bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Magnetic Character‐Figure, CA, Three‐Hour‐Range Indices, K, and Mean K‐Indices, KA, for January to March, 1943
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this JOURNAL since the issue for December, 1930.

As set forth in this JOURNAL for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for January to March, 1943, are given in Table 1.
THE SHADOW INSTRUMENT
Authors: Nunes Pedro
Published: February 2008

Nothing can be attained in astrology and cosmography without taking for granted the existing knowledge of the subjects. And if we decide to question these fundamentals right from their origins, we would be led to the use of instruments. Therefore, if we wish to know the altitude of the pole, on land and sea, whenever the Sun is visible, we have to fall back on these. For this purpose, I see no better implements that can be taken on board and employed for all altitudes of the pole than the needle, which represents the horizon everywhere, and the astrolabe and globe which represent the universe and the ephemerides of the Sun's declination, common to all altitudes.
A NOTE ON FLUCTUATIONS IN THE COSMIC RADIATION OBSERVED IN CONNECTION WITH MAGNETIC STORMS
Authors: Korff S. A.
Published: February 2008

In recent publications, Forbush and Hess [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] and their collaborators have described the fluctuations in intensity of the cosmic radiation observed during the magnetic storm of March 1,1942, and have pointed out the existence of two large changes, representing increases of intensity, of short duration, which took place at 14h GMT, February 28, and at 06h GMT, March 7, 1942. Duperier [2] has also published a curve showing the main trend of the cosmic‐ray intensity. A meter of the Millikan‐Neher electroscope‐type was in operation at the home of Professor Hilberry at Irvington, New York, during this storm, and its records had been examined for the effect of the magnetic storm. The large changes reported by Forbush and Hess were observed on this record.
Summary of the Year's Work, to June, 1944, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

Geomagnetic progress during the year July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1944, even though practically all the men of the staff were engaged in war problems, was good. This is attributable to the fact that many of these problems required research utilizing the wealth of observational, theoretical, and instrumental material already in hand through the work and compilations of the Department during 40 years.

Of the ten nonprofit contracts undertaken by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in this Department and still active June 30, 1943, one with the Office of Scientific Research and Development, three with the National Defense Research Committee, and one with the United States Navy were successfully concluded. Continuing or extended nonprofit contracts include two with the National Defense Research Committee, two with the United States Navy, and one with the United States Army. Two new nonprofit contracts were made with the United States Navy—one for the Naval Research Medical Center and one for the Naval Hospital—and two more were arranged to begin after July 1, 1944, one of these with the United States Navy for its Naval Hospital and one with the United States Public Health Service for its National Institute of Health.
American Magnetic Character‐Figure, CA, Three‐Hour‐Range Indices, K, and Mean K‐Indices, KA, for Jult to September, 1944, and Five International Quiet and Disturbed Days for April to June, 1944
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this JOURNAL since the issue for December, 1930.

As set forth in this JOURNAL for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for July to September, 1944, are given in Table 1.
The Gulf Absolute Magnetometer
Authors: Vacquier Victor
Published: February 2008

In response to the need for a more accurate method of measuring the vertical magnetic intensity in the field, voiced to me in 1938 by Captain N. H. Heck, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Gulf Research and Development Company built an absolute magnetometer of new design for the determination of declination (D), vertical intensity (Z), and horizontal intensity (H). The declination is measured in the customary manner by means of a fiber‐suspended magnet. The intensity‐measurements are made by comparing the field of a Helmholtz coil with the component of the Earth's field that is to be measured. H is obtained by the sine‐galvanometer method. The zero‐field detecting device for Z is a special vertical field‐balance in which the polarity of the magnet can be reversed by discharging a condenser through magnetizing coils fastened to the case. The effect of residual mechanical unbalance is thus made to disappear from the average of two sets of observations taken with the magnet oppositely polarized, The Helmholtz coil‐constant for the Z‐magnet is determined by suspending the Z‐magnet in the sine‐galvanometer housing, and comparing the value of H so obtained with an observatory base‐line.

From preliminary tests at Cheltenham in April, 1940, the declination‐error was 1.′6. The precision of the intensity‐measurements is limited entirely by the stability of electrical standards in the field. This is estimated to be between 0.01 and 0.02 per cent. Six standard cells, two standard resistors, and one Rubicon potentiometer comprise the electrical measuring‐equipment. The determination of Z on the basis of the Cheltenham base‐line for H and the electrical equipment of the CIW sine‐galvanometer No. 1 was 17γ greater than the Cheltenham base‐line for Z. This discrepancy can be accounted for either by pier‐differences or by a magnetic impurity in the construction of the Z‐balance. The tests were interrupted by the war. Since little remains to be done to the instrument, it is hoped that it will be made ready for the postwar observational program at an early date.
American Magnetic Character‐Figure, CA, Three‐Hour‐Range Indices, K, and Mean K‐Indices, KA, for January to March, 1945
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this JOURNAL since the issue for December, 1930.

As set forth in this JOURNAL for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for January to March 1945, are given in Table 1.
Nicholas Hunter Heck, Geophysicist
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

Captain Nicholas Hunter Heck, retired on April 30, 1945, from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey after nearly 4.1 years of geophysical service and internationally recognized attainment. With relief from the many demands of his scientific and administrative responsibilities thus afforded, it is the hope of his colleagues everywhere that he may have many more years to give his constructive thought to the further development of geophysics and to the rehabilitation of those international relations of the International Union .of Geodesy and Geophysics in the success of which his collaboration has had so much to do.

Captain Heck is a graduate of Lehigh University, with degrees of Bachelor of Arts (1903), Civil Engineer (1904), and Doctor of Science (1929). He was further honored in 1941 by Fordham University with the degree of Doctor of Science.
Harry Marcus Weston Edmonds, 1862–1945
Authors: Harradon H. D.
Published: February 2008

On April 4, 1945, Dr. Harry Marcus Western Edmonds,* passed away at his home in Berkeley, California, at the age of 82 years.

He was born at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, June 25, 1862, his parents being both members of old New England families of English descent. He received the degree of A.B. from the University of California in 1882 after which he took up the study of medicine receiving the degree of M.D. from Hahnemann Medical College in 1892. He also studied at the New York Medical College and did postgraduate work at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn, and Leipzig during 1882 to 1885.
Magnetic Observatory Buildings Destroyed in U.S.S.R.
Authors: Scott W. E.
Published: February 2008

Russia has more than borne her share of the problems and the crushng burdens of this war. Now with the fast‐approaching defeat of the Axis nations, the U.S.S.R. is preparing, energetically to meet a new crisis in the rebuilding of her destroyed cities.

A recent communication received from Dr. N. V. Pushkov, Director of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism in the U.S.S.R., disclosed that all magnetic buildings in Slutsk (near Leningrad), Novgorod (about 100 miles south of Leningrad), and Odessa (the great Russian port on the Black Sea) were completely demolished by the Germans at the time of their withdrawal. Continuing, Dr. Pushkov stated that plans are being made this year to construct an institute in a new place near Moscow, the present great capital and center of all activities. Inasmuch as in the future, geophysical investigations in all branches will be prosecuted, he requested the benefit of the experience gained by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and by other similar organizations in the United States, in the construction of its new buildings and observatories. During 1945, the U.S.S.R. also plans to start the reconstruction of the demolished Observatories near Leningrad and at Odessa.
Five International Quiet and Disturbed Days for October to December, 1944
Authors: Johnston H. F.
Published: February 2008

Reports of geomagnetic activity for the last quarter of 1944 have been received from a sufficient number of observatories so that the international quiet and disturbed days can be selected in accordance with the method outlined on pages 219–227 in the December, 1943, issue of this JOURNAL. The selection is based on the reports of magnetic character on a scale of .0, 1, and 2 from 27 observatories and of K‐indices from 24 observatories.
Final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1944
Authors: Brunner W.
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the final sunspot‐numbers for 1944, for the whole disk of the Sun, based on observations made at the Zürich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by other cooperating observatories for days (indicated by asterisks) on which no observations were possible at Zürich.

Table 2 gives the yearly means of the relative numbers, R, since the last minimum 1933 and the number of days without spots.
The Danish Meteorological Institute and its observatories during the war
Authors: Olsen Johannes , Egedal J.
Published: February 2008

With great pleasure we—thanks to the liberation of our country by the Allied Forces—are able to send you this letter containing certain information which may be of interest for you and possibly to some extent to the readers of the Journal. In these years of war several magnetic observatories have been disturbed or destroyed, but our Rude Skov and Godhavn observatories are safe.

The Rude Skov Observatory has been undisturbed during the whole war and magnetic registrations of all kinds have been continued. Magnetic character‐numbers have been determined and mailed to January 1, 1945. Part I of the Magnetic Yearbook for 1943 was published in December, 1944. The examination and improvement of the la Cour variometers have also been continued; A. Groot Hansen, former assistant of the Observatory, and J. Egedal have constructed a new la Cour Z‐balance able to keep a fairly constant zero‐point value during daily variations of the temperature.
Solar and magnetic data, April to June, 1945, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg
Published: February 2008

When the magnetic storm of April 1 began, a large bipolar group, Mount Wilson No. 7733, 21° south, was on the central meridian. The magnetic storm of April 11 occurred on the second of two consecutive spotless days.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1945
Authors: Campbell Joel B.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)

April 1–2—A short but rather severe storm began abruptly at about 06h GMT, April 1. Violent disturbances were recorded for the following nine hours. Small, irregular oscillations began at about 15h and continued until the storm gradually died out at 08h, April 2. K‐indices of 8, 9, 7, and 6 were recorded during the period.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1945
Authors: Hershberger John
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)

July 1–2—A storm of moderate severity which began in the closing hours of June 30, continued until about 02h GMT, July 2. A K‐index of 6, and three indices of 5, were recorded.
Intense scatter in Es‐region at Christmas Island
Authors: Peavey R. C.
Published: February 2008

Intense scatter shown on the records of the Christmas Island Ionospheric Station is illustrated in Figures 1A and 1B. Intense scatter has not been previously reported and is recorded with such regularity at Christmas Island as to call for close investigation. Consideration of the circumstances under which this scatter is recorded leads to the conclusion that it is a true ionospheric phenomenon and may not be attributed to the equipment. The effect provides auxiliary evidence with respect to the detailed structure of the ionosphere.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Gotsman B.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)

October 12—A small, sudden‐commencement storm occurred at 10h 10m GMT, October 12, and continued for about 13 hours. The range for H was 130 gammas, and the maximum K‐index was 6 during the period 09h–12h.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Hershberger John
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)

January 3–4—A moderately severe storm seemed to have its real beginning sharply at 08h 10m GMT, January 3, although this was preceded by a much smaller beginning, also sharp, at 07h 0lm. Short‐period activity predominated at first, and later was superimposed on slower changes of relatively large range. K‐indices of 7 were recorded for the fourth and fifth three‐hour periods of January 3. There was no important activity after 10h, January 4.
The mean field of disturbance of polar geomagnetic storms
Authors: Harang Leiv
Published: February 2008

Summary—The diurnal variation of the mean disturbance vectors (SD) is determined at a number of observatories lying roughly along the geomagnetic meridian of Λ ∼ 120°, from Spitzbergen over Scandinavia and to Potsdam. The values of SD have been obtained for four degrees of geomagnetic activities. The variation of the mean disturbance field across the geomagnetic meridian 120° in the course of the day is drawn up on maps for each of the three components in D, H, and Z. It is shown that this graphical representation of the variations in the mean D‐field can be regarded as a fairly good approximation to the mean disturbance‐field around the polar cap. It is shown that there are discontinuities in the auroral zone; the zone consists of two separate branches. The oscillations in the position of the D‐field and of the auroral zone are studied for various degrees of geomagnetic activities and compared with the mean positions of the aurora. The heights and dimensions of the disturbing current‐system along the auroral zone are discussed. It is shown that an assumption of an internal part of the D‐field of 0.4 of the total field is not in accordance with the observed D‐field. The characteristics of the mean perturbing vectors at a station (Tromsö) lying underneath the auroral zone are discussed. Examples of records of auroral luminosities are compared with the simultaneous geomagnetic perturbations.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1946
Authors: Rao M. P.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m5 E. of Gr.)

July 26–27—A strong magnetic storm commenced suddenly at 18h 45m GMT, July 26, with a 147‐gamma rise in H, 29‐gamma fall in Z, and increase in westerly declination by 3′.1, all in about a minute of time, followed by rapid fluctuations in all the elements. H attained its maximum at 18h 58m, and thereafter began to fall with frequent rise and fall which resulted in a number of peaks. All the three elements recorded rapid oscillations throughout the storm which ended at about 12h 30m, July 27. Two K‐indices of 8 were attained for the intervals between 18h to 21h, July 26, and 00h to 03h, July 27, and also two of 7 and one of 6 during the storm. Ranges: H, 499 gammas; Z, 103 gammas; D, 12′.5.
Solar and magnetic data, October to December, 1946, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Sternberg Mulders Elizabeth E.
Published: February 2008

When the magnetic storm of October 26–27 began, thirteen sunspot‐groups were on the visible hemisphere; all were inactive. The largest was an exceptionally long bipolar group, Mount Wilson No. 8251, 18° east, 8° south. The group nearest the center of the disk, No. 8249, was bipolar, 6° west, 9° north.

When the storm of November 24–26 began, the large complex bipolar group, No. 8288, was on the central meridian 12° north of the center of the disk.
Microwave sky noise
Authors: Covington A. E.
Published: February 2008

A sensitive microwave receiver capable of measuring small differences of radiant energy in the 3000‐Mc band has been constructed after the manner of Dicke [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], and is used to measure the radio noise from the sky at Ottawa, Canada. A continuous record is obtained by means of a recording milliammeter. The receiver is calibrated by measuring the temperature of a resistance which has been substituted for the antenna; thus the equivalent temperature of the sky is used as a measure of the sky noise.

The records taken during the period April 30 to July 23, 1946, were interrupted to make improvements in the receiver, and by occasional failure of the set. During this period, an antenna with a cone of acceptance of 30° to the half‐power points was used. After July 27, a continuous record was taken using an antenna with an acceptance cone of 6°. In each case the antenna was pointed toward the zenith with the electric vector in the magnetic east‐west direction. The narrow‐beam antenna is astronomically mounted so that solar noise observations can be taken; when this antenna points more than 15° away from the Sun, no solar noise can be received, and the background noise is measured independently.
Differential penetration and magnetic storms
Authors: Eckersley T. L.
Published: February 2008

(1) Introduction

In a letter to Nature [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], the writer has already put forward the suggestion that magnetic storms accompanied by a large reduction in the density of the F‐layer are caused by neutral streams of charged particles that enter the Earth's atmosphere and are separated out in the ionosphere owing to deeper penetration by the positive particles. According to this idea, the electrons are stopped high up in the F‐layer, while the positive ions penetrate to the E‐layer, with the result that a strong vertical electric field is set up in the main body of the F‐layer between these two systems of negative and positive charges.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory April to September, 1947
Authors: van Lohuizen H. P. Th.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′. 1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)

April 2—A small disturbance (probably a solar‐flare effect) was recorded from 10h 15m to about 10h 28m GMT.
Solar and magnetic data October to December, 1947, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B.
Published: February 2008

The mean number of sunspot‐groups observed daily in December, 10.1, was the lowest since January, 1947, with a mean of 9.9.

The storm October 9–16 was the fourth member of a 28‐day sequence which began on July 17, 1947, Although the interval from October 9 to November 8 is 30 days, the activity beginning on November 8 and on December 5 is probably a continuation of that series.
The geomagnetic nature of the F2‐layer longitude‐effect
Authors: Bailey D. K.
Published: February 2008

Attention has been drawn to the extensive research on radio wave‐propagation and the ionosphere done by the Japanese during the recent war [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. The Japanese, owing to the large number of ionospheric stations they operated, were able to delineate very well the essential characteristics of the ionosphere over eastern Asia and the western Pacific. As a result of their observations, together with the generally available observations made in other parts of the world before the war, the Japanese made the first known study of the longitude‐effect in the F2‐layer characteristics. They attributed the effect to geomagnetic influences.
K‐indices and sudden commencements, October to December, 1947, at Abinger
Authors: Jones H. Spencer
Published: February 2008

I enclose the list of K‐indices of geomagnetic activity at Abinger for October to December, 1947, in Table 1.

The only occurrence of a “sudden commencement” recorded at Abinger during the same period was on November 24, at 17h 55m.9 GMT.
Five International quiet and disturbed days for the year 1947
Authors: Scott W. E.
Published: February 2008

Reports of geomagnetic activity for the year 1947 have been received from a sufficient number of observatories so that the international quiet and disturbed days can be selected in accordance with the method outlined on pages 219–227 in the December, 1943, issue of this Journal, with the exception that the daily indices B based on the actual ranges of KA from seven American‐operated observatories are no longer available and hence this criterion is lost. The selection is based on the reports of magnetic character on a scale of 0, 1, and 2 from an average of 31 observatories and of K‐indices from an average of 26 observatories.
Gezeiten in der oberen Ionosphäre
Authors: Burkard O.
Published: February 2008

The daily solar variation was eliminated from the hourly values of the critical frequency ƒF0. The values obtained in this way were investigated as to lunar periods on the statistical periodogram method. The existence of the semi‐diurnal M2‐tide could be proved. For observations of the Washington, D.C., station was obtained as annual mean (1945): a period length of 12.423 solar hours and an amplitude of 85 kc/sec. These correspond to a relative pressure oscillation of 0.0342 for a height of about 300 km.
Magnetic effects observed at Vassouras, Brazil, during the solar eclipse of May 20, 1947
Authors: Gama Lelio I.
Published: February 2008

Scope and plan of work—When I was appointed Director of the Magnetic Service of the National Observatory, Rio de Janeiro, in December, 1946, the prospect of work naturally included a tentative search for the possible disturbance in the Earth's magnetism during the solar eclipse of May 20, 1947. This plan was supported by a request of Professor Gleb Wataghin, of São Paulo University, Brazil, who emphasized to me the convenience of such a magnetic program being undertaken in connection with some investigations which Professor Wataghin himself and his co‐workers were carrying on in S˜o Paulo.

As the Observatory equipment comprised two Toepfer unifilar magnetographs, one of which has been the standard instrument at Vassouras since 1913, an extended comparison of the two sets of variometers was also contemplated, both for the intrinsic interest of the comparison itself and for the purpose of improving the accuracy of fundamental results for the investigation of eclipse‐effects. Accordingly, the operating plan was drafted as follows: (a) Daily absolute measurements of H, D, and Z, made simultaneously with two magnetometers, over a 30‐day period centered on May 20; (b) continuous photographic registration of the three elements by the two magnetographs during the same period; and (c) daily scale‐value determination for the six variometers.
Report of the Oslo Assembly, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity
Authors: Joyce J. W.
Published: February 2008

After an interval of nine years, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (UGGI) held its Eighth General Assembly at Oslo, Norway August 19–28, 1948.

The Norwegian National Committee of the UGGI, as host, under the direction of Dr. Halvor Solberg, and the Norwegian Organizing Committee under the chairmanship of Major P. A. Grinaker, completed excellent arrangements for the assembly. All meetings were held at the University of Oslo.
Daily magnetic‐activity figures C and three‐hour‐range indices K and list of sudden commencements, July to September, 1948, at Abinger
Authors: Jones H. Spencer
Published: February 2008

I enclose lists of daily magnetic figures C and three‐hourly measures of magnetic activity K (Table 1) and of sudden‐commencement phenomena (Table 2) for the period July to September, 1948. They have been obtained from the Abinger magnetograms. There were no crochets observed in the magnetograms for the period covered.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Rao M. P.
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)

August 7–11—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity commenced suddenly at 22h 59m GMT, August 7, with a sharp rise of 25 gammas in H, an insignificant rise followed by a fall of 7 gammas in Z, and an increase of 0′.7 in westerly D, all in about two minutes. After a period of slight intensity lasting for about four hours, H decreased rapidly till about 10h, August 8, and thereafter recorded some rapid fluctuations for about five hours. This was followed by a laboured rise which was interrupted by frequent rise and fall. Throughout August 9 the intensity of the storm was slight but at about 05h, August 10, it became more intense and rapid fluctuations were recorded till about 09h 30m; after about 12h, large‐amplitude fluctuations were recorded till about 20h.
A summary of the results of the recent magnetic survey of Great Britain and Ireland conducted by professors Rücker and Thorpe: Part II. On the accuracy of the determination of the local disturbing magnetic forces
Authors: Rücker A. W.
Published: February 2008

It need hardly be said that the main object of so elaborate a Survey as that we have carried out was not so much to define the precise positions of the terrestrial isomagnetics, though this was essential to our purpose, as to study local magnetic disturbances. The method we adopted for determining the Disturbing Forces at any given place was the simplest and most obvious, but, as far as we are aware, it had not previously been used in working up surveys of districts as large as the United Kingdom. The magnetic elements given by direct observation were the Declination, Horizontal Force, and Dip. From, these the northerly, westerly, and vertical components of the magnetic force were determined.
On methods of making magnets independent of changes of temperature; and some experiments upon abnormal or negative temperature coefficients in magnets
Authors: Ashworth J. Reginald
Published: February 2008

The present investigation, which has been carried out in the Physical Laboratory of the Owens College, Manchester, was undertaken at Professor Schuster's suggestion, with the object of ascertaining what kinds of iron and steel are least liable to a change of magnetic intensity under moderate fluctuations of temperature.

Specimens of steels containing severally tungsten, manganese, cobalt, and nickel, also cast irons, of different blends of pig irons, and of different percentages of carbon, were procured from a number of different English and Scotch firms. The size of these specimens was in general about 1.5 cm. long and 1 or 2 thick; but as it was not uniform, the dimensions and weight in grams of each are given in the accompanying table, columns I, II, and III.
Antrag auf Massnahmen zur systematischen Erforschung der saecular‐Variationen der erdmagnetischen Elemente
Authors: Schmidt Ad.
Published: February 2008

Bei dem lebhaften Interesse, das man in den letzten Jahren wieder begonnen hat der erdmagnetischen Forschung zuzuwenden, ist zu hoffen, dass die grossen Lücken unsrer Kenntniss von der räumlichen Verteilung der magnetischen Kraft in nicht zu ferner Zeit wenigstens einigermassen ausgefüllt sein werden. Soll es indessen möglich sein, die zu erwartenden Messungen in vollem Masse auszunützen, so muss vor allen Dingen für eine hinreichende Feststellung der saecularen Aenderungen gesorgt werden, ohne die (von ihrem selbständigen Werte ganz abgesehen) die Reduction der natürlich über viele Jahre zerstreuten Beobachtungen auf eine bestimmte Epoche unmöglich ist.

Die Bestimmung der saecularen Variationen hat auch schon bisher stets die grösste Schwierigkeit und die Hauptquelle der Unsicherheit bei allen Darstellungen der erdmagnetischen Kraftverteilung gebildet, und dies wird, wenn nicht genügende Vorkehrungen zur Beseitigung des bestehenden Uebelstandes getroffen werden, in Zukunft immer mehr der Fall sein. Gegenüber den gesteigerten Anforderungen an Genauigkeit, die wir heute stellen müssen und bei den verfeinerten jetzigen Messungen auch stellen können, genügt es nicht mehr, eine oft sehr ungleichartige Reihe von Messungen, die zufällig im Laufe der Jahre ungefähr an demselben Orte gemacht worden sind, zusammenzufassen und daraus—nicht selten durch Extrapolation‐Werte der saecularen Schwankung abzuleiten. Und es macht sich immer empfindlicher merklich, wenn auf weiten Gebieten nicht einmal solche unvollkommene Messungsreihen vorhanden sind.
Radioactive rainout relations on densely gaged sampling networks
Authors: Huff F. A.
Published: February 2008

Studies have been made of the relationship between the rainout of radioactivity in convective storms and three rainfall factors: rainfall volume, storm duration, and rainfall rate. Data were used from four densely gaged sampling networks operated during the spring and summer of 1962–1964 in central Illinois. The network areas ranged from 10 to 6000 mi2 and provided data on both microscale and mesoscale relationships. Analyses of spatial variability showed a trend for the relative variability of radioactive rainout to (1) exceed the storm rainfall variability, (2) decrease with increasing rainfall volume and storm duration, and (3) increase with increasing network size. Investigation of the point representativeness of single measurements of radioactive rainout in a 15‐storm sample indicated that an average error of 20–25% is introduced when a single observation is assumed to represent the mean rainout over areas of 10–12 mi2. Correlation analyses indicated that the rainfall at a given point is not strongly related to the radioactive rainout at that point. However, when areal patterns of rainfall and rainout are compared and allowance is made for displacement of high and low centers due to various meteorological influences, a strong association is indicated between the major features of the patterns in most storms.
Salinity of tile drainage effluent
Authors: Pillsbury Arthur F. , Johnston William R. , Ittihadieh F. , Daum Richard M.
Published: February 2008

A four‐year study of drainage effluent obtained from 15 tile drainage systems located in the arid San Joaquin Valley of California showed that the concentration of salts and the various ions discharged in the tile effluent decreased, logarithmically, from the time that the tile systems were installed. Regression equations and correlation coefficients are presented for total salts, boron, sodium, calcium plus magnesium, chloride and sulfate ions, versus time from 0 to 12 years of tile drainage system age. The relationships presented could change with more intensive drainage and more liberal use of irrigation water, providing a more rapid trend toward equilibrium.
A many‐valued hodograph in an interface problem
Authors: De Josselin De Jong G.
Published: February 2008

The hodograph method for determining patterns of flow of groundwater in a coastal aquifer with a drain requires the treatment of double‐sheeted hodograph planes. This many‐valuedness does not prohibit the use of Schwarz‐Christoffel analysis if the hodograph domain is simply connected. In the two‐fluid case of fresh water flowing over stationary salt water the hodograph is simply connected, and the hodograph method is shown to give a solution. This solution was verified by a test that showed a stable interface in the predicted position.
Nitrogen compounds in natural water—A review
Authors: Feth J. H.
Published: February 2008

Nitrogen compounds in natural water are significant in public health, agriculture, industry, and geochemistry. The many sources of nitrogen compounds and the deep involvement of nitrogen in the life processes of organisms makes the study of such compounds difficult. The sources include natural aerosols, precipitation, fixation by micro‐organisms in soil and water, decaying organic matter, and animal and industrial wastes, as well as probably undiscovered sources in consolidated and unconsolidated rocks. Nitrogen compounds are both oxidized and reduced by organisms. Some nitrogen compounds are adsorbed on clay. The theoretical end product in water and the compound probably most often determined is NO3−1. The concentration of nitregen compounds ranges from 0.0 to >100 ppm (parts per million) in surface water and from 0.0 to >1000 ppm in groundwater. Seasonal fluctuations occur. Much further research is needed, including improvements in methods of analysis, further investigation of sources, and detailed study of the nitrogen cycle in small drainage basins. (Key words: Geochemistry; quality of water.)
Dynamic simulation model of the transpiration process
Authors: Woo K. B. , Boersma L. , Stone L. N.
Published: February 2008

Plant life processes are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the availability of water to the plant root. An exploration of the dynamic status of water in the plant is very important. As an approach to an integrated analysis of the dynamic system of water movement through the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum, a simulation model of the transpiration process is presented. Van den Honert suggested the use of Ohm's law describing water flow into, through, and out of plants. In the present study, this hypothesis has been expanded to include an analogous storage factor to deal with the dynamic flow of water in the plant. A set of differential equations and transfer functions is expressed in terms of water suction variables. The dynamic description of the water status in the plant is completed by introducing the system gain, which is a function of both the transpiration rate and the soil‐water condition. The dynamic system gain is realized by a method similar to Corbin's method of a computer‐controlled adaptive control system. The entire system is then simulated on an analog computer; its dynamic characteristics are investigated with consideration of various environmental effects. (Key words: Computers, analog; plants; soil moisture.)
Evaporation from vegetated and fallow soils
Authors: Van Hylckama T. E. A.
Published: February 2008

Near Buckeye, Arizona, five evapotranspirometers were installed in the fall of 1962. Water losses were measured from these tanks, two of which were planted to salt cedar and the other three kept bare. Rates of water loss from vegetated tanks plotted against time show a diurnal wave wih a maximum loss in the early afternoon of hot summer days. The losses from bare tanks so plotted show two maximums. The rate drops sharply during the middle of the day. Harmonic analysis reveals that the second harmonics of both curves are nearly identical in amplitude and phase angle. Later in the season the second harmonic of the vegetated tanks disappears. Certain unexplained anomalies remain in the analyzed data. (Key words: Evapotranspiration; soil moisture; lysimeters.)
Streamflow routing on computer by characteristics
Authors: Amein Michael
Published: February 2008

A procedure for the numerical solution of the equations of unsteady flow on a digital computer by the method of characteristics, for application to gradually varied free surface flow problems, is presented. The initial and boundary values considered appropriate for streamflow routing are prescribed. An implicit iterative method for the treatment of frictional effects believed to be troublesome in unsteady gradually varied flows is given. The procedure is applied to the routing of a flood hydrograph through a channel. It is shown that friction forces alone can reduce flood peaks and stretch out the time base of the hydrograph and that they are responsible for the long recession tail. (Key words: Streamflow; computers, digital; hydrology.)
Economic basis for effluent charges and subsidies
Authors: Whipple William
Published: February 2008

If it is accepted that the disposal of wastes uses given quantities of water at a cost or, alternatively, uses reduced amounts of water but also creates economic damages, the question immediately arises whether a charge should be made for the disposal of waste by water, just as a charge is made for public supply of water for other purposes. The American tradition is inclined toward placing upon private industry the cost of processing industrial effluents to reduce the quantity of wastes, but it relies upon streamflow standards and specific orders rather than the economic pressure of prices to control the process.

Allen V. Kneese has given us an excellent picture of German practice with respect to the Ruhr Hiver [Kneese, 1964, chapter 7], where a system of effluent charges has been used with striking success to control a waste disposal problem proportionately worse than that of any major area in the United States. He makes a convincing case for a system of effluent charges as the preferable method of controlling pollution, in view of the flexibility it affords to industry and the relative ease of administration. Generally speaking, the charges to upstream installations would be equal to the economic loss caused by such pollution to all parties downstream. It is noteworthy that systems of effluent charges to industry based upon total wastes carried by effluents have recently been advocated in the northwest.
The heat balance of class A evaporation pan
Authors: Riley James J.
Published: February 2008

The heat balance of a U.S. Weather Bureau class A evaporation pan located near Tucson, Arizona, was calculated for selected periods during the interval July 26–31, 1963. The method used required two pans, one of which was insulated on the side and bottom to prohibit heat transfer through these surfaces. For 10 of the 14 observation periods, heat transferred into the uninsulated pan via the side or bottom accounted for 29% of the total heat added to the pan. In the remaining periods, 6% of the heat leaving the pan was transferred through the side or bottom. Elimination of this heat transfer in the insulated pan resulted in an average daytime water temperature 2°C lower than that in the standard pan and a reduction of the daily evaporation rate by 28%. The data show the necessity of taking into account the heat transfer through the walls of the pan, especially when evaporation of natural water bodies is estimated from pan evaporation data. The heat balance method described offers one way in which the magnitude of this heat transfer can be determined. (Key words: Evaporation; lakes; meteorology; hydrology.)
Air in the vadose zone as it affects water movements beneath a recharge basin
Authors: Bianchi W. C. , Haskell E. E.
Published: February 2008

The shape of the advancing wet front beneath an experimental recharge area can be attributed to the distribution of entrapped air above it. The apparent rise of the water table prior to the arrival of the wet front results from a localized response of observation wells to pressures associated with air movements between the water table and wet front. The curvature of the wet front and the premature response of the observation wells make it difficult to determine, from observation well hydrographs, the initial position of the ‘static’ water table and the time that recharge commences. (Key words: Groundwater recharge; vadose air and water movements; wet front shapes.)
Alternative methods of improving stream quality: An economic and policy analysis
Authors: Bramhall David F. , Mills Edwin S.
Published: February 2008

Neither markets nor other institutional mechanisms exist on which to register the benefits and costs of alternative stream qualities or of alternative methods of achieving a given stream quality. It is therefore necessary to study such benefit and costs and to design special public policies to achieve desirable stream qualities in an economical way. The two most prominent methods of improving stream quality are waste treatment and low flow augmentation. Estimates are presented of the cost of achieving given stream qualities by various combinations of waste treatment and low flow augmentation. Data are taken from the authors' study of future water supply and demand in Maryland, but the conclusions are thought to be applicable throughout the humid eastern part of the United States. The main conclusion is that low flow augmentation is a less economical method of improving stream quality than about 90% waste removal by secondary treatment, or its equivalent in industrial process changes, at the point of waste generation. Alternative public policies for achieving improved stream qualities by economical methods are evaluated. A combination of effluent fees and enforcement is judged desirable. (Key words: Dams; economics; oxygen;quality of water; waste disposal).
The hydrology of small impervious areas
Authors: Viessman Warren
Published: February 2008

The rainfall‐runoff relationships on several impervious urban drainage areas varying in size from about 0.4 to 1.0 acre were investigated. The effective storm pattern, divided into a sequence of 1‐minute inputs, provided the basis for generation of a corresponding sequence of runoff outputs, which were combined to produce the total runoff hydrograph. The basic output is a unit hydrograph resulting from an effective rainfall input of 1 minute's duration. (Key words: Runoff; unit hydrographs; urban areas)
Problems in trace element analysis in water
Authors: Eichholz Geoffrey G. , Galli Ann N. , Elston Lewis W.
Published: February 2008

The determination of trace elements in water is of widespread importance. However, in practice uncertainties in assay values may arise from a number of factors associated with the physical and chemical aggregation of such tracers in water and with problems of sampling and subsequent handling. The adsorption loss of trace elements at low concentrations and fractionation effects on suspended particles in water have been investigated by means of radioactive tracers. The carrier effect provided by ‘hardness ions’ has been studied in its relation to tracer recovery and to beaker wall adsorption on plastics and glassware. It is found that a clearer definition is required for the conventional ‘dissolved solids’ determinations. (Key words: Geochemistry; hydrology; quality of water; radioactivity; water analysis; water resources)
Applications of miscible displacement techniques to soils
Authors: Elrick D. E. , Erh K. T. , Krupp H. K.
Published: February 2008

A new apparatus for studying miscible displacement processes in soils is described. Both the soil water content and the pore water velocity can be controlled within certain ranges. The usefulness of this technique is illustrated by a brief description of: (1) the mixing of Cl− during miscible displacement in a glass bead medium; (2) the movement and adsorption of Atrazine, a herbicide, in soil; and (3) the movement and microbiological nitrification of NH4+−N to NO3−−N during unstaturated flow conditions in soil.
Characteristics of summer runoff from a small watershed in central Alaska
Authors: Dingman S. Lawrence
Published: February 2008

Measurements of discharge from a drainage basin of about 0.7 mi2 area located 8 miles north of Fairbanks, Alaska, revealed runoff characteristics markedly different from those of similar sized basins in midlatitude regions. The stream hydrograph was greatly attenuated, with large lag times (as much as 21 hours), low peak discharges, and streamflow recessions drawn out in time. These features are probably due to the fact that storm runoff travels to the stream largely as interflow through a thick mat of mosses.
Infiltration, overland flow, and soil movement on frozen and snow‐covered plots
Authors: Haupt Harold F.
Published: February 2008

This small plot study shows how ground cover, furrowing, and the presence of frost in soils of the Sierra Nevada affect infiltration from prolonged simulated winter rains. A rapidly melting snowpack over soil containing dense frost may accelerate on‐site runoff. The presence of stalactite soil frost promotes rapid absorption of snowmelt and reduces overland flow. Conversely, porous concrete frost usually reduces infiltration capacity and increases overland flow on burned or sparsely vegetated sites but does not impair infiltration where plant and litter cover are appreciable. Snow cover, by cooling rain water, tends to preserve soil frost and keep it visibly intact. Snow absorbs raindrop energy much as dense vegetation does. Soil losses from snow‐covered plots, regardless of vegetative cover, are practically nil. Generally, plants, litter, and snow cover dissipate raindrop energy and increase infiltration, but exposed rock usually accelerates overland flow and erosion. Shallow contour furrowing seemed to facilitate infiltration and controlled overland flow adequately.