bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRE‐PUBERTAL ANOREXIA NERVOSA: A RETROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: Jacobs Brian W. , Isaacs Stephen
Published: April 2008

Abstract— Pre‐pubertal anorexia nervosa is a challenge to the explanatory powers of the many aetiological theories. This retrospective controlled study specifically compares 20 subjects with pre‐pubertal anorexia nervosa to matched post‐pubertal anorectic and pre‐pubertal neurotic groups. The results show greater pre‐morbid feeding problems in the index group and their families; both pre‐pubertal groups show more behavioural problems before becoming ill. The illness is very similar in the two anorectic groups; they show comparable levels of sexual anxiety, and self‐injury rates (35%) are equal. The implications of these findings for the various theories are discussed.
ANOREXIA NERVOSA IN A PRE‐ADOLESCENT GIRL: A MULTIMODAL BEHAVIOUR THERAPY APPROACH*
Authors: Fundudis Trian
Published: April 2008

Abstract— A multimodal method of behavioural therapy was used in the case of a pre‐adolescent girl with anorexia nervosa. This followed two previous admissions to a paediatric department. Three main conclusions emerged from pre and post therapy objective evaluations. Weight gain in anorexia is a necessary but insufficient basis for sustained improvement. Important interactive psychosocial factors have to be adequately addressed to improve the chances of effective therapy. A focused approach relevant to each of a number of important different, but overlapping, areas is likely to facilitate better potential for treatment effectiveness than a general (‘non‐specific’) management approach.
Mixed‐linkage (1→3,1→4)‐β‐d‐glucan is a major hemicellulose of Equisetum (horsetail) cell walls
Authors: Fry Stephen C. , Nesselrode Bertram H. W. A. , Miller Janice G. , Mewburn Ben R.
Published: April 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02470.x
XXXII.—Some Spring Observations on the Birds of the Camargue.
Authors: Alexander W. B. , Harrisson T. H. , Pease H. J. R. , Tucker B. W.
Published: April 2008

The present communication embodies the combined observations of the authors on several spring visits to the Camargue. W. B. A. paid a visit in March 1905, and another, in company with Mr. H. M. Wallis, M.B.O.U., from 26 April to 2 May, 1928. T. H. H. spent from 13 to 18 April, 1931, in the area. W. B. A., H. J. R. P., and B. W. T. made a joint expedition from 9 to 13 April, 1932, and H. J. R. P. remained on until 28 April.
XLV.—Systematic Notes on East African Birds.
Authors: Mackworth‐Praed C. W. , Grant Claude H. B.
Published: April 2008

The authors of these notes are engaged upon a work to be called ‘The African Handbook of Birds,’ the first part of which covers that area of eastern Africa which includes the Sudan, Eritrea, Abyssinia, the Somalilands, Uganda, Kenya Colony, Tanganyika Territory, Belgian Ruanda and Urundi, the part of Nyasaland east of Lake Nyasa and the Shirté River, the part of Portuguese East Africa north of the Zambesi, and the islands adjacent to the mainland, including Socotra, Abd‐el‐Kuri, Pemba, and Zanzibar.
II.—Notes on Some Birds in Egypt
Authors: Flower Major S. S.
Published: April 2008

As a lover of birds who has noted regularly for over twenty‐five years all he saw in Egypt I have been most interested to read Col. Meinertzhagen's ‘Nicoll's Birds of Egypt’ (1930). The following notes in most cases amplify those of Meinertzhagen; in others they show where my observations do not appear to have coincided with his.
IV.—Notes on some Birds of the Bauchi Plateau, supplementary to Vol. II. of Bannerman's ‘Birds of Tropical West Africa.’— Part II*
Authors: Young J. Dent
Published: April 2008

Numerals preceeding the species name refer to the page where the bird is dealt with in Bannerman's work (vol. ii.). For map and photographs of the Bauchi Plateau see Ibis, 1931, p. 633 and pis. xvii. & xviii.
V.—Notes on some Eastern Forms ofSturnus vulgaris
Authors: Sushkin (the late) Prof. P.
Published: April 2008

The late Prof. Sushkin, shortly before his death, was engaged on a revision of the races of Sturnus vulgaris, for which purpose he assembled all the examples available in Russia, a great many of them breeding birds, and others were loaned him from private collections in England. Altogether he examined and compared over 2000 specimens. The Professor certainly never finished, and possibly never even started to write out, his paper on this difficult group; but before his death he sent to me an outline of his results in the form of a private letter (18 July, 1927), which seems worth putting on record, especially as it will be some years before anyone gets together so large a series of eastern forms for examination.—Ed.
Field Observations on some Northern Nigerian Birds
Authors: Serle William
Published: April 2008

These observations were made during a fifteen months' tour in Nigeria. From May 1937 till February 1938 the writer was stationed at Kafanchan, 9° 40′ N., 8° 20′ E., in Plateau Province, with a touring area which included the Jemaa and Southern Divisions of Plateau Province and the Nasarawa Division of BenueProvince; thereafter from March till August he was engaged on sleeping sickness work, which involved extensive travelling in Plateau, Benue, and Niger Provinces.
Notes on the Birds of Cyprus
Authors: Payn Lt.‐Col. W. A.
Published: April 2008

The following notes were made by me from personal observation during the three months of 1938 that I spent in Cyprus, from 4 February to 7 May. Most of my time was spent in Famagusta, the principal port; from there I made short trips to various parts of the island.
Antarctic Ornithological Observations made during Bellingshausen's Voyage of Circumnavigation in 1819–1821.
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: April 2008

In the year 1819 His Imperial Majesty Alexander Pavlovich, Emperor of Russia, despatched an expedition to explore high southern latitudes, with the special object of proceeding as far as possible towards the South Pole. This expedition was led by Captain Thaddeus von Bellingshausen, who had under his command the corvette ‘Vostok’ and the sloop ‘Mirnyi’
A new Bush‐Shrike from Angola
Authors: Bannerman David A.
Published: April 2008

My friend Professor Erwin Stresemann, of Berlin, has generously asked me to describe this very beautiful new Bush‐Shrike, thus securing the type for the British Museum, which, had he felt so disposed, could well have fallen to his lot to name. The specimen which I so designate, together with three others, two males and two females in all, reached the British Museum recently in the first batch of a collection which is being made in Angola on behalf of the British Museum by Herr R. H. Braun.
II. Contributions to the Ornithology of the East African Islands
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

The sea‐bird breeding stations in East African waters are enumerated. Between the Lamu archipelago, where many species nest, and the Rovuma the most important station is Latham Island with its Booby colony (S. dactylatra melanops), which existed at least 115 years ago. Less than half a dozen terneries (mainly S. dougallii and S. fuscata) are known, and no gullery. Reef‐Herons, the only sea‐birds to breed on bush‐covered islets or in mangroves, are more widespread than the other species. The Terns lay about July, the Reef‐Herons a month earlier, and the Gannets about four months later in most years.

Early records of birds in Zanzibar and Pemba are discussed specifically. The recent extinction of Francolins in Zanzibar is taken as proved.

The land‐birds of Mafia and the neighbouring islets are listed and discussed, mainly on the basis of a recent collection. The avifauna is purely East African, devoid of endemics, and, considering the size of Mafia and its proximity to the mainland, astonishingly depauperate in some respects. Thirteen families (including Psittacidæ, Coliidæ, Picidæ, Alaudidæ, Timaliidæ, and Zosteropidæ) and several other coastal species are not represented. The phenology is discussed.
XII.—Numerical Data on African Birds' Behaviour at the Nest.—II. Psalidoprocne holomelæna massaica Neum., the Rough‐wing Bank‐Martin
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

Psalidoprocne holomelæna makes a pad of beard lichen (Usnea) on a ledge or in a narrow natural hole at any depth up to about 2 feet. The numerical data are derived from 800 hours' observations at Amani divided between seven nests. There is no proof that both members of a pair share brooding or feeding duty.

The incubation period is 19 days, the fledging 24–27.

The extent to which the eggs were incubated varied from 31 to 66 per cent., apparently without relation to temperature. The frequency curves of duration of spells on eggs, and of intervals when the eggs were uncovered, contrast strikingly with those of Hirundo smithii. In Psalidoprocne both spells and intervals are much longer, most of them being between 8 and 20 minutes. Absences exceeding 30 minutes are rare, but 84 minutes has been recorded.

For the first week after hatching the young are brooded as much as the eggs, but after that date the amount of brooding they get varies widely from nest to nest.

During the last half of the fledging period the normal brood of two young receives 12 to 20 visits, presumably with food, per 200 minutes (only one‐fifth as many as a brood of two Hirundo smithii). A solitary Psalidoprocne, nestling got 80 per cent, as much attention as a pair.

Nearly all the young leave the nest‐hole within three hours of sunrise. They fly in the absence of their parents, and efficiently from the first moment.
Field Notes on Birds of the Chambeshi and Luangwa Areas in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Brelsford W. V.
Published: April 2008

As in my previous notes (Ibis, 1942, pp. 83–90), the information on distribution and breeding is supplementary to that given in Winterbottom's ‘Check List of the Birds of Northern Rhodesia’. My 1941 notes in ‘The Ibis’ (I) dealt with a wider area, but these are restricted to the Chambeshi River area in the Northern Province and to the upper Luangwa River area in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.
Some Field Notes on the Spectacled Warbler (Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temminck)
Authors: Yeates Captain G. K.
Published: April 2008

TheSpectacled Warbler is the characteristic small bird of theSalicorniaareas of the Camargue, where the following notes on early breeding behaviour were made in April 1937 and 1938. Its status in this region was for some time in doubt (1), but the confusion between it and the Dartford Warbler (Sylvia undataBodd.) has now been without possible question cleared up by the late Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (2), and the observations of recent visitors have thoroughly confirmed this opinion(3), (4).
Hubert Lynes:A Biographical Sketch
Authors: Witherby H. F.
Published: April 2008

Ornithology has suffered a grievous loss by the death of Rear‐Admiral Hubert Lynes, which occurred after a short illness at a Naval Hospital in Wales on 10 November, 1942, a few days before his sixty‐eighth birthday. Those who knew him will remember him not alone for his talents and achievements, but as a man of exceptional character and as an ever faithful friend and good companion.
The Breeding Birds of Orkney
Authors: Lack David
Published: April 2008

A brief description is given of the islands, the main habitats and their characteristic birds.

Twenty per cent of the Caithness avifauna is not established in Orkney, and 32 per cent, of the Orkney breeding birds are not established in Shetland. The same species fall away much more gradually to the north in Scandinavia.

Inter‐island distributions are tabulated.

Birch‐forest grew in Orkney in post‐Glacial times, but has now nearly vanished.

The bird races of the Outer Hebrides are related to those of Ireland. Orkney races have not been adequately studied.

At the present day 92 species breed regularly in Orkney, six formerly regular are extinct, and a number more have bred irregularly or doubtfully.

Points of biological interest in the annotated species list include (i.) marked fluctuations in many species; (ii.) recent colonization of Orkney in 26 species, mainly woodland birds and ducks; (iii.) marked habitat adaptations in Linnet, Rock‐Pipit, Song‐Thrush, Blackbird, Ring‐Dove and Fulmar; (iv.) habitat differences between Herring and Lesser Black‐backed Gulls; (v.) distribution of the two phases of the Arctic Skua.
Notes on Individual and Sexual Bill Variation in the British Tree‐creeper (Certhia familiaris Britannica Ridgway)
Authors: Clancey P. A.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this short treatise on the bills of Certhia familiaris Britannica Ridgway is to point out an as yet unrecognized sexual character in the species.
Notes on East African Birds
Authors: Serle Captain William
Published: April 2008

These notes are based on observations made, as opportunities occurred, between September 1940 and July 1941 in widely separated localities in East Africa. They are, for the most part, sketchy and incomplete, for continued field work at any locality was never possible owing to preoccupation with duties, sudden moves, and other inconveniences. As there seemed little hope of being able to consult books of reference for many months to come, these notes have been written up in the field, and indulgence is asked for any inaccuracies that have occurred as a result.
Notes on some recently‐described Scottish Races
Authors: Clancey P. A.
Published: April 2008

The following notes have been compiled in the hope that they will help to eluoidate some of the points mentioned in the various descriptions. In some cases further material has become available, and is here commented upon
The Ornithology of the Kaonde‐Lunda Province, Northern Rhodesia. Part I. Climate and Ecology
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: April 2008

The geographical aspects of the three districts of the Kaonde‐Lunda Province of Northern Rhodesia are described and the climates of the three districts compared.

The main biota are classified. Of particular interest are the ever‐green forests of Mwinilunga and the distinctive vegetation west of the Zambesi River. The Cryptmepalurn woodland is avifaunally disappointing.

Attention is drawn to some of the more striking instances of fauniatic elements derived from Angola and the and south‐west.

A systematic account of the species occurring will follow in due course.
Snipe in Eastern Africa
Authors: Mackworth‐Praed C. W. , Grant C. H. B.
Published: April 2008

Summary— The Jack Snipe is a very distinctive bird and should not be confused with the other four species. Its flight also is slower and more butterfly‐like.

The Pintail Snipe is not readily distinguishable in the field from the Common Snipe, but in the hand the extraordinarily thin outer tail feathers are unmistakable.

The Common Snipe is easily distinguishable by the outer tail feathers, which can be seen at close quarters when the bird is in flight. It also has a more rapid flight than either the Double or African Snipe, and looks rather smaller on the wing.

The African Snipe has a heavier and rather slower flight than the Common Snipe and usually looks larger on the wing. The much narrower white outer tail feathers are the most outstanding character.

The Double Snipe is the one that is usually confused with the African Snipe, as its general appearance and*outer tail feathers are much the same when seen in flight. In the hand the barred belly is a most distinctive character. The outer tail feathers are broader than those of the African Snipe. It should not be confused with the Common Snipe, and certainly not with the Pintail Snipe.

When a bag of mixed Double and African Snipe are laid out, the white unbarred belly of the latter is very apparent.
SOME RECENT TERMS AND TENDENCIES IN BIRD TAXONOMY
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

A brief critical discussion is provided of recent views on, and definitions of, the genus, species, subspecies and intermediate catagories, especially the superspecies, semispecies, cenospecies and interspecies. The last two terms are rejected. The difficulties of subspecific taxonomy are considered.
ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION IN THE PARROT GENUS AGAPORNIS
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

Agapornis, an African genus of parrots allied to Loriculus of Asia, has usually been classified in nine species.

Their geographical, altitudinal and ecological ranges are described and their temperature relations are worked out. There is a general agreement with Bergmann's rule.

Only two of the Agapornids appear to be in any respect ecologically specialized: to A. swinderniana, the only one confined to tropical evergreen forest, the seeds of figs may be an essential food; and A. pullaria is more or less completely dependent on the nests of arboreal insects for nesting‐sites. The other seven Agapornids are birds of dry country with a wide range of food and are indiscriminate hole‐nesters.

All nine birds are practically allopatric. The four closely allied birds in East Africa, which produce fertile hybrids very freely in captivity, seem nowhere actually to meet in nature. Certain vegetation types, especially Brachystegia‐Isoberlinia woodland, appear to be an effective barrier, for reasons not clear.

Comparisons are made of colour, size and proportions, degree of sexual dimorphism, juvenile plumages, hybridization and breeding biology. Special points of interest are:—

The existence of well‐developed sexual dimorphism and juvenile plumage in some Agapornids and their total absence in others.

The development of contrasting eye‐rings; in two forms from feathers, in four others from naked white skin; that is, using two different physiological bases.

The persistence of certain features in the tail pattern throughout the genus, in contrast to the variability of other parts of the plumage.

The existence of two pairs of allopatric forms, each consisting of one pink‐headed and one containing more melanin; but the distribution of the melanin being very different in the two “melanic” forms.

The fact that some forms of Agapornis carry their nesting‐material in their contour feathers (a habit otherwise known only in Loriculus) and others do not.

Although certain of the tectonic and climatic changes in Pleistocene Africa would, by sundering populations, have facilitated evolution of the existing forms, the isolating mechanism so provided seems inadequate.

Most of the Agapornids fall into two groups, the older comprising the West African, Abyssinian and Madagascar forms. Main trends of evolution in the genus have been to eliminate (a) the habit of carrying material in the contour feathers, and (b) sexual dimorphism, partly by “grading up” the female plumage of the fore‐parts and partly by eliminating the black under wing‐coverts of the male.

A proper picture of relationships within the genus demands the use of the newer taxonomic categories, cline, semispecies and superspecies, in addition to the species and subspecies.

The genus provides a good field for genetical analysis. At least five sharply characterized forms, including subspecies, semispecies and full species, readily produce fertile hybrids, and one of the five has the habit of carrying material in the contour feathers.
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FOOD OF BIRDS*
Authors: Hartley P. H. T.
Published: April 2008

Qualitative knowledge of the food of many birds is fairly complete, but on the quantitative aspects of the problem there is little exact information.

 The materials available for the study of bird foods include not only stomach contents and pellets, but also dung, the rejectamenta of meals, accumulated stores, the field notes of observers and photographs.

 The sampling in many studies has been irregular or inadequate. In a number of species the collection of statistically satisfactory samples of stomach contents from any one locality or habitat may be impossible.

 Foods may be assessed by frequency of occurrence, by enumeration, by weight or by volume. The weights or volumes may be measured “as found” or by approximations to the weight or volume of the food at the time of ingestion. There is no one ideal method, and the food of each species or group of species should be investigated and assessed by the methods which seem to be most appropriate.

 Published records and summaries should be in such form that they can readily be combined with the results of other investigations.

 The lack of fundamental ecological knowledge makes it impossible to pronounce upon the “economic status” of any species, save in a few very obvious cases.
AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE BIRDS OF THE CRATER HIGHLANDS AND RIFT LAKES, NORTHERN TANGANYIKA TERRITORY.
Authors: ELLIOTT H. F. I. , FUGGLES‐COUCHMAN N. R.
Published: April 2008

Bird‐plant communities are described. Moorland: effect of incomplete forest barrier in extending population as compared with Kilimanjaro. Upland grasslands: four subdivisions with distinctive avifauna tabularly compared. Upland bushland: two subdivisions. Evergreen forest. Upland waters. Intermediate scattered‐tree grasslands: lodgment of distinctive populations. Ground‐water forest. Lake and swamp: comparison between populations of Lakes Natron, Manyara and Embagai; analysis of migrant movements and biotic preferences among waterfowl.

Breeding seasons: contrast between upper and lower zones, in some cases implying biological races of common species.

Evolutionary significance of population; probable recent development of the four or five endemics; very mixed affinities of the remainder, which include forms associated with Kilimanjaro, Chyulu, Kenya Highlands, Lake Victoria basin, Uganda and S.W. Tanganyika, considered to indicate rather recent colonization, but in some instances survival from an earlier epoch.

Systematic notes on 23 species of special interest, including a review of the East African races of Colius striatus, field‐notes on newly described races of Pinarochroa sordida and Cisticola hunteri, and a first account of the nesting of Nectarinia johnstoni.
THE CAPE ST. MARY GANNET COLONY, NEWFOUNDLAND.
Authors: Davies O. J. H. , Keynes R. D.
Published: April 2008

A census of the Cape St. Mary gannet colony was taken in July 1939 by a direct count after the colony had been divided up into areas for counting. There were found to be 4394 pairs, with a probable error of 369 pairs.

 The proportion of nests at which there were two birds was found to be 15%.

 Examination of the gonads of specimens collected on the mainland showed that there were some birds in mature plumage which were not in full breeding condition.

 The number of birds occupying the mainland standing areas was over 2000 in the morning, but decreased steadily during the day. Absence of birds from the mainland could not be correlated with locally increased fishing activity. The unoccupied birds do not roost at the colony.

 Attempts have regularly been made at nesting on the mainland since 1931, but none have yet been successful.

 The chief cause of mortality in this colony is persecution by the fishermen. There is no oiling.
THE WEIGHT OF NESTLING ROBINS
Authors: Lack David , Silva E. T.
Published: April 2008

Nestling Robins Erithacus rubecula were weighed once each day from hatching until leaving the nest. Such regular visits largely eliminated the fear and premature flight reactions normally found in young Robins in the later stages in the nest.

Nestling weight increases extremely rapidly from hatching until about day 8 or 9, when the nestling may weigh ten times what it did at hatching. After about day 9 the weight stays approximately constant until the young leave the nest.

There are extremely marked individual differences (up to 80%) in the weights of young of the same age under natural conditions. Members of the same brood sometimes differ much, and sometimes only very little, in weight.

Round Oxford in 1946 and 1947 size of brood appeared to have no influence on the weight of the individual nestlings. However, it is possible that both years provided unusually favourable conditions of feeding for young Robins.

In 1947 the young in the two earliest broods to hatch died much below weight after a few days, apparently because caterpillars had not yet hatched in sufficient numbers to provide enough food for them.

The secondary coverts normally split open on day 6‐5, the primaries on day 7‐5. This happens irrespective of the body‐weight of the nestling. The nestling period also seems independent of body‐weight.

There were a few late developers, in which the wing feathers split open one or two days late. These individuals were at first low in weight, but continued to put on weight for one or two days after the age at which most nestlings had stopped.

The feeding visits of parent Robins to nestlings 7–14 days old varied from 3 to 33 visits per hour, averaging 13‐8 per hour. Broods of large size appeared to be visited rather more often than broods of small size, but the feeding rate did not increase proportionately to the greater number of young.

Reactions to predators near the nest are described.

The young can defaecate up to 7 % of the body‐weight. In the later stages in the nest, fsecal pellets were removed at an average rate of 0.8 per nestling per hour.
DIVERSIONARY DISPLAY
Authors: Armstrong. Edward A.
Published: April 2008

.The theories which have been advanced to explain the origin of the various forms of distraction display are considered and found to be inadequate. It is suggested that distraction displays have arisen through the “displacement” of components from other behaviour contexts, particularly threat and epigamic display, which have become ritualized into new behaviour‐patterns with survival value.
THE BIRDS OF THE COCOS‐KEELING ISLANDS (INDIAN OCEAN)
Authors: Gibson‐Hill C.A.
Published: April 2008

The birds of the Cocos‐Keeling Islands, in the Indian Ocean, are discussed in the light of specimens and data collected during a stay of eleven months in 1941. Seventeen species were found to be breeding. One of these was an indigenous land bird, four were land birds known to have been introduced, and the remainder were sea birds mostly confined to North Keeling. During this period examples of seventeen species of strays or visitors were taken, of which ten probably occur regularly though in small numbers, while the other seven are true vagrants. Eight of these birds have not so far been recorded from Christmas Island.

Eleven birds listed from the islands by previous visitors were not present in 1941. Two of these were introduced but have failed to maintain themselves, and one, Egrctta garzetta nigripes, seems to be an occasional vagrant. The remaining eight records are all unsatisfactory.
THE BREEDING OF A PARADISE FLYCATCHER
Authors: Moreau. R. E.
Published: April 2008

1. At Amani, Tanganyika Territory, the Paradise Flycatchers use the softest moss for their nests and make them durable by oversewing the rim with cobweb. Sites are on the forest edge nearly always over water. Theree hours of observation were made at three nests in spells of about eight hours at a time.

2. On the whole the males and females shared the care of the eggs and the young about equally, but there were wide differences in this respect from day to day

3. The eggs were covered for over 90% of the observed time, and a high proportion of spells “on” were terminated by thc mate's arriving to take over. Duration of individual spells “on” varied up to two hours, but the favourite duration (nearly half of all the spells) was about 30–40 minutes. This applied both to spells “on” terminated by the initiative of the sitting bird and to those terminated by the arrival of the mate. The possibility suggests itself that an internal rhythm was operating, irrespective of whether a bird was on or off the nest. Nevertheless, out of 39 occasions (all short) when the eggs were uncovered through the sitter's departure without relief, the same bird returned on 18, which suggests that when off the nest both parents “keep an eye on it” and react to the situation “nest uncovered”.

4. Brooding of the young amounted at first to nearly the same high percentage of time as the brooding o f the rggs, but was in much shorter spells. It stopped abruptly about the fifth day. others followed a parent.

5. Each nestling of a brood of two in a nest received more food (largely butterflies) than each in two broods of three, 2.6‐5.4 feeds per hour compared with 14‐2.5 and 1.3‐1.8.

6. Some of the young that wcre seen to fly left the nest in the absence of the parents, All left between dawn and noon. Nestling period about 11 days irrespective of the amount of food received.
THE DISTRACTION BEHAVIOUR OF THE ARCTIC SKUA
Authors: Williamson Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Distraction displays of the Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus were studied in the Faeroe Islands in colonial nesters and a solitary pair. There are aggressive and passive forms.

The aggressive flight against human intruders is common throughout the nesting cycle in the colony, but absent from the behaviour of solitary pairs. It is suggested that its development is correlated with an internal rhythm which requires a certain level of mutual stimulation not attainable by solitary or widely‐scattered pairs. A highly formalized version of the attacking flight was employed against a sheep, in which the pair showed a marked tendency to coordinate their movements.

The lure display when eggs are fresh is markedly different from that employed nearer the hatching‐period and afterwards. A courtship posture appears as a substitute activity in the early period, but only in the presence of the mate.

In the solitary pair development of the normal lure display was gradual, reaching its peak towards the hatching‐period: there is a marked tendency for the pair to perform together, deriving mutual stimulation. It is suggested that this factor is important in the colony, where several perform together in scattered groups, in ensuring the earlier development (and therefore increased survival value) of the lure display. The birds' movements emphasize contrasts in the plumage coloration, and therefore the pattern may have greater biological advantage for colonies of predominantly light‐phase birds in areas of fox predation.

The various patterns are described, and also variations incorporating false‐brooding and drinking motions. The main components of the patterns are probably derived from the primitive food‐begging of the chick, and elaborated with actions from courtship display.
THE ORIGIN OF STOMACH OIL IN THE PETRELS, WITH COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE AVIAN PROVENTRICULUS
Authors: Matthews L. Harrison
Published: April 2008

The anatomy and histology of the proventriculus in several species of petrels were examined and compared with the conditions in other birds.

The proventriculus in petrels is comparatively very large and its mucosa is raised into longitudinal ridges; it thus has a much greater surface area than in other birds. The presence of lipoids other than triglycerides concentrated in large quantities, particularly in the outer parts of the epithelial cells of the proventricular glands of petrels, is demonstrated. Lipoids in the corresponding cells in other birds are minute in quantity.

The probability that these lipoids represent the stomach oil, or its precursor, immediately before secretion, is discussed and compared with other theories about the origin of the oil. The observations provide strong evidence, but not absolute proof, that the oil originates in the cells of the proventricular glands.

Suggestions about the possible function of petrel stomach oil are discussed. The oil may supplement the secretion of the preen gland; it may be an excreted by‐product of the metabolism of excessively fat foods; or it may play an important part in water metabolism, especially in the nestling. Without further work, none of these theories can be upheld or refuted, and it is possible that all are partly correct, for they are not mutually exclusive.

Many petrels shoot stomach oil from the beak when they are disturbed. The possible origin of this habit from the escape reaction, found in many birds, of vomiting up the stomach contents when alarmed, is pointed out.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE MOURNING CHAT IN WINTER QUARTERS
Authors: Hartley. P. H. T.
Published: April 2008

Mourning Chats (Enanthe lugens in the Helwan area in Lower Egypt winter along the lower spurs of the mountains. Each bird occupies a separate territory from which it excludes other Mourning Chats, and wherein it sings.

“Winter” song is most energetic in the months of July to October; at this season the main singing hours are in the early morning and early evening. In the period November to February song is less frequent, and is most often heard in the late afternoon.

In the hot weather of the autumn the birds select perches in shade during the mid‐day hours.

Evidence is advanced that there is a measure of interspecific territorial competition between Mourning Chats, Hooded Chats (Enanthe monacha and White‐tailed Chats (Enanthe leucopyga. The possible relevance of this interspecific territorial practice to the hypothesis of the “food value” of territory is discussed.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF ST. HELENA, AND OTHER NOTES FROM A SEA‐VOYAGE.
Authors: Benson C. W.
Published: April 2008

An account is given of the ornithology of St. Helena, every species at all definitely recorded therefrom being mentioned, some for the first time.

Details of the breeding of Anous stolidus and Megalopterus mimitus are given and the breeding‐seasons of other sea‐birds inhabiting the island are also assessed, but further data are needed. In particular, the status of Sula leueogastra and of another species, cither S. sula or S. dactylatra, require further investigation.

The starling now so common seems to be Acridotheres tristis, not Eulabes religiosa.

Other points requiring further investigation are:

Fossil bones should be sought of the avifauna, now extinct, which may have inhabited the original dense forests, destroyed by 1810. (A species of rail may have occurred.)

The possibility of Charadrius pecuarius pecuarius having arrived on the island, and becoming differentiated into the very distinct C. p. sanctae‐helenae, the only indigenous land‐bird still surviving, within a period of about 300 years.

The validity of Estrilda astrild sanctae‐helenae, and date of introduction of the species.

Other birds of interest seen during the same voyage as St. Helena was visited are mentioned.
BREEDING SEASON AND CLUTCH‐SIZE OF THE WOOD WARBLER
Authors: Lack Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

The Wood Warbler in Britain normally has one brood, in the second half of May or June. The mean date varies somewhat in different years.

Breeding occurs earlier in South Devon than in the central midlands of England.

The average clutch‐size is smaller in June than in May.
TOWARDS AN ORTHOGRAPHY OF BIRD SONG.
Authors: Bailey C. E. G.
Published: April 2008

The classical conception of the progress of science is that of amassing observations, classifying them, proceeding from classification to general principle, and thence to theory. But this conception of science can be more properly applied to natural history than to the physical sciences. The advance of the physical sciences depends so much on the apparatus of measurement that very often a happy accident, which releases to a dozen laboratories a new technique, will affect not only the field of future exploration but even the current scientific theory in that field.
QUELQUES OBSERVATIONS SUR LA NIDIFICATION DES STERNES DANS LES EAUX DE MADAGASCAR.
Authors: Milon. Lt.‐Col. Ph.
Published: April 2008

Des observations faites à Madagascar dc 1946 à 1948 sur la présence et la nidification des sternes sont rapportées, avec la saison du début de la ponte:—

Dans un îlot des Glorieusts, Sterna fuscata nidific.

La liste des oiseaux marins observés sur l'île Europa est dressee.

Au Nord de l'îile; trois espèces.

Au Sud de l'îile; quatre espèces.

A l'Est de l'île est signalée un centre de nidification, d'après des déclarations. de pêcheurs.
FIELD NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF BEAR ISLAND.
Authors: Duffey Eric , Sergeant. David E.
Published: April 2008

A brief account is given of the topography of Bear Island and of previous ornithological work.

 Thirty‐three days were spent on the island, the greater part of which was covered during a census of the bird‐life. A short ecological account is given of the breeding birds.

 The effect on the bird‐life of recent climatic trends in the arctic is discussed.

 Evidence is given for non‐breeding in a number of species.

 A systematic list of 28 species includes field notes.
THE BEHAVIOUR AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE ICELAND WREN.
Authors: Armstrong. Edward A.
Published: April 2008

The behaviour and early breeding biology of the Iceland Wren are described from observations made in the field during June 1949, data obtained by previous observers are discussed, and comparisons are made between the characteristics of the Iceland Wren and related subspecies.
A STUDY OF THE AFRICAN HOOPOE*.
Authors: Skead. C. J.
Published: April 2008

1. Hoopoes scarce and silent from Jan. to mid‐March.

2. Small parties then foregather. From mid‐April there is much jostling and pooping until breeding starts in August.

3. Male courts female by giving her tit‐bits of food.

4. Birds maintain a feeding territory in breeding season, and are restless, rather than migratory, thereafter.

5. Female remains in nest from commencement of egg‐laying and is fed there by the male; but she does emerge to feed herself too.

6. Incubation period about 17 days.

7. Male continues to feed young after the hatch.

8. Female remains in nest‐hole for about seven days, taking food from the male at entrance to feed young. Also emerges to feed herself at times.

9. After the seventh day both birds share chick‐feeding, the young coming to the entrance to take food on the eleventh day.

10. Nestling periods vary from 26 to 32 days. Chicks of the same brood do not always emerge from the nest of the same day. Those remaining are still fed by the adults.

11. Both adults feed young in post‐nestling period.

12. The species is double‐ and possibly treble‐brooded.

13. Nest sanitation primitive.

14. Three individuals recorded as having taken part in a nesting attempt.

15. The well‐known “poop” call is made by the male only. Other calls described.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS OF PICO, AZORES.
Authors: Marler By Peter , Boatman Derrick J.
Published: April 2008

.1. A visit was made to the island of Pico, in the Azores, in the spring of 1949.

2. The relative frequency of the bird species in the three main vegetation zones is estimated from the data obtained fron a series of transects and the results are discussed.

3. Ecological‐niche expansion is seen to occur in Motacilla cinerea, Regulus regulus, Sylvia atrieapUla and Leucopolius alexandrinus.

4. Song and call‐notes differ from the corresponding British birds in Fringitta coelebs, Regulus regulus, Sylvia atricapiUa and Turdus merula, and the two former are also thought to exhibit voice‐range extension, due to the absence of some closely related species.

5. An annotated list of all the species seen is given, with notes on the feeding habits, etc.
MELANIC BLACKCAPS IN THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS.
Authors: Southern. By H. N.
Published: April 2008

.1. The blackcap Sylvia atricapilkz is resident on the Cape Verdes, the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries, and birds of the last two have been separated as a local endemic race, S. a. obscura, distinguished by darker plumage.

2. On Madeira and the Canaries the blackcap occupies mainly the cultivated and settled zones, so that their numbers must have greatly expanded since the islands were colonized.

3. A melanic variety occurs probably on all of the Azorean islands and on Madeira. On the Canaries it has occurred only in the Great Crater of Palma, but recent investigation suggests that it is now uncommon here, if not extinct. Its frequency in the other island groups is about 2%.

4. Data from the literature show that this variety interbreeds with normal birds and probably behaves as a single‐factor recessive.

5. The difference between the Azores, where the melanic bird occurs on all the islands, and the Canaries, where it is restricted to one part of one island, is probably due to different selection pressures, but there is some evidence that Canarian and Madeiran populations may be in a somewhat unstable condition, perhaps partly because of their recent expansion.
THE “SPECTACLED” FORM OF THE SHOEMAKER PROCELLARIA AEQUINOCTIALIS IN THE TRISTAN DA CUNHA GROUP.
Authors: Rowan A. N. , Elliott H. F. I. , Rowan M. K.
Published: April 2008

.The Shoemaker Procellaria aequinoctialis was discovered breeding at Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, in the early 1920's by Partridge. The warrens were investigated by Lawrence in 1943, and again by the authors in 1949 and 1950. The present paper is believed to be the first published record of this Shoemaker breeding‐station, where the birds have now been found present in the months of May, June, September and November and to be exclusively of conspicillata type. Their nesting habits are unlike those of the species elsewhere and they are smaller birds. They are regarded not as a colour‐phase but as a subspecies, P. ae. conspicillata.
LIFE HISTORY OF LONGUEMARE'S HERMIT HUMMINGBIRD.
Authors: Skutch By Alexander F.
Published: April 2008

Observations on Longuemare's Hermit were made in Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica.

Males gather in courtship assemblies usually amidst dense second‐growth. Each has a favourite perch, where he performs through the day.

They sing through most of the year, except from the height of the dry season in February until the rains start in April, and again at the height of the wet season in September and October.

The courtship display, an intricate aerial dance above the perching female, is described.

The downy nest is built by the female (largely on the wing) beneath the tapering tip of a palm‐frond, or other leaf, 3 to 6 feet above the ground. Cobweb binds the nest to the leaf.

The normal clutch is two eggs, laid at about 6 a.m. on alternate or sometimes consecutive days.

Occupied nests were found in every month except February and March, September and October (when the males are not in song).

The female alone incubates, sitting with breast toward supporting leaf, head thrown far back. To leave, she flies upward and backward; to return, she flies directly down into the pocket of the nest.

Incubation period 15–16 days; nestling period 20–21.

On the day of hatching, the blind nestlings orient themselves with heads towards the leaf, and so remain until they fly. The female feeds them while she hovers–as though visiting a flower–reaching over their backs and regurgitating into their throats.
FIELD STUDIES ON THE FULMAR FULMARUS GLACIALIS.
Authors: Duffey Eric
Published: April 2008

1. An account is given of observations on three pairs of marked Fulmars. The young were brooded for very irregular periods, and in one pair the female took the greater share.

2. In the first two to three weeks of the chick's life it does not recognize its parents. and treats them as intruders to be repelled. The parent has a characteristic method of approach with which the chick gradually becomes familiar.

3. A small but distinct territory around the nest‐site is defended by the chick and parent birds.

4. Feeding takes place at any time during the day, but the chick is probably not fed daily during the first week or two. During its first two to three weeks the chick does not show any interest in its parent and has to be stimulated before feeding takes place. When older, the chick is able to recognize its parents and also initiates the feeding process.

5. In four case it was shown that the chick was fed on semi‐digested food material, not oil.
A STUDY OF THE HADEDAH IBIS HAGEDASHIA H. HAGEDASH.
Authors: Skead C. J.
Published: April 2008

1. Biology of the Hadedah in Cape Province is described with special reference to roosting and flocking. The birds are not strongly territorial, and at all times are amicable.

2. Main breeding season October‐November, with occasional double broods.

3. Incubation period 26 days, both parents sharing incubation.

4. Nestling period about 33 days, both parents feeding young by regurgitation.

5. Mortality of nestlings, by falling out of nests, is remarkably high.

6. Food consists of insects, millipedes and earthworms.
SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON AFRICAN BIRDS.
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: April 2008

Forms of Hagedashia hagedash, Butorides striates, Pterocles spp., genera of Rallidae and the nomenclature of subspecies of Treron australis, Anthus richardi, Bradornis infuscatus and Lanius collaris are considered.
REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE DISTRACTION DISPLAYS OF THE OYSTER‐CATCHER.
Authors: Williamson. Kenneth
Published: April 2008

The Oyster‐catcher Haematopus astralegus populations of western Europe (Holland, South Britain, Fair Isle, Unst and Faeroe Islands) differ very little morphologicallv, but show interesting variations in their distraction displays.

These displays, comprising (1) aggressive flight, (2) a furtive run, (3) false‐brooding, (4) pseudo‐sleeping, and (5) lure display, are described, with comments on their regional importance. Aggressive flight, false‐brooding and lure display are more strongly developed in Faeroe than elsewhere. At Fair Isle (and to a less extent at Unst) displacement “ butterfly‐flight” replaces lure display.

It is shown that the lure display has evolved as a terrestrial modification of displacement “ butterfly‐flight”, which has proceeded furthest in the Faeroe population, hardly at all in the more southerly populations, and to an intermediate degree among the birds of Unst.

The Oyster‐catcher's extension to the Faeroe Islands—probably from the British area, in Comparatively recent times—involved colonization of an atypical moorland habitat. The distraction displays appear to have been perfected in the absence of terrestrial predators other than men and dogs, which have been present for about 1000 years.

The remarkable development of these display patterns is probably due to hereditan differences, affecting ethological attributes, which have arisen between the Faeroe and the more southerly populations. It is suggested that their evolution has been stimulated by the psychological effect of frequent disturbance of the brooding urge by man, during the attempt to colonize a new and unsympathetic environment.
THE GREATER SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRAVIS AT‘ ITS BREEDING GROUNDS.
Authors: Rowan. M. K.
Published: April 2008

An account is given of the breeding cycle of the Greater Shearwater, with speciat reference to the colony (estimated at 4,000,000 breeding birds) at Nightingale Island in the Tristan da Cunha group.

 The birds arrive at the breeding grounds during late August and September. There is a brief laying season during the second week of November and the chicks hatch early in January. In April the adults desert their young, when they are full–grown but still in down. Fully feathered juveniles are found at the beginning of May and start flying towards the end of the first week of May. As far as is known the juveniles have all left the breeding grounds by early June.

 Special points of interest relating to the breeding cycle are:.‐(a) The presence of Greater Sheanvaters at the breeding grounds in large numbers at least one–and–a–half months in advance of the laying season. (b) The overcrowding of the breeding grounds at Nightingale. (c) The courtship ceremonies. (d) A strongly developed diurnal habit during the breeding season, although the birds are most active after 4 p.m. (local time) and at night. (e) The presence of large numbers of juveniles at the breeding grounds during May. (f) The apparent absence of adults from their burrows. from mid–April onwards.

 The occurrence of the Greater Sheanvater at the north–easterly limits of its range at the time breeding IS beginning suggests that a proportion of the population fails to breed each year, and that the main return from the north takes place in mid–ocean, and down the west side of the Atlantic, mainly in August.

 Flight and locomotion are described.

 Data collected on the exploitation of this species by the Tristan islanders show that the annual depletions are not more than l% of the estimated Shearwater population at Nightingale.