bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implicit Learning, Tacit Knowledge, and Implications for Stasis and Change in Cognitive Psychotherapy
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas , Courchaine Karen E.
Published: September 2018

With the evolution of cognitive psychotherapy, there has been an increasing focus on the nature and influence of cognitive structures or schemata. These structures are out of conscious awareness and therefore can be thought of as tacit in nature. As yet, however, there has been little written regarding the implications of the investigations in cognitive psychology of implicit learning and tacit memory for cognitive psychotherapy. This article describes the work of Arthur Reber and other cognitive psychologists on implicit learning and tacit memory and draws tentative implications for the practice of cognitive psychotherapy. Implicit learning processes have been described as robust in nature, holding evolutionary primacy over explicit learning processes, as dissociated from explicit learning, as involving different processes of learning, and as occurring through the tacit detection of covariation. Tacit knowledge precedes and is less available than explicit knowledge.
An Investment Model of Depressive Resistance
Authors: Leahy Robert L.
Published: September 2018

A functional utility model of depressive resistance is advanced, drawing upon modern portfolio theory of how individuals decide to allocate resources. According to this microeconomic model, depressed individuals believe they have few present and future resource and low utility of gain in a market that is volatile and downward sloping. Depression is viewed as a strategy to avoid further loss, resulting in active attempts to resist change as evidenced in motivated negative cognition. Depressives take a risk-averse strategy to minimize loss, utilizing high stop-loss criteria and rejecting optimism as a high exposure position. Unlike optimistic individuals who believe that there are many replications over a long duration to obtain gain, depressives have low diversification, high information demands, and utilize hedging, waiting, hiding and other tactics to minimize risk.
Postmodern Cognitive Psychotherapy: From the University to the Multiversity
Authors: Gonçalves Óscar F.
Published: September 2018

In this article the author rejoins Lyddon and Weill’s position on cognitive psychotherapy and postmodernism by defending the proposition that the contextual conditions of postmodern society challenge cognitive psychotherapy to introduce significant changes in current theory and practice. The author elaborates on three major topics: (1) individuality and inferiority as the two sacred cows of modernist cognitive psychotherapy; (2) the central assumptions of a postmodernist conception of cognitive therapy; and (3) and some challenging implications to the conception of clinical practice.
Is Cognitive Therapy Ill-Founded? A Commentary on Lyddon and Weill
Authors: Clark David A.
Published: September 2018

Lyddon and Weill (in this issue) have concluded that constructivism is preferred over standard cognitive theory and therapy because the latter is based on postmodern assumptions about knowledge, reality and the self. They argue that the postmodern basis of constructivism enables it to address criticisms that social constructivism, feminism and multiculturalism have raised with cognitive psychotherapy. In this commentary I have argued that Lyddon and Weill’s evaluation of standard cognitive therapy (CT) is based on a misrepresentation of the basic assumptions of CT concerning knowledge, the social context and the nature of the therapeutic relationship. I conclude that the relative merits of constructivism over standard cognitive therapy cannot be settled by philosophical debate but only by a consideration of the research and treatment innovations offered by each perspective.
Improving Cognitive Case Formulations and Treatment Planning in Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Mumma Gregory H.
Published: September 2018

An individualized case formulation may be useful for determining when and for how long components of certain manual-based (MB) treatments should be used. Such a formulation is essential for treatment planning and implementation for cases where empirically supported standardized treatments are not available. Yet, procedures to develop valid individualized cognitive case formulations and to use them in treatment planning and implementation lag behind the standards used to develop MB treatments. The present article describes some of these problems and issues and suggests procedures that clinicians may use to address these issues in research or practice.
Using a Case Formulation to Manage Treatment Nonresponse
Authors: Tompkins Michael A.
Published: September 2018

All clinicians must at times manage a treatment that isn’t progressing. A case formulation offers clinicians a systematic way to think about a case, thereby increasing the likelihood that they will be able to overcome difficulties and achieve a successful treatment outcome. This article describes the use of a cognitive-behavioral (CB) case formulation to solve problems in the client-therapist collaborative relationship and to improve compliance with the goals and tasks of therapy. The use of CB case formulation to plan and adjust the treatment of a multiproblem client is presented.
The Creative Evolution of the Theoretical Foundations for Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Rosen Hugh
Published: September 2018

The theoretical underpinnings of Beck’s model of cognitive therapy are examined from a developmental perspective with emphasis upon their creative nature. This is preceded by a general discussion of what constitutes creativity. The application of the discussion to Beck’s developing theory primarily emphasizes the “case study” and “evolving systems” approaches. Major attributes and dimensions of creativity are also defined and their presence in Beck’s evolving theory for cognitive therapy identified. The basic premise of this article is that Beck’s developing theory reflects a creative process and product.
Empirically Supported Treatment for Panic Disorder: Research, Theory, and Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Sanderson William C. , Rego Simon A.
Published: September 2018

In this article we review the DSM-IV criteria for Panic Disorder (PD), provide a brief overview of the cognitive model of PD, discuss empirically supported treatment components, and review pivotal experiments examining cognitive behavioral therapy for PD. A case example is also included to illustrate the application of treatment components.
Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Wilhelm Sabine
Published: September 2018

Cognitive therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) may be at least as effective and less stressful as the current psychological treatment of choice, exposure and response prevention (ERP). Cognitive therapy studies will be reviewed and a case example used to illustrate specific cognitive treatment techniques.
Cognitive Model of Eating Disorders
Authors: Bowers Wayne A.
Published: September 2018

Cognitive behavior Therapy (CBT) has been shown to be more effective or at least as effective as other psychotherapies in the treatment of bulimia nervosa with change being maintained 5 years after the end of treatment. Additionally, empirical studies demonstrate that CBT is superior to antidepressant medications in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Less is known about CBT for anorexia nervosa but initial research suggests it may play a prominent role in treatment. CBT can influence changes in negative thoughts and schemas in anorexia nervosa as well as influence core eating disorder psychopathology and alter depressed mood. CBT may prevent relapse in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. More research is needed on the use of CBT in anorexia nervosa.
Training in Interpersonal Problem Solving (TIPS)
Authors: Platt Jerome J. , Taube Daniel O. , Metzger David S. , Duome MarcAntony J.
Published: September 2018

This article describes a recently developed program, Training in Interpersonal Problem Solving (TIPS), for drug addicts and alcoholics. The cognitive-behavioral foundation of the program is reviewed, as is the literature on prior applications of this approach. Initial findings regarding the effectiveness of this new program are also presented.
Cognitive and Exposure Treatment for Agoraphobia: Reexamination of the Outcome Research
Authors: Biran Mia
Published: September 2018

Researchers working within the behavioral framework have concluded that in vivo exposure is an effective, though incomplete, treatment for agoraphobia. Cognitive treatments (i.e., the modification of internal dialogue) have been found less effective and show little supplemental value to exposure. In this paper it is argued that the behavioral perspective has provided a limited vision of cognitive therapy as an effective supplement to exposure. Reexamination of the research literature engenders different conclusions and opens up some fresh possibilities for a combined exposure-cognitive treatment. From a cognitive perspective, the modification of self-statements and internal dialogue is not enough for producing enduring and generalizable therapeutic results. A complete treatment for agoraphobia requires a combination of in vivo exposure with a bona fide cognitive therapy which addresses core cognitive constructs about the world and the self specific to agoraphobic patients.
The Therapeutic Implications of Family Cognitions and Constructs
Authors: Alexander Pamela C.
Published: September 2018

Family cognitions are defined as individual family members’ beliefs about each other and family constructs as the family’s jointly held beliefs about itself and its world. A rationale is developed for the importance of these cognitions and constructs in ensuring stable and at times self-fulfilling patterns of behavior within the family and between the family and its environment. The development of these cognitions and constructs is described, as are characteristics which assure their maintenance. Finally, the relevance of these beliefs to family pathology suggests the utility of intervening in a family at the level of the beliefs themselves.
Rationality as a Goal of Psychotherapy
Authors: Moshman David , Hoover Laurie M.
Published: September 2018

Rationality is commonly conceptualized as the absence of inappropriate emotions or irrational beliefs. It may be more usefully defined as the self-reflective, intentional, and appropriate coordination and use of genuine reasons in generating and justifying beliefs and behavior. Available evidence indicates that both deductive and inductive reasoning develop through a sequence of stages in which each stage is an explicit reflection on and reconstruction of processes implicit in the previous stage. There thus appears to be a natural developmental trend toward increasing rationality. Therapists can facilitate this developmental process by focusing on clients’ reasoning and encouraging self-reflection. Facilitation of rationality through interventions of this sort addresses the source of inappropriate beliefs and emotions and thus not only relieves current problems but improves clients’ abilities to deal with future problems. As an approach to psychotherapy, promotion of rationality thus has the ethical merit of fostering intellectual autonomy.
Facilitating Cognitive-Emotional Congruence in Anxiety Disorders During Self-Determined Cognitive Change: An Integrative Model
Authors: Hiley-Young Bruce
Published: September 2018

The treatment of the multiple dimensions of anxiety requires a multimodal therapy. To facilitate the congruence between cognition and emotion, a synthesis of cognitive restructuring, progressive self-relaxation training, and concentration skills training is presented as an integrative model applied to inpatient Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) during the process of self-determined cognitive change. Using a cognitively oriented frame-work, the model provides procedures that identify important propositional beliefs, transform the personal meaning of these beliefs, pair beliefs/self-talk with a state of well-being to facilitate cognitive-emotional congruence, and operationalize beliefs into observable behavior. Emphasis is placed on the rationale, clinical integration, and application of the various components within a cognitively oriented approach.
Psychotherapy for Adults Within a Problem-Solving Framework: Focus on Depression
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Nezu Christine M. , Perri Michael G.
Published: September 2018

Programs designed to help people cope more effectively with stressful life situations via training in social problem-solving skills have increased over the past decade. This article focuses specifically on problem-solving therapy for unipolar depression and provides a brief description of treatment guidelines for conducting psychotherapy with adult depressives. This therapy approach entails systematic training in the following five problem-solving processes: problem orientation, problem definition and formulation, generation of alternatives, decision making, and solution implementation and verification. Additionally, various clinical considerations concerning this treatment model are highlighted.
Theories of Emotion Come Togethe and Come of Age
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: September 2018

“The merely descriptive literature of the emotions is one of the most tedious parts of psychology . . . I should as leif read verbal descriptions of the rocks on a New Hampshire farm... they distinguish and refine and specify ad infinitum without ever getting into another logical level whereas the beauty of all truly scientific work is to get to ever deeper levels” (James, 1980, p. 448).
Compensatory Buffers, Depression, and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Elliott James E.
Published: September 2018

This article proposes a new explanation of the connections between depression and irrational beliefs in the light of the concept of compensatory buffers (CBs). Significant factors in some forms of depression are negative messages coming from an internal agency called the inner critic. To avoid the impact of these messages, the individual feels driven to acquire compensatory buffers, the purpose of which is to compensate for the inner critic’s disparagement of the self. When these buffers fail, the result is a feeling of lowered self-esteem and depression. Loss is thus seen to trigger depression when it is the loss of one or more compensatory buffers. Irrational beliefs are explained as beliefs in the necessity of acquiring compensatory buffers; shoulds derive their force from the fact that they prescribe the compensatory buffers to be obtained in order to ward off the pain of depressogenic punishments associated with the inner critic.
Toward an Integrated Model of Competency: Linking White and Bandura
Authors: Meier Augustine
Published: September 2018

This paper demonstrates how concepts from White’s Effectance theory and Bandura’s Self-Efficacy theory can be integrated to form a more comprehensive theory of competency. White’s concepts of “strive for competency” and “sense of competency” and Bandura’s concept of “self-efficacy” and the associated micro-analytical research method can form the basis for the development of a comprehensive theory of competency. The major terms that allow for a conceptual linking of these two theories are those of “sense of competency” and “self-efficacy”. Both terms refer to the conviction that one is or is not able to perform a task.
Philosophical Differences Among Cognitive Behavioral Therapists: Rationalism, Constructivism, or Both ?
Authors: DiGiuseppe Raymond , Linscott Jean
Published: September 2018

This study attempted to validate Mahoney’s classification of cognitive behavioral therapists into rationalists or constructivists and to verify his hypothesis that Rational-Emotive therapists hold more rationalist attitudes than do other cognitive behavioral therapists. It was also hypothesized that the preference for disputing irrational thoughts early in therapy would also serve to distinguish between general cognitive behavioral and RE therapists. Cognitive behavioral (CB) and RE therapists completed a questionnaire representing Mahoney’s categorization of rationalist and constructivist philosophies and the preference for disputing irrational beliefs early in therapy. Factor analysis yielded three distinct consistent factors named “rationalism,” “constructivism,” and “early disputing.” Each demonstrating adequate internal consistency. Analysis of variance indicated that RE therapists endorsed significantly more rationalist items than cognitive behavioral therapists. There were no significant group differences in the endorsement of constructivist items or disputing irrational beliefs early in therapy. General CB therapists significantly endorsed more constructivist than rationalist philosophies. Results of the study provide empirical support for Mahoney’s two-factor designation, but provide evidence indicating that rationalism and constructivism are not bipolar philosophies. Therapists can hold beliefs on each separately.
Coping With Life-Threatening Illness: A Cognitive Therapy Perspective
Authors: Liese Bruce S. , Larson Mark W.
Published: September 2018

For years, behavioral scientists have been examining the process of coping with life-threatening illnesses. In fact, much of the work in this area has been influenced by cognitive-behavioral theories (e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The purpose of this article is to apply Beck’s model of cognitive therapy to coping, to discuss specific cognitive processes related to life-threatening illnesses, and to suggest specific interventions appropriate for individuals diagnosed with life-threatening illnesses. AIDS, cancer, and myocardial infarction are discussed in terms of the emotional reactions they may produce (e.g., anxiety, depression, and anger). Cognitive processes related to these emotions are examined and cognitive therapy techniques are suggested for helping individuals with maladaptive emotional and behavioral coping responses.
The WILFY™ Method: Unlearning Lessons From the Past
Authors: Elliott Kathy J.
Published: September 2018

This article describes an application of the Anthetic Dialogue method for eliciting and challenging dysfunctional beliefs. The application addresses dysfunctional beliefs that have resulted from past learning, especially that which occurred in childhood.
Cognitive Dissonance in the Treatment of Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Levine Joseph , Barak Yoram , Caspi Natan
Published: September 2018

Paranoid thinking is often well organized, systemized and detailed so that treating a paranoid patient is a difficult challenge. It is suggested that cognitive dissonance, once created, may cause a person to change his cognitions in order to lower or eliminate it. The treatment of a paranoid schizophrenic is presented wherein by introducing strong group pressure the patient accepted an axiom, which created dissonance with his paranoid content. This axiom was “A wise man sees more than two alternatives in any given situation.” Therefore, by stepwise pacing, alternative evaluations of affect “free” situations were made by the patient using the accepted basic axiom. This technique was gradually used with the patient’s paranoid content, and later on with basic characteristics underlying the paranoid system. The patient exhibited curiosity and a willingness to investigate his paranoid inner state according to the new accepted axiom, and a significant symptomatic relief was seen within a few days, in contrast to past hospitalizations where only partial response to antipsychotic medication was noted. Research is needed in order to examine the effectiveness of this mode of treatment.
Deb’s Page: Scowlers, Squeamers, and Scoffers
Authors: Gauldin Deb
Published: September 2018

Prenatal educator humorously reflects on misjudging class participants’ personalities.
Previous Traumatic Birth: An Impetus for Requested Cesarean Birth
Authors: Gardner Patti Spiegelberg
Published: September 2018

This paper addresses the meaningfulness of the childbearing experience and how a traumatic occurrence can affect women for years into the future. Every woman deserves to have a fulfilling childbearing experience, even if it may be different from the one she imagined. This paper examines the phenomenon of previous traumatic birth and its potential effects on choices during subsequent pregnancies. Discussion includes how childbirth educators can assist women in healing from past birth traumas and preventing them from recurring.
Perinatal Experiences: The Association of Stress, Childbearing, Breastfeeding, and Early Mothering
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Howell Olivia S.
Published: September 2018

The support of women and their families through childbirth breastfeeding, and early parenting experiences are often treated as separate areas of maternity care. In fact, growing evidence, as cited in this article, links their intertwined impact on the health of mothers, infants, and their families.
Examining Insurance Needs for Childbirth Educators
Authors: Philipsen Nayna C.
Published: September 2018

In this column, the author presents three questions that childbirth educators may ask themselves in order to decide whether or not they should invest in insurance coverage.
A Web-Based Module to Enhance BSN Students’ Knowledge and Confidence in Teaching Parents About Newborn Behavior
Authors: Alden Kathryn Rhodes
Published: September 2018

As an adjunct to traditional instructional strategies, students enrolled in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing maternity course completed a Web-based module called “HUG Your Baby” (HYB) about newborn behavior, interpreting and responding to an infant’s cues and body language, and teaching new parents. Students who completed the HYB program were compared with students enrolled in another semester of the same maternity course in which only traditional teaching strategies were used. Both groups were compared on knowledge and confidence about newborn behaviors and teaching new parents. Knowledge and confidence scores increased significantly in both groups from beginning to end of the semester. Students who completed the HYB program demonstrated a significantly greater increase in knowledge and confidence compared with students who did not complete the HYB program. Students highly rated the HYB program and recommended it for incorporation into the maternity course.
Circadian Rhythms and Nursing Research: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Elmore Shawn K. , Burr Robert
Published: September 2018

The role circadian rhythms play in mental health, sleep, human development and aging, pharmacologic efficacy, immune function, and cardiovascular health makes them a natural focus of nursing research. Integration of chronobiologic concepts into nursing care demands sound empirical support. Nevertheless, issues such as detection of linear trends, the fit of circadian data to a cosinor model and circular distributions, add complexity to the collection, analysis and interpretation of circadian rhythm data. The purpose of this paper is to convey an informed understanding of ways in which to deal with this intricate assembly of issues.
Toward Integrating a Common Nursing Data Set in Home Care to Facilitate Monitoring Outcomes Across Settings
Authors: Keenan Gail , Stocker Julia , Barkauskas Violet , Treder Marcy , Heath Crystal
Published: September 2018

The purpose of our research is to identify a realistic subset of North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC), and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) terms specific to the home care (HC) setting. A subset of 89 NOC outcomes were identified for study in HC through a baseline survey. Three research assistants then observed the care of 258 patients to whom the 89 NOC outcomes applied and recorded the associated NANDA and NIC terms. Follow-up surveys and focus groups were conducted with the nurses and research assistants. There were 81 different NANDA and 226 NIC labels used to describe study patients’ care. Only 36 of the 89 NOC labels studied were deemed clinically useful for HC. We found that expert opinion about terminology usage before actual experience under practice conditions is unreliable.
The Interpersonal Relationship Inventory: Continued Psychometric Evaluation
Authors: Tilden Virginia P. , Hirsch Anne M. , Nelson Christine A.
Published: September 2018

For norm-referenced measures to be useful in social-behavioral research, investigators who develop measures face several psychometric challenges, including: (a) adequate domain specification; (b) adequate initial evidence of reliability and validity; and (c) ongoing evidence of psychometric quality. The Interpersonal Relationship Inventory (IPRI) was developed in response to gaps in measurement of social relationships, and contributed scales for reciprocity and conflict to a measure of social support. For the IPRI, the first two points were addressed during the period of instrument development. The measure now has been in use for 4 years. This article reports evidence addressing the third challenge: ongoing evidence of psychometric quality. Findings from 19 studies using the IPRI provide compelling evidence for internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the scales.
Development of an Observational Instrument to Study Nurse-Patient Touch
Authors: Bottorff Joan L.
Published: September 2018

A detailed analysis of videotaped data of nurse-patient interactions (NPIs) was used to identify the structure of NPIs and the important behaviors comprising touching interactions that could serve as a basis for the development of an observational instrument to study nurse-patient touch. The resulting coding system enabled observers to record types of nurse attending, eye gaze, proximity, nurse-patient dialogue, nurse activity, patient condition, presence of others in the room, and characteristics of nurse-patient touch. To evaluate this instrument, two samples of videotaped NPIs were selected and coded by three observers. Acceptable levels of interobserver and intraobserver agreement and observer reliability were established and maintained throughout the coding process, with the exception of two categories (i.e., nurse activity and intensity of touch). The two samples were compared to provide further support for the content validity of the coding system and to evaluate the sensitivity of the measure to the same behaviors in different samples of NPIs. It was concluded that the instrument has potential for use in describing the patterns of touch nurses use in a more comprehensive and detailed way than has been done in the past and that this instrument warrants further study in other clinical contexts.
Use of the Cognitive Assessment Method to Evaluate the Adequacy of Sexually Transmitted Disease History Questions
Authors: Dilorio Colleen , Holcombe Johnetta , Belcher Lisa , Maibach Ed
Published: September 2018

Cognitive assessment is an approach used to evaluate questions in survey interviews. This approach is useful in delineating measurement error due to participants’ understanding of terms and interpretation of questions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of questionnaire items designed to evaluate history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) using a cognitive assessment approach. Participants recruited from an STD clinic were asked up to six questions to assess their history of STDs. Verbal probes were used after each question in an attempt to evaluate the participants’ understanding of the questions and methods they used to recall episodes of having STDs. The findings revealed that respondents did not understand the medical terms for some STDs, that the wording of one question potentially interfered with respondents’ comprehension of the question, and that respondents used an episodic recall method to determine their number of previous STD infections. Cognitive assessment is a useful method for identifying potential sources of respondent-induced measurement error.
Cognitive Appraisal of Stress Events: Measuring the Personal Schema of Childbirth
Authors: Peirce Anne G.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to theoretically base, develop, and test items for the Childbirth Schema Scale. The scale was designed to obtain an understanding of schema formation and revision with the known stressor of childbirth. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using a sample of childbearing women, surveyed before and after birth. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation resulted in a four-factor solution supporting the theoretical factors of emotions of outcome, sensations of work, time, and preparation for control. Construct validity was assessed by hypothesis testing that women whose prebirth schemas were least like their real experience would use more review than women whose schemas were closer. A significant t test between the two groups provided some evidence of validity. The factors were used to form subscales. Internal consistency scores for each subscale were .73, .70, .84, and .65, respectively.
The Maturation Index of Colostrum and Milk (MICAM): A Measurement of Breast Milk Maturation
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Mederios Denis , Wreschner Theodora B. , Walton Mary B. , Hill Pamela D.
Published: September 2018

A biological marker, the Maturation Index of Colostrum and Milk (MIC AM), was developed using filter paper chromatography. The MICAM consists of five patterns used to measure the individual rate of breast milk maturation among mothers. This article documents the biological basis of MICAM patterns as a gradual breakdown of an emulsion of breast milk that is dependent on the ratio of sterols plus phospholipids to fat content of the milk. Frequencies of MICAM patterns by day, timing of the milk collection, and inter-rater reliability are addressed and the construct validity is explored.

This was a partial replication of the original tool development reported by Humenick in 1987. In both studies, the variables of timing of breast-feeding initiation, frequency, and cumulative length of breast-feeding episodes were significantly correlated as predictors of early milk maturation as measured by the MICAM. Milk maturation rate was also significantly correlated as a predictor of infant weight gain, weeks of sustained breast-feeding, and maternal-infant breast-feeding satisfaction. The MICAM can be used as a clinical screening tool to assess the progress of milk maturation in cases where breast-feeding has had a difficult or delayed initiation, and to evaluate interventions designed to support lactation.
Nursing Students’ Evaluation of Classroom Teaching: Developing and Testing an Instrument
Authors: Campbell-Grossman Christie , Pozehl Bunny , Zimmerman Lani
Published: September 2018

Although literature on instruments measuring classroom teaching is abundant, it is difficult to find an established tool that meets the specific evaluation needs of faculty teaching in a contemporary nursing college. This methodological study developed and tested an instrument for student completion that assessed the effectiveness of a faculty member’s classroom teaching in a modern curriculum. The items were developed from a literature review and feedback from content experts. Four midwestern nursing schools participated in the assessment of the instrument’s reliability and validity. A coefficient alpha of .98 was reported for internal consistency (N = 233) and r = .85 (p < .001) for test-retest reliability (n = 35). Factor analysis revealed one dominant factor that measured effective traits/methods in classroom teaching. This factor’s eigenvalue of 28.95 accounted for 60% of the total variance.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Organizational Job Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Sauter Maranah A. , Boyle Diane , Wallace Debra , Andrews Janet L. , Johnson Marjorie S. , Bates Mary , Edenfield Sandra M. , Carr Rebecca , Campbell Laura , Hamilton Bernita K. , Taunton Roma L.
Published: September 2018

Findings are reported from a replicated evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Organizational Job Satisfaction Scale. Data lend strong support for the scale which assesses four dimensions of organizational job satisfaction. Principal component factor analysis of data from two independent samples of urban staff registered nurses (RNs) (n - 496; n = 532) confirmed four dimensions of pay, interaction, administration, and status. Cronbach’s alpha for subscales ranged from .76 to .88. Pearson correlation coefficients for the interrelationships among subscales and an estimate of theta verified internal consistency. The Organizational Job Satisfaction Scale scores correlated significantly with a criterion measure of job enjoyment. Hypothesis testing of theoretically predictable relationships supported construct validity. Scores on the organizational job satisfaction subscales correlated significantly with automony, stress, and commitment. Item revisions and recommendations for future use of the instrument are discussed.
The Multidimensional Health Behavior Inventory
Authors: Kulbok Pamela A. , Carter Kimberly F. , Baldwin Joan H. , Gilmartin Mattia J. , Kirkwood Bessie
Published: September 2018

Gaps in knowledge about what constitutes healthy and risky behaviors for young people hinder successful health promotion intervention strategies. With the development of appropriate instruments, behaviors can be measured and interventions can be implemented to improve health outcomes. The structure of a new health behavior instrument, the Multidimensional Health Behavior Inventory (MHBI), was explored with data from 1,077 college students, ages 18 to 24 years. Factor analysis of 116 health behavior questions yielded 7 factor-based scales with 57 items: diet (13 items), substance use (10 items), safety (9 items), checkup (9 items), social (6 items), stress (6 items), and exercise (4 items). Evaluation of the 7 behavior scales of the MHBI using subgroups defined by age, gender, and race will contribute to an understanding of health behaviors of older adolescents and young adults and will provide directions for research and clinical interventions.
Factor Replication of the Reduced Laffrey Health Conception Scale
Authors: Hong Oi Saeng , Lusk Sally L. , Klem Laura
Published: September 2018

This study replicated the factor model for the Reduced Laffrey Health Conception Scale (RLHCS), which was originally developed by Laffrey (1986) and reduced by Lusk, Kerr, and Baer (1995). Two independent samples of construction workers (n - 697 and n = 510) were used. The samples were predominately Caucasian males (over 97%), with mean ages of 35 and 38 years, respectively. Principal components factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation and structural equation modeling were used to replicate factors and to test the equality of the three observed covariance matrices (factory workers and two groups of construction workers), respectively. Results replicated the two-factor structure (clinical health and overall wellness) found in the earlier study with factory workers (Lusk et al., 1995) and demonstrated factor in variance across different samples.
Ensuring Content Validity: An Illustration of the Process
Authors: Beck Cheryl T. , Gable Robert K.
Published: September 2018

Assessing content validity is one of the most critical steps in instrument development. Neither statistical elegance nor sophisticated measurement strategies are substitutes for validity. Systematic in-depth approaches to the assessment of content validity are needed, including a priori and a posteriori procedures. In this manuscript the a priori approach of specifying an instrument’s content domain is addressed along with the a posteriori procedure of having a panel of judges assess the validation of the items. This article focuses on the process used to assess the content validity. Data from the psychometric testing of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) are used to illustrate this process. The PDSS is a Likert-type self-report composed of seven dimensions: Sleeping/Eating Disturbances, Anxiety/Insecurity, Emotional Lability, Cognitive Impairment, Loss of Self, Guilt/Shame, and Contemplating Harming Oneself. Items on the PDSS were generated from a series of qualitative research studies on postpartum depression. Content validity was assessed using two approaches to review the scale: (a) a panel of five content experts with professional expertise in postpartum depression, and (b) a focus group of 15 nurses knowledgeable in the field.
Geriatric Case Managers: Integration Into Physician Practices
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Williams Frank G.
Published: September 2018

Integration of case management proved to be a key variable in a national demonstration at nine sites of alternative models designed to enhance primary care of frail elders. Numerous semistructured interviews of participants revealed a number of areas important to achieving successful integration. These areas include making favorable first impressions, building relationships, learning to collaborate, having proximity and contact, communicating, and demonstrating benefits to patients and physicians.
A Review of HIV/AIDS Case Management Research
Authors: Chernesky Roslyn H.
Published: September 2018

Published research on HIV/AIDS case management is reviewed. Twenty-five studies are placed within a conceptual framework that can be used to guide a research agenda. Unlike other case management fields, research in this field has not kept pace with the growth and development of HIV/AIDS case management. Reasons for the paucity of research in this field are offered.
Cost Effectiveness of a High-Risk Pregnancy Program
Authors: Alexander Judith W. , Mackey Marlene C.
Published: September 2018

This article presents an evaluation of an innovative community-based, case-management program for high-risk pregnant women and their infants. A 7-year analysis of the Medicaid claims from 182,196 pregnant women and those for 140,088 infants was conducted. The findings showed improved birth outcomes and a steady decrease in the cost of care for both pregnant women and their infants. Recommendations are made concerning implementation of this program in other settings with other clients.
Iowa Case Management for Rural Drug Abuse: Preliminary Results
Authors: Hall James A. , Vaughan Mary S. , Vaughn Thomas , Block Robert , Schut Arthur
Published: September 2018

The Iowa Case Management Project (ICMP) was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive, solution-focused model of case management with rural clients in drug abuse treatment. For this preliminary report, 483 clients who were admitted to residential or outpatient treatment at a local facility volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to one of four research conditions. Clients in three of the conditions received Iowa Case Management (ICM), while clients in the fourth condition received standard treatment services and served as the control group. Clients were assessed regarding psychosocial characteristics at intake and three additional times during the subsequent 12 months.
The Value of Case Management in the Publicly Funded Substance Abuse Treatment System: The Perspective of Program Directors, Case Managers and Clients
Authors: Shwartz Michael , Stone David A. , Camp Joy , Mulvey Kevin P. , Kane Martha , Plough Alonzo
Published: September 2018

The many purposes of this article is to understand the role and value of case management from the perspective of program directors, case managers and clients. A survey of program directors from publicly funded substance abuse treatment programs in Boston was administered, and in-depth interviews with a sample of program directors, case managers, and clients were conducted. Case management allowed programs to serve more complex clients and increased time available for counselors to focus on the clinical needs of clients. From the perspective of case managers and clients, much of the value of case management came from educating clients about steps they could take to meet their needs and then supporting them in their efforts as they took these steps. Successful steps taken to deal with these needs helped lay the foundation necessary to confront the challenges of treatment. Program directors, case managers, and clients considered case management a valuable enhancement to substance abuse treatment.
Health Policy and Case Management
Authors: Mark Debra D. , Colonel Lieutenant
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to analyze the performance of and support for case management using a policy framework in order to increase case managers’ awareness of policy making and facilitate successful planning for future policy initiatives. Feldstein’s (1996) theory of opposing legislative outcomes indicates that legislation can be viewed on a continuum, ranging from legislation that meets the needs of the public to legislation considered to be in the self-interest of the participants and legislators. The current health care system requires that case managers working for publicly funded health care organizations balance the need for stewardship of U.S. tax dollars and the health care needs of consumers. It is apparent from the literature that case managers are successfully achieving this balance. However, certain conditions should exist that allow for case manager decision-making that promotes effective and efficient utilization of health care resources. Case managers must work within the context of the health care policy environment. Realizing that it is more likely that the conflicts between stewardship and the provision of health care services will continue, case managers’ knowledge and influence regarding policy making becomes imperative in order to ensure that these conflicting goals do not become mutually exclusive.
Relieving Stress: A Short-Term Support Group for Home Attendants
Authors: Blaine Marge
Published: September 2018

Home attendants (HAs) work in relative isolation, burdened by conflicting demands. This article details an eight-session support group for HAs, designed to explore its effects on their work life. Meeting for hour-and-a-half sessions with no fixed agenda, the group offered members an opportunity to communicate with others in similar situations. Participants reported that the group experience helped relieve stress and made them feel less alone. Other benefits included gaining strategies for coping with difficult situations and learning to set boundaries. Further investigation into the effectiveness of similar groups is suggested.
Looking Beyond Caseload Numbers for Long-Term Home-Care Case Managers
Authors: Diem Elizabeth , Alcock Denise , Gallagher Elaine , Angus Douglas , Medves Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Determining the best use of case managers’ time is difficult both because of the great variability in the factors and the lack of outcome studies. In place of the outcome studies, the responses to focus group questions of 89 experienced case managers from across Canada were used to indicate a value for case management functions in the areas of direct care, indirect care management, and program management. The case managers identified greater value for direct care with clients and families who are new to home care or who have complex problems in comparison to clients in more stable or manageable situations. Case managers were frustrated by the lack of agency and community policies and resources to allow case managers to properly support people in their homes. The case managers valued addressing problems on a program or community basis rather than the usual case-by-case. Although preliminary, the approach could be useful in assessing the efficient and effective use of a scarce resource, case managers’ time.
Challenges Facing Case Management in a Changing Social Service Environment
Authors: Lee Brason
Published: September 2018

Case management has been a difficult practice to track, particularly for the purposes of outcome measurements and accountability. As both policymakers and program administrators consider options for providing long-term care, the Data Analysis and Regulations Team of the California Department of Aging studied computerized client information for one of its case management programs to examine what we know about the people being served and the ability of the data collection system to meet the increasing demand for accountability. This article details the results of our study and discusses their implications within the dynamics of a changing social service environment.
Needs Assessment and the Use of Services by East Texas Rural Elderly
Authors: Sijuwade Philip O.
Published: September 2018

This study is concerned with the methodology of needs assessment and an understanding of why the East Texas rural elderly don’t take advantage of existing programs and services. Data were obtained through 25 in-depth interviews and brief interviews of clients and service personnel in senior centers, meal sites, and agencies. It was found that direct assessment of needs (via direct question, suggestion lists, contingency planning and projection) may not be possible. The elderly are reluctant to admit need in this particular setting or accept help and may even deny using services. They seem to have devised their own model of services with those perceived to have been earned or which require a donation most acceptable and those having a minimum income eligibility least acceptable. Findings are explained in terms of relative deprivation and through an analysis of the social and economic history of age cohorts representing the older, younger, and future elderly. It is concluded that, since successful cohorts have experienced better times and a more liberal social atmosphere, they will feel increasingly needier and be increasingly aggressive about getting assistance.
Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin As a Nutritive Source of Copper
Authors: Puchkova Ludmila V. , Babich Polina S. , Zatulovskaia Yulia A. , Ilyechova Ekaterina Y. , Di Sole Francesca
Published: September 2018

Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a co-factor for cuproenzymes and participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body: copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism: embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods, respectively. In the liver cells, these types are characterized by specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter and proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular-genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by the newborn is controlled. In the newborns, absorption, distribution, and accumulation copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. In the newborns, which are not breast-fed at the early stages of postnatal development, the control for alimentary copper balance is absent. We tried to focus on the neonatal consequences of a violation of the balance of copper in the mother / newborn system. Although there is still much to be learned, the time to pay attention to this problem came because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper related disorders for future life.