bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra-Operative Tumour Detection and Staging in Pancreatic Cancer Surgery: An Integrative Review of Current Standards and Future Directions
Authors: Kotb Ahmed , Hafeji Zaynab , Jesry Fadel , Lintern Nicole , Pathak Samir , Smith Andrew M. , Lutchman Kishan R. D. , de Bruin Daniel M. , Hurks Rob , Heger Michal , Khaled Yazan S.
Published: November 2024

Background: Surgical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) entails the excision of the primary tumour and regional lymphadenectomy. This traditional strategy is challenged by the high rate of early recurrence, suggesting inadequate disease staging. Novel methods of intra-operative staging are needed to allow surgical resection to be tailored to the disease’s biology. Methods: A search of published articles on the PubMed and Embase databases was performed using the terms ‘pancreas’ OR ‘pancreatic’ AND ‘intra-operative staging/detection’ OR ‘guided surgery’. Articles published between January 2000 and June 2023 were included. Technologies that offered intra-operative staging and tailored treatment were curated and summarised in the following integrative review. Results: lymph node (LN) mapping and radioimmunoguided surgery have shown promising results but lacked practicality to facilitate real-time intra-operative staging for PDAC. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) offers high contrast and sensitivity, enabling the identification of cancerous tissue and positive LNs with improved precision following intravenous administration of a fluorescent agent. The unique properties of optical coherence tomography and ultrasound elastography lend themselves to be platforms for virtual biopsy intra-operatively. Conclusions: Accurate intra-operative staging of PDAC, localisation of metastatic LNs, and identification of extra-pancreatic disease remain clinically unmet needs under current detection methods and staging standards. Tumour-specific FGS combined with other diagnostic and therapeutic modalities could improve tumour detection and staging in patients with PDAC.
Melanoma Cells from Different Patients Differ in Their Sensitivity to Alpha Radiation-Mediated Killing, Sensitivity Which Correlates with Cell Nuclei Area and Double Strand Breaks
Authors: Levy Or I. , Altaras Anat , Binyamini Lior , Sagi-Assif Orit , Izraely Sivan , Cooks Tomer , Kobiler Oren , Gerlic Motti , Kelson Itzhak , Witz Isaac P. , Keisari Yona
Published: November 2024

Background/Objective: In this study, for the first time, we examined and compared the sensitivity of four patient-derived cutaneous melanoma cell lines to alpha radiation in vitro and analyzed it in view of cell nucleus area and the formation of double-strand breaks (DSB). Melanoma cells sensitivity to alpha radiation was compared to photon radiation effects. Furthermore, we compared the sensitivity of the melanoma cells to squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Human melanoma cell lines YDFR.C, DP.C, M12.C, and M16.C, and the squamous cell carcinoma cell line, CAL 27, were irradiated in vitro using Americium-241 as alpha-particle source. Cells were irradiated with doses of 0 to 2.8 gray (Gy). Cell viability, DNA DSB, and nuclear size were measured. Results: 1. Alpha radiation caused death and proliferation arrest of all four melanoma cell lines, but inter-tumor heterogeneity was observed. 2. The most sensitive cell line (DP.C) had a significantly larger nucleus area (408 µm2) and the highest mean number of DSB per cell (9.61) compared to more resistant cells. 3. The most resistant cell, M16.C, had a much lower nucleus area (236.99 µm2) and DSB per cell (6.9). 4. Alpha radiation was more lethal than photon radiation for all melanoma cells. 5. The SCC cell, CAL 27, was more sensitive to alpha radiation than all melanoma cells but had a similar number of DSB (6.67) and nucleus size (175.49 µm2) as the more resistant cells. 6. The cytotoxic effect of alpha radiation was not affected by proliferation arrest after serum starvation. 7. Killing of cells by alpha radiation was marginally elevated by ATR or topoisomerase 1 inhibition. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that various human melanoma cells can be killed by alpha radiation but exhibit variance in sensitivity to alpha radiation. Alpha radiation applied using the Intra-tumoral Diffusing alpha-emitters Radiation Therapy (Alpha DaRT) methodology may serve as an efficient treatment for human melanoma.
A Short Course of Standard Velcade/Dexamethasone Followed by Unlimited Weekly Maintenance Therapy Is an Effective Treatment in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Gangur Harini Acharya , Trivedi Harsha , Chamarthy UshaSree , Al-Janadi Anas , Srkalovic Gordan
Published: November 2024

Background: Bortezomib (B), known as Velcade, is a reversible proteasome inhibitor approved for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients (pts). The standard of care protocol includes eight cycles of intravenous push (IVP) injections of B and oral dexamethasone (D), which increases the toxicity. Here, we describe the results of an open-label, phase II clinical trial employing only four cycles of B/D. Methods: RRMM pts treated with at least one previous therapy qualified for the trial. Pts were treated with B 1.3 mg/m2 IVP or subcutaneous (SC) on day 1, 4, 8, and 11, followed by a 10-day rest, Q21 days for four cycles; followed by maintenance therapy with once weekly B 1.6 mg/m2 IVP or SC on day 1, 8, 15, and 22, followed by 13 days’ rest, repeated Q36 day. Pts received D 20 mg on the days of and days after B. Pts with a complete response (CR) were removed. Those with a partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) were placed on maintenance therapy until progressive disease (PD), unacceptable toxicity, or pts’ decision to stop. Results: A total of 24 pts were enrolled. CR was observed in six pts (25%), PR in eight pts (33%), and SD in nine pts (37.5%). Moreover, 14 of the 24 pts (58.3%) had PR or better. Four pts had PD during induction. The grade 3 toxicities included fatigue (58%), sensory neuropathy (54%), and thrombocytopenia (50%); the grade 4 toxicities were thrombocytopenia (12.5%), fatigue (12.5%), and sensory neuropathy (12.5%). Conclusions: A short course of B/D, plus maintenance with B, is well tolerated in RRMM pts. Long-term maintenance with B/D could become an alternative to new agents.
A Contemporary Review of Robotic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Preston William A. , Spitofsky Nina R. , Bodzin Adam S.
Published: November 2024

Background: Robotic hepatectomy represents an appealing treatment modality for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A contemporary review of robotic hepatectomy compared to laparoscopic/open hepatectomy is necessary. Methods: We performed a literature review to identify studies between 2018–2024 comparing robotic to laparoscopic/open hepatectomy for HCC with measurable outcomes. Results: A total of 10 studies were identified, including 943 patients undergoing robotic hepatectomy compared to 1678 patients undergoing laparoscopic/open hepatectomy. Generally, while similar short/long-term survival was noted across all resection modalities, robotic hepatectomy was associated with longer operative time, shorter length of stay, and less post-operative complications. An additional 4 studies were evaluated in the context of HCC, reviewing the prognostic value of robotic hepatectomy margins, robotic hepatectomy in the context of metabolic syndrome, “huge” (>10 cm) HCCs, and robotic hepatectomy vs. microwave ablation. Conclusions: Robotic hepatectomy is a safe alternative to laparoscopic/open hepatectomy for HCC that provides similar oncological/long-term outcomes, while potentially decreasing post-operative complications and length of stay.
Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome (CRDS): Rethinking “Atypical” Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Porretta Alessandra P. , Pruvot Etienne , Bhuiyan Zahurul A.
Published: November 2024

Since the first description of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) in the 1970s, new insights have progressively unraveled the understanding of this inherited arrhythmia syndrome. The identification of new distinct clinical entities related to RYR2, the gene encoding the cardiac ryanodine receptor, has allowed significant refinement in the diagnosis of previously labeled “atypical” CPVT cases. Among RYR2-ryanodinopathies, the characterization of calcium release deficiency syndrome (CRDS) is still in its infancy and represents a diagnostic challenge due to the need for functional studies which may confirm the loss-of-function nature of the RYR2 variant. The present review summarizes current evidence on CRDS. First, by providing an overview on RYR2 structure and function, we will elucidate the different pathophysiological underpinnings of CRDS and CPVT. Second, by retrieving in detail reported CRDS variants and their clinical phenotypes, we will provide, if any, genetic and clinical red flags that should raise suspicion for CRDS in daily clinical practice. Finally, we will discuss available therapies to provide clinicians with practical therapeutic options for CRDS management.
Porous PEG Scaffold Fabricated via Emulsion-Templating Technique Towards Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells
Authors: Xu Chuanbang , Sun Yuanyuan , Feng Chun , Zhang Shengmiao
Published: November 2024

The cell immobilization technique, which restricts living cells to a certain space, has received widespread attention as an emerging biotechnology. In this study, a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)-loaded highly open-cell emulsion-templated polyethylene glycol (PEG-polyHIPE) was synthesized to be a reusable enzymatic catalyst. An emulsion was prepared with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) aqueous solution, cyclohexane, and polyethylene-polypropylene glycol (F127) as the continuous phase, dispersed phase, and surfactant, respectively. Then PEG-polyHIPE was obtained by polymerization of the PEGDA in emulsion. The highly porous materials obtained by the emulsion-templating method are suitable for use as carrier materials for yeast immobilization, due to their favorable structural designability. During the activation process, the yeast S. cerevisiae can readily gain access to the interior of the material via the interconnected pores and immobilize itself inside the voids. The yeast-loaded polyHIPE was then used to ferment glucose for ethanol production. The yeast immobilized inside the polyHIPE has high fermentation efficiency, good recoverability, and storage stability. After seven cycles, the yeast maintained 70% initial fermentation efficiency. The S. cerevisiae kept more than 90% of the initial cellular activity after one week of storage both in the dry state and in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium (YPD) at 4 °C. This study strongly demonstrates the feasibility of using high-throughput porous materials as cell immobilization carriers to efficiently osmotically immobilize cells in polyHIPEs for high-performance fermentation.
Regulation of the Intestinal Stem Cell Pool and Proliferation in Drosophila
Authors: Trubin Simona , Patel Dhruv B. , Tian Aiguo
Published: November 2024

Understanding the regulation of somatic stem cells, both during homeostasis and in response to environmental challenges like injury, infection, chemical exposure, and nutritional changes, is critical because their dysregulation can result in tissue degeneration or tumorigenesis. The use of models such as the Drosophila and mammalian adult intestines offers valuable insights into tissue homeostasis and regeneration, advancing our knowledge of stem cell biology and cancer development. This review highlights significant findings from recent studies, unveiling the molecular mechanisms that govern self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). These insights not only enhance our understanding of normal tissue maintenance but also provide critical perspectives on how ISC dysfunction can lead to pathological conditions such as colorectal cancer (CRC).
Bioengineering the Human Intestinal Mucosa and the Importance of Stromal Support for Pharmacological Evaluation In Vitro
Authors: Freer Matthew , Cooper Jim , Goncalves Kirsty , Przyborski Stefan
Published: November 2024

Drug discovery is associated with high levels of compound elimination in all stages of development. The current practices for the pharmacokinetic testing of intestinal absorption combine Transwell® inserts with the Caco-2 cell line and are associated with a wide range of limitations. The improvement of pharmacokinetic research relies on the development of more advanced in vitro intestinal constructs that better represent human native tissue and its response to drugs, providing greater predictive accuracy. Here, we present a humanized, bioengineered intestinal construct that recapitulates aspects of intestinal microanatomy. We present improved histotypic characteristics reminiscent of the human intestine, such as a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the formation of a robust basement membrane, which are contributed to in-part by a strong stromal foundation. We explore the link between stromal–epithelial crosstalk, paracrine communication, and the role of the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) as a soluble mediator, underpinning the tissue-specific role of fibroblast subpopulations. Permeability studies adapted to a 96-well format allow for high throughput screening and demonstrate the role of the stromal compartment and tissue architecture on permeability and functionality, which is thought to be one of many factors responsible for unexpected drug outcomes using current approaches for pharmacokinetic testing.
The Role of Affects and Emotional Styles in the Relationship Between Parents and Preschool Children
Authors: Facci Carolina , Baroncelli Andrea , Ciucci Enrica
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Parent–child relationships represent a key factor for the quality of developmental trajectories and impact on children’s social and emotional competence. Therefore, research has advanced the role of parenting by showing the significance of differentiating between distinctive aspects of a parent’s behaviors. This study aims to investigate the role of the feelings experienced in parent–child relationships (e.g., warmth and negative feelings), considering the moderating role of the parental styles toward children’s emotions (e.g., coaching and dismissing). Methods: A total of 136 mothers (M = 38.09 years, SD = 4.51 anni, 48.5% high school degree) with a preschool child (age range 3–5 years) in Central Italy have been involved in a survey during the pandemic period. Results: Multiple regression analyses show that warmth and negative feelings are associated with positive parenting; however, the moderation effect of the dismissing style on both warmth and negative feelings emerged. Conclusions: Despite the characteristics of the data collection period, the results suggest the importance of considering the emotion-related dimensions between parents and their children as they seem to influence parenting behaviors.
Assessment of Sleep Quality in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity Using the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS)
Authors: Kampani Eleftheria , Kotanidou Eleni P. , Tsinopoulou Vasiliki Rengina , Sapountzi Evdoxia , Ntouma Stergianna , Pavlou Evangelos , Galli-Tsinopoulou Assimina
Published: November 2024

Background: Adolescent overweight and obesity are a public health problem with an epidemic trend. There is growing evidence that sleep quality correlates to body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate, sleep quality in adolescents with obesity/overweight. Methods: A total of 100 adolescents with overweight/obesity aged 12–18 years were enrolled. Anthropometric parameters were recorded and a laboratory investigation in the fasting state [glucose, insulin, cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides, uric acid and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)] was performed. Insulin resistance was calculated by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index (HOMA-IR). Sleep quality was assessed with the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS) questionnaire. Results: According to ASHS, 93% of the participants were classified as “Good Sleepers” (GSs) (score > 3.8) and 7% as “Poor Sleepers” (PSs) (score < 3.8). PSs had a statistically higher body mass index (BMI) compared to GSs (p = 0.026). Increased body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.306, p = 0.002), fast insulin (r = −0.224, p = 0.027), and HOMA-IR (r = −0.260, p = 0.010) exerted a negative effect on sleep quality. Controlling for lipids and uric acid, only TC levels appeared to have a statistically significant and specifically positive correlation with the ASHS score (r = 0.202, p = 0.045). HbA1c values and waist circumference tended to be negatively correlated, but not significant to adolescent sleep quality [(r = −0.101, p = 0.330), (r = −0.095, p = 0.359), respectively]. The influence of central obesity on the ASHS score was also explored, but no correlation was found (p = 0.566). Conclusions: Sleep quality, as reflected by the ASHS score, was associated negatively with BMI, fasting insulin levels, and insulin resistance. Furthermore, a gender difference was observed, as adolescent males were found to achieve a higher overall ASHS score compared to females.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatrics and Adolescent Women: A Systematic Review of Sex-Based Differences Between Girls and Boys
Authors: Romero-Peralta Sofía , Rubio Cristina , Castillo-García María , Resano Pilar , Alonso Miguel , Solano-Pérez Esther , Silgado Laura , Viejo-Ayuso Esther , Álvarez-Balado Leticia , Mediano Olga
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is marked by repetitive occurrences of upper airway (UA) obstruction during sleep. Morbidities impacting the metabolic, cardiovascular (CV) and neurological systems are correlated with OSA. Only a few studies have described the existence of different characteristics depending on sex and, to date, the girl phenotype in OSA pediatrics is not well known. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the specific phenotype of OSA in pediatric and adolescent females compared to males. Methods: A systematic review was performed. The terms “pediatric sleep apnea” and “sex differences” were used to look for publications using PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria: (1) peer-reviewed journal articles written in English; (2) investigations conducted on individuals diagnosed with OSA; and (3) investigations providing information about sex differences. Exclusion criteria: (1) studies carried out with individuals aged 18 years and older; (2) studies involving a sample size of fewer than 10 patients; and (3) editorials, letters and case reports. Results: Fifteen studies were included and classified in sections related to sex-based differences. Conclusions: Limited information related to sex-based OSA differences in the pediatric population exists. These differences are conditioned by hormonal status, and are minimal in the premenarcheal period. Moreover, adolescent women present a lower prevalence of obesity and craniofacial alterations, lower OSA severity related to higher UA area and earlier tonsil regression. Hyperactivity is more frequent in boys. Some studies pointed to a higher risk of high diastolic blood pressure in girls than in boys.
Psycho-Somatic Evolution of Patients with Multiple Traumatic Injuries
Authors: Anghele Mihaela , Marina Virginia , Moscu Cosmina Alina , Anghele Aurelian-Dumitrache , Dragomir Liliana
Published: November 2024

Background and Objective: In this study, we aimed to identify the factors that could impact the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS) questionnaire administered to patients. Materials and Methods: Participants were asked to complete a written SRGS questionnaire (a translated and approved version in Romania) at varying time intervals relative to the traumatic event. The questionnaire was developed in accordance with legal regulations of the World Health Organization and the European Union for research involving human subjects for medical purposes. It took approximately 15 min to complete. The questionnaire was filled out by the patient or their legal guardian/parent for minors between January 2021 and January 2022. Results: The findings revealed the individual dimensions in the context of the traumatic impact, and the subsequent conclusions could be applied to a larger group with similar traumatic experiences. It is recognized that psychosomatic pathologies can hinder posttraumatic rehabilitation, leading to slower and more challenging recovery. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder often manifests as chronic development of symptoms characterized by reexperiencing traumatic scenes, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in cognition, and heightened arousal. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, persistent, and psychologically debilitating syndrome that can significantly impair an individual’s ability to cope with life. The etiology and manifestation of this disorder present numerous challenges due to the complexity of defining and diagnosing these conditions. The distribution of men and women affected by posttraumatic stress disorder varies across different sources and cannot be simplified into one explanation. While sex distribution is an important factor, it is not the sole determinant for understanding the various aspects of these disorders. The diversity of stressors has been shown to correlate with changes in SRGS scores, including subtle emotions like shame and guilt, which contribute to the moral injury resulting from trauma.
Enhancing Interface Performance Through Self-Assembly Mechanisms of APTES on Surface-Modified Tuff Aggregates
Authors: Lai Mingxin , Gao Xiaoying , Kong Lin , Chen Lizong , Gan Guoan , Lin Haixing , Zhang Jiakang , Zhang Gen , Lin Yueling , Zhu Hongming , Zhang Xinping
Published: November 2024

To enhance the adhesion between tuff and asphalt, this study investigates the efficacy of alkalinization treatment technology using a molecular self-assembly layer derived from the silane-coupling agent γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). APTES hydrolysis solutions at varying concentrations were prepared to assess their impact on the adhesive strength of the aggregate–asphalt interface and water damage resistance. Using surface energy theory, the interface adhesion work of tuff was analyzed, while SEM and EDS were employed to examine changes in surface morphology and composition after treatment. The results demonstrate that an APTES:water:ethanol mass ratio of 5:45:50, along with a curing temperature of 200 °C, significantly improves the bonding strength between tuff and asphalt. The silanol groups on APTES react with hydroxyl groups on the tuff surface to form siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si), anchoring APTES to the tuff. This study elucidates the self-assembly mechanisms of APTES on tuff aggregates and demonstrates the consequent enhancement of interfacial adhesion, providing valuable insights for the application of tuff as tunnel spoil in road engineering.
Determination of Optical and Structural Parameters of Thin Films with Differently Rough Boundaries
Authors: Ohlídal Ivan , Vohánka Jiří , Dvořák Jan , Buršíková Vilma , Klapetek Petr
Published: November 2024

The optical characterization of non-absorbing, homogeneous, isotropic polymer-like thin films with correlated, differently rough boundaries is essential in optimizing their performance in various applications. A central aim of this study is to derive the general formulae necessary for the characterization of such films. The applicability of this theory is illustrated through the characterization of a polymer-like thin film deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition onto a silicon substrate with a randomly rough surface, focusing on the analysis of its rough boundaries over a wide range of spatial frequencies. The method is based on processing experimental data obtained using variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectroscopic reflectometry. The transition layer is considered at the lower boundary of the polymer-like thin film. The spectral dependencies of the optical constants of the polymer-like thin film and the transition layer are determined using the Campi–Coriasso dispersion model. The reflectance data are processed using a combination of Rayleigh–Rice theory and scalar diffraction theory in the near-infrared and visible spectral ranges, while scalar diffraction theory is used for the processing of reflectance data within the ultraviolet range. Rayleigh–Rice theory alone is sufficient for the processing of the ellipsometric data across the entire spectral range. We accurately determine the thicknesses of the polymer-like thin film and the transition layer, as well as the roughness parameters of both boundaries, with the root mean square (rms) values cross-validated using atomic force microscopy. Notably, the rms values derived from optical measurements and atomic force microscopy show excellent agreement. These findings confirm the reliability of the optical method for the detailed characterization of thin films with differently rough boundaries, supporting the applicability of the proposed method in high-precision film analysis.
The Prognostic Role of Pre-Treatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in an Asian Cohort of Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Jang Isabelle J. H. , Abdul Kadir Hanis B. , Lim Kok Hing , Chew Wen Chao Daniel , Hwang Jacqueline S. G. , Lim Chwee Ming
Published: November 2024

Purpose: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a simple biomarker that reflects the balance between the systemic inflammatory and immunity status. Here we investigate the prognostic role of pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in an Asian cohort of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients. Methods: A retrospective review of OPSCC patients from a tertiary institution was conducted. The NLR was calculated from the haematological specimen taken within a month before treatment. Survival rates were estimated via the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for univariable and multivariable analyses. The NLR cutpoint was determined using maximally selected log-rank statistics. Results: In a cohort of 148 OPSCC patients, 43% were p16-positive and 44% were p16-negative, with a median follow-up of 24 months. The p16-positive patients were younger (median age 62 vs. 67 years) and exhibited a lower prevalence of heavy smoking (47% vs. 69%). The p16-negative cases frequently presented at an advanced disease stage (74% vs. 41%), with a history of previous radiotherapy (26% vs. 3%). The p16-negative patients displayed a higher median NLR (2.91 vs. 2.49). The 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) in p16-positive was higher compared to p16-negative patients (89.9% vs. 41.6%). The optimal NLR cutpoint was determined as 3.56 and predicted for decreased DSS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.59, p = 0.004). Multivariable analysis revealed smoking, high NLR ≥ 3.56, and p16-negativity as independent variables associated with poorer DSS and overall survival (OS) across the cohort. Conclusion: A high NLR is independently prognostic of poorer DSS in OPSCC, independent of p16 and smoking status. A NLR of more than 3.56 was highly prognostic for poorer survival and warrants further validation in larger cohorts of OPSCC.
Midge Paleo-Communities (Diptera Chironomidae) as Indicators of Flood Regime Variations in a High-Mountain Lake (Italian Western Alps): Implications for Global Change
Authors: Bertoli Marco , Salvi Gianguido , Morsanuto Rachele , Pavoni Elena , Pastorino Paolo , Esposito Giuseppe , Barceló Damià , Prearo Marino , Pizzul Elisabetta
Published: November 2024

Sediments of alpine lakes serve as crucial records that reveal the history of lacustrine basins, offering valuable insights into the effects of global changes. One significant effect is the variation in rainfall regimes, which can substantially influence nutrient loads and sedimentation rates in lacustrine ecosystems, thereby playing a pivotal role in shaping biotic communities. In this study, we analyze subfossil chironomid assemblages within a sediment core from an alpine lake (western Italian Alps) to investigate the effects of rainfall and flood regime variations over the past 1200 years. Sediment characterization results highlight changes in sediment textures and C/N ratio values, indicating phases of major material influx from the surrounding landscape into the lake basin. These influxes are likely associated with intense flooding events linked to heavy rainfall periods over time. Flooding events are reflected in changes in chironomid assemblages, which in our samples are primarily related to variations in sediment texture and nutrient loads from the surrounding landscape. Increased abundances of certain taxa (i.e., Brillia, Chaetocladius, Cricotopus, Psectrocladius, Cricotopus/Orthocladius Parorthocladius) may be linked to higher organic matter and vegetation inputs from the surrounding landscape. Biodiversity decreased during certain periods along the core profile due to intense flood regimes and extreme events. These results contribute to our understanding of alpine lake system dynamics, particularly those associated with intense flooding events, which are still understudied.
Unusual Foreign Body in the Middle Ear: Surgical Removal of a Live Ant Entering the Tympanic Cavity Through an Ear Drum Perforation
Authors: Kiss Peter , Pock Jakob , Habenbacher Michael , Maitz Emanuel , Lang Angelika , Walla Katharina , Andrianakis Alexandros
Published: November 2024

This case report details the unusual occurrence of a live ant invading the middle ear cavity through a pre-existing perforation in the tympanic membrane of a 42-year-old female patient. She presented to an outpatient clinic with symptoms of sudden-onset tinnitus (“ringing”) and a foreign body sensation in her left ear. Otomicroscopy revealed an oval-shaped perforation in the posterior part of the left tympanic membrane, through which a dark, moving foreign object was observed in the middle ear. The object was identified as a live ant. Initial attempts to remove the insect under local anesthesia were unsuccessful, necessitating the patient’s admission for surgery. Under general anesthesia, an endoscopic tympanotomy was performed, and the ant was successfully removed without complications. The patient recovered and was discharged the following day. At her follow-up appointment, she remained symptom-free. This case highlights the rare yet possible occurrence of live foreign bodies entering the middle ear through tympanic perforations and the need for timely surgical intervention to prevent complications.
Correction: Herrera Romero, R.; Bastarrachea-Magnani, M.A. Phase and Amplitude Modes in the Anisotropic Dicke Model with Matter Interactions. Entropy 2024, 26, 574
Authors: Herrera Romero Ricardo , Bastarrachea-Magnani Miguel Angel
Published: November 2024

The authors wish to make the following correction to this published paper [...]
An Information-Theoretic Proof of a Hypercontractive Inequality
Authors: Friedgut Ehud
Published: November 2024

The famous hypercontractive estimate discovered independently by Gross, Bonami and Beckner has had a great impact on combinatorics and theoretical computer science since it was first used in this setting in a seminal paper by Kahn, Kalai and Linial. The usual proofs of this inequality begin with two-point space, where some elementary calculus is used and then generalised immediately by introducing another dimension using submultiplicativity (Minkowski’s integral inequality). In this paper, we prove this inequality using information theory. We compare the entropy of a pair of correlated vectors in {0,1}n to their separate entropies, analysing them bit by bit (not as a figure of speech, but as the bits are revealed) using the chain rule of entropy.
Dirac Equation and Fisher Information
Authors: Yahalom Asher
Published: November 2024

Previously, it was shown that Schrödinger’s theory can be derived from a potential flow Lagrangian provided a Fisher information term is added. This approach was later expanded to Pauli’s theory of an electron with spin, which required a Clebsch flow Lagrangian with non-zero vorticity. Here, we use the recent relativistic flow Lagrangian to represent Dirac’s theory with the addition of a Lorentz invariant Fisher information term as is required by quantum mechanics.
System-Level Statistical Eye Diagram for Signal Integrity
Authors: Park Junyong , Park Hyunwook
Published: November 2024

This paper reviews a statistical signal integrity (SI) analysis at the system level for a high-speed system design. An eye diagram graphically shows a system’s performance. However, an eye diagram requires a long acquisition time for accurate results. The time-consuming nature of this process makes an eye-diagram-based SI analysis inefficient. Thus, a statistical eye diagram was introduced for an efficient SI analysis. The statistical eye diagram provides not only SI metrics such as eye height (EH) and eye width (EW), but also the bit-error rate (BER) profile for each channel. The data transmitted over the high-speed channels are determined by an upper hierarchy such as a system. In other words, the data are a function of the system parameters. In conclusion, a statistical eye diagram is determined by the high-speed channels and the system parameters. Therefore, the previous works on statistical eye diagrams at the channel and system levels have been introduced, respectively. This paper reviews the previous works for a system-level statistical SI analysis with a statistical eye diagram.
Integrated AI Medical Emergency Diagnostics Advising System
Authors: Aityan Sergey K. , Mosaddegh Abdolreza , Herrero Rolando , Inchingolo Francesco , Nguyen Kieu C. D. , Balzanelli Mario , Lazzaro Rita , Iacovazzo Nicola , Cefalo Angelo , Carriero Lucia , Mersini Manuel , Legramante Jacopo M. , Minieri Marilena , Santacroce Luigi , Gargiulo Isacco Ciro
Published: November 2024

The application of AI (Artificial Intelligence) in emergency medicine helps significantly improve the quality of diagnostics under limitations of resources and time constraints in emergency cases. We have designed a comprehensive AI-based diagnostic and treatment plan decision-support system for emergency medicine by integrating the available LLMs (Large Language Models), like ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, and others, and tuning them up with additional training on actual emergency cases. There is a special focus on early detection of life-threatening and time-sensitive diseases like sepsis, stroke, and heart attack, which are the major causes of death in emergency medicine. Additional training was conducted on a total of 600 cases (300 sepsis; 300 non-sepsis). The collective capability of the integrated LLMs is much stronger than each individual engine. Emergency cases can be predicted based on information from multiple sensors and streaming sources combining traditional IT (Information Technology) infrastructure with Internet of Things (IoT) schemes. Medical personnel compare and validate the AI models used in this work.
Hybrid Sparse Array Design Based on Pseudo-Random Algorithm and Convex Optimization with Wide Beam Steering
Authors: Gao Pan , Chen Zhongquan
Published: November 2024

In this paper, a hybrid optimization method utilizing a pseudo-random algorithm and convex optimization is proposed to avoid grating lobe and achieve lower side lobe level (SLL) of a planar sparse array when the minimum inter-element distance is one wavelength. The pseudo-random algorithm is utilized to distribute the positions of elements. The convex algorithm is utilized to optimize the excitations of elements. The results show that a planar sparse array with no grating lobe and peak side lobe level (PSLL) of −17 dB can be obtained with a minimum inter-element distance of one wavelength, which indicates the effectiveness of the hybrid optimization method. In addition, beam steering can be achieved within an 80∘ field of view range.
Mixed Reality-Based Concrete Crack Detection and Skeleton Extraction Using Deep Learning and Image Processing
Authors: Shojaei Davood , Jafary Peyman , Zhang Zezheng
Published: November 2024

Advancements in image processing and deep learning offer considerable opportunities for automated defect assessment in civil structures. However, these systems cannot work interactively with human inspectors. Mixed reality (MR) can be adopted to address this by involving inspectors in various stages of the assessment process. This paper integrates You Only Look Once (YOLO) v5n and YOLO v5m with the Canny algorithm for real-time concrete crack detection and skeleton extraction with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 MR device. The YOLO v5n demonstrates a superior mean average precision (mAP) 0.5 and speed, while YOLO v5m achieves the highest mAP 0.5 0.95 among the other YOLO v5 structures. The Canny algorithm also outperforms the Sobel and Prewitt edge detectors with the highest F1 score. The developed MR-based system could not only be employed for real-time defect assessment but also be utilized for the automatic recording of the location and other specifications of the cracks for further analysis and future re-inspections.
A Multi-Level Embedding Framework for Decoding Sarcasm Using Context, Emotion, and Sentiment Feature
Authors: Najafabadi Maryam Khanian , Ko Thoon Zar Chi , Chaeikar Saman Shojae , Shabani Nasrin
Published: November 2024

Sarcasm detection in text poses significant challenges for traditional sentiment analysis, as it often requires an understanding of context, word meanings, and emotional undertones. For example, in the sentence “I totally love working on Christmas holiday”, detecting sarcasm depends on capturing the contrast between affective words and their context. Existing methods often focus on single-embedding levels, such as word-level or affective-level, neglecting the importance of multi-level context. In this paper, we propose SAWE (Sentence, Affect, and Word Embeddings), a framework that combines sentence-level, affect-level, and context-dependent word embeddings to improve sarcasm detection. We use pre-trained transformer models SBERT and RoBERTa, enhanced with a bidirectional GRU and self-attention, alongside SenticNet to extract affective words. The combined embeddings are processed through a CNN and classified using a multilayer perceptron (MLP). SAWE is evaluated on two benchmark datasets, Sarcasm Corpus V2 (SV2) and Self-Annotated Reddit Corpus 2.0 (SARC 2.0), outperforming previous methods, particularly on long texts, with a 4.2% improvement on F1-Score for SV2. Our results emphasize the importance of multi-level embeddings and contextual information in detecting sarcasm, demonstrating a new direction for future research.
Automated Equipment Defect Knowledge Graph Construction for Power Grid Regulation
Authors: Liu Wei , Gu Yanghao , Zeng Zhiqiang , Qi Donglian , Li Dezhi , Luo Yuanyuan , Li Qi , Wei Su
Published: November 2024

The normal operation of automated equipment is essential for power grid regulation, making the accurate identification and diagnosis of defects in this equipment highly significant. Constructing a knowledge graph for automated equipment defects offers an effective solution to challenges such as delayed reporting, low efficiency, and data omissions in manually recorded defects. To address this, we developed a framework for constructing an automated equipment defect knowledge graph by designing appropriate patterns and data layers. For knowledge extraction, we introduced two models: RoBERTa-BiLSTM for named entity recognition (NER) and ALBERT-BiGRU for relation extraction (RE), both of which demonstrated improved performance in their respective tasks. Additionally, we applied the KBGAT model for knowledge graph completion. Finally, Neo4j was used for storing, visualizing, and analyzing the knowledge graph, highlighting its significance in the operation of power grids and the advancement of digital power systems.
A Cybernetic Delay Analysis of the Energy–Economy–Emission Nexus in India via a Bistage Operational Amplifier Network
Authors: Basu Soumya , Ishihara Keiichi
Published: November 2024

In analyzing the decoupling of emissions from economic growth, current literature foregoes the nonlinear complexities of macroeconomic systems, leading to ineffective energy transition policies, specifically for developing countries. This study focuses on the Indian energy–economy–emission nexus to establish a control system that internalizes inflation, trade openness, and fossil fuel imports with economic growth and macro-emissions to visualize the complex pathways of decoupling. Through long-term cointegration and vector error correction modeling, it was found that GDP and energy affect capital, inflation and energy imports, which are locked in a long-run negative feedback loop that ultimately increases emissions. Capital growth enables decoupling at 0.7% CO2 emissions reduction for every 1% capital growth, while 1% inflation growth inhibits decoupling by increasing CO2 emissions by 0.8%. A cybernetic fractional circuit of R-C elements and operational amplifiers was utilized to examine the delay of pulses from GDP to the loop elements, which revealed that capital is periodic with GDP pulses. However, inflation, being aperiodic with the clock pulses of GDP, causes the pulse-width of capital to decrease and fossil fuel imports to increase. Through the circuital model, it was possible to determine the exact policy intervention schedule in business cycle growth and recession phases that could build clean energy capital and limit inflation-induced recoupling.
Calculations of Performance Characteristics of Submerged Cargo Pumps with Hydraulic Drive and Constant Torque Controllers, Taking into Account the Energy Efficiency of the Drive Motor
Authors: Banaszek Andrzej
Published: November 2024

Submerged cargo pumps installed on board tankers are one of the most important components of their cargo system. As they are installed directly in the cargo tanks, they are usually equipped with a hydraulic drive whose power and capacity are controlled by constant-torque controllers. These have a significant impact on the technical and performance characteristics of the cargo pumps. This paper presents a methodology for calculating the performance characteristics of submerged cargo pumps, taking into account the energy efficiency of their hydraulic drive motors. Due to their number and power, the cargo pumps are powered from the ship’s hydraulic central loading system. This paper describes the main parts of the hydraulic power system structure and the functions of the constant torque controller of the STC type. A mathematical model has been developed to use the basic characteristics of submerged cargo pumps made for the base cargo (water) sent by the pump manufacturer for the case of handling liquid cargo with different parameters. The model considers the characteristics of the hydraulic drive, including a Bosch Rexroth A2FM type hydraulic drive motor and a constant torque controller. The results of simulation calculations of the performance characteristics of an example cargo pump are presented and compared with measurements of the characteristics of this pump on a product tanker. The mathematical model presented in this paper is of utilitarian value, enabling calculations to be carried out without the need for time-consuming CFD numerical methods, making it useful for port and fuel terminal logistics services, ship crews and services managing the operation of product tanker fleets.
Explosion Load Characteristics of Fuel—Air Mixture in a Vented Chamber: Analysis and New Insights
Authors: Liang Xingxing , Liao Yaling , Wang Zhongqi , An Huaming , Cheng Junjie , Lu Chunliu , Zeng Huajiao
Published: November 2024

The advances in research on the explosion load characteristics of the fuel–air mixture in vented chambers are reviewed herein. The vented explosion loads are classified into three typical types based on this comprehensive literature research. These models are the accumulation load model, attenuation load model, and interval jump load model. The characteristics of the three different typical vented explosion load models are analyzed using Fluidy-Ventex. The research results show that overpressure is largely determined by methane concentrations and vented pressure. The turbulent strength increased from the original 0.0001 J/kg to 1.73 J/kg, which was an increase of 17,300 times, after venting in the case of a 10.5 v/v methane concentration and 0.3 kPa vented pressure. When the vented pressure increased to 7.3 kPa, the turbulent strength increased to 62.2 J/kg, and the overpressure peak correspondingly increased from 69 kPa to 125 kPa. In the case of the interval jump load model, the explosion overpressure peak tends to ascend when the intensity of the fluid disturbance rises due to the venting pressure increasing at a constant initial gas concentration. When the venting pressure reaches tens of kPa, the pressure differential increases sharply on both sides of the relief port, and a large amount of combustible gas is released. Therefore, there is an insufficient amount of indoor combustible gas, severe combustion is difficult to maintain, and the explosion load mode becomes the attenuation load model.
Event-Triggered Transmission of Sensor Measurements Using Twin Hybrid Filters for Renewable Energy Resource Management Systems
Authors: Lee Soonwoo , Oh Hui-Myoung , Pak Jung Min
Published: November 2024

Recently, solar and wind power generation have gained attention as pathways to achieving carbon neutrality, and Renewable Energy Resource Management System (RERMS) technology has been developed to monitor and control small-scale, distributed renewable energy resources. In this work, we present an Event-Triggered Transmission (ETT) algorithm for RERMS, which transmits sensor measurements to the base station only when necessary. The ETT algorithm helps prevent congestion in the communication channel between RERMS and the base station, avoiding time delays or packet loss caused by the excessive transmission of sensor measurements. We design a hybrid state estimation algorithm that combines Kalman and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters to enhance the estimation performance, and we propose a new ETT algorithm based on this design. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through experiments that transmit actual sensor measurements from a photovoltaic power generation system to the base station, demonstrating that it outperforms existing algorithms.
Waste Heat Utilization in Marine Energy Systems for Enhanced Efficiency
Authors: Miller Tymoteusz , Durlik Irmina , Kostecka Ewelina , Kozlovska Polina , Jakubowski Andrzej , Łobodzińska Adrianna
Published: November 2024

The maritime industry, central to global trade, faces critical challenges related to energy efficiency and environmental sustainability due to significant energy loss from waste heat in marine engines. This review investigates the potential of waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce emissions in marine systems. By analyzing major WHR methods, such as heat exchangers, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems, thermoelectric generators, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems, this work highlights the specific advantages, limitations, and practical considerations of each approach. Unique to this review is an examination of WHR performance in confined marine spaces and compatibility with existing ship components, providing essential insights for practical implementation. Findings emphasize WHR as a viable strategy to reduce fuel consumption and meet environmental regulations, contributing to a more sustainable maritime industry.