bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient knockdown and overexpression reveal a developmental role for the zebrafish enosf1b gene
Authors: Finckbeiner Steve , Ko Pin-Joe , Carrington Blake , Sood Raman , Gross Kenneth , Dolnick Bruce , Sufrin Janice , Liu Paul
Published: September 2011

Background

Despite detailedin vivoknowledge of glycolytic enolases and many bacterial non-enolase members of the superfamily, little is known about thein vivofunction of vertebrate non-enolase enolase superfamily members (ENOSF1s). Results of previous studies suggest involvement of the β splice form of ENOSF1 in breast and colon cancers. This study used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a vertebrate model of ENOSF1β function.

Results

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) showed that zebrafish ENOSF1β (enosf1b) is zygotic and expressed ubiquitously through the first 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). After 24 hpf,enosf1bexpression is restricted to the notochord. Embryos injected withenosf1b-EGFP mRNA grew slower than EGFP mRNA-injected embryos but caught up to the EGFP-injected embryos by 48 hpf. Embryos injected with ATG or exon 10enosf1bmRNA-targeting morpholinos had kinked notochords, shortened anterior-posterior axes, and circulatory edema. WISH forntlorpax2aexpression showed that embryos injected with either morpholino have deformed notochord and pronephros. TUNEL staining revealed increased apoptosis in the peri-notochord region.

Conclusions

This study is the first report of ENOSF1 function in a vertebrate and shows that ENOSF1 is required for embryonic development. Increased apoptosis followingenosf1bknockdown suggests a potential survival advantage for increased ENOSF1β expression in human cancers.
Making the Best of Hard Times: How the Nation's Economic Circumstances Shaped the Public's Embrace of Health Care Reform
Authors: Schlesinger Mark
Published: September 2011

The U.S. Congress enacted expansive (and expensive) health care reforms amid the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. Public acquiescence provided crucial political cover; elites on both sides struggled mightily to sway popular opinion. Were reformers' efforts made easier or more difficult by the tough economic times? Using newly available data on Americans' perceptions of economic insecurity and attitudes toward public policy, this article explores the relationship between economic circumstances and political attitudes. The findings suggest that the Great Recession both facilitated and impeded efforts to rally the public in favor of reform: perceptions of past declines in the U.S. economy bolstered government intervention, but household economic insecurity both distracted attention from large medical expenses (which otherwise legitimized collective action) and undermined Americans' support for additional government spending. Equally consequential, reformers' efforts to adapt to economic stringency by portraying reform as exclusively about affordability missed opportunities for broadening popular support for these interventions; in the longer run this may, unless corrected, prove a decisive misstep in shepherding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through its long time line of implementation.
The role of the 5′–3′ exoribonuclease XRNA in transcriptome-wide mRNA degradation
Authors: Manful Theresa , Fadda Abeer , Clayton Christine
Published: September 2011

The steady-state level of each mRNA in a cell is a balance between synthesis and degradation. Here, we use high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNASeq) to determine the relationship between mRNA degradation and mRNA abundance on a transcriptome-wide scale. The model organism used was the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei, a protist that lacks regulation of RNA polymerase II initiation. The mRNA half-lives varied over two orders of magnitude, with a median half-life of 13 min for total (rRNA-depleted) mRNA. Data for poly(A)+ RNA yielded shorter half-lives than for total RNA, indicating that removal of the poly(A) tail was usually the first step in degradation. Depletion of the major 5′–3′ exoribonuclease, XRNA, resulted in the stabilization of most mRNAs with half-lives under 30 min. Thus, on a transcriptome-wide scale, degradation of most mRNAs is initiated by deadenylation. Trypanosome mRNA levels are strongly influenced by gene copy number and mRNA half-life: Very abundant mRNAs that are required throughout the life-cycle may be encoded by multicopy genes and have intermediate-to-long half-lives; those encoding ribosomal proteins, with one to two gene copies, are exceptionally stable. Developmentally regulated transcripts with a lower abundance in the bloodstream forms than the procyclic forms had half-lives around the median, whereas those with a higher abundance in the bloodstream forms than the procyclic forms, such as those encoding glycolytic enzymes, had longer half-lives.
Comparison of Midregional Pro–A-Type Natriuretic Peptide and the N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Predicting Mortality and Cardiovascular Events
Authors: van Hateren Kornelis J J , Alkhalaf Alaa , Kleefstra Nanne , Groenier Klaas H , de Jong Paul E , de Zeeuw Dick , Gans Rijk O B , Struck Joachim , Bilo Henk J G , Gansevoort Ron T , Bakker Stephan J L
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND

N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) provides prognostic information on mortality and future cardiovascular events for individuals from the general population. A novel immunoassay was recently developed that measures a midregional fragment of pro–A-type natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP). We compared the capabilities of MR-proANP and NT-proBNP for predicting mortality and cardiovascular events in a population-based study.

METHODS

A total of 7819 patients participated in the population-based Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a prospective observational study. Three clinical end points were studied: all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular events. After a median follow-up of 10.5 years, we used a Cox proportional hazards model to investigate the relationship between the 2 natriuretic peptides and the clinical end points. The Harrell C statistic and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to compare MR-proANP and NT-proBNP.

RESULTS

Increased plasma concentrations of both natriuretic peptides were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events, after adjustment for age, sex, and other cardiovascular risk factors. According to the Harrell C statistic analysis, the models with MR-proANP and NT-proBNP were comparable in predicting all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular events. In contrast to NT-proBNP, MR-proANP was not independently related to cardiovascular mortality. In all models, the IDI was higher for NT-proBNP than for MR-proANP.

CONCLUSIONS

MR-proANP was as efficient as NT-proBNP in predicting all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular events; however, its association with cardiovascular mortality was not independent from other confounders.
MiR-129-5p is required for histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced cell death in thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Brest Patrick , Lassalle Sandra , Hofman Veronique , Bordone Olivier , Gavric Tanga Virginie , Bonnetaud Christelle , Moreilhon Chimene , Rios Geraldine , Santini José , Barbry Pascal , Svanborg Catharina , Mograbi Baharia , Mari Bernard , Hofman Paul
Published: September 2011

The molecular mechanism responsible for the antitumor activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) remains elusive. As HDACi have been described to alter miRNA expression, the aim of this study was to characterize HDACi-induced miRNAs and to determine their functional importance in the induction of cell death alone or in combination with other cancer drugs. Two HDACi, trichostatin A and vorinostat, induced miR-129-5p overexpression, histone acetylation and cell death in BCPAP, TPC-1, 8505C, and CAL62 cell lines and in primary cultures of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cells. In addition, miR-129-5p alone was sufficient to induce cell death and knockdown experiments showed that expression of this miRNA was required for HDACi-induced cell death. Moreover, miR-129-5p accentuated the anti-proliferative effects of other cancer drugs such as etoposide or human α-lactalbumin made lethal for tumor cells (HAMLET). Taken together, our data show that miR-129-5p is involved in the antitumor activity of HDACi and highlight a miRNA-driven cell death mechanism.
Parental Perceptions of Weight Terminology That Providers Use With Youth
Authors: Puhl Rebecca M. , Peterson Jamie Lee , Luedicke Joerg
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Little research has been performed to examine patient perceptions of weight-related language, especially related to childhood obesity. In this study we assessed parental perceptions of weight-based terminology used by health care providers to describe a child's excess weight and assessed perceived connotations associated with these terms including stigma, blame, and motivation to reduce weight.

METHODS:

A national sample of American parents with children aged 2 to 18 years (N = 445) completed an online survey to assess their perceptions of 10 common terms to describe excess body weight in youth (including “extremely obese,” “high BMI,” “weight problem,” “unhealthy weight,” “weight,” “heavy,” “obese,” “overweight,” “chubby,” and “fat”). Parents were asked to use a 5-point rating scale to indicate how much they perceived each term to be desirable, stigmatizing, blaming, or motivating to lose weight.

RESULTS:

Regression models revealed that the terms “weight” and “unhealthy weight” were rated as most desirable, and “unhealthy weight” and “weight problem” were rated as the most motivating to lose weight. The terms “fat,” “obese,” and “extremely obese” were rated as the most undesirable, stigmatizing, blaming, and least motivating. Parents' ratings were consistent across sociodemographic variables, body weight, and child's body weight.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study have important implications for the improvement of health care for youth with obesity; it may be advantageous for health care providers to use or avoid using specific weight-based language during discussions about body weight with families. Pediatricians play a key role in obesity prevention and treatment, but their efforts may be undermined by stigmatizing or offensive language that can hinder important discussions about children's health.
Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Childhood Constipation: Systematic Review
Authors: Tabbers Merit M. , Boluyt Nicole , Berger Marjolein Y. , Benninga Marc A.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To summarize the evidence and assess the reported quality of studies concerning nonpharmacologic treatments for childhood constipation, including fiber, fluid, physical movement, prebiotics, probiotics, behavioral therapy, multidisciplinary treatment, and forms of alternative medicine.

METHODS:

We systematically searched 3 major electronic databases and reference lists of existing reviews. We included systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported on nonpharmacologic treatments. Two reviewers rated the methodologic quality independently.

RESULTS:

We included 9 studies with 640 children. Considerable heterogeneity across studies precluded meta-analysis. We found no RCTs for physical movement, multidisciplinary treatment, or alternative medicine. Some evidence shows that fiber may be more effective than placebo in improving both the frequency and consistency of stools and in reducing abdominal pain. Compared with normal fluid intake, we found no evidence that water intake increases or that hyperosmolar fluid treatment is more effective in increasing stool frequency or decreasing difficulty in passing stools. We found no evidence to recommend the use of prebiotics or probiotics. Behavioral therapy with laxatives is not more effective than laxatives alone.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is some evidence that fiber supplements are more effective than placebo. No evidence for any effect was found for fluid supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, or behavioral intervention. There is a lack of well-designed RCTs of high quality concerning nonpharmacologic treatments for children with functional constipation.
Trends in US Hospital Distribution of Industry-Sponsored Infant Formula Sample Packs
Authors: Sadacharan Radha , Grossman Xena , Sanchez Emily , Merewood Anne
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To describe trends in the proportion of US hospitals that distribute industry-sponsored formula sample packs between 2007 and 2010.

METHODS:

This is a follow-up of a 2007 study. In 2007, we surveyed all 50 US states to determine the proportion of hospitals that distributed infant formula samples to new mothers. In 2010, we selected the 10 best-record and 10 worst-record states with regard to industry-sponsored formula sample-pack distribution in 2007. We called all hospitals in these 20 states and asked if the maternity service distributed a “formula company-sponsored diaper discharge bag” to new mothers. We also recorded the respondent's job title.

RESULTS:

We contacted 1239 hospitals in 20 states. In 2007, 14% of these hospitals were sample-pack–free. In 2010, 28% of the same hospitals were sample-pack–free; the proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals per state ranged from 0% (5 states) to 86% (Rhode Island). In the 10 best-record states, the weighted proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals increased by a mean difference of 18% between 2007 and 2010 (P < .0001). In the 10 worst-record states, the weighted proportion of sample-pack–free hospitals increased by a mean difference of 6% (P < .01).

CONCLUSION:

Most US hospitals continue to distribute industry-sponsored formula sample packs, but trends indicate a significant change in practice; increasing proportions of hospitals eliminate these packs. Change was more significant in states where higher proportions of hospitals had already eliminated packs in 2007.
Poliovirus
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: September 2011

This Policy Statement was retired January 2015.

Despite marked progress in global polio eradication, the threat of polio importation into the United States remains; therefore, all children should be protected against the disease. The standard schedule for poliovirus immunization remains 4 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 through 18 months and 4 through 6 years of age. The minimum interval between doses 1 and 2 and between doses 2 and 3 is 4 weeks, and the minimum interval between doses 3 and 4 is 6 months. The minimum age for dose 1 is 6 weeks. Minimal age and intervals should be used when there is imminent threat of exposure, such as travel to an area in which polio is endemic or epidemic. The final dose in the inactivated poliovirus vaccine series should be administered at 4 through 6 years of age, regardless of the previous number of doses administered before the fourth birthday, and at least 6 months since the last dose was received.
THz Spectroscopic Study of Iron Oxide Layers within Steel-Reinforced Structural Components
Authors: Plusquellic D. F. , Provenzano V. , Chou S. G.
Published: September 2011

In this study, we use THz spectroscopy in the energy range between 45 GHz to 3000 GHz (1.5 cm-1 and 100 cm-1) as a non-destructive diagnostic tool to characterize the corrosion by-products (rust) on aged steel structural components that are usually embedded in concrete. The THz radiation has been shown to penetrate concrete with extinction coefficients between (1.0 to 2.3) x 10-2 GHz-1 cm-1, depending on the composition and the moisture content of the concrete. The previously reported antiferromagnetic resonance (AFR) near 140 GHz in iron oxide composites was found to be less than our current detection sensitivity (fractional absorbance sensitivity of >10%). However, a strong transition centered near 725 GHz (24 cm-1) has been observed for the first time. This feature has appeared in reflection from several different samples of mildly corroded steel plates and has been tentatively attributed to a broad phonon density of states commonly referred to as the “Boson peak” found in disordered materials. By taking advantage of this strong transition and a powerful excitation sources in the AFR region, we expect THz spectroscopy and imaging to be an effective diagnostic tool with broad applications in corrosion diagnostics and inspection.
The Effect of Texture on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Al-Alloyed TRIP Steels
Authors: Davut Kemal , Zaefferer Stefan
Published: September 2011

Steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) offer an excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The transformation of meta-stable austenite into martensite during straining leads to strong local hardening and prevents early localization of strain. Therefore, the mechanical properties of TRIP steels, including the damage resistance depend to a significant extent on the stability of retained austenite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of texture on the stability of retained austenite. In order to compare the changes in both tension and compression the steel was deformed by a micro 3-point-bending device. The texture development upon bending was followed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Based on a simple analysis using the relation between face centered cube (FCC) and body centered cube (BCC) shear geometries theoretically expected changes of texture components due to deformation are proposed. Using the results of this analysis the observed changes of the austenite texture due to deformation could be distinguished from those due to transformation, by comparing the experimental results with the theoretically expected behavior. From this comparison, austenite grains with “Brass (B) {011} <211>” and “Goss (G) {110} <100>” texture components were found to transform into martensite much easier than differently oriented grains.
The European Union and Economic Freedom
Authors: Hall Joshua C. , Lawson Robert A. , Wogsland Rachael
Published: September 2011

This paper integrates two growing strains of literature. The first strain looks at the effect of economic and political unions on outcomes such as bond ratings and economic convergence. The second strain looks at the determinants of economic freedom across countries. Building from these two literatures, we investigate the impact of joining the European Union on a country’s economic freedom. Using a panel of countries from 1970 to 2007, we find evidence that joining the European Union increases a country’s economic freedom. Empirically, however, the impact of joining the union on economic freedom is small.
Correcting the Size Bias in Trade Openness and Globalization Measures
Authors: Tang Kam Ki
Published: September 2011

The trade intensity index, constructed as exports plus imports divided by GDP, is the most commonly used measure for trade openness and globalization. The index tends to indicate small countries are more open than large countries. We show that it is the inconsistence of two implicit assumptions in the index that leads to a size bias in the openness measurement. We use a combination of axiomatic and parametric methods to derive an unbiased, generalized index that embodies the conventional index as a special case. Correcting the size bias leads to very different results in relative openness measures between countries and in the estimates of the growth effect of trade openness.
Antidumping as a Development Issue
Authors: Feinberg Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Antidumping policy was for many years an instrument employed almost exclusively by a small number of developed economies. Over the past 15 years, however, the use of this instrument of trade policy has spread to developing economies, and the overwhelming share of antidumping cases now involve developing countries either as petitioner or as target of these cases. This paper describes these trends in some detail and discusses some implications. A focus of the paper is the absence of discussion in the development economics literature on the topic despite the increasingly important role played by antidumping policy.
The Seamy Side of the Global Economy
Authors: Eckes Alfred E.
Published: September 2011

Revolutionary developments in technology and the deregulation of borders and economies have enhanced efficiency, stimulated growth, and expanded opportunities for four to five billion people around the world to join the market-oriented global economy over the last generation. But the global economy also has a seamy underside often neglected in academic discussions. This article offers a brief introduction to some of the problems that challenge governance and social stability in the generation ahead. It examines how globalization has multiplied opportunities for organized crime and terrorists; increased human trafficking, as well as forced and child labor; benefited sweatshops; expanded the flow of unsafe food and products; and contributed to environmental hazards. Because of the many complex and controversial issues involved, and the limited data publicly available, the author seeks only to survey current conditions, to identify relevant sources, and to encourage future scholarly research.
Synthesis and characterization of copolymer hydrogels of chitosan, itaconic acid and N-isopropilacrylamide
Authors: Milosavljevic Nedeljko , Milasinovic Nikola , Filipovic Jovanka , Kalagasidis-Krusic Melina
Published: September 2011

This paper deals with synthesis of copolymer hydrogels of
N-isopropilacrylamide, itaconic acid and chitosan. During synthesis, pH of
the reaction solution and temperature were varied. It was found that reaction
at higher temperature, above lower critical solution temperature (LCST) value
of N-isopropilacrylamide resulted in a formation of polymer rich domains or
aggregates in the matrix of loosely tied network, which cause a higher degree
of swelling. Moreover, reaction pH also affects the degree of swelling and
contraction of hydrogels owing to the different ionization of the ionic
groups presence in hydrogel. The values of diffusion exponent, n, indicate
non-Fickian kinetics corresponding to diffusion and relaxation of polymer
chains. These hydrogels could be classified as macroporous hydrogels. Hence,
it is possible to synthetize hydrogels of desired functionality which allow
their application in different fields.
Design and evaluation of a bioadhesive film for transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride
Authors: Rasool Bazigha , Aziz Uday , Sarheed Omar , Rasool Alaa
Published: September 2011

Design and evaluation of a bioadhesive film for transdermal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride

The objective of the study was to develop a suitable trans-dermal delivery system for propranolol hydrochloride (PPL)viaemploying chitosan as a film former. Drug concentration uniformity, thickness, moisture uptake capacity and skin bioadhesion of the films were characterized. The effects of chitosan and PPL concentration and different penetration enhancers on the release and permeation profiles from the films were investigated. Skin irritation of the candidate film was evaluated. Chitosan film (PPL 2 mg cm-2, chitosan 2 %,m/m, cineol 10 %,m/m) was found nonirritant and achieved 88.2 % release after 8 hours in phosphate buffer. Significant high (p< 0.001) permeation of PPL through rat skin was obtained using this film compared to the film without enhancer (about 8 times enhancement factor), making it a promising trans-dermal delivery system for PPL.
Attributing Selected Costs to Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Women Who Have Left Abusive Partners: A Social Determinants of Health Approach
Authors: Varcoe Colleen , Hankivsky Olena , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn , Wuest Judith , Wilk Piotr , Hammerton Joanne , Campbell Jacquelyn
Published: September 2011

Selected costs associated with intimate partner violence were estimated for a community sample of 309 Canadian women who left abusive male partners on average 20 months previously. Total annual estimated costs of selected public- and private-sector expenditures attributable to violence were $13,162.39 per woman. This translates to a national annual cost of $6.9 billion for women aged 19–65 who have left abusive partners; $3.1 billion for those experiencing violence within the past three years. Results indicate that costs continue long after leaving, and call for recognition in policy that leaving does not coincide with ending violence.
Adult education and the State: Gramsci, the historical	materialist tradition and relevant others
Authors: English Leona M. , Mayo Peter
Published: September 2011

This paper focuses on the relationship between adult education and the State within the context of hegemonic globalization and the all pervasive neoliberal ideology. It draws from a variety of sources and provides an overview of discussions concerning the State giving pride of place to the Historical Materialist tradition in the area. Using a Gramscian perspective, it argues that contrary to the widespread mantra that the state has receded into the background in this era of globalization, we argue that the State remains ever so present in this context and, if anything, remains central to the Neoliberal project.
Les dynamiques langagières de l'accompagnement
Authors: de Saint-Georges Ingrid
Published: September 2011

L’article part d’un constat : peu de travaux ont étudié les rela-tions effectives qui se nouent entre professionnels et bénéfi-ciaires dans les situations d’accompagnement de reconversion professionnelle. Il propose par conséquent d’examiner l’accompagnement tel qu’il s’accomplit en situation réelle d’interaction. Dans un premier temps, la contribution relève quelques aspects génériques des situations d’accompagnement (caractère dialogique, ouvert et imprévisible, orientation vers un but, asymétrie des rôles). Dans un second temps, l’article souligne la nature « préfigurative » des situations d’accompagnement (elles sont orientées vers l’avenir et vers des décisions concernant des actions futures) et propose quelques catégories pour les analyser. Dans un troisième temps, une situation d’accompagnement effective est examinée à partir de ces catégories. Le contexte analysé est celui d’une entreprise de formation par le travail (milieu associatif), intégrant les valeurs de l’économie sociale et poursuivant une double mission d’insertion et de formation de chômeurs de longue durée peu qualifiés. L’analyse fine de l’interaction permet de relever certains aspects saillants de l’« activité sociale d’accompagnement » et de s’interroger sur certains dilemmes et controverses du métier. Sur le plan méthodologique, des outils issus de la sociolinguistique interactionnelle sont mobilisés.
L'accompagnement des chômeurs en Belgique dans les discours politico-administratifs
Authors: Conter Bernard
Published: September 2011

L’accompagnement des chômeurs est devenu depuis 2004 en Belgique un dispositif systématisé qui concerne l’ensemble des demandeurs d’emploi de moins de 50 ans et repose sur des étapes de convocation, d’analyse des efforts de recherche d’emploi réalisés, de prescription d’actions et éventuellement de sanction. Le plan consacre un changement de référentiel de l’action publique et le passage d’une logique assurancielle d’indemnisation à une logique d’activation et d’incitation. Le sens d’une politique se construit par la mise en œuvre des dispositifs et par les discours qui l’accompagnent. Cet article propose une analyse de contenu d’acteurs politiques et admi-nistratifs sur le plan d’accompagnement des chômeurs. Ces discours font apparaître d’abord les nouvelles normes comportementales prescrites aux chômeurs. Mais ils sont également porteurs de représentations plus larges sur le rôle de l’État, sur l’efficacité et la justice de ses interventions, sur l’emploi et les formes acceptables de l’emploi. De la sorte, ils sont révélateurs de la hiérarchisation des objectifs politiques entre adaptation et flexibilité des individus, d’une part, et orientation professionnelle et mise à l’emploi, d’autre part.
L'emploi des expressions épistémiquesdans des lettres aux actionnaires en France,aux États Unis et en Allemagne.
Authors: Kranich Svenja
Published: September 2011

Cet article offre une analyse contrastive de l’emploi des ex-pressions épistémiques dans des « lettres aux actionnaires » (document constituant la première partie du rapport annuel) provenant des sociétés françaises, états-uniennes et alle-mandes. L’étude se base sur un corpus constitué de lettres aux actionnaires saisies sur internet (environ 120 000 mots). Nous avons choisi d'étudier les expressions épistémiques pour deux raisons : premièrement, leur utilisation pour mar-quer l'incertitude les rendent intéressantes pour un genre qui doit fournir des prédictions concernant de futurs événements. Deuxièmement, des recherches (Hyland 1996, 1998, par ex.) ont montré que les éléments épistémiques peuvent aussi avoir pour fonction d’atténuer la force des propositions qui autrement risqueraient de brusquer l’allocuteur. C’est en nous penchant en particulier sur l'emploi interpersonnel des ex-pressions épistémiques que nous avons découvert des diffé-rences interculturelles intéressantes. L'étude de la forte fré-quence des éléments épistémiques dans ces lettres ainsi que leur distribution dans les catégories grammaticales et séman-tiques nous a permis de découvrir des différences intercultu-relles que l’on peut relier à des idéaux stylistiques divers et à des préférences communicatives divergentes.
The shop around the corner in the Internet age
Authors: Foncel Jérôme , Guyot Marianne , Jouneau-Sion Frédéric
Published: September 2011

Résumé Nous étudions un modèle de compétition spatiale inspiré de Hotelling (1929). L’une des firmes est localisée alors que l’autre est présente uniquement sur internet. Elles vendent le même produit et seuls les coûts marginaux – supposés constants – peuvent différer. Les clients de la firme traditionnelle supportent un coût de transport variable selon leur adresse, alors que les clients en ligne supportent un coût fixe qui peut rendre compte de difficultés d’accès à la technologie ou d’une prime de risque. Nous montrons que les équilibres de Nash en prix laissent une part de marché souvent faible à la firme en ligne, bien qu’elle pratique un prix plus bas. Il faut que les différences de coûts de production soient suffisamment importantes pour que la firme en ligne devienne leader. À long terme, nous montrons qu’il est optimal pour la firme traditionnelle de quitter le centre-ville si la concurrence d’Internet devient trop rude. Nous mettons cette prévision en relation avec les réflexions actuelles sur la place des technologies à distance dans le développement urbain. Classification JEL : R12, L86, L11.
Une réunification de Chypre est-elle possible ?
Authors: Derisbourg Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2011

Résumé Depuis 1974, l’île de Chypre est divisée entre la République de Chypre, peuplée des Chypriotes grecs, membre de l’Union européenne depuis 2004 et la République turque de Chypre du Nord. Une tentative de réunification, amorcée en 2002 sous l’égide de l’ONU, a échoué en 2004 suite au refus par voie référendaire de ce plan par les Chypriotes grecs. Les négociations autour du processus de réunification de l’île continue de susciter le débat, notamment concernant la forme institutionnelle à adopter ou la question de la démilitarisation de l’île. L’avenir de la question chypriote ne pourra être scellé que par la voie diplomatique et par un soutien des opinions publiques chypriote – grecque et turque – à l’issue d’un nouveau référendum.
Concurso de Universidades - SB10mad “Ciudad sostenible: la rehabilitación como herramienta”
Authors: González Díaz M. J.
Published: September 2011

El concurso fue una propuesta de GBCEspaña desarrollada por ASA (Asociación Sostenibilidad y Arquitectura), en concordancia con el Congreso SB10mad, con el objetivo de involucrar a las Universidades (españolas y extranjeras) en las estrategias de revitalización de barrios existentes. Los concursantes debían proponer soluciones en materia de economía de recursos, energía, ciclo del agua, mejoras sociales y reducción de contaminación, sobre un barrio de su propia elección. El éxito de participación y calidad en las propuestas permite aventurar esta materia como de gran interés en la formación universitaria y en el desarrollo de soluciones.
Rehabilitación Urbana en España (1989-2010). Barreras actuales y sugerencias para su eliminación
Authors: Rubio del Val J.
Published: September 2011

Al inicio de este siglo XXI, las ciudades de nuestro país tienen ante sí un reto que en términos cuantitativos supera, con mucho, al referido a la actuación de rehabilitación sobre los centros históricos y primeros ensanches. Se trata de la rehabilitación de un tejido específico de nuestras ciudades, los barrios de bloque abierto construidos entre 1940-1980, en los que se están produciendo graves procesos de degradación urbana y que pueden caracterizarse como áreas urbanas vulnerables.
Este artículo analiza las estrategias emprendidas desde las diversas administraciones públicas en materia de rehabilitación urbana, así como las experiencias iniciadas, con el objetivo de detectar cuáles son las principales barreras de todo tipo (legales, sociales, económicas, culturales) que impiden una práctica sistemática de estas iniciativas, que hoy todavía tienen un carácter experimental y minoritario, y avanzar propuestas de acción para conseguir la rehabilitación urbana integral y sistemática de estos barrios.
Reconsiderando el significado de Hogar en la Rehabilitación: hacia una ciudad histórica sostenible
Authors: Qasem Awad S. , Hohmann H.
Published: September 2011

A pesar de la gran cantidad de literatura sobre el significado del hogar y las investigaciones hechas por académicos sobre el ambiente del hogar, el concepto de hogar no se filtró en el proceso de rehabilitación. La teoría de la conservación y la metodología de rehabilitación siguen concentrándose en los aspectos materiales del ambiente construido e ignoran los aspectos inmateriales.
Tomando en cuenta que las viviendas no son sólo objetos, sino ejemplos de estructuras sociales, y patrones de conducta, el entendimiento de la relación entre habitantes y sus viviendas será de utilidad para establecer una conexión entre la rehabilitación de la arquitectura doméstica histórica y el concepto del hogar. Para ello es necesario reconsiderar el marco de trabajo teórico del proceso de rehabilitación con el fin de ser capaz de reconocer el cambio en la estructura espacial del hogar histórico y el orden, y vincularlos a la estructura social.
Herramientas para evaluar la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones urbanas en barrios
Authors: Simón-Rojo M. , Hernández-Aja A.
Published: September 2011

El empleo en la planificación y en el diseño de intervenciones de mejora urbana, de herramientas que permitan comparar alternativas con criterios de sostenibilidad, contribuiría a afrontar algunos de los retos fundamentales a los que se enfrentan nuestras ciudades. Desde la Unión Europea se aboga por políticas urbanas integrales. Para lograrlas sería recomendable contar con herramientas de evaluación adecuadas, que incorporen los aspectos socioeconómicos y se puedan aplicar en la escala de barrio.
El artículo presenta las conclusiones de la revisión de herramientas para evaluar la sostenibilidad urbana en el contexto europeo. Estas herramientas aportan sobre todo informes, guías, indicadores y buenas prácticas. En algún caso se han desarrollado metodologías y tecnologías específicas. A pesar de la gran cantidad de recursos públicos invertidos, sigue habiendo una carencia de herramientas prácticas, útiles y de código abierto que permitan evaluar la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones en barrios de la ciudad construida.
Estrategia para el balance cero CO2 en un desarrollo turístico mediterráneo existente
Authors: Rodríguez R. , Fernández A.
Published: September 2011

En este artículo se describirá la estrategia que se ha establecido en el desarrollo de regeneración integral de Playa de Palma (Palma de Mallorca) y medidas planificadas con el fin implantar el objetivo de emisiones Cero CO2 para el 2050 y la descripción del modelo energético basado 100% en energías renovables. Las estrategias incluyen medidas tecnológicas de eficiencia energética e integración de renovables en edificios y ámbito urbano pero también otras que inciden en la modificación de los patrones de consumo. En este sentido se plantearán además de planes de sensibilización al ciudadano, modelos de la gestión de la demanda energética apoyados en redes eléctricas inteligentes.
Así mismo se establecerán los modelos de negocio energético y estructuras societarias constituidas entorno al ente energético Playa de Palma requeridos para hacer viable la implantación de las estrategias.
El ecodiseño y planeamiento de barrios sostenibles: el caso de estudio de Vallbona (Barcelona)
Authors: Farreny R. , Oliver-Solà J. , Montlleó M. , Escribà E. , Gabarrell X. , Rieradevall J.
Published: September 2011

La sostenibilidad global es cada vez más un tema de sostenibilidad urbana. Por este motivo, es necesario un marco de trabajo que pueda ayudar en el proceso de diseño y rediseño (rehabilitación) de nuestras ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y describir la metodología de ecodiseño adaptada a los entornos urbanos, la cual se caracteriza por la incorporación sistemática de las consideraciones ambientales a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. El documento presenta un caso de estudio de ecodiseño del barrio de Vallbona (Barcelona). Esta experiencia demuestra que la inclusión de criterios de sostenibilidad en las etapas iniciales de diseño y planificación de los sistemas urbanos es la mejor estrategia para la prevención ambiental. Además, se presenta un marco metodológico con el fin de proporcionar a los planificadores una forma estructurada de diseño de los asentamientos urbanos que les permita avanzar hacia entornos urbanos más sostenibles.
Replication of Butterfly Scales Nano-Structure with Two-Photon Polymerization Method and the Optical Effect Analysis
Authors: Wu Li Yan , Han Zhi Wu , Song Yu Qiu , Niu Shi Chao , Ren Lu Quan
Published: September 2011

Biologically structural colors have been attracting more and more researcher’s attention and many bionics theoretical achievements of this kind may be used for surface decorating and product anti-counterfeiting. But further application has been restricted for the bottleneck problem in specimen manufacture, because of the complexity and nano-dimention of the biological structure. In this work, based on the optimized structure parameters of butterfly scales which have structural color, the specimen was manufactured using the ‘two-photon polymerization method’. Using a femto-second laser system and the photoreswast SU8 of polymer monosomic material, specimen of bionic structural color were prepared. The sample was 30×30μm. The manufacture parameters included that the laser intensity was 5.5-7mw, the distance of the adjacent points was 100nm, the exposure time was 0.6ms, and the numerical aperture of the objective lens was 1.4. The optical effects of the replication structure had been calculated with 1D photonic ‘crystal band gap’ theory. The results of the calculation showed a great consistency with natural butterfly structural color. This work is a meaningful exploration for replication of butterfly or other bionic specimens.
Calculation of Energy Consumption during Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Liu Shao Gang , Li Heng Can , Jin Qiu
Published: September 2011

During manufacturing processes, firstly the raw materials are mined or recovered from ore. Then the raw materials are machined to obtain the qualified component. In this paper, energy consumption of manufacturing processes is calculated. During the manufacturing processes, usually several stages are needed, which are rough machining, semi-finish machining and finish machining. After each stage is finished, the components are inspected and classified into three groups: (1) those below the specification, (2) those within the specification, (3) those above the specification. For each category, the corresponding energy consumption is calculated. At last, the energy consumption of whole manufacturing processes is obtained.
Experimental Study on Factors of Jet Breakup for Uniform Droplet Stream
Authors: Gao Sheng Dong , Wang Yang , Wu Yan , Liu Zhi Wei
Published: September 2011

In this study an experimental device capable of producing uniform metal droplet stream with image gathering was set up. A periodic vibration was applied to a compound liquid jet for an experimental study on its breakup. The breakup processes of the compound jet were discussed from the image taken from the experiment. The aim is to study the relationship of the factors which determine the jet breakup into a series of uniform droplets.
Research on Deforming Law of Beam Structure
Authors: Xu Feng
Published: September 2011

The equations of damage evolution of cross-section and the deflection deformation of concrete beam were established. Through the plain concrete beam bending test, the formula for calculating the deflection was verified. It is proved that the formula established in this paper is more accurate than the equation that doesn’t consider the damage effect. The concrete beam was modelled and analyzed by means of finite element analysis software, and comparison was carried out between the numerical simulation result and the experimental data. On the basis, new methods and ideas about concrete-damage were proposed.
The Constitutive Modeling of Double-B Flute Corrugated Board
Authors: Huang De Chen , Gao De , Lu Fu De
Published: September 2011

The basic flat compression cushioning performance of corrugated board was studied according to the measured data from static and dynamic flat compression tests. Based on the experimental data, the nonlinear visco-elastic-plastic model of the cushion was established. The establishment of the model and successful identification of its parameters solve the problem of flat compression dynamic calculation of corrugated board, make it possible to optimize the design of cushion packaging and avoid the great amount of measuring work.
Study on Flange Bolted-Joints Structure Based on State Space Model
Authors: Tian Mei Zi , Zhao Deng Feng , Zeng Guo Ying , Yan Hang Rui
Published: September 2011

Based on the vibration mechanics theory and system’s state equation, the state-space model of the flange bolted-joints structure is established. According to the dynamic characteristics of bolted connection, the parameters of the state-space model, such as rigidity and damping, can be identified. The accuracy of simulation model is validated, by comparing the simulation analysis results with the vibration test results, and an efficient method of recognition or fault diagnosis of bolted joints in vibratory environment is proposed.
Design of a New Micro-Gripper Based on Piezoelectric Bimorphs
Authors: Qiu Lei , Cui Yu Guo , Feng Feng Yi
Published: September 2011

Considering assembly and disassembly of micro-gripper, connection and isolation of lead, a new micro-gripper based on piezoelectric bimorphs is designed by using finite element analysis. First, a detailed structure of the micro-gripper is designed based on piezoelectric bimorph cantilevered beams. Second, static and dynamic characteristics of the micro-gripper are analyzed by piezoelectric coupling field analysis technique of ANSYS. For the static performance, there is a linear relationship between displacement and driving voltage of the micro-gripper. The maximum displacement of the micro-gripper finger is about 81.9 μm under the maximum driving voltage 200 V. For dynamic performance, the natural frequency and the response time of the gripper is about 45 Hz and 1.1 ms, respectively. The micro-gripper could meet the designed needs.
Linear Complementarity Problem and Multiobjective Optimization
Authors: Yong Long Quan
Published: September 2011

A new method is proposed for the linear complementarity problem (LCP). Firstly we formulate the LCP into a multiobjective optimization problem (MOP), and study the relations between the efficient solution of MOP and optimal solution of LCP. Based on the efficient solution of MOP, we define zero-efficient solution. Then we indicate that zero-efficient solution of the MOP is also the solution to the LCP. Finally some standard LCP examples are respectively transformed into MOP and solved by minimax method. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method is effective.
Dynamic Simulation of Twin Tripod Sliding Universal Joint
Authors: Chang De Gong , Zhang Li Zeng , Liu Zhao Dong
Published: September 2011

In this paper, taking the twin tripod sliding universal joint as three-dimensional solid model, adding various kinematic pairs and motion drivers between kinds of components, using multi-body dynamics software ADAMS that is popular at present, carrying out the dynamic simulation, contrast with or without friction force of the coupling’s movement under the action of those forces, such as the force on the slider, ball head, the journal, and so on. Finally, we obtained the movement rules of the couplings under or without those forces and some qualitative theories, which provided theoretical basis and reference for the subsequent design and research for couplings.
The Finite Element Analysis and Size Optimization of a ROV Carrier Frame
Authors: Wang You Jun , Xu Jing Ke
Published: September 2011

The carrier frame is the installation base of ROV’s each subsystem and the main force component when lifted and recycled. Its research is designed to ensure sufficient strength, stiffness and weight as small as possible.In order to seek the optimal design proposal in initial stage of design, the finite element analysis and size optimization of one under researching ROV’s carrier frame are carried out.According to the result of optimization, the structural mechanics performance after optimization could basically remain unchanged, also the weight of the structural reduces 5.8 percent.
Numerical Simulation of Gas Injection for CBM Openhole Cavity Completion Considering the Coal Vertical Fracture System
Authors: Li Xiao Yi , Wang Zhi Ming , Wan Xin , Cao Yang
Published: September 2011

A discrete element numerical model simulating the process of gas pressurization in coalbed methane wells is built based on UDEC software. The model considers the unique vertical fracture system of the coal. Simulates the distribution of effective stress, pore pressure and the node displacement vector around the wellbore in the process of pressurization under different terrestrial stress conditions. The analysis shows that, reservoir fluid flow and matrix deformation in the pressurization of cavity completion can be better represented by taking coal's unique fracture system into consideration. Coal reservoir with anisotropic stress is more prone to rupture and collapse than that under isotropic condition. In the vertical fracture system, the discrepancy of the fluid velocity will lead to differences in formation stress gradient and help generate shearing fracture. Tensile fractures’ formation and growing trend can be reflected by nodal displacement vector distribution.
Development of Graphics Software of Bellows Expansion Joint
Authors: Fang Yan Kai
Published: September 2011

Expansion joints are non-standard devices which shape and parameters could vary with temperature, pressure, displacement and cycle life. The drawing work of expansion joints is rather important. A set of accurate, reliable and strong practical professional graphics software is needed for expansion joint industry. On the basis of digestion and absorption of SolidWorks 2010, secondary development of the software was carried out in this paper so as to meet the urgent needs of expansion joints industry. The structures of most bellows expansion joints are not complex, and their geometries are relatively simple and fixed. It is very suitable for bellows expansion joints solved with parametric modeling method.