bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LBT transmission spectroscopy of HAT-P-12b
Authors: Yan F. , Espinoza N. , Molaverdikhani K. , Henning Th. , Mancini L. , Mallonn M. , Rackham B. V. , Apai D. , Jordán A. , Mollière P. , Chen G. , Carone L. , Reiners A.
Published: August 2020

The hot sub-Saturn-mass exoplanet HAT-P-12b is an ideal target for transmission spectroscopy because of its inflated radius. We observed one transit of the planet with the multi-object double spectrograph (MODS) on the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) with the binocular mode and obtained an atmosphere transmission spectrum with a wavelength coverage of ~0.4–0.9 μm. The spectrum is relatively flat and does not show any significant sodium or potassium absorption features. Our result is consistent with the revised Hubble Space Telescope (HST) transmission spectrum of a previous work, except that the HST result indicates a tentative detection of potassium. The potassium discrepancy could be the result of statistical fluctuation of the HST dataset. We fit the planetary transmission spectrum with an extensive grid of cloudy models and confirm the presence of high-altitude clouds in the planetary atmosphere. The fit was performed on the combined LBT and HST spectrum, which has an overall wavelength range of 0.4–1.6 μm. The LBT/MODS spectrograph has unique advantages in transmission spectroscopy observations because it can cover a wide wavelength range with a single exposure and acquire two sets of independent spectra simultaneously.
Experimental investigations of vibration and acoustics signals in milling process using kapok oil as cutting fluid
Authors: Shankar Subramaniam , Manikandan Murugasamy , Raja Gunasekaran , Pramanik Alokesh
Published: August 2020

Vegetable oils are found as the feasible alternative for conventional minerals oils. There has been many environmental and health issues which are spotted with the use of conventional cutting fluids. There has been a great demand for developing new environmentally friendly vegetable based cutting fluids to reduce these harmful effects. In this present study, vegetable based kapok oil is used as a cutting fluid during milling to study its consequences over other conventional oils. The process parameters such as spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate were optimized with respect to the flank wear (Vb) and surface roughness (Ra) respectively with the use of central composite design in response surface methodology (RSM). Further an attempt has been made to monitor the tool condition by measuring the cutting force, vibration and sound pressure simultaneously. Three different tool conditions such as dull, fresh and working were analyzed and their consequences were also reported. Also, the performance of the kapok oil is compared with the palm oil and mineral oil (SAE 20W 40). The feed rate has the major contribution for surface roughness and flank wear. It is found that the cutting force (F), sound pressure (p) and vibration (V) increases with the tool wear.
Feasibility of numerical simulation methods on the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) Deposition process for ductile materials
Authors: Oyinbo Sunday Temitope , Jen Tien-Chien
Published: August 2020

The techniques of cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) coating involve the deposition of solid, high speed micron to nano particles onto a substrate. In contrast to a thermal spray, CGDS does not melt particles to retain their physico-chemical properties. There have been many advantages in developing microscopic analysis of deformation mechanisms with numerical simulation methods. Therefore, this study focuses on four cardinal numerical methods of analysis which are: Lagrangian, Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH), Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), and Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) to examine the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) deposition system by simulating and analyzing the contact/impact problem at deformation zone using ductile materials. The details of these four numerical approaches are explained with some aspects of analysis procedure, model description, material model, boundary conditions, contact algorithm and mesh refinement. It can be observed that the material of the particle greatly influences the deposition and the deformation than the material of the substrate. Concerning the particle, a higher-density material such as Cu has a higher initial kinetic energy, which leads to a larger contact area, a longer contact time and, therefore, better bonding between the particle and the substrate. All the numerical methods studied, however, can be used to analyze the contact/impact problem at deformation zone during cold gas dynamic spray process.
Penicillin-Allergie – tödliche „Fake News“ in der Krankenakte?
Authors: Schulz-Stübner Sebastian
Published: August 2020

Die Prävalenz von Penicillin-Allergien in der Krankenakte wird in der Literatur mit 8 – 12% angegeben und stellt die häufigste berichtete „Allergie“ dar. Allerdings wurden nicht verifizierte „Penicillin-Allergien“ in den vergangenen Jahren als ein zunehmendes Public-Health-Problem mit in der Folge ansteigender Dauer der Hospitalisierung, höheren Wiederaufnahmeraten, häufigerem Behandlungsversagen und vermehrten Aufnahmen auf der Intensivstation erkannt.
Selective Propargylation of Diaryl Azo Compounds Using Metallic Barium
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Heima Toshihiko , Watanabe Kana , Haeno Shun
Published: August 2020

The Barbier-type propargylation of azo compounds with α,γ-disubstituted propargylic tosylates was achieved by using metallic barium as the promoter. Various propargylated hydrazines (α-adducts) were exclusively synthesized from the corresponding propargylic tosylates and azobenzenes (diaryldiazenes). The thus-obtained propargylic hydrazines were further efficiently converted into propargylic amines by reductive N–N bond cleavage. Benzidine rearrangement of the propargylic hydrazines was also attempted.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Intermolecular C–H Carbonylation toward Amides
Authors: Xia Ji-Bao , Li Yan-Lin , Gu Zheng-Yang
Published: August 2020

The amide linkage is one of the most important structural moieties in both chemistry and biology. Here, we briefly discuss recent advances in catalytic intermolecular C–H carbonylation reactions for the synthesis of amides, with particular attention to our intermolecular C–H amidation of arenes with carbon monoxide and organic azides to produce amides.

1 Introduction

2 Representative Methods for Amide Synthesis

3 C–H Aminocarbonylation with Carbon Monoxide and Amines

4 C–H Amidation to Amides with Carbon Monoxide and Azides

5 Summary and Outlook
One-Pot Ring-Opening Peptide Synthesis Using α,α-Difluoro-β-Lactams
Authors: Omote Masaaki , Tarui Atsushi , Ueo Masakazu , Morikawa Marino , Tsuta Masahiko , Iwasaki Sumika , Morishita Noriko , Karuo Yukiko , Sato Kazuyuki , Kawai Kentaro
Published: August 2020

α,α-Difluoro-β-lactams successfully underwent ring-opening aminolysis with various amino acids in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol to afford fluorine-containing peptides. In this aminolysis, it was found that 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol first attacked the α,α-difluoro-β-lactams with cleavage of lactam ring to form the corresponding open-chain 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters as reactive intermediates. The trifluoroethyl esters were more electrophilic compared with the corresponding methyl ester and thereby accelerated the aminolysis with various amino acids to form β-amino acid peptides with α,α-difluoromethylene unit.
Ultrafast THz-driven electron emission from metal metasurfaces
Authors: Lange Simon Lehnskov , Noori Narwan Kabir , Kristensen Thea Maria Bjørk , Steenberg Kitty , Jepsen Peter Uhd
Published: August 2020

Field-driven emission of electrons from metals is a technology that has had a large impact on science and society over the past century, for instance, in early and contemporary vacuum tube electronics, cathode ray displays, and high-power microwave and sub-millimeter electronics. In this Perspective article, we discuss the role of field-driven electron emission in the broader context of tunneling phenomena, and we discuss some aspects of the physics behind field emission. We focus on the use of ultrafast single-cycle transients of electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz (THz) frequency range to drive the electron emission process. With electric fields of such short duration, it becomes possible to generate electron bursts of sub-picosecond duration controllable on the sub-cycle time scale due to the large nonlinearity of the emission process. We review the recent literature on THz-driven field emission and then finally present selected experiments from our own laboratories to emphasize aspects such as design of the emitter structure with respect to optimal field enhancement properties, measurement of the electron bunch duration, visualization of the spatial emission pattern of emitted electrons, and material damage caused by the electrons.
On the calibration-free two-component wall-shear-stress measurement technique using dual-layer hot-films
Authors: Liu Xuanhe , Wang Hao , Wu Chuijie , Gao Nan
Published: August 2020

The wall shear stress vector is an important quantity in fluid mechanics and is difficult to be measured. In this work, we first demonstrate that the directional sensitivity (sensitivity to yaw angle α) of a flush-mount hot-film sensor is cos1/3 α using theoretical and experimental methods. Based on the directional sensitivity, a local two-component wall-shear-stress measurement technique is proposed using a pair of un-calibrated dual-layer hot-film sensors positioned perpendicular to each other. This technique use the heat fluxes transferred from the sensors to the fluid to determine both the magnitude and the direction of the wall shear stress so that a calibration is not required. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique is feasible when the angle between the stress and the centerline of the sensor is within ±15°. This valid angle range can be potentially increased if the two sensors are positioned with an angle larger than 90°.
Intermittent route to generalized synchronization in bidirectionally coupled chaotic oscillators
Authors: Koronovskii Alexey A. , Moskalenko Olga I. , Pivovarov Anatoliy A. , Evstifeev Evgeniy V.
Published: August 2020

The type of transition from asynchronous behavior to the generalized synchronization regime in mutually coupled chaotic oscillators has been studied. To separate the epochs of the synchronous and asynchronous motion in time series of mutually coupled chaotic oscillators, a method based on the local Lyapunov exponent calculation has been proposed. The efficiency of the method has been testified using the examples of unidirectionally coupled dynamical systems for which the type of transition is well known. The transition to generalized synchronization regime in mutually coupled systems has been shown to be an on–off intermittency as well as in the case of the unidirectional coupling.
Complete integrability of cohomogeneity-one strings in Rn,1 and canonical form of Killing vector algebra
Authors: Ida Daisuke
Published: August 2020

The equation of motion for cohomogeneity-one Nambu–Goto strings in flat space Rn,1 has been investigated. We first classify possible forms of the Killing vector fields in Rn,1 after appropriate action of the Poincaré group. Then, all possible forms of the Hamiltonian for the cohomogeneity-one Nambu–Goto strings are determined. It has been shown that the system always has the maximum number of functionally independent, pair-wise commuting conserved quantities, i.e., it is completely integrable. We have also determined all the possible coordinate forms of the Killing vector basis for the two-dimensional noncommutative Lie algebra.
Liquid to crystal Si growth simulation using machine learning force field
Authors: Miao Ling , Wang Lin-Wang
Published: August 2020

Machine learning force field (ML-FF) has emerged as a potential promising approach to simulate various material phenomena for large systems with ab initio accuracy. However, most ML-FFs have been used to study the phenomena relatively close to the equilibrium ground states. In this work, we have studied a far from equilibrium system of liquid to crystal Si growth using ML-FF. We found that our ML-FF based on ab initio decomposed atomic energy can reproduce all the aspects of ab initio simulated growth, from local energy fluctuations to transition temperatures, to diffusion constant, and growth rates. We have also compared the growth simulation with the Stillinger–Weber classical force field and found significant differences. A procedure is also provided to correct a systematic fitting bias in the ML-FF training process, which exists in all training models, otherwise critical results like transition temperature will be wrong.
An ultrathin planar acoustic metasurface diffuser with narrowband uniform reflection
Authors: Zhao Yuping , Liu Jingjing , Liang Bin , Cheng Jianchun
Published: August 2020

Diffuse reflection of sound is desirable in many practical scenarios, such as architectural acoustics, but most existing designs of acoustic diffusers have bulky size, corrugated profile, or limited spatial resolution. We design an ultrathin planar acoustic diffuser for producing narrowband diffuse reflection with high uniformity via precise modulation of reflected wavefront and propose a metasurface-based implementation comprising a monolayer of Helmholtz-like resonators much smaller than the working wavelength in all three dimensions. Our design is benchmarked with a commercialized Schroeder diffuser and is numerically proven to be capable of scattering the illuminating wave more uniformly than the conventional mechanisms based on the quadratic residue sequence over wide incident angles. We anticipate our design with simplicity and capability to find important applications in diverse scenarios.
Application of machine learning methods for predicting new superhard materials
Authors: Mazhnik Efim , Oganov Artem R.
Published: August 2020

Superhard materials are of great interest in various practical applications, and an increasing number of research efforts are focused on their development. In this article, we demonstrate that machine learning can be successfully applied to searching for such materials. We construct a machine learning model using neural networks on graphs together with a recently developed physical model of hardness and fracture toughness. The model is trained using available elastic data from the Materials Project database and has good accuracy for predictions. We use this model to screen all crystal structures in the database and systematize all the promising hard or superhard materials, and find that diamond (and its polytypes) are the hardest materials in the database. Our results can be further used for the investigation of interesting materials using more accurate ab initio calculations and/or experiments.
Slippery and magnetically responsive micropillared surfaces for manipulation of droplets and beads
Authors: Al-Azawi Anas , Hörenz Christoph , Tupasela Topi , Ikkala Olli , Jokinen Ville , Franssila Sami , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: August 2020

Stimuli-responsive surfaces are of practical importance for applications ranging from enhanced mixing of reagents in lab-on-a-chip systems until probing cellular traction forces. Non-destructive reversible bending of cilia-inspired magnetic pillars can be used for controlled transportation of non-magnetic objects and bio-inspired sensing. Magnetic actuation of micropillars suspended in liquids allows controlled mixing, propelling, and stirring of fluids as well as droplet manipulation, which are important for various applications including generation of cell spheroids and droplet coalescence in microfluidic systems. In order to expand their practical applications, fabrication processes capable of rapid prototyping have to be developed. Inspired by biological cilia and their functionalities, actuating hairy surfaces are herein fabricated and implemented to manipulate both microbeads and droplets. The artificial cilia are based on microscale magnetic pillar arrays made of flexible polydimethylsiloxane functionalized with magnetic microparticles. The arrays are fabricated by a new method using patterned molds that relies on cryogenic separation to produce transparent cilia-inspired arrays without requiring manual interference to clean the templates during the process. Magnetic actuation of the pillar arrays is demonstrated in isopropanol and silicone oil. Filling with oil yields magnetically responsive slippery lubricated surfaces allowing directional motion of droplets by repetitive bending and recovery of the flexible magnetic pillars. The achieved structures allow manipulation of microbeads and droplets which is uncommon even at the sub-mm scale; directional motion is demonstrated for 250 μm–550 μm sized droplets. Droplet transportation is facilitated by extremely low hysteresis and a high degree of omnidirectional bending of the pillar array.
In situ observations of topotactic phase transitions in a ferrite memristor
Authors: Kim Hyoung Gyun , Nallagatla Ventaka Raveendra , Kwon Deok-Hwang , Jung Chang Uk , Kim Miyoung
Published: August 2020

Oxide-based memristive devices have recently been proposed for various applications, such as next-generation memory and neuromorphic devices. Microstructural alterations depending on the oxygen ion concentration, such as the formation of conductive filaments and interface reactions, have been posited as the operating mechanism. Accordingly, it is important to explore the role of oxygen ion mobility in the behavior of memristive devices. In this study, memristive devices fabricated with brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 in the (111) and (001) orientations were studied via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ current–voltage measurements. The resistance of the devices was changed by a reversible topotactic phase change between the insulating brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 and the conductive perovskite SrFeO3−δ. Importantly, the oxygen vacancy channel was designed so that the phase change occurred across the electrodes in (111), where the channel was directly connected to both electrodes, whereas in (001) the channel is ordered along the in-plane direction and a phase change occurs only near the electrode. This work provides direct evidence of a brownmillerite-based mechanism of resistance change and a better understanding of routes to performance improvement.
High quality three-dimensional aluminum microwave cavities
Authors: Kudra M. , Biznárová J. , Fadavi Roudsari A. , Burnett J. J. , Niepce D. , Gasparinetti S. , Wickman B. , Delsing P.
Published: August 2020

We present a comprehensive study of internal quality factors in superconducting stub-geometry three-dimensional cavities made of aluminum. We use wet etching, annealing, and electrochemical polishing to improve the as machined quality factor. We find that the dominant loss channel is split between the two-level system loss and an unknown source with a 40:60 proportion. A total of 17 cavities of different purity, resonance frequency, and size were studied. Our treatment results in reproducible cavities, with 10 of them showing internal quality factors above 80 × 106 at a power corresponding to an average of a single photon in the cavity. The best cavity has an internal quality factor of 115 × 106 at a single photon level.
Magnetotactic bacteria for cancer therapy
Authors: Fdez-Gubieda M. L. , Alonso J. , García-Prieto A. , García-Arribas A. , Fernández Barquín L. , Muela A.
Published: August 2020

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are aquatic microorganisms that are able to biomineralize membrane-enclosed magnetic nanoparticles called magnetosomes. Inside the MTB, magnetosomes are arranged in a chain that allows MTB to align and navigate along the Earth's magnetic field. When isolated from the MTB, magnetosomes display a number of potential applications for targeted cancer therapies, such as magnetic hyperthermia, localized drug delivery, or tumor monitoring. The characteristics and properties of magnetosomes for these applications exceed in several aspects those of synthetic magnetic nanoparticles. Likewise, the whole MTB can also be considered as promising agents for cancer treatment, taking advantage of their self-propulsion capability provided by their flagella and the guidance capabilities ensured by their magnetosome chain. Indeed, MTB are envisaged as nanobiots that can be guided and manipulated by external magnetic fields and are naturally attracted toward hypoxic areas, such as the tumor regions, while retaining the therapeutic and imaging capacities of the isolated magnetosomes. Moreover, unlike most of the bacteria currently tested in clinical trials for cancer therapy, MTB are not pathogenic but could be engineered to deliver and/or express specific cytotoxic molecules. In this article, we will review the progress and perspectives of this emerging research field and will discuss the main challenges to overcome before the use of MTB can be successfully applied in the clinic.
Regeneration of a metal oxide catalyst with polyvinylpyrrolidone under xenon flash irradiation for repetitive hydrogen generation
Authors: Lim Taekyung , Seo Keumyoung , Jeong Sang-Mi , Ju Sanghyun
Published: August 2020

In thermochemical water splitting cycles using an oxide catalyst, the temperature required for the catalyst reduction process (1000 °C–2500 °C) is much higher than that required for the hydrogen generation process (800 °C–1500 °C). Accordingly, there is an issue of inefficiency because the energy required to generate hydrogen is higher than the generated hydrogen energy. In this study, we investigated a method to decrease the energy required for the reduction of an oxide catalyst through the combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a reducing agent and Xe flash irradiation. A three-dimensional (3D) microporous nickel oxide (NiOx) was used as the oxide catalyst to maximize the surface area of the reaction and, hence, the amount of hydrogen generated from water. During the repeated hydrogen generation cycles, the maximum rate of hydrogen generation (10.6 µmol min−1 g−1) and the total amount of hydrogen generated (642 µmol g−1) were stably maintained without the degradation of the 3D microporous NiOx catalyst structure. The reduction method proposed here is expected to provide insights to resolve the issue of the inefficiency of energy in the catalyst reduction process during the hydrogen generation and regeneration processes using an oxide catalyst.
Coupled fine-scale modeling of the wettability effects: Deformation and fracturing
Authors: Davydzenka Tsimur , Fagbemi Samuel , Tahmasebi Pejman
Published: August 2020

Multiphase flow in porous media has been thoroughly studied over the years and its importance is encountered in several areas related to geo-materials. One of the most important parameters that control multiphase flow in any complex geometry is wettability, which is an affinity of a given fluid toward a surface. In this paper, we have quantified the effects of wettability on deformation in porous media, along with other parameters that are involved in this phenomenon. To this end, we conducted numerical simulations on a porous medium by coupling the exchanged forces between the fluid and solid. To include the effect of wettability in the medium, we used the Fictitious Domain methodology and coupled it with volume of fluid through which one can model more than one fluid in the system. To observe the effect of wettability on dynamic processes in the designated porous medium, such as deformation, particle–particle contact stresses, particle velocity, and injection pressure, a series of systematic computations were conducted where wettability is varied through five different contact angles. We found that wettability not only controls the fluid propagation patterns but also affects drag forces exerted on the particles during injection such that larger deformations are induced for particles with lower wettability. Our results are also verified against experimental tests.
Effect of carbon hybridization in C—F bond as an electron donor in triel bonds
Authors: Yang Qingqing , Chi Zongqing , Li Qingzhong , Scheiner Steve
Published: August 2020

The ability of the F atom of HC≡CF, H2C=CHF and H3CCH2F to serve as an electron donor to the triel (Tr) atom of TrR3 in the context of a triel bond is assessed by ab initio calculations. The triel bond formed by Csp3—F is strongest, as high as 30 kcal/mol, followed by Csp2—F, and then by Csp—F whose triel bonds can be as small as 1 kcal/mol. The noncovalent bond strength diminishes in the order Tr = Al > Ga > B, consistent with the intensity of the π-hole above the Tr atom in the monomer. The triel bond strength of the Al and Ga complexes increases along with the electronegativity of the R substituent but is largest for R=H when Tr=B. Electrostatics play the largest role in the stronger triel bonds, but dispersion makes an outsized contribution for the weakest such bonds.
Connection between pore-scale and macroscopic flow characteristics of recirculating wake behind a porous cylinder
Authors: Tang Tingting , Yu Peng , Yu Shimin , Shan Xiaowen , Chen Huisu
Published: August 2020

The wake structure behind a porous square cylinder is numerically investigated by using both pore-scale and macroscopic approaches. The pore-scale simulations (PSSs) concern about the steady flow through and around square arrays of multiple circular cylinders with a wide range of solid fraction. The macroscopic porous media model (PMM) employed is the generalized equation, where the dimensionless permeability Dam is assigned based on the macroscopic permeability Das estimated from PSS via Darcy’s law. The connection between pore-scale and macroscopic flow properties is studied in terms of the flow pattern, the geometric parameters, and the occurrence of the recirculating wake behind the array. It is found that the consistency between PSS and PMM is highly dependent on the ratio of Das and Dam. Discussions in terms of the scale analysis of PMM, the discrepancy between Dam and Das, and the effects of stress-jump parameters are also provided.
Review of Scientific Instruments New Products
Authors: Mandelis Andreas
Published: August 2020

In order to supplement manufacturers’ information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials that supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
3-Amino-3-deoxy- and 4-amino-4-deoxyhexoses in the synthesis of natural carbohydrate compounds and their analogues
Authors: Tsvetkov Yury E. , Yudina Olga N. , Nifantiev Nikolay E.
Published: August 2020

The review considers general methods for the preparation of 3-amino-3-deoxy- and 4-amino-4-deoxyhexoses and their derivatives, including nitromethane condensation, reduction of 3- and 4-hexosulose oximes, epoxide opening with an azide ion, and nucleophilic substitution of sulfonates. The use of amino sugars of this type in the synthesis of natural carbohydrate-containing compounds and their analogues, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, glycosidase inhibitors, substrate analogues and inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis, galectin inhibitors, etc. is described.

The bibliography includes 89 references.
Extensions of the space of continuous functions and embedding theorems
Authors: Gushchin A. K.
Published: August 2020

The machinery of

-dimensionally continuous functions is developed for the purpose of applying it to the Dirichlet problem for elliptic equations. With this extension of the space of continuous functions, new generalized definitions of classical and generalized solutions of the Dirichlet problem are given. Relations of these spaces of

-dimensionally continuous functions to other known function spaces are studied. This has led to a new construction (seemingly more successful and closer to the classical one) of

-dimensionally continuous functions, using which new properties of such spaces have been identified. The embeddings of the space

in

for

and

, and, in particular, in

are proved. Previously,

was shown to embed in

, which secures the

-dimensional continuity of generalized solutions. In the present paper, the more general embedding of

in

is verified and the corresponding exponents are shown to be sharp.

Bibliography: 33 titles.
Cultural and politico-religious challenges impacting critical reading of text for Iranian postgraduates in
Australia
Authors: Shokouhi Hossein , Zaini Amin
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the impact of cultural and politico-religious dominance on the practice of critical reading (CR)
of texts by a group of Iranian postgraduate students in Australia. Four postgraduate students were interviewed individually four times (each
time for reading one text) for critical understanding of two pairs of Persian texts, each with opposing viewpoints, on current
socio-political and nationalistic debates of Iran. They were then involved in a focus group discussion for further critique of each other’s
viewpoints. Findings indicate two major Persian constructs that influence CR: hefz-e zaaher ‘keeping up appearances’ and
ta’sob/gheyrat, approximating to ‘one’s honor combined with prejudice and bigotry’. Findings also reveal that
participants’ CR is contributed by heavy emotional attachment to nationalistic views engendered by Persian poetry. Chafe (1982), too, found that emotional attachment in appraising text was true with American English speakers.
Finally, the focus group discussion had a slight impact on encouraging CR. Overall, it seems that participants’ repositioned journeys in
Australia have influenced their perspective.
Une cause et ses raisons d’être Solution latine à un problème de terminologie
arabe
Authors: Sartori Manuel
Published: August 2020

Dans le domaine sémitique occidental, l’hébreu, le syriaque et l’arabe, la plus jeune des langues de ce groupe, partagent
des termes qui se présentent comme morphophonologiquement semblables et homonymes: respectivement ʿillah, ʿelltā et
ʿilla. Ce dernier, issu du précédent, possède deux significations en arabe, “maladie” d’une part et “cause” d’autre part.
Ce serait également le cas du terme grec aitía qui serait l’équivalent de ces termes sémitiques. Il est toutefois difficile
de relier ces deux significations l’une à l’autre, et l’explication classique pour l’arabe est de poser que la seconde dériverait de la
première. Cette étude s’attache à montrer que, contrairement à ce que certains avancent, non seulement le terme grec, mais également ses
équivalents syriaque et hébreu ne possèdent que le sens de “cause”. Elle propose par ailleurs de voir dans les termes syriaque et hébreu non
pas les descendants d’un proto-sémitique commun (rien de comparable n’étant à signaler en akkadien), mais le fruit vraisemblable d’un
emprunt fait au bas latin: là, le verbe īnfĕrō, “causer”, y a pour dérivés nominaux des termes en illāt-.
En conséquence, ce n’est pas tant le sens de “cause” qu’il s’agirait d’expliquer en arabe, mais bien plutôt celui de “maladie”, et,
contrairement à ce qui a été avancé, c’est certainement le sens de “cause” qui est premier et fondamental et non celui de “maladie”,
expliquant alors certainement son emploi en grammaire arabe.
The processing of passive sentences in German
Authors: Cristante Valentina , Schimke Sarah
Published: August 2020

This study examines the processing and interpretation of passive sentences in German-speaking seven-year-olds,
ten-year-olds, and adults. This structure is often assumed to be particularly difficult to understand, and not yet fully mastered
in primary school (Kemp, Bredel, & Reich, 2008), i.e. in children aged between six
and eleven. Few studies provide empirical data concerning this age range; it is therefore unknown whether this assumption is
warranted. Against this background, we tested whether the three age groups differed in their off-line comprehension of passive
sentences. In addition, we employed Visual World eye-tracking to measure processing difficulties that may differ between age
groups and may not be reflected in the final interpretations. Previous studies on adult language processing in German and English
have documented a preference to interpret sentences according to an agent-first strategy. Our results show that
all three groups make use of this strategy, and that all of them are able to revise this interpretation once the first cue
indicating a passive sentence is encountered (the auxiliary verb form wurde). We conclude that at least from age
seven on, children have the linguistic and cognitive prerequisites to process the passive morphosyntax of German and to revise
initial sentence misinterpretations.
Pressure Generation above 35GPa in a Walker-Type Large-Volume Press*
Authors: Shang Yu-Chen , Shen Fang-Ren , Hou Xu-Yuan , Chen Lu-Yao , Hu Kuo , Li Xin , Liu Ran , Tao Qiang , Zhu Pin-Wen , Liu Zhao-Dong , Yao Ming-Guang , Zhou Qiang , Cui Tian , Liu Bing-Bing
Published: August 2020

Pressure generation to a higher pressure range in a large-volume press (LVP) denotes our ability to explore more functional materials and deeper Earth’s interior. Pressure generated by normal tungsten carbide (WC) anvils in a commercial way is mostly limited to 25GPa in LVPs due to the limitation of their hardness and design of cell assemblies. We adopt three newly developed WC anvils for ultrahigh pressure generation in a Walker-type LVP with a maximum press load of 1000 ton. The hardest ZK01F WC anvils exhibit the highest efficiency of pressure generation than ZK10F and ZK20F WC anvils, which is related to their performances of plastic deformations. Pressure up to 35GPa at room temperature is achieved at a relatively low press load of 4.5MN by adopting the hardest ZK01F WC anvils with three tapering surfaces in conjunction with an optimized cell assembly, while pressure above 35GPa at 1700K is achieved at a higher press load of 7.5MN. Temperature above 2000K can be generated by our cell assemblies at pressure below 30GPa. We adopt such high-pressure and high-temperature techniques to fabricate several high-quality and well-sintered polycrystalline minerals for practical use. The present development of high-pressure techniques expands the pressure and temperature ranges in Walker-type LVPs and has wide applications in physics, materials, chemistry, and Earth science.
Temperature Gradient, Toroidal and Ion FLR Effects on Drift-Tearing Modes*
Authors: Shi Hao , Zhang Wenlu , Dong Chao , Bao Jian , Lin Zhihong , Cao Jintao , Li Ding
Published: August 2020

The influences of the temperature gradient and toroidal effects on drift-tearing modes have been studied using the Gyrokinetic Toroidal code. After the thermal force term is introduced into the parallel electron force balance equation, the equilibrium temperature gradient can cause a significant increase in the growth rate of the drift-tearing mode and a broadening of the mode structure. The simulation results show that the toroidal effects increase the growth rate of the drift-tearing mode, and the contours of the perturbation field “squeeze” toward the stronger field side in the poloidal section. Finally, the hybrid model for fluid electrons and kinetic ions has been studied briefly, and the dispersion relation of the drift-tearing mode under the influence of ion finite Larmor radius effects is obtained. Compared with the dispersion relation under the fluid model, a stabilizing effect of the ion finite Larmor radius is observed.
Coupling between Particle Shape and Long-Range Interaction in the High-Density Regime*
Authors: Zhou Can-can , Shen Hongchuan , Tong Hua , Xu Ning , Tan Peng
Published: August 2020

We experimentally probe the coupling between particle shape and long-range interaction, using long-range interacting polygons. For two typical space-filling polygons, square and triangle, we find two types of coupling modes that predominantly control the structure formation. Specifically, the rotational ordering of squares brings a lattice deformation that produces a hexagonal-to-rhombic transition in the high density regime, whereas the alignment of triangles introduces a large geometric frustration that causes an order-to-disorder transition. Moreover, the two coupling modes lead to small and large “internal roughness” of the two systems, and thus predominantly control their structure relaxations. Our study thus provides a physical picture to the coupling between long-range interaction effect and short-range shape effect in the high-density regime unexplored before.
Mode Structures and Damping of Quantized Spin Waves in Ferromagnetic Nanowires*
Authors: Fu Qingwei , Li Yong , Chen Lina , Ma Fusheng , Li Haotian , Xu Yongbing , Liu Bo , Liu Ronghua , Du Youwei
Published: August 2020

Magnonic devices based on spin waves are considered as a new generation of energy-efficient and high-speed devices for storage and processing of information. Here we experimentally demonstrate that three distinct dominated magneto-dynamic modes are excited simultaneously and coexist in a transversely magnetized ferromagnetic wire by the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. Besides the uniform FMR mode, the spin-wave well mode, the backward volume magnetostatic spin-wave mode, and the perpendicular standing spin-wave mode are experimentally observed and further confirmed with more detailed spatial profiles by micromagnetic simulation. Furthermore, our experimental approach can also access and reveal damping coefficients of these spin-wave modes, which provides essential information for development of magnonic devices in the future.
Effect of Dopant Concentration in a Base Layer on Photocurrent–Voltage Characteristics of Photovoltaic Power Converters*
Authors: Huo Wen-Xue , Zhao Ming-Long , Tang Xian-Sheng , Han Li-Li , Deng Zhen , Jiang Yang , Wang Wen-Xin , Chen Hong , Du Chun-Hua , Jia Hai-Qiang
Published: August 2020

It is known that the p–n junction of an absorption region is a crucial part for power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power converters. We fabricate four samples with different dopant concentrations in base layers. The dependences of power conversion efficiency and fill factor on input power are displayed by photocurrent–voltage measurement. Photoluminescence characteristics under open circuit and connected circuit conditions are also studied. It is found that the status of p–n junction matching is the critical factor in affecting the power conversion efficiency. In addition, series resistance of photovoltaic power converters impairs the efficiency especially at high input powers. Both the key factors need to be considered to obtain high efficiency, and this work provides promising guidance on designing photovoltaic power converters.
Normal Strain-Induced Tunneling Behavior Promotion in van der Waals Heterostructures*
Authors: He Yi-Fan , Wang Lei-Xi , Xiao Zhi-Xing , Lv Ya-Wei , Liao Lei , Jiang Chang-Zhong
Published: August 2020

Van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) realized by vertically stacking of different two-dimensional (2D) materials are a promising candidate for tunneling devices because of their atomically clean and lattice mismatch-free interfaces in which different layers are separated by the vdW gaps. The gaps can provide an ideal electric modulation environment on the vdWH band structures and, on the other hand, can also impede the electron tunneling behavior because of large tunneling widths. Here, through first-principles calculations, we find that the electrically modulated tunneling behavior is immune to the interlayer interaction, keeping a direct band-to-band tunneling manner even the vdWHs have been varied to the indirect semiconductor, which means that the tunneling probability can be promoted through the vdW gap shrinking. Using transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures as examples and normal strains as the gap reducing strategy, a maximum shrinking of 33% is achieved without changing the direct tunneling manner, resulting in a tunneling probability promotion of more than 45 times. Furthermore, the enhanced interlayer interaction by the strains will boost the stability of the vdWHs at the lateral direction, preventing the interlayer displacement effectively. It is expected that our findings provide perspectives in improving the electric behaviors of the vdWH devices.
High potential for loss of permafrost landforms in a changing climate
Authors: Karjalainen Olli , Luoto Miska , Aalto Juha , Etzelmüller Bernd , Grosse Guido , Jones Benjamin M , Lilleøren Karianne S , Hjort Jan
Published: August 2020

The presence of ground ice in Arctic soils exerts a major effect on permafrost hydrology and ecology, and factors prominently into geomorphic landform development. As most ground ice has accumulated in near-surface permafrost, it is sensitive to variations in atmospheric conditions. Typical and regionally widespread permafrost landforms such as pingos, ice-wedge polygons, and rock glaciers are closely tied to ground ice. However, under ongoing climate change, suitable environmental spaces for preserving landforms associated with ice-rich permafrost may be rapidly disappearing. We deploy a statistical ensemble approach to model, for the first time, the current and potential future environmental conditions of three typical permafrost landforms, pingos, ice-wedge polygons and rock glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere. We show that by midcentury, the landforms are projected to lose more than one-fifth of their suitable environments under a moderate climate scenario (RCP4.5) and on average around one-third under a very high baseline emission scenario (RCP8.5), even when projected new suitable areas for occurrence are considered. By 2061–2080, on average more than 50% of the recent suitable conditions can be lost (RCP8.5). In the case of pingos and ice-wedge polygons, geographical changes are mainly attributed to alterations in thawing-season precipitation and air temperatures. Rock glaciers show air temperature-induced regional changes in suitable conditions strongly constrained by topography and soil properties. The predicted losses could have important implications for Arctic hydrology, geo- and biodiversity, and to the global climate system through changes in biogeochemical cycles governed by the geomorphology of permafrost landscapes. Moreover, our projections provide insights into the circumpolar distribution of various ground ice types and help inventory permafrost landforms in unmapped regions.
Strong-coupling charge density wave in monolayer TiSe2
Authors: Watson Matthew D , Rajan Akhil , Antonelli Tommaso , Underwood Kaycee , Marković Igor , Mazzola Federico , Clark Oliver J , Siemann Gesa-Roxanne , Biswas Deepnarayan , Hunter Andrew , Jandura Sven , Reichstetter Janika , McLaren Martin , Le Fèvre Patrick , Vinai Giovanni , King Philip D C
Published: August 2020

We study the 2  ×  2 charge density wave (CDW) in epitaxially-grown monolayer TiSe2. Our temperature-dependent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements indicate a strong-coupling instability, but reveal how not all states couple equally to the symmetry-breaking distortion, with an electron pocket persisting to low temperature as a non-bonding state. We further show how the CDW order can be suppressed by a modest doping of around 0.06(2) electrons per Ti. Our results provide an opportunity for quantitative comparison with a realistic tight-binding model, which emphasises a crucial role of structural aspects of the phase transition in understanding the hybridisation in the ground state. Together, our work provides a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenology of the CDW in TiSe2 in the 2D limit.
Form-invariant solution to quantum state on the sphere
Authors: Lin De-Hone
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates the quantum states that emerge from the transformation design of conformal mapping on the two-dimensional sphere. Three results are reported. First, the construction of form-invariant spherical harmonics labelled by the fractional quantum number through a scalar potential interaction is given. Second, the form-invariant equation of the charge-monopole system is studied. Rather than the half-integer classification of the monopole harmonics, the quantization of the monopole harmonics here can be any fractional number specified by the conformal index. The gauge equivalent condition of the vector potentials which result in the invariant equation shows that the monopole field and the quantization condition of the pole strength due to Dirac can be generalized to more general vector fields and values in the conformal space. Finally, we explore the quadratic conformal image of the charged particle coupling to the constant monopole field on the sphere. It is shown that the lowest order approximation of the image is the magnetic Hooke-Newton transmutation.
Modelling and understanding battery materials with machine-learning-driven atomistic simulations
Authors: Deringer Volker L
Published: August 2020

The realistic computer modelling of battery materials is an important research goal, with open questions ranging from atomic-scale structure and dynamics to macroscopic phenomena. Quantum-mechanical methods offer high accuracy and predictive power in small-scale atomistic simulations, but they quickly reach their limits when complex electrochemical systems are to be studied—for example, when structural disorder or even fully amorphous phases are present, or when reactions take place at the interface between electrodes and electrolytes. In this Perspective, it is argued that emerging machine learning based interatomic potentials are promising tools for studying battery materials on the atomistic and nanometre length scales, affording quantum-mechanical accuracy yet being many orders of magnitude faster, and thereby extending the capabilities of current battery modelling methodology. Initial applications to solid-state electrolyte and anode materials in lithium-ion batteries are highlighted, and future directions and possible synergies with experiments are discussed.
The impact of delirium on outcomes for older adults hospitalised with COVID-19
Authors: Marengoni Alessandra , Zucchelli Alberto , Grande Giulia , Fratiglioni Laura , Rizzuto Debora
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Delirium is a frequent condition in hospitalized older patients and it usually has a negative prognostic value. A direct effect of SARS-COV-2 on the central nervous system (CNS) has been hypothesized.

Objective

To evaluate the presence of delirium in older patients admitted for a suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 and its impact on in-hospital mortality.

Setting and subjects

91 patients, aged 70-years and older, admitted to an acute geriatric ward in Northern Italy from March 8th to April 17th, 2020.

Methods

COVID-19 cases were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-Cov-2 RNA from nasal and pharyngeal swabs. Delirium was diagnosed by two geriatricians according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DMS V) criteria. The number of chronic diseases was calculated among a pre-defined list of 60. The pre-disease Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) was assessed at hospital admission.

Results

Of the total sample, 39 patients died, 49 were discharged and 3 were transferred to ICU. Twenty-five patients (27.5%) had delirium. Seventy-two percent of patients with delirium died during hospitalization compared to 31.8% of those without delirium. In a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounders, patients with delirium were four times more likely to die during hospital stay compared to those without delirium (OR = 3.98;95%CI = 1.05–17.28; p = 0.047).

Conclusions

Delirium is common in older patients with COVID-19 and strongly associated with in-hospital mortality. Regardless of causation, either due to a direct effect of SARS-COV-2 on the CNS or to a multifactorial cause, delirium should be interpreted as an alarming prognostic indicator in older people.