bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicalische Beschreibung der Canarischen Inseln
Authors: Buch Leopold von
Published: March 2012

The German geologist Leopold von Buch (1774–1853) was a fellow-student of Alexander von Humboldt, with whom he later did fieldwork that led to important advances in the understanding of the Jurassic system and the origins of basalt. In 1815 Buch and the Norwegian botanist Christian Smith spent several months in the Canary Isles, and the resulting book, which appeared in 1825, is one of Buch's most important publications. It contains three papers Buch had previously published in journals, on flora (1816), the 1730 eruption on Lanzarote (1818) and temperature (1820), with additional chapters on population, land area and economics, the measurement of altitude, mineralogy, and detailed comparative data on volcanoes around the world. The substantial introduction includes a journal that records Buch's enthusiasm for the islands' scenery, natural history and people, and an obituary of Smith, who died in 1816 on a research trip to the Congo.
Old Diary Leaves 1878–83
Authors: Olcott Henry Steel
Published: March 2012

Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907), co-founder of the Theosophical Society, was a versatile man. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of American agricultural education and also served in the U.S. War Department. Later Olcott was admitted to the New York Bar and became interested in psychology and spiritualism, travelling to India and Sri Lanka with Madame Blavatsky to explore eastern spiritual traditions, especially Buddhism. In this volume (published in 1900) Olcott chronicles how he and Madame Blavatsky journeyed to India and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in the years 1878 to 1883 to oversee the foundation of new branches of their Society. This is part classic travel writing in which the author gives breathless descriptions of the beauty of Indian nature, culture and philosophy and part characterisation of Madame Blavatsky's 'psychological eccentricities' as Olcott experiences them. To him she was and remained 'an insoluble riddle'.
Sepoy Generals
Authors: Forrest George W.
Published: March 2012

George W. Forrest (1845–1926) was born in India, the son of an army captain who had won the Victoria Cross during the Indian Mutiny. Forrest became an historian and journalist, who also created and ran the Imperial Record Office in Calcutta. He produced many editions of state papers and historical memoirs on governors of India, providing primary material on British India to scholars of imperial history. First published in 1901 on Forrest's retirement to England due to ill health, Sepoy Generals is a study of British generals who played a significant role in India during the nineteenth century. The term 'sepoy general' was coined as an insult to Wellington, the first subject, insinuating that his important military successes in India were insignificant and would not equip him to defeat Napoleon. Forrest's nine subjects spanned the whole nineteenth century, ending with Lord Roberts of Kandahar, who died in 1900.
Electrical Papers
Authors: Heaviside Oliver
Published: March 2012

A self-taught authority on electromagnetic theory, telegraphy and telephony, Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925) dedicated his adult life to the improvement of electrical technologies. Inspired by James Clerk Maxwell's field theory, he spent the 1880s presenting his ideas as a regular contributor to the weekly journal, The Electrician. The publication of Electrical Papers, a year after his election to the Royal Society in 1891, established his fame beyond the scientific community. An eccentric figure with an impish sense of humour, Heaviside's accessible style enabled him to educate an entire generation in the importance and application of electricity. In so doing he helped to establish that very British phenomenon, the garden-shed inventor. Combining articles on the electromagnetic wave surface and electromagnetic induction with notes on nomenclature and the self-induction of wires, Volume 2 serves as an excellent source for both electrical engineers and historians of science.
Spiritualism
Authors: Edmonds John W. , Tallmadge Nathaniel P.
Published: March 2012

John W. Edmonds (1799–1874), a prominent New York judge, and George T. Dexter, a New York physician, met though their shared interest in the spirit world. They were both dabbling in the spiritualist movement – first with scepticism – and decided to join forces in their investigations of such phenomena as 'spirit-rappings'. Dexter eventually found himself 'fully developed as a writing medium', with his pen controlled by unseen forces. Their conclusions, published in 1853 in Spiritualism, which went into numerous editions and was followed in 1855 by a second volume, caused much controversy. Drawing from their observations, the work gives examples of the authors' purported interaction with the spirit world and their journey from doubt to belief. Volume 1 includes detailed introductions by both authors explaining their experience with spiritualism, which are followed by the letters from two spirits – nicknamed 'Sweedenborg' and 'Bacon' – who communicated their thoughts through Dexter.
The Works of John Playfair
Authors: Playfair John
Published: March 2012

John Playfair (1748–1819) was a Scottish mathematician and geologist best known for his defence of James Hutton's geological theories. He attended the University of St Andrews, completing his theological studies in 1770. In 1785 he was appointed joint Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1805 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was acquainted with continental scientific developments, and was a prolific writer of scientific articles in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Review. This four-volume edition of his works was published in 1822. Volume 1 includes a biography of Playfair, and his Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, which did much to popularise Hutton's ideas.
The Works of John Playfair
Authors: Playfair John
Published: March 2012

John Playfair (1748–1819) was a Scottish mathematician and geologist best known for his defence of James Hutton's geological theories. He attended the University of St Andrews, completing his theological studies in 1770. In 1785 he was appointed joint Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1805 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was acquainted with continental scientific developments, and was a prolific writer of scientific articles in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Review. This four-volume edition of his works was published in 1822 and is prefaced by a biography of Playfair. Volume 3 includes articles on mathematics, physics, astronomy and naval tactics, revealing the range of Playfair's scientific interests.
Bach's Feet
Authors: Yearsley David
Published: March 2012

The organist seated at the king of instruments with thousands of pipes rising all around him, his hands busy at the manuals and his feet patrolling the pedalboard, is a symbol of musical self-sufficiency yielding musical possibilities beyond that of any other mode of solo performance. In this book, David Yearsley presents a new interpretation of the significance of the oldest and richest of European instruments, by investigating the German origins of the uniquely independent use of the feet in organ playing. Delving into a range of musical, literary and visual sources, Bach's Feet demonstrates the cultural importance of this physically demanding mode of music-making, from the blind German organists of the fifteenth century, through the central contribution of Bach's music and legacy, to the newly-pedaling organists of the British Empire and the sinister visions of Nazi propagandists.
Simple Theories and Hyperimaginaries
Authors: Casanovas Enrique
Published: March 2012

This book is an up-to-date introduction to simple theories and hyperimaginaries, with special attention to Lascar strong types and elimination of hyperimaginary problems. Assuming only knowledge of general model theory, the foundations of forking, stability and simplicity are presented in full detail. The treatment of the topics is as general as possible, working with stable formulas and types and assuming stability or simplicity of the theory only when necessary. The author offers an introduction to independence relations as well as a full account of canonical bases of types in stable and simple theories. In the last chapters the notions of internality and analyzability are discussed and used to provide a self-contained proof of elimination of hyperimaginaries in supersimple theories.
Antonyms in English
Authors: Jones Steven , Murphy M. Lynne , Paradis Carita , Willners Caroline
Published: March 2012

The study of antonyms (or 'opposites') in a language can provide important insight into word meaning and discourse structures. This book provides an extensive investigation of antonyms in English and offers an innovative model of how we mentally organize concepts and how we perceive contrasts between them. The authors use corpus and experimental methods to build a theoretical picture of the antonym relation, its status in the mind and its construal in context. Evidence is drawn from natural antonym use in speech and writing, first-language antonym acquisition, and controlled elicitation and judgements of antonym pairs by native speakers. The book also proposes ways in which a greater knowledge of how antonyms work can be applied to the fields of language technology and lexicography.
Voter Turnout
Authors: Rolfe Meredith
Published: March 2012

This book develops and empirically tests a social theory of political participation. It overturns prior understandings of why some people (such as college-degree holders, churchgoers and citizens in national rather than local elections) vote more often than others. The book shows that the standard demographic variables are not proxies for variation in the individual costs and benefits of participation, but for systematic variation in the patterns of social ties between potential voters. Potential voters who move in larger social circles, particularly those including politicians and other mobilizing actors, have more access to the flurry of electoral activity prodding citizens to vote and increasing political discussion. Treating voting as a socially defined practice instead of as an individual choice over personal payoffs, a social theory of participation is derived from a mathematical model with behavioral foundations that is empirically calibrated and tested using multiple methods and data sources.
America
Authors: Buckingham James Silk
Published: March 2012

James Silk Buckingham (1786–1855) was a writer who travelled extensively throughout the world and published accounts of his adventures in places such as India, Persia, Egypt, and Palestine. In addition, he was a supporter of political reform and served as the first MP for Sheffield, from 1832 to 1837. On retiring from Parliament, he left for North America, where he spent nearly four years, saying, 'I had a strong desire to add to the knowledge … acquired of the Old World, by examining for myself the most favoured portion of the New'. He recounts part of his time in America - during which he visited every state in the Union except Florida and Arkansas, as well as some of the provinces of Canada - in this three-volume work, published in 1841. Volume 3 sees the final part of Buckingham's expedition through upstate New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.
Excursion through the Slave States, from Washington on the Potomac to the Frontier of Mexico
Authors: Featherstonhaugh George William
Published: March 2012

The English geologist George William Featherstonhaugh (1780–1866) was commissioned to undertake a survey of the Arkansas territory in America, and spent 1834–5 travelling through the southern slave states to reach his destination. He was shocked by the slave system of the south, saying he 'had never seen so revolting a sight'. When he began to write about his experiences, Featherstonhaugh was urged not to publish his work in the US, as his opinions might 'irritate a powerful interest', and his manuscript remained unpublished until 1844, after his return to England. His lively two-volume account of his adventures contains a fascinating mixture of scientific and sociological detail. It is a closely observed record of Southern society in the period before the Civil War that candidly documents the violence experienced by Black slaves, Native Americans and frontier settlers. Volume 1 describes the Alleghany Mountains, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri.
Malliavin Calculus for Lévy Processes and Infinite-Dimensional Brownian Motion
Authors: Osswald Horst
Published: March 2012

Assuming only basic knowledge of probability theory and functional analysis, this book provides a self-contained introduction to Malliavin calculus and infinite-dimensional Brownian motion. In an effort to demystify a subject thought to be difficult, it exploits the framework of nonstandard analysis, which allows infinite-dimensional problems to be treated as finite-dimensional. The result is an intuitive, indeed enjoyable, development of both Malliavin calculus and nonstandard analysis. The main aspects of stochastic analysis and Malliavin calculus are incorporated into this simplifying framework. Topics covered include Brownian motion, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes both with values in abstract Wiener spaces, Lévy processes, multiple stochastic integrals, chaos decomposition, Malliavin derivative, Clark–Ocone formula, Skorohod integral processes and Girsanov transformations. The careful exposition, which is neither too abstract nor too theoretical, makes this book accessible to graduate students, as well as to researchers interested in the techniques.
Travels in South America, during the Years, 1819–20–21
Authors: Caldcleugh Alexander
Published: March 2012

First published in 1825 and based on his diaries, this two-volume account by Alexander Caldcleugh (1795–1858) of his experiences in Brazil, Buenos Aires, and Chile portrays a diverse and changing continent. London-born Caldcleugh was posted to South America in 1819 as private secretary to the British minister at the Portuguese royal court (based in Brazil 1808–21). Following that two-year mission, he returned to South America in 1829 and remained there until his death. Caldcleugh's book appealed to the avid interest of European readers in the 'New World'. It was well-received upon publication and in 1826 was translated into German. With its close attention to geography, geology, politics, economics, culture and society in the region, and its description of an adventurous crossing of the Andes, the book is both a fine example of the nineteenth-century travel narrative and a document of colonial attitudes. Volume 1 focuses particularly on agriculture.
Curtin's Empire
Authors: Curran James
Published: March 2012

John Curtin remains a venerated leader. His role as Labor's wartime supremo is etched deep into the national psyche: the man who put Australia first, locked horns with Churchill, forged the alliance with the United States and became the saviour of the nation in its darkest hour. Drawing on new archival material including sensitive and private correspondence from Curtin never before seen or quoted, Curtin's Empire shows that this British world vision was not imposed on him from abroad, rather it animated Curtin from deep within. Since entering politics Curtin had fought a bitter battle with his opponents - both inside and outside his party - over loyalty, identity and national security. At stake was how he and his party related to the defining idea of Australian politics for their times: Britishness.
Winged Sentinels
Authors: Wormworth Janice , Sekercioglu Cagan H.
Published: March 2012

'The ability of the birds to show us the consequences of our own actions is among their most important and least appreciated attributes. Despite the free advice of the birds, we do not pay attention', said Marjory Stoneman Douglas in 1947. From ice-dependent penguins of Antarctica to songbirds that migrate across the Sahara, birds' responses provide early warning signs of the impact of climate change. Winged Sentinels: Birds and Climate Change uses colourful examples to show how particular groups of birds face heightened threats from climate change and to explore how we can help birds adapt in a warming world. Generously illustrated with colour photographs, the book is a fascinating insight into what climate change means for birds, and the potential consequences of ignoring these warning signs.
Economic Reform and Development in China
Authors: Li Yining
Published: March 2012

Known internationally as 'Mr Share Holding', the economist Li Yining has had a transformative impact on China's economic transition, most notably as an early advocate of ownership reforms in the state and other non-private sectors and in his promotion of shareholding theory, initiating the drive towards a modern corporate system in China. The thinking behind these and other landmark contributions that have helped to reshape China are featured in Economic Reform and Development in China, a collection of sixteen influential papers written and published during the reform period, from 1980 to 1998. Incorporating original research, policy proposals and theoretical thinking, these papers trace the development of Li's thought and the process through which the 'China Miracle' has been worked over the last three decades. This newly edited translation introduces how inextricably linked Li's academic work has been to the development of a distinctively Chinese path of economic reform.
Kant and the Experience of Freedom
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: March 2012

This collection of essays by one of the preeminent Kant scholars of our time transforms our understanding of both Kant's aesthetics and his ethics. Guyer shows that at the very core of Kant's aesthetic theory, disinterestedness of taste becomes an experience of freedom and thus an essential accompaniment to morality itself. At the same time he reveals how Kant's moral theory includes a distinctive place for the cultivation of both general moral sentiments and particular attachments on the basis of the most rigorous principle of duty. Kant's thought is placed in a rich historical context including such figures as Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, Burke, Kames, as well as Baumgarten, Mendelssohn, Schiller, and Hegel. Other topics treated are the sublime, natural versus artistic beauty, genius and art history, and duty and inclination. These essays extend and enrich the account of Kant's aesthetics in the author's earlier book, Kant and the Claims of Taste (1979).
Section IX of the ICRC Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities: The End ofJus in BelloProportionality as We Know It?
Authors: Kleffner Jann K
Published: March 2012

Section IX of the ICRC Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities asserts: ‘In addition to the restraints imposed by international humanitarian law on specific means and methods of warfare, and without prejudice to further restrictions that may arise under other applicable branches of international law, the kind and degree of force which is permissible against persons not entitled to protection against direct attack must not exceed what is actually necessary to accomplish a legitimate military purpose in the prevailing circumstances’. The present article scrutinises arguments that have been, or can be, advanced in favour of and against a ‘least harmful means’ requirement for the use of force in situations of armed conflict as suggested in Section IX. The principal aim of the article is to examine the question whether such an additional proportionality requirement forms part of the applicable internationallex lata.
European consumers and health claims: attitudes, understanding and purchasing behaviour
Authors: Wills Josephine M. , Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann Stefan , Kolka Magdalena , Grunert Klaus G.
Published: March 2012

Health claims on food products are often used as a means to highlight scientifically proven health benefits associated with consuming those foods. But do consumers understand and trust health claims? This paper provides an overview of recent research on consumers and health claims including attitudes, understanding and purchasing behaviour. A majority of studies investigated selective product–claim combinations, with ambiguous findings apart from consumers’ self-reported generic interest in health claims. There are clear indications that consumer responses differ substantially according to the nature of carrier product, the type of health claim, functional ingredient used or a combination of these components. Health claims tend to be perceived more positively when linked to a product with an overall positive health image, whereas some studies demonstrate higher perceived credibility of products with general health claims (e.g. omega-3 and brain development) compared to disease risk reduction claims (e.g. bioactive peptides to reduce risk of heart disease), others report the opposite. Inconsistent evidence also exists on the correlation between having a positive attitude towards products with health claims and purchase intentions. Familiarity with the functional ingredient and/or its claimed health effect seems to result in a more favourable evaluation. Better nutritional knowledge, however, does not automatically lead to a positive attitude towards products carrying health messages. Legislation in the European Union requires that the claim is understood by the average consumer. As most studies on consumers’ understanding of health claims are based on subjective understanding, this remains an area for more investigation.
The Australian-ness of Curriculum Jigsaws: Where Does Environmental Education Fit?
Authors: Gough Annette
Published: March 2012

This paper reviews Australian Government actions related to environmental education, particularly in the past decade, and examines the actions forthcoming from two national action plans (Environment Australia, 2000 and DEWHA, 2009), the implementation strategy for the Decade of ESD (DEWHA, 2006) and developments related to the Australian Curriculum. This analysis is inspired by the Australian-ness of the metaphor of the curriculum as a jigsaw puzzle suggested by Robottom (1987), the seemingly constant battle for survival in the formal curriculum that environmental education has faced since the 1970s (Fensham, 1990; Gough, 1997), and the ongoing tensions between science education and environmental education in Australia's formal school curriculum.
Experiencing Beach in Australia: Study Abroad Students' Perspectives
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshifumi , Payne Phillip G.
Published: March 2012

The current “Australian-ness” of outdoor environmental education is an evolving “set” of socio-cultural constructions. These constructions can be interpreted within the circumstances of an empirical study of tertiary study abroad students' participation in an undergraduate semester long unit “Experiencing the Australian Landscape” (EAL) as an ambivalent mixture of belonging and beach, or solidity and fuidity. This ambivalence imparts various meanings within and about the Australian context of beach as a “place”. The study is based on an interpretive mixed method ethnographic and phenomenological small-scale case study. It fnds that the beach experience is infuenced by various social discourses, such as neocolonialism, individualism and mobility. Participants experienced the beach in a fuid sense of non-belonging, despite the EAL intention of fostering a place-responsive pedagogy. In order to understand their experience and its alleged link to an enhanced environmental awareness, an embodied dialectic descriptive interpretation of place experience is suggested.
As Aussie as Vegemite: Building the Capacity of Sustainability Educators in Australia
Authors: Smith Phil , Collier Grahame , Storey Hazel
Published: March 2012

Vegemite, a thick, rich and salty product made from yeast extract, is a paste commonly spread on bread or toast in Australian households. This iconic product mirrors some of the unique aspects of this country. For example, Vegemite thinly spread is best. The population of this country is sparse across the wide lands, and the Australian environment with its thin soils, water shortages and intense climates, might also be described as spread thin. These aspects of context present challenges because Australia needs quality sustainability educators thick on the ground to deal with the many and diverse environmental issues.

This paper describes the development of the Australian National Professional Development Initiative for Sustainability Educators (NPDISE) and how it was infuenced by the Australian context. Multiple challenges existed: the size of the country, its environmental conditions and rich biodiversity, distance and space between major centres, distribution of people and resources, understanding of and support for education, and three tiers of government – each with its own policies, programs and priorities. On top of this, the practice of sustainability education crosses multiple professional sectors and disciplines. All these challenges had to be taken into account.

Research conducted by the Waste Management Association Australia in 2009 revealed that the needs of Australia's sustainability educators in overcoming many of these challenges were broadly consistent around Australia. This gave encouragement to the establishment of a national professional development approach for those working in the environmental education feld. This paper shows how four professional associations – Australian Association for Environmental Education, Waste Management Association Australia, Australian Water Association, and the Marine Education Society of Australasia – worked together for the frst time and approached these challenges whilst developing the NPDISE. A 1954 jingle said Vegemite would help children “grow stronger every single week”. The NPDISE represents a similar ethos with an emphasis on building the sector.
The Latin antiphon and the question of frequency of interpolation
Authors: Nowacki Edward
Published: March 2012

The theory that the antiphon is a kind of refrain and that its original purpose was to be inserted between all the verses of its respective psalm was articulated by Giuseppe Maria Tommasi in the seventeenth century and has been transmitted by liturgical historians with little criticism ever since that time. The present article examines the evidence on which that theory rests, with special attention to the writings of Amalar of Metz, and finds it to be inconclusive or positively contrary to the claims that have been built upon it. The article considers the evidence of antiphonal psalmody at Mass, as transmitted in Ordo Romanus I, and finds support there for the view that antiphons were normally performed only at the beginning and end of their respective psalms. After considering briefly the Liber Pontificalis and the tradition of psalmodic differentiae, the article turns to the treatment of antiphonal psalmody by the liturgical historians Guillaume Durand and Radulph de Rivo in the late Middle Ages and finds in their writings no evidence of a belief that frequent interpolation was the authentic primitive practice. The article concludes that two iterations of the antiphon, once at the beginning and once at the end of the psalm, suited its original thematic intent and that the theory of reiteration after every verse – effectively conflating antiphonal and responsorial psalmody – may be no older than the liturgical scholarship of Tommasi in the late seventeenth century.
PARETO’S INFLUENCE ON SCHOLARS FROM THE ITALIAN TRADITION IN PUBLIC FINANCE
Authors: FOSSATI AMEDEO
Published: March 2012

The paper discusses the influence of Pareto’s methodological revolution on the Italian scientific tradition in public finance. To that end, the works of the most celebrated scholars from within the first, second, and final generations of this tradition are reviewed with reference to their reactions to Pareto’s idea of science as logico-experimental activities, and his contributions to the development of marginalism and theoretical sociology. The particular scholars considered across the three generations’ time span include Pantaleoni, De Viti, Barone, Einaudi, Sensini, Griziotti, Borgatta, Murray, and Fasiani. The main original contribution of this paper is the marshaling of evidence in support of the author’s proposition that Fasiani’s research program is characterized by a clearly Paretian mode of enquiry with regard to methodology and the economic investigation of fiscal activities, although the specific influence of Pareto’s sociology on Fasiani’s approach to fiscal studies was relatively modest. It is provisionally concluded that, in taking the best and most relevant of Pareto’s work for fiscal studies, Fasiani’s contributions came to represent the highest point in the evolution of the general theory of public finance in the Italian tradition.
Teachers Unions and Public Education
Authors: Battistoni Richard M.
Published: March 2012

Public education is one of the most important “public goods” of a democratic society. In recent decades, public policy analysts, public intellectuals, and politicians have debated the state of public education in the United States and have argued about the sorts of public policies that might best promote the academic achievement, educational success, and political socialization of youth. Terry Moe and John Chubb have been important contributors to these debates. Their 1990 book, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools, set the terms of much subsequent discussion about the importance of school autonomy and “educational choice.” Moe's Special Interest extends these arguments through a more frontal critique of the role of teachers unions. This book represents an important contribution to public discussion of school reform. It also incorporates a distinctive perspective on the relationship between power and public policy, and between the role of states and that of markets in the provision of public goods and services. In this symposium, we feature a range of serious commentaries on the book's central arguments about educational policy and politics and on its approach to “engaged” or “applied” political science.
Participatory Democracy Revisited
Authors: Pateman Carole
Published: March 2012

Over the past two decades we have heard an historically unprecedented volume of talk about and praise of democracy, and many governmental, non-governmental, and international organizations have been engaged in democracy promotion. Democracy is a subject that crosses the boundaries in political science, and within my own field of political theory there has been a major revival of democratic theory. In political theory, argument about “democracy” is usually now qualified by one of an array of adjectives, which include cosmopolitan, agonistic, republican, and monitory. But the new form that has been by far the most successful is deliberative democracy. By 2007 John Dryzek could write that “deliberative democracy now constitutes the most active area of political theory in its entirety (not just democratic theory).” Not only is there an extremely large and rapidly growing literature, both theoretical and empirical, on deliberative democracy, but its influence has spread far outside universities.
What Happened to Post-Partisanship? Barack Obama and the New American Party System
Authors: Milkis Sidney M. , Rhodes Jesse H. , Charnock Emily J.
Published: March 2012

Ascending to the presidency in the midst of a severe economic crisis and an ongoing war on terrorism, Barack Obama faced numerous political and policy challenges. We examine the responsibilities he faced in assuming the received tasks of modern presidential leadership amid a polarized political system. To a point, Obama has embraced partisan leadership, indeed, even further articulating developments in the relationship between the president and parties that Ronald Reagan had first initiated, and George W. Bush built upon. Thus Obama has advanced an executive-centered party system that relies on presidential candidates and presidents to pronounce party doctrine, raise campaign funds, mobilize grassroots support, and campaign on behalf of their partisan brethren. Just as Reagan and Bush used their powers in ways that bolstered their parties, so Obama's exertions have strengthened the Democratic Party's capacity to mobilize voters and to advance programmatic objectives. At the same time, presidential partisanship threatens to relegate collective responsibility to executive aggrandizement. Seeking to avoid the pitfalls that undermined the Bush presidency, Obama has been more ambivalent about uniting partisanship and executive power. Only time will tell whether this ambiguity proves to be effective statecraft—enshrining his charisma in an enduring record of achievement and a new Democratic majority—or whether it marks a new stage in the development of executive dominion that subordinates party building to the cult of personality.
Comparative, global and transnational constitutionalism: The emergence of a transnational legal-pluralist order
Authors: ZUMBANSEN PEER
Published: March 2012

Comparative lawyers have for more than a century sought to increase the understanding of ‘foreign’ legal orders and regulatory systems. Despite some never fully resolved methodological questions, great advances have been made in the comparative study of different regulatory areas both in ‘private’ (contract, tort, corporate, labour) and ‘public’ law (administrative law, environmental law). Comparative constitutional law [CCL] has emerged as a field with particular significance. Born in the context of a politically extremely divided world after the Second World War, CCL has undergone tremendous change in an economically fast-integrating world since the late 1980s. The distinction between ‘liberal’ and ‘socialist’ constitutional orders that characterized early monographical treatments of the subjects has since given way to a very incoherent landscape ofvarieties of constitutionalism, with enormous consequences for the task of comparative constitutional law. Rather than being able to set side-by-side distinct doctrinal instruments or legal principles that can be associated with a particular constitutional system, the emerging transnational legal-pluralist order demands a methodologically radically opened and methodologically interdisciplinary approach to capture the dynamics of constitutionalization, which characterize today’s processes of public-private norm creation and diffusion.
Charakteristiken der flüssigen und der nicht-flüssigen primär progressiven Aphasie
Authors: Lange Inga , Grande Marion , Willmes Klaus , Kastrau Frank , Fimm Bruno , Heim Stefan , Huber Walter
Published: March 2012

Die primär progressive Aphasie (PPA) ist eine demenzielle Erkrankung mit vorrangigem Abbau von sprachlichen Leistungen. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Beschreibung von Mustern sprachlichen Abbaus mit Hilfe des Aachener Aphasie Tests (AAT), sowie insbesondere eine Differenzierung der flüssigen und nicht-flüssigen PPA. In einer retrospektiven Studie wurden 20 Patienten – davon 14 im Verlauf – untersucht. Patienten mit flüssiger PPA wiesen im AAT signifikant schlechtere Testergebnisse in der Spontansprach-Bewertungsskala semantische Struktur und beim Untertest Benennen auf als Patienten mit einer nicht-flüssigen PPA. Im Verlauf traten keine Unterschiede zwischen beiden PPA-Gruppen mehr auf. Es gab schnellere und langsamere Verläufe, ein Syndromwandel von einer flüssigen zu einer nicht-flüssigen PPA trat bei zwei Patienten auf.
Complexity of the Mw 6.3 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake: 2. Broadband strong motion modeling
Authors: Ameri G. , Gallovič F. , Pacor F.
Published: March 2012

Near‐fault strong‐ground motions (0.1–10 Hz) recorded during the Mw 6.3 2009 L'Aquila earthquake exhibit great spatial variability. Modeling the observed seismograms allows linking distinct features of the observed wavefield to particular source and propagation effects and provides insights on strong motion complexity from this moderate magnitude event. We utilize a hybrid integral‐composite approach based on a k‐square kinematic rupture model, combining low‐frequency coherent and high‐frequency incoherent source radiation and providing omega‐squared source spectral decay. Several source model features, proven to be stable by means of an uncertainty analysis in the preceding low‐frequency (<0.2 Hz) multiple finite‐extent source inversion (Paper 1), were constrained. Synthetic Green's functions are calculated in a 1D‐layered crustal model including 1D soil profiles to account for site‐specific response (where available). The results show that although the local site effects improve the modeling, the spatial broadband ground‐motion variability is to large extent controlled by the rupture kinematics. The modeling thus confirms and further constraints the source model features, including the position and slip amount of the two main asperities, the largest asperity time delay and the rupture velocity distribution on the fault. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the crossover frequency dividing the coherent and incoherent wavefield, often considered independent on the station position, has to be variable in order to adequately reproduce both near and far station recordings. This suggests that the incoherency of the radiated wavefield is controlled by the wave‐propagation phenomena and/or the initial updip rupture propagation was very smooth (coherent) up to relatively high frequencies (>2 Hz).
The solubility of fish‐produced high magnesium calcite in seawater
Authors: Woosley Ryan J. , Millero Frank J. , Grosell Martin
Published: March 2012

Fish have been shown to produce high (10 to 48 mol %) magnesium calcite as part of the physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining salt and water balance. The importance of this source to the marine carbon cycle is only now being considered. In this paper, we report the first measurements of the solubility of this CaCO3 in seawater. The resulting solubility (pK*sp = 5.89 ± 0.09) is approximately two times higher than aragonite and similar to the high magnesium calcite generated on the Bahamas Banks (pK*sp = 5.90). This high solubility of fish‐produced CaCO3 is a result of the high magnesium content and not a product of micro‐environments created by microbial activity. This material is soluble in near surface waters, contributing to the input of carbonate to surface ocean waters, and may at least partially explain the observed increase in total alkalinity above the aragonite saturation horizon.
Further determinations of strong scintillation effects on GNSS signals using the Hybrid Scintillation Propagation Model
Authors: Zernov Nikolay N. , Gherm Vadim E. , Strangeways Hal J.
Published: March 2012

The effect of strong scintillation conditions on GNSS transionospheric paths of propagation is further investigated employing the most recent update of the Hybrid Scintillation Propagation Model (HSPM). The variation of various parameters including spectral indices and other statistical moments of the field is studied as a function of the severity of the signal fluctuations. The correlation time of the complex amplitude of the field is found to rapidly decrease as the scintillation severity increases, but by contrast, the intensity correlation time stays almost constant over a wide range of S4 showing only slight decrease in the model's range of validity. The dependence of the spectral indices of both phase and amplitude on S4 is also determined, and the spectral index of the phase fluctuations tends to 2 for the most severe scintillation, as expected from both experiment and theory. The effect of “canonical fading” is also studied, when, in the conditions of strong scintillation, fast phase changes occur along with deep amplitude fades. The probability of the effect of the “canonical fading” is studied for the conditions of strong scintillation, and the mean time between cycle slips shows a significant decrease as S4 increases. A comparison is also presented between calculated results of S4, spectral indices, and the correlation radii of the complex field and field intensity, utilizing both the HPSM and equivalent phase screen model for both weak and strong scintillation conditions. These show the differences that can occur which can also depend on the equivalent phase screen height.
Potential drought stress in a Swiss mountain catchment—Ensemble forecasting of high mountain soil moisture reveals a drastic decrease, despite major uncertainties
Authors: Rössler Ole , Diekkrüger Bernd , Löffler Jörg
Published: March 2012

Climate change is expected to profoundly influence the hydrosphere of mountain ecosystems. The focus of current process‐based research is centered on the reaction of glaciers and runoff to climate change; spatially explicit impacts on soil moisture remain widely neglected. We spatio‐temporally analyzed the impact of the climate on soil moisture in a mesoscale high mountain catchment to facilitate the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies at the level of vegetation patterns. Two regional climate models were downscaled using three different approaches (statistical downscaling, delta change, and direct use) to drive a hydrological model (WaSiM‐ETH) for reference and scenario period (1960–1990 and 2070–2100), resulting in an ensemble forecast of six members. For all ensembles members we found large changes in temperature, resulting in decreasing snow and ice storage and earlier runoff, but only small changes in evapotranspiration. The occurrence of downscaled dry spells was found to fluctuate greatly, causing soil moisture depletion and drought stress potential to show high variability in both space and time. In general, the choice of the downscaling approach had a stronger influence on the results than the applied regional climate model. All of the results indicate that summer soil moisture decreases, which leads to more frequent declines below a critical soil moisture level and an advanced evapotranspiration deficit. Forests up to an elevation of 1800 m a.s.l. are likely to be threatened the most, while alpine areas and most pastures remain nearly unaffected. Nevertheless, the ensemble variability was found to be extremely high and should be interpreted as a bandwidth of possible future drought stress situations.
Elections for AGU leadership positions: What you can expect in the months to come
Authors: Grove Tim , Kavner Abby , Fucugauchi Jaime Urrutia , Farrington John , Cashman Kathy , Spohn Tilman
Published: March 2012

It's hard to believe that it is again time to consider elections for AGU leadership positions. Just over 18 months ago, AGU launched a new governance model and strategic plan. Since then, the AGU Board of Directors, the AGU Council, and staff leaders have partnered with us, the members of the Governance Committee, to move AGU forward in the positive direction set by members. Much has been accomplished in a short time, and much is left to do to achieve AGU's envisioned future (see http://www.agu.org/about/mission.shtml). We need to elect the next set of leaders who can carry on the direction and vision set in motion by the Future Focus Task Force and the first group of Board and Council members tasked with guiding this new plan. This year, AGU members will elect leaders for the next term (2013–2014). Below is a synopsis of what we've been doing, along with a timeline for nominations and elections.
AGU climate scientists visit Capitol Hill
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: March 2012

On 1 February 2012, AGU teamed with 11 other scientific societies to bring 29 scientists researching various aspects of climate change to Washington, D. C., for the second annual Climate Science Day on Capitol Hill. The participants represented a wide range of expertise, from meteorology to agriculture, paleoclimatology to statistics, but all spoke to the reality of climate change as demonstrated in their scientific research. With Congress debating environmental regulations and energy policy amid tight fiscal pressures, it is critical that lawmakers have access to the best climate science to help guide policy decisions. The scientists met with legislators and their staff to discuss the importance of climate science for their districts and the nation and offered their expertise as an ongoing resource to the legislators.
Muñoz‐Jaramillo receives 2011 F. L. Scarf Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2012

Andrés Muñoz‐Jaramillo has been awarded the F. L. Scarf Award, given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar‐planetary sciences. Muñoz‐Jaramillo's dissertation is entitled “Towards better constrained models of the solar magnetic cycle.” He presented an invited talk and was formally presented with the award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. Muñoz‐Jaramillo received undergraduate degrees in physics (2004) and electronic engineering (2005) from the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics under the supervision of Piet Martens and Dibyendu Nandy at Montana State University, in Bozeman, in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Muñoz‐Jaramillo is currently a Jack Eddy Postdoctoral Fellow at the Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass., hosted by Edward DeLuca. His research interests include the solar magnetic cycle; magnetohydrodynamics and dynamo theory; and space climate, global (paleo) climate, and long‐term solar evolution.
Wang receives 2011 Sunanda and Santimay Basu Early‐Career Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2012

Hui Wang has been awarded the Sunanda and Santimay Basu Early‐Career Award in Sun‐Earth systems science. This award recognizes an individual scientist from a developing nation for making outstanding contributions to research in Sun‐Earth systems science that further the understanding of both plasma physical processes and their applications for the benefit of society. Wang's thesis is entitled “High latitude ionospheric current system and its response to substorm and geomagnetic storm.” She delivered an invited talk and was formally presented with the award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif.
Expertise and scientific publishing: geopress expands activities at Fall Meeting
Authors: Aldred Maxine
Published: March 2012

The AGU book imprint, geopress, showcased its expanded activity during events in San Francisco this year. The annual meeting of the AGU Books Board was well attended, underscoring the geopress commitment to transforming the future of its scientific publishing, and the board proposed a number of ideas to enhance AGU's role in informing society about the Earth and space sciences. This year, responding to member feedback, geopress took a new approach to its information sessions and held daily sessions instead of one lunchtime presentation. The result was that more than 3 times as many potential authors and editors explored the opportunity to achieve AGU's goal of informing society about the excitement of Earth and space sciences.