bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Do-It-Yourselfer in Plato's Republic
Authors: Donovan Brian R
Published: February 2007

The key expressionta hautou prattein, "to
do one's own," has two opposite meanings in Plato's Republic:
to perform for oneself all tasks required to meet one's own needs
(2.370a); or to specialize exclusively in one task, leaving others to
other specialists (4.433a and thenceforward). The former sense also
appears in Charmides 161e-162a, with a list of tasks that closely
matches that atHippias Minor 386b-c. Given these contexts,
the inconsistency in Plato's usage in Republic suggests an
answer to the teaching of the sophist Hippias, that the goal of life is
self-sufficiency though mastery of many specialized crafts.
Fire and Human Error in Vergil's Second Georgic
Authors: Nappa Christopher
Published: February 2007

At Georgics 2.303-14, a devastating fire rages
through an olive grove with tragic consequences. The poet's description of
the fire emphasizes that a major aspect oflabor, one of the poem's
crucial themes, is the accuracy with which his precepts are carried out;
the fire makes it clear that human error often lies at the root of human
failure. This reading can shed light on current debates surrounding
the overall tenor of the poem, which allows for the possibility of both
failure and success and, at least here, puts the choice between the two
squarely in human hands.
The Way We Used to Eat: Diet, Community, and History at Rome
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: February 2007

Changes in foodways were an object of literary reflection
on the Roman past in the early empire. They offered a rich set of
ingredients with which to characterize social, economic, and cultural
change. Varro is prominent in attesting and shaping this tradition,
but it is an older, and more broadly based means of narrating Roman
social history. Varro developed this material in his treatise, On the
Life of the Roman People, which adapted the Life of Greece
of Dicaearchus of Sicilian Messene, written at the beginning of the
Hellenistic period. This article argues that Roman ideas of cultural
and social history already took an interest in changing foodways at
this time. The production, preparation, and consumption of food raised
ethical and economic questions common to the milieu of Dicaearchus and
to Rome in the age of the first conquest of Italy.
Seeing Thought: Timomachus' Medea and Ecphrastic Epigram
Authors: Gutzwiller Kathryn J
Published: February 2007

From the time of Lessing, Timomachus' Medea, poised in a moment of agonizing indecision, has exemplified the essential qualities of art, its spatial fixity and indeterminacy of meaning. I study this famous painting, based on a surviving Euripidean passage and still knowable through Roman descendants, as a rare example of transmutation from text to image and then again from image to text. The principal literary texts concerning the painting are a series of ecphrastic epigrams in which Timomachus' interpretation of Euripides is mediated by the cultural discourse about Medea begun within Stoic ethical theory. My larger goal is to illuminate the interrelationship of text and image by showing how the painted image displays or encodes discursive meaning and the ecphrastic texts encourage a mental image of the painting in a certain viewing circumstance.
Copyright Heritage: Preservation, Carnival and the State in Trinidad
Authors: Scher Philip W.
Published: February 2007

This essay addresses the place of Carnival in the creation of a national cultural narrative in Trinidad and Tobago and examines the role that such a narrative plays in the formation of a coherent national cultural identity. The paper is organized in two parts: The first section looks at the process of cultural heritage preservation in relation to the Trinidad Carnival. The second looks at the effects of preservation on middle class women who participate in Carnival. Positioning the Carnival as a central expressive form in a cultural identity that transcends ethnic, class or gender divisions has long been part of the nationalist agenda in Trinidad. Recently, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has pursued the possibility of copyrighting certain aspects of the festival to prevent their theft, degradation or misappropriation by both locals and foreigners. This paper describes how a "sit-down" protest during the Carnival by one of Trinidad's most popular masquerade groups set off a discussion about the true spirit of Carnival. The ensuing debate highlighted the narrative about Carnival and its history that is most valued by the state and demonstrated the ways in which acts of preservation and protection of heritage serve to exclude significant portions of the population, most notably women. Finally, the paper shows how certain parties control the formation of heritage and culture, and seek global endorsement for their brokerage of national cultural identity. [Trinidad, Carnival, nationalism, heritage, copyright, intellectual property, gender].
Our Ancestors Used to Bury their 'Development' in the Ground: Modernity and the Meanings of Development within a Tanzanian Marine Park
Authors: Walley Christine J
Published: February 2007

Building upon critiques that suggest that the concept of alternative
modernities may too readily slip into an easy pluralism, this article
instead directs attention to competing uses of the concept of the
"modern" within a single location. Linking ideas of the modern with
those of "development," this article explores the disparate meanings
given to development within Tanzania's internationally-sponsored
Mafia Island Marine Park. It considers how the various perspectives
of island residents, national government officials, and international
aid workers/tourists relate to their own social positioning and carry
implications for the power relationships at work among these groups
[development, alternative modernities, Tanzania, marine parks,
ecotourism]
"Cause" in History and the Amnesty at Athens: An Introduction
Authors: Tieman William
Published: February 2007

Introduction to a set of papers on the Athenian
Amnesty of 403 B.C.
Nature, Cause, and Agency in Greek Magic
Authors: Collins Derek
Published: February 2007

This paper explores the concepts of nature,
cause, and agency as they define Greek magical practice in the Classical
period. I seek first to demonstrate that the authors of the Hippocratic
and Platonic attacks on magic share basic assumptions about nature and
divinity with the magical practitioners themselves. Next, I situate
magic within the mechanical, teleological, and volitional modes of
Greek causal explanation, demonstrating how these modes can overlap in
the explanation of a magical event. Finally, I consider figurines as
a test case for concepts of causality in magical action. I argue that
figurines, like Greek statues generally, are viewed as social agents
capable of causing events to happen in their vicinity. Once we situate
the figurines within a network of social relations, new explanations
can be derived for the practice of binding and abusing them.
Ancestors, Status, and Self-Presentation in Statius' Thebaid
Authors: Bernstein Neil W.
Published: February 2007

Polynices' shamefaced self-presentations in Thebaid
1, Adrastus' sympathetic response, and Jupiter's eventual punishment
of both characters are read as elements of a debate on the evitability
of ancestral stigma and the value of lineage in assessing character and
status. In arguing that Polynices can establish an identity independent of
his kingroup, Adrastus reveals his ignorance of Jupiter's hostility to and
the Fury's ultimate control of Polynices. While the failure of Adrastus'
arguments contributes to the Thebaid's negative representation of
kinship, more constructive relationships between kin and the absence of
hostile divinities permit Statius' speakers to validate similar arguments
in the Silvae.
Alternative Odysseys: The Case of Thoas and Odysseus
Authors: Marks J
Published: February 2007

This paper explores the different ways in which the relationship
between Odysseus and an Aitolian hero, Thoas, is realized in ancient Greek
epic. Odysseus paints an unflattering picture of Thoas in the Odyssey, yet
the two are allies in the Iliad and in non-Homeric accounts of Odysseus'
"post-Odyssey" life, and both antagonism and sympathy between them can be
discerned in the Ilias parva and the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women. Here
it is argued that epic geography offers a partial explanation for the
association of Odysseus and Thoas generally, and that their antagonism
in the Odyssey alludes to conflicts between canonical and non-canonical
accounts of Odysseus' return.
Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives
Authors: Seitler Dana
Published: February 2007

"Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives" historicizes and theorizes the complexities of fin-de-siecle "women's literature"--fiction by and about women that highlights and explores the social relations of gender. Attending especially to the involvement of this literature in the textual mediation of scientific discourse, I ask: if some of the greatest anxieties over cultural progress or degeneration in this period were organized around theories of heredity, what kinds of pressures, urgencies, or appeals were placed on motherhood? How did women-authored narratives react to or participate in the generation of these appeals? Charlotte Perkins Gilman's fiction exemplifies a mode of reaction and participation I call "eugenic feminism": the use of eugenics for a feminist agenda articulated on behalf of perceived socio-sexual problems. Gilman deploys this agenda to construct "regeneration narratives" that respond to fears of degeneration by foregrounding the cultural primacy of women and their reproductive status. In so doing, she helped instantiate and inform a new version of liberal humanism in which the mother acts as ideal civic progenitor. By representing eugenic ideology as the source of this ideal, she racializes the language of feminism. Thus her regulatory fictions of sexual responsibility operate as both fantasies of white female political agency and norms that manage female sexuality.
The Art of the City: Modernism, Censorship, and the Emergence of Los Angeles's Postwar Art Scene
Authors: Schrank Sarah
Published: February 2007

"The Art of the City" asks how Los Angeles's world-renowned 1960s art scene, a scene celebrated for its youth, dynamic use of new industrial materials, regional specificity, and sexy masculinity, emerged in the face of decades of municipal censorship and anti-modernist politics. Despite years of elite self-promotion and civic boosting of the city as a center for high art, it was not until the beat counterculture made headlines that Los Angeles attracted international attention as a significant site for art production, exhibition, and collection. Yet it was never inevitable that Los Angeles would host an innovative and commercially successful modern art scene. Rather, Los Angeles's 1960s art world benefited from complex social and spatial struggles between diverse creative communities and Los Angeles's conservative authorities, including the City Council, the Los Angeles Police Department, and the County Board of Supervisors.
Grasping the Pangolin: Sensuous Ambiguity in Roman Dining
Authors: Fredrick David
Published: February 2007

This chapter examines the cultural geography of Roman dining, arguing that the food, seating arrangements, entertainment, and decoration of triclinia worked together to construct the body as more than a "slightly porous jug" (M. Douglas). The half-open body in Plutarch's Quaestiones Convivales and Petronius's Satyricon is compared to the treatment of the wall surface as membrane in fourth-style painting: both types of evidence point to dining as a process of unwrapping the body/self from layers of formal deportment. Neither simple decadence nor Bakhtinian carnival, dining functions as a dynamic metaphor for social change in the early empire.
On Chronology-Building for Central Thailand Through an Attribute-Based Ceramic Seriation
Authors: Loetrit. Sawang
Published: February 2007

This paper seeks to build a chronology for the prehistoric period and the early historic period of central Thailand. Sixteen ceramic assemblages from 14 prehistoric and early historic archaeological sites in the Pa Sak River valley (of central Thailand) were examined using an attribute-based seriation method. Body sherds were included in the study and the attributes selected for this study are those of surfacetreatment attributes. Correspondence analysis was used to seriate the 16 ceramic assemblages. Findings from this study suggest that surface-treatment attributes are temporally sensitive. The proposed chronology is thus based primarily on results of correspondence analysis of surface treatment. The final arrangement of the ceramic, asian perspectives, spring, assemblages corresponds closely to broad archaeological periods proposed previously by Southeast Asian archaeologists. The results of correspondence analysis, however, provide a finer-scaled chronology for the study area. This research thus contributes to a better understanding of chronological development in the Central Plain of Thailand in general and in the Pa Sak River valley in particular. The research shows the significance and efficacy of attribute-based seriation and correspondence analysis as an exploratory multivariate method in the chronological placement of archaeological assemblages in Thailand and, by extension, in Southeast Asia.
The Uninvited Skeleton at the Archaeological Table: The Crisis of Paleoanthropology in South Asia in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth A. R
Published: February 2007

Emerging from the philological-historical approaches of the eighteenth-century
Orientalists, the scientific study of the hominid fossil record and prehistory of South
Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and their borderlands) has a history of over two
centuries. Today Western and South Asian scholars offer new answers to old questions
about the origin and antiquity of the earliest hominids in the subcontinent,
the beginnings of the Indus civilization, archaeological and skeletal interpretations
about the reputed Indo-European-speaking Aryans of the Vedic tradition, biological
affinities of ancient and modern populations, and palaeodemographic profiles of
health and disease status, traumatic and developmental modifications, and population
sizes and densities of earlier peoples in this part of Asia. At the beginning of
the third millennium we respond to these issues in ways that modify or repudiate
earlier theories and interpretations of archaeological and palaeontological data, e.g.,
a present-day recognition that hominids were present in the northwestern sector of
the subcontinent during the geological period of the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition,
the establishment of the roots of the Indus civilization in cultures established
by 7000 B.C. and long before the period of the third millennium B.C. settlement and
cultural diffusion, the fall of the Aryan migration myth and its racial and caste
implications, and a reevaluation of population genetic affinities using DNA and
more powerful statistical types of analysis of the skeletal record. This paper summarizes
these and other recent advances in South Asian palaeoanthropology by noting
transitions in scientific perspectives and present-day issues of research, and discusses
prospects for the development of palaeoanthropology in South Asia at the dawn
of the new millennium in the light of specific crises that will be encountered by
its future practitioners.
Sustainability of Commercial Forestry in a Changing Socioeconomic and Legal Environment: A Case Study of South Africa
Authors: Tewari D. D.
Published: February 2007

Commercial forestry is an important industry in South Africa, generating considerable employment and foreign exchange. The industry has grown rapidly after World War II with active government support. However, since the beginning of the transition to democracy in 1991, there have been increasingly vociferous attacks on the industry regarding its urban and big business bias, and its role in damaging the environment. The transition to democracy has brought a change in the structure or makeup of its stakeholders, whose expectations from the industry are diverse. The sustainability of the industry has therefore become a major concern for policymakers, and has to deal with concerns from its different stakeholders and society-at-large. As a result, a need for new institutional or policy reforms has arisen; the current study suggests a set of policy guidelines that might defuse the tension in the industry and set it on a sustainable path.
Yoritomo's Death: A Shin Kabuki Play by Mayama Seika
Authors: Powell Brian
Published: February 2007

Kabuki , while being one of Japan's three great classical theatre genres, has also benefited from dramatic works written especially for it by a variety of playwrights in the modern period. These are referred to as shin kabuki or "new kabuki ." Mayama Seika is one of the best-known shin kabuki playwrights, and many of the plays he wrote in the 1920s and 1930s are still performed today. He is noted for introducing dense dialogue into kabuki , but he was also a practical playwright who knew well the capabilities of the actors for whom he was writing. Yoritomo's Death focuses on the efforts of the shogun Yoriie (1182-1204) to learn the truth about how his father, the great general and first shogun Yoritomo, met his death. We the audience know, because we are told in Scene 1, and three other people close to Yoriie know, but Yoriie himself does not know. For him discovering the truth becomes an obsession, and his inability to force or persuade the three to tell him proves to him that his political and military power, clearly demonstrated at the beginning of Scene 2, is illusory. And because he has chosen to define himself as an individual by his acquisition of this piece of knowledge, it also destroys him as a person.
Aristotle's Poetics , Bharatamuni's Natyasastra , and Zeami's Treatises: Theory as Discourse
Authors: Ley Graham
Published: February 2007

Scholars have often pursued comparative studies of major traditions of theatrical theory (Greek, Sanskrit, and nō ), and the theories themselves are often used as windows on vanished modes of performance. This article, however, considers the theoretical treatises as discourses that advance claims about the status of theatre and establish value through the creation of standards for achievement. The author situates treatises on the art of theatre in the context of philosophical debate (Greek), religious and ethical writing (Sanskrit), and courtly aesthetics (Japanese) and examines the question of discursive communities and those to whom theatrical theory is addressed.
Putana's Salvation in Kathakali: Embodying the Sacred Journey
Authors: Pitkow Marlene B.
Published: February 2007

Marlene Pitkow discusses a kathakali play, The Salvation of Putana , as an exemplar of that classical Indian form. Through her investigation of this solo piece in performance, she demonstrates varying structural principles of kathakali .
Seeing Is Believing?: The Form and Substance of French Medical Debates over Lourdes
Authors: Szabo Jason
Published: February 2007

Recent works on Lourdes have tended to emphasize the positive personal, social, and spiritual aspects of a pilgrimage, while downplaying the role of religious politics in (over)determining discussions around the events taking place there over the course of the Third Republic. This paper seeks to reassert the extent to which the medical community remained divided, along religious lines, over the existence and nature of the cures taking place at Lourdes well into the twentieth century, while analyzing how Catholic physicians were able to create an aura of therapeutic credibility around the cures.
The Emergence of Medical Specialization in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Weisz George
Published: February 2007

This essay reexamines the nineteenth-century origins of
medical specialization. It suggests that by the 1880s, specialization
had become perceived as a necessity of medical science as a result of
the realization of two preconditions: First, a new collective desire to
expand medical knowledge prompted clinical researchers to specialize;
only specialization, it was believed, permitted the rigorous observation
of many cases. Second, administrative rationality suggested that one could
best manage large populations through proper classification, gathering
together individuals belonging to the same class and separating those
belonging to different categories. Both of these conditions emerged
first and most powerfully in early nineteenth-century Paris. They were,
in contrast, uniquely underdeveloped in the fragmented medical community
of London during this period.
From Exclusion to Expulsion: Mexicans and Tuberculosis in Los Angeles, 1914-1940
Authors: Abel Emily K
Published: February 2007

Even before the influx of Mexicans, public health officials in Los Angeles constructed very sick and very poor tubercular people as an illegitimate presence who not only endangered others but also represented weakness and failure and imposed intolerable economic burdens. The identification of tuberculosis with Mexicans during the 1920s hardened the perception that they did not belong in Los Angeles. Because Mexicans lived and worked in dangerous surroundings, it is likely that they bore a very high burden of tuberculosis. Contemporary statistics, however, tell us less about the prevalence of disease than about the attitudes of health officials. Most were convinced that Mexicans had an innate susceptibility to tuberculosis. Concerns about the cost of supporting tubercular Mexicans figured prominently in efforts to restrict their immigration in the 1920s, and in the deportation and repatriation drives of the 1930s.
Bearing Proxy-Witness
Authors: Frank Johanna
Published: February 2007

"Bearing Proxy-Witness" explores the relationship between ghostwriting and proxy-witnessing an historical trauma. Focusing on a collection of letters written by a member of Patton's Third Army who liberated Nazi concentration camps, this essay examines the effects of writing another's experience-across national and generational geographies-in the construction of identity.
The Contour of Unknown Lives: Mapping Women's Experience in the Adirondacks
Authors: Wider Sarah Ann , Kraly Ellen Percy
Published: February 2007

Women have rarely been written into the literary and social histories of woods life. This uneasy silence begins to speak through the carefully created camp designed in the 1920s by Adelaide Breckenridge and Katharine Whited. Their Adirondack home, with its book collection, annotated topographical maps, and quotation book, opens the door into a vibrant women's community, while shedding light on the literary traditions that created and documented it.
That Different Place: Documenting the Self Within Online Environments
Authors: Kitzmann Andreas
Published: February 2007

This article is based on a very straightforward question: what are the differences
between conventional handwritten diaries and the online diaries that
are increasingly appearing on the World Wide Web? I argue that an important
aspect of the differences lie in the experimental and material conditions
of the Web itself.
Bailey's Café: From Novel to Play
Authors: Nelson Novella , Giovanni Nikki , Fowler Virginia C.
Published: February 2007

Gloria Naylor's desire to adapt her fiction for the stage received fulfillment when Bailey's Café was produced as a play by the Hartford Stage in March and April of 1994. Directed by Novella Nelson, Bailey's Café on the stage differed significantly from Bailey's Café on the printed page. Because Novella Nelson not only directed the play but worked closely with Gloria Naylor during Naylor's process of rewriting her novel in dramatic form, the Editor believed that Ms. Nelson could offer unique insights into both the form and the meanings of Naylor's fourth novel. Ms. Nelson generously agreed to travel to Virginia for the following conversation.
Trans-American Constructions of Black Masculinity: Dany Laferriere, le Negre, and the Late Capitalist American Racial machine-desirante
Authors: Braziel Jana Evans
Published: February 2007

Dany Laferrière's literary writings explode North American constructions of black masculinity, and in this paper, I explore how Laferrière configures le Nègre as an explosive dynamic within the late capitalist, American machine-désirante (“desiring machine”). As a Haitian-born writer who has lived in New York, Montréal, and Miami, as well as in Port-au-Prince and Petit-Goâve, Laferrière diasporizes constructions of black masculinity within trans-American landscapes. Splicing recent cultural criticism on black masculinity by African American scholars with theoretical writings by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari on the “desiring machine,” this paper offers a re-reading of Laferrière's first and still most scandalous novel Comment faire l'amour avec un Nègre sans se fatiguer, focusing on the author's textual engagements with other black men--James Baldwin, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Miles Davis, Chester Himes, Spike Lee, Derek Walcott, Richard Wright, and Frantz Fanon, but especially Himes and Fanon--rather than his protagonist's sexploits with archetypal white women (Miz Littérature, Miz Beauté, Miz Suicide, and a coterie of others). Laferrière thus enters into the “sexual-textual” boxing ring of the American cultural imaginary: by engaging in ideological debate with other black male writers, Laferrière reveals how race-sex operates within the late capitalist, American “desiring machine” and shows how this operative mechanism can be exploited to jam the cultural machine.
Flaying Dutchman: Masochism, Minstrelsy, and the Gender Politics of Amiri Baraka's Dutchman
Authors: Rebhorn Matthew
Published: February 2007

This article explores how the notion of black masculinity embodied by Clay in Amiri Baraka's important play, Dutchman, only surfaces in relation to the complicated picture of femininity Baraka stages in the figure of Lula. Lula's characterization allows her to embody white femininity, and through a form of "blackface" minstrelsy, to mimic the same black masculinity Baraka was after in Clay's final, angry monologue. By tracing how race and gender categories circulate in Lula's minstrel performance, however, the defining trait of Baraka's new Dutchman of the 1960s emerges--namely, his endless desire for punishment, his unyielding self-"flaying." By putting pressure on the scope of Lula's complex performance, this article also reveals how Lula's own masochistic white femininity forecloses the same sexual liberty and agency she achieved when she metaphorically "blacked up." In this way, Baraka's ironic treatment of Lula and Clay's intricate, interrelated power plays in the end not only illustrates the self-destructive tragedy of black nationalist masculintiy, but also underscores the way white femininity's trafficking in this currency of blackness as a method of empowerment is doomed, like the Dutchman Lula emulates, to suffer endlessly the scene of her own debilitation.
Lois Weber's The Blot : Rewriting Melodrama, Reproducing the Middle Class
Authors: Parchesky Jennifer
Published: February 2007

This 1921 film about the economic and emotional struggles of an impoverished professor's family dramatizes the intense struggles over gender and class ideologies in the early 1920s. Weber's formal innovations transform conventions of melodrama and realism
to articulate visually the cultural anxieties centered on the reproduction of a changing middle class.
Sound Strategies: Lang's Rearticulation of Renoir
Authors: Welsch Tricia
Published: February 2007

Fritz Lang directed Scarlet Street in a triangulated response to his previous film, The Woman in the Window , and to Jean Renoir's La Chienne , which it explicitly remakes. The ambivalent relation among the films is most clear in Lang's treatment of sound, which reverses Renoir's practice.
Early Cinema and Modernity in Latin America
Authors: López Ana M.
Published: February 2007

This article traces the introduction and development of the cinema in Latin America, exploring the complex global interactions and transformational experiments that marked the diffusion of the medium in the context of international trends as well as in relationship to the continent's incipient modernity. The essay's comparative framework points to new patterns and observations that exceed the boundaries of discrete national histories.
The Naked Truth: Showgirls and the Fateof the X/NC-17 Rating
Authors: Sandler Kevin S.
Published: February 2007

In 1990, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) replaced the X rating with the NC-17 category—No Children 17 and under Admitted. The new designation took effect immediately and was copyrighted so that adult filmmakers—-who appropriated the X for pornography in 1968—could no longer unilaterally apply it to their films. MGM/UA's Henry & June became the first major studio film to receive the outermost rating since 1979. The NC-17's immediate inheritance of the veneer of the X rating, and the subsequent box-office failure of Showgirls (1995), reaffirmed the economic liability of the rating system's adults-only category.
The Legacy of Mario Camerini in Vittorio De Sica's The Bicycle Thief (1948)
Authors: Celli Carlo
Published: February 2007

Mario Camerini (1895-1981) was an Italian film director who directed Vittorio De Sica in romantic comedies in the 1930s. The thematic links between Camerini's films starring De Sica and De Sica's later neorealist work, such as The Bicycle Thief , reveal a continuity between prewar and postwar Italian cinema usually assumed to be lacking.
Zero Patience , Genre, Difference, and Ideology: Singing and Dancing Queer Nation
Authors: Gittings Christopher
Published: February 2007

John Greyson's Zero Patience (1993) de-scribes oppressive inscriptions of homosexuality by appropriating and subverting hegemonic systems of representation, such as the documentary and the Hollywood musical and horror genres. Drawing on the work of Louis Althusser, Richard Dyer, Lee Edelman, and Jean-Pierre Oudart, this essay provides an ideological mapping of the film's queer discursivities and genre codings to consider Greyson's dismantling of the spectral gay other constructed by a white, male heteronormative and homophobic camera eye.
An Excursion into the Lower Depths: Hollywood, Urban Primitivism, and St. Louis Blues , 1929-1937
Authors: Stanfield Peter
Published: February 2007

This essay considers how Hollywood presented the song St. Louis Blues in a number of movies during the early to mid-1930s. It argues that the tune's history and accumulated use in films enabled Hollywood to employ it in an increasingly complex manner to evoke essential questions about female sexuality, class, and race.
Pippi and Her Pals
Authors: Holmlund Christine Anne
Published: February 2007

This article explores the fascination of Swedish audiences with the
forty-plus films based on Astrid Lindgren's children's books, Pippi
Longstocking foremost among them. Following Lindgren's death in 2002,
will these films continue to play a unifying function in an increasingly
multicultural Sweden?
Demystification and Webtopia in the Films of Nelly Kaplan
Authors: Giukin Lenuta
Published: February 2007

This essay analyzes the utopian world of Nelly Kaplan's films,
in which the witty, subversive acts of her heroines become powerful
statements in favor of women. Fascinating and horrifying at the same time,
the alternatives Kaplan offers to patriarchy are not all that perfect,
but her strong characters do reflect the filmmaker's determination to
transform the world (Marx) and change life (Rimbaud).
Home Again: Revisiting the New German Cinema in Edgar Reitz's Die Zweite Heimat (1993)
Authors: Moltke Johannes von
Published: February 2007

This critical reading of Die Zweite Heimat, Edgar Reitz's 1993
sequel to Heimat, argues that the thirteen-part series elaborates a
self-reflexive commentary on the New German Cinema through tropes of
Heimat. The particular focus is on the nostalgic perspective Reitz
takes in chronicling the demise of the aesthetic avant-garde toward the
end of the 1960s.
Three Arguments Against Foundationalism: Arbitrariness, Epistemic Regress, and Existential Support
Authors: Howard-Snyder Daniel , Coffman E.J.
Published: February 2007

A particular belief of a person is basic just in case it is epistemically justified and it owes its justification to something other than her other beliefs or the interrelations of their contents; a person's belief is nonbasic just in case it is epistemically justified but not basic. Traditional Foundationalism says that, first, if a human being has a nonbasic belief, then, at bottom, it owes its justification to at least one basic belief, and second, there are basic beliefs. Call the second thesis Minimal Foundationalism. In this essay, we assess three arguments against Minimal Foundationalism which we find in recent work of Peter Klein and Ernest Sosa.
Beyond the "English Method of Tattooing": Decentering the Practice of History in Oceania
Authors: Hanlon David L
Published: February 2007

Questions abound as to the very nature and meaning of history
in contemporary Oceania. Much conventional scholarship in the
Euro-American world continues to focus on the search for a single,
knowable, verifiable past. The recent disturbance of conventional
academic practices by ethnographic and theoretical investigations into
the practice of history has helped make space for the reemergence of more
local histories. However, acute tension arises as more local expressions
of the past struggle against the still alien, potentially neocolonizing
dimensions of these more hospitable academic perspectives. Multiple,
varied, and contentious indigenous expressions regarding the past suggest
that what has come to be understood as history in theWest may not be
history to, for, or even about the peoples of Oceania. Vernacular as well
as appropriated forms of history in the region must be appreciated. The
decentering of the practice of history in Oceania requires a recognition
that writing—"the English method of tattooing"—is but one
form of historical expression.
Between Gifts and Commodities: Commercial Enterprise and the Trader's Dilemma on Wallis ('Uvea)
Authors: Grijp Paul van der
Published: February 2007

Recently, the model of the trader's dilemma was developed as an analytical
perspective and applied to Southeast Asia. This article seeks to apply
the model in Western Polynesia, where many islanders, after earning
wages in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, or New Caledonia,
return to open a small shop in their home village. Usually, after one or
two years of generous sharing, such enterprises have to close down. Here,
I analyze this phenomenon through case studies of successful indigenous
entrepreneurs on Wallis ('Uvea), with special attention to strategies
they have used to cope with this dilemma.
Cross-Disciplinary Technology Transfer in Trans-World War II Japan: The Japanese High-Speed Bullet Train as a Case-Study
Authors: Nishiyama Takashi
Published: February 2007

This empirical case study examines a successful cross-disciplinary
technology transfer in a non-Western country. The author argues
that the invisible hand of contextual variables defined the contours
of the cross-disciplinary application of engineering knowledge. More
specifically, the migration of engineers, shaped largely by sociopolitical
and cultural factors, constituted the pivotal part of the technology
transfer. The central focus is the international and domestic context
in which wartime aeronautical engineers developed the car truck
of the Japanese high-speed bullet train after World War II. First,
the paper analyzes the domestic and institutional context of postwar
Japan—namely the Japan National Railways and Railway Technical
Research Institute—to illustrate mainly sociopolitical factors that
promoted the migration of the wartime engineers and cross-disciplinary
technology transfer. As a case study, Dr. Tadashi Matsudaira's laboratory
amply demonstrates the successful outcome of the process. The second half
of this paper contextualizes the aircraft-to-bullet-train transition
in a larger international framework. A series of German-Japanese
comparisons highlights the sociopolitical cultures at the national level
that contained accumulated wealth of wartime knowledge inside Japan. This
case study is among the first to examine the cross-disciplinary transfer
of military technology in an international framework.
Savings/credit group formation and change in contraception
Authors: Steele Fiona , Amin Sajeda , Naved Ruchira T.
Published: February 2007

We examine the characteristics of women who chose to join a women’s savings or credit group organized by Save the Children USA in a rural area of Bangladesh, and the impact of participation on contraceptive use. The data are taken from a panel survey conducted in 1993, shortly before the groups were formed, and in 1995 after interventions began. Our findings show that although demographic and socioeconomic characteristics have only a weak relationship to the decision to join a program, the treatment that a woman receives from her husband is associated with participation. We also find evidence that the credit program tends to attract women who are already using contraception. The analysis of program impact on the use of modern contraceptives reveals a positive effect of the credit program, after we adjust for this selectivity; we see no evidence of an effect of participation in a savings group.
Spatial variation in contraceptive use in Bangladesh: Looking Beyond the borders
Authors: Amin Sajeda , Basu Alaka Malwade , Stephenson Rob
Published: February 2007

This article promotes a more complete understanding of social change by analyzing spatial patterns of contraceptive use in Bangladesh and the contiguous state of West Bengal in India. Multilevel analyses that control for variations in individual- and household-level correlates show an important role for cross-border influences only in those districts that share a common language across the border. The districts that are positive outliers in contraception hug the Bangladesh—West Bengal border. A map of outliers shows that the positive outliers form a contiguous band in a manner suggestive of a role for contagion.
Economic potential and entry into marriage and cohabitation
Authors: Xie Yu , Raymo James M. , Goyette Kimberly , Thornton Arland
Published: February 2007

This article explores the relationship between economic potential and rates of entry into marriage and cohabitation. Using data from the 1990 census and the 1980–1992 High School and Beyond (Sophomore Cohort), we developed a method for explicitly estimating five time-varying measures of earnings potential. The analyses of union formation are based on an intergenerational panel study of parents and children, to which our measures of earnings potential were appended. The results indicate that all five measures of earnings potential strongly and positively influence the likelihood of marriage for men, but not for women. Earnings potential does not affect entry into cohabiting unions for either men or women.
Rethinking gender segregation and gender inequality: Measures and meanings
Authors: Bridges William P.
Published: February 2007

It is often assumed that occupational segregation by gender is readily interpretable as an index of inequality between men and women in the labor force. Although this view has been challenged, the development and dissemination of analytic tools that could test this assumption have been limited. This article reviews two methods for identifying invidious and noninvidious components of gender segregation and develops a third approach that overcomes some limitations of the other two. Each method is applied to a data set that consists of observations from 22 countries covered in the International Social Survey Program. The results are compared and contrasted, and several conclusions emerge. First, occupational segregation is not completely interpretable as occupational gender inequality. Second, the methods differ in how large they estimate the invidious (vertical) component to be. Third, each method produces measures of invidious and noninvidious segregation that can be predicted statistically from other characteristics of the countries in question. The article ends with suggestions about the circumstances under which the various approaches may be the most useful.
Welfare work requirements and child well-being: Evidence from the effects on breast-feeding
Authors: Haider Steven J. , Jacknowitz Alison , Schoeni Robert F.
Published: February 2007

A central theme of welfare reform is that recipients are required to engage in work activities. In many states, these work requirements apply to mothers whose children are a few months old, which may increase the costs and decrease the prevalence of breast-feeding. Given the substantial benefits of breast-feeding, any reduction represents an important negative consequence of these requirements. Our results suggest that in the absence of welfare reform, the national breast-feeding rate six months after birth would have been 5.5% higher in 2000. Such negative consequences of these policies must be weighed against potential benefits as states refine their welfare programs.
Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
Authors: Boyarin Daniel
Published: February 2007

Current historical positions on the origins and history of Christian
martyrology generally take one of two positions. W. H. C. Frend, in
his classic Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church,
argues essentially that Christian martyrology is a "prolongation
and supersession" of Jewish martyrology. In diametrical opposition,
G. Bowersock, in his recent Martyrdom and Rome, argues that
Christian martyrdom has nothing to do with Judaism or with the Palestinian
cultural context of early Christianity, but is entirely a Roman cultural
product, adapted for Christianity, and later borrowed from Christians
by Jews. Both are dependent on the assumption of a clear and virtually
absolute separate identity for the two religions in Late Antiquity. In
the current essay, I shall try to show that we need to think of much more
complex ways that Christianity and Judaism interacted during the crucial
second, third, and fourth centuries, as well as of a much more nuanced
understanding of the nature of martyrology itself. Martyrology is an
overdetermined, multisourced discourse that undergoes significant
development within late antique Judaism and Christianity. Many of the
new elements can be shown to be shared by both religious groups, and
the direction of "influence" is not only one-way. A model of close
contact and dialogue between the two emerging "religions" seems to explain
best the historical developments. The present essay is one part of the
first of a series of planned monographs on such contact and dialogue
with respect to the religious creativity of Judaism and Christianity in
Late Antiquity.
Weber, Theissen and "Wandering Charismatics" In The Didache
Authors: Draper Jonathan A
Published: February 2007

Despite telling critiques of both the theoretical and empirical basis of
Theissen's theory of Christianity as a movement of wandering charismatics,
it remains influential and has taken on new life in the theory of
Jesus as a Cynic wisdom teacher. Theissen's theory has deep unseen roots
in Adolf von Harnack's theory of the emergence of "early Catholicism,"
and in Max Weber's theory of charisma. Theissen applies Weber's model of
charisma to the Didache, but Weber was dependent on Harnack, whose
theory is dependent on his interpretation of the Didache. This
essay critiques the circularity of Theissen's reasoning and examines
the way Weber's model would work if applied consistently to the data in
the Didache.
Hans Jonas' Construct "Gnosticism": Analysis and Critique
Authors: Waldstein Michael
Published: February 2007

Hans Jonas' influential account of "Gnosticism" as the expression of a unitary "Spirit of Late Antiquity" defined by " Entweltlichung " (acosmism) has recently come under strong attack by scholars who suggest that the category "Gnosticism" should be dismantled and discarded. This debate calls for a thorough critical analysis of Jonas' construct "Gnosticism." Jonas' construct has highly problematic roots, on the one hand, in Spengler's account of "Arabian culture" and, on the other hand, in the normative understanding of de-objectivated existence ( Entweltlichung ) in the existential philosophy of the early Heidegger. The principal defect of Jonas' construct is that it tends to misrepresent the actual history suggested by the Nag Hammadi texts. This criticism can be exemplified by an examination of the Apocryphon of John , generally considered to be a paradigmatic Gnostic text.
Jerome's Judaizers
Authors: Newman Hillel I.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the nature and identity of all those whom Jerome describes, both explicitly and implicitly, as Judaizers. Most of the alleged oblique references to Judaizers, collected primarily by Samuel Krauss, are dismissed as irrelevant. Several are shown to be veiled attacks on Augustine, which are to be understood in light of the controversy over Galatians 2.14. Explicit evidence of Judaizing found in non-exegetical contexts is limited at best. The largest mass of material attributes millenarian interpretations of the Prophets to an anonymous body of iudaizantes (the passages are listed in an appendix). It is shown that Jerome uses the term loosely to defame all millenarians (with particular attention to Apollinaris of Laodicea) and that nothing can be learned from these passages regarding genuine Judaizing tendencies among Jerome's contemporaries. Jerome's attacks on supposed Judaizers are examined in the context of his own vulnerability to the charge of Judaizing due to his revolutionary translation of the Hebrew Bible and his intimate contact with Jews in Palestine.
2001 NAPS Presidential Address: The Christian Reception of the Pentateuch: Patristic Commentaries on the Books of Moses
Authors: S.J. Joseph T. Lienhard
Published: February 2007

The interpretation of the "Old Testament" posed a theological problem for early Christians. They would not reject it (with Marcion) or interpret it only figuratively (with Barnabas). Irenaeus' theory of recapitulation solved the problem in theory, and Origen's exegetical writing provided the first Christian interpretation for most of the Bible. The Pentateuch could be a stubborn text, and in many cases the Fathers had to work to find any Christian application at all for some passages. Their methods of interpretation depended heavily upon the techniques of literary study they had learned. Passages in the Pentateuch provided opportunities for creative interpretation, which range from the profound to the playful. A series of examples offers illustrations of the many ways the Fathers tried to find some Christian application for passages in the Pentateuch.
Synoptic Tradition in the Didache Revisited
Authors: Milavec Aaron
Published: February 2007

This study reexamines the evidence for and against the claim that the creators of the Didache made use of Matthew's gospel. In the past, scholars were content to list parallel texts by way of establishing the case for dependence. More recently, however, more insightful criteria have been defined. Even in cases of exact verbal agreement, for example, one has to explore to what degree contexts and meanings overlap. Furthermore, one has to explore whether shared issues (fasting, praying, almsgiving, correcting, offering "sacrifice") are resolved along parallel lines. Likewise, textual dependence can no longer disregard orality and oral transmission. In the end, this study concludes that Matthew's gospel and the Didache reveal two religious systems that grew up independently of each other. Should Didache scholars come to accept this, the way would be open for an early dating of the Didache and for its interpretation as a self-contained religious system that must be allowed to speak for itself without appealing to any known gospel. A new era of Didache studies would thus lie open before us.