bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvochemical Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluoride‐Derivatized Early Lanthanoid(III) ortho‐Oxidomolybdates(VI) LnF[MoO4] (Ln = Ce–Nd)
Authors: Schustereit Tanja , Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo
Published: September 2014

The development of a new solvochemical synthesis route resulted in single crystals of lanthanoid(III) fluoride oxidomolybdates(VI) with the formula LnF[MoO4] for the early lanthanoids (Ln = Ce–Nd); to date, these compounds could not be obtained by solid‐state reactions. The preparation strategy comprises the dropwise combination of an alkaline aqueous solution containing molybdenum trioxide, sodium hydroxide and sodium fluoride with an acidic aqueous solution of the lanthanoid(III) nitrate. After the purification of the obtained gel, the noncrystalline product has to be dried at 120 °C and converted into a crystalline phase by a final thermal treatment for 24 h at 850 °C in evacuated silica ampoules. The crystal structure of the lanthanoid(III) fluoride oxidomolybdates(VI) with formula LnF[MoO4] (Ln = Ce–Nd) is not isotypic to those for the smaller rare‐earth metals. The title compounds crystallize monoclinically in the space group P21/n (a = 703–694, b = 660–653, c = 939–933 pm and β ≈ 106°) with four formula units per unit cell. The structure contains crystallographically unique Ln3+ cations, which are surrounded by two F– and six O2– anions to form distorted bicapped trigonal prisms (CN = 8). These polyhedra are fused together by two common edges (e) consisting of two oxide anions to form ∞1{[LnFOe4/2Ot2/1]6–} strands, which are finally condensed through shared fluoride vertices (v) to build up a three‐dimensional ∞3{[LnFv2/2Oe4/2Ot2/1]6–} network that still contains terminal (t) oxygen atoms. The Mo6+ cations reside in the tetrahedral voids of the aforementioned arrangement. This is the fundamental difference compared to the structures of the representatives with the smaller lanthanoids, in which the Mo6+ cations interconnect anionic ∞2{[LnFe2/2Oe4/2Ot2/1]6–} layers to achieve their tetrahedral oxygen coordination spheres. Vibrational spectroscopic measurements such as bulk solid‐state and single‐crystal Raman spectroscopy as well as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were performed for the crystalline lanthanoid(III) fluoride oxidomolybdates(VI) and the noncrystalline samples of the dried raw products.
Regio‐ and Chemoselective Formation of Spiroindolinone–Isoindolinone by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig Addition–Elimination Sequence
Authors: Butani Himanshu H. , Vachhani Dipak D. , Bhoya Umed C. , Shah Anamik K. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: September 2014

The usual way to synthesize spiroindolinones is the application of isatin derivatives. Here, we report the first Pd‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig addition–elimination strategy for the formation of the spiroindolinone–isoindolinone architecture. The application of the Ugi‐4‐component reaction (Ugi‐4CR) allows the facile introduction of diversity and increases the practicality of this protocol.
A historical climate dataset for southeastern Australia, 1788–1859
Authors: Ashcroft Linden , Gergis Joëlle , Karoly David John
Published: September 2014

There is a significant lack of historical climate data in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the northern latitudes. To address this data scarcity and to improve understanding of regional climate variability, historical instrumental observations were recovered for southeastern Australian (SEA) for the 1788–1859 period. Instrumental observations of temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall and raindays were rescued from 39 archival sources, and examined to identify observer biases and inhomogeneities. The rescued data provide continuous information on SEA climate variability from 1826 to 1859, with short periods of observations identified between 1788–1791, 1803–1805 and 1821–1824. Quality control and homogenization of each data source indicates that the historical observations successfully capture regional interannual climate variability. The historical records exhibit high correlations between neighbouring observations and related climate variables. The instrumental observations also display very good agreement with documentary climate reconstructions, further verifying their quality. As an example of how this new historical dataset may be used, regional averages of the observations were calculated to estimate interannual climate variability across SEA from 1826 to 1859. Prolonged dry conditions were identified in various parts of the region during 1837–1843 and 1845–1852, while wet conditions were noted from 1836 to 1838, primarily in southern SEA. Anomalously cold periods were also identified in 1835–1836 and 1848–1849, in general agreement with temperature reconstructions from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere. This new dataset provides a valuable source of subdaily to monthly information on SEA climate variability for future climate analysis, palaeoclimate reconstruction verification and historical studies.
Endonasal endoscopic approach for removal of intraorbital cavernous hemangioma in childhood
Authors: Re Massimo , Tarchini Paolo , Gioacchini Federico M. , Pasquini Ernesto
Published: September 2014

Background

Orbital cavernous hemangiomas are the most common primary benign orbital tumors in adults. Although a rudimentary lesion may be present at birth, cavernous hemangiomas do not usually become symptomatic until the third to fifth decade of life and lesions occurring in pediatric age are quite rare. Surgical treatment is indicated in symptomatic cases, and surgical approach is planned according to the localization of the tumor in the orbit.

Methods and Results

We described the first case of pediatric intraorbital extraconal cavernous hemangioma, treated successfully by a pure endoscopic endonasal approach, and demonstrated the minimal invasiveness of this approach, without skin incision and neurovascular retraction. Review of the literature, surgical technique, pitfalls, and differences from previous reports are discussed.

Conclusion

Endoscopic transnasal approaches can now be considered as an alternative option to traditional external approaches in the management of medial and inferior orbital lesions in childhood. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1–E6, 2016
DNA methylation array analyses identified breast cancer‐associated HYAL2 methylation in peripheral blood
Authors: Yang Rongxi , Pfütze Katrin , Zucknick Manuela , Sutter Christian , Wappenschmidt Barbara , Marme Frederik , Qu Bin , Cuk Katarina , Engel Christoph , Schott Sarah , Schneeweiss Andreas , Brenner Hermann , Claus Rainer , Plass Christoph , Bugert Peter , Hoth Markus , Sohn Christof , Schmutzler Rita , Bartram Claus R. , Burwinkel Barbara
Published: September 2014

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer‐related mortality in women worldwide. Changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood could be associated with malignancy at early stage. However, the BC‐associated DNA methylation signatures in peripheral blood were largely unknown. Here, we performed a genome‐wide methylation screening and identified a BC‐associated differentially methylated CpG site cg27091787 in the hyaluronoglucosaminidase 2 gene (HYAL2) (discovery round with 72 BC case and 24 controls: p = 2.61 × 10−9 adjusted for cell‐type proportions). The substantially decreased methylation of cg27091787 in BC cases was confirmed in two validation rounds (first validation round with 338 BC case and 507 controls: p < 0.0001; second validation round with 189 BC case and 189 controls: p < 0.0001). In addition to cg27091787, the decreased methylation of a 650‐bp CpG island shore of HYAL2 was also associated with increased risk of BC. Moreover, the expression and methylation of HYAL2 were inversely correlated with a p‐value of 0.006. To note, the BC‐associated decreased HYAL2 methylation was replicated in the T‐cell fraction (p = 0.034). The cg27091787 methylation level enabled a powerful discrimination of early‐stage BC cases (stages 0 and I) from healthy controls [area under curve (AUC) = 0.89], and was robust for the detection of BC in younger women as well (age < 50, AUC = 0.87). Our study reveals a strong association between decreased HYAL2 methylation in peripheral blood and BC, and provides a promising blood‐based marker for the detection of early BC.
Circulating Epstein–Barr virus microRNAs miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 as biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Zhang Gaohong , Zong Jingfeng , Lin Shaojun , Verhoeven Rob J.A. , Tong Shuang , Chen Yixin , Ji Mingfang , Cheng Weimin , Tsao Sai‐Wah , Lung Maria , Pan Jianji , Chen Honglin
Published: September 2014

More than 75% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients have already developed local or regional spread at diagnosis, which hampers effective treatment and results in a poor prognosis. It is essential to characterize more sensitive and specific biomarkers for screening of high risk individuals and assessment of NPC treatment effectiveness. NPC is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated tumor in which only a few viral proteins but more than 20 BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs are detected, at abundant levels. We hypothesized that these BART microRNAs may be novel biomarkers for NPC. Systematic analysis of EBV BART microRNA expression profiles in EBV latently infected Mutu I and Mutu III cell lines, EBV‐harboring NPC and noncancerous NP cells found that miR‐BART3, miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 microRNAs are highly expressed and regularly secreted into the extracellular environment of NPC cells. These BART microRNAs were evaluated for used as potential NPC biomarkers. Analysis of plasma specimens obtained from NPC patients (n = 89), and healthy (n = 28) and non‐NPC tumor patient controls (n = 18) found levels of both miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, but not miR‐BART3, to be distinctly presence among NPC patients, with elevated levels being particularly apparent among patients with advanced disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis combining miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 levels produces a 90% predictive value for the presence of NPC. Analysis of 41 NPC patients before and after radiotherapy showed that miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, but not miR‐BART3, were diminished after treatment. These results indicate that EBV microRNAs, miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, may constitute useful new serological biomarkers for diagnosis of NPC and prediction of treatment efficacy.
Polarizable molecular mechanics studies ofCu(I)/Zn(II)superoxide dismutase: Bimetallic binding site and structured waters
Authors: Gresh Nohad , El Hage Krystel , Perahia David , Piquemal Jean‐Philip , Berthomieu Catherine , Berthomieu Dorothée
Published: September 2014

The existence of a network of structured waters in the vicinity of the bimetallic site of Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been inferred from high‐resolution X‐ray crystallography. Long‐duration molecular dynamics (MD) simulations could enable to quantify the lifetimes and possible interchanges of these waters between themselves as well as with a ligand diffusing toward the bimetallic site. The presence of several charged or polar ligands makes it necessary to resort to second‐generation polarizable potentials. As a first step toward such simulations, we benchmark in this article the accuracy of one such potential, sum of interactions between fragments Ab initio computed (SIBFA), by comparisons with quantum mechanics (QM) computations. We first consider the bimetallic binding site of a Cu/Zn‐SOD, in which three histidines and a water molecule are bound to Cu(I) and three histidines and one aspartate are bound to Zn(II). The comparisons are made for different His6 complexes with either one or both cations, and either with or without Asp and water. The total net charges vary from zero to three. We subsequently perform preliminary short‐duration MD simulations of 296 waters solvating Cu/Zn‐SOD. Six representative geometries are selected and energy‐minimized. Single‐point SIBFA and QM computations are then performed in parallel on model binding sites extracted from these six structures, each of which totals 301 atoms including the closest 28 waters from the Cu metal site. The ranking of their relative stabilities as given by SIBFA is identical to the QM one, and the relative energy differences by both approaches are fully consistent. In addition, the lowest‐energy structure, from SIBFA and QM, has a close overlap with the crystallographic one. The SIBFA calculations enable to quantify the impact of polarization and charge transfer in the ranking of the six structures. Five structural waters, which connect Arg141 and Glu131, are endowed with very high dipole moments (2.7–3.0 Debye), equal and larger than the one computed by SIBFA in ice‐like arrangements (2.7 D).
Novel Hedgehog Agonists Promote Osteoblast Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Naruse Masahiro , Chiba Yuta , Komori Toshihisa , Sasaki Keiichi , Iwamoto Masahiro , Fukumoto Satoshi
Published: September 2014

Hedgehog (Hh) family members are involved in multiple cellular processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Recently, the novel Hh agonists Hh‐Ag 1.3 and 1.7 were identified in a high‐throughput screening of small molecule compounds that activate the expression of Gli1, a target of Hh signaling. This study demonstrates that Hh‐Ag 1.3 and 1.7 strongly activate the expression of endogenous Gli1 and promote osteoblast differentiation in the mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2. Both compounds stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in a dose‐dependent manner, and induced osteoblast marker gene expression in C3H10T1/2 cells, which indicated that they had acquired an osteoblast identity. Of the markers, the expression of osterix/Sp7, a downstream target of runt‐related transcription factor (Runx)2, was induced by Hh‐Ag 1.7, which also rescued the osteoblast differentiation defect of RD‐127, a mesenchymal cell line from Runx2‐deficient mice. Hh‐Ags also activated canonical Wnt signaling and synergized with low doses of BMP‐2 to enhance osteoblastic potential. Thus, Hh‐Ag 1.7 could be useful for bone healing in individuals with abnormalities in osteogenesis, such as osteoporosis patients and the elderly, and can contribute to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of bone fractures and defects. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 922–929, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hundred‐Thousand light holes push nanoscopy to go parallel
Authors: Chen Xuanze , Xi Peng
Published: September 2014

With the application of the elements of all major super‐resolution techniques including stimulated emission depletion, structure illumination microscopy, and photo‐activated localization microscopy, the incoherent crossed standing‐wave microscopy achieves parallel super‐resolution imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 78:8–10, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A double‐edged sword: The moderating role of conscientiousness in the relationships between work stressors, psychological strain, and job performance
Authors: Lin Weipeng , Ma Jingjing , Wang Lei , Wang Mo
Published: September 2014

Although conscientiousness was commonly viewed as a type of personal resource to help individuals reduce strain or mitigate the impacts of stressors, empirical research demonstrated mixed results. Based on the personal resource allocation perspective, we posited that rather than functioning as personal resource per se, conscientiousness may act as a key factor influencing how individuals allocate their personal resources. The current study examined the moderating roles of conscientiousness in the relationships that work stressors (i.e., challenge stressors and hindrance stressors) have with employee psychological strain and job performance by using multi‐source, time‐lagged data collected from 250 employees working at two companies. The results showed that both challenge stressors and hindrance stressors were positively related to psychological strain. Conscientiousness moderated the relationships between both stressors and psychological strain, such that the positive relationships were stronger for individuals with high conscientiousness. Conscientiousness also moderated the relationship between challenge stressors and performance, such that the relationship was positive for individuals with high conscientiousness but negative for those with low conscientiousness. Altogether, the findings suggest that conscientiousness acts as a double‐edged sword that both promotes performance and exacerbates the stress reaction of employees when they are confronted with stressful situations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altering the Trigger‐Behavior of Programmed Shape Memory Natural Rubber (SMNR) by Solvent Vapor
Authors: Quitmann Dominik , Dibolik Michael , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: September 2014

Lightly cross‐linked natural rubber was found to have a tunable trigger‐temperature through programming procedure. Solvent vapor has a further impact on the trigger‐behavior of programmed SMNR. For exploring this we used the 1st derivative of the temperature dependent thickness increase to get insights in the trigger‐behavior. Additionally subsequently applied solvent vapor treatment allows reversibly changing TTrig as well as the maximum trigger‐rate νmax and thus the whole trigger‐process. The variation of solvent vapors or subsequently applied solvent combinations results in a novel way to alter the trigger‐behavior after programming.
Stem cells for cell replacement therapy: A therapeutic strategy for HD?
Authors: Rosser Anne , Svendsen Clive N.
Published: September 2014

Much interest has been expressed over the last couple of decades in the potential application of stem cells to medicine, both for research and diagnostic tools and as a source of donor cells for therapeutic purposes. Potential therapeutic applications include replacement of cells in many body organs where the capacity for intrinsic repair is limited, including the pancreas, heart, and brain. A key challenge is to generate the relevant donor cell types, and this is particularly challenging in the brain where the number of different neuronal subtypes is so great. Although dopamine neuron replacement in Parkinson's disease has been the focus of most clinical studies, great interest has been shown in this approach for other disorders, including Huntington's disease. Replacing complete neural circuits in the adult brain is clearly challenging, and there are many other complexities with regard to both donor cells and host. This article presents the pros and cons of taking a cell therapy approach in Huntington's disease. It considers the implantation both of cells that are already of the same neural subtype as those lost in the disease process (ie, primary fetal cells derived from the developing striatum) and those derived from stem cells, which require “directing” toward that phenotype. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The time‐domain Lippmann–Schwinger equation and convolution quadrature
Authors: Lechleiter Armin , Monk Peter
Published: September 2014

We consider time‐domain acoustic scattering from a penetrable medium with a variable sound speed. This problem can be reduced to solve a time‐domain volume Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation. Using convolution quadrature in time and trigonometric collocation in space, we can compute an approximate solution. We prove that the time‐domain Lippmann–Schwinger equation has a unique solution and prove conditional convergence and error estimates for the fully discrete solution for globally smooth sound speeds. Preliminary numerical results show that the method behaves well even for discontinuous sound speeds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 517–540, 2015
The role of Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Gramolelli Silvia , Schulz Thomas F
Published: September 2014

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual vascular tumour caused by an oncogenic‐herpesvirus, Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8). KS lesions are characterized by an abundant inflammatory infiltrate, the presence of KSHV‐infected endothelial cells that show signs of aberrant differentiation, as well as faulty angiogenesis/ vascularization. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of these histological features of KS, with an emphasis on the viral proteins that are responsible for their development. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Columnar nanostructured polymer films containing ionic liquids in supramolecular one‐dimensional nanochannels
Authors: Yamashita Akihiro , Yoshio Masafumi , Shimizu Seiya , Ichikawa Takahiro , Ohno Hiroyuki , Kato Takashi
Published: September 2014

Ionic liquids have attracted a considerable attention as the next generation electrolytes for energy devices. We have developed new free‐standing and nanostructured polymer films in which ionic liquids are confined into one‐dimensionally ordered nanochannels. These polymer films have been obtained by photopolymerization of hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular columnar liquid‐crystalline self‐assemblies of an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid and a wedge‐shaped diol compound containing polymerizable groups. The macroscopically parallel alignment of the columnar structures on a glass substrate has been achieved by the application of mechanical shearing, and subsequently fixed into polymer films by UV irradiation. This ionic liquid‐containing polymer film exhibits higher ionic conductivity than that of the previously reported one‐dimensional polymer film obtained by in situ photopolymerization of a covalent‐type columnar liquid‐crystalline imidazolium salt. The noncovalent supramolecular approach to one‐dimensionally ion‐conductive polymer films has led to improvement on conductive properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 366–371
First report of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Q biotype) species in Brazil
Authors: da Fonseca Barbosa Leonardo , Yuki Valdir Atsushi , Marubayashi Julio Massaharu , De Marchi Bruno Rossitto , Perini Fernando Luis , Pavan Marcelo Agenor , de Barros Danielle Ribeiro , Ghanim Murad , Moriones Enrique , Navas‐Castillo Jesus , Krause‐Sakate Renate
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major cosmopolitan pest and comprises a complex of more than 36 cryptic species that cause serious damage to agricultural crops worldwide. In this study, the Mediterranean species of B. tabaci, formerly known as Q biotype, was identified for the first time in Brazil.

RESULTS

Adult B. tabaci were collected from different localities and hosts from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of the country that borders Uruguay and Argentina. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene indicated that B. tabaci MED species appears to be restricted to the province of Barra do Quaraí, infesting Capsicum annuum cultivated in greenhouses and Ipomoea batatas in open fields. The partial mtCOI sequences obtained shared 100% nucleotide identity with reference sequences for the Q biotype reported from Uruguay. The secondary endosymbionts Hamiltonella and Cardinium were detected by PCR in the new identified MED species from Brazil, similarly to the Q biotype from Uruguay.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate the presence of the MED species in Brazil. The close monitoring of this new identified species in the southern region of Brazil is essential to avoid its geographical expansion to more important agricultural areas in the country. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
REIN: Replica‐exchange INterface for simulating protein dynamics and function
Authors: Miyashita Naoyuki , Re Suyong , Sugita Yuji
Published: September 2014

Replica‐exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) method is one of the enhanced conformational sampling algorithms widely applied in computational biophysics and biochemistry. In the method, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for multiple replicas of a target system are performed simultaneously and independently. Every few steps, temperatures or other parameters are exchanged between a pair of replicas according to the modified Metropolis criteria. Replica‐Exchange INterface (REIN) is interface software for REMD simulations. It utilizes existing MD software without modification and performs the exchanges of replicas. In this article, we introduce the software design of REIN and demonstrate its applicability through benchmark simulations of alanine pentapeptide in explicit water, as well as the free‐energy analysis of N‐glycan and Tom20‐presequence complex in solution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Empirical Bayes Gaussian likelihood estimation of exposure distributions from pooled samples in human biomonitoring
Authors: Li Xiang , Kuk Anthony Y. C. , Xu Jinfeng
Published: September 2014

Human biomonitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals is important. Individual monitoring is not viable because of low individual exposure level or insufficient volume of materials and the prohibitive cost of taking measurements from many subjects. Pooling of samples is an efficient and cost‐effective way to collect data. Estimation is, however, complicated as individual values within each pool are not observed but are only known up to their average or weighted average. The distribution of such averages is intractable when the individual measurements are lognormally distributed, which is a common assumption. We propose to replace the intractable distribution of the pool averages by a Gaussian likelihood to obtain parameter estimates. If the pool size is large, this method produces statistically efficient estimates, but regardless of pool size, the method yields consistent estimates as the number of pools increases. An empirical Bayes (EB) Gaussian likelihood approach, as well as its Bayesian analog, is developed to pool information from various demographic groups by using a mixed‐effect formulation. We also discuss methods to estimate the underlying mean–variance relationship and to select a good model for the means, which can be incorporated into the proposed EB or Bayes framework. By borrowing strength across groups, the EB estimator is more efficient than the individual group‐specific estimator. Simulation results show that the EB Gaussian likelihood estimates outperform a previous method proposed for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys with much smaller bias and better coverage in interval estimation, especially after correction of bias. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognizing sentiment of relations between entities in text
Authors: Wang Jun , Ren Fuji , Li Lei
Published: September 2014

Recently, sentiment analysis for identifying positive or negative opinions from texts has received much attention. In this paper, we introduce sentiment analysis into a new field, which recognizes sentiment of relations between entities in the text. Three sentiment polarities between entities are recognized, namely positive, negative, and neutral. The difficulty in this work is that several pairs of entities may appear in the same sentence, and their sentiment polarities are determined by different related regions of the sentence. In addition, different features of words and their interactions in a related region will affect the final sentiment. It is difficult to process this using rigid rule‐based methods. Therefore, we propose a machine‐learning method based on statistics. In the proposed method, the model of conditional random fields (CRFs) is used to annotate the sentiment polarity between entities with the help of the syntactic dependency tree. The string of words that connects two entities in the dependency tree is used as the related region to recognize the sentiment. Experimental results and comparison with the other methods based on different principles and related regions suggest that the proposed method shows better performance and proves its validity. Moreover, the effect of different features on the CRF is word of the ith word in the sentence. We can get a CRF model using the CRF++ tool based on feature template and training corpus. After obtaining the model, sentiment of relations could be assigned automatically. The algorithm is shown in Fig. 2. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How toxic is the depleted uranium to crayfish Procambarus clarkii compared with cadmium?
Authors: Al Kaddissi Simone , Simon Olivier , Elia Antonia Concetta , Gonzalez Patrice , Floriani Magali , Cavalie Isabelle , Camilleri Virginie , Frelon Sandrine , Legeay Alexia
Published: September 2014

Due to a lack of information on the assessment of uranium's (U) toxicity, our work aimed to compare the effects of U on the crayfish Procambarus clarkii with those of the well documented metal: cadmium (Cd). Accumulation and impacts at different levels of biological organization were assessed after acute (40 µM Cd or U; 4–10 days) and chronic (0.1 µM Cd or U; 30–60 days) exposures. The survival rates demonstrated the high tolerance of this species toward both metals and showed that Cd had a greater effect on the sustainability of crayfish. The concentration levels of Cd and U accumulated in gills and hepatopancreas were compared between both conditions. Distinctions in the adsorption capacities and the mobility of the contaminants were suspected. Differences in the detoxification mechanisms of both metals using transmission electron microscopy equiped with an energy dispersive X‐ray were also pointed out. In contrast, comparison between the histological structures of contaminated hepatopancreas showed similar symptoms. Principal component analyses revealed different impacts of each metal on the oxidative balance and mitochondria using enzymatic activities and gene expression levels as endpoints. The observation that U seemed to generate more oxidative stress than Cd in our conditions of exposure is discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 211–223, 2016.
Characterization of Gas‐Solid Reactions using In Situ Powder X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Møller Kasper T. , Hansen Bjarne R. S. , Dippel Ann‐Christin , Jørgensen Jens‐Erik , Jensen Torben R.
Published: September 2014

X‐ray diffraction is a superior technique for structural characterization of crystalline matter. Here we review the use of in situ powder X‐ray diffraction (PXD) mainly for real‐time studies of solid‐gas reactions, data analysis and the extraction of valuable knowledge of structural, chemical and physical properties. Furthermore, the diffraction data may also provide knowledge on reaction mechanisms, kinetics and thermodynamic properties. Thus, in situ PXD simultaneously provides properties as a function of pressure, temperature and/or time at different length scales, i.e. nanoscale structural data and bulk sample properties. Initially, a brief description of experimental and methodological details is provided, followed by a variety of examples of different designs of experiments and methods of data analysis. Additionally, it is discussed how a range of physical properties can be accessed by diffraction techniques, e.g. crystallite size. The aim of this review is to provide new inspiration for utilization of in situ PXD for characterization of a wide range of properties beyond the scope of crystal structure solution.
Estimates of annual survival, growth, and recruitment of a white‐tailed ptarmigan population in Colorado over 43 years
Authors: Wann Gregory T. , Aldridge Cameron L. , Braun Clait E.
Published: September 2014

Long‐term datasets for high‐elevation species are rare, and considerable uncertainty exists in understanding how high‐elevation populations have responded to recent climate warming. We present estimates of demographic vital rates from a 43‐year population study of white‐tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura), a species endemic to alpine habitats in western North America. We used capture‐recapture models to estimate annual rates of apparent survival, population growth, and recruitment for breeding‐age ptarmigan, and we fit winter weather covariates to models in an attempt to explain annual variation. There were no trends in survival over the study period but there was strong support for age and sex effects. The average rate of annual growth suggests a relatively stable breeding‐age population ( = 1.036), but there was considerable variation between years for both population growth and recruitment rates. Winter weather covariates only explained a small amount of variation in female survival and were not an important predictor of male survival. Cumulative winter precipitation was found to have a quadratic effect on female survival, with survival being highest during years of average precipitation. Cumulative winter precipitation was positively correlated with population growth and recruitment rates, although this covariate only explained a small amount of annual variation in these rates and there was considerable uncertainty among the models tested. Our results provide evidence for an alpine‐endemic population that has not experienced extirpation or drastic declines. However, more information is needed to understand risks and vulnerabilities of warming effects on juveniles as our analysis was confined to determination of vital rates for breeding‐age birds.
Soil seed bank dynamics in response to an extreme flood event in a riparian habitat
Authors: Osunkoya Olusegun O. , Ali Sadiq , Nguyen Thi , Perrett Christine , Shabbir Asad , Navie Sheldon , Belgeri Amalia , Dhileepan K. , Adkins Steve
Published: September 2014

A significantly increased water regime can lead to inundation of rivers, creeks and surrounding floodplains‐ and thus impact on the temporal dynamics of both the extant vegetation and the dormant, but viable soil‐seed bank of riparian corridors. The study documented changes in the soil seed‐bank along riparian corridors before and after a major flood event in January 2011 in southeast Queensland, Australia. The study site was a major river (the Mooleyember creek) near Roma, Central Queensland impacted by the extreme flood event and where baseline ecological data on riparian seed‐bank populations have previously been collected in 2007, 2008 and 2009. After the major flood event, we collected further soil samples from the same locations in spring/summer (November–December 2011) and in early autumn (March 2012). Thereafter, the soils were exposed to adequate warmth and moisture under glasshouse conditions, and emerged seedlings identified taxonomically. Flooding increased seed‐bank abundance but decreased its species richness and diversity. However, flood impact was less than that of yearly effect but greater than that of seasonal variation. Seeds of trees and shrubs were few in the soil, and were negatively affected by the flood; those of herbaceous and graminoids were numerous and proliferate after the flood. Seed‐banks of weedy and/or exotic species were no more affected by the flood than those of native and/or non‐invasive species. Overall, the studied riparian zone showed evidence of a quick recovery of its seed‐bank over time, and can be considered to be resilient to an extreme flood event.
Chloritization and its Bearing on Uranium Mineralization in Madyalabodu Area, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Basu Himadri , Prakash Kusum , Kumar K. Mahendra , Thirupathi P.V. , Paul A. , Pandit S.A. , Chaki A.
Published: September 2014

Uranium mineralization in Madyalabodu area, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh, is spatially related to chloritized and brecciated quartzite of the Gulcheru Formation in the immediate vicinity of E-W to ESE-WNW trending basic dyke. Chloritization transgresses the lithological boundaries. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate enrichment of MgO and Al2O3 coupled with depletion of SiO2, Na2O, K2O, CaO and TiO2 in the chlorite-rich zone. Fe2O3 and FeO do not vary significantly in the altered and the unaltered zones. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) data reveal that the chlorites in contact with uranium minerals are enriched in MgO and depleted in FeO than in the others. Considering the petrological evidence, geochemical signature and structural constraints, it appears that chlorite acted more as an adsorbent rather than as a reductant in facilitating uranium mineralization. Uraninite crystallized later from the uranium originally adsorbed on chlorites. Chloritization might also have facilitated mineralization through the generation of nascent hydrogen, H2S and lowering pH of uranium-bearing solution.
Colonization delay of Rhizocarpon geographicum: Study from the Gangotri Glacier, Northwestern Himalaya
Authors: Gupta Vikram , Vaideswaran S. C. , Dobhal D. P.
Published: September 2014

Lichenometric application used mainly for the dating of moraines, involves the calibration of growth rate curve with the inclusion of colonization delay of a specific type of lichen. In the present study, the colonization delay of Rhizocarpon geographicum species of lichen found on the boulders of granite and gneisses in the Gangotri glacier environment has been interpreted. It has been concluded that the colonization delay for the said species is different for both the rock-types. It is about 78 years for granite and between 50 and 78 years for the gneisses. The study will help to establish the absolute ages of the various terminal moraines of the Gangotri glacier, which in turn will help to ascertain the recession history of the glacier.
Groundwater Exploration and Drilling Problems Encountered in Basaltic and Granitic Terrain of Nanded District, Maharashtra
Authors: Madhnure Pandith
Published: September 2014

The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) constructed 72 bore wells down to a targeted depth of 208 m in Nanded district, Maharashtra which is mainly underlain by hard rocks, namely basalts and granites. The yield of these bore wells varies from 0.10 litres/second (l/s) to 25 l/s and depth of weathering varies from less than 1 m to 24 meters below ground level (m bgl). The shallowest and the deepest aquifer zones are encountered at 7 and 172 m bgl respectively and majority of the productive aquifer zones are encountered within 100 meter (m) depth. Most productive zones are fractured basalts, fractured and weathered granites and 31 % of the zones are encountered within 25 m, 36 % within 25-50 m, 24 % within 50-100 m, 8 % within 100-150 m and less than 1 % within 150-173 m depth ranges. Out of the three major sets of lineaments, the NE-SW trending lineaments are more productive, and a maximum of five fracture zones are encountered in all. Surface geophysical studies (profiling) reveal that wherever the ratio between high resistivity and low resistivity is high, the discharge is high, and where the ratio is low the discharge is low. The depth to water level in these bore wells are in the range of 1.5-47.5 m bgl (below ground level). The transmissivity (T) and Storativity (S) values of 21 wells range from 3 to 593 m2/day and 6.5 x 10-6 to 7.32 x 10-2 respectively. The groundwater from the area is mostly of Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl, Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3-Cl, Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 types in the descending order of dominance and a few are found to be unsuitable for drinking. At a few sites, drilling down to the targeted depth of 200 m couldn’t be completed due to highly fractured nature of formations, hydraulic backpressure, occurrences of saturated intertrappean beds and high magnetic nature of formations.
Analysis of Time-scaling Behaviour in the Sequence of Aftershocks of the Wenchuan Earthquake, China
Authors: Daohong Lu , Qiang Xu
Published: September 2014

Based on the aftershock sequence of the Great Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on 12 May, 2008, the long-term memory and multifractal scaling are analyzed by using MF-DFA method. And we consider aftershocks as a SOC phenomenon. Main findings are as follows: (1) hq values of the aftershock sequence indicates high persistence or long-term memory. (2) The generalized fractal dimensions D(q) presents obvious trend variation, which reveal crisis and critical characteristics of seismogenic dynamical system. (3) The right-skewed spectrum f(α) indicates that the aftershocks are predominated by low magnitude, which gives a characterization of distribution in multiple scales in seismic activity. Its structural morphology is closely related with the dynamical complexity. (4) Aftershock sequence exhibits self-organized criticality because it follows the classical Gutenberg-Richter and Omori Law.
Shedding of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is mediated by metalloproteases and up‐regulated by hypoxia in human adipocytes and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Röhrborn Diana , Eckel Jürgen , Sell Henrike
Published: September 2014

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is an important drug target for diabetes and a novel adipokine. However, it is unknown how soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) is cleaved from the cell membrane and released into the circulation. We show here that MMP1, MMP2 and MMP14 are involved in DPP4 shedding from human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and MMP9 from adipocytes. Hypoxia increased DPP4 shedding from SMC which is associated with increased mRNA expression of MMP1. Our data suggest that constitutive as well as hypoxia‐induced DPP4 shedding occurs due to a complex interplay between different MMPs in cell type‐specific manner.
Coronin 1 trimerization is essential to protect pathogenic mycobacteria within macrophages from lysosomal delivery
Authors: BoseDasgupta Somdeb , Pieters Jean
Published: September 2014

Coronin 1 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved coronin protein family. Coronin proteins are characterized by the presence of a central WD repeat and a C‐terminal coiled coil that in coronin 1 is responsible for trimerization. Coronin 1 was identified as a host protein protecting intracellularly residing mycobacteria from degradation by activating the Ca2+/calcineurin pathway but whether or not trimerization is essential for this function remains unknown. We here show that trimerization is essential to promote mycobacterial survival within macrophages and activate calcineurin. Furthermore, macrophage activation that induces serine‐phosphorylation on coronin 1 resulted in coronin 1 monomerization. These results suggest that modulation of coronin 1 oligomerization is an effective way to determine the outcome of a mycobacterial infection in macrophages.
Hypothermia in Victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake: A Survey in Miyagi Prefecture
Authors: Furukawa Hajime , Kudo Daisuke , Nakagawa Atsuhiro , Matsumura Takashi , Abe Yoshiko , Konishi Ryota , Yamanouchi Satoshi , Ishibashi Satoru , Kobayashi Masakazu , Narita Norio , Washio Toshikatsu , Arafune Tatsuhiko , Tominaga Teiji , Kushimoto Shigeki
Published: September 2014

Objective

A survey was conducted to describe the characteristics of patients treated for hypothermia after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Methods

Written questionnaires were distributed to 72 emergency medical hospitals in Miyagi Prefecture. Data were requested regarding inpatients with a temperature less than 36ºC admitted within 72 hours after the earthquake. The availability of functional heating systems and the time required to restore heating after the earthquake were also documented.

Results

A total of 91 inpatients from 13 hospitals were identified. Tsunami victims comprised 73% of the patients with hypothermia. Within 24 hours of the earthquake, 66 patients were admitted. Most patients with a temperature of 32ºC or higher were treated with passive external rewarming with blankets. Discharge without sequelae was reported for 83.3% of patients admitted within 24 hours of the earthquake and 44.0% of those admitted from 24 to 72 hours after the earthquake. Heating systems were restored within 3 days of the earthquake at 43% of the hospitals.

Conclusions

Hypothermia in patients hospitalized within 72 hours of the earthquake was primarily due to cold-water exposure during the tsunami. Many patients were successfully treated in spite of the post-earthquake disruption of regional social infrastructure.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-11)
OPAQUE AND TRANSLUCENT EPISTEMIC DEPENDENCE IN COLLABORATIVE SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE
Authors: Wagenknecht Susann
Published: September 2014

This paper offers an analytic perspective on epistemic dependence that is grounded in theoretical discussion and field observation at the same time. When in the course of knowledge creation epistemic labor is divided, collaborating scientists come to depend upon one another epistemically. Since instances of epistemic dependence are multifarious in scientific practice, I propose to distinguish between two different forms of epistemic dependence, opaque and translucent epistemic dependence. A scientist is opaquely dependent upon a colleague if she does not possess the expertise necessary to independently carry out, and to profoundly assess, the piece of scientific labor which her colleague is contributing. If the scientist does possess the necessary expertise, I argue, her dependence is translucent. However, the distinction between opaque and translucent epistemic dependence does not exhaust dependence relations in scientific practice, because many dependence relations are neither entirely opaque nor translucent. I will discuss why this is the case, and show how we can make sense of the gray zone between opaque and translucent epistemic dependence.
CONDITIONS FOR A SCHUNCK CLASS TO BE A FORMATION
Authors: BARNES DONALD W.
Published: September 2014

A Schunck class $\mathfrak{H}$ is determined by the class $\mathfrak{X}$ of primitives contained in $\mathfrak{H}$. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on $\mathfrak{X}$ for $\mathfrak{H}$ to be a saturated formation.
A NOTE ON INHOMOGENEOUS DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION IN BETA-DYNAMICAL SYSTEM
Authors: GE YUEHUA , LÜ FAN
Published: September 2014

We study the distribution of the orbits of real numbers under the beta-transformation$T_{{\it\beta}}$for any${\it\beta}>1$. More precisely, for any real number${\it\beta}>1$and a positive function${\it\varphi}:\mathbb{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$, we determine the Lebesgue measure and the Hausdorff dimension of the following set:$$\begin{eqnarray}E(T_{{\it\beta}},{\it\varphi})=\{(x,y)\in [0,1]\times [0,1]:|T_{{\it\beta}}^{n}x-y|<{\it\varphi}(n)\text{ for infinitely many }n\in \mathbb{N}\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Sleep patterns in male juvenile monkeys are influenced by gestational iron deprivation and monoamine oxidase A genotype
Authors: Golub Mari S. , Hogrefe Casey E.
Published: September 2014

Individual differences in sleep patterns of children may have developmental origins. In the present study, two factors known to influence behavioural development, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype and prenatal Fe-deficient (ID) diet, were examined for their influences on sleep patterns in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Sleep patterns were assessed based on a threshold for inactivity as recorded by activity monitors. Pregnant monkeys were fed diets containing either 100 parts per million (ppm) Fe (Fe sufficient, IS) or 10 ppm Fe (ID). At 3–4 months of age, male offspring were genotyped for polymorphisms of theMAOAgene that lead to high or low transcription. At 1 and 2 years of age, sleep patterns were assessed. Several parameters of sleep architecture changed with age. At 1 year of age, monkeys with the low-MAOA genotype demonstrated a trend towards more sleep episodes at night compared with those with the high-MAOA genotype. When monkeys reached 2 years of age, prenatal ID reversed this trend; ID in the low-MAOA group resulted in sleep fragmentation, more awakenings at night and more sleep episodes during the day when compared with prenatal IS in this genotype. The ability to consolidate sleep during the dark cycle was disrupted by prenatal ID, specifically in monkeys with the low-MAOA genotype.