bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Better Sharing Through Licenses? Measuring the Influence of Creative Commons Licenses on the Usage of Open Access Monographs
Authors: Snijder Ronald
Published: March 2015

INTRODUCTION Open Access and licenses are closely intertwined. Both Creative Commons (CC) and Open Access seek to restore the balance between the owners of creative works and prospective users. Apart from the legal issues around CC licenses, we could look at role of intermediaries whose work is enabled through CC licenses. Does licensing documents under Creative Commons increase access and reuse in a direct way, or is access and reuse amplified by intermediaries? OAPEN LIBRARY AND DOAB The OAPEN Library contains books available under both open licenses, for example Creative Commons, as well as books that are published under terms that only allow for personal use. The Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB) functions as an intermediary, offering aggregation services exclusively focused on books with an open license. METHODS Downloads are used as a proxy for the use of books in the OAPEN Library. The data set that this paper analyses data that was captured over a period of 33 months. During this time, 1734 different books were made available through the OAPEN Library: 855 books under a Creative Commons license and 879 books under a more restrictive regime. The influence of open licenses, aggregation in DOAB, and subject and language are evaluated. RESULTS Once the effects of subject and language are taken into account, there is no evidence that making books available under open licenses results in more downloads than making books available under licenses that only allow for personal use. Yet, additional aggregation in the DOAB has a large positive effect on the number of times a book is downloaded. CONCLUSION The application of open licenses to books does not, on its own, lead to more downloads. However, open licenses pave the way for intermediaries to offer new discovery and aggregation services. These services play an important role by amplifying the impacts of open access licensing in the case of scholarly books.
Symmetrical Diamidate Prodrugs of Nucleotide Analogues for Drug Delivery
Authors: Pertusati Fabrizio , McGuigan Christopher , Serpi Michaela
Published: March 2015

The use of pronucleotides to circumvent the well‐known drawbacks of nucleotide analogs has played a significant role in the area of antiviral and anticancer drug delivery. Several motifs have been designed to mask the negative charges on the phosphorus moiety of either nucleoside monophosphates or nucleoside phosphonates, in order to increase their hydrophobicity and allow entry of the compound into the cell. Among them the bis‐amidate analogs, having two identical amino acids as masking groups through a P–N bond, represent a more recent approach for the delivery of nucleotide analogs, endowed with antiviral or anticancer activity. Different synthetic strategies are commonly used for preparing phosphorodiamidates of nucleosides. In this protocol, we would like to focus on the description of the synthetic methodology that in our hand gave the best results using 2′‐3′‐didehydro‐2′‐3′‐dideoxythymidine (d4T, Stavudine) as model nucleoside. A second strategy for preparing diamidates of nucleoside phosphonates will be reported using {[2‐(6‐amino‐9 H‐purin‐9‐yl)ethoxy]methyl}phosphonic acid (PMEA, adefovir) as model substrate. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using pLink to Analyze Cross‐Linked Peptides
Authors: Fan Sheng‐Bo , Meng Jia‐Ming , Lu Shan , Zhang Kun , Yang Hao , Chi Hao , Sun Rui‐Xiang , Dong Meng‐Qiu , He Si‐Min
Published: March 2015

pLink is a search engine for high‐throughput identification of cross‐linked peptides from their tandem mass spectra, which is the data‐analysis step in chemical cross‐linking of proteins coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. pLink has accumulated more than 200 registered users from all over the world since its first release in 2012. After 2 years of continual development, a new version of pLink has been released, which is at least 40 times faster, more versatile, and more user‐friendly. Also, the function of the new pLink has been expanded to identifying endogenous protein cross‐linking sites such as disulfide bonds and SUMO (Small Ubiquitin‐like MOdifier) modification sites. Integrated into the new version are two accessory tools: pLabel, to annotate spectra of cross‐linked peptides for visual inspection and publication, and pConfig, to assist users in setting up search parameters. Here, we provide detailed guidance on running a database search for identification of protein cross‐links using the 2014 version of pLink. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
iSAW: Integrating Structure, Actors, and Water to study socio‐hydro‐ecological systems
Authors: Hale Rebecca L. , Armstrong Andrea , Baker Michelle A. , Bedingfield Sean , Betts David , Buahin Caleb , Buchert Martin , Crowl Todd , Dupont R. Ryan , Ehleringer James R. , Endter‐Wada Joanna , Flint Courtney , Grant Jacqualine , Hinners Sarah , Horsburgh Jeffery S. , Jackson‐Smith Douglas , Jones Amber S. , Licon Carlos , Null Sarah E. , Odame Augustina , Pataki Diane E. , Rosenberg David , Runburg Madlyn , Stoker Philip , Strong Courtenay
Published: March 2015

Urbanization, climate, and ecosystem change represent major challenges for managing water resources. Although water systems are complex, a need exists for a generalized representation of these systems to identify important components and linkages to guide scientific inquiry and aid water management. We developed an integrated Structure‐Actor‐Water framework (iSAW) to facilitate the understanding of and transitions to sustainable water systems. Our goal was to produce an interdisciplinary framework for water resources research that could address management challenges across scales (e.g., plot to region) and domains (e.g., water supply and quality, transitioning, and urban landscapes). The framework was designed to be generalizable across all human–environment systems, yet with sufficient detail and flexibility to be customized to specific cases. iSAW includes three major components: structure (natural, built, and social), actors (individual and organizational), and water (quality and quantity). Key linkages among these components include: (1) ecological/hydrologic processes, (2) ecosystem/geomorphic feedbacks, (3) planning, design, and policy, (4) perceptions, information, and experience, (5) resource access and risk, and (6) operational water use and management. We illustrate the flexibility and utility of the iSAW framework by applying it to two research and management problems: understanding urban water supply and demand in a changing climate and expanding use of green storm water infrastructure in a semi‐arid environment. The applications demonstrate that a generalized conceptual model can identify important components and linkages in complex and diverse water systems and facilitate communication about those systems among researchers from diverse disciplines.
Direct and indirect adaptive integral line‐of‐sight path‐following controllers for marine craft exposed to ocean currents
Authors: Fossen Thor I. , Lekkas Anastasios M.
Published: March 2015

We present a direct and an indirect nonlinear adaptive path‐following controller for marine craft based on a line‐of‐sight guidance principle used by ancient navigators. The control laws are implemented using hydro‐acoustic relative velocity measurements as opposed to absolute velocity measurements. For this purpose, a kinematic model for relative velocity in amplitude‐phase form is derived. The first contribution is an adaptive indirect controller based on a disturbance observer designed for estimation and compensation of ocean currents. The equilibrium points of the cross‐track and parameter estimation errors are proven to be globally κ exponentially stable. This guarantees that the estimated drift term converges to its true value exponentially. The observer is used in conjuncture with a control law to obtain asymptotic tracking and path following in the presence of ocean currents. The second contribution is a direct adaptive integral line‐of‐sight controller for path following. Global convergence of the cross‐track error is proven by using Barbălat's lemma, which ensures that the parameter estimation error is bounded. Both methods can be applied to the horizontal‐plane motion of surface vessels and autonomous underwater vehicles. An autonomous underwater vehicle case study is included to verify the results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Past and Present Trajectories of Experimental Architectures
Authors: Hensel Michael , Cordua Christian Hermansen
Published: March 2015

As architects compete on the world stage through the very diversity and disparateness of their expression, how might it be possible to develop an experimental approach that has value and credibility at a local level? Guest‐Editors Michael Hensel and Christian Hermansen Cordua explore the possibilities for locally specific experimental architecture – past and present.
Building In and Out of Place
Authors: Leatherbarrow David
Published: March 2015

To seize the opportunities that designing globally afford – albeit in a disorientated and displaced manner – or to continue practising at the small scale in an informed and sensitive way, is the predicament that most ambitious offices are confronted with today. Here David Leatherbarrow, Professor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, argues that there could be a third way that manifests itself in the land itself and a project's site. He suggests terrain ‘has the power to allow and to resist the dislocations we experience today, recalling what a location has been while indicating what it is becoming’.
The Bauhaus: Case Study Experiments in Education
Authors: Ascher Barbara Elisabeth
Published: March 2015

With its strong emphasis on students acquiring practical, craft skills alongside more formal design expertise, the Bauhaus provides a significant 20th‐century precedent for current schools of architecture focusing on learning through making. Architect and urban planner Barbara Elisabeth Ascher describes how the approach to pedagogy in architecture evolved during the Bauhaus's 14‐year history (1919‐33), and the shift in leadership from Walter Gropius to Hannes Meyer and then finally to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Rural Studio: Incarnations of a Design‐and‐Build Programme
Authors: Hensel Michael
Published: March 2015

Catering for the needs of an impoverished rural community in Alabama through its design‐and‐build activities, Rural Studio leads the way internationally as a university‐affiliated architecture programme with a social remit. Guest‐Editor Michael Hensel describes how the initiative has grown and developed since it was first established over two decades ago, in 1993, by Samuel Mockbee for students from Auburn University. The realisation of tens of houses and community projects have not only helped to reshape the local environment, but with the more recent strategic approach advanced under Andrew Frear's directorship more long‐term projects have been launched and greater emphasis has been placed on the responsible local sourcing of materials, energy and food.
Koshirakura Landscape Workshop. In Search of Context: Working With The Force Of Erasure
Authors: Egashira Shin
Published: March 2015

Since 1996, Shin Egashira, a unit master at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, has been leading the Koshirakura Landscape Workshop as part of the AA's Visiting School programme. The village of Koshirakura is in the remote, rural and mountainous region of Niigata on the northwest coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. Egashira describes some of the projects that have been realised over the years and how they work with the extreme climatic conditions that reveal ‘architecture as an art form where frictions between community and climatic forces are inscribed as life expressions on the face of the landscape’.
Conviction Into Tectonics: The Work of Rintala Eggertsson
Authors: Cordua Christian Hermansen
Published: March 2015

Guest‐Editor Christian Hermansen Cordua describes how the work of Norwegian practice Rintala Eggertsson Architects is informed by the principals' strong socio‐cultural convictions. They believe that raw capitalism alone cannot create a positive environment; as it renders the landscape no more than a site of mechanised production in which as little as possible is invested with a view to gaining as much as possible in the shortest time possible.
TYIN tegnestue Architects. Integrating On‐Site Education and Practice
Authors: Harboe Lisbet
Published: March 2015

Founded by Andreas Grøntvedt Gjertsen and Yashar Hanstad, TYIN tegnestue Architects grew out of an initiative to provide sleeping accommodation for an orphanage in Thailand when the principals were only third‐year architecture students. Norwegian architect Lisbet Harboe explains how the student‐architects built up a practice while in schools by refocusing their studies and those of their peers on learning through their own experiences of construction.
Renzo Piano: Poet of Technology
Authors: Buchanan Peter
Published: March 2015

The architecture of the Renzo Piano Building Workshop (RPBW) is renowned internationally for the formal refinement of its components and detailing as well as for its sensitive responses to context, both in terms of its physical surroundings and local construction traditions. But, as architectural author and Piano specialist Peter Buchanan reminds us, the central concern of the practice remains focused on the original core impetus of expandingthe bounds of what technology and materials can achieve.
Informed Non‐Standard. En Route to Performative
Authors: Sørensen Søren S
Published: March 2015

Twelve years after the ‘Architectures Non Standard’ exhibition at the Centre Pompidou in Paris, Søren S Sørensen, architect and Director of the Advanced Computational Design Laboratory (ACDL) at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO), argues for a repositioning of the Non‐Standard approach. He advocates a performance‐orientated method for architecture that can accommodate the evaluation of real‐time data sets and environmental simulation techniques in order to assimilate context‐specific and climatic conditions, like temperature, wind and humidity, in the design process.
Auxiliary Architectures: Augmenting Existing Architectures with Performative Capacities
Authors: Hensel Michael
Published: March 2015

Auxiliary architectures are a feature of many local building traditions across the world. Sited adjacent to existing structures, they are most often built as a means of tempering the climate, frequently offering additional shade in the summer months. Here Guest‐Editor Michael Hensel proposes the development of auxiliary architectures as a solution to retrofitting and readapting existing building stock as climate conditions globally become increasingly unpredictable. He showcases the research that he has undertaken in the field in collaboration with the OCEAN Design Research Association, Scarcity and Creativity Studio (SCL) and Extended Threshold Studio.
Smart Living Architecture: Solar Prototypes. IAAC Endesa Pavilion Barcelona
Authors: Markopoulou Areti , Rubio Rodrigo
Published: March 2015

Areti Markopoulou and Rodrigo Rubio of the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) describe how the institute's Endesa Pavilion in Barcelona responds to the contemporary challenge of constructing intelligent and sustainable prototypes, as a structure that interacts and exchanges resources with its environment. Parametrically designed, it reacts to the data of its specific solar site, and via its flexible solar cells generates twice as much energy as it consumes.
Joining of Zirconia Reinforced Metal–Matrix Composites by a Ceramics‐Derived Technology
Authors: Weigelt Christian , Jahn Elisabeth , Berek Harry , Aneziris Christos G. , Eckner Ralf , Krüger Lutz
Published: March 2015

Metal–matrix composites composed of an austenitic stainless steel and magnesia partially stabilized zirconia were prepared via a powder metallurgical processing route with the ceramics‐derived extrusion at room temperature. Various combinations of the base materials with zirconia volume fractions of 0, 5, and 10% were joined by applying an aqueous paste which forms the joint during thermal processing. The materials were tested under tensile loading at room temperature. The addition of zirconia particles led to a considerable decrease of the plasticity and ultimate tensile strength of the basic compositions. However, the strength of joint specimens was not limited by the bonding strength of the joining zone. Among all material combinations tested, failure occurred in the joining partner with the higher zirconia volume fraction and not at the joint interface. Thus, the strength of sinter‐joined materials based on MMC with 0–10 vol% was limited by the strength of the base materials. The advance of the present sinter‐joining method is the single thermal operation of the composite materials. The formation of a homogeneous bonding zone and the absence of a heat‐affected zone lead to negligible interference with the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the base materials.
Nanoparticles Complexed with Gene Vectors to Promote Proliferation of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Li Qian , Shi Changcan , Zhang Wencheng , Behl Marc , Lendlein Andreas , Feng Yakai
Published: March 2015

Amphiphilic block copolymers containing biodegradable hydrophobic segments of depsipeptide based copolymers have been synthesized and explored as gene carriers for enhancing proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro. These polymers form nanoparticles (NPs) with positive charges on their surface, which could condense recombinant plasmids of enhanced green fluorescent protein plasmid and ZNF580 gene (pEGFP‐ZNF580) and protect them against DNase I. ZNF580 gene is efficiently transported into EA.hy926 cells to promote their proliferation, whereby the transfection efficiency of NPs/pEGFP‐ZNF580 is approximately similar to that of Lipofectamine 2000. These results indicate that the NPs might have potential as a carrier for pEGFP‐ZNF580, which could support endothelialization of cardiovascular implants.
Incidence of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in Québec and Canada from 1984 to 2007, and projections from 2008 to 2032
Authors: Krupoves Alfreda , Camus Michel , De Guire Louise
Published: March 2015

Background

Continuous increase in male incidence of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (MMP) despite the drop of asbestos production since 1980 in Québec motivated this study aiming to assess when the rates of MMP will decline.

Methods

Age‐standardized rates and trends were estimated over the 1984–2007 period by sex for Québec versus “Canada‐excluding‐Québec” (Can‐Qc). An age‐cohort regression was used to make projections for 2008–2032.

Results

Average rates of MMP in Québec men and women were significantly higher than in Can‐Qc. Projected rates peak between 2003 and 2012 in all four study populations and decline thereafter.

Conclusion

The higher MMP rates and observed/projected time patterns in Québec men are consistent with past asbestos production and occupational exposures. The excess in Québec women may also be explained by domestic and, for some, by neighborhood exposures. To pursue the decrease in MMP rates beyond 2032, efforts to reduce asbestos exposure should be maintained. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:473–482, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Twenty‐five additional cases of trisomy 9 mosaic: Birth information, medical conditions, and developmental status
Authors: Bruns Deborah A. , Campbell Emily
Published: March 2015

Limited literature exists on children and adults diagnosed with the mosaic form of trisomy 9. Data from the Tracking Rare Incidence Syndromes (TRIS) project has provided physical characteristics and medical conditions for 14 individuals. This article provides TRIS Survey results of 25 additional cases at two data points (birth and survey completion) as well as developmental status. Results confirmed a number of phenotypic features and medical conditions. In addition, a number of cardiac anomalies were reported along with feeding and respiratory difficulties in the immediate postnatal period. In addition, developmental status data indicated a range in functioning level up to skills in the 36 and 48‐month range. Strengths were also noted across the sample in language and communication, fine motor and social‐emotional development. Implications for professionals caring for children with this genetic condition are offered. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ein fluoriertes Detergens für Membranprotein‐Anwendungen
Authors: Frotscher Erik , Danielczak Bartholomäus , Vargas Carolyn , Meister Annette , Durand Grégory , Keller Sandro
Published: March 2015

Tenside mit fluorierten Kohlenstoffketten stellen eine vielversprechende milde Alternative zu konventionellen, vollständig hydrierten Detergentien für die Solubilisierung und Handhabung integraler Membranproteine dar. Aufgrund ihrer Inertheit gegenüber Lipidmembranen blieben sie bisher aber von beschränktem Nutzen für solche Anwendungen, in denen eine detergensähnliche Aktivität benötigt wird. Hier zeigen wir, dass Fluorierung an sich Detergensaktivität nicht ausschließt, wie an einem als F6OM bezeichneten fluorierten Octylmaltosid‐Derivat veranschaulicht wird. Diese nichtionische Verbindung wechselwirkt mit und solubilisiert Phospholipidvesikel in detergensähnlicher Weise, ohne jedoch die Membranordnung unterhalb der Solubilisierungsgrenze zu beeinträchtigen. Dank dieser sanften und unüblichen Detergensaktivität ist F6OM im Gegensatz zu einem lipophoben fluorierten Tensid in der Lage, die funktionelle Rückfaltung eines integralen Membranenzyms durch Förderung der Membraninsertion in Abwesenheit von Mizellen zu unterstützen.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance by alcoholic solvents effects in highly conductive benzenesulfonate‐doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/graphene composites
Authors: Ju Hyun , Kim Myeongjin , Kim Jooheon
Published: March 2015

Benzenesulfonate‐doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT‐Bzs)/graphene thermoelectric (TE) composites with various graphene filler contents were synthesized in five different kinds of solvents. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was used to achieve good dispersion of graphene into the PEDOT matrix. Among the synthesized PEDOT materials, the one synthesized in methanol (PEDOT‐MeOH) had the highest electrical conductivity. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed almost the same charge carrier concentration for all PEDOT materials. However, the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis highlighted the enhancement of PEDOT chain stacking by shorter‐chain alcoholic solvents, as a result of which the carrier mobility and electrical conductivity were increased. The electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of the PEDOT/graphene composites were significantly improved with increasing the graphene content, which strongly depended on increased carrier mobility. The thermal conductivity of the composites exhibited relatively small changes, attributed to phonon scattering effects. The maximum TE efficiency of the PEDOT‐MeOH/graphene composite with 75 wt % graphene showed a substantially improved value of 1.9 × 10−2, higher than that of the other PEDOT/graphene composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42107.
Technical Limitations on the Use of Traditional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Mummified Remains: A View From a Hands‐On Radiologic Technologist's Perspective
Authors: Posh John C.
Published: March 2015

Noninvasive imaging tools have been the standard in mummy studies for several decades focusing primarily on CT scan technology. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been attempted on mummified tissues on numerous occasions these have met with varying degrees of success. The basic physics of MRI are reviewed here with an emphasis on how the physics limit the success of MRI in mummified tissues. Adjusting MRI parameters can enhance the images produced with a summary table that considers the effect of adjustments within these parameters. Several mummies with varying methods of preservation have been included in this study and MRI images presented and the results are critically assessed. MRI can generate basic images in most tissues even when significantly desiccated. Using an understanding of the essentials of MRI physics, with the adjustment of MRI parameters, the data acquisition process can be enhanced to create the best possible images. When successfully applied, MRI generated images can allow for the resolution of soft tissue differences, especially of collapsed internal organ masses, even in dehydrated mummies that are much less effectively rendered in CT scans. Anat Rec, 298:1116–1124, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High risk yet invisible: conflicting narratives on social research involving children and young people, and the role of research ethics committees
Authors: Parsons Sarah , Abbott Chris , McKnight Lorna , Davies Chris
Published: March 2015

Universities have a special status in society because of the position they hold within their communities and their responsibilities for civic leadership. Consequently, there are increasing calls on universities to make their processes, teaching and finances more transparent to the general public in order to promote greater accountability. Guidance from the Association for Research Ethics Committees includes openness as one of the key principles for research ethics governance but little is known about whether universities are making information about these processes available to the public. Additionally, given the central importance of children and young people as stakeholders in education research, there is particular interest in what the available information would reveal about their inclusion in social research. A search of the websites of 33 social science research‐leading institutions in the UK found that only 20 (60%) had publicly accessible information about ethics review and governance. The available information was highly variable in terms of detail, format and procedures and not very easy to locate. Information about the involvement of children and young people in social research was even more limited and variable; tending to emphasise the ‘vulnerable’ status of children as participants and yet providing little or no information about how to effectively support children to provide informed consent. The article concludes with discussion of the potentially concerning impact of this on the involvement of children and young people in research and the need for universities to do more to generate, share and encourage greater innovation in this area.
A question of quality: do children from disadvantaged backgrounds receive lower quality early childhood education and care?
Authors: Gambaro Ludovica , Stewart Kitty , Waldfogel Jane
Published: March 2015

This paper examines how the quality of early childhood education and care accessed by 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds in England varies by children's background. Focusing on the free entitlement to early education, the analysis combines information from three administrative datasets for 2010–2011, the Early Years Census, the Schools Census and the Ofsted inspections dataset, to obtain two main indicators of quality: staff qualification levels and Ofsted ratings. These data are combined with child‐level indicators of area deprivation (IDACI scores) as a proxy measure of children's background.The paper finds that children from more disadvantaged areas have access to better qualified staff, largely because they are more likely than children from richer areas to attend maintained nursery classes staffed by teachers, and less likely to attend services in the private, voluntary and independent (PVI) sectors. However, within both maintained and PVI sectors, services catering for more disadvantaged children receive poorer quality ratings from Ofsted, with a higher concentration of children from disadvantaged areas itself appearing to reduce the likelihood of top Ofsted grades. This may be in part because Ofsted ratings reflect levels of child development, and therefore reward settings where children enter at a more advanced starting point, but it may also be that it is genuinely harder to deliver an outstanding service to a more disadvantaged intake. The results point to the need for funding to support better qualified staff in PVI settings in disadvantaged areas.
The classroom experiences of pupils with special educational needs in mainstream primary schools—1976 to 2012. What do data from systematic observation studies reveal about pupils’ educational experiences over time?
Authors: Webster Rob
Published: March 2015

This paper presents results of an analysis of primary‐aged pupils’ educational experiences over a 35 year period. Data drawn from a set of large‐scale systematic observation studies, conducted in the UK between 1976 and 2012, are used to describe pupils’ average classroom experiences at six points in time over this period. These data are then used as markers for comparing the experiences of a subset of pupils—those with special educational needs (SEN)—over the same period. Results for the average pupil show an increase over time in the proportion of time spent interacting with teachers and peers. In contrast, relative to these non‐SEN pupils, those with SEN have experienced a more moderate increase in the proportion of time spent interacting with the teacher, and almost no change in the amount of time spent interacting with peers and in whole class teaching contexts. The increase in the number of teaching assistants in mainstream primary settings, employed and deployed to assist the learning and inclusion of pupils with SEN, is identified as a key observable influence on the difference between the classroom experiences of pupils with and without SEN over time. This paper additionally defends the use of systematic observation methods, and concludes that the broad, but stable, measures of activity and behaviour, plus the rigorous approach to data collection it provides, are necessary for painting objective, descriptive and retrospective pictures of classroom life that can elude other research techniques.
Investigation on the interaction of nanoAg with Cu–Zn SOD
Authors: Zhang Bin , Yu Lei , Zhang Ruijing , Liu Yang , Liu Rutao
Published: March 2015

Silver nanoparticles (nanoAg) are used more and more widely, particularly because of their antimicrobial properties. The effect of exposure to nanoAg on the structure of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was thoroughly investigated using fluorescence measurements, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence quenching measurements, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, resonance light scattering (RLS), circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Through van der Waal's force, nanoAg interacted with Cu–Zn SOD and influenced the active site by inducing structural changes, which influenced the function of SOD. The fluorescence studies show that both static and dynamic quenching processes occur. This paper provides reference data for toxicological studies of nanoAg, which are important in the future development of nanotechnology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RORA and posttraumatic stress trajectories: main effects and interactions with childhood physical abuse history
Authors: Lowe Sarah R. , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Galea Sandro , Aiello Allison E. , Uddin Monica , Wildman Derek E. , Koenen Karestan C.
Published: March 2015

Background

Longitudinal studies of posttraumatic stress (PTS) have documented environmental factors as predictors of trajectories of higher, versus lower, symptoms, among them experiences of childhood physical abuse. Although it is now well‐accepted that genes and environments jointly shape the risk of PTS, no published studies have investigated genes, or gene‐by‐environment interactions (GxEs), as predictors of PTS trajectories. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap.

Methods and Materials

We examined associations between variants of the retinoid‐related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene and trajectory membership among a sample of predominantly non‐Hispanic Black urban adults (N = 473). The RORA gene was selected based on its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the first PTSD genome wide association study. Additionally, we explored GxEs between RORA variants and childhood physical abuse history.

Results

We found that the minor allele of the RORA SNP rs893290 was a significant predictor of membership in a trajectory of consistently high PTS, relatively to a trajectory of consistently low PTS. Additionally, the GxE of rs893290 with childhood physical abuse was significant. Decomposition of the interaction showed that minor allele frequency was more strongly associated with membership in consistently high or decreasing PTS trajectories, relative to a consistently low PTS trajectory, among participants with higher levels of childhood physical abuse.

Conclusion

The results of the study provide preliminary evidence that variation in the RORA gene is associated with membership in trajectories of higher PTS and that these associations are stronger among persons exposed to childhood physical abuse. Replication and analysis of functional data are needed to further our understanding of how RORA relates to PTS trajectories.
Magnetic Nanohybrids Loaded with Bimetal Core–Shell–Shell Nanorods for Bacteria Capture, Separation, and Near‐Infrared Photothermal Treatment
Authors: Hu Bo , Wang Ning , Han Lu , Chen Ming‐Li , Wang Jian‐Hua
Published: March 2015

A novel antimicrobial nanohybrid based on near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion is designed for bacteria capture, separation, and sterilization (killing). Positively charged magnetic reduced graphene oxide with modification by polyethylenimine (rGO–Fe3O4–PEI) is prepared and then loaded with core–shell–shell Au–Ag–Au nanorods to construct the nanohybrid rGO–Fe3O4–Au–Ag–Au. NIR laser irradiation melts the outer Au shell and exposes the inner Ag shell, which facilitates controlled release of the silver shell. The nanohybrids combine physical photothermal sterilization as a result of the outer Au shell with the antibacterial effect of the inner Ag shell. In addition, the nanohybrid exhibits high heat conductivity because of the rGO and rapid magnetic‐separation capability that is attributable to Fe3O4. The nanohybrid provides a significant improvement of bactericidal efficiency with respect to bare Au–Ag–Au nanorods and facilitates the isolation of bacteria from sample matrixes. A concentration of 25 μg mL−1 of nanohybrid causes 100 % capture and separation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1×108 cfu mL−1) from an aqueous medium in 10 min. In addition, it causes a 22 °C temperature rise for the surrounding solution under NIR irradiation (785 nm, 50 mW cm−2) for 10 min. With magnetic separation, 30 μg mL−1 of nanohybrid results in a 100 % killing rate for E. coli O157:H7 cells. The facile bacteria separation and photothermal sterilization is potentially feasible for environmental and/or clinical treatment.
Micro‐MoS2 with Excellent Reversible Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Li Yejing , Guan Zhaoruxin , Wang Zhaoxiang , Chen Liquan
Published: March 2015

Low storage capacity and poor cycling stability are the main drawbacks of the electrode materials for sodium‐ion (Na‐ion) batteries, due to the large radius of the Na ion. Here we show that micro‐structured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) can exhibit high storage capacity and excellent cycling and rate performances as an anode material for Na‐ion batteries by controlling its intercalation depth and optimizing the binder. The former method is to preserve the layered structure of MoS2, whereas the latter maintains the integrity of the electrode during cycling. A reversible capacity of 90 mAh g−1 is obtained on a potential plateau feature when less than 0.5 Na per formula unit is intercalated into micro‐MoS2. The fully discharged electrode with sodium alginate (NaAlg) binder delivers a high reversible capacity of 420 mAh g−1. Both cells show excellent cycling performance. These findings indicate that metal chalcogenides, for example, MoS2, can be promising Na‐storage materials if their operation potential range and the binder can be appropriately optimized.
A Tris(triazolate) Ligand for a Highly Active and Magnetically Recoverable Palladium Catalyst of Selective Alcohol Oxidation Using Air at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Wang Dong , Deraedt Christophe , Salmon Lionel , Labrugère Christine , Etienne Laetitia , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier
Published: March 2015

High efficiency and selectivity, easy magnetic recovery and recycling, and use of air as the oxidant at atmospheric pressure are major objectives for oxidation catalysis in terms of sustainable and green processes. A tris(triazolyl) ligand, so far only used in copper‐catalyzed alkyne azide cycloadditions, was found to be extremely efficient in SiO2/γ‐Fe2O3‐immobilized palladium complexes. It was characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and found to fulfill the combined conditions for the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones.
Simultaneous Visualization of Multiple mRNAs and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Living Cells Using a Fluorescence Nanoprobe
Authors: Pan Wei , Yang Huijun , Li Na , Yang Limin , Tang Bo
Published: March 2015

Simultaneous monitoring of multiple tumour markers is of great significance for improving the accuracy of early cancer detection. In this study, a fluorescence nanoprobe has been prepared that can simultaneously monitor and visualize multiple mRNAs and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in living cells. Confocal fluorescence imaging results indicate that the nanoprobe could effectively distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells even if one tumour maker of normal cells was overexpressed. Furthermore, it can detect changes in the expression levels of mRNAs and MMPs in living cells. The current approach could provide new tools for early cancer detection and monitoring the changes in expression levels of biomarkers during tumour progression.
Binding Energies of the π‐Stacked Anisole Dimer: New Molecular Beam—Laser Spectroscopy Experiments and CCSD(T) Calculations
Authors: Řezáč Jan , Nachtigallová Dana , Mazzoni Federico , Pasquini Massimiliano , Pietraperzia Giangaetano , Becucci Maurizio , Müller‐Dethlefs Klaus , Hobza Pavel
Published: March 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Pavel Hobza at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The image depicts the unravelling of new fundamental information at the intersection between laser experiments and quantum calculations. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201406134.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Mediated Benzannulation of Enamines with Alkynes: an Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Aminonaphthoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Gao Peng , Fan Mingjin , Bai Zijing , Wei Yunyang
Published: March 2015

An intermolecular two CC bond formation procedure for the synthesis of carbocycles mediated by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents was developed. This metal free protocol provided a new approach for the synthesis of useful substituted 1‐amino‐2‐naphthoic acid derivatives via benzannulation reactions. Various N‐unsubstituted and N‐alkyl substituted aromatic enamines with terminal alkynes and non‐terminal alkynes can be converted into corresponding 1‐amino‐2‐naphthoic acid derivatives under mild reaction conditions. When meta‐substituted phenyl enamines were employed in the reaction, two cyclization paths were detected in the reaction and ortho‐cyclization products were the only or major products. Good functional group tolerance, readily available material and high atom utilization efficiency make this method a potential procedure which may find broad application in organic synthesis.
Syntheses, Cytotoxicity and Properties of CO Releasing Molecules Containing Acetyl Salicylamide‐3‐pyridine
Authors: Liu Huapeng , Gong Yaguo , Zhang Taofeng , Li Na , Zhao Quanyi , Chen Yonglin , Liu Bin , Zheng Yawen
Published: March 2015

A series of CO‐releasing molecules [M(CO)5L] (M=Cr, W, Mo, L=acetyl salicylamide 3‐pyridine, 1–3; L=N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐pyridine, 4–6; L=nicotinamide, 7–9; L=4‐CHO‐pyridine, 10–12) were synthesized. And in this paper, we have investigated mainly cytotoxicity and properties of the CO‐releasing molecules containing acetyl salicyamide‐3‐pyridine, namely complexes 1–3. The stability of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated by means of UV‐Vis spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectra. The results indicate complexes 1 and 2 were stable in methanol and acidic aqueous solution, but unstable and decayed in basic media (pH 10.0). Among all the complexes, complex 2 was the slowest CO‐releaser, and its half‐life was 73.8 min. Complex 9 containing nicotinamide was the fastest CO‐releaser with half‐life only 6.5 min. In addition, cytotoxic effects of all the complexes on the proliferation of fibroblast line were assayed by MTT. Among all the complexes, the IC50 of complex 1 was 6 µmol/L, revealing complex 1 possessed stronger antiproliferative activity than the control. Analysis by Flow cytometry revealed that complex 1 arrested Hela cells in S phase while complexes 2 and 8 arrested in G2/M phase. Cell apoptosis caused by the complexes mainly occurred in "Late apoptosis".
Lanthanocene Diolate Complexes: Synthesis, Structures and Catalytic Property for ε‐Caprolactone Polymerization
Authors: Gu Zhanghai , Li Li , Bao Qianwen , Yuan Fugen
Published: March 2015

Reaction of LnCl3 first with three equivalent of C5H5Na in THF, then with one equivalent of N‐phenyldiethanolamine in THF‐DME afforded complexes of {[(C5H5)Ln((‐OCH2CH2)2N(C6H5)]4((4‐Cl)}[Na(DME)4] (Ln=Sm (1), Yb (2)), being characterized by infrared spectra, elemental analyses and X‐ray crystallography. They are ionic pair compounds. The anionic part is a cluster, which can be viewed as a cyclic tetramer with four (C5H5)Ln units bridged by four pairs of OR groups, forming a pinwheel structure. Both the complexes can catalyze the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone under mild conditions, and complex 1 is more active than complex 2. The polymerization accords with one order reaction kinetics for monomer concentration. The molecular weight increases with the yield increasing, and the molecular weight distribution is rather narrow (1.19<PDI<1.29).
Synthesis of (R)‐(−)‐Muscone from (R)‐5‐Bromo‐4‐methylpentanoate: A Chiron Approach
Authors: Shen Junwei , Shi Yong , Tian Weisheng
Published: March 2015

A synthesis of (R)‐muscone (1), a valuable musk odorant, is presented. The stereogenic center of muscone was introduced from methyl (R)‐5‐bromo‐4‐methylpentanoate (5), a chiral pool molecule developed in our group, and the macrocyclic ring was prepared by ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reaction.
Crystal Structure and Host‐Guest Binding Ability of Three Types of Pillar[5]arenes
Authors: Liu Luzhi , Duan Wengui , Kou Yuhui , Wang Lingyun , Meier Herbert , Cao Derong
Published: March 2015

A systematic research of the structural characterization and the host‐guest binding abilities between three types of pillar[5]arenes 3–5 (3 for Structure Type I, 4 for Structure Type II and 5 for Structure Type III) is carried out by 1H NMR measurements and X‐ray study. The results show that the configurations or symmetry of their cavities not only have large difference in these three types of pillar[5]arenes, but also have more or less variations even in the same structure type or the same host locked different guests such as crystals of 3a–3b, 4a–4d. On the other hand, the complexation behavior of pillar[5]arenes with 1,4‐dibromobutane (DBB) is affected by the different symmetrical structure or substituents on the rings.
Synthesis of Copillar[5]arene by Co‐oligomerization of Different Monomers and Its Application to Supramolecular Polymer Gel
Authors: Li Hui , Zhu Yuanrong , Shi Bingbing , Wu Guiyuan , Zhang Youming , Lin Qi , Yao Hong , Wei Taibao
Published: March 2015

A copillar[5]arene derivative with different repeating units was synthesized by co‐oligomerization of different alkyl ethers. Copillar[5]arene‐based supramolecular polymer gel was formed by a self‐inclusion complexing in acetonitrile. The supramolecular polymer gel was driven by the CH· π interactions, and presented two phases as time went on, and finally, constructed the supramolecular organic framework. Notably, the supramolecular polymer gel showed reversible gel‐sol phase transitions upon heating and cooling. Meanwhile, the transparent films formed by the supramloecular gel show the potential application in the field of anti‐acid rain materials.
Phosphorous‐Based Pillar[5]arenes for Uranyl Extraction
Authors: Bai Bing , Fang Yuyu , Gan Quan , Yang Yuanyou , Yuan Lihua , Feng Wen
Published: March 2015

One phosphine oxide‐based pillar[5]arene 1a and two novel phosphorous‐based pillar[5]arenas 1b and 1c were synthesized for use as extractants in solvent extraction of UO22+. The results from host‐guest interactions pertinent to the extracted complexes of 1a–1c revealed a significant difference in complexation capability between 1a and 1b (or 1c) by using 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FT‐IR techniques. The extraction of UO22+ in separate extraction system and in simulated nuclear industry effluent containing 12 competing ions demonstrated the superior efficiency and selectivity of 1a towards UO22+ over other cations in acidic feed. Log‐log plot analysis indicated the 1:1 stoichiometry (ligand/metal) for the extracted complex formed between the ligand and UO22+.
Large Deviations from a Stationary Measure for a Class of Dissipative PDEs with Random Kicks
Authors: Jakšić Vojkan , Nersesyan Vahagn , Pillet Claude‐Alain , Shirikyan Armen
Published: March 2015

We study a class of dissipative PDEs perturbed by a bounded random kick force. It is assumed that the random force is nondegenerate, so that the Markov process obtained by the restriction of solutions to integer times has a unique stationary measure. The main result of the paper is a large deviations principle for occupation measures of the Markov process in question. The proof is based on Kifer's large‐deviation criterion, a coupling argument for Markov processes, and an abstract result on large‐time asymptotic for generalized Markov semigroups.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.