bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Листок из частного архива (К истории журнала Жупел’)
Authors: Сурис Борис
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This essay details the production history of Zhupel (Bugbear)—a journal of artistic satire published in St. Petersburg in the winter of 1905-1906 by several key artists of the World of Art collective. A starting point of this inquiry is a note casually composed by one of the journal’s contributors, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, to record various titles suggested for the journal at a World of Art gathering. The article reconstructs the origins of Zhupel and gauges the journal’s reception by the public and the official establishment, the nature and extent of the oppositional sentiment of various members of the World of Art (and their affiliates), as well as the artists’ involvement in the events of the period and in the business of publishing satirical journals. Also discussed are various literary-artistic alliances between the modernists of the World of Art and the realist writers of Maxim Gorky’s Znanie (Knowledge) cooperative that informed the verbal and visual content of the journal.
The Third Wave: Islamization of Europe, or Europanization of Islam?
Authors: Berger Maurits S.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

To understand the concerns and issues related to Muslims and Islam in Europe, this article makes use of a framework that qualifies ‘Islam’ as two manifestations of ‘physical’ and ‘virtual’ Islam and ‘Europe’ as two discourses defined as the political-legal and cultural-religious discourse. The resulting matrix of these four dimensions will be applied to several of the main issues of the interaction between Islam and Europe: the numerical presence of Muslims, their visibility, the legacy of centuries of European-Islamic interaction, and the (in)compatibility of Islamic and European values. Based on these examples, the author observes that the European concerns regarding ‘Islam’ mostly relate to virtual Islam and are dominated by cultural-religious discourse. The author therefore questions the often-heard two-choice question between ‘Europanization of Islam’ or ‘Islamization of Europe’, arguing that the real choice to be made in Europe is whether it will adhere to its political-legal values, such as liberalism, equalit and human rights, or will prefer its cultural-religious values.
Embedding Islam in the ‘Moral Covenants’ of European States: The Case of a State-Funded Imam Training in the Netherlands
Authors: Boender Welmoet
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Modern European societies have set their ‘moral covenants’ in recent history and these underpin their social institutions. But what happens when new ‘alien’ religious institutions have to be included into the ‘moral commonwealth’ since a considerable number of people from different cultural backgrounds have come to live in Europe? How do the ‘fragile formulas’ (Salvatore) or ‘moral covenants’ (Selznick) underpin the institutionalisation process of Muslim institutions? How do the covenants persist and change? The institutionalisation processes of imam training programmes in Europe are excellent examples which can be used to examine the content and contemporary use of these ‘moral covenants.’ This paper explores the example of the Dutch ‘imam training debate,’ as a contribution to ongoing studies which focus on strategies of various actors involved in the institutionalisation process of Muslim learning institutions in Europe.
The Cultic World of the Blind Monks: Benzaiten, Jūzenji, and Shukujin
Authors: Faure Bernard
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This paper examines the complex institutional and symbolic network that developed during the medieval period, bringing together people, places, institutions, myths, legends, rituals, and deities. It focuses on the relationships between the goddess of musical arts and eloquence Benzaiten, the Hie Shrine deity Jūzenji, and itinerant performers such as the blind monks (mōsō) and thebiwa hōshi, who were instrumental in bringing together traditional Buddhist teachings and the performing arts (geinō). The paper argues that these relationships formed part of a broader semantic and symbolic field, at the center of which was the Protean figure of theshukujin(whose name can mean “astral god” and “god of destiny,” but also “god of theshuku”—outcasts groups and settlements). It shows how the latter was eventually identified by the Nō playwright Konparu Zenchiku (1405-1468), in his seminal workMeishukushū, with the figure of Okina, the divine old man that is widely regarded as the symbol of Nō theater. With the slow decline of the blind monks and the growing aestheticism of Nō, however, the vital connection between esoteric Buddhism, local religious traditions, and the performing arts eventually unraveled.
Buddhist Structures and Secular Themes in Zeami’s Narrative Style
Authors: Pinnington Noel J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This study is a contribution to the question of the Buddhist character of medieval Nō drama. Previous studies have analyzed references to Buddhism or expressions of Buddhist practices in Nō plays. This study, however, focuses on the discourse through which plays tell their stories. It asks how the stereotypical structure for plays established by Zeami enabled the expression of voices conceived of within a Buddhist world-view. First, techniques used in some early plays to describe Buddhist ideas are considered. Next, the structural conventions developed by Zeami to portray similar subjects are investigated. It is shown how, in plays in which ghosts appear to Buddhist priests (mugen nō), Zeami’s system was well suited to expressing the contrast between the minds of beings on the Buddhist path and those trapped in delusion. Finally, three plays are explored which used these same conventions to represent more complex characters. These can be understood as exhibiting the adequacy of the Buddhist world-view to the expression of wider themes. The last play considered, which describes an elderly poetess, is the most successful. In it, Zeami’s conventions produce both a recognizable portrait of an old woman, whilst at the same time exposing analogies between her predicament and that of deluded ghosts.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Akhtar Zia
Published: February 2014

The nominal sovereignty that the indigenous tribes exercise in the US is further constrained by the federal government exercising the powers of trustee and restricting their rights of alienation over lands. The plenary authority of Congress allows the enactment of all laws impacting on Indians that the federal government deems necessary. It is of overriding effect and has led to the emergence of a land law theory that preserves the power of preemption over the tribal nations. This legal framework dates back to the Marshall doctrine and the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act 1790. The issue is: can there be a reversal of the extinguished title for the indigenous peoples and an assertion of their original claim to rightful ownership? This article compares the land theory that prevails in the US with the developments that have taken place in common law countries, such as Canada and Australia, and concludes that there needs to be an affirmation of the principle of a right in land for the Native people rather than them being ‘tenants at will’ of the federal government.
A new species of Potamocoris (Heteroptera: Potamocoridae) from Belize, and synonymy of the genus Coleopterocoris
Authors: Polhemus Dan A. , Carrie Rachael H.
Published: February 2014

A new species of Potamocoridae, Potamocoris isbiru, is described from Belize. This taxon is easily recognized by the thick fringes of gold setae on the lateral margins of the head, pronotum and basal hemelytra. This new species also exhibits both fully macropterous and coleopteriform wing morphologies, thereby encompassing the character states previously used to discriminate the genus Potamocoris Hungerford from the genus Coleopterocoris Hungerford. On the basis of this intraspecific wing polymorphism, we conclude that Coleopterocoris is merely the coleopteriform morph of Potamocoris, and synonymize it under the latter genus. Figures of key morphological characters are provided for P. isbiru, accompanied by a photograph of typical habitat in which the species occurs, and a distribution map.
Handle with care: Umbrella clauses and MFN treatment in investment arbitration
Authors: Gazzini Tarcisio , Tanzi Attila
Published: February 2014

A large number of BITs concluded by France contain quite a peculiar clause (for instance Article 10 BIT with Argentina), which has been recently the object of questionable interpretations and applications in EDF International S.A. et al. v. Argentina and Mr. Franck Charles Arif v. Moldova. Both tribunals allowed the claimants to benefit, through the MNF clause, from umbrella clauses contained in BITs with third States. It is argued that neither tribunal has rigorously interpreted the relevant provisions in the basic treaty, nor ensured compliance with the ejusdem generis principle. The legal uncertainty that surrounds these provisions is detrimental for foreign investors and States alike. Concerned States should consider taking the measures necessary to clarify, jointly or individually, the content of these provisions and of the obligations stemming from them.
Investment and Trade in Biofuels: Will there be a Market in the US for Developing Country Ethanol?
Authors: Williams Alphanso , Kerr William A.
Published: February 2014

The mandating of increased use of biofuels in transportation fuel in the US initially appeared to offer considerable benefits for developing countries via production and export of sugar cane-based ethanol. This was particularly the case after the contribution of corn-based ethanol was capped at approximately current production levels in the wake of the food price crisis starting in 2007. Closer examination of the complex US biofuels mandate, however, suggests that market access opportunities for developing countries will be much smaller than originally hoped. Current inconsistencies in US biofuels policy increase the riskiness of any developing country investments in the production of biofuels crops and co-requisite infrastructure. As a result, there appears to be little interest in investment in trade-related ethanol activities in developing countries.
Leveraging the Trade Preference Program to Secure a State’s Compliance with International Law Obligations
Authors: Rosenberg Charles B. , Fox Peter D.
Published: February 2014

This Article explores the use of the trade preference program to pressure a State to comply with its international law obligations. Examining recent international investment disputes involving Argentina, Ecuador, and the Russian Federation, this Article discusses the increasing role of U.S. and EU trade preference programs as retaliatory mechanisms for noncompliance. This Article concludes that the use of the trade preference program as a leveraging tool can meaningfully impact a host State involved in an international investment dispute, particularly where the host State either has not consented to arbitration or has allegedly failed to comply with an adverse award.
The Papyrus from the ‘Musician’s Tomb’ in Daphne: MΠ 7449, 8517-8523 (Archaeological Museum of Piraeus)
Authors: Alexopoulou Athena A. , Karamanou Ioanna
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In Section 1 Athena Alexopoulou presents the imaging documentation techniques and the non-destructive investigation methodology applied to the papyrus-fragments from the “Musician’s Tomb” in Daphne (MΠ 7449, 8517-8523). They were used to learn more about the script rescued on the papyrus, and to find ways of improving its legibility. The high resolution and optical quality of the photomacrographs enables the detection of lines containing letter-sequences and syllables on the surface and underneath, improves readability and allows further philological interpretation. In Section 2 Ioanna Karamanou edits the legible papyrus-fragments of ΜΠ 8517, 8520, 8521, which were not edited in Martin West’s edition (grms1, 2013), offering an overview of the legible material and exploring its literary character. Having detected more readings suggestive of poetic words, she argues that they are consistent with and may supplement those of Prof. West’s edition, reinforcing the likelihood that the earliest Greek papyrus employed poetic diction.
The Potential and Promise of Communications Procedures under the Third Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Buck Trevor , Wabwile Michael
Published: February 2014

The Third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (OP3-CRC) presents new opportunities for States and non-state actors/interest groups to advance the cause of children’s rights in the global context. Since international legal apparatus for protecting human rights is generally weak, and depends largely on cooperation and support of States, the best approach would be to explore how to integrate available mechanisms to maximise their impact. OP3-CRC provides the Committee on the Rights of the Child with individual and inter-state complaint mechanisms, and an inquiry procedure regarding ‘grave and systematic violations,’ which may in appropriate cases be applied to contest state policies and practices. We argue that the potential and promise of this new communications/complaints regime can be harnessed through strategic phased implementation, establishing the office of a Special Representative on CRC Communications Procedures and rebranding the Committee in anticipation of its enhanced mandates.
An Appraisal of Diplomatic Assurances One Year after Othman (Abu Qatada) v United Kingdom (2012)
Authors: Giuffré Mariagiulia
Published: February 2014

In Abu Qatada v UK, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) held that deportation with assurances would not be in violation of Article 3 (prohibition of torture) of the Convention. Rather it found that deportation would breach one of the qualified, derogable rights of the Convention, Article 6 (right to a fair trial), because of the real risk that torture-based evidence would be admitted at the applicant’s retrial in Jordan. After an overview of Abu Qatada’s long-standing legal battle before and after the ECtHR’s decision, this article argues that reliance on diplomatic assurances on the fair treatment of the returnee enhances the risk that human rights are redefined into a political issue where power is delegated to the executive and security sphere. It concludes that the general image of the ECtHR, one year after Abu Qatada, is one of a tightrope walker nimbly (yet not always convincingly) keeping the equilibrium between, on the one hand, the effort to protect human rights, and on the other hand, the exigency to uphold States’ needs to combat terrorism at all costs, even cooperating on deportation with countries that notoriously violate human rights.
Neutering the SADC Tribunal by Blocking Individuals’ Access to the Tribunal
Authors: Jonas Obonye
Published: February 2014

The SADC Tribunal was originally suspended by the SADC Heads of State and Government in August 2010. On 18 August 2012 at their Summit in Maputo, Mozambique, the SADC leaders took a decision to continue with the suspension of the SADC tribunal while simultaneously re-negotiating a new Protocol on the SADC Tribunal. Crucially for this article, the Summit also took a decision to limit the jurisdiction of the SADC Tribunal to the determination of inter-state disputes and the interpretation of the SADC Treaty and its protocols and divested it of the jurisdiction to entertain claims lodged by private persons. This decision effectively means that the Tribunal will no longer enjoy the power to entertain human rights claims, since they are invariably brought to court by natural persons. This article argues that the Summit’s decision to close to the SADC Tribunal to individuals is arbitrary, politically motivated and will undermine the regional human rights protection system and consequently undermine SADC’s ultimate objectives, namely regional integration and economic growth.
International Criminal Court: Selected Developments in 2012
Authors: Mariniello Triestino
Published: February 2014

Between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012 the Chambers of the International Criminal Court (ICC) delivered several notable judgments and decisions. This comment highlights the most important developments with regard to substantive and procedural law. In so doing, it does not pretend to be a comprehensive overview or exhaustive compilation of all judgments and decisions handed down by the ICC.1
The ‘Democratization’ of Memories of Singapore’s Past
Authors: Blackburn Kevin
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In Singapore, there has been a ‘democratization’ of memory through heritage blogs and Facebook, YouTube clips of reminiscences about the past, as well as the state sponsored web-based Singapore Memory Project. Many Singaporeans are recording and making public their own memories through the digital media. Is this material mainly nostalgia rather than sources of the past that can give us a greater insight into what happened? Do these memories provide counter-narratives to the official version of the Singapore past, which is known as the Singapore Story?
Colloquium 3: Two Dogmas Of Platonism
Authors: Nails Debra
Published: February 2014

Contemporary platonism has been conditioned in large part by two dogmas. One is the belief in a fundamental cleavage between intelligible but invisible Platonic forms that are real and eternal, and perceptible objects whose confinement to spacetime constitutes an inferior existence and about which knowledge is impossible. The other dogma involves a kind of reductionism: the belief that Plato’s unhypothetical first principle of the all is identical to the form of the good. Both dogmas, I argue, are ill-founded.
Commentary On Nails
Authors: Franklin Lee
Published: February 2014

In this commentary on D. Nails, “Two Dogmas of Platonism,” I focus on her arguments for the claim that the Good is not the unhypothetical principle of everything in Plato’s Republic. I first examine what it would mean for any principle to be an unhypothetical principle of everything, and argue that Nails equivocates in her construal of this role. I then argue that Plato’s references to the unhypothetical principle should not be read to refer to a single, unique item, but to each Form F in its role as the cause of a F phenomena.
Commentary On Fine
Authors: Sharma Ravi
Published: February 2014

In discussing Gail Fine’s contribution, Sharma challenges the idea that the pseudo-Platonic Sisyphus can productively be interpreted using the philosophical devices of Plato’s Meno. Sharma then explores another approach to the Sisyphus, which involves reading the dialogue as an attack on the tendency to assimilate deliberation to theoretical inquiry and, relatedly, as an attempt to call attention to the practical skills that are uniquely involved in deliberation. Sharma ends by speculating that the dialogue was composed by a member of the school of Isocrates and was intended as a criticism of the intellectual orientation of Plato’s Academy.
The Romance Component in Yiddish: A Reassessment
Authors: Aslanov Cyril
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The presence of a lexical stock of Romance origin in Yiddish has been interpreted differently by various authors. For D. S. Blondheim they represent a direct continuation of Judeo-Latin. For Max Weinreich, those Romance components go back to specifically Jewish languages, which he called southern and western Loez (a variation on the terms “Italkic” and “Zarphatic” once used by Salomon Birnbaum). This study reconsiders the history of those Yiddish words of Romance origin, focusing on the phonetic development they underwent as they integrated into Yiddish. The contribution of Romance historical linguistics confirms the huge importance of the Italo-Romance connection in this lexical stock, which may reflect the phase when Jews from Byzantine Italy began to settle beyond the Alps. A pinpointed examination of the morphophonemic shape of the loanwords may even hint at specific places of origin on the Italo-Romance dialectal maps. In spite of the dominance of Italo-Romance dialects in the Romance-borrowed lexical stock of Yiddish, some terms attested in both Western and Eastern Yiddish obviously have an Old French origin.
On the Mizraḥi Sociolect in Israel: A Sociolexical Consideration of the Hebrew of Israelis of North African Origin
Authors: Henshke Yehudit
Published: February 2014

Abstract

This article addresses lexical features of the speech of native-born Hebrew-speaking Israelis from the geographic and socioeconomic periphery (i.e.,moshavim, cities, and development towns in the north and south of Israel). Study of their language shows that their Hebrew incorporates a fair number of Judeo-Arabic words belonging to meaningful categories, such as foods, customs, beliefs, holidays, and nicknames, among others. These words are distinctively different from the Arabic words interpolated in Modern Israeli Hebrew, which derive from the local Arabic dialect. The findings demonstrate the existence of a Hebrew sociolect grounded in Judeo-Arabic and typical of a specific sociogeographic sector.
Quarters, Communities and Converts; Creating Networks in an Age of Bureaucratic Expansion in the Mediterranean (Rodosçuk, 1546-1553)
Authors: Sert Özlem
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Zooming into the active relations of people in the harbour neighbourhoods show vivid life in Ottoman port towns. Converts, bridging the Muslim and Non-Muslim communities; immigrants: bridding the urban and rural relations mostly inhabited around the harbour in Çavuş Hüseyin Quarter of Rodosçuk between 1546-1553. The hierarchies of Ottoman Society constructed by legal status, political power, economic power, gender, seniority were crossed through networks of individual relations of the inhabitants. An analysis of these relations, a zoom to the lives of people who reproduced hierarchies and networks makes one recognize the details changing lives.
Contesting Subjecthood and Sovereignty in Ottoman Galata in the Age of Confessionalization: The Carazo Affair, 1613-1617
Authors: Krstić Tijana
Published: February 2014

Abstract

In the early 1610s, communities of diplomats and traders with the status of müste’min (foreign resident) in Ottoman Galata were put on alert by the concerted attempt of certain Ottoman officials, especially the kadı of Galata, to extract from them the harac—the tax typically paid only by the ḏimmis (non-Muslim subjects of the sultan).

Interwoven into this legal and diplomatic crisis is another story that sheds an interesting light on the entire affair. In 1609 Spanish king Philip III proclaimed the expulsion of Moriscos—(forcibly) Christianized Spanish Muslims—from the Iberian peninsula, triggering a massive exodus of a large segment of population into North Africa, but also to Ottoman Constantinople, via France and Venice. Although Constantinople received a significantly smaller number of refugees than North African principalities under Ottoman suzerainty, the impact of the Morisco diaspora was disproportionally large. In Constantinople, the refugees were settled in Galata, in what appears to be a deliberate attempt by the Ottoman authorities to change the confessional make-up of this overtly non-Muslim section of the city. This is how the fierce economic and confessional competition among the local, already established trading and diplomatic communities and the newcomers began. The paper will reconstruct these competitive relationships on the basis of Ottoman, Venetian, and French contemporary sources by focusing on the incidents surrounding the attempted imposition of the harac on foreign residents and the attempted takeover of Galata churches by the Morisco refugees. It appears that the arrival of the Moriscos and familiarity with their plight in Spain prompted Ottoman officials to rethink the legal status and the notions of extra-territoriality in relation to religious identity in the Ottoman context as well.
Europe, Cotton and the Emergence of Nazareth in 18th-Century Palestine
Authors: Yazbak Mahmoud
Published: February 2014

Abstract

By the late 17th century Nazareth was no more than a sleepy little hamlet. Within the next five decades, it emerged as an important urban centre. This change was prompted by major economic and political processes that affected the whole of Palestine. In the following I will outline the three main factors that combined to put Nazareth on the map: Europe’s growing interest in the region, and the weakness of the Ottoman Central government, with local chiefs taking advantage of both and acquiring near autonomous status.
The Real Estate Market in Jerusalem between Muslims and Christians (1800-1810)
Authors: Sroor Musa
Published: February 2014

Abstract

The stable political situation in Jerusalem during the Ottoman Era contributed to the increase in economic activities in the city. Those economic transactions included all religious groups in Jerusalem such as Muslims, Jews and Christians. In spite of the division of Jerusalem into quarters based on the religious affiliation such as the Muslim quarter, Jewish neighbourhood, and Christian neighbourhood, neither quarter was devoted exclusively to a specific religious group. For instance, the Muslims lived in Christian quarters and Jewish people lived in Muslim quarters and vice versa. Such quarter relations among the people from the three aforementioned religions contributed to the development of intertwined economic relations that served their personal economic interests despite of religious differences.

The current study aims at examining the sale transactions that are available at the Jerusalem Legislative Court in the nineteenth century shows that the real estate transactions between Muslims and Christians in Christian quarters were very active. This study aims also finding out if there were any religious reasons behind those real estate transactions. That is, was it in the best interest of the Muslims to convert Christian quarters to Muslims ones? Or was it in the best interest of Christians aiming at eliminating the Muslim existence in those quarters by buying all their real estate in an attempt to change the neighbourhood into a Christian one? Or, was the main goal behind all those transactions purely financial gains and they were not motivated by religious incentives?

This study will investigate and study this issue through the examination and analysis of all the sales transactions that are available at the Jerusalem Legislative Court. That is, a thorough statistical analysis of all those real estate transactions types will be conducted to find answers to the above questions.
Nomenclatural priority of the diatom name Fryxelliella sepulvedana over Fryxelliella paciﬁca (Triceratiaceae, Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Aké-Castillo José Antolín , DEL CASTILLO MARÍA ESTHER MEAVE , ZAMUDIO-RESENDIZ MARÍA EUGENIA
Published: February 2014

In 2008 two new species belonging to the genus Fryxelliella were described: F. sepulvedana and F. pacifica. They were based on material collected in the Pacific Ocean and were both different from Fryxelliella floridana, the type species of the genus. Examination of holotype and additional material for F. sepulvedana and F. pacifica was carried out. Comparisons confirmed that F. sepulvedana and F. pacifica are both the same species. Only one valid name can be assigned to any taxon and reasons are given to demonstrate that the valid name should be Fryxelliella sepulvedana.
Description of a new species of the genus Sarasaeschna Karube & Yeh, with a key to the species of Taiwan (Odonata: Anisoptera: Aeshnidae)
Authors: CHEN SZU-LUNG , YEH WEN-CHI
Published: February 2014

Sarasaeschna chiangchinlii sp. nov. collected from Daxi, Taoyuan County in northern Taiwan is described and diagnosed. Judging from male penile structure, this species is considered to belong to the pryeri-group of its genus. It is easily distinguished from all known congeners in having peculiar sickle-shaped cerci in male. The habitats of S. chiangchinlii are mainly shaded brooks in lowland areas, which are exceptional for its Taiwanese relatives. Distributional maps and a key are also provided for the four species of Taiwanese Sarasaeschna.
The Surface-Forced Overturning of the North Atlantic: Estimates from Modern Era Atmospheric Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Grist Jeremy P. , Josey Simon A. , Marsh Robert , Kwon Young-Oh , Bingham Rory J. , Blaker Adam T.
Published: February 2014

Estimates of the recent mean and time varying water mass transformation rates associated with North Atlantic surface-forced overturning are presented. The estimates are derived from heat and freshwater surface fluxes and sea surface temperature fields from six atmospheric reanalyses—the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA), the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1), the NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis (NCEP2), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-I), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the Modern-Era Reanalysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)—together with sea surface salinity fields from two globally gridded datasets (World Ocean Atlas and Met Office EN3 datasets). The resulting 12 estimates of the 1979–2007 mean surface-forced streamfunction all depict a subpolar cell, with maxima north of 45°N, near σ = 27.5 kg m−3, and a subtropical cell between 20° and 40°N, near σ = 26.1 kg m−3. The mean magnitude of the subpolar cell varies between 12 and 18 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), consistent with estimates of the overturning circulation from subsurface observations. Analysis of the thermal and haline components of the surface density fluxes indicates that large differences in the inferred low-latitude circulation are largely a result of the biases in reanalysis net heat flux fields, which range in the global mean from −13 to 19 W m−2. The different estimates of temporal variability in the subpolar cell are well correlated with each other. This suggests that the uncertainty associated with the choice of reanalysis product does not critically limit the ability of the method to infer the variability in the subpolar overturning. In contrast, the different estimates of subtropical variability are poorly correlated with each other, and only a subset of them captures a significant fraction of the variability in independently estimated North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water volume.
The Response of Orographic Precipitation over Idealized Midlatitude Mountains Due to Global Increases in CO2
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Durran Dale R.
Published: February 2014

The sensitivity of stratiform midlatitude orographic precipitation to global mean temperature is investigated through numerical simulations. As a step toward understanding the relative influence of thermodynamic and dynamical processes on orographic precipitation, simple idealizations of Earth’s major north–south mountain chains are considered. The individual terrain elements occupy four islands equally spaced around the Northern Hemisphere of a planet otherwise covered by ocean. Although these mountains have very little influence on the sensitivity of the zonally averaged precipitation to changes in global mean surface temperature, the precipitation on the windward slopes of the ridges is highly sensitive to such changes. When the ridges run between 40° and 60°N, the windward-slope hydrological sensitivity exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of about 7% K−1 over the northern half of the barrier, leading to substantial precipitation changes. The annual accumulated orographic precipitation is modified by changes in both the mean precipitation intensity and the changes in the number of hours during which precipitation occurs. The changes in the number of hours with significant precipitation largely results from modifications in synoptic-scale storminess associated with changes in the midlatitude storm tracks. A simple diagnostic model reveals the primary factors modifying the mean orographic precipitation intensity are variations in 1) the moist adiabatic lapse rate of saturation specific humidity, 2) the wind speed perpendicular to the mountain, and 3) the vertical displacement of saturated air parcels above the windward slope. The strong dependence of 2 and 3 on latitude further confirms that changes in midlatitude storminess are a major factor determining the response of orographic precipitation to global warming.
The GEFS-Based Daily Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Forecast and Its Implication for Water Management in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Tian Di , Martinez Christopher J.
Published: February 2014

NOAA’s second-generation retrospective forecast (reforecast) dataset was created using the currently operational Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). It has the potential to accurately forecast daily reference evapotranspiration ETo and can be useful for water management. This study was conducted to evaluate daily ETo forecasts using the GEFS reforecasts in the southeastern United States (SEUS) and to incorporate the ETo forecasts into irrigation scheduling to explore the usefulness of the forecasts for water management. ETo was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation, and ensemble forecasts were downscaled and bias corrected using a forecast analog approach. The overall forecast skill was evaluated using the linear error in probability space skill score, and the forecast in five categories (terciles and 10th and 90th percentiles) was evaluated using the Brier skill score, relative operating characteristic, and reliability diagrams. Irrigation scheduling was evaluated by water deficit WD forecasts, which were determined based on the agricultural reference index for drought (ARID) model driven by the GEFS-based ETo forecasts. All forecast skill was generally positive up to lead day 7 throughout the year, with higher skill in cooler months compared to warmer months. The GEFS reforecast improved ETo forecast skill for all lead days over the SEUS compared to the first-generation reforecast. The WD forecasts driven by the ETo forecasts showed higher accuracy and less uncertainty than the forecasts driven by climatology, indicating their usefulness for irrigation scheduling, hydrological forecasting, and water demand forecasting in the SEUS.
Conditions for Peace and Conflict
Authors: Bretthauer Judith M.
Published: February 2014

This study applies fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to the debate on links between resource scarcity and armed conflict. Previous studies on this relationship have reached contradictory results. This study aims to solve this contradiction by arguing that social, economic, and political conditions play an important role in determining whether armed conflict erupts over resource scarcity. I test three theoretic hypotheses, focusing on weak states, economic situations of households, and human ingenuity. I compare fifteen resource scarce cases with conflict to sixteen cases without armed conflict. My analysis supports the hypothesis that the economic situation of households and the levels of human ingenuity matter. In particular, the impact of high dependence on agriculture and low levels of tertiary education on the link between resource scarcity and conflict is discussed. While employing an fsQCA proves a valuable step in accounting for contradictory results, limits of the methods are apparent as well.
Scotland's Economic Performance and the Fiscal Implications of Moving to Independence
Authors: McLaren John , Armstrong Jo
Published: February 2014

Scotland's economic performance and fiscal make-up are key elements in the debate leading up to the forthcoming referendum on independence. However, in terms of understanding Scotland's economic performance, the situation is complicated by the high degree of overseas ownership, especially with regards to North Sea activity, and the importance of a natural commodity, oil. This makes the use of traditional measures of economic performance, like GDP or GDP per capita, less relevant than for most countries and suggests a greater need to use both constant price and cash GNI, neither of which are currently available. In terms of its fiscal balance, Scotland's independence would require taxes derived from its offshore (North Sea) activity to be sufficient to offset the extra monies (in per head terms) currently transferred from the rest of the UK (via the Barnett formula system) in order to pay for the current level of public services. Based on current projections, such North Sea related tax revenues would amount to less than the likely Barnett transfer, leading to a net loss in funding at the time of independence. Under such circumstances the question of whether or not Scotland could afford to initiate the building up of an ‘Oil Fund’, is largely a redundant one. However, uncertainties over both future oil and gas revenues and over the continuation of the existing Barnett system make it difficult to predict with any great certainty whether Scotland would see a longer-term net fiscal gain or loss post-independence. Apparent inconsistencies between official GNI and Scottish revenue figures also means that the existing fiscal balance position remains open to question.
The Ratzinger/Kasper Debate: The Universal Church and Local Churches
Authors: McDonnell Kilian
Published: February 2014

[The discussions between Joseph Ratzinger and Walter Kasper on the relationship between the universal Church and the local/particular churches touch on one of today's major theological and pastoral issues. If the universal Church is ontologically and temporally prior to the local church, then how is the local church fully Church, and how are bishops truly vicars of Christ and not simply delegates of the pope? Does a renewed eucharistic ecclesiology and a renewed theology of the episcopal office compromise the character of the universal Church and papal primacy? Does the simultaneity of local churches and universal Church point to a solution?]
Martha Nussbaum and Thomas Aquinas on the Emotions
Authors: Leget Carlo
Published: February 2014

[Martha Nussbaum in her Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions presents a philosophical theory of emotions that interacts with contemporary research in other sciences. Although she has drawn upon the same Aristotelian and Stoic sources as did Thomas Aquinas, she pays scarce attention to his work. The purpose of this present article is to explore the extent to which Nussbaum's book could profit from closer utilization of Aquinas, and, at the same time, could broaden the insights of Aquinas's work.]
Toward Full Communion: Faith and Order and Catholic Ecumenism
Authors: Gros Jeffrey
Published: February 2014

[The author provides a summary history and theological survey of the contribution of the Faith and Order movement to the goal of full communion, with special emphasis on the participation of Catholic theologians. He addresses methodological issues and ecclesiological developments. Studies on the sacraments, the apostolic faith, Scripture and Tradition, and a variety of contextual issues have contributed to new irreversible relationships among the churches. Research by theologians of Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Evangelical, Pentecostal, and historic Protestant churches have created a unique body of ecumenical literature.]
Notes on Moral Theology Fundamental Moral Theology at the Beginning of the New Millennium: Looking Back, Looking Forward
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: February 2014

[In this initial segment of this year's “Notes on Moral Theology,” the author provides a survey of the literature centering on fundamental moral theology published over the last three years or so. He focuses in part one on a variety of Festschriften honoring major ethicists; in part two he addresses writings on God, sin, virtue, globalization, and research. Throughout the recent publications noted, one observes moral theologians looking not to define two exclusive sides of a debate but rather struggling to incorporate a more inclusive vision.]
Homosexuality and the Counsel of the Cross
Authors: Crowley Paul G.
Published: February 2014

[The papal magisterium counsels gay Catholics to join their sufferings to the Cross of Christ. This counsel raises questions concerning its assumptions about the complex reality of homosexuality, suffering as a dimension of human sexuality, and the meaning of the Cross. The implied theological anthropology may lead to the conclusion that a “crucifixion” of the homosexual inclination is required. While sexuality entails suffering, a theology of the Cross is needed that will also signal the possibility of Christian joy and hope realized in the form of self-giving love.]
Eucharistic Origins: From the New Testament to the Liturgies of the Golden Age
Authors: Daly Robert J.
Published: February 2014

[Reviewing 20th-century research into the origins of the Eucharist, the author observes that many of the Church's theologians have yet to appropriate the significance of what is commonly accepted as historical fact by exegetes and liturgical theologians, namely, that there is no clear line of development from the Last Supper of Jesus to the theologically rich Eucharistic Prayers of the patristic golden age. The implications of this for methodology, for systematic theology and ecclesiology, for liturgical and ecumenical theology, and for pastoral theology and homiletics are then briefly discussed.]
Notes on Moral Theology: Ethics and the Crisis in the Church
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: February 2014

[The author provides a bibliographic study of recent publications concerning the scandal and the crisis in the Catholic Church. He focuses on three groups: priests (who are they?), the laity (how can they more fully participate in the life of the Church?), and bishops (what must they do to lead and govern more effectively?). The article concludes by looking at the need for both church structural reform and professional ethical training of church ministers, clerical and lay.]
John Wyclif: Christian Patience in a Time of War
Authors: Levy Ian Christopher
Published: February 2014

[John Wyclif (d. 1384) was well acquainted with the medieval traditions of just war and crusading articulated by theologians and canon lawyers. Yet he had become disillusioned with a Christian society that exploited these traditions to pursue destructive policies of repression and conquest, thereby forsaking the eternal Law of Christ. For Wyclif, the Law of Christ calls upon Christians to conform themselves to the poor and humble Christ of the Gospels. While Wyclif never rejected the possibility of a just war in principle, he believed that it was all but impossible in practice. Even where a nation might have a just claim, the better path is always the way of Christ, suffering evil patiently rather than inflicting sufferings upon one's neighbor.]
Family as Domestic Church: Developmental Trajectory, Legitimacy, and Problems of Appropriation
Authors: Atkinson Joseph C.
Published: February 2014

[The identity of the family as the domestic church is not self-evident yet it has sustained serious theological development since Vatican II. The question is whether or not the trajectory it has followed has always been legitimate. With greater acceptance, the problems of authentic appropriation have emerged. This essay will examine the trajectory which the domestic church has taken, its theological foundations, its seminal emergence at Vatican II, and the ecclesial and christological axes that have been proposed as constitutive of its nature.]
Tradition and Doctrinal Development: Can Vincent of Lérins Still Teach the CHURCH?
Authors: Guarino Thomas G.
Published: February 2014

The article examines the thought of the fifth century theologian, Vincent of Lérins, particularly his claims that there is great progress and development in Christ's Church, and that this progress and development must be in fundamental continuity with what preceded it ( eodem sensu eademque sententia). The author argues that Vincent's hermeneutical principles have been theologically influential in the past and, properly understood, offer significant insights for an apposite notion of doctrinal development today.
Loisy's L‘évangile et L’église in Light of the “Essais”
Authors: Hill Harvey
Published: February 2014

In his epochal work, L‘Évangile et l’Église, Alfred Loisy claimed to offer a purely historical refutation of Adolf von Harnack's Das Wesen des Christentums (1900). Harvey Hill demonstrates that Loisy drew L‘Évangile et l’Église from a larger unpublished work, “Essais,” that combined history, apologetics, and a reform agenda, and shows that, Loisy's claims to the contrary, his book did the same. Comparing and contrasting L‘Évangile et l’Église with its source, and taking into consideration Loisy's professional circumstances at the time of its composition, Hill clarifies this otherwise confusing combination of disciplines.
“Strange Fruit”: Black Suffering/ White Revelation
Authors: Pramuk Christopher
Published: February 2014

Christian eschatology provides a compelling mystical-political framework both for unmasking the historical visage of racism and for calling White believers to conversion and racial solidarity. Juxtaposing the memoria passionis of the Black community with Vatican II's mysticism of communion with the dead, the author asks what it would mean for White Christians to place themselves under the judgment and mercy of the Black “cloud of witnesses.” The author proposes three moments in the complex dynamic of conversion in Whites, a life-long process in which Blacks, both the living and the dead, must hold some degree of agency. The essay concludes with a meditation on purgatory.
Quaestio Disputata a Response to Karl Becker, S.J., on the Meaning of Subsistit in
Authors: Sullivan Francis A.
Published: February 2014

In a recent issue of L'Osservatore Romano Karl Becker argued that, contrary to a common interpretation of the change made in the drafting of Lumen gentium no. 8 from est to subsistit in, Vatican II never departed from its original affirmation of total identity between the Church of Christ and the Roman Catholic Church. Fellow Jesuit Francis Sullivan responds to Becker's arguments.
A Procreative Paradigm of the Creative Suffering of the Triune God: Implications of Arthur Peacocke's Evolutionary Theology
Authors: Schaab Gloria L.
Published: February 2014

The question of right speech about the mystery of God in suffering has moved many to discuss theodicy and human freedom, and has persuaded many others to rethink the understanding of God in relation to the world itself. The article focuses on two key concepts in Arthur Peacocke's evolutionary theology to propose a new understanding of the creative suffering of the triune God. It considers this proposal in three particular contexts: feminist theology, ecological praxis, and pastoral ministry.
Quaestio Disputata Catholic Sexual Ethics: Complementarity and the Truly Human
Authors: Salzman Todd A. , Lawler Michael G.
Published: February 2014

This disputatio is an inquiry into the nature of the truly human sexual act. The authors first present and critique the types of complementarity—heterogenital, reproductive, communion, affective, and parental—that the magisterium finds in a truly human sexual act. They then suggest that heterosexual or homosexual orientation as part of a person's sexual constitution requires adding orientation complementarity to the equation. This addition yields the conclusion that holistic complementarity—an integration of orientation, personal, and biological complementarities—is a more adequate sine qua non of truly human sexual acts.
Consumerism and Christian Ethics
Authors: Himes Kenneth R.
Published: February 2014

The author examines and clarifies the phenomenon of consumerism. He surveys historical and social scientific perspectives before turning to the recent theological and ethical literature on the topic. An emerging concern in the ethical literature is development of a virtue approach along with the papal insistence on striking a proper balance of “being” and “having” as part of authentic human development.