bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrogenetic modelling of strongly residual metapelitic xenoliths within the southern Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: JOHNSON T. E. , BROWN M. , WHITE R. W.
Published: February 2010

Xenoliths of quartz‐absent Fe‐rich aluminous metapelite are common within the platinum group element‐rich mafic/ultramafic magmatic rocks of the Platreef. Relative to well‐characterized protoliths, the xenoliths are strongly depleted in K2O and H2O, and have lost a substantial amount of melt (>50 vol.%). Mineral equilibria calculations in the NCKFMASHTO system yield results that are consistent with observations in natural samples. Lower‐grade rocks that lack staurolite constrain peak pressures to ∼2.5 kbar in the southern Platreef. Smaller xenoliths and the margins of larger xenoliths comprise micro‐diatexite rich in coarse acicular corundum and spinel, which record evidence for the metastable persistence of lower‐grade hydrous phases and rapid melting consequent on a temperature overstep of several hundred degrees following their incorporation in the mafic/ultramafic magmas. In the cores of larger xenoliths, temperatures increased more slowly enabling progressive metamorphism by continuous prograde equilibration and the loss of H2O by subsolidus dehydration; the H2O migrated to xenolith margins where it may have promoted increased melting. According to variations in the original compositional layering, layers became aluminosilicate‐ and/or cordierite‐rich, commonly with spinel but only rarely with corundum. The differing mineralogical and microstructural evolution of the xenoliths depends on heating rates (governed by their size and, therefore, proximity to the Platreef magmas) and the pre‐intrusive metamorphic grade of the protoliths. The presence or absence of certain phases, particularly corundum, is strongly influenced by the degree of metastable retention of lower‐grade hydrates in otherwise identical protolith bulk compositions. The preservation of fine‐scale compositional layering that is inferred to be relict bedding in xenolith cores implies that melt loss by compaction was extremely efficient.
Migraine Education Improves Quality of Life in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Smith Timothy R. , Nicholson Robert A. , Banks James W.
Published: February 2010

(Headache 2010;50:600‐612)

Objective.— The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mercy Migraine Management Program (MMMP), an educational program for physicians and patients. The primary outcome was change in headache days from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months. Secondary outcomes were changes in migraine‐related disability and quality of life, worry about headaches, self‐efficacy for managing migraines, emergency room (ER) visits for headache, and satisfaction with headache care.

Background.— Despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine and development of effective therapeutic agents, many practitioners and patients continue to lack the knowledge and skills to effectively manage migraine. Educational efforts have been helpful in improving the quality of care and quality of life for migraine sufferers. However, little work has been performed to evaluate these changes over a longer period of time. Also, there is a paucity of published research evaluating the influence of education about migraine management on cognitive and emotional factors (for example, self‐efficacy for managing headaches, worry about headaches).

Methods.— In this open‐label, prospective study, 284 individuals with migraine (92% female, mean age = 41.6) participated in the MMMP, an educational and skills‐based program. Of the 284 who participated in the program, 228 (80%) provided data about their headache frequency, headache‐related disability (as measured by the Headache Impact Test‐6 (HIT‐6), migraine‐specific quality of life (MSQ), worry about headaches, self‐efficacy for managing headaches, ER visits for headaches, and satisfaction with care at 4 time points over 12 months (baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months).

Results.— Overall, 46% (106) of subjects reported a 50% or greater reduction in headache frequency. Over 12 months, patients reported fewer headaches and improvement on the HIT‐6 and MSQ (all P < .001). The improvement in headache impact and quality of life was greater among those who had more worry about their headaches at baseline. There were also significant improvements in “worry about headaches,”“self‐efficacy for managing headaches,” and “satisfaction with headache care.”

Conclusion.— The findings demonstrate that patients participating in the MMMP reported improvements in their headache frequency as well as the cognitive and emotional aspects of headache management. This program was especially helpful among those with high amounts of worry about their headaches at the beginning of the program. The findings from this study are impetus for further research that will more clearly evaluate the effects of education and skill development on headache characteristics and the emotional and cognitive factors that influence headache.
Porous PZT Ceramics with High Hydrostatic Figure of Merit and Low Acoustic Impedance by TBA‐Based Gel‐Casting Process
Authors: Yang AnKun , Wang Chang‐An , Guo Rui , Huang Yong , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: February 2010

Porous lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics with three‐dimensionally interconnected pores were prepared using a novel tert‐butyl alcohol‐based gel‐casting process, an unconventional technique in acquiring high‐porosity ceramics. In the present work, PZT ceramics with porosity ranging from 31.3% to 58.6% were fabricated by adjusting the initial solid loading and sintering temperature. The fabricated samples were characterized in terms of both porous structure and functional properties to clarify the underlying correlation. With the increase of porosity, relative permittivity (ɛr) decreased to a significantly low value compared with dense PZT ceramics while the longitude piezoelectric coefficient (d33) exhibited a moderate decline, which could be attributed to the unique structure with homogeneous pore distribution. As a result, the resultant samples possessed a high value of hydrostatic figure of merit, >100 times higher than that of dense materials. The acoustic impedance (Z) showed a linear dependence on porosity with the lowest magnitude reaching 3.0 MRayls (106 kg·(m2·s)–1), hopefully leading to enhanced coupling with biological tissue or water.
Primary gastric diffuse large B‐cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): analyses of prognostic factors and value of pretreatment FDG‐PET scan
Authors: Chihara Dai , Oki Yasuhiro , Ine Shouji , Kato Harumi , Onoda Hiroshi , Taji Hirofumi , Kagami Yoshitoyo , Yamamoto Kazuhito , Morishima Yasuo
Published: February 2010

Objectives: We report a single institution experience with gastric diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in an attempt to evaluate the roles of different treatment modalities, to assess the value of pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and to identify potential prognostic factors. Methods: Among 384 patients diagnosed with DLBCL between 1995 and 2008, 75 patients had primary gastric DLBCL and were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The median age was 66. International prognostic index (IPI) risk was low in 52%, low‐intermediate in 23%, high‐intermediate in 9%, and high in 16%. Pretreatment PET scan was highly sensitive in detecting gastric lesions except stage I gastric DLBCL without detectable mass by CT or gastroscopy. As a general rule, patients with limited‐stage disease were treated with three times of CHOP (with or without rituximab) and radiotherapy, and those with advanced‐stage disease were treated with eight cycles of CHOP (with or without rituximab), and radiotherapy was given to residual diseases after chemotherapy. Three‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 78%. Multivariate analysis revealed that low albumin, hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL, and treatment without rituximab were independently associated with shorter OS. Low albumin, hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL,and advanced stage were independently associated with shorter progression‐free survival. Conclusion: We showed the survival benefit of rituximab and potential prognostic value of pretreatment hemoglobin and serum albumin levels in gastric DLBCL.
Organising pneumonia mimicking invasive fungal disease in patients with leukaemia
Authors: Forghieri Fabio , Potenza Leonardo , Morselli Monica , Maccaferri Monica , Pedrazzi Letizia , Barozzi Patrizia , Vallerini Daniela , Riva Giovanni , Zanetti Eleonora , Quadrelli Chiara , Rossi Giulio , Rivasi Francesco , Messino’ Massimino , Rumpianesi Fabio , Grottola Antonella , Venturelli Claudia , Pecorari Monica , Codeluppi Mauro , Torelli Giuseppe , Luppi Mario
Published: February 2010

Clinical charts from 63 consecutive highly immunocompromised haematologic patients presenting with pulmonary nodular lesions on CT scan, classified as either probable or possible invasive fungal disease (IFD) according to the revised EORTC/MSG classification, were retrospectively studied. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues, available for 23 patients, demonstrated proven IFD in 17 cases (14 invasive aspergillosis and 3 invasive zygomycosis), diffuse alveolar damage in one and organising pneumonia (OP) in five cases. In the OP cases, three of which have been defined as probable IFD according to EORTC/MSG classification, extensive immunohistochemical, molecular and immunological analyses for fungi were negative. Our case descriptions extend the notion that OP may be encountered as a distinct histopathological entity in pulmonary nodular lesions in patients with leukaemia with probable/possible IFD.
Borderline intellectual functioning in children and adolescents – insufficiently recognized difficulties
Authors: Fernell Elisabeth , Ek Ulla
Published: February 2010

Aim:  To draw attention to groups of children and adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning, especially with respect to their school‐situation.

Methods:  In one study, population‐based, children with borderline intellectual functioning at age 10 years were followed until they finished compulsory school when their final certificates could be analysed. In a second study parents of 20 individuals in the upper secondary school for pupils with mild mental retardation were interviewed according to the Vineland adaptive scales and school health records were reviewed. In a third study pupils attending an individual programme in upper secondary school were assessed and we report one representative case.

Results:  (1) Pupils with borderline intellectual functioning, assessed in grade 4, received significantly lower grades when finishing the compulsory school. (2) In the group of pupils in the upper secondary school for the mildly mentally retarded, compiled data indicated that a considerable number did not fulfil the combined IQ and adaptive criteria for mild mental retardation. (3) The subtle nature of borderline intellectual functioning may delay appropriate measures at school, which our case illustrates.

Conclusion:  Borderline intellectual functioning seldom attracts attention. Our studies indicate that school and also society at large must be prepared to adapt educational and working conditions for the large minority of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning.
Peripheral neuropathy following nitrous oxide abuse
Authors: Richardson Philip G
Published: February 2010

Undifferentiated neurological presentations are not uncommon to the ED. Vitamin B (12) deficiency can lead to progressive demyelination and axonal lesions on the peripheral nerves and cervicothoracic spinal cord causing a peripheral neuropathy. Nitrous oxide is a common adjuvant to anaesthesia in the ED but it not often thought of as a drug of abuse. A case is reported of prolonged and intensive nitrous oxide abuse that resulted in the development of a peripheral neuropathy.
Does the standard intravenous solution of fentanyl (50 µg/mL) administered intranasally have analgesic efficacy?
Authors: Crellin Dianne , Ling Rong Xiu , Babl Franz E
Published: February 2010

Background:  Intranasal (IN) fentanyl provides rapid and powerful non‐parenteral analgesia in the ED. A concentrated solution of fentanyl (300 µg/mL) has been used in prior trials, yet many ED use the standard solution at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which is widely available and of low cost. We set out to determine if this lower concentration of fentanyl is also efficacious.

Methods:  Prospective audit in children aged 5–18 years presenting with upper limb injuries. Patients received IN fentanyl (50 µg/mL) at 1.5 µg/kg. Patient assessed pain scores were collected 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following IN fentanyl administration using a visual analogue scale or Bieri Faces – Revised scale. Parental scores were used if patients were unable to provide a score.

Results:  Of the 59 eligible patients, 36 were enrolled; median age was 6.8 years (range 5–15 years), and 89% (32/36) ultimately required fracture reduction. Median first dose of IN fentanyl was 1.4 µg/kg. Median pain scores dropped from 7 (interquartile range 5–10) pre‐fentanyl to 5 (interquartile range 4–8) at 5 min and 2 (interquartile range 1–4) at 30 and 60 min. A total of 21 (58%) children did not require further analgesia in the ED. There were no adverse events.

Conclusions:  Standard i.v. concentration IN fentanyl (50 µg/mL) appears to have analgesic efficacy in children with upper limb injuries.
Market Impacts of Technological Change in Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Prasada Pahan , Bredahl Maury E. , Wigle Randall
Published: February 2010

Market impacts of technological change in Canadian agriculture are measured within a computable general equilibrium framework using 2001 input‐output data with agriculture disaggregated to six sectors and 13 commodities. Technological change is modeled as productivity rises in the use of intermediate inputs and of primary factors. Impacts on output, intermediate use of output, foreign trade, final consumption, returns to primary factors, and relative prices are calculated for primary agricultural commodities and processed food products. Impacts are summarized as three general outcomes. First, supply managed sectors adjust to technological change differently than other agricultural sectors. In the former, quota rents increase while in the latter, outputs, exports, and final consumption increase along with declines of relative supply prices. Second, large relative price declines for other commodities lead to consumer gains. Third, producer gains increase when the international competitiveness of agriculture increases. Finally, we compare the differential impact of technological change with and without supply management.

L'impact que le changement technologique au sein de l’agriculture canadienne a sur le marché est évaluéà l’aide d’un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (EGC) qui utilise des données entrées‐sorties de 2001 pour six secteurs agricoles et treize produits de base. Le changement technologique est modélisé en termes de hausses de productivité dans l’utilisation d’intrants intermédiaires et primaires. L'impact sur les extrants, l’utilisation intermédiaire d’extrants, le commerce extérieur, la consommation finale, les rendements des intrants primaires et les prix relatifs sont calculés pour les principaux produits de base agricoles et produits alimentaires transformés. L'impact est classé en trois catégories de résultats. Premièrement, les secteurs soumis à la gestion de l’offre s’adaptent différemment des autres secteurs au changement technologique. Dans le premier cas, les rentes de contingentement augmentent tandis que dans le second, les extrants, les exportations et la consommation finale augmentent et les prix relatifs de l’offre diminuent. Deuxièmement, les chutes importantes du prix relatif d’autres produits de base entraînent des avantages pour le consommateur. Troisièmement, les gains du producteur augmentent lorsque la compétitivité de l’agriculture sur la scène internationale augmente. Finalement, nous avons comparé l’impact différentiel du changement technologique dans les secteurs soumis et non soumis à la gestion de l’offre.
AgriStability with Catastrophic Price Risk for Cow‐Calf Producers
Authors: Schaufele Brandon , Unterschultz James R. , Nilsson Tomas
Published: February 2010

AgriStability is the primary Canadian agricultural risk management program. Recent experience with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the cattle sector demonstrated that output prices are susceptible to both “normal” risk and sudden, “catastrophic” declines. This paper evaluates the AgriStability program for cow‐calf producers when there is potential for catastrophic price risk. A simulation model is developed. Under a base case scenario, when there is no catastrophic price risk, AgriStability behaves more like an income support program than a risk management tool. Risk‐neutral producers see a 12.1% increase in certainty equivalent wealth compared to 12.5% for moderately risk‐averse producers. Introducing catastrophic price risk increases risk‐averse producers’ expected benefits to 21.8%. Actuarially fair program premiums and implied subsidies are also estimated. These results demonstrate that AgriStability is highly subsidized. Finally, benefits from supplementary catastrophic revenue insurance are calculated and discussed, along with several additional structural features of the program.

Agri‐stabilité constitue le principal programme canadien de gestion des risques en agriculture. L'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine qui a frappé le secteur de l’élevage bovin a démontré que les prix des extrants sont exposés à des risques « normaux » et à des chutes soudaines et « catastrophiques ». Le présent article évalue le programme Agri‐stabilité dans le cas des producteurs vache‐veau (veaux d’embouche) lorsqu’un potentiel de risque de prix catastrophique existe. Nous avons élaboré un modèle de simulation. Dans le cadre d’un scénario de référence, lorsqu’il n’existe pas de risque de prix catastrophique, le programme Agri‐stabilité ressemble davantage à un programme de soutien du revenu qu’à un outil de gestion des risques. Dans le cas des producteurs indifférents aux risques, l’équivalent certain de la richesse aléatoire est supérieur de 12,1 % comparativement à 12,5 % dans le cas des producteurs modérément risquophobes. L'introduction de risque de prix catastrophique augmente les bénéfices espérés des producteurs risquophobes de 21,8 %. Nous avons également estimé ce que représentent les indemnités actuariellement justes ainsi que les subventions implicites. Les résultats ont montré que le programme Agri‐stabilité est très subventionné. Finalement, nous avons examiné et calculé les indemnités tirées d’une assurance‐revenu supplémentaire en cas de risque catastrophique et nous avons aussi analysé plusieurs autres caractéristiques structurelles du programme.
Consumer Choice and Health: The Importance of Health Attributes for Retail Meat Demand in Canada
Authors: Anders Sven , Mőser Anke
Published: February 2010

Fat content is an attribute of major concern to health conscious consumers and of growing importance in the discussion of nutrition‐related diseases in Canada. This paper combines multinomial logit and Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) analysis to investigate Canadian consumers’ preferences and retail demand for ground meat products differentiated by fat content. We apply Nielsen household and retail‐level scanner data. Evidence from multinomial logit supports the hypothesis of strong habits in household's point‐of‐sale product choices, driven by sociodemographic characteristics and regional cultural customs. Estimates of own and cross price elasticities from the AIDS model reveal that preferences for health triumph over taste. We find that perceived healthier “extra lean” ground meats have evolved into a staple in the Canadian diet. Our results are a starting point for a more in‐depth understanding of consumer behavior toward healthy food choices. This information is essential for more targeted health and nutrition policy aimed at the promotion of healthful meat choices in Canadian grocery retailing.

La teneur en matière grasse est un attribut qui préoccupe les consommateurs soucieux de leur santé et un sujet qui est de plus en plus présent dans le débat sur les maladies liées à la nutrition au Canada. Le présent article combine une analyse logit multinomiale et l’analyse d’un système de demande AIDS pour étudier les préférences des consommateurs canadiens et la demande du marché de détail en produits de viande hachée différenciés par la teneur en matière grasse. Nous avons utilisé les données de Nielsen portant sur les habitudes de consommation des ménages et scannées dans les commerces de détail. Les résultats de l’analyse logit multinomiale appuient l’hypothèse selon laquelle les habitudes des ménages quant au choix de produits dans les points de vente sont bien ancrées et sont motivées par des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et des pratiques culturelles régionales. Les estimations des élasticités‐prix et des élasticités‐prix croisées effectuées à partir du modèle AIDS ont révélé que l’aspect « santé» des aliments l’emportait sur l’aspect « goût ». Nous avons observé que les viandes hachées très maigres perçues comme étant meilleures pour la santé sont devenues une denrée de consommation courante du régime alimentaire de la population canadienne. Nos résultats constituent un point de départ pour une étude plus approfondie sur le comportement des consommateurs concernant des choix alimentaires sains. Cette information est essentielle à l’élaboration d’une politique sur la nutrition et la santé plus ciblée visant à promouvoir des choix de viande sains dans le commerce de détail canadien.
The Effectiveness of Arsenic Remediation from Groundwater in a Private Home
Authors: Pratson Elizabeth , Vengosh Avner , Dwyer Gary , Pratson Lincoln , Klein Emily
Published: February 2010

Private wells are the source of drinking water for approximately 15% of households in the United States, but these wells are not regulated or monitored by government agencies. The well waters can contain arsenic, a known carcinogen that occurs in groundwater throughout the nation at concentrations that can exceed the Maximum Contaminant Level defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (10 ppb). In order to reduce arsenic exposure, homeowners can either rely on bottled water for drinking or install in‐house water treatment systems for arsenic removal. Here, we document the arsenic levels associated with these options. We examined 24 different major bottled water brands and found that all have arsenic levels <1.5 parts per billion (ppb), and more than half have levels below our measurement detection limit of 0.005 ppb. For in‐house treatment systems, we examined the performance of arsenic removal by point‐of‐use reverse osmosis filtration, and by whole‐house and point‐of‐use filters containing granulated ferric oxide. Our results show that long‐term (2 years) filtration with granulated ferric oxide reduced arsenic in well water from an initial concentration of 4 to 9 ppb down to <0.005 ppb, validating this technology as an effective form of arsenic remediation for private homes.
The Effect of Milk Processing on the Microstructure of the Milk Fat Globule and Rennet Induced Gel Observed Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Ong L. , Dagastine R.R. , Kentish S.E. , Gras S.L.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT:  Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was successfully used to observe the effect of milk processing on the size and the morphology of the milk fat globule in raw milk, raw ultrafiltered milk, and standardized and pasteurized milk prepared for cheese manufacture (cheese‐milk) and commercial pasteurized and homogenized milk. Fat globule size distributions for the milk preparations were analyzed using both image analysis and light scattering and both measurements produced similar data trends. Changes to the native milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were tracked using a MFGM specific fluorescent stain that allowed MFGM proteins and adsorbed proteins to be differentiated on the fat globule surface. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the identity of native MFGM proteins isolated from the surface of fat globules within raw, UF retentate, and cheese‐milk preparations, whereas only casein was detected on the surface of fat globules in homogenized milk. The microstructure, porosity, and gel strength of the rennet induced gel made from raw milk and cheese‐milk was also found to be comparable and significantly different to that made from homogenized milk. Our results highlight the potential use of CLSM as a tool to observe the structural details of the fat globule and associated membrane close to its native environment.
Bioavailability of a Heme‐Iron Concentrate Product Added to Chocolate Biscuit Filling in Adolescent Girls Living in a Rural Area of Mexico
Authors: González‐Rosendo Guillermina , Polo Javier , Rodríguez‐Jerez José Juan , Puga‐Díaz Rubén , Reyes‐Navarrete Eduardo G. , Quintero‐Gutiérrez Adrián G.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT:  A heme‐iron concentrate product derived from swine hemoglobin was used to enrich the chocolate‐flavored filling of biscuits and the bioavailability of this source of heme‐iron was assessed in adolescent girls. The placebo control (PC) group consisted of 35 teenagers with the highest baseline hemoglobin concentrations. The supplemented groups were randomized to receive biscuits fortified with iron sulfate (IS, n = 37) or heme‐iron concentrate (HIC, n = 40). Both groups were supplemented with 10.3 mg Fe/d for 7 wk. Blood chemistry and hematology analyses were performed at baseline and at the end of the study. The baseline prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12g/dl) in the entire group was 3.9% and by the end of the study it had fallen to 2.3%. The hemoglobin levels in both supplemented groups increased (P < 0.05) during the study period from 13.6 and 13.5 g/dl for HIC and IS, respectively, at baseline to 14 g/dl at the end of the study. Serum ferritin concentrations decreased by the end of the study in both the PC and IS groups (P < 0.05), but not in the heme group. In conclusion, iron bioavailability from HIC‐fortified biscuits was calculated to be 23.7% higher than that observed for IS, as shown by the differences observed in serum ferritin levels during the study. The iron contained in the heme‐iron concentrate was well absorbed and tolerated by the adolescents included in the study.
Enhancing the Biotransformation of Isoflavones in Soymilk Supplemented with Lactose Using Probiotic Bacteria during Extended Fermentation
Authors: Ding W.K. , Shah N.P.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT:  Soymilk (SM) lacks lactose; hence supplementation of SM with lactose is likely to enhance the growth of probiotic bacteria and biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides to isoflavone aglycones. In this study, 11 strains of probiotic bacteria including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. salivarius, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, HOWARU L. rhamnosus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium lactis type Bi‐07, B. longum, HOWARU B. bifidum, and B lactis type Bi‐04 were inoculated individually or as mixed cultures into SM and soymilk supplemented with lactose (SML). A total of 2% of lactose was added to 1 L of SM with the aim of improving the growth of probiotic organisms and promoting the biotransformation of isoflavone isomers to bioactive isoflavone aglycomes. Samples of SM were incubated at 37 °C and 10 mL aliquots of SM were taken at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h to monitor the growth of probiotic bacteria and changes in isoflavone contents using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results indicated that SML fermented with probiotics had higher viable counts by >2.4 log CFU/mL than that in SM at the end of the 72 h fermentation period. Mixed cultures grew at different rates and in general Lactobacilius spp. had >1.02 log CFU/mL more cells than Bifidobacterium spp. at the end of the fermentation period. The total aglycone content in SM at 72 h of fermentation was 0.924 mg/100 mL, whereas that in SML was 1.623 mg/100 mL. Addition of lactose not only improved the growth of probiotic bacteria in SM but also enhanced the biotransformation of isoflavone glucosides to the more bioactive isoflavone aglycones. Mixed cultures did not improve the biotransformation of bioactive isoflavones when compared to single cultures.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Are 10 min of seating enough to guarantee stable haemoglobin and haematocrit readings for the athlete’s biological passport?
Authors: AHLGRIM C. , POTTGIESSER T. , ROBINSON N. , SOTTAS P. E. , RUECKER G. , SCHUMACHER Y. O.
Published: February 2010

Haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) are measured as indirect markers of doping in athletes. We studied the effect of posture on these parameters in a typical antidoping setting. Venous blood samples were obtained from nine endurance athletes (six males, three females) and nine control subjects (six males, three females) immediately and after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min after having adopted a seated position from normal daily activity. Hb (CV 0.72%) and Hct (CV 0.87%) were determined using an automated cell counter, plasma volume changes were calculated. Differences between the time points, gender and groups were calculated using a mixed‐model procedure. Significant changes were observed in the first 10 min after sitting down but no further changes were noted between 10 and 30 min. Mean directional change for Hb and Hct between 0 min and the average of the period from 10 to 30 min was −2.4% (−0.35 g/dl) for Hb and −2.7% (−1.2%) for Hct. Plasma volume increased accordingly. Neither group nor gender had significant effects. Under typical conditions encountered during blood testing in doping control, a period of 10 min in a seated position is sufficient for the vascular volumes to re‐equilibrate and to adapt to the new posture.
Living with head and neck cancer: a profile of captivity
Authors: Björklund Margereth , Sarvimäki Anneli , Berg Agneta
Published: February 2010

björklund m, sarvimäki a & berg a (2010) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 22–31 Living with head and neck cancer: a profile of captivity

Aim.  To illuminate what it means to live with head and neck cancer.

Background.  Patients could experience head and neck cancer as more emotionally traumatic than other cancers because of visible disfigurement and its life‐threatening impact on vital functions. This long‐term illness often leads to lifestyle changes such as to physical function, work and everyday tasks, interpersonal relationships and social functioning.

Design.  This study used a qualitative and explorative longitudinal and prospective design with semi‐structured interviews and open‐ended questions. Twenty‐one interviews were conducted with six participants with newly diagnosed or newly recurrent head and neck cancer. The analysis was descriptive and interpretive.

Findings.  The participants were living ‘in captivity’ in the sense that their symptoms were constant reminders of the disease. Our findings also revealed existential loneliness and spiritual growth, as interpreted within six themes: altered sense of affiliation; hostage of health care; locked up in a broken body, but with a free spirit; confined in a rogue body, forced dependency on others, and caught up in a permanent illness trajectory.

Conclusions.  Living with head and neck cancer involves emotional and existential vulnerability. The participants and their next of kin experienced insufficient support from health services and inadequate coordination between phases of their lengthy illness trajectory. These findings call for changes in oncological rehabilitation and management. Patient care must take a holistic view of everyone involved, centring on the individual and the promotion of health. A care coordinator could navigate between the individual patient needs and appropriate health services, hopefully with results that lessen the individual’s emotional and existential confinement.
How nurse prescribing is being used in diabetes services: views of nurses and team members
Authors: Carey Nicola , Stenner Karen , Courtenay Molly
Published: February 2010

carey n, stenner k & courtenay m (2010)
 Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 13–21 How nurse prescribing is being used in diabetes services: views of nurses and team members

Aim.  To explore the views of nurses, doctors, non‐nurse prescribers and administrative staff on how nurse prescribing is being used in diabetes services.

Background.  Nurse‐led services enhance care and improve outcomes for patients with diabetes. Research indicates that care delivered by nurse prescribers can improve efficiency and support new ways of working. There is no evidence reported that explores nurses and team member views on how nurse prescribing is being used in diabetes services.

Method.  A collective case study of nine practice settings across England in which nurses prescribed medicines for patients with diabetes. A thematic analysis of semi‐structured interview data collected during 2007 and 2008. Participants were qualified nurse prescribers, administrative staff, doctors and non‐prescribing nurses.

Findings.  Nurse prescribing was reported to enhance and support a variety of models of diabetes care. It enabled nurses to work more independently and provide a more streamlined service. Maintaining a team approach ensured that nurses continued to learn and maintained good relationships with doctors.

Conclusion.  Nurse prescribing is being successfully used to support and develop more streamlined services for patients with diabetes. Individual and organisational factors, as well as the interpretation of policy initiatives are reported to influence how prescribing is used in practice. Understanding the implications of these forces is important if the full potential of this new and developing role is to be realised.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses have an important role to play in the medicines management of patients with diabetes. Nurse prescribing supports and enhances established diabetes services. Prescribing allows nurses to develop diabetes services around the needs of the individual and introduce new ways of working such as the single review process.
Health‐related quality of life and symptom classification in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Smith Graeme D , Steinke Doug T , Penny Kay I , Kinnear Moira , Penman Ian D
Published: February 2010

smith gd, steinke dt, penny ki, kinnear m & penman id (2010)
 Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 4–12 Health‐ related quality of life and symptom classification in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Background.  Previous research has established that health‐related quality of life can be adversely affected by irritable bowel syndrome IBS. Irritable bowel syndrome has been classified to subgroups by predominant bowel symptom: constipation, diarrhoea or alternating between the two. Little is presently known about the specific impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health‐related quality of life within disease sub‐groups across time.

Aims.  To examine the health‐related quality of life in a cohort of individuals with irritable bowel syndrome to explore the association between quality of life and disease subtype classification.

Setting.  The general population of the UK.

Design.  Longitudinal cohort survey was conducted.

Methods.  Individuals with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome were recruited via a UK‐wide newspaper advertisement. The health‐related quality of life was measured using a battery of validated questionnaires.

Results.  Data on 494 participants with a Rome II confirmed diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome were examined. Measurement of generic health‐related quality of life revealed lower median scores (poorer quality of life) in anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort domains of health.

Conclusion.  Health‐related quality of life is impaired in community based individuals with IBS. Patients appear to fluctuate between sub‐groups when irritable bowel syndrome is classified across time. This study suggests that the impact of irritable bowel syndrome may be greatly underestimated.

Relevance for clinical practice.  The use of sub‐group classification and understanding of predictive factors may allow for a more flexible and efficient approach to healthcare assessment and patient care for people with irritable bowel syndrome.
Meeting the needs of people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of patient‐reported experience
Authors: Brand Caroline , Claydon‐Platt Kate , McColl Geoffrey , Bucknall Tracey
Published: February 2010

brand c, claydon‐platt k, mccoll g & bucknall t (2010)
 Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 75–83 Meeting the needs of people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of patient‐reported experience

Aim.  The primary aim of the study was to explore perceived needs, and adequacy of the current model of care for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who live in Victoria, Australia.

Background.  Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic often disabling form of inflammatory arthritis that affects approximately 1% of the population. The condition preferentially affects women with onset most common between the ages of 39–50 years, but an important subgroup has onset in later years. Management of RA involves treatment from a range of healthcare providers over many years as well as self‐management by the person affected. Yet, there is limited information available about the needs of people with RA to guide service development for this chronic condition at different stages of life.

Method.  In a qualitative exploratory study, a trained facilitator used semi‐structured questions in taped interviews to explore; the impact of RA diagnosis, experience with healthcare providers and services, barriers to better care, and ways in which services could be improved. The research was conducted between May 2005–January 2006.

Conclusions.  There were 45 participants (9 male, 36 female) with a mean age at disease onset of 44 years (SD 15·4). The main themes in relation with perceived needs were emotional response, empowerment and support. Whilst participant responses could be separated and grouped within these themes, there is interdependence in the way in which service delivery currently influences perceived needs and could be improved.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition in which many of the issues faced are similar to those faced by people with other chronic conditions. However, this condition also presents different issues due to its impact on younger women and the necessary focus on specialist management. These factors need to be carefully considered in designing new models of care for RA.
The experience of parenting children with chronic health conditions: a new reality
Authors: Kepreotes Elizabeth , Keatinge Diana , Stone Teresa
Published: February 2010

kepreotes e, Keatinge D & Stone T (2010)
 Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness2, 51–62 The experience of parenting children with chronic health conditions: a new reality

Aim.  This study was undertaken to synthesise recent qualitative literature in the years 2000 to 2009, exploring the phenomenon of parents’ experiences of parenting a child with one or more chronic health conditions.

Background.  The experience of parenting children with chronic health conditions has been predominantly studied by examining the effects of specific illnesses such as sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. While the chronic conditions may differ, the parents of children with any chronic illness appear to experience similar phenomena as they care for and parent their affected children.

Method.  Metasynthesis is an exacting process of analysis of focused qualitative research results aimed at advancing knowledge and concept development through the synthesis and summation of themes and concepts extracted from the included studies.

Results.  The parents of children with a wide range of chronic conditions described similar experiences in the reviewed qualitative studies. The key findings of this metasynthesis were major themes describing grief, particularly relating to the diagnosis, and as an ongoing chronic state; a lack of information; and the inadequacy of some relationships with professionals.

Conclusion.  This metasynthesis provides an enhanced empirical understanding of the experiences of people who parent and care for children with chronic health conditions as described by the reviewed literature. While it is apparent that many of these experiences are perceived as negative and undesirable, parents are also noted to describe positive experiences which enhance their lives and give them meaning.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This metasynthesis provides healthcare professionals with information pertaining to the lived experiences of the parents of children with chronic health conditions. It highlights areas requiring special attention such as communication, support, and understanding, and challenges the concepts of family‐centred care and true partnership between the child, parents and professionals.
On the combinatorial classification of toric log del Pezzo surfaces
Authors: Kasprzyk Alexander M. , Kreuzer Maximilian , Nill Benjamin
Published: February 2010

Toric log del Pezzo surfaces correspond to convex lattice polygons containing the origin in their interior and having only primitive vertices. Upper bounds on the volume and on the number of boundary lattice points of these polygons are derived in terms of the index ℓ. Techniques for classifying these polygons are also described: a direct classification for index two is given, and a classification for all ℓ≤16 is obtained.
Non-variational computation of the eigenstates of Dirac operators with radially symmetric potentials
Authors: Boulton Lyonell , Boussaid Nabile
Published: February 2010

We discuss a novel strategy for computing the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the relativistic Dirac operator with a radially symmetric potential. The virtues of this strategy lie in the fact that it avoids completely the phenomenon of spectral pollution and it always provides two-sided estimates for the eigenvalues with explicit error bounds on both eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We also discuss convergence rates of the method and illustrate our results with various numerical experiments.
Physics Based Control Oriented Model for HCCI Combustion Timing
Authors: Shahbakhti Mahdi , Koch Charles Robert
Published: February 2010

Incorporating homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) into combustion engines for better fuel economy and lower emission requires understanding the dynamics influencing the combustion timing in HCCI engines. A control oriented model to dynamically predict cycle-to-cycle combustion timing of a HCCI engine is developed. The model is designed to work with parameters that are easy to measure and to have low computation time with sufficient accuracy for control applications. The model is a full-cycle model and consists of a residual gas model, a modified knock integral model, fuel burn rate model, and thermodynamic models. In addition, semi-empirical correlations are used to predict the gas exchange process, generated work and completeness of combustion. The developed model incorporates the thermal coupling dynamics caused by the residual gases from one cycle to the next cycle. The model is parameterized by over 5700 simulations from a detailed thermokinetic model and experimental data obtained from a single-cylinder engine. Cross-validation of the model with both steady-state and transient HCCI experiments for four different primary reference fuel blends is detailed. With seven model inputs, the combustion timing of over 150 different HCCI points is predicted to within an average error of less than 1.5 deg of crank angle. A narrow window of combustion timing is found to provide stable and efficient HCCI operation.
Optimum Discrete Location of Shape Memory Alloy Wire for Enhanced Actuation of a Compliant Link
Authors: Banerjee A. , Bhattacharya B. , Mallik A. K.
Published: February 2010

For discrete actuation with shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, the actuation moment can be controlled by changing the amount of wire offset. Increasing offset not only enhances the actuating moment, but also demands larger displacement capability of the actuator. In this paper, large deflection of a cantilever beam actuated by a SMA wire has been investigated. Both the theoretical and experimental results reveal the existence of an optimum offset maximizing the end deflection. The optimum offset depends on the flexural stiffness of the beam, SMA wire properties, and the input actuation level.
On the Transient of Pressure Waves in Ducts for Systems Operating in Industrial Automation
Authors: Messina Arcangelo , Rollo Giosué
Published: February 2010

Within the frame of industrial automation, the mechanical power related to pneumatic actuator systems involves air flows along with mechanical component, such as valves, connecting tubes, cylinder chambers and possible linkages in order to finally actuate a specific objective. Gas dynamic of the air flowing into connecting ducts plays a fundamental role in the description of the global dynamic phenomena of these systems. Several studies deal with the dynamics of such pneumatic systems but through streamlined analysis where the influence of pressure-waves propagating in ducts is neglected or poorly described. The related models are even more complex when finite volumes are placed at the ends of connecting lines. In this paper, two different mathematical models describing transient pressure-waves propagating through lines closed by finite volumes are presented. The investigation regards pressure and velocity ranges normally operating in industrial pneumatic systems. Besides the value of new system modeling of different complexity, these models are compared from an analytical and numerical point of view; advantages, disadvantages, weakness, abilities, and inabilities are highlighted and, finally, the relevant analysis is corroborated through experimental validations of wave propagating pressure at fixed positions of ducts. This study results both in the presentation of models of practical interest, as well as in an attempt to provide an elucidation on the need to resort to an accurate model rather than a streamlined one with respect to the geometric and/or operative characteristics of industrial pneumatic systems.
Stabilization of Unstable Fixed Points of Fractional-Order Systems by Fractional-Order Linear Controllers and Its Applications in Suppression of Chaotic Oscillations
Authors: Tavazoei Mohammad Saleh , Haeri Mohammad
Published: February 2010

In this paper, two fractional-order linear controllers are proposed to stabilize unstable equilibrium points of a chaotic fractional-order system. The first controller is based on the dynamic output feedback control idea and requires detectability of the linearized model of the fractional-order system on the equilibrium point. The second controller is a dynamic state feedback controller and requires observability of the linearized model. In both considered cases, the stabilizability of the model is assumed. The number of inner states in the second controller is one and therefore its structure is much simpler than the first controller. To illustrate the applicability, these controllers are applied to control chaos in the fractional-order Chen system. Numerical simulations results are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers.