bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inégalité raciale au Brésil et aux États-Unis : comparaison statistique
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: February 2015

Cet article compare les indicateurs statistiques concernant les inégalités raciales entre Blancs et non-Blancs au Brésil et aux États-Unis entre 1890 et 1988. Ont été particulièrement examinés les distributions géographiques et spatiales des Blancs et non-Blancs, les indicateurs démographiques, l’éducation, les emplois et les revenus. Pour la première moitié du xxe siècle, les recensements et les enquêtes sur les ménages fournissent des mesures de l’inégalité raciale qui tendent à prouver qu’elle est plus forte aux États-Unis qu’au Brésil. Après 1950, cependant, ces taux tendent à décliner aux États-Unis alors qu’ils restent stables, voire qu’ils croissent pour quelques-uns d’entre eux au Brésil. En conséquence, à la fin des années 1970, des deux nations, ce sont les États-Unis qui présentent le moins d’inégalités sur la plupart des indicateurs. Pour expliquer ces changements sur la position relative des deux pays, cet article s’attache à trois facteurs : les migrations intérieures et la distribution régionale des groupes raciaux, les effets de la croissance économique sur la concentration des revenus et les politiques sur la question raciale mises en œuvre. Chacun de ces facteurs tend à réduire l’inégalité raciale aux États-Unis mais non au Brésil. Durant les années 1980, toutefois, on assiste à un renversement de tendance aux États-Unis, avec pour résultat un nouvel accroissement des inégalités raciales. Toutefois, en 1988, dernière année couverte par l’étude, les États-Unis montrent toujours de plus faibles niveaux d’inégalité que le Brésil.
L’accueil des laïcs dans les monastères (ve-ixe siècle), d’après les règles monastiques
Authors: Gaillard Michèle
Published: February 2015

À travers les règles monastiques du ve au ixe siècle, on perçoit peu de données concrètes sur les bâtiments spécifiques réservés à l’accueil des laïcs dans les monastères ; deux données topographiques sont intangibles : l’existence d’une hôtellerie réservée aux personnes étrangères à la communauté et celle d’un espace strictement réservé à la communauté monastique. Mais il n’y avait pas forcément une séparation absolue entre les moines et les hôtes. Les règles sont davantage explicites et quelquefois divergentes sur l’encadrement de l’accueil des laïcs, les modalités de leur réception, les contacts possible entre laïcs et moines ; elles distinguent très nettement les visiteurs de passage des postulants tout en confiant souvent le contrôle des uns et des autres à des Anciens.
Des traces d’artisanat dans les monastères comtois du haut Moyen Âge
Authors: Bully Sébastien , Bully Aurélia , (contribution) Inès Pactat
Published: February 2015

En dépit des recherches archéologiques menées ces dernières années sur des monastères du haut Moyen Âge en Franche-Comté, la question du travail artisanal à l’intérieur de ces établissements reste difficile à éclairer, faute de données substantielles. Quelques rares indices issus des fouilles de Saint-Claude, Luxeuil, Baume ou encore Jussamoutier de Besançon, nous permettent néanmoins d’évoquer l’activité artisanale dans la clôture, avec une série de questions sous-jacentes : quels étaient les acteurs de cette activité, quel était leur travail et à qui était destinée leur production ?
ACT UP: A network’s resistance through constitutive rhetoric
Authors: Yartey Franklin Nii Amankwah
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a non-governmental organization within the larger HIV/AIDS movement. ACT UP is examined through the lens of new social movement network theory (Atkinson, 2009). Using constitutive rhetoric (Charland, 1987), the narrative capacities of the rhetorical strategies that appear to be embodied on ACT UP’s Web site are reviewed. The impact that ACT UP has on health and social policy globally has wide reaching ramifications, making the current investigation into its rhetorical strategies viable and important. The findings suggest ACT UP employs constitutive rhetoric to affect a viable narrative capacity in its network.
Object, Me, Symbiote, Other: A social typology of player-avatar relationships
Authors: Banks Jaime
Published: February 2015

Despite how humans and non-human objects relate in very social ways, the relations between players and their online game avatars are most often examined through conspicuously parasocial lenses. That is, the player-avatar relationship (PAR) is generally seen as one-way and non-dialectical as players think, feel, and acts toward the avatar without consideration for the avatar’s role in that relationship. The present study examines the potential for PARs to be fully social, in which player and avatar both materially contribute to the relationship. Through interpretive thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with diverse World of Warcraft players, analysis revealed that PARs sometimes feature the fully social characteristics of self-differentiation, emotional intimacy, and shared agency. It is argued that these differences in sociality may be best understood according to a four-point PAR typology, ranging from non-social to fully social.
Seguridad Ciudadana: Un Desafío Nacional
Authors: Romero Cantarero Ramón
Published: February 2015

DOI
Ejes estratégicos en una política de seguridad
Authors: Castellanos Julieta
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i3.1809
Estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de una planta generadora de energía eléctrica en la UNAH utilizando celdas de combustible a base de gas metano
Authors: Rivera Dennis A , Méndez Juan F , Herrar Leonardo
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i3.1810
Introducción al cálculo particular y la dinámica de universos discretizables
Authors: Vides Fredy
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i3.1813
Investigación de plasmodium sp en donantes de sangre del Banco de Sangre del Hospital San Felipe
Authors: Aguilar Marcela Celeste , Laitano Gina
Published: February 2015

A nivel mundial se han descrito casos de transmisión de malaria por transfusiones, en Honduras se han reportado 2 casos por transfusión de sangre contaminada con P. falciparum. El método actual para tamizar donantes con riesgo de portar el parásito es la entrevista, y puede mejorar su sensibilidad si se realiza una prueba que permita detectar los verdaderos positivos. La investigación del antígeno de Plasmodium sp se realizó en 289 donadores del Banco de Sangre del Hospital San Felipe, que previamente aprobaron la entrevista. Se utilizó para la detección del antígeno la prueba rápida de Optimal Diamed y el frotis de gota gruesa. De los 289 donantes, sólo uno resultó positivo (0.34%) en la prueba rápida de Optimal para Plasmodium falciparum, y en la gota gruesa de este donante sólo se observó pigmento malárico. Este donante reside en Tegucigalpa y es originario de Comayagua. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1806 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 96-104
The Third Neighbour Policy and Australia
Authors: Batbayar Ts
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 3-12
Mongolia’s Outreach into Southeast Asia
Authors: Campi Alicia
Published: February 2015

Mongolia’s outreach to Southeast Asia is part of a wider global strategy to raise its profi le in its own region and on the Eurasian continent. Mongolian policymakers now believe the nation needs tore-interpret its ‘third neighbor’ policy so that its voice is heard on Asian issues and not just wait on the sidelines for larger powers to make its decisions. Mongolia has adopted a very activist approach to elevate its political and economic ties to Southeast Asia in hopes of diversifying markets for its abundant minerals and animal by-products, purchasing consumer and high tech products from a wider range of partners, and attracting new types of FDI. It has re-invigorated past associations with nations that were part of Mongolia’s communist past such as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, and, even more significantly, spent considerable effort to establish strong new relationships with major regional players such as Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 13-33
New Questions on the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan)
Authors: Kuromiya Hiroaki
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 49-55
Being Sinologists in Post-Communist-party States: Reflections from Czech, Poland and Russia
Authors: Shih Chih-yu
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 82-86
Between Sinology and Socialism: Collective Memory of Czech Sinologists in the 1950s
Authors: Cheng Ter-Hsing
Published: February 2015

This paper intends to explore the collective memory of Czech sinologists in the 1950s based on the political zone between sinology and socialism. Czech sinological development in the 1950s was grounded on the personal factor of Prusek and the socialist transformation of new China. Socialist China offers two possibilities for the development of sinology, the first for friendly relations among socialist countries, including overseas students, and the second for studies of contemporary Chinese literature. The developmental framework of Czech sinology in the 1950s, or the social framework of collective memory for the Czech sinologists should be understood in the region under the mutual penetration of sinology and socialist China. This paper, firstly, discusses the background framework of constructing the Czech sinologists in the 1950s— the link between new China and the other socialist countries, and the relation between Prusek and socialist China. Secondly, this paper will analyze Czech sinological experiences in the 1950s through Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 116-133
Different Ways to Become a Soviet Sinologist: A Note on personal choices
Authors: Kuznetsov Marina
Published: February 2015

It is and always was an uneasy path for a Western scholar to become a sinologist. In the current research there were included interviews of 33 Russian sinologists. To analyze the value of different components in the process to become a sinologist there were chosen few major factors in the family and social background, early years and education. In half of the cases decision to go for Chinese studies was taken under the temporary circumstances during admission or studies at universities, and wasn’t a result of strong personal interest. This situation was tightly connected with the politics in the USSR, when in late 1940-s and early 1950-s it was decided to prepare big number of sinologists to help Chinese modernization.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 166-177
Spatial structure and temporal evolution of energetic particle injections in the inner magnetosphere during the 14 July 2013 substorm event
Authors: Gkioulidou Matina , Ohtani S. , Mitchell D. G. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Reeves G. D. , Turner D. L. , Gjerloev J. W. , Nosé M. , Koga K. , Rodriguez J. V. , Lanzerotti L. J.
Published: February 2015

Recent results by the Van Allen Probes mission showed that the occurrence of energetic ion injections inside geosynchronous orbit could be very frequent throughout the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. Understanding, therefore, the formation and evolution of energetic particle injections is critical in order to quantify their effect in the inner magnetosphere. We present a case study of a substorm event that occurred during a weak storm (Dst ~ −40 nT) on 14 July 2013. Van Allen Probe B, inside geosynchronous orbit, observed two energetic proton injections within 10 min, with different dipolarization signatures and duration. The first one is a dispersionless, short‐timescale injection pulse accompanied by a sharp dipolarization signature, while the second one is a dispersed, longer‐timescale injection pulse accompanied by a gradual dipolarization signature. We combined ground magnetometer data from various stations and in situ particle and magnetic field data from multiple satellites in the inner magnetosphere and near‐Earth plasma sheet to determine the spatial extent of these injections, their temporal evolution, and their effects in the inner magnetosphere. Our results indicate that there are different spatial and temporal scales at which injections can occur in the inner magnetosphere and depict the necessity of multipoint observations of both particle and magnetic field data in order to determine these scales.
Fracture propagation in Indiana Limestone interpreted via linear softening cohesive fracture model
Authors: Rinehart Alex J. , Bishop Joseph E. , Dewers Thomas
Published: February 2015

We examine the use of a linear softening cohesive fracture model (LCFM) to predict single‐trace fracture growth in short‐rod (SR) and notched 3‐point‐bend (N3PB) test configurations in Indiana Limestone. The broad goal of this work is to (a) understand the underlying assumptions of LCFM and (b) use experimental similarities and deviations from the LCFM to understand the role of loading paths of tensile fracture propagation. Cohesive fracture models are being applied in prediction of structural and subsurface fracture propagation in geomaterials. They lump the inelastic processes occurring during fracture propagation into a thin zone between elastic subdomains. LCFM assumes that the cohesive zone initially deforms elastically to a maximum tensile stress (σmax) and then softens linearly from the crack opening width at σmax to zero stress at a critical crack opening width w1. Using commercial finite element software, we developed LCFMs for the SR and N3PB configurations. After fixing σmax with results from cylinder splitting tests and finding an initial Young's modulus (E) with unconfined compressive strength tests, we manually calibrate E and w1 in the SR model against an envelope of experimental data. We apply the calibrated LCFM parameters in the N3PB geometry and compare the model against an envelope of N3PB experiments. For accurate simulation of fracture propagation, simulated off‐crack stresses are high enough to require inclusion of damage. Different elastic moduli are needed in tension and compression. We hypothesize that the timing and location of shear versus extensional micromechanical failures control the qualitative macroscopic force‐versus‐displacement response in different tests. For accurate prediction, the LCFM requires a constant style of failure, which the SR configuration maintains until very late in deformation. The N3PB configuration does not maintain this constancy. To be broadly applicable between geometries and failure styles, the LCFM would require additional physics, possibly including elastoplastic damage in the bulk material and more complicated cohesive softening models.
Seismic stratigraphy of the central South China Sea basin and implications for neotectonics
Authors: Li Chun‐Feng , Li Jiabiao , Ding Weiwei , Franke Dieter , Yao Yongjian , Shi Hesheng , Pang Xiong , Cao Ying , Lin Jian , Kulhanek Denise K. , Williams Trevor , Bao Rui , Briais Anne , Brown Elizabeth A. , Chen Yifeng , Clift Peter D. , Colwell Frederick S. , Dadd Kelsie A. , Hernández‐Almeida Iván , Huang Xiao‐Long , Hyun Sangmin , Jiang Tao , Koppers Anthony A. P. , Li Qianyu , Liu Chuanlian , Liu Qingsong , Liu Zhifei , Nagai Renata H. , Peleo‐Alampay Alyssa , Su Xin , Sun Zhen , Tejada Maria Luisa G. , Trinh Hai Son , Yeh Yi‐Ching , Zhang Chuanlun , Zhang Fan , Zhang Guo‐Liang , Zhao Xixi
Published: February 2015

Coring/logging data and physical property measurements from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 349 are integrated with, and correlated to, reflection seismic data to map seismic sequence boundaries and facies of the central basin and neighboring regions of the South China Sea. First‐order sequence boundaries are interpreted, which are Oligocene/Miocene, middle Miocene/late Miocene, Miocene/Pliocene, and Pliocene/Pleistocene boundaries. A characteristic early Pleistocene strong reflector is also identified, which marks the top of extensive carbonate‐rich deposition in the southern East and Southwest Subbasins. The fossil spreading ridge and the boundary between the East and Southwest Subbasins acted as major sedimentary barriers, across which seismic facies changes sharply and cannot be easily correlated. The sharp seismic facies change along the Miocene‐Pliocene boundary indicates that a dramatic regional tectonostratigraphic event occurred at about 5 Ma, coeval with the onsets of uplift of Taiwan and accelerated subsidence and transgression in the northern margin. The depocenter or the area of the highest sedimentation rate switched from the northern East Subbasin during the Miocene to the Southwest Subbasin and the area close to the fossil ridge in the southern East Subbasin in the Pleistocene. The most active faulting and vertical uplifting now occur in the southern East Subbasin, caused most likely by the active and fastest subduction/obduction in the southern segment of the Manila Trench and the collision between the northeast Palawan and the Luzon arc. Timing of magmatic intrusions and seamounts constrained by seismic stratigraphy in the central basin varies and does not show temporal pulsing in their activities.
Reexamination of magnetotelluric responses and electrical anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle in the Grenville Province, Canada
Authors: Adetunji Ademola Q. , Ferguson Ian J. , Jones Alan G.
Published: February 2015

Magnetotelluric (MT) responses at the Proterozoic Grenville Front in Canada have been interpreted as being caused by lithospheric electrical anisotropy, and the area is often noted as a classic example of lithospheric anisotropy. This study reevaluates evidence for the electrical anisotropy using 56 MT stations. The spatially uniform MT responses noted at the Grenville Front extend to ~200 km southeast and for at least 400 km along strike and are associated with rocks at less than 150 km depth. Examination of induction arrows at longer periods shows arrows at high angle to the MT conductive direction consistent with the presence of macroscopic resistivity structures. New 2‐D anisotropic inversions show that electrical anisotropy is not required to fit the MT data. The results indicate that in the resistive mantle lithosphere beneath the Grenville Front, and in conductive lithosphere in adjacent areas, the maximum horizontal resistivity anisotropy is <10%, much less than the factor of 15 determined in earlier 1‐D studies. The results suggest that the upper lithospheric mantle in the area is devoid of significant electrical anisotropy and that the observed MT response directionality is due to large‐scale resistivity structure. We interpret the spatially consistent MT responses observed at the Grenville Front as being associated with the resistive Archean lithosphere extending southeast beneath the Grenville Front. The obliquity between seismic and MT responses arises because the Superior fabric is oblique to the seismic fast direction. If dextral shearing occurred, it appears to have not caused any significant shape preferred electrical anisotropy.
Long‐term mass transfer at Piton de la Fournaise volcano evidenced by strain distribution derived from GNSS network
Authors: Peltier Aline , Got Jean‐Luc , Villeneuve Nicolas , Boissier Patrice , Staudacher Thomas , Ferrazzini Valérie , Walpersdorf Andrea
Published: February 2015

Basaltic volcanoes are among the largest volcanic edifices on the Earth. These huge volcanoes exhibit rift zones and mobile flanks, revealing specific stress field conditions. In this paper, we present new deformation data issued from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network installed on Piton de la Fournaise. Density of the GNSS stations allowed us to reach a sufficient resolution to perform a spatially significant analysis of strain at the scale of the active part of the volcano. Since 2007, summit inflation during preeruptive/eruptive sequences (summit extension/cone flanks contraction) alternates with summit deflation during posteruptive/rest periods (summit contraction/cone flanks extension) and generates a “pulsation” of the volcano. This volcano “pulsation” increases rock fracturing and damage, decreases the rock stiffness, and increases the medium permeability. The deformation regime of the mobile eastern flank evidences mass transfer in depth from the summit to the east. During the long‐term summit deflation recorded between 2011 and 2014, the upper eastern flank extended steadily eastward whereas the lower eastern flank contracted. Simultaneous extension and eastward displacement of the upper eastern flank and eastward contraction of the middle and lower eastern flank contributes to build the Grandes Pentes relief, steeping the topographic slope. We relate the eastern flank topographic slope spatial variations to rock or basal friction angle changes. The lower flank contraction process is an evidence of its progressive loading by the upper eastern flank, which brings this flank closer to an eventual instability.
Processing of aerosol particles within the Habshan pollution plume
Authors: Semeniuk T. A. , Bruintjes R. , Salazar V. , Breed D. , Jensen T. , Buseck P. R.
Published: February 2015

The Habshan industrial site in the United Arab Emirates produces a regional‐scale pollution plume associated with oil and gas processing, discharging high loadings of sulfates and chlorides into the atmosphere, which interact with the ambient aerosol population. Aerosol particles and trace gas chemistry at this site were studied on two flights in the summer of 2002. Measurements were collected along vertical plume profiles to show changes associated with atmospheric processing of particle and gas components. Close to the outlet stack, particle concentrations were over 10,000 cm−3, dropping to <2000 cm−3 in more dilute plume around 1500 m above the stack. Particles collected close to the stack and within the dilute plume were individually measured for size, morphology, composition, and mixing state using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Close to the stack, most coarse particles consisted of mineral dust and NaCl crystals from burning oil brines, while sulfate droplets dominated the fine mode. In more dilute plume, at least 1500 m above the stack, the particle spectrum was more diverse, with a significant increase in internally mixed particle types. Dilute plume samples consisted of coarse NaCl/silicate aggregates or NaCl‐rich droplets, often with a sulfate component, while fine‐fraction particles were of mixed cation sulfates, also internally mixed with nanospherical soot or silicates. Thus, both chloride and sulfate components of the pollution plume rapidly reacted with ambient mineral dust to form coated and aggregate particles, enhancing particle size, hygroscopicity, and reactivity of the coarse mode. The fine‐fraction sulfate‐bearing particles formed in the plume contribute to regional transport of sulfates, while coarse sulfate‐bearing fractions locally reduced the SO2 loading through sedimentation. The chloride‐ and sulfate‐bearing internally mixed particles formed in the plume markedly changed the reflectivity and scattering properties of the ambient aerosol population, as well as its hygroscopic and ice nucleation properties.
Instantaneous phase shift of annual subsurface temperature cycles derived by the Hilbert‐Huang transform
Authors: Sun Yang‐Yi , Chen Chieh‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Wang Chung‐Ho , Chen Deng‐Lung
Published: February 2015

This study uses the Hilbert‐Huang transform to compute the instantaneous (daily) phase shift between temperature signals at the ground surface and at a depth of 5 m. This approach is not restricted to the stationary harmonic surface temperature assumptions invoked by analytical solutions. The annual cycles are extracted from the ground surface temperatures and the shallow subsurface temperatures at 5 m depth recorded at the Hualien (23.98°N, 121.61°E) and Ilan (24.77°N, 121.75°E) meteorology stations of Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan from 1952 to 2008. Significant reductions in the phase shift and increases in the estimated thermal diffusivity from 1980s to 1990s are found and suggest that the recent warming of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation may affect heat transport in the subsurface environment. The marginal spectra of the instantaneous phase shifts and the precipitation intensity records at Hualien and Ilan reveal that precipitation may play a role in the evolution of seasonal variation in shallow subsurface heat transport.
Climatic controls on the interannual to decadal variability in Saudi Arabian dust activity: Toward the development of a seasonal dust prediction model
Authors: Yu Yan , Notaro Michael , Liu Zhengyu , Wang Fuyao , Alkolibi Fahad , Fadda Eyad , Bakhrjy Fawzieh
Published: February 2015

The observed climatic controls on springtime and summertime Saudi Arabian dust activities during 1975–2012 are analyzed, leading to development of a seasonal dust prediction model. According to empirical orthogonal function analysis, dust storm frequency exhibits a dominantly homogeneous pattern across Saudi Arabia, with distinct interannual and decadal variability. The previously identified positive trend in remotely sensed aerosol optical depth since 2000 is shown to be a segment of the decadal oscillation in dust activity, according to long‐duration station record. Regression and correlation analyses reveal that the interannual variability in Saudi Arabian dust storm frequency is regulated by springtime rainfall across the Arabian Peninsula and summertime Shamal wind intensity. The key drivers of Saudi Arabian dust storm variability are identified. Winter‐to‐spring La Niña enhances subsequent spring dust activity by decreasing rainfall across the country's primary dust source region, the Rub' al Khali Desert. A relatively cool tropical Indian Ocean favors frequent summer dust storms by producing an anomalously anticyclonic circulation over the central Arabian Peninsula, which enhances the Shamal wind. Decadal variability in Saudi Arabian dust storm frequency is associated with North African rainfall and Sahel vegetation, which regulate African dust emissions and transport to Saudi Arabia. Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) also regulate decadal dust variability, likely through their influence on Sahel rainfall and Shamal intensity. Using antecedent‐accumulated rainfall over the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, and Mediterranean SSTs, as low‐frequency predictors, and tropical eastern Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean SSTs as high‐frequency predictors, Saudi Arabia's seasonal dust activity is well predicted.
On funneling of tidal channels
Authors: Lanzoni S. , D'Alpaos A.
Published: February 2015

Tidal channels dissect the tidal landscape and exert a crucial control on the morphodynamic evolution of these landscapes. Improving our understanding of channel equilibrium morphology is therefore an important issue for both theoretical and practical reasons. We analyze the case of a tidal channel dissecting a relatively short, unvegetated tidal flat characterized by microtidal conditions and a negligible external sediment supply. The three‐dimensional equilibrium configuration of the channel is determined on the basis of a hydrodynamic model, describing the cross‐sectional distribution of the longitudinal bed shear stresses, coupled with a morphodynamic model retaining the description of the main physical processes shaping the channel and the adjacent intertidal platform. Both channel bed and width are allowed to adapt to the flow field so that an equilibrium altimetric and planimetric configuration is eventually obtained, when erosion becomes negligibly small, and asymptotically constant elevations are reached everywhere within the domain. Model results reproduce several observed channel characteristics of geomorphic relevance, such as the relationship between channel cross‐sectional area and the flowing tidal prism, the scaling of the width‐to‐depth ratio with channel width, and the longitudinal distributions of bed elevations and channel widths. In analogy with empirical evidence from estuaries, tidal channel funneling is usually assumed to be described by an exponential trend. Our theoretical analyses, modeling results, and observational evidence suggest that a linear relationship also provides a good approximation to describe longitudinal variations in channel width for short tidal channels. Longitudinal bed profiles characterized by a strong planform funneling tend to attain an upward concavity, whereas a low degree of convergence implies an almost linear profile. Finally, the model allows one to analyze the influence of environmental conditions (sediment characteristics, basin size, tidal amplitude, etc.) on the geomorphological features of tidal channels (equilibrium cross‐sectional area and bottom profile, width‐to‐depth ratios, and planform shape). Wider and deeper channels develop as the width of the domain increases, as the tidal amplitude increases, or as the mean platform elevation decreases. Conversely, narrower and shallower channels result from an increase in the critical shear stress for erosion or a decrease in the flow conductance. We thus believe that this model provides a useful tool for quantitative analyses of long‐term morphodynamics of tidal landscapes.
Stochastic assessment of climate impacts on hydrology and geomorphology of semiarid headwater basins using a physically based model
Authors: Francipane A. , Fatichi S. , Ivanov V. Y. , Noto L. V.
Published: February 2015

Hydrologic and geomorphic responses of watersheds to changes in climate are difficult to assess due to projection uncertainties and nonlinearity of the processes that are involved. Yet such assessments are increasingly needed and call for mechanistic approaches within a probabilistic framework. This study employs an integrated hydrology‐geomorphology model, the Triangulated Irregular Network‐based Real‐time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS)‐Erosion, to analyze runoff and erosion sensitivity of seven semiarid headwater basins to projected climate conditions. The Advanced Weather Generator is used to produce two climate ensembles representative of the historic and future climate conditions for the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed located in the southwest U.S. The former ensemble incorporates the stochastic variability of the observed climate, while the latter includes the stochastic variability and the uncertainty of multimodel climate change projections. The ensembles are used as forcing for tRIBS‐Erosion that simulates runoff and sediment basin responses leading to probabilistic inferences of future changes. The results show that annual precipitation for the area is generally expected to decrease in the future, with lower hourly intensities and similar daily rates. The smaller hourly rainfall generally results in lower mean annual runoff. However, a non‐negligible probability of runoff increase in the future is identified, resulting from stochastic combinations of years with low and high runoff. On average, the magnitudes of mean and extreme events of sediment yield are expected to decrease with a very high probability. Importantly, the projected variability of annual sediment transport for the future conditions is comparable to that for the historic conditions, despite the fact that the former account for a much wider range of possible climate “alternatives.” This result demonstrates that the historic natural climate variability of sediment yield is already so high, that it is comparable to the variability for a projected and highly uncertain future. Additionally, changes in the scaling relationship between specific sediment yield/runoff and drainage basin area are detected.
Modeling flow and sediment transport dynamics in the lowermost Mississippi River, Louisiana, USA, with an upstream alluvial‐bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock‐alluvial transition: Implications for land building using engineered diversions
Authors: Viparelli Enrica , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Parker Gary
Published: February 2015

The lowermost Mississippi River, defined herein as the river segment downstream of the Old River Control Structure and hydrodynamically influenced by the Gulf of Mexico, extends for approximately 500 km. This segment includes a bedrock (or more precisely, mixed bedrock‐alluvial) reach that is bounded by an upstream alluvial‐bedrock transition and a downstream bedrock‐alluvial transition. Here we present a one‐dimensional mathematical formulation for the long‐term evolution of lowland rivers that is able to reproduce the morphodynamics of both the alluvial‐bedrock and the bedrock‐alluvial transitions. Model results show that the magnitude of the alluvial equilibrium bed slope relative to the bedrock surface slope and the depth of bedrock surface relative to the water surface base level strongly influence the mobile bed equilibrium of low‐sloping river channels. Using data from the lowermost Mississippi River, the model is zeroed and validated at field scale by comparing the numerical results with field measurements. The model is then applied to predict the influence on the stability of channel bed elevation in response to delta restoration projects. In particular, the response of the river bed to the implementation of two examples of land‐building diversions to extract water and sediment from the main channel is studied. In this regard, our model results show that engineered land‐building diversions along the lowermost Mississippi River are capable of producing equilibrated bed profiles with only modest shoaling or erosion, and therefore, such diversions are a sustainable strategy for mitigating land loss within the Mississippi River Delta.
Intermediate‐depth icequakes and harmonic tremor in an Alpine glacier (Glacier d'Argentière, France): Evidence for hydraulic fracturing?
Authors: Helmstetter Agnès , Moreau Luc , Nicolas Barbara , Comon Pierre , Gay Michel
Published: February 2015

We detected several thousand deep englacial icequakes on Glacier d'Argentière (Mont‐Blanc massif) between 30 March and 3 May 2012. These events have been classified in eight clusters. Inside each cluster, the waveforms are similar for P waves and S waves, although the time delay between the P waves and the S waves vary by up to 0.03 s, indicating an extended source area. Although these events were recorded by a single accelerometer, they were roughly located using a polarization analysis. The deepest events were located at a depth of 130 m, 60 m above the ice/bed interface. The clusters are separated in space. The largest cluster extends over about 100 m. For this cluster, the strike of the rupture plane is nearly parallel to the direction of the open crevasses, and the dip angle is 56°. Deep icequakes occur in bursts of activity that last for a few hours and are separated by quiet periods. Many events occurred on 28 and 29 April 2012, during the warmest days, when snowmelting was likely important. The distributions of interevent times and peak amplitudes obey power laws as also observed for earthquakes, but with larger exponents. The polarity of the P waves for all of the events is consistent with tensile faulting. Finally, between 25 April and 3 May, we observed a gliding harmonic tremor with a fundamental resonance frequency that varied between 30 Hz and 38 Hz, with additional higher‐frequency harmonics. During this time we also observed shallow hybrid events with high‐frequency onsets and a monochromatic coda. These events might be produced by the propagation of fractures and the subsequent flow of water into the fracture. The strongest resonance was observed just after a strong burst of deep icequakes and during an unusually warm period when the snow height decreased by 60 cm in 1 week. The resonance frequency shows a succession of several sharp decreases and phases of progressive increases. One of the strongest negative steps of the resonance frequency on 28 April coincides with a burst of deep icequakes. These events appear to be associated with the propagation of fractures, which can explain the decrease in the resonance frequency. Finally, we observed an acceleration of glacier flow on 29 April, suggesting that meltwater had reached the ice/bed interface. These observations suggest that deep icequakes are due to hydraulic fracturing and that they can be used to track fluid flow inside glaciers.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 21q22.3 deletion
Authors: Ciocca Laura , Digilio M. Cristina , Lombardo Antonietta , D'Elia Gemma , Baban Anwar , Capolino Rossella , Petrocchi Stefano , Russo Serena , Sirleto Pietro , Roberti M. Cristina , Marino Bruno , Angioni Adriano , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: February 2015

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare congenital heart defect (CHD), associated with extracardiac anomalies in the 15–28% of cases, in the setting of chromosomal anomalies, mendelian disorders, and organ defects. We report on a syndromic female newborn with HLHS and terminal 21q22.3 deletion (del 21q22.3), investigated by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) using a panel of 26 contiguous BAC probes. Although rare, del 21q22.3 has been described in two additional patients with HLHS. In order to investigate the frequency and role of this chromosomal imbalance in the pathogenesis of left‐sided obstructive heart defects, we screened for del 21q22.3 a series of syndromic and non‐syndromic children with HLHS, aortic coarctation and valvular aortic stenosis, consecutively admitted to our hospital in a three‐year period. Although none of the 56 analyzed patients were hemizygous for this region, the present case report and published patients argue that del 21q22 should be added to the list of chromosomal imbalances associated with HLHS. Accordingly, the presence of a cardiac locus mapping in the critical region cannot be excluded. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inference of sex‐specific expansion patterns in human populations from Y‐chromosome polymorphism
Authors: Aimé Carla , Heyer Evelyne , Austerlitz Frédéric
Published: February 2015

Studying the current distribution of genetic diversity in humans has important implications for our understanding of the history of our species. We analyzed a set of linked STR and SNP loci from the paternally inherited Y chromosome to infer the past demography of 55 African and Eurasian populations, using both the parametric and nonparametric coalescent‐based methods implemented in the BEAST application. We inferred expansion events in most sedentary farmer populations, while we found constant effective population sizes for both nomadic hunter‐gatherers and seminomadic herders. Our results differed, on several aspects, from previous results on mtDNA and autosomal markers. First, we found more recent expansion patterns in Eurasia than in Africa. This discrepancy, substantially stronger than the ones found with the other kind of markers, may result from a lower effective population size for men, which might have made male‐transmitted markers more sensitive to the out‐of‐Africa bottleneck. Second, we found expansion signals only for sedentary farmers but not for nomadic herders in Central Asia, while these signals were found for both kind of populations in this area when using mtDNA or autosomal markers. Expansion signals in this area may result from spatial expansion processes and may have been erased for the Y chromosome among the herders because of restricted male gene flow. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:217–225, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compared and Contrasted: Skepticism and Promise in the Major Providers' Appellate Arbitration Procedures
Authors: Jacobs Roger B.
Published: February 2015

In Part I last month, ADR attorney‐neutral Roger Jacobs discussed the development of arbitration appellate practices and laid out provider rules. He concludes his two‐part article here with analysis, commentary, and practice application.
Silver‐catalyzed Glaser coupling of alkynes
Authors: Mo Guoli , Tian Zaimin , Li Jiping , Wen Guohua , Yang Xiaomin
Published: February 2015

Excellent yields were obtained from the silver nitrate‐catalyzed homocoupling reaction of alkynes inN,N‐dimethylformamide using triphenylphosphine as ligand. This safe and simple silver catalytic system has been employed in a safe and efficient protocol for the synthesis of various 1,3‐diyne products from the corresponding aromatic or aliphatic alkynes with good air stability and absence of side products. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A highly stable and efficient magnetically recoverable and reusable Pd nanocatalyst in aqueous media heterogeneously catalysed Suzuki C–C cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Abbas Khakiani Bahareh , Pourshamsian Khalil , Veisi Hojat
Published: February 2015

Surface modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with triethoxyethylcyanide groups was used for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles to produce Fe3O4/Ethyl‐CN/Pd. The catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, field‐emission scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies, and X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and inductively coupled plasma analyses. In this fabrication, cyano groups played an important role as a capping agent. The catalytic behaviour of Fe3O4/Ethyl‐CN/Pd nanoparticles was measured in the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of various aryl halides (ArI, ArBr, ArCl) with phenylboronic acid in aqueous phase at room temperature. Interestingly, the novel catalyst could be recovered in a facile manner from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet device and recycled seven times without any significant loss in activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolytic degradation and crystallization behavior of linear 2‐armed and star‐shaped 4‐armed poly(l‐lactide)s: Effects of branching architecture and crystallinity
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Hayashi Toshiki
Published: February 2015

“Linear” aliphatic polyesters composed of two poly(l‐lactide) arms attached to 1,3‐propanediol and “star‐shaped” ones composed of four poly(l‐lactide) arms attached to pentaerythritol (2‐L and 4‐L polymers, respectively) with number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 1.4–8.4 × 104g/mol were hydrolytically degraded at 37°C and pH = 7.4. The effects of the branching architecture and crystallinity on the hydrolytic degradation and crystalline morphology change were investigated. The degradation mechanism of initially amorphous and crystallized 2‐L polymers changed from bulk degradation to surface degradation with decreasing initial Mn; in contrast, initially crystallized higher molecular weight 4‐L polymer degraded via bulk degradation, while the degradation mechanism of other 4‐L polymers could not be determined. The hydrolytic‐degradation rates monitored by molecular‐weight decreases decreased significantly with increasing branch architecture and/or higher number of hydroxyl groups per unit mass. The hydrolytic degradation rate determined from the molecular weight decrease was higher for initially crystallized samples than for initially amorphous samples; however, that of 2‐L polymers monitored by weight loss was larger for initially amorphous samples than for initially crystallized samples. Initially amorphous 2‐L polymers with an Mn below 3.5 × 104g/mol crystallized during hydrolytic degradation. In contrast, the branching architecture disturbed crystallization of initially amorphous 4‐L polymers during hydrolytic degradation. All initially crystallized 2‐L and 4‐L polymers had δ‐form crystallites before hydrolytic degradation, which did not change during hydrolytic degradation. During hydrolytic degradation, the glass transition temperatures of initially amorphous and crystallized 2‐L and 4‐L polymers and the cold crystallization temperatures of initially amorphous 2‐L and 4‐L polymers showed similar changes to those reported for 1‐armed poly(l‐lactide). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41983.
Flame retardant modification of acrylic fiber with hydrazine hydrate and sodium ions
Authors: Zhou Wanli , Yan Xiang , Liu Pengqing , Jiang Mengjin , Xu Jianjun
Published: February 2015

The sodium ions were introduced into the acrylic fibers by post‐treating the fibers with hydrazine hydrate and aqueous sodium hydroxide to improve the flame resistance of the fibers. The molecular structure of the modified acrylic fibers was characterized by FTIR spectra. The flame resistance of the acrylic fibers was significantly increased after post‐treatment and was relied mostly on the content of sodium ions. The flame‐retardant mechanism of the modified fiber was studied in details. The micro calorimeter tests showed that the total heat release and the peak heat release rate were largely reduced after post‐treatment. Photographs of the char residues and the results of TGA and TG‐IR technique revealed that the flame retardance of the modified acrylic fiber was provided through the combination effect of the gas phase and condensed phase. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41996.
Vascularization of the Gray Whale Palate (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtius robustus): Soft Tissue Evidence for an Alveolar Source of Blood to Baleen
Authors: Ekdale Eric G. , Deméré Thomas A. , Berta Annalisa
Published: February 2015

The origin of baleen in mysticetes heralded a major transition during cetacean evolution. Extant mysticetes are edentulous in adulthood, but rudimentary teeth develop in utero within open maxillary and mandibular alveolar grooves. The teeth are resorbed prenatally and the alveolar grooves close as baleen germ develops. Arteries supplying blood to highly vascularized epithelial tissue from which baleen develops pass through lateral nutrient foramina in the area of the embryonic alveolar grooves and rudimentary teeth. Those vessels are hypothesized to be branches of the superior alveolar artery, but branches of the greater palatine arteries may play a role in the baleen vascularization. Through a combination of latex injection, CT, and traditional dissection of the palate of a neonatal gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), we confirm that the baleen receives blood from vessels within the superior alveolar canal via the lateral foramina. The greater palatine artery is restricted to its own passage with no connections to the baleen. This study has implications for the presence of baleen in extinct taxa by identifying the vessels and bony canals that supply blood to the epithelium from which baleen develops. The results indicate that the lateral foramina in edentulous mysticete fossils are bony correlates for the presence of baleen, and the results can be used to help identify bony canals and foramina that have been used to reconstruct baleen in extinct mysticetes that retained teeth in adulthood. Further comparisons are made with mammals that also possess oral keratin structures, including ruminants, ornithorhynchid monotremes, and sirenians. Anat Rec, 298:691–702, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.