bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aortic Stenosis and Small Aortic Annulus
Authors: Freitas-Ferraz Afonso B. , Tirado-Conte Gabriela , Dagenais Francois , Ruel Marc , Al-Atassi Talal , Dumont Eric , Mohammadi Siamak , Bernier Mathieu , Pibarot Philippe , Rodés-Cabau Josep
Published: June 2019

The presence of a small aortic annulus poses a considerable challenge in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis, especially in elderly women, where it is a very frequent finding. The optimal approach for treating these patients remains controversial, and several surgical strategies such as aortic root enlargement, supra-annular stented prosthetic valves, stentless bioprosthesis, and sutureless bioprostheses have been proposed to improve valve hemodynamics and clinical outcomes. More recently, transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as a valid alternative for the treatment of aortic stenosis and excellent valve hemodynamic results have been observed among patients with a small aortic annulus. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current definition, prevalence, and clinical impact of small aortic annulus in patients with aortic stenosis, and evaluate the different therapeutic strategies currently available to improve valve hemodynamics and outcomes in this population.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, His Images and Draughtsmen
Authors: Fransen Sietske
Published: June 2019

This article provides, for the first time, an overview of all images (drawings and prints) sent by the Dutch microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) to the Royal Society during their fifty-year long correspondence. Analyses of the images and close reading of the letters have led to an identification of three periods in which Leeuwenhoek worked together with artists. The first period (1673–1689) is characterized by the work of several draughtsmen as well as Leeuwenhoek’s own improving attempts to depict his observations. In the second period (1692–1712) Leeuwenhoek worked together with one unknown draughtsman, while the work in the third period (1713–1723) can now be attributed to the young draughtsman Willem vander Wilt. This article also shows how Leeuwenhoek did not only rely on draughtsmen for the depiction of his own observations, but rather, how he worked together with them in his workshop to observe, confirm, and witness microscopic experiments, replicating the collaborative working methods of the Royal Society in Delft.
The Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions, Revisited
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: June 2019

This article first considers whether there is any general theory of interpretation in international law. After revisiting the way in which Security Council resolutions are drafted, it reviews developments in regard to the interpretation of Security Council resolutions, including controversies, case-law, and writings. Also considered is the relevance to the subject of the Dutch and United Kingdom Iraq inquiries. The conclusions re-examine, and largely confirm, the approach taken in an article published in 1998.
The ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Model and Political Reform in Hong Kong: A twail Approach
Authors: Lone Fozia Nazir
Published: June 2019

This article seeks to elucidate the issues affecting political reform in Hong Kong in terms of China’s international law positions and practice. This involves reviewing Hong Kong’s unique legal position, the international law approach that China has adopted, and the manner in which China’s control of Hong Kong can coincide with respect for international norms and standards. In order to achieve this, concepts such as sovereignty, democracy and universal suffrage are examined.
Sophocles’ Wedding Cakes (Eris fr. 199)
Authors: Coo Lyndsay
Published: June 2019

This paper uncovers the connotations of the cakes (ἴτρια) mentioned in Sophocles fr. 199 and argues that they provide hitherto overlooked evidence to reinforce the thesis that Eris was a satyr play set at the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis. The cakes are shown to be compatible with a wedding banquet setting, which is strongly indicative of satyr drama. Finally, it is suggested that Eris herself may have spoken the line.
Vulnerability and Response to Cyclones in Coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Afroz Sharmin , Cramb Rob , Grünbühel Clemens
Published: June 2019

We explore the vulnerability to cyclones of different socio-economic groups and their individual and collective responses to cyclone-related disasters through case studies of two villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. We take a political ecology perspective, drawing on the widely-used Pressure and Release (PAR) Model to structure our analysis of the physical exposure of the villages to cyclone-related hazards; the multilevel processes leading to the vulnerability of different groups within the villages; the differential impacts of two recent cyclones; and subsequent responses undertaken through the actions of individual households, collective action at the village level, and the government-initiated Cyclone Preparedness Program. We conclude that recognising the complexities of vulnerability to multiple, interlinked, recursive hazards is essential to developing better risk reduction strategies for the coastal zone. However, the root causes of vulnerability are embedded in the socio-political structures and processes that determine access to resources and influence in Bangladeshi society.
The Social Value of the Child and Fear of Childlessness among Rural Punjabi Women in Pakistan
Authors: Qamar Azher Hameed
Published: June 2019

The ‘Child’ is a value-laden concept in rural Punjabi society with foremost pronatal values. The woman is primarily responsible for childbearing. Fertility is valued for the social value of the child that raises the status of the woman as woman-being and a mother. It is believed that the child removes the curse of childlessness and sets a woman from social demotion. Infertility or other related issues that cause congruent child mortality are serious and often perceived as Athra, an “evil sickness” to be cured by religious healing. This ethnographic study investigates perceptions of rural Punjabi women about the socially valued child and the fears attached to Athra. This study was conducted in a village in southern Punjab. The study explores the social value of the child, the status of the mother, the ‘unexplained’ nature of Athra, and its contagious effects.
Asmās : le plat emblématique des Almohades
Authors: Ghouirgate Mehdi
Published: June 2019

Cet article se propose de mettre en lumière l’évolution sociale et politique des Almohades à travers la consommation d’un plat connu sous le nom berbère d’asmās. En effet, les sociétés de leur région d’origine, le Haut-Atlas occidental et l’Anti-Atlas, étaient restées jusqu’au début du Ve/xiie siècle en dehors de toute influence étatique notable : dans ces zones de montagnes, les décisions importantes mettant en jeu le devenir du groupe étaient du ressort des communautés villageoises. Or, dans un laps de temps relativement bref, les membres de tribus Maṣmūḍa, prenant le nom programmatique et militant d’« Almohades », initièrent un mouvement qui aboutit à la diffusion de structures étatiques dans ces sociétés. Les Almohades reprirent en effet certaines institutions des Maṣmūda, en les détournant de leur emploi primitif. L’asmās en fait partie : la consommation de ce plat servait initialement à sceller un lien, soit pour faire la guerre à un autre clan ou à une autre tribu, soit pour conclure une alliance matrimoniale ; elle marque dorénavant le serment d’allégeance privé (bayʿa ḫāṣṣa) prêté au calife muʾminide, et établit une séparation nette non seulement entre les gouvernants et les gouvernés, mais également entre les gouvernants.
From Ġāyat al-ḥakīm to Šams al-maʿārif: Ways of Knowing and Paths of Power in Medieval Islam
Authors: Saif Liana
Published: June 2019

In recent years, we have witnessed an efflorescence of research on Islamic esoteric traditions and occult thought. Such scholarly activity has established that the occult sciences are part of Islamic intellectual history that cannot be overlooked; rather, they constituted a primary mode by which people thought about the hidden, the extraordinary, and their potential for partaking in the divine and wondrous. Occult beliefs and practices are thus inextricably embedded in philosophical, scientific, and religious discourses. This article focuses on occult thought in medieval Islam (second-seventh/eighth-thirteenth centuries), particularly in its relation to the ways in which nature and the divine were perceived and experienced. I argue that medieval Islamic occult sciences distinguished themselves from forbidden siḥr or sorcery by identifying legitimate conditions of acquiring power on the basis of two differing paradigms: by association with natural philosophy on the one hand, and by association with Sufism on the other. A shift of emphasis occurred in the medieval period: from the second/eighth to the fifth/eleventh centuries, legitimisation of occult practices derived mainly from natural philosophy, stressing causation and knowledge of signs as the core principles of magical efficacy. By the seventh/thirteenth century, however, occult practices were increasingly justified on the basis of mystical and Sufi doctrines. During the first phase, magic was generally deemed natural, inasmuch as it functioned according to a causality proven empirically and understood rationally; during the second phase, the power of extraordinary acts, including magic, became the prerogative of a select group who has achieved non-rationalised revelation and theophany, which undermined natural causality and transformed signs from indicators of natural links into tokens of God and the spiritual agents mediating between Him and the gnostic. Scholars such as Pierre Lory, Constant Hamès, and Toufic Fahd have noted the difference between the magic of early Islam and that of the later Middle Period; however, this article elaborates on the epistemological transformations in this period and their implications for cosmological and ontological structures that had a direct impact on magical theory and practice.
Illuminating the Lunar Mansions (manāzil al-qamar) in Šams al-maʿārif
Authors: Varisco Daniel Martin
Published: June 2019

The lunar zodiac, generally known as the manāzil al-qamar in Arabic, served both as an astronomical and an astrological system. This was a system of 28 lunar “mansions” or “stations” in which the moon was said to station (nazala) each night of the sidereal month. For each of the asterisms of the mansions there were prognostications, astrological and mystical connections. One of the more widely traveled sources on this astrological content in the past three centuries has been based on the work of the 7th/13th century Aḥmad b. ʿAlī l-Būnī (d. ca 622/1225 or 630/1232-1233), especially the text known as Šams al-maʿārif. This article provides a translation and edition of the relevant section on the lunar mansions with a critical commentary. It is based primarily on a 11th/17th century manuscript preserved in Istanbul’s Süleymaniye library and attributed to al-Būnī.
Perched on the Shoulders of Giants? Looking at the Almohad Empire in the Hafsid Chronicles
Authors: Garnier Sébastien
Published: June 2019

Our contribution tackles the ideological aspect of “legacy” developed in the pro-Hafsid legitimizing discourse. The court historiographers pretended that their patrons had deserved and inherited the throne of Ifrīqiya. We shall see how they sketched a genealogy of founding fathers—Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar (d. 571/1175-1176), Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Wāḥid (d. 618/1221) and Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā (d. 647/1249)—, considering that Muʾminids and Hafsids were the two pillars of the Almohad Empire, so it was natural that the latters took up the torch when the formers declined.
Une œuvre inconnue de Wakīʿ b. al-Ǧarrāḥ (m. 197/812 ?) et sa transmission en Égypte au IIIe/IXe siècle
Authors: Tillier Mathieu , Vanthieghem Naïm
Published: June 2019

Le présent article propose l’édition, la traduction et le commentaire d’un papyrus littéraire égyptien du IIIe/IXe siècle. Cette page de titre d’un ouvrage disparu du traditionniste irakien Wakīʿ b. al-Ǧarrāḥ (m. 197/812 ?), transmis par Yūsuf b. ʿAdī l-Kūfī (m. 232/846) à un étudiant égyptien mal connu, porte au verso deux traditions non canoniques rapportées d’après Ibn al-Mubārak. L’étude de ce folio permet de conclure qu’il s’agit du début d’un cahier de notes prises sous la dictée auprès du maître. Ce rare exemple d’hypomnēma est ainsi révélateur de la transmission d’œuvres irakiennes dans la Fusṭāṭ de la première moitié du IIIe/IXe siècle.
From Conversion to Ritual Murder: Re-Contextualizing the Circumcision Charge
Authors: Tartakoff Paola
Published: June 2019

In the 1230s, Christian authorities prosecuted Norwich Jews on charges of having seized and circumcised a five-year-old boy in an effort to convert him to Judaism. In the same decade, English chroniclers began to depict this case as an attempted ritual murder. According to Roger Wendover and Matthew Paris, Jews circumcised the boy with the intention of crucifying him at Easter. This article explores what the near simultaneous development of these two intriguing and seemingly disparate narratives suggests about thirteenth-century Christian perceptions and portrayals of circumcision. In so doing, it ushers research on medieval Christian attitudes toward circumcision into new spheres, deepens understandings of thirteenth-century Christian anxieties about conversion to Judaism, and brings to light a marginal note in the autograph copy of Matthew Paris’ Chronica majora that may constitute evidence of evolving Christian views of the relationship between the bodies of Jews’ alleged victims and the body of Christ.
The Disciples as Companions: Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn al-Qayyim’s Evaluation of the Transmission of the Bible
Authors: Mirza Younus Y.
Published: June 2019

Studies of Christian-Muslim polemics often disregard medieval Mediterranean Muslim contributions to the analysis of the biblical tradition. An early golden era of Muslim-Christian engagement in Baghdad is replaced by a decline in the Middle Ages which is only to be reversed with the advent of modernity. In this article, I contend that Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) critically engage the biblical tradition based on their backgrounds as hadith scholars. Both question whether the Bible was accurately narrated by pointing to perceived gaps in its transmission. Similarly, drawing on theological underpinnings of hadith, they make an analogy between the Disciples of Jesus and the Companions of Muhammad. Just as the Disciples spread the message of Christ, the Companions disseminated the message of Muhammad. Nevertheless, even though the Disciples and Companions were favored by God and spread their Prophet’s teachings, they were not divinely protected messengers (rusul) and could have erred in transmitting the message.
Theology from the Margins: Sīdī Riḍwān al-Januwī and his Community of Outsiders
Authors: Ceballos Manuela
Published: June 2019

This article will examine how Tuḥfat al-ikhwān wa-mawāhib al-imtinān fī manāqib Sīdī Riḍwān ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Januwī, the biography of the Moroccan Sufi Sīdī Riḍwān al-Januwī (d. 1583), constructs, through the exemplary figure of Sīdī Riḍwān, a theological model where marginality becomes a vehicle for religious authority. Sīdī Riḍwān, unlike other Moroccan Sufis of the period whose claim to legitimacy was partly based on their status as descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad, was the son of a Genoese convert to Islam and a Jewish refugee from Iberia. Perhaps due to his origins, he took up the cause of the poor and the excluded and advocated on their behalf. Biographical dictionaries frequently remark upon Sīdī Riḍwān’s extreme scrupulousness and aversion to praise and political power. Furthermore, he demanded respect for religious minorities, all the while advocating for a strong defense against Portuguese invasion. Through the hagiography, the sheikh emerges as a religious figure whose power and spiritual virtue, paradoxically perhaps, rest in his embrace of marginality—his own and that of others.
“You are the Heretics!” Dialogue and Disputation between the Greek East and the Latin West after 1204
Authors: Brubaker Jeff
Published: June 2019

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade Byzantines and Latins engaged in numerous instances of dialogue and negotiation intended to unite the Greek and Roman Churches. The meeting between four mendicant friars and Patriarch Germanos II in Nicaea and Nymphaion in 1234 is indicative of a continuous trend in Byzantine diplomacy going back to the Komnenoi emperors that used ecclesiastical debate as a mechanism for diplomatic gain. In the years after 1204, however, church-union negotiation took on new purpose, serving to solidify Byzantine identity and resistance in the face of western invaders. Although the study of dialogue and disputation is enjoying a period of renewed focus among western medievalists, the field of Byzantine Studies, with few exceptions, has confined such material to the realm of theological research, neglecting the importance of such encounters, especially in the period after the Fourth Crusade. This study sets out to address why historians of Byzantium have been apprehensive about embracing the sources that describe ecclesiastical dialogue, and show how they can inform us about diplomacy, society and identity in the Eastern Mediterranean world after 1204.
Drama as Disputation in Mantua
Authors: Jaffe-Berg Erith
Published: June 2019

The Jewish community of Mantua in Italy, a vibrant cultural center for Jews, performed plays for the Christian community from at least as early as 1520. During the 150 years of continuous theatre production, there were no public disputations in Mantua even though residents of Mantua often partook in debates elsewhere. This essay argues that theatre functioned as a forum for disputation in Mantua supplanting the need for a formal tradition of disputation. Theatre provided a context for the exchange in ideas about social functioning within each community, and it enabled Jewish community members to air ideas about the value of Jewish ideals in relation to Christian ideals. As soon as the Jews ceased producing theatre for their own community and for the Christian community, disputation began. Therefore, it appears as if the absence of theatre as a public forum for exchange made it necessary to have recourse to disputations.
Andalusi Spolia in Medieval Morocco: “Architectural Politics, Political Architecture”
Authors: Rosser-Owen Mariam
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Traditionally, art historians have viewed the art of medieval Morocco through the lens of Islamic Iberia, which is regarded as the culturally superior center and model for the region. However, more recent studies are beginning to show that, rather than Moroccan patrons and artisans passively absorbing an Andalusi model, the rulers of the Almoravid and Almohad regimes were adopting aspects of this model in very deliberate ways. These studies suggest that Andalusi works of art were part of a conscious appropriation of styles as well as material in a very physical sense, which were imbued by the Moroccan dynasties with a significance relating to the legitimacy of their rule. This paper focuses on the way in which Andalusi architectural and other, mainly marble, material was deployed in Moroccan architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Rather than reusing locally available material, this monumental (and extremely heavy) material was gathered in al-Andalus, at the ruined monuments of the Andalusi Umayyad caliphs, and transported over great distances to the imperial capitals at Fez and Marrakesh. Here this Umayyad spolia was deployed in key locations in the mosques and palaces constructed as the architectural manifestations of the Almoravids’ and Almohads’ new political power. Most frequently, this spolia consisted of marble capitals in the distinctive, dynastic style developed by the Andalusi caliphs for their palace at Madīnat al-Zaḥrāʾ. But together with other Andalusi imports, such as the magnificent minbars made in Córdoba for the Qarawiyyīn mosque and Almoravid mosque at Marrakesh, these physical symbols of al-Andalus in Morocco conveyed a clear message that the Almoravids and, later, the Almohads had taken up the mantle of rule in the Islamic West.
Biobanking between the EU and Third Countries — Can Data Sharing Be Facilitated via Soft Regulatory Tools?
Authors: Slokenberga Santa
Published: June 2019

In biobanking, collaboration and data sharing contribute to building genomic research capacity, and have the potential to further scientific advances that ultimately can result in advances in clinical care. However, in the absence of common applicable legal frameworks that enable collaboration, capacity building is hindered. With the applicability of the General Data Protection Regulation, the obstacles to data sharing which involve export of data from European Union Member States to third countries are expected to grow, rendering the collaboration between the EU and third countries even more challenging. This article examines how, if at all, data sharing in biobank research between the EU and third countries could be facilitated via the use of soft regulatory tools. It argues that although the existing soft tools might not in itself be suitable for meeting all the GDPR requirements, they could be the basis on which to raise the area-specific data protection bar globally.
Accountability for Human Rights Violations in Cambodia: Mapping the Indirect Effects of Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Authors: Destrooper Tine
Published: June 2019

When studying accountability for human rights violations in Cambodia, it is crucial to understand the role human rights non-governmental organisations (ngos) can play in holding duty-bearers accountable. This article consists of two parts. The first traces how some prominent Cambodian ngos use the language of human rights and which issues they prioritise. The analysis shows that issues related to civil and political rights dominate their discourse, while there is remarkably little attention to issues relating to economic, social and cultural rights. This prioritisation is not rooted in popular priorities, nor can it be adequately explained by referring to mainstream theories of donor influence or professionalised elites. To better understand where these priorities come from, the second part of the article examines the Cambodian transitional justice process. This analysis shows a significant overlap between the priorities of the selected ngos and those of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (eccc). It is therefore argued that transitional justice mechanisms, like the eccc, may have an agenda-setting power far beyond what is commonly assumed. In this specific case, this influence raises questions about accountability for past and on-going violations of economic, social and cultural rights.
The Criminalisation of Armed Jihad under French Law: Guilt by Association in the Age of Enemy Criminal Law
Authors: Decœur Henri
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the offence of participation in a terrorist group or conspiracy under French law, as applied by the French criminal justice system to prosecute and convict individuals who travel or attempt to travel abroad to participate in armed jihad. In light of a critical assessment of decisions rendered by French courts in cases involving jihadi fighters, it proposes to reflect on the orientation of the criminal law in matters relating to the participation of European nationals in armed jihad in foreign territory. Expressing concern over the excessive reach of substantive criminal-law provisions and of related prosecutorial policies, the article argues that the current legal framework and newly proposed legislation no longer serve the legitimate objective of protecting public order and safety from a tangible threat, and that the criminal law is at risk of becoming a tool of ideological warfare against designated enemies of the state.
On the Value of Action and Participatory Research for Intercultural Theology: Reflections in the Light of a Research Project on “Science and Religion in French-Speaking Africa”
Authors: van den Toren Benno , Bom Klaas L.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the importance of “action research” and “participatory research” (ar and pr) for intercultural theology. After introducing these research strategies, it provides a theological rationale for their use in intercultural theology: (1) they move beyond false dichotomies between theoretical and practical theology; (2) they understand professional theologians as part of communities of believers; and (3) they allow for intercultural encounters which approach “the other” as partners in research rather than merely objects of research. Using the example of a research project which studies attitudes to the interface between science and Christian faith among African university students and academics, the article considers three crucial issues for the value and use of ar and pr in intercultural theology: (1) the intrinsic motivation of the partners for intercultural research projects, (2) the role of shared visions of change and (3) the question of truth implied in visions of human flourishing.1
Changing the World through Prayer: Prayer as Mission Strategy among Migrant Churches in Norway
Authors: Eriksen Stian Sørlie
Published: June 2019

This article discusses how prayer functions as a missional strategy for Pentecostal migrant churches in Norway today. Taking its starting point in fieldwork among a cross-section of migrant churches, the article draws in particular on examples from African-led churches and their understanding and practice of prayer. From this empirical perspective, the author argues that prayer represents an ecclesial nexus for missional spirituality, undergirding and spearheading missional strategies among these churches. Prayer thus provides a powerful locus for understanding core dimensions of these churches’ ecclesial identity and missional outlooks. By interacting with perspectives from discourse analysis, semiotics, and practice theory, it is shown that essential facets of prayer inexorably permeate these churches’ missional thinking and practices to a degree that these churches’ mission can hardly be understood apart from prayer. In conclusion, the article asks how this may challenge scholars and others in terms of understandings and practices of mission today.
Ayurvedic Prakṛti Analysis for Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Rastogi Sanjeev , Chiappelli Francesco
Published: June 2019

Prakṛti (innate human constitution) is one of the most fundamental and versatile components of ayurvedic principles and has wide implications for preventive and curative healthcare. Its characteristics were conceived of empirically but have recently been explored in terms of genomics and molecular biology. If proven convincingly, an ayurvedic prakṛti analysis may be of immense value in personalized healthcare from both a curative and a preventive point of view. Despite their extensive application in practice, ayurvedic prakṛti examination methods have unfortunately not yet been standardized, and for this reason the inferences made on the basis of conventional methods are often questionable. Following a pilot test observation of a Prototype Prakṛti Analysis Tool (ppat), a subsequent Modified Prakṛti Analysis Tool (mpat) was developed in order to eliminate the limitations observed in the first test. The mpat was again tested for its interrater reliability for a prakṛti analysis among healthy volunteers. Forty-two healthy volunteers in the age group of young adults participated in the study and completed the prakṛti examination conducted by three independent observers who were institutionally qualified ayurvedic physicians. The result is a statistically significant correlation between independent observations and the scores obtained for vāta, pitta, and kapha (the three doṣas responsible for a prakṛti determination) variables.
The Aramaic Šap̄ˁel in Its Semitic Context
Authors: Butts Aaron Michael
Published: June 2019

In Aramaic, the productive causative (= C) stem can be reconstructed as *hapˁil- (suffix-conjugation) ~ *yVhapˁil- (prefix-conjugation) with *h as the causative morpheme. There are, however, also traces in Aramaic of what seems to be a non-productive C-stem in which the causative morpheme is š (< Proto-Semitic *s1). This šap̄ˁel, as it is called, was traditionally thought to result from contact with Akkadian, which has a productive C-stem with a causative morpheme š (< *s1), i.e., šaprus (stative) ~ ušapris (preterite). Nevertheless, Rabin convincingly argued, against the traditional interpretation, that many šap̄ˁel forms in Aramaic cannot be loanwords from Akkadian. Different suggestions have been made to explain the Aramaic šap̄ˁel forms that are not loanwords from Akkadian. In this article, I propose an additional option: some Aramaic šap̄ˁel forms are, I argue, backformations from *ˀištapˁal- (suffix-conjugation) ~ *yištapˁal- (prefix-conjugation), which I reconstruct as the Proto-Aramaic CT-stem inherited from Proto-Semitic.
“A Squeezed Out Lemon Peel.” Abraham Kuyper on Modernism
Authors: Molendijk Arie L.
Published: June 2019

It will come as no surprise that theological modernism and Abraham Kuyper do not get on. Famously, Kuyper spoke of modernism as “a fata morgana in the Christian domain.” Kuyper gave the Fata Morgana speech at various occasions, and made the term “modernism” (modernisme) current at the time. The text was published in 1871. This article discusses Kuyper’s view of theological modernism, especially the 1871 address, which is his most extensive treatment and criticism of the phenomenon. I argue that the attack on modernism was done in a modern way. The argument is more philosophy of religion-style than (old-fashioned) dogmatic theology. Actually, Kuyper compared world views and argued for the superiority of his own system of thought, which was allegedly geared to reality, whereas modernism to him represented a foul compromise with the spirit of the times, based on a superficial understanding of reality. The rhetorical power of the speech lies predominantly in the suggestion that modernism (although a necessary phase in the course of history) will go down and “we” will prevail. The speech turns on the double meaning of “real” and “realism.” Although the modernists aim to comply and hence make a compromise with the predominant “realism” of the nineteenth century, they actually bypass reality: no real God, no real prayer, no real sin, and no real church.
The Effect of Tweeting on Journalists’ Reporting Practices in Kuwait
Authors: Dashti Ali A. , al-Fadhli Salah M. , Son M.S. , Hamdy H.I.
Published: June 2019

The social and the technical mechanisms of Twitter have encouraged many journalists to use it as part of their daily journalism practices. Journalists use Twitter for various purposes, such as newsgathering, reporting and sourcing news. Twitter has become an official and unofficial source for news for many journalists and news organizations. This study examines how Twitter is affecting the way Kuwaiti journalists source news, and asks whether Twitter has affected their journalistic practices. The results support previous studies that Twitter represents a platform in which journalists source, seek and cover news stories.
Challenging Panopticism through Representations
Authors: Plourde Khoury Melissa
Published: June 2019

The Burj al-Murr appears in the Beirut cityscape as a towering concrete tube dotted with rectangular windows. The construction of the tower began in 1974. The eruption of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 radically altered the building’s purpose. Today, this towering ruin holds diverse meanings. In this article, I examine eight contemporary visual works (2001–2016) featuring Burj al-Murr. These works are analyzed as representations that challenge the Murr Tower’s ties to panopticism. Although the term panopticism is understood throughout the article to hold negative connotations and the term challenging implies defying the panopticon, the term challenging can also imply stimulation. Hence, as artists and designers appropriate Burj al-Murr, they defy the negative associations tied to it. They also stimulate its alternative potentials. In doing so, they raise questions regarding the uncertain future of this panoptic tower and representations of it yet to come.
Dewey and Conservativism: Reading Liberalism and Social Action in Light of Vannatta’s Conservatism and Pragmatism
Authors: Bell Justin
Published: June 2019

Seth Vannatta argues that there can be a fruitful synthesis of pragmatism and classical conservatism. In doing this, he focuses the methodological commitments of pragmatism and conservatism. However, I will demonstrate with a reading of Dewey’s Liberalism and Social Action that other commitments might prevent this synthesis—at least a synthesis between the thought of John Dewey and Edmund Burke. My conclusion is that pragmatism and conservativism might travel parallel to one another but that we have good reasons for keeping some separation between the theories based upon their fundamental commitments. Deweyan pragmatism remains tied to democracy; conservatism remains tied to history.
Phenotypic variation in the Snowtrout Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Mir Farooq A. , Mir Javaid I. , Chandra Suresh
Published: June 2019

We investigated intraspecific variation of the Snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii on the basis of morphometric characters. Altogether, 217 specimens were collected from four rivers in the Western and Central Indian Himalaya. A truss network was constructed by interconnecting 14 landmarks to yield 31 distance variables that were extracted from digital images of specimens using tpsDig2 and PAST software. Transformed truss measurements were subjected to univariate analysis of variance, factor analysis and discriminant analysis. All variables exhibited significant differences between the populations. Altogether 86.6% of the specimens were classified into their original populations (82.9 % under a ‘leave-one-out’ procedure). With factor analysis measurements of the head region, the middle portion and the caudal region had high loadings on the on first and second axis. The results indicated that S. richardsonii has significant phenotypic heterogeneity between the Western and Central Indian Himalayas. We hypothesize that the marked interspecific variation in S. richardsonii is the result of local ecological conditions.
The phylogenetic position of Artematopodidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea), with description of the first two Eurypogon species from China
Authors: Kundrata Robin , Bocakova Milada , Bocak Ladislav
Published: June 2019

The Artematopodidae is a species-poor beetle family with contentious relationships to byrrhoid and elateroid families. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses brought ambiguous results based on a single sequenced species. We investigated the taxonomic placement of Artematopodidae within Elateriformia using ribosomal (18S, 28S) and mitochondrial (rrnL, cox1) molecular markers and three artematopodid species. Our analyses placed Artematopodidae close to Omethidae+Telegeusidae in a basal position of broadly defined Elateroidea. Additionally, we described the first artematopodid species from China – Eurypogon jaechi sp. nov. and E. heishuiensis sp. nov. These species are reported from mountains of Yunnan and can be easily distinguished from their Palaearctic congeners by their large bodies and metallic green elytra. They differ from each other by the shape of the pronotum, puncturation of the head and pronotum, the relative lengths of the antennomeres 3-5, and the morphology of the female genitalia. With respect to our findings, we discussed the phylogeny, diversity and distribution of the family Artematopodidae.
Talking to the System: Imre Mikó, 1911–1977
Authors: Bottoni Stefano
Published: June 2019

Taking a cue from an intelligence file produced by the Romanian political police on Transylvanian Hungarian intellectual Imre Mikó (Cluj, 1911–1977), the article analyzes the various patterns of accomodation with the political system, which represents a key to the understanding of how social legitimacy was built and maintained by the communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The framework in which this story takes place is especially interesting due to the Romanian context. On the one hand, the analysis of an unconventional collaboration established during the 1970s between the security organs of a national communist system and a prominent conservative intellectual stimulates us to rethink the state-society relationship in Ceaușescu’s Romania in more dynamic terms. Among the multiple reasons that led Mikó to accept the role of informer, one finds the communitarian ideology of “serving the people”, but also his belief that cooperation with the state security on relevant issues to the Transylvanian Hungarian community did not represent a betrayal of national ideals but the only way to achieve certain political goals, such as informing the Western public opinion on the worsening condition of the Hungarian minority. The case of Mikó can be compared with other files unveiled in Romania during the last years, and shows that often uncritically accepted definition of “collaboration” require serious conceptual reshaping. During the last decades of the communist regimes, significant parts of the formerly persecuted elite came to work together with the state security organs. They did not “talk to the system” with the purpose of spying on fellow citizens, but seeked to push forward their own cause with the infrastructural support of the state security, in a context where non-party members had been denied any access to the political sphere, and they regarded personal contact with a high-raking state security officer as a counterbalance of their marginality.
The Devil Wears White: Teutonic Knights and the Problem of Evil in Polish Historiography
Authors: Kożuchowski Adam
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses the intersection of moral condemnation, national antagonism, and civilizational critique in the images of the Teutonic Order as presented in Polish historical discourse since the early nineteenth century, with references to their medieval and early modern origins. For more than 150 years, the Order played the role of the archenemy in the historical imagination of Poles. This image is typically considered an element of the anti-German sentiment, fueled by modern nationalism. In this paper I argue that the scale and nature of the demonization of the Teutonic Knights in Polish historiography is more complex, and should be interpreted in the contexts of pre-modern religious rhetoric on the one hand, and the critique of Western civilization from a peripheral or semi-colonial point of view on the other. The durability and flexibility of the black legend of the Order, born in the late Middle Ages, and adapted by Romantic, modern nationalist, and communist historians, makes it a unique phenomenon, surpassing the framework of modern nationalism. It is the modern anti-German stereotype that owes much to this legend, rather than the other way around.
A Literature Review on the Publicness of Chinese Social Organizations
Authors: Geng Yina
Published: June 2019

In the transformation of the Chinese society, the production and continuity of the publicness of social organizations affect the process and direction of social publicness. It is found out in this article through the review of relevant literature at home abroad that about the concept formulation of the publicness of social organizations the academic community has two directions: “what is” and “what ought to be.” The concepts of the publicness of social organizations are mainly classified according to social practices and political discourses. The production modes of the publicness of social organization mainly include the endogenous type and the exogenous type. Scholars believe that the alienation, incompleteness and contradiction in the publicness of social organizations are the main current crises and challenges, which are mainly attributed to the internal and external environments of social organizations. Therefore, scholars have put forward paths for fostering the publicness reproduction of social organizations. Based on the perspectives of different disciplines such as politics and sociology, researchers have adopted different approaches and methods. In the future, more efforts should be made to study the publicness of social organizations in elaborating research topics, deepening theoretical research, promoting qualitative research, and strengthening quantitative research.
Policy Environments of Social Enterprise in Taiwan: a Cross-Sectoral Governance Perspective
Authors: Yang Tzu-Shen , Chiang Min-Hsiu
Published: June 2019

In recent years, social enterprises in Taiwan have experienced a period of growth and are becoming more diversified. At the same time, the government is paying more attention to fostering a policy-friendly environment for their development. Despite growing interest in social enterprises, research on this phenomenon remains limited in Taiwan. Using a cross-sectoral perspective, this study is based on qualitative data from in-depth interviews on social enterprises. There are three main findings, first, the development of Taiwan’s social enterprise policy is deeply affected by different sectors. Second, the roles of the sectors are distinct and there is frequent cross-sectoral cooperation. Third, there is still a gap between the government sector’s and other sectors’ views of the social enterprise policy.
Нерешенные проблемы изучения похода А. Лисовского в 1615 году: историография
Authors: Varakin Andrei V.
Published: June 2019

Based on a preliminary analysis of Polish and Russian Historiography concerning Colonel A. Lisovsky’s campaign in Russia in 1614, the author concludes that further progress in studying this subject is possible by means of a complex examination of “Lisovchiks” and their commander’s activities during the last stage of Russia’s Time of Troubles, 1607–1615.
The Anchorite and the Cenobium
Authors: Spock Jennifer B.
Published: June 2019

Solovki Monastery, founded in the first third of the fifteenth century, merged an idiorrhythmic monastic cell life within the community walls with a communal life of monastic labor, church services, and extensive economic activity by the beginning of the seventeenth century. The pious literature of the monastery’s saints’ lives promoted the ideals of both a life of community obedience to pious spiritual leaders, and of an eremitic life striving for stillness (hesychia). Tension between these two monastic ideals is evidenced in subtle ways in the major works of hagiography regarding the monastery’s founders, Zosima and Savatii, its well-known Hegumen Filipp (Kolychëv) and the life of Hegumen Irinarkh. However, a short, little-known Life of Nikifor highlights both tensions and symbiotic relations between the monks and nearby anchorites.
U.S. State Practice
Authors: Telesetsky Anastasia
Published: June 2019

This article summarizes U.S. State practice in the area of maritime enforcement. Focusing on the activities of the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Navy, the article covers law enforcement for piracy and human trafficking, law enforcement for maritime terrorism and weapon trafficking, enforcement against illegal extraction of living marine resources, enforcement to protect the marine environment from pollution, enforcement to prevent accidents at sea, customs and illegal immigration enforcement, and drug trafficking enforcement. The article notes that the U.S. approach to maritime enforcement has been a “long-arm” approach ensuring enforcement of U.S. interests spanning oceanic regions.
Settlement, Land Use and Society in the Late Antique Mediterranean, 4th–7th c. An Overview
Authors: Chavarría Alexandra , Lewit Tamara , Izdebski Adam
Published: June 2019

This paper outlines some key transformations in rural society and settlement patterns in the 4th to 7th c. western Mediterranean, as revealed by archaeological evidence. An overview of discernible trends and current debates about their socio-political contexts is illustrated with examples of well-investigated sites. From this data, two contrasting patterns emerge: intensive, and partly state-stimulated, cultivation of land; systematic animal breeding and specialised production up to the end of the 4th c.; and much more varied patterns of exploiting the landscape, including changes in animal husbandry, changes in land use and crops, and increasing use of uncultivated areas, in the 5th–7th c. This overview is intended to provide a broader framework for the detailed examination of environmental evidence which follows in this volume.
Notes on Rock Carvings from Qatar
Authors: El-Menshawy Sherine , Al-Naimi Faisal
Published: June 2019

إن الحفاظ على صورة منقوشة في الصخر سلوك بشري عالمي موجود في معظم مناطق العالم. فالنقوش الصخرية هي صور محفورة على أسطح الصخور لأغراض مختلفة، تُكوَّن عن طريق إزالة الصخور السطحية. لهذا يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة وتصنيف الأشكال والرموز المنقوشة على الصخور في ثمانية مواقع أثرية في قطر، ومناقشة تاريخ نحتها، وكذلك توجيه الانتباه إلى الحاجة الملحة إلى الحفاظ عليها وحمايتها من الاندثار.
Three Demotic Ostraca from Medinet Habu
Authors: Nabil Sara
Published: June 2019

يتناول هذا البحث نشر ودراسة ثلاث قطع من الأوستراكا المكتوبة بالخط الديموطيقي من مدينة هابو، وهي تحمل أرقام M.H. 4078 و M.H. 2915 و M.H. 4043 ومحفوظة تحت رقم سجل خاص 18952 بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة. هذه النصوص إيصالات دفع لضرائب؛ فالنص الأول متعلق بضريبة رئيس الجبانة، والنص الثاني مهشم من أعلى، ولكن يتضح من محتوى النص أنه يمثل إيصال دفع لضريبة؛ أما النص الثالث فهو متعلق بضريبة Antwg. بالنسبة إلى تأريخ هذه النصوص فهي تعود إلى العصر الروماني؛ فالنصان الأول والثاني يؤرخان لعهد الإمبراطور أغسطس من العام الثاني قبل الميلاد إلى العام الخامس الميلادي؛ أما التاريخ في النص الثالث فهو مفقود. ومن الملاحظ أن الإيصال الأول والثالث قد تم دفع قيمتهما بالنقود، وكان هذا النوع من الدفع يتم في بنك البيوت الشمالية؛ وهو البنك المعروف في تلك المنطقة من مدينة هابو. يسبق كل نص المقاييس ووصف القطعة والتاريخ، ثم يلي ذلك القيمة الصوتية، ثم الترجمة، ثم أهم الملاحظات، ثم بعد ذلك الفاكسيملي والصور.
A Genesis of the Platform Concept: i-mode and Platform Theory in Japan
Authors: Steinberg Marc
Published: June 2019

Where does platform theory come from? What consequences does it have? This article offers one set of answers to these questions by looking at a body of platform theory that developed in Japan in the 1990s and arguably affected the rollout of internet-enabled mobile phones that were, in turn, models for the iPhone and Android phones several years later. Putting this body of theory in dialogue with managerial and economic theory of the platform from France and the United States, this article suggests an earlier genealogy of platform theory, a development that had immediate and long-lasting consequences for the contemporary media landscape.
Platformativity: Media Studies, Area Studies
Authors: Lamarre Thomas
Published: June 2019

Waves of subaltern, colonial, postcolonial, and critical race studies have posed an undeniable challenge to the normative geopolitical bent of area studies, and yet the same challenges are rarely taken up within media studies. Media studies reach a similar impasse when it comes to dealing with geopolitical forms and functions, stressing the dynamism of media and the passivity, historical immutability, and cultural inertness of regions. This article reconsiders the impasses of both area studies and media studies to propose an alternative approach to the region-platform relation: platformativity. The notion of platformativity is intended to address the infra-individual intra-actions between platform and human, and individual and collective – a kind of performativity via platforms. It considers how media infrastructures operate alongside and through national and regional forms to generate signaletic modes of existence that function as relays between disciplinary, sovereign, and biopolitical formations.