bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria Severity Score in Malaria Patients Admitted in Critical Care Wards
Authors: Lakhani Jitendra Dewjibhai , Chavda Niraj , Shah Chintan , Doshi Mrugal , Chordiya Rohit , Panchasara Sanket , Lakhani Sucheta
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Prognostic scoring system in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) can be generic, which can be applied to any critical illness for which patients are admitted in critical wards or can be disease specific. Malaria Severity Score (MSS) is a disease specific prognostic scoring system. Aim: To study the role of MSS in patients having malaria who were critically ill having multi organ dysfunction and to correlate the score with risk of mortality. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted at the Department of General Medicine, SBKSMI & RC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Adult patients (>18 years) with falciparum as well as vivax malaria, who had positive peripheral smear malaria and were admitted in ICU/Casualty (Emergency) ward, were taken in the study. The score was calculated on day of admission, day 2 and day 7. The score was analysed between two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Appropriate statistical tests were applied (z-test for two population proportion and Chi-square test for categorical values). The p-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of 60 patients, 41 survived and 19 died due to malaria. Mean age of survivors was 38.56±2.27 and of non-survivors 40.21±5.6 years (p=0.718). There were 27 patients of P.vivax, 30 of P. falciparum and three patients of mixed infection; mortality was in 09, 08, 02 patients, respectively. On admission, out of total 60 patients, 10 (16.67%) had 1+, 20 (33.33%) had 2+, 24 (40%) had 3+ and 6 (10%) had 4+ parasite count. There were no patients in 1+ parasite count group, two (10%) in 2+, eleven (45.8%) in 3+ and six (100%) in 4+ parasite count group. Mean MSS was not significantly different on day 0 and day 2 but was higher on day 7 in non-survivor group than in survivors group (p=0.005). Mortality prediction score cut-off was ≥9, which was obtained by plotting Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Mean MSS in non-survivor group was 7.37 on day 0, 6.58 on day 2 and 9.11 on day 7. Thus, MSS score of day 7 gave `prediction reaching cut-off value of ≥9. Conclusion: MSS was found to be a useful prognostic score in severe falciparum/vivax malaria who needs intensive care treatment as sequential score gives significant difference in survivors and non-survivors on seventh day.
APROPRIAÇÕES DO MODELO PEDAGÓGICO RACIONALISTA NA ESCOLA MODERNA DE STELTON (1920 – 1925)
Authors: Leutprecht Douglas Bahr , Dallabrida Norberto
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo busca analisar o modelo pedagógico racionalista, elaborado na Escola Moderna de Barcelona, bem como as apropriações de tal modelo realizadas na Escola Moderna de Stelton, nos Estados Unidos, durante o período em que a instituição esteve a cargo de Elizabeth e Alexis Ferm (1920-1925). Para tanto, serão utilizados, além da produção historiográfica acerca do tema, documentos produzidos nas instituições abordadas, buscando-se evidenciar as práticas pedagógicas delas. Concluiu-se que as apropriações que os envolvidos na Escola Moderna de Stelton fizeram do pensamento ferreriano estão ligadas às discussões que ocorriam no contexto estadunidense do período, especialmente o pensamento froebeliano.
PSICANÁLISE E EDUCAÇÃO: POSSÍVEIS DIÁLOGOS
Authors: Gabriel Fábio Antonio , Pereira Ana Lúcia , De Jesuz Danilo Augusto Ferreira
Published: March 2021

Constantemente, ouvimos professores se queixando que o aluno de hoje não é mais como o de antigamente. Isso nos leva a questionar sobre o que de fato mudou ou tem afetado as relações que se constroem no contexto escolar. Na ânsia por buscar algumas respostas para essa questão, perguntamos: É possível um diálogo entre a Psicanálise e a Educação? Assim sendo, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar reflexões sobre alguns estudos já realizados sobre a aproximação entre Psicanálise e Educação, bem como sobre possíveis encontros e desencontros entre esses dois campos. Os resultados dessas aproximações apontam que o caráter desejante dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem, as suas subjetividades e os seus papéis nesse processo podem ser um caminho para dar-se um novo sentido às relações que se constroem no contexto escolar.
METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS NO ENSINO SUPERIOR EM SAÚDE: BASES E PERSPECTIVAS DE DOCENTES E DISCENTES
Authors: Silva Glebson Moura , Irineu Roxane De Alencar
Published: March 2021

As metodologias ativas de ensino para a graduação em saúde estão em conformidade com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Neste sentido, buscou-se compreender as bases que as sustentam e o entendimento dos docentes e discentes quanto as demandas que impulsionaram ao uso destas metodologias. Estudo qualitativo realizado em uma universidade do nordeste brasileiro, com 8 professores e 33 estudantes. Foi evidenciado que as transformações no mercado de trabalho suscitaram mudanças na formação tendo como foco as competências profissionais atreladas a capacidade técnica, ao dinamismo social, os avanços tecnológicos e o rápido acesso à informação. Faz-se necessário construir novos rumos para a educação autônoma e consciente, respaldada no saber e no respeito a ética em meio à coletividade.
Anthropocene Physiography and Morphology of Chilika; India
Authors: Mishra Siba Prasad , Nanda Rabindra Nath , Mishra Saswat , Sethi K. C.
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Based on stratigraphy, events, ecology and climatology, the present time is assigned Anthropocene epoch due to dominance Homosapiens over geo- bio-hydro-aero spheres of the mother earth during its accepted Anthropocene epoch succeeding the official 11700 years old Holocene epoch from 1950. Asia’s largest shallow brackish water lagoon, the Chilika housed over about 1000km2, behind 64.3km barrier spit with multiple tidal inlets to Bay of Bengal. It is sinking and shrinking due to rapid dimensional diminution, environmental degradation, sedimentation, salinity depletion, phytoplankton invasion. Present study envisages the elementary morphology, formation mechanism, sediment transport, and dynamic performance of tidal inlets and the lagoon by applying GIS methodology between the year 1930 and 2017 including its local catchment land use changes within the lagoon and associated south Mahanadi delta. Under vulnerability, the brackish water lagoon is constantly deteriorating its ecosystem, it is required for wise use of the wetland that can alleviate the poverty, uplift lagoon users economy, and disallowing the stakeholders living standard during present Anthropocene epoch
Predictors of Spontaneous Conception Following Myomectomy among Women with Infertility at Federal Medical Centre Yenagoa, Nigeria
Authors: Howells Ikobho Ebenezer , James Omietimi E. , Abasi Isaac Joel
Published: March 2021

Background: Uterine fibroid or leiomyoma (myoma) is the commonest uterine neoplasm in women, and it has been associated with infertility. Though it’s not regarded as a direct cause, surgical removal (myomectomy) has been reported to increase the spontaneous conception rate in women with infertility.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with conception after myomectomy in women with infertility. It would determine the pregnancy rate, demographic, and surgical factors (pre and postoperative factors).

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of 107 women who had myomectomy during the study period, out of these, 68 were done for infertility. The case notes of these women were retrieved, and information related to demographic factors obtained was: maternal age, parity, address, tribe, educational level, and occupation. The preoperative surgical factors obtained were previous history of myomectomy, indication for myomectomy, the size, number and location of myomas, and the caliber of the surgeon. Postoperative surgical data collected include conception, interval between myomectomy and conception, pregnancy outcome, mode of delivery, and fetal sex and birth weight. Categorical variables were compared with chi square and odds ratio, and the degree of association for quantitative variables was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Predictor variables were determined using simple logistic regression, and multivariate analysis.

Results: The infertility rate among the women who had myomectomy was 63.6%, the conception rate was 14.7%, and the mean myomectomy to pregnancy interval was 9.20 ± 1.24 months. The factors that favor conception were: younger women P = 0.003, uterine size ≤ 16 weeks odds ratio = 3.50(0.14, 84.20), high parity (p = 0.002), solitary fibroid odd ratio = 2.65(0.44, 16.04), tertiary education P = 0.0001 and surgery by consultants P = 0.004. Others were absence of submucous myomas, and pelvic pathology at laparotomy. Using multivariate analysis, the most significant predictors for conception were age and parity, accounting for 10.7%, and all the factors put together could only explain 36.5%.

Conclusion: The conception rate following myomectomy in Yenagoa was relatively low, and the most important predictors were maternal age and parity. The bulk of the factors (65.5%) that determine conception are outside the scope of our study; these could be male factor infertility, factors within the tubal lumen, unidentified uterine synechia, and ovarian failure.
Association of Helicobacter Pylori Infection with Cardiovascular Diseases Subjects from Cameroon, Using GastroPanel® Serological Biomarker Panel (Pepsinogen I; Pepsinogen II; Gastrin-17; Helicobacter Pylori IgG)
Authors: Ebule Alonge Ivo , Ndze Valentine Ngum , Thierry Ngouana Kammalac , Etienne Guenou , Felicite Chatchweng Kamtchweng Marie , Reolayth Kinkela Nzuzi Nkouma , Dominique Noah Noah , Maki Minna , Syrjanen Kari
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastrointestinal diseases including atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated associations between H. pylori infection andextra gastrointestinal organ involvements including coronary artery disease and peripherical artery disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hematologic disorders. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients suffering cardiovascular diseases attending the Yaounde Central Hospital.

Materials and Methods: Patients suffering from various cardiovascular complications were recruited at the Yaounde Central Hospital, between January and May 2019. The clinical and socio-demographic information of the patients was recorded. Five ml of blood were collected aseptically for Pepsinogen I and II enzymes, gastrin17 hormone and IgG anti H. pylori anti-body. The test parameters were analyzed using a GastroSoft software application. The data was analyzed using Epi Info 7.0. All statistics were 95% CI. Ethical clearance was also obtained from the National Ethics Committee. The study was accepted by the authorities of the  Yaounde CentralHospital.  All patients signed an informed consent form.

Results: A total of 62 subjects were recruited aged 30-75 years, (mean±SD 52.03 ± 12,78 years); 34(54,84%) females aged 30 to 75years (mean±SD 54,47 ± 13,47 years) and 28 (45,16%) males aged 30 to 65,(mean±SD 49,07± 11,44years). Female/male ratio was 1:2.  H. pylori  seropisitivity occurred in 58 (93,55%) of the subjects (IgG ≥30 EIU). H. pylori seropositivity was significantly associated with high blood pressure (RR=2.2 95%C.I 1.67 -2.96, p=0, 024).  Significantly low Triglyceride concentrations were observed in H. pyloripositive(0,51±0,03g/l) compared to negative subjects (1,04 ± 0,50g/l), (p=0.03). A significant inverse correlation was observed between IgG levels and blood glucose levels (r= 0,4  p=0, 004).

Conclussion: The study indicates that H. pylori infection is highly associated with various cardiovascular complications and disease risk factors.
Symbolic Derivation of a Probability-Ready Expression for the Reliability Analysis of a Multi-State Delivery Network
Authors: Rushdi Ali Muhammad Ali , Amashah Motaz Hussain
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with the reliability of a multi-state delivery network (MSDN) with multiple suppliers, transfer stations and markets (depicted as vertices), connected by branches of multi-state capacities, delivering a certain commodity or service between their end vertices. We utilize a symbolic logic expression of the network success to satisfy the market demand within budget and production capacity limitations even when subject to deterioration. This system success is a two-valued function expressed in terms of multi-valued component successes, and it has been obtained in the literature in minimal form as the disjunction of prime implicants or minimal paths of the pertinent network. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a systematic procedure for converting this minimal expression into a probability-ready expression (PRE). We successfully extrapolate the PRE concept from the two-valued logical domain to the multi-valued logical domain. This concept is of paramount importance since it allows a direct transformation of a random logical expression, on a one-to-one one, to its statistical expectation form, simply by replacing all logic variables by their statistical expectations, and also substituting arithmetic multiplication and addition for their logical counterparts (ANDing and ORing). The statistical expectation of the expression is its probability of being equal to 1, and is simply called network reliability. The proposed method is illustrated with a detailed symbolic example of a real-case study, and it produces a more precise version of the same numerical value that was obtained earlier by an alternative means. This paper is a part of an ongoing activity to develop pedagogical material for various candidate techniques for assessing multi-state reliability.
Burkholderia cepacia Infection, When to Treat and When Not To
Authors: Totaganti Manjunath , Jithesh G. , Chakaravarthy M. Pradeep , Sharma Divanshee , Ravikant .
Published: March 2021

B. cepacia causes pneumonia in people with preexisting lung diseases and is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Here we present a 55-year-old female with community acquired pneumonia developed colonization of B. cepecia. In our case we monitored her daily for the progression of illness and decided not to treat her. It posed a dilemma whether to treat or not to treat as there is not adequate data regarding management of B. cepacia infections.
Multiple Sequence Alignment Reveals Diversity among Eight African Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Cultivars
Authors: Adebo U. G. , Matthew J. O.
Published: March 2021

Multiple sequence analysis is one of the most widely used model in estimating similarity among genotypes. In a bid to access useful information for the utilization of bush mango genetic resources, nucleotide sequences of eight bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) cultivars were sourced for and retrieved form NCBI data base, and evaluated for diversity and similarity using computational biology approach.

The highest alignment score (26.18), depicting the highest similarity, was between two pairs of sequence combinations; BM07:BM58 and BM12:BM69 respectively, while the least score (19.43) was between BM01: BM13. The phylogenetic tree broadly divided the cultivars into four distinct groups; BM07, BM58 (cluster one), BM01 (cluster 2), BM15, BM13 and BM35 (cluster 3), and BM12, BM69 (cluster 4), while the sequences obtained from the analysis revealed only few fully conserved regions, with the single nucleotides A, and T, which were consistent throughout the evolution.

Results obtained from this study indicate that the bush mango cultivars are divergent and can be useful genetic resources for bush mango improvement through breeding.
Training Course Framework Directed towards Persons who Stutter: Concepts and Reflections with Particular Reference to Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhabeeb Abdulhameed Abdullah , Aldossari Ali Mubarak , Qureshi Naseem Akhtar
Published: March 2021

Speech fluency disorder is a common problem among children across the world, though majority of stutters recover either spontaneously or with appropriate interventions including speech therapy and related knowledge and awareness upsurge. This paper describes a skeleton of a new training course intended for the teaching of different perspectives of speech fluency disorder (stuttering) leading to enhancement of knowledge of persons who stutter. Evidently, it is mandatory to develop a comprehensive course before any training course is directed towards adults who have speech fluency disorder. For this purpose, our team discussed iteratively various methods and processes used in the construction of an effective training course framework. As a result, the concise needed short course should have a course framework and a distinctive rationale and justification with aims and specific objectives, important contents, teaching methods, proper evaluation, available digital infrastructure resources and a well-defined suitable time framework. The authors recommend that the semi-theoretical construction of the training course for advancing the knowledge of persons who stutter that is linked with improvement in SFD could be utilized in Saudi Arabia or possibly other Gulf countries with or without modifications.
Phytochemical and In-vitro Antioxidants Potential of Aristolochia Bracteolata Root Extract
Authors: Goji H. M. , Nadro M. S.
Published: March 2021

The study investigated the phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidants potential of Aristolochia bracteolata root extracts. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the plant extract and fractions were carried out. The total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of extract and fractions were measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, FRAP and TBARS methods. Results obtained showed that total saponins (10.10 ± 0.05d) as well as antioxidant activity were found to be significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the methanol extract compared to the fractions. From the findings above, Aristolochia bracteolata root contains bioactive phytochemicals that might be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stresses.
Method Development and Validation of Anabasine and Nornicotine in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Rajagopaludu P. , Saritha N. , Devanna N. , Srinivas M.
Published: March 2021

Aim: For the Method development and validation of Anabasine and Nornicotine in human plasma LC-MS/MS technique is used.

Methodology: Operated in positive electron spray ionization which removes the hardness in ions. Metoprolol is used as an internal standard. Mass analyzers are used to determine the mass to charge ratio. Liquid chromatography separates mixture components in the basis of differences in affinity for stationary and mobile phase. It removes undesired impurities. It increases reproducibility, sensitivity, robustness, detection of low-level proteins.  C18 Column (Phenomenex Luna C18, 5 μm, 50*4.6mm ID) is used to for high resolution and peak area. Calibration curve is constructed with the help of linear regression. During the entire process no instability is found.

Results: m/z values of Anabasine are 162.84(Q1), 134.68(Q3) and for Nornicotine are 148.90(Q1), 79.82(Q3). Back calculated curve is calculated at different concentrations from 1-1000ng/ml and their accuracy range from 97-105% for Anabasine and 93-108% for Nornicotine. In Anabasine and Nornicotine the precision and accuracy are calculated by Intra-batch and inter-batch. In the process of multi-step preparation, consider n=6 for intra-batch and n=18 for inter-batch the values obtained are between the nominal concentrations i.e., 90-110%. For each analyte the coefficients of variation are below nominal criteria <15%.  For Anabasine and Nornicotine the average recovery rate is 98.3% and 94.3%.
Institutional Utilization of Postoperative Mortality Predicted by a Nationwide Survey-Based Risk Calculator in Patients Who Underwent Major Hepatectomy
Authors: Nanashima Atsushi , Imamura Naoya , Hiyoshi Masahide , Yano Koichi , Hamada Takeomi , Nishida Takahiro , Sakurahara Daichi , Sakamoto Risa , Uchise Yukako , Wada Takashi , Nagatomo Kenzo
Published: March 2021

Background

Relationship between outcomes of major hepatectomy and the mortality rate predicted by National Clinical Database Risk Calculator (NCD-RC) was examined.

Methods

Patient demographics and postoperative morbidity and mortality were compared between 30-day and in-hospital mortality rates among 55 patients who underwent major hepatectomies. The cutoff value for high-risk mortality was set at 5%. Patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) no severe complications and low predictive mortality rate (woML), (2) severe complications or mortality, and low mortality rate (wML), (3) no severe complications and high mortality rate (woMH), and (4) severe complications or mortality, and high mortality rate (wMH).

Results

Morbidity higher than Clavien Dindo III occurred in 17 patients (28%) and 30-day and in-hospital mortality in none and 2 (3%), respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher for male patients (P < 0.01). Age, elderly patients, diseases, and comorbidity did not significantly differ among groups. Although bile leakage was common in group wML, there were no in-hospital deaths. All surgical procedures performed in group wMH were right hepatectomy with bile duct resection (RH-BDR) for biliary malignancy, and 2 died of hepatic failure; however, the incidence of RH-BDR was not significantly higher than those in other groups.

Conclusions

Preoperative mortality rate predicted by NCD-RC was not always consistent with outcomes in actual clinical settings and further improvements are needed. In case of RH-BDR for biliary malignancy with high predictive mortality rate, careful decision making for liver function and perioperative management are required.
Changes in Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Treatment for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in the US During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Three‐Month Observational Study
Authors: Michaud Kaleb , Pedro Sofia , Wipfler Kristin , Agarwal Ekta , Katz Patricia
Published: March 2021

Objective

To understand medication, lifestyle, and clinical care changes of persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the first months (March 2020 through May 2020) of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the US.

Methods

Data were collected from adults with RA participating in FORWARD, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases observational registry, who answered COVID‐19 web‐based surveys in May 2020 and previously provided baseline characteristics and medication use prior to the US COVID‐19 pandemic. We compared medication changes by disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) exposure in logistic models that were adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities including pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, education level, health insurance status, RA disease activity, fatigue, and polysymptomatic distress.

Results

Of 734 respondents, 221 (30%) reported medication changes. Among respondents who experienced a medication change, i.e., “medication changers/changers,” glucocorticoids (GCs) were more commonly used compared to respondents who did not experience a medication change (“non‐changers”) (33% versus 18%). Non‐hydroxychloroquine conventional DMARDs were less commonly used in changers compared to non‐changers pre–COVID‐19 (49% versus 62%), and changers reported more economic hardship during the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to non‐changers (23% versus 15%). While JAK inhibitor use was associated with the likelihood of a medication change, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.0, 3.4), only pre‐COVID GC use remained a strong predictor for medication change in multivariable models (OR 3.0 [95% CI 1.9, 4.9]). Change in care was observed to have a significant association with pulmonary disease (OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.3, 6.5]), worse RA disease activity (OR 1.1 [95% CI 1.0, 1.1]), and GC use (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.0, 2.5]). While the incidence of medication changes was the same before and after the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidance for the management of rheumatic disease in adult patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic were first published in April 2020, self‐imposed changes in medication were approximately twice as likely before publication of the guidelines, and physician‐guided changes were more likely after publication.

Conclusion

Persons with RA in the US made substantial medication changes during the first three months of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and changes among persons with RA after publication of the ACR guidance in April 2020 were made with increased physician guidance.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Machine Learning Study
Authors: Hu Zhuoran , Wu Lin , Lin Zhiming , Liu Xiuhua , Zhao Changlin , Wu Zhen
Published: March 2021

Objective

Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities are predictive of subsequent cardiovascular events. Cardiac involvement is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to determine the prevalence of EKG abnormalities in SLE patients and to examine the factors associated with EKG abnormalities with machine learning approaches.

Methods

Consecutive SLE patients’ records were retrieved from the database of the hospital for the cross‐sectional study. Abnormal EKGs with clinical significance were grouped by the presence of tachyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block, nonspecific ST segment changes, T wave abnormalities, ventricular hypertrophy, axis deviation, bundle branch block, and QT interval prolongation. Associated factors of the most common EKG abnormalities were assessed by comparing logistic regression and 4 other machine learning approaches.

Results

In the present study, 299 patients were enrolled, with 128 showing clinically significant abnormalities on EKG. T wave changes (52.3%), nonspecific ST segment–T wave (ST‐T) changes (26.6%), and prolonged QT interval (8.6%) were the most prevalent abnormalities among patients with abnormal findings on EKG. Random forests models had the best performance in the discovery of associated factors. Age, disease duration, antinuclear antibody titer, disease activity (as measured by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000) were associated with nonspecific ST‐T changes, prolonged QT interval, and T wave changes. Hypertension, positivity for anti‐SSA antibodies, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome were influential factors for nonspecific ST‐T changes, prolonged QT interval, and T wave changes, specifically.

Conclusion

ST‐T and T wave changes were the most common abnormalities seen on EKGs of SLE patients. Our finding suggests that age, longer disease duration, higher disease activity, hypertension, anti‐SSA antibody positivity, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome are important and influential factors in these EKG abnormalities.
Adaptive saturation compensation for strict‐feedback systems with unknown control coefficient and input saturation
Authors: Hu Xin , Wei Xinjiang , Zhang Huifeng , Han Jian
Published: March 2021

This work presents an adaptive saturation compensation scheme for the strict‐feedback uncertain systems with unknown control coefficient and input saturation. An adaptive saturation dynamic filter that does not require the a priori information of the completely unknown control coefficient is incorporated to correct position errors online to reduce the saturation effect. A Nussbaum‐type function is employed to handle the unknown control coefficient and avoid the control singularity. The adaptive command‐filtered backstepping is employed to derive the adaptive controller. The repeated differential operations of stabilizing functions required in the traditional backstepping are obviated due to command filters. It is analyzed that the designed adaptive controller achieves the system output tracking and the closed‐loop uniform ultimate stability. A simulation example is provided to validate the scheme.
Event‐triggered integral sliding mode control of Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy stochastic systems
Authors: Sharmila Velu , Rakkiyappan Rajan , Hoon Joo Young
Published: March 2021

This article analyzes the integral sliding mode control (ISMC) problem for the nonlinear stochastic system by employing the fuzzy approach. Firstly, the Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy stochastic model with unknown nonlinear function and external disturbance has been developed. Based on the fuzzy model, an observer‐based integral sliding mode fuzzy controller is derived under the event‐triggered scheme (ETS). The Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals (LKFs) involving double and triple integral terms are considered and evaluated by applying Writinger inequality lemma and reciprocally convex combination lemma. With the help of matrix's singular value decomposition lemma, the stability conditions have been derived which is in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and this can be solved by MATLAB LMI toolbox. Two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of our theoretical conclusions.
A Robust Ternary Heterostructured Electrocatalyst with Conformal Graphene Chainmail for Expediting Bi‐Directional Sulfur Redox in Li–S Batteries
Authors: Cai Jingsheng , Sun Zhongti , Cai Wenlong , Wei Nan , Fan Yuxin , Liu Zhongfan , Zhang Qiang , Sun Jingyu
Published: March 2021

Designing high‐performance electrocatalysts for boosting aprotic electrochemistry is of vital importance to drive longevous Li–S batteries. Nevertheless, investigations on probing the electrocatalytic endurance and protecting the catalyst activity yet remain elusive. Here, a ternary graphene‐TiO2/TiN (G‐TiO2/TiN) heterostructure affording conformal graphene chainmail is presented as an efficient and robust electrocatalyst for expediting sulfur redox kinetics. The G‐TiO2/TiN heterostructure synergizes adsorptive TiO2, catalytic TiN, and conductive graphene armor, thus enabling abundant anchoring points for polysulfides and sustained active sites to allow smooth bi‐directional electrocatalysis. Encouragingly, in situ crafted graphene chainmail ensures favorable protection of inner TiO2/TiN to retain their catalytic robustness towards durable sulfur chemistry. As expected, sulfur cathodes mediated by ternary G‐TiO2/TiN harvest an impressive rate capability (698.8 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C), favorable cycling stability (a low decay of 0.054% per cycle within 1000 cycles), and satisfactory areal capacity under elevated loading (delivering 8.63 mAh cm−2 at a sulfur loading of 10.4 mg cm−2). The ternary heterostructure design offers an in‐depth insight into the electrocatalyst manipulation and protection toward long lifespan Li–S batteries.
A Supramolecular “Trident” for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Xinxin , Wang Yuhan , Zhang Yiming , Liang Chunhui , Zhang Zhenghao , Chen Yaoxia , Hu Zhi‐Wen , Yang Zhimou
Published: March 2021

Immunotherapy has shown great promise for the treatment of cancer. However, the limited efficacy of single‐agent immunotherapy hinders its widespread application, which stimulated the investigation of combination therapy with improved efficacy. Herein, a tri‐functional immunostimulatory supramolecular nanomedicine consisting of indoximod (IND, an indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor), DPPA‐1 (a D‐peptide antagonist against programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1)), and a self‐assembling D‐tetrapeptide of GDFDFDY (a powerful adjuvant with immunostimulatory properties) is reported. The resulting IND‐GDFDFDY‐DPPA‐1 behaves as a supramolecular “trident,” and its three functional parts play parallel roles to boost the effective immune responses. It is shown that the supramolecular “trident” exhibits a stronger binding ability to PD‐L1 than the DPPA‐1 peptide (>fourfold) and is able to inhibit the IDO‐1 pathway more efficiently than IND itself. The supramolecular “trident” activates and recruits the cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes along with other immune effector cells in tumors, concomitant with downregulation of Foxp3+ T cells and upregulation of tumor immune‐related cytokines, thus showing a strong ability to improve the tumor microenvironment and enhance immunotherapeutic effects to prevent tumor growth and metastasis in the breast tumor model. The findings may stimulate the development of self‐assembling peptide‐based multifunctional nanomedicines for cancer therapy.
Self‐Diagnostic Polymers—Inline Detection of Thermal Degradation of Unsaturated Poly(ester imide)s
Authors: Funtan Alexander , Michael Philipp , Rost Simon , Omeis Jürgen , Lienert Klaus , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: March 2021

Monitoring polymer degradation is an important quest, particularly relevant for industry. Although many indirect methodologies for assessing polymer degradation exist, only few are applicable for an inline‐monitoring via optic detection‐systems. An inline‐monitoring system is introduced for the thermal degradation of crosslinked poly(ester imide)s (PEIs) by embedding trifluoroacetyl functionalized stilbene molecules, serving as chemosensors to track the release of generated alcoholic byproducts. Nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to the sensors trifluoroacetyl functionality triggers hemiacetal formation which is accompanied by significant changes in optical properties, in turn allowing monitoring of sensor activation by direct spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy offers an easy detection tool for the inline thermal monitoring of PEI‐degradation.
Lattice‐Oxygen‐Stabilized Li‐ and Mn‐Rich Cathodes with Sub‐Micrometer Particles by Modifying the Excess‐Li Distribution
Authors: Hwang Jaeseong , Myeong Seungjun , Lee Eunryeol , Jang Haeseong , Yoon Moonsu , Cha Hyungyeon , Sung Jaekyung , Kim Min Gyu , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Cho Jaephil
Published: March 2021

In recent years, Li‐ and Mn‐rich layered oxides (LMRs) have been vigorously explored as promising cathodes for next‐generation, Li‐ion batteries due to their high specific energy. Nevertheless, their actual implementation is still far from a reality since the trade‐off relationship between the particle size and chemical reversibility prevents LMRs from achieving a satisfactory, industrial energy density. To solve this material dilemma, herein, a novel morphological and structural design is introduced to Li1.11Mn0.49Ni0.29Co0.11O2, reporting a sub‐micrometer‐level LMR with a relatively delocalized, excess‐Li system. This system exhibits an ultrahigh energy density of 2880 Wh L−1 and a long‐lasting cycle retention of 83.1% after the 100th cycle for 45 °C full‐cell cycling, despite its practical electrode conditions. This outstanding electrochemical performance is a result of greater lattice‐oxygen stability in the delocalized excess‐Li system because of the low amount of highly oxidized oxygen ions. Geometric dispersion of the labile oxygen ions effectively suppresses oxygen evolution from the lattice when delithiated, eradicating the rapid energy degradation in a practical cell system.
A Review on Materials and Technologies for Organic Large‐Area Electronics
Authors: Buga Cláudia S. , Viana Júlio C.
Published: March 2021

New and innovative applications in the field of electronics are rapidly emerging. Such applications often require flexible or stretchable substrates, lightweight and transparent materials, and design freedom. This paper offers a complete overview concerning flexible electronics manufacturing, focusing on the materials and technologies that have been recently developed. This combination of materials and technologies aims to fuel a fast, economical, and environmentally sustainable transition from the conventional to the novel and highly customizable electronics. Organic conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics have recently gathered lots of attention since they are compatible with printing technologies, and can be easily spread over large and flexible substrates. These printing technologies are usually simple and fast procedures, which rely on low‐cost and recycle‐friendly materials, intended for large‐scale fabrication. Overall, even though organic large‐area electronics manufacturing is still in its early stages of development, it is a field with tremendous potential that holds promise to revolutionize the way products are designed, developed, and processed from the factory premises to the consumers’ hands. Besides, this technology is highly versatile and can be applied to a large array of sectors such as automotive, medical, home design, industrial, agricultural, among others.
Gate‐Tunable Photodiodes Based on Mixed‐Dimensional Te/MoTe2 Van der Waals Heterojunctions
Authors: Zhao Dongyang , Chen Yan , Jiang Wei , Wang Xudong , Liu Jingjing , Huang Xinning , Han Sancan , Lin Tie , Shen Hong , Wang Xianying , Hu Weida , Meng Xiangjian , Chu Junhao , Wang Jianlu
Published: March 2021

The dangling‐bond‐free surfaces of 2D materials enable them to possess various degrees of freedom to form heterostructures with non‐2D materials. This allows for the combination of the advantages of different dimensional materials to fabricate van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, thereby improving device performance and even bringing diversity and novelty. Herein, a mixed‐dimensional vdW heterostructure photodiode comprising a 1D tellurium (Te) nanowire and a 2D molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) flake is demonstrated. Forward rectifying and backward rectifying characteristics are realized by applying different gate voltage. The device displays a broad spectral response from visible to near‐infrared and exhibits ultrahigh external quantum efficiency of 7.16 × 103% for photogating effect. Moreover, the response time can be improved by controlling gate voltage and a rapid response time of 4.8 ms is achieved. These mixed‐dimensional vdW heterojunctions, which take advantages of both 1D and 2D semiconductors, will facilitate the development of next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics.
Green Fabrication of (6,5)Carbon Nanotube/Protein Transistor Endowed with Specific Recognition
Authors: Berto Marcello , Di Giosia Matteo , Giordani Martina , Sensi Matteo , Valle Francesco , Alessandrini Andrea , Menozzi Claudia , Cantelli Andrea , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Zerbetto Francesco , Calvaresi Matteo , Biscarini Fabio , Bortolotti Carlo Augusto
Published: March 2021

A general single‐step approach is introduced for the green fabrication of hybrid biosensors from water dispersion. The resulting device integrates the semiconducting properties of a carbon nanotube (CNT) and the functionality of a protein. In the initial aqueous phase, the protein (viz., lysozyme [LZ]) disperses the (6,5)CNT. Drop‐casting of the dispersion on a test pattern (a silicon wafer with interdigitated Au source and drain electrodes) yields a fully operating, robust, electrolyte‐gated transistor (EGT) in one step. The EGT response to biorecognition is then assessed using the LZ inhibitor N‐acetyl glucosamine trisaccharide. Analysis of the output signal allows one to extract a protein‐substrate binding constant in line with values reported for the free (without CNT) system. The methodology is robust, easy to optimize, redirectable toward different targets and sets the grounds for a new class of CNT‐protein biosensors that overcome many limitations of the technology of fabrication of CNT biosensors.
A New Pd Doped Proton Conducting Perovskite Oxide with Multiple Functionalities for Efficient and Stable Power Generation from Ammonia at Reduced Temperatures
Authors: He Fan , Gao Qinning , Liu Zuoqing , Yang Meiting , Ran Ran , Yang Guangming , Wang Wei , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: March 2021

The combination of ammonia fuel and proton‐conducting fuel cells (PCFCs) technology may provide an ideal clean energy system for the future, considering matured NH3 synthesis technology and transportation and storage infrastructure, the high energy density of NH3, and the high efficiency of fuel cells. However, poor catalytic activity of the anode for NH3 decomposition, quick performance degradation due to the ammonia induced nickel coarsening, difficult sintering, and insufficient proton conductivity of electrolytes are the main challenges for stable and high‐power generation from ammonia‐fueled PCFCs. Herein, a new Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1)0.95Pd0.05O3−δ perovskite is reported as a key anode component and electrolyte, which demonstrates multifunctionalities and tackles most challenges of conventional PCFCs. The incorporation of a small amount of Pd boosts catalytic activity of the nickel‐perovskite cermet anode for NH3 decomposition and increases proton conductivity from the creation of B‐site cation deficiency and electrolyte sintering. The corresponding thin‐film electrolyte PCFC delivers a maximum power density of 724 mW cm–2 at 650 °C operated on NH3, much higher than the similar cell without Pd incorporation (450 mW cm–2). Furthermore, no apparent performance decay is observed for the cell operated at 550 °C in H2 and NH3 for 350 h, making it highly promising for practical applications.
Legume species not spatial arrangement influence cover crop mixture effects in strip‐tilled organic cabbage
Authors: Maher Ryan M. , Rangarajan Anusuya , Caldwell Brian A. , Hayden Zachary D. , Brainard Daniel C.
Published: March 2021

Management constraints in reduced tillage organic vegetable production may be alleviated by combining strip tillage (ST) with overwintering cereal–legume cover crop mixtures. Field studies in Michigan and New York over 6 site‐years evaluated the effects of preceding cover crops, including cereal rye (R; Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (V; Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (CC; Trifolium incarnatum), on N availability, weed management, and yields in ST organic cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Cover crop treatments included R–legume mixtures (RV and RCC) planted under two spatial arrangements, standard full‐width mixed [‐M] vs. segregated strips [‐S] (legumes planted in‐row and R between‐row), and R and V monocultures. Cover crop aboveground biomass (5–10 Mg ha–1) and N content (>90 kg N ha–1) were not different among RV and RCC but the C/N of RCC was 58% greater than RV. Cabbage yields after RCC‐M were lower than RV‐M in five of six cases with yield reductions ranging from 22 to 41%. Spatial arrangement had no effect on cabbage yield after RV but improved yields after RCC from 23 to 39% in one, relatively dry, site‐year. Without N fertilizer, yields after RV and V were equivalent to or greater than R‐S with 134 kg N ha–1 in seven of nine and four of four cases, respectively. Legume species and spatial arrangement had little or no impact on the efficacy of in‐row mechanical cultivation, hand‐weeding time or weed biomass. Overall, N supplied from V and RV mixtures was an important driver of ST organic cabbage yields across different soil types and weather conditions.
Turning an FDA‐approved therapeutic into an AIEgen for imaging live bacteria and for bacterial detection
Authors: Yoon Juyoung
Published: March 2021

Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) is an attractive, fluorescent‐based phenomenon that can be used to design fluorescent imaging agents and fluorescent sensors. In this highlight, we discuss a recently reported study that identifies the chemical scaffold of an FDA‐approved therapeutic (deferasirox) as a molecule with AIE‐like properties (AIEgen). Utilizing its therapeutic efficacy for bacterial biofilms, deferasirox‐derivatives were shown able to treat and image bacteria biofilms and detect a bacterial biomarker. This demonstrates the potential of AIE for drug design as this allows the simultaneous ability to image the therapeutic's location and mode of action.
Presence of viremia during febrile neutropenic episodes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant neoplasms
Authors: Obrová Klára , Grumaz Silke , Remely Marlene , Czurda Stefan , Krickl Isabella , Herndlhofer Susanne , Gleixner Karoline V. , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Größlinger Lisa , Frank Tijana , Andrade Nuno , Egger‐Matiqi Teresa , Peters Christina , Engstler Gernot , Dworzak Michael , Attarbaschi Andishe , van Grotel Martine , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , Moiseev Ivan S. , Rogacheva Yuliya , Zubarovskaya Ludmilla , Zubarovskaya Natalia , Pichler Herbert , Lawitschka Anita , Koller Elisabeth , Keil Felix , Valent Peter , Sohn Kai , Lion Thomas
Published: March 2021

The importance of viral infections as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality is well documented in severely immunosuppressed patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. By contrast, viral infections generally receive less attention in patients with malignant disorders undergoing chemotherapy, where the onset of neutropenic fever is mostly associated with bacterial or fungal infections, and screening for viral infections is not routinely performed. To address the occurrence of invasive viral infections in a clinical setting commonly associated with less pronounced immunosuppression, we have prospectively screened 237 febrile neutropenic episodes in pediatric (n = 77) and adult (n = 69) patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, primarily for treatment of acute leukemia. Serial peripheral blood specimens were tested by RQ‐PCR assays for the presence and quantity of the clinically relevant viruses CMV, EBV, HHV6 and HAdV, commonly reactivated in highly immunocompromised patients. Viremia was documented in 36 (15%) episodes investigated, including the detection of HHV6 (n = 14), EBV (n = 15), CMV (n = 6), or HAdV (n = 1). While low or intermediate levels of viremia (<104 virus copies/mL) were commonly associated with bacterial or fungal co‐infection, viremia at higher levels (>104 copies/mL) was documented in patients without evidence for other infections, raising the possibility that at least in some instances the onset of fever may have been attributable to the virus detected. The observations suggest that viral infections, potentially resulting from reactivation, might also play a clinically relevant role in patients receiving chemotherapy for treatment of malignant neoplasms, and routine screening for viremia in this clinical setting might be warranted.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bearing Polyethynyl Bridges: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and their Applications
Authors: Islam Khadimul , Narjinari Himani , Kumar Akshai
Published: March 2021

Polyacetylene bridged π‐conjugated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have found wide applications in the fabrication of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices (OPV), liquid crystal displays and sensors. The ease with which semiconducting and/or emissive behaviour of polyacetylene bridged PAHs could be modulated by tailored functionalities via state‐of‐art powerful synthetic tools along with their low production cost and mechanical flexibility makes them one among the favourites for versatile optoelectronic and sensing applications. The current review sheds light on the applicability of Sonogashira coupling in the synthesis of PAHs with alkynyl bridges with particular emphasis on their photophysical properties. The review further discusses the utility of alkynyl bridged PAHs from the point of view of their applications in optoelectronic devices and in sensing nitroaromatics. The rich synthetic Sonogashira coupling that is available at one‘s disposal along with the promising photophysical properties demonstrated by alkynyl bridged PAHs offers great promise in design of novel π‐conjugated molecules that are capable of exhibiting exciting optoelectronic and sensing applications.