bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thin‐layer chromatography of aliphatic े 舒 and ै ‐lactones
Authors: Urbach Gerda
Published: May 2007

Homologous aliphatic े‐ or ै‐lactones are separated by thin‐layer chromatography on a mixture of kieselguhr G and silica gel G (1:8). The thin‐layer plates are chromatographically impregnated with methanol as the stationary phase and developed 3 times with light petroleum (bp 80舑100C) saturated with methanol. े‐ And ै‐lactones can be separated from each other on the same adsorbent with a 1:1 mixture of light petroleum (bp 30舑40C) and isopropyl ether. The systems can be combined 2‐dimensionally. The lactones are detected by spraying the chromatoplates either with a 2% solution of iodine in methanol or with alkaline hydroxylamine followed by ferric chloride and acetic acid. These methods were used for the tentative identification of ै‐C10舑16lactones in commercial Australian butteroil.
Separation by dielectric distribution: Theory
Authors: Black B. C. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

Dielectric distribution may be defined as the distribution that mobile materials with different constants will assume in a nonuniform electric field. The material moves under the influence of dipoles induced by the electric field. If the suspended material is more polar than the medium in which it is suspended, it will move toward the region of highest field intensity, and if the suspended material is less polar than the medium, it will move toward the region of lowest field intensity.

Dielectric distribution will give useful separations. The dielectric distributions of phosphatide micells in petroleum ether and of a mineral oil emulsion in water were studied in a nonuniform radial field produced by a cylindrical condenser. The central and peripheral portions of the cylinder could be drained separately, and the concentrations in the two portions could be determined. The effect of time, voltage, and concentration on the distribution was studied. A theory was proposed to predict the distribution of material in a cylindrical condenser at equilibrium.
Dihydroxy fatty acids inCardamine impatiens seed oil
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

The oil ofCardamine impatiens L. (Cruciferae) seed includes glycerides of a series of saturated long‐chain vicinal dihydroxy fatty acids, which make up 25% by weight of the mixed fatty acids. The mixture of diols, after transesterification of the oil with methanol, can be crystallized from an ether solution of the mixed methyl esters and has the following composition: methyl 13,14‐dihydroxydocosanoate, 66%; methyl 15,16‐dihy‐droxytetracosanoate, 24%; methyl 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanoate and methyl 11,12‐dihydroxyeicosanoate, about 5% each. Chemical proof is presented showing that essentially all the diols have thecrythro configuration.
Cold water detergency studies using radiolabeled soils
Authors: Illman J. C. , Finger B. M. , Shebs W. T. , Albin T. B.
Published: May 2007

The effects of single and multiple washing and of resoiling‐rewashing of cotton and synthetic fabrics have been studied in Tergotometer tests at various levels of temperature, detergent concentration and water hardness. The soiling mixture consisted of a seven component sebum tagged with tritium and carbon‐14; in some tests gammaray emitting Kaolinite clay was also used. Linear primary alcohol ethoxylate (LAEO) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) were used for surfactant type comparisons. In single wash tests in both hot and cold water, LAEO was generally more effective than LAS in removing sebum. This was particularly noticeable at low product concentration where insufficient sodium tripolyphosphate was present to sequester the water hardness. A 1/1 blend of the two surfactants approached LAEO in performance. The nonpolar sebum fraction was more readily removed from Dacron or nylon in cold water; otherwise, detergency was generally better at high temperatures. In rewash tests, using labeled lube oil, cholesterol and clay, a progressive increase in soil removal was found during five wash cycles. The nonpolar lube oil component was the most difficult to remove from permanent press Dacron‐cotton (PP), but was more readily removed from cotton. The more polar cholesterol and especially the clay were more easily removed from PP. LAEO gave better detergency both hot and cold than LAS, especially in hard water. On cotton swatches resoiled with sebum after each wash the residual sebum content was still increasing after five cycles. With PP in soft water, a steady state was reached after three to five cycles. Soil buildup was greater as hardness increased and as wash temperature and active matter concentration decreased, and was generally greater on cotton than on PP. LAEO allowed appreciably less soil buildup than did LAS especially at low concentration in hard water, indicating a reduced requirement for sodium tripolyphosphate.
Aflatoxins M1 and M2: Preparation and purification
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Shannon G. M. , Shotwell O. L.
Published: May 2007

A crude product containing aflatoxins M1 and M2, as well as large quantities of aflatoxins B1 and B2, obtained by fermentation of rice withAspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 was chromatographed on a silicic acid column. Almost all the B1 and B2 were separated from M1 and M2. Aflatoxins M1 and M2 were eluted together with ethanol‐chloroform (5∶95 v/v). The combined M1 and M2 fraction was placed on a Merck silica gel (0.05–0.2 mm) column to be washed with hexane‐chloroform (1∶1 v/v) and chloroform to remove traces of B1 and B2 and eluted with ethanol‐chloroform (1.5∶98.5 v/v) to obtain aflatoxin M1 and mixtures of M1 and M2. Rechromatography of M1 on another silica gel column gave pure M1 which was crystallized from acetonitrile. Aflatoxin M2 was prepared by hydrogenation of M1 and crystallized from acetonitrile.
Nutritional properties of coconut oil
Authors: Kaunitz Hans
Published: May 2007

Coconut oil has been one of the most widely used vegetable oils since the agricultural revolution. Only in recent years has there been controversy over the desirability of its uso. Controversy has usually stemmed from observed disturbances of calcium or cholesterol metabolism when hydrogenated coconut oil was fed, frequently with inadequate linoleate supplementation, to experimental animals. Furthermore, in many of the studies involving cholesterol, entirely unphysiological amounts of cholesterol have been included in the diet. It is contended here that the findings in such studies are the consequence of abnormal nutrition rather than inherent defects in coconut oil. Evidence from epidemiological studies of arteriosclerosis in populations consuming large amounts of coconut oil are cited to show that coconut oil in a natural diet is not disadvantageous and may even be of advantage. The high level of medium chain fatty acids in coconut oil is discussed from the point of view that they may contribute to beneficial effects on the part of coconut oil under some abnormal conditions.
Drying moist cottonseed protein products
Authors: King William H.
Published: May 2007

A practical procedure is described together with data obtained during its experimental application, for drying moist oilseed protein products. Specific data are given for drying defatted, raw cottonseed meats, containing as much as 30% of water, to a granular, free‐flowing meal with a moisture content of 10% or less at temperatures below 150 F. This is accomplished by adjustment of pH of the mixture during agitative drying to control its rheological properties so as to keep power requirements within a practical range.
Changes in hardware
Authors: Donovan D. T.
Published: May 2007

Hardware, i.e., washing machines and associated dispensers represent a vital part of the clothes' laundering process. The home laundry process involves more time of the housewife than any other single household activity. Increasing numbers of wash bath additives, plus growth of fabric inventory and associated complexity of washing recipes can increase this involvement with the washing process. Improved dispensers, timers and controls offer means to reduce this involvement and provide truly automatic clothes washing.
New household detergent based on AOS
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Takao M. , Mori A. , Sekiguchi H.
Published: May 2007

The synthetic detergent industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Japan. Its production, together with soap, is estimated to be almost 2 billion pounds in 1970. In addition to this increased production, quality modification in terms of biodegradability is now being undertaken. Alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) has been known since the 1930's, but only within the last two years has it been highlighted for commercial interest as a detergent material due to progress in sulfonation technology as well as commercial availability of alpha olefins. To make use of AOS as an active ingredient for formulation of heavy duty household granules, several properties of AOS itself or of the built detergent were studied in comparison with linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS), alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) and alcohol sulfate (AS). AOS was proved to be a potentially economical detergent material having as good performance and better biological properties than LAS or AS and better biodegradability than LAS. It has been marketed since 1967 in Japan as the first AOS‐based household heavy duty granular detergent. It has been accepted by the housewives as the most efficient detergent and has become the best selling brand.
Reactions of azelaaldehydic esters
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Alkyl azelaaldehydates and their acetals can undergo reactions at either the aldehyde or the ester group to form a variety of novel and reactive monomers and polymers. Pertinent reactions of the aldehyde group (and resultant products) include acetalization with pentaerythritol (diester‐acetal), acetalization with glycerol (hydroxy ester‐acetal), hydrogenation (hydroxy ester), reductive alkylation of ammonia (amino acid and imino diester), aldolization (dibasic acid) and hydrazone formation (azine dibasic acids). Reactions at the ester group include aminolysis (diacid amides) and hydrazinolysis (hydrazide acetal). These various products can undergo self‐condensation or condensation with glycols or diamines to form polyesters, polyamides, poly (ester‐acetals) and poly (amideacetals). Polymers with cyclic acetal structures in the polymer backbone have latent crosslinking capabilities.
Poly(amide‐acetals) and poly(ester‐acetals) from polyol acetals of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate: Preparation and physical characterization
Authors: Awl R. A. , Neff W. E. , Weisleder D. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2007

Condensation polymers were prepared from the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate by reaction with diamines and with ethylene glycol. The glycerol acetal was self‐condensed to a poly(ester‐acetal) and also copolymerized with caprolactam. A novel step growth, addition polymerization was carried out with ethylene bis[9(10)‐methoxymethylenesterate] and pentaerythritol. Physical and spectral (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) properties of the various products were determined. In general, the long C8–C9 side chains in the polymers of the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate reduced crystallinity to such a degree that, unlike polymers from methyl azelaaldehydate pentaerythritol acetal, they were soluble in the more ordinary solvents, e.g., chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.
Conductance behavior of aqueous solutions of barium, strontium, and nickel soaps
Authors: Varma R. P. , Dayal R.
Published: May 2007

The critical micelle concentration of aqueous solutions of barium, strontium, and nickel soaps was determined by conductivity measurements. The conductance behavior of soap solutions at various temperatures is exhibited by the equation where A and B are constants and C is the concentration of soap in g moles/liter. The values of constant A were found to vary with temperature, whereas those of B were independent of temperature. Kraus and Bray’s type expression was used to evaluate molecular conductance at infinite dilution, dissociation constant K., and heat of dissociation. The results confirm that the critical micelle concentration remains unaffected by temperature in the range 35–50 C.
A characterization of volatile carbonyl compounds isolated from meat fat subjected to gamma radiation
Authors: Witting L. A. , Schweigert B. S.
Published: May 2007

The volatile carbonyl compounds from irradiated lard were isolated and characterized qualitatively and quantitatively as the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. Propional, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, nonanal, decanal, acrolein, crotonal, and 2,4‐undecadienal were identified by paper chromatography and spectrophotometric analysis.
Detection and measurement of hydroperoxides by near infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Holman Ralph T. , Nickell Christense , Privett Orville S. , Edmondson Page R.
Published: May 2007

Near‐infrared spectra have been measured on a group of hydroperoxides of fatty acid esters and related substances. Only those substances having an −OOH group were found to absorb at 1.46 and 2.07 μ. Dialkyl peroxides and ozonized unsaturated substances had no such maxima in their near infrared spectra although they had high iodometric peroxide values. In a study of the thermal decomposition of methyl oleate hydroperoxide and a study of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate, the intensity of absorption at 1.46 and 2.07 μ paralleled the iodometric peroxide value.
The bleaching of soybean oil. A spectrophotometric evaluation
Authors: Armstrong M. R. , Ireland C. E.
Published: May 2007

Bleaching results are evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in the absorbances at 455 and 670 (or 665) millimicrons, respectively. Three bleaching clays (one was activated) and two activated carbons were used for decolorizing soybean oils made break‐free by either alkali refining or acetic anhydride water degumming. Bleaching times varied from 10 to 40 min. with 30 min. being used in the evaluations. Although bleaching at a temperature of 265°F. removed more color than bleaching at 125° or 220°F., the latter temperature was used in this study. Most of the bleaching was done under vacuum although using a nitrogen pressure of 50 p.s.i.g. removed more color. Results are expressed by Freundlich isotherms, and a bleaching chart for the control of plant bleaching is given. It is shown that in the bleaching of soybean oil primary consideration should be given to the removal of green pigment.
The synthesis of tritium labeled 9, 10‐oleic acid
Authors: Tenny K. S. , Gupta S. C. , Nystrom R. F. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Tritium labeled 9,10‐oleic acid was prepared from stearolic acid by reduction with tritium gas, in the presence of 5% Palladium on Charcoal catalyst, at room temperature and under partial vacuum. No stearic or elaidic acids were formed. Unreacted stearolic acid was removed by low temperature erystallization from Skellysolve F. The tritium labeledcis 9,10‐oleic acid was prepared with a specificity of greater than 90% of the activity at the 9 and 10 positions. Specific radio‐activity of the oleic acid was 1000 me of Tritium/g. Tritium labeled stearic acid with a specific activity of 927 me of Tritium/g was also prepared.
Hydrazine‐reduced linolenic acids as a source of C9, C12, and C15dibasic acids
Authors: Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Anticipated reduction in cost of hydrazine, resulting from its increased production as a rocket fuel, suggests the need to reconsider this chemical as an industrial reactant for fats. Hydrazinc reduces the individual double bonds of linolenic acid (9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid) nonselectively and without altering the position of residual unsaturation; thus the monoene fraction from hydrazine‐reduced linolenic acid consists of an equimixture of the 9‐, 12‐, and 15‐octadecenoate acids. Equal amounts of the C9, C12, and C15dibasic acids are derived from this fatty acid mixture by oxidative cleavage along with the corresponding monobasic acids.

Kinetics of reactions, source of raw materials and reactants, and problems of processing and utilization of products are discussed.
Investigations on the side reactions in sulfonation reactions‐hydrophobic compounds in the unsulfonated oil fraction
Authors: Shoji Hiroshi , Majima Kanji
Published: May 2007

Petroleum ether extracts of alkylbenzene sulfonates prepared by sulfur trioxide, oleum, and sulfuric acid were compared. These extracts contained by‐products as well as unreacted material. Dialkylbenzene, originally existing in raw alkylbenzene, resisted against sulfonation, especially when sulfur trioxide was used as sulfonating agent. Sulfone formation seemed to occur in the early stage of sulfonation. Sulfonation with sulfuric acid gave different characteristics to the petroleum ether extract compared with two other means.
Halogenation
Authors: Soontag N. O. V.
Published: May 2007

Within the past twenty years, while much of the research and development appeal in the halogenation of fats and fatty derivatives has been associated with the evolution of new and useful derivatives such as arthritis cures and artificial rubber plasticizers, the principal utility of the halogenated fats still continues to be in the production of other materials through halogenated fats as reactive intermediates. Consider, too, the utility of halogenated fats reflected by the fact that considerable quantities of iodochloro fats are discarded down the sinks of our analytical laboratories after the Wijs or other iodine value (I. V.) determinations. Aside from the valuable utility of halogenation as an analytical tool, what‐ever the use of halogenated fatty materials may be, i.e., for new and useful halogenated products per se, or for use as intermediates for the productions of other materials, halogenation is capturing an ever‐increasing share of the effort being directed to the modification of the chemical and physical nature of fats. While the standard and well‐known methods of utilizing fatty acid chlorides as reactive intermediates continue to fluorish, the newer aspects of fat halogenation, as demonstrated by the development of fluorinated derivatives, and in the utilization of chlorination followed by dehydrochlorination for the production of more highly‐unsaturated fat molecules, illustrate a few directions in which progress is being made.
New type reactions
Authors: Harwood H. J.
Published: May 2007

Many products of the reactions of fats and fatty acids are being commercially exploited. There are, however, many other potential products derived from new or inadequately developed reactions. Some of these reactions, involving both the carboxyl and the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain, will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the latter and will include examples of substitution, addition, and elimination reactions. New knowledge relating to some of these reactions will be stressed.
Mechanism of hydrogenation of triglycerides
Authors: Albright L. F.
Published: May 2007

Factors affecting the rate of hydrogenation, selectivity, and isomerization are discussed in detail. The proposed mechanism for the reaction involves transfer steps for the reactants and products to and from the catalyst surface and the chemical steps occurring on the catalyst surface.
Phase relations in the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in 85‐15 acetone‐hexane mixture at reduced holding‐times
Authors: Boucher Richard E. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether and under what conditions it would be practicable to use holding‐times of less than three hours in the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in 85‐15 acetone‐hexane mixture. Since the output of the chilling unit varies inversely as the holding‐time required, it is advantageous to use the shortest feasible holding‐time. Systematic winterization data were obtained on a laboratory scale for different oil‐solvent ratios and temperatures using the technique previously described.

The results indicate that, under the stalic chilling conditions used in these experiments, the holding‐time can be reduced from three hours to 1 hour by using either a higher oil concentration, a lower chilling temperature, or both. However, on the basis of previously reported data it is known that with agitation during chilling, such as would be encountered in commerical continuous chilling units, the rate of crystal formation would be further increased. Under practical conditions therefore the adjustment of temperature and concentrations should make it feasible to use holding‐times even shorter than one hour with a corresponding increase in the capacity of the chilling units.
Sulfation and sulfonation
Authors: Paulson M. H.
Published: May 2007

Patent and technical literature contain a wide variety of references to sulfation and sulfonation. Many of these relate to methods specific for individual compounds or substituted functional groups, or to involved methods undesirable for commercial plant operation. Other references relate to gross methods wherein simplicity of operation is unrestricted by close product quality specifications. Sulfation and sulfonation for detergent manufacture fall in between these examples, being relatively straight‐forward operations but subject to the strict requirements of good color and low residual oil content in the finished detergent. From the process standpoint, good color and low oil content tend to be opposing requirements. To achieve both requires careful selection and control of the process variables. There still remains much room for improvement in the techniques of detergent manufacture directed toward the economical use of time, equipment, and materials. Since this industry is relatively new and highly competitive, such developments may be expected.
Studies on some chemical aspects of kusum oil
Authors: Kundu M. K. , Bandyopadhyay C.
Published: May 2007

Chemical methods, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy have been applied to ascertain the location and nature of the cyanogenic compounds in kusum oil. Observations indicate the cyanogenic compounds to be a part of glyceride molecules in which one of the hydroxyl groups of the latter is bonded to the cyanogenic compound through an ether linkage. Chromatographic behavior of the isolated cyanogenic compounds further indicates that at least two glyceride molecules are involved. These glycerides are predominantly esterified with saturated fatty acids.
The determination of heat capacities of milk fat by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Yoncoskie R. A.
Published: May 2007

A differential thermal analysis calorimeter was used in determining the heat capacities of milk fat. The heat capacities of milk fat at −43 and 70 C were .423 cal/g/C (average value) and .521 cal/g/C (average value) respectively.
New process for the production of better quality rapeseed oil and meal: II. Detoxification and dehulling of rapeseeds — feasibility study
Authors: Eapen K. E. , Tape N. W. , Sims R. P. A.
Published: May 2007

Feasibility studies have shown that a white, bland, defatted, thioglucoside‐free flour can be prepared from rapeseed. The thioglucosides, the precursors of toxic principles, present in rapeseeds are removed by aqueous extraction. The key operations, boiling of the seed followed by wet‐grinding and aqueous extraction, help in the removal of seed coat from the rapeseed. Although aqueous extraction results in the loss of solids, the quality of the end products is good and may offset the loss.
Fatty acids of cows' milk. A. Techniques employed in supplementing gas‐liquid chromatography for identification of fatty acids
Authors: Magidman Paul , Herb S. F. , Barford R. A. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

Milk fat methyl esters were subjected to distillation and silicic acid column chromatography to provide fractions of less complexity for gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. It was still necessary however to employ supplemental techniques for identification. Chromatograms were obtained with polyester columns of different polarity on all the fractions and necessary reference samples. While many of the components were identified in the usual way by plots of relative retention time versus number of carbon atoms, iodine values for total unsaturation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry for conjugated and nonconjugated polyunsaturated acids were essential for positive identification of some components. Similarly, examination by infrared spectrophotometry confirmed the presence or absence of conjugated diene ascis‐trans, trans‐trans or both. Isolatedtrans or terminal double bonds were also determined in this way. Gas‐liquid chromatograms of some fractions showed incompletely resolved peaks attributable to the presence of methyl esters of odd‐carbon atom, branched‐chain, and unsaturated acids. Hydrogenation and rechromatographing provided more positive determination of the structure of these components. Further confirmation of identity of some peaks on the chromatogram was achieved by collection of the appropriate fractions and examination of the collected material. At least 60 fatty acids were identified, including several not previously reported, such as odd‐numbered carbon chain length monoethenoid acids from C15 to C23.
The antioxidant activity of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl derivatives
Authors: Kim D. H. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Various electron donating groups such as alkoxyl, alkylthio, and alkylamino groups were used to replace a hydrogen atom of the para‐methyl group of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol, BHT. The antioxidant activity of these 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl derivatives in stripped corn oil at 79.5°±1.0C was measured on the basis of the length of the induction period. A modified peroxide determination was devised and used in the present study. The overall average of the per cent accuracy, based on the standard error, was 2.5%.

The results indicated that the tertiary methyl and ethylamine derivatives had the strongest potency among all compounds tested. Both amine derivatives were able to prolong the induction period of the corn oil twice as much as BHT. The alkoxyl derivatives were as effective as BHT. The alkylthio derivatives showed stronger activity than either BHT or the alkoxyl derivatives. The secondary alkylamine derivatives, except the n‐hexadecylamine derivative, demonstrated nearly the same degree of potency as BHT. However, the n‐hexadecylamine derivative exhibited far stronger activity than either the three lower alkylamine derivatives or BHT. In all three homologous series, the methyl derivatives showed significantly lower activity than the ethyl or n‐propyl derivatives. Differences between the ethyl and n‐propyl derivatives were not significant. 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzylpyridinium bromide acted as a prooxidant. An attempt has been made to explain the variation in activity of these derivatives in terms of the inductive effect exerted by the nucleophilic substituents and/or in terms of the structural features of the derivatives.
Diesters and diamides ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G.
Published: May 2007

α‐Methylsulfopalmitic acid and dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and isomeric methyl butyl esters of α‐sulfopalmitic and stearic acids were prepared and characterized. Reaction of a silver salt with an alkyl iodide was preferred to the acid chloride method found to involve competing side reactions. Diamides of α‐sulfopalmitic and stearic acids were prepared from ammonia, ethanolamine, and isopropanolamine by an acid chloride method. Infrared spectra of representative compunds are discussed.
Alkyd resins modified with cyclic fatty acids a preliminary evaluation
Authors: Miller W. R. , Teeter H. M. , Schwab A. W. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Alkyd resins were modified to 50% oil length with crude, flash‐distilled, and 78% pure cyclic fatty acids. These resins were compared with ones modified with naturally occurring fatty acids and with vegetable oils. Those modified with the cyclic acids process more rapidly than those prepared with linseed, safflower, or soybean fatty acids, and they also have good nonyellowing properties. Resins modified with 78% pure cyclic acids show definite improvement in drying time, hardness, and chemical resistance in air‐dried films, and an almost equal improvement in baked films, over resins obtained with the other modifiers. Distilled cyclic acids also improve alkyd resins although not to the extent that pure acids do. Both give resins superior to commercial oil‐modified resins under the test conditions. Resins with crude cyclic acids are as good in air‐dried films as are the others, but are poorer in baked films.
Metal soaps of wool wax acids as stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Eisner Abner , Noble W. R. , Scanlan J. T. , Palm W. E.
Published: May 2007

Copper, magnesium, lead, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, chromium, cadmium, and barium soaps of the wool wax acid fraction have been tested as stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride polymers. Barium, cadmium, and lead soaps performed well in the light stability evaluations. In the heat aging tests barium, magnesium, lead, and nickel soaps were superior while cadmium, and manganese soaps performed poorly. The copper, cobalt, iron, and chromium soaps were ineffective.

Two tests for stability were employed: an accelerated light aging test and an accelerated heat aging test. Combinations of barium and cadmium soaps were tested for synergistic effects and found to be more effective as stabilizers than the individual soaps. Soaps made from fractions of acids by partitioning the whole wool wax acid fraction were also tested. Neither the hydroxy nor the non‐hydroxy acid fraction soaps had as goad stabilizing properties for PVC as those of the whole acid fraction.
The preparation and properties of some synthetic glycerides
Authors: Jackson J. E. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: May 2007

In a study of the use of tritylglycerols as starting materials for synthesis of mono‐ or diglycerides and mixed triglycerides, it was found that acyl migration can be minimized or prevented by detritylation in petroleum ether, avoiding contact with polar solvents or contaminants. Under conditions favoring acyl migration, tetrabromostearoyl radicals were found to migrate less readily than stearoyl radicals.
Search for new industrial oils. VII
Authors: Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Glass C. A. , Jones Quentin
Published: May 2007

Seed oils from 37 plant species in 18 families have been analyzed for fatty acid composition by the isomerization method. The variability encountered is evidenced by the range in content of component acids: from 0舑23% for apparent linolenic acid, from 8舑74% for apparent linoleic acid, and from 2舑88% for apparent oleic acid. Dimorphecolic acid has been found to the extent of approximately 60% in a second species ofDimorphotheca, D. pluvialis (L.) Moench, and in the closely related species,Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) T. Norl.O. spinescens Thunb. contained instead 30% of a conjugated triene, presumably the same as the 8,10,12‐octadecatrienoic reported from the relatedCalendula officinalis L. Oils rich in monoenoic acids are mostly in the Umbelliferae and Araliaceae and presumably contain petroselinic acid as well as oleic.
Further developments in crude oil processing
Authors: Klein K. , Crauer L. S.
Published: May 2007

The processing conditions for obtaining high oil quality and yield in continuous caustic refining of the following crude oils are given: tallow, palm, fish, rapeseed, and sunflower. pH Monitoring of reaction mixture assures proper caustic dosage. pH Set point range for various crudes is noted.
A comparison of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis guinea pig responses using an intravenous or an intradermal route for antigen challenge
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Eldridge L. , Herring V. , Kohler G. O.
Published: May 2007

The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis method has been used to evaluate residual antigenicity in castor bean pomace. This paper compares the results obtained using two routes of antigen challenge, intradermal (ID) and intravenous (IV). Passively sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with untreated and steam treated castor meal extract. An analysis of variance of the data shows there was greater variability between pigs within dose for the IV assay method compared to the ID technique. The ID assay also showed greater precision of the potency estimates.
Correlation of the mean‐molecular weights of commercial alkylbenzenes with gas‐liquid chromatographic data
Authors: Silver A. H. , Adam W. H. , Gardner H. M. , Keily H. J.
Published: May 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatography has been used to estimate the mean‐molecular weights of commercial alkylbenzenes of the polypropylene type. Results obtained chromatographically on samples from several sources correlate well with mean‐molecular weight data determined chemically via the sulfonic acids produced from them.

The chromatograms are obtained with a 200‐ft. capillary column coated with Apiezon L grease. Partial resolution of the multicomponent mixtures to yield eighty to one hundred peaks, each possibly representing several components, is achieved. A plot of the logarithms of the relative retention times at the median areas of the chromatograms of narrow‐cut distillation fractions of alkylbenzene vs. their known mean‐molecular weights provides a linear calibrating relationship with a discontinuity at a mean‐molecular weight of ca. 260. This discontinuity distinguishes 舠dodecylbenzenes舡 from the higher molecular weight 舠tetradecylbenzenes舡.
Characterization of cyclopropenoid acids in selected seed oils
Authors: Wilson T. L. , Smith C. R. , Mikolajczak K. L.
Published: May 2007

Evidence is provided that sterculic and malvalic acids occur together in seed oils ofSterculia foetida, Hibiscus syriacus, andLavatera trimestris. Sterculia foetida oil contains 54.5% sterculic and 6.7% malvalic acids;Hibiscus syriacus oil contains 16.3% malvalic and 3.4% sterculic; andLavatera trimestris oil contains 7.7% malvalic and 0.6% sterculic acids.Hibiscus syriacus oil also contains 1.5% dihydrosterculic acid. The cyclopropenoid acids were characterized by hydrogenation in conjunction with gas‐liquid chromatography and by oxidation to ॆ‐dioxo acids with subsequent cleavage with peracetic acid. Acetolysis of epoxides in the presence of cyclopropenes was effected by room temperature treatment with acetic acid‐10% sulfuric acid (5蝘2).
The cuticle wax of the Cuban palm,Copernicia hospita
Authors: Kitzke E. D. , Wilder E. A.
Published: May 2007

The physical and chemical constants characterizing a previously unreported palm wax are given. These are compared to and are quite similar to those of carnauba. There is also reference to certain gross field characteristics such as leaf size, age at time of flowering, and wax yields. The wax compares favorably with carnauba in typical polish compositions.
Biological effects of the polymeric residues isolated from autoxidized fats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz Charles A. , Johnson R. E. , Knight H. B. , Saunders D. H. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

There is increasing evidence that the abnormal nutritional properties of highly autoxidized fats are related to the polymers which develop during autoxidation. Lard and cottonseed oil were aerated at 95°C. for 200 hrs. and molecularly distilled; and the residue fractions, non‐volatile at 275 to 300°C., were studied.

Diets containing 20% of autoxidatively produced polymeric residue, fed to albino rats, led to diarrhea and rapid death, but when this residue was reduced to 10%, most of the animals were gradually able to tolerate it. At the 4 or 7% level it was well tolerated, but growth was reduced. There were no distinctive histological lesions, and withdrawal of the polymer permitted immediate realimentation without evidence of subsequent injuries.

The polymeric residue from autoxidized cottonseed oil exerted a greater growth‐depressant effect than that from lard, and the latter, more than that from a hydrogenated vegetable oil used for deep‐fat frying for 80 hrs. at 190°C. Addition of fresh fat to the polymeric residues decreased their growth‐depressant effect.

When rats were fed a measured amount of diet sufficient to maintain their weight, the caloric requirement necessary for weight maintenance gradually decreased. When the dietary fat source consisted of polymeric residue to the extent of 4 to 10%, the caloric requirement for weight maintenance decreased relatively little, if at all. The polymeric residue from autoxidized lard was, in this respect, as effective as that from autoxidized cottonseed oil.
Seasonal variation in character of lipides in pure lines of Spanish peanuts
Authors: Pickett T. A. , Holley K. T.
Published: May 2007

Several strains of Spanish peanuts in four or more crop years at two locations showed very little variation in calculated oleic and linoleic glyceride values.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XIII. Formulations with alpha‐olefin sulfonates as lime soap dispersants
Authors: Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Heavy duty household type detergents were formulated from tallow soap‐AOS(α‐olefin sulfonate)‐builder combinations. Various commercial AOS samples were evaluated. These were derived either from closely fractionated α‐olefins such as C14, C16, and C18 or from samples representing broader mol wt ranges such as C14−C16 and C16−C18. The builders incorporated into these combinations were a sodium silicate (Na2O∶SiO2=1∶1.6), sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and trisodium nitrilotriacetate. Detergency evaluations of 0.2% solutions in 300 ppm hard water (as CaCO3) were determined with three commercial soiled cloths and by a multiwash test in which clean cloth was repeatedly soiled and washed. The relative proportions of soap, AOS, and builder were varied to obtain maximum detergency, and comparisons were made to other soap‐LSDA (lime soap dispersing agents)‐builder combinations as well as to a commercial high phosphate detergent used as a control. Detergency performance of soap‐AOS combinations ranked just below that of the commercial high phosphate detergent control and below that of soap formulations containing sodium methyl α‐sulfotallowate.
Thermal analysis: An alternative method of measuring oil stability
Authors: Hassel R. L.
Published: May 2007

Preliminary results using three different thermal analysis techniques to evaluate the relative oxidative stabilities of five vegetable oil samples yielded good correlations with the predicted stabilities by the active oxygen method. The thermal analysis techniques offer the advantages of good quality control time, being less empirical, and requiring limited equipment and operator expertise. In addition, these techniques should be useful in evaluating oil‐processed finished products as well as the oils themselves.
Hydroformylation with recycled rhodium catalyst and one‐step esterification‐acetalation: A process for methyl 9(10)‐methoxymethylenestearate from oleic acid
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2007

Previous studies on hydroformylation of methyl oleate with rhodium and triphenylphosphine or triphenylphosphite have led to a laboratory process for recycling the precious metal catalyst. Another catalyst recycling process has now been studied as the basis for converting commercially available oleic acid into the enol ether of methyl formylstearate. The process involves one‐step esterification‐acetalation of formylstearic acid made by hydroformylating oleic acid with rhodium and triphenylphosphine. Esterification‐acetalation is done in a recycling system with methanol, an acid‐exchange resin for catalysis, and molecular sieves to remove water from the reaction mixture. The dimethyl acetal methyl ester formed from formylstearic acid is thermally cracked and distilled in one pot to produce the enol ether, methyl methoxymethylenestearate. The soluble rhodium catalyst in the distillation residue is combined with the insoluble catalyst from filtration and recycled for hydroformylation. The product methoxymethylenestearate is a versatile and stable derivative for various potential industrial applications.
Determination of traces of heavy metals in oils and fats by arc spectrography
Authors: Farhan F. M. , Pazandeh H.
Published: May 2007

A new and simple method is described for direct and simultaneous determination of traces in fats and oils of iron, copper, nickel, lead, silver, aluminum, magnesium, calcium and manganese. Graphite powder is used as spectroscopic buffer and for preparation of standard powders. Using necked cupped carbon electrode and cone shaped counter electrode, a steady DC arc discharge is obtained with graphite matrix. A quartz spectrograph of high resolving power is used for this determination.
Disproportionation of abietic acid: I. Iodine catalyzed reaction at low temperature
Authors: Ishigami M. , Yamane K. , Agawa T. , Ohshiro Y. , Ikeda I.
Published: May 2007

Disproportionation of abietic acid in the presence of equimolar iodine was carried out in benzene at 60 C, and the reaction products were continuously determined by gas‐liquid chromatography as methyl esters. The major peaks were isolated and characterized by mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Four isomers of dihydroabietic acids, dehydroabietic acid, and small amounts of lactones were detected. Electron spin resonance measurement suggested the intermediacy of free radicals.
A wet method for pure particulate soiling of test cloths for detergency screening tests
Authors: Matson T. P. , Johnson M. A.
Published: May 2007

A procedure is presented for soiling detergency test cloths with particulate soil. These cloths offer advantages over most commercial soiled cloths and laboratory soiling procedures in that there is no oily material necessary for dispersion and thereby the testor obtains results which are specific to particulate soil alone. The procedure involves a wet soiling technique, followed by drying and sorting for subsequent detergency evaluation. The soil composition includes Bandybalck clay, iron silicate, and iron oxide. Detergency results are discussed.
Statistical approach to detergency evaluation. Correlation of performance data with gas chromatographic patterns of alkylbenzenes
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Davis G. A. , Beck E. C. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

The precision of a standardized detergency test based on the use of a Tergotometer and U.S. Test Cloth was found at a concentration of 0.4 and 0.5%. At these concentrations, the standard deviation was 0.56% soil removal units, and precision at a 95% confidence limit wasŷ1.12% soil removal units.

The detergency of some built spray‐dried detergents was examined by this method and found to differ significantly, though chemical compositions were identical. Gas chromatographic analysis of the alkylbenzenes obtained by desulfonation of the alkylbenzene sulfonates indicated small structural variations which correlated with the observed variations in the detergency.
Quantitative estimation of esters by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Vioque E. , Holman R. T.
Published: May 2007

A method for the analysis of fatty esters employing separation by thin‐layer chromatography and quantitative determinationvia their hydroxamic acids has been developed. Esters of different types are separated on silica gel plates, the spots or zones are scraped from the plates, the esters are extracted from the silica gel, and the iron hydroxamic acid complexes are formed. The latter are then measured by colorimetry.

The method is suitable for analysis of mixtures of ordinary, epoxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy fatty esters as well as for mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides.

Used in conjunction with gas chromatography this method permits the fatty acid composition of seed oils containing oxygenated fatty acids to be measured in about 3 hours. The amount required for the total analysis is 1 to 10 mg. per determination, depending upon composition.
The adsorption and chromatography of alkyl benzene sulfonates on charcoal
Authors: Mysels K. J. , Biswas B. , Tuvell M.
Published: May 2007

A chromatographic procedure for the separation and characterization of sodium alkyl benzene sulfonates is outlined. It is based on properly sized activated charcoal and uses methanol with varying amounts of benzene and a small content of ammonia and water. Milligram quantities of surfactants are used and the fractions analyzed colorimetrically. The rationale of the method is established by adsorption measurements which indicate that in this system the surfactant is adsorbed by both van der Waals and ionic forces with strong dependence upon both molecular weight and structure.
Diffusion extraction of rapeseed glucosinolates with ethanolic sodium hydroxide
Authors: Bhatty R. S. , Sosulski F. W.
Published: May 2007

Glucosinolates are readily diffused from whole rapeseed by repeated extractions with ethanolic sodium hydroxide. Four 2 hr extractions or six 1 hr extractions were most efficient for the diffusion of glucosinolates with minimum losses of other seed constituents. The ethanolic sodium hydroxide treatment inhibited myrosinase activity and lowered sulfur concentration in the oil. The oil from treated seed gave a higher hydrogenation number than the oil from untreated seed. The oil content of rapeseed was not substantially affected by the diffusion extraction process. Loss of diffused solids was ca. 15%, and loss of nitrogen did not exceed 10%. Most of the nitrogen diffused from the seed was nonprotein nitrogen. The principal disadvantages of the ethanolic sodium hydroxide procedure were reduced solubility of the rapeseed proteins and the higher fiber levels in the meals. The treated seed may be suitable, after partial dehulling or air classification, for the preparation of protein concentrates.
Automatic melting point determination of fats
Authors: Mertens W. G. , DeMan J. M.
Published: May 2007

The Mettler FP3 automatic dropping point apparatus was used for the determination of melting points of a variety of edible fat products. The instrument was particularly suitable for this purpose because of the availability‐of different heating rates. Advantages were the fully automatic heating, the automatic and objective endpoint determination, the application for melted as well as solidified samples (shortening, margarine, butter), and good reproducibility of results. A standard laboratory method for melted fat samples has been suggested.
Assay of cyclopropenoid lipids by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Pawlowski Norman E. , Nixon Joseph E. , Sinnhuber R. O.
Published: May 2007

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the quantitative analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) in lipids is described. Good accuracy is obtained at CPFA concentrations of 1% to 100%. At a CPFA concentration of 10%, NMR is accurate to 0.5%. The position of absorption of the two ring methylene hydrogens is solvent dependent.
A multicylinder 2–5 grams per sample oilseed press cell
Authors: Reid W. S. , Dorrell D. G.
Published: May 2007

A six cylinder 2–5 g per sample oil seed press is described which improves oil sample quality with no cross contamination, reduces extraction time per sample, and can be fitted into a Carver B Laboratory Press.