bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION, SPATIAL MODELING, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN GRASSHOPPER SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Authors: Johnson D.L.
Published: November 2009

Analysis of 10 years of grasshopper survey data (1978–1987) indicated that grasshopper populations in fields can be reliably predicted from roadside survey counts. Direct estimation of grasshopper densities in crop fields is no longer required for summaries of infestation levels or forecasts. Spatial autocorrelation was significant and positive for both roadside and field counts. The coefficient of variation of the field counts was greater than that of the roadside counts in each of the last 10 years. Population density was summarized by crop type and sampling method for the last 10 years. Linear regressions fitted to the 1978–1984 grasshopper survey data were used to estimate field population density from crop type and roadside counts in 1985–1987. Maps of population density were generated from the predicted and observed field counts with SPANS, a microcomputer-based geographic information system. Large coefficients of association (73–79%) between the predicted and observed maps attested to the sufficiency of road-side counts as the basis for production of population density maps.
LIFE CYCLE OF THE NYMPH FLY PALAEODIPTERON WALKERI IDE 1965 (DIPTERA: NYMPHOMYIIDAE) IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN QUÉBEC
Authors: Harper P.P. , Lauzon Michel
Published: November 2009

Collections of larvae over 1 year in the River Clinton in the White Mountains of southern Québec indicated that Palaeodipteron walkeri Ide is bivoltine and that there are five larval instars. In April, larvae were in their fourth and fifth instars. Adults emerging in May and June gave rise to a summer generation in which most individuals emerged in August and September. The offspring of these adults, together with stragglers from the summer generation, formed an overwintering generation. Overwintering was completed in the larval stage, mainly the third and fourth instars. There was some growth in winter and development increased in the spring. Our data were compared with previously published observations; although no discrepancy occurred, our interpretation was different. Previous schemes proposed for the life cycle in this species were based on few specimens and lacked winter observations.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THE SPRUCE SEED MOTH, CYDIA STROBILELLA (L.), AND THE EFFECT OF LURE DOSAGE AND TRAP HEIGHT ON CAPTURE OF MALE MOTHS
Authors: Grant G.G. , Fogal W.H. , West R.J. , Slessor K.N. , Miller G.E.
Published: November 2009

Electroantennogram (EAG) responses from male Cydia strobilella (L.) indicated that (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac) was the most stimulating of the dodecenyl and tetradecenyl compounds assayed. Field-screening tests, which included compounds previously reported as attractive, demonstrated that only E8-12:Ac was effective. The optimum trap dosage was 0.3–3 μg on red rubber septa. Catches of males were greater when traps were hung in the upper crown of either white spruce or black spruce.
PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT COMPLEX ASSOCIATED WITH CONES OF WHITE FIR, ABIES CONCOLOR (GORD. AND GLEND.) LINDL., AND ITS IMPACT ON SEED PRODUCTION
Authors: Shea Patrick J.
Published: November 2009

White fir cones were sampled for insect damage from wild stands in California and Nevada during 1984–1986. Insects were recovered from cones and seed damage was partitioned by insect species. The important phytophagous insects were separated into guilds: the cone- and seed-mining guild, Dioryctria abietivorella Groté, Eucosma prob. siskiyouana (Kearfoot), Cydia prob. bracteatana (Fernald), Barbara sp.; the seed-feeding guild, Megastigmus pinus Parfitt, M. rafni Hoffmeyer, Earomyia abietum McAlpine; and the scale- and bract-feeding guild, Asynapta hopkinsi Felt, Dasineura prob. abiesemia Foote, Resseliella conicola (Foote), Strobilomyia abietis (Huckett). Total damage by insects varied by year and site, reaching a maximum of 47% in 1986 on one site and a minimum of 12.5% in 1984 on another. Abortion and incomplete development also were major factors in the production of sound seed. Populations of white fir cone and seed insects varied with cone crop but also were affected by the occurrence of cone crops on alternate hosts. During most years, the seed-mining guild insects were the major cause of seed damage.
DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES AND NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF NEOTEPHRITIS FINALIS (LOEW.) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), A PEST OF SUNFLOWERS IN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
Authors: Arthur A.P. , Mason P.G.
Published: November 2009

The immature stages of Neotephritis finalis (Loew.) are described and figured. Notes on the biology and the larval feeding damage to cultivated sunflowers also are given.
SEASONAL BIOLOGY OFMETEORUS TRACHYNOTUSVIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND OF ITS OVERWINTERING HOSTCHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA(HARR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Maltais J. , Régnière J. , Cloutier C. , Hébert C. , Perry D.F.
Published: November 2009

The braconid parasitoidMeteorus trachynotusVier. was found in overwintered larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana(Harr.), on foliage of a variety of deciduous species, well before the parasitoid’s attack on the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.). In the spring, percentage parasitism ofC.rosaceanabyM.trachynotuswas 8.0 and 18.8% in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Maximum parasitism onC.fumiferana(35 and 4% in 1986 and 1987, respectively) was reached in late June, at a time when over 50% ofM.trachynotuscocoons found on deciduous vegetation had emerged. Twenty days later, parasitoids produced onC.fumiferanareached 50% adult emergence. The catches of adult parasitoids on sticky traps placed on deciduous trees and on conifers showed two periods of adult activity. Based on the sex ratio of captured parasitoids, maleM.trachynotuswere active at emergence sites, whereas females were found mostly in the habitats of available hosts. The phenology ofC.rosaceanawas observed in 1987. As indicated by light-trap captures, males fly sooner than females. Eggs were laid in July, and so the early larval stages were available to femaleM.trachynotusas overwintering hosts. Several parasitoids common toC.rosaceanaandC.fumiferanawere identified.
GEINA SHEPPARDI, A NEW SPECIES OF GRAPE-FEEDING PLATYPTILIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PTEROPHORIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Landry Bernard
Published: November 2009

Geina sheppardi sp.nov., a grape-feeding platyptiliine (Pterophoridae), is described. Its distribution, biology, and diagnostic features are discussed and related to those of two other partly sympatric and morphologically similar species of grape-feeding Platyptiliinae, Sphenarches Ontario (McDunnough) and Geina periscelidactyla (Fitch). A lectotype is designated for the latter.
CYSTIPHORA SONCHI (BREMI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A NEW BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT ESTABLISHED ON THE WEED PERENNIAL SOW-THISTLE (SONCHUS ARVENSIS L.) (COMPOSITAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken D.P. , McClay A.S. , Derby J.L. , DeClerck R.
Published: November 2009

Aspects of the biology of Cystiphora sonchi (Bremi) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were investigated and releases were made on perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) (Compositae) in six provinces of Canada. Fecundity, determined by dissection of newly emerged females, averaged 86.2 eggs. Cystiphora sonchi became established in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia, and produced three generations at Vegreville, Alberta. In fall, mature larvae enter the soil, and most can pupate in temperatures of 4 °C. The gall fly thrives in shady and sunny locations. Cattle caused considerable fly mortality by feeding on galled leaves of perennial sow-thistle. Extremely dry or moist soils reduced the number of adults that emerged from pupation and extremely moist soils increased the lengths of the pupation periods. Flooding caused greater mortality of pupae than of larvae but 2% of the larvae survived flooding up to 8 weeks.
VARIATIONS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE LODGEPOLE TERMINAL WEEVIL, PISSODES TERMINALIS HOPPING (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN CALIFORNIA,
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Stark R.W.
Published: November 2009

The lodgepole terminal weevil, Pissodes terminalis Hopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is widely distributed in western North America on three races of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), as well as jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.), Bishop pine (P. muricata D. Don.), and Monterey pine (P. radiata D. Don.).

Three types of life cycle, one with three subtypes, are identified. In the univoltine type 1 cycle, adults emerge from attacked leaders in the fall, overwinter probably in the ground, and re-emerge in the spring to lay eggs in elongating leaders. Larval and pupal development is completed by early fall. The univoltine type 2 life cycle is similar, except that overwintering takes place in leaders; fourth-instar larvae overwinter in type 2A, pupae in type 2B, and adults in type 2C. The type 3 life cycle takes 2 years to complete, with the first winter being passed as a third-instar larva in the leader and the second as an adult, probably in the ground. The type 1 life cycle is most common at altitudes < 2000 m and the type 3 life cycle at altitudes over ca. 2500 m; all types may be found at altitudes of 2000–2500 m.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS AND ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS FOR THE GREEN APPLE BUG, LYGOCORIS COMMUNIS (KNIGHT) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), IN QUEBEC APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Michaud O. , Stewart R.K. , Boivin Guy
Published: November 2009

Economic injury levels and economic thresholds for nymphs of Lygocoris communis (Knight) were defined in apple orchards, using the beating technique. These were determined with 1987 apple market value and chemical control costs. Economic thresholds were established, assuming a 24-h period required for control implementation. Highly significant relationships were found between the damage at harvest and the captures of young nymphs of L. communis. The economic injury levels ranged from 0.4 to 5.8 young nymphs per sample unit depending on the sample unit and insecticide used.
EFFICACY OF MIXTURES OF MICROBIAL INSECTICIDES AND PERMETHRIN AGAINST THE CABBAGE LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND THE IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Jaques Robert P. , Laing Daniel R. , Maw H. Eric L.
Published: November 2009

The joint action of permethrin and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner (B.t.), Autographa californica (Speyer) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ACNPV), or Artogeia (= Pieris) rapae (L.) granulosis virus (ARGV) fed as mixtures to larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) or A. rapae in laboratory bioassys differed with the host insect, the components, and the concentrations of the components. Permethrin interfered with the activity of ACNPV and ARGV in most of the mixtures, particularly at low concentrations of the latter virus but mortality by mixtures of mid-range (approximately LC50 if fed alone) concentrations of permethrin and of ACNPV exceeded the mortality expected by the components acting independently. Concentrations of permethrin in the middle of the dosage range enhanced the effect of B.t. against T. ni resulting in mortality that exceeded the expected mortality but mortality of A. rapae larvae fed most permethrin–B.t. mixtures was less than expected.
NEW ASSOCIATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Hokkanen Heikki M.T. , Pimentel David
Published: November 2009

The new association approach for selecting biological control agents has been reanalyzed in the light of recent data. The results support the conclusion that the new association approach is ecologically and statistically sound. One of the major advantages of this approach is its capacity to control native pests, which make up 60–80% of all pests. The specificity of biocontrol agents newly associated with the target hosts is similar to other biocontrol agents. In addition, the new association approach is as safe as the old association approach in terms of environmental risks. Recent trials in the use of new associations have been most encouraging, and suggest that this approach should contribute to the future success of biological pest control worldwide.
DIAPAUSE STATUS OF THE OVERWINTERING GENERATION OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (FAB.) (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Stevenson A.B. , Barszcz E.S.
Published: November 2009

The incidence of diapause in pupae of the second (overwintering) generation of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fab.), at the Holland Marsh, Ont., was determined at intervals during fall and spring of 1982–1983, 1984–1985, and 1985–1986, by placing pupae collected from carrot plantings at developmental temperatures in the laboratory. The percentage of samples in diapause increased with time of sampling from late September on, until 100% of the pupae collected in late November or early December were in diapause. The percentage in diapause of pupae overwintering in the ground of an insectary at Jordan Station, Ont., decreased from January onward until, by early April, diapause was virtually absent. In spring collections from the Holland Marsh, some evidence of diapause was detected in the earliest samples, indicating that diapause is a factor that should be considered when degree-day models are being developed for the carrot rust fly.
NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY MOMONIIDAE VIETS (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA). II. REVISION OF SPECIES OF MOMONIA HALBERT, 1906
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

The North American species of Momonia Halbert, 1906, are revised. Larvae, deutonymphs, and adults of Momonia campylotibia sp.nov. are described, adults of Momonia marciae Habeeb and Momonia projecta Cook are redescribed, and deutonymphs of M. projecta are described for the first time. New morphological, life history, and distributional data are presented for all species. A new diagnosis of Momonia is proposed, and a key to adults of all known species of the genus is included.
NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY MOMONIIDAE VIETS (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA). III. REVISION OF SPECIES OF STYGOMOMONIA SZALAY, 1943, SUBGENUS ALLOMOMONIA COOK, 1968
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Morphological, life history, and distributional data are presented for North American species of the subgenus Allomomonia Cook, 1968. Adults of Stygomomonia (Allomomonia) moodyi Mitchell are redescribed, and deutonymphs and adults of four new species, S. (A.) pacifica, S. (A.) mendocinoensis, S. (A.) mitchelli, and S. (A.) atnarkicola, are described for the first time. Larvae tentatively identified as S. (A.) mitchelli are also described, and host associations of these, and larvae that appear to belong to other species of Stygomomonia, are presented and discussed. New distributional data are presented for all species. A new diagnosis of Allomomonia is proposed, two new species groups, the moodyi and mitchelli groups, are proposed and diagnosed, and a key to adults of North American species of the subgenus is included.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Protected α,β‐Diamino Acids
Authors: Shi Zugui , Yu Peiyuan , Chua Pei Juan , Zhong Guofu
Published: November 2009

In the presence of the readily available quinine‐derived catalyst 4d, highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective Mannich reactions of tosyl‐protected imines and α‐isothiocyanato imides proceeded to afford the protected α,β‐diamino acids, useful building blocks for natural products and biologically active compounds, in good to excellent yields.
Effect of pH on molecular constitution and distribution of hemoglobin in living erythrocyte
Authors: Wu Yue , Huang Yao‐Xiong , Kang Li‐Li , Wu Zheng‐Jie , Luo Man
Published: November 2009

The molecular constitution of in situ hemoglobin (Hb) and their distribution in living erythrocyte were investigated versus pH using the technique of confocal Raman microscopy. Both Raman point spectra and line mapping measurements were performed on living erythrocytes in suspensions with pH values from 4.82 to 9.70. It was found that the Hb inside a living erythrocyte would dissociate into monomer/dimer when the cells are in low and high pH environments. In contrast to the homogeneous distribution of the Hbs in the cells in neutral suspension, there are more Hbs distributing around the cell membrane or binding to the membrane as pH increases. While in low pH, as the cell become spherical, most of the Hbs distribute to the central part of the cell. In summary, our investigation suggests that the variation of the external pH not only brings changes in the morphology and membrane structure of an erythrocyte, but also affects the constitution and distribution of its intracellular Hbs, thereby the flexibility of the cell membrane and the oxygenation ability of the Hb. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 348–354, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Correlation Between Increased Urinary Sodium Excretion and Decreased Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kagiyama Shuntaro , Koga Tokushi , Kaseda Shigeru , Ishihara Shiro , Kawazoe Nobuyuki , Sadoshima Seizo , Matsumura Kiyoshi , Takata Yutaka , Tsuchihashi Takuya , Iida Mitsuo
Published: November 2009

Background

Increased salt intake may induce hypertension, lead to cardiac hypertrophy, and exacerbate heart failure. When elderly patients develop heart failure, diastolic dysfunction is often observed, although the ejection fraction has decreased. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between cardiac function and urinary sodium excretion (U‐Na) in patients with DM.

Methods

We measured 24‐hour U‐Na; cardiac function was evaluated directly during coronary catheterization in type 2 DM (n = 46) or non‐DM (n = 55) patients with preserved cardiac systolic function (ejection fraction ≥ 60%). Cardiac diastolic and systolic function was evaluated as − dp/dt and + dp/dt, respectively.

Results

The average of U‐Na was 166.6 ± 61.2 mEq/24 hour (mean ± SD). In all patients, stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that − dp/dt had a negative correlation with serum B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP; β = − 0.23, P = .021) and U‐Na (β = − 0.24, P = .013). On the other hand, + dp/dt negatively correlated with BNP (β = − 0.30, P < .001), but did not relate to U‐Na. In the DM‐patients, stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that − dp/dt still had a negative correlation with U‐Na (β = − 0.33, P = .025).

Conclusion

The results indicated that increased urinary sodium excretion is associated with an impairment of cardiac diastolic function, especially in patients with DM, suggesting that a reduction of salt intake may improve cardiac diastolic function. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid Crystallinity and Supramolecular Organization of Regioisomeric Isatin Derivatives: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Blunk Dirk , Porada Jan H.
Published: November 2009

Spatially organized chromophores can be beneficial for advanced applications like for example, organic solar cells, laser technology or non‐linear optic devices as well as supramolecular photochemistry. Of particular interest are non‐static ordered forms of molecular organization as for example, liquid crystals. With this in mind we synthesised four new regioisomeric isatin derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 4‐dodecyloxyphenylboronic acid with all four possible regioisomers of bromoisatin. Liquid crystalline properties are found for 5‐(4‐dodecyloxyphenyl)isatin, while the other regioisomers do not display a mesomorphic behaviour. The synthesis, physicochemical investigations including polarization microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray investigations are discussed and accompanied with density functional theory calculations with respect to the target molecules and their possible H‐bonded aggregates. Two distinct setups of supramolecular assemblies for such isatin derivatives are discussed and a model for the mesophase is proposed.
Low temperature synthesis of thiol‐functionalized CdTe nanoclusters with different tellurium contents
Authors: Sathyamoorthy R. , Sudhagar P. , Kumar R. Saravana , Sathyadevan T. M.
Published: November 2009

In recent years thiol‐functionalized cadmium telluride nanoparticles act as a core layers for obtaining high photovoltaic efficiency in conjugated polymer/inorganic nanocrystal solar cells and also provide easy tuning of quantum size effect by varying thiol groups and processing temperature. In this work, thiol functionalized CdTe nanoclusters were prepared for different tellurium concentrations at low temperature and its impact has been discussed. Structural parameters estimated by X‐ray diffraction revealed hexagonal phases at lower tellurium concentration and cubic phase at higher tellurium concentrations. Surface morphology of the samples analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, exhibited cluster type of morphology. Optical band gap energy estimated by diffused electron microscopy showed an increase with Te content and band edge emission has been observed in the photoluminescence spectra of CdTe nanoclusters around 620 nm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of essential and non‐essential amino acids on calcium oxalate crystallization
Authors: Sargut S. T. , Sayan P. , Kıran B.
Published: November 2009

The investigation on the mechanism of nucleation and growth of crystals at organic‐inorganic interfaces is crucial for understanding biological and physiological calcification processes such as the formation of urinary stones. The effects of five different amino acids on the crystallization of calcium oxalate have been investigated at pH 4.5 and 37 °C in aqueous solutions in the batch type crystallizer. The products were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FT/IR) and X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Crystal size distribution (CSD) and filtration rate measurements were done. In order to determine the adsorption characteristics of amino acids on the calcium oxalate crystal surfaces, zeta potential measurements were also done and discussed. The results indicate that in the presence of all investigated amino acids, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were preferentially produced, but the crystal morphology varied with amino acid types and concentrations. Various crystal morphologies such as elongated hexagonal, coffin or platy habits were observed. In the presence of all investigated amino acids, the calcium oxalate crystallized in a monohydrate form. Electrostatic/ionic interaction, different adsorption properties and special functional effects of amino acids led to find different crystal morphology. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polyallylammonium Ferrocyanide Films for Trace Water Detection in Halogenated Solvents
Authors: Liang Jie , Elliot Matthew C. , Cammarata Vince
Published: November 2009

Polyallylammonium films with electrostatically bound ferrocyanide were formed by electrochemically reducing ferricyanide ions in the presence of polyallylammonium chloride. These films could be deposited onto the surfaces of Pt, Au or SnO2 electrodes. In anhydrous organic electrolyte solutions, these films are electroinactive but become electroactive after the addition of trace water. For concentrations of water from 0.0 to 0.12% in chlorinated solvents, the electroactivity is linear with water concentration. The linearity between concentration of water and electroactivity can be exploited to develop a subsaturation trace water sensor.
Effect of Platinum and Ruthenium Incorporation on Voltammetric Behavior of Nitrogen Doped Diamond‐Like Carbon Thin Films
Authors: Khun N. W. , Liu E.
Published: November 2009

Nitrogen doped diamond‐like carbon thin films with or without platinum and ruthenium incorporation (N‐DLC or PtRuN‐DLC) were deposited on highly conductive p‐Si substrates by DC magnetron sputtering to study the effect of Pt and Ru doping on the voltammetric performance of the N‐DLC films. The potential windows of these film electrodes were measured in different electrolytic solutions, such as H2SO4, HCl and KCl. The cyclic voltammograms obtained from the N‐DLC film electrodes in these solutions showed wide potential windows while the introduction of Pt and Ru into the film electrodes apparently narrowed down the potential windows due to their catalytic activities.
Electrochemical Sensing of Thiocyanate Using Gold Electrodes Modified with an Underpotentially Deposited Silver Monolayer
Authors: Bristow Christopher A. , Michalitsch Richard , Laibinis Paul E.
Published: November 2009

Gold electrodes modified by underpotential deposition to expose a layer of silver atoms on their surfaces were used to measure thiocyanate concentrations in aqueous solutions. When exposed to thiocyanate, the ion adsorbs onto the modified electrode and causes changes in the electrochemical properties of the silver adlayer. Coulometric measurement of the fraction of the silver adlayer that remains in its original state provides a means for determining thiocyanate concentrations. The adsorption of thiocyanate onto the electrode follows a first‐order process with a rate constant of ca. 440 L/mol s that defines its concentration/time response.
Remarkable Electrochemical Responses of Ferrocene/NaY Zeolite Composite modified Electrode Based on Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid
Authors: Dong Junping , Jin Chengli , Xu Jiaqiang , Yan Hao
Published: November 2009

The ferrocene/NaY zeolite composites (Fc/NaY) are introduced on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode together with the hydrophobic ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6). The modified electrode thus constructed exhibits a pair of reversible redox peaks corresponding to ferrocene. Additionally the peak separation remains almost constant (58–75 mV) and the value of the ratio ipa/ipc is close to 1 for scan rates in the range from 10 to 1000 mV s−1. The effects of the scan rate, aqueous supporting electrolytes, hydrophobic ionic liquid and the contents of ferrocene encapsulated by electrochemistry are investigated. The extrazeolite electron transfer process is discussed. Furthermore, the Fc/NaY/IL‐modified electrode shows good mediation towards oxidation of ascorbic acid, dopamine, hydroquinone, and catechol.
Work sampling: Methodological advances and new applications
Authors: Robinson Mark A.
Published: November 2009

This article introduces an effective job analysis method for examining how people spend their working time, that is, the tasks they perform, the time each accounts for, and how they perceive these. Based on the principles of work sampling, it addresses several disadvantages of existing techniques. Self‐report data are collected using mini portable computers (personal digital assistants; PDAs), the efficiency of which enables a more comprehensive approach to be adopted. A key feature of the method is the use of multilevel categories to examine work tasks from multiple perspectives, simultaneously, in a detailed manner. The article describes the development of the method, illustrates its procedures and analyses using sample research data, and evaluates its use as an organizational research tool. Furthermore, it provides detailed and accessible descriptions of the numerous methodological and technical procedures common to all work sampling approaches, and discusses the various associated issues. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravital microscopy evaluation of angiogenesis and its effects on glucose sensor performance
Authors: Koschwanez H. E. , Reichert W. M. , Klitzman B.
Published: November 2009

An optical window model for the rodent dorsum was used to perform chronic and quantitative intravital microscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry of microvascular networks adjacent to functional and non‐functional glucose sensors. The one‐sided configuration afforded direct, real‐time observation of the tissue response to bare (unmodified, smooth surface) sensors and sensors coated with porous poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA). Microvessel length density and red blood cell flux (blood perfusion) within 1 mm of the sensors were measured bi‐weekly over 2 weeks. When non‐functional sensors were fully implanted beneath the windows, the porous coated sensors had two‐fold more vasculature and significantly higher blood perfusion than bare sensors on Day 14. When functional sensors were implanted percutaneously, as in clinical use, no differences in baseline current, neovascularization, or tissue perfusion were observed between bare and porous coated sensors. However, percutaneously implanted bare sensors had two‐fold more vascularity than fully implanted bare sensors by Day 14, indicating the other factors, such as micromotion, might be stimulating angiogenesis. Despite increased angiogenesis adjacent to percutaneous sensors, modest sensor current attenuation occurred over 14 days, suggesting that factors other than angiogenesis may play a dominant role in determining sensor function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Surface modification of PCL‐TCP scaffolds in rabbit calvaria defects: Evaluation of scaffold degradation profile, biomechanical properties and bone healing patterns
Authors: Yeo Alvin , Wong Wah Jie , Teoh Swee‐Hin
Published: November 2009

Traditionally, polycaprolactone (PCL) based scaffolds tend to degrade at a slow rate. Pretreatment of polycaprolactone‐20% tricalcium phosphate (PCL‐TCP) scaffolds under alkaline conditions can be utilized to increase the degradation rate and improve mechanical properties. Three groups of PCL‐TCP scaffolds with varying pretreatment exposures with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were studied in a rabbit calvaria defect model and analyzed at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. (Group A: Untreated, Group B: 3 M NaOH/ 48 h and Group C: 3 M NaOH/96 h). Micro‐CT analysis demonstrated that scaffolds with increased surface roughness (Groups B and C) showed a greater impact on the overall volume loss during the early healing period between 2 and 8 weeks as compared to the untreated group. In addition, greater bone formation was detected in NaOH treated scaffolds as compared to the untreated group throughout the experiment. Scaffolds with increased surface roughness generally reported higher push out test and compressive strength values from 4 to 8 weeks of early healing. Interestingly, the mechanical properties displayed a decline in values from 12 weeks onwards in the modified groups suggesting a favorable breakdown or weakening of PCL‐TCP scaffolds tailored for replacement by new bone formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Reinforcement of tendon attachment to bioactive porous titanium by BMP‐2‐induced ectopic bone formation
Authors: So Kazutaka , Takemoto Mitsuru , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Neo Masashi , Kokubo Tadashi , Nakamura Takashi
Published: November 2009

Achieving a firm attachment between a tendon and a metal remains a major challenge in orthopedic surgery. In this study, we developed a simple model for evaluating the strength of this attachment using bioactive porous titanium, and confirmed whether bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) can be a help in achieving a firm attachment by ectopic bone formation. Rectangular plate‐shaped implants were soak‐loaded with BMP‐2 (B+ group) and were implanted within the patellar tendon of a rabbit. Implants without BMP‐2 (B− group) were used as controls, and they were harvested at 4 and 8 weeks postoperation for mechanical tests and for histological and histomorphometric study. The pull‐out failure load of the B+ group was significantly higher than that of the B− group and new bone was more prevalent within the pores and around the implants in the B+ group than in the B− group. The model used in this study was feasible for evaluating the tendon–metal attachment, and a combination of bioactive porous titanium and BMP‐2 was found to attach firmly to the tendon. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Pectin‐coated titanium implants are well‐tolerated in vivo
Authors: Kokkonen Hanna , Niiranen Helena , Schols Henk A. , Morra Marco , Stenbäck Frej , Tuukkanen Juha
Published: November 2009

Multiform coated titanium implants are widely used in orthopedic and dental surgery. In this study, we have investigated the reactivity of pectin‐coated titanium samples implanted under the latissimus dorsi—muscle fascia of rats. Samples were coated with two enzyme treated apple pectins; modified hairy regions (MHR‐A and MHR‐B) that differed in chemical structure. Aminated (AMI) and uncoated titanium (Ti) served as controls. The thicknesses of the peri‐implant fibrous tissue capsules formed 1 or 3 weeks after implantation were measured as indicative of possible inflammatory reactions toward the biomaterials. After 1 week, the MHR‐B implant was surrounded by a thicker fibrous capsule (42.9 μm) than any of the other sample types: MHR‐A (33.2 μm), AMI (32.5 μm), and Ti (32.3 μm), the last one being the only statistically significant difference. After 3 weeks, however, this difference disappeared; the capsule thicknesses around MHR‐B and Ti implants had decreased to the values found for AMI and MHR‐A. Additionally, the capsule formation represents merely a stromal rather than an inflammatory reaction, as indicated by the absence of activated macrophages or foreign body giant cells in the capsules. These results indicate for the first time the in vivo tolerability of covalently linked pectins, and suggest the feasibility of pectin‐coated bone and dental implants for clinical use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
The effect of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa on the change of cell adhesion and proliferation induced by N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase V
Authors: Wang Can , Li Zengxia , Yang Zhaohua , Zhao Hongbo , Yang Yong , Chen Kangli , Cai Xiumei , Wang Liying , Shi Yinghong , Qiu Shuangjian , Fan Jia , Zha Xiliang
Published: November 2009

N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT‐V) has been reported to be positively associated with tumor progression, but its mechanism still remains unknown. In the present study, we found that GnT‐V overexpression not only changed the glycosylation of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (RPTPκ) but also decreased its protein level. Moreover, GnT‐V overexpression decreased cell calcium‐independent adhesion and increased the tyrosine phosphorylation level of β‐catenin, in which RPTPκ played an important role. Since RPTPκ has an RXKR motif, which is a favored cleavage site for furin, we used furin inhibitor to further explore the effect of RPTPκ on the change of cell adhesion and β‐catenin signaling induced by GnT‐V. Our results showed that preventing RPTPκ cleavage rescued the above effects of GnT‐V, suggesting that furin cleavage could be one of the factors for RPTPκ to regulate cell adhesion and β‐catenin signaling in GnT‐V overexpression cell lines. In addition, the increased tyrosine phosphorylation level of β‐catenin was associated with the increased nuclear level of β‐catenin and downstream signaling molecules such as c‐myc and cyclin D1 that were associated with cell proliferation. Our results suggest that GnT‐V could decrease human hepatoma SMMC‐7721 cell adhesion and promote cell proliferation partially through RPTPκ. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 113–123, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear redistribution of TCERG1 is required for its ability to inhibit the transcriptional and anti‐proliferative activities of C/EBPα
Authors: Banman Shanna L. , McFie Pamela J. , Wilson Heather L. , Roesler William J.
Published: November 2009

Transcription elongation regulator 1 (TCERG1) is an inhibitor of transcriptional elongation, and interacts with transcription and splicing factors, suggesting that it assists in coupling and coordinating these two processes. Recently we showed that TCERG1 possesses an additional activity, that being to repress the transactivation and anti‐proliferative activities of the transcription factor CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein α (C/EBPα). In the present study, we provide evidence that TCERG1 functions as an inhibitor of C/EBPα rather than a transcriptional co‐repressor. This conclusion was based on reporter gene experiments demonstrating that TCERG1 was able to reverse not only C/EBPα‐mediated transactivation of promoter activity, but also C/EBPα‐mediated transrepression of a promoter which is inhibited by C/EBPα. These observations, along with our previous findings that TCERG1 inhibits cellular proliferation conferred by C/EBPα, support the relabeling of TCERG1 as an inhibitor C/EBPα. Using mutants of TCERG1, we showed that the inhibitory activity lies in the amino terminal region. Because C/EBPα and TCERG1 have been shown to occupy different subnuclear compartments, we examined whether nuclear relocalization of either protein was involved in the inhibition of C/EBPα by TCERG1. Using confocal microscopy, we showed that TCERG1 localizes to nuclear speckles in the absence of C/EBPα. However, when co‐expressed with C/EBPα, TCERG1 localizes to pericentromeric sites where C/EBPα resides. Nuclear redistribution of TCERG1 is required for its inhibitory activity, since mutants that did not display nuclear relocalization also lacked C/EBPα‐inhibitory activity. We propose that TCERG1 inhibits C/EBPα activity by keeping it retained in inactive, pericentromeric heterochromatin. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 140–151, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinases A and C and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase regulate glycogen synthase kinase‐3A serine 21 phosphorylation in boar spermatozoa
Authors: Bragado Maria J. , Aparicio Ines M. , Gil Maria C. , Garcia‐Marin Luis J.
Published: November 2009

The cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathways control most relevant functions in male germ cells including motility. Recently we demonstrated that phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase kinase‐3α (GSK3A) is also a key event in the control of boar spermatozoa motility. However, the upstream regulators of GSK3A serine phosphorylation (inhibition) in male germ cells remain largely unknown. This work investigates the involvement of PKA, PKC and PI3K pathways in GSK3A phosphorylation in boar spermatozoa. A capacitating medium (TCM) or the phosphodiesterase‐resistant cell permeable cAMP analogue 8Br‐cAMP cause a significant increase in Ser21 GSK3A phosphorylation associated with a simultaneous significant increase in boar spermatozoa motility. These effects are blocked after preincubation of spermatozoa with PKA inhibitor H89 or PKC inhibitor Ro‐32‐0432. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 increases both spermatozoa motility parameters and the basal GSK3A phosphorylation, but does not affect either TCM‐ or 8Br‐cAMP‐stimulated GSK3A phosphorylation. PI3K inhibition effects are mediated by an increase in intracellular cAMP levels in boar spermatozoa and are suppressed by PKA inhibitor H89. In summary, we demonstrate that PKA, PKC and PI3K pathways crosstalk in porcine male germ cells to crucially regulate GSK3A phosphorylation which subsequently controls cell motility. In addition, our results suggest that PI3K is upstream of PKA which lies upstream of PKC in this regulatory cascade(s). Our findings contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of one of the most relevant male germ cell functions, motility. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 65–73, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of sodium butyrate on the differentiation of pancreatic and hepatic progenitor cells from mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Ren Meng , Yan Li , Shang Chang‐Zhen , Cao Jun , Lu Li‐Hong , Min Jun , Cheng Hua
Published: November 2009

Recently significant progress has been made in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells toward pancreatic cells. However, little is known about the generation and identification of pancreatic progenitor cells from ES cells. Here we explored the influence of sodium butyrate on pancreatic progenitor differentiation, and investigated the different effects of sodium butyrate on pancreatic and hepatic progenitor formation. Our results indicated that different concentration and exposure time of sodium butyrate led to different differentiating trends of ES cells. A relatively lower concentration of sodium butyrate with shorter exposure time induced more pancreatic progenitor cell formation. When stimulated by a higher concentration and longer exposure time of sodium butyrate, ES cells differentiated toward hepatic progenitor cells rather than pancreatic progenitor cells. These progenitor cells could further mature into pancreatic and hepatic cells with the supplement of exogenous inducing factors. The resulting pancreatic cells expressed specific markers such as insulin and C‐peptide, and were capable of insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. The differentiated hepatocytes were characterized by the expression of a number of liver‐associated genes and proteins, and had the capability of glycogen storage. Thus, the current study demonstrated that sodium butyrate played different roles in inducing ES cells toward pancreatic or hepatic progenitor cells. These progenitor cells could be further induced into mature pancreatic cells and hepatocytes. This finding may facilitate the understanding of pancreatic and hepatic cell differentiation from ES cells, and provide a potential source of transplantable cells for cell‐replacement therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 236–244, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterochrony in the germ ring closure and tail bud formation in embryonic development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Finch Emma , Cruz Carlos , Sloman Katherine A. , Kudoh Tetsuhiro
Published: November 2009

Due to their large yolk size, salmonid embryos take a longer time for epiboly movements and germ ring closure compared with most other teleost species. Here we analyzed the germ ring closure, tail bud formation and development of the notochord and somites in rainbow trout using live embryo imaging and in situ hybridization with the rt‐ntl probe. Rt‐ntl is expressed in the germ ring (blastula, gastrula and somitogenesis stage), notochord, tail bud and somites (somitogenesis stage). When epiboly covers half the yolk, a tail bud‐like structure is formed and somitogenesis starts. By the time epiboly is completed, the yolk covered and the germ ring closed, the embryo has already reached the 20 somite stage. Therefore, the timing of germ ring closure and tail bud formation is reversed in trout embryos compared with zebrafish and other small model fish embryos (heterochrony). Based on this result, we re‐examined the definition of tail bud formation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:187–195, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of major degradation products of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist under stressed conditions by LC‐MS and FT tandem MS analysis
Authors: Zhang Li‐Kang , Pramanik Birendra N.
Published: November 2009

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very serious neurological disorder, and current methods of treatment fail to achieve long‐term control. SCH 420814 is a potent, selective and orally active adenosine A2A receptor antagonist discovered by Schering‐Plough. Stability testing provides evidence of the quality of a bulk drug when exposed to the influence of environmental factors. Understanding the drug degradation profiles is critical to the safety and potency assessment of the drug candidate for clinical trials. As a result, identification of degradation products has taken an important role in drug development process. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method was developed for the structural determination of the degradation products of SCH 420814 formed under different forced conditions. The study utilizes a combination of liquid chromatography–tandem‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and Fourier Transform (FT) MS techniques to obtain complementary information for structure elucidation of the unknowns. This combination approach has significant impact on degradation product identification. A total of ten degradation products of SCH 420814 were characterized using the developed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EPR Analysis of n‐Butyl Acrylate Radical Polymerization
Authors: Barth Johannes , Buback Michael , Hesse Pascal , Sergeeva Tatiana
Published: November 2009

Via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, concentrations of secondary propagating radicals (SPRs) and tertiary mid‐chain radicals (MCRs) in n‐butyl acrylate solution polymerization were measured. The EPR spectrum is dominated by the 4‐line spectrum of SPRs at −50 °C and by the 7‐line spectrum of MCRs at +70 °C. At intermediate temperatures, a third spectral component is seen, which is assigned to an MCR species with restricted rotational mobility. The MCR components are produced by 1,5‐hydrogen shift (backbiting) of SPRs. The measured ratio of MCRs to SPRs allows for estimating the rate coefficient k for monomer addition to a mid‐chain radical. For 70 °C, k is obtained to be 65.5 L · mol−1 · s−1.

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Dextran‐based coating system for the immobilization of cell adhesion promoting molecules on titanium surfaces
Authors: Dubs M. , Weisser J. , Linke R. , Pfuch A. , Imhof D. , Schnabelrauch M.
Published: November 2009

Immobilization of adhesive peptides interacting with cellular integrin receptors onto metallic implant surfaces represents a promising approach to improve osseointegration of implants into the surrounding tissue. In the present study, a functional dextran‐based coating system consisting of an amino titanate adhesion promoter with dendritic structure and a carboxymethyl dextran was established to bind an RGD‐containing adhesive peptide via a selective coupling methodology onto titanium surfaces. The three‐step reaction procedure was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In cell adhesion experiments it could be demonstrated that dextran coatings containing immobilized RGD promote attachment and spreading of fibroblast and pre‐osteoblastic cells compared to native as well as CMD‐coated titanium surfaces without RGD. The direct attachment of the RGD sequence to the metal surface via the amino titanate adhesion promoter did not increase pre‐osteoblastic cell spreading, whereas coupling of RGD to the polymeric carboxy­methyl dextran layer slightly enhanced spreading of the cells.
A sequential auction‐bargaining procurement model
Authors: Huh Woonghee Tim , Park Kun Soo
Published: November 2009

One of the most important decisions that a firm faces in managing its supply chain is a procurement decision: selecting suitable suppliers among many potential competing sellers and reducing the purchase cost. While both auctions and bargaining have been extensively studied in the literature, the research that combines auctions and bargaining is limited. In this article, we consider a combined auction‐bargaining model in a setting where a single buyer procures an indivisible good from one of many competing sellers. The procurement model that we analyze is a sequential model consisting of the auction phase followed by the bargaining phase. In the auction phase, the sellers submit bids, and the seller with the lowest bid is selected as the winning bidder. In the bargaining phase, the buyer audits the cost of the winning seller and then negotiates with him to determine the final price. For this auction‐bargaining model, we find a symmetric equilibrium bidding strategy for the sellers in a closed form, which is simple to understand and closely related to the classical results in the auction and bargaining literature. We also show that the auction‐bargaining model generates at least as much profit to the buyer as the standard auction or sequential bargaining model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010