bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Criminal Addict: Canadian Radio Documentary Discourse, 1957–1969
Authors: Boyd Susan
Published: February 2015

This article examines early Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio documentaries on drugs and addiction from 1957 to 1969. Socio-historical and discourse analyses were applied to radio documentaries in this study. This article highlights how discourse about “criminal addicts” is related to conceptions of drugs, addiction, criminality, drug treatment, people who use criminalized drugs, and the professionals who regulate them. In this article, I argue that the lack of public drug treatment in Canada during this period is related to the social concept of the addict as a criminal first and a person addicted second. In addition, the diverse voices of people who used criminalized drugs such as heroin — that is, those most affected by drug prohibition and criminal addict discourse — were a clear thread of resistance throughout the study sample. In conclusion, I discuss briefly how the notion of the criminal addict has endured in Canada.
From Zero Tolerance to Non-Enforcement: Creating a New Space for Drug Policing in Copenhagen, Denmark
Authors: Houborg Esben , Frank Vibeke Asmussen , Bjerge Bagga
Published: February 2015

The neighborhood of Vesterbro in Copenhagen has housed the largest open drug scene in Denmark since the 1980s. In recent years there has been a remarkable change in the police strategy towards this drug scene from zero tolerance to a non-enforcement strategy. This article presents a case study of this change in strategy and its implications for more general discussions about drug control and harm reduction. With inspiration from the governmentality literature, in particular how government involves the construction of governable spaces, and police research that emphasizes the territorial aspects of policing, the article seeks to characterize the difference between the two drug control strategies at Vesterbro. The analysis is based on original research and secondary literature. The article concludes that the non-enforcement strategy opens up the drug scene to new kinds of intervention by police and social welfare institutions, and that it changes the relationship between social welfare provision and policing.
Addiction in Europe, 1860s–1960s
Authors: Berridge Virginia , Mold Alex , Beccaria Franca , Eisenbach-Stangl Irmgard , Herczyńska Grażyna , Moskalewicz Jacek , Petrilli Enrico , Taylor Suzanne
Published: February 2015

Concepts play a central part in the formulation of problems and proposed solutions to the use of substances. This article reports the initial results from a cross European historical study, carried out to a common methodology, of the language of addiction and policy responses in two key periods, 1860–1930 and the 1950s and 1960s. It concludes that the language of addiction was varied and nonstandard in the first period. The Anglo-American model of inebriety did not apply across Europe but there was a common focus on theories of heredity and national degeneration. After World War II, there was a more homogenous language but still distinct national differences in emphasis and national interests and policy responses to different substances. More research will be needed to deepen understanding of the conditions under which these changes took place and the social and policy appeal of disease theories.
Alcohol Policy Making at the Local Level
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg , Baklien Bergljot
Published: February 2015

Several effective alcohol policy measures take place at the local level, yet little is known about local policy-making processes. In Norway, on-premise closing hours are much debated, and they were subject to a liberalization wave in 2004 and a restriction wave around 2008. This study addresses the processes that underlie the changes in closing hours. We use data from 24 Norwegian cities where such changes occurred. Data include newspaper articles, city council documents, and brief interviews with key informants. Changes in on-premise closing hours were generally small. The extensions occurred when the interests of the industry were countered by other interests and arguments but only to a limited extent. The restrictions around 2008 occurred when the police frequently expressed strong concerns about the problems of violence and nuisance and recommended restrictions. The findings suggest that local alcohol policy making is formed between opposing values and competing interests. Similarities in the complex processes underlying the policy changes were found across heterogeneous local contexts.
Three Things That Should Be Used to Guide Investigative Interviews by Military and Intelligence Agencies
Authors: Declue Gregory
Published: February 2015

The psychological study of investigative interviewing is over 100 years old (Munsterberg, 1908), with a rich literature and body of knowledge (Drizin and Leo, 2004; Kassin, Drizin, Grisso, Gudjonsson, Leo, & Redlich, 2009). Although behavioral and social science has focused primarily on investigations by police, findings should also be considered by investigators who work for military or intelligence agencies. The state of the science leads to at least three recommendations. First, all investigative interviews should be video-recorded in their entirety, with an equal focus on interviewers and interviewees. Second, rather than seeing interrogation as a method to persuade or coerce an uncooperative subject into confessing, investigators should consider interviews of suspects, victims, witnesses, and sources as investigative interviews, with a common goal of finding the truth. Third, because investigators do not really know which interviewees are guilty (have guilty knowledge) and which are not (do not), no law-enforcement, military, or intelligence-agency interrogator should ever use a technique on a “presumed-guilty” suspect that would not be appropriate for use with an innocent person.
Maternal Filicide and Mental Illness in Italy: A Comparative Study
Authors: McKee Geoffrey R. , Bramante Alesandra
Published: February 2015

This retrospective records review study of maternal filicide in Italy compared the demographic, historical, clinical, victim, and offense/forensic characteristics of mothers with (MI) and without (NMI) severe mental illness. MI mothers were found to be older, married, more intelligent, and unemployed at the time of their crime. They were more likely to be in psychiatric outpatient treatment and to have a history of suicide attempts. NMI mothers were more likely to have given birth in a nonhospital setting and to have a younger-aged victim. MI mothers were more likely to have confessed to their crime, but at trial almost all were acquitted by reason of insanity. Implications of the data for treatment planning and prevention are discussed.
Common Errors in the Assessment of Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Mart Eric G.
Published: February 2015

The assessment of child sexual abuse (CSA) allegations is a complex, challenging, high-stakes undertaking. The consequences of sloppy assessments leading to false positive or false negative court decisions are clearly severe. Despite this, many professionals and paraprofessionals who undertake such assessments continue to perform substandard child sexual abuse investigations. This article presents some of the common errors made by CSA investigators and suggests the use of research-based investigative protocols and ongoing training as ways of improving this situation.
Bringing morphometrics into the Fetal Alcohol Report: Statistical Language for the Forensic Neurologist or Psychiatrist
Authors: Bookstein Fred L. , Kowell Arthur P.
Published: February 2015

The components of a diagnosis in the fetal alcohol spectrum consider, among other domains, evidence of prenatal alcohol exposure, facial features, neurological or neuropsychological deficits, and neuroanatomical form. Most of these assessments are based on traditional sorts of quantifications (e.g., length measures, IQ scores, quantity of alcohol drunk by the mother), but for one of the domains, the morphometric assessment of neuroanatomical form as abnormal in a way suggesting fetal alcohol damage, the associated quantifications are relatively recent. For purposes of a forensic report, this morphometric component of the diagnostic judgment would seem to go best in the form of one classic statistical quantity, the likelihood ratio (odds ratio) of two hypotheses as they both attempt to explain the form of a particular structure within the defendant's brain (in our approach, the midcurve of the corpus callosum). On one hypothesis, the subject is presumed to be from a normal population; on the other, he is from a group all characterized by diagnosable fetal alcohol damage. Our article explains in simple terms how the forensic physician might wish to couch that component of the FASD diagnostic system for the purpose of aiding those in the courtroom who have the task of determining guilt or culpability.
Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in the Dependency Court System: Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Paley Blair , Auerbach Barbara E.
Published: February 2015

Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are at a greatly increased risk for developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral, social, and emotional problems. High rates of secondary disabilities have been reported in this population, including mental health problems, school failure, delinquency, plus alcohol and substance abuse problems. Long-term outcomes for adolescents and adults with FASD include increased risk for unemployment, suicidal ideation and behavior, and confinement in psychiatric facilities and correctional institutions. Many children impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure are raised in out-of-home placements, and thus will likely have extensive involvement with the child welfare and dependency court systems. However, child welfare agencies and dependency courts are often not well-equipped to handle cases involving these children. This article will address the challenges that children with FASD and their families face in those systems, as well as recommendations for improvements in how those systems respond to the needs of these highly vulnerable children.
Legal and Psychological Implications of Nondisclosure in the Adoption of a Child with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Williams Sharon James , Dubovsky Daniel , Merritt Jason
Published: February 2015

Approximately 127,000 children were adopted in the United States in 2000 and the same number in 2001. When adoptions go well, the events that follow are mostly private family matters. On other occasions, families discover that they have adopted a child who is suffering from mental and/or physical ailments. In cases where the adoptive parents are not aware of the child's medical history, adoptions can have unfortunate endings, including adoption disruption, litigation, interfamily violence, and even death. This article focuses on the issues involved when a family discovers post-adoption that the child has Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The article will first discuss the evolution of adoption and disclosure in the United States, then provide background on the nature of FASD and the difficulties of recognizing cases. The article will then focus on (a) the psychological impact on parents who have adopted a child who is found to have FASD and (b) the impact of disclosure upon state, national, and international law. The article concludes with recommendations for improving disclosure standards and reducing the risk of FASD going undetected and undisclosed in adoptive children.
The Psychology of Correctional Therapeutics and Offender Rehabilitation: Approaching a Balanced Model of Inmate Treatment
Authors: Carpenter J. Tyler , Spruiell Graham
Published: February 2015

A correctional policy of medically mandated, constitutionally guaranteed, and legally enforced mental health treatment for persons with mental illness sounds both humane and like good public policy. The widely assumed presumption is that such a framework exists and can be applied in correctional settings. Unfortunately, the piecemeal nature of current programs often interferes in addressing special offender populations such as persons with psychotic illness, sex offenders, psychopaths, substance abusers, domestic violence perpetrators, or any admixture thereof. This article concludes with a review of six cases that illustrate how clinicians, line staff, and administrative personnel in a typical prison milieu manage to finesse treatment under challenging conditions.
Relative Function: Nuclear Brain Imaging in United States Courts
Authors: Rushing Susan E. , Langleben Daniel D.
Published: February 2015

Neuropsychological testing—medical imaging of the brain structure and function—allows the expert to inform the court on the brain structure and function of the forensic examinee. Supported by extensive clinical use, neuropsychological testing and structural imaging in the form of computerized tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging have achieved general acceptance in court. However, functional imaging such as functional MRI and nuclear medicine techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), have faced more admissibility challenges. While functional imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool in assessing neuropsychiatric illness, we surmise that evidentiary challenges are largely related to the phase of trial in which the nuclear study is offered as evidence. This article will review the basic science of functional nuclear imaging including PET and single photon emission computed tomography. We will then review cases where admissibility of these techniques has been challenged and consider whether and how nuclear brain imaging can influence the outcome of the trial.
On Honesty and Integrity in Forensic Science: A Snapshot of Robert L. Sadoff, M.D.
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: February 2015

This brief essay provides a snapshot of forensic psychiatrist Robert L. Sadoff and how his life has reflected the exemplification of honesty and integrity in the field of forensic science.
Criminal Law Standards in Civil Commitment
Authors: Slovenko Ralph
Published: February 2015

The history of the hospitalization of persons with mental disorders has progressed in distinct stages over the course of the past two centuries. From Philippe Pinel's introduction of moral treatment principles, through the advent of professional psychiatry as a result of Sigmund Freud's innovations, through the move toward deinstitutionalization enabled by the discovery of new psychiatric medications, the groundwork was laid for the fourth and most recent of what can be seen as “revolutions” in institutional mental health care: the focus of both law and medicine on the parameters of the state's commitment power. This article addresses the function of the criminal procedure model in the context of civil commitment, its practical effects, and opportunities for continued reform.
The Teaching Roles of the Forensic Psychiatrist
Authors: Ciccone J. Richard , Jones Joshua C. W.
Published: February 2015

As exemplified by the career of Robert L. Sadoff, M.D., the teaching roles of the forensic psychiatrist are enacted in medical settings (with medical students, psychiatric residents, forensic psychiatry fellows, and other fellows) and in legal settings as well (via expert witness testimony, amicus briefs, law school teaching, and legislative advocacy). New technologies and new audiences will continue to extend the educational influence of forensic psychiatrists, transforming as well as reflecting the profession's public and scientific profiles.
Assessment Instruments of Decision-Making Capacity
Authors: Racine Christopher W. , Billick Stephen Bates
Published: February 2015

Capacity to consent to informed treatment decisions is an often overlooked, yet tremendously critical, aspect of modern medical practice. Despite its importance, research has shown that clinicians often fail to identify patients who lack capacity. Currently, other than a clinical psychiatric consultation and evaluation, there is no standardized method for determining whether a patient has capacity to make treatment decisions. Cognitive scales, such as the MMSE, may inform capacity evaluations but are neither sensitive nor specific. Accordingly, various clinical instruments have been developed to aid in the determination of capacity to consent to treatment. This is a review of several of these instruments. While there is no convincing evidence for the use of a particular scale, the CQ and ACE are easy to administer and can be efficiently utilized by clinicians to inform capacity assessment. While more time consuming to administer and score, the MacCAT-T also provides a comprehensive evaluation of key capacity domains.
I Did It Because I Never Stopped Loving You: The Effects of Media Portrayals of Persistent Pursuit on Beliefs About Stalking
Authors: Lippman Julia R.
Published: February 2015

This experiment examines the effects of media portrayals of persistent pursuit on beliefs about stalking. Exposure to a film that depicted persistent pursuit as scary led participants to endorse fewer stalking-supportive beliefs. Although exposure to a film that depicted persistent pursuit as romantic did not lead to greater endorsement of stalking-supportive beliefs for all participants, it did have this effect among those higher in perceived realism or transportation. Possible mediators of the relation between media exposure and beliefs about stalking are also explored. Results indicate that media portrayals of gendered aggression can have prosocial effects, and that the romanticized pursuit behaviors commonly featured in the media as a part of normative courtship can lead to an increase in stalking-supportive beliefs. This latter finding may have implications for the legal support female stalking victims are able to access.
Host Environment, Host Communication, and Satisfaction With Life: A Study of Hong Kong Ethnic Minority Members
Authors: Chen Ling , Feng Guangchao Charles
Published: February 2015

This study, with two parts, investigated host environment and host communication factors in Hong Kong ethnic minority members’ cross-cultural adaptation. Study I examined host receptivity, host conformity pressure, host communication competence (HCC), and host communication satisfaction as predictors of satisfaction with life self-reported by Hong Kongers of south-/south-east Asian origin ( n = 195). Results showed that host receptivity and host communication satisfaction contributed significantly to satisfaction with life. Study II was a partial replication of Study I with a broader sample ( n = 140). Hierarchical multiple regressions replicated the earlier findings that host receptivity did and host conformity pressure did not predict satisfaction with life in the same direction. MANOVA of high and low HCC groups yielded significant main effects on host receptivity, host conformity pressure, host communication satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Personalization of Risk Through Convergence of Self- and Character-Risk
Authors: So Jiyeon , Shen Lijiang
Published: February 2015

This study reports a quasi-experiment ( N= 374) that examined an underlying mechanism through which narratives can facilitate personalization of risk. The participants were exposed to one of four entertainment clips depicting an at-risk character who either tested positive or negative for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). As predicted, reduction of perceived social distance to an at-risk character resulted in a convergence of perceived self- and character-risk. More importantly, the convergence of risk was driven by an increased perception of self-risk, as opposed to a reduction of character-risk. The observed pattern of risk convergence was much more pronounced in the negative rather than the positive STD test narratives. Furthermore, narrative engagement through identification, parasocial interaction, and perceived realism led to a greater degree of risk convergence, which was mediated by reduction in perceived social distance. The order in which the subjects estimated self- and character-risk did not influence the perceptual gap.
Assessing the Role of Local Communication Networks in Neighborhood Disorder and Crime
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: February 2015

This study conceptualizes local communication networks as a unique source of neighborhood collective efficacy. Data from the Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey were used to create neighborhood-level measures of structural factors, friendship/kinship networks, organizational participation, local communication networks, collective efficacy, disorder, and crime victimization. Results indicate that socioeconomic status and residential stability have positive effects on local communication networks. The measure of local communication networks is positively related to collective efficacy, which in turn has decreased effects on disorder and crime victimization. Implications are discussed in terms of the role of communication in building a safe community.
About the Ideal Layout of the City Street in the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Boerefijn Wim
Published: February 2015

In the historiography of town planning, one still finds the old idea that the straight street is typical for the Renaissance, whereas medieval streets would typically be curved or crooked and irregular. In this article, this idea will be contested with the evidence of the scarce written sources concerning the subject of the layout of the city street from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries and of the urban form of the new towns that were built in that period. It will also be shown that traditional interpretations of the famous passage from Alberti’s De re aedificatoria, which describes the advantages of winding streets as compared to straight streets, are largely wrong. Moreover, it will be argued that the general idea of medieval town building as something completely different than Renaissance town building is not correct.
Utilizing Response Times in Computerized Classification Testing
Authors: Sie Haskell , Finkelman Matthew D. , Riley Barth , Smits Niels
Published: February 2015

A well-known approach in computerized mastery testing is to combine the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) stopping rule with item selection to maximize Fisher information at the mastery threshold. This article proposes a new approach in which a time limit is defined for the test and examinees’ response times are considered in both item selection and test termination. Item selection is performed by maximizing Fisher information per time unit, rather than Fisher information itself. The test is terminated once the SPRT makes a classification decision, the time limit is exceeded, or there is no remaining item that has a high enough probability of being answered before the time limit. In a simulation study, the new procedure showed a substantial reduction in average testing time while slightly improving classification accuracy compared with the original method. In addition, the new procedure reduced the percentage of examinees who exceeded the time limit.
International Commission on Radiological Protection Committee 1: current status and future directions
Authors: Morgan W.F.
Published: February 2015

Commission 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection considers the risk of induction of cancer and heritable disease (stochastic effects) together with the underlying mechanisms of radiation action. Committee 1 also considers the risks, severity, and mechanisms of induction of tissue/organ damage and developmental defects (deterministic effects). The Committee was significantly revamped in 2013 and last met in Abu Dhabi in October 2013. Committee 1 evaluated progress on two ongoing task groups: Task Group 64 ‘Cancer Risk from Alpha Emitters’ and Task Group 75 ‘Stem Cell Radiobiology’. Following approval from the Main Commission, Committee 1 established two new task groups: Task Group 91 ‘Radiation Risk Inference at Low Dose and Low Dose Rate Exposure for Radiological Protection Purposes’ and Task Group 92 ‘Terminology and Definitions’. This article presents a synopsis of the current status of Committee 1 and outlines the tasks that Committee 1 may undertake in the future.
Overview of ICRP Committee 2 ‘Doses from Radiation Exposure’
Authors: Harrison J.
Published: February 2015

Over many years, Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has provided sets of dose coefficients to allow users to evaluate equivalent and effective doses for intakes of radionuclides or exposure to external radiation for comparison with dose limits, constraints, and reference levels as recommended by ICRP. Following the 2007 Recommendations, Committee 2 and its task groups are engaged in a substantial programme of work to provide new dose coefficients for various conditions of radiation exposure. The methodology being applied in the calculation of doses can be regarded as state-of-the-art in terms of the biokinetic models used to describe the behaviour of inhaled and ingested radionuclides, and the dosimetric models used to model radiation transport for external and internal exposures. The level of sophistication of these models is greater than required for calculation of the protection quantities with their inherent simplifications and approximations, which were introduced necessarily, for example by the use of radiation and tissue weighting factors. However, ICRP is at the forefront of developments in this area, and its models are used for scientific as well as protection purposes. This overview provides an outline of recent work and future plans, including publications on dose coefficients for adults, children, and in-utero exposures, with new dosimetric phantoms in each case. The Committee has also recently finished a report on radiation exposures of astronauts in space, and is working with members of the other ICRP committees on the development of advice on the use of effective dose.
Mediatization: theorizing the interplay between media, culture and society
Authors: Hepp Andreas , Hjarvard Stig , Lundby Knut
Published: February 2015

In response to Deacon and Stanyer’s article ‘Mediatization: Key Concept or Conceptual Bandwagon?’ we argue that they build their criticism on a simplified methodology. They mistake a media-centered approach for a media-centric one, and they do not capture how mediatization research engages with the complex relationship between changes in media and communication, on the one hand, and changes in various fields of culture and society on the other. We conclude that the emergence of the concept of mediatization is part of a paradigmatic shift within media and communication research.
A user-profile-based friendship recommendation solution in social networks
Authors: Mazhari Sara , Fakhrahmad Seyed Mostafa , Sadeghbeygi Hoda
Published: February 2015

Today, OSNs (online social networks) have become a popular communication platform, and a wide range of applications are considered for them. One fundamental relationship among members of a social network is friendship. Friend matching is a reasonable way to suggest people to each other. In this paper, we propose a model for measuring the similarities of two members based on information contained in their profiles. Unlike other profile-matching models, we do not assign equal weights to different items in users’ profiles to measure their similarity. In the first phase of the proposed scheme, we develop a mining model to discover the actual degree of influence of different factors that affect the formation of friendships. We extract this information from a real online social network. Then, based on the analysis results of this large dataset, matching and recommender systems are designed. The experimental results are encouraging and show that the proposed model significantly outperforms its counterparts.
Complimenting rivals
Authors: Redhead Mark
Published: February 2015

This article pursues two questions: Can one use Foucault’s later writings on parrhesia and Kant to create a Foucaldian approach to public reason? If so, what lessons might those attracted to John Rawls’ well-known model of public reason draw from a Foucaldian orientation? By putting Foucault into a competitive yet productive relationship with Rawls, this article addresses some of the latter’s shortcomings. In doing so it also makes a larger argument about the need to develop approaches to democratic deliberation that involve engagement with – rather than simple toleration and/or accommodation of – the various ‘reasonable’ ethical commitments deliberators, on some fundamental level, reason in light of. The justificatory aims of public reason are best achieved when participants’ most-cherished beliefs are opened to critical dialogue rather than banished to the realm of the ‘non-political’. The article begins by briefly illuminating the salient features of Rawls’ model of public reasoning as well as three problems that ensue with the limitations it places on discourses regulated by public reason. It then attempts to distill a Foucaldian approach to public reason by briefly discussing 4 elements of Foucault’s later work on Rawls’ philosophical godfather Kant together with several features of the antiquarian studies of parrhesia that Foucault was conducting at the time these Kantian works were written. Third, Jeffrey Stout’s recent account of theistic democratic actors in some of the most economically disadvantaged US localities demonstrates how many of the ideals integral to this Foucaldian approach to public reasoning built on engaging (rather than simply tolerating and/or accommodating) contrasting ethical perspectives are central to some concrete practices of public reasoning. It concludes with some thoughts on the necessity of publicly reasoning through rather than independently of our deepest commitments.
Camaraderie Reincorporated
Authors: Weedon Gavin
Published: February 2015

Tough Mudder, a market-leading event in the burgeoning practice and industry of mud running, is a 21 km “military-style” obstacle course with a curiously collaborative ethic. Teams of runners traverse the course in the name of fun, fitness, bravado, and much more besides, galvanized around Tough Mudder’s distinctive ethos of togetherness. This essay sets out to reassemble the “camaraderie” for which Tough Mudder is renowned as an element and outcome of material, corporeal, and symbolic enactments, and, with actor-network theory as a guiding sensibility, recasts it as a profoundly shared endeavor, one in which a whole host of actors, human and otherwise, make dramatic and subtle contributions.
A Hoard of Copper Plates: Patronage and the Early Valkhā State
Authors: Ghosh Suchandra
Published: February 2015

The horizontal spread of the state society accompanying the institution of land grants leading to the formation of a monarchical state polity is frequently witnessed during c. 300–600 CE. Among the many new and small kingdoms which surfaced during the time of the Guptas was the kingdom of Valkhā in Central India located on the banks of the Narmada. The kingdom, as it appears from their land grants, was situated on both sides of the Narmada river, at the southern periphery of the important Gupta strongholds in central India (Airikiṇa, Eran) and beyond the northern frontier of the Vākāṭakas kingdom to the south. In case of the Valkhā kingdom, it appears that in the process of transition from a pre-state to a state, it can be placed in a category where, with the formation of the kingdom around the mid-fourth century CE, Valkhā has just transcended the pre-state stage and could be placed in the genre of an early state. We seek to understand the early character of the Valkhā state through the lens of twenty-seven copper plates found together in a hoard and five others published in a scattered manner. It goes to the credit of K.V. Ramesh and S.P. Tewari who edited the plates in 1990 and revealed the names of the rulers of Valkhā. Through a reading of these charters we seek to understand the emergence and growth of the Valkhā state. Due to the donations, the donee assumes a significant position and so the nature of patronage of the Valkhā rulers becomes central to our study.
Book Review: Nalini Natarajan, Atlantic Gandhi: The Mahatma Overseas
Authors: Chandra Sudhir
Published: February 2015

Nalini Natarajan, Atlantic Gandhi: The Mahatma Overseas, SAGE, New Delhi, 2013, 249 pp., ₹750.
Bindi-fying the Self
Authors: Hamid Wajihah
Published: February 2015

This article examines changes to cultural identity when South Asians move around the globe. It focuses specifically on the humble bindi as a marker of one specific South Asian woman’s agency and comes up with wide-ranging suggestions about the scope for using such bodily adornments as a tool for skilled cultural navigation in diaspora. It also suggests avenues for further research.
Effectiveness of resistance training on muscle strength and physical function in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chung Chloe Lau Ha , Thilarajah Shamala , Tan Dawn
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

To systematically review the evidence investigating the effectiveness of resistance training on strength and physical function in people with Parkinson’s disease.

Data sources:

Seven electronic databases (COCHRANE, CINAHL, Medline ISI, Psycinfo, Scopus, Web of Science ISI and Embase) were systematically searched for full-text articles published in English between 1946 and November 2014 using relevant search terms.

Review methods:

Only randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of resistance training on muscle strength and physical function in people with Parkinson’s disease were considered. The PEDro scale was used to assess study quality. Studies with similar outcomes were pooled by calculating standardized mean differences (SMD) using fixed or random effects model, depending on study heterogeneity.

Results:

Seven studies, comprising of 401 participants with early to advanced disease (Hoehn & Yahr stage 1 to 4), were included. The median quality score was 6/10. The meta-analyses demonstrated significant SMD in favour of resistance training compared to non-resistance training or no intervention controls for muscle strength (0.61; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.87; P <0.001), balance (0.36; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.64; P = 0.01) and parkinsonian motor symptoms (0.48; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.75; P < 0.001) but not for gait, balance confidence and quality of life.

Conclusion:

This review demonstrates that moderate intensity progressive resistance training, 2-3 times per week over 8-10 weeks can result in significant strength, balance and motor symptoms gains in people with early to moderate Parkinson’s disease.
The subjective experience of acute, experimentally-induced Salvia divinorum inebriation
Authors: Addy Peter H , Garcia-Romeu Albert , Metzger Matthew , Wade Jenny
Published: February 2015

This study examined the overall psychological effects of inebriation facilitated by the naturally-occurring plant hallucinogen Salvia divinorum using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty healthy individuals self-administered Salvia divinorum via combustion and inhalation in a quiet, comfortable research setting. Experimental sessions, post-session interviews, and 8-week follow-up meetings were audio recorded and transcribed to provide the primary qualitative material analyzed here. Additionally, post-session responses to the Hallucinogen Rating Scale provided a quantitative groundwork for mixed-methods discussion. Qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis, being coded independently by three researchers before being collaboratively integrated to provide the final results. Three main themes and 10 subthemes of acute intoxication emerged, encompassing the qualities of the experience, perceptual alterations, and cognitive-affective shifts. The experience was described as having rapid onset and being intense and unique. Participants reported marked changes in auditory, visual, and interoceptive sensory input; losing normal awareness of themselves and their surroundings; and an assortment of delusional phenomena. Additionally, the abuse potential of Salvia divinorum was examined post hoc. These findings are discussed in light of previous research, and provide an initial framework for greater understanding of the subjective effects of Salvia divinorum, an emerging drug of abuse.
Population geography III
Authors: Tyner James A.
Published: February 2015

Mortality has figured prominently in the field of population geography; death, conversely, has received minimal attention. This has important implications given that mortality directs attention primarily to populations whereas death focuses attention toward individual bodies. In this progress report, I situate the geographic study of mortality within ongoing theorizations of precarity and precariousness. Drawing on Marxist ideas of labor-capacity and social reproduction, I reflect also on the idea of ‘shared mortality’. This is followed by a discussion of ‘dead peasants’ insurance. In so doing I forge a bridge between population geography and the emergent sub-field of biofinancialization. I conclude with a distinction between ‘premature death’ and ‘truncated life’.
Food geographies I
Authors: Goodman Michael K.
Published: February 2015

The study of foodscapes has spread throughout geography at the same time as food scholarship has spearheaded post-disciplinary research. This report argues that geographers have taken to post-disciplinarity to explore the ways that food is ‘more-than-food’ through analyses of the visceral nature of eating and politics and the vital (re)materializations of food’s cultural geographies. Visceral food geographies illuminate what I call the ‘contingent relationalities’ of food in the critical evaluation of the indeterminate, situated politics of ‘feeling food’ and those of the embodied collectivities of obesity. Questions remain, however, about how a visceral framework might be deployed for broader critiques within foodscapes and the study of human geography. The study of food’s vital materialisms opens up investigation into the practices of the ‘makings’ of meat, food waste and eating networks. Analysis of affect, embodiment and cultural practices is central to these theorizations and suggests consideration of the multiple materialisms of food, space and eating. There is, I contend, in the more radical, ‘post-relational’ approaches to food, the need for a note of caution. Exuberant claims for the ontological, vital agency of food should be tempered by, or at least run parallel to, critical questions of the real politik of political and practical agency in light of recent struggles over austerity, food poverty and food justice.
Headache neuroimaging: Routine testing when guidelines recommend against them
Authors: Callaghan Brian C , Kerber Kevin A , Pace Robert J , Skolarus Lesli , Cooper Wade , Burke James F
Published: February 2015

Aims

The aim of this article is to determine the patient-level factors associated with headache neuroimaging in outpatient practice.

Methods

Using data from the 2007–2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS), we estimated headache neuroimaging utilization (cross-sectional). Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations between patient-level factors and neuroimaging utilization. A Markov model with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate neuroimaging utilization over time at the individual patient level.

Results

Migraine diagnoses (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9) and chronic headaches (routine, chronic OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.6; flare-up, chronic OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.96) were associated with lower utilization, but even in these populations neuroimaging was ordered frequently. Red flags for intracranial pathology did not increase use of neuroimaging studies (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.95–2.2). Neurologist visits (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 0.99–2.9) and first visits to a practice (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.4–7.4) were associated with increased imaging. A patient with new migraine headaches has a 39% (95% CI 24–54%) chance of receiving a neuroimaging study after five years and a patient with a flare-up of chronic headaches has a 51% (32–68%) chance.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging is routinely ordered in outpatient headache patients including populations where guidelines specifically recommend against their use (migraines, chronic headaches, no red flags).
An Osteophyte in the Tibial Plateau Is a Risk Factor for Allograft Extrusion After Meniscus Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Jeon Byeongsam , Kim Jong-Min , Kim Jong-Min , Lee Chang-Rack , Kim Kyung-Ah , Bin Seong-Il
Published: February 2015

Background:

Osteophytes can be observed on the tibial plateau during meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT). However, no studies to date have evaluated the effect of these osteophytes on meniscus allograft extrusion.

Hypothesis:

Osteophyte excision in the tibial plateau could reduce extrusion of the transplanted meniscus and improve short-term clinical outcomes with meniscus allograft transplantation.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Between October 2004 and July 2012, a total of 323 patients underwent MAT at a single institution. Of these, 88 patients had a peripheral osteophyte in their tibial plateau, and they were enrolled in the study retrospectively. The mean age of the patients was 35.3 years (range, 15-56 years); there were 57 male and 31 female patients. Forty-four patients underwent osteophyte excision concomitantly with MAT and 44 patients underwent MAT only. The 2 groups showed no difference in terms of age, body mass index, time after meniscectomy, and preoperative knee scores. A medial meniscus allograft was transplanted in 13 cases (15%) and a lateral meniscus in 75 (85%). The absolute extrusion and relative percentage of extrusion were measured to evaluate allograft extrusion 12 months after MAT. The modified Lysholm scoring system and the Hospital for Special Surgery score at 2 years after MAT were used to evaluate clinical outcomes.

Results:

The mean absolute extrusions at 1 year postoperatively in the excision and nonexcision groups were 3.5 ± 1.5 and 5.5 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. The mean relative percentages of extrusion were 34.1% ± 15.9% and 54.7% ± 20.7%, respectively. The rates of allograft extrusion (>3 mm) were 28 of 44 (63.6%) and 41 of 44 (93.2%) in the excision and nonexcision groups, respectively. The intergroup differences in absolute extrusion, relative percentage of extrusion, and rate of allograft extrusion were statistically significant ( P < .001 for all 3 parameters). There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes (modified Lysholm or Hospital of Special Surgery scores) at 2-year follow-up ( P < .762 and < .298, respectively).

Conclusion:

The excision of a peripheral osteophyte larger than 2 mm in the proximal tibial plateau was associated with less allograft extrusion after MAT.
Transfer of Methylprednisolone into Breast Milk in a Mother with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cooper Shaun D. , Felkins Kathleen , Baker Teresa E. , Hale Thomas W.
Published: February 2015

High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone, a glucocorticoid with powerful anti-inflammatory activities, has become increasingly important in treating acute relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS). This is a case report of a 36-year-old lactating female who was receiving a 3-day course of high-dose methylprednisolone (1000 mg IV) to treat MS. Breast milk samples were obtained at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours following a 2-hour intravenous infusion on days 1, 2, and 3. The relative infant dose was found to be 1.45%, 1.35%, and 1.15% for days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Using the average measured concentrations (Cavg) for days 1, 2, and 3, the estimated infant exposure was 0.207, 0.194, and 0.164 mg/kg/day, respectively, which is below the recommended dose given to neonates requiring methylprednisolone drug therapy. Infant exposure is low and mothers could continue to breastfeed if treatment with IV methylprednisolone is very brief. However, if the mother wishes to limit infant exposure further, she could wait 2 to 4 hours after IV methylprednisolone administration, thus significantly limiting the amount of drug in the breast milk.
How Research on Charitable Giving Can Inform Strategies to Promote Human Milk Donations to Milk Banks
Authors: Stevens Jack , Keim Sarah A.
Published: February 2015

Many hospitalized preterm infants do not exclusively receive mother’s own milk, so milk from another mother may be sought. Previous research indicated that just 1% of US women who express breast milk actually donate it for another family. Therefore, strategies to boost donation rates should be identified. We draw upon the experimental literature on charitable giving of monetary donations to offer 6 strategies to promote breast milk donations to milk banks in North America. These strategies include (1) highlighting a potential identifiable recipient of donated breast milk as opposed to highlighting groups of potential recipients; (2) emphasizing similarities between the potential donor and potential beneficiaries; (3) emphasizing similarities between the potential donor and previous donors; (4) using negative arousal to promote donations; (5) emphasizing the self-interest of those asking for breast milk donations; and (6) highlighting the specific effect of breast milk donations. Potential limitations of these strategies are discussed.
Classification of time–frequency images based on locality-constrained linear coding optimization model for rotating machinery fault diagnosis
Authors: Wang Wei-Gang , Liu Zhan-Sheng
Published: February 2015

Time–frequency images have been widely employed in vibration signal analysis in the field of rotating machinery fault diagnosis. Generally, global features such as gray statistic features and texture features, are extracted from time–frequency images for fault classification, but the effect is not satisfactory. The locality-constrained linear coding model based on local features has been successfully employed in image classification. This paper contributes to this ongoing investigation by developing a locality-constrained linear coding optimization model applied in time–frequency images classification for rotating machinery fault diagnosis. The classification accuracy and generalization of the locality-constrained linear coding model depend on the selection of pooling methods, values of pooling parameters, and penalization coefficient. In the optimization model, misclassification rate is chosen as an objective function, and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is adopted to optimize the pooling parameters and penalization coefficient. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is utilized to produce optimal solutions at the training stage, and then these solutions will be evaluated at the testing stage. The promise of the novel model is illustrated by performing our procedure on vibration signals from a rolling bearing with 16 health states. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed approach could obviously increase the classification accuracy.