bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of summer generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 5- to 6-ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with one Spraying System 5500 adjustable cone nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi; 940 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate. Treatments were applied 17 Jul under partly cloudy skies. The air temperature was 78°F, and RH was 62%. Twelve days posttreatment (29 Jul), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting stereomicroscope was determined. Counts were made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Control of Summer Generation Crawlers of a Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine, Carroll County, Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Roth J. R.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (2-2.5 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating toxicity of an experimental pyrethroid insecticide against crawlers of the summer (= July) generation. Infested trees with newly hatching crawlers were sprayed 22 Jul, using a KWH mistblower operating at maximum speed to deliver 946 ml of finished spray to each of 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Ambient temperature was 21°C with partly cloudy skies and 6-8 km/h winds. Settled first instars, crawlers, and eggs were present during spraying. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 4 Aug by collecting infested needle fascicles and inspecting them with the aid of a binocular microscope in the field for living and dead settled first instars. Counts were made from at least 31 needle fascicles; the first 100 settled nymphs observed were used for analysis.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1985
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of Zectran, using 2 application rates of each t'ormulation, were evaluated for efficacy in controlling Nantucket pine tip moths in Christmas tree plantings of Virginia pine. Dimethoate was used as a standard. A plantation of 4-yr-old trees in Sampson County and one of 2-yr-old trees in Wake County were selected as test sites. Using a randomized block design, 5 blocks of 25 trees each were selected for each treatment. (At the Sampson County site there were 7 blocks per treatment and 5 control blocks.) The trees were sprayed on 18 Jun in Sampson County and 19 Jun in Wake County, 10 days after peak pheromone trap catch of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of runoff. The trees in the Sampson County plantation were about 4 ft tall and required 5 gal of spray for 50 trees. At the Wake County plantation 5 gal covered 125 trees. Both sites were evaluated on 23 Jul, 5 wk after treatment. Only the 9 center trees of each block were used in the evaluation. The dead terminals were counted on treated and untreated trees.
Laboratory Evaluation of an IGR (UC84572) Against the Black Carpet Beetle, 1987
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

White felt pads were used as a substrate to evaluate water-based sprays of UC84572 IE against black carpet beetle larvae. Circular pads (64 cm2) were attached with spots of Elmer's Glue-All to the bottom of plastic Petri dishes fitted with ventilated lids. Solutions of UC84572 (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4%) were applied as a fine spray using a perfume atomizer. Each pad was treated with 0.3 ml of the desired concentration. Treatments were replicated 4 times. After drying, 10 random instar larvae were placed in each dish without food or water. Temperature and relative humidity were 25°C and 45%, respectively. Mortality counts were made at 2- to 3-day intervals but mortality is reported here on a weekly basis. The number of adults transforming from surviving larvae was also recorded.
Self-Pressurized, Encapsulated Sprays for German Cockroach Control in Single-Family Dwellings, 1985
Authors: Wright Charles G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Field evaluations were made in single-family dwellings infested with at least 25 visible German cockroaches/kitchen to compare the efficacy of 6 self-pressurized, encapsulated insecticide formulations against a standard nonencapsulated chlorpyrifos spray. Visually-sighted German cockroaches were counted, with flashlight illumination where necessary, in each kitchen prior to insecticide application. Items in cabinets were removed during the counting procedure to provide clear access for insecticide application. Preapplication counts were performed from August through November 1985, followed immediately by treatment, with additional inspections, and retreatments where living cockroaches were sighted, at specified intervals. All sprays were injected into cracks and crevices with a plastic application tube in keeping with label instructions. Six single-family dwellings (replicates) were treated/formulation, except for 1 formulation, where 12 single-family dwellings were used. The 12 dwellings were treated with 1 formulation to allow comparisons of mortality following an initial application only versus an initial application plus reapplications at specified intervals when living cockroaches were observed. The amount of insecticide applied/kitchen was determined by weight. Other rooms were treated with the same formulation, but the number of cockroaches was not counted and the quantity of spray applied was not measured. Floor and wall surfaces of the kitchen were combined for the kitchen area (m2). Analyses were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre-versus postcounts for each house) using a general linear models procedure and the Goodnight [1982] Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test for variables.
Control of Lesser Mealworm in a Rroiler House with Igrs and Baythroid, West Virginia, 1987
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a poultry house located at West Virginia University. The house is 30 by 100 ft with 2 holding areas separated by a 20 by 30 ft feed mixing and storage corridor. Each side of the house is divided into 3 rows of 5 by 8 ft pens for holding birds; each pen is stocked with 54 birds at the start of a cycle. At the end of a cycle (about 42 days), accumulated hard crust is removed and about 2 inches of new wood chip litter is added. Treatments were applied after crust removal and prior to addition of new chips; there was no mixing of treated loose material with the new chips. Sprays were applied with a 2 gal hand sprayer at the rate 1 gal per 606 sq ft. Treatments were replicated twice with each side of the house having a replicate of each treatment assigned at random. Treated and untreated areas were 160 sq ft (4 pens). New birds were placed in the house 4 days after treatment. For sampling, a 4 inch piece of 1 % inch diam PVC pipe fitted with a roll of corrugated cardboard was used to trap (collect) larvae and adults. When placed for sampling, traps were partially covered with litter. Four traps were used to sample each treatment area and placed within the confines of the 2 center cages to allow for a buffer zone between treatments. Traps were left in place for 3 days. Data are presented as the mean no. of larvae and adults per trap per day.
Toxicities of Selected Chemicals and Combinations Thereof to Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Flies, 1986
Authors: Hinkle Nancy C. , Sheppard D. C.
Published: March 2022

Five chemicals were tested singly and in combination against known resistant field-collected horn flies to evaluate their potential efficacy against resistant horn flies. The treated filter paper technique of Sheppard and Hinkle was used in which the chemicals were dissolved in acetone and diluted to produce the desired ranges of concentrations when pipetted onto filter paper. Flies were subsequently exposed to the dried residues while confined in plastic petri dishes and mortality was assessed at 2 h. Ca. 30-40 flies were used per rate per replication. Dosage-mortality regression lines were calculated using Daum’s program for probit analysis and resultant LC50 values were ranked within replicates and weighted. The combined weighted LC30 values were then used to rank the chemicals and combinations for efficacy. As horn fly populations with varying levels of resistance were used for the various replications, it would be inappropriate to compute mean LC30 values.
Comparison of Toxicities of Eight Terpenes Tested Against House Flies, 1985
Authors: Hinkle Nancy C. , Sheppard D. C.
Published: March 2022

Anethole, pine oil, neryl-geranyl, citral, isobornyl acetate, limonene, phellandrene, and unitene-d were evaluated as potential naturally occurring insecticides by topical application to female house flies. These by-products of turpentine distillation were diluted in acetone and 1.0 u,l applied to the pterothoracic nota of ca. 30 flies per rate, with two replications per chemical. Flies were confined in groups often following treatment and mortality was assessed at 24 h; flies unable to stand were considered dead. Percent mortality was regressed on rate using Daum’s program for probit analysis and the resultant LD50 values were used to rank the chemicals by toxicity.
Control of DBM, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Three sequential plantings of cabbage were made for 3 separate tests at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, N.Y. In each, test plots consisted of two 15-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with 3 flat fan nozzles/row and 8004 tips, delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. To ensure an adequate population of DBM, plants were infested with 100 (Test 1) or 200 (Tests 2 and 3) eggs from our 1987 collected culture, which had been reared on artificial diet during 1988. In Test 1 plants were inoculated with the eggs on 8 Aug; treatments were applied on 17 Aug and evaluated on 19 Aug. In Test 2, plants were inoculated on 24 Aug, sprayed on 30 Aug, and evaluated on 1 Sep. In the Test 3 the plants were inoculated on 7 Sep, treated on 15 Sep, and evaluated on 19 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting the larvae.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1988:
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 29 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft-long rows bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 23 and 29 Sep and 7 and 14 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of ICW, CL, and DBM larvae on 5 randomly chosen plants/treatment. On 27 Oct, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol., 62(4): 798-800, 1970). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Insect Control in Cantaloupe, 1987:
Authors: Rover Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were assigned to plots of cantaloupe measuring one row (80-inch centers) by 40 ft, and planted 6 May at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, Tex. The postplanting treatment of Furadan 15 G was applied on 6 May in a 7-inch band with an electric-powered Gandy applicator mounted on the tool bar of a tractor and incorporated. Plots were then furrow irrigated. Foliar sprays were applied through a tractor-mounted boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre (3 mph, 2 TX6 hollow-cone nozzles/plot, 60 psi). Foliar applications of Trigard and Abamectin and Monitor were applied on 18 and 28 May and 17 Jim to evaluate leafminer control. An additional application of Monitor was applied on 1 Jul to evaluate aphid control. Foliar applications of RH 7988 were applied on 17 and 24 Jim and 1 Jul to evaluate aphid control. Furadan 4 F was applied as a sidedress application on 28 May to evaluate leafminer and aphid control. Leafminer control was evaluated by counting the number of mines and the number of active mines on 5 leaves/plot. Aphid control was evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 5 leaves/plot. Yield was evaluated by harvesting mature fruit. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods, 1987:
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 4 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (2 rows/bed on 40-inch centers) by 50 ft and separated by a 5-ft buffer with 4 replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Application dates were 15, 22, and 29 Sep; 6, 16, 22, and 29 Oct; and 9 Nov. One Abamectin treatment was applied biweekly for 4 applications beginning 15 Sep. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles were varied from 1 to 3/row and the carrier (water) was increased from 50 gal/acre (15, 22, and 29 Sep) to 100 gal/acre (6 Oct). Disk-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice disks, #23 or #25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. All treatments except Abamectin received spreader-sticker. An antifoaming agent (No-Foam) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5½- by 11-inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Sampling dates were 14, 21, and 28 Sep; 5, 21, and 28 Oct; and 4 and 5 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriotnyza spp. were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Collard Pest Control, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. , Hassel Richard L.
Published: March 2022

Collards were direct seeded at Wiers Farms, Celeryville, Ohio, on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide on 16-inch centers, 18 ft long, and separated by 4-ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 5 Aug with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. On 10 Aug, DBM and GPA larvae were counted on 6 plants in each plot by visual inspection of each plant.
Control on Collards, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Georgia LS’ collards were transplanted 29 Apr near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 60-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Plyac spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 30 May, 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jun; and 6 and 1.3 Jul. Foliar damage ratings were made 19 and 26 Jun and 2, 10, and 20 Jul.
Foliar Sprays to Control Pests of Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Linduska James J. , Harrison Thomas S. , Patton Terrance W. , Embrey Michael , Bean Richard , Dively Galen
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row 50-ft-long plots on 2 Jun. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk 26 Jul and again on 30 Jul. Plots were harvested 9 Aug and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Spotted Cutworm Control, 1988:
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Captan-treated sweet corn seed was planted in the field 1 Jul at the rate of approximately 150 seeds/row with a V-belt seeder. All granular treatments were applied, based on a 36-inch row width, at planting. The foliar treatment was applied 27 Jul with a Smith Professional Sprayer (3-gal capacity) using a fan-type nozzle, 100 gal of water/acre, when the plants were approximately 10 inches high. Rows were 20 ft long, and each treatment consisted of 2 rows planted on 9-inch centers. Each treatment was separated by 5 ft of bare ground. There were 4 replications within the treatment rows. Plexiglas cages (14 X 20 X 12 inches high) were placed over the rows and the number of plants within each cage was recorded. Twenty-five second- and third-instars were placed in the cages for each replication on 27 Jul. Control data are based on readings made 28 and 29 Jul (24 and 48 h after larvae were placed in the cage).
Insecticide Trials on Cucumber, 1987:
Authors: Schreiner Ilse
Published: March 2022

Cucumbers were planted 26 Aug. The plants were grown on trellises in rows 5 ft apart. Black plastic mulch was laid on all rows. The design of the experiment was a split-plot. To determine whether A. similis could be controlled with insecticides applied in the soil, granular Diazinon was applied to half the rows; the other half were untreated. The soil type was a Guam clay, a shallow clay soil over limestone. The soil temperature was 29°C. Each row was then split into four foliar insecticide treatments. Foliar insecticides were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer, and approximately 150 gal water was sprayed per acre. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Foliar treatments were applied weekly, beginning 16 Sep. A. similis were counted by walking along the rows and counting all adults visible on the foliage. D. indica numbers were estimated by counting the number of caterpillars per leaf on each of 10 mature leaves/subplot. Thrips and aphids were counted by picking 10 mature leaves per subplot and bringing them in bags to the laboratory where they could be counted under a binocular microscope.
Control on Eggplant, 1988:
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic’ eggplant transplants were planted in 25-ft rows on 2 Jun with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied 30 Jun; 8, 13, 22, and 27 Jul; and 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults and larvae/5 plants and the percentage of defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 8, 16, 21, 23, and 30 Aug and 6 Sep from 5 plants.
Control on Mustard Greens, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. , Hassel Richard L.
Published: March 2022

Mustard was direct seeded at Wiers Farms, Celeryville, Ohio, on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide on 16-inch centers, 18 ft long, and separated by 4-ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. Weather immediately following treatments was hot. On 25 and 28 Jul, flea beetles were collected from the entire center row of each mustard plot with a D-Vac insect net.
Control on Onion Transplants, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Transplanted onions in a single row planted 27 May were used in the study. Plots were located at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Station north of Fort Collins. Experimental design involved 15-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were made 25 Jul and 14 Aug using a CO2, compressed-air sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated 5 DAT by counting all thrips in the interior leases of 6 plants/plot.
Onion Thrips Control, 1988:
Authors: Henry P. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Roragen K. , Maier R.
Published: March 2022

Onions were direct seeded on 4 May at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Research Farm, Bath, Mich. Plots were 3 rows wide, 45.7 cm between rows, and 7.62 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Three border rows were left unsprayed between eaeh plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2, sprayer, 3-nozzle boom, 1/row (D-1 orifice disk, 45 core, slotted strainer, hollow-cone nozzle, Teejet), at 2.81 kg/cm2 and 374 1/ha. Treatment application dates were 15, 22, and 27 Jul and 5, 11, and 23 Aug ’88. On 12 Jul, 16 randomly selected plots were sampled prior to treatment. A random sample of plants (20/plot) was pulled from the center row of each plot and the leaf bases of pulled plants were rinsed with 70% ethanol. The rinsate (with thrips) was collected in a cup and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Samples were filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper and the adult and immature thrips were counted under a binocular microscope (10 X). All plots were sampled (20 plants/plot) on 18 Jul, 26 Jul, and 3 Aug. On 14 Sep, one 4.57-m section of an outside row was harvested from each plot. The total weight and number of onions/sample were recorded.
Control in Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 4 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of, potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 8 and 17 Jun. Percentage of plant defoliation was recorded on 23 Jun, 3 Jul, and 1 Aug. The number of CPB larvae/5 hills was recorded on 31 Jul. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt/acre) were recorded on 10 Aug.
Control on Potato, 1988:
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N. , Tuttle A. F.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 9 May in South Deerfield, Mass. Soil type was a fine sandy loam, pH 5.6. CPB pressure was heavy because potatoes were grown adjacent to overwintering sites. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows with a 6-ft fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 20 and 28 Jun, 5 and 18 Jul, and 3 Aug. Monitor 4 LC was applied to all treatments on 20 Jul at MRFR to control aphids and leafhoppers. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5-10 whole stalks in each plot. To adequately evaluate microbial insecticides, larvae were counted and recorded as early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth). The performance of microbial materials was evaluated primarily by comparing late-instar counts because it took 4-5 d for dead larvae to drop from the plants. On 22 Jul, each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale of 0-100%.
Control in Snow Peas, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Station north of Ft, Collins, ‘Mammoth Melting Sugar’ snow peas were planted in a single row that was divided into 20 row-ft plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications of insecticide were made 1 and 9 Sep using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 51 gal/acre. Evaluations of treatment effects were made 7 Sep and 11 Sep by examining 25 blossoms/plot for thrips.
Control on Summer Squash, 1988:
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Fargo W. S.
Published: March 2022

Straight-neck ‘Hyrific’ summer squash was direct seeded 6 Aug at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Perkins. Plots consisted of a single row of 5 plants seeded at 3-ft intervals. Rows were separated by 5-ft alleys. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. Foliar sprays were applied on 24 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with 3 TX-18 nozzles/row, calibrated to deliver 78 gal/acre at 50 psi. Efficacy was evaluated at 1, 4, and 7 DAT by counting SB nymphs on 3 randomly selected plants/plot. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control in Sweet Potatoes, 1987:
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Olson S. M. , Brown A. L. , Snell J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in Gadsden County, Fla., on Ruston fine loamy sand. Preplanting incorporated insecticide treatments were applied on 7 May using a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8003 nozzles. Pressure was 25 psi and the amount of spray,was 25 gal/acre. Sweet potato slips were planted 12 inches apart on 36-inch rows on 14 May. Granular insecticide treatments were applied during sweet potato root swell on 22 Jul in a 12- to 15-inch band over the row with a push-type Gandy applicator. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot size was 6 rows by 40 ft. Rainfall was below normal in May and June, with 1.40 and 1.71 inches recorded, respectively. Rainfall was normal or above normal for July, August, September, and October, with 7.19, 12.85, 2.15, and 2.80 inches recorded, respectively. Plots were located under a center pivot, overhead-sprinkler system and were irrigated with 0.50-1.0 inches of irrigation on several dates. Plots were irrigated with 0.50 inches immediately after treatments on 22 Jul were applied. The entire length of 1 of the 2 center rows was harvested in each plot in late October, and marketable yield (U.S. No. 1) determined. The amount of WW and SFB damage was estimated for each plot by counting injury on 15 randomly selected potatoes from the marketable yield. For these ratings, the number of potatoes with SFB larval tunneling and WW feeding holes and the total number of SFB tunnels and WW feeding holes were quantified. Treatment effects of yield and insect injury were compared at the 5% level using ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Early-Season Insects on Tomatoes, 1987
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 28 May. Orthene 75 SP was applied as a transplant-water treatment at the rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre, using 4.5 oz water/plant. Plots were 23 by 7 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 2 rows of tomatoes with 23 plants in each row. Effectiveness of the treatments for DCW control was evaluated by counting the number of damaged plants in each plot 2-wk after transplanting. Toxicity and residual activity of Orthene against sixth- to seventh-instar DCW were tested by collecting random leaf samples from each plot beginning 1 d after transplanting and then weekly for 3 wk. Samples were taken to the laboratory and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing insecticide-free sand and 10 larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 d by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. Abbott's formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated control. For evaluation of PFB control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 wk after transplanting, and the number of feeding holes on each leaf was counted. To assess for GPA control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 and 6 wk after transplanting, and the number of living GPA on each leaf was counted under a magnifier in the laboratory. The mortality percentages of the cutworms were transformed to angular units. The logarithmic transformation was used for the aphid counts. The number of PFB feeding holes on the leaves and DCW-damaged plants in each plot was transformed to x + 0.5 before ANOVA. Mean values were converted to original units for presentation in the table.
Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1988
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 15 Jun, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows, and rows were on 5-ft centers. Single-row plots (10 plants) were separated by an untreated row, and treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 25 Jul; 4, 14, and 24 Aug; and 3, 13, and 23 Sep with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 60 psi and delivering 50-125 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Material was applied to both sides of rows so that each row was effectively treated with 6 nozzles/row. Mature fruit were harvested weekly from 18 Aug to 29 Sep, and the total number of fruit harvested and damaged by tomato fruitworm was recorded.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Chen Chien-Chung , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

An insecticide efficacy trial was conducted on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Treatments were 22 by 50 ft and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied 23 May with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 37.5 gal/acre at 120 psi. Insects were sampled at 3, 7, and 14 DAT by taking 40 sweeps/plot with a 38-cm-diam sweep net. All treatments gave better than 76% control at 3 DAT, but the low rate of Lorsban gave only 55% control at 7 DAT. All treatments except Lorsban still gave better than 96% control at 14 DAT. No phytoxicity was observed with any treatment.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1988
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental area was a 1-yr-old stand of‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. The plots were 68 by 68 ft; all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 2 Aug with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. PLH population densities were determined at 3, 7, 13, 17, and 20 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. The standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Control of Early-Season Pests, 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments were applied 22 Feb to 30-ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa southeast of Yuma, Ariz. Spray treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Control plots received 6.7 gal water/acre at 30 psi, Plots were sampled at 1, 3, and 8 DAT with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. Ten 180° sweeps/plot were taken.
First-Generation Control, 1987
Authors: Bing James W. , Foster D. E.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested late-whorl-stage, yellow field corn located 12 miles northeast of Maquoketa, Jackson County, Iowa, was aerially treated 13 Jun. Ten treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Plots measured 24 rows by approximately 250 yards. Weather conditions were clear with temperatures ranging from 68 to 90°F. The wind was light to intermittent from the west-southwest. All applications were made between 9:30 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. by flying west on east-west rows. Pretreatment counts made 11 Jun consisted of examining 20 plants from each of 20 randomly selected locations/plot. The number of plants with shot-hole damage was recorded. Four plants from each location were dissected and the number and life stage ECB larvae were recorded. Efficacy was evaluated 3 Jul by removing 30 plants from the 2 center rows of each plot, dissecting them, and recording the number of ECB cavities/plant. Plants were selected by walking into the field 30 paces from the turn rows and then collecting every tenth plant. Efficacy data were subjected to ANOVA. All data were normalized before analysis V(x = 1.0) transformation.
Chemigation Applications for Second-Generation Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in furrow-irrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Standard and simulated chemigation applications of corn borer insecticides were made to evaluate their efficacy under 2 methods of application. Untreated and miticide-treated (Di-Syston) plots were included as controls. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 45 ft long. The standard insecticide applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and 2 suspended on 18-inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delvan 100/140, 3/4-inch raindrop nozzles mounted on the high-clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows. This system was calibrated to deliver 5,400 gal/acre on the 2 center rows (equivalent to a 0.2-inch irrigation). Chemicals were added to 200 gal of water in the main tank of the sprayer and agitated by recirculation and applied within 20 min of mixing. The treatments were applied on 4 Aug and some were retreated on 12 and 17 Aug. The timing of applications was based on the Kansas State University SWCB and ECB models and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Evaluations were made 21-27 Sep by dissecting 10 corn plants from each plot (5 consecutive corn plants from each of the 2 center rows). The number of larvae of each species and the length of tunneling was recorded for each plant.
Northern Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

A soil insecticide performance trial was established at West-Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Morris, Minn. Soil type in this continuous corn field was Hammerly clay loam. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76-cm spacing), 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory and delivered at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Insecticides were applied at planting on 12 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Stand counts were taken 5 Jul to test chemical phytotoxicity. On 12 Jul 5 roots were dug from each plot and rated for root injury on a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Plant height and yield were not measured because severe drought stunted plants and inhibited ear formation and pollination.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of NCW and WCR. Test 1 was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Corn was planted no-till 23 May using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 10- by 40-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates/treatment. On 30 Jun plots were thinned to 28,000 plants/acre. Root damage ratings were evaluated 29 Jul, and 1, 2, and 3 Aug taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting 2 rows from each plot for shelled corn. Test 2 was conducted on the Dotterer farm, Clinton County, Pa. Corn (‘Doeblers 75 X’) was planted no-till 9 May using the same 2-row planter. Insecticides were applied to 5-by 20-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates/treatment. Plots were thinned to 28,000 plants/acre 22 Jun. Root damage ratings were evaluated 18 and 19 Jul, taking 4 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Jarvi K.
Published: March 2022

Nine soil insecticides were applied at the full rate at planting time and at a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, Nebr. The test plots were planted 6 May in a continuous corn field (at least 8 yr) with a silty clay loam soil type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 50-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation time treatments were applied over the row followed immediately by a tractor-mounted cultivator. Planting time treatments were applied on 10 May and cultivation treatments were applied on 31 May. No phytotoxicity was observed. Feeding damage was evaluated 7-12 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed).
Control of Whitefringed Beetle Larvae, 1988
Authors: Kouskolekas Costas , Smith Ron , Farrior Olin
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a grower’s field near Atmore, Ala. Corn was planted 24 Mar in 30-inch rows. Test plots were 2 rows wide and 320 ft long, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Five insecticides were applied as granules in 7-inch bands over the rows and lightly incorporated into the soil during planting. Diazinon plots were planted with ‘Pioneer 3389’; all other plots with ‘Pioneer 3320.’ The field was irrigated 9 times during the season with 1.5 inches water/application. Stand counts and counts of damaged plants were taken 20 Apr. Plots were harvested 24 Aug, yield data were collected, and the moisture content was measured. Yields were adjusted to 15.5% moisture for comparison.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticide test plots were established at 6 Iowa locations in 1988. Two locations also were used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates for the root-protection trials (registered and experimental products) and 6 replicates for the yield trials (registered products only). All treatments were applied to 50-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. The root protection trials had single-row treatments; yield trials had double-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant whorl provided whorl treatments. The inclusion of soybeans in our trials resulted from grower testimonials reporting the prevention of rootworm damage by applying ground soybeans. Soybeans were gound to a size similar to that of insecticide granules and applied at 11.2 lb/acre, the highest rate possible. The low bulk density of soybean meal caused the drop tubes to clog at higher rates. In early Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts from 1/1,000 acre for each treatment and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yield trials were machine harvested. Roots also were evaluated for larval damage in the yield trials by digging them from a 15-ft area at the end of each treatment. This area was not included in the harvest sample. Even though many parts of Iowa experienced drought conditions later in the growing season, there was sufficient moisture at all 6 locations following planting to establish good stands. At least 1/2 inch of rain fell at all locations within 2 wk after plot establishment. To determine treatment differences, data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Hop Vine Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Breitenbach F.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot insecticide trial was conducted near Eyota, Minn., to evaluate the performance of soil-applied liquid insecticides against HVB. Seven insecticides, primarily pyrethroids, were chosen for their activity against cutworms. Plots of 6 rows (30-inch spacing) by 20 ft were located along a railroad right-of-way that served as a reservoir for migrating HVB. The plots were located in Rows 2-7 from the field edge. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Insecticides were broadcast 29 May when stand loss and “dead-heart” symptoms of HVB attack were noted in Row 1. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles was used 1 to apply the insecticides. Corn was in stage V2 (2 leaves with exposed collars). Attacking HVB were third and fourth instars. Efficacy was measured indire through stand counts taken at 0 and 14 DAT.
Control of Hop Vine Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Breitenbach F.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot study was initiated near Eyota, Minn., to evaluate efficacy of foliar insecticides against migrating HVB. Plots of 6 rows (30-inch spacing) by 20 ft, were located in Rows 2-7 bordering a roadside ditch that served as a reservoir for migrating HVB. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made 16 May when stand loss and “dead-heart” symptoms of HVB attack were noted in Row 1. Corn was in stage V2 (2 leaves with exposed collars). Attacking HVB were third and fourth instars. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles. One treatment, Asana (border) at 0.05, was applied to the ditch and Bow 1 but not to the plot. The soil surface was dry at application and very little rainfall (0.23 inch) occurred within 7 DAT. Because HVB primarily cause stand loss, efficacy was evaluated indirectly through stand counts taken at 0 and 14 DAT.
European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of registered and nonregistered insecticides for first-generation ECB control were applied 24 Jun to dryland corn plots in Dixon County, Nebr. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 16 gal water/acre at 3 mph and 30 psi with a specially modified backpack sprayer. Each single-row plot was 100 ft (40-inch spacing). ECB-infested plants were marked for later evaluation. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. In late July, 10 plants/replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Control of Heliothis Spp., 1988
Authors: Doss Michael , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

The cotton cultivar ‘Paymaster 145’ was planted 24 May at the South Central Research Station at Chickasha, Okla. Planting rate was 20 lb/acre. Eight-row plots, 150 ft long, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer traveling at 4.5 mph. Insecticide applications consisted of 5.0 gal/acre at 40 psi with 1 no. 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle/row. Applications were made 1, 8, 15, and 22 Aug. Plots were irrigated 21 Jul, 2 Aug, and 25 Aug, and rainfall occurred during the test as follows: 4 Aug, 0.77 inches; 9 Aug, 0.85 inches; 10 Aug, 0.12 inches; 19 Aug, 0.76 inches; 20 Aug, 0.17 inches; and 28 Aug, 0.12 inches for a total of 2.79 inches. Damage was estimated prior to spraying by collecting at random 100 fruits from the upper one-third of plants in each plot.
Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was direct seeded to moist Raymondville clay loam soil 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension annex farm in Mercedes. Insecticide treatments were made by placing materials in the seed furrow at planting. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 5 blocks. Plots were 2 beds (40-inch centers) by 40 ft long with a buffer row of sorghum between beds. Plots were surveyed for early-season pests (thrips, aphids, fleahoppers) by examining 10 plants/plot. The field was irrigated 30 May.
Beet Armyworm Control, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at 2 locations against beet armyworm in nonirrigated cotton planted 15 May on heavy clay soil at the USDA Mechanization Farm, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft, separated by 15-ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied 9 Aug by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Pretreatment random scouting had shown a moderate infestation of beet armyworm throughout both fields (19.9 ± 9.6 beet armyworms/5 row ft). Counts of beet armyworm larvae were made 72 h after treatment using a drop cloth and visual search of plants on 5 ft of row in each plot.