bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jeunes et violence dans l'Allemagne réunifiée : regard différencié sur les données de la police
Authors: Severin-Barboutie Bettina
Published: October 2012

Résumé D’après les statistiques policières, la violence juvénile a augmenté considérablement en Allemagne ces deux dernières décennies. Pourtant, ni l’augmentation des chiffres ni l’image positive du passé suggérée par ces derniers ne correspondent à la réalité. L’article montre la nécessité d’une lecture différenciée des chiffres tout en analysant l’évolution de la violence juvénile en Allemagne depuis la fin des années 1990 jusqu’à nos jours.
Jeunes vulnérables : quels usages des dispositifs d'aide ?
Authors: Muniglia Virginie , Rothé Céline
Published: October 2012

Cet article étudie l’influence des trajectoires des jeunes sur leurs représentations et leurs attentes vis-à-vis des dispositifs d’aide, les conséquences de ces représentations sur leur mode d’utilisation des dispositifs, ainsi que sur les représentations et les attitudes des professionnels à leur égard. S’appuyant sur des entretiens biographiques menés auprès de jeunes adultes en situation de précarité économique et sociale, il présente leur rapport au système d’aide à travers l’identification de trois figures de jeunes vulnérables déterminées par la nature de leurs relations familiales.
Systèmes locaux et action publique : l'exemple des jeunes vulnérables
Authors: David Olivier , Le Grand Éric , Loncle Patricia
Published: October 2012

Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les politiques locales qui s’adressent à la jeunesse vulnérable dans les trois départements du programme de recherche JUVENIL (l’Ille-et-Vilaine, l’Hérault et la Seine-Saint-Denis). Ce faisant, il dresse un état des lieux des actions menées dans le cadre de ces politiques, de leurs caractéristiques communes, ainsi que de leurs différences. Il tente également de mettre en évidence les raisons des disparités de mise en œuvre en s’appuyant sur une analyse des systèmes locaux d’action publique.
Jeunes gitans voyageurs
Authors: Douard Olivier
Published: October 2012

Les jeunes gitans voyageurs, par leur façon d’habiter le territoire sans susciter d’empreinte au sol, par le déplacement du système de normes qu’ils imposent, prennent massivement à contre-pied l’intervention sociale et éducative. Leurs vulnérabilités embrayent moins clairement que pour d’autres sur un enlisement du processus d’émancipation ou sur un déficit de puissance sociale. Elles n’en sont pas moins réelles et conduisent à s’interroger sur les stratégies professionnelles et institutionnelles qu’impose la recomposition des systèmes locaux de précarité. L’appel à des mesures dérogatoires, l’invention d’alternatives assistancielles renvoient à une forte idéologisation des situations par les acteurs locaux.
Accompagner la transition épidémiologique
Authors: Caire Jean-Michel , Morestin Frédéric , Chabaille Arnaud
Published: October 2012

Cet article a pour objectif de décrire l’évolution de la pratique des ergothérapeutes. Il s’appuie sur l’hypothèse que ce changement est lié en partie à la transition épidémiologique et à son impact sur l’évolution de la prise en compte des états chroniques par les systèmes de santé et de protection sociale. Ces deux facteurs engagent ces professionnels dans une mutation de leur pratique. Conscients de l’intérêt à porter à la participation sociale des personnes vieillissantes et âgées, les auteurs présentent la singularité de l’approche ergothérapique, son intérêt pour l’habitat et le contexte de vie de ces personnes ainsi que les outils et démarches d’évaluation mises en place. Enfin, ils montrent l’émergence des études auxquelles contribuent ces acteurs du soutien à domicile et de l’intérêt de porter un nouveau regard sur cette profession.
Pourquoi les francophones préfèrent-ils la sociologie du vieillissement à la gérontologie critique ?
Authors: Moulaert Thibauld
Published: October 2012

Cet article invite le lecteur francophone à voyager au pays de la critical gerontology . La présentation des principaux courants de cette approche originale du vieillissement a pour objectif de mieux comprendre pourquoi les Francophones, Québécois mis à part, préfèrent se définir comme sociologues du vieillissement que comme gérontologues ou gérontologues sociaux. Dans un numéro consacré à la formation gérontologique, et à partir de deux pistes finales, il se veut un appel aux chercheurs plus jeunes à explorer à des terres nouvelles.
Formes et effets de la pluridisciplinarité
Authors: Campéon Arnaud , Le Bihan-Youinou Blanche , Mallon Isabelle
Published: October 2012

La maladie d’Alzheimer et les troubles apparentés sont depuis quelques années constitués en enjeux majeurs de santé publique. Cette reconnaissance s’est accompagnée de la mise en place d’un dispositif gradué et spécialisé via , notamment, la création de Centres mémoires de ressources et de recherche (CMRR) où peuvent être effectués le diagnostic puis le suivi des patients. Si la pluridisciplinarité constitue une caractéristique majeure des CMRR, qui regroupent une diversité de professionnels de santé (gériatres, neurologues, psychiatres, psychologues, neuropsychologues, infirmières etc.) assurant l’accompagnement des patients, l’analyse comparative de trois sites montre qu’il existe des formes variées de pluridisciplinarité, en fonction de la composition des équipes. Cet article propose d’éclairer les approches différenciées de trois types de spécialistes – les gériatres, les neurologues et dans une moindre mesure les psychiatres – qui travaillent au sein de ces CMRR, ainsi que la façon dont leurs relations façonnent leurs pratiques professionnelles.
La gestion de cas en gérontologie : nouveau métier, nouvelles questions
Authors: Corvol Aline , Moutel Grégoire , Somme Dominique
Published: October 2012

La gestion de cas est une pratique professionnelle qui s’implante actuellement en France, en particulier dans le domaine des soins aux personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie, sous l’impulsion du Plan National Alzheimer 2008-2012. Les « gestionnaires de cas » sont des professionnels qui interviennent auprès de personnes âgées vivant à domicile dont la situation est jugée particulièrement complexe sur le plan médical et social. Ils ont une expérience professionnelle comme infirmiers, travailleur social, psychologue ou ergothérapeute, et reçoivent une formation spécifique. Ils évaluent les besoins des personnes suivies et planifient et coordonnent les soins et les aides nécessaires. Ils accompagnent la personne sur le long terme, avec des visites régulières à domicile. L’implantation de ce nouveau service s’accompagne de la mise en place d’outils visant à favoriser le travail en commun des acteurs des secteurs sanitaires et sociaux au niveau d’un territoire pour lutter contre la fragmentation du système et promouvoir l’intégration. Nous discutons ici des spécificités du modèle français de gestion de cas, dit « intensif », et des questions éthiques qu’il soulève. Elles concernent principalement trois domaines : le respect des choix des personnes vulnérables, en particulier en cas de refus de soins ; le respect de leur vie privée alors que des informations personnelles sont recueillies et partagées ; et la place possible du gestionnaire de cas dans le système d’allocation des ressources.
La négociation de bouquets de périodiques électroniques : une négociation commerciale singulière
Authors: Delvert Karine
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie les négociations consortiales de bouquets de périodiques électroniques en s’appuyant notamment sur une série d’entretiens réalisés auprès de bibliothécaires-négociateurs. Le modèle OCEAN fournit une première grille de compréhension qui invite à relire les stratégies déployées en lien avec la structure asymétrique des négociations. Le rôle du négociateur-mandataire, dans ce contexte de négociation commerciale, est plus spécifiquement analysé, dans des perspectives stratégiques et valorielles.
Coopération sur le climat : le mécanisme de négociations jointes
Authors: Courtois Pierre , Tazdaït Tarik
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article porte sur l’émergence de la coopération internationale face au changement climatique. Nous revenons sur un aspect fondamental de la coordination à travers la question des négociations jointes selon laquelle associer l’enjeu environnemental à d’autres problèmes internationaux permet de favoriser l’émergence de la coopération. Nous analysons cet aspect à la lumière de sa capacité à garantir la signature d’un traité par l’ensemble des pays concernés et insistons sur les apports des sciences politiques et économiques et sur l’intérêt d’exploiter les complémentarités entre disciplines.
Du Tiers à la Tercéisation : modalités d'une fonction essentielle pour l'émergence d'une régulation à l'échelon inter-organisationnel
Authors: Xhauflair Virginie , Pichault François
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article propose une nouvelle figure du tiers soutenant la conclusion de compromis équilibrés et durables dans les configurations inter-organisationnelles. Au travers de l’analyse transversale de deux cas contrastés d’intervention, l’un ayant abouti à la création d’un nouveau dispositif de régulation, l’autre n’ayant pu dépasser le stade du bricolage unilatéral, on relève cinq caractéristiques de l’action du tiers qui contribuent à expliquer le succès ou l’échec du processus, et qui constituent les dimensions d’une fonction de tercéisation . Cette fonction se distingue de la conception traditionnelle du rôle ou de la fonction de tiers, en ce qu’elle constitue une contrainte pragmatique qui vise à mettre les acteurs des compromis en position de se tercéiser, c’est-à-dire d’effectuer, au travers d’une méthodologie pragmatiste, un processus de déplacement identitaire qui leur permet de dépasser leurs routines organisationnelles et stratégies défensives, et de contribuer ainsi à l’émergence de nouveaux compromis équilibrés et durables.
Croissance et dépenses de santé
Authors: Cornilleau Gérard
Published: October 2012

Résumé Les dépenses de santé représentent une part importante du PIB et de l’emploi. Elles concourent à l’augmentation du bien-être dans une proportion difficile à mesurer mais très certainement importante. En conséquence, la hausse des dépenses peut être favorable du point de vue de la croissance si celle-ci est mesurée correctement ( i.e. en intégrant le bien-être). Toutefois, il n’est pas vraisemblable que la hausse des dépenses stimule structurellement celle du revenu monétaire. Une hausse plus rapide que celle du PIB peut être justifiée du point de vue du bienêtre mais doit être financée par une hausse des prélèvements. Dans la crise, le secteur de la santé est un stabilisateur de l’économie et il est alors normal et souhaitable de laisser se creuser le déficit « conjoncturel ». Une réforme structurelle, difficile à mettre en place concrètement, séparant les fonctions microéconomique (apporter du bienêtre à la population) et macroéconomique (réguler le revenu monétaire), serait très utile pour éviter une gestion purement budgétaire de l’assurance maladie et du secteur de la santé.
Les complémentaires et la crise : menace ou opportunité ?
Authors: Caniard Étienne , Meyer Christine
Published: October 2012

Résumé Dans un contexte de crise, à côté d’un système obligatoire fragilisé par les moindres recettes, qu’en est-il des organismes complémentaires en santé ? Les marges diminuent, les résultats sont lissés ; quelle que soit leur forme, ils se restructurent et se développent. Les transferts des régimes de base contribuent à leur croissance, mais les organismes complémentaires bénéficient peu des timides politiques d’efficience, et ont été taxés de + 10 % en trois ans. Le taux de couverture de la population s’améliore, pourtant leur contribution à la solidarité fait débat. Entre développement et protection sociale, leur rôle est en jeu.
Les récessions sont-elles vraiment mauvaises pour la santé ?
Authors: Jusot Florence
Published: October 2012

Résumé Contrairement à l’idée reçue, la littérature récente montre que la mortalité et les problèmes de santé ont tendance à se réduire durant les récessions. L’augmentation du chômage libérerait du temps pour se soigner ou avoir une activité physique, alors que l’intensité du travail serait plus importante dans les périodes d’activité économique forte, ce qui augmenterait les risques de maladies et d’accidents. La diminution temporaire des revenus conduirait en outre à une réduction de la consommation d’alcool et de tabac. Cependant, la mortalité par suicide augmenterait ainsi que les problèmes de santé mentale. Les récessions seraient en outre un facteur aggravant des inégalités sociales de santé. Elles auraient un effet protecteur sur la santé des plus favorisés, mais un effet délétère sur celle des plus défavorisés. Enfin, les difficultés économiques et la précarité peuvent avoir un effet délétère à long terme, notamment en raison du renoncement aux soins pour raisons financières.
Formation des soignants en France : la difficile émergence de nouveaux modèles
Authors: Rothier Bautzer Éliane
Published: October 2012

Résumé La professionnalisation des infirmiers à la fin du XIX e siècle s’opère sous l’influence des modèles anglais puis américain, qui imposent un rôle infirmier spécifique centré sur la personne malade davantage que sur sa pathologie, objet d’intérêt premier du médecin. Une élite infirmière universitaire se constitue dans les universités américaines, produisant des théories de soins centrées sur le patient alors que le terrain des soins reste centré sur les pathologies. Les infirmières françaises non universitaires, jusqu’au XXI e siècle, s’inspirent de ces modèles. On constate enfin la prégnance de ces oppositions encore aujourd’hui : le déficit d’intégration des soins centrés sur la pathologie et sur le patient nourrit la pénurie de professionnels et compromet le soin des patients, notamment chroniques.
Nous sommes des courtiers d'expertise
Authors: Bourdillon François
Published: October 2012

Résumé Luc Boileau est le président-directeur général de l’Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), le centre d’expertise et de référence en matière de santé publique au Québec, dont l’objectif vise à faire progresser les connaissances et à proposer des actions susceptibles d’améliorer l’état de santé et le bien-être général de la population. Il vient régulièrement en France, pays avec lequel il tisse des liens institutionnels pour partager les savoir-faire en santé publique.
Occupational aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers in Nigeria
Authors: Oluwafemi F. , Odebiyi T. , Kolapo A.
Published: October 2012

There are indications that significant levels of mycotoxins may be absorbed from inhaled fungal spores. The problem is likely to be most serious with aflatoxins. Indoor airborne fungi in three feed mills in south-western Nigeria were assayed using Sabouraud dextrose agar and coconut agar medium. Fungi isolated include Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus with incidence rates of 61, 15, 12, 5, 5 and 2%, respectively. Amount and type of aflatoxins produced in Sabouraud dextrose broth by aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus isolated at the three mills were strain dependent. Exposure of feed mill workers to aflatoxins was assessed by HPLC analysis of blood samples. Subjects from different occupational groups served as a control group. The mean concentrations of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in blood samples of the feed mill workers varied from 73.4-189.2, <0.1-0.5, 0.3-1.9 and <0.1-3.4 ng/ml, respectively. There was a significant difiference between the mills regarding blood aflatoxin levels of the workers; poorly ventilated mills resulted in higher blood aflatoxin B1 levels. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the blood samples of the control group; mean concentrations of aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 detected in this group varied from <0.1-0.3, 0.4-1.5 and <0.1-0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Results from the present study showed that ventilation of feed mills is an important issue that should be considered to lower the risk of aflatoxin exposure among feed mill workers.
Evaluation of rapid test kits for quantification of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated oats and wheat
Authors: Aamot H.U. , Hofgaard I.S. , Brodal G. , Elen O. , Jestoi M. , Klemsdal S.S.
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of rapid test kits for analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin commonly found in small-grain cereals. Concentrations of DON and its acetylated derivative 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) were analysed in naturally contaminated wheat (n=56) and oats (n=81) using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, i.e. Ridascreen® DON (‘Standard ELISA’) and Ridascreen® FAST DON (‘Fast ELISA’), and two lateral flow devices, i.e. Rida® QUICK DON (‘Quick LFD’) and Rosa® DON (‘Rosa LFD’). Analysis by the LC-MS/MS reference method showed a median DON + 3-ADON concentration of 1,168 μg/kg (90th percentile 3,264 μg/kg) in wheat and 2,250 μg/kg (90th percentile of 9,008 μg/kg) in oats. Rosa LFD offered the best reliability, achieving detection that was stable across toxin levels in both matrices. In addition, Rosa LFD had the highest accuracy (i.e. proportion of correct results) at a DON level of 1,250 μg/kg in wheat (0.83) and 8,000 μg/kg in oats (0.96). Standard ELISA achieved the highest accuracy at a DON level of 1,750 μg/kg in oats (0.85). Detection by Quick LFD in wheat and Fast ELISA in both wheat and oats differed significantly among toxin levels (P≤0.05), with recoveries outside European Union requirements (70-120%) in some cases. The correlation with results from LC-MS/MS analysis in oats was best for Rosa LFD (R2=0.79). In wheat, however the correlation was best for Fast ELISA (R2=0.81). Rosa LFD was regarded as well-suited for on-site detection. Standard ELISA allowed simultaneous testing of several samples and achieved detection that was stable across toxin levels in both matrices, making it a useful alternative in laboratories. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the performance of rapid test kits for detection of DON in naturally contaminated oats.
Contrasting effects of protection from harvesting in populations of two limpet species in a recently established marine protected area
Authors: López Cataisa , Poladura Ainoa , Hernández José Carlos , Martín Laura , Concepción Laura , Sangil Carlos , Clemente Sabrina
Published: October 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protection from extractive activities on the population structure of two limpets of commercial interest, Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella candei crenata. We evaluated the status of these populations in La Palma Marine Protected Area (MPA), Canary Islands, and in comparable unprotected areas in the lower intertidal zone of the same island. We showed that the density of P. ulyssiponensis depended greatly on the level of protection, whereas the effects of protection on the density of P. candei crenata were less clear and only differences between sites were found. These results are probably linked to the different habitat affinities of the two species studied and demonstrate the need to tailor conservation strategies in MPAs to individual species for appropriate management of local shellfish resources.
Late Pleistocene to Holocene diversification and historical zoogeography of the Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) inferred from otolith morphology
Authors: Teimori Azad , Abd Jalil Jawad Laith , Al-Kharusi Lubna Hamoud , Al-Mamry Juma Mohamed , Reichenbacher Bettina
Published: October 2012

Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1829) is a common marine-euryhaline teleost fish in the Near East that has undergone considerable intraspecific differentiation. Otolith morphology is used to analyse the diversity within A. dispar in the Gulf of Oman (Sea of Oman) and the Persian Gulf. A total of 134 individuals from lagoons and inland habitats of Oman, the United Arab Emirates and southern Iran are analysed. The results revealed that otolith traits that are under genetic control are strikingly different from those that are under the influence of environmental factors. A clear spatial structure of the populations is detectable, suggesting that the environmental flexibility of A. dispar, vicariance events during the last glacial maximum (21000-18000 BP), dispersal in the course of the Early Holocene sea-level rise, and Holocene to present-day interruption of gene flow at the Strait of Hormuz have shaped the intraspecific differentiation of A. dispar. These factors may also be responsible for diversification within other marine-euryhaline fishes in the Near East and Mediterranean Sea, and thus the findings can contribute to successful conservation management.
¿Moro invasor o hermano revolucionario?
Authors: Alcolea Escribano Josefa
Published: October 2012

Cet article analyse l’image des Marocains et du Maroc dans le journal anarcho-syndicaliste valencien Fragua Social, organe d’expression de la Confédération Nationale du Travail du Levant entre 1936 et 1939. Sans nier les stéréotypes xénophobes utilisés par la presse de la Confédération pendant la guerre civile espagnole, nous devons au moins les expliquer, car ces images ont coexisté avec d’autres plus complaisantes et même positives des Marocains. Les images négatives des Marocains ont servi comme une sorte de modèle pour construire une image stéréotypée de l’armée ennemie afin de l’expulser du corps de l’armée nationale et pour obtenir l’aide étrangère. De la même manière, les images positives essayaient d’empêcher les Marocains de s’enrôler dans l’armée franquiste ou bien de les inciter à déserter. On voulait aussi créer un projet réformiste d’Espagne dans lequel le Maroc aurait une place.
Atypical Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Cells Contributes to p38 MAPK-Mediated Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Blohmke Christoph J. , Mayer Matthew L. , Tang Anthony C. , Hirschfeld Aaron F. , Fjell Christopher D. , Sze Marc A. , Falsafi Reza , Wang Shirley , Hsu Karolynn , Chilvers Mark A. , Hogg James C. , Hancock Robert E. W. , Turvey Stuart E.
Published: October 2012

Inflammatory lung disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF); understanding what produces dysregulated innate immune responses in CF cells will be pivotal in guiding the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that mediate exaggerated inflammation in CF following TLR signaling, we profiled global gene expression in immortalized human CF and non-CF airway cells at baseline and after microbial stimulation. Using complementary analysis methods, we observed a signature of increased stress levels in CF cells, specifically characterized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and MAPK signaling. Analysis of ER stress responses revealed an atypical induction of the UPR, characterized by the lack of induction of the PERK–eIF2α pathway in three complementary model systems: immortalized CF airway cells, fresh CF blood cells, and CF lung tissue. This atypical pattern of UPR activation was associated with the hyperinflammatory phenotype in CF cells, as deliberate induction of the PERK–eIF2α pathway with salubrinal attenuated the inflammatory response to both flagellin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IL-6 production triggered by ER stress and microbial stimulation were both dependent on p38 MAPK activity, suggesting a molecular link between both signaling events. These data indicate that atypical UPR activation fails to resolve the ER stress in CF and sensitizes the innate immune system to respond more vigorously to microbial challenge. Strategies to restore ER homeostasis and normalize the UPR activation profile may represent a novel therapeutic approach to minimize lung-damaging inflammation in CF.
Broad Cross-Presentation of the Hematopoietically Derived PR1 Antigen on Solid Tumors Leads to Susceptibility to PR1-Targeted Immunotherapy
Authors: Alatrash Gheath , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Sergeeva Anna , Sukhumalchandra Pariya , Qiao Na , Zhang Mao , St. John Lisa S. , Ruisaard Kathryn , Haugen Christine E. , Al-Atrache Zein , Jakher Haroon , Philips Anne V. , Ding Xiaoling , Chen Jie Qing , Wu Yun , Patenia Rebecca S. , Bernatchez Chantale , Vence Luis M. , Radvanyi Laszlo G. , Hwu Patrick , Clise-Dwyer Karen , Ma Qing , Lu Sijie , Molldrem Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2012

PR1 is a HLA-A2–restricted peptide that has been targeted successfully in myeloid leukemia with immunotherapy. PR1 is derived from the neutrophil granule proteases proteinase 3 (P3) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are both found in the tumor microenvironment. We recently showed that P3 and NE are taken up and cross-presented by normal and leukemia-derived APCs, and that NE is taken up by breast cancer cells. We now extend our findings to show that P3 and NE are taken up and cross-presented by human solid tumors. We further show that PR1 cross-presentation renders human breast cancer and melanoma cells susceptible to killing by PR1-specific CTLs (PR1-CTL) and the anti-PR1/HLA-A2 Ab 8F4. We also show PR1-CTL in peripheral blood from patients with breast cancer and melanoma. Together, our data identify cross-presentation as a novel mechanism through which cells that lack endogenous expression of an Ag become susceptible to therapies that target cross-presented Ags and suggest PR1 as a broadly expressed tumor Ag.
ZBTB7B (Th-POK) Regulates the Development of IL-17–Producing CD1d-Restricted Mouse NKT Cells
Authors: Enders Anselm , Stankovic Sanda , Teh Charis , Uldrich Adam P. , Yabas Mehmet , Juelich Torsten , Altin John A. , Frankenreiter Sandra , Bergmann Hannes , Roots Carla M. , Kyparissoudis Konstantinos , Goodnow Chris C. , Godfrey Dale I.
Published: October 2012

CD1d-dependent NKT cells represent a heterogeneous family of effector T cells including CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8− subsets that respond to glycolipid Ags with rapid and potent cytokine production. NKT cell development is regulated by a unique combination of factors, however very little is known about factors that control the development of NKT subsets. In this study, we analyze a novel mouse strain (helpless) with a mis-sense mutation in the BTB-POZ domain of ZBTB7B and demonstrate that this mutation has dramatic, intrinsic effects on development of NKT cell subsets. Although NKT cell numbers are similar in Zbtb7b mutant mice, these cells are hyperproliferative and most lack CD4 and instead express CD8. Moreover, the majority of ZBTB7B mutant NKT cells in the thymus are retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt positive, and a high frequency produce IL-17 while very few produce IFN-γ or other cytokines, sharply contrasting the profile of normal NKT cells. Mice heterozygous for the helpless mutation also have reduced numbers of CD4+ NKT cells and increased production of IL-17 without an increase in CD8+ cells, suggesting that ZBTB7B acts at multiple stages of NKT cell development. These results reveal ZBTB7B as a critical factor genetically predetermining the balance of effector subsets within the NKT cell population.
Endothelial Cell Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Reduces Endotoxemic Pulmonary Inflammation and Injury
Authors: Reddy Aravind T. , Lakshmi Sowmya P. , Kleinhenz Jennifer M. , Sutliff Roy L. , Hart C. Michael , Reddy Raju C.
Published: October 2012

Bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-mediated sepsis involves severe, dysregulated inflammation that injures the lungs and other organs, often fatally. Vascular endothelial cells are both key mediators and targets of LPS-induced inflammatory responses. The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts anti-inflammatory actions in various cells, but it is unknown whether it modulates inflammation through actions within endothelial cells. To determine whether PPARγ acts within endothelial cells to diminish endotoxemic lung inflammation and injury, we measured inflammatory responses and mediators in mice with endothelial-targeted deletion of PPARγ. Endothelial cell PPARγ (ePPARγ) knockout exacerbated LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury as shown by several measures, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema, and production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines, along with upregulation of the LPS receptor TLR4 in lung tissue and increased activation of its downstream signaling pathways. In isolated LPS-stimulated endothelial cells in vitro, absence of PPARγ enhanced the production of numerous inflammatory markers. We hypothesized that the observed in vivo activity of the ligand-activated ePPARγ may arise, in part, from nitrated fatty acids (NFAs), a novel class of endogenous PPARγ ligands. Supporting this idea, we found that treating isolated endothelial cells with physiologically relevant concentrations of the endogenous NFA 10-nitro-oleate reduced LPS-induced expression of a wide range of inflammatory markers in the presence of PPARγ, but not in its absence, and also inhibited neutrophil mobility in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate a key protective role of ePPARγ against endotoxemic injury and a potential ePPARγ-mediated anti-inflammatory role for NFAs.
Potential for the specialty of Family Medicine in Botswana: A discussion paper
Authors: Parsons Luise , Rijken Taatske , Mbuka Deogratias O. , Nkomozana Oathokwa
Published: October 2012

Potential for the specialty of Family Medicine in Botswana: A discussion paper
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of the celiac ganglion: A diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Xia Di , Gilbert-Lewis Kidada N , Bhutani Manoop S , Nawgiri Ranjana S
Published: October 2012

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is now widely used as a primary tool in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy in both the mediastinum and abdomen. A sympathetic ganglion may be mistaken for an enlarged lymph node on endoscopic ultrasound and are rarely sampled as such. A 51-year-old female presented with a history of weight loss, vomiting for several months, and right upper quadrant discomfort. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed a dilated common bile duct (CBD) with a possible periampullary mass, paraaortic, and pericelial lymph nodes suspicious for metastatic disease. Endosonography revealed a 17 mm oval hypoechoic structure with distinct margins in the para-aortic, celiac axis region suggestive of an enlarged lymph node. An EUS-FNA was done. Cytology revealed ganglion cells with large oval epithelial-like cells with round nuclei and prominent nucleoli consistent with a benign sympathetic ganglion. It is crucial for the cytopathologist to be aware of the fact that the endoscopist might have sampled a celiac ganglion instead of a celiac lymph node and be able to distinguish the cytological features of a benign sympathetic ganglion from a malignant process.
US Imaging in Peyronie's Disease
Authors: Kalokairinou Kiriaki , Konstantinidis Charalampos , Domazou Marilena , Kalogeropoulos Theodoros , Kosmidis Prodromos , Gekas Aristomenis
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study is to assess the role of ultrasound (US) in Peyronie's Disease (PD). PD is a psychologically and physically devastating disorder that manifests in middle-aged men. Fibrous inelastic plaques in the tunica albuginea, result in palpable penile scar in the flaccid condition and cause painful erections and penile deformity, including penile curvature, hinging, narrowing, and shortening of penis. Penile deformity is the most common (52%) first symptom of PD and is present in 94% of affected men. US is the primary imaging modality of choice due to its easy availability, low risk, and ability to image and quantify both calcified and soft tissue elements of PD. US provides identification of smaller and non-palpable lesions and shows the extent of fibrosis. Detection of calcifications within the plaque suggests stabilization of the disease and provides information useful to select patients for appropriate treatment.
The “Dot in Circle” Sign on MRI in Maduramycosis: A Characteristic Finding
Authors: Jain Vikash , Makwana Gopee E. , Bahri Nandini , Mathur Manish K.
Published: October 2012

Mycetoma or Maduramycosis is a localized chronic suppurative infection characterized by exuberant granulation tissue, discharging sinuses, and bone involvement later in the course of the disease. Early clinical diagnosis before the appearance of sinuses and grains (aggregates of organism surrounded by granulation tissue, which are discharged from the draining sinuses) is difficult. Delay in diagnosis may lead to amputation of the affected part. Definitive diagnosis is through biopsy and microbiological examination. However, at times diagnosis may still be difficult. The recently described “dot in circle” sign on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is easy to recognize and highly specific. We present a case of mycetoma foot with characteristic MRI features.
Unusual Mediastinal Dumbbell Tumor Mimicking an Aggressive Malignancy
Authors: Kumar Sanyal , Satija Bhawna , Mittal Mahesh K. , Thukral Brij B.
Published: October 2012

Hydatid cyst is known to affect all possible anatomical locations of the human body. However, the mediastinal localization is extremely rare. This benign, commonly asymptomatic and incidentally detected disease, at times may simulate an aggressive malignancy by its potential to cause osseous destruction and intraspinal extension. A young female, farmer by occupation, presented with complaints of left chest pain and monoparesis of the left lower limb. Radiograph followed by computed tomography (CT) of the chest demonstrated a cystic mass within the posterior mediastinum, eroding and scalloping overlying ribs and extending into the spinal canal by causing destruction of adjoining vertebra, and assuming a dumbbell shape. The serology was positive for echinococcosis. The patient underwent surgery and the postoperative histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The patient recovered with no complications or recurrence. Hydatid cyst should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal cystic lesions, however aggressive the lessions may appear.
Lack of Influence of the Androgen Receptor Gene CAG-Repeat Polymorphism on Clinical and Electrocardiographic Manifestations of the Brugada Syndrome in Man
Authors: Mariani S. , Musumeci B. , Basciani S. , Fiore D. , Francia P. , Persichetti A. , Volpe M. , Autore C. , Moretti C. , Ulisse S. , Gnessi L.
Published: October 2012

Background

Clinical studies suggest that testosterone (T) plays an important role in the male predominance of the clinical manifestations of the Brugada syndrome (BS). However, no statistically significant correlations have been observed between T levels and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters in the BS patients. We investigated whether the hormonal pattern and the variation within CAG repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, affecting androgen sensitivity, are associated with the Brugada ECG phenotype in males.

Methods and Results

16 male patients with BS (mean age 45.06 ± 11.3 years) were studied. 12-lead ECG was recorded. Blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, testosterone, free-T, dihydrotestosterone, 17-β-estradiol, estrone, 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide, delta-4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and sex hormone binding globulin were assayed. Genotyping of CAG repeats on DNA extracted from leukocytes was carried out. No relationship was found between hormone values and ECG parameters of BS. BS patients showed the CAG length normally recognized in the human polymorphism range and the number of CAG repeats did not correlate with the ECG pattern of BS.

Conclusions

The AR CAG repeat length does not correlate with the ECG features of the patients affected by BS. The search for genes downstream AR activation as possibly responsible for the increased risk of spontaneous arrhythmias in BS males after puberty is warranted.
La evolución de la agenda mediática española (1980-2010). Un análisis longitudinal de la portada de la prensa de referencia
Authors: López-Rabadán Pablo , Casero-Ripollés Andreu
Published: October 2012

La portada constituye un espacio mediático preferente donde se manifiestan explícitamente la selección y la jerarquización periodísticas. Este artículo se centra en el análisis longitudinal de la evolución de la agenda periodística, tomando como objeto de estudio la noticia principal de portada. En este marco, se examinan los temas, los actores sociales protagonistas de las noticias, los espacios geográficos vinculados a la información y el grado de homogeneidad. La metodología se basa en la aplicación del análisis de contenido. La muestra se centra en dos importantes diarios españoles con líneas editoriales diferenciadas (El País y Abc) y toma un extenso período de tiempo (1980-2010). En total, se han sometido a estudio 800 piezas informativas. Los resultados demuestran el fuerte peso de los temas y los actores vinculados con la política institucional, por un lado, y la escasa internacionalización de la prensa española, muy centrada en la actualidad nacional, por otro.
Homeless Former Smokers' Interest in Helping Homeless Current Smokers Quit
Authors: Goldade Kate , Guo Hongfei , Jarlais Don Des , Connett John E. , Whembolua Guy L. , Owen Greg , Guy Mignonne , Okuyemi Kolawole S.
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

To describe the factors associated with interest of homeless former smokers in helping homeless smokers quit.

Methods.

A cross-sectional survey administered to an optimized convenience sample of homeless persons (n = 4570) at emergency shelters, transitional housing units, and open encampments in 80 cities across Minnesota. The in-person survey response rate was 90%.

Analysis.

Chi-square tests and t-tests for univariate analysis.

Results.

Of 4534 participants completing the smoking questions, 546 participants (12%) self-identified as former smokers, of which 59% expressed interest in helping homeless smokers quit. Significant predictors of reported interest in helping included racial/ethnic background (p < .05), number of people known who had quit smoking (p < .01), and receiving social services as an adult (p < .01).

Conclusion.

Homeless former smokers are a potential resource for peer support programs to promote smoking cessation among homeless current smokers.
Health Concerns of the U.S. Fire Service: Perspectives from the Firehouse
Authors: Jahnke Sara A. , Poston Walker S. C. , Jitnarin Nattinee , Haddock C. Keith
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

Firefighters are expected to respond to any domestic emergency at a moment's notice, and therefore their health and readiness are key to the public safety net. Although emerging research is focusing on understanding firefighters' increased risk for disease and injury, the perspectives of fire service personnel is lacking.

Design.

This study uses the cross-sectional qualitative data collection techniques of key informant interviews and focus groups.

Setting.

Data collection occurred with a national sample of firefighters from 28 (municipal and federal) career fire departments.

Participants.

Participants were 332 career firefighters (57.2%), company officers (23.4%), fire chiefs (15.4%), and other fire service personnel (3.9%).

Method.

Focus groups and informant interviews were conducted with firefighters, fire chiefs, health promotion personnel, and medical directors to assess attitudes, opinions, and perceptions about firefighter health.

Results.

Major themes that developed among fire service personnel included concerns about cancer, risk of cardiovascular disease, the importance of and barriers to physical fitness, the food culture of the firehouse, psychological stress resulting from repeated exposure to trauma, sleep disruptions, injuries, and risk for infectious disease. Health concerns identified by firefighters are juxtaposed with current efforts and trends within the national fire service.

Conclusions.

The health concerns of firefighters parallel both available epidemiological research and the health priorities of national fire service organizations. Unfortunately, these concerns often are in contrast with efforts by local governments to limit their financial liability for illnesses presumed to be caused by occupational exposures and long-held traditions in the fire service. This study highlights the need for epidemiological surveillance of firefighters and innovative health and organizational policy in the fire service. Future directions for the fire service, the public health community, and researchers are discussed.
Impact of Financial Incentives on Behavior Change Program Participation and Risk Reduction in Worksite Health Promotion
Authors: Gingerich Stefan B. , Anderson David R. , Koland Heidi
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

To examine the impact of financial incentives on behavior change program registration, completion, and risk improvement rates.

Design.

Retrospective cohort study conducted to observe the relationship between financial incentives and behavior change program registration, completion, and risk improvement rates.

Setting.

Large public- or private-sector employers.

Subjects.

Twenty-four organizations (n = 511,060 eligible employees) that offered comprehensive worksite health promotion (WHP) programs.

Intervention.

Financial incentives offered for completion of a behavior change program as part of a WHP program.

Measures.

Behavior change program registration and completion data were obtained from standard reports. Company-level risk change was calculated from the average per-person number of risks on baseline and follow-up health risk assessments. Incentive design was determined from questionnaires completed by WHP program managers.

Analysis.

Average registration rates, program completion rates, and risk improvement rates were compared using t-tests for companies that did versus did not offer incentives. Comparisons were also made between companies with incentives of less than $100 and those with incentives of $100 or more. Correlations between incentive value and outcome variables were assessed using Pearson correlations.

Results.

Companies that offered incentives had significantly higher health coaching completion rates than companies not offering an incentive (82.9% vs. 76.4%, respectively, p = .017) but there was no significant association with registration (p = .384) or risk improvement rates (p = .242). Incentive values were not significantly associated with risk improvement rates (p = .240).

Conclusion.

Offering incentives for completing behavior change programs may increase completion rates, but increased health improvement does not necessarily follow.
Kaiser Permanente's Community Health Initiative in Northern California: Evaluation Findings and Lessons Learned
Authors: Cheadle Allen , Rauzon Suzanne , Spring Rebecca , Schwartz Pamela M. , Gee Scott , Gonzalez Esmeralda , Ravel Jodi , Reilly Coire , Taylor Anthony , Williamson Dana
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

To describe the evaluation findings and lessons learned from the Kaiser Permanente Healthy Eating Active Living–Community Health Initiative.

Design.

Mixed methods design: qualitative case studies combined with pre/post population-level food and physical activity measures, using matched comparison schools for youth surveys.

Setting.

Three low-income communities in Northern California (combined population 129,260).

Subjects.

All residents of the three communities.

Intervention.

Five-year grants of $1.5 million awarded to each community to support the implementation of community- and organizational-level policy and environmental changes. Sectors targeted included schools, health care settings, worksites, and neighborhoods.

Measures.

Reach (percentage exposed) and strength (effect size) of the interventions combined with population-level measures of physical activity (e.g., minutes of physical activity) and nutrition (e.g., fruit and vegetable servings).

Analysis.

Pre/post analysis of population level measures, comparing changes in intervention to comparison for youth survey measures.

Results.

The population-level results were inconclusive overall, but showed positive and significant findings for four out of nine comparisons where “high-dose” (i.e., greater than 20% of the population reached and high strength) strategies were implemented, primarily physical activity interventions targeting school-age youth.

Conclusion.

The positive and significant changes for the high-dose strategies suggest that if environmental interventions are of sufficient reach and strength they may be able to favorably impact obesity-related behaviors.
Intercalibration studies of 210Po and 210Pb in dissolved and particulate seawater samples
Authors: Church Thomas , Rigaud Sylvain , Baskaran Mark , Kumar Anupam , Friedrich Jana , Masque Pere , Puigcorbé Viena , Kim Guebuem , Radakovitch Olivier , Hong Gi , Choi Hiu , Stewart Gillian
Published: October 2012

Documented is an intercalibration (IC) exercise for both 210Po and 210Pb in seawater aliquots distributed between up to eight international laboratories that followed individual protocols. Dissolved and particulate samples were provided by GEOTRACES during two IC cruises at baseline stations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Included were surface and/or deep dissolved and particulate samples at each site, plus complete profiles analyzed by the laboratory of the lead author. An unspecified solid phase standard was also distributed with 210Po and 210Pb in secular equilibrium to confirm spike calibrations. The 210Po activities reported n = 8) for the standard were very similar with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.6% and mean value indistinguishable from the certified value, confirming accurate calibration of Po spikes. For seawater samples, the agreement was strongly dependent for both nuclides on the activity of the samples. The agreement was relatively good for dissolved seawater samples (RSD = 9% to 29%, n = 4), moderate for the particulate samples (RSD = 12% to 80%, n = 8), and poor for particulate dip blanks (RSD = 50% to 200%, n = 8). Noted is the higher apparent affinity of 210Po versus 210Pb for polysulphone filter material. Some lack of reproducibility between labs may have been caused by unspecified differences in individual lab protocols and calculations. A minimum sample activity of 0.1 dpm for both nuclides is recommended for an adequate reproducible sample activity. It is suggested that a consistent set of procedures and calculations be used to optimize future 210Po and 210Pb analyses in seawater samples.
Radiology in Vertigo and Dizziness
Authors: Patkar Deepak , Yevankar Girish , Parikh Rashmi
Published: October 2012

Objective

Vertigo may or may not be associated with hearing loss. In addition, the imaging findings are often subtle. Underdiagnosis of cause of vertigo on imaging can lead to long standing annoying symptom of vertigo.

Conclusion

This article reviews the radiologic findings of vertigo. After completing this article, the readers should have an improved ability to diagnose the common causes of vertigo, using the optimal imaging tools to achieve this goal.

How to cite this article

Patkar D, Yevankar G, Parikh R. Radiology in Vertigo and Dizziness. Otorhinolaryngol Clin Int J 2012;4(2):86-92.