bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Viet Nam Veteran: Psychosocial Casualties
Authors: Bourne Peter G.
Published: May 2005

Some of the very factors which have kept the psychiatric casualty rate low in Viet Nam soldiers have ironically contributed to many of the psychosocial problems of adjustment of the returning veteran. His self-image is blighted by an alien society which does not regard him as a hero. A sense of loneliness may foster depression which leads to continuation of drug abuse often begun in Viet Nam. Problems are even greater for the returning black veteran. Today's psychiatric facilities must gear themselves to the need for treating the large numbers of emotional problems, ignored or postponed in active duty, but often thrust into prominence upon return.
Considering our Pedagogical past through Textbooks: A Conversation with John M. Lannon
Authors: Kynell Teresa
Published: May 2005

Evaluation of five editions of John M. Lannon's Technical Writing (1979–1991), one of the top-selling technical writing texts available to educators today, demonstrates not only where technical communication has been, but also where it is going. Lannon's book (and his comments in an interview) begins to shed some light on how one man's textbook on technical communication responded to social conditions in the 80s.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Canadian Pharmaceutical Marketplace: Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: May 2005

Patent protection for prescription drugs has a long and contentious history in Canada. Bills C-22 and C-91, passed as part of Canada's commitment to various trade deals, first weakened and then abolished compulsory licensing. In order to decide on a future course of action that Canada should take on intellectual property rights (IPRs), it is useful to review downstream effects that resulted from C-22 and C-91. This article examines changes to employment, Canada's balance of trade in pharmaceuticals, investment in research and development, and drug expenditures. The author then reviews the arguments advanced by the pharmaceutical industry in favor of stronger protection for IPRs, the recent complaints made against Canada at the World Trade Organization regarding pharmaceutical IPRs, and the continuing argument about the “evergreening” of patents. Also discussed are the second-draft text agreement of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, which will, if implemented, have significant repercussions for pharmaceutical IPRs in Canada, and some ways in which patents distort the marketplace for drugs. The article concludes with some alternative recommendations on the future of IPRs.
An Ethnographic Study of Former Dissociative Identity Disorder Patients
Authors: Somer Eli , Nave Orit
Published: May 2005

Three therapists interviewed five of their former DID patients in a semi-structured depth interview. Two respondents were Israeli, two were North American, and one was Dutch. Prior to therapy their sense of self had been vague at best and was described as an uncomfortable feeling of internal void. They all had at least rudimentary recollections of their childhood suffering. They were more likely to believe their memories of childhood abuse if they succeeded in experiencing the feelings connected with those images. Fantasy, spirituality, and religion played a role in helping them manage their existence. Their integration process was incremental, as they gradually embraced the disowned aspects and functions of the self. Dissociative and ego state processes were still present during the period of data collection. The results are discussed in terms of the convergence of borderline and dissociative symptomatology, the role of fantasy and spirituality in DID, therapeutic processes, and patterns of treatment outcome.
State and Trait Anxiety Correlates of Illness Behavior in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Byrne D. G. , Whyte H. M.
Published: May 2005

State and trait anxiety correlates of eight dimensions of illness behavior in response to myocardial infarction, were examined for 120 survivors of myocardial infarction. Six of eight illness behavior dimensions were found to be significantly associated with measures of state anxiety or trait anxiety or both. Trait anxiety was most predominently associated with illness behavior, inviting the conclusion that those persons who normally respond to crises with difficulty, will behave similarly in response to serious illness. It was suggested that recognition of this may be of use to clinicians faced with the care of survivors of myocardial infarction.
Personality Disorder Traits: Prevalence and Effects on Health Status in Primary Care Patients
Authors: Hueston William J. , Werth Jessica , Mainous Arch G.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Previous work in an academic setting has found that scoring in the higher ranges for selected personality disorders on an objective assessment tool was associated with increases in psychiatric co-morbidities, decreased satisfaction with health care, and diminished health related functional status. This study examines how often patients in primary care practices exhibit traits consistent with these selected disorders and what impact this has on their health related functional status and use of health care resources.

Methods:

Thirteen family practices agreed to distribute questionnaires to 50 consecutive patients in the spring of 1997. Questionnaires contained instruments that assess risk for personality disorders, health related functional status, health resource use, demographics, and depression. The relationships between four specific personality disorders (borderline, dependent, schizoid and schizotypal) and other assessed variables were explored.

Results:

Of the 250 patients returning completed survey instruments, 80 (32%) scored in the high range for traits consistent with one of the four target personality disorders. Patients in the high risk group also were noted to have more outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits in the previous six months. Those in the high risk group also had significantly lower scores on seven of eight measures of health related functional status.

Conclusions:

Patients who have several traits for borderline, dependent, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are common in primary care practices. These patients utilize services at higher rates than others and are more likely to screen in the positive range for depressive symptoms and have overall lower health related functional status.
An Augmented Structured Interview for Measuring Subcomponents of the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Wright Logan , Schmidt-Walker Kim
Published: May 2005

The authors note an increasing interest in certain subcomponents of the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) such as time urgency, perpetual activation, and anger in versus anger out. Based on that observation they pilot tested twenty-four newly created interview items designed to augment those of the commonly employed Structured Interview (SI). Nineteen of the twenty-four items were then selected for use in more precise assessment of the four TABP subcomponents mentioned above. These new items, in combination with those of the existing SI, were labeled the Augmented Structured Interview (ASI). Obtained data on the ASI items support the need for assessing Type A subcomponents (instead of relying solely on a global measure of the TABP). The data also suggest that TABP subcomponents are best assessed by means of interview items rather than self report measures. The ASI is recommended for both clinical and research purposes as a supplement to the SI, which to date has proven to be the best means for measuring global Type A tendencies.
Community-Based Participatory Research with Workers and Unions: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Wallerstein Nina
Published: May 2005

Dr. June Fisher was an inspiration not only for the core principles of Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR), but also for the understanding of context, the political, social, and ethical context of how and where collaborative work takes place. This paper unpacks the values, assumptions, and dilemmas faced by health professionals interested in working in authentic partnerships with unions, associations of non-unionized workers, and management-worker teams. Issues of privilege, race, power, and participation are raised as topics to think about and negotiate honestly as our work unfolds in communities. Local CBPR efforts are placed in the context of globalization and we are asked to consider how to situate our struggles in the largest context, while not losing sight of our own personal and community contributions.
Corporatization and the Social Transformation of Doctoring
Authors: McKinlay John B. , Stoeckle John D.
Published: May 2005

Corporatization of health care is dramatically transforming the medical workplace and profoundly altering the everyday work of the doctor. In this article, the authors discuss recent changes in U.S. health care and their impact on doctoring, and outline the major theoretical explanations of the social transformation of medical work under advanced capitalism. The adequacy of the prevailing view of professionalism (Freidson's notion of professional dominance) is considered, and an alternative view, informed by recent changes, is offered. While the social transformation of doctoring is discussed with reference to recent U.S. experience, no country or health system can be considered immune. Indeed, U.S. experience may be instructive for doctors and health care researchers in other national settings as to what they may expect.
An Ethnoarchaeological Inquiry into the Functional Relationship between Projectile Point and Armor Technologies of the Northwest Coast
Authors: Lowrey Nathan S.
Published: May 2005

Traditional bow, arrow, projectile and armor technologies of the Northwest Coast of North America were identified. Reproductions of these weapons were used to measure the ability of different point styles to penetrate various types of armor. Although chipped stone, ground slate, and bone projectiles revealed an increase in penetration capacity, respectively, they also showed a collateral decrease in durability. While hide, wood, and stone-covered armor reflected an increasing resistance to puncture, they also evidenced a potential decrease in maneuverability. These results suggest that the rising prevalence of highly effective bone points after 400 A.D., as opposed to contemporaneous subsistence technologies that are normally characterized by more durable ground slate artifacts, are indicative of increasing hostilities during the Late Phase. This data helps to discriminate between subsistence and warfare technologies, supporting theories that attribute a more active casual role to conflict during the rise of social complexity.
A Reanalysis of the Relation between Unionization and Workplace Safety
Authors: Taylor G. Stephen
Published: May 2005

Although in the United States it is generally believed that the presence of a union has little effect on workplace safety and health, there is a paucity of empirical evidence to support this perception. In this study, the author attempts to provide a preliminary quantitative basis on which the union's role in this area could be evaluated. Examination of the health and safety records of 26 industries over a 9-year period revealed that in some years, greater union coverage is associated with fewer serious on-the-job accidents. However, the average number of days lost from work due to injury was found to increase in direct relation to an increase in industry unionization. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Perceived Harm, Age, and Drug Use: Perceptual and Motivational Dispositions Affecting Drug Use
Authors: Szalay Lorand B. , Inn Andres , Strohl Jean B. , Wilson Lita C.
Published: May 2005

Free associations reveal a close relationship between drug use and such psychological dispositions as dominant perceptions, attitudes, and systems of mental representations. The investigations reported here address the relationship of perceived harm or appeal of drugs, age, and reported drug use through analysis of the free associations of students from elementary to graduate school. Subsamples of drug users and non-users are also included. Comparisons across the range of years studied (10 to 29) showed how subjective meanings and the system of mental representation, including those characteristic of drug users and non-users, evolve as a function of age. Based on the domains studied, the distance measured between user/non-user groups and between age groups showed systematic and predictable increases reflecting on construct validity. The perceptual and motivational dispositions identified were significantly correlated with drug use (behavioral validation). The results offer new insights into the role of such variables as perceived harm and subjective appeal.
Do Cultural Explanations of the past Have a Future?
Authors: Raab L. Mark
Published: May 2005

Ideological conflict is sometimes difficult to separate from claims about scientific knowledge in archaeological theory. The culture concept in archaeology is a prime example. Attempts to understand the use of culture concepts in modern archaeological theory are worthwhile, for they not only show future directions of theory development, but also question the connection between archaeology and anthropology. Set in motion by the New Archaeology, conflicts centered on the culture concept were not anticipated, even as recently as a decade ago.
The Effect of the Word Processor and the Style Checker on Revision in Technical Writing: What Do We Know, and What Do We Need to Find Out?
Authors: Markel Mike
Published: May 2005

This article surveys and critiques the literature on using style checkers and the text-editing capabilities of the computer to assist in revising technical writing. The literature on text-editing capabilities is inconclusive because it is largely anecdotal and methodologically flawed. The literature on style checkers is similarly inconclusive. To better assess the value of the computer, we need to examine the basic premise of the research on revising and word processing: that more revising leads to higher-quality writing. We need to be sure that our evaluative techniques for measuring writing improvement are valid; to focus our attention not only on computer novices but also on computer-experienced writers; to examine other factors that affect how writers use word processing and that in turn might affect writing quality; and to examine more carefully the differences among word processors and among the different style checkers to determine their effects on writing behavior and writing quality.
Developing Awareness of French Pragmatics: A Case Study of Students' Interactive Use of a Foreign Language Multimedia Program
Authors: Carel Sheila
Published: May 2005

Findings from a study that investigated students' reactions to the content of a hypermedia program indicated that pragmatic awareness can be developed in virtual culture contact situations. Students used Hymes' SPEAKING heuristic to analyze real-life interactions. Data showed that they noticed gestured and spoken pragmatic behaviors as well as contextual clues. The findings indicated that similar interactive software in combination with ethnographic activities may be more effective in culture teaching and learning.
The Logical Bases and Presentation of the Statement of a Characteristic
Authors: Pleffer Maxwell E.
Published: May 2005

A specification for a material thing is an accumulation of statements of characteristics of that thing. Each statement must contain information about the method of evaluation of the characteristic. The nature of the characteristic governs the form of its statement, but this form may be modified by the nature of the parent document or by house rules.
Similarities and Differences in the Process of Bereavement after Suicide and after Traffic Fatalities in Slovenia
Authors: Grad Onja T. , Zavasnik Anka
Published: May 2005

The authors present the results of a study in which the bereaved spouses of deceased after suicide (30) and after traffic fatalities (23) were compared. Participants from each group were visited twice—two months after and fourteen months after the loss. The structured interview and three other instruments (Beck Depression Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Slovene Bereavement Scale) were applied by experienced and especially trained interviewers. The results show more similarities than differences between the groups. We found that the mode of death in our sample does not influence the level of depression. EPQ scores showed no significant differences on either dimension. There are some subtle differences on some questions on the SBS, which suggest that suicide survivors have more problems shortly after the death than do the bereaved after traffic accidents. Our data showed that the process of bereavement is influenced not only by the mode of death and the time that has passed between the loss and the interview, but also by the quality of spousal relationship—whether it was a satisfactory or an ambivalent one.
You are Dangerous to Your Health: The Ideology and Politics of Victim Blaming
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: May 2005

This article describes the emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness and proposes that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for her or his health. At-risk behavior is seen as the problem and changing life-style, through education and/or economic sanctions, as the solution. The emergence of the ideology is explained by the contradictions arising from the threat of high medical costs, popular expectations of medicine along with political pressures for protection or extension of entitlements, and the politicization of environmental and occupational health issues. These contradictions produce a crisis which is at once economic, political and ideological, and which requires responses to destabilizing conditions in each of these spheres. These ideological initiatives, on the one hand, serve to reorder expectations and to justify the retrenchment from rights and entitlements for access to medical services, and, on the other, attempt to divert attention from the social causation of disease in the commercial and industrial sectors.
Access to Medical Care for Individuals with Workers' Compensation Claims
Authors: Lax Michael B. , Manetti Federica A.
Published: May 2005

Experience at a publically funded occupational health clinical center in New York State suggests that patients with work-related illnesses often have great difficulty accessing diagnostic and treatment services. A study was designed to more quantitatively investigate the extent and nature of barriers to medical services for patients with Workers' Compensation claims.

Medical practices from 13 selected medical specialties were identified from telephone directories. The directories covered six areas encompassing almost all of a 15-county region. All practices from each selected specialty were contacted by phone and asked a set of standardized questions regarding patient acceptance policies.

A number of barriers were identified by the survey including practices closed to new patients and practices closed specifically to patients with Workers' Compensation claims. Barriers also were found to be widespread among practices that did accept Workers' Compensation claims, primarily related to requiring a guarantee of payment prior to seeing the patient. The results were compared by medical specialty and geographic area.

While the study showed some of the difficulties patients with occupational illnesses face attempting to access medical services, it most likely underestimated the extent of the problem. Attitudes and practices that impede access, but were not measurable, create additional barriers.

Our study strongly suggests that policies that improve access to medical care for individuals with Workers' Compensation claims are necessary to better serve the needs of workers with occupational illnesses.
Migrations of the Apachean Dineh
Authors: Palmer Jay W.
Published: May 2005

There has been considerable controversy as to when the Apachean Dineh first entered the Greater Southwest. Using a lexicostatistic method, glottochronology, for determining the divergence of Dineh languages, a reassessment of a number of archaeological and anthropological papers, and an appraisal of the genetic affinities among speakers of different language phyla, a good case can be made for a very early entry of the Apachean Dineh into the Greater Southwest. This equates to about A.D. 200 for the Intermontane region of Utah, Idaho, Nevada and parts of California and Arizona and to about A.D. 575 in the Greater Southwest region of New Mexico and Arizona and parts of Utah and Colorado.
Behavioral Biology in Medicine
Authors: Stainbrook Edward
Published: May 2005

The continuing emergence of a clinically helpful behavioral biology is a basic scientific trend in contemporary psychiatry and medicine. Much of this new knowledge describes the genetic, maturational and learned developmental structure and physiology of the behaving brain and body. The dichotomy between the depersonalized body and the disembodied person is no longer very productive either for pragmatic or for heuristic purposes.

The growing science of behavioral genetics indicates that man is never an “empty” or a “standard” organism. Specific motivational and capacity factors are genetically conditioned. Since medicine deals largely with the phenotypic individual, ordinary clinical assessment of symptoms and behavior may entirely miss the genotypic differences between persons who are labelled with the same but genetically non-differentiating diagnosis of schizophrenia, epilepsy and other diseases.

The increasing knowledge of molecular biology coupled with the genetic study of animal behavior has given us an increasing awareness of our own evolved behavior. Some of this behavior originally “bred in” as adaptive to environments now remote in time, space and culture has now become maladaptive to the contemporary changing world. Animal research becomes, among other objectives, another method for studying our own behavioral past.

Particularly useful to the clinician are the accumulating efforts of the central neurophysiologists in demonstrating the interrelationships among arousal, emotional and cognitive, information-processing behavioral states. Emotions are the labels for the resultant effects of many variables. What makes emotions “abnormal” are not “abnormal” causes but the differences in the frequency, intensity or duration of emotional responses. “Hung-up” emotional states may be modified by a person-centered reappraisal of the stimulus, by an actual environmental alteration, by a person-centered reappraisal of himself in the situation, by a change in the availability or content of the environmental resources for problem-seeing and solving, or by a pharmacologic, physiologic or structural alteration of appropriate regional or integrative brain anatomy and process.

Clinically relevant advances are being made in the study of the operant learning of the autonomic nervous system in body-organ adaptation to the internal milieu. Increased clinical modification of psychosomatic distress can now be based upon the current investigations of biofeedback sensation and the learning of sensory discrimination and of sensory awareness from “inside the skin.”
A Source Area Perspective on Expedient and Formal Core Technologies
Authors: Cobb Charles R. , Webb Paul A.
Published: May 2005

The Hollister Lake site represents a combined quarry and habitation area located in the Hudson River valley, New York. Excavations at the site revealed the exploitation of Onondaga chert through several time periods, predominately the Late Archaic. Lithic production at the Hollister Lake site seems to have been oriented toward both an expedient amorphous core technology and a formal biface core technology. The interdependence of these technologies is explored with respect to regional patterns of group mobility, and raw material distribution and quality.
Why the Tobacco Industry Fears the Passive Smoking Issue
Authors: Chapman Simon , Borland Ron , Hill David , Owen Neville , Woodward Stephen
Published: May 2005

The tobacco industry has identified the passive smoking issue as the single most important problem confronting its economic future. During the 1980s, the industry has been engaged in an elaborate and expensive international campaign seeking to refute the evidence against passive smoking's effects on health and to position the issue as one essentially concerned with civil liberties and smokers' “rights.” There are three main reasons for the industry's concern: first, the passive smoking issue allows a widening of the definition of smoking beyond its discussion as a personal habit, legitimizing it as a social problem; second, successful cases of litigation against employers by workers with histories of chronic exposure to environmental tobacco smoke have created an industrial climate of concern leading to workplace smoking restrictions and bans; and third, the proliferation of smoking restrictions reduces smoking opportunities and thus reduces total cigarette consumption and hence financial returns to the industry. Based on the results of a large Australian study of a workplace smoking ban, an estimated 654.88 million cigarettes with a retail value of $A6,549 thousand would be forgone annually in Australia alone if 50 percent of white-collar worksites were to ban smoking. Finally, the passive smoking issue can be considered a Trojan horse to its less discussed effects: the reduced morbidity and mortality likely to result in smokers from the significant reductions in smoking frequency that occur with the proliferation of smoking restrictions introduced in the name of concern for the health of nonsmokers.
Brief report: Classification of adolescent suicide and risk‐taking deaths☆
Authors: Sankey Melissa , Lawrence Ruth
Published: April 2005

This study examined the suicide and risk‐taking deaths of adolescents aged 12–17 years between January 1996 and December 2000. The methodology consisted of a case file review of government records. One hundred and eighty‐seven adolescents (133 males, 54 females) died by suicide and risk‐taking and could be classified into three distinct groups: deaths resulting from (1) enduring difficulties (124), (2) pivotal life events (26), and (3) adolescent experimentation (28). Avenues for the prevention of further suicide and risk‐taking deaths are discussed.
Decline in physical activity, disability and pain‐related fear in sub‐acute low back pain
Authors: Verbunt Jeanine A. , Sieben Judith M. , Seelen Henk A.M. , Vlaeyen Johan W.S. , Bousema Eric J. , van der Heijden Geert J. , Knottnerus J. André
Published: April 2005

Aim of investigation: To evaluate whether a perceived decline in the level of physical activity after the onset of pain (PAD) is more appropriate in the explanation of disability as compared to the actual level of physical activity (PAL) in patients with sub‐acute back pain.

Methods: Patients with 4–7 weeks of non‐specific low back pain (LBP) participated in this study. Their habitual physical activity level before the back pain started (H‐PAL), their actual level of physical activity (PAL) and their perceived decline in the level of physical activity after the onset of pain (PAD) were assessed. The association between these physical activity related variables and perceived disability (QBPDS), fear of movement/(re)injury (TSK), pain catastrophizing (PCS) and pain intensity (VAS) was examined. The role of PAD as a mediator in the association between fear of movement/(re)injury and disability was examined by three linear regression analyses.

Results: 123 patients (66 male and 57 female) with a mean age of 44.1 years (SD = 10.3) participated in this study. PAD was significantly correlated with disability, fear of movement/(re)injury, pain catastrophizing and pain intensity. PAD and PAL appeared more important in the explanation of disability in the subgroup of patients who were physically active before their back pain started. Generally, PAD indeed mediated the association between fear of movement/(re)injury and disability.

Conclusions: The perceived decline in physical activity, rather than the current physical activity itself is important in the evaluation of the impact of activity related changes on disability in low back pain.
Wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNAs in patients with mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Yasukawa Takehiro , Kirino Yohei , Ishii Norie , Holt Ian J. , Jacobs Howard T. , Makifuchi Takao , Fukuhara Nobuyoshi , Ohta Shigeo , Suzuki Tsutomu , Watanabe Kimitsuna
Published: April 2005

Point mutations in mitochondrial (mt) tRNA genes are associated with a variety of human mitochondrial diseases. We have shown previously that mt tRNALeu(UUR) with a MELAS A3243G mutation and mt tRNALys with a MERRF A8344G mutation derived from HeLa background cybrid cells are deficient in normal taurine‐containing modifications [τm5(s2)U; 5‐taurinomethyl‐(2‐thio)uridine] at the anticodon wobble position in both cases. The wobble modification deficiency results in defective translation. We report here wobble modification deficiencies of mutant mt tRNAs from cybrid cells with different nuclear backgrounds, as well as from patient tissues. These findings demonstrate the generality of the wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNAs in MELAS and MERRF.
ICAM‐3, a ligand for DC‐SIGN, was duplicated from ICAM‐1 in mammalian evolution, but was lost in the rodent genome
Authors: Sugino Hidehiko
Published: April 2005

ICAM‐3 is a DC‐SIGN ligand that is constitutively expressed on resting leukocytes, and is thus an important molecule for the first immune response. But, ICAM‐3 has not been isolated form rodents. Thus, we compare the ICAM gene clusters in human, dog, mouse, and rat. ICAM‐1, ‐4, ‐5 and ‐3 are located close to one another on the same chromosome and show genomic synteny in human and dog. Almost the same ICAM gene clusters were found in rodent genome, but only the ICAM‐3 was not present. A phylogenetic tree plotting the cDNAs of human, dog, mouse, rat, and bovine suggested that ICAM‐3 was made from a duplication of ICAM‐1. Thus, ICAM‐3 arose from ICAM‐1 in the mammalian evolution, but was lost in the rodent's genome. Our study suggests the different immune response in the rodents in comparison with other mammals.
Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization
Authors: Thornton G. M. , Johnson J. C. , Maser R. V. , Marchuk L. L. , Shrive N. G. , Frank C. B.
Published: April 2005

Past studies of the healing of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in animal models have been conducted over a variety of healing intervals, some as early as 1 week. One concern with testing at early healing intervals is the difficulty in identifying and isolating the tissues that carry load. The purpose of this study was to determine if isolation of the MCL and healing time are critical factors in the assessment of structural strength in this model. Furthermore, the effect of immobilization on these critical factors was investigated. Our approach was to calculate the load‐sharing ratio between the MCL and the MCL plus capsule. A 4 mm gap was created in the midsubstance of both hindlimb MCLs of 52 female New Zealand White rabbits (n = 104). Of these, 29 rabbits had their right hindlimb pin immobilized (immobilized group), leaving the left hindlimb non‐immobilized. Testing was performed at 3 (n = 12), 6 (n = 22), and 14 (n = 24) weeks. The remaining 23 rabbits, which had both limbs non‐immobilized (non‐immobilized group), were tested at 3 (n = 10), 6 (n = 12), 14 (n = 12), and 40 (n = 12) weeks. For both groups, half of the specimens at each healing interval were used to test the MCL alone and half to test the MCL plus capsule, except for 3 week immobilized joints where only the MCL plus capsule was tested. Additionally, MCL (n = 12), MCL plus capsule (n = 6), and capsule alone (n = 5) were tested from normal animals. The load‐sharing ratio at MCL failure for the normal joint was 89%, suggesting an MCL‐dominated response. For the non‐immobilized group, the load‐sharing ratio was 24% at 3 weeks of healing, suggesting a capsule‐dominated response. At and after 6 weeks of healing, an MCL‐dominated response was observed, with the ratio being 68% or greater. Thus, at less than 6 weeks of healing, the structural strength capabilities of the joint may be better represented by the medial structures rather than the isolated MCL. Immobilization delayed the transition from a capsule‐dominated response to an MCL‐dominated response in this model. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Computer simulations of protein functions: Searching for the molecular origin of the replication fidelity of DNA polymerases
Authors: Florián Jan , Goodman Myron F. , Warshel Arieh
Published: April 2005

The use of computers to simulate the functions of complex biological macromolecules is essential to achieve a microscopic description of biological processes and to model and interpret experimental data. Here we apply theoretical computational approaches to investigate the fidelity of T7 DNA polymerase, divided into discrete steps that include contributions from substrate binding, pK
a
shifts, and rate constants for the PO bond-breaking and bond-making processes. We begin by defining the discrimination between right and wrong nucleotides in terms of the free energy landscape for the dNMP incorporation reaction. We then use the linear response approximation and the empirical valence bond methods to obtain converging results for the contribution of the binding and chemical steps to the overall fidelity. These approaches are successful in reproducing general trends in the observed polymerase incorporation fidelity. The calculations demonstrate the potential for further integration of theoretical and experimental studies to analyze high- and low-fidelity DNA polymerases.
Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response
Authors: Liuzzi Juan P. , Lichten Louis A. , Rivera Seth , Blanchard Raymond K. , Aydemir Tolunay Beker , Knutson Mitchell D. , Ganz Tomas , Cousins Robert J.
Published: April 2005

Infection and inflammation produce systemic responses that include hypozincemia and hypoferremia. The latter involves regulation of the iron transporter ferroportin 1 by hepcidin. The mechanism of reduced plasma zinc is not known. Transcripts of the two zinc transporter gene families (
ZnT
and
Zip
) were screened for regulation in mouse liver after turpentine-induced inflammation and LPS administration. Zip14 mRNA was the transporter transcript most up-regulated by inflammation and LPS. IL-6 knockout (IL-6
–/–
) mice did not exhibit either hypozincemia or the induction of Zip14 with turpentine inflammation. However, in IL-6
–/–
mice, LPS produced a milder hypozincemic response but no Zip14 induction. Northern analysis showed Zip14 up-regulation was specific for the liver, with one major transcript. Immunohistochemistry, using an antibody to an extracellular Zip14 epitope, showed both LPS and turpentine increased abundance of Zip14 at the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. IL-6 produced increased expression of Zip14 in primary hepatocytes cultures and localization of the protein to the plasma membrane. Transfection of mZip14 cDNA into human embryonic kidney cells increased zinc uptake as measured by both a fluorescent probe for free Zn
2+
and
65
Zn accumulation, as well as by metallothionein mRNA induction, all indicating that Zip14 functions as a zinc importer. Zip14 was localized in plasma membrane of the transfected cells. These
in vivo
and
in vitro
experiments demonstrate that Zip14 expression is up-regulated through IL-6, and that this zinc transporter most likely plays a major role in the mechanism responsible for hypozincemia that accompanies the acute-phase response to inflammation and infection.
Enhanced dihydroflavonol-4-reductase activity and NAD homeostasis leading to cell death tolerance in transgenic rice
Authors: Hayashi Mitsunori , Takahashi Hideyuki , Tamura Katsunori , Huang Jirong , Yu Li-Hua , Kawai-Yamada Maki , Tezuka Takafumi , Uchimiya Hirofumi
Published: April 2005

The maize
Hm1
gene encoding the NADPH-dependent HC-toxin reductase is capable of detoxifying HC-toxin of fungus
Cochliobolus carbonum
. Here, we conducted the metabolic and biochemical analysis in transgenic rice plants overexpressing an HC-toxin reductase-like gene in rice (
YK1
gene). Methods employing NADPH oxidation and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that YK1 possessed dihydroflavonol-4-reductase activity
in vitro
and
in vivo
. The overexpression of YK1 in both suspension-cultured cells and rice plants increased NAD(H) and NADP(H) levels by causing an increase in NAD synthetase and NAD kinase activities. Activity changes in enzymes that require NAD(P) as coenzymes were also noted in rice cells ectopically expressing YK1, where the cell death caused by hydrogen peroxide and bacterial disease was down-regulated. Thus, a strategy was proposed that the combination of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase activity and the elevated level of NAD(P)H pool may confer the prevention of induced cell death
in planta
.
Polymorphic Nature, Polytheistic Culture, and the Orientalist Imaginaire
Authors: Pennington Brian K.
Published: April 2005

Alongside the development of missionary discourses about Hinduism, Orientalists in the employ of the East India Company derived their own sets of idioms and tropes to represent Hindu traditions. Founded by Sir William Jones as an advertisement for the beauty and antiquity of Indian civilizations, and later headed by such eminent scholars as Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Horace Hayman Wilson, the Asiatic Society and its journal the Asiatic Researches displayed from their beginning a close alliance with the designs of the colonial state. As the evolving state discarded Orientalist policies that sought rapprochement with and accommodation of Indian traditions, the journal itself came to reflect a colder conquest of the minds and territories of Indian subjects. A conceptual systematization of Hinduism parallel to that seen among evangelical missionaries is evident in this journal, but what distinguishes the imagination of British Orientalism is an enchantment with the natural world of India, whose profuse and lush flora and fauna functioned as tropes for religion in India as well. An initial fascination with the apparently self-multiplying, polymorphic pantheon and mythology of Hindu India reflected a similar scientific wonder among the Society’s naturalists. Just as that wonder would give way to a quest for mastery, the officials of the colonial state who authored the articles for the Researches demonstrated their own growing sense of intellectual command and moral superiority over what they came increasingly to identify as Hinduism.
Transcriptional Profiling of Sorghum Induced by Methyl Jasmonate, Salicylic Acid, and Aminocyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Reveals Cooperative Regulation and Novel Gene Responses
Authors: Salzman Ron A. , Brady Jeff A. , Finlayson Scott A. , Buchanan Christina D. , Summer Elizabeth J. , Sun Feng , Klein Patricia E. , Klein Robert R. , Pratt Lee H. , Cordonnier-Pratt Marie-Michèle , Mullet John E.
Published: April 2005

We have conducted a large-scale study of gene expression in the C4 monocot sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) L. Moench cv BTx623 in response to the signaling compounds salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. Expression profiles were generated from seedling root and shoot tissue at 3 and 27 h, using a microarray containing 12,982 nonredundant elements. Data from 102 slides and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data on mRNA abundance from 171 genes were collected and analyzed and are here made publicly available. Numerous gene clusters were identified in which expression was correlated with particular signaling compound and tissue combinations. Many genes previously implicated in defense responded to the treatments, including numerous pathogenesis-related genes and most members of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and several other genes that may represent novel activities or pathways. Genes of the octadecanoic acid pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis were induced by SA as well as by MeJA. The resulting hypothesis that increased SA could lead to increased endogenous JA production was confirmed by measurement of JA content. Comparison of responses to SA, MeJA, and combined SA+MeJA revealed patterns of one-way and mutual antagonisms, as well as synergistic effects on regulation of some genes. These experiments thus help further define the transcriptional results of cross talk between the SA and JA pathways and suggest that a subset of genes coregulated by SA and JA may comprise a uniquely evolved sector of plant signaling responsive cascades.
The Arabidopsis IspH Homolog Is Involved in the Plastid Nonmevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Hsiun , Goodman Howard M.
Published: April 2005

Plant isoprenoids are synthesized via two independent pathways, the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastid nonmevalonate pathway. The Escherichia coli IspH (LytB) protein is involved in the last step of the nonmevalonate pathway. We have isolated an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ispH null mutant that has an albino phenotype and have generated Arabidopsis transgenic lines showing various albino patterns caused by IspH transgene-induced gene silencing. The initiation of albino phenotypes rendered by IspH gene silencing can arise independently from multiple sites of the same plant. After a spontaneous initiation, the albino phenotype is systemically spread toward younger tissues along the source-to-sink flow relative to the initiation site. The development of chloroplasts is severely impaired in the IspH-deficient albino tissues. Instead of thylakoids, mutant chloroplasts are filled with vesicles. Immunoblot analysis reveals that Arabidopsis IspH is a chloroplast stromal protein. Expression of Arabidopsis IspH complements the lethal phenotype of an E. coli ispH mutant. In 2-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings, the expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), IspD, IspE, IspF, and IspG genes is induced by light, whereas the expression of the IspH gene is constitutive. The addition of 3% sucrose in the media slightly increased levels of DXS, DXR, IspD, IspE, and IspF mRNA in the dark. In a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod, the accumulation of the IspH transcript oscillates with the highest levels detected in the early light period (2–6 h) and the late dark period (4–6 h). The expression patterns of DXS and IspG are similar to that of IspH, indicating that these genes are coordinately regulated in Arabidopsis when grown in a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod.
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor KRP2 Controls the Onset of the Endoreduplication Cycle during Arabidopsis Leaf Development through Inhibition of Mitotic CDKA;1 Kinase Complexes
Authors: Verkest Aurine , Manes Carmem-Lara de O. , Vercruysse Steven , Maes Sara , Van Der Schueren Els , Beeckman Tom , Genschik Pascal , Kuiper Martin , Inzé Dirk , De Veylder Lieven
Published: April 2005

Exit from the mitotic cell cycle and initiation of cell differentiation frequently coincides with the onset of endoreduplication, a modified cell cycle during which DNA continues to be duplicated in the absence of mitosis. Although the mitotic cell cycle and the endoreduplication cycle share much of the same machinery, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the transition between both cycles remain poorly understood. We show that the A-type cyclin-dependent kinase CDKA;1 and its specific inhibitor, the Kip-related protein, KRP2 regulate the mitosis-to-endocycle transition during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development. Constitutive overexpression of KRP2 slightly above its endogenous level only inhibited the mitotic cell cycle–specific CDKA;1 kinase complexes, whereas the endoreduplication cycle-specific CDKA;1 complexes were unaffected, resulting in an increase in the DNA ploidy level. An identical effect on the endoreduplication cycle could be observed by overexpressing KRP2 exclusively in mitotically dividing cells. In agreement with a role for KRP2 as activator of the mitosis-to-endocycle transition, KRP2 protein levels were more abundant in endoreduplicating than in mitotically dividing tissues. We illustrate that KRP2 protein abundance is regulated posttranscriptionally through CDK phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. KRP2 phosphorylation by the mitotic cell cycle–specific CDKB1;1 kinase suggests a mechanism in which CDKB1;1 controls the level of CDKA;1 activity through regulating KRP2 protein abundance. In accordance with this model, KRP2 protein levels increased in plants with reduced CDKB1;1 activity. Moreover, the proposed model allowed a dynamical simulation of the in vivo observations, validating the sufficiency of the regulatory interactions between CDKA;1, KRP2, and CDKB1;1 in fine-tuning the mitosis-to-endocycle transition.
Dilated cardiomyopathy in Erb-b4-deficient ventricular muscle
Authors: García-Rivello Hernán , Taranda Julián , Said Matilde , Cabeza-Meckert Patricia , Vila-Petroff Martin , Scaglione Jorge , Ghio Sergio , Chen Ju , Lai Cary , Laguens Ruben P. , Lloyd Kent C. , Hertig Cecilia M.
Published: April 2005

The neuregulin receptor tyrosine kinase Erb-b4, initially linked to early cardiac development, is shown here to play a critical role in adult cardiac function. In wild-type mice, Erb-b4 protein localized to Z lines and to intercalated disks, suggesting a role in subcellular and intercellular communications of cardiomyocytes. Conditional inactivation of erb-b4 in ventricular muscle cells led to a severe dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by thinned ventricular walls with eccentric hypertrophy, reduced contractility, and delayed conduction. This cardiac dysfunction may account for premature death in adult erb-b4-knockout mice. This study establishes a critical role for Erb-b4 in the maintenance of normal postnatal cardiac structure and function.
Acute ethanol exposure impairs angiogenesis and the proliferative phase of wound healing
Authors: Radek Katherine A. , Matthies Annette M. , Burns Aime L. , Heinrich Scott A. , Kovacs Elizabeth J. , DiPietro Luisa A.
Published: April 2005

Acute ethanol exposure represents an increased risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with surgical or traumatic injury. Despite clinical observations suggesting that ethanol exposure before injury alters tissue repair processes, little direct evidence about the mechanism by which ethanol affects the wound healing process is available. In this study, excisional wounds from female BALB/c mice with or without circulating ethanol levels of 100 mg/dl were used to assess wound closure, angiogenesis, and collagen content. Ethanol exposure resulted in a significant but transient delay in wound closure at day 2 postwounding (28 ± 4% vs. 17 ± 1%). In addition, total collagen content was significantly reduced by up to 37% in wounds from ethanol-treated mice compared with controls. The most significant effect of ethanol exposure on wounds was on vascularity because angiogenesis was reduced by up to 61% in wounds from ethanol-treated mice. The reduction in vessel density occurred despite near-normal levels of proangiogenic factors VEGF and FGF-2, suggesting a direct effect of ethanol exposure on endothelial cell function. Further evidence for a direct effect was observed in an in vitro angiogenesis assay because the exposure of endothelial cells to ethanol reduced angiogenic responsiveness to just 8.33% of control in a cord-forming assay. These studies provide novel information regarding the effect of a single dose of ethanol on multiple parameters of the wound healing process in vivo and suggest a potential mechanism by which ethanol impairs healing after traumatic injury.