bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objetos-testigo. Fracturas y reconstrucciones del relato identitario
Authors: Perassi Emilia
Published: January 2021

La investigación se articulará en tres movimientos: fracturas, reconstrucciones, archivos. A cada movimiento le corresponderá una diferente tipología de objetos: zapatos, clavos y vigas, ropa. El objetivo es mostrar el proceso de desfamiliarización/ refamiliarización de algunos de los objetos presentes en relatos testimoniales (Miguel Lawner, Retorno a Dawson ; Marta Dillon, Aparecida), fotográficos (Javier García, Lourdes Almeida, Gustavo Gutiérrez), artísticos y performativos (Alfredo López Casanova, Colectivo de Hijos, Elina Chauvet, Doris Salcedo). En su conjunto, se trata de objetos que declaran resistencia y resiliencia, creaciones que se oponen a la “contracreación” – así la define Primo Levi – programada por el universo concentracionario. A través de ellos, el relato autobiográfico quebrado por la detención o la desaparición vuelve a ‘ponerse en forma’ (Arfuch, 2013), a partir de la elocuencia metonímica del objeto.
'Narrar lo invisible: aproximaciones al mundo literario de Sara Mesa' de César Ferreira y Jorge Avilés Diz (eds.)
Authors: Aznar Pérez Mario
Published: January 2021

Reseña del volumen crítico Narrar lo invisible: aproximaciones al mundo literario de Sara Mesa, editado por César Ferreira y Jorge Avilés Diz.
De vagos y maleantes, bandidos y censores. La contraimagen del quinqui durante el franquismo en obras de Rodríguez Méndez
Authors: García del Río Antonio
Published: January 2021

Este artículo propone una lectura de la obra de teatro Los quinquis de Madriz (1967) y del relato “Vida de quinqui” (1961), ambos del autor José María Rodríguez Méndez (1925-2009) a partir de la construcción que en ellos tiene lugar de una imagen de la figura del “quinqui” alternativa a la propuesta por el Estado durante el franquismo. Se analiza, asimismo, cómo dichas obras ponen de manifiesto el modo en que el régimen franquista trataba de crear un relato y un modelo de sociedad funcional a sus intereses políticos. En las obras analizadas se evidencian algunos de los mecanismos que empleó el estado con ese fin, como, por ejemplo, la construcción de un marco legal para criminalizar a los grupos sociales marginales y que, al mismo tiempo, afectó a la creación artística a través de la censura, prohibiendo aquellas manifestaciones que atentaran contra el modelo social y cultural que el franquismo pretendía construir.
Quinquis, yonquis y pandilleros. Imaginar, representar, contar la marginalidad urbana
Authors: García del Río Antonio
Published: January 2021

Presentación del monográfico
Au piano avec Adorno
Authors: Ruiz Antonio Notario
Published: January 2021

Adorno comenzó a componer al mismo tiempo que a escribir sus reflexiones sobre la música. Algunas de esas composiciones son para piano, un instrumento que el filósofo conocía muy bien. A través del análisis estético de algunas de sus composiciones –en especial, P.K.B Eine kleine Kindersuite– propongo en este ensayo una nueva aproximación a las ideas de Adorno desde la escucha de lo que dejó dicho en los pentagramas y desde la lectura de sus textos tempranos.
Migraciones y colonización de un territorio bajo disputa territorial en la Península de Yucatán, México / / / \ \ \ Migration and colonization of a territory under territorial dispute in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Alonso Velasco Ignacio
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Desde la década de 1950 se llevó a cabo en México una política colonizadora con la idea de aprovechar los “espacios vacíos” ocupados por la selva, en zonas delicadas como son las fronterizas, y destinarlos a actividades productivas como lo son las agropecuarias. La apropiación que realizaron los pobladores del espacio y el uso del suelo son procesos socioeconómicos complementarios y complejos, ya que interactúan situaciones de orden natural y actividades antropogénicas; en consecuencia, su análisis debe considerar, entre otros elementos, a la población y la colonización que realizaron del área. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer cuáles fueron las motivaciones y circunstancias del proceso migratorio, así como el momento en el que la zona objeto de estudio, localizada en la Península de Yucatán, México, experimentó su poblamiento. Para ello, se llevó a cabo la revisión de fuentes bibliográficas, institucionales y hemerográficas, pero, sobre todo, este artículo es fruto del trabajo de campo realizado por medio de encuestas y de la observación no participante, con uso de cámara fotográfica.
 
Palabras clave: Campeche; conflicto limítrofe; Quintana Roo; indígenas.
 
Abstract: Since the 1950s a colonizing policy was carried out in Mexico with the idea of taking advantage of the "empty spaces" occupied by the jungle, in delicate areas such as border areas, and allocating them to productive activities such as agriculture. The appropriation by the inhabitants of space and land use are complementary and complex socio-economic processes, since natural situations and anthropogenic activities interact; consequently, their analysis should consider, among other elements, the population and colonization they performed in the area. The objective of this article is to expose what were the motivations and circumstances of the migratory process, as well as the moment in which the area under study, located in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, experienced its settlement. To this end, the review of bibliographic, institutional and hemerographic sources was carried out, but, above all, this article is the result of the field work carried out through surveys and non-participant observation, with the use of a photographic camera.
 
Key words: Campeche; conflict bordering; Quintana Roo; natives.
El patrimonio histórico-cultural como herramienta de desarrollo local: Utiel como ejemplo
Authors: Ponce Iranzo José Rafael
Published: January 2021

Resumen: La recuperación del patrimonio local es una pieza clave para el desarrollo de cualquier municipio, más aún si esté se encuentra afectado por procesos de despoblación. En el caso de Utiel, desde 2015 se ha logrado iniciar toda una serie de acciones destinadas a la recuperación del patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible, gracias a la apuesta por dichos elementos por parte de la administración local y de diversos colectivos sociales. Así, se dispone de un renovado stock de recursos turísticos, como por ejemplo lo son las bodegas del casco histórico, diversas recreaciones culturales e históricas, y distintos edificios y espacios urbanos. Todos estos elementos constituyen un valor único para el proceso de identidad y arraigo que el municipio de Utiel está experimentando en los últimos años, vectores sin duda de un desarrollo territorial mucho más amplio y duradero.
 
Palabras clave: Turismo, participación cívica, bodegas, identidad local, regeneración urbana.
El Pla de Dinamització i Governança Turística de La Safor (Valencia): una bona oportunitat practica per al desenvolupament territorial
Authors: Pérez Ledo Pau
Published: January 2021

Resum. El Pla de Governança i Dinamització Turística (PGDT) de La Safor (Valencia) pretenia impulsar les línies de treball al voltant del sector turístic que es venien desenvolupant anteriorment en els diferents municipis de la comarca, per a dotar d'una visió territorial comarcal a l'estratègia turística de la zona, consensuant les línies de treball i les actuacions no solament amb altres administracions locals, sinó també amb actors del sector privat i associacions relacionades amb el sector turístic. El Pla també estava centrat en la detecció de recursos amb potencial turístic que estiguessin infrautilitzats o fossin susceptibles de ser posats en valor, prestant especial atenció a entorns que poguessin ser revaloritzats, però que en el seu estat actual no aportaven valor al sector turístic. També es posava l'accent en la generació i creació de productes i paquets turístics, treballant sobre recursos que existien actualment però que no eren atractius per a la demanda turística, amb la finalitat de produir una millora i que poguessin ser competitius. Es va treballar  especialment en productes de turisme actiu, natural, gastronòmic, amb una intensa acció tecnològica. El Pla constava en el seu inici d'un desenvolupament de tres anys. Tres anys orientats a recaptar tota la informació necessària per a poder elaborar un pla estratègic que recollís les diferents visions del sector turístic, detallar totes les actuacions a realitzar, i per descomptat, executar-les. Encara que el Pla comportava una inversió per part de les principals entitats participants, l'objectiu era crear una xarxa que transcendís l'àmbit espacial del propi Pla i de la inversió inicial, i que servís de motor per a continuar treballant de manera conjunta tant el sector públic com el privat al llarg dels anys. El PGDT de La Safor es va implementar en dos de les tres anualitats en que es va projectar. No obstant això, queda moltíssima feina per fer, però ha aconseguit atorgar la identitat suficient al conjunt de la comarca del Camp de Safor per a poder promocionar-se com a destí cohesionat, creant sinergies entre els recursos.
 
Paraules clau. Turisme, polítiques públiques, desenvolupament local.
Freshwater monitoring by nanopore sequencing
Authors: Urban Lara , Holzer Andre , Baronas J Jotautas , Hall Michael B , Braeuninger-Weimer Philipp , Scherm Michael J , Kunz Daniel J , Perera Surangi N , Martin-Herranz Daniel E , Tipper Edward T , Salter Susannah J , Stammnitz Maximilian R
Published: January 2021

While traditional microbiological freshwater tests focus on the detection of specific bacterial indicator species, including pathogens, direct tracing of all aquatic DNA through metagenomics poses a profound alternative. Yet, in situ metagenomic water surveys face substantial challenges in cost and logistics. Here, we present a simple, fast, cost-effective and remotely accessible freshwater diagnostics workflow centred around the portable nanopore sequencing technology. Using defined compositions and spatiotemporal microbiota from surface water of an example river in Cambridge (UK), we provide optimised experimental and bioinformatics guidelines, including a benchmark with twelve taxonomic classification tools for nanopore sequences. We find that nanopore metagenomics can depict the hydrological core microbiome and fine temporal gradients in line with complementary physicochemical measurements. In a public health context, these data feature relevant sewage signals and pathogen maps at species level resolution. We anticipate that this framework will gather momentum for new environmental monitoring initiatives using portable devices.
The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)
Authors: Pates Stephen , Lerosey-Aubril Rudy , Daley Allison C. , Kier Carlo , Bonino Enrico , Ortega-Hernández Javier
Published: January 2021

Radiodonts have long been known from Cambrian deposits preserving non-biomineralizing organisms. In Utah, the presence of these panarthropods in the Spence and Wheeler (House Range and Drum Mountains) biotas is now well-documented. Conversely, radiodont occurrences in the Marjum Formation have remained scarce. Despite the large amount of work undertaken on its diverse fauna, only one radiodont (Peytoia) has been reported from the Marjum Biota. In this contribution we quadruple the known radiodont diversity of the Marjum fauna, with the description of the youngest members of two genera,CaryosyntripsandPahvantia, and that of a new taxonBuccaspinea cooperigen. et sp. nov. This new taxon can be identified from its large oral cone bearing robust hooked teeth with one, two, or three cusps, and by the unique endite morphology and organisation of its frontal appendages. Appendages of at least 12 podomeres bear six recurved plate-like endites proximal to up to four spiniform distal endites.Pahvantia hastataspecimens from the Marjum Formation are particularly large, but otherwise morphologically indistinguishable from the carapace elements of this species found in the Wheeler Formation. One of the two newCaryosyntripsspecimens can be confidently assigned toC. camurus. The other bears the largest spines relative to appendage length recorded for this genus, and possesses endites of variable size and unequal spacing, making its taxonomic assignment uncertain.Caryosyntrips, Pahvantia, andPeytoiaare all known from the underlying Wheeler Formation, whereas isolated appendages from the Spence Shale and the Wheeler Formation, previously assigned toHurdia, are tentatively reidentified asBuccaspinea. Notably, none of these four genera occurs in the overlying Weeks Formation, providing supporting evidence of a faunal restructuring around the Drumian-Guzhangian boundary. The description of three additional nektonic taxa from the Marjum Formation further documents the higher relative proportion of free-swimming species in this biota compared to those of the Wheeler and Weeks Lagerstätten. This could be related to a moderate deepening of the basin and/or changing regional ocean circulation at this time.
Relationship between mitochondrial changes and seed aging as a limitation of viability for the storage of beech seed (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Małecka Arleta , Ciszewska Liliana , Staszak Aleksandra , Ratajczak Ewelina
Published: January 2021

Aging is one of the most fundamental biological processes occurring in all forms of eukaryotic life. Beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) produce seeds in intervals of 5–10 years. Its yearly seed yield is usually very low, so there is a need for long-term seed storage to enable propagation of this species upon demand. Seeds for sowing must be of high quality but they are not easy to store without viability loss. Understanding the mechanism responsible for seed aging is therefore very important. We observed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of embryonic axes and cotyledons of beech seeds during natural aging. The presence of ROS led to changes in compromised mitochondrial membrane integrity and in mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. In this study, we pointed to the involvement of mitochondria in the natural aging process of beech seeds, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this involvement are still unknown.
Knowledge and attitudes towards stem cells and the significance of their medical application among healthcare sciences students of Jouf University
Authors: Almaeen Abdulrahman , Wani Farooq Ahmed , Thirunavukkarasu Ashokkumar
Published: January 2021

Background

Adequate knowledge and positive attitude of the medical and dental students towards the stem cells and their utilization in medical science is extremely important keeping in view the ever-increasing potential of stem cells in the medical field. The present study was planned to assess the knowledge and attitude of the medical and dental students towards stem cells and their applications in medical science.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 217 medical and dental college students of the Jouf University. The systematic random sampling method was used to select students based on gender and year of study. After obtaining written informed consent, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three parts was administered to the students. The first part collected the socio-demographic details; part 2 contains 15 questions regarding knowledge and part 3 contains 10 questions regarding attitude towards stem cells.

Results

Majority of the participants were males (54.4%) in the age group of 21–22 years. Awareness regarding Saudi stem cell donor registry was observed in 50.7% of the students . A total of 72.4% of the students possessed medium knowledge while 70% of the students possessed high attitude score towards stem cell research and its medical significance. A significant relationship was observed between the Saudi Stem Cell Donor Registry awareness and knowledge score with p-value of 0.04. Relationship between the knowledge and attitude scores was significant with p-value of 0.001 and with a Pearson correlation score of r = 0.334.

Conclusion

Medium to high level of knowledge was noted among majority of the participants and a high attitude score was also noted towards stem cells and their relevance. A significant positive correlation was observed between the knowledge and attitude scores. It is recommended to include various interventional educational programs for the medical and dental students on the significance of stem cells in the medical field.
The functional analysis of ABCG transporters in the adaptation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) to abiotic stresses
Authors: Niu Lili , Li Hanghang , Song Zhihua , Dong Biying , Cao Hongyan , Liu Tengyue , Du Tingting , Yang Wanlong , Amin Rohul , Wang Litao , Yang Qing , Meng Dong , Fu Yujie
Published: January 2021

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a class of proteins found in living organisms that mediate transmembrane transport by hydrolyzing ATP. They play a vital role in the physiological processes of growth and development in plants. The most numerous sub-type transporter in the ABC transporter family is the ABCG group and which have the most complex function in a plant’s response to abiotic stresses. Our study focused on the effect of ABCG transporters in the adaptation of the pigeon pea to adverse environments (such as drought, salt, temperature, etc.). We conducted a functional analysis of ABCG transporters in the pigeon pea and their role in response to abiotic stresses. A total of 51 ABCG genes (CcABCGs) were identified, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. We also identified the physicochemical properties of the encoded proteins, predicted their subcellular localization, and identified of the conserved domains. Expression analysis showed that ABCG genes have different expression profiles with tissues and abiotic stresses. Our results showed that CcABCG28 was up-regulated at low temperatures, and CcABCG7 was up-regulated with drought and aluminum stress. The initial results revealed that ABCG transporters are more effective in the abiotic stress resistance of pigeon peas, which improves our understanding of their application in abiotic stress resistance.
Measurement of Main Pulmonary Artery Diameter and its Ratio with Ascending Aorta in Indian Population by Multi Detector Computed Tomography
Authors: Dulli Jyoti Gangadhar , Chandrashekar HM , Naveen J , Srinivas Maskal Revanna , Rao Shreyas G , Gowda Samarth S
Published: January 2021

Introduction: An increase in Pulmonary Artery (PA) pressure is associated with an increase in its diameter. Hence, it is necessary to know the normal range of Main Pulmonary Artery Diameter (MPAD). An attempt has been made to know the same among the Indian population. Aim: To determine the normal range of reference values for diameter of Main Pulmonary Artery (MPA) and its relation with Ascending Aorta (AA) in Indian population. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and September 2019 ((380 males, 120 females) between the age of 30-65 years). Data from the contrast CT scans of thorax of 500 subjects such as those patients with cough under evaluation, suspected lung nodule, chest wall lesions, primary or secondaries in the lung, etc., who visited the Department of Radio-diagnosis, in the Medical College of South India were analysed. Further, healthy population was also defined as those who were free from chronic cardiopulmonary illness in particular with regard to present study, which would affect the diameter of great vessels including that of PA and aorta. MPA and ascending aortic diameters were measured at the level of pulmonary artery bifurcation, viewed at fixed mediastinal window settings. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, inferential statistics like Unpaired-t test were used to test the significant difference for variables between the two groups (males and females). The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The MPADs of whole population ranged between 15.6-31.6 mm, with mean diameter of 23.08±2.81 mm. Correlation between age and MPAD was statistically significant (p-value <0.001), while sex-specific MPAD was not significant. The mean AA diameter was 27.15±2.6 mm. The mean AA diameter in males was 27.76±3.2 mm, and 26.67±2.0 mm in females with statistical significance (p-value 0.001) between the groups. The diameter ratio of MPA to AA was 0.85. Conclusion: In present study, the normal ranges of diameter of PA and its ratio with AA were defined among Indians. The diameter ratio of MPA to AA appears to be more important, as it tends to normalise the effects of anthropomorphic factors.
Single Dose Prophylactic Antibiotic in Caesarean Delivery and its Effect on Maternal Infectious Morbidity: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Kori Shreedevi Somashekhar , Biradar Aruna Mallangouda , Biradar Dayanand , Mudanur Subhash , Patil Neelamma , Yaliwal Rajasri , Satish Sridevi , Susmitha Jada
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Caesarean delivery is the most common surgery performed in obstetrics. Antibiotics have revolutionised the surgical practise in this era. But multidrug resistance is a challenging issue in day to day practise. So, antibiotics have to be administered judiciously at the appropriate time with respect to surgery. Aim: To determine whether the administration of single dose injection ceftriaxone 1 gm intravenously prior to skin incision was superior to administration at the time of cord clamping for prevention of post-caesarean maternal infection. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in BLDE (DU) Shri BM Patil Medical College and Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. Patients undergoing caesarean sections for singleton term pregnancies both elective and emergency with intact membranes were included in study during one-year period. Alternatively, group A received 1 gm injection ceftriaxone intravenously 60 minutes before skin incision and group B received at the time of cord clamping during surgery. Chi-square (χ2) test was used for association between two categorical variables. Results: Incidence of obstetric complications such as nausea (0.5% vs 0.0%) and wound infections (6.6% vs 4.1%) were more in patients who received a single dose of ceftriaxone at cord clamping than patients receiving the same antibiotic, preoperatively whereas, incidence of postoperative fever was more in group A (4.1%) than group B (3.3%) which was although not significant but is an important finding in this study. Conclusion: Administration of single dose antibiotic either preoperatively or at the time of cord clamping was not statistically significant in reducing the incidence of wound infections.
Effect of Nano, Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Some Soil Physical Properties and Soybean Productivity in Saline Soil
Authors: Shaban Kh. A. , Esmaeil M. A. , Fattah A. K. Abdel , Faroh Kh. A.
Published: January 2021

A field experiment was carried out at Khaled Ibn El-waleed village, Sahl El-Hussinia, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during two summer seasons 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of NPK nanofertilizers, biofertilizers and humic acid combined with or without mineral fertilizers different at rates on some soil physical properties and soybean productivity and quality under saline soil conditions. The treatments consisted of: NPK-chitosan, NPK-Ca, humic acid, biofertilzer and control (mineral NPK only). In both seasons, the experiment was carried out in a split plot design with three replicates. The results indicated a significant increase in the soybean yield parameters as compared to control. There was also a significant increase in dry and water stable aggregates in all treatments as compared to control. The treatment NPK-Chitosan was the best in improving dry and stable aggregates. Also, hydraulic conductivity and total porosity values were significantly increased in all treatments due to increase in soil aggregation and porosity that led to increase in values of hydraulic conductivity. Values of bulk density were decreased, the lowest values of bulk density were found in NPK-chitosan treatment as a result of the high concentration of organic matter resulted from NPK-chitosan is much lighter in weight than the mineral fraction in soils. Accordingly, the increase in the organic fraction decreases the total weight and bulk density of the soil. Concerning soil moisture constants, all treatments significantly increased field capacity and available water compared to control. This increase was due to improvement of the soil aggregates and pores spaces which allowed the free movement of water within the soil thereby, increasing the moisture content at field capacity.
A novel prognostic mRNA/miRNA signature for esophageal cancer and its immune landscape in cancer progression
Authors: Zhao Yue , Xu Li , Wang Xinyu , Niu Shuai , Chen Hezhong , Li ChunGuang
Published: January 2021

Mounting evidence shows that MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and are linked to tumor occurrence and progression, especially in esophageal cancer (EC). This study purposed to explore new biomarkers related to the prognosis of EC and to uncover their potential mechanisms in promoting tumor progression. We identified 162 differentially expressed miRNAs and 4555 differentially expressed mRNAs in EC. Then, a risk model involving three miRNAs (miR‐4521, miR‐3682‐3p, and miR‐1269a) was designed to predict prognosis in EC patients. Furthermore, 7 target genes (Rho GTPase‐activating protein 24, Chromobox 3, Contactin‐associated protein 2, ELOVL fatty acid elongase 5, LIF receptor subunit alpha, transmembrane protein 44, and transmembrane protein 67) were selected for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses to reveal their potential mechanisms in promoting EC progression. After a series of correlation analyses, miRNA target genes were found to be significantly positively or negatively associated with immune infiltration, tumor microenvironment, cancer stemness properties, and tumor mutation burden at different degrees in EC. To further elucidate the role of miRNA signature in cancer progression, we performed a pan‐cancer analysis to determine whether these genes exert similar effects on other tumors. Interestingly, the miRNA target genes altered expression on tumor immunity; however, pan‐cancer progression was the same as that of EC. Thus, we explored the immune landscape of the miRNA signature and its target genes in EC and pan‐cancer. These findings demonstrated the versatility and effectiveness of our model in various cancers and provided a new direction for cancer management.
HCMV infection and IFITM3 rs12252 are associated with Rasmussen's encephalitis disease progression
Authors: Wang Yi‐Song , Luo Qiao‐Li , Guan Yu‐Guang , Fan Dong‐Ying , Luan Guo‐Ming , Jing An
Published: January 2021

Objective

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare and severe progressive epileptic syndrome with unknown etiology. Infection by viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been hypothesized to be a potential trigger for RE. Interferon‐induced transmembrane protein‐3 (IFITM3) single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12252 is associated with the severity of viral infection disease. This study aimed to address the possibility that HCMV infection and IFITM3 rs12252 might be associated with RE disease progression.

Methods

The expression of HCMV and IFITM3 was detected with immunohistochemical staining, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence double staining. The genotype of IFITM3 rs12252 was detected using the Sanger sequencing method. A genetic association analysis was carried out for this SNP and HCMV antigen expression. The relationship between this SNP and the clinical characteristics of these patients was further analyzed. In in vitro study, HCMV replication in SH‐SY5Y cells with overexpressed IFITM3 variant was detected by immunofluorescence and real‐time RT‐PCR.

Results

Elevated expression of HCMV and IFITM3 was observed in the brain tissue of RE patients. Moreover, the IFITM3 polymorphism rs12252‐C was found to associate with HCMV high detection and rapid disease progression in RE patients with the IFITM3 rs12252‐CC genotype. In vitro study showed the overexpressed IFITM3 variant was associated with HCMV high infection level.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the IFITM3 rs12252‐C is associated with the disease progression of RE patients via facilitating persistent HCMV infection in brain tissue and provides new insight into understanding the pathogenesis of RE.
Boron Reagents and Catalysts for the Functionalization of Strained Heterocycles
Authors: Pineschi Mauro
Published: January 2021

The particular nature of boron compounds allows an ample modularity of their properties ranging from Lewis acids, C‐nucleophiles, B‐nucleophiles, or even conjunctive reagents for new synthetic manipulations. Moreover, the increasing demand for functionalized boron derivatives for pharmaceutical or material science applications requires the development of new synthetic methods for boron introduction in organic compounds. This review summarizes the possible combinations of boron derivatives with a variety of strained heterocycles reported in the most recent literature.

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Predicting chemical reaction outcomes: A grammar ontology‐based transformer framework
Authors: Mann Vipul , Venkatasubramanian Venkat
Published: January 2021

Discovering and designing novel materials is a challenging problem as it often requires searching through a combinatorially large space of potential candidates, typically requiring great amounts of effort, time, expertise, and money. The ability to predict reaction outcomes without performing extensive experiments is, therefore, important. Toward that goal, we report an approach that uses context‐free grammar‐based representations of molecules in a neural machine translation framework. This involves discovering the transformations from the source sequence (comprising the reactants and agents) to the target sequence (comprising the major product) in the reaction. The grammar ontology‐based representation hierarchically incorporates rich molecular‐structure information, ensures syntactic validity of predictions, and overcomes over‐parameterization in complex machine learning architectures. We achieve an accuracy of 80.1% (86.3% top‐2 accuracy) and 99% syntactic validity of predictions on a standard reaction dataset. Moreover, our model is characterized by only a fraction of the number of training parameters used in other similar works in this area.
Atom‐Economic Alk(en)ylations of Esters, Amides, and Methyl Heteroarenes Utilizing Alcohols Following Dehydrogenative Strategies
Authors: Donthireddy S. N. R. , Tiwari Chandra Shekhar , Kumar Shashi , Rit Arnab
Published: January 2021

Owing to the atom‐economic and greener nature, borrowing hydrogen (BH) and acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) processes have drawn significant attentions of the researchers across the globe and thus, these strategies have been extensively utilized in synthetic chemistry to access various challenging and valuable compounds. During the last decade, significant progress has been witnessed in the utilization of these protocols involving alkylation of amides/esters/N‐heteroarenes by replacing the traditionally utilized mutagenic reagents as alkyl source with the sustainable biomass derived alcohols under BH/ADC process. This progress includes mainly the transition metal based catalytic systems although a few metal‐free protocols are reported. In this minireview, the advancement from 2010 until September 2020 in accessing C‐alk(en)ylated compounds from the unactivated amides/esters/N‐heteroarenes utilizing alcohols via BH/ADC strategy is highlighted. Additionally, a few reports on aldehydes instead of alcohols as coupling partners are also discussed.
Synthesis of 1‐Naphthol‐based Unsymmetrical Triarylmethanes: Heck‐type Desulfitative Reaction of Arylsulfonyl Chlorides with Tetralone‐derived Chalcones
Authors: Sankar Rathinam , Bhattacharya Debabrata , Arulananda Babu Srinivasarao
Published: January 2021

We report the preliminary results of an investigation comprising of the synthesis of 1‐naphthol‐based unsymmetrical triarylmethanes via the Pd‐catalyzed Heck‐type desulfitative reaction and conjugate addition of arylsulfonyl chlorides with tetralone‐derived chalcones. Unsymmetrical triarylmethanes are valuable molecules in organic‐, medicinal and materials chemistry. This work is a contribution towards enriching the library of unsymmetrical triarylmethanes.
Seasonal variability in the diet and feeding ecology of black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Beeby Nina , Baden Andrea L.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

We characterized the diet and foraging ecology of the black‐and‐white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), a specialized frugivore, and investigated behavioral strategies exhibited in response to seasonal changes in resource availability.

Materials and Methods

Behavioral data were collected from the same two adjacent communities across 29 months during two observation periods (2007–2008; 2017–2018) in Mangevo, a primary rainforest habitat in southeastern Madagascar. To analyze feeding in the context of energy maximization versus time minimization strategies, we used nonparametric tests to compare plant part constituents, dietary diversity, activity budgets, and canopy strata use between fruit‐abundant versus fruit‐lean seasons.

Results

Individuals dedicated ~30% of their time to feeding year‐round, mostly in the middle canopy (11–20 m). Animals fed primarily on fruits (74% of diet), but frugivory decreased and folivory increased markedly during fruit‐lean seasons. Abundant season dietary diversity (98 taxa,H′ = 0.71–1.37) was greater than lean season diversity (70 taxa,H′ = 0.56–1.06), which coincided with less traveling, more resting, and higher canopy use—though interannual variation was observed.

Conclusions

Herein, we describe behavioral and dietary patterns that are concordant with a time minimizing behavioral strategy. Black‐and‐white ruffed lemur diets comprised lower taxonomic diversity, fewer fruits, and more leaves during fruit‐lean months. Further, shifts toward less travel, more resting, and greater use of higher canopy levels during this time were most likely for thermoregulatory benefits.
Association between plasma complement factor H concentration and clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis
Authors: Shimizu Junji , Fujino Kazunori , Sawai Toshihiro , Tsujita Yasuyuki , Tabata Takahisa , Eguchi Yutaka
Published: January 2021

Aim

The complement system is important for defending against pathogens, however, excessive complement activation is associated with a poor prognosis and organ dysfunction in sepsis. Complement factor H (CFH) acts to prevent excessive complement activation and damage to the self through the regulation of the complement alternative pathway. We investigated the association between plasma CFH levels on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 90‐day mortality, severity scores, and organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis.

Methods

We assessed the relationship between the plasma CFH on admission to the ICU and 90‐day mortality, severity scores such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2, and organ dysfunction.

Results

This analysis included 62 patients. The plasma CFH levels were significantly lower in 90‐day non‐survivors than in survivors (70.0 μg/mL [interquartile range, 51.2–97.6] versus 104.8 μg/mL [interquartile range, 66.8–124.2]; P = 0.006) . The plasma CFH levels were associated with 90‐day mortality (odds ratio 0.977; 95% confidence interval, 0.957–0.994; P = 0.01). The plasma CFH levels were negatively correlated with severity scores. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores for the coagulation and neurological components were negatively correlated with the CFH concentration.

Conclusion

Lower plasma levels of CFH were associated with increased severity and mortality in patients with sepsis on admission to the ICU and were correlated with central nervous system dysfunction and coagulopathy.
Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study
Authors: Eads Calley N. , Boscoboinik J. Anibal , Head Ashley R. , Hunt Adrian , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Stacchiola Dario J. , Tenney Samuel A.
Published: January 2021

Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We “uncover” mechanistic insights about the structure–activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X‐ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. This interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO2 formation rates than Pd alone.
Sterilizing Immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection in Mice by a Single‐Shot and Lipid Amphiphile Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Agonist‐Adjuvanted Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine**
Authors: Jangra Sonia , De Vrieze Jana , Choi Angela , Rathnasinghe Raveen , Laghlali Gabriel , Uvyn Annemiek , Van Herck Simon , Nuhn Lutz , Deswarte Kim , Zhong Zifu , Sanders Niek N. , Lienenklaus Stefan , David Sunil A. , Strohmeier Shirin , Amanat Fatima , Krammer Florian , Hammad Hamida , Lambrecht Bart N. , Coughlan Lynda , García‐Sastre Adolfo , De Geest Bruno G. , Schotsaert Michael
Published: January 2021

The search for vaccines that protect from severe morbidity and mortality because of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a race against the clock and the virus. Here we describe an amphiphilic imidazoquinoline (IMDQ‐PEG‐CHOL) TLR7/8 adjuvant, consisting of an imidazoquinoline conjugated to the chain end of a cholesterol‐poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular amphiphile. It is water‐soluble and exhibits massive translocation to lymph nodes upon local administration through binding to albumin, affording localized innate immune activation and reduction in systemic inflammation. The adjuvanticity of IMDQ‐PEG‐CHOL was validated in a licensed vaccine setting (quadrivalent influenza vaccine) and an experimental trimeric recombinant SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein vaccine, showing robust IgG2a and IgG1 antibody titers in mice that could neutralize viral infection in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model.
Orthogonal Regulation of Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Sites in Pd‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Couplings between Indazoles and Isoprene
Authors: Jiang Wen‐Shuang , Ji Ding‐Wei , Zhang Wei‐Song , Zhang Gong , Min Xiang‐Ting , Hu Yan‐Cheng , Jiang Xu‐Liang , Chen Qing‐An
Published: January 2021

Depending on the reactant property and reaction mechanism, one major regioisomer can be favored in a reaction that involves multiple active sites. Herein, an orthogonal regulation of nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in the regiodivergent hydroamination of isoprene with indazoles is demonstrated. Under Pd‐hydride catalysis, the 1,2‐ or 4,3‐insertion pathway with respect to the electrophilic sites on isoprene could be controlled by the choice of ligands. In terms of the nucleophilic sites on indazoles, the reaction occurs at either the N1‐ or N2‐position of indazoles is governed by the acid co‐catalysts. Preliminary experimental studies have been performed to rationalize the mechanism and regioselectivity. This study not only contributes a practical tool for selective functionalization of isoprene, but also provides a guide to manipulate the regioselectivity for the N‐functionalization of indazoles.
Magnetic chitosan‐based aerogel decorated with polydimethylsiloxane: A high‐performance scavenger for oil in water
Authors: Yin Zichao , Liu Wei , Bao Mutai , Li Yang
Published: January 2021

Most ingredients used to construct porous substrate of hydrophobic magnetic absorbent for oil/water separation are toxic, environmentally incompatible and difficult to degrade. With the purpose of solving this problem, a magnetic chitosan (CS)‐based aerogel decorated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was successfully fabricated in this work. The magnetic porous substrate was built by the electrostatic interactions between CS, itaconic acid and Fe3O4nanoparticles (FeNPs) in water solution, followed by a freeze‐drying process. The hydrophobic properties were rendered to the substrate by the crosslinking reaction of PDMS. Owing to the low density (0.0655 g/cm3) and high porosity (92%), the prepared aerogel displayed high absorption capacities (8.89–22.38 g/g) towards the testing organic liquids. The silylation process provided the aerogel with excellent hydrophobic properties (water contact angle, 147.1°), resulting in selectively absorbing oil from immiscible oil/water mixture and water‐in‐oil emulsion. Due to the uniformly distributed FeNPs, the remote control of the aerogel by external magnetic field was acquired, the saturation magnetization of which was 11.22 emu/g. Furthermore, the aerogel could also continuously separate heavy oil from water by acting as filter. The experimental results indicate that this renewable, environmentally benign and bifunctional aerogel has great potential in oily wastewater remediation.
Excellent role of Cu2O on fire safety of epoxy resin with ammonium polyphosphate based on the construction of self‐intumescent flame retardant system
Authors: Zhao Cheng‐Shou , Luo Zhen‐Jun , Kong De‐Yan , Peng Hua‐qiao , Li De‐Fu , Esmaeili Nima
Published: January 2021

This work reports an effective self‐intumescent flame retardant system for epoxy resin (EP) based on the remarkable synergistic effect between Cu2O and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The effect of Cu2O/APP on improving EP's fire performance was evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, and cone calorimeter test. The optimal mass ratio of Cu2O: APP was shown to be 2:8. With 15 wt% total flame retardant loading, the EP with optimum Cu2O/APP formulation reached V‐0 classification and high LOI (33.5%), while the EP with APP only got NR and low LOI (26.5%). Additionally, the pHRR, total heat release, total smoke production, CO production of the EP with optimum Cu2O/APP formulation were primarily decreased. All the improvements were ascribed to the formation of the self‐intumescent char layer of EP resulted from the catalyzing effect of Cu2O for char formation and CO to CO2 conversion. These findings will consolidate approaches for conferring flame retardancy to flammable polymers or their blends.
You cannot conserve a species that has not been found: The case of the marine sponge Axinella polypoides in Liguria, Italy
Authors: Azzola Annalisa , Bavestrello Giorgio , Bertolino Marco , Bianchi Carlo Nike , Bo Marzia , Enrichetti Francesco , Morri Carla , Oprandi Alice , Toma Margherita , Montefalcone Monica
Published: January 2021

Detailed knowledge about the distribution of species in need of protection is required for the management of Marine Protected Areas, a major tool to reduce marine biodiversity loss. Such knowledge is deficient for most marine invertebrates.

Axinella polypoides is a marine sponge included on the list of protected species by the Barcelona Convention (1976) and the Bern Convention (1987). This large and erect species has an important ecological role in habitat forming and benthic–pelagic coupling.

Bathymetrical, geographical and ecological data over the last 60 years were collated from publications and reports, together with new surveys to assess the distribution and protection status in Liguria of A. polypoides. It identified a more widespread distribution than previously thought, which points at a general need for dedicated investigations on the occurrence of species that require protection.

Bathymetrical distribution was trimodal, with peaks corresponding to different geomorphological settings: coastal cliff bases (around 38 m depth), inner shelf shoals (52 m) and rocks amidst coarse sediment on the outer shelf (79 m). Density was significantly greater at the shallowest depths. The species was mostly found in the coralligenous biocoenosis, in association with other characteristic species or forming a monospecific facies.

On (sub)vertical cliffs, A. polypoides often exhibited an unusual cane shape, rather than the typical bushy morphology, thus causing confusion with the congeneric A. cannabina, a more southern species. Records of the latter in the Ligurian Sea therefore need confirmation.

Only a minority (22.6%) of A. polypoides records were in Marine Protected Areas, the remainder being located in areas with no current environmental protection plans in place. While the occurrence of this species in MPAs remained stable over the decades, the only quantitative historical data available indicated that populations in non‐protected areas were declining owing to anthropogenic impacts (fishing and anchoring).
Damming insights: Variable impacts and implications of river regulation on platypus populations
Authors: Hawke Tahneal , Bino Gilad , Kingsford Richard T.
Published: January 2021

River regulation has extensively changed the ecology and hydrology of rivers worldwide, particularly downstream of dams, affecting the viability of freshwater species. The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semiaquatic monotreme, endemic to eastern Australia, with a distribution overlapping Australia’s most regulated rivers.

Dams and changes to flow regimes have affected critical platypus habitat, yet our understanding of the impacts of these threatening processes on platypus ecology remains poor. Over a period of 3 years (2016–2018), platypuses were surveyed across three regions (Upper Murray, Snowy, and Border river regions), above and below large dams, and in adjacent unregulated rivers, comparing captures, demographics, abundances, and densities. We hypothesized that platypus captures and abundances would be lower downstream of dams, owing to altered flow regimes that have secondary impacts on the demographics of these populations.

In the Upper Murray Rivers region, captures were significantly lower in the Mitta Mitta River below Dartmouth Dam, compared with captures upstream of the dam and the unregulated Ovens River, probably reflecting significant alteration to the seasonality and temperature of flows caused by the dam. Conversely, there were no significant differences in captures or abundance and density estimates above and below the dams in the Snowy or Border river regions, where the extent of regulation was less severe, probably as a result of restoration efforts in recent years on some rivers.

Low proportions of juveniles on the Snowy River and Mitta Mitta River downstream of the dams, compared with upstream, raises concerns of other impacts of altered flow regimes to platypus breeding success and juvenile survival, given the sensitivity of juveniles to unseasonably high flows.

The results highlighted the potential impact of river regulation, with direct implications for the management of regulated rivers, providing opportunities to mitigate impacts through improved management of the seasonality and temperature of flows, to the benefit of platypuses and other freshwater species.