bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Theory and Sociology: A Critique of P. M. Blau's `Exchange and Power in Social Life'
Authors: Heath Anthony
Published: June 2005

In Exchange and Power in Social Life Blau uses the concept of exchange to develop the basis for a theory of social association. To show that his approach can provide predictions he uses aggregate supply and demand curves to analyse the exchange of advice for compliance within a work group, and from this derives predictions about status differentiation. However, his use of aggregate supply and demand curves requires, first, that what is being exchanged should be additive; second, that actors should evaluate exchanges by universalistic criteria; and, third, that they should act atomistically. The third assumption seems implausible within a work group, but, if it is valid, it follows that predictions cannot be made about status. This is because status differentiation can be said to occur only when there is both social distance and differential esteem between actors, and because differential esteem is likely to arise only within solidary groups.
Navvies: Their Work Attitudes
Authors: Sykes A. J. M.
Published: June 2005

In the Civil Engineering industry the attitudes of the navvies have been found to conform to a broad pattern imposed by their like interest in, and value of, individual independence. This interest and value appear to have originated in the circumstances of the industry which enforce on the workers a reaction of individual independence of, and an evasion of relationships with, the employers. The resulting like interest and value become dominant among the interests and values held by the navvies in their industrial situation inhibiting the growth of common interests and of collective action.
Inheritance, Property, and Marriage in Africa and Eurasia
Authors: Goody Jack
Published: June 2005

This paper tries to utilize the cross-cultural material presented by G. P. Murdock in the Ethnographic Atlas to analyse the concomitants of differences in the system of inheritance, particularly with respect to the contrast between Africa and Eurasia. In the major Eurasian societies property tends to be distributed directly, from parents to children of both sexes (i.e. by diverging devolution); in Africa property largely devolves between persons of the same sex, laterally as well as lineally. An attempt is made to show the distribution of diverging devolution and its association with the payment of dowry, with monogamy, with in-marriage of various sorts, and with kin terms that differentiate the nuclear family from more distant kin. The tight control of property represented by diverging devolution is in turn seen as deriving from the intensive exploitation of resources which is also linked to the growth of complex political institutions. These associations are tested and held to be established.
Reflections on Power
Authors: Marshall T. H.
Published: June 2005

The author explains how his interest in rights, as they were established in the 18th and 19th centuries, led to an interest in the forms of power that emerged in the 20th. Theories about the innate vulnerability of mass democracy to assaults by autocratic power are discussed and the capacities of different kinds of rights to resist them are assessed. The conclusion reached is that civil rights are the strongest in this respect, so much so that they may be regarded as being themselves a form of power. There follows a discussion of Max Weber's concepts of yacht and Herrschaft. The ideas developed in the preceding argument are then applied to the balance of power in the American political system, and to `Black Power' and its rejection of the civil rights movement among and on behalf of Negro Americans. It is suggested that the aim of `Black Power' is to win directly for an alienated minority the position of strength which civil rights can give to the citizens in a democracy.
Navvies: Their Social Relations
Authors: Sykes A. J. M.
Published: June 2005

The navvies' like interest in, and value of, individual independence affects their social behaviour at work and their social status and relations with society. It would appear that this like interest inhibits not only the growth of common interest groups but even the development of social groups of any kind. Comparisons with other industries provide additional grounds for concluding that the nature of employment determines the pattern of interests and thereby many features of social relations at work and in the community.
Scaling and Multivariate Analyses in the Study of Organizational Variables
Authors: Levy Philip , Pugh Derek
Published: June 2005

A previous paper (Hinings et al. 1967) described an approach to the study of the structure of bureaucratic organizations based on the creation of scaleable dimensions for multivariate analysis. The present paper considers in detail the process of the scaling of an organizational variable and the use of two multidimensional analyses, namely, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. These are illustrated by analysis of the operationally defined concept of functional specialization. The central points made are: (i) that any data analysis is a function of a theory of organizational behaviour, an error theory, and a computing algorithm; and (ii) that the choice of a method of analysis necessarily implies a choice of a theory of organizational behaviour. In the case of scaling, Guttman's scalogram method and item analysis, borrowed from psychological test theory, are compared. They are found to differ more in computing technique and in their representation of error than in their measurement theory. It is pointed out that the multivariate analyses employed are both compensatory theories of organizational behaviour; the implications of this are discussed.
Home-Centred Working Class Parents' Attitudes Towards their Sons' Education and Careers
Authors: Toomey Derek M.
Published: June 2005

Working class parents' attitudes to their sons' education and future occupations are examined to see if there are variations in line with the embourgeoisement thesis. Parents' aspirations for their sons are higher and their involvement in their sons' education stronger amongst those with a high expenditure on housing, the home and consumer durables, holding constant the `middle classness' of their own backgrounds. Those with higher expenditure of this kind are also more likely to be socially isolated and home-centred in their leisure activities and to evidence greater overlapping of conjugal roles. The more socially isolated and home-centred parents have higher aspirations for their children and greater involvement in their children's education; the involvement of the father in his children's education appears to be particularly important. The more socially isolated, home-centred parents are also more likely to vote Conservative.

The scholastic achievement of the child is the most influential determinant of parental aspirations. The evidence is that the above patterns are not the result of the middle-classness of the parents' home backgrounds, education or work histories. Two interpretations are considered: firstly that these middle class patterns of behaviour are the result of the influence of middle class people, such as the boys' teachers; and secondly that they result from the advantageous effects upon the boys' scholastic achievement of the home environments to be found amongst home-centred families. The two explanations are not regarded as mutually exclusive.
British Academics and the Professorship
Authors: Trow Martin , Halsey A. H.
Published: June 2005

Attitudes towards the power and status of the professorship are analysed among a national sample of university teachers in Britain. Discontent with both power ('professorial oligarchy') and status (the career expectation of a chair) are widespread and closely correlated. But political attitudes are more closely aligned to attitudes towards professorial power than towards professorial status. Cosmopolitanism as opposed to localism is correlated with critical attitudes towards professorial power and status. Together these attitudes suggest distinct social-academic philosophies which are linked to the social and political structure of society as well as to the changing structure of higher education.
Some Considerations Bearing Upon Comparative Research in Canada and the United States
Authors: Smith Joel , Kornberg Allan
Published: June 2005

This paper analyzes the manner in which ethnicity has affected the course of American and Canadian party politics. Specifically, the paper tries to demonstrate that although the social processes involved in the migration of large numbers of ethnics have been relatively similar in both societies, the manner in which the social reality of ethnicity has affected the political structures therein has been quite different. Thus, although successive immigrant groups became the chief political resource of the great American urban party machines, they were able to use the existing political structures for their own purposes. Ethnic groups have derived psychological and more tangible benefits, such as public and party office positions, and have strongly affected the foreign and domestic policy positions of the two major parties. In contrast, Canadian party leaders historically have been able to exploit ethnic cleavages, but rarely have had to play the game of ethnic politics in the manner of their American counterparts. In fact, ethnicity continues to strongly affect American political structures even as it moves into the realm of an index of more important social facts, while Canadian political structures have remained relatively impervious to ethnic groups despite the fact that ethnicity continues to be a factor of major importance in Canadian social organization.
Status Consistency, Relative Deprivation, and Attitudes to Immigrants
Authors: Runciman W. G. , Bagley C. R.
Published: June 2005

The first section of the paper criticizes the concept of inconsistency between status ranks as an explanation of variations in attitudes and behaviour between different groups. The second section argues that the concept of relative deprivation may, if appropriately qualified, prove more useful and suggests a possible application of it to the topic of attitudes towards immigrants. The third section presents some findings from a sample survey carried out in England and Wales in 1962 which furnish a limited test of two proposed hypotheses.
Measurement in Sociology
Authors: Abell Peter
Published: June 2005

This is the second of two papers on measurement models in sociology. The concepts of Ordinal Graph and Ordinal Simplex are elaborated and their applicability to some major theoretical problems outlined.
Social Relations and Social Perspectives amongst Shipbuilding Workers—A Preliminary Statement
Authors: Brown Richard , Brannen Peter
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the community situation of shipyard workers on Tyneside, certain aspects of their orientations to work and general social perspectives, and the relationship of these to each other and to the structure of social relations at work. In terms of their community situation shipyard workers would seem to come close to Lockwood's traditional proletarian type of worker. There is evidence to suggest, however, that these workers' social perspectives are not at all clearly traditional proletarian. The explanation for this is found, at least in part, in the much greater complexity of social relations at work than are accounted for in the model of traditional proletarianism. The paper suggests that existing typologies of the orientations and social perspectives of workers need to be refined by more detailed studies of the structural and relational aspects of both work and community situations. The paper concludes with a brief examination of changes in both industry and community and the likely effect of these on the social perspectives of shipbuilding workers.
The Pattern of Opposition in British and American Unions
Authors: Edelstein J. David , Warner Malcolm , Cooke W. F.
Published: June 2005

A survey of the extent of electoral opposition for top posts in 31 British, and 51 American unions of manual workers reveals great differences between and within the two countries, with more competition or opposition than might have been expected. An examination of organizational differences between the two sets of unions leads to the conclusion that most of the formal differences might be expected to generate more opposition in the British cases than in the American. While there are somewhat more defeats of incumbents in American unions, there is significantly more opposition in British unions as measured by the closeness of electoral contests, for vacant posts in particular. However, openly organized factionalism in the American case proliferates to a degree unknown in British unions.
Attitude Measurement: Use of Coefficient Alpha with Cluster or Factor Analysis
Authors: McKennell Aubrey
Published: June 2005

A coefficient is described which can be used to obtain rapid reliability estimates for scales derived from either factor or cluster analysis. Some affinities with Likert and Guttman scaling are noted. But the total approach is superior to either of these techniques, and to factor or cluster analysis used alone, insofar as it enables the researcher not only to explore the dimensionality of an attitude domain, but also to decide, at the same time, on the number of items required in order to measure each main dimension at an appropriate level of reliability. The degree of reliability to be aimed at in sample survey work is considered, together with associated problems of scale validity, item selection and scoring, and assumptions about the level of measurement.
Social Area Analysis and Structural Effects
Authors: Green Bryan S. R.
Published: June 2005

An attempt is made to identify socially distinct residential areas in an English city along two dimensions, social status and familism, using the theory and method of Social Area Analysis developed by Shevky and Bell. Evidence is produced to support the claim that the area types defined by using both dimensions are demographically and socially distinct. Suggestions are then made for incorporating the area typology into studies of human behaviour through the method for separating the effects of social context from the effects of individual attributes suggested by Davis, Spaeth and Huson. These are illustrated using survey data on social and political participation.
The Family, the School, and the Political Socialization Process
Authors: Dowse Robert E. , Hughes John
Published: June 2005

Much of the literature on political socialization has tended to stress the role of the family in forming the early political attitudes and ideas of children. This study examines the extent to which parental political ideas and attitudes are transmitted to offspring. In order to test this relationship the authors conducted a study of 627 school children between the ages of 11-17, and a sample of their parents. In this way it was possible to trace more accurately than in previous studies the extent of the putative relationship between parental political dispositions and children's attitudes. In addition, it analyses the relative influence of school-type (grammar or secondary modem), parental education and socio-economic status on dependent variables such as political knowledge, sense of political efficacy, and political interest, of the children.
The Organic Organization and Innovation
Authors: Aiken Michael , Hage Jerald
Published: June 2005

This study explores several variables that characterize organic organization to test whether they are associated with varying rates of innovation. The number of occupational specialities, the intensity of scheduled and unscheduled communication and, to a lesser extent, the decentralization of decision-making, are related to innovation. A review of the literature suggests other factors that are also associated with innovation: slack resources, joint programs, size, and history of innovation. With the exception of size, most of these factors are also found to be highly correlated with innovation. Our conclusion is that perhaps the technological gap is an organizational one and that, therefore, the solution to `the American challenge' is an organic form of organization.
Students and University Teachers: A Case Study of Informal Student Pressures
Authors: Campbell Hilary
Published: June 2005

In the university of `Kamakura' in a developing country, the university teachers officially hold the main power. Nevertheless students successfully exert many informal pressures on them. These pressures (and the compromises in which they result) are of two main kinds. First, there are those by groups (a lecture class, a seminar group, or a group of examinees). Second there are pressures and compromises which involve individual students and staff. These sometimes result in a long-term relationship between individual staff and students similar to a patron-client relationship. The main spheres in which these individual student pressures operate are consultation about the student's academic work and future career, financial and administrative problems, and formal appointments of students as personal research assistants. Both sides benefit from the relationship, but the main gains and the main pressures are on the side of the student.

This analysis parallels work on other types of complex organization elsewhere and has implications for research on British universities where it is possible that similar patterns may be found.
Path Analysis: Supplementary Procedures
Authors: Hope Keith
Published: June 2005

The first purpose of this paper is to indicate the circumstances in which path coefficients may be accepted as adequate guides to the relative importance of anterior (causal) variables in a path analysis. It is shown that weights in a regression equation may be regarded as indicators of importance, in the sense of determinants of proportions of variance, if the (projection of the) variate defined by the equation coincides with a principal component of the anterior variables.

The second purpose of the paper is to illustrate the usefulness of employing generalized multiple regression (analysis by canonical correlations) as an aid in the interpretation of a path diagram.

The discussion is illustrated by reference to the path analysis which appears in `Ability and Achievement' by Professor 0. Dudley Duncan.
Occupational Attributes: Constructs and Structure
Authors: Coxon Anthony P. M.
Published: June 2005

What aspects of occupations are considered most meaningful by those involved in occupational choice? Which of the attributes are most salient in describing the occupations? And which discriminate best between the occupations? These questions are approached by reference to data obtained from a sample of social science undergraduates. Whilst no direct inferences are made concerning the processes involved in the cognition of the occupations, it is found that an adequate hierarchical and spatial representation can be made of the data, which broadly confirm Rosenberg's types of motivation.
`Populism': A Brief Biography
Authors: Allcock J. B.
Published: June 2005

Within the past ten years the vocabulary of political sociology has been augmented by the addition of the word `populism'. Its general acceptance has yet to be achieved; but in the past five years its use has spread enormously. The purpose of the paper is to provide a brief `biography' of the concept of `populism', examining the changing way in which the word has come to be used in its lifetime. It is argued that the confusion which has attended the growth in its use is not merely a semantic problem, arising from the inability of various writers to define their terms, but an important indicator of the nature of the phenomenon. The major difficulty is seen as lying in the lack of an acceptable general theoretical framework within which to handle the political development of peasant societies. The notion of such societies as `part-societies', widespread in current anthropology, is examined as a possible starting point for such a general framework.
Occupational Socialization and Choice: The Effects of Sandwich Courses
Authors: Cotgrove Stephen , Fuller Mary
Published: June 2005

The influence of sandwich courses on occupational socialization and choice is minimal. The key is to be found in the search for an acceptable identity. Occupation can provide this but only for a minority: for such, future commitment to an occupation feeds back and moulds and sustains the development of the self-concept through the process of anticipatory socialization. It is career commitment, not the course, which is the major determinant of identity.
Some Intra-Regional Variations in Educational Provision and their Bearing Upon Educational Attainment—The Case of the North East
Authors: Byrne D. S. , Williamson W.
Published: June 2005

This paper is concerned with the influence of the policy of local education authorities upon educational attainment. We suggest that the influence of local policy has been neglected in the sociology of education and hypothesize that policy variables are likely to be of major importance as determinants of attainment. Evidence drawn from correlations of policy, provision and social-class variables with each other and with various measures of attainment tends to validate this suggestion, and indicates that two `policy-models' of local authority activity may be appropriate: viz, the elite-orientated authority model, in which resources are differentially concentrated on a sponsored elite with consequent high attainment of this elite; and the egalitarian authority model where resources are more evenly spread throughout the school system with consequent `inferior' attainment of an elitist kind, but where the evidence suggests there is higher overall attainment of the total school system product. It would also appear that the determinant of the policy set pursued by an L.E.A. is the social class background of the area it covers.
Technology, Class, and Politics: The Case of the Process Workers
Authors: Cotgrove Stephen , Vamplew Clive
Published: June 2005

Marked regional differences in industrial and political attitudes were found among process workers in highly automated plants. It is argued that a major explanation is to be found not in the technology but in factors outside the factory gates, notably in the processes of political socialization.
Information Control as a Power Resource
Authors: Pettigrew Andrew M.
Published: June 2005

This study uses a variety of methods—reactive and unobtrusive—to operationalize the filtering of information during an innovative decision process by a gatekeeper. Specific data are presented on gatekeeping within the focal organization and also between the focal organization and other organizations in its organization set. Theoretically, the paper explores the increased possibilities for filtering information under the uncertain conditions of an innovative decision. Power is discussed both in terms of the resources which form the base of an actor's power and also the tactics of resource use. The focus on decision making as a political process provides an emphasis lacking in current organizational studies.
How Students see the Role of University Lecturer
Authors: Startup Richard
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the normative expectations which university students have of their lecturers. These expectations clearly centre on the teaching activities of staff, but research and other professional activities are seen to have their place. In many ways, student requirements of their lecturers are being met, yet it is clear that there are felt problems. What underlies student dissatisfaction? There are indeed the oft-referred to problems of communication: student knowledge is limited concerning what lecturers do. Yet in areas where they have knowledge, students are sometimes dissatisfied. Lectures can be `too theoretical and divorced from real life'. Differences in values are involved. While most staff place value on the communication of theoretically important ideas, many students see study as a means to getting a degree. In addition, student dissatisfaction can be rooted in conflicts of substantive interest. Staff wish to do research. Students require more individual contact. Time for research cannot also be employed for teaching purposes. If students come to have a clearer picture of the competing claims on staff time, they may understand why their requirements are not met. Yet this would not, by itself, do anything to meet those requirements.
Authoritarianism, Status Integration, and Suicide
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: June 2005

Gibbs and Martin's theory of status integration and suicide has been examined in the light of some criticisms of this theory. The original data of Gibbs and Martin on status integration in 30 American states have been reanalysed, including data on authoritarianism, inequality, and murder. These last three variables were found to be better predictors of suicide rates than status integration. When the variables in the analysis were controlled on one another, the correlation of authoritarianism with suicide was slightly increased, while the correlation of status integration fell to an insignificant level. These findings have been interpreted in the light of Durkheim's original formulations concerning normative integration and suicide rates. It is suggested that lack of status integration (occupying atypical status sets) occurs in non-authoritarian communities because of the unconstrained social mobility of individuals. Such individuals are more prone to suicide than individuals who are constrained by community norms from moving into atypical combinations of status.
The Employment of 1970 Sociology Graduates: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Webb D. R.
Published: June 2005

As part of an enquiry into the employment of sociology graduates, a preliminary questionnaire was sent out to all students graduating with a first degree in sociology in 1970. This brief questionnaire has provided information on the broad post-graduation categories entered by the graduates which allows a comparison to be made with similar data obtained by Banks in 1952 and Abbott in 1966. Preceding a discussion of the replies given by the graduates is an analysis of the distribution of degrees awarded and their relationship to the sex of the graduate, nature of the degree course, and the type of institution attended. The evidence points to the fact that university trained graduates, especially those who are sociology specialists, obtain better class degrees than those who have studied at non-university institutions. On the whole, males graduate with better degrees than females. Within degree grade, however, it is the sex of the graduate that shapes immediate post-graduation career plans, with males being more likely to continue studying.
Some Thoughts on Grounded Theory
Authors: Brown George W.
Published: June 2005

The role of methodological considerations in sociological research is discussed. It is concluded that the argument of Glaser and Strauss in The Discovery of Grounded Theory for a relaxation of the safeguards of verificational studies has only limited applicability; and that methodological considerations should not be avoided in much sociological research. The role of methodological considerations in the development, as well as testing, of theory is discussed.
Interview Talk: Bringing off a Research Instrument
Authors: Silverman David
Published: June 2005

Recent attempts to develop symbolic interactionist methodologies have sought to treat the interview as an object of sociological enquiry as well as a research instrument. But their accounts in terms of interactional rules and presentation of selves are primarily concerned with reactions to interviews, and the display of the interview setting in talk is treated as a resource rather than as a topic for investigation. Since such a reliance on the availability of phenomena is also a feature of the `natural attitude', lay and sociological usages of the interview share striking similarities. More specifically, both employ the documentary method of interpretation and, in order to claim a correspondence between their accounts and some external reality, use remedies to counter misunderstandings. On the basis of tapes of selection interviews, the paper examines the competences and policies routinely adopted to provide for the contexting of talk as interview talk. Given that talk serves to display its setting (this is its reflexive character), talk becomes interview talk as members' managed accomplishment of a knowable context.
Class Conflict in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: June 2005

The relationship between the dominating federations of the manual workers' unions and the employers' associations is outlined. It is then argued that relations at plant level have largely escaped the control of the central institutional framework and bear important similarities to plant relations elsewhere, in spite of institutional differences. The conflict between the central union authorities and the rank and file is examined through a case study of the recent iron-miners' strike. Next the structure of non-manual unionism is outlined and its implications for the use of the official strike weapon by non-manual workers, though the basic reason for recent `middle-class' militancy is found in the conflict between the manual and non-manual federations. Finally, the overall pattern of class conflict in Sweden is analysed.
Scottish Regional and Sex Differences in School Achievement and Entry to Further Education
Authors: Synge Jane
Published: June 2005

Regional variations in educational achievement and access in Scotland are investigated. Overall, rural youth suffer by comparison with urban pupils. Yet analysis of the regional differentials by sex and social class reveals that girls from country districts equal or surpass the urban as well as national average in school achievement and in rates of entry to further education. These findings suggest that factors associated with the economic and social structure of region of upbringing influence educational achievement.
The Educational Background of British Army Officers
Authors: Otley C. B.
Published: June 2005

This paper presents an historical and statistical analysis of the pre-professional education of officers of various sectors and levels of the British Army between 1800 and 1971. `Four eras' in the evolution of educational selectivity in the army commissioning system are identified: 1800-1849—educational criteria irrelevant; 1849-1870—partial educational selectivity; 1870-1939—examination-dominated selection; 1941 onwards—'scientific' selection. In the light of this historical pattern, it was anticipated that the officer corps would show a heavy dependence on the élite sector of education, although also, over time, a reduction in this dependence. Examination of figures for membership of Woolwich (1855-1939), of Sandhurst (1890-1967), of the army élite (1870-1971), and of the officer corps as a whole (1969) verified these predictions. Officership proves to have been a virtual monopoly of the public schools—amongst whom the major boarding schools were predominant—at least up to the Second World War, and even since then public school boys have predominated at every level of the army until quite recently. However, it is also clear that an irreversible decline in the role of the public schools has now set in, and that state sector schools are now taking over the major role in the supply of new officers.
The Impact of Revolution: The Case of Selection of Students for Higher Education in Soviet Russia, 1917-1928
Authors: Lane David
Published: June 2005

Little attention has been given to the impact as opposed to the causes of revolution. After considering the social background of students in Tsarist Russia, we examine the effects of the Bolshevik Revolution on the recruitment of students by analysing their social origin, sex and Party affiliation in various institutions of higher education in the first eleven years after 1917. Four main points are made. (i) While radical changes in the class composition of the student body occurred, it is shown that a social gradation of institutions and differential chances of selection persisted, though in more subtle forms; (ii) The placement of workers and peasants in higher educational institutions through special workers' courses was more successful in institutions related to production than in others; (iii) The pre-revolutionary social background considerably influenced aspirations and expectations and helps to explain the post-revolutionary amelioration of the educational opportunities available for women; (iv) Allegiance to the Party was correlated to social background and to type of educational institution. It is concluded that the institutionalization of the values which are held by revolutionaries when in power meets with resistance, particularly from traditional cultural orientations. The definition of revolutionary transformation, therefore, must include in Kornhauser's terms not only wide scope, rapid, developmental and purposive change but must also take into account the persistence of some pre-revolutionary aspirations and tendencies in a period of transition from one social order to the next.
The Open Conception of Education and Educational Travel: Some Historical Considerations in Comparative Sociology
Authors: Cross Crispin P.
Published: June 2005

It is usually presumed that the function of education is that of selection and that this is the most important conception of education of which sociologists should be aware. This paper presents historical and comparative material from two contrasting societies—Graeco-Roman Antiquity and West Africa in the late Middle Ages—which shows that the selective function was relatively unimportant. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational conceptions take a variety of forms.
The Regional Factor in the Further Education and Employment of Male School-Leavers
Authors: Lee D. J.
Published: June 2005

The note draws attention to certain aspects in which adolescent life-histories vary from region to region. In general the likelihood of recruitment to part-time rather than full-time study is greatest in English regions which are subject to economic decline. This appears to mirror the relative availability to school-leavers of conventional apprenticeship. Scotland, Wales and South-East England show important differences from this pattern due to the extreme lack of industrial infra-structure and the influence of vestigial `national' culture. In late adolescence the broad effect seems to be a loss of talent to London and the South-East. It is suggested that any attempt to account theoretically for regional decline should give special attention to the educational and economic constraints on adolescence.
The Language of Colonial Urbanization
Authors: King Anthony D.
Published: June 2005

Ethnosemantics has been described as the study of vocabulary as a guide to the way in which members of a particular culture divide up their universe. Making a selective use of the ethnosemantic approach, the paper examines the relationship between language (nomenclature), social organization and physical-spatial urban form. The particular sphere in which this relationship is investigated is provided by the colonial third culture. By examining the etymology of thirty four key items in the terminological system of the colonial urban settlement and of colonial urbanization in India, insights are gained, not only into the `urban universe' of the colonial community and into the origins of the still-existing physical-spatial urban forms into which this was translated, but also into the structure of social, economic and political relationships which such forms reflect.

The ethnosemantic approach to the study of the colonial city is suggested as a useful heuristic device, both for the contribution it makes towards understanding selected aspects of `urbanism', as also for the insights it gives into policy-relevant issues of urban redevelopment. The approach has relevance for urban analysis in other cultural settings.
Demonstrating the Rationality of an Occupation
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: June 2005

The paper examines the ways in which language use contributes to the perceived orderliness of social settings. An analysis is made of the accounts made by `progressive' clergymen of their occupations in order to demonstrate the techniques by which the clergymen established, maintained, and legitimated the appropriateness of their occupations. The purpose is to show that the clergymen's very presentation of the facts of their social setting established a context in which what they defined as their occupation became demonstrably rational.
A Comparative Study of the Questions Asked by Two Groups of Seven Year Old Boys Differing in Social Class
Authors: Heber Margery
Published: June 2005

In this study a comparison was made of the questions asked by two groups of seven year old boys differing in social class. This issue arose from the results of comparative studies of answers given by five and seven year old children and their mothers of middle class (MC) and lower working class (LWC) groups, (Robinson and Rackstraw 1972). Answers had been found to differ in line with Bernstein's ideas of the functional differences in speech in LWC and MC language use. It was expected that similar differences would be found in questions. In general the results of this study clearly indicated the expected differences. The LWC boys were weaker semantically and syntactically. These results were discussed in terms of the difference in orientation to language use and its possible influence upon motivation and cognitive development in terms of a Piagetian model, with implications relating to education.
Medical Knowledge and the Patronage System in 18th Century England
Authors: Jewson N. D.
Published: June 2005

Medical knowledge in eighteenth century England was characterized by the growth of numerous often contradictory theoretical systems, founded upon a common underlying analogy of bodily processes. This foundation of metaphor was derived from the ancient humoural model of classical medicine, attenuated by the introduction of concepts imported from contemporary mechanical philosophy. Medical theory may be viewed as a form of social interaction between physicians—the elite of the eighteenth century profession—and their aristocratic patients. The phenomenological conceptualization of disease, the speculative and systematic character of pathology, the psychosomatic interpretation of illness and the swingeing use of heroic therapies may be ascribed to the pre-dominance of the upper class patient in the consultative relationship. Furthermore the contemporary career system constrained physicians both to establish their credentials as members of the upper class and to advertise their services by individual display. Fashion provided a form of social behaviour which reconciled these demands, but also generated a profusion of medical theories. In addition the structure of relationships between patients and practitioners, and among medical men themselves, prohibited the emergence of a scientific community dedicated to the analysis of medical problems.
Lower Class Attitudes to Property: Aspects of the Counter-Ideology
Authors: Moorhouse H. F. , Chamberlain C. W.
Published: June 2005

This paper discusses recent speculation concerning the normative bond which ties the lower class to the present structure of British society. It focuses on the assertions by some theorists that the normative opposition which can arise `spontaneously' within the lower class is inherently limited in scope, and that any future class based movements of a radical kind depend on the action of agencies `external' to the lower class. Some preliminary results are presented from a recent survey of council tenants in Barking, East London, some of whom were on rent strike. This evidence reveals the existence of attitudes `deviant' to dominant values concerning the ownership and rights of property.

In conclusion, the nature of lower class normative opposition is reasessed and it is suggested that the lower class are not as conceptually restricted as is often suggested, and that future possibilities of radical action do not necessarily depend on the activities of the Labour Party or trade unions.
Concepts and Measures: The Example of Unionateness
Authors: Prandy K. , Stewart A. , Blackburn R. M.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this article is to take a single concept, unionateness, and to illustrate the way in which theoretical and operational considerations interact in leading to its refinement and elaboration. A distinction is introduced between enterprise and society unionateness, and the problems associated with the operationalization and measurement of each of these new concepts are discussed. The importance of measurement procedures as an intrinsic part of the problem of conceptualization is emphasized, particularly in relation to certain techniques of measurement which are not widely used. In a concluding section there is a brief presentation of findings which demonstrate the value of the distinction introduced.
How Teachers Perceive First-Year Schoolchildren: Sex and Ethnic Differences
Authors: Ingleby J. D. , Cooper Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

A survey was conducted on the categories considered relevant by teachers when judging first-year schoolchildren. Six rating scales were derived and applied to 180 English children in a multi-racial urban area, yielding data on perceived differences between ethnic groups and between boys and girls. Changes occurring during the school year were recorded, and the structure of the scales was analysed using `repertory grid' techniques.

Results suggest that the rating technique developed gives reliable and sensitive measures, but that teachers' judgements are highly global; two-thirds of the total variance in them was accounted for by a single Principal Component. Sex differences diminished over the first year, but ethnic ones did not, while ethnic differences in a school for educationally subnormal children were the reverse of those found in normal schools.
Freedom and the Limits of Social Behaviourism: A Comparison of Selected Themes from the Works of G. H. Mead and Martin Buber
Authors: Gillin Charles Talbot
Published: June 2005

Mead and Buber are compared in terms of the thesis of the social self, the thesis of a similar vision of social amelioration as expressed through Mead's notion of the generalized other and Buber's conception of God, and the possibility of complementary inner and outer dialogues. Through these issues it is seen that the two authors express fundamentally different perspectives on man. Because of its commitment to a positivistic framework, Mead's position is equivocal but basically deterministic and can only inadequately account for the potential freedom of human action. His social behaviourism logically impels him to make the self subservient to the social process, give the generalized other a dominating position, emphasize the `me' over the `I', and articulate a deterministic ethics-despite his intention to present a social psychology in which self and society are of equal importance. Buber's perspective emphasizes the dialogical nature of reality, the `between', the mutuality of all relations including those between man and God, and consequently the freedom and responsibility of human action. Buber's philosophical anthropology encompasses the basic insights of Mead's framework and supersedes it by the inclusion of the concept of reification; further and more basically, Buber's image of man more adequately accounts for the experience of freedom. Finally, as the essay establishes its main thesis it supports a general critique of positivistic sociology.
The Crime Reporter: A Study in the Production of Commercial Knowledge
Authors: Chibnall Steve
Published: June 2005

This paper analyses the process through which an elite of professional communicators regularly produce knowledge cast in the form of news. It focuses on the ideological and relational constraints which shape the knowledge product in systematic ways, and it is hoped that the type of analysis offered here can enrich our understanding of how economic, political, and social interests come to be reflected in media representations and accounts.
Scientology: Therapeutic Cult to Religious Sect
Authors: Wallis Roy
Published: June 2005

Prevailing conceptions of the cult are criticized. A new typology of religious collectivities is elaborated and related to a theory of the development of cults. This theory claims that a central feature of the cult is `epistemological individualism'. The central characteristic of the sect on the other hand is `epistemological authoritarianism'. The process of sectarianization therefore involves the arrogation of authority typically on the basis of a claim to a new and superior revelation. Sectarianization is portrayed as a strategy with particular appeal to the leaders of cults faced with the problems of managing and maintaining a fragile institution. These processes are illustrated from the development of Scientology.
Problem Areas and Research Networks in Science
Authors: Mulkay M. J. , Gilbert G. N. , Woolgar S.
Published: June 2005

A general account is presented of the emergence, growth, and decline of scientific research networks and their associated problem areas. Research networks are seen to pass through three phases. The first, exploratory phase is distinguished by a lack of effective communication among participants and by the pursuit of imprecisely defined problems. The second phase is one of rapid growth, associated with increasing social and intellectual integration, made possible by improved communication. An increasingly precise scientific consensus gradually emerges from a process of negotiation, in which those participants who are members of the scientific elite exert most influence. But as consensus is achieved the problem area becomes less scientifically fruitful; and as the network grows, career opportunities diminish. Consequently, the third, final phase is one of decline and disbandment of the network, together with the movement of participants to new areas of scientific opportunity.
The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics
Authors: Collins H. M.
Published: June 2005

The replication of scientific experiments is discussed stressing the problem of communication between the originator of an experiment and a scientist intending to replicate it. Models of communication are set up, with reference to established fields. A more marginal field is then investigated in the light of these models and it is concluded that scientists in the latter field should not be seen as engaged in replicating original experiment, but in negotiating the rules of replication, and hence the nature of the phenomenon under investigation.