bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co‐occurrence modelling highlights conservation implications for two competing spiral‐horned antelope
Authors: Ehlers Smith Yvette C. , Ehlers Smith David A. , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Downs Colleen T.
Published: January 2020

We assessed the potential competitive exclusion of southern bushbuck (hereafter bushbuck,Tragelaphus scriptus) by nyala (Tragelaphusangasii), the larger of the two spiral‐horned browsing antelopes (members of the Tragelaphine family). It has been suggested that high concentrations of nyala, capable of browsing a greater breadth of food items, negatively influence bushbuck. Using camera trap data, we explored factors influencing spatio‐temporal activity patterns and co‐occurrence of both species within three Protected Areas (PAs) of the Maputaland Conservation Unit, South Africa. Bushbuck have gone locally extinct within one of our survey areas, likely because of competitive pressures and cascading effects. Our results indicated a segregation of activities; bushbuck was more nocturnal, particularly in areas with higher nyala occupancy. Nyala occupancy overall was higher than bushbuck. When comparing occupancies at the management level, bushbuck occupancy was higher than nyala within two survey areas: where nyala were modelled as present but populations were managed through culling, and where leopard (Panthera pardus) populations were highest. Co‐occurrence was most likely in these two survey areas, indicating a threshold of nyala occupancy up to which bushbuck were tolerant. Where nyala were present in conjunction with high leopard density, bushbuck occupancy was higher. Conversely, where leopard density was low, the cascading effect was of high nyala occupancy, with subsequent competitive exclusion of bushbuck. Our results have critical management implications for PAs, including the management of carrying capacities, the preservation of native species assemblages and habitat management. We provide evidence that a larger‐bodied sympatric species can outcompete subordinate sympatric browsers when not effectively managed, particularly where the predation effects that influence population dynamics are limited.
Evidence of targeted consumption of mosses by birds in sub‐Antarctic South America
Authors: Russo Nicholas J. , Robertson Michael , MacKenzie Roy , Goffinet Bernard , Jiménez Jaime E.
Published: January 2020

Bryophyte consumption is uncommon among bird species globally and is often presumed incidental. We sought to determine whether herbivorous bird species of the high Andes, including the white‐bellied seedsnipe (Attagis malouinus) and Chloephaga geese (C. picta and C. poliocephala), consume bryophytes, and if so, how frequently. We collected 26 seedsnipe and 22 goose droppings from alpine and sub‐alpine habitats of Navarino Island, Chile and examined their contents for bryophyte diaspores. We detected bryophyte fragments in 84.6% and 90.9% of seedsnipe and Chloephaga goose faecal samples, respectively. We also extracted DNA from three bryophyte fragments isolated from goose droppings and sequenced three chloroplast loci for each sample. We inferred through a barcoding analysis that at least one species of Chloephaga goose consumes Polytrichum strictum and Notoligotrichum trichodon. The composition of 11 collected goose droppings was >50% Polytrichaceae bryophyte fragments, suggesting that at least one Chloephaga goose species foraged deliberately on moss species of this family. These new observations suggest that bryophytes are part of the diet of some high Andean birds and that birds might disperse bryophytes internally – via endozoochory – in the sub‐Antarctic.
Targeted muscle reinnervation to improve electromyography signals for advanced myoelectric prosthetic limbs: a series of seven patients
Authors: Myers Harley , Lu David , Gray Steven J. , Bruscino‐Raiola Frank
Published: January 2020

Background

Upper limb amputation is a devastating injury. Patients may choose to use a passive prosthesis, a traditional body‐powered prosthesis or a myoelectric prosthesis driven by electromyography (EMG) signals generated by underlying muscles. Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) aims to surgically create strong and reliable signals to permit the intuitive use of a myoelectric prosthesis with the greatest number of movements possible. We review the Alfred Hospital experience of using TMR to improve upper limb prosthesis control.

Methods

A retrospective review of all cases of TMR performed at the Alfred Hospital was undertaken. Patient demographics, injury, surgical complications and outcomes were examined. Comparison was made to preoperative prosthesis use.

Results

Seven patients have undergone TMR to improve upper limb prosthesis control at the Alfred Hospital between 2015 and 2018. Within the patient group, pre‐TMR EMG signal numbers ranged from 1 to 2, and post‐TMR signal numbers ranged from 3 to 5. Six patients were able to achieve six degrees of freedom post‐operatively, and one patient achieved four degrees. No patients required the use of co‐contraction to switch function post‐operatively. There were no significant surgical complications.

Conclusion

The use of TMR to improve and increase the number of EMG signals has been successful in generating more degrees of freedom for upper limb amputees with myoelectric prostheses.
Update on indications for lateral lymph node dissection in the management of lower rectal cancer
Authors: Fung Derek Tak Lit , Lee Peter Jun Myung
Published: January 2020

The presence of lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis was associated with higher local recurrence risk in patients with lower rectal cancer. The role of LLN dissection has not been fully determined despite prolonged debate that last for few decades. The practical difference between Japan and the West was the main culprit. Japanese used to rely on surgical removal of LLN as local control while the West believed that LLN dissection could be spared after giving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. As time passed, it is getting more common to combine both treatments. With the quality improvement in magnetic resonance imaging, we can now predict the chance of LLN metastasis and evaluate the treatment response with good accuracy. Few large analyses have been published recently and provided us more insight into this topic. In this review, we summarized and provided an update on the latest evidence. We have proposed a treatment algorithm on the management of LLNs which may help clinical decision and provide idea for further research.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: a report of 10 cases and literature review
Authors: Farhat Waad , Ammar Houssem , Amine Said Mohamed , Mizouni Abdelkader , Bouazzi Amal , Abdessaied Nihed , Ben Mabrouk Mohamed , Ben Ali Ali
Published: January 2020

Background

Solid pseudopapillary tumour of the pancreas (SPTP) is a rare pancreatic tumour characterized by a non‐specific clinical presentations and vague radiologic features. The aim of this study is to identify these tumours from other pancreatic neoplasms because complete resection is curative in most cases and provides long‐term survival.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients operated for SPTP between January 2000 and December 2018 was conducted. The collected data included age, gender, clinical findings, laboratory tests, radiological findings, anatomopathological examination, immunohistochemistry results, surgical treatment, mortality, morbidity and recurrence.

Results

Ten cases of SPTP have been diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2018 representing 5.1% of all pancreatic tumours operated during this period (male/female: 2/8; median age 41.2 years; range 19–78 years). The most common symptom was abdominal pain and physical examination was normal in four of 10 cases. The most common tumour localization was the tail of the pancreas. The main tumour size was 7.2 cm (range 2–15 cm). One patient had abdominal disseminated disease. Surgical interventions were distal pancreatectomy in five cases, enucleation in one case, cephalic duodeno‐pancreatectomy in two cases, central pancreatectomy in one case and pancreatic biopsy in one case. Only one patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. During follow‐up, one patient died after 12 months and another developed unique hepatic metastasis that was resected.

Conclusion

Although it is delayed in diagnosis, the overall prognosis of these tumours remains good even with local recurrence and metastasis. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice even in cases of recurrence.
Beyond Jobs vs Environment: On the Potential of Universal Basic Income to Reconfigure Environmental Politics
Authors: Lawhon Mary , McCreary Tyler
Published: January 2020

The tension between creating jobs and protecting the environment remains central to contemporary environmental politics. Critical scholars have reworked the “jobs vs the environment” problematique, but how people will secure livelihoods in various imagined futures remains unclear. We demonstrate how a Universal Basic Income (UBI) that enacts a revitalised politics of redistribution, in conjunction with an active state, has the potential to rupture the link between employment and income. We suggest that such a UBI is complementary to various postcapitalist politics that fundamentally reorganise relationships between people, ecology, and labour. Further, such a UBI can enable the cultivation of new economic subjectivities, as well as the time needed for greater democratic engagement. Where radical environmental politics often configure a fearful agent of change, motivated by a dystopian imaginaries, we propose new radical visions for socioecological futures in which people have time for leisure, community, and democratic participation.
Human papillomavirus and urinary bladder cancer revisited
Authors: Jørgensen Kit Riegels , Jensen Jørgen Bjerggaard
Published: January 2020

This review aims to present data on the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and urinary bladder cancer (BC), especially of the subtype squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Furthermore, the current data on the relation between p16, HPV, and BC are reviewed. PubMed was searched for ‘Humans’ [MESH] AND ‘Papillomaviridae’ [MESH] AND ‘Urinary Bladder Neoplasms’ [MESH], resulting in 157 potential articles. After profound reviewing, 18 articles were included in this review. Only original articles in English were included. A variable number of HPV genotypes in a small number of cases have been investigated in several studies with various methodology. HPV was present in 0–100% of cases depending on inclusion and exclusion criteria. SCC studies are mostly hampered by low number of cases whereas the few studies with a high number show a slightly higher prevalence of different HPV genotypes compared to pure urothelial carcinoma. Studies on p16 status in HPV positive cases are even more scarcely reported and show conflicting results. Most studies fail to prove clear‐cut relevance of HPV in BC irrespectively of histological subtype. Negative p16 staining cannot rule out positive HPV status.
Letter: clinical outcomes of patients with hepatitis D infection in the liver transplant setting
Authors: Ferrarese Alberto , Sciarrone Salvatore , Gambato Martina , Germani Giacomo , Senzolo Marco , Boccagni Patrizia , Cillo Umberto , Burra Patriazia , Russo Francesco Paolo
Published: January 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Brancaccio et al and Brancaccio and Gaeta papers. To view this articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15188 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15625.
Letter: the gap between guidelines and real clinical practice for dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Mocciaro Filippo , Scimeca Daniela , Conte Elisabetta , Bonaccorso Ambra , Magro Bianca , Lo Mastro Michela , Di Mitri Roberto
Published: January 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Iannone et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15493.
Editorial: HBV—the promise of a new era in therapeutics
Authors: Price Jennifer C. , Bhattacharya Debika
Published: January 2020

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Smolders et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15581.
Randomised trial of acid inhibition by vonoprazan 10/20 mg once daily vs rabeprazole 10/20 mg twice daily in healthy Japanese volunteers (SAMURAI pH study)
Authors: Takeuchi Toshihisa , Furuta Takahisa , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Kasugai Kunio , Kusano Motoyasu , Okada Hiroyuki , Suzuki Takahiro , Higuchi Tomohiro , Kagami Takuma , Uotani Takahiro , Yamade Mihoko , Sawada Akinari , Tanaka Fumio , Harada Satoshi , Ota Kazuhiro , Kojima Yuichi , Murata Masaki , Tamura Yasuhiro , Funaki Yasushi , Kawamura Osamu , Okamoto Yuki , Fujimoto Kazuma , Higuchi Kazuhide
Published: January 2020

Background

Vonoprazan (V), a potassium‐competitive acid blocker, has a more durable acid‐inhibitory effect as compared with standard‐dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) but has not been compared with 2‐4 times higher daily PPI doses administered in two divided doses.

Aims

To evaluate the acid‐inhibitory effect of V 10/20 mg once‐daily (OD; V10/V20) vs rabeprazole (R) 10/20 mg twice‐daily (BID; R20/R40) in healthy Japanese volunteers.

Methods

This multicentre, randomised, open‐label, two‐period, crossover study compared V10 or V20 vs R20, or V20 vs R40 using three cohorts of 10 healthy Japanese adults. Within each cohort, subjects were randomised to receive V or R for 7 days and, following a washout period ≥7 days, the other treatment for 7 days. On day 6 of each period, 24‐hours multichannel gastric impedance‐pH monitoring was performed. Percent times pH ≥ 3, ≥4 and ≥5 (pH 3, 4 and 5 holding time ratios [HTRs]) in 24 hours were evaluated as primary pharmacodynamic endpoints.

Results

Acid‐inhibitory effect (24‐hours pH 3 HTR) of V20 was greater than those of R20 (91.0% vs 65.3%; P = .0049) and R40 (98.5% vs 85.9%; P = .0073). Similar results were obtained for 24‐hours pH 4 and 5 HTRs. V20 also achieved greater nocturnal pH 4 (91.5% vs 73.2%; P = .0319) and 5 HTRs (78.8% vs 62.2%; P = .0325) as compared with R40. One subject (20%) developed diarrhoea while receiving R40 which was considered treatment‐related.

Conclusions

Compared with 2‐4 times the standard daily dose of R, V20 exerts a more potent and durable acid‐inhibitory effect. Trial identifier: UMIN000022198 (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
Contested Concept: Unpacking Australia’s Indo‐Pacific Debate
Authors: Taylor Brendan
Published: January 2020

Australia is among the most prominent advocates of the Indo‐Pacific concept that increasingly serves as a new point of convergence between the United States and its Asian allies and partners. In contrast to this upgraded Indo‐Pacific orientation, however, a vigorous debate is playing out in Australia regarding the merits of this concept and its supporting pillars, such as the idea of a rules‐based international order and the resuscitated Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (or Quad). This article traces the competing perspectives in that debate. While not anticipating any imminent shift in Canberra’s official support for the Indo‐Pacific concept, the argument is advanced here that Australia’s Indo‐Pacific debate requires careful monitoring. Precisely because Canberra’s Indo‐Pacific advocacy has been so prominent, any deviation from this posture could have negative ramifications for the Indo‐Pacific concept’s broader pervasiveness and sustainability, particularly among America’s Southeast Asian allies and partners who are now only beginning to embrace it.
Thresholds in woody and herbaceous component co‐existence inform the restoration of a fire‐dependent community
Authors: Vander Yacht Andrew L. , Keyser Patrick D. , Kwit Charles , Stambaugh Michael C. , Clatterbuck Wayne K.
Published: January 2020

Questions

A paradoxical co‐existence challenges woodland and savanna restoration worldwide: How are shade‐intolerant, flammable herbaceous layers promoted while maintaining the shade‐casting, more fire‐sensitive woody regeneration that sustains overstorey structure? Where restoration success consisted of robust, diverse herbaceous layers and vigorous, well‐stocked Pinus echinata regeneration (hereafter, shortleaf‐bluestem response), we asked: are there targetable conditions of overstorey, understorey, topography, and proximity to mature Pinus echinata that simultaneously maximize desired woody and herbaceous understorey components? Do these conditions and dependent responses differ across canopy disturbance level and fire season?

Location

Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA (36°04′8.11″ N, 84°50′38.36″ W).

Methods

We measured 12 shortleaf‐bluestem response and 17 explanatory condition variables at 345 plots spanning an experimental restoration gradient (canopy disturbance level and fire season combinations). We ordinated variation and identified response thresholds using a multivariate regression tree. Differences across tree groupings and splits associated response thresholds with specific explanatory conditions.

Results

Pockets of substantial Pinus echinata regeneration (>3,000 stems/ha), C4 grass density (>40,000 ramets/ha), and herbaceous diversity (increase from 22 to 205 species) occurred 7–14 years after canopy disturbance and 3–8 fires. Such shortleaf‐bluestem response was maximized at 3 m2/ha residual tree basal area, 11% canopy closure, reduced midstorey density (5,000 small‐sapling stems/ha), and southwesterly aspects within 70 m of mature Pinus echinata. In contrast, shortleaf‐bluestem response was negligible at 11.3 m2/ha basal area and 68% canopy closure. Fire season, snag basal area, slope, and slope position effects were minimal.

Conclusions

We identified specific conditions fostering the co‐existence of desired herbaceous and woody understorey components, addressing a major woodland and savanna restoration challenge and expanding on previous threshold concept applications by simultaneously considering multiple desired responses. Results can direct the restoration of imperiled shortleaf‐bluestem communities east of the Mississippi River, USA, where work has been scarce or ineffective, and similar approaches could inform fire‐dependent woodland and savanna restoration worldwide.
The Development of Academic Achievement and Cognitive Abilities: A Bidirectional Perspective
Authors: Peng Peng , Kievit Rogier A.
Published: January 2020

Developing academic skills and cognitive abilities is critical for children's development. In this article, we review evidence from recent research on the bidirectional relations between academic achievement and cognitive abilities. Our findings suggest that (a) reading/mathematics and cognitive abilities (i.e., working memory, reasoning, and executive function) predict each other in development, (b) direct academic instruction positively affects the development of reasoning, and (c) such bidirectional relations between cognitive abilities and academic achievement seem weaker among children with disadvantages (e.g., those with special needs or low socioeconomic status). Together, these findings are in line with the theory of mutualism and the transactional model. They suggest that sustained and high‐quality schooling and education directly foster children's academic and cognitive development, and may indirectly affect academic and cognitive development by triggering cognitive‐academic bidirectionality.

Developing academic skills and cognitive abilities is critical for children's development. In this article, we review evidence from recent research on the bidirectional relations between academic achievement and cognitive abilities. Our findings suggest that (a) reading/mathematics and cognitive abilities (i.e., working memory, reasoning, and executive function) predict each other in development, (b) direct academic instruction positively affects the development of reasoning, and (c) such bidirectional relations between cognitive abilities and academic achievement seem weaker among children with disadvantages (e.g., those with special needs or low socioeconomic status). Together, these findings are in line with the theory of mutualism and the transactional model. They suggest that sustained and high‐quality schooling and education directly foster children's academic and cognitive development, and may indirectly affect academic and cognitive development by triggering cognitive‐academic bidirectionality.
Canadian transplant nephrologists’ perspectives on the decision‐making process for accepting or refusing a kidney from a deceased organ donor
Authors: Cardinal Héloïse , Ballesteros Gallego Fabian , Affdal Aliya , Fortin Marie‐Chantal
Published: January 2020

Background

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment for patients with end‐stage renal disease. The decision to accept a kidney from a deceased donor can be a difficult one, especially when organs from high KDPI (>85%) donors are offered. This study aims to capture the perspectives of transplant nephrologists (TNs) on the decision‐making process when an organ is offered.

Methods

Fifteen Canadian TNs took part in semi‐structured interviews between December 2017 and April 2018. The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

Results

The decision to accept a deceased‐donor kidney offer is a medical one for the participants. However, transplant candidates could be involved when the offered kidney is from a donor with a KDPI >85% or increased infectious risk donor. The TNs’ past experience, comprehensive data on the donor, and education of the transplant candidate could facilitate the decision‐making process. A decision aid could also facilitate the decision‐making process, but different concerns should be addressed.

Conclusion

Although accepting a deceased‐donor organ offer is often viewed as an opportunity for shared decision‐making, participants in this study viewed the decision to accept or refuse an offer as a medical decision with little room for patient participation.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐2 deletion modifies ventral tegmental area function and connectivity and alters reward processing
Authors: Pytka Karolina , Dawson Neil , Tossell Kyoko , Ungless Mark A. , Plevin Robin , Brett Ros R. , Bushell Trevor J.
Published: January 2020

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate normal brain functioning, and their dysfunction is implicated in a number of brain disorders. Thus, there is great interest in understanding the signalling systems that control MAPK functioning. One family of proteins that contribute to this process, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs), directly inactivate MAPKs through dephosphorylation. Recent studies have identified novel functions of MKPs in foetal development, the immune system, cancer and synaptic plasticity and memory. In the present study, we performed an unbiased investigation using MKP‐2−/− mice to assess whether MKP‐2 plays a global role in modulating brain function. Local cerebral glucose utilization is significantly increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of MKP‐2−/− mice, with connectivity analysis revealing alterations in VTA functional connectivity, including a significant reduction in connectivity to the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. In addition, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, but not amplitude, onto putative dopamine neurons in the VTA is increased in MKP‐2−/− mice, which indicates that increased excitatory drive may account for the increased VTA glucose utilization. Consistent with modified VTA function and connectivity, in behavioural tests MKP‐2−/− mice exhibited increased sucrose preference and impaired amphetamine‐induced hyperlocomotion. Overall, these data reveal that MKP‐2 plays a role in modulating VTA function and that its dysfunction may contribute to brain disorders in which altered reward processing is present.
Do hair follicles operate as primitive, multifocal kidney‐like excretory (mini‐) organs?
Authors: Carré Jean‐Luc , Suzuki Takahiro , Paus Ralf
Published: January 2020

Besides their many other functions, hair shafts (HS) also are a repository for potentially noxious compounds. These are neutralized by their deposition within terminally differentiated, avital epithelial cells (trichocytes) that also facilitate the interaction of potential toxins with melanin, a toxin‐adsorbent biopolymer. Trichocytes are completely extruded via HS shedding during exogen, an actively controlled process. This underappreciated functional property of the human hair follicle (HF) makes it a bona fide excretory (mini‐) organ. Here, we ask whether the ca. 2 million HFs of the human integument operate in part as primitive, spatially dispersed kidney‐like excretory organs. Despite the many obvious differences between kidneys and HFs, this provocative hypothesis is also supported by other underappreciated renal‐follicular similarities such as anatomical parallels between Bowman's capsule and the anagen hair bulb, renal podocytes and HF winged cells ["Fuegelzellen"], and hypoxia‐dependent production of erythropoietin and extensive prostaglandin synthesis by human scalp HFs—just as in the kidney. The proposed kidney‐like excretory function of HFs may have constituted a major selection advantage of mammals during evolution and could be clinically relevant. We explain how the many open questions (eg, how are molecules destined to be excreted by hair shaft entrapment recognized, taken up and deposited into hair matrix cells?) can be tested experimentally. Finally, we explore how the therapeutic targeting of kidney‐like excretory HF functions may usefully complement classical nephrological therapy (dialysis) and ask whether stimulation of intrafollicular erythropoietin synthesis might become exploitable for the benefit of patients with renal anaemia.
Sex differences: Transcriptional signatures of stress exposure in male and female brains
Authors: Brivio Elena , Lopez Juan Pablo , Chen Alon
Published: January 2020

More than two‐thirds of patients suffering from stress‐related disorders are women but over two‐thirds of suicide completers are men. These are just some examples of the many sex differences in the prevalence and manifestations of stress‐related disorders, such as major depressive disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders, which have been extensively documented in clinical research. Nonetheless, the molecular origins of this sex dimorphism are still quite obscure. In response to this lack of knowledge, the NIH recently advocated implementing sex as biological variable in the design of preclinical studies across disciplines. As a result, a newly emerging field within psychiatry is trying to elucidate the molecular causes underlying the clinically described sex dimorphism. Several studies in rodents and humans have already identified many stress‐related genes that are regulated by acute and chronic stress in a sex‐specific fashion. Furthermore, current transcriptomic studies have shown that pathways and networks in male and female individuals are not equally affected by stress exposure. In this review, we give an overview of transcriptional studies designed to understand how sex influences stress‐specific transcriptomic changes in rodent models, as well as human psychiatric patients, highlighting the use of different methodological techniques. Understanding which mechanisms are more affected in males, and which in females, may lead to the identification of sex‐specific mechanisms, their selective contribution to stress susceptibility, and their role in the development of stress‐related psychiatric disorders.
Lymphovascular invasion in early gastric cancer: impact of ancillary D2‐40 and elastin staining on interobserver agreement
Authors: Takada Kazunori , Yoshida Masao , Aizawa Daisuke , Sato Junya , Ono Hiroyuki , Sugino Takashi
Published: January 2020

Aims

Lymphatic invasion (LI) and venous invasion (VI) are the strongest risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early gastric cancer, and may predict their prognosis. We aimed to investigate interobserver agreement among pathologists before and after adding ancillary staining for diagnosing LI and VI in this setting.

Methods and results

This retrospective study included 100 specimens of submucosal invasive gastric cancer from 100 patients treated using endoscopic resection. Three pathologists (expert, intermediate and trainee experience levels) independently evaluated individual LI and VI status using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained slides, and re‐evaluated their decisions by reviewing corresponding D2‐40‐stained and elastin‐stained slides. Interobserver agreement was assessed using κ statistics. With the ancillary D2‐40 staining, there was an improved agreement for LI diagnoses between the expert and intermediate pathologist (H&E κ = 0.78, D2‐40 κ = 0.85) and between the expert and trainee pathologist (H&E κ = 0.37, D2‐40 κ = 0.56). With the ancillary elastin staining, there was an improved agreement for VI diagnoses between the expert and intermediate pathologists (H&E κ = 0.25, elastin κ = 0.63) and between the expert and trainee pathologists (H&E κ = 0.29, elastin κ = 0.45).

Conclusions

With both the ancillary D2‐40 and elastin staining there was an improved interobserver agreement for LI and VI diagnoses, regardless of the pathologist's experience. This ancillary staining may be useful in improving the accuracy of LI and VI diagnoses, helping to improve the risk stratification of early gastric cancer patients.
Profiling consumers based on information use and trust in a developing economy
Authors: Asante‐Addo Collins , Weible Daniela
Published: January 2020

In the wake of the intense debate about the effect of poultry imports on domestic poultry industries in sub‐Saharan Africa, information campaigns have evolved to encourage the consumption of domestic poultry meat products. Nevertheless, consumers use numerous channels to find information, and thus, the extent to which resources should be allocated to these channels to reach segments of consumers is vital. The purpose of this paper is to identify consumer groups based on use and trust in information sources and then profile the segments using sociodemographic variables, purchase motives, and meat consumption. Face‐to‐face interviews were used to collect data amongst 500 urban consumers in Ghana, which were analysed with factor analysis and two‐step cluster analysis. Results show that consumers frequently use personal sources of information about chicken. Cluster analysis revealed three consumer segments: cautious consumers (18.2%), enthusiastic consumers (53.0%), and optimistic consumers (28.8%). The segments differed significantly regarding the type of information searched for, sociodemographic characteristics, purchase motives, and chicken meat consumption patterns. The findings can aid actors and institutions seeking to increase the consumption of domestic poultry meat in developing targeted communication strategies that suit the characteristics, motivations, and information needs of different consumers.
Radiosensitivity increase in FCV-F9 virus using combined treatments with natural antimicrobials and γ-irradiation
Authors: Gobeil A. , Shankar S. , Lacroix M.
Published: January 2020

Aims

The objective was to evaluate the possible synergistic effect of cranberry juice (CJ) and commercial citrus extract (BS) against FCV-F9 viral titre in vitro in combination with γ-irradiation and to determinate the D10 values and radiosensitivity increase.

Methods and Results

Virus samples were treated with a formulation containing a mixture of BS or CJ. Results showed a D10 of 0·05, 0·42% and 1·34 kGy for the virus treated with the BS, the CJ and the irradiation alone respectively. Concentrations needed to reduce 6 log TCID50 ml−1 of viral titre were BS-0·3%, CJ-2·52% and 8·04 kGy. Irradiation combined with BS-0·01% and CJ-0·1% against FCV-F9 virus showed D10 values of 0·74 and 0·72 kGy, respectively, resulting in a viral radiosensitization of 1·28 and 1·50 for respective treatments.

Conclusion

The higher viral radiosensitization observed after combining γ-irradiation with BS-0·01% and CJ-0·1% indicates that CJ and BS could be used as antiviral agents alone or in combination with γ-irradiation to prevent NoV outbreaks.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Cranberry juice and BS could be used in hurdle approaches in combined treatment with γ-irradiation to assure food safety without a detrimental effect on nutritional value and maintain low processing cost.
Development and psychometric properties of a team formulation measure in intellectual disabilities services
Authors: Ingham Barry , Bentley Alice , Rhodes Jenny , Dagnan Dave
Published: January 2020

Background

This article describes the development and use of the Formulation Understanding Measure to evaluate team formulation with staff supporting people with intellectual disabilities.

Method

A quantitative design with an opportunistic sample was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Formulation Understanding Measure (FUM) including pre‐ and post‐administration at case formulation workshops. The measure was developed based upon experience of delivering case formulation workshops and was administered alongside case formulation workshops with 347 staff team members.

Results

The measure was found to have acceptable psychometric properties with good internal reliability, a single principal component, and associations with training and demographic factors. It was also sensitive to changes resulting from case formulation workshops with the measure showing that staff increased in their understanding of the person with intellectual disability following a formulation workshop.

Conclusions

The FUM will enable routine evaluation of team formulations and further studies in the area.
A longitudinal ethnographic study of hospital staff attitudes and experiences of change in nutrition care
Authors: Ottrey E. , Palermo C. , Huggins C. E. , Porter J.
Published: January 2020

Background

Change promotes quality in healthcare, yet adopting change can be challenging. Understanding how change in nutrition care is adopted may support better design and implementation of interventions that aim to address inadequate food intake in hospital. The present study followed the process of change in a healthcare organisation, exploring staff attitudes, beliefs and experiences of the implementation of a mealtime intervention.

Methods

In total, 103 h of fieldwork were conducted in this longitudinal ethnographic study over a 4‐month period. Over 170 staff participated, with data captured using observation, interviews and focus groups. Data were analysed using an inductive, thematic approach, informed by implementation theory.

Results

Attitudes and experiences of change in nutrition care are described by three themes: (i) staff recognised the inevitability of change; (ii) staff cooperated with the intervention, recognising potential value in the intervention to support patient care, where increased awareness of their mealtime behaviours supported adopting practice changes; and (iii) some staff were able to reflect on their practice after implementing the intervention, whereas others could not. A model illustrating the interconnectedness of factors influencing implementation emerged from the research, guiding future nutrition care intervention design and supporting change.

Conclusions

The requirement to address the underlying perceptions of staff about the need to change should not be underestimated. Increased efforts to market the change message to specific staff groups and physical behavioural reinforcement strategies are needed. Nutrition care in the future should focus on helping staff feel positive about making practice changes.
Oryza sativa mediator subunit OsMED25 interacts with OsBZR1 to regulate brassinosteroid signaling and plant architecture in rice
Authors: Ren Yuekun , Tian Xiaojie , Li Shuyu , Mei Enyang , He Mingliang , Tang Jiaqi , Xu Min , Li Xiufeng , Wang Zhenyu , Li Chuanyou , Bu Qingyun
Published: January 2020

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant‐specific steroid hormones which regulate plant growth, development, and adaptation. Transcriptional regulation plays key roles in plant hormone signaling. A mediator can serve as a bridge between gene‐specific transcription factors and the RNA polymerase machinery, functioning as an essential component in regulating the transcriptional process. However, whether a mediator is involved in BR signaling is unknown. Here, we discovered that Oryza sativa mediator subunit 25 (OsMED25) is an important regulator of rice BR signaling. Phenotypic analyses showed that the OsMED25‐RNAi and osmed25 mutant presented erect leaves, as observed in BR‐deficient mutants. In addition, the OsMED25‐RNAi and osmed25 mutant exhibited decreased BR sensitivity. Genetic analysis indicated that OsMED25‐RNAi could suppress the enhanced BR signaling phenotype of Osbzr1‐D. Further biochemical analysis showed that OsMED25 interacts with OsBZR1 in vivo, and OsMED25 is enriched on the promoter of OsBZR1 target genes. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that OsMED25 affects the expression of approximately 45% of OsBZR1‐regulated genes and mainly functions as a corepressor of OsBZR1. Together, these findings revealed that OsMED25 regulates rice BR signaling by interacting with OsBZR1 and modulating the expression of OsBZR1 target genes, thus expanding our understanding of the roles of mediators in plant hormone signaling.
The economic effects of big events: Evidence from the great jubilee 2000 in Rome
Authors: Bronzini Raffaello , Mocetti Sauro , Mongardini Matteo
Published: January 2020

This paper assesses the short‐ and long‐term economic impact of the 2000 Great Jubilee, the foremost Catholic event occurring every 25 years, on the city of Rome's economy. By applying the synthetic control approach, we find that the value added per capita increases slightly in the short term, whereas in the long term it is not significantly different from what it would have been if Rome had not hosted the Jubilee. However, we do find a significant effect on the employment rate. Consistent with these findings, we document a shift of the local economy toward less productive sectors, such as construction and services requiring lower skills, and an overall productivity loss with respect to the counterfactual scenario. The investment in infrastructure, facilities, and urban refurbishment did not significantly increase housing prices in the long term, with the exception of peripheral residential areas, which experienced an appreciation.
Characterization and pathogenicity of threePhytophthoraspp. recovered from rivers in Bulgaria
Authors: Lyubenova Aneta , Christova Petya , Kostov Kaloyan , Slavov Slavtcho
Published: January 2020

ManyPhytophthoraspecies are pathogens on fruit trees and may cause destructive diseases. In the current study, we examined sixPhytophthoraisolates recovered from rivers in Bulgaria, representatives of the following three species:Phytophthora chlamydospora,P. pseudocryptogeaandP. syringae. Morphological traits, cardinal temperatures and growth rates of the isolates were described. We found considerable variation in the size of sporangia and significant difference in the mycelial growth rates of the twoP. pseudocryptogeaisolates, along with multiple polymorphic sites in the ITS region of one of them. In the cases of the other twoPhytophthoraspecies, no such differences were found between the isolates. BothP. chlamydosporaisolates had a lower optimum growth temperature compared with the reported in the literature for this species. In pathogenicity tests against leaves and fruits of apple, pear, cherry, apricot and plum, the isolates proved to be capable of causing infections with varying severity.P. chlamydosporashowed to be the most aggressive towards the leaves, whileP. pseudocryptogeaisolates induced the highest percentage of decay on the fruits of all tested tree species, which may suggest partial organ or tissue specificity. The demonstrated infection capacity of the described isolates points out the investigatedPhytophthoraspecies as a potential threat for the orchards in Bulgaria, if favourable conditions are available.
Melatonin‐stimulated exosomes enhance the regenerative potential of chronic kidney disease‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells via cellular prion proteins
Authors: Yoon Yeo Min , Lee Jun Hee , Song Keon‐Hyoung , Noh Hyunjin , Lee Sang Hun
Published: January 2020

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by dysfunctional kidneys, which result in complications like cardiovascular diseases. Chronic kidney disease‐induced pathophysiological conditions decrease efficacy of autologous mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)‐based therapy by reducing MSC functionality. To enhance therapeutic potential in patients with CKD, we isolated exosomes derived from melatonin‐treated healthy MSCs (MT exosomes) and assessed the biological functions of MT exosome–treated MSCs isolated from patients with CKD (CKD‐MSCs). Treatment with melatonin increased the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in exosomes isolated from MSCs through the upregulation of miR‐4516. Treatment with MT exosomes protected mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and proliferative potential of CKD‐MSCs. MT exosomes significantly increased the level of angiogenesis‐associated proteins in CKD‐MSCs. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model with CKD, MT exosome–treated CKD‐MSCs improved functional recovery and vessel repair. These findings elucidate the regenerative potential of MT exosome–treated CKD‐MSCs via the miR‐4516‐PrPC signaling axis. This study suggests that the treatment of CKD‐MSCs with MT exosomes might be a powerful strategy for developing autologous MSC‐based therapeutics for patients with CKD. Furthermore, miR‐4516 and PrPC could be key molecules for enhancing the regenerative potential of MSCs in ischemic diseases.
An exploratory study of the experiences of being both a mental health professional and carer in mental health services in Norway
Authors: Stain Helen J. , Johannessen Jan O. , Joa Inge
Published: January 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Many carers report feeling unrecognized by professional healthcare teams.

Carers often report difficulty accessing mental health services for relatives.

Carers who are also mental health professionals may experience role conflict as found for General Practitioners.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Carers who are mental health professionals are often not recognized for their professional knowledge and face similar communication barriers as other carers.

Difficulties for carers who are mental health professionals are concerned with information sharing, decision‐making and continuity of care.

What are the implications for practice?

Opportunity for services to learn from the experiences of mental health professional and carers to develop better communication and shared decision‐making methods for carers

Carers who are mental health professionals should be recognized by services for their dual role (and skills).

Service development opportunity for training in supporting and engaging carers who are mental health professionals

Introduction

Around 60% of carers of relatives with mental health problems report feeling unrecognized by professional health care, and many report a lack of engagement, shared decision‐making and information sharing. There is a paucity of research examining these issues for carers who are also mental health professionals.

Aims

This was an exploratory study to (a) explore the extent of this role among health service staff, (b) gather an indication of the issues faced by carers when interacting with the health system and (c) test the feasibility of conducting research.

Methods

Mental health professionals in mental health services completed an online survey that assessed the frequency, content and satisfaction of the experiences of carers.

Results

The sample comprised 453 mental health professionals (74% female), 52% being carers. Half of carers reported having therapist contact, and 25% were satisfied with the contact. Negative experiences were related to Information, Decision‐making and Continuity of care.

Discussion

There was a high frequency of mental health professionals who were carers. The majority were dissatisfied, and this was primarily in relation to communication with services.

Implications for practice

Improving information sharing through training of staff and identification of the system barriers is likely to enhance experiences for service users and families.
Colokinetic effect of an insulin‐like peptide 5‐related agonist of the RXFP4 receptor
Authors: Diwakarla Shanti , Bathgate Ross A. D. , Zhang Xiaozhou , Hossain Mohammed Akhter , Furness John B.
Published: January 2020

Background

Insulin‐like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a hormone stored in colonic enteroendocrine cells that also contain the unrelated hormones, GLP‐1 and PYY. It acts at the relaxin family peptide 4, RXFP4, receptor. RXFP4 is expressed by enteric neurons in the colon, and it has been speculated that INSL5, through its action on enteric neurons, might be involved in the control of colonic contractions. Similar to insulin and relaxin, INSL5 consists of A and B peptide chains linked by three disulfide bonds, two between the chains and one intrinsic to the A chain. Because of its complex structure, it is difficult to synthesize and to prepare peptide analogues to investigate its roles. We have recently developed a potent simplified peptide analogue, INSL5‐A13 (INSL5 analogue 13).

Methods

In the present work, we have investigated the actions of INSL5‐A13 in mice. We investigated the ability of INSL5‐A13 to increase the speed of emptying of a bead from the colon, after expulsion had been slowed by the peripherally restricted opioid agonist, loperamide (1 mg/kg).

Key Results

INSL5‐A13 was a full agonist at the mouse RXFP4 expressed in HEK cells, with an EC50 of ~9 nmol/L. INSL5‐A13 caused an acceleration of colorectal bead propulsion in mice constipated by loperamide in the dose range 0.2 to 60 µg/kg, with an EC50 of ~6 µg/kg in vivo. It also accelerated bead propulsion in untreated mice. Bead expulsion was not accelerated in RXFP4−/− mice.

Conclusion and Inferences

Our data suggest that RXFP4 agonists could be useful in the treatment of constipation.