bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Correlates of Delinquency and Validity of Questionnaire Assessment Methods
Authors: Becker Paul W.
Published: September 2011

A Delinquency Scale (Peterson, Quay, & Cameron, 1959), the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor, 1953), and the Gordon Personal Inventory (Gordon, 1956) were administered in random order to 609 Federal Reformatory residents. Several other test and demographic measures were obtained for each S from reformatory records. Product-moment intercorrelations among variables ( p = .01), defined those relationships statistically different from zero. The results failed to demonstrate a consistency, or invariance, with those relationships observed by Quay, Peterson, and Consalvi (1960). The data suggest that Psychopathy and Neuroticism, as measured by the Delinquency Scale, are not independent factors, and both appear, instead, to assess a personality dimension best described as the “acting-out neurotic.” The data also provide discriminative validity information for the various subscales of the Gordon Personal Inventory, substantiating Gordon's (1956) original construct labels.
Water Intake and NaCl Appetite in Sodium Depletion
Authors: Falk John L.
Published: September 2011

Rats were sodium depleted by intraperitoneal dialysis (IPD) to determine: (a) whether there is a thirst mechanism not dependent on increases in effective osmotic pressure and (b) whether a sodium chloride appetite could be induced by this rapid means of sodium depletion. IPD resulted in increased intakes of water and 3% NaCl solution when these were tested independently (single-stimulus method) A second IPD performed after 2 days of recovery produced even greater increases in intake. When water and 3% NaCl were available simultaneously after both dialyses, the increased salt intake was shown to be the predominant effect. The increased water intake occurred in spite of cellular overhydration and decreased serum Na level.
Intrinsic Organization of Serial Lists
Authors: Miller Gerald R.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-four Ss learned four 12-item serial lists. One list was composed of consonants, another of numbers, another of 6 numbers followed by 6 consonants, and another of 3 numbers followed by 3 consonants followed by 3 names of months followed by 3 color names. S saw the entire list and then responded orally. The criterion was one perfect trial. By a Duncan Multiple-range F test every mean was different from each other mean ( p < .05). In another experiment 16 Ss learned 2 lists (each containing 4 categories of items). In one list the members of the categories were grouped together; in the other they were not. The mean number of trials to criterion was different by a t test ( p < .001).
Value Conflict, Creativity, and the Study of Values
Authors: Datta Lois-Ellin
Published: September 2011

The “value conflict” interpretation of creative Ss' high preferences for Theoretical and Aesthetic Study of Values scales is questioned on the basis of positive scale correlations obtained after correction for forced-choice bias from a non-eminent sample.
Age and Cultural Differences as Determinants of Word Associations: Suggestions for Their Analysis
Authors: Riegel Klaus F.
Published: September 2011

The relative significance of developmental as compared with cultural changes in verbal behavior was estimated. The percentage agreement in primary responses to the Kent-Rosanoff Test was analyzed for the age range from childhood to old adulthood and for the time period from 1910 to 1964, by enumerating the degree of approximation of a simplex (Guttman). Age of Ss was found to be a more important determinant for the agreement than time of testing.
A Proposed Heterosexual Theory of Delusions
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

Following critical reviews of Freud's homosexual theory of paranoia, Ovesey's pseudohomosexual theory, and Cameron's biosocial theory, a proposed theory of delusion formation is presented, based on the hypothesis that the heterosexual incestuous conflict may be resolved through the development of delusions.
Generality of the Repression-Sensitization Dimension: Threat of Nuclear War
Authors: Golin Sanford , Solkoff Norman
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that repressors, during the blockade of Cuba, would estimate nuclear war as less likely, would express less anxiety, and would show more approval of the blockade than sensitizers. The results for 196 Ss showed that the greater the estimate of the likelihood of nuclear war, the greater the anxiety and the less the approval but these results were not related to the repression-sensitization dimension.
Preliminary Test of a Theory of Social Types
Authors: Nance R. Dale
Published: September 2011

An inventory was developed to test a recent theory of social types. Among university students of both sexes the Upward-Mobile type was the most common of the three basic types. The author recommends refinement of the inventory and its use with other groups.
Definition of Terms: A Failure in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Stachnik Thomas J. , Ulrich Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Two classes of students ( N = 68) enrolled in Introductory Psychology were employed in a before-and-after design in which the students wrote definitions of 10 psychological terms and 2 control terms. The amount of agreement in the definitions, as measured by the Intensional Agreement Index, was no greater during the last week of the course than during the first week.
Note on Effects of Practice and Fatigue in Group Testing of Intelligence and Achievement
Authors: Dizney Henry F. , Yamamoto Kaoru
Published: September 2011

Intelligence and achievement tests were given in immediate succession to 600 fourth and 600 seventh graders under 2 sequential orders. The effects of fatigue and practice were examined. Order effects were found on both tests for seventh graders but not for fourth graders The results do not seem to be explained by either simple fatigue or practice.
Factor Analysis of Some Psychometric Measures of Impulsiveness and Anxiety
Authors: Barratt Ernest S.
Published: September 2011

Two orthogonal personality traits or predispositions, impulsiveness and anxiety, have been invariant in five separate factor analyses. One of these analyses is presented here along with an item analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) which has a high loading on the impulsiveness factor. The BIS has never significantly correlated with any of the various anxiety or emotional stability measures in over 50 administrations of the scale, further evidence for the invariance of these two second-order factors.
Effect of Effort on Choice: Value of a Secondary Reinforcer
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tests the hypothesis that a secondary reinforcer associated with high effort would be preferred to the same secondary reinforcer with low effort. Preference was measured by (a) S's choice in a T-maze and (b) time spent in the presence of the secondary reinforcet. Each of 40 animals experienced both high and low effort conditions associated with either a vertical or a horizontal striped area. Half of the Ss experienced high effort with vertical and low effort with horizontal stripes. The other half experienced high effort with horizontal and low effort with vertical stripes. Results demonstrated that effort is effective in influencing the value of a secondary reinforcer.
Amnesic and Aversive Effects of Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Delprato Dennis J. , Thompson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 5 rats were pre-trained to run to a goalbox for food reinforcement and then were given differential goalbox treatment. Groups FS-PECS received foot-shock (FS) and pseudo (P) electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in goalbox and did not differ in trials to fear acquisition from a group receiving FS and ECS in goalbox. Group FS-ECS extinguished goalbox fear faster than Group FS-PECS demonstrating amnesic properties of ECS. Group ECS received only ECS in goalbox and was slower in fear acquisition and faster in fear extinction than either Groups FS-PECS or FS-ECS. Fear acquisition by Group ECS demonstrated aversive properties of ECS. A fourth group received only PECS in goalbox and showed no fear acquisition.
Psychology of the Scientist: XI. Lotka's Law and Research Visibility
Authors: Platz Arthur
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that, when scientists are rank ordered on the basis of number of publications and the number of publications is then plotted against these ranks, the resulting productivity curves are typically exponential in form. Citations to journal articles were analyzed to show that citations are similarly distributed, with the 10% most frequently cited articles receiving approximately 40% of the citations. Reanalysis of data published by Dennis (1954) suggests that there is little relation between the number of articles published by an author and the number of citations he receives per article.
Response Initiation and Response Termination: Analysis of Effects of Punishment and Escape Contingencies
Authors: Leitenberg Harold
Published: September 2011

Response frequency and response duration were manipulated in opposite directions through appropriate arrangement of punishment and escape contingencies. The experiment demonstrated that the frequency of a non-reinforced operant response could be more effectively suppressed by punishment in one group of rats than in another, even though the former group continued to take a longer time to terminate the response once it had been made. Bright light was the aversive stimulus, depression of a large platform was the response punished, and release of the platform was the escape response.
Birth Order and the Need for Affiliation
Authors: Masling Joseph
Published: September 2011

Three samples of students were used to test two hypotheses derived from Schachter's work on birth order and the need for affiliation. No relationship was found in either male or female freshmen between birth order and preference for rooming alone or rooming with others. No relationship was found between birth order and choice of group or individual athletic activity. It was suggested that the situational factors must be considered in understanding the influence of birth order on behavior.
Verbal Fluency, Free Recall, and Paired-Associate Learning Speed
Authors: Greeno James G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relation between performance in paired-associate learning and other verbal skills (verbal fluency to word and nonsense stimuli, recall of a word list). Ss learned two lists of word-CVC pairs. Significant positive correlations were found between fluency measures and learning of both lists. Recall scores were similarly correlated with second-list, but not first-list, learning.
Participation, Influence, and Satisfaction among Members of Problem-Solving Groups
Authors: Hoffman L. Richard , Burke Ronald J. , Maier Norman R. F.
Published: September 2011

The relative contributions of participation and influence to the acceptance of decisions in problem-solving groups were examined. Fifteen 4-person and 5 3-person groups solved the Assembly Problem. The members' comments about different solutions were recorded and their reports of their satisfaction with their influence over the solution and with the solution itself were collected after the discussion. The members' total participation, attempted influence, and actual influence over the solution were each correlated with the two satisfaction measures. Only the members' actual influence was significantly correlated with their satisfaction. Neither the amount of group support for the solution nor the quality of the solution was correlated with members' satisfaction. The amount each member participates in a problem-solving discussion seems unimportant for his acceptance of the group decision. Rather, he will be satisfied the more he expresses support for the solution adopted by the group. Members should be encouraged to express their opinions about solutions both to increase acceptance and to improve the quality of group decisions.
Inconsistency in Attitude of High Status Persons and Loss of Influence: An Experimental Study
Authors: Goldberg Herbert , Iverson Marvin A.
Published: September 2011

Compliance in opinions was recorded for 96 students who were individually exposed to an influence procedure enacted by a partner of either superior or subordinate status. During three influence trials, the partner expressed consistently either conventional or unconventional opinions to some students. For others, he shifted in extreme viewpoint, thus contradicting himself from trial to trial. The status identity of the influencing partner and the consistency-inconsistency in expression of attitude were defined as independent dimensions of source trustworthiness. As such, the identity variable was more effective in shaping Ss' opinions than was the sequential content variable. Loss of influence due specifically to the inconsistency factor occurred initially with high status and later with low status partners.
Sexual Appetite and Sexual Drive
Authors: Margoshes Adam , Litt Sheldon
Published: September 2011

Hardy's appetitional theory of sexuality is examined critically and compared with Freud's libidinal drive theory. It is maintained that sexuality is both a drive and an appetite and that Freud's theory is more complete than Hardy's because it deals with both of these aspects. Specific comparisons are drawn in relation to the periodicity of women's desire, the pleasure of genital stimulation, and the “unpleasure” in arousal short of orgasm. Finally, it is argued that Hardy has inappropriately intruded moral considerations into scientific theory.
Punishment: Effects of Shock Intensity on Response Suppression
Authors: Appel James B. , Peterson Neil J.
Published: September 2011

Punishment ordinarily suppresses concurrently reinforced behavior. The amount of suppression is related to intensity of punishment by the exponential equation, RI = Rne−0.10I. This equation describes the behavior of both rats and pigeons under very different methods of shock administration. Its generality may, however, be limited by (1) order of shock presentation and (2) amount of exposure to punishment. Recovery characteristically occurs immediately following withdrawal of punishment and, in some cases, even when the contingency is still in effect (mild punishment). At extremely high intensities, however, when concomitant emotional reactions may have been induced, response suppression may be permanent.
Restricted Random Reinforcement in Probability Learning
Authors: Madison Harry L. , Johns Marcia D.
Published: September 2011

An exact frequency ratio of 3:1 was maintained between reinforcing events over successive blocks of 4, 8, 16, or 128 trials in a two-choice verbal conditioning situation. No effect of such restricted randomization was found upon the mean learning curves, total number of responses, or variance in total number of responses. Monte Carlo runs were computed to show that these results are consistent with statistical learning theory.
Psychology of the Scientist: XIII. Scientific and Religious Experiences Distinguished by Their ‘Affect’
Authors: Brody Nathan
Published: September 2011

This paper describes responses to a questionnaire about religious and scientific experiences by 26 graduate students in the sciences and 26 students in a theological seminary. There are two principal findings. First, experiences which are interpreted in a religious way are assigned higher polarity scores (taken as a measure of affect) on a modified form of Osgood's semantic differential than are experiences which are interpreted scientifically. Second, experiences which are interpreted religiously are assigned more positive evaluative scores than are experiences which are interpreted scientifically.
Analysis of Baseline and Subsequent Data in a Geriatric Study Using Valium: Methodological Note
Authors: Clement Wilfrid R.
Published: September 2011

Psychotropic qualities of Valium (diazepam) in liquid form were evaluated using 50 geriatric Ss during 3-wk. baseline and 2-wk. drug/placebo sequences. Almost every previously reported side or paradoxical effect was found during this baseline period. Reporting behavior of the nursing staff was shaped to accurate use of a report form during the first week. It was concluded that prior reports of side and paradoxical drug effects were not necessarily demonstrated to be causally related to Valium due to failure to control for covarying events.
Response-Contingent Learning-Set Training in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Abordo Enrique J. , Rumbaugh Duane M.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were trained in learning set (LS) to determine the effect of making the stimulus objects' right-left position assignments contingent upon Ss' responses. In the first group, objects were assigned according to a random sequence, but in the second group the position of objects was contingent upon the nature of the preceding response. For this latter group, the right-left position assignments changed on each trial that followed a correct and reinforced trial; on all other trials the assignments remained unchanged. In subsequent test problems in which position assignments for both groups were on a random basis, the group that had its initial training in the response-contingent LS condition was significantly superior ( F = 16.7, p < .01). Results were interpreted in accord with the logic that the response-contingent method served to efficiently suppress the differential cue error factor.
Subtle and Obvious Response on the MMPI as a Function of Acquiescence Response Style
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

To study the possible influence of acquiescence response style upon the Wiener subtle (S) and obvious (O) keys for 5 MMPI scales, separate S/O balance ratios (social desirability measures) were determined for each S ( N = 50) based on items keyed True and on items keyed False and were intercorrelated, S/O balances for the studied scales appeared to be partially a function of acquiescence response style.
On the Assessment of Anxiety: I. by a Behavior Checklist
Authors: McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

A large number of behaviors commonly interpreted as indicative of anxiety was collected from textbooks and clinical reports. On the basis of measures of internal consistency and other appropriate criteria the list was reduced to 25 items. These items can be used as a checklist for the assessment of anxiety.
Modification of the Incidence of Mating in Rats by Stimulation with a Short Air Blast
Authors: Hahn E. W. , Hays R. L.
Published: September 2011

325 virgin female rats were individually stimulated with a four-minute air blast on the same day they were individually placed with mature males. Controls were 358 comparable rats. Mating was determined by the presence of vaginal plugs. Χ2 analysis indicated that significantly more stimulated females were bred on Days 1, 2, 4, or 6 or more. The analysis on accumulative numbers bred revealed that significantly more stimulated females were bred by Days 2, 3, 4, and 5. No differences existed between stimulated and control groups in either litter size, incidence of abnormal young, or % conceptions.
Extent of Deprivation and Probability Learning Performance
Authors: Treichler F. Robert , Marsella Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

The probability-learning performances of 4 groups of 12 rats at different reinforcement probabilities and extents of deprivation were compared. While these probabilities yielded different performances, the several deprivations did not. It was concluded that procedural variation between this and other studies of deprivation effects on choice performance may account for the failure to demonstrate drive differences on this task.
An Alternative Form of a Forced-Choice F Scale
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H. , Janicki W. Peter
Published: September 2011

A forced-choice form of the F scale was constructed and correlations were computed between the resulting scores and those from a “counterbalanced” form and its two components: the scores from embedded original Authoritarianism Scale items and the scores from embedded “reversed” items. Reliabilities of the forced-choice scale were .69 and .66 for two samples. It was observed that the forced-choice × “original” correlations were slightly lower than those reported by others end, more importantly, the forced-choice × “counterbalanced” scale correlations were of the order of .7, thus casting some doubt on the relative advantage of the forced-choice form over the “counterbalanced” form for selection of “high” authoritarians. In addition, evidence was presented indicating an advantage of a lateral form of FC scale over a vertical form.
Representational Value, Meaningfulness, and Pronunciability in Serial Learning
Authors: Badia Pietro , Rosenberg B. G. , Langer Jonas
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 verbal learning conditions involving a serial task. The differential effects on learning of stimuli representing referent dimensions (representational value) were contrasted with the more typical dimension of meaningfulness (association value). The relationship of pronunciability to those two dimensions was also evaluated. While data suggest that association value and, to some extent, representational value contribute to the variance, the possibility that pronunciability is basic to both these dimensions could no: be ruled out.
Influence of Variations in Paradigms and Associative Value on Mediated Transfer
Authors: Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the influence of variations in paradigms and meaningfulness of learning materials upon mediated transfer in verbal learning. Three mediation paradigms were investigated, using two levels of associative value within each paradigm. Results indicated a highly significant main effect attributable to mediation and significant effects attributable both to paradigms and to associative value. However, other differences among paradigms and between levels of associative value failed to reach statistical significance, which suggests that the magnitude of an obtained mediation effect is not significantly influenced by the type of paradigm employed or by the level of associative value, at least for the ranges used in the present study.
Semantic Satiation in Concept Formation
Authors: Jakobovits Leon A.
Published: September 2011

This study deals with generalization of the semantic satiation effect to a concept formation task which involves the grouping of words into classes. Experimental Ss were given satiation treatment on words which were thought to mediate solution to the classification task, while control Ss were given satiation treatment on irrelevant words. It was shown that experimental Ss differed from controls with respect to the type of solutions given in the concept formation task.
Value and Trait Comparisons of Clinical and Counseling Students: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Liberty Paul G. , Doughtie Eugene B. , Embree Royal B.
Published: September 2011

A small matched sample of graduate students in clinical and counseling psychology programs was obtained. Their scores were compared on Guilford's STDCR and GAMIN Inventories and the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Several significant differences suggest that the investigation of values and traits may have potentially important implications for the selection and training of future therapists.
Relationships between Response to the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and MMPI Scales
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) and the MMPI were administered to 78 hospitalized mental patients. Correlations between the M-C SDS and the MMPI scales were computed. The correlations (all statistically significant) were generally higher than had been reported in previous studies. The results support a recent contention that the M-C SDS shares a higher relationship with MMPI performance than previously suggested by Crowne and Marlowe.
Effects of Conceptual Grouping of Adjacent Items on Serial Learning
Authors: Wright John H. , Bernstein David A.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss were randomly assigned to each of the 6 experimental conditions representing placement of one of two 5-item concept clusters, empirically shown to differ in degree of conceptual relatedness, in either the beginning, middle, or end portion of a 15-item serial list. Ss learning lists containing a highly conceptually related cluster exhibited a greater tendency to learn the concept items early in serial learning, regardless of their position in the list, than did Ss learning lists containing a less conceptually related cluster. As a result of a superiority of performance in the cluster portions of the high-concept lists and an opposite superiority of performance in the non-cluster portions of the low-concept lists, the serial position curves for the 6 lists were significantly different. The failure to find over-all differences in learning among lists yielding different serial position curves supports theories of serial learning which propose that total serial learning time is independent of the order in which the items of a serial list are learned.
Set-Breaking as a Learned Response
Authors: Gibbons Don
Published: September 2011

72 undergraduates were given an experimental problem structured to provide competing associations which should interfere with successful solution. Half of this group was given prior training in the solution of problems whose answers are commonly considered to be “unconventional” in an attempt to engender a “set-breaking set” which would facilitate solution of the experimental problem. The trained group did appear superior in time to solution and frequency of solution. Other ways to facilitate problem solution were noted, and the existence of an independent “set-breaking set” was inferred. The superior performance of the males was tentatively attributed to a greater degree of motivation or relevant past experience.
Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on Passive Avoidance Learning with High and Low Intensity Footshock
Authors: Delprato Dennis J. , Thompson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and pseudo-ECS (PECS) on a passive avoidance response learned under 2 intensities of footshock (FS). There were no differential effects during acquisition, however, ECS and 0.3-ma. groups extinguished faster than PECS and 2.0-ma. groups.
On Keeping Mental Patients Chronic
Authors: Stewart Horace
Published: September 2011

This article deals with some of the commonly practiced methods which reinforce and perpetuate the condition of mental illness. Several studies are mentioned which shed light on some current inadvisable factors evident in many treatment centers and mental hospitals. This satiric account draws attention to a deplorable situation.
Opinion Formation and Creativity in Elementary School Children
Authors: Long Barbara H. , Henderson Edmund H.
Published: September 2011

Significant relationships were found between opinion formation and fluency, flexibility and originality scores from Torrance's Lines Test among 288 children in Grades 2 to 7. Grade in school had a significant effect upon opinion formation, flexibility, originality and elaboration scores, while sex had a significant effect upon fluency and opinion scores.
Motivation, Anxiety and Stress in a Difficult Verbal Task
Authors: Schmeidler Gertrude R. , Ginsberg Stanley , Bruel Iris , Lukomnik Mary
Published: September 2011

A complex verbal learning task was administered under stress or nonstress conditions to Ss shown by pre-tests to have either high or low scores on anxiety and need for achievement. Subsidiary findings from the pre-tests were that debilitating anxiety scores had a significant negative correlation with facilitating anxiety scores, and also with achievement scores. The verbal learning showed a significant interaction with “drive” variables: Ss high in need for achievement performed better if anxiety and stress were high but Ss low in need for achievement performed better if anxiety and stress were low. Ss high on only one or two drive variables showed significantly poorer learning than the pool of Ss high on all three or low on all three drive variables.
Familiarization and One-Trial Learning: A Positive Interaction
Authors: Scandura Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

In each of two experiments 32 Ss were familiarized with a set of stimulus and response nonsense syllables and then learned a list of eight pairs. Each of four familiarity conditions (neither syllable, stimuli, responses, and both syllables) was represented in this list by two pairs, one learned under a repetition condition and the other under a nonrepetition condition. In Exp. 1 the pairs were presented for 2 sec. each; in Exp. 2 presentation was self-paced. The difference between learning under the repetition conditions was shown to be a function of stimulus and response familiarization. The sensitive variables were total errors in Exp. 1 and presentation time (time to learn) in Exp. 2. It was difficult to criticize these findings on the basis of the item-selection artifact usually referred to in studies of this type. The results favor an all-or-none conception of PA learning when the stimuli and responses act as single elements.
Relative Effects of Phenothiazines and Phenobarbital on Verbal Conditioning of Schizophrenics
Authors: Vestre Norris D.
Published: September 2011

83 hospitalized schizophrenics were given verbal conditioning trials after 8 wk. of treatment with fluphenazine, triflupromazine, or phenobarbital. Within each drug group, Ss were assigned to an experimental or control group. Only the phenobarbital group showed a significant conditioning effect.
Revised Approach to Detection of Cerebral Damage: Progressive Matrices Revisited
Authors: Knehr Charles A.
Published: September 2011

The use of several indices based on Progressive Matrices performances alone fails to differentiate impairment related to psychopathology from that due to cerebral histopathological changes at a satisfactory level, although the test is an excellent indicator of the presence and extent of impairment irrespective of the impairing condition. Since psychiatric and neurological patients overlap most in impaired g-functions and least on certain measures independent of g, the latter are held to be decisive in distinguishing organic from psychopathological impairment whatever the level of intellectual competence at the time of test.
Categorizing Externally Distributed Stimulus Samples for Unequal Molar Probabilities
Authors: Lee Wayne , Janke Mary
Published: September 2011

40 Ss categorized random samples from one of two normal distributions and then received feedback. The over-all, molar probabilities of samples for the two distributions were .35 and .65. Problem-solving or Gambling instructions, and distributions on a Dot position or a Number continuum, were combined factorially with sex. There were no main instructional effects. Performance was superior on the position continuum ( p < .01). Over-all performance resembled micromatching of probabilities at each continuum position, but some Ss responded independently of sample position. The molar probability of response “1” for the Dot group was less (.295) than the molar reinforcement level ( p < .001). There were no main sex effects. Distance between centers was overestimated for Dot but not for the Number continuum.
Blocking of Pregnancy in Mice as a Function of Stress: Supplementary Note
Authors: De Fries J. C. , Weir Morton W. , Hegmann J. P.
Published: September 2011

Maternal injections of adrenalin and saline 3 to 4 days after mating, as compared to injections during the second and third trimesters, resulted in significantly fewer litters in an inbred strain of mice (A/J). However, no such effect was noted in the C57BL/6J strain, suggesting the presence of a genotype-environment interaction. The possibility that the blocking of pregnancy in the A/J strain results from a failure of implantation is discussed.
Effects of Idiodynamic Set and Stimulus Characteristics on Numeral Homonym Associates
Authors: Cook Thomas H. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 60 and one group of 100 Ss associated to word lists which varied in the order of occurrence of 4 numeral homonyms (e.g., eight-ate), in the position of an unambiguous numeral ( viz., three) in the stimulus list, and in the number of intervening non-numeral stimulus words. Numeral responses were facilitated in a non-specific manner by the unambiguous numeral and by a decreased interval between the numeral stimulus words. Individual differences in a contrast-logical coordinate idiodynamic set were significantly related to the numeral response tendency. It was concluded that word association responses are determined by the interaction between transient stimulus effects and enduring characteristics of individual Ss.
Psychological-Hormonal Relationships in Men with Cancer
Authors: Evans Ray B. , Stern Elizabeth , Marmorston Jessie
Published: September 2011

An exploration was made of relationships between 3 urinary hormone metabolites (androsterone, estradiol, adrenocorticoids) and 7 aspects of personality (Kindliness, Security, Submissiveness, Hostility, Anxiety, Assertiveness, and a combination score representing stressful-nonstressful feelings) as measured by a self-rating, 60-word adjective checklist. There were 130 male Ss, 56 with lung or prostate cancer, 38 with emphysema or benign prostate hyperplasia, and 36 well individuals. Of 21 rank coefficients computed for the total group, 5 reached the .05 level of significance; among cancer patients, 2 of 21 coefficients were significant; and among noncancer Ss, 9 of the 21 were significant. There was no consistent pattern in the results for the patients with cancer. Among the noncancer Ss, stressful feelings tended to be positively associated, and nonstressful feelings negatively associated, with the hormone metabolite levels.
A Review of the MMPI in Industry
Authors: Hedlund Dalva E.
Published: September 2011

The present paper has presented extensive evidence that is critical of the industrial uses of the MMPI. This criticism is not intended to discourage use of the inventory in industrial settings. Rather, it is hoped that it will stimulate published research on a variety of topics. Most of the criticism has resulted from the unvalidated uses of the MMPI. Evidence, as can be readily seen, is inconclusive concerning many applications of the inventory. Although the exact number of companies which use the MMPI is not known, it appears that many industrial firms do, and they may carry on an active program of research. This research, due to quality, hesitancy of a company to be identified, or competitive business ethics, is rarely published. The author submits that this practice is not only damaging to the business world, but it is also professionally unsound. Even reliable negative results would furnish guidelines for future applications of and research with the MMPI.
A Test of Some Assumptions Underlying Programmed Instruction
Authors: Jacobs Paul I. , Kulkarni Sharadchandra
Published: September 2011

Ss in three different schools were randomly assigned to Group R, the regular version of a self-instructional program, Group O, the program with knowledge of results omitted, or Group I, the program with the order of some sections of the program inverted. In two of the schools Groups O and I did significantly better on the posttest than did Group R, but in the third school there were no group differences on the posttest. An interpretation is offered in terms of the more active role of the student assigned to a mutilated version of the program.
Water Intake of the Rat as a Function of Duration of Water Deprivation
Authors: Dufort Robert H. , Abrahamson David S.
Published: September 2011

Water intake in a 2-hr. period was measured for groups of rats deprived of water either 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, or 168 hr. The intake function appeared to reach a maximum value at 48 hr., suggesting that intake is not a useful measure of the effects of long durations of water deprivation.
Responses on the Famous Sayings Test of Professional and Non-Professional Personnel in a Medical Population
Authors: Walsh T. Myrick
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to contribute additional normative data for the Famous Sayings Test to earlier reported findings. The investigation was carried out with physicians before and after training, and nurses before and after training ( N = 101). Results indicated that experienced nurses are highest in Conventional Mores and interns-residents lowest. Fears of Failure data suggests that experienced nurses are significantly lower than student nurses ( p < .01) and staff physicians ( p < .05), but not interns-residents. In contrast, the Hostility scale analyses were non-significant across all groups. Further, while student nurses obtained the highest scores in Social Acquiescence, these findings revealed strong trend differences from earlier student nurse data. Problems in regard to the usefulness of the Famous Sayings Test were discussed.
Distilled Water and Tap Water as Factors in Taste Preference of the Rat
Authors: Young Paul Thomas
Published: September 2011

Schnorr and Brookshire demonstrated that naive rats reared from weaning on distilled water prefer distilled water to tap water; Ss reared on tap water also prefer distilled water, which result approaches statistical significance. This preference for distilled water is directly opposed to findings of Young and Falk who demonstrated a preference for tap water. The present paper is an analysis and interpretation of these experiments along with data from two further studies of taste preference.
Stereotypy and Variability of Behavior in a Complex Learning Situation
Authors: Lachman Sheldon J.
Published: September 2011

11 male albino rats were tested daily for 100 days in a three-choice multiple-path problem in which the order of path elimination was not controlled in any way by E. The criterion of learning was choosing three successively different paths on each of four consecutive days. All Ss solved the free-choice multiple-path problem by attaining the learning criterion in from 6 to 36 days (trials), the mean being 19.4. Correct choices were made more rapidly than incorrect choices. Both correct and incorrect choices were made more rapidly after the learning criterion was attained than before. Stereotyped behavior in the sense that the animal rigidly repeated the same sequence of paths on successive trials did not develop. Rather, variation in the pattern of response on successive trials was characteristic of Ss, while they maintained high accuracy in performance. Further, Ss exhibited strong preferences for sequences of paths which were not rigidly contiguous (i.e., 1-2-3 or 3-2-1 order); the tendency was to select pathways which diverged from each other rather than to select on consecutive runs successive adjacent pathways. Two-path alternation is a specific instance of this general principle.
Reinforcement of Duration of Talking in Triad Groups
Authors: Simkins Lawrence , West Jack
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to investigate the conditions in which the verbal interactions in a triad of Ss could be manipulated so as to increase the duration of talking by one member of the triad. Ss were placed in individual isolation booths and requested to discuss psychiatric case histories. Five different reinforcement programs were studied. Although all programs were effective with some triads, the program which involved a combination of reinforcement and punishment contingencies produced the most consistent effects.
Affect Levels in a Platoon of Basic Trainees
Authors: Datel William E. , Gieseking Charles F. , Engle Elizabeth O. , Dougher Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) with a weekly time-set was administered 9 times in a repeated measures design to a platoon of recruits ( N = 39) undergoing basic combat training (BCT). The MAACL with a daily time-set was administered 10 times to the same platoon (N = 48) during an early portion of the BCT cycle. Analyses of variance performed on the raw Dysphoria scores revealed highly significant occasion effects, with the peak of distress occurring near the mid-point of the BCT process. Analysis after standard score transformation of the Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility raw scores suggested that specific affects may be more easily observed on some occasions than on others. Construct validity relationships were drawn between MAACL mean scores and external events. MAACL scale reliabilities were examined.
Repetitive Psychometric Measures: Digit Span
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , James William E.
Published: September 2011

Two digit span tests are compared. The first was the traditional test consisting of seven numbers with digits ranging from 4 through 10, and the second, a new test with two forms in which four 8-digit and four 10-digit numbers alternate. High correlations are noted between the test scores in all instances even with the varied test procedures and scoring techniques. The strong influence of the size of number and the lesser influence of practice on the intercorrelations among these tests are shown. A factor analysis established that the new test measured the same factor as the traditional test and that both were essentially independent of the other tests of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures Battery. Reliabilities were maintained or increased slightly in the shorter new test by several techniques. Using the format of the new test, 8 alternate forms were selected from an original battery of 30, based on the results of 12 repetitions of each form by three Ss. These seem sufficiently well equated for potential detection of relatively small changes due to drug, fatigue, motivational, and similar effects.
Scales for Measuring Attitudes toward the Negro and toward Organized Religion
Authors: Holtzman Wayne H. , Young Robert K.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the Desegregation (D) scale and the Religion (R) scale. The first is thought to measure attitude toward the Negro and the latter is thought to measure attitude toward organized religion. The development and scoring procedures employed in both scales are described.
Change in Attitude toward Religion in a Southern University
Authors: Young Robert K. , Dustin David S. , Holtzman Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes change in attitude toward organized religion as measured in three surveys taken over a period of 9 yr. The attitude of the respondents who in each survey were undergraduate students at the University of Texas became less favorable toward organized religion during that period. Several variables were found to be related to attitude toward organized religion. These include sex, grade point average, major academic field, religious preference, and frequency of church attendance.
Norms for Modifiers Used by Children in a Restricted Word-Association Task: Grades 2 through 6
Authors: Vesta Francis J. Di
Published: September 2011

Children ( N = 100) in each of the Grades 2 through 6 responded with qualifiers to 100 “culture-free” substantives. A constrained word-association task was used. The normative data consist of a tabulation of the frequency of occurrence of each qualifier, elicited to each substantive, according to grade-level. Results of analyses of these data are summarized.
Patterns of Word Association in the Deaf
Authors: Nunnally Jum C. , Blanton Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made of the word associations of normal Ss and two groups of deaf Ss. A special set of coding categories was used in a content analysis of the responses. The results suggest that in comparison to normal Ss, the deaf give relatively more associations that could have been learned from visual experience and from reading simple material, and they give fewer associations that supposedly are learned from subtle uses of language. Also, it was found that deaf Ss frequently are unable to give associates, suggesting that, as a group, words are less meaningful to deaf than normals.
Expectation and Attractiveness of Group Membership as Functions of Task Difficulty and Magnitude of Reward
Authors: Wagner Carl
Published: September 2011

Expectation and attractiveness of group membership were measured under conditions of concurrent but independent variation of task difficulty and associated reward magnitude. The experiment was initially performed on a sample of 108 high school psychology students and was replicated on a separate sample of 99 Ss from the same population. In both experiments, the results indicated that task difficulty affected neither dependent variable, but that both expectation and attractiveness increased with greater magnitude of reward. With task difficulty held constant, goal attractiveness varied directly with magnitude of reward, and, by implication, with goal expectation. A post hoc analysis suggested that the effects of magnitude of reward upon attractiveness of group membership were mediated via expectation of attaining this goal.
Agreement Response Tendency and Behavioral Submission in Schizophrenia
Authors: Klein Edward B. , Solomon Leonard
Published: September 2011

48 schizophrenic patients participated in a two-person game-playing situation in order to test the hypothesis that the acquiescent response tendency (ART) is related to interpersonal submission. Factor-derived ART measures, purified of social desirability components, and more conventional response set scales were unrelated to the behavioral criteria of submission and role flexibility. Results were interpreted as supporting McGee's position that ART is not predictive of independent behavioral criterion.
Learning Set: Comparison of Macaca Mulatta and M. Speciosa
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: September 2011

M. mulatta and M. speciosa performed similarly on 800 six-trial visual discrimination problems.
Priming Compared to Recall: Following Multiple Exposures and Delay
Authors: Segal Sydney J.
Published: September 2011

The activation of words can be measured directly, by recall, or indirectly, by noting their occurrence as associates on a subsequent association test (priming). 12 groups of Ss had 0, 1, 2, or 4 exposures to 14 words, using one intentional and two incidental learning tasks. 6 additional groups, after 1, 2, or 4 presentations of the words for intentional learning, had a 6- or 12-min. delay before taking the association test. All 15 experimental groups had significantly better recall after more exposures and less delay. The priming effects, however, were affected neither by repeated exposure nor by delay. More primed associates were elicited on the association test after one exposure than after two. Priming and recall, thus, seem to measure two distinct processes.
Effect of Group Variability on Pooled Group Decisions
Authors: Sattler Howard E.
Published: September 2011

A probability dispersion model for assessing the effect of variability of knowledge within a group on accuracy of a pooled group decision demonstrates that: (a) the more heterogeneous the group, the more accurate the pooling result for groups whose members possess a knowledge level greater than .50, (b) the variability of the group makes no difference in the pooling result for groups whose members possess a knowledge level of exactly .50, and (c) the more homogeneous the group, the more accurate the pooling result for groups whose members possess a knowledge level lower than .50.