bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical implication of FDG–PET in advanced gastric cancer with signet ring cell histology
Authors: Pak Kyung Ho , Yun Mijin , Cheong Jae‐Ho , Hyung Woo Jin , Choi Seung Ho , Noh Sung Hoon
Published: June 2011

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the standardized uptake values (SUV), a semi‐quantitative assessment of tumor FDG uptake, as a prognosticator for advanced signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC).

Methods

We reviewed the files of 41 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for advanced SRC and who had an FDG–PET at initial presentation between September 2003 and December 2007.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 30.9 months (range: 4.0–70.3). We found a correlation between the SUVmax and TNM stage. When the patients were divided into two groups (low vs. high SUVmax) based on a median SUVmax of 3.80, the high‐SUVmax group showed more aggressive tumor behavior than did the low SUVmax group. In addition, the high SUVmax group showed more postoperative recurrence (P = 0.028), shorter relapse‐free survival (P = 0.004), and lower 30‐month cancer‐specific survival rates (40.0% vs. 69.3%, P = 0.008). However, in multivariate analysis, SUVmax failed to be an independent predictor of overall survival.

Conclusions

Although SUVmax of initial PET scan was not an independent predictor of patient outcomes after curative surgery, higher SUVmax is associated with more advanced stage and indicates more aggressive tumor biology in advanced SRC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:566–570. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retention properties of macroporous spongy monolith and its application for concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Tanigawa Tetsuya , Kato Keita , Watabe Yoshiyuki , Kubo Takuya , Hosoya Ken
Published: June 2011

We report the fundamental chromatographic retention properties of spongy monolith that was previously reported as a novel separation medium for the effective pretreatment of environmental pollutants. According to the detailed examination on liquid chromatographic evaluations using hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and polyaromatic compounds as solutes, the spongy monolith consisted of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and having macroporous co‐continuous structures showed the selective retention ability for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially coplanar compounds, whereas lower selectivity was observed for typical hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds compared with the commonly used C18 medium. Moreover, we demonstrate the effective preconcentration of benzo[a]pyrene using a spongy monolith as a pretreatment column of an online column switching HPLC system.
Development of an index of abundance for pygmy rabbit populations
Authors: Price Amanda J. , Rachlow Janet L.
Published: June 2011

The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a cryptic, burrowing lagomorph of conservation concern for which an efficient method to monitor populations is needed for conservation planning. We developed an index of abundance based on density of active burrow systems at 7 sites (57.2–118.5 ha) in east central Idaho. We conducted censuses of burrow systems and used mark‐resight surveys of 80 radio‐collared individuals to estimate density of rabbits. At 5 sites, we also used a second method to estimate rabbit numbers based on presence of tracks in snow around burrow systems. We evaluated patterns of burrow use by individuals and examined the relationship between vegetation structure and density of rabbits. Density of active burrow systems varied from 0.19 to 3.46 per ha, and density of rabbits ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 per ha. Number of burrow systems used by individuals increased with density of available burrows, which supported a nonlinear relationship between abundance of burrows and rabbits. Population density increased curvilinearly with density of active burrows accounting for >75% of the variation (r2 = 0.79) in population estimates across sites. We documented a positive relationship between visual obstruction of vegetation and density of rabbits across 6 of the study sites. Our results suggest that density of burrows can serve as an index for monitoring changes in abundance of pygmy rabbits in east central Idaho and that this index also might be useful for monitoring changes in relative abundance over time at other locations. To assess abundance at larger spatial scales or across different regions, the index should be calibrated under regional conditions and site‐level covariates should be evaluated. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of roads and crabbing pressures on diamondback terrapin populations in coastal Georgia
Authors: Grosse Andrew M. , Maerz John C. , Hepinstall‐Cymerman Jeffrey , Dorcas Michael E.
Published: June 2011

Human activities, including the harvesting of natural resources and land development, place substantial pressure on wildlife. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a small, estuarine species of emydid turtle in decline and at risk due to a suite of human activities. Vehicle‐induced mortality from increasing coastal traffic and bycatch mortality in crab pots have been recognized as 2 of the primary conservation concerns for terrapins. We used mark‐recapture estimates of terrapin density and sex ratio from repeated seining samples of 29 randomly stratified selected tidal creeks to evaluate the current relationships between road and crabbing pressures and the abundance, sex ratio, and size distribution of terrapin populations along the Georgia coast. We obtained 2005 captures of 1,547 individual terrapins among 29 tidal creeks sampled. Population density estimates ranged from 0 to 1,040 terrapins/km among tidal creeks with a median density of 65 terrapins/km. Among all sites, terrapin density declined with increasing crabbing activity within the creek, but was not related to proximity to roads. Sex ratios did not vary significantly with crabbing activity or proximity to roads; however, we found a significantly larger proportion of smaller‐sized terrapins in creeks with no crabbing activity. Although roads may have significant localized effects on terrapin populations, we found no measurable association between proximity to roads and current variation in terrapin density along the Georgia coast. However, we did find that terrapin density and the proportion of smaller sized individuals within the population were negatively associated with crabbing activities. Bycatch from commercial and recreational activities threaten many species. We add to a growing body of research showing crabbing activities are affecting diamondback terrapin populations across much of the species' range. States committed to the conservation of terrapins and coastal species should focus on reducing bycatch risk; for example by regulating soak times and locations, requiring the use of bycatch reduction devices, and removing abandoned or lost crab pots from coastal habitats. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Habitat selection by western snowy plovers during the nonbreeding season
Authors: Brindock Kevin M. , Colwell Mark A.
Published: June 2011

Conservation of rare populations requires managing habitat throughout the year, especially during winter when northern populations may be limited by food and predation. Consequently, we examined distribution of nonbreeding western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus), including individually marked birds that were year‐round residents and others that were migrants, in coastal northern California. Over 2 years, banded plovers exhibited high site faithfulness, occupying small linear stretches of beach (752 ± 626 m). Sites occupied by plovers had more brown algae (e.g., Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Postelsia, and Fucus) and associated invertebrates (e.g., amphipods, and flies), were wider, and had less vegetation than unoccupied sites. Our findings suggest that wintering plovers select habitats with more food and where they could more easily detect predators. Maintaining habitat with attributes that support abundant food (i.e., brown algae) and reduce predation risk (i.e., wide beaches, limited obstructive cover) may be important to individual survival and maintaining the Pacific Coast population of snowy plovers. Protecting occupied sites from human disturbance, which adversely alters nonbreeding habitat (i.e., beach grooming) and directly causes mortality, may be essential for conserving the Pacific coast population of the snowy plover, and it may benefit other shorebirds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Evaluating the effect of predators on white‐tailed deer: Movement and diet of coyotes
Authors: Turner Melissa M. , Rockhill Aimee P. , DePerno Christopher S. , Jenks Jonathan A. , Klaver Robert W. , Jarding Angela R. , Grovenburg Troy W. , Pollock Kenneth H.
Published: June 2011

Coyotes (Canis latrans) may affect adult and neonate white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) survival and have been implicated as a contributor to the decline of deer populations. Additionally, coyote diet composition is influenced by prey availability, season, and region. Because coyote movement and diet vary by region, local data are important to understand coyote population dynamics and their impact on prey species. In southeast Minnesota, we investigated the effect of coyotes on white‐tailed deer populations by documenting movement rates, distances moved, and habitats searched by coyotes during fawning and nonfawning periods. Additionally, we determined survival, cause‐specific mortality, and seasonal diet composition of coyotes. From 2001 to 2003, we captured and radiocollared 30 coyotes. Per‐hour rate of movement averaged 0.87 km and was greater (P = 0.046) during the fawning (1.07 km) than the nonfawning period (0.80 km); areas searched were similar (P = 0.175) between seasons. Coyote habitat use differed during both seasons; habitats were not used in proportion to their availability (P < 0.001). Croplands were used more (P < 0.001) than their proportional availability during both seasons. Use of grasslands was greater during the fawning period (P = 0.030), whereas use of cropland was greater in the nonfawning period (P < 0.001). We collected 66 fecal samples during the nonfawning period; coyote diets were primarily composed ofMicrotusspp. (65.2%), and consumption of deer was 9.1%. During the study, 19 coyotes died; annual survival rate range was 0.33–0.41, which was low compared with other studies. Consumption of deer was low and coyotes searched open areas (i.e., cropland) more than fawning areas with dense cover. These factors in addition to high coyote mortality suggested that coyote predation was not likely limiting white‐tailed deer populations in southeast Minnesota. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Forage quality's influence on mule deer fawns
Authors: Tollefson Troy N. , Shipley Lisa A. , Myers Woodrow L. , Dasgupta Nairanjana
Published: June 2011

In many mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations, recruitment of fawns drives population dynamics. The quality of food available to females and their fawns in summer and autumn may play an important role in fawn recruitment. We examined direct links between digestible energy (DE) content of food and the DE intake of females on the nutrient concentration of milk and between the nursing behavior, DE intake, growth, and survival in captive mule deer fawns. We offered females and their fawns diets that simulated the natural decline in DE content of forage from mid‐summer to late autumn in many western landscapes. Fawns fed a higher DE diet weighed 14% more at the onset of winter, had fewer unsuccessful nursing attempts, consumed milk with more protein and energy, and had higher survival than fawns fed a low DE diet. Differences between fawn performances among treatments were greatest when diet quality began decreasing earlier in the summer. Because our results indicate that summer and autumn nutrition is likely to influence fawn recruitment, wildlife biologists should include metrics for summer precipitation and late autumn fawn mass in population models, and land managers should focus on methods for improving the nutritional carrying capacity of summer and early autumn habitats. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Detectability of lesser prairie‐chicken leks: A comparison of surveys from aircraft
Authors: McRoberts Jon T. , Butler Matthew J. , Ballard Warren B. , Whitlaw Heather A. , Haukos David A. , Wallace Mark C.
Published: June 2011

Lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) are traditionally monitored by spring road‐based lek surveys and counts of males attending leks. Several weaknesses exist with ground‐based monitoring methods such as the bias of restricting surveys to roads, unknown probability of lek detection, and man‐hours required to survey large tracts of habitat. We evaluated aerial surveys to locate lesser prairie‐chicken leks in Texas and New Mexico using a Cessna 172 airplane (C172), R‐22 Beta II helicopter (R‐22), and R‐44 Raven II helicopter (R‐44) during spring 2007–2008. We determined lek activity during surveys with remote cameras placed on leks and cross‐referenced time on the photo frame to time on our Global Positioning System flight log. From remote cameras we found that 305 leks were available for detection during survey flights. We determined lek detectability was 32.7% (95% CI = 20.3–47.1%) in the C172, 72.3% (64.50–79.14%) in the R‐22, and 89.8% (82.0–95.0%) in the R‐44. We created 16 a priori logistic regression models incorporating aircraft platform, distance to lek, survey date, lek size, and lek type to explain lek detection from aerial surveys. Our top ranked model included platform, distance, and lek type (model weight; wi = 0.288). We had four competitive models and model averaged to draw inferences. Model averaging showed that detectability was generally greatest with the R‐44, followed by the R‐22, and lowest with the C172, with a slight deviation from this ranking at increased distances. Within our transect width, model averaging also suggested that detectability decreased as distance from the transect to the lek increased during helicopter surveys, and detectability increased as distance from the transect to the lek increased during C172 surveys. Furthermore, man‐made leks were more likely to be detected than natural leks and large leks were more likely to be detected than medium or small leks. Aerial surveys effectively locate new leks and monitor lek density, and alleviate weaknesses associated with ground‐based monitoring. We recommend using the R‐44 to conduct lek surveys while flying at an altitude of 15 m at a speed of 60 km/hr on sunny mornings. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of weather on avian migration at proposed ridgeline wind energy sites
Authors: Thomas Philippe J. , Labrosse Adrienne K. , Pomeroy Andrea C. , Otter Ken A.
Published: June 2011

With the popularity of wind energy increasing globally, concerns surfaced in the 1980s as to the potential adverse effects of wind turbines on migrating birds. Understanding how weather conditions influence passage rates can help determine the potential for increased avian–turbine collisions. Using vertical and horizontal mounted marine radars, raptor stand watch observations, and portable handheld weather stations, we studied how temperature, cloud cover, barometric pressure, wind direction, and wind speed affected avian passage rates and height of migrants over 3 ridges (Wartenbe, North Dokie, and South Dokie) being developed for wind energy in northern British Columbia. Using an Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), we determined that a reduced model combining wind speed, barometric pressure, and cloud cover was best at explaining and predicting higher passage rates (expressed as no. birds/hr) in the fall migration for both diurnal and nocturnal migrants. Wind speed proved the most important predictor of passage rates for spring nocturnal migrants and a combination of cloud cover, temperature, and wind direction for diurnal spring migrants. Wind speed also predicted decreases in flight altitude among nocturnal migrants but increased altitude in diurnal migrants. This information coupled with migration timing and topographical areas of higher migrant activity can be useful to wind energy proponents who wish to mitigate collision risk with migrating birds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Elk survival and mortality causes in the Blue Mountains of Washington
Authors: McCorquodale Scott M. , Wik Paul A. , Fowler Pat E.
Published: June 2011

We studied survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) ≥1 yr old and quantified mortality sources in the Blue Mountains of Washington, 2003–2006, following a period of extensive poaching. The population was managed under a spike‐only general hunting season, with limited permits for larger males and for females. We radiomarked 190 elk (82 males and 39 females >1 yr old and 65 males 11 months old), most with rumen transmitters and neck radiocollars; 60 elk only received rumen transmitters. We estimated annual survival using known fate models and explored survival differences among sex and age classes and in 2 potentially different vulnerability zones for males. We found little support for differences in survival between younger (2–3‐yr old) and older (≥4‐yr old) branch‐antlered males or zone differences for yearling males. A model with zone differences for branch‐antlered males was the second ranked model and accounted for 14% of the available model weight. From the best‐supported models, we estimated annual survival for yearling males at 0.41 (95% CI: 0.29–0.53). We estimated pooled adult female survival at 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64–0.93); when an age‐class effect was included, point estimates were higher for prime‐aged females (2–11 yr: S = 0.81 [0.70–0.88]) than for older females (≥12 yr: S = 0.72 [0.56–0.83]), but confidence intervals broadly overlapped. Only 1 of 7 models with a female age effect on survival was among the competitive models. For branch‐antlered males, survival ranged 0.80–0.85, depending on whether zone variation was modeled. We recorded 78 deaths of radiomarked elk. Human‐caused deaths (n = 55) predominated among causes and most were of yearling males killed during state‐sanctioned hunts (n = 28). Most subadult male deaths were from tribal hunting (n = 5), and most mature males died from natural causes (n = 6) and tribal hunting (n = 5). We detected few illegal kills (n = 4). Our results suggest that increased enforcement effectively reduced poaching, that unreported tribal harvest was not a trivial source of mortality, and that spike‐only general seasons were effective in recruiting branch‐antlered males. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating occupancy dynamics in an anuran assemblage from Louisiana, USA
Authors: Walls Susan C. , Waddle J. Hardin , Dorazio Robert M.
Published: June 2011

Effective monitoring programs are designed to track changes in the distribution, occurrence, and abundance of species. We developed an extension of Royle and Kéry's (2007) single species model to estimate simultaneously temporal changes in probabilities of detection, occupancy, colonization, extinction, and species turnover using data on calling anuran amphibians, collected from 2002 to 2006 in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Louisiana, USA. During our 5‐year study, estimates of occurrence probabilities declined for all 12 species detected. These declines occurred primarily in conjunction with variation in estimates of local extinction probabilities (cajun chorus frog [Pseudacris fouquettei], spring peeper [P. crucifer], northern cricket frog [Acris crepitans], Cope's gray treefrog [Hyla chrysoscelis], green treefrog [H. cinerea], squirrel treefrog [H. squirella], southern leopard frog [Lithobates sphenocephalus], bronze frog [L. clamitans], American bullfrog [L. catesbeianus], and Fowler's toad [Anaxyrus fowleri]). For 2 species (eastern narrow‐mouthed toad [Gastrophryne carolinensis] and Gulf Coast toad [Incilius nebulifer]), declines in occupancy appeared to be a consequence of both increased local extinction and decreased colonization events. The eastern narrow‐mouthed toad experienced a 2.5‐fold increase in estimates of occupancy in 2004, possibly because of the high amount of rainfall received during that year, along with a decrease in extinction and increase in colonization of new sites between 2003 and 2004. Our model can be incorporated into monitoring programs to estimate simultaneously the occupancy dynamics for multiple species that show similar responses to ecological conditions. It will likely be an important asset for those monitoring programs that employ the same methods to sample assemblages of ecologically similar species, including those that are rare. By combining information from multiple species to decrease the variance on estimates of individual species, our results are advantageous compared to single‐species models. This feature enables managers and researchers to use an entire community, rather than just one species, as an ecological indicator in monitoring programs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The role of tower height and guy wires on avian collisions with communication towers
Authors: Gehring Joelle , Kerlinger Paul , Manville Albert M.
Published: June 2011

Every year an estimated 4–5 million migratory birds collide with communication towers in the United States. We examined the relative risks that tower support systems and tower height pose to migrating and other birds. We collected data comparing tower support systems (guyed vs. unguyed) and tower height categories in Michigan during 20 days of the peak of songbird migration at 6 towers in September–October 2003, 23 towers in May 2004, 24 towers in September 2004, and 6 towers in both May and September 2005. We systematically and simultaneously searched for bird carcasses under each tower and measured carcass removal and observer detection rates each season. Of those towers, 21 were between 116 and 146 m above ground level (AGL, medium) and 3 were >305 m AGL (tall). During the five 20‐day sample periods we found a mean of 8.2 bird carcasses per guyed medium tower and a mean of 0.5 bird carcasses under unguyed medium towers. During four 20‐day sample periods we detected a mean of 34.7 birds per guyed tall tower. Using both parametric and nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference multiple comparison procedure) we determined that unguyed medium towers were involved in significantly fewer fatalities than guyed medium towers. We detected 54–86% fewer fatalities at guyed medium towers than at guyed tall towers. We found 16 times more fatalities at guyed medium towers than at unguyed medium towers. Tall, guyed towers were responsible for 70 times as many bird fatalities as the unguyed medium towers and nearly five times as many as guyed medium towers. These findings will provide managers and regulators, such as the US Fish and Wildlife Service, with quantitative data; thereby, allowing them to effectively work with the Federal Communications Commission in siting and authorizing tower placement. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Skip your biggest problem
Authors: Burrus Daniel , Mann John David
Published: June 2011

Daniel Burrus offers a startling suggestion: we should face our biggest problem squarely in the eye and then skip it. Skipping your biggest problem means “stepping outside the flat plane of the existing situation and gaining a clearer perspective.” He shows how several companies have done just that to make giant leaps forward.
Respect your customers
Authors: Quelch John A. , Jocz Katherine E.
Published: June 2011

Respect is a fundamental value in human relationships, important in families, education, governing, the military, and business. Yet, the authors say, the complexities of demonstrating respect are fraught with potential pitfalls. They offer advice on how to assess how well the organization exhibits both respectful attitudes and respectful behaviors toward customers.
Morphology of Lithium‐Containing Diblock Copolymer Thin Films
Authors: Metwalli Ezzeldin , Nie Man , Körstgens Volker , Perlich Jan , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: June 2011

The morphology of block‐copolymer, ion‐conductive, electrolyte thin films is studied. Based on PS‐b‐PEO and the alkali salt Li[N(CF3SO2)2], hybrid structures are probed as a function of Li/PEO ratio. Using optical microscopy, AFM and grazing incidence SAXS, films of 50 nm thickness are probed right after spin‐coating. Below a critical Li/PEO weight ratio of 0.015, the crystallization of PEO is prohibited and nanostructured block copolymer films with Li incorporated in the PEO domains are obtained. In the range of 0.015 > Li/PEO > 0.035, aggregation of Li salt on the polymer film surface occurs. Solvent‐vapor annealing of such films further enriches the Li salt at the surface. For Li/PEO > 0.035, the electrolyte films become unstable and dewet on the surface of the silicon substrate.

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Synthesis of Reactive Amphiphilic Copolymers Based on Oligoglycidol Macromonomers
Authors: Pargen Sascha , Omeis Jürgen , Jaunky Guillaume , Keul Helmut , Möller Martin
Published: June 2011

Various linear and branched oligoglycidol macromonomers are prepared using anionic ring opening polymerization of the monomers ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) and glycidol. Starting with 4‐vinyl benzyl alcohol (VBA), allyl glycol or N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) methacryl amide (HEMAm) oligoglycidol macromomonomers with three to six repeating units are obtained in good yields and characterized with NMR, SEC, DSC and TGA. These macromonomers are versatile tools and can be used as prepolymers for the synthesis of reactive amphiphilic copolymers. The successful conversion of the macromonomers to copolymers via radical polymerization is demonstrated.

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Biocompatible Micelles Based on Comb‐like PEG Derivates: Formation, Characterization, and Photo‐responsiveness
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jian , Liu Gong‐Yan , Shi Ye‐Ting , Zhu Cong‐Shan , Pang Shao‐Peng , Liu Xiang‐Sheng , Ji Jian
Published: June 2011

A novel comb‐like derivative CPEG‐g‐DNQ was prepared by incorporating light responsive 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (DNQ) groups into the structure of comb‐like poly(ethylene glycol) (CPEG). DLS and TEM results showed that CPEG‐g‐DNQ self‐assembled into spherical micelles with an average size of about 135 nm in water. Upon exposure to light, the micelles could be disrupted because of the conversion of hydrophobic DNQ to hydrophilic 3‐indenecarboylic acid. Additionally, hydrophobic coumarin 102 was successfully loaded into the micelles and photo‐induced ON‐OFF release was demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy. MTT assay revealed that the micelles are biocompatible. These photo‐responsive micelles might have great potential for controlled release of hydrophobic drugs.

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Impact of Structure and Functionality of Core Polyol in Highly Functional Biobased Epoxy Resins
Authors: Pan Xiao , Webster Dean C.
Published: June 2011

Highly functional biobased epoxy resins were prepared using dipentaerythritol (DPE), tripentaerythritol (TPE), and sucrose as core polyols that were substituted with epoxidized soybean oil fatty acids, and the impact of structure and functionality of the core polyol on the properties of the macromolecular resins and their epoxy‐anhydride thermosets was explored. The chemical structures, functional groups, molecular weights, and compositions of epoxies were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). The epoxies were also studied for their bulk viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and density. Crosslinked with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), epoxy‐anhydride thermosets were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile tests, and tests of coating properties. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was used as a control. Overall, the sucrose‐based thermosets exhibited the highest moduli, having the most rigid and ductile performance while maintaining the highest biobased content. DPE/TPE‐based thermosets showed modestly better thermosetting performance than the control ESO thermoset.

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Optical characterization of the surface of plasma sprayed stochastic structures
Authors: Hübsch C. , Erne M. , Möhwald K. , Bach Fr.‐W. , Bretschneider M. , Kästner M. , Reithmeier E.
Published: June 2011

In diesem Beitrag wird die Erzeugung von Oberflächen mit stochastisch verteilten Mikrostrukturen durch thermisches Spritzen mit unterschiedlichen Prozessparametern beschrieben. Diese Oberflächen werden mit einem optischen Rauheitsmessgerät flächenhaft erfasst und weiterverarbeitet, so dass jede einzelne Struktur identifiziert wird. Aus diesen Daten werden Kenngrößen, wie die Fläche, das Volumen und die Tiefe der Strukturen, ebenso wie verschiedene Porositäten berechnet. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird eine Korrelation von Spritzparametern und Oberflächenkennwerten erstellt. Außerdem werden tribologische Experimente mit den Oberflächen durchgeführt und der gemessene Reibwert mit der Fläche, der Tiefe und der mittleren Rauheit abseits der Strukturen korreliert.
Microstructural weld seam characterisation in the as extruded condition for Al‐Mg‐Si‐alloys
Authors: Engelhardt M. , Grittner N. , Bormann D. , Bach Fr.‐W.
Published: June 2011

Pressschweißnähte oder auch Längspressnähte entstehen beim Strangpressen mit sogenannten Kammer‐ oder Brückenwerkzeugen. Diese sind bei der Herstellung der industriell relevanten Hohlprofile unvermeidbar, stellen jedoch für mechanisch anspruchsvolle Anwendungen oftmals die kritische Schwachstelle dar. Eine Charakterisierung der Pressnahtqualität, mit den dazugehörigen mechanischen Kennwerten, ist auf Grund der komplexen Profilgeometrien jedoch häufig schwer oder unmöglich. Bisherige Forschungen nutzten hierfür Aufdornproben, Biege‐ oder Zugversuche an Profilen bzw. Profilabschnitten, welche allerdings keine grundlegenden Aussagen zulassen. In den hier dargestellten Untersuchungen wurde dieses Problem durch das Pressen flacher Bänder aus EN‐AW 6060 und EN‐AW 6082 mit einer mittig liegenden Längsnaht umgangen. Die Pressungen wurden mit unterschiedlichen Blockeinsatztemperaturen und Pressgeschwindigkeiten durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Parameter auf die Pressnahteigenschaften feststellen zu können. Die flachen gepressten Bänder ermöglichen standardisierte Zugversuche zur Ermittlung der mechanischen Kennwerte. Hauptaugenmerk wurde bei den weiterführenden Untersuchungen auf das mikrostrukturelle Gefüge gelegt, um eine visuelle Charakterisierung von Pressnähten zu ermöglichen.
Development of material models to describe the local properties of the heat affected zone of high strength steel sheets
Authors: Wesling V. , Schram A. , Aschermann L.
Published: June 2011

In der Feinblechverarbeitung ist die Betrachtung der gesamten Prozesskette eine wichtige Voraussetzung zur Verbesserung der Festigkeitsbeurteilung an Strukturen und Bauteilen. Insbesondere beim Einsatz hochfester Feinbleche, die einem komplexen Anforderungsprofil genügen müssen, kommt der Eigenschaftsentwicklung und Fertigungsablauf eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Im Rahmen der dargestellten Forschungsarbeiten wurden die Werkstoffreaktionen auf der Basis der thermischen Wirkung unterschiedlicher Fügeprozesse experimentell an Mehrphasenstählen im Bereich der Wärmeeinflusszone untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens am HCT600XD, HCT780XD, SZBS800 sowie am LH800 durchgeführt. Exemplarisch werden die Vorgehensweisen und die Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit anhand des HCT600XD und SZBS800 beschrieben.
Microstructure investigations and mechanical properties of an Al‐Al2O3 MMC produced by semi‐solid solidification
Authors: Carrasco C. , Camurri C. , García J. , Montalba C. , Prat O. , Rojas D.
Published: June 2011

The influence of the semi‐solid solidification production parameters (shear rate and agitation time) and the concentration of reinforcing particles on the microstructure formation and mechanical properties of a 520 aluminum alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particles was investigated. Depending on the content of reinforcing particles and the stirring conditions different rosette structures were formed. The type of wear mechanism (delamination or adhesion) depends on the size of the rosettes and the distribution of Al2O3 reinforcements. Best mechanical properties were obtained for metal matrix composites reinforced with 12 wt% of Al2O3 stirred at a shear rate of 2100 s–1 for 1800 s. These samples showed tensile strength and yield stress similar to the commercial A520 alloy. The hardness and wear resistance were improved by the addition of Al2O3 particles, meanwhile the elongation to fracture was reduced.
A cost analysis of intraoperative microelectrode recording during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: McClelland Shearwood
Published: June 2011

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is the standard of care for treating medically intractable Parkinson's disease. Although the adjunct of microelectrode recording improves the targeting accuracy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in comparison with image guidance alone, there has been no investigation of the financial cost of intraoperative microelectrode recording. This study was performed to address this issue. A comprehensive literature search of large subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation series (minimum, 75 patients) was performed, revealing a mean operating room time of 223.83 minutes for unilateral and 279.79 minutes for simultaneous bilateral implantation. The baseline operating room time was derived from the published operating room time for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation without microelectrode recording. The total cost (operating room, anesthesia, neurosurgery) was then calculated based on hospitals geographically representative of the entire United States. The average cost for subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation implantation with microelectrode recording per patient is $26,764.79 for unilateral, $33,481.43 for simultaneous bilateral, and $53,529.58 for staged bilateral. For unilateral implantation, the cost of microelectrode recording is $19,461.75, increasing the total cost by 267%. For simultaneous bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $20,535.98, increasing the total cost by 159%. For staged bilateral implantation, microelectrode recording costs $38,923.49, increasing the total cost by 267%. Microelectrode recording more than doubles the cost of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and more than triples the cost for unilateral and staged bilateral procedures. The cost burden of microelectrode recording to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation requires the clinical efficacy of microelectrode recording to be proven in a prospective evidence‐based manner in order to curtail the potential for excessive financial burden to the health care system. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
An unusual location of ulnar nerve pathology: A perineurioma of the ulnar nerve in the upper arm
Authors: Groeneweg Alexandra J.M. , Hartman Ed H. , Fleischeuer Ruth , Visser Leo H.
Published: June 2011

A young man presented with progressive motor weakness and atrophy of the ulnar muscles of his left hand over a period of more than 2 years. Electrodiagnostic studies indicated an ulnar nerve lesion, but it was not localized. High‐resolution sonography of the ulnar nerve revealed an enlarged and hypoechogenic ulnar nerve at an unusual location, namely 12.5 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle. Histology showed that this was an intraneural perineurioma. High‐resolution sonography of the ulnar nerve is very useful in the discovery of this unusual location of nerve pathology and may assist in its early detection. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Models of inflammation of the lower urinary tract
Authors: Bjorling Dale E. , Wang Zun‐Yi , Bushman Wade
Published: June 2011

Inflammation of the lower urinary tract occurs frequently in people. The causes remain obscure, with the exception of urinary tract infection. Animal models have proven useful for investigating and assessing mechanisms underlying symptoms associated with lower urinary tract inflammation and options for suppressing these symptoms. This review will discuss various animal models of lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline spontaneous (interstitial) cystitis, neurogenic cystitis, autoimmune cystitis, cystitis induced by intravesical instillation of chemicals or bacterial products (particularly lipopolysaccharide or LPS), and prostatic inflammation initiated by transurethral instillation of bacteria. Animal models will continue to be of significant value in identifying mechanisms resulting in bladder inflammation, but the relevance of some of these models to the causes underlying clinical disease is unclear. This is primarily because of the lack of understanding of causes of these disorders in people. Comparative and translational studies are required if the full potential of findings obtained with animal models to improve prevention and treatment of lower urinary tract inflammation in people is to be realized. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:673–682, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining cure
Authors: Hilton Paul , Robinson Dudley
Published: June 2011

This paper is a summary of the presentations made as Proposal 2—“Defining cure” to the 2nd Annual meeting of the ICI‐Research Society, in Bristol, 16th June 2010. It reviews definitions of ‘cure’ and ‘outcome’, and considers the impact that varying definition may have on prevalence studies and cure rates. The difference between subjective and objective outcomes is considered, and the significance that these different outcomes may have for different stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, patients, carers, industry etc.) is discussed. The development of patient reported outcome measures and patient defined goals is reviewed, and consideration given to the use of composite end‐points. A series of proposals are made by authors and discussants as to how currently validated outcomes should be applied, and where our future research activity in this area might be directed. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:741–745, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is tissue engineering and biomaterials the future for lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD)/pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?
Authors: Aboushwareb Tamer , Mckenzie Patrick , Wezel Felix , Southgate Jennifer , Badlani Gopal
Published: June 2011

The fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have seen major advances over the span of the past two decades, with biomaterials playing a central role. Although the term “regenerative medicine” has been applied to encompass most fields of medicine, in fact urology has been one of the most progressive. Many urological applications have been investigated over the past decades, with the culmination of these technologies in the introduction of the first laboratory‐produced organ to be placed in a human body.1 With the quality of life issues associated with urinary incontinence, there is a strong driver to identify and introduce new technologies and the potential exists for further major advancements from regenerative medicine approaches using biomaterials, cells or a combination of both. A central question is why use biomaterials? The answer rests on the need to make up for inadequate or lack of autologous tissue, to decrease morbidity and to improve long‐term efficacy. Thus, the ideal biomaterial needs to meet the following criteria: (1) Provide mechanical and structural support, (2) Maintain compliance and be biocompatible with surrounding tissues, and (3) Be “fit for purpose” by meeting specific application needs ranging from static support to bioactive cell signaling. In essence, this represents a wide range of biomaterials with a spectrum of potential applications, from use as a supportive or bulking implant alone, to implanted biomaterials that promote integration and eventual replacement by infiltrating host cells, or scaffolds pre‐seeded with cells prior to implant. In this review we shall discuss the structural versus the integrative uses of biomaterials by referring to two key areas in urology of (1) pelvic organ support for prolapse and stress urinary incontinence, and (2) bladder replacement/augmentation. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:775–782, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogens and the lower urinary tract
Authors: Robinson Dudley , Cardozo Linda
Published: June 2011

The urogenital tract is sensitive to the effect of oestrogen and progesterone throughout adult life. Epidemiological studies have implicated oestrogen deficiency in the aetiology of lower urinary tract symptoms occurring following the menopause. Although to date the role of oestrogen replacement therapy in the management of postmenopausal urinary incontinence remains controversial its use in the management of women complaining of urogenital atrophy is now well established.

This aim of this paper is to review the recent evidence regarding the urogenital effects of hormone therapy with a particular emphasis on the management of postmenopausal urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, recurrent lower urinary tract infections and urogenital atrophy. In addition to a review of the available evidence suggestions are also made regarding priorities for further research in the field. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:754–757, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromodulation for intractable OAB
Authors: Apostolidis Apostolos
Published: June 2011

To review the current status of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of intractable overactive bladder symptoms, the PubMed English‐language literature was used to address efficacy, technical issues, alternative techniques, the mechanism of action, adverse events, the cost‐effectiveness, and current considerations on the use of SNM as second‐line treatment in OAB. Several studies attest to the short‐ and long‐term efficacy of SNM in reducing urgency incontinence and the remaining OAB symptoms. Few, medium‐sized sample, randomized controlled trials exist. Little is known about long‐term patient satisfaction from SNM and prognostic factors have not been identified. Technical advances have significantly improved patient selection and outcomes, as well as complication rates, but revision rates still remain high. The mechanism of action remains largely unknown, but appears to be associated with reorganization of spinal reflexes and regulation of cortical activity. Reports on cost‐effectiveness are conflicting. Less invasive forms of SNM may offer a viable alternative to central SNM. In conclusion, current evidence supports the short‐ and long‐term efficacy of SNM in treating intractable OAB, but further research is needed to improve patient selection, identify prognostic factors, clarify the mechanism of action and reduce complications and revision rates. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:766–770, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed magnetic stimulation with a high‐frequency continuous magnetic stimulator (SMN‐X) does not exert an adverse effect on genital organs and the estrous cycle in female Iar:Wistar‐Imamichi rats
Authors: Sato Eiichi , Ueda Yoshihiko , Imai Yasuo , Suda Shin , Nakamura Tsukasa , Yamanishi Tomonori , Shinoda Motoo
Published: June 2011

Aims

To histopathologically verify whether high‐frequency continuous stimulation exerts adverse effects on genital organs (uterus and ovaries) and the estrous cycle in rats through comparison of 3 groups.

Methods

The device studied was a high‐frequency continuous magnetic stimulator (SMN‐X, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo). Thirteen female Iar:Wistar‐Imamichi rats (SPF) were randomly divided into 3 groups: active treatment (MS) group (n = 7), sham treatment group, where rats were placed on a table 1 m away from the stimulator so that they could hear the sounds of the stimulator (n = 3) and control (no treatment) group (n = 3). The MS group underwent thirty‐six 25‐minute sessions of pulsed magnetic stimulation at the maximum output level (560 mT peak) (once/day, 5 days/week). At the end of the study period, the uterus and ovaries were removed for histological examinations. Estradiol and progesterone levels were assayed and the estrous cycle, bodyweight gain and daily behaviors were recorded.

Results

From results of histopathology and endocrinology, assays of the estrous cycle, and recordings of bodyweight gain and organ weight, no adverse effects of long‐term pulsed magnetic stimulation were noted. There were no significant intergroup differences with regard to any item evaluated.

Conclusion

In the study setting, SMN‐X did not exert any adverse effect on the uterus, ovaries, estrous cycle and hormone levels as well as blood cell counts, bodyweight gain and daily behavior in female SPF rats. The present results may be a step forward in the discussion of the safety of SMN‐X for clinical use in humans. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1675–1680, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the urinary tract—computational, physical, and biological methods
Authors: Fry C.H. , Sadananda P. , Wood D.N. , Thiruchelvam N. , Jabr R.I. , Clayton R.
Published: June 2011

Models of the lower urinary tract are used to understand better the physiological and pathological functions of the tract and to gain insight into the relative importance of different components. The key requirement of a model is described, namely: to involve a continuous iteration with experiment; whereby experiments provide parameters and validation for components of the model, which is then used to generate hypotheses, which are tested experimentally. Different types of models are described: computational models that describe mathematically the whole urinary tract or components; physical models useful especially in testing medical devices; and tissue‐engineered models. The purpose of modeling is first described in terms of the ability of models to predict the properties of the system of interest, using components that have a physiological interpretation, and to gain insight into the relative importance of different components. Examples are used to illustrate the use of modeling the urinary tract with reference to the different categories listed above. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:692–699, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent signaling from the bladder: Species differences evident from extracellular recordings of pelvic and hypogastric nerves
Authors: De Wachter Stefan
Published: June 2011

The afferent nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of lower urinary tract (LUT) function. Multiple methods to study the afferent nervous system in the LUT have been described. This overview focuses on extracellular afferent nerve recordings of the pelvic and hypogastric nerves in cat, rat, mouse, and guinea pig from in vivo and in vitro models and considers how such recordings may lend to the understanding of interspecies differences. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:647–652, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of continence and surgical cure in female and male SUI: Surgical research initiatives
Authors: Staskin David , Tubaro Andrea , Norton Peggy A. , Ashton‐Miller James A.
Published: June 2011

Aims

To report the conclusions of the Think Tank on mechanisms of incontinence and surgical cure in female and male SUI: surgical research initiatives during the ICI‐RS meeting in 2010.

Methods

The sub‐group considered five areas for future research in stress urinary incontinence (SUI); (i) epidemiology and public health efforts in SUI, (ii) the basic sciences examining the physiology and pathophysiology of the continence mechanism, (iii) diagnostic techniques and clinical assessment of SUI, (iv) the future of treatment and surgical cure, and (v) the separate issue of male SUI.

Results

Roadblocks to progress were identified for each of the five directions.

Conclusions

Future research directions are suggested for each of these areas. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:704–707, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.