bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Influencing Factors on Citizens' Trust and Satisfaction
Authors: Walther Falko , Weber Patrick , Kabst Rüdiger
Published: February 2018

Understanding the general linkage between citizens' political efficacy and their satisfaction with and trust in local administrative units is essential to understand the consequences of administrative decision-making. This article offers a SEM approach that shows how citizens' political efficacy, i.e. through secure e-Government services, affects satisfaction with and trust in their administrative units. The authors present initial insights into the effects of political efficacy on citizens' satisfaction with and trust in their local administrative units. They show that a high perceived feeling of being able to influence administrative and political work within a local environment increases citizens' evaluations of both satisfaction and trust.
The Impact of Web 2.0 on Public Engagement in the Israeli Home Front (From the 2006 Lebanon War to the 2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict)
Authors: Ben-Israel Galit Margalit
Published: February 2018

This article deals with citizen engagement and public participation being in crisis on the Israeli home front, in the era of Web 2.0. Since 2004, Web 2.0 characterizes changes that allow users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in social networking sites: Facebook, Twitter, blogs, wikis, YouTube, hosted services, applications, WhatsApp, etc. Since 2006, Israel is involved in asymmetric conflicts. The research defines the impact of Web 2.0 on public engagement in the Israeli home front. The case studies examined in the research are: 1) The 2006 Lebanon War (July-August 2006); 2) The Gaza War (27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009); 3) Operation Pillar of Defense (November 2012); and 4) The 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.
Masculinities and Media Culture in Indian Bollywood Films
Authors: Talukdar Hoimawati
Published: February 2018

Over the past few decades women's studies have centered their attention on the role of media in shaping the attitudes and social behavior of people. The role of men and the trait of masculinity has been considered as the norm and in most cases the portrayal of men in media is seen as unproblematic and exemplary. In view of such a situation it becomes immensely important to not how find out the roles of men in regard to the women but also how men too have problems in constructing the larger gamut of gender as one of the key ingredients of social relationships. This article provides an in-depth study of the role of men, media and society with special attention to the popular Indian cinematic genre of Bollywood.
Determinants of Business-to-Business (B2B) Website Use by a Buyer-Supplier Dyad
Authors: Nandy Merlin
Published: February 2018

This article is based on one of the manufacturers of automotive components in India referred to as Avanti Enterprises (AvE). It describes the implementation of a Business-to-Business (B2B) website by AvE for its suppliers and highlights the factors that led to use of this website, by one particular supplier. As an example, this supplier is referred to as Bhusan Industries (BHI). The case is based on a dyad of primary organization (AvE) and the user organization (BHI) to discuss the level of use of a B2B website by the dyad and describes the factors related to the primary hosting organization and the user organization that determines use. The article aims to: understand why a website is used; to describe the website features and how they are used; describe the primary organization characteristics; how and why those characteristics influence the website use; to describe the user organization characteristics; and how and why they influence the website use. Sources of data include company documentation, interviews, industry databases, secondary case studies relevant to the framework and company websites.
TLR2 Stimulation Strengthens Intrahepatic Myeloid-Derived Cell-Mediated T Cell Tolerance through Inducing Kupffer Cell Expansion and IL-10 Production
Authors: Liu Jia , Yu Qing , Wu Weimin , Huang Xuan , Broering Ruth , Werner Melanie , Roggendorf Michael , Yang Dongliang , Lu Mengji
Published: February 2018

Hepatic APCs play a critical role in promoting immune tolerance in the liver. Recently, we have demonstrated that TLR2 stimulation on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells reverted their suppressive properties to induce T cell immunity. However, there is a paucity of information about how TLR2 stimulation modulates the immunological function of other hepatic APCs. In the current study, we investigated whether TLR2 stimulation influences the function of intrahepatic myeloid-derived cells (iMDCs) and elucidated the mechanisms involved in iMDC-induced T cell immunity. We could show that iMDCs from C57BL/6 mice can potently suppress T cell activation in a cell contact–independent manner. Ag presentation by iMDCs leads to naive CD8 T cell tolerance. To our surprise, instead of inducing cell functional maturation, TLR2 ligand palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (P3C) stimulation further strengthens the suppressive and tolerogenic properties of iMDCs. After P3C administration, the population of Kupffer cells (KCs) of iMDCs dramatically increased. Mechanism analysis shows that KCs are essential for the enhanced inhibition of T cell activation by P3C-stimulated iMDCs. The iMDC-mediated CD8 T cell inhibition was mediated by soluble mediators, one of which was IL-10 secreted by KCs after P3C stimulation. IL-10 blockade could partially abolish iMDC-mediated T cell inhibition. Moreover, hepatitis B virus particle stimulation on iMDCs could also induce IL-10 production by the cells in a TLR2-dependent way. Our results have implications for our understanding of liver-specific tolerance and for the development of strategies to overcome T cell tolerance in situations such as chronic viral liver infections.
Septic Shock Shapes B Cell Response toward an Exhausted-like/Immunoregulatory Profile in Patients
Authors: Gustave Claude-Alexandre , Gossez Morgane , Demaret Julie , Rimmelé Thomas , Lepape Alain , Malcus Christophe , Poitevin-Later Françoise , Jallades Laurent , Textoris Julien , Monneret Guillaume , Venet Fabienne
Published: February 2018

Septic shock is accompanied by the development of immune dysfunctions whose intensity and duration are associated with increased risk of secondary infections and mortality. Although B lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the immune response to infections, no comprehensive exploration of circulating B cell status has been performed during the immunosuppressive phase of septic shock. Thus, our aim was to extensively characterize the phenotype and function of B cells in septic shock, including IL-10 production. Circulating B lymphocyte phenotype and function were evaluated by flow cytometry on fresh whole blood and after ex vivo stimulation in adult septic shock patients sampled at day 1, 3, and 6 after the onset of shock. The circulating B cell number was reduced in septic shock patients, whereas the B cell proportion among total lymphocytes was increased. The remaining circulating B lymphocytes presented with decreased MHC class II expression and increased CD21low CD95high exhausted-like phenotype but showed no change in maturation status. Circulating B cell functions were markedly altered after sepsis with reduced ex vivo activation and proliferation capacities. Finally, B cell response after septic shock was characterized by a clear plasmacytosis and an increased IL-10 production in remaining B cells from patients after ex vivo stimulation. During the sepsis-induced immunosuppression phase, B cell response is altered and is oriented toward an exhausted-like/immunoregulatory profile. Further studies are now needed to confirm the immunoregulatory properties of B lymphocytes and evaluate their role in sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
Use of pulmonary function test demographic data to identify high-risk patients for lung cancer screening
Authors: Jimenez Amanda R. , Weiss Arielle Shaeffer , Campagna Anthony C.
Published: February 2018

Lung Cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death in the United States. We have recognized a need for novel methods of identification and consideration of enrollment into a lung cancer screening program for those at the highest risk of lung cancer. Our primary goal was to determine if pulmonary function test (PFT) demographic data would be useful in identifying patients for lung cancer screening. We retrospectively reviewed PFTs performed at Lahey Hospital & Medical Center (LHMC) January 2012 through January 2013 and found that of patients identified as high risk of lung cancer, 89% had passed through our PFT lab but had not yet been screened. Investigation into the barriers of lung cancer screening to better understand how to increase appropriate enrollment then followed. A total of 3098 PFTs were reviewed from January 2012 through January 2013 and 634 patients (20%) were identified as high risk for lung cancer.Â  Of 634 patients, 70 (11%) were already in the LHMC lung cancer screening program. The remaining 564 patients (89%) were not enrolled, and of these, it was found that 292 patients identified as high risk for lung cancer represented missed opportunities for screening. The remaining 272 patients were appropriately not screened with the three most common reasons being prior imaging with positive finding, lung cancer within five years, and provider discussed but scan not yet performed. Appropriate enrollment in a lung cancer screening program may be increased with the careful use of demographic data obtained from a PFT lab.Â
The effects of inhaled corticosteroid on insulin sensitivity in asthmatic patients
Authors: Borsi Seyed Hamid , Rashidi Homeira , Shaabanpour Maryam , Raji Hanieh
Published: February 2018

Asthma is an inflammatory disease, which causes airflow limitation and increase insulin resistance. The present study was carried out in order to investigate insulin resistance and the effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) on insulin sensitivity in asthmatic patients. A registered (IRCT201605247411N2) interventional, quasi-experimental trial was performed from 2014 to 2015 in Imam Khomeini hospital Ahvaz, Iran. Patients with mild to moderate asthma participated in this study. Spirometry, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood sugar 2 hour post prandial (BS2HPP), HbA1C, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Insulin Level, and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Then Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] Index calculated. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and McNemarâ€™s test using SPSS 20.0 Software. The study consisted of 35 non-diabetic patients suffering from asthma (20 men and 15 women) with a mean age of 36.6 Â±12.3 years. Inhaled corticosteroid had a significant effect on spirometric parameters, but it had no significant effect on other variables. At baseline, mean HbA1C, insulin level and HOMA-IR were 5.5%, 10.9 mIU/L and 2.7 respectively. None of these values changed significantly after treatment with inhaled corticosteroid for two months. The results indicated that there is no relationship between ICS and increased insulin resistance in asthmatic patients.
Cálculo de precipitação média utilizando método de Thiessen e as linhas de cumeada
Authors: Marciano Alexandre Germano , Barbosa Alexandre Augusto , Silva Ana Paula Moni
Published: February 2018

O presente estudo propõe um método para calcular as áreas de influência baseado no Método de Thiessen e considerando as linhas de cumeada do relevo. O estudo foi estabelecido para a bacia do Alto Sapucaí, a montante da cidade de Itajubá-MG, e foram usados os dados das estações de monitoramento de enchentes da Universidade Federal de Itajubá. Também foram utilizadas imagens da Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Com esses dados, foram traçadas áreas de influência das estações pluviométricas, por meio da junção do Método de Thiessen e das linhas de cumeadas mais próximas dessas medições de pluviosidade. Acredita-se que com isso os resultados das áreas de influência de uma estação climatológica sejam mais precisos que outros métodos recomendados pela bibliografia especializada.
Climatic zoning for eucalyptus cultivation through strategic decision analysis
Authors: Fraga Micael De Souza , Uliana Eduardo Morgan , Silva Demetrius David da , Campos Flávio Bastos , Calijuri Maria Lúcia , Santos Diego Magalhães de Souza
Published: February 2018

The rapid expansion of eucalyptus cultivation necessitates studies that can identify areas amenable to the planting and development of its different varieties. This study therefore aimed to verify the suitability of two varieties of eucalyptus in the state of Espírito Santo, using Geographic Information Systems supported by strategic decision analysis. Mean precipitation, mean temperature, hydric deficit and land slope data were used as decision factors. These factors were submitted to fuzzy standardization, aggregated and compensated by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) process, resulting in the final aptitude mapping. For the reconciliation of conflict areas between the varieties, the Multi-objective Land Allocation (MOLA) module was used to maximize the suitability of the land for the objective. The WLC analysis allowed us to identify the suitability of the areas and with the use of the MOLA module it was possible to resolve the conflict of suitability between the two eucalyptus varieties. Most of the state of Espírito Santo is highly suitable for the the development of varieties. The northwestern region and part of the northern region presented less suitability for both analyzed eucalyptus varieties. Considering the 10,000 km2 most adaptable area for eucalyptus cultivation in the state of Espírito Santo, it was verified that the most suitable areas for planting the two eucalyptus varieties are located in the mountainous regions, part of the southern region and near the northeastern coast.
Comprehensive Revenue and Expense Data Collection Methodology for Teaching Health Centers: A Model for Accountable Graduate Medical Education Financing
Authors: Regenstein Marsha , Snyder John E. , Jewers Mariellen Malloy , Nocella Kiki , Mullan Fitzhugh
Published: February 2018

Background 

Despite considerable federal investment, graduate medical education financing is neither transparent for estimating residency training costs nor accountable for effectively producing a physician workforce that matches the nation's health care needs. The Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education (THCGME) program's authorization in 2010 provided an opportunity to establish a more transparent financing mechanism.

Objective 

We developed a standardized methodology for quantifying the necessary investment to train primary care physicians in high-need communities.

Methods 

The THCGME Costing Instrument was designed utilizing guidance from site visits, financial documentation, and expert review. It collects educational outlays, patient service expenses and revenues from residents' ambulatory and inpatient care, and payer mix. The instrument was fielded from April to November 2015 in 43 THCGME-funded residency programs of varying specialties and organizational structures.

Results 

Of the 43 programs, 36 programs (84%) submitted THCGME Costing Instruments. The THCGME Costing Instrument collected standardized, detailed cost data on residency labor (n = 36), administration and educational outlays (n = 33), ambulatory care visits and payer mix (n = 30), patient service expenses (n =  26), and revenues generated by residents (n = 26), in contrast to Medicare cost reports, which include only costs incurred by residency programs.

Conclusions 

The THCGME Costing Instrument provides a model for calculating evidence-based costs and revenues of community-based residency programs, and it enhances accountability by offering an approach that estimates residency costs and revenues in a range of settings. The instrument may have feasibility and utility for application in other residency training settings.
Bernard iz Clairvauxa: Dva govora
Authors: Čop Breda
Published: February 2018

Na 12. stoletje je s svojim duhovnim in kulturnim delovanjem tako izredno vplival sv. Bernard, da ta čas smemo poimenovati kar Bernardovo stoletje. Velike in vsestransko pomembne osebnosti tega svetnika pa ni mogoče predstaviti z enim samim imenom oziroma nazivom.
Feriae Graecae Latinaeque AD MMXVII
Authors: Kham Omahen Živa
Published: February 2018

Poletje 2017 je bilo za klasično filologijo nepričakovano plodno. V približno treh mesecih so se odvili trije veliki dogodki, dva od njih letos prvič, namenjeni v prvi vrsti dijakom in učencem tretje triade, hkrati pa odprti za vse ljubitelje klasične filologije in antične kulture in civilizacije. Vsak od njih je prinesel svoje vsebine, svoje kamenčke in barve – in nastal je čudovit mozaik. Upamo, da bodo dogodki (p)ostali tradicionalni in da se jim v letu 2018 pridruži vsaj še Noč raziskovalcev.
David Movrin in Elżbieta Olechowska, Classics and Class: Greek and Latin Classics and Communism at School
Authors: Gantar Kajetan
Published: February 2018

Zajetna knjiga na 572 straneh z angleškim naslovom Classics and Class – Greek and Latin Classics and Communism at School, ki je izšla leta 2016 v Varšavi in Ljubljani – uredila sta jo David Movrin (iz Ljubljane) in Elżbieta Olechovska (iz Varšave) – predstavlja referate znanstvenega srečanja klasičnih filologov iz nekdanjih socialističnih držav, ki je pod naslovom Pouk latinščine za železno zaveso potekalo na Filozofski fakulteti v Ljubljani v zadnjih dneh septembra 2013.
Raba narečja v novogrški prozi: primer Joannisa Kondilakisa
Authors: Politakis Georgios
Published: February 2018

Članek obravnava jezik Joannisa Kondilakisa, enega izmed novogrških avtorjev, ki so v svoj književni opus vključevali značilnosti domačega (tj. kretskega) narečja, in kontekst nastanka njegovega literarnega opusa. Da bi omenjeno tematiko osvetlili z različnih vidikov, so v prvem delu prikazane temeljne idejne in jezikovne usmeritve časa, v katerem je omenjeni avtor deloval, pa tudi podatki o njegovem življenju in delu. Sledi strnjen pregled novogrških narečij, članek pa se zaključi s prikazom najpomembnejših rezultatov analize rabe kretskega narečja v delih Joannisa Kondilakisa.
Izbrani arhaizmi glagolskega besedotvorja in oblikotvorja arkadijskega narečja
Authors: Kuntner Rok
Published: February 2018

Pričujoča razprava se osredinja na štiri morda najznačilnejše arhaizme s prajezično datacijo v arkadijskem glagolskem sistemu, izpričane na napisih IG 262 iz Mantineje (5. stol. pr. Kr.) in IG 343 iz Orhomena (4. stol. pr. Kr.). Arhaizmi so obravnavani z diahronega vidika s pomočjo primerjalne metode in metode rekonstrukcije. Cilj razprave je rekonstruirati podobo posameznega leksema oziroma segmenta na relevantnih predhistoričnih stopnjah (indoevropski prajezik, pragrščina, praarkadokiprščina oz. praarkadijščina), kadar je to mogoče, in predstaviti odnos posameznega arkadijskega arhaizma do inovativnih oblik, ki jih izpričuje večina preostalih starogrških narečij. Predmet obravnave so naslednji jezikovni pojavi, leksemi in segmenti: (1) ojevski vokalizem v primarnih medijalnih končnicah 3. os. sg. in pl. (ark. -τοι in -ντοι), (2) konjunktiv aktiva s sekundarnimi končnicami (na primeru ark. oblike κακρίνη), (3) osebilo 1. os. sg. akt. opt. prez. -οια (na primeru ark. oblike ἐξελαύνοια) in (4) AK. pl. f. akt. ptcp. prez. glagola biti (na primeru ark. oblike ἐάσας). V prilogah sta podani še za razpravo relevantni epigrafski besedili IG 262 in IG 343 v izvirniku in slovenskem prevodu.
Kaj pravzaprav pomeni Split? Etimologija starogrške besede aspálathos
Authors: Veljković Žarko B.
Published: February 2018

Članek podaja analizo uveljavljene etimologije imena mesta Split iz starogrškega poimenovanja rastline aspálathos »žuka ali brnistra, natančneje: lesni grm Alhagi maurorum s cvetovi barve v razponu od svetlo roza do kostanjevo rjave, trnov trolist Calycotome villosa s cvetovi svetlo rumene barve in rastlina Genista acanthoclada s cvetovi rumene barve«. Nadalje raziskuje etimologijo starogrškega poimenovanja rastline aspálathos in predlaga etimologijo *aspálax ali spálax (kot poimenovanje rastline) »lilija Colchicum parnassicum s cvetovi vijolične barve« + pripona -thos > aspálathos, in sicer v prvem in najpogostejšem pomenu »lesni grm Alhagi maurorum s cvetovi barve v razponu od svetlo roza do kostanjevo rjave«.
Prva zoografija slovenske favne: komentarji Pietra Andrea Matthiolija k Dioskoridovemu farmakološkemu delu Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς
Authors: Kiauta Boštjan
Published: February 2018

Matthiolijevo monumentalno delo Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica materia […] je ostalo pri slovenskih zoologih doslej neopaženo. Neilustrirani italijanski izdaji (1544) je sledilo nekaj desetin bogato ilustriranih izdaj v latinščini, francoščini, nemščini in češčini. Delo vsebuje opise in ilustracije številnih v farmakologiji uporabljanih vrst vretenčarjev, žuželk, drugih členonožcev in nečlenarjev iz nekdanje Kranjske in Istre, ki jih je zbral avtor v času svojega službovanja v Gorici (1541–1555), in predstavlja tako prvo zoografijo slovenske favne. Podani so: kratek opis strukture dela, njegove omembe v razpravah o zgodovini entomologije, beležka o pomembnejših renesančnih zbirkah žuželk in seznam 12 Matthiolijevih taksonov členonožcev, navedenih v I. A. Scopolijevi Entomologia carniolica (Vindobonae: Trattener, 1763). Večina Matthiolijevih nazivov za živali še ni bila prevedena v moderno taksonomsko nomenklaturo, zato podrobna ocena pomena dela za slovensko favnistiko še ni mogoča.
Estimation of rate coefficients and branching ratios for gas-phase reactions of OH with aliphatic organic compounds for use in automated mechanism construction
Authors: Jenkin Michael E. , Valorso Richard , Aumont Bernard , Rickard Andrew R. , Wallington Timothy J.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical is the dominant removal process for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Rate coefficients for reactions of OH with VOCs are therefore essential parameters for chemical mechanisms used in chemistry-transport models, and are required more generally for impact assessments involving estimation of atmospheric lifetimes or oxidation rates for VOCs. Updated and extended structure-activity relationship (SAR) methods are presented for the reactions of OH with aliphatic organic compounds, with the reactions of aromatic organic compounds considered in a companion paper. The methods are optimized using a preferred set of data including reactions of OH with 489 aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated organic compounds. In each case, the rate coefficient is defined in terms of a summation of partial rate coefficients for H abstraction or OH addition at each relevant site in the given organic compound, so that the attack distribution is defined. The information can therefore guide the representation of the OH reactions in the next generation of explicit detailed chemical mechanisms. Rules governing the representation of the subsequent reactions of the product radicals under tropospheric conditions are also summarized, specifically their reactions with O2 and competing processes.
Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of the Neutral Per-fluoroalkyl Substances, and Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxanes in Atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Xiaoping , Schuster Jasmin , Jones Kevin C. , Gong Ping
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Due to their properties of bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-range atmospheric transport, poly and per-fluoroalkylsubstances (PFASs), and cyclic volatile methyl silxoanes (cVMS) are currently being considered as emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for regulation. To date, there are limited data on PFASs and cVMS in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a remote environment which can provide information on global background conditions. Sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers were therefore deployed for three months (May to July 2011 and 2013) at 16 locations across the TP. Using previously reported methods for estimating the air volume sampled by SIP disks, the derived atmospheric concentrations ranged as follows: 18–565 ng/m3 for ∑cVMS (including D3, D4, D5, and D6); 65–223 pg/m3 for fluorotelomer alcohols (∑FTOHs); 1.2–12.8 pg/m3 for fluorinated sulfonamides (∑FOSA); and 0.29–1.02 pg/m3 for fluorinated sulfonamidoethanols (∑FOSE). The highest ∑cVMS occurred at Lhasa, the capital city of the TP, indicating the local contribution to the emerging pollutants. Higher levels of ∑FTOHs were observed at sites close to the transport channel of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, indicating possible long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Elevated concentrations of shorter-chain volatile PFAS precursors (4 : 2 FTOH and fluorobutane sulfonamidoethanol) were found in most air samples, reflecting the shift in production from long- to short-chain PFASs in Asia. Overall, concentrations of emerging POPs at background sites of the TP were 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported for legacy POPs.
Assessing the capability of different satellite observing configurations to resolve the distribution of methane emissions at kilometer scales
Authors: Turner Alexander J. , Jacob Daniel J. , Benmergui Joshua , Brandman Jeremy , White Laurent , Randles Cynthia A.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Anthropogenic methane emissions originate from a large number of fine-scale and often transient point sources. Satellite observations of atmospheric methane columns are an attractive approach for monitoring these emissions but have limitations from instrument precision, pixel resolution, and measurement frequency. Dense observations will soon be available in both low Earth and geostationary orbits, but the extent to which they can provide fine-scale information on methane sources has yet to be explored. Here we present an observation system simulation experiment (OSSE) to assess the capabilities of different satellite observing system configurations. We conduct a 1-week WRF-STILT simulation to generate methane column footprints at 1.3×1.3 km2 spatial resolution and hourly temporal resolution over a 290×235 km2 domain in the Barnett Shale in Northeast Texas, a major oil/gas field with a large number of point sources. We sub-sample these footprints to match the observing characteristics of the recently launched TROPOMI instrument (7×7 km2 pixels, 11 ppb precision, daily frequency), the planned GeoCARB instrument (2.7×3.0 km2 pixels, 4 ppb precision, nominal twice-daily frequency), and other proposed observing configurations. The information content of the various observing systems is evaluated using the Fisher information matrix and its eigenvalues. We find that a week of TROPOMI observations should effectively provide regional (~100 km) information on temporally invariant emissions but is very limited at finer scales. GeoCARB should provide 4–37 % of the total information available for temporally invariant emissions in the Barnett Shale (~100 pieces of information). Improvements to the instrument precision yield greater increases in information content, compared to improved sampling frequency. A precision better than 6 ppb is an important threshold for achieving fine resolution of emissions. Transient emissions would be missed with either TROPOMI or GeoCARB. An aspirational high-resolution geostationary instrument with 1.3×1.3 km2 pixel resolution, hourly return time, and 1 ppb precision would effectively constrain the temporally invariant emissions in the Barnett Shale at the kilometer scale and provide some information on transient sources.
Atmospheric Processing of Iron in Mineral and Combustion Aerosols: Development of an Intermediate-Complexity Mechanism Suitable for Earth System Models
Authors: Scanza Rachel A. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Perez Garcia-Pando Carlos , Buck Clifton , Baker Alex , Hamilton Douglas S.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric processing of iron in dust and combustion aerosols is simulated using an intermediate-complexity soluble iron mechanism designed for Earth system models. The solubilization mechanism includes both a dependence on aerosol water pH and in-cloud oxalic acid. The simulations of size resolved total, soluble and fractional iron solubility indicate that this mechanism captures many but not all of the features seen from cruise observations of labile iron. The primary objective was to determine the extent to which our solubility scheme could adequately match observations of fractional iron solubility. We define a semi-quantitative metric as the model mean at points with observations divided by the observational mean (MMO); fractional iron solubility MMO is 0.8, indicating that while the model is not capturing all of the observational variability, it is within range of the observational mean. Several sensitivity studies are performed to ascertain the degree of complexity needed to match observations; including the oxalic acid enhancement is necessary while different parameterizations for calculating model oxalate concentrations are less important. The percent change in soluble iron deposition between the reference case and the simulation with acidic processing alone is 63.8 %, which is consistent with previous studies. Upon deposition to global oceans, global mean combustion iron solubility to total fractional iron solubility is 8.2 %; however, the contribution of fractional iron solubility from combustion sources to ocean basins below 15° S is approximately 50 %. We conclude that in many remote ocean regions, sources of iron from combustion and dust aerosols are equally important. Our estimates of changes in deposition of soluble iron to the ocean since preindustrial suggest roughly a doubling due to a combination of higher dust and combustion iron emissions along with more efficient atmospheric processing.
Real-time measurements of gas-phase organic acids using SF6− chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Nah Theodora , Ji Yi , Tanner David J. , Guo Hongyu , Sullivan Amy P. , Ng Nga Lee , Weber Rodney J. , Huey L. Gregory
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The sources and atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase organic acids are currently poorly understood due in part to the limited range of measurement techniques available. In this work, we evaluated the use of SF6− as a sensitive and selective chemical ionization reagent ion for real-time measurements of gas-phase organic acids. Field measurements are made using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) at a rural site in Yorkville, Georgia from September to October 2016 to investigate the capability of this measurement technique. Our measurements demonstrate that SF6− can be used to measure a range of organic acids in the atmosphere. Ambient concentrations of organic acids ranged from a few parts per trillion by volume (ppt) to several parts per billion by volume (ppb). Assuming that these organic acids are completely water-soluble, the carbon mass fraction of gas-phase water-soluble organic carbon (WSOCg) comprised of these organic acids ranged from 7 to 100 % with a study average of 30 %. All the organic acids displayed similar strong diurnal behaviors, reaching maximum concentrations between 5 and 7 pm local time. The organic acid concentrations are dependent on ambient temperature, with higher organic acid concentrations being measured during warmer periods.
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) production in polar oceans may be resilient to ocean acidification
Authors: Hopkins Frances E. , Nightingale Philip D. , Stephens John A. , Moore C. Mark , Richier Sophie , Cripps Gemma L. , Archer Stephen D.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the polar oceans play a key role in atmospheric processes and climate. Therefore, it is important we increase our understanding of how DMS production in these regions may respond to environmental change. The polar oceans are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). However, our understanding of the polar DMS response is limited to two studies conducted in Arctic waters, where in both cases DMS concentrations decreased with increasing acidity. Here, we report on our findings from seven summertime shipboard microcosm experiments undertaken in a variety of locations in the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean. These experiments reveal no significant effects of short term OA on the net production of DMS by planktonic communities. This is in contrast to identical experiments from temperate NW European shelf waters where surface ocean communities responded to OA with significant increases in dissolved DMS concentrations. A meta-analysis of the findings from both temperate and polar waters (n = 18 experiments) reveals clear regional differences in the DMS response to OA. We suggest that these regional differences in DMS response reflect the natural variability in carbonate chemistry to which the respective communities may already be adapted. Future temperate oceans could be more sensitive to OA resulting in a change in DMS emissions to the atmosphere, whilst perhaps surprisingly DMS emissions from the polar oceans may remain relatively unchanged. By demonstrating that DMS emissions from geographically distinct regions may vary in response to OA, our results may facilitate a better understanding of Earth's future climate. Our study suggests that the way in which processes that generate DMS respond to OA may be regionally distinct and this should be taken into account in predicting future DMS emissions and their influence on Earth's climate.
Similarity and dissimilarity in model-results between single and
multiple flow direction simulations based on a distributed
ecohydrological model
Authors: Xu Zhenwu , Tang Guoping
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Distributed hydrological and ecosystem models route surface and subsurface flow in general two ways: single and multiple flow direction (SFD vs. MFD). However, few study has examined how model results differ between SFD and MFD simulation. The objective of this study is to explore the similarity and dissimilarity of model results between the two simulations. To achieve this objective, we compared model results based on a distributed ecohydrological model that was ran respectively under four different routing algorithms. Our results indicate that SFD and MFD algorithms behave in the same way in simulating stream hydrograph. When averaged for the watershed, the values of modeled ecohydrological variables do not differ significantly between SFD and MFD simulations. Nevertheless, due to differences between SFD and MFD algorithms, the modeled values of variables are spatially more autocorrelated under MFD algorithms than under SFD algorithms. In addition, there are significant differences in the modeled values of variables at individual cell level. For hydrological variables, differences are most significant in areas near channels and tend to decrease significantly as distances-from-channel increases. For ecological variables, differences are minimal in areas near channels and tend to increase significantly as distance-from- channel increases. The similarity and dissimilarity between SFD and MFD simulations are not subject to dry or wet year. Overall, we found there are no differences in model results between SFD and MFD algorithms when model results are averaged for a study area but there are significant differences in model results when individual cells are compared.
Technical note: Changes of cross- and auto-dependence structures in climate projections of daily precipitation and their sensitivity to outliers
Authors: Hnilica Jan , Hanel Martin , Puš Vladimír
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Simulations of regional or global climate models are often used for climate change impact assessment. To eliminate systematic errors, which are inherent to all climate model simulations, a number of post processing (statistical downscaling) methods have been proposed recently. In addition to basic statistical properties of simulated variables, some of these methods consider also the biases and/or changes in dependence structure between variables or within. In the present paper we assess the biases and changes in cross- and auto-correlation structures of daily precipitation in six regional climate model simulations. In addition the effect of outliers is explored making distinction between ordinary outliers (i.e. values exceptionally small or large) and dependence outliers (values deviating from dependence structures). It is demonstrated that correlation estimates can be strongly influenced by few outliers even in large data sets. In turn, any statistical downscaling method relying on sample correlation/covariance can therefore provide misleading results. An exploratory procedure is proposed to detect the dependence outliers in multi-variate data and to quantify their impact on correlation structures.
Study on monitoring and numerical analyses of groundwater variation and inclinometer displacement induced by heavy typhoon rainfall
Authors: Jeng Ching-Jiang , Yang Chia-Yu
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This study examined the slope area of the Huafan University campus, within the entire Ta-Lun Shan area. Situated at 550 m above sea level, the area is geographically classified as a dip slope. For sustainable development of the campus, a variety of continuous monitoring equipment has been set. This study continues to analyze the monitoring data in the previous period, but focuses on the observation and comparison of the horizontal displacement at different depths recorded by inclinometers with time. At the same time, the relationship between the groundwater variation caused by heavy typhoon rainfall and the driven deep displacement of the slope is studied. In addition, this study has also been extended to the whole Ta-Lun Shan area, the observation data of cracks inside and outside the campus are analyzed. The displacement and sliding data collected over the years by the inclinometers are used to study the potential sliding surfaces distribution of the slope, combined with the influence of the typhoon rainfall. This study also continues to obtain the relationship between groundwater level and rainfall, such as the time lag and groundwater level changes, and reviews the effectiveness of the implementation of two catchpits at the campus. In the process of renovation, a Shape Acceleration Array (SAA) is used for measuring the instantaneous displacement to monitor if the displacement has increased during the implementation of the catchpits. The SAA measurement is taken as the reference basis for hazard prevention and maintenance of the slope, thus reducing and preventing the occurrence of disasters in the area. Then, a series of shear tests are carried out. Finally, the software Geostudio is applied to analyze the relationship between rainfall infiltration, groundwater level, and the displacement of the entire slope. The numerical analysis results are compared with the monitoring results in order to comprehensively discuss the slope safety.
Front Matter
Authors: Stanton Timothy
Published: February 2018

Front Cover

Inside Front Cover

Editorial
Some Possible Corruptions in the Text of Locke's Essay
Authors: Milton John R.
Published: February 2018

The Essay concerning Human Understanding went through no fewer than four editions in Locke’s lifetime, with another that incorporated some further input from him published in 1706, two years after his death. It might, therefore, seem reasonable to suppose that although printing errors undoubtedly occurred in the earlier editions (especially the first), by the time the fifth edition was published all of them would have been located and corrected. In his edition of the Essay,1 Peter Nidditch made rather more than twenty editorial changes, but all of them are very minor: most involve alteration of punctuation or capitalisation, and the only one that introduces a substantive change is the alteration of the plural ‘Ideas’ to the singular ‘Idea’ in II. xvi. 3 (205.20; all the references in this form given below are to the page- and line-numbers in Nidditch’s edition).
Locke, Ayers, and Abstraction
Authors: Walmsley Jonathan
Published: February 2018

Berkeley famously took Locke’s account of abstraction to be a process of mental separation that creates incomplete ideas which represent many individuals. A number of scholars have more recently tried to rehabilitate Locke’s theory of abstraction and save it from Berkeley’s criticisms. The most steadfast and sophisticated of these scholars is Michael Ayers, who, in a number of publications, has argued that Locke’s theory of abstraction is one of ‘partial consideration’, where a thinker merely considers certain aspects of ideas to form universal representatives. I have written two papers discussing Ayers’s interpretation. The first of these was concerned directly with Ayers’s arguments for his reading of Locke’s views on this subject, the second an account of the evolution of Locke’s theory in the drafts of the Essay, supporting the arguments made in the first. In 2008, Ayers published a response to these articles, revisiting his earlier views, refining them in places, and sketching his own account of the development of Locke’s theory of abstraction. This paper will review Ayers’s new arguments to determine the further support they provide to his contention that Locke’s theory of abstraction was one of ‘partial consideration’. This discussion will also provide an occasion to touch on other recent scholarship on this matter.
Experiential Objects and Things Themselves
Authors: Tomida Yasuhiko
Published: February 2018

In Locke’s Essay we find two different viewpoints being deployed: direct-realistic and representational-realistic. They are closely connected with each other and together form a holistic whole. Every meta-scientific view possesses one of its common, indispensable origins in our ordinary, direct-realistic (or in Edmund Husserl’s terminology, ‘natural’) attitude; and Locke’s meta-scientific view in the Essay is no exception. However, since he usually expresses his direct-realistic view in a language of ‘ideas’ that stems from the Cartesian representational-realistic viewpoint adopted in the Essay, his arguments there have often seemed confused to many readers. I have pointed out this problem on other occasions, but have not yet treated it thematically. In this paper I take up the problem once more and attempt a fuller clarification of Locke’s naturalistic, holistic logic.
Locke and Wilkins on Inner Sense and Volition
Authors: Connolly Patrick
Published: February 2018

The primary purpose of this paper is to elucidate two interesting parallels between views discussed in John Wilkins’s Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion (hereafter Principles) and positions developed by John Locke in his Essay concerning Human Understanding (hereafter Essay). The first parallel pertains to a faculty of inner sense. Both authors carve out a central role for this introspective perceptual modality. The second parallel pertains to volition and free will. Both authors employ an investigative methodology which privileges first-personal experiences of choosing and willing.
Review of Locke’s Metaphysics by Matthew Stuart
Authors: Nuovo Victor
Published: February 2018

This is a substantial book in several ways. To begin with, it is great in bulk and long in content. But it is so well ordered that in spite of its length it can be navigated with ease. Its contents are topically arranged. Its seventy sections numbered consecutively are distributed among ten chapters. Its topics and subtopics are described in a table of contents and elaborated in summaries at the head of each chapter, which provide the reader with a running argument. With these aids, it is possible to survey the entire contents of the book in short order and to jump from one place to another without losing one’s way. A table of contents and index locorum complete a perfect set of navigational aids. The method is reminiscent of Locke.
Review of La morale di Locke. Fra Prudenza e Mediocritas by Giuliana Di Biase
Authors: Lucci Diego
Published: February 2018

In this book, Giuliana Di Biase explores the meaning and significance of the concept of prudence in John Locke’s thought. Di Biase argues that this concept played an important role not only in Locke’s philosophy, but also in his life.
Locke, Horace, and a Syllabus Errorum
Authors: Waldmann Felix
Published: February 2018

Houghton Library, Harvard University, fMS Eng 1090 (4) is an unpublished manuscript leaf in Locke’s hand.
Locke's Person is a Relation
Authors: Simendić Marko
Published: February 2018

John Locke added a chapter called ‘Of Identity and Diversity’ to the second edition of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1694) [hereafter E or Essay] in which he presented a revolutionary account of persons and personal identity. Chapter II.xxvii proved to be an immensely important contribution to the philosophical scholarship of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and remains the focus of a substantial and growing body of commentary. Within the abundant literature on Locke’s views on personhood, a number of contemporary accounts endeavour to answer a seemingly simple question— what is Locke’s person? Locke gives no explicit answer but offers three possibilities. ‘Complex ideas’, Locke writes, ‘may be all reduced under these three Heads’ (E, II.xxi.3) and these three are: modes, substances and relations.
Degrees of Certainty and Sensitive Knowledge
Authors: Rickless Samuel
Published: February 2018

In recent work, I have argued that what Locke calls ‘sensitive knowledge’ is not really knowledge, according to his own definition. Knowledge, as Locke defines it, is the perception of an agreement or disagreement between two ideas (E, IV.ii.15: 538). However, on Locke’s theory, sensitive knowledge, which is supposed to be knowledge via sensation of the existence of material objects outside the mind, is really better understood as a kind of assurance (i.e.,1 assent or belief based on the highest degree of probability). On this reconstruction, assurance, as Locke describes it, is a kind of doxastic state that is incompatible with reasonable doubt, but compatible with extreme hyperbolic skeptical doubt. But assurance, as Locke avers, falls short of knowledge, for it is a kind of non-factive presumption, rather than a kind of factive perception, of ideational agreement or disagreement. Locke, I claim, calls assurance of the existence of external material objects ‘sensitive knowledge’ because assurance and knowledge are indistinguishable in their practical effects: assurance, no less than knowledge, leads to action without hesitation, given the absence of reasonable doubt that there is an external world to act in. My conception of Lockean sensitive knowledge as a kind of assurance that falls short of genuine knowledge has recently been criticized in the pages of this journal by David Soles (2014). My aim here is to answer Soles’s criticisms.
Locke's Latitudinarian Sympathies
Authors: Sheridan Patricia
Published: February 2018

For Locke, as the standard story goes, good and evil assume a specifically moral significance only by dint of their being attached to divine legislation. This would seem to leave little to no role for intrinsically moral motives to play in reasoning practically about one’s moral duty. However, a re-examination of certain of Locke’s texts, particularly against the backdrop of the seventeenth-century Latitudinarian tradition, suggests that Locke is not uniformly committed to an externalist account of motivation. There are a number of instances throughout Locke’s works, I want to show, where he refers not only to the inherent righteousness of moral law as reason-giving for moral agents, but also to particular moral feelings as motivating moral acts.