bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of inhaled adrenaline on lung function of recurrently wheezy infants less than 18 months old
Authors: Henderson A. J. W. , Arnott J. , Young S. , Warshawski T. , Landau L. I. , Lesouëf P. N.
Published: March 2007

Inhaled bronchodilators have been shown not to improve lung function in infants with wheeze. This observation has led to the suggestion that airway wall edema may be more important than bronchoconstriction in infants with airway narrowing. Inhaled adrenaline is used to relieve upper airway edema in children with croup and has been demonstrated to improve clinical scores and lower pulmonary resistance in some infants with wheeze associated with bronchiolitis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of inhaled adrenaline on lung function in a group of infants with recurrent wheeze. Eleven infants aged 10 to 18 months with a history of recurrent wheeze were studied during an asymptomatic interval. Respiratory function was assessed (1) by measuring maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (V̇maxFRC) during a forced partial expiratory maneuver and (2) by measuring conductance of the respiratory system Grs using a single expiratory occlusion technique. Following baseline measurements, the infants received 0.5 mg/kg adrenaline by nebulizer and serial lung function tests were repeated at 5 min intervals. Ten infants had abnormal baseline lung function (median V̇maxFRC 44.2% predicted; median Grs 34% predicted). Using a random effects model, V̇maxFRC and Grs declined significantly at 10 and 5 min after adrenaline, respectively. No significant improvements from baseline were observed in either measurement for up to 30 min following adrenaline delivery. It is concluded that inhaled adrenaline did not relieve airways obstruction in this group of asymptomatic infants with recurrent wheeze. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:9–15. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of chestwall distortion on the measurement of pulmonary mechanics in preterm infants
Authors: Neto Galdino Silva , Gerhardt Tilo , Claure Nelson , Duara Shahnaz , Bancalari Eduardo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chestwall distortion (CWD) on the measurement of pulmonary compliance (CL) and resistance (RL). Inductance plethysmography was used in 15 preterm infants to determine CWD as total compartmental displacement ratio (TCDR) and out of phase movement between ribcage and abdomen as phase shift (PS). Flow was measured by pneumotachography and esophageal pressure change (Pe) with a water‐filled catheter. CL and RL were calculated by linear regression analysis. Seven infants (mean ± SD: BW, 1,484 ± 186 g, GA 32.4 ± 2.2 weeks, age 8.7 ± 4.7 days) had a breathing pattern characterized by episodes with a high degree of CWD, followed by periods with minimal CWD (distortion group). In this group lung function measurements were analyzed separately during periods with and without CWD. The remaining 8 infants (BW, 1,244 ± 233 g, GA 30.4 ± 2.4 weeks, age 7.4 ± 3.1 days) always breathed with minimal CWD, and the measurements in this group (non‐distortion group) were used as a reference for the values obtained in the distortion group. Measurements of TCDR, PS, CL, RL, and tidal volume (VT) obtained in the absence of CWD were not significantly different between distortion and non‐distortion groups. The measurements obtained in the presence of CWD showed a significantly higher TCDR and PS, but CL and RL were not significantly different from the CL and RL measurements obtained in the distortion and non‐distortion groups in the absence of CWD. The only signficant effect of CWD was a reduction in VT. The results indicate that the moderate degree of CWD observed in the study population does not significantly contribute to the variability in CL and RL measurements in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:34–39. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High levels of complement‐activation capacity in sera from patients with cystic fibrosis correlate with high levels of IgG3 antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens and poor lung function
Authors: Pressler Tacjana , Jensen Elsebeth T. , Espersen Frank , Pedersen Svend S. , Høiby Niels
Published: March 2007

Heat‐stable opsonins from sera of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients were investigated for their ability to activate complement. Complement activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa after opsonization with patient serum was examined in a complement‐consumption assay. Absorption of patients' sera with formalin‐treated and boiled bacteria removed specific antibodies and the complement activation decreased. We found a positive correlation between serum complement‐activation ability and IgG3 antibody levels to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), alginate, and a crude mixture of P. aeruginosa antigens (sonicate) in a group of patients with high levels of anti‐Pseudomonas precipitins. In the same group of patients a significant negative correlation was found between complement activation and lung function. Eighteen patients have been followed longitudinally with serum samples covering the pre‐infection, the early, and the late stages of chronic infection. Patients with poor lung function showed significantly higher levels of complement‐activation capacity. We conclude that patients with high levels of specific IgG3 antibodies are able to induce a high level of complement activation and then develop more aggressive pulmonary tissue damage, probably secondary to local immune complex formation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:71–77. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: Cardiorespiratory responses to moderate exercise, simulating daily activity
Authors: Silvestri Jean M. , Weese‐Mayer Debra E. , Flanagan Erin A.
Published: March 2007

Children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) lack normal awake ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia, yet engage in daily activities typical of similarly aged children. Our patients with CCHS are assessed annually with a walking treadmill protocol to assess physiologic responses to different levels of simulated daily activity. We hypothesized that children with CCHS (compared with age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls) would (1) exercise for shorter durations and reach lower peak speed and incline on the treadmill; (2) become more hypoxemic, more hypercarbic, and develop less tachycardia during activity; and (3) take longer to return to baseline oxygenation, ventilation, and heart rate than normal children. Seven children with CCHS [mean age, 6.9 ± 3.0 (SD) years] who required 24 h/day ventilatory support (diaphragm pacers while awake and mechanical ventilation asleep) and 7 controls performed a walking protocol on a treadmill with progressive increments in speed and incline. Hemoglobin saturations (SaO2), end‐tidal carbon dioxide concentrations (ETCO2), and heart rates (HR) were recorded at baseline conditions, during activity and during recovery. There were no significant differences between children with CCHS and controls in baseline values, duration of activity, peak speed, and incline achieved during walking and recovery time to baseline once the treadmill had stopped. However, children with CCHS became significantly more hypoxemic and hypercarbic during activity (P < 0.05), and they had a lower percent increase in HR during treadmill walking than controls (P < 0.05). These results offer the clinician an opportunity to adjust clinical management in children with CCHS by providing specific recommendations to parents about appropriate levels of activity for their children with CCHS. Although such was not the intent of the current research, this study will suggest further investigation into improved ventilatory support for these children during exercise. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:89–93. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carotid bodies and ventilatory response to hypoxia in aminophylline‐treated piglets
Authors: Cattarossi Luigi , Haxhiu‐Poskurica Besa , Haxhiu Musa A. , Litmanovitz Ita , Martin Richard J. , Carlo Waldemar A.
Published: March 2007

Peripheral chemoreceptors may be immature in neonatal animals, exhibiting maturational changes in the perinatal period. Even though methylxanthines are respiratory stimulants, many premature neonates do not respond to them. Thus, we hypothesized that carotid body activity is necessary for aminophylline to reverse hypoxia‐induced respiratory depression. We exposed 16 anesthetized newborn piglets (age 2‐7 days) to hypoxia (inhalation of 12% oxygen) for 5 min. Aminophylline (15 mg/kg iv) was administered either prior to (11 piglets) or following (5 piglets) carotid body denervation (CBD). Before CBD, hypoxia elicited transient initial increases in tidal volume (from 79 ± 4 to 99 ± 1% of maximum, mean ± SE), minute ventilation (from 64 ± 5 to 93 ± 4%), and peak phrenic electroneurogram (from 63 ± 8 to 91 ± 6%, all P < 0.05). This was followed by a decrease in tidal volume, minute ventilation and phrenic electroneurogram (all P < 0.05). Prior to CBD, aminophylline pretreatment prevented the decrease in all the measures of respiratory output during late hypoxia. After CBD, hypoxia induced an initial and sustained depression of ventilation (tidal volume from 100 to 33 ± 14%; frequency from 94 ± 4 to 42 ± 17%; minute ventilation from 100 to 32 ± 14%, all P < 0.05)and phrenic electroneurogram (peak phrenic from 100 to 47 ± 18%; minute phrenic from 85 ± 6 to 55 ± 21%, both P < 0.05). Administration of aminophylline after CBD did not prevent the profound respiratory depression elicited by hypoxia in the chemodenervated piglets. We conclude that aminophylline prevents respiratory depression during late hypoxia, however, in the absence of afferent input generated by the carotid bodies, aminophylline does not reverse respiratory depression induced by hypoxia in anesthetized newborn piglets. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:94–100. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blunted peripheral chemoreceptor response to hyperoxia in a group of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Katz‐Salamon Miriam , Jonsson Baldvin , Lagercrantz Hugo
Published: March 2007

Infants with BPD often suffer from chronic hypoxia and require supplemental oxygen (O2). This might affect the sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors. Therefore, we assessed peripheral chemoreceptor function in 25 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) of varying severity, using the hyperoxic test. These infants were compared with 35 preterm infants who did not develop BPD. All infants were tested during the 40th week of postconceptional age and their mean postnatal age was 81.5 ± 16.3 days. Sixty percent (15/25) of the BPD infants lacked a hyperoxic response, while the proportion of nonresponders to O2, among the other groups was 20% (7/35). The intensity of this response was negatively correlated to time spent on a ventilator and positively to time without supplemental oxygen. The intensity of chemoreceptor function was closely related to the severity of BPD; none of the infants with the most severe form of BPD (grade 3) showed a ventilatory response to hyperoxia. Furthermore, infants with BPD needed significantly longer time to increase their saturation than did non‐BPD infants (4.7 and 9.3 sec, respectively). We conclude that many infants with BPD, particularly those with the most severe form of the disease, have abnormally functioning peripheral chemoreceptors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:101–106. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial infantile apnea and immature beta oxidation
Authors: Iafolla A. Kimberly , Browning Iley B. , Roe Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Infants with inborn errors of fatty acid metabolism may present with apnea, periodic breathing, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recognition of these disorders and initiation of appropriate therapy may prevent SIDS. Metabolic pathways develop during gestation and post‐natally. We report three siblings with apnea and periodic breathing, as well as biochemical defects consistent with a non‐specific abnormality of beta oxidation. One infant died a witnessed sudden infant death. The two survivors were treated with L‐carnitine supplementation resulting in rapid resolution of both respiratory and metabolic abnormalities. Enzyme activity for short, medium, and long chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases was normal in these two infants. Although a unique enzymatic deficiency was not identified, our experience with this family supports the need for routine biochemical evaluation of infants with “near miss” SIDS, also called acute life‐threatening events (ALTE), as well as those who have died of SIDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:167–171. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐reactive protein in acute pulmonary exacerbations of patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Friesen Craig A. , Wiens Lynn A. , Burry V. Fred , Portnoy Jay , Roberts Charles C.
Published: March 2007

C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were evaluated in 9 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with acute pulmonary exacerbations and 14 patients with acute exacerbations of asthma without any symptoms of an acute infection. CRP concentrations were serially evaluated over the course of therapy in CF patients and compared with pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and clinical scores. CF patients were treated with aerosolized bronchodilators, intravenous fluids, and chest physiotherapy for 48 hours. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was added after 48 hours. Initial CRP concentrations differed significantly between patients with CF and those with asthma. CRP concentrations were elevated in 7 of 9 CF patients versus 3 of 14 asthma patients (P < 0.02). In CF patients, CRP concentrations did not correlate with PFTs (except on day 0) or clinical scores. Frequently PFTs and clinical scores continued to improve after CRP levels had reached their lowest concentrations. CRP concentrations decreased only after the addition of antibiotic therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:215–219. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new technique for transbronchial biopsy in infants and small children
Authors: Mullins Durinda , Livne Moshe , Mallory George B. , Kemp James S.
Published: March 2007

We describe a technique of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in small children, using a plastic suction catheter as the working channel through which biopsy forceps are introduced. An ultrathin (2.2 mm) flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) was used to direct the catheter visually into the desired lung segment and to biopsy selectively. This technique was used nine times to obtain biopsy specimens in six different patients, ranging in age from 3 months to 3 and 4/12 years (mean, 19.2 months). Adequate specimens were obtained in eight of nine procedures (89%). Complications included one pneumothorax that did not require evacuation and one episode of sedation‐induced hypoventilation that required brief bag‐mask ventilation. No significant bleeding occurred. This technique enabled us to obtain lung tissue in infants and small children without resorting to general anesthesia and rigid bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:253–257. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical benefit from nebulized human recombinant DNase in Kartagener's syndrome
Authors: Desai Maya , Weller Peter H. , Spencer David A.
Published: March 2007

Nebulized recombinant human DNase (rhDNase) reduces sputum viscosity, improves pulmonary function, and results in a small reduction in acute respiratory exacerbations requiring intravenous antibiotics in many patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). rhDNase is now recommended for use in CF patients with moderately severe suppurative lung disease. A 14‐year‐old girl with suppurative lung disease [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 69% and forced vital capacity (FVC) 81% predicted] secondary to Kartagener's syndrome and severe gastroesophageal reflux had worsening spirometry together with intractable gastrointestinal symptoms over the previous 18 months despite conventional treatment. She was, therefore, started on 2.5 mg rhDNase once daily. Her cough lessened and the volume of sputum decreased within 72 hours of commencement of treatment; this improvement was strongly associated with a dramatic reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms. Spirometry after 4 weeks of treatment demonstrated a 20% improvement in FEV1 and a 13% improvement in FVC. These improvements have been maintained after 4 months of rhDNase therapy. The use of rhDNase should be considered in patients with Kartagener's syndrome and a multicenter trial may be justified. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:307–308. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venous catheter thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism in children
Authors: Derish Melinda T. , Smith David W. , Frankel Lorry R.
Published: March 2007

Central venous catheter (CVC)‐related thrombus formation has been increasingly recognized as a complication in adults and somewhat less frequently in children and neonates. However, the association of CVC thrombus and pulmonary embolism (PE) has rarely been reported in infants or children, and the few existing reports primarily involve chronic, indwelling CVCs such as Broviac or Hickman catheters. During an 18‐month‐period of autopsy review, we found that 5 of our pediatric intensive care unit patients had autopsy‐proven CVC thrombus and pulmonary embolism. All of them had prolonged mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure and required insertion of one or more short‐term, temporary CVCs during the course of routine critical care management. In retrospect, signs related to CVC thrombus were present in 4 patients (3 had positive blood cultures and 1 had persistent hypertension). PE was not diagnosed until autopsy in every case. The diagnosis may have been missed because the symptoms of PE are the same as those of severe lung disease. We, therefore, advocate a heightened suspicion of CVC thrombus formation and PE in critically ill children with respiratory failure and temporary CVCs and recommend early diagnostic ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis. Once a CVC thrombus is found, subsequent pulmonary deterioration may necessitate evaluation for acute PE. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:349–354. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg
Authors: Geelhoed G. C. , Macdonald W. B. G.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a single dose of oral dexamethasone of varying sizes in 120 children hospitalized with croup in two sequential double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials (Trials A and B). The study was conducted in the Emergency Department Observation Ward of a tertiary pediatric hospital. One hundred and twenty children (age range 6 to 160 months) hospitalized with croup participated. Baseline characteristics for the two groups in each trial were similar. In Trial A 60 children received either 0.6 or 0.3 mg/kg dexamethasone syrup; in Trial B 60 children received either 0.3 or 0.15 mg/ kg dexamethasone syrup. Duration of hospitalization, reduction in croup scores, and adrenaline usage were evaluated. Median duration of hospitalization was similar for children in Trial A (7 and 8 hr), and in Trial B (9 and 9 hr). Croup scores following treatment did not differ and were significantly lower than initial scores for all groups and in each trial. Other outcome measures were similar for the two groups in each trial, including need for nebulized adrenaline, numbers of patients admitted to intensive care, rate of return to medical care with reoccurrence of croup, and readmission to hospital with croup following discharge from hospital. We conclude that oral dexamethasone in a dose of 0.15 mg/kg is as effective as 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg in relieving symptoms and results in a similar duration of hospitalization in children with croup. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:362–368. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spirometric patterns in childhood asthma: Peak flow compared with other indices
Authors: Klein Robert B. , Fritz Gregory K. , Yeung Albert , Elizabeth L. McQuaid  , Mansell Anthony
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine patterns of pulmonary function abnormalities and to evaluate how adequately peak flow monitoring was correlated to other spirometric indices in childhood asthma. Ninety‐one children, aged 8‐15 years, with moderate‐to‐severe asthma were repeatedly tested in a summer camp. On‐site medical staff permitted 24‐hour‐a‐day supervision. Subjective and objective clinical evaluations of asthma status were made over 14 consecutive days. Detailed clinical history and clinical observations were made by an experienced staff, and a total of 2,663 pulmonary function tests were performed regularly three times daily and whenever a child sensed asthma symptoms. Patterns of obstruction were divided into large airway abnormalities and small airway abnormalities. There was a low concordance between standard large airway measures, such as the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) or the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (the FEV1), and measures of small airway obstruction, such as the forced expiratory flow rate 25‐75% (FEF25–75). Normal PEFR measurements do not always indicate that all other pulmonary function measures are normal. In fact, 18% of children with a normal PEFR had abnormal FEF25–75 values. Results demonstrated that the FEF25–75 was the most specific and sensitive measure of airway obstruction. PEFR is widely used to monitor asthma symptoms objectively because it is technically simple to perform, relatively inexpensive, and helpful in most cases. It is, therefore, appropriate for asthma education programs to recommend PEFR as an objective measure to guide in making therapeutic decisions. Our data and clinical observations support the “Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma” of the NIH Health Asthma Education Program that suggest that children have more complete pulmonary function testing along with frequent PEFR measures. Many children may appear asymptomatic, while recording normal PEFR measures, and still having significant asthma. Repeated pulmonary function testing and evaluation of the pattern of respiratory obstruction aids in managing this challenging group. We recommend that efforts be made to develop a simple and inexpensive method of measuring FEF25–75 that will allow this measurement to be made even at home. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:372–379. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of neck rotation on the timing and pattern of infant tidal breathing
Authors: Downs J. A. , Stocks J.
Published: March 2007

While neck flexion and extension are known to influence the patency of the upper airway, far less information is available regarding the effects of neck rotation. The effect of neck rotation on respiratory rate (RR), expiratory time (tE), and phase angle (Φ) was assessed in 17 healthy infants aged between 1 and 4 months. An inclinometer was used to measure neck rotation and uncalibrated Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography to measure the dependent variables while the infants were in natural, quiet sleep. Baseline measurements were made with the head positioned centrally (0° rotation); further measurement positions included 30°, 60°. 90° rotation, and repeat measurement at 0° (0r°) in randomized order. Mean RR, tE and Φ were determined for each infant in each position.

Using the paired t‐test, RR at 0° rotation was significantly higher than that at 0r° rotation (mean difference, 5 bpm; 95% Cl, 2.1, 8.1; P = 0.0023); mean tE at 0° rotation was significantly shorter than at 0r° rotation (mean difference, −0.18s; 95% Cl, −0.27, −0.07; P = 0.002); whereas Φ remained similar (mean difference, 10° 95% Cl, −2.2, 22.3; P = 0.10). These changes probably reflect the slowing of metabolism that occurs after the onset of quiet sleep, and they emphasize the importance of randomization. Measurements at 0r° were randomized and hence were most likely to reflect the true basal condition of the infant with the head in a neutral position. Consequently, these data, rather than those collected at 0° at the onset of quiet sleep, were used for comparisons with all subsequent positional changes. When comparing the positions whose order was randomized, neck rotation did not significantly affect RR (P = 0.445). tE (P = 0.272), or Φ (P = 0.169). However, two infants demonstrated marked changes in respiratory pattern with decreases in RR and increases in tE at 90° rotation, suggesting that some infants may be susceptible to obstruction in this position.
Validation of a nitrogen washout system to measure functional residual capacity in premature infants with hyaline membrane disease
Authors: Miller Jason , Law Amy B. , Parker Robert A. , Sundell Håkan W. , Lindstrom Daniel P. , Cotton Robert B.
Published: March 2007

A multiple‐breath nitrogen washout system designed to measure lung volume in mechanically ventilated infants was validated by assessing three performance criteria: (1) accuracy of lung volume measurements in the presence of an endotracheal tube leak was assessed by comparing the measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) in a mechanical lung model with and without airway leak; (2) in vivo accuracy was assessed in rabbits by comparing FRC measurements obtained by this system with measurements obtained by helium dilution; and (3) in vivo precision was assessed by analyzing measurements of FRC obtained in replicate measurements at different times in ventilator‐dependent premature infants with hyaline membrane disease. The average difference between the measurements of FRC in a mechanical lung model with airway leak and without leak was 3.0 ± 9.4% (mean ± SD, P > 0.2), and no difference was greater than 20%. There was a significant correlation between the measurements of FRC in rabbits by nitrogen washout and by helium dilution (r = 0.93, P < 0.000l), and 65.4% of the paired measurements were within 20% of their average. The 95% limits of agreement within pairs of measurements by the two techniques ranged from −4.0 to +6.5 mLkg. FRC measured by helium dilution was slightly higher (1.3 ± 2.7mUkg, P < 0.01) than FRC measured by nitrogen washout, and positive end‐expiratory pressure was a significant predictor of this difference (P < 0.01). The regression between the individual FRC measurements obtained in premature infants and the average of the other replicates was significant (6 > 0.98, P < 0.0001). The coefficient of variation was 12.3%. These findings provide further validation of this multiple‐breath nitrogen washout system for measuring FRC in premature infants during mechanical ventilation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:403–409. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐steroidal antiandrogens act as AF‐1 agonists under conditions of high androgen‐receptor expression
Authors: Fuse Hiroaki , Korenaga Shigeru , Sakari Matomo , Hiyama Takashi , Ito Takeshi , Kimura Koichi , Kato Shigeaki
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND

The mechanism of resistance acquisition to antiandrogens in prostate cancer is not fully understood. Numerous clinical and basic research studies have shown expression of androgen receptors (ARs) increases in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer and therefore we explored possible molecular mechanisms by which prostate cancer acquires resistance to antiandrogens under conditions of increased AR expression.

METHODS

In order to study resistance to antiandrogens at the AR transactivation level we used a human AR (hAR) reporter assay system. In addition, we utilized an hAR deletion mutant to determine the functional domain responsible for the acquisition of resistance.

RESULTS

Increased hAR protein expression enhanced the sensitivity of AR transactivation to low concentrations of DHT, and also reduced the inhibitory activity of the non‐steroidal antiandrogens, hydroxyflutamide, and bicalutamide on DHT‐induced AR transactivation. Moreover, these antiandrogens acquired agonistic activity under conditions of high hAR protein expression. Such agonistic activity of antiandrogens was not detected in an hAR deletion mutant (hAR‐ΔA/B) that lacked an A/B domain with AF‐1 activity.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that non‐steroidal antiandrogens act as AF‐1 agonists under conditions of high AR protein expression. This partial antagonistic property of antiandrogens may be a molecular mechanism by which prostate cancer develops resistance to these drugs. Prostate 67: 630–637, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel 2,3‐dibromo‐5‐ trifluoromethyl‐4‐pyrrolecarboxylate derivatives
Authors: Bauer Klaus , Hoffmann Michael G.
Published: March 2007

A series of novel 2,3‐dibromo‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐pyrrolecarboxylates were prepared and their herbicidal properties evaluated. Several compounds showed strong herbicidal efficacy after post‐emergence application onto the green parts of the test plants. Speed of action as well as the activity symptoms suggest that these novel pyrrole herbicides may act like halogenated 4‐hydroxybenzonitrile derivatives or diphenylethers.
Parametric survival analysis and taxonomy of hazard functions for the generalized gamma distribution
Authors: Cox Christopher , Chu Haitao , Schneider Michael F. , Muñoz Alvaro
Published: March 2007

The widely used Cox proportional hazards regression model for the analysis of censored survival data has limited utility when either hazard functions themselves are of primary interest, or when relative times instead of relative hazards are the relevant measures of association. Parametric regression models are an attractive option in situations such as this, although the choice of a particular model from the available families of distributions can be problematic. The generalized gamma (GG) distribution is an extensive family that contains nearly all of the most commonly used distributions, including the exponential, Weibull, log normal and gamma. More importantly, the GG family includes all four of the most common types of hazard function: monotonically increasing and decreasing, as well as bathtub and arc‐shaped hazards. We present here a taxonomy of the hazard functions of the GG family, which includes various special distributions and allows depiction of effects of exposures on hazard functions. We applied the proposed taxonomy to study survival after a diagnosis of clinical AIDS during different eras of HIV therapy, where proportionality of hazard functions was clearly not fulfilled and flexibility in estimating hazards with very different shapes was needed. Comparisons of survival after AIDS in different eras of therapy are presented in terms of both relative times and relative hazards. Standard errors for these and other derived quantities are computed using the delta method and checked using the bootstrap. Description of standard statistical software (Stata, SAS and S‐Plus) for the computations is included and available at http://statepi.jhsph.edu/software. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating and testing interactions in linear regression models when explanatory variables are subject to classical measurement error
Authors: Murad Havi , Freedman Laurence S.
Published: March 2007

Estimating and testing interactions in a linear regression model when normally distributed explanatory variables are subject to classical measurement error is complex, since the interaction term is a product of two variables and involves errors of more complex structure.

Our aim is to develop simple methods, based on the method of moments (MM) and regression calibration (RC) that yield consistent estimators of the regression coefficients and their standard errors when the model includes one or more interactions. In contrast to previous work using structural equations models framework, our methods allow errors that are correlated with each other and can deal with measurements of relatively low reliability.

Using simulations, we show that, under the normality assumptions, the RC method yields estimators with negligible bias and is superior to MM in both bias and variance. We also show that the RC method also yields the correct type I error rate of the test of the interaction. However, when the true covariates are not normally distributed, we recommend using MM. We provide an example relating homocysteine to serum folate and B12 levels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Code and conduct in French cuisine: Impact of code changes on external evaluations
Authors: Durand Rodolphe , Rao Hayagreeva , Monin Philippe
Published: March 2007

We study the effects of organizational code‐preserving and code‐violating changes on external evaluations by third parties—an essential but under‐studied strategic outcome. We define code‐preserving changes as a variation in the firm's product range that preserves the social code within which the firm positions its offering. By contrast, a code‐violating change corresponds to a variation in the product range that breaks with past codes and embraces another social code. Our analyses of French haute cuisine restaurants show that code‐preserving changes and code‐violating changes have positive effects on external evaluations. Both effects decline with prior evaluations received by the organization, but only the effect of code‐violating changes is reduced with age. Moreover, external evaluations improve when restaurants undertake more code‐preserving changes than their direct competitors but decline when they make more code‐violating changes than competitors. These results enable us to derive implications for research on strategic change, strategic groups, and strategic social positioning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared‐Emitting Colloidal Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Assembly, Spectroscopy, and Applications
Authors: Rogach Andrey L. , Eychmüller Alexander , Hickey Stephen G. , Kershaw Stephen V.
Published: March 2007

Semiconductor nanocrystals produced by means of colloidal chemistry in a solvent medium are an attractive class of nanometer‐sized building blocks from which to create complex materials with unique properties for a variety of applications. Their optical and electronic properties can be tailored easily, both by their chemical composition and particle size. While colloidal nanocrystals emitting in the infrared region have seen a burst of attention during the last decade there is clearly a paucity of review articles covering their synthesis, assembly, spectroscopic characterization, and applications. This Review comprehensively addresses these topics for II–VI, III–V, and IV–VI nanocrystals, examples being HgTe and CdxHg1−xTe, InP and InAs, and PbS, PbSe, and PbTe, respectively. Among the applications discussed here are optical amplifier media for telecommunications systems, electroluminescence devices, and noninvasive optical imaging in biology.
Non‐binary SOVA algorithms for decoding of block codes on a sectionalized trellis
Authors: Labeau Fabrice
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we explore computationally efficient implementations of the soft output viterbi algorithm (SOVA) applied to Soft‐Input Soft‐Output (SISO) decoding of linear block codes. In order to simplify the trellis‐based decoding of binary block codes with SOVA, we use the technique of sectionalization of the trellis, which has been successfully applied to the simplification of the MAP and Max‐Log‐MAP algorithms. Due to the branch complexity of the sectionalized trellis, we define a generalization of a non‐binary version of SOVA. However, the computational complexity of directly applying this approach remains too high for efficient implementation; we thus introduce the concept of non‐binary SOVA (NSOVA) with propagation of bit‐level reliabilities (BLR). This new algorithm is analyzed from a computational complexity viewpoint. Both serial and parallel implementations are explored. Finally, optimal sectionalizations are derived for selected codes; since the normal SOVA decoding is a particular case of NSOVA with BLR, we show that our approach is more efficient than a bit‐level trellis by showing that, for all the codes tested, the optimal trellis is a sectionalized one. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endothelial cell and macrophage regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification modulated by cholestane‐3β, 5α, 6β‐triol
Authors: Liu Hongmei , Yuan Lan , Xu Shanjin , Wang Kui
Published: March 2007

The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate vascular calcification remain poorly understood. In our previous study, oxysterol cholestane‐3β, 5α, 6β‐triol (Triol) was shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification. In this study, by using direct coculture, non‐contact transwell coculture, and culture with conditioned media, we investigated the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages in the regulation of VSMCs calcification in the absence or presence of Triol. In vitro calcification was induced by incubation of VSMCs with β‐glycerophosphate. The results showed that ECs inhibited VSMCs calcification, as manifested by the reduction of calcium deposition in extracellular matrix. This effect of ECs on calcification was via the secreted soluble factors. Furthermore, the stimulation of ECs by Triol had no influence on ECs inhibition of calcification. On the other hand, macrophages promoted VSMCs calcification via the secreted soluble factors such as reactive oxygen species, which was further enhanced by Triol. Our results supported the roles for ECs and macrophages in vascular calcification, modulated by oxysterols in atherosclerotic plaque.
The SUF iron–sulfur cluster biosynthetic machinery: Sulfur transfer from the SUFS–SUFE complex to SUFA
Authors: Sendra Maïté , Ollagnier de Choudens Sandrine , Lascoux David , Sanakis Yiannis , Fontecave Marc
Published: March 2007

Iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis depends on protein machineries, such as the ISC and SUF systems. The reaction is proposed to imply binding of sulfur and iron atoms and assembly of the cluster within a scaffold protein followed by transfer of the cluster to recipient apoproteins. The SufA protein from Escherichia coli, used here as a model scaffold protein is competent for binding sulfur atoms provided by the SufS–SufE cysteine desulfurase system covalently as shown by mass spectrometry. Investigation of site‐directed mutants and peptide mapping experiments performed on digested sulfurated SufA demonstrate that binding exclusively occurs at the three conserved cysteines (cys50, cys114, cys116). In contrast, it binds iron only weakly (K
a
= 5 × 105
M−1) and not specifically to the conserved cysteines as shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy. [Fe–S] clusters, characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy, can be assembled during reaction of sulfurated SufA with ferrous iron in the presence of a source of electrons.
A zinc‐finger like metal binding site in the nucleosome
Authors: Adamczyk Małgorzata , Poznański Jarosław , Kopera Edyta , Bal Wojciech
Published: March 2007

UV spectroscopy demonstrated that chicken mononucleosomes bind Co(II) and Zn(II) ions at submicromolar concentrations in a tetrahedral mode, at a conserved zinc finger‐like site, composed of Cys110 and His113 residues of both H3 molecules. Neither of these metal ions substituted for another, indicating a limited binding reversibility. Molecular modeling indicated that the tetrahedral site is formed by unhindered rotations around Cα–Cβ bonds in the side chains of the zinc binding residues. The resulting local rearrangement of the protein structure shields the bound metal ion from the solvent, explaining the observed lack of reversibility of the binding. Consequences of these findings for zinc homeostasis, metal toxicology and nucleosomal regulation are discussed.
Effects of tau phosphorylation on proteasome activity
Authors: Ren Qing-Guo , Liao Xiao-Mei , Chen Xiao-Qian , Liu Gong-Ping , Wang Jian-Zhi
Published: March 2007

Dysfunction of proteasome contributes to the accumulation of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. However, whether tau hyperphosphorylation and accumulation affect the activity of proteasome is elusive. Here we found that a moderate tau phosphorylation activated the trypsin‐like activity of proteasome, whereas further phosphorylation of tau inhibited the activity of the protease in HEK293 cells stably expressing tau441. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation could partially reverse lactacystin‐induced inhibition of proteasome. These results suggest that phosphorylation of tau plays a dual role in modulating the activity of proteasome.
Departmental audit of tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates: pitfalls in interpretation
Authors: Hamid W A Abdel , Flood L M , Martin F W
Published: March 2007

Concerns that a largely anecdotal increase in post tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates was related to the introduction of disposable instruments have prompted much investigation. The result has been, rather, to highlight other variables influencing this risk, but especially to insist on the following:

1 Training in traditional ‘cold’ techniques.

2 Regular departmental audit of haemorrhage rates.

3 Presentation of such data to patients to ensure informed consent.

This audit demonstrates the pitfalls in interpretation of crude data, unadjusted for case-mix, in predicting individual patient risk and in national ranking of unit performance.
Comments on Krister Bykvist ‘Prudence for Changing Selves’
Authors: MCKERLIE DENNIS
Published: March 2007

I very much enjoyed reading and thinking about Krister Bykvist's interesting and carefully written paper. My comments will not be criticisms. I will not challenge the conclusions the paper draws about the complicated examples of conflicts between preferences that it discusses. For example, I will not attempt to defend any of the views criticized in section IV of the paper. And I agree with the positive solution presented in section V, when that solution is characterized in the broadest possible way. In cases where a choice that I must make now will create one or the other of two possible future ‘selves’ whose preferences would conflict over the question of which choice I should make, prudence tells me to create the self that will experience a higher level of well-being or welfare.
A ‘Fundamental Misunderstanding’?
Authors: IRWIN T. H.
Published: March 2007

One of the many illuminating aspects of Bart Schultz's book is the recurrent theme of Sidgwick's Socratic inspiration. Some of Sidgwick's contemporaries at Cambridge were among those who gave new life to the study of Socrates and Plato in England. The Cambridge Apostles were self-consciously devoted both to Socratic ideals of friendship and to the Socratic aim of impartial free inquiry on fundamental questions.
Mill and Sidgwick, Imperialism and Racism
Authors: SCHULTZ BART
Published: March 2007

This essay is in effect something of a self-review of my bookHenry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe(2004) and of the volume, co-edited with Georgios Varouxakis,Utilitarianism and Empire(2005). My chief concern here is to go beyond those earlier works in underscoring the arbitrariness of the dominant contextualist and reconstructive historical accounts of J. S. Mill and Henry Sidgwick on the subjects of race and racism. The forms of racism are many, and simple historical accuracy suggests that both Mill and Sidgwick could be described as ‘racist’ on some plausible understandings of that term.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF GARDENIA (RUBIACEAE) FROM BORNEO AND NOTES ON GARDENIA PTEROCALYX
Authors: LOW Y. W. , WONG K. M.
Published: March 2007

Two new species of Gardenia (Rubiaceae), Gardenia beamanii Y.W.Low and Gardenia chanii Y.W.Low, endemic to Borneo, are described. These species are distinguished from Gardenia griffithii Hook.f. and Gardenia pterocalyx Valeton, respectively, to which they are superficially similar in calyx characters. Gardenia pterocalyx is lectotypified.
Demographic factors associated with the diet quality of older US men: baseline data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study
Authors: Shannon J , Shikany JM , Barrett-Connor E , Marshall LM , Bunker CH , Chan JM , Stone KL , Orwoll E ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: March 2007

Objective

Throughout the world, the proportion of the male population aged 65 years and older is increasing. Yet, we have limited information regarding diet quality and predictors of diet quality in this segment of the population. The objectives of the current analyses are to describe the diet quality of a cohort of men >65 years of age, and identify lifestyle factors associated with poor diet quality.

Methods

We present a cross-sectional analysis of the diet quality of 5928 men, aged 65–100 years, who are participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) cohort study. Dietary intake was determined using a modified Block 98 food-frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was calculated using the previously validated Diet Quality Index-Revised (DQI-R). Univariate and multivariate modelling was used to estimate the variance in diet quality predicted by a number of sociodemographic factors, including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), marital status, education, smoking status, physical activity, self-perceived health and nutritional supplement use.

Results

Overall, we found that in this geographically diverse group of older men, diet quality was low, with a mean modified DQI-R for the entire study population of 62.5 (standard deviation 13.1) out of an ideal of 100. Further, younger age, very low total calorie intake ( ≤ 1187 kcal day− 1), higher BMI, residence in a North or Southeast community, being of African-American or Hispanic race, being less educated, not using dietary supplements and smoking were each significant independent predictors of a poorer diet.

Conclusion

These data may prove useful in both understanding the dietary intake of older US men as it relates to published dietary guidelines, and for targeting future dietary intervention programmes.
Muriel Anderson: an Appreciation
Authors: Winterton Jules
Published: March 2007

Muriel Anderson, former Librarian of the Institute of
Advanced Legal Studies, died peacefully on the morning
of 25 June 2006. Staff at the Institute of Advanced Legal
Studies, where she spent much of
her career, learned the sad news the
next day and a brief notice was issued
to the professional community.
Interview with Karen Waldron of LexisNexis Butterworths
Authors: Cook Roger
Published: March 2007

Roger Cook met Karen on 27 November 2006, at the behest of the chair of the Editorial Board, to try and clear up some of the issues relating to the new LexisNexis Butterworths platform and to hear about some of the developments which will be happening during 2007. You will probably have seen some of these already, given the lead time between the interview taking place and the publication of this edition of LIM. He had been given some specific questions which had been raised by members of BIALL, but the conversation ranged beyond these to other areas.
Free v Fee: Drivers and Barriers to the Use of Free and Paid-for Legal Information Resources
Authors: Shaw Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article by Thomas Shaw discusses the key findings of an MSc dissertation which examined legal information professionals' perceptions of what facilitates, and what impedes, the use of free and paid-for legal information resources. It also compares and contrasts the views of information professionals working in academia with those working in law firms. It is situated in the context of significant criticism of commercial legal publishing and the existence of many resources providing free legal information.
Intute: Law – Finding the Best of the Web for Law
Authors: Memess Heather , Whittle Steve
Published: March 2007

Heather Memess and Steve Whittle of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies describe the recently launched UK gateway to the internet via the Resource Discovery Network. Intute: Law (previously SOSIG) covers the best internet sources of law for the academic community. They are evaluated by experts at Bristol and IALS and cover a wide range of materials. Information on how to best exploit the system is given, together with details of additional services and functionality offered, including workbooks and an online legal research tutorial.
LORD of the Links: The Legal Online Resources Database
Authors: Mullan James
Published: March 2007

At the 2004 BIALL Conference the Legal Online Resources Directory (LORD) was launched. The Legal Information Group (LIG) is currently developing the Directory to meet the needs of today's information professionals. James Mullan, Chair of LIG, gives a history of the LORD project and an outline of its possible future.