bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras
Authors: Kaliszewicz Anita , Lipińska Agnieszka
Published: November 2011

Kaliszewicz, A. and Lipińska, A. 2011. Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00:1–7.

Temperature and food supply appeared to affect sex ratio, sex composition and percentage of sexual individuals in three Hydra species: Hydra vulgaris, Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima. We found three sexes present: females, males and hermaphrodites depending on environmental conditions. Hydra vulgaris appeared to be a species with a temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). The males and hermaphrodites were present only under rising temperatures, whereas females were observed exclusively at lowering temperatures. Hydras reproduced asexually at constant room temperature. Unlimited food affected sex ratios and induced the presence of males in H. circumcincta at lowering temperatures. Thus, H. circumcincta may be recognised as another Hydra species in which sex is determined by environmental factors (ESD). Under rising temperatures, the number of hermaphroditic individuals was higher when food supply was unlimited in all three species, indicating that hermaphrodites may need more energy to produce both male and female gonads. Both temperature changes and food supply positively affected asexual reproductive strategies in hydras, especially budding rates. Hydra circumcincta appeared to be less agile than other hydras and able to self‐fertilise. It is likely that self‐fertilisation is an adaptation to the low probability of meeting a mate belonging to the other clone.
Sustainable consumption – UK Government activity
Authors: Kerr J. , Foster L.
Published: November 2011

Sustainable consumption is a complex, multifaceted area requiring a partnership approach across the food chain to reduce the environmental impacts of the food we choose to consume. Communicating the environmental benefits of products and the importance of wasting less food, supporting honest environmental labelling and defining methodologies for sustainable food will help inform these choices. Government initiatives to support sustainable fish species consumption, reconnect people with food and work towards a zero‐waste economy will help to tackle environmental and climate change impacts. The Government is committed to addressing global challenges identified by Foresight to meet increasing food demand with less environmental impact. Evidence to underpin sustainable food policy requires a joined‐up approach across funders, industry and the third sector to strengthen research activity and maximise impact. The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs' research and development targets the whole food chain from production to consumption. Activity addresses sustainability and resource efficiency; environmental impacts; supply chain and consumer drivers, behaviours and practice; explores synergies, trade‐offs and tensions; and ways to promote availability and take up of sustainable healthy food.
Nuisance Talk and the Propriety of Property: Middle Class Discourses of a Slum‐Free Delhi
Authors: Ghertner D. Asher
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  This paper examines the narratives through which associations of private property owners in Delhi depict slums as zones of incivility and “nuisance.” In tracing how this “nuisance talk” travels into and gains legitimacy in popular and state visions of urban space, the paper shows the role of discourse in justifying and enacting exclusionary urban imaginaries. As a lay term, nuisance is widely used to identify forms of aesthetic impropriety. But, as a primary element of environmental law, nuisance operates discursively as a catchall category allowing diverse private grievances to be expressed in terms of environmental welfare and the public interest. The widening depiction of slums as nuisances hence reworks the public/private divide, inserting once local codes of civility into the core of public life. By examining how nuisance talk circulates between property owners' associations, the media, and the government, the paper shows how slum demolitions have become widely read as a form of environmental improvement.
Effect of Formal Contracts, Relational Norms and Trust on Performance of Joint Research and Development Projects
Authors: Arranz N. , de Arroyabe J. C. Fdez.
Published: November 2011

This paper examines the effect of governance mechanisms – formal contracts, relational norms and trust – on the performance of exploration and exploitation joint research and development (R&D) projects. While the authors acknowledge the need for a twofold approach, transactional and relational, to understand the interfirm exchange governance, the joint action of formal contracts and relational governance has been caught between the complementary or substitutive forces involved in interorganizational relationships. Using survey data on joint exploration and exploitation R&D projects developed by the European biotechnology companies, the synergies of both mechanisms and their effects in improving project performance are investigated. The analysis suggests that contracts and relational norms and trust act as complementary mechanisms, but while contracts are more effective in exploitation projects, relational norms and trust are more powerful in improving the performance of exploration projects.
Is there Really No Conglomerate Discount?
Authors: Ammann Manuel , Hoechle Daniel , Schmid Markus
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Recent research questions the existence of a conglomerate discount. This study addresses two of the most important explanations for the conglomerate discount and finds evidence in support of an economically and statistically significant discount. The first explanation is that the risk‐reducing effect of diversification increases debt value and consequently the use of the book value of debt leads to an underestimation of firm value in diversified firms. We show that the effect of using an imputed market value of debt reduces the conglomerate discount only by a small fraction. However, consistent with the value‐transfer hypothesis, we find the discount to increase in leverage and no discount for all‐equity firms. An agency cost‐based explanation, which reconciles these conflicting findings, is that managers in levered firms become aligned with creditors and reduce firm risk at the expense of shareholders. Hence, the diversification discount only occurs in levered firms and stems from conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders over corporate risk taking. Second, the conglomerate discount may emerge from a neglect of the endogenous nature of the diversification decision. We first show that the conglomerate discount in fact disappears when we account for endogeneity in a Heckman selection model. However, when we account for fixed effects, the conglomerate discount remains statistically and economically significant, also in a Heckman selection‐model or instrumental variables framework.
The European Union and International Criminal Justice: Living Up to Its Normative Preferences?
Authors: AOUN ELENA
Published: November 2011

European Union Member States have committed themselves, individually and collectively, to the fight against impunity for serious international crimes. The record is, however, ambiguous: support for the current investigations of the International Criminal Court is uneven and Member States are reluctant to exercise universal jurisdiction and develop binding common policies under the ‘third pillar’. This article assesses the extent of the discrepancy between stated normative preferences and flexible practices. It argues that this discrepancy results from the clash of accountability with other prevailing norms and interests, on the one hand, and from the lack of effective drivers pushing Member States towards increased commitment to combat impunity through a set of social mechanisms such as rhetorical action and socialization, on the other.
Competitive Liberalization and the ‘Global Europe’ Services and Investment Agenda: Locating the Commercial Drivers of the EU–ACP Economic Partnership Agreements*
Authors: HERON TONY , SILES‐BRÜGGE GABRIEL
Published: November 2011

In the last decade the European Union (EU) has been negotiating with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries to establish Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). In this article, EPAs are located within the context of the wider shift in EU trade policy towards bilateralism. This is done with reference to recent work in International Political Economy (IPE) emphasizing the ‘domestic‐societal’ and ‘systemic’ drivers of preferential liberalization. Although these pressures are not necessarily sufficient to explain the EPAs, they do account for why they have gone beyond the original remit of ‘World Trade Organization (WTO) compatibility’ and why aspects of the agreements bear close similarity to the EU's supposedly more commercially oriented bilateral agreements.
How Effective Are Short Message Service Reminders at Increasing Clinic Attendance? A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Guy Rebecca , Hocking Jane , Wand Handan , Stott Sam , Ali Hammad , Kaldor John
Published: November 2011

Background and Objectives

In the last few years there has been a steady uptake of mobile phone short message service (SMS) reminders to increase medical attendance rates. We undertook a review of studies that assessed the effectiveness of SMS reminders at increasing the uptake of appointments in health care settings.

Methods

We reviewed studies which involved a comparison of appointment attendance rates between patients who did and did not receive SMS reminders published prior to June 2010. We used meta‐analysis methods to calculate the overall effect on attendance rates, stratified by study design and clinic type.

Results

The review criteria were met by 18 reports, made up of eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 10 controlled observational studies. Across all studies, there was significant heterogeneity in the estimated effect measure of the relationship between use of SMS reminders and clinic attendance (I2 = 90 percent; p < .01), so a summary effect estimate was not calculated. Stratification by study design showed that the heterogeneity was due to the observational studies. The summary effect from the RCTs was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.23–1.72) with no significant subgroup differences by clinic type (primary care clinics, hospital outpatient clinics), message timing (24, 48, and 72+ hours before the scheduled appointment), and target age group (pediatric, older).

Conclusions

Short message service reminders in health care settings substantially increase the likelihood of attending clinic appointments. SMS reminders appear to be a simple and efficient option for health services to use to improve service delivery, as well as resulting in health benefits for the patients who receive the reminders.
Methodological Reporting in Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Health Services Research Articles
Authors: Wisdom Jennifer P. , Cavaleri Mary A. , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Green Carla A.
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Methodologically sound mixed methods research can improve our understanding of health services by providing a more comprehensive picture of health services than either method can alone. This study describes the frequency of mixed methods in published health services research and compares the presence of methodological components indicative of rigorous approaches across mixed methods, qualitative, and quantitative articles.

Data Sources

All empirical articles (n = 1,651) published between 2003 and 2007 from four top‐ranked health services journals.

Study Design

All mixed methods articles (n = 47) and random samples of qualitative and quantitative articles were evaluated to identify reporting of key components indicating rigor for each method, based on accepted standards for evaluating the quality of research reports (e.g., use of p‐values in quantitative reports, description of context in qualitative reports, and integration in mixed method reports). We used chi‐square tests to evaluate differences between article types for each component.

Principal Findings

Mixed methods articles comprised 2.85 percent (n = 47) of empirical articles, quantitative articles 90.98 percent (n = 1,502), and qualitative articles 6.18 percent (n = 102). There was a statistically significant difference (χ2(1) = 12.20, p = .0005, Cramer's V = 0.09, odds ratio = 1.49 [95% confidence interval = 1,27, 1.74]) in the proportion of quantitative methodological components present in mixed methods compared to quantitative papers (21.94 versus 47.07 percent, respectively) but no statistically significant difference (χ2(1) = 0.02, p = .89, Cramer's V = 0.01) in the proportion of qualitative methodological components in mixed methods compared to qualitative papers (21.34 versus 25.47 percent, respectively).

Conclusion

Few published health services research articles use mixed methods. The frequency of key methodological components is variable. Suggestions are provided to increase the transparency of mixed methods studies and the presence of key methodological components in published reports.
Determinants of Death in the Hospital Among Older Adults
Authors: Kelley Amy S. , Ettner Susan L. , Wenger Neil S. , Sarkisian Catherine A.
Published: November 2011

Objectives

To investigate patient‐level determinants of in‐hospital death, adjusting for patient and regional characteristics.

Design

Using multivariable regression, the relationship between in‐hospital death and participants’ social, functional, and health characteristics was investigated, controlling for regional Hospital Care Intensity Index (HCI) from the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care.

Setting

The Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal nationally representative cohort of older adults.

Participants

People aged 67 and older who died between 2,000 and 2,006 (N = 3,539) were sampled.

Measurements

In‐hospital death.

Results

Thirty‐nine percent (n = 1,380) of participants died in the hospital (range 34% in Midwest to 45% in Northeast). Nursing home residence, functional dependence, and cancer or dementia diagnosis, among other characteristics, were associated with lower adjusted odds of in‐hospital death. Being black or Hispanic, living alone, and having more medical comorbidities were associated with greater adjusted odds, as was higher HCI. Sex, education, net worth, and completion of an advance directive did not correlate with in‐hospital death.

Conclusion

Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and other functional and social characteristics are correlates of in‐hospital death, even after controlling for the role of HCI. Further work must be done to determine whether preferences, provider characteristics and practice patterns, or differential access to medical and community services drive this difference.
A Case of Recurrent Earthquake Stress Cardiomyopathy with a Differing Wall Motion Abnormality
Authors: Bridgman Paul G. , Chan Christina W. , Elliott John M.
Published: November 2011

We present the case of a Caucasian woman who survived two major earthquakes, presenting on each occasion with stress cardiomyopathy, but with a different pattern of regional wall motion abnormality on the second occasion. The first Christchurch earthquake struck on September 4, 2010. At 7.1 on the Richter scale, it was larger than the major Haiti quake, but miraculously there were no direct fatalities. In the week following, eight women meeting modified Mayo criteria for stress cardiomyopathy presented to Christchurch Hospital. The second Christchurch earthquake was on February 22, 2011. It measured 6.4 on the Richter scale and caused 180 direct fatalities. In the week following this earthquake, 24 women were admitted with stress cardiomyopathy. One patient presented after both earthquakes. This 76‐year‐old woman first presented on September 4 with 10 hours of chest pain. Electrocardiogram showed inferolateral deep T‐wave inversion and QT prolongation. TnI peaked at 0.81 μg/L. Coronary angiography demonstrated diffuse atheroma with a moderate mid LAD lesion that was stented at the time. Echocardiography showed a classic takotsubo pattern. Her follow‐up echocardiogram on September 28 was normal and she was completely well at that point. However, during the second earthquake of February 22, she again developed chest pain and shortness of breath. TnI peaked at 1.3 μg/L. Echocardiogram showed a midwall variant takotsubo with apical sparing. She was discharged from hospital on the 25th, planning to leave Christchurch for a new home in another city, but returned for follow‐up echocardiogram on July 27. This was normal. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E26‐E27)
Relation between NT‐proBNP Levels, Iron Overload, and Early Stage of Myocardial Dysfunction in β‐Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: Balkan Can , Tuluce Selcen Yakar , Basol Gunes , Tuluce Kamil , Ay Yılmaz , Karapinar Deniz Yilmaz , Gurgun Cemil , Bayindir Oya , Kavakli Kaan
Published: November 2011

Background: Heart failure (HF) secondary to myocardial iron loading remains the leading cause of death in β‐thalassemia major (β‐TM) patients. The early diagnosis and treatment of HF in these patients is related to survival. We aimed to evaluate myocardial performance using conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography and its relation to plasma NT‐proBNP levels and iron overload indices in β‐TM patients with preserved systolic function. Methods: The study population included 49 β‐TM patients (24.0 ± 4.2 years) and 48 age‐matched healthy controls. Doppler‐echocardiographic study was performed and blood samples for NT‐proBNP measurements were drawn on the third day following blood transfusion. Patients were divided as group‐1, without diastolic dysfunction: E/E′ ratio < 9 and group‐2, with suspected diastolic dysfunction: E/E′ ratio ≥ 9. Results: NT‐proBNP levels and E/E′ ratio were increased in patients compared with controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) but did not correlate with each other. A strong positive correlation was detected between NT‐proBNP levels and mean ferritin levels in β‐TM patients (rs= 0.939; P < 0.001). Median NT‐proBNP levels were significantly higher in group‐1 in comparison to controls [51.2 (41.51–113.5) vs 30.1 (17.97–68.16) ng/mL, P < 0.01]. NT‐proBNP levels were also increased in group‐2 in comparison to group‐1 but this increase was not statistically significant. Conclusion: NT‐proBNP secretion begins in the early phase of the disease before the increase in diastolic pressure becomes overt. While there was a strong correlation between the plasma NT‐proBNP levels and iron overload, there was no correlation between NT‐proBNP levels and diastolic dysfunction parameters in patients in the third decade of life. (Echocardiography 2012;29:318‐325)
Aspiration Thrombectomy During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention as Adjunctive Therapy to Early (in‐ambulance) Abciximab Administration in Patients with Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Analysis from Leiden MISSION! Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment Optimization Program
Authors: AHMED TAREK A. N. , ATARY JAEL Z. , WOLTERBEEK RON , HASAN‐ALI HOSAM , ABDEL‐KADER SAMIR S. , SCHALIJ MARTIN J. , JUKEMA J. WOUTER
Published: November 2011

Background:
 The benefits of early abciximab administration and thrombus aspiration in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) have previously been elaborated. However, whether there is an adjunctive effect of thrombus aspiration among STEMI patients, with angiographic evidence of thrombus, receiving early prehospital abciximab remains unclear.

Methods:
 In the context of a fixed protocol for PPCI, 158 consecutive patients with STEMI were enrolled, in whom abciximab was started early before hospital arrival (in‐ambulance); 79 patients who had PPCI with thrombus aspiration (thrombectomy‐facilitated PCI group), were compared to 79 who had PPCI without thrombus aspiration (conventional PCI group) in a prospective nonrandomized study. The primary end‐point was complete ST‐segment resolution within 90 minutes. Secondary end points included distal embolization, enzymatic infarct size as well as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessed by gated single‐photon emission computed tomography. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were evaluated up to 12 months.

Results:
 Both groups were comparable for baseline characteristics. ST‐segment resolution was significantly higher in the thrombectomy‐facilitated group (P = 0.002), and multivariate analysis identified thrombectomy as an independent predictor of ST‐segment resolution (OR = 9.4, 95% CI = 2.6–33.5, P = 0.001). Distal embolization was higher in the conventional PCI group among patients with higher thrombus grades. No difference was observed between both groups in infarct size assessed by peak creatine kinase (p = 0.689) and peak Tn‐T levels (P = 0.435). Also, the LVEF at 3 months was similar (P = 0.957). At 12 month clinical follow‐up, thrombus aspiration was, however, associated with reduced all‐cause mortality (log‐rank p = 0.032).

Conclusion:
 Among STEMI patients treated with PPCI and in‐ambulance abciximab, it appears that a selective strategy of thrombus aspiration still has additive benefit. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:1–9)
Editorial: Support of the Failing Left Ventricle: Extracorporeal Life Support Plus Blade and Balloon Atrioseptostomy as an Alternative Option
Authors: BORTNICK ANNA E.
Published: November 2011

(J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:68–70)
PlasmaBNP, a useful marker of fluid overload in hospitalized hemodialysis patients
Authors: Çelik Gülperi , Silinou Emilie , Vo‐Van Cyril , Jean Guillaume , Chazot Charles
Published: November 2011

Hospitalization for intercurrent illness frequently disrupts the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) patients and jeopardizes the dry weight prescription. We report in this study the evolution of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), blood pressure and body weight in hospitalized patients and the relationship between BNP plasma level and nutritional and inflammation parameters. We have studied 42 patients requiring hospitalization (F/M: 18/24; 72.5 ± 12.5 years old; 19/42 with diabetes). The plasma BNP levels at baseline, during hospitalization (BNP‐Hosp), and in the recovery phase were compared. Predialysis and postdialysis blood pressure and postdialysis body weight were recorded and compared. BNP‐Hosp increased significantly when compared with BNP levels at baseline, from 421 ± 647.2 pg/mL to 1584 ± 1584.4 pg/mL (P < 0.0001). Brain natriuretic peptide decreased from 1223 ± 1342.1 pg/mL during hospitalization to 616 ± 892.1 pg/mL after discharge (P = 0.005). The BNP‐Hosp was positively correlated with C‐reactive protein (P = 0.003) and negatively correlated with serum prealbumin (P = 0.0001) and albumin (P = 0.0001). The postdialysis body weight prescription decreased from 71.0 ± 15.7 kg at baseline to 70.5 ± 15.4 kg during hospitalization and to 67.8 ± 14.4 kg 4 months after discharge (P = 0.0032). Our study displays clearly the significant changes of plasma BNP levels occurring during intercurrent events. Fluid overload triggered by inflammation‐associated catabolism and the lag time for dry weight adjustment is the cause of this finding. Hence, plasma BNP level may be used as a marker of fluid overload in patients with intercurrent events and may allow efficient dry weight adjustment. We cannot rule out an effect of inflammation on BNP synthesis.
The Antiferroelectric ↔ Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Lead‐Containing and Lead‐Free Perovskite Ceramics
Authors: Tan Xiaoli , Ma Cheng , Frederick Joshua , Beckman Sarah , Webber Kyle G.
Published: November 2011

A comprehensive review on the latest development of the antiferroelectric ↔ ferroelectric phase transition is presented. The abrupt volume expansion and sudden development of polarization at the phase transition has been extensively investigated in PbZrO3‐based perovskite ceramics. New research developments in these compositions, including the incommensurate domain structure, the auxetic behavior under electric fields in the induced ferroelectric phase, the ferroelastic behavior of the multicell cubic phase, the impact of radial compression, the unexpected electric field‐induced ferroelectric‐to‐antiferroelectric transition, and the phase transition mechanical toughening effect have been summarized. Due to their significance to lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics, compounds with antiferroelectric phases, including NaNbO3, AgNbO3, and (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3, are also critically reviewed. Focus has been placed on the (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 solid solution where the electric field‐induced ferroelectric phase remains even after the applied field is removed at room temperature. Therefore, the electric field‐induced antiferroelectric‐to‐ferroelectric phase transition is a key to the poling process to develop piezoelectricity in morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositions. The competing phase transition and domain switching processes in 0.93(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–0.07BaTiO3 are directly imaged with nanometer resolution using the unique in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique.
Tooth loss in periodontally treated patients. A long‐term study of periodontal disease and root caries
Authors: Ravald Nils , Johansson Carin Starkhammar
Published: November 2011

Aim

To study periodontal conditions, root caries, number of lost teeth and causes for tooth loss during 11–14 years after active periodontal treatment.

Material and Methods

Sixty‐four patients participated in the follow‐up study. Reasons for tooth loss were identified through previous case books, radiographs and clinical photos. To identify factors contributing to tooth loss, a logistic multilevel regression analysis was used.

Results

The number of lost teeth was 211. The main reason was periodontal disease (n = 153). Due to root caries and endodontic complications, 28 and 17 teeth, respectively, were lost. Thirteen teeth were lost for other reasons. The number of teeth (p = 0.05) and prevalence of probing pocket depths, 4–6 mm (p = 0.01) at baseline, smoking (p = 0.01) and the number of visits at dental hygienists (p = 0.03) during maintenance, significantly contributed to explain the variation in tooth loss.

Conclusion

Previously treated patients at a specialist clinic for periodontology continued to lose teeth in spite of maintenance treatments at general practitioners and dental hygienists. The main reason for tooth loss was periodontal disease. Tooth loss was significantly more prevalent among smokers than non‐smokers. Tooth‐related risk factors were smoking, low numbers of teeth and prevalence of periodontal pockets, 4–6 mm.
The impact of dietary induced hyperparathyroidism on healthy and diseased periodontia: an experimental study in rats
Authors: Lütfioğlu Müge , Sakallioğlu Umur , Sakallioğlu Elif Eser , Bariş Sancar , Gürgör Pınar
Published: November 2011

Background and Objective

Nutrition may be a potential modifying factor in periodontal conditions. The present study investigated this phenomenon for dietary induced hyperparathyroidism (dHPT) by revealing the histopathological and histomorphometrical profiles of healthy and diseased periodontia in dHPT.

Methods

Dietary induced hyperparathyroidism was induced in 12 rats by dietary calcium/phosphorous imbalance and 12 rats were fed standard diet (SD). Periodontitis was induced on the right mandibular molar teeth (mmt) of these rats by injecting an endotoxin + saline solution whereas injecting pure saline to the left mmt. Thus, four study groups were created: dHPT + saline (group 1), dHPT + endotoxin (group 2), SD + endotoxin (group 3) and SD + saline (group 4). Histological sections were obtained from the second mmt and examined using light microscope.

Results

Group 1 demonstrated inflammatory and degenerative alterations in periodontium without pocket formation. Periodontitis was evident in groups 2 and 3. Group 2 revealed the highest amounts of gingival inflammatory cell and vessel counts (group 2 > group 3 > group 1 > group 4), attachment and bone losses (group 2 > group 3 > groups 1 > group 4) and osteoclast count (group 2 > group 3 > group 1 > group 4) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results propose that dHPT may impair the health status of periodontium and may worsen the pathobiology of periodontal diseases.
Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Morcos Sarah M. , Girardi Michael , Subtil Antonio , Wilson Lynn D. , Cowper Shawn E.
Published: November 2011

We present the case of a 60‐year‐old male with known stage IA mycosis fungoides (MF) who developed a suspicious tumor within a pre‐existing lymphomatous plaque of the right forearm. Microscopy revealed an unusual mixed fibrohistiocytic proliferation as well as atypical intraepidermal and dermal lymphocytes. There was no evidence of large‐cell transformation. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and clinical clues suggest this lesion might not have represented a dermatofibroma, but rather a hitherto unreported dermatofibroma‐like process arising within a lesion of MF. The potential impact of this atypical lesion on the prognosis and clinical management of this patient highlights the importance of recognizing unusual clinical presentations of more common, benign lesions within this patient population.

Morcos SM, Girardi M, Subtil A, Wilson LD, Cowper SE. Mycosis fungoides exhibiting features of a dermatofibroma: a case report and review of the literature.
UV radiation induces the release of angiopoietin‐2 from dermal microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Navid Fatemeh , Kolbe Ludger , Stäb Franz , Korff Thomas , Neufang Gitta
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  In human skin, ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐induced erythema is characterized by the inflammatory and angiogenic activation of dermal endothelial cells. Recently, it has been shown that the release of angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) from cytoplasmic storages of activated endothelial cells is crucial for the induction of inflammation and angiogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that UVR exposure induces the release of Ang‐2 from endothelial cells controlling the early steps of erythema formation. In an in vivo study, suction blister fluids generated from UV‐irradiated skin showed significantly increased concentrations of Ang‐2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα). Likewise, in vitro UVR exposure of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) triggered the release of Ang‐2 that enhanced the pro‐inflammatory response of these cells and facilitated their detachment from smooth muscle cells as evidenced by employing a three‐dimensional co‐culture spheroid model. These effects were inhibited by angiopoietin‐1 (Ang‐1), which competes with Ang‐2 for binding the endothelial cell Tie2 receptor. Collectively, these observations suggest that UVR triggers the release of endothelial Ang‐2 which may promote the destabilization and pro‐inflammatory phenotype of the microvascular endothelium. As Ang‐1 counteracts UVR‐induced effects, stimulating the Ang‐1 activity may represent a strategy to stabilize the dermal microcirculatory system, thus protecting against UVR‐induced skin damages.
Lake‐derived midges increase abundance of shoreline terrestrial arthropods via multiple trophic pathways
Authors: Dreyer Jamin , Hoekman David , Gratton Claudio
Published: November 2011

Aquatic insects link adjacent ecosystems by transporting nutrients, energy, and material as they move from bodies of water into terrestrial habitats. Insects emerging from streams and rivers are known to benefit arthropod predators such as spiders, but their influence may extend to other arthropod feeding groups as well. We conducted a terrestrial arthropod survey at a series of lakes spanning a strong gradient of midge (Chironomidae, Diptera) emergence. These small, short‐lived insects reach high densities in some areas such that their carcasses litter the ground, and serve as a potential resource for non‐predatory arthropods. Our study revealed that arthropod assemblages in areas of high midge density were significantly different from those with few midges, the result of an increase of all taxa rather than changes in taxonomic composition. Eight of nine terrestrial arthropod taxa sampled showed a strong positive response to the presence of midges including detritivores and herbivores in addition to predators. Taxa that could consume living or dead midges directly responded especially strongly to midge gradients. Our results strongly suggest that midges enter the terrestrial arthropod food web through multiple pathways, increasing numbers of a wide range of arthropods. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of lakes as sources of aquatic insects that significantly alter processes in the neighboring terrestrial environment.
Quantifying the outcome of plant–granivore interactions
Authors: Zwolak Rafał , Crone Elizabeth E.
Published: November 2011

In many interspecific interactions, the balance of costs and benefits varies with ecological circumstances. As a prominent example, seed‐caching granivores may act as seed predators and reduce plant recruitment or as seed dispersers and increase recruitment, making it difficult to interpret whether differences in seed removal by granivores would harm or benefit plant populations. We used a heuristic model to evaluate the outcome of plant‐granivore interactions, using commonly measured field data: probability of seedling emergence when granivores are excluded, and emergence of cached and uneaten seeds. Published studies to date suggest that the outcome of plant‐rodent interactions tends weakly towards mutualism, but differs among particular plant–granivore pairs and ecological conditions, supporting the notion of context‐dependence. A modeling framework also allowed us to distinguish parameters that affect the qualitative outcome of plant–granivore interactions from those that do not. Similar approaches would facilitate more efficient and cost‐effective evaluation of complex species interactions.
Progression rate of newly diagnosed impaired fasting glycemia to type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study using the National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry in Singapore
Authors: ANG Yee Gary , WU Christine Xia , TOH Matthias Paul Han Sim , CHIA Kee Seng , HENG Bee Hoon
Published: November 2011

Background:  The aims of the present study were to estimate the rate of progression from newly diagnosed impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Singapore and to identify factors associated with the progression to T2DM in individuals with newly diagnosed IFG.

Methods:  The present study was a retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed IFG from the National Healthcare Group Diabetes Registry between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2007 to estimated the rate of progression to T2DM. Univariate survival analysis, followed by multivariate survival analysis, was performed and interactions were tested in the final model.

Results:  Over a mean follow‐up period of 1.65 ± 0.13 years, 85 of 490 participants with newly diagnosed IFG developed T2DM, giving an annual progression rate of 6.8%. The factors associated with the development of T2DM were higher fasting plasma glucose level in the year of IFG diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.66–37.5), Chinese race (HR = 2.70; 95% CI 1.44–5.06), and body mass index (HR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06–1.15).

Conclusions:  The progression rate to T2DM is high in subjects with newly diagnosed IFG. Intensive lifestyle modification can be incorporated into their current yearly follow‐up to prevent progression to T2DM, which is a growing problem in Singapore.
Identified Employee Surveys: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Scherbaum Charles A. , Saari Lise M.
Published: November 2011

The goal of our focal article was to open up a discussion within our profession on a new trend called identified surveys. We feel that we have achieved this goal with the varied and interesting commentaries. At the same time, we do not feel discussion is enough. We as a profession need to better understand the implications and use of identified surveys. We have an obligation to inform others and to have a point of view on how they should be used, taking into account not just an organizational perspective but the point of view of employees as well.
Management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: guide to therapy
Authors: Bielory Brett P. , O’Brien Terrence P. , Bielory Leonard
Published: November 2011

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is an inflammatory response of the conjunctiva triggered by exposure to seasonal allergens. Treatment options for SAC include artificial tears, antihistamines, decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, dual antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers, immunotherapy and corticosteroids. Topical, intranasal and systemic formulations of corticosteroids have traditionally provided the most effective relief of the inflammation and signs and symptoms associated with severe, acute exacerbations of SAC. However, steroid‐induced ocular and systemic side‐effects have limited the prescribing of these agents. This limitation of traditional corticosteroids led to the development of modified corticosteroids that retain the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of action of traditional corticosteroids with a much‐improved safety profile because of their rapid breakdown to inactive metabolites after exerting their activity. The development of one such novel corticosteroid, loteprednol etabonate (LE), led to the insertion of an ester (instead of a ketone) group at the carbon‐20 (C‐20) position of the basic corticosteroid structure. Clinical trials assessing this C‐20 ester corticosteroid have demonstrated similar efficacy to C‐20 ketone corticosteroids in the prevention or treatment of the signs and symptoms of SAC but with a greatly improved safety profile, as the C‐20 ester corticosteroid is less likely to elevate intraocular pressure. In addition, the ketone at the C‐20 position has been implicated in the formation of cataract, while nonketolic corticosteroids do not form Schiff base intermediates with lens proteins, which is a common first step in cataractogenesis. The clinical relevance of the C‐20 ester corticosteroid class, as modelled by LE, is that they provide both effective and safe treatment of the inflammation associated with SAC and relief of its signs and symptoms. Loteprednol etabonate offers a well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with debilitating acute exacerbations as well as chronic forms of the disease.
Acute electrical stimulation of the human retina with an epiretinal electrode array
Authors: Keserü Matthias , Feucht Matthias , Bornfeld Norbert , Laube Thomas , Walter Peter , Rössler Gernot , Velikay‐Parel Michaela , Hornig Ralf , Richard Gisbert
Published: November 2011

Purpose:  To determine the threshold charges needed for eliciting visual perceptions through acute electrical stimulation of the human retina in patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa, using an epiretinal microelectrode array.

Methods:  In a multicentre study, 20 patients (average age 55 years) with visual acuities ranging from 4/200 to no light perception were included. The stimulation procedure was performed during a pars plana vitrectomy, for a maximum of 45 min, by using a microcontact film with IrOx electrodes connected by cable to a current generator. After repeated stimulation and threshold charge determination, the microelectrode array was removed.

Results:  Nineteen of 20 patients stated in the postoperative interviews that they experienced one or more visual perceptions with close time correlation to single stimulation events. Minimum threshold charges needed to generate visual perceptions could be measured and verified in 15 patients. The charge level ranged from 20 to 768 nC with single or multiple electrodes. One patient suffered a retinal detachment during the procedure; this patient’s retina was successfully reattached. There were no further adverse reactions observed during the 3‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion:  Acute epiretinal stimulation of the human retina, using a microelectrode array, can elicit visual perceptions in blind patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
Harmful plants in Caribbean folk medicine
Authors: Paul Jennifer H A , Seaforth Compton E
Published: November 2011

The Caribbean region comprises several small, tropical, mainly volcanic islands, which possess a rich diversity of flowering plants; hundreds of these plants are used to make traditional folk remedies for a variety of ailments. However, some of the natural constituents in these herbal folk remedies may be injurious to human health. The aim of this review is to raise awareness of the poisonous substances contained in several Caribbean medicinal plants, which may have significant consequences for public health. The databases of PubMed, the US FDA poisonous plants, and Natural Standard were searched for information relating to toxic plant constituents, the Caribbean Herbal Pharmacopoeia and public health issues arising from potentially harmful herbal remedies. Search terms included: Caribbean folk medicine, herbal medicine, herbal remedies, phytotherapy, poisonous plants, plant toxins and herbal pharmacotherapy. Authors also hand searched journal articles in toxicology and reports from several regulatory agencies concerning public health risks of herbal medicines. Seventeen plants that are currently used as Caribbean folk remedies were identified as potentially injurious species because they contain known toxins. Perhaps the most harmful of these plants is Lantana camara. It was also found that only limited knowledge was available to precisely direct the management of any specific plant poisoning. Sustained popularity of Caribbean folk medicine is likely to increase the frequency of cases of toxicity. More reporting is recommended from healthcare professionals concerning suspected cases of adverse reactions with herbal remedies.
Assessment of cortical reorganisation for hand function after stroke
Authors: Ward Nick
Published: November 2011

Abstract  Stroke often leads to impairment of hand function. Over the following months a variable amount of recovery can be seen. The evidence from animal and human studies suggests that reorganization rather than repair is the key. Surviving neural networks are important for recovery of function and non‐invasive techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging allow us to study them in humans. For example, initial attempts to move a paretic limb following stroke are associated with widespread activity within the distributed motor system in both cerebral hemispheres, more so in patients with greater impairment. Disruption of activity in premotor areas using transcranial magnetic stimulation prior to movement can impair motor performance in stroke patients but not in controls suggesting that these new patterns of brain activity can support recovered function. In other words, this reorganisation is functionally relevant. More recently, research has been directed at understanding how surviving brain regions influence one another during movement. This opens the way for functional brain imaging to become a clinically useful tool in rehabilitation. Understanding the dynamic process of systems level reorganization will allow greater understanding of the mechanisms of recovery and potentially improve our ability to deliver effective restorative therapy.
Venturi Meter With Separable Diffuser
Authors: Dudzinski T. J. , Johnson R. C. , Krause L. N.
Published: November 2011

The effects on venturi meter efficiency and discharge coefficient of a radial, outward step at the transition from throat to diffuser are reported over a Reynolds number range of 1 × 104 to 5 × 105 and over a Mach number range of 0.2 to 1.0. Step size was varied from 0 to 12.5 percent of the throat radius. The efficiency increases with increasing Reynolds number, decreases with increasing Mach number, and decreases as step size increases beyond 2 percent. The discharge coefficient was independent of Mach number and step size, and also of back-pressure variation at critical flow.
Design of a Thermostat for Precise Temperature Control From −190 Deg to +650 Deg C
Authors: Ansari J. , Leidenfrost W. , Oldenburger R.
Published: November 2011

A proposed apparatus for controlling temperatures from −190 deg to +650 deg with an estimated accuracy of 0.001 deg C is described. The apparatus utilizes helium as the heat transfer medium. The selection of the gain constants of the controller depends upon the system parameters. The hypothetical case of a solid cylindrical block with an integral plus proportional controller is considered, the differential equations are set up, and a graphical scheme is presented for the selection of the controller constants.
An Embodiment of Some Vertebrate Command and Control Principles
Authors: Kilmer W. K. , McCulloch W. S. , Blum J.
Published: November 2011

Throughout the life of the vertebrates, the core of the central nervous system, the reticular formation, has retained the power to commit the whole animal to one mode of behavior rather than another. Its anatomy, or wiring diagram, is fairly well known, but to date no theory of its circuit action has been proposed that could possibly account for its known performance. Its basic structure is that of a string of similar modules, wide but shallow in computation everywhere, and connected not merely from module to adjacent module, but by long jumpers between distant modules. Analysis of its circuit actions heretofore proposed in terms of finite automata or coupled nonlinear oscillators has failed. We propose a set of nonlinear, probabilistic, hybrid computer concepts as guidelines for specifying the operational schemata of the foregoing modules. Using the smallest numbers and greatest simplifications possible, we arrive at a reticular formation model consisting of 12 anastomatically coupled modules stacked in columnar array. A simulation test of its behavior shows that despite its 800-line complexity, it still behaves as an integral unit, rolling over from stable mode to stable mode as directed by its succession of input 60-tuples.
Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propagation Studies of Some New High-Strength Structural Steels
Authors: Crooker T. W. , Lange E. A.
Published: November 2011

Fatigue crack propagation studies were conducted on three new high-strength structural steels: 9Ni–4Co–0.20C quenched-and-tempered, 10Ni–2Cr–1Mo–8Co dual-strengthened, and 13Cr–8Ni–2Mo precipitation-hardened stainless. The yield strengths of these steels ranged from 176 to 193 ksi. Notched cantilever-bend specimens of each steel were cycled zero-to-tension in two environments, room air and 3.5 percent NaCl salt water. Fatigue crack growth rates were measured experimentally and correlated with the crack tip stress-intensity factor range. The results indicate that these new steels possess greater resistance to fatigue crack propagation and less sensitivity to environment than previously studied steels of comparable strength.
The Effects of Some Gaseous Environments on the Creep of a Stainless Steel
Authors: Le May I. , Truss K. J. , Sethi P. S.
Published: November 2011

This paper describes comparative creep tests made on an austemtic stainless steel in atmospheres of air, nitrogen, argon, and vacuum. The results indicate that the steel was weakened under the oxidizing conditions occurring in air as compared with its behavior in argon and vacuum, the results for nitrogen being inconclusive. Significant differences in ductility and creep rate characteristics in the different environments were noted, and much greater surface cracking was observed in the tests in nonoxidizing atmospheres. It is suggested that the air-weakening observed can be explained in terms of an interaction between the oxidation and deformation mechanisms involved.