bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Periodontitis on Th17/Treg Percentages in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Martínez-Martínez Rita Elizabeth , Ayala-Herrera José Luis , Nava Carmona Alejandro , Domínguez Pérez Rubén Abraham , Hernández Castro Berenice , Espinosa-Cristóbal León Francisco , Abud Mendoza Carlos
Published: February 2024

Th17/Treg cells and P. gingivalis have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PE). The aim was to determine and compare Th17/Treg cells and the influence of P. gingivalis on this cell population in healthy subjects (HS) and patients with PE, RA, and PE/RA. The number of copies of P. gingivalis was performed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry was used to analyze Th17/Treg cells. In this study, PE in patients with RA increased the number of DNA copies of P. gingivalis, increasing the percentages of Th17 cells, as well as the number and regulation of Treg cells. Periodontitis influences the immune system, increasing the percentage of pro-inflammatory cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which may could influence the inflammatory condition of this population.
Implant Survival Rate and Prosthetic Complications of Full-arch Implant-supported Fixed Prostheses In Edentulous Upper Jaws: A Cohort Study
Authors: Reda Rodolfo , Seracchiani Marco , Zanza Alessio , Pagnoni Francesco , Bellanova Valentina , D’Angelo Maurilio , Di Nardo Dario , Xhajanka Edit , Testarelli Luca
Published: February 2024

Full-arch implant-supported fixed dental prostheses, an implant-supported prosthesis, which the patient must carefully manage in home oral hygiene procedures, is the fixed alternative to a mucosal-supported or implant-anchored prosthesis. Clinically, the execution of this rehabilitation requires four implants for the lower jaw and six implants for the upper jaw. The aim of the present study is to verify the survival-rate of implants for implant-fixed prostheses in the edentulous upper jaw. This retrospective study was carried out on patients who received an upper full-arch fixed prostheses on six implants for rehabilitation. A total of 36 patients were included and evaluated from a clinical and radiographical point of view. The follow-up period in which the data were collected on the upper full-arch is between 60 and 84 months. A total of 232 implants were inserted and monitored in this period. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were carried out on all 232 implants, with constant re-evaluation. The total implant survival rate is 93.1%, a value which is similar to previous studies already published on the topic. There were few prosthetic complications, mainly the fracture of anterior prosthetic teeth. Most of these full-arch, which as antagonist had another previously made full-arch implant-supported fixed dental prostheses or overdenture on four or overdenture on two implants, achieves good results in this study at 84 months.
Analysis of endogenous benzoic acid content in different jujube varieties, maturity stages, and processing types: Implications for the agri-food industry
Authors: Zheng X.D. , Pan S.X. , Cao N. , Yan X.H. , Liu X.M. , Tan M.N. , Wu M.Y. , Song Y.
Published: February 2024

Benzoic acid naturally exists in a variety of plants and fermented foods, and jujube contains natural benzoic acid. This study scrutinises the content of benzoic acid in diverse jujube cultivars, and its modulation by variables such as harvest timing, product types, and drying techniques. The methodology encompasses tracking the progressive augmentation of benzoic acid throughout the maturation process of jujube, with the apex content being 144.4 mg kg−1 in the Junzao cultivar. It further investigates the substantial fluctuations in benzoic acid content in jujube powder under disparate processing conditions, with the zenith content observed in drum-dried jujube powder at 127.6 mg kg−1, and an unexpectedly elevated level of 66.2 mg kg−1 in freeze-dried jujube powder. As long as it is not consumed excessively, it will not cause harm to the human body. The conclusion drawn from this research posits can be employed to resolve consumer grievances, or as a benchmark for testing services for product quality control.
Experimental study of failure of glulam-concrete composite beams
Authors: Juhász Tamás , Lee Yishi , Holtzman Rose , Balogh Jeno
Published: February 2024

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Miklós Iványi, who instilled in the authors an appreciation for experimental investigations, which are foundational to understanding material and structural behavior. Timber-concrete composite structures are increasingly adopted for new buildings due to their favorable sustainability parameters and the increased availability of cross laminated timber. For larger spans, however, solid timber floors lead to higher timber volumes and the use of glulam beams may become necessary for a more efficient use of wood. This paper presents laboratory tests of glulam-concrete composite beams and is the first in a series of two papers on investigating the associated failure mechanisms. Three full-scale glulam-concrete beam specimens were studied. The glulam and concrete are monolithically interconnected using a continuous layer of adhesive. Shear reinforcement was added to the glulam beams to allow for failure mode control. Static load tests to failure were conducted along with acoustic emission monitoring to track the progression of the failure. The results indicate that the shear reinforcement of the glulam layer affects the load capacity of the composite beam through shifting the failure from a shear to a tension failure mode. Similar glulam-concrete beams can enable larger span applications for buildings and bridges while maintaining an attractive sustainability performance.
PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP STRUKTUR MODAL
Authors: Sakinah Gina , Purnama Sari Yesa Tiara
Published: February 2024

In the business world, competition encourages organizations to increase profitability and value per organization. This is done so that businesses can partner with specialized businesses. The data in this article is secondary data taken from the financial statements of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and is supported by literature research and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that partially sales growth does not have a significant effect on the capital structure. Liquidity has no significant effect on the capital structure. Simultaneously, sales and liquidity growth had no effect on the capital structure with a contribution of 35.6% while 64.4% was influenced by other variables that were not studied.
MANAJEMEN KAS TINJAUAN EKONOMI ISLAM
Authors: Gojali Dudang
Published: February 2024

Kas mempunyai kedudukan sentral dalam menjaga kelancaran operasiperusahaan, hal ini membutuhkan pengelolaan khusus yang disebut manajemen kas agar perusahaan dapat berjalan dengan efektif. Oleh karena itu, jika tidak adamanajemen kas pada sebuah perusahaan, maka perusahaan akan sulit bertransaksi dengan pihak lain. Artikel mengenai manajemen kas ini membahas bagaimana cara melakukan kegiatan perencanaan, perkiraan, pengumpulan, pengeluaran dan investasi kas dari suatu perusahaan agar dapat beroperasi dengan lancar. Metode penulisan artikel ini bersifat deskriptif analisis, yaitu metode atau cara kerja dalam suatu pemecahan masalah dengan cara mendeskripsikan, menggambarkan, menjelaskan dan menganalisis situasi dan kondisi obyek permasalahan dari sudut pandang penulis berdasarkan hasil telaah pustaka. Tujuan perusahaan menyimpan/ membutuhkan kas adalah untuk transaksi (diperlukan dalam pelaksanaan operasi usaha perusahaan), untuk berjaga-jaga (untuk mengantisipasi aliran kas masuk dan keluar yang tidak kontinyu dan sulit diperkirakan), serta untuk berspekulasi. Ada kewajiban zakat bagi perusahaan yang dimiliki muslim dari kas perusahaan yang telah mencapai nisab. Dalam manajemen kas terdapat dua model, diantaranya model Baumol dan model Miller And Orr
ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (PSAK) 106 CONCERNING MUSYARAKAH FINANCING AT BANK BRI SYARIAH BRANCH OFFICE BANDUNG CITARUM
Authors: Hardiansyah Dimas , Aufa In’amul
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study aims to determine the suitability of applying accounting treatment regarding the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial statements of musyarakah financing transactions with PSAK No. 106 at BRI Syariah Branch Office Bandung Citarum in 2019. This research is a field study with a qualitative approach. The subject of research is at BRI Syariah Branch Office Bandung Citarum. In contrast, the object of research is the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial statements of musyarakah financing transactions in 2019. Data collection techniques in research using interviews and documentation. The results of this study show that : (1) the recognition of musyarakah financing accounting is not entirely by PSAK No. 106 because profit sharing income is calculated based on projections and losses due to accidents are the responsibility of customers,  with discounts given; (2) accounting measurement of musyarakah financing by PSAK No. 106; (3) the presentation of musyarakah financing accounting is not by PSAK No. 106 because the cash handed over to customers is presented as musyarakah financing: (4) the disclosure of musyarakah financing accounting is not by PSAK No. 106 because BRI Syariah Branch Office Bandung Citarum does not make notes to the financial statements.Keywords: Musyarakah Financing, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) No. 1
ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF HALAL LABELING ON NON-FOOD HALAL PRODUCTS IN BANDUNG CITY
Authors: Bishri Musthafa Hasan , Muhibah Iis
Published: February 2024

This study aims to determine clearly and based on scientific indication how people's perceptions of labeling non-food products, whether they agree or disagree, are essential. Then also to find out what factors influence these perceptions. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. Based on the conclusions of this study, as many as 86% of the people of Bandung City said they "agreed" with halal labeling on non-food products. Then another 14% said they disagreed with halal labeling on non-food products. As for the important perception, as many as 73.7% of the people of Bandung City said it was "important" to halal labeling on non-food products. Then another 26.3% stated that halal labeling on non-food products is unimportant. At the same time, the factors that induce these perceptions are significantly induced by factors of education level, age, income, understanding, access to information media, and experience.Keywords: Halal Labeling, Perception, Halal Product
MENGESTIMASI EFEK KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN DAN HARGA SAHAM TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DI JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEKS
Authors: Puteri Hesi Eka
Published: February 2024

This study analyzes the effect of Dividend Policy and Stock Prices on Firm's Value listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index in 2017-2021. The issue of firm's value and its determinants is an important study in the Jakarta Islamic Index, due to the growing enthusiasm for sharia stocks listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange. The data in this study is secondary data obtained from the Jakarta Islamic Index, with a total sample of 13 companies registered in the 2017-2021 analysis period. Panel data regression is used in this study by selecting the Fixed Effect (FE) Model as the estimation method. Findings have revealed that firm value is influenced by stock prices (closing price), but dividend policy has no effect on firm value. As much as 25.99% of the variation in firm's value achievements can be explained by dividend policy and stock prices, while 74.01% is explained by other factors outside the model. An increase in stock prices can increase firm's value positively. An increase in stock prices can increase firm's value while dividend policy is not proven to be able to increase firm's value as measured by Price To Book Value. These findings have practical implications for policy makers, especially for companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index in order to maintain good control over financial decisions and stock prices because they affect firm value. The stock price is a reference for investors to decide to invest because the stock price shows the performance of the issuer.
Ingeniería organizacional para el direccionamiento estratégico empresarial. Un caso de estudio en una empresa colombiana
Authors: Montañez-Portilla Luis Enrique
Published: February 2024

Se propuso como objetivo hacer uso de los principios de la ingeniería industrial a fin de plantear el direccionamiento estratégico de una empresa colombiana dedicada al negocio de la consultoría en el municipio Cúcuta, Departamento Norte de Santander, Colombia. Fue un estudio cualitativo, con diseño de campo y documental, de nivel descriptivo, utilizándose como técnicas de recolección la entrevista, el Método Delphi y la revisión documental, siendo la población 4 empleados directivos de la empresa y 13 clientes (10 entidades privadas y 3 públicas) de alta fidelidad seleccionados por la gerencia. Las variables del estudio fueron: la identificación de los factores externos que impactan el propósito de la organización; la identificación de los factores internos relevantes; y la formulación de la estrategia. Como resultados, la industria de la consultoría empresarial en el municipio Cúcuta, posee un nivel de atractivo bajo con ligera tendencia a medio, la entrada de nuevos competidores posee bajas barreras de ingreso; el poder de negociación de los profesionales que aportan el conocimiento y la amenaza de productos sustitutos es una amenaza por la tendencia de las empresas cliente a preferir las multinacionales por el prestigio o soluciones menos integrales. En lo interno, la empresa tiende hacia debilidad menor, por la no gestión adecuada de los aspectos clave para el éxito, entre ellos la capitalización del Know how de los consultores. La posición estratégica es conservadora, debe asumir un direccionamiento sustentado en acciones cautelosas, porque no está gestionando adecuadamente los factores claves de éxito y la industria de la consultoría está generando más amenazas que oportunidades
Modification of bacterial cellulose using silk fibroin β-sheet crystals induced by ultrasonication
Authors: Carranza Mary Stephanie , Bascos Neil Andrew D. , Tan Maria Carmen , Franco Jr. Francisco
Published: February 2024

Silk fibroin (SF) has been continuously explored as a biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, tunability, and self-healing properties. In this work, we present a novel approach to the modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) with SF β-sheet dominant structures induced via ultrasonication. Secondary structure analysis through infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T assay, and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry revealed a conversion of silk I to silk II structures within the protein mixture. Cold field emission scanning electron microscope images revealed the tightly packed fibers coated with the protein. Thermogravimetric curves demonstrated higher resistance to temperature degradation supplemented by broader and flatter DSC curves attributed to the highly bonded and dense composite. Successful conversion of amide I to amide II and amide III allowed for the more stable β-crystals to contribute to a more thermodynamically stable double-network hydrogel. The conversion of silk I to silk II structures offers a viable and highly biocompatible material that is both thermodynamically and biochemically stable for various potential biomedical applications.
Platinum Metals-Based Intermetallics for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Wolff Ira M. , Hill Patricia J.
Published: February 2024

Not long ago structural intermetallics were metallurgical curiosities rather than the focus of a serious campaign to topple the supremacy of nickel-based superalloys. Indeed, a handful of intermetallic compounds, notably the titanium and nickel aluminides, have succeeded in making it to the point of operational testing; but, if anything, they have highlighted the challenges facing a new generation of ultra-high temperature materials. Two constraints in particular have directed developments. First, at the core of the development of intermetallics, is the need to address the dual requirements of low-temperature toughness and high-temperature strength central to structural applications. Second, the operating conditions of interest (temperatures above 1150°C) call for a marked improvement in the environmental resistance of the materials. In these respects, systems based on platinum group metals deserve attention. The potential benefits resulting from using composite microstructures based on platinum, iridium and ruthenium are highlighted here, using collaborative studies being undertaken by Mintek and a number of alloy development centres.
Iridium-Based Hexacyanometallate Thin Films in Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Kasem Kasem K. , Huddleston Leslie
Published: February 2024

Thin films of metal-hexacyanoiridium(III) (MHCI), KxMy[Ir(CN)6]z, where M = Ru, Fe were electrochemically prepared and used as surface modifiers for glassy carbon electrodes. The redox behaviour of the counter/central ions of these films was investigated in aqueous electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An electrochemical synthesis of zeolite-like films of KxMy[Ir(CN)6]z and KxFey[Fe(CN)6]z (Prussian blue) was also undertaken using the cyclic voltammetric technique. Porous multifilm assemblies of Prussian blue and MHCI were formed either by the direct electrodeposition of Prussian blue over MHCI or Prussian blue over MHCI during repetitive potential cycling, or by electrochemically-driven insertion-substitution methods. In acidic aqueous KCl, iron hexacyano iridate (FeHCI) displays two redox waves with formal potential Eo
f ≈, 0.35 and 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The electrochemical behaviour of FeHCI was compared with that of related hexacyanometallate compounds, such as KRux[Ru(CN)6]y, KRux[Fe(CN)6]yand KFex[Fe(CN)6]y. In addition, evidence for the catalytic behaviour of MHCIfilms towards the reduction of iodate, IO3
-, is reported.
New Type Platforming Catalyst Produced and Tested in Europe
Authors: Richards A. E.
Published: February 2024

Catalytic reforming holds a key position in the overall operations of European petroleum refiners. The British Petroleum Company employs the platforming process at many of its refineries, and by skilled operation and the use of a new catalyst it has demonstrated how standard equipment operates economically at high severity. This article reviews the “100 octane plus” operations at the Kent refinery, which takes its catalyst supplies from U.K. manufacturing facilities specially set up in the interests of licencees of the process.
The Design of Precision Wire-wound Potentiometers
Authors: Willis K. J.
Published: February 2024

Many modern electronic devices call for transducers in the form of precision potentiometers actuated by extremely low operating forces. For the windings of such potentiometers certain of the platinum alloys provide the required combination of properties, and this article discusses both the choice of resistance material and the design and construction of these potentiometers.
The Influence of Alternating Current on the Anodic Behaviour of Platinum
Authors: Romuald Juchniewicz
Published: February 2024

In this paper an investigation is described of the effect of superimposed a.c. on the corrosion of anodically polarised platinum in sodium chloride solutions, using capacitance and resistance measurements to study the formation and destruction of oxide films on the electrode surfaces. Increased corrosion was found when up to 30 per cent a.c. was superimposed on d.c. The importance of reducing the a.c. component in rectified currents used in cathodic protection and electrolytic processes is shown.
Platinum in the Glass Industry
Authors: Preston Eric
Published: February 2024

Glass technologists are well aware of the advantages of cladding furnace refractories with platinum in order to avoid contamination. This article emphasises the even greater advantages to be obtained by giving careful thought to the design of the refractories to ensure that they are in the most suitable form for platinum cladding.
Loss of Platinum Oxide from Heated Platinum
Authors: Chaston J. C.
Published: February 2024

The loss of weight of platinum heated in air is fortunately low, owing to the very low vapour pressure of the PtO2 that volatilises. This article reviews recent studies of heated platinum filaments which suggest that a viscous boundary layer of gas hinders escape of the PtO2 molecules that are formed. At atmospheric pressure 99.85 per cent of the molecules of PtO2 formed may be trapped in this layer.
Control of Glass Melting Furnaces
Authors: Stevenson J. A.
Published: February 2024

Adequate instrumentation and control of glass melting furnaces can yield large savings in fuel and marked increases in throughput. Among the variables to be controlled the temperatures of both the molten glass and the atmosphere above glass level are of great importance and a great deal of attention has been given to the best means of indicating these temperatures and thus of controlling glass temperature. In this article the author reviews Russian and British practice in this field and compares certain details of procedure and instrumentation
Trickle Column Reactors
Authors: Acres, G. J. K.
Published: February 2024

Trickle column reactors combine the advantages of continuous operation at high catalyst efficiency, inherent in gas-phase processes, with the advantages of working under mild conditions, inherent in liquid-phase processes. However, considerable attention has to be given to the design of catalysts for use in such reactors. Studies conducted in the Johnson Matthey Research Laboratories have led to substantial improvements over past practice and several processes of potential industrial interest have been developed.
Ruthenium Oxide Glaze Resistors
Authors: Iles G. S. , Casale M. E. A.
Published: February 2024

The rapid development of thick film integrated circuits has created a need for preparations that will provide resistor films on a variety of substrates. In the development of the new range of materials described in this article advantage has been taken of the complex mechanism of conduction through ruthenium dioxide.
Lead-Platinum Bielectrodes for Cathodic Protection
Authors: Shreir L. L.
Published: February 2024

The insertion of small pieces of platinum into the surface of lead or lead alloy anodes causes a remarkablechange in their behaviour as electrodes. Such lead-platinum bielectrodes are inexpensive, robust and easily fabricated and can be used successfully for the cathodic protection of marine structures. In this article the author describes the principles involved and reviews ten years of experience in a variety of applications.
Electron Concentration as a Guide to Alloying Behaviour
Authors: Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

Some unexpected reactions in platinum metal alloys have been successfully-predicted by the Engel-Brewer relationships. Although the basic principles involved are still uncertain, interesting possibilities emerge and several possible applications for the reactions suggested by this theory are proposed.
Interconnections for Thick Film Circuits
Authors: Kerridge F. E. , Iles G. S. , Collier O. N.
Published: February 2024

A complete range of noble metal screen printing inks for thick film circuits has been developed that can be co-fired within the same time-temperature cycle with the object of simplifying and reducing the cost of circuit production. The resistor compositions have been described earlier; this article outlines the development of the conductor inks in the range.
The Production of Ultra-pure Hydrogen
Authors: Stiles D. A. , Wells P. H.
Published: February 2024

The successful development of Johnson Matthey Metals palladium alloy diffusion units for the production of ultra-high purity hydrogen is largely dependent on comprehensive testing of all units before they are released to customers. This article describes the test procedures and the equipment used in testing.
Cobalt-Platinum Permanent Magnets
Authors: Craik D. J.
Published: February 2024

The 50 atomic per cent cobalt platinum alloy continues to hold a special place as an outstanding permanent magnet material and to receive considerable scientific study. It is suggested that much remains to be done before its properties can be fully understood and some reasonable models for study are proposed. Technological development could improve its properties still further and the implications of this with respect to specialised applications are discussed.
The Reduction of Nitric Oxide in Automobile Emissions
Authors: Shelef M. , Gandhi H. S.
Published: February 2024

Catalysts containing ruthenium are used to reduce nitric oxide in automobile exhaust emissions but volatile oxides formed under transient oxidising conditions during operation can severely affect them. However, basic oxides such as alkaline earths or rare earths can stabilise the ruthenium by forming ruthenates, which have little tendency to volatilise. The ruthenates are synthesised either before the catalyst is made or in position on the catalyst support, which may be monolithic or pelleted.
Czochralski Growth of Oxide Single Crystals
Authors: Cockayne B.
Published: February 2024

Iridium is used extensively as a material for crucibles containing oxide melts during single crystal growth because of good chemical compatibility with them in slightly oxidising atmospheres. With care, iridium crucibles can be used in this way for long periods.
The Production of Heavy Water
Authors: Sagert N. H. , Pouteau R. M. L.
Published: February 2024

Catalysts using suitably supported platinum show promise for the commercial production of heavy water. Carbons are potential primary supports for the platinum and metal-support interactions have been observed in this system. These interactions lower the chemical activation energy and increase the rate of reaction under conditions where it seems likely that the support donates electrons to the metal.
The Oxidation of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Chaston J. C.
Published: February 2024

On gentle heating in air or in oxygen all six of the platinum metals develop thin tarnish films, visible or invisible, on their surfaces. On exceeding individual critical temperatures these films disappear, exposing clean metal, the change having the characteristics of a low-energy phase transformation. The mechanisms involved are examined in this survey and their effects on the stability, strength and surface reactivity of the platinum metals and their alloys are discussed.
Sulphate Emissions from Automobile Exhaust
Authors: Cooper B. J. , Shutt E. , Öser P.
Published: February 2024

The installation of platinum group metal catalysts on 1975 model year U.S. automobiles for control of CO/HC emissions has led to concern over the tendency of such catalysts to oxidise SO2 to sulphuric acid aerosol. Examination of sulphate emissions from Johnson Matthey and Volkswagen test vehicles suggests that although there is some tendency to form sulphate, especially under highly oxidising conditions, the levels of sulphate are in general low. Comparison of measured sulphate conversion with thermodynamic equilibrium values shows that only a small fraction of the available exhaust SO2 is converted to sulphate, and that the catalyst’s ability to convert is shortlived. Future moves toward a three-way catalyst capable of simultaneously converting CO/HC and NOx pollutants should eradicate any tendency towards sulphuric acid formation in automobile exhaust.
Il’ya Il’ich Chernyaev’s Research on the Platinum Metals
Authors: Kauffman George B.
Published: February 2024

This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the trans effect, one of the most fundamental principles in the synthetic chemistry of the platinum metals, as well as the tenth anniversary of the death of its discoverer, Il’ya Il’ich Chernyaev, one of the Soviet Union’s most distinguished scientists and the man who was undisputedly this century’s most prolific worker on the coordination chemistry of platinum.
Electrodeposition of Platinum Metals from Molten Cyanides
Authors: Frank David Schlain , McCawley X. , Smith Gerald R.
Published: February 2024

Platinum, palladium and iridium coatings have been electrodeposited on a variety of substrates from molten cyanides and the techniques, which are described in this paper, have also been used to electroform platinum and iridium crucibles. While the platinum and palladium electrolytes were prepared and used in vessels open to the atmosphere the molten iridium cyanide baths were kept under argon.
The Platinum Metals in Quasi One-Dimensional Solids
Authors: Stevens G. C.
Published: February 2024

The platinum metals feature distinctly in a class of highly anisotropic compounds exhibiting one-dimensional properties. An understanding of their molecular structure and their physical and electronic properties permits the synthesis of anisotropic insulators, semiconductors and metals. The possibility of room temperature superconductivity continues to be a focal point of current research.
The Origins of Nobility
Authors: Bond G. C.
Published: February 2024

Last October the 11th Swedish Symposium on Catalysis was held at Lund University on the theme of “Precious Metals as Catalysts, and Possible Alternatives”. In an invited lecture the author explored the origins of the catalytic activity of the platinum group metals and, although dismissing the possibility of complete imitation, speculated on ways in which their electron densities might be slightly but advantageously modified. The following article is a summary of his lecture.
Platinum Bursting Disc Systems
Authors: Barrell J. D.
Published: February 2024

The adequate protection of equipment where over-pressure conditions may occur is imperative, and is becoming the subject of more stringent regulations. The use of bursting discs for this purpose is now well known and they are extensively applied, but it is when conditions are particularly severe that the unique properties of platinum can be relied upon to prevent a disastrous situation arising.
The High Temperature Stress-Rupture Properties of Platinum and Palladium
Authors: Boswell P. G.
Published: February 2024

The industrial applications of platinum and palladium in wrought form derive, in large measure, from the unique ability of these metals to maintain their mechanical properties over long periods in oxidising environments at high temperatures. Published data on the strengths of these metals and their alloys is, however, somewhat confusing and often contradictory. A critical appraisal of the data, including some results from experimental work carried out recently in this laboratory, is presented so that the creep-rupture strengths of high purity platinum and palladium can be specified and discussed in terms of environmental sensitivity and of the role played by impurities.
The Palladium-Hydrogen System
Authors: Lewis F. A.
Published: February 2024

A very substantial amount of additional information has been published concerning hydrides of the platinum group metals over the two decades since the hydrides of palladium and palladium alloys were the subject of an earlier review article in this Journal. In addition to the many articles in the general literature, the subject matter has formed a major part of the programmes of several scientific conferences and of a number of books and monographs appearing over this period. Furthermore, silver-palladium diffusion tubes are incorporated into hydrogen generators built by Johnson Matthey, and utilised for such diverse applications as the hydrogenation of edible oils, manufacture of semiconductors, annealing of stainless steel and the cooling of power station alternators. In view of the considerable interest being shown in both theoretical and technical aspects of these systems this unusually long review is presented, and will be published in parts during the year.
A Platinum Gift to King George III
Authors: Weindling Paul J.
Published: February 2024

In 1805, when malleable platinum was only just becoming available in small quantities, the son of a London cutler and surgical instrument maker who extended his father’s business into the design and manufacture of scientific instruments, made a pair of platinum fruit knives which he asked Sir Joseph Banks, then the President of the Royal Society, to present to King George III and Queen Charlotte.
Electroplating of Palladium for Electrical Contacts
Authors: Raub Ch. J.
Published: February 2024

When palladium is plated from an appropriate electrolyte the deposit possesses similar physical properties to those of hard gold, making it a very suitable electrical contact material. The relative cost of the two metals helps to account for the growing interest in the electrodeposition of palladium and the properties of the deposits, which are discussed here.
The Electrodeposition of Palladium from Chelated Complexes
Authors: Morrissey Ronald J.
Published: February 2024

Recent advances in brightener chemistry have made it possible to electrodeposit microcrack-free, (111) oriented palladium of very high brightness and lustre. This preferred crystallographic orientation results in a major improvement in resistance to wear, still further increasing the attractiveness of palladium as a replacement for electrodeposited gold.
Platinum Group Catalysts for Europe
Authors: Emmel P. G.
Published: February 2024

This article is based upon a paper presented at the Second International Platinum Seminar, organised by Metal Bulletin and Futures World in association with Johnson Matthey and NYMEX, the New York Mercantile Exchange, held in New York on December 14th, 1983.
Hydrogen Diffusion Technology
Authors: Philpott J. E.
Published: February 2024

The technology for extracting pure hydrogen from hydrogen-rich gas mixtures by diffusion is now well established. The success of the process and the demand for the product has led to the formation of Johnson Matthey Equipment, a company devoted to the supply of equipment based upon the properties of the platinum group metals, principally hydrogen purification and generation equipment.
Protecting Gas Turbine Components
Authors: Cocking Janis L. , Johnston Graham R. , Richards Peter G.
Published: February 2024

One of the major maintenance problems for gas turbine engine operators is the degradation of high pressure turbine blades and vanes. The Australian Department of Defence was experiencing unacceptably high rejection rates of these components in one of its high performance engines as a result of severe hot corrosion attack. Accordingly a programme was initiated to find a more durable coating than the conventional aluminide coating supplied for the first-stage blades by the engine manufacturer. The coating chosen for the trial was a platinum-modified aluminide coating. Metallographic examination of both coating systems after 750 hours of service in an operational aircraft clearly established the superiority of the platinum-modified coating. This coating has now been adopted by the Australian Defence Force as the specified coating for first-stage blades in this engine.
Platinum-Based High Temperature Selective Absorber Coatings
Authors: Thornton John A.
Published: February 2024

Magnetron sputtering technology enables large substrate areas to be coated, and is therefore applicable to the production of solar energy receivers. Co-deposited platinum-alumina graded cermet coatings have been investigated and their great thermal stability in air makes them highly suitable for medium temperature collectors.
Platinum Metals Activated Cathodes for the Chloralkali Industry
Authors: Grove D. E.
Published: February 2024

The chloralkali industry is one of the largest single electricity consumers in the world, and electricity costs can account for about sixty per cent of the running costs of a modern plant. This article, which is based in part upon a paper given at the Third London International Chlorine Symposium, organised by the Society of Chemical Industry, the Chlorine Institute and the Royal Society of Chemistry, which was held in London during June, considers the use in membrane cells of noble metal coated cathodes developed by Johnson Matthey and indicates some of the savings that can result. These coated cathodes, which are being evaluated by a number of chloralkali plant manufacturers, appear to act in a catalytic manner to reduce the cathodic hydrogen overpotential and thus the energy consumption.
Platinum and the Greenwich System of Time-Signals in Britain
Authors: Chaldecott John A.
Published: February 2024

The establishment of regular time-signals and their distribution throughout Britain by means of galvanic telegraphy was largely the outcome of collaboration between G. B. Airy and C. V. Walker, with some assistance from the brothers E. and L. Clark. The early history of this development, and the role which platinum occupied in its successful operation, is traced largely from records preserved in the archives of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle.
The Electrodissolution Kinetics of Palladium
Authors: Genescá Joan , Victori Lluis
Published: February 2024

The anodic dissolution of palladium in deoxygenated acidic chloride solutions has been studied and the reaction order determined. A mechanism which is consistent with the empirical rate expression was developed, and is reported.
Some Aspects of Electrocatalysis
Authors: Piersma B. J. , Greatbatch Wilson
Published: February 2024

To increase our understanding of the electrochemical processes involved during cardiac stimulation by implanted pacemakers, alloys were prepared containing electrocatalytically active platinum group metals and either titanium or tantalum which irreversibly form very inactive oxides. Our work has shown that alloys with as little as 5 per cent platinum group metals exhibit electrochemical characteristics which are more similar to the platinum group metals than to the valve metals. Under some of the conditions certain of these alloys appear to be better electro-catalysts than the platinum group metals. Alloying titanium and tantalum with small amounts of platinum group metals also appears to prevent anodic dissolution of oxide-free titanium and tantalum.
Pressure Sensitive Palladium Complex
Authors: Shirotani Ichimin
Published: February 2024

The complex bis(1,2-cyclohexanedionedioximato)palladium(II) has been prepared and its absorption spectra examined. The preliminary results, which are reported here, show that the colours of thin films of this complex are a function of the applied pressure, a property which may find application as an indicator of pressure and pressure distributions up to perhaps seventy thousand atmospheres.
New Dispersion Strengthened Platinum Alloy
Authors: McGrath R. B. , Badcock G. C.
Published: February 2024

Zirconia grain stabilised platinum alloys developed by Johnson Matthey are widely used to contain molten glass. The high temperature strength of these alloys is well in excess of that of similar conventional rhodium-platinum alloys, and zirconia grain stabilised ten per cent rhodium-platinum, the strongest alloy in the range, is used in the most demanding applications where its excellent creep resistance offers prolonged component life. However the present high cost of rhodium, compared with that of platinum, has generated increased interest in alloys with a lower rhodium content suitable for certain applications where the outstanding properties of the ten per cent alloy are not fully utilised. To meet this demand Johnson Matthey have now developed zirconia grain stabilised five per cent rhodium-platinum. This alloy offers a useful range of physical properties for applications where economic considerations are a major factor.
Viacheslav Vasil’evich Lebedinskii
Authors: Kauffman George B.
Published: February 2024

One of the lesser known members of the Chugaev school of inorganic chemists, Lebedinskii devoted more than four decades to the synthesis and analysis of co-ordination compounds of the platinum group metals, particularly those of rhodium, iridium, and platinum. He developed a new industrial method for purifying rhodium, and he carried out studies of the extraction and refining of the platinum metals and their separation from dilute solutions and salts.
Gas Turbine Emission Control
Authors: Cordonna G. W. , Kosanovich M. , Becker E. R.
Published: February 2024

Platinum-rhodium catalysts have proved to be effective in removing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from gas turbine exhaust. A new generation of oxidation catalysts with improved activity and thermal stability has been developed and is now available commercially. The performance of these catalysts in the oxidation of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide is reported.
Macromolecular Platinum Metals Chelates
Authors: Pomogailo A.D. , Uflyand I. E.
Published: February 2024

In this review the advances in and problems associated with the preparation, structure and practical applications of macromolecular platinum metals chelates (MPMC) are presented and assessed. The terminology, classification and nomenclature of MPMC are considered and special attention is paid to their preparation and structural features. Some applications of MPMC are described.
Palladium-Hydrogen System
Authors: Lewis F. A.
Published: February 2024

A wide ranging survey is presented updating information and opinions on the correlations which occur between structural change and hydrogen pressure-hydrogen content-temperature (p-c(n)-T) relationships in the palladium-hydrogen and other related systems. Particular attention is directed to problems of the estimation and definition of the limits of composition over the α ↔ β phase transition region and near to designated critical points.
Rustenburg and Johnson Matthey, An Enduring Relationship
Authors: Todd Bruce J.
Published: February 2024

The background and history of the connection between the world's largest platinum producing group, the South African company Anglo American Platinum Corporation, and the United Kingdom company Johnson Matthey, is explained. The commitment of Amplats to meet the expected growth in demand for the six platinum group metals in the future and the role of Johnson Matthey in marketing these metals, and in contributing towards the development of advanced technological applications for them, will ensure that the needs of the industrial platinum users throughout the world will continue to be satisfied.
Ruthenium Enhanced Titanium Alloys
Authors: Schutz R. W.
Published: February 2024

Several new, more highly corrosion resistant titanium alloys containing a nominal 0.1 weight per cent of ruthenium have been developed and evaluated for industrial service in corrosive environments. These improved ruthenium-enhanced α, α-β and β titanium alloys are lower in cost than the corresponding palladium-containing titanium alloys, and offer essentially the same corrosion performance in dilute reducing acids and hot brine environments. The titanium-0.1 ruthenium binary alloys can be cost effectively substituted for traditional titanium-palladium alloys and should represent a more attractive alternative to nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys in hot, acidic brine applications. The corrosion database that has been established for the higher strength ruthenium-enhanced α-β and β titanium alloys in high temperature sweet and sour brines provides the basis for their selection for applications in the chemical process, oil/gas production, offshore and geothermal energy industries.
The Development of Molecular Wires
Authors: Grosshenny V. , Harriman A. , Hissler M. , Ziessel R.
Published: February 2024

The concluding part of this paper on the use of ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) polypyridyl complexes, as molecular sized terminal subunits that are linked together by polyyne bridges functioning as molecular girders to retain the stereochemical rigidity, deals with the process of electron transfer between the subunits and considers the benefits conferred by the use of polyyne bridges. The ruthenium and osmium complexes have properties which aid the selective promotion of an electron from the metal to the bridging ligand, together with amenable absorption and emission spectral profiles, and facile oxidation-reduction processes. This makes them promising candidates for vectorial electron transfer. Future work to extend the lengths of the linkages, to ensure unidirectional and longrange electron tunnelling, and to anchor the wires to supports is discussed. These are the necessary requirements for the development of molecular wiring made from these materials for future use with molecular-scale electronic devices.
Ruthenium: “A Dance to the Music of Time”
Authors: Seddon K. R.
Published: February 2024

This short review was written to celebrate simultaneously the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of ruthenium by K. K. Klaus, and the bicentenary of his birth. A personal and (necessarily) selective overview of the highlights of the past decade of ruthenium chemistry is presented, and an attempt is made to place these in an historical perspective.
The Discovery of Ruthenium
Authors: Pitchkov V. N.
Published: February 2024

In 1844 Karl Karlovitch Klaus, then an unknown professor at the University of Kazan, reported his discovery of a new platinum metal which he named ruthenium, afer Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia. Besides studying the characteristics of ruthenium, Klaus conducted a wide ranging investigation of rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. Thus, he may be regarded as the creator of the chemistry of the platinum metals, and the one who introduced the concept of the structure of the “double salts and bases” of platinum, which was developed some forty years later by Alfred Werner in his co-ordination theory Klaus also discovered the similarities and differences between elements in the triads: ruthenium-rhodium-palladium and osmium-iridium-platinum, so providing the justification for Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev to include all six platinum metals in Group VIII of the Periodic System. Klaus’s work thus marked an epoch in the investigation of the platinum metals, especially of ruthenium – the last one to be discovered.
Crystallographic Properties of Platinum
Authors: Arblaster J. W.
Published: February 2024

Crystallographic and bulk properties of platinum from absolute zero to the melting point are assessed from a review of the literature covering the period 1901 to date. Selected values of thermal expansion are used to calculate the variation with temperature of length changes, lattice parameters, inter-atomic distances, atomic and molar volumes, and density. The crystallographic properties are based mainly on the precise dilatometric thermal expansion data, including corrections to account for thermal vacancy effects at the highest temperatures. Literature values are compared graphically with the selected values, and an Appendix is included to explain some of the terms used.