bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeomorphic Characteristics of Urban Flood Triggers in Gombe Town, Nigeria as Monitored in 2014
Authors: Abashiya M. , Abaje I.B. , Musa I. , Sule S. , Kollos P.N. , Garba H.A.
Published: July 2020

Urban flooding has become a monumental yearly disaster in many of the world’s cities and Gombe town in particular. This paper focused on some hydro-geomorphological characteristics that influence flooding in Gombe town. Statistical methods and geographic information techniques were used for the assessment. The result revealed that the highest API of 166.62 mm occurred on the 5/9/2014. The rainfall amount was 92.5mm for a duration 48 minutes, average rainfall intensity was 115.63, stage height (1.42m), average flow velocity (0.98m/s), and instantaneous discharge of 9.47m3 /s. This corresponds with the flood disaster that occurred in Gombe town on the same date (5/9/2014). On the other hand, the least API of 18.12 mm occurred on the 18/6/2014. The rainfall amount was 1.2mm for 62 minutes, average rainfall intensity was 1.16, stage height (0.30m), average flow velocity (0.24m/s), and instantaneous discharge of 0.49m3 /s. findings also showed that very steep slope covered 2.4537km2 (1.78%), steep slope covered 3.60235km2 (2.61%), moderate slope (0.735574km2 or 0.53%), gentle slope (131.106km2 or 94.89%) and flat areas (0.259854km2 or 0.19%). The study recommended flood resilience technology, provision of adequate urban drainages and proper storm water management.Keywords: Drainage density, flow accumulation, rainfall, urban flooding
Remediative Capacity of Crude Oil-polluted Soil After Exposure to Poultry Manure and Phosphate Minerals
Authors: Evbuomwan N.O , Oviasogie F.E. , Oviasogie P.O. , Ikhajiagbe B.
Published: July 2020

This study investigated the impact of two soil amendments (poultry manure and phosphate rock minerals) on the intrinsic remediation capacity of a crude oil-contaminated soil. Well drained top soil (0-10 cm) was polluted with crude oil at the rate of 0.02mL/g of soil and amended with phosphate rock (PR) and poultry manure in three batches at 20 g, 30 g, 40 g and 50 g per 500 g of soil respectively in plastic bowls. Soil samples were collected from plastic bowls for physicochemical, microbiological, biodegradability and total hydrocarbon contents analyses. Results revealed improvement in physicochemical parameters in pH, total nitrogen and phosphorus of 7.00-7.50, 0.12-0.22 %, and 13.20- 65.42 mg/100 g after remediation against 4.30, 0.02 % and 6.05 mg/100 g recorded in day zero respectively. Bacillus subtilis (2.01), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.94), Mucor mucedo (2.47) and Penicillium notatum (2.43) had high biodegradation potential (NTU). The remediation efficiency of total hydrocarbon content after remediation was enhanced by two factors; increased concentrations of amendments of 50 g of poultry manure (4.62 mg/100 g; 66.45 %) and phosphate rock (0.33 mg/100 g; 97.60 %); And by application of combined amendments of both poultry manure and phosphate rock (0.19 mg/100 g; 98.62 %) compared to control (8.46mg/100 g; 38.56 %). Poultry manure and phosphate rock amendments enhance bioremediation efficiency in clean-up of crude oil polluted site and obviously a contamination free environment is a healthy and safe environment for all.Keywords: Bioremediation, Poultry manure, Phosphate mineral, Hydrocarbon content
Thermal transport properties in GaAs (110)/GaAs (100) and GaAs/InAs interfaces by Reverse Non-equilibrium Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Nenuwe O.N. , Agbalagba O.E.
Published: July 2020

It is well known that the physics of thermal management is quite challenging as electronic device sizes are miniaturized and new materials are developed. This study calculates the thermal interface conductance (TIC), thermal interface resistance (TIR) and thermal grain conductivity across GaAs(110)/GaAs(100) and GaAs/InAs interfaces using the reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) technique. Data obtained showed that, at GaAs(110)/GaAs(100) the TIC increased from 0.912 x 10-9 (W/K) to 1.433 x 10-9 (W/K), the TIR decreased from 1.096 x 109 (K/W) to 0.697 x 109 (K/W) between 300 K and 1000 K, and the thermal grain conductivity increased from 7.47 (W/mK) to 15.52 (W/mK) and 7.48 (W/mK) to 80.71 (W/mK) between 15 Å and 55 Å at 300 K. At GaAs/InAs interface the TIC increased from 7.228 x -10 (W/K) to 14.498 x 10-10 (W/K) and the TIR decreased from 0.138 x 1010 (K/W) to 0.068 x 1010 (K/W) between 300 K and 700 K, respectively. It was observed that, as temperature is increased the TIC and TIR for both materials change significantly. This trend is consistent with previous molecular dynamic studies of interface materials.Keywords: Interface conductance, thermal resistance, grain conductivity, temperature.
SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda: comparability of policy presentation on focus, significance, challenges and participation
Authors: Gamba Freddy Jirabi
Published: July 2020

The world’s new ideologies of regionalisationism and globalizationism anchor on the role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for promotion of a healthy business climate for upgrading the private sector and engineering for economic efficiency and development. SMEs have been a mechanism of inclusion and equity for economic empowerment and deepening of economic and business services especially in developing countries. The SMEs‘cultural and socio-economic importance has driven the initiation of national SME development in many countries. SMEs have gained elevating importance in developed and developing economies, have the capability of quick adaptation, low cost of management, less capital and sometimes labor intensive for enabling cheap production. Despite their size related weaknesses, SMEs are less affected by economic crises due to their inherent flexibility and adaptability characteristics. SMEs are vital actors for enhancing entrepreneurial innovation and innovation system as well as competitiveness in economies. National SME development policies, being high level political intent, directives and guidelines are critical for development, coordination and deployment of potential and available resources and capabilities. The paper, therefore, aims at analyzing and comparing the presentations of SME development policies of Tanzania and Rwanda based on policy framework options namely, focus, significance, challenges and participation. The findings show elevating differences in various spheres of the policy processes including the SME definition, vision, mission and objectives in terms of activeness in presentation, political flavour, sharpness of intent and sense of anticipated commitment. This implies a continued gap of SME development between countries under review and other East African Community (EAC) member countries until policies affecting SMEs are harmonized.Keywords: SMEs, Policy Presentation, Policy Framework, Entrepreneurship, BDS, Tanzania, Rwanda
Regulatory planning and affordable housing in Kigali City: policies, challenges and prospects
Authors: Nkubito Fred , Baiden-Amissah Andrew
Published: July 2020

The availability of sufficient housing for all is often stated as a priority for enhancing the social needs of a society. Studies from elsewhere have suggested a correlation between zoning strictness and inflating housing costs, which also leads to the exclusion of social classes in cities. However, in Africa, these linkages have not been adequately assessed. With zoning being at the heart of the current planning system in Rwanda, this research aims at examining the linkages between zoning planning and housing affordability, in an emerging urban setting like Kigali City. The study employed a combination of systematic review of articles, policy documents, discourse, and cost analysis to assess the effects of the strictness of master plan and zoning requirements on housing costs, and the ease of access to housing particularly for low-income households. This paper finds a significant gap in affordable housing supply, a moderate impact of zoning regulations on housing production costs, and a clear policy determination to address the housing problem despite implementation constraints. This study thus suggests for a relaxation in zoning regulations for certain income thresholds, re-defining of affordability to match the local context, and the generation of housing affordability indexes to inform government’s urban housing strategies.Keywords: Regulatory Planning, Affordable Housing, Urban Poor Households, Kigali City
Mathematical modelling of the effects of peer-educators’ campaign on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS in Rwanda
Authors: Banzi Wellars , Rotich Titus K. , Ntaganda Jean Marie
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we analyse the effects of peer-educator’s campaign on the dynamics of HIV. We present a sex-structured model for heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS in a community. The model is formulated using integro-differential equations, which help to account for a time delay due to incubation period of infective before developing AIDS. The sex-structured HIV/AIDS model divides the population into two subpopulations, namely; females and males. Both disease Free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium points for the model are determined and their stability are examined. The model is extended to assess the effect of peer- educational campaigns in slowing or eradicating the epidemic. The exposure risk of infection after each intervention is obtained. Basic reproductive numbers for these models are computed and compared to assess the effectiveness of each intervention in a community. The models are numerically analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the treatment free measure, namely; peer educational campaign on the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS using demographic and epidemiological parameters of Rwanda. The study demonstrates the use of sex-structured HIV/AIDS models in assessing the effectiveness of educational campaigns as a preventive strategy in a heterosexually active populationMathematics Subject classifications (MSC 2010): 34D20, 34K60, 92D25, 34K25, 34K28Keywords: Population dynamics, Stability, Basic reproductive numbers, Equilibrium
Performance Assessment of Erosion Remediation Measures and Proposal of The Best Management Practices for Erosion Control in Sebeya Catchment, Rwanda
Authors: Majoro Félicien , Wali Umaru Garba , Munyaneza Omar , Naramabuye François-Xavier , Mukamwambali Concilie
Published: July 2020

Soil erosion is an environmental concern that affects agriculture, wildlife and water bodies. Soil erosion can be avoided by maintaining a protective cover on the soil to create a barrier to the erosive agent or by modifying the landscape to control runoff amounts and rates. This research is focused on Sebeya catchment located in the Western Province of Rwanda. Sebeya catchment is one of the most affected areas by soil erosion hazards causing loss of crops due to the destruction of agricultural plots or riverbanks, river sedimentation and damages to the existing water treatment and hydropower plants in the downstream part of the river. The aims of this research were to assess the performance of erosion remediation measures and to propose the Best Management Practices (BMPs) for erosion control in Sebeya catchment. Using literature review, site visits, questionnaire and interviews, various erosion control measures were analyzed in terms of performance and suitability. Land slope and soil depth maps were generated using ArcGIS software. The interview results indicated that among the 22 existing soil erosion control measures, about 4.57% of farmers confirmed their existence while 95.43% expressed the need of their implementation in Sebeya catchment. Furthermore, economic constraints were found to be the main limitative factors against the implementation of soil erosion control measures in Sebeya catchment. Also, the majority of farmers suggest trainings and mobilization of a specialized technical team to assist them in implementing soil conservation measures and to generalize the application of fertilizers in the whole catchment. Finally, soil erosion control measures including agro-forestry, terraces, mulching, tree planting, contour bunds, vegetative measures for slopes and buffer zones, check dams, riverbanks stabilization were proposed and recommended to be implemented in Sebeya catchment.

Keywords: Erosion control measures, Sebeya catchment, Rwanda
Assessment of Cohesive Soil - Cow Dung Mortar Properties as Replacement of Cement Mortar for Simple Plastering Works
Authors: Mbereyaho Leopold , Irafasha Dieudonné , Habumugisha Etienne , Musabirema Julius
Published: July 2020

The development of local construction industry has resulted in the high demand for cement, used not only for structural but also non structural applications, such as finishing. As a consequence cement has been far from being an affordable material for the good part of the population, especially in the rural areas where financial means are still limited. Regarding the finishing exercise, those people have been using soil mortar alone or reinforced with grasses without any strategy about mixture content. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of cohesive soil mortar mixed with cow dung and establish recommended mix content for plastering works. Twelve samples of soil mortar with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of cow dung, were prepared and subjected to drying period of 28 days before they were tested for water absorption, shrinkage, weathering resistance, specific gravity and Atterberg limit tests. The tests showed good results for checked properties with 20% of cow dung, and therefore it could be considered as a low-cost alternative plastering material to cement mortar for some structural members under normal weather conditions. In order to avoid the earlier shrinkage and cracks in this mortar due to spontaneous drying by sun, the mortar should be protected and not be left in open area at earlier stage.

Keywords: Cohesive Soil, Cow dung, Mortar, Shrinkage, Water absorption, Weathering resistance
Breeding of Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos in 27 nests during the 2012 breeding season in Mahazat as-Sayd protected area, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hashim Khairi Ismail
Published: July 2020

No Abstract.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Üriner İnkontinans Farkındalıkları ve Benlik Saygıları Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: YILDIRIM Özge , ÇELİK EREN Dilek , KORKMAZ Mehmet , AYDIN AVCİ İlknur
Published: July 2020

Giriş: Üriner inkontinans prevalansı yüksek, önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Bu sorun, bireylerin hayat kalitelerini düşürerek benlik saygılarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Amaç: Bu araştırma, üniversite öğrencilerinin üriner inkontinans farkındalıkları ve benlik saygıları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Bu çalışma, ilişki arayan tanımlayıcı araştırma ilkelerine uygun olarak bir Üniversitenin Hemşirelik, Ebelik ve Sosyal Hizmet bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 646 öğrenci ile yapılmıştır. Veriler “Tanıtıcı Soru Formu”, “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği” ve “İnkontinans Farkındalık Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağımsız gruplarda t testi, Anova testi, Tukey testi, Mann Withney U testi ve korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma gerekli izinler alınarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma kapsamındaki öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 20.4±1.75’dir. Öğrencilerin %28.8’i idrar kaçırmayı deneyimlemişlerdir. Araştırma kapsamındaki kadın öğrencilerin sağlık sorunu olarak kabulünü engelleyen faktörler ve kısıtlanma alt boyut puanları erkek öğrencilere göre daha yüksektir. Erkek öğrencilerin sağlık motivasyonu ve üriner inkontinansla başetme alt boyut puanları kadın öğrencilere göre daha yüksek olup aralarındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<.05). Üriner inkontinans farkındalık ölçeği, sağlık sorunu olarak kabulünü engelleyen faktörler alt boyutu ile benlik saygısı ölçeği arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki vardır. Sağlık motivasyonu ve kısıtlanma alt boyutu ile benlik saygısı ölçeği arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki vardır. Her iki ilişki de istatistiki olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Araştırma kapsamındaki öğrencilerin üriner inkontinans farkındalık ölçeği, sağlık sorunu olarak kabulünü engelleyen faktörler, üriner inkontinans ile başetme ve idrar korkusu yaşama alt boyutları orta düzeydedir. Öğrencilerin sağlık motivasyonu alt boyutu kötü düzeyde ve kısıtlama alt boyutu iyi düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur. Üriner inkontinans yaşayan öğrencilerin benlik saygıları ise düşük düzeyde bulunmuştur.
Riskli Gebelerde Yaşanan Anksiyete, Prenatal Bağlanma ve Hemşirenin Rolü
Authors: BALTACI Nazlı , BAŞER Mürüvvet
Published: July 2020

Riskli gebelik, anne ve fetüsün morbidite ve mortalite riskini artırmaktadır. Gebeliği riskli olan kadınlar kendisi ve bebeğiyle ilgili sağlık sorunları, belirsizlik, hastane yatışı, aileden ayrılma gibi birçok nedenle anksiyete ve stres yaşamaktadır. Riskli bir durumda gebeliğin güvenliği tehlikeye gireceğinden gebe, fetüsle iletişim kurmaya korkmakta ve bağlanma olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir. Gebelikte yüksek anksiyete ve zayıf prenatal bağlanma gebe ve fetüsün sağlığını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Gebelik sürecinde sosyal destek, müzik/ninni dinleme ya da söyleme, yoga, meditasyon gibi bazı uygulamaların hem kaygıyı azalttığı hem de prenatal bağlanmayı artırdığı bildirilmiştir. Hemşirenin doğum öncesi dönemde gebenin riskli durumlar ile başa çıkabilmesine, fetüs ile sağlıklı bir şekilde bağlanmasına ve ruhsal sağlığının korunmasına yönelik olarak eğitimci, rol model, danışman ve kaynak kişi gibi birçok rolü vardır. Hemşirelerin gebelikte anksiyetenin ve yetersiz maternal bağlanmanın gebe ve fetüse olası zararlı etkilerini göz önünde bulundurarak riskli gebelerin anksiyete ve bağlanma düzeyini belirlemesi ve takip etmesi, anksiyeteyi azaltmak ve prenatal bağlanmayı artırmak için kanıta dayalı uygulamalardan yararlanması gerekmektedir.
Ailenin Güçlendirilmesi ve Pediatri Hemşireliğinde Uygulanması
Authors: KARATAŞ Pelin , ÇALIŞIR Hüsniye , SARIKAYA KARABUDAK Seher
Published: July 2020

Derleme tipinde olan bu makalenin amacı aile ve hemşirelik bakımı açısından oldukça önemli olan ailenin güçlendirilmesinin önemini, aileye, çocuğa ve sağlık çalışanlarına olan yararlarını açıklamak, uygulama adımları ve pediatri hemşireliğinde uygulanmasına ilişkin somut öneriler sunmaktır. Ailenin stresli dönemlerinde içsel ve dışsal güçlerini ortaya çıkarmayı sağlayan ailenin güçlendirilmesi hem ailelere hem de hemşirelere olumlu katkıda bulunur. Hemşireler bakımlarında hastanın ve ailenin güçlü yanlarına odaklandıklarında güçlendirme temelli bakımı başlatmış olurlar. Ailenin güçlendirilmesini önemseyen ve bu amaçla aktif rol alan pediatri hemşireleri çocuk ve ailenin gelecek için umutlarını sürdürmelerine, gereksinimlerini karşılamaya, aile işlevselliğinin devamlılığına, kaynaklara ve bilgiye ulaşmalarına yardımcı olur. Ayrıca bu yaklaşımı kullanan hemşireler, kendi benliklerini daha kolay bulur, meslekten ve yaşamdan daha fazla doyum alır, hasta ve ailesi hakkında daha kapsamlı veri toplar ve etkin bakım verir. Bu nedenle pediatri hemşirelerinin, bakım uygulamalarında ailenin güçlendirilmesi yaklaşımını benimsemeleri, ailenin güçlenmesini ölçmek için değerlendirme aracı geliştirmeleri ve bu konudaki bilgi ve deneyimlerini arttırmaları önerilir.
Kemoterapi ve Radyoterapi Alan Hastalarda Oral Mukozit: Bir Gözden Geçirme
Authors: ÇAKMAK Seher , NURAL Nesrin
Published: July 2020

Oral mukozit, kemoterapi ve/veya radyoterapiyi takiben oral mukoza bütünlüğünün bozulmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle baş-boyun bölgesine uygulanan radyoterapi, antimetabolit ve alkilleyici kemoterapi ajanları oral mukozit sıklığında ve şiddetinde artışa neden olmaktadır. Oral mukozit gelişen hastalarda ağız/boğazda ağrı, enfeksiyon ve kanama gibi ciddi komplikasyonlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca günlük yaşam aktivitelerinde bozulma, sıvı, besin ve analjezi desteği, hastanede yatış süresinin uzaması ve tedavi maliyetinde artış gibi klinik ve ekonomik sonuçları olabilmektedir. Oral mukozitin önlenmesi/tedavisinde farmakolojik ve farmakolojik olmayan birçok ajan kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede oral mukozitin tanımı, epidemiyolojisi, gelişme mekanizması, etiyolojisi/risk faktörleri, klinik/ekonomik sonuçları, değerlendirilmesi, önlenmesi/tedavisi ve hemşirenin rolü tartışılacaktır.
Reflexiones a 100 años del Manifiesto de Córdoba
Authors: Garrido Álvarez Oscar , Altamirano Omar
Published: July 2020

El Manifiesto Liminar de la Reforma Universitaria de Córdoba, a 100 años de proclama concita aún el interés del mundo universitario e intelectual, las razones del interés están enunciadas en diversos discursos y publicaciones que aluden a su importancia y la reivindicación de consignas que no han dejado de estar en las actuales contiendas de movimientos estudiantiles. De ahí su relevancia y permanente análisis.
Control interno y desarrollo local de las municipalidades
Authors: Velasquez Vasquez Edgar
Published: July 2020

Este artículo de investigación trata del Control Interno y su correlación con el desarrollo Local de las Municipalidades de la Provincia de Canchis 2018, en particular el objetivo de la investigación fue definir cómo se relacionan el desarrollo local de los municipios de la provincia de Canchis y el control interno. La trascendencia de la investigación radico en contrastar el influjo del control interno en el desarrollo local de las municipalidades de Canchis. La investigación es de modelo no experimental, el diseño de investigación que corresponde es el descriptivo correlacional se caracteriza porque comprende los siguientes pasos: se recogió los datos respecto de cada variable para describirlos en función a sus dimensiones, para el control interno: supervisión, comunicación e información, evaluación de riesgos, actividades de control, evaluación de riesgos y ambiente de control, para el desarrollo local: desarrollo ambiental, desarrollo social y desarrollo económico, se aplicó una encuesta a la muestra constituida por 64 funcionarios que laboran en las municipios de los distritos de la provincia de Canchis, Se estimó el estadístico no paramétrico de factor de relación de Spearman y haciendo docimasia de hipótesis se llegó a concluir que hay correlación lineal muy alta significante en medio del control interno y el desarrollo local de los municipios la provincia de Canchis 2018.
Investigating the Effect of pH on Corroding Magnesium by Dynamic pH Sweep Coupled with Electrochemical Measurements
Authors: Curioni Michele , Lyu Meng , Cioncolini Andrea , Scenini Fabio
Published: July 2020

A new experimental setup for controlling dynamically the pH of a sodium chloride solution during corrosion testing and electrochemical measurements on magnesium is presented. The setup comprises an electrochemical cell divided in two compartments such as ion exchange is possible between the two compartments, but macroscopic exchange of the NaCl solution is avoided. Each of the two compartment contains a graphite electrode, and a pH probe is immersed into one of the two compartment (named test cell) to acquire the value of pH. A controller, connected to a computer, adjusts the potential between the two inert electrodes, such as to develop hydrogen from one electrode and oxygen from the other. As a result, the pH in each compartment increases and decreases respectively. By sequentially measuring the pH and applying an adequate potential to the graphite electrodes, the pH in the test cell can be controlled precisely. In order to perform electrochemical measurement as a function of pH, an additional graphite counter electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a magnesium electrode are also placed in the test cell. As a result, it has been possible to perform pH sweep experiments and to obtain information on the variation of electrochemical behavior of magnesium as a function of the environment pH.
On the Evaluation and Comparison of Region Interpolation Methods
Authors: Duarte José , Dias Paulo , Moreira José
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This work presents a methodology for the comparison and evaluation of region interpolation methods proposed in the spatiotemporal databases literature. An evaluation performed using the methodology proposed is also presented. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that such a methodology is discussed and presented in the spatiotemporal databases literature, and that region interpolation methods are evaluated and compared using the same dataset and using data from the evolution of real-world phenomena.
Documentation of cultural heritage monuments with CityGML: an application for ancient theatres
Authors: Gkadolou Eleni , Prastacos Poulicos , Loupas Thanos
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The scope of this research is to identify the concepts that describe cultural heritage monuments and model them with CityGML. CityGML is the most popular data model for storing and sharing semantic 3D geographic data and there is an increasing interest in its use in the Cultural Heritage field. An Application Domain Extension that covers the most important concepts for describing monuments with special focus on the ancient theatres is developed. The INSPIRE data model is reviewed and its integration with CityGML is discussed. Following the proposed extension, a CityGML model is constructed for the ancient theatre of Hersonissos in Crete. To visualize the model, it is transformed using the Generics approach.
Extraction of The Spatio-temporal Activity Patterns Using Laser-scanner Trajectory Data
Authors: Kaneko Hiroyuki , Osaragi Toshihiro
Published: July 2020

Abstract. A pedestrian tracking system on highly accurate laser scanners is an effective method to understand the usage of the facility space. While this system is capable of gathering an enormous volume of tracking data, specialized skills and significant amounts of labor are needed to get a reliable bird’s-eye view of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the observed data. In this paper, two methods to extract patterns of spatio-temporal activity are described. These can provide a broad overview of the office-worker’s activities in the office throughout a workday and an easily under-stood visualization that indicates what time segment, what location and what activities are taking place. One is a time segment extraction model that identifies characteristic time intervals in the time series data of office-worker’s activities using a classification model based on information loss minimization model. The other is a day scene extraction model that identifies daily scenes from simultaneous behavior patterns in spatio-temporal distributions using a latent class model with PLSI (Probabilistic latent semantic indexing). These methods provide viewpoints for separating their activities of a workday into time segments of appropriate size in order to obtain a grasp of how the activities vary with the time of day. Simultaneous behavior patterns in time, space, and activity are extracted, thereby allowing representation of typical scenes such as morning meetings and extended conversations between co-workers.
On the relationship of energetic particle precipitation and
mesopause temperature
Authors: Enengl Florine , Partamies Noora , Ivchenko Nickolay , Baddeley Lisa
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Energetic Particle Precipitation (EPP) has the potential to change the neutral atmospheric temperature at the mesopause region. Recent results, however, are inconsistent leaving the mechanism and the actual effect still unresolved. Here we have searched for electron precipitation events and investigated a possible correlation between D region electron density enhancements and simultaneous neutral temperature changes. The rotational temperature of the exited hydroxyl (OH) molecules is retrieved from the spectrum of the OH airglow. The electron density is monitored by the EISCAT Svalbard radar from the International Polar Year (IPY) in 2007–2008, when the EISCAT Svalbard radar was run continuously, until February 2019. Particle precipitation events are characterized by rapid increases in electron density by a factor of 4 at an altitude range of 80–95 km, which overlaps with the nominal altitude of the OH airglow layer. The OH airglow measurements and the electron density measurements are co-located. Most of our 8 electron precipitation events are associated with a temperature decrease of 10–50 K. Only one event was related to temperature change less than 10 K. We interpret the results in terms of the change in the chemical composition in the mesosphere. Due to EPP ionisation the population of excited OH at the top of the airglow layer decreases. As a consequence, the airglow peak height changes and the temperatures are probed at lower altitudes, providing inconsistent temperature responses. This is in agreement with conclusions of earlier studies, but is, for the first time, constructed from electron precipitation measurements as opposed proxies. The EPP related temperature change recovers very fast, typically within 30 minutes. We therefore further conclude that this type of particle precipitation events would only have a significant impact on the longer-term heat balance in the mesosphere if the lifetime of the precipitation was much longer than that of a typical EPP event found in this study.
Magnetosheath jet evolution as a function of lifetime: Global hybrid-Vlasov simulations compared to MMS observations
Authors: Palmroth Minna , Raptis Savvas , Suni Jonas , Karlsson Tomas , Turc Lucile , Johlander Andreas , Ganse Urs , Pfau-Kempf Yann , Blanco-Cano Xochitl , Akhavan-Tafti Mojtaba , Battarbee Markus , Dubart Maxime , Grandin Maxime , Tarvus Vertti , Osmane Adnane
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Magnetosheath jets are regions of high dynamic pressure, which traverse from the bow shock towards the magnetopause. Recent modelling efforts, limited to a single jet and a single set of upstream conditions, have provided the first estimations about how the jet parameters behave as a function of position within the magnetosheath. Here we expand the earlier results by making the first statistical investigation of the jet dimensions and parameters as a function of their lifetime within the magnetosheath. To verify the simulation behaviour, we first identify jets from Magnetosphere Multi-Scale (MMS) spacecraft data (6142 in total) and confirm the Vlasiator jet general behaviour using a statistics of 924 simulated individual jets. We find that the jets in the simulation are in excellent quantitative agreement with the observations, confirming earlier findings related to jets using Vlasiator. The jet density, dynamic pressure and magnetic field intensity show a sharp jump at the bow shock, which decreases towards the magnetopause. The jets appear compressive and cooler than the magnetosheath at the bow shock, while during their propagation towards the magnetopause they thermalise. Further, the shape of the jets flatten as they progress through the magnetosheath. Finally, we find that Vlasiator jets during low solar wind Alfvén Mach number MA are shorter in duration, smaller in their extent, and weaker in terms of dynamic pressure and magnetic field intensity as compared to the jets during high MA.
Radar observability of near-Earth objects using EISCAT 3D
Authors: Kastinen Daniel , Tveito Torbjørn , Vierinen Juha , Granvik Mikael
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Radar observations can be used to obtain accurate orbital elements for near-Earth objects (NEOs) as a result of the very accurate range and range rate measureables. These observations allow the prediction of NEO orbits further into the future and also provide more information about the properties of the NEO population. This study evaluates the observability of NEOs with the EISCAT 3D 233 MHz 5 MW high-power, large-aperture radar, which is currently under construction. Three different populations are considered, namely NEOs passing by the Earth with a size distribution extrapolated from fireball statistics, catalogued NEOs detected with ground-based optical telescopes and temporarily captured NEOs, i.e. mini-moons. Two types of observation schemes are evaluated, namely the serendipitous discovery of unknown NEOs passing the radar beam and the post-discovery tracking of NEOs using a priori orbital elements. The results indicate that 60–1200 objects per year, with diameters D>0.01 m, can be discovered. Assuming the current NEO discovery rate, approximately 20 objects per year can be tracked post-discovery near the closest approach to Earth. Only a marginally smaller number of tracking opportunities are also possible for the existing EISCAT ultra-high frequency (UHF) system. The mini-moon study, which used a theoretical population model, orbital propagation, and a model for radar scanning, indicates that approximately seven objects per year can be discovered using 8 %–16 % of the total radar time. If all mini-moons had known orbits, approximately 80–160 objects per year could be tracked using a priori orbital elements. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible to perform routine NEO post-discovery tracking observations using both the existing EISCAT UHF radar and the upcoming EISCAT 3D radar. Most detectable objects are within 1 lunar distance (LD) of the radar. Such observations would complement the capabilities of the more powerful planetary radars that typically observe objects further away from Earth. It is also plausible that EISCAT 3D could be used as a novel type of an instrument for NEO discovery, assuming that a sufficiently large amount of radar time can be used. This could be achieved, for example by time-sharing with ionospheric and space-debris-observing modes.
Drivers of seasonal- and event-scale DOC dynamics at the outlet of mountainous peatlands revealed by high-frequency monitoring
Authors: Rosset Thomas , Binet Stéphane , Antoine Jean-Marc , Lerigoleur Emilie , Rigal François , Gandois Laure
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Peatlands store ∼ 20 %–30 % of the global soil organic carbon stock and are an important source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for inland waters. Recent improvements for in situ optical monitoring
revealed that the DOC concentration in streams draining peatlands is highly
variable, showing seasonal variation and short and intense DOC concentration
peaks. This study aimed to statistically determine the variables driving
stream DOC concentration variations at seasonal and event scales. Two
mountainous peatlands (one fen and one bog) were monitored in the French
Pyrenees to capture their outlet DOC concentration variability at a
high-frequency rate (30 min). Abiotic variables including precipitation,
stream temperature and water level, water table depth, and peat water
temperature were also monitored at high frequency and used as potential
predictors to explain DOC concentration variability. Results show that at
both sites DOC concentration time series can be decomposed into a seasonal
baseline interrupted by many short and intense peaks of higher concentrations. The DOC concentration baseline is driven, at the seasonal
scale, by peat water temperature. At the event scale, DOC concentration
increases are mostly driven by a rise in the water table within the peat at
both sites. Univariate linear models between DOC concentration and peat
water temperature or water table increases show greater efficiency at the
fen site. Water recession times were derived from water level time series
using master recession curve coefficients. They vary greatly between the two
sites but also within one peatland site. They partly explain the differences
between DOC dynamics in the studied peatlands, including peat porewater DOC
concentrations and the links between stream DOC concentration and water
table rise within the peatlands. This highlights that peatland complexes are
composed of a mosaic of heterogeneous peat units distinctively producing or
transferring DOC to streams.
Partial melting of zoisite eclogite from the Sanddal area, North-East Greenland Caledonides
Authors: Cao Wentao , Gilotti Jane A. , Massonne Hans-Joachim
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Metamorphic textures and a pressure–temperature (P–T) path
of zoisite eclogite are presented to better understand the metamorphic
evolution of the North-East Greenland eclogite province and this particular
type of eclogite. The eclogite contained the mineral assemblage garnet,
omphacite, kyanite, phengite, quartz and rutile at peak pressure. Partial
melting occurred via breakdown of hydrous phases, paragonite,
phengite and zoisite, based on (1) polymineralic inclusions of albite and
K-feldspar with cusps into host garnet, (2) small euhedral garnet with
straight boundaries against plagioclase, (3) cusps of plagioclase into
surrounding phases (such as garnet), and (4) graphic intergrowth of plagioclase
and amphibole next to anhedral zoisite grains. Isochemical phase equilibrium
modeling of a melt-reintegrated composition, along with
XNa-in-omphacite and Si-in-phengite isopleths, yields a peak pressure
of 2.4±0.1 GPa at 830±30 ∘C. A peak temperature
of 900±50 ∘C at 1.9±0.2 GPa is determined using
the rim composition of small euhedral garnet, as predicted by modeling a
crystallized melt pocket. Zoisite growth at the expense of kyanite suggests
that the P–T path crossed the fields of zoisite growth at ∼1.9 GPa, 800–900 ∘C on the modeled phase diagram of the bulk rock. A
point on the exhumation path at ∼1.3 GPa and 750 ∘C is derived from hornblende-plagioclase thermometry and
Al-in-hornblende barometry. The study demonstrates that paragonite, phengite
and zoisite could contribute to partial melting of eclogite at near-peak P
and during exhumation.
Resolving ecological feedbacks on the ocean carbon sink in Earth system models
Authors: Armstrong McKay David I. , Cornell Sarah E. , Richardson Katherine , Rockström Johan
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Earth’s oceans are one of the largest sinks in the Earth system for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, acting as a negative feedback on climate change. Earth system models predict, though, that climate change will lead to a weakening ocean carbon uptake rate as warm water holds less dissolved CO2 and biological productivity declines. However, most Earth system models do not incorporate the impact of warming on bacterial remineralisation and rely on simplified representations of plankton ecology that do not resolve the potential impact of climate change on ecosystem structure or elemental stoichiometry. Here we use a recently-developed extension of the cGEnIE Earth system model (ecoGEnIE) featuring a trait-based scheme for plankton ecology (ECOGEM), and also incorporate cGEnIE's temperature-dependent remineralisation (TDR) scheme. This enables evaluation of the impact of both ecological dynamics and temperature-dependent remineralisation on the soft-tissue biological pump in response to climate change. We find that including TDR strengthens the biological pump relative to default runs due to increased nutrient recycling, while ECOGEM weakens the biological pump by enabling a shift to smaller plankton classes. However, interactions with concurrent ocean acidification cause opposite sign responses for the carbon sink in both cases: TDR leads to a smaller sink relative to default runs whereas ECOGEM leads to a larger sink. Combining TDR and ECOGEM results in a net strengthening of the biological pump and a small net reduction in carbon sink relative to default. These results clearly illustrate the substantial degree to which ecological dynamics and biodiversity modulate the strength of climate-biosphere feedbacks, and demonstrate that Earth system models need to incorporate more ecological complexity in order to resolve carbon sink weakening.
Development of a global 30 m impervious surface map using multisource and multitemporal remote sensing datasets with the Google Earth Engine platform
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Liu Liangyun , Wu Changshan , Chen Xidong , Gao Yuan , Xie Shuai , Zhang Bing
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The amount of impervious surface is an important
indicator in the monitoring of the intensity of human activity and
environmental change. The use of remote sensing techniques is the only means
of accurately carrying out global mapping of impervious surfaces covering
large areas. Optical imagery can capture surface reflectance
characteristics, while synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images can be used to
provide information on the structure and dielectric properties of surface
materials. In addition, nighttime light (NTL) imagery can detect the
intensity of human activity and thus provide important a priori
probabilities of the occurrence of impervious surfaces. In this study, we
aimed to generate an accurate global impervious surface map at a resolution
of 30 m for 2015 by combining Landsat 8 Operational Land Image (OLI) optical images, Sentinel-1 SAR
images and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) NTL images based on
the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. First, the global impervious and
nonimpervious training samples were automatically derived by combining the
GlobeLand30 land-cover product with VIIRS NTL and MODIS enhanced vegetation
index (EVI) imagery. Then, the local adaptive random forest classifiers,
allowing for a regional adjustment of the classification parameters to take into
account the regional characteristics, were trained and used to generate
regional impervious surface maps for each 5∘×5∘ geographical grid using local training samples and multisource
and multitemporal imagery. Finally, a global impervious surface map,
produced by mosaicking numerous 5∘×5∘
regional maps, was validated by interpretation samples and then compared
with five existing impervious products (GlobeLand30, FROM-GLC, NUACI, HBASE and GHSL). The results indicated that the global
impervious surface map produced using the proposed multisource,
multitemporal random forest classification (MSMT_RF) method
was the most accurate of the maps, having an overall accuracy of 95.1 %
and kappa coefficient (one of the most commonly used statistics to test
interrater reliability; Olofsson et al., 2014) of 0.898 as
against 85.6 % and 0.695 for NUACI, 89.6 % and 0.780 for
FROM-GLC, 90.3 % and 0.794 for GHSL, 88.4 % and 0.753 for
GlobeLand30, and 88.0 % and 0.745 for HBASE using all 15 regional
validation data. Therefore, it is concluded that a global 30 m impervious
surface map can accurately and efficiently be generated by the proposed
MSMT_RF method based on the GEE platform. The global
impervious surface map generated in this paper is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3505079 (Zhang and Liu, 2019).
Synthesis of Global Actual Evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2019
Authors: Elnashar Abdelrazek , Wang Linjiang , Wu Bingfang , Zhu Weiwei , Zeng Hongwei
Published: July 2020

Abstract. As a linkage among water, energy, and carbon cycles, global actual evapotranspiration (ET) plays an essential role in agriculture, water resource management, and climate change. Although it is difficult to estimate ET over a large scale and for a long time, there are several global ET datasets available with varied algorithms, parameters, and inputs, and they produce different levels of uncertainties. In this study, we propose a long-term synthesized ET product at a kilometer spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution from 1982 to 2019. Through a site-pixel validation of certain global ET products over different land surface types and conditions, the high performing products were selected through a high-quality flux eddy covariance covering the entire globe. According to the study results, Penman-Monteith Leuning (PML), operational Simpliﬁed Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, MOD16A2105) and the Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) ET products were chosen to create the synthesized ET set. The proposed product agreed well with flux EC ET over most of the all comparison levels, with a maximum ME (RME) of 13.94 mm (17.13 %) and a maximum RMSE (RRMSE) of 38.61 mm (47.45 %). Furthermore, the product performed better than local ET products over China, the United States, and the African continent and presented an ET estimation across all land cover classes. While no product can perform best in all cases, the proposed ET can be used without looking at other datasets and performing further assessments. Data are available on the Harvard Dataverse public repository through the following Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZGOUED (Elnashar et al., 2020) as well as it is available as Google Earth Engine (GEE) application through this link: https://elnashar.users.earthengine.app/view/synthesizedet.
The Sailor diagram – A new diagram for the verification of two-dimensional vector data from multiple models
Authors: Sáenz Jon , Carreno-Madinabeitia Sheila , Esnaola Ganix , González-Rojí Santos J. , Ibarra-Berastegi Gabriel , Ulazia Alain
Published: July 2020

Abstract. A new diagram is proposed for the verification of vector quantities
generated by multiple models against a set of observations. It has
been designed with the objective, as in the Taylor diagram, of
providing a visual diagnostic tool which allows an easy comparison of
simulations by multiple models against a reference dataset. However,
the Sailor diagram extends this ability to two-dimensional quantities
such as currents, wind, horizontal fluxes of water vapour and other
geophysical variables by adding features which allow us to evaluate
directional properties of the data as well. The diagram is based on
the analysis of the two-dimensional structure of the mean squared
error matrix between model and observations. This matrix is separated
in a part corresponding to the bias and the relative rotation of the
two orthogonal directions (empirical orthogonal functions; EOFs) which
best describe the vector data. Since there is no truncation of the
retained EOFs, these orthogonal directions explain the total
variability of the original dataset. We test the performance of this
new diagram to identify the differences amongst the reference dataset
and a series of model outputs by using some synthetic datasets and
real-world examples with time series of variables such as wind,
current and vertically integrated moisture transport. An alternative
setup for spatially varying time-fixed fields is shown in the last
examples, in which the spatial average of surface wind in the Northern
and Southern Hemisphere according to different reanalyses and
realizations from ensembles of CMIP5 models are compared. The Sailor
diagrams presented here show that it is a tool which helps in
identifying errors due to the bias or the orientation of the simulated
vector time series or fields. The R implementation of the diagram
presented together with this paper allows us also to easily retrieve the
individual diagnostics of the different components of the mean squared
error and additional diagnostics which can be presented in tabular
form.