bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VICTORY VALIDATION – AN INTRODUCTION AND TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
Authors: Dennis Doyle , Saylor Kase , Williams Nikia , Siddapureddy Venu , Fairburn Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For most standards bodies, the validation and maturation process is dependent on
motivated members of the standards community to develop reference systems or
components and to provide the governing body with the necessary data and details
to support maturing a given specification or set of specifications. Although
this has worked well for other standards bodies, the VICTORY Standards Support
Office (VSSO) recognized early that validation would be key in rapidly defining
usable specifications for the Army ground vehicle community. Understanding the
importance of validating specifications, the VSSO formally defined a validation
process that is used to aid in maturing the VICTORY Standard Specifications.
This paper will focus on explaining the formalized validation process that is
applied to the VICTORY Standard Specifications.
SMART DISPLAY BASED VEHICLE C4ISR ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Stokes Joshua
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper illustrates the effectiveness of using smart displays to further
reduce size, weight, and power (SWaP) in ground vehicles while also providing a
path to implementing a network for vehicle C4ISR architectures such as VICTORY.
This is done by introducing smart displays and how they can be configured and
implemented to take on various functions to provide capabilities such as sensor
viewing, vehicle health monitoring, and blue force tracking. The smart
display’s interfaces and application software allow it to act as network
adapter for legacy end nodes in digital backbone architectures.
RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTS OF INTEGRATION INTO ARMOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SPINTRONIC MICROWAVE DETECTORS
Authors: Bankowski Elena , Meitzler Thomas , Pesys Tomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The authors studied the effects of different types of armor on the performance of
spin-torque microwave detectors (STMD). Working prototypes of novel nano-sized
spintronic sensors of microwave radiation for battlefield anti-radar and
wireless communications applications are being integrated into Sensor Enhanced
Armor (SEA) and Multifunctional Armor (MFA) and tested in SEA-NDE Lab at TARDEC.
The preliminary theoretical estimations have shown that STMD based on the
spin-torque effect in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ), when placed in the
external electromagnetic field of a microwave frequency, can work as diode
detectors with the maximum theoretical sensitivity of 1000 V/W. These STNO
detectors could be scaled to sub-micron size, are frequency-selective and
tunable, and are tolerant to ionizing radiation. We studied the performance of a
STMD in two different dynamical regimes of detector operation: in well-known
traditional in-plane regime of STMD operation and in recently discovered novel
out-of-plane regime.
OPEN STANDARD GIGABIT ETHERNET LOW LATENCY VIDEO DISTRIBUTION
ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Jedynak David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Curtiss-Wright has developed an open-standard approach to low latency digital
video distribution, incorporating VICTORY .specifications and other open
standards, including Motion JPEG 2000. The paper presents various application
definitions, parameters, and reference architectures, demonstrating the
applicability to ground vehicles, and suggesting additional specifications and
open standard to include in VICTORY.
A STRATEGY FOR INTELLIGENT PLATFORM POWER MANAGEMENT WITHIN GROUND COMBAT VEHICLES
Authors: Palmer Jason , Hamilton George , Smith Michael , Wright Ronnie L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As new subsystems are integrated onto existing ground combat vehicle platforms
for capability enhancement purposes, the demand for electrical power output
increases. In many cases these enhancements exhaust the available output power
reserves and leads to performance capability plateau for some of the existing
power systems. This increased power demand may sometimes cause the
vehicle’s generator to become fully loaded, causing any energy
shortfalls to be covered by the battery storage system. When a high percentage
of system power is routinely provided by the battery system without optimized
battery management, the result is degraded battery capacity that leads to
frequent battery replacement. This paper addresses specific limitations of
ground combat vehicle power systems related to insufficient power output
capacity and deficient battery management practices. Additionally, the paper
will discuss concepts that enhance battery management capability and extend the
operational life of automotive batteries by applying active battery charge
management methods.
Value Engineering: A Comparison of Government and Automotive
Application Techniques
Authors: Dmoch Barbara J. , Wiklund George
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Value Engineering (VE) is an organized effort directed at analyzing the function
of a product, service, or process to achieve the lowest total cost of effective
ownership while meeting the customer’s needs. A comparison as to how VE
is applied and to what extent is made between the automotive industry and the
Government using the Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS) as
a standard. Both the automotive industry and the Government use common VE
techniques to conduct VE studies. Both use VE to manage functionality to yield
value to the customer. Neither the Government nor the automotive industry
sacrifices the quality of the product or its reliability in the name of cost.
Both the auto industry and the PEO employ a systematic team approach to analyze
and improve the value of a product, facility design, system, or service.
Applying systems engineering principles helps ensure successful execution of the
PEO GCS VE program. The auto industry uses VE more widely and more successfully
because of the cultural acceptance of VE, the wide-spread application of its
principles, and the motivation to be profitable and survive. Formalizing and
integrating the PEO’s VE process helps the organization meet its program
and budget objectives in the current austere economic environment.
THE TARDEC ADVANCED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CAPABILITY
(ASEC)
Authors: Mendonza Pradeep
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Systems Engineering (SE) is a knowledge-based process. Its success depends on
timely, efficient and effective knowledge capture, sharing of that knowledge
among a diverse set of system stakeholders, and formulation of the system trade
space to enable decision makers choose a balanced solution to the problem. As
system complexity grows, the challenge for precise capture of SE knowledge
compounds, resulting in increased demands on SE practitioners to effectively
capture and manage systems information. Technology aids can assist in the
capture, sharing and presentation of SE knowledge and enable practitioners to
focus on thinking tasks.

The Advanced Systems Engineering Capability (ASEC) developed by the TARDEC
Systems Engineering Group (SEG) is an integrated Systems Engineering (SE)
knowledge creation and capture framework built on a decision-centric method,
high quality data visualizations, intuitive navigation and systems information
management that enable continuous data traceability, real-time collaboration and
knowledge pattern leverage to support the entire system lifecycle.

The ASEC framework provides a collaborative environment for all stakeholders,
practitioners and decision makers to proactively engage in and facilitate the
decision-making process throughout the system development process. All facets of
SE knowledge (requirements, decisions, risks, opportunities, tests etc) are
created, managed and presented in context within a single framework. The
framework has been architected to support Model Based Engineering (MBE) and
Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) information. The ASEC enables decision
makers to make informed decisions with confidence based on a mix of qualitative
and quantitative inputs and helps assess the ripple effects of multi-decision
trade-offs when evaluating competing what-if scenarios. Traceability is
maintained to reflect the impact of decisions on requirements, system
architectures and project plans.

This paper will provide an overview of the Advanced Systems Engineering
Capability (ASEC) framework, its intended application, current and planned
capabilities and potential benefits to the Ground Vehicle community.
Challenges Faced By System Integrators: From a System Simulation
Approach
Authors: Radhakrishnan Karthikeyan , Padmanaban Ramesh , Paike Ravindra , Vijay Hari
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In today’s competitive market, OEMs are racing towards developing more
efficient vehicles without sacrificing on its performance. In this process,
they’re forced to evaluate new technologies and designs in various
subsystems. Most of the sub-systems today have become
“intelligent”, which means that the controllers have become
quintessential for the system’s behavior. Equally important are the
physical behavior of the plant that needs to be controlled. These two
independent groups have their own design and development cycle and the challenge
for the companies have been in bridging the gap so as to identify potential
failure modes. This paper discusses an Architecture-driven Model Based
Development process that can address the challenges posed during the
development. Three key enabling technologies – Imagine.Lab System
Synthesis, Imagine.Lab SysDM & Imagine.Lab AMESim are leveraged in this
process.
CONVOY ACTIVE SAFETY TECHNOLOGY – ENVIRONMENTAL UNDERSTANDING
AND NAVIGATION WITH USE OF LOW COST SENSORS
Authors: Simon David , Theisen Bernard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will document the development of the Convoy Active Safety Technology
(CAST) program, which was created to design a low cost, optionally manned
vehicle (OMV) solution for tactical wheeled vehicle (TWV) fleet. This paper will
describe the approach taken to integrate low cost sensors for understanding the
environment sufficiently to accomplish convoy missions. This paper will also
discuss the approach taken to develop the low cost guidance and navigation
solution used in the CAST program.
COMBAT ID – COMBAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
Authors: Salgian Garbis , Kira Zsolt , Hadsell Raia , Chiu Han-Pang , Zhou Xun , Chai Bing-Bing , Samarasekera Supun , Theisen Bernard , Ramsey Jeffery
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will document the development of the Combat Identification (CombatID)
System. The CombatID System was designed to create a platform agnostic payload
that could be attached to any fielded Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) to assist
the Soldier in contingency basing operations. This paper will describe the
approach taken to develop the system, providing a detailed description of the
system, including sample results for individual modules. This paper will also
provide insight on the evaluation of CombatID system’s performance.
POWERTRAIN EMBEDDED DIAGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY FOR AN
AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION
Authors: Lebold Mitchell , Pflumm Scott , Hines Jason , Banks Jeffrey , Bednar Jonathan , Marino Larry , Bechtel Jim
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This report documents the investigation of a vibration-based diagnostic approach
developed for automotive transmissions. Data was recorded throughout three
durability tests that were conducted by the transmission OEM. Rebuilt
transmissions were operated around the clock under the most demanding speed and
load set-points until critical gear or bearing failures resulted in loss of
operability.

The analysis results indicate that an embedded diagnostic and predictive
capability can be implemented for military ground vehicle transmissions using
vibration-based techniques. The results also specifically show an early
indication of a fault condition is possible three weeks before failure for the
test transmission. A technique for detecting solenoid faults using only the
existing control signals rather than response measurements comparison that does
not require the installation of additional sensors was also developed through
this effort and will be discussed.

This paper highlights the diagnostics techniques for the bearing and solenoid
faults. Onplatform testing is suggested for technique validation and future
development of these initial findings.
MODERNIZING THE OPPOSED-PISTON ENGINE FOR MORE EFFICIENT MILITARY
GROUND VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Fromm Laurence , Herold Randy , Koszewnik John , Regner Gerhard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a brief historical look at opposed-piston, two-stroke (OP2S)
engines and their use in military applications. It also highlights the
engine’s fundamental architectural advantages. In addition, the paper
introduces the Achates Power opposed-piston engine, providing detailed, measured
results of its power density, thermal efficiency and low heat rejection.
Furthermore, the paper includes an overview of the fundamental challenges of
OP2S engines, along with a discussion of how Achates Power has addressed these
issues. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the operating characteristics of
the Achates Power opposed-piston engine allow for optimizing the power density
of the entire vehicle propulsion system as defined by Charles Raffa, Ernest
Schwarz and John Tasdemir [1].
HOW TO DEAL WITH FUEL FOUND IN THEATER: AVL CYPRESS - CYLINDER
PRESSURE BASED COMBUSTION CONTROL FOR CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE WITH VARYING FUEL
PROPERTIES
Authors: Johnson Gustav , Hunter Gary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Cylinder Pressure Monitoring (AVL CYPRESS™) is a technology which
provides closed-loop feedback to enable real-time control of combustion in a
compression ignition engine. This makes it possible to adapt to the fuel
ignition quality and energy density by adjusting the main injection quantity and
the placement of the injection events. The engine control system can thus detect
fuel quality and adapt the combustion phasing quickly and robustly – and
without any prior knowledge of fuel properties. By using a cylinder pressure
sensor(s), the engine controller will be able to map the development of the
apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) and the mass fuel burn curve - which
provides good thermal efficiency correlation. The cylinder pressure map detects
the combustion event and the feedback controller adjusts the start of injection
to maintain the combustion event at the desired crank position. The cylinder
pressure sensor allows for accurate measurement of the power produced. By
varying the volume of fuel in each injection shot the controller actively
manages the engine power and noise signature with different fuels (e.g. DF-2,
JP-8, JP-5, etc.). The initial concept for this approach was derived from
AVL’s suite of hardware and software tools developed for base engine
combustion research and development. This technology is now licensed to major
OEMs and is in production vehicles in Europe.
AN EFFICIENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, UNIQUE POWER SPLIT &
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION, BASED ON CALCULATED VEHICLE ROAD LOADS
Authors: Holtz Jeffery B , Uppal Faisal J
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents energy management strategy that includes a novel power split
and optimization approach for the FED BRAVO program. AVL is responsible for
developing and delivering the full hybrid propulsion system integrated into the
Fuel Efficient Demonstrator (FED) Bravo vehicle, designed by PRIMUS. The
developed energy management algorithm calculates component energy availability,
driver demanded torque and manages the distribution of power between propulsion
components. This includes a real-time, road load calculated power split between
the three propulsion sources, namely Internal Combustion Engine (ICE),
Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) and Front Motor (FMOT). Additionally, unique
challenges of power split arose between the different propulsion sources due to
the particular powertrain architecture selected for this vehicle i.e. a combined
through the road and parallel hybrid structure. Specifically, the paper will
discuss via case study the road load based power split and optimization
methodology employed by AVL Powertrain and implemented on the FED BRAVO.
TESTING GROUND VEHICLE MOBILITY IN SOFT SOIL: STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES AND ONGOING QUESTIONS
Authors: Stevens Maria T. , Towne Brent W. , Osorio Javier E. , Mason George L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ground vehicle mobility in soft soil is crucial to many military missions. Thus,
it has been tested and quantified in a metric called Vehicle Cone Index (VCI)
since World War II. VCI provides an index of the minimum soil strength necessary
for vehicle mobility. The standard operating procedure for VCI field testing and
data analysis is detailed herein. Also, a new method for quantifying VCI
uncertainty has been proposed, which uses confidence bounds on mean measurements
of soil strength. A sample analysis of actual field data is provided.
Linear Algebraic Modeling of Power Flow in the HMPT500-3
Transmission
Authors: McGough Matthew G
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The HMPT500-3 is a split torque path hydrostatic / mechanical continuously
variable transmission used in the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Power transmission
and steering is accomplished through the interaction of six planetary gear sets
and two variable displacement hydrostatic pump / motor units (HSUs). Power flow
in the HMPT500-3 is extremely complex, with numerous feedback paths within the
planetary gear train. Without a clearly defined power flow path from gear set to
gear set, the analysis cannot be handled in the conventional stepwise manner.
The complete speed and torque equation sets must be solved simultaneously for
all components. A linear algebraic approach was developed to model forward
operation of the HMPT500-3 without steering. The left and right HSUs are lumped
in a single unit, and the steering differential is ignored. A reduced set of 14
simultaneous equations for speed and 14 simultaneous equations for torque enable
modeling of the ideal (lossless) power flow in the transmission for all forward
ranges. Transmission losses are then estimated based on the speed and torque for
each individual component, allowing the transmission overall efficiency to be
calculated.
The TeamView™ System -- Full Motion Immersive Video Advanced Situational Awareness in All Environments
Authors: Millspaugh David , Kohl Chris , Brown Michael T. , Huey Bob , Morris Gary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The TeamView™ system is a combat proven multifunctional
passive surveillance system providing 360° video-on-the-move and
continuous recording. Integrated with GXP Xplorer™ and Socket
GXP™ software products, the TeamView™
system can be a key part of a Ground Based ISR enterprise solution that improves
mission capability. The system uses field proven hardware and software creating
an end-to-end solution including video collection, management and
exploitation.
ZERO RARE-EARTH MAGNET INTEGRATED STARTER-GENERATOR DEVELOPMENT FOR
MILITARY VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Riley Katherine , Conway ShanShan , Lee Seong T. , Jung Yong-Bae , Zanardelli Wesley G. , Wright Ronnie L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The demand for increased export power generation and ground vehicle
electrification are escalating trends due to the warfighter’s expanding
mission requirements. Today’s low-voltage alternators used in some
fielded ground vehicle’s power systems supply up to 650ADC, or 18kW.
Future demand for vehicle export power generation is expected to reach and
exceed 100kW. A majority of electric machines capable of meeting this level of
power generation rely on rare-earth elements such as Neodymium (Nd), Samarium
(Sm), Dysprosium (Dy) and Terbium (Tb). Due to diminished reserves in the United
States, availability abroad and price volatility, continued use of rare-earth
permanent magnet materials may not be viable. The expanding demand for vehicle
power is on a trajectory which surpasses the U.S. ability to reliably harvest or
procure rare-earth magnet materials. As such, electric machine topologies that
utilize zero rare-earth magnet materials are being considered for ISG
(integrated-starter-generator) applications. This paper investigates alternative
permanent magnet materials and motor topologies for the design of an ISG capable
of 100kW of output power and a continuous/peak torque of 1200Nm/1800Nm that do
not include rare-earth elements. A comparative analysis detailing the zero
rare-earth permanent magnet material selection process along with accompanied
motor topology will be given.
RESERVE STATE OF HEALTH (RSOH) IMPLICATIONS OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
OVER-DISCHARGE
Authors: Brown Clint
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

When Combat Vehicle Operators operate C4ISR equipment in a “Silent
Watch” mission scenario batteries are charged prior to, and during
emplacement. Batteries are then discharged powering the C4ISR system (Radios and
BFT) while on watch. Without battery monitoring soldiers often discharge
batteries till equipment shuts down (i.e. the radio shuts off). This
over-discharges the batteries resulting in reduced life. This paper shows the
effect on Reserve State Of Health (Capacity) compared with batteries only
discharged to 10% State of Charge (SOC).
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC SNOWMOBILE FOR
REDUCED NOISE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Ouellette Simon , Giesbrecht Jared , Kuyek David , De Broux Francis , Proulx Olivier
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Defence R&D Canada – Suffield has undertaken a research project to
investigate the practicality of an operationally quiet hybrid-electric
snowmobile.

This paper reports on the design of, and the testing conducted with, a prototype
noise-reduced hybrid-electric snowmobile. The project goals were to ascertain
the practicality of such a design and to determine the baseline achievable noise
reduction prior to any optimization. The project has overcome most of the
technological hurdles, producing a solid basis for future work. The vehicle
performed well in military user testing.
UTILIZATION OF FAST RUNNING MODELS IN BURIED BLAST SIMULATIONS OF GROUND VEHICLES FOR SIGNIFICANT COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY
Authors: Li Liangjun , Stowe Nicholas , Vlahopoulos Nickolas , Mohammad Syed , Barker Craig , Thyagarajan Ravi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Over the course of typical survivability analyses for underbody blast events, a
multitude of individual cases are examined where charge size, charge location
relative to the vehicle, and vehicle clearance from the ground are varied, so as
to arrive at a comprehensive assessment. While multi-physics computational tools
have reduced the expense and difficulty of testing each loading case
experimentally, these tools still often require significant execution and
wall-clock times to perform the simulations. In efforts to greatly reduce the
time required to conduct a holistic survivability analysis, Fast Running Models
(FRMs) have been implemented and validated to act as a surrogate for the
computationally expensive finite element tools in use today. Built using a small
set of simulations, FRMs generate loading data in a matter of seconds,
representing a significant improvement in survivability analysis turnaround
time.
USING 3D GAMING TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE THE CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
(CONOPS) PROCESS
Authors: Korfiatis Peter , Cloutier Robert
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Some believe that the weakest link in systems engineering is often between what
the stakeholder desires and what the development team believes is needed. The
CONOPS can be a means to bridge this understanding gap. The systems engineering
community has identified a need to improve the CONOPS development process and
increase the level of understanding between stakeholders and engineers. The
research presented here has led to the development of the Integrated Concept
Engineering Framework to explore and demonstrate the effectiveness of virtual
environments, gaming technologies and visualization in improving the CONOPS
development process. This work has shown that 3D visualization has the potential
to improve how stakeholders reason about operational concepts. This paper will
review the need for an improved CONOPS and report on the research results and
findings. Finally, the authors will discuss future directions in which the
research can further mature.
SIMULATION AND VALIDATION OF METAL-FOAM COOLING
DESIGN
Authors: Dukhan Nihad , SULEIMAN AHMED S. , AL-RAMMAHI MUNTADHER A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The open-cell metal foams have an internal structure is a web of connected
ligaments. Foams are made from pure or alloys of aluminum, nickel, steel,
magnesium, titanium and copper. In addition to being light weight, the foams
exhibit excellent stiffness-to-weight ratios. Some foams can be resilient
materials in harsh environments and have high impact resistance. The foams have
high conductivities and large surface area per unit volume. All of these
attributes make metal foam an attractive core for heat exchange. For example,
cooling of power electronics and for thermal management of ground vehicles can
employ metal-foam designs. Numerical simulation of convection heat transfer due
to airflow inside commercial aluminum foam is conducted in a commercial
numerical package. For validation, actual air temperatures were locally measured
inside heated commercial aluminum foam, and cooled by forced air flow using a
specially-developed technique. Good agreement between the modeling and
experimental results is obtained.
Scalability of Classical Terramechanics Models for Lightweight
Vehicle Applications
Authors: Jayakumar Paramsothy , Melanz Daniel , MacLennan Jamie , Senatore Carmine , Iagnemma Karl
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the validity of commonly used terramechanics models for
light-weight vehicle applications while accounting for experimental variability.
This is accomplished by means of cascading uncertainty up to the terminal point
of operations measurement. Vehicle-terrain interaction is extremely complex, and
thus models and simulation methods for vehicle mobility prediction are largely
based on empirical test data. Analytical methods are compared to experimental
measurements of key operational parameters such as drawbar force, torque, and
sinkage. Models of these operational parameters ultimately depend on a small set
of empirically determined soil parameters, each with an inherent uncertainty due
to test variability. The soil parameters associated with normal loads are
determined by fitting the dimensionless form of Bekker’s equation to the
data given by the pressure-sinkage test. In a similar approach, the soil
parameters associated with shear loads are determined by fitting Janosi and
Hanamoto’s equation to the data given by the direct shear test. An
uncertainty model is used to propagate the soil parameter variability through to
the wheel performance based on Wong and Reece. The commonly used analytical
model is shown to be inaccurate as the envelope of model uncertainty does not
lie within the experimental measures, suggesting that model improvements are
required to accurately predict the performance of light-weight vehicles on
deformable terrain.
REAL WORLD CONTROLS CALIBRATION, TUNING, AND DATA CORRELATION FOR
HYBRID THROUGH THE ROAD VEHICLE
Authors: Holtz Jeffery B , Uppal Faisal J , Cook Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A novel energy management strategy has been developed by AVL Powertrain
Engineering, Inc. (PEI) that includes a unique power split and optimization
approach and is used successfully for the FED BRAVO program. In this program,
AVL is responsible for developing and delivering the full hybrid propulsion
system integrated into the Fuel Efficient Demonstrator (FED) Bravo vehicle,
designed by PRIMUS. This paper presents control system development and tuning
using both simulations and vehicle testing carried out at multiple proving
grounds. It summarizes important lessons learnt, in particular balancing fuel
economy and drivability. It presents correlation results of AVL CRUISE
simulations with data from vehicle testing at Chelsea Proving Grounds (CPG) and
Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG).
MULTI-WHEELED COMBAT VEHICLE MODELING ON RIGID AND SOFT TERRAIN
Authors: Ragheb H. , El-Gindy M. , Kishawy H. A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Multi-wheeled off-road vehicles performance depends not only on the total engine
power but also on its distribution among the drive axles/wheels. In this paper,
a combat vehicle model was developed to examine dynamic performance on rigid and
soft terrain. The vehicle dynamics is validated on rigid road against published
measured data. Also non-linear tire look-up tables for rigid and soft terrain
were constructed based on developed three-dimensional non-linear Finite Element
Analysis off-road tire using PAM-CRASH. The measured and predicted results are
compared on the basis of vehicle steering, yaw rates and accelerations using
published US Army validation criteria.

The validated combat vehicle model then used to study vehicle lane-change
maneuverability on rigid and soft terrain at different speeds and powertrain
configurations. This comparison showed the importance of having active torque
distribution system on soft terrain especially at high speeds.
FINITE ELEMENT OPTIMIZATION FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION ON A
GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT FOR GROUND VEHICLE HULL INSPECTION
Authors: Karthik Victor U. , Sivasuthan Sivamayam , Rahunanthan Arunasalam , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Thyagarajan Ravi S. , Hoole S. Ratnajeevan H.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Shape reconstruction for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of internal defects in
ground vehicle hulls using eddy current probes provides a rationale for
determination of when to withdraw vehicles from deployment. This process
requires detailed finite element optimization and is computationally intensive.
Traditional shared memory parallel systems, however, are prohibitively expensive
and have limited central processing units (CPUs), making speedup limited. So
parallelization has never been done. However, a CPU that is connected to
graphics processing units (GPUs) with effective built-in shared memory provides
a new opportunity. We implement the naturally parallel, genetic algorithm (GA)
for synthesizing defect shapes on GPUs. Shapes are optimized to match exterior
measurements, launching the parallel, executable GA kernel on hundreds of
CUDA™ (Compute Unified Device Architecture) threads to establish the
efficiencies.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Blast Loading Descriptors as
Occupant Injury Predictors for Underbody Blast Events
Authors: Kulkarni Kumar B , Ramalingam Jaisankar , Thyagarajan Ravi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

It is of considerable interest to developers of military vehicles, in early
phases of the concept design process as well as in Analysis of Alternatives
(AoA), to quickly predict occupant injury risk due to under body blast loading.
The most common occupant injuries in these extremely short duration events arise
out of the very high vertical acceleration of vehicle due to its close proximity
to hot high pressure gases from the blast. The primary objectives of this paper
are to conduct an extensive parametric study in a systematic manner so as (1) to
determine if a single blast loading parameter is sufficient to adequately
characterize the occupant injury, at least for the duration of typical blast
events (0-20ms) and (2) to create look-up tables and/or an automated software
tool that decision-makers can use to quickly estimate the different injury
responses for both stroking and non-stroking seat systems in terms of such a
parameter.
LOW COST ADVANCDED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM (ADAS)
DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bae Hong , Jiang Yi , Hennessy Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Popularity of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in the passenger car
industry has seen an explosive growth in recent years. Some ADAS that are
becoming ubiquitous are Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Blind Spot Detection (BSD)
and automatic parking or parking assistance systems. In many cases, such systems
had been developed specifically to handle the most demanding driving conditions
at very high speeds, which typically require very sophisticated software and
high-power hardware. However, in the other application areas or geographical
regions, such sophistication often hinders adoption of the technology.

An alternate approach is to use off-the-shelf (OTS) component as much as possible
so that similar systems with an appropriate subset of functions can be developed
cheaply and quickly. The approach similar to the NASA’s
“PhoneSats” program is discussed in this paper.
Ground Penetrating Radar Based Localization
Authors: Stanley Byron , Cornick Matthew , Koechling Jeffrey
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Localization refers to the process of estimating ones location (and often
orientation) within an environment. Ground vehicle automation, which offers the
potential for substantial safety and logistical benefits, requires accurate,
robust localization. Current localization solutions, including GPS/INS, LIDAR,
and image registration, are all inherently limited in adverse conditions. This
paper presents a method of localization that is robust to most conditions that
hinder existing techniques. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed a new class of
ground penetrating radar (GPR) with a novel antenna array design that allows
mapping of the subsurface domain for the purpose of localization. A vehicle
driving through the mapped area uses a novel real-time correlation-based
registration algorithm to estimate the location and orientation of the vehicle
with respect to the subsurface map. A demonstration system has achieved
localization accuracy of 2 cm. We also discuss tracking results for the first
autonomous vehicle to use this technology and the potential for miniaturized
general use systems.
THE UK’S APPROACH TO OPEN SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE FOR THE LAND
DOMAIN
Authors: White Antony
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes that within the Land domain, there is not only a need to
define an approach to open architectures, but also to mandate their use, in
order to provide an agile framework for our fighting forces going forward. The
paper sets out to explain such an approach; that taken by UK MOD and industry to
produce the Generic Vehicle Architecture (GVA) defense standard. It will discuss
how the GVA standard was formed, how it is currently being used and how it
contributes to the wider MOD initiative for Open Systems Architecture for the
Land domain. Finally the paper considers how the UK GVA relates to the US
Victory standard and how interoperability may be achieved.
THE BENEFITS OF MODEL-BASED DESIGN AN LHP SOFTWARE TECHNICAL
BRIEF
Authors: Fraser Steve , Fenstermacher David , Doyle Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Use of the Model-Based Design (MBD) processes is becoming increasingly common in
embedded control system software as a means to manage software complexity,
improve quality, and reduce development costs. The MBD process can achieve these
goals by combining the design, simulation, and implementation of software
features into a single, integrated workflow that reduces development effort and
allows extensive software testing to be performed in simulation. In order to
realize the full benefit of MBD, engineering organizations must invest resources
intelligently in the tools, processes, and infrastructure to avoid common
mistakes and pitfalls.
INTEGRATED COMBAT RADIO REMOTE CONTROL VIA VICTORY
Authors: Petty Millard E. , Wilson Chad J. , Wong Michael C. , Smith Michael R. , Wright Ronnie L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Improved combat and tactical radios along with battle command systems that
provide real-time communication and situation awareness information are
frequently appliqued into the Army’s ground combat vehicles to support
its modernization initiatives. During the integration of these devices within
the vehicle it is often the case that the additional components cannot be placed
in a readily accessible proximity to the crew, due to the space-constrained
interiors as well as the equipment’s expanded SWaP (Space Weight and
Power). This paper describes an ongoing effort/project to design and implement a
Victory Radio Adapter (VRA) which supports the
integration and single point control of multiple radios having different
physical and logical interfaces. The VRA will minimize SWaP, cable count and
provide a scalable/agnostic combat radio integration environment that allows
control using VICTORY compliant messages. This paper further details the
Victory Radio Adapter concept along with its
architecture, design implementation considerations and project progress.
EVOLUTION OF 360 DEGREE LOCAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (LSA) TO AID THE WARFIGHTER
Authors: Viscovich Christopher , Geoghegan Susan , Worthy David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide
enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter
with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The
architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and
video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote
situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat
platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides
direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of
fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational
picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach
provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced
view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the
crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and additional
sensors on tablet or handheld device (dismounted via wireless). The approach
uses a platform agnostic form factor with components that can be selected and
applied to legacy or new platforms based on their size, weight, power, and
mission constraints.
Whole Systems Trade Analysis
Authors: Edwards Shatiel , Cilli Matthew , Peterson Troy , Zabat Mike , Lawton Craig , Shelton Liliana
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ground vehicles are complex systems with many interrelated subsystems - finding
the sweet-spot among competing objectives such as performance, unit cost,
O&S costs, development risk, and growth potential is a non-trivial task.
Whole Systems Trade Analysis (WSTA) is a systems analysis and decision support
methodology and tool that integrates otherwise separate subsystem models into a
holistic system view mapping critical design choices to consequences relevant to
stakeholders. As a highly integrated and collaborative effort WSTA generates a
holistic systems and Multiple Objective Decision Analysis (MODA) model. The
decision support model and tool captures and synthesizes outputs from individual
analyses into trade-space visualizations designed to facilitate rapid and
complete understanding of the trade-space to stakeholders and provide drill down
capability to supporting rationale. The approach has opened up trade space
exploration significantly evaluating up to 1020+ potential
configurations to then return a handful of configurations which meet design and
programmatic criteria..
MODEL-BASED PRODUCT LINE ENGINEERING – ENABLING PRODUCT
FAMILIES WITH VARIANTS
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Product Lines are a group of related products manufactured or produced within or
between collaborating organizations. To effectively manage a product line, one
needs to understand both the similarities and differences between the different
products and optimize the development lifecycle to leverage the similarities,
and concentrate development on the differences. ISO 26550:2013 Software &
Systems Engineering – Reference Model for Product Line Management &
Engineering provides a standard for defining these similarities and differences
as well as the choices between them. Model-Based Systems and Software
Engineering (MBSE) using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and the Unified
Modeling Language (UML) provide a means of modeling systems and software.
Bringing the two together allows users to model product lines in industry
standard formats. Combining these with an execution engine means that product
models can be created for specific products, whilst maintaining the original
product line model. This provides significant ROI for ground vehicles.
Foundational Critical Principles Advancing Systems
Engineering
Authors: Maholick William , Godell Carl J
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Within any science or study, some aspects recur so reliably that they take on the
character of a principle or natural law and their constant observance and
inclusion in the application of the science helps to further develop and advance
that practice. So it is with study and application of systems engineering and
project management, and within that system and application we could itemize
those principles and consider them the foundation of project management and
systems thinking. This effort results in cumulative knowledge having the
properties of a physical system capable of enabling future teams enough specific
data to improve risk awareness and reaction.
Value Proposition of Lithium Ion versus Pb-Acid for Military
Vehicles
Authors: Helm Jeff , Marcel Mike
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will focus on understanding the value proposition associated with
utilizing advanced lithium-ion 6T solutions versus legacy Pb-acid 6Ts for
military ground vehicles. The value proposition will include an analysis of the
benefits associated with lithium-ion 6T batteries and reduction in life cycle
cost (LCC). The analysis of benefits will include comparative discharge curves
at various rates and temperatures, discuss enhancements features such as an
integrated battery management system that provides real-time battery diagnostics
via CANBus J1939 protocol, increased power/energy density, reduced charge time
and increased cycle life. The LCC analysis will investigate acquisition cost
comparison, replacement rates, and reduced installation & transportation
costs. The LCC analysis concludes with a detailed review of how the lithium-ion
6T solution can drastically reduce the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost
of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) over its 20 year life.
MODULAR EXHAUST DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES FOR LOW COST MID
VOLUME RAPID BUILD TO ORDER SYSTEMS
Authors: Nelson Kevin , Kangas Greg , Mattson Steve , Hufnagel Alan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

We propose new methods to help automate the design of customizable mufflers, as
well as modular manufacturing techniques targeted at mid volume quantities. A
successful solution would reduce the price point of a muffler to an estimated
$500 per unit for a order size between 10 and 1000 units. In the ideal case,
customers would not need to inventory mufflers because lead times would be fast
and managed.
COOLING CONCEPTS FOR A FAMILY OF SMALL, HEAVY-FUEL ROTARY ENGINES FOR
USE IN AUXILIARY POWER UNITS
Authors: Lee Kevin , Oehlerking Dale , Roodvoets Levi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Military Ground Vehicle electric power demands continue to grow as new mission
equipment is added. Using an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) consumes less fuel than
restarting the main engine frequently to charge batteries.

To meet the rising demand for powerful, L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems is
developing a family of heavy-fuel rotary engines. Rotary engines offer superior
power density making them a good choice for applications that require high power
in a limited space. Heavy fuel capability simplifies logistical challenges in
the field.

However, rotary engines have unique cooling challenges. Unlike a piston engine,
the intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust events all take place at their
respective fixed positions around the circumference of the rotor housing,
leading to large temperature differences around the housing. The cooling system
must be carefully developed to minimize these temperature differences in an
effort to control thermal deformation, minimize thermal stress, and retain
material strength.

This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of a single-fluid cooling
concept compared (oil) to a dual-fluid cooling concept (oil and water-ethylene
glycol).
COMMON BORE ENGINE PHILOSOPHY FOR FUTURE POWER-PACK
CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: Kacynski Ken , Bauman Andreas , Johnson S. Arnie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the packaging characteristics of a family of power-packs for
military land vehicles in the 21st century. 3 classes of vehicles are
considered: light vehicles (300 - 600 Hp), medium weight vehicles (600-1000 Hp)
and heavy vehicles (1000-1500 Hp).

The paper highlights that a common bore engine approach provides both very good
performance and a very compact power-pack. 2 different engine styles are
examined. The results are expected to be applicable for a spectrum of modernized
engine platforms that would employ a common bore engine approach.

The approach offers many product development and production advantages, including
lower development and tooling costs, and reduced product inventory needs, lead
times, development costs, in addition to reduced product development risk.
Various trade study parameters are considered in addition to engine power.

Power-pack configurations based on a common bore approach shows significant
commonality advantages and manufacturing efficiencies across the future family
of engines horsepower classes. The common bore engine approach also demonstrates
that a significant reduction in power-pack space claim can be achieved, while
still retaining all of the development, production, and, maintenance
advantages.
THE DISCRETE PARTICLE APPROACH TO MODELING AIR, SOIL AND HE FOR BLAST
SIMULATIONS
Authors: Mindle Wayne L. , Gasbarro Michelle D. , Olovsson Lars
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Discrete Particles are just as they sound, individual particles that represent
Air, Soil and HE (High Explosives). They are not based upon a continuum theory
and should not be confused with SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) which is a
full Lagrangian continuum theory. The modeling of Air, Soil and HE (High
Explosives) with discrete particles requires millions of particles to accurately
model the blast event. The innovation in software coupled with the advent of GPU
Technology provides an efficient and robust solution to perform the analyses.
Consider that the latest GPU processor, the Tesla K40, based upon NVIDIA
Kepler™ Architecture, has 12 GB of GDDR5 memory and 2880
CUDA Cores. A standard workstation with an NVIDIA Tesla GPU is all that is
required to perform the calculations and the benefits are a high degree of
accuracy and simplified model setup. To demonstrate the use of Discrete
Particles to model the blast event and show the effectiveness of GPU computing,
the IMPETUS Afea Solver®, a Non-Linear Transient Dynamic
Explicit Solver, was used to perform the analyses presented in this paper.
Results are compared with experimental data.
SIMULATION BASED RELIABILITY GROWTH PLANNING MODEL FOR THE
ARMY
Authors: Kosinski Daniel
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The current reliability growth planning model used by the US Army, the Planning
Model for Projection Methodology (PM2), is insufficient for the needs of the
Army. This paper will detail the limitations of PM2 that cause Army programs to
develop reliability growth plans that incorporate unrealistic assumptions and
often demand that infeasible levels of reliability be achieved. In addition to
this, another reliability growth planning model being developed to address some
of these limitations, the Bayesian Continuous Planning Model (BCPM), will be
discussed along with its own limitations. This paper will also cover a third
reliability growth planning model that is being developed which incorporates the
advantageous features of PM2 and BCPM but replaces the unrealistic assumptions
with more realistic and customizable ones. The internal workings of this new
TARDEC developed simulation-based model will be delved into with a focus on the
advantages this model holds over PM2 and BCPM.