bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in South-West part of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Rai Preeti , Verma Babu L
Published: September 2015

HIV/AIDS and depression are often thought to be interlinked. HIV positive cases may trigger symptoms of depression which, in turn, may result in risky sexual behavior and spread of HIV. Interviews were conducted in 104 patients of HIV/AIDS at the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic of a teaching hospital in Uttar Pradesh (India) to study depression and examine its prevalence and association, if any, with some socio-demographic and clinical variables. The tools used to assess anxiety and depression and their severities were General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28 and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) . The majority of patients were of age 35 years & above (62%), males (67%), married (85%), Hindus (88%), literate (73.1%), unemployed (35%) and of upper-lower socio-economic status (52%). Significant association of depression was found with religion, occupation and socio-economic status. Depression and anxiety were also found to be significantly associated with each other. There was, however, no association of depression with respondents age, gender, marital status, education, habitat, income, duration of illness from HIV/AIDS and the CD4 count. The high prevalence rate (67.3%) of depression amongst HIV patients in our study may be taken as marker to alert Counsellors of countrys ART Clinics for possible risk of depression in HIV patients. The above findings however, should be interpreted in the light of the fact that a parallel control group in the study was not included, studied sample was not large enough and the tools used to study the subjects for depression and anxiety were not adequately standardized.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(1) 2015: 12-17
Impact and relationship of childhood experiences and substance abuse in a population of Baghdad City, Iraq
Authors: Lafta Riyadh K , Shawi Ameel F Al , Nuaimi Ahmed Samir Al , Hasnawi Saleh Al
Published: September 2015

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (e.g. abuse, neglect, violence between parents or caregivers, and community violence) are associated with higher rates of depression, tobacco use, alcoholism, illicit drug use and attempted suicide among adult population. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship of childhood experiences to substance use during adulthood in a sample from Baghdad city. A multistage sampling technique was used to choose respondents from primary health care centers and universities. Childhood experiences were measured by applying a modified standardized Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) to inquire about the negative childhood experiences (household dysfunction and abuse, and exposure to community and collective violence) and positive childhood experiences presented by bonding to family. A total of 1040 subjects were surveyed and 1000 responded, making a response rate of 96.2%. The mean score of household dysfunction and abuse is significantly higher among those with a positive history of taking sedative drugs (24.1) compared to those with a negative history (12.3). The association between sedative drugs use and the score of household dysfunction and abuse is rated as a strong association. A strong association was found between history of alcohol drinking and a higher score of household dysfunction and abuse. The mean score of bonding to family (76.2) is significantly higher among those with a negative history of sedative drug use compared to the mean score of bonding to family of subjects with a positive history of sedative drug use (65.3). It can be concluded from this study that sedative drug use is strongly associated with household dysfunction and abuse, the same is for alcohol drinking. Special national programs, including prevention and intervention strategies, are needed to build resilience among people targeting early adverse childhood experiences and their consequences.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(1) 2015: 25-32
Alview: Portable Software for Viewing Sequence Reads in BAM Formatted Files
Authors: Finney Richard P. , Chen Qing-Rong , Nguyen Cu V. , Hsu Chih Hao , Yan Chunhua , Hu Ying , Abawi Massih , Bian Xiaopeng , Meerzaman Daoud M.
Published: September 2015

The name Alview is a contraction of the term Alignment Viewer. Alview is a compiled to native architecture software tool for visualizing the alignment of sequencing data. Inputs are files of short-read sequences aligned to a reference genome in the SAM/BAM format and files containing reference genome data. Outputs are visualizations of these aligned short reads. Alview is written in portable C with optional graphical user interface (GUI) code written in C, C++, and Objective-C. The application can run in three different ways: as a web server, as a command line tool, or as a native, GUI program. Alview is compatible with Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Apple OS X. It is available as a web demo at https://cgwb.nci.nih.gov/cgi-bin/alview . The source code and Windows/Mac/Linux executables are available via https://github.com/NCIP/alview .
Measuring Theory Planned Behavior of Students to Become Entrepreneurs (Case Study at School of Economic Pasundan Bandung, Indonesia)
Authors: Hadian Dedi , Machmud Senen , Juhana Dudung , Sidharta Iwan
Published: September 2015

Some research indicate the importance of increasing the number of entrepreneurs for a country's economic resilience. Increased reliable entrepreneurs can not be separated from the role of universities in preparing graduates in accordance with the competencies they must have. Thus there is a need for a study of the factors that influence students to choose a career as a reliable entrepreneur. This study aims to determine the attitude factors, contextual factors, and gender factors that affect the intention of students to become entrepreneurs. Exploratory research methods of data analysis were using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and component-based Partial Least Squares (PLS). Total respondents were 269 students with the data collection technique of accidental sampling. The results showed that the attitude factors influence positively the entrepreneurial intention by 32.3%, the influence of contextual factors 26.2%. Moreover, the gender factors influence student’s attitudes towards intentions to become entrepreneurs but do not affect the contextual factors on the intention of students to become entrepreneurs.
Functional, Physical and Sensory Properties of Pulse Ingredients Incorporated into Orange and Apple Juice Beverages
Authors: Zare Fatemeh , Orsat Valérie , Boye Joyce I.
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study was to explore the use of pulse ingredients in the development of orange juice and apple juice supplemented beverages. Commercially available pulse ingredients including pea protein (PP), chickpea flour (CPF), lentil flour (LF) and pea fibre (PF) were selected and characterized with respect to specific functional properties (water holding capacity, fat absorption capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties). Apple juice was supplemented with 1-4% pulse ingredients, whereas a supplementation level of 1-2% was used for orange juice. The physical and sensory properties of the supplemented beverages were measured after production and during 3 weeks of refrigerated storage. Sensory attributes for both orange and apple juice supplemented with 1% and 2% pulse ingredients were similar to their respective controls (with and without pectin added). In terms of turbidity, supplementation increased the turbidity of apple juice and orange juice beverages at all levels, in comparison with control and pectin-added control samples. Supplemented samples, showed less satisfactory results in terms of cloud stability and color especially for orange juice beverages in comparison with their respective controls. Overall, while there are some hurdles to be overcome, the results suggest that when used at the 1-2% levels, PP, PF, CPF and LF could serve as potential value-added ingredients for beverage supplementation based on their physical and sensory properties. Further studies are, however, required in this promising area to improve the stability of the final production especially during storage.
Observation of a new class of electric discharges within artificial clouds of charged water droplets and its implication for lightning initiation within thunderclouds
Authors: Kostinskiy Alexander Yu. , Syssoev Vladimir S. , Bogatov Nikolay A. , Mareev Evgeny A. , Andreev Mikhail G. , Makalsky Leonid M. , Sukharevsky Dmitry I. , Rakov Vladimir A.
Published: September 2015

We have observed unusual plasma formations (UPFs) in artificial clouds of charged water droplets using a high‐speed infrared camera operating in conjunction with a high‐speed visible‐range camera. Inferred plasma parameters were close to those of long‐spark leaders observed in the same experiments, while the channel morphology was distinctly different from that of leaders, so that UPFs can be viewed as a new type of in‐cloud discharge. These formations can occur in the absence of spark leaders and appear to be manifestations of collective processes building, essentially from scratch, a complex hierarchical network of interacting channels at different stages of development (some of which are hot and live for milliseconds). We believe that the phenomenon should commonly occur in thunderclouds and might give insights on the missing link in the still poorly understood lightning initiation process.
A multivariate conditional model for streamflow prediction and spatial precipitation refinement
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Zhou Ping , Chen Xiuzhi , Guan Yinghui
Published: September 2015

The effective prediction and estimation of hydrometeorological variables are important for water resources planning and management. In this study, we propose a multivariate conditional model for streamflow prediction and the refinement of spatial precipitation estimates. This model consists of high dimensional vine copulas, conditional bivariate copula simulations, and a quantile‐copula function. The vine copula is employed because of its flexibility in modeling the high dimensional joint distribution of multivariate data by building a hierarchy of conditional bivariate copulas. We investigate two cases to evaluate the performance and applicability of the proposed approach. In the first case, we generate one month ahead streamflow forecasts that incorporate multiple predictors including antecedent precipitation and streamflow records in a basin located in South China. The prediction accuracy of the vine‐based model is compared with that of traditional data‐driven models such as the support vector regression (SVR) and the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The results indicate that the proposed model produces more skillful forecasts than SVR and ANFIS. Moreover, this probabilistic model yields additional information concerning the predictive uncertainty. The second case involves refining spatial precipitation estimates derived from the tropical rainfall measuring mission precipitationproduct for the Yangtze River basin by incorporating remotely sensed soil moisture data and the observed precipitation from meteorological gauges over the basin. The validation results indicate that the proposed model successfully refines the spatial precipitation estimates. Although this model is tested for specific cases, it can be extended to other hydrometeorological variables for predictions and spatial estimations.
Indium: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Banger Kulbinder K.
Published: September 2015

An update for select advances in the chemistry of organoindium compounds containing at least one In–C bond is reported. In particular, the various synthesis protocols to these are discussed, as well as characterization of homoleptic and heteroleptic organoindium derivatives; organoindium (0), (I), and (
II
) compounds; and anionic compounds is also reported. An examination of mixed metal complexes is also reported for both low valent systems as well as for In(
III
) oxidation state. Furthermore, the use of organoindium compounds for thin film, nanotechnology organic synthesis, and catalysis is discussed.
Beryllium: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Keizer Timothy S. , Scott Brian L. , McCleskey T. M.
Published: September 2015

The element beryllium has many unique properties including a combination of strength and low density for the metal that makes it useful in a wide variety of applications. The utility of beryllium is complicated by its negative health effects. Most notably, exposure to beryllium, in certain susceptible individuals, causes a granulomatous disorder of the lungs called chronic beryllium disease. The inorganic chemistry and speciation of beryllium under aqueous conditions is critical to understanding the physiological response. The fundamental aqueous speciation at low
pH
has been studied in detail, but limited inorganic chemistry was done at near neutral conditions because above
pH
5.5, beryllium begins to precipitate as polymeric beryllium hydroxide [Be(
OH
)2]

n

. The fluoride ion exhibits the highest affinity for the Be
2+
ion in aqueous conditions. There are few organic, monodentate ligands that interact with beryllium at higher
pH
in aqueous conditions, including acetate that forms the polynuclear species Be4(
OAc
)6. Polynuclear species are also formed with citric acid (
CA
), which solubilizes beryllium at molar concentration across the entire
pH
range. Stable mixed metal species are observed both in the natural mineral beryl and in the solution studies with CA. A general model of inorganic beryllium binding that explains many of the observed interactions with both mononuclear and polynuclear ligands is that Be
2+
displaces a proton from strong hydrogen bonds, which thermodynamically favor the tetrahedral geometry of Be as opposed to the nearly linear geometry typically observed for hydrogen bonding. Limited beryllium studies with proteins show interaction with more than one beryllium atom. In the case of transferrin, this can be explained by multiple strong hydrogen bond sites present within the protein.
Direct Construction of the 9H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepin‐9‐amine Skeleton via [4+3] Annulation of Alkyl 2‐Aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclo‐ propanecarboxylates
Authors: Hu Junhao , Liu Yang , Gong Yuefa
Published: September 2015

A direct diastereoselective synthesis approach of important 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepin‐9‐amines was established via base‐promoted [4+3] annulation between donor–acceptor reagents derived from 1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehydes and alkyl 2‐aroyl‐1‐chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates. This transition metal‐free domino reaction proceeded quickly under mild basic conditions, affording potentially bioactive azepine derivatives in moderate to high yields with high diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1).

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Working memory genetics in schizophrenia and related disorders: An RDoC perspective
Authors: Schwarz Emanuel , Tost Heike , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andreas
Published: September 2015

Improved classification of mental disorders through neurobiological measures will require a set of traits that map to transdiagnostic subgroups of patients and align with heritable, core psychopathological processes at the center of the disorders of interest. A promising candidate is working memory (WM) function, for which deficits have been reported across multiple diagnostic entities including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, autism, and major depressive disorder. Here we review genetic working memory associations and their brain functional correlates from the perspective of identifying patient subgroups across conventional diagnostic boundaries, explore the utility of multimodal investigations integrating functional information at the neural systems level and explore potential limitations as well as future directions for research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene is associated with a social phenotype in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Harrison Ashley J. , Gamsiz Ece D. , Berkowitz Isaac C. , Nagpal Shailender , Jerskey Beth A.
Published: September 2015

Oxytocin regulates social behavior in animal models. Research supports an association between genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this study, we examine the association between the OXTR gene and a specific social phenotype within ASD. This genotype–phenotype investigation may provide insight into how OXTR conveys risk for social impairment. The current study investigated 10 SNPS in the OXTR gene that have been previously shown to be associated with ASD. We examine the association of these SNPs with both a social phenotype and a repetitive behavior phenotype comprised of behaviors commonly impaired in ASD in the Simons simplex collection (SSC). Using a large sample to examine the association between OXTR and ASD (n = range: 485–1002), we find evidence to support a relation between two OXTR SNPs and the examined social phenotype among children diagnosed with ASD. Greater impairment on the social responsiveness scale standardized total score and on several subdomains was observed among individuals with one or more copies of the minor frequency allele in both rs7632287 and rs237884. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping suggests that these two SNPs are in LD within and overlapping the 3′ untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the OXTR gene. These two SNPs were also associated with greater impairment on the repetitive behavior scale. Results of this study indicate that social impairment and repetitive behaviors in ASD are associated with genomic variation in the 3′UTR of the OXTR gene. These variants may be linked to an allele that alters stability of the mRNA message although further work is necessary to test this hypothesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gold Nanoparticles Supported on a Layered Double Hydroxide as Efficient Catalysts for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Flavones
Authors: Yatabe Takafumi , Jin Xiongjie , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: September 2015

Flavones are a class of natural products with diverse biological activities and have frequently been synthesized by step‐by‐step procedures using stoichiometric amounts of reagents. Herein, a catalytic one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of flavone and its derivatives is developed. In the presence of gold nanoparticles supported on a Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (Au/LDH), various kinds of flavones can be synthesized starting from 2′‐hydroxyacetophenones and benzaldehydes (or benzyl alcohols). The present one‐pot procedure consists of a sequence of several reactions, and Au/LDH can catalyze all these different types of reactions. The catalysis is shown to be truly heterogeneous, and Au/LDH can be readily recovered and reused.
Recyclable Ligands for the Non‐Enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Challenging α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Nian Yong , Wang Jiang , Zhou Shengbin , Wang Shuni , Moriwaki Hiroki , Kawashima Aki , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Liu Hong
Published: September 2015

Structurally simple and inexpensive chiral tridentate ligands were employed for substantially advancing the purely chemical dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of unprotected racemic tailor‐made α‐amino acids (TM‐α‐AAs), enabling the first DKR of TM‐α‐AAs bearing tertiary alkyl chains as well as multiple unprotected functional groups. Owing to the operationally convenient conditions, virtually complete stereoselectivity, and full recyclability of the source of chirality, this method should find wide applications for the preparation of TM‐α‐AAs, especially on large scale.
Locked by Design: A Conformationally Constrained Transglutaminase Tag Enables Efficient Site‐Specific Conjugation
Authors: Siegmund Vanessa , Schmelz Stefan , Dickgiesser Stephan , Beck Jan , Ebenig Aileen , Fittler Heiko , Frauendorf Holm , Piater Birgit , Betz Ulrich A. K. , Avrutina Olga , Scrima Andrea , Fuchsbauer Hans‐Lothar , Kolmar Harald
Published: September 2015

Based on the crystal structure of a natural protein substrate for microbial transglutaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes protein crosslinking, a recognition motif for site‐specific conjugation was rationally designed. Conformationally locked by an intramolecular disulfide bond, this structural mimic of a native conjugation site ensured efficient conjugation of a reporter cargo to the therapeutic monoclonal antibody cetuximab without erosion of its binding properties.
Electronic Olfactory Sensor Based on A. mellifera Odorant‐Binding Protein 14 on a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Larisika Melanie , Kotlowski Caroline , Steininger Christoph , Mastrogiacomo Rosa , Pelosi Paolo , Schütz Stefan , Peteu Serban F. , Kleber Christoph , Reiner‐Rozman Ciril , Nowak Christoph , Knoll Wolfgang
Published: September 2015

An olfactory biosensor based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) field‐effect transistor (FET), functionalized by the odorant‐binding protein 14 (OBP14) from the honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been designed for the in situ and real‐time monitoring of a broad spectrum of odorants in aqueous solutions known to be attractants for bees. The electrical measurements of the binding of all tested odorants are shown to follow the Langmuir model for ligand–receptor interactions. The results demonstrate that OBP14 is able to bind odorants even after immobilization on rGO and can discriminate between ligands binding within a range of dissociation constants from Kd=4 μM to Kd=3.3 mM. The strongest ligands, such as homovanillic acid, eugenol, and methyl vanillate all contain a hydroxy group which is apparently important for the strong interaction with the protein.
Designing Light‐Activated Charge‐Separating Proteins with a Naphthoquinone Amino Acid
Authors: Lichtenstein Bruce R. , Bialas Chris , Cerda José F. , Fry Bryan A. , Dutton P. Leslie , Moser Christopher C.
Published: September 2015

The first principles design of manmade redox‐protein maquettes is used to clarify the physical/chemical engineering supporting the mechanisms of natural enzymes with a view to recapitulate and surpass natural performance. Herein, we use intein‐based protein semisynthesis to pair a synthetic naphthoquinone amino acid (Naq) with histidine‐ligated photoactive metal–tetrapyrrole cofactors, creating a 100 μs photochemical charge separation unit akin to photosynthetic reaction centers. By using propargyl groups to protect the redox‐active para‐quinone during synthesis and assembly while permitting selective activation, we gain the ability to employ the quinone amino acid redox cofactor with the full set of natural amino acids in protein design. Direct anchoring of quinone to the protein backbone permits secure and adaptable control of intraprotein electron‐tunneling distances and rates.
Causal mediation analysis with a latent mediator
Authors: Albert Jeffrey M. , Geng Cuiyu , Nelson Suchitra
Published: September 2015

Health researchers are often interested in assessing the direct effect of a treatment or exposure on an outcome variable, as well as its indirect (or mediation) effect through an intermediate variable (or mediator). For an outcome following a nonlinear model, the mediation formula may be used to estimate causally interpretable mediation effects. This method, like others, assumes that the mediator is observed. However, as is common in structural equations modeling, we may wish to consider a latent (unobserved) mediator. We follow a potential outcomes framework and assume a generalized structural equations model (GSEM). We provide maximum‐likelihood estimation of GSEM parameters using an approximate Monte Carlo EM algorithm, coupled with a mediation formula approach to estimate natural direct and indirect effects. The method relies on an untestable sequential ignorability assumption; we assess robustness to this assumption by adapting a recently proposed method for sensitivity analysis. Simulation studies show good properties of the proposed estimators in plausible scenarios. Our method is applied to a study of the effect of mother education on occurrence of adolescent dental caries, in which we examine possible mediation through latent oral health behavior.
Detection of a New Piperideine Alkaloid in the Pygidial Glands of Some Stenus Beetles
Authors: Wittmann Isabel , Schierling Andreas , Dettner Konrad , Göhl Matthias , Schmidt Jürgen , Seifert Karlheinz
Published: September 2015

Rove beetles of the genus Stenus produce and store bioactive alkaloids like stenusine (3), 3‐(2‐methylbut‐1‐enyl)pyridine (4), and cicindeloine (5) in their pygidial glands to protect themselves from predation and microorganismic infestation.

The biosynthesis of stenusine (3), 3‐(2‐methylbut‐1‐enyl)pyridine (4), and cicindeloine (5) was previously investigated in Stenus bimaculatus, Stenus similis, and Stenus solutus, respectively. The piperideine alkaloid cicindeloine (5) occurs also as a major compound in the pygidial gland secretion of Stenus cicindeloides. The three metabolites follow the same biosynthetic pathway, where the N‐heterocyclic ring is derived from L‐lysine and the side chain from L‐isoleucine. The different alkaloids are finally obtained by few modifications of shared precursor molecules, such as 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐5‐(2‐methylbutylidene)pyridine (1). This piperideine alkaloid was synthesized and detected by GC/MS and GC at a chiral phase in the pygidial glands of Stenus similis, Stenus tarsalis, and Stenus cicindeloides.
Mitsunobu Alkylation of Cancerostatic 5‐Fluorouridine with (2E)‐10‐Hydroxydec‐2‐enoic Acid, a Fatty Acid from Royal Jelly with Multiple Biological Activities
Authors: Ottenhaus Vanessa , Rosemeyer Helmut
Published: September 2015

5‐Fluorouridine (1) – a nucleoside antimetabolite with strong cancerostatic properties – was protected i) at the 2′‐ and 3′‐OH groups with a heptan‐4‐ylidene residue and ii) at the 5′‐OH group with a (4‐methoxyphenyl)(diphenyl)methyl residue. This fully protected compound, 3, was submitted to a Mitsunobu reaction with the N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, 5, of (2E)‐10‐hydroxydec‐2‐enoic acid (4) which gave nucleolipid 6. The latter was detritylated with Cl2CHCOOH to yield the co‐drug 7 as NHS ester.
Stereospecific Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Hydroxyalkyl P‐Stereogenic Phosphine–Boranes and Functionalized Derivatives: Evidence of the PO Activation in the BH3‐Mediated Reduction
Authors: Lemouzy Sébastien , Nguyen Duc Hanh , Camy Valentine , Jean Marion , Gatineau David , Giordano Laurent , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Hérault Damien , Buono Gérard
Published: September 2015

Access to hydroxy‐functionalized P‐chiral phosphine–boranes has become an important field in the synthesis of P‐stereogenic compounds used as ligands in asymmetric catalysis. A family of optically pure α and β‐hydroxyalkyl tertiary phosphine–boranes has been prepared by using a three‐step procedure from readily accessible enantiopure adamantylphosphinate, obtained by semi‐preparative HPLC on multigram scale. Firstly, a two‐step one‐pot transformation affords the enantiopure hydroxyalkyl tertiary phosphine oxides in good yields and enantioselectivities. The third step, BH3‐mediated reduction, allows the formation of the desired phosphine–boranes with excellent stereospecifity. The mechanistic study of this reduction provides new evidence to elucidate the crucial role of the pendant hydroxy group and the subsequent activation of the PO bond by the boron atom.
Lithium Bromide/Water as Additives in Dearomatizing Samarium‐Ketyl (Hetero)Arene Cyclizations
Authors: Rao Chintada Nageswara , Bentz Christoph , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: September 2015

New conditions for dearomatizing samarium‐ketyl (hetero)arene cyclizations are reported. In many examples of these samarium diiodide‐mediated reactions, lithium bromide and water can be used as additives instead of the carcinogenic and mutagenic hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). The best results were obtained for the cyclizations of N‐acylated indole derivatives delivering the expected indolines in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. A new type of cyclization delivering indolyl‐substituted allene derivatives is also described. The scope and limitations of the lithium bromide/water system are discussed.
Ruthenium‐Immobilized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Application for Selective Oxidation of Alkanes
Authors: Ishito Nobuhiro , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Maegawa Yoshifumi , Inagaki Shinji , Hara Kenji , Fukuoka Atsushi
Published: September 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Kenji Hara and Atsushi Fukuoka at Hokkaido University (Japan). The image depicts the catalytic oxidation of alkanes over isolated Ru complexes formed on periodic mesoporous organosilica. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502638.
CFD simulation and experimental study on vapour splitter in packed Divided Wall Column
Authors: Sun Jiao , Ge Huaqiang , Chen Wenyi , Chen Nan , Chen Xiangwu
Published: September 2015

A Divided Wall Column (DWC) with an optimal vapour split offers much greater potential for energy savings compared to conventional column sequences. To realize the adjustment of the vapour split as well as uniform vapour distribution, a vapour splitter which had been applied for an invention patent was put forward. The effects on performance of adjusting the vapour split and gas nonuniformities under different factors were investigated using numerical simulation and experimental research. The simulation study was carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software STAR‐CCM+. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, and they showed close agreement with each other. All the results revealed that the device can flexibly adjust the vapour split and achieve a uniform vapour distribution.
A Fluorescence‐Based Screening Protocol for the Identification of Water Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Detz Remko J. , Abiri Zohar , Kluwer Alexander M. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: September 2015

Invited for this month’s cover is the group of Joost Reek at the University of Amsterdam. The image shows a screening approach for the identification of molecular catalysts for chemical oxidation of water, which is based on oxygen‐sensitive fluorescence‐quenching using an OxoDish. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201500558.
Investigations of the Thermal Responsiveness of 1,4,2‐Oxathiazoles
Authors: Hewitt Russell J. , Ong Michelle Jui Hsien , Lim Yi Wee , Burkett Brendan A.
Published: September 2015

The first systematic study of the thermal rearrangement/fragmentation of 5,5‐disubstituted 1,4,2‐oxathiazoles into isothiocyanates is reported. Structure–activity relationships reveal that the choice of substituent at the 5‐position of the 1,4,2‐oxathiazoles is the predominant factor to influence the ease of fragmentation.
Two New Iridoid Esters from the Root and Rhizome of Valeriana jatamansiJones
Authors: Yang Bo , Zhang Jian‐Fen , Song Hui‐Zhu , Gu Man‐Cang , Zhao Hua‐Jun , Xiong Yao‐Kang
Published: September 2015

Two new iridoid esters, named valerjatadoids A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with three known iridoid esters, jatamanin O (3), jatamanvaltrate P (4), and jatamanvaltrate Q (5), have been isolated from the root and rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. The structures of the two new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Reaction between Furan‐ or Thiophene‐2‐carbonyl Chloride, Isocyanides, and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxy­lates: Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,2′‐Bifurans and 2‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)furans
Authors: Sayahi Mohammad Hosein , Adib Mehdi , Hamooleh Zeinab , Zhu Long‐Guan , Amanlou Massoud
Published: September 2015

An efficient multi‐component synthesis of highly functionalized 2,2′‐bifurans and 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)furans is described. A mixture of furan‐ or thiophene‐2‐carbonyl chloride, an isocyanide, and a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate undergoes a smooth addition reaction in dry CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature to produce 2‐amino‐5‐(4‐chlorofuran‐2‐yl)furan‐3,4‐dicarboxylates and 2‐amino‐5‐(4‐chlorothiophen‐2‐yl)furan‐3,4‐dicarboxylates. A single‐crystal X‐ray‐analysis of a derivative conclusively confirms the structure of these 2,2′‐bifurans and 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)furans. A novel electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction can justify the formation of the Cl‐substituted furan or thiophene rings.
Concise Synthesis of 2‐Arylpropanoic Acids and Study of Unprecedented Reduction of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐arylpropenoic Acid Ethyl Ester to 2‐Arylpropenoic Acid Ethyl Ester by BH3⋅THF
Authors: Shahid Islam M. , Ahmad Syarhabil , Attu Mary Rose , Foerstering F. Holger , Mahmun Hossain M.
Published: September 2015

We have developed a concise method of synthesizing racemic arylpropanoic acids, which have been widely used as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The synthesis involves only four steps from commercially available benzaldehyde. The synthesis incorporates an unprecedented reduction reaction, conversion of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐arylpropenoic acid ethyl ester to 2‐arylpropenoic acid ethyl ester by BH3⋅THF. The reduction reaction has been investigated and optimized.
New Monoterpenoids from Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans
Authors: Yu Shao‐Fu , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Fu Shu‐Na , Wu Chun , Ye Wen‐Cai , Zhou Guang‐Xiong
Published: September 2015

One new lactone, cyclopentanepyrone A (1), and two new monoterpenoids, gardeterpenone A (2) and jasminoside V (3), were isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans, along with four known monoterpenoids, 4–7, which were isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic studies, including UV, IR, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, ESI‐MS, HR‐ESI‐MS, and CD experiments.
Atom‐Economical Synthesis of Complex Heterocycles with NO Moiety
Authors: Merey Gökçe , Sezen Gökhan
Published: September 2015

A concise and facile method for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with NO tether was introduced. The two important steps of the synthesis are a Mitsunobu reaction and CH activation. The Mitsunobu protocol allows to form the NO moiety in the molecule, while subsequent CH activation leads to heterocycles.
Effects of pre‐Sowing Irrigation on Crop Water Consumption, Grain Yield and Water Productivity of Winter Wheat in the North China Plain
Authors: Gao Yang , Shen Xiaojun , Li Xinqiang , Meng Zhaojiang , Sun Jingsheng , Duan Aiwang
Published: September 2015

In three growing seasons from 2009 to 2012, we investigated the effects of different combinations of pre‐sowing irrigation and supplemental irrigation on crop water consumption, grain yield, and water productivity (WP) of winter wheat. One conventional irrigation schedule (irrigation applied at the overwintering and jointing stages) can stabilize wheat yield and WP with low or sufficient rainfall, but another conventional irrigation schedule (irrigation applied at the reviving and filling stages) decreased wheat yield and WP significantly with continuous droughts throughout winter and spring. The winter wheat with the pre‐sowing irrigation and supplemental irrigation applied at the recovery or elongation stage had a grain yield and WP in the seasons with less rainfall during the early growing stage that was higher than 7500 kg ha‐1 and 1.85 kg m‐3, respectively. In contrast, the irrigation schedule with the pre‐sowing irrigation and irrigation applied at the grain‐filling stage decreased wheat yield and WP significantly in the seasons with continuous droughts throughout winter and spring. These results indicated that combined with pre‐sowing irrigation, supplemental irrigation should be applied at the recovery stage and not later than the jointing stage; otherwise, the grain yield and WP of winter wheat will be decreased. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLZF‐Induced Upregulation of CXCR4 Promotes Dairy Goat Male Germline Stem Cell Proliferation by Targeting Mir146a
Authors: Mu Hailong , Li Na , Wu Jiang , Zheng Liming , Zhai Yuanxin , Li Bo , Song Wencong , Wang Jinglu , Zhu Haijing , Li Guangpeng , Hua Jinlian
Published: September 2015

Previous studies have shown that promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and mir146a were associated with the self‐renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs); however, there is little information on their effects on the fate of livestock SSCs. Here, we have identified a regulatory pathway in dairy goat mGSCs, involving PLZF, mir146a and the SDF‐1 receptor CXCR4. PLZF overexpression downregulated mir146a and simultaneously upregulated the expression of CXCR4 protein, whereas PLZF knockdown (siPLZF) induced the specifically opposite effects. The in vitro assays demonstrated that PLZF specifically interacts with and suppresses the mir146a promoter, and mir146a targets CXCR4 to impede its translation. The levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the mGSCs overexpressed CXCR4 and PLZF were upregulated, respectively, whereas mir146a expression was decreased and CXCR4 protein was increased. Mir146a overexpression and siPLZF impaired mGSC proliferation and differentiation, however, Mir146a knockdown induced the opposite effects. The effects of PLZF and mir146a were mediated regulation by mir146a and CXCR4, respectively. Overexpression of CXCR4 or addition of CXCL12 in cultures of dairy goat mGSCs resulted in the upregulation of their signaling, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was increased. Collectively, these findings indicate that PLZF is an important transcription factor in the regulation of the expression of CXCR4 to promote dairy goat mGSC proliferation by targeting mir146a. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 844–852, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure via the pulsatility index on transcranial doppler sonography: Is improvement possible?
Authors: Morgalla Matthias H. , Magunia Harry
Published: September 2015

Purpose

We hypothesized that using hemodynamic variables could improve the prediction of intracranial pressure (ICP) from the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (PI) measured with transcranial Doppler sonography.

Methods

In this prospective study, 39 patients with traumatic brain injury were routinely examined with transcranial Doppler sonography, and the middle cerebral artery PI was calculated. A multivariate model including hematocrit, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) was evaluated.

Results

Thirty‐nine comatose patients (16 women and 23 men; age range 18–73 years; median 44 years) were included, and 234 data pairs (consisting of ICP and corresponding PI values) were analyzed. ICP ranged from −3 mmHg to +52 mmHg, and PI from 0.6 to 2.85. We found a significant but weak correlation between PI and the square root of ICP (R2 between 0.29 and 0.34, p < 0.0001). A slightly stronger correlation was detected when hemodynamic variables were incorporated (R2 between 0.37 and 0.43). Of these variables, mean arterial blood pressure had the most significant influence.

Conclusions

In this study, PI was not a sufficiently strong predictor of ICP to be used in clinical practice. Its reliability did not improve even when hemodynamic variables were considered. Therefore, we recommend abandoning the use of PI for the noninvasive measurement of ICP in clinical practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:40–45, 2016
Sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter‐2 mediates vitamin C transport at the cortical nerve terminal
Authors: Pierce Marquicia R. , Raj Amita , Betke Katherine M. , Zeidan L. Nora , Matthies Heinrich J.G. , May James M.
Published: September 2015

It has been shown that vitamin C (VC) is transported at synaptic boutons, but how this occurs has not been elucidated. This study investigates the role of the sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter‐2 (SVCT2) in transporting VC at the cortical nerve terminal. Immunostaining of cultured mouse superior cervical ganglion cells showed the SVCT2 to be expressed in presynaptic boutons, colocalizing with the vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 and the norepinephrine transporter. Immunoblotting of enriched cortical synaptosomes demonstrated that the SVCT2 was enriched in presynaptic fractions, confirming a predominantly presynaptic location. In crude synaptosomes, known inhibitors of SVCT2 inhibited uptake of VC. Furthermore, the kinetic features of VC uptake were consistent with SVCT2‐mediated function. VC was also found to efflux from synaptosomes by a mechanism not involving the SVCT2. Indeed, VC efflux was substantially offset by reuptake of VC on the SVCT2. The presence and function of the SVCT2 at the presynaptic nerve terminal suggest that it is the transporter responsible for recovery of VC released into the synaptic cleft. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of alignment quality for FLC with mixing liquid crystal polymer
Authors: Yao Lishuang , Tang Xianzhu , Peng Zenghui , Xuan Li
Published: September 2015

Ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) with I‐N*‐C* phase sequence is most attractive due to its continuous grey level and fast response; however, the alignment problem of two‐domains defect restricted its application. In this work, one kind of one terminal polymerizable nematic liquid crystal (NLC) mesogen was mixed to FLC to improve its alignment quality. Experimental results showed that mono‐domain uniform alignment of FLC can be obtained with mixing NLC polymer. With optimized concentration, the FLC devices could offer half‐V‐shaped electric‐optical characteristic of driving contrast of 182:1 and fast response of 300 µs even after polymerization. This work can provide one simple and effective method for fabricating stable I‐N*‐C* FLC devices.
Effects of overflights on incubating Wilson's plover behavior and heart rate
Authors: Derose‐Wilson Audrey , Fraser James D. , Karpanty Sarah M. , Hillman Matthew D.
Published: September 2015

Increasing attention is paid to the effects of human activities, including the use of aircraft, on wildlife. However, responses to visual and auditory stimuli associated with aircraft are highly species‐ and context‐dependent and results of existing studies should not be generalized across species, or even across life stages of the same species. We used digital audio recorders, auto‐triggered cameras, and heart rate monitors to study the responses of nesting Wilson's plovers (Charadrius wilsonia) to different types of planes (civilian and military fixed‐wing aircraft) and helicopters (civilian and military rotary‐wing aircraft) at Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina. We compared vigilance behavior, incubation rate, and heart rate before, during, and after overflights. Wilson's plovers were alert and scanned more during military rotary‐wing overflights, and scanned more during both military and civilian fixed‐wing overflights than during periods without overflights. Heart rates and incubation rates did not change during any type of overflights. Although we found no direct link between increased vigilance rates and decreased reproductive success, a substantial increase in aircraft traffic at our study site, especially rotary‐wing overflights, would merit further investigation. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Strong deshielding in aromatic isoxazolines
Authors: Ungvarská Maľučká Lucia , Vilková Mária , Kožíšek Jozef , Imrich Ján
Published: September 2015

Very strong proton deshielding was found in di/tri‐aromatic isoxazoline regioisomers prepared from acridin‐4‐yl dipolarophiles and stable benzonitrile oxides (BNO). Three alkenes, (acridin‐4‐yl)‐CHCH‐R (R = COOCH3, Ph, and CONH2), reacted with three BNO dipoles (2,4,6‐trimethoxy, 2,4,6‐trimethyl, 2,6‐dichloro) to give pairs of target isoxazolines with acridine bound to C‐4 or C‐5 carbon of the isoxazoline (denoted as 4‐Acr or 5‐Acr). Regioselectivity was dependent on both the dipolarophile and dipole character. The ester and amide dipolarophile displayed variable regioselectivity in cycloadditions whereas the styrene one afforded prevailing 4‐Acr regioisomers. 2,4,6‐Trimethoxy‐BNO was most prone to form 5‐Acr isoxazolines while mesitonitrile oxide gave major 4‐Acr isoxazolines. Basic hydrolysis of the amide cycloadduct led to an unexpected isoxazolone product. The structure of the target compounds was studied by NMR, MS, and X‐ray crystallography. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis through larval development of Solea senegalensis flatfish
Authors: Chicano‐Gálvez Eduardo , Asensio Esther , Cañavate José Pedro , Alhama José , López‐Barea Juan
Published: September 2015

The post‐embryonic development of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, a flatfish of growing interest in fisheries and aquaculture, is associated with drastic morpho‐physiological changes during metamorphosis. Although in the last two decades knowledge on sole culture has notably increased, especially in Southern Europe, its progress was restricted due to lack of methods to control reproduction, improve larval quality and increase juvenile disease resistance. A limited knowledge of the physiological, molecular and genetic mechanisms involved is at the base of such limitation. A proteomic study was carried out to explore the molecular events that occur during S. senegalensis ontogenesis. Protein expression changes were monitored in larvae from 5 to 21 dph by combining 2DE and protein identification with de novo MS/MS sequencing. An average of 6177 ± 282 spots was resolved in 2DE gels. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 705 selected spots grouped them in eight patterns. Thirty‐four proteins were identified and assigned biological functions including structure, metabolism highlighting energy metabolism, transport, protein folding, stress response, chromatin organization and regulation of gene expression. These changes provide a sequential description of the molecular events associated with the biochemical and biological transformations that occur during sole larval development.
New DVB‐S2X constellations for improved performance on the satellite channel
Authors: Eroz Mustafa , Lee Lin‐Nan , Loghin Nabil , De Bie Ulrik , Simoens Frederik , Delaruelle Daniel
Published: September 2015

Digital Video Broadcasting via satellite second generation has experienced worldwide adoption because of its revolutionary and yet practical physical layer technology and its flexibility. Recently, the standard has been updated with several new features without changing its fundamental structure. This paper provides a high‐level discussion on several of the most important additions to the new standard with particular emphasis on some of the new signal constellations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.