bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Optically Active Pyridyl Alcohols. Part 1. Pyridyl sec‐Alcohols
Authors: Chelucci Giorgio
Published: October 2010

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions and Cyclizations of Acetylenic, Allenic, and Conjugated Dienyl Sulfones
Authors: Back Thomas G. , Clary Kristen N. , Gao Detian
Published: October 2010

Review: 516 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Derived from Alkynes
Authors: Lozano‐Vila Ana M. , Monsaert Stijn , Bajek Agata , Verpoort Francis
Published: October 2010

Review: 309 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Porphyrin Nanoarchitectures on Surfaces
Authors: Makiura Rie , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2010

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The α/β‐Hydrolase Fold 3DM Database (ABHDB) as a Tool for Protein Engineering
Authors: Kourist Robert , Jochens Helge , Bartsch Sebastian , Kuipers Remko , Padhi Santosh Kumar , Gall Markus , Boettcher Dominique , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: October 2010

Review: about 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Visualization of Chirality in Two Dimensions
Authors: Mark Andrew G. , Forster Matthew , Raval Rasmita
Published: October 2010

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Relativistic Computations of NMR Parameters from First Principles — Theory and Applications
Authors: Autschbach J. , Zheng S.
Published: October 2010

Review: 307 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Fluorescent Chemical Sensing and Imaging
Authors: Stich Matthias I. J. , Fischer Lorenz H. , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: October 2010

Review: 109 refs.
Fluoride Sensing by Catechol‐Based π‐Electron Systems
Authors: An Byeong‐Kwan , Wang Xin , Burn Paul L. , Meredith Paul
Published: October 2010

We have developed new catechol‐based sensors that can detect fluoride via fluorescence or optical absorption even in the presence of other halides. The level and sensitivity of detection of the sensing molecules is dependent on the chromophore length, which is controlled by the number of thiophene units (one to three) within the chromophore. The sensor with three thiophene units, (E)‐2‐(2,2′‐terthiophen‐5‐yl)‐3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, gives the best response to fluoride. By using fluorescence measurements fluoride is detectable over the concentration range 1.7 μM to 200 μM. Importantly, when adsorbed onto a solid support the fluorescent catechol dye can be used to detect the presence of fluoride in aqueous solution.
Black Specks in Dialysis Fluid: An Unusual Case of Peritonitis in a Pediatric Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Charlton Jennifer R. , Barcia John P. , Norwood Victoria F.
Published: October 2010

A 13‐year‐old boy resumed peritoneal dialysis after the loss of a deceased donor renal transplant but was main‐tained on mycophenolate mofetil and monthly infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce his panel reactive antibody level. He developed low‐grade fever, cloudy fluid, and abdominal pain without peritoneal signs. His mother reported seeing some black “flakes” in his effluent. He was admitted and treated for presumed bacterial peritonitis twice with neither bacterial nor fungal growth on cultures. He received empiric antibiotics and appeared to respond partially. The patient remained asymptomatic with little abdominal pain, but had progressive difficulties with drain‐age. A black “speck” was obtained and identified as Curvularia. The peritoneal dialysis catheter was removed, and he was treated with both intravenous and intraperitoneal amphotericin B. This is the second case of peritonitis caused by Curvularia in a pediatric peritoneal dialysis patient reported in the literature. peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialy‐Fungal sis. Filamentous species such as Curvularia are uncommon, with a total of 10 reported cases. Although it has been reported as a disseminated infection, it is rarely pathogenic in humans. Of the 10 reported cases, 7 reported the pres‐ence of black proteinaceous material in the lumen of the Tenckhoff catheter. The most important measure in the treatment of peritonitis caused by Curvularia is removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter. Curvularia species have been found to be susceptible in vitro to many antifungals, but there is no standard for therapy. Black “specks” in dialysate effluent should raise the level of concern for fungal peritonitis. Dial. Transplant. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome
Authors: Rozov‐Ung Inna , Panesar Mandip
Published: October 2010

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a potentially reversible cause of acute renal failure that occurs in patients with hepatic failure resulting from advanced cirrhosis. It is characterized by impaired kidney function in the setting of normal renal parenchyma, alterations in cardiovascular function, splanchnic vasodilation, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous and the renin‐angiotensin systems causing severe arterial vasoconstriction. Clinically, patients will present with the classic signs and symptoms of liver and renal failure, such as ascites, jaundice, coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, and decreased urine output. Patients with cirrhosis are thought to have extreme circulatory dysfunction caused by portal hypertension‐induced release of vasodilators (primarily nitric oxide) into the splanchnic circulation, causing local vasodilation. Terlipressin is a synthetic long‐acting analogue of vasopressin in which lysine is substituted for arginine at position 8 and the N‐triglycyl residue. It has been shown to cause direct vasoconstriction of the systemic arteriolar and splanchnic vasculature. It affects the V1 vasopressin receptors of systemic vasculature more strongly than the V2 vasopressin receptors of the kidneys. Although it is not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it has been widely studied and is currently being used in other countries for the treatment of HRS. Terlipressin is quickly emerging as a promising treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Today its best use may be in improving renal function in preparation for liver transplantation, which has shown to reduce post‐transplant morbidity and mortality.
Patient survival and the combination of vitamin D and phosphorus binder in dialysis
Authors: Konta Tsuneo , Hoshikawa Masato , Takasaki Satoshi , Ichikawa Kazunobu , Mashima Yusuke , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Abiko Hiroshi , Masakane Ikuto , Matsunaga Tomohito , Suzuki Masayuki , Degawa Noriyuki , Kubota Isao
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

Treatment with either vitamin D or phosphorus binder alone improves the survival of dialysis patients. This multicenter observational study investigated whether a combination of these drugs was related to prognosis in Japanese dialysis patients.

METHODS

Maintenance dialysis patients (n = 466) were registered in 2003 and followed for up to 5 years. Group survival according to their use of vitamin D and phosphorous binder were compared using Cox‐proportional hazard analysis.

RESULTS

During the follow‐up period, 132 deaths (63 cardiovascular and 69 non‐cardiovascular deaths) occurred. Compared with the patients who used vitamin D and phosphorus binder concomitantly (n = 269), all‐cause mortality was higher in patients using neither drug (n = 36, hazard ratio [HR] 3.53, 95% CI 1.39−8.94, p = 0.008), using phosphorus binder alone (n = 115, HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.19–3.90, p = 0.011), and using vitamin D alone (n = 46, HR 1.38, 95% CI 0.55−3.46, p = 0.496) after adjustment with possible confounders. The advantage for patients who used both drugs concomitantly was also significant in cardiovascular mortality, but not in non‐cardiovascular mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of vitamin D and phosphorus binder was significantly related to survival in dialysis patients. Dial. Transplant. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unmeasured nitrogen losses in pediatric patients treated with peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Uemura Osamu , Nagai Takuhito , Yamakawa Satoshi , Ushijima Katsumi , Yamada Takuji , Hibi Yoshiko , Mimatsu Haruka , Yamasaki Yasuhito
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Due to their active growth, children require more protein intake than adults. We therefore hypoth‐esized that dialysis dosage should be greater in children than in adults to achieve an equivalent BUN level. We assessed unmeasured nitrogen losses to determine whether a higher dialysis dosage is required in pediatric than in adult peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

METHODS

We examined urea kinetics 25 times in 13 pediatric patients divided into three age groups: <5 years, ≥5 and <10 years, and ≥10 years. Nutrient intake was calculated over 3 days, dietary protein intake (DPI) was aver‐aged, and protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance rates (PNA) were calculated. Anabolism by growth was added to the PNA to calculate the corrected PNA, and the corrected PNA/DPI was compared among the three age groups.

RESULTS

Median corrected PNA/DPI differed significantly among the three age groups (p < 0.001), with a significant positive correlation between age and corrected PNA/DPI (p < 0.001). Unmeasured nitrogen losses were 43.7% in children aged 5 years, 27.9% in children ≥5 and <10 years, and 10.7% in children aged ≥10 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Unmeasured nitrogen losses should be considered when determining the delivered PD dose by Kt/Vurea in children, because these losses are greater in children with PD, especially in infants, than in adults. Therefore, it is not necessary for dialysis dosage to be greater in children than in adults, even when aiming for equal BUN concentrations.
(Carboxymethyl–Dextran)‐Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles Conjugated to Octreotide for MRI Applications
Authors: Han Guo‐Cheng , Ouyang Yang , Long Xue‐Ying , Zhou Yu , Li Meng , Liu You‐Nian , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard
Published: October 2010

The synthesis of (octreotide–carboxymethyl–dextran)‐modified magnetic nanoparticles (CMD‐MNPs), which were characterized by FT‐IR, AFM, TEM and XRD, and magnetic hysteresis, is described. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) experiments were performed on a 1.5 Tesla Magnetom Vision machine. The internalization of CMD‐MNPs‐OC into pancreatic cancer cells Bx‐PC3 and colon cancer cells HCT‐116 were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nanoparticles can be recognized specifically, via the somatostatin receptor, and which can be used as a T2 MRI contrast agent. TEM and MRI results show that somatostatin receptor can deliver OC‐modified MNPs into the cytoplasm of a cancer cell line.
Influence of natural antioxidants on the formation of trans‐fatty‐acid isomers during heat treatment of sunflower oil
Authors: Filip Sebastjan , Hribar Janez , Vidrih Rajko
Published: October 2010

The intake of foods containing trans fatty acids (TFAs) can have deleterious effects on human health, mainly on the cardiovascular system. Thus, it is important to consider the processes that form TFAs in foods, and the alternatives to minimise their formation. The influence of two added natural antioxidants on TFA formation during heat treatment (120 h at 180°C) of sunflower vegetable oil were examined: rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (1 g per kg oil) and lutein (0.1 g per kg oil). Changes in FA composition were determined using Ag‐ion SPE and gas–liquid chromatography, with total polar compounds determined using dielectric constant measurements and the index of atherogenicity was calculated. Total TFAs with ≥1 trans double bond increased from 0.91 to 1.71% in control samples; this increase was significantly less with both rosemary extract (1.55%) and lutein (1.43%) additions. Among the individual TFAs, significant increases were seen for C18:1,t‐9, C18:2,t‐9,t‐12 and C18:2,c‐9,t‐12/9‐t,12‐c. Polar compounds also increased, with the highest concentrations in control samples, and significantly less with both rosemary extract and lutein additions. According to results of our study, we can summarize that addition of lutein have greater effect on reduction of TFA formation than rosemary extract.

Practical applications: Antioxidants, particularly from plants, are widely used in the food industry. They can provide benefits in food preparation, including improving colour, odour and stability, acting as acid regulators and natural preservatives. They have also become accepted by customers and consumers, and so indirectly they have had effects on consumer perception. Addition of natural antioxidants such as rosemary extract is usually limited by the sensory characteristics of the food, with one study showing that addition of rosemary extract at 1–3 g per kg vegetable oil is recommended. The effects of antioxidants on the formation of TFAs in vegetable oils has not been well studied in the literature. Among the already known benefits, the use of such antioxidants as functional ingredients in lipid technologies might reduce the formation of TFAs during thermal treatment.
Cross‐metathesis of unsaturated triglycerides with methyl acrylate: Synthesis of a dimeric metathesis product
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Meier Michael A. R. , Butte Werner , Metzger Jürgen O.
Published: October 2010

Highly functionalized dimeric triglycerides, such as compound 2, are obtained as minor products besides branched macromolecules from the acyclic triene metathesis (ATMET) polymerization of unsaturated triglycerides such as glyceryl triundec‐10‐enoate 1 and methyl acrylate (MA) in the presence of the second generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst. The formed amount of interesting products of lower molecular weight during the ATMET reaction depends on the ratio of MA and triglyceride, reaction time, and temperature. We isolated the dimeric metathesis product 2 and synthesized the respective partially hydrogenated dimer 3 regioselectivly in a seven step reaction sequence starting from 10‐undecenoic acid 7 and glycerol. Product 3 was unambiguously characterized by 13C and 1H NMR and MS as well as the further intermediate products of the seven step reaction including 10,11 bromo‐undecanoic acid 8, the respective brominated 1,3‐diglyceride 9, the brominated 1,3‐triglyceride 6, and the self‐metathesis products 4 and 5 which were isolated and purified.
P‐Phenyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylphosphorinan‐4‐ol: An Air‐Stable P,O‐Type Ligand for Palladium‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Ullah Ehsan , McNulty James , Larichev Vladimir , Robertson Al J.
Published: October 2010

A two‐step entry to a chemically robust, hindered P,O‐type phosphorinane‐based ligand and its application toward Pd‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions of unactivated aryl chlorides is presented.
Low‐level laser therapy for protection against skeletal muscle damage after ischemia–reperfusion injury in rat hindlimbs
Authors: Lakyová Lucia , Toporcer Tomáš , Tomečková Vladimíra , Sabo Ján , Radoňak Jozef
Published: October 2010

Background and Objective

Despite numerous hypotheses regarding the action of laser light, the use of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) in ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury is still being verified. The present study investigates the effects of low‐level laser irradiation (LLLI) on I/R injury of the musculus gracilis in rats.

Materials and Methods

I/R injury of the musculus gracilis flap was induced in male adult Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 84). Rats were subdivided depending on treatment into four subgroups: (1) healthy group, (2) I/R injury without irradiation, (3) R group irradiated only during reperfusion after injury, and (4) IR group irradiated during ischemia and reperfusion injury. LLLT (AlGaInP; λ = 670 nm; 4 J/cm2; 40 mW/cm2) was applied to the injured muscle four times daily until euthanasia.

Results

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the irradiated groups during the first 12–120 hours, while the lower creatine kinase (CK) level reached statistical significance only at 24 hours in the irradiated group when compared to the control group. The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the gracilis muscle was significantly lower in the treated group only on the second day (P<0.0001). The lowered percentage of necrosis in the muscle tissue was statistically significant after 6 and 10 days of treatment (P<0.0001), while lower atrophy and higher neovascularization were observed at 6–14 days of irradiation (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the group irradiated only during reperfusion and that irradiated during ischemia and reperfusion.

Conclusion

LLLT confers a protective effect against early inflammatory tissue response, further atrophy, and necrosis of the muscle and it stimulates neovascularization after I/R injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:825–832, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser preconditioning on cranial bone site: Analysis of morphological vascular parameters
Authors: Desmons Sophie O. , Salleron Julia , Delfosse Caroline J. , Falgayrac Guillaume , Penel Guillaume , Mordon Serge R.
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives

Bone vascularization is a key factor in the bone healing process following X‐ray irradiation. Preserving the vascular network from X‐ray‐induced injury is a relevant approach in the promotion of bone healing. Previously, we developed a protocol of laser preconditioning (810 nm diode laser, 36 J/cm2) prior to X‐ray radiation (18.75 Gy) which protects the bone vascular network from deleterious effects of X‐ray radiation. The aim of this present work is to characterize the effects of laser preconditioning on the bone through a morphological analysis of vascular parameters.

Materials and Methods

Digital images of the vascular plexus were taken through an optical bone chamber which was implanted onto the calvaria of rabbits. Bespoke software was used for the quantification of the vessels (classified in four groups according to their diameter), vessel length, and number of nodes at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Twenty rabbits were divided into four groups: control group #1 (n = 5); laser group #2 (n = 5). X‐ray radiation group #3 (n = 5), laser preconditioning 24 hours prior to X‐ray radiation group #4 (n = 5).

Results

The bone vascular network was stable for groups #1 and #2. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction of each observed vascular parameter for groups #3 and #4. In the laser preconditioned group #4 the loss was less marked than in the X‐ray group #3, especially for large vessels (diameter >50 µm).

Discussion and Conclusion

We provide in vivo microcirculatory evidence to support the concept of laser preconditioning of bone. A computer‐based semi‐automatic system is described to quantify superficial bone vascular network parameters that had been treated by laser preconditioning prior to X‐ray radiation. Laser preconditioning significantly attenuates the deletion of the superficial bone vascular network irradiated by X‐ray, especially concerning large diameter vessels. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:791–797, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of leg veins with combined pulsed dye and Nd:YAG lasers: 60 patients assessed at 6 months
Authors: Trelles Mario A. , Weiss Robert , Moreno‐Moragas Javier , Romero Carmen , Vélez Mariano , Álvarez Xavier
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Leg telangiectasias have been reported to have been treated with a variety of lasers. This study was designed to measure response to treatment of leg telangiectasias with a unique coupled 585 nm and 1064 nm pulse.

Methods

Sixty female patients (24–62 y.o., skin types II–IV) with leg vein varicosities were treated with pulses of a combined 585 nm long pulsed dye (LPDL) and 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers, which were delivered sequentially using a novel dual laser device. Pulses were placed along the entire length of the targeted veins. A beam diameter of 7 mm with pulses of 10 ms and 9J/cm2 of fluence for LPDL, and pulses of 30 ms and 80 J/cm2 for the 106 nm Nd:YAG were utilized and these remained uniform. Time delays between sequential LPDL and Nd:YAG pulses were 125 ms, 250 ms and 500 ms depending on vein diameter of 4, 3 and 2 mm respectively. One or two treatments were given at 2 month intervals, with post‐treatment assessments at 6 months following the final treatment. Patients subjectively assessed the treatment and their results were used to draw up a satisfaction index (SI). Objective assessment was based on clinical photography and computer‐generated data using a vein clearance detection computer program.

Results

The overall patient satisfaction rate was 47 of 60 patients and the objective assessments, based on blinded evaluation of clinical photography as well as computer assessment, demonstrated good to very good improvement in 47 by photograph evaluation and 49 of 60 patients by computer edge detection data.

Conclusions

The combination of LPDL and Nd:YAG laser pulses offered efficient treatment of leg veins irrespective of skin type. Results were better on blue and vessels larger than 1 mm. Side effects were minimal and transient. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:769–774, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser resurfacing for skin rejuvenation and acne scars in Asians
Authors: Chan Nicola P.Y. , Ho Stephanie G.Y. , Yeung Chi K. , Shek Samantha Y.N. , Chan Henry H.
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives

Ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR) is a new modality for photorejuvenation and acne scars which combines carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation with fractional photothermolysis. The objective is to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of a new fractional CO2 ablative device (Fraxel Re:pair) for skin rejuvenation and acne scars in Asians.

Materials and Methods

Nine patients underwent one full‐face treatment. The energy levels ranged from 30–70 mJ with coverage between 30% and 45%. Improvement in skin texture, laxity, wrinkles, enlarged pores, overall pigmentation irregularity, and adverse effects were assessed up to 6 months post‐treatment. Standardized photographs using the Canfield Visia CR system® were assessed by two independent observers. Subjective improvement was assessed by patient questionnaires.

Results

Nine Chinese patients (skin types III and IV, mean age 44.8) were included. Statistically significant improvements were seen for skin texture, skin laxity, wrinkles, enlarged pores, and acne scars. The post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation rate was 55.5% and 11.1% at 1 and 6 months post‐treatment, respectively. Eighty‐six percent of patients were overall satisfied to very satisfied with the treatment.

Conclusion

Ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing was overall safe and effective for skin rejuvenation and acne scars in Asians. However, in view of the high post‐inflammatory rate and the statistically significant but only mild to moderate improvement after a single treatment as observed in this study, there is a need to review the current role of fractional ablative CO2 laser treatment as compared to fractional non‐ablative for skin rejuvenation and acne scar treatment in Asians. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:775–783, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance and Field‐Enhanced Light Scattering: Monomer Copolymerization with a Polysiloxane‐Conjugated Polythiophene Network Precursor
Authors: Baba Akira , Xia Chuanjun , Knoll Wolfgang , Advincula Rigoberto C.
Published: October 2010

The in situ electrochemical and dielectric film properties of monomer co‐electropolymerization with a CPN precursor was investigated. A polysiloxane/polythiophene precursor was electropolymerized with thiophene monomer at different composition ratios using cyclic voltammetry. This was investigated in situ by EC‐SPR spectroscopy and EC‐SPFELS. The characteristic oscillations corresponded to distinct transitions in film deposition. The resonance coupling of the SPR decreased with higher thiophene monomer content. Increasing the amount of thiophene monomer increased the RMS roughness of the film as observed by AFM, which corresponded to an increase in scattered light intensity with EC‐SPFELS.

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Fabrication of Two Kinds of Polymer Microspheres Stabilized by Modified Titania during Pickering Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Zhao Yongliang , Wang Haitao , Song Xiaomei , Du Qiangguo
Published: October 2010

Two kinds of PS microspheres with different structures are prepared in one reaction system via Pickering emulsion polymerization. As the stabilizer, titania nanoparticles are modified by oleic acid or sodium oleate and then investigated using aqueous electrophoresis measurements, DLS and oil/water partitioning experiments. The morphology of the resulting polymer microspheres is characterized using TEM and FE‐SEM. It is proven that the surface structure of the titania nanoparticles determines the polymerization routes it adopts and affects the morphology of the final polymer microspheres.

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Mechanical Properties and Morphology Studies of Thermosets from a Liquid‐Crystalline Epoxy Resin with Biphenol and Aromatic Ester Groups
Authors: Liu Yin‐Ling , Cai Zhi‐Qi , Wang Wei‐Cheng , Wen Xiufang , Pi Pihui , Zheng Dafeng , Cheng Jiang , Yang Zhuoru
Published: October 2010

Liquid‐crystalline epoxy thermosets were prepared by adding M1 into DGEBA/DDM blends. M2 was added to DGEBA/DDM to produce thermosets for comparison. The influences of the concentration and chemical structure on the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated systematically. The M1/DGEBA blends possessed increased rubbery plateau modulus, higher glass transition temperatures, and lower tan δ. The use of small amounts of M1 may improve the mechanical properties greatly. Izod notched impact strength could be enhanced by 55% by addition of 2% M1 compared to unmodified DGEBA blends. Extremely rough and highly deformed fracture surface could be obtained in the M1/DGEBA blends. M1/DGEBA blends also exhibited excellent thermal properties.

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On the Incorrectness of the Factor 2 in the Radical Termination Equation
Authors: Szymanski Ryszard
Published: October 2010

The IUPAC recommended factor 2 preceding rate coefficients in the radical termination kinetic equations is claimed to be incorrect and confusing. This recommendation can lead to incorrect analysis of experimental data, especially while applying kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The statement is based on the derivation of the corresponding relationships.

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Rapid screening of ATP13A2 variant with high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Funayama Manabu , Tomiyama Hiroyuki , Wu Ruey‐Meei , Ogaki Kotaro , Yoshino Hiroyo , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Hattori Nobutaka
Published: October 2010

Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, a novel variant of ATP13A2 (p.A746T) responsible for PARK9 was reported as a risk factor for PD in the Han‐Chinese population. To investigate the role of this variant in Japanese PD patients, we examined 917 Japanese PD patients (871 index cases) and 190 controls by high‐resolution melting curve analysis. We detected heterozygous p.A746T variant in a single patient with sporadic PD and a single control subject. These results suggest that ATP13A2 p.A746T variant is unlikely to play a role as a common risk factor or a pathogenic mutation for PD at least in Japanese. Our data on Japanese differ from those reported recently on Han‐Chinese. Further studies are needed to confirm conclusions on roles of ATP13A2 variant in Asians or other populations. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Stability of a combined finite element ‐ finite volume discretization of convection‐diffusion equations
Authors: Deuring Paul , Mildner Marcus
Published: October 2010

We consider a time‐dependent and a stationary convection‐diffusion equation. These equations are approximated by a combined finite element – finite volume method: the diffusion term is discretized by Crouzeix‐Raviart piecewise linear finite elements on a triangular grid, and the convection term by upwind barycentric finite volumes. In the nonstationary case, we use an implicit Euler approach for time discretization. This scheme is shown to beL2‐stable uniformly with respect to the diffusion coefficient. In addition, it turns out that stability is unconditional in the time‐dependent case. These results hold if the underlying grid satisfies a condition that is fulfilled, for example, by some structured meshes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 402–424, 2012
Robust residual‐ and recovery‐based a posteriori error estimators for interface problems with flux jumps
Authors: Cai Zhiqiang , Zhang Shun
Published: October 2010

For elliptic interface problems with flux jumps, this article studies robust residual‐ and recovery‐based a posteriori error estimators for the conforming finite element approximation. The residual estimator is a natural extension of that developed in [Bernardi and Verfürth, Numer Math 85 (2000), 579–608; Petzoldt, Adv Comp Math 16 (2002), 47–75], and the recovery estimator is a nontrivial extension of our method developed in Cai and Zhang, SIAM J Numer Anal 47 (2009) 2132–2156. It is shown theoretically that reliability and efficiency bounds of these error estimators are independent of the jumps provided that the distribution of the coefficients is locally monotone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28:476–491, 2012
Spectral approximation for drainage of an Elastico‐viscous liquid and error analysis
Authors: Akyildiz F. Talay , Siginer Dennis A.
Published: October 2010

A Fourier‐Galerkin spectral method is proposed and used to analyze a system of quasilinear partial differential equations governing the drainage of liquids of the Oldroyd four‐constant type. It is shown that, Fourier‐Galerkin approximations are convergent with spectral accuracy. An efficient and accurate algorithm based on the Fourier‐Galerkin approximations to the system of quasilinear partial differential equations are developed and implemented. Numerical results indicating the high accuracy and effectiveness of this algorithm are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 492–505, 2012
A class of discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin methods. II. Optimal test functions
Authors: Demkowicz L. , Gopalakrishnan J.
Published: October 2010

We lay out a program for constructing discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) schemes having test function spaces that are automatically computable to guarantee stability. Given a trial space, a DPG discretization using its optimal test space counterpart inherits stability from the well posedness of the undiscretized problem. Although the question of stable test space choice had attracted the attention of many previous authors, the novelty in our approach lies in the fact we identify a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) framework wherein test functions, arbitrarily close to the optimal ones, can be locally computed. The idea is presented abstractly and its feasibility illustrated through several theoretical and numerical examples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Condition number estimates for combined potential integral operators in acoustics and their boundary element discretisation
Authors: Betcke T. , Chandler‐Wilde S.N. , Graham I.G. , Langdon S. , Lindner M.
Published: October 2010

We consider the classical coupled, combined‐field integral equation formulations for time‐harmonic acoustic scattering by a sound soft bounded obstacle. In recent work, we have proved lower and upper bounds on the L2 condition numbers for these formulations and also on the norms of the classical acoustic single‐ and double‐layer potential operators. These bounds to some extent make explicit the dependence of condition numbers on the wave number k, the geometry of the scatterer, and the coupling parameter. For example, with the usual choice of coupling parameter they show that, while the condition number grows like k1/3 as k →∞, when the scatterer is a circle or sphere, it can grow as fast as k7/5 for a class of “trapping” obstacles. In this article, we prove further bounds, sharpening and extending our previous results. In particular, we show that there exist trapping obstacles for which the condition numbers grow as fast as exp(γk), for some γ > 0, as k →∞ through some sequence. This result depends on exponential localization bounds on Laplace eigenfunctions in an ellipse that we prove in the appendix. We also clarify the correct choice of coupling parameter in 2D for low k. In the second part of the article, we focus on the boundary element discretisation of these operators. We discuss the extent to which the bounds on the continuous operators are also satisfied by their discrete counterparts and, via numerical experiments, we provide supporting evidence for some of the theoretical results, both quantitative and asymptotic, indicating further which of the upper and lower bounds may be sharper. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Numerical resolution of linear evolution multidimensional problems of second order in time
Authors: Bujanda B. , Jorge J. C. , Moreta M. J.
Published: October 2010

We present a new class of efficient time integrators for solving linear evolution multidimensional problems of second‐order in time named Fractional Step Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström methods (FSRKN). We show that these methods, combined with suitable spliting of the space differential operator and adequate space discretizations provide important advantages from the computational point of view, mainly parallelization facilities and reduction of computational complexity. In this article, we study in detail the consistency of such methods and we introduce an extension of the concept of R‐stability for Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström methods. We also present some numerical experiments showing the unconditional convergence of a third order method of this class applied to resolve one Initial Boundary Value Problem of second order in time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 597–620, 2012
Numerical solutions of coupled systems of nonlinear elliptic equations
Authors: Boglaev Igor
Published: October 2010

This article deals with numerical solutions of a general class of coupled nonlinear elliptic equations. Using the method of upper and lower solutions, monotone sequences are constructed for difference schemes which approximate coupled systems of nonlinear elliptic equations. This monotone convergence leads to existence‐uniqueness theorems for solutions to problems with reaction functions of quasi‐monotone nondecreasing, quasi‐monotone nonincreasing and mixed quasi‐monotone types. A monotone domain decomposition algorithm which combines the monotone approach and an iterative domain decomposition method based on the Schwarz alternating, is proposed. An application to a reaction‐diffusion model in chemical engineering is given. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 621–640, 2012
NICE challenge on postnatal reclassification of glucose tolerance in women previously diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mehmet S , Fincher S , Ibrahim S
Published: October 2010

Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of developing diabetes. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines (July 2008) recommend the use of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) but not an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at the six‐week postnatal check. Our data analysis aims to challenge this recommendation.

Retrospective data were obtained for 95 women with GDM who delivered at Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, UK (2003–2008). The results of the FPG concentration were assessed in relation to the two‐hour glucose value.

Of the 95 OGTTs, the two‐hour glucose value revealed that seven had diabetes and 19 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). However, 12 women had IGT and one had diabetes with a normal FPG (<6.0mmol/L). The sensitivity and specificity of using FPG for the diagnosis of postnatal diabetes are 85.7% and 87.5%, respectively.

In our population, using a six‐week postnatal FPG is unsatisfactory for evaluating the glucose tolerance of women with previous GDM as it would result in failure to diagnose 63.2% of those with IGT and a smaller proportion of those with diabetes. It is established that lifestyle changes can reduce the incidence of diabetes in individuals with IGT. For this reason, the OGTT remains the preferred option for the postnatal follow up of women with previous GDM in our hospital. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
The management of gestational diabetes mellitus after pregnancy
Authors: Bhake R , Dayan CM
Published: October 2010

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common, with an average prevalence in England and Wales of approximately 3.5%. It is associated with a 70% lifetime risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for the women in the long term. It is therefore important to continue lifelong monitoring for abnormalities of glucose metabolism.

There is a lack of international consensus on the best postpartum screening test, its timing, and the frequency and duration of long‐term follow up after GDM. In general, screening rates are suboptimal across the globe with perhaps an optimistic trend in recent years with just over half of the women completing postpartum screening. Postpartum diabetes screening may detect T2DM and enable early treatment of hyperglycaemia, reducing the risk of adverse fetal outcomes in subsequent pregnancies and maternal microvascular complications. Screening can also identify women who might benefit from diabetes prevention interventions. Metformin has been shown to reduce the rate of diabetes development following delivery by 50% and should be considered in all cases of GDM if tolerated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Bending‐induced strain and curvature effects on semiconductor nanowire electronic eigenstates
Authors: Willatzen M. , Lassen B.
Published: October 2010

The combined influence of strain and geometry bending is analyzed quasi‐analytically for nanostructures using differential geometry arguments. Appropriate general coordinates u1, u2, u3 are chosen with u1 along the nanowire centerline and u2, u3 locally spanning the nanowire cross section. This choice allows us to assume, for large aspect‐ratio nanotructures, that terms proportional to u2, u3 or higher powers including combinations of u2, u3 are negligible. This assumption has been justified for nanostructures where the nanostructure radius is up to 10% of the local radius‐of‐curvature according to previous works. We show that the influence of bending‐induced strains may lead to substantial electronic eigenstate and associated energy eigenvalue changes in the case of circular‐bent nanowires (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self‐assembled GaAs quantum dots coupled with GaAs wetting layer grown on GaAs (311)A by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Mano Takaaki , Noda Takeshi , Kuroda Takashi , Sanguinetti Stefano , Sakoda Kazuaki
Published: October 2010

We study optical properties of high density GaAs quantum dots (QDs) coupled with artificial GaAs wetting layer (WL) with variable thickness grown on GaAs (311)A. The formation of 0∼2 nm‐thick‐WL below the QDs allows us to tune the emission wavelength of QDs. Moreover, the insertion of WL results in the dramatic reduction of the peak width. Simple calculation based on the effective mass approximation well reproduces the emission energies of QDs and WLs. The electronic structures of the QDs‐WL system are also discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations on the properties of intermittently Gd‐doped InGaN structures grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy
Authors: Krishnamurthy Daivasigamani , Tawil Siti Nooraya Mohd , Kakimi Rina , Ishimaru Manabu , Emura Shuichi , Hasegawa Shigehiko , Asahi Hajime
Published: October 2010

Intermittent Gd‐doping into InGaN has been attempted to obtain improved crystalline quality of the InGaGdN samples for spintronic device applications. Intermittently Gd‐doped InGaN samples with different layer thickness of the intercepting‐ undoped InGaN layers have been grown by the electron cyclotron resonance plasma‐excited molecular‐beam epitaxy (ECR‐MBE) technique and their structural and magnetic properties were studied. The incorporation of Gd by this intermittent doping method was confirmed by the X‐ray fine structure (XAFS) analysis. The rocking curves and the reciprocal space maps (RSM) of these samples revealed that under certain growth parameters, they exhibited formation of superlattice like structure. The superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID) measurements revealed that they show room temperature ferromagnetism (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photovoltaic and photoconductivity characteristics of (a‐C:Fe)/Al2O3/Si structure
Authors: Tan Xinyu , Zhang Xiaozhong , Wan Caihua , Lin Hong
Published: October 2010

The iron‐doped amorphous carbon films (a‐C:Fe) and Al2O3 films were deposited on n‐type silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition to form (a‐C:Fe)/Al2O3/Si structures. The Fe diffused into a‐C films by annealing treatment and formed Fe‐doped amorphous homogeneous structure. The a‐C:Fe films are disordered graphitized carbon system and are rich in sp2. The results show that these junctions have good rectifying properties and great Photovoltaic (PV) effect and photoconductivity (PC). PV parameters of the cells were studied by varying the iron deposition times in the a‐C films and iron content is found to have a great effect on PV effect. The solar cell with iron deposition time of 5min shows the best PV performance with short‐current density of 14.11 mA/cm2and open‐circuit voltage of 436mV. The corresponding fill factor and energy conversion efficiency are 33% and 1.99% respectively. For the reverse bias voltage of ‐0.5v, the structure shows a photoconductivity of 150 with illumination power of 100mW/cm2. This study shows that the (a‐C:Fe)/Al2O3/Si has potential application as PV and other photoelectric devices (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of metallic ReO3 nanowires
Authors: Myung Dongshin , Lee Yumin , Lee Jaeyeon , Yu Hak Ki , Lee Jong‐Lam , Baik Jeong Min , Kim Woong , Kim Myung Hwa
Published: October 2010

We present the synthesis of highly crystalline metallic rhenium trioxide (ReO3) nanowires via a simple physical vapor transport at 300 °C for the first time. Based on HRTEM, the ReO3 nanowires exhibit a core of perfect cubic perovskite‐type single crystal structure with a shell of thin amorphous and disordered structures of less than 2 nm in the near surface layers. Possibly this is due to proton intercalation induced by the surface reaction of single crystal ReO3 with water.

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(© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast in‐field identification of unmanned marine vehicles
Authors: Mišković Nikola , Vukić Zoran , Bibuli Marco , Bruzzone Gabriele , Caccia Massimo
Published: October 2010

To design high‐level control structures efficiently, reasonable mathematical model parameters of the vessel have to be known. Because sensors and equipment mounted onboard marine vessels can change during a mission, it is important to have an identification procedure that will be easily implementable and time preserving and result in model parameters accurate enough to perform controller design. This paper introduces one such method, which is based on self‐oscillations (IS‐O). The described methodology can be used to identify single‐degree‐of‐freedom nonlinear model parameters of underwater and surface marine vessels. Extensive experiments have been carried out on the VideoRay remotely operated vehicle and Charlie unmanned surface vehicle to prove that the method gives consistent results. A comparison with the least‐squares identification and thorough validation tests have been performed, proving the quality of the obtained parameters. The proposed method can also be used to make conclusions on the model that describes the dynamics of the vessel. The paper also includes results of autopilot design in which the controllers are tuned according to the proposed method based on self‐oscillations, proving the applicability of the proposed method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Core–Shell Vascular‐Targeted Nanocapsules for Temporal Antivasculature and Anticancer Activities
Authors: Wang Zhe , Ho Paul C.
Published: October 2010

A biocompatible core–shell nanocapsule is fabricated to target tumor vascular endothelial cells where it releases anti‐angiogenesis and anticancer drugs sequentially. The fabrication of the core–shell nanocapsule is accomplished through a robust double self‐assembly procedure: the hydrophobic polymeric core is first precipitated to encapsulate a poorly water‐soluble anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) with the assistance of lecithin and 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[carboxy(polyethylene glycol)2000] (DSPE‐PEG) self‐assembled in aqueous phase. Another lipid layer self‐assembled around the above hydrophobic core is formed to load a second drug combretastatin A4 (CA4) as a vascular disrupting agent in the lipid layer. The lipid layer serves both as a depot for CA4, as well as a molecular fence to sustain the release of PTX from the polymeric core. The size of the resultant nanocapsule can be fine‐turned by slightly adjusting the preparation conditions from several tens of nanometer to one hundred nanometers. The uptake of this nanocapsule by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) is efficient, and the two loaded drugs maintain their respective therapeutic potency. The time‐dependent sequential release of these two drugs over a time difference of 36 h results in temporal ablation of endothelial cells and cancer cells. This self‐assembled delivery system could serve as a universal prototype that can be applied for other combinatorial temporal drug delivery.
Nanomedicine: Engineering Nanocomposite Materials for Cancer Therapy (Small 21/2010)
Authors: Minelli Caterina , Lowe Stuart B. , Stevens Molly M.
Published: October 2010

Cancer accounted for 13% of all deaths worldwide in 2005. Although early detection is critical for the successful treatment of many cancers, there are sensitivity limitations associated with current detection methodologies. Furthermore, many traditional anticancer drug treatments exhibit limited efficacy and cause high morbidity. The unique physical properties of nanoscale materials can be utilized to produce novel and effective sensors for cancer diagnosis, agents for tumor imaging, and therapeutics for cancer treatment. Functionalizing inorganic nanoparticles with biocompatible polymers and natural or rationally designed biomolecules offers a route towards engineering responsive and multifunctional composite systems. Although only a few such innovations have reached human clinical trial to date, nanocomposite materials based on functionalized metal and semiconductor nanoparticles promise to transform the way cancer is diagnosed and treated. This review summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art in the development of inorganic nanocomposites for cancer‐related applications.