bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positioning Libraries for a New Bibliographic Universe
Authors: Martin Kristin E. , Mundle Kavita
Published: January 2016

This paper surveys the English-language literature on cataloging and classification published during 2011 and 2012, covering both theory and application. A major theme of the literature centered on Resource Description and Access (RDA), as the period covered in this review includes the conclusion of the RDA test, revisions to RDA, and the implementation decision. Explorations in the theory and practical applications of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), upon which RDA is organized, are also heavily represented. Library involvement with linked data through the creation of prototypes and vocabularies are explored further during the period. Other areas covered in the review include: classification, controlled vocabularies and name authority, evaluation and history of cataloging, special formats cataloging, cataloging and discovery services, non-AACR2/RDA metadata, cataloging workflows, and the education and careers of catalogers.
Editorial: New Year, New Possibilities
Authors: Weber Mary Beth
Published: January 2016

As 2015 progresses, there have been additional changes to LRTS. In addition to the new e-only format, the journal has transitioned from a commercial hosting service to the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform. There are several advantages of moving to OJS. First is cost savings, which are important for a member organization. OJS offers the ability to customize the platform to provide services and information that will improve access and irretrievability. OJS will also enable us to consider new functionalities. The new website is available at http://journals.ala.org/lrts and I encourage you to try it. The new website is part of an open house that ALA is promoting for three months (April-June 2015) for some of its journals. Your feedback regarding the new website is welcome.
FRBR Aggregates: Their Types and Frequency in Library Collections
Authors: O’Neill Edward , Žumer Maja , Mixter Jeffrey
Published: January 2016

Aggregates have been a frequent topic of discussion between library science researchers. This study seeks to better understand aggregates through the analysis of a sample of bibliographic records and review of the cataloging treatment of aggregates. The study focuses on determining how common aggregates are in library collections, what types of aggregates exist, how aggregates are described in bibliographic records, and the criteria for identifying aggregates from the information in bibliographic records. A sample of bibliographic records representing textual resources was taken from OCLC’s WorldCat database. More than 20 percent of the sampled records represented aggregates and more works were embodied in aggregates than were embodied in single work manifestations. A variety of issues, including cataloging practices and the varying definitions of aggregates, made it difficult to accurately identify and quantify the presence of aggregates using only the information from bibliographic records.
E-book Use and Value in the Humanities: Scholars’ Practices and Expectations
Authors: Chrzastowski Tina E. , Wiley Lynn N.
Published: January 2016

This research is a part of Values, Outcomes, and Return on Investment of Academic Libraries (“Lib-Value”), a three-year study funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services IMLS grant # LG-06-09-0152-09. We gratefully acknowledge this support. In addition, the authors wish to thank Jean-Louise Zancanella, our graduate research assistant on this project, for her careful work. Portions of the survey results were presented at the Library Assessment Conference in Seattle, Washington, in August 2014 and will be published in those proceedings; other prepublication presentations took place at the Charleston Conference in November 2013 and 2014 (no proceedings publications are available; this paper represents the sole published culmination of this research).
Book Review: Guide to Ethics in Acquisitions
Authors: Edwards Kristina M..
Published: January 2016

As is true of the other books that are a part of the ALCTS Acquisitions Guides Series, the Guide to Ethics in Acquisitions continues and summarizes current conversations regarding an important part of acquisitions librarianship. The Guide to Ethics in Acquisitions by Wyoma vanDuinkerken, Wendi Arant Kaspar, and Jeanne Harrell covers the previous and current aspects of ethical acquisitions practices in an academic library. As acquisitions librarians, we are tasked with various responsibilities including budgeting, adjusting, and adhering to a variety of payment workflows, reporting expenditure data to institutional stakeholders, and collection development, all of which require us to be ethical stewards of library funding and resources. This guide not only clarifies some of the reasoning for previous acquisitions practices, largely because of lack of specific ethical guidelines for librarians, but also provides information on some of the newer situations that librarians encounter because of the changing nature of research and information today.
Book Review: Rightsizing the Academic Library Collection
Authors: Jax John J.
Published: January 2016

The author, the current head of collection management at Purdue University Libraries (West Lafayette, Indiana) and a long-time proponent of meeting user information needs with innovative collection development practices as reflected by her extensive record of scholarship, has written a provocative work that can serve as both a wake-up call and catalyst to action for academic librarians who manage collections. Ward introduces readers to the concept of “rightsizing,” a term adapted from the corporate world that can be used to encapsulate activities done to increase a library’s overall floor space by reducing space devoted to storing physical collections. Effectively organized into five chapters, Rightsizing the Academic Library Collection provides a brief historical account of the state of affairs for academic library collections today, argues for the uncluttering and routine culling of physical collections based on current user needs, shows how to use a variety of data to make informed decisions, gives examples of actual rightsizing projects that can be duplicated, shows best practice workflows, and gives a glimpse into workable solutions that can be applied to make a library more relevant to its users. And, according to Ward, it is the user’s needs (scholarly or otherwise) and positive library experiences that should provide the impetus for librarians to “rightsize” (as opposed to supersize or wrongsize) their resource collections (viii).
90‐90‐90 – Charting a steady course to end the paediatric HIV epidemic
Authors: Abrams Elaine J , Strasser Susan
Published: January 2016

Introduction

The new “90‐90‐90” UNAIDS agenda proposes that 90% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status, 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression by 2020. By focusing on children, the global community is in the unique position of realizing an end to the paediatric HIV epidemic.

Discussion

Despite vast scientific advances in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection over the last two decades, in 2014 there were an estimated 220,000 new paediatric infections attributed to mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (MTCT) and 150,000 HIV‐related paediatric deaths. Furthermore, adolescents remain at particularly high risk for acquisition of new HIV infections, and HIV/AIDS remains the second leading cause of death in this age group. Among the estimated 2.6 million children less than 15 years of age living with HIV infection, only 32% were receiving life‐saving antiretroviral treatment. After decades of languishing, good progress is now being made to prevent MTCT. Unfortunately, efforts to scale up HIV treatment services have been less robust for children and adolescents compared with adult populations. These discrepancies reflect substantial gaps in essential services and numerous missed opportunities to prevent HIV transmission and provide effective life‐saving antiretroviral treatment to children, adolescents and families. The road to an AIDS‐free generation will require bridging the gaps in HIV services and addressing the particular needs of children across the developmental spectrum from infancy through adolescence. To reach the ambitious new targets, innovations and service improvements will need to be rapidly escalated at each step along the prevention‐treatment cascade.

Conclusions

Charting a successful course to reach the 90‐90‐90 targets will require sustained political and financial commitment as well as the rapid implementation of a broad set of systematic improvements in service delivery. The prospect of a world where HIV no longer threatens the lives of infants, children and adolescents may finally be within reach.
Chromatin-prebound Crm1 recruits Nup98-HoxA9 fusion to induce aberrant expression of Hox cluster genes
Authors: Oka Masahiro , Mura Sonoko , Yamada Kohji , Sangel Percival , Hirata Saki , Maehara Kazumitsu , Kawakami Koichi , Tachibana Taro , Ohkawa Yasuyuki , Kimura Hiroshi , Yoneda Yoshihiro
Published: January 2016

The nucleoporin Nup98 is frequently rearranged to form leukemogenic Nup98-fusion proteins with various partners. However, their function remains largely elusive. Here, we show that Nup98-HoxA9, a fusion between Nup98 and the homeobox transcription factor HoxA9, forms nuclear aggregates that frequently associate with facultative heterochromatin. We demonstrate that stable expression of Nup98-HoxA9 in mouse embryonic stem cells selectively induces the expression of Hox cluster genes. Genome-wide binding site analysis revealed that Nup98-HoxA9 is preferentially targeted and accumulated at Hox cluster regions where the export factor Crm1 is originally prebound. In addition, leptomycin B, an inhibitor of Crm1, disassembled nuclear Nup98-HoxA9 dots, resulting in the loss of chromatin binding of Nup98-HoxA9 and Nup98-HoxA9-mediated activation of Hox genes. Collectively, our results indicate that highly selective targeting of Nup98-fusion proteins to Hox cluster regions via prebound Crm1 induces the formation of higher order chromatin structures that causes aberrant Hox gene regulation.
Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells
Authors: Floor Stephen N , Doudna Jennifer A
Published: January 2016

Eukaryotic genes generate multiple RNA transcript isoforms though alternative transcription, splicing, and polyadenylation. However, the relationship between human transcript diversity and protein production is complex as each isoform can be translated differently. We fractionated a polysome profile and reconstructed transcript isoforms from each fraction, which we term Transcript Isoforms in Polysomes sequencing (TrIP-seq). Analysis of these data revealed regulatory features that control ribosome occupancy and translational output of each transcript isoform. We extracted a panel of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions that control protein production from an unrelated gene in cells over a 100-fold range. Select 5′ untranslated regions exert robust translational control between cell lines, while 3′ untranslated regions can confer cell type-specific expression. These results expose the large dynamic range of transcript-isoform-specific translational control, identify isoform-specific sequences that control protein output in human cells, and demonstrate that transcript isoform diversity must be considered when relating RNA and protein levels.
Optimized MOL‐PCR for Characterization of Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Wuyts Véronique , Roosens Nancy H.C. , Bertrand Sophie , Marchal Kathleen , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C.J.
Published: January 2016

Characterization of microbial pathogens is necessary for surveillance, outbreak detection, and tracing of outbreak sources. This unit describes a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation‐PCR (MOL‐PCR) optimized for characterization of microbial pathogens. With MOL‐PCR, different types of markers, like unique sequences, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels, can be simultaneously analyzed in one assay. This assay consists of a multiplex ligation for detection of the markers, a singleplex PCR for signal amplification, and hybridization to MagPlex‐TAG beads for readout on a Luminex platform after fluorescent staining. The current protocol describes the MOL‐PCR, as well as methods for DNA isolation, probe design, and data interpretation and it is based on an optimized MOL‐PCR assay for subtyping of Salmonella Typhimurium. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variations of oxygen charge state abundances in the global magnetosphere, as observed by Polar
Authors: Allen R. C. , Livi S. A. , Goldstein J.
Published: January 2016

Geomagnetically trapped oxygen ions of solar and ionospheric origin have previously been observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. Early observations from Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/CCE have studied this distribution within a limited spatial range of L shells over all magnetic local times (MLT). This study expands on these early results using observations from the Polar spacecraft. The distributions by charge state show O6+, from the solar wind, charge exchanging into O5+, O4+, and O3+ as the ion populations drift to lower L shells. Meanwhile, ionospheric O+ and O2+ are primarily seen at low L shells and may also play a role in O3+ populations. We also present here the Dst, Vsw∗Bz, and AE dependencies of oxygen charge states (O+ through O6+) in MLT and L shell in the magnetosphere of the Earth. The distributions of these charge states provide insight into the injection and energization of both ionospheric oxygen as well as solar wind ions inside the magnetosphere.
Lidar observations of persistent gravity waves with periods of 3–10 h in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere at McMurdo (77.83°S, 166.67°E)
Authors: Chen Cao , Chu Xinzhao , Zhao Jian , Roberts Brendan R. , Yu Zhibin , Fong Weichun , Lu Xian , Smith John A.
Published: January 2016

Persistent, dominant, and large‐amplitude gravity waves with 3–10 h periods and vertical wavelengths ~20–30 km are observed in temperatures from the stratosphere to lower thermosphere with an Fe Boltzmann lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica. These waves exhibit characteristics of inertia‐gravity waves in case studies, yet they are extremely persistent and have been present during every lidar observation. We characterize these 3–10 h waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using lidar temperature data in June from 2011 to 2015. A new method is applied to identify the major wave events from every lidar run longer than 12 h. A continuous 65 h lidar run on 28–30 June 2014 exhibits a 7.5 h wave spanning ~60 h, and 6.5 h and 3.4 h waves spanning 40 and 45 h, respectively. Over the course of 5 years, 323 h of data in June reveal that the major wave periods occur in several groups centered from ~3.5 to 7.5 h, with vertical phase speeds of 0.8–2 m/s. These 3–10 h waves possess more than half of the spectral energy for ~93% of the time. A rigorous prewhitening, postcoloring technique is introduced for frequency power spectra investigation. The resulting spectral slopes are unusually steep (−2.7) below ~100 km but gradually become shallower with increasing altitude, reaching about −1.6 at 110 km. Two‐dimensional fast Fourier transform spectra confirm that these waves have a uniform dominant vertical wavelength of 20–30 km across periods of 3.5–10 h. These statistical features shed light on the wave source and pave the way for future research.
Gas hydrate distribution and hydrocarbon maturation north of the Knipovich Ridge, western Svalbard margin
Authors: Dumke Ines , Burwicz Ewa B. , Berndt Christian , Klaeschen Dirk , Feseker Tomas , Geissler Wolfram H. , Sarkar Sudipta
Published: January 2016

A bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR) occurs west of Svalbard in water depths exceeding 600 m, indicating that gas hydrate occurrence in marine sediments is more widespread in this region than anywhere else on the eastern North Atlantic margin. Regional BSR mapping shows the presence of hydrate and free gas in several areas, with the largest area located north of the Knipovich Ridge, a slow spreading ridge segment of the Mid Atlantic Ridge system. Here heat flow is high (up to 330 mW m−2), increasing toward the ridge axis. The coinciding maxima in across‐margin BSR width and heat flow suggest that the Knipovich Ridge influenced methane generation in this area. This is supported by recent finds of thermogenic methane at cold seeps north of the ridge termination. To evaluate the source rock potential on the western Svalbard margin, we applied 1‐D petroleum system modeling at three sites. The modeling shows that temperature and burial conditions near the ridge were sufficient to produce hydrocarbons. The bulk petroleum mass produced since the Eocene is at least 5 kt and could be as high as ~0.2 Mt. Most likely, source rocks are Miocene organic‐rich sediments and a potential Eocene source rock that may exist in the area if early rifting created sufficiently deep depocenters. Thermogenic methane production could thus explain the more widespread presence of gas hydrates north of the Knipovich Ridge. The presence of microbial methane on the upper continental slope and shelf indicates that the origin of methane on the Svalbard margin varies spatially.
In situ development of high‐elevation, low‐relief landscapes via duplex deformation in the Eastern Himalayan hinterland, Bhutan
Authors: Adams B. A. , Whipple K. X. , Hodges K. V. , Heimsath A. M.
Published: January 2016

Prior studies have proposed tectonic and climatic mechanisms to explain surface uplift throughout the Bhutan Himalaya. While the resulting enigmatic, low‐relief landscapes, elevated above deeply incised canyons, are a popular setting to test ideas of interacting tectonic and climatic forces, when and why these landscapes formed is still debated. We test the idea that these landscapes were created by a spatially variable and recent increase in rock uplift rate associated with the formation of structural duplexes at depth. We utilize a new suite of erosion rates derived from detrital cosmogenic nuclide techniques, geomorphic observations, and a landscape evolution model to demonstrate the viability of this hypothesis. Low‐relief landscapes in Bhutan are eroding at a rate of ~70 m/Ma, while basins from surrounding steep landscapes yield erosion rates of ~950 m/Ma, demonstrating that this portion of the range is in a transient period of increasing relief. Applying insights from our erosion rates, we explore the influence of an active duplex on overlying topography using a landscape evolution model by imposing a high rock uplift rate in the middle of a mountain range. Our simulations show that low‐relief landscapes with thick alluvial fills form upstream of convex knickpoints as rivers adjust to higher uplift rates downstream, a pattern consistent with geologic, geomorphic, and thermochronometric data from Bhutan. With our new erosion rates, reconstructed paleo‐river profiles, and landscape evolution simulations, we show that the low‐relief landscapes were formed in situ as they were uplifted ~800 m in the past ~0.8–1 Ma.
Cutting Arbitration Classes: Facing Court Defeats on Workplace Waivers, the NLRB Refuses To Back Down
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: January 2016

If 2015's final quarter is viewed as a leading indicator, the New Year's ADR landscape will be dominated by legal brawling over mandatory class‐action waivers in employment arbitration. And the current battles put the issue closer to a conclusive U.S. Supreme Court decision on whether employers can force workers to agree to forego class actions in court or arbitration as a condition of taking their jobs.
How the ‘Inside Out’ of Emotions Affects the Inside of a Mediation
Authors: Holtz Nancy
Published: January 2016

If you have kids, grandchildren, nieces or nephews, or just like a good Disney movie, you are probably familiar with last year's Pixar animated film “Inside Out.”
Capsule–Capsule Conversion by Guest Encapsulation
Authors: Wang Shitao , Sawada Tomohisa , Ohara Kazuaki , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Fujita Makoto
Published: January 2016

Guest‐induced M18L6–M24L8 capsule–capsule conversion is reported. Both capsules are composed of PdII ethylenediamine units (M) and 1,3,5‐tris(3,5‐pyrimidyl)pyrimidine (L), and form trigonal bipyramidal (M18L6) and octahedral (M24L8) closed‐shell structures with huge hydrophobic inner spaces. The M18L6 trigonal bipyramid is converted to the M24L8 octahedron through encapsulation of large aromatic guests, with the latter capsule possessing a cavity volume three times larger than the former. Despite the dynamic properties of the capsule host, the encapsulated guests are difficult to extract and are thus isolated from the external environment.
Oxyhydroxide Nanosheets with Highly Efficient Electron–Hole Pair Separation for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huang Junheng , Shang Qichao , Huang Yuanyuan , Tang Fumin , Zhang Qun , Liu Qinghua , Jiang Shan , Hu Fengchun , Liu Wei , Luo Yi , Yao Tao , Jiang Yong , Pan Zhiyun , Sun Zhihu , Wei Shiqiang
Published: January 2016

The facile electron–hole pair recombination in earth‐abundant transition‐metal oxides is a major limitation for the development of highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocatalysts. In this work, the thickness of a layered β‐CoOOH semiconductor that contains metal/hydroxy groups was reduced to obtain an atomically thin, two‐dimensional nanostructure. Analysis by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that electron–hole recombination is almost suppressed in the as‐prepared 1.3 nm thick β‐CoOOH nanosheet, which leads to prominent electron–hole separation efficiencies of 60–90 % upon irradiation at 350–450 nm, which are ten times higher than those of the bulk counterpart. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and first‐principles calculations demonstrate that [HO−CoO6−x] species on the nanosheet surface promote H+ adsorption and H2 desorption. An aqueous suspension of the β‐CoOOH nanosheets exhibited a high hydrogen production rate of 160 μmol g−1 h−1 even when the system was operated for hundreds of hours.
Conformational Slippage Determines Rotational Frequency in Five‐Component Nanorotors
Authors: Samanta Soumen K. , Rana Anup , Schmittel Michael
Published: January 2016

Several five‐component nanorotors ROT‐3 that rotate at different rates were prepared by adding phenanthrolines of distinct lateral size as brake blocks to the four‐component nanorotor ROT‐2. The brake blocks interfere with the 180° rotor causing the rotational frequency to drop from 97 kHz to 5 kHz. The effect of the rotating brake blocks on the rotational frequency in ROT‐3 is accurately predicted by a nanomechanical model called “conformational slippage”. For quantification, the interaction of the brake blocks with the trajectory of the main rotator is gauged based on the number of interfering vs. non‐interfering conformations as computed by PM6.
The improved Noah land surface model based on storage capacity curve and Muskingum method and application in GRAPES model
Authors: Wang Lili , Chen Dehui , Bao Hongjun
Published: January 2016

Noah‐LSM, applied in GRAPES model, cannot express the changes of runoff‐yield area effectively and describe hydrological cycle completely. It is improved as follows: (1) Add saturation excess runoff generation module, which considers the change in runoff‐yielding area based on a storage capacity curve for the better grid runoff simulation; (2) introduce routing module based on Muskingum method, to consider the redistribution of soil moisture in two‐dimensional level. The improved model application results indicated that the meteorological elements in the surface layer simulated are influenced by land surface water cycle process, such as soil moisture, 2 m temperature, is closer to the observed.
Clearing skeletal muscle with CLARITY for light microscopy imaging
Authors: Milgroom Andrew , Ralston Evelyn
Published: January 2016

Viewing subcellular details over large tissue volumes is becoming an essential condition of the success of large‐scale projects aimed at visualizing cell connections in whole organs or tissues. However, tissue opacity remains an obstacle to deep tissue imaging. This situation has brought renewed interest for techniques of tissue clearing; new protocols, such as CLARITY (Clear Lipid‐exchanged Acrylamide‐hybridized Rigid Imaging/Immunostaining/In situ hybridization‐compatible Tissue‐hYdrogel), have recently been developed. So far, most of the tests of these techniques have been applied to brain or other soft tissues. Here we show that CLARITY clears mouse hindlimb skeletal muscles and maintains the basic structural features of muscle and its fibers. However, tagging with fluorescent markers was not successful.
Distribution, Seasonal Variations, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the East Lake, China
Authors: Yun Xiaoyan , Yang Yuyi , Liu Minxia , Zhang Miaomiao , Wang Jun
Published: January 2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants and their presence in urban lakes is of great concern for human and ecological health. One hundred twenty‐six surface water samples and 126 surface sediment samples were collected in winter 2012 and summer 2013, respectively, to investigate distribution patterns, seasonal variations, possible pollution sources, and potential ecological risks of 16 priority PAHs in the largest urban lake, East Lake in China. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in water and sediment ranged from 10.2 to 525.1 ng L−1 and 10.9 to 2478.1 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of ∑PAHs in sediment samples in summer were almost two times greater than those in winter, but the seasonal variations did not differ significantly in the water samples. Diagnostic ratios of indicator PAHs reflected a possibility of pyrolytic PAH input in sediment and a mixture of petroleum and combustion sources in water from the East Lake. The potential ecological risk assessment based on the risk quotient indicated relatively moderate ecological risks of PAHs in the East Lake.
C2 Arylated Benzo[b]thiophene Derivatives as Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors
Authors: Liger François , Bouhours Pascale , Ganem‐Elbaz Carine , Jolivalt Claude , Pellet‐Rostaing Stéphane , Popowycz Florence , Paris Jean‐Marc , Lemaire Marc
Published: January 2016

An innovative and straightforward synthesis of second‐generation 2‐arylbenzo[b]thiophenes as structural analogues of INF55 and the first generation of our laboratory‐made molecules was developed. The synthesis of C2‐arylated benzo[b]thiophene derivatives was achieved through a method involving direct arylation, followed by simple structural modifications. Among the 34 compounds tested, two of them were potent NorA pump inhibitors, which led to a 16‐fold decrease in the ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the SA‐1199B strain at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 μg mL−1 (1 and 1.5 μm, respectively). This is a promising result relative to that obtained for reserpine (MIC=20 μg mL−1), a reference compound amongst NorA pump inhibitors. These molecules thus represent promising candidates to be used in combination with ciprofloxacin against fluoroquinolone‐resistant strains.
Isoxazolines: A Novel Chemotype Highly Effective on Ectoparasites
Authors: Weber Tina , Selzer Paul M.
Published: January 2016

Efficient control of arthropod ectoparasite infestations has a long‐standing history in the agriculture and veterinary sectors, aiming to decrease the parasite burden of affected crops and animals. Ligand‐gated chloride channels (LGCCs) modulated by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate have been identified as suitable molecular targets, and several classes of potent parasiticides have been devised. Due to the increase in cross‐resistance and decreased development of new chemical entities, an urgent need for new parasiticides or prevention schemes has emerged. In the last decade, an innovative isoxazoline chemotype appears to offer promise for inhibiting LGCCs with a new mode of action and distinct binding site from that of historical agents. Considerable efforts have focused on optimizing the antiparasitic activity of isoxazolines and may provide the potential for future human use.
Synthesis of γ‐Valerolactone from Carbohydrates and its Applications
Authors: Zhang Zehui
Published: January 2016

γ‐Valerolactone (GVL) is a valuable chemical intermediate that can be obtained by catalytic reduction of levulinic acid (LA) or alkyl levulinates (AL). There are many reports on the synthesis of GVL from LA or AL. However, the demand for the large‐scale synthesis of GVL requires more environmentally friendly and cost‐effective production processes. This article focuses on the recent advance in the synthesis of GVL from carbohydrates or lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, application of GVL as the reaction solvents, fuel additives, and as precursor for the synthesis of jet fuel and polymer monomers is also discussed.
Recyclable Earth‐Abundant Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for Selective Transfer Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to Produce γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Gowda Ravikumar R. , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: January 2016

Nanoparticles (NPs) derived from earth‐abundant metal(0) carbonyls catalyze conversion of bio‐derived levulinic acid into γ‐valerolactone in up to 93 % isolated yield. This sustainable and green route uses non‐precious metal catalysts and can be performed in aqueous or ethanol solution without using hydrogen gas as the hydrogen source. Generation of metal NPs using microwave irradiation greatly enhances the rate of the conversion, enables the use of ethanol as both solvent and hydrogen source without forming the undesired ethyl levulinate, and affords recyclable polymer‐stabilized NPs.
Study on the reaction of amines with internal epoxides
Authors: Radojčić Dragana , Hong Jian , Ionescu Mihail , Wan Xianmei , Javni Ivan , Petrović Zoran S.
Published: January 2016

The reactivity of internal epoxides, as in epoxidized fatty acids, with primary amines was investigated using primary amines and a model epoxide compound, which was a mixture involving cis‐ and trans‐isomers of 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane.The reactions were carried out at 100, 170, and 200°C for 24 h. It was observed that the reaction of an amine with an internal epoxide does not proceed to any significant extent even at 200°C in the absence of catalysts.

Practical applications: The model reaction of an amine with 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane is helpful to understand the reaction of amines with epoxidized vegetable oils. It revealed that the key step in the reaction of amine with epoxidized vegetable oils, in the absence of a catalyst, is amidation.

Model compound, 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane (E‐OCD), was prepared and reacted with n‐octylamine and ehtanolamine without catalysts. GPC showed that in the absence of catalysts, ring opening of an internal epoxide with amine does not take place to any significant extent. While ring opening in the presence of OH groups happens to a higher extent. OH groups could act as reactants or catalysts.
Synthesis of novel bio‐based vinyl ester from dicyclopentadiene prepolymer, cashew nut shell liquid, and soybean oil
Authors: Jaillet Fanny , Nouailhas Hélène , Boutevin Bernard , Caillol Sylvain
Published: January 2016

In this article, for the first time, a vinyl ester (VE) polymer was synthesized from epoxidized dicyclopentadiene prepolymer (Tactix) with bio‐based methacrylic monomers from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and soybean oil. The functionalization of Tactix with methacrylic groups was carried out directly in the presence of CNSL or soybean oil which play two roles. Firstly, they act as solvents during the methacrylation reaction. After methacrylation, they act as reactive diluents to reduce the viscosity of formulation and copolymerize during cross‐linking of VE networks. This process is very interesting and avoids the use of a solvent for the methacrylation of the VE prepolymer. Four VE networks have been prepared with different proportions of reactive diluents. The obtained materials exhibit good thermal stability, up to 300°C and Tα values from 100 to 130°C.

Practical application: The bio‐based methacrylated monomers described in this contribution, i.e.: methacrylated cardanol from CNSL and methacrylated soybean oil, provided new bio‐based building blocks for further free radical polymerizations with vinyl ester polymers. The obtained vinyl ester networks with Tactix dicyclopentadiene polymers are partially biobased and may be used as binders in composite applications to replace diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A‐styrene VE materials.

Synthesis of vinyl ester material from Tactix, cashew nutshell liquid, and soybean oil.
Comparative DNA adduct formation and induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice exposed to 2‐amino‐9H‐pyrido[2,3‐b]indole, 2‐amino‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline, and azoxymethane
Authors: Kim Sangyub , Guo Jingshu , O'Sullivan M. Gerald , Gallaher Daniel D. , Turesky Robert J.
Published: January 2016

Considerable evidence suggests that environmental factors, including diet and cigarette smoke, are involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Carcinogenic nitroso compounds (NOC), such as N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are present in tobacco and processed red meat, and NOC have been implicated in colon cancer. Azoxymethane (AOM), commonly used for experimental colon carcinogenesis, is an isomer of NDMA, and it produces the same DNA adducts as does NDMA. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed during the combustion of tobacco and high‐temperature cooking of meats are also associated with an elevated risk of colon cancer. The most abundant carcinogenic HAA formed in tobacco smoke is 2‐amino‐9H‐pyrido[2,3‐b]indole (AαC), whereas 2‐amino‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (MeIQ) is the most potent carcinogenic HAA formed during the cooking of meat and fish. However, the comparative tumor‐initiating potential of AαC, MeIQ, and AOM is unknown. In this report, we evaluate the formation of DNA adducts as a measure of genotoxicity, and the induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and dysplastic ACF, as an early measure of carcinogenic potency of these compounds in the colon of male A/J mice. Both AαC and AOM induced a greater number of DNA adducts than MeIQ in the liver and colon. AOM induced a greater number of ACF and dysplastic ACF than either AαC or MeIQ. Conversely, based on adduct levels, MeIQ‐DNA adducts were more potent than AαC‐ and AOM‐DNA adducts at inducing ACF. Long‐term feeding studies are required to relate levels of DNA adducts, induction of ACF, and colon cancer by these colon genotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:125–136, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermochemical Energy Storage for Power Generation on Demand
Authors: Zhang Huili , Huys Katja , Baeyens Jan , Degrève Jan , Kong Weibin , Lv Yongqin
Published: January 2016

Matching the power supply with demand is a key issue for the development of renewable energy sources: the intermittence of wind or solar power can be overcome by integrating an energy storage system. In comparison with sensible and latent heat storage, thermochemical heat storage has the advantages of both a high energy density, so that reaction products can be stored at ambient temperature for later reuse, and a flexibility of transportation when off‐site use is required. An initial thermodynamic and kinetic screening of thermochemical reactions in the temperature range of about 600 to 1200 K is presented. Thermodynamics and kinetics are used to characterize the reactions through the equilibrium temperature, the heat of reaction, the reaction rates, and recovery work. These aspects were studied theoretically and experimentally. The analysis defines the essential design parameters and provides guidance for the important assessment criteria of new candidate reaction systems.
Three‐dimensional Porous Palladium Foam‐like Nanostructures as Electrocatalysts for Glucose Biofuel Cells
Authors: Zhao Yue , Fan Louzhen , Hong Bo , Zhang Yang , Zhang Minsheng , Que Qiming , Ji Junyuan
Published: January 2016

Three‐dimensional (3D) porous palladium (Pd) nanostructures are electrodeposited by using the improved hydrogen template protocol, involving a key step of the potential pulse. In contrast to the conventional porous Pd catalysts, which are achieved by adopting the potentiostatic method in the reduction process, these 3D frameworks exhibit a unique fractal morphology and more‐abundant electrochemical surface area. For the application in implantable glucose biofuel cells, the 3D porous Pd nanocatalysts show sufficient open‐circuit potential (0.650±0.005 V), high power density (5.7±0.4 μW cm−2), and satisfying long‐term stability (<10 % degradation 30 days). This new procedure yields benefits such as rapid fabrication, mild conditions, pure products with a unique 3D porous structure, and the identical preparation technology for both the anode and cathode.
Abnormal functional architecture of amygdala‐centered networks in adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Aghajani Moji , Veer Ilya M. , van Hoof Marie‐José , Rombouts Serge A.R.B. , van der Wee Nic J. , Vermeiren Robert R.J.M.
Published: January 2016

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating, and difficult to treat psychiatric disorder. Very little is known of how PTSD affects neuroplasticity in the developing adolescent brain. Whereas multiple lines of research implicate amygdala‐centered network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of adult PTSD, no study has yet examined the functional architecture of amygdala subregional networks in adolescent PTSD. Using intrinsic functional connectivity analysis, we investigated functional connectivity of the basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) amygdala in 19 sexually abused adolescents with PTSD relative to 23 matched controls. Additionally, we examined whether altered amygdala subregional connectivity coincides with abnormal grey matter volume of the amygdaloid complex. Our analysis revealed abnormal amygdalar connectivity and morphology in adolescent PTSD patients. More specifically, PTSD patients showed diminished right BLA connectivity with a cluster including dorsal and ventral portions of the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). In contrast, PTSD patients showed increased left CMA connectivity with a cluster including the orbitofrontal and subcallosal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). Critically, these connectivity changes coincided with diminished grey matter volume within BLA and CMA subnuclei (p < 0.05, corrected), with CMA connectivity shifts additionally relating to more severe symptoms of PTSD. These findings provide unique insights into how perturbations in major amygdalar circuits could hamper fear regulation and drive excessive acquisition and expression of fear in PTSD. As such, they represent an important step toward characterizing the neurocircuitry of adolescent PTSD, thereby informing the development of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1120–1135, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histological and histochemical evaluations on the effects of high incubation temperature on the embryonic development of tibial growth plate in broiler chickens
Authors: Oznurlu Yasemin , Sur Emrah , Ozaydin Tugba , Celik Ilhami , Uluisik Deniz
Published: January 2016

The effects of experimentally induced high incubation temperature on the embryonic development of growth plate of the chicken were investigated by means of histological and enzyme histochemical methods. In the experiments, 250 fertile eggs of Ross‐308 broiler strain were divided into two groups, the control eggs were maintained under optimal conditions (37.8°C and 65% ± 2% relative humidity, rh) during the whole incubation period. Heat‐stress imposed eggs were maintained under normal conditions (37.8°C and 65% ± 2% rh) until the 10th day of incubation, and then, continuously (24 h per day) exposed to high temperature (38.8°C and 65% ± 2% rh). Tissue samples were taken from 10 animals of each group at the 11th, 13th, 15th, 18th, 21st days of incubation. Tissue samples were processed by enzyme histochemical methods in addition to routine histological techniques. The relative tibia weights and tibia length were lower in the heat‐stress group compared to the control group. The results of the measurements of the growth plate showed that the proliferative zone was narrowed whereas, the transitional and hypertrophic zone were thickened in the heat stress group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) density was significantly decreased in the heat‐stress group compared to the control group. In conclusion, bone formation and growth plate formation are crucial for embryo development and 1°C higher from optimum may increase the incidence of skeletal disorders and leg problems in broiler chickens which is one of the major animal welfare concerns for the poultry industry. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:106–110, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterising the Personality of the Public Safety Offender and Non‐offender using Decision Trees: The Case of Colombia
Authors: Masías Víctor Hugo , Valle Mauricio A. , Amar José J. , Cervantes Marco , Brunal Gustavo , Crespo Fernando A.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this paper was to create a decision tree (DT) to identify personality profiles of offenders against public safety. A technique meeting this requirement was proposed that uses the C4.5 algorithm to derive decision rules for personality profiling of public safety offenders. The Mini‐Mult test was used to measure the personality profiles of 238 individuals. With the test results as our database, a C4.5 DT was applied to construct rules that classify each profile into one of two groups, those without and those with records of offences against public safety. The model correctly classified 80% of the personality profiles and delivered a set of decision rules for distinguishing the profiles by group, and the principal personality profiles were interpreted. We conclude that DTs are a promising technique for analysing personality profiles by their offender or non‐offender status. Finally, we believe that the development of a classifying model using DT may have practical applications in the Colombian prison system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved linear modeling technique with sensitivity analysis for GaN HEMT
Authors: Luo Danting , Shen Li , Gao Jianjun
Published: January 2016

An improved linear modeling technique for gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor small‐signal equivalent circuit under different bias conditions is presented in this paper. The method is a combination of the test structure and sensitivity analytical method to improve the precision of the intrinsic elements in the small‐signal model. The analytical expressions for the relative sensitivities with respect to deviations in the measured scattering (S) parameters are also given here. The derived relationships have universal validity, but they have been verified by the good agreement between the measured S‐parameters and simulated ones over the frequency range up to 40 GHz. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of stationary phases that provide group recognition for polychlorinated biphenyls by porogenic fragment template imprinting
Authors: Ndunda Elizabeth N. , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: January 2016

Molecular recognition based on imprinted polymers results from the polymerization of functional monomers and cross‐linkers in the presence of a target analyte (i.e. template), with subsequent removal of the template to create synthetic binding sites. However, complete removal of the template is difficult to achieve, thereby leading to template leaching, which adversely affects real‐world analytical applications. To overcome this challenge, the present study utilizes porogenic fragment template imprinting techniques to provide an alternative synthetic strategy to generate molecularly imprinted polymers with molecular recognition toward polychlorinated biphenyls. Thereafter, thus‐generated imprinted polymers have been applied as stationary phases in molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction for preconcentrating six “indicator polychlorinated biphenyls” in both organic and aqueous media. Recoveries of up to 98.9% (imprinted polymers) versus 73.0% (conventional C18) in an organic phase, and up to 97.4% (imprinted polymers) versus 89.4% (C18) in an aqueous phase have been achieved corroborating the utility of this advanced sorbent material. Finally, porogenic fragment template imprinting strategies have yielded molecularly imprinted polymers that are useful for the quantitative determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental matrices, which provides a low‐cost strategy for tailoring stationary phases that avoid template leaching in applications in solid‐phase extraction as well as liquid chromatography.
Classification of Mixtures of Chinese Herbal Medicines Based on a Self‐organizing Map (SOM)
Authors: Wang Maolin , Li Li , Yu Changyuan , Yan Aixia , Zhao Zhongzhen , Zhang Ge , Jiang Miao , Lu Aiping , Gasteiger Johann
Published: January 2016

Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) are typically mixtures of compounds and are often categorized into cold and hot according to the theory of Chinese Medicine. This classification is essential for guiding the clinical application of CHMs. In this study, three types of molecular descriptors were used to build models for classification of 59 CHMs with typical cold/hot properties in the training set taken from the original records on properties in China Pharmacopeia as reference. The accuracy and the Matthews correlation coefficient of the models were validated by a test set containing other 56 CHMs. The best model produced the accuracies of 94.92 % and 83.93 % on training set and test set, respectively. The MACCS fingerprint model is robust in predicting hot/cold properties of the CHMs from their major constituting compounds. This work shows how a classification model for data consisting of multi‐components can be developed. The derived model can be used for the application of Chinese herbal medicines.
Subcutaneous fat mass in infancy and cardiovascular risk factors at school‐age: The generation R study
Authors: Santos Susana , Gaillard Romy , Oliveira Andreia , Barros Henrique , Hofman Albert , Franco Oscar H. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To examine the associations of infant subcutaneous fat with cardiovascular risk factors at school‐age.

Methods

In a population‐based prospective cohort study among 808 children, total subcutaneous fat (sum of biceps, triceps, suprailiacal, and subscapular skinfold thicknesses) and central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio (sum of suprailiacal and subscapular skinfold thicknesses/total subcutaneous fat) at 1.5 and 24 months were estimated. At 6 years, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels were measured.

Results

Infant subcutaneous fat measures were not associated with childhood blood pressure, triglycerides, or insulin levels. A 1‐standard‐deviation score (SDS) higher total subcutaneous fat at 1.5 months was, independently of body mass index, associated with lower low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol levels at 6 years. In contrast, a 1‐SDS higher total subcutaneous fat at 24 months was associated with higher total‐cholesterol [difference 0.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03, 0.23) SDS] and LDL‐cholesterol levels [difference 0.12 (95% CI 0.02, 0.21) SDS] at 6 years. There were no associations of central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio with childhood cholesterol levels.

Conclusions

These results suggest that infant total subcutaneous fat is weakly associated with cholesterol levels at school‐age. Further studies are needed to assess the long‐term cardiometabolic consequences of infant body fat.