bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vehicular Cloud Computing
Authors: Ghafoor Kayhan Zrar , Mohammed Marwan Aziz , Abu Bakar Kamalrulnizam , Sadiq Ali Safa , Lloret Jaime
Published: December 2014

Recently, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) have attracted the attention of research communities, leading car manufacturers, and governments due to their potential applications and specific characteristics. Their research outcome was started with awareness between vehicles for collision avoidance and Internet access and then expanded to vehicular multimedia communications. Moreover, vehicles' high computation, communication, and storage resources set a ground for vehicular networks to deploy these applications in the near future. Nevertheless, on-board resources in vehicles are mostly underutilized. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is developed to utilize the VANET resources efficiently and provide subscribers safe infotainment services. In this chapter, the authors perform a survey of state-of-the-art vehicular cloud computing as well as the existing techniques that utilize cloud computing for performance improvements in VANET. The authors then classify the VCC based on the applications, service types, and vehicular cloud organization. They present the detail for each VCC application and formation. Lastly, the authors discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET cloud computing.
A University of Greenwich Case Study of Cloud Computing
Authors: Chang Victor , Wills Gary
Published: December 2014

This chapter proposes a new Supply Chain Business Model in the Education domain and demonstrates how Education as a Service (EaaS) can be delivered. The implementation at the University of Greenwich (UoG) is used as a case study. Cloud computing business models are classified into eight Business Models; this classification is essential to the development of EaaS. A pair of the Hexagon Models are used to review Cloud projects against success criteria; one Hexagon Model focuses on Business Model and the other on IT Services. The UoG case study demonstrates the added value offered by Supply Chain software deployed by private Cloud, where an Oracle suite and SAP supply chain can demonstrate supply chain distribution and is useful for teaching. The evaluation shows that students feel more motivated and can understand their coursework better.
Construction and Initial Validation of a Dictionary for Global Citizen Linguistic Markers
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Pierce Lindsey , Mazambani Gideon , Mohebpour Ida , Puryear Curtis , Snider Jamie S. , Gibson Shonda , Blake Marion E.
Published: December 2014

The four studies constructed and examined the validity of a text-based dictionary for assessing the values related to global citizenship. In Study 1, an initial list of words related to global citizens was obtained by conducting an analysis of participant definitions of the construct. In Study 2, the list obtained in Study 1 was further explored through a reaction time based categorization task. Words most quickly and reliably associated with global citizens were combined with synonyms to comprise the final global citizen dictionary. In Study 3, a greater number of global citizen related words were used to describe a global citizen (vs. entrepreneur). In Study 4, the use of global citizen related words when describing one's core values was shown to predict antecedents, identification, and outcomes of global citizenship. Together, the results provide initial validation of a linguistic measure of values related to global citizenship.
Comparison of Perceived Barriers and Treatment Preferences Associated with Internet-Based and Face-to-Face Psychological Treatment of Depression
Authors: Casey Leanne M. , Wright Marie-Ann , Clough Bonnie A.
Published: December 2014

One of the major reasons that internet-based psychological treatments are strongly advocated is the belief that they may enable consumers to overcome many of the barriers to treatment otherwise encountered in seeking face to face treatment. A corollary to this belief is the assumption that many consumers may then be more likely to prefer to receive treatment via the internet because of the reduced barriers to care offered by internet-based treatments. However, there has been no formal examination of the barriers perceived by consumers to internet-based treatments in comparison to face to face treatment to ascertain whether these hypothesized differences impact on treatment preferences. This study compared consumer perceptions of barriers to treatment for both internet and face-to-face psychological treatments for depression. Of interest was whether consumers continue to report a preference for face-to-face treatment over internet-based treatment, even if perceptions of barriers to care were deemed greater for traditional than internet based delivery of services. Potential consumers of a structured online psychological program for workplace depression were targeted. An online survey was accessed by fifty-three employed individuals (female = 35, male = 18) with ages ranging from 18 to 60 (M = 35.57, SD = 12.15). Results indicated that participants perceived that internet-based treatment was associated with fewer barriers than face-to-face treatment for depression. Participants perceived that time constraints and participation restrictions would make it more difficult to access face-to-face treatment than internet-based treatment. However, the participants reported that they would be more likely to access face-to-face treatment for depression than internet-based treatment. These results suggest that there is a need to further investigate ways in which consumers can be encouraged to consider engaging in internet-based treatment.
Internet-Based Technology Use in Second Language Learning
Authors: Guan Shuyi
Published: December 2014

Ever since computer technologies were accessible to second language learners and teachers, various types of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) have been harnessed in the service of teaching languages. Most recently, the advent of online technologies has sparked CALL practitioners to integrate this powerful form of teaching and learning into language education. This paper synthesizes the extant research on these online language education activities and the state of current understanding regarding the potential of Internet-based teaching and learning second languages. The results of analyzing extensive studies of Internet-based second language learning reveals that Internet-based technology has been widely used in second language learning. In addition, Internet-based technologies are effective instructional tools for second language learning and teaching.
A Fuzzy TOPSIS based Approach for ITSM Software Selection
Authors: Rouhani Saeed , Ravasan Ahad Zare
Published: December 2014

Nowadays a growing interest in Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) proves the trends and needs of their implementation in organizations. In order to implement an ITSM project successfully in an organization, it is essential to select a suitable ITSM software. Evaluation and selection of the ITSM software packages is complicated and time consuming decision making process. This paper presents an approach for dealing with such a problem. This approach introduces functional, non-functional and fuzzy evaluation method for ITSM software selection. The presented ITIL based approach breaks down ITSM software selection criteria into two broad categories namely functional (service strategy, service design, service transition, service operation, continual service improvement according to ITIL V3) and non-functional requirements (quality, technical, vendor, implementation) including totally 46 selection criteria. A facile Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) was customized for ITSM software selection based on identified criteria. The proposed approach is applied to a local Iranian company in the field of IT services in order to select and acquire an ITSM software and the provided numerical example illustrates the applicability of the approach for ITSM software selection. The approach can help practitioners assess ITSM software more properly and have a better software acquisition decision with growth in customer satisfaction and service time reduction.
Simulation of Pedestrians and Motorised Traffic
Authors: Papadimitriou E. , Auberlet J.M. , Yannis G. , Lassarre S.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this paper is the analysis of the state of the art in pedestrian simulation models and the identification of key issues for further research, with particular focus on the modelling of pedestrians and motorised traffic. A review and a comparative assessment of pedestrian simulation models are carried out, including macroscopic models, earlier meso- and miscosimulation models (mostly in Cellular Automata) and more recent Multi-Agent simulation models. The reviewed models cover a broad range of research topics: pedestrian flow and level of service, crowd dynamics and evacuations, route choice etc. However, pedestrian movement in urban areas and the interactions between pedestrians and vehicles have received notably less attention. A number of challenges to be addressed in future research are outlined: first, the need to and account for the hierarchical behavioural model of road users (strategic / tactical / operational behaviour); second, the need for appropriate description and parameterization of vehicle and pedestrian networks and their crossing points; third, the need to exploit in the simulation models the results of statistical and probabilistic models, which offer valuable insight in the determinants of pedestrian behaviour. In each case, recent studies towards addressing these challenges are outlined.
Estimating Interval of the Number of Errors for Embedded Software Development Projects
Authors: Iwata Kazunori , Nakasima Toyoshiro , Anan Yoshiyuki , Ishii Naohiro
Published: December 2014

Previous investigation focused on the prediction of total and errors for embedded software development projects using an artificial neural network (ANN). However, methods using ANNs have reached their improvement limits, since an appropriate value is estimated using what is known as point estimation in statistics. This paper proposes a method for predicting the number of errors for embedded software development projects using interval estimation provided by a support vector machine and ANN.
Energy-Saving Reversible Electric Drive Based on Active Front End Rectifier and Voltage Source Inverter
Authors: Radionov A.A. , Maklakov A.S. , Karyakina E.A.
Published: December 2014

This paper addresses the issue of functional possibilities of reversible electric drive based on active front end rectifier and voltage source inverter from the point of view of energy saving. This paper will review all theoretical capabilities of reactive power compensation in the supply mains by the active front end rectifiers. The reactive power consumption or generation can be created out by using of active front end converters which connect the electric drive with supply mains. Active front end rectifiers can be actively used in operation of supply mains of enterprise as they are able to provide controlled power factor and bidirectional power flow. The studies by mathematical modeling in the Matlab/Simulink program were carried out. It was established that the controlling of power factor of active front end rectifier can be used for reactive power compensation in supply mains. The huge prospects of energy-saving reversible electric drive integration to the Smart Grid have been determined as it is able to provide high power and capabilities of the controlling reactive power flow by means of active front end rectifier. It can reduce a share of the consumption reactive power from a substation and to improve the power quality.
Optimization of Technological Modes of Coating a Copper Sublayer before Silvering Aluminum Electrical Contacts
Authors: Rogozhin Pavel V. , Ganigin Sergei Y. , Nenashev Maxim V.
Published: December 2014

Optimal techniques of coating a copper underlayer before silvering aluminum contacts by detonation were developed. Velocity of particles in flow, adhesion of copper layer, and porosity of coating were taken into account. The determined sputtering conditions allow improving quality of silver coating on the contacts.
Technological Aspects of Copper Plug-In Electrical Contacts Replacement by Aluminium
Authors: Satdarova Naila M. , Rogozhin Pavel V. , Nenashev Maxim V.
Published: December 2014

The paper discusses some aspects of combined layers technology (aluminum substrate - copper sub-layer - silver coating) performed to replace copper with aluminum in electrical contact elements used in complete-distribution devices.
Formation of a Transition Zone Structure in Welded Joints between Dissimilar Steels
Authors: Nikulina Aelita , Smirnov Aleksandr , Chevakinskaya Alexandra
Published: December 2014

The results of structural research of welded joints between pearlitic high-carbon steel and austenitic chrome-nickel steel obtained by contact welding are presented. As a result of the diffusion process and mechanical mixing of steels local alloyed areas surrounded by pearlitic colonies of high-carbon steel are formed in the transition zone of the weld. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been employed. The formation of the austenitic-martensitic microstructure occurs due to reducing the amount of alloying elements in local areas as compared to the original austenitic chrome-nickel steel chemical composition. Both austenite and martensite have crystallographic characteristics with the following orientation relationships: [211] γ-Fe || [011] α-Fe; [11-1] γ-Fe || [-110] α-Fe. The presence of high-strength local regions in the transition area may lead to a significant reduction in сrack resistance of dissimilar steels welded joints.
Rapid Carburization of Cylindrical Parts Using a High Energy Electron Beam
Authors: Losinskaya Anna , Golovin Dmitry , Bataev Ivan , Jorge Alberto Moreira
Published: December 2014

Inthepresent paper wereporton surface alloyingof cylindrical substrateswithcarbonbynon-vacuumelectron-beamprocessing. A carbon fabric was used as a source of carbon. The electron-beam processing of the carbon fiber wrapped around the cylinders led to the formation of carbon-rich layer on the surface of the samples. Thehighestconcentrationofcarbonwasreacheddirectly on thesurface of the samples and was equal to ~4.3 % (wt.). The concentration of carbon gradually decreased to ~0.8 % (wt.) towards the substrate.The surface of the reinforced material had a high level of hardness (up to 750 HV). Wear resistance,underconditions of abrasive particleimpact, increased by 15% compared to wear resistanceof the sample produced by pack carburization and quenching.
Rapid Determining of the Optimum Operation Mode for Abrasive Waterjet Cutting Process by Means of Acoustic Emission
Authors: Galinovskij Andrej L. , Abashin Mikhail I. , Khafizov Maksim V.
Published: December 2014

The article reflects the possibility to solve the problem of choosing waterjet cutting optimum conditions based on acoustic emission data. Modeling of the waterjet cutting process by the finite-element method is carried out. The existence of an optimum point in the waterjet cutting performance is shown. Corresponding experiment data is gathered and compared with the simulation results. The correlation between the waterjet cutting performance and the acoustic emission data is shown.
Fabrication of Multi-Layered Ti-Ta-Zr Coatings by Non-Vacuum Electron Beam Cladding
Authors: Samoylenko Vitaliy V. , Lazurenko Daria V. , Lenivtseva Olga G. , Lozhkin Vasily S.
Published: December 2014

In this study Ti-Ta-Zr coatings fabricated on VT1-0 titanium substrates by non-vacuum electron beam cladding in one, two and three passes were investigated. Coatings were characterized by a high quality; such defects as cracks and voids were not observed. The structure of coating was commonly dendritic. The acicular structure in the one-layered coating and in the first layer of multilayered coatings was revealed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated the presence of tantalum and zirconium segregations in dendrite arms and in the space between them. It was found that dendritic branches contained the maximum of tantalum while an increased amount of zirconium was concentrated in the interdendritic space. The maximum concentration of alloying elements (56.87 wt. % Ta and 22.22 wt. % Zr) was obtained in the layer cladded in the third pass of an electron beam. The microhardness of Ti-Ta-Zr layers rose from 4.5 GPa to 6 GPa with an increase in .the percentage of alloying elements
Processing and Characterization of Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Al87.5Ni4Sm8.5 Particles Reinforced Crystalline Al Matrix Composites
Authors: Peres Mauricio Mhirdaui , Aliaga Luis César R. , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Kiminami Claudio Shyinti , Botta Filho Walter José , Jorge Alberto Moreira
Published: December 2014

Metal matrix composites, in which crystalline Al was reinforced by particulates of the Al87.5Ni4Sm8.5 amorphous alloy, were produced using cold pressing and hot extrusion processing. Controlled nanoprecipitation was used to improve the mechanical properties of the amorphous alloy. Amorphous melt-spun ribbons were produced by melt-spinning technique and then fragmented in fine powder by high-energy ball milling. Amorphous and pure aluminum powders were mixed in two different proportions: 85:15 and 70:30 (wt%) and homogenized by ball milling. Bulk samples were produced via cold pressing and hot extrusion. Controlled nanoprecipitation within the amorphous alloy was obtained by the correct choice of processing temperature. The composites were analyzed for reinforcement distribution, porosity content, microhardness and compression tests. The results showed that it was possible to control the precipitation by producing almost the same volume fraction of nanocrystals in each condition. Compression tests showed an improvement on the mechanical properties, which were correlated with the presence of the amorphous/nanocrystals reinforcement in the Al-matrix. The compression yield-strengths of the as-extruded composites were 192 and 310 MPa for 15% and 30% in volume of Al87.5Ni4Sm8.5, respectively. These values are significantly higher than the typically found for the AA1100 wrought pure aluminum (180 MPa).
Estimation of Physical Impact Efficiency in Modifying Cast Alloys Used in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Deev Vladislav , Prikhodko Olga , Gutak Olga
Published: December 2014

The paper address the method of assessing the effectiveness of various physical modifying impacts on cast alloys used in mechanical engineering. The method is based on defining the quantity of solid phase calculated by means of the Delphi visual programming language. The study of mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy AS7p confirmed the results of calculationsIn modern foundry in casting units with required properties the choice of an alloy casting technology and processing of items in a liquid state plays a significant role in machine building.
Earing and Anisotropy Indices of Texture Components in the Hot-Rolled 3104 Alloy
Authors: Aryshenskiy Evgeniy , Grechnikova Anna F. , Yashin Vasiliy V.
Published: December 2014

The paper describes an experimental verification of a previously proposed formula establishing the relationship between the crystallographic parameters of a rolled sheet and the anisotropy index in a hot-rolled aluminum alloy. The main texture components were identified in the hot-rolled 3104 alloy using the X-ray structure analysis. The crystallographic parameters and anisotropy indices were then calculated both for the entire workpiece and for each individual texture component. The earing level of the hot-rolled workpiece was determined using the process of cylindrical cup drawing. Cup formation was also simulated using the finite element software package PAM STAMP. The earing data obtained through t simulation were compared with experimental results. For the validation of the calculations the hot-rolled workpiece anisotropy indices were also experimentally determined.
The Influence of Molding Powder Breakup on the Sintered Ceramic Quality
Authors: Belousova Natalya , Veselov Sergey , Kuzmin Ruslan , Melnikova Elena
Published: December 2014

This paper assesses the moldability of press-powder with different fractional composition. Different types of defects that occur in ceramic materials due to insufficient or overpressure of molding of press powderare analyzed. Based on results of structural studies and evaluation of the physical properties of materials recommendations on the molding selection modes of press-powders with different fractional composition that provide the absence of defects in the compacts and obtaining quality dense ceramics are formulated.
The Definition of Underground Vehicles’ Running Resistance
Authors: Langeman Evelina , Kulekina Anna , Biryukov Valery , Shmakov Dmitriy
Published: December 2014

The Underground is one of the most important means of transport providing high passengers’ transportability. Along with plentiful advantages such as high speed, ecological compatibility, high safety and others the Underground has a considerable disadvantage, that is,high energy consumption. Nowadays perspective directions of efficiency increasing are the development and introduction of advanced electrical vehicles technologies and new methods of brake-release mode optimization.
Numerical Studies of Gas-Dynamic Characteristics in a Compressor of a Turbocharger of the Transport Diesel
Authors: Khasanov Rail , Gureev Victor , Khairullin Azat
Published: December 2014

An increase of a combustion chamber volume of internal combustion engines (ICE) is connected with the solution of a problem of burning in cylinders of bigger amount of fuel. Thus, providing the complete burning, a full scavenging of cylinders and maintenance in permissible limits of temperature of exhaust gases requires increasing air supply. The most effective method of increase in amount of air is an increase of its density by means of preliminary compression in the compressor with the subsequent cooling. It should be noted that high complexity and a large labor content of the natural experiments do not allow receiving the reliable values of gas-dynamic characteristics of air flow in a compressor of a turbocharger. Therefore, by means of a computer code of computational fluid dynamics ANSYS-CFX, numerical studies of a flow in gas channel of a compressor of the KAMAZ engine are carried out. The integrated values of pressure, temperature in inlet and outlet of a compressor, received during numerical simulations, allow defining the air compression ratio, and also calculating compressor efficiency. Verification of the results of the numerical studies and of the natural experiment gives an agreement of the values with accuracy 1-5%. Hereafter, analysis of the calculation results, and optimization of the gas channel geometry of the compressor can allow improving gas-dynamic parameters of the compressor. This can lead to raise in techno-economic characteristics of the ICE.
Determination of Space and Time Dependent Function of Internal Heat Source in Heat Conductivity Equation
Authors: Diligenskaya Anna , Mandra Andrey
Published: December 2014

In the present work we propose the method for the solution inverse heat conduction problem that consists of the identification of unknown internal heat source function depending simultaneously on space and time variables. The source function can be represented as a separable variable. We consider an inverse problem of determining the heat source function based on temperature measurements.Inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem, a variational formulation for solving the optimization problem is given. The estimation of internal heat source is investigated with the analytical method combined with the method for approximate modal definition of temperature state and source function. The temperature state and desired control input are represented in the form of finite expansion in terms of orthogonal system of eigenfunctions. The required eigencoefficients of temperature state can be determined using temperature measurements. Then eigencoefficients of heat source function can be defined sequentially.Some numerical examples are provided to show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Features of Transport Electrical Energy Storages Parameters Calculation
Authors: Biryukov V.V. , Borgoyakov A.S.
Published: December 2014

Method of determining parameters of electrochemical storage of electric power in a vehicle is considered in the paper.
Consumption Schedule Leveling by Implementation of Two-Rate Capacity Payment
Authors: Polyakov Ilya D. , Dmitriev Stepan A. , Chusovitin Pavel V.
Published: December 2014

In order to ensure consumers' motivation for daily schedule leveling, the article suggests the two-rate capacity payment implementation on the wholesale power energy and capacity market (WPECM) in case of industrial generation growth. Special attention is given to the real power system model research. As follows from results of economic effect calculation, it is profitable for consumers to regulate their consumption. Undoubtedly, the present analysis can't give completely reliable result in the question of the price change in case of two-rate capacity payment implementation. But it becomes possible to achieve a definite result in consumers' motivation growth.
Computational Construction of Antibody–Drug Conjugates Using Surface Lysines as the Antibody Conjugation Site and a Non-cleavable Linker
Authors: Filntisi Arianna , Vlachakis Dimitrios , Matsopoulos George K. , Kossida Sophia
Published: December 2014

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute a category of anticancer targeted therapy that has gathered great interest during the last few years because of their potential to kill cancer cells while causing significantly fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy. In this paper, a process of computational construction of ADCs is described, using the surface lysines of an antibody and a non-covalent linker molecule, as well as a cytotoxic substance, as files in Protein Data Bank format. Also, aspects related to the function, properties, and development of ADCs are discussed.
Micro-cost Analysis of ALK Rearrangement Testing by FISH to Determine Eligibility for Crizotinib Therapy in NSCLC: Implications for Cost Effectiveness of Testing and Treatment
Authors: Parker David , Belaud-Rotureau Marc-Antoine
Published: December 2014

Break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the gold standard test for anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK) gene rearrangement. However, this methodology often is assumed to be expensive and potentially cost-prohibitive given the low prevalence of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. To more accurately estimate the cost of ALK testing by FISH, we developed a micro-cost model that accounts for all cost elements of the assay, including laboratory reagents, supplies, capital equipment, technical and pathologist labor, and the acquisition cost of the commercial test and associated reagent kits and controls. By applying a set of real-world base-case parameter values, we determined that the cost of a single ALK break-apart FISH test result is $278.01. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters of batch size, testing efficiency, and the cost of the commercial diagnostic testing products revealed that the cost per result is highly sensitive to batch size, but much less so to efficiency or product cost. This implies that ALK testing by FISH will be most cost effective when performed in high-volume centers. Our results indicate that testing cost may not be the primary determinant of crizotinib (Xalkori®) treatment cost effectiveness, and suggest that testing cost is an insufficient reason to limit the use of FISH testing for ALK rearrangement.
Administração universitária: desvendando o campo científico no Brasil
Authors: Schlickmann Raphael , Oliveira Maurício Roque Serva de , Melo Pedro Antônio de
Published: December 2014

Ao se perceber que a administração universitária no Brasil, pode ser vista como um subcampo científico da administração no país, e tomando por base a abordagem sobre o campo científico de Bourdieu (1983; 2004), o objetivo central deste trabalho é o de analisar como está constituída a administração universitária enquanto campo científico no Brasil. Como resultados principais pode-se apontar: a identificação de 233 agentes-pesquisadores, 17 grupos de pesquisa e 18 cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu em administração atuando no campo científico da administração universitária no Brasil, conforme os critérios utilizados. Verificou-se que existe a presença de temas que não necessariamente estejam relacionados à administração, mas ao ensino ou a educação superior. Quanto à estrutura do campo foi identificada uma relativa desigualdade na distribuição de capital científico, independente do tipo (puro ou institucional) considerado. Constatou-se que existe maior facilidade em se obter poder científico que prestígio acadêmico neste campo. Ainda, concluiu-se que os agentes tendem a atuar em locais mais próximos aos dominantes para ocupar melhores posições no campo. As fontes de capital científico mais importantes para ocupar posições de destaque no campo estão ligadas principalmente à titulação e à experiência profissional dos agentes.
Análise do processo de implantação do Balanced Scorecard (BSC) em uma instituição de ensino superior
Authors: Rocha Josilene Martins , Casartelli Alam de Oliveira
Published: December 2014

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os fatores críticos para a implantação da metodologia de balanced scorecard (BSC) em uma instituição de ensino superior (IES). O método utilizado consistiu em uma pesquisa exploratória, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com oito gestores que tiveram atuação importante no processo de implantação do BSC. A análise de dados iniciou com a transcrição das entrevistas e posterior avaliação do conteúdo, sendo destacado como positivo o reconhecimento da importância do planejamento estratégico (PE) para as IES; a existência de um foco estratégico comum; a definição de prioridades institucionais abrangentes; a criação de uma equipe de implantação capaz de disseminar a metodologia do BSC; possuir uma ferramenta da tecnologia da informação para apoiar o processo e contar com a participação ativa da alta administração. Além disso, foram apontados como desafios a maior apropriação da ferramenta pelos usuários; a integração do sistema de BSC aos demais utilizados pela Universidade e o aprofundamento da cultura de gestão estratégica de longo prazo.
Megacity emission plume characteristics in summer and winter investigated by mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements: the Paris metropolitan area
Authors: von der Weiden-Reinmüller S.-L. , Drewnick F. , Zhang Q. J. , Freutel F. , Beekmann M. , Borrmann S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. For the investigation of megacity emission plume characteristics mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements were carried out in the greater Paris region in July 2009 and January–February 2010 within the EU FP7 MEGAPOLI project (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation). The deployed instruments measured physical and chemical properties of sub-micron aerosol particles, gas phase constituents of relevance for urban air pollution studies and meteorological parameters. The emission plume was identified based on fresh pollutant (e.g., particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, CO2 and NOx) concentration changes in combination with wind direction data. The classification into megacity influenced and background air masses allowed a characterization of the emission plume during summer and winter environmental conditions. On average, a clear increase of fresh pollutant concentrations in plume compared to background air masses was found for both seasons. For example, an average increase of 190% (+ 8.8 ng m−3) in summer and of 130% (+ 18.1 ng m−3) in winter was found for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plume air masses. The aerosol particle size distribution in plume air masses was influenced by nucleation and growth due to coagulation and condensation in summer, while in winter only the latter process (i.e., particle growth) seemed to be initiated by urban pollution. The observed distribution of fresh pollutants in the emission plume – its cross sectional Gaussian-like profile and the exponential decrease of pollutant concentrations with increasing distance to the megacity – are in agreement with model results. Differences between model and measurements were found for plume center location, plume width and axial plume extent. In general, dilution was identified as the dominant process determining the axial variations within the Paris emission plume. For in-depth analysis of transformation processes occurring in the advected plume, simultaneous measurements at a suburban measurement site and a stationary site outside the metropolitan area using the mobile laboratory have proven to be most useful. Organic aerosol oxidation was observed in summer, while in winter transformation processes seemed to occur at a slower rate.
Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks
Authors: Réjou-Méchain M. , Muller-Landau H. C. , Detto M. , Thomas S. C. , Le Toan T. , Saatchi S. S. , Barreto-Silva J. S. , Bourg N. A. , Bunyavejchewin S. , Butt N. , Brockelman W. Y. , Cao M. , Cárdenas D. , Chiang J.-M. , Chuyong G. B. , Clay K. , Condit R. , Dattaraja H. S. , Davies S. J. , Duque A. , Esufali S. , Ewango C. , Fernando R. H. S. , Fletcher C. D. , Gunatilleke I. A. U. N. , Hao Z. , Harms K. E. , Hart T. B. , Hérault B. , Howe R. W. , Hubbell S. P. , Johnson D. J. , Kenfack D. , Larson A. J. , Lin L. , Lin Y. , Lutz J. A. , Makana J.-R. , Malhi Y. , Marthews T. R. , McEwan R. W. , McMahon S. M. , McShea W. J. , Muscarella R. , Nathalang A. , Noor N. S. M. , Nytch C. J. , Oliveira A. A. , Phillips R. P. , Pongpattananurak N. , Punchi-Manage R. , Salim R. , Schurman J. , Sukumar R. , Suresh H. S. , Suwanvecho U. , Thomas D. W. , Thompson J. , Uríarte M. , Valencia R. , Vicentini A. , Wolf A. T. , Yap S. , Yuan Z. , Zartman C. E. , Zimmerman J. K. , Chave J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Advances in forest carbon mapping have the potential to greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget and to facilitate effective emissions mitigation strategies such as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). Though broad-scale mapping is based primarily on remote sensing data, the accuracy of resulting forest carbon stock estimates depends critically on the quality of field measurements and calibration procedures. The mismatch in spatial scales between field inventory plots and larger pixels of current and planned remote sensing products for forest biomass mapping is of particular concern, as it has the potential to introduce errors, especially if forest biomass shows strong local spatial variation. Here, we used 30 large (8–50 ha) globally distributed permanent forest plots to quantify the spatial variability in aboveground biomass density (AGBD in Mg ha–1) at spatial scales ranging from 5 to 250 m (0.025–6.25 ha), and to evaluate the implications of this variability for calibrating remote sensing products using simulated remote sensing footprints. We found that local spatial variability in AGBD is large for standard plot sizes, averaging 46.3% for replicate 0.1 ha subplots within a single large plot, and 16.6% for 1 ha subplots. AGBD showed weak spatial autocorrelation at distances of 20–400 m, with autocorrelation higher in sites with higher topographic variability and statistically significant in half of the sites. We further show that when field calibration plots are smaller than the remote sensing pixels, the high local spatial variability in AGBD leads to a substantial "dilution" bias in calibration parameters, a bias that cannot be removed with standard statistical methods. Our results suggest that topography should be explicitly accounted for in future sampling strategies and that much care must be taken in designing calibration schemes if remote sensing of forest carbon is to achieve its promise.
Establishment and maintenance of regulating ecosystem services in a dryland area of Central Asia: the Kökyar Protection Forest, Aksu, NW China, as an example
Authors: Missall S. , Welp M. , Thevs N. , Abliz A. , Halik Ü.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The city of Aksu, situated at the northern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert in the northwest of China, is exposed to periodic severe dust and sand storms. In 1986, local authorities decided to establish a peri-urban shelterbelt plantation, the so-called Kökyar Protection Forest. It was realised as a patchwork of poplar shelterbelts and orchards. The total area of the plantation reached 3800 ha in 2005. This endeavour was made possible by the annual mass mobilisation of Aksu citizens, based on the Chinese regulation of the "National Compulsory Afforestation Campaigns". Establishment costs amounted to ca. CNY 60 000 ha−1 (ca. USD 10 000 ha−1). The regulating ecosystem services provided by Kökyar Protection Forest clearly reduce dust and sand storm impacts on Aksu City. Permanent maintenance of the plantation is facilitated by leasing orchard plots to private fruit farmers. This system ensures forest tending, reduces government expenses, and provides incomes to farmers. From the perspective of the local economy, annual farming net benefits generated by Kökyar fruit farmers more than compensate annual government grants for maintenance, resulting in an overall monetary net benefit of at least CNY 10 500 ha−1 (ca. USD 1600 ha−1) on the long-term average. The intended regulating ecosystem services can thus be provided to the citizens of Aksu without payments for ecosystem services or other financial burdens. For a more complete understanding of Kökyar Protection Forest, future research should be directed towards quantifying the effect of its regulating ecosystem services, and on investigating the negative downstream consequences of its water consumption.
Tropical troposphere to stratosphere transport of carbon monoxide and long-lived trace species in the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)
Authors: Pommrich R. , Müller R. , Grooß J.-U. , Konopka P. , Ploeger F. , Vogel B. , Tao M. , Hoppe C. M. , Günther G. , Spelten N. , Hoffmann L. , Pumphrey H.-C. , Viciani S. , D'Amato F. , Volk C. M. , Hoor P. , Schlager H. , Riese M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Variations in the mixing ratio of trace gases of tropospheric origin entering the stratosphere in the tropics are of interest for assessing both troposphere to stratosphere transport fluxes in the tropics and the impact of these transport fluxes on the composition of the tropical lower stratosphere. Anomaly patterns of carbon monoxide (CO) and long-lived tracers in the lower tropical stratosphere allow conclusions about the rate and the variability of tropical upwelling to be drawn. Here, we present a simplified chemistry scheme for the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the simulation, at comparatively low numerical cost, of CO, ozone, and long-lived trace substances (CH4, N2O, CCl3F (CFC-11), CCl2F2 (CFC-12), and CO2) in the lower tropical stratosphere. For the long-lived trace substances, the boundary conditions at the surface are prescribed based on ground-based measurements in the lowest model level. The boundary condition for CO in the lower troposphere (below about 4 km) is deduced from MOPITT measurements. Due to the lack of a specific representation of mixing and convective uplift in the troposphere in this model version, enhanced CO values, in particular those resulting from convective outflow are underestimated. However, in the tropical tropopause layer and the lower tropical stratosphere, there is relatively good agreement of simulated CO with in situ measurements (with the exception of the TROCCINOX campaign, where CO in the simulation is biased low ≈10–15 ppbv). Further, the model results (and therefore also the ERA-Interim winds, on which the transport in the model is based) are of sufficient quality to describe large scale anomaly patterns of CO in the lower stratosphere. In particular, the zonally averaged tropical CO anomaly patterns (the so called "tape recorder" patterns) simulated by this model version of CLaMS are in good agreement with observations, although the simulations show a too rapid upwelling compared to observations as a consequence of the overestimated vertical velocities in the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set. Moreover, the simulated tropical anomaly patterns of N2O are in good agreement with observations. In the simulations, anomaly patterns of CH4 and CFC-11 were found to be very similar to those of N2O; for all long-lived tracers, positive anomalies are simulated because of the enhanced tropical upwelling in the easterly shear phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation.
Climate change and stream temperature projections in the Columbia River basin: habitat implications of spatial variation in hydrologic drivers
Authors: Ficklin D. L. , Barnhart B. L. , Knouft J. H. , Stewart I. T. , Maurer E. P. , Letsinger S. L. , Whittaker G. W.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Water temperature is a primary physical factor regulating the persistence and distribution of aquatic taxa. Considering projected increases in air temperature and changes in precipitation in the coming century, accurate assessment of suitable thermal habitats in freshwater systems is critical for predicting aquatic species' responses to changes in climate and for guiding adaptation strategies. We use a hydrologic model coupled with a stream temperature model and downscaled general circulation model outputs to explore the spatially and temporally varying changes in stream temperature for the late 21st century at the subbasin and ecological province scale for the Columbia River basin (CRB). On average, stream temperatures are projected to increase 3.5 °C for the spring, 5.2 °C for the summer, 2.7 °C for the fall, and 1.6 °C for the winter. While results indicate changes in stream temperature are correlated with changes in air temperature, our results also capture the important, and often ignored, influence of hydrological processes on changes in stream temperature. Decreases in future snowcover will result in increased thermal sensitivity within regions that were previously buffered by the cooling effect of flow originating as snowmelt. Other hydrological components, such as precipitation, surface runoff, lateral soil water flow, and groundwater inflow, are negatively correlated to increases in stream temperature depending on the ecological province and season. At the ecological province scale, the largest increase in annual stream temperature was within the Mountain Snake ecological province, which is characterized by migratory coldwater fish species. Stream temperature changes varied seasonally with the largest projected stream temperature increases occurring during the spring and summer for all ecological provinces. Our results indicate that stream temperatures are driven by local processes and ultimately require a physically explicit modeling approach to accurately characterize the habitat regulating the distribution and diversity of aquatic taxa.
A Monte Carlo simulation of multivariate general Pareto distribution and its application
Authors: Yao L. , Dongxiao W. , Zhenwei Z. , Weihong H. , Hui S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a multivariate general Pareto distribution (MGPD) method and builds a method for solving MGPD through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation for marine environmental extreme-value parameters. The simulation method has proven to be feasible in the analysis of the joint probability of wave height and its concomitant wind from a hydrological station in the South China Sea (SCS). The MGPD is the natural distribution of the multivariate peaks-over-threshold (MPOT) sampling method, and is based on the extreme-value theory. The existing dependence functions can be used in the MGPD, so it may describe more variables which have different dependence relationships. The MGPD method improves the efficiency of the extremes in raw data. For the wave and the concomitant wind from a period of 23 years (1960–1982), the number of the wave and wind selected is averaged to 19 per year. For the joint conditional probability of the MGPD, the relative error is rather small in the Monte Carlo simulation method.
PREPARATION OF LOW TEMPERATURE RESISTANT AND HIGH ELECTRICAL INSULATION CHLOROPRENE RUBBER–BUTADIENE RUBBER BLENDS
Authors: Zheng Junping , Tan Jin , Gao Hong , Wang Chuanzeng , Dong Zhilei
Published: December 2014

To satisfy some special demands of many applications in the fields of aerospace and the electronic industry, low temperature resistant and high electrical insulation chloroprene rubber (CR) was prepared by blending pristine CR with different weight ratios of butadiene rubber (BR). The low temperature resistance, electrical insulation properties, and mechanical properties of CR/BR blends were investigated. With increasing BR content, the low temperature resistance and electrical insulation properties were improved, whereas the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. For the CR/BR (65/35) blend, filled with SiO2, the brittleness temperature (Tb) was reduced to −61 °C and the high electrical insulation properties were obtained without sacrificing mechanical properties too much. The tan δ plots of CR/BR blends, investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis, also revealed that BR could reduce glass transition temperature (Tg) and improve low temperature resistance of CR. The phase contrast microscope images of CR/BR blends demonstrated that the phase structure of the blends changed with increasing BR content. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces of CR/BR blends, observed by scanning electron microscopy, showed that the compatibility of CR/BR blends was poor although the CR/BR blends were homogeneous in macrostructure.
AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUINOS SUBMETIDOS À HIDRATAÇÃO ENTERAL COM SOLUÇÕES ELETROLÍTICAS ISOTÔNICAS CONTENDO DIFERENTES FONTES DE ENERGIA E CÁLCIO
Authors: Silveira Camila Oliveira , Ribeiro Filho José Dantas , Da Cruz Alexandra Lopes , Meneses Rodrigo Melo , Dantas Waleska De Melo Ferreira , Guimarães José Domingos
Published: December 2014

Avaliaram-se comparativamente os efeitos de duas soluções contendo concentrações iguais de cloreto de sódio, cloreto de potássio e magnésio, porém, uma delas contendo cloreto de cálcio e dextrose (SEDex), e a outra propionato de cálcio (SEProp), sobre parâmetros clínicos, proteínas plasmáticas totais, densidade urinária, pH urinário e glicose na urina de equinos (dois machos castrados e duas fêmeas) submetidos à um delineamento crossover 4x2. Os animais foram desidratados experimentalmente com duas aplicações de furosemida na dose de 1mg kg-1, além de jejum hídrico-alimentar de 24 horas, anteriormente aos tratamentos com as soluções, as quais foram administradas por via enteral em fluxo contínuo através de sonda nasogástrica de pequeno diâmetro numa taxa de infusão de 15 mL kg-1 h-1. A desidratação induzida provocou desidratação discreta. As soluções ocasionaram expansão da volemia, diminuiu a densidade urinária e não alterou os parâmetros clínicos dos padrões de referência. Além disso, a SEProp ocasionou glicosúria.