bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital natives: the engagement experience to online protection
Authors: Recalde Monica , Gutiérrez-García Elena
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This study aims to center on understanding how stakeholder engagement processes improve online child protection in telecom companies. The literature review and findings shed light on the management of networks to identify, prevent and mitigate the adverse impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs)[1] and to find opportunities in terms of new policies and services development.

Design/methodology/approach

Three multinational telecom companies were analyzed with a qualitative focus combining three research tools: the analysis of 81 corporate reports, self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.

Findings

Firms establish a collaborative network with a large number of stakeholders such as public authorities, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, representatives of families and expert researchers. The outcomes of these networks range from the development of new products and services (filters, child safety software and protection apps) to the co-creation of new corporate policies with a high social impact (self-regulation, sectorial codes, awareness initiatives and reporting).

Practical implications

This study outlines guidelines for the industry in identifying, engaging and making decisions in a collaborative way when managers have to engage with multiple stakeholders regarding child protection. The academic debate and the empirical findings have many practical implications for ICT companies whose users are children and teenagers.

Originality/value

Despite its significance, stakeholder management is underexplored in the literature of protection for young people. The academic field and the professional arena appear to have little to say regarding how executives manage engagement processes.
How specialized is a diet specialist? Niche flexibility and local persistence through time of the Chisel‐toothed kangaroo rat
Authors: Terry Rebecca C. , Guerre Megan E. , Taylor David S.
Published: May 2017

Rapid environmental changes are putting many species at risk, particularly niche specialists. In response, species can shift their ranges or remain in place by taking advantage of new resources. The potential for specialists to undergo in situ niche shifts is not well understood yet can buffer species from the effects of long‐term environmental change over centuries and millennia.

In the Great Basin of western North America, the Chisel‐toothed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys microps, is a folivore thought to be an obligate specialist on the desert shrub Atriplex confertifolia. Because of its association with A. confertifolia, D. microps is presumed to have tracked the shrub as it moved south during the last glacial maximum. However, recent phylogeographic evidence indicates that D. microps did not shift or contract its range into a southern refugium.

Here we evaluate the role that niche flexibility may have played in allowing this presumed dietary specialist to cope with a changing environment and resource base. We do so using carbon and nitrogen isotopes measured in D. microps bone collagen from modern and fossil specimens spanning the last 8000 years at Two Ledges Chamber (TLC) in northwestern Nevada.

δ13C values indicate that, contrary to expectation, the population of D. microps at TLC consumes a variety of plants other than A. confertifolia, an isotopically distinct C4 shrub, and has done so for millennia. Mixing models suggest that the proportion of C4 in the diet was highest (∼35%) in the middle Holocene, and has declined towards the recent, especially over the last 30 years. δ15N values are consistently elevated through time, suggesting that D. microps at TLC are potentially also consuming a high proportion of insects.

Our results indicate that this population of dietary specialists has greater niche flexibility than previously assumed. This implies that, at the species level, even presumed niche specialists may be capable of undergoing niche shifts over centennial to millennial time‐scales in response to changing environmental conditions, and highlights the unique role that historical and paleontological data can play in establishing resource‐use baselines of the past.

A lay summary is available for this article.
On the relative importance of CSR ecological strategies and integrative traits to explain species dominance at local scales
Authors: Rosado Bruno H. P. , de Mattos Eduardo A.
Published: May 2017

Identifying ecological strategies based on functional traits has been one of the main focuses of studies on plant community assembly. Recently, an important and timely tool, ‘StrateFy’, has been proposed for detecting plant strategies across the globe according to the CSR scheme. The CSR scheme is undeniably efficient across scales, and distinct CSR strategies among species have been proposed to explain differing degrees of dominance among species. However, in a previous study we showed that dominance ranking of woody species in a resource‐poor habitat (coastal sandy plain) was not explained by morphological traits commonly measured in functional approaches (such as those used to estimate CSR strategies), but by integrative traits (i.e. traits that are the result of different combinations of functional traits) more related to plant performance.

Here, we used CSR analysis and StrateFy on a dataset collected on a coastal sandy plain to test the hypothesis that the dominance ranking would be compatible with the CSR strategies; that is, that dominant species would show a greater proportion of the stress‐tolerance strategy (S%) than subordinate species.

Contrary to our hypothesis, all species exhibited an S/CS strategy, and the most dominant species had neither similar values nor the highest S%. The inability of CSR analysis (as applied using StrateFy) to predict dominance ranking suggests that it can explain relative dominance when different strategies co‐occur, but not in cases where dominant and subordinate plants share the same strategy.

We argue that the relative importance of CSR and integrative traits for describing dominance ranking may depend on how CSR strategies are filtered in each environment. In environments where only a narrow range of strategy classes are viable, integrative traits may be more important for explaining variation in degrees of dominance. Thus, the ability of a given species to achieve dominance may depend on integrative traits resulting from multiple trait arrays, not necessarily captured by the specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content and leaf area measurements that are used to calculate the relative proportions of strategies in StrateFy.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Winter chilling speeds spring development of temperate butterflies
Authors: Stålhandske Sandra , Gotthard Karl , Leimar Olof
Published: May 2017

Understanding and predicting phenology has become more important with ongoing climate change and has brought about great research efforts in the recent decades. The majority of studies examining spring phenology of insects have focussed on the effects of spring temperatures alone.

Here we use citizen‐collected observation data to show that winter cold duration, in addition to spring temperature, can affect the spring emergence of butterflies. Using spatial mixed models, we disentangle the effects of climate variables and reveal impacts of both spring and winter conditions for five butterfly species that overwinter as pupae across the UK, with data from 1976 to 2013 and one butterfly species in Sweden, with data from 2001 to 2013.

Warmer springs lead to earlier emergence in all species and milder winters lead to statistically significant delays in three of the five investigated species. We also find that the delaying effect of winter warmth has become more pronounced in the last decade, during which time winter durations have become shorter.

For one of the studied species, Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly), we also make use of parameters determined from previous experiments on pupal development to model the spring phenology. Using daily temperatures in the UK and Sweden, we show that recent variation in spring temperature corresponds to 10–15 day changes in emergence time over UK and Sweden, whereas variation in winter duration corresponds to 20 days variation in the south of the UK versus only 3 days in the south of Sweden.

In summary, we show that short winters delay phenology. The effect is most prominent in areas with particularly mild winters, emphasising the importance of winter for the response of ectothermic animals to climate change. With climate change, these effects may become even stronger and apply also at higher latitudes.
Four Decades of “Discreet” Charismata: The Catholic Apostolic Church in Australia 1863–1900
Authors: Elliott Peter
Published: May 2017

For some years, the historiography of Australian Pentecostalism has been dominated by the belief that Pentecostalism came to Australia in 1909 through the agency of Sarah Jane Lancaster who had, in turn, been influenced by news of overseas events. There had, apparently, been little or no influence in the Australian context by such groups as the Catholic Apostolic Church, which formed in Britain in 1835, in the wake of Edward Irving's proto‐Pentecostal theology. Although members of the Catholic Apostolic Church arrived in Melbourne in the 1850s, the general view was that they had by then abandoned their earlier pursuit of the charismata.

In 2012, I argued (based on a limited sample of evidence) that the adherents of the Catholic Apostolic Church in Australia both taught and practised the charismata throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. This evidence is contained in the Angels’ Report Books, located in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Since then, the Bradford collection has been fully digitised, thereby allowing a comprehensive review of the Catholic Apostolic Church's charismatic activity and further evaluation of the Lancaster hypothesis.

The significance of this research is that it allows a considerable re‐framing of the pre‐history of Australian Pentecostalism, demonstrating that the Catholic Apostolic Church taught and practised glossolalia, prophecy and divine healing through the last four decades of the nineteenth century.
Veligers of the invasive bivalveLimnoperna fortuneiin the diet of indigenous fish larvae in a eutrophic subtropical reservoir
Authors: Paolucci Esteban M. , Leites Valentín , Cataldo Daniel H. , Boltovskoy Demetrio
Published: May 2017

Larval fish development depends largely on their ability to capture and ingest food items, and on food availability. In this context, invasive species, eutrophication and river impoundments have complex impacts on fish larvae. Using samples collected in 2005–2009 in the Salto Grande reservoir (Argentina–Uruguay), periodically affected by cyanobacterial blooms, we studied the impact of the larvae of the exotic bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Bivalvia) on larval fish diets. Compared with other nearby waterbodies, the abundance of fish larvae was scarcer in the reservoir, especially during algal bloom periods. Only 20% of the larval fish with gut contents fed on L. fortunei veligers. Seven fish taxa (of a total of 12) consumed veligers of L. fortunei, but only two showed a preference for this prey. Taxonomic changes in the larval fish assemblages due to the river's impoundment, and temporal uncoupling between veliger densities (affected by the toxigenic effects of Microcystisspp.) and ichthyoplankton could account for the comparatively low trophic importance of the invasive bivalve's veligers. These results reflect the complexity of interactions brought about when the same invasive species invades different environments, underscoring that the impacts involved depend as much on the invader, as on the regional and ecological settings of the area invaded.
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) is decreased with viral infection and regulates pro‐labour mediators OA
Authors: Liong Stella , Lim Ratana , Barker Gillian , Lappas Martha
Published: May 2017

Problem

Intrauterine infection caused by viral infection has been implicated to contribute to preterm birth. Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) regulates inflammation in non‐gestational tissues in response to viral infection.

Method of study

The aims of this study were to determine the effect of: (i) viral dsRNA analogue polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) on HAVCR2 expression; and (ii) HAVCR2 silencing by siRNA (siHAVCR2) in primary amnion and myometrial cells on poly(I:C)‐induced inflammation.

Results

In human foetal membranes and myometrium, HAVCR2 mRNA and protein expression was decreased when exposed to poly(I:C). Treatment of primary amnion and myometrial cells with poly(I:C) significantly increased the expression and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL1A, IL1B and IL6; the expression of chemokines CXCL8 and CCL2; the expression and secretion of adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1; and PTGS2 and PTGFR mRNA expression and the release of prostaglandin PGF2α. This increase was significantly augmented in cells transfected with siHAVCR2. Furthermore, mRNA expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL4 and IL10 was significantly decreased.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data suggest that HAVCR2 regulates cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins and cell adhesion molecules in the presence of viral infection. This suggests a potential for HAVCR2 activators as therapeutics for the management of preterm birth associated with viral infections.
Treating acute promyelocytic leukaemia in Latin America: lessons from the International Consortium on Acute Leukaemia experience
Authors: Corrêa de Araujo Koury Luisa , Ganser Arnold , Berliner Nancy , Rego Eduardo M.
Published: May 2017

The Latin Americas and Caribbean are regions where social exclusion and inequality persist as the main obstacles to human development and improvement of health conditions, despite economic growth and social development. These countries need to establish international collaborations with the goal of improving health conditions. In this scenario Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL), a disease with a high cure rate in developed countries and high prevalence in young patients, offers an ideal opportunity to implement measures with educational and cooperative scope. We discuss the experience of Latin America and the Caribbean through a common network, the International Consortium on Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (IC‐APL).
Numerical and functional defects in CD8+CD28− T‐suppressor lymphocytes from patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Li Huiyuan , Hao Yating , Zhang Donglei , Liu Wenjie , Li Yang , Lyu Mingen , Fu Rongfeng , Xue Feng , Liu Xiaofan , Yang Renchi
Published: May 2017

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder, and loss of immune tolerance has been implicated in ITP pathogenesis. CD8+CD28− suppressor (Ts) cells have an immunosuppression function and are involved in several autoimmune disorders. However, the role of Ts cells in ITP is currently not clear. Here, flow cytometry was used to detect the CD8+CD28−CD127− proportion, which was decreased in active ITP patients compared with that of controls. Function analysis showed that immunosuppression of CD8+CD28− Ts cells in ITP patients was impaired. Mechanistic studies have shown that CD8+CD28− Ts cells from controls can downregulate CD80 and upregulate LILRB4 (ITL3) and LILRB2 (ILT4) expression on CD14+ monocytes, whereas these abilities were not found in Ts cells from ITP patients. Furthermore, Inducible T‐cell costimulatory (ICOS) expression on the Ts cell surface after activation was decreased whereas programmed death 1 and interleukin 10 expression was not changed in ITP patients compared with those of controls. In summary, the down‐regulated quantity and function of Ts cells in active patients indicated that a Ts defect was involved in ITP. Moreover, decreased ICOS expression and the loss of the ability to regulate co‐stimulator expression on antigen‐presenting cells partly explained the defective Ts‐mediated suppression.
Association between oxidative stress and vascular reactivity in children with sickle cell anaemia and sickle haemoglobin C disease
Authors: Möckesch Berenike , Connes Philippe , Charlot Keyne , Skinner Sarah , Hardy‐Dessources Marie‐Dominique , Romana Marc , Jumet Stéphane , Petras Marie , Divialle‐Doumdo Lydia , Martin Cyril , Tressières Benoît , Tarer Vanessa , Hue Olivier , Etienne‐Julan Maryse , Antoine Sophie , Pialoux Vincent
Published: May 2017

Oxidative stress and haemolysis‐associated nitric oxide (NO) depletion plays a crucial role in the development of vasculopathy in sickle cell anaemia (SS). However it remains unknown whether oxidative stress and haemolysis levels influence vascular function in patients with sickle haemoglobin C disease (SC). Microvascular response to heat (using Laser Doppler flowmetry on finger), oxidative stress biomarkers, NO metabolites, endothelin‐1 and haematological parameters were compared between patients with SS and SC. Vascular function, oxidative and nitrosative markers were also measured in healthy (AA) children. SS and SC had increased plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde, plasma antioxidant activities and NO end products, compared to AA. SC had lower catalase activity compared to AA and SS. Haemolytic rate, glutathione peroxidase and nitrotyrosine concentrations were significantly increased in children with SS compared to SC and AA. SS and SC had impaired microvascular reactivity compared to AA. In SS, the plateau phase of the response to local thermal heating was negatively associated with nitrotyrosine and AOPP. No association between vascular function parameters and oxidative stress markers was observed in SC. Mild haemolysis in SC, compared to SS, may limit oxidative and nitrosative stress and could explain the better preserved microvascular function in this group.
Implementation of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance to measure immunoglobulin A with all coeliac screens: can an affordable solution be devised?
Authors: Mac Lochlainn D J , Hira-Kazal R , Varney H , Maher J
Published: May 2017

There has been a dramatic increase in requests for coeliac disease (CD) serological screening using immunoglobulin (Ig)A tissue transglutaminase antibodies (IgA-tTG). Recently, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has revised its guidance, recommending that total IgA should also be measured in all samples. This is justified, as false-negative results may occur with IgA deficiency. However, implementation of this guidance will incur considerable expense. Tests that measure IgA-tTG antibodies can detect IgA deficiency, indicated by low background signal. This provides an opportunity to identify samples containing IgA ≤ 0·2g/l, obviating the need for unselected IgA measurement. We investigated the feasibility of this approach in two centres that use the EliA™ Celikey™ assay or QUANTA Lite® enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify IgA-tTG antibodies. In both cases, total IgA correlated strongly with background IgA-tTG assay signal. Using the Celikey™ assay, a threshold of < 17·5 response units achieved 100% sensitivity (95% confidence intervals 79·4–100%) for detection of IgA ≤ 0·2g/l, circumventing the need for IgA testing in > 99% of sera. A similar principle was demonstrated for the QUANTA Lite® assay, whereby a threshold optical density of < 0·0265 also achieved 100% sensitivity (95% confidence intervals 78·2–100%) for IgA ≤ 0·2 g/l, avoiding unnecessary IgA testing in 67% of cases. These data suggest that CD screening tests can identify samples reliably containing low IgA in a real-life setting, obviating the need for blanket testing. However, this approach requires careful individualized validation, given the divergent efficiency with which assays identify samples containing low IgA.
Sarsasapogenin‐AA13 ameliorates Aβ‐induced cognitive deficits via improving neuroglial capacity on Aβ clearance and antiinflammation
Authors: Huang Cui , Dong Dong , Jiao Qian , Pan Hui , Ma Lei , Wang Rui
Published: May 2017

Aims

Sarsasapogenin has been reported to improve dementia symptoms somehow, probably through modulating the function of cholinergic system, suppressing neurofibrillary tangles, and inhibiting inflammation. However, the role of sarsasapogenin in response to beta‐amyloid (Aβ) remains to be delineated. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of sarsasapogenin‐13 (AA13, a sarsasapogenin derivative) on learning and memory impairments in Aβ‐injected mice, as well as the role of AA13 in neuroglia‐mediated antiinflammation and Aβ clearance.

Methods

Focusing on the role of AA13 in regulating glial responses to Aβ, we conducted behavioral, morphological, and protein expression studies to explore the effects of AA13 on Aβ clearance and inflammatory regulation.

Results

The results indicated that oral administration of AA13 attenuated the memory deficits of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Aβ‐injected mice; also, AA13 protected neuroglial cells against Aβ‐induced cytotoxicity. The further mechanical studies demonstrated that AA13 reversed the upregulation of proinflammatory M1 markers and increased the expression of antiinflammatory M2 markers in Aβ‐treated cells. Furthermore, AA13 facilitated Aβ clearance through promoting Aβ phagocytosis and degradation. AA13 modulated the expression of fatty acid translocase (CD36), insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE), neprilysin (NEP), and endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE) in neuroglia.

Conclusion

The present study indicated that the neuroprotective effect of AA13 might relate to its modulatory effects on microglia activation state, phagocytic ability, and expression of Aβ‐degrading enzymes, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Redefining the Role of Admixture and Genomics in Species Conservation
Authors: vonHoldt Bridgett M. , Brzeski Kristin E. , Wilcove David S. , Rutledge Linda Y.
Published: May 2017

The generation of genome‐wide sequence data has brought with it both exciting opportunities for conservation and challenges for determining appropriate management practices in the face of complex evolutionary histories. Genomic data can provide deep insight into taxa with complex evolutionary origins, and is a powerful tool for biologists to obtain a more complete view of ancestry. Many policy decisions are encumbered by patterns of gene flow between species that reveal complex evolutionary histories. Here, we review conservation decisions in admixed species and highlight genomics research that demonstrates the commonality of hybridization in wildlife. We encourage a shift toward a web‐of‐life framework with emphasis on the need to incorporate flexibility in conservation practices by establishing a policy for lineages of admixed ancestry. In particular, we promote a conceptual framework under which hybridization, even extensive hybridization, no longer disqualifies a species from protection; instead, we encourage customized case‐by‐case management to protect evolutionary potential and maintain processes that sustain ecosystems.
cAMP signalling in insulin and glucagon secretion
Authors: Tengholm Anders , Gylfe Erik
Published: May 2017

The “second messenger” archetype cAMP is one of the most important cellular signalling molecules with central functions including the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreatic β‐ and α‐cells, respectively. cAMP is generally considered as an amplifier of insulin secretion triggered by Ca2+ elevation in the β‐cells. Both messengers are also positive modulators of glucagon release from α‐cells, but in this case cAMP may be the important regulator and Ca2+ have a more permissive role. The actions of cAMP are mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Epac. The present review focuses on how cAMP is regulated by nutrients, hormones and neural factors in β‐ and α‐cells via adenylyl cyclase‐catalysed generation and phosphodiesterase‐mediated degradation. We will also discuss how PKA and Epac affect ion fluxes and the secretory machinery to transduce the stimulatory effects on insulin and glucagon secretion. Finally, we will briefly describe disturbances of the cAMP system associated with diabetes and how cAMP signalling can be targeted to normalize hypo‐ and hypersecretion of insulin and glucagon, respectively, in diabetic patients.
Cardiac contractility, motor function, and cross‐bridge kinetics in N47K‐RLC mutant mice
Authors: Wang Li , Kazmierczak Katarzyna , Yuan Chen‐Ching , Yadav Sunil , Kawai Masataka , Szczesna‐Cordary Danuta
Published: May 2017

We have investigated the physiology and mechanical profiles of skinned papillary muscle fibers from transgenic mice expressing the N47K mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), shown to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans. The results were compared with wild‐type (WT) mice, both expressing the human ventricular RLC. Rate constants of a cross‐bridge (XB) cycle were deduced from tension transients induced by sinusoidal length changes during maximal Ca2+ activation, and were studied as a function of MgATP, MgADP, and Pi concentrations. N47K mutant showed slower XB cycles but higher actin‐activated ATPase activity compared with WT. Consequently, N47K exhibited larger tension than WT. K0 (ADP association constant) and K4 (equilibrium constant of force generation) were larger in N47K, and K1 (ATP association constant) was slightly larger in N47K vs. WT, demonstrating stronger nucleotide binding and force generation abilities of the mutant, but no changes in rigor acto‐myosin binding were observed. Tension per XB was similar among groups, but N47K exhibited more XB distribution in the attached state. Larger values of tension and higher ATPase in N47K suggested that more cross‐bridges participated in tension production in the mutant myocardium compared with WT. In vivo analysis of heart function, performed in ~ 12.5‐month‐old mice by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics, demonstrated a significant decrease in dP/dtmax–end‐diastolic volume relationship, indicating a depression of ventricular contractility in N47K mice. Our findings suggest that the N47K mutation exerts its action through direct alterations of myosin motor function that ultimately result in pathological hypertrophic remodeling in N47K hearts.
Oxidative stress in malaria and artemisinin combination therapy: Pros and Cons
Authors: Kavishe Reginald A. , Koenderink Jan B. , Alifrangis Michael
Published: May 2017

Artemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT) has been adopted as a strategy to mitigate multidrug resistance to antimalarial monotherapies. ACT combines the rapid and effective but rather short plasma half‐life antimalarial action of an artemisinin derivative with a longer acting partner drug. Although the exact mechanisms of action of artemisinins are not well understood, several studies have proposed multiple cellular targets of artemisinins with involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most of the currently used ACT partner drugs are also known to involve ROS production in their mechanisms of action. This review gives a brief account of the oxidative stress and redox systems in malaria and discusses the context of antimalarial effectiveness of different ACTs compared with monotherapies of the partner drugs. A final account on the Pros and Cons of ACT as a strategy is discussed.
A review of multiaxial fatigue criteria for random variable amplitude loads
Authors: Carpinteri A. , Spagnoli A. , Vantadori S.
Published: May 2017

Nowadays, the estimation of fatigue life under multiaxial random loading is still an extremely complex task. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the multiaxial random fatigue criteria available in the literature is presented. Such a review is mainly devoted to stress‐based criteria for the evaluation of fatigue life in high‐cycle regime. Time and frequency domain approaches are examined. The focus of this paper is related to uniform stress/strain distribution, but also the effect of stress/strain gradient is tangentially addressed. More than 200 references are cited.
Empirical estimation of recreational exploitation of burbot, Lota lota, in the Wind River drainage of Wyoming using a multistate capture–recapture model
Authors: Lewandoski S. A. , Guy C. S. , Zale A. V. , Gerrity P. C. , Deromedi J. W. , Johnson K. M. , Skates D. L.
Published: May 2017

Burbot, Lota lota (Linnaeus), is a regionally popular sportfish in the Wind River drainage of Wyoming, USA, at the southern boundary of the range of the species. Recent declines in burbot abundances were hypothesised to be caused by overexploitation, entrainment in irrigation canals and habitat loss. This study addressed the overexploitation hypothesis using tagging data to generate reliable exploitation, abundance and density estimates from a multistate capture–recapture model that accounted for incomplete angler reporting and tag loss. Exploitation rate μ was variable among the study lakes and inversely correlated with density. Exploitation thresholds μ40 associated with population densities remaining above 40% of carrying capacity were generated to characterise risk of overharvest using exploitation and density estimates from tagging data and a logistic surplus‐production model parameterised with data from other burbot populations. Bull Lake (μ = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03–0.11; μ40 = 0.18) and Torrey Lake (μ = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00–0.11; μ40 = 0.18) had a low risk of overfishing, Upper Dinwoody Lake had intermediate risk (μ = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02–0.32; μ40 = 0.18) and Lower Dinwoody Lake had high risk (μ = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10–0.67; μ40 = 0.08). These exploitation and density estimates can be used to guide sustainable management of the Wind River drainage recreational burbot fishery and inform management of other burbot fisheries elsewhere.
The association of medications with sedative properties with oral health behaviour in community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Tiisanoja A , Syrjälä A‐M , Komulainen K , Hartikainen S , Taipale H , Knuuttila M , Ylöstalo P
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine whether drugs with sedative properties are related to oral health behaviour—such as frequency of toothbrushing, using toothpaste and dental visits—and oral hygiene, measured by the number of teeth with dental plaque, among community‐dwelling older people.

Methods

The study population consisted of 159 community‐dwelling, dentate, non‐smoking, older people from the Oral Health GeMS study (Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for the Good Care of Older People study). The data were collected by interviews and clinical examinations during 2004‐2005. Sedative properties of drugs were assessed using the sedative load (SL) model. Logistic and Poisson regression models were used to estimate odds ratios/relative risks (OR/RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, SL associated with infrequent toothbrushing (OR 1.72, CI: 0.61‐4.89), toothpaste use less than twice a day (OR 3.34, CI: 1.39‐8.12), non‐regular dental visits (OR 2.28 CI: 0.91‐5.30) and the number of teeth with dental plaque (RR 1.20 CI: 1.04‐1.39) compared to participants without a SL.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that use of drugs with sedative properties indicates poor oral health behaviour among older people.
Communicating social support during crises at the farmers’ market: A social exchange approach to understanding customer‐farmer communal relationships
Authors: Garner Benjamin
Published: May 2017

This ethnographic research explores how the social support developed between customers and farmers at a farmers’ market creates an overall culture of community support that bolsters farmers’ viability during times of crisis and ensures that consumers will have access to healthy, high quality local food. This includes the ways customers provide a general culture of support for local farmers, as well as specific acts of support during times of crisis. It also examines the ways farmers support customers through specialized services and assistance with personal issues. This work draws on theory from the social support, social exchange and social resilience literature to interpret the results.
Changing partners in a cheap talk game: Experimental evidence
Authors: Bonroy Olivier , Garapin Alexis , Llerena Daniel
Published: May 2017

This paper considers the effects that the opportunity to change partners has on communication. Our experiment concerns a standard cheap talk game in which a player observes a private forecast before disclosing it (truthfully or untruthfully) in a message that he sends to his partner. Two treatments are applied: in one, each team remains unchanged until the experiment ends; and in the other, players can change their partner. We find that the opportunity to change partners positively affects communication in the relationship. Interestingly, this effect is explained by higher levels of trust in the messages and not by more truthful disclosure of private information.
Hospital admissions for physical health conditions for people with intellectual disabilities: Systematic review
Authors: Dunn Kirsty , Hughes‐McCormack Laura , Cooper Sally‐Ann
Published: May 2017

Background

People with intellectual disabilities may have inequalities in hospital admissions compared with the general population. The present authors aimed to investigate admissions for physical health conditions in this population.

Methods

The present authors conducted a systematic review, searching six databases using terms on intellectual disabilities and hospital admission. Papers were selected based on pre‐defined inclusion/exclusion criteria, data extracted, tabulated and synthesized and quality assessed. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42015020575.

Results

Seven of 29,613 papers were included. There were more admissions, and a different pattern of admissions (more medical and dental), for people with intellectual disabilities, but most studies did not take account of higher disease prevalence. Three papers considered admissions for ambulatory care‐sensitive conditions, two of which accounted for disease prevalence (asthma, diabetes) and found higher admission rates for people with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusion

Admissions are common. Asthma and diabetes admission data suggest suboptimal primary health care for people with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population, but evidence is limited.
Peripheral blood aspirates overexpressing IGF‐I via rAAV gene transfer undergo enhanced chondrogenic differentiation processes
Authors: Frisch Janina , Orth Patrick , Rey‐Rico Ana , Venkatesan Jagadeesh Kumar , Schmitt Gertrud , Madry Henning , Kohn Dieter , Cucchiarini Magali
Published: May 2017

Implantation of peripheral blood aspirates induced towards chondrogenic differentiation upon genetic modification in sites of articular cartilage injury may represent a powerful strategy to enhance cartilage repair. Such a single‐step approach may be less invasive than procedures based on the use of isolated or concentrated MSCs, simplifying translational protocols in patients. In this study, we provide evidence showing the feasibility of overexpressing the mitogenic and pro‐anabolic insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in human peripheral blood aspirates via rAAV‐mediated gene transfer, leading to enhanced proliferative and chondrogenic differentiation (proteoglycans, type‐II collagen, SOX9) activities in the samples relative to control (reporter rAAV‐lacZ) treatment over extended periods of time (at least 21 days, the longest time‐point evaluated). Interestingly, IGF‐I gene transfer also triggered hypertrophic, osteo‐ and adipogenic differentiation processes in the aspirates, suggesting that careful regulation of IGF‐I expression may be necessary to contain these events in vivo. Still, the current results demonstrate the potential of targeting human peripheral blood aspirates via therapeutic rAAV transduction as a novel, convenient tool to treat articular cartilage injuries.
Specialization, Risk Sharing and the Euro
Authors: Ballabriga Fernando , Villegas‐Sánchez Carolina
Published: May 2017

Under the prospect of productive specialization, the degree of potential success of the euro since its inception was seen as closely linked to the development of effective risk‐sharing mechanisms across EU members. Without shared fiscal resources, financial integration was expected to play a leading role in this respect. This paper documents the failure in fulfilling this expectation: Along with an analysis of the evolution of specialization and risk‐sharing, we present evidence supporting the claim that progress in financial integration has not been conducive to income risk‐sharing across euro area members, while it might have favoured a specialization split between countries with low‐medium and high technology productive structures. As a result, monetary union members face higher income fluctuation risk without enhanced insurance protection. Additionally, evidence suggests a differential impact of the specialization split on sector productivity, contributing to making the monetary union a club of non equals.
Expression of G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor in melanoma and in pregnancy‐associated melanoma
Authors: Fábián M. , Rencz F. , Krenács T. , Brodszky V. , Hársing J. , Németh K. , Balogh P. , Kárpáti S.
Published: May 2017

Background

The hormone sensitivity of melanoma and the role of ‘classical’ oestrogen receptor (ER) α and β in tumour progression have been intensively studied with rather contradictory results. The presence of ‘non‐classical’ G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has not been investigated on human melanoma tissues.

Objective

To analyse the expression of GPER, ERα and ERβ in pregnancy‐associated (PAM) and in non‐pregnancy‐associated (NPAM) melanomas in correlation with traditional prognostic markers and disease‐free survival (DFS).

Methods

Receptor protein levels were tested using immunohistochemistry in 81 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded melanoma tissues. PAMs (n = 38) were compared with age‐ and Breslow thickness‐matched cases (n = 43) including non‐pregnant women (NPAM‐W) (n = 22) and men (NPAM‐M) (n = 21). The association between receptor expression and DFS was analysed by uni‐ and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor was detected both in PAMs and NPAMs. In 39 of the 41 (95.1%) GPER‐positive melanomas, GPER and ERβ were co‐expressed. GPER/ERβ‐positive melanomas were significantly more common in PAM compared to NPAM (P = 0.0001) with no significant difference between genders (P = 0.4383). In PAMs, the distribution of GPER and ERβ was similar (78.4% vs. 81.6%; P = 0.8504), while in NPAM, ERβ was the representative ER (60.5% vs. 27.9%; P = 0.0010) without gender difference (59.1% vs. 61.9%). GPER‐/ERβ‐positive melanomas were associated with lower Breslow thickness, lower mitotic rate and higher presence of peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration (PLI) compared to GPER‐/ERβ‐negative cases (P = 0.0156, P = 0.0036 and P = 0.0001) predicting a better DFS (HR = 0.785, 95% CI 0.582–1.058). Despite the significantly higher frequency of GPER and ERβ expression in PAM, no significant difference was found in DFS between PAM and NPAM. All but one case failed to show ERα expression.

Conclusions

The presence of GPER and its simultaneous expression with ERβ can serve as a new prognostic indicator in a significant subpopulation of melanoma patients.
Preliminary investigation of urine N‐telopeptide concentration as a biomarker of bone resorption in dogs receiving glucocorticoids
Authors: Adamany J. L. , Cross G. F. , Gardner D. , Dunning M. D.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The influence of glucocorticoid therapy on bone resorption in dogs using a urine N‐telopeptide assay was investigated.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐one dogs receiving oral glucocorticoids and 31 age‐matched healthy control dogs were enrolled. Urine N‐telopeptide concentration was measured using a commercially available immunoassay and results were expressed as a ratio against urinary creatinine concentration. Dogs receiving glucocorticoids were divided into three subgroups based on daily glucocorticoid dose and three subgroups based on treatment duration. Urine N‐telopeptide concentration was then compared between groups.

Results

Urine N‐telopeptide concentration was significantly higher in dogs receiving glucocorticoids compared to the control group.

Clinical Significance

This preliminary study demonstrates significant increase in urine N‐telopeptide concentration in dogs receiving glucocorticoid therapy compared to control dogs. Further studies are needed to assess whether this increase in urine N‐telopeptide concentration correlates with decreases in bone mineral density as has been identified in humans.
Asymmetry of Individual and Aggregate Inflation Expectations: A Survey
Authors: Mirkov Nikola , Steinhauer Andreas
Published: May 2017

We conducted a simple, anonymous survey at the beginning of 2014, asking around 200 economists worldwide to report their medium‐term expectations about US inflation. A significant share of respondents revealed asymmetric inflation expectations with sizeable deviation from symmetry. We obtain an aggregate distribution that is moderately skewed to the right and show that the aggregate skewness is mostly driven by disagreement among respondents and not by asymmetry of their subjective distributions. In fact, ignoring individual asymmetry changes little in terms of mean and variance of the aggregate distribution.
Energy and nutrient intake increased by 47–67% when amylase was added to fortified blended foods—a study among 12‐ to 35‐month‐old Burkinabe children
Authors: Kampstra Nynke A. , Van Hoan Nguyen , Koenders Damiet J.P.C. , Schoop Rotraut , Broersen Britt C. , Mouquet‐Rivier Claire , Traoré Tahirou , Bruins Maaike J. , de Pee Saskia
Published: May 2017

Adding amylase to fortified blended foods can improve energy density, and increase child's energy and nutrient intake. The efficacy of this strategy is unknown for the World Food Programme's Super Cereal Plus (SC+) and Super Cereal (SC) blends. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the increased energy intake from amylase‐containing SC+ and SC compared to control porridges in Burkinabe children. Secondly, energy intake from amylase‐containing porridges compared to CERELAC®, Vitazom, and eeZeeBAR™ was studied. Thirdly, caregivers' (n = 100) porridge acceptability was investigated. The design was a randomized double‐blind controlled cross‐over trial studying the effect of amylase addition to SC+ and SC flours on porridge energy and nutrient intake in healthy Burkinabe children aged 12–23 (n = 80) and 24–35 months (n = 40). Amylase added to porridges increased energy density from 0.68 to 1.16 kcal/g for SC+ and from 0.66 to 1.03 kcal/g for SC porridges. Among children aged 12–23 months, mean energy intake from all porridges with amylase (135–164 kcal/meal) was significantly higher compared to control SC+ porridges (84–98 kcal/meal; model‐based average). Among children aged 24–35 months, mean energy intakes were also significantly higher from all porridges with amylase added (245–288 kcal/meal) compared to control SC porridges (175–183 kcal/meal). Acceptability of the porridges among caregivers was rated neutral to good, both for amylase‐added and non‐amylase‐containing porridges. These findings suggest that, among 12–35‐month‐old, adding amylase to fortified blended foods significantly increased energy and consequently nutrient intake per meal by 67% for SC+ and 47% for SC. Moreover, amylase‐containing porridges were well accepted by the caregivers.
From structure to function – a family portrait of plant subtilases
Authors: Schaller Andreas , Stintzi Annick , Rivas Susana , Serrano Irene , Chichkova Nina V. , Vartapetian Andrey B. , Martínez Dana , Guiamét Juan J. , Sueldo Daniela J. , van der Hoorn Renier A. L. , Ramírez Vicente , Vera Pablo
Published: May 2017

Contents

Summary
901

I.
Introduction
901

II.
Biochemistry and structure of plant SBTs
902

III.
Phylogeny of plant SBTs and family organization
903

IV.
Physiological roles of plant SBTs
905

V.
Conclusions and outlook
911

Acknowledgements
912

References
912

Subtilases (SBTs) are serine peptidases that are found in all three domains of life. As compared with homologs in other Eucarya, plant SBTs are more closely related to archaeal and bacterial SBTs, with which they share many biochemical and structural features. However, in the course of evolution, functional diversification led to the acquisition of novel, plant‐specific functions, resulting in the present‐day complexity of the plant SBT family. SBTs are much more numerous in plants than in any other organism, and include enzymes involved in general proteolysis as well as highly specific processing proteases. Most SBTs are targeted to the cell wall, where they contribute to the control of growth and development by regulating the properties of the cell wall and the activity of extracellular signaling molecules. Plant SBTs affect all stages of the life cycle as they contribute to embryogenesis, seed development and germination, cuticle formation and epidermal patterning, vascular development, programmed cell death, organ abscission, senescence, and plant responses to their biotic and abiotic environments. In this article we provide a comprehensive picture of SBT structure and function in plants.
Government‐spending multipliers and the zero lower bound in an open economy
Authors: Mao Takongmo Charles Olivier
Published: May 2017

This paper assesses the size of the government‐spending multiplier in an open economy when the zero lower bound (ZLB) on the nominal interest rate is binding. In a theoretical framework, in a closed economy, other authors have shown that when the nominal interest rate is binding the government‐spending multiplier can be very large (close to four). Their theory helps illuminate the government‐spending multiplier in the ZLB, but it is difficult to match that theory with the data. We argue that, in an open economy, another channel exists for the crowding‐out effect via the real exchange rate. For an open economy, the government‐spending multiplier is not large owing to the appreciation of the real exchange rate, induced by the appreciation of aggregate demand that follows the increases in government spending. To test the robustness of our open economic model, we conduct the same analysis in a corresponding closed economy model. The result from our closed economy model confirms the result obtained in the other work. Our theoretical results are consistent with the results obtained in the empirical literature, which uses the vector autoregressive method and the structural vector autoregressive approach to measure the impact of government‐spending shock on the real gross domestic product and revealed that the government‐spending multiplier tends to be lower in open economy.