bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parties in the Public Eye
Authors: Wolak Jennifer , McAtee Andrea
Published: August 2013

To what degree do people distinguish the partisan divisions of national politics from the partisan battles within their state? We explore why people hold favorable views of the political parties in their state, investigating the degree to which such evaluations are simply an artifact of national considerations, or responsive to the political performance and ideological leanings of the state political parties. Using a national survey from 2007, we consider why people like or dislike the Democratic and Republican Parties in their states. While ratings of the state political parties carry the imprint of national political considerations, they are also responsive to the character of state parties. As the liberalism of state parties increases, liberals offer increasingly favorable evaluations of the Democratic Party, while conservatives offer increasingly negative party evaluations. Under Republican state legislatures, better economic performance translates into greater support for the party. Popular support for state political parties rests in part on the policy positions these parties take and the party's performance in office.
Peachtree City, Georgia
Authors: Reinberger Mark
Published: August 2013

In post–World War II America, planners touted new towns as one answer to the increasingly evident evils of suburban sprawl. These trace their history to Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City, as well as more recent examples such as Radburn. Some of these post-war new towns are well known, such as Columbia and Reston, but one, Peachtree City, Georgia, has largely escaped scholarly notice. Peachtree began at the same time as Columbia but took much longer to develop. This article examines Peachtree’s origins and growth, along with the motivations of those who founded and settled in it. It was strongly progressive and environmentally sensitive in a time and place where these qualities were unusual.
The Challenges of Changing Dietary Behaviors of Underserved Populations
Authors: Brown Onikia
Published: August 2013

The dietary behaviors of underserved populations contribute to diet-related health disparities. Behavior change is affected by many factors that may be grouped in four main categories; individual, interpersonal, institutional, and community and public factors.6However, underserved populations experience additional stressors that create greater barriers to achieving dietary behavior change. Researchers and health professionals are encouraged to work with and within underserved communities to provide appropriate and acceptable programming. This article highlights other stressors that make behavior change more challenging for underserved populations. Additionally, guidance to developing and implementing successful interventions to improve dietary behavior change in underserved populations is included.
The IDO1-induced kynurenines play a major role in the antimicrobial effect of human myeloid cells against Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Niño-Castro Andrea , Abdullah Zeinab , Popov Alexey , Thabet Yasser , Beyer Marc , Knolle Percy , Domann Eugen , Chakraborty Trinad , Schmidt Susanne V , Schultze Joachim L
Published: August 2013

Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an established cellular response to infection with numerous pathogens. Several mechanisms, such as IDO1-mediated tryptophan (Trp) depletion, but also accumulation of Trp catabolites, have been associated with the antimicrobial effects of IDO+ cells. Recent findings of IDO1 as an immunoinhibitory and signaling molecule extended these previous observations. Using infection of professional phagocytes with Listeria monocytogenes ( L.m.) as a model, we illustrate that IDO1 induction is a species-specific event observed in human, but not murine myeloid, cells. Knockdown and inhibition experiments indicate that IDO1 enzymatic activity is required for the anti- L.m. effect. Surprisingly, the IDO1-mediated antimicrobial effect is less prominent when Trp is depleted, but can be significantly amplified by tryptophan excess, leading to increased accumulation of catabolites that promote enhanced bactericidal activity. We observed a pathogen-specific pattern with kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-kynurenine being most potent against L.m., but not against other bacteria. Hence, apparent discrepant findings concerning IDO1-mediated antimicrobial mechanisms can be reconciled by a model of species and pathogen-specificity of IDO1 function. Our findings highlight the necessity to consider species- and pathogen-specific aspects of host–pathogen interactions when elucidating the individual role of antimicrobial proteins such as IDO1.
LTβR expression on hematopoietic cells regulates acute inflammation and influences maturation of myeloid subpopulations
Authors: Wege Anja K , Huber Barbara , Wimmer Nadin , Männel Daniela N , Hehlgans Thomas
Published: August 2013

Lymphotoxin beta-receptor (LTβR) is involved in the formation and maintenance of secondary lymphoid structures, as well as in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Because LTβR lymphoid structure formation continues to develop in infants, we compared two different chimera models: one using adult mice and the other using a transplantation model of neonatal mice. To elucidate the function of LTβR on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, we generated bone marrow chimeras on the wild type C57Bl/6 and the LTβR-deficient (LTβR−/−) background, and reconstituted the mice with bone marrow cells reciprocally. These chimeric mice were analyzed in the experimental model of acute dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Interestingly, both models revealed not only equal reconstitution levels but also similar immunological responses: LTβR expression on stromal cells is essential for lymph node formation, whereas LTBR on hematopoietic cells is crucial for a decrease in inflammation. In addition, mice lacking LTβR on hematopoietic cells revealed (a) an increase of immature granulocytic cells in the spleen and (b) a reduced proportion of myeloid cells in peripheral blood and spleen expressing CD11b+Ly6C+Ly6G− (myeloid-derived suppressor cells expression profile). In conclusion, LTβR expression on hematopoietic cells seems to be involved in the down-regulation of acute inflammatory reactions paralleled by the appearance of immature myeloid cells.
The role of TLR2 and 4 in Behçet's disease pathogenesis
Authors: Seoudi Noha , Bergmeier Lesley A , Hagi-Pavli Eleni , Bibby David , Curtis Michael A , Fortune Farida
Published: August 2013

TLRs are PRRs that play a pivotal role in sensing exogenous pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-related diseases is gradually being unravelled. TLR2 and TLR4 are capable of sensing the oral microbial community, which is considered a potential trigger for Behçet’s disease (BD). This study aimed to investigate the expression and function of TLR2 and TLR4 in the oral mucosa of BD. A total of 87 patients was included: 55 BD, 24 healthy controls and eight recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Total RNA was purified from non-lesional oral mucosal brush biopsies and analysed for the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA, along with their splice variants. The response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to classical TLR2 and TLR4 agonists was also investigated. TLR2b, TLR2d, TLR2e, TLR4.3 and TLR4.4 were significantly elevated in relapsed BD. A significant defect in the response to cognate agonists of TLR1/2 heterodimer and TLR4 was also observed in BD. The expression of unusual splice variants of TLR2 and TLR4 might explain the observed defect in these receptors’ function in BD.
Sonography of Isolated Internal Jugular Vein Impingement and Thrombosis
Authors: Rodriguez Joleen D.
Published: August 2013

This case illustrates incidental findings of internal jugular vein (IJV) impingement and thrombosis caused by a metastatic tumor. Sonography of an asymptomatic adult female demonstrated nonocclusive deep venous thrombosis in the left IJV and an impinging vascular mass. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography confirmed compression, displacement, and obstruction of the IJV and metastasis. This case highlights the utility of sonography to identify unsuspected pathologies.
Egress of CD19+CD5+ cells into peripheral blood following treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in mantle cell lymphoma patients
Authors: Chang Betty Y. , Francesco Michelle , De Rooij Martin F. M. , Magadala Padmaja , Steggerda Susanne M. , Huang Min Mei , Kuil Annemieke , Herman Sarah E. M. , Chang Stella , Pals Steven T. , Wilson Wyndham , Wiestner Adrian , Spaargaren Marcel , Buggy Joseph J. , Elias Laurence
Published: August 2013

Key Points

MCL cells are mobilized into the peripheral blood of patients treated with the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. Ibrutinib dose-dependently inhibits BCR- and chemokine-mediated adhesion and migration of MCL cells.
Clonal genetic and hematopoietic heterogeneity among human-induced pluripotent stem cell lines
Authors: Mills Jason A. , Wang Kai , Paluru Prasuna , Ying Lei , Lu Lin , Galvão Aline M. , Xu Dongbin , Yao Yu , Sullivan Spencer K. , Sullivan Lisa M. , Mac Helen , Omari Amel , Jean Jyh-Chang , Shen Steve , Gower Adam , Spira Avi , Mostoslavsky Gustavo , Kotton Darrell N. , French Deborah L. , Weiss Mitchell J. , Gadue Paul
Published: August 2013

Key Points

Normal induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit donor-specific gene expression signatures and the capacity for hematopoietic development. CNVs acquired during reprogramming or selection of rare CNVs present in the starting cell population may alter iPSC developmental potential.
Evaluation of the taxonomic status of populations assigned to Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae) based on molecular, chromosomal, and morphological approach
Authors: Bruschi Daniel Pacheco , Busin Carmen Sílvia , Toledo Luís Felipe , Vasconcellos Gilda Andrade , Strussmann Christine , Weber Luiz Norberto , Lima Albertina Pimentel , Lima Jucivaldo Dias , Recco-Pimentel Shirlei Maria
Published: August 2013

Background

The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Phyllomedusa have been amply discussed. The marked morphological similarities among some species hamper the reliable identification of specimens and may often lead to their incorrect taxonomic classification on the sole basis of morphological traits. Phenotypic variation was observed among populations assigned to either P. azurea or P. hypochondrialis. In order to evaluate whether the variation observed in populations assigned to P. hypochondrialis is related to that in genotypes, a cytogenetic analysis was combined with phylogenetic inferences based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences.

Results

The inter- and intra-population variation in the external morphology observed among the specimens analyzed in the present study do not reflect the phylogenetic relationships among populations. A monophyletic clade was recovered, grouping all the specimens identified as P. hypochondrialis and specimens assigned P. azurea from Minas Gerais state. This clade is characterized by conserved chromosomal morphology and a common C-banding pattern. Extensive variation in the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) was observed among populations, with four distinct NOR positions being recognized in the karyotypes. Intra-population polymorphism of the additional rDNA clusters observed in specimens from Barreiras, Bahia state, also highlights the marked genomic instability of the rDNA in the genome of this group. Based on the topology obtained in the phylogenetic analyses, the re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of the specimens from the southernmost population known in Brazil is recommended.

Conclusions

The results of this study support the need for a thorough revision of the phenotypic features used to discriminate P. azurea and P. hypochondrialis. The phylogenetic data presented here also contribute to an extension of the geographic range of P. hypochondrialis, which is known to occur in the Amazon basin and neighboring areas of the Cerrado savanna, where it may be sympatric with P. azurea, within contact zones. The misidentification of specimens may have led to inconsistencies in the original definition of the geographic range of P. azurea. The variability observed in the NOR of P. hypochondrialis reinforces the conclusion that these sites represent hotspots of rearrangement. Intraspecific variation in the location of these sites is the result of constant rearrangements that are not detected by classical cytogenetic methods or are traits of an ancestral, polymorphic karyotype, which would not be phylogenetically informative for this group.
De novo characterization of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. transcriptome and analysis of its gene expression induced by jasmonates
Authors: Men Lina , Yan Shanchun , Liu Guanjun
Published: August 2013

Background

Larix gmelinii is a dominant tree species in China’s boreal forests and plays an important role in the coniferous ecosystem. It is also one of the most economically important tree species in the Chinese timber industry due to excellent water resistance and anti-corrosion of its wood products. Unfortunately, in Northeast China, L. gmelinii often suffers from serious attacks by diseases and insects. The application of exogenous volatile semiochemicals may induce and enhance its resistance against insect or disease attacks; however, little is known regarding the genes and molecular mechanisms related to induced resistance.

Results

We performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the L. gmelinii transcriptome using a short read sequencing technology (Illumina). Chemical defenses of L. gmelinii seedlings were induced with jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 6 hours. Transcriptomes were compared between seedlings induced by JA, MeJA and untreated controls using a tag-based digital gene expression profiling system. In a single run, 25,977,782 short reads were produced and 51,157 unigenes were obtained with a mean length of 517 nt. We sequenced 3 digital gene expression libraries and generated between 3.5 and 5.9 million raw tags, and obtained 52,040 reliable reference genes after removing redundancy. The expression of disease/insect-resistance genes (e.g., phenylalanine ammonialyase, coumarate 3-hydroxylase, lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase) was up-regulated. The expression profiles of some abundant genes under different elicitor treatment were studied by using real-time qRT-PCR.

The results showed that the expression levels of disease/insect-resistance genes in the seedling samples induced by JA and MeJA were higher than those in the control group. The seedlings induced with MeJA elicited the strongest increases in disease/insect-resistance genes.

Conclusions

Both JA and MeJA induced seedlings of L. gmelinii showed significantly increased expression of disease/insect-resistance genes. MeJA seemed to have a stronger induction effect than JA on expression of disease/insect-resistance related genes. This study provides sequence resources for L. gmelinii research and will help us to better understand the functions of disease/insect-resistance genes and the molecular mechanisms of secondary metabolisms in L. gmelinii.
Warfarin use in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: decisions based on uncertainty
Authors: Juma Salina , Thomson Benjamin KA , Lok Charmaine E , Clase Catherine M , Blake Peter G , Moist Louise
Published: August 2013

Background

Warfarin prescribing patterns for hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation vary widely amongst nephrologists. This may be due to a paucity of guiding evidence, but also due to concerns of increased risks of warfarin use in this population. The literature lacks clarity on the balance of warfarin therapy between prevention of thrombotic strokes and the increased risks of bleeding in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods

We performed a survey of Canadian Nephrologists, assessing warfarin prescribing practice, and measured the certainty in making these choices.

Results

Respondents were consistently uncertain about warfarin use for atrial fibrillation. This uncertainty increased with a history of falls or starting hemodialysis, even when a high CHADS2 or CHA2DS2VASc score was present. The majority of respondents agreed that clinical equipoise existed about the use of oral anticoagulation in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation (72.2%) and that the results of a randomized controlled trial would be relevant to their practice (98.2%).

Conclusions

A randomized controlled trial of warfarin use in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation would clarify the risks and benefits of warfarin use in this population.
Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions in second- or later-line treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a systematic review
Authors: Sharma Sheetal , Takyar Shweta , Manson Stephanie C , Powell Sarah , Penel Nicolas
Published: August 2013

Background

Current guidelines recommend anthracycline-based chemotherapy primarily with doxorubicin either as monotherapy or in combination with ifosfamide as the first-line treatment for most advanced STS subtypes. Therapeutic options after failure of doxorubicin and/or ifosfamide are limited. This study aimed to comprehensively review available data on the activity and safety of interventions in second- or later-line treatment of advanced STS.

Methods

Electronic literature databases (Embase®, MEDLINE®, MEDLINE® In-Process, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) were searched from 1980 to 01 March 2012 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies (both prospective and retrospective) evaluating pharmacological interventions in patients with advanced STS pre-treated with anthracycline- and/or ifosfamide-based therapy.

Results

The review identified six RCTs (one phase III and five phase II trials) and 94 non-randomised studies. Based on the primary trial endpoints, RCTs demonstrated favourable efficacy for pazopanib over placebo (PFS: 4.6 months vs. 1.6 months), gemcitabine plus dacarbazine over dacarbazine monotherapy (3-month PFS rate: 54.2% vs. 35.2%), and trabectedin 3-weekly schedule over weekly schedule (TTP: 3.7 months vs. 2.3 months. The non-randomised studies demonstrated heterogeneity in efficacy and safety results.

Conclusions

Across the RCTs, pazopanib over placebo, gemcitabine-dacarbazine over dacarbazine, and trabectedin 3-weekly over weekly regimen clearly demonstrated a PFS advantage in the second- and later-line treatment of advanced STS. With only one phase III trial in this setting, there is a clear need for additional comparative trials to better understand the risk: benefit ratios of available agents and combinations.
Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment: a comparison of three models
Authors: Yan Liping , Liu Enwu , McGoogan Jennifer M , Duan Song , Wu Li-Tzy , Comulada Scott , Wu Zunyou
Published: August 2013

Background

Both compulsory detoxification treatment and community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) exist for heroin addicts in China. We aim to examine the effectiveness of three intervention models for referring heroin addicts released from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China.

Methods

Using a quasi-experimental study design, three different referral models were assigned to four detoxification centers. Heroin addicts were enrolled based on their fulfillment to eligibility criteria and provision of informed consent. Two months prior to their release, information on demographic characteristics, history of heroin use, and prior participation in intervention programs was collected via a survey, and blood samples were obtained for HIV testing. All subjects were followed for six months after release from detoxification centers. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors predicting successful referrals to MMT clinics.

Results

Of the 226 participants who were released and followed, 9.7% were successfully referred to MMT(16.2% of HIV-positive participants and 7.0% of HIV-negative participants). A higher proportion of successful referrals was observed among participants who received both referral cards and MMT treatment while still in detoxification centers (25.8%) as compared to those who received both referral cards and police-assisted MMT enrollment (5.4%) and those who received referral cards only (0%). Furthermore, those who received referral cards and MMT treatment while still in detoxification had increased odds of successful referral to an MMT clinic (adjusted OR = 1.2, CI = 1.1-1.3). Having participated in an MMT program prior to detention (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.3-1.6) was the only baseline covariate associated with increased odds of successful referral.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that providing MMT within detoxification centers promotes successful referral of heroin addicts to community-based MMT upon their release.
An unusual case of orbito-frontal rod fence stab injury with a good outcome
Authors: Miscusi Massimo , Arangio Paolo , De Martino Luca , De-Giorgio Fabio , Cascone Piero , Raco Antonino
Published: August 2013

Background

High-energy non-missile penetrating injuries (stab injuries) account for a small percentage of penetrating head injuries and they present a series of special features.

Case presentation

A 35-year-old man suffered orbito-frontal? and trans-cranial injuries after falling five meters from a terrace onto a rod iron fence. The removal of the metal rod was performed outside the operating room. The orbital roof was exposed and repaired through a bifrontal craniotomy and the frontal sinuses were cranialised. The orbital floor and zygoma were plated with micro-screws.

Conclusion

The patient recovered without significant complications, apart from a slight paresis of the right superior rectus; the ocular globe remained intact.

The positive outcome obtained in this very challenging case is attributable to the competency of the Neurotrauma Unit and to the use of a synergistic approach which involved the contribution of neurosurgeons, maxillo-facial surgeons, radiologists and anaesthesiologists.
Tigecycline treatment of infection caused by KPC-producing Escherichia coli in a pediatric patient
Authors: Du Xiaoxing , Fu Ying , Yu Yunsong
Published: August 2013

Tigecycline shows great antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and has been considered to be an appropriate choice in controlling infection caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Although many clinical trials evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline on adults, rare reports recommend tigecycline to treat pediatric patient. In this study, we presented a clinical case with tigecycline as an anti-infectious agent on a 14-year-old child who was suffering from infection of intraperitoneal abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC)-producing Escherichia coli with extreme drug resistant profile. By accessing the clinical outcome and efficacy of the patient, and the side effects of tigecycline, our research explored the documented experience of tigecycline on controlling infection caused by CPE isolate in children.
Ethanolic extract of propolis inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice
Authors: Fang Yongqi , Sang Hui , Yuan Na , Sun Hongli , Yao Shutong , Wang Jiafu , Qin Shucun
Published: August 2013

Background

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on the development of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice.

Methods

Eight-week-old male ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with EEP (160 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (the same dose) respectively for 14 weeks. The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined by enzymatic methods. Non-HDL-C was calculated as TC minus HDL-C. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), endothelin (ET), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Nitric oxide (NO) content was measured with an enzymatic nitrate reductase assay. Analyses of atherosclerotic lesions in whole aorta and aortic root sections were performed with plaque staining using Oil Red O.

Results

Compared with the vehicle-treated group, serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and non-HDL-C reduced significantly by 31.88%, 21.01%, and 27.11% respectively in the EEP-treated group. Administration of EEP decreased the level of IL-6 and increased the level of IL-17 in ApoE−/− mice with a high-fat diet. Compared with the vehicle-treated group,EEP significantly reduced the levels of ET and VEGF,and showed a trend to increase NO and inhibit iNOS. In the ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, EEP significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion development in the aortic root and whole aorta.

Conclusion

EEP can inhibit atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet possibly through modulating cholesterol, regulating inflammatory reaction,inhibiting ET and VEGF, and protecting vascular endothelial cells.
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: clinicopathologic analysis of three cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Chang Kun , Dai Bo , Kong YunYi , Qu YuanYuan , Wu JianNong , Ye DingWei , Yao XuDong , Zhang ShiLin , Zhang HaiLiang , Zhu Yao , Yao WeiQiang
Published: August 2013

Background

Although conventional adenocarcinoma accounts for the majority of prostatic carcinomas, it is important to recognize rare variants, like basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which has distinctive histopathological and biological features.

Case report

We analyzed three cases of prostatic BCC and all of them complained of acute urinary retention and digital rectal examination disclosed a stony hard prostate. However, all of them presented with low prostate-specific antigen. The diagnosis relied on transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsies or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The microscopic findings suggested basaloid cells with large pleomorphic nuclei and scant cytoplasm, showing peripheral palisading and forming solid nests, and immunohistochemical markers like 34βE12, p63 and Ki67 staining, were positive. After active treatment, two of the patients are alive with tumor and one died five months after discharge from our hospital.
Relationship between clinical and instrumental balance assessments in chronic post-stroke hemiparesis subjects
Authors: Sawacha Zimi , Carraro Elena , Contessa Paola , Guiotto Annamaria , Masiero Stefano , Cobelli Claudio
Published: August 2013

Background

Stroke is often associated with balance deficits that increase the risk of falls and may lead to severe mobility disfunctions or death. The purpose of this study is to establish the relation between the outcome of instrumented posturography and of the most commonly used clinical balance tests, and investigate their role for obtaining reliable feedback on stroke patients’ balance impairment.

Methods

Romberg test was performed on 20 subjects, 10 hemiplegic post-stroke subjects (SS, 69.4 ± 8.2 years old) and 10 control subjects (CS, 61.6 ± 8.6 years old), with 1 Bertec force plate. The following parameters were estimated from the centre of pressure (CoP) trajectory, which can be used to define subjects’ performance during the balance task: sway area; ellipse (containing 95% of the data); mean CoP path and velocity in the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. The following clinical scales and tests were administered to the subjects: Tinetti Balance test (TB); Berg Balance test (BBT); Time up and go test (TUG), Fugl-Meyer (lower limbs) (FM), Motricity Index (lower limbs), Trunk Control Test, Functional Independence Measure. Comparison between SS and CS subjects was performed by using the Student t-test. The Pearson Correlation coefficient was computed between instrumental and clinical parameters.

Results

Mean ± standard deviation for the balance scales scores of SS were: 12.5 ± 3.6 for TB, 42.9 ± 13.1 for BBT, 24 s and 75 cent ± 25 s and 70 cent for TUG. Correlation was found among some CoP parameters and both BBT and TUG in the eyes open and closed conditions (0.9 ≤ R ≤ 0.8). Sway area correlated only with TUG. Statistically significant differences were found between SS and CS in all CoP parameters in eyes open condition (p < 0.04); whereas in eyes closed condition only CoP path and velocity (p < 0.02) differed significantly.

Conclusions

Correlation was found only among some of the clinical and instrumental balance outcomes, indicating that they might measure different aspects of balance control. Consistently with previous findings in healthy and pathological subjects, our results suggest that instrumented posturography should be recommended for use in clinical practice in addition to clinical functional tests.
Asbestos and erionite prime and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome that stimulates autocrine cytokine release in human mesothelial cells
Authors: Hillegass Jedd M , Miller Jill M , MacPherson Maximilian B , Westbom Catherine M , Sayan Mutlay , Thompson Joyce K , Macura Sherrill L , Perkins Timothy N , Beuschel Stacie L , Alexeeva Vlada , Pass Harvey I , Steele Chad , Mossman Brooke T , Shukla Arti
Published: August 2013

Background

Pleural fibrosis and malignant mesotheliomas (MM) occur after exposures to pathogenic fibers, yet the mechanisms initiating these diseases are unclear.

Results

We document priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human mesothelial cells by asbestos and erionite that is causally related to release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Transcription and release of these proteins are inhibited in vitro using Anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist that reduces these cytokines in a human peritoneal MM mouse xenograft model.

Conclusions

These novel data show that asbestos-induced priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers an autocrine feedback loop modulated via the IL-1 receptor in mesothelial cell type targeted in pleural infection, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis.
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration
Authors: Pairis-Garcia Monique D , Karriker Locke A , Johnson Anna K , Kukanich Butch , Wulf Larry , Sander Suzanne , Millman Suzanne T , Stalder Kenneth J , Coetzee Johann F
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) FM PK in mature swine. Appropriate pain management for lameness in swine is a critical control point for veterinarians and producers, but science-based guidance on optimal housing, management and treatment of lameness is deficient. Six mature swine (121–168 kg) were administered an IV, IM, or PO dose of flunixin meglumine at a target dose of 2.2 mg/kg in a cross-over design with a 10 day washout period between treatments. Plasma samples collected up to 48 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis.

Results

No adverse effects were observed with flunixin meglumine administration for all routes. Flunixin meglumine was administered at an actual mean dose of 2.21 mg/kg (range: 2.05-2.48 mg/kg) IV, IM and PO. A mean peak plasma concentration (CMAX) for IM and PO administration was 3748 ng/ml (range: 2749–6004 ng/ml) and 946 ng/ml (range: 554–1593 ng/ml), respectively. TMAX was recorded at 1.00 hour (range: 0.50-2.00 hours) and 0.61 hours (range: 0.17-2.00 hours) after PO and IM administration. Half-life (T ½ λz) for IV, IM and PO administration was 6.29 hours (range: 4.84-8.34 hours), 7.49 hours (range: 5.55-12.98 hours) and 7.08 hours (range: 5.29-9.15 hours) respectively. In comparison, bioavailability (F) for PO administration was 22% (range: 11-44%) compared to IM F at 76% (range: 54-92%).

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that FM oral administration is not the most effective administration route for mature swine when compared to IV and IM. Lower F and Cmax of PO-FM in comparison to IM-FM suggest that PO-FM is less likely to be an effective therapeutic administration route.
Postoperative radiotherapy for completely resected Masaoka stage III thymoma: a retrospective study of 65 cases from a single institution
Authors: Fan Chengcheng , Feng Qinfu , Chen Yidong , Zhai Yirui , Zhou Zongmei , Chen Dongfu , Xiao Zefen , Zhang Hongxing , Li Jian , Hui Zhouguang , Liang Jun , Lv Jima , Mao Yousheng , Wang Luhua , He Jie
Published: August 2013

Background

The role of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for patients with stage III thymoma after complete resection is not definite. Some authors have advocated postoperative RT after complete tumor resection, but some others suggested observation. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the effect of postoperative RT on survival as well as tumor control in patients with Masaoka stage III thymoma.

Methods

Between June 1982 and December 2010, 65 patients who underwent complete resection of stage III thymoma entered the study. Fifty-three patients had adjuvant RT after surgery (S + R) and 12 had surgery only (S alone). Of patients who had adjuvant RT, 28 had three-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT)/intensity modulated RT (IMRT) and 25 had conventional RT. A median prescribed dose of 56 Gy (range, 28–60 Gy) was given.

Results

The median follow-up time was 50 months (range, 5–360 months). Five- and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 91.7% and 71.6%, respectively, for S + R and 81.5% and 65.2% for S alone (P = 0.5), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, patients with 3D-CRT/IMRT showed a trend of improved 5-year OS rate compared with conventional RT (100% vs. 86.9%, P =0.12). Compared with S alone, the 5-year OS rate was significantly improved (100% vs. 81.5%, P = 0.049). Relapses occurred in 15 patients (23.1%). There was a trend of lower crude local recurrence rates for S + R (3.8%) compared with S alone (16.7%) (P = 0.09), whereas the crude regional recurrence rates were similar (P = 0.9). No clear dose–response relationship was found according to prescribed doses.

Conclusions

Adjuvant 3D-CRT/IMRT showed potential advantages in improving survival and reducing relapse in patients with stage III thymoma after complete resection, whereas adjuvant RT did not significantly improve survival or reduce recurrence for the cohort as a whole. Doses of ≤ 50 Gy may be effective and could be prescribed for adjuvant RT. To confirm the role of adjuvant 3D-CRT/IMRT in patients who undergo a complete resection of thymoma, a multicenter randomized study should be performed.
Transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells by loss of contact-mediated signaling
Authors: Back Walter de , Zimm Roland , Brusch Lutz
Published: August 2013

Background

Replacement of dysfunctional β-cells in the islets of Langerhans by transdifferentiation of pancreatic acinar cells has been proposed as a regenerative therapy for diabetes. Adult acinar cells spontaneously revert to a multipotent state upon tissue dissociation in vitro and can be stimulated to redifferentiate into β-cells. Despite accumulating evidence that contact-mediated signals are involved, the mechanisms regulating acinar-to-islet cell transdifferentiation remain poorly understood.

Results

In this study, we propose that the crosstalk between two contact-mediated signaling mechanisms, lateral inhibition and lateral stabilization, controls cell fate stability and transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells. Analysis of a mathematical model combining gene regulation with contact-mediated signaling reveals the multistability of acinar and islet cell fates. Inhibition of one or both modes of signaling results in transdifferentiation from the acinar to the islet cell fate, either by dedifferentiation to a multipotent state or by direct lineage switching.

Conclusions

This study provides a theoretical framework to understand the role of contact-mediated signaling in pancreatic cell fate control that may help to improve acinar-to-islet cell transdifferentiation strategies for β-cell neogenesis.
Development of an in vitro drug sensitivity assay based on newly excysted larvae of Echinostoma caproni
Authors: Panic Gordana , Ingram Katrin , Keiser Jennifer
Published: August 2013

Background

Echinostomiasis is one of the major food-borne trematodiases and the species Echinostoma caproni serves as a useful model for trematocidal drug discovery. The current in vitro drug sensitivity assay uses adult E. caproni worms that are incubated with candidate drugs and scored microscopically for viability at 72 hrs. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of newly excysted larvae (NEL) of E. caproni for in vitro drug testing, which would be faster, more cost effective and more ethical compared to adult worm assays.

Methods

Larvae were obtained by collecting metacercariae from snails and triggering their excystation using the trypsin-bile salt excystation method. Studies concerning various parameters of this chemical transformation process as well as appropriate NEL culturing conditions were carried out and findings evaluated. NEL and adult worms were incubated with praziquantel, tribendimidine, albendazole and quinine and evaluated microscopically 72 hrs post-incubation. In addition, the colorimetric markers resazurin, CellTiter-Glo® and Vybrant® were tested as an alternative assay read-out method.

Results

The chemical excystation method successfully induced E. caproni metacercariae to excyst at a rate of about 20-60%. NEL remained viable in culture medium for 5–7 days. The results of an in vitro drug assay using NEL mirrored the results of an assay using adult worms incubated with the same drugs. None of the markers could reliably produce signals proportional to NEL viability or cytotoxicity without significant complications.

Conclusion

NEL are adequate for in vitro drug testing. Challenges remain in further improving the excystation yield and the practicability of the assay setup. Resolving these issues could also improve read-outs using colorimetric markers. Using NEL is in alignment with the 3 R rules of the ethical use of laboratory animals and can greatly increase the rate and affordability with which drugs are screened in vitro against this intestinal trematode.
Vascular endothelial cells facilitated HCC invasion and metastasis through the Akt and NF-κB pathways induced by paracrine cytokines
Authors: Wang Yao-Hui , Dong Yin-Ying , Wang Wei-Min , Xie Xiao-Ying , Wang Zhi-Ming , Chen Rong-Xin , Chen Jie , Gao Dong-Mei , Cui Jie-Feng , Ren Zheng-Gang
Published: August 2013

Background

It is well documented that cancer cells secrete angiogenic factors to recruit and sustain tumor vascular networks. However, little is known about the effects of endothelial cells on the behavior of tumor cells. The study here was to determine the roles of endothelial cells in HCC cell growth, migration and invasion.

Methods

A mixture of highly metastatic MHCC97H cells and HUVEC cells, as well as MHCC97H cells alone were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to observe the effects of HUVECs on HCC growth. The biological characteristics of MHCC97H cells respectively treated with conditioned medium (CM) derived from HUVECs and endothelial cell basal medium (EBM) in vitro, such as proliferation, migration and invasion, invasion/metastasis associated gene expression, were comparatively analyzed. Differential cytokines between CM and EBM were screened and identified using human cytokine array. Effects of the interested differential cytokine CCL2, IL-8 and CXCL16 and its related signaling pathways were further investigated in HCC cells.

Results

Subcutaneous tumorigenicity of MHCC97H cells in nude mice was promoted by HUVECs and its invasion/metastasis associated genes were significantly upregulated. The in vitro, proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells treated with CM were all significantly enhanced as compared to those with EBM stimulation. Simultaneously, PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathway in HCC cells were activated by CM. Total of 25 differential cytokines were identified between CM and EBM such as angiopoietin-2, CCL2 (MCP-1), uPA, endostatin, CXCL16, IL-8, pentraxin 3 etc. The selected differential cytokines CCL2, IL-8 and CXCL16 all modulated the expressions of HCC invasion/metastasis genes, especially MMP2 and MMP9. In exposure to CCL2 or CXCL16 alone, upregulation in AKT phosphorylation but no change in ERK phosphorylation were found in MHCC97H cells, moreover the contents of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB were increased as compared to the control. However, no effects on the activation of Akt and ERK pathway in MHCC97H were found in exposure to IL-8.

Conclusion

This study expands the contribution of endothelial cells to the progression of HCC. It unveils a new paradigm in which endothelial cells function as initiators of molecular crosstalks that enhance survival, migration and invasion of HCC cells.
Striking life events associated with primary breast cancer susceptibility in women: a meta-analysis study
Authors: Lin Yan , Wang Changjun , Zhong Ying , Huang Xin , Peng Li , Shan Guangliang , Wang Ke , Sun Qiang
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The association between striking life events, an important stress and acute anxiety disorder, and the occurrence of primary breast cancer is unclear. The current meta-analysis was designed to assess the relationship between striking life events and primary breast cancer incidence in women.

Methods

Systematic computerized searching of the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and BMJ databases with the combinations of controlled descriptors from Mesh, including breast cancer, breast tumor, cancer of breast, mammary carcinoma, life events, life change events, case–control studies, case-base studies, cohort study, and cohort analysis and identified a total of 307 papers published from January 1995 to April 2012. Following evaluation of methodological quality with the Downs & Black criteria, seven case–control or cohort studies were selected and the association between striking life events and primary breast cancer incidence in women was measured using random effect or fixed-effect odds ratios combined with 95% confidence interval.

Results

The seven studies included in the final meta-analysis included 99,807 women. A meta-analysis showed that the pooled OR for striking life events and breast cancer was 1.51 (95% CI 1.15 - 1.97, P = 0.003), indicating that women with striking life events were at 1.5-fold greater risk of developing breast cancer. The pooled OR for severe striking life events and breast cancer was 2.07 (95% CI 1.06 - 4.03), indicating that women with severe striking life events were at 2-fold greater risk of developing breast cancer.

Conclusions

The current meta-analysis showed significant evidence for a positive association between striking life events and primary breast cancer incidence in women.
“They just scraped off the calluses”: a mixed methods exploration of foot care access and provision for people with rheumatoid arthritis in south‐western Sydney, Australia
Authors: Hendry Gordon J , Gibson Kathryn A , Pile Kevin , Taylor Luke , Du Toit Verona , Burns Joshua , Rome Keith
Published: August 2013

Background

There is little indication that foot health services in Australia are meeting modern day recommendations for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients. The overall objective of this study was to explore the current state of foot health services for patients with RA with an emphasis on identifying barriers to the receipt of appropriate foot care in South‐West Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Methods

A mixed (quantitative and qualitative) approach was adopted. Indications for appropriate access to foot care were determined by comparing the foot health, disease and socio‐demographic characteristics of patients with unmet foot care demands, foot care users and patients with no demands for foot care. Perceptions of provision of, and access to, foot care were explored by conducting telephone‐based interviews using an interpretative phenomenology approach with thematic analysis.

Results

Twenty‐nine participants took part in the cross‐sectional quantitative research study design, and 12 participants took part in the interpretative phenomenological approach (qualitative study). Foot care access appeared to be driven predominantly by the presence of rearfoot deformity, which was significantly worse amongst participants in the foot care user group (p = 0.02). Five main themes emerged from the qualitative data: 1) impact of disease‐related foot symptoms, 2) footwear difficulties, 3) medical/rheumatology encounters, 4) foot and podiatry care access and experiences, and 5) financial hardship.

Conclusions

Foot care provision does not appear to be driven by appropriate foot health characteristics such as foot pain or foot‐related disability. There may be significant shortfalls in footwear and foot care access and provision in Greater Western Sydney. Several barriers to adequate foot care access and provision were identified and further efforts are required to improve access to and the quality of foot care for people who have RA. Integration of podiatry services within rheumatology centres could resolve unmet needs of people with RA by permitting rapid access to expert‐led multidisciplinary foot care for people with RA.
Identifying essential genes/reactions of the rice photorespiration by in silico model-based analysis
Authors: Lakshmanan Meiyappan , Mohanty Bijayalaxmi , Lee Dong-Yup
Published: August 2013

Background

Photorespiration, a highly wasteful process of energy dissipation, depresses the productivity of C3 plants such as rice (Oryza sativa) under dry and hot conditions. Thus, it is highly required to understand the cellular physiology and relevant metabolic states under photorespiration using systems approaches, thereby devising strategies for improving rice production.

Findings

In silico model-driven gene deletion analysis was performed on photorespiring leaf cells under ambient and stressed environmental conditions using our central metabolic network of rice cells. As a result, we identified a number of essential genes for the cell growth across various functional pathways such as photorespiratory cycle, Calvin cycle, GS-GOGAT cycle and sucrose metabolism as well as certain inter-compartmental transporters, which are mostly in good agreement with previous experiments. Synthetic lethal (SL) screening was also performed to identify the pair of non-essential genes whose simultaneous deletion become lethal, revealing the existence of more than 220 pairs of SLs on rice central metabolism.

Conclusions

The gene deletion and synthetic lethal analyses highlighted the rigid nature of rice photosynthetic pathways and characterized functional interactions between central metabolic genes, respectively. The biological roles of such reported essential genes should be further explored to better understand the rice photorespiration in future.