Investigation of weather conditions and tropospheric BrO transport during Bromine Explosion Events in the Arctic and ozone depletion in Ny-&#197;lesund observed by satellite and ground-based remote sensing
Authors: Zilker Bianca , Blechschmidt Anne-Marlene , Seo Sora , Bougoudis Ilias , Bösch Tim , Richter Andreas , Burrows John Philip 
Published: December 2021

&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;Bromine Explosion Events (BEEs) have been observed since the late 1990s in the Arctic and Antarctic during polar spring and play an important role in tropospheric chemistry. In a heterogeneous, autocatalytic, chemical chain reaction cycle, inorganic bromine is released from the cryosphere into the troposphere and depletes ozone often to below detection limit. Ozone is a source of the most important tropospheric oxidizing agent OH and the oxidizing capacity and radiative forcing of the troposphere are thus being impacted. Bromine also reacts with gaseous mercury, thereby facilitating the deposition of toxic mercury, which has adverse environmental impacts. C&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;old saline surfaces, such as young sea ice, frost flowers, and snow are likely bromine sources &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;during BEEs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;ifferent meteorological conditions seem to favor the development of these events: on the one hand, low wind speeds and a stable boundary layer, where bromine can accumulate and deplete ozone, and on the other hand, high wind speeds above approximately 10 m/s with blowing snow and a higher unstable boundary layer. In high wind speed conditions &amp;#8211; occurring for example along fronts of polar cyclones &amp;#8211; recycling of bromine on snow and aerosol surfaces may take place aloft.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;To improve the understanding of weather conditions and bromine sources leading to the development of BEEs, case studies using high resolution S5P TROPOMI retrievals of tropospheric BrO together with meteorological simulations by the WRF model and Lagrangian transport simulations of BrO by FLEXPART-WRF are carried out. WRF simulations show, that high tropospheric BrO columns observed by TROPOMI often coincide with areas of high wind speeds. This probably points to release of bromine from blowing snow with cold temperatures favoring the bromine explosion reactions. However, some BrO plumes are observed over areas with very low wind speed and a stable low boundary layer. To monitor the amount of ozone depleted during a BEE, ozone sonde measurements from Ny-&amp;#197;lesund are compared with MAX-DOAS BrO profiles. First evaluations show a drastic decrease in ozone, partly below the detection limit, while measuring enhanced BrO values at the same time. &lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;In order to analyze &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;the possible origin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt; of the BrO &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;plume &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;arriving in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;Ny-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;&amp;#197;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;lesund&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;and to investigate its transportation route, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;FLEXPART-WRF runs are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;executed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-US&quot;&gt;for the times of observed ozone depletion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;This work was supported by the&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; DFG funded Transregio-project TR 172 &amp;#8220;Arctic Amplification &lt;/em&gt;(AC)&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;#8220;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;