bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Buter, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 78°F; soil temp, 77°F; % RH, 72; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silty-clay-loam; % soil moisture, 16; soil pH, 6.1; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 6 days after the initial 30 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in State College, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ftaspray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 75°F; soil temp, 75°F; % RH, 67; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silt-clay-loam; % soil moisture, 15.7; soil pH, 6.4; % organic matter, 2.8; water pH, slightly acidic. Posttreatment counts were made 12 days after the initial 13 Aug treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the nmber of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Evaluation of Heliothis Zea Control on Greenhouse Geranium, 1985
Authors: Browning H. W. , Royer T. A.
Published: March 2022

An experiment comparing three rates of FMC-54800 2EC and one rate of Mavrik Aquaflow with an untreated check was conducted on greenhouse produced geraniums Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey that were artificially infested with first instar Heliothis zea (Boddie). Upon eclosion, 20 larvae from a laboratory culture were transferred to each plant with a camel's hair brush and allowed to establish on the plants for ca. 7 days. Immediately preceding spray application, all plants were standardized with respect to the number of larvae present by transferring larvae until each plant hosted 4 larvae. Larvae were second and third instars at the time of treatment. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design (2 plants per treatment) with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied with a C02 powered hand-held sprayer. All plants assigned to each treatment received a 30 s application that approximated runoff. Efficacy evaluations were recorded 48 hours posttreatment. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and significant treatment effects (P • 0.05) were separated using DMRT.
Evaluation of Miticides on Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Potted, greenhouse grown plants were inoculated with mites from a cultured colony in Mar. The plants were held until the population was well established, according to a baseline pre-treatment count. There were 3 replicate pots per treatment, and evaluations were made by summing all mites found on 4 randomly selected leaves per replicate pot on each sampling date. Evaluations were made at 2 DAT. There were 3 sprays to the point of runoff made with hand-held mist bottles.
Evaluation of Ulv Avid for Spider Mite Cleanup on Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Potted, greenhouse plants were inoculated with mites from a cultured colony and held for ca. 3 weeks until the mite population was well established. Treatments were applied with a hand-held Turbair "Scamp" ULV spray apparatus at 0800 h on 6 May. Pots were removed from the greenhouse and placed on open ground to receive treatments, then returned to the greenhouse. No adjuvants were used. Plants were sprayed from 2 sides for 5-10 s per side, from a distance of ca. 8 ft. Slightly less than 0.7 oz of spray mixture was used to treat all 6 replicate pots within each treatment group. Test application volumes and concentrations were based on deliverey of ca. 5 pt total volume/acre. Pre- and post-treatment evaluations were made by counting all live mites on 1 randomly selected shoot (ca. 3 inch length) per replicate pot.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Snapdragons, 1986
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Payne Richard , Price Richard , Gladin Jodie , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated in 2 tests on greenhouse grown snapdragons on 12 Jun and 26 Jun. The plants were in 4 inch pots that were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer. A surfactant* was added to all treatments. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves per plant and counting the number of live aphids per leaf at 1, 4, 7, and 14 DAT in test 1 and at 11 DAT in test 2. Orthene alone and Danitol plus Orthene provided significant control to 14 DAT in test 1 and to 11 DAT in test 2. Other rates of Danitol did not provide significant control when compared to the check (water and surfactant treatment). No phytotoxicity was observed.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Greenhouse Roses, 1986
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

Five acaricides-insecticides were evaluated against twospotted spider mites on roses planted in greenhouse beds. A CRD was used, with 9 plants per treatment. Samples consisted of 4 leaves randomly selected from infested terminals for each sample date. Leaves were immersed in a liquid floor wax and the number of mites counted with a binocular microscope. Treatments were applied 14 Feb, except Carzol 92SP and Apollo 50SC + Carzol 92SP, which were applied 20 Feb. A 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi was utilized. A second application of all treatments was made 14 Mar. Pretreatment counts were made the day of treatment.
Control of Sawfly Defoliators on Green Ash, 1986
Authors: Solomon J. D.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling sawfly defoliators of young green ash plantations at Stoneville, Mississippi. Trees were in their fourth year of growth and ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 m in height. Five infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Fohar applications were made using a 7.6 liter (2 gal) handsprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 liter finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Prespray counts were made of all sawfly larvae on 2 major branches of each tree. Tethida barda was the predominant sawfly species, but small numbers of Eupareophora parca were also present. Counts of both species were combined for analysis. The percentage data were subjected to arcsine transformation, analysis of variance, and Duncan's new multiple range test at the 0.05 level.
Control of Bagworms on Eastern Red Cedar, 1986
Authors: Gladin Jodie , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on Eastern red cedars that were approximately 20 ft high. The plants were located at a golf course in Stillwater and were treated on 12 Jun. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a FMC DM 010 sprayer at 350 psi. The temperature and wind velocity was 78°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment.
Carbofuran Phytotoxicity to Fraser Fir Transplants, 1985
Authors: Lanier Gerald N.
Published: March 2022

Carbofiiran (Furdan 15G) was applied at 10 g (1.5 g AI) per seedling to alternate rows of Fraser fir (2/1) transplants in a Christmas tree production area near Lysander, NY. Granules were placed at the base of each tree arc! covered with 1-2 cm of mineral soil on 4 May '84. Trees were watered only by rainfall.
Persimmon, Fall Webworm Control Trial, 1986
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Miller Gary L. , Hendricks Harlan J.
Published: March 2022

6 insecticides were sprayed on fall webworm nests, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), located in persimmon trees, Diospyros virginiana L. Selected trees were growing along roadsides near Auburn, Lee Co., Alabama. Test materials were applied 5 Aug to active webworm colonies by spraying individual webs and surrounding foliage with hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers to runoff. Chevron spreader-sticker was added to all spray mixtures at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. Treatments were replicated 3 times with each colony constituting a replication. Efficacy of test materials was determined 7 days posttreatment by removing the colonies from trees and counting the number of live larvae.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Centre CO., PA, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated to control the summer generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 5-6 ft scotch pine Christmas trees. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off with a Solo 425 backpack hand-pump sprayer. Each treatment was applied to 4 single tree replicates. Treatments were made on 17 Jul. The air temp was 68°F and the % RH was 86. Rainfall occurred within 24 hr following completion of all treatments. One week posttreatment (24 Jul), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo-dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Evaluation of Permethrin Wipes for Fly Control on Horses, 1986
Authors: Burg J. G. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Five horse wipe products, Flysect™ Super-7, Flysect™ Super-7 concentrate, Tech-trol™ wipe-on, Tech-trol™ concentrate and Poridon™, were tested for fly control on pastured and stabled horses. Flysect™ Super-7, Tech-trol™ wipe-on and Poridon™ were used directly from the container. Flysect™ Super-7 concentrate was diluted 1:4 with water and Tech-trol™ concentrate was diluted 1:24 with water. The stable study was conducted in a 20 stall barn on the University of Kentucky Agriculture Research Farm containing 18 yearlings. Rice hull bedding was used and stalls were cleaned daily. Yearlings remained in their stalls except during cleaning. All treatment horses were brushed prior to wipe application. Each product was applied to 3 randomly selected yearlings at a rate of 120 ml/animal on 28 Jul '86. Three untreated yearlings served as controls. Fly counts were made immediately prior to treatment and at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. The pasture study was conducted on 2 privately owned thoroughbred farms in Fayette and Scott Co. in central Kentucky. All horses remained in the pasture for the duration of the study. Five mares and 1 stallion on the Scott Co. farm were treated with the wipe-on products on 11, 18 and 25 Aug '86 (2 animals/wipe/date, 6 replications/ treatment). Six mares on the Fayette Co. farm were treated with concentrates on 18 and 25 Aug '86 (3 animals/concentrate/date, 6 replications/concentrate). No animal received the same treatment twice. Foals were present in some of the pastures with treated mares. Four mares on the Fayette Co. farm served as controls for the duration of the study. All treatment animals were brushed and wiped as previously described. Fly counts were made immediately prior to treatment and at 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment.
Residual Study of Permethrin Wipes for Stable Fly Control on Horses, 1986
Authors: Burg J. G. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Four horse wipe products, Flysect™ Super-7, Flysect™ Super-7 concentrate, Techtrol™ wipe-on, and Poridon™, were tested for their residual activity against the stable fly. Flysect™ Super-7, Techtrol ™ wipe-on, and Poridon™ were used directly from the container and Flysect™ Super-7 concentrate was diluted 1:4 with water prior to use. The study was conducted on 4 pastured thoroughbred mares on the University of Kentucky Agricultural Research Farm. Each mare was brushed prior to the treatment then wiped with 120 ml material/animal on 20 Oct '86. On 21, 24 and 27 Oct '86 (1, 4 and 7 days post-treatment), 3 groups of 15 3-4-day-old stable flies/ group were confined on the sides of each treated animal with 12.7 cm diam wire food strainers. Strainers were held in place with 2 parallel elastic straps supporting three 12.7 cm diam wire rings. Flies were confined within each strainer with a 15.2 × 15.2 cm piece of sheet metal when the apparatus was not attached to a horse. Flies were exposed to the treated horse for 10 min. The number of dead flies for each treatment was recorded 2 and 24 h post-exposure. Five groups of 15 flies/group, confined under strainers, served as controls.
Evaluation of Three Insecticides Against Poultry Litter Beetles, 1986
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Adults and mature larvae of both litter beetle species were exposed continuously or for 2 h to Rabon 50% WP, Sevin XLR, or Actellic 7E on treated filter papers. For the continuous exposure experiment, 20 no. 4 filter papers (7 cm diam) were sprayed with 50 ml of either Rabon (1600 or 320 mg AI/m2), Sevin (2000 mg AI/m2), Actellic (250 mg AI/m2), or a water control while tacked to a 0.5 m2 board. Treated filter papers were placed individually into 9-cm diam plastic petri dishes and allowed to dry. The next day, 10 late-instar larvae or 10 four-week-old adults of the lesser mealworm (LMW) or hide beetle (HB) were added to each petri dish (100 total petri dishes-5 replications/treatment/beetle/stage). No. of dead were recorded at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h and % mortality calculated (corrected using Abbott's formula and transformed by arcsin Vp for the analysis). Mortality in the controls was low except by 48 and 72 h for the HB due to cannibalism. Treatments at each sampling period for each beetle stage were compared by Fisher's protected LSD test. For the 2-h exposure experiment, similar procedures were followed except 1-week-old adult beetles were used and the treated filter papers were removed after 2 h and a small amount of food, flshmeal (HB) or wheat bran (LMW), was added to each petri dish to reduce cannibalism.
Movse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Movse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1986: White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have i plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usuallv formulated as an EC (w/v) in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dermally. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Apple, Mite Control With Savey, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 4-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 replicates/ treatment. Each plot contained one each of the cultivars Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Sprays were applied as alternate side applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were as follows: 25 Apr, 8 May, and 23 Jul. A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Benlate, Guthion, Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Systox and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/ tree, 125 leaves/treatment (cv Delicious). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of ‘Delicious’ trees. Mite pressure was light.
Apple, Evaluation of Savey and Plictran for Mite Control, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

No dormant oil was applied to trees used in this test. Tree rates of Savey and 1 rate of Plictran were evaluated for control of ERM and TSSM on an 11-year-old orchard at Clarksville, AR. Four replications of single tree plots were used for each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied 25 Mar (Pink) and 20 Jun (mites exceeding 2/apple leaf) to runoff (ca. 2 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer at 250 psi with a handgun. Leaf samples (25/tree) were brushed on a Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing machine and records were made of the number of eggs, immatures and adults of ERM and TSSM.
Apple, Mite Control with Apollo, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-year old apple trees were sprayed to run-off by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots! consisted of 4 single tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Except for Guthion 50WP (3 cover sprays at 1.25 lb/acre each) and fungicides (CyprexJ Bayleton), no other insecticides were applied in the test orchard. Treatments were evaluated at 1- to 3-week intervals through the season by brushing 100 leaves (25/tree). On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16-year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatment dates were 14 Apr, tight cluster (TC); 25 Apr, pink (P); 8 May, petal fall (PF); 27 May, first cover (1C); 13 Jun, second cover (2C); 7 Jul, third cover (3C); 25 Jul, fourth cover (4C); and 25 Aug, fifth cover (5C). For disease control, the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Sampling methods for other insects are as follows: Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree; WALH = avg no. of WALH/3 min count/tree; WALHa = avg % WALH damaged leaves/tree; EASF = avg no. of EASF damaged fruit/100 fruit clusters/tree; STLM = avg no. of STLM mines/3 min count/tree; RAA = avg no. of RAA colonies/tree; AA = avg no. of AA/terminal (10 most infested terminals counted/tree); CM, TABM, RBLR, PC, and San Jose scale = avg no. of damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree (at harvest); Russet = avg % russet/fruit/tree (15 fruit/tree examined).
Pear, Pear Psylla, Laboratory Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (small nursery liners) growing in 4-inch pots and on elongated fruiting spurs at cluster bud to popcorn stage of development collected from an unsprayed orchard. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 20 overwintered adults on each for 3 days. One set of seedlings was treated 1 day before adults were caged on them while the other set was treated after oviposition. Fruiting spurs were infested with eggs and a few nymphs when collected. Pesticides were applied to seedlings and spurs by dipping them in test dilutions for 5 s. Four serial dilutions for each IGR were tested. Controls were dipped in water. Treated samples were held in a growth room at ca. 75°C and 16 h photoperiod until most eggs on controls had hatched or until spur foliage began to wilt. Treated spurs were placed in 200 ml beakers with water to keep them fresh. Treatments were applied to single seedlings or 5 spurs. Treatments were evaluated by counting eggs, dead and live nymphs on entire samples using a dissecting microscope.
Pear, Evaluation of Dimilin For Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in a 3 acre block of ‘Bartlett’ pears near Biglerville, PA. Six trees were randomly chosen in the block for monitoring. Three trees at the edge of the block were left untreated and served as controls. Chemicals were applied as a complete spray to both sides of trees with a Bean airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Application dates and rates were as follows: 1 Apr—bud burst (Dimilin 25WP 454 g plus 60 sec. oil 10.1 liters/acre), 14 Apr—white bud (Dimilin 25WP 454 g plus Manzate 200 1.2 Kg/acre). When PP populations on control trees reached damaging levels, they were treated with a handgun to the point of runoff. Application dates and rates for control trees were as follows: 9 May (Pydrin 2.4EC 118 ml plus Mitac 1.5EC 473ml/100 gals), and 23 May (Thiodan 50WP 454 g plus Mitac 1.5EC 946 ml/100 gals). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2 week intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur or mid-terminal leaves per tree. PP pressure was heavy.
Pear, Early Season Evaluation of Savey Muicide, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Five different timings were compared. Sprays containing 1 oz Savey 50% WP/100 gal were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 13-year old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized block design. In early Apr trees were inoculated with ERM by placing apple branches with overwintering eggs in the canopies. The entire test block was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4EC at 5 oz/100 gal on 19 Mar for pear psylla control. A Pydrin application was repeated 2 Jun to control psylla and also to encourage build-up of spider mites. Treatments were evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree. On each tree 3 scaffold limbs were selected and leaves were sampled from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Commercial Orchard Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Baird R. J.
Published: March 2022

Effects of standard compounds and practices used in commercial orchards on first generation WALH were examined. This test was conducted in a commercial orchard containing 12-year-old trees, with under-tree irrigation. Treatments consisted of unreplicated plots 1.0 acre in size. A first set of treatments was applied on 19 May, when fourth instar WALH nymphs were first detected. A second set of treatments, consisting of Sevin 50WP at rates recommended for fruit thinning, was applied on 25 May. All materials were applied with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. WALH populations were estimated by counting nymphs on 10 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on 10 randomly selected trees from the central region of each plot (100 leaves per treatment).
Secondary Outrreaks of Spider Mites on Cherry, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Freeman R.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on 5-year-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, CA. Eight treatments were replciated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied on 15 May, 2 Jul, and 12 Aug with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal water/acre. Twenty leaf samples from each tree were taken randomly from the outside canopy at heights of 4 to 8 ft on 15 Jul, 28 Jul, 13 Aug, 26 Aug, 2 Sep, 9 Sep and 17 Sep. Mite eggs and active stages were counted under a dissecting microscope.
Peach, Effect of Pydrin Treatments on European Red Mite Control with acaricides, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 11-year old peach orchard on the variety ‘Red Haven'. Single tree plots, replicated 3 times and arranged in a split-plot design were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. For disease control the orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 larvaes/tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956 and counting the number of motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting day after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Apple Aphid Control On Non-Bearing Trees, 1985-86
Authors: Fisher G. T.
Published: March 2022

A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate relative efficacy of 3 commercial aphicides on non-bearing trees. Knock-down and residual characteristics of each aphicide were observed. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made to the point of drip using a tractor-mounted hydraulic single nozzle sprayer delivering 250 psi. Infested terminals were flagged for use in making post-application counts. Dates of applications were 6 Jun and 14 Jun ‘85, 19 Jun ‘86. Trees avg 7 ft. All treatments included Captan 50W at 2 lb/100 gal. Selected terminals were used to evaluate treatments by counting live aphids at 2 and 10 days (1985) and 2 and 22 days (1986) post treatment.
Ovicidal Efficacy Against Corn Earworm on Excised Strawberry Leaves, 1986
Authors: Wiesenborn W. D. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen strawberry leaves with petioles in water were placed for 12 h in a cage containing 30 male and 30 female corn earworm adults (USDA lab strain). Randomly-selected leaves were dipped in 400 ml of insecticide 30 h following the oviposition period. Each leaf was an experimental unit; there were 3 replications. Insecticide concentrations were based on 100 gal/acre. After the insecticide dried, 15 fertile (ringed) eggs from each leaf were isolated by placing cut pieces of leaf each with 1 egg on moist cellucotton in uncovered 1-oz plastic cups. Eggs were kept at 27 ± 1°C and evaluated for hatching 96 h after the oviposition period.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control with CME-13406, 1986
Authors: Victor J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental CME-13406 alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil were compared to Kelthane for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 5-tree plots and replicated 2 times in a 25-year-old grapefruit orchard on 16 ft x 22 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 1 Jul and 11 Aug using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 x on the shaded side of each of 25 randomly selected fruit per replicate. At harvest, 100 randomly selected fruit per replicate were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed at percent russet i.e., fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Eficacy Tests in Riverside, 1986
Authors: Hare J. D. , Clemens T.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations at Riverside, CA. A completely randomized design was used with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Trees were assigned to treatments based on pretreatment mite counts to minimize within-treatment variation. Applications were made on 15 Sep when mite densities were approaching the conventional treatment threshold of 2 adult females/leaf. Materials were applied with a handgun at 450 psi (cal 10 gal/tree, 1000 gpa) using a John Bean sprayer. Counts of live, adult female mites from one 5-leaf terminal per tree quadrant (total of 20 leaves/tree) were made 3 days following application and weekly thereafter until mite populations naturally declined due to the onset of cool temperatures in late Nov.
Texas Citrus Mite (TCM) Control, 1986
Authors: Victor J.
Published: March 2022

Abamectin tank mixed with either NR 440 oil or Citrufilm spray adjuvant were compared to experimental DPX-Y5893 or Vendex L. Treatments were randomly assigned to 6-tree plots and replicated 4 times in a 23-year-old orange grove on 15 ft x 20 ft spacing. Applications were made on 7 Apr using a FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At each sample date, 24 leaves/replicate were randomly collected and put through a mite brushing machine. TCM motiles were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks under a binocular microscope at 25 X.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1985
Authors: McVay John R.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature “Schley” trees located at Rome, AL. Treatments were replicated 3 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a V4 acre plot with 3 core trees and 6 border trees. Applications were made to the inside half of border trees and all sides of core trees. Data were taken from the central core tree only. Pretreatment counts were made on 9 Sep. Foliar applications were made on 10 Sep using an FMC-9100 air-blast sprayer delivering 120 gal of finished spray per acre (10 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts were made 2, 7 and 15 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Asparagus Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Mary Washington’ asparagus was planted in the spring of 1982 near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers, were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Applications were made 9, 18, 22 Jul and 12 Aug. Visual estimates of feeding damage to plants and estimates of beetle populations were made 8, 15 Jul, 2, 9, 15, 22 Aug, and 5 Sep.
Spider Mite Control in Dry Beans, 1986
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Three spider mite control experiments were established near Twin Falls, ID. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design at each location. Capture 0.04 + 0.04 lb (AI)/acre was a split application with 1 application being made at the same time the other products were applied and the second application 7 days later. All materials were applied in 27 gal finished spray per acre using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with 4 hollow cone nozzles on a 5 ft boom. Individual plots were 6 rows (11 ft x 25 ft long) in experiment no. 1 (application date 17 Jul) and plots were 3 rows (5.5 ft) x 25 ft in experiments 2 (application date 21 Jul), and 3 (application date 1 Aug). Six trifoliate leaves were picked weekly from the top, middle, and bottom portion of bean plants from each plot. The leaves from each plot were brushed using a Llanfair Orchards mite brush. Mites and mite eggs were counted under a microscope. Sampled leaves were also rated for percent leaf surface yellowed by mite feeding.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1986
Authors: East D. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

“Greenback” cabbage was direct seeded in single row beds with 40 in center spacing. Plots were 2 rows wide and 20 ft long with one unplanted row between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. All chemical applications were applied using a tractor mounted sprayer that delivered 12.4 gal/acre at 40 psi and 4 mph. Control plots were not sprayed. Weekly counts were made of all larvae present (cabbage looper, diamondback moth and beet armyworm) on 5 plants per plot. When the mean number of larvae per plant of all species exceeded 0.3 larvae/plant in methomyl treated plots, all plots were sprayed the following day. A total of 6 applications were made between 22 Apr and 27 May. Percent marketable cabbage heads (excluding wrapper leaves) was determined on 2 Jun. Heads were considered marketable if no visible evidence of feeding damage was observed. Beet armyworm egg masses oviposited on wax paper by moths in a laboratory culture were attached to the underside of wrapper leaves on one plant per plot. Egg masses were placed on 9, 28 Apr and 15 May at a rate of approximately 250 eggs/plant per date. Beet armyworm larvae were counted weekly on these plants. Total larval counts were analysed using AOV and Duncan's mean separation test while beet armyworm count analyses were made using a Ranks procedure (SAS Institute, 1984). Marketable head data was analysed using an arcsin transformation of percentage marketable data and reported as % marketable heads.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5-yr-old trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 5 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Application dates varied from treatment to treatment. Refer to the table for application dates for each material. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 20 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were kept out of these plots during the early season with sprays of Sevin and Asana. ABG-6162A was applied at pink bud stage on 2 plots and at pink and petal-fall on 3 plots. Other treatments were aplied on 18 Jun, when populations on the check were greater than 3 mites/leaf. Subsequent applications were made on each treatment at the same threshold until 1 Aug, when miticide applications were discontinued. The number of applications and the total number of accumulated mite days for the season are important for evaluation of each treatment.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 1, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Early Round Dutch' cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Nov and again on 26 Nov through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 hollow-cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following each treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 5 and 7 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage.
Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle in Muskmelon, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David
Published: March 2022

A comparison of soil systemics to presently used foliars for control of cucumber beetle on muskmelon was made in a commercial melon field near Belle Plaine, Minn. Plots were a single row, 50 ft long, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The granular Furadan was distributed by hand over the row immediately behind the plants and lightly covered. The Furadan 4F was applied in 25 gal water/acre in a 4-inch band over the row immediately after transplanting. Transplant date was 2 Jun. The entire field was irrigated due to extreme drought. Soils were sandy loam. Foliar applications were made on 10 and 24 Jun and 6 and 25 Jul using a CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure and 17 gal/acre total material. Phytotoxicity, wilted plants, and row width—a measure of growth—were recorded.
Control of Carrage Looper, Diamondrack Moth, and Imported Cahhageworm on Collards, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 35 ft long on 30 Jul. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between rows. Each 2-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug and 2, 9, 15, 23, and 30 Sep. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2, 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3, 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4, 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5, 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Control of Collard Insect Defoliators with Dipel Formulations, 1987
Authors: Miller Melissa K. , Harper James D.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides used to control cabbage looper on collards was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticultural Station near Cullman in northeast Alabama. 'Vates' collards were direct seeded on 9 Jun. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and plots consisted of 3 rows by 20 ft (on 44 inch centers). Treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized, single-boom backpack sprayer fitted with a TX9 hollow-cone nozzle sprayer and operated at 40 psi. Materials were applied at a delivery rate of 23.7 gal/acre in 3 passes per row, once over the top, and once onto each side. Applications of all materials were made on 1, 4, and 10 Sep and evaluated on 9 and 17 Sep. Treatments included Dipel in 1 of 4 formulations (corn oil, soybean oil, molasses, or ES) and an untreated check. The no. of small, medium, or large larvae on the second whorl of leaves from the top of the plant was determined on each of 10 plants/replicate. Damage was rated on 17 Sep on 10 plants per replicate using a 0-6 scale: 0, clean; 1, 1-2%; 2, 3-5%; 3, 6-10%; 4, 11-20%; 5, 21-50%; and 6, >50% defoliation. Duncan's Multiple Range means separation tests were used to compare means (P ≤ 0.05).
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards with Encapsulated Virus Formulations, 1987
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Diggs Diana , Bohm Howard , Friend Deborah R.
Published: March 2022

'Vates' collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on 24 Jul. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and each sprayed row buffered by a guard row. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombonetype garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (AcNPV) and Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus (TnGV) were encapsulated with or without dyes to determine the effectiveness of the encapsulation of dyes with the viruses for protection from the ultraviolet (UV) portion of sunlight. All of the virus treated rows also had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus applied so that damage primarily caused by cabbage looper could be assessed, since the NPVs do not infect the imported cabbageworm. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 25 and 31 Aug and 8 Sep. On each application date 20 second-instar T. ni larvae were released on each of the test rows. On 17 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2, 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3, 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4, 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5, 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insect Pests on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted 13 Jul in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, using 105 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Sprays were applied on 19 and 25 Aug and on 8, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 24 Sep. At harvest (27 Sep), 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified, counted, and recorded; all ears were then weighed and total weights were recorded. On 9 Nov, 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage recorded as one cavity.
Midseason Sweet Corn Worm Control, 1986
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

'Platinum Lady' sweet corn was planted 15 May near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x), which delivered 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied beginning at 10% silking, and applications were made 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, and 18 Jul. All corn in the plots was harvested 21 Jul, and the percentage of infested ears was recorded.
Spotted Cutworm Control 1987
Authors: Webb D. R. , Minns K. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse flats were seeded 14 Sept at the rate of 55 seeds per flat, and in-furrow treatments were applied. Foliar and broadcast treatments were applied 24 Sept. Plexiglass cages (14 inches × 20 inches × 12 inches high) were placed in the greenhouse flats to minimize larval escape. Twenty-five larvae were used for each replication, with each treatment repeated 4 times. Spray treatments were made with a Smith Professional Sprayer (3-gal capacity) using a fan-type nozzle. All spray treatments were applied at 100 gal water/acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand. Third- and fourth-instar larvae used in this test. Control data are based on readings made 25 Sep or 24 h after treatment. Damage readings were made 72 h after treatment.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

'Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted on 10 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gals/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 1, 4, 9, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (15 Sep), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live larvae were counted.
Onion Thrips Control, 1986
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Connington L. , Habbel P.
Published: March 2022

Onions were planted at the M.S.U. Muck Research Farm, Bath, Mich. Plots were single rows (17 inches between rows) 20 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Two border rows were left unsprayed between each plot. Treatments were applied with a single-nozzle (D4) hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. The gallonage varied according to treatment (see table). Sprays were applied 8 and 12 Aug. Before treatments were applied on 8 Aug and then posttreatment on 15 Aug, 20 plants per plot were randomly selected, cut off at the base, and rinsed with 75% ethanol. The rinsate (with thrips) was collected in a cup, filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips counted.
Insect Control in Peppers, 1987
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Stehr J. , Davis T. , Bishop B.
Published: March 2022

Green bell peppers (var. KRG-3) and sweet banana peppers (open pollinated) were transplanted as separate trials on 29 May at the MSU Entomology Field Research Farm, East Lansing. Plots were 3 rows wide (30 inches between rows) by 30 ft long (18 inches between plants) arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/ acre and 40 psi on 22 and 29 Jul and 4 Aug. Two plants from the center row of each plot were examined on a weekly basis for European corn borer (ECB) egg masses and green peach aphids (GPA). Banana and bell peppers were harvested on 10 and 11 Aug, respectively. All fruit from 27 ft of the center row were harvested (a subset of 40 banana peppers were randomly selected) and examined for ECB damage. On 11 Aug, 4 leaves per plant (4 plants per plot) were examined for GPA.
Insect Control in Peppers, 1986
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Herrington D. , Habbel P.
Published: March 2022

Green bell peppers were transplanted on 11 Jun at the MSU Entomology Field Research Farm, East Lansing. Plots were 3 rows wide (30 inches between rows) by 30 ft long (18 inches between plants) arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications (= blocks). Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi on 4, 12, 19, and 29 Aug. Efficacy was determined by examining 2 plants from the center row of each plot on a weekly basis. Entire plants were examined for European corn borer (ECB) egg masses, 4 leaves per plant were examined for green peach aphid (GPA), and all fruit from 24 ft of the center row (up to 40 fruit) were examined for ECB damage at harvest (9 Sep).
Foliar Sprays for Control of European Corn Borer (ECB) in Bell Peppers, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, Tenn. 'California Wonder' seedlings were transplanted on 18 May into a sandy loam field. Plots were 3 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys, and row spacing was 36 inches with 15 plants/row. Insecticide treatments were applied on 17 Jun, 17 Jul, and 2 Sep using 2.5-gal, compressed-CO2 hand sprayers at 60 gal/acre and 50 psi. The middle row of each plot was harvested for yield determinations on 22 Jul, 4 Aug, 25 Aug, and 16 Sep. The combined weights from all harvest dates were used to determine final yield.