bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Silica to the Modern World
Authors: Lavender Michael David
Published: March 2007

The use of silica in the world today is increasingly impor tant. Silica is a major constituent ofthe modern industrial base and is used in diverse industries from glass making to oil extraction: a full list of the uses would fill many pages. Alpha quartz is found in virtually all minerals used as raw materials and represents the second most abun dant mineral species in the earth's crust after feldspar. The importance of silica cannot be disputed and it is diffi cult to envisage a world which places major restrictions on its use. Silica in a variety of forms is encountered throughout industry and the wealth of uses of silica and products containing silica clearly demonstrates how ubiquitous this material is in the daily life of the whole population. This paper looks at uses of silica and how the built environment is dependent on this mineral species.
Regulation of Crystalline Silica: Where Next?
Authors: Brown R.C.
Published: March 2007

It has become widely recognised that the biological activities of the various forms of silica are very different. Indeed most regulatory regimes recognise the difference between amorphous and crystalline silica and most em body the belief that one crystalline form - cristobalite - is more active than the others. Although the isomorphs are well-defined mineralogically the names may be used ambiguously with some regimes using the name'quartz' as synonymous with 'crystalline silica'. Even materials with the same names may have very different biological activities whether in laboratory tests or in human popu lations exposed in different industries. This is explicitly accepted in the IARC assessment of any carcinogenic effect of silica but is equally true of other pathogenic activities. Despite this there is pressure on regulators to set simple, or even single, exposure limits. In this paper some of the factors affecting the activity of some forms of silica in a simple in vitro test are described. It is a limi tation that as there are no samples of the various crystal line forms of this compound with matched granulomet ric properties (size distributions, surface areas etc.) there is little objective research justifying the various explana tions put forward for differences in activity.
Grey Interrelated Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in Buildings
Authors: Wang Hai-Qiao , Shi Shi-Liang
Published: March 2007

In this paper, an analytical method for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) based on published values of prescribed upper limits for indoor air pollutants is presented. The method uses a 'grey' interrelated mathematical model developed from the 'grey interrelated theory'. The model has been applied to actual measurements taken in office buildings in Shanghai. The analytical method provides a simpler and more accurate way of evaluating IAQ than other models and it provides a new theoretical base for such evaluations.
Review : Development of Robust Indoor Air Quality Models for the Estimation of Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in Buildings
Authors: Ellacott Michael V. , Reed Sue
Published: March 2007

The increasing incidence of health problems associated with 'tight buildings' can be partly blamed on the emis sion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from human activity and the presence of a range of synthetic furnishings, office equipment and building materials. The development and nature of both empirical (statisti cal) and deterministic (physical) indoor air quality mod els to predict the concentration of VOCs in indoor air has been reviewed. The review identified a number of physi cal parameters including air exchange, sorption/desorp tion processes, source emission rates and source emis sion decay profiles as important considerations in the establishment of a robust indoor air quality model. Such a model enables the health and safety professional to make cost-effective and informed decisions to improve indoor air quality and reduce health risk by minimising worker's exposure to contaminated air inside buildings.
Size Distribution of Indoor Airborne Particulates Collected by a Low-Flow Rate Cascade Impactor
Authors: Sugiyama Tomohiko , Amagai Takashi , Matsushita Hidetsuru , Soma Mitsuyuki
Published: March 2007

A simple, low-flow rate cascade impactor operated by a battery-driven minipump was developed to collect fine airborne particulates in various environmental situa tions. Its performance in collecting size-fractionated par ticulate matter was demonstrated to be satisfactory by comparing it with a conventional TEOM particulate mon itor. The sampler was used to survey size distributions of indoor and outdoor airborne particulates in 20 homes in several Japanese cities, 10 nonsmoking and 10 in which there was at least 1 smoker. The arithmetic mean con centrations and concentration ranges of particulate mat ter of less than 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) out doors, in living rooms, kitchens and bedrooms were of similar magnitude. The minimum PM2.5/PM 10 ratio was higher in bedrooms than outdoors or in other rooms, indicating that the coarse particles precipitated possibly as a result of lower turbulence due to a shorter period of occupancy and lower activity during it. The correlations between PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, both indoors and outdoors, were significant. The correlations be tween total suspended particulates and PM10 levels were also significant. Overall no significant correlations were found between total suspended particulates, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations outdoors and those in living rooms or bedrooms. This supports the fact that there were indoor particulate sources including tobacco smoke.
Murder followed by suicide in Australia, 1973-1992: a research note
Authors: Barnes Jo
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of a study of murder-suicide in Australia. The study is based on the analysis of 188 events in four states of Australia spread over a period of 20 years from 1973 to 1992. This paper focuses on two types of murder-suicide-those events in which a male offender kills his female partner and those events in which a parent kills his or her child or children. The motivations of men and women who commit murder and then kill themselves are qualitatively different. The findings are discussed from a feminist perspective and it is argued that there is a need to combine psychological and sociological frameworks for a better understanding of murder followed by suicide.
Anti- Positivist Movements in Contemporary Sociology
Authors: Lally Jim , Preston David L.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out to identify the source and the development of the so-called "objectivist illusion" in contemporary sociology. Alternative approaches to the social are then investigated with particular attention being paid to phenomenology and ethnomethodology. Within this framework some implications are drawn for the future of sociology in Australia and New Zealand.
The Vulnerability of the Aged in Sydney
Authors: Rowland D.T.
Published: March 2007

Social isolation, public dependency and poverty are significant problems in old age, even though the majority of the elderly remain unaffected. This paper examines the vulnerability of the elderly in Sydney to social problems, through a discussion of precipitating conditions, and an analysis of census statistics on living arrangements, life cycle events and socio-economic characteristics. The aim is to estimate the numbers and proportions of the elderly potentially at risk through a study of predisposing factors.
State Mechanisms and Conditions of Intervention: An Examination of Some Recent Official Responses to the Aboriginal Land Rights Demand
Authors: Palmer Ian
Published: March 2007

The nature of the State and the tendencies of accumulation and legitimation are crucial to understanding the official response to the Aboriginal Land Rights demand. Land Rights has been made negotiable and the struggle for Land Rights now runs through the material relations of the State. A political struggle exists around the discourse which contains arguments for and against Land Rights. This is represented principally between the Federal Government ranged against Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory and takes the form of a struggle over the content of what is to be signified as racist. This discourse breaks down and exposes the the class nature of the State when it is confronted with a threat to the reproduction of major accumulation conditions. This creates legitimacy problems. The Noonkanbah dispute in Western Australia in 1980 and the present moves to de-gazette Queensland's Aboriginal Reserves are two examples of this.
Aboriginals in Capitalist Australia: What it Means to Become Civilised
Authors: Alexander Christian
Published: March 2007

This paper will argue, first, that the white intruders interactions with the Aboriginal people can not simply be attributed to a lack of humanism on the part of the whites nor be regarded as a manifestation of the whites' barbarism. Rather, these social relations were congruent with what it meant to slowly establish a capitalist civilisation in Australia. Secondly, even though such politics were active in dealing with the Aboriginal people, these policies were, nevertheless, not effective. Thirdly, the paper will highlight the ways in which the Aboriginal peoples' firm insistence on imposing their own codes of meaning, against those laid upon them by capitalist accounting practices, are now calling into question the existence of the whites.
Freeman's Margaret Mead Myth: the ideological virginity of anthropologists
Authors: Young R.E. , Juan S.
Published: March 2007

Derek Freeman's new book on Margaret Mead represents the first thorough public airing of anthropological criticism of Margaret Mead's Samoan ethnography. But it is more than that, Freeman turns it into an argument about the nature of anthropology itself and, indeed, about human nature. In doing so, Freeman gets well out of his depth. He depicts anthropologists as foolish virgins uncritically accepting any tale told them and presents his view of the nature/nurture debate as if it were a new direction for anthropology rather than a rehashing of the common orthodoxy of the 1950s. Freeman's Mead story is a Mead myth although it still seems something of a popular hit.
Taste and Table Manners: Class and Gender in Children's Books of the 1950s
Authors: Lees Stella , Senyard June
Published: March 2007

While children's books are on the periphery of literature they are central to cultural mores. In Australia in the 1950s children's books reasserted the dominance of the bourgeoisie and its claim to intellectual and moral superiority. However, contemporary issues prevail—for girls, gender assumes a new salience. To encourage women to return to the home, romance takes on a Hollywood perspective and consumerism, again in American terms, emerges as a female pre-occupation. In a period of the silent U.S. take-over of the Anglo-Australian economy, the children's books of the 1950s attempt to convince girls to deny themselves careers for the sake of living happily ever after in their dream home.
Type of School and Academic Achievement
Authors: Carpenter Peter
Published: March 2007

The systems of schooling in Australia, Government, Catholic and other Independent have for many years been regarded by some commentators as a manifestation of the wider social structure. For a variety of reasons parents of different social origins seek or are compelled to accept particular levels and forms of schooling for their children. The present paper, using data gathered as part of a study of the career beginnings of young people, investigates whether across these systems of schooling in one Australian State the type of school young people attend makes a difference to their academic achievements at the conclusion of high school when their occupational origins, curriculum type and peer influences are held constant. It is suggested that, contrary to some Australian research evidence, when these factors are taken into account, students at Government schools are more likely to achieve well than those at non- Government schools. It is further suggested that one factor involved in such a result is the relatively strong holding power of Government schools in this particular State compared to more populous States and the corresponding weakness of the Independent school sector.
Establishing Difference: Culture, 'Race', Ethnicity and the Production of Ideology
Authors: Brown Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

This is the first of a two-part analysis which explores the concep tualisation of culture, 'race' and ethnicity. 1 Writings situated within the new ethnicist framework contend that forms of ethnocentrism are less rigid and more natural than older forms of racism. Through a focus on the ideas of 'racial'/ethnic subordination in advanced capitalist societies (in particular, the concept of the culture of pov erty), it is argued that a conceptual distinction between 'race' and ethnicity is untenable. It is concluded that forms of oppression based primarily upon cultural criteria can be more fruitfully analysed by using the concept of cultural racism rather than ethnocentrism. This article serves as an introduction to the second article in which the discussion turns to a consideration of the mechanics of dis crimination: how ideas of culture, 'race' and ethnicity articulate with actions.
Multiple Directorships and Corporate Interlocks in New Zealand Firms
Authors: Firth Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the extent of multiple directorships and corporate interlocks among New Zealand listed companies. The extent of multiple directorships was found to have increased over the twelve year period examined and the degree of corporate interlocks appears to be at least as great as those experienced in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Exploitation in the Domestic Division of Labour: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Dempsey Ken
Published: March 2007

This article emanates from an Australian rural community study. It draws on data from formal surveys and direct obser vation conducted over a period of 14 years. The principal pur pose is to demonstrate that during each major stage of the life course females have an inequitable share of domestic labour. Adult women are shown to have entire responsibility for house hold management and major responsibility for child care. The inequity is of such a nature and sufficiently extensive to warrant describing it as exploitative. The exploitation is most apparent among wives engaged in paid work and wives married to men who themselves have left the paid workforce. Edgell's thesis that men may make a different but equal contribution to domestic labour is examined and refuted. A major aim of the article is to show that during adolescence girls begin preparing for their future subordinate and servant activities as wives by servicing brothers and fathers. In the process they are often exploited by their brothers who enter their own marriages committed to the view that women exist primarily to serve as carers and nurturers of men and their offspring.
Occupational Prestige in Australia: A New Scale
Authors: Jones F.L.
Published: March 2007

The Australian Bureau of Statistics recently released a new occupational classification, the Australian Standard Classifi cation of Occupations. Unlike its predecessor, the new classifi cation is skill-based. In this research note, I use a public use sample from the 1986 Census, the ASCO/CCLO link file, and other census data, to explore the structural basis of the two main Australian prestige scales. I also present a new socio- economic status scale, the ANU3 scale, for use with the Aus tralian occupational classification.
The Talking Disease: Hilda Bruch and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

In this note on anorexia nervosa, it is assumed that the sociology of health and illness must adopt a three-level model of explanation. We have to understand the phenomenology of illness within the world of the patient. The problem with 'positivistic' approaches (based upon a medical model) is that they examine the condition independently of its constitution by a knowledgeable agent. Anorexia is not just a question of having anorexia; it is fundamentally about being anorexic. Secondly, there is the sociology of illness behaviour which examines the sick role. Finally, there is a political economy of health which is broadly concerned with the distribution of resources (including health) in a society. It can also be argued that a'condition' as complex as anorexia requires a multidisciplinary perspective to understand the various levels in which this disorder can be conceptualised in terms of its various social and cultural mean ings. Existing approaches to anorexia are typically under developed because they adopt uncritically an unidimensional view of the etiology of anorexia behaviour. Hilda Bruch's clinical work is important in this context as a multi-discipli nary interpretative approach. As a supplementary theoretical strategy, this note extends the therapeutic insights of Bruch by considering anorexia in terms of a phenomenology of the mouth as a 'talking disease' about familial interaction in societies which place an emphasis on individual competition. Being sick involves a special type of linguistic membership through socialisation in a sick role. The understanding of the meaning of sickness in medical practice can be seen consequently as a version of the methodology of verstehende soziologie.
Occupational Mobility in Segmented Labour Markets: The Experience of Immigrant Workers in Melbourne
Authors: Campbell Iain , Fincher Ruth , Webber Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a survey of a sample of Greek, Yugoslav and Vietnamese born persons who have worked in man ufacturing in Melbourne. Despite individual differences in training and experience before arriving in Australia and differences in their time of arrival, almost all the men and women first obtained jobs here as operators, labourers or drivers. There is evidence about the informal processes that channel migrants into such jobs. But once in these jobs, mobility is very low: about one half of the respondents evidenced no occupational mobility at all while for another one third their only career path was to exit the labour force. Some of the reasons for lack of mobility are examined. Thus, the initial allocation of immigrants into low skilled jobs in manufacturing is of long run significance for their careers rather than being a phenomenon of transition.
The role of mothers in the educational and status attainment of Australian men and women
Authors: Crook Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates how fathers' and mothers' education and occupational status affect the educational and occupational attainment of sons and daugh ters, and how these effects have changed across the course of this century. I use nationally-representative data from the 1973 Social Mobility in Australia Project (N = 4939) and 1984 National Social Science Survey (N = 3012) to test my more inclusive and 'gender-sensitive' model of the status attainment process. The results suggest that the status attainment process of men and women is very similar. With the exception of educational attainment, in which mothers influence daughters more than they do sons, there is no evidence of gender-typing within the family: parents are no more likely to influence the educational and occupational attainment of their like-sexed than their opposite- sexed children. Consistent with modernisation theory, education is the most important factor behind occupational success while the direct influence of social background dwindles.
Big business and directorship networks: the centralisation of economic power in Australia
Authors: Alexander Malcolm
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the largest 250 companies in Australia in the early 1990s and their network of interlocking directorates. It examines the institutional profile of Australian big business and the impact of globalisation. It finds that international capital has not, as yet, made major inroads into the core of Australian big business although global finance capital has had a major impact on its mode of operating. It argues that the greatest area for structural change is the privatisation of government-owned enterprises. Following the precedents of US and international studies the paper then explores key features of the theory of financial hegemony. The paper uses network analysis of interlocking directorships to assess the centrality of banks and the direction of ties among big businesses. Australian banks are heavily interlocked and 'attract' executives of other companies to their boards but they do not constitute the core of the intercorporate network as in the US. As outlined by Australian scholars the systemic conditions of capitalist hegemony in this country involve uncritical acceptance of big business leader ship. These conditions privilege all large, Australian public companies (the 'private sector') as the core institutions of class power. Centralisation and hierarchy within big business parallels these conditions of public culture.
Youth agency and social context
Authors: White Rob , Wyn Johanna
Published: March 2007

This paper draws on ideas and research in youth studies in order to compare and con trast three approaches to the notion of social agency. The paper charts how youth stud ies commentators have generally relied upon either a 'deterministic' or a 'voluntaristic' conception of social action in explaining the life worlds of young people. It is argued that a 'contextual' understanding of youth experience provides a better appreciation of how youth agency is constructed by and interfaces with social structures.
Princess Diana's meanings for women: results of a focus group study
Authors: Black Elizabeth , Smith Philip
Published: March 2007

The death of Princess Diana set in train a series of official and popular responses which are broadly consistent with Durkheimian ideas of civic ritual. Mass media accounts of Princess Diana's purportedly extraordinary appeal are speculative, lack methodological foundation, and fail to give adequate consideration to potential variability in responses to her life and death. In order to explore popular understandings of Diana, focus groups were conducted in Australia with Anglo-Celtic women of different ages within three weeks of her death and funeral. The women professed a diversity of orientations and experiences towards Diana. Significant barriers to identification with Diana included a wealth gap between her and the participants in the study, the routine nature of charity work and suffering for many ordinary people, the irresponsible circumstances of her death and reflexivity about the media as a source of information. Sources of identification included her physical and character attributes, the mothering role and the universal tragedy of death. There was no support in the transcripts for the view that women identified with Diana as a feminist heroine. Caution is expressed about both the generalisability of the results of the study to other groups of women and also the comparability of the study with data collected at other points in time.
Environmentalism in Australia: elites and the public
Authors: Tranter Bruce
Published: March 2007

Political elites (federal candidates) from all parties in Australia exhibit more favourable attitudes toward the environment than voters. Nevertheless, the magnitude of these elite-public differences are declining over time as 'the environment' has become a mainstream political issue. The level of environmental activism among the political elite is on the rise, both within and across party boundaries, indicating an increasing acceptability of 'the environment' among politicians. On the other hand, there is some evidence of a decline in environmental group membership and a shift in the issue priorities of environmental groups, with members now increasingly supportive of 'green green' environmental issues. There is also tentative evidence to suggest that as a mobilising agent for activism 'the environment' is in decline, as environmental issues become 'routinised' and ensconced in mainstream political culture.1
An introduction to speech recognition and its application in the health care arena
Authors: Turner P.
Published: March 2007

There is undoubtedly an increased general awareness of mainstream information technology applications within the health care arena.
Telemedicine in trauma surgery: advantages and disadvantages as seen by an orthopaedic surgeon
Authors: Morgan-Jones R.
Published: March 2007

Telemedicine in the field of trauma surgery is an evolving subject. Most of the work published on telemedicine has been from studies of its application in elective medicine. This paper discusses the possible advantages and disadvantages of telemedicine used in the acute trauma setting as seen by an orthopaedic surgeon currently working at one of the UK's largest trauma units: the North Stafford shire Royal Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent.
The Design of a Premature Baby Unit
Authors: Newcowbe Harold
Published: March 2007

All the usual hospital services are required and call for special care in setting out to accommodate them above false ceilings and in chases.

Special attention has to be paid to the conditions to be maintained in the warm cubicle where the baby is housed in a heated cot until it is moved to the cool cubicle.
Rural Sewerage
Authors: Stephenson B. Ll.
Published: March 2007

Attention is drawn to the desirability of a survey to ascertain the number of pail closets in use in homes and schools, and the need for a planned programme of conversion. Sewerage schemes in the author's district which have been put in hand to improve drainage conditions are briefly described.

The author suggests that in future sewerage schemes it would be desirable to include the laying of lateral connections as part of the main scheme, and suggests that short-term loans would help property owners who wish to connect houses to a sewer, if they need them.
Court of Appeal
Authors: Blyth A. Wynter
Published: March 2007

Definition of "drain" under the Public Health and Metropolis Local Management Acts. Sets of Artizans' Dwellings draining into a common drain. The judgment of the Divisional Court upheld, viz., that the "common drain" was a drain and not a sewer, and that the premises were within one curtilage.
High Court of Justice—Chancery Division
Authors: Cave Justice
Published: March 2007

An action for injunction and to recover damages with respect to a nuisance arising from the Local Board depositing and permitting to be deposited rubbish in an old gravel pit at the back of plaintiff's house, and also, it was alleged, that the plaintiff's daughter had contracted scarlet fever from the state of the gravel pit. Jury found for plaintiff on the question of general damaye only £100.
Notes on Legislation and Law Cases
Authors: Wynter Blyth A.
Published: March 2007

Under Sect. 21 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act (38 and 39 Vict. c. 63) the certificate of the analyst is not conclusive evidence but only evidence on which the Justices may regard the facts therein stated as proved unless there is other evidence to show that they are erroneous.
Ballet dancers — pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Barry Sandra
Published: March 2007

Ballet dancers have been observed to have increased difficulties in pregnancy and labour. This article looks at this anatomically, physiologically and socially. It suggests that, with the intervention of appropriate health care professionals, (for example, nutritionists, doctors, nurses and midwives), the ballet dancers' quality of life, health status and professional per formance can be improved.
Policy to practise: a discussion of tension, dilemma and paradox in communi care
Authors: Malin N.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the wider policy and professional context of community care drawing upon historical landmarks and the interconnecting of these events. Using examples from learning disabilities literature and research, questions are posed concerning the ambivalence of theory and ideology in influencing both policy and practice, reflecting upon the usage of the concept 'quality of life'. Finally, some examples are presented of policy and practice dilemmas or doctrinal debates to explore their relevance for the practice of professionals such as nurses and social workers who are involved in the delivery of health and social welfare services.
Relocating prevention in practice
Authors: Burke P. , Manthorpe J. , Cigno K.
Published: March 2007

Prevention is a much used term in professional practice. It has a potential to inform practice, but is often used as part of a sweeping generalization to justify a course of action that is followed. This article re-examines the implicit assumptions that prevention, as a concept, is meaningful for health and welfare professionals working in the field of learning disabilities. The paper aims to clarify the meaning of prevention in two ways: the first is prevention from exclusion, viewed here as a form of denial of the basic right of citizenship; second, we consider prevention of harm, linking to the more traditional roles within professional responsibility. These two areas are illustrated by case examples derived not only from research, but also from the literature available on the subject. It is argued that prevention has greater professional utility if it is applied in particular ways and to specific situations in practice. In clarifying this usage, an attempt to avoid the continuing ambiguity that surrounds the term is adopted.
Reflection and celebration — Neal (1960-1987): narrative of a young man with profound and multiple disabilities
Authors: Richardson M.
Published: March 2007

Achieving quality of life for people with profound learning disabilities and multiple impairments is often judged, by some, to be incompatible with the nature of the impairments with which the individual, their family and society must cope. However, those making such difficult judgments may often do so from their own able-bodied, unimpaired perspective, a perspective that may result in disabling consequences. This paper demonstrates how, by use of reflective practice, a group of nurses and carers learnt, from a young man with quite profound learning disabilities and multiple impairments, how to assist him, direct and control significant aspects of his own life. Above all, however, this paper is a celebration of his short but rich life.
Complementary therapies in learning disabilities: examining the evidence
Authors: Wray J.
Published: March 2007

Demand for alternative and complementary health care is both 'patient' and 'practitioner' generated (The Times 1996). In nursing the opportunities to improve individualized patient care through the appropriate use of such therapies appears to be a motivating factor in their use. Much of the nursing literature available focuses on the use of complementary therapies in general hospital settings and clinical practice. However, there is evidence of the use of such therapies by community nurses and in particular, learning disability nurses.

Therapies considered to be of benefit in the care of people with learning disabilities are those therapies that use a 'hands-on' approach such as aromatherapy, massage, and reflexology. An examination of nursing literature and research suggests a range of different therapies is being explored by nurses within their practice, and that some evaluation-seeking evidence of effectiveness is being conducted. Aromatherapy in particular has received some attention from nurse researchers, and the evidence suggests that both a therapeutic and an experimental effect can be detected. It would appear that for people with learning disabilities the combination of the factors of oils, massage (touch) and therapist-client interaction can provide a beneficial therapeutic experience.
How nurses cope with ongoing grief in clinical work: an exploratory study
Authors: McIntosh P.
Published: March 2007

To date little exploration has been undertaken as to how nurses involved in clinical family work cope with the experience of chronic grief, expressed by families of people with learning disabilities. This paper reports on a purposive sample of three subjects who viewed a video vignette portraying the experience of chronic grief; these subjects were learning disability nurses working in a community setting. Data has been analysed using Thematic Analysis and comparison with the Man-Living- Health simultaneity paradigm. Findings reveal that participants used cognitive strategies that involved re-appraisal of their situations in a variety of settings, such as solitude or through peers or partners. Secondly, participants also wished to discuss shifts from traditional working practices toward care-packaging approaches and how this would impact on family work, and this has prompted questions for further exploration. Concepts of role theory, stress and coping have been used as a conceptual framework for this exploratory study. Finally, this paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology and the conceptual framework that have been used.
Utilization of Hydrophobic Materials for Air Inflated Radomes
Authors: Punnett Milton B.
Published: March 2007

Satellite communication signals of very low power have im posed a need for low power loss in the radome surrounding the receiving antenna which represents near state-of-the-art development in the conven tional material, Hypalon-coated Dacron. The influence of water absorption characteristics became of primary significance, and the need to prevent the formation of water films on the surface of the material was of particular importance. Tests conducted with a variety of hydrophobic surface finishes have resulted in a significant improvement in radome performance.
Ignitability of Furniture Upholstery Fabrics: Effect of Fiber Composition, Fabric Construction, and Backcoating
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Brauer Diana P.
Published: March 2007

Ignitability tests were performed on 94 samples of furniture upholstery fabrics provided by the California Bureau of Home Furnishings. Time to ignition appeared to be a function of fabric weight, fabric con struction, and fabric weave as much as of the chemical composition of the fiber. Backcoating seemed to have an effect with certair. fiber/fabric com binations.
A Toxicity Review
Authors: Polfus W.F.
Published: March 2007

This article will in a broad, general way discuss changes in toxicity control and related problems for the past twenty years. As most everyone knows who is involved with reg ulations, both issued by the government and self-imposed by in dustry, which are so numerous that one article could not begin to cover all facets of the complex toxicity problems. At the end of this paper is a list of abbreviations and explanations which were used throughout.
Backcoating, Char Yield, and Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Fabrics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Brauer Diana P.
Published: March 2007

Various samples of fabrics were evaluated for tox icity of pyrolysis gases, using the USF toxicity screening test method, and the data were related to backcoating content and char yield. The samples consisted of 18 furniture upholstery fabrics, 10 aircraft fabrics, and 6 apparel fabrics.
A Survey of Possible Approaches To Garment Warmth Evaluation
Authors: Hauser Edward
Published: March 2007

The ultimate goal of garment warmth evaluation is to obtain a number or other designation that will reflect the in-use experiences by the customer. This paper takes a look at the problems involved and attempts to arrive at a useful system.
Carbon Monoxide From Fibers With Fire Retardants
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Carbon monoxide production was measured for selected fibers without and with fire retardants. The yield of carbon monoxide tended to decrease with increasing fire re tardant content in the majority of cases, but not in all cases. There appeared to be some fire retardant levels giving minimum yields of carbon monoxide.
Headteachers Perceptions of Their Role in Staff Development
Authors: Jones Jeff , Keast David
Published: March 2007

This survey of secondary schools in Hereford and Worcester points to significant differences in how headteacher approach their role in staff development, suggesting that the concept is confused, unsure and uncertain.
Education 2000 — Trends, Influences and Constraints to the Turn of the Century
Authors: Dennison W.F.
Published: March 2007

EMA in Spring 1987 celebrated its fifteenth anniversary by discussing agendas for the remainder of the twentieth century. Here the debate develops through considering what the future holds — factors that go beyond the current Government's proposals.
Is There a Place for 'Craft Theory' in Education Administration? Yes, But not in the way Battersby Suggests
Authors: Clark John
Published: March 2007

In EMA last year David Battersby argued that the theorising of practitioners - 'craft theory' - is as valid as the theorising of academic experts; by imposing theories experts make practitioners dependent. But would 'craft theory' change the world...
School Management Structures - Theory and Practice
Authors: Bush Tony
Published: March 2007

How do theories explain what goes on in schools? This article uses three perspectives — bureaucratic, political and subjective — to analyse the management structure of a West Midlands comprehensive school. Partly on the basis of this analysis, the new headteacher modifed the school's structure. The article assesses the changes and the uses of the theoretical models. The author is in the School of Education at the Open University.
The Role of the Headteacher in Staff Development
Authors: Jones Jeff
Published: March 2007

How do heads see their role in managing staff development? Interviews explore the dilemmas of meeting needs of individual teachers or of the school. The author, formerly Director of North Worcestershire Teachers' Centre, concludes that heads find their lives 'reactive, fragmented and unstructured' and lacking in strategy for professional development.
The Attitudes of Men and Women Primary School Teachers to Promotion and Educafion Management
Authors: Jones Mary-Lyn
Published: March 2007

The unequal distribution of men and women in schools — men get a disproportionate share of promotion — has been investigated in biological, social and political frameworks. This research in a Welsh LEA reports on how women and men teachers see the issues. It recommends LEA interventions.
Staff Development for Lecturers Working in the Special Needs Area
Authors: Lovell-Badge David
Published: March 2007

In a project centred on the Special Needs section at City College Norwich, a 'Partnership model' was used to investigate staff development needs. This suggested how to plan an 'internal model of staff development ; the process is set out here.
Using Examination Results as Performance Indicators in Secondary Schools
Authors: Glogg Mike , Fidler Brian
Published: March 2007

This article discusses performance indicators and their uses. What part can examination results play as performance indicators for internal management purposes? Based upon a case-study, conducted at the University of Reading, suggestions are made about how schools might use results more meaningfully. It shows how the 'added value' of schooling can be calculated.
Reform for Urban Schools: An Essay on What Needs to be Done to Rebuild Inner-city Schools
Authors: Glass Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Tom Glass of the University of Northern Illinois originally presented this paper to the National Conference of BEMAS held in Reading in September 1990. In it he laments the failure of the American public education system to devise successful intervention strategies for large numbers of minority and poor students in the nation's inner cities. He stresses that, if the United States is to remain economically competitive, it must find answers to three questions: What are the reasons for such failure? What needs to be changed? What chance has reform?
How Useful Are Performance Indicators in the Polytechnic Sector?
Authors: McElwee Gerard
Published: March 2007

Gerard McElwee is a lecturer in the Business School at Teesside Polytechnic. In this paper he explores some issues in the development of performance indicators in higher education. He argues that the central thrust of PIs in polytechnics is away from in-house 'academic' control to control by the system more generally and therefore by external management systems.
Whose Job is it Anyway? The Team Leader as Catalyst for Management Development
Authors: O'Neill John
Published: March 2007

John O'Neill is a lecturer at the Educational Management Development Unit (EMDU) at the School of Education of the University of Leicester. In this paper he reports upon a small-scale comparative study of management development in a variety of public and private sector organisations in the West Midlands. The intention of the study was to seek evidence of good practice which might be relevant to the exercise of effective management development in education. The author builds upon the recommnendations contained in the Report of the School Management Task Force published in 1990 to propose a school-based management development model which focuses upon the crucial role of the team leader.
Evaluating the effects of continuing nurse education on practice: Researching for impact
Authors: Ellis Lorraine B.
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of studies are evaluating the effects of continuing nurse education on practice. Researchers investigating this relationship have traditionally adopted qualitative non-experimental research designs. Recently, however, a small but significant number of studies have adopted the classical experimental approach. This paper will consider the significance of this shift in emphasis from both a epistemological and methodological viewpoint. The relationship between research methods and the development of knowledge is explored by comparing the research orientations of two evaluative studies investigating the same issue. This comparison acts as a backdrop for the methodological critique of selected studies. The paper asserts that while not without its challenges, the experiment can make a valuable contribution when evaluating the causal relationship between continuing professional nurse education and practice.
Theatre of Yugen's Direction of KyÅgen in English and KyÅgen Fusion Plays
Authors: Doi Yuriko
Published: March 2007

The award-winning Theatre of Yugen has been performing kyÅgen, nÅ adaptations, and multicultural fusion productions since 1978. This article traces the challenges and developments in the ongoing process of the company's creation of English-language kyÅgen and kyÅgen fusion plays.
Authenticity and Accessibility: Two Decades of Translating and Adapting KyÅgen Plays for English and Bilingual Student Performances
Authors: Kominz Laurence Richard
Published: March 2007

Laurence Kominz draws on twenty years of experience teaching and producing student kyÅgen plays in English to elucidate the challenges involved in creating authentic and accessible kyÅgen performances. The essay explains approaches to translating dialogue, poetry, song, and onomatopoeia for the stage, and discusses bilingual productions and kyÅgen for children.
Teacher Labor Markets in Developed Countries
Authors: Ladd Helen F
Published: March 2007

Helen Ladd takes a comparative look at policies that the world's industrialized countries are using to assure a supply of high-quality teachers. Her survey puts U.S. educational policies and practices into international perspective. Ladd begins by examining teacher salaries—an obvious, but costly, policy tool. She finds, perhaps surprisingly, that students in countries with high teacher salaries do not in general perform better on international tests than those in countries with lower salaries. Ladd does find, however, that the share of underqualified teachers in a country is closely related to salary. In high-salary countries like Germany, Japan, and Korea, for example, only 4 percent of teachers are underqualified, as against more than 10 percent in the United States, where teacher salaries, Ladd notes, are low relative to those in other industrialized countries. Teacher shortages also appear to stem from policies that make salaries uniform across academic subject areas and across geographic regions. Shortages are especially common in math and science, in large cities, and in rural areas. Among the policy strategies proposed to deal with such shortages is to pay teachers different salaries according to their subject area. Many countries are also experimenting with financial incentive packages, including bonuses and loans, for teachers in specific subjects or geographic areas. Ladd notes that many developed countries are trying to attract teachers by providing alternative routes into teaching, often through special programs in traditional teacher training institutions and through adult education or distance learning programs. To reduce attrition among new teachers, many developed countries have also been using formal induction or mentoring programs as a way to improve new teachers' chances of success. Ladd highlights the need to look beyond a single policy, such as higher salaries, in favor of broad packages that address teacher preparation and certification, working conditions, the challenges facing new teachers, and the distribution of teachers across geographic areas.
Recruiting and Retaining High-Quality Teachers in Rural Areas
Authors: Monk David H
Published: March 2007

In examining recruitment and retention of teachers in rural areas, David Monk begins by noting the numerous possible characteristics of rural communities—small size, sparse settlement, distance from population concentrations, and an economic reliance on agricultural industries that are increasingly using seasonal and immigrant workers to minimize labor costs. Many, though not all, rural areas, he says, are seriously impoverished. Classes in rural schools are relatively small, and teachers tend to report satisfaction with their work environments and relatively few problems with discipline. But teacher turnover is often high, and hiring can be difficult. Monk observes that rural schools have a below-average share of highly trained teachers. Compensation in rural schools tends to be low, perhaps because of a lower fiscal capacity in rural areas, thus complicating efforts to attract and retain teachers. Several student characteristics, including relatively large shares of students with special needs and with limited English skills and lower shares of students attending college, can also make it difficult to recruit and retain high-quality teachers. Other challenges include meeting the needs of highly mobile children of low-income migrant farm workers. With respect to public policy, Monk asserts a need to focus on a subcategory of what might be called hard-to-staff rural schools rather than to develop a blanket set of policies for all rural schools. In particular, he recommends a focus on such indicators as low teacher qualifications, teaching in fields far removed from the area of training, difficulty in hiring, high turnover, a lack of diversity among teachers in the school, and the presence of migrant farm workers' children. Successful efforts to stimulate economic growth in these areas would be highly beneficial. He also calls attention to the potential for modern telecommunication and computing technologies to offset some of the drawbacks associated with teaching in rural areas.