bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased Host‐Cell Reactivation of UV‐lrradiated Adenovirus in Human Colon Tumor Cell Lines that Have Normal Post‐UV Survival|
Authors: Day Rufus S. , Rasouli‐Nia Aghdass , Meservy James , Lari Sibghat‐Ullah , Dobler Kelly , Tsunoda Shigeru , Miyakoshi Junji , Takebe Hiraku , Murray David
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An ongoing study in our laboratories is to examine the relationship of DNA repair defects to human cancer. Our underlying hypothesis has been that human tumors may arise that lack interesting DNA repair pathways if these pathways are important in preventing cancer. In this study, we found that the UV‐irradiated adenoviruses showed hypersensitivity when assayed on monolayers of certain human colon tumor cell lines, including three that are reported to have defects in long patch DNA mismatch repair genes and one with no reported defect in mismatch repair. The survival curves showed two components. The first sensitive component was characteristic of 77–95% of the infections depending upon the cell line and the experiment and had an average slope indicating 4.8‐fold hypersensitivity to UV. The average of the second‐component slopes indicated that the remainder of the infections was accompanied by near‐normal repair. Although the value of the first component indicated that the colon tumor lines supported the growth of UV‐dam‐aged adenoviruses poorly, the cell lines themselves showed the same post‐UV colony‐forming ability as did normal human fibroblasts, and their ability to support the growth of Af‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐W‐nitrosoguanidine‐damaged adenoviruses was normal, i.e. it parallelled their ability to repair O6‐methylguanine in vitro. We previously observed two‐component survival curves when assaying UV‐irradiated adenovirus on monolayers of all of seven strains of fibroblasts from Cockayne's syndrome patients. By contrast, single‐component curves have been obtained using 21 strains of normal human fibroblasts and seven other tumor lines. We interpret the two‐com‐
Effect of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers on Apoptosis Induced by Different Wavelengths of UV†
Authors: Nishigaki Reiko , Mitani Hiroshi , Tsuchida Nobuo , Shima Akihiro
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ultraviolet radiation within three different wavelength ranges, UVA (340–400 tun), UVB (290–320 nm) or UVC (200–290 nm), was shown to induce apoptosis in OCP13 cells, derived from the medaka fish. Morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and a decrease in the number of nucleoli appeared 4 h after UVA, UVB or UVC irradiation, although with different relative efficiencies. Doses required to induce apoptosis with similar efficiencies were about 2500‐fold higher for UVA and 10‐fold higher for UVB than for UVC. The following phenomena occurred after UVA irradiation but not after UVB or UVC irradiation. (1) Ultraviolet‐A‐induced cell detachment occurred with or without cycloheximide pre‐treatment (2) Cells attached to plastic showed morphological changes such as rounding up of nuclei without a change in the cell distribution. (3) Morphological changes after UVA irradiation could not be evaded by photore‐pair treatment. (4) Morphological changes did not occur in cells attached to glass coverslips but only those in plastic dishes. (5) Apoptosis occurred without detectable increase of caspase‐3‐like activity. (6) Morphological changes were inhibited by N‐acetylcysteine, a scavenger of active oxygen species. These results suggest the existence of two different pathways leading to apoptosis, one for long‐ (UVA) and the other for short‐ (UVB or UVC) wavelength radiation.
Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometry Studies of Meta‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin Photoproducts
Authors: Kasselouri A. , Bourdon O. , Demore D. , Blais J. C. , Prognon P. , Bourg‐Heckly G. , Blais J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The mefa‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m‐THPC), a second‐generation sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), is currently under clinical trial. In vivo fluorom‐etry provides direct evidence that photobleaching processes are induced at the tumor site during PDT. Pho‐toproduct formation has thus to be taken into account to fully understand PDT treatment. A preliminary step is to determine the fluorescence characteristics of photo‐products formed in solution. Solutions of m‐THPC irradiated at 514 nm have been separated by HPLC using absorption and fluorescence detection. Six main photo‐products have been isolated. According to matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) results, five fluorescent photoproducts emitting at 652 nm have been attributed to three mono‐, one di‐ and one tri‐hydroxy derivatives (ml z 697, 713 and 729, respectively). Fluorescence characteristics of mono‐hydroxy forms were found to be similar to those of m‐THPC, whereas fluorescence yields in di‐and tri‐hydroxy derivatives were very low. Another product, corresponding to a MALDI‐TOF MS main signal at m/z 542, showed an absorption spectrum maximum at 322 nm while a weak fluorescence was detected at 480 nm. The loss of the Soret band suggests that this photoproduct results from the opening of the reduced pyrrole ring. The part played by each of these products in the photobleaching phenomenon of m‐THPC is discussed.
Oxidative DNA Damage in the Photolysis of Af‐Hydroxy‐2‐Pyridone, a Specific Hydroxyl‐Radical Source
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Marquardt Stefan , Saha‐Möller Chantu R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The photooxidative DNA damage by iV‐hydroxy‐2‐pyri‐done (1) is caused by hydroxyl radicals, as confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance studies with the spin trap 5,5‐dimethylpyrroline JV‐oxide. Irradiation of the pyridone 1 at 300 nm induced strand breaks in super‐coiled pBR322 DNA, while in calf‐thymus DNA and 2′‐deoxyguanosine (dG), respectively, 8‐oxoguanine and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine were formed. Time‐dependent control experiments disclosed that photoprod‐ucts of pyridone 1, e.g. 2‐pyridone (3), are not responsible for the modification of DNA. Also the photosensitization by the pyridine‐2‐one chromophore was excluded, because JV‐methylpyridine‐2‐one (2), which cannot generate hydroxyl radicals, was ineffective in the photooxidation of DNA and dG. Thus, the photolysis of pyridone 1 serves as a specific source of hydroxyl radicals for DNA damage, both strand breaks and base modifications.
Daphnia pulex Fed UVB‐lrradiated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Show Decreased Survival and Fecundity†
Authors: Scott James D. , Chalker‐Scott Linda , Foreman Alynda Empie , D'Angelo Michael
Published: January 2008

Abstract The ability to avoid or tolerate UVB radiation (290–320 nm) probably reduces the quality of phytoplankton as food for zooplankton. Ultraviolet avoidance forces motile algae lower in the water column, reducing net primary productivity. Production of UV‐absorbing compounds as a tolerance mechanism takes carbon and energy away from cell growth; these compounds are also less useful as food for herbivores. We assessed the food quality of UVB‐irradiated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang, by analysis of cohort life tables for the herbivore Daphnia pulex Leydig. Algal cultures were grown under fluorescent lights interspersed with UV bulbs (20°C, 16 h light: 8 h dark) and covered with either cellulose acetate (+UVB) or Mylar D (‐UVB). After a 7 day UVB exposure, carotenoid levels of C. reinhardtii were significantly greater than in unexposed cultures; there were no significant differences in chlorophyll, lipid, protein or nonstructural carbohydrate levels. After an initial decrease in growth rate, UVB‐exposed algae recovered and final growth rates of both cultures were similar after 7 days. Daphnia neonates were raised under optimal conditions (20°C, 16 h light:8 h dark) and fed either UVB‐irradiated or control algae. Daphnia fed UVB‐irradiated algae had significantly increased mortality, decreased growth rate at the time of first clutch production, delayed release of the first clutch and decreased overall fecundity (P < 0.05). Daphnia were also less efficient at clearing UVB‐irradiated algae from the water column (17% removal in 18 h) when compared with Daphnia that grazed upon nonirradiated algae (85% removal in 18 h). These data suggest that even though UVB‐irradiated algal populations can recover from their initial decline, their predators may not be able to utilize them as an effective food source. Therefore, the impacts of UVB radiation within
Effect of N‐acetylcysteine on UVB‐induced Apoptosis and DNA Repair in Human and Mouse Keratinocytes
Authors: Bush Jason A. , Ho Vincent C. , Mitchell David L. , Tron Victor A. , Li Gang
Published: January 2008

Abstract The incidence of skin cancer is increasing rapidly, particularly in the Caucasian population. Epidemiological and experimental studies demonstrated that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the primary cause for the increasing incidence of skin cancer. It is well known that UV irradiation induces DNA damage. If the damage is not repaired or removed in time, it can lead to mutations and skin carcinogenesis. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to be an effective protector against UVB‐induced immunosuppression and to modulate the expression of some oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. To test further the protective effect of NAC against UVR, we used both in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effect of NAC on UVB‐induced apoptosis and repair of DNA damage in human and mouse keratinocytes. Our data indicate that the intracellular glutathione level was increased after treatment with NAC at 10–20 mM but decreased with 40 mM NAC treatment due to the toxicity. At concentrations up to 20 vaM NAC did not have a significant effect on UVB‐induced apoptosis of cultured human keratinocytes. In addition, in an in vivo mouse model, topical application of NAC (3 μ.mol cm‐2) that has been shown to inhibit UVB‐induced immunosuppression did not have any effect on UVB‐induced apoptosis and did not reduce the formation or enhance the repair of UVB‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6‐4) photoproducts. Our results indicate that NAC is ineffective in preserving the genomic stability of keratinocytes against UVB irradiation.
The Effects of Two Stereoisomers of /V‐Acetylcysteine on Photochemical Damage by UVA and Blue Light in Rat Retina
Authors: Busch Eelco M. , Gorgels Theo G. M. F. , Roberts Joan E. , van Norren Dirk
Published: January 2008

Abstract High doses of light can cause damage to the retina, e.g. during intraocular surgery. Previously, thiols have been demonstrated to protect against retinal damage in various damage models. Such protection is very promising for clinical practice. Retinal light damage can be caused by a relatively short exposure to high irradiance levels. These conditions occur during intraocular surgery. In the current study we therefore investigated whether the thiol N‐acetylcysteine protects against retinal light damage under high irradiance conditions in the rat retina. Two stereoisomers of this thiol were tested for protection against two spectrally denned types of retinal light damage. Shortly after administration N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine in doses of 270–1000 mg/kg intraperitoneal protected against 380 nm (UVA) light but not against 470 nm (blue) light. Two hours after injection the protection had diminished. We observed no protection by the stereoisomer N‐acetyl‐D‐cysteine. From this study we conclude that N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine protects stereospecifically against retinal damage in the UV but not in the visible part of the spectrum. This limits the possible applications.
Singlet Sigma: The “Other” Singlet Oxygen in Solution
Authors: Weldor Dean , Poulsen Tina D. , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Ogilby Peter R.
Published: January 2008

The lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, O2(a1‐DLg), is often called simply singlet oxygen. This singlet delta state is an acknowledged and well‐studied intermediate in many solution‐phase photosystems. However, the second excited electronic state of oxygen, O2(b1δg+), is also a singlet. It has recently become possible to monitor this singlet sigma state in solution, which, in combination with studies of the singlet delta state, contributes to a better understanding of a variety of general problems in chemistry.
Kinetic Analysis of the Light‐induced Fluorescence Quenching in Light‐harvesting Chlorophylla/bPigment‐Protein Complex of Photosystem II
Authors: Barzdat Virginijus , Jennings Robert C. , Zucchelli Giuseppe , Garab Gyozo
Published: January 2008

We carried out a kinetic analysis of the light‐induced fluorescence quenching (AF) of the light‐harvesting chlorophylla/bpigment‐protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) that was first observed by Jenningset at(Pho‐tosynth. Res.27, 57–64, 1991). We show that during a 2 min light, 2 min dark cycle, both the light and dark phases exhibit biexponential kinetics; this is tentatively explained by the presence of two types of light‐induced quenchers in different domains of aggregated LHCII. Quantitative analysis could be carried out on the faster kinetic component; the slower component that was not completed during the measurement was not amenable for quantitative analysis. Our analysis revealed that the rate of the light‐induced decrease of the fluorescence yield depended linearly on the light intensity, which shows that the generation of the quencher originates from a reaction that is first order with respect to the concentration of the excited domains. As shown by the estimated rate constant, pho‐togeneration of the quencher is a fast reaction that can compete with other excitation‐relaxation pathways. Both the decay and the recovery time constants of AF depended strongly on the temperature. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the fast light‐induced decline in the fluorescence was determined by a low fraction of the excited states. Recovery was associated with large decrease in the entropy of activation that indicated the involvement of large structural rearrangements. Macroaggregated LHCII exhibited larger ΔF than small aggregates, which is consistent with the proposed role of aggregated LHCII in thy‐lakoid membranes in nonphotochemical quenching.
Dose-finding study of imatinib in combination with intravenous cytarabine: feasibility in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Deenik Wendy , van der Holt Bronno , Verhoef Gregor E. G. , Smit Willem M. , Kersten Marie J. , Kluin-Nelemans Hanneke C. , Verdonck Leo F. , Ferrant Augustin , Schattenberg Anton V. M. B. , Janssen Jeroen J. W. M. , Sonneveld Pieter , van Marwijk Kooy Marinus , Wittebol Shulamit , Willemze Roelof , Wijermans Pierre W. , Westveer Petra H. M. , Beverloo H. Berna , Valk Peter , Löwenberg Bob , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , Cornelissen Jan J.
Published: January 2008

The HOVON cooperative study group performed a feasibility study of escalated imatinib and intravenous cytarabine in 165 patients with early chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Patients received 2 cycles of intravenous cytarabine (200 mg/m2 or 1000 mg/m2 days 1-7) in conjunction with imatinib (200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, or 800 mg), according to predefined, successive dose levels. All dose levels proved feasible. Seven dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 302 cycles of chemotherapy, which were caused by streptococcal bacteremia in 5 cases. Intermediate-dose cytarabine (1000 mg/m2) prolonged time to neutrophil recovery and platelet recovery compared with a standard dose (200 mg/m2). High-dose imatinib (600 mg or 800 mg) extended the time to platelet recovery compared with a standard dose (400 mg). More infectious complications common toxicity criteria (CTC) grade 3 or 4 were observed after intermediate-dose cytarabine compared with a standard-dose of cytarabine. Early response data after combination therapy included a complete cytogenetic response in 48% and a major molecular response in 30% of patients, which increased to 46% major molecular responses at 1 year, including 13% complete molecular responses. We conclude that combination therapy of escalating dosages of imatinib and cytarabine is feasible. This study was registered at www.kankerbestrijding.nl as no. CKTO-2001-03.
Immunologic recovery in survivors following chemotherapy for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Bower Mark , Stebbing Justin , Tuthill Mark , Campbell Victoria , Krell Johnathan , Holmes Paul , Ozzard Andrew , Nelson Mark , Gazzard Brian , Powles Tom
Published: January 2008

The late effects of chemotherapy on immunologic parameters in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have not been described. From a cohort of 105 consecutive patients treated with infusional chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 68 survived more than 3 months following the end of chemotherapy. Their lymphocyte subsets and plasma HIV viral loads were measured at regular intervals for 2 years and values compared with baseline. During chemotherapy, there were statistically significant falls in CD4 (helper T), CD8 (cytotoxic T), and CD19 (B) cell populations but no changes in the CD56 (natural killer [NK]) cell population. Among the 68 survivors, there were statistically significant increases in CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56 cell populations during the first year of follow up, compared with the values at the start of chemotherapy. During the second year of follow up, there were further statistically significant rises in CD4 and CD19 cell populations, compared with the values at 12 months after chemotherapy. During 244 years of follow-up since chemotherapy in these 68 survivors, 7 second primary tumors and 8 opportunistic infections were diagnosed. Chemotherapy and concomitant HAART for AIDS-related NHL does not cause prolonged suppression of lymphocyte subsets. These data should provide reassurance regarding the long-term consequences of chemotherapy in these individuals.
Inhibition of Serotonin But Not Norepinephrine Transport during Development Produces Delayed, Persistent Perturbations of Emotional Behaviors in Mice
Authors: Ansorge Mark S. , Morelli Emanuela , Gingrich Jay A.
Published: January 2008

Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neurotransmitter, but also modulates brain maturation during early development. The demonstrated influence of genetic variants on brain function, personality traits, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders suggests a critical importance of developmental mechanisms. However, little is known about how and when developmentally perturbed 5-HT signaling affects circuitry and resulting behavior. The 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) is a key regulator of extracellular 5-HT levels and we used pharmacologic strategies to manipulate 5-HTT function during development and determine behavioral consequences. Transient exposure to the 5-HTT inhibitors fluoxetine, clomipramine, and citalopram from postnatal day 4 (P4) to P21 produced abnormal emotional behaviors in adult mice. Similar treatment with the norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor, desipramine, did not adversely affect adult behavior, suggesting that 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) do not share the same effects on brain development. Shifting our period of treatment/testing to P90/P185 failed to mimic the effect of earlier exposure, demonstrating that 5-HT effects on adult behavior are developmentally specific. We have hypothesized that early-life perturbations of 5-HT signaling affect corticolimbic circuits that do not reach maturity until the peri-adolescent period. In support of this idea, we found that abnormal behaviors resulting from postnatal fluoxetine exposure have a post-pubescent onset and persist long after reaching adult age. A better understanding of the underlying 5-HT sensitive circuits and how they are perturbed should lead to new insights into how various genetic polymorphisms confer their risk to carriers. Furthermore, these studies should help determine whetherin uteroexposure to 5-HTT blocking drugs poses a risk for behavioral abnormalities in later life.
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE DURING A PERIOD OF 6 MONTHS
Authors: Gioka Eleana , Tsamadou Athina , Kalostou Angeliki , Papathanassiou Vassiliki , Touloupaki Vassiliki , Neou Polyxene
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Suicide attempts in childhood and adolescence are a crucial issue that society should make every possible effort to solve.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to correlate the problem of suicide attempts by children and adolescents with epidemiologic data concerning the kind of toxic substance used, the gender of the patient, and the timing of the suicide attempts.

METHODS: In a period of 6 months (May through October 2006), 3060 suicide attempts from all over the country were reported to the Poison Information Center at Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, 513 (16.76%) of which concerned children. The epidemiologic data, the patient's clinical state, the amount of the toxic substance used, and the outcome were evaluated.

RESULTS: Five hundred thirteen incidents were studied (89.1% girls, 10.9% boys). The children's ages ranged between 10 and 18 years. Two percent of the incidents concerned children aged 10 to 12, 32.8% concerned children aged 13 to 15, and 65.2% concerned children aged 16 to 18. The majority of the drugs consumed were those with no need for a doctor's prescription (paracetamol: 38.6%; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: 21.2%; salicylates: 19.1%), whereas psychotropic drugs were involved in 18.9% of the intentional intoxications. Of the 513 patients, 8.6% were under treatment with psychotropic medicines. In addition, 6.6% had at least 1 previous suicide attempt. Of the patients, 20.6% had taken a highly toxic dose of substances. No deaths were reported.

CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts during childhood and adolescence remain a great problem. Immediate steps should be taken to decrease this number of attempts. Society, families, and the medical community should also make every possible effort to face this serious problem, which has an important social cost.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY MEDICAL EVALUATION OF CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 7.5 YEARS BORN AFTER PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS FOR MONOGENIC DISEASES
Authors: Touliatou Vassiliki , Thomaidis Loretta , Madoudis Stelios , Drandakis Hera , Kitsiou Sophia , Traeger-Synodinos Joanne , Vrettou Christina , Tzetis Maria , Kanavakis Emmanuel
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: The growing cohort of children conceived after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) techniques underlines the importance of evaluating potential risks for their developmental outcome. There are some data concerning the incidence of congenital anomalies, medical status, and cognitive development of children conceived after PGD techniques, based mainly on reports and not on objective medical evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to perform multidisciplinary evaluation (physical, genetic, and developmental) of 31 children conceived after PGD techniques (aged 30 days to 7.5 years) and the stress level of parents who used PGD regarding their parental role.

METHODS: Among 24 couples at risk for transmitting monogenic diseases and with an unsuccessful reproductive history, 31 children conceived after PGD techniques were examined. Genetic examination was performed by 2 independent geneticists, and developmental assessment included formal testing of cognitive and motor skills (Bayley scales, Griffiths scales, Athina test). Parental stress was measured by using the Parent Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), a self-report questionnaire that assesses parental stress. The PSI-SF was also completed by 35 parents of naturally conceived, healthy children matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic level.

RESULTS: A high rate of cesarean deliveries were reported, but no higher risk was found for perinatal complications. The increased incidence of prematurity and low birth weight among children conceived after PGD techniques did not seem to affect their growth development later in life. Major malformations (cardiac, gastrointestinal, urogenital, skeletal) were present in 4 (12.9%) of 31 children, with a discrepancy between singletons and multiples. A significant number of children conceived after PGD techniques (6 of 31 [19%]), mostly multiple, premature, and small-for-gestational-age infants, experienced low levels of cognitive, verbal, and perceptual abilities (Global Development Quotient scores of <85). Parents who used PGD experienced lower levels of parenting stress compared with controls (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS: Children conceived after PGD techniques seem to be at greater risk for exhibiting congenital malformations and lower cognitive skills. Whether these observations are linked to the PGD procedure itself, rather than to subfertility, multiplicity, or prematurity, is a question that is difficult to answer. An unexpected finding was that once parents who used PGD finally had what they struggled for (a healthy infant), the stresses of parenthood may have been offset by a broader sense of fulfillment.
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF A NEWLY DEFINED TYPE OF DIABETES IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS IN THE LARGEST INTERNATIONAL SERIES TO DATE
Authors: Slingerland Annabelle S. , Hattersley Andrew
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Recently, interest in “neonatal” diabetes has increased because patients could stop taking insulin and improve glycemic control and associated neurologic features.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the anticipated increase in prevalence and incidence of permanent neonatal diabetes in children, adolescents, and adults and investigate the impact of the new definition.

METHODS: We studied 293 (53% male) referrals to the Exeter Laboratory (Devon, United Kingdom) as part of the largest international series to date. The referred patients were diagnosed with diabetes below 6 months of age irrespective of current age, and their conditions had not remitted at the time of study. Data on 27 countries were collected, and age of diagnosis, date of birth, and gender were obtained from standardized forms. All referred patients were tested for KCNJ11 mutations.

RESULTS: The minimum observed prevalence of the 5 most representative countries was 1.17 (1.01–1.31) per million population, with the estimated true prevalence twice as high. Prevalence was higher for the pediatric versus adult age range (odds ratio: 0.78 [95% confidence interval: 0.54–1.31] vs 0.42 [95% confidence interval: 0–0.50], respectively; P = .009). Seventy-five percent of the patients were below 16 years of age with a median (interquartile range) of 5.7 (2.4–10.2) years, which implies underdiagnosis beyond 5 years of age. Age of diagnosis was skewed to a median (interquartile range) of 6 (1–13) weeks, with 62% in the first 8 weeks. During 2000–2004, the minimum observed incidence was 2.95 (0–49.1) per million live births.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to show 2 to 25 times higher prevalence than previous reports from 10 years ago. “Neonatal” should be changed to “diagnosed at <6 months of age irrespective of current age,” and awareness should be increased, especially for those who are older than 5 years and present with treatment implications.
LEPTIN AND LEPTIN RECEPTOR IN SERUM AND URINE FROM CHILDREN WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME ACCOMPANYING HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Authors: Yang Xi Qiang , Wang Jian Jun , Wang Li Jia , Li Qiu
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION: Hyperlipidemia may cause glomerulosclerosis in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS).

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to observe the role of soluble leptin receptor (sOBR) and leptin in serum and urine on the mechanism of hyperlipidemia in children with NS.

METHODS: Twenty-three children with untreated NS and 15 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched healthy controls were enrolled onto the study. Leptin and sOBR in serum and urine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma lipid and insulin levels were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay, respectively. sOBR messenger RNA and membrane protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry.

RESULTS: Low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and apolipoprotein A levels were increased. sOBR messenger RNA and membrane protein expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were significantly lower in the patient group compared with controls. The ratio of serum leptin versus sOBR (free leptin index) was significantly higher in the NS group. Urinary leptin in the patient group was higher than that in the control group. The free leptin index showed no correlation with BMI or total cholesterol, triglyceride, or apolipoprotein B levels in both groups but did show a correlation with plasma albumin, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, and insulin levels in the patient group.

CONCLUSIONS: The reduced sOBR level, which enhanced the biologically active form of leptin in children with NS, might be correlated partly with serum lipid parameters, albumin, and insulin. Increased free leptin in serum might be a complementary mechanism against hyperlipidemia in children with NS.
Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal compensation following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Timofeev Ivan , Czosnyka Marek , Nortje Jurgens , Smielewski Peter , Kirkpatrick Peter , Gupta Arun , Hutchinson Peter
Published: January 2008

Object

Decompressive craniectomy is an advanced treatment option for intracranial pressure (ICP) control in patients with traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of decompressive craniectomy on ICP and cerebrospinal compensation both within and beyond the first 24 hours of craniectomy.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of the physiological parameters from 27 moderately to severely head-injured patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for progressive brain edema. Of these, 17 patients had undergone prospective digital recording of ICP with estimation of ICP waveform–derived indices. The pressure-volume compensatory reserve (RAP) index and the cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (PRx) were used to assess those parameters. The values of parameters prior to and during the 72 hours after decompressive craniectomy were included in the analysis.

Results

Decompressive craniectomy led to a sustained reduction in median (interquartile range) ICP values (21.2 mm Hg [18.7; 24.2 mm Hg] preoperatively compared with 15.7 mm Hg [12.3; 19.2 mm Hg] postoperatively; p = 0.01). A similar improvement was observed in RAP. A significantly lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) was needed after decompressive craniectomy to maintain optimum cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) levels, compared with the preoperative period (99.5 mm Hg [96.2; 102.9 mm Hg] compared with 94.2 mm Hg [87.9; 98.9 mm Hg], respectively; p = 0.017). Following decompressive craniectomy, the PRx had positive values in all patients, suggesting acquired derangement in pressure reactivity.

Conclusions

In this study, decompressive craniectomy led to a sustained reduction in ICP and improvement in cerebral compliance. Lower MAP levels after decompressive craniectomy are likely to indicate a reduced intensity of treatment. Derangement in cerebrovascular pressure reactivity requires further studies to evaluate its significance and influence on outcome.
Biomechanical comparison of single- and dual-lead pedicle screws in cadaveric spine
Authors: Jacob Arun T. , Ingalhalikar Aditya V. , Morgan John H. , Channon Scott , Lim Tae-Hong , Torner James C. , Hitchon Patrick W.
Published: January 2008

Object

The pedicle screw (PS) is the cornerstone of spinal instrumentation, and its failure often entails additional surgery. Screw pullout is one of the most common reasons for screw failure, particularly in the elderly population. In this study the authors undertook a biomechanical comparison of the maximum pullout force (MPF) required for single- and dual-lead PSs in cadaver vertebrae.

Methods

Radiographs of 40 cadaveric vertebrae (T11–L5) were obtained, and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lateral plane using dual–x-ray absorptiometry with a bone densitometer. One screw of each design was implanted for side-by-side comparison. Vertebrae were potted and mounted on an MTS test frame for accurate measurement of MPF. A total of 80 PSs were tested, 40 each of single- and dual-lead design types.

Results

The average MPF for dual-lead screws (533.89 ± 285.7 N) was comparable to that of single-lead screws (524.90 ± 311.6 N) (p = 0.3733). The BMD had a significant correlation with MPF for both dual-lead (r = 0.56413, p < 0.0001) and single-lead screws (r = 0.56327, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Barring the effect of BMD, this in vitro biomechanical test showed no significant difference in MPF between single- and dual-lead PSs. Dual-lead PSs can be used to achieve a faster insertion time, without compromising pullout force.
Delayed-onset neurological deficit following correction of severe thoracic kyphotic deformity
Authors: Keyoung H. Michael , Kanter Adam S. , Mummaneni Praveen V.
Published: January 2008

✓There are many potential risks associated with spinal deformity correction procedures including transient and/or permanent neurological deficits. Typically, neurological deficits caused by the surgical correction of spinal kyphosis occur acutely during surgery or immediately after surgery. Delayed postoperative neurological deficits are extremely rare.

The authors report a case of delayed neurological deficit that occurred 48 hours after surgical correction of thoracic hyperkyphosis. An 18-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy presented with a 110° T7–L1 kyphosis. The patient underwent an uneventful two-stage correction procedure of the hyperkyphotic deformity. First, anterior discectomies and fusion were performed from T-7 to L-1 using rib autograft, and all segmental vessels were preserved. Subsequently, on the same day, the patient underwent posterior Smith–Petersen osteotomies and T7–L2 pedicle screw fixation. Intact somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were maintained throughout both operations. Postoperatively, he remained neurologically intact without sequelae for nearly 48 hours. On postoperative Day 2, the patient developed delayed monoplegia of the left leg and sensory level loss below T-10.

Medical management enabled complete reversal of the patient's monoplegia and sensory loss. At 2-year follow-up, the patient had no adverse neurological sequelae.

In this case, a delayed postoperative neurological deficit occurred following spinal hyperkyphosis correction. The authors discuss the possible etiological mechanisms behind this complication and suggest strategies for its management.
Adaptive robust H∞ state feedback control for linear uncertain systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Ye Dan , Yang Guang Hong
Published: January 2008

This paper considers the problem of adaptive robust H∞ state feedback control for linear uncertain systems with time‐varying delay. The uncertainties are assumed to be time varying, unknown, but bounded. A new adaptive robust H∞ controller is presented, whose gains are updating automatically according to the online estimates of uncertain parameters. By combining an indirect adaptive control method and a linear matrix inequality method, sufficient conditions with less conservativeness than those of the corresponding controller with fixed gains are given to guarantee robust asymptotic stability and H∞ performance of the closed‐loop systems. A numerical example and its simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and the benefits of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient homocoupling reactions of halide compounds catalyzed by manganese (II) chloride
Authors: Yuan Yu , Bian Yubo
Published: January 2008

A new efficient homocoupling reaction was reported in one pot by a combination of metallic magnesium and a catalytic amount of manganese (II) chloride. Various aromatic and alkyl halides underwent homocoupling smoothly, affording the corresponding symmetrical homocoupling compounds in moderate to good yields. The readily available MnCl2, the mild reaction conditions and the operational simplicity and practicability allow for an easy and practical procedure for the purpose of carboncarbon bond formation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in spirochalcogenurane stereochemistry—A mini review
Authors: Allenmark Stig
Published: January 2008

A summary of the present knowledge of the stereochemistry of the hypervalent spirochalcogenuranes, especially the role of the central atom (S, Se, Te) for the chemical and configurational stability and the chiroptical and X‐ray crystallographic techniques available for the determination of absolute configuration, is given. Chirality, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of manure management of different livestock on gaseous emissions: laboratory study
Authors: Loyon L. , Guiziou F. , Saint Cast P.
Published: January 2008

A laboratory study investigated the impact of manure management and air temperature on the gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from manure stored under summer and winter conditions. Trials were carried out for 10–18 days on a pilot scale and were located outside the laboratory with a standardised protocol for ambient air speed. The concentrations of N2O, CH4, and CO2 in exhaust air from the storage vessel were analysed sequentially either by infrared detection or by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionisation detector/electron captor detector, while NH3 concentration was determined by passing the exhaust air through acid traps. The results confirm that manure composition and temperature affect emissions of CH4, N2O, CO2 and NH3. NH3 emissions, expressed as a percentage of total nitrogen present in manure, ranged from 0.1% (duck slurry) to 12% (laying hen droppings) in winter and from 0.03% (scraped farmyard cattle manure) to 13% (laying hen droppings) in summer. Whatever the manure, nitrous oxide emissions were low, less than 0.5% of the total nitrogen. Solid manure tends to produce more CO2 than CH4, while the opposite is observed with liquid manure.
Tracking Receptors by Imaging Single Molecules: Figure 1.
Authors: Cognet Laurent , Lounis Brahim , Choquet Daniel
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

This article describes imaging techniques using single optical labels, ranging from fluorescent dyes to scattering particles, for the study of the movement of individual or small assemblies of membrane proteins. These techniques have been used to track the movements of different types of plasma membrane proteins, such as neurotransmitter receptors and adhesion proteins. They can be used to probe the degree of interaction between membrane proteins and cytoplasmic stabilizing elements in live cells.
The classification, evolution and distribution of the Labeninae, an ancient southern group of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: GAULD IAN D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The phylogeny of the Labeninae was investigated using modern cladistic techniques. The cladogram obtained was then examined and related to the current classification, known biology and geographical distribution of the group. Four tribes were recognized, Labenini, Groteini, Poecilocryptini and Brachycyrtini; the Clasini were transferred to the subfamily Phygadeuontinae. A hypothetical biological evolution was postulated commencing with ancestral parasites of wood‐borers and involving two lines of specialization, the groteines associated with bees and the brachycyrtines associated with cocoons. On the basis of the cladogram and the present distribution, a southern origin was postulated for the group.
Speciation problems in the Papilio machaon group of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: CLARKE Sir CYRIL (A.) , LARSEN TORBEN B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The taxonomic and genetic relationships between P.machaon rathjensi Warnecke from the west side of southern Arabia and P.machaon muetingi Seyer from the east are discussed, together with suggestions of their relationship to P.machaon saharae Oberthiir from the northern Hejaz, Sinai and desert North Africa. It is concluded that though P.m.rathjensi and P.m.saharae are subspecifically distinct, they are very closely related to each other, and both should be regarded as specifically distinct from the rest of the machaon complex.

The remainder of the machaon complex in its turn presents a somewhat similar problem. Thus P.machaon gorganus Fruhstorfer and P.hospiton Géné are normally regarded as good species, but Fl caterpillars have been found in the wild and the cross can be readily produced in captivity with no upset in the sex ratio. Furthermore, recently we have obtained sparse F2 offspring between the two species.

We therefore suggest that the entire P.machaon complex is in a labile state as regards speciation throughout its range and the relationships between the various forms are not easily expressed through the traditional species and subspecies concepts. Our tentative conclusions are that the status of P.machaon and P.hospiton as distinct species probably remains valid. The saharaelrathjensi complex might be considered distinct from P.machaon using the biological species concept, while their genetics indicate a more conservative approach. However, more important than the exact status of the taxa in question is the fact that the P.machaon complex illustrates evoluton in action, the end result of which cannot be predicted.
A new species of Eriopeltis Signoret (Homoptera: Coccidae) from Britain
Authors: MANAWADU DAYA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eriopeltis varleyi from Wytham in Britain is described as new. The adult female and male are described and all stages are illustrated. Keys are provided for the identification of all known species of Eriopeltis, and to the males of the three species known from Britain. E. varleyi is univoltine and apparently specific to Brachypodiumpinnatum (L.) Beauv. Males and females occur in equal proportions, but many more males were produced when populations were reared under very warm dry conditions in the laboratory. The population studied at Wytham was parasitized by a number of species of chalcid wasps and a chamaemyid fly egg predator.
A new species in the intermedia‐group and a new synonymy in the genus Pollenia Robineau‐Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: ROGNES KNUT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An intermedia species‐group is defined within Pollenia Robineau‐Desvoidy. P.pseudintermedia sp.n. is described from Greece, Yugoslavia and Spain and compared with its closest relative P. intermedia Macquart. P.alajensis Rodendorf, stat.rev. is established as a new senior synonym of P.sytshevskajae Grunin, syn.n.
Revision of the genus Buluka de Saeger (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae)
Authors: AUSTIN A. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Buluka, a genus previously only known from two species, B.straeleni de Saeger from central and southern Africa and B.orientalis Chou from Taiwan, is revised. A further five new species are described: B.noyesi (central India), B.townesi, B.achterbergi (peninsular Malaysia), B. huddlestoni (Solomon Is.) and B. taiwanensis (Taiwan). New characters of generic importance, a key to species and the first host record are presented. The relationship between Buluka and other microgastrine genera are discussed.
Notes on the genus Sinocapritermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) from China, with description of a new species
Authors: GAO D. , LAM PAUL K. S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Sinocapritermes is briefly reviewed, and a new species described. A key is also provided to the twelve species of Sinocapritermes recorded from China to date.
Revision of the cluster‐flies of the Pollenia viatica species‐group (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: ROGNES KNUT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Pollenia viatica species‐group (=pallida species‐group) is defined and described. It consists of P.bicolor Robineau‐Desvoidy, P.bulgarica Jacentkovsk, P.fulvipalpis Macquart, P.mediterranea Grunin, P.ruficrura Rondani, stat.rev., P.viatica Robineau‐Desvoidy, stat.rev. (=P.pallida Rodendorf, syn.n.) and P.ponti sp.n. It is mono‐phyletic, mainly on the basis of a synapomorphic ovipositor tip, and the vagabunda species‐group is its sister group. A key to all species is provided, the terminalia of both sexes illustrated and all taxa redescribed. Lectotypes are designated for Pollenia bisulca Pandellé, P.ruficrura Rondani and P.viatica Robineau‐Desvoidy. Pollenia ruficrura is removed from its current status as a nomen dubium. Pollenia bicolor and P.ponti are western Mediterranean species, the latter also occurs in Czechoslovakia. P.fulvipalpis is endemic to France and Channel Islands. P.ruficrura is known only from Corsica and Italy. P.mediterranea is an eastern Mediterranean species reaching east to Armenia. P.bulgarica is distributed from Hungary to Caucasus. P.viatica is widespread from France, Great Britain and Southern Scandinavia to Central Asia. All species are summer or autumn species, and seem to have only one generation each year. The immature stages and life‐cycle of a species from Paris, France, named ‘Pollenia rudis’ by Keilin (1909, 1915) are tentatively assigned to P. viatica. It survives the winter as a first instar larva within the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica Savigny.
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION OF SOME DEHYDROGENASES*
Authors: JIRGENSONS B.
Published: January 2008

The optical rotatory dispersion of solutions of alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), glyceralde‐hyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), glutamic dehydrogenase (GAD), and malic dehydrogenase (MD) was investigated. The b, values of the native dehydrogenases were found to be between ‐170 and ‐450. GAD and MD were studied also with the short wave length ultraviolet light, and they both displayed strong Cotton effects at 230–245 mµ. The solutions of native GAD were found to be dextrorotatory, however, they became levorotatory on denaturation with alkali, urea, or sodium decyl sulfate. According to the rotatory dispersion data, the dehydrogenases belong to the α‐helical globular proteins, although it seems premature to make quantitative estimates of the a‐helix content from the rotatory dispersion data alone.
SENSIBILISIERTE PHOTOOXIDATION DURCH METHYLENBLAU, THIOPYRONIN UND PYRONIN — II. PHYSIKOCHEMISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER PHOTODYNAMISCHEN WIRKUNG VON THIOPYRONIN
Authors: BERG H. , GOLLMICK F. A. , JACOB H.‐E. , TRIEBEL H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The physical‐chemical properties of thiopyronine which result in its outstanding photodynamic effectiveness (in comparison to methylene blue and pyronine) are: (1) High velocity of free radical generation (kinetics followed by spectroscopy after flash photolysis). (2) High velocity of reoxidation of free radical (rate constant determined by kinetic spectroscopy under aerobic conditions). (3) Fairly positive reduction potential of oxidized free radical (from polarographic analysis of redox behavior). (4) Irreversible oxidation behavior of leuco‐thiopyronin in contrast to leuco‐methylene blue (the structure of leuco‐thiopyronin was elucidated by NMR‐analysis). (5) Fairly high equilibrium constant for complex formation with DN A (determination by high sensitive pulse‐polarography).

From the sedimentation behavior and T‐jump relaxation of in vitro photodynamically treated DNA it is shown that not only does guanine photooxidation take place but also single‐ and double‐strand breaks can occur. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not yet elucidated.