bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk‐Based Design of Aseptic Processing of Heterogeneous Food Products
Authors: Braud Louise M. , Castell‐Perez M. Elena , Matlock Marty D.
Published: March 2003

A risk assessment was performed to incorporate uncertainty in food processing conditions to develop a risk‐based sterilization process design. The focus of this analysis was uncertainty associated with heterogeneous food products. Quartered button mushrooms were the chosen food product because it represents the most typical type. A model for sterilization of spherical particles was utilized, and each parameter's uncertainty was characterized for use under Monte Carlo simulation. Various particle distributions and fluid types were compared. The output of the model was the required sterilization time to achieve the target sterilization conditions with 95% probability. This value was then used to determine the mean fluid velocity for a given tube length. Finally, the output from the model was analyzed to determine the confidence in output based on uncertainty in the input parameters. The model was more sensitive to variation in particle size distribution than fluid type for power‐law fluids. The 90% confidence interval included a holding time range of 1 min. With a 95% confidence level that only 8% of the data will be below the target sterilization conditions, a maximum of 9% of the data were expected to achieve double the target level. The results of such an analysis would be useful for management decisions concerning the design of aseptic food processing operations.
Risk Perception of Heavy Metal Soil Contamination and Attitudes toward Decontamination Strategies
Authors: Weber Olaf , Scholz Roland W. , Bühlmann Renate , Grasmück Dirk
Published: March 2003

Contaminated soils are a common environmental risk all over the world. One major source of risk is heavy metal soil contamination caused by industrial emissions. This quasiexperimental study investigated the perception of these risks by exposed and nonexposed people, their attitudes toward bioremediation methods using hyperaccumulating plants, and the influence of long‐term aspects of sustainability on the acceptance of bioremediation methods. Major findings were that people living in a contaminated area perceived the risk of the heavy metal soil contamination as higher than the general risk of contamination. Second, a factor analysis showed that the factors dread, control, and catastrophic potential were relevant for the perception and valuation of low‐dose environmental risks such as the contamination of the investigated area. In addition, a cluster analysis showed that the risk of heavy metal soil contamination was perceived as similar to that of oil contamination, ozone layer, preservatives and genetic technology. It was perceived indifferently with regard to dread. The uncontrollability of heavy metal soil contamination was estimated as medium, and its catastrophic potential as low. Third, exposed and nonexposed participants preferred bioremediation methods to classical methods (e.g., excavation and chemical treatment of the soil), because they perceived the environmental and esthetical performance of the bioremediation as important criteria. Sustainability or precautionary issues, such as the prevention of harm for future generations, were highly correlated with the acceptance of the use of bioremediation methods in people’s residential areas.
Ecological Risk – Benefit Analysis of a Wetland Development Based on Risk Assessment Using “Expected Loss of Biodiversity”
Authors: Oka Tosihiro , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Kadono Yasuro
Published: March 2003

Ecological risk from the development of a wetland is assessed quantitatively by means of a new risk measure, expected loss of biodiversity (ELB). ELB is defined as the weighted sum of the increments in the probabilities of extinction of the species living in the wetland due to its loss. The weighting for a particular species is calculated according to the length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree that will be lost if the species becomes extinct. The length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree is regarded as reflecting the extent of contribution of the species to the taxonomic diversity of the world of living things. The increments in the probabilities of extinction are calculated by a simulation used for making the Red List for vascular plants in Japan. The resulting ELB for the loss of Nakaikemi wetland is 9,200 years. This result is combined with the economic costs for conservation of the wetland to produce a value for the indicator of the “cost per unit of biodiversity saved.” Depending on the scenario, the value is 13,000 yen per year‐ELB or 110,000 to 420,000 yen per year‐ELB (1 US dollar = 110 yen in 1999).
Shared Values, Social Trust, and the Perception of Geographic Cancer Clusters
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Cvetkovich George T. , Gutscher Heinz
Published: March 2003

Extensive scientific investigations often fail to identify specific carcinogens that have caused geographic clusters of cancer cases. In many such examples, public health officials and other experts have concluded that the cluster is not the result of a particular local environmental condition. Despite this conclusion by experts, concerned members of local communities often persist in believing that the cancer cluster was not random. The present study accounts for the persistence of this belief on the basis of two factors: (a) the tendency of the human mind to identify patterns (and causes), rather than randomness; and (b) a lack of social trust in public health experts. It was expected that perceived shared values evoke social trust. Individuals who conclude that public health experts share their values should be more likely to accept the experts’ conclusion that a cancer cluster reflects randomness, not a particular local cause. Individuals who trust authorities should be more inclined than individuals not having trust to accept that a geographic cluster of cancer cases is a coincidence. Data from Swiss students (N= 334) supported these expectations. Additionally, significant gender differences were observed. Females had less trust in authorities and perceived the cancer cluster as less likely to be a result of pure chance than did males. Practical implications of the results are discussed.
Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Game Theory
Authors: Hausken Kjell
Published: March 2003

The behavioral dimension matters in Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) since players throughout a system incur costs to increase system reliability interpreted as a public good. Individual strategies at the subsystem level generally conflict with collective desires at the system level. Game theory, the natural tool to analyze individual‐collective conflicts that affect risk, is integrated into PRA. Conflicts arise in series, parallel, and summation systems over which player(s) prefer(s) to incur the cost of risk reduction. Frequently, the series, parallel, and summation systems correspond to the four most common games in game theory, i.e., the coordination game, the battle of the sexes and the chicken game, and prisoner's dilemma, respectively.
Health Care Capital Financing Agencies: The Intergovernmental Roles of Quasi‐Government Authorities and the Impact on the Cost of Capital
Authors: Gershberg Alec Ian , Grossman Michael , Goldman Fred
Published: March 2003

During the decade 1983‐1992, approximately $1.4 trillion of municipal bonds were sold in 87,000 in separate issues, primarily to finance capital projects for education, electric power, transportation, health care, housing, and other public and private purpose activities. Approximately two‐thirds of these financings were originated by financing authorities, quasi‐government agencies which are the creation of state legislature. Despite the growing role played by quasi‐public authorities in capital finance, their impacts have not been studied systematically. We first describe the issuers of tax‐exempt debt in the health sector and then derive measures for describing the mix of issuers between state and local levels, and between both government and quasi‐government sectors. We present abbreviated test results of the impact that different mixes have on the cost of capital. First, competition is good: using a Herfindahl index analysis we show that states with less concentrated issuers have a lower cost of capital than those with a more concentrated market, including state‐level finance monopolies. On the other hand, we cannot assert unequivocally that market deconcentration, in and of itself, should be a goal. For instance, there are economies of scale in the health care finance industry that allow larger (often state‐level) issuers to lower the cost of capital.
Augustinian Anthropology: Interior intimo meo
Authors: Mathewes Charles T.
Published: March 2003

Our appreciation and appropriation of Augustine's thought is hindered by assumptions which serious engagement with his thought makes both visible and dubious. His account of the dynamics of human knowing seems, at first glance, a jumble of confusions, but, once better understood, it helps transform both the terms and the framework of our epistemology. His account of human agency seems similarly confused, but also works, once rightly understood, to transform our vision of what agency is. Furthermore, Augustine's different anthropological and metaphysical assumptions provide not only a platform for criticizing what modernity takes for granted but also resources for reconstructing three important issues in Christian ethics. A proper appreciation of Augustinian anthropology offers benefits, then, beyond the merely exegetical.
Metaphysics, History, And Rational Justification
Authors: Reames Kent
Published: March 2003

This article addresses Franklin Gamwell's critique of Alasdair MacIntyre's account of the nature of rational justification. I argue that MacIntyreans have good reasons to take seriously Gamwell's critique, and thus to reformulate MacIntyre's position to make clear that that position does not rest on a denial of all a priori claims. The author outlines such a reformulation, drawing heavily on MacIntyre's account (in his 1990 Aquinas Lecture) of the place of a priori claims within the development of rational traditions of inquiry. When thus rethought, MacIntyre's position grounds a twofold response to Gamwell's critique.
Probing The Politics of Difference: What's Wrong with an All‐Male Priesthood?
Authors: Gudorf Christine E.
Published: March 2003

Though it is often taken for granted that feminists necessarily must condemn the exclusion of women from the Roman Catholic priesthood, the author demonstrates that the “politics of difference,” if pursued consistently, reopens this question. International feminist arguments for honoring gender differences, the teachings of John Paul II concerning women, and Catholic social justice teachings, taken jointly, suggest that the current Catholic exclusion of women from the priesthood is unjust not because the reservation of a social role to a single sex is inherently unacceptable, but because of the asymmetry in power between the roles accorded men and women in the governance of the Catholic Church. To be just, sex‐specific reservation of roles must meet the criteria of balance, proportion, power, and particularity.
Why is Collective Violence Collective?
Authors: de la Roche Roberta Senechal
Published: March 2003

A theory of collective violence must explain both why it is collective and why it is violent. Whereas my earlier work addresses the question of why collective violence is violent, here I apply and extend Donald Black's theory of partisanship to the question of why violence collectivizes. I propose in general that the collectivization of violence is a direct function of strong partisanship. Strong partisanship arises when third parties (1) support one side against the other and (2) are solidary among themselves. Such support occurs when third parties are socially close to one side and remote from the other and when one side has more social status than the other. Third parties are solidary when they are intimate, culturally homogeneous, and interdependent. I focus in particular on lynching: Lynching is a joint function of strong partisanship toward the alleged victim and weak partisanship toward the alleged offender. Unequal strong partisanship appears in both classic lynchings (of outsiders) and communal lynchings (of insiders) across societies and history. Where partisanship is weak or strong on both sides, lynching is unlikely to occur. Evidence includes patterns of lynching in various tribal societies, the American South, imperial China, and medieval Europe.
Simulation System for Analysis of Specialized Mobile Robots
Authors: Maslowski A. , Szynkarczyk P. , Czerniewska–Majewska A. , Andrzejuk A. , Szumilas L.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to present the simulation system for analysis of specialized mobile robots, which is equipped with a supporting human operator (on–board or teleoperator) computer system. Simulation is performed in real time, using a computer system and a mobile robot. Visualization of the environment simulation, movements of the vehicle, and behavior of the human operator are done by computer animation and partly by a mobile robot and its physical environment. The performance of the control unit in different environmental conditions, including detection of obstacles using different sensors, can be observed using a mobile robot moving in a simulated environment configured according to experimental requirements.
Representing Engineering Information for Constructional Steelwork
Authors: Crowley Andrew J. , Watson Alastair S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the concept of data representation in the construction industry. It is concerned with the formal representation of engineering information to facilitate a more integrated and effective approach to construction. It considers the need for change, describes some of the concepts and methodologies employed in the development of product models, and considers the relevance of ISO/STEP to construction.

This paper discusses two techniques in particular— IDEF1X (a graphic modeling language) and EXPRESS (now an International Standard)—emphasizing their relative strengths and weaknesses. The authors suggest approaches to translation between the two languages, highlighting the problems arising from differences in functionality.

This paper is based on the authors’ experience during the development and implementation of the CIMsteel Logical Product Model (LPM). The LPM is a product model for structural steelwork building frames, currently covering the design stage of the life cycle.
A Framework for the Object Life Cycle in Integrated Environments
Authors: Alshawi M. , Putra C.W.F. Che Wan , Faraj I.
Published: March 2003

Problems related to the implementation of product models are different from those encountered during their theoretical development. They are related mainly to information management and the flow of information within the integrated environment. From the point of view of implementation, this paper addresses the problems experienced with current models, concentrating on two main issues: object definition and the life cycle of objects. It also discusses briefly a proposed strategic framework for an integrated construction environment within which a framework for the object life cycle is introduced. Four phases have been defined for the object life cycle. These are create and amend, supplement object with data, use object, and decommission object. This concept has been implemented in the integrated environment SPACE.
Data and Process Models for the Integration of Estimating and Valuation
Authors: Underwood Jason , Alshawi Mustafa
Published: March 2003

The AIC (Automation and Integration in Construction) Research Group at the University of Salford is currently working on the development of a PC–based integrated environment prototype called SPACE (Simultaneous Prototyping for An integrated Construction Environment). SPACE aims to incorporate various construction applications, enabling project information to be shared between these applications and allowing the user to run them simultaneously, i.e., concurrent engineering. The purpose of this paper is to present the EVALUATOR [project Estimate and interim VALUation (monthly) generATiOn in an integRated environment] application of SPACE. EVALUATOR's main objectives are twofold: (1) to produce the project estimate in the form of an elemental bill of quantities (BQ) and (2) to generate monthly interim valuation certificates from the construction plan. Various structured analysis techniques have been implemented to model this application as an integral part of SPACE. The resulting Express–G (static data) and IDEFØ (process) models are described. In addition, the sharing of information between EVALUATOR and the other relevant applications within the integrated environment is also discussed.
Genetic Algorithms in Topologic Design of Grillage Structures
Authors: Hajela P. , Lee E. , Cho H.
Published: March 2003

The paper describes the use of genetic algorithms in determining the optimal layout and sizing of two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) grillage structures for stress, displacement, and element buckling constraints. The design space for this problem is highly nonconvex and not readily amenable to traditional methods of nonlinear programming. The approach develops an optimal topology from a set of predefined structural universe so as to satisfy kinematic stability requirements and other constraints on structural response. A two‐level genetic algorithm–based search is used, wherein the kinematic stability constraints are imposed at one level, followed by the treatment of stress and displacement constraints at a second level of optimization. Since genetic algorithms search for an optimal design from a discrete set of alternatives in the design space, their adaptation in the topologic design problem is natural and is governed only by issues related to computational efficiency. Strategies designed to alleviate the computational requirements of a genetic algorithm–based search are discussed in the paper.
Genetic Algorithms and Hydropower System Design
Authors: Parmee I. C.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents research concerning the integration of the genetic algorithm with various elements of hydropower system design. A brief description of the successful application of the genetic algorithm to the shape optimization of a hydraulic/pneumatic chamber and the concrete shell of an arch dam is presented. The paper then concentrates on the initial integration of a structured genetic algorithm with the preliminary stages of large‐scale hydropower system design. The potential of concurrent, multilevel adaptive search across a hierarchical design structure described by both discrete and continuous variable parameters is investigated. The structure comprises the main elements of a large‐scale hydropower system with five potential sites. The objective is to provide the engineer with a selection of optimal system configurations within those sites that display the greatest potential. Problems associated with search across such a discontinuous domain include high levels of parameter/gene redundancy and a high‐probability of premature convergence due to the presence of a large number of discrete design switches. Appropriate mutation regimes are introduced to ensure a diverse search across the design hierarchy during the early generations of an evolutionary search.
Cluster Identification Techniques in Genetic Algorithms for Multimodal Optimization
Authors: Lin C.‐Y. , Yang Y.‐J.
Published: March 2003

This work proposes techniques in sharing‐ enhanced genetic algorithms to identify regions where designs cluster in a multimodal design space. A crowdedness function is defined to represent the degree of crowding in the neighborhood of a design. Crowdedness function values of designs in a population are used as criteria for the identification of a design cluster if it has formed. An automatically determined radius of the hyperspherical cluster is then used as both the sharing radius and the radius of mating restriction. Cluster identification techniques in genetic algorithms not only will increase the possibilities of locating more relative optima but also will speed up the convergence rate of located optima. Two illustrative multimodal function minimization problems are used as benchmarks to test the proposed techniques.
Real‐Time Flood Forecasting Using Neural Networks
Authors: Thirumalaiah Konda , Deo M. C.
Published: March 2003

Real‐time forecasting of stream flows during storms provides an essential input to operational flood management. This work is usually very complex owing to the uncertain and unpredictable nature of the underlying phenomena. The technique of neural networks therefore was applied to model it. Forecasting of flood values during storms with a lead time of one and more hours was made using a selected sequence of past flood values observed at a specific location. Training of the network was done with the help of three alternative methods, viz., error backpropagation, conjugate gradient, and cascade correlation. Resulting flood forecasts were found to be satisfactory—especially when warning time was the least.
Computer‐Aided Process Planning for CNC Pumped‐Concrete Placement
Authors: Kunigahalli Raghavan , Veeramani Dharmaraj , Russell Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2003

Computer‐aided process planning (CAPP) is a key step in the integration of computer‐aided design and computer‐aided construction. The focus of our research is on the development of a CAPP system that will enable automated placement (i.e., pouring) of pumped concrete on a structural floor using computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment. In this paper we describe the algorithms and methodologies comprising the CAPP system, including (1) algorithms for geometric reasoning (with the CAD model of a given floor) to recognize areas to be concreted and to extract features (such as elevator shafts) that are to be avoided during concrete placement and (2) combinatorial optimization procedures for identification of an efficient sequence of floor slabs to be concreted and the generation of a corresponding area‐covering, obstacle‐avoiding path plan for the pumped‐concrete placement pipe.
Comparison of Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method and LDLT Factorization for Structural Analysis
Authors: Suarjana Made
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the efficiency of the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method and the LDLTfactorization for solving a sparse system of linear equations in large‐scale structural analysis with both single‐ and multiple‐load cases. In the PCG method we present an incomplete LDLT preconditioning method that can be used to efficiently solve a system of linear equations with a wide range of matrix conditions, system sizes, and computer memory limitations. The preconditioning method is very flexible, and we can easily balance the size of the preconditioning matrix and the level of the preconditioning that is appropriate for the problem to be solved. For comparison, we use an implementation of a row‐oriented sparse LDLT solution method.
A Time‐Domain Algorithm for Active Control of Civil Structures
Authors: Sureau Olivier , Smith H. Allison
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study is to formulate and assess a simple time‐domain control algorithm. The algorithm under consideration applies a control force to the structure at the current time step in order to cancel the portion of the system velocity that is induced by the response and the external load at the preceding time step. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is quantified using representative SDOF and MDOF test structures subjected to several earthquake time histories. The performance of the time‐domain control algorithm is comparable with the performance of the classic linear quadratic regulator (LQR) formulation. Furthermore, the time‐domain algorithm seems to be almost insensitive to uncertainties in the structural parameters and is able to accommodate practical limitations, such as maximum actuator capacity, without a drastic degradation in performance. Lastly, for MDOF structures, it is possible to develop and compare several control schemes depending on which velocities are selected to be independent of the response and loading at the previous time step.
Fuzzy Models in Geotechnical Engineering and Construction Management
Authors: Fetz Thomas , Oberguggenberger Michael , Jager Johannes , Koll David , Krenn Gunther , Lessmann Heimo , Stark Rudolf F.
Published: March 2003

This article is devoted to a variety of applications of fuzzy models in civil engineering, presenting the current work of a group of researchers at the University of Innsbruck. With fuzzy methods and possibility theory as an encompassing framework, the following areas are addressed: uncertainties in geotechnical engineering, fuzzy finite‐element computation of a foundation raft, fuzzy dynamic systems, and processing uncertainty in project scheduling and cost planning.
An Integrated Planning Tool for Evaluating Road Environmental Impacts
Authors: Klungboonkrong P. , Taylor M. A. P.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the theoretical foundation, fundamental structure, and application of an integrated planning tool for evaluating the multicriteria environmental sensitivity (ES) of urban road networks. The tool is an integration of the environmental sensitivity methodology (ESM) concept, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy set theory (FST), knowledge‐based expert systems (KBES), and geographic information system (GIS). A case study application of the tool, using the road network for the city of Geelong in Victoria, Australia, is described. The results of the case study indicate the potential utility of the tool for assessing the ES of an urban road network at a local level, identifying problem locations, and specifying the possible causes of those problems. In addition, it is found that the typical AHP expressed more powerful capability in differentiating links according to their composite ES characteristics than the fuzzy compositional AHP.
What Science Offers Teachers of Reading
Authors: Spear‐Swerling Louise , Sternberg Robert J.
Published: March 2003

Although educators may teach well without knowledge of scientific research, students obtain greater benefits from knowledgeable teachers who ensure that scientific research is incorporated into their instruction. In this paper, scientific findings and practical implications are compared and some suggestions to close the gap between science and practice are provided.

In this article we examine what science offers general and special educators who teach reading. We review some well‐established scientific findings about reading and their practical implications, not only for children with reading disabilities, but for other children as well. In addition, we consider some broader ways that science may be useful to educators. We conclude with some suggestions for individual teachers interested in becoming more familiar with scientific research on reading.
Common Pool Games are Convex Games
Authors: Meinhardt Holger
Published: March 2003

For the class of cooperative common pool games the paper focuses on the question of how, during the preplay negotiation process, the ability of coalitions to enforce their claims imposes externalities on the opposition by having an impact on the jointly produced resource. One of our main results is that common pool games are clear games. Based on this result we are able to derive sufficient conditions for the convexity of the characteristic function, which establishes the second main result in the paper, namely that cooperative common pool games are characterized by increasing returns with respect to the coalition size.
Economies with Multiple Public Projects
Authors: Gilles Robert P. , Hahn Kyungdong
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses a general equilibrium model of an economy with multiple separately provided public projects. We assume an additively separable cost structure and consider valuation equilibria with separated finance systems, one for each collective good. Under non‐Euclidean representation we show the decentralization of Pareto efficient allocations by valuation equilibria and the equivalence of the core and the set of nonnegative valuation equilibria. In the case of Euclidean representation, every Pareto efficient allocation is shown to be supported as an affine valuation equilibrium that is characterized by a personalized price per unit of each public good and a personalized lump sum tax or subsidy. These results complement and clarify already established insights into Lindahl pricing and its generalizations developed in the literature.
A Democracy Principle and Strategy‐Proofness
Authors: Campbell Donald E. , Kelly Jerry S.
Published: March 2003

In some social choice applications we want more than one alternative to be selected in some situations. This allows the construction of strategy‐proof social choice rules that are not dictatorial. But if we also require x alone to be selected if it is at the top of some ordering that is submitted by more than half of the individuals then the rule cannot be strategy‐proof. We prove this for rules that sometimes select one alternative, and sometimes two, but never more than two.
Pollution Abatement Investment When Environmental Regulation Is Uncertain
Authors: Farzin Y.H. , Kort P.M.
Published: March 2003

In a dynamic model of a risk‐neutral competitive firm that can lower its pollution emissions per unit of output by building up abatement capital stock, we examine the effect of a higher pollution tax rate on abatement investment both under full certainty and when the timing or the size of the tax increase is uncertain. We show that a higher pollution tax encourages abatement investment if it does not exceed a certain threshold rate. However, akin to the Diamond‐Mirrlees tax anomaly, it is possible that a higher pollution tax rate results in more pollution. The magnitude uncertainty discourages abatement investment, but at the time of the actual tax increase the abatement investment path may shift either upward or downward. On the other hand, when the timing is uncertain, the abatement investment path always jumps upward, thus suggesting that the effect of magnitude uncertainty on the optimal investment path may be more pronounced than that of timing uncertainty. Further, we show that the ad hoc practice of raising the discount rate to account for the uncertainty leads to underinvestment in abatement capital. We show how the size of this underinvestment bias varies with the future tax increase. Finally, we show that a credible threat to accelerate the tax increase can induce more abatement investment.
Optimal Redistribution with Heterogeneous Preferences for Leisure
Authors: Boadway Robin , Marchand Maurice , Pestieau Pierre , Del Mar Racionero María
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the properties of the optimal nonlinear income tax when preferences are quasi–linear in leisure and individuals differ in their ability and their preferences for leisure. The government seeks to redistribute income. It can perfectly observe the level of endogenous income but cannot observe either ability or preferences. The heterogeneity of preferences leads to problems of comparability between individual utilities which challenge the design of redistributive schemes. We analyze the consequences of adopting a utilitarian social welfare function where the government is allowed to give different weights to individuals with different preferences. Under this particular social objective and given the quasi–linearity of preferences, we are able to obtain closed–form solutions for the marginal tax rates and to examine the progressivity of the tax system according to the weights used.
Assessment of Undergraduate Risk Management and Insurance Programs
Authors: Feldhaus William R.
Published: March 2003

Assessment of academic programs is most often viewed by the academic community as a burden on faculty and administrators. It's something you must do for accreditation or to satisfy funding agencies. However, whether done at the college or departmental level, assessment can be a value‐added process in striving for academic excellence. First, assessment requires the faculty to clearly define its program mission and objectives, along with learning outcomes that are consistent with its chosen mission and objectives. Second, assessment can be used to improve relations with students, alumni, employers, and other constituents. Finally, assessment as an ongoing process will result in a continuous improvement in curriculum and pedagogy. Assessment is at the very heart of the learning process, and all faculty have a duty to the scholarship of learning as an essential element of academic life.
Archetypal defenses in the clinical situation: a vignette
Authors: Kalsched Donald E.
Published: March 2003

Critical moments along the path of an analysis are presented in order to illustrate how dreams portray archaic and typical (archetypal) defenses against the re‐experience of unbearable affect as it emerges. Inner defensive ‘objects’ functioning as a ‘self‐care system’ threaten to uproot, kill or destroy the connections between the dream ego and various images of vulnerability as these emerge in response to healing life events or transference feelings. Over a series of dreams, transformations within this self‐care system are observed, ending in a final healing dream which marks the patient's achievement of a ‘depressive position’ in relation to her otherwise persecutory anxieties.
The dynamic self
Authors: Hubback Judith
Published: March 2003

The paper describes various aspects of the dynamic energy of the self, as experienced personally and in clinical work. It discusses the inherent and archetypal force there is in the self, expressed in several ways, for example in some poetry, and in spirituality. The dynamic power of the self is shown at work in the process of individuation, including its vicissitudes of pain and working through doubts, envies and other shadow factors.
Principle of organization: a dynamic‐systems view of the archetype‐as‐such
Authors: McDowell Maxson J.
Published: March 2003

The personality is a dynamic system. Like all other dynamic systems, it must be self‐organized. In this paper I focus upon the archetype‐as‐such, that is, upon the essential core around which both an archetypal image and a complex are organized. I argue that an archetype‐as‐such is a pre‐existing principle of organization. Within the personality that principle manifests itself as a psychological vortex (a complex) into which we are drawn. The vortex is impersonal. We mediate it through myths and rituals or through consciousness. In this paper I show that Jung's intuition about the archetype‐as‐such is supported by recent science. I evaluate other concepts of the archetype. My concept is different from that proposed recently by Saunders and Skar. My concept allows each archetype‐as‐such to be defined precisely in mathematical terms. It suggests a new interpretation of mythology. It also addresses our spiritual experience of an archetype. Because the archetypes‐as‐such are fundamental to the personality, the better we understand them the better we understand our patients. The paper is grounded with clinical examples.
To speak in tongues: language, diversity and psychoanalysis
Authors: Connolly Angela
Published: March 2003

After reviewing the different psychoanalytical approaches to language of authors such as Freud, Lacan, Kristeva, Jung and Nicolas Abraham, the author examines the problem of ‘analytical listening’, of the attitude that every analyst must assume towards the words of the analysand, words that must be heard not just in terms of their content but above all in terms of their sound. We live in a culture in which visual images predominate over acoustic images and all too often this cultural trend is repeated in analysis, but it is only when we can hear the ‘poetry’ of the analysand's discourse that we are able to provide an ‘echo’, an analytical response that can co‐symbolize with, that can offer to the analysand a word or a metaphor that will unlock the symbol hidden behind his or her words. The author then turns to the problem of bilinguism and its role in analysis. In her view, bilingual analysts are facilitated in their task of listening and of translation, because bilinguism facilitates the rapidity and fluidity of the analyst's associations, and at the same time sharpens his or her awareness of how the sound of a word can subtly change its meaning. The paper ends with a clinical vignette which illustrates the role that language can play in hysteria. In hysteria the dissociation between body and psyche is accompanied by a dissociation inside language itself, between verbalization and vocalization. These dissociations can be linked to the traumatic impact of the encounter between the ‘language of tenderness’ and the ‘language of passion’, between the child's attachment needs and parental sexuality. In such cases the failure of communication can be resolved principally through the use the analyst makes of the countertransference.
Dynamic Macroeconomics
Authors: Sayer Stuart
Published: March 2003

David Romer, Advanced Macroeconomics.

Stephen J. Turnovsky, Methods of Macroeconomic Dynamics.
Precommitment in Competing Vertical Chains
Authors: Irmen Andreas
Published: March 2003

The design of distribution channels is an important marketing decision since a revision implies costly reorganization. Hence, it makes sense to study strategic motives of alternative distribution devices. A precommitment is a strategic move that affects the other players’ expectations on how oneself will behave and thus induces them to choose in one's own favor (Schelling (1960)). How these tactics can be used by firms to favorably influence competition between vertical chains is the topic of the literature reviewed in this survey. JEL classification L22, L42, L81.
A Systems Approach to the Social Difficulties of Transsexuals in Hong Kong
Authors: Ma Joyce L.C.
Published: March 2003

This paper identifies social difficulties commonly faced by a group of forty‐two Hong Kong transsexuals who had applied for sex reassignment surgery. It describes the use of a systems perspective to conceptualize their problems and a structural family therapy approach to social work intervention.
Chronic Eating Disorders in Therapy: Clinical Stories Using Family Systems and Psychoanalytic Approaches
Authors: Dare Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper presents three pieces of work, all focused around a person presenting with a long history of disordered eating patterns. One treatment was a couple therapy, one a family plus individual therapy and the third a purely individual therapy. The three different psychotherapies demonstrate an approach which uses psychoanalytic as well as family therapy thinking and techniques. The material is offered to show examples of the clinical practice within which individual and couple or family therapy constitute a range of psychotherapeutic responses to people and, in particular, to people with eating disorders. The context of the therapy is described in some detail as it accounts for many features of the treatments, for example, that they are justified within the institution by having been subject to empirical investigation. A metaphor, that of the medieval castle, is offered as an evocation of the experience of the person that is relevant in the practice of both individual and family therapy.
Evolving Ideas about Narrative: Re‐editing the Re‐editing of Family Mythology
Authors: Byng‐Hall John
Published: March 2003

My 1979 paper described family mythology as a combination of the family's beliefs about itself (myths) and stories and legends that illustrate those beliefs. My ideas evolved to encompass family scripts which prescribe what is to be done about family beliefs. Rewriting family scripts and re‐editing family mythology are seen as different punctuations of the same recursive therapeutic cycle. Narrative is also explored from an attachment research perspective, in which the coherence of narrative is shown to be associated with secure attachments, and hence coherence is a suitable goal for family therapy. A ‘family therapy story’ is told about our oldest tradition, that of always having to be ‘pioneers’, which cuts us off from new advances in research in other fields. Some interdisciplinary research in which the author was involved illustrates the value of collaboration between different perspectives.
Attachment theory and systemic practice: research update
Authors: Akister Jane
Published: March 2003

Attachment theory offers a way of thinking about the dyadic relationships within the family system. Family systems theory and therapy can contribute to attachment theory, as dyadic relationships do not exist in isolation but within the context of other relationships. Research at the interface between systemic practice and attachment theory is reviewed with examination of the central role they may play together in the developing understanding of family relationships.
Evidence‐based practice in family therapy and systemic consultation
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: March 2003

Evidence for the effectiveness of family therapy and family‐based interventions from critical literature reviews and controlled trials is considered for families with children and adolescents who present with various difficulties. The evidence supports the effectiveness of family therapy as an effective treatment either alone or as part of a multimodal or multisystemic treatment programme for child abuse and neglect, conduct problems, emotional problems and psychosomatic problems. Implications for practice, training and continuing professional development in the field of family therapy are discussed.
The Beavers, McMaster and Circumplex clinical rating scales: a study of their sensitivity, specificity and discriminant validity
Authors: Drumm Michael , Carr Alan , Fitzgerald Michael
Published: March 2003

To assess the sensitivity and specificity of clinical rating scales from the Beavers, McMaster and Circumplex models of family functioning videotapes of sixty families engaging in a standardized family task interview were rated using the three rating scales. The sixty families included twenty containing a child with an emotional disorder, twenty containing a child with a mixed disorder of emotions and conduct, and twenty in which none of the children presented with clinically significant difficulties. The three rating scales accurately classified 85‐90% of normal controls, 70‐90% of cases containing a child with a mixed disorder of emotions and conduct, and 55‐65% of families containing a child with an emotional disorder. On the rating scales, the Beavers and McMaster models showed particularly high levels of sensitivity in detecting clinical cases, whereas the Circumplex rating scale was particularly good at classifying non‐clinical cases accurately.
Relating therapy with individuals, couples and families
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces a theoretical system within which relating behaviour may be defined, classified and measured. It is emphasized that a person both relates to and is related to by others. Relating may be of a positive or negative kind, and it is argued that the object of psychotherapy is both to eliminate the person's negative relating and enable the person to tolerate the negative relating of others. The term ‘interrelating’ is used to refer to the combination of relating and being related to of two people. Couple therapy is aimed at correcting the negative interrelating of partners, and family therapy is aimed at improving the interrelating of pairs of family members. A set of questionnaires based upon the theoretical system is introduced. These measure the negative relating of individuals and negative interrelating between individuals, and are proposed as useful adjuncts to individual, couple and family therapy.
Migration and the ‘Miracle’ at Milan. The Neighbourhoods of Baggio, Barona, Bovisa and Comasina in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Foot John
Published: March 2003

The issue of internal migration during Italy's ‘economic miracle’ was much studied during the 1960s. Since then, little work has been done on the subject. This article examines the issues of migration and integration in two key areas of everyday life—work and housing. The author concludes that there were different kinds of integration—‘radical’ and ‘conservative’—and that one kind could preclude the other. Housing provided a form of integration but also led to extreme forms of isolation. Work could integrate the migrant either as a willing and proud participant in the ‘miracle’, or as a combative member of an angry working class. But these forms of integration were also riddled with contradictions which are highlighted in the article. Migrants could be integrated at the work place and alienated in the ‘big city’, and vice versa. Historical, sociological and cultural trends determined the patterning of these outcomes, which are studied here in the context of four different peripheral neighborhoods in the key industrial and financial city of Milan.
Paths of Citizenship and the Legacy of Human Rights Violations: The Cases of Redemocratized Argentina and Uruguay
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: March 2003

Through a comparison of redemocratized Argentina and Uruguay, this article shows how distinct historical paths of citizenship affect the strategies and practices enacted in different political communities. The analysis focuses on the societal confrontation with the legacy of human rights violations as the new democratic governments attempted to balance normative principles with political contingencies. Embedded in their particular paths of citizenship, both societies adopted different strategies of post‐dictatorial justice and reconciliation, with Argentina achieving a tenuous institutional resolution of this confrontation, while Uruguay achieved a shared resolution, bolstered by popular mobilization and debate, which reinforced the component of civility in its collective identity.
Colonial Governmentality and the Public Sphere in India
Authors: Kalpagam U.
Published: March 2003

Colonial governmentality in India reconstituted the public sphere. New political rationalities that constituted modern governmental power and the liberal technologies of government effected a new conception of economy and society. Governmentality's governance of colonial conduct in an improving direction socialized native public opinion to question the legitimacy of the colonial covenant. As native opinion against colonial rule sharpened, colonial liberalism had often to make a volte‐face of its liberal principle and was forced to suppress public opinion. Gandhi alone sought to overturn colonial governmentality and in doing so, provided a conception of public opinion that could transcend the limits of liberal reason.
Accounting‐based Valuation of Polish Listed Companies
Authors: Gornik‐Tomaszewski Sylwia , Jermakowicz Eva K.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the value relevance of the new accounting system in Poland. Using a model derived from the Edwards‐Bell‐Ohlson valuation framework, the relation of current earnings and lagged book values with the stock prices of Polish listed companies is tested. The accounting data are derived from the financial statements prepared under The Act on Accounting of 1994, which assured a full compliance of the Polish accounting standards with the European Union directives. The results show that both current earnings and lagged book values are positively and significantly related to prices, and the magnitude of this relation is comparable to that reported in more advanced markets. Also, the incremental information content of lagged book value is greater than that of current earnings.