bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent influence of family socioeconomic status on education in Britain over 95 years
Authors: von Stumm Sophie , Cave Sophie Nicole , Wakeling Paul
Published: June 2020

In Britain and elsewhere, the influence of family socioeconomic status (SES) on education is already evident in primary school, and it persists and increases throughout the school years, with children from impoverished families earning lower grades and obtaining fewer educational qualifications than children from more privileged backgrounds. Reducing the effect of family background on children’s education is a pivotal aim of educators, policymakers, and researchers, but the success of their efforts is poorly evidenced to date. Here, we show for the first time that over 95 years in Britain the influence of family SES on children’s school performance has remained stable. Across 15 British population cohorts born between 1921 and 2011 (N = 83,249), we confirmed previous findings of a correlation between family SES and children’s school performance of .27 [95% Confidence Interval .21-.32], adjusted for cohort-specific confounders. However, contrary to the general assumption that family background inequality has increased over time, we observed only minimal differences in the association between family SES and school performance across British cohorts. We argue that education policies must prioritize equity in learning outcomes over equality in learning opportunities, if they seek to disrupt the perpetuation of social and economic inequality across generations. We speculate that the effect of family SES on children’s education will only noticeably weaken if primary education settings become better equipped to meet and remediate the children’s differential learning needs.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the heartbeat-evoked potential and interoception.
Authors: Coll Michel-Pierre , Hobson Hannah , Murphy Jennifer
Published: June 2020

The Heartbeat Evoked Potential (HEP) has been proposed as a neurophysiological marker of interoceptive processing. Despite its use to validate interoceptive measures and to assess interoceptive functioning in clinical groups, the empirical evidence for a relationship between HEP amplitude and interoceptive processing, including measures of such processing, is scattered across several studies with varied designs. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the body of HEP-interoception research, and consider the associations the HEP shows with various direct and indirect measures of interoception, and how it is affected by manipulations of interoceptive processing. Specifically, we assessed the effect on HEP amplitude of manipulating attention to the heartbeat; manipulating participants’ arousal; the association between the HEP and behavioural measures of cardiac interoception; and comparisons between healthy and clinical groups. Following database searches and screening, 45 studies were included in the systematic review and 42 in the meta-analyses. We noted variations in the ways individual studies have attempted to address key confounds, particularly the cardiac field artefact. Meta-analytic summaries indicated there were moderate to large effects of attention, arousal, and clinical status on the HEP, and a moderate association between HEP amplitude and behavioural measures of interoception. Problematically, the reliability of the meta-analytic effects documented here remain unknown, given the lack of standardised protocols for measuring the HEP. Thus, it is possible effects are driven by confounds such as cardiac factors or somatosensory effects.
Effectiveness of behaviour therapy for children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder in a real-world setting
Authors: Andrén Per , Wachtmeister Vera , Franzé Julia , Speiner Caroline , de la Cruz Lorena Fernández , Andersson Erik , de Schipper Elles , Rautio Daniel , Silverberg-Mörse Maria , Serlachius Eva , Mataix-Cols David
Published: June 2020

Background: Treatment guidelines recommend behaviour therapy (BT) as the first-line intervention for patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD). The efficacy of BT has been documented in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but it is unclear to what extent these results are generalisable to real-world clinical settings, and whether the therapeutic gains are maintained long-term.Methods: In this naturalistic study, 74 young people with TS/CTD (aged 6 to 17) received BT (including psychoeducation, exposure with response prevention, habit reversal training or a combination of these treatments) at a specialist clinic in Stockholm, Sweden. Data were routinely collected at baseline, post-treatment, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Measures included the clinician-rated Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and the Clinical Global Impression – Improvement scale (CGI-I), amongst others.Results: Tic severity and tic-related impairment (as measured by the YGTSS) improved significantly after treatment, with large within-group effect sizes (d=1.03 for the YGTSS Total Tic Severity Score, and d=1.37 for the YGTSS Impairment Score). At post-treatment, 57% of the participants were classified as treatment responders according to the CGI-I. Both tic severity and tic-related impairment continued to improve further through the follow-up, with 75% of the participants being rated as responders 12 months after the end of treatment. Significant improvements were also observed across a range of secondary measures.Conclusions: BT is an effective and durable treatment for young people with TS/CTD in a real-world clinical setting, with effects comparable to those reported in RCTs.
Loneliness and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Risk factors and associations with psychopathology
Authors: Hoffart Asle , Johnson Sverre Urnes , Ebrahimi Omid V.
Published: June 2020

Background: The mitigation strategies employed against the COVID-19 pandemic have severe mental health consequences. In particular, as a result of the social distancing protocols, loneliness is likely to increase. This study investigates (a) potential risk and resilience factors for loneliness in the Norwegian population during the strict social distancing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) implemented against the pandemic and (b) the associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms. Methods: A survey was disseminated online to the adult Norwegian population when strict social distancing measures had been implemented for two weeks. The resulting sample of 10061 respondents was unproportionate in terms of gender and educational level and thus sensitivity analyses were conducted. The levels of loneliness were compared across demographic sub-groups, and regression analyses were conducted to identify potential risk and resilience factors for loneliness and associations between loneliness and psychopathology symptoms. Results: Among the stable factors, being single and having a psychiatric diagnosis were related to more loneliness with small effect sizes. Among the state risk factors, more rumination and worry in general were associated with stronger loneliness, showing a medium effect size. Among the coping behaviors examined, doing new things at home not done otherwise was negatively related to loneliness, with a small effect size. Loneliness was associated with both depression and anxiety with small effect sizes when all potential confounders and psychiatric diagnosis were controlled for. The relationship to depression was more marked than the relationship to anxiety. Conclusions: The findings suggest that singles and those with a psychiatric diagnosis were most affected by loneliness during the implementation of social distancing measures to impede the coronavirus. The results support the link between loneliness and depression and anxiety symptoms. The results of the analysis of potential risk and resilience factors point to intervention targets for reducing loneliness during pandemic crises. Keywords: loneliness, risk factors, resilience factors, depression, anxiety, COVID-19, social distancing measures
Passive sentence reversal errors in autism: Replicating Ambridge, Bidgood, and Thomas (2020)
Authors: Jones Samuel David , Dooley Madeline , Ambridge Ben
Published: June 2020

Ambridge, Bidgood, and Thomas (2020) conducted an elicitation-production task in which children with and without (high-functioning) autism described animations following priming with passive sentences. The authors report that children with autism were more likely than IQ-matched children without autism to commit reversal errors, for instance describing a scene in which the character Wendy surprised the character Bob by saying Wendy was surprised by Bob. We set out to test whether this effect replicated in a new sample of children with and without (high-functioning) autism (N = 26), and present a cumulative analysis in which data from the original study and the replication were pooled (N = 56). The main effect reported by Ambridge et al. (2020) replicated: While children with and without autism produced a similar number of passive responses in general, the responses of children with autism were significantly more likely to include reversal errors. Despite age- appropriate knowledge of constituent order in passive syntax, thematic role assignment is impaired among some children with high-functioning autism.
Structural Solidarity: Lay Theories of Discrimination and Coalitional Attitudes among Stigmatized Groups
Authors: Craig Maureen A. , Rucker Julian , Brown Riana M.
Published: June 2020

How do people’s beliefs about what drives discrimination against their group (structural factors or interpersonal biases) affect their support for coalescing with and improving stigmatized outgroups’ positions? Analyses of nationally-representative datasets reveal that Hispanics, Black Americans, and White women who held more structural (vs. interpersonal) understandings of ingroup discrimination (racism, sexism) were more likely to express support and attend to issues affecting other stigmatized groups (Study 1). Among White women and non-Black LGBTQ individuals, beliefs that structural factors drive the ingroup’s discrimination predicted support for intra-minority coalitions and intentions and behavior supporting Black Americans (Study 2). Finally, several experiments (Studies 3-4) revealed that White women for whom structural forms of sexism (vs. interpersonally-driven sexism or control information) were made salient expressed more support for coalescing with and acting to support racial minority groups. Overall, considering structural factors contributing to discrimination against one’s own group’s facilitates seeking and supporting intra-minority coalitions.
Reward-Seeking Deficits in Major Depression: Unpacking Appetitive Task Performance with Ex-Gaussian Response Time Variability Analysis
Authors: Silvia Paul , Eddington Kari , Harper Kelly , Burgin Chris J , Kwapil Thomas Richard
Published: June 2020

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has extensive ties to motivation, including impaired response time (RT) performance. Average RT, however, conflates response speed and variability, so RT differences can be complex. Because recent studies have shown inconsistent effects of MDD on RT variability, the present research sought to unpack RT performance with several key improvements: (1) a sample of adults (n = 78; 18 MDD, 60 Control) free of antidepressant medication; (2) an unambiguously appetitive task with appealing incentives at stake; and (3) ex-Gaussian RT modeling, which can unconfound speed and variability by estimating parameters for the mean (Mu) and standard deviation (Sigma) of the normal component and the mean of the exponential component (Tau). The groups had comparable Mu and Sigma parameters, but the MDD group had a significantly larger Tau, reflecting greater intraindividual RT variability. The findings suggest that MDD’s effect on average RT can stem from greater intraindividual variability, not from overall slowness. Possible mechanisms, such as impaired executive processes in MDD and difficulties maintaining stable mental representations of incentives, are considered.
Knowledge, attitudes, and perception susceptibility towards the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin American region
Authors: Zegarra-Valdivia Jonathan , Chino Vilca Brenda Nadia , Ames-Guerrero Rita Judith
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND: Latin American countries have been strongly affected by COVID-19. Due to the alarming prevalence of cases, we set out to explore which psychosocial elements may be exerting an influence on the poor compliance with mandatory control measures among the population.OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and susceptibility perception of Latin American population during the coronavirus outbreak.METHOD: We collected data from 600 self-selected participants through a web-based cross-sectional survey evaluating demographic information. The respondents were between 16 to 77 years old. The majority of the participants were female (n= 382), graduated professionals (56.8 %), citizens living in any country in South America (72.2%).RESULTS: Logistic regression showed that knowledge is highly related with age (p=0.010*), attitude is related with marital status (p=0.017*), perception susceptibility is related with education (p=0.049*), marital status (p=0.001**) and occupation (p=0.001**). Our study identified that, although people reported adequate knowledge by identifying expected symptoms and coronavirus transmission process. There is a significant perceived susceptibility to contracting the mentioning virus (57.7%), displaying stigmatized behavior (59.1%), fear of contracting the virus from others (70.2%), and concern regarding serious consequences after the COVID-19 disease (72.3%). Additionally, we found that people distrust National Health administration's response (61.57%), preparedness for the disease (73.8%), and suggesting insufficient measures to deal with COVID-19 disease (61.3%). CONCLUSION: Within the framework of government regulations, it is suggested that guidelines be considered to expand strategies and provide reliable knowledge to facilitate positive attitudes towards protection measures against COVID-19. Communication strategies would serve both to contain psychological reactions and the perception of risk of contagion, as well as educational actions to ensure compliance with public control measures among the population.
Die österreichische Erinnerungs- und Gedenkkultur am Beispiel des Nationalfonds der Republik Österreich für Opfer des Nationalsozialismus – Gesetzlicher Auftrag und soziale Verantwortung
Authors: Mayerhofer Stephanie
Published: June 2020

1995 wurde der Nationalfonds der Republik Österreich für Opfer des Nationalsozialismus [im Folgenden Nationalfonds genannt, Anm. d. Verf.] gegründet. Der Fonds hat die Aufgabe Entschädigungsmaßnahmen an Opfer des Nationalsozialismus, die bis dahin unzureichend erfolgten, zu erbringen und steht für die Verantwortungsübernahme der Republik Österreich gegenüber den Opfern des Nationalsozialismus. Die Einbettung des Nationalfonds und dessen Leistungen für die österreichische Erinnerungskultur, die zukünftigen Aufgaben, die in der letzten Novelle des Nationalfondsgesetzes aus dem Jahr 2017 verankert wurden und die damit zusammenhängenden strukturellen Veränderungen in der Organisation werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit theoretisch ausgearbeitet und empirisch durch qualitative Forschung untersucht. Anhand leitfadengestützter ExpertInneninterviews und deren Auswertung durch qualitative Inhalts- und Themenanalyse wird aufgezeigt, dass der Nationalfonds durch seine Definition des Opferbegriffs und der Projektförderung zu einer Bewusstseinsbildung in der Zivilgesellschaft und zu einer Erweiterung und einem Paradigmenwechsel in der Erinnerungskultur beigetragen hat. Kritik an einer Institutionalisierung und Ritualisierung der Erinnerungskultur sowie der erneute Generationenwechsel verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit einer Aktualisierung derselben. Der Nationalfonds kann durch seine Entwicklung von einer Auszahlungs- und Förderstelle hin zu einer Vermittlungsstelle für Wissenschaft, Beratung und Aufarbeitung den geforderten aktuellen Bezugsrahmen schaffen und hinkünftig als Koordinierungsstelle für staatliches Erinnern und Gedenken fungieren. Zusätzlich dazu kann der Nationalfonds als gesellschafts- und bildungspolitische Instanz mit der notwendigen niederschwelligen Herangehensweise auch neue Zielgruppen der heutigen heterogeneren Gesellschaft erreichen und so zu einer zukünftigen Erinnerungskultur, die sich nicht nur auf die Geschichte des Holocaust bezieht, sondern auch interkulturelles Verständnis fördert und gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Ausgrenzungstendenzen entgegenwirkt, beitragen.
The gap between self-reported and actual contributions to climate change mitigation in US residents
Authors: Bravo Giangiacomo , Farjam Mike
Published: June 2020

Surveys measures of environmental concern are know to only weakly predict self-reported environmental behaviour. In addition, self-reported and actual behaviour may not match in empirical settings. To better explore the relation among these variables and the political stance of participants, we ran an online experiment with 805 US residents. Four key variables – environmental concern, self -reported environmental behaviour, observed environmental behaviour (in the form of carbon compensation), and political attitudes – were measured and their interactions in promoting pro-environment behaviour were analysed. We found that self-reported measures hardly held any correlation with real behaviour and that political attitudes mainly predicted self-reported measures, not real environmental behaviour.
Ensino-aprendizagem por meio de um software: um estudo na disciplina Estrutura de Concreto
Authors: Castro Sombra da Silva Erick , Martins da Silva Fábio
Published: June 2020

Os acadêmicos de Engenharia civil, em grande maioria, apresentam algumas dificuldades no que se trata de recursos voltados para a compreensão didática visando o aprendizado do dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto. Atendendo ao proposto anseio do desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento do eixo de ensino na região Norte, este artigo busca aplicar um software voltado a desenvolver o aprendizado por parte dos alunos do curso de Engenharia civil, que cursam as disciplinas de estruturas de Concreto, em se determinar com devida segurança e precisão necessária à fidedignidade dos dados, as especificações de uma viga de concreto submetida à flexão simples, mais precisamente quanto à área de aço necessária a atender os esforços solicitantes, cujos valores, de modo geral, são obtidos por meio de cálculos manuais apropriados à sua obtenção. Os resultados das operações realizadas manualmente são obtidos, porém, há uma incerteza natural no processo além de demandar mais tempo para o fechamento do cálculo, o que para a ocasião, um instrumento de verificação dinâmico e prático se faria de grande suporte. Para a avaliação dessa deficiência no aprendizado, foi desenvolvido um experimento em duas fases, utilizando primeiramente uma pesquisa para diagnosticar o fato e, por conseguinte, um software direcionado a aprimorar essa fase do curso. Por fim, foi submetido à aplicação aos discentes entrevistados na pesquisa, cujo resultado apresentou o reflexo positivo do suporte da ferramenta e sendo assim determinante à produtividade de exercícios de forma correta.
A adoção de novas práticas de gestão editorial
Authors: Weirich da Silva Coelho Iandra Maria
Published: June 2020

Editorial
Análise do perfil de aprendizagem dos estudantes de um campus universitário tecnológico a partir da aplicação de metodologias ativas
Authors: Stefanello Vagner , Oestreich Letícia , Rosa Carmen Brum , Ruiz-Padillo Alejandro
Published: June 2020

A busca por profissionais capacitados para lidar com situações complexas que exijam a tomada de decisões e trabalho em equipe tem tomado força no mercado de trabalho. Nesse contexto, usar metodologias ativas de ensino pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento dessas habilidades, além de contribuir para o aprendizado de maneira mais dinâmica e direcionada. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar os perfis e as preferências de aprendizagem dos estudantes dos cursos de Engenharia e de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Campus Cachoeira do Sul que frequentaram disciplinas nas quais foram adotadas metodologias ativas. Como resultados, pôde-se comprovar que os estilos e as preferências de aprendizado dos alunos possuem relação com a área de conhecimento dos cursos do Campus, havendo uma predominância de alunos que preferem o aprendizado racional, visual e sequencial. Por outro lado, a identificação dos perfis de preferência de aprendizado existentes mostrou que a combinação das personalidades dos alunos pode ser formada por cinco diferentes grupos. A exploração de cada característica dos grupos mostrou a influência do perfil de aprendizado nas motivações dos alunos para com metodologias ativas com enfoque nos trabalhos em grupo, colaboração e atuação como líderes nos trabalhos. Esses resultados evidenciaram que o sucesso da aplicação de metodologias ativas depende da capacidade de identificação das habilidades e dificuldades de cada aluno do grupo, como também, da adequação das atividades às preferências e estilos de aprendizagem dos alunos.
CURRENT POSSIBILITIES OF USE OF INDIRECT CALORIMETRY IN PERIOPERATIVE ENERGY MONITORING
Authors: Cherniy V.I. , Denysenko A.I.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the study is to develop a method of perioperative energy monitoring and to implement it in clinical practice.

Material and methods. The study involved 125 patients who underwent various surgical interventions under general anesthesia using sevoflurane (inhalation anesthetics) and fentanyl (narcotic analgesics) in low-flow artificial lung ventilation. Methods of perioperative monitoring (International Standards for a Safe Practice of Anesthesia 2010, WFSA) were supplemented using indirect calorimetry.

Results. Analyzing the literature data, a close correlation was found between the energy equivalent of oxygen (EEE2) and the respiratory factor (RQ). The authors obtained the corresponding one-factor linear regression formula, which had the form: EEE2 = 1.157 × RQ + 4,037. Using the basic principles of gas exchange in the lungs of Bohr-Engoff, a method of perioperative energy monitoring was developed, based on indirect calorimetry, taking into account the real values ​​of the energy equivalent of patients' oxygen. The universal formula for determining the level of metabolism of the patient (MR, cal / min) in the form of:

MR = [0,863 × VE × (PECO2 / PaCO2) × (FiO2 - FeO2)] (1,157 × RQ + 4,037)

where, VE - total ventilation of the lungs per minute (ml / min), PECO2, PaCO2 - partial pressure, respectively, in a mixture of gases, which is exhaled and in the arterial blood (mm Hg). FiO2 and FEO2 are the oxygen fraction in the gas mixture that is inhaled and exhaled in units (% / 100). The method is implemented as a computer program created on the basis of the developed formula. The methods of intensive perioperative therapy taking into account the level of metabolism are presented.

Conclusion. The method of perioperative energy monitoring substantially complements the "International Standards for Safe Anesthesiology Practice", WFSA (2010) enhances the perioperative safety of patients by detecting metabolic disorders and conducting appropriate pathogenetic correction.
The Concept of Lamina–Pedicle Perpendicularity: Part 2: Thoracic Spine
Authors: Elfiky Tarek Anwar , Patil Nirmal Dhananjay , Luk Keith DK , Faheem Mohamed Esam , Samartzis Dino
Published: June 2020

Study Design: Retrospective radiographic study.Purpose: The hypothesis of this study was that the pedicle axis (PA) is almost perpendicular to the interlaminar line (ILL) in the sagittal plane of the thoracic vertebrae. The objective of the current study was to define the thoracic lamina–PA inclination in order to verify the right-angle concept and to estimate the safety zones for sagittal inclination during pedicle screw insertion. The authors, to the best of their knowledge, are unaware of previous similar studies.Overview of Literature: Based on the study’s observations of different spinal disorders, including deformities, it was noted that following a sagittal cranial–caudal trajectory perpendicular to the ILL and joining the two adjacent thoracic vertebrae would work well at most vertebral levels.Methods: This was a retrospective study on the computed tomography (CT) chest scans of patients with no spinal pathologies. The ILL–PA, superior and inferior safe angles of the pedicle screw trajectories, and the exit zone of the screw perpendicular to the ILL were reviewed by two observers via three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction mode of the Horos DICOM software (https:// horosproject.org/).Results: The CT chest images of 30 consecutive patients (20 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 49.87±15.48 years (range, 24–74 years) were evaluated. The mean ILL–PA angle was almost orthogonal for all levels. This angle ranged between 86.21°±3.01° at D5 and 90.59°±2.72° at D10. The safety zones of the sagittal inclination of the pedicle screws were demonstrated. The results revealed that the least safe angle was when the screw was directed cranially along the middle part of the pedicle between 4.43°±0.75° at D8 and 6.94°±1.19° at D11.Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the ILL–PA angle perpendicularity in the thoracic spine at all levels. The ILL is a useful guide for pedicle screw sagittal inclination.
Pelatihan Model-Model Pembelajaran Inovatif untuk Guru di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 7 Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Hiasa Fina , Agustina Emi
Published: June 2020

Tujuan pelatihan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan para guru di SMPN 7 Kota Bengkulu mengenai model pembelajaran inovatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah metode pelatihan dengan ceramah dan tanya jawab serta demonstrasi yang dilakukan oleh beberapa guru dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran yang inovatif. Peserta dalam kegiatan ini adalah dewan guru SMPN 7 Kota Bengkulu yang berjumlah 13 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam pelatihan ini adalah angket. Tim pelaksana membagikan angket untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya peningkatan pengetahuan peserta pelatihan sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan diadakan. Hasilnya adalah terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan guru tentang model pembelajaran inovatif yaitu sebagai berikut, pengetahuan awal 45%, pengetahuan tentang teknik pelaksanaan sebesar 50%, pengetahuan mendalam sebesar 50%, dan pengetahuan tentang referensi sebesar 45%.
Penanaman Mangrove dengan Tema “Protect the Mangroves that Help Protect Our Island”
Authors: Irawan Bony , Asikin Nurul , Fernando Adam
Published: June 2020

Kota Tanjungpinang merupakan daerah pesisir yang menjadi dampak meningkatnya jumlah penduduk di kota Tanjungpinang seperti alih fungsi lahan sebagai lahan pemukiman, industri, pertambangan serta kegiatan lainnya. Beberapa kawasan mangrove di kota Tanjungpinang perlu diberikan perhatian yang lebih. Salah satunya melalui konservasi ekosistem mangrove. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan dampak rusaknya ekosistem mangrove di daerah pesisir menyebabkan permasalahan tersebut terus berlangsung. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan suatu tindakan seperti penanaman bibit mangrove di kawasan tersebut, sehingga kelangsungan hidup di kawasan ekosistem mangrove ini dapat terjaga kelestariannya. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut maka perlu dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yaitu penanaman mangrove sebagai upaya meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam menjaga kawasan ekosistem mangrove dan menjaga kelestariannya.
Civilianization of Military Rule in Pakistan: A Study of Musharrafs Era (2005-2008)
Authors: Alam Sughra , Bhatti Muhammad Nawaz , Alvi Asia Saif
Published: June 2020

The Military s involvement in the political system of Pakistan began from the mid-1950s and continued verily as a guardian, a praetorian, or ruler on various occasions. Its disengagement, after the direct intervention, remained usually slow and gradual. Hence, it took a long time for disengagement and created a power-sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. The pattern of civilianization adopted by the Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq was also adopted by the Musharraf regime with few changes. In his early days, though, General Pervaiz Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power, and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals and took some steps towards that direction but he abruptly reversed those steps when he sensed a threat to his dominating position in a self-created system. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the process of civilianization during the period under consideration based on the theoretical framework and practical norms of the democratic system.
STUDI PENERAPAN TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING PADA IP KARAKTER DARTH VADER
Authors: Satyagraha Aditya , Frederick K H Gideon
Published: June 2020

Transmedia narrative dan unsur-unsurnya telah berkembang dengan cepat saat ini. Salah satu elemen transmedia yang berkembang adalah karakter fiksi. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bagaimana karakter ini dapat dilihat dari model pembentukan transmedia narrative. Penulis akan menganalisis perluasan karakter fiksi dari elemen world-building transmedia menjadi karakter transmedial melalui prinsip-prinsip hyperdiegesis dan narative braide. Dan salah satu karakter fiksi yang akan diangkat menjadi studi kasusnya adalah Darth Vader dari semesta Star Wars. Penulis akan membedah karakter ini dan menjelaskan perannya di berbagai platform media sebagai bagian dari dunia transmedia. Makalah ini juga akan menunjukkan bagaimana dinamisnya pengembangan karakter dalam transmedia storytelling, dan pengembangan karakter dapat menjadi elemen dalam dunia cerita transmedia, world-building juga dapat menjadi elemen karakter itu sendiri, atau bahkan berkembang dari unsur-unsur world-building dengan menciptakan dunianya sendiri serta melengkapi dunia dari jagat raya cerita utamanya.
PENYELESAIAN PROBLEM HUKUM MELALUI PENDEKATAN MAQASID SHARI’AH
Authors: Susilo Edi
Published: June 2020

The Maqasid Shari'ah theory finds its urgency when it is formulated as an alternative to solve various matters related to the formulation of law. Interestingly Maqasid Shari'ah can be transformed in the present context, in the field of law, social and even economic issues, and others. Because indeed the Maqasid Shari'ah theory is formulated to deal with changes, the induction method which is the basis of the theory is the keyword that causes it to be dynamic and can be applied in different contexts. This research is library research. It will explore Maqasid Sharia as a method in istinbath Law. The results of the study are, that  Maqasid Shar'iah can be used as an approach in ijtihad to respond to the development of the times by still referring to the al-Qur'an and al-Hadith, by combining particular texts and global intentions. Whereas to find out the Maqasid Shari'ah can be done through istiqra '(taking several samples) for the shari'at applied, and by studying the arguments of the verses of the al-Quran.
ANALISIS YURIDIS POLITIK HUKUM TATA NEGARA (Suatu Kajian Tentang Pancasila dan Kebhinnekaan Sebagai Kekuatan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia)
Authors: Santoso Rudi , Hermanto Agus
Published: June 2020

The many threats of radicalization in the middle of society, the demonstration actions that often ask for the application of certain ideologies within the state of Indonesia, the conflict between ethnic, religious, racial and custom makes the tranquility of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika society to be threatened and the erosion of values Pancasila among the younger generation that endanger the survival of the Indonesian nation.The problem of this research is how the Political Law of the State in the concept and context of Pancasila and Diversity in defending the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and How the Strength of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia Based on Pancasila and Unity in Diversity and How Radicalism and Threat Against the Unity of the Unitary Republic State Indonesia.This research uses normative juridical approach method, then data collection procedure is done by literature study, data processing procedure is done by data classification, data inventory, systematization of data, and data analysis is done by qualitative method.The result of the research, the politics of constitutional law in the concept and context of Pancasila and Diversity in defending the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia in accordance with the nationalist ideology set forth in the 1945 Constitution, the power of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and Diversity is based on the strength of local wisdom from all elements of the nation Indonesia, radicalism and threats to the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia through the strengthening of national insight among the younger generation and the people and leaders of the nation and state apparatus.Suggestion in this research, expected to government can reinforce study of nationality and education of Pancasila and Diversity, to Indonesian society.
MEMAHAMI HADIS MAYIT DI SIKSA SEBAB TANGISAN KELUARGANYA
Authors: Ansori Isa
Published: June 2020

Hadith has an important position as the source of the second law after the Qur'an. It is often found that some of the hadith texts appear to conflict with each other either with the text of the hadith itself or the Qur'an. A person especially a hadith and / or legal expert needs to have the ability to complete the texts of the hadith or the Qur'an which sometimes seem to conflict with one another. The hadith about the deceased was tortured because of the crying of his family, is one example of a hadith that is contrary to the word of God that one cannot bear the guilt of others. With the approach of matan criticism (ilmnaqdal-matan), it is obtained that if the text of the hadith contradicts the Qur'anic texts, then the texts because of their qath'i values ​​must be prioritized. Meanwhile, if resolved using the science of mukhtalifal-hadīth, the conflict can be resolved through two ways, namely: First, through al-jam'u which is to compromise these two conflicting traditions, as practiced by Imam Bukhari who explained that the weeping that causes torture is a cry which is traditionalized and done with lamentation; Secondly, through superstitious means, namely maintaining textual understanding of hadith as understood by Umar and Ibn Umar and ignoring the history of Aisha's traditions, is that the deceased was tortured because of the crying of her family, or choosing the hadith as understood by Aisha by ignoring the understanding of Umar and Ibn Umar , as did the critics of Matan Hadith.
Afet Yönetimi ve Planlaması Perspektifinden Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ŞAHİN Ali Utku
Published: June 2020

Yönetim biliminin kendisine özgü bir dalı olarak kabul edilebilecek afet yönetiminin, yönetim biliminin temel fonksiyonlarını kendisini meydana getiren amaca uygun şekilde yorumlaması ve uygulaması beklenebilecektir. Bilindiği üzere plan ve planlama süreci, yönetim ve ilgili faaliyetler açısından amaca giden yolun en önemli parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bakımdan planlama süreci sonucunda elde edilen planlar, bir işin olması gerektiği gibi yürütülebilmesinin önemli bir koşulu olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Bu nedenle, afet yönetimi içerisinde de planlama sürecinin ve süreç sonucunda elde edilen planların, tıpkı yönetim bilimindeki gibi fakat afet yönetiminin kendisine özgü koşulları dikkate alınarak yürütülmesi, üretilmesi ve işletilmesi beklenmelidir. 2014 yılında yürürlüğe giren Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planını bu ilkeler ışığında yeniden okuma ve değerlendirme amacını taşıyan bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’nin afet yönetimine ilişkin uzun dönemli bir ulusal stratejiye ve bu stratejiyi destekleyecek yeni ve tek bir yasal altyapıya olan ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Intentional poisoning among preadolescents at one poison center in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Q Menyfah , - Alanazi , Salam Mahmoud
Published: June 2020

Background: The epidemiology of intentional poisoning among preadolescents in conservative communities needs further exploration. Preadolescence (9-14 years) is a remarkable human developmental stage with a heightened risk for such incidents, often less discussed than adolescence. Objective: To present a report on intentional poisoning incidents among preadolescents visiting a single poison center in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A chart review of 315 poisoning reports was conducted between 2009 and 2011. It was followed by a phone interview of parents of poisoned children to investigate the demographic, incident and outcome characteristics. Cases of accidental and chronic poisoning were excluded. Results: Nine eligible cases were identified (2.9%); four were classified as suicidal attempts, two nonsuicidal self-injurious, and three were unknown. Of the five males and four females, three had chronic medical conditions (G6PD deficiency, epilepsy, or asthma) while six were previously healthy. Seven cases ingested medications (acetaminophen, desmopressin, augmentin and benylin, amitriptyline, and chlordiazepoxide) while two ingested clorox, all in large doses. Conclusions: Few intentional poisoning incidents were observed among Saudi preadolescents,which could be an underreported figure in a culturally and religiously conservative community.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever: Clinical efficacy of vitamin K
Authors: Srigade Vedavyasa
Published: June 2020

Background: At present dengue is the most significant viral infection affecting public health and survival. Bleeding in dengue due to many reasons can cause significant anemia and death. Elevation of prothrombin time (PT) in dengue points to liver failure and consequent bleeding. Objective: Ability of vitamin K to stop bleeding in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is examined in this study. Methods: It is a retrospective review of medical records of children admitted with confirmed and clinical DHF. Children in the age group of 1 month to 15 years from June to November of 2015 at the Institute of Child Health, Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, were included in the study. WHO guidelines were used to define clinical and confirmed DHF cases. Cessation of bleeding within 24 h of vitamin K administration without recurrence was taken as clinical evidence of efficacy of vitamin K. Results: Of the 100 patients with confirmed DHF, 26 met the inclusion criteria, and of the 133 clinical DHF, 27 met the inclusion criteria. The presentation of bleeding in decreasing order of frequency was malena, epistaxis, hematuria, hematemesis, gum bleed, ecchymoses, and hematochezia. Deranged PT was seen in nearly 100% of the patients, and hepatomegaly was seen in 77% patients, while thrombocytopenia was seen in 80% patients. Clinical response to vitamin K was seen in 80.8% of confirmed (95% confidence interval [CI]: 60-92.7%) and 92.6% of clinical DHF (95% CI: 74.2-98.7%). Conclusions: In the study group, presentation of bleeding suggests coagulation failure as the main contributor to bleeding rather than thrombocytopenia. Overall response rate to vitamin K was 86.8% (95% CI: 74-94%). Early institution of vitamin K in DHF may prevent anemia, and reduce the need for transfusions.
Efficacy and safety of racecadotril as an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy for acute watery diarrhea in children
Authors: Sreenivas S K , Lakshmi M , Pavitra N A
Published: June 2020

Background: Racecadotril, an enkephalinase inhibitor with antisecretory action is a safe and effective treatment for acute diarrhea for children and adults. As an adjunct to oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in Indian children, its efficacy and safety data are scarce. Methods: A total of 117 children with acute watery diarrhea for not more than 7 days were randomized into two groups. Group A (control group) received ORT and zinc only while Group B (study group) received a combination of racecadotril (1.5 mg/kg q8 h), zinc and ORT. Primary end point was the number of loose stools during first 48 h of treatment. Time to cure as well as total volumeof oral rehydration solution (ORS) consumed was also measured. Results: Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups. Mean 48 h stool frequency in the study group was 10.47±3.2 episodes and that in control group was 15.87±4.6 episodes indicating a significant reduction of 34.1% with racecadotril (p=0.00016). The mean time for recovery in the study group was 37.98±6.1 h and 51.02±9.4 h in control group indicating a significant reduction of 25.6% with racecadotril (p=0.002). The  mean volume of ORS consumed before recovery in the study group was 162.72 ml as compared to 232.68 ml in control grouppointing to a significant reduction of 30.1% in the study group. Conclusions: Racecadotril is effective as an adjunct to ORT and early continued feeding in infants and children with acute watery diarrhea.
Intranasal versus intravenous midazolam in control of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in children
Authors: Kumar M Veerendra , Sumi K V
Published: June 2020

Background: Seizures are very common in pediatric patients. As the duration of seizures impacts morbidity and mortality to child’s life, control of seizures should be achieved as early as possible, preferably at home. Intranasal (IN) midazolam is a simple method for control of seizures and can be administered by the parents. Objectives: To study the effectiveness of IN versus intravenous (IV) midazolam in control of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in children between 2 months and 12 years. Materials and Methods: We assessed the efficacy of IN midazolam in comparison with the same drug given by IV route. Neonates, children having partial seizures, and children who got prior medication for the present seizure and seizures that settled spontaneously were excluded from the study. 100 children were enrolled with 50 in each group. The two groups were analyzed for the time taken to control seizures from the time of drug administration. The number of treatment failures, recurrences, and treatment failure of recurrence were noted and compared. Results: The mean time for seizure control, treatment failures, number of recurrences, and treatment failure of recurrences were similar in both groups statistically. Conclusion: IN midazolam and IV midazolam are comparable in efficacy, however, IN midazolam is an easy route of drug delivery to control seizures.
Growth and development of children living with human immunodeficiency virus in South India a comparative study
Authors: Alexander Glory , Rao Sarita , Sathish Saranya , Babu Ram
Published: June 2020

Background: Children living with human immunodeficiency virus (CLHIV) are physically stunted and underweight compared to normal children. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the physical growth (height, weight, and body mass index [BMI]) of children infected with HIV according to age, gender, sociodemographic factors, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and health status and to compare their physical growth with two other groups, i.e., exposed uninfected children and unexposed uninfected children and to determine the extent of growth retardation and the effect of ART on the reversal of growth retardation. Materials and Methods: A 3-year study on growth and development of CLHIV was conducted at Action, Service, Hope Foundation, a non-governmental institution working in the field of HIV/AIDS. Three groups of children were compared - 63 CLHIV, 98 exposed uninfected children, and 70 unexposed uninfected children. Their nutritional status in terms of weight for age, height for age, BMI, sexual maturity, hemoglobin, and serum albumin were compared. Results: Among CLHIV, 28.1% of children were underweight with Z score of <?2, compared to 12.5% of exposed uninfected children, and 14.3% unexposed uninfected children. Height for age Z scores showed 29.8% were stunted with Z score <?2 among CLHIV, with 16.7% and 11.4% among the exposed uninfected and unexposed uninfected, respectively. Statistically significant difference was also observed in Tanner’s sexual maturity with CLHIV showing slower sexual maturation. The incidence of anemia was highest among CLHIV and slightly higher in those on ART. Conclusions: This study shows that CLHIV are comparatively more stunted heightwise and have decreased weight for age, delayed sexual maturation, and more significant anemia when compared to exposed uninfected children and unexposed uninfected children. This physical growth retardation is not reversed completely by addition of ART.
Correlation between umbilical venous blood gas at birth and comorbidities in preterm babies - A cohort study
Authors: Gopinath Reetha , Jacob Ambili Susan , Gangadharan Anu , Aslesh O P
Published: June 2020

Background: Umbilical cord blood gas analysis is a useful tool in predicting short-term outcomes in term infants. The value of umbilical venous blood gas analysis in predicting short-term outcomes in preterm infants is less clear. Objectives: The study was carried out to determine the correlation between venous blood gases and various antenatal and natal characteristics as well as short term comorbidities in preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: In a cohort study, 74 preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation were enrolled, and umbilical venous blood gas analysis was performed within 1 h of birth. All preterm infants with pH <7.20, lactate >4 mmol/L and bicarbonate <15 mmol/L were compared with those with pH ?7.20, lactate ?4 mmol/L, and bicarbonate ?15 mmol/L. Antenatal and natal characteristics such as steroid administration, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), birth weight, gestational age, APGAR score, and need for resuscitation were recorded and compared between the two groups. Various neonatal comorbidities were also analyzed in the two groups. Results: Lactate >4 mmol/L and bicarbonate <15 mmol/L showed a significant association (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively) with PIH. Lactate >4 mmol/L showed a significant association with neonatal death (p=0.01) and thrombocytopenia was significantly associated with bicarbonate <15 mmol/L (p=0.01). All comorbidities were higher in the group with abnormal blood gases although statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Venous blood gas analysis is an important tool in predicting mortality in preterm babies.