bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA‐G14‐bp polymorphism at exon 8 in Amerindian populations from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Mendes‐Junior C. T. , Castelli E. C. , Simões R. T. , Simões A. L. , Donadi E. A.
Published: February 2007

HLA‐G(human leukocyte antigen‐G) plays an important role in the modulation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy.HLA‐Galleles presenting a 14‐bp insertion at exon 8 have been associated with decreased messenger RNA levels, preeclampsia, and miscarriages. This suggests that natural selection may exert a strong influence against the insertion allele in isolated populations. DNA samples from 384 Amazonian Indians spread across seven isolated tribes were evaluated for the 14‐bp polymorphism. The insertion frequency (38.54%) was somewhat low. The Ewens–Watterson’s neutrality test showed a slight trend toward balancing selection operating at this locus but no correlation between the 14‐bp locus and fertility data was found. To sum up, no definitive evidence was obtained indicating that the 14‐bp frequencies in Amerindians depart from neutrality.
Association study of PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism in Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Robledo G. , González C. I. , Morillo C. , Martín J. , González A.
Published: February 2007

In this study we investigated a possible role for the single nucleotide polymorphism C1858T of the PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22) gene in determining the susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection, as well as in development of chagasic heart disease. This study included 316 patients with Chagas’ disease and 520 healthy individuals from Colombia and Peru. Genotyping of PTPN22 was performed by the real‐time polymerase chain reaction technology, using the TaqMan 5′ allelic discrimination assay. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism between chagasic patients and controls or between asymptomatic and cardiomyopathic individuals were observed. Our findings suggest that the PTPN22 polymorphism analyzed does not play a major role in the development of Chagas’ disease in the Colombian and Peruvian populations.
What would encourage blood donation in Ireland?
Authors: Harrington M. , Sweeney M. R. , Bailie K. , Morris K. , Kennedy A. , Boilson A. , O’Riordan J. , Staines & A.
Published: February 2007

Background  Recent changes have resulted in the loss of 4% of the donor panel in the Republic of Ireland and 3% in Northern Ireland. In order to increase the number of donors in these two regions, it is important that transfusion service providers explore and understand the reasons, which prevent individuals from donating. The aim of this study was to explore these issues particularly in non‐donors and those who had lapsed.

Methods  This 7‐month all‐Ireland study was conducted by computer‐assisted telephone interview. Data collected included sociodemographic history, donation status, as well as barriers/deterrents to donation.

Results  There were 4166 completed questionnaires (44% donors; 56% non‐donors). Of the donors, 13% had donated blood within the last 2 years. Current donors cited ‘awareness of patients needs’ (88%), ‘trust in the blood transfusion service’ (70%), and ‘an advertising campaign’ (70%) as reasons encouraging them to donate blood. Lapsed donors and non‐donors cited ‘more frequent mobile clinics/sessions’ (30% lapsed donors; 53% non‐donors), ‘if I was asked’ (28% lapsed donors; 53% non‐donors), and ‘more flexible opening hours’ (23% lapsed donors; 44% non‐donors) as reasons that would encourage them to donate. The main reasons cited by non‐donors for never having donated included ‘medical reasons’ (41% Republic of Ireland; 43% Northern Ireland), ‘lack of information’ (20% Republic of Ireland; 22% Northern Ireland), ‘fear of needles’ (15% Republic of Ireland; 17% Northern Ireland), and ‘time constraints’ (12% Republic of Ireland; 13% Northern Ireland). Among the non‐donor group, 10% (Republic of Ireland) and 6% (Northern Ireland) claimed that they are not permitted to donate.

Conclusion  Replacing regular donors is a major challenge for the transfusion service providers. This study shows that by facilitating the general public by introducing more mobile clinics/sessions, more flexible opening hours and having a better level of knowledge in the community about blood donation may encourage lapsed donors and new donors to become regular donors.
Attractiveness to Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) of plant essential oils and a synthetic food‐odour lure
Authors: Robacker David C.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to investigate the attractiveness of 26 plant essential oils individually and in combination with a synthetic food odour lure to the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew. Anise, rose/grape seed, and tea tree oils were more attractive than unbaited traps but none approached the attractiveness of Advanced Pheromone Technologies’ AFF lure, a synthetic food‐odour lure that emits several nitrogenous chemicals attractive to this fly. Traps baited with most of the oils were less attractive than unbaited traps. Rose/grape seed oil and pure‐rose oil enhanced attractiveness of AFF lures to both males and females by about 68%. Grape seed oil did not enhance the attractiveness of AFF lures demonstrating that rose oil was the active component of the rose/grape seed oil. No other oil enhanced attractiveness of AFF lures and most decreased attraction to AFF lures. The possibility that highly attractive chemicals may be present in rose oil as minor components is discussed. Traps baited with the combination of clove bud oil and the AFF lure captured only 3% as many flies as traps baited only with the AFF lure indicating that clove bud oil is highly repellent to Mexican fruit flies.
Carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis) winter habitats – insights in shelter plant preference and migratory capacity
Authors: Kristoffersen L. , Anderbrant O.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  The carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis) is a serious pest in carrot‐growing areas in northern and parts of central Europe. The psyllids overwinter as adults on conifers and during summer feed and lay eggs on carrot plants (Daucus carota ssp. sativus), thereby destroying the crop. To investigate the migratory capabilities and preferences for different shelter plant species of the carrot psyllid, we made an inventory study of its winter habitats in three carrot‐growing regions in southern Sweden. Norway spruce (Picea abies) was the preferred conifer over Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and juniper (Juniperus communis). We found psyllids on trees up to 1 km from the carrot fields, which was the largest distance sampled. The regression of catch numbers over distance was non‐significant, however all samples containing more than seven psyllids were collected within 250m distance from the fields. There was no obvious pattern between catch directions and the prevailing wind directions of the preceding migratory period. Our study did not show any differences between males and females with respect to migration or shelter species preferences.
Implication of the temporal sulphur isotopic variation during the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima Volcano, Japan
Authors: Imai Akira , Geshi Nobuo , Shimano Taketo , Nakada Setsuya
Published: February 2007

Abstract  The variation of sulphur isotopic composition during the 2000 eruption of the Miyakejima Volcano was examined in order to monitor the temporal change of the volcanic activity. The δ34S values of water‐soluble sulphate leached from volcanic ash effused during intermittent eruptions from July to September 2005 range from +5 to +11‰ with a fluctuation of ca 3‰ within a single eruption. The δ34S value of sulphuric acid mist collected with ‘Cu‐metal trap’ placed on the flank of the volcano from December 2000 to January 2001 is +6.2‰. These sulphur isotopic compositions of sulphate, which were isotopically equilibrated in the subvolcanic hydrothermal system, indicate that the temperature of the hydrothermal system beneath the caldera increased after the period of intermittent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. Then, the δ34S value of sulphuric acid trapped from January to March 2001 was +9.0‰ and the δ34S value of water‐soluble sulphate on volcanic ash emitted with minor eruption in May 2001 was +11.0‰, suggesting a decrease in temperature of the subvolcanic hydrothermal system.
Formation of a high‐temperature metamorphic complex due to pervasive melt migration in the hot crust
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuhiro
Published: February 2007

Abstract  Detailed reviews of metamorphic thermal structures and spatial distributions of granitic rocks in the high‐T Higo metamorphic complex (HMC), central Kyushu, Japan, and Ryoke metamorphic complex in the Yanai district (RMC‐Y), southwest Japan, reveal that the high‐grade metamorphic rocks were associated with migmatites or syn‐metamorphic granitoids. The close association of these rocks suggests that transport and solidification of granitic melts are appreciable heat sources. Partial melting of the pelitic host resists heating of the crust due to its endothermic reaction (i.e. absorption of latent heat). However, the effects of slower thermal evolution produced by partial melting are limited by the boundary conditions assumed for the HMC and RMC‐Y. New thermal numerical modeling reveals that the volume fraction of the solidified melt products and the duration of melt migration required for crustal heating to a certain temperature decrease with increasing rates of melt migration. The model predicts that the melt migration rate during formation of the HMC is about three to 10 times higher than that of the RMC‐Y, and the corresponding duration of melt migration is about one order of magnitude shorter. The model described here also explains the apparently contradictory observations made in different structural units of the RMC‐Y: the metamorphic pressure–temperature (P‐T) ratio of the southern unit is higher than those of the central and northern units, even though the volume fraction of granitic rocks in the southern unit is larger. The model suggests that the melt migration rate in the northern and central units was faster than that in the southern unit. Overall, the model implies that variations of metamorphic field P‐T arrays and the spatial distributions of granitic rocks in high‐T metamorphic complexes may be explained simply by variations in the rate and duration of melt migration in the hot crust.
Geochemical characterization of the organic matter, pore water constituents and shallow methane gas in the eastern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hoon , Park Myong‐Ho , Tsunogai Urumu , Cheong Tae‐Jin , Ryu Byong‐Jae , Lee Young‐Joo , Han Hyun‐Chul , Oh Jae‐Ho , Chang Ho‐Wan
Published: February 2007

Abstract  Geochemical analyses of sediments, pore water and headspace gas of the piston cores taken from the eastern part of Ulleung Basin of the East Sea (Japan Sea) were carried out to assess the origin of the sedimentary organic matter and interstitial fluid. Several tephra layers within the core are identified as the Ulleung‐Oki (10.1 ka), the Aira‐Tanzawa (23 ka) and the Ulleung‐Yamato (30.9 ka) tephras. With the exception of these volcanic layers, the cores consist predominantly of muddy sediments that contain >0.5% total organic carbon. Atomic C/N ratios and δ13Corg values suggest that the organic matter originated from marine algae rather than from land vascular plants, whereas Rock‐Eval pyrolysis suggests that the organic matter is thermally immature and comes from a land vascular plant (Type III). These conflicting results seem to be caused by the heavy oxidization of the marine organic matter. Sulphate concentration profiles of pore waters show strongly linear depletion (r2 > 0.97) with sediment depth. The estimated sulphate–methane interface (SMI) depth using the sulphate concentration gradient was nearly 3.5 m below seafloor (mbsf) in the southern part of the study area, and deeper than 6 mbsf in the northern part of the area. The difference in SMI depths is likely associated with the amount of the methane flux. The methane concentration below the SMI in the two southern cores increases rapidly, implying the occurrence of methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO). In contrast, the two northern cores have a low methane concentration below the SMI. values measured from all cores were in the range of −83.5 to −69.5‰, which suggests that the methane derives from a methanogenic microbe. values become decreased toward SMI, but increased below SMI; therefore, has eventually the minimum value near the SMI. The values are also decreased when the methane concentration is increased. These phenomena support the typical occurrence of AMO in the study area.
Triassic mid‐oceanic sedimentation in Panthalassa Ocean: Sambosan accretionary complex, Japan
Authors: Onoue Tetsuji , Sano Hiroyoshi
Published: February 2007

Abstract The Sambosan accretionary complex of southwest Japan was formed during the uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous and consists of basaltic rocks, carbonates and siliceous rocks. The Sambosan oceanic rocks were grouped into four stratigraphic successions: (i) Middle Upper Triassic basaltic rock; (ii) Upper Triassic shallow‐water limestone; (iii) limestone breccia; and (iv) Middle Middle Triassic to lower Upper Jurassic siliceous rock successions. The basaltic rocks have a geochemical affinity with oceanic island basalt of a normal hotspot origin. The shallow‐water limestone, limestone breccia, and siliceous rock successions are interpreted to be sediments on the seamount‐top, upper seamount‐flank and surrounding ocean floor, respectively. Deposition of the radiolarian chert of the siliceous rock succession took place on the ocean floor in Late Anisian and continued until Middle Jurassic. Oceanic island basalt was erupted to form a seamount by an intraplate volcanism in Late Carnian. Late Triassic shallow‐water carbonate sedimentation occurred at the top of this seamount. Accumulation of the radiolarian chert was temporally replaced by Late Carnian to Early Norian deep‐water pelagic carbonate sedimentation. Biotic association and lithologic properties of the pelagic carbonates suggest that an enormous production and accumulation of calcareous planktonic biotas occurred in an open‐ocean realm of the Panthalassa Ocean in Late Carnian through Early Norian. Upper Norian ribbon chert of the siliceous rock succession contains thin beds of limestone breccia displaced from the shallow‐water buildup resting upon the seamount. The shallow‐water limestone and siliceous rock successions are nearly coeval with one another and are laterally linked by displaced carbonates in the siliceous rock succession.
Lymphatic vessel density in pulmonary adenocarcinoma immunohistochemically evaluated with anti‐podoplanin or anti‐D2‐40 antibody is correlated with lymphatic invasion or lymph node metastases
Authors: Adachi Yoshin , Nakamura Hiroshige , Kitamura Yukisato , Taniguchi Yuji , Araki Kunio , Shomori Kohei , Horie Yasushi , Kurozawa Youichi , Ito Hisao , Hayashi Kazuhiko
Published: February 2007

In lung cancers, lymph node metastasis of cancer cells is one of the most important prognostic factors, and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) is very important in the stage preceding lymph node metastases. Recently, it has been reported that lymphatic vessel density (LVD) is associated with lymph node metastasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between LVD and LVI based on the immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin or D2‐40, which are new specific markers for lymphatic endothelium. Using 76 cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the relationship between LVD and LVI, lymph node metastases, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF‐C), VEGF‐D or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression was investigated. LVD was significantly associated with LVI, lymph node metastases and VEGF‐D expression. LVI was also associated with lymph node metastases, histological subtype, VEGF‐C or VEGF‐D expression. High LVD, induced by VEGF‐C or VEGF‐D expression of cancer cells, is a good indicator of lymphatic metastases and LVI in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Overexpression of serine–threonine receptor kinase‐associated protein in colorectal cancers
Authors: Kim Chang Jae , Choi Byung Jun , Song Jae Hwi , Park Yong Kyu , Cho Yong Gu , Nam Suk Woo , Yoo Nam Jin , Lee Jung Young , Park Won Sang
Published: February 2007

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) regulates many cellular processes, including cellular proliferation and differentiation. Disruption of the TGF‐β signaling pathway can lead to cancer. Serine–threonine receptor kinase‐associated protein (STRAP), an inhibitor of TGF‐β signaling, is an important regulator of cell proliferation. Here, in order to investigate the roles of STRAP in colorectal carcinogenesis, the expression of the STRAP protein was investigated in 59 colonic adenomas and 123 colorectal cancers by immunohistochemistry. Upregulation of STRAP protein was observed in 30 (50.8%) of 59 adenomas and 87 (70.7%) of 123 cancers, respectively. Statistically, overexpression of STRAP protein was not associated with clinicopathological parameters and 5 year survival (P > 0.05). Interestingly, significant association was observed between STRAP and Ki‐67 positivity (P < 0.05), suggesting that STRAP contributes to an increased proliferate potential of tumor cells. These results indicate that upregulation of STRAP might play a role in tumor development as an early event for colorectal cancers.
p27KIP‐1cyclin A and cyclin D1 protein expression in ductal carcinomain situof the breast: p27KIP‐1correlates with hormone receptor status but not with local recurrence
Authors: Millar Ewan K. A. , Tran Kayla , Marr Penny , Graham Peter H.
Published: February 2007

Using whole sections of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded material the expression of p27KIP‐1, cyclin A and cyclin D1 was examined in 60 cases of ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS) using routine immunohistochemistry with a median follow up of 95 months (range 10–139 months) to identify any association with disease recurrence. Fifty‐six patients were treated by local excision and radiotherapy and four by mastectomy without radiotherapy. There was a highly significant positive association between p27KIP‐1and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status (P = 0.002,P = 0.02) and with p27KIP‐1and cyclin D1 expression (P = 0.002). A trend between cyclin A and PR status (P = 0.08) was also identified. These findings mirror those described in invasive ductal carcinoma, but there were no associations of any biomarker with histological parameters such as nuclear grade or with local recurrence on univariate analysis, which was present in four of the 56 locally excised group (7.1%). Further examination of a larger cohort may be worthwhile to explore the possible role as adjunctive predictive markers to aid clinical decision making.
Immunohistochemical marker panels for distinguishing between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kushitani Kei , Takeshima Yukio , Amatya Vishwa Jeet , Furonaka Osamu , Sakatani Akio , Inai Kouki
Published: February 2007

The distinction between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma remains an important diagnostic challenge for surgical pathologists. The aim of the present study was to select a limited and appropriate panel of antibodies that can differentiate between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma. Specimens of 90 epithelioid mesotheliomas and 51 lung adenocarcinomas obtained from Japanese cases were examined using calretinin, WT1, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), thrombomodulin, CEA, CA19‐9, and CA125. Ninety‐six percent of epithelioid mesotheliomas were positive for calretinin; 99% for WT1; 100% for AE1/AE; 97% for CAM5.2; 70% for CK 5/6; 91% for vimentin; 96% for EMA; 71% for thrombomodulin; 77% for mesothelin; 7% for CEA; 17% for CA19‐9; and 85% for CA125. In contrast, 33% of lung adenocarcinomas were positive for calretinin; 16% for WT1; 100% for AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, and EMA; 41% for CK 5/6; 47% for vimentin; 20% for thrombomodulin; 69% for mesothelin; 98% for CEA; 73% for CA19‐9; and 80% for CA125. For distinguishing between epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma, the combination of CEA, calretinin and each WT1 or thrombomodulin was suggested to be the best panel of immunohistochemical markers.
Comparative study using rabbit‐derived polyclonal, mouse‐derived monoclonal, and rabbit‐derived monoclonal antibodies for KIT immunostaining in GIST and other tumors
Authors: Saito Masako , Sakurai Shinji , Motegi Atsushi , Saito Kana , Sano Takaaki , Nakajima Takashi
Published: February 2007

To find a better condition for KIT immunostaining, five antibodies against KIT were compared, including a widely used polyclonal antibody (pAb) A4502, three mouse‐derived mAb (MMA; T595, 1DC3, K45), and a newly developed rabbit‐derived mAb (RabMA; Y145). Twenty‐three gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) were stained, including five KIT‐weak or ‐negative GIST with PDGFRA gene mutations from a previous report, six Ewing/malignant primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, six malignant melanomas, two neuroblastomas, six seminomas, seven thymic carcinoma and seven small cell carcinomas of the lung as KIT‐expressing tumors, and four leiomyomas, six leiomyosarcomas, five gastric schwannomas, four solitary fibrous tumors, one inflammatory fibroid polyp and six desmoid tumors as KIT‐non‐expressing tumors. The positive rates of RabMA Y145 in KIT‐expressing tumors were almost equal to pAb A4502, whereas those of three MMA had lower rates. MMA T595 was positive for mast cells, but negative for interstitial cells of Cajal and some GIST. None of the KIT‐non‐expressing tumors was positive for Y145, whereas some leiomyosarcomas and desmoid tumors were positive for A4502. At present, pAb A4502 or RabMA Y145 seems to be suitable for KIT immunostaining in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens, especially in the differential diagnosis of GIST from other mesenchymal tumors.
Microsatellite‐unstable mucinous colorectal carcinoma occurring in the elderly: Comparison with medullary type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
Authors: Arai Tomio , Kasahara Ichiro , Sawabe Motoji , Kanazawa Nobuo , Kuroiwa Kojiro , Honma Naoko , Aida Junko , Takubo Kaiyo
Published: February 2007

Mucinous carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the large intestine have a high frequency of microsatellite instability, and their occurrence increases gradually with age. To elucidate the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of microsatellite‐unstable mucinous carcinoma and compare the tumor with medullary type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, the clinicopathological status and expression of mucin core and hMLH1 proteins were studied in 15 microsatellite‐unstable and 20 microsatellite‐stable mucinous colorectal carcinomas occurring in elderly patients, and compared with 23 cases of medullary type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which 21 cases were microsatellite‐unstable. Thirteen (87%) of 15 microsatellite‐unstable carcinomas exhibited absent hMLH1 expression compared with three (15%) of 20 microsatellite‐stable carcinomas (P < 0.01). The proportion (87%) of positive MUC5AC expression in microsatellite‐unstable mucinous carcinoma was significantly higher than that (45%) in microsatellite‐stable mucinous carcinoma (P = 0.01). Compared with microsatellite‐stable mucinous carcinoma, microsatellite‐unstable mucinous carcinomas were significantly associated with a proximal location, intra‐ and peritumoral inflammatory cell infiltration, frequent MUC5AC expression, a low incidence of lymph node metastasis and absent hMLH1 protein expression, which is not different to medullary type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma except for MUC2 expression and age‐related occurrence. These results suggest that microsatellite‐unstable mucinous carcinoma occurring in the elderly shares clinicopathological and molecular features with medullary type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and that microsatellite instability with absent hMLH1 expression plays an important role in the development of these two carcinomas.
Advanced malignant solitary fibrous tumor in pelvis responding to radiation therapy
Authors: Kawamura Shinobu , Nakamura Takafumi , Oya Takeshi , Ishizawa Shin , Sakai Yuta , Tanaka Tomonori , Saito Shigeru , Fukuoka Junya
Published: February 2007

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare spindle cell neoplasm that is benign in most cases. Although SFT was first recognized to arise only in the pleura, recent reports indicate that SFT can involve a wide range of anatomical sites. To date, 17 cases of pelvic SFT have been reported. Herein is reported a case of a 74‐year‐old woman with a giant malignant SFT in the pelvis. Along with massive invasion to adjacent organs and multiple lung metastases detected on radiography, biopsy from the tumor through the vaginal wall showed malignant looking spindle‐cell neoplasm with increased cellularity, areas of necrosis, and high mitotic activity (5/10 high‐power fields). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CD34, CD99, and bcl‐2. Based on pathological features and clinical presentation, diagnosis of malignant SFT was made. The patient received systemic and the intra‐arterial chemotherapy followed by whole pelvic radiation therapy (50 Gy). Initial chemotherapies failed to control the tumor. Afterwards, improvement was observed radiologically and pathologically in the 12 months' follow up after the radiation therapy. This is the first report related to therapeutic remarks on advanced malignant SFT.
Effect of hydroxyurea on sperm count, motility and morphology in adult men with sickle cell or myeloproliferative disease
Authors: Grigg A.
Published: February 2007

Hydroxyurea (HU) is not infrequently used in patients with sickle cell disease and myeloproliferative disorders. Despite murine data showing adverse effects on sperm counts, motility and morphology, there is little information on the effect of HU on human spermatogenesis. A retrospective review of four adult men who had semen analysis during HU therapy and in three cases after its cessation suggests that HU generally reduces sperm counts and motility and results in abnormal morphology. Cessation of HU in one case with azoospermia resulted in recovery of spermatogenesis; in two of the three cases, however, sperm morphology and mobility remained impaired. Recommendations for fertility management in adult men receiving long‐term HU therapy are proposed.
Urgent liver transplantation for acute liver failure due to parvovirus B19 infection complicated by primary Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections and aplastic anaemia
Authors: So K. , Macquillan G. , Garas G. , Delriviere L. , Mitchell A. , Speers D. , Mews C. , Augustson B. , De Boer W. B. , Baker D. , Jeffrey G. P.
Published: February 2007

An 11‐year‐old boy presented with hepatic failure secondary to parvovirus B19 infection, requiring urgent liver transplantation. His recovery was complicated by primary Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections. He subsequently developed aplastic anaemia that has been refractory to antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine therapy and may now require bone marrow transplantation. We present this case to emphasize parvovirus as a rare cause of hepatic failure and of aplastic anaemia as a complication of the virus.
Attitudes of medical students to placebo therapy
Authors: Lim E. C.‐H. , Seet R. C. S.
Published: February 2007

Background: Studies have described opposing perceptions of placebo use, with laypersons for and health‐care workers against it. Opinions of medical students have not previously been elicited. This study was based on online electronic survey on beliefs, knowledge and attitudes about placebo therapy, that is, use of placebo in clinical practice, rather than in randomized controlled clinical trials.

Methods: The participants were preclinical (years 1, 2) and clinical (years 3–5) medical students. Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were used to compare the opinions of preclinical and clinical students with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results: Four hundred and two (35.6%) out of 1153 students responded, of which 181 were preclinical and 221 were clinical students. Two hundred and eighty‐five (70.9%) students felt that placebo therapy was acceptable and 134 (33.3%) believed that it was beneficial in organic disease. Fifty‐two (12.9%) students felt that it was ethical to prescribe placebo for organic disease with known definitive treatment, 259 (64.4%) for organic disease with no known treatment and 328 (81.6%) for psychogenic disease. More preclinical than clinical students approved of placebo therapy (odds ratio 2.140 (95% confidence interval 1.161–3.944), P = 0.015) and opined that it was ethical to prescribe placebo therapy to organic diseases for which there was appropriate treatment (odds ratio 1.800 (95% confidence interval 0.992–3.266), P = 0.053). A greater number of clinical when compared with preclinical students said that there is evidence that placebo therapy has a beneficial effect on organic disease (odds ratio 2.299 (95% confidence interval 1.468–4.405), P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Our medical students felt that placebo therapy is acceptable in certain situations. We identified their erroneous acceptance of placebo therapy in organic diseases, for which there is established treatment, as an area to be addressed in our undergraduate curriculum.
Efficient Estimation in Marginal Partially Linear Models for Longitudinal/Clustered Data Using Splines
Authors: HUANG JIANHUA Z. , ZHANG LIANGYUE , ZHOU LAN
Published: February 2007

Abstract. We consider marginal semiparametric partially linear models for longitudinal/clustered data and propose an estimation procedure based on a spline approximation of the non‐parametric part of the model and an extension of the parametric marginal generalized estimating equations (GEE). Our estimates of both parametric part and non‐parametric part of the model have properties parallel to those of parametric GEE, that is, the estimates are efficient if the covariance structure is correctly specified and they are still consistent and asymptotically normal even if the covariance structure is misspecified. By showing that our estimate achieves the semiparametric information bound, we actually establish the efficiency of estimating the parametric part of the model in a stronger sense than what is typically considered for GEE. The semiparametric efficiency of our estimate is obtained by assuming only conditional moment restrictions instead of the strict multivariate Gaussian error assumption.
HAUERWAS'S WITH THE GRAIN OF THE UNIVERSE1 AND THE BARTHIAN OUTLOOK: A Few Observations
Authors: Gustavsson Roger
Published: February 2007

This article has two main divisions, the first consisting in parts 1–3, the second in parts 4–8. The purpose of the first division is to assess Hauerwas's contentions regarding what he takes to be serious debilities in modern theological culture. The objects of Hauerwas's criticism are: (1) natural theology; (2) reason as it is represented in the structure of the modern university and in the “Enlightenment Project”; and (3) liberal Protestantism—the latter particularly as it turns up, by his account, in Reinhold Niebuhr's theology. The article will offer a defense of natural theology and an alternative approach to Niebuhr's theology while showing how Hauerwas's contentions concerning these two matters are mistaken. Parts 4–8 are theological studies. These studies concentrate on selected though main aspects of Hauerwas's outlook. Part 4 concerns a problematic implication of the notion, mainly from Barth, of divinity's humanity; Part 5 a note of difficulty from William James about the idea of the theistic God and its pertinence to the Barthian or Hauerwasian God; Part 6 the relation between belief and witness; Part 7 theology's discourse and analogy; Part 8 the Barthian‐Hauerwasian theology as a metaphysics. Part 1, concerning natural theology, stands over both divisions. These observations are not in the main intended as textual studies, though in certain passages the analysis is closely attentive to Hauerwas's text. Also, the paper does not offer the sort of account that would come from a historian, intellectual biographer, or social or cultural analyst or critic. Its focus is philosophical‐theological criticism.
Association between nonmaternal care in the first year of life and children's receptive language skills prior to school entry: the moderating role of socioeconomic status
Authors: Geoffroy Marie‐Claude , Côté Sylvana M. , Borge Anne I.H. , Larouche Frank , Séguin Jean R. , Rutter Michael
Published: February 2007

Background:  Studies have suggested that nonmaternal care (NMC) may either carry risks or be beneficial for children's language development. However, few tested the possibility that NMC may be more or less protective for children with different family backgrounds. This study investigates the role of the family environment, as reflected in the socioeconomic status (SES), in the association between NMC in the first year of life and children's receptive language skills prior to school entry.

Method:  A representative sample of 2,297 Canadian children aged between 0 and 11 months at their first assessment was followed over 4 years. Receptive language skills were assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised (PPVT‐R) when the child was 4 to 5 years old.

Results:  After controlling for selection factors, SES was found to moderate the association between NMC and receptive language skills: Full‐time NMC in the first year of life was associated with higher PPVT‐R scores among children from low SES families (d = .58), but not among children from adequate SES families.

Conclusion:  Full‐time NMC in infancy may contribute to reducing the cognitive inequalities between children of low and adequate SES.
The effectiveness of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training for teachers of children with autism: a pragmatic, group randomised controlled trial
Authors: Howlin Patricia , Gordon R. Kate , Pasco Greg , Wade Angie , Charman Tony
Published: February 2007

Objective:  To assess the effectiveness of expert training and consultancy for teachers of children with autism spectrum disorder in the use of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS).

Method:  Design: Group randomised, controlled trial (3 groups: immediate treatment, delayed treatment, no treatment). Participants: 84 elementary school children, mean age 6.8 years. Treatment: A 2‐day PECS workshop for teachers plus 6 half‐day, school‐based training sessions with expert consultants over 5 months. Outcome measures: Rates of: communicative initiations, use of PECS, and speech in the classroom; Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐Generic (ADOS‐G) domain scores for Communication and Reciprocal Social Interaction; scores on formal language tests.

Results:  Controlling for baseline age, developmental quotient (DQ) and language; rates of initiations and PECS usage increased significantly immediately post‐treatment (Odds Ratio (OR) of being in a higher ordinal rate category 2.72, 95% confidence interval 1.22–6.09, p < .05 and OR 3.90 (95%CI 1.75–8.68), p < .001, respectively). There were no increases in frequency of speech, or improvements in ADOS‐G ratings or language test scores.

Conclusions:  The results indicate modest effectiveness of PECS teacher training/consultancy. Rates of pupils’ initiations and use of symbols in the classroom increased, although there was no evidence of improvement in other areas of communication. Treatment effects were not maintained once active intervention ceased.
A randomised controlled treatment trial of two forms of family therapy in adolescent anorexia nervosa: a five‐year follow‐up
Authors: Eisler Ivan , Simic Mima , Russell Gerald F.M. , Dare Christopher
Published: February 2007

Background:  There is growing evidence that family therapy is an effective treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa. This study aimed to ascertain the long‐term impact of two forms of outpatient family intervention previously evaluated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Method:  A five‐year follow‐up was conducted on a cohort of 40 patients who had received either ‘conjoint family therapy’ (CFT) or ‘separated family therapy’ (SFT). All patients were traced and 38 agreed to be reassessed (29 interviewed in person, 3 completed telephone interviews, 6 completed questionnaires and/or agreed for parents/GP to be interviewed).

Results:  Overall there was little to distinguish the two treatments at 5 years, with more than 75% of subjects having no eating disorder symptoms. There were no deaths in the cohort and only 8% of those who had achieved a healthy weight by the end of treatment reported any kind of relapse. Three patients developed bulimic symptoms but only one to a degree warranting a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. The one difference between the treatments was in patients from families with raised levels of maternal criticism. This group of patients had done less well at the end of treatment if they had been offered conjoint family meetings. At follow‐up this difference was still evident, as shown in the relative lack of weight gain since the end of outpatient treatment.

Conclusions:  This study confirms the efficacy of family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa, showing that those who respond well to outpatient family intervention generally stay well. The study provides further support for avoiding the use of conjoint family meetings at least early on in treatment when raised levels of parental criticism are evident.
Sleep patterns in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and comorbidity
Authors: Kirov Roumen , Kinkelbur Joerg , Banaschewski Tobias , Rothenberger Aribert
Published: February 2007

Background: In children, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), tic disorder (TD), and their coexistence (ADHD + TD comorbidity) are very common and clinically important. Associated sleep patterns and their clinical role are still insufficiently investigated. This study aimed at characterizing these sleep patterns in children with ADHD, TD, and ADHD + TD comorbidity and determining whether, in ADHD + TD, the factors ADHD and TD may affect the sleep pattern in an independent (additive) or in a complex (interactive) manner.

Method: By means of polysomnography, sleep patterns were investigated in 4 groups of unmedicated 8.0–16.4‐year‐old children (healthy controls, ADHD‐only, TD‐only, and ADHD + TD). Each group consisted of 18 subjects matched for age, gender, and intelligence.

Results: ADHD was primarily characterized by increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas TD patients displayed lower sleep efficiency and elevated arousal index in sleep. In children with ADHD + TD, both effects appeared. No interaction between the ADHD and TD factors was found for any of the sleep parameters. Significant correlations between sleep patterns and clinical symptoms were found.

Conclusions: ADHD and TD are characterized by specific sleep alterations. When coexisting, the two disorders alter the sleep pattern in an additive manner, suggesting a high impact on clinical and therapeutic perspectives.
Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Authors: Nock Matthew K. , Kazdin Alan E. , Hiripi Eva , Kessler Ronald C.
Published: February 2007

Background:  Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a leading cause of referral for youth mental health services; yet, many uncertainties exist about ODD given it is rarely examined as a distinct psychiatric disorder. We examined the lifetime prevalence, onset, persistence, and correlates of ODD.

Methods:  Lifetime prevalence of ODD and 18 other DSM‐IV disorders was assessed in a nationally representative sample of adult respondents (n = 3,199) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Retrospective age‐of‐onset reports were used to test temporal priorities with comorbid disorders.

Results:  Lifetime prevalence of ODD is estimated to be 10.2% (males = 11.2%; females = 9.2%). Of those with lifetime ODD, 92.4% meet criteria for at least one other lifetime DSM‐IV disorder, including: mood (45.8%), anxiety (62.3%), impulse‐control (68.2%), and substance use (47.2%) disorders. ODD is temporally primary in the vast majority of cases for most comorbid disorders. Both active and remitted ODD significantly predict subsequent onset of secondary disorders even after controlling for comorbid conduct disorder (CD). Early onset (before age 8) and comorbidity predict slow speed of recovery of ODD.

Conclusions:  ODD is a common child‐ and adolescent‐onset disorder associated with substantial risk of secondary mood, anxiety, impulse‐control, and substance use disorders. These results support the study of ODD as a distinct disorder. Prospective and experimental studies are needed to further delineate the temporal and causal relations between ODD and related disorders.
Echolocation calls in Central American emballonurid bats: signal design and call frequency alternation
Authors: Jung K. , Kalko E. K. V. , Von Helversen O.
Published: February 2007

In southern Central America, 10 species of emballonurid bats occur, which are all aerial insectivores: some hunt flying insects preferably away from vegetation in open space, others hunt in edge space near vegetation and one species forages mainly over water. We present a search call design of each species and link signal structure to foraging habitat. All emballonurid bats use a similar type of echolocation call that consists of a central, narrowband component and one or two short, frequency‐modulated sweeps. All calls are multi‐harmonic, generally with most energy concentrated in the second harmonic. The design of search calls is closely related to habitat type, in particular to distance of clutter. Emballonurid bats foraging in edge space near vegetation and over water used higher frequencies, shorter call durations and shorter pulse intervals compared with species mostly hunting in open, uncluttered habitats. Peak frequency correlated negatively with body size. Regular frequency alternation between subsequent calls was typical in the search sequences of four out of 10 species. We discuss several hypotheses regarding the possible role of this frequency alternation, including species identification and partitioning of acoustic channels. Furthermore, we propose a model of how frequency alternation could increase the maximum detection distance of obstacles by marking search calls with different frequencies.
Can pipistrelles, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) and Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825), foraging in a group, change parameters of their signals?
Authors: Bartonička T. , Řehák Z. , Gaisler J.
Published: February 2007

Echolocation behaviour and the structure of calls of Pipistrellus pygmaeus and Pipistrellus pipistrellus were studied by using a time expansion bat detector. Echolocation signals were recorded in the field in south‐eastern Moravia and northern Bohemia (Czech Republic) and in an ad hoc experimental laboratory. For each of the species, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant differences in calls produced inside the experimental room and in the open. Paired t‐tests and MANOVA were also used to reveal influences of interindividual contacts in each of the cryptic species on the spectral patterns of call variables. Differences were found in the spectral variables of echolocation calls of an individual flying in the room alone and in a group of conspecifics. The possibility that bats use their flexibility to avoid mutual disturbances of echolocation calls was tested. We found that bats flying in a group modify the parameters of their echolocation signals according to the presence of other individuals of the same species. These differences can indicate jamming avoidance and recognition of own echoes. However, they did not change the parameters if individuals of another species were present. Social calls are more numerous when bats fly in a mixed‐species group than in a monospecific group.
Suppression of plant defence response by a mycorrhiza helper bacterium
Authors: Lehr Nina A. , Schrey Silvia D. , Bauer Robert , Hampp Rüdiger , Tarkka Mika T.
Published: February 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02076.xCommentary p 707
Rationale, design and methods of the OSCAR study: observational study on cognitive function and systolic blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients
Authors: Pathak Atul , Hanon Olivier , Negre‐Pages Laurence , Sevenier Franck ,   on behalf of the OSCAR investigators
Published: February 2007

Data from several recent clinical trials have suggested a beneficial effect of antihypertensive medications on preservation of cognitive function. Eprosartan, an angiotensin type‐1 receptor antagonist (ARA) with dual action on both pre‐ and postsynaptic angiotensin type 1 receptors, may be effective in the control of SBP and the prevention of cognitive decline. The OSCAR (Observational Study on Cognitive function And SBP Reduction) study is an international longitudinal observational study with a duration of 6 months intended to examine the impact of the ARA eprosartan on cognitive function (assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE]) and control of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a large international population of hypertensive patients managed in a standard primary care setting. A total of 100 000 hypertensive patients, aged ≥50 years and with SBP of >140 mmHg will be recruited by more than 20 000 primary care physicians in 27 countries. These patients will receive eprosartan 600 mg once a day for 6 months. The MMSE, a globally validated cognitive screening test, will be performed at baseline, and after 6 months of treatment. After the first month of monotherapy, eprosartan treatment may, at the absolute discretion of individual investigators, be supplemented with other antihypertensive medications for the remainder of the study. The primary outcome indices are the mean relative change in MMSE score and the absolute change from baseline in SBP in the study population as a whole and in subsets of patients according to various factors among them: ethnicity, comorbidities (i.e. target organ damage, diabetes), baseline cognitive level and baseline blood pressure level. The secondary objectives are to identify factors influencing SBP and MMSE changes. The OSCAR trial is the first international observational study focusing on MMSE in a wide international cohort of hypertensive patients. The results are expected in 2007.