bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corneal ulceration in a dog following exposure to the defensive spray of a walkingstick insect (Anisomorphaspp.)
Authors: Brutlag Ahna G. , Hovda Lynn R. , Della Ripa Michael A.
Published: June 2011

Objective –To describe a case of corneal ulceration in a dog resulting from ocular exposure to the defensive spray of a walkingstick insect (Anisomorphaspp.).

Case Summary –A 4‐year‐old, male Chihuahua in southeastern Louisiana presented to an emergency veterinary hospital approximately 20 hours after it was witnessed to have come in close proximity to a walkingstick insect. Within seconds of approaching the insect, the dog yelped, jumped backwards and developed lacrimation, blepharospasm, and periocular swelling of the left eye. Upon presentation, the dog was found to have blepharospasms and miosis of the left eye. Fluorescein stain was applied to the affected eye and diffuse corneal uptake of stain was noted. A diffuse superficial corneal ulceration was diagnosed and treated supportively with ocular flushing, topical antibiotics, ocular lubrication, and a 1% solution of ocular atropine, as well as systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents. Clinical signs resolved 10 days after injury.

New or Unique Information Provided –While most species of walkingstick insects are considered harmless, certain species in the southeastern United States have the ability to spray defensive venom at their predators. Upon ocular exposure to the venom, the victim may experience intense pain followed by blurred vision, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. To date, there is only 1 previous reported case of ocular exposure to walkingstick venom in a dog although both children and animals may be at higher risk for ocular exposure due to their curious nature and proximity in size to the insect. Superficial corneal and conjunctival damage can occur following direct exposure to the defensive chemical spray of the Northern and Southern Twostriped walkingstick insects found in the southeastern United States and may be considered a differential diagnosis in cases involving diffuse corneal ulceration.
Extravasation injury associated with parenteral nutrition in a cat with presumptive gastrinomas
Authors: Wakshlag Joseph , Schoeffler Gretchen L. , Russell Duncan S. , Peters‐Mo Rachael S. , Toulza Olivier
Published: June 2011

Objective
–
To describe the pathologic consequences of parenteral nutrition (PN) extravasation into the mediastinum of a cat.

Case Summary
–
An 8‐year‐old domestic short hair cat with persistent vomiting and anorexia was initiated on PN for nutritional support. PN was being administered at a rate of 12.9 mL/h when inadvertent jugular catheter migration resulted in thrombophlebitis and cellulitis and 40–80 mL of PN extravasated into the SC and mediastinal tissues. The cat was euthanized 36 hours after the extravasation of PN due to poor prognosis related to the gastric complications associated with a presumed primary gastrinoma. Grossly there was excessive mediastinal lymphatic drainage and pronounced edema in the cervical SC and mediastinal tissue. Histopathologic examination of the PN‐extravasated area revealed a severe mixed inflammatory reaction, represented by a severe neutrophilic and mild histiocytic infiltrate with lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffing. No bacterial agents were observed or cultured from this area.

Unique Information Provided
–
This is the first case report of a foreign body‐type reaction due to extravasation of PN (extravasation injury) in a cat. Extravasation of PN is not without pathologic consequence, and can result in a severe inflammatory reaction in affected tissues.
Adiponectin receptor signalling in the brain
Authors: Thundyil John , Pavlovski Dale , Sobey Christopher G , Arumugam Thiruma V
Published: June 2011

Adiponectin is an important adipocyte‐derived hormone that regulates metabolism of lipids and glucose, and its receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2, T‐cadherin) appear to exert actions in peripheral tissues by activating the AMP‐activated protein kinase, p38‐MAPK, PPARα and NF‐kappa B. Adiponectin has been shown to exert a wide range of biological functions that could elicit different effects, depending on the target organ and the biological milieu. There is substantial evidence to suggest that adiponectin receptors are expressed widely in the brain. Their expression has been detected in regions of the mouse hypothalamus, brainstem, cortical neurons and endothelial cells, as well as in whole brain and pituitary extracts. While there is now considerable evidence for the presence of adiponectin and its receptors in the brain, their precise roles in brain diseases still remain unclear. Only a few research studies have looked at this facet of adiponectins in brain disorders. This brief review will describe the evidence for important functions by adiponectin, its structure and known actions, evidence for expression of AdipoRs in the brain, their involvement in brain disorders and the therapeutic potential of agents that could modify AdipoR signalling.
Molecular mechanisms underlying bile acid‐stimulated glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion
Authors: Parker HE , Wallis K , le Roux CW , Wong KY , Reimann F , Gribble FM
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The glucagon‐like peptides GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 are secreted from enteroendocrine L‐cells following nutrient ingestion. Drugs that increase activity of the GLP‐1 axis are highly successful therapies for type 2 diabetes, and boosting L‐cell secretion is a potential strategy for future diabetes treatment. The aim of the present study was to further our understanding of the bile acid receptor GPBA (TGR5), an L‐cell target currently under therapeutic exploration.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GLUTag cells and mixed primary murine intestinal cultures were exposed to bile acids and a specific agonist, GPBAR‐A. Secretion was measured using hormone assays and intracellular calcium and cAMP responses were monitored using real‐time imaging techniques.

KEY RESULTS Bile acid‐triggered GLP‐1 secretion from GLUTag cells was GPBA‐dependent, as demonstrated by its abolition following tgr5 siRNA transfection. Bile acids and GPBAR‐A increased GLP‐1 secretion from intestinal cultures, with evidence for synergy between the effects of glucose and GPBA activation. Elevation of cAMP was observed following GPBA activation in individual GLUTag cells. Direct calcium responses to GPBAR‐A were small, but in the presence of the agonist, a subpopulation of cells that was previously poorly glucose‐responsive exhibited robust glucose responses. In vivo, increased delivery of bile to more distal regions of the ileum augmented L‐cell stimulation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GPBA signalling in L‐cells involves rapid elevation of cAMP, and enhanced calcium and secretory responses to glucose. Modulation of this receptor therapeutically may be an attractive strategy to enhance GLP‐1 secretion and achieve better glycaemic control in diabetic patients.
Treatment of depressive‐like behaviour in Huntington's disease mice by chronic sertraline and exercise
Authors: Renoir Thibault , Pang Terence YC , Zajac Michelle S , Chan Grace , Du Xin , Leang Leah , Chevarin Caroline , Lanfumey Laurence , Hannan Anthony J
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in Huntington's disease (HD) patients. Women are more prone to develop depression and such susceptibility might be related to 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic (serotonergic) dysregulation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed tests of depression‐related behaviours on female R6/1 HD mice that had been chronically treated with sertraline or provided with running‐wheels. Functional assessments of 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A receptors were performed by measuring behavioural and physiological responses following administration of specific agonists, in combination with analysis of hippocampal gene expression. Finally we assessed the effect of exercise on hippocampal cell proliferation.

KEY RESULTS Female HD mice recorded increased immobility time in the forced‐swimming test, reduced saccharin preference and a hyperthermic response to stress compared with wild‐type animals. These alterations were improved by chronic sertraline treatment. Wheel‐running also resulted in similar improvements with the exception of saccharin preference but failed to correct the hippocampal cell proliferation deficits displayed by HD mice. The benefits of sertraline treatment and exercise involved altered 5‐HT1A autoreceptor function, as demonstrated by modulation of the exaggerated 8‐OH‐DPAT‐induced hypothermia exhibited by female HD mice. On the other hand, sertraline treatment was unable to restore the reduced 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2 heteroceptor function observed in HD animals.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We report for the first time a crucial role for 5‐HT1A autoreceptor function in mediating the sex‐specific depressive‐like phenotype of female R6/1 HD mice. Our data further support a differential effect of chronic sertraline treatment and exercise on hippocampal cell proliferation despite common behavioural benefits.
17(R)‐resolvin D1 specifically inhibits transient receptor potential ion channel vanilloid 3 leading to peripheral antinociception
Authors: Bang S , Yoo S , Yang TJ , Cho H , Hwang SW
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient receptor potential ion channel vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is expressed in skin keratinocytes and plays an important role in thermal and chemical nociceptions in the periphery. The presence of TRPV3 inhibitors would improve our understanding of TRPV3 function and help to develop receptor‐specific analgesics. However, little is known about physiological substances that specifically inhibit TRPV3 activity. Here, we investigated whether 17(R)‐resolvin D1 (17R‐RvD1), a naturally occurring pro‐resolving lipid specifically affects TRPV3 activity.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effect of 17R‐RvD1 on sensory TRP channels using Ca2+ imaging and whole cell electrophysiology experiments in a HEK cell heterologous expression system, cultured sensory neurons and keratinocytes. We also examined changes in sensory TRP agonist‐specific acute licking/flicking or flinching behaviours and mechanical and thermal pain behaviours using Hargreaves, Randall‐Selitto and von Frey assay systems in the absence and presence of inflammation.

KEY RESULTS We showed that 17R‐RvD1 specifically suppresses TRPV3‐mediated activity at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations. The voltage‐dependence of TRPV3 activation by camphor was shifted rightwards by 17R‐RvD1, which indicates its inhibitory mechanism is as a result of a shift in voltage‐dependence. Consistently, TRPV3‐specific acute pain behaviours were attenuated by locally injected 17R‐RvD1. Moreover, the administration of 17R‐RvD1 significantly reversed the thermal hypersensitivity that occurs during an inflammatory response. Knockdown of epidermal TRPV3 blunted these antinociceptive effects of 17R‐RvD1.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 17R‐RvD1 is a novel natural inhibitory substance specific for TRPV3. The results of our behavioural studies suggest that 17R‐RvD1 has acute analgesic potential via TRPV3‐specific mechanisms.
Consequences of splice variation on Secretin family G protein‐coupled receptor function
Authors: Furness Sebastian GB , Wootten Denise , Christopoulos Arthur , Sexton Patrick M
Published: June 2011

The Secretin family of GPCRs are endocrine peptide hormone receptors that share a common genomic organization and are the subject of a wide variety of alternative splicing. All GPCRs contain a central seven transmembrane domain responsible for transducing signals from the outside of the cell as well as extracellular amino and intracellular carboxyl termini. Members of the Secretin receptor family have a relatively large N‐terminus and a variety of lines of evidence support a common mode of ligand binding and a common ligand binding fold. These receptors are best characterized as coupling to intracellular signalling pathways via Gαs and Gαq but are also reported to couple to a multitude of other signalling pathways. The intracellular loops are implicated in regulating the interaction between the receptor and heterotrimeric G protein complexes. Alternative splicing of exons encoding both the extracellular N‐terminal domain as well as the extracellular loops of some family members has been reported and as expected these splice variants display altered ligand affinity as well as differential activation by endogenous ligands. Various forms of alternative splicing have also been reported to alter intracellular loops 1 and 3 as well as the C‐terminus and as one might expect these display differences in signalling bias towards downstream effectors. These diverse pharmacologies require that the physiological role of these splice variants be addressed but should provide unique opportunities for drug design and development.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Secretin Family (Class B) G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐1
Postglacial sediment yield to Chilliwack Lake, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: TUNNICLIFFE JON , CHURCH MICHAEL , ENKIN RANDOLPH J.
Published: June 2011

Tunnicliffe, J., Church, M. & Enkin, R. J. 2012 (January): Postglacial sediment yield to Chilliwack Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 84–101. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00219.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

Seismic records and evidence from sediment cores at Chilliwack Lake provide the basis for a long‐term (postglacial) sediment budget for a 324‐km2 Cordilleran catchment. Chilliwack Lake (11.8 km2 surface area), situated in the North Cascade Mountains, near Chilliwack, British Columbia, was formed behind a valley‐wide recessional moraine in the final phase of post‐Fraser alpine glaciation. Seismic surveys highlight the postglacial lacustrine record, which is underlain by a thick layer of sediments related to deglacial sedimentation. Sediment cores provide details of grain‐size fining from the delta to the distal lake basin. The cores also show a record of intermittent fire and debris flows. Magnetic measurements of lake sediments provide information on grain size, as well as a dating framework. The total postglacial lake‐floor deposit volume is estimated to be 397 ± 27 × 106 m3. Including estimates of fan and delta deposition, the specific postglacial yield to the lake is calculated to be ∼86 ± 13 Mg km2 a−1. The sediment volume in the uppermost (Holocene) lacustrine layer is 128 ± 9 × 106 m3, representing ∼41 ± 4 Mg km2 a−1 in the Holocene. Compared with other Cordilleran lakes of similar size, particularly those with glacial cover in the watershed, Chilliwack Lake has experienced relatively modest rates of sediment accumulation. This study provides an important contribution to a growing database of long‐term (postglacial) sediment yield data for major Cordilleran lakes, essential for advancing our understanding of the pace of landscape evolution in formerly glaciated mountainous regions.
A Genetic Assessment of Ecological Restoration Success in Banksia attenuata
Authors: Ritchie Alison L. , Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: June 2011

Rarely assessed in the success of ecological restoration projects is the maintenance of genetic variation in restored populations and, critically, their offspring. A founding population sourced from a limited genetic pool of nonlocal provenance seed can result in genetic bottlenecking and inbreeding, potentially reducing future population resilience and restoration success. We used microsatellite markers to assess the genetic variation of natural and restored populations, and their offspring, in Banksia attenuata R.Br. (Proteaceae), a keystone species of Banksia woodlands in south‐west Australia. Both natural and restored populations, and their offspring, displayed similarly high levels of heterozygosity (He range = 0.57–0.62) and allelic diversity (Ne range = 6.67–8.86) across 7 microsatellite loci. There was very weak population divergence (FST = 0.006) between the restored population and the adjacent natural population, indicating local provenance sourcing of seed. Genetic structuring within the natural population was weak, but detectable at 10 m and more strongly genetically structured than the restored population (Sp = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). Complete outcrossing, low‐correlated paternity, and very low bi‐parental inbreeding were observed in both populations. Extensive pollen dispersal was observed within and among populations, with >50% of paternity assigned to sires beyond the local population. In a greenhouse experiment, differences in the overall performance of seedlings from natural and restored populations were negligible. Results indicate the successful genetic management of B. attenuata in this restoration project, from which general principles emphasizing the use of diverse local provenance seeds, genetic integration, and delivery of pollinator services are supported.
Reduction in Lyme Disease Risk as an Economic Benefit of Habitat Restoration
Authors: Morlando Scott , Schmidt Stephen J. , LoGiudice Kathleen
Published: June 2011

Habitat restoration is costly and it is often necessary to justify the costs with evidence of benefits to society. These benefits are difficult to quantify because they are measured in terms of ecosystem services rather than currency. This paper introduces a somewhat novel restoration‐related ecosystem service, a reduction in the risk of tick‐borne disease, and incorporates it into a cost/benefit analysis of the restoration of a rare habitat. We use a cost‐of‐illness study to calculate the costs averted by preventing Lyme disease (LD), and a contingent‐valuation survey to estimate the benefit of biodiversity protection. The restoration, removal of an invasive tree, reduced the risk of LD by approximately 98%. Cost‐of‐illness studies show that the restoration would be financially justifiable if it averted 75 cases of LD per year. Given the local LD rate and the visitation rate to the preserve, the habitat restoration can plausibly be justified solely on the benefit of LD cases averted. However, as we do not know how many cases of LD are contracted in the preserve, we also establish the perceived value of protecting biodiversity in a contingent‐valuation survey. Results show that residents were willing to pay a significant fraction of the net cost of restoration to protect biodiversity. When these benefits are taken into account, the number of cases of disease that must be averted to justify remediation is reduced. This exercise spotlights an underappreciated ecosystem service that, when appropriate, can help establish the cost effectiveness of restoration.
Historical Small‐Scale Surface Structures as a Model for Post‐Mining Land Reclamation
Authors: Kappes Heike , Clausius Alexandra , Topp Werner
Published: June 2011

Historical land use provides long‐term field experiments that give valuable clues for ecosystem management and habitat restoration. We hypothesized that remnants of a small‐scale charcoal‐ore industry that ceased more than a century ago still affect soil properties and the litter‐dwelling fauna of a beech forest on rendzina soil (pH 4–6.5). We sampled the remains of charcoal kilns, small mining pits, and mounds of dugout material. Soils from kilns displayed increased carbon and nutrient contents and soils from kilns and in pits tended to be moister than that from all other locations. Leaf litter accumulated in the pits. Most mesofauna taxa occurred independent of the modifications, whereas larger‐sized Collembola and many macrofauna taxa (Aranea, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda, Coleoptera, and Gastropoda) were more abundant in the pits. Snails are highly sensitive to microclimatic fluctuations and structural changes and thus were used to compare man‐made structures with natural ones: assemblages from kilns equaled those from the unmodified forest floor, assemblages from pits resembled those from adjacent to coarse woody debris (CWD), and assemblages from mounds resembled those from outcrops and tree bases. The outcrops were the local keystone structure, but mining pits and CWD added to species richness as they provided shelter for hygrophilous species. We thus recommend maintaining or creating a diversified soil surface structure in post‐mining land reclamation to accumulate organic matter and nutrients and to buffer microclimatic extremes.
Plant Facilitation on a Mine Tailings Dump
Authors: Markham John , Young Ian , Renault Sylvie
Published: June 2011

Facilitation is a potentially useful tool in restoration efforts. We investigated the causes of facilitation in planted Picea mariana seedlings in an unvegetated mine tailings dump. Clusters of plants doubled the survival rate in the first growing season compared to single plants. In the first year mycorrhizal inoculation had no effect on survival, but by the second growing season only mycorrhizal inoculated plants survived, most of these being in plant clusters. This suggests that facilitation in this environment is partly the result of interactions with mycorrhizae.
Educational Outcomes from a Novel House Call Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents: Report of a 3‐Year Experience
Authors: Hayashi Jennifer , Christmas Colleen , Durso Samuel C.
Published: June 2011

Physician house calls are an important mode of healthcare delivery to frail homebound older adults and positively affect patient outcomes and learner education, but most physicians receive scant training in home care medicine. A novel longitudinal curriculum in house call medicine for internal medicine residents was implemented in July 2006, and educational outcomes were evaluated over the following 3 years. The 2‐year curriculum included didactic and experiential components. Residents made house calls with preceptors and alone and completed a series of computer modules outlining knowledge essential to providing home‐based care. They discussed the important features of the modules in regularly scheduled small groups throughout the 2‐year experience, and each taught a “house call morning report” in their senior resident year. Evaluation methods included surveys before, during, and at the end of the 2‐year curriculum (knowledge and attitudes); direct observation by preceptors during house calls (skills); and an online, anonymous survey at the end of each year (attitudes). Results show statistically significant increases in residents' knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to home care medicine. Residents describe educationally significant and positive effects from their house call experiences. This novel curriculum improved medical residents' knowledge, attitudes, and skills in performing house calls for frail elderly individuals. The longer‐term outcomes of this intervention will continue to be studied, with the hope that it may be used to help provide educational opportunities to prepare the physician workforce to meet the service needs of a growing segment of the population.
Association Between Insulin Resistance and Lean Mass Loss and Fat Mass Gain in Older Men without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lee Christine G. , Boyko Edward J. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Lewis Cora E. , Cawthon Peggy Mannen , Hoffman Andrew R. , Everson‐Rose Susan A. , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth , Orwoll Eric S. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Research Group
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between insulin resistance and changes in body composition in older men without diabetes mellitus.

DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study of older men participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study.

SETTING: Six U.S. clinical centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred thirty‐two ambulatory men aged 65 and older at baseline.

MEASUREMENTS: Baseline insulin resistance was calculated for men without diabetes mellitus using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Total lean, appendicular lean, total fat, and truncal fat mass were measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans at baseline and 4.6 ± 0.3 years later in 3,132 men with HOMA‐IR measurements.

RESULTS: There was greater loss of weight, total lean mass, and appendicular lean mass and less gain in total fat mass and truncal fat mass with increasing quartiles of HOMA‐IR (P<.001 for trend). Insulin‐resistant men in the highest quartile had higher odds of 5% or more loss of weight (odds ratio (OR)=1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46–2.43), total lean mass (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.60–2.73) and appendicular lean mass (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.27–1.95) and lower odds of 5% or more gain in total fat mass (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.45–0.68) and truncal fat mass (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.42–0.64) than those in the lowest quartile. These findings remained significant after accounting for age, site, baseline weight, physical activity, and change in physical activity. These associations were also independent of other metabolic syndrome features and medications.

CONCLUSION: Greater lean mass loss and lower fat mass gain occurred in insulin‐resistant men without diabetes mellitus than in insulin‐sensitive men. Insulin resistance may accelerate age‐related sarcopenia.
Transient Versus Persistent Fear of Falling in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: Incidence and Risk Factors
Authors: Oh‐Park Mooyeon , Xue Xiaonan , Holtzer Roee , Verghese Joe
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of fear of falling (FOF) and the risk factors associated with transient versus persistent FOF in community‐dwelling older adults.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Bronx County, New York.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred eighty participants without FOF at baseline in the Einstein Aging Study aged 70 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: FOF was assessed at baseline and during follow‐up interviews at 2‐ to 3‐month intervals for a minimum 2 years. Incident FOF was classified as transient or persistent FOF. Transient FOF was defined as new‐onset FOF reported at only one interview, and persistent FOF was FOF reported at two or more interviews over a 2‐year period.

RESULTS: Twenty‐four‐month cumulative incidence of incident FOF was 45.4%, with 60.0% of FOF being persistent. Predictors of incident FOF included female sex (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08–2.23), depressive symptoms (aHR=1.16, 95% CI=1.07–1.26), falls (aHR=1.50, 95% CI=1.01–2.21), and clinical gait abnormality (aHR=2.07, 95% CI=1.42–3.01). The proportion of participants with incident FOF increased linearly with increasing number of risk factors. Predictors for transient and persistent FOF were depressive symptoms and clinical gait abnormality. Female sex and previous falls were predictors of persistent but not transient FOF.

CONCLUSION: FOF status in older adults may change over time, with shared and distinct risk factors for persistent and transient FOF. Understanding the dynamic nature of FOF and these risk factors will help identify high‐risk groups and design future intervention studies.
Holter Monitoring in Syncope: Diagnostic Yield in Octogenarians
Authors: Kühne Michael , Schaer Beat , Sticherling Christian , Osswald Stefan
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic yield of Holter monitoring in very old adults (≥80) with syncope.

DESIGN: A Holter study was considered diagnostic if the arrhythmia explained syncope (atrioventricular (AV) block, sinus node dysfunction, atrial fibrillation with severe bradycardia or tachycardia, supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia).

SETTING: A tertiary care center in Switzerland over a period of 10 years.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventy‐five Holter studies were performed in individuals aged 80 and older (median age 84, 65% female, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 0.56 ± 0.1%).

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Fifty‐three Holter studies (11%) were diagnostic. The detected arrhythmias were AV block (n=13), sinus node dysfunction (n=13), binodal disease (n=2), atrial fibrillation with slow or rapid ventricular response (n=21), ventricular tachycardia (n=3) and supraventricular tachycardia (n=1). Forty participants (8%) received a pacemaker, and one received an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator because of the results of Holter monitoring. The yield of Holter monitoring was significantly greater (all P<.01) in the presence of heart disease (17%) and low LVEF (22%), in men (17%) and in participants aged 90 and older (20%). Heart disease (odds ratio (OR)=3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.7–6.1), male sex (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.1–3.8), and aged 90 and older (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.2–5.1) remained independent predictors for a high diagnostic yield of Holter monitoring. Furthermore, Holter monitoring was helpful in excluding arrhythmias as a cause of syncope in an additional 10% of cases.

CONCLUSION: The diagnostic value of Holter monitoring in participants aged 80 and older with syncope was 11.2%. Its yield was higher in men and in the presence of structural heart disease and was 20% in individuals aged 90 and older.
Prevalence and Effect on Health‐Related Quality of Life of Overactive Bladder in Older Americans: Results from the Epidemiology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Study
Authors: Sexton Chris C. , Coyne Karin S. , Thompson Christine , Bavendam Tamara , Chen Chieh‐I , Markland Alayne
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and effect of overactive bladder (OAB) on healthcare‐seeking behavior, mental health, and generic and condition‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in older adults.

DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the U.S. sample of the Epidemiology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (EpiLUTS) study—a population‐based, cross‐sectional, Internet‐based survey.

SETTING: Community.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand four hundred eighty‐five men and 2,877 women aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Prevalence and effect on HRQL of urinary symptoms, including OAB. OAB was defined as the presence of urinary urgency and/or urinary urgency incontinence. Descriptive analyses and subgroup comparisons were conducted to evaluate the prevalence of OAB in men and women aged 65 and older and the effect of OAB on various aspects of HRQL.

RESULTS: The survey response rate was 46.9% of men and 61.0% of women. Prevalence rates of OAB at least “sometimes” were 40.4% in men and 46.9% in women. OAB was associated with significant impairments across all domains of patient‐reported outcomes, including general HRQL (Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short‐Form Survey), ratings of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and urinary condition–specific outcomes (Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form and Patient Perception of Bladder Condition) (P<.001).

CONCLUSION: OAB is common in older adults in the United States and is associated with substantial impairment in mental health and HRQL, but rates of treatment seeking behavior are low. Older patients should be assessed for OAB.
Residential Mortgage Credit Derivatives
Authors: Duarte Jefferson , McManus Douglas A.
Published: June 2011

As the fallout from subprime losses clearly demonstrates, the credit risk in residential mortgages is large and economically significant. To manage this risk, this article proposes the creation of derivative instruments based on the credit losses of a reference mortgage pool. We argue that these derivatives would enable banks to retain whole loans while also enjoying the capital benefits of hedging the credit risk in their mortgage portfolios. In comparisons of hedging effectiveness, the analysis shows that instruments based on credit losses outperform contracts based on house price appreciation.
A tale of two scenes: civic capital and retaining musical talent in Toronto and Halifax
Authors: HRACS BRIAN J. , GRANT JILL L. , HAGGETT JEFFRY , MORTON JESSE
Published: June 2011

Although Toronto has been the centre of the Canadian music industry for many decades, recent interviews reveal that industrial restructuring may be affecting the choices that musicians make about where to live and work. In an era of contemporary independent music production, some smaller city‐regions, such as Halifax, Nova Scotia, are becoming more attractive to musicians. This article explores the ways in which musicians consider the economic and social dynamics of city‐regions in making their location choices. Musicians recognize Toronto's advantages in size and economic opportunity, yet those in the music scene described it as an intensely competitive and difficult work environment. By contrast, respondents in Halifax talked about a supportive and collaborative community that welcomed newcomers, encouraged performance, and facilitated creativity. In the contemporary context, where independent musicians are adopting new strategies to pursue their vocation, communities high in civic capital may gain an advantage in attracting and retaining talent.
Bayesian Enrichment Strategies for Randomized Discontinuation Trials
Authors: Trippa Lorenzo , Rosner Gary L. , Müller Peter
Published: June 2011

Summary We propose optimal choice of the design parameters for random discontinuation designs (RDD) using a Bayesian decision‐theoretic approach. We consider applications of RDDs to oncology phase II studies evaluating activity of cytostatic agents. The design consists of two stages. The preliminary open‐label stage treats all patients with the new agent and identifies a possibly sensitive subpopulation. The subsequent second stage randomizes, treats, follows, and compares outcomes among patients in the identified subgroup, with randomization to either the new or a control treatment. Several tuning parameters characterize the design: the number of patients in the trial, the duration of the preliminary stage, and the duration of follow‐up after randomization. We define a probability model for tumor growth, specify a suitable utility function, and develop a computational procedure for selecting the optimal tuning parameters.
Highly Infrared Transparent Nanometric Tetragonal Zirconia Prepared by High‐Pressure Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Li Zhipeng , Kim Byung‐Nam , Morita Koji , Yoshida Hidehiro , Hiraga Keijiro , Sakka Yoshio
Published: June 2011

Highly infrared transparent tetragonal ZrO2 (3 mol% yttria‐stabilized) was prepared by means of high‐pressure spark plasma sintering (HP‐SPS). The crystallite size of the resulting dense sample was about 80 nm. In‐line transmittance for the 1.5 mm thick sample ranged between 63% and 67% in the wavelength of 3–5 μm, representing 81%–87% of the theoretic value. Meanwhile, the cutoff wavelength of tetragonal ZrO2 was superior to the values of other high‐strength transparent ceramics. This study highlighted the efficiency and simplicity of HP‐SPS for obtaining transparent tetragonal ZrO2 and the great potential of this ceramic applied for durable infrared windows.
Optimization of PST Thin Films Grown by Sputtering and Complete Dielectric Performance Evaluation: An Alternative Material for Tunable Devices
Authors: Lei Xiuyun , Rémiens Denis , Ponchel Freddy , Soyer Caroline , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: June 2011

PbxSr1‐xTiO3 (PST) thin films with the ratio Pb/Sr = 40/60 were deposited on silicon substrate with Pt or LaNiO3 (LNO) bottom electrodes by radio frequency magnetron sputtering followed by a postannealing treatment. The structural and microstructural analyses were performed and a perovskite phase was obtained whatever the nature of the bottom electrodes and even at a low temperature (450°C). The optimal annealing temperature is 650°C at which the films have a dense and fine microstructure. For electrical characterization the different top electrodes (Pt and LNO) were used. In both cases, we demonstrate that PST films present excellent performances in terms of dielectric properties and in particular, the tunability and Figure of Merit. A large tunability (57% at 400 kV/cm) and low dielectric losses (1.4%) were measured at 10 kHz for Pt/PST/Pt structures postannealed at 500°C. For LNO/PST/LNO structures, postannealed at 650°C, the improved tunability (≈80%) and low loss factor (≈2%) were obtained. Prospects of PST as an alternative to BST for tunable applications with a real potentiality of monolithic integration with silicon, in terms of thermal budget, are considered.
Role of TiO2 Seed Layer Thickness on the Nanostructure Evolution and Phase Transformation Behavior of Sputtered PZT Thin Films During Post‐Deposition Air‐Annealing
Authors: Bose Ankita , Sreemany Monjoy , Bysakh Sandip
Published: June 2011

An optimum TiO2 seed layer is said to facilitate nucleation and subsequent growth of perovskite phase in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films during annealing. The actual causes that prevent perovskite growth, particularly in sputtered PZT films on thick TiO2 seed layers are not yet understood clearly. Herein, based on the results of X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and analytical scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) with semi‐quantitative elemental mapping using energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectrum imaging, the post‐annealing crystallization trend of r.f. magnetron sputter‐deposited amorphous PZT films has been scrutinized as a function of TiO2 seed layer thickness. Upon annealing, PZT films on thin TiO2 layers (~20–100 nm) partially crystallize into perovskite PZT via a transient pyrochlore/fluorite phase. However, no perovskite phase forms on thicker (~550 nm) TiO2 layer. Thickness of underlying TiO2 seed layer strongly influences the crystallization, phase formation, texture, and surface morphology of the PZT films. During crystallization, Pb diffuses away from the PZT film to form solid solution with TiO2 seed layer. Perovskite PZT phase transformation requires a minimum Pb‐concentration within the transient pyrochlore/fluorite phase. During the growth of perovskite grains, Zr gets segregated, resulting in Zr‐concentration build‐up within the surrounding disordered fcc fluorite phase.
Preparation and Piezoelectricity of NaNbO3 High‐Density Ceramics by Molten Salt Synthesis
Authors: Ge Haiyan , Hou Yudong , Xia Chuan , Zhu Mankang , Wang Hao , Yan Hui
Published: June 2011

Nanostructures of crystalline orthorhombic sodium niobate (NaNbO3) were synthesized by a molten salt synthesis procedure. As a comparison, an auxiliary experiment via conventional solid state reaction process was carried out simultaneously. The microstructure and morphology evolution of the synthesized nano particles were investigated in detail, and on the basis of the experimental results, an in situ transformation mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the formation processes of NaNbO3 microstructures. It was found that both the initial shape of the Nb2O5 and the dissolution rate of the initial precursors critically determine the final shapes of the products. Furthermore, the determined electrical properties of the as‐obtained products indicated that NaNbO3 ceramic derived from nanostructures holds the real characteristic of ferroelectric and the polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis behavior is greatly influenced by the polarization treatment. The obtained NaNbO3 ceramic after the polarizing treatment exhibited piezoelectric property, d33 = 28 pC/N.
Radiation‐Induced Cavernous Malformations of the Cauda Equina Mimicking Carcinomatous or Infectious Meningitis. A Case Report
Authors: Farid Nikdokht , Zyroff Jack , Uchiyama Christopher M. , Thorson Phataraporn K. , Imbesi Steven G.
Published: June 2011

The authors present a case of multiple radiation‐induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina in a patient with a remote history of testicular cancer and extended field radiation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple nodular areas of enhancement coating the nerve roots of the cauda equina, mimicking an aggressive leptomeningeal process such as carcinomatous or infectious meningitis. Biopsy of one of these lesions revealed ectatic vascular channels devoid of intervening neuroglial tissue consistent with cavernous malformation.
C‐peptide promotes lesion development in a mouse model of arteriosclerosis
Authors: Vasic Dusica , Marx Nikolaus , Sukhova Galina , Bach Helga , Durst Renate , Grüb Miriam , Hausauer Angelina , Hombach Vinzenz , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Walcher Daniel
Published: June 2011

Patients with insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes exhibit an increased propensity to develop a diffuse and extensive pattern of arteriosclerosis. Typically, these patients show elevated serum levels of the proinsulin cleavage product C‐peptide and immunohistochemical data from our group revealed C‐peptide deposition in early lesions of these individuals. Moreover, in vitro studies suggest that C‐peptide could promote atherogenesis. This study examined whether C‐peptide promotes vascular inflammation and lesion development in a mouse model of arteriosclerosis. ApoE‐deficient mice on a high fat diet were treated with C‐peptide or control injections for 12 weeks and the effect on lesion size and plaque composition was analysed. C‐peptide treatment significantly increased C‐peptide blood levels by 4.8‐fold without having an effect on glucose or insulin levels, nor on the lipid profile. In these mice, C‐peptide deposition in atherosclerotic plaques was significantly increased compared with controls. Moreover, lesions of C‐peptide–treated mice contained significantly more macrophages (1.6 ± 0.3% versus 0.7 ± 0.2% positive area; P < 0.01) and more vascular smooth muscle cells (4.8 ± 0.6% versus 2.4 ± 0.3% positive area; P < 0.01). Finally, lipid deposition measured by Oil‐red‐O staining in the aortic arch was significantly higher in the C‐peptide group compared with controls. Our results demonstrate that elevated C‐peptide levels promote inflammatory cell infiltration and lesion development in ApoE‐deficient mice without having metabolic effects. These data obtained in a mouse model of arteriosclerosis support the hypothesis that C‐peptide may have an active role in atherogenesis in patients with diabetes and insulin resistance.
Alterations in the contractile phenotype of the bladder: lessons for understanding physiological and pathological remodelling of smooth muscle
Authors: Zderic Stephen A. , Chacko Samuel
Published: June 2011

Introduction

Alterations in bladder contractility with normal development

Assessment of bladder function in genetically modified mice

A whole organ perspective on the bladder’s response to pBOO

Experimental observations

In vivo measures of pBOO in a rabbit model

Relating muscle strip studies to whole organ function

Myosin light chain phosphorylation

Regulation of myosin light chain de‐phosphorylation

Alterations in the thick contractile filaments

Regulatory light chain

Alterations in the thin contractile filaments

Alterations in tension transfer complex

The contractile properties of the urinary bladder are changed by the conditions of normal development and partial bladder outlet obstruction. This change in the contractile phenotype is accompanied by changes in the regulatory cascades and filaments that regulate contractility. This review focuses on such changes during the course of normal development and in response to obstruction. Our goal is to discuss the experimental evidence that has accumulated from work in animal models and correlate these findings with the human voiding phenotype.
Evaluation of the discrepancy between pH and lactate  in combined fetal scalp blood sampling
Authors: LILJESTRÖM LENA , WIKSTRÖM ANNA‐KARIN , HANSON ULF , ÅKERUD HELENA , JONSSON MARIA
Published: June 2011

Objective. To evaluate the rate of discrepancy between pH and lactate values in fetal blood sampling (FBS). To evaluate differences in obstetric management in response to combined tests (pH and lactate) and single tests (pH or lactate). Design. Descriptive study. Setting. Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Population. Labors monitored by FBS during one year (n=241). Methods. Discrepancy in the combined tests was defined as a test having one abnormal and one normal value. Abnormal pH was defined as 7.24 or lower and abnormal lactate as 4.2 or higher. The results were categorized according to whether the test was normal or abnormal and according to whether it was a combined or single analysis. Main outcome measures. Discrepancy between pH and lactate values in combined tests. Frequency of operative delivery for fetal distress (ODFD). Time interval from the last FBS to ODFD. Results. In the combined tests with abnormality, a discrepancy between pH and lactate values occurred in 55%. The mean time interval from the last FBS to ODFD was longer in combined tests with one abnormal compared with two abnormal test results, 75 vs. 37 minutes (p<0.05). Operative delivery for fetal distress was performed less often after combined tests than after single tests: 41/62 (66%) vs. 19/20 (95%) (p<0.05). Conclusion. In the combined test, discrepancies were common and occurred in half of the samples with an abnormality. Obstetric management was influenced by the discrepancy between test results with respect to ODFD rates and the time interval from the last FBS to delivery.
Skin organ culture as a model to study oxidative stress, inflammation and structural alterations associated with UVB‐induced photodamage
Authors: Portugal‐Cohen Meital , Soroka Yoram , Frušić‐Zlotkin Marina , Verkhovsky Lilian , Brégégère François Menahem , Neuman Rami , Kohen Ron , Milner Yoram
Published: June 2011

Background:  Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a major cause of skin damage, of long‐term alteration of skin metabolism, homoeostasis and physical structure. The analysis of UV‐induced pathogenic processes requires in vitro models allowing biochemical studies, and appropriate for the development of novel, accurate diagnosis methods based on non‐invasive procedures.

Objectives:  This work was aimed to reproduce the effects of UVB on whole‐skin explants ex vivo and to study underlying biochemical mechanisms, especially in correlation with skin autofluorescence.

Methods:  Human skin organ cultures were irradiated with UVB and subjected to enzyme assays, Western blots, solid‐phase ELISA, HPLC and fluorescence measurements.

Results:  UVB irradiation was found to enhance ROS production, to deplete the pool of low‐molecular‐weight antioxidants and to decrease the overall antioxidant capacity in the epidermis, in a manner dependent on xanthine‐oxidase activity. Epidermal cell proliferation and mitochondrial activity were transiently stimulated. IκB‐α was degraded, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines was drastically increased. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity was increased in non‐irradiated controls, probably due to the mechanical stress of skin excision, and this phenomenon was suppressed by UVB. Autofluorescence measurements revealed alterations of dermal protein crosslinks following UVB irradiation.

Conclusions:  Skin organ culture proved to be an integrated model appropriate for in vitro analysis of UVB biologic effects and their correlations, and for the study of non‐invasive diagnostic methods in cellular and molecular terms.