bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attracting and retaining skilled and professional staff in remote locations of Australia
Authors: McKenzie Fiona Haslam
Published: October 2012

Remote Australia constitutes ~75% of the continent and is a dry, often harsh environment in which to live; consequently less than 3% of Australia’s population reside there but it is also where a substantial proportion of Australia’s export wealth is derived. It is therefore important that attention is paid to ensuring that remote locations in Australia are liveable and that innovative strategies are pursued to attract and retain a productive workforce in these places. Attracting and retaining skilled and professional staff is a problem not limited to remote, or even rural and regional locations in Australia. There is strong evidence to suggest that it is increasingly a global problem and organisations throughout the world are seeking innovative strategies to attract and develop new talent and developing other strategies to retain that talent. This paper examines population and labour mobility trends in remote Australia and the issues that have been influential on rates of staff attraction and retention, most particularly adequate housing, services and infrastructure. The second half of the paper examines a variety of recommendations and strategies developed by the public and private sectors to more effectively attract and retain skilled and professional staff to remote locations. This paper does not claim to be a rigorous analysis of all remote areas of Australia nor a comprehensive study of attraction and retention strategies. Rather, it aims to highlight the complexity, depth and interconnectedness of the issues for communities, public and private sectors and how they apply in remote locations in Australia.
No bush foods without people: the essential human dimension to the sustainability of trade in native plant products from desert Australia
Authors: Walsh Fiona , Douglas Josie
Published: October 2012

Improvement in Aboriginal people’s livelihoods and economic opportunities has been a major aim of increased research and development on bush foods over the past decade. But worldwide the development of trade in non-timber forest products from natural populations has raised questions about the ecological sustainability of harvest. Trade-offs and tensions between commercialisation and cultural values have also been found. We investigated the sustainability of the small-scale commercial harvest and trade in native plant products sourced from central Australian rangelands (including Solanum centrale J.M. Black, Acacia Mill. spp.). We used semi-structured interviews with traders and Aboriginal harvesters, participant observation of trading and harvesting trips, and analysis of species and trader records. An expert Aboriginal reference group guided the project.
We found no evidence of either taxa being vulnerable to over-harvest. S. centrale production is enhanced by harvesting when it co-occurs with patch-burning. Extreme fluctuations in productivity of both taxa, due to inter-annual rainfall variability, have a much greater impact on supply than harvest effects. Landscape-scale degradation (including cattle grazing and wildfire) affected ecological sustainability according to participants. By contrast, we found that sustainability of bush food trade is more strongly impacted by social and economic factors. The relationship-based links between harvesters and traders are critical to monetary trade. Harvesters and traders identified access to productive lands and narrow economic margins between costs and returns as issues for the future sustainability of harvest and trade. Harvesters and the reference group emphasised that sustaining bush harvest relies on future generations having necessary knowledge and skills; these are extremely vulnerable to loss.
Aboriginal people derive multiple livelihood benefits from harvest and trade. Aboriginal custodians and harvester groups involved in recent trade are more likely to benefit from research and development investment to inter-generational knowledge and skill transfer than from investments in plant breeding and commercial horticultural development. In an inductive comparison, our study found there to be strong alignment between key findings about the strategies used by harvesters and traders in bush produce and the ‘desert system’..
Regulation of memory CD4 T-cell pool size and function by natural killer T cells in vivo
Authors: Iwamura Chiaki , Shinoda Kenta , Endo Yusuke , Watanabe Yukiko , Tumes Damon John , Motohashi Shinichiro , Kawahara Kazuyoshi , Kinjo Yuki , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: October 2012

To develop more effective vaccines and strategies to regulate chronic inflammatory diseases, it is important to understand the mechanisms of immunological memory. Factors regulating memory CD4
+
T helper (Th)-cell pool size and function remain unclear, however. We show that activation of type I invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with glycolipid ligands and activation of type II natural killer T (NKT) cells with the endogenous ligand sulfatide induced dramatic proliferation and expansion of memory, but not naïve, CD4 T cells. NKT cell-induced proliferation of memory Th1 and Th2 cells was dependent largely on the production of IL-2, with Th2-cell proliferation also affected by loss of IL-4. Type II NKT cells were also required for efficient maintenance of memory CD4 T cells in vivo. Activation of iNKT cells resulted in up-regulation of IFN-γ expression by memory Th2 cells. These IFN-γ–producing memory Th2 cells showed a decreased capability to induce Th2 cytokines and eosinophilic airway inflammation. Thus, activated NKT cells directly regulate memory CD4 T-cell pool size and function via the production of cytokines in vivo.
Activity-dependent BDNF release and TRPC signaling is impaired in hippocampal neurons of
Mecp2
mutant mice
Authors: Li Wei , Calfa Gaston , Larimore Jennifer , Pozzo-Miller Lucas
Published: October 2012

Dysfunction of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in Rett syndrome (RTT), but the state of its releasable pool and downstream signaling in mice lacking methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (
Mecp2
) is unknown. Here, we show that membrane currents and dendritic Ca
2+
signals evoked by recombinant BDNF or an activator of diacylglycerol (DAG)-sensitive transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are impaired in CA3 pyramidal neurons of symptomatic
Mecp2
mutant mice. TRPC3 and TRPC6 mRNA and protein levels are lower in
Mecp2
mutant hippocampus, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified
Trpc3
as a target of MeCP2 transcriptional regulation. BDNF mRNA and protein levels are also lower in
Mecp2
mutant hippocampus and dentate gyrus granule cells, which is reflected in impaired activity-dependent release of endogenous BDNF estimated from TRPC currents and dendritic Ca
2+
signals in CA3 pyramidal neurons. These results identify the gene encoding TRPC3 channels as a MeCP2 target and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to boost impaired BDNF signaling in RTT.
Oxygen isotopes in tree rings are a good proxy for Amazon precipitation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation variability
Authors: Brienen Roel J. W. , Helle Gerd , Pons Thijs L. , Guyot Jean-Loup , Gloor Manuel
Published: October 2012

We present a unique proxy for the reconstruction of variation in precipitation over the Amazon: oxygen isotope ratios in annual rings in tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata). A century-long record from northern Bolivia shows that tree rings preserve the signal of oxygen isotopes in precipitation during the wet season, with weaker influences of temperature and vapor pressure. Tree ring δ18O correlates strongly with δ18O in precipitation from distant stations in the center and west of the basin, and with Andean ice core δ18O showing that the signal is coherent over large areas. The signal correlates most strongly with basin-wide precipitation and Amazon river discharge. We attribute the strength of this (negative) correlation mainly to the cumulative rainout processes of oxygen isotopes (Rayleigh distillation) in air parcels during westward transport across the basin. We further find a clear signature of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the record, with strong ENSO influences over recent decades, but weaker influence from 1925 to 1975 indicating decadal scale variation in the controls on the hydrological cycle. The record exhibits a significant increase in δ18O over the 20th century consistent with increases in Andean δ18O ice core and lake records, which we tentatively attribute to increased water vapor transport into the basin. Taking these data together, our record reveals a fresh path to diagnose and improve our understanding of variation and trends of the hydrological cycle of the world’s largest river catchment.
Bacillus cereus
iron uptake protein fishes out an unstable ferric citrate trimer
Authors: Fukushima Tatsuya , Sia Allyson K. , Allred Benjamin E. , Nichiporuk Rita , Zhou Zhongrui , Andersen Ulla N. , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: October 2012

Citrate is a common biomolecule that chelates Fe(III). Many bacteria and plants use ferric citrate to fulfill their nutritional requirement for iron. Only the
Escherichia coli
ferric citrate outer-membrane transport protein FecA has been characterized; little is known about other ferric citrate-binding proteins. Here we report a unique siderophore-binding protein from the Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium
Bacillus cereus
that binds multinuclear ferric citrate complexes. We have demonstrated that
B. cereus
ATCC 14579 takes up
55
Fe radiolabeled ferric citrate and that a protein, BC_3466 [renamed FctC (ferric citrate-binding protein C)], binds ferric citrate. The dissociation constant (
K
d
) of FctC at pH 7.4 with ferric citrate (molar ratio 1:50) is 2.6 nM. This is the tightest binding observed of any
B. cereus
siderophore-binding protein. Nano electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (nano ESI-MS) analysis of FctC and ferric citrate complexes or citrate alone show that FctC binds diferric di-citrate, and triferric tricitrate, but does not bind ferric di-citrate, ferric monocitrate, or citrate alone. Significantly, the protein selectively binds triferric tricitrate even though this species is naturally present at very low equilibrium concentrations.
Nuclear IFI16 induction of IRF-3 signaling during herpesviral infection and degradation of IFI16 by the viral ICP0 protein
Authors: Orzalli Megan H. , DeLuca Neal A. , Knipe David M.
Published: October 2012

Innate sensing of microbial components is well documented to occur at many cellular sites, including at the cell surface, in the cytosol, and in intracellular vesicles, but there is limited evidence of nuclear innate signaling. In this study we have defined the mechanisms of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) signaling in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in the absence of viral gene expression. We found that the interferon inducible protein 16 (IFI16) DNA sensor, which is required for induction of IRF-3 signaling in these cells, is nuclear, and its localization does not change detectably upon HSV-1
d
109 infection and induction of IRF-3 signaling. Consistent with the IFI16 sensor being nuclear, conditions that block viral DNA release from incoming capsids inhibit IRF-3 signaling. An unknown factor must be exported from the nucleus to activate IRF-3 through cytoplasmic STING, which is required for IRF-3 activation and signaling. However, when the viral ICP0 protein is expressed in the nucleus, it causes the nuclear relocalization and degradation of IFI16, inhibiting IRF-3 signaling. Therefore, HSV-1 infection is sensed in HFF by nuclear IFI16 upon release of encapsidated viral DNA into the nucleus, and the viral nuclear ICP0 protein can inhibit the process by targeting IFI16 for degradation. Together these results define a pathway for nuclear innate sensing of HSV DNA by IFI16 in infected HFF and document a mechanism by which a virus can block this nuclear innate response.
Confinement and ELM characteristics of H-mode plasmas in KSTAR
Authors: Ahn J-W. , Kim H.-S. , Park Y.S. , Terzolo L. , Ko W.H. , Park J.-K. , England A.C. , Yoon S.W. , Jeon Y.M. , Sabbagh S.A. , Bae Y.S. , Bak J.G. , Hahn S.H. , Hillis D.L. , Kim J. , Kim W.C. , Kwak J.G. , Lee K.D. , Na Y.S. , Nam Y.U. , Oh Y.K. , Park S.I.
Published: October 2012

The latest results of confinement and edge-localized mode (ELM) characteristics of Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) H-mode plasmas are reported. The estimation of fast ion contribution to the total stored energy, calculated by both the NUBEAM and ASTRA simulations, and of the effective total heating power is used to derive the thermal energy confinement time (τ

E,thermal), which is compared with a multi-machine database. The measured power threshold for the L–H transition (P
thr) as a function of density shows a roll-over with minimum value at

. KSTAR H-mode plasmas exhibit three distinctive types of ELMs: large type-I ELMs, intermediate ELMs and a mixed (type-I and small ELM peaks) ELM regime. Power scans show that the frequency of the large ELMs increases with increasing heating power, a feature of type-I ELMs. The quality of confinement is higher for type-I and mixed ELMy H-mode (H
98(y,2) ∼ 0.9–1) than for the intermediate ELM regime (H
98(y,2) ∼ 0.7). Type-I ELMs have precursor-like signals from the magnetics measurement, while the other two ELM types do not. The low-field side (LFS) profile of electron temperature (T
e), from the ECE measurement, and the pedestal profile of the toroidal velocity (V
t), from charge-exchange spectroscopy, show a continuous build up on the LFS during the inter-ELM period. However, the pedestal ion temperature (T
i) remains unchanged for most of the inter-ELM period until it rapidly rises in the last stage of the ELM cycle (⩾70–80%). The estimated electron pedestal collisionality for a type-I ELMy regime is

. The confinement and ELM characteristics for the ELM suppression discharges by the application of an n = 1 magnetic perturbation (MP) have also been investigated for each of the identified stages during the MP application. A second L–H transition during the L-mode phase after the end of first H-mode stage occurs for some discharges when the divertor configuration is restored by the plasma control system. Characteristics of this late H-mode are compared with those for the main H-mode.
Resonant magnetic perturbation effects on pedestal structure and ELMs
Authors: Callen J.D. , Cole A.J. , Hegna C.C. , Mordijck S. , Moyer R.A.
Published: October 2012

The plasma transport processes by which externally applied resonant magnetic field perturbations (RMPs) mitigate or suppress edge-localized modes (ELMs) in low-collisionality tokamak H-mode plasmas are explored. Experimental data from DIII-D indicates the dominant RMP-induced transport occurs at the pedestal top where electron temperature gradient scale lengths increase up to 3 times more than density gradient scale lengths. The increases scale approximately with the square of the strength of the RMPs. Since flow screening is predicted to inhibit magnetic island formation and magnetic stochasticity, a plasma transport model that does not depend on stochasticity is apparently needed. Thus, a basic magnetic-flutter-based cylindrical screw-pinch model theory of plasma transport is developed. A key attribute of this new model is that while RMP-induced radial magnetic perturbations can be significantly reduced on rational surfaces by flow screening, they induce spatial magnetic flutter away from them and thereby can cause substantial radial plasma transport. The plasma transport predictions of this spatial flutter model are compared with the DIII-D transport data.
Threshold conditions for transitions to I-mode and H-mode with unfavourable ion grad B drift direction
Authors: Hubbard A.E. , Whyte D.G. , Churchill R.M. , Dominguez A. , Hughes J.W. , Ma Y. , Marmar E.S. , Lin Y. , Reinke M.L. , White A.E.
Published: October 2012

Transitions from the L-mode regime to the I-mode regime, with an energy transport barrier, and to the H-mode regime with both an energy and particle transport barrier are studied on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Steady I-mode plasmas have been produced over a wide range of plasma field (3–6 T), current (0.8–1.35 MA), density and shaping in the unfavourable ion
B
 × ∇
B
configuration. The power threshold for the L–I transition is higher than scalings for the L–H transition with favourable drift, and increases with plasma current as well as density. Threshold conditions for the I–H transition are more variable. In some conditions I-mode is maintained up to the maximum available ICRF power of 5 MW, nearly a factor of two above the L–I threshold, giving a robust operating window. Edge T
e at the L–I transition is in the range 250–450 eV, over a range of current and density, about a factor of two higher than with favourable drift, while at the I–H transition it can be much higher (up to 1.1 keV) but is again widely variable. Heat pulses due to sawteeth may play a role in transitions. Controlled I–L back transitions indicate little power hysteresis.
Global existence of solutions by path decomposition for a model of multiphase flow
Authors: Asakura Fumioki , Corli Andrea
Published: October 2012

We consider a strictly hyperbolic system of three conservation laws, in one space dimension. The system is a simple model for a fluid flow undergoing liquid-vapor phase transitions. We prove, by a front-tracking algorithm, that weak solutions exist for all times under a condition on the (large) variation of the initial data. An original issue is the control of interactions by means of decompositions of shock waves into paths.
Longevity of implant crowns and 2‐unit cantilevered resin‐bonded bridges
Authors: Lam Walter Y. H. , Botelho Michael G. , McGrath Colman P. J.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To compare “survival” and “success” of implant‐supported crowns (ISC) and tooth‐supported 2‐unit cantilevered resin‐bonded bridges (cRBB) in the rehabilitation of a bounded single tooth space (BSTS), after an observation period of ≥5 years.

Methods

A case–control study among subjects who received ISC or cRBB rehabilitation at a teaching hospital. The (i) survival (retention in mouth) and (ii) success (absence of complications requiring intervention) for the ISCs and cRBBs were compared (overall, supporting structures and that of the prostheses). Rates of survival and success were compared using log‐rank statistics. Prevalence of survival and success (categories) were compared by chi‐square/Fisher's exact test.

Results

Seventy eight subjects participated in this study (39 ISC and 39 cRBB cases). Both had a mean observation time exceeding 100 months, P > 0.05. ISCs and cRBBs had similar survival rates: overall (P = 0.96), supporting structures (P = 0.14) and prostheses (P = 0.44) There was a significant difference in the rate of overall success between ISCs and cRBBs (P = 0.03), specifically with respect to the success rate of the supporting structures (P = 0.03). There was also a significant difference in the prevalence of supporting structures categorized as a “success”: ISCs (69.2%) and cRBBs (89.7%), P = 0.03. Biological complications of supporting structures were more common among ISCs (25.6%) compared with cRBBs (7.7%), P = 0.03.

Conclusion

Implant‐supported crowns and cRBBs in the rehabilitation of a BSTS survive similarly after at least 5 years. However, cRBBs had a higher success rate and were more frequently categorized as successful than ISCs. Notably, there were fewer biological complications of cRBBs supporting structures than ISCs.
Developing Ethical Awareness in Global Health: Four Cases for Medical Educators
Authors: White Mary , Evert Jessica
Published: October 2012

In recent years, the growth of interest in global health among medical students and residents has led to an abundance of short‐term training opportunities in low‐resource environments. Given the disparities in resources, needs and expectations between visitors and their hosts, these experiences can raise complex ethical concerns. Recent calls for best practices and ethical guidelines indicate a need for the development of ethical awareness among medical trainees, their sponsoring and host institutions, and supervising faculty. As a teaching tool to promote this awareness, we developed a scenario that captures many common ethical issues from four different perspectives. Each perspective is presented in case format followed by questions. Taken together, the four cases may be used to identify many of the elements of a well‐designed global health training experience.
Reward Tracking and Memory Decay in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Rodrigues Daniela , Weiss Martha R.
Published: October 2012

Due to their long‐distance migration routes and high longevity, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are likely to benefit from learning how to discriminate and remember suitable feeding resources. In this study, we assessed monarchs’ abilities to track changing nectar sources over time and to retain learned information presented in two conditioning schedules. Non‐preferred (blue and red) and preferred (yellow) artificial flowers were concomitantly offered to monarchs in a three‐phase experiment. In each phase, flowers of only one color contained sucrose solution, while the others contained water. The rewarding color was changed in each phase. Instantaneous observations were made to assess butterfly visits to each color during each phase; continuous observations over the first 90 min of a new phase allowed us to look in more detail at the transition process. Overall, monarchs tracked sucrose availability, visiting the rewarding flowers more often than the unrewarding ones, regardless of innate preferences. However, butterflies reverted to innate color preferences when the newly rewarding color was different from the initial trained color. In a second experiment, memory decay was compared for butterflies trained according to two schedules: ‘single training’ (sucrose solution in red vs. water in blue artificial flowers in one 15‐min session per day) or ‘intermittent training’ (as above, but in two 7.5‐min sessions per day). Afterwards, butterflies were tested on alternate days for a week in arrays containing unrewarding models of both colors. Following either training schedule, memory persisted for at least 3 d after reinforcement ceased. Our findings reveal that monarchs are able to change their feeding responses according to the flowers’ reward status despite innate preferences, as well as to retain flower information for about half a week regardless of the conditioning dynamics.
Multiple functions of FADD in apoptosis, NF‐κB‐related signaling, and heart development in Xenopus embryos
Authors: Sakamaki Kazuhiro , Takagi Chiyo , Kitayama Atsushi , Kurata Tomoko , Yamamoto Takamasa S. , Chiba Kumiko , Kominami Katsuya , Jung Sang‐Kee , Okawa Katsuya , Nozaki Masami , Kubota Hiroshi Y. , Ueno Naoto
Published: October 2012

FADD is an adaptor protein that transmits apoptotic signals from death receptors. Additionally, FADD has been shown to play a role in various functions including cell proliferation. However, the physiological role of FADD during embryonic development remains to be delineated. Here, we show the novel roles FADD plays in development and the molecular mechanisms of these roles in Xenopus embryos. By whole‐mount in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR analysis, we observed that fadd is constantly expressed in early embryos. The upregulation or downregulation of FADD proteins by embryonic manipulation resulted in induction of apoptosis or size changes in the heart during development. Expression of a truncated form of FADD, FADDdd, which lacks pro‐apoptotic activity, caused growth retardation of embryos associated with dramatic expressional fluctuations of genes that are regulated by NF‐κB. Moreover, we isolated a homolog of mammalian cullin‐4 (Cul4), a component of the ubiquitin E3 ligase family, as a FADDdd‐interacting molecule in Xenopus embryos. Thus, our study shows that FADD has multiple functions in embryos; it plays a part in the regulation of NF‐κB activation and heart formation, in addition to apoptosis. Furthermore, our findings provide new insights into how Cul4‐based ligase is related to FADD signaling in embryogenesis.
Isolation of human MHC class II‐restricted T cell receptors from the autologous T‐cell repertoire with potent anti‐leukaemic reactivity
Authors: Weigand Luise U , Liang Xiaoling , Schmied Sabine , Mall Sabine , Klar Richard , Stötzer Oliver J , Salat Christoph , Götze Katharina , Mautner Josef , Peschel Christian , Krackhardt Angela M
Published: October 2012

Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified with tumour‐specific T‐cell receptors (TCR) is a promising novel approach in the treatment of cancer. We have previously isolated an allorestricted MHC class I‐restricted TCR with specificity for Formin‐like protein 1 (FMNL1) with potent activity against chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. CD4+ T cells have been described to be highly important for tumour elimination although TCR derived from CD4+ T cells with anti‐tumour reactivity have been only rarely described. In this study we aimed to isolate MHC class‐II‐restricted CD4+ T cells and TCR with specificity for leukaemia antigens. We used professional antigen‐presenting cells pulsed with the leukaemia‐associated and tumour‐associated antigen FMNL1 for stimulation of autologous T cells in vitro. We isolated two CD4+ HLA‐DR‐restricted T‐cell clones and T‐cell‐derived TCR with so far unknown specificity but high reactivity against lymphoma cells and native malignant cells derived from HLA‐matched patients with diverse leukaemias. Moreover, characterization of the TCR after TCR gene transfer revealed that specific characteristics of isolated TCR as reactivity in response to Toll‐like receptors were transferable on effector cells. Our results have a major impact on the development of novel immunotherapies. They demonstrate that TCR with potent HLA‐DR‐restricted anti‐leukaemic reactivity against so far undefined self‐restricted antigens can be isolated from the healthy autorestricted CD4+ T‐cell repertoire and these TCR are highly interesting candidate tools for novel immunotherapies.
Modernisation through ICTs: towards a network ontology of technological change
Authors: Faik Isam , Walsham Geoff
Published: October 2012

This article is concerned with modernisation as a prevalent discourse of association between technological change on the one hand and social, economic and political changes on the other. We discuss modernisation as a concept that spans several domains of change including national development, organisational change and epistemological shift. These domains are often categorised into stacked levels, namely the national, the organisational and the individual, or divided into a domain of action and an overarching context. We argue in this paper that an assumption of embeddedness underlies many of these dominant approaches and we identify three issues with this assumption, namely reductionism, unidirectional causality and marginalisation. We draw from the ontological and methodological principles of actor‐network theory to suggest a shift towards a more fluid view of the dynamics between the different domains of change. We support our discussion by a case study of the modernisation of the justice system in Morocco, including a national computerisation project of case processing in the courts.
Agricultural irrigation mediates climatic effects and density dependence in population dynamics of Chinese striped hamster in North China Plain
Authors: Yan Chuan , Xu Lei , Xu Tongqin , Cao Xiaoping , Wang Fusheng , Wang Shuqing , Hao Shoushen , Yang Hefang , Zhang Zhibin
Published: October 2012

Several studies show that climatic (extrinsic) factors can interact with density‐dependent (intrinsic) factors to alter long‐term population dynamics, yet there is a surprising lack of investigations of how anthropogenic disturbance modifies such dynamics. Such interactions could be especially important in agricultural systems subject to climate change.

We investigated the effects of density dependence, climate, recurrent disturbance from flood irrigation and their interactions on the population dynamics of an important rodent pest, the Chinese striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), over 27 years in the croplands of the North China Plain.

Strong density‐dependent feedbacks occurred at both annual and seasonal scales. While warmer weather increased population sizes in nonbreeding seasons, this effect was counteracted by the negative effect of flood irrigation in breeding seasons. Precipitation showed significant positive effects in nonbreeding seasons, but negative effects in breeding seasons.

There were important interactions between intrinsic dynamics, extrinsic dynamics and disturbance. Low temperature significantly increased the strength of density dependence in nonbreeding seasons, whereas intensification of flood irrigation area significantly increased the strength of density dependence but reduced the effect of summer precipitation in breeding seasons.

Overall climate change is expected to increase population levels, but anthropogenic disturbance from flood irrigation will help prevent long‐term population increases. The interactions between anthropogenic disturbance and both intrinsic and extrinsic (weather‐driven) population dynamics caution that we need to consider anthropogenic disturbance as an integral component of population responses to climate change.
Three‐dimensional analysis of cell nucleus structures visualized by confocal scanning laser microscopy
Authors: Kett P. , Geiger B. , Ehemann V. , Komitowski D.
Published: October 2012

Studies of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) organization of cell nuclei are becoming increasingly important for the understanding of basic cellular events such as growth and differentiation. Modern methods of molecular biology, including in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, allow the visualization of specific nuclear structures and the study of spatial arrangements of chromosome domains in interphase nuclei. Specific methods for labelling nuclear structures are used to develop computerized techniques for the automated analysis of the 3‐D organization of cell nuclei. For this purpose, a coordinate system suitable for the analysis of tri‐axial ellipsoidal nuclei is determined. High‐resolution 3‐D images are obtained using confocal scanning laser microscopy. The results demonstrate that with these methods it is possible to recognize the distribution of visualized structures and to obtain useful information regarding the 3‐D organization of the nuclear structure of different cell systems.
Study of the fractal character of surfaces by scanning tunnelling microscopy: Errors and limitations
Authors: Aguilar M. , Anguiano E. , Vázquez F. , Pancorbo M.
Published: October 2012

The possibility of using the intrinsic three‐dimensional imaging capability of scanning tunnelling microscopes to study the fractal character of surfaces by Mandelbrot's method of ‘filling’ with water up to a given height is discussed. By plotting on a log‐log plot the area against the perimeter of the ‘lakes' that appear, the fractal dimension is obtained from the slope of the straight line fitting the data points. The possible errors and limitations of the method are discussed from results obtained from both simulated and real surfaces. The effect of noise and resolution in the scanning tunnelling microscope on the calculation of the fractal dimension is also discussed.
Multi‐Layered Automultiscopic Displays
Authors: Ranieri Nicola , Heinzle Simon , Smithwick Quinn , Reetz Daniel , Smoot Lanny S. , Matusik Wojciech , Gross Markus
Published: October 2012

Our hybrid display model combines multiple automultiscopic elements volumetrically to support horizontal and vertical parallax at a larger depth of field and better accommodation cues compared to single layer elements. In this paper, we introduce a framework to analyze the bandwidth of such display devices. Based on this analysis, we show that multiple layers can achieve a wider depth of field using less bandwidth compared to single layer displays. We present a simple algorithm to distribute an input light field to multiple layers, and devise an efficient ray tracing algorithm for synthetic scenes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by both software simulation and two corresponding hardware prototypes.
Adaptive Cross‐sections of Anatomical Models
Authors: Díaz J. , Monclús E. , Navazo I. , Vázquez P.
Published: October 2012

Medical illustrations have been used for a long time for teaching and communicating information for diagnosis or surgery planning. Illustrative visualization systems create methods and tools that adapt traditional illustration techniques to enhance the result of renderings. Clipping the volume is a popular operation in volume rendering for inspecting the inner parts, though it may remove some information of the context that is worth preserving. In this paper we present a new editing technique based on the use of clipping planes, direct structure extrusion, and illustrative methods, which preserves the context by adapting the extruded region to the structures of interest of the volumetric model. We will show that users may interactively modify the clipping plane and edit the structures to highlight, in order to easily create the desired result. Our approach works with segmented volume models and non‐segmented ones. In the last case, a local segmentation is performed on‐the‐fly. We will demonstrate the efficiency and utility of our method.
Desire for control and optimistic time predictions
Authors: HALKJELSVIK TORLEIF , ROGNALDSEN MAREN , TEIGEN KARL HALVOR
Published: October 2012

Halkjelsvik, T., Rognaldsen, M. & Teigen, K. H. (2012). Desire for control and optimistic time predictions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 499–505.

Few studies have investigated individual differences in time predictions. We report two experiments that show an interaction between the personality trait Desirability of Control and reward conditions on predictions of performance time. When motivated to perform a task quickly, participants with a strong desire for control produced more optimistic predictions than those with a weaker desire for control. This effect could also be observed for a completely uncontrollable task. The results are discussed in relation to the finding that power produces more optimistic predictions, and extend this work by ruling out some previously suggested explanations.
Community implementation of PMTO™: Impacts on referrals to specialist services and schools
Authors: SIGMARSDÓTTIR MARGRÉT , BJÖRNSDÓTTIR ANNA
Published: October 2012

Sigmarsdóttir, M. & Björnsdóttir, A. (2012). Community implementation of PMTO™: Impacts on referrals to specialist services and schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 506–511.

In 2000, the city of Hafnarfjörður, Iceland, implemented Parent Management Training – Oregon Model (PMTO™) to prevent and treat behavioral problems among children. This paper describes the implementation and findings regarding impacts in the community. As hypothesized, findings showed that the number of referrals to specialist services decreased in Hafnarfjörður following PMTO implementation and increased in two comparison communities not implementing the method. Within the Hafnarfjörður community, recorded instances of behavior problems reduced in elementary schools working in line with PMTO. The results presented are the first such findings in Iceland and suggest the kinds of systematic changes communities may experience following the implementation of an evidence‐based program.
Fertility Cycles, Age Structure and Housing Demand
Authors: Malmberg Bo
Published: October 2012

Since the early 1990s, a number of researchers have put forward evidence of strong demographic effects on housing demands. More recently, a number of studies have pointed to the effect of housing market conditions on family formation. This implies that housing markets are influenced by population change, but also that the housing market conditions influence population change. In this study, a model of demographic effects on the housing market that has been estimated on regional panel data will be used to explore these interrelationships. First, it is shown that the age effects identified in sub‐national data are present also in cross‐national data. Second, it is shown that high demographic pressure on house prices is associated with low fertility. The findings are discussed in relation to the Easterlin's hypothesis about the effects of cohort crowding on fertility. In Easterlin's model, cohort effects on earnings drive fertility shifts. The analysis presented, herein, indicates that cohort effects in the housing market can be equally important. Finally, the estimated models are used to outline possible future trends in house prices and fertility. The results indicate that house price increases can slow down and that there can be some recovery from very low fertility rates.
The Impact of Population Ageing on House Prices: A Micro‐simulation Approach
Authors: Chen Yu , Gibb Kenneth , Leishman Chris , Wright Robert
Published: October 2012

This study attempts to estimate the impact of population ageing on house prices. There is considerable debate about whether population ageing puts downwards or upwards pressure on house prices. The empirical approach differs from earlier studies of this relationship, which are mainly regression analyses of macro time‐series data. A micro‐simulation methodology is adopted that combines a macro‐level house price model with a micro‐level household formation model. The case study is Scotland, a country that is expected to age rapidly in the future. The parameters of the household formation model are estimated with panel data from the British Household Panel Survey covering the period 1999–2008. The estimates are then used to carry out a set of simulations. The simulations are based on a set of population projections that represent a considerable range in the rate of population ageing. The main finding from the simulations is that population ageing – or more generally changes in age structure – is not likely a main determinant of house prices, at least in Scotland.
Pedagogy Beyond Piracy: Un‐Learning the White Body to Recreate a Body of Learning
Authors: Perkinson James W.
Published: October 2012

This essay highlights a range of questions that arise when white suburban students engage urban neighborhoods of poverty and color in the United States. How can involvement in an “other” context move beyond “educational tourism”? The essay presents a pedagogical style that raises questions of the kind of socialized body one inhabits: either one shaped by presumptions of control and rights of academic observation, or one mobilized to risk involvement in a differently communalized episteme. And while the pedagogy described may not be replicable by faculty who do not share the author's background or cross‐cultural orientation, the rhetorical style of the essay itself enacts the tensions that this pedagogy contends with: the efforts of a white male educator – altered by decades of inner city involvement – to open “white” space in the classroom to other norms of embodiment and other modes of learning. Here is the necessity and impossibility of moving beyond “educational tourism.”
Helping Students Navigate Faith Challenges in the Biblical Studies Classroom
Authors: Sharp Carolyn J. , Clark‐Soles Jaime
Published: October 2012

What happens when students encounter the academic study of the Bible in the seminary or undergraduate classroom? Does a teacher have a responsibility to help students navigate challenges to Christian faith that might arise? What pedagogical problems and opportunities does this encounter present? How does this issue manifest differently in undergraduate compared to theological school classrooms? And how are the issues different for students with a strong personal faith commitment compared to students who have never considered the Bible to be relevant to their understanding of themselves and the world? At the 2010 national conference of the Society of Biblical Literature two theological educators, who recently published introductory textbooks, provided brief presentations on this issue. The audience then broke into ten separate conversations roughly organized by institutional type before reconvening for a plenary discussion. The transcript of the presentations and discussion provided here surfaces and juxtaposes the many varied and rich positions that are possible in this topic.
Are Knowledge‐intensive Services Highly Concentrated? Evidence from European Regions
Authors: Merino Fernando , Rubalcaba Luis
Published: October 2012

Knowledge‐intensive services (KIS) are important activities for regional growth and considered to be located at the top of urban and regional hierarchies. However, the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) may lead to a higher degree of decentralisation. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the geographical distribution of KIS across European regions, highlighting some important patterns. Our results confirm that the location of KIS remains linked to regions with a high international profile but, contrary to what some previous studies have suggested, the relative concentration of KIS is rather low. However, important differences exist depending on the type of KIS, the country analysed and the comparative statistical level. Recent trends also present uneven results, but show a higher concentration of business services‐related KIS. The importance of tacit knowledge may play a role in explaining this result.
Changing Spatial Concentration of Sectoral Employment in China's Pearl River Delta 1990–2005
Authors: Cheng Fangfang , Boerboom Luc , Geertman Stan , Hooimeijer Pieter
Published: October 2012

Using county‐level employment data, we analyse how the spatial concentration of jobs has changed in China's Pearl River Delta (PRD) between 1990 and 2005. Despite unique Chinese policies that exhibit strong influence on the economic landscape, we detect key parallels with the patterns found in classic theories and empirical studies in Western contexts. Total employment has become increasingly concentrated. This aggregate picture hides important sectoral variations though: manufacturing employment has spread out to suburban areas; producer service jobs have increasingly concentrated in metropolitan centres; and consumer and public services have clustered in areas with high aggregate population. We argue that the major forces that are shaping the economic landscape in PRD are the market institutions and development path‐dependency. Under the circumstances of an increasingly liberalised market and decentralised government, policy now may function as a dynamic tool to magnify local spatial‐economic and historical advantages and to balance uneven regional development.
BENCHMARKING THE QUALITY OF GEOWEB: INFORMATION AND TACIT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RESTAURANTS IN THREE ITALIAN CITIES
Authors: PARADISO MARIA
Published: October 2012

If information and communication technologies are contributing to the attenuation of the force of destiny towards opportunities for individuals and places, then some applications, together with practices of ranking, mapping and delivering the representation of place will be concerned with how codes or practices in cyberspace negatively or positively shape our world. This paper examines the quality of geo‐web information from ‘Google maps’ applied to the empirical case of the Italian cities of Benevento, Bologna and Siena. It interprets data using a three‐level benchmarking of information‐listing generated by web queries of localised services: the Google geocoded Internet, Yellow Pages, and tacit knowledge. The implications of the on‐line/off‐line visibility of local enterprises for local development actions, and the implications of hidden filters and ranking within the framework of the contemporary global information society will be outlined. Furthermore, an assessment model of the ‘geoquality’ of geocoded Internet spatial information is developed.
DEBATING TOTALITARIANISM: AN EXCHANGE OF LETTERS BETWEEN HANNAH ARENDT AND ERIC VOEGELIN
Authors: BAEHR PETER , WELLS GORDON C.
Published: October 2012

In 1952, Waldemar Gurian, founding editor of The Review of Politics, commissioned Eric Voegelin, then a professor of political science at Louisiana State University, to review Hannah Arendt's recently published The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). She was given the right to reply; Voegelin would furnish a concluding note. Preceding this dialogue, Voegelin wrote a letter to Arendt anticipating aspects of his review; she responded in kind. Arendt's letter to Voegelin on totalitarianism, written in German, has never appeared in print before. She wrote two drafts of it, the first and longest being the more interesting. It contained an early reference to her thinking about the relationship among plurality, politics, and philosophy. It also invoked her notion of the compelling “logic” of totalitarian ideology. But this was not the letter Voegelin received. Because of this, he misunderstood significant parts of her argument. Below, the two versions of Arendt's letter are translated. They are prefaced by a translation of Voegelin's initial message to Arendt. An introduction compares Arendt's letters, offers context, and provides a snapshot of Arendt's and Voegelin's perceptions of each other. Their views of political religion and human nature are also highlighted. Keyed to Arendt and Voegelin's letters are pertinent aspects of the debate in The Review of Politics that followed their epistolary exchange.
THINKING HISTORICALLY WHEN THE MARGINS BECOME THE CENTER: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AS HISTORICAL CRITIQUE IN MARTIN JAY'S ESSAYS FROM THE EDGE
Authors: Toews John E.
Published: October 2012

This review of Martin Jay's recent published collection of essays examines his ongoing rethinking, supplementation, and revision of central themes—the negative and positive dialectics of historical totalization, the varieties and uses of conceptions of experience, the nature of visual cultures and scopic regimes, and the ambiguities of truth‐construction in the public realm—that have been the focus of his major works since the 1970s. It argues that his more recent work indicates a gradual shift toward an affirmation of the kinds of paratactic and deconstructive thinking of Adorno and Derrida as models for producing appropriate forms of historical consciousness and historical critique in the present, and it raises the question of how the issues of historical truth‐telling, consensual collective identity, ethical action, and the cultural role of the critical intellectual are reformulated in this process.