bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive analyses for men’s clothing retailers: segmentation and positioning
Authors: Kim Youn-Kyung , Ha Sejin , Park Soo-Hee
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify men’s clothing market segments based on store types and generational cohorts and the retail attributes.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 2,808 US male consumer data from Predictive Analytics survey were analyzed with correspondence analysis (CA) (to identify segments based on store types and generations), general linear model (GLM) (to determine what retail attributes were important to target each segment) and a Rasch tree model (to test items of each factor in their relative importance).

Findings

The CA produced three segments: Segment 1 (Gen Y male consumers who frequently shop at specialty stores), Segment 2 (Gen X males who frequently shop at discount stores and online stores) and Segment 3 (Baby Boomers and Seniors who frequently shop at department stores). GLM shows that fundamentals were important to all segments; experiential was most important to Segment 1, while promotion was most important to Segment 3. Rasch tree analysis provided specific information on retail attributes for each store type and each generation.

Research limitations/implications

Future research could employ both the importance and performance of retail attributes that are measured on a rating scale to understand consumers’ attitudes toward each retail format.

Practical implications

This study provided men’s clothing retailers with current insights into the male consumer segments based upon generational cohorts and store types from which they can better develop appropriate positioning strategies to satisfy the needs of each segment.

Originality/value

This study addressed the men’s clothing market, a growing but largely ignored market in the clothing industry and the retail literature.
Links between sustainability-related awareness and behavior
Authors: Cogut Gregory , Webster Noah J. , Marans Robert W. , Callewaert John
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Sustainability literature has cited the influential role of both awareness and engagement in facilitating increases in pro-environmental behaviors. The purpose of this study is to compare these links across behaviors and explore their interactive influence.

Design/methodology/approach

Two research questions were examined: 1) Is awareness about campus efforts regarding waste-prevention and sustainable travel/transportation options associated with increases in student waste-prevention and sustainable travel/transportation behaviors? 2) Is the link between sustainability awareness and changes in behavior conditioned by student engagement (i.e. participation) in campus sustainability activities and events? Research questions were examined using data from the University of Michigan Sustainability Cultural Indicators Program. A sample of freshmen completed a Web-based survey in 2012, and again as seniors in 2015.

Findings

Greater awareness of campus waste-prevention efforts in 2015 was associated with significant increases in student waste-prevention behaviors from 2012 to 2015. Also, among students who were engaged (i.e. reported participating in a campus sustainability activity/event), greater travel/transportation awareness in 2015 was associated with a significant decline in sustainable travel/transportation behavior. Consistent with previous studies this study found a link between sustainability awareness and increases in sustainable behavior. However, this study also indicates that this link is not present for all behaviors (i.e. use of sustainable travel/transportation). This study also found that engagement does not amplify the awareness–behavior link.

Originality/value

Understanding key drivers of changes in sustainable behavior for specific behaviors can inform the allocation of resources and help university campuses reach their sustainability goals.
Achieving mobile social media popularity to enhance customer acquisition
Authors: Du Helen S. , Ke Xiaobo , He Wei , Chu Samuel K.W. , Wagner Christian
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to draw on social exchange theory and heuristic–systematic model to examine how peer-to-peer (P2P) lending firms can enhance their customer acquisition by achieving mobile social media popularity.

Design/methodology/approach

Content data collected from multiple sources (websites and mobile applications) were employed to validate the research model.

Findings

The mobile social media popularity of P2P lending firms positively influences their customer acquisition. Furthermore, the heuristic cues (i.e. source credibility and content freshness) and the systematic cue (i.e. transaction relevance) potentially affect the firms’ mobile social media popularity.

Research limitations/implications

Mobile social media is not only a platform for firms’ image-building but a critical means of acquiring actual customers. The appropriate use of heuristic–systematic cues in a mobile interface is useful for firms to achieve high user popularity despite the challenges derived from the mobile context.

Practical implications

To achieve higher user popularity in the competitive online world, firms should dedicate greater effort in determining the adequate heuristic–systematic cues designed for the interface of their mobile social media account. The effect of popularity can then help the firms acquire more customers.

Originality/value

This study extends the understanding of social exchange in the context of mobile social media accounts and enriches the knowledge on business value of mobile social media popularity. This paper also contributes to the literature by relating heuristic–systematic cues to firms’ mobile social media popularity.
Contemporary Islamic philosophy response to reality and thinking outside history
Authors: Othman Elkhosht Mohamed
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to draw a map of the general features of epistemological and critical concerns in contemporary Islamic philosophy. This study will not be confined to the domain of academic philosophy or to those who are professionals in the field of philosophy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopted the critical rational approach in dealing with contemporary Islamic philosophy in the Arab world. The scope will include scholars from different fields of epistemology who tried to present a “vision” of the attitude that should be adopted in facing the challenges of the age and the problems of the nation on the epistemological level or the political, economic and social levels.

Findings

There is a need for a philosophy of action and progress rather than a philosophy that is based on abstract ideas and theories and of words/rhetoric. The ethics required to accomplish this ought to identify the attributes of the citizen who can reach self-actualization through legitimate means based on a progress agenda with theoretical and philosophical foundations.

Research limitations/implications

Because a critical rational approach can be dealt with from different perspectives, this paper will adopt the classification of the principal intellectual trends: the reformist, secular and liberal.

Practical implications

This paper covers a long time span to determine whether the philosophical projects have been effective.

Originality/value

This paper, which criticizes the philosophic projects that are theoretically unsound and that do not address real social problems (like poverty), argues the need for a philosophy of progress and action. This will lead to devising an agenda that addresses the challenges the society is facing and to finding alternative and creative solutions resulting in development.
Deterring violent non-state actors: dilemmas and implications
Authors: Elbahy Raghda
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to address the limitations of classical deterrence theory in dealing with violent non-state actors (VNSAs).

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses qualitative methods.

Findings

It suggests that two measures must be applied; the first one is to rephrase the assumptions of the theory towards a broader definition. The second one is to theorize certain approaches for deterring VNSAs which shall remain a key component in, but not the cornerstone of, national security strategies.

Originality/value

In the aftermath of 9/11 attacks and US war on terrorism, the need arose to “revisit” the “Deterrence Theory” to address several changes such as rogue states, cyber threats and VNSAs, especially after the end of the Cold War, when the theory was originally developed. The recent research on VNSAs relates to the fourth wave of deterrence, which highlights its proper role in a new security environment.
Attitudes toward cheating among business students at a private Kenyan university
Authors: Catacutan Maria Rosario
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aims to investigate attitudes toward cheating among business students at a private university in Kenya and examine if a significant difference exists in cheating perceptions among students who have completed one or two ethics courses, and those who have done none.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 554 undergraduate business students participated in this research. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the one-way ANOVA.

Findings

The results found that students perceived cheating in exam-related situations as quite serious, while cheating on written assignments was not considered a serious offence. Results of the one-way ANOVA indicate that there was a significant difference in the cheating perceptions ratings for the three groups. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicate that the mean score for students who have done two ethics courses was significantly different from that of students who have done only one ethics course.

Practical implications

This study has a number of implications for educators and administrators. Ethics instruction cannot achieve its desired effect on student behavior without institutional support. Administrators also need to be cognizant of the influence that school environment has on student cheating. Faculty and university administrators can influence students’ behavior in the way they practice academic integrity in their teaching and administrative functions.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this research is the first study to explore academic cheating at a private Kenyan university where ethics instruction is taught to undergraduate students.
Ensuring customer retention: insurers’ perception of customer loyalty
Authors: Larsson Anthony , Broström Ellen
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Customer feedback is believed to provide an important retailer metric. Notwithstanding, customer retention still presents a challenge in today’s increasingly digitalised business environment. The insurance industry has recently begun its digitalisation process and is struggling with customer retention. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the recurrent trends in the academic discourse surrounding this topic.

Design/methodology/approach

This narrative review has documented journal publications from January 2000 to February 2018, using the PRISMA statement. The Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were examined for prior studies of digitalisation and customer loyalty in an insurance setting.

Findings

The most recurrent themes were those deemed to be of most interest to the wider academic community and in greatest need of additional research. Expressed as a “conditional statement” this is summarised as: “IF [most recurring] THEN [need for further research]”. Most articles were published in UK-based journals, with most first authors listed in the USA as their country of origin. The articles most commonly discussed the need for “Proactive retention”, i.e. taking pre-emptive action to secure customer loyalty. This exposes a gap with extant theories on customer loyalty/customer retention, which favours customer feedback as an important metrics.

Research limitations/implications

The articles investigated were not ranked beyond mentioning the number of publications found in each respective journal, as to determine any distinguishable patterns of publication.

Practical implications

The need for studies on “Proactive retention” is likely desirable also in other areas than insurance.

Originality/value

The study exposes a gap in extant theory, which mostly discusses retention from a posteriori knowledge. However, most examined literature is actually calling for a priori knowledge.
Comparative study of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles on flow and heat transfer of dusty fluid over a stretching sheet
Authors: Kumar K. Ganesh , Archana M.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to model the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of dusty fluid with suspended nanoparticles over a stretching surface. The effect of multiple slip and nonlinear thermal radiation is taken into the account. Adequate similarity transformations are used to obtain a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to govern formulated problem. The resultant non-dimensionalized boundary value problem is solved numerically using the RKF-45 method. The profiles for velocity and temperature, which are controlled by thermophysical parameters, are presented graphically. Based on these plots, the conclusion is given and the obtained numerical results are tabulated. Observed interesting fact is that the SiO2-water nanoparticles show a thicker thermal boundary layer than TiO2-water nanoparticles.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing partial differential equations are approximated to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations. An effective fourth–ﬁfth-order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg integration scheme numerically solves these equations along with a shooting technique. The effects of various pertinent parameters on the flow and heat transfer are examined.

Findings

Present results have an excellent agreement with previous published results in the limiting cases. The values of skin friction and wall temperature for different governing parameters are also tabulated. It is demonstrated that the SiO2-water nanoparticles show a thicker thermal boundary layer than TiO2-water nanoparticles. It is interesting to note that the dusty nanofluids are found to have higher thermal conductivity.

Originality/value

This paper is a new work related to comparative study of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles in heat transfer of dusty fluid flow.
What Role for Human Rights in Business?
Authors: Hughes‐Jennett Julianne
Published: July 2019

The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were endorsed by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011, following the six‐year mandate of the Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The SRSG developed a framework comprised of three pillars: (1) States have a duty to protect against human rights abuses committed by third parties, including business enterprises; (2) business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights; and (3) victims of business‐related human rights abuses need access to effective remedies. In particular, guiding principle (GP) 11 provides that business enterprises should respect human rights, that is, they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved. This article considers the implications of the Guiding Principles' framework for business; the continuing role of conventional accountability mechanisms in providing access to remedy for victims under the third pillar of the framework; and developments in ‘hard law', with a particular focus on the approach by the UK, since the introduction of the UNGPs, before turning, briefly, to the future for business and human rights.
UDHR and Modern Slavery: Exploring the Challenges of Fulfilling the Universal Promise to End Slavery in All Its Forms
Authors: Sands Matthew
Published: July 2019

This article reflects on the prohibition of slavery set out in article 4 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and analyses efforts undertaken in the years since to fulfil this commitment. It first addresses the evolution in the prohibition from historic forms of slavery to contemporary forms of slavery and human trafficking. Second, the article examines the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the National Referral Mechanism to appreciate the UK's efforts to implement various international commitments to prohibit slavery, noting that the current focus towards criminalisation and the meagre support offered as victim protection does not constitute a sufficiently comprehensive strategy towards effective prohibition. Third, areas for reform are identified that could reorient government strategy toward more effective victim protection and support, starting with better identification of victims. And finally, the article argues in favour of actions that seek to prevent modern slavery crimes and abuse, including with a more robust regulatory framework that engages private sector actors to recognise the risks of slavery and exclude forced labour from supply chains.
The Conservative Case for Human Rights
Authors: Tugendhat Michael
Published: July 2019

This article explores how conservative values and Conservative Party politicians helped to shape the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948 and the European Convention on Human rights (ECHR) 1950. It provides an overview of the history of conservatism in the UK with a focus on the way that Conservative Party administrations promoted the protection of human rights, including social and economic rights. The author argues that the Conservative Party should continue to play a key role in protecting human rights legislation rather than regarding human rights as a ‘foreign’ imposition from Europe.
The Diagnostic Frame in National Security Evaluations
Authors: Smith Kim
Published: July 2019

In clinical and most forensic evaluations, “diagnosis” connotes the expectation of a DSM‐5 or ICD‐10 formally labeled mental condition. When the task is to evaluate the security risk a person's psychological makeup presents to an institution, such a molar diagnosis can blind the clinician and elevate the risk to a security agency. When “diagnosis” connotes achieving an understanding of a person's behavior that has raised security concerns, then a different conceptualization of the diagnostic process is required. Unlike the clinical situation, the evaluation is not being performed to benefit the person but for the purpose of assessing risk to an agency. The differences this introduces involve every aspect of the evaluation and changes the type of diagnosis expected. Not appreciating these differences can cause the clinician to fail in the task of assessing psychological tendencies that affect national security.
The Concept of Microwave Foam Drying Under Vacuum: A Gentle Preservation Method for Sensitive Biological Material
Authors: Ambros S. , Dombrowski J. , Boettger D. , Kulozik U.
Published: July 2019

Microwave vacuum drying as compared to conventional vacuum drying has evinced advantages regarding drying time, while comparable product characteristics were achieved when drying sensitive biological material. Due to the volumetric microwave input, a time reduction of up to 90% is possible. When drying viscous liquids, a foamed structure that remains stable during drying exhibits further advantages as the diffusion‐limited third drying step is enhanced by the porous structure. As foams not only have to be thermally resistant during microwave vacuum processing, but also withstand the vacuum, a specific process for foam drying by microwaves under low pressure conditions was developed. Foam formation and stabilization was achieved by using a synergistic mixture of proteins and carbohydrates; Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (L. paracasei) served as a model sensitive substance. Investigation of surface activity and foaming properties as a function of L. paracasei concentration revealed a significant positive contribution of the bacterial cells. It was shown that L. paracasei directly adsorbed at the air–water interface. Besides, a structuring of the liquid lamellae was assumed. Moreover, drying time was reduced to at least 50% compared to microwave vacuum drying without foaming. It was further observed that the slight loss in survival was mainly due to the relatively high moisture content and high vacuum levels at the beginning of the process. However, foaming, vacuum application, and final drying, respectively, did not affect viability of the bacterial cells. Thus, by incorporation of lactic acid bacteria into foam structures, drying can be carried out in a fraction of time, and further results in high‐product quality.

Practical Application

The application of continuous foam drying offers an efficient and energy‐saving alternative to the currently applied techniques for the processing of sensitive material. The process could be applied for the preservation of starter cultures and probiotics as well as in the pharmaceutical industry, when sensitive material such as therapeutic proteins is dried. This process is especially suitable for freezing‐sensitive and thermolabile substances.
Seasonal dynamics of marine snow‐associated and free‐living demethylating bacterial communities in the coastal northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Steiner Paul A. , Sintes Eva , Simó Rafel , De Corte Daniele , Pfannkuchen Daniela Marić , Ivančić Ingrid , Najdek Mirjana , Herndl Gerhard J.
Published: July 2019

The extent of DMSP demethylation has been hypothesized to depend on DMSP availability and bacterial sulfur demand, which might lead to niche differentiation of the demethylating bacterial community. In this study, we determined DMSP concentrations in marine snow and the ambient water over a seasonal cycle and linked DMSP concentrations to the abundance of bacteria harbouring the demethylation dmdA gene in the Adriatic Sea. In marine snow, DMSP concentrations were up to four times higher than in the ambient water and three times higher in marine snow in summer than in winter. The average dmdA:recA gene ratio over the sampling period was 0.40 ± 0.24 in marine snow and 0.48 ± 0.21 in the ambient water. However, at the subclade level, differences in the demethylating bacterial community of marine snow and the ambient water were apparent. Seasonal patterns of potentially demethylating bacteria were best visible at the oligotype level. In the ambient water, the SAR116 and the OM60/NOR5 clade were composed of oligotypes that correlated to high DMSP concentrations, while oligotypes of the Rhodospirillales correlated to low DMSP concentrations. Our results revealed a pronounced seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity in DMSP concentrations and the associated demethylating bacterial community.
International Multiparty Mediation: Prospects for a Coordinated Effort
Authors: Vuković Siniša
Published: July 2019

The field of international peace mediation has become increasingly complex. Proliferation of actors that are able and willing to mediate has made multiparty mediation a standard format through which conflicts get managed. Due to their ad hoc nature, multiparty mediation efforts require specific mechanisms that will provide sufficient clarity and direction for the mediators involved. This paper departs by differentiating three distinct, yet highly interrelated, fundamental aspects that contribute to the overall success in multiparty mediation: cooperation, coordination and leadership. Treating coordination as a subset element of wider cooperation, this paper addresses the main challenges of achieving effective coordination in a given context. The paper highlights the relevance of information carrying capacity and premediated appointment of a leader when developing particular coordination mechanisms.
Availability and organization of difficult airway equipment in Swedish hospitals: A national survey of anaesthesiologists
Authors: Bjurström Martin F. , Persson Karolina , Sturesson Louise W.
Published: July 2019

Background

Airway complications account for almost one third of anaesthesia‐related brain damage and death. Immediate access to equipment enabling rescue airway strategies is crucial for successful management of unanticipated difficult airway situations.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide survey of Swedish anaesthesiologists to analyse availability and organization of difficult airway trolleys (DATs), and multiple factors pertaining to difficult airway management, to highlight areas of potential improvement.

Results

Six hundred and thirty‐nine anaesthesiologists completed the 14‐item survey. Whereas DATs were almost ubiquitous (95%) in main operating departments of hospitals, prevalence was low in remote anaesthetizing locations (20.3%) and electroconvulsive therapy units (26.6%). Approximately 60% of emergency departments had a DAT. Immediate (within 60 seconds) access to videolaryngoscopes in all units where general anaesthesia is conducted was reported by 56.8%. Almost half of anaesthesiologists reported that all DATs at their workplace were standardized. Forty‐six per cent reported that the DATs were organized according to a difficult airway algorithm; almost 90% believe that such an organization can impact the outcome of a difficult airway situation positively. Only 36.2% of DATs contained second‐generation supraglottic airway devices exclusively. Most Swedish anaesthesiologists use the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive care Medicine difficult airway algorithm, but almost one fifth prefer the Difficult Airway Society algorithm. Less than half of respondents underwent formal difficult airway training annually.

Conclusion

Our results motivate efforts to (a) increase availability of DATs in remote anaesthetizing locations, (b) increasingly standardize DATs and organize DATs according to airway algorithms, and (c) increase the frequency of difficult airway training.
Prescription opioid availability and opioid overdose‐related mortality rates in Medicaid expansion and non‐expansion states
Authors: Swartz James A. , Beltran Susanny J.
Published: July 2019

Aims

To determine whether, in the United States, higher opioid overdose‐related mortality rates (OOMR) in Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion states relative to mortality rates in non‐expansion states have been mediated by increased prescription opioid availability.

Design

Separate mixed‐effect regression models examined difference‐in‐difference effects of time and expansion status on Medicaid‐reimbursed opioids measured in morphine milligram (mg) equivalents on all OOMR and on prescription OOMR. We used generalized structural equation models to test whether increases in Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability mediated OOMR post‐Medicaid expansion.

Setting and participants

This study used national, serial, cross‐sectional data for Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioids, Medicaid enrollment information and annual OOMR for any opioids and for prescription opioids from 49 states and the DC pre‐ (2008–13) and post‐ACA Medicaid expansion (2014–16).

Measurements

The outcome measures were OOOMR and Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability. The main input variables were time and ACA Medicaid expansion status.

Findings

Medicaid expansion states had larger increases in prescription opioid availability (b = 480, 357.8, P = 0.001) compared with non‐expansion states. However, the largest increases in prescription opioid availability in expansion states were between 2009 and 2011, well before the ACA Medicaid expansion. Whereas expansion states also had higher any OOMR compared with non‐expansion states (b = 3.6, P = 0.011), significant differences in prescription OOMR between expansion and non‐expansion states did not emerge until 2015 (b = 1.4, P = 0.014) and 2016 (b = 4.0, P = 0.004), and Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability was not a significant mediator.

Conclusions

Increases in Medicaid‐reimbursed prescription opioid availability in Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion states in the United States do not appear to have mediated post‐Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion mortality rate differences, but there is still a possibility of lagged effects.
The association between induction of labour at 38 to 39 weeks pregnancy and indication for caesarean delivery: An observational study
Authors: de Vries Bradley Stephen , McGeechan Kevin , Barratt Alexandra , Tooher Jane , Wong Ebony , Phipps Hala , Gordon Adrienne , Hyett Jon Anthony
Published: July 2019

Background

Induction of labour is associated with a reduction in caesarean delivery, but the mechanism of action and which groups of women might benefit remain unknown.

Aims

To assess the association between induction of labour at 38–39 weeks pregnancy, and caesarean delivery: (i) overall; (ii) for slow progress in labour; and (iii) for suspected fetal compromise.

Material and methods

Retrospective observational study in two Sydney hospitals from 2009 to 2016, among nulliparous women with induction of labour at 38 or 39 completed weeks pregnancy and a singleton, cephalic presenting fetus. The comparator was all planned vaginal births beyond 39(+1/7) weeks, whether or not labour was induced. Binary and multinomial multiple logistic regressions adjusting for multiple confounders were performed.

Results

There were 2388 and 15 259 women in the study and comparison groups respectively. Induction of labour was associated with caesarean delivery overall only for women <25 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 1.63; 95% CI 1.17–2.27) and was not associated with caesarean delivery for slow progress. Induction of labour was positively associated with increased caesarean delivery for suspected fetal compromise among young women (<30 years), with the association weakening as maternal age increased. The association between induction of labour and caesarean delivery was different for slow progress compared with suspected compromise (P = 0.005).

Conclusions

Induction of labour has different effects on the likelihood of caesarean delivery for slow progress and for suspected fetal compromise. Women <30 years of age are at higher risk of caesarean delivery for suspected fetal compromise, potentially due to uterine hyperstimulation.
Appraisal of the Australian Veterinary Prescribing Guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery in dogs and cats
Authors: Hardefeldt LY , Crabb HK , Bailey KE , Johnstone T , Gilkerson JR , Billman‐Jacobe H , Browning GF
Published: July 2019

The Australian Veterinary Prescribing Guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery on dogs and cats are evidence‐based guidelines for veterinary practitioners. Validation of these guidelines is necessary to ensure quality and implementability. Two validated tools, used for medical guideline appraisal, were chosen to assess the guidelines. The terminology from the GuideLine Implementability Appraisal (GLIA) and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation version 2 (AGREE II) were adapted for use by veterinarians. A two‐phase evaluation approach was conducted. In the first phase of the evaluation, the GLIA tool was used by two specialist veterinary surgeons in clinical practice. The results of this phase were then used to modify the guidelines. In the second phase, the AGREE II tool was used by 6 general practitioners and 6 specialists to appraise the guidelines. In phase 1, the specialist surgeons either agreed or strongly agreed that the guidelines were executable, decidable, valid and novel, and that the guidelines would fit within the process of care. The surgeons were neutral on flexibility and measurability. Additional clarity around one common surgical procedure was added to the guidelines, after which the surgeons agreed that the guidelines were sufficiently flexible. In phase 2, 12 veterinarians completed the assessment using the AGREE II tool. In all sections the scaled domain score was greater than 70%. The overall quality of the guidelines was given a global scaled score of 76%. This assessment has demonstrated that the guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis for companion animal surgery are valid and appear implementable.
Getting involved in the community—What stops us? Findings from an inclusive research project
Authors: Mooney Fran , Rafique Nazia , Tilly Liz
Published: July 2019

Accessible summary

Feeling alone and not connected to other people where you live affects many people and especially people with a learning disability. The government and the newspapers are talking a lot about this, they want to understand who is affected and what can be done.

Our group did a research project to find out some of the things that stop us getting involved in local places with local people where we can make and keep friends. The people in the research project mainly lived independently and did not use learning disability services, so needed to use local community organisations.

Pictorial cards, made by one of the group members, using photographs were used to sort out all the things we talked about into groups. These included transport, fear and anxiety, limits on our choice and control, risks and personal safety.

We then talked about what could be done, this included more easy read information, so people know what is available locally, more support to go to places and advocacy to get involved. There also needs to be better community safety including more Safe Places in the community.

Background

Social isolation is an issue that affects many people and especially people with a learning disability. There is an association between social exclusion and feeling lonely, an issue currently highlighted as a growing concern which needs to be addressed both in the media and by the government.

Methods

The Building Bridges Research Group do inclusive research projects about the issues that are important to them. Over the summer of 2018, the research group undertook an inclusive research project to identify some of the specific barriers that prevent community inclusion and the opportunity to develop friends. The people involved mainly lived independently and did not use learning disability services, with the exception of evening clubs, so needed to use universal services.

Results

Pictorial cards, made by one of the group, using photographs were used to organise the data into themes. These included transport, fear and anxiety, limits on choice and control, risks and personal safety.

Conclusion

The inclusive research design enabled people with a learning disability to contribute to all stages of the research project, from identifying the issue, gathering data, the analysis and writing up. They also made suggestions of ways to increase social networks, friendships and well‐being and so decrease loneliness. These include more access to easy read information, more support and advocacy and measures to address community safety including a wider roll‐out of the Safe Places scheme. There also needs to be further research undertaken with other people with a learning disability in different areas to widen the understanding of the impact of these barriers on people's lives.
Agreement between supine and standing bioimpedance spectroscopy devices and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for body composition determination
Authors: Esco Michael R. , Fedewa Michael V. , Freeborn Todd J. , Moon Jordan R. , Wingo Jonathan E. , Cicone Zack , Holmes Clifton J. , Hornikel Bjoern , Welborn Bailey
Published: July 2019

Background

Research comparing bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is limited, especially with newer BIS devices that take measures in a standing position instead of the traditional supine position.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare a standing BIS device (BISSTA) and a supine BIS device (BISSUP) to DXA for measuring body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) in a cohort of male and female subjects displaying a wide range of ages and BMI levels.

Methods

Ninety‐five subjects (30 ± 15 years, 170 ± 8·0 cm, 72·6 ± 14·8 kg) participated in the study. Body composition measures were taken from BISSTA, BISSUP and DXA during a single visit to the laboratory following an 8‐ to 12‐h fast in a euhydration state.

Results

Supine BIS device and BISSTA produced r‐values >0·91 and low SEE values for all measurements compared to DXA. Effect sizes were ‘trivial’ for FFM comparing both BISSUP and BISSTA to DXA (<0·1) and ‘small’ for FM and BF% (<0·39). Compared to DXA, BISSTA resulted in lower total (TE) and constant errors/mean differences (CE) (TE < 3·6 kg, CE < −1·82 kg) versus BISSUP (TE < 4·35 kg, CE < −3·10 kg) for FFM.

Conclusion

Fat‐free mass values for BISSTA resulted in the most comparable measurements to DXA with no mean differences and the lowest total error and effect size. However, the findings indicated both BIS devices may be acceptable alternatives to DXA for BF%, FM and FFM in clinical practice.
The future of endoscopy: Advances in endoscopic image innovations
Authors: Gulati Shraddha , Patel Mehul , Emmanuel Andrew , Haji Amyn , Hayee Bu'Hussain , Neumann Helmut
Published: July 2019

The latest state of the art technological innovations have led to a palpable progression in endoscopic imaging and may facilitate standardisation of practice. One of the most rapidly evolving modalities is artificial intelligence with recent studies providing real‐time diagnoses and encouraging results in the first randomised trials to conventional endoscopic imaging. Advances in functional hypoxia imaging offer novel opportunities to be used to detect neoplasia and the assessment of colitis. Three‐dimensional volumetric imaging provides spatial information and has shown promise in the increased detection of small polyps. Studies to date of self‐propelling colonoscopes demonstrate an increased caecal intubation rate and possibly offer patients a more comfortable procedure. Further development in robotic technology has introduced ex vivo automated locomotor upper gastrointestinal and small bowel capsule devices. Eye‐tracking has the potential to revolutionise endoscopic training through the identification of differences in experts and non‐expert endoscopist as trainable parameters. In this review, we discuss the latest innovations of all these technologies and provide perspective into the exciting future of diagnostic luminal endoscopy.
Excess sensitivity and borrowing constraints: Evidence from Iranian households
Authors: Einian Majid , Nili Masoud
Published: July 2019

In contrast to the findings of simple rational expectations permanent income hypothesis models, empirical studies show that income changes can help predict consumption change. This is dubbed as excess sensitivity in the macroeconomic literature. We use Iranian household data to investigate the excess sensitivity using civil servant status as a proxy for borrowing constraints. We observe that the excess sensitivity is different among different panels. Much less excess sensitivity is observed for government employees who have better access to finance due to the structure of the labour market and banking system in Iran. Our proxy variable to divide data, which is the working status of the head of the household, does not suffer from endogeneity problems evident in the previous literature. The results of this study indicate that the actual consumption profile of a constrained household is suboptimal and hence deepening financial access can decrease the welfare loss of this suboptimality.
Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions on anxiety for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ruiz‐Íñiguez Raquel , Santed Germán Miguel Á. , Burgos‐Julián Francisco A. , Díaz‐Silveira Cintia , Carralero Montero Ana
Published: July 2019

Aim

This paper aims to investigate the extent to which mindfulness‐based interventions serve to reduce anxiety in children and adolescents. A heterogeneous sample was used, including clinical and non‐clinical population.

Methods

A literature search of controlled intervention studies published up to December 31, 2016, was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane, Embase, PsycInfo, Opengrey and Teseo databases. The effect size was calculated by Cohen's d. The Cochran Q statistic and the I2 index were used for the study of heterogeneity. An analysis was conducted using the random effects model.

Results

829 articles were identified, of which 18 were finally selected. Of these, only three had statistically significant effect sizes. The overall combined result obtained was .013, but it did not result statistically significant (CI95% [−.102, .128].) The Q statistic was statistically significant (Q [18] = 28.497, P = . 39) and the I2 index was 40.34%, indicating a moderate heterogeneity.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis did not obtain statistically significant results that could provide conclusions. In general, the studies analysed are small, of low power and have a marked heterogeneity, which implies that the findings are provisional and need to be supported by more robust studies.

Although it cannot be ruled out that mindfulness‐based interventions are not effective in the infant‐juvenile population, it is also possible that this effect could not be detected due to the limited number of available studies. Larger investigations are needed, with sufficient statistical power and designs that control the variables potentially moderating, to establish clear conclusions.
Advancing our understanding of ecological stability
Authors: Kéfi Sonia , Domínguez‐García Virginia , Donohue Ian , Fontaine Colin , Thébault Elisa , Dakos Vasilis
Published: July 2019

The concept of ecological stability occupies a prominent place in both fundamental and applied ecological research. We review decades of work on the topic and examine how our understanding has progressed. We show that our understanding of stability has remained fragmented and is limited largely to simple or simplified systems. There has been a profusion of metrics proposed to quantify stability, of which only a handful are used commonly. Furthermore, studies typically quantify one to two metrics of stability at a time and in response to a single perturbation, with some of the main environmental pressures of today being the least studied. We argue that we need to build on the existing consensus and strong theoretical foundation of the stability concept to better understand its multidimensionality and the interdependencies between metrics, levels of organisation and types of perturbations. Only by doing so can we make progress in the quantification of stability in theory and in practice, and eventually build a more comprehensive understanding of how ecosystems will respond to ongoing environmental change.
Challenging EU constitutional law: The Italian Constitutional Court's new stance on direct effect and the preliminary reference procedure
Authors: Gallo Daniele
Published: July 2019

This article seeks to examine the relationship between EU law and the Italian legal order in light of the recent Italian Constitutional Court (ICC)’s jurisprudence attempting to redefine EU core principles. When fundamental rights are at stake, three assumptions are challenged: the determination of direct effect shall be a prerogative of the ECJ; EU directly effective provisions entail the disapplication of conflicting national law; judges have the discretion to refer preliminary references to the ECJ where a clarification on EU law is needed. The contribution argues that the judicial search for a balance between sovereignty and supranationality is undermined by the ICC's new resistance to the well‐established EU jurisprudence. In that respect, the paper posits that the ICC's activism is the result of an unjustified ‘argumentative self‐restraint’ of the ECJ vis‐à‐vis the evolution of EU foundational principles.
Socially induced stress and behavioural inhibition in response to angling exposure in rainbow trout
Authors: Lovén Wallerius Magnus , Gräns Albin , Koeck Barbara , Berger David , Sandblom Erik , Ekström Andreas , Arlinghaus Robert , Johnsson Jörgen I.
Published: July 2019

It is well known that fish can learn to avoid angling gear after experiencing a catch‐and‐release event, that is, after a private hooking experience. However, the possible importance of social information cues and their influence on an individual's vulnerability to angling remains largely unexplored, that is, social experience of a conspecific capture. The effects of private and social experience of hooking on the stress response of fish and subsequent catch rates were examined. Hatchery‐reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were implanted with heart rate loggers and experimentally subjected to private or social experience of hooking. Private and social experience of angling induced an increased heart rate in fish compared with naïve control fish. While private experience of hooking explained most of the reduced vulnerability to capture, no clear evidence was found that social experience of hooking affected angling vulnerability in fish that had never been hooked before. While both private and social experiences of angling constitute significant physiological stressors for rainbow trout, only the private experience reduces an individual's vulnerability to angling and in turn affecting population‐level catchability.
Use of macroecology to integrate social justice and conservation
Authors: Fleishman Erica , Brown Holly
Published: July 2019

Both conservation biology and macroecology are synthetic, and macroecological research consistently has informed the theory and practice of biological conservation. Explicit integration of the macroecology of human systems and natural systems has been rare, but can advance the incorporation of social justice, environmental justice and environmental equity into conservation biology and participatory conservation (inclusion in decision‐making of those who are affected by, or can affect, that decision). The basis of this strong link is the focus of macroecology on the relations of a given biota to environmental patterns and processes, and these patterns and processes can affect humans differentially. Macroecological integration of social justice and conservation generally requires spatial and temporal representation of all variables at resolutions and extents that allow meaningful analyses. This requirement may facilitate clarity about social metrics and norms. To illustrate, we examine applications of macroecology to analysis of the effects of climate change on social justice and biological conservation; relations among climate, violence among humans and conservation; and the response of the spread of disease to social and ecological factors. We believe that macroecology is a means of providing transparent inferences that can inform conservation, health and social policies.