bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information management: a role for primacy agencies in the 80s
Authors: Bousfield Kenneth H.
Published: February 2018

Primacy agencies must keep track of the parameters to be sampled, the sampling frequency, and the proper reporting period for many different types of water systems to determine whether the systems are in compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. Such a large volume of information can be handled easily with an electronic data processing system. One such system is used by the Utah Bureau of Public Water Supplies to monitor 1315 different public water supplies. The data processing system also allows the bureau staff enough time to assist utility managers and operators with meeting the requirements of the regulations.
Limitations of standard coliform enumeration techniques
Authors: Seidler Ramon J. , Evans T.M. , Kaufman J.R. , Warvick C.E. , LeChevalier M.W.
Published: February 2018

Recent studies suggest that the detection of coliforms in potable water supplies by the standard fermentation tube and membrane filter techniques is seriously flawed. An alternative method for routine water analysis that uses currently available media, incubation times, and temperatures as well as a familiar technique appears to achieve superior coliform recovery.
Gas chromatographic techniques for controlling organics removal processes
Authors: Stevens Alan A. , Seeger Dennis R. , Slocum Clois J. , Domino Mark M.
Published: February 2018

The suitability of gas chromatography for the lower‐molecular‐weight volatile end of the organics spectrum, which includes synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), can be exploited by the use of gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector organics profiles for evaluating treatment processes designed for removal of SOCs.
Leak detection—case histories
Authors: Pilzer John E.
Published: February 2018

Water shortages caused by drought in the 1970s plus the escalating cost of energy, chemicals, and water plant expansion compel managers of water utilities to use leak detection programs to help control losses associated with unaccounted‐for water.
Application of the OECD eutrophication modeling approach to Lake Ray Hubbard, Texas
Authors: Archibald Elaine M. , Lee G. Fred
Published: February 2018

By using the OECD eutrophication model, it was determined that significant improvements in Lake Ray Hubbard water quality could be achieved as a result of initiation of advanced water treatment for phosphorus removal from adjacent communities’ domestic wastewater discharges.
Marginal cost and seasonal pricing of water service
Authors: Mann Patrick C. , Schlenger Donald L.
Published: February 2018

The problems associated with transition from economic theory to application of marginal cost and seasonal pricing to water service include cost computation and forecasting, price and revenue volatility, revenue erosion, potential excess revenues, distribution effects, and the uncertain effects on costs and economic efficiency. Nevertheless, such problems should not prevent the consideration of innovative rate‐making structures.
A spatial costing system for drinking water
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Fender Victor F. , Gillean James I.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (PL 93‐523) has necessitated a fundamental reexamination of the ways in which drinking water is supplied in the United States. A primary feature of the act is that the economics and cost of water supply and water delivery must be considered before regulations are promulgated. The tools available to water utility managers that will enable them to make these assessments are limited. This paper describes the development and application of a spatial costing system that will allow the manager to determine the real costs associated with delivering water to the consumer.
Electrophoretic mobility measurements in coagulation with aluminum salts
Authors: Letterman R.D. , Vanderbrook S.G. , Sricharoenchaikit P.
Published: February 2018

As aluminum concentrations are increased at constant pH, a point is reached at which the electrophoretic mobility of a particle becomes essentially equal to that of the aluminum hydroxide precipitate formed in the absence of particles. The results of this study support the contention that hydrolyzed aluminum adsorbs on the particles and forms a coating of aluminum hydroxide precipitate.
Water reuse planning by means of an input‐output table
Authors: Klooz Daniel , Hendricks David W.
Published: February 2018

An input‐output table adapted to a water reuse application facilitates the analysis of an already developed water resources system to discover new reuse applications.
The cost and effectiveness of public notification of MCL violations
Authors: Stegman Charles E. , Schneider Georgia
Published: February 2018

Data on the cost and effectiveness of the mandated public notification of maximum contaminant level violations were analyzed for 164 water systems in 14 states. Of the 164 systems that provided data for this statistical reserch, 43 percent of the water systems indicated that they did not design their notification to elicit public support for improvements in treatment capability. For those systems that did, 61 percent indicated it was ineffective, 23 percent said it was somewhat effective, and 16 percent said it was very effective.
Planning maintenance management
Authors: Burney Christopher M.
Published: February 2018

Although each water utility must plan, organize, and implement its own preventive maintenance program, certain general concepts must be understood by managers if they are to avoid costly breakdowns in equipment. Methods of instituting a formal program are discussed as well as the benefits that accrue from a well‐conceived maintenance program.
Index and Waternet in the works
Authors: Livinski Joseph R.
Published: February 2018

Although one JOURNAL AWWA reader laments the cut of the yearly subject index from the December 1981 JOURNAL, the editor responds that an extensive index of 1976‐1980 articles and recent AWWA conference proceedings papers will be available soon. The AWWA computer database WATERNET will be available through DIALOG early this summer. The AWWA Technical Library already provides the Computer Searching Service for information on water‐related topics.
Drought‐related water conservation efforts in Missouri
Authors: Reed Gregory D.
Published: February 2018

During the drought of 1980, which was accompanied by abnormally hot weather, many public water supply districts were unable to meet high demands because of treatment capacity or hydraulic limitations. The most effective conservation methods were those that assessed and enforced penalties other than monetary measures for noncompliance.
Water supply for New York City in the 1980s
Authors: McArdle Francis X.
Published: February 2018

New York City, perceived as a prototype of aging water systems, faces the four fundamentals of urban water utilities: providing sufficient quantities, maintaining high quality, ensuring reliability of supply, and financing capital needs. The economic viability of New York City—and all older urban areas—depends on meeting these criteria successfully.
Addendum to: Evaluating regenerated activated carbon through laboratory and pilot‐column studies
Authors: Suffet Irwin H. , Wicklund Arnold , Shultz Bruce
Published: February 2018

The article as published in the February 1982 issue of JOURNAL AWWA considered only laboratory column studies. This addendum presents important data on isotherm (capacity) and kinetic (column) factors which support the general conclusion on relative regeneration efficiencies described in the original article.
Building water and sanitation projects in rural Guatemala
Authors: Karp Andrew W. , Cox Stephen B.
Published: February 2018

A nonprofit technical assistance organization has successfully developed rural water and sanitation projects in remote mountain villages in Guatemala. Essential parts of the program include appropriate technologies, village participation, self‐financing, village–managed operation and maintenance, and use of paraprofessional rural water technicians.
Developing and applying international water quality guidelines
Authors: Witt Vicente M.
Published: February 2018

To reflect recent advances in scientific knowledge concerning the presence of contaminants in water supplies and their effects on human health, the World Health Organization (WHO) is revising the third edition of its International Standards for Drinking Water (1971) and preparing an internationally applicable set of Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, taking into consideration the special practical needs of developing countries. This paper reviews some of the principles and approaches used in developing the new water quality guidelines.
Tracing well water pollution in a limestone aquifer
Authors: Thomas C. Peter , Beckford S.
Published: February 2018

A dye‐tracing study was used to document the path of waste streams that could flow through surface sinkholes directly into an underground aquifer, the source of water supply for much of northwestern Jamaica. Knowledge of the behavior of groundwater flow will enhance optimum siting for further well water development.
Hazardous material spills—are you ready?
Authors: Carns Keith E. , Stinson Karl B.
Published: February 2018

No water utility is exempt from hazardous material spills or backflows that could severely cripple operations and threaten public health. The disastrous consequences of such occurrences can be reduced dramatically by preparing a written plan and training personnel to cope with such emergencies.
Customer awareness of public notification
Authors: Stegman Charles E. , Schneider Georgia E.
Published: February 2018

A two‐stage telephone survey was conducted to question 1400 customers of 28 water systems about their recollections of public notification of water quality standards violations. Overall, an estimated 40.6 percent of the customers remembered some type of notification. However, only 20 percent were willing to spend money to improve water quality, mostly because many were already satisfied with their water.
Getting your money's worth from filtration
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Fox Kim
Published: February 2018

In the 1980s water filtration plant operators may need to remove particulate contaminants, such as asbestos or Giardia cysts, in addition to algae, bacteria, soil particles, viruses, and other particles that filters previously were intended to remove. Even though the contaminants of concern may change, the fundamentals for effective filtration that were stated in earlier years still are valid. Moreover, recently acquired data substantiate recommendations made in the 1960s for granular‐media filtration. In this paper techniques for effective operation of diatomaceous earth, rapid granular‐media, and slow sand filters are discussed. If filters are operated in a way that results in effective particle removal, the capital investment made to build the filters is returned in the form of high‐quality drinking water.
Water utility costs and rate design for fire protection services
Authors: Corssmit C.W. , Green D.D.
Published: February 2018

Rates for water provided by Central Alaska Utilities for fire protection were based on a 1981 cost‐of‐service analysis of water and fire flow demands and were approved by the Alaska Public Utilities Commission. Fire protection costs were then allocated to all water system users, who are charged for each block of fire flow demand required to protect their properties.
Cost‐based water rate design
Authors: Matthews Robert B. , Webster Shirley
Published: February 2018

One method of providing funds for capital improvements to water systems is to set rate structures according to user classifications. Users who provide employment in the community are charged declining block rates, low‐income users can be charged minimum fixed rates, and those who can afford to pay for water for nonessential purposes can be charged by inclining block rates.
Work management standards
Authors: Tippin David L. , Barron Grace M.
Published: February 2018

In an era of spiraling costs and increasing demands for higher levels of service, utility managers must examine the effectiveness and financial impact of all operating and management practices. The Tampa (Fla.) Water Department designed and implemented a systems approach to management effectiveness based on standards for both service levels and performance in order to incorporate accountability for the relationship between service provided and dollars spent.
Potable water treatment by dissolved air flotation and filtration
Authors: Krofta Milos , Wang Lawrence K.
Published: February 2018

In bench‐scale and pilot‐plant tests a water treatment system consisting of chemical feeding, dissolved air flotation, gravity filtration, and disinfection achieved higher than 90 percent color removals at significantly lower cost than conventional water treatment systems.
Nonstandard methods for enumerating bacteria in drinking water
Authors: Fiksdal Liv , Vik Eilen A. , Mills Aaron , Staley James T.
Published: February 2018

Various enumeration procedures were examined to determine the optimum conditions for maximizing viable counts of bacteria from drinking waters. Nonstandard procedures that increased bacterial count included (a) media that were more dilute than Standard Methods Agar, (b) incubation periods that ranged from 2 to 13 or 14 days and longer, and (c) an incubation temperature of 20°C. The differences between these results and those of other recent investigations suggest that there may be regional differences in bacterial flora which account for the differences in efficacy of enumeration procedures. In addition, strain diversity was estimated for heterotrophic bacteria from nonchlorinated and chlorinated waters. In this study, untreated source waters had greater diversity than did chlorinated samples. This preliminary evidence may indicate that chlorination allows few species to survive in distribution systems.
Decentralizing water resource planning and management
Authors: Wright William C. , Cohen Ronna , Heath Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2018

The historic tug of war between federal, state, and local agencies for water resource control has contributed greatly to problems facing the water industry. States are in the best position to coordinate varied interests and to refocus emphasis on local input. Integrating water management techniques with ongoing state water planning offers public assurance of continuing reliable and cost‐effective water service.
Determining free available chlorine by DPD‐colorimetric, DPD‐Steadifac (colorimetric), and FACTS procedures
Authors: Cooper William J. , Roscher N.M. , Slifker R.A.
Published: February 2018

Chloramines may interfere with tests for free available chlorine (FAC). This paper discusses the effects of monochloramine, dichloramine, and nitrogen trichloride on the analysis of FAC by three different methods.
Water Supply for New York City
Authors: Hennigan Robert D.
Published: February 2018

In response to the article “Water Supply for New York City in the 1980's” by Francis X. McArdle (JOURNAL AWWA March 1982), this reader suggests that administrative and fiscal independence should be a major goal of those involved with the operation and maintenance of the water supply for New York City, New York.
Correlating a customer information system with online scheduling
Authors: Austin William C.
Published: February 2018

Making changes in customer accounts and scheduling work for field representatives are now accomplished by the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission through a database system. In addition to allowing prompt responses to customers' requests, the system keeps information more current and has saved overhead expenses generated by manual filing systems.
Groundwater pollution: a case study
Authors: Pawley J.D.
Published: February 2018

An ongoing case of groundwater and surface water pollution in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo threatens to affect a portion of the municipal water supply for the Kitchener‐Waterloo area. Although some corrective measures have been taken, a long‐term solution has not yet been devised.
The role of investment banking firms in managing water project financing
Authors: Starr Frank C. , Forbes Ronald W.
Published: February 2018

Volatile debt markets and current economic conditions have affected financing of water utility projects radically. Investment banking firms can help plan bond issues, market the issue to investors, evaluate the suitability of innovative financing techniques, and provide ongoing strategic financial planning for water utilities.
The financial impact of water rate changes
Authors: Sang Wong H.
Published: February 2018

If it is assumed that water rate increases will lead to decreases in water consumption, a detrimental effect on water utility revenues will result. As water production is reduced because of reduced demands, variable costs can be expected to decline accordingly. However, since most water utilities have large fixed costs, total costs will not decline proportionately.
Statewide water planning in Ohio...
Authors: Cousins John H.
Published: February 2018

In response to “Decentralizing Water Resource Planning and Management” by William C. Wright et al (JOURNAL AWWA July 1982), this reader points out that, contrary to statements made in the article, Ohio has at least three state agencies which are authorized to plan state water activities. Furthermore, although Ohio's legislative authorization is for watershed planning as opposed to statewide planning, the entire state lies within either the St. Lawrence or the Ohio River watershed, justifying watershed planning units.
The Need for Preventive Control of Drinking Water Contaminants
Authors: Singer Grace L.
Published: February 2018

This article compares European and American drinking water standards and regulations, and points out the deficiencies in U.S. controls. The author addresses the fact that the cost of drinking water treatment is often quantified and used as the basis for avoiding regulation, when public health protection should be of primary concern. Emphasis is also placed on the need for overall watershed protection and contamination prevention as opposed to dependence on expensive water treatment later.
Management's role in crime prevention
Authors: Riccio Leonard R.
Published: February 2018

Internal and external crime threaten water utilities in the same way that they threaten other businesses. Vandalism, terrorism, and thievery are particularly frightening when water supplies are involved. Security measures and risk management techniques should be instituted by water utilities to prevent disasters.
Managing stress at the East Bay Municipal Utility District—a case study
Authors: Laverty Gordon L. , Hungerford Daniel M.
Published: February 2018

This report on a stress management program at the East Bay Municipal Utility District of Oakland, Calif., gives examples of techniques the utility has used for reducing tension. The ongoing program has been acclaimed by participants and the organization alike. An annotated bibliography of useful books on the subject is included.
Comparison of several instrumental methods for determining chlorine residuals in drinking water
Authors: Cooper William J. , Mehran M.F. , Slifker R.A. , Smith D.A. , Villate J.T. , Gibbs P.H.
Published: February 2018

The authors evaluated four methods for determining chlorine residuals in water. Two membrane electrodes, a potentiometric electrode, and a continuous total chlorine analyzer were used by analysts to measure free or total chlorine in quality assurance samples and in tap water samples. Amperometric titration was used as a referee method. The statistical analyses of the evaluations are presented in this paper. Average precision of all analysts and of individual analysts is considered for each method.
Toxicological problems associated with alternative methods of disinfection
Authors: Bull Richard J.
Published: February 2018

In a review of research results available since a previous review in 1980, the author discusses the toxicological hazards associated with alternative means of disinfecting drinking water. These hazards can be associated with the disinfectants themselves as well as with the products formed when disinfectants react with organic material present in the water. Effects of disinfectants—chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and monochloramine—and by‐products—chlorite, chlorate, trihalomethanes, and haloacetonitriles—are considered.
Introduction to AWWA Economics Research Committee report
Authors: Lauria Donald T.
Published: February 2018

The AWWA Economics Research Committee met in January 1980 and identified five categories of concern in water utility planning and operation: capacity planning; demand forecasting; water supply pricing; estimating water costs; and, benefits and costs of improving water quality. Existing knowledge about these topics decreases from the first to the last; i.e., the profession knows most about capacity planning and least about the benefits and costs of higher treatment standards. A subcommittee chairman for each category was assigned to produce a report on existing knowledge and research needs. Each of the subcommittees consists of two to four members who are self‐selected. A preliminary report on the work of the Economics Research Committee was given at the AWWA Annual Conference in 1980, and a fuller report was presented in a two‐hour program at the 1982 conference. The five subcommittee reports published in this issue of the JOURNAL constitute the final committee report.
Research needs for water supply cost estimating
Authors: Clark Robert M.
Published: February 2018

This report summarizes the need for research to develop cost‐estimating methodologies pertaining to unit process costs, water delivery costs, total management costs, and financing costs.
A research agenda for municipal water demand forecasting
Authors: Boland John J.
Published: February 2018

Long‐range forecasting of the demand for water is of fundamental importance when investment decisions depend on accurate predictions. Short‐range forecasts are less commonly used but are needed for operational planning and budgeting. Improvements in the accuracy of forecasting models for both purposes are needed, and the water industry needs to use existing techniques more fully.
Plumbosolvency reduction by high pH and low carbonate—solubility relationships
Authors: Schock Michael R. , Gardels Marvin C.
Published: February 2018

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of a pH ≥ 9.0 and a low total inorganic carbonate (TIC) concentration of 10‐80 mg as CaCO3/L on lead solubility. The results were compared with those of earlier experiments in which the pH was 8.0–8.5. In the experiments that had pHs ≥ 9.0, lead leaching was reduced, as was consumption of both residual free chlorine and dissolved oxygen. The results closely followed the predictions of a solubility model that allowed for aqueous lead complexation and control by the solid basic lead carbonate under the experimental pH and TIC conditions.
Corrosion study at Carbondale, Illinois
Authors: Swayze James
Published: February 2018

In 1976 the city of Carbondale, III., began using a commercial phosphate compound for corrosion control rather than caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) for pH control. Compared with caustic soda, the phosphate compound proved to be less expensive and safer to use. This article describes some of the city's experiences in treating its water supply with phosphate.
Modeling copper corrosion in water with low conductivity by using electrochemical techniques
Authors: Hilburn Ronald D.
Published: February 2018

Corrosion rates of copper in synthetic water were measured by using an electrochemical method whose results were verified by coupon tests. The synthetic water was prepared to simulate the concentrations of the principal inorganic anions and cations found in a drinking water supply. Control of the corrosion rate by either chemical reaction, diffusion of reactive species through the oxide film, or diffusion of reactive species through the solution was considered. Experimental conditions included various combinations of temperature (5° C, 15° C, or 25° C) and pH (6.0‐8.3). In general, the corrosion rate decreased with an increase in pH and a decrease in temperature, although the rate varied with the type of control.
Managing county wide water services with satellite systems
Authors: Wubbena Robert L. , Maxwell John M.
Published: February 2018

Legislation in the state of Washington has provided the impetus for developing cooperative countywide water services. The longterm improvement program permits small satellite water systems to operate under the aegis of established utilities at the level of assistance necessary to meet regulatory requirements and to provide cost‐effective, reliable service to customers.
Discussion of tetrachloroethylene in drinking water: a water supplier's perspective
Authors: Moser R.H.
Published: February 2018

In response to the article “Tetrachloroethylene Leached From Lined Asbestos‐Cement Pipe Into Drinking Water” by Charles D. Larson et al (JOURNAL AWWA April 1983), this author discusses the importance of the drinking water industry's responsibility to protect public health. Also discussed is a sampling program conducted by the American Water Works Service Company in New England during 1980. The sampling program sampled more than 75 locations and found that in only two cases were tetrachloroethylene (PCE) levels above 40 ug/L. In addition, the rate of leaching at these two sites was studied. With installation of a blowoff, a water flow of only 0.2 L\s (3 gpm)/305m (1000 ft) of pipe was needed to keep PCE levels below 10 ug/L. The author cautions that it cannot be said with any confidence that two to three years is the predictable leaching period for PCE, because in some cases PCE has not been found in newer installations, while at older installations leaching of PCE is still occurring after five years.
Free chlorine versus ammonia–chlorine: disinfection, trihalomethane formation, and zooplankton removal
Authors: Mitcham R.P. , Shelley M.W. , Wheadon C.M.
Published: February 2018

The relative efficiency of ammonia‐chlorine and free residual chlorine in the treatment of lowland river water was studied. The roles of these chemicals in trihalomethane (THM) formation, water disinfection, and zooplankton removal were considered. Use of ammonia‐chlorine reduced THM formation by as much as 80 percent and did not impair water disinfection. Compared with free residual chlorine, ammonia‐chlorine was more effective against Copepoda (Cyclops) but less effective against Cladocera (Daphnia and Bosmina).
Viewpoint – Excessive Zeal to Publish
Authors: Abelson Philip H.
Published: February 2018

In this month's “Viewpoint” the author, who is the editor of “Science,” addresses the issue of scientists who simultaneously publish material in two or more journals, who submit dual manuscripts, or who repeat publication at intervals of material that is different in form but not in substance. He states that the reasons behind such actions include the delay that occurs when a journal is slow in processing manuscripts and the fact that many articles are written by large groups where several authors wind up cited in the “et als.” However, these reasons do not pardon scientists from their offense. Editors of journals are now taking a firmer stand on such actions by banning authors from publishing in their journal and by joining together with other editors to ban offending authors from the pool of journals in the author's field of research.
Is a foreign assignment in your future?
Authors: Kartchner Kenneth T.
Published: February 2018

The Economic Recovery Act of 1981 has made it profitable again to work overseas, but economics is only one consideration involved in a foreign assignment. The quality of orientation provided, the status of peronal affairs at home, and individual attitudes play larger roles in determining satisfaction than the particular country or amount of money involved.
Viewpoint – A Mayor Looks at the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Hudnut William H.
Published: February 2018

In this month's “Viewpoint,” the mayor of Indianapolis, Indiana questions the validity of the Safe Drinking Water Act as implemented. He states that such legislation can be highly disruptive to cities and systems already hard pressed to deliver a product or service, because in order to meet requirements under the law a great deal of money has to be spent. The goal of water suppliers is to provide high‐quality drinking water at a reasonable cost. In order for this goal to be realized, the USEPA must make the system work in a more rational and economically sane manner than it has since the act was made law.
Choosing the optimal water conservation policy
Authors: Lord William B. , Chase James A. , Winterfield Laura A.
Published: February 2018

A random sample survey of 600 residential water users, who live in three medium‐sized communities along the Front Range of Colorado, provides new information on the public acceptance, effectiveness, and financial feasibility of various outdoor water‐use conservation programs.
Noncrisis use of household water‐saving devices
Authors: Palmini Dennis J. , Shelton Theodore B.
Published: February 2018

A limited domestic water conservation program was undertaken in East Brunswick, N.J., in anticipation of a severe water supply shortfall that could occur within the next 20 years. The implementation of the first phase of the water master plan is described and analyzed.
Removing uranium by current municipal water treatment processes
Authors: White S.K. , Bondietti E.A.
Published: February 2018

Uranium analyses of raw, intermediate‐stage, and treated water samples from 20 municipal water treatment plants indicate that current treatment processes are not effective in removing uranium from raw waters when the uranium concentration is in the range of 0.1–16 (μg/L.
Viewpoint – A Water Utility Engineer Assesses Fundamental Research
Authors: McGuire Michael J.
Published: February 2018

In the past, the impetus for fundamental research in the water and wastewater fields was the need to solve pressing problems of public health and consumer acceptance. Recently, however, the impetus for fundamental research is either actual or anticipated regulatory activity on the federal level. In this article, the author reviews traditional water quality problems and trace‐contaminant water quality problems relative to the water works industry's current understanding and ability to cope with these problems. In general, the traditional water quality problems, such as common pathogens, gross particulates, color, hardness, total dissolved solids, and taste and odor, have been adequately identified and treatment methods effectively applied. Current understanding of trace‐contaminant water quality problems, including microbiological, trace particulates, trace organics, and trace metals, has not yet reached the level of understanding available for traditional water quality problems.
Financing water utility improvements
Authors: McKinley J. Rowe
Published: February 2018

Some of the new instruments available for financing water utility improvements are reviewed in the context of master planning, fees for new connections, and water rate structures.
Microbial alterations in water distribution systems and their relationship to physical–chemical characteristics
Authors: Haas Charles N. , Meyer Michael A. , Paller Marc S.
Published: February 2018

Microbial and physical–chemical data were statistically analyzed to determine whether variations in microbial dynamics were related to variations in physicochemical variables. These data included endotoxin, standard plate count, membrane standard plate count, acid‐fast organism, temperature, total organic carbon, free and total chlorine, turbidity, and pH measurements of samples collected from two water distribution systems. The results of the statistical analyses did not support the hypothesis that the physicochemical measurements would suffice to produce reliable predictions of microbial water quality.
Determining free available chlorine—round 3
Authors: Palin A.T.
Published: February 2018

Noting that the article entitled “Determining Free Available Chlorine by DPD‐Colorimetric, DPD‐Steadifac (Colorimetric), and FACTS Procedures” by Cooper et al. (JOURNAL AWWA July 1982) has prompted several letters to the editor, this reader writes to state that the resolution to the controversy is an individual one. Analysts must consider FACTS reagent variability, DPD colorimetric, and glassware cleaning and rinsing as factors in determining free available chlorine using colorimetric and FACTS procedures.
Denver's Foothills project: energy efficiency in action
Authors: Layne Jack E. , Eckenberg William G.
Published: February 2018

Denver's new Foothills water treatment plant complex not only takes advantage of every possible energy conservation measure but will also generate surplus electricity for resale to the local electric utility. The plant is located at an elevation between that of the Strontia Springs diversion dam and that of the Denver metropolitan area, thus providing sufficient head to operate a hydroturbine at the treatment plant and to supply most of the city's distribution system by gravity.
Energy‐saving pump selection
Authors: Aldworth George A.
Published: February 2018

The use of pumps that operate efficiently over a broad range of coverage when combined with efficient drivers can achieve significant savings in energy costs. Dual‐speed, 2‐winding motors provide a broad coverage of pumping requirements and achieve high operating efficiencies. The choices made to meet differing conditions at three installations in Canada serve as examples.
Improving energy efficiency through computer modeling
Authors: Lackowitz George W. , Petretti Paul J.
Published: February 2018

Few water supply systems intentionally operated pumping equipment to conserve energy until energy costs began to account for an increasing portion of operations budgets. Modifications in operating procedures can reduce energy consumption and yield significant savings. One method of determining the most efficient procedures is to use an extended‐period computer model of a water system.
Removing trihalomethane precursors from various natural waters by metal coagulants
Authors: Chadik Paul A. , Amy Gary L.
Published: February 2018

Trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) in six natural waters was reduced by using alum or ferric chloride coagulation in bench‐scale studies. The coagulants were tested at ambient pH (8.5) and modified pH (6.0). The effects of several coagulant aids on THMFP reduction were also considered. Coagulation under modified pH conditions removed more THMFP than coagulation under ambient pH conditions. The effectiveness of coagulation in removing THMFP depended on coagulation process variables as well as raw water characteristics.
Closed‐loop pumping
Authors: Cavanaugh Gerald J.
Published: February 2018

The experiences of the Denver (Colo.) Water Department with closed‐loop pumping, or closed pressure zones, serve to illustrate the circumstances under which such systems are practical and effective.
The effect of upstream piping on swing‐check valves
Authors: Rahmeyer William J.
Published: February 2018

The relationship of upstream flow variables to the flow characteristics of check valves is examined. The phenomena of cavitation, vibration and noise, minimum flow required to open the valve fully, internal motion, and wear of the components are discussed. These effects should be considered in the design, application, and use of swing‐check valves.
Check valves with brains
Authors: Lescovich Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

Various uses of power‐operated check valves are described. Some of the control arrangements shown in the figures can be used in lieu of more costly variable‐speed pumps for special flow conditions or pressure requirements.
Relationships between standard plate counts and other parameters in water distribution systems
Authors: Goshko Marc A. , Minnigh Harvey A. , Pipes Wesley O. , Christian Robert R.
Published: February 2018

Standard plate counts (SPCs) of water samples collected from seven small, community systems were tested for correlation with coliform occurrence, turbidity, free chlorine residual, total chlorine residual, and temperature. Significant correlations between SPC and one or more of the other parameters were found for some systems. The significant correlations were sometimes positive and sometimes negative, but no generalizations could be made that would fit data for all systems sampled. Data from an experimental system in which sewage was injected into the treated water showed a strong (α <0.01) positive correlation between SPC and coliform densities. From this, it may be inferred that an increase in SPC for a water distribution system may signal a breakdown in sanitary barriers, but, on the other hand, it may be the result of bacterial contamination by some other mechanism.
Developing a salary program
Authors: Money Walter C.
Published: February 2018

Every water utility should have an effective method of determining salaries for all employees. The author describes the criteria on which salaries for exempt personnel can be based.
Flexible benefits for employees
Authors: Jomo Donald R.
Published: February 2018

Many combinations of employee benefit packages are now available under current US laws. The author summarizes the requirements and restrictions that apply to each and outlines a procedure for designing flexible benefit packages in which the employees can choose among available options.
Controlling Coliforms in Distribution Systems
Authors: Brodtmann Noel V. , Hudson LeVerne D. , Hankins James W. , Battaglia Michael J.
Published: February 2018

This reader writes to disagree with the authors of the article entitled “Coliforms in a Water Distribution System: A Remedial Approach” (JOURNAL AWWA, November 1983). The authors stated that “…chloramine disinfection was not able to control the coliform organisms in the distribution system.” The authors erred in not addressing the likelihood that cementing filters with post‐softening carbonate scale resulted in poor filtration and that their real problems began at the filters. Furthermore, excessively high pH deactivates the free chlorine residual. The authors respond to Brodtmann's charges by stating that upflow softening units can not quickly be converted to conventional clarification units without risking poorer bacterial removal.
Computer Modeling Solves a Water Storage Problem
Authors: Hirrel Timothy D.
Published: February 2018

The cause of the failure of a new water storage tank to fill completely was investigated through computer modeling techniques. The analytic methods and the relevant data that were used to solve the problem are described. The source of the malfunction was found, and the tank now fills to its maximum level.
Selecting and Applying Protective Coatings
Authors: Tator Kenneth B.
Published: February 2018

This overview of procedures and methods of coating industrial steel structures offers owners of water storage tanks guidelines for securing proper painting work. Methods for preparing the surface of the structure for coating, selecting an appropriate material, and applying and inspecting the coating are discussed.
The Occurrence of Aluminum in Drinking Water*
Authors: Miller Robert G. , Kopfler Frederick C. , Kelty Keith C. , Stober Judy A. , Ulmer Nancy S.
Published: February 2018

A random selection of 186 water utilities was used for this study in which raw and finished water samples were collected from each facility five times throughout a year and analyzed for iron and aluminum by atomic absorption techniques. The water samples were categorized by the supply source (ground, surface, or a combination of both), the type of water (raw, finished, or untreated distribution samples), and the type of coagulation used in the treatment process (aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, other coagulants such as cationic polymers, or no coagulant). The samples were also categorized according to the 10 US Environmental Protection Agency regions and 4 population categories. The results indicate that aluminum is more likely to exist in surface waters than in groundwaters and that there is a 40–50 percent chance that alum coagulation increases the aluminum concentration of finished water above its original concentration in the raw water.
Committee Report: Comparison of Alternative Systems for Controlling Flow Through Filters
Authors:   AWWA Filtration Committee
Published: February 2018

This report describes declining‐rate and constant‐rate systems for controlling flow through granular media filters. Several areas are identified that need to be researched in order for these control systems to be compared fairly.
Mediation: An Alternative to Litigation
Authors: Muller Frank
Published: February 2018

Mediation, based on voluntary submission of disputes to an impartial third party, is a viable alternative to litigation as a means of resolving conflicts in the construction industry. Mediation saves time and is cost‐effective when those involved are willing to compromise to arrive at an acceptable solution.
Liability for New Products
Authors: Barnes Barry , Ulin Dale R.
Published: February 2018

The slowdown in the economy and the pace of construction, the mushrooming of new technology, and greater competition have created new conditions under which construction contracts for the water industry operate. These factors have led to less harmonious relationships among the parties to a construction contract. The development and use of new products introduce additional potential pitfalls and further complicate the timely completion of a project.
Technical Note: Adsorption of p‐Dichlorobenzene From Water
Authors: Pirbazari Massoud , Weber Walter J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the results of granular activated carbon adsorption studies for p‐dichlorobenzene from water in the presence of a major class of naturally occurring compounds—humic acids.
The Dilemma of an Acidic Sky
Authors: Jenkins Tom
Published: February 2018

A discussion of studies detailing the damaging effects of acid precipitation in North America and Europe is followed by a commentary on the controversial political and economic issues associated with forestalling deterioration of the environment. A comprehensive bibliography is included.
Controlling Discharges of Water Plant Wastes to the Ohio River
Authors: Vicory Alan H. , Weaver Leo
Published: February 2018

The question of regulating discharges of water plant wastes to the Ohio River was recently addressed by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission. A study undertaken in 1981 indicated that effluents from the drinking water treatment plant processes of sedimentation, coagulation, and filtration contributed little or no additional loading to the river. Across‐the‐board, technology‐based requirements for removing waste solids prior to discharge were therefore deemed inappropriate because of the cost of such systems with no benefit to the receiving waters. The policy adopted allows controlled release of such discharges on a case‐by‐case basis, provided that no adverse effects on designated stream uses will result.
Preventing Haloform Formation in Treated Surface Water: A Case Study
Authors: Argaman Yerachmiel , Shelby Sam E. , Davis Jan Suddath , Betts Stephen C. , Hufft Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

Treatment of a surface water was investigated in bench‐scale and pilot‐plant tests that consisted of flocculation, settling, filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment, and ozonation. Either GAC treatment or ozonation was necessary to meet the color limit of 15 Co–Pt units. Disinfection with a free chlorine residual without formation of high trihalomethane (THM) levels could only be achieved on GAC‐treated effluent. Application of chlorine dioxide resulted in very low THM levels. The required dosage, however, was high unless preceded by GAC treatment. Chloramine could be used as a disinfectant with any of the treatment schemes without resulting in THMs or other known public health problems.
Controlling Attached Blue‐Green Algae With Copper Sulfate
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Jones Robert M. , Means Edward G. , Izaguirre George , Preston Allan E.
Published: February 2018

Concentrations of 2‐methylisobomeol forced The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California to shut down a critical water supply reservoir in 1980 and 1981. An algae control measure developed as a result of these experiences was used to correct a taste and odor problem in the reservoir in 1982. The application of 26 760 kg (59 000 lb) of copper sulfate, applied from a boat equipped with a modified agricultural spreader, eliminated growths of blue‐green algae in five days.
Comparing Filter Control Systems
Authors: Monk Robert D. G. , Bishop Stephen L.
Published: February 2018

This letter offers several comments on and clarifications of “Comparison of Alternative Systems for Controlling Flow Through Filters,” a report by the AWWA Filtration Committee (Journal AWWA January 1984). Committee members respond collectively to the points raised.
Consumer Panels Monitor Taste of Water in Rotterdam
Authors: Zoeteman B.C.J. , De Greef E. , Van Oers H. , Köster E.P. , Rook J.J.
Published: February 2018

The difficulty of assessing whether consumers find the taste of delivered water offensive was addressed in the Netherlands by requesting the aid of a large panel of consumers for one year. The perceptions of the panel resulted in identifying a means of complying with the revised World Health Organization guidelines stating that drinking water should “not be offensive for most of the consumers served.” The consumers were more tolerant of detected tastes in water than were small panels of in‐house tasters.
Wolman Queried on Trace Organics Stance
Authors: Buescher Charles A. , Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

In response to the recent “Viewpoint” by Abel Wolman (Journal AWWA January 1984), the author expresses concern about “detectable” levels of contaminants. As monitoring technologies improve, some amount of trace organics will be detected. Health effects should be researched further, putting them into perspective with other sources of the same contaminants and other risks humans face. Also, prevention at the source will be less costly than expensive treatment techniques. Wolman replies that his position on health implications of organics has been modified as it became evident that effects and risks of organics can often be studied only on a long‐term basis.
Viewpoint – System Manager Deplores Cover‐up Compliance
Authors: Gilnack Gerald
Published: February 2018

Small water systems often are not equipped with adequate facilities or personnel to comply with the various water quality regulations currently in effect. The author, superintendent of the Hyde Park Fire and Water District in Hyde Park, New York, describes how so‐called cover‐up compliance is used to skirt local politics or even unemployment. Better communication is needed concerning new rules and required tests, both for increased understanding by the public and for true compliance on the part of water system operators. This letter was written in response to “Face to Face” featuring Jacqueline M. Warren of the Natural Resources Defense Council (Journal AWWA January 1984).
Roundtable – Is Vandalism a Threat to Water Utilities?
Authors: Elwell Fred , Cotruvo Joseph A. , Kelley William A. , LaFrankie James V. , Miller William H.
Published: February 2018

This discussion about deliberate acts of vandalism aimed at water utilities took place during the 1983 annual conference in Las Vegas. Fred Elwell, chairman of the AWWA Water Utility Council and chief engineer of the Manchester Water Works. 281 Lincoln St., Manchester. NH 03103. was moderator. Other participants were Joseph A. Cotruvo, director of the Criteria and Standards Division. Office of Drinking Water, USEPA. Washington. DC 20460; William A. Kelley, chief of the Water Supply Division, Michigan Department of Health. 3500 N. Logan St., Lansing. MI 48914; James V. La Frankie, president of the American Water Works Service Co., 525 Grove St., Hadden Heights. NJ08035; and William H. Miller, manager of the Denver Water Department, 1600 W. 12th Ave., Denver, CO 80254.