bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repair of Thoracic Aneurysms, with Special Emphasis on the Preoperative Work-Up
Authors: Silvay George , Stone Marc E.
Published: June 2007

The anesthetic approach to the patient with a thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the urgency of repair. Symptomatic patients with leaking aneurysms require urgent intervention, and there is generally little time to perform more than the most basic preoperative assessment. For elective repair, however, one must consider nearly every organ system. Many of the specific issues are inherent to the underlying pathophysiology that has resulted in aneurysm formation, and some stem from the requirements of the surgical procedure itself. A thorough knowledge of the extent and location of the aneurysm, the functional status of the heart, and the coronary artery anatomy are critical. Most patients aged older than 40 years undergo coronary angiography preoperatively, as do younger patients with specific risk factors for myocardial ischemia. Respiratory failure is one of the most common sequelae of these procedures, and a thorough preoperative pulmonary work-up is mandatory. Neurologic deficits are not uncommon postoperatively, and pre-existing deficits in the central nervous system must be sought. Coagulopathy is common in the immediate postoperative period, and preoperative assurance of hemo-static competence is important. Computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging are the mainstay of diagnosis, although the adjunctive use of echocardiography provides important information. Routine preoperative laboratory studies include complete blood count, chemistries, coagulation profile, and indices of renal function; an electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph. Close communication with the surgeon regarding the operative procedure, cannulation strategy (where applicable), and planned evoked potential monitoring is necessary to ensure appropriate perioperative management. Prophylactic antibiotics and antifibrinolytics are routine.
Volatile Anesthetics and Cardiac Function
Authors: De Hert Stefan G.
Published: June 2007

All volatile anesthetics have been shown to induce a dose-dependent decrease in myocardial contractility and cardiac loading conditions. These depressant effects decrease myocardial oxygen demand and may, therefore, have a beneficial role on the myocardial oxygen balance during myocardial ischemia. Recently, experimental evidence has clearly demonstrated that in addition to these indirect protective effects, volatile anesthetic agents also have direct protective properties against reversible and irreversible ischemic myocardial damage. These properties have not only been related to a direct preconditioning effect but also to an effect on the extent of reperfusion injury. The implementation of these properties during clinical anesthesia can provide an additional tool in the treatment or prevention, or both, of ischemic cardiac dysfunction in the perioperative period. In the clinical practice, these effects should be associated with improved cardiac function, finally resulting in a better outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. The potential application of these protective properties of volatile anesthetic agents in clinical practice is the subject of ongoing research. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this subject.
Echocardiography in the Emergency Department
Authors: Van Dantzig J. M.
Published: June 2007

In the busy emergency department, time-effective and accurate diagnostic and prognostic evaluation is essential Although clinical examination remains the mainstay of appropriate evaluation, remaining diagnostic uncertainty may need to be resolved by use of additional techniques. Echocardiography appears very well suited to the unique environment in the emergency department. It is portable to the patient's bedside, can be performed in minimal time, and results are immediately available. This facilitates correct triage and disposition of complicated cases. Small, hand-carried echocardiography systems have been developed with full imaging and Doppler capabilities. Thus, availability of echocardiography is increasing. Because both image acquisition and interpretation are operator-dependent, realization of full diagnostic potential requires extensive training and post-training experience to maintain proficiency.
Assessment of Aortic Dissection and Hematoma
Authors: Flachskampf Frank A.
Published: June 2007

Aortic dissection and aortic intramural hematoma are highly lethal diseases occurring mostly in patients with arterial hypertension or Marfan syndrome. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the diagnostic imaging procedure of choice in the unstable patient. Hallmarks of dissection are the presence of an intimal membrane, or flap, dividing a true and a false lumen, entry and reentry tears, periaortic hematoma, pericardial effusion or tamponade, and aortic regurgitation in dissection of the ascending aorta. TEE allows detection of involvement of the ascending aorta, which places the patient in an extremely high-risk group and necessitates urgent operation. The accuracy of TEE is similar to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with the added benefit of being feasible at the bedside or in the operating room. Precautions have to be taken during TEE to avoid an abrupt rise in blood pressure. Aortic intramural hematoma is often a precursor of classic dissection or accompanies it and can also be diagnosed by TEE, although the diagnosis is frequently difficult.
How to Reliably Detect Ischemia in the Intensive Care Unit and Operating Room
Authors: Shanewise Jack S.
Published: June 2007

Detection of myocardial ischemia in the perioperative period is important because it allows for intervention that may prevent progression of ischemia to myocardial infarction. Perioperative ischemia is also an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Patients should first be stratified according to their risk of having cardiovascular disease by identifying major, intermediate, and minor predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcome. Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring for ischemia is inexpensive and noninvasive, but may not be applicable to all patients and is not perfectly sensitive or specific. Modern operating room monitors can automate ST segment monitoring and be set to alarm if changes occur. Increases in central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure can be caused by myocardial ischemia, but have been shown to be very insensitive compared to ECG. Also, detection of these hemodynamic changes requires insertion of invasive monitoring devices. Transesophageal echocardiography can be used to detect myocardial ischemia by identifying changes in regional wall motion. These transesophageal echocardiography changes occur sooner and more frequently than ECG changes, but require greater knowledge and skill to properly interpret.
The Failing Heart Under Stress: Echocardiography is an Essential Monitoring Tool in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Poelaert Jan
Published: June 2007

Echocardiography has been evolving to play a pivotal role in hemodynamic management, both intraoperatively and at the bedside. A full assessment of hemodynamics necessitates the use of all of the options available on modern echocardiographs. This introductory review provides insight into three important issues of hemodynamic monitoring by echocardiography: evaluation of preloading conditions, assessment of systolic function, and contractility and estimation of afterload. Mastering these three features will help in a minimally invasive approach of hemodynamic instability.
Aortic Assessment for Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Authors: Bainbridge Daniel
Published: June 2007

Aortic atheromatous disease is associated with stroke in both the ambulatory and perioperative setting. In addition to atheromatous deposits, a reduction in the compliance of the aorta takes place as elastin fibers are replaced by collagen fibers. Both of these distinct processes, termed atherosclerosis, can easily be measured using transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery. A review of the literature demonstrates many studies supporting the benefit of transesophageal echocardiography examination of the aorta for reducing stroke following cardiac surgery, through modification of surgical techniques. There have also been attempts by surgeons to remove atheromatous lesions from the aorta during cardiac surgery. Unfortunately, these procedures currently have a high perioperative mortality. Finally, medical therapy such as warfarin or statins may help reduce the incidence of stroke following heart surgery.
Aprotinin and the Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Thrombin Receptor: Antithrombosis, Inflammation, and Stroke Reduction
Authors: Day J. R. S. , Landis R. C. , Taylor K. M.
Published: June 2007

Cardiopulmonary bypass, although remaining an indispensable asset in cardiac surgery, especially in more complex and repeat operations, is associated with significant thrombin generation in the bypass circuit, leading to the activation of platelets, the coagulation system, an inflammatory response, and perioperative stroke. Recent clinical studies and meta-analyses of clinical trials in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery have confirmed that aprotinin not only reduces transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery but also confers significant protection against platelet dysfunction, activation of the systemic inflammatory response, and perioperative stroke when administered at the full (or “Hammersmith”) dose. This article reviews research from several independent groups to propose a novel mechanism through which the antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanism might be mediated, via protection of the high-affinity thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1).
Early Reperfusion Phenomena
Authors: Heyndrickx Guy R.
Published: June 2007

Cycles of ischemia-reperfusion are ubiquitous in clinical cardiology. Depending on the duration and intensity of the ischemic episode as well as its repetition mode, several pathophysiologic syndromes have been identified, such as myocardial stunning, hibernation, and preconditioning. It remains a difficult exercise to distinguish ischemic from reperfusion damage. Production of oxygen free radicals and alteration in calcium homeostasis are major players during early reperfusion, responsible for the pathologic and functional alterations. At the molecular level, upregulation and downregulation of a number of genes have been observed in stunned myocardium, pointing toward some inborn survival adaptive mechanism. The no-reflow phenomenon, a most paradoxic event after reperfusion, usually occurs after more prolonged episodes of ischemia. The underlying mechanism involves additional lesions to the microvasculature interacting with myocytes lesions. Further insight into molecular and genomic adaptation to ischemia and reperfusion will undoubtedly help to improve our ability to fight reperfusion injury.
An Overview of Inotropic Agents
Authors: Vroom Margreeth B.
Published: June 2007

The use of inotropic agents has been surrounded by many controversies. Recent guidelines for the treatment of patients with chronic and acute heart failure have elucidated some of the issues, but many remain. As a result, a substantial variability in the use of agents between institutions and caregivers remains, which mainly results from the lack of uniform data in the literature. Prospective randomized trials with a long-term follow-up and sufficient power are clearly needed, and a number of trials are currently in progress.
Background and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome: A Therapeutic Challenge
Authors: van Zwieten Pieter A. , Mancia Giuseppe
Published: June 2007

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. This syndrome is now widely recognized as a distinct pathologic entity. It is receiving a great deal of attention in the medical literature and also in the lay press. People with metabolic syndrome have a clustering of the following risk factors, including detrimental changes in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, abdominal (visceral) obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is associated with important cardiovascular and cerebrovascular and metabolic risks. Prevention and treatment are therefore of great importance. Preventive measures involving lifestyle are mandatory. In addition, metabolic syndrome patients will require pharmacologic treatment, usually for the rest of their lives. Complex patterns of drug treatment are required. This review provides an extensive and critical review of the drug treatment of this complex pathologic entity.
Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest in Adults
Authors: Dorotta Ihab , Kimball-Jones Penny , Applegate Richard
Published: June 2007

Brain protection during cardiopulmonary bypass has been the subject of intense research. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) continues to be used for that goal during complex aortic arch and large intracranial aneurysm surgeries. The anesthetic management for adult patients undergoing these types of procedures requires specific knowledge and expertise. Based on our experience and review of the current literature, the authors highlight the key areas of the anesthetic plan, discussing the risk factors associated with adverse neurologic outcome as well as the rationale for decisions regarding specific monitors and medications. In the conclusion an anesthetic protocol for adult patients undergoing DHCA is suggested.
Concept Mapping as an Alternative Approach for the Analysis of Open-Ended Survey Responses
Authors: Jackson Kristin M. , Trochim William M. K.
Published: June 2007

This article presents concept mapping as an alternative method to existing code-based and word-based text analysis techniques for one type of qualitative text data—open-ended survey questions. It is argued that the concept mapping method offers a unique blending of the strengths of these approaches while minimizing some of their weaknesses. This method appears to be especially well suited for the type of text generated by open-ended questions as well for organizational research questions that are exploratory in nature, aimed at scale or interview question development, and/or developing conceptual coding schemes. A detailed example of concept mapping on open-ended survey data is presented. Reliability and validity issues associated with concept mapping are also discussed.
Conducting Studies of Decision Making in Organizational Contexts: A Tutorial for Policy-Capturing and Other Regression-Based Techniques
Authors: Aiman-Smith Lynda , Scullen Steven E. , Barr Steve H.
Published: June 2007

Policy-capturing, conjoint analysis, and related techniques are all regression-based methods used in various areas of organizational research to determine the importance people attach to cues when they make decisions. Despite the widespread use of those methods, the organizational research literature lacks an integrated tutorial for researchers who are interested in studying decision making but who have little experience with the techniques required for this type of research. The authors use empirical findings and suggestions from a number of sources to offer a step-by-step tutorial covering the effective design, execution, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of policy-capturing studies.
The Electronic Survey Technique: An Integration and Assessment
Authors: Simsek Zeki , Veiga John F.
Published: June 2007

Even though e-mail is the most widely used computer-mediated communication medium, its considerable potential as a survey technique has received little attention from management scholars. Using a three-dimensional framework focused on sampling issues, nonsampling errors, and comparative performance, the authors review and integrate previous research on the electronic survey technique and provide an assessment of the comparative trade-offs vis-à-vis other techniques. Moreover, they provide recommendations for future researchers interested in using this approach. Finally, they conclude that although this approach poses unique challenges and drawbacks, when an unbiased sampling frame exists or can be constructed, it allows researchers to inexpensively gather data with less effort than other available approaches.
The Measurement of Team Mental Models: We Have No Shared Schema
Authors: Mohammed Susan , Klimoski Richard , Rentsch Joan R.
Published: June 2007

This article seeks to promote the advancement of empirical research on team mental models by (a) highlighting the conceptual work that must precede the selection of any measurement tool, (b) delineating measurement standards for group-level cognitions, and (c) evaluating a set of techniques for measuring team mental models. Pathfinder, multidimensional scaling, interactively elicited cognitive mapping, and text-based cognitive mapping are critiqued and compared according to their treatment of content and structure, as well as their psychometric properties. We conclude that these four techniques hold promise for measuring team mental models and illustrate the variability in measurement options. However, careful attention to the research question and research context must precede the selection of any measurement tool.
To Log or Not to Log: Bootstrap as an Alternative to the Parametric Estimation of Moderation Effects in the Presence of Skewed Dependent Variables
Authors: Russell Craig J. , Dean Michelle A.
Published: June 2007

When gross deviations from parametric assumptions are observed, conventional data transformations are often applied with little regard for substantive theoretical implications. One such transformation involves using the logarithm of positively skewed dependent variables. Log transformations were shown to severely decrease estimates of true moderator effects using moderated regression procedures in a Monte Carlo simulation. Estimates of moderator effect sizes were substantially better estimates of the true latent moderator effect (i.e., larger by a multiple of 2.6 to 534) when estimated using a simple percentile bootstrap procedure in the original, positively skewed data. Conclusions with regard to the presence or absence of a true moderator effect using a simple bootstrap procedure were unaffected by the violation of parametric assumptions in the original, positively skewed data. In contrast, moderated regression analysis performed on a log-transformed dependent variable severely increased Type-II error. Implications are drawn for applied psychological and management research.
Interaction in Linear versus Logistic Models: A Substantive Illustration Using the Relationship between Motivation, Ability, and Performance
Authors: Ganzach Yoav , Saporta Ishak , Weber Yaacov
Published: June 2007

A binary performance measure (high school graduation) is examined as a function of motivation (educational goal), ability (scores in an intelligence test), and their interaction. The interaction was positive when a logistic model was used and negative when a linear probability model was used. The reason for the difference in the results of the two models is examined, and the conditions under which this difference occurs are discussed.
Effects of Item Context Specificity on the Measurement Equivalence of a Personality Inventory
Authors: Robie Chet , Schmit Mark J. , Ryan Ann Marie , Zickar Michael J.
Published: June 2007

Personality measures with items that ask respondents to characterize themselves across a range of situations are increasingly used for personnel selection purposes. Research conducted in a laboratory setting has found that personality items may have different psychometric characteristics depending on the degree to which that range is widened or narrowed (i.e., degree of contextualization). This study is an attempt to study the psychometric impact of contextualization in a large field sample (N = 1,078). Respondents were given either a contextualized (at work) or noncontextualized (in general) version of the six facets of the conscientiousness factor of the NEO PI-R. Analyses were conducted at the facet and item levels. Results were mixed but indicated that error variances tended to be slightly lower for the work-specific instrument in comparison to the noncontextualized instrument. Implications for personality inventory development, validation, and use are discussed.
Correcting the Effect Size of d for Range Restriction and Unreliability
Authors: Bobko Philip , Roth Philip L. , Bobko Christopher
Published: June 2007

Pearson product moment correlations are often corrected for statistical artifacts such as range restriction and unreliability. Formulas have long existed to make such corrections. However, other effect size estimates are rarely corrected for these artifacts, in spite of the fact that there is an established mathematical link between the correlation and some effect size estimates. Correlations and other effect sizes are therefore vulnerable to the same artifacts. The authors take a common effect size estimate, the standardized mean difference between two groups, and derive (and reaffirm in one instance) correction formulas suitable for use with this statistic. It is demonstrated how these formulas might substantially increase the precision of estimates and decisions made within organizational research and practice, whenever correction factors can be appropriately estimated.
A Primer on Internet Organizational Surveys
Authors: Simsek Zeki , Veiga John F.
Published: June 2007

With so many individuals linked to the Internet and so many possible ways to reach them, the debate for organizational scholars is no longer over whether Internet self-administered surveys are possible but rather over the comparative understanding and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these surveys. Because relevant research has generally been fragmented and narrow in scope, making comparisons difficult, the authors review and assess the research on Internet selfadministered surveying modalities of electronic mail and the World Wide Web. Then, they provide recommendations that address problematic and controversial aspects of these modalities, including ways to increase the representativeness of samples, construct sampling frames, increase response rates, and manage anonymity and confidentiality.
Ten Difference Score Myths
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2007

Difference scores have been widely used in studies of fit, similarity, and agreement. Despite their widespread use, difference scores suffer from numerous methodological problems. These problems can be mitigated or avoided with polynomial regression analysis, and this method has become increasingly prevalent during the past decade. Unfortunately, a number of potentially damaging myths have begun to spread regarding the drawbacks of difference scores and the advantages of polynomial regression. If these myths go unchecked, difference scores and the problems they create are likely to persist in studies of fit, similarity, and agreement. This article reviews 10 difference score myths and attempts to dispel these myths, focusing on studies conducted since polynomial regression was formally introduced as an alternative to difference scores.
A Community of Voices: Using Allegory as an Interpretive Device in Action Research on Organizational Change
Authors: Grubbs Joseph W.
Published: June 2007

Organizational change involves patterns of engagement across organizational lines and thus carries important cultural implications for participants and groups within communities of organizations. This article proposes using allegory as an interpretive device in the study of organizational change. Allegory allows organizational research to appreciate the way “characters” introduce distinct qualities into the change experience. Based on an action research program with public organizations in the state of Delaware, the article reveals the promise of allegory both for explicating theory and informing reflexive practice.
The Effects of Temporal Separation on the Relations between Self-Reported Work Stressors and Strains
Authors: Sanchez Juan I. , Viswesvaran Chockalingam
Published: June 2007

The assumption that a longitudinal design reduces the size of the relationships between work stressors and strains was tested. A comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations suggested that temporal separation of stressors and strains reduced correlations between role ambiguity and primarily attitudinal strains. Cross-sectional correlations between role conflict and strains, as well as correlations involving health-related strains, were practically unaffected by switching to a longitudinal design. A theory-driven approach to the adoption of temporal separation of stressor and strain measures in organizational stress research is outlined.
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies to Study Group Processes:An Illustrative Study of Acorporate Board of Directors
Authors: Currall Steven C. , Hammer Tove Helland , Baggett L. Scott , Doniger Glen M.
Published: June 2007

In this demonstration article, the authors explain procedures for combining the richness of detail that is characteristic of qualitative data collection with the hypothesis testing advantage of statistical inference techniques. Qualitative data came from a 5-year participant observation study of a corporate board of directors. Quantification of the participant observer’s qualitative field notes was achieved by using content analysis to code directors’ verbal behaviors. Based on counts of directors’ verbal behaviors, the authors tested illustrative hypotheses concerning group process within the board. Univariate (Cox-Stuart’s test of trend), bivariate (Kendall’s nonparametric correlation), and multivariate (log Poisson regression with post hoc contrasts) analyses were conducted. The study’s use of qualitative and quantitative information promoted both “discovery” (i.e., theory development) and “justification” (i.e., theory evaluation) and facilitated a “discovery-justification-discovery cycle” that was particularly useful for understanding group processes with the corporate board.
The Group Dynamics Q-Sort in Organizational Research: A New Method for Studying Familiar Problems
Authors: Peterson Randall S. , Owens Pamela D. , Martorana Paul V.
Published: June 2007

This article unveils a new research methodology for the study of group decision making in organizations—the group dynamics q-sort (GDQ). The GDQ is a 100-item instrument designed to study group process across a wide variety of situations and using a wide variety of data sources. It combines the descriptive richness of the qualitative approach with the rigor of a quantitative approach by creating a common data language to describe process across groups, observers, and time. This article introduces the GDQ in the following five sections: (a) the development of the group dynamics q-sort, (b) comparisons of the GDQ with other traditional research methods (i.e., questionnaires, case studies, experiments, and behavioral process coding), (c) the mechanics of employing the GDQ, (d) a demonstration of the method for studying dynamic group processes over time, and (e) summary and other potential applications of the method.
An Analysis of Variance Approach to Content Validation
Authors: Hinkin Timothy R. , Tracey J. Bruce
Published: June 2007

Although procedures for assessing content validity have been widely publicized for many years, Hinkin noted that there continue to be problems with the content validity of measures used in organizational research. Anderson and Gerbing, and Schriesheim, Powers, Scandura, Gardiner, and Lankau discussed the problems associated with typical content validity assessment and presented techniques that can be used to assess the empirical distinctiveness of a set of survey items. This article reviews these techniques and presents an analysis of variance procedure that can provide a higher degree of confidence in determining item integrity and scale content validity. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by using two samples and two different measures.
Appraisal of the Homogeneity of Error Variance Assumption and Alternatives to Multiple Regression for Estimating Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Petersen Scott A. , Pierce Charles A.
Published: June 2007

Homogeneity of within-subgroup error variance is a necessary condition for using multiple regression to estimate moderating effects of categorical variables. A 12-year review of Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology , and Personnel Psychology indicates that the assumption is violated in 40% to 60% of cases. The authors reanalyze published research to illustrate how violating the assumption may change substantive conclusions. To remedy this situation, they develop and present a computer program (i.e., ALTMMR) that (a) assesses whether a data set suffers from heterogeneity of error variance and (b) computes alternative inferential statistics to the traditional multiple regression F test when heterogeneity exists. ALTMMR, which can also be used as a teaching tool, was written in Java and is executable using an Internet Web browser or as a standalone application.
Cardiac Response Rate Variability in Physically Abused Women of Childbearing Age
Authors: Rice Michael J. , Records Kathie
Published: June 2007

Physical abuse directly affects maternal and fetal/infant health, with documented reports of higher rates of pregnancy termination, neonatal death, and lower birth weights. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend repeated interviews of women of childbearing age to screen for abuse, the paper-and-pencil instruments available for such screening are adversely affected by the hesitancy of women to disclose physical abuse. Biophysical measures of physiological stress adaptations may hold potential for identifying physically abused childbearing women. This pilot investigation used a Latin square design to assess the effects of physically abusive trauma on the cardiac rate response of three clinical groups and one control group of childbearing-age women. Participants were screened using the Child-bearing Health Questionnaire. Cardiac response rates were measured during a standardized orthostatic challenge using a Tanito cardiac rate response monitor. Forty participants participated with an average age of 27. Multiple analyses of variance revealed that there were significant differences between cardiac rate responses at the 5-min interval. Post hoc testing using Dunnett’s t indicated that only the abused pregnant women had significantly higher cardiac responses to orthostatic challenges; differences were apparent at the 5-min testing period. The findings suggest that physical abuse may alter the vasovagal response beyond the attenuation associated with pregnancy. These findings support further testing with larger samples to identify vasovagal changes in abused pregnant women.
Institutional Forms and Organizational Structures: Homology, Trust and Reputational Capital in Professional Service Firms
Authors: Hanlon Gerard
Published: June 2007

This paper examines how professional service firms have used a combination of clan and bureaucratic control techniques to manage change over a 100-year period. Both sets of controls have been present throughout, but the mix between the two has altered to reflect changes in the broader institutional environment. These shifts create new contradictions that eventually undermine their very success. However, in the midst of these changes and shifts, the basic institutional features of homology, trust and reputational capital have continued to structure these professional arenas.
Destination marketing: The marketing of Israel in Australia and the south-west Pacific
Authors: Beirman David
Published: June 2007

This paper outlines the marketing activities of the Australian-based Israel Tourism Office since 1994. This small national tourism office is a jointly funded arrangement between the Australian-Israel Chamber of Commerce and the Israel Ministry of Tourism. The paper briefly examines the Israel Ministry of Tourism’s overall strategy for the marketing of Holy Land 2000, and the implementation of the Israel Tourism Office’s activities in the Australasian and southwest Pacific region as it has sought to target the religious pilgrimage market. The paper also examines how Israel has sought to reposition itself as an Eastern Mediterranean destination rather than as a Middle Eastern destination, and looks at how it has established a series of cooperative marketing activities.
The ‘all-suite’ hotel: A study of the market in Scotland
Authors: Leslie David , Craig Catriona
Published: June 2007

During the mid-1990s the United Kingdom witnessed a resurgence of confidence in the business sector and allied activities such as business travel and conferences. This has lead to renewed interest in the provision and development of accommodation in the UK. The perceptions of growth in demand and recognition that such demand for accommodation is not homogeneous, it is argued, create opportunities for new entrants in the accommodation market. Supply in the UK until comparatively recently has been very traditional in style. However, as demand and competition have increased so we have witnessed growing diversity in supply. Overall, these conditions suggest a potential opportunity in the marketplace for ‘all-suite hotels’, a facet of supply, it is argued, that has hitherto gained little attention in the UK market. This paper presents the main findings of research undertaken to investigate if such an opportunity exists in the market in Scotland, with particular attention to the major conurbation of Glasgow. Initially, discussion focuses on accommodation supply per se and business tourism, prior to introducing the concept of ‘all-suite’ hotels. Subsequently, the study undertaken is identified and a brief overview of Scotland and analysis of the accommodation sector per se and the market for ‘all-suite’ hotels presented. Trends in the demand consideration particularly pertinent to this category of provision are identified before conclusions are drawn.
Who goes to events: A comparative analysis of the profile characteristics of visitors to four South Island events in New Zealand
Authors: Nicholson Rachael , Pearce Douglas G.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a systematic comparative analysis of the profile characteristics of visitors to four events in the South Island of New Zealand in 1998: two food and beverage festivals, an air show and a country music festival. A comparative methodology for the study of events tourism is outlined and the results are presented in two stages; firstly, by means an element-by-element comparison of each of the characteristics; secondly, by way of a summary matrix. This comparative analysis emphasises the heterogeneity of the demand for events. While some similarities are found, especially between the two food and beverage festivals, the general picture to emerge from the findings is one of difference. Event-goers do not appear to constitute a single homogeneous market; rather, different events appear to attract different audiences. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for further research are outlined.
Hosting the international travel media — A review of the Australian Tourist Commission’s visiting journalist programme
Authors: Mackellar Jo , Fenton Jane
Published: June 2007

Hosting the international travel media provides many benefits to individual tourism organisations and entire destinations. Various national tourist organisations (NTOs) have developed visiting journalist programmes to entice the media to visit a destination and maximise the publicity that can be gained. Unfortunately, there is also much scope for a mismatch of expectations between the destination and media. This paper initially examines the four main issues of understanding travel journalists, recognising different cultural needs, understanding individual journalists’ needs, and examining the travel media market. The paper then examines the case of the visiting journalist programme run by the Australian Tourist Commission. It examines their processes and highlights the integration of their media programme to support the overall marketing objectives. Finally, there is a discussion about some of the less understood issues that arise from operating such programmes.
The effect of the Internet on travel consumer purchasing behaviour and implications for travel agencies
Authors: Lang Tania C.
Published: June 2007

The Internet and World Wide Web remain one of the most topical issues for travel agents. Some analysts predict there will be no need for travel agents in the future as consumers turn to the Internet to make their travel arrangements. The aim of this research was to investigate the travel purchasing behaviour of consumers and the future implications for traditional travel agencies. Primary data for the study were collected in the USA, where it is generally recognised that a high level of Internet usage exists. The results suggest that while travel consumers are increasingly turning to the Internet, many are still hesitant to book online. Many travellers surveyed had utilised the Internet for purposes such as obtaining information, but few regularly book online. The main barrier stopping consumers from booking travel via the Internet is the perceived lack of a secure payment method. Other significant barriers stated were a lack of confidence in the technology and a need for a personal service and human interface. The results of this research conflict with suggestions in the literature that travel agents will lose their client base overnight when secure payment methods are developed and consumers become more experienced with the technology. The study highlights that many experienced Internet users still prefer to book their travel via traditional distribution channels and believe there will be a need for travel agents in the future. The study also highlights opportunities that may exist for travel agents, such as the promotion of their services to more informed consumers who have already accessed the Internet.
Managing customer satisfaction and retention: A case of tourist destinations, Turkey
Authors: Yuksel Atila
Published: June 2007

Focusing on Turkish tourism, this exploratory research set out to provide destination managers and marketers with an analytic insight into how repeat and first-time visitors develop their satisfaction and return intention judgments. The results showed that the first-time and repeat visitor groups develop their return intention and satisfaction based on slightly different aspects of holiday destination. While both the first-time and repeat visitors commonly regard quality of food, quality of accommodation, hospitality and safety as a reason to come back, they consider different additional services to develop their return intentions. The repeat visitors were also found to promise more future business than first-time visitors do. Marketing implications of the study are discussed.
Developing an online access strategy: Issues facing small to medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises
Authors: Christian Rick
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the use of the Internet as a marketing and promotional tool within the tourism and hospitality industries. Taking the situation in Australia as an example, the use of the Internet as a promotional tool has not taken hold among small to medium tourism enterprises. It has been suggested that this reluctance to embrace the Internet is due to a range of impediments such as high costs and issues related to adopting new technologies. This paper suggests that a poor understanding of the technology combined with the plethora of jargon and confusing information concerning Internet marketing and promotion is more likely to be the main cause of the slow uptake. This paper also outlines some of the main considerations in developing a site and/or choosing a special-interest site or portal to join. Finally, the case of a special-interest site that serves small to medium businesses is looked at.
Marketing practices and Internet marketing: A study of hotels in Singapore
Authors: Leong Choon-Chiang
Published: June 2007

Singapore is renowned for its world-class airport facilities, garden city, modern and sound infrastructure, political stability and vibrant multi-racial society. It has been one of the most popular and growing tourist destinations in Asia. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult for Singapore to sustain such a high rate of growth, due to limited natural attractions and keen competition in the region. This study examines the marketing strategies adopted by local hotel establishments in the competitive hospitality industry. It also analyses the adoption and role of information technology in strategic marketing. It was found that most hotels seemed to have embraced the marketing concept, given the existence of extensive marketing plans. Although most hotels appeared to have successfully incorporated information technology into their marketing campaigns, the level of commitment seemed to be insignificant. Following a brief comparison with a similar US study, the paper concludes that there are only minor differences between US and Singapore hotels in terms of their marketing practices.
Revisiting the millennium: The marketing of Sunrise 2000
Authors: Brown Graham
Published: June 2007

The environment that existed during the late 1990s is recalled to illustrate the type of opportunities that were believed to be available for tourism during this time. However, this was also a period characterised by uncertainty that made event planning problematic. A case study is employed to describe the organisation of a special event to mark the new millennium at Australia’s most easterly point. The event sought to achieve a number of objectives and marketing responses in the areas of pricing and promotion are described. The tasks were made more difficult due to the nature of the site and the timing of the event. Despite the uniqueness of the case, many of the lessons can be applied to the management of other events.
An Internet conversion study of www.arkansas.com — A state tourism website
Authors: McLemore Charles , Mitchell Nancy
Published: June 2007

Over the years the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism has used conventional conversion studies to measure the success of its tourism advertising and promotion campaigns. While enquiries through traditional mass media have been decreasing, the use and popularity of the website, http://www.arkansas.com, have steadily increased. This study was conducted to establish the conversion rate of web users to Arkansas visitors. A very high conversion rate was found. The results of this study also led to strategic and tactical changes in terms of website information and the traditional fulfilment programme, and these are discussed.
Movie-induced tourism: The challenge of measurement and other issues
Authors: Busby Graham , Klug Julia
Published: June 2007

Within the literature on tourism marketing and place promotion, there is very little research related to movie sites, including television programme locations, in Britain. This study discusses the concept of movie-induced tourism in relation to the wider phenomenon of cultural and literary tourism. The challenge of measurement is considered via a small-scale survey of visitors to Notting Hill in London, the setting for the successful movie starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts. The results showed a visitor profile which is fairly consistent with the findings from the literature; frequency results indicated that many visitors to Notting Hill had a fairly clear destination image prior to their visit, a large number of respondents knew of other television and film locations and a majority of respondents would consider travelling to television or film locations in the future. About two-thirds of respondents agreed with the fact that television programmes and films encourage tourism to a certain area, which shows an overall awareness and acceptance of the phenomenon of movie-induced tourism within the survey population.
TV travel shows — A pre-taste of the destination
Authors: Hanefors Monica , Mossberg Lena
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses what is communicated to the viewers through the content of TV travel shows. The concepts of destination image and travel motivation are focused on, and selected Swedish TV travel shows constitute the empirical basis for that discussion. The pictures could easily be used for many tourist destinations around the world — showing TV reporters and anonymous tourists taking part in various activities. However, the results indicate that the studied films are coloured by culture: not necessarily the culture signifying the destinations presented, rather that of the producers and the prospective tourists. It is concluded that new and different destinations are presented in a general way, while the films of established destinations are activity based.
Promoting destinations: An exploratory study of publicity programmes used by national tourism organisations
Authors: Dore Lynne , Crouch Geoffrey I.
Published: June 2007

To date, research into the marketing management practices of destination management organisations (DMOs) has typically focused on topics such as destination image studies, marketing strategy, conversion studies and advertising research. A promotional method that has been largely ignored in research conducted so far is the use of publicity. While much publicity concerning a place (destination) is unplanned and incidental, and occurs in the general course of ‘news’, the publicity programmes conducted by destinations are often quite deliberate, planned, methodical and coordinated with a clear set of objectives. Indeed, some DMOs report receiving a greater annual value (as measured in terms of equivalent commercial advertising expenditure) from their publicity programmes than from their entire annual budgets. This paper reports on research undertaken to gather information on the extent, nature and conduct of efforts by national tourism organisations (NTOs) to generate publicity for the purpose of stimulating tourist demand, and to compare and contrast the different approaches and outcomes.
The Rock, the Reef and the grape: The challenges of developing wine tourism in regional Australia
Authors: Beames Geoffrey
Published: June 2007

This paper looks at the challenges facing the further development of the wine tourism industry in Australia. Problems identified include the product focus of the wine industry, the current cottage-industry mentality of wine tourism, a lack of inter-industry cooperation between the wine industry and the tourism industry, the need to create an overall tourist experience, the issues of getting local planning and development consent, the lack of investment funds and the lack of available data, information and research on wine tourism. Suggestions for new product development are made.
The white Caucasian and ethnic minority cruise markets: Some motivational perspectives
Authors: Teye Victor , Leclerc Denis
Published: June 2007

There is substantial research that profiles the nature of tourists and the motivations that underlie their general travel behaviour. Travel research on racial and ethnic minority groups is very limited, however. Furthermore, hardly any work exists on the travel motivations of cruise tourists in general. Based on a survey of North American cruise passengers, this paper compares the motivations of white Caucasians and ethnic minority passengers for taking a cruise vacation. The results indicate that while there are many similarities, a number of important differences exist to warrant strategies for attracting more minority passengers to take cruise vacations.