bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes with age of mammary glands in male and female soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada, in relation to prolactin and testosterone
Authors: Nagasawa H. , Mori T. , Sakamoto S. , Sassa S. , Yamamuro Y. , Sensui N. , Tajima M. , Goto Y.
Published: June 2007

The soft-furred rat, millardia ( Millardia meltada), is characterized by the development of androgen-dependent mammary tumours only in males. The age-related changes of the activities of thymidylate synthetase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK), which contribute to DNA synthesis through de novo and salvage pathways, respectively, and structure in the mammary glands were studied in both males and females of this species between 5-28 months of age. While TK activity had no relation to age, TS activity decreased with age in males. In the females, TK activity increased with age, but not TS activity. These enzyme activities were generally higher in females than in males. The mammary glands of both sexes consisted of fine ducts with small end-buds and the glands of males contained mostly black pigments at any age examined. In either males or females, serum levels of prolactin and testosterone related little with age, DNA synthesizing enzyme activities or structure of the mammary glands. Furthermore, elevation by pituitary grafting of circulating prolactin affected neither DNA synthesizing enzyme activities nor structure of mammary glands in both sexes. The histological structures of adrenal, testis, ovary, ventral prostate and uterus of millardia were essentially similar to those of mice or rats.
Maternal age, reproduction and chromosomal aberrations in Wistar derived rats
Authors: Niggeschulze Adolf , Kast Alexander
Published: June 2007

The fertility of rats ranges from one to 18 months. In standard teratogenicity testing young, mature females are used which may not reflect the situation in women above 35 years old. Reproduction among different age groups of Wistar ats (strain Chbb : THOM) was compared at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months. At least 20 virgin females were inseminated per age group. The copulation rate did not differ between the groups. From the maternal age of 12 months, the pregnancy rate was significantly decreased, from the age of 9 months, the litter values were significantly lowered and the resorption rates were increased. Maternal age did not influence the incidence of fetal variations and malformations. Additionally, the chromosomal aberration rate in the bone marrow was evaluated in male and female rats. Twelve animals of each sex were scheduled per group, and studied at the age of 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 21 or 24 months. In males, the aberration rate increased continuously from 0.18 through 3%, while in females the increase continued from 0.33 to 2.29% at 15 months old when a plateau was reached. When testing new compounds for embryotoxicity or genotoxicity in female rats, the animals should be of comparable age to man in order to avoid a misinterpretation of spontaneous abnormalities. From these studies, however, it was concluded that the use of higher age groups of female rats in teratogenicity studies would not improve the risk assessment.
Behaviour of nucleolar organizer regions in the different Wistar rat liver lobes
Authors: Garcia-Moreno Luis , Vallejo Guillwemo , Arias Jorge L. , Aller Mary-Angeles , Lorente Laureano , Arias Jaime
Published: June 2007

The area and number of silver-nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) in the hepatic lobes were determined in 3 male Wistar rats. There was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of Ag-NORs per nucleus in the right lateral and caudate lobe in relation to the left lateral and middle lobes. The area and number of Ag-NORs are greater in the caudate and right lateral lobes in relation to the left lateral and middle lobes. Since the Ag-NOR is a parameter which indicates hepatocytic protein synthesis, the different activity which corresponds to each lobe of the rat's liver makes it possible to assume that there is a functional heterogeneity which should be considered in the study of the hepatic regeneration according to the type of partial hepatectomy carried out.
Diagnosis of Kilham rat virus using PCR
Authors: Taylor K. , Copley C. G.
Published: June 2007

The exclusive use of serology, namely immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), for the diagnosis of rodent parvovirus infection is limited to detecting IgG antibodies which develop some time after the appearance of clinical symptoms, whilst conventional viral isolation, using tissue culture, is both expensive and time consuming. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method has the potential to overcome these problems. However, it requires detailed knowledge of the genetic code of the target organism and careful selection of the primers used. This paper describes preliminary findings in a PCR assay which detected Kilham rat virus, minute virus of mice and Toolan's H1 virus.
Detection of rodent RNA viruses by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Taylor K. , Copley C. G.
Published: June 2007

Assays for rodent coronaviruses (mouse hepatitis virus and rat corona/sialodacryoadenitis virus) and a rodent paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) based on the polymerase chain reaction are described.
Bilateral complex odontoma in a Swiss (CD-1) male mouse
Authors: Dayan Dan , Waner Trevor , Harmelin Alon , Nyska Abraham
Published: June 2007

The present report describes the morphological features of a spontaneous, bilateral, complex odontoma of the incisor teeth in an 87-week-old male Swiss mouse (Crl: CD-1(ICR)BR). This report constitutes the second report of an odontogenic tumour in a Swiss mouse and the first describing a bilateral complex odontoma in this strain of mouse. The report emphasizes the importance of thoroughly examining the oral cavity for dental tumours.
Comparison of indirect haemagglutination test, gel-diffusion precipitin test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in naturally and experimentally infected rabbits
Authors: Kawamoto Eiichi , Sawada Takuo , Sato Toru , Suzuki Kiyoshi , Maruyama Tsutomu
Published: June 2007

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gel-diffusion precipitin test (GDPT), and indirect haem agglutination test (IHAT) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to Pasteurella multocida in both naturally and experimentally infected rabbits. A total of 285 rabbit serum samples from 7 rabbit colonies were tested by ELISA, GDPT, and IHAT, and nasal cultures were taken coincidentally to use as the standard in the serological tests. There was better correlation (98.0%) between the results of ELISA and positive nasal culture than between the GDPT (86.3%) or IHAT (23.5%) and positive nasal culture. In addition, ELISA and GDPT were positive in 26 (11.1%) and 21 (9.0%) of 234 serum samples from nasal culture negative rabbits, respectively. In experimentally infected rabbits, antibodies detected by the ELISA and GDPT began to rise one to 3 weeks post-inoculation. IHAT did not detect antibodies. These results are discussed in terms of value to serodiagnosis of rabbit pasteurellosis.
Inhibiting Water Infiltration into Soils with Cross‐linked Polyacrylamide: Seepage Reduction for Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Lentz Rodrick D.
Published: June 2007

High water infiltration rates in unlined canals, reservoirs, and the inflow end of furrows relative to outflow ends result in excessive seepage losses and reduced furrow irrigation application uniformity. This study evaluated the use of cross‐linked, anionic, polyacrylamide hydrogel (XPAM), a water‐absorbing, swellable polymer solid, for reducing infiltration and seepage losses though soil. Experiments 1 and 2 measured the influence of soil treatments on seepage rate in soil columns under constant‐head conditions: Exp. 1 treated five soils with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g kg−1 XPAM; Exp. 2 applied combined XPAM (0–5 g kg−1) and NaCl (0–5.1 g kg−1) treatments to a silt loam soil, and separately tested the effect of XPAM granule size and treated soil layer thickness on seepage rate. In Exp. 3, a miniflume was used to determine how a 5‐mm‐thick, XPAM‐treated (0–5 g kg−1) soil layer at the inflow end of the “minifurrow” influenced water distribution. The 21‐h seepage rates of all soils except the loamy sand decreased curvilinearly with increasing XPAM rate, with maximum reductions of 87 to 94 0.000000or 5 and 10 g kg−1 XPAM rates, relative to controls. The <300‐μm‐diam. XPAM granules were significantly more effective than the coarser grained XPAM for reducing seepage, and reducing the thickness of the treated soil layer from 71 to 24 mm had no significant effect on the seepage reduction obtained with XPAM. The 5 g kg−1 XPAM treatment applied to inflow‐end miniflume soils significantly decreased the “furrow‐stream” advance period and reversed the infiltration patterns observed in miniflumes, relative to controls. These XPAM treatments could potentially be used to increase the uniformity of furrow water applications and reduce seepage from unlined irrigation ponds and canals.
Dynamics and Turnover of Soil Organic Matter as Affected by Tillage
Authors: Murage Evah W. , Voroney Paul R. , Kay Bev D. , Deen B. , Beyaert Ronald P.
Published: June 2007

Greater knowledge of the dynamics of organic matter in different locations in the soil matrix can provide valuable information for implementing tillage practices that may favor C sequestration and improve soil quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage practices on the dynamics and turnover of organic matter located outside (free light fraction [FLF]) and inside (occluded light fraction [OLF]) aggregates, and in intimate association with soil minerals (heavy fraction [HF]). Composite soil samples from 11‐yr‐old corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no‐till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices, and from >60‐yr‐old tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)–rye (Secale cereale L.) plots under CT were fractionated into these fractions, and changes in the amounts of total soil organic C (SOC), corn‐derived (C4) C, and native (C3) C and the turnover of native C as a consequence of tillage were estimated. Adoption of NT increased (P < 0.05) standing SOC and C4−C stocks in whole soil and all its density fractions in the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth, but it did not alter these in the plow layer (0–20‐cm soil depth), indicating that NT primarily redistributed C within the profile without necessarily increasing SOC storage. Relative to CT, NT slowed the turnover of native C by 1.5 times and marginally (P = 0.1) increased the sequestration of C4−C by 23% in the plow layer in OLF only; however, C3− and C4−C of OLF accounted for only small (6–10%) proportions of the soil's C3− and C4−C. Therefore, NT did not result in increased SOC sequestration in the plow layer.
Dairy Manure Type, Application Rate, and Frequency Impact Plants and Soils
Authors: Wu Zhonghong , Powell J. Mark
Published: June 2007

The impacts of dairy rations on manure chemistry, manure N mineralization in soils, and crop N uptake have been evaluated after single manure applications. No information is available on these impacts when manure is applied to soils at different rates and frequencies. Manure from lactating dairy cows (Bos taurus) fed three diets differing in crude protein (CP) content were applied to a Plano (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls) and a Rosholt (coarse‐loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Haplic Glossudalfs) soil at two application rates (225 or 450 kg total N ha−1) and three application frequencies (once, twice, or thrice). Oat (Avena sativaL.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] and sorghum ratoon were grown in succession during a 170‐d period. Plant responses to manure from different CP diets were much less than responses due to soil type and manure application rate and frequency. Manure N uptake efficiency by plants was greatest for manure derived from a low‐CP diet than manure derived from either the medium‐ or high‐CP diets. Manure application rate and frequency increased NO3levels in oat and sorghum shoots, which if used as forage could have detrimental impacts on dairy cow health. No significant differences were measured in second‐crop (sorghum) yield or N uptake due to a previous manure application at either N application rate. Third‐crop (sorghum ratoon) yield and N uptake were significantly increased, however, due to previous manure applications, but only in pots that received two manure applications at the high rate. Longer term, repeated applications of dairy manure derived from different diets at lower rates could provide more pronounced impacts on plants and soils than those observed during this relatively short‐term greenhouse study.
Application of Reflectance Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Animal Slurry Analyses
Authors: Sørensen L. K. , Sørensen P. , Birkmose T. S.
Published: June 2007

The feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for rapid prediction of the composition of cattle and pig slurries was investigated. Samples with a total solids content from <1 to 15% were collected during a 3‐yr period and used for calibration and validation. Test samples were sealed in plastic bags and measured in a sample cell moved vertically during measurements. Reflectance data in the range 1200 to 2400 nm were used for calibration based on partial least square regression. Dry matter (DM), N, NH4–N, and P could be determined with r2 values of 0.97, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.87, respectively. The ratios between analyte variation range standard deviation and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained on a calibration independent test set were 6.2 (DM), 4.3 (N), 3.8 (NH4–N), and 3.6 (P). Total C and plant‐available N (PAN) could be determined by near infrared spectroscopy with r2 values of 0.94 and 0.89, but the same correlation was obtained by calculation from DM and NH4–N results, respectively. The applicability of NIRS for K, Mg, Ca, Na, S, Cu, and Zn analysis was also investigated. The r2 values were in the range 0.41 to 0.82, with the poorest results for Na, Zn, and K. The corresponding SD/RMSEP ratios were in the range 1.2 to 3.5. We concluded that the applied NIRS methodology is suitable for rapid routine analysis of DM, C, N, NH4–N, P, and PAN in both cattle and pig slurries.
Experimental Validation of Quantitative XANES Analysis for Phosphorus Speciation
Authors: Ajiboye Babasola , Akinremi Olalekan O. , Jürgensen Astrid
Published: June 2007

The quantitative approach used in x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments is oftentimes based on statistical goodness‐of‐fit criteria, which do not explain the accuracy of the components obtained from the fittings. This study was performed to validate the linear combination (LC) approach used in quantitative XAS analysis by estimating the accuracy of this procedure. Near‐edge Kα1 fluorescence XAS spectra were acquired for known binary mixtures of Ca, Al, and Fe phosphates in varying proportions and for the individual compounds. All combinations of the spectra of model compounds were fitted to the spectra of the known mixtures to obtain their relative abundance. The binary combinations produced the best fit with χ2 values ranging from 0.02 to 0.25. The relative error associated with the fitting ranged from as low as 0.8 to 17% for thoroughly mixed samples. The relative error was small when the proportion of Ca phosphate in the mixture was high but the error was large at low abundance of this component in the mixture. Because the interpretation of the XANES result largely depends on the relative proportion of species in the sample obtained by LC, we therefore recommend acquiring a spectrum for a mixture of certified reference compounds that mimics the composition of the sample being investigated at the beamline to estimate the accuracy of the proportions obtained from quantitative x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) analysis.
Theory, testing, and mechanization of the ABC retrieval system
Authors: Altmann Berthold , Riessler Walter A.
Published: June 2007

A test collection of documents on solid state physics was indexed by creating highly controlled ABC descriptors which were categorized and weighted. Overlapping categories were used deliberately. Subject experts judged the relatedness of each paper to each category. Test queries were answered by vector‐like calculations of query‐document correlations. A new quantitative attribute, Deficiency, was devised and used for evaluating and comparing the retrieval results of different indexing systems. An improved matrix worksheet was designed for indexers. The progressive automation of most of the operational steps in using the ABC method is emphasized.
On understanding user choices: Textual correlates of relevance judgments
Authors: Gifford Carolyn , Baumanis George J.
Published: June 2007

An empirical investigation of the role of documents in relevance judgments is reported. Abstracts previously judged relevant, partially relevant, and nonrelevant to each of 61 questions were compared to see whether textual differences could be found which might reasonably account for the rating differences. The results of this comparison were fairly clear‐cut characterizations in each case of relevant and partially relevant abstracts. These characterizations were found to be expressible largely as meaningful co‐occurrences of terms closely related to the question. It is suggested that the textual bases of user choices may be more understandable than has been supposed.
Word‐word associations in document retrieval systems
Authors: Lesk M. E.
Published: June 2007

The SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association procedures for automatic content analysis. The effect of word frequency and other parameters on the association process is investigated through examination of related pairs and through retrieval experiments. Associated pairs of words usually reflect localized word meanings, and true synonyms cannot readily be found from first or second order relationships in our document collections. There is little overlap between word relationships found through associations and those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations and a thesaurus in retrieval are independent. The use of associations in retrieval experiments improves not only recall, by permitting new matches between requests and documents, but also precision, by reinforcing existing matches. In our experiments, the precision effect is responsible for most of the improvement possible with associations. A properly constructed thesaurus, however, offers better performance than statistical association methods.
Effectiveness of information retrieval methods
Authors: Swets John A.
Published: June 2007

Results of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental retrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical decision theory. The analysis validates a previously‐proposed measure of effectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties. The examination of a wide range of data in relation to this one metric provides a clear and general assessment of the current state of the retrieval art.
Iterative strategy design
Authors: Wilde Daniel U.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a retrieval procedure and a strategy design philosophy which permit the strategy designer (SD) to focus in on his final results. The retrieval procedure allows SD to iteratively partition his data base into sub‐files and to quickly examine sub‐file content. The design philosophy suggests that SD should first use a very general partition and then iteratively repartition until he is satisfied with his retrieval results.
History of the american documentation institute—a sketch
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Garwig Paul L.
Published: June 2007

Highlights of the history of the American Documentation Institute (ADI) (1937‐1967) are sketched, giving background on the concepts and aspirations of Watson Davis (1896‐1967), founder of ADI and one of the first Americans to become interested in documentation as a separate field of endeavor. Davis organized ADI as a service organization, concentrating primarily on offering microfilming services. Since 1952 ADI has grown in importance as a professional organization, gradually developing to a state of financial self‐sufficiency, intellectual influence, and benefaction to its members. These developments are traced for the most part in chronologial order, sometimes with the use of footnotes to bring up to date matters introduced in the text at the time of their earliest importance.
The effectiveness of automatically generated weights and links in mechanical indexing
Authors: Artandi Susan , Wolf Edward H.
Published: June 2007

Work concerned with the statistical evaluation of the output of the MEDICO automatic indexing method is described. The statistical tests were designed primarily to examine the validity of the assumptions which formed the bases of the algorithms developed for the automatic computation of weights and for the automatic generation of links between index terms and modifiers. This evaluation also includes a comparison of the output generated from full text and from the processing of the abstracts or summaries of the same articles.
Optimal user search sequences and implications for information systems operation
Authors: Baker Norman R.
Published: June 2007

Persons with information needs are faced with determining which potential sources of need satisfaction should be accessed and the order of accession. A reward‐cost theory of behavior provides the structure necessary for postulating various user evaluation functions. Applications of techniques of sequential optimization in search theory yield criteria for determining optimal sequences relative to both the many sources‐one need and many sources‐many needs problems. These criteria are then analyzed relative to the operation of an information storage and retrieval system. It is shown that the information storage and retrieval system has control over the factors which interact to determine the optimal sequences, and the specific role played by each of these factors is investigated. The decision criteria can also be used to optimally order items, services, or search zones.
Herman hollerith: data processing pioneer
Authors: Blodgett John H. , Schultz Claire K.
Published: June 2007

A chronological sketch of Herman Hollerith's (1860–1929) personal life, inventions and business activities has been abstracted from a Drexel Institute Master's thesis which covers these subjects comprehensively. Two of the more important contentions supported by the thesis and mentioned here are that Dr. John Shaw Billings had little to do with the invention of the Hollerith system, and that, contrary to rumor, Hollerith was a successful business man who pioneered in the marketing of punched card systems in the United States and abroad before he sold his business to Computer‐Tabulating‐Recording Company, which later became International Business Machines Company (IBM). Hollerith is a pioneer in information science because he invented the first machine for automated selective sorting; he developed a means of translating English words and census‐takers' checkmarks into machine‐readable language; he used the two now‐classic means of organizing machine‐readable files, for random (direct) access and serial access; and he developed some still‐used methods for checking errors within card decks. His machine techniques were easily understood, highly effective, efficient, and enduring.
An analytical survey of virology literature reported in two announcement journals
Authors: Carroll Kathleen H.
Published: June 2007

The growing science of virology has witnessed a parallel expansion of its literature. This study was undertaken to demonstrate that this specialty literature can be efficiently extracted from the broader data base of general biology in which it is contained. The scope and coverage of virology literature by BIOSIS was reviewed in the study which was based on manual and computer‐supported identification of more than 2300 virology papers announced in Biological Abstracts (BA) and its sister publication over a five‐month period. Papers announced had been drawn from 495 different sources representing 44 different countries and eight fields of science other than microbiology and were printed in 20 sections of BA other than those dealing directly with virology. Nearly two‐thirds of the virology abstracts in BA originally appeared in journals published outside the United States; approximately half of these foreign abstracts were taken from Russian sources. The techniques of retrieval and further results of the study are presented.
A graphic catalog card index
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2007

To improve accessibility and maintenance of art slides in the United States Military Academy Library at West Point, a model card with a graphic image of the slide was designed with pertinent identifying information displayed directly above a black‐and‐white opaque photo and also key‐punched into it. The card serves for ample comparison reference previous to handling the slides and can produce a subject‐arranged permuted index in book form. The latter permits access from the approach of form, geographic area, name, time of origin, artist, school, or style, etc. Some added advantages, common to other kinds of graphic collections, are detailed. Estimated costs of photo‐reproduction of original cards, various kinds of copies, and computer time and materials are listed. Future benefits from a consistent, unified cataloging system for graphic objects and the dissemination of this kind of information in a network structure are indicated as major goals.
Bibliographic dimensions in information contol
Authors: Lubetzky Seymour , Hayes R. M.
Published: June 2007

The materials of a library, exemplified by books, have traditionally been viewed as presenting two aspects involving two distinct problems: their description and control as unique items and their treatment as sources of information on various subjects. But this view has tended to overlook a third fundamental aspect: that of the works which are embodied in the materials and in turn embody the information. The paper discusses the meaning of this aspect and its implications in the control of information.
Is interindexer consistency a hobgoblin?
Authors: Cooper William S.
Published: June 2007

It is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced under a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the indexing. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the possible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality. A specific counter‐example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be invalid. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain insights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and successful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected. It is concluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived, measurements of interindexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to indexing quality.
The cost analysis of document surrogation: A literature review
Authors: Landau Herbert B.
Published: June 2007

A state‐of‐the art literature review on the cost of classification, cataloging, indexing, and abstracting has been conducted. It was found that while some data on specific costs are available, the literature is generally found lacking from the point of view of accuracy, completeness, consistency, and availability.
The relevance of information science to library‐school curricula
Authors: Artandi Susan
Published: June 2007

It is suggested that the point‐of‐view and research findings of information science and technology have a great deal of relevance to library school curricula. To produce up‐to‐date library school graduates it is not enough to append courses to existing curricula. A more imaginative and more fundamental approach is needed to integrate the fundamental concepts of information science into the entire curriculum.
Education in information science
Authors: Hayes R. M.
Published: June 2007

This report discusses the various approaches being taken to education in information science. It develops specific definitions of “information,” “information system,” and “information science” which serve to rationalize these approaches. The result is a common core of interest to which the variety of curricula can be related. The differences in curricula are exhibited in terms of the relative priority they will assign to different course offerings.
A comparison of a keyword from title index with a single access point per document alphabetic subject index
Authors: Jahoda G. , Stursa Mary Lou
Published: June 2007

Two indexes to a collection of 3,204 documents in the field of chemistry were test‐searched. The indexes are a keyword from title index without added keywords and a single access point per document alphabetic subject index. The indexes were searched by 13 graduate chemistry students using 55 questions. Search results are characterized in terms of recall, precision, and search time. There is no statistically significant difference in recall and precision search results between the multiple access points per document keyword from title index and the single access point per document alphabetic subject index. Search time was significantly better for the alphabetic subject index for all but those questions having only one relevant document.
A new, generalized model for information‐transfer: A systems approach
Authors: Libaw Frieda B.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a new generalized model for information transfer that has at its heart a machinereadable record. The model points out how the core machine‐readable record makes possible interfacing computer typesetting with advanced information technology, the interfacing of primary with secondary publications, and the interfacing of data with document information systems. The model also illustrates how modular information transfer systems can be incrementally enlarged. IMPRINT (IMbricated PRogram for INformation Transfer) is one system based on this modular imbricated (overlapping) model. Some of the modules in IMPRINT, which have been developed by Cognitive Systems Incorporated, are described.
The mathematical foundations of bibliographic organization
Authors: Minder Thomas
Published: June 2007

Knowledge, information, and bibliographic organization have mathematic properties of 1‐1 correspondence, infinity, countability, density, and continuity. A relation between elements of bibliographic organization exists just as a relationship exists between elements in mathematics. Knowledge and information are explained in mathematical terms. The properties of bibliographic organization and mathematics are combined to indicate that bibliographic organization is a form of mathematics.
Information gathering patterns and creativity a study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory
Authors: Maizell Robert E.
Published: June 2007

A comparison of creative and “noncreative” research chemists with respect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical literature. The creative chemists differ from the “noncreative” in that the former read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use literature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their independence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the older material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests. The findings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and information services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which scientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the identification of creative ability among chemists.
Training of patent abstracters for chemical abstracts
Authors: Platau Gerard O.
Published: June 2007

A description of the training program used at the Chemical Abstracts Service for preparing abstractors to work in the peculiarly difficult field of abstracting patents while keeping in mind the needs of the chemist rather than those of the lawyer or patent examiner. Important success in improving the quality of the abstracts and increasing the period of service of the abstractors are claimed for this intensive and carefully planned program.
New indexing pattern for nuclear science abstracts
Authors: Lebow Irving , Day Melvin S.
Published: June 2007

A detailed description of the mechanized techniques now being used by the Technical Information Service of the Atomic Energy Commission in the preparation of the several indexes for Nuclear Science Abstracts. These innovations which make use of standard equipment have resulted in substantial reductions in the time and cost required to prepare author (both personal and corporate) subject, and report number indexes for NSA. The new techniques have also proved of value in preparing cumulative indexes, as well as those for individual issues.
Foreign scientific literature in translation
Authors: Martin Robert L.
Published: June 2007

The following report on translation sources and services represents a preliminary guide and report on the status of translation activities and means of making foreign technical information, especially the Soviet materials, available to scientists.

The information has been assembled from a number of sources: from publishers' announcements, notes in technical periodicals, verbal assistance from several individuals, and similar aids. It may be noted that what follows tends to emphasize the number of uncoordinated activities in producing and recording translations of foreign publications.

Because of rapidly changing conditions in the translation field, much of the information that follows will not long remain as recorded. A statement made today may not apply beyond tomorrow. Nonetheless, it is believed that the present information will be helpful to research workers, librarians, and others who today have a critical need for such information.
Application of a special punched card system to coordinated clinical statistics of malignant tumors of the female genitalia
Authors: Hosemann Hans , Haller Jürgen
Published: June 2007

The application of the mechanical punch card system to coordinated clinical statistics of malignant tumors of the female genitalia is here described. By means of a special procedure, the “mark sensing procedure”, a continuous record is maintained of all control examinations after the first treatment. It provides for a more rapid coordination of information on the therapeutical results on a national and international scale from which the patient should benefit.
Soviet scientific and technical propaganda
Authors: Machelson Sonya G.
Published: June 2007

A brief survey of library, bibliographic, publishing, and related activities in the Soviet Union directed toward the dissemination of scientific and technical information throughout the country. The author appends a summary of the present state of Soviet scientific writings in the United States.
The hungarian state technical library (OMK): Its role in coordinated hungarian scientific documentation
Authors: Beyerly Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

The article presents a detailed description of documentation activities in Hungary with particular emphasis upon the work of the Hungarian State Technical Library. In this library are focused the acquisition, organization, servicing, translating, indexing, and abstracting of scientific and technical literature, both Hungarian and foreign materials. The library also assumes leadership in the training of personnel for technical library work.
The termatrex inverted “punched card” systems the history of their development, their operation and use
Authors: Jonker Frederick
Published: June 2007

A detailed description of the Termatrex system, marketed by the author, is here presented, together with the theory upon which it is based. The system is a variant of the Peek‐a‐Boo technique with mechanical refinements.
Coordination of documentation research and information services by the American Petroleum Institute
Authors: Weil B. H. , Brenner E. H. , Ornsen Kate , Paddock Rita , Raymond Jurgen , Winn Sidney
Published: June 2007

Centralized processing of technical information has been achieved for the petroleum‐refining industry through the American Petroleum Institute's Central Abstracting Service. The API operates this Service under the guidance of committees made up of member‐company representatives. Both management and information people cooperate on decisions that affect the cost and quality of the centralized services. Behind these decisions lies the pooled documentation experience and research of the individual companies, augmented by occasional specific studies conducted by the professionals who man the Service. Industry experience and research are tapped by the service of committee members themselves (who frequently consult with subject experts in their own companies), by appointment of study teams of industry expert in the specific documentation phases involved, by sending questionnaires to petroleum companies, and by holding open‐meeting discussions with users of API information services. Specific examples are cited of studies on classification systems, patent abstracting, Soviet‐literature abstracting, and machine coding.
A computer analysis of the merck sharp & dohme research laboratories indexing system
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Shepherd Clayton A.
Published: June 2007

A study of the indexing terms of 10,000 documents was conducted for the main purpose of analyzing the frequency of use of the indexing terms, both singly and in combination with one another. The serial number of each document and the indexing terms for it were typed onto magnetic tape using a Remington Rand Unityper magnetic‐tape typewriter, and this information was analyzed by a Univac I computer; the sequence of computer operations is given in a flow chart. The statistical results, presented graphically, include (1) the number of descriptors used to describe the content of a reference, (2) the distribution of use of the total vocabulary as contained in the dictionary (authority list) for the system, and (3) the frequency of occurrence of singles, pairs, and triples in describing individual documents. The data obtained through this analysis are informative, but not sufficient to fully evaluate an information system. Full evaluation would require analyzing the actual output of the system in terms of the desired output.
The historical development and present state‐of‐the‐art of mechanized information retrieval systems
Authors: Bourne Charles P.
Published: June 2007

The last ten years of equipment development and the application of mechanization techniques are reviewed for each of several functionally separate approaches, such as punched‐card systems, computer systems, and magnetic media systems. Comments are made on the progress to date and the degree of activity to be expected during the next few years for each of these approaches.
Comparisons of four types of lexical indicators of content
Authors: Rath G. J. , Resnick A. , Savage T. R.
Published: June 2007

An experiment was conducted to determine which of four types of lexical indicators of content could be utilized best by subjects to determine relevant from irrelevant documents and to answer a set of 100 questions. The results indicate that there were no major differences between the groups using complete text and abstracts to select relevant documents, but the group utilizing the complete text obtained a significantly higher score on the examination.
Part II. The reliability of people in selecting sentences
Authors: Resnick A.
Published: June 2007

Although subjects exhibited some reliability in selecting representative sentences, the resultant reliability was low. The lack of inter‐ and intra‐subject reliability seems to imply that a single set of representative sentences does not exist for an article. It may be that there are many equally representative sets of sentences which exist for any given article.
A comparison of dictionary use within two information retrieval systems
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schwartz Phyllis D. , Steinberg Leon
Published: June 2007

Persons performing research in the field of information retrieval need to be concerned with likenesses as well as differences in various automated systems. This paper uses the same computer routines to compare two dictionaries of different sizes, having some similar features and some different features. It compares the use of the dictionaries in building their input file, and discusses the frequency of occurrence of descriptors and their combining power, with an analysis of the data generated.
A paradigm for a retrieval effectiveness experiment
Authors: Bornstein Harry
Published: June 2007

Based upon the expectation that empirical research will eventually replace logical attempts to assess the effectiveness of different indexing rationales, the author presents a paradigm for such experimentation. The recommended criterion of retrieval effectiveness is a series of independent measures stated in terms of the user's requirements. The experimental procedures thought necessary to carry out such an experiment are illustrated in the paradigm. In addition, a series of appendices, each of which deals with a specific question or difficulty encountered in this kind of experimentation, is presented.
A study in the developments of colon classification
Authors: Tyaganatarajan T.
Published: June 2007

The pioneering works of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan in the field of library classification have indeed penetrated the minds of many thinking men in the library profession and have considerably affected the pattern of current thought in library classification. This is clearly indicated in the recent researches of the British Classification Research Group which seems to be profoundly influenced by “facet analysis” as propounded by Ranganathan. Foskett (1), one of the members of the Group, writes, “After a great deal of (quite valuable) discussion, the British Classification Research Group accepted that ‘facet analysis’ must be the basis of a classification scheme able to meet the modern requirements…” The British National Bibliography has accepted some of the techniques of Ranganathan, viz., the imposition of “facet formula” on the Decimal Classification Schedule, “Chain indexing,” “detailed featuring,” etc. Although the Scheme itself is not known to have been used anywhere outside India (2), there is no gainsaying the fact that the Colon Classification has cut new ground. In this context, it may be worthwhile to study the Indian Scheme in its various stages of developments. The purpose of this paper, in the main, is to attempt a study of the Scheme in two stages: 1) from its inception until the publication of the third edition in 1950, and 2) from 1950 to the present day, laying emphasis on the theory of library classification.
Documentation in Poland
Authors: Wepsiec Jan
Published: June 2007

Documentation services in the field of technology in Poland, organized in 1950, were reorganized in 1960. The network of services, structurally decentralized, consists of: (1) the Central Institute for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information which coordinates all services and reproduces, stores and distributes documentation materials, (2) the Departmental Information Centers which coordinate documentation services for groups of related industries, (3) Branch Information Centers which prepare abstracts and other documentation materials, and (4) Factory Information Centers which serve as reference units for particular factories or groups of factories. Polish documentation services selectively cover foreign and Polish technical literature. They supply abstract cards, periodical publications containing abstracts for particular industries, special bibliographies, analytical surveys of current developments, and translations of foreign materials. Intensive training of abstractors and information officers is conducted by the Central Institute and the Branch Information Centers.
Photoreproduction
Authors: Oster Gerald
Published: June 2007

The science of photo‐reproduction has undergone revolutionary developments during the past few years. Although photography was invented in the early nineteenth century, it has been only in the last few years that one could snap a picture and obtain a finished photograph in less than a minute. The development of simple office‐copying techniques for the reproduction of letters and other documents is of very recent origin. Perhaps less well known but certainly of equal importance are the new photographic techniques for obtaining a matrix for printing, that is, a printing plate obtained by photographic means.

It is the purpose of the present article to acquaint the reader with the scientific basis of photoreproduc‐tion techniques. Since historically, and perhaps economically, photomechanical techniques are of greatest importance, we shall consider them first. At the same time, it might be wise to review the essentials of printing techniques.
Searching strategies and equipment
Authors: Holm B. E.
Published: June 2007

How do we use systems to find information? What equipment is employed? This paper reviews the basic storage modes used, some of the past developments in this area, our current status in strategies for searching, the output forms for information, the different types of equipment in use, and presents an outline of needed developments.
Computer generation of photocomposing control tapes. Part I. Preparation of flexowriter source material
Authors: Barnett M. P. , Kelley K. L. , Bailey M. J.
Published: June 2007

Computer programs have been written that affect several processes of use in mechanized documentation. Encoding programs convert source material punched on a Flexowriter into the code of a Photon photocomposing machine. The encoding programs provide justification, mixed letter size and style, and format control, to meet requirements that are specified by comments which appear ahead of the text, or, identified by special quote marks, within the text. Further programs are being written to produce the Photon code for built up chemical and mathematical formulae from “linearized” input, punched on a Flexowriter, and which contains names of symbols not on the keyboard, and control codes to indicate subscript and superscript positions. Page composing programs are being written to organize one or several texts into a complicated page format whose structure is described to the computer in simple terms. Paginated document programs are being written to organize lengthy texts into codes to print sequentially numbered pages. Editing programs have been written that apply editorial instructions to verbal texts which have been stored in a computer. At present these instructions can set margins, delete, delete and close, insert, replace, exchange and indent portions of the text, run on paragraphs and start new lines, paragraphs and pages, as requested. Programs are being written to organize fragmentary information, submitted in random sequence, into catalogues, directories, dictionaries, bibliographies, listings and indexes. Considerable emphasis is placed in all this work on modern automatic coding techniques, and on the use of “stylized instruction languages,” the development of which is considered to be far more important than the actual coding of the individual programs. The following paper describes the preparation of Flexowriter source material to be converted with Photon code by a digital computer.