bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radial Line Slot Array Antenna Feeder Design Using Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Zakwoi Iliya S. , Kolawole Soyinka O. , K Ogbeide O. , A Omeiza I. O.
Published: December 2018

High Bandwidth is required today to meet the demands for high data rates needed for future Direct-to Home (DTH) services in Ka-Band. In this work, the Brainstorm Optimization (BSO) method for the feeder architecture design is utilized to meet this need at 28GHz. The BSO is used as tool for the optimization of the beam squinted antenna feeder parameters in terms of air gaps, radial cavity dimensions and dielectric thickness needed for the optimal customization of the conventional Sub-Miniature A (SMA) connector for enhanced bandwidth realization in Ka Band at 28 GHz required for Direct to Home Services (DTH). Solutions values realized from the BSO algorithm using MATLAB computations were included in a visual BASIC program in the macros of CST 2017 microwave suites for pattern generation and antenna radiation characteristics computations A radiation efficiency value of 95.97% was achieved, an Impedance Bandwidth of 99.61% and Gain of 23.09dBi were achieved. Results were compared with earlier studies on Ka Band at 28GHz and the results shows an improvement in the bandwidth and directivity values.
The Security Aspect of Applications in Kosovo Companies
Authors: Halili Festim , Koraqi Lirie
Published: December 2018

This paper addresses the security aspects of the software applications in the framework of several entrepreneurship. It has a certain goal and structure, through which it modestly aims to present the security aspect of web applications in Kosovo companies. At first we tried to give some theoretical concepts about security in general and security testing in particular. The key research elaboration of the research problem addresses the security aspect in the sector of companies that develop applications and do their testing, here we will dwell on a case-study case of different companies in Kosovo. The purpose of this section is to argue the importance of security and its application to various companies.
Planning the Expansion of Long-Term Transmission Networks Using a Cycle-Based Formulation
Authors: Alzate Pedro Pablo Cardenas , Vargas Laura Monica Escobar , Zuluaga Antonio Hernando Escobar
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a methodology to solve the long-term transmission expansion planning problem, using a formulation that uses mathematical expressions that are alternatives to the second Kirchhoff’s law and that are applied to the cycles critical of the system graph. The network transmission expansion planning problem of power systems is part of the socalled NP-complete problems, which belong to a category of problems that are dfficult to solve, for which polynomial solution algorithms are not known. The proposed methodology is applied to two test systems of the specialized literature with very good results.
Preliminary screening of biostimulative effects of Göemar BM-86 on eggplant cultivars grown under field conditions in Poland
Authors: Pohl Alicja , Grabowska Aneta , Kalisz Andrzej , Sękara Agnieszka
Published: December 2018

Seaweed extracts are widely used in agriculture as ecological focus substances applied to improve crop growth and quality. One of the primary benefits they bring is increased effectiveness of fruit setting as well as improved stress tolerance, essential for warm-climate crops cultivated in the nonoptimal environmental conditions of Northern and Central Europe. The aim of this study was a preliminary investigation of any genotype-dependent reaction of eggplant cultivars (Solanum melongena) to application of a standardized extract of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Göemar BM-86) under field conditions in Poland. The only statistically relevant result of this biostimulant was shown for cultivar ‘Flavine’ F1, where it positively affected the early crop yield and the number of fruits per plant. Fruit quality attributes, including antioxidant activity, as well as selected mineral contents, increased as an effect of biostimulant spraying. This reaction was specific for the cultivars investigated, and it was confirmed by significant differences in the main effects between biostimulant and control treatments for almost all the properties measured. The use of this A. nodosum extract suggested that there could be an improvement in fruit yield and quality in selected eggplant cultivars under field conditions in the temperate climatic zone.
Diversity and distribution of lichens in recently deglaciated areas of southeastern Spitsbergen
Authors: Maciejowski Wojciech , Osyczka Piotr , Smykla Jerzy , Ziaja Wiesław , Ostafin Krzysztof , Krzewicka Beata
Published: December 2018

The diversity and distribution of lichen species were investigated in recently deglaciated areas of the borderland between Sørkapp Land and Torell Land (southeastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard). A total of 15 sites representing various habitat types specific to the area were evaluated. Sampling sites were characterized by a very diverse composition of lichens and species richness ranging from as few as two species to as many as 53. None of the species was ubiquitous among the investigated sampling sites; conversely, most were recorded only once or twice indicating a high heterogeneity in species distribution. Eighty species are reported for the first time from southeastern Spitsbergen. The terricolous lichen Verrucaria xyloxena is reported for the first time from the Svalbard archipelago. The influence of the selected abiotic and biotic environmental factors on the occurrences and distributions of lichen species is discussed in this paper.
From barren substrate to mature tundra – lichen colonization in the forelands of Svalbard glaciers
Authors: Wietrzyk-Pełka Paulina , Otte Volker , Węgrzyn Michał Hubert , Olech Maria
Published: December 2018

This paper contributes to studies on the lichen biota of Arctic regions. The research was carried out in the forelands of eight glaciers and in the mature tundra surrounding them. Study areas were located in two parts of Svalbard: in the Kongsfjord (forelands of Austre Brøggerbreen, Vestre Brøggerbreen, Austre Lovénbreen, Midtre Lovénbreen, and Vestre Lovénbreen) and in the Isfjord (forelands of Rieperbreen, Svenbreen, and Ferdinandbreen). In each foreland and in the mature tundra surrounding it, a series of 1-m2 plots was established, within which a percentage cover for each species was determined. In total, 133 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus were recorded. Nineteen species were recorded for the first time in Svalbard: Agonimia allobata, Atla wheldonii, Bacidia herbarum, Catolechia wahlenbergii, Epigloea soleiformis, Lecanora behringii, Lepraria subalbicans, Leptogium arcticum, Pertusaria pseudocorallina, Placidiopsis custnani, Protothelenella corrosa, Pyrenidium actinellum, Spilonema revertens, Stereocaulon saxatile, Thelocarpon sphaerosporum, Toninia coelestina, Verrucaria elaeina, Verrucaria murina, and Verrucaria xyloxena. The lichen richness was the lowest in the Ferdinandbreen foreland (24 species) and the highest in the Rieperbreen foreland (82 species). Significant differences in species composition were found among the forelands studied, except for Austre and Vestre Brøggerbreen whose lichen composition was similar. The differences in lichen composition between mature tundra in the vicinity of the following forelands were identified: Vestre Brøggerbreen and Svenbreen, Austre Brøggerbreen and Svenbreen, and Austre Brøggerbreen and Ferdinandbreen. The most dominant group of lichens in both forelands and mature tundra were chlorolichens, not cyanolichens.
Conflict Resolution on Discrimination: The Dichotomy of a Potential and Actual Action in Lithuania
Authors: Žvinklienė Alina , Kublickienė Lilija
Published: December 2018

The institutional protection of equal rights and opportunities is one of the most important features of the contemporary democratic society. In this context, there is someparadox in Lithuania. The modern mechanism for the protection of equal rights and opportunities is being developed, however, the population does not fully utilize its competences in the case of actual discrimination.
The article enquires into the choice of potential and actual actions for a conflict resolution based on discrimination in the context of existing institutional possibilities in Lithuania. The concept of the conflict resolution pyramid is used. Both pyramids of potential and actual conflict resolution represent the trend towards a quantitative decline in the choices to be made for the conflict resolution. Some foreseen gaps between the potential and actual action in the case of discrimination are unexpectedly salient. Almost all Lithuanians express the determination to defend the violated rights that is not a case of represented actual actions by the victims of discrimination. Moreover, it can be assumed that at least half of all Lithuanian respondents are not eager for the conflict resolution even on the basic level of a close social environment. Also, the research data suggest that the public discourse on equal opportunities and discrimination is at the stage of formation.
Aspects of Social Justice in the Civic Participation of Russian Ethnic Group in Lithuania
Authors: Frėjutė-Rakauskienė Monika
Published: December 2018

The article presents empirical data from qualitative interviews with leaders and representatives of Russian ethnic group nongovernmental organizations conducted inthe cities of Vilnius, Klaipėda and Kaunas in 2016–2017. The analysis of aspects of social justice in civic participation of the Russian ethnic minority group is presented in the article. The author applies the definition of Nancy Fraser (1996, 2007), who distinguishes three dimensions of social justice: economic, cultural and political, associated with redistribution, recognition policy and political representation. It is discussed if and how the motives, goals and activities of the Russian nongovernmental organizations are linked or related to these mentioned dimensions. The study revealed that the field of activity of the Russian nongovernmental organizations mainly focuses on cultural activities and cultural aspects related to the policy of recognition of ethnic groups. The empirical data is collected in the framework of the research project which addresses the experiences of social and historical justice by different generations of Lithuanians and Lithuanian Russians. The research project is funded by the Research Council of Lithuania and conducted by a group of researchers from the Lithuanian Social Research Centre (the number of this project is LIP-031/2016).
Migration and Welfare State: the Coherence Between Welfare State, Migratory Regimes and Migration Flows
Authors: Gečienė-Janulionė Ingrida
Published: December 2018

This article examines the relationship between different types of the welfare state, migration regimes and changes in migration flows. It discusses the implications and limitations of the ‘welfare magnet’ theory explaining the impact of welfare regimes on migration flows as well as the interactions between migration regimes and welfare state situations. Also the impact of different welfare state regimes on migration flows is presented there. In Lithuania, as well as in other countries with a high level of emigration, the relations between the welfare state, migration regimes and migration are not fully explored; therefore, the article also presents the case study of Lithuania in order to provide guidelines for further studies in this field.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PARAMETRIZABLE ELECTRIC GUITAR THROUGH ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: MORENO NIETO DANIEL , BIENVENIDO RAFAEL , MOLINA SERGIO , DE LA HERRAN GARI
Published: December 2018

It is well known that industry is suffering a transformation called industry 4.0, occurring in the majority of developed countries where the use of a number of disruptive technologies are increasing efficiency and effectiveness of processes aiming the boost of competitiveness. Additive manufacturing is one of the technologies that builds this new industrial paradigm; and product design and development evolves by the use of these emerging processes defining new product categories and new business models, within the context of mass customization. In this article, we will describe the process of design and development of a consumer product, an electric guitar, through an additive manufacturing technology: fused deposited modeling of semi-molten polymers. Illustrating the design and development stages and tools for the product to be adapted to the possibilities that this additive technologies offer in terms of flexibility and geometric complexity adapting the geometry of every product to the ergonomics needs of every user in a fully automatic process.

Key words: Additive manufacturing, Industry 4.0, mass customization, fused deposition modeling, parametric design, industrial design, CAD computer aided design, Electric guitar, user centered design, product ergonomics.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS METHODOLOGY. CASE STUDY, LAUNCHER
Authors: UNZUETA ARANGUREN GORKA , ORUE IRASUEGI AITOR , ESNAOLA ARRUTI ARITZ , EGUREN EGIGUREN JOSE ALBERTO
Published: December 2018

The present study describes a methodology to apply the DOE (Design of Experiment) techniques. To show its application, a simple case was prepared that can be used as a training in industrial environments. In this case, fractional factorial designs were applied and the effects and interactions that influence the analyzed response were determined. The analysis of the data was done both manually and through the use of the statistical software MINITAB. The case study shown can be a useful tool to stimulate the use of DOE techniques in the industry.

Keywords: Design of Experiment, DOE, training, factorial design, methodology.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LOWER LIMB INJURIES IN A PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE COLLISION
Authors: SANTOS CUADROS SILVIA , ALVAREZ CALDAS CAROLINA , SAN ROMAN GARCIA JOSE LUIS
Published: December 2018

Half of road deaths are vulnerable road users, highlighting pedestrians. Vehicle manufacturers are essential in pedestrian protection, since vehicle design influences the crash severity. Approval tests, which evaluate the safety offered by a specific vehicle model, are destructive and involve considerable costs. This can be solved by virtual tests, as a reliable alternative to real tests, especially in repetitive trials such as the simulation of a pedestrian-vehicle collision. This research simulates different pedestrian crash scenarios by the finite element method, analysing the influence of several factors (impact speed, pedestrian position, material and height of vehicle) on injury severity in lower limbs. This area is the main cause of disability, generating high social costs, which motivates this study. Results could help to design safer vehicles and take effective measures in road safety. The analysed injury criteria, used in regulations, are: tibia acceleration, dislocation and bending angle of knee. Results show that injury severity increases exponentially with speed, as well as that in frontal crash ligaments can be seriously affected even at low speeds. Whereas in side impact, tibia has higher probability of injury. In addition, it is found that aluminium considerably improve pedestrian protection. As for height of vehicle frontal area, the smaller it is, the more affected the ligaments are. However, at higher height, greater protection is offered to tibia.
AUTOMATED PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PUNCHING SHEAR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
Authors: NAVARRO MENARGUES MIGUEL , VARONA MOYA FRANCISCO DE BORJA , BRU ORTS DAVID , IVORRA CHORRO SALVADOR
Published: December 2018

One of the critical structural failures in buildings is the phenomenon of punching shear in the slab-column connection. In this paper, a nonlinear numerical model for studying this phenomenon in reinforced concrete slabs is presented. The model is based on FEM and developed in ABAQUS. The ultimate goal is to prepare a simulation tool to study existing slabs, assess their punching strength and design a reinforcement if necessary. The study also concerns new constructions, where geometry and ratios could be optimised. For that reason, the automation of routines in Python code has been carried out in order to improve the efficiency in the creation of a variety of numerical models.

Key Words: Python, Abaqus, punching, reinforced concrete, slab, nonlinear, numerical simulation.
DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF A PREDICTIVE TOOL FOR WORK ACCIDENTS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
Authors: MUÑOZ VILLALBA JOSE FRANCISCO , LIDON LOPEZ IVAN , REBOLLAR RUBIO RUBEN
Published: December 2018

The most used indicators related to occupational safety are indicators that generally refer to accidents that have occurred, they are lagging indicators, because the measures that they offer can no longer avoid the accident that has already happened.
This article presents a tool based on the use of leading indicators that, by contrasting them with certain lagging indicators, allows the predictive evaluation of the possibility of occurrence of work accidents in the construction sites in which it is applied.
This paper explains the methodology followed for the design of the predictive tool and discusses it applicability. The obtained results lead to establish significant statistics correlations between some of the leading indicators formulated in the survey and accident data occurred in each case (lagging indicators), and therefore the predictive tool of work accidents in the construction works can be validated. The predictive capacity get 85.0% for minor accidents and 82.8% for major accidents.

Keywords: crisis, accident rate, construction, accident
FIRST STAGE OF STRUCTURAL VIABILITY OF A REAL COMPONENT MANUFACTURED BY FDM (FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING) 3D PRINTING. CASE: DOOR HANDLE FROM A CAR
Authors: PUIGORIOL FORCADA JOSEP MARIA , ICART MARTORI GUILLEM , MENACHO SOLA-MORALES JOAQUIN , LOPEZ NAVARRO FERRAN
Published: December 2018

The present work is dedicated to the evaluation of a first stage of structural viability for the implementation of the FDM manufacturing technology in an industrial process in order to obtain functional parts. With this goal, a real part manufactured by the injection moulding process, of which the mechanical properties are known, has been selected. In the present work, this part has been manufactured by FDM in order to study the current feasibility of applying this manufacturing process change to industry. All of this will give an overview of the current state of the FDM technology in order to analyze how much it lacks to be competitive against the current technologies in the world of the industrial manufacturing.

Keywords: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Polycarbonate (PC), door handle, mechanical behaviour, Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
EFFECT OF ELECTROPULSES ON THE MACHINABILITY OF A C45E STEEL
Authors: MONTILLA MONTAÑA CARLOS ALBERTO , KALLEWAARD ECHEVERRI VALENTINA , GONZALEZ ROJAS HERNAN A.
Published: December 2018

This article compares the machinability of a C45E (AISI/SAE 1045) steel type under two different manufacturing processes: conventional machining and pulsed current assisted machining. The testing procedure consisted on the dry turning, using a coated carbide cutting tool (HM) and high-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools, under two different spindle speeds. In this study cutting tool life is evaluated in function of cutting speed for both machining conditions and both cutting tools. Results show variation on flank wear depending on the tool used and spindle speed, showing an increase in machinability when using the HM tool with the electropulse assisted turning at low spindle speed. Additionally, changes in chip type are found when assisting the process with electropulses. Statistically significant variations in chip dimensions and chip ratio are present, evidencing the differences in the phenomena affecting shear strain. Surface roughness, for its part, is improved when turning with the assistance of electropulses.

Keywords: electropulse, electroplastic effect, machinability, flank wear, chip ratio
DESIGN OF A PRECISION COMPACTOR FOR USE IN GUIDED BONE REGENERATION IN THE AREA OF ORAL SURGERY
Authors: BRIZUELA VELASCO ARITZA , JIMENEZ GARRUDO ANTONIO , VITERI AGUSTIN IRATXE , CHAVARRI PRADO DAVID , PEREZ PEVIDA ESTEBAN , DIEGUEZ PEREIRA MARKEL , MONTALBAN VADILLO OIER , BELLANCO DE LA PINTA IKER , CHENTO VALIENTE YELKO , SOLABERRIETA MENDEZ ENEKO , LOU BONAFONTE JOSE MANUEL
Published: December 2018

During the processes of guided bone regeneration in the maxillary bones, which aim to recover or preserve support tissue for the placement of implants on which dental prostheses are retained, the use of various particulate graft biomaterials from different sources (animal or synthetic) is standardized. At present, the pressure of compaction of this material in the recipient bone is manual, dependent on the clinician, although there is some scientific evidence on the effects of different compressive forces on angiogenesis and prognosis of the regeneration of the grafted areas.
The aim of the present study is to design, calibrate and verify in vitro a compaction instrument for clinical use, which allows a controlled and precise compaction pressure of the particulate graft biomaterial and standardize the procedure.
The designed instrument is a precision compactor of adequate size for proper intra and extraoral clinical manageability and manufactured in a sterilizable material by autoclaving. The range of compression that allows (0 -1,82 Newton), is within the forces that are commonly applied in surgery and that have been determined by a specific test on 8 oral surgeons. Instrument calibration has been performed by an independent accredited company.
The testing of the instrument was carried out by an in vitro test where the biomaterial was compacted at different forces (0,80 and 1,82 Newton) and was observed by a computerized micro-tomography that when increasing the compression force, decreased the space between particles provided for the migration and proliferation of new blood vessels and cells.

Key Words: bone regeneration, compaction, instrument, compactor, particle biomaterial, bone graft.
DESIGN OF A FOUR-BAR TRANSFEMORAL POLYCENTRIC PROSTHESIS USING INTELLIGENT ALGORITHMS
Authors: LOPEZ SUAREZ OMAR ISMAEL , MARTINEZ PAREDES JONATHAN , FUERTE HERNANDEZ ARIEL , CAMPO LOPEZ JUAN PABLO , ALTAMIRANO OLGUIN IVAN , HERNANDEZ VALENCIA GERARDO , TAXILAGA ZETINA OSCAR
Published: December 2018

According to the database INEGI (National Institute of Geographic Statistics and Informatics), 75 amputations are performed daily in Mexico. In addition, the statistics shown conclude that the production of prostheses does not reach 1,500 per year throughout the country, so there is a manufacturing deficit and only a minority of patients are treated.
MANUFACTURING 4.0 AND THE HUMAN FACTOR
Authors: SORLI PEÑA MIGUEL ANGEL
Published: December 2018

The requests for collaboration for the latest issue of DYNA 2018 (year 93 / No. 6), focused on the concept of Advanced Manufacturing / Industry 4.0 has achieved a response of considerable breadth, which has allowed not only complete this issue, but continue its publication in the current and subsequent. For this reason, in spite of the interesting work received, we have considered it appropriate to make a few small reflections.
The advanced countries agree on the relevance of Manufacturing as a basic pillar in the industrial fabric and on which many other services focused on industry are based, such as design, logistics, research, consultancy, machine tools, computing, communications, training, etc.
Cumulative mitochondrial activity correlates with ototoxin susceptibility in zebrafish mechanosensory hair cells
Authors: Pickett Sarah B , Thomas Eric D , Sebe Joy Y , Linbo Tor , Esterberg Robert , Hailey Dale W , Raible David W
Published: December 2018

Mitochondria play a prominent role in mechanosensory hair cell damage and death. Although hair cells are thought to be energetically demanding cells, how mitochondria respond to these demands and how this might relate to cell death is largely unexplored. Using genetically encoded indicators, we found that mitochondrial calcium flux and oxidation are regulated by mechanotransduction and demonstrate that hair cell activity has both acute and long-term consequences on mitochondrial function. We tested whether variation in mitochondrial activity reflected differences in the vulnerability of hair cells to the toxic drug neomycin. We observed that susceptibility did not correspond to the acute level of mitochondrial activity but rather to the cumulative history of that activity.
The ULK1-FBXW5-SEC23B nexus controls autophagy
Authors: Jeong Yeon-Tae , Simoneschi Daniele , Keegan Sarah , Melville David , Adler Natalia S , Saraf Anita , Florens Laurence , Washburn Michael P , Cavasotto Claudio N , Fenyö David , Cuervo Ana Maria , Rossi Mario , Pagano Michele
Published: December 2018

In response to nutrient deprivation, the cell mobilizes an extensive amount of membrane to form and grow the autophagosome, allowing the progression of autophagy. By providing membranes and stimulating LC3 lipidation, COPII (Coat Protein Complex II) promotes autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we show that the F-box protein FBXW5 targets SEC23B, a component of COPII, for proteasomal degradation and that this event limits the autophagic flux in the presence of nutrients. In response to starvation, ULK1 phosphorylates SEC23B on Serine 186, preventing the interaction of SEC23B with FBXW5 and, therefore, inhibiting SEC23B degradation. Phosphorylated and stabilized SEC23B associates with SEC24A and SEC24B, but not SEC24C and SEC24D, and they re-localize to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, promoting autophagic flux. We propose that, in the presence of nutrients, FBXW5 limits COPII-mediated autophagosome biogenesis. Inhibition of this event by ULK1 ensures efficient execution of the autophagic cascade in response to nutrient starvation.
Spinal Shox2 interneuron interconnectivity related to function and development
Authors: Ha Ngoc T , Dougherty Kimberly J
Published: December 2018

Neuronal networks generating hindlimb locomotion are located in the spinal cord. The mechanisms underlying spinal rhythmogenesis are unknown but network activity and interconnectivity of excitatory interneurons likely play prominent roles. Here, we investigate interconnectivity within the Shox2 interneuron population, a subset of which has been suggested to be involved in locomotor rhythm generation, using paired recordings in isolated spinal cords or slices from transgenic mice. Sparse unidirectional connections consistent with chemical synaptic transmission and prominent bidirectional connections mediated by electrical synapses were present within distinct subsets of Shox2 interneurons. Moreover, bidirectional electrical connections were preferentially found between functionally-related Shox2 interneurons. Though prevalent in neonatal mice, electrical coupling began to decline in incidence and strength in mice ~ 3 weeks of age. Overall, our data suggest that gap junctional coupling promotes synchronization of Shox2 interneurons, and may be implicated in locomotor rhythmicity in developing mice.
Radiografers legemiddelhåndtering - en pilotstudie
Authors: Hellingsrud Næss Ola , Strand Aasand Martine , Rusandu Albertina
Published: December 2018

Innledning: Radiografiens fagområder er i konstant utvikling. Det setter krav til utdanningen til arbeidsgiver og til profesjonsutøveren som skal forsikre seg om at kunnskaper og ferdigheter er ajour, og at man holder høy standard fra første til siste arbeidsdag. Det er forsket lite på hvordan radiografene opplever om de har tilstrekkelig kunnskap og erfaring rundt legemiddelhåndteringen.

Metode: En kvalitativ studie med observasjon av fem radiografer, som også inngikk i fokuserte intervjuer med hensikt å kartlegge opplevelser og vurderinger om sikkerheten i legemiddelhåndteringen, i yrkespraksisen. Resultater: Den daglige utførelsen av arbeidet vitner om trygghet i legemiddelhåndteringen, ved at håndterings-situasjoner preges av og høyt faglig kunnskapsnivå. Radiografene stiller seg likevel positive til mer jevnlig oppfølging, undervisning eller kursing ved arbeidsplassen, og diskusjoner om sikkerhet. Konklusjon: Radiografenes kunnskapsnivå innenfor legemiddellære erfares å være adekvat i henhold til målsettingen for emnet, i bachelor-utdanningen i radiografi. Imidlertid er dette en liten studie, og temaet bør følges opp videre.

 

Abstract

Introduction: The field of work in radiography is in constant development. This imposes requirements for both education, the professional practitioner herself, and for the employer who will ensure that knowledge and skills are up to date in order to maintain high standards at all times. Internationally organizational development and professional knowledge are continually calling for radiographer’s familiarization with the latest standards and techniques in this field. There has been little research on how radiographers experience if they have sufficient knowledge and experience in medication and drug administration.

Method: A qualitative study with observation of five radiographers, who also participated in focused interviews aimed at mapping their experiences and assessments about the safety of drug administration in professional practice.

Results: The observed performance of the radiographers´ work testifies to safe drug administration in that administration situations are characterized by a high academic level of knowledge. Still, radiographers are positive to more regular follow-up learning and/or training at the workplace, and discussions about drug administration safety.

Conclusion: Radiographers' level of knowledge in the field of drug administration was found to be adequate according to the expected learning outcomes of the bachelor education in radiography. However, this is a small study, and the subject should be followed up further.
Macrophages engulf apoptotic and primary necrotic thymocytes through similar phosphatidylserine‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Budai Zsófia , Ujlaky‐Nagy László , Kis Gréta Nikoletta , Antal Miklós , Bankó Csaba , Bacsó Zsolt , Szondy Zsuzsa , Sarang Zsolt
Published: December 2018

One of the major roles of professional phagocytes is the removal of dead cells in the body. We know less about the clearance of necrotic cells than apoptotic cell phagocytosis, despite the fact that both types of dead cells need to be cleared together and necrotic cells appear often in pathological settings. In the present study, we examined phagocytosis of heat‐ or H2O2‐killed necrotic and apoptotic thymocytes by mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and found that the two cell types are engulfed at equal efficiency and compete with each other when added together to BMDMs. Phagocytosis of both apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes was decreased by (a) blocking phosphatidylserine on the surface of dying cells; (b) inhibition of Mer tyrosine kinase, Tim‐4, integrin β3 receptor signaling, or Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity; or (c) using BMDMs deficient for transglutaminase 2. Stimulation of liver X, retinoid X, retinoic acid or glucocorticoid nuclear receptors in BMDMs enhanced not only apoptotic, but also necrotic cell uptake. Electron microscopic analysis of the engulfment process revealed that the morphology of phagosomes and the phagocytic cup formed during the uptake of dying thymocytes is similar for apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our data indicate that apoptotic and necrotic cells are cleared via the same mechanisms, and removal of necrotic cells in vivo can be facilitated by molecules known to enhance the uptake of apoptotic cells.
Assyria
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: December 2018

Assyria is the Greek name of a powerful and long‐lasting ancient Near Eastern state centered on the Tigris River in upper Mesopotamia. The emergence of Assyrian civilization is closely linked to the city of Ashur, whose beginnings can be traced back to the third millennium
bce
. In the eighth and seventh centuries, Assyria ruled much of Western Asia. Between 616 and 609, a coalition of Babylonians and Medes brought Assyrian statehood to an end, but certain aspects of Assyrian civilization survived until the end of the Parthian period.
Eunuchs, ancient Near East
Authors: Melville Sarah C.
Published: December 2018

Throughout the ancient Near East, eunuchs played important administrative roles at court, though these varied by culture and across time.
Kalhu (Nimrud)
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: December 2018

Kalhu (modern Nimrud) was an Assyrian city located on the east bank of the Tigris River ca. 35 km southeast of Mosul. It was occupied from prehistoric times onward and served as Assyria's political capital during the ninth and eighth centuries
bce.
Kalhu was destroyed by Babylonian and Median troops between 614 and 612
bce
.
Nineveh
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: December 2018

Nineveh was an Assyrian city located on the east bank of the Tigris River opposite modern Mosul. The earliest settlements on the site can be traced back to the seventh millennium
bce
. In the seventh century
bce
, Nineveh served as the capital of the Neo‐Assyrian empire and became the largest city in the world, with much of the new construction carried out under Sennacherib (704–681
bce
) and Assurbanipal (668–631
bce
). In 612
bce
, Nineveh was destroyed by Median and Babylonian troops.
Queens, ancient Near East
Authors: Melville Sarah C.
Published: December 2018

From earliest times queens and queen mothers played important roles in the state hierarchy: they owned property, met foreign delegations, performed religious rituals, and corresponded with high officials. Despite their considerable power, queens did not appoint high officials, lead armies or deliver death sentences. A powerful counterpart to the reigning monarch, the queen was nonetheless subject to him like everyone else.
Uruk
Authors: Nissen Hans J.
Published: December 2018

Uruk ((modern: al‐Warka’; Sumerian: unu(g)
ki
; OT: ‘rk; Greek: Ὀρχόη) is a city in southern Iraq, identified by W. K. Loftus in 1849 and excavated from 1912 to 1985 by German archaeologists.
Sieges and siegecraft, Byzantine
Authors: Sullivan Denis F.
Published: December 2018

Methods of conducting sieges did not change radically from the demise of the Roman Empire to Byzantium. Sapping the walls, use of rams, siege towers, and ladders continued, although torsion artillery was replaced by the traction trebuchet. Evidence for sieges is found primarily from historians, although military manuals and archaeology add additional information.
Weaponry, Byzantine
Authors: Dawson Timothy
Published: December 2018

Byzantine troops had a diverse array of weapons to choose from in order to be able to combat their diverse opponents effectively and respond efficiently to different situations. Infantry first employed projectiles which varied in their weight and range, then a variety of hand weapons for thrusting and striking The weapons of the cavalry were less disparate and depended upon the class of troop – archery, skirmisher, or cataphractos.
Xenoi
Authors: Zelnick‐Abramovitz Rachel
Published: December 2018

The basic sense of the word xenos (plural xenoi) is “foreigner” – an outsider who stays for a short while in another community without becoming a full member of it. Xenoi usually applies to freeborn foreigners, but the word has a wider semantic range. A xenos could be (a) a “stranger” or “foreigner”; (b) a “guest” or a “host”; (c) a “mercenary soldier.”
Memphis, Ptolemaic and Roman
Authors: Thompson Dorothy J.
Published: December 2018

In various periods, Memphis was Egypt's capital city. With the foundation of Alexandria it became Egypt's second city. This entry introduces Memphis as an international, economic, and religious center in both Ptolemaic and Roman periods.
Duris of Samos
Authors: Pownall Frances
Published: December 2018

Duris of Samos was one of the most influential historians and literary figures of the Hellenistic Period. He is best known for his Macedonian history, which covered the reigns of Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and the early Successors. Because his work survives only in short fragments cited by later authorities, little can be determined with any certainty about his life and the character of his historical writing.
Josephus
Authors: Chapman Honora Howell
Published: December 2018

(Titus?) Flavius Josephus (37/38–ca. 100
ce
), a Judaean priest and general during the First Jewish Revolt, composed thirty extant volumes in Greek of ancient and contemporary Jewish history that provide invaluable literary evidence for the Second Temple and early Roman imperial periods.
Orality, oral culture, and historiography
Authors: Thomas Carol
Published: December 2018

Orality, oral culture, and historiography are aptly joined in ancient Greece and Rome: historical writing developed from non‐literate cultures. However, the roots of literacy differed. The discovery of clay tablets excavated at Bronze Age Greek sites demonstrated the deep roots of literacy and assisted historiography. Roman literacy does not have such deep roots.
Joseph and Aseneth
Authors: Braginskaya Nina V.
Published: December 2018

Jewish Hellenistic apocryphon tells how an Egyptian priestess fell in love with Joseph who rejected her as a Gentile. After conversion to the true God Joseph married Aseneth. The story includes long psalms, an apocalyptic scene, initiation into the Mystery of the Most High, transfiguration of Aseneth into an angelomorphic creature, and the mystic City of Refuge, where all the believers are to be saved for the eternal Reign of the Lord. The second part narrates how an Egyptian prince involved four of Joseph's brothers in a plot against him and Aseneth; the prince had perished and Joseph became the ruler of Egypt. The apocryphon presents a symbolic figure of proselyte for Jewish diaspora and explains the biblical patriarch's marriage to a gentile maid. The story was interpreted as Christian, and was many times reworked all around the medieval world from England to Persia. The time and place of its origin is debated as much as its relationship with the Greek novel.
Therapeutae
Authors: Inowlocki‐Meister Sabrina
Published: December 2018

The Therapeutae are a group of ascetic women and men celebrated by Philo of Alexandria (20
bce
–50
ce
) in his
De vita contemplativa
. Philo's treatise is our only first‐hand evidence for this group, which has often been associated to the Essenes. The Jewish philosopher focuses on the Therapeutae living near Alexandria, along Lake Mareotis. The two primary areas of focus in scholarship are the question whether this group actually existed, and the role of women – the so‐called Therapeutrides ‒ both in the work itself and in reality. The issues of genre and of the historical setting have also raised numerous debates.
Desert castles, Umayyad
Authors: Genequand Denis
Published: December 2018

The desert castles were rural aristocratic settlements belonging to the Umayyad caliphs and other elites of early Islamic Greater Syria. They were often situated in semi‐arid steppe land areas and were characterized by a palace or a residence surrounded by other structures. The desert castles mainly had a political and economic role, as places for exercising a form of mobile power, as places representing the new Islamic rule, and as profitable agricultural enterprises.
Shenoute
Authors: Krawiec Rebecca
Published: December 2018

Shenoute of Atripe was an important and powerful monastic leader and popular preacher in Upper Egypt from the late fourth to the mid‐fifth century. The fragmentary remains of his writings are central to the study of Sahidic Coptic, as well as providing evidence for a range of subjects pertinent to the development of Christianity in Late Antiquity.
Law, Athenian
Authors: Lanni Adriaan
Published: December 2018

The most distinctive feature of the classical Athenian legal system was its pervasive amateurism. With few exceptions, litigants represented themselves in court before a jury of laymen who operated without the assistance of a judge or legal expert to instruct them as to the laws. Litigants were responsible for finding and quoting any laws they thought helped their case, though there was no obligation to refer to the law under which the case was brought. Even discussions of the specific charge at issue left much to the discretion of the jury because Athenian laws were, by modern standards, shockingly vague. A simple majority vote of the jury, taken without deliberation, determined the outcome of the trial. No reasons for the verdict were given, and there was no provision for appeal.
Law, Jewish
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: December 2018

Ancient Jewish law mainly consists of rabbinic law, that is, the legal regulations promulgated by the rabbis of Roman Palestine and Babylonia between the time of the destruction of the Second Temple in 70
ce
and the mid‐fifth century.
Manumission, Greek and Roman
Authors: Zelnick‐Abramovitz Rachel
Published: December 2018

Manumission was the termination of the state of slavery – of the total domination and confinement of one person by another – and the annulment of his or her legal condition as property. Being freed, the slave became a subject of rights, but these were often limited.
Xenodokoi
Authors: Zelnick‐Abramovitz Rachel
Published: December 2018

The
xenodokoi
were entrusted with hosting, safeguarding, and protecting foreigners (
xenoi
) in some Greek
poleis
.
Phokis
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: December 2018

Phokis is a region of central Greece in the shadow of Mt. Parnassos. The region is a good example of a regional federation, or
koinon
. Phokian ethnic identity was constructed from shared myths and religious practices, notably at the recently excavated site of Kalapodi. The region also had an uneven relationship with Delphi, which lies on the edge of Phokian territory but was independent of Phokis for most of its history.
Akhmim
Authors: Elias Jonathan
Published: December 2018

Akhmim, ancient seat of the worship of the fertility god Min, is one of Egypt's oldest cities. Evidence of habitation there stretches back into prehistory. Akhmim's location on the Nile was strategic and it developed into a commercial and administrative center during the Old Kingdom under powerful nomarchs whose tombs are known east of the city. Following the collapse of centralized royal government at the end of the 6th Dynasty, Akhmim survived under its nomarchs, until incorporated into the unified Egyptian kingdom established under Theban rulers of the 11th Dynasty. The city again became important in New Kingdom times, particularly following the elevation (as wife of Amenhotep III) of Tiy, whose family originated there. The temple of Min, lord of Akhmim was architecturally enhanced after the Amarna era by Ramesses II, so that its status remained high through the remainder of Egyptian history, with additional augmentation occurring under the Ptolemies. By that time, Akhmim had emerged as a major metropolis in Upper Egypt.
Ay
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

The career of Ay spanned the middle years of the fourteenth century
bce
, first as an army officer and administrator, and finally as king of Egypt. He was the successor to Tutankhamun, whose interment he carried out.
Harsiese
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Harsiese was an Egyptian king, who ruled in the south in the ninth century
bce
. He built his tomb at Medinet Habu. He is to be distinguished from the High Priest of Amun of the same name.
Medinet Madi
Authors: Davoli Paola
Published: December 2018

Medinet Madi is a site in the Fayyum oasis with a 12th Dynasty foundation. It is home to temples and cemeteries, particularly those of the Greco‐Roman era.
Naga el‐Deir
Authors: Podzorski Patricia
Published: December 2018

The series of cemeteries at Naga el‐Deir (also spelled Nag el‐Der, Naga‐ed‐Dêr) cover approximately 2 km on the east bank of the Nile opposite Abydos and date from early Predynastic (ca. 3800 
bce
) through Coptic times (after 400 
ce
).
Psamtik/Psammetichus I–
VI
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Psamtik I, Psamtik II, Psamtik III, Psamtik IV, Psamtik V, and Psamtik VI, kings of Egypt, or parts of Egypt, during the 26th and 27th Dynasties, who reigned during the seventh and sixth centuries
bce
.
Psusennes
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Psusennes (Pasebkhanut) I and Psusennes II, kings of Egypt during the 21st Dynasty, who reigned between the middle of the eleventh and middle of the tenth century
bce
.
Pyramid
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

The pyramid as employed in Egypt and Nubia as a tomb or component of a tomb, between the twenty‐seventh century
bce
and fourth century
ce
.
Sobekhotep
Authors: Gillam Robyn
Published: December 2018

Sobekhotep I, Sobekhotep II, Sobekhotep III, Sobekhotep IV, Sobekhotep V, Sobekhotep VI, Sobekhotep VII and Sobekhotep VIII, kings of Egypt, or parts of Egypt, during the 13th and 16th Dynasties, who reigned during the eighteenth and seventeenth centuries
bce
.
Sobeknefru
Authors: Gillam Robyn
Published: December 2018

Sobeknofru was the first female with a full Pharaonic titulary to rule over Egypt. The daughter of Amenemhet III, she was the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, and the first female Pharaoh known from contemporary sources. Unlike some later queens, Sobeknofru always presented herself as female. Although she only reigned three years and her burial place is unknown, Sobeknofru was acknowledged as legitimate by the first ruler of the 13th Dynasty.
Florian (Marcus Annius Florianus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Born perhaps ca. 220 in a Danubian province, Florian (
PLRE
I.367 Florianus 6;
PIR
2
A 649;
RE
Annius 46) was Roman emperor from about June 276 for between eighty and eighty‐eight days; his reign exemplifies the lack of political stability in the empire at this time.
Numerian (Marcus Aurelius Numerius Numerianus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Numerian (born ca. 255/260
ce
;
PLRE
I: 634;
PIR
2
A 1564;
RE
174), younger son of the emperor Carus (Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus), was Roman emperor from 283 to 284. Assessment is complicated by his presentation in the sources as an excellent character (unlike his debauched elder brother Carinus (Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus)), with great skill in oratory, and able to compete in poetry with Nemesianus (SHA Car. 11.1–2).
Spolia opima
Authors: Rich J. W.
Published: December 2018

Spolia opima
were arms and armor taken from the body of an enemy commander killed in battle and dedicated by the man who had killed the commander in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol.
Tacitus (Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus, born ca. 220 (Zonaras claims he was seventy‐five at his accession but he may have been considerably younger), was Roman emperor from 275 to 276ce(PLREI 873 Tacitus 3;PIR2C 1036;REClaudius 361).
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

The reign, from 253 to 260
ce
, of Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus (

PIR
2

L 258;
RE
173), the last Roman emperor whose career combined civilian and military posts, ended in disaster at the worst point of the empire's military and economic crisis.
Volusian (Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Volusian (
PIR
1
V 376), Roman emperor from 251 to 253
ce
, was the son of the emperor Trebonianus Gallus (Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Augustus) and of Afinia Gemina Baebiana, perhaps born at Perusia (whence the family hailed) ca. 230.