bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

The Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) allows us to study finite size and finite temperature effects of an integrable model. This chapter investigates the integral equations that determine the free energy and gives their physical interpretation. It discusses Casimir energy, Bethe relativistic wave function, the derivation of thermodynamics, the meaning of pseudo-energy (dressed energy and momentum), infrared and ultraviolet limits, the coefficient of bulk energy, the general form of the TBA equations, the thermodynamics of the free field theories, L-channel quantization and the LeClair–Mussardo formula. It also covers the application of the Yang–Lee S-matrix, the magnetic field Ising model, and the tricritical Ising model.
The German Federal Constitutional Court
Authors: Jestaedt Matthias , Lepsius Oliver , Möllers Christoph , Schönberger Christoph
Published: May 2020

This translation into English of the leading German-language work on the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG) gives an overview of both the Court’s history and its role as one of the most influential constitutional courts in recent years. The book consists of four extended, free-standing chapters, each written by one of the authors. In turn, these four chapters cover the historical development and political context of the Court; the Court and its relationship to the constitution; the Court’s approach to judicial reasoning and to the setting of legal standards; and the legitimacy of the Court in contemporary constitutional theory.
Karlsruhe
Authors: Schönberger Christoph
Published: May 2020

This chapter charts the Federal Constitutional Court’s historical development, with a nuanced attention to the motley preconditions—and the irreducible contingency—of its remarkable rise. It begins with the rise of the Court, which adroitly used the opportunities offered by the uncharted situation of postwar West Germany. Especially by way of its extensive human rights jurisprudence, the Court worked toward a fundamental liberalization of the German legal system and shook up the traditional judiciary. The Federal Constitutional Court thus became the midwife of the second German democracy. However, owing to its successes and the eventual stability and prosperity of the Federal Republic, which was now a liberal society with a solidified democratic culture, the country came to depend less and less on the Court and its initiatives. The Court thus became a victim of its own success. Other factors involved in the Court’s fading importance are the loss of charisma through routinization and the increasing Europeanization and internationalization of the German legal system.
The Karlsruhe Phenomenon
Authors: Jestaedt Matthias
Published: May 2020

This chapter stresses that nothing in the Federal Constitutional Court’s growth was preordained. It depicts the Court’s initially fraught relations with political actors, ordinary judges, and legal academics, scrutinizing the institutional peculiarities that have made the Court what it is. The manner and direction in which the Court developed was recognizable merely in outline in the fundamental decision by the constitution’s founders for an institutionally independent constitutional adjudication, which according to the size and extent of its jurisdiction would be powerful. This was due to the fact that the Federal Constitutional Court in its totality was unprecedented both in terms of constitutional history and comparative constitutional development: during the deliberations on the Basic Law and Federal Constitutional Court Act, there were repeated specific references to the Staatsgerichtshof in Weimar and the U.S. Supreme Court. But both in its numerous distinctive details and even in the overall concept, the constitutional court of the Basic Law represents a new creation.
The Standard-Setting Power
Authors: Lepsius Oliver
Published: May 2020

This chapter chronicles the proliferation of doctrinal standards over time and underscores the bizarre lengths to which that proliferation has recently extended. It shows how the Federal Constitutional Court makes use of a distinctive technique for reaching and justifying decisions, which it elaborated over many years, and which today it habitually applies. The Court regularly divides the reasoning of a decision into two blocks. The first block identifies general statements on the interpretation of the constitution. In such general terms, the Court establishes the legal standard, which will lie at the foundation of the case. The application of the standard to the determinative set of facts follows. The facts of the specific case first enter the reasoning in the second part, the “subsumption section.” The standard already formed in general-abstract terms is now applied to the specific issue the Court has to decide. Finally, the chapter warns that the era of bold new standards is probably gone for good.
Introduction
Authors: Massam Diane
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents a brief overview of Niue and Niuean, outlining previous work on the language. It discusses background issues such as methodology and theoretical assumptions, and provides an overview of the contents of each of the chapters, ending with some personal comments.
Conclusion
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a synopsis of the work, explaining how the taxonomic project carried out in this book offers a holistic account of the defensive rules available to attack allegations of copyright infringement, adds to the debate on the breadth of permissible uses under EU copyright, and contributes both positivist and normative insights that could inform law and policy making. It also outlines certain key principles that can discipline our thinking towards more effective defensive rules with regard to the achievement of policy objectives such as innovation and business growth, and argues towards broader, more flexible, and stronger copyright defences.
The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: May 2020

Metaphysics is sensitive to the conceptual tools we choose to articulate metaphysical problems. Those tools are a lens through which we view metaphysical problems; the same problems look different when we change the lens. There has recently been a shift to "postmodal" conceptual tools: concepts of ground, essence, and fundamentality. This shift transforms the debate over structuralism, in many ways. For instance: structuralist theses say that "patterns" are prior to the "nodes" in the patterns. In modal terms it is clear what this means: the nodes cannot vary independently of the pattern. But it's far less clear what its postmodal meaning is. One expects it to mean that the pattern is fundamental, the entities in the pattern, derivative. But what would a fundamental account of reality that speaks only of patterns and not objects in the patterns look like? I examine three structuralist positions through a postmodal lens. First, nomic essentialism, which says that scientific properties are secondary and lawlike relationships among them are primary. Second, structuralism about individuals, a general position of which mathematical structuralism and structural realism are instances, which says that scientific and mathematical objects are secondary and the pattern of relations among them is primary. Third, comparativism about quantities, which says that particular values of scientific quantities, such as having exactly 1000g mass, are secondary, and quantitative relations, such as being-twice-as-massive-as, are primary. Finally, I take a step back and examine the meta-question of when theories are equivalent, and how that impacts the debate over structuralism.
Deus Sive Vernunft
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y.
Published: May 2020

In the first part of this chapter, I provide a very brief overview of Schelling’s lifelong engagement with Spinoza’s philosophy, which will prepare us for my study of the 1801 Presentation. In the second part, I consider the formal structure and rhetoric of the Presentation against the background of Spinoza’s Ethics, and show how Schelling regularly imitates Spinoza’s tiniest rhetorical gestures. In the third and final part, I turn to the opening of the Presentation, and argue that Schelling attempts there to distance himself from Fichte by developing a conception of reason as the absolute, or the identity of the subject and object, just as the thinking substance and the extended substance are identified in Spinoza’s God.
Nature, Freedom, and Gender in Schelling
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Schelling’s ideas about nature and freedom from a feminist perspective, looking at his First Outline of a System of the Philosophy of Nature and his later Philosophical Investigations on the Essence of Human Freedom. In both works, Schelling argues that two opposed but interdependent metaphysical powers are necessary to the constitution of the world, and he interprets these powers in terms of a gendered polarity. The chapter draws out the ambiguous implications of Schelling’s views as regards the relative value of each gender, and considers how this bears on contemporary possibilities for reappropriating Schelling’s thought, with critical reference to Žižek.
An ‘Ethics for the Transition’
Authors: Nassar Dalia
Published: May 2020

Over the last four decades, environmental ethics has become an increasingly significant field of philosophy. Yet, many of its practitioners question its goals and effectiveness. Above all, environmental philosophers voice uncertainty about the extent to which the field has been able to influence action, behaviour, and policy in relation to the environment. What are the reasons behind this meagre influence and what kind of contrasting philosophical approach might enable transformative action? The goal of this paper is to answer these questions by drawing on Schelling’s late philosophy. I argue that Schelling’s critique of philosophical logicism reveals the ways in which certain ways of doing philosophy fails to enable ethical and behavioural transformation. By contrast, I show that Schelling’s “positive philosophy” can offer important insights into our current situation and illuminate a way forward for a sustainable environmental ethics.
Introduction
Authors: French Steven , Saatsi Juha
Published: May 2020

This chapter previews the contributions to this volume and lays out the broader context and motivations for engaging in the scientific realism debate specifically in relation to quantum physics.
Naturalism and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: May 2020

Quantum mechanics is a paradigmatic example of a scientific theory seemingly demanding ‘an interpretation’. What is it to ‘interpret’ a physical theory? Bas van Fraassen has recently argued that the attitude towards the task of interpreting science can be used to demarcate two otherwise similar epistemic stances: empiricism and naturalism. He claims that while empiricists are committed to the task of interpretation, naturalists cannot make sense of interpretation from outside the scientific theory. Naturalists, it seems, would have to be quietists about interpretation. Chapter 6 investigates in what form, if any, naturalists can make sense of the task of interpretation in the case of quantum mechanics. Doing so will shed light on the question whether interpretation of physical theories is a distinctively philosophical task, and what its purpose might be. It suggests that the aim of interpreting theories is to enhance our understanding, and that this task is not exclusively philosophical.
Introduction
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: May 2020

While the city has been at the center of literary modernist studies through such influential formulations as Raymond Williams’s “metropolitan forms of perception,” the influence of architectural modernism has received comparatively little attention. Far from a lagging branch of the modern movement, architecture and design instigated one of the defining divides in British literary modernism, between Vorticism and Bloomsbury. At a time when Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were just starting their careers, Wyndham Lewis and Roger Fry formulated rival utopias, to be achieved through an architecture and design-driven mass modernism. These debates culminated in D. H. Lawrence’s end-of-life call to “Pull down my native village to the last brick” and use modernist planning to “[m]ake a new England.” The conflation of creation and violent destruction initially inspired members of the Auden Group but ultimately caused many mid-century authors to become wary of uniting aesthetic revolution with political revolution.
The Origins of John Harrison’s ‘Pendulum-Clock’ Technology
Authors: King Andrew
Published: May 2020

Working in Lincolnshire in the 1720s, John Harrison (1693–1776) established a unique approach to making accurate pendulum clocks that was born from his experiences in the family business that served country estates in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The chapter charts Harrison’s early clock-making practice, inspired by local traditional clocks, and his unique interpretation. He used wood for the frames and most of the wheelwork before key elements of his precision timekeeping crystallised in the making of an estate clock for Brocklesby Park in Lincolnshire. Notably, the elimination of requirement for lubrication formed a solid bedrock for his life’s work in precision in this field. It examines Harrison’s early influences and progression of thinking through documentary evidence and artefacts to introduce the beginnings of his unique approach to precision pendulum clock making.
Climate change can drive marine diseases
Authors: Burge Colleen A. , Hershberger Paul K.
Published: May 2020

As an ultimate driver of marine ecosystem processes, climate change is expected to influence proximate disease drivers in marine systems. The observable effects of climate change, including changes in temperature, hypoxia, CO2 accumulation, precipitation, and storm and cyclone frequencies and intensities, may directly act as proximate drivers of marine disease, especially in poikilotherms. These climate-driven changes are expected to result in the active and passive movement of pathogens and hosts into previously naïve geographical areas, thereby disrupting the long-evolved, stable host–pathogen relationships. Additionally, large-scale ecological changes stemming from climate change are expected to impact pathogen virulence and host susceptibilities. These real and anticipated changes present evolving challenges for resource managers who are charged with managing stochastic marine diseases in a constantly changing environment.
Pollution can drive marine diseases
Authors: Bojko Jamie , Lipp Erin K. , Ford Alex T. , Behringer Donald C.
Published: May 2020

Humans pollute the marine environment biologically, chemically, and physically, which can potentially drive or facilitate the emergence, proliferation, or impact of disease. This chapter synthesizes what is known about the effects of biological (e.g., wastewater), chemical (e.g., pharmaceuticals), and physical (e.g., sound/light) pollution on marine disease dynamics. The presence of these pollutants has been found to alter disease prevalence, increase host susceptibility to infection, and alter the spread and host range of different diseases. Despite the importance of the marine environment as a primary food source for humans, many complexities linking disease ecology and pollution are yet to be explored. Future investigation of these connections would benefit from an integrated approach using experimental, environmental, molecular, and pathological methods.
Publishing in London
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: May 2020

London was the centre of Seamus Heaney’s publishing life. Chapter 1 considers his early work as it appeared in British publications in the early and mid-1960s, before his first volume, Death of a Naturalist, was published by Faber in 1966. Taking into account early reviews and essays, it focuses on his work in three publications: the New Statesman, the Listener, and Vogue, and it asserts the importance of relationships with key editors and fellow writers, notably Karl Miller and Polly Devlin. It includes analysis of images which accompanied Heaney’s work in these magazines, notably a portrait of the poet by Norman Parkinson, and it establishes critical principles for contextual readings of his poetry which are maintained throughout the book.
Education and the Radio
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: May 2020

Seamus Heaney was, by first profession, a teacher, and education is an abiding preoccupation in his writing. Rooted in the radio work he undertook in the mid-1970s for the BBC Northern Ireland Schools Service, notably Explorations, a series on which he collaborated with his friend David Hammond, Chapter 3 considers the breadth of his thinking on teaching and learning. As a member of one of the first eleven-plus generations in Northern Ireland, his views on education are conditioned by the political reforms of the era, as they were felt by the nationalist community. They are profitably read through Richard Hoggart’s seminal analysis The Uses of Literacy (1957), and his later collaboration with Ted Hughes on The Rattle Bag (1982).
The University and the Canon
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: May 2020

Developing the concern with the place of education in Seamus Heaney’s work, Chapter 4 follows him to America in the 1980s and considers at length the impact on his poetry of the fourteen years he spent in the English Department at Harvard. This is a period in which Heaney’s aesthetic range is broadening, opening to international influences, and absorbing and expressing political realities in new ways. However, it is also a time of self-assertion and resistance, as he recognized in retrospect. Teaching in the US during the canon wars and exposed to the provocative discourses of literary theory, he retreats into his own certainties and convictions about language and tradition.
The Possibility of Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph
Published: May 2020

This book elaborates on a concept of the normative. It aims to explicate what is meant when norms are spoken of as such. Hence, this book is only concerned with developing a concept of the normative; it seeks to crystallize that which makes a norm a norm. In doing so, the focus is limited to a concept of social norms, of norms that have arisen out of a social context. Questions with which every practice of social norms sees itself confronted are compared and contrasted with philosophical theories of the morally appropriate. What implication does it have for the value and accuracy of philosophical theories of morally right action that social norms need a location, a time, and a form of illustration, that one has to be able to perceive them? Along such a line of inquiry, moral norms represent an important reference, though frequently they are only used as a contrast. Social norms such as religious commandments, legal prescriptions, or rules of etiquette operate quite differently from norms that are typically debated in practical philosophy. The commonalities of social norms are thus the object of this book.
Good Reasons?
Authors: Möllers Christoph
Published: May 2020

This chapter attempts to identify discursive commonalities in a critical manner. If categories from practical philosophy are of significance for understanding social norms and how these can be adequately described, then taking a look at the philosophical discourse provides an entry point. Of course, speaking of practical philosophy as such is somewhat limiting in light of the sheer breadth of such discourse, even more so in that philosophical debates are contentious not only in their solutions but in the very definition of problems. However, the chapter makes the attempt nevertheless. Its focus here is driven by the presumption that at least the identification of problems is not too vague an enterprise in contemporary practical philosophy, and that it indeed plays a decisive role for a theory of the normative. Möllers analyzes the deficits of philosophical concepts of normativity, focusing on theories that conceive of norms as reasons for action. He concludes that they fail to offer an adequate description of the social practice of the normative.
Fundamentality and Non-Symmetric Relations
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: May 2020

The first part of this chapter argues that there are no non-symmetric relations at the fundamental level. The second part identifies different ways in which asymmetry and order can be introduced into a world that only contains symmetric but no non-symmetric fundamental relations. The third part develops an account of derivative relations and puts forward identity criteria that establish that derivative non-symmetric relations do not have distinct converses. Instead of a plurality of relations, there are only different ways of picking out the same relation. The final part provides an account of how generative operations can induce order and argues for a reconceptualisation of grounding as an operation rather than as a relation.
When the Actual World Is Not Even Possible
Authors: Wüthrich Christian
Published: May 2020

Approaches to quantum gravity often involve the disappearance of space and time at the fundamental level. The metaphysical consequences of this disappearance are profound, as is illustrated with David Lewis’s analysis of modality. As Lewis’s possible worlds are unified by the spatiotemporal relations among their parts, the non-fundamentality of spacetime—if borne out—suggests a serious problem for his analysis: his pluriverse, for all its ontological abundance, does not contain our world. Although the mere existence—as opposed to the fundamentality—of spacetime must be recovered from the fundamental structure in order to guarantee the empirical coherence of the non-spatiotemporal fundamental theory, it does not suffice to salvage Lewis’s theory of modality from the charge of rendering our actual world impossible.
MENA Welfare States: Explanations and Broader Implications
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws out the implications of the author’s argument, both at the scholarly and at the policy level. It outlines future comparative research to assess the validity of the author’s theory beyond the MENA region. This concerns in par­ ticular the nexus between war, external threats, and social policies. By proposing the novel concept of ‘cheap’ social policies, the author argues that the book has made a first step towards a more systematic understanding on how war making and preparation shape social policies. Finally, in the light of recent episodes of regime breakdown in Tunisia and Egypt, the author reflects on the ambiguous link between social policies and autocratic survival.
Research Ethics
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz
Published: May 2020

Accepting ethic norms involves naturalization of beliefs, assuming them as unalterable truths. Social sciences have been inscribed with certain standards for years. In the last twenty-five years, the practice of having research projects approved by ethics committees has become institutionalized, in some cases leading to extreme bureaucracy and changing the character of the issue, shifting the weight from the personal moral obligation of the researcher and an issue that requires high flexibility and individualism towards a set of forms to be filled out, pseudo-warrants of the safety of the research subjects. However, Internet research has opened the eyes of the sociologists to new problems and caused reconsideration of some issues of research ethics. This chapter discusses key notions of research ethics in the digital studies context. It shows how internet can be a source of infamy, and warns against improper use of data. It positions the fundamental rules of anonymity, privacy, informed consent, data ownership, as well as data confidentiality in the context of digital social studies.
Ethiopia
Authors: Weis Toni
Published: May 2020

Ethiopia has chosen to diverge from international standards and not to adopt any aspect of Basel II or III. Ethiopia has the least internationalized banking sector among our case countries. Despite significant exposure to the Basel standards through donors and the IMF, banking supervisors at the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) have little use for Basel II and III. Ethiopia’s decision to diverge from the international Basel framework results from a strong preference for political control over the financial industry. The Ethiopian government seeks to emulate the example of East Asian ‘tiger’ economies, for whom financial repression was a key tool in the pursuit of rapid industrialization. However, as Ethiopia’s domestic banks struggle to sustain transformative growth, pressures for greater financial openness (and, by extension, for increased regulatory convergence) are beginning to mount.
Burn Out and Fade AwayMarxism in Italian International Legal Scholarship
Authors: Gradoni Lorenzo
Published: May 2020

Against the prevailing opinion, the present chapter argues that the impact of Marxism on Italian international legal scholarship, although quantitatively marginal, has been important and fruitful, so much so that its rediscovery should not be seen as merely a matter of antiquarian interest. This minor tradition of legal studies failed to take root in the first quarter of a century after World War II, despite the endorsement of a powerful communist party. Cultural changes that took place in the 1960s reverberated throughout international legal scholarship only during the 1970s. Although Marxist international legal studies subsided within the space of a few years they produced a significant body of work whose pioneering character and unsurpassed subtlety should be acknowledged in the context of current revivals of Marxist legal studies.
The Unification of Italy and International Law
Authors: Marchisio Sergio
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses the legal implications of the Italian political unification occurred in 1861 as it emerges from the relevant—and not yet fully analysed—practice. The main objective is to ascertain whether the process of the Italian unification was realized within the empire of international law and, in the affirmative, to what extent the juridical categories of international law were used to achieve the objective of independence and to consolidate the new unitarian State in the international community. Thus, three issues are clearly relevant in this respect: the first concerns the conduct of the Kingdom of Sardinia in its relations with the pre-unitary States in the light of the norms of international law in force at the time of the facts; the second is the emergence of the principle of nationality and its consequences on the legal conceptions of the statehood; and, finally, the legal consequences of the alleged continuity between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the new Italian State.
Reconfigurable Application-Specific Photonic Integrated Circuits
Authors: Capmany José , Pérez Daniel
Published: May 2020

Reconfigurable photonic integrated circuits are the first evolutionary step in programmable photonics. These are fundamentally application-specific circuits designed to carry a given functionality and that feature some degree of flexibility enabled by the possibility of tuning some of its internal parameters by means of appropriate control signals. Another distinctive feature of these circuits resides in the fixed nature of their physical topology and designs. There is a vast amount of reconfigurable integrated circuits reported in the literature. This chapter provides some representative examples for other functionalities, including filtering, RF phase shifting and time delay lines, beam formers, wave generators and other multi-functional application specific circuits. It prepares the reader to understand how these can be emulated with the more generic programmable photonic circuits discussed later in the book.
Integrated Multi-port Interferometers
Authors: Capmany José , Pérez Daniel
Published: May 2020

Integrated multi-port interferometers are the second step in programmable photonics. Initially conceived and designed to implement fixed linear optics unitary transformations between N input and N output ports to support mode transformations in quantum optics, the rapid development of this field and the possibility of applying these structures to other areas stimulated development of devices capable of supporting arbitrary linear transformations by suitable programming and surpassing use in square matrix transformations and unitary operators. This chapter reviews some basic concepts on unitary N×N matrices and then describes in detail the basic design principles and integrated optics implementations of triangular and rectangular designs for multi-port interferometers. It then considers more specific interferometer designs, which do not provide possible implementation of general linear transformations but are optimised for performing important operations, e.g. the Fourier transform. Lastly, it covers the linear universal component, which integrates both universal beam couplers and integrated multi-port interferometers.
Integrated Waveguide Meshes
Authors: Capmany José , Pérez Daniel
Published: May 2020

Integrated waveguide meshes are the third evolutionary step in programmable photonics, and rely on the large-scale repetition of interferometric waveguide elements and phase actuators conceived and designed to implement a common hardware platform that enables the programming of arbitrary photonic circuit topologies and design parameters by suitable setting of its control signals. In contrast to linear feedforward-only programmable circuits, these circuits enable the synthesis of optical cavities, optical loops and feedbackward paths. Their improved versatility entails a paradigm shift regarding the development of application-specific photonic integrated circuits. Here, the long and costly test cycles can be potentially substituted by off-the-shelf ready-to-use circuits. This allows them to be applied to myriad systems requiring optical linear processing and dynamic configuration. This chapter introduces the basic design principles and the implementations of the most popular designs. It then provides a comparative analysis of alternative waveguide mesh arrangements and their performance evaluation.
Field Programmable Photonic Gate Arrays
Authors: Capmany José , Pérez Daniel
Published: May 2020

The field programmable photonic gate array (FPPGA) is an integrated photonic device/subsystem that operates similarly to a field programmable gate array in electronics. It is a set of programmable photonics analogue blocks (PPABs) and of reconfigurable photonic interconnects (RPIs) implemented over a photonic chip. The PPABs provide the building blocks for implementing basic optical analogue operations (reconfigurable/independent power splitting and phase shifting). Broadly they enable reconfigurable processing just like configurable logic elements (CLE) or programmable logic blocks (PLBs) carry digital operations in electronic FPGAs or configurable analogue blocks (CABs) carry analogue operations in electronic field programmable analogue arrays (FPAAs). Reconfigurable interconnections between PPABs are provided by the RPIs. This chapter presents basic principles of integrated FPPGAs. It describes their main building blocks and discusses alternatives for their high-level layouts, design flow, technology mapping and physical implementation. Finally, it shows that waveguide meshes lead naturally to a compact solution.
Accountability in the Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Markakis Menelaos
Published: May 2020

This book looks at accountability in the field of Economic and Monetary Union, including the Banking Union. It looks at the emergence of a new constitutional and governance architecture in the Eurozone, following the measures that were adopted in response to the crisis. It shows how the rules and institutions that were put in place in response to the financial and public debt crisis affect not only the economies of the Member States but also the lives of European citizens. It makes the case for instilling more democratic legitimacy into the Economic and Monetary Union and examines the impact of the new EU economic governance framework on the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in the EU and the Member States. The key question is: what is the appropriate level, type, and degree of accountability and transparency that should be involved in the development of the EU’s governance structures in the areas of fiscal/economic governance and the Banking Union? The book evaluates the powers conferred on the European and national parliaments in the fields of economic governance, monetary policy, and banking supervision/resolution, as well as the European Parliament’s input into the crisis-induced measures. It further looks at access to EU courts, the available remedies, and the role of the EU and national courts in reviewing economic and monetary policy measures. Finally, it sets out the author’s own proposals regarding the reforms needed to strengthen the Eurozone, as well as transparency, accountability, and—more broadly—legitimacy in the Economic and Monetary Union.
Introduction
Authors: Markakis Menelaos
Published: May 2020

This chapter outlines the scope and key arguments of the book. It further set outs the analytical framework that will inform the discussion on the accountability arrangements in the area of Economic and Monetary Union, including the Banking Union.
Democracy, Legitimacy, and Accountability in Euro Crisis Management
Authors: Markakis Menelaos
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at democracy, legitimacy, and accountability in Euro crisis management. It looks at the main critiques of the EU’s response to the crisis. It will be shown that scholars in this area castigate the EMU governance framework for its shortcomings in terms of input, output, and social legitimacy. The chapter makes the case for increased democratic controls and intense inter-institutional dialogue in the functioning of the EMU. It demonstrates how the crisis-induced developments have impacted on the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in the EU and the Member States. First, more powers were conferred on the Commission, Council, and Eurogroup in the measures enacted to combat the crisis. Though the European Parliament was heavily involved in norm production and had a pretty good strike rate in getting its amendments included in the final legislation, its role in policy implementation remains minimal. Second, the EU legislature put much of its reforming faith in a new recruit to strengthen democratic control in the EMU—the national parliaments. The crisis-induced legal and economic developments have circumscribed their budgetary sovereignty in many ways, but the newly enacted rules also serve to empower them vis-à-vis the executive. Third, the de facto division between borrower and lender states might have a bearing on the intra-institutional balance of power in the EU, and the emerging patterns of geographical fragmentation threaten the unity of the EU-28. The chapter set outs concrete proposals on how to enhance transparency and accountability in the EMU.
Action and Interaction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2020

Action and Interaction is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the nature of action, starting with questions about action individuation, context, the notion of ?basic action? and the temporal structure of action. The importance of circumstance for understanding action is stressed. These topics lead to questions about intention and the sense of agency and ultimately to the idea that we need to consider action in the social contexts of interaction. The second part looks at the role of interaction in discussions of social cognition, building a contrast between standard theory- of-mind approaches and embodied/enactive accounts. Gallagher defends an enactive-interactionist account drawing on evidence from both phenomenology and empirical studies of development, ecological psychology, and studies of communicative and narrative practices, especially in more complex social practices. The third part transitions from considerations that focus on social-cognitive issues to understanding their implications for concepts that are basic to the development of a critical theory that addresses social and political issues, especially with respect to basic concepts of autonomy, recognition and justice, and the effects of norms and social institutions on our actions and interactions
A Practice of Justice
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: May 2020

This chapter asks what justice is as it pertains to immediate embodied intersubjective interactions, and how it extends from there to institutionally mediated social interactions. Rather than attempting to work out principles of justice as they might derive from or pertain to the abstractions of original positions or ideal situations of communication, or as they might apply to large-scale social-economic-political regimes, I take everyday practices as a guide. I also draw on animal behavior studies and discussions of justice in Anaximander and Aristotle. By focusing on the practice of justice my aim is not to provide an ideal or necessarily universal notion of justice, but to ask whether there is a conception of justice already at work in our everyday practices. Are there criteria to be found within the analyses of action and interaction that would define the practice of justice or a set of just practices?
Aid and Development in the 1990s
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine
Published: May 2020

Momentous political and economic events shook the established world order during the early 1990s and shaped the future course of aid and development. In 1991, the peaceful demise of the Soviet Union ushered a period of international cooperation on global issues. Reducing poverty became the central objective of global institutions. A new theme was emerging from these declarations: the developing countries had to take charge of their own destiny. They should be in the driver’s seat in shaping plans and programmes to reduce poverty. Aid should be used to address partner country objectives not to promote developed country political and economic interests. And a number of global UN conferences were articulating a new international consensus on goals to be achieved in many areas including education, the environment, and the status of women. But by the middle of the decade, on the ground reality still differed greatly from these lofty pronouncements. The burden of debt had not been fully lifted from poor countries; aid allocation had not adapted significantly to reflect changing developing country needs; and old-style aid continued to suffocate developing country governments and impede progress. This chapter first summarizes the development progress and the varying needs for external assistance of different groups of developing countries in the 1990s. Next, the emerging consensus on how to best utilize economic assistance to reduce poverty is discussed. Finally, the chapter addresses the issue of how to bridge the disconnect between global pronouncements reflecting international goodwill and the continuing challenges of poverty affecting hundreds of millions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Aid Effectiveness
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine
Published: May 2020

The collaboration the U4 launched at Utstein covered a wide variety of development issues handled by different international institutions. This involved in the first place coordination of their positions at the World Bank and the IMF, and the UN and its funds, programmes, and agencies. The World/Bank IMF were very important both because of the size and extent of their own programmes but also for helping developing countries manage the overall poverty reduction strategies within which all bilateral aid was supposed to fit. Increasing the effectiveness of bilateral aid could only succeed if it were part of a consistent overarching multilateral effort. This chapter starts with a discussion of U4 efforts to ensure that the poverty reduction strategies developed with the help of the World Bank/IMF in connection with debt relief actually reflected developing country priorities. It then moves on to U4’s efforts to improve the effectiveness of UN programmes which tended to be characterized by fragmentation and inefficiencies. The last part addresses the problem of coherence and collaboration between the IMF and the World Bank—the international financial institutions, on the one hand, and the UN and its agencies, on the other.
Women Spies
Authors: Trotter David
Published: May 2020

If ever anyone had an incentive to establish a channel of communication by rigorously excluding third parties, it is surely the spy with hard-earned intelligence to transmit from behind enemy lines. This chapter examines how the thriller as a genre adapted to the increasing range and sophistication of telecommunications technologies. Examples discussed include John Buchan’s The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), and the film Hitchcock made of it, The 39 Steps (1935); Sax Rohmer’s The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu (1913); and Jose Luis Borges’s ‘The Garden of Forking Paths’ (1941). But the main focus is on espionage as an extension of the ‘feminization of channelling’ (Jill Galvan) which had long seen women act as go-betweens under a variety of circumstances. Examples discussed include Marthe Cnockaert McKenna’s neglected memoir, I Was a Spy! (1932), and British spy films from Victor Saville’s Dark Journey (1937) to Charles Crichton’s Against the Wind (1948).
Linguistic Pragmatism and Weather Reporting
Authors: Collins John
Published: May 2020

Linguistic pragmatism claims that what we literally say goes characteristically beyond what the linguistic properties themselves mandate. In this book, John Collins provides a novel defence of this doctrine, arguing that linguistic meaning alone fails to fix truth conditions. While this position is supported by a range of theorists, Collins shows that it naturally follows from a syntactic thesis concerning the relative sparseness of what language alone can provide to semantic interpretation. Language–and by extension meaning–provides constraints upon what a speaker can literally say, but does not characteristically encode any definite thing to say. Collins then defends this doctrine against a range of alternatives and objections, focusing in particular on an analysis of weather reports: ‘it is raining/snowing/sunny’. Such reporting is mostly location-sensitive in the sense that the utterance is true or not depending upon whether it is raining/snowing/sunny at the location of the utterance, rather than some other location. Collins offers a full analysis of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of weather reports, including many novel data. He shows that the constructions lack the linguistic resources to support the common literal locative readings. Other related phenomena are discussed such as the Saxon genitive, colour predication, quantifier domain restriction, and object deletion.
Variadic Functions and the Significance of Complement Deletion
Authors: Collins John
Published: May 2020

A variadic function approach to weather reports and similar constructions is designed to save the spirit, if not the letter, of the ‘standard view’: although the meteorological predicate does not project a locative argument, there is a systematic way of construing the predicate as locatively relational (as having an indefinite argument), and so weather reports pattern with complement deletion verbs. I shall raise some objections to Recanati’s suggestion by showing that putative variadic functions are severely constrained by syntactic conditions, and so the kind of indefinite interpretations variadic functions allow cannot be freely available as an extra-linguistic pragmatic mechanism to coerce the desired reading. If that is right, the ‘standard view’ construals are simply not available, even with the permissibility of variadic functions. The general conclusion will be that the variadic function approach is unduly concessive to the spirit of the ‘standard view’.
The Subscript View
Authors: Tierney Hannah
Published: May 2020

Pluralism about personal identity has been understudied and underdeveloped in the literature. It merits greater attention, especially in light of recent work by philosophers and psychologists, which illuminates the great number of our evaluative practices that presuppose personal identity. It is unlikely that traditional monistic approaches to personal identity can ground or explain all of these practices and concerns. If philosophical theories are taken to be saying anything about the commonsense conception of personal identity, then this empirical work ought to be taken seriously. Chapter 5 proposes the author’s own pluralist account of personal identity—the Subscript View. On this view, there typically exist (at least) two individuals whenever it was once thought there was only one, a psychological individual (selfp) and a biological individual (selfb). According to Tierney, the Subscript View can better account for many identity-related practical concerns than traditional monistic approaches to persistence.
The Ship of Theseus Puzzle
Authors: Rose David
Published: May 2020

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two locations, speaking eighteen different languages was conducted. The results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Moreover, the results also suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”—that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence.
False Memories and Quasi-Memories are Memories
Authors: Dranseika Vilius
Published: May 2020

There are two constraints that are often taken to be essential features of ordinary use of ‘remembering’ and ‘having a memory’: the factivity constraint (i.e., that one can be truly said to ‘remember’ some event only if that person originally experienced or observed that event) and the strong previous awareness condition (i.e., that remembering presupposes identity between the person who remembers an event and the person who originally experienced that event). This chapter reports studies suggesting that neither the factivity constraint nor the strong previous awareness condition is a necessary part of ordinary use of ‘remembering’ and ‘having a memory’.
I Owe You an Explanation
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene , Friedman Ori
Published: May 2020

To cohesively interact with others, we must recognize that we are sometimes obligated to explain our actions. In three experiments, this chapter provides evidence that young children are aware of social norms governing when explanations are owed, and judge that people are obligated to explain their actions when they directly interfere with others’ goals. In Experiment 1, 3–6-year-olds were more likely to say that agents had to explain their actions when they interfered with others’ goals, than when agents did not interfere. In Experiment 2, children differentiated between when explanations are owed and when they are desired. Finally, in Experiment 3, children showed they understand that an explanation is owed to the person whose goal was frustrated, but not to other people. These findings build on recent work in experimental philosophy on norms that govern the content of utterances, by examining norms governing when certain utterances should be said.