bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distortion and Residual Stress Reduction Using Asynchronous Heating Sources for Multi-Robot Coordinated Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Li Yongzhe , Zhang Chenxiao , Huang Caowei , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Guangjun , Zhou Yijun
Published: February 2025

Multi-robot coordinated wire-arc directed energy deposition (MRC-WA-DED) has proliferated in recent decades, employing asynchronous independent heating sources to deposit material simultaneously. Beyond enhancing efficiency, MRC-WA-DED introduces a synergic effect between the heating sources, resulting in a controllable thermal field on the deposit component. This research aims to investigate if the synergic effect is beneficial for residual stress and distortion reduction and how it can be applied to enhance the quality of MRC-WA-DEDed parts. A finite element model was developed to compare the thermodynamic response of WA-DED when both coordinated heating sources (CHSs) and a single heating source (SHS) are applied. Simulation and deposition experiments were carried out to clarify the influence of different coordination strategies on the fabricated component’s thermal behavior, stress distribution, and distortion conditions. The results indicate that the synergic effect of CHSs leads to a smoother temperature gradient than that accomplished by a SHS, reducing the maximum distortion of a single layer by 49.1%. As validated by actual depositions, the residual stress, maximum distortion, and hardness of a ten-layer component were reduced by 6.5%, 11.2%, and 18.6%, respectively.
From Sand to Bell: Novel Predation of Scyphozoans by the Giant Caribbean Sea Anemone Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) from the Western Atlantic
Authors: Morejón-Arrojo Ramón D. , López-Figueroa Natalia B. , Hernández-Albernas Joán I. , Rodriguez-Viera Leandro , Stoner Elizabeth W.
Published: February 2025

Predation is a fundamental ecological process that shapes marine ecosystem dynamics. This study reveals a novel predator–prey interaction between the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea and the two jellyfish species Cassiopea sp. and Aurelia sp., challenging traditional understanding of sea anemone feeding habits. Observations from citizen science platforms and field recordings documented C. gigantea successfully capturing and consuming these gelatinous marine organisms. The research highlights the trophic plasticity of C. gigantea, demonstrating its ability to prey on larger gelatinous organisms beyond its traditionally known diet. This predation event represents a possible benthic–pelagic coupling mechanism and underscores the value of citizen science in capturing rare ecological interactions.
Seaweed-Based Bioplastics: Data Mining Ingredient–Property Relations from the Scientific Literature
Authors: Véliz Fernanda , Bikku Thulasi , Ibarra-Pérez Davor , Hernández-Muñoz Valentina , Garmulewicz Alysia , Herrera Felipe
Published: February 2025

Automated analysis of the scientific literature using natural language processing (NLP) can accelerate the identification of potentially unexplored formulations that enable innovations in materials engineering with fewer experimentation and testing cycles. This strategy has been successful for specific classes of inorganic materials, but their general application in broader material domains such as bioplastics remains challenging. To begin addressing this gap, we explore correlations between the ingredients and physicochemical properties of seaweed-based biofilms from a corpus of 2000 article abstracts from the scientific literature since 1958, using a supervised word co-occurrence analysis and an unsupervised approach based on the language model MatBERT without fine-tuning. Using known relations between ingredients and properties for test scenarios, we discuss the potential and limitations of these NLP approaches for identifying novel combinations of polysaccharides, plasticizers, and additives that are related to the functionality of seaweed biofilms. The model demonstrates a valuable predictive ability to identify ingredients associated with increased water vapor permeability, suggesting its potential utility in optimizing formulations for future research. Using the model further revealed alternative combinations that are underrepresented in the literature. This automated method facilitates the mapping of relationships between ingredients and properties, guiding the development of seaweed bioplastic formulations. The unstructured and heterogeneous nature of the literature on bioplastics represents a particular challenge that demands ad hoc fine-tuning strategies for state-of-the-art language models for advancing the field of seaweed bioplastics.
Prediction of Shear Strength in Anisotropic Structural Planes Considering Size Effects
Authors: Ma Wei-Bin , Zou Wen-Hao , Zhang Jin-Long , Li Gan
Published: February 2025

It is essential to elucidate the shear mechanical behavior of structural planes to assess the risk to rock masses and protect them from shear failure. Current research on shear mechanical behavior is focused on isotropic structural planes with the same lithology on both sides. However, anisotropic structural planes, commonly found in nature, may exhibit unique mechanical behavior that differs from isotropic structural planes. Therefore, it is necessary to study the factors affecting the shear strength of the anisotropic structural planes. In this paper, the direct shear numerical tests on anisotropic structural planes were carried out using the three-dimensional distinct element code (3DEC) based on the laboratory test. The numerical test results illustrate that the error between the peak shear strength of the numerical test and the laboratory test is basically within 10%. The shear stress-displacement curves of the numerical and laboratory tests are similar, which verifies the accuracy of the numerical test. According to the Barton standard sections, anisotropic structural plane models with different roughness and size were established, and the direct shear numerical tests with different normal stresses were carried out. To predict the peak shear strength of the anisotropic structural planes, one hundred and eighty-one sets of direct shear numerical test data were selected. Normal stress, roughness, compressive strength of soft and hard rock masses, basic friction angle of soft and hard rock masses, and structural plane size were used as input parameters to establish a back propagation (BP) neural network model. The research results show that, under identical conditions, the shear strength of the anisotropic structural planes decreases as the structural plane size increases. On the contrary, the shear strength increases with the increasing structural plane roughness and normal stress. For the BP neural network prediction model, the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) of the training set are 0.441 and 0.957. For the test set, the RMSE is 0.489, and R2 is 0.947, which indicates that the predicted values are in good agreement with the actual values.
Impact of HPV Types and Dendritic Cells on Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis’ Aggressiveness
Authors: Fernandes Ellen Eduarda , de Almeida Lança Maria Leticia , de Souza Yan Aparecido , El-Achkar Vivian Narana , Costa Victor , Carlos Román , Ribeiro-Silva Alfredo , Sichero Laura , Villa Luisa Lina , León Jorge Esquiche , Kaminagakura Estela
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study assesses the associations between dendritic cells, HPV 6 and 11, and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) aggressiveness. Methods: The Derkay score was calculated using information obtained from the medical records. Biopsies from 36 patients with juvenile RRP (JRRP) and 43 adult RRP (ARRP) patients were analyzed under light microscopy, and their clinical data were collected. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies against CD83, CD1a, Factor XIIIa, and S100 was performed, and inflammatory cells were quantified. Data obtained were analyzed using the chi-squared test, in addition to the Mann–Whitney and Z tests for two proportions, considering a confidence interval of 95% and p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: A higher quantity of S100 was identified in the epithelium (p < 0.001) and in the conjunctive tissue (p = 0.027) among the ARRP cases, while CD83 (p = 0.025) and Factor XIIIa (p = 0.018), both in the epithelium, were identified among the JRRP cases. We observed significant association between a higher quantity of CD83 in the epithelium in the juvenile group with a low Derkay index (p = 0.034) and with HPV 6 (p = 0.039). Conclusions: An increased quantity of dendritic cells is present in individuals diagnosed with RRP, regardless of age, and this may be related to the lower Derkay index, regardless of the HPV type detected.
Is the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) a Single or Two Construct Measure? A Theoretical and Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: Humphris Gerald Michael , Newton Jonathan Timothy
Published: February 2025

Background: The MDAS questionnaire is one of a number of scales available to assess dental anxiety. It is widely used and translated into many world languages; however, it lacks an explicit theoretical backdrop to the content and structure of the measure. This paper draws upon original expositions of dental anxiety: how it develops, is maintained, and how this draws attention to a re-evaluation of the measure. To assist this inspection it was proposed to investigate a two latent construct formulation through a stepwise analysis using data from a representative survey of English respondents on their oral health (the Adult Dental Health Survey). Aim: To present a brief theoretical framework to underpin the measure and, as part of this study’s objectives, to provide some evidence to support the measure’s potential two-construct structure. Method: Narrative review, structural equation modelling, and testing of specific associations to indicate a two latent construct formulation. Data included the MDAS items (where items 1 and 2 comprise the anticipatory subscale, and items 3 to 5 describe the treatment-related subscale). These items were completed by the representative sample of respondents from the most recent Adult Dental Health Survey conducted in 2009. Results: The two latent construct solution for describing dental anxiety was supported. The anticipated and treatment-related subscales could be discriminated, although they were strongly correlated, demonstrating overlap. Comparison of how each construct varied across the three age groups suggests an interesting heterogeneity. In addition, the two constructs behaved differently when acknowledging previous experience of respondents’ last dental visit. Anticipatory dental anxiety was more strongly related to oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) than treatment-related dental anxiety as predicted. This partial evidence from empirical data and previous reports in other studies suggests that the separation of the MDAS measure into the two subscales may be warranted. Discussion: Researchers are recommended to report not only the total score of the MDAS in their studies but also consider presenting the two subscale scores, namely, anticipatory and treatment-related dental anxiety. Further work is indicated to determine if clinicians may find the subscales of use when assessing their patients.
Algebraic Representations of Entropy and Fixed-Sign Information Quantities
Authors: Down Keenan J. A. , Mediano Pedro A. M.
Published: February 2025

Many information-theoretic quantities have corresponding representations in terms of sets. Many of these information quantities do not have a fixed sign—for example, the co-information can be both positive and negative. In previous work, we presented a signed measure space for entropy where the smallest sets (called atoms) all have fixed signs. In the present work, we demonstrate that these atoms have natural algebraic behaviour which can be expressed in terms of ideals (characterised here as upper sets), and we show that this behaviour allows us to make bounding arguments and describe many fixed-sign information quantity expressions. As an application, we give an algebraic proof that the only completely synergistic system of three finite variables X, Y and Z=f(X,Y) is the XOR gate.
A Quantum Probability Approach to Improving Human–AI Decision Making
Authors: Humr Scott , Canan Mustafa , Demir Mustafa
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence is set to incorporate additional decision space that has traditionally been the purview of humans. However, AI systems that support decision making also entail the rationalization of AI outputs by humans. Yet, incongruencies between AI and human rationalization processes may introduce uncertainties in human decision making, which require new conceptualizations to improve the predictability of these interactions. The application of quantum probability theory (QPT) to human cognition is on the ascent and warrants potential consideration to human–AI decision making to improve these outcomes. This perspective paper explores how QPT may be applied to human–AI interactions and contributes by integrating these concepts into human-in-the-loop decision making. To capture this and offer a more comprehensive conceptualization, we use human-in-the-loop constructs to explicate how recent applications of QPT can ameliorate the models of interaction by providing a novel way to capture these behaviors. Followed by a summary of the challenges posed by human-in-the-loop systems, we discuss newer theories that advance models of the cognitive system by using quantum probability formalisms. We conclude by outlining areas of promising future research in human–AI decision making in which the proposed methods may apply.
Protocells Either Synchronize or Starve
Authors: Villani Marco , Serra Roberto
Published: February 2025

Two different processes take place in self-reproducing protocells, i.e., (i) cell reproduction by fission and (ii) duplication of the genetic material. One major problem is indeed that of assuring that the two processes take place at the same pace, i.e., that they synchronize, which is a necessary condition for sustainable growth. In previous theoretical works, using dynamical models, we had shown that such synchronization can spontaneously emerge, generation after generation, under a broad set of hypotheses about the architecture of the protocell, the nature of the self-replicating molecules, and the types of kinetic equations. However, an important class of cases (quadratic or higher-order self-replication) did not synchronize in the models we had used, but could actually lead to divergence of the concentration of replicators. We show here that this behavior is due to a simplification of the previous models, i.e., the “buffering” hypothesis, which assumes instantaneous equilibrium of the internal and external concentrations of those compounds which can cross the cell membrane. That divergence disappears if we make use of more realistic dynamical models, with finite transmembrane diffusion rates of the precursors of replicators.
Levy Noise Affects Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Memory
Authors: Eliazar Iddo
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the memory of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (OUP) via three ratios of the OUP increments: signal-to-noise, noise-to-noise, and tail-to-tail. Intuition suggests the following points: (1) changing the noise that drives the OUP from Gauss to Levy will not affect the memory, as both noises share the common ‘independent increments’ property; (2) changing the auto-correlation of the OUP from exponential to slowly decaying will affect the memory, as the change yields a process with long-range correlations; and (3) with regard to Levy driving noise, the greater the noise fluctuations, the noisier the prediction of the OUP increments. This paper shows that intuition is plain wrong. Indeed, a detailed analysis establishes that for each of the three above-mentioned points, the very converse holds. Hence, Levy noise has a significant and counter-intuitive effect on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck memory.
Performance Improvement for Discretely Modulated Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Imbalanced Modulation
Authors: Liu Zehui , Bai Jiandong , Li Fengchao , Li Yijun , Tian Yan , Liu Wenyuan
Published: February 2025

The modulation mode at the transmitters plays a crucial role in the continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) protocol. However, in practical applications, differences in the modulation schemes between two transmitters can inevitably impact protocol performance, particularly when using discrete modulation with four-state or eight-state formats. This work primarily investigates the effect of imbalanced modulation at the transmitters on the security of the CV-MDI-QKD protocol under both symmetric and asymmetric distance scenarios. By employing imbalanced discrete modulation maps and numerical convex optimization techniques, the proposed CV-MDI-QKD protocol achieves a notably higher secret key rate and outperforms existing protocols in terms of maximum transmission distance. Specifically, simulation results demonstrate that the secret key rate and maximum transmission distance are boosted by approximately 77.77% and 24.3%, respectively, compared to the original protocol. This novel and simplified modulation method can be seamlessly implemented in existing experimental setups without requiring equipment modifications. Furthermore, it provides a practical approach to enhancing protocol performance and enabling cost-effective applications in secure quantum communication networks under real-world environments.
A Scalable Sorting Network Based on Hybrid Algorithms for Accelerating Data Sorting
Authors: Li Xufeng , Zhou Li , Zhu Yan
Published: February 2025

Sorting in sequential data mining is significantly improved through hardware acceleration, which becomes essential as data volume and complexity increase. This paper presents a scalable hybrid sorting network that maintains or improves performance while reducing computational load and hardware requirements. The network is composed of the pre-comparison odd–even sorting network (P-OESN) and the bidirectional insertion sorting network (BISN). A pre-comparison layer is introduced to the original OESN. This layer aims to place larger values in the first half of the input sequence and smaller values in the latter half. The number of iterations is reduced when the P-OESN transitions from fully parallel execution to iterative execution. A novel pipelined BISN architecture is proposed, which leads to enhanced operating frequency and throughput. The experimental results show that the pre-comparison layer reduces the number of iterations by 6% to 50%. Throughput is improved by more than four times, and operating frequency is increased by more than two times due to the pipelined BISN. The proposed hybrid sorting network reduces sorting time or resource usage, while enabling the sorting of large-scale data sets that other methods cannot support.
Finite Element Analysis and Electrohydrodynamic Multiphysics Modeling of a Corona-Streamer Discharge in a Two-Phase Flow Medium
Authors: Baek Myung-Ki , Lee Ho-Young
Published: February 2025

This study proposes an electrohydrodynamic multiphysics modeling and finite element analysis technique to accurately simulate corona-streamer discharges in a two-phase flow medium. The discharge phenomenon is modeled as a multiphysics system, coupling the Poisson equation for the electric field with a charge dynamics model based on fluid methods and a thermofluid field for temperature effects. To optimize the numerical simulation, the tip-flat plate electrode model was simplified to two-dimensional axisymmetry, and an unordered lattice network was used to reduce computational time while maintaining high resolution in the region of interest. A high DC voltage was applied to the model to generate a local non-uniform electric field exceeding 10 MV/m, allowing the numerical simulations of ionization, recombination, and charge attachment in the streamer channel. The numerical results were compared with voltage and current measurements from full-scale experiments under identical geometry and initial conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results of this study enhance the understanding of the multiphysical mechanisms behind electrical discharge phenomena and can enable the prediction of insulation failure through simple simulations, eliminating insulation experiments on devices.
A Decision-Making Tool for Sustainable Energy Planning and Retrofitting in Danish Communities and Districts
Authors: Jradi Muhyiddine
Published: February 2025

This study presents a novel framework for city-level energy planning and retrofitting, tailored to Danish cities and neighborhoods. The framework addresses the challenges of large-scale urban energy modeling by integrating automated processes for data collection, energy demand prediction, and renewable energy integration. It combines open-source simulation tools and validated datasets, enabling efficient and scalable predictions of energy performance across urban areas, including streets, districts, and entire cities, with minimal user input. The key components include data collection and demand modeling, energy resource estimation, performance gap evaluation, and the design of retrofitting strategies with renewable energy integration. The DanCTPlan energy planning tool, developed based on this framework, was applied to two case studies in Denmark: a single street with 101 buildings and a district comprising five streets with 1284 buildings. In the single-street case, retrofitting all buildings to meet current regulations resulted in a 60.8% reduction in heat demand and a 5.8% reduction in electricity demand, with significant decreases in peak energy demands. The district-level retrofitting measures led to a 29.5% reduction in heat demand and a 2.4% reduction in electricity demand. Renewable energy scenarios demonstrated that photovoltaic systems supplying 30% of electricity demand and solar thermal systems meeting 10% of heating demand would require capacities of 2218 kW and 3540 kW, respectively. The framework’s predictive capabilities and flexibility position it as a robust tool to support decision-makers in developing sustainable and cost-effective energy strategies, paving the way toward establishing energy-efficient and positive energy districts.
An Improved Methodology to Locate Faults in Onshore Wind Farm Collector Systems
Authors: Davi Moisés , Júnior Alailton , Grilo Caio , Cunha Talita , Lessa Leonardo , Oleskovicz Mário , Coury Denis
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the growing integration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) into power systems and their effects on fault diagnosis strategies. Notably, the technical literature lacks assessments of the impacts and proposals for solutions for phasor-based fault location tasks, considering faults occurring within wind power plants, i.e., in their collector systems. In this context, this study evaluates the performance of six state-of-the-art phasor-based fault location methods, which are tested through simulations in a realistic wind farm modeled using PSCAD software. These simulations cover a wide range of fault scenarios, including variations in fault types, resistances, inception angles, locations, and wind farm generation levels. The proposed methodology, which combines the various fault location methods tailored to specific fault types, results in a substantial improvement, achieving an average fault location error of 1.89%, reflecting a 92% reduction in error compared to conventional methods. Additionally, the approach consistently maintains low fault location errors across collector busbars, regardless of circuit topology, highlighting its robustness, adaptability, and potential for widespread implementation in fault diagnosis systems within wind farms.
Elucidating the Memory Effects of Magnetic Water Treatment via Precipitated Phase Changes of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Sayed Aly Ahmed Mohamed , Basu Soumya , Ogawa Takaya , Inagawa Keito , Okumura Hideyuki
Published: February 2025

Research on the effects of magnetic fields on water and aqueous solutions has produced various findings, such as the suppression of scale formation in pipes and boilers, inhibition of metal corrosion, enhancement of concrete strength, and changes in properties like viscosity and electrical conductivity. However, the challenges in quantifying these effects, the issues with reproducibility affected by trace elements in the water used in the experiments, and the involvement of complex parameters and mechanisms have led to ongoing debates, with some questioning the very existence of magnetic field effects. The “memory effect”, where the impact of magnetic exposure persists for a certain period, further complicates explanations of these phenomena. To fully elucidate and enable practical applications of these effects, further research is essential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the magnetic field effects on water, including memory effects, where the quantification and elucidation potentially lead to various applications, including environmentally friendly solutions on scale suppression and life science issues. The results revealed that the vaterite phase precipitation ratio significantly increased in magnetically treated water, reaching up to 51%, from 26% without the treatment, which is high reproducibility; furthermore, a reduction in mean particle size was observed when using magnetically treated water, suggesting that it may help prevent scaling. Furthermore, when solutions of calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate were individually subjected to magnetic treatment, the most notable increase in the vaterite phase precipitation ratio was observed when calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions were magnetically treated separately and then reacted to precipitate calcium carbonate.
Operating Point Optimization of Agricultural Tractor–Implement Combinations as Constraint Optimization Problem
Authors: Kazenwadel Benjamin , Graf Marina , Michiels Lukas , Geimer Marcus
Published: February 2025

Increasing the process efficiency of agricultural tasks is a key measure to decrease overall costs and CO2 emissions. However, optimizing tractor–implement combinations is challenging due to the variety of processes and implements and the complexity of the powertrains in modern tractors. In addition, overall process efficiency is an ambiguous optimization objective in agricultural processes as it relates resource consumption to harvest yields, which are only known at the end of a harvest season. The presented approach defines process constraints, ensuring optimization does not negatively affect harvest yield. These constraints allow for the formulation of explicit objective functions that are observable during the operation. The method establishes a mathematical foundation for the optimization of agricultural processes. The mathematical principles of the theoretical framework and the techniques used to define control constraints are explored, whereby the applicability to alternative objectives like optimizing the overall process cost is highlighted. To demonstrate the practical utility of the proposed approach, an optimization cycle is applied to a real-world scenario: adapting the working speed during the tillage process using a cultivator to maximize energy efficiency. The approach simplifies the optimization problem by formulation as a constraint optimization problem, allowing for improving the operating point of tractor–implement combinations with respect to observable process objective functions. The results underline the importance of advanced control strategies in agricultural machinery, advancing precision agriculture and promoting sustainable farming practices.
Theoretical Analysis of Power Conversion Efficiency of Lead-Free Double-Perovskite Cs2TiBr6 Solar Cells with Different Hole Transport Layers
Authors: Bhojak Vivek , Jain Praveen Kumar
Published: February 2025

In recent years, there has been significant investigation into the high efficiency of perovskite solar cells. These cells have the capacity to attain efficiencies above 14%. As the perovskite materials that include lead pose a substantial environmental risk, components that are free from lead are used during the process of solar cell development. In this work, we use a lead-free double-perovskite material, namely Cs2TiBr6, as the main absorbing layer in perovskite solar cells to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE). This work is centered on the development of solar cell structures with materials such as an ETL (electron transport layer) and an HTL (hole transport layer) to enhance the PCE. In this theoretical work, we perform simulations and analysis on double-perovskite Cs2TiBr6 to assess its efficacy as an absorber material in various HTLs like Cu2O and CuI, with a fixed ETL of C60 using SCAPS (Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator, SCAPS 3.3.10) Software. This is a one-dimensional solar cell simulation program. In this work, the thickness of the double-perovskite material is also varied between 0.2 and 2.0 µm, and its efficiency is observed. The effect of temperature variation on efficiency in the range of 300 K to 350 K is observed. The effect of defect density on efficiency is also observed in the range of 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1016. In this theoretical work, perovskite solar cells, including their absorbing layer, demonstrate outstanding ETLs and HTLs, respectively. As a result, the cells’ achieved PCE is improved. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of this lead-free double-perovskite structure that absorbs light in perovskite solar cells.
Advances in Graphene-Based Materials for Metal Ion Sensing and Wastewater Treatment: A Review
Authors: Khalajiolyaie Akram , Jian Cuiying
Published: February 2025

Graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized derivatives, have demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing environmental challenges related to heavy metal detection and wastewater treatment. This review presents the latest advancements in graphene-based electrochemical and fluorescence sensors, emphasizing their superior sensitivity and selectivity in detecting metal ions, such as Pb2⁺, Cd2⁺, and Hg2⁺, even in complex matrices. The key focus of this review is on the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand and predict ion transport through graphene membranes, offering insights into their mechanisms and efficiency in removing contaminants. Particularly, this article reviews the effects of external conditions, pore radius, functionalization, and multilayers on water purification to provide comprehensive insights into filtration membrane design. Functionalized graphene membranes exhibit enhanced ion rejection through tailored electrostatic interactions and size exclusion effects, achieving up to 100% rejection rates for selected heavy metals. Multilayered and hybrid graphene composites further improve filtration performance and structural stability, enabling sustainable, large-scale water purification. However, challenges related to fabrication scalability, environmental impact, and cost remain. This review also highlights the importance of computational approaches and innovative material designs in overcoming these barriers, paving the way for future breakthroughs in graphene-based filtration technologies.
Atmospheric Radon in the Central Mediterranean: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations Measured in Gozo, Malta
Authors: Defez Beatriz , Ellul Raymond , Saliba Martin , Muscat Rebecca , Grima Marvic , Micallef Alfred , Galdies Charles , Moncho-Santonja María , Aparisi-Navarro Silvia , Peris-Fajarnés Guillermo
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the findings of a 12-year study on radon conducted from January 2011 to December 2022 at the Giordan Lighthouse station on the island of Gozo, Malta. Located in the Central Mediterranean, Gozo’s strategic position enables effective monitoring of air mass movements between Africa and Europe (from south to north) and between Europe and Central Asia (from west to east). Our research involves an analysis of seasonal and diurnal variations in radon levels, alongside analysis of relevant meteorological variables, clustering of air mass back trajectories, and assessment of local and remote radon production. The findings provide critical insights into the dynamics of atmospheric radon, which are significant not only for the Maltese islands, but also for enhancing our understanding of transcontinental radon transport in the Central Mediterranean, a region that has remained largely unexplored.
Elucidating the Connection Between the Health-Promoting Properties of Limosilactobacillus fermentum Lf2 and Its Exopolysaccharides
Authors: Ale Elisa C. , Ale Analía , Peralta Guillermo H. , Irazoqui José M. , Olivar Gabriela Correa , Roldán Victoria Allende , Vinderola Gabriel , Amadio Ariel F. , Bergamini Carina V. , Cazenave Jimena , Binetti Ana G.
Published: February 2025

The potential probiotic properties of Limosilactobacillus fermentum Lf2, an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain, were assessed in C57BL/6 mice. The aim of this work was to elucidate if these properties could be associated with the ability to produce EPSs. Mice were divided into three treatments: L (mice treated with Lf2), E (animals that received EPSs), and C (control group). The levels of fecal acetic and propionic acids significantly increased in L and E compared with C. Catalase activity increased in L in comparison with the other groups in the liver and small intestine. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the large intestine for L compared with C. In addition, in the large intestine, the concentration of TNF-α was reduced in L and E in comparison with C. In the small intestine, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-6 presented lower levels in L and E than C. The analysis of the gut microbiota showed that L presented higher levels of Peptococcaceae and Rikenellaceae, while E had higher levels of Peptococcaceae than C. Overall, these results provide new insights into the relationship between the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria and their ability to produce EPSs.
Oxalic Acid Supplementation in Different Hemicellulose Diets Affects In Vitro Rumen Fermentation by Regulating Nutritional Digestibility, Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Zhang Longyu , Pan Yue , Wang Ziyuan , Zhang Miao , Xia Yuanhong , Jiang Huaizhi , Qin Guixin , Wang Tao , Zhang Xuefeng , Zhang Weigang , Zhao Wei , Zhen Yuguo , Sun Zhe
Published: February 2025

Determining hemicellulose (HM) degradation is crucial for evaluating the nutritional value of ruminant diets. Our previous study showed that oxalic acid (OA) regulates rumen fermentation. Building on this research, the present study examined the effects of OA supplementation in different hemicellulose diets on sheep rumen fermentation, microbial diversity, and metabolite production in vitro. Diets with low and high HM levels (10.3% and 17%, respectively) and supplemented with seven concentrations of OA (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg DM) were evaluated. Tests were conducted under both low (HM10.3%) and high (HM17%) hemicellulose conditions; however, the addition of 10 mg/kg DM oxalic acid could have better effects under low hemicellulose (HM10.3%), with higher concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, as well as total acids. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to collect rumen fluid after 12 h of fermentation to analyze microbial populations and metabolites. OA supplementation at 10 mg/kg DM significantly increased the relative abundances of several bacterial genera, including Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, Sharpea, RFN20, Bulleidia, Olsenella, and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between Butyrivibrio and Sharpea and the production of isobutyric and isovaleric acids (p < 0.01), indicating that these bacteria play a role in volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Furthermore, rumen metabolites involved in mineral absorption and lipid metabolism, including α-tocopherol, L-glutamic acid, and ginkgolide B, were upregulated. In summary, supplementation with oxalic acid in HM diets alters rumen fermentation, enhances nutrient digestibility, promotes microbial diversity, and influences metabolic pathways. Thus, OA supplementation should be tailored to specific dietary conditions for optimal effects.
A High-Flexibility Contact Force Sensor Based on the 8-Shaped Wound Polymer Optical Fiber for Human Safety in Human–Robot Collaboration
Authors: Liu Yi , Zuo Yaru , Jiang Xueyao , Li Xuezhu , Yuan Weihao , Cao Wenhong
Published: February 2025

Human–robot collaboration is a new trend in modern manufacturing. Safety, or human protection, is of great significance due to humans and robots sharing the same workshop space. To achieve effective protection, in this paper, a contact force sensor based on an 8-shaped wound polymer optical fiber is proposed. The 8-shaped wound structure can convert the normal contact force to the shrinkage of the 8-shaped optical fiber ring. The macro-bending loss of the optical fiber is used to detect the contact force. Compared with conventional sensors, the proposed scheme has the advantage of high flexibility, low cost, fast response, and high repeatability, which shows great promise in actively alerting users to potential collisions and passively reducing the harm caused to humans.
An Application of Upwind Difference Scheme with Preconditioned Numerical Fluxes to Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows
Authors: Zhao Tianmu , Shin Byeongrog
Published: February 2025

A time-consistent upwind difference scheme with a preconditioned numerical flux for unsteady gas-liquid multiphase flows is presented and applied to the analysis of cavitating flows. The fundamental equations were formulated in general curvilinear coordinates to apply to diverse flow fields. The preconditioning technique was applied specifically to the numerical dissipation terms in the upwinding process without changing the time derivative terms to maintain time consistency. This approach enhances numerical stability in unsteady multiphase flow computations, consistently delivering time-accurate solutions compared to conventional preconditioning methods. A homogeneous gas-liquid two-phase flow model, third-order Runge-Kutta method, and the flux difference splitting upwind scheme coupled with a third-order MUSCL TVD scheme were employed. Numerical tests of two-dimensional gas-liquid single- and two-phase flows over backward-facing step with different step height and flow conditions successfully demonstrated the capability of the present scheme. The calculations remained stable even for flows with a very low Mach number of 0.001, typically considered incompressible flows, and the results were in good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, we analyzed unsteady cavitating flows at high Reynolds numbers and confirmed the effectiveness and applicability of the present scheme for calculating unsteady gas-liquid two-phase flows.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Insect-Based Foods: Insights from Consumers in Greece and Ireland
Authors: Ranga Leocardia , Panagiotou Malamatenia , Noci Francesco , Charalampidou Maria , Gkatzionis Konstantinos , Dermiki Maria
Published: February 2025

In the context of globalization, cross-cultural studies have become increasingly important for understanding differences in consumer acceptance of various foods. This study examines and compares the acceptance of insect-based foods between consumers in Greece and Ireland, two EU countries where insect-based foods are not widely available. An online survey was distributed in both countries and responses from 489 participants (Greece: n = 283; Ireland: n = 206) were analysed, using non-parametric tests for the quantitative data, and a combination of thematic and content analysis for the qualitative data. Overall, the Mann–Whitney U test showed that participants from Greece were significantly less willing to consume insect-based foods than those in Ireland. Among EU-approved insects, the Friedman test showed that participants in Ireland significantly preferred yellow mealworms over house crickets and migratory locusts, whereas participants in Greece showed no significant preference among these species. Both groups were more willing to consume insect-based foods when the insects were not visible, while they differed in their preference of inclusion percentage of insect protein in foods. However, no differences were found in the willingness to consume different types of non-visible insect products. The Mann–Whitney U test showed that participants in Ireland could be more influenced to consume insect-based foods by external factors, with live demonstrations by chefs being the most influential. However, family members would be the most influencing factor for those from Greece. Nuances in participants’ willingness to buy insect-based foods are presented and discussed. These findings could inform strategies aimed at increasing the acceptance of insects as food among consumers in European countries with limited exposure to such products.
Whitening Efficiency of Papain and Bromelain Gels in Removing Dental Stains
Authors: Cuc Stanca , Sarosi Codruta , Petean Ioan , Moldovan Amalia , Bacali Cecilia , Man Sorin Claudiu
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the micro-nanostructure and color changes of dental enamel after treatment with new gel formulations containing papain or bromelain. Eighty caries-free, extracted human teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40) and stained by immersion in either coffee or Tedi juice for 4 h daily over five consecutive days. After staining, the samples were washed and stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C. The stained samples were then treated with four different whitening gels (GC, G1, G2, and Opalescence 15%) for 4 h daily. Following each treatment, the samples were rinsed and stored in artificial saliva. Color changes were measured using a digital spectrophotometer to assess CIEL*a*b* ΔE* and the Whiteness index (WI). The enamel micro-nanostructure was analyzed using SEM and AFM. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test. The results showed that gels containing papain and bromelain were more effective than the commercial gel in removing stains. SEM and AFM analysis indicated that papain was particularly effective for removing coffee stains, while bromelain was better for stains from natural juices. Healthy enamel has a Ra value of approximately 10 nm, which increases to about 40 nm after staining. Papain restored enamel roughness to approximately 8 nm for coffee stains and bromelain restored it to 11 nm for juice stains, delivering optimal results, while commercial gel ensures a roughness of about 15 nm after stain removal. CIELAB reveals notable changes in ΔE and WI after bleaching, revealing that papain gel is optimal for coffee stain removal and bromelain gel is optimal for natural juice stains. In conclusion, dental stains should be assessed by a dentist to determine the most suitable gel for achieving optimal results.
Development and Characterization of Niaprazine-Loaded Xanthan Gum-Based Gel for Oral Administration
Authors: Giuliano Elena , Longo Emanuela , Gagliardi Agnese , Costa Silvia , Squillace Federica , Voci Silvia , Verdiglione Mario , Cosco Donato
Published: February 2025

Niaprazine is a sedative-hypnotic drug initially developed as an antihistamine and used for its notable sedative effects, particularly in children. Following its withdrawal from the market by the producer, the drug has been administered as magistral formulations available in syrup form, but there are several important disadvantages to this, including instability, taste issues, lack of controlled release, and the potential for unreliable dosing due to incomplete swallowing. There is also an increased risk of dental caries, as well as the fact that these formulations are not suitable for children who suffer from diabetes. The purpose of the current investigation is to prepare and characterize xanthan gum-based gels for the oral administration of niaprazine. Niaprazine gels appear as transparent-whiteish, non-sticky substances, with the drug uniformly dispersed throughout the systems. They are also stable over time. Dynamic rheology revealed their advantageous shear-thinning properties, which enable the formulation to be flexibly dosed orally through administration via syringe. During experimentation, the evaluation of the mucoadhesion features and the in vitro drug release profile were also performed. The results demonstrate that the formulation may represent an alternative to niaprazine syrup, allowing easy preparation, administration, and increased compliance in various categories of patients, including pediatric.
Comparative Analysis of Tunicate vs. Plant-Based Cellulose in Chitosan Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Furlan Laura , Zamuner Annj , Riccioni Andrea , Sabbadin Giacomo , Russo Teresa , Gallicchio Vito , D’Auria Gabriella , Falcigno Lucia , Manni Lucia , Ballarin Loriano , Schievano Elisabetta , Brun Paola , Dettin Monica
Published: February 2025

A novel hydrogel scaffold for bone regeneration based on chitosan, selected for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial properties, was covalently functionalized with a bioactive peptide from bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to guide osteoblast growth and proliferation. This study evaluates the impact of incorporating different concentrations (8, 16, or 24% wt/wt) of plant-based micro-fibrillated cellulose or tunicate nanocellulose to improve the mechanical and biological properties of peptide-grafted chitosan hydrogel matrices. While the mechanical properties of the matrices increase with increasing cellulose content, regardless of its source, the behavior of human osteoblasts used in biological tests discriminates between the two types of cellulose and shows better results (proliferation at 2 and 7 days, and mineralization) for the enrichment with tunicate cellulose.
Preparation and Properties of Glycerohydrogels Based on Silicon Tetraglycerolate, Chitosan Hydrochloride and Glucomannan
Authors: Shmakov Sergei L. , Ushakova Olga S. , Kalinicheva Marina A. , Shipovskaya Anna B.
Published: February 2025

Glycerohydrogels based on silicon glycerolate, chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are widely studied for use in biomedical applications. In line with the general trend of replacing synthetic polymers with natural ones in such compositions, it would be of interest to replace PVA with the polysaccharide glucomannan (GM), as well as to introduce functional additives to impart the desired properties, including gelation time, to the final hydrogel. In this work, a comprehensive study of the preparation conditions and properties of glycerohydrogels based on silicon tetraglycerolate, chitosan hydrochloride (CS·HCl) and GM was carried out. Viscometry was used to assess the conformational state of CS·HCl and GM macromolecules, and their associates in solution before gelation. Gelation was studied using the vessel inversion method. The mucoadhesive and the dermoadhesive properties of the glycerohydrogels obtained were assessed using the tearing off method from the model substrates simulating mucous and dermal tissues. The conformational state of the individual polymers and their mixed associates in solution before gelation was estimated; the intrinsic viscosity and the hydrodynamic radius of the macromolecular coils were calculated. The influence of various factors (addition of ε-aminocaproic and hydrochloric acids, sodium chloride, hydroxide and tetraborate to vary the acidity and ionic strength of the medium, as well as temperature) and the molecular weight of chitosan on the gelation time was studied. The gelation time achieved was less than 2 min, which is promising in practical terms, i.e., for creating liquid plasters. Our best samples are not inferior to the commercial preparation “Metrogyl Denta”® in terms of tearing force during mucoadhesion and dermoadhesion at short gelation times. Thus, the glycerohydrogels synthesized by us and based on silicon tetraglycerolate, CS·HCl and GM could find usage in new biopharmaceutical and biomedical applications.