bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Scottish Interlude, 1877–1878
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Bülow’s direction of the Glasgow Choral Union for a ten-week period from early November 1877 to January 1878 is a virtually unknown episode in his career. The invitation was due in no small measure to the powerful sponsorship of Thomas Logan Stillie, the chief music critic of the Glasgow Herald, and one of the supporters of the Choral Union itself. Stillie was a wealthy Scottish merchant who had made a fortune as head of a calico company and had then retired from business while still young in order to cultivate his musical interests. On account of his uncommon erudition, his wide European travels, and his knowledge of foreign languages, he had been appointed to the Glasgow Herald, in which position he wielded much local influence.
The Meiningen Years, 1880–1885 II: Enter Marie Schanzer
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Behind the public euphoria surrounding Bülow’s success with the Mein- ingen Orchestra, an elation of a very private kind had taken possession of him. In the early part of 1882 he had fallen in love with a young Meinin- gen actress named Marie Schanzer, who eventually became his second wife. The story is fraught with complication, and it would require a Bal- zac or a Dickens to do it proper justice. But the chronicle of Bülow’s life cannot continue much further without dwelling on this young woman, and the central role she was to play in his affairs.
Lupus The Essential Clinician’s Guide
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

This concise, authoritative pocketbook provides the most up-to-date information on the diagnosis, treatment and management of lupus. The volume describes the pathophysiology of the condition, diagnostic strategies and tools, and current and emerging therapeutic options, focusing on direct clinical applications for busy healthcare professionals. One million people in the United States suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), a chronic autoimmune disease that is potentially debilitating and sometimes fatal as the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. SLE can affect any part of the body, but most often damages the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys and nervous system. The course of the disease is unpredictable, with periods of illness alternating with remission. It can be treated symptomatically, mainly with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, though there is currently no cure. Several promising new treatments, however, are in late-stage clinical trials. Lupus is one of several diseases known as the 'great imitator' because its symptoms vary so widely and it often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses, and because the symptoms come and go unpredictably. As a result, patients present with varied symptoms to different practitioners and diagnosis can be elusive, with patients sometimes suffering unexplained symptoms and untreated lupus for years. Hence, a practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of lupus would be valuable to an array of clinicians and may help expedite earlier diagnosis and better patient care.
Brainstem
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Brainstem IS arguably the most important anatomical region of the nervous system; all fibers that pass to and from the cerebrum go through it and it contains numerous neuronal pools requisite for survival. Despite its importance, it is suprisingly small—only 6 × 3 × 3 cm in size (54 cm3 in volume), which means its neurons and axons are densely packed, and so we are able to localize brainstem lesions with remarkable precision. In this chapter, we will start with a basic approach to the overall brainstem and then cover each brainstem level in detail. The superior border of the brainstem lies along the horizontal plane of the mammillary bodies and posterior commissure. The inferior border is the upper cervical spinal cord at the level of the pyramidal decussation.
Thalamus
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will draw the nuclei of the thalamus. Informational pathways flow into the thalamus from all areas of the central nervous system. Thalamic nuclei process, integrate, and relay sensory, motor, and behavioral information and project it throughout the cerebral cortex. These cortical areas then return modulated information to the thalamus, which forms a reciprocal topographic connection between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. In some instances, the cerebral cortex, itself, provides the initial projection to the thalamus, such as the cortical projections that exist to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.
Visual Pathways
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will draw the most overtly relied upon sensory system—the visual sensory system, and in the next chapter, we will learn the eye movements. Let’s begin with an axial section through the eyeball and include the posterior optic nerve attachment. In the anterior eye, draw the lens; indicate it separates the anterior chamber in front of it from the vitreous space behind it. The anterior chamber and vitreous space contain aqueous and vitreuous humor, respectively.
Language
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will learn the neuroanatomy of language in two steps. First, we will learn the language disorders (aka aphasias), because clinically, we consider language anatomy in terms of its disorders. However, the anatomical basis of the aphasias is broad, imprecise, and redundant; so after that we will study the specific steps in the perception, processing, and production of language to fully understand its anatomy.
Sleep Neurocircuitry
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In 1914, renowned French neurologists Joseph Dejerine and Jacques Lhermitte emphatically denied the possibility of a brain sleep center. Their view was shared by most scientists that sleep was simply the absence of sensory input to the brain and not an active brain process. In 1916–1917, however, Baron Constantin von Economo documented pathologic–anatomic correlations of patients who had died from encephalitis lethargica (aka von Economo’s encephalitis), which demonstrated clear sleep and wake central nervous system centers.
Differential diagnosis
Authors: Park Ariane , Zadikoff Cindy
Published: November 2023

Parkinsonism is characterized by tremor, akinesia (or bradykinesia), rigidity, and postural instability. While idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, there are a wide range of other diseases that can also cause parkinsonism. In fact, approximately 25% of patients initially diagnosed with PD are found to have parkinsonism as part of another disorder.12 As therapeutic advances are made, it becomes increasingly important to not only recognize PD in its early stages but also distinguish PD from other causes of parkinsonism. Therefore, it is important to recognize some of the unique features that can help distinguish between the different causes of parkinsonism.
Approach to the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Isaacson Stewart
Published: November 2023

The choice of initial therapy for treating early Parkinson’s disease is best individualized after consultation with the patient, family members, and other caregivers. Patients can report how they feel and how motor and nonmotor symptoms affect their experiences of daily life. Their families and caregivers can relate observations of symptoms of which the patient may not be aware, such as rest tremor or confusion.
Clinical Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 emphasized that the motor symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are confined to the extrapyramidal system. There should be no obvious corticospinal tract signs, cerebellar ataxia, or apraxia. Nonmotor symptoms and signs also influence the diagnosis, but since extrapyramidal motor system dysfunction is fundamental, we will consider this first.
Natural Progression of Parkinson’s Disease over the Lifetime
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients understandably worry about progression, disability, and mortality. However, the issue of progression is important to clinicians beyond patient counseling. Many therapeutic decisions have long-term implications and a sense of the natural history of PD may help make wise choices for the patient.
Choosing the Initial Drug (Confronting Controversies)
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The available drugs treat only the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deferring drug therapy may be reasonable if the symptoms are not interfering with the patient’s life. However, the circumstances need to be considered. What may be a trivial problem for one patient may be disabling for another. For example, a prominent hand rest tremor may not be problematic for a hard-working farmer, but conversely, a source of distraction for a trial attorney in court. Compromised workplace activities, reduced social interactions, declining recreational activities, or an increasing sedentary lifestyle are all good reasons to treat.
Depression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Depression is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), with an estimated prevalence of 40 percent; however, the severity and the origins are often difficult to assess. PD patients usually appear depressed even when they are not, due to loss of facial animation and reduced smiling. Apathy, reduced motivation, insomnia, and psychomotor retardation are hallmarks of depression, but also are primary symptoms of PD, independent of depression. Moreover, it is often difficult to distinguish primary depression from a reactive depression caused by PD disability. Finally, insomnia and sleep disorders are common in PD (see chapter 20), and sleep deprivation can secondarily exacerbate depression.
Diets, Nutrition, and Osteoporosis Prevention
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

No changes in diet are necessary for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, except for those requiring frequent carbidopa/levodopa doses, including some close to meals (see below). As discussed in chapters 10 and 12, dietary amino acids from protein digestion will compete with levodopa for transport across the blood–brain barrier. However, if the carbidopa/levodopa doses can be taken an hour (or more) before meals, or at least 2 hours after completion of meals, there is no problem; no changes in meal content are necessary. Patients should be reminded, however, that between-meal snacks that contain protein (e.g., ice cream) will also sabotage the levodopa effect, as will taking the carbidopa/levodopa doses with milk.
Clinical Rating Scales and Patient Resources
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The first part of this chapter provides rating instruments for parkinsonism, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and mental status, which might be of utility to clinicians in practice. The chapter closes with a discussion of resources and websites that provide reliable information on Parkinson’s disease to the lay public, which may be passed along to patients.
Management of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Much to many a neurologist’s surprise, studies on the treatment of MS symptoms showed that most physicians fail to address this aspect of the disease. While treatment of the underlying pathologic process is of major importance, failure to treat MS symptoms can result in a seriously compromised quality of life for both patients and their families, as well as increased disability. Symptoms of MS vary considerably among individuals and change over time. Most MS symptoms can be modified, but only a few can be eliminated completely. Severity of symptoms, duration, and ability to tolerate symptom-relieving medications are all important variables.
Gender Issues and Special Multiple Sclerosis Populations
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Two thirds of persons with relapsing-remitting MS are women. The reasons for this are not known, but almost certainly genetic and hormonal influences are important. This chapter will review some of the data regarding unique aspects of MS in women, men, children and adolescents, and other special populations.
The Structure Of Gould Happenstance, Humanism, History, and the Unity of His View of Life
Authors: Allmon Warren D
Published: November 2023

Once, in responding to critics who had attempted to link his views on another topic to punctuated equilibrium, Steve Gould wrote, “I do have other interests, after all” (1982f, 88; see also 2002c, 1005). This was of course very true. Steve read, thought, traveled, talked, and wrote across a wide expanse of time, space, and subjects. He sang Bach and Gilbert and Sullivan; loved architecture, baseball, and numerical coincidences; collected beautiful old books; met with the pope about nuclear war; corresponded with Jimmy Carter about God; once appeared on a TV talk show as an expert on conjoined twins; and published technical papers on allometry, snails, Irish Elks, eurypterids, pelycosaurian reptiles, clams, receptaculitids, the history of paleontology, and human cranial capacity. Despite this breadth, however, one of the central facts of his professional life was that essentially all of his interests were, proximately or ultimately, interconnected in a unusually coherent and explicitly stated intellectual view, not only of the history of Earth and its life but also of the philosophy of science and the nature of human thought.
Stephen Jay Gould’S Evolving, Hierarchical Thoughts On Stasis
Authors: Lieberman Bruce S
Published: November 2023

Steve Gould made so many lasting contributions to paleontology and evolutionary biology that it is hard to identify any one as most significant. It is clear, however, that his work developing punctuated equilibrium with Niles Eldredge (e.g., Eldredge, 1971; 1972e; 1977c) will rank as one of the most important. Punctuated equilibrium posits that speciation takes place relatively rapidly compared to the total duration of the species and occurs in small, isolated populations usually along the margin of the species range. Because of the relatively sudden nature of speciation and because it happens in small, isolated populations, its occurrence in the fossil record will be difficult to observe. Punctuated equilibrium also posits that throughout most of their evolutionary history species are stable, displaying what was termed morphological stasis; stasis may be punctuated equilibrium’s “most important contribution to evolutionary science” (2002c, 874). The development of punctuated equilibrium represented an important theoretical breakthrough by Eldredge and Gould made possible because each author had collected abundant data from the fossil record, and also each author had a thorough understanding of evolutionary theory. The latter was particularly important.
Head and Neck
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

By age 1 month, the infant in a prone position will usually hold the head dorsally. At 3 months of age, the normal infant holds the head steady when held upright by the physician. Failure to hold the head up usually indicates poor motor development. Head nodding may be normal, but it is usually seen in children who have emotional issues or are mentally retarded or who have spasmusnutans. Note the amount, color, and texture of the hair. The newborn infant usually has hair that is fully replaced beginning at about 3 months of age, though substantial new hair growth may not be observed until 9 – 24 months. Lack of hair (alopecia) may be a familial characteristic or a manifestation of ectodermal dysplasia, hyperthyroidism, or progeria. Localized alopecia (alopecia areata) is seen in ringworm or other infections of the scalp and in acrodynia, but in infants it is most commonly caused by rubbing of localized areas when the infant lies in one position for a long time. Rarely, alopecia areata is seen in children with syphilis or hypervitaminosis A or in children who pull out the hair or occurs after severe systemic disease (e.g., typhoid fever).
Abdomen
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

The Abdomen IS frequently examined first in younger children. The examination requires few instruments, but even they may frighten the child. Warm your hands before examining the abdomen. A thorough examination is impossible if the child is afraid or crying or if the abdominal wall is taut. Examine the abdomen of a frightened child on the parent’s lap. Sometimes it is necessary to examine parts of the abdomen while the child is quiet and to examine the abdomen later when the child quiets again. If the child is ticklish, have the child place a hand over your palpating hand.
Spleen and Liver
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

An Enlarged Spleen is usually felt as a superficial mass in the left upper quadrant. It may feel like a tongue hanging from the left costal margin, with a sharp straight border and a notch on the anterior margin. Splenic enlargement is evident in children with such diseases as septicemia, other infections, blood dyscrasias, including sickle cell or iron-deficient anemia, thalassemia major, hemolytic jaundice, infectious mononucleosis and leukemia, lysosomal storage diseases, and connective tissue diseases. A very large spleen with a less enlarged liver is evident in cases of portal vein obstruction and neonatal hepatitis. It may be normally palpable 1– 2 cm below the left costal margin in newborns (because of extramedullary hematopoiesis) and in normal infants and young children. You may miss a particularly large spleen if you start palpation too high. Note the size of the spleen and whether it is tender. Floating ribs are sometimes confused with the spleen on palpation. Usually you can differentiate by palpation or percussion.
Urinary Tract
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Clarity Turbidity usually is normal due to crystal formation at room temperature. Uric acid crystals form in acidic urine, phosphate crystals in alkaline urine. Cellular material and bacteria can also cause turbidity. Dipsticks and Test Tapes IRIS Chemstrips (Roche; Basel, Switzerland) and Multistix (Bayer; Tarrytown, NY) For the determination of specific gravity, pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin, and blood in urine.
Endocrine
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Pituitary The pituitary is the master hormone responsible for the activity of many of the other hormones, including human growth hormone, which is responsible for growth. Pituitary agenesis may be familial in rare instances and may be associated with one variety of congenital hypopituitarism or with major craniofacial anomalies (e.g., alobar holoprosencephaly or facial clefts) and in anencephalics. Infants with isolated pituitary aplasia may have normal intrauterine growth but present with neonatal hypoglycemia.
Neurologic, Neuropsychiatric, and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Intrauterine infections Toxoplasmosis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, rubella, syphilis Peri- or postnatal infections (bacterial, granulomatous, parasitic) Peri- or postnatal hemorrhage (hypoxia, vascular malformation, trauma) Mass lesions Neoplasms, arteriovenous malformations, congenital cysts Subdural effusion Hemorrhagic, infectious, cystic hygroma
Stop, Hey, What’s that Sound? 1963–1967
Authors: Smith Chris
Published: November 2023

If the 1940s and 1950s were the age of jazz, blues, folk, and rock-n-roll, then the mid-1960s was certainly focused around the development of rock as an emerging genre distinct from rock and roll, when heady and hardy songcraft took over catchy pop to create music you could feel and think about instead of just dance to. Just as folk music had maintained a political and social agenda in the 1940 and 1950s (making itself a tasty snack for McCarthyism), folk, folk-rock, and psychedelic music became important vehicles for engaging the surrounding culture in the mid-1960s. Rock music became the people’s voice, rallying for community causes that ranged from saving local parks to the Civil Rights movement, and rallying against police brutality and America’s ever-extending involvement in the Vietnam conflict. But more than just another developing musical genre and outlet for disillusioned youth, rock catapulted album sales into unexpected territory, surpassing the $1 billion-per-year mark in 1967 (by this time the album format had largely eclipsed the sale of singles, holding 82 percent of the record market).
Succeeding with the Difficult History
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

What determines the quality of the history? When reciting histories to me, medical students often apologize by stating that their patient gave a “poor” history. Students often consider as a poor historian any patient whose vocabulary, diction, education, and logic differ from theirs, while a “good” historian usually matches the student in these attributes. Given any patient with adequate intelligence, the quality of the history depends much more on the physician than the patient because the experienced physician adapts to extract what the patient knows. The better your technique of interviewing, the less often will you label patients as “poor” historians. Make a “good” history a matter of professional pride.
Cloning and Other Enhancements
Authors: Davis Dena S
Published: November 2023

Lorna and Jim Garcia met and married in their early forties. With their biological clock ticking, they wanted to have children as quickly as possible, but soon found that they had serious infertility problems. Lorna was approaching menopause and not ovulating regularly, and Jim’s sperm count was low. Eventually, after many heartbreaking setbacks, the Garcias had a baby girl, Espera. When Espera was two, the whole family was involved in a car accident caused by a drunken driver. Jim was killed instantly; Lorna was not seriously injured. The baby was rushed to the hospital, where she was put on life support but pronounced brain dead the next day. Lorna, desperate to have another child that would embody the love she and Jim felt for each other, asked the doctors to save some of Espera’s cells, so that she could some day clone them and have another baby genetically related to her and to Jim.
Why Is Death Bad?
Authors: Brueckner Anthony L , Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

It seems that, whereas a person’s death needn’t be a bad thing for him, it can be. In some circumstances, death isn’t a “bad thing” or an “evil” for a person. For instance, if a person has a terminal and very painful disease, he might rationally regard his own death as a good thing for him, or at least, he may regard it as something whose prospective occurrence shouldn’t be regretted. But the attitude of a “normal” and healthy human being—adult or child—toward the prospect of his death is different; it is not unreasonable in certain cases to regard one’s own death as a bad thing for oneself. If this is so, then the question arises as to why death is bad, in those cases in which it is bad.
Social Justice
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together mostly previously unpublished studies by prominent historians, classicists, and philosophers on the roles and effects of religion in Socratic philosophy and on the trial of Socrates. Among the contributors are Thomas C. Brickhouse, Asli Gocer, Richard Kraut, Mark L. McPherran, Robert C. T. Parker, C. D. C. Reeve, Nicholas D. Smith, Gregory Vlastos, Stephen A. White, and Paul B. Woodruff.
Introduction to Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Culbert Timothy P , Olness, Karen , Vohra Sunita
Published: November 2023

Health care today is at a crossroads. Fe way in which we care for our youngest and most vulnerable group—our children—is in need of redesign. Consumers are letting us know this by spending billions of dollars outside of the conventional medical system on themselves and their children. Families are seeking medical service models and providers that espouse and deliver “holistic” care that is congruent with their beliefs about health and disease and which addresses health within the context of mind, body, and spirit. Children, parents, and pediatricians all seem ready for a new, more holistic approach.
A Pediatric Perspective on Massage
Authors: Beider Shay , O’Callaghan Erin T , Gold Jeffrey I
Published: November 2023

Massage is one of the oldest treatment modalities in existence and has been used cross culturally for thousands of years. Touch and massage are widely used in the general population and are increasing in popularity. Health care professionals and those they treat will benefit from a fundamental understanding of massage and its clinical applications in order to educate, advise, and consult with their patients.
Integrative Pediatric Pain Management
Authors: Weydert Joy A , Connelly Mark
Published: November 2023

We have a better understanding of pain as a multidimensional idiosyncratic experience in]uenced by many factors beyond just nociceptive input. As compared to nociceptive pain caused by chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimulation to receptors in the periphery signaling tissue injury, neuropathic pain is produced by changes in the central nervous system which cause enduring changes in the processing of sensory information.
Integrative Pediatric Pulmonology
Authors: Mark John D
Published: November 2023

Pediatric lung disorders such as asthma are common in children and most pediatric health care practitioners will care for children with lung problems. Pediatric lung disorders have both an acute and chronic components, thus making an “integrative approach” ideal since conventional therapies (such as medication) as well as complementary and alternative therapies (such as diet and mind-body therapies) are helpful in the management of these disorders.
Sex and Miscibility
Authors: Shrage Laurie J
Published: November 2023

Several years ago in my son’s bedroom, a leopard gecko laid some eggs. Fortunately, my son and I were prepared for this event, and so we quickly grabbed his leopard gecko manual and the incubator, which we had purchased along with his lizards. I turned to the chapter on “Egg-Laying and Incubation” and read the following: Recent studies have confirmed that the sex of leopard geckos is temperature determined within the first two weeks of incubation. If the eggs are incubated at a temperature of 79°F (26°C), most of the offspring will be female. At a temperature of 85–87°F (29–31°C), one can expect more or less equal ratios of males and females. At 90°F (32°C), the great majority of the hatchlings will be males. Herpetoculturists, depending on their goals, will have to determine the preferred incubation temperature(s) for their specific purposes.
Who Do You Think You Are? When Should the Law Let You Be Who You Want to Be?
Authors: Mayeda Graham
Published: November 2023

In “You’re Not in Kansas Anymore,” Canadian author Ivan E. Coyote prepares to change her legal name and writes about the anxieties that this creates: So, you stand in line, you fill out some forms, take out a couple of ads in the paper, no big deal, right? You just change your name if they got it all wrong. I’ll tell you what I’m worried about: do they make you explain yourself? Does the form make you say why you feel you must change your name? State reason below. Choose one of the following. Provide documents. Use a separate sheet of unlined paper if necessary. Please print in black or blue ink only.
Is Virtue Possible?
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

Much attention has recently been paid to the nature and inter-relations of the moral virtues and to the psychology of their embodiment in particular individuals. Although it has typically been assumed that a virtuous individual knows what is right in different situations and acts accordingly, both Iris Murdoch in The Sovereignty of Good (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970) and John McDowell in ‘Virtue and Reason’ (The Monist 62, 1979, pp. 331–50) have laid particular stress on the (Aristotelian) idea of perception in their accounts of the epistemology of virtue. Murdoch and McDowell offer a marvellously subtle and complex treatment of virtue, and their ideas have rich reverberations for our understanding of Plato and Aristotle’s ethical thought. But their account of moral virtue is also importantly incomplete. And in what follows I shall argue, in particular, that their exclusive focus on internal defects that prevent people from seeing and doing what is right makes them over-estimate the general accessibility of moral virtue and ignore the historical dimension of our attempts to understand “moral reality.”
In Place of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

Moral reasoning is a topic that interests many philosophers, many ethicists. But I don’t think that those with the interest have realized how tendentious that notion is, how entangled with particular notions of what (valid) morality is. The idea of moral reasoning sits well with rationalist approaches to ethics: with Kantianism and with Rossian intuitionism; and it sits well with the views many philosophers have about what common-sense moral thinking involves. But in the end, I think that common sense is less committed to the idea of moral reasoning, to its germaneness or centrality to the moral life, than many of us—including me for quite a long time—have thought. Unbeknownst to those who think common-sense moral thought gives great weight and importance to moral reasoning, rationalistic principle-based intuitionism and rationalistic Kantianism have infected their sense of what commonsense thinking is all about.
The Sun’s Darling: An Apocalyptic Masque
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

‘THE Sun’s Darling, in the nature of a masque by Decker and Forde for the Lady Elizabeth’s Servants’, was licensed by Herbert on 3 March 1623/4. The text we have now, printed in 1656, is an adaptation made for a Court revival in 1638 or early 1639 by an anonymous reviser. This reviser added a considerable amount to Act v, and may also have inserted two of the eight songs.
Plato and Comedy
Authors: Brock Roger
Published: November 2023

Interest in Plato‘s relations with comedy has tended to centre on two works, Aristophanes‘ Clouds and Plato‘s Symposium: to put it crudely, readers are offered a choice between, on the one hand, the Aristophanes who, in the Apology and elsewhere, is represented by Plato as bearing a high degree of responsibility for the condemnation of Socrates through his misrepresentation of him on the stage and, on the other, the Aristophanes who is shown associating on friendly terms with Socrates at Agathon‘s party. The former view helps to explain the contemptuous exclusion of comedy, with other mimetic poetry, from the ideal city of the Republic; adherents of the latter view point to the tale that Plato recommended the plays of Aristophanes to Dionysius II as an explanation of Athenian politics (Vita A 9 ap. Van Leeuwen, Prolegomena ad Aristophanem, 172f.) as implying an appreciation of comedy, and it was perhaps one of these who in antiquity composed the epigram on Aristophanes attributed to the philosopher. At the same time, editors have remarked on comic elements in Plato‘s own works, and a few scholars have explored the role of the comic in Plato‘s philosophy at a deeper level. My aim is to draw together, in a fairly unphilosophical way, many of these observations, and to relate them to Old and Middle Comedy (though I shall avoid some old problems, such as the connection between Ecclesiazusae and the Republic, where I have nothing new to say). I suggest that while Plato regards comic drama with suspicion, perhaps for personal reasons, he also makes wide and skilful use of its techniques, and sometimes of its ideas too.
Greek in Late Roman Gaul the Evidence of Ausonius
Authors: Green Roger
Published: November 2023

Greek and the Greeks made a notable contribution to the last great burst of ancient Latin literature, that of the late fourth and early fifth centuries AD, in spite of the fact that the domains of Greek and Latin were in many ways clearly distinct and became rigidly so, at least for administrative purposes, with the division of the empire in 395. The greatest Roman historian of the age was Ammianus Marcellinus, a Greek-speaker from Antioch; Claudian, born and educated in Egypt, migrated to Rome i:o make his career by writing Latin encomia; Macrobius drew copiously on Greek of various kinds and from various sources; Jerome, who had a close knowledge of Christian Greek writers, quotes words frequently in his criticism and exegesis. One of the most remarkable writers of this period is Ausonius, whose entire life as far as we know was spent in or near the cities of Bordeaux and Trier. He wrote four poems, albeit of the briefest, which are wholly in Greek, and another three in which lines of Greek and Latin alternate. In one of his letters Greek and Latin words, roots, and inflexions are mixed as perhaps never before, making what he calls a μϵ μiγ μ ϵ νoβ α ρ β α ρoν ωiδ η ν (‘a poem intermingled with barbarisms‘, by which he jokingly means Latin). Another letter, partly in Greek, seems to imply a broad knowledge of Greek literature. These and other writings of his cast an interesting light on the position of Greek language and literature in fourth century Gaul, and their place in the mind and affections of a leading scholar and poet.
Plutarch
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Plutarch of Chaeroneia in Boeotia is perhaps the most important author of the second sophistic period. He offers us detailed evidence of how an educated Greek aristocrat felt about Rome. Plutarch was born between 40 and 45. From his writings and from inscriptional testimony we know a good deal about his family and friends. We can see him engaged in local politics and other business, and active as a family man, a philosopher and author, and (perhaps) a farmer In literature he is best known for his Parallel Lives, the twenty-two paired biographies of ‘noble Grecians and Romanes’ (in North’s words). As with many, perhaps most, of Plutarch’s surviving writings it seems certain that the Parallels were written after the reign of Domitian, when Plutarch, like Tacitus, again felt safe to express his opinions on the present and the past. But Plutarch was certainly active in literary creation before this period. Several single biographies including, notably, a series on the Roman emperors from Augustus to Vitellius, of which we have only the linked and rather disappointing Galba and Otho were presumably written under the earlier Flavians.
Desert Mothers and Wandering Virgins: The Apophthegmata Patrum
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

Sometime between AD 297 and 300 a young man was forced into marriage by his relatives. Unable to resist their pressures, he nevertheless devised a compromise solution: as soon as the official ceremony was over, he announced to his new wife that he did not intend to consummate the marriage. Instead, he proposed that both retain their virginity. Some time afterwards he decided to take his proposition a step further and departed into the desert. The place he chose as his future residence was a mountain range called Nitria in the desert of Scetis, south of Lake Mareotis. The story of the chaste wedding-night and its consequences is quite possibly a legend; it is not a legend that between 315 (or 325) and 337 the young man, called Amoun, became the founder of a new type of ascetic life specific to the area: the semi-hermitic or semi’ anchorite life of the Scetis.
The Emperor’s New Body: Ascension from Rome
Authors: Beard Mary , Henderson John
Published: November 2023

All these supposed methods of reaching heaven are most primitive: they start from the supposition that a load has to be lifted up; they hardly imply a separation of body from soul; and they are antecedent to the distinction which philosophers established between different parts of man’s being. They are religious survivals of very ancient conceptions which only vulgar minds still interpreted literally. These mechanical means of raising oneself to the starry vault carry us back to an extremely low stage of beliefs.
The Essayistic Spirit
Authors: Obaldia De Claire
Published: November 2023

Despite the recognition of a 'geat tadition' of essayists who have been admitted to the literary canon, the genre remains underrated and somewhat neglected in literary studies. Clare de Obaldia's wide-ranging study argues that to relegate the essay in such a way is to ignore the fact that our 'modern' conception of literature is fundamentally essayistic, that ours is a typically essayistic age, and that all texts are implicitly regarded as essays. The general perception of the essay as a short, fragmentary form that hovers between philosophy (or science) and literature - the cognitive and the aesthetic - has often led to its being overlooked. The Essayistic Spirit explores both the creative potential of the essay and the limits of essayism on the borders of philosophy, literature (especially the novel) and criticism, by referring our post-romantic concpetion of literature and literary history back to Montaigne's Essais, and to a whole related tradition of philosophical scepticism. This comparative study draws on a range of writings including those of Montaigne, early German Romantics, Lukács, Adorno, Derrida, Hartman, Barthes, Proust, Broch, Musil, Bakhtin, and Borges.
Toute la memoire du monde: Repetition and Forgetting
Authors: Frow John
Published: November 2023

One way of describing the imaginary object named postmoderniry is to say that it is the time of a fall from memory into history, or from history into amnesia. Fredric Jameson, for example, writes that ‘what was once, in the historical novel as Lukacs defines it, the organic genealogy of the bourgeois collective project … has meanwhile itself become a vast collection of images, a multitudinous photographic simulacrum’. Our historical or post-historical situation is thus one ‘in which we are condemned to seek History by way of our own pop images and simulacra of that history, which itself remains forever out of reach’.
Four and Twenty Fiddlers
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: November 2023

The royal string band at the English Court had its origins in a six-man consort from Italy, brought to England by Henry VIII in the spring of 1540. Peter Holman's book charts the history of this institution from its beginnings to the time of Purcell. He considers the previous history of instrumentalists at court, the role of the court band in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and its influence on the dance music of the period. The establishment of the band at the English court is set in the context of the violin's place in Europe in the sixteenth century, as the author considers the origins of the instrument and discusses contemporary references to violin bands in court, town, and church. The development of the violin band is traced by reference to an immense amount of documentary information, much of it new. The first thorough treatment of this subject, Peter Holman's book will be welcomed for the new light it sheds on large areas of musical history.lin was little known in England before the Restoration.
Bach’s Articulation
Authors: Badura-Skoda Paul , Clayton Alfred
Published: November 2023

If I were asked to name the most serious and most common fault in modern performances of Bach, I would reply without hesitation: ‘non-existent or incorrect articulation’. Non-existent articulation is tantamount to rattling off the music and playing the notes with no sense of their inner coherence. Incorrect articulation, on the other hand, can obscure the meaning of a passage, and in extreme cases make a nonsense of it, just as wrong punctuation can produce the opposite of the intended meaning.
Dynamics
Authors: Badura-Skoda Paul , Clayton Alfred
Published: November 2023

The paucity of dynamic marks in baroque music makes it necessary for every musician to determine the dynamics he intends to apply. First some remarks concerning dynamics on the harpsichord. Shaping the dynamics of the melodic lines is only marginally possible on the harpsichord, though it must not be overlooked. Franqois Couperin says of this:
J. S. Bach’s Ornaments: Some General Remarks
Authors: Badura-Skoda Paul , Clayton Alfred
Published: November 2023

It is often claimed that J. S. Bach used French ornamentation signs to the virtual exclusion of all others, and that for this reason all his embellishments ought to be executed in the French manner. This is a gross simplification of a rather complicated state of affairs. If conscientious performers were able to solve all problems of embellishment with the help of a few clear-cut instructions a la franfaise, no one would be happier than those of us who perform the music of Bach.
Arpeggios
Authors: Badura-Skoda Paul , Clayton Alfred
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have referred on a number of occasions to arpeggio, a technique that is very common in the case of stringed instruments. Because the art of arpeggiation is deemed to be an aspect of embellishment in older and newer treatises, it seems apposite to sum up some of the relevant rules that pertain to Bach, and to discuss a number of special cases.
Professional Pressures
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: November 2023

UNLIKE Haydn, who served the Esterhazy family for many years, Beet-hoven was never employed in the direct service of a patron once he had left Bonn, and he tends to be regarded as the first example of the romantic ideal of an independent composer, working as a free artist, writing only what he wanted and when he wanted. To a certain extent this picture is correct, for although he had a number of patrons he was never in a situation in which he was obliged to compose what they asked, and when he was granted an annuity in 1809 by three patrons (Prince Kinsky, Prince Lobkowitz, and Archduke Rudolph) the sole condition they imposed was that he should continue to reside in Vienna. This annuity made him free of financial worry (in theory if not in practice) and enabled him to compose as much or as little as he liked for the rest of his life. One might imagine that from then on he wrote only what he considered to be in the best interests of his art, and the types of music he liked most. Yet even while he was negotiating the annuity contract he indicated that he would have preferred to enter the Imperial service as a composer with a regular salary and presumably corresponding obligations.1 Similarly in 1 807 he expressed a desire to become composer for the Royal Theatres in Vienna, even though he would have been obliged to write at least one opera a year plus other smaller stage works as required.’ In fact he became a free-lance composer more by mischance than by design, and even so a surprisingly high proportion of his output was written because of particular combinations of circumstances that just happened to arise.
The Sketching of Form and Key
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: November 2023

WHEN Beethoven began composing a new work he generally began not with melody but with decisions on the type of work and the key. This is not to say that he did not sometimes sketch isolated melodic ideas which might later form the basis for finished works, but this was not his normal startingpoint. He normally began by deciding whether the next work would be, say, a sonata, a quartet, or a symphony, and by deciding on its key and character. For this reason we shall examine here how he sketched key and form, before proceeding in the next chapter to the question of melodic sketching.
Musical Structure and Vivid Pictorialism: ‘Meeresstille’, Op. 112
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: November 2023

WHEN planning a movement for an instrumental work, Beethoven often decided at an early stage to use a standard form such as sonata or rondo form, and so once he had decided on the nature of the main themes there were no major structural problems to face. If the movement was to have a more irregular form, this too was often determined at an early stage-usually with the aid of a synopsis sketch. In certain vocal works, however, the form was determined largely by the shape and content of the text. In such cases any elements of form other than those present in the text could be clarified only gradually, during the sketching. Hence successive drafts for such a work would not only refine and amplify details, as in an instrumental work, but also show substantial progress in the overall form of the movement, as well as evolving details to highlight the meaning of individual words.
A Long-Running Revision: Second Piano Concerto
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: November 2023

iT is easy to imagine that by the time Beethoven progressed from preliminary sketches to drafting an autograph score his main compositional problems were soked and that little further composing activity remained. With some works this was undoubtedly so, but with others he continued to make changes—even quite major changes involving the replacement of whole sections or movements—right up to and occasionally beyond the time of publication. A well-known example is Fidelio. But a work with an even longer period of gestation and even more versions (not all extant) is the Second Piano Concerto, Op. 19, with a period of about twenty years between the probable date of the tirst autograph score (the late 1780s) and the date of the last phase of composition (1809). The main reason for the long delay between its composition and the date of publication (December 1801) was that the concerto, like his other early piano concertos, was written for his own use as a performer. In this situation it was better that the concertos remained unpublished so that rival pianists would not be able to use them, and so he deliberately held them back, as he explained in a letter of 22. April 1801: ‘ Musical policy demands that one should keep one’s finest concertos to oneself for a time.” As a result of this policy, each time he turned to the Second Piano Concerto during the period before publication he was liable to notice defects, and so parts of the work were continually being revised.
Anthems for Other Royal Family Occasions: Two Weddings and a Funeral
Authors: Burrows Donald
Published: November 2023

Frederick, Prince of Wales, had been born and brought up at Hanover, where he remained as the family’s representative when his parents came to London in 1714. Following his father’s accession to the British throne in 1727 it was inevitable that he too would move to London, but the King showed no impatience for his company: he eventually arrived at St James’s Palace early in December 1728, never to return to Hanover again.
Introduction
Authors: Reardon Colleen
Published: November 2023

For travellers approaching from the south, Siena at first looks much like any other Tuscan hill town. Above the undulating grain fields and vineyards of the countryside stand the sturdy walls which gird the city. Beyond this barrier, closely spaced houses of warm, terracotta brick climb upward in ever-decreasing numbers. As the imposing shapes of its most important monuments project themselves against the horizon, however, the city takes on its own distinct personality. Even from afar, the Duomo and its campanile are visible, as is what appears to be a free-standing wall, the remnant of an abandoned enterprise to build the largest church in Christendom.
The Instrument and the Mouthpiece
Authors: Schuller Gunther
Published: November 2023

The first problem the prospective horn player faces is the purchase of an instrument and a mouthpiece. Since in many cases this first instrument and mouthpiece have a great influence on the initial formative stages of the player’s development, considerable care should be exercised in this matter. The choice of an instrument is, of course, a personal matter, but certain fundamental minimum requirements can be set down to help the beginner.