bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilising organs from hepatitis C virus PCR‐positive donors in Western Australia
Authors: Boan Peter , Jamboti Jagadish , Musk Michael , Lavender Melanie , Wrobel Jeremy P. , Lee Felicity , Shah Amit , Pereira Lynette A. , Robinson J. Owen , Irish Ashley
Published: March 2024

We transplanted six solid organs from three hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive donors during 2018–2023. Recipients were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir or sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 4–12 weeks, with all six achieving sustained virological response without significant adverse events. As occurs in other jurisdictions, solid organ transplants from HCR PCR‐positive donors can be safely utilised in Australia.
Going back for the future: Incorporating Pleistocene fossil records of saiga antelope into habitat suitability models
Authors: Mills Mollie , Schreve Danielle , Middleton Owen , Sandom Christopher J.
Published: March 2024

Aim

Many species have suffered anthropogenic range contraction and no longer occupy all available suitable environmental conditions. This is particularly problematic for the construction of habitat suitability models (HSMs), which assume that a species' contemporary range reflects its full species–environment relationship. HSMs therefore risk underestimating suitable environment areas, and misinforming conservation decisions. Incorporating historic (centuries‐old) records partly reduces this bias, but even these records are also subject to human disturbance. We incorporated fossil records of the critically endangered saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica, L., 1776), alongside historic and current records, into current and future habitat suitability models. Saiga has experienced drastic range contraction and may have a truncated species–environment relationship. The results allowed us to test whether its current habitat provides optimal environmental conditions, or whether saiga should be considered a refugee species.

Location

Northern Hemisphere.

Taxon

Saiga tatarica (Bovidae, Artiodactyla).

Methods

We collated historic and fossil saiga occurrence records from published literature, museum archives and global databases. Modern occurrence records were obtained from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessment. Four bioclimatic variables were downloaded from Worldclim.org. HSMs were generated through Maxent, using the maxnet package in R. Three HSMs were developed: present only, present historic and present fossil. Each of these models was projected onto current and two future (2070) climate change scenarios.

Results

Saiga fossil records increased the predicted suitable environment area by 783% and 1416% for current and future climate projections respectively. Our results suggest the saiga is not a refugee species but occupies only a portion of its potential environmental niche. The saiga's contemporary range is predicted environmentally suitable throughout all models and projections, and therefore in situ conservation management is recommended.

Main Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of incorporating fossil records into HSMs to better understand species–environment relationships and develop more robust conservation strategies for appropriate endangered species.
One‐year outcomes of pulmonary vein isolation with a novel cryoballoon: Primary results of the FROZEN AF trial
Authors: Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Mittal Suneet , Varma Niraj , Aryana Arash , Marrouche Nassir , Anić Ante , Nair Devi , Champagne Jean , Iacopino Saverio , de Asmundis Carlo , Weiner Stanislav , Makati Kevin , Raybuck Jonathan D. , Richards Elizabeth , Su Wilber
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Cryoablation therapy for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is well established. A novel 28 mm cryoballoon system designed to operate under low pressure to safely reach a lower nadir temperature and maintain constant balloon size during cooling has not been prospectively studied in a large patient population for safety and efficacy. The FROZEN AF (NCT04133168) trial was an international multicenter, open‐label, prospective, single‐arm study on the safety and performance of a novel cryoballoon system for treatment of PAF.

Methods and Results

The study enrolled patients at 44 sites in 10 countries across North America, Europe, and Asia. Subjects were indicated for PVI treatment of PAF and had failed or were intolerant of one or more antiarrhythmic drugs. Procedural outcomes were defined based on the 2017 HRS consensus statement. Follow‐up was performed at 7 days, 3, 6, and 12 months. Data are reported as mean ± SD or median (IQR). PVI was performed with a 28 mm cryoballoon in 325 drug refractory PAF patients. Complete PVI was achieved in 95.7% of patients. In cryoablation lesions longer than 60 s, 60.1% of PV isolations required only a single cryoballoon application. Procedure related complications included: phrenic nerve palsy [temporary 4 (1.2%), persistent 0 (0.0%)], cardiac tamponade/perforation 2 (0.6%), and air embolism 1 (0.3%). Freedom from documented atrial arrhythmia recurrence at 12 months was 79.9% (AF 82.7%, AFL 96.5%, AT 98.1%), antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) were continued or re‐initiated in 26.8% of patients after the 3‐month blanking period. Additionally, an extension arm enrolled 50 pts for treatment with 28/31 mm variable size cryoballoon. A single temporary PNP occurred in this group, which resolved before discharge. Freedom from documented recurrence at 12 months in these pts was 82.0%.

Conclusions

This novel cryoballoon may facilitate PVI to treat PAF, providing more options to address the variety of anatomies present in patients with PAF. This cryoballoon system proved to be safe and effective for treatment of patients with drug refractory or drug intolerant PAF.
Pain management interventions of the non‐communicating patient in intensive care: What works for whom and why? A rapid realist review
Authors: Hamadeh Samira , Willetts Georgina , Garvey Loretta
Published: March 2024

Aim

The utility and uptake of pain management interventions across intensive care settings is inconsistent. A rapid realist review was conducted to synthesise the evidence for the purpose of theory building and refinement.

Design

A five‐step iterative process was employed to develop project scope/ research questions, collate evidence, appraise literature, synthesise evidence and interpret information from data sources.

Methods

Realist synthesis method was employed to systematically review literature for developing a programme theory.

Data Sources

Initial searches were undertaken in three electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINHAL and OVID. The review was supplemented with key articles from bibliographic search of identified articles. The first 200 hits from Google Scholar were screened.

Results

Three action‐oriented themes emerged as integral to successful implementation of pain management interventions. These included health facility actions, unit/team leader actions and individual nurses' actions.

Conclusion

Pain assessment interventions are influenced by a constellation of factors which trigger mechanisms yielding effective implementation outcomes.

Implications

The results have implications on policy makers, health organisations, nursing teams and nurses concerned with optimising the successful implementation of pain management interventions.

Impact

The review enabled formation of a programme theory concerned with explaining how to effectively implement pain management interventions in intensive care.

Reporting Method

This review was informed by RAMESES publication standards for realist synthesis.

Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.

The study protocol was registered in Open Science Framework.

10.17605/OSF.IO/J7AEZ
A global bibliometric analysis on the relationship between tinnitus and temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Prado Ivana Meyer , Lamenha‐Lins Renata , Ribeiro‐Lages Mariana Batista , Maia Lucianne Cople , Serra‐Negra Júnia Maria
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

This global bibliometric review aimed to investigate trends in publications relating to tinnitus and TMD.

Methods

A search was performed in eight databases (June/2022), by independent researchers with relevant keywords about tinnitus and TMD, without restriction of date or language. Original research or case report/series evaluating prevalence, association and risk related to tinnitus and TMD were included. Independent examiners selected studies by title and abstract and performed data extraction. Data about publication and researchers, study population, objective, study design and diagnostic criteria for tinnitus and TMD were exported to VintagePoint® for bibliometric analyses. Data about the direct association between tinnitus and TMD were extracted.

Results

One hundred and seventeen articles from 25 countries were included, most observational (68.4%) and evaluating association (N = 60; 44.8%). Among the 60 studies of association, 22 (36.6%) presented results of a direct association between the presence/absence of tinnitus and the presence/absence of TMD. Brazil (19.5%) and the United States (12.7%) were the countries with the most publications, and Dentistry (48.6%) was the main publication area. A growth in publications in Dentistry was observed in the past 30 years and in the past 10 years in Medicine. Half of the studies included the elderly population (50.2%). The main diagnostic criterion for both tinnitus (37.8%) and TMD (28%) was general questionnaires and/or self‐report.

Conclusion

There is a growing trend in publications relating to tinnitus and TMD, especially in Dentistry, with a predominance of observational and association studies in the elderly population using questionnaires and/or self‐report. More research with robust diagnostic methods and other study designs should be encouraged in the future.
Resistance from below among racialized peoples: Exploring Kurdish understandings of power
Authors: Coşkan Canan , Şen Ercan
Published: March 2024

Understanding power and resistance dynamics from below requires focusing on the micropolitics of oppressed group existence. This involves exploring the ways members of the oppressed and resisting groups make sense of power in terms of identity, community, culture, and politics. As Kurdish researchers living in Turkey and Bakurê Kurdistan, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 16 Kurds in Van and Istanbul. We explored contemporary Kurdish epistemologies and praxis of racial critical consciousness toward contents and sources of Kurdish power. In this pursuit, we contextualized and synergized tenets of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and anticolonial approaches. Our analysis shows that Kurdish understandings of power involve both representations and boundaries. Both themes are influenced by the multifaceted Kurdishness as an exteriority, a reclaimed racialized identity, an epistemology of existence, and a praxis of resisting in response to Turkish coloniality. Furthermore, the sub‐themes of power highlighted senses of agency, capacity, resources, community bonds, and social organization. We suggest that Kurdish power is constituted beyond a dualistic understanding of power, capable of creating subaltern strategies. We contribute to the transnational extensions of CRT and provide a contextualized account of antiracist and anticolonial resistance.
Exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide (EBL) facilitates cell growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa under high temperatures by enhancing the photosynthetic energy utilization and alleviating oxidative damage
Authors: Su Fang , Li Yongfu
Published: March 2024

The microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa is cultivated extensively for its constituents, which are of significant economic worth. Large‐scale growth of C. pyrenoidosa in outdoor environments is subject to various stressors such as elevated temperature. The purpose of this study was to assess the protective effects of exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide (EBL) on C. pyrenoidosa under high‐temperature conditions. Compared to a temperature of 30°C, increasing the temperature to 43°C reduced the enzymatic capacity for carbon assimilation and resulted in the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus reducing photosynthesis and proliferation. It was observed that exogenous EBL protected C. pyrenoidosa cells against high temperatures, with an optimal EBL concentration of 100 nM, resulting in enhanced capacity for photosynthetic carbon assimilation with a notable reduction in the imbalance between the absorption of light and energy used under high‐temperature conditions. The addition of 100 nM EBL resulted in a 25.4% increase in cell density when exposed to elevated temperatures for 7 days. In addition, exogenous EBL reduced ROS production and increased the activities of critical antioxidant enzymes. This, in turn, mitigated heat‐induced oxidative damage, resulting in advantageous outcomes in terms of cellular development and maintenance.
Critical lessons from a pragmatic randomized trial of home‐based COVID‐19 testing in rural Native American and Latino communities
Authors: Webber Eliza , Bishop Sonia , Drain Paul K. , Dupuis Virgil , Garza Lorenzo , Gregor Charlie , Hassell Laurie , Ibarra Geno , Kessler Larry , Ko Linda , Lambert Alison , Lyon Victoria , Rowe Carly , Singleton Michael , Thompson Matthew , Warne Teresa , Westbroek Wendy , Adams Alexandra
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Native Americans and Latinos have higher COVID‐19 infection and mortality rates and may have limited access to diagnostic testing. Home‐based testing may improve access to care in rural and underserved populations. This study tests the effect of community health worker (CHW) support on accessibility, feasibility, and completion of COVID‐19 home testing among Native American and Latino adults living on the Flathead Reservation in Montana and in Yakima Valley, Washington.

Methods

A two‐arm, multisite, pragmatic randomized controlled trial was conducted using block randomization stratified by site and participant age. Active arm participants received CHW assistance with online COVID‐19 test kit registration and virtual swabbing support. The passive arm participants received standard‐of‐care support from the kit vendor. Logistic regression modeled the association between study arm and test completion (primary outcome) and between study arm and test completion with return of valid test results (secondary outcome). Responses to posttest surveys and interviews were summarized using deductive thematic analysis.

Findings

Overall, 63% of participants (n = 268) completed COVID‐19 tests, and 50% completed tests yielding a valid result. Active arm participants had higher odds of test completion (odds ratio: 1.66, 95% confidence interval [1.01, 2.75]). Differences were most pronounced among adults ≥60 years. Participants cited ease of use and not having to leave home as positive aspects, and transportation and mailing issues as negative aspects of home‐based testing.

Conclusions

CHW support led to higher COVID‐19 test completion rates, particularly among older adults. Significant testing barriers included language, educational level, rurality, and test kit issues.
Legitimacy of parole as a consequence of policy shock: The lived experiences of incarcerated persons during the parole moratorium in Pennsylvania, U.S.
Authors: Chen Yu‐Heng , Vîlcică E. Rely , Ward Jeffrey T. , Maynard Makayla , Eberhardt Cadee , Olaghere Ajima
Published: March 2024

This study examines the consequences of a policy shock to the criminal legal system through the prisms of the lived experiences of incarcerated persons. The study draws on a qualitative analysis of 159 unsolicited letters from incarcerated individuals in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections written during the 2008–2009 Moratorium on prison releases. The results indicate that the moratorium eroded their trust and exacerbated an already existing crisis in procedural justice and legitimacy for discretionary parole, underscoring both direct and collateral consequences of this policy shock on the lived experiences of those most directly affected. Several policy implications emerge that can help improve or restore procedural justice and legitimacy of discretionary parole and corrections, more generally.
Hepatic organoids move from adolescence to maturity
Authors: Guan Yuan , Peltz Gary
Published: March 2024

Since organoids were developed 15 years ago, they are now in their adolescence as a research tool. The ability to generate ‘tissue in a dish’ has created enormous opportunities for biomedical research. We examine the contributions that hepatic organoids have made to three areas of liver research: as a source of cells and tissue for basic research, for drug discovery and drug safety testing, and for understanding disease pathobiology. We discuss the features that enable hepatic organoids to provide useful models for human liver diseases and identify four types of advances that will enable them to become a mature (i.e., adult) research tool over the next 5 years. During this period, advances in single‐cell RNA sequencing and CRISPR technologies coupled with improved hepatic organoid methodology, which enables them to have a wider range of cell types that are present in liver and to be grown in microwells, will generate discoveries that will dramatically advance our understanding of liver development and the pathogenesis of liver diseases. It will generate also new approaches for treating liver fibrosis, which remains a major public health problem with few treatment options.
Learning how to think like a linguist: Linguistic reasoning as a focal point in L1 grammar education
Authors: van Rijt Jimmy H. M.
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the gap between academic linguistics and language education has become increasingly apparent, hindering the effective transmission of linguistic knowledge to students. This paper presents an overview of recent empirical research (mostly originating in the Netherlands) that seeks to bridge this gap by teaching students how to think like linguists within the context of L1 grammar education. The paper takes Dielemans' and Coppen's pedagogical framework for linguistic reasoning as its starting point, relates this framework to comparable initiatives and shows how recent studies have empirically examined different aspects of linguistic reasoning, including general linguistic reasoning ability, the role of linguistic metaconcepts and developing an appropriate epistemic attitude. The paper concludes with some desiderata for future research into this emerging research field.
Discursive analysis of nursing care toward childhood fever and its contextual differences: An ethnomethodological study
Authors: Vicens‐Blanes Francisco , Molina‐Mula Jesús , Miró‐Bonet Rosa
Published: March 2024

Fever is the most common clinical sign during infancy. Nurses deal with fever in children most directly and it is an integral aspect of their role as pediatric nurses. The objective of this study is to analyze the perceptions, knowledge and attitudes toward childhood fever of nurses in three health contexts: pediatric hospitalization, pediatric emergency and primary care. To respond this objective, a qualitative study with ethnomethodological approach has been carried out. In‐depth interviews were conducted and theoretical clinical cases were presented to nurses working in pediatrics in the three settings studied. After the analysis of the discourses, the codes were classified into three categories: static and number‐centric knowledge, dependent nursing attitude, and unconscious model nurses. On the one hand, when we analyze and compare the perceptions, attitudes and knowledge of the nurses between the different contexts, we find differences that consist mainly of what the context requires of them. On the other hand, in general and regardless of the context, the nurses interviewed place themselves in a traditional framework when faced with the phenomenon of fever in children.
Sorghum SbGhd7 is a major regulator of floral transition and directly represses genes crucial for flowering activation
Authors: Tadesse Dimiru , Yee Estella F. , Wolabu Tezera W. , Wang Hui , Yun Jianfei , Grosjean Nicolas , Kumaran Desigan , Santiago Kassandra , Kong Wenqian , Sharma Ankush , Chen Jianghua , Paterson Andrew H. , Xie Meng , Tadege Million
Published: March 2024

Molecular genetic understanding of flowering time regulation is crucial for sorghum development. GRAIN NUMBER, PLANT HEIGHT AND HEADING DATE 7 (SbGhd7) is one of the six classical loci conferring photoperiod sensitivity of sorghum flowering. However, its functions remain poorly studied.

The molecular functions of SbGhd7 were characterized. The gene regulatory network controlled by SbGhd7 was constructed and validated. The biological roles of SbGhd7 and its major targets were studied.

SbGhd7 overexpression (OE) completely prevented sorghum flowering. Additionally, we show that SbGhd7 is a major negative regulator of flowering, binding to the promoter motif TGAATG(A/T)(A/T/C) and repressing transcription of the major florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T 10 (SbFT10) and floral activators EARLY HEADING DATE (SbEhd1), FLAVIN‐BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F‐BOX1 (SbFKF1) and EARLY FLOWERING 3 (SbELF3). Reinforcing the direct effect of SbGhd7, SbEhd1 OE activated the promoters of three functional florigens (SbFT1, SbFT8 and SbFT10), dramatically accelerating flowering.

Our studies demonstrate that SbGhd7 is a major repressor of sorghum flowering by directly and indirectly targeting genes for flowering activation. The mechanism appears ancient. Our study extends the current model of floral transition regulation in sorghum and provides a framework for a comprehensive understanding of sorghum photoperiod response.
The relationship and affecting factors between oral health and frailty in the older people: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Genç Fatma Zehra , Uslu Arzu
Published: March 2024

Objective

To investigate the connection between oral health and frailty in older people and to determine the affecting factors.

Design

The research was a community‐based cross‐sectional study.

Sample

A Family Health Center conducted a study on 321 older people.

Measurements

Data were collected face‐to‐face using the Personal Information Form, Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index, and Edmonton Frailty Scale. Factors affecting oral health and frailty were examined using the MANOVA test and the relationship between them was examined using Pearson's correlation test.

Results

It was determined that 52.6% of the participants had poor oral health and 56.1% had different levels of frailty. Education was effective on the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index scale score. The presence of chronic disease, frequency of tooth/denture brushing, age, education, and sex were effective on the Edmonton Frailty Scale. When the partial eta square values were examined, it was determined that the variable that had the highest impact on the GOHAI and EFS scale scores was educational status. It was determined that there was a significant negative relationship between participants' oral health and frailty scores (r = –0.539, p < .001).

Conclusions

It was determined that more than half of the older individuals included in the study had poor subjective oral health and varying levels of frailty. The influencing factors were determined through multivariate advanced analysis. This relationship and affecting factors are important in providing appropriate early detection and care to older people.
Does access to financial services improve nutritional intake among rural residents? Assessing potential action mechanism pathways
Authors: Ankrah Twumasi Martinson , Essilfie Gloria , Dogbe Bright Senyo , Ankrah Ernest Kwarko , Essel Charles Hackman Kwamena
Published: March 2024

Scholars' attention to the association between access to financial services (FS) and nutritional intake has been profound, looking at the worsening levels of malnutrition worldwide. This research adds to literature by assessing the association between access to FS and nutritional intake among rural dwellers in a developing nation, Ghana. We used the endogenous treatment Poisson regression model to address the problem regarding potential selection bias. The findings emanating from our analysis depict that the linkage between access to FS and nutritional intake is positive. After analyzing potential pathways in the linkage between access to FS and nutritional intake, our findings showed that the adoption of farm technologies and entrepreneurship could serve as essential pathways. Our findings indicate that providing incentives or policies to encourage the establishment of branches of financial institutions in rural areas should be prioritized by policymakers. Also, policies aimed at enhancing entrepreneurship and farm technology adoption should be prioritized. For instance, training programs to empower farmers to adopt new farm technologies and avenues to enrich farmers' entrepreneurship ideas should be considered by policymakers.
Rewriting the flesh of the world for the new human: Merleau‐Ponty, Fanon, and Wynter on the ethics of futurity
Authors: Faust J. Reese
Published: March 2024

This article reads Maurice Merleau‐Ponty's ontology of the “flesh of the world” alongside the ontology that seems to undergird Frantz Fanon's sociodiagnostics as well as his theory of sociogeny. It argues that reading Fanonian sociogeny in terms of the ambiguity and intercorporeality of the flesh of the world renders the ethical and political imperatives of Fanon's decolonial project all the more pressing, since the “new human” is prefigured—if not totally determined—in the national consciousness obtained by “les damnés” through the decolonization process. It then examines how Sylvia Wynter's Fanonian call to (re)fashion the future of humanness through (re)conceptualizing “being human as praxis,” also seems to rely on this ontology of the flesh of the world. Bringing these arguments together, the article suggests that the conceptual content of the new human can be found in the liberation struggles of les damnés across what Wynter calls the “poverty archipelagos” wrought by colonial humanism. Hence, the “new skin” for which Fanon calls is fashioned through forming international solidarity with les damnés, with the conceptual content of the new humanism emerging sociogenically—and autopoetically—from those struggles themselves.
Long‐term implications of childhood and adolescent popularity for social behavior and status in emerging adulthood
Authors: Chmielowice‐Szymanski Nina S. , Lansu Tessa A. M. , Burk William J. , van den Berg Yvonne H. M. , Cillessen Antonius H. N.
Published: March 2024

Peer status is associated with social functioning throughout childhood and adolescence, but little is known about its’ long‐term implications. This study examined longitudinal associations of childhood and adolescent popularity with social behavior and status in emerging adulthood. In line with concurrent associations of popularity with social behavior, we hypothesized that childhood popularity would be associated with a positive, prosocial profile, and adolescent popularity would be associated with a powerful and forceful profile. As research has shown curvilinear associations of popularity with aggression in childhood and adolescence, we also examined whether longitudinal associations were curvilinear. Peer‐nominated popularity was measured at 9 and 16 years of age for 118 longitudinal participants. At age 24, they participated in a survey and an online video call session together with three unfamiliar peers, after which everyone in the session rated each other's social behavior. Results showed significant curvilinear associations of childhood and adolescent popularity with emerging adult social behavior and status. Childhood popularity was associated with positive, prosocial behavior and status indicators, showing that in addition to high childhood popularity, also low childhood popularity was associated with higher peer‐reported positive, prosocial behavior. High adolescent popularity was associated with both positive, prosocial, and powerful and forceful behavior and status indicators, with especially low adolescent popularity associated with lower levels of these behaviors and status in emerging adulthood. Childhood and adolescent popularity were thus uniquely and differentially associated with social behavior and status in emerging adulthood.
Measuring social and emotional functioning as a facet of positive youth development among children and adolescents in special education and mental health treatment
Authors: Bello Brian , Flynn Erin , Geldhof G. John , Yu Dian , Mueller Megan K. , Licardi Kristin , Morris Kevin N.
Published: March 2024

This study assessed the validity of a set of social and emotional functioning constructs derived from the PYD short form (PYD‐SF) measure within a sample of children and adolescents with one or more mental health diagnoses related to social, emotional, or behavioral challenges. Using repeated measures design, responses to the PYD‐SF and the Social‐emotional assets and resilience scale were collected over two years from 369 students enrolled in special education. Multilevel factor analyses parsed within‐person variability from between‐person differences to understand the internal consistency of the target measures when used with clinical and special education populations. Associations between the social‐emotional constructs from the PYD‐SF and an assessment of social‐emotional assets and resilience were examined. A two‐level confirmatory factor analysis using seven PYD factors and the Social‐Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale indicated a very good model fit; all factor loadings were statistically significant at both levels. Results supported the validity and internal reliability of the social‐emotional constructs from the PYD‐SF measure for assessing the social and emotional competencies of youth with social, emotional, and/or behavioral challenges, but with the caveat that researchers should consider a higher degree of specificity when using it with youth from this population. The broad factors utilized in previous work should be reframed to emphasize separate types of connection. When keeping this revised framing in mind, the social‐emotional constructs of the PYD‐SF measure provide a tool for teachers, parents, and clinicians to use in treatment planning and identifying strategies to support positive development for diverse youth.
Deep trade agreements and services trade: An analysis based on service trade provisions
Authors: Chen Qifei , Shen Yanzhi
Published: March 2024

Our paper builds a novel panel data sourced from the Regional Trade Agreements Database and Database on International Trade in Services Statistics (ITSS) to explore the heterogeneous effects of service trade agreements on services trade. Then we employ a gravity model with the Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation and obtain the following findings: First, both general service trade agreements and deep service trade agreements promote services trade. Yet, deep trade agreements have a higher trade‐expansion effect (roughly 21.53%) on services trade compared to general ones (16.9%). Next, based on the content of trade‐related provisions, we find provisions of rights of non‐establishment and natural person movement largely increase the services trade, while review provisions do not have a significant impact on services trade. Surprisingly, provisions with MFN status even exhibit a negative relationship with services trade. Third, with whom you sign the agreements matters. Deep trade agreements exert a positive and significant impact on services trade between high‐income countries (NN), low‐income countries (SS) and high‐ to low‐income countries (NS), but are insignificant between low‐ to high‐income countries (SN). Four, emerging regions, including China, may benefit more from deep trade agreements. As indicated by propensity score matching, deep trade agreements reduce service trade costs and improve the business environment more effectively than GTAs. Our empirical results are robust after controlling for the endogeneity of DTAs and GTAs. Our findings provide direct evidence for the role of deep service trade agreements in fostering international economic integration.
Constructing abelian varieties from rank 2 Galois representations
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Raju , Yang Jinbang , Zuo Kang
Published: March 2024

Let $U$ be a smooth affine curve over a number field $K$ with a compactification $X$ and let ${\mathbb {L}}$ be a rank $2$, geometrically irreducible lisse $\overline {{\mathbb {Q}}}_\ell$-sheaf on $U$ with cyclotomic determinant that extends to an integral model, has Frobenius traces all in some fixed number field $E\subset \overline {\mathbb {Q}}_{\ell }$, and has bad, infinite reduction at some closed point $x$ of $X\setminus U$. We show that ${\mathbb {L}}$ occurs as a summand of the cohomology of a family of abelian varieties over $U$. The argument follows the structure of the proof of a recent theorem of Snowden and Tsimerman, who show that when $E=\mathbb {Q}$, then ${\mathbb {L}}$ is isomorphic to the cohomology of an elliptic curve $E_U\rightarrow U$.
Measurement of Thermal Field Temperature Distribution Inside Reaction Chamber for Epitaxial Growth of Silicon Carbide Layer
Authors: Deng Shiwei , Wang Yancheng , Cheng Jiafeng , Shen Wenjie , Mei Deqing
Published: March 2024

Silicon carbide (SiC) has been widely utilized in the semiconductor industry for the development of high-power electrical devices. Using chemical vapor deposition to grow a thin epitaxial layer onto the SiC substrate surface with orderly lattice arrangement, good surface morphology, and low doping concentration is required. During epitaxial growth, the high reaction temperature and its distribution are generally difficult to measure and will affect the properties of the epitaxial growth layer. This study presents a thermal-field testing method based on process temperature control rings (PTCRs) to measure the high-temperature distribution inside the epitaxial growth reaction chamber, and to study the effects of reaction chamber structure and epitaxial growth parameters on the quality of the epitaxial layer. The measurement accuracy of PTCRs was characterized using silicon melting experiments and the measuring principle of PTCRs was presented. The thermal field of the reaction chamber was then numerically simulated and compared with experimental results. The experiment results exhibit a temperature gradient of less than 0.4 °C/mm on the surface, indicating good temperature uniformity. Epitaxial growth is an essential process in the fabrication of SiC devices, as it enables the production of layers with precise doping density and thickness. The SiC epitaxial growth experiments were conducted to study the effects of the gas flow ratio and doping flow ratio of three inlet flow channels on the thickness and doping concentration distributions. The results demonstrated that the non-uniformity of thickness and doping concentration of the epitaxial layer were below 1.5% and 4.0%, respectively.
Effect of Laser Shock Peening on Electrochemistry and Wettability of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel
Authors: Over Veronica , Yao Y. Lawrence
Published: March 2024

Laser shock peening (LSP) is investigated for its use in altering the electrochemical and wetting behavior of 316L stainless steel made with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The corrosion performance of LPBF stainless steel varies between studies and build parameters, thus motivating the search for postprocessing methods that enable wetted surface applications. Compressive surface stress has been demonstrated to reduce corrosion rate in additively manufactured metal, and LSP is known to impart compressive residual stress into metal targets. Wettability also affects corrosion behavior, and LSP induces hydrophobicity. LSP is, therefore, a promising tool for improving corrosion behavior of LPBF stainless steel. This paper examines the electrochemical properties of LPBF stainless steel before and after LSP with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiokinetic measurements. Contact angle, surface free energy, and surface finish are studied with dynamic contact angle measurements and profilometry. X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measure residual stress and surface chemistry. The top surface perpendicular to the build direction (XY) and the wall surface parallel with the build direction (XZ) are studied for all measurements due to the large differences in roughness and mechanical properties between these surfaces. LSP increases pitting potential for both XY and XZ surfaces and causes an increase to the surface electrochemical impedance. LSP also increases the contact angle of liquids on both surfaces. These changes to electrochemistry and wettability are attributed in part to surface morphology and surface chemistry alterations as well as the inducement of compressive residual stress.
Subsurface acoustic ducts in the Northern California current system
Authors: Xu Guangyu , Harcourt Ramsey R. , Tang Dajun , Hefner Brian T. , Thorsos Eric I. , Mickett John B.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the subsurface sound channel or acoustic duct that appears seasonally along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast below the surface mixed layer. The duct has a significant impact on sound propagation at mid-frequencies by trapping sound energy and reducing transmission loss within the channel. A survey of the sound-speed profiles obtained from archived mooring and glider observations reveals that the duct is more prevalent in summer to fall than in winter to spring and offshore of the shelf break than over the shelf. The occurrence of the subsurface duct is typically associated with the presence of a strong halocline and a reduced thermocline or temperature inversion. Furthermore, the duct observed over the shelf slope corresponds to a vertically sheared along-slope velocity profile, characterized by equatorward near-surface flow overlaying poleward subsurface flow. Two potential duct formation mechanisms are examined in this study, which are seasonal surface heat exchange and baroclinic advection of distinct water masses. The former mechanism regulates the formation of a downward-refracting sound-speed gradient that caps the duct near the sea surface, while the latter contributes to the formation of an upward-refracting sound-speed gradient that defines the duct's lower boundary.
High-speed noncoherent underwater acoustic communication using permutation alphabets and sliding hypothesis-tree decoding
Authors: Lidström Viktor
Published: March 2024

A framework for joint synchronization and decoding is presented, named sliding hypothesis-tree decoding (SHDT), which targets communication applications in adverse underwater acoustic channels. The framework is exemplified by constructing a robust noncoherent link with spectral efficiency 0.149–0.222 bit/s/Hz using Polar coding and super permutation frequency shift keying. The link method is evaluated with randomized time-Doppler shifts through replay simulation of recorded UWA channels, where the five benchmark channels of the public benchmark Watermark and two channels from the Baltic Sea are used; these simulations show that a low frame error rate is achievable in all seven channels. The constructed link method is further evaluated in an adverse acoustic horizontal shallow-water channel using a high-mobility setup; the link method is able to perform synchronization, and a decoder performance similar to the replay simulations is observed. SHDT allows the construction of link methods with a performance limited by the information decoding rather than the time-Doppler synchronization, making it applicable to communication with lower-rate methods in non–line-of-sight scenarios.
Comprehensive analysis of the seismic wave fields generated by offshore pile driving: A case study at the BARD Offshore 1 offshore wind farm
Authors: Bohne Tobias , Grießmann Tanja , Rolfes Raimund
Published: March 2024

Offshore pile driving not only generates high sound pressure levels, but also induces ground vibrations and particle motions that have the potential to affect fish and invertebrates living near or in the seabed. In particular, the seismic wave field in the form of interface waves is thought to be responsible for causing these particle motions and ground vibrations. However, the magnitude and spatial extent of the seismic wave field resulting from pile driving has not been clearly established. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper analyzes and illustrates in detail the seismic wave field at a construction site of the BARD Offshore 1 wind farm. For this purpose, the measured data from the construction site are compared to the results of a seismo-acoustic model. The measured and modeled data in combination provides a potential benchmark case for subsequent studies and other authors. The computed seismic wave field is investigated in terms of wave generation, mode composition, and propagation range of individual modes. The different seismic wave forms and their contribution to the particle motions in the seabed vicinity are discussed. The results indicate that, for the considered case, interface waves dominate the particle motion at the seafloor level up to a distance of 200 m.
Coherent reflection recovery in scattering from the ocean surface using the frequency-difference autoproduct
Authors: Joslyn Nicholas J. , Dahl Peter H. , Dowling David R.
Published: March 2024

The coherence of rough sea-surface-scattered acoustic fields decreases with increasing frequency. The frequency-difference autoproduct, a quadratic product of acoustic fields at nearby frequencies, mimics a genuine field at the difference frequency. In rough-surface scattering, the autoproduct's lower effective frequency decreases the apparent surface roughness, restoring coherent reflection. Herein, the recovery of coherent reflection in sea surface scattering via the frequency-difference autoproduct is examined for data collected off the coast of New Jersey during the Shallow Water '06 (SW06) experiment. An acoustic source at depth 40 m and receiver at depth 24.3 m and range 200 m interrogated 160 independent realizations of the ocean surface. The root mean square surface height h was 0.167 m, and broadcast frequencies were 14–20 kHz, so that 2.5 ≤kh cos θ≤ 3.7 for acoustic wavenumber k and incidence angle θ. Measured autoproducts, constructed from scattered constituent fields, show significant coherent reflection at sufficiently low difference frequencies. Theoretical results, using the Kirchhoff approximation and a non-analytic surface autocorrelation function, agree with experimental findings. The match is improved using a numerical strategy, exploiting the relationship between autoproduct-based coherence recovery, the ocean-surface autocorrelation function, and the ocean-surface height spectrum. Error bars computed from Monte Carlo scattering simulations support the validity of the measured coherence recovery.
Fishing for oil and meat drives irreversible defaunation of deepwater sharks and rays
Authors: Finucci Brittany , Pacoureau Nathan , Rigby Cassandra L. , Matsushiba Jay H. , Faure-Beaulieu Nina , Sherman C. Samantha , VanderWright Wade J. , Jabado Rima W. , Charvet Patricia , Mejía-Falla Paola A. , Navia Andrés F. , Derrick Danielle H. , Kyne Peter M. , Pollom Riley A. , Walls Rachel H. L. , Herman Katelyn B. , Kinattumkara Bineesh , Cotton Charles F. , Cuevas Juan-Martín , Daley Ross K. , Dharmadi  , Ebert David A. , Fernando Daniel , Fernando Stela M. C. , Francis Malcolm P. , Huveneers Charlie , Ishihara Hajime , Kulka David W. , Leslie Robin W. , Neat Francis , Orlov Alexei M. , Rincon Getulio , Sant Glenn J. , Volvenko Igor V. , Walker Terence I. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: March 2024

The deep ocean is the last natural biodiversity refuge from the reach of human activities. Deepwater sharks and rays are among the most sensitive marine vertebrates to overexploitation. One-third of threatened deepwater sharks are targeted, and half the species targeted for the international liver-oil trade are threatened with extinction. Steep population declines cannot be easily reversed owing to long generation lengths, low recovery potentials, and the near absence of management. Depth and spatial limits to fishing activity could improve conservation when implemented alongside catch regulations, bycatch mitigation, and international trade regulation. Deepwater sharks and rays require immediate trade and fishing regulations to prevent irreversible defaunation and promote recovery of this threatened megafauna group.
Milk provisioning in oviparous caecilian amphibians
Authors: Mailho-Fontana Pedro L. , Antoniazzi Marta M. , Coelho Guilherme R. , Pimenta Daniel C. , Fernandes Lígia P. , Kupfer Alexander , Brodie Edmund D. , Jared Carlos
Published: March 2024

Among vertebrates, the yolk is commonly the only form of nutritional investment offered by the female to the embryo. Some species, however, have developed parental care behaviors associated with specialized food provisioning essential for offspring survival, such as the production of lipidic-rich parental milk in mammals. Here, we show that females of the egg-laying caecilian amphibian
Siphonops annulatus
provide similarly lipid-rich milk to altricial hatchlings during parental care. We observed that for 2 months,
S. annulatus
babies ingested milk released through the maternal vent seemingly in response to tactile and acoustic stimulation by the babies. The milk, composed mainly of lipids and carbohydrates, originates from the maternal oviduct epithelium’s hypertrophied glands. Our data suggest lactation in this oviparous nonmammalian species and expand the knowledge of parental care and communication in caecilians.
Brainstem control of vocalization and its coordination with respiration
Authors: Park Jaehong , Choi Seonmi , Takatoh Jun , Zhao Shengli , Harrahill Andrew , Han Bao-Xia , Wang Fan
Published: March 2024

Phonation critically depends on precise controls of laryngeal muscles in coordination with ongoing respiration. However, the neural mechanisms governing these processes remain unclear. We identified excitatory vocalization-specific laryngeal premotor neurons located in the retroambiguus nucleus (RAm
VOC
) in adult mice as being both necessary and sufficient for driving vocal cord closure and eliciting mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). The duration of RAm
VOC
activation can determine the lengths of both USV syllables and concurrent expiration periods, with the impact of RAm
VOC
activation depending on respiration phases. RAm
VOC
neurons receive inhibition from the preBötzinger complex, and inspiration needs override RAm
VOC
-mediated vocal cord closure. Ablating inhibitory synapses in RAm
VOC
neurons compromised this inspiration gating of laryngeal adduction, resulting in discoordination of vocalization with respiration. Our study reveals the circuits for vocal production and vocal-respiratory coordination.
Climate change is an important predictor of extinction risk on macroevolutionary timescales
Authors: Malanoski Cooper M. , Farnsworth Alex , Lunt Daniel J. , Valdes Paul J. , Saupe Erin E.
Published: March 2024

Anthropogenic climate change is increasing rapidly and already impacting biodiversity. Despite its importance in future projections, understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which climate mediates extinction remains limited. We present an integrated approach examining the role of intrinsic traits versus extrinsic climate change in mediating extinction risk for marine invertebrates over the past 485 million years. We found that a combination of physiological traits and the magnitude of climate change is necessary to explain marine invertebrate extinction patterns. Our results suggest that taxa previously identified as extinction resistant may still succumb to extinction if the magnitude of climate change is great enough.
Accounting for the increasing benefits from scarce ecosystems
Authors: Drupp M. A. , Hänsel M. C. , Fenichel E. P. , Freeman M. , Gollier C. , Groom B. , Heal G. M. , Howard P. H. , Millner A. , Moore F. C. , Nesje F. , Quaas M. F. , Smulders S. , Sterner T. , Traeger C. , Venmans F.
Published: March 2024

As people get richer, and ecosystem services scarcer, policy-relevant estimates of ecosystem value must rise