bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of Lawsonia intracellularis by indirect serum immunofluorescence assay in a commerical swine production system
Authors: Just Steven , Thoen Charles , Thacker Brad , Thompson John
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine the serological prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis and the time of seroconversion in a commercial swine production system. Methods: In the first phase of the study, prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) was determined at six of approximately 150 finishing sites. Pigs were randomly selected with stratification by the source of pigs within or from outside the production system. Blood was collected from 33 to 35 pigs at each site, and serum was tested for LI antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). In phase two, timing of exposure to LI was determined by IFA serum assay of 64 tagged pigs from four sow farms. Blood was first collected from suckling pigs, then at 5-weekintervals until they were sent to market (six samples per pig). Results: Seroprevalence at the six finishing sites ranged from 0 to 54% (mean 20%). Seroprevalence was 0%, 11.4%, and 31.4% at the three Source A finishing sites; 8.5% and 14.3% at the two Source B finishing sites; and 54.3% at the outside source finishing site. In phase two, pigs seroconverted at the finishing site. Only nine of the 64 pigs tested seroconverted, and all were seronegative 5 weeks later. Implications: Seroconversion occurred afterthe pigs entered the finishing site, suggesting exposure takes place in the nursery. As IFA titers to LI are short-lived, current and (or) previous infections may be missed when a single, cross-sectional sampling is tested.
The effect of estrus duration and number of artificial inseminations on fertility of gilts and multiparous sows having a four-day wean-to-estrus interval
Authors: Tarocco Casimiro , Kirkwood Roy
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the relationship between duration of estrus (DE) and farrowing rate and litter size of gilts and sows receiving a single or double artificial insemination. Methods: Gilts (n=503) and multiparous sows having a 4-day wean-to-estrus interval (n=901) received either a single or double artificial insemination. Gilts were inseminated the afternoon of the day of detection of their second estrus and, where indicated, again the next morning. Sows were inseminated 24 hours after detection of estrus and, where indicated, again the next morning. Gilts were grouped by DE of <24, 24 to 36, and >36 hours and sows by DE of <36, 36 to 48, and >48 hours. Results: Insemination frequency had no overall effect on farrowing rate of gilts, but within insemination frequencies, farrowing rates were lower in gilts having a longer DE, and, also, those having the longest DE had a lower farrowing rate with a single insemination. Within the entire sow population, and in sows having a DE 36 hours,farrowing rate was lower after a single insemination. Within insemination frequencies, farrowing rates were lower in sows having a longer DE. Litter size was unaffected by insemination frequency or DE in gilts or sows. These results suggest that a single insemination is usually adequate when DE is relatively short, but where a relatively long DE is expected, multiple inseminations are indicated. Before a breeding management protocol is implemented on any farm, average DE should be determined in gilts and in sows having different wean-to-estrus intervals.
Management factors associated with seropositivity to Lawsonia intracellularis in US swine herds
Authors: Bronsvoort Mark , Norby Bo , Bane David , Gardner Ian
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis seropositivity in the breeding and grower-finisher units of US farrow-to-finish swine herds. Methods: Serum was collected from 15 breeding females and 15 grower-finisher pigs per herd in 184 farrow-to-finish herds, a subset of 405 herds in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Swine ’95 Study that examined management, health, and productivity in herds with at least 300 finisher pigs. Sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test for L intracellularis. Test results were linked with NAHMS questionnaire data, and a logistic regression model of management factors associated with L intracellularis serological status was developed. Separate models were used for breeding and grower-finisher units. Results: Risk factors for seropositive breeding units were L intracellularis-seropositive status of the grower-finisher unit, use of a continuous system of management for the farrowing unit, and a young parity structure (<75% multiparous sows). Risk factors for seropositive grower-finisher units were L intracellularis-seropositive status of the breeding unit, the number of pigs entering the grower-finisher stage, raising pigs on concrete slats, and intensive management compared with raising pigs on outdoor lots. Implications: Use of all in-all out management in the farrowing house and an older parity structure in the sow herd were associated with a lower risk of L intracellularis seropositivity in the breeding unit, and slatted concrete flooring in grower-finisher houses was associated with a greater risk. Alteration of these management factors might improve control of L intracellularis infection in farrow-to-finish herds.
Evaluation of the use of a subunit classical swine fever marker vaccine under field conditions in Mexico
Authors: Martens Marc , Rosales Carlos , Morilla Antonio
Published: August 2024

Vaccination with an E2 subunit classical swine fever (CSF) marker vaccine (Porcilis pesti; Intervet International, Boxmeer, Netherlands) appeared to limit the number of new outbreaks in an endemic area. An ELISA that identifies antibodies to the CSF Erns protein differentiated vaccinated and infected pigs in vaccinated herds.
A case-control study investigating risk factors associated with postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario
Authors: Amezcua Rocio , Friendship Robert , Dewey Catherine , Gyles Carlton
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To investigate management, housing, and nutrition factors and potential viral infections that might be associated with postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in pigs in southern Ontario. Methods: A case-control study involving 50 herds was conducted. Information on hygiene, management, facilities, management of diarrhea, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) status, and nursery feed management was collected through a questionnaire. Rectal swabs and sera collected from ten weaned pigs in each herd were tested for F4+ (K88+) E coli and antibodies to two viral pathogens. Hemolytic E coli-like colonies were tested for agglutination in specific anti-F4 antiserum. Results: Twenty-six herds were designated as cases and 22 as controls. Escherichia coli positive for F4 were isolated from pigs in 15 case herds and 3 control herds. Postweaning diarrhea did not occur in the control herds during the study. In case herds, there were more feeder spaces per pen, the first rations offered in the nursery were more likely to be pelleted feed, and nursery pigs and gestating sows were more likely to be vaccinated against PRRSV than in control farms. Implications: Weaning age, weaning weight, and commingling of pigs, which are commonly considered risk factors for postweaning diarrhea, did not appear to be contributing factors in this study. Vaccination for PRRSV was associated with an increased risk of postweaning diarrhea, which occurred in a variety of herd types and sizes.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) diagnostics: Interpretation and limitations
Authors: Christopher-Hennings Jane , Faaberg Kay , Murtaugh Michael , nelson Eric , Roof Michael , Vaughn Eric , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Zimmerman Jeff
Published: August 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been a major pathogen associated with swine disease. Attempts to control and better understand this disease have led to the extensive implementation of diagnostic assays. Techniques commonly used include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent antibody, serum neutralization, polymerase chain reaction, and nucleotide sequencing. These assays provide information about the PRRSV status of an animal or herd, but if not interpreted correctly, erroneous conclusions may be drawn and inappropriate decisions made in attempts to control PRRSV. Factors such as laboratory variation, reagents used in the assay, protocol variation, and technical limitations should all be considered when interpreting diagnostic results. The diagnostic assays based on nucleotide sequence also appear to be greatly misunderstood in the industry and do not provide insight into either PRRSV isolate virulence or vaccine selection. This manuscript attempts to review general diagnostic assay principles, provide insight into assay limitations, and provide recommendations on proper use of assays and interpretation of results.
Evaluating the efficacy of protocols for decontaminating tail-clipping instruments
Authors: Alvarez Roberta , Kelly Jason , Amass Sandra , Schneider Jessica , Ragland Darryl
Published: August 2024

Research to determine effective protocols for decontaminating pig-processing instruments is lacking. In this study, decontamination of tail-clipping instruments by dipping in a chlorhexidine solution or water was not as effective as wiping the instruments with a clean cloth.
Observations of piglet-directed behavior patterns and skin lesions in eleven commercial swine herds
Authors: Widowski Tina , Cottrell T , Dewey Cate , Friendship Robert
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine the frequencies of piglet-directed behavior performed by weaned piglets in 11 commercial herds during relatively short videotaped observations, and to test the relationships among frequency of observed behavior, injury scores, and biosecurity scores. Materials and methods: Behavior and skin lesion scores (Mild, Moderate, or Severe) were sampled during a single visit to each of 11 commercial swine herds. The frequencies of belly nosing, nosing or chewing on ears and tails, and aggression were sampled from 2-hour video recordings of the pigs. For each herd, a biosecurity score was compiled from information regarding isolation from other herds as well as general on-farm hygiene practices according to the Ontario Swine Health Improvement Plan. Results: All three recorded behavior patterns were observed in each herd, but frequencies varied across herds. Belly nosing was observed most often, and its frequency was negatively correlated with average weaning age. Aggression had the lowest frequency among the three behaviors, but was positively correlated with nosing or chewing on the ears or tails of other pigs. Skin scores were not significantly correlated with frequencies of behavior or weaning age. However, the proportion of pigs with Moderate and Severe lesions on the ears and abdomen decreased as the biosecurity score for the herd improved. Implications: Frequencies of belly nosing in commercial herds were negatively correlated with weaning age. However, belly nosing was also observed at a relatively high frequency in one herd with later weaned piglets, suggesting that other factors may influence this behavior.
Mechanical transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to weaned pigs by people, and biosecurity procedures that prevented such transmission
Authors: Amass Sandra , Halbur Patrick , Byrne Barbara , Schneider Jessica , Koons Carol , Cornick Nancy , Ragland Darryl
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine whether people can mechanically transmit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from infected to susceptible weaned pigs during direct pig contact and to determine biosecurity measures that will prevent such transmission. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-five 19- to 21-day-old weaned pigs, culture-negative for ETEC M1823B, were randomly allocated to six treatment groups housed in five separate isolation rooms. Inoculated Pigs were offered 1.36 x 1010 to 8.92 x 1010 colony forming units of E coli mixed in strawberry gelatin on two occasions. Pen Sentinels were housed with Inoculated Pigs. A caretaker fed pigs, checked waterers, and directlycontacted each group of pigs for 10 minutes daily for 10 consecutive days. The caretaker contacted Inoculated Pigs and moved directly to Direct Sentinels, recontacted Inoculated Pigs, washed hands twice, changed outerwear, then contacted Hand-wash Sentinels. The caretaker then recontacted Inoculated Pigs, showered, changed outerwear, and contacted Shower Sentinels. Non-exposed pigs had a separate caretaker. Results: Escherichia coli M1823B was isolated from all 20 Inoculated Pigs, all five Pen Sentinels, 20 of 25 Direct Sentinels, and 23 of 25 Hand-wash Sentinels. The 25 Shower Sentinels and 25 Non-exposed Pigs remained culture-negative for M1823B. Implications: In this study, people mechanically transmitted E coli without extraordinary measures to enhance caretaker contact with pig excretions and secretions beyond that which would occur in a typical pork production unit. Hand washing and donning clean outerwear did not prevent E coli transmission. However, showering and donning clean outerwear did prevent transmission.
Assessment of transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by personnel
Authors: Batista Laura , Pijoan Carlos , Ruiz Alvaro , Utrera Vitelio , Dee Scott
Published: August 2024

Respiratory disease in swine is a major economic concern for producers around the world. Enzootic pneumonia, one of the most important chronic diseases in swine, is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Direct contact with infected pigs has been established as the chief route of transmission, constituting the main point of entry of the agent into the herd. Latently infected animals, aerosol spread, and fomites are alternative routes of infection of naive swine herds. Although the role of people acting as mechanical vectors in the transmission of pathogens between farms or groups of pigs has not been clearly defined, there are reports of isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus, swine influenza, Pasteurella multocida, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from humans exposed to infected swine. In this case, M hyopneumoniae was not transmitted during a 20-week period when personnel weekly contacted susceptible pigs in a naive herd immediately after close contact with pigs in an infected herd. Personnel used a standard hygiene protocol before entering the uninfected farm.
Suspected gossypol toxicosis in a sow herd
Authors: Burlatschenko Suzanne
Published: August 2024

A 550-sow farrow-to-finish herd reported an increased incidence of sudden death in sows. Results of gross necropsy indicated severe ascites, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, and pulmonary edema, suggesting heart failure. This diagnosis was supported by a finding of hyperkalemia in nine of 14 sows blood sampled. Cottonseeds observed in the feed contained gossypol, a compound known to be cardiotoxic, at concentrations of 62 to 83 mg per kg. The diet was replaced and evidence of toxicosis abated over the subsequent 3 months.
Further evaluation of a novel polymeric antimicrobial for the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis
Authors: Hampson David , Murdoch Alistair
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To evaluate a new polymeric antimicrobial for the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis (PWC). Materials and methods: In an experimental infection study, three groups of 12 weaner pigs received either Chemeq polymeric antimicrobial in the food, a therapeutic dosage of apramycin orally, or no treatment. Three days after weaning, the pigs were challenged orally with cultures of [beta]-hemolytic Escherichia coli O8:K87:K88, then monitored daily and euthanized 11 days after weaning. In a field trial, 148 weaned pigs in a commercial swine herd were divided into five groups, receiving polymeric antimicrobial either in their water or food, apramycin in their water, a commercial E coli PWC bacterin, or no treatment. Postweaning performance was monitored. Results: In the infection study, pigs receiving polymeric antimicrobial had less diarrhea than the apramycin-treated group (P <.01) but not the untreated control group, and had fewer hemolytic E coli in their large intestines than the control pigs (P <.05). In the field trial, pigs receiving polymeric antimicrobial had less diarrhea than pigs in the other groups (P <.05), and fewer were removed from the study because of severe PWC (P <.05). Discussion: Antimicrobial resistance is increasing amongst PWC strains of E coli, and new antimicrobials and strategies are needed to maintain postweaning health and production. Chemeq polymeric antimicrobial reduced diarrhea after weaning, and was a useful adjunct to the control of PWC. Implications: Chemeq polymeric antimicrobial has therapeutic advantage in the treatment and control of PWC.
Utilizing alternative indices to compare the conformance of market hogs across three packers
Authors: Roberts John , Deen John , Johnson Thomas , Levine Jay
Published: August 2024

Objectives: Generalized Taguchi indices were applied to compare the carcass quality performance of a group of marketed pigs against the quality requirements of three packing companies. Materials and methods: One hundred eighty pigs from a feeding facility were slaughtered at a packing plant. Carcass quality data was collected from the individual carcasses. Most packers determine individual carcass prices from a matrix that references carcass weight and the percent of lean meat in the carcass. Individual packers determine price using different algorithms applied to the matrices. Group carcass measurements were evaluated using three different packer matrices. The ability of the carcass group to perform for the three packers (A, B, and C) was evaluated using measures of quality performance known as sort loss, average lean premium, expected relative loss (Le), and generalized Taguchi performance (C’pm). Revenue was measured as total revenue and average carcass value. Results: The matrix of Packer B developed the smallest Le value (0.125) and the largest C’pm index (0.947), indicating that the carcass requirements of Packer B were best satisfied. Sort loss and average lean premium could not be compared among packers. The values of revenue were comparable and Packer C attained the largest. Discussion: Sort loss and average lean premium implied financial information concerning group conformance that was not comparable among packers. The Le provided a comparable descriptive that was easier to interpret than the C’pm. Implications: Le and C’pm indices may provide a comparison of group carcass quality performance across different packers.
A novel technique for the collection of antemortem tonsil biopsies from unanaesthetized swine
Authors: Lowe James , Firkins Lawrence , Banerjee Montosh , Goldberg Tony
Published: August 2024

A novel biopsy technique for harvesting tonsillar tissue from unanaesthetized swine was developed, using conventional restraint and a mouth speculum. After application of a local analgesic, a disposable dermal biopsy punch was used to collect the tissue. The technique was applied to a total of 112 swine from three herds, with animals ranging in weight from 10 to 225 kg. Sixty-one days later, a second sample was collected from 19 of the pigs. All 131 samples were prepared for histopathology in neutral buffered formalin and were sectioned and stained using routine methods at a commercial diagnostic laboratory. All biopsies were examined histologically for the presence of tonsillar (lymphoid) tissue. Of the 131 samples examined, 129 (98.5%) contained tonsillar tissue. The two samples that did not contain tonsillar tissue contained salivary gland tissue and were from small pigs (11 and 19.5 kg). This technique is a reliable method for harvesting tonsillar tissue from unanaesthetized swine of various sizes. It represents a valuable diagnostic tool for veterinarians, especially in the diagnosis of lymphotropic pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
Persistence of antibodies after natural infection with swine influenza virus and epidemiology of the infection in a herd previously considered influenza-negative
Authors: Desrosiers Robert , Boutin Real , Broes Andre
Published: August 2024

A herd previously considered influenza-negative became infected with swine influenza virus (SIV). After virus circulation had apparently stopped in the herd, antibodies to SIV could still be demonstrated in sows 28 months postinfection. The source of infection was not determined, and various possibilities are discussed.
Characterization of image and labor requirements for positive pregnancy diagnosis in swine using two methods of real-time ultrasound
Authors: Miller Gina , Breen Shawn , Roth Stacy , Willenburg Kilby , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra , Knox Robert
Published: August 2024

In Experiment 1, in order to compare and characterize labor and image requirements for early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal and transabdominal real-time ultrasound (RTU), 100 sows were examined at 16 to 24 days of gestation using both methods. On day 20, over 71% of sows were diagnosed using transrectal RTU compared to 2% with transabdominal RTU. By day 22, 98% were diagnosed using transrectal RTU compared to 53% for transabdominal RTU, and by day 24, there was little difference between methods. Accuracy was greater for transrectal RTU prior to day 22, but also required more time for diagnosis. In Experiment 2, 183 sows were examined using transrectal RTU at gestation days 15 to 21 (uterine fluid diameter measured), and by transabdominal RTU between days 22 and 72 (fluid diameter and time to make a diagnosis measured). Fluid diameter increased to day 30, decreased to day 39, and increased thereafter. Diagnosis required more time prior to day 24. These results indicate that pregnancy can be diagnosed accurately in most sows by day 22 using transrectal RTU and by day 24 using transabdominal RTU. The largest fluid vesicles and least amount of time required for diagnosis occurred on day 30.
A retrospective study of risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and clinical disease in swine herds in Illinois during the early years of the pandemic
Authors: Firkins Lawrence , Weigel Ronald
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To determine whether purchase and isolation of gilts and boars, purchase of semen for artificial insemination (AI), sharing of boars with other herds, herd size, and confinement housing were risk factors for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection and clinical PRRS in swine herds during the early years of the pandemic. Methods: A herd demographic and management survey of 103 swine herds in Illinois was conducted in 1992 and repeated in 1997 to determine whether PRRS virus infection and clinical disease had been diagnosed during the intervening period. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factor associations. Results: Larger herd size was associated with an increased risk, and isolation of purchased gilts with a decreased risk, of both PRRS virus infection and clinical PRRS. Purchase of semen for AI was associated with an increased risk of PRRS virus infection. Implications: Swine producers should certify that purchased semen is free of PRRS virus, gilts should be isolated prior to introduction to the herd, and biosecurity measures should be implemented to prevent PRRS virus infection, particularly in larger herds.
Genetic diversity and possible avenues of dissemination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in two geographic regions of Mexico
Authors: Batista Laura , Pijoan Carlos , Lwamba Humphrey , Johnson Craig , Murtaugh Michael
Published: August 2024

Objective: To determine the range of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genetic variation and possible avenues of dissemination in geographically separated swine herds in Mexico. Methods: Pooled serum samples (n=33) from suspected viremic sows and nursery and finisher pigs from 13 sites in the state of Sonora (northwest Mexico) and six sites in Puebla (south-central region) were subjected to PRRSV polymerase chain reaction amplification, purification, and sequencing. Results: Thirty-four PRRSV open reading frame 7 (ORF7) sequences were generated from a total of 31 isolates from 13 sites in Sonora and six in Puebla. The nucleotide similarity of ORF7 among isolates ranged from 86 to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no obvious geographic, temporal, or other characteristics that accounted for the observed distribution of isolates. Implications: DNA sequence analysis revealed unexpectedly high levels of genetic variation among and within swine-rearing regions in Mexico, suggesting independent PRRSV introductions. Re-isolation of a vaccinal strain of PRRSV suggests importation of vaccinated animals or semen or surreptitious use. The diversity and distribution of viral genotypes indicates that the mechanisms of geographic spread were complex, such that effective control may present a substantial epidemiological challenge.
Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions during a putative increase in the fly population
Authors: Dee Scott , Schurrer Jennifer , Moon Roger , Fano Eduardo , Trincado Carlos , Pijoan Carlos
Published: August 2024

Indirect transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is described, from an experimentally infected pig population to a group of negative controls housed 30 m apart. The episode appeared to involve an increase in PRRSV shedding and, concurrently, environmental changes favoring an increase in the fly population.
Investigation of the ability to determine final destinations of pigs exhibited at the 2002 Indiana State Fair
Authors: Amass Sandra , Schneider Jessica , Kenyon Simon
Published: August 2024

Objectives: To identify and contact exhibitors of 4-H swine that had competed in the 2002 Indiana State Fair and to determine the destinations of the pigs directly after the fair. Materials and methods: Nine months after the 2002 Indiana State Fair, investigators attempted to contact by telephone each household that had exhibited 4-H swine. Percentages of pigs in each of the following categories were calculated: returned to home of exhibitor; sold to someone else; marketed to slaughter directly from the fair; died; returned to owner; unknown; or refused, if the exhibitor refused to participate. Results: Investigators contacted 556 of 753 households (73.8%), accounting for 1570 of the 2239 pigs exhibited (70.1%), and were able to determine destinations for 1364 of these pigs (60.9%). Approximately 731 pigs (53.5%) were marketed directly from the fair; 496 (36.4%) went home; 113 (8.3%) were sold; 19 (1.4%) were returned to their original owner in Indiana; and 5 (0.4%) died at the fair. Record-keeping systems for the 2002 Indiana State Fair were not adequate to track pigs in case of an exotic or enzootic disease outbreak. Telephone inquiries were not an effective means to track animals. Implications: Livestock exhibitions provide conditions that could allow an epizootic to occur. Using the Indiana State Fair as an example, we found that no system was in place to track animals in the event of an outbreak. Regulations for exhibition of animals should include a system to accurately track exhibited animals.
An Eco-Translatology Approach to Analyzing the English and Arabic Translations of Pamuk's My Name is Red
Authors: Younis Nagwa , Yacoub Rania , Helal Shaimaa
Published: August 2024

The trajectory of translating Pamuk’s literary heritage into more than sixty languages attracts the attention of a number of scholars (e.g. Horta, 2017, EriŞ, 2019). Pamuk’s unique mingling of Eastern and Western cultures makes it significant to scrutinize the dispositions and worldviews of translators. This paper aims at depicting the eco-linguistic cultural plethora of factors that play a role in the translator’s lexico-grammatical decisions. To this end, the English translation of Pamuk’s My Name is Red by Göknar (2001), as well as the Arabic one by Abdulli (2000) are dissected. Lexico-cultural behaviours concomitant to the representation of nature in both target texts are analysed. Results shed light on how eco-translatology can help inform and give insights to modern translation studies.
A Qualitative Study into How Non-English Major Students Emotionally Respond to Teacher-Written Feedback
Authors: Dinh Anh Duc , Pham Nguyen Minh Chau
Published: August 2024

Despite extant literature on the interplay between pedagogical practices and emotional impact, the emotional responses of non-English major undergraduates to teacher-written feedback in L2 writing classrooms remain underexplored. This research, employing semi-structured interviews and document analysis as primary data collection tools, aims to explore how different functions of feedback, including praise, criticism, and suggestions, evoke students’ emotions in higher education settings. The study, conducted in the context of a single university's L2 writing courses, involved 88 undergraduates for document analysis and 5 for semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal that personalized feedback significantly impacts students' self-perception, learning motivation, and engagement, underscoring the importance of empathy and clarity in feedback delivery. This paper highlights tailored feedback's crucial role in enhancing academic growth and emotional well-being, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of feedback dynamics in language education.
Production of Bio-Diesel from Dairy Waste Scum
Authors: P Bhuvaneshwaran , N Senthil
Published: August 2024

Abstract-Dairy factory waste scums are increasingly being considered a valuable resource. However, these wastes may also contain contaminants, natural or artificial, that may adversely affect the land or water to which they are discharged. The study investigates the potential of using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio-diesel production. Present study optimized the parameters involved in the alkali catalysed Trans esterification process of dairy waste scum oil. The effects of methanol to oil ratio, temperature and amount of KOH were investigated. A study was conducted to evaluate the capability of production of biodiesel from consortium of native microalgae culture in dairy farm treated waste water. Native algal strains were isolated from dairy farm waste waters collection tank (untreated wastewater) as well as from holding tank (treated wastewater). The consortium members were selected on the basis of fluorescence response after treating with Nile red reagent. Preliminary studies of two commercial and consortium often native strains of algae showed good growth in waste waters. A consortium of native strains was found capable to remove more than 98% nutrients from treated waste water. The biomass production and lipid content of consortium cultivated in treated waste water were 153.54t ha-1 year-1 and 16.89%, respectively. 72.70% of algal lipid obtained from consortium could be converted into biodiesel. The present study found that bio- diesel from dairy waste scum is quite suitable as an alternative to petroleum diesel with recommended fuel properties as per ASTM standards. By using dairy waste scum as a feed stock for bio diesel and the environmental impact related to the disposal of dairy scum Keywords: Environment,Bio-Diesel,Dairy Waste Scum, Extraction of Lipids
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU PEKERJA TERHADAP PENERAPAN K3 PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI DI KABUPATEN BANGGAI LAUT
Authors: Pulian Azwar A.M. , Hariyami Diah , Suartana Putu
Published: August 2024

Penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) didasarkan pada Undang-Undang No 1 Tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja. Tenaga kerja memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap kinerja perusahaan, sebagai salah satu dari berbagai faktor produksi yang vital dalam kelangsungan kegiatan perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Selanjutnya, data diolah menggunakan Microsoft Excel dan dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku pekerja dalam menerapkan K3 di proyek konstruksi bandara dan perpustakaan daerah di Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Hasil analisis yang di lakukan pada proyek Bandar Udara dan Perpustakaan Daerah. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Pada penelitian di lokasi Bandar Udara, variabel Sikap nilai t-hitung 2.152 > nilai t- tabel 2.093 dengan nilai sig.t 0.044 < a = 0.05. berpengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan. Penelitian di Perpustakaan Daerah, variabel  Pengetahuan nilai t-hitung 2.213 > nilai t- tabel 2,056 dan nilai sig.t 0,036 < a = 0,05  berpengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan. sehingga baik sikap di lokasi Bandar Udara maupun pengetahuan di lokasi Perpustakaan Daerah memiliki pengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap perilaku pekerja terkait penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3).
Moderating effect of taxpayer perception on the relationship between electronic taxpayer education and turnover tax compliance among SMEs in Eldoret town, Uasin Gishu County
Authors: Simiyu Phiona Bisela
Published: August 2024

Taxpayer education has not best added extraordinary impact on big Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) marketplace performances but has also advanced well timed and coherent turnover tax compliance. Previous research has indicated that the turnover tax compliance among the SMEs have remained low. That is attributed to lack of tax compliance by SMEs via tax evasion, moving or briefly shutting down businesses. The study sought to assess the impact of electronic taxpayer education on turnover tax compliance amongst small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County. The study was supported via monetary deterrence theory. Explanatory studies design was used focused on 68712 registered small and medium enterprises inside Eldoret town. Systematic sampling changed into used to pick out a sample of 397 SMEs. Questionnaires were used as the main facts series tool. Statistical Program for social sciences software was used to investigate quantitative facts both descriptively and inferentially. Findings from the study indicated that electronic taxpayer education had positive and significant effect on TOTC (Turnover Tax Compliance) of SMEs in Eldoret town (β1 = 0.600, p = 0.000<0.05). With a positive and significant effect of (β4=0.422, p=0.003<0.05), taxpayer perception moderates turnover tax compliance of SMEs in Eldoret town. The study concludes that electronic taxpayer education has a significant effect turnover tax compliance of SMEs in Eldoret town. The study therefore recommends that policy makers should focus on providing tax education programs for SMEs. This is to address the specific needs and challenges faced by SMEs in complying with tax regulations.
Legal protection of intellectual property rights in the context of economic globalization: A case study of copyright enforcement in international markets
Authors: Rahman Hanfi Pauzia , Permana Natasya Amanda Eka , Nissa Vinka Khoerun , Kartina Ratu Mawar , Andri Gusti Yosi
Published: August 2024

Intellectual property rights are an important part of intellectual property rights that have a very wide scope of objects. In the era of economic globalization, intellectual property is becoming increasingly important as competition between companies and individuals around the world intensifies. However, there are also challenges that arise in the form of violations of Intellectual Property Rights that pose a serious threat to rights holders. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the legal protection of intellectual Property Rights in the context of economic internationalization. The data collection technique used is a literature study, where relevant data is collected from various related literature sources. Finally, conclusions are drawn to identify important findings from the data analysis that has been carried out. This study can help strengthen theoretical foundations about the role of law in protecting innovation, artwork, and intellectual creation in an ever-changing global economy. This research can also open the door for further research to understand how legal regulation can accommodate rapid and complex global economic developments, as well as foster innovation and inclusive economic sustainability.
Effectiveness and Development Opportunities of Informal Entrepreneurial Education: A Case Study of Georgia
Authors: Kldiashvili Maria , Nadirashvili Ia
Published: August 2024

This article focuses on the issue of informal entrepreneurial education. Specifically, it aims to understand the perceptions and opinions of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs about informal education, the impact of the education received on entrepreneurs, and the areas where entrepreneurs need education and skill enhancement. The article is based on research on informal entrepreneurial education involving entrepreneurs from various regions of Georgia. Their activities are related to food, handmade items and accessories, traditional Georgian crafts, textiles, eco-friendly wooden products, beauty, and other industries. This research aims to deepen our understanding of the needs and challenges related to informal entrepreneurial education, such as the alignment of practice and theory in the real-world "here and now" context. The research findings reveal that entrepreneurs place significant importance on entrepreneurial education and emphasize its necessity. However, they also note that the duration of educational programs is often insufficient, and the content could be broader, making it easier to tailor specifically to their entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, terminological barriers are common, hindering content comprehension and assimilation. The research highlights the need for entrepreneurs to gain more practical experience and share the experiences of other entrepreneurs along with methodological knowledge. The research results can be related to the theories discussed in the works of American social psychologist Albert Bandura and can form the basis for renewed teaching approaches. The article emphasizes that entrepreneurship is a multifaceted phenomenon, and consequently, informal entrepreneurial education requires a comprehensive paradigm and appropriate educational methods based on practical teaching. Practicing entrepreneurs should be involved in the teaching process to share their real-world experiences, including both successes and failures.
Legal Nature of Forced Mortgage
Authors: Rostomashvili Nana
Published: August 2024

სტატიაში განხილულია იძლებითი იპოთეკის სამართლებრივი რეგულირება სააღსრულებო კანონმდებლობაში. „სააღსრულებო წარმოებათა შესახებ“ საქართველოს კანონის ის ნორმები, რომლებიც აწესრიგებენ იძულებითი იპოთეკის ღონისძიებათა გამოყენების საფუძვლებს და თავისებურებებს, ამასთან წარმოდგენილია პრაქტიკაში არსებული პრობლემები და მათი გადაჭრის გზები. იძულებითი იპოთეკა მოთხოვნის უზრუნველყოფის ყველაზე პოპილარულ ინსტიტუტს წარმოადგენს, რაც იპოთეკისთან დაკავშირებულ პრობლემას უფრო საინტერესოს და აქტუალურს ხდის. სტატიაში განხილული თემები მკითხველს დაეხმარება ნათელი წარმოდგენა იქონიოს იძულებითი აღსრულების სამართლებრივ ასპექტებზე, მისი როლის და მნიშვნელობის თაობაზე კანონმდებლობაში. აღნიშნული საკითხის შესწავლაში დაგვეხმარება განსახილველი საკითხის შედარება სხვა ქვეყნებში არსებულ კანონმდებლობასა და პრაკტიკასთან, რაც საშუალებას მოგვცემს ნათლად წარმოვაჩინოთ იძულებითი იპოთეკის სამართლებრივი ანალიზი და მისი მნიშვნელობა ქართულ სამართალში. თუ რა პრობლემები იჩენს თავს პრაქტიკაში და შესაბამისად, როგორ უნდა მოხდეს მისი აღმოფხვრა, ისე რომ დაცული იყოს, იპოთეკის ხელშეკრულების მხარეების უფლებები.
The relationship between body image, eating disorders risk, and the professional help-seeking attitudes of college students in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Huan Thanh , Nguyen Nhi Ngoc Yen , Le Tran Bao , Le Pha Cam , Nguyen-Duong Bao-Tran
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the relationship between body image, eating disorder risk, and the professional help-seeking attitudes of college students in Vietnam. We conducted a study with 232 college students (166 females and 66 males). The Attitudes Towards Professional Help-Seeking (ATSPPH), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) served as the foundation for the questionnaire. In order to evaluate this research, the PLS-SEM approach was utilized. The results demonstrate that (i) body image, in particular, has a strong and positive link with eating disorder risk; (ii) professional help-seeking attitudes are strongly correlated with body image; (iii) there is a positive correlation between eating disorder risk and professional help-seeking attitudes; and (iv) eating disorder risk will mediate the relationship between body image and professional help-seeking attitudes. This article highlights a relationship between body image preoccupation and professional help-seeking attitudes through mediated eating disorder risk. It is necessary to identify individuals at risk of eating disorders and then consider and devise appropriate strategies to overcome or minimize binge eating or frequent or planned skipping meals; early intervention will reduce the risk of developing an eating disorder. The paper’s rationale helps raise awareness about the negative effects of body image concerns, the risk of eating disorders, and more. The paper also highlights the professional help-seeking attitudes of Vietnamese youth.
The impact of co-branding on consumer purchase intentions in the automotive industry
Authors: Song Jiazheng , Wei Yuqian , Wang Mingyang , Zhang Yida
Published: August 2024

This study aims to delve into the influence of co-branding on consumer purchase intentions in the automotive industry and the impact of brand image. It seeks to analyze how co-branding is carried out, its characteristics, and how it affects consumers' brand perceptions and purchase decisions, especially exploring consumers' acceptance and willingness to buy co-branded products. A quantitative research methodology is adopted, involving questionnaire design and data collection through an online survey. Multiple analyses, such as frequency, reliability, validity, factor, correlation, and regression analyses, are conducted to examine the data. Co-branding has a positive effect on consumer purchase intention. Brand fit, innovativeness, and product complementarity are crucial factors contributing to the success of co-branding. Brand image has a positive moderating impact, and complementary brand images enhance consumers' purchase intention. The study also reveals that these factors can explain a significant portion of the variance in purchase intention. Automobile brands can enhance their attractiveness and market competitiveness by engaging in co-branding with suitable brands, focusing on brand fit, innovation, and product complementarity. Maintaining and enhancing a positive brand image is of great importance. Additionally, demographic information can help brands target consumers more effectively and design co-branding campaigns that better meet consumers' needs and preferences. These findings offer practical guidance for marketers to utilize co-branding strategies more efficiently and boost brand value.
Slachtoffers meer centraal stellen binnen justitie
Authors: Bellens Hannah , Dominicus Hans
Published: August 2024

Putting victims more at the centre of justice – Experiences from the Flemish Probation Service

In April 2024, The Hague hosted the 6th World Congress on Probation and Parole. More than 500 participants from over 60 countries exchanged experiences on a multitude of themes related to probation and parole. Representing the Flemish Probation Service, we had the opportunity to highlight the victim’s position in the criminal justice chain and the judicial victim support provided by the Flemish Probation Service during a well-attended workshop. In this article, we will take a more detailed look at this form of judicial victim support and what steps are still needed to further strengthen victims’ rights.
Analisis Keterlambatan Diagnosis dan Terapi Kanker Paru Di RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin, Banda Aceh
Authors: Ferry Dwi Kurniawan , Dianova Sri , Rinaldy Rinaldy
Published: August 2024

Keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi kanker paru berdampak pada prognosis. Berbagai faktor keterlambatan yang berperan seperti keterlambatan pasien, keterlambatan pada fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama ataupun keterlambatan pada rumah sakit rujukan. Saat ini belum ada penelitian yang mengkaji maslah keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi kanker paru di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui lama keterlambatan dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi kanker paru di RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin, Banda Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan dari bulan Juni hingga September 2022. Lama keterlambatan dihitung mulai dari keluhan pertama kali dirasa pasien hingga pasien diperiksa di Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama (FKTP), Poli Paru, dilakukan biopsi, diperiksa CT scan toraks, didapatkan hasil biopsi dan diberikan kemoterapi.  Karakteristik umum dan lama keterlambatan dinilai dengan menggunakan program R statistik. Median hari pasien datang ke FKTP setelah keluhan pertama adalah 23 (3-368) hari dengan penyebab terbanyak adalah kendala jarak yang jauh (26.8%) dan masih bisa beraktifitas harian (21.1%) dan median hari pasien datang ke Poli Paru adalah 12 (2-140) hari dengan alasan terbanyak adalah biaya (29.6%), jarak yang jauh  (28.2%). Median pasien dilakukan biopsi adalah 27.5 (3-165) hari, median dilakukan pemeriksaan CT scan toraks adalah 21 (3-242) hari, median dilakukan pembacaan hasil PA adalah 36 (4-235) hari serta median diberikan kemoterapi adalah 6 (2-134) hari. Median keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi dihitung sejak keluhan pertama hingga mendapat kemoterapi adalah 98 (23-467) hari. Keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi kanker paru disebabkan keterlambatan di sisi pasien dan sistem kesehatan. Faktor-faktor  seperti jarak jauh, biaya, kendala diagnosis di daerah, dan menunggu persetujuan keluarga untuk pemeriksaan dan kemoterapi berperan sebagai penyebab keterlambatan diagnosis dan terapi.
 
Kata Kunci: kanker paru, keterlambatan pasien, keterlambatan sistem kesehatan
Efektivitas Penggunaan Extra Virgin Olive Oil Untuk Pencegahan Perkembangan Pressure Ulcer Grade II Pada Pasien di Ruangan Intensive Care Rumah Sakit Umum dr.Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh
Authors: Juliana Juliana , Nazarina Nazarina , Sukandar Ayu Lestari
Published: August 2024

Pressure ulcer (PU) merupakan kondisi medis yang menyakitkan yang dapat memperpanjang masa rawat inap pasien, meningkatkan biaya pengobatan, dan bahkan menyebabkan kematian, pasien dengan pressure ulcer lebih lama dirawat dirumah sakit daripada pasien tanpa pressure ulcer dan tentunya biaya perawatan mereka jauh lebih tinggi. Selain itu, pressure ulcer dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi seperti selulitis, abses, osteomyelitis, dan bakterimia, hal tersebut secara signifikan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Salah satu intervensi yang dapat dilakukan untuk pencegahan terjadinya perkembangan pressure ulcer yaitu dengan menggunakan extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai evektivitas penggunaan EVOO terhadap pencegahan perkembangan PU Grade II pada pasien di ruangan intensive care Rumah Sakit Umum dr.Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh.  Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian quasi experimental. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah pre-test dan post-test one group. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu dengan mengoleskan extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) pada PU sebanyak dua kali dalam satu hari selama 5 hari berturut-turut. Alat ukur yang digunakan untuk menlai keadaan PU yaitu Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT). Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa data dengan menggunakan SPSS.
Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa nilai p = 0,000 < 0,05, maka H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan rata-rata antara nilai pressure ulcer sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan Extra Virgin Olive Oil yang artinya terdapat pengaruh terhadap pencegahan perkembangan pressure ulcer.
Kata kunci: Rumah sakit, Intensive care, Perawatan, Pressure ulcer, Extra virgin olive oil.