bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typology and the Linguistic Macrohistory of Island Melanesia
Authors: Donohue Mark , Musgrave Simon
Published: July 2012

Recent years have seen much discussion on the use and meaning of typological argumentation when reconstructing language history and language relations. We address the conclusions and methodology of a paper "Structural phylogenetics and the reconstruction of ancient language history" (Science, Sept. 23, 2005), which claims that, on the basis of a typological comparison, the non-Austronesian languages and (Austronesian) Oceanic spoken to the imediate east of new Guinea can be shown to belong to two unrelated genetic entities. We argue that the data and disucssion in this paper do not allow us to conclude that the non-Austronesian languages in the study form a valid linguistic group in any hisotircal sense, or that the methods they apply can be used to make claims about lingquistic relatedness.
The Papuan Language of Tambora
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: July 2012

I present data from Tambora, a now extinct language of central Sumbawa, and argue from the lexical data and the inferred phonology, compared with areal norms, that it was a Papuan language spoken by a trading population of southern Indonesia. The existence into historical times of a large and nonreclusive Papuan political entity this far west forces a major revision of our ideas about the linguistic macrohistory of Eastern Indonesia.
Statistical Reasoning in the Evaluation of Typological Diversity in Island Melanesia
Authors: Dunn Michael , Foley Robert , Levinson Stephen C , Reesink Ger P , Terrill Angela
Published: July 2012

This paper builds on a previous work in which we attempted to retrieve a phylogenetic signal using abstract structural features alone, as opposed to cognate sets, drawn from a sample of Island Melanesian languages, both Oceanic (Austronesian) and (non-Austronesian) Papuan (Science 2005[309]: 2072-75 ). Here we clarify a number of misunderstandings of this approach, referring particularly to the critique by Mark Donohue and Simon Musgrave (in this same issue of Oceanic Linguistics), in which they fail to appreciate the statistical principles underlying computational phylogenetic methods. We also present new analyses that provide stronger evidence supporting the hypotheses put forward in our original paper: a reanalysis using Bayesian phylogenetic inference demonstrates the robustness of the data and methods, and provides a substantial improvement over the parsimony method used in our earlier paper. We further demonstrate, using the technique of spatial autocorrelation, that neither proximity nor Oceanic contact can be a major determinant of the pattern of structural variation of the Papuan languages, and thus that the phylogenetic relatedness of the Papuan languages remains a serious hypothesis.
The Placebo Effect: Illness and Interpersonal Healing
Authors: Miller Franklin G. , Colloca Luana , Kaptchuk Ted J.
Published: July 2012

The placebo effect has been a source of fascination, irritation, and confusion within biomedicine over the past 60 years. Although scientific investigation has accelerated in the past decade, with particular attention to neurobiological mechanisms, there has been a dearth of attention to developing a general theory of the placebo effect. In this article, we attempt to address this gap. To set the stage, we review evidence relating to the reality and clinical significance of the placebo effect. Next we investigate the scope and limits of the placebo effect by examining the hypothesis that the placebo effect operates predominantly by modifying the experience and perceptions of illness symptoms, such as pain, anxiety, and fatigue, rather than by modifying the pathophysiology of disease. Based on this background, we characterize the placebo effect as a form of interpersonal healing, as distinct from spontaneous natural healing and from technological healing dependent on physiologically active pharmaceuticals or procedures. Finally, we argue that research on the placebo effect has the potential to revitalize the art of medicine.
Reviving the Living
Authors: Ghiselin Michael T.
Published: July 2012

Yair Neuman takes a semiotic view of biological processes and argues that meaning, which is inevitably contextual, emerges in evolution and development (especially of the immune system) by something that is rather like a conversation. He criticizes reductionist approaches to biology on the grounds that the action goes on at more than one level in a hierarchy. He also grapples with such problems as whether an organism in a state of cryptobiosis is dead or alive. The argument might be strengthened and simplified by recognizing that life is largely structured as whole-part hierarchies, in which the participants are (concrete) ontological individuals, rather than sets or (abstract) classes. The entities ranked at such levels engage in different processes. There is need for a better understanding of dispositional properties.
Evolutionary Biology, Circa 2009
Authors: Perlman Robert L.
Published: July 2012

One hundred and fifty years after the publication of On the Origin of Species , evolutionary biology has matured into an active, rigorous, and exciting field of scientific research. Evolution: The First Four Billion Years provides a wonderful introduction to this field. The book offers in-depth articles on the current state of our understanding of evolution and on the relationships between evolutionary biology and society, and shorter essays on the people, books, and ideas that have contributed to the development of evolutionary thought. It contains something of interest to everyone who wants to learn more about evolution.
Long Beach Gets Radical: Stretching the Spaces of Radical Politics
Authors: Thien Deborah , Pugh Jonathan
Published: July 2012

This report describes a workshop of the Spaces of Democracy and the Democracy of Space (SDDS) Network, hosted by the Department of Geography at California State University, Long Beach, in August 2008. The aims of the SDDS Network are to examine how new forms of spatial analysis shape politics and to consider what constitutes radical politics today. The components of this workshop are detailed, including an alternative beach tour in Malibu, a community forum panel, a scholarly symposium, and an independent study course.
Pedestrian Volume Modeling: A Case Study of San Francisco
Authors: Liu XiaoHang , Griswold Julia
Published: July 2012

Pedestrian volume information is critical to study traffic safety as well as to plan for pedestrian friendly design. We present a model used to estimate the pedestrian volumes for street intersections in the city of San Francisco, California. Through regression analysis at multiple geographical scales, a set of socioeconomic variables and built-environment characteristics were examined. Three factors emerged as having strong explanatory power on the variances of pedestrian volume: population and job density, local transit access, and land use mix. It was found that the strongest area of influence on pedestrian traffic is around a one-block radius of an intersection. Multiple-scale analysis reveals that not all variables are significant at the same scale. In fact, the best model was obtained when a mix of scales was used. Because the analysis in this paper utilizes easy-to-access data and routine statistical analysis, it is easy to apply it in other cities, hence providing a valuable tool for geographers, public health professionals, urban planners, and transportation engineers.
Evaluating Remote Reference Service: A Practical Guide to Problems and Solutions
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey , Mon Lorri M , McClure Charles R
Published: July 2012

This paper identifies key methodological issues affecting quality of data in the evaluation of remote reference services. Despite a growing number of studies in this area, no comprehensive effort has been made to identify potential problems and suggest solutions. The strategies proposed in this paper offer practical ways in which libraries can improve the overall quality and usefulness of data gathered in remote reference evaluation studies.
“A Field of Dry Grass”
Authors: Thorburn Matthew
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
Hour of the Changes
Authors: Le Guin Ursula K.
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
Girl Skipping Rope
Authors: Lamb Wally
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
Not Like Adamo
Authors: Lea Sydney
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
The Governess and the Tree
Authors: Kadish Rachel
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
Coming of Age in Book Country
Authors: Friedman Bonnie
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
In Theory, Politics Does not Exist
Authors: Levinson Brett
Published: July 2012

This essay considers a line of thought about the possibility of political action in psychoanalytic theory. In the mid-1930s George Bataille asked why popular political movements during this period yielded, ultimately, fascism rather than communism. He responds by suggesting that for the reverse to take place, the very structure of knowledge needs to be reworked, and argues that the Freudian unconscious represents a possible commencement for that reworking. In "The Other Side of Psychoanalysis," a seminar delivered during the Parisian student movements, and one famous for introducing the "four discourses" (of the master, the hysteric, the analyst, and the university), Lacan examines in detail this thesis, revealing how an analysis of the unconscious might help reshape our thinking on popular movements, especially insofar as that thinking is derived from Marx. The essay concludes by investigating the recent fierce debate between Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek about populism, a dispute largely informed by psychoanalysis. -- bl
Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
Authors: King Neal
Published: July 2012

A set of English-language feature films, mostly released at the turn of the century, offer protagonists who do not know that they are spies. Scholars have suggested that such culture can be postmodern in theme, in clarity, and in production at the same time. But this essay shows that these films hew to norms of classical narrative and have been used to shore up a modernist sense of authorship. They follow on Jameson’s influential formulation of a postmodern aesthetic, using surreal film style to convey hallucinations and telling of protagonists who come to know that they are brainwashed. But scholarly arguments that Hollywood has sacrificed clarity to postmodern ambiguity are based on selective studies of art films and stories of insanity, and are disconfirmed by studies of these mind job films. These movies owe neither to large-scale demand for postmodern themes nor to postmodernity in financial affairs, but rather to a small group of filmmakers who took inspiration from brainwashing scares and such novelists as Burroughs and Dick. Those filmmakers emphasize their own modernist authorship by using flashy technique to tell stories of compromised agency.
Bomb Media, 1953–1964
Authors: Abbott Tristan
Published: July 2012

This essay sketches a dialogue between the government-sanctioned, nuclear “scare” films of the 50s and 60s and the dissident, nuclear-themed popular media of the same time period. Through their direct and indirect indictment of the government’s fallacious claims about the causes, effects, and survivability of nuclear war, these popular films served to shift the enabling dialogue of nuclearism so as to diminish the actual threat of war. While the positive effects of such dissident media were usually unintentional or else incidental, their success has nonetheless shown how to make anti-nuclear statements that are both viable and effective. Nuclear annihilation is unique in that it is a potentiality that gains inevitability through its own discussion, and so texts that wish to diminish its power need to address specific criteria outlined in the essay.
Exploring Persistence of Immigrant and Native Students in an Urban Community College
Authors: Conway Katherine M.
Published: July 2012

This study explored persistence for four groups of traditional-age (18–24) first-year students in an urban community college: native students, native students with immigrant parents, U.S. high-schooled immigrant students, and foreign high-schooled immigrant students. Earning a high school diploma and pre-college preparation (either high school grade point average or basic skills proficiency) contributed positively to persistence for all four student groups. Foreign high-schooled immigrant students needed the most remediation but persisted more strongly and attained higher grades, suggesting the value of support for access to higher education for immigrants.
Are We Satisfied?: A Look at Student Satisfaction with Diversity at Traditionally White Institutions
Authors: Park Julie J.
Published: July 2012

Using a national longitudinal dataset of college students, this study examines satisfaction with the ethnic diversity of the student body and faculty at traditionally White institutions. The strongest predictor of satisfaction with diversity for White and Latino/a students was the heterogeneity of the institution; the strongest predictors for Black and Asian American students were satisfaction with community, peer interactions, and the overall college experience. The findings suggest that supporting positive peer interactions and a sense of community are critical parts of a positive campus racial climate, in addition to increasing the heterogeneity of the campus.
On culture, canons, and college curriculum.
Authors: Conrad Clifton
Published: July 2012

Two new books stake out competing positions in the "culture
wars": The Great Canon Controversy advances a traditionalist
"reform" posture that examines historic and contemporary claims
for the canon, while The Opening of the American Mind is a
counterattack that uses history to advance the claim that
contemporary multicultural shifts in the canon reflect the historic
openness of our colleges and universities to multiple cultural
heritages. A third, Handbook of the Undergraduate Curriculum,
addresses the "culture wars" and, more broadly, undergraduate
curriculum design, evaluation, and change.
Measuring Perceptions of the Work Environment for Female Faculty
Authors: Sullivan Megan , Riger Stephanie , Raja Sheela , Stokes Joseph P.
Published: July 2012

This study developed a scale to measure perceptions of the
working environment for female faculty in higher education using
data from 626 faculty members from the United States and Canada.
The Academic Work Environment for Women Scale includes three
dimensions: differential treatment of women, balancing work and
personal obligations, and sexist attitudes and comments. To
demonstrate the utility of the scale, we examined the relationship
between the proportion of women in an academic department and
the perceived supportiveness or hostility toward women of that
department and the relationship of scale scores to demographic
indicators.
Academic Freedom: Revolutionary Change or Business as Usual?
Authors: O'Neil Robert M
Published: July 2012

This essay focuses on the prospects of protecting academic
freedom in American higher education. It addresses three specific
areas of potential conflict and tension--pressures to divorce the
protection of academic freedom from formal tenure systems, the
increasing regulation of harassment and other forms of incivility in
the collegiate community, and a host of new and difficult
dimensions of academic freedom in cyberspace--for which the
academic world is surprisingly ill prepared.
The Influence of Both Race and Gender on the Experiences of African American College Women
Authors: Jackson Lisa R
Published: July 2012

In this study of African American women at four colleges, the
women completed measures of selfconcept, gender identity, and
ethnic identity, and were interviewed. Results suggest that women
experience race and gender within their selfdefinition differently
depending on the racial and gender composition of their school.
Colleges and universities need to reexamine their diversity efforts to
meet the needs of their students whose experiences are grounded
in multiple sociocultural contexts.
Presidential Influence, Leadership Succession, and Multiple Interpretations of Organizational Change
Authors: Levin John S
Published: July 2012

This investigation is an examination of the impact of the president
on organizational change in five community colleges. Traditionally,
community college presidents are viewed as having considerable
influence upon organizational functioning and are viewed as primary
agents of organizational change. This study suggests, however,
that how we look at presidential leadership, particularly through the
interpretation of data, shapes our conclusions about presidential
influence.
Accounting for Faculty Productivity in the Research University
Authors: Presley Jennifer B , Engelbride Edward
Published: July 2012

Economic and political pressures have focused state legislative
interest on faculty productivity. In Maryland, a negotiated approach
resulted in a mission-sensitive policy that includes a reporting
mechanism to measure instructional and noninstructional
productivity. Legislative reporting requirements are being reduced
as trust develops about the integrity of reporting and the
management of faculty time. However, the two nonmedical research
institutions continue to receive special scrutiny, with the legislature
expecting to see increased teaching effort.
Applying the Cumulative Advantage Perspective to Scholarly Writers in Higher Education
Authors: McGuire Sharon Paterson , Creamer Elizabeth G
Published: July 2012

This article reports an analysis of interview data from 24 academics
in higher education from 19 universities, assessing the extent to
which the cumulative advantage perspective was consistent with
the experiences they described as significant to their publishing
productivity. The relatively late commitment to an academic career
and the importance of feedback voiced by a majority of participants
suggests disciplinary differences in the theory's applicability.
The Making of a Branch Campus System: A Statewide Strategy of Coalition Building
Authors: Olswang Steven G , De Give Marilyn L
Published: July 2012

Rather than a grass-roots effort by state residents seeking greater
access opportunities to higher education, community booster
groups made up of economic and civic elites organized a
systematic approach to support the creation of five branch
campuses of Washington state's two research universities. A
coalition-building strategy on local, regional, and state levels fueled
by the active engagement of these economic and business
interests in the policy-making process shaped policy outcomes
both within and across stages of policy making.
The States and Higher Education Legislative Views on the Governance of Public Colleges and Universities: Enhancing the Public Interest
Authors: Martinez Mario
Published: July 2012

The mass media's role in shaping public policy remains the focus of
intensive research among political science and communication
scholars. Yet virtually nothing is known about media coverage of
state higher education policy making. Using mass communication
theory, this study analyzes press coverage of an appropriations
conflict between two nationally prominent universities. Its purpose
was to determine whether newspapers give preferential treatment to
their local universities, ultimately producing bias in their coverage of
higher education.
Faculty Time Allocations and Research Productivity: Gender, Race and Family Effects
Authors: Toutkoushian Robert Kevin , Bellas Marcia L
Published: July 2012

This study, drawn from data about 14,614 full-time
faculty, examines total faculty work hours, research
productivity, and allocation of work time among
teaching, research, and service. Variation in time
expenditures and research output are influenced by
gender, race/ethnicity, and family (marital/parental)
status, but findings are also sensitive to definitions of
total work hours and research productivity. These
findings have important implications for how
administrators and faculty define productivity and for
the status of underrepresented groups within the
academy.
The Micropolitics of Planning
Authors: Marcus Laurence R
Published: July 2012

Formalized approaches extant in the literature present strategic planning as a bureaucratic and objective exercise that will produce an integrated system of rational decisions. Yet power relationships and differences of interest among the players make planning a highly political activity. Focused on successive planning processes that occurred at the same university, this study sheds light on the micropolitical dynamics of planning and challenges several accepted premises regarding the planning process.
Planning Failures: Decision Cultural Clashes
Authors: Swenk Jean
Published: July 2012

This paper describes the inconsistencies between the rational decision-making basis for strategic planning and higher education's collegial/professional, dual hierarchical decision-making culture--inconsistencies that pose obvious problems for strategic
planning in higher education. The results of a case study illustrate the
cultural clashes that can occur when those differences are ignored;
finally, the article suggests several steps for alleviating such
problems.
Policy Scholars Are from Venus; Policy Makers Are from Mars
Authors: Birnbaum Robert
Published: July 2012

Policy scholarship and policy-making are, and ought to be, two distinct knowledge-producing activities whose insights may inform, but are not dependent on, each other. Criticisms that higher education scholarship is not valuable to practitioners is based
on a misleading linear view of how social knowledge influences
behavior. Policy interests are ultimately better served when scholars
determine their own long-term research agendas, rather than attempt to
respond to policy makers' current issues.
Race Talks: Undergraduate Women of Color and Female Friendships
Authors: Martínez Alemán Ana M
Published: July 2012

This qualitative study examines how race and/or ethnicity inform undergraduate female friendships and specifically how race and/or ethnicity imbue these relationships with the conditions of familiarity that have been deemed necessary for cognitive and developmental growth. This study found that racial and ethnic self-empowerment through "race talk" appears to be the primary cognitive operation in these peer relationships.
Community Service in Higher Education: A Look at the Nation's Faculty
Authors: Antonio Anthony Lising , Astin Helen S. , Cress Christine M
Published: July 2012

Motivated by increasing attention to citizenship development in American higher education, this exploratory study examines the level of involvement in and commitment to community service among higher education faculty. Although most report performing some form of community or volunteer service, women, non-White, and lower-ranking faculty tend to be the most involved. The personal values of altruism, service, and community orientation appear to be the primary determinants of commitment to this type of activity.
Sexual Harassment in the Academy
Authors: Glazer-Raymo Judith
Published: July 2012

Three recent books scrutinize the legal, ethical, and policy implications of sexual harassment on campus. Their discerning analyses of institutional policies and practices raise troubling questions about the nature and extent of the problem, the weakening of affirmative action and equal opportunity on campuses, and the disturbing proclivity to defer to the courts. These books underscore the importance of sustained discourse within higher education and a renewed commitment to implement sexual harassment and hostile environment policies.
Higher Education Research at the Millennium: Still Trees without Fruit?
Authors: Kezar Adrianna J
Published: July 2012

This study examines whether a gap exists between researchers' and practitioners' ideas about what constitutes significance and usefulness in content, methodology, and format. Data was collected from focus groups at major higher education conferences for three years. Both groups agreed that the higher education literature does not provide memorable, insightful, or important professional information. The study explores six possible explanations and proposes the new direction of mutuality and continuity in addressing the gap between researchers and practitioners.
Patterns of Situational Identity Among Biracial and Multiracial College Students
Authors: Renn Kristen A
Published: July 2012

Using qualitative grounded theory framed by postmodern racial identity theory, the author explored the experience of 24 bi- and multiracial students at three postsecondary institutions. Five patterns of racial identification emerged, with peer culture and campus demographics as the major determinants of students' identity. These findings, with insights into multiracial students's experiences, can model how to explore other areas of socially constructed identity. It also introduces a conditional model for how students create new identity-based space on campus.
Effects of Campus Culture on Students' Critical Thinking
Authors: Tsui Lisa
Published: July 2012

This study examines how campus culture is related to the development of students' abilities to think critically by analyzing qualitative data gathered at four strategically chosen case study institutions. Three elements are influential: the nature of an institution's epistemological orientation; its ability to instill responsibility and self-reflection in students; and fostering social and political awareness in them.
Academics of the Heart: Reconnecting the Scientific Mind with the Spirit's Artistry
Authors: Rendon Laura I
Published: July 2012

Arguing that higher education research has become disconnected and fragmented, this paper presents a model, Academics of the Heart, that seeks to connect the intellect with the spirit. The model, based on the ancient wisdom of the Mayas and the Aztecs, views research as a relationship-centered process, honors diverse ways of knowing, and employs contemplative practice to connect the inner and outer nature of knowledge.
Clearing a Path for Success: Deconstructing Borders Through Undergraduate Mentoring
Authors: Wallace Dawn , Abel Ron , Ropers-Huilman Becky
Published: July 2012

This research examines students' interpretations of their experiences with mentoring in federal TRIO programs. Drawing on interviews with 20 student participants in Student Support Services, Educational Opportunity Center, and Veterans Upward Bound programs, analysis of the data suggests that formal mentoring relationships have the potential to impact students' decisions to attend, satisfaction with, and motivation to persist in postsecondary education. A critical analysis considers the roles mentoring can play in helping underrepresented students negotiate higher education environments.
The Politics of Restructuring Higher Education in Virginia: A Case Study
Authors: Leslie David W , Berdahl Robert Oliver
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a case study of the origins, politics, and preliminary outcomes of Virginia's "restructured" relationship between public colleges and universities and the Commonwealth. The initially proposed "charter" status for the state's three historically important universities became the vehicle fora reform that imposed more substantive accountability in exchange for procedural independence—a different outcome than the institutions expected. Was this difference the result of a misestimation of the political realities that could have been anticipated? This reform's long-term impact remains uncertain as the terms of highly complex legislation remain to be translated into clear operational policy.
The Intertextual, Sexually-Coded Rue Jacob: A Geocritical Approach to Djuna Barnes, Natalie Barney, and Radclyffe Hall
Authors: Wells-Lynn Amy
Published: July 2012

Using geographic sites, words, and codes to express what they cannot say in explicit sexual terms, from New York and London onto Paris and the rue Jacob with its temple and garden, Djuna Barnes, Natalie Barney, and Radclyffe Hall exploit space as a writing strategy, a geo-parler femme. The intersections between characters' behaviors, authors' lived experiences, real and imaginary Parisian locations, and the written page create for readers hidden yet shared messages of female sexuality. These women go beyond just creating a space within Paris; they create a new Paris on the whole—a Paris where women can write, publish, have public sexual relations with other women (and/or other men), and dance naked in their gardens. The female Paris captured in the pages of these texts is written to both celebrate literary and sexual freedom and create a space in which the activities can take place. On one hand, it overthrows rigid gendered spatial structures while existing simultaneously to male-centered Parisian geographies. A geocritical approach which problematizes female literary and sexual spaces, analyzes the cycle of space—literature—space, and considers how authors create their own female cities enables readers and critics to "locate" and map these messages, because after all, "Can one say by what Path, under what Bush, beside what Ditch, beneath what Mountain, through what Manlabour and Slaveswork, Man came upon the Burrows of Wisdom, and sometimes upon the skin of her herself?" In Ladies Almanack and The Well of Loneliness, it is by the path that leads to the intertextual, sexually-coded rue Jacob that women find female-based sexual wisdom and communicate that wisdom to others. Readers must be willing to pursue the paths of meanings available in these and other expatriate women's writings in order to share the context of the meanings floating between the texts of the female expatriate community.
Jane Eyre, from Governess to Girl Bride
Authors: Godfrey Esther
Published: July 2012

Gendered identities in Jane Eyre are inseparable from Jane's working-class affiliations and from her role as a young wife to an older husband. Class and age complicate readings of masculinity and femininity in the text; and as governess and as "girl-bride," Jane evokes nineteenth-century notions of androgyny and female masculinity, effectively using what are often interpreted as her subservient positions to her advantage. Though Charlotte Bront� avoids simplistic power reversals, the novel suggests possibilities for gender subversion within a seemingly normative romance narrative.
Aesthetic Consumption and the Cultural Production of Michael Field's Sight and Song
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: July 2012

The ekphrastic poems of Michael Field's Sight and Song suggest commodity forms that do not make women the object of exchange. In doing so, they revise masculine signifying economies in which women are typically the collectible objects that enable the constitution of the male aesthete's subjectivity. While Michael Field's consumable bodies become the surfaces onto which female homoerotic desire might be inscribed, the status of this volume as itself an aesthetic object places limits upon the ways in which the work may be understood as entirely resistant to ownership and possession, making visible the bourgeois aesthetics within which it was written and consumed.
Ethnic Enclave or International Corridor?: Immigrant Businesses in a New South City
Authors: McDaniel Paul N. , Drever Anita I.
Published: July 2012

Immigration is changing the U.S. South in unprecedented ways. First and later generations of Latinos and Asians comprise increasing portions of the population in towns and cities across the region. Some of these newcomers have started entrepreneurial business ventures rather than going to work for someone else. This research examines the forces driving the spatial patterns of and civic leader response to immigrant-owned entrepreneurial establishments in Birmingham, Alabama, a middle-tier metropolitan area. The paper answers the following questions: (1) Why did immigrant businesses begin moving into Birmingham during the last decade and a half? (2) Where are ethnic entrepreneurs opening up retail shops and why? (3) What are the attitudes of city officials towards these multi-ethnicbusiness enclaves? These questions are addressed using a mixed-method approach that includes census data analysis, archival research, personal observations and semi-structured open-ended interviews.
Remembering Actors: Embodied Shakespeare and the individual in the audience
Authors: Hartley Andrew James
Published: July 2012

"Remembering Actors: Embodied Shakespeare and the Individual in the Audience" is a speculative article in anticipation of RSC's production of The Tempest in 2006 starring Patrick Stewart performed at Ann Arbor, Michigan, which goes beyond discussing the 'body of text' to examine the 'body of the actor' and the meaning it brings to a production. Hartley recalls an episode of Star Trek (first broadcast in 1994), which heavily references The Tempest , and starred Stewart as Captain Picard. He urges the reader to "consider Shakespeare's use of Star Trek ", by which, he means to consider Shakespeare as a visceral and sensory experience for the audience member. In this article, Hartley identifies a multiplicity of experiences even within individual members of an audience of a particular performance. He recognises a symbiotic relationship between Stewart's Prospero and Stewart's Picard as one of these strands of meaning. However, he also recognises the relationship as having a "central irrelevance", that is, it is one that does not directly influence the play but shapes meaning nonetheless. Hartley's epilogue addresses these points retrospectively, having seen the production, RSC's Antony and Cleopatra (also starring Stewart), as well as meeting the actor off-stage.
One Piece at a Time
Authors: Shaughnessy Robert
Published: July 2012

Shaughnessy opens by recalling Johnny Cash's "One Piece at a Time", detailing a factory worker putting together a Cadillac using stolen parts one piece of a time, creating a new chimera of a vehicle "one piece at a time". He maps this process onto the 'practices of watching and writing about performance', drawing a similarity between Cash's poacher and the contemporary theatre maker. The article identifies that first generation theatre critics tended to attempt to find an unbroken tether between the current performance and the original text, citing the original text as the 'dream car' that Cash's poacher aspired towards. Shaughnessy initially engages with Michael Dobson's notion that we are encouraged to deal with the live performance. However, Shaughnessy notes the issue with this: live performance is discussed only in retrospect, and is subject to the limitations of recalling human memory. Thus he turns to the act of note taking: equivalent to taking a piece of the Shakespearean 'dream-Cadillac' away in a lunch-box. His notes display an audience subjectivity that shapes the meaning of the play to create a production that becomes "the only one there is around".
"An Othello to Forget": Zeffirelli's Stratford Othello and its Reputation
Authors: Jackson Russell
Published: July 2012

Franco Zeffirelli's 1961 production of Othello at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre is commonly remembered as a disaster, notable for mishaps on its opening night and for the agreement on the part of a few influential reviewers - not least Kenneth Tynan - that the staging was over-elaborate and under-rehearsed, and that Sir John Gielgud lacked qualities associated with the title role. Study of a wider range of reviews reveals a more nuanced view, with appreciation of Ian Bannen (Iago) as an actor working in a more 'modern' style of psychological realism than Gielgud. The article discusses the ways in which attitudes of ethnicity and sexuality in the mid-century informed responses to a production that played for only 17 performances and did not transfer to London, and which was not included in the second, Italian, edition of the director's autobiography, published in 2006.
Watching the Complete Works Festival: the RSC and its fans in 2006
Authors: Dobson Michael
Published: July 2012

This article reflects upon the experience of the author - speaking in part from his position as the review editor of Shakespeare Survey and as a long-time theatre-goer (and football-fan) - of watching not a performance of a Shakespeare play but a rehearsal of one: a cue-to-cue technical rehearsal of Michael Boyd's Henry VI, Part 1 at the RSC in 2006, which formed part of the company's 'Essential Year.' This year, the article suggests, while also coinciding with the World Cup, split the category and 'brand' of 'Shakespeare' wide open: the season saw 54 Shakespeare stagings which came not only from the RSC but from 30-odd visiting companies speaking sixteen languages. The study focuses in particular on the concept of the RSC as an institution and on the institution of theatre, the extent to which the institutional context of watching impinges on the psychological experience of watching, and how the presence of "Stratford regulars" or fans - much like the presence of fellow supporters in a football stadium - impacts on the watching experience. Through an analysis of the experience of watching Shakespeare not as a product but as a process, the article considers how performers' risk-taking has a profound impact on how spectators perceive, understand and feel a performance, engaging with the rehearsal's strange halfway intimacy in order to question how Boyd's show will fit retrospectively into the history of the RSC from the perspective of its fans.
Negotiating the Foreign: Language, American Audiences, and Theatre from Japan
Authors: Thornbury Barbara E.
Published: July 2012

Presentations in the United States of theatre from Japan are sites of linguistic contestation and tension. Non-Japanese-speaking audiences rely on technologies of access to foreign words spoken (and cultures experienced) live onstage. The titles flashed on screens, the translations and commentary transmitted through battery-powered devices, and the explanations printed in program booklets send audiences a message of remoteness, of difference, of a cultural "gulf." Professional (and, invariably, non- Japanese-speaking) critics are frontline negotiators with the foreign. through their writings, we can identify major modes of audience reaction to the unfamiliar. The analytical framework that I propose identifies three principal discursive strategies—advocating surrender, assuming universality, and putting up resistance—that mark critics' negotiations with the foreign. each of the strategies is a response to words not understood from the stage. there is no neutral stance: language inevitably calls attention to itself—and elicits a response.
Refugee Theatre: Melodrama and Modernity's Loss
Authors: Buckley Matthew S.
Published: July 2012

This essay explores the social origins and aesthetic development of melodrama in order to suggest a revised understanding of the genre's character, its place in the history of modern drama, and its role in the development of modern culture and consciousness. Tracing melodrama's close emergence out of the traumatic violence of the French revolutionary era and finding in its early development the construction of a disruptive serial aesthetic of affective sensation and spectacular shock, "Refugee Theatre" argues for an understanding of melodrama as an addictive new form of vivid psychological drama, one that rehearsed, reinforced, and catalyzed the continual trauma and psychological dislocation of modern life. Pursuing the implications of such a revised view in light of the genre's subsequent transformations, the essay suggests that we must recognize in melodrama a genre that modern culture did not reject or move beyond so much as internalize and repress—and that such recognition implies in turn a very different, and much less redemptive, understanding of melodrama's role in modernity and in the history of modern drama.
Conquer or Die: Staging Circum-Atlantic Revolt in Polly and Three-Finger'd Jack
Authors: Reed Peter P
Published: July 2012

The 1777 resurrection of John Gay's Polly represents a watershed moment in the stage history of Atlantic underclasses: its first self-conscious act of racial mimicry. This self-reflexive blackface also activated a cohort of lower-class types; Polly marks class with theatrical blackness. John Fawcett's 1800 pantomime Obi, or, Three-Finger'd Jack, revives such resistant characters, enacting new forms of social disorder and performing another version of the multiracial underclass crew Marx would name the "lumpenproletariat." Together, Polly and Three-Finger'd Jack imagine the convergence of race and class identity in the Caribbean. Most importantly, however, they imagine such rogues, with their tendencies to don burnt-cork makeup and perform piracy and banditry, as already theatrical. These plays and their rogue antiheroes performed threats to the existing social order, becoming a charismatic and popular part of the Atlantic theatre culture.
"Manzanar, the eyes of the world are upon you": Performance and Archival Ambivalence at a Japanese American Internment Camp
Authors: Colborn-Roxworthy Emily
Published: July 2012

In this essay, Emily Colborn-Roxworthy explores the self-conscious construction of Japanese American identities and internment performance in the internee-run Manzanar Free Press, which epitomized the camp newspapers independently published in each of the ten US relocation centers during World War II. In the face of political spectacularization and racist media slander, Colborn-Roxworthy argues that internee-journalists created a "spectacle-archive" that recorded the ambivalent scrutiny imposed upon them from all sides. At the same time, she shows how internees staged intercultural performance festivals in defiance of the government's mono-Americanist assimilation policy, which pitted second-generation Nisei against their "Japanesey" parents and criminalized displays of Japanese culture. Having opted out of the spectacle-archive by receiving few mentions in the Free Press publicity machine, the festivals' performed resistance lived on mainly through embodied memory, which has meant that progressive narratives of American triumph over adversity—epitomized by the National Park Service's celebration of internees' festivity at Manzanar National Historic Site—have appropriated only the Asian American "model minority" interpretation of camp performances as rehearsals for assimilation and endorsements of the government's policy.
Gender, numbers and substance: Women parliamentarians and the ‘politics of presence’ in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Francis Suzanne
Published: July 2012

This article investigates four dimensions of the political institutional representation of women by women parliamentarians in KwaZulu-Natal. It begins by exploring whether or not women Members of the Provincial Parliament (MPPs) actively seek to substantively represent women, and how they do this. Secondly, it probes the perceptions they hold of their impact in this area. Third, the question of whether and how contested conceptions of political representation impact on attempts to feminise the agenda, is raised. Lastly, the article explores the impact of women MPPs via the institutional mechanism of the Women’s Parliamentary Caucus (WPC). The results show that the majority of parliamentary women do seek to represent women and claim effectiveness in doing so. Challenges to this agenda however include party identity, and racial and cultural conceptions of representation that divide women and strengthen resistance to change. It was also found that while the WPC provides an arena for women to elucidate their specific concerns and partly circumvent the constraints of party and racial and cultural representation, its institutional inadequacies were found to impact negatively upon the women’s agenda – a factor recognised only by a minority of women MPPs.
Applying Simultaneous Variable Control Strategies for ROP Optimization and Offshore Well Costs Mitigation
Authors: Folsta M. G. , Martins A. L.
Published: July 2012

Process control strategies are widespread in the industry and provide cost reduction and reliability for different processes. Automation for Well construction technology is still an emerging technology, most probably due to data transmission limitations and to the several uncertainties inherent to the process. The elevated costs, especially in deepwater operations, and the society claims for safety improvement are the major drives for the increasing industrial efforts to overcome the steps for drilling automation. Several process can be controlled during well construction steps, such as: downhole pressure and torque on bit during drilling, bit cost minimization, keeping downhole pressures during influx circulations and tripping. The purpose of this article is to show a comprehensive analysis of the adequacy of different process control strategies to support the automation of the drilling process, with special focus on cost reduction. Initially, a traditional feed back approach was considered to compare different control methodologies, such as Proportional (P), Proportional-Integral (PI) and proportional - Integral- Differential (PID). Comparison in response times, attenuation rates and other control parameters are presented. Control stability performance was evaluated through the analysis of measurement and actuation delays, signal loss, magnitude of disturbs and other classic strategies. A multiple input single output analysis was included, introducing gains to the control process.