future studies involving HNT tolerance in rice.
Jitter and metastability analysis and modeling of multilevel bang‐bang phase detector
Authors: Salem Sanaz , Saneei Mohsen , Abbasi‐Moghadam Dariush
Published: March 2020

Bang‐bang phase detector (BBPD) is one of the essential blocks in the phase‐locked loop and clock and data recovery that are used in transceivers. But BBPD has the metastability problem as data change in timing window. It suffers from not only metastability failure but also quantization noise, which causes output jitter. In this paper, the novel model is presented to evaluate the effect of both metastability and jitter on ML‐BBPD, and also, it is shown that multilevel BBPD (ML‐BBPD) has the improved quantization noise in comparison with the Alexander BBPD. In this model, it is shown that by increasing the oversampling ratio, the quantization noise is decreased, and with the metastability effect and the increment of quantization steps, the characteristic curve of the ML‐BBPD becomes more smoothed. Also, the output jitter of ML‐BBPD, in which metastability failure is diminished, is modeled. The error function in the model is simulated at system level and compares with the results achieved from simulation at circuit level to prove the validity of the proposed model. The simulation is done in TSMC 65‐nm CMOS technology under 1‐V supply voltage to compare the characteristic of ML‐BBPD for various number of sampling clocks.
Three‐phase four‐wire shunt active power filter based on the SOGI filter and Lyapunov function for DC bus control
Authors: Dellahi Mostafa , Maker Hattab , Botella Guillermo , Alameda‐Hernandez Enrique , Mouhsen Azeddine
Published: March 2020

The three‐phase four‐wire shunt active power filter (SAPF) was developed to suppress the harmonic currents generated by nonlinear loads, and for the compensation of unbalanced nonlinear load currents, reactive power, and the harmonic neutral current. In this work, we consider instantaneous reactive power theory (PQ theory) for reference current identification based on the following two algorithms: the classic low‐pass filter (LPF) and the second‐order generalized integrator (SOGI) filter. Furthermore, since an important process in SAPF control is the regulation of the DC bus voltage at the capacitor, a new controller based on the Lyapunov function is also proposed. A complete simulation of the resultant active filtering system confirms its validity, which uses the SOGI filter to extract the reference currents from the distorted line currents, compared with the traditional PQ theory based on LPF. In addition, the simulation performed also demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach, for DC bus voltage control based on the Lyapunov function, compared with the traditional proportional‐integral (PI) controller. Both novel approaches contribute towards an improvement in the overall performance of the system, which consists of a small rise and settling time, a very low or nonexistent overshoot, and the minimization of the total harmonic distortion (THD).
Evolution of glial wrapping: A new hypothesis
Authors: Rey Simone , Zalc Bernard , Klämbt Christian
Published: March 2020

Animals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. In the last decades, a neurono‐centric view on nervous system function channeled most of the scientific interest toward the analysis of neurons and neuronal functions. Neurons appeared early in animal evolution and the main principles of neuronal function from synaptic transmission to propagation of action potentials are conserved during evolution. In contrast, not much is known on the evolution of glial cells that were initially considered merely as static support cells. Although it is now accepted that glial cells have an equally important contribution as their neuronal counterpart to nervous system function, their evolutionary origin is unknown. Did glial cells appear several times during evolution? What were the first roles glial cells had to fulfil in the nervous system? What triggered the formation of the amazing diversity of glial morphologies and functions? Is there a possible mechanism that might explain the appearance of complex structures such as myelin in vertebrates? Here, we postulate a common evolutionary origin of glia and depict a number of selective forces that might have paved the way from a simple supporting cell to a wrapping and myelin forming glial cell.
Dental and craniofacial defects in the Crtap−/− mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta type VII
Authors: Xu He , Lenhart Sydney A. , Chu Emily Y. , Chavez Michael B. , Wimer Helen F. , Dimori Milena , Somerman Martha J. , Morello Roy , Foster Brian L. , Hatch Nan E.
Published: March 2020

Background

Inactivating mutations in the gene for cartilage‐associated protein (CRTAP) cause osteogenesis imperfecta type VII in humans, with a phenotype that can include craniofacial defects. Dental and craniofacial manifestations have not been a focus of case reports to date. We analyzed the craniofacial and dental phenotype of Crtap−/− mice by skull measurements, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), histology, and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Crtap−/− mice exhibited a brachycephalic skull shape with fusion of the nasofrontal suture and facial bones, resulting in mid‐face retrusion and a class III dental malocclusion. Loss of CRTAP also resulted in decreased dentin volume and decreased cellular cementum volume, though acellular cementum thickness was increased. Periodontal dysfunction was revealed by decreased alveolar bone volume and mineral density, increased periodontal ligament (PDL) space, ectopic calcification within the PDL, bone‐tooth ankylosis, altered immunostaining of extracellular matrix proteins in bone and PDL, increased pSMAD5, and more numerous osteoclasts on alveolar bone surfaces.

Conclusions

Crtap−/− mice serve as a useful model of the dental and craniofacial abnormalities seen in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta type VII.
Contribution of males to brood care can compensate for their food consumption from a shared resource
Authors: Keppner Eva M. , Ayasse Manfred , Steiger Sandra
Published: March 2020

The sharing of the same food source among parents and offspring can be a driver of the evolution of family life and parental care. However, if all family members desire the same meal, competitive situations can arise, especially if resource depletion is likely. When food is shared for reproduction and the raising of offspring, parents have to decide whether they should invest in self‐maintenance or in their offspring and it is not entirely clear how these two strategies are balanced. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, parents care for their offspring either bi‐ or uniparentally at a vertebrate carcass as the sole food source. The question of whether biparental care in this species offers the offspring a better environment for development compared with uniparental care has been the subject of some debate. We tested the hypothesis that male contribution to biparental brood care has a beneficial effect on offspring fitness but that this effect can be masked because the male also feeds from the shared resource. We show that a mouse carcass prepared by two Nicrophorus beetles is lighter compared with a carcass prepared by a single female beetle at the start of larval hatching and provisioning. This difference in carcass mass can influence offspring fitness when food availability is limited, supporting our hypothesis. Our results provide new insights into the possible evolutionary pathway of biparental care in this species of burying beetles.
Temperature and soil nutrients drive the spatial distributions of soil macroinvertebrates on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Yulian , Wu Qinggui , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Zhang Li , Xu Zhenfeng , Liu Yang , Tan Bo , Li Han , Zhou Wei
Published: March 2020

Improved knowledge of biological diversity patterns associated with elevation and their driving factors is indispensable for developing ecological theories. However, the results for the elevational distribution patterns of soil fauna are not consistent due to differing climates and vegetation. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of soil macroinvertebrate composition and structure among different forests at three elevations on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. A total of 16,559 individuals belonging to 24 orders and 100 families were collected, and the macroinvertebrate individual abundance, family richness, and diversity apparently increased with increasing elevation. Moreover, remarkable seasonal dynamics were observed for both the composition and functional structure of soil macroinvertebrates among forest types and were inconsistently affected by different environmental factors. The structural equation model suggested that elevation indirectly affected soil macroinvertebrate abundance by modulating climate (e.g., temperature) and soil quality (e.g., soil organic carbon and total nitrogen). Additionally, although vegetation had minor direct effects on soil macroinvertebrate abundance, it might indirectly influence soil macroinvertebrate abundance by regulating plant litter input. Our results indicate that temperature and soil nutrients are critical factors of soil macroinvertebrate elevational distributions and highlight the importance of plant litter input in determining the composition and structure of soil macroinvertebrates at different elevations.
Effect of time series length and resolution on abundance‐ and trait‐based early warning signals of population declines
Authors: Arkilanian A. A. , Clements C. F. , Ozgul A. , Baruah G.
Published: March 2020

Natural populations are increasingly threatened with collapse at the hands of anthropogenic effects. Predicting population collapse with the help of generic early warning signals (EWS) may provide a prospective tool for identifying species or populations at highest risk. However, pattern‐to‐process methods such as EWS have a multitude of challenges to overcome to be useful, including the low signal‐to‐noise ratio of ecological systems and the need for high quality time series data. The inclusion of trait dynamics with EWS has been proposed as a more robust tool to predict population collapse. However, the length and resolution of available time series are highly variable from one system to another, especially when generation time is considered. As yet, it remains unknown how this variability with regards to generation time will alter the efficacy of EWS. Here we take both a simulation‐ and experimental‐based approach to assess the impacts of relative time series length and resolution on the forecasting ability of EWS. We show that EWS’ performance decreases with decreasing time‐series length. However, there was no evident decrease in EWS performance as resolution decreased. Our simulations suggest a relative time series length between 10 and five generations as a minimum requirement for accurate forecasting by abundance‐based EWS. However, when trait information is included alongside abundance‐based EWS, we find positive signals at lengths one‐half of what was required without them. We suggest that, in systems where specific traits are known to affect demography, trait data should be monitored and included alongside abundance data to improve forecasting reliability.
Identifying pain perceptual biases related to fear of pain and threat in a pain‐free sample
Authors: Yang Zhou , Bateer
Published: March 2020

Background

The association between fear of pain (FOP) and pain intensity has remained unclear. This study aimed to examine whether highly pain‐fearful participants showed pain perceptual biases to general painful stimulus or to specific threatening painful stimulus.

Methods

Fifty‐nine undergraduates were recruited into low (n = 30) and high (n = 29) FOP groups and completed a threatening pain perception task with two tasks. Task 1 assessed pain perceptual biases by calculating the percentage of near‐threshold pain stimulus judged as painful and assessing the average pain intensity ratings to those painful stimuli. Task 2 assessed pain perceptual biases by measuring pain ratings to each single threshold (low intensity) and twice‐threshold (high intensity) pain stimulus.

Results

Results from task 1 indicated that higher FOP levels were associated with higher pain sensitivity when pain was appraised as a threat, reflected as high FOP group reporting higher pain intensity to those stimuli judged as painful in high threat condition than in low threat condition. Consistently, results from task 2 observed that when noxious stimulus intensity increased to threshold pain and twice threshold pain levels, high FOP group also generally reported higher pain intensity in high threat condition than in low threat condition. However, for both tasks, no such threat level differences were observed in low FOP group.

Conclusions

The current research emphasized that participants with higher FOP level showed pain perceptual biases to specific threatening painful stimulus. Threat appraisal of pain played a key role in the positive association between pain‐related fear and pain perceptual biases.

Significance

The findings highlight the modulatory influence of threat appraisal of pain in the positive association between pain‐related fear and pain perceptual biases.
Extraction kinetics of tea aroma compounds as a function brewing temperature, leaf size and water hardness
Authors: Sánchez‐López José A. , Yener Sine , Smrke Samo , Märk Tilmann D. , Bonn Günther , Zimmermann Ralf , Biasioli Franco , Yeretzian Chahan
Published: March 2020

Changes in the headspace volatile profile of tea infusion during brewing were determined by analysing the aliquots taken every 30 s using proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in conjunction with principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The effect of three different brewing temperatures (60, 70 and 80°C), two leaf sizes (broken and full leaves) and two water mineralizations (soft and hard), on the concentration of volatile compounds in the headspace of tea, was studied as a function of infusion time. An increase in brewing temperature resulted in increased volatile content in the headspace, reflecting an increase in extraction efficiency. Such differences on extraction efficiency were more pronounced with increasing brewing times. Leaf size had also a big impact on the extraction of volatile compounds, but mainly during the early phase of brewing. Water mineralization had a low but noticeable impact on the volatile content. Furthermore, clusters of samples prepared with different combinations of brewing parameters but resulting in analogous volatile profiles could be identified using hierarchical clustering analysis.
Inductive Low‐Frequency Processes in PEMFC‐Impedance Spectra
Authors: Schiefer A. , Heinzmann M. , Weber A.
Published: March 2020

Impedance spectra of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells often comprise an “inductive loop” at low frequencies from 1 Hz to 1 mHz additionally to the typically polarization resistances with capacitive behavior between 1 MHz to 1 Hz.

To investigate this inductive behavior, systematic variations of operating parameters as humidity, current density and gas compositions are performed. The impedance spectra, including their inductive parts, are deconvoluted by an extended version of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). Two inductive processes are identified in the DRT and subsequently quantified by fitting the spectra to an extended equivalent circuit model exhibiting negative resistances and constant phase elements.

Both inductive processes are depending on relative humidity and current density. The inductive behavior seems to be dominated by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode, whereas changes in membrane hydration can be excluded as the main cause for the inductive low‐frequency processes. Measurements in symmetrical H2/H2 operating mode prove that the inductive behavior cannot be solely related to the ORR.

The ratio of the inductive processes to the ohmic and capacitive loss processes ranges from 15% to 30%. Thus, a considerable cell performance improvement related to the existence of these inductive low‐frequency processes has to be taken into account.
Accessory Ultrasonographic Findings in Chronic Liver Disease: Diameter of Splenic and Hepatic Arteries, Fasting Gallbladder Volume, and Course of Left Portal Vein
Authors: Toni Roberto , Bolondi Luigi , Gaiani Stefano , Re Giuseppe , Calabrese Luigi , Cavalli Giancarlo , Labò Giuseppe
Published: March 2020

We have assessed the incidence and significance of changes in the caliber of the splenic and hepatic arteries, in fasting gallbladder volume, and in the intrahepatic course of the left portal vein in a group of 46 patients affected by chronic liver disease (24 with chronic active hepatitis and 22 with liver cirrhosis). Thirty normal subjects were examined as a control group. Mean diameters of the splenic and hepatic arteries were significantly greater in cases of liver cirrhosis than in the control group. In the case of chronic active hepatitis, only the splenic artery proved significantly enlarged in comparison with the control group. These results demonstrate that caliber modification occurs in the splenic and hepatic arteries during chronic liver disease. In particular, changes in the splenic artery precede the onset of clinically evident portal hypertension. Gallbladder volume was significantly increased in patients affected by liver cirrhosis. Finally, statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference in the angles formed by the transverse and longitudinal tracts of the left portal vein in controls and in subjects with liver disease.
DEINSTITUTIONALISED OR REINSTITUTIONALISED? DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NONPROFIT HUMAN SERVICES SECTOR
Authors: McDonald Catherine
Published: March 2020

Recent developments in the environment surrounding the nonprofit human services sector in Australia have been viewed with some concern, especially given the role of the sector within the Australian welfare state. This paper reviews these developments, noting that some are less visible than others, and that the process of change is more widespread than often perceived. By explicitly employing a theoretical framework derived from organisational theory the paper argues that the contemporary experience of the sector, characterised as the existing institutional order of the field, is set to undergo substantial revision as it is incorporated within an emerging new institutional order of the market and the state as market.
Multidimensional skills and the returns to schooling: Evidence from an interactive fixed‐effects approach and a linked survey‐administrative data set
Authors: Kejriwal Mohitosh , Li Xiaoxiao , Totty Evan
Published: March 2020

This paper presents new evidence on returns to schooling based on an interactive fixed‐effects framework that allows for multiple unobserved skills with potentially time‐varying prices as well as individual‐level heterogeneity in returns. This constitutes a substantive generalization of most existing approaches. Our empirical analysis employs a unique linked survey‐administrative panel data set on education and earnings. We find average marginal returns to schooling of about 2.8–4.4% relative to least squares/instrumental variable estimates between 7.7% and 12.7%. Omitted ability accounts for a larger fraction of the aggregate least squares bias compared to heterogeneity. We also find considerable heterogeneity in individual returns.
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography of muscle perfusion and oxygenation under arterial and venous occlusion: A human pilot study
Authors: Karlas Angelos , Kallmayer Michael , Fasoula Nikolina‐Alexia , Liapis Evangelos , Bariotakis Michail , Krönke Markus , Anastasopoulou Maria , Reber Josefine , Eckstein Hans‐Henning , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: March 2020

Perfusion and oxygenation are critical parameters of muscle metabolism in health and disease. They have been both the target of many studies, in particular using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). However, difficulties with quantifying NIRS signals have limited a wide dissemination of the method to the clinics. Our aim was to investigate whether clinical multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) could enable the label‐free imaging of muscle perfusion and oxygenation under clinically relevant challenges: the arterial and venous occlusion. We employed a hybrid clinical MSOT/ultrasound system equipped with a hand‐held scanning probe to visualize hemodynamic and oxygenation changes in skeletal muscle under arterial and venous occlusions. Four (N = 4) healthy volunteers were scanned over the forearm for both 3‐minute occlusion challenges. MSOT‐recorded pathophysiologically expected results during tests of disturbed blood flow with high resolution and without the need for contrast agents. During arterial occlusion, MSOT‐extracted Hb‐values showed an increase, while HbO2‐ and total blood volume (TBV)‐values remained roughly steady, followed by a discrete increase during the hyperemic period after cuff deflation. During venous occlusion, results showed a clear increase in intramuscular HbO2, Hb and TBV within the segmented muscle area. MSOT was found to be capable of label‐free non‐invasive imaging of muscle hemodynamics and oxygenation under arterial and venous occlusion. We introduce herein MSOT as a novel modality for the assessment of vascular disorders characterized by disturbed blood flow, such as acute limb ischemia and venous thrombosis.
Taking another look at the sense of community index: Six confirmatory factor analyses
Authors: Cope Michael R. , Ward Carol , Jackson Jorden E. , Muirbrook Kayci A. , Andre Alex Nicholas
Published: March 2020

Previous studies focusing on the effects of the social aspects of community have often used the Sense of Community Index (SCI), despite other research showing that it is not a good‐fit measure for its expected dimensions. Using a sample of students from Brigham Young University, we performed confirmatory factor analysis of the SCI to assess 1‐factor, 4‐factor, 1‐factor revised, 3‐factor revised, 1‐factor revised, 4‐factor revised, and 1‐factor revised models. Our study resulted in mixed findings: models were neither a poor‐fit nor a good fit. Although the 4‐factor revised model was the best fit, it did not measure the intended dimensions well. Our analysis indicates that future research investigating sense of community should use measures other than the SCI.
A peer support and peer mentoring approach to enhancing resilience and empowerment among refugees settled in southern Spain
Authors: Paloma Virginia , de la Morena Irene , Sladkova Jana , López‐Torres Clara
Published: March 2020

This study aims to analyze the processes of resilience and empowerment experienced by refugees in southern Spain during their participation in a community‐based intervention. Intervention design covered two phases over 15 weeks: (a) accompanying a group of 10 settled refugees to become mentors, making use of a peer‐support‐group format; and (b) holding four cultural peer‐support groups made up of newly arrived refugees led by the previously trained settled refugees, following a peer‐mentoring format. We analyzed the mentors' narratives and written evaluations produced over the course of the intervention program. Mentor resilience increased during the first program phase and remained high and stable during the second phase. Mentor empowerment steadily increased throughout the duration of the program, and was fueled when participants became mentors to newly arrived refugees during the second phase. This study highlights how a peer‐support and peer‐mentoring approach is useful for enhancing the resilience and empowerment of refugees in receiving societies.
Learning through making: The development of engineering discourse in an out‐of‐school maker club
Authors: Martin Lee , Betser Sagit
Published: March 2020

Background

Learning to be an engineer means learning to participate in engineering discourse: the words, visuals, routines, and narratives through which engineers think and communicate. An important goal for engineering education is uncovering the processes by which young people take up and become fluent in engineering discourse, and how teachers and mentors can aid them in this process. Growing evidence suggests that participation in out‐of‐school maker activities—a class of informal design and build activities—holds promise to help youth gain interest and skill in engineering design.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study investigates how youth learn engineering design through participation in a maker club. It is theoretically grounded in Sfard's (2008) commognition framework, an approach that views learning to be an engineer as learning to participate in engineering discourse.

Design/Method

The study employed case study methods of interaction analysis of video‐recorded observations. The analysis closely examines interactions to uncover the mechanisms of discourse development.

Results

Findings showed that a newcomer to the discourse could show substantive growth within a single work session. The analysis examined how the youth and a mentor collaborated within a hands‐on learning environment to create opportunities for discourse development. Such growth is not inevitable as seen in an analysis of a missed opportunity.

Conclusions

This article shows that making can be a fruitful context for the development of engineering discourse, and it illustrates mechanisms through which that learning can occur, including explorative imitation of engineering discourse routines within hands‐on learning environments. It shows that professional engineers can play an important role in youth learning.
Editorial for “Histogram Analysis Comparison of Monoexponential, Advanced Diffusion‐ Weighted Imaging, and Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced MRI for Differentiating Borderline From Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors”
Authors: Ye Zezhong
Published: March 2020

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:269–270.
Artificial intelligence and convolution neural networks assessing mammographic images: a narrative literature review
Authors: Wong Dennis Jay , Gandomkar Ziba , Wu Wan‐Jing , Zhang Guijing , Gao Wushuang , He Xiaoying , Wang Yunuo , Reed Warren
Published: March 2020

Studies have shown that the use of artificial intelligence can reduce errors in medical image assessment. The diagnosis of breast cancer is an essential task; however, diagnosis can include ‘detection’ and ‘interpretation’ errors. Studies to reduce these errors have shown the feasibility of using convolution neural networks (CNNs). This narrative review presents recent studies in diagnosing mammographic malignancy investigating the accuracy and reliability of these CNNs. Databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, MEDLINE, British Medical Journal and Medscape were searched using the terms ‘convolutional neural network or artificial intelligence’, ‘breast neoplasms [MeSH] or breast cancer or breast carcinoma’ and ‘mammography [MeSH Terms]’. Articles collected were screened under the inclusion and exclusion criteria, accounting for the publication date and exclusive use of mammography images, and included only literature in English. After extracting data, results were compared and discussed. This review included 33 studies and identified four recurring categories of studies: the differentiation of benign and malignant masses, the localisation of masses, cancer‐containing and cancer‐free breast tissue differentiation and breast classification based on breast density. CNN's application in detecting malignancy in mammography appears promising but requires further standardised investigations before potentially becoming an integral part of the diagnostic routine in mammography.
Empirical analysis of shared leadership promotion and team creativity: An adaptive leadership perspective
Authors: Ali Ahsan , Wang Hongwei , Johnson Russell E.
Published: March 2020

Promoting shared leadership in teams and enhancing team creativity is aided by complementarity between leader and team member characteristics. We integrate insights from social learning theory and dominance complementarity perspective with the team leadership and creativity literature to explore the facilitating role of formal participative leadership for enhancing team creativity indirectly by promoting shared leadership. The relationships among formal participative leadership, shared leadership, and team creativity are bounded by team voice behavior and team creative efficacy. To test our theoretical model, we collected multisource and multiwave survey data from 382 members of 73 teams. Results revealed a significant positive relationship of participative leadership with shared leadership in teams, which in turn was positively associated with team creativity. Team voice behavior and team creative efficacy moderated these relationships, respectively, by strengthening the positive relationships. We discuss the theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future directions of our findings.
Analysis of the absorption and accumulation characteristics of rare earth elements in Chinese tea
Authors: Wang Haibin , Chen Xiaoting , Ye Jianghua , Jia Xiaoli , Zhang Qi , He Haibin
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Rare earth elements (REEs) played an important role in enhancing the yield and quality of tea, and have been widely used in tea cultivation. In the present study, 3011 tea samples of four tea types, namely black tea, green tea, oolong tea and dark tea, were collected from the mainly tea producing areas in different provinces of China to analyze the contents of 16 REEs by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The results obtained showed that the higher average content of REEs was 2.960 mg kg−1 in black tea from Henan province, 2.500 mg·kg−1 in green tea from Shanxi province, 3.870 mg·kg−1 in oolong tea from Guizhou province and 2.955 mg·kg−1 in dark tea from Hunan province. The sum percentage of five elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, and Nd) to total REEs was 84.39% in black tea, 85.07% in green tea, 83.67% in oolong tea and 84.42% in dark tea. In addition, the content of Ce in tea was greatest, regardless of the province of China. The content trend of the five REEs was Ce > La > Sc > Nd > Y in black and green tea, respectively. However, the content trend was Ce > Y > Sc > Nd > La in oolong tea and Ce > Y > La > Nd > Sc in dark tea.

CONCLUSION

The tea leaves mainly accumulated light REEs rather than heavy REEs. These results provided an important theoretical basis for investigation of the accumulation characteristics of REEs in Chinese tea. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparing molecularly imprinted nanoparticles of saponins via cooperative imprinting strategy
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Yanan , Wang Hailing , Wen Han , Yan Zhifeng , Huang Ailan , Bie Zijun , Chen Yang
Published: March 2020

Saponin is an important class of natural products with various pharmacological activities. The selective separation of saponins is an essential step before further analysis. Molecular imprinting has been an effective strategy for preparing antibody mimics. However, a facile and efficient imprinting strategy for saponins is still lacking owing to their amphiphilic nature. Herein, we have prepared the saponins imprinted nanoparticles via cooperative imprinting strategy. This new strategy relies on the combination of various non‐covalent interactions (hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding) and covalent boronate affinity interactions. The obtained imprinted nanoparticles could rebind specific saponins from complex matrices with good selectivity, superb tolerance to interference, and fast binding equilibrium. This method was verified to be versatile and facile. Thus, this strategy could greatly facilitate the preparation of imprinted nanoparticles for the specific recognition of saponins.
A Novel Classification: Anomalous Routes of the Facial Nerve in Relation to Inner Ear Malformations
Authors: Sennaroğlu Levent , Tahir Emel
Published: March 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

The objective of this study was to classify anomalous facial nerve (FN) routes and to determine their association with inner ear malformations (IEMs).

Study Design

Retrospective cross sectional study.

Methods

The computed tomography images of 519 patients (796 ears) with IEMs were retrospectively evaluated, and the abnormal routes of the FN were classified as: Meatal segment: type 1, normal internal auditory canal (IAC); type 2, narrow IAC; type 3, facial canal (FC) only; type 4: separate FC/duplicated IAC. Labyrinthine segment (LS): type 1, normal; type 2a/b/c, mild/moderate/severe anterior displacement; type 3, superior displacement; type 4: straight LS. Tympanic segment (TS): type 1, normal; type 2, superiorly displaced TS; type 3, TS at the oval window; type 4: TS inferior to the oval window; type 5: unclassified. Mastoid segment: type 1, normal facial recess (FR)/normal mastoid segment; type 2: narrow FR; type 3, unclassified.

Results

In meatal segment classification, a narrow IAC was common in ears with cochlear hypoplasia (CH) (76.1%), and only FC was common in ears with severe IEMs (62.7%) such as Michel deformity, common cavity, and cochlear aplasia. Incomplete partition‐III has its unique superiorly displaced LS (100%). CH‐IV also has its unique mild anterosuperior displacement. Ears with a superiorly displaced TS usually (93.1%) had aplastic or hypoplastic semicircular canals. The FR is likely to be narrow in CH and severe IEMs.

Conclusions

The FN route is affected in IEMs, which must be kept in mind when operating on ears with IEMs. Especially in CH cases, all segments of the FN can be abnormal.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:E696–E703, 2020
Time series assessment of Thaumarchaeota ecotypes in Monterey Bay reveals the importance of water column position in predicting distribution–environment relationships
Authors: Tolar Bradley B. , Reji Linta , Smith Jason M. , Blum Marguerite , Pennington J. Timothy , Chavez Francisco P. , Francis Christopher A.
Published: March 2020

Nitrification plays a key role in marine ecosystems where Thaumarchaeota are thought to be responsible for most of the ammonia oxidation in the water column. Over a 2‐yr, near‐monthly time series at two sites in Monterey Bay we observed repeatable seasonal and depth‐based patterns of Thaumarchaeota ecotype abundance that highlighted a clear delineation between populations in shallow euphotic (< 50 m) vs. deeper mesopelagic (60–500 m) depths. Euphotic depths show greater seasonality and influence from light, while mesopelagic waters have trends based on water mass and other covarying features with depth. Three major ecotypes were recovered: a Nitrosopumilus‐like (NP) group, a Nitrosopelagicus‐like ecotype containing “shallow” water column A (WCA) members, and an ecotype affiliated with the “deep” water column B (WCB) Thaumarchaeota. These ecotypes show a strong depth distribution, with WCB dominant at ≥ 200 m depth and WCA most abundant in surface (5–100 m) waters. The NP ecotype was found throughout the water column with the highest abundance in summer, and was the only ecotype showing a correlation with measured nitrification rates. We also found three abundant taxa related to Nitrospina—the major nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria in the ocean; these showed clear connections to each of the three Thaumarchaeota ecotypes, suggesting a specific relationship between both steps of nitrification. Our results support the importance of ecotype‐based analysis of Thaumarchaeota and show that their abundance and distribution are controlled based on their water column position, with a distinct shift at 50 m between euphotic and mesopelagic depths.
Links between S‐adenosylmethionine and Agr‐based quorum sensing for biofilm development in Listeria monocytogenes EGD‐e
Authors: Lee Yue‐Jia , Wang Chinling
Published: March 2020

Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of human listeriosis which has high hospitalization and mortality rates for individuals with weakened immune systems. The survival and dissemination of L. monocytogenes in adverse environments can be reinforced by the formation of biofilms. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying listerial biofilm development. Given that both nutrient availability and quorum sensing (QS) have been known as the factors influencing biofilm development, we hypothesized that the signal from a sentinel metabolite S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) and Agr‐based QS could be synchronous in L. monocytogenes to modulate nutrient availability, the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), and biofilm formation. We performed biofilm assays and quantitative real‐time PCR to investigate how biofilm volumes and the expression of genes for the synthesis of EPS were affected by SAM supplementation, agr deletion, or both. We found that exogenously applied SAM induced biofilm formation and that the expression of genes encoding the EPS synthesis machineries was regulated by SAM and/or Agr QS. Moreover, the gene transcription of components acting in the methyl cycle for SAM synthesis and Agr QS was affected by the signals from the other system. In summary, we reveal an interconnection at the transcriptional level between metabolism and QS in L. monocytogenes and highlight the critical role of metabolite‐oriented QS in biofilm development.
Some remarks on the renormalization group and Chapman‐Enskog type methods in singularly perturbed problems
Authors: Banasiak Jacek
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we show that for a large class of singularly perturbed problems, the classical Chapman‐Enskog asymptotic procedure leads, in a shorter way, to the same asymptotic expansion as the renormalization group (RG) approach. We also prove that the Chapman‐Enskog expansion gives the expected error estimates uniformly on
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A phenomenological–hermeneutic study exploring caring responsibility for a chronically ill, older parent with frailty
Authors: Andersen Helle Elisabeth , Hoeck Bente , Nielsen Dorthe Susanne , Ryg Jesper , Delmar Charlotte
Published: March 2020

Aim

To provide lifeworld insights into experiences of adult children with caring responsibility for an 80+‐year‐old chronically ill parent with frailty.

Background

Informal care is common in Nordic welfare countries; however, little is known about adult children's experience of caring responsibility in this setting.

Design

A phenomenological–hermeneutic study based on Reflective Lifeworld Research.

Methods

Diaries and semi‐structured interviews with 12 adult children.

Results

Caring responsibility is identified as “a condition of life, filled with uncertainty.” Three constituents contribute to this phenomenon: (a) balancing love, duty and reciprocity; (b) being the parent's advocate and manager; and (c) experiencing concerns and bodily strain.

Conclusion

Adult children work hard to provide care and enhance the well‐being of their parent. Heidegger's concept ‘Fürsorge’ may help us understand how by showing how caring responsibility means balancing different roles vis‐à‐vis the parent, one's own life and the health and social systems. Caring responsibility changes the relationship between parent and child.