bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Hierarchies
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha
Published: November 2020

Islamic Studies is slowly moving beyond the long-established divide between neo/orientalist and confessional approaches. A more integrated, reflexive model is in progress at a few Islamic colleges now accredited by universities, but even then, the support flows asymmetrically from the university to the college. In addition, assumptions about the criticality of believers still pervade and divide the field, which is largely configured by gendered, epistemic, and institutional hierarchies. Yet, the growing number of Muslim students and staff, the expansion in private provision aspiring to accreditation, and even problematic political changes such as securitization, are some of the changing conditions allowing for the boundaries of the field to be negotiated and redefined more collaboratively. This is beckoning a promising though cautious move away from monological—and hierarchical—constructions of Islam and Muslims, whether as objects of enquiry or as confessional staff and students subjected to epistemic and institutional monitoring.
Conclusions
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha
Published: November 2020

These research findings show that the higher education research agenda can become distorted by imperatives coloured by political ideologies and a caricatured polarization of religion and secularity. These impulses originate outside the higher education sector and should be challenged. The UK universities need to improve the religious literacy of university students and to tackle ignorance towards Muslims in order for campuses to be inclusive spaces where all students can learn from the diversity around them. Islamic colleges need to interrogate some of their patriarchal assumptions about gendered roles in line with the important feminist work that their syllabi explore. This would be aided by recruitment of high profile women Islamic Studies lecturers and critical reflection on gender roles on campus. We call for the prophetic role of the universities and the Islamic colleges to be reclaimed through a transparent, joint programme of robust and critical cultural engagement for all.
Enriched meanings in semantics and pragmatics
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter briefly introduces the notion of enriched meanings from a general, pretheoretical perspective, without reference to the apparatus used in subsequent chapters to capture the notion formally. The chapter begins by discussing the traditional distinction between semantics and pragmatics, in light of the distinction between truth-conditional and conventional aspects of meaning. It then introduces and defines enriched meanings. It finishes with a brief overview of the various phenomena whose analyses constitute the case studies in the second part of the book (conventional implicatures, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies).
Category theory
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter aims to introduce sufficient category theory to enable a formal understanding of the rest of the book. It first introduces the fundamental notion of a category. It then introduces functors, which are maps between categories. Next it introduces natural transformations, which are natural ways of mapping between functors. The stage is then set to at last introduces monads, which are defined in terms of functors and natural transformations. The last part of the chapter provides a compositional calculus with monads for natural language semantics (in other words, a logic for working with monads) and then relates the compositional calculus to Glue Semantics and to a very simple categorial grammar for parsing. The chapter ends with some exercises to aid understanding.
Conventional implicature
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter presents a monadic analysis of conventional implicatures. These expressions are compositionally challenging and also seem to challenge the traditional semantics/pragmatics divide by straddling it. This chapter first introduces two main sorts of conventional implicature, appositives and expressives. It reviews one standard approach to capturing the dual nature of conventional implicatures, multidimensional semantic representations. It then reviews some challenges and argues that they do not entail abandoning multidimensionality. The chapter introduces a new multidimensional analysis using monads. Two examples are analysed in detail. The first is an example of a conventional implicature arising from an appositive. The second is an example of a conventional implicature arising from an expressive predicate, which is a more controversial case. The chapter shows that the enriched meaning analysis naturally extends to this case without imperilling the intuition behind multidimensionality. The chapter ends with some exercises to aid understanding.
Perspectival reference
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter is about substitutability of co-referential terms and argues that what is required is a general semantics of perspectives. It begins by reviewing the standard sort of puzzle, which involves embedding distinct terms under a propositional attitude verb. It then reviews evidence that embedding is in fact not necessary for a substitution puzzle to arise. It also reviews a related puzzle that shows that similar problems can arise without distinct terms. It builds on this to illustrate a limiting case of lack of substitutability, which involves an identity statement. Two formalizations are compared. A Logical Form analysis is shown to have various issues, including generalizing meanings to the worst case. A contrasting monadic analysis is presented which avoids this problem and is demonstrated with four key examples. The chapter ends with a generalization to non-referential expressions. Some exercises are provided to aid understanding.
Monad combinatorics
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers how the monadic formalization deals with interactions between the phenomena from the second part of the book by examining the pairwise interaction of all three phenomena. Distributive laws are introduced to combine monads. The chapter shows that only certain combinations of the monads from the second part have definable distributive laws. These results comport with linguistic intuitions. The option of using the related category-theoretic concepts of functors and applicative functors instead of monads is also considered. The chapter shows that functors are not powerful enough and that applicative functors introduce a tracking/layering problem that is inelegant. Also, the closure property of applicative functor composition, whereby the composition of any two applicative functors is also an applicative functor, overgenerates with respect to the data. Monads are therefore argued to be empirically superior to applicative functors in this domain precisely because they lack the closure property. Some exercises are provided to aid understanding.
Conclusion
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Giorgolo Gianluca
Published: November 2020

This chapter is a short conclusion. It briefly reviews the notion of enriched meanings. It then summarizes the main results of the book, chapter by chapter.
Multisensory Experiences
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna
Published: November 2020

Most of our everyday life experiences are multisensory in nature, i.e. they consist of what we see, hear, feel, taste, smell, and much more. Almost any experience, such as eating a meal or going to the cinema, involves a magnificent sensory world. In recent years, many of these experiences have been increasingly transformed through technological advancements such as multisensory devices and intelligent systems. This book takes the reader on a journey that begins with the fundamentals of multisensory experiences, moves through the relationship between the senses and technology, and finishes by considering what the future of those experiences may look like, and our responsibility in it. The book seeks to empower the reader to shape his or her own and other people’s experiences by considering the multisensory worlds in which we live. This book is a powerful and personal story about the authors’ passion for, and viewpoint on, multisensory experiences.
Beyond the Known and into the Unknown Future
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna
Published: November 2020

As technology advances, and our understanding of the human senses grows, we will be able to augment existing experiences but also create previously unimaginable ones. For example, we are just starting to understand how our senses change in outer space. We and several other researchers are developing technology-enabled experiences that consider these changes to facilitate future space travels. This chapter presents the scope for multisensory experiences in the years to come. As an illustrative example, it merges ‘science’ and ‘fiction’ and discusses the possibilities around multisensory experience design in the context of space travels.
Passing Over and Disinheritance in the Days of the Ius Commune
Authors: Lohsse Sebastian
Published: November 2020

With Novel 115, a piece of legislation from 542 ad, Roman emperor Justinian had sought to implement a rather far-reaching reform of the classical Roman law rules on mandatory family protection. However, he had failed to make clear whether this reform was meant to be exhaustive or whether it left room for the application of at least some of the older rules. Likewise, Justinian’s reform left doubt with respect to the remedies that were to be employed when rules on mandatory family protection were infringed. The chapter shows how the ius commune discussion on mandatory family protection concentrated on these difficulties. In essence, the different theories that were developed by medieval lawyers dominated the discussion even as late as in the nineteenth century and hindered the development of coherent and convincing rules on mandatory family protection.
Compulsory Portion in France
Authors: Pérès Cécile
Published: November 2020

This chapter deals with the réserve héréditaire in the French law of succession. In the presence of descendants or, failing that, a surviving spouse, French law limits the deceased’s freedom to dispose of his or her property by will or gifts. A person’s estate is notionally divided into two parts: the quotité disponible, which he or she may freely dispose of, and the réserve héréditaire, which the law transfers to certain designated heirs. The réserve héréditaire of the French Civil code is the fruit of a long historical tradition stemming from both Roman law and customary law. It has constantly adapted to the evolution of society. That evolution continues today. The Act of 23 June 2006 had made the réserve héréditaire evolve in a more liberal direction. However, the foundations of the réserve héréditaire – particularly with regard to descendants – remain solid and unchallenged.
Compulsory Portion and Other Aspects of Family Protection in Austria
Authors: Wendehorst Christiane
Published: November 2020

The Austrian law of succession boasts some rather strong mechanisms for overriding a will in the interest of surviving family members. Taken together, the law of compulsory portion, the various statutory legacies, and the maintenance claims significantly reduce a testator’s freedom to pass on his or her property as the testator deems appropriate. Yet, Austrian law does not necessarily ensure that all close family members obtain minimum levels of subsistence, as the group of individuals entitled to family protection benefits is small and more or less restricted to the surviving spouse or registered partner and descendants. The position of the surviving spouse or registered partner has been continuously strengthened over the years but there is still an unfortunate discrepancy between what a surviving spouse or partner is entitled to upon death as compared with the situation upon divorce. The existing patchwork of mechanisms does not seem to have created significant problems, but still it is fair to say that the Austrian law of family protection lacks a consistent approach. This is still true after major reform in 2015, which to some extent restricted entitlements under the law of compulsory portion but also introduced further compulsory benefits. Most conspicuously, the new ‘care legacy’ may entail sweeping changes for smaller estates, and it may well happen that the whole estate goes to one or several caring family members, with heirs possibly even having to pay out of their own pockets.
Compulsory Portion in Germany
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2020

The compulsory portion of the German law of succession is a personal claim by a close family member of the deceased against the deceased’s heir, or heirs, to receive the value of one-half of his or her intestate share. The range of persons entitled to a compulsory portion is limited to the deceased’s descendants, his parents, and his surviving spouse. The right to a compulsory portion can be lost as a result of having been deprived of it by the deceased (which is possible in a limited number of situations), as a result of being ‘unworthy’ to receive a benefit from the deceased’s estate, or as a result of having waived the right. All in all, the system enacted in the German Civil Code (BGB) in 1900 has proved to be comparatively stable; even the amendments of 2010 as a result of the Act on the Reform of the Law of Succession and Prescription were rather modest and have shifted the balance between freedom of testation and family solidarity only very slightly in the direction of freedom of testation. This is often seen as confirmation that, essentially, the rules of the BGB provide a solution that is both pragmatic and reasonable. The Federal Constitutional Court has even, in 2005, ruled that a certain minimum participation for children in a deceased’s estate not only does not contravene the constitutional guarantee of ‘property and the right of inheritance’ in Article 14(1) GG, but is itself protected by that provision.
Compulsory Portion and Family Provision in the Netherlands
Authors: Kolkman Wilbert D
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes and analyses the Dutch rules on mandatory family protection. It starts with a historical overview, leading to the Civil Code of 1838 with its forced heirship (on the French model). In 2003, the Netherlands moved from this forced heirship (in kind) to a compulsory portion (in value) for descendants (on the German model). For the surviving spouse and the children the new Civil Code introduced ‘other statutory entitlements’ in the form of a right of usufruct and lump sums. The results is a hybrid system of family protection, with both civil law (fixed portion) and common law (discretionary claim) features. The chapter sheds light on a number of problems arising from this complex system, such as the role of gifts. It concludes by arguing that the compulsory portion can be abolished.
Compulsory Portion and Minimum Inheritance in Norway
Authors: Scherpe Jens M , Eeg Thomas
Published: November 2020

The chapter describes the current law of succession in Norway with regard to mandatory protection of family members, explains its historical background, and situates it in the debates surrounding the changed realities of family life in the twenty-first century. Family law and family life have undergone many changes, not least the increasing prevalence of second or third families/remarriages and cohabitation, as well as the acceptance of same-sex families. The chapter argues that, despite recent reform proposals, the limited changes implemented by reforms in 2019 fall short of what is required of a modern law of succession for all families in Norway.
Mandatory Family Protection in the Common Law Tradition
Authors: Reid Kenneth G C
Published: November 2020

In medieval English law, widows were entitled to dower and widowers to curtesy, both being life interests in the deceased’s real property. In addition, the personal property of the deceased was divided according to a tripartite system, with surviving spouse and children being entitled to one-third each and only the final third being available for disposal by will. The tripartite system was abandoned in the early modern period though it survives still in Scotland. But dower and curtesy remained and were exported to the British Empire. In the United States they had a rich future, developing into the fixed ‘elective share’ of the deceased’s estate which is available, in many states, for the surviving spouse. Elsewhere, dower and curtesy faded away during the nineteenth century giving rise to almost complete freedom of testation. This freedom was, however, short-lived. In 1900, New Zealand, having considered but rejected the tripartite system of fixed shares still used in Scotland, introduced a discretionary ‘family provision’ by which courts could make awards to close family members. The New Zealand model was soon copied throughout Australia, in the common law provinces of Canada, and, in 1938, in England and Wales itself. The chapter considers the reasons for the abandonment of freedom of testation, and examines the debate in New Zealand, England, and the Republic of Ireland as to whether family protection was best achieved by a system of fixed shares, as in Scotland, or by a system involving judicial discretion.
Introductory remarks on the question of the autonomy of syntax
Authors: Duffley Patrick
Published: November 2020

This chapter lays down the gauntlet to challenge the autonomy of syntax, a basic principle of linguistic analysis proposed by Chomsky in 1982 and followed by most researchers working in the generative paradigm. It announces the book’s intent to argue that semantics plays a highly significant role in syntax, and that a properly articulated linguistic semantics, together with the requisite pragmatics, goes a long way towards explaining the relational processes involved in the building of syntactic sequences in natural language. This relates the approach taken in the book to those advocated by the Columbia School and by Cognitive Grammar.
The truth-conditional approach to meaning
Authors: Duffley Patrick
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that the autonomous syntax postulate leads to a view of semantics as interfacing with syntax only once the latter has autonomously generated a sentential sequence, which is then sent to the semantic component for interpretation. Since only sentences are true or false, this situates semantics on the level of propositions and the truth-conditions associated with them. While this hypothesis has the advantage of providing linguists with a ready-made toolkit of logical concepts and formulae, it is argued to misrepresent the way meaning is related to form in natural language, as it is generally not the case that a stable meaning is paired with a stable linguistic form on the level of the sentence.
A final comparison with the Columbia School approach to meaning
Authors: Duffley Patrick
Published: November 2020

This chapter marks the points of divergence between the approach taken in the book and the Columbia School, which both share the assumption that linguistic categories take the form of signal-meaning pairs and that meanings are language-specific. The Columbia School postulates that meanings are inherently relational and divide up semantic fields contrastively in an exhaustive way. Contrary to this Saussurean-style postulate, it is argued that meaning is not essentially contrastive or relational in nature and that assuming that it is leads to a significant distortion of certain meanings, especially those treated as unmarked in the binary opposition-based system.
Is There New Capacity for Redistribution to End Poverty in MICs?
Authors: Hoy Christopher , Sumner Andy
Published: November 2020

Amartya Sen’s famous study of famines found that people died not because of a lack of food availability in a country but because some people lacked entitlements to that food. Is a similar situation now the case for middle-income countries, meaning that national resources are available but are not used to end poverty? This chapter argues that (i) MICs account for a large proportion of global poverty; (ii) most MICs have the financial capacity to end poverty at least at lower poverty lines. Our findings provide a rationale for a stronger consideration of some national redistribution for purely instrumental reasons: to reduce or end global poverty sooner than waiting for growth. Our findings also support the extension of Sen’s theory of famines to global poverty meaning global poverty is increasingly a matter of national inequality.
Introduction
Authors: van der Wende Marijk , Marginson Simon , Liu Nian Cai , Kirby William C.
Published: November 2020

The Introduction presents the conceptual framework of the research project: “The New Silk Road: Implications for higher education and research cooperation between China and Europe.” The areas of inquiry focused on are: the academic flows and activities emerging along the NSR; university responses and their rationales; the conditions under which activities are taking place; defined by whom, and the values underpinning the mission of the university in society. It places the NSR in global context: how China’s rise in science and higher education results in shifting global flows, impact, and rising tensions. It explores the evolving China–European relationship and concludes that while the idea or model of the university may travel along the NSR, it does not necessarily change because of it. Despite the current unknowns, in the long run, Chinese–European cooperation on or beyond the New Silk Road offers a new landscape for higher education on both ends of Eurasia.
Speaking Truth to Power
Authors: Düring Dascha
Published: November 2020

Chinese and Western universities can only be expected to collaborate in a mutually enriching manner when there exists a shared understanding of the nature and role of the university itself. This chapter aims to contribute to our grasp on the normative dimension to the question of how the university is regarded in the Chinese and Western hemispheres by analyzing Confucian and Kantian views on the role of the scholar in society. Both philosophical traditions consider speaking truth to power to be one of the central tasks of the scholar—not necessarily because those yielding political power are wrong, but because they are human, and so should be counterbalanced by the scholarly community in order to safeguard the hermeneutic openness of the intellectual climate within society. And both thus stress that any viable view on the university nature and role must endorse an unconditional respect for academic freedom in research and higher education.
The Role of World-Class and Other Research Universities in Contributing to the New Silk Road Initiative
Authors: Tian Lin , Liu Nian Cai
Published: November 2020

University functions underpin models of universities as well as enrich our understanding of “the idea of universities.” Both global research universities, which are generally regarded as “world-class universities” (WCUs), and other research universities (RUs) are important constituents of the higher education system, since they are most likely to be exposed and more responsive to external changes and social expectations, such as the increased emphasis on relevance and service to society. The New Silk Road (NSR) Initiative, which highlights the interactions in major parts of the world across the Euro-Asian continent, including higher education and academic cooperation between China and Europe, potentially affects these research universities as both the primary subjects as well as the objects in pushing it forward. Through multiple case studies in China and Europe, this chapter analyzes and compares the role of WCUs/RUs in China and Europe in contributing to the NSR Initiative from a functional perspective.
The New Silk Road and the “Idea of the University”
Authors: Sporn Barbara , van der Wende Marijk
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes the influence of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), as the Chinese government’s strategy on the “idea of the university” in China, with special attention to governance, mission, and role in society, as well as the values underpinning the model of the university. Results from this work imply that Chinese universities have not been changing dramatically through the BRI strategy as such. They have rather been on a pathway of transformation to which the BRI is adding opportunities, the extent to which seems to be mostly bound to disciplinary fields. STEM has already been a prominent global player for a while. Business schools that have been internationalizing for many years are now taking further entrepreneurial steps, and also specific areas in the humanities are exploring new international initiatives. While those trends show striking similarities regarding internationalization strategies in the West, some notable differences relate to China’s particular approach.
What are the Objectives of Chinese Higher Education in Relation to the New Silk Road Initiative?
Authors: Huang Futao
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the objectives and goals of Chinese higher education in relation to the New Silk Road (NSR). It uses literature, policy documents, reports, national statistics, and case studies to identify these objectives and consider progress in implementing the NSR plan. Pursuing soft power by exporting China’s higher education practices is integral to the NSR strategy but it is not yet clear whether and to what extent China’s higher education objectives are understood and accepted in the NSR countries. The NSR countries will not fully accept China’s objectives unless China’s approach is adapted and responsive to social contexts, national identities, and traditions and values of higher education in those countries. However, at this stage China has not exported fundamental features of its higher education such as political and academic standards, national-level compulsory programs, and institutional governance, focusing rather on exchange activities in language, culture, professional, and vocational education.
Patron Saints: (2) Continental European Ethical Philosophy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which the distinctive conception of the moral order in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism bears testament to the metaphysical and epistemological imprints of continental European ethical philosophy as it evolved in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s. Ethical philosophy helped to give flesh to their conception of liberalism as about human flourishing. The chapter begins by reflecting on the complex relationship with Adam Smith as political economist and moral philosopher and on the enormous importance of Immanuel Kant in shaping the broad parameters of the way in which conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals engaged with the ethical basis of liberalism. The founding thinkers of this tradition rejected Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The chapter investigates in depth the complex connections—far from neat causal relationships—between conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals and a range of philosophers with whom they had often studied or knew as family friends: Rudolf Eucken, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, Nicolai Hartmann, William James, and G. E. Moore, as well as the special case of Louis Rougier and of French positivism in the work of Rougier and Jacques Rueff. Attention is also paid to the Euckenbund (Eucken Association). This context is important in understanding the hostility of the founding thinkers to determinism, subjectivism, utilitarianism, naturalism, empiricist Realism, and moral relativism. A contrast is drawn between the differing philosophical roots of the early Austrian tradition and Ordo-liberalism. The chapter closes with an examination of the implications of developments in philosophy for the reception of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism and of the problematic relationship between truth and relevance as it arises in economic and financial crisis.
Patron Saints: (3) Theological Foundations of Ordo and Religious Traces
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the role of religion and theological debate in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. It looks at the ethical and strategic roles of religion: for Walter Eucken, Lutheran faith should act as a guide; for Friedrich Hayek, an agnostic, religion had instrumental value in gathering support. The central reference point of Ordo-liberalism was in Lutheran thought and Reformed Protestantism; their cross-national reach; the ascetic and austere moral seriousness they imparted to debates about civic virtue and the just economic order; and the effect on their attitudes to John Maynard Keynes and Joseph Schumpeter. The chapter shows how this link played a key role in the Freiburg resistance circles to the Third Reich; the work by Franz Böhm, Eucken, and others on the Bonhoeffer Memorandum; and the secularized Calvinism of James Buchanan and Frank Knight. The chapter also explores the complex and difficult relationship to Roman Catholic Scholastic thought, notably the concept of Ordo; to Catholic social thought as it evolved from the late nineteenth century, notably about social solidarity; and to Classical humanism, as represented by Stoicism; and the relatively late development of Lutheran social ethics. The challenge of building bridges to Catholicism has been a persistent concern, notably in the writings of Wilhelm Röpke. The chapter also looks at Catholic theologians who have engaged with Ordo-liberalism; the appeal of ‘thinking in orders’ within Catholicism; and successive relevant papal encyclicals. The chapter closes with reflections on the contemporary relevance of religion and its role in upholding the values of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism.
Conservative Liberalism in American and British Political Economy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the key figures in American and British conservative liberalism; the context in which they thought and wrote; how their thinking evolved; the reception of Ordo-liberalism; and the significance of conservative liberalism in their wider political economies. It shows why conservative liberalism did not flourish in a consistent manner, even with British Conservatives and American Republicans in power. Its significance was conditioned by cultural, historical, and institutional legacies, notably contending national unifying myths; by ideological competition from parties that gave primacy to reducing inequality of wealth and income and to economic security; by the structures of political incentives; and by crises and accidents. In the United States, the obstacles included opposition from the interventionism of the New Deal and the national security state, from the libertarianism of the frontier spirit, and from the idea of a Christian America, along with the structures of divided government. In Britain, they were linked to the post-war role of the welfare state and the global player in national unifying myth and the long shadow of Keynes. The chapter examines in detail the contributions of James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Walter Lippmann, and Henry Simons to US economic and political thought. In the case of Britain, the chapter focuses on Edwin Cannan, Ralph Hawtrey, William Hutt, Lionel Robbins, and Alan Peacock. The chapter concludes with reflections on the prospects of conservative liberalism, including on the contributions of John Rawls and Amartya Sen.
Representation of Language
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

This book is a defense, against mostly philosophical objections, of a Chomskyan postulation of an internal, innate computational system for human language that is typically manifested in native speaker’s intuitive responses to samples of speech. But it is also a critical examination of some of the glosses on the theory: the assimilation of it to traditional Rationalism; a supposed conflict between being innate and learned; an unclear ontology which requires what I call a “representational pretense” (whereby linguists merely pretend for the sake of exposition that, e.g., tokens of words are uttered); and, most crucially to my concerns, Chomsky’s specific eliminativism about the role of intentionality not only in his own theories, but in any serious science at all. This last is a fundamentally important issue for linguistics, psychology, and philosophy that I hope an examination of a theory as rich and promising as a Chomskyan linguistics will help illuminate. I will also touch on some peripheral issues that Chomsky seems to me to mistakenly associate with his theory: an anti-realism about ordinary thought and talk, and a peculiar dismissal of the mind/body problem(s), toward the solution of some of which I think his theory actually makes a promising contribution.
Psycho-Semantics of Perceptual Content
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

A general problem faced by psychology is that of accounting for an organism’s sensitivities to non-local, non-physical, and/or non-instantiated—what I call “abstruse”—properties, such as, e.g., being a dinosaur, being a triangle, or being a noun or a sentence. I argue that only an intentionalistically understood CRT (an “II-CRT”) offers the best prospect of explaining these sensitivities, which it does by a mutually supporting combination of the BasicAsymmetry proposal of §10.3 and of the kind of probability theories routinely presupposed by theories of perception. I will then briefly discuss various sources of resistance to intentionalism and how they motivate the methodological dualism that Chomsky deplores, despite his sharing many of those motivations and the dualism himself. I will conclude the book with some comments on the “mind/body” problem(s) that, pace Chomsky’s recent writings, are as alive and interesting as ever.
The Evolution of Labour Patterns
Authors: Bessard Fanny
Published: November 2020

This chapter looks at craftsmen and craftswomen and investigates their way of living and labouring between 700 and 950, as well as their relationship with the early Islamic state apparatus. The eighth and ninth centuries witnessed changes, sometimes ruptures, in the conditions and institutional framework surrounding artisanal labour. While there was a persistence of self-employment and a continued development of wage labour, the rise of Islam generated the abandonment of the institution of corporation, in the context of a new sociopolitical ideology emphasizing the cohesion of the ‘umma to the detriment of self-governing entities. Islam also played a role in reshaping the division of labour, as the introduction of Islamic moral codes in artisanal life prevented Muslim artisans performing specific activities.
Twilight of the Clerical and Landowning Elite, Rise of Tuǧǧār
Authors: Bessard Fanny
Published: November 2020

This chapter seeks to reopen the debate on the social identity and culture of the trading community from the late Umayyads to 950. It discusses how certain traders became tuǧǧār, and the mechanisms by which these came to constitute collectives of individuals, sharing identities and practices. It further explores the confrontation and collaboration between these enriched entrepreneurs and the aristocracy, as well as the translation of the growing political awareness of this community into practical action. The chapter argues that tuǧǧār became great supporters of the ‘Abbāsid caliphs from 800, and they were more actively involved in the administration of the Empire than Goitein proposes.
Conclusion
Authors: Bessard Fanny
Published: November 2020

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the volume as a whole. Recent scholarship has been preoccupied with tracing continuities. Rather than putting the emphasis on late Roman and Iranian inheritances, this book has argued that the institutional innovation undertaken by early Muslim caliphs from 700 resulted in the urban economic successes, which recent archaeological endeavours have unveiled. Rather than viewing the early Islamic economy as the almost serendipitous upshot of the political integration of the Near East, this book locates the engine of economic change squarely within the early Islamic political elite, whose commercial practices, subjectivities, and theories brought about a thoroughgoing restructuring of trade and production, with a clear rupture with tradition occurring after 800.
Introduction
Authors: Reich Arie , Micklitz Hans-W.
Published: November 2020

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The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Russian Legal System
Authors: Kalinichenko Paul
Published: November 2020

This chapter presents the findings of the author on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the Russian legal system. To start with, this chapter includes a brief description of the background to the modern Russian legal system and, in particular, the structure of the Russian judiciary. The contribution goes on to describe the Russian model for approximating its legal order with EU rules and standards, as well as adding some remarks on the application of EU law by the Russian courts. Then follows an explanation of the specifics of the database used, together with a description and analysis of citation of CJEU decisions by Russian courts in the period 2006–18. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in the final section of the chapter.
The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Israeli Legal System
Authors: Reich Arie
Published: November 2020

This chapter presents the findings of the author on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the Israeli legal system. After a short description of the Israeli legal system and its judiciary, including figures on the use of foreign legal sources by the courts, the chapter describes briefly the relations between the EU and Israel and notes the weak legal approximation provision in the Association Agreement. Despite the lack of obligation on Israel’s part to rely on CJEU judgments, the author has found steadily growing numbers of citations of these judgments by various Israeli courts and tribunals. The chapter presents the statistics of these citations over the years, the types of tribunals that cite the CJEU, and the fields of law where these citations are mostly found (mainly in trade marks, competition law, and labour law). It also lists the CJEU cases that are most cited by Israeli tribunals. It then assesses the impact of the citations by a coding system that allows us to observe the relative influence that the citations had in the various tribunals. After having presented a statistic overview on the citation patterns, the chapter zooms into some specific cases where the CJEU was cited in order to put the citation into context and better understand its significance. Finally, the chapter discusses instances of CJEU impact on Israeli regulation, not case law, namely in the field of competition law, sports (the Bosman case), and privacy (‘the right to be forgotten’).
The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Tunisian Judges: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Elbalti Béligh
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the question whether the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has exercised an influence on Tunisian judges and the extent of that influence. After explaining the general legal background of Tunisia as a legal system and the attitude of Tunisian judges towards foreign legal sources in general, the chapter explores the available case law of Tunisian courts in order to identify the areas of law where such an influence manifests itself. It shows that, generally speaking, Tunisian judges are quite open to foreign legal sources and frequently cite those sources in their judgments. However, when it comes to the case law of the CJEU, two opposite trends could be identified. On the one hand, the case law of Tunisian ordinary courts shows that the CJEU exercises little influence on Tunisian judges, despite extensive and diversified cooperation between the EU and Tunisia. On the other hand, the case law of the Competition Council shows that the Council is more willing to refer to CJEU decisions in deciding the cases pending before them. The chapter considers several reasons that are likely to explain this double aspect of the influence of the CJEU on Tunisian judges. It argues that the weakness of comparative research, legal education in general, as well as the role played by legal actors in Tunisia are among the main reasons behind the current situation.
The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Neighbouring Countries
Authors: Reich Arie , Micklitz Hans-W.
Published: November 2020

The concluding chapter sums up the overall findings of the project through three different strands of analysis: the first breaks down the eleven jurisdictions into three groups based on the relative quantity and impact of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) citations found in these jurisdictions. By drawing conclusions from all the country reports through a comparative and macro-perspective, the goal is to distil the insights of the entire project and formulate policy recommendations in the light of EU external policy and legal integration objectives vis-à-vis its neighbourhood; the second examines the many factors that a priori could have an impact on whether judges are likely to cite the CJEU in their judgments, and then discusses what the research has found in relation to the actual role played by these factors; the third tries to place the current project into the context of overall research on the global reach of EU law, which can be ‘exported’ to non-members of the EU through various mechanisms, such as mutual and formal agreement or through more unilateral and spontaneous forms. They include modes of extraterritorial application of EU law, territorial extension, and the so-called ‘Brussels Effect’. The chapter concludes with some general observations and thoughts and formulates possible policy recommendations.
Refuge and Resistance in Times of Troubles
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the military history and political allegiance of England’s islands in the age of civil wars and revolution. When English loyalties fractured in the 1640s, the islands too became divided between king and parliament. Some changed hands several times in this often-overlooked theatre of operations. The Isle of Wight and Guernsey (except its castle) were swiftly secured for parliament, but Jersey, the Isles of Scilly, Anglesey, and the Isle of Man became royalist strongholds, until they eventually fell. Defeated cavaliers found refuge in the islands, before retreating to the Continent. The presence of Prince Charles on Scilly and then on Jersey in 1646, and his return to Jersey after the regicide as king-in-exile, made those islands places of national, dynastic, and diplomatic significance.
Restoration Responsibilities
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter studies the exercise of royal authority on England’s islands from 1660 to 1700. Like its predecessors, the Restoration regime balanced political and strategic needs against local customary rights and privileges, though mostly to its own advantage. The islands were assets in international wars with the Dutch and the French. Though Charles II assured islanders that he recognized their traditions, immunities, liberties, and customs, the balance of power generally tilted in favour of the crown. Royal governors such as Lord Christopher Hatton on Guernsey and Lord Thomas Culpeper on the Isle of Wight looked after London’s interests, and their own, while the earls of Derby maintained the stubborn independence of the Isle of Man.
Charles I on the ‘Ile of Wait’
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter deals with the remarkable year-long imprisonment of King Charles himself on the Isle of Wight, after his defeat in the English civil war. It examines the conditions of the king’s confinement in Carisbrooke Castle, his relations with his captors, and his attempts to escape from the island that a contemporary cartoonist called ‘the Ile of Wait’. The Isle of Wight became a centre of national attention during this fatal twilight of the Stuart regime. Aided by royalist intriguers, including his servant Henry Firebrace and the spy Jane Whorwood, the king sought to outwit his keeper, the parliamentary governor Robert Hammond, without success.
Islands in an Island Empire
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This concluding chapter returns to the problem of anomalous and competing jurisdictions in a world of quickening economy, expanding global ambition, and extended foreign wars. Looking forward through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries towards the present, it considers the survival and mutation of distinctive offshore legal arrangements, amid the changing relationships of the archipelagic periphery, the metropolitan core, and the international order. Like other parts of the expanding British world, the islands gave allegiance to English authorities while maintaining their distinctive characters. Island communities prospered with naval, military, and commercial investment, and developed as desirable places to live or visit. From London’s point of view, the islands could appear as liabilities as much as assets, resources as well as responsibilities, costs as much as benefits. Though modernized and better connected, England’s islands remain, to varying degrees, as they always were, strange, separate, and perversely independent.
Analytic Element Method across Fields of Study
Authors: Steward David R.
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces the philosophical perspective for solving problems with the Analytic Element Method, organized within three common types of problems: gradient driven flow and conduction, waves, and deformation by forces. These problems are illustrated by classic, well known solutions to problems with a single isolated element, along with their extension to complicated interactions occurring amongst collections of elements. Analytic elements are presented within fields of study to demonstrate their capacity to represent important processes and properties across a broad range of applications, and to provide a template for transcending solutions across the wide range of conditions occurring along boundaries and interfaces. While the mathematical and computational developments necessary to solve each problem are developed in later chapters, each figure documents where its solutions are presented.
Analytic Elements from Complex Functions
Authors: Steward David R.
Published: November 2020

The mathematical functions associated with analytic elements may be formulated using a complex function $\Omega$ of a complex variable ${\zcomplex}$. Complex formulation of analytic elements is introduced in Section 3.1 for exact solutions obtained by embedding point elements that generate divergence, circulation, or velocity within a uniform vector field. Influence functions for analytic elements with circular geometry are obtained using Taylor and Laurent series expansions in Section 3.2, and conformal mapping extends this formulation to analytic elements with the geometry of ellipses (Section 3.3). The Courant's Sewing Theorem is employed in Section 3.4 to develop solutions for interface conditions across straight line segments, and the Joukowsky transformation extends methods to circular arcs and wings (Section 3.5), which satisfy a Kutta condition of non-singular vector field at their trailing edges. Vector fields with spatially distributed divergence and curl are formulated using the complex variable ${\zcomplex}$ with its complex conjugate $\overline{\zcomplex}$ in Section 3.6, and the complex conjugate is further employed in the Kolosov formulas (Section 3.7) to solve force deformation problems for analytic elements with traction or displacement specified boundary conditions.