bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inequality A Lesser Problem
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Critics of liberalization express much concern at increased inequality in India in the 1990s. While some advocates of reforms question the validity of the finding that inequality has gone up, I will argue in this chapter that even accepting the evidence offered by the critics at face value, from the policy perspective, preoccupation with inequality is largely a diversion. I begin with a discussion of various forms of inequality. In the Indian context, inequality may be analyzed from at least five different perspectives. First, we may consider the national income distribution. Even as accelerated growth improves the status of all, including the poor, it may be accompanied by proportionately larger increases in the incomes of the rich. Because the large majority of the Indian population lives in the rural areas and the income distribution there behaves very differently from that in the urban areas, researchers typically also study the rural and urban inequalities separately at the national level. Second, growth may be concentrated geographically and may increase regional disparities. This form of inequality in India is studied at the state level and refers to the distribution of the mean incomes across states. Third, benefits of growth may accrue disproportionately to the urban population, with a concomitant increase in urban-rural inequality. Here we compare the mean rural and urban incomes. Fourth, growth may benefit workers in the organized—mainly public—sector more than those in the unorganized sector.
Deficits and debt Is a Crisis around the Corner?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

A key feature of the Indian economy since the early 1950s has been an exceptionally stable macroeconomic environment. To be sure, India has had its share of macroeconomic crises, but virtually all of them have been mild in comparison to those of their Latin American counterparts and have been quickly contained without major damage to the economy. Moreover, most of them had their origins in external shocks such as drought, oil price hikes, and microeconomic distortions rather than macroeconomic mismanagement. For the vast majority of the period, the inflation rate in India has been in the single digits, and even when it has gone into double digits, it has rarely exceeded 15 percent. The Consumer Price Index for industrial workers has risen more than 20 percent during only two years: 21 percent in 1973–74 and 27 percent in 1974–75. These were years characterized by drought and a major oil price shock. Even these exceptional inflation rates were contained relatively quickly, with the Consumer Price Index actually declining in the following two years and the simple average of the inflation rates over the following four years being just 1.2 percent. The unemployment rate, insofar as it can be accurately measured in an economy characterized by underemployment in the farm sector and in the informal services sector, has also been stable (chapter 7). Unemployment estimates based on the National Sample Surveys do not show periods of significant prolonged unemployment in the economy. Likewise, India has had no banking crisis; indeed, even individual bank failures in the recent decades have been virtually absent.
The financial sector Why Not Privatize the Banks?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

In our discussion of the savings-investment identity, we saw that the entities that save are often distinct from the entities that invest. Households account for the bulk of the savings in India but invest only a little more than half of those savings in physical assets themselves. They channel the remaining savings through the financial system to other agents in the economy. Likewise, foreign savings need not always take the form of foreign direct investment, and may have to be intermediated by the financial system for investment by the domestic entrepreneurs or other foreign entrepreneurs. Even corporations in the declining sectors may choose to channel a part of their savings to the corporations in the expanding sectors, though the Indian accounting system so far does not record these flows explicitly.
Telecommunications And Electricity Contrasting Experiences
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Telecommunications and electricity both generate benefits that are largely private. Moreover, the exclusion of consumers unwilling to pay for them is entirely feasible. Therefore, the case for their provision by the government must rest on the natural monopoly argument. Traditionally, this is the argument most countries have invoked, but the experience of the last several decades casts serious doubt on its validity in modern times.
Education Expenditures or Transfers?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

The government is deeply involved at all levels of education in India. Education is a concurrent subject in the Indian Constitution, which means that both the states and the central government can legislate in this area. Under the directive principles of state policy, the Indian Constitution set the goal of free compulsory education for all children aged 14 or less by 1960. Given the inability of a very large proportion of the population to afford privately provided education, and the expectation that private schools would not expand fast enough, the states naturally assumed the primary responsibility for the provision of elementary education. But it missed the goal set out in the constitution by a long shot. India is still some years away from bringing all children 14 years and below into the ambit of education. According to the careful and extensive survey by the NGO Pratham (2006), 8.9 percent of the children between ages 6 and 14 in rural areas remain out of school.
Letters Of Credit and Bank Guarantees Under International Trade Law
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

Letters of credit and bank guarantees are the most important financial instruments in international exchange. Matti S. Kurkela, a leading expert in the field, presents an advanced, extensive study and guide to letters of credit. The author analyzes the material rules and principles applicable to them; conflict of laws as well as law merchant applied regardless of place of operation or nationality of the parties involved. Letters of Credit and Bank Guarantees under International Trade Law is the only true guide whose focus is on international law and choice of applicable law, with comparisons of the UCP, the UCC and selected national laws. Bank attorneys, international bankers, commercial bankers, international trade and finance attorneys in law firms, in-house counsel, financial institutions, and academia will find this a clearly written, invaluable guide to the latest rules, case law and practice relating to these financial instruments. The new, expanded Second Edition includes: BL Analysis and comparison of commercial and standby credits, bank guarantees and bonds in use in international exchange BL Introduction to the various sets of rules in use in international operations and banking BL Changes made to the UCC Article 5 and UCP 600 BL New development and landmark decisions and case law since the publishing of the first edition BL Guidance to and analysis of inter bank relationship, indemnity agreements and reference to sample documentation, and numerous sample clauses BL Reference to statutory laws of lcs in various countries
The Promise of the New South
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

At a public picnic in the South in the 1890s, a young man paid five cents for his first chance to hear the revolutionary Edison talking machine. He eagerly listened as the soundman placed the needle down, only to find that through the tubes he held to his ears came the chilling sounds of a lynching. In this story, with its blend of new technology and old hatreds, genteel picnics and mob violence, Edward Ayers captures the history of the South in the years between Reconstruction and the turn of the century. Ranging from the Georgia coast to the Tennessee mountains, from the power brokers to tenant farmers, Ayers depicts a land of startling contrasts. Ayers takes us from remote Southern towns, revolutionized by the spread of the railroads, to the statehouses where Democratic Redeemers swept away the legacy of Reconstruction; from the small farmers, trapped into growing nothing but cotton, to the new industries of Birmingham; from abuse and intimacy in the family to tumultuous public meetings of the prohibitionists. He explores every aspect of society, politics, and the economy, detailing the importance of each in the emerging New South. Central to the entire story is the role of race relations, from alliances and friendships between blacks and whites to the spread of Jim Crows laws and disfranchisement. The teeming nineteenth-century South comes to life in these pages. When this book first appeared in 1992, it won a broad array of prizes and was a finalist for both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. The citation for the National Book Award declared Promise of the New South a vivid and masterfully detailed picture of the evolution of a new society. The Atlantic called it “one of the broadest and most original interpretations of southern history of the past twenty years.”
12
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My first seizure was at age 14. It was at school in front of many classmates and teachers. Going back to school a few days later was tough, but I learned from the very beginning how to deal with other people who possibly viewed me as different. To my surprise, I arrived to find that everyone treated me very much the same. They all seemed to have some knowledge and understanding about epilepsy. I assume that the teachers must have addressed it while I was absent. My seizures from that point on were few and far between, but even now, after being seizure-free for almost 5 years, not a day goes by that I don’t wonder whether I will have one. Where will it happen? Will I be around strangers? Will I be safe?
21
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I met my husband when I was 19 years old, which is, ironically, the same age when I began to have seizures (a running joke between us). In fact, I had my first big (generalized) seizure while sleeping at his dorm. He was very moved by the whole experience, as he had never witnessed one. Over the past 10 years, I actually feel that my disorder has been a bond between us. I’m certainly not saying that I wouldn’t love to never have another seizure again, but it’s nice to have the support that I have. My husband’s view on living with my seizures is ‘‘Of course it’s scary at times, but I actually think it’s cool: it makes you unique, it’s the only way I have known you.’’
36
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am very blessed to have God in my life, first of all, and a wonderful spouse. My family relationships have not been affected by epilepsy. The last time that I had a major episode with epilepsy was 20 years ago. My husband never even knew that I had epilepsy. I kept it from him until the seizures happened. I was taken to the hospital, and that is where my husband found out. He was surprised—but also wonderful—about it and did not allow it to affect our marriage.
Private Collections
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

The development of cultural institutions in England has typically taken place in the uncertain interplay of private enterprise, individual aspiration, and an often hesitant and even suspicious government. Without the tradition of centralized control characteristic of the nations of the continent, the establishment of such institutions has consistently been a laborious bottom-up, rather than top-down, process. And so it is that the emergence of the museum in the nineteenth century required not only the existence of collections that could form the nucleus of new foundations but the development of the kind of social consensus that would make the acquisition, protection, and display of such collections a matter of national interest.
Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

Campbell ‘s Psychiatric Dictionary is widely recognized as the definitive dictionary of psychiatry--up-to-date, comprehensive, and authoritative. Distinguished by its clarity and scholarship, it is unique among dictionaries in providing nearly encyclopedic discussions of many of the most important entries. The Ninth Edition is nearly double the size of the previous edition and has been updated, revised, and vastly expanded to cover the explosion of new words and terms in psychiatry (including terms reflective of the debate now informing the development of the DSM-V), neuroscience, cognitive and clinical psychology, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as relevant terms and concepts from a wide range of related fields, including genetics, imaging, general medicine, forensic psychiatry, and sociology. It also covers the full range of treatments, including psychopharmacologic agents, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and other brief therapies. The entries are clearly written, so that they can be understood by non-psychiatrists (including general readers), and they feature cross-references, so that readers can easily locate all the relevant information on a topic. Campbell ‘s is written for the working library of a broad and diverse readership of specialists and non-specialists that includes psychiatrists, residents, neurologists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, counselors, lawyers, claims reviewers, and lay readers with an interest in mental health issues.
G
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

g In psychometrics, general intelligence in the sense of reasoning and ability to solve novel problems; it is consistently linked to the integrity and function of the lateral PFC, which supports the executive control of action and attention. Gf is fluid intelligence, “on the spot “ reasoning and novel problem-solving ability, related to analytical intelligence; it is strongly related to working memory. Gc is crystallized intelligence, overlearned skills and static knowledge, such as vocabulary.

Psychometric g is highly heritable, and the heritability of intelligence increases with age—as we grow older, our phenotype reflects our genotype more closely. A strictly environmental theory would predict the opposite.

g factor The hypothesized causal entity underlying the phenotype of general intelligence as measured by IQ scores, defined operationally as what diverse tests of cognitive ability have in common. Charles Spearman (1904) introduced the term as a neutral signifier of general cognitive ability that avoided the many connotations of “intelligence. “

G protein Guanosine triphosphate-binding protein; also called N protein (nucleotide-binding regulatory protein). The ubiquitously distributed G proteins link an array of receptors at the cell surface, including many neuroreceptors (among them the α- and β-adrenergic, dopamine, muscarinic acetylcholine, opioid, rhodopsin, serotonin, substance K, and THC receptors), to a variety of intracellular effectors that lie along or near the inner cell membrane.
N
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

N protein Nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. See G protein.

N400 signal A negative deflection in the eventrelated potential waveform occurring approximately 400 msec following the onset of contextually incongruent words in a sentence. It is one of the best indicators of context processing (q.v.). See object recognition.

Nachmansohn, David (1899–1983) American neurophysiologist. See elementary process.

Naches Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuronal Naches are a family of ligand-gated ion channels widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are activated by acetylcholine, and their activation causes excitation of the neuron. Currently, 12 neuronal anchors subunits have been identified (α2 to α10 and β2 to β4). Brains from smokers exhibit an increased number (that is, upregulation) of high-affinity nicotine-binding sites, which contain the α4 and β2 anchor subunits. Blockade of the high-affinity α4- and β2-containing receptors by a competitive antagonist also blocks the rewarding effect of nicotine. See nicotine addiction.

The cognitive reinforcing effects of nicotine have been demonstrated to be beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, suggesting that compounds targeted to nacre may be useful in restoring a cholinergic deficit.
Common Causes of Pain
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

When evaluating a child with knee pain, it is important to separate mechanical problems from problems resulting from infections or inflammation. Know the answers to the following questions before you go to the doctor’s office.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are complex diseases, and a complete and thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential for any child suspected of having either of these conditions.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Osteoporosis and osteopenia are conditions involving decreased bone mass and hence a decrease in the strength of the bones with an increased risk of fractures. Osteopenia has been defined as having bone mass that is more than one standard deviation below the normal level, and osteoporosis as having bone mass that is more than two and a half standard deviations below normal. These definitions have been difficult to apply to children because the normal levels have not been well defined for children of different ages and races. However, precise medical definitions are not what parents should be concerned about. What it is important for parents to understand is that children who do not get enough calcium in their diet, children with chronic arthritis, children who take corticosteroids or certain other drugs (especially diuretics such as furosemide), and children with a variety of hormonal disorders are all at risk of decreased bone mass and easily broken bones.
The Child Who Hurts All Over and the Child Who Is Failing to Thrive
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

There are many possible explanations when a child is not doing well, ranging from serious illnesses to problems adjusting at home or in school. Children who aren’t thriving or who complain of constant pain are of great concern for both parents and physicians. Some parents worry that their child is not able to keep up with the other children when playing. Others are concerned about repeated athletic injuries, wondering why their child has so many sprains and strains. Still others notice that the child seems withdrawn or irritable or has lost interest in activities.
Alternating Saccades in a Primate Model of Strabismus
Authors: Das Vallabh E
Published: October 2023

Alternating fixation is frequently observed in humans with strabismus. We examined this phenomenon in a monkey model for strabismus. An exotropic strabismus was induced in two infant monkeys using an alternate monocular occlusion paradigm for the first four months of life. When the animals were about three years old, we measured binocular eye movements, using the scleral search coil technique, as they performed a visually guided saccade task during monocular or binocular viewing. During binocular viewing, monkeys tended to fixate targets in the right hemifield with their right eye and targets in the left hemifield with their left eye, consistent with patterns of visual suppression in exotropia. An alternating saccade was executed when the target jumped across the midline. There were no significant differences in the amplitude–peak velocity or amplitude– duration main-sequence relationships between alternating and nonalternating saccades (monocular or binocular viewing). Saccade latency tended to be greater during binocular viewing than during monocular viewing. Our study establishes a strabismus monkey model useful for studying neural circuits involved in generating alternating fixation and alternating saccade behavior. Further, alternating saccade behavior may be used as a probe to study mechanisms of visual suppression in strabismus and mechanisms of target selection in normal individuals.
New Treatments for Infantile and Other Forms of Nystagmus
Authors: Dell’osso Louis F
Published: October 2023

Our objective was to translate the past 40 years of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) research (i.e., ocular motor recording and control-systems analysis) into a therapeutic approach. Our eye movement recordings use infrared reflection, magnetic search coil, and high-speed digital video systems. Each eye was calibrated during monocular fixation (fellow-eye occluded). We analyzed and displayed all data using software developed and written in our laboratory in the MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) environment, including the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX). Analysis of A 1000 INS subjects over 40 years revealed waveform characteristics that can be exploited therapeutically. Analysis of postoperative INS data suggested that tenotomy and resuture (at the original insertions) of the extraocular muscles in the plane of the IN would improve foveation. The NAFX across normal gaze angles showed both peak-value increases and NAFX-curve broadening. We have concluded that all patients with nystagmus should have eye movement recording and analysis. The resulting accurate diagnosis and documentation of INS characteristics (undetectable by clinical observation) identify the best therapy. NAFX analysis allows estimation of postoperative acuities and determination of the most appropriate therapies. This eye movement–based procedure is the first to provide both the physician and patient with a posttherapeutic estimation of specific improvements in visual function that is not possible from acuity measurements alone.
Vergence Hysteresis in Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: serra Alessandro , Dell’osso, louis f. , Wang zhong I
Published: October 2023

Subjects with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) may exhibit hysteresis during disconjugate vergenceeye movements (i.e., fixation of the same target is associated with a higher eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function [NAFX]if the subject is diverging rather than converging). Hysteresis was found to occur in the central 20° of gaze at all examined vergence angles between far (4.2 diopters [D]) and near (60 D). A peripheral mechanism located either in the muscles or in the pulleys was hypothesized as the cause of hysteresis. It was also suggested that transient fixation of a nearer target, before focusing on the object of interest, might be useful in the daily activities of subjects with INS.
Clinical features
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

The clinical features of AS are very heterogeneous; they can be divided into musculoskeletal and extraskeletal manifestations (Table 5.1). The disease symptoms usually start insidiously when patients are in their late teens or early 20s; males are affected roughly twice as commonly as females. Data from developed countries indicate that the average age of onset is around 24 years; onset before age 10 or after age 45 is rare. Approximately 15% of patients have onset of their disease in childhood (before age 16), but this percentage may be as high as 40% in some developing countries.1–3
Other manifestations and complications
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

Acute anterior uveitis, also called acute iritis, is the most common extraarticular feature of AS, occurring in 25% to 40% of patients at some time in the course of their disease1–4 (Fig. 8.1). It is an acute inflammation of the iris and ciliary body and is therefore also called acute iritis or iridocyclitis. It is typically unilateral, and the symptoms usually begin acutely and include pain, increased lacrimation, photophobia, and some blurring of vision. It has a tendency to recur, not infrequently in the contralateral eye. The eye is inflamed, there is circumcorneal congestion, the pupil is small, and the iris is edematous and may appear slightly discolored compared to the contralateral side. There is copious exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye, which can be seen on slit-lamp examination. The inflammation is nongranulomatous—that is, the inflammatory cells adhering to the endothelial lining cells of the cornea form aggregates called keratitic precipitates, which are small, in contrast to what is usually seen in “granulomatous
Assessment of disease activity
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

It is important to distinguish symptoms that reflect active disease from symptoms of a mechanical or psychological nature before making specific treatment decisions.1 Monitoring disease activity using reliable measures enables better assessment of response to treatment. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) correlate only moderately with axial disease activity.2–5 Several instruments have been developed to assess disease activity and severity of AS in a scoring system using symptoms and signs.4–6
Disease management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

The treatment of AS should be individualized based on the disease activity and severity and the patient’s symptoms and signs, functional status, deformities, general health status, comorbid conditions, and wishes.1 The best strategy incorporates patient and family education; lifestyle and work-place modifications; physical therapy; a lifelong program of regular physical exercise; use of medications; when appropriate, referral to appropriate specialists; and monitoring of disease activity and adverse effects of drug therapies.
Intellectual Accomplishments
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

This is the only chapter in this book that will not touch upon the Bronze Age. This is not because the Bronze Age Greeks had no literature, science, or philosophy. Quite to the contrary; the divine names in the Linear B texts suggest a full pantheon ripe with mythic content, just as the fabulous items of gold, silver, and bronze from that era show great familiarity with aspects of metallurgy. Likewise, the lavish funerary architecture and the vast supplies furnishing the tombs of the rich and famous hint strongly at an elaborate conception of the afterlife, thus of humanity’s place in the cosmos.

The problem is that none of this has been recorded for us. The Linear B tablets that tell us the names of the deities do not record the actual myths associated with these deities. Although we know that bronzesmiths understood the working of copper and tin, we have no way of knowing why they thought these metals combined as they did to produce arms and armor. And although we may look at possible parallels in Egypt or the Levant to try to understand what the Bronze Age Minoans and Greeks believed the afterlife to be like, we have none of their own words to describe their view of these concepts. In short, we have no extensive writings, the only real means for understanding the mental workings of a society—the workings expressed through literature, science, and philosophy. The fact that this chapter begins with Homer instead of Minos does not imply that the Minoans and Mycenaeans had no intellectual accomplishments, only that they failed to record them in a way available to a twenty-first-century public.
Growing Up White in Mississippi
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

For his thirteenth birthday, Willie Morris got the gift of his dreams. On a crisp autumn day, November 29, 1947, his parents took him to Starkville, Mississippi, for the annual football classic between Ole Miss and Mississippi State. This year was special because Willie’s two favorite players would go head-to-head in the contest. Tom “Shorty” McWilliams was State’s star player, a triple threat tailback in the single-wing formation. He had transferred from the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he had received All America recognition while playing in the same backfield as the great Doc Blanchard and Glenn Davis. Charlie Conerly led Ole Miss. He had first entered the university in 1941, but left shortly after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. After fighting on Guam and Iwo Jima during World War II, he returned to Ole Miss and became an outstanding passer, runner, and punter. Ole Miss was Willie’s favorite team, and this season had been particularly thrilling because the Rebels were on top of the powerful Southeastern Conference.
Effects
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Beyond doubt, nuclear weapons are the most effective devices ever fabricated for killing vast numbers of people in a short period of time. This does not mean, however, that the explosion of a nuclear bomb or two—or even quite a few of them—will necessarily justify characterizing the destruction wreaked as total annihilation, vaporization, or societal extinguishment. Accordingly, it is important at the outset to assess the effects—and the limits—of nuclear weapons.
Likelihood
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

In his thoughtful, influential, and well-argued 2004 book, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe—a work Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times finds “terrifying”—Graham Allison relayed his “considered judgment” that “on the current path, a nuclear terrorist attack on America in the decade ahead is more likely than not.” He repeated that judgment in an article published two years later—albeit without reducing the terminal interval to compensate—and he had presumably relied on the same inspirational mechanism in 1995 to predict: “In the absence of a determined program of action, we have every reason to anticipate acts of nuclear terrorism against American targets before this decade is out.”
Nonpharmacological options for managing nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Assessment of medication adherence is inconsistent even in clinical drug trials, with only 19% of clinical trials measuring drug adherence in 1974 and up to 47% in 1997–1999. Although research data on nonadherence are mounting (Chapters 2, 3, and 4), adherence assessment in clinicians’ offices is inconsistent and adherence is rarely measured formally. Those who pursue measuring, monitoring, and understanding treatment nonadherence encounter complex issues that may involve changes in personal attitudes and beliefs and acute awareness of their own countertransference, stereotypes, and cultural and scientific biases. When preparing this book, we asked mental health services consumers in Georgia, in the United States, to give us their input on the topic of adherence. Some of the responses we received are included in this chapter, and we are particularly grateful for their insights into this issue. Before presenting the findings from literature on the psychosocial methods that enhance medication adherence in psychiatric illnesses, we will go over basic issues that are at the core of understanding these nonpharmacological measures and could help clinicians develop their own adherence “toolkit.”
Early Modernism
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: October 2023

From the advent of Fauvism to the development of Dada, the early part of this century saw a series of avant-garde movements in European literature, music, and painting, which fundamentally re-examined the languages of the arts. Early Modernism is a uniquely integrated introduction to the great movements of this period. In contrast to the overly literary bias of previous studies of Modernism it highlights the interaction between the arts and the interlinking nature of the developments made by Matisse, Picasso, Schoenberg, Eliot, Apollinaire, Marinetti, Benn and many others. The resulting changes and radical new techniques such as atonality, cubism, and collage, are set in the context both of the art that preceded them and a profound shift in ideas. Theories of the unconscious, the association of ideas, primitivism, and reliance upon upon an expressionist intuition led to a reshaped conception of personal identity, and the book examines the representation of the Modernist self in the work of figures including Joyce, Mann, Conrad, and Stravinsky. Lavishly illustrated, Early Modernism provides an elegant and incisive guide to this momentous period in the history of European art.
English Drama 1586-1642
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

Shakespeare is usually set apart from his contemporaries, in kind no less than quality. This book sees Elizabethan drama as drawn together by a shared need to deal with contradictory pressures from heterogeneous audiences, censorious authorities, profit driven managers, and authors looking for classic status and social esteem. The power of poetry gives these contradictory purposes an intensity and scope that speaks directly to our own motives, aspirations, and evasions. But this connection must be shallow if we do not face the strangeness as well as the accessibility of this repertory. Starting from texts rather than systems, experience rather than explanation, Hunter argues that only by treating the unfamiliar and even the distasteful with equal seriousness can we allow the familiar in Shakespeare its historical separateness as well as its imaginative intimacy.
Preconditions of Elizabethan Drama
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

The key figures in establishing a sophisticated popular drama in sixteenth-century London were not, as we tend to think, the actors or playwrights, for actors and authors and actor-authors had flour is hed in the period of strolling players, without producing work of literary significance, as the strolling player told Robert Greene (see Chapter 3). The key figures were the entrepreneurs who used the semi-criminal methods of early apitalism (raising loans and then using the law’s confusions to avoid repayment) to finance specific theatre buildings, so constructed that the audience would be required to pay for admission and thus generate profit. And profit was essential if plays of sufficient length and complexity were to be developed. Such an entrepreneur was James Burbage, actor and joiner, who in 1576 (with the aid of his brother-in-law John Brayne) leased a plot of land in Shoreditch, just outside the city walls, and on it raised the first purpose-built playhouse in London (the Theatre),2 an enterprise so obviously profitable that it spawned an imitation (the Curtain), built on a neigh bouring lot almost immediately after. Burbage did not long remain content simply to accumulate profits, however, but with typical entrepreneurial restlessness, invested them in new enterprises: in 1596.
The Emergence of the University Wits: Early Tragedy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

The possibilities made available to the playwrights who, in the 1580s, transformed English popular drama from a crude folk art to a sophisticated literary system can be seen as the product of economic, social, and cultural factors which had appeared (for the first time in English history) in the preceding decades. The so-called ‘University Wits’-*Lyly, *Greene, *Peele, *Lodge, *Marlowe, *Nashe (and perhaps we should give the non-university “‘Kyd and Shakespeare at least associate memberships)-belonged to a new breed of secular intellectuals. As such they were able, drawing on their Humanistic education, to create a complex commercial drama, using the nationalization of religious sentiment (banned in any explicit presentation) to reach out to a population similarly caught in the contradictions and liberations that history had imposed drama being the genre most responsive to the tastes and demands of society.
French Cinema in the I990s
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

Following on from Phil Powrie's French Cinema in the 1980s: Nostalgia and the Crisis of Masculinity (Clarendon Press, 1997), this collection of essays, which brings together scholars in the UK and the USA, is the first on French films in the 1990s. The collection focuses on continuity with the 1980s in terms of genres and preoccupations, such as definitions of a national cinema, the heritage film, gay/lesbian issues, and ethnic issues. But it also focuses on key differences: new types of heritage film, whether postcolonial or heritage pastiche; the newly-emerging genre of cinéma de banlieue; and the focus on community and political reflection. Films examined in detail are Les Amants du Pont-Neuf, Le Bonheur est dans le pré, Bye Bye, Chacun cherche son chat, Le Cinquième élément, Douce France, Etat des lieux, Gazon maudit, Germinal, La Haine, Indochine, Irma Vep, Jai pas sommeil, Krim, Merci la vie, Métisse, Mon Père ce héros, Les Nuits fauves, RaÏ, Ridicule, Romuald et Juliette, Les Roseaux sauvages, Trois Couleurs: Blanc, Trois Couleurs: Bleu, Trois Couleurs: Rouge, Un héros très discret, Les Visiteurs. This collection of closely-argued essays will help students and film lovers alike to understand where French cinema has been going in the 1990s.
Alaska: Star of Stage and Screen and Optimistic Punk
Authors: Allinson Mark
Published: October 2023

This essay analyses the iconic status of punk figure and pop star Alaska (Olvido Gara) as used by Pedro Almodóvar in his first commercial feature, Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón [Pepi, Luci, Bom, and Other Girls on the Heap] (1980). Measuring the persona of Alaska against the model of star study (and quickly acknowledging its limitations here), the aim of the essay is to situate Alaska as a representative icon of the subcultural forms of punk and Madrid’s movida, using a cultural studies theoretical framework. The work of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies of the 1970s will be applied to Spain’s (sub)cultural scene of the late 1970s and 1980s. The comparison of Almodóvar’s use of Alaska as cultural icon with British film maker Derek Jarman’s use of UK punk figures Jordan and Toyah in his 1978 film Jubilee both contextualizes the British born cultural debates, and offers explanations for Spain’s relationship to them.
Palace Chapels
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

A chapel is a space reserved for religious services concerning, for example, saints’ anniversaries, devotions to the Virgin, or private devotion alone, as opposed to a church, which has multiple functions. The largest number of chapels are those which form part of a church and those which are dependent on parish churches. Apart from these, the majority of chapels with architectural pretensions are to be found in the castles and other dwellings of royalty and the aristocracy, in palaces in the widest sense. While no palace chapels have survived from the Anglo-Saxon period, they are known to have existed. Alfred’s church at Athelney in Somerset, for example, may have been one, given its royal patron and what appears from William of Malmesbury’s description to have been its centralized plan.
The Perfection of the Pentangle and of Sir Gawain in ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight!’
Authors: Morgan Gerald
Published: October 2023

The progress of the romance of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is commonly taken to be a progress from absolute perfection to relative perfection. Thus John Burrow refers to ‘the geometric absolutism of the pentangle passage’ and subsequently observes that ‘Gawain is not, as the poet claimed in the pentangle passage, “faultless” absolutely, like refined gold or a perfect pearl; but he is so relatively, in comparison with other men.” 1
Estate, Wealth, And Household
Authors: Moreton C E
Published: October 2023

The everyday life of gentry like the Pastons and Townshends was naturally centred upon their estates and the households these supported, because the most unambiguous, though by the later Middle Ages not the only, qualification for gentility was the ownership of land. To keep his social status the landowner had to keep his land and, as McFarlane pointed out, this required more than a passing interest in its management and economic well-being. Few gentlemen could afford to be disinterested rentiers, and even the greatest lords involved themselves in the day-to-day business of their estate and household.
Scaffold Culture And Flash Ballads
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

When the wretched man came forward on the scaffold, he looked pale and ghastly; but his bearing was insolent, and he died with the apparent insensibil ity of a dog. ‘Bravo!’ cried his mother, as the drop fell, and the murderer was launched into eternity: ‘I knew he would die game.’ A woman who had lived in adulterous intercourse with the malefactor was with her in the crowd; they had made up a party to come and see the last of ‘poor Tom’; and when the tragedy was over, sallied off to a public house and made a day of it.
Lender and Landlord
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: October 2023

Dudley had combined commodity trading with currency exchange, banking, and insurance even before he made the transition from com mission agent to general merchant. When established in London, public office and a lucrative marriage extended even further the range of his income and financial interests. Once his initial fortune had been made, an increasing proportion of his capital was placed in safe passive investments. His wife ‘s fortune both added land and urban property to his assets and imposed new responsibilities of estate management.
Introduction
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

The study of the late-Anglo-Saxon aristocracy as a group is possible only because of the survival of a single source: Domesday Book. Other sources for the period which might be expected to shed some light on the landholders in England at this time-in particular narrative sources and charters-give almost no information about laymen other than those who became earls. There is, for example, no large body of private charters from this period. The wills which have survived are interesting in themselves, but are too few in number to establish what general conditions existed. On the other hand the royal charters, although largely concerned with gifts to the Church, are generally witnessed by a number of laymen, who are usually described as ‘ministri’. But in the absence of other information, these charters provide little more than a list of names.
What Is Man’ in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy? Subject, Individual, Citizen
Authors: Balibar Etienne
Published: October 2023

My aim in this chapter is to read again the metaphysicians of the classical period (I have selected Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Locke) by focusing on their conceptions of individuality, inasmuch as these can be compared with contemporary developments in law and political institutions. A judgement by Friedrich Nietzsche in The Will to Power, however questionable it may appear, can introduce us to the interest and difficulty of the task: It proves difficult indeed to classify the authors of the great ‘systems’ in the history of ideas. Many of them are mathematicians or physicians, but they are no longer primarily theologians, logicians, moralists as were their predecessors, nor are they lawyers (with the remarkable exception of Leibniz), or writers, or natural scientists as would be their successors.
The State and the Individual, Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries: Theorizing the Challenge of Subjective Individualism in Britain
Authors: Hampsher-Monk lain
Published: October 2023

The rise and decline of those great European exemplars of the successful polity, the cities of Greece and Rome, were for a long while, and indeed often still are, associated with the promotion and subsequent erosion of codes of ethical restraint on individuals’ subjectivity. The development of the modem European State, on the contrary, has been marked by a long-term disintegration of the ethical codes that had been believed hitherto to sustain European civilization. There was a gradual acceptance, eventually even a celebration, of those subjective aspects of individuality which previous political moralities—Graeco-Roman republicanism and its Renaissance revivals, as well as Christianity—had for the most part, seen it as their business to vanquish, suppress, or control for the greater good of the community. The perception of’subjectivist’ threats to social stability derived from the belief that unconstrained or unmoralized individuals’ desires were limitless, their personal interests conflicting, and their emotional susceptibility destabilizing.
The City Community as an Instance in the European Process of Individualization
Authors: Dilcher Gerhard
Published: October 2023

A person exists, as do animals and plants, from birth to death as an independent being, as an individual. This is a banal biological fact. On the other hand, men and women are social beings, zoon politikon, as was recognized in the very beginnings of European thought. As such, men and women change in their social relationships, as individuals in their own understanding of themselves as well as in the way they are viewed by their environment. These changes take place for the individual throughout his or her life; for groups, societies, and nations—in the course of long historical developments. Incidentally, these processes have determined the gender-specific factors in the relationships between men and women up to the present day. For the first of these processes, the family, childhood, and the initial socialization that occurs there, with the succeeding generations, remains the most important point of reference.
Individuals, Groups and States: A Comparative Overview
Authors: Black Antony
Published: October 2023

It is commonly held that the development of European states was accompanied and facilitated by ‘individualism’ in the sense of a conception of the moral and legal rights of individuals, a view that individual autonomy ought to be maximized, and perhaps an ever-increasing individual self-awareness. The story as often told is one of ties of familial obligation and corporate regulation becoming relaxed and so making space for greater dependence on central court or civic authority. The State itself is said to have undermined or abolished corporate privileges and feudal jurisdictions. Thus it became a partner to commercial and industrial capitalism, by providing freer movement of goods, services, and labour. Legal liberty and social mobility, alongside and interdependent with increased control by the State, were enshrined in the bourgeois-capitalist ethos. This picture is supported by our perception of powerful trends in political philosophy, which sought increasingly to justify state authority on the grounds that it alone promoted true self-interest.
The Integration of Western Europe
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne
Published: October 2023

Whereas France and Germany, for example, had previously been bitter rivals, they became, starting in the early 1950s, the two countries driving the integration process on. Already in the l 950s the six-nation European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of 1951 was transformed into the European Economic Community with the Rome Treaty of 1957. In the early l 970s the EEC expanded its membership to nine (with Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joining in), and in the l 980s the EEC became a group of twelve (as Portugal, Spain, and Greece became members). Along the way, European integration was also deepened through such schemes as EURATOM, the introduction of a Common Agricultural Policy, and the gradual withdrawal of all existing tariff barriers between member states. In 1985 the Single European Act (SEA) marked the beginning of another wave of further integration that would, in the post-Cold War years, transform the EEC into the European Union. All in all, the process of West European integration during the Cold War seemed to have succeeded in uniting at least one half of Europe.