bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIKLUS HIDUP PENGGEREK BUAH KOPI (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) PADA PERBEDAAN PAKAN ALAMI BUAH KOPI DAN PAKAN BUATAN
Authors: Erfan Muhammad , Purnomo Hari , Haryadi Nanang Tri
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) Is the main pest in coffee plants in Indonesia. Characteristics of coffee berries that are attacked by pests, there is a small hole in the coffee berry and powder around it. Control is carried out biologically, technically, and chemically. These control techniques need to be tested for effectiveness in the laboratory. The test requires the insect H. hampei as a test insect. H. hampei can be obtained by mass propagation. Mass propagation can be done using artificial diet. This study was conducted to determine the effect of artificial diet on the life cycle of H. hampei. This study uses descriptive methods on 2 types of feed treatment; natural diet of coffee berry and artificial diet made from wheat powder and coffee powder. The results showed that the number of eggs produced by H. hampei in natural diet treatment could range from 30 to 46 eggs and every 3 days observation could lay eggs from 0 to 22 eggs. The percentage of eggs that succeeded in being imago was 95.32% with a sex ratio of 1: 10. The duration of life of H. hampei ranged from 100 to 150 days, with a period of 5-6 days, larvae 18-19 days and pupae 4-5 days. In the artificial diet, the egg method is able to grow into a second instar larval stage with a life span of 19 days. Keywords: Life Cycle, Coffee Berry Borer, Natural Diet, Artificial Diet ABSTRAK Penggerek Buah Kopi (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) merupakan hama utama padla tanaman kopi di Indonesia. Ciri – ciri buah kopi yang terserang hama ini, yaitu terdapat lubang kecil pada buah kopi dan serbuk disekitarnya. Pengendalian dapat dilakukan secara biologi, kultur teknis, dan kimiawi. Teknik – teknik pengendalian tersebut perlu diuji keefektifannya di laboratorium. Pengujian tersebut memerlukan serangga H. hampei sebagai serangga uji. Serangga H. hampei dapat diperoleh dengan perbanyakan secara massal. Perbanyakan massal dapt dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakan buatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pakan buatan terhadap siklus hidup serangga H. hampei. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif pada 2 macam perlakuan pakan; pakan alami buah kopi dan pakan buatan dari bahan dasar bubuk gandum dan bubuk kopi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah telur yang dihasilkan serangga H. hampei pada perlakuan pakan alami mampu berkisar 30 – 46 telur dan setiap 3 hari pengamatan dapat bertelur 0 – 22 telur. Persentase telur yang berhasil menjadi imago 95,32% dengan sex rasio 1 : 10. Lama hidup H. hampei berkisar 100 – 150 hari, dengan masa telur 5 – 6 hari, masa larva 18 – 19 hari dan masa pupa 4 – 5 hari. Pada pakan buatan yang menerapakan metode telur mampu tumbuh menjadi stadia larva instar 2 dengan masa hidup larva sampai 19 hari. Kata Kunci: Siklus Hidup, Penggerek Buah Kopi, Pakan Alami, Pakan Buatan
PENGARUH MACAM BAHAN TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TIGA VARIETAS TALAS (Colocasia esculenta L.)
Authors: Zelin Oviaki , Setyawan Hidayat Bambang
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

The growth and yield of taro plants can be influenced by the planting material used, and the use of improper types of planting material can cause plants to be unproductive according to potential yields. The use of planting materials derived from tubers is expected to increase the yield of taro. This study aims to determine the best type of planting material to increase the yield of taro. The experiments were carried out in the villages of Antirogo, Sumbersari, Jember, East Java with an altitude of ± 89 meters above sea level starting in April 2018 to October 2018. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 2 treatment factors. Factor 1 is the type of planting material (B), B1: Bulbs; B2: Puppies; B3: Stolon. Factor 2 is taro variety (V), V1: Green Taro; B2: Brown Taro; B3: Purple Line Green Taro. Each repeated 4 times. The results showed that there was an interaction between the use of different types of planting material and varieties that had an effect on tuber weight per plant. The type of planting material has a significant effect on the number of tillers, leaf area, tuber weight, and tube diameter. Varieties significantly affect all observed variables. The treatment that gave the best results was planting material from tubers (B1) and Purple Line Green taro varieties (V3) with tuber yield per plant 362.58 grams (± 14.5 tons/ha).

Keywords: taro, planting material, varieties

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman talas dapat dipengaruhi oleh bahan tanam yang digunakan, dan penggunaan macam bahan tanam yang kurang tepat dapat menyebabkan tanaman tidak produktif sesuai dengan hasil potensial. Penggunaan bahan tanam yang berasal dari umbi diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil talas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan macam bahan tanam terbaik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil talas. Percobaan dilakukan di desa Antirogo, Sumbersari, Jember, Jawa Timur dengan ketinggian ± 89 mdpl dimulai pada bulan April 2018 sampai Oktober 2018. Percobaan menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 faktor perlakuan. Faktor 1 yaitu macam bahan tanam (B), B1: Umbi; B2: Anakan; B3: Stolon. Faktor 2 yaitu varietas talas (V), V1: Talas Hijau; V2: Talas Coklat; V3: Talas Hijau Garis Ungu. Perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat interaksi antara penggunaan macam bahan tanam dan varietas yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap bobot umbi per tanaman. Macam bahan tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah anakan, luas daun, bobot umbi, dan diameter umbi. Varietas berpengaruh nyata terhadap seluruh variabel pengamatan. Perlakuan yang memberikan hasil terbaik yaitu bahan tanam dari umbi (B1) dan varietas talas Hijau Garis Ungu (V3) dengan hasil bobot umbi per tanaman 362,58 gram (±14,5 ton/ha).

Kata kunci : talas, bahan tanam, varietas
INDEKS KEKERINGAN SPI (STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS HORTIKULTURA TAHUNAN DI KABUPATEN JEMBER
Authors: Nugroho Arzaky Ardi Surya , Bowo Cahyoadi , Sudibya Joko
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT Perennial tropical horticulture is a superior product whose productivity is affected by water availability. The impact of climate fluctuations due to global warming affects the availability of ground water. This study aims to determine the effect of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) drought index derived from rainfall data on the productivity of perennial horticulture (durian, avocado and rambutan). The study was conducted from July 2016 - November 2018 in 9 sub-districts in Jember Regency where has the highest production. Rainfall data is proceed into SPI data according to the guidelines of the WMO (World Meteorological Organization). Productivity data derived from production data divided by the number of plants. The results of 12 monthly SPI calculations compared with the perennial horticultural productivity data. To find out the relationship between productivity and SPI, the correlation method is used. The results showed that the appropriate SPI value for observing annual horticultural productivity was SPI 9 and 12 monthly. The value of SPI greatly influences the correlation of productivity of durian, avocado and rambutan. Keywords: SPI, productivity, annual horticulture. ABSTRAK Tanaman hortikultura tropis tahunan adalah produk unggulan yang produktivitasnya dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan air. Dampak fluktuasi iklim akibat pemanasan global mempengaruhi ketersediaan air tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh index kekeringan SPI yang berasal dari data curah hujan terhadap produktivitas hotikultura tahunan (durian, alpukat dan rambutan). Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Juli 2016 – November 2018 pada 9 Kecamatan dengan produksi tertinggi di Kabupaten Jember. Data curah hujan diolah menjadi data SPI sesuai pedoman WMO (World Meteorological Organization) dan data produktivitas berasal dari data produksi dibagi jumlah tanaman kemudian hasil perhitungan SPI 12 bulanan dibandingkan dengan data produktifitas hortikultura t ahunan. Untuk mengetahui hubungan produktivitas dan SPI digunkan metode korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai SPI yang sesuai untuk mengamati produktivitas hortikultura tahunan adalah SPI 9 dan 12 bulanan. Nilai SPI sangat berpengaruh terhadap korelasi produktivitas durian, alpukat dan rambutan. Nilai SPI yang semakin tinggi menaikkan produktivitas durian, tetapi menurunkan produktivitas alpukat dan rambutan. Kata Kunci : SPI, produktifitas, hortikuktura tahunan
EFISIENSI PEMBERIAN KAPUR PERTANIAN DI TANAH ALUVIAL MASAM PADA MUSIM TANAM PERTAMA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.) PADA MUSIM TANAM KEDUA DAN KETIGA
Authors: Wildani Rizka Dwi , Bowo Cahyoadi
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT On agriculture, efficiency measurement is based on income and outcome. Liming is the part of income that effected to soil condition and productivity. One of constraints on cultivating rice plants is low grades of soil acidity. The low grades of soil acidity could be caused from the characteristic of alluvial soil and other influences. Acid soil can results in decrease of rice yield. Liming materials can increase the grades of soil acidiy and productivity at first season to third season. The effect of liming is significant to increase soil acidity, but weakly effecting to improvement of productivity. Furthermore, production efficiency showed value of R/C ratio more than 1 and increase on every season. Thus, although liming unable to improve productivity significantly, however farming activity or cultivating is arguably efficient or productive. Keywords : Efficiency, Rice Plants, Acid Soil, Lime, Alluvial ABSTRAK Pada pertanian, pengukuran efesiensi dilihat dari pemasukan dan pengeluaran. Pemberian kapur termasuk dalam pemasukan yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi tanah maupun produktivitasnya. Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya tanaman padi adalah nilai pH tanah yang rendah. Nilai pH tanah yang rendah dapat disebabkan dari karakteristik tanah alluvial maupun dari pengaruh lainnya. Rendahnya pH tanah sehingga tanah masam dapat mengakibatkan penurunan hasil produksi tanaman padi. Tanah masam dapat diatasi dengan pemberian kapur pertanian. Pemberian kapur pertanian dapat meningkatkan nilai pH dan produktivitas pada musim tanam pertama sampai musim tanam ketiga. Pengaruh pemberian kapur signifikan dalam meningkatkan nilai pH, namun tidak berpengaruh lemah terhadap peningkatan produktivitas. Selain itu, efisiensi produksi menunjukkan nilai R/C ratio yang lebih dari 1 dan meningkat signifikan pada setiap musim. Jadi, meskipun pemberian kapur tidak mampu meningkatkan produktivitas secara signifikan, namun kegiatan usahatani atau budidaya dapat dikatakan efisien atau layak produksi. Kata Kunci: Efisiensi, Tanaman Padi, Tanah Masam, Kapur Pertanian, Aluvial
Théâtre et sociétés dans la France de la révolution
Authors: Bourdin Philippe
Published: July 2020

The theatre, a very often-frequented place from the 1770s, is at the junction of several socie-ties: that of the shareholders who own the auditorium and privileges; that of the artists; that of the spectators; that of amateurs who are formed in bourgeois circles and then in patriotic dramatic so-cieties. Commercial freedom, activist investment, the wars born of the French Revolution, emigra-tion, indeed, upset theatrical structures. Halls and troops then multiply, and dramatic practices gain previously unfamiliar spaces for entertainment. Theatre becomes not only an economic issue, but also a political one, posing and addressing long term issues of profitability, social order, and public order. Theatre enables social reconversions, but professional troops are also sometimes divided by the artists’ political choices. They are challenged by amateurs whose commitments are more in line with the wishes of the successive regimes.
La querelle du luxe sur les planches: Le Dissipateur de du Rivet
Authors: Brucker Nicolas
Published: July 2020

The French Jesuit theatre, which during the 18th century gradually opened to comedy and French-language performances, reflects social news. First performed in May 1746 at the Collège Louis-le-Grand, Le Dissipateur takes place in a luxury debate which runs from Mandeville to Mirabeau throughout the century. This comedy defends the middle ground and invites actors and spectators to settle their expenses on their social condition. It thus accomplishes its educational aim, in accordance with the spirit of Jesuit pedagogy, which consists in preparing pupils to live in society, to know its rules, so as never to be the victims of it.
L’œuvre de Pixerécourt sous la Restauration: entre valeurs de l’ancien régime et source d’inspiration pour l’école romantique
Authors: Kamińska Aleksandra
Published: July 2020

The aim of the article is to show the evolution of classical melodrama, the complexity of the genre and the influence of Pixerécourt’s melodrama on Victor Hugo’s romantic drama which mani-fests itself in contradictory and hyperbolic means. Indeed, Victor Hugo faces the same obstacle as the author of melodrama: how to represent the duality of the universe without falling into a simplify-ing and gnomic vision? While Victor Hugo opts for the constant use of antithesis, Pixerécourt seeks to adapt his heroes to the new reality under the Restoration: by temporarily reversing the roles, he makes women, at least momentarily, the pillar of social life.
Constraints Lead to Opportunities for Medical Education in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ribeiro João Carlos , Villanueva Tiago , Gi Andreia , Escada Pedro
Published: July 2020

N/a.
A participação docente na nova reforma do ensino médio
Authors: Silva Damaris Daiane Dias da , Martins Marcos Francisco
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo tem como tema as análise das relações que se encontram no processo de gestão escolar e educacional, e a importância que a participação de seus agentes, especialmente os professores, tem para que ela seja desenvolvida de maneira transparente, democrática e, assim, com qualidade social. É um estudo direcionado, especificamente, à nova reforma do ensino médio, formalmente encaminhada pela Medida Provisória 746/2016 e, posteriormente, transformada na Lei 13.415/2017. A pesquisa que originou este artigo teve como problema saber sobre o efetivo conhecimento e envolvimento dos professores da rede pública estadual de Pilar do Sul/SP neste processo. Metodologicamente, o enfoque foi qualitativo e contou com um estudo bibliográfico e documental acerca da referida Lei, bem como sobre políticas públicas educacionais, visando a conhecer como ocorre e como deveria ser a participação de professores no processo de formulação e de implantação. Contou, ainda, com pesquisa de campo, que se efetivou por meio da aplicação de questionários aos docentes. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que, no processo de formulação e de implantação da reforma encaminhado até o momento, os formuladores e executores distanciaram de processos administrativos democráticos e colaborativos, os quais fazem parte dos anseios de professores da educação básica e de especialistas em educação, como Paro, Veiga, Frigotto e Freitas, que foram algumas das principais referências teóricas da investigação aqui apresentada.
Contribuições da teoria histórico-cultural e da pedagogia histórico-crítica na educação infantil
Authors: Arruda Viviane Aparecida Bernardes de , Barros Marta Silene Ferreira
Published: July 2020

O presente estudo foi elaborado a partir de discussões realizadas no Grupo de Estudos: FOCO - Formação, Práxis e emancipação na Educação Escolar: implicações da Teoria Histórico-Cultural no ensino, aprendizagem e no desenvolvimento humano, vinculado à UEL e também por intermédio de levantamento bibliográfico, tendo como fundamento o materialismo histórico e dialético. Aliando as discussões do Grupo e de teóricos que se embasam nessa perspectiva e, sabendo-se da existência do esvaziamento do ensino na Educação Infantil, este trabalho visa questionar de que maneira a Teoria Histórico-Cultural e a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica podem contribuir com o processo de humanização da criança, visando superar concepções e práticas que comprometem o trabalho educativo. Mediante este estudo, foi possível averiguar a importância da intencionalidade do professor no ato de planejar, a fim de se efetivar na prática a socialização de conhecimentos científicos.  Assim, esse trabalho, tem como foco as crianças menores de cinco anos, uma vez que se avalia que as mesmas podem se apropriar do saber sistematizado, objetivando desse modo, o desenvolvimento infantil.
Carta de ABC, de Antonio Maria Barker (livraria Commercial, Pelotas, 1924)
Authors: Peres Eliane
Published: July 2020

O objetivo principal deste artigo é apresentar e analisar um impresso específico para o ensino inicial da leitura e da escrita: o pequeno livro cujo título é Carta de ABC, de autoria do português Antonio Maria Barker, que foi editado e comercializado pela Livraria Commercial, de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, em 1924. O livreto apresenta o alfabeto, sílabas, palavras e frases (máximas morais) em oito Cartas que, progressiva e paulatinamente, inseriam o aprendiz iniciante na arte da leitura e da escrita, observando a gradação das letras às palavras. Os dados da pesquisa indicam para o uso desse artefato tanto em escolas quanto no âmbito doméstico.
Management of Acute Primary Herpetic Gingivo-stomatitis in Children
Authors: Marzuqi Naila , Taqwim Ali , Vitasari Niken Rahma , Saskianti Tania
Published: July 2020

Background: Acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is the symptomatic presentation of the initial exposure to the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The clinical condition of acute primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is characterized by a prodromal of fever followed by an eruption of painful, ulcerative lesions of the gingiva and mucosa, and often, perioral, vesicular lesions. Purpose: The case reported management of acute primary herpetic gingiva-stomatitis in a 6 years old boy. Case: A 6-year-old boy with complaints of difficulty eating or drinking due to pain associated with multiple ulcers in the oral cavity and lips. Patient have been living in boarding school since 6 months ago and was complained of stomatitis which have occurred 4 days ago followed by fever and malaise. Case Management: The patient was instructed to eat nutritious (high calorie and protein diet), soft, blend diet and the following medications were prescribed: (1) antiviral drug (Acyclovir® tablet 200mg) for four times a day; (2) topical hyaluronic acid gel (Aloclair® gel 8ml) to be applied on lesions; (3) mouthwash containing benzydamine hydrochloride (Tantum Verde® 15ml) for three times a day; and (4) multivitamin syrup for three times a day. Conclusion: The case reported that the drugs treatment was used according to the severity of HSV-1 infection and patient’s symptoms of acute primary herpetic gingiva-stomatitis. Providing supportive care and educating about transmission of the virus are important aspects of nursing care.
Differences Post-extraction Collagen-density of Wistar-rat With Aerobic and Anaerobic Interval-training
Authors: Oki Aqsa Sjuhada , Diyatri Indeswati , Wibawa Kadek Gede Putra
Published: July 2020

Background: Tooth extraction is extracting teeth from alveolar bone. In the world, tooth loss is a disease that affects the function and aesthetics oral cavity, it causes 7.5 million Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). Tooth extraction rate in Indonesia is around 24% in 2013 and 19% in 2018. Sports is one of the activities that can help accelerate wound healing after tooth extraction, this study examine differences in collagen density after tooth extraction of Wistar rats given aerobic and anaerobic interval training. Objective: To prove differences in post-extraction collagen density of Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus) with aerobic and anaerobic interval training. Method: Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups, control group (K) rat were soaked in a bucket with tap water as high as the rat soles with a duration of 50% of maximum swimming ability (KRM), aerobic interval (P1) 3% load swim test with duration of  3 sets 50 % KRM exercise and 25% KRM rest, anaerobic interval P2 load 6% duration 80% KRM exercise and rest with 4 sets. All groups were observed on the 3rd and 7th day post extraction. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and continued with Post-hoc test to test differences between groups. Results: There was only significant difference in collagen thickness between groups K(3) and K7, and another groups had not significant difference. Conclusion: there unsignificant differences in collagen density after tooth extraction in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with aerobic and anaerobic interval training.
Konsep “Antargolongan” dalam Pasal 28 Ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE)
Authors: Kumalasari Tiara
Published: July 2020

Secara faktual, Pasal 28 Ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE). Adanya fakta bahwa Pasal 28 ayat (2) UU ITE cenderung digunakan untuk mengkriminalisasi orang-orang yang mengeluarkan pendapatnya berupa kritikan di media elektronik karena adanya ketidakjelasan makna dari konsep “antargolongan” dalam Pasal 28 ayat (2) UU ITE sehingga menyebabkan penafsiran yang berbeda-beda di kalangan aparat penegak hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum teoritikal (theoritical research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Kesimpulannya adalah pertimbangan hakim dalam beberapa putusan pengadilan, baik pengadilan negeri maupun pengadilan tinggi tidak dapat memberikan makna yang jelas dari konsep “antargolongan”, bahkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi pun cenderung memperluasnya. Dengan penafsiran sistematis, maka dalam menemukan kriteria dari konsep “antargolongan” dalam Pasal 28 ayat (2) dapat digunakan istilah “golongan” dalam Pasal 156 KUHP.
Recovery of olfactory capacity following a COVID-19 infection
Authors: Tempere Sophie , Sicard Gilles , De Revel Gilles
Published: July 2020

The loss of the sense of smell related to COVID-19 is not irreversible. It appears to last between eight and nine days on average, but can go on for several weeks for some patients. In order to help with the optimal recovery of your sense of smell and avoid qualitative disorders that sometimes arise after a period of anosmia, it is possible to train using simple exercises. However, the exercise protocols must be suited to the way in which the virus acts on the olfactory system by tapping into the specific skills of wine professionals.
Rationnement alimentaire de l’oie avant et pendant la ponte
Authors: SELLIER N. , ROUSSELOT-PAILLEY D. , SAUVEUR B.
Published: July 2020

Trois essais de rationnement alimentaire ont été réalisés sur des parquets (15) d’oies reproductrices grises des Landes, pendant leur saison naturelle de reproduction (printemps) et en plein air, afin d’évaluer si les surconsommations spontanées d’aliment observées avant l’entrée en ponte puis après le pic de ponte jouent un rôle déterminant sur les performances. Une limitation de l’ingéré énergétique à 700 kcal/jour/animal (320 g/jour d’un aliment contenant 2200 kcal d’énergie métabolisable/kg et 17 % MAT) appliquée de mi-novembre jusqu’au stade 20 % de ponte, entraîne une légère réduction du nombre d’oeufs (-2 oeufs/oie) mais une augmentation de 10 à 15% de leur taux de fertilité avec un bilan positif de +4 oisons par mère. Deux autres niveaux de rationnement testés (500 et 1000 kcal/jour/animal) sont ou trop ou trop peu sévères. Un rationnement préalable à la ponte et limitant la prise de poids des femelles à 1,0 - 1,2 kg paraît donc recommandable. Après le pic de ponte (fin mars), la limitation de l’ingéré énergétique à 660 kcal/oie pénalise fortement la ponte (moins 6 oeufs par femelle), mais accroît fortement le taux de fertilité (+ 13%). A ce stade, un rationnement différent des mâles et des femelles mériterait d’être développé.
Les infections intra-mammaires chez la vache laitière dans l’enquête écopathologique Bretagne
Authors: FAYE B. , DORR N. , LESCOURRET F. , BARNOUIN J. , CHASSAGNE M.
Published: July 2020

Dans le cadre d’une étude écopathologique réalisée pendant 4 années dans 47 élevages laitiers intensifs de Bretagne, un prélèvement de lait en vue d’une analyse bactériologique a été effectué sur toutes les vaches en début de lactation. Au total, 7852 analyses ont été opérées. L’article décrit les résultats de ces analyses et étudie quelques facteurs spatio-temporels de variation. 53 % des prélèvements contiennent des germes pathogènes. Les germes pathogènes mineurs (Staphylocoques coagulase-, Bacillus, C. bovis) dominent, mais les germes pathogènes majeurs (S. aureus, S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, E. coli, autres streptocoques) sont présents dans un tiers des prélèvements non stériles. La prise d’échantillon de lait a été réalisée en début de lactation dans un intervalle variant de 3 jours à 7 semaines après le vêlage. Ceci n’a pas entraîné globalement de biais importants, la variation des fréquences observées n’étant pas significative. Les infections intramammaires (IMI) dues à des pathogènes majeurs augmentent avec le rang de lactation. La période hivernale est globalement défavorable, mais on observe un pic de fréquence élevé au mois de juin pour les pathogènes majeurs. Il existe un effet année, les fréquences d’IMI ayant tendance à diminuer. Le Finistère paraît plus affecté (36,5 % de pathogènes majeurs) que le Morbihan (20,9 %) et surtout que l’Ille-et-Vilaine (13,7 %). En ne considérant que les mammites de début de lactation et les taux cellulaires enregistrés lors des deux premiers contrôles, on observe une plus forte incidence des mammites cliniques (20,4 %) et des taux leucocytaires supérieurs à 4 × 106 (43,3 %) avec les pathogènes majeurs qu’avec les mineurs (respectivement 10,9 et 17,8 %). Le rôle des pratiques d’élevage et des conditions d’environnement sera pris en compte ultérieurement pour déterminer les facteurs de risque des IMI.
Les sécrétions digestives et leur régulation chez le jeune veau préruminant
Authors: GUILLOTEAU P. , LE HUËROU-LURON I. , QUILLET J. , TOULLEC R.
Published: July 2020

Après la présentation de l’importance des sécrétions digestives pour transformer les aliments en nutriments absorbables et assimilables par l’organisme, les principes généraux de la régulation de leur synthèse et de leur libération sont décrits en soulignant la complexité des mécanismes. Des exemples sont donnés pour montrer l’effet de quelques facteurs (repas, nature des protéines, âge, digestibilité...) sur les sécrétions gastriques et pancréatiques et tenter de proposer une explication des mécanismes en cause. Quelques illustrations font état des apports possibles en nutrition et dans le domaine clinique chez l’animal et l’homme. En conclusion, les résultats récemment obtenus permettent, à l’aide des nouvelles techniques mises à notre disposition et associées à des méthodes classiques, d’ouvrir de nouvelles voies d’investigation dans le but d’intervenir sur la régulation des sécrétions pour mieux les adapter à l’aliment distribué, en tenant compte de l’environnement d’élevage.
Populations animales et systèmes agraires. L’exemple des bovins laitiers
Authors: VISSAC B.
Published: July 2020

Cette étude vise à appréhender la crise des rapports entre la Société et son territoire dans le domaine de l’élevage à travers sa double traduction : excédents quantitatifs et déficits qualitatifs des productions d’une part, perceptions sociales d’atteintes à l’environnement d’autre part. L’élevage bovin laitier est considéré comme un bon support de réflexion car il est un témoin privilégié du modernisme en élevage. La notion de système agraire apparaît appropriée à la prise en compte de cette complexité. Celle de population animale, considérée dans sa double identité, biologique et culturelle, est utilisée comme un marqueur du système agraire. Dans la première partie, on étudie, au cours des deux derniers siècles, l’évolution des populations bovines traites, sur le territoire national, avec celle des systèmes agraires supports. On s’appuie, dans ce cadre, sur une périodisation correspondant aux trois entités utilisées successivement pour définir les populations : populations locales, organisations raciales, souches issues des schémas collectifs de sélection. On dégage ensuite, dans une deuxième partie, les traits principaux de cette évolution : élargissement territorial et structuration des organisations sociales avec la spécialisation ; stratification régionale des populations plus évoluées sur les plus anciennes à un rythme fonction des possibilités de transformation des systèmes agraires ; diffusion des nouveaux types de population autour de pôles émergeant des marges des anciennes structures spatiales. On constate que cette dynamique à long terme de délocalisation des populations bovines laitières s’accompagne de résistances locales des anciennes populations, résistances qui sont avivées par la crise. Cette contradiction dans l’évolution actuelle de l’élevage bovin laitier conduit à élargir la réflexion sur un métadéveloppement dans le sens des idées développées par Morin. On en discute, sur quelques exemples, les aspects bioécologiques, psychiques et socio-culturels et leurs relations. On suggère leur intégration dans un processus de Recherche-Action associant les partenaires des filières de production à ceux qui ont en charge la gestion du territoire rural et où les populations animales peuvent représenter des indicateurs d’une culture collective. Ces ouvertures visent à approfondir le champs d’application des approches pluridisciplinaires locales fondées sur les postulats de globalité et de complexité des systèmes agraires à base d’élevage. Elles peuvent fournir des éléments de réflexion pour un renouveau de la loi sur l’élevage de 1964 dans lequel la population animale garderait une place prééminente.
Utilisation de luzerne déshydratée de haute qualité dans les rations des vaches laitières
Authors: PEYRAUD J.L. , DELABY L.
Published: July 2020

Les effets de la luzerne déshydratée de qualité en substitution partielle de l’ensilage de maïs ont été étudiés chez des vaches après le pic de lactation (35 kg de lait à la mise en lot) en comparant à un témoin sans luzerne trois régimes (essai 1) correspondant à l’apport de 2,5 (2,5L) ou de 5,0 kg (5,0L) de luzerne brins longs ou de 5 kg d’une même luzerne (19 % MAT, 0,74 UFL/kg MS) en pellets et préalablement broyée (forme condensée : 5,0C). Les traitements témoin et 2,5L ont été repris dans un second essai avec une luzerne plus riche en énergie (23,8 % MAT, 0,88 UFL/kg MS). L’ensilage de maïs était distribué à volonté et les régimes étaient iso-énergétiques et iso-azotés (PDI). Le traitement 2,5L a permis d’augmenter la production de lait, légèrement dans le premier essai (+0,6 kg/j), plus nettement dans le second (+1,0 kg/j), de faire baisser le taux butyreux (-1,5 et -1,8 g/kg pour les essais 1 et 2) sans affecter le taux protéique. Les quantités ingérées totales ont été plus élevées (+0,7 kg et +0,9 kg pour les essais 1 et 2) ce qui a permis d’accroître les apports énergétiques malgré une valeur énergétique un peu plus faible de la luzerne comparée à l’ensilage (0,95 UFL/kg MS). Le régime 5,0L a entraîné une diminution sensible du taux protéique (-0,6 g/kg) par rapport au témoin sans modifier l’ingestion ou la production. A même niveau d’apport, la forme de présentation n’a pas eu d’effet sur la production mais les quantités ingérées ont été plus élevées avec la luzerne condensée. L’utilisation de quantités modérées de luzerne déshydratée de très bonne qualité permet de moduler la composition du lait dans le sens souhaité pour produire plus de protéines sans augmenter la quantité de matières grasses.
Les conséquences de la dynamique de la digestion des aliments sur le métabolisme ruminal et les performances animales
Authors: SAUVANT D. , VAN MILGEN J.
Published: July 2020

Les travaux des dernières décennies ont montré que les cinétiques de dégradation ruminale des aliments variaient largement en fonction de leur nature et du constituant considéré. Il est donc envisageable de mettre à profit cette variabilité pour formuler des aliments composés, ou des régimes mixtes, plus ou moins rapidement dégradables ou plus ou moins bien équilibrés entre les flux des glucides et des protéines disponibles par rapport aux besoins des micro-organismes du rumen.
Les résultats expérimentaux sur les effets des variations de ces phénomènes sur la digestion ruminale et sur les performances zootechniques indiquent que ces effets sont beaucoup moins importants que ce qui pouvait être envisagé a priori. Il est de ce fait nécessaire de rechercher des explications sur la capacité du rumen à “amortir” ces variations. Il semble que ce soit l’existence de nombreuses structures et phénomènes de délais qui permettent d’amortir efficacement les variations dynamiques des processus de dégradation entre aliments et constituants. Plusieurs exemples sont évoqués. Pour les constituants azotés, les phénomènes d’amortissement existent en particulier au niveau du stockage transitoire de molécules peptidiques avant captation par les cellules microbiennes et des recyclages d’azote par les protozoaires et le recyclage d’urée d’origine sanguine. Pour les constituants énergétiques, il semble que le stockage transitoire d’énergie le plus important soit le compartiment polysaccharidique des microbes. L’approche dynamique des phénomènes digestifs ruminaux indique en outre que la croissance microbienne est limitée et peu adaptable dans le court terme même si une quantité suffisante de nutriments est disponible. Quelques commentaires sont effectués sur cet aspect.
Resistance and Resilience of Pelagic and Littoral Fishes to Drought in the San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Mahardja Brian , Tobias Vanessa , Khanna Shruti , Mitchell Lara , Lehman Peggy , Sommer Ted , Brown Larry , Culberson Steve , Conrad J. Louise
Published: July 2020

Many estuarine ecosystems and the fish communities that inhabit them have undergone substantial changes in the past several decades, largely due to multiple interacting stressors that are often of anthropogenic origin. Few are more impactful than droughts, which are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity with climate change. In this study, we examined over five decades of fish monitoring data from the San Francisco Estuary, California, U.S.A, to evaluate the resistance and resilience of fish communities to disturbance from prolonged drought events. High resistance was defined by the lack of decline in species occurrence from a wet to a subsequent drought period, while high resilience was defined by the increase in species occurrence from a drought to a subsequent wet period. We found some unifying themes connecting the multiple drought events over the fifty-year period. Pelagic fishes consistently declined during droughts (low resistance), but exhibit a considerable amount of resiliency and often rebound in the subsequent wet years. However, full recovery does not occur in all wet years following droughts, leading to permanently lower baseline numbers for some pelagic fishes over time. In contrast, littoral fishes seem to be more resistant to drought and may even increase in occurrence during dry years. Based on the consistent detrimental effects of drought on pelagic fishes within the San Francisco Estuary and the inability of these fish populations to recover in some years, we conclude that freshwater flow remains a crucial but not sufficient management tool for the conservation of estuarine biodiversity.
The Mental Health of School-Going Children During Existing Lockdown Situation Due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Muhammad Anwar , Rahman Sanjida , Karim Md Rezaul
Published: July 2020

During this epidemic of COVID-19, children are in need of much concentration and profound love of the senior family members. Although the measures taken by the organizations are necessary to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus, they may be causing widespread mental health issues, including depression and loneliness. Therefore, it is imperative that parents have to spend the lion-share of time with children while listening to them cordially. Parents can participate in sports with them to help them stay fit so that they can enjoy commemorating moments. However, in this additional time, the parents can also make them habituated to practice the rules of health, so does social distancing.
Induced Short-term Hearing Loss due to Stimulation of Age-related Factors by Intermittent Hypoxia, High-Fat Diet, and Galactose Injection
Authors: Park Dong Jun , Ha Sunmok , Choi Jin Sil , Lee Su Hoon , Park Jeong-Eun , Seo Young Joon
Published: July 2020

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory disorder in the elderly. It is associated with aging and hair cell death due to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Although transgenic mice and long-term cultures for induction of aging have been used to study ARHL, there are presently no ARHL animal models stimulated by intermittent environmental change for aging. In this study, an ARHL animal model was established by inducing continuous oxidative stress to promote short-term aging of cells, determined based on the expression of the hearing loss-induced phenotype and aging related factors in the short term. The incidence of hearing loss was significantly different among the groups subjected to intermittent hypoxic environment, high-fat diet (HFD), and injection with D-galactose. Continuous oxidative stress and HFD were factors that accelerated cellular aging. Increase in UCP2 affected oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CDH23, SLC26A4, KCNQ4, Myo7a, and Myo6, which are ARHL-related factors, were modified by oxidative stress in cells of the hearing organ. We found that intermittent hypoxic, HFD, and galactose injection accelerated cellular aging in the short term. Thus, we anticipate that the development of this hearing loss animal model, which reflects intermittent environmental changes, will benefit future research on ARHL.
Darknet on OpenCL: A Multi-platform Tool for Object Detection and Classification
Authors: Sowa Piotr , Izydorczyk Jacek
Published: July 2020

The article’s goal is to overview challenges and problems on the way from the state of the art CUDA accelerated neural networks code to multi-GPU code. For this purpose, the authors describe the journey of porting the existing in the GitHub, fully-featured CUDA accelerated Darknet engine to OpenCL. The article presents lessons learned and the techniques that were put in place to make this port happen. There are few other implementations on the GitHub that leverage the OpenCL standard, and a few have tried to port Darknet as well. Darknet is a well known convolutional neural network (CNN) framework. The authors of this article investigated all aspects of the porting and achieved the fully-featured Darknet engine on OpenCL. The effort was focused not only on the classification with the use of YOLO1, YOLO2, and YOLO3 CNN models. They also covered other aspects, such as training neural networks, and benchmarks to look for the weak points in the implementation. The GPU computing code substantially improves Darknet computing time compared to the standard CPU version by using underused hardware in existing systems. If the system is OpenCL-based, then it is practically hardware independent. In this article, the authors report comparisons of the computation and training performance compared to the existing CUDA-based Darknet engine in the various computers, including single board computers, and, different CNN use-cases. The authors found that the OpenCL version could perform as fast as the CUDA version in the compute aspect, but it is slower in memory transfer between RAM (CPU memory) and VRAM (GPU memory). It depends on the quality of OpenCL implementation only. Moreover, loosening hardware requirements by the OpenCL Darknet can boost applications of DNN, especially in the energy-sensitive applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
COVID-19 Clot: What Is It? Why in the Lungs? Extracellular Histone, “Auto-Activation” of Prothrombin, Emperipolesis, Megakaryocytes, “Self-Association” of Von Willebrand Factor and Beyond
Authors: Varatharajah Nadarajah
Published: July 2020

COVID-19 thromboembolic disease has brought all of us back to the drawing board. In COVID-19, pre-existing activated endothelium with increased Von Willebrand factor (VWF), low density lipoprotein (LDL) promoting “self-association” and “sticking” of long VWF strings to the vascular endothelial wall, suppressed ADAMTS13 cleavage of VWF, hypoxia induced upregulation and activation of VWF, fibrous network from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) with free DNA and histone, all appear to be initiating the thrombogenesis. Worsening complement activation, cytokine storm and resulting endothelial destruction, unregulated thrombogenesis leads to vascular occlusions and hypoxia. At this stage, the presence of abundant extracellular DNA, histone and -defensins appears worse than the SARS-CoV-2 itself. Previously observed in vitro mechanisms like histone “auto-activating” prothrombin, histone activated platelets generating thrombin without FXII, thrombin and plasmin cleaving complement C5 appears highly likely in COVID-19. Megakaryocytes are actively producing platelets in the lungs and appear to play a major role in thrombogenesis of COVID-19 raising suspicion of emperipolesis. This focused review is a compilation of my observations in relation to the pathophysiology of the intravascular environment, mainly in COVID-19 lungs. Pathophysiology based clinical trials are paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality in COVID-19.
Plant Mediated Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Burn Wound Therapy
Authors: Beg Mohd Riyaz , Ghodinde Shital , Gupta Vidhi
Published: July 2020

In this changing world, we all are surrounded by the surmountable risk of getting injured. Amongst various risk factors, major burns are the most distressing and catastrophic. Burn wounds are not easy to heal via natural healing process and ultimately ended up with scar formation. If the degree of burn is high then the loss of tissue and its function is very common. To fasten-up the natural burn wound healing; zinc, an essential trace element is found to be very much effective. But due to its’ particle size limitation, less contact with wounded cells and tissues, and high inherent toxicity restrict its use. Needlessly, zinc is an element with dual action i.e. both antimicrobial and wound healing it is a prime choice to apply its aptitude in burn wound healing. To overcome the documented limitations zinc has converted to nanoparticle form. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, in particular, have attained ample of interest due to their unique properties and potential antimicrobial activity along with wound healing activity which makes it promising for the healing of topical burn wounds. Plant mediated green synthesis of nano-metal oxide particles is gaining a lot of significance due to its simplicity, eco-friendliness and extensive antimicrobial activity and recommended as an appealing substitute to not only physical methods but also chemical methods avoiding the use of the high rate of toxic chemicals and extreme surroundings. This study includes ZnO NPs role in burn wound healing with Phyto-mediated synthesis methods to provide evidence of their potential applications. Additionally, it provides an overview of traditional methods used for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and characterization techniques to obtain information concerning the size, shape and optical properties along with toxicity and safety concern of ZnO NPs and its biomedical applications.
PSMA-Specific Car-Engineered T Cells for Prostate Cancer: CD28 outperforms combined CD28-41BB “Super- stimulation”
Authors: Zuccolotto Gaia , Penna Alessandro , Fracasso Giulio , Montagner Isabella Monia , Carpanese Debora , Tosi Anna , Rosato Antonio
Published: July 2020

Despite advances in the understanding of its molecular pathophysiology, prostate cancer remains largely incurable, highlighting the need for novel therapies. We developed a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a glycoprotein that is overexpressed in prostate cancer, which expression involves neovasculature of several tumor entities, thus envisaging an additional antiangiogenic effect. To optimize the CAR design, we compared two CARs with signaling domains containing one or two T cell costimulatory elements, in addition to CD3ζ. Conversely, what has been described for other CARs, a third-generation CAR (containing CD28 and 41BB co-signaling domains) induced a potent antitumor effect similar to a second-generation CAR (containing CD28 co-signaling domain), though we observed a detrimental effect of the additional costimulatory domain that was attributed to increased activation-induced cell death (AICD). This “super-stimulation” resulted in exhaustion of cells, higher frequencies of cell death and, more importantly, the impossibility of sufficiently expanding the CAR cells to obtain the minimum number of cells requested for in vivo therapies. While the superiority of 2nd and 3rd generation over 1st generation CAR T cells has been clearly shown in both preclinical and clinical studies, the optimal combination of costimulatory domains for 3rd generation CAR-T cells must still be defined and should be evaluated case-by-case in order to fine-tune immunotherapy approaches.
A Review of Low Altitude Manned Aviation Operations
Authors: Weinert Andrew , Barrera Gabriela
Published: July 2020

With the integration of small unmanned aircraft systems into the U.S. National Airspace System, low altitude regions are being stressed in historically new ways. The FAA must understand and quantify the risk of collision between unmanned and manned aircraft during desired low altitude unmanned operations in order to produce regulations and standards. It is increasingly important to characterize how manned aircraft operate at these low altitudes, as historical assumptions are insufficient for modeling and simulation to support standards development. Yet technical challenges such as poor low altitude radar coverage and lack of required transponder equipage are significant barriers to characterizing the low altitude environment. In response, we conducted an extensive review of fixedwing and rotary-helicopter manned operations to characterize the low altitude environment.