bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Chalcogen‐Bonding Interaction for High‐Performance Filterless Narrowband Organic Photodetectors
Authors: Kim Hyeong‐Ju , Kim Bongsu , Yun Sungyoung , Yun Dong‐Jin , Choi Taejin , Lee Sangjun , Minami Daiki , Heo Chul‐Joon , Lim Juhyung , Shibuya Hiromasa , Lim Younhee , Shin Jisoo , Hong Hyerim , Park Jeong‐Il , Fang Feifei , Seo Hwijoung , Yi Jeoungin , Park Sangho , Lee Hyun Hwi , Park Kyung‐Bae
Published: June 2024

A novel green‐absorbing organic molecule featuring dual intramolecular chalcogen bonds is synthesized and characterized. This molecule incorporates two such bonds: one between a tellurium atom and the oxygen atom of a carbonyl moiety, and the other between the tellurium atom and the adjacent nitrogen atom within a pyridine moiety. The molecule, featuring dual intramolecular chalcogen bonds exhibits a narrow absorption spectrum and elevated absorption coefficients, closely aligned with a resonance parameter of approximately 0.5. This behavior is due to its cyanine‐like characteristics and favorable electrical properties, which are a direct result of its rigid, planar molecular structure. Therefore, this organic molecule forming dual intramolecular chalcogen bonds achieves superior optoelectronic performance in green‐selective photodetectors, boasting an external quantum efficiency of over 65% and a full‐width at half maximum of less than 95 nm while maintaining the performance after 1000 h of heating aging at 85 °C. Such organic photodetectors are poised to enhance stacked organic photodetector‐on‐silicon hybrid image sensors, paving the way for the next‐generation of high‐resolution and high‐sensitivity image sensors.
[n]Cycloparaphenylenes as Compatible Fluorophores for Melt Electrowriting
Authors: Hall Patrick C. , Reid Harrison W. , Liashenko Ievgenii , Tandon Biranche , O'Neill Kelly L. , Paxton Naomi C. , Lindberg Gabriella C. J. , Jasti Ramesh , Dalton Paul D.
Published: June 2024

Fluorescent probes are an indispensable tool in the realm of bioimaging technologies, providing valuable insights into the assessment of biomaterial integrity and structural properties. However, incorporating fluorophores into scaffolds made from melt electrowriting (MEW) poses a challenge due to the sustained, elevated temperatures that this processing technique requires. In this context, [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) serve as excellent fluorophores for MEW processing with the additional benefit of customizable emissions profiles with the same excitation wavelength. Three fluorescent blends are used with distinct [n]CPPs with emission wavelengths of either 466, 494, or 533 nm, identifying 0.01 wt% as the preferred concentration. It is discovered that [n]CPPs disperse well within poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and maintain their fluorescence even after a week of continuous heating at 80 °C. The [n]CPP‐PCL blends show no cytotoxicity and support counterstaining with commonly used DAPI (Ex/Em: 359 nm/457 nm), rhodamine‐ (Ex/Em: 542/565 nm), and fluorescein‐tagged (Ex/Em: 490/515 nm) phalloidin stains. Using different color [n]CPP‐PCL blends, different MEW fibers are sequentially deposited into a semi‐woven scaffold and onto a solution electrospun membrane composed of [8]CPP‐PCL as a contrasting substrate for the [10]CPP‐PCL MEW fibers. In general, [n]CPPs are potent fluorophores for MEW, providing new imaging options for this technology.
Decoding Upconversion‐Emitting Phase in Complex Composites Through Single‐Particle‐Level Upconversion Imaging and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Kshetri Yuwaraj K. , Chaudhary Bina , Kim Jongwoo , Nam Sang Hwan , Murali G. , Zhou Jun , Wang Shijie , Feng Yuan Ping , Choi Jinhyuk , In Insik , Torii Shuki , Kamiyama Takashi , Lee Soo Wohn , Kim Tae‐Ho
Published: June 2024

The crystal structure and phase stability of a host lattice plays an important role in efficient upconversion phenomena. In stable hosts, lanthanides doping should not generally change the crystal structure of the host itself. But when phase of a system drastically changes after lanthanide doping resulting in multiple phases, accurate identification of upconverting phase remains a challenge. Herein, an attempt to synthesize lanthanide‐doped NiMoO4 by microwave hydrothermal method produced MoO3/Yb2Mo4O15/NiMoO4 micro‐nano composite upconversion phosphor. A combined approach of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and single‐particle‐level upconversion imaging has been employed to elucidate the phase stability of different phases and upconversion properties within the composite. Through single‐particle‐level imaging under 980 nm excitation, an unprecedented resolution in visualizing individual emitting and non‐emitting regions within the composite has been achieved, thereby allowing to accurately assign the Yb2Mo4O15 as a sole upconversion emitting phase in the composite. Result of the DFT calculation further shows that the Yb2Mo4O15 phase is the most thermodynamically preferred over other lanthanide‐doped phases in the composite. This comprehensive understanding not only advances the knowledge of upconversion emission from composite materials but also holds promise for tailoring optical properties of materials for various applications, including bioimaging, sensing, and photonics, where controlled light emission is crucial.
Mechanism and Control Strategies of Lithium‐Ion Battery Safety: A Review
Authors: Lai Tingrun , Zhao Hong , Song Youzhi , Wang Li , Wang Yude , He Xiangming
Published: June 2024

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively used everywhere today due to their prominent advantages. However, the safety issues of LIBs such as fire and explosion have been a serious concern. It is important to focus on the root causes of safety accidents in LIBs and the mechanisms of their development. This will enable the reasonable control of battery risk factors and the minimization of the probability of safety accidents. Especially, the chemical crosstalk between two electrodes and the internal short circuit (ISC) generated by various triggers are the main reasons for the abnormal rise in temperature, which eventually leads to thermal runaway (TR) and safety accidents. Herein, this review paper concentrates on the advances of the mechanism of TR in two main paths: chemical crosstalk and ISC. It analyses the origin of each type of path, illustrates the evolution of TR, and then outlines the progress of safety control strategies in recent years. Moreover, the review offers a forward‐looking perspective on the evolution of safety technologies. This work aims to enhance the battery community's comprehension of TR behavior in LIBs by categorizing and examining the pathways induced by TR. This work will contribute to the effective reduction of safety accidents of LIBs.
Suppression and Control of Vortex Formation Caused by Boundary Disturbance during Ladle Teeming Process
Authors: Wang Ziming , Li Yue , Sun Benchen , Zhou Xiaobin , Yue Qiang
Published: June 2024

During the final stage of ladle teeming, vortex formation leads to air entrainment and slag entrapment, resulting in steel degradation. To effectively control this formation during ladle pouring, reverse rotation is introduced in the vortex to generate boundary disturbances. Further, water modeling is performed to investigate the influences of container diameter, nozzle diameter, initial disturbance, and reverse rotation on vortex formation. While larger‐diameter containers facilitate easier vortex formation, smaller‐diameter nozzles trigger faster vortex formation. Vortex penetration height and maintenance time increase with increasing initial tangential velocity. In addition, boundary disturbances resulting from reverse rotation effectively suppress vortex formation. Overall, to eliminate vortices, the applied disturbances must counteract the gradually accumulating angular momentum of the vortices.
Corrosion of MgO–C Refractory with Ladle Slags
Authors: Wei Xingwen , Yehorov Anton , Volkova Olena
Published: June 2024

Herein, MgO–C refractory brick is immersed into the molten ladle slags with various CaO/Al2O3 ratios (located in the range of 0.56–0.78 and 1.99–1.36) and SiO2 addition from 1 to 20 wt%, at two temperatures of 1550 and 1650 °C. After the interaction with the slag with a CaO/Al2O3 ratio range of 0.56–0.78, the MgAl2O4 phase with various sizes is found to form in the solidified slag layer adhering to the MgO–C sample surface, and a layer consisting of MgAl2O4 on the interface of MgO–C brick is observed. For the slag with the CaO/Al2O3 ratio range of 1.99–1.36, a small amount of minor size of MgAl2O4 particle is detected only with 20 wt% of SiO2 addition. Instead of a formation of the MgAl2O4 layer, the Fe phase containing Mn, metallic Ti, and Si is scattered on the side of the solidified slag layer. The corrosion is more pronounced in the slag with a high CaO/Al2O3 ratio and is enhanced via the addition of SiO2 along with the increased solubility of MgO. The increased solubility of MgO in the slag with increasing SiO2 has also been predicted via FactSage.
Comprehensive approach for examining shear‐critical RC walls using detailed experimental measurements
Authors: Fathalla Eissa , Mihaylov Boyan
Published: June 2024

Current design codes lack robust assessment methods for shear‐critical non‐slender members based on on‐site crack measurements. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive framework is proposed for quantifying the shear resisting mechanisms of short shear‐critical walls on the basis of detailed test results. This framework is applied to two full‐scale shear walls loaded to shear failure. The tests were performed with detailed measurements including digital image correlation, providing displacement and strain fields across the entire face of the specimens. The results demonstrate the substantial impact of crack geometry on the relative contribution of the shear resisting mechanisms. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the shear carried by the compression zone, referred to as the critical lading zone (CLZ), has a governing contribution to the total shear. Finally, a set of hypotheses towards a crack‐based assessment method are proposed on the basis of the three‐parameter kinematic theory for shear walls. The method quantifies the damage state of the CLZ from geometrical and crack measurements, enabling rational on‐site assessments.
Photoluminescence of Platinum(II) Complexes with Diazine‐Based Ligands
Authors: Hruzd Mariia , Durand Raphaël , Gauthier Sébastien , le Poul Pascal , Robin‐le Guen Françoise , Achelle Sylvain
Published: June 2024

In the last past twenty years, research on luminescent platinum (II) complexes has been intensively developed for useful application such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). More recently, new photoluminescent complexes based on diazine ligands (pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, quinazoline and quinoxaline) have been developed in this context. This review will summarize the photophysical properties of most of the phosphorescent diazine Pt(II) complexes described in the literature and compare the results to pyridine analogues whenever possible. Based on the emission color, and the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) values, the relationship between structure modification, and photophysical properties are highlighted. Tuning of emission color, quantum yields in solution and solid state and, for some complexes, aggregation induced emission (AIE) or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties are described. When emitting OLEDs have been built from diazine Pt(II) complexes, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) values and luminance for different emission wavelengths and in some cases, chromaticity coordinates obtained from devices, are given. Finally, this review highlights the growing interest in studies of new luminescent diazine Pt(II) complexes for OLED applications.
Electrospun hexagonal boron nitride/CNT reinforced nanocomposite fiber mats for cosmic radiation shielding
Authors: Ersoy Serra , Özcan Mücahid , Kaya Cengiz , Kaya Figen
Published: June 2024

A novel methodology is introduced to asses the efficacy of cosmic radiation shielding through the fabrication of electrospun nanocomposite fiber mats reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These mats were fabricated using various h‐BN particles synthesized with 1 M boric acid and four distinct 1 M nitrogen sources to produce polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers via the electrospinning method at 15 kV, a 43.0 μL/min pumping rate, and a 20 cm distance with a maximum thickness of 10 μm. High neutron shielding capability nanocomposite fibers denoted BN‐F4 (spun with h‐BN [melamine]/CNT powders in a 5 wt% PEO solution) and BN‐F5 (spun with h‐BN [urea]/CNT powders in a 5 wt% PEO solution) were produced. By calculating the theoretical photon transmittance and evaluating the neutron shielding efficiency with an Am‐Be neutron source and a BF3 neutron detector, the cosmic radiation shielding capability of nanocomposite mats was discussed. BN‐F4 and BN‐F5 exhibited neutron shielding properties of 7.124% and 6.37% for 3.82 and 1.87 g/mL, respectively. This research establishes a new benchmark in the fabrication of flexible, ultrathin, and lightweight radiation shielding materials and enhances the practicality of nanocomposites reinforced with h‐BN and CNTs by incorporating synthesizing and characterizing steps.

Highlights

In the study, hexagonal boron nitride production was carried out with four different nitrogen sources and which one showed better structural and morphological properties was supported by analysis.

Additionally, an optimization study of nanofibers by electrospinning by adding CNT and h‐BN particles with PEO polymer is included.

It is thought that the production of h‐BN and nanofiber work as a radiation shielding feature for use in space studies will be innovative and contribute to the deficiency in the literature.
Leachate treatment via electrocoagulation–coal‐based powdered activated carbon process: Efficiencies, mechanisms, kinetics, and costs
Authors: Ogedey Aysenur , Oguz Ensar
Published: June 2024

This study aims to improve COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal from Bingöl's leachate using a single‐reactor integrated electrocoagulation (EC)–coal‐based powdered activated carbon (CBPAC) process under various experimental conditions. In the EC‐CBPAC process, three stainless‐steel cathodes and three aluminum electrodes were connected to the negative and positive terminals of the power supply, respectively. The initial concentrations in the leachate were 1044 mg O2/L for COD, 204 mg/L for NH3‐N, and 57 NTU (or 71.25‐mg (NH2)2H2SO4/L) for turbidity, respectively. After a 40‐min EC‐CBPAC process, with a CBPAC dosage of 5 g/L and pH of 5 for COD and turbidity, and 9.5 for NH3‐N, the optimum removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were achieved at 92%, 40%, and 91%, respectively. When the EC process was applied without CBPAC under the same experimental conditions, the removal efficiencies of COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity were 87%, 28%, and 54%, respectively. Before and after the EC‐CBPAC process, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter of the CBPAC were found to be (888 m2/g, 0.498 cm3/g, and 22.28 Å) and (173 m2/g, 0.18 cm3/g, and 42.8 Å), respectively. The optimum pseudo‐first‐order (PFO) rate constants for COD, turbidity, and NH3‐N were determined to be 3.15 × 10−2, 4.77 × 10−2, and 8.8 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. With the current density increasing from 15 to 25 mA/cm2, energy consumption, unit energy consumption, and total cost increased from 68.7 to 122.4 kWh/m3, 6.948 to 15.226 kWh/kg COD, and 0.85 to 1.838 $/kg COD, respectively.

Practitioner points

EC‐CBPAC process has greater COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity removal efficiency than EC process.

COD and turbidity achieved their optimum disposal efficiencies at 92% and 91%, respectively, at pH 5

The most efficient disposal efficiency for NH3‐N was observed to be 40% at pH 9.5.

EC‐CBPAC process increased removal efficiencies for COD, NH3‐N, and turbidity by 20%, 19%, and 38%, respectively, compared with EC alone.

The turbidity, NH3‐N, and COD disposal fitted PSO model due to high correlation values (R2 0.94–0.99).
Troubles mounting for multipolar dark matter
Authors: Bose Debajit , Chowdhury Debtosh , Mondal Poulami , Ray Tirtha Sankar
Published: June 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we revisit the experimental constraints on the multipolar dark matter that has derivative coupling to the visible sector mediated by the Standard Model photon. The momentum dependent interaction enables them to be captured efficiently within massive celestial bodies boosted by their steep gravitational potential. This phenomena makes compact celestial bodies as an efficient target to probe such type of dark matter candidates. We demonstrate that a synergy of the updated direct detection results from DarkSide-50 and LUX-ZEPLIN together with IceCube bounds on high energy solar neutrinos from dark matter capture disfavour the viable parameter space of the dipolar dark matter scenario. Whereas, for the anapole dark matter scenario, a narrow window survives that lies within the reach of prospective heating signals due to the capture of dark matter at cold neutron stars.
Beyond the tensionless limit: integrability in the symmetric orbifold
Authors: Gaberdiel Matthias R. , Gopakumar Rajesh , Nairz Beat
Published: June 2024

Abstract

The symmetric orbifold of 𝕋4 is exactly dual to string theory on AdS3 × S3 × 𝕋4 with minimal (k = 1) NS-NS flux. In this paper we study the perturbation of the symmetric orbifold that is dual to switching on R-R flux, and hence to deforming the theory away from the tensionless point. More specifically, we determine systematically the action of a centrally extended supersymmetry algebra on the CFT states, and deduce from it the anomalous conformal dimensions. In the w-twisted sector with large w the structure is similar to what was found for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM: the basic excitations are multi-magnons whose individual dispersion relation is fixed by symmetry, and the comparison with the BMN answer suggests that the result is true to all orders in perturbation theory. Finally we show that the multi-magnon states interact via an integrable S-matrix and possess a natural family of bound states.
Non-invertible duality interfaces in field theories with exotic symmetries
Authors: Spieler Ryan C.
Published: June 2024

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of global symmetry has generalized considerably. Two dramatic examples of this generalization are the exotic symmetries that govern theories with fractons and non-invertible symmetries, which do not fuse according to a group law. Only recently has the interplay between these two been examined. In this paper, we provide further examples of the interplay in the XY plaquette model, XY cube model, 1+1 d theory with global dipole symmetry, and the 2+1 d Lifshitz theory. They are analogs of the duality symmetries in 2d CTFs and are constructed by first gauging a finite subgroup of the momentum symmetry on half of spacetime and then performing a duality transformation. We analyze the fusion rules of the symmetries and find that they are condensation defects from an analog of higher gauging exotic symmetries. We also address their dependence on the UV cutoff when relevant.
Lengths of factorizations of integer-valued polynomials on Krull domains with prime elements
Authors: Fadinger-Held Victor , Windisch Daniel
Published: June 2024

Let D be a Krull domain admitting a prime element with finite residue field and let K be its quotient field. We show that for all positive integers k and $$1 < n_1 \le \cdots \le n_k$$

1
<

n
1

≤
⋯
≤

n
k

, there exists an integer-valued polynomial on D, that is, an element of $${{\,\textrm{Int}\,}}(D) = \{ f \in K[X] \mid f(D) \subseteq D \}$$

Int

(
D
)
=
{
f
∈
K
[
X
]
∣
f
(
D
)
⊆
D
}

, which has precisely k essentially different factorizations into irreducible elements of $${{\,\textrm{Int}\,}}(D)$$

Int

(
D
)

whose lengths are exactly $$n_1, \ldots , n_k$$

n
1

,
…
,

n
k

. Using this, we characterize lengths of factorizations when D is a unique factorization domain and therefore also in case D is a discrete valuation domain. This solves an open problem proposed by Cahen, Fontana, Frisch, and Glaz.
Crucial role of the NSE1 RING domain in Smc5/6 stability and FANCM-independent fork progression
Authors: Lorite Neus P , Apostolova Sonia , Guasch-Vallés Marta , Pryer Aaron , Unzueta Fernando , Freire Raimundo , Solé-Soler Roger , Pedraza Neus , Dolcet Xavier , Garí Eloi , Agell Neus , Taylor Elaine M , Colomina Neus , Torres-Rosell Jordi
Published: June 2024

The Smc5/6 complex is a highly conserved molecular machine involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. While its functions largely depend on restraining the fork remodeling activity of Mph1 in yeast, the presence of an analogous Smc5/6-FANCM regulation in humans remains unknown. We generated human cell lines harboring mutations in the NSE1 subunit of the Smc5/6 complex. Point mutations or truncations in the RING domain of NSE1 result in drastically reduced Smc5/6 protein levels, with differential contribution of the two zinc-coordinating centers in the RING. In addition, nse1-RING mutant cells display cell growth defects, reduced replication fork rates, and increased genomic instability. Notably, our findings uncover a synthetic sick interaction between Smc5/6 and FANCM and show that Smc5/6 controls fork progression and chromosome disjunction in a FANCM-independent manner. Overall, our study demonstrates that the NSE1 RING domain plays vital roles in Smc5/6 complex stability and fork progression through pathways that are not evolutionary conserved.
Food plant odor perception in three sympatric alpine grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Catantopinae) in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Nakano Mari , Park Kye Chung , A. Trewick Steven , Morgan-Richards Mary
Published: June 2024

The alpine grasshoppers Sigaus nivalis, Sigaus australis and Sigaus nitidus are sympatric in the central mountains of South Island, Aotearoa New Zealand. These grasshoppers feed on a range of alpine plants but show preference towards dicots over monocots. Because herbivorous insects often use smell and taste to locate and recognize food plants it was expected that these grasshoppers would show sensitivity to their favorite foods and potential sensitivity to nonhost plants. Here, we determined feeding preference in captivity allowing each of these three sympatric grasshoppers the same choice of six native alpine plant species. We analyzed the chemical compositions of the plants used in these experiments using gas-chromatograph coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and then recorded olfactory responses in the grasshoppers to plant-derived smells (with synthetic compounds) using electroantennogram (EAG). The grasshoppers were able to distinguish between the potential food plants and ate the shrub Coriaria sarmentosa but not the grass Chionochloa pallens, however, the chemicals we detected in the six plant species were very similar. High sensitivity to fatty acid derived aldehydes (decanal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, hexanal) and a 6-carbon alcohol ((Z)-2-hexen-1-ol) compared to terpenoids (α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, eucalyptol, (S)-(-)-limonene, (1S)-(-)-α-pinene) or an aromatic compound (2-phenylethanol) was recorded in the antennae of all three grasshopper species and no species- or sex-specific sensitivity to particular compounds was observed. As aldehydes and alcohols are emitted upon plant damage, it is possible that these generalist grasshoppers are sensitive to the smells of damaged plants rather than species-specific plant smells.
Augmented reality to visualize a finite element analysis for assessing clamping concepts
Authors: Maier Walther , Möhring Hans-Christian , Feng Qi , Wunderle Richard
Published: June 2024

This paper presents the development of an innovative augmented reality application for evaluating clamping concepts through visualizing the finite element analysis. The focus is on transforming the traditional simulation results into immersive, holographic displays, enabling users to experience and assess finite element analysis in three dimensions. The application development process involves data processing by MATLAB, visualization in the software Unity, and displaying holograms through Microsoft’s Hololens2. The most significant advancement introduces a new algorithm for rendering different finite elements in Unity. The application targets not only university engineering students but also vocational students with limited background in finite element analysis and machining, aiming to make the learning process more interactive and engaging. It was tested in a real machining environment, demonstrating its technical feasibility and potential in engineering education.
Empirical verification of feeding selectivity of larval and juvenile pelagic fishes using in-situ zooplankton assemblages
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Okazaki Yuji , Yoneda Michio , Morioka Taizo , Nishibe Yuichiro , Ito Shin-ichi
Published: June 2024

Most studies on the feeding ecology of larvae and juveniles of commercially important pelagic fishes have used field-based approaches. However, due to possible biases related to net sampling, it is uncertain whether the results obtained from those studies truly represent the situation of live fish in the sea. Here we investigated the feeding ecology of pelagic fishes through a laboratory experiment minimizing the biases inherent in field net sampling. In the experiment, hatchery-reared juvenile chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and larval/juvenile Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) were fed with wild-caught zooplankton assemblages collected from around Hakatajima Island in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The relationships between fish size and prey number in the gut, and the selectivity on each prey organism were determined. As a result, in both species, prey number and size increased with body size, and the fish showed strong selectivity for crustaceans including copepodites and adults of copepods. Our data has also clearly indicated that both species can selectively prey on preferred foods that are rare while avoiding non-preferred foods that are abundant. These results, which substantially accord with reports from previous field studies, will not only help field scientists make a convincing interpretation of their data, but also open the possibility of further laboratory studies on detailed mechanisms of the feeding selectivity of larval/juvenile pelagic fishes.
The effect of endoscopic renal and ureteral stone surgeries on renal blood flow in children: a prospective trial
Authors: Topbas Fevzi Batuhan , Sekerci Cagri Akin , Soydemir Efe , Yapici Ozge , Akbas Serkan , Yucel Selcuk , Tarcan Tufan , Tanidir Yiloren
Published: June 2024

Aim: To assess the impact of endoscopic stone surgeries on renal perfusion and blood flow in children. Materials and methods: Children who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), ureterorenoscopy (URS), endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) were included to the study. Renal Doppler ultrasonography (RDUS) was performed one day before the operation, and on the postoperative 1st day and 1st month. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) were measured, and resistive index (RI) was calculated with the (PSV-EDV)/PSV formula. RDUS parameters were compared before and after surgery and between ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys. Results: A total of 45 children with a median age was 8 (2–17) years were included (15 (33.3%) girls, 30 (66.7%) boys). PCNL was performed in 13 children (28.9%), RIRS 11 (24.4%), URS 12 (26.7%), and ECIRS 9 (20%). There was no significant difference in renal and segmental PSV, EDV and RI values of operated kidney in the preoperative, postoperative periods. There was no significant difference between RDUS parameters of the ipsilateral and contralateral kidneys in preoperative or postoperative periods. PSV and EDV values were significantly higher in the 1st postoperative month in the group without preoperative DJ stent than in the group with DJ stent (p = 0,031, p = 0,041, respectively). However, RI values were similar. The mean RI were below the threshold value of 0.7 in each period. Conclusion: RDUS parameters didn’t show a significant difference in children. Endoscopic surgeries can be safely performed in pediatric stone disease.
Radiation grafted polyacrylic acid–polyurethane foam copolymer for efficient toxic metal removal from aqueous waste: a sustainable approach to waste management
Authors: Singh Krishan Kant , Goel Narendra K. , Kanjilal Amit , Ruhela R. , Kumar Virendra , Bhattacharyya K. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: June 2024

The acrylic acid-grafted functionalized base polyurethane foam (PAA-g-PUf) is synthesized through mutual radiation grafting technique using acrylic acid as functional monomers and polyurethane form (PUf) with macroporous structure as base polymer, for the extraction of lead from the aqoueous waste streams. The incorporation of functionality on PUf is identified and confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, degree of grafting and thermal stability by TGA–DSC technique while the surface morphology, and pores dimensions are evaluated by SEM techniques. The kinetics measurements indicate that the synthesized sorbent reaches its saturation sorption capacity within 10 min at ~ 25 °C under near-neutral pH condition. The monolayer sorption capacity of the synthesized PAA-g-PUf for lead ion (Pb2+) is calculated from Langmuir’s model and found to be ~ 257 mg g−1, which is quite good as compared to the other functionalized material available. These grafted foams are quite efficient over a wide range of concentrations and temperature of the experimental solutions. In this study, the adsorbed lead ions are eluted out in 0.5 M HCl strippent efficiently. These sorbents exhibit excellent reusability up to five cycles without losing appreciable capacity, suggesting better usability in real water samples for many cycles. The polyurethane foam used was obtained from municipal waste, and hence, they cannot generate any additional secondary waste to the environment and make the process more sustainable and economically viable.

Graphical abstract
ESR Essentials: characterisation and staging of adnexal masses with MRI and CT—practice recommendations by ESUR
Authors: Avesani Giacomo , Panico Camilla , Nougaret Stephanie , Woitek Ramona , Gui Benedetta , Sala Evis
Published: June 2024

Ovarian masses encompass various conditions, from benign to highly malignant, and imaging plays a vital role in their diagnosis and management. Ultrasound, particularly transvaginal ultrasound, is the foremost diagnostic method for adnexal masses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is advised for more precise characterisation if ultrasound results are inconclusive. The ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS) MRI lexicon and scoring system provides a standardised method for describing, assessing, and categorising the risk of each ovarian mass. Determining a histological differential diagnosis of the mass may influence treatment decision-making and treatment planning. When ultrasound or MRI suggests the possibility of cancer, computed tomography (CT) is the preferred imaging technique for staging. It is essential to outline the extent of the malignancy, guide treatment decisions, and evaluate the feasibility of cytoreductive surgery.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the key imaging processes in evaluating and managing ovarian masses, from initial diagnosis to initial treatment. It also includes pertinent recommendations for properly performing and interpreting various imaging modalities.

Key Points

MRI is the modality of choice for indeterminate ovarian masses at ultrasound, and the O-RADS MRI lexicon and score enable unequivocal communication with clinicians.

CT is the recommended modality for suspected ovarian masses to tailor treatment and surgery.

Multidisciplinary meetings integrate information and help decide the most appropriate treatment for each patient.
DHR+S: distributed hybrid rendering with realistic real-time shadows for interactive thin client metaverse and game applications
Authors: Tan Yu Wei , Low Siang Ern , Chow Jonas , Teo Javon , Bhojan Anand
Published: June 2024

Distributed hybrid rendering (DHR) is a real-time rendering approach that incorporates cloud-based ray tracing with locally rasterized graphics for interactive thin client metaverse and game applications. With cloud assistance, DHR can generate high-fidelity ray-traced graphics contents remotely and deliver them to thin clients with low graphics capability, including standalone extended reality devices and mobile phones, while maintaining interactive frame rates for users under adverse network conditions. DHR can already achieve the effect of ray-traced hard shadows that form with the occlusion of direct illumination. We enhance the realism of these shadows by softening their edges with the direction of rays traced and approximating the occlusion of indirect illumination by reconstructing ray-traced ambient occlusion with a modified version of spatiotemporal variance-guided filtering. Our technique uses only 20–30% of the bandwidth of remote rendering and is also tolerant of delays of up to 200 ms with only slight distortion to the shadows along object edges.
Effects of military training, warfare and civilian ammunition debris on the soil organisms: an ecotoxicological review
Authors: Rodríguez-Seijo Andrés , Fernández-Calviño David , Arias-Estévez Manuel , Arenas-Lago Daniel
Published: June 2024

Civilian and military activities are sources of water and soil contamination by inorganic and organic contaminants caused by shooting practices, warfare, and/or mechanized military training. Lead poisoning and contaminant bioaccumulation due to spent shots or other related military contaminants have been widely studied for mammals, birds, and plants. Although there are different papers on the impact on earthworms, information on micro and mesofauna (i.e., collembola, nematodes, etc.) is still scarce. Here, we review the published data regarding the impact of civilian and military shooting activities, including war-impacted areas, focusing on soil organisms, from microbial communities to the ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial organisms. One hundred eleven studies were considered where earthworms and enchytraeids were widely studied, especially under ecotoxicological assays with Pb and energetic-related compounds from military explosives. There is a lack of information on soil organism groups, such as mites, ants, or gastropods, which play important roles in soil function. Data from combined exposures (e.g., PTEs + TNT and PTEs + PAHs) is scarce since several studies focused on a single contaminant, usually Pb, when combined contaminants would be more realistic. Ecotoxicological assays should also cover other understudied ammunition elements, such as Bi, Cu, or W.
Solitary fibrous tumor within the mesorectum: literature review based on a case report of resection by transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS)
Authors: Ströse Lennard , Sparn Moritz , Klein Marie , Benigno Luca , Bischofberger Stephan , Brunner Walter
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are a rare entity of in majority benign neoplasms. Nevertheless, up to 20% of cases show a malignant tendency with local infiltration or metastasis. Commonly arising in the thoracic cavity, only few cases of SFT of the mesorectal tissue have been reported in the literature. Complete surgical resection, classically by posterior approach, is the treatment of choice. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the safety and suitability of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) as a surgical approach for the resection of benign pararectal solid tumors.

Methods

We report the case of a 52-year-old man who was diagnosed incidentally with SFT of the distal mesorectum. Resection by TAMIS was performed. Based on this case, we describe the steps and potential benefits of this procedure and provide a comprehensive review of the literature.

Results

Histopathology confirms the completely resected SFT. After uneventful postoperative course and discharge on day four, follow-up was recommended by a multidisciplinary board by clinical examination and MRI, which showed a well-healed scar and no recurrence up to 3 years after resection.

Conclusion

SFT of the mesorectum is a very rare entity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a TAMIS resection for SFT, demonstrated as a safe approach for complete resection of benign pararectal solid tumors.
Investigating cardiac genetic background in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Cazzato Francesca , Coll Mònica , Grassi Simone , Fernàndez-Falgueras Anna , Nogué-Navarro Laia , Iglesias Anna , Castellà Josep , Oliva Antonio , Brugada Ramon
Published: June 2024

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still the leading cause of death for newborns in developed countries. The pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully clarified, but in some of SIDS cases variants of genes associated with inherited cardiac conditions are found. In this study, an analysis of SCD-related genes was performed to determine the prevalence of rare pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants that could provide an unambiguous explanation for the fatal event. A cohort of 76 SIDS cases underwent Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis with a custom panel of SCD-related genes. Rare variants were classified according to the guidelines provided by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the specifications of the ClinGen association. Post-mortem genetic testing identified 50 (65.8%) carriers of at least one variant in SCD genes. 104 rare genetic variants were found, 65.4% in genes encoding structural proteins. Only 4 out of 76 cases (5.3%) hosted at least a P or LP variant found in genes with structural or structural/arrhythmogenic functions (SLC22A5, SCN5A, MYL3and TTN). 99 variants were classified as of uncertain significance (VUS). The difference in the distribution of variants between gene groups by function was not statistically significant (chi square, p = 0,219). Despite this, most of the variants concerned structural genes that were supposed to have a close interaction with ion channels, thus providing an explanation for the arrhythmic event. Segregation analysis, reclassification of VUS variants and identification of new associated genes could clarify the implications of the current findings.
Faricimab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema: from preclinical studies to phase 3 outcomes
Authors: Agostini Hansjürgen , Abreu Francis , Baumal Caroline R. , Chang Dolly S. , G. Csaky Karl , Demetriades Anna M. , Kodjikian Laurent , Lim Jennifer I. , Margaron Philippe , Monés Jordi M. , Peto Tunde , Ricci Federico , Rüth Matthias , Singh Rishi P. , Stoilov Ivaylo , Swaminathan Balakumar , Willis Jeffrey R. , Westenskow Peter D.
Published: June 2024

Intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the standard of care for diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD); however, vision gains and anatomical improvements are not sustained over longer periods of treatment, suggesting other relevant targets may be needed to optimize treatments. Additionally, frequent intravitreal injections can prove a burden for patients and caregivers. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) has been explored as an additional therapeutic target, due to the involvement of Ang-2 in DME and nAMD pathogenesis. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that targeting both VEGF and Ang-2 may improve clinical outcomes in DME and nAMD compared with targeting VEGF alone by enhancing vascular stability, resulting in reduced macular leakage, prevention of neovascularization, and diminished inflammation. Faricimab, a novel bispecific antibody that targets VEGF-A and Ang-2, has been evaluated in clinical trials for DME (YOSEMITE/RHINE) and nAMD (TENAYA/LUCERNE). These trials evaluated faricimab against the anti-VEGFA/B and anti–placental growth factor fusion protein aflibercept, both administered by intravitreal injection. In addition to faricimab efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics, durability was evaluated during the trials using a treat-and-extend regimen. At 1 year, faricimab demonstrated non-inferior vision gains versus aflibercept across YOSEMITE/RHINE and TENAYA/LUCERNE. In YOSEMITE/RHINE, faricimab improved anatomic parameters versus aflibercept. Reduction of central subfield thickness (CST), and absence of both DME and intraretinal fluid were greater in faricimab- versus aflibercept-treated eyes. In TENAYA/LUCERNE, CST reductions were greater for faricimab than aflibercept at the end of the head-to-head phase (0–12 weeks), and were comparable with aflibercept at year 1, but with less frequent dosing. CST and vision gains were maintained during year 2 of both YOSEMITE/RHINE and TENAYA/LUCERNE. These findings suggest that dual Ang-2/VEGF-A pathway inhibition may result in greater disease control versus anti-VEGF alone, potentially addressing the unmet needs and reducing treatment burden, and improving real-world outcomes and compliance in retinal vascular diseases. Long-term extension studies (RHONE-X, AVONELLE-X) are ongoing. Current evidence suggests that dual inhibition with faricimab heralds the beginning of multitargeted treatment strategies inhibiting multiple, independent components of retinal pathology, with faricimab providing opportunities to reduce treatment burden and improve outcomes compared with anti-VEGF monotherapy.
A new objective method for determining exercise gas exchange thresholds by respiratory frequency in middle-aged men
Authors: Eclache Jean P. , Garcia-Tabar Ibai , Gorostiaga Esteban M.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the agreement between the two Gas Exchange Thresholds (GETs = GET1 and GET2), identified by the conventional V-Slope method, and two Respiratory Frequency Thresholds (fRTs = fRT1 and fRT2) obtained from a novel, low-cost, and simple method of breakpoint determination.

Methods

Fifty middle-aged males (age: 50–58 years; $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2peak: 37.5 ± 8.6 mL·Kg−1·min−1), either healthy or with chronic illnesses, underwent an incremental cycle exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2max/$$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2peak), GETs and fRTs.

Results

There were no statistical differences [P > 0.05; ES: 0.17 to 0.32, small] between absolute and relative (56–60% $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2peak) oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2) values at GET1 with those obtained at fRT1, nor between $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2 values at GET2 with those at fRT2 (76–78% $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2peak). Heart rate (HR) at fRT1, and $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2 and HR at fRT2 showed very large correlations (r = 0.75–0.82; P < 0.001) and acceptable precision (SEE < 7–9%) in determination of their corresponding values at GET1 and GET2. The precision in the estimation of $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2 at GET1 from fRT1 was moderate (SEE = 15%), while those of power output at GET1 (SEE = 23%) and GET2 (SEE = 12%) from their corresponding fRTs values were very poor to moderate.

Conclusion

HR at fRT1 and $$\dot{V}$$

V
˙

o2 and HR at fRT2, determined using a new objective and portable approach, may potentially serve as viable predictors of their respective GETs. This method may offer a simplified, cost-effective, and field-based approach for determining exercise threshold intensities during graded exercise.
DIAPH2 gene polymorphisms and laryngeal cancer risk in men
Authors: Cichocka Edyta , Górczyńska-Kosiorz Sylwia , Misiołek Maciej , Ścierski Wojciech , Koniewska Anna , Stryjewska-Makuch Grażyna , Gumprecht Janusz
Published: June 2024

Background

The DIAPH2 gene is one of the genes commonly associated with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In our study, we considered the four polymorphisms of this gene, i.e. rs5920828, rs4322175, rs12851931 and rs5921830 as potential genetic risk factors for LSCC.

Methods

We determined the genotyping of the genetic variants of DIAPH2 in 230 male patients with histologically confirmed LSCC compared to the European population. Demographic and environmental exposure data of each subject were examined. To conduct the genetic tests, extraction of total DNA was performed. We genotyped all four variants in each patient and determined their frequencies.

Results

In the case of the rs12851931 polymorphism in the DIAPH2 gene, a significant difference was observed in the distribution of the T stage depending on the polymorphism. Heterozygotes were more often associated with T2 stage, while homozygotes were more likely to have higher tumor stages. The rs12851931 homozygotes of DIAPH2 were statistically significantly more prevalent in smokers. The results suggested that rs12851931 polymorphism in DIAPH2 could increase the onset risk of LSCC.

Conclusions

Our results provide further information on the role of the DIAPH2 gene in the pathogenesis of LSCC.
Characterizing models in regularity structures: a quasilinear case
Authors: Tempelmayr Markus
Published: June 2024

We give a novel characterization of the centered model in regularity structures which persists for rough drivers even as a mollification fades away. We present our result for a class of quasilinear equations driven by noise, however we believe that the method is robust and applies to a much broader class of subcritical equations. Furthermore, we prove that a convergent sequence of noise ensembles, satisfying uniformly a spectral gap assumption, implies the corresponding convergence of the associated models. Combined with the characterization, this establishes a universality-type result.
Pharyngeal Residues Scoring through the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS): Efficacy of Training
Authors: Rocca Sara , Negri Luca , Valenza Nadia , Schindler Antonio , Pizzorni Nicole
Published: June 2024

The assessment of pharyngeal residues during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is based on visual-perceptual scales that involve clinical subjectivity. Training might be helpful to increase agreement among clinicians. This paper aims to assess the efficacy of training for the assessment of pharyngeal residue in FEES frames and videos through the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS). Twenty-nine clinicians (Phoniatricians, Otorhinolaryngologists, Speech and Language Pathologists) and 47 students in Speech and Language Pathology participated in this study. Fourteen clinicians were randomly allocated to the training group, whilst the remaining 15 served as a control group; all the students participated in the training. Participants scored 30 pairs of videos and frames using the YPRSRS twice, before and after the training for the training groups and at least two weeks apart for the control group. Construct validity, defined as the agreement between each rater and the experts’ scores, and inter-rater reliability were compared among the groups and between the first and the second assessments to verify the efficacy of the training. Construct validity significantly improved at the second assessment in the training group for the pyriform sinuses videos (baseline 0.71 ± 0.04, post-training 0.82 ± 0.05, p = .049) and in the students’ group for the valleculae (baseline 0.64 ± 0.02, post-training 0.84 ± 0.02, p < .001) and pyriform sinuses videos (baseline 0.55 ± 0.03, post-training 0.77 ± 0.02, p < .05). No significant differences were found in the inter-rater reliability in any group. In conclusion, the training seems to improve participants’ agreement with experts in scoring the YPRSRS in FEES videos.