bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cholecystectomies in a Teaching Hospital in Brazil
Authors: Zanotto Angelo R , Heineck Isabela , Ferreira Maria B
Published: October 2006

Background:

Medical literature reports that adequate prophylaxis with antibiotics can reduce the incidence of postoperative infections.

Objective:

To investigate the impact of adopting multiple practices for improving the rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing cholecystectomy and evaluate, during 2 periods, compliance with the hospital Drug Committee's recommendation and guidelines published in the medical literature.

Methods:

Data were collected from patients' medical records at the Hospital de Clíniacas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil, in 2003. We evaluated 222 procedures as set by guidelines published in the literature and the hospital's recommendation.

Results:

In 24.5% of the cases, the choice of whether to use the prophylactic antibiotic was not made according to the guidelines. The choice of the antibiotic agent, prophylaxis duration, dose administered, and time for administration was appropriate in 95%, 80.5%, 100%, and 81.8% of cases, respectively. A significant improvement in guideline compliance was observed since multiple practices were adopted to improve the rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis.

Conclusions:

Compliance with the guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for cholecystectomy, in combination with a greater integration among the professionals involved in the HCPA Infection Control Service, resulted in a more appropriate use of these prophylactic agents. Improving physicians' awareness of the importance of meeting guidelines is critical and will benefit patients and the hospital as a whole.
Topiramate for Binge-Eating Disorder Associated with Obesity
Authors: Tata Asha L , Kockler Denise R
Published: October 2006

Objective:

To review the use of topiramate for the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED) associated with obesity.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE (1966–July 2006) and the Cochrane Database (2006, issue 3) were used to conduct an English-language literature search. Key search terms included eating disorder, binge-eating, and topiramate. Bibliographies of identified articles were examined for additional references.

Data Synthesis:

BED is characterized by excessive food intake with lack of control during eating episodes, but without subsequent compensatory weight loss mechanisms, and is often associated with obesity and psychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests that topiramate may have mood-stabilizing properties and cause decreased appetite and weight. One case series, 1 case report, 2 open-label studies, and 1 placebo-controlled trial have described the use of topiramate for BED associated with obesity. Doses ranging from 50 to 1400 mg/day were stated to be effective in these reports. Adverse reactions included paresthesias, cognitive impairment, somnolence, and gastrointestinal distress. Although these adverse effects were transient, they may interfere with patients' tolerability of topiramate therapy.

Conclusions:

Albeit limited, evidence suggests that topiramate may be a viable short- and long-term treatment alternative for BED associated with obesity for patients with limited options. Further controlled trials are necessary to establish topiramate's place in therapy, optimal dosing, and length of treatment for this eating disorder.
GI Risk Factors and Use of GI Protective Agents Among Patients Receiving Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Authors: Harris Crystal L , Raisch Dennis W , Abhyankar Upendra , Marfatia Shalaka , Campbell Heather M , Sather Mike R
Published: October 2006

Background:

Patient characteristics increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Patients at risk may not be prescribed protective therapies that might mitigate their risk of NSAID-associated GI complications.

Objective:

To assess GI risk among Veterans Affairs (VA) patients on NSAID therapy, determine whether therapy conformed to VA guidelines for lessening the risk of GI complications, and identify patient risk factors associated with conformance.

Methods:

Using databases from 3 VA medical centers, we retrospectively identified patients receiving NSAIDs and obtained data regarding age, history of GI bleed over 8 years, GI adverse effects associated with NSAIDs, diagnoses, and medication history over one year. We inferred health status from age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index values. Each patient's risk of developing GI complications over one year was calculated using these data. Among patients at significant or substantial risk, we assessed conformance to VA guidelines. We used logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with conformance and determine adjusted ORs (AORs) with 95% CIs for each risk factor.

Results:

There were 19122 patients receiving NSAIDs. Of 4589 patients at significant risk and 1246 at substantial risk, 1161 (25.3%) and 356 (28.6%), respectively, were prescribed guideline-conformant therapy. Risk factors associated with conformance (p s 0.001) among patients at significant risk were rheumatoid arthritis (AOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.58) and GI adverse effects (AOR 1.53; 95% CI 1.42 to 1.64). For substantial risk patients, risk factors associated with conformance (p s 0.031) were rheumatoid arthritis (AOR 1.65; 95% CI 1.37 to 1.98), concomitant corticosteroids (AOR 1.21; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.43), GI hospitalization (AOR 2.01; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.59), and GI adverse effects (AOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.47 to 2.18).

Conclusions:

Many patients at risk for GI adverse events do not receive guideline-conformant therapy. Educational interventions to improve conformance could focus on specific risk factors for GI complications.
Systematic Review of Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Hospital-Associated Delirium in Medically or Surgically III Patients
Authors: Lacasse Hélène , Perreault Marc M , Williamson David R
Published: October 2006

Objective:

To determine which antipsychotic is associated with the greatest efficacy and safety when used for the pharmacotherapeutic management of delirium in medically or surgically ill patients.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, Current Contents, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsyclNFO, Biological Abstracts, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE databases (all to July 2006) were searched for trials evaluating the pharmacologic treatment of delirium in medically or surgically ill patients. The key terms used included delirium, agitation, or acute confusion, and antipsychotics, phenothiazine, butyrophenone, perphenazine, fluphenazine, clozapine, trifluorophenazine, loxapine, thioridazine, pimozide, molindone, haloperidol, methotrimeprazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, droperidol, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, amisulpride, or olanzapine.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Prospective, randomized, controlled trials comparing the clinical effects of antipsychotic therapy with placebo or comparing 2 antipsychotic treatments in an acute care setting were selected. Studies involving dementia-associated delirium, Alzheimer's disease-associated delirium, emergency department-associated acute agitation, acute brain trauma-associated agitation, or agitation secondary to underlying psychiatric afflictions such as depression or schizophrenia were excluded. All studies were evaluated independently by the 3 authors using a validated evaluation tool. Outcomes related to both efficacy and safety were collected. Four prospective trials were included in this systematic review.

Data Synthesis:

Antipsychotic agents, either atypical or typical, were effective compared with baseline for the treatment of delirium in medically or surgically ill patients without underlying cognitive disorders. Oral haloperidol was associated with more frequent extrapyramidal side effects, but overall, all agents were well tolerated. Interpretation of the published evidence is limited by the small sample sizes, varied patient populations, and comparative agents of the studies reviewed.

Conclusions:

The comparative studies evaluated here suggest that antipsychotic drugs are efficacious, when compared with baseline, and safe for the treatment of delirium. Haloperidol remains the most studied agent. Recommendation of one antipsychotic over another as a first-line pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of hospital-associated delirium is limited by the quality and quantity of data available. Better designed and larger studies evaluating the addition of antipsychotic agents to nonpharmacologic treatments are needed to measure the true effect of pharmacologic treatment.
Anterior Pituitary Leptin Expression Changes in Different Reproductive States: In Vitro Stimulation by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone
Authors: Akhter Noor , Johnson Brandy W. , Crane Christopher , Iruthayanathan Mary , Zhou Yi-Hong , Kudo Akihiko , Childs Gwen V.
Published: October 2006

This study was designed to learn more about the changes in expression of rat anterior pituitary (AP) leptin during the estrous cycle. QRT-PCR assays of cycling rat AP leptin mRNA showed 2-fold increases from metestrus to diestrus followed by an 86% decrease on the morning of proestrus. Percentages of leptin cells increased in proestrus and pregnancy to 55-60% of AP cells. Dual labeling for leptin proteins and growth hormone (GH) or gonadotropins showed that the rise in leptin protein-bearing cells from diestrus to proestrus was mainly in GH cells. Only 10-20% of leptin cells in male or cycling female rats coexpress gonadotropins. In contrast, 50-73% of leptin cells from pregnant or lactating females coexpress gonadotropins and only 19% coexpress GH, indicating plasticity in the distribution of leptin. Leptin cells expressed GnRH receptors, and estrogen and GnRH together increased the coexpression of leptin mRNA and gonadotropins. GnRH increased cellular leptin proteins three to four times and mRNA 9.8 times in proestrous rats and stimulated leptin secretion in cultures from diestrous, proestrous, and pregnant rats. These regulatory influences, and the high expression of AP leptin during proestrus and pregnancy, suggest a supportive role for leptin during key events involved with reproduction.
Groups generated by affine perspectivities
Authors: Ho Chat Yin
Published: October 2006

Let G be a collineation group of a finite translation plane such that G is generated by perspectivities fixing a point 0. Let M be a non-abelian minimal normal subgroup of G. We show that M is uniquely determined, that the translation plane has characteristic 2, and that M ≅ L
2(q), q even, or M ≅ Sz(q).
The self in time: Reversing the irreversible in Martin Amis's Time's Arrow
Authors: Głaz Adam
Published: October 2006

Martin Amis's novel (or novella) Time's Arrow turns back the life history of an Auschwitz doctor by beginning with his death, portrayed as awakening, and ending at the moment when he enters his mother's womb. The reversal of time has different effects on the consciousness of the protagonist and that of the narrator, although the two share the same body. The ensuing splits and mergers of personality are interpreted here in terms of the reversals of the thermodynamic and psychological time's arrows (vide the book's title). An analysis of the world of the novel couched within the framework of cognitive grammar leads one to a recognition of two narrative personas, involved in multifarious relationships with the protagonist, memory, and the flow of conceived and processing time.
Adherence relations in literary and non-literary discourse
Authors: Wood Tahir
Published: October 2006

This article is intended as a new departure in the theory of the constitution and comprehension of discourse. It begins by extending the notions, familiar in the field of text linguistics, of cohesion and coherence, in such a way as to explain the kinds of necessary relations that exist amongst texts to create larger bodies of discourse that are cognitively real, in just the way that texts are cognitively real. The theoretical approach that has been adopted for this purpose is the Cognitive Discourse Analysis approach of Teun van Dijk. It depends upon the constitutive role of propositions. I go on to claim that the potential in this approach for explaining the nature of texts, their relations within broader realms of discourse, and their subjective comprehension extends to some notoriously difficult areas of research, including the nature of the so-called abstract concepts. Furthermore, it seems that the hypotheses advanced here are eminently testable. What I find especially promising in an approach based on a theory of propositions and intertextual relations is that it potentially opens up the way to a foundational theory that is universally applicable to texts of all conceivable types. For example, where literature has been conceived of as existing in opposition to other non-literary genres, and therefore requiring a branch of theory all its own, the attempt here is rather to show that texts of all types are mutually implicated in interesting ways and that identifying a separate cognitive function of ‘literariness’ is not always and everywhere the best way to understand literature. In the later pages of this article I will attempt to show how narrative genres exemplify certain of the discourse processes I have in mind, particularly how narrative (macro) propositions supply meanings that can be nominalised as abstract nouns.
Dysregulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Neurosecretory Function inMecp2Null Mice
Authors: Wang Hong , Chan Shyue-an , Ogier Michael , Hellard David , Wang Qifang , Smith Corey , Katz David M.
Published: October 2006

Disruptions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression are proposed to contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2). Although MeCP2 is a transcriptional regulator of BDNF, it is unknown how MeCP2 mutations affect transynaptic BDNF signaling. Our findings demonstrate an early, abnormal neurosecretory phenotype in MeCP2-deficient neurons characterized by significant increases in the percentage of cellular BDNF content available for release. However, loss of MeCP2 also results in deficits in total cell BDNF content that are developmentally regulated in a cell-type-specific manner. Thus, the net effect of MeCP2 loss on absolute BDNF secretion changes with age and is determined by both the amount of BDNF available for release and progressive declines in total cellular BDNF. We propose, therefore, that loss of MeCP2 function disrupts transynaptic BDNF signaling by perturbing the normal balance between BDNF protein levels and secretion. However, mutant neurons are capable of secreting wild-type levels of BDNF in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation. In addition, we found elevated exocytic function inMecp2−/yadrenal chromaffin cells, indicating that theMecp2null mutation is associated with alterations of neurosecretion that are not restricted to BDNF. These findings are the first examples of abnormal neuropeptide and catecholamine secretion in a mouse model of RTT.
Formation of Presynaptic Terminals at Predefined Sites along Axons
Authors: Sabo Shasta L. , Gomes Raquel A. , McAllister A. Kimberley
Published: October 2006

What determines where synapses will form along an axon or how proteins are deposited at nascent synapses remains unknown. Here, we show that the initial formation of presynaptic terminals occurs preferentially at predefined sites within the axons of cortical neurons. Time-lapse imaging of synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles (STVs) indicates that STVs pause repeatedly at these sites, even in the absence of neuronal or glial contact. Contact with a neuroligin-expressing non-neuronal cell induces formation of presynaptic terminals specifically at these STV pause sites. Remarkably, formation of stable contacts with dendritic filopodia also occurs selectively at STV pause sites. Although it is not yet known which molecules comprise the predefined sites, STV pausing is regulated by cues that affect synaptogenesis. Overall, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that regulation of STV pausing might be an important mechanism for accumulation of presynaptic proteins at nascent synapses and support a new model in which many en passant synapses form specifically at predefined sites in young axons.
Tau Nitration Occurs at Tyrosine 29 in the Fibrillar Lesions of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies
Authors: Reynolds Matthew R. , Reyes Juan F. , Fu Yifan , Bigio Eileen H. , Guillozet-Bongaarts Angela L. , Berry Robert W. , Binder Lester I.
Published: October 2006

The neurodegenerative tauopathies are a clinically diverse group of diseases typified by the pathological self-assembly of the microtubule-associated tau protein. Although tau nitration is believed to influence the pathogenesis of these diseases, the precise residues modified, and the resulting effects on tau function, remain enigmatic. Previously, we demonstrated that nitration at residue Tyr29 markedly inhibits the ability of tau to self-associate and stabilize the microtubule lattice (Reynolds et al., 2005b, 2006). Here, we report the first monoclonal antibody to detect nitration in a protein-specific and site-selective manner. This reagent, termed Tau-nY29, recognizes tau only when nitrated at residue Tyr29. It does not cross-react with wild-type tau, tau mutants singly nitrated at Tyr18, Tyr197, and Tyr394, or other proteins known to be nitrated in neurodegenerative diseases. By Western blot analysis, Tau-nY29 detects soluble tau and paired helical filament tau from severely affected Alzheimer's brain but fails to recognize tau from normal aged brain. This observation suggests that nitration at Tyr29 is a disease-related event that may alter the intrinsic ability of tau to self-polymerize. In Alzheimer's brain, Tau-nY29 labels the fibrillar triad of tau lesions, including neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, and, to a lesser extent, neuropil threads. Intriguingly, although Tau-nY29 stains both the neuronal and glial tau pathology of Pick disease, it detects only the neuronal pathology in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy without labeling the predominant glial pathology. Collectively, our findings provide the first direct evidence that site-specific tau nitration is linked to the progression of the neurodegenerative tauopathies.
mPar6α Controls Neuronal Migration: Figure 1.
Authors: Solecki David J. , Govek Eve-Ellen , Hatten Mary E.
Published: October 2006

We review studies on the polarity of developing cerebellar granule, showing that the centrosome localizes to the pole of the neuron that extrudes the nascent axon, and the Rho GTPase Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) activates the mPar6α/Par3 (Par for partitioning defective) complex to coordinate actin dynamics in the growth cone. Subsequently, mPar6α signaling controls the migration of immature granule neurons down the Bergmann glial fibers into the internal granule cell layer in which they establish synaptic connections.
Regulators of Rho GTPases in Neuronal Development: Figure 1.
Authors: Watabe-Uchida Mitsuko , Govek Eve-Ellen , Van Aelst Linda
Published: October 2006

The formation and elaboration of axonal and dendritic morphologies are fundamental aspects of neuronal polarization critical for information processing. In general, developing CNS neurons elaborate one axon and multiple dendrites in response to intracellular and extracellular cues, so as to transmit and receive information, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying axon–dendrite polarity are complex and involve the integration of numerous signaling pathways that impinge on the cytoskeleton. One group of proteins, the Rho GTPases, has emerged as key integrators of environmental cues to regulate the underlying axonal and dendritic cytoskeletons. Here, we discuss the role of regulators of the Rac1 GTPase in axon development and highlight the importance of both actin and microtubule remodeling in this process.
Modern Silence
Authors: METZER DAVID
Published: October 2006

Silence has frequently been upheld as a terminus, be it the climax of artistic nullity or the void created by the inevitable cultural withdrawal of modern art. The idea of silence as a point of departure has rarely been proposed, yet modernist music shows that silence has played such a role. Silence is a state, a sonic or conceptual ideal to which a work aspires. Silence is one such ideal, as are purity, complexity, and the fragmentary. Modernist, especially late modernist, composers have written works that aim to evoke states through musical languages that emulate distinct qualities of those conditions.

Webern, Nono, and Sciarrino are three composers who have turned to silence. Instead of parsing out sections of silence (as Cage did), they create musical settings that conjure aspects of quiet. All three situate their music in a particular scene, the border between sound and silence. Informed by stillness, fragmentation, and fragility, it is a space that appears often in modernist arts, particularly the writings of Beckett. Far from being a narrow and doomed location, it is a limitless realm, a new sonic territory. The borderland, like many states, has unique potential for expression.

Silence has long been used expressively, as experienced in tense pauses, but Webern, Nono, and Sciarrino use silence to comment on expression as an act. They ask questions about the act: How does it start? How is an utterance conveyed? What happens to it? Silence provides a revealing backdrop against which to scrutinize expression. This commentary is part of an ongoing modernist interrogation of expression. The music of Webern, Nono, and Sciarrino adds to the interrogation, doing so through a modernist point of fascination with silence.
Fracturas lingüísticas: Los estridentistas
Authors: Parodi Claudia
Published: October 2006

En este trabajo reviso la labor de los estridentistas, grupo mexicano de vanguardia cuya importancia no se ha reconocido en el mundo de la crítica literaria. Tras situar sus presupuestos estéticos en el cosmos de la vanguardia en general, muestro los cambios y la evolución que sufren los estridentistas, especialmente Manuel Maples Arce, figura central del grupo. Correlaciono y ejemplifico los cambios en sus obras con las modificaciones de su paradigma estético según las fueron presentando en sus cuatro manifiestos. Propongo dos etapas. En la primera, por centrarse en el significado y la ambigüedad de las palabras, se crea un arte fragmentado y altamente abstracto. En la segunda, en cambio, por utilizar metonimias, producen, sobre todo, textos de corte cubista más comprometidos con la situación social de México.

In this paper I analyze the work of the Estridentistas, a Mexican avant garde group of artists, whose work has been overlooked by most literary critics. After discussing their aesthetic paradigm in relation to the general avant garde movement, I focus on the changes and evolution within the Estridentista literature by examining the writings of these artists, mainly the work of Manuel Maples Arce, the leading figure of the movement. I compare the changes in their work with how the Estridentistas' aesthetic paradigm evolved in their four manifestos. I propose two stages to explain their literary evolution. In the first stage, they created a fragmented and highly abstract art by focusing on the meaning and the ambiguity of words, whereas in the second stage they produced cubist texts by mainly using metonymies. In addition, they showed interest in Mexican social problems.
Self-Management of Irrigation Systems, a Typology: The Mexican Case
Authors: Palerm-Viqueira Jacinta
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we suggest a typology for distinct types of self-management, based on who carries out the administration and operation of the irrigation system: specialized staff (bureaucratic) or the irrigators themselves (non-bureaucratic). We argue that a specialized staff for irrigation administration and operation characterizes all large systems, but that both small and medium-sized systems may be administered and operated by the irrigators themselves. Both types of organization are described, and special attention is given to the problems posed by bureaucratic organization. The effectiveness of bureaucratic or non-bureaucratic organization is treated from the analytical framework of industry, where issues of efficiency and a preferred cultural model have been framed. Finally, we propose that smallholding and non-bureaucratic self-management of irrigation are linked.

Proponemos una tipología de autogestión, basada en quién realiza la administración y operación en el sistema hidráulico: personal especializado (burocrático) o los mismos regantes (no burocrático). Argumentamos que el uso de personal especializado para la administración y operación caracteriza a todos los grandes sistemas de riego, pero que los pequeños y medianos sistemas de riego pueden ser administrados y operados por los mismos regantes. Se describe a ambos tipos de organización, y se da particular atención a los problemas peculiares que derivan de una organización burocrática. La eficacia de la organización burocrática o no burocrática es tratada desde el marco analítico de la industria, donde las cuestiones de la eficiencia y el modelo cultural preferido han sido consideradas. Finalmente, se propone que hay una relación causal entre minifundismo y administración no burocrática.
A Historical Review of Access to Records in Presidential Libraries
Authors: SMITH NANCY KEGAN , STERN GARY M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The presidential libraries that are part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) hold a wealth of materials documenting the inner workings of the government at its highest policy level from Presidents Hoover through Clinton. This article discusses the process followed by the presidential library archival staff in making these records available to the public in light of the broad range of statutory and other legal authorities that affect access to the records, and also discusses the significant issues or controversies that have changed or affected this access, including the establishment of the first presidential library by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the controversy over the Nixon tapes and records, the enactment of the Presidential Records Act, and the complex process by which presidential records are reviewed, declassified, and opened to the public.
DEVELOPING A TEACHER TRAINEES' DEMOCRATIC VALUES SCALE: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ANALYSES
Authors: Selvi Kiymet
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop a Teacher Trainees' Democratic Values Scale (TTDVS) related to educational life. The TTDVS was determined by using factor analysis, which was conducted with 979 participants. The scale is composed of 24 items grouped into three subscales,
which can be combined into a main scale. The results of the study showed that the TTDVS has an identifiable factor structure and it is a reliable and valid scale.
Toxicosis associated with ingestion of quick-dissolve granulated chlorine in a dog
Authors: Hofmeister Aaron S. , Heseltine Johanna C. , Sharp Claire R.
Published: October 2006

Case Description—A dog was referred for treatment after ingestion of quick-dissolve chlorine granules intended for use in a swimming pool.

Clinical Findings—At evaluation 18 hours after ingestion of the granules, the dog had tachypnea, signs of depression, approximately 5% dehydration, oral mucositis, and a productive cough. Increased respiratory tract sounds and wheezes were ausculted in all lung fields. Complete blood count revealed erythrocytosis and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical analyses revealed mildly high activities of hepatic enzymes and creatine kinase. Arterial blood gas concentrations were consistent with hypoxemia and hyperventilation. Thoracic radiography revealed widespread pulmonary alveolar infiltrates predominantly affecting the ventral portions of both lungs, consistent with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to aspiration of the granulated chlorine.

Treatment and Outcome—Initial treatment included IV administration of an electrolyte solution with supplemental KCl, ranitidine, furosemide, cefotaxime, buprenorphine, and supplemental oxygen. Subsequent treatment included administration of meloxicam and an endoscopically placed percutaneous gastrostomy tube. Endoscopic examination revealed esophagitis and mild gastritis; therefore, metoclopramide and sucralfate were also administered. Fifteen days later, the gastrostomy tube was removed prior to discharge; endoscopic examination revealed grossly normal esophageal and gastric mucosa, and thoracic radiography revealed complete resolution of the lung lesions.

Clinical Relevance—Although ingestion of granulated chlorine is rare in veterinary patients, the resulting disease processes are common and can be treated successfully.
Detection and clustering of light charged particles via system‐identification techniques
Authors: Previdi F. , Savaresi Sergio M. , Guazzoni P. , Zetta L.
Published: October 2006

The problem considered in this work is the classification of the particles produced by the collision of a heavy ion beam on a target. Each particle is captured by a detector and results in a signal (which is the impulse response of a dynamic linear system), which is measured by a digital acquisition system. The assumption made herein is that the shape of the impulse‐response contains complete information on the particle, and the classification can be done by pulse‐shape, analysis.

In this work, a complete procedure for the particle identification is proposed. The main idea is to use the cascade of a state‐space identification algorithm and a parametric non‐linear map using the model parameters as input regressors. The algorithm has been tested on a large set of impulse‐responses and provides a fully automatic accurate classification of the isotopes.

This work focuses on isotopic identification of the most energetic light charged particles (LCP). All the experiments are made with the large detector array CHIMERA (Charge Heavy Ions Mass and Energy Resolving Array). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cavity pressure control during cooling in plastic injection molding
Authors: Pramujati B. , Dubay R. , Samaan C.
Published: October 2006

Cavity pressure control during filling, packing, and cooling phases is imperative for maintaining product quality in injection molding process. This paper presents the design and implementation of a strategy to control cavity pressure profile during the cooling phase. In order to do this, a controlled variable parameter was defined to be the time constant τ of the pressure profile. This parameter can be used effectively to control the shape of the cavity pressure over the cooling cycle. The coolant flow rate through the mold was used as the manipulated variable. A predictive control system was designed and implemented successfully to allow monitoring and control of τ at several setpoints τsp resulting in good and effective cavity pressure control. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:170–181, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20068
Ternary diffusivities by model‐based analysis of Raman spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Bardow André , Göke Volker , Koß Hans‐Jürgen , Marquardt Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Even though multicomponent mixtures are ubiquitous in mass transfer processes, mutual diffusion data in these systems are scarce. This is due to the fact that established diffusion measurements are laborious. In particular, several experiments are required to determine multicomponent diffusion coefficients at a single composition. In order to overcome these deficiencies, a diffusion experiment employing one‐dimensional Raman spectroscopy is presented. Concentrations of the individual species are resolved with high spatial and temporal resolution during the diffusion process. In this work, it is shown that these data allow determining the ternary Fick diffusion matrix from a single isothermal diffusion experiment. The experimental procedure is further optimized using model‐based experimental design techniques, where general design guidelines for diffusion experiments are derived. Thereby, precision of the diffusion measurements can be improved by an order of magnitude. The theoretical calculations are validated by experimental results for the system n‐propanol + 1‐chlorobutane + n‐heptane. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Synthese von 2,2a,3,4‐Tetrahydro[1,2‐d]benz[b]‐1,4‐oxazin‐2,4‐dionen, 2. Mitt.
Authors: Ongania Karl‐Hans , Wallnöfer Margret
Published: October 2006

Die diastereomeren 3‐Amino‐β‐lactame 7 und 8 sind sowohl über die Azide 5 und 6, als auch über die Phthalimidoderivate 9 und 12 zugänglich. Während 9 direkt aus 2 mit Phthalimidoacetylchlorid/Triethylamin dargestellt werden kann, ist 12 nur durch Mitsunobu‐Reaktion aus 11 erhältlich. Acylierung von 7 bzw. 8 (zu 13 bzw. 14), Hydrolyse der Esterfunktion (zu 15 bzw. 16) und Debenzylierung führen zu 17 bzw. 18, welche mit DCC zu 19 bzw. 20 lactonisieren.
Studies on Potential Antiviral Compounds, XXIII. 2‐(Substituted benzoylamino)‐3,5‐dichloropyridines and isosteric benzamides
Authors: Ferranti Anna , Garuti Laura , Giovanninetti Giuseppe , Borgatti Mariangela , Bartoletti Anna Maria
Published: October 2006

Novel 2‐(substituted benzoylamino)‐3,5‐dichloropyridines and isosteric benzamides were synthesized and tested in vitro against the MP strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV‐1(MP)]. The introduction of methoxy groups at the 2‐ and 6‐positions of the benzoyl moiety yielded compounds which significantly inhibit HSV‐1(MP) growth. Substitution with fluorine at the 4‐position of the benzoyl group resulted in inactive compounds and on the whole led to enhanced cell toxicity. 2‐(3‐Bromo‐2,6‐dimethoxybenzoylamino)‐3,5‐dichloropyridine (11) was the most active compound (2.06 log10 units > 99% inhibition at 100μg/ml).
Reaktionen von antiphlogistisch wirkenden Indolderivaten mit Singulett‐Sauerstoff, 1. Mitt. Beteiligung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies am Mechanismus der Prostaglandinsynthese
Authors: Duchstein Hans‐Jürgen
Published: October 2006

Die Reaktionen von Singulett‐Sauerstoff mit antiphlogistisch wirkenden und die Prostaglandinsynthese hemmenden Indolderivaten wie Indometacin (1a) und Acemetacin (1b) werden beschrieben. Dabei zeigt sich eine relativ schnelle Reaktion und die Bildung von Produkten, die in ähnlichen Reaktionen von 1O2 in der Indolreihe bereits untersucht wurden2–13). Wie aus den Endprodukten abzulesen ist, wird in allen Fällen im ersten Schritt in einer (2+2)‐Cycloaddition mit 1O2 als Elektrophil und dem Indol ein Dioxetan 2 gebildet. Ausgehend von diesem reaktiven Zwischenprodukt konnten 1. nach Ringöffnung verschiedene o‐Acyl‐anilide 4a‐d und der substituierte Ester 4e, 2. ein Benzoxazinon 5 durch Recyclisierung, 3. über ein 1.2‐Diol ein Lacton 7 isoliert und spektroskopisch identifiziert werden. Diese „in virro”︁ Reaktion könnte Relevanz für den Mechanismus der Hemmung der Prostaglandinsynthese besitzen, wenn Singulett‐Sauerstoff eine reaktive Sauerstoffspezies ist, die in das enzymatische Geschehen der Prostaglandinsynthese involviert ist.
Nichtsteroidale Entzündungshemmer, 15. Mitt. Chirale Arylhydroxycarbonsäuren
Authors: Guarnieri Adriano , Varoli Lucilla , Burnelli Silvia , Sarret Monique , Fantuz Marinella , Brune Kay , Lanz René
Published: October 2006

Einige früher synthetisierte und antiphlogistisch wirksame chirale Biphenylylcarbonsäuren wurden zu den p‐Fluorbiphenylyl‐ oder p‐Cyclohexylphenyl‐Analogen 4iF–4aC modifiziert und pharmakologisch geprüft. Im Tierversuch wurde eine Abschwächung der antiphlogistischen Aktivität gefunden; bei den auch in vitro getesteten Fluorverbindungen konnte eine mögliche Hemmung der Phorbolester‐induzierten PGE2‐Freisetzung aus Mausperitonealmakrophagen nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Cyclisierungen von N‐(2‐Phenylethyl)‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐benzamiden
Authors: Mika Hans‐Jürgen , Meise Werner
Published: October 2006

Die Cyclisierung der Hydroxyamide 3 unter Bischler‐Napieralski‐Bedingungen erfolgt in Abhängigkeit von der Substitution der Aromaten auf drei verschiedene Reaktionsweisen: Während die im Phenylethylamin‐Teil (Ring A) nicht aktivierten Amide 3c und 3d nur den Ring C schließen, entsteht bei dem in A aktivierten, jedoch in Ring D (Lacton‐Teil) für einen nucleophilen Angriff desaktivierten Amid 3b anschließend noch Ring B; beim nur in A aktivierten 3a erfolgt dagegen als erstes die Bischler‐Napieralski‐Reaktion (Ring B) und als zweites die intramolekulare N‐Alkylierung (Ring C).
Ringöffnung und Isomerisierung von Δ1‐Pyrroliniumsalzen
Authors: Dannhardt Gerd , Obergrusberger Richard
Published: October 2006

Durch alkalische Hydrolyse von 2‐Methyl‐Δ1‐pyrroliniumsalzen entstehen ω‐Aminopentanon‐Derivative und das Δ2‐Pyrrolin 4c. Eine Isomerisierung des 2‐Phenyl‐Δ1‐pyrrolins zu Δ2‐ und Δ3‐Derivaten gelingt über das N‐Tosyl‐iminiumsalz.
2,2′‐Bis(indolyl)methane, 8. Mitt. Darstellung und NMR‐spektroskopische Charakterisierung von 2,2′ ‐Bis(methylindolyl)‐aryl‐methanen
Authors: Dittmann Klaus , Pindur Ulf
Published: October 2006

In der Reaktion von 3‐Methyl‐ bzw. 1,3‐Dimethylindol (1a,1b) sind mit den Arylaldehyden 2 unter salzsaurer Katalyse die Methane 6 und 7 in glatter Reaktion zugänglich. Zwischenprodukte des Reaktionsweges zu 6 und 7 sind nur an einem Beispiel über eine Solvolyse‐Reaktion isolierbar. Die Struktureigenschaften der Methane 6 und 7 werden erstmals NMR‐spektroskopisch beschrieben.
Isoindolo[2,1‐b]isochinoliniumsalze: Additionsreaktionen mit C‐und N‐Nucleophilen
Authors: Dusemund Jürgen , Kröger Eckhard
Published: October 2006

Das Acyliminiumchlorid 2b reagiert bei Erhalt der tetracyclischen Struktur mit 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazin zu Hemiamidal 1b, mit Natriumsulfamid zum Amidal 1c und mit Aceton zu 1d.
Chinon‐Amin‐Reaktionen, 12. Mitt. Synthese und Farbe von Naphthothiazinonen
Authors: Kallmayer Hans‐Jörg , Seyfang Karlheinz
Published: October 2006

Naphthothiazinone 8 absorbieren im sichtbaren Bereich auf Grund des NH‐/S‐Austausches in neutraler Lösung um 10 und in saurer Lösung um 20 nm kurzwelliger als die entsprechenden Benzochinoxalinone 3. Diese hypsochrome Verschiebung ist geringer als die des NH‐/NAc‐Austausches bei 4. Die Thiazinone 8 werden aus den Naphthochinonen 1 und Cysteamin (5) synthetisiert.
Antimykotische Wirkstoffe, 18. Mitt. Aromatisch substituierte 2‐(4‐Toluidino)pyrimidine
Authors: Keutzberger Alfred , Gillessen Jutta
Published: October 2006

Die Kondensation von 4‐Tolylguanidin (1) mit den aromatische und heteroaromatische Substituenten tragenden β‐Diketonen 2a–d führt zu den korrespondierend substituierten 2‐(4‐Toluidino)pyrimidinen 3a–d.
Potential Antitumor Agents, XIV. 1,8‐Disubstituted Anthraquinones
Authors: Andreani Aldo , Rambaldi Mirella , Bonazzi Daniela , Lelli Giovanna , Greci Lucedio , Bossa Rosaria , Galatulas Iraklis
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of new derivatives, starting from 1,8‐dihydroxy‐ and 1,8‐dichloro‐anthraquinone, is reported. The succinic esters 9,10 and the monofunctional alkylating agent 12 showed significant antitumor activity in mice implanted with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
Wirkung neuer Iminiumverbindungen gegen ausgewählte Bakterien‐ und Pilzstämme, 10. Mitt. Synthese von n‐Alkoxymethylchinoliniumchloriden und Derivaten
Authors: Pernak Juliusz , Krysiński Jerzy , Michalak Lucyna , Karmiński Wladyslaw
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Synthese und die antimikrobielle Wirkung der Chinolinium‐Chloride 1–3 beschrieben. Die Chinolinium‐Verbindungen wurden durch Reaktion von Chlormethylalkylethern mit Chinolin, 6‐Methyl‐ und 8‐Hydroxychinolin synthetisiert.
Studies on Potential Antiviral Compounds, XXIV. New 1‐substituted isatin β‐thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Ferranti Anna , Garuti Laura , Giovanninetti Giuseppe , Katz Ehud
Published: October 2006

Some new 1‐substituted isatin β‐thiosemicarbazones were examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of the wild‐type strain of vaccinia virus and the isatin P‐thiosemicarbazone (IBT) resistant mutant of this virus. Also investigated was the capability of the compounds to support the growth of the IBT dependent mutant of vaccinia virus. The most active derivative is 1‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)isatin thiosemicarbazone 20, which was shown to be more effective than IBT.
Darstellung von γ‐Hydroxysulfonen
Authors: Messinger Paul , Vietinghoff‐Scheel Rudolf V.
Published: October 2006

γ‐Hydroxysulfone 2 lassen sich aus entsprechenden Ketosulfonen 1 durch Reduktion mit Dimethylaminboran bequem darstellen. Der Einfluß von Substituenten auf die Reduzierbarkeit wird untersucht. Einige Hydroxysulfone 2 werden auch durch Reduktion mit Monoboran in THF oder durch katalytische Hydrierung mit Raney‐Nickel erhalten.
Selektive katalytische Hydrierungen und Hydrogenolysen, 4. Mitt. Darstellung von 1‐Benzylisochinolinen
Authors: Reimann Eberhard , Höglmüller Angelika
Published: October 2006

Im Benzylrest substituierte 1‐Benzylisochinoline 4 werden durch hydrolytische Spaltung der leicht zugänglichen 1,2‐Dihydro‐Verbindungen 3 erhalten.
Chinazolinone, 3. Mitt. Darstellung, Pharmakologie und Struktur‐Wirkungs‐Beziehungen von Derivaten des 2‐Methyl‐3‐(4‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐thiazolidin‐2‐ylidenamino)‐4(3H)‐chinazolinons
Authors: Büyüktimkin Servet
Published: October 2006

Es werden Synthese und pharmakologische Aktivität phenylsubstituierter 2‐Methyl‐3‐(4‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐thiazolidin‐2‐ylidenamino)‐4(3H)‐chinazolinone 2 beschrieben und Struktur‐Wirkungsbeziehungen in dieser Stoffklasse diskutiert.
Selektive katalytische Hydrierungen und Hydrogenolysen, 5. Mitt. Ein einfacher Zugang zu 1‐Benzyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroisochinolinen
Authors: Reimann Eberhard , Höglmüller Angelika
Published: October 2006

Die 1‐Benzylisochinoline 1 lassen sich mit Pt‐ und Ru‐Katalysatoren selektiv zu den Titelverbindungen 2 hydrieren; mit Pd‐Kohle entstehen außerdem ca. 5% der Isomere 3, die über die N‐Acetylderivate, beispielsweise 7d, abgetrennt werden können. – Bei langen Hydrierzeiten wird mit Platin nur der unsubstituierte –, bei höheren Temperaturen auch der substituierte Benzylrest unter gleichzeitiger C,O‐Hydrogenolyse mithydriert (s. 1a→4 bzw. 1d→4). – Die Struktur der Verbindungen 2 wird u. a. durch 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie, die von 2a zusätzlich durch Synthese aus 2c über 5→6 bewiesen.
Morphologische, Biochemische und Pharmakokinetische Untersuchungen an Saugblasen in Abhängigkeit von der Art und dem Zeitpunkt ihrer Entstehung
Authors: Schäfer‐Korting Monika , Grimm Hans W. , Mutschler Ernst
Published: October 2006

In Untersuchungen an Ratten konnten keine Unterschiede im Elektrolyt‐ und Proteingehalt der Saugblasenflüssigkeit (SBF) von Blasen, die bei −160 bzw. −130 mm Hg entwickelt wurden, beobachtet werden. Bei einem Unterdruck von mehr als 180 mm Hg begann die Bildung von Hämatomen. In bereits bestehende Blasen strömen systemisch applizierte Pharmaka aufgrund von Diffusion ein, während bei sich bildenden Blasen zusätzlich eine Konvektion stattfindet. Werden die Blasen nicht während einer Verteilungsphase des Wirkstoffs entwickelt, so findet dennoch ein Konzentrationsausgleich zwischen der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit, welche die Blase umgibt, und der Blasenflüssigkeit statt. Die Pentrationsgeschwindigkeit in SBF bereits bestehender Blasen wird auch von der Blasengröße bestimmt.
On Homothiopterocarpan
Authors: Valenti Piero , Rampa Angela , Da Re Paolo , Barili Pier L.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and some spectral data of a new type of heterocyclic ring system (C5O,C5S,C6,C6, homothiopterocarpan) are described.
Untersuchungen an 1,3‐Thiazinen, 26. Mitt. Neuartige N‐Carbamoyl‐ und Thiocarbamoyl‐2‐thioxo‐1,3‐thiazinderivate
Authors: Hanefeld Wolfgang , Bercin Erdogan
Published: October 2006

Die N‐unsubstituierten 1,3‐Thiazinderivate 1–3 werden durch Carbamoylchloride oder Thiocarbamoylchloride in Gegenwart von Triethylamin oder Natriumhydrid zu den N‐Carbamoyl‐ bzw. N‐Thiocarbamoyl‐1,3‐thiazinderivaten 5–9 umgesetzt.
H2‐Antihistaminika, 25. Mitt. Synthese und H2‐antagonistische Wirkung monosubstituierter 1,2,4‐Oxadiazol‐3,5‐diamine
Authors: Krämer Irene , Schunack Walter
Published: October 2006

Es wurden die N3‐ bzw. N5‐substituierten 1,2,4‐Oxadiazol‐3,5‐diamine 4a‐e und 5a‐e dargestellt und auf Histamin‐H2‐antagonistische Aktivitat untersucht.
Synthese und spektroskopische Eigenschaften von cis‐1.3.3a.8a‐Tetrahydrocyclopent[a]inden‐2.8‐dion
Authors: Knupp Gerd , Hambloch Heinrich , Frahm August W.
Published: October 2006

Es wird eine effiziente und stereoselektive Synthese der Titelverbindung 4 beschrieben. Die Struktur wird mittels spektroskopischer Techniken (IR, UV, MS, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR) bewiesen. Das komplexe 6‐Spin‐System des alicyclischen Teils des 1H‐NMR‐Spektrums konnte durch Anwendung des Spektrensimulationsprogrammes LAOCOON III analysiert werden.
Cyclopenta[c]pyridine aus Baldrinal und Homobaldrinal durch Reaktion mit primären Aminen
Authors: Seitz Gunther , Moddelmog Günter , Hölzl Josef
Published: October 2006

Baldrinal und Homobaldrinal (1a–b) lassen sich mit primären Aminen in Cyclopenta[c]pyridine 7 überführen, wobei Oxidation der Seitenkette an C‐4 zum Carbaldehyd beobachtet wird. Mit biogenen Aminen wie Tyramin und Histamin entstehen entsprechend substituierte Pseudoazulene 8 und 9.
Darstellung, Reaktivität und spektroskopische Eigenschaften von Chlorformamidinen aus Quadratsäuredichlorid
Authors: Zinner Gerwalt , Grünefeld Johann
Published: October 2006

Umsetzung von Carbodiimiden mit Quadratsäuredichlorid (1) führt zu Chlorformamidinen 6, die zu Alkylharnstoffen des Typs 7 bzw. zu Diarylharnstoffen und Quadratsäure hydrolysiert werden.
Basisch substituierte Pyrrolidin‐2,5‐dione, 1. Mitt. Synthese racem. und optisch aktiver N‐Methylpyrrolidindione
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Konrad Horst
Published: October 2006

Ausgehend von Phenyl‐ (1) und 2‐Thienylbernsteinsäure (2) wurden über die 3‐monosubstituierten Pyrrolidindione 3/4 die basisch substituierten Pyrrolidindione 5/6 synthetisiert. Durch katalytische Hydrierung der 3‐Phenylverbindungen 5 wurden die 3‐Cyclohexylpyrrolidindione 7 hergestellt. Die Enantiomere von 5a, 5b, 6a und 6b wurden durch Racematspaltung mit Binaphthylphosphorsäure, die von 5c und 5d durch Spaltung mit Camphersulfonsäure gewonnen. Die Enantiomere von 7a–7c lieferte die katalytische Hydrierung der Enantiomere von 5a–5c.
Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Derivatisierungen des unsubstituierten 3,5‐Pyrazolidindions
Authors: Fritsch Gerrit , Zinner Gerwald , Beimel Marianne , Mootz Dietrich , Wunderlich Hartmut
Published: October 2006

Bei den vor längerer Zeit versuchten Darstellungen des unsubstituierten monomeren 3,5‐Pyrazolidindions (2) konnte allenfalls ein Polymer der Zusammensetzung [C3H4O2N2]x isoliert werden. Erst die Cyclisierung von Malonsäureethylesterhydrazid in methanolischer Lösung unter Zusatz von Natriummethanolat führte kürzlich zum Erfolg. Der Strukturbeweis des so gewonnenen Produktes konnte über die üblichen analytischen Methoden erbracht werden; die Hydrazid‐Funktion und die aktive Methylengruppe ließen sich darüberhinaus auch präparativ nachweisen. Die Molekülgeometrie von 2 wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
Syntheses and H2‐Antagonistic Activity of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole‐2,5‐diamines
Authors: Wegner Kurt
Published: October 2006

Die aktuelle Entwicklung von H2‐Antihistaminika1) richtet sich verstärkt auf solche Verbindungen, die anstelle offenkettiger polarer Gruppierungen (Cyanoguanidin, Nitroethendiamin) Heteroarylendiamin‐Systeme in der Seitenkette enthalten, wie Triazoldiamine oder das 1,2,5‐Thiadiazol3,4‐diamin2). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, das mit letzterem isomere 1,3,4‐Thiadiazol‐2,5‐diamin mit Strukturelementen Bewährter H2‐Blocker zu kombinieren.