Markers of systemic inflammation in hemorrhagic stroke with effective and ineffective cerebral blood flow
Authors: Bochkarev P. Yu. , Beresneva N. С. , Zudova A. I. , Solomatina L. V. , Gusev E. Yu. 
Published: September 2024

Neuroinflammation during intracerebral hemorrhage is initiated by blood breakdown products in the subarachnoid space and/or brain parenchyma. In this case, neuroinflammation can cause the development of systemic inflammation. In some cases, intracerebral hemorrhage is accompanied by the appearance of the phenomenon of ineffective cerebral blood flow and clinical manifestations of brain death. The purpose of the study is to identify markers of systemic inflammation in severe hemorrhagic stroke with or without effective cerebral blood flow. The study included patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and the presence of multiple organ failure syndrome, as well as coma on the first day of manifestation, to determine markers of systemic inflammation. A total of 3 groups were analyzed: patients with ineffective cerebral blood flow (Group 2); with effective cerebral blood flow (Group 3); and control group (Group 1) – healthy blood donors. Criteria for non-inclusion in the study: the presence in patients with hemorrhagic stroke of septic complications during hospitalization and acute infectious diseases during the manifestation of intracerebral hemorrhage. In frozen blood plasma samples (anticoagulant – citrate), the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFá, procalcitonin, neuron-specific enolase, cortisol, myoglobin, troponin I and D-dimers were determined. Enzyme immunoassay was carried out on an automatic analyzer “Dynex Lazurite” (Dynex Technologies, VA, USA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to confirm the normality of data distribution. Further comparison of quantitative data was carried out using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. All results were considered statistically significant at p 0.05. In patients with effective and ineffective cerebral blood flow, statistically significant differences were observed in almost all studied markers of systemic inflammation, except for troponin I. However, in the presence of effective cerebral blood flow, significantly higher values of a number of indicators were noted, which may indicate a more rapidly occurring acute systemic inflammatory response in case of effective cerebral blood flow. At the same time, 28 day mortality and SOFA scores in the group with effective blood flow were lower than in the group with ineffective blood flow. This discrepancy may indicate a greater contribution to 28 day mortality and patient severity from direct loss of brain function than from systemic inflammation in patients with ineffective blood flow. On the other hand, the lack of severity of systemic inflammation in this category of patients is most likely due to impaired blood outflow from the damaged brain and the entry of tissue breakdown products and other pro-inflammatory factors into the systemic circulation. That is, intracerebral hemorrhage is accompanied by the development of neuroinflammation, which may be an important component of systemic inflammation. However, disruption of the inflow and outflow of blood in the main great vessels of the brain reduces the likelihood and severity of the development of systemic inflammation.