bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of the Balkans
Authors: Jelavich Barbara
Published: January 2010

This volume concentrates on the Balkan wars and World War II, which both had their origins in the desire of nationalist circles to complete the territorial unification of their states. A substantial part of this book deals with the wartime experience, the establishment of the postwar regimes and their internal development to 1980 and the divergent paths followed by the five states (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia) since 1945.
The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
Authors: Hawking S. W. , Ellis G. F. R.
Published: January 2010

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity leads to two remarkable predictions: first, that the ultimate destiny of many massive stars is to undergo gravitational collapse and to disappear from view, leaving behind a 'black hole' in space; and secondly, that there will exist singularities in space-time itself. These singularities are places where space-time begins or ends, and the presently known laws of physics break down. They will occur inside black holes, and in the past are what might be construed as the beginning of the universe. To show how these predictions arise, the authors discuss the General Theory of Relativity in the large. Starting with a precise formulation of the theory and an account of the necessary background of differential geometry, the significance of space-time curvature is discussed and the global properties of a number of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations are examined. The theory of the causal structure of a general space-time is developed, and is used to study black holes and to prove a number of theorems establishing the inevitability of singualarities under certain conditions. A discussion of the Cauchy problem for General Relativity is also included in this 1973 book.
The Biomarker Guide
Authors: Peters K. E. , Walters C. C. , Moldowan J. M.
Published: January 2010

The second edition of The Biomarker Guide is a fully updated and expanded version of this essential reference. Now in two volumes, it provides a comprehensive account of the role that biomarker technology plays both in petroleum exploration and in understanding Earth history and processes. Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History details the origins of biomarkers and introduces basic chemical principles relevant to their study. It discusses analytical techniques, and applications of biomarkers to environmental and archaeological problems. The Biomarker Guide is an invaluable resource for geologists, petroleum geochemists, biogeochemists, environmental scientists and archaeologists.
The Human Brain
Authors: Glees Paul
Published: January 2010

This book seeks to present, through a combination of morphological data and physiological and neurological studies, a comprehensive survey of our knowledge of the human brain. The major emphasis is upon structural organisation, based upon the evolution of this most complex of organs. However, functional aspects, including experimental research and clinical findings, have also been incorporated, broadening the interest for students of neurobiology and clinical medicine.
Community Participation in Health
Authors: Morgan Lynn M.
Published: January 2010

A guiding principle of international primary health care since the 1970s is contained in the slogan, 'community participation in health'. In practice, however, national and local political considerations are often decisive in the implementation of health policies. Dr Morgan shows how 'community participation' was sacrificed to competing political priorities even in Costa Rica, a country known for its dedication to health care. Focusing on a banana-growing community, she documents and analyses the process by which local health policy is politicized. Her sophisticated case study sets a detailed rural ethnography in both a national and international context. This book will be of great interest to medical anthropologists, planners, and anyone concerned with international health and development policy.
The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa
Authors: Winrow Gareth M.
Published: January 2010

In this 1990 book Gareth Winrow provides a comprehensive account in English of East German foreign policy towards Africa since the early 1950s. He challenges the view of the GDR's role in Africa as solely that of a proxy for the Soviet Union. Instead, as he convincingly argues, East German foreign policy in general, and in Africa in particular, should be understood as a strategy both for closer ties with the Soviet Union and for international recognition and legitimacy. The author explores the development of GDR relations with Africa and shows how they remain of particular significance as a means of discrediting the West German presence and supporting Soviet interests. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa is based on an extensive use of official East German texts and statistics. It will be of interest to specialists and students of Soviet and East European studies, with special reference to the GDR, North–South relationships, superpower competition and the politics of development.
An Economic History of the Silk Industry, 1830–1930
Authors: Federico Giovanni
Published: January 2010

An Economic History of the Silk Industry, 1830–1930, first published in 1997, is an ambitious historical analysis of the development of a major commodity. Dr Federico examines the rapid growth of the world silk industry from the early nineteenth century to the eve of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Silk production grew as a result of Western industrialisation, which in turn brought about increased incomes and thus increased demand for silk products. The author documents the changes in methods of production and the technical progress that enabled the silk industry to cope with this new influx in demand. Dr Federico then discusses the significant changes in the geographical distribution of world output that accompanied this growth. In conclusion, Federico points out that silk did indeed becomes the first example of a Japanese success story on the world market, Italy and China both losing their markets due to Japan's large agricultural supply of raw material (cocoons) and its adroitness in importing and adopting Western technology.
The American T. S. Eliot
Authors: Sigg Eric
Published: January 2010

In his old age T. S. Eliot said on a number of occasions that the American experience of his childhood and youth had had the deepest influence on his poetry. This is the first book to explore in detail how Eliot's writings at once preserved and reacted against his complex American heritage: his intellectually and socially prominent family, their strong Unitarian culture and their experience in nineteenth-century St Louis and Boston. Besides demonstrating how Eliot's preoccupation with theatricality and self-consciousness descends from a line of American writers with similar impulses, the book pursues the theme of doubleness in rhetoric and the self and traces the influence on Eliot of the philosopher F. H. Bradley. Analysing major poems from 'Prufrock' through The Waste Land, Sigg draws upon Eliot's early philosophical writing, essays and reviews to reveal Eliot's early poetry both as a distinct entity and as a stage in his development.
Aristocratic Century
Authors: Cannon John
Published: January 2010

Since the work of Butterfield and Namier in the 1930s, it has commonly been said that eighteenth-century England appears atomised, left with no overall interpretation. Subsequent work on religious differences and on party strife served to reinforce the image of a divided society, and in the last ten years historians of the poor and unprivileged have suggested that beneath the surface lurked substantial popular discontent. Professor Cannon uses his 1982 Wiles Lecture to offer a different interpretation - that the widespread acceptance of aristocratic values and aristocratic leadership gave a remarkable intellectual, political and social coherence to the century. He traces the recovery made by the aristocracy from its decade in 1649 when the House of Lords was abolished as useless and dangerous. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the peerage re-established its hold on government and society. Professor Cannon is forced to challenge some of the most cherished beliefs of English historiography - that Hanoverian society, at its top level, was an open elite, continually replenished by vigorous recruits from other groups and classes. He suggests that, on the contrary, in some respects the English peerage was more exclusive than many of its continental counterparts and that the openness was a myth which itself served a potent political purpose. Of the prospering burgeoisie, he argues that the remarkable thing was not their assertiveness but their long acquiescence in patrician rule, and he poses the paradox of a country increasingly dominated by a landed aristocracy giving birth to the first industrial revolution. His final chapter discusses the ideological under-pinning which made aristocratic supremacy acceptable for so long, and the emergence of those forces and ideals which were ultimately to replace it.
A Guide to Reproduction
Authors: Pollard Irina
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this comprehensive text is to increase awareness of human reproduction and its consequences. The central theme links reproductive capacity, the social consequences of the multiple stresses this places on the environment and the ways this relates back to the reproductive health of humans and other animals. In the first section, the biology of human reproduction is discussed, including such topics as the treatment and causes of infertility, growth and maturation, parental behaviour and neonate biology. The effects of procreational biology on the foundation of human social structure are also examined. The second part deals with reproduction as it relates to health and social issues such as stress, fertility control, AIDS, teratogens and errors of sexual differentiation. It is an invaluable resource for all those wishing to update their knowledge of human reproductive biology.
A Student's Writing Guide
Authors: Taylor Gordon
Published: January 2010

Are you struggling to meet your coursework deadlines? Finding it hard to get to grips with your essay topics? Does your writing sometimes lack structure and style? Would you like to improve your grades? This text covers everything a student needs to know about writing essays and papers in the humanities and social sciences. Starting from the common difficulties students face, it gives practical examples of all the stages necessary to produce a good piece of academic work:
• interpreting assignment topics
• drawing on your own experience and background
• reading analytically and taking efficient notes
• developing your argument through introductions, middles and conclusions
• evaluating and using online resources
• understanding the conventions of academic culture
• honing your ideas into clear, vigorous English.
This book will provide you with all the tools and insights you need to write confident, convincing essays and coursework papers.
Inside the Black Box
Authors: Rosenberg Nathan
Published: January 2010

Economists have long treated technological phenomena as events transpiring inside a black box and, on the whole, have adhered rather strictly to a self-imposed ordinance not to inquire too seriously into what transpires inside that box. The purpose of Professor Rosenberg's work is to break open and examine the contents of the black box. In so doing, a number of important economic problems be powerfully illuminated. The author clearly shows how specific features of individual technologies have shaped a number of variables of great concern to economists: the rate of productivity improvement, the nature of learning processes underlying technological change itself, the speed of technology transfer, and the effectiveness of government policies that are intended to influence technologies in particular ways. The separate chapters of this book reflect a primary concern with some of the distinctive aspects of industrial technologies in the twentieth century, such as the increasing reliance upon science, but also the considerable subtlety and complexity of the dialectic between science and technology. Other concerns include the rapid growth in the development of costs associated with new technologies as well as the difficulty of predicting the eventual performance characteristics of newly emerging technologies.
A History of the English Bible as Literature
Authors: Norton David
Published: January 2010

Revised and condensed from David Norton's acclaimed A History of the Bible as Literature, this book, first published in 2000, tells the story of English literary attitudes to the Bible. At first jeered at and mocked as English writing, then denigrated as having 'all the disadvantages of an old prose translation', the King James Bible somehow became 'unsurpassed in the entire range of literature'. How so startling a change happened and how it affected the making of modern translations such as the Revised Version and the New English Bible is at the heart of this exploration of a vast range of religious, literary and cultural ideas. Translators, writers such as Donne, Milton, Bunyan and the Romantics, reactionary Bishops and radical students all help to show the changes in religious ideas and in standards of language and literature that created our sense of the most important book in English.
Hegel's 'Phenomenology of Spirit'
Authors: Krasnoff Larry
Published: January 2010

This book introduces Hegel's best-known and most influential work, Phenomenology of Spirit, by interpreting it as a unified argument for a single philosophical claim: that human beings achieve their freedom through retrospective self-understanding. In clear, non-technical prose, Larry Krasnoff sets this claim in the context of the history of modern philosophy and shows how it is developed in the major sections of Hegel's text. The result is an accessible and engaging guide to one of the most complex and important works of nineteenth-century philosophy, which will be of interest to all students and teachers working in this area.
Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue
Authors: Schiff David
Published: January 2010

The Rhapsody in Blue (1924) established Gershwin's reputation as a serious composer and has since become one of the most popular of all American concert works. In this richly informative guide David Schiff considers the piece as musical work, historical event and cultural document. He traces the history of the Rhapsody's composition, performance and reception, placing it within the context of American popular song and jazz and the development of modernism. He also provides a full account of the different published and recorded versions of the work and explores the many stylistic sources of Gershwin's music. The book also contains an extended discussion of Paul Whitman's Experiment in Modern Music, considers the influence of the Rhapsody on other works (e.g. the music of Duke Ellington) and examines the traditions and institutions of Jewish cultural populism.
The German Language in a Changing Europe
Authors: Clyne Michael
Published: January 2010

Recent sociopolitical events have profoundly changed the status and functions of German and influenced its usage. In this study (published by Cambridge in 1984) Michael Clyne revises and expands his original analysis of the German language in Language and Society in the German-speaking Countries in the light of such changes as the end of the Cold War, German unification, the redrawing of the map of Europe, increasing European integration, and the changing self-images of Austria, Switzerland and Luxembourg. His discussion includes the differences in the form, function and status of the various national varieties of German; the relation between standard and non-standard varieties; gender, generational and political variation; Anglo-American influence on German; and the convergence of east and west. The result is a wide-ranging exploration of language and society in the German-speaking countries, all of which have problems or dilemmas concerning nationhood or ethnicity which are language-related and/or language-marked.
An Historical Introduction to Private Law
Authors: Caenegem R. C.
Published: January 2010

In this book one of the world's foremost legal historians attempts to explain what produced the private law of the western world as we know it today. Professor van Caenegem pays particular attention to the origins of the common law - civil law dichotomy, and how it arose that England and the continent of Europe, although sharing the same civilisation and values, live under two different legal systems. The chronological coverage extends from the Germanic invasion in the early Middle Ages to the present day, incorporating analysis of the medieval Roman and canon law (both products of the law schools), and that of the School of Natural Law which inspired the great national codifications of the modern age. Professor van Caenegem evaluates the role of the lawgivers - emperors, kings and parliaments - and that of the judges, particularly, of course, in the lands of the English common law. He deals with the great phases of legal development and the main bodies of doctrine and legislation (rather than offer an analysis of the legal norms themselves); with substantive private law - family and status, property, contract, inheritance, trade - and with the organisation of the courts and the forms of process. An Historical Introduction to Private Law is based on both an extensive secondary literature in several languages, and on evidence accumulated by Professor van Caenegem over the past forty years.
The Economic Development of Japan 1868–1941
Authors: Macpherson W. J.
Published: January 2010

The rise of Japan from a position of relative international obscurity in the mid-nineteenth century to that of third largest industrial nation in the 1980s has elicited an enormous amount of interest among academics. This short book provides an overview of Japanese economic history between 1868 and 1941. It introduces and surveys the current state of scholarship on Japan, touching upon almost all elements of the Japanese historical experience. A select bibliography (now updated to 1994) is provided, to help the reader pursue the subject in more detail.
Heroic Defeats
Authors: Golden Miriam A.
Published: January 2010

Heroic Defeats is a comparative investigation of how unions and firms interact when economic circumstances require substantial job loss. Using simple game theory to generate testable propositions about when these situations will result in industrial conflict, Professor Golden illustrates the theory in a range of situations between 1950 and 1985 in Japan, Italy, and Britain. Additionally, the author shows how the theory explains why strikes over job loss almost never occur in postwar unionised firms in the United States. With its blend of rational choice and comparative politics, Heroic Defeats is the first systematic attempt to account for industrial conflict or its absence in situations of mass job loss. This book should be of interest to political scientists, sociologists, economists, and students of labour and industrial relations, as well as specialists in European and Japanese history.
Rethinking Asylum
Authors: Price Matthew E.
Published: January 2010

Each year, hundreds of thousands of people apply for asylum in Europe, North America, and Australia. Some fear political persecution and genocide; some are escaping civil war or environmental catastrophe; others flee poverty, crime, or domestic violence. Who should qualify for asylum? Traditionally, asylum has been reserved for the targets of government persecution, but many believe that its scope should be widened to protect others exposed to serious harm. Matthew Price argues for retaining asylum's focus on persecution - even as other types of refugee aid are expanded - and offers a framework for deciding what constitutes persecution. Asylum, he argues, not only protects refugees but also expresses political values by condemning states for mistreating those refugees. Price's argument explains not only why asylum remains politically relevant and valuable, but also why states should dismantle many of the barriers they have erected against asylum seekers over the last fifteen years.
Biophysical Labeling Methods in Molecular Biology
Authors: Likhtenshtein Gertz I.
Published: January 2010

Physical labels such as stable nitroxide radicals, luminescent and photochromic chromophores, so-called Mössbauer atoms and electron-dense assemblies of heavy atoms have proved to be effective tools in solving many problems at the molecular level in biological systems. These physical labels are used as 'molecular rulers' to measure the distances between chosen groups and to measure the size, form and microrelief of objects. By providing information about these factors, the label provides information that can help the scientist to understand the structure of membranes, nucleic acids, enzymes and proteins and how they function. This 1993 volume covers all aspects of this field: the theoretical bases, the experimental techniques, and it also shows how to interpret the resulting data. It also critically discusses some recent results obtained with these techniques and gives an analysis of likely developments in the future.
ALEXANDER GEDDES AT THE LIMITS OF THE CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: GOLDIE MARK
Published: January 2010

In the closing decades of the eighteenth century, Alexander Geddes (1737–1802) pressed Catholicism and the Enlightenment to the limits of their tolerance. A Catholic priest, he fled the censure of his Scottish superiors and settled in England, where he became a spokesman for the Catholic laity in their controversies with the hierarchy, and mingled in radical Protestant circles among the ‘Rational Dissenters’. In three domains, he appalled his contemporaries. First, Geddes prepared a new version of the Bible, which threatened to undermine the integrity of revelation, and offered mythopoeic accounts of the Old Testament that influenced Blake and Coleridge. Second, he embraced ‘ecclesiastical democracy’, denouncing papal and episcopal authority and proclaiming British Catholics to be ‘Protesting Catholic Dissenters’. Third, he applauded French republicanism, and adhered to the Revolution long after Edmund Burke had rendered such enthusiasm hazardous. Geddes was an extreme exponent of the Catholic Enlightenment, yet equally he was representative of several characteristic strands of eighteenth-century Catholicism, which would be obliterated in the ultramontane revanche of the following century.
WHAT WAS THE FIRST AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE?
Authors: VERNON ELLIOT , BAKER PHILIP
Published: January 2010

This article examines the origins of the first Agreement of the people: a draft written constitution presented to the general council of the New Model Army on 28 October 1647. It argues that the Agreement was a document that emerged from concerns amongst some of the soldiery and their civilian allies that the terms of a projected settlement with Charles I, The heads of the proposals, would betray the political programme advanced in the army's earlier public statements, especially its Declaration, or, representation of 14 June 1647. As such, this article moves away from the traditional narrative of seeing the Agreement as a Leveller manifesto that was authored in a deliberate attempt to infiltrate the army, and thereby asks fresh questions about the political networks and the programme behind the document. What emerges is a picture of the post-first Civil War political scene that integrates parliamentary manoeuvrings with City of London politics and the public and private affairs of a politicized army. As a result, the article sheds new light on aspects of the constitutional crisis of the later 1640s.
Effects of pentoxifylline duringSchistosoma mansoniinfection in Swiss mice: an analysis of worm burden, fecundity and liver histopathology
Authors: Mati V.L.T. , Freitas R.M.C. , Melo A.L.
Published: January 2010

The short-term effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on granulomatous lesions duringSchistosoma mansoniinfection in Swiss mice were evaluated. Drug administration was initiated 42 and 140 days post-infection (DPI) for the acute and chronic infection groups, respectively. Treatment was carried out daily with 200 mg/kg (subcutaneous route) of the drug for five consecutive days. Recovery of parasites and tissues was performed at 49 DPI and 147 DPI, respectively. Liver histological analysis showed a decrease in the inflammatory reaction and fibrous content of the granulomas studied, and a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in their mean diameter was observed in the groups of rodents treated with PTX in acute and chronic infection, when compared to their respective control groups. However, no alteration in the number ofS. mansonirecovered from the portal system was observed, and egg-laying kinetics was not notably modified by PTX treatment, and the immature stage distribution ofS. mansonieggs showed minor intrinsic variations with no statistical differences in the parameter second-stage/female/g among untreated mice and treated mice in acute and chronic infections, respectively, when evaluated by intestinal oograms. Data obtained indicate probable immunomodulatory effects of PTX in murine schistosomiasis both in acute and chronic infection.
Revisiting coupled Shukla–Varma and convective cell mode in classical and quantum dusty magnetoplasmas
Authors: MASOOD W. , MIRZA ARSHAD M. , NARGIS SHAHIDA
Published: January 2010

The coupled Shukla–Varma (SV) and convective cell mode is revisited in classical and quantum dusty magnetoplasmas. It is shown that the inclusion of electron thermal effects modifies the original coupled SV and convective cell mode. It is also discussed how the quantum effects can be incorporated in the coupled SV and convective cell mode.
New or interesting Chapsa and Topeliopsis species (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Argentina
Authors: MESSUTI María Inés , CODESAL Patricia L. , MANGOLD Armin , LÜCKING Robert , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: January 2010

Chapsa rubropruinosa Messuti & Codesal collected in Argentina is described as new to science. The species is characterized by a thin thallus, apothecia with a pigmented disc, and transversely septate, hyaline, non-amyloid to faintly amyloid ascospores with thin cell walls. Chapsa minor is recorded for the first time from South America. The new combination Topeliopsis lomatiae (Messuti, Lumbsch & Vězda) Messuti & Mangold is proposed.
A survey of thelotremoid lichens (Ascomycota: Ostropales) in subantarctic regions excluding Tasmania
Authors: LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , MESSUTI Marìa Inés , MANGOLD Armin , LÜCKING Robert
Published: January 2010

Thelotremoid lichens (Ostropales, Ascomycota) with a trentepohlioid photobiont in Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, the South Island of New Zealand, and subpolar islands of the southern Hemisphere are studied. Twenty-five species are accepted, with three species described as new to science: Melanotopelia blepharostoma Lumbsch & Divakar, Topeliopsis athallina Lumbsch & Mangold and Topeliopsis patagonica Mangold & Lumbsch. The new combination Topeliopsis novae-zelandiae (Szatala) Lumbsch & Mangold is proposed.
The potential of metabolomics for Leishmania research in the post-genomics era
Authors: SCHELTEMA RICHARD A. , DECUYPERE SASKIA , T'KINDT RUBEN , DUJARDIN JEAN-CLAUDE , COOMBS GRAHAM H. , BREITLING RAINER
Published: January 2010

The post-genomics era has provided researchers with access to a new generation of tools for the global characterization and understanding of pathogen diversity. This review provides a critical summary of published Leishmania post-genomic research efforts to date, and discusses the potential impact of the addition of metabolomics to the post-genomic toolbox. Metabolomics aims at understanding biology by comprehensive metabolite profiling. We present an overview of the design and interpretation of metabolomics experiments in the context of Leishmania research. Sample preparation, measurement techniques, and bioinformatics analysis of the generated complex datasets are discussed in detail. To illustrate the concepts and the expected results of metabolomics analyses, we also present an overview of comparative metabolic profiles of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Leishmania donovani clinical isolates.
Bloodstream form trypanosome plasma membrane proteins: antigenic variation and invariant antigens
Authors: SCHWEDE ANGELA , CARRINGTON MARK
Published: January 2010

Trypanosoma bruceiis exposed to the adaptive immune system and complement in the blood of its mammalian hosts. The aim of this review is to analyse the role and regulation of the proteins present on the external face of the plasma membrane in the long-term persistence of an infection and transmission. In particular, the following are addressed: (1) antigenic variation of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), (2) the formation of an effective VSG barrier shielding invariant surface proteins, and (3) the rapid uptake of VSG antibody complexes combined with degradation of the immunoglobulin and recycling of the VSG.
Nuestro expediente: La Cruz Roja, la Media Luna Roja y la Comunicación
Authors: Revista La
Published: January 2010

El mundo contemporáneo vive una ingente paradoja. Comprobamos que hay una mayor interdependencia de las sociedades humanas y de los problemas que se plantean; pero, al mismo tiempo, esas sociedades se caracterizan por la más grande diversidad, sea como el reflejo de las crecientes diferencias en el desarrollo de los países sea como resultado de las aspiraciones de los individuos y de las comunidades a afirmar su identidad. El objetivo, cuando finaliza el siglo XX, es formar una verdadera solidaridad humana que disminuya las disparidades y desigualdades, respetando las diferencias y las identidades.

La comunicación, expresión de toda sociedad, concebida como relación de individuo a individuo, o como medio de informar y de educar, ha de desempeñar un primordial cometido para difundir el saber, permitir que las comunidades se comprendan mejor y, por ende, disminuir las tensiones, así como para facilitar la libre expresion de persona a persona, de grupo a grupo, para salvaguardar la integridad cultural de unos y de otros.

Estas ideas, transferidas al Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, demuestran que desde hace mucho tiempo hay una verdadera «solidaridad de imagen» entre sus diversos componentes y que, más allá de las diferencias ideológicas y culturales inherentes a un movimiento universal, se requiere una identidad, una especificidad del Movimiento basadas en sus Principios Fundamentales y en su misión humanitaria.

Pero no es suficiente comprobar la solidaridad humana ni enorgullecerse pasivamente de la especificidad del Movimiento.
5. Las Cruz Roja, la Media Luna Roja y los medios informativos: Las Relaciones con los medios informativos: una cooperatión polifacética
Authors: Búlgara Cruz Roja , Gospodinov Encho
Published: January 2010

Eran las 9,00 h del viernes, 5 de mayo de 1989, dos dias antes de que, en Bulgaria y en todo el mundo, se celebrara el Día Mundial de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja. El jefe del Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales de la Cruz Roja Búlgara, señor Alexander Marinov, y el periodista que suscribe este artículo estábamos en el estudio de Radio Sofía durante la emisión de «Buenos Días», uno de los programas de radio de mayor audiencia. Participábamos en una transmisión en directo de dos horas de duración, en la que teníamos que describir las actividades de esta extraordinaria organización humanitaria que es la Cruz Roja. Los oyentes nos sometieron a un verdadero interrogatorio: las telefonistas apenas tenían tiempo para escribir todas las preguntas.
Apoyo a los servicios de información de las Sociedades Nacionales en desarrollo
Authors: Finlandesa Cruz Roja , Korhonen Helena
Published: January 2010

La fortaleza de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja reside en sus estructuras, en su cometido humanitario como consta en los Convenios de Ginebra y en los valores que encierra el derecho international humanitario. En los Principios Fundamentales del Movimiento se determinan con mayor precisíon sus objetivos y se trazan las directrices, ampliamente aceptadas, para sus actividades. Las Sociedades Nacionales con sus secciones y voluntaries locales constituyen la red fisica que completa la estructura y que actualmente cubre el mundo entero.
Niños-combatientes prisioneros
Authors: Dutli María Teresa
Published: January 2010

Las formas de violencia que caracterizan a los conflictos armados actuales tienen por resultado el aumento del número de víctimas entre la población civil, especialmente los niños que, a causa de su vulnerabilidad, son los más afectados. La participatión de los niños en las hostilidades es, asimismo, un fenómeno inquietante, cuya gravedad justifica la creciente preocupación de la comunidad internacional.

Hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en los conflictos se enfrentaban, sobre todo, ejércitos regulares. Los niños han desempeñado un papel en los movimientos de resistencia en Europa; han sido deportados, detenidos, enviados a campos de concentratión, desde la aparición, sobre todo, de los nuevos tipos de conflicto, en los que se enfrentan los ejércitos regulares y la guerrilla. Vemos demasiado a menudo, en los escenarios de las hostilidades, a muchachos que apenas han salido de la niñez llevando armas y dispuestos a utilizarlas sin discernimiento. Están en peligro de muerte no sólo el niño que participa en las hostilidades, sino también las personas que son su bianco, a causa de su comportamiento inmaduro y emotivo.
Reunión de expertos técnicos para una posible revisión del Anexo I al Protocolo adicional I a los Convenios de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949
Authors: Cauderay Gérald C.
Published: January 2010

En el artículo 98, párrafo 1 del Protocolo adicional I a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, se prevé el examen del Reglamento relativo a la identificación (Anexo I al Protocolo I) para su posible revisión por una reunión de expertos técnicos. Convocada por el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja tras consultar a las Altas Partes contratantes, esta reunión debe tener lugar cuatro años después de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo I y, en lo sucesivo, a intervalos de cuatro años por lo menos.

El Protocolo I entró en vigor el 7 de diciembre de 1978 y, de conformidad con el cometido que se le asigna en el artículo 98, el CICR consultó en diciembre de 1982 a las Altas Partes contratantes sobre la oportunidad de convocar una reunión de expertos técnicos a fin de revisar las disposiciones del Anexo I.
Reflexiones jurídicas acerca del estatuto de observador del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja en las Naciones Unidas
Authors: Koenig Christian
Published: January 2010

A comienzos del verano de 1990, se concretó, en la sede de las Naciones Unidas de Nueva York, el proyecto de otorgar el estatuto de observador al Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR). Mientras que este proyecto tuvo, en principio, una aceptación unánime, se plantearon muchas cuestiones relacionadas con sus implicaciones institucionales. Estas versaban, principalmente, sobre el estatuto, único en su género, del CICR en las relaciones internacionales, especialmente sobre su carácter de organización no gubernamental (ONG), por un lado, asociado a una «personalidad jurídica funcional» en el ámbito del derecho internacional humanitario, por otro.

La Secretaría General de las Naciones Unidas y las Misiones Permanentes en Nueva York trataron sin dilación estas cuestiones, sobre todo a nivel de los expertos en derecho, con la discreta colaboración del CICR.
XIV Festival Internacional de Películas de la Cruz Roja y médico-sanitarias (Sofía, 25 de mayo - 1 de junio de 1991)
Authors: Sørensen Jette
Published: January 2010

El XIV Festival International de Películas de la Cruz Roja y Médico-sanitarias fue organizado, como los anteriores, por la Cruz Roja Búlgara, en colaboración con el Comité International de la Cruz Roja y la Liga de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja.

A diferencia de festivales anteriores, éste se celebró, por motivos económicos, en la capital búlgara, Sofía, y no en Varna.

Más de 300 representantes de unos 50 países, de los círculos de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, del cine, de la televisión y médicos vieron 286 películas producidas por los diferentes componentes del Movimiento, así como por realizadores independientes. Representaron al CICR en este Festival, la señora Michéle Mercier, jefa del Departamento de Comunicacixón, y la señora Jette Sorensen, encargada de la Informatién a las Sociedades Nacionales.
Política humanitaria y actividades operacionales: El cometido humanitario del CICR a la luz de sus acciones en Grecia y en el mundo
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio
Published: January 2010

El señor Cornelio Sommaruga, presidente del CICR, estuvo, el mes de mayo de 1991, en Grecia por invitación de la Cruz Roja Helénica (véase RICR, n-º 105, mayo-junio de 1991). En esa ocasión, la Liga Greco-Suiza Jean Gabriel Eynard le invitó a pronunciar una conferencia, al margen de la celebración del 700º aniversario de la Confederación. Esa conferencia versó sobre el tema: «El cometido humanitario del CICR a la luz de sus acciones en Grecia y en el mundo». La intención del presidente era evocar la obra de los delegados suizos del CICR en Grecia, que pueden ser considerados como «helenistas humanitarios» y, según dijo, «evocar algunos de los pasos dados por el Comité International en compañía de los griegos para dilucidar ciertos aspectos de esta hermosa y difícil mision de la Cruz Roja».
«La ambición humanitaria»
Authors: Maurice Frédéric
Published: January 2010

En mayo último, unas horas antes de emprender viaje a Sarajevo, Frédéric Maurice nos entregaba las últimas hojas de un artículo destinado a la Revista. Quería releer más tarde su texto y retocarlo. El destino no lo ha permitido, ya que Frédéric sucumbió, en circunstancias trágicas, cerca de Sarajevo, el 19 de mayo de 1992.

En homenaje a nuestro amigo desaparecido, presentamos este texto tal cual, reflexión personal «en vivo» sobre la problemática actual de la asistencia humanitaria.

Lo hacemos con tanta mayor emoción cuanto que este artículo refleja perfectamente la personalidad de Frédéric, su inteligencia, su generosidad, su entrega personal, la capacidad de análisis, expresada con un estilo incisivo y realzada por una cierta causticidad.
Asistencia a las víctimas de conflictos: reto permanente para el Comité Intenacional de la Cruz Roja
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio
Published: January 2010

Como colofón del expediente sobre la asistencia humanitaria que la Revista presenta desde su número de mayo-junio de 1992, publicamos a continuación el texto de una conferencia que el presidente del CICR, señor Cornelio Sommaruga, pronunció estos últimos meses en varias ciudades de Europa, especialmente en Friburgo de Brisgovia, Como, Oslo y París, acerca del tema: «Asistencia a las víctimas de conflictos: reto permanente para el Comité Intenacional de la Cruz Roja».

Dirigiéndose a personalidades de la político y de la economía, a universitarios y a miembros de la Cruz Roja, el señor Sommaruga reafirmó con fuerza la importancia de los Principios Fundamentales de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja —sobre todo los de imparcialidad, neutralidad e independencia—, en los que se fundamenta la práctica de la actividad humanitaria del CICR. Mostró, con ejemplos tornados de recientes situaciones conflictivas, cómo el respeto de esos principios es el mejor garante de la credibilidad y de la eficacia de las operaciones de asistencia humanitaria, lo que le permite, al mismo tiempo, responder a quienes tienen la tentación de mezclar lo político y lo humanitario.
Respeto del derecho internacional humanitario: reflexión del CICR sobre cinco años de actividades (1987–1991)
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio
Published: January 2010

Uno de los principales objetivos de las Conferencias Internationales de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, en las que participan Instituciones de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja y los Estados Partes en los Convenios de Ginebra, es promover el respeto del derecho internacional humanitario en los conflictos armados.

La XXVI Conferencia Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, que debía celebrarse del 28 de noviembre al 6 de diciembre de 1991 en Budapest, ha sido aplazada por tiempo indeterminado debido a divergencias políticas. El CICR deplora esta lamentable situatión; quiere, no obstante, dar a conocer sus reflexiones y sus preocupaciones por lo que atañe al respeto del derecho international humanitario. Por ello, remite hoy a todos los Estados Partes en los Convenios de Ginebra, así como a las Sociedades Nacionales de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, el texto del informe sobre el tema que estaba previsto presentar en dicha Conferencia.

En vista de la urgente atención que requieren las graves cuestiones humanitarias evocadas en el mismo, estoy convencido de que es oportuno proseguir, mediante esta publicación, un diálogo más necesario que nunca con el conjunto de los Estados y de las Sociedades Nacionales.
El derecho internacional humanitario y el derecho de los derechos humanos
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise , Vité Sylvain
Published: January 2010

El derecho internacional humanitario es considerado cada vez más como parte del derecho de los derechos humanos aplicable en los conflictos armados. Se puede seguir el rastro de esta tendencia hasta la Conferencia Internacional de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas, celebrada en Teherán en 1968, que no solo impulsó el desarrollo del derecho humanitario en sí mismo, sino que marcó el inicio de un mayor uso del derecho humanitario por las Naciones Unidas al examinar la situación de los derechos humanos en determinados países o en el marco de sus estudios temáticos. La mayor conciencia de la importancia del derecho humanitario para la protección de las personas en los conflictos armados, junto con la creciente referenda a los derechos humanos en los asuntos internacionales, hace que las dos ramas del derecho tengan ahora mucha más relevancia internacional y que tanto las organizaciones internacionales como las no gubernamentales recurran a ambas con regularidad.

Sin embargo, dado que el derecho de los derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario tienen orígenes históricos completamente diferentes, su codificación ha seguido hasta hace muy poco caminos completamente distintos. Este documento tiene por objeto examinar la ‘filosofía’ de estas dos ramas del derecho a la luz de sus orígenes; cómo coinciden, con todo, en muchos aspectos esenciales; de qué manera han influido una en la otra últimamente y, por último, cómo sus similitudes y diferencias podrían determinar su uso en el futuro.
Coloquio en la Universidad de Tokio — Problemas actuales y retos del derecho internacional humanitario en Japón
Authors: Swinarski Christophe
Published: January 2010

A instancias del CICR y con su colaboración, la Cruz Roja Japonesa organizó un coloquio en la Universidad de Tokio, sobre los problemas y los retos del derecho internacional humanitario en Japón. Esta reunión, apoyada por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores nipón, se celebró el 19 y 20 de febrero de 1997.

El coloquio fue inaugurado por el vicepresidente de la Cruz Roja Japonesa, Tadateru Konoe, y por el delegado general del CICR para la zona Asia y el Pacífico, Jean Michel Monod. Participaron en él unas sesenta personas de universidades, de Ministerios —en particular de Relaciones Exteriores, de Justicia y de la Agenda de Autodefensa—, de diversas organizaciones no gubemamentales y de la Sociedad Nacional.
Tercera Mesa Redonda sobre las cuestiones actuales del derecho internacional humanitario
Authors: D. L. B.
Published: January 2010

El Instituto International de Derecho Humanitario organizó, del 31 de agosto al 4 de septiembre, en San Remo (Italia), una tercera Mesa Redonda sobre las cuestiones actuales del derecho international humanitario.
La Cruz Roja y los refugiados
Authors: Hocké Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2010

Permítaseme expresar una viva gratitud por haber dado al Comité International de la Cruz Roja la oportunidad de participar en el importante debate con el que comienza la reunión anual del Comité Ejecutivo del Programa del Alto Comisionado, así como gran satisfacción por la armoniosa colaboración entablada con el Alto Comisionado, en el que encontramos siempre comprensión, apoyo y una firme voluntad de buscar soluciones a los problemas comunes de nuestras dos Instituciones.

Quisiera yo destacar, ante todo, con el asenso de la Liga de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, que esta reunión del Comité es la primera que se celebra tras la aprobación, el mes de noviembre de 1981, en Manila, por la XXIV Conferencia Internacional de la Cruz Roja, de una importante resolución (la XXI) relativa a la acción de la Cruz Roja Internacional en favor de los refugiados, en la que se traza una línea de conducta para la repartición de cometidos y de responsabilidades entre el Alto Comisionado para los Refugiados (ACR) y la Cruz Roja.
Algunos aspectos logísticos de las actividades de asistencia del CICR
Authors: Lendorff Andreas
Published: January 2010

Me siento muy honrado y estoy muy agradecido por tener la oportunidad de explicar la función del Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR) y algunos aspectos logísticos de sus actividades de asistencia. No cabe duda de que muchos conocen la Cruz Roja en general, pero puede ser interesante reseñar la posición y la función especiales del CICR en el Movimiento de la Cruz Roja y entre todas las otras organizaciones humanitarias. Explicaré a continuación cuáles son las dificultades logísticas que debe superar el CICR para desplegar sus actividades de asistencia.
Vigésima novena asignación de la medalla Florencia Nightingale
Authors: HAY Alexandra
Published: January 2010

El 25 de agosto de 1982, en su circular núm. 523, el Comité International de la Cruz Roja invitó a que los Comités Centrales de las Sociedades Nacionales presentasen los nombres de las enfermeras diplomadas y de las auxiliares voluntarias miembros activos o colaboradoras regulares de la Sociedad Nacional o de una institución de asistencia médica o enfermera a la misma afiliada que considerasen calificadas para recibir la Medalla Florencia Nightingale.

La finalidad de esta medalla es honrar la valentía y la abnegación excepcionales en favor de heridos, de enfermos, de inválidos o de personas amenazadas en su salud que hayan demostrado las enfermeras o las auxiliares en tiempo de guerra o en tiempo de paz.
El CICR y las cuestiones humanitarias internacionales
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

Me es grato tener la oportunidad de hablar ante una asamblea como ésta, en la que están reunidas eminentes personalidas a quienes preocupan las cuestiones humanitarias que se plantean en nuestra época de manera cada vez más grave.

El Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (el CICR) está, desde hace más de ciento veinte años, al servicio de la humanidad destrozada por los conflictos.

En 1864, un año después de la fundación del CICR, se refrendó, mediante el Convenio de Ginebra para mejorar la suerte que corren los militares heridos de los ejercitos en campaña, primer acuerdo multi lateral del derecho humanitario, la base jurídica de su actión y el reconocimiento del Movimiento de la Cruz Roja por los Estados.