bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pedagogical Translation in School Curriculum Design
Authors: Floros Georgios
Published: June 2020

The main question regarding the use of pedagogical translation in schools has now shifted from the if-question to the how-question, especially given the challenges posed by the increasing worldwide migration. Pedagogical translation is recognized today as an extensive social practice, and recent research is interested in how pedagogical translation can become more effective through novel types of translation, such as media translation. This chapter argues that pedagogical translation is a type of literacy and focuses on what pedagogical translation, notably both the interlingual and the intralingual types, can afford in mixed classrooms in terms of the main methodological approaches used. It also examines how these two types of translation can best be integrated in various types of school curricula with the aim to serve the specific needs of mixed classrooms and the idea of educating emergent bilinguals.
The (Un)translatability of Well-Being
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: June 2020

Positive psychology—the scientific study of well-being—has made considerable strides in understanding its subject matter since emerging in the late 1990s. However, like mainstream psychology more broadly, it can be deemed relatively Western-centric, with its concepts and priorities influenced by ways of thinking and understanding that are prominent in Western cultures. Consequently, the field would benefit from greater cross-cultural awareness, engagement, and understanding. One such means of doing so is through the study of “untranslatable” words (i.e., those lacking an exact equivalent in another language, in this case English). This chapter reflects on the nature of untranslatable words, considers their significance to positive psychology (and psychology more broadly), and offers suggestions for why and how the field should engage with them.
Community-Based Early Intervention with Trauma Survivors
Authors: Ruzek Josef I.
Published: June 2020

The number of individuals affected by frequently occurring traumatic events such as accidents and assaults, as well as large-scale traumas such as war and disaster, calls for systematic, comprehensive community-based responses to manage mental health consequences of such exposure. This chapter reviews several key components of such a comprehensive response; these components can be initiated immediately after a trauma occurs. Communities should develop capacity to identify and engage those at risk for continuing problems; provide phased support to include immediate assistance, brief counseling after the immediate period, and treatment for trauma-related problems; and provide opportunities for participation in trauma-related community activities. Two domains of posttrauma care, hospital-based acute care of injury and assault survivors and disaster mental health, are reviewed to illustrate ways of developing some of these components. Key challenges include engagement of survivors with early interventions, training of providers and effective implementation of interventions, program monitoring and evaluation, and integration of Internet and mobile interventions into community-based service delivery. In the future, there remains significant opportunity for service innovation and improvement of interventions, a need to develop and implement population-based intervention approaches, and an imperative to increase research into early posttrauma interventions in community settings.
Challenges Facing Immigrant Students
Authors: Shaw Matthew Patrick
Published: June 2020

Because of the U.S. Supreme Court case, Plyler v. Doe, most immigrant students have a right to the same free, public K–12 education as their U.S. citizen peers, regardless of their residency status. Immigrant students are also covered by the same privacy laws that shield citizen students from unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. In theory, these laws should work together to shield immigrant students from governmental and nongovernmental agents who might act adversely against these students and their families. Despite these apparent protections, immigrant students face special challenges that complicate their pursuit of guaranteed primary and secondary education. Most of these challenges are linked to limits within the logic of Plyler as it relates to federal immigration law. This chapter discusses how conflicts between these laws and their enforcement both define immigrant status and utilize it as a means to facilitate and frustrate access to educational opportunity. Any plausible efforts to minimize these challenges must negotiate this conflict with an eye toward improving immigrants’ access to education and collateral services.
Good-Looking Men Require Hard-Working Women: The Labor of Consumption in the Grooming Industry
Authors: Barber Kristen
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the cultural and organizational expenditure of women’s labor that masculinizes beauty products, services, spaces, and experiences. Drawing from 9 months of ethnographic observations at two high-service men’s salons—Adonis and The Executive—and fifty interviews with the salons’ employees and clients, the author shows how women bear the burden of making beauty a socially enhancing practice for heterosexual men. Men sitting at the nexus of race, class, and sexual privilege are remade rather than compromised at Adonis and The Executive. The author moves the conversation away from questions focused solely on the clients’ experiences to the labor that makes their consumption possible. This helps to explain how privilege is maintained through everyday organizations, interpersonal interactions, and embodied practices; and how spaces and practices that appear to blur the gender binary may actually reinforce the status quo. The emotional labor especially women beauty workers do, the touching rules by which they are obliged to operate, and the educational work they do as experts to make men competent beauty consumers all pillar men’s access to women’s bodies, sexualities, and emotions.
Introduction to the Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy
Authors: Herrmann Janne Rothmar , Sepper Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the right not to procreate as a cornerstone of reproductive freedom in international human rights law. It shows that, despite the wide disagreement and divergence in approaches among European nations as well as among US states, the same principles guide legal, political, and moral debates over the right not to procreate and of the regulation of pregnant women. Interests in autonomy, equality, family formation, family life, privacy, medical ethics, health, and fetal life cut across jurisdictions, although their impact varies to greater and lesser degrees. These interests are reflected in the contours of the right not to procreate under the international human rights regime. This emerged out of two very different United Nations conferences focusing on population control (the UN International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994) and women’s rights (the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995), respectively.
Eating Issues in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Greaves-Lord Kirstin , Dewinter Jeroen , Pedersen Lennart , Healy Olive , Stokes Mark A.
Published: June 2020

Clinicians and researchers have long known that many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenges around eating (e.g., “picky eating”) that increase risk for negative health sequelae. Nevertheless, as reviewed in this chapter, progress in addressing these challenges has been hampered by disciplinary boundaries, lack of empirical scrutiny of existing interventions, and inconsistency in definition and assessment of eating-related issues. Recent work has begun to overcome these impasses through a greater focus on rigorous evaluation of currently available treatments and the meticulous development of novel and multidisciplinary intervention approaches. Yet, much more work is needed. In addition to the need for consensus on nomenclature and operationalized definitions that directly impact measure development, more work is needed to address the presence and impact of overweight/obesity among people with ASD. Only through cross-disciplinary and collaborative efforts between clinicians and researchers can these obstacles be overcome to improve the health, well-being, and quality of life of people with ASD.
Aggression in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Souders Margaret C. , Taylor Briana J. , Zavodny Jackson Stefanie
Published: June 2020

Aggression is a clinically significant problem for many children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The high prevalence and negative outcomes associated with aggression in individuals with ASD make it an especially important treatment target. Emerging research suggests that aggression is associated with both core symptoms and co-occurring conditions among individuals with ASD; however, research on etiology and underlying mechanisms of symptoms remains limited. Although there are few standardized tools developed specifically for assessment of aggression in people with ASD, practitioners are encouraged to use a multi-informant and multimodal assessment approach, with particular focus on identifying the environmental variables that contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of aggression. Treatment strategies with the most empirical evidence include behavioral strategies and medication. Future areas for research include larger scale studies of etiology, underlying mechanisms, and treatment effectiveness across the lifespan.
Medications to Treat Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Cassidy Sarah
Published: June 2020

Although there are as yet no drugs specifically indicated for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), medications are frequently used as a component of comprehensive treatment for co-occurring psychiatric conditions in individuals with ASD across the lifespan. As is true for psychopharmacological treatment in general, the selection of particular therapeutic agents is not yet driven by an understanding of the contributions of specific genetic or other abnormalities to the development or expression of psychiatric symptoms. Treatment is thus largely empirical, and the most common therapeutic targets in ASD include hyperactivity and impulsivity, irritability, mood and anxiety symptoms, and insomnia. The literature suggests that individuals with ASD as a group respond less well to common pharmacologic interventions, and they are generally more likely to experience side effects. There is good evidence to support many of the commonly used medication strategies in ASD, particularly the use of stimulants and other drugs typically prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as atypical antipsychotics for a cluster of symptoms captured under the umbrella term of irritability. There is growing interest in exploring the role of drugs that act on glutamatergic and GABAergic systems. Overall, the evidence base to inform the practice of psychopharmacology is relatively limited even for situations where a Food and Drug Administration-approved indication exists, and considerable work needs to be done to better inform clinical practice.
Synthesis
Authors: Brookman-Frazee Lauren , Drahota Amy , Chlebowski Colby , Koenig Yael , Williams Katherine Nguyen , Hill Barry , McPherson Julie
Published: June 2020

Recent research and clinical attention devoted to co-occurring psychiatric conditions within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has led to significant advances in the understanding of and ability to assess and treat co-occurring problems effectively. This chapter summarizes those advances while also highlighting the substantial gaps that remain in the understanding of co-occurring problems in people with ASD. The chapter provides recommendations for future research directions in the areas of etiology, developmental course, assessment, and treatment. It also offers suggestions for improving the representativeness of research participants and strengthening community–academic partnerships in this important field of study.
Humanism and Technology
Authors: van der Weele Cor , van den Belt Henk
Published: June 2020

The chapter argues that in human relations with technology, assumptions about ourselves are just as crucial as assumptions about technology. Neither the optimistic traditional humanist belief in human freedom and autonomy, nor the pessimistic view that humans are necessarily anthropocentric, will do for building sound relations with technology. The chapter develops this argument through three debates. First, Heidegger’s antihumanism, in which humans do not have any agency in their relations with technology, may not be convincing, yet lack of control is still a relevant theme. Second, the section on evolutionary humanism (turning to transhumanism and AI) shows that humans now often look vulnerable rather than masterful in their relations with technology. Third, Anthropocene debates tend to rest on bleak views of human beings, so that hard-to-control technologies may then seem to be our only hope. The chapter argues for a need to develop more detailed insights into how we function by facing and exploring our weaknesses and vulnerabilities, as well our under-recognized abilities for responsibility. This may open perspectives on more modest and entangled forms of agency, more humane technologies, and more de-centered relations with nature.
Labor Movements in Latin America
Authors: Rossi Federico M.
Published: June 2020

The history of Latin America cannot be understood without analyzing the role played by labor movements in organizing formal and informal workers across urban and rural contexts.

This chapter analyzes the history of labor movements in Latin America from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries. After debating the distinction between “working class” and “popular sectors,” the chapter proposes that labor movements encompass more than trade unions. The history of labor movements is analyzed through the dynamics of globalization, incorporation waves, revolutions, authoritarian breakdowns, and democratization. Taking a relational approach, these macro-dynamics are studied in connection with the main revolutionary and reformist strategic disputes of the Latin American labor movements.
Listening, Language, and Literacy Development and Children With Hearing Loss Who are Learning Spoken Language
Authors: Robertson Lyn
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the acquisition of spoken language and literacy in children with hearing loss whose auditory access through the use of hearing technology enables them to listen, and it examines the relationships among language, thought, and print that offer explanation of the role of spoken language as the foundation for literacy. It defines reading and writing as thinking processes that make use of symbol systems representative of spoken language and gives attention to the numerous cueing systems and conventions comprising representations of meaning. Drawing from cognitive psychology, linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, literary criticism, and critical traditions developed over time through study of people with typical hearing, this chapter argues that meaning making resides in the individual in the presence of symbols both heard and seen and for maximizing spoken language acquisition in children with hearing loss so as to prepare them for lifelong literacy and language use.
Inscribing God’s Word
Authors: Blair Sheila S.
Published: June 2020

Since the first century of Islam, Muslims have inscribed Qur’anic verses and phrases on buildings and other objects made for a wide range of purposes. This chapter addresses these inscriptions. An introductory section lays out the scope and limitations, the historiography of the subject, and some of the directions research has taken and might take. A second section surveys the ways that these Qur’anic texts have been used, showing both how Muslims considered the Revelation and how they cited it. A third section deals with layout, technique, and style, investigating how these formal features enhanced the message. Along the way, the chapter also points out directions in which such Qur’anic inscriptions might be profitably studied in these and other ways.
The Structure of the Qur’an
Authors: Mir Mustansir
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the views of a number of scholars who have dealt with the emergent subject of structure in the Qur’an, exploring the inner dynamic of the Qur’anic sura. In highlighting Qur’anic structure, the scholars, taken together, draw attention to the importance of literary forms and devices, intertextuality, contextual effects, verbal echoes and correspondences, scriptural authority, the proportionate length of a sura’s sections, and a sura’s central theme. The views examined in the chapter put a premium on taking a synchronic rather than a diachronic approach to the Qur’an, and regard such an approach as having hermeneutical significance.
Inner-Qur’anic Chronology
Authors: Sinai Nicolai
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces readers to attempts to reconstruct the Qur’an’s internal chronology. It endorses the possibility of discerning relationships of temporal priority and posteriority between different Qur’anic proclamations and addresses various objections raised against a diachronic approach to the Qur’an. Particular attention is paid to the striking convergences that can be detected between suras’ mean verse length and other terminological, literary, and thematic features displayed by them. It is argued that the traditional hypothesis that the Qur’anic proclamations can be arranged in a linear series of successive texts or textual clusters provides a compelling explanation for such convergences.
Sufi Commentary
Authors: Knysh Alexander
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the growth of the Muslim allegorical-mystical (Sufi) exegetical tradition from its inception in the eighth century ce, through its ‘classical period’ in the tenth-eleventh centuries, to its fruition in the late Middle Ages. Special attention is given to the major Sufi exegetes of Sunni persuasion and the hermeneutical techniques that they employed to explore the esoteric (batin) aspects of the Qur’an and to demonstrate the superiority of their divinely inspired exegesis (taʾwīl) to the exoteric, historical-philological, moral-ethical, and legal commentary (tafsīr) of non-Sufi theologians. The differences between ‘moderate’ and ‘bold’ types of Sufi exegesis are highlighted alongside the two distinctive schools of mystical exegesis, the Akbari, going back to Ibn [al-]‘Arabi (d. 638/1240), and the Kubrawi associated with Najm al-Din Kubra (d. 618/1221).
Modern Developments in Qur’anic Studies
Authors: Leaman Oliver
Published: June 2020

Modern Qur’anic commentary has taken a number of different directions, ranging from continuing in the mainly lexicographical approach of the traditional theologians to very radical feminist approaches to the text. The main varieties of theoretical approach display a wide range of hermeneutic strategies. Some accept Muslim sacred history as the basis of interpretation, others are critical of it and look elsewhere for an objective and scientific understanding of the text. The variety of approaches is valuable since it brings out the different ways in which the text may be read, and this is in itself evidence of the richness of the Qur’an as a piece of writing.
The Form of the Qur’an
Authors: Dutton Yasin
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the history of the Qur’anic text from its origins until its final presentation as a fixed text, with a particular focus on research questions. It briefly considers how this text moves from a pre-revelation phase (the Preserved Tablet) to a post-revelation phase of a spoken and written Qur’an. We see an initial degree of allowable variation in the time of the Prophet being reduced by caliphal decree at the time of ʿUthmān. This first standardization is followed by a second, concerning mainly spelling, in the time of ‘Abd al-Malik. Over the next two centuries, local traditions become solidified into the commonly accepted readings of today, while other non-standard variants maintain a limited presence only in the literature.
Language of the Qur’an
Authors: Zahniser A. H. Mathias
Published: June 2020

Karl Vollers and Theodor Nöldeke held that the Qur’an first appeared in a tribal dialect, later adjusted to Bedouin poetry. Frederico Corriente argued for an intertribal ‘Old Arabic koine’ of an esteemed quality, distinct from tribal dialects. Ernest Axel Knauf places it alongside a commercial koine and tribal dialects as an esteemed literary language. John Wansbrough dates the Qur’an after the death of Muḥammad, while Günter Lüling and Christoph Luxenberg argue for an original Qur’an in Aramaic. Johnathan Owens, finds evidence for both an early inflected and uninflected Arabic Qur’an. Fruitful avenues for research include rereading old materials; mastering recitation systems; extending dialect studies; and returning to the text of the Qur’an.
Doctrine and Dogma in the Qur’an
Authors: Burge Stephen R.
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the main theological beliefs expounded in the Qur’an. The central belief in the oneness of God (tawḥīd) dominates the Qur’an and has an impact on the way in which it engages with pre-Islamic religion and Christianity. The theme of God as the Creator of the universe is related to the presentation of God as ruler, sovereign, and judge: God’s ability to create also means that God has sovereignty over creation and can destroy and subvert the natural order, as well as judge humanity. The supernatural world, including jinn, devils (shayāṭīn) and angels, and the performance of miracles also plays an important part in Qur’anic doctrine and dogma.
Women and the Qur’an
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides a broad overview of contested interpretations of key verses in the Qur’an that concern women and gendered roles in society. It surveys the views of key Qur’an (male) exegetes in the pre-modern period and contextualizes them in their historical milieu. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the critiques of these views that have been launched by modern Muslim feminist exegetes, mostly women, who approach the Qur’anic text through a gendered, egalitarian lens and thereby seek to retrieve what they consider to be a more faithful, non-patriarchal understanding of Qur’anic injunctions concerning women.
Early Qur’anic Exegesis
Authors: Versteegh Kees
Published: June 2020

This chapter deals with the types of exegesis found in the earliest commentaries on the Qur’an (second/eighth and third/ninth centuries). After discussing the authenticity of these commentaries, the chapter argues that their main purpose was to explain the meaning of the Qur’an. With the help of exegetical tools such as paraphrase, contextualization, and text typology, the commentators searched for God’s intention in the revealed Book. Linguistic analysis did not play an important role, as reflected by the paucity of grammatical terminology. When grammar emerged as an independent discipline at the end of the second/eighth century, it turned into a different direction: what had begun as analysis of the text now became analysis of the structure of the language
Periodically repeating fast radio bursts: Lense–Thirring precession of a debris disk?
Authors: Chen Wen-Cong
Published: June 2020

Recently, repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) with a period of PFRB = 16.35 ± 0.18 d from FRB 180916.J0158+65 were reported. It still remains controversial how such a periodicity might arise for this FRB. In this Letter, based on an assumption of a young pulsar surrounding by a debris disk, we attempt to diagnose whether Lense–Thirring precession of the disk on the emitter can produce the observed periodicity. Our calculations indicate that the Lense–Thirring effect of a tilted disk can result in a precession period of 16 d for a mass inflow rate of 0.5–1.5 × 1018 g s−1, a pulsar spin period of 1–20 ms, and an extremely low viscous parameter α = 10−8 in the disk. The disk mass and the magnetic field of the pulsar are also constrained to be ∼10−3 M⊙ and <2.5 × 1013 G. In our model, a new-born pulsar with normal magnetic field and millisecond period would successively experience the accretion and propeller phases, and is visible as a strong radio source in the current stage. The rotational energy of such a young neutron star can provide the observed radio bursting luminosity for 400 yr.
Prefrontal GABA Levels Correlate with Memory in Older Adults at High Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Murari Geetanjali , Liang Darren Ri-Sheng , Ali Aliya , Chan Frankie , Mulder-Heijstra Mirjam , Verhoeff Nicolaas Paul L G , Herrmann Nathan , Chen J Jean , Mah Linda
Published: June 2020

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a significant role in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the relationship between GABA levels in the dorsomedial/dorsoanterolateral prefrontal cortex (DM/DA-PFC) and memory in high-AD risk participants. Thirty-eight participants (14 Cognitively Normal [CN], 11 with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), and 13 Mild Cognitive Impairment [MCI]) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 Tesla. SCD and MCI participants were grouped together to form a single high-AD risk group (N = 24) for the purposes of statistical analyses. Partial correlations of GABA+/Cr level with verbal memory, assessed on California Verbal Learning Test-II, and nonverbal memory, assessed on Brief Visuospatial Memory Test and Rey-Osterrieth test, were examined separately within the high-AD risk and CN groups. GABA+/Cr levels were positively correlated with long-delayed verbal memory (r = 0.69, P = 0.009) and immediate nonverbal memory (r = 0.97, P = 0.03) in high-AD risk, but not in CN participants. These results remained significant after controlling for depression. These preliminary findings, which require replication due to the limited sample sizes, are the first report of an association between GABA+/Cr levels within the DM/DA-PFC and memory performance in high-AD risk individuals.
Global nature of airborne particle toxicity and health effects: a focus on megacities, wildfires, dust storms and residential biomass burning
Authors: Kelly Frank J , Fussell Julia C
Published: June 2020

Since air pollutants are difficult and expensive to control, a strong scientific underpinning to policies is needed to guide mitigation aimed at reducing the current burden on public health. Much of the evidence concerning hazard identification and risk quantification related to air pollution comes from epidemiological studies. This must be reinforced with mechanistic confirmation to infer causality. In this review we focus on data generated from four contrasting sources of particulate air pollution that result in high population exposures and thus where there remains an unmet need to protect health: urban air pollution in developing megacities, household biomass combustion, wildfires and desert dust storms. Taking each in turn, appropriate measures to protect populations will involve advocating smart cities and addressing economic and behavioural barriers to sustained adoption of clean stoves and fuels. Like all natural hazards, wildfires and dust storms are a feature of the landscape that cannot be removed. However, many efforts from emission containment (land/fire management practices), exposure avoidance and identifying susceptible populations can be taken to prepare for air pollution episodes and ensure people are out of harm’s way when conditions are life-threatening. Communities residing in areas affected by unhealthy concentrations of any airborne particles will benefit from optimum communication via public awareness campaigns, designed to empower people to modify behaviour in a way that improves their health as well as the quality of the air they breathe.
Insights on Spiritual Care for the Deaf Community
Authors: Georges Marie Therese , Taylor Elizabeth Johnston
Published: June 2020

Communicating effectively with persons who have a hearing disability can be challenging; assessing and providing spiritual care for these individuals is a more formidable expectation. Understanding the culture includes knowing available communication strategies and how best to use sign language interpreters. Building trust, demonstrating respect, and honoring privacy are essential components for nurses who wish to offer spiritual care. Utilizing spiritual caring moments as well as Helen Keller's example of successful communication across the hearing–nonhearing divide gives nurses valuable insights.
Faith Integration in the Development of an Interprofessional Education Faculty Fellowship
Authors: Hensarling Robert W. , Shelton Lora , Thomason Angela R.
Published: June 2020

To cultivate faculty facilitators in interprofessional education, a college of health sciences at a Christian university established a fellowship for interprofessional development that incorporated faith-based activities. Twenty-eight faculty formed nine interprofessional project groups that participated in the 12-month fellowship across two academic years. The objective was to gain competence in interprofessional education. Analysis of pre- and postassessment findings revealed a statistically significant difference between the two assessments in seeking information related to faith-based aspects of care. This educational intervention suggests that the inclusion of a faith component may help to shift faculty perceptions of faith-based care during development of interprofessional education opportunities.
Management of Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in the Adult Male Patient with Comorbid Conditions
Authors: Smothers Angel , Young Stephanie , Constantine Lori
Published: June 2020

Faith community nurses often counsel patients regarding illness management and are in a unique position to provide support to those facing multiple illnesses. When faced with multiple illnesses, men with urologic problems commonly do not mention them at routine exams, yet older patients might ask a trusted faith community nurse about urological concerns such as prostatitis. The National Institutes of Health developed a new classification structure for prostatitis in the 1990s, combining two types of prostate conditions into a new category. Due to disease complexity, treatments combining both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are shown to be effective in relieving symptoms.
Sexual Violence in Sport: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement
Authors: Koontz Jennifer Scott , Mountjoy Margo , Abbott Kristin E. , Aron Cindy Miller , Basile Kathleen C. , Carlson Chad T. , Chang Cindy J. , Diamond Alex B. , Dugan Sheila A. , Hainline Brian , Herring Stanley A. , Hopkins Elliot , Joy Elizabeth A. , Judge Janet P. , LaBotz Michele , Matuszak Jason , McDavis Cody J. , Myers Rebecca A. , Nattiv Aurelia , Tanji Jeffrey L. , Wagner Jessica , Roberts William O.
Published: June 2020

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a Position Statement addressing the problem of sexual violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the task force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalize the Position Statement. The objective of this Position Statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce sexual violence in sport.
Treadmill-Based Locomotor Training With Robotic Pelvic Assist and Visual Feedback: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Bishop Lauri , Omofuma Isirame , Stein Joel , Agrawal Sunil , Quinn Lori
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:

Gait asymmetries are common after stroke, and often persist despite conventional rehabilitation. Robots provide training at a greater practice frequency than conventional approaches. However, prior studies of have found the transfer of learned skills outside of the device to be inadequate. The tethered pelvic assist device (TPAD) promotes weight shifting, yet allows users to independently navigate spatiotemporal aspects of gait. The purpose of this study was to evaluate feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 5-day intervention combining TPAD training with visual feedback and task-specific overground training to promote improved force and stance symmetry in individuals after stroke.

Methods:

After baseline assessments, 11 participants chronically after stroke received 1 hour of practice for 5 consecutive days. Training sessions included visual feedback during TPAD treadmill training followed by overground gait training. Safety, perceived exertion, and adherence were recorded as measures of feasibility. Load and stance symmetry were reassessed after the intervention (posttraining) and again 1 week later.

Results:

No adverse events were reported. Mean (SD) perceived exertion (3.61 (0.23)) was low and did not significantly change throughout the intervention. Overall adherence was 96.4%. Load asymmetry was not significantly reduced on the treadmill from baseline to posttraining (P = 0.075). Overground stance symmetry significantly improved on posttraining (F = 8.498, P = 0.002), but was not sustained at follow-up. (See the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A311, which summarizes the study background, methods, and results.)

Discussion and Conclusions:

Results demonstrate this combined interventional approach was feasible and improved stance symmetry overground, yet further work should consider increasing training intensity and/or duration to induce gains lasting through follow-up.
Barriers and Facilitators to Aerobic Exercise Implementation in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Moncion Kevin , Biasin Louis , Jagroop David , Bayley Mark , Danells Cynthia , Mansfield Avril , Salbach Nancy M. , Inness Elizabeth , Tang Ada
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:

Aerobic exercise is a recommended part of stroke best practices; yet, access to aerobic exercise programs within stroke rehabilitation remains limited and inconsistent. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe the nature and extent of barriers and facilitators to aerobic exercise implementation with adults post-stroke as reported by health care professionals.

Methods:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and AMED Allied and Complementary Medicine were searched from inception to October 16, 2019. Research studies that examined health care professionals' barriers and facilitators to aerobic exercise implementation in adults post-stroke were included. Two reviewers independently conducted title and abstract screening, full-text evaluation, data extraction, and quality appraisal. The Theoretical Domains Framework was used to map the identified barriers or facilitators and to analyze and interpret the results.

Results:

Four studies were included in the review. All studies involved surveys conducted among physical therapists and reported barriers related to “environmental context and resources” (eg, lack of equipment, time, staff), insufficient “knowledge” and “skills” (eg, safe aerobic exercise prescription and implementation), “beliefs about capabilities” (eg, uncertainty about exercise intensity and screening tools), and professional role and identity (eg, aerobic exercise not a priority). Access to and continued education in structured aerobic exercise programs and safety monitoring were identified facilitators.

Discussion and Conclusions:

Some of the identified barriers could be overcome with modeling and training in best practice, while others may require interventions targeting organizational environment and leadership. Future knowledge translation interventions should target the identified barriers and facilitators to implementing aerobic exercise.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A312).
Age-related differences in the impact of coagulopathy in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury: An observational cohort study
Authors: Takayama Wataru , Endo Akira , Koguchi Hazuki , Murata Kiyoshi , Otomo Yasuhiro
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Although age and coagulopathy are well-known predictors of poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the interaction effect of these two predictors remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

We assessed age-related differences in the impact of coagulopathy on the outcome following isolated TBI.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective observational study in two tertiary emergency critical care medical centers in Japan from 2013 to 2018. A total of 1036 patients with isolated TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥ 3 and other Abbreviated Injury Scale < 3) were selected and divided into the nonelderly (n = 501, 16–64 years) and elderly group (n = 535, age ≥65 years). We further evaluated the impact of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio, >1.2) on the outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended [GOS-E] scores, in-hospital mortality, and ventilation-free days) in both groups using univariate and multivariate models. Further, we conducted an age-based assessment of the impact of TBI-associated coagulopathy on GOS-E using a generalized additive model.

RESULTS

The multivariate model showed a significant association of age and TBI-associated coagulopathy with lower GOS-E scores, in-hospital mortality, and shorter ventilation-free days in the nonelderly group; however, significant impact of coagulopathy was not observed for all the outcomes in the elderly group. There was a decrease in the correlation degree between coagulopathy and GOS-E scores decreased with those older than 65 years.

CONCLUSION

There was a low impact of coagulopathy on functional and survival outcomes in geriatric patients with isolated TBI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic study, Level IV.
The use of warm fresh whole blood transfusion in the austere setting: A civilian trauma experience
Authors: Katsura Morihiro , Matsushima Kazuhide , Kitamura Ryoichi , Kawasaki Kyohei , Takaesu Rei , Fukuma Shingo , Ie Masafumi , Murakami Takahiro , Asakura Yoshitaka , Uehara Masato , Mototake Hidemitsu
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Hemostatic resuscitation strategy using blood components with a balanced ratio is adopted in the civilian trauma setting. However, there is usually limited availability of blood components in the austere setting. Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) has been used for trauma patients with life-threatening hemorrhage necessitating massive transfusions in the Okinawa Islands, Japan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of WFWB use in the austere civilian trauma setting.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study between January 1999 and June 2019, including trauma patients who received WFWB within 24 hours of admission. Immediately after WFWB was collected from blood donors, the sample was typed and screened for transmissible infectious diseases. Approximately half of the study population received irradiated WFWB to prevent graft versus host disease. We evaluated the incidence of transfusion-associated adverse events. Transfusion requirements and patient outcomes were compared between early and late WFWB use.

RESULTS

A total of 28 patients from three civilian institutions were eligible. Of those, 93% sustained blunt trauma. The median Injury Severity Score was 37 (interquartile range, 32–49). All patients required operative hemostatic intervention, and half of the patients required both operative and endovascular hemostatic interventions. Patients received a median of 1,800 mL WFWB transfusions from seven volunteer blood donors. None of our subjects developed hemolytic reactions, transmissible infectious diseases, or graft versus host disease. Early WFWB use (within 4 hours of admission) was associated with a significant reduction in platelet transfusion requirement compared with the late WFWB group in univariate analysis (16 units vs. 47 units, p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Warm fresh whole blood use is safe and feasible in an austere civilian trauma setting. Prospective studies with larger cohorts are necessary to determine whether early WFWB use will affect patient outcomes, transfusion requirement, and treatment cost.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic, Level IV.
The Current COVID-19 Spread Pattern in India
Authors: Baruah Hemanta K.
Published: June 2020

In this article, we are going to show how to find out short term forecasts of the total number of COVID-19 cases in India in an easy way. Initially the spread of the disease was observably slow in India. Since the first week of May a highly nonlinear pattern has started to take shape. It can be observed that currently in India the spread pattern is nearly exponential. It can be seen further that the number of cases is still continuing to grow very fast. Therefore, instead of going for rigorous time series analysis, we may opt for looking at the data from a recent date downwards, and short term forecasts based on simple numerical analytical methods can be made accordingly.
Sub-weekly cycle uncovers the hidden link of atmospheric pollution to Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Rodó X , Navarro-Gallinad A , Kojima T , Ballester J , Borràs S
Published: June 2020

Anthropogenic pollution has frequently been linked to myriad human ailments despite clear mechanistic links are yet lacking, a fact that severely downgraded its actual relevance. Now a prominent unnoticed sub-weekly cycle (SWC) of 3.5 days is uncovered in the long-term epidemiological records of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Japan, a mysterious vasculitis of yet unknown origin. After ruling out the effect of reporting biases, the analysis of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) atmospheric profiles further confirms that this variability is linked to atmospheric particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1 µm. SWC accounts for 20% of the variance in KD and its contribution is stable throughout the entire epidemiological record dating back to 1970, both at the prefecture level and for entire Japan. KD maxima in 2010-2016 always occur in full synchrony with LIDAR particle arrival in diverse locations such as Tokyo, Toyama and Tsukuba as well as for the entire of Japan. Rapid intrusion of aerosols from heights up to 6km to the surface is observed with KD admissions co-varying with their metal chemical composition. While regional intensity of winds has not changed in the interval 1979-2015, our study instead points for the first time to increased anthropogenic pollution as a necessary co-factor in the occurrence of KD and sets the field to associate other similar human vasculitis.
Post-capillary venules is the locus for transcytosis of therapeutic nanoparticles to the brain
Authors: Kucharz Krzysztof , Kristensen Kasper , Johnsen Kasper Bendix , Lund Mette Aagaard , Lønstrup Micael , Moos Torben , Andresen Thomas Lars , Lauritzen Martin Johannes
Published: June 2020

Treatments of neurodegenerative diseases require biologic drugs to be actively transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To answer outstanding questions regarding transport mechanisms, we determined how and where transcytosis occurs at the BBB. Using two-photon microscopy, we characterized the transport of therapeutic nanoparticles at all steps of delivery to the brain and at the nanoscale resolutionin vivo. Transferrin receptor-targeted nanoparticles were taken up by endothelium at capillaries and venules, but not at arterioles. The nanoparticles moved unobstructed within endothelial cells, but transcytosis across the BBB occurred only at post-capillary venules, where endothelial and glial basement membranes form a perivascular space that can accommodate biologics. In comparison, transcytosis was absent in capillaries with closely apposed basement membranes. Thus, post-capillary venules, not capillaries, provide an entry point for transport of large molecules across the BBB, and targeting therapeutic agents to this locus may be an effective way for treating brain disorders.

HIGHLIGHTS

Integration of drug carrier nanotechnology with two-photon microscopyin vivo

Real-time nanoscale-resolution imaging of nanoparticle transcytosis to the brain

Distinct trafficking pattern in the endothelium of cerebral venules and capillaries

Venules, not capillaries, is the locus for brain uptake of therapeutic nanoparticles
Cocaine-Induced Impulsivity is Differentially Expressed in Male and Female Mice Exposed to Maternal Separation and is Associated with Alterations in AMPA Receptors Subunits
Authors: Castro-Zavala Adriana , Martin-Sanchez Ana , Montalvo-Martínez Larisa , Camacho-Morales Alberto , Valverde Olga
Published: June 2020

Impulsivity is a key trait in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance use disorder (SUD). MDD is a chronic illness characterized by sadness, insomnia, and loss of interest. SUD is a chronic and relapsing disorder characterized by the consumption of drugs despite their negative consequences. Among drugs of abuse, cocaine is the most consumed psychostimulant. Animal studies demonstrated that increased impulsivity predicts predisposition to acquire cocaine self-administration (SA) behaviour with an increased cocaine-intake. Moreover, early-life stress represents a vulnerability factor to develop depressive disorders and drug addiction. Maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) is an animal model that allows examining the impact of early-life stress on cocaine abuse. In this study, we aimed to explore changes in MSEW-induced impulsivity to determine potential associations between depression-like and cocaine-seeking behaviours in male and female mice. We also evaluated possible alterations in the AMPA receptors (AMPArs) composition and glutamatergic neurotransmission. We exposed mice to MSEW and the behavioural tests were performed during adulthood. Moreover, GluA1, GluA2 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated in the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Results showed higher impulsive cocaine-seeking in females, independently the MSEW, as well as an increase in GluA1 and GluA2 protein expression. Moreover, MSEW induced downregulation of Gria2 and increased the GluA1/GluA2 ratio, only in male mice. In conclusion, female mice expressed higher mPFC glutamatergic function, which potentiated their impulsivity during cocaine SA. Also, data indicated that MSEW alters glutamatergic function in mPFC of male mice, increasing the glutamatergic excitability.