bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der Einfluss politischer Rahmenbedingungen auf die Entwicklung des Wohnungsbaus
Authors: Eichener Volker
Published: September 2011

Trotz einer minimalen Erholung im Jahr 2010 sinkt die Zahl der Baufertigstellungen beständig, so dass die aus sozial‐ und klimapolitischen Gründen erforderliche Erneuerung des Wohnungsbestands viel zu langsam voranschreitet. Der Rückgang des Wohnungsneubaus ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Rentabilität von Investitionen so gering ist, dass eine Förderung unentbehrlich ist, um die Rentabilitätskurve zu glätten, die von hohen Anfangsverlusten geprägt ist, bevor der Break Even erreicht ist. Tatsächlich sind die wohnungspolitischen Förderinstrumente in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten abgebaut worden. Zusätzlich haben sich die mietrechtlichen, energiepolitischen und steuerrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Wohnungsbau verschlechtert. Eine Belebung des Wohnungsneubaus kann insbesondere erwartet werden, wenn die degressive Abschreibung wieder eingeführt und eine Kombinationsförderung des Bestandsersatzes in ganz Deutschland realisiert würde.

Influence of political conditions on residential building. In spite of a minimal recovery in 2010, the number of residential building completions is constantly decreasing. Hence, the replacement of housing stock, which is required in order to meet objectives of social policy and climate policy, proceeds way too slowly. Residential building decreases because the return on investment is so low that subsidizing is required in order to straight the profitability curve which is characterized by high losses in the first years before the break even is reached. To the contrary, the instruments to promote residential building have been cut back in the last two decades. Furthermore, the developments of tenancy law, energy policy and taxation have led to unfavourable conditions for residential building. Residential building could be revived if declining‐balance depreciation and a combined subsidy of stock replacement (demolition and new building) is introduced (again).
Entwicklungsfähigkeit von Mauerwerk aus baustofflicher Sicht
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Koster Matthias , Graubohm Markus , Saenger Dorothea
Published: September 2011

Die Entwicklung des Mauerwerks in den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde maßgeblich geprägt von ökologischen und ökonomischen Faktoren. Die Anforderungen an den Wärmeschutz von Gebäuden sind kontinuierlich gestiegen, was sich in einer stetigen Verbesserung der Wärmedämmeigenschaften des Mauerwerks niederschlägt. Steigende Lohnkosten führen zu einer fortschreitenden Rationalisierung des Mauerwerkbaus, was sich u. a. durch größere Steinformate, schnellere Vermörtelungstechniken oder auch vorgefertigte Wandelemente ausdrückt. Auch rücken ökologische Aspekte vermehrt in den Vordergrund. Die Herstellung der Wandbaustoffe soll möglichst ressourcen‐ und umweltschonend erfolgen. Parallel zu den Entwicklungen auf materieller Seite wird auch das Verhalten des Mauerwerks und seiner Bestandteile unter Lasteinwirkung immer genauer untersucht, in vielen Fällen unter Zuhilfenahme numerischer Modelle. Das Ziel hierbei ist, eine bessere Beschreibung des Tragverhaltens zu erhalten, um dadurch die einzelnen Komponenten des Mauerwerks besser auszunutzen und somit Material einsparen zu können.

Development potential of masonry from the vantage point of the building material. The development of masonry during the last decades was mainly influenced by ecological and economical factors. The requirements on the heat protection of buildings were continuously increased which results in a constant improvement of the heat insulation properties of masonry constructions. Increasing labour costs entail a progressing rationalisation of masonry which leads, among other things, to larger masonry units, improved mortar applying techniques or prefabricated wall components. Ecological aspects also come more and more to the fore. The production of wall materials should be resource‐efficient and environmentally friendly. Parallel to the developments on the material side the behaviour of masonry and its components under load action is investigated with increased accuracy often with the use of numerical models. The objectives are a better understanding of the load bearing behaviour for a maximum exploitation of the masonry components, and consequently to save material.
Konstruktiv‐technische Gestaltung von Bauwerken und Bauteilen im Abgleich mit zukünftigen nationalen und europäischen Vorgaben zur Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden
Authors: Vogdt Frank U. , Piesker Julia
Published: September 2011

Vielfältige nationale und europäische Gesetze, Verordnungen, Richtlinien oder Normen zielen auf die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden ab. Dabei steht jedoch in den bisherigen Betrachtungen nur die Betriebsphase im Fokus. Diesbezüglich wurde insbesondere im Neubaubereich nicht zuletzt durch die Einführung der Energieeinsparverordnung EnEV 2009 viel erreicht. Die geplante weitere Novellierung der EnEV (EnEV 2012) wirft bereits ihre Schatten voraus. Aus weiter verschärften Anforderungen würden nochmals zusätzliche Aufwendungen für einen erhöhten Standard des baulichen Wärmeschutzes sowie für die Anlagentechnik resultieren – insbesondere auch zur Nutzung regenerativer Energien. Damit gewinnt der Energieaufwand für die Herstellung der Bauprodukte sowie die Errichtung des Bauwerks zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine Lebenszyklusbetrachtung und eine Bewertung der Aspekte des nachhaltigen Bauens, zum Beispiel gemäß dem Leitfaden des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, erweitern den Bewertungszeitraum auf den gesamten Lebenszyklus des Gebäudes. Anhand von exemplarisch untersuchten Beispielen von Einfamilienhäusern wird dokumentiert, dass eine solche Lebenszyklusanalyse eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur Optimierung von Planungsvarianten darstellen kann, wenn diese Analyse an konkrete, die Baupraxis weitgehend realistisch abbildende Rahmenbedingungen gebunden ist.
Summary of ‘Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: September 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: van der Wouden JC, van der Sande R, van Suijlekom‐Smit LWA, Berger M, Butler CC, Koning S. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004767. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004767.pub3. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentaries on ‘Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum’
Authors: Mc Cuaig Catherine , Silverberg Nanette , Santer Miriam
Published: September 2011

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: van der Wouden JC, van der Sande R, van Suijlekom‐Smit LWA, Berger M, Butler CC, Koning S. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004767. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004767.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Topical treatments for cutaneous warts’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: September 2011

This is a summary of Cochrane Review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gibbs S, Harvey I. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001781. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001781.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Topical treatments for cutaneous warts’
Authors: Lio Peter A.
Published: September 2011

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gibbs S, Harvey I. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001781. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001781.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: September 2011

This is a summary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Garner SE, Eady A, Popescu CM, Newton J, Li Wan Po A. Minocycline for acne vulgaris: efficacy and safety. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD002086. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002086. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis of Nonnatural Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
Authors: Wolf Saskia , Berrio Rosmirt Molina , Meier Chris
Published: September 2011

Recently, we reported an efficient chemical method for the synthesis of a variety of naturally occurring nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) sugars. This method, which is based on the cycloSal approach, can also be used, in principle, for the preparation of rare or even nonnatural NDP sugars. Herein, the syntheses of sulfoquinovose‐, glucose‐6‐sulfate‐, L‐galactose‐, and 2‐fluoroglycopyranoside‐containing NDP sugars are presented, as well as the synthesis of NDP sugars with non‐natural nucleosides. The reactions described gavestereoisomerically defined NDP sugars in high yields and short reaction times.
Enantioseparation of organic acids of pharmaceutical interest using eremomycin as a chiral selector
Authors: Prokhorova Aleksandra F. , Larin Vladimir A. , Mikhalyuk Anna N. , Staroverov Sergei M. , Shapovalova Elena N. , Shpigun Oleg A.
Published: September 2011

Strong adsorption of eremomycin on the fused‐silica capillary wall was used for separation of enantiomers by CE. The capillary with adsorbed chiral selector was shown to be easily prepared and has reproducible properties. The effect of the chiral selector concentration, pH and composition of the BGE, and applied voltage on enantioseparation of acidic compounds, such as profens and aromatic carboxylic acids, was investigated. Two native α‐amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, were enantioseparated. Fourteen tested compounds (including amino acids) were baseline resolved. Good selectivity of separation (α>1.09) was achieved. The migration order of ibuprofen and ketoprofen enantiomers was determined. The procedures were proposed for the analysis of flurbiprofen and warfarin in pharmaceuticals. Linearity was achieved in the concentration range of 4.0×10−5–2.0×10−3 M for flurbiprofen and 3.2×10−6–4.9×10−6 M for warfarin. The detection limits were found to be about 1×10−5 M for flurbiprofen and 1×10−6 M for warfarin.
Separation of enantiomers of ephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: Comparative CE, NMR and high resolution MS studies
Authors: Vega Elena D. , Lomsadze Ketevan , Chankvetadze Lali , Salgado Antonio , Scriba Gerhard K. E. , Calvo Enrique , López Juan A. , Crego Antonio L. , Marina Maria L. , Chankvetadze Bezhan
Published: September 2011

The enantiomer migration order (EMO) of ephedrine was investigated in the presence of various CDs in CE. The molecular mechanisms of chiral recognition were followed for the ephedrine complexes with native α‐ and β‐CD and heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐sulfo)‐β‐CD (HDAS‐β‐CD) by CE, NMR spectroscopy and high‐resolution MS. Minor structural differences were observed between the complexes of ephedrine with α‐ and β‐CD although the migration order of enantiomers was opposite when these two CDs were applied as chiral selectors in CE. The EMO was also opposite between β‐CD and HDAS‐β‐CD. Significant structural differences were observed between ephedrine complexes with the native CDs and HDAS‐β‐CD. The latter CD was advantageous as chiral CE selector not only due to its opposite electrophoretic mobility compared with that of the cationic chiral analyte, but also primarily due to its enhanced chiral recognition ability towards the enantiomers of ephedrine.
Study of in vitro interaction between tetrabromobisphenol A and bovine serum albumin by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Yingxin , Qian Yan , Cui Hao , Lai Xiaomin , Xie Xianchuan , Wang Xiaorong
Published: September 2011

The interaction between tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in simulated physiological conditions (pH = 7.4) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results revealed that TBBPA caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding constants (K) of TBBPA with BSA at 277, 298, and 310 K were obtained as 4.75 × 105 L/mol, 5.63 × 105 L/mol, and 6.66 × 105 L/mol, respectively. There may be two binding sites of TBBPA on BSA. The enthalpy change (ΔH), free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS) of thermodynamic parameters indicated that the interaction between TBBPA and BSA was driven mainly by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces. Synchronous fluorescence spectra showed TBBPA binding slightly changed the conformation of BSA by decreasing its polarity and increasing its hydrophobicity. The results of the present study may provide valuable information for studying the distribution and toxicity mechanisms of TBBPA in vivo. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2697–2700. © 2011 SETAC
A numerical model for aerated‐water wave breaking
Authors: Plumerault L.‐R. , Astruc D. , Villedieu P. , Maron P.
Published: September 2011

This work presents a numerical model designed for the simulation of water‐wave impacts on a structure when aeration of the liquid phase is considered. The model is based on a multifluid Navier–Stokes approach in which all fluids are assumed compressible. The numerical method is based on a finite volume algorithm in space and a second order Runge–Kutta method in time. A validation of this model is performed. It shows a good accuracy for acoustic and shock wave propagation in a bubbly liquid and for wave breaking. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide linkage analysis of Swedish families to identify putative susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Höiom Veronica , Tuominen Rainer , Hansson Johan
Published: September 2011

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder which is caused by an interaction between hereditary and environmental factors. In Sweden, a small portion of the inherited susceptibility is explained by the presence of germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A. But still, the genetic background of melanoma susceptibility is largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genome‐wide linkage scan on melanoma‐prone families using high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) arrays to identify novel melanoma susceptibility genes. We investigated 35 families of Swedish origin without CDKN2A mutations. Nonparametric and parametric multipoint linkage analyses were performed. After removal of SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium, the strongest evidence of linkage was detected on chromosome 17p11‐12 (logarithm (base 10) of odds (LOD) scores of 2.76) using parametric linkage analysis assuming a dominant trait with full penetrance. Analyses were also performed on a subset of families with low age at diagnosis (mean age ≤ 47 years), to obtain a more homogenous subset. This subgroup analysis based on 22 families yielded suggestive evidence of linkage to the chromosomal regions 11p12‐p11 and 18q22 (multipoint LOD scores of 2.10 and 2.02, respectively). Also, the 17p region that was detected in the complete family set showed suggestive linkage in this cohort (multipoint LOD scores of 2.01). Our data suggest that these chromosomal regions, 17p12‐p11 in particular as it was present in both analyses, may harbor genes involved in the susceptibility of malignant melanoma in the Swedish population. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protecting the airway during swallowing: What is the role for afferent surveillance?
Authors: Paydarfar David
Published: September 2011

Mechanoreceptors are ubiquitous throughout the upper aerodigestive tract and provide spatiotemporal information on movement and stretch of muscles and connective tissues involved in feeding. Experimental studies in humans suggest that upper airway sensory signals provide important tonic and kinesthetic feedback to central neural circuits underlying upper airway perception and laryngeal closure during swallowing. These circuits include brainstem and cortical feedforward loops that facilitate swallowing function. A clinical implication of this organization is the potential to harness the sensory system for enhancing laryngeal closure during swallowing. Therapeutic sensory stimulation is a promising method for treating dysphagia and preventing aspiration pneumonia in patients with cortical lesions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Geospatially based distributed rainfall‐runoff modelling for simulation of internal and outlet responses in a semi‐forested lower Himalayan watershed
Authors: Ramsankaran RAAJ , Kothyari U. C. , Ghosh S. K. , Malcherek A. , Murugesan K.
Published: September 2011

This study presents a Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based distributed rainfall‐runoff model for simulating surface flows in small to large watersheds during isolated storm events. The model takes into account the amount of interception storage to be filled using a modified Merriam (1960) approach before estimating infiltration by the Smith and Parlange (1978) method. The mechanics of overland and channel flow are modelled by the kinematic wave approximation of the Saint Venant equations which are then numerically solved by the weighted four‐point implicit finite difference method. In this modelling the watershed was discretized into overland planes and channels using the algorithms proposed by Garbrecht and Martz (1999). The model code was first validated by comparing the model output with an analytical solution for a hypothetical plane. Then the model was tested in a medium‐sized semi‐forested watershed of Pathri Rao located in the Shivalik ranges of the Garhwal Himalayas, India. Initially, a local sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the parameters to which the model outputs like runoff volume, peak flow and time to peak flow are sensitive. Before going for model validation, calibration was performed using the Ordered‐Physics‐based Parameter Adjustment (OPPA) method. The proposed Physically Based Distributed (PBD) model was then evaluated both at the watershed outlet as well as at the internal gauging station, making this study a first of its kind in Indian watersheds. The results of performance evaluation indicate that the model has simulated the runoff hydrographs reasonably well within the watershed as well as at the watershed outlet with the same set of calibrated parameters. The model also simulates, realistically, the temporal variation of the spatial distribution of runoff over the watershed and the same has been illustrated graphically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular analysis of Ceruloplasmin in a South African cohort presenting with oesophageal cancer
Authors: Strickland Natalie J. , Matsha Tandi , Erasmus Rajief T. , Zaahl Monique G.
Published: September 2011

Oesophageal cancer (OC) is a disease characterized by the development of malignant tumors in the epithelial cells lining the oesophagus. It demonstrates marked ethnic variation, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being more prevalent in the Black population and adenocarcinoma (ADC) occurring more often in Caucasians. The etiology of this complex disease has been attributed to a variety of factors, including an excess of iron (resulting in increased tumourigenesis), oesophageal injury and inflammation (due in part to Barrett's oesophagus and smoking among others). The aim of this study was to determine if genetic variations identified in the ceruloplasmin (CP) gene (implicated in iron homeostasis) contribute to OC pathogenesis or susceptibility. The study cohort consisted of 96 unrelated OC patients from the Black Xhosa‐speaking South African population and 88 population‐matched control individuals. The promoter and coding regions of the CP gene were analyzed for DNA sequence variation using heteroduplex single‐strand conformation polymorphism (HEX‐SSCP) analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and semi‐automated bidirectional DNA sequencing analysis. Fourteen previously described and four novel variants were identified. Statistically significant associations were revealed for two of the novel variants with OC in this study and could, therefore, potentially contribute to disease susceptibility. In silico analysis of the region of the promoter spanning the identified variants sought to identify putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that could possibly regulate the expression of CP. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine CP with respect to OC in the Black South African population.
D‐Peptide‐Based Drug Discovery Aided by Chemical Protein Synthesis
Authors: Zhao Le , Lu Wuyuan
Published: September 2011

Despite a sharp increase in the expenditures for drug research and development (R&D) in the past decade, the declining trend in the number of new drugs approved annually by the US Food and Drug Administration continues. This growing disparity between R&D investment and new drug approvals results in part from the deficiency in promising therapeutic targets and leads to a stagnation exacerbated by the lack of advanced drug discovery tools for harvesting the “high‐hanging fruits” such as inhibitors of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Small peptide inhibitors of PPIs can be of high affinity and specificity, promising an important class of therapeutic agents that target PPIs involved in a great variety of biological processes. However, susceptibility to proteolytic degradation in vivo still remains a major hurdle that limits their therapeutic potential. This limitation can be overcome by mirror‐image phage display, a technique that allows, through phage‐expressed peptide library screening against the D‐enantiomer of a target protein, for the identification of proteolysis‐resistant D‐peptide inhibitors of PPIs. Recent advances in total protein synthesis via native chemical ligation have significantly expanded the scope of molecular targets for mirror‐image phage display. This concise review focuses on the latest development in the combined use of mirror‐image phage display and native chemical ligation for D‐peptide based anticancer drug discovery.
Glial glutamate transporters: New actors in brain signaling
Authors: López‐Bayghen Esther , Ortega Arturo
Published: September 2011

Glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid in the vertebrate brain, is critically involved in most of the physiological functions of the central nervous system. It has traditionally been assumed that glutamate triggers a wide array of signaling cascades through the activation of specific membrane receptors. The extracellular levels are tightly regulated to prevent neurotoxic insults. Electrogenic Na+‐dependent glial glutamate transporters remove the bulk of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. An exquisitely ordered coupling between glutamatergic neurons and surrounding glia cells is fundamental for excitatory transmission. The glutamate/glutamine and astrocyte/neuron lactate shuttles provide the biochemical framework of this compulsory association. In this context, recent advances show that glial glutamate transporters act as signal transducers that regulate the expression of proteins involved in their compartmentalization with neurons in the so‐called tripartite synapse. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2011.
SOC and now also SIC: Store‐operated and store‐inhibited channels
Authors: Moreno Claudia , Vaca Luis
Published: September 2011

There is a specialized form of calcium influx that involves a close communication between endoplasmic reticulum and the channels at the plasma membrane. In one side store depletion activates channels known as store‐operated channels (SOC), which are responsible of the well‐studied store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE). SOC comprises two different types of channels. Orai, which is exclusively activated by store depletion being the channel responsible of the calcium release‐activated calcium current, and transient receptor potential canonical channel, which in contrast, is activated by store depletion only under specific conditions and carries nonselective cationic currents. On the other hand, it has been recently shown that store depletion also inhibits calcium channels. The first member identified, of what we named as store‐inhibited channels (SIC), is the L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel. Stores control both SOC and SIC by means of the multifunctional protein STIM1. The identification of SOC and SIC opens a new scenario for the role of store depletion in the modulation of different calcium entry pathways, which may satisfy different cellular processes.© 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2011.
Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance of autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance in oral cancer detection: a clinical study
Authors: Jayanthi Jayaraj L. , Subhash Narayanan , Stephen Manju , Philip Emmanuel K. , Beena Valappil T.
Published: September 2011

Autofluorescence (AF) and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopic techniques have shown good diagnostic accuracies for noninvasive detection of oral cavity cancer. In the present study, AF and DR spectra recorded in vivo from the same set of sites in 65 patients were analyzed using Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The effectiveness of these two techniques was assessed by comparison with gold standard and their discrimination efficiency was determined from the area under the receiver operator characteristic (AUC‐ROC) curve. Analysis using a DR technique shows a higher AUC‐ROC of 0.991 as against 0.987 for AF spectral data. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gross anatomical and scanning electron microscopic studies of the oropharyngeal cavity in the European magpie (Pica pica) and the common raven (Corvus corax)
Authors: Erdogan Serkan , Alan Aydin
Published: September 2011

There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity including tongue, palate, and laryngeal region in Corvidae family. This study not only presents the first definitive anatomical description of the structures in the oropharyngeal cavity of magpie and raven but also reviews and compares the scattered information on the morphology of the other avian species available in the literature. In this study, the organs of four birds (two magpies and two ravens) were used. The tongue in magpie and raven was considerably elongated and terminated with an oval‐shaped apex. Although the lingual apex in the magpie was divided by fissure, no such bifurcation existed on that of raven. Lingual apex was quite distinctive in both species, and multiple acicular processes covered the apex. These occurrences on the tongue of magpie were replaced by thread‐like processes as approaching the lingual body. In raven, these processes were mostly foliated, becoming longer toward the back of the lingua, and denser compared with raven. Moreover, we observed conical papillary crest, which was pointed backward and located between the lingual body and the radix of the tongue and pharyngeal conical papillae around the glottis and palate clefts in both species. There was a transversal fold separating the choanal cleft from the infundibular cleft in raven. Anatomy of the oropharyngeal cavity in the raven and magpie, which are the member of the same family, Corvidae, showed little differences and overall their oral morphological features were excessively similar. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poisson's Ratios of Honeycomb‐Structured Polymer Sheets Under Large Deformation
Authors: Kim Dae‐Yoon , Kim Namil , Hwang Seok‐Ho , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Lee Jong‐Hoon , Lee Sang‐A , Lee Joong Hee , Nah Changwoon , Jeong Kwang‐Un
Published: September 2011

The mechanical properties of 2D honeycomb‐structured polymer sheets (HSPS) are investigated with respect to the polar angle at large deformation. The tensile force fluctuates as an undamped negative sinusoidal wave with a periodicity of 15°. The amplitude of the fluctuation is proportional to the thickness of the HSPS, but the Young's modulus is independent of the thickness and the polar angle. Total and local Poisson's ratios of HSPS at the 30° polar angle are lower than those obtained at the 0° polar angle over the entire strain range, and the difference becomes smaller with increasing tensile strain. The experimentally observed structure–property relationship of the HSPS can provide important clues for understanding the deformation behavior of patterned polymeric materials.
On the convergence of the Dirichlet series of an Artin L‐function
Authors: Nicolae Florin , Pohst Michael
Published: September 2011

Let \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$K/\mathbb {Q}$\end{document} be a finite Galois extension with the Galois group G, and let χ be a character of G with the associated Artin L‐function L(s, χ) defined in ℜ(s) > 1 by the Dirichlet series \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n^s}$\end{document} with abscissa of convergence σc. Assume that L(s, χ) is holomorphic in the whole complex plane. If χ(1) = 1 then σc = 0, and if χ(1) > 1 then \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\sigma _c\le \frac{\chi (1)}{2+\chi (1)}$\end{document}.
On curvature‐homogeneous spaces of type (1,3)
Authors: Kowalski Oldřich , Vanžurová Alena
Published: September 2011

Curvature homogeneous spaces have been studied by many authors. In this paper, we introduce and study a natural modification of this class, namely so‐called curvature homogeneous spaces of type (1,3). We present a class of proper examples in every dimension and we prove a classification theorem in dimension 3 (for the generic case). We restrict ourselves to the Riemannian situation and to curvature homogeneity of order zero.
Homogeneous polynomials and extensions of Hardy‐Hilbert's inequality
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Vasileios A. , Sarantopoulos Yannis , Tonge Andrew M.
Published: September 2011

If L is a continuous symmetric n‐linear form on a real or complex Hilbert space and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\widehat{L}$\end{document} is the associated continuous n‐homogeneous polynomial, then \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\Vert L\Vert =\big \Vert \widehat{L}\big \Vert$\end{document}. We give a simple proof of this well‐known result, which works for both real and complex Hilbert spaces, by using a classical inequality due to S. Bernstein for trigonometric polynomials. As an application, an open problem for the optimal lower bound of the norm of a homogeneous polynomial, which is a product of linear forms, is related to the so‐called permanent function of an n × n positive definite Hermitian matrix. We have also derived generalizations of Hardy‐Hilbert's inequality.
Fatigue behaviour of reinforcing steel under going corrosion
Authors: Gehlen C. , Weirich T.
Published: September 2011

In der 2001 grundlegend überarbeiteten Version der DIN 1045‐1, vgl. hierzu auch [1], ist erstmalig ein expliziter Nachweis gegen Ermüdung, d. h. ein Betriebsfestigkeitsnachweis, verankert worden. Eine Dauerschwingfestigkeit ab einer Schwingspielzahl von zwei Mio. Lastwechseln, so wie sie noch bis vor wenigen Jahren im Bauwesen üblich war, ist nicht mehr gebräuchlich. Der Einfluss von Korrosion auf das Ermüdungsverhalten wurde bisher nur unzureichend untersucht. Er kann damit als noch nicht hinreichend abgeklärt gelten. Um in diesem Bereich den Kenntnisstand zu erweitern, wurde ein Forschungsprogramm aufgelegt, in dem Dauerschwingversuche an Stahlproben u. a. mit einem Durchmesser von 16 mm unter gleichzeitig wirkender korrosiver Beanspruchung durchgeführt wurden. Insgesamt vier unterschiedliche korrosive Medien wurden überprüft. Es zeigte sich, wie erwartet, dass die Wöhler‐Linien, die sich aus den Dauerschwingversuchen ergeben, expositionsbedingt recht unterschiedliche Verläufe aufweisen. Aus werkstofftechnologischer Sicht, interessierte dazu die Fragestellung, inwieweit die Anteile der Risseinleitung‐ und Rissausbreitungsphase expositionsabhängig getrennt voneinander erfasst werden können. Diesbezüglich kamen verschiedene Prüfverfahren zur Risserkennung zum Einsatz, die sich insbesondere bezüglich ihrer Methodik unterschieden. Im Aufsatz wird der Einsatz der verwendeten Prüfmethoden zur Risserkennung kurz geschildert, die Dauerschwingversuche mit den korrosiven Medien erläutert und beschrieben, sowie deren Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Screen‐printed gold thick films for electrochemical sensor applications
Authors: Rabbow T. J. , Junker N. , Schneider M. , Michaelis A.
Published: September 2011

Screen‐printed gold electrodes have been assembled in Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramics technology and characterised and tested for applications in electrochemical analytics. They were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and by cyclovoltammetry in sulphuric acid and of typical redox couples such as hexacyanoferrate and quinhydrone. The electrodes differ in surface morphology, microstructure with the formation of preferential crystal orientation and exhibit different real surface sizes depending on the chosen gold paste. After pre‐treatment in sulphuric acid an almost reversible behaviour can be achieved however differences between the thick films occur at high scan rates and especially with quinhydrone. Differences in the sensitivity of the thick films at low analyte concentration can be explained by their surface properties.
Magnetic resonance analysis of capillary formation reaction front dynamics in alginate gels
Authors: Maneval James E. , Bernin Diana , Fabich Hilary T. , Seymour Joseph D. , Codd Sarah L.
Published: September 2011

The formation of heterogeneous structures in biopolymer gels is of current interest for biomedical applications and is of fundamental interest to understanding the molecular level origins of structures generated from disordered solutions by reactions. The cation‐mediated physical gelation of alginate by calcium and copper is analyzed using magnetic resonance measurements of spatially resolved molecular dynamics during gel front propagation. Relaxation time and pulse‐field gradient methods are applied to determine the impact of ion front motion on molecular translational dynamics. The formation of capillaries in alginate copper gels is correlated to changes in translational dynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new computational strategy for solving two‐phase flow in strongly heterogeneous poroelastic media of evolving scales
Authors: Mendes Marcos Alcoforado , Murad Marcio A. , Pereira Felipe
Published: September 2011

We develop a new computational methodology for solving two‐phase flow in highly heterogeneous porous media incorporating geomechanical coupling subject to uncertainty in the poromechanical parameters. Within the framework of a staggered‐in‐time coupling algorithm, the numerical method proposed herein relies on a Petrov–Galerkin postprocessing approach projected on the Raviart–Thomas space to compute the Darcy velocity of the mixture in conjunction with a locally conservative higher order finite volume discretization of the nonlinear transport equation for the saturation and an operator splitting procedure based on the difference in the time‐scales of transport and geomechanics to compute the effects of transient porosity upon saturation. Notable features of the numerical modeling proposed herein are the local conservation properties inherited by the discrete fluxes that are crucial to correctly capture the fingering patterns arising from the interaction between heterogeneity and nonlinear viscous coupling. Water flooding in a poroelastic formation subject to an overburden is simulated with the geology characterized by multiscale self‐similar permeability and Young modulus random fields with power‐law covariance structure. Statistical moments of the poromechanical unknowns are computed within the framework of a high‐resolution Monte Carlo method. Numerical results illustrate the necessity of adopting locally conservative schemes to obtain reliable predictions of secondary recovery and finger growth in strongly heterogeneous deformable reservoirs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of botulinum toxin in benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Marchal Cristobal , Perez Juan E. , Herrera Bernardo , Machuca Francisco J. , Redondo Maximino
Published: September 2011

The injection of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) into the prostate is a minimally invasive alternative treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms. To summarize the action mechanisms of BoNT/A on experimental animals and to analyze its effectiveness according to published clinical studies, we located 24 papers on the treatment of HBP with BoNT/A. The doses applied ranged from 100 (OnabotA) to 600 U (OnabotA and AbobotA). The IPSS score presented a mean post‐treatment reduction, for all series, of 10.8 + 2.66 points. Other significant results included the overall mean reduction in QoL score of 2.1 ± 0.62 points, and the pre and post‐treatment differences in prostate volume (22.43 ± 20.2 cm3), post‐voiding residue (76.77 + 51.72 cm3) and PSA (1.15 + 0.93 ng/ml). However, only two clinical trials were on sufficient quality to be selected for meta‐analysis, and it was observed that the difference of the means, pre‐ and post‐treatment of maximum flow, prostate volume, IPSS and PSA were not statistically significant (P = 0.18). Neither was there any statistically significant difference between pre‐ and post‐treatment post‐voiding residue (P = 0.65). In conclusion, BoNT/A alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms due to HBP, but different studies present considerable variations regarding the dose administered, inclusion criteria and follow‐up time, as well as poorly defined retreatment, losses to follow up and, above all, a high degree of variability in the communication of results (with large standard deviations). In consequence, further clinical trials are needed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:86–92, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fancf‐deficient mice are prone to develop ovarian tumours
Authors: Bakker Sietske T , van de Vrugt Henri J , Visser Jenny A , Delzenne‐Goette Elly , van der Wal Anja , Berns Mariska AD , van de Ven Marieke , Oostra Anneke B , de Vries Sandra , Kramer Piet , Arwert Fré , van der Valk Martin , de Winter Johan P , te Riele Hein
Published: September 2011

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare recessive disorder marked by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and a high risk for the development of leukaemia and solid tumours. The inactivation of FA genes, in particular FANCF, has also been documented in sporadic tumours in non‐FA patients. To study whether there is a causal relationship between FA pathway defects and tumour development, we have generated a mouse model with a targeted disruption of the FA core complex gene Fancf. Fancf‐deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts displayed a phenotype typical for FA cells: they showed an aberrant response to DNA cross‐linking agents as manifested by G2 arrest, chromosomal aberrations, reduced survival, and an inability to monoubiquitinate FANCD2. Fancf homozygous mice were viable, born following a normal Mendelian distribution, and showed no growth retardation or developmental abnormalities. The gonads of Fancf mutant mice functioned abnormally, showing compromised follicle development and spermatogenesis as has been observed in other FA mouse models and in FA patients. In a cohort of Fancf‐deficient mice, we observed decreased overall survival and increased tumour incidence. Notably, in seven female mice, six ovarian tumours developed: five granulosa cell tumours and one luteoma. One mouse had developed tumours in both ovaries. High‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on these tumours suggests that the increased incidence of ovarian tumours correlates with the infertility in Fancf‐deficient mice and the genomic instability characteristic of FA pathway deficiency. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound prognostic factors after laser surgery for twin–twin transfusion syndrome to predict survival at 6 months
Authors: Ishii Keisuke , Saito Mari , Nakata Masahiko , Takahashi Yuichiro , Hayashi Satoshi , Murakoshi Takeshi , Murotsuki Jun , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Sago Haruhiko
Published: September 2011

Objective

To evaluate the significance of ultrasound findings, detected one or two weeks after laser surgery for twin–twin transfusion syndrome, in predicting the mortality at 6 months of age.

Methods

Ultrasound evaluation including fetal biometry, amniotic fluid volume estimation and Doppler examination was performed between 7 and 14 days after surgery for 181 cases. The presence of one or more effusions and single fetal death were also determined. Associations between ultrasound findings and mortality at 6 months of age were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of the total 181 pairs, 145 (80.1%) donor and 160 (88.1%) recipient twins survived in utero for more than 7 days after surgery, and hence were included in the analysis. The survival rate at 6 months was 66.9% for the donor and 80.7% for the recipient twins. Risk factors for death in the donor were the presence of severe intrauterine growth restriction and effusions. In recipients, elevation in the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity coincided with fetal death, but this occurred in only three cases.

Conclusion

Ultrasound risk factors one week after surgery included severe intrauterine growth restrictions and effusions in the donor twins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatoform respiratory disorders in children and adolescents—proposals for a practical approach to definition and classification
Authors: Grüber Christoph , Lehmann Christine , Weiss Christa , Niggemann Bodo
Published: September 2011

Somatoform respiratory disorders represent conditions with dysfunctional breathing unexplained by structural abnormalities. This heterogeneous group includes disorders with neural dysregulation of respiration (vocal cord dysfunction) or with dysregulation of the respiratory pattern (hyperventilation, sighing dyspnea), psychogenic disorders such as unjustified anxiety of suffocation, and stereotype conditions such as throat clearing or habit cough. Many symptoms are nonspecific and largely overlap with respiratory disease symptoms of somatic etiology. Most patients will present in a nonspecialized clinical setting. This article provides symptom‐based criteria for the definition of somatoform respiratory disorders and their differentiation from somatic disease. Emphasis is put on clinical criteria which can be easily integrated in a routine setting. Owing to the multifaceted etiology of somatoform respiratory disorders therapeutic approaches integrating somatic medicine, respiratory therapy and psychology are crucial. The introduction of defined clinical criteria may facilitate the discrimination of somatoform respiratory disorders from somatic disorders in routine patient encounters and avoid therapeutic detours. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:199–205. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impaired behavioral and neurocognitive function in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Landau Yael E. , Bar‐Yishay Orit , Greenberg‐Dotan Sari , Goldbart Aviv D. , Tarasiuk Ariel , Tal Asher
Published: September 2011

Objective

We aimed to examine the hypothesis that behavioral and neurocognitive functions of preschool children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) are impaired compared to healthy children, and improve after adenotonsillectomy (TA).

Methods

A comprehensive assessment battery was used to assess cognitive and behavioral functions, and quality of life in children with OSAS compared to matched controls.

Results

45 children (mean age 45.5 ± 9 months, 73% boys, BMI 15.7 ± 2) with OSAS were compared to 26 healthy children (mean age 48.6 ± 8 months, 46% boys, BMI 16.4 ± 2). Mean AHI in the OSAS group was 13.2 ± 10.7 (ranging from 1.2 to 57). Significantly impaired planning and fluency (executive function) were found in children with OSAS, as well as impaired attention and receptive vocabulary. Parents and teachers described the OSAS group as having significantly more behavior problems. Quality of life questionnaire in children with OSAS (mean 2.3, range 0.7–4.3) was significantly worse compared to controls (mean 0, range: 0–4), P < 0.004. One year following TA, 23 children with OSAS and 18 controls were re‐evaluated. Significant improvement was documented in verbal and motor fluency, sustained attention, and vocabulary. After TA, fewer behavioral problems were seen.

Conclusions

Preschool children with OSAS present significantly impaired executive functions, impaired attention and receptive vocabulary, and more behavior problems. One year after TA, the prominent improvements were in behavior and quality of life. These findings suggest that the impact of OSAS on behavioral and cognitive functions begins in early childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:180–188. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aspergilloma in a patient with an occult congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Authors: Yonker Lael M. , Mark Eugene J. , Canapari Craig A.
Published: September 2011

We describe the case of a 14‐year‐old male who presented with a right upper lobe aspergilloma forming in a previously occult congenital pulmonary airway malformation. This is the first case describing an aspergilloma forming within a CPAM. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:308–310. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Pharmacological Mechanism of Angiotensin‐converting Enzyme Inhibition by Green Tea, Rooibos and Enalaprilat – A Study on Enzyme Kinetics
Authors: Persson Ingrid A‐L
Published: September 2011

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis Dahlg.) inhibit angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) in vitro and in vivo. The ACE inhibitor enalaprilat has been described previously as a competitive inhibitor and sometimes as a non‐competitive inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of ACE inhibition of green tea and Rooibos by enzyme kinetics, and to compare this with enalaprilat. A Michaelis–Menten kinetics and Lineweaver–Burk graph showed mean values of Vmax = 3.73 µ m and Km = 0.71 µ m for green tea, of Vmax = 6.76 µ m and Km = 0.78 µ m for Rooibos, of Vmax = 12.54 µ m and Km = 2.77 µ m for enalaprilat, and of Vmax = 51.33 µ m and Km = 9.22 µ m for the PBS control. Incubating serum with green tea or Rooibos saturated with zinc chloride did not change the inhibitory effect. Enalaprilat preincubated with zinc chloride showed a decrease in the inhibitory effect. In conclusion, green tea, Rooibos and enalaprilat seem to inhibit ACE activity using a mixed inhibitor mechanism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.