bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of cloud‐radio access network control unit with intra‐PHY architecture: Hardware‐in‐the‐loop framework based on frequency‐domain channel models
Authors: Cisek Grzegorz , Zieliński Tomasz P.
Published: October 2020

In this article, a signal processing framework for hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL) validation of the cloud‐radio access network (C‐RAN) control unit (CU) with a crosshaul intra‐PHY architecture split is evaluated. The framework is based on the assumption that data exchanged over the crosshaul interface between the lower and higher parts of the physical layer have the form of frequency‐domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers. Therefore, it is proposed to simulate the effects of a wireless fading channel directly in the frequency domain, instead of the conventionally selected time domain. This approach leads to complexity reduction of the channel simulation model by minimizing the number of required FFT/IFFT operations, at the cost of simulation accuracy in high‐mobility and high‐delay spread scenarios. Analysis of bit error ratio (BER) and block error ratio (BLER) metrics obtained using both time‐ and frequency‐domain channel models is presented in order to validate the proposal and evaluate the accuracy loss caused by the usage of nonideal frequency‐domain models. The frequency‐domain methods are compared against the conventional wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) model implementation based on the tapped delay line (TDL). It is shown that the utilization of improved frequency‐domain models instead of the block‐fading model substantially decreases the BER/BLER prediction error in specific scenarios.
A Best Practices Case Study for Scientific Collaboration between Researchers and Managers
Authors: Newcomb Tammy J , Simonin Paul W , Martinez Felix A , Chadderton W Lindsay , Bossenbroek Jon M , Cudmore Becky , Hoff Michael H , Keller Reuben P , Ridenhour Berkley D , Rothlisberger John D , Rutherford Edward S , Van Egeren Scott , Lodge David M
Published: October 2020

Effective engagement among scientists, government agency staff, and policymakers is necessary for solving fisheries challenges, but remains challenging for a variety of reasons. We present seven practices learned from a collaborative project focused on invasive species in the Great Lakes region (USA-CAN). These practices were based on a researcher–manager model composed of a research team, a management advisory board, and a bridging organization. We suggest this type of system functions well when (1) the management advisory board is provided compelling rationale for engagement; (2) the process uses key individuals as communicators; (3) the research team thoughtfully selects organizations and individuals involved; (4) the funding entity provides logistical support and allows for (5) a flexible structure that prioritizes management needs; (6) a bridging organization sustains communication between in-person meetings; and (7) the project team determines and enacts a project endpoint. We predict these approaches apply equally effectively to other challenges at the research–management–policy interface, including reductions of water pollution, transitions to renewable energy, increasing food security, and addressing climate change.
Development and nutritional evaluation of local ingredients‐based supplements to treat moderate acute malnutrition among children aged below five years: A descriptive study from rural Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Nane Debritu , Hatløy Anne , Lindtjørn Bernt
Published: October 2020

In Ethiopia, moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is a persistent public health problem. The current management approaches for MAM among children are counseling in food‐secure settings and food supplementation in chronically food‐insecure areas. The objective of this study was to develop a local ingredients‐based supplement (LIBS) for treating MAM among children. Collection of food ingredients (pumpkin seed, amaranth grain, flaxseed, peanut, and emmer wheat) was made. Sorting, soaking, drying, roasting, and milling of ingredients were done. Nutrient analysis was done using triplicate measurements of each nutrient. One‐way ANOVA was used to analyze differences in means with ± standard deviation of nutrient measurements among the supplements. The nutrient content of four developed LIBS ranged from 20.3 g to 22.5 g for protein, 29.3 g to 33.5 g for fat, 509.5 kcal to 570.0 for kcal, 6.0 g to 8.5 g for fiber, 2.8 g to 3.7 g for moisture, and 2.1 g to 4.3 g for ash. The mineral and antinutrient components ranged from 75.6 mg to 115.6 mg for calcium, 473.1 mg to 570.2 mg for potassium, 79.3 mg to 114.4 mg for sodium, 4.1 mg to 5.6 mg for zinc, 8.2 mg to 10.2 mg for iron, 442.6 mg to 470.4 mg for phosphorous, and 2.1 mg to 4.3 mg for phytate. The LIBS with the highest portion of pumpkin seed had significantly highest amounts of protein, fat, calories, iron, zinc, and potassium. The results found were within the recommended range of required nutrients for the treatment of children with MAM. Therefore, LIBS may be used for the management of children with MAM.
Metabolomics study of dried ginger extract on serum and urine in blood stasis rats based on UPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS
Authors: Su Min , Cao Gang , Wang Xiaoli , Daniel Raftery , Hong Yan , Han Yanquan
Published: October 2020

Blood stasis syndrome (BSS) is the pathological basis of many cardiovascular diseases. Ginger is often used as herbal medicine, condiment, and health food in China and Southeast Asia to improve some symptoms of cardiovascular disease, but its mechanism of efficacy and metabolic processes is not clear enough. In this study, a rat model of BSS was successfully established and treated with different doses of dried ginger extract. After the end of the administration period, the blood and urine of 5 groups of rats were collected for metabonomic analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to explore metabolites and metabolic pathways, and the correlation between metabolites and pharmacodynamic indicators was further explored. The experimental results show that the pharmacodynamic indicators of dried ginger group (DG) extracts of different doses have different degrees of changes than model group (MG), and the high dose of dried ginger group (GJH) changes is the most significant (p < .05 or p < .01). Besides, 22 different metabolites were identified in the experiment. These metabolites mainly involve seven metabolism pathways in different impact value. DG has therapeutic effects on BSS rats by regulating multiple metabolic pathways. This study provides an effective method for understanding the metabolic mechanism of DG extracts on BSS.
On current and future economics of electricity storage
Authors: Hiesl Albert , Ajanovic Amela , Haas Reinhard
Published: October 2020

Increasing electricity generation from variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, has led to interest in additional short‐term and long‐term storage capacities. The core objective of this paper is to investigate the costs and the future market prospects of different electricity storage options, such as short‐term battery storage and long‐term storage as pumped hydro storage, as well as hydrogen and methane from power‐to‐gas conversion technologies. The method of approach is based on a formal economic framework with a dynamic component to derive scenarios up to 2040.

The major conclusion is that the economic prospects of storage are not very bright. For all market‐based storage technologies it will become hard to compete in the wholesale electricity markets and for decentralized (battery) systems it will be hard to compete with the end users’ electricity price. The core problem of virtually all categories of storage are low full‐load hours (for market‐based systems) and low full charge/discharge cycles (for decentralized batteries). However, any new storage capacity should be constructed only in a coordinated way and if there is a clear sign for new excess production, in this case from variable renewables. In addition, for hydrogen and methane there could be better economic prospects in the transport sector due to both, higher energy price levels as well as a general lack of low carbon fuel alternatives. © 2020 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reported disease symptoms of stone quarry workers exposed to silica dust in Ghana
Authors: Ahadzi Dzifa Francis , Afitiri Abdul‐Rahaman , Ekumah Bernard , Kanatey Verona , Afedzi Abdullah
Published: October 2020

Background and aims

Understanding the importance of using personal protective equipment (PPE) and the influence of work‐post (working distance to main dust source—crusher) in stone quarries is vital for designing tailored interventions in minimizing workers' exposure to silica dust. Nonetheless, studies on silica dust and disease symptoms in Ghana are nascent. This study assessed how work‐post and use of required PPE jointly influence exposure to silica dust and disease symptoms in Ghana.

Methods

Generalized linear models (complementary log‐log regression) were fitted to cross‐sectional survey data of 524 stone quarry workers in Ghana to assess the joint effect of work‐post and PPE usage on self‐reported disease symptoms while controlling for relevant compositional and contextual factors.

Results

Stone quarry workers who work between 1‐100 m and beyond 100 m from the crusher with the required PPE were 90% and 87% respectively less likely to report eye irritation compared with their counterparts who work between 1 and 100 m from the crusher without the required PPE. Individuals who work between 1‐100 m and beyond 100 m from the crusher with the required PPE were 94% and 95% respectively less likely to report breathing difficulty compared with the reference group. Workers who work between 1‐100 m and beyond 100 m from the crusher with the required PPE were 97% and 99% respectively less likely to report coughing compared with the reference group. Workers who work between 1‐100 m and beyond 100 m from the crusher with the required PPE were 93% and 97% respectively less likely to report common cold compared with their counterparts who work between 1 and 100 m from the crusher without the required PPE.

Conclusion

There are adverse health implications for people who work in silica dust polluted environments, suggesting the need for a national safety and health policy to target them.
Toward microelimination of hepatitis C and HIV coinfection in NHS Tayside, Scotland: Real‐world outcomes
Authors: Byrne Christopher , Robinson Emma , Rae Nikolas , Dillon John F.
Published: October 2020

Background and aims

NHS Tayside is a health board in Scotland which serves around 400 000 residents. Approximately, 2761 are estimated to be persons who inject drugs (PWID), and therefore at risk of infections such as hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV. There are few studies exploring mechanisms and success of eliminating HCV in HIV co‐infected PWID using real‐world data. This study aims to empirically assess HCV treatment outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV) to evaluate progress toward microelimination of HCV in the HIV‐positive population in Tayside.

Methods

HCV testing and treatment details for PLHIV stored on clinical databases dating from 2001 were extracted and anonymized. HCV treatment uptake among co‐infected patients eligible for HCV treatment was calculated. Reinfection incidence was calculated in person years. Confidence intervals were calculated assuming Poisson distribution. Caldicott Guardian approval was obtained to access patient data (ref: IGTCAL 5677).

Results

Ninety‐six percent of PLHIV were tested for HCV across nine services and aware of their HCV status. From 2001 to 2019, 58 PLHIV were HCV co‐infected. Four left the area and five died prior to HCV treatment. Forty‐nine were eligible for HCV treatment. Thirty were treated with PEGylated interferon (Peg‐IFN); 18 with direct acting antivirals (DAA). One is yet to be treated. Twelve treated with Peg‐IFN did not achieve sustained viral response (SVR12); 10 were retreated, two died prior to re‐treatment. Injecting drug use was the mode of HCV transmission for 39 of 49 patients. Proportion who achieved SVR12 is 75%; 92% if treated with DAAs. Annual proportions of PLHIV treated for HCV increased from 3.57% in the Peg‐IFN era to 66.67% in the DAA era. Reinfection incidence is 0.2 per 100 person years (CI −0.3 to 0.7).

Conclusions

NHS Tayside has made progress toward microelimination of HCV among PLHIV. The most common mode of HCV transmission in PLHIV in NHS Tayside is injecting drug use. DAAs increased the proportion of co‐infected PLHIV treated for HCV and produced superior SVR12 results compared to Peg‐IFN.
Successful recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 in a living kidney transplant recipient using low‐dose methylprednisolone
Authors: Tanaka Ryo , Kakuta Yoichi , Tsutahara Koichi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Ichimaru Naotsugu , Sakaguchi Katsuhiko , Kato Taigo , Imamura Ryoichi , Nonomura Norio , Takao Tetsuya
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The data of immunosuppressive therapy management on solid organ transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 are insufficient. We report a kidney transplant recipient who developed coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia, with successful management of low‐dose mPSL.

Case presentation

A 36‐year‐old man, who underwent living kidney transplantation 1.5 year prior, developed fever. After 10 days, he developed dyspnea, and his blood oxygen levels decreased. Computed tomography showed pulmonary ground‐glass shadow on both lungs, and the coronavirus disease 2019 real‐time polymerase chain reaction test was positive. After reducing the immunosuppressive agents, the C‐reactive protein levels continued elevating, and the pulmonary shadow spread. Subsequently, low‐dose methylprednisolone (40 mg/day) was administered for 4 days and his C‐reactive protein and blood oxygen levels increased and improved, respectively. The coronavirus disease 2019 real‐time polymerase chain reaction test was negative and the pulmonary shadow disappeared.

Conclusion

Low‐dose methylprednisolone may prevent the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019.
Antitumor activity of sitagliptin and vitamin B12 on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma solid tumor in mice
Authors: Salah Rania , Salama Mohamed F. , Mahgoub Hebatallah A. , El‐Sherbini El‐Said
Published: October 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the potential effects of vitamin B12 and sitagliptin, and their possible synergistic effect with doxorubicin (DOX) on the Ehrlich solid tumor model. B12, sitagliptin, and their combination with DOX were administered to tumor‐bearing mice for 21 days. Treatment with B12, sitagliptin, as well as their combinations with DOX caused a significant inhibition of tumor growth and increased the survival time. Malondialdehyde levels and the relative expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α and nuclear factor kappa B were significantly decreased, whereas the total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in all treated groups, except the DOX‐treated one, when compared with the positive control group. Moreover, increased apoptosis was also observed by increased cleaved caspase‐3 immunostaining and histopathological examination. In conclusion, the antitumor activity of B12 and sitagliptin could be attributed to their ability to induce apoptosis and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation.
Highly sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method for tramadol trace level detection and process optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Aghamiri Zahra , Safaei Mohadeseh , Shishehbor Masoud Reza
Published: October 2020

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic‐anodyne agent of high oral bioavailability. The tramadol contains a weakly absorbing chromophore in its molecule and it was determined by kinetic spectrophotometric method in pharmaceutical, urine, and blood plasma. Response surface methodology and the central composite design was applied to study the influence of maximum sensitivity, reagents concentration, temperature, and time on the UV–Vis spectrophotometry analysis of tramadol. Analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination (R2) value for responses, confirming adjustment of the models with experimental data. The change in absorbance was followed spectrophotometrically at 478 nm. Under optimum experimental conditions, calibration curve was linear over the range 0.45–100.0 μg/L of tramadol. The limit of detection was 0.12 μg/L of tramadol. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of tramadol in real samples.
“This was 1976 reinvented”: The role of framing in the development of a South African youth movement
Authors: Kirshner Ben , Tivaringe Tafadzwa , Fernández Jesica Siham
Published: October 2020

The literature on contemporary youth organizing has documented psychological benefits associated with participation and some evidence of local political impact. But how do local organizing campaigns transform into regional or national movements? This is a practical question facing youth organizers and one that calls for attention from researchers. In this article, we draw on 3 years of ethnographic fieldwork with South Africa's Equal Education (EE) to analyze collective action frames that enabled EE youth to assert legitimacy and construct shared aims across locales. Our findings focus on how youth constructedhistorical continuity framesthat lent them legitimacy as upholders of the South African freedom struggle andflexible problem framesthat linked young people's local struggles, such as inadequate sanitation or broken windows at their schools, to a national policy agenda. We discuss connections to other youth movements and implications for the interdisciplinary youth organizing field.
Barriers to and facilitators of community participation among Latinx migrants with disabilities in the United States and Latinx migrant workers in Canada: An ecological analysis
Authors: Suarez‐Balcazar Yolanda , Viquez Floryana , Miranda Daniela , Early Amy R.
Published: October 2020

Abstract Individuals migrate to improve their wellbeing and quality of life, and often experience adverse situations, both during the process of migration and once within the host country. The purpose of this paper is to unpack the barriers to and facilitators of community participation, among Latinx immigrants with disabilities in the United States and Latinx migrant workers in Canada, following the Social Ecological Model. The authors draw from an appraisal of existing literature and their own participatory research with Latinx immigrants. Based on this integrative literature review, Latinx experience individual issues such as language barriers and lack of knowledge of the services available to them. At the community level they experience discrimination, limited opportunities for community participation, and lack of opportunities for meaningful employment. At the systemic and policy level in the United States, the antimigrant political environment keeps Latinx immigrants with disabilities from participating in their communities due to fear of deportation. In Canada, Latinx workers experience the paradox of migration and discrimination. The discussion of barriers and facilitators is followed by recommendations for community research and action.
The Round‐Number Advantage in Consumer Debt Payoff
Authors: Isaac Mathew S. , Wang Yantao , Schindler Robert M.
Published: October 2020

The current consumer debt epidemic in the United States has prompted research on how consumers make debt repayment decisions. Consistent with past research indicating that psychological biases affect how consumers manage and prioritize debt accounts, we show that a characteristic of the number representing the debt amount impacts the speed of debt repayment. Across three field studies and three experiments, we provide evidence that people are likely to more quickly pay off round‐number debts (e.g., moderately‐sized debt amounts that end in the digits 0 or 5) than debts of similar magnitude that are not round numbers. Furthermore, we show that this effect arises because of the cognitive ease of round numbers, which manifests itself in processing fluency and retrieval fluency. In addition to documenting this round‐number advantage, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple and costless rounding intervention for helping consumers repay their debts more quickly.
Telocytes in the hearts of Saanen goats
Authors: Selviler‐Sizer Sedef , Kabak Yonca Betil , Kabak Murat
Published: October 2020

Telocytes, new interstitial cells that have received significant attention in recent years, have been detected in many organs, including the heart. The distinction between telocytes and other interstitial cells can only be made based on their ultrastructural characterization and immunophenotypic features. In this study, we examined the interstitial cells in the healthy heart tissues of Saanen goats to determine whether they are telocytes or not, by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining methods. The SEM revealed oval and round telocytes with two to four telopodes. Some telopodes also had podoms. The staining for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods used for CD34, c‐kit (CD117), and vimentin antibodies. Positive cells were detected in the heart muscle and heart valves by immunohistochemical staining. As these antigens can also be expressed by other non‐telocyte cells, we used double immunofluorescence staining with CD34/c‐kit and CD34/vimentin antibodies to identify true telocytes. Telocytes were determined in the right atrium and aortic valve. While telocytes were CD34+/c‐kit+ and CD34+/vimentin+, fibroblasts were CD34−/vimentin+. These results confirm the presence of telocytes in the hearts of Saanen goats.
Sarcoidosis is associated with lower risks of penetrating disease and colectomy in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Jiang Yi , Rim Daniel S , Rodgers Brandon , Ahlawat Sushil
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and sarcoidosis, primarily considered distinct entities, share commonalties in pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. This study aimed to examine the in‐hospital outcomes of patients with concurrent IBD and sarcoidosis.

Methods

The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalized adult patients with IBD and sarcoidosis from 2010 to 2014. Primary outcomes were in‐hospital mortality, rates of septic shock, acute renal failure, respiratory failure, length of stay, and total hospitalization charges. Secondary outcomes were IBD‐specific complications and surgery interventions.

Results

A total of 3995 patients with IBD and coexisting sarcoidosis (IBD/sarcoidosis), of which 2500 patients had Crohn's disease with coexisting sarcoidosis (Crohn's disease [CD]/sarcoidosis) and 1495 patients had ulcerative colitis with coexisting sarcoidosis (ulcerative colitis [UC]/sarcoidosis), were included. Patients with IBD/sarcoidosis had a lower risk of penetrating disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16–0.55, P < 0.0001) and colectomy (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27–0.84, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis demonstrated lower rates of colectomy when comparing CD/sarcoidosis (P < 0.05) and UC/sarcoidosis (P = 0.0003) versus CD or UC alone. There was no difference in mortality.

Conclusion

IBD/sarcoidosis is associated with lower risks of penetrating disease and colectomy when compared to patients with IBD alone.
Technical considerations for positioning and placement of a transperineal ultrasound probe during prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Pang Eric Pei Ping , Knight Kellie , Leung Ronnie Wing‐Kin , Wang Michael Lian Chek , Chan Jason Wei Siang , Low Gee Keng , Seah Irene Kai Ling , Atan Muhammad Asri Bin , Chai Jairia Yih Huei , Ng Grace Chuk‐Kwan , Yang Tommy Chung‐Sing , Tuan Jeffrey Kit Loong
Published: October 2020

This technical evaluation aims to provide practice ‘how to’ guidelines for radiation therapists (RTs) when positioning a transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) probe during prostate radiotherapy. Recommendations and practical tips will be provided for the best practice in TPUS‐guided workflow to obtain optimal ultrasound images for accurate interpretation and registration of the prostate gland. This will assist the RTs in making consistent and accurate clinical decision in an ultrasound‐guided radiotherapy workflow for prostate treatment. The implementation process and the associated successes and challenges will also be described to assist institutions who may be investigating the potential of implementing this system.
Less severe clinical symptoms of Norwalk virus 8fIIb inoculum compared to its precursor 8fIIa from human challenge studies
Authors: Liu Pengbo , Rahman Mumu , Leon Juan , Moe Christine
Published: October 2020

Noroviruses (NoV) are a leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. Human challenge studies have been used to examine the infectivity, pathogenicity, and host immune response to NoV as well as vaccine efficacy. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta‐analysis of data from five previously completed human challenge trials and compare the response to the secondary NV inoculum (8fIIb) to its precursor (8fIIa). We investigated a total of 158 subjects: 76 subjects were experimentally challenged with NV inoculum 8fIIa, and 82 subjects were challenged with 8fIIb. We compared demographic characteristics, infection, illness, mean severity score, blood types, and duration of viral shedding between the two groups of subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in overall infection and illness rates between subjects inoculated with 8fIIa and 8fIIb. However, individuals challenged with 8fIIa had significantly higher severity scores (5.05 vs. 3.22, p = .008) compared with those challenged with 8fIIb. We also observed that infection with 8fIIb was associated with significantly longer duration of viral shedding compared with 8fIIa (11.0 days vs. 5.0 days, p = .0005). These results have serious implications for the development of new NoV inocula for human challenge studies to test candidate vaccine efficacy—where illness severity and duration of viral shedding are important outcomes.
228‐nm quadrupled quasi‐three‐level Nd:GdVO4 laser for ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of explosives and biological molecules
Authors: Bykov Sergei V. , Roppel Ryan D. , Mao Michael , Asher Sanford A.
Published: October 2020

We describe a new compact diode‐pumped solid‐state frequency quadrupled quasi‐three‐level neodymium‐doped gadolinium vanadate (Nd:GdVO4) laser that generates ~50 mW of 228‐nm quasi‐continuous wave light as ns pulses at a tunable kilohertz repetition rate. We developed two generations of this laser. The first generation has a high duty cycle and a tunable repetition rate. The second generation is optimized for maximum output power. We utilize these new lasers to measure ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra of many important chromophores that absorb in deep ultraviolet (UV). We demonstrate the utility of this excitation by measuring the 228‐nm absolute differential Raman cross sections of explosives, peptides, aromatic amino acids, and DNA/RNA nucleotides. Deep UV excitation at 228 nm occurs within the π → π* electronic transitions of these molecules. The 228‐nm resonance excitation enhances the Raman intensities of vibrations of NOx groups, peptide bonds, aromatic amino acid side chains, and DNA/RNA nucleotides. The measured 228‐nm UVRR cross sections of these molecules are 103–104 fold greater than those excited in the visible spectral region. These new lasers should be of great interest for UVRR spectroscopy and for other applications that benefit from compact, high average power deep UV laser light sources with low peak powers.
Temporal Overlap Among Feral Horses, Cattle, and Native Ungulates at Water Sources
Authors: Hennig Jacob D. , Beck Jeffrey L. , Gray Caleb J. , Scasta J. Derek
Published: October 2020

Feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) populations on public rangelands in the western United States threaten forage production for livestock and wildlife habitat. Interference competition between feral horses and heterospecifics at watering sources can have negative effects on livestock and wildlife. Researchers have documented altered timing and behavior of wild ungulates at water sources when horses were present. The few studies examining these interactions have infrequently occurred within areas specifically managed for feral equids and have not occurred in sites with cattle. We used motion‐sensitive cameras at 8 watering sources to document watering activity patterns and construct indices of temporal overlap among feral horses, cattle, elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) within the Adobe Town Herd Management Area in southern Wyoming, USA, between June and September 2018 and 2019. Feral horses, cattle, and pronghorn exhibited a high degree of temporal overlap (>79%) in water use, with feral horses and pronghorn exhibiting the highest estimated percent overlap (88.1%, 95% CI = 86.5–89.6%). Mule deer and elk watering activity also overlapped with horses and cattle but to a lesser degree (<55%). Feral horses spent a mean of 16.7 ± 30.5 (SD) minutes during a watering event and were present at a given water source on average 4.5 ± 6.3% and up to 34.9% of the day, which is less than reported in previous studies. Cattle spent on average 23.5 ± 44.9 minutes during a watering event, and were present on average 4.2 ± 7.7% and up to 42.4% of the day at a single water source. Results of generalized linear mixed‐effects models indicated that number of conspecifics was the strongest predictor of visit duration for pronghorn and horses; hour of the day and group size of heterospecifics were informative, but less important, variables. There was no difference in peak visitation time for any species between sites of high versus low horse or cattle use. Despite temporal overlap, we did not find evidence of interference competition between feral horses, cattle, and pronghorn. We recommend future examination of interference competition and its biological consequences between introduced and native ungulates at water sources of varying size across sites, equid population levels, and livestock stocking rates. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Simulating Strategic Implementation of the CRP to Increase Greater Prairie‐Chicken Abundance
Authors: Adkins Kalysta , Roy Charlotte L. , Wright Robert G. , Andersen David E.
Published: October 2020

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has the potential to influence the distribution and abundance of grasslands in many agricultural landscapes, and thereby provide habitat for grassland‐dependent wildlife. Greater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) are a grassland‐dependent species with large area requirements and have been used as an indicator of grassland ecosystem function; they are also a species of conservation concern across much of their range. Greater prairie‐chicken populations respond to the amount and configuration of grasslands and wetlands in agriculturally dominated landscapes, which in turn can be influenced by the CRP; however, CRP enrollments and enrollment caps have declined from previous highs. Therefore, prioritizing CRP reenrollments and new enrollments to achieve the greatest benefit for grassland‐dependent wildlife seems prudent. We used models relating either lek density or the number of males at leks to CRP enrollments and the resulting landscape structure to predict changes in greater prairie‐chicken abundance related to changes in CRP enrollments. We simulated 3 land‐cover scenarios: expiration of existing CRP enrollments, random, small‐parcel (4,040 m2) addition of CRP grasslands, and strategic, large‐parcel (80,000 m2) addition of CRP grasslands. Large‐parcel additions were the average enrollment size in northwestern Minnesota, USA, within the context of a regional prairie restoration plan. In our simulations of CRP enrollment expirations, the abundance of greater prairie‐chickens declined when grassland landscape contiguity declined with loss of CRP enrollments. Simulations of strategic CRP enrollment with large parcels to increase grassland contiguity more often increased greater prairie‐chicken abundance than random additions of the same area in small parcels that did not increase grassland contiguity. In some cases, CRP enrollments had no or a negative predicted change in greater prairie‐chicken abundance because they provided insufficient grassland contiguity on the landscape, or increased cover‐type fragmentation. Predicted greater prairie‐chicken abundance increased under large‐parcel and small‐parcel scenarios of addition of CRP grassland; the greatest increases were associated with large‐parcel additions. We suggest that strategic application of the CRP to improve grassland contiguity can benefit greater prairie‐chicken populations more than an opportunistic approach lacking consideration of the larger landscape context. Strategic implementation of the CRP can benefit greater prairie‐chicken populations in northwestern Minnesota, and likely elsewhere in landscapes where grassland continuity may be a limiting factor. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Virtual Reality as Distraction Analgesia and Anxiolysis for Pediatric Otolaryngology Procedures
Authors: Liu Katherine Y. , Ninan Sen J. , Laitman Benjamin M. , Goldrich David Y. , Iloreta Alfred M. , Londino Aldo V.
Published: October 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

While virtual reality (VR) has been used as analgesia and anxiolysis for invasive procedures, no literature exists on the use of VR in the pediatric otolaryngology setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of VR in reducing pain and anxiety for pediatric otolaryngology patients.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Methods

A total of 53 patients aged 7–17 undergoing in‐office nasal endoscopies were included. Patients were randomized to receive VR or standard of care. Procedural pain, anxiety, and satisfaction scores were recorded from patients and caregivers. The physician filled out a childhood emotional manifestation scale (CEMS).

Results

Patients in VR group reported a significant decrease in pain (0.80 ± 1.06 vs. 2.26 ± 2.38, P = .018) and anxiety (9.50 ± 12.48 vs. 38.48 ± 29.83, P = .0002) and increase in procedural satisfaction (6.40 ± 0.77 vs. 4.74 ± 1.74, P = .0002) compared to patients in control group. CEMS scores were significantly reduced in VR group (5.15 ± 0.46 vs. 9.64 ± 5.66, P = .0001) and caregiver anxiety levels were significantly reduced in VR group (11.50 ± 17.67 vs. 27.39 ± 30.48, P = .041) compared to control group. There were no reported side effects. Procedural time did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusions

For pediatric otolaryngology patients undergoing in‐office nasal endoscopies, VR is a safe and effective form of distraction analgesia and anxiolysis, significantly reducing pain and increasing procedural satisfaction for patients. In addition, VR significantly reduces anxiety for both patients and caregivers without disrupting procedural efficiency and workflow.

Level of Evidence

2. Laryngoscope, 131:E1714–E1721, 2021
Protein‐Based Nano‐Vessels Facilitates the Victoria Blue B Mediated Inhibition of Amyloid Fibrillation
Authors: Nie Junlian , Chen Zhijun
Published: October 2020

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of serious and incurable diseases. The understanding of the pathogenic formation of amyloid proteins is progressing. Nonetheless, no treatment is available to deal with amyloid diseases. It is reported here that victoria blue B (VBB) contains an intrinsic marginal inhibitory activity toward protein fibrillation. Moreover, when VBB is co‐assembled with scaffold proteins to form fluorescent protein nano‐vessels (VBB‐FPNs), these complexes show much improved fibrillation inhibitory effects. VBB‐FPNs can effectively inhibit lysozyme fibrils formation likely through delaying the nucleation and elongation in a concentration‐dependent manner as shown by fluorescent assay, circular dichroism, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This work describes a new inhibitor of protein fibrillation and provides a new means to enhance the inhibition efficiency of given inhibitors, thus affording a fresh angle to modulate protein fibrillation.
Historical incidence of mid‐autumn wind storms in New England
Authors: Simonson Julia M. , Birkel Sean D. , Maasch Kirk A. , Mayewski Paul A. , Lyon Bradfield , Carleton Andrew M.
Published: October 2020

New England has seen a number of mid‐autumn (October–November) wind storms—high‐wind events associated with extratropical cyclones—in recent years that have produced extensive infrastructure damage, raising concerns that these events may become more common in a changing climate. Storms developing at this time of year are unique in that they can have dominant cold‐season characteristics while also being fueled by warm‐season moisture sources (such as the remnants of tropical cyclones) or the result of an extratropical transition. To provide insights on the behavior of such storms, we explore recent storm frequency and intensity by using reanalysis and station‐based meteorological observations onward from 1979. Variables taken into consideration include 10 m wind speed, sea‐level pressure and precipitation. The results do not show a statistically significant increase in the overall frequency of mid‐autumn wind storms nor of their intensity with respect to central pressure or surface wind speeds. However, there is a statistically significant trend toward increasing precipitation accompanying wind storms with maximum 10 m wind gusts greater than 26 m⋅s−1 (58 mph). While stronger high‐wind events tend to be associated with lower central sea‐level pressure values and substantial intensification rates, other factors such as storm tracks and the pressure gradient across the New England region also affect the development and overall impact of storms. This study highlights the variety of elements, such as the background climate conditions, which could potentially increase the risk of wind damage in a warming world.
Robust responses of typhoon hazards in northern Japan to global warming climate: cases of landfalling typhoons in 2016
Authors: Nayak Sridhara , Takemi Tetsuya
Published: October 2020

In August 2016, an unusual occurrence of the landfall of four typhoons in northern Japan caused severe and widespread damage by excessive rainfall and high wind. This study examines the characteristics and structure of these typhoons and the responses to the global warming climate to explore the robust features of typhoon hazards in northern Japan in a future warming climate. By obtaining similar typhoon tracks under the 2016 conditions and a pseudo global warming (PGW) climate, we found that the typhoon intensity under the PGW climate becomes stronger with higher lifetime maximum wind up to ~10 m·s−1 and lower lifetime minimum sea level pressure of ~20 hPa. Rainfall associated with the typhoons indicated a robust increase in northern Japan in the PGW climate, while the changes in surface winds in the PGW climate depend on the case. A higher rate of intensification and more availability of energy are expected in the future warming climate especially over the landfall regions. All the typhoons except Typhoon Lionrock, after making landfall over Hokkaido region, exhibited a much deeper cold core structure in the future climate. Overall results suggest that the hazards related to typhoons over northern Japan will be more severe in the future warming climate.
On Mellin pseudodifferential operators with quasicontinuous symbols
Authors: Karlovich Yuri
Published: October 2020

Let
be the C∗‐algebra of quasicontinuous functions on
and
be the Cauchy singular integral operator, and let p ∈ (1, ∞). The paper is devoted to studying Mellin pseudodifferential operators with quasicontinuous
‐valued symbols on Lebesgue spaces
, where
is the Banach algebra of absolutely continuous functions of bounded total variation on the real line
, and dμ(r) = dr/r. Applying obtained results on Mellin pseudodifferential operators with quasicontinuous
‐valued symbols, we study a Banach algebra
of modified singular integral operators on the space
, which is generated by the operators of the form

where
,
, Rβ for
is a singular integral operator with point singularities at 0 and ∞, Vα is the shift operator given by Vαf = f ∘ α, and α is a homeomorphism of [0, ∞] onto itself with
. A Fredholm symbol calculus for the Banach algebra
is constructed and a Fredholm criterion for the operators
is established.
Microwave synthesized TiP2O7 assisted by carbon‐coating as anode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Song Haosheng , Wang Han , Whitacre Jay F. , Wu Wei
Published: October 2020

TiP2O7 and carbon‐coated TiP2O7 were successfully synthesized via a rapid microwave method and were electrochemically tested in 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Physical properties were characterized through X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The relationship between processing parameters (graphite concentration, ball mill duration, microwave energy input, heating duration) and the final products' electrochemical performance was studied. Full cell tests with LiMn2O4 cathode materials were also tested to obtain cycling stability and rate performance results. The highest specific capacity of C‐TiP2O7 was 109 mAh g‐1 (90.1% of the theoretical capacity) from the cyclic voltammetry test with the scan rate of 0.3 mV s‐1. After 200 cycles under the rate of 0.5C, the C‐TiP2O7’s capacity still maintained 92% of the initial capacity. These results suggested that the rapid microwave synthesis method is a promising process to synthesis the electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performances.
The 5:1 rule overestimates the needed tunnel length during ureteral reimplantation
Authors: Kalayeh Kourosh , Brian Fowlkes J. , Schultz William W. , Sack Bryan S.
Published: October 2020

Aims

Paquin asserts that in order for ureterovesical junctions (UVJs) to prevent reflux, the ureteral tunnel length‐to‐diameter ratio needs to be 5:1. We hypothesize that the surgical implementation of this observation results in an overestimation of the needed length‐to‐diameter ratio to prevent vesicoureteral reflux.

Methods

With finite elements, we model the urine storage phase of the bladder under nonlinear conditions. In the reference state, the bladder is assumed to be a sphere with an oblique straight elliptical hole as the UVJ. Broad parametric studies on different length‐to‐diameter ratios are performed as the bladder volume increases from 10% to 110% capacity.

Results

The capability of the UVJ to prevent reflux during storage depends on its length‐to‐diameter ratio. UVJs with larger length‐to‐diameter ratios lengthen and narrow as the bladder volume increases, causing the closure of the UVJ and rise in its flow resistance. Our model shows that the UVJ length‐to‐diameter ratio decreases as the bladder volume increases. The 5:1 ratio implemented at 80% capacity—approximate volume or bladder wall stretch during ureteroneocystostomy (UNC)—corresponds to 7:1 at the reference state—used by Paquin. The 5:1 ratio implemented at the reference state corresponds to 3:1 at 80% capacity.

Conclusions

Our modeling results are consistent with Paquin's original observation on the significance of the UVJ length‐to‐diameter ratio in preventing reflux. They, however, indicate that the surgical implementation of this rule during UNC results in an overestimation of the requisite tunnel length‐to‐diameter ratio to prevent reflux. They also suggest that the UVJ closure is due to the bladder wall deformation rather than the pressure.
Prevalence and impact of bladder and bowel disorders in women with breast cancer: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Colombage Udari N. , Lin Kuan‐Yin , Soh Sze‐Ee , Frawley Helena C.
Published: October 2020

Background

One of the consequences of breast cancer treatments may be the onset of new, or aggravation of preexisting bladder and bowel disorders. However, the presence and impact of these disorders in women with breast cancer are poorly documented. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the prevalence, incidence and impact of bladder and bowel disorders in women undergoing breast cancer treatment.

Methods

A systematic search of six databases was conducted. Pooled prevalence rates and impact of bladder and bowel disorders were calculated using random‐effects models.

Results

A total of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 17 studies were included in the meta‐analyses. The pooled estimate of women who experienced bladder disorders following sensitivity analysis, which removed one study reporting a result that deviated from the pooled estimate, was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32%–44%; I2 = 98%; n = 4584). The impact of bladder and bowel disorders on women's daily lives was relatively low (bladder [scale: 0–4]: mean: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.4–1.1; I2 = 99%; n = 4908; bowel [scale: 0–100]: mean 14.2; 95% CI: 9.4–19; I2 = 95%; n = 1024).

Conclusion

This is the first study to comprehensively document the magnitude of bladder and bowel disorders in the breast cancer population. This meta‐analysis found that women with breast cancer had a higher prevalence of urinary incontinence (38%) compared to women without breast cancer (21%). Given the extent and impact of our findings, screening and management of bladder and bowel disorders may be indicated in women with breast cancer to improve their health‐related quality of life.
Realistic head‐shaped phantom with brain‐mimicking metabolites for 7 T spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Jona Ghil , Furman‐Haran Edna , Schmidt Rita
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Moving to ultra‐high fields (≥7 T), the inhomogeneity of both RF (B1) and static (B0) magnetic fields increases, which further motivates us to design a realistic head‐shaped phantom, especially for spectroscopic imaging. Such phantoms provide images similar to the human brain and serve as a reliable tool for developing and examining methods in MRI. This study aims to develop and characterize a realistic head‐shaped phantom filled with brain‐mimicking metabolites for MRS and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in a 7 T MRI scanner.

Methods

A 3D head‐shaped container with three sections—mimicking brain, muscle and precranial lipid—was constructed. The phantom was designed to provide robustness to heating, mechanical damage and leakage, with easy refilling. The head’s shape and the agarose mixture were optimized to provide B0 and B1 distributions and T1/T2 relaxation values similar to those of human brain. Eight brain‐tissue‐mimicking metabolites were included for spectroscopy. The phantom was evaluated for localized spectroscopy, fast spectroscopic imaging and fat suppression.

Results

The B0 and B1 maps showed distribution similar to that of human brain, with increased B0 inhomogeneity near the nasal and ear areas and reduced B1 in the temporal lobe and brain stem regions, as expected in vivo. The metabolites’ concentrations were verified by single‐voxel spectroscopy, showing an average deviation of 11%. Fast spectroscopic imaging and imaging with fat suppression were demonstrated.

Conclusion

A 3D head‐shaped phantom for human brain imaging and spectroscopic imaging in 7 T MRI was demonstrated, making it a realistic phantom for methodology development at 7 T.