bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hurricane surge and inundation in the Bahamas, part 1: Storm surge model
Authors: Grey Stephen , Turnbull Michael , Simmons Jeffrey
Published: September 2024

A storm surge model has been developed as part of a pilot study for The Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The hydrodynamic model, TELEMAC‐2D, is used to simulate the response of water level to tide and the wind and atmospheric pressure fields of hurricanes and subsequent inundation over land. The model is used by The Bahamas Department of Meteorology to forecast storm surge and flooding over the islands of Grand Bahama and Eleuthera for incoming hurricanes to assist in preparation for and management of hurricane surge events and has been used in a flood risk assessment, reported in a companion paper. The model has been optimised to run quickly while also resolving the bathymetry and topography that affect the development and propagation of storm surge. Wind fields are generated within TELEMAC‐2D based on hurricane warning bulletins. The model has been validated for its representation of water level and against tide gauge measurements during four historical hurricanes: Irene, Sandy, Matthew and Dorian. Factors contributing to uncertainty in forecast predictions are discussed and recommendations are provided to improve the performance in future. The pilot study provides a template for future expansion to cover the other inhabited islands of The Bahamas.
Hurricane surge and inundation in the Bahamas, part 2: Flood risk assessment
Authors: Grey Stephen , Liu Ye , Simmons Jeffrey
Published: September 2024

A hurricane surge and inundation risk assessment has been carried out for Grand Bahama and Eleuthera in The Bahamas. 10,000 years of synthetic hurricane tracks were generated based on a statistical analysis of historical hurricanes from 1979 to 2020 inclusive. The surge and inundation were modelled using a hydrodynamic TELEMAC‐2D model covering sea around The Bahamas and the land of the two islands. Predictions of flood extents and depths were mapped for return periods of up to 1000 years for present day conditions and three climate change scenarios to 2100. The flooding experienced over Grand Bahama during Hurricane Dorian in 2019, was estimated to have a return period of up to approximately 450 years. Under the climate change scenarios the likelihood of flooding similar to Hurricane Dorian was estimated to be approximately 1.7 times more likely in 2050 and up to 3.4 times as likely in 2100 under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario. The storm surge maps can be used by the Bahamas Department of Meteorology and other government agencies for emergency management, planning of infrastructure and building resilience in response to climate change.
Interplay among IL1R1, gut microbiota, and bile acids in metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease: a comprehensive review
Authors: Ku Jie‐Lun , Hsu Jia‐Rou , Li Yung‐Tsung , Wu Li‐Ling
Published: September 2024

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by hepatic steatosis associated with metabolic abnormalities. Recent research has shed light on the intricate interplay among interleukin‐1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), gut microbiota, and bile acids in the pathogenesis of MASLD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the role of IL1R1, gut microbiota, and bile acids in MASLD, exploring their interrelationships and potential mechanisms. We summarize the evidence supporting the involvement of IL1R1 in inflammation, discuss the influence of gut microbiota on bile acid metabolism and its influence on liver health, and elucidate the bidirectional interactions among IL1R1 signaling, gut microbiota composition, and bile acid homeostasis in MASLD. Furthermore, we highlight emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these interrelated pathways for the management of MASLD.
Co‐Infection of Bertiella studeri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Captive Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Min Fangui , Huang Shuwu , Wu Ruike , Zhang Lan , Wang Jing
Published: September 2024

Bertiella studeri, a typical intestinal cestode of nonhuman primates, accidentally infects human beings. However, B. studeri infection in monkeys has been rarely reported in recent years. A case of B. studeri infection was identified in one captive rhesus macaque with natural infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study contributes to alerting the public of this helmintic zoonosis, though its infection rate is quite lower in recent years.
Assessing the stability of responding of male mice in the touchscreen 5 choice serial reaction time task: Focus on premature responding
Authors: Rahbarnia Arya , Abela Andrew R. , Fletcher Paul J.
Published: September 2024

The five‐choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) is a test of attention that provides a well‐validated ancillary measure of impulsive action, measured by premature responses. The task has been adapted for mice in touchscreen operant boxes, which is thought to offer improved test–retest reliability. Few studies have assessed the long‐term stability of performance, including premature responding in this version of the task. We used the touchscreen 5CSRTT to conduct longitudinal testing of stability of premature responding following repeated behavioral and pharmacological manipulations. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained on a baseline version of the 5CSRTT. They were then tested on versions of the task in which the stimulus duration was reduced, and inter‐trial intervals were elongated or varied within‐session. Premature responding was subsequently tested following administration of pharmacological agents known to bi‐directionally affect attention and impulsive action—cocaine, atomoxetine, and yohimbine. Mice were lastly re‐tested 6 months later using the 5CSRTT with elongated inter‐trial intervals. A reduced stimulus duration impacted attention, with reduced accuracy and increased omissions, but had no effect on premature responding. Both elongating and varying the inter‐trial interval within‐session increased premature responses. Mice showed similar and stable levels of increased premature responding 6 months later. Cocaine increased premature responding, though less than previously reported in rats. Atomoxetine reduced premature responding. Yohimbine had no effect on premature responding in the baseline task but decreased premature responding when tested using an elongated inter‐trial interval. Overall, these results highlight that the touch screen adaptation of the 5CSRTT is an effective method for longitudinal testing of attention and impulsive action and remains sensitive to performance changes arising from repeated pharmacological and behavioral challenges.

image
Hearing abilities of a late‐surviving archaeocete (Cetacea: Kekenodontidae), and implications for the evolution of sound in Neoceti
Authors: Corrie Joshua , Park Travis
Published: September 2024

Kekenodontids are the only known archaeocetes (stem cetaceans) from the late Oligocene. They possess a unique combination of morphological features seen in both more primitive Eocene basilosaurid archaeocetes and more derived Neoceti (mysticetes and odontocetes). However, much remains unknown about the clade, including its acoustic biology. Based on its phylogenetic position crownward to basilosaurids as the latest‐diverging archaeocete, we hypothesize that kekenodontids would be specialized for hearing low‐frequency sounds. Here, we provide the first report on the cochlear anatomy of a kekenodontid using the holotype of Kekenodon onamata from New Zealand. We compare the cochlear morphology of K. onamata to a sample of extinct and extant cetaceans and quantify shape differences using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. The analyses show that K. onamata was indeed adapted to hear low frequencies and suggests low‐frequency hearing may be a characteristic of raptorial macrophagous fossil cetaceans in contrast to infrasonic bulk filter‐feeding mysticetes and ultrasonic echolocating odontocetes.
Xerostomia and Salivary Dysfunction in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Sánchez Garrido Isabel , Ramírez Lucía , Muñoz Corcuera Marta , Garrido Estela , Sánchez Lorenzo , Martínez Acitores María Luisa , Hernández Gonzalo , López‐Pintor Rosa María
Published: September 2024

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with salivary disorders such as xerostomia and hyposalivation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these disorders and their risk factors in DM patients.

Methods

DM patients from two health centers were included. Epidemiological and DM control‐related variables were collected. Xerostomia Inventory was filled out by the patients and unstimulated whole salivary flow was collected. Logistic regression tests were performed.

Results

A total of 168 patients were included (46.4% men, 53.6% women, mean age 72.54 [SD 11.03 years]). Thirteen patients had Type 1 DM and 155 had Type 2 DM. 52.4% experienced xerostomia and 41.1% had unstimulated whole salivary flow hyposalivation. Women were more likely to suffer hyposalivation than men (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.32–4.73; p = 0.005). Patients with T2DM were less likely to suffer UWS hyposalivation than T1DM patients (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–0.95; p = 0.04). Glycemic control was not significantly worse in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. The drugs for the treatment of DM were not associated with salivary disorders. However, some drugs to treat other comorbidities such hypertension and neurological diseases were associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation.

Conclusions

The prevalence of xerostomia and unstimulated whole salivary flow hyposalivation in patients with DM is high. Female sex, T1DM, and the use of certain non‐antidiabetic drugs increased the risk of suffering these disorders. The possible association between DM, xerostomia, and/or hyposalivation is complex and may be influenced by multiple factors. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate whether DM influences these salivary disorders.
The association between experiences of unfair treatment in school and adolescent adjustment over 5 years
Authors: Grew Eva , Baysu Gülseli , Turner Rhiannon N.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates how high‐school experiences of unfair treatment connect to adolescents' higher education enrollment and life satisfaction 5 years later. We utilized four waves of data at ages 14 years (T1), 16 (T2), 18 (T3) and 19 (T4) in the UK (N = 13,065; 51% Male, 49% Female, 70% White, 11% Black, 19% South‐Asian). Perceived teacher unfairness at T1 predicted lower university aspirations (T2) and subsequently lower enrollment in higher education (at T3 and T4) and life satisfaction (T4). Experiences with T1 teacher ethnic discrimination also predicted lower life satisfaction. The effects were similar across historically minoritized and majority‐background pupils, but historically minoritized adolescents experienced more ethnic discrimination in school. Our findings highlight the importance of fair treatment for all pupils.
Productive, internal organ and intestinal histomorphological characteristics of broiler chickens in response to dietary rapeseed meal: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Manyeula Freddy , Sebola Nthabiseng Amanda , Mabelebele Monnye
Published: September 2024

The use of rapeseed as a source of protein in broiler chicken diets has been highlighted. However, there are inconsistent findings on the performance data of broiler chickens fed rapeseed meal (RSM). Therefore, this meta‐analysis aimed to resolve the inconsistent findings on the effect of RSM on growth performance, carcass characteristics, internal organs, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens, identify knowledge gaps and create new insights using published data. Fourteen studies on the topic were identified via a systematic search performed on bibliographic databases, and the data generated was analysed using OpenMEE software. A random‐effects model was used, and effect sizes were presented as standardised mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Sources of heterogeneity were evaluated using broiler strains, inclusion levels, processing methods, rearing phases and sex as moderators. In comparison with the controls, the results showed that RSM decreased feed intake (SMD = −0.29; 95% Cl: −0.41, −0.18; p < 0.001), average daily gain (SMD = −0.48; 95% Cl: −0.63, −0.32; p < 0.001), and liver weight (SMD = 1.24; 95% Cl: 0.78, 1.71; p < 0.001), but had no effect on feed conversion ratio (SMD = 0.10; 95% Cl: −0.05, 0.23; p = 0.19). Likewise, broiler chickens fed RSM had significantly reduced carcass yield, weights of thigh, abdominal fat and heart when compared with the control. Results indicate that duodenum villus height (DVH) and jejunum villus height (JVH)/crypt depth (CD) ratios were improved in broiler chickens fed RSM. Meta‐regression revealed that the analysed moderators are significant predictors of feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens. In conclusion, dietary RSM negatively influenced growth performance, liver weight and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens, but improved aspects of intestinal histomorphology traits. Therefore, innovative research on processing methods that will improve the feeding value of rapeseed meal in broiler chickens is recommended.
Incidence, characteristics and risk factors of endotracheal tube‐related pressure injuries in intensive care units
Authors: Cambaz Cansu , Ozdemir Koken Zeliha , Sayin Mehmet Murat
Published: September 2024

Background

Medical devices commonly used for the treatment and care of critically ill patients can cause pressure injuries in intensive care units (ICUs). The endotracheal tube (ETT) is one of the most common medical devices to cause pressure injuries.

Aim

This study investigated the incidence of, characteristics of and risk factors for ETT‐related pressure injuries for ICU patients.

Study Design

This study adopted a prospective descriptive research design. The sample consisted of 146 endotracheally intubated patients. Data were collected using a patient information form, an Endotracheal Tube‐Related Pressure Injuries Assessment Form, the Braden Risk Assessment Tool and the Nutritional Assessment Test.

Results

The study revealed that 80.14% of the patients developed ETT‐related pressure injuries. Over half of the ETT‐related pressure injuries appeared on Day 3 or 4 (56.41%). High body mass index was found to be associated with the development of ETT‐related pressure injuries (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05–1.26, p = .003). None of the other variables were statistically significant in the development of pressure injuries.

Conclusions

The incidence of ETT‐related pressure injuries was quite high in the internal, surgical and anaesthesia ICUs. High body mass index was associated with the development of ETT‐related pressure injuries. Intensive care nurses should implement interventions to prevent ETT‐related pressure injuries in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation support.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

ETT‐related pressure injuries are common in ICU patients. High body mass index was associated with the development of ETT‐related pressure injuries in critically ill patients. The skin and mucosa should be assessed for the development of ETT‐related pressure injuries during the daily assessment of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation support. The ETT should be repositioned regularly, and the most suitable ETT fixation method should be used.
Pharmacological characterization of alpha adrenoceptor‐mediated motor responses in the rat colon
Authors: Traserra Sara , Grao Marc , Trujillo Sonia , Jiménez‐Altayó Francesc , Vergara Patri , Jimenez Marcel
Published: September 2024

Background

Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the gastrointestinal tract is mediated by intrinsic nitrergic and purinergic neurons. Purines activate G protein‐coupled receptor P2Y1 receptors, increasing intracellular Ca2+ that activates small conductance calcium‐activated potassium (SKCa) channels. Little is known about the effect of adrenergic receptor activation on intestinal smooth muscle. In vascular tissue, stimulation of α‐adrenoceptors causes smooth muscle contraction, while their effect on intestinal tissue is poorly understood. This study aimed to pharmacologically characterize the effect of α‐adrenoceptor activation in the rat colon, which shares similar inhibitory pathways to the human colon.

Methods

Muscle bath experiments were performed with the rat proximal, mid, and distal colon oriented both circularly and longitudinally.

Results

The α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) (10−8–10−5 M) evoked concentration‐dependent relaxations of the intestinal smooth muscle from all regions and orientations. However, in the mid‐circular colon at low PE concentrations, a contraction sensitive to 10−5 M phentolamine (non‐selective α‐adrenoceptor blocker), the neural blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX; 10−6 M), and atropine (10−6 M) was recorded. PE‐induced relaxations were insensitive to TTX (10−6 M) and the nonselective β‐adrenoceptor blocker propranolol (10−6 M). In contrast, PE‐induced relaxations were blocked by phentolamine (10−5 M), prazosin (10−6 M) (α1‐adrenoceptor blocker), and RS17053 (10−6 M) (α1A‐blocker), but not by yohimbine (10−6 M) (α2‐adrenoceptor blocker). Apamin (10−6 M), a SKCa channel blocker, abolished PE‐induced relaxations.

Conclusions

Contractile responses in the circular muscle of the mid colon could be attributed to α‐adrenoceptors located on enteric cholinergic neurons. Stimulation of α1A‐adrenoreceptors activates SKCa channels to cause smooth muscle relaxation, which constitutes a signaling pathway that shares similarities with P2Y1 receptors.
Nursing effectiveness reconsidered: Some fundamental reflections on the nature of nursing
Authors: Mayer Hanna , Wallner Martin
Published: September 2024

Despite being considered the proverbial backbone of our healthcare systems, nursing still seems to struggle to scientifically demonstrate its contribution to care experiences and patient outcomes. This leads to erosive tendencies that threaten the development of the profession and its progress as an academic discipline. With this paper, we want to contribute to the theoretical discourse concerning the nature of nursing and the research into its effectiveness. We begin by outlining a set of prevailing paradoxes and their consequences relating to nursing and nursing research: the issue of demonstrating its unique contribution despite a clear societal mandate; a discrepancy between subjectively experienced effectiveness and objectively ascertainable effectiveness; and a mismatch between theoretical premises of nursing and task‐oriented cultures in practice environments. Using an example of a seemingly simple nursing intervention, we intend to demonstrate the qualities and complexities of nursing. We further illustrate this by drawing on several of our research projects using theory‐based evaluation methodologies. From these illustrative examples, we distil two insights relating to nursing interventions that we consider fundamental: the nurse, as a person, is central to its unique effectiveness; and there is always an interplay between context, intervention and its intended effect. We summarise our considerations and argue the case for conceiving research designs in alignment with theoretical premises of nursing.
Cholinergic Signaling Mediated by Muscarinic Receptors Triggers the Ultraviolet‐Induced Release of Melanosome in Cultured Melanoma Cells
Authors: Guo Maggie Suisui , Wu Qiyun , Xia Yingjie , Wu Jiahui , Wang Xiaoyang , Yuen Gary Ka Wing , Dong Tina Tingxia , Gao Jin , Tsim Karl Wah Keung
Published: September 2024

In skin, melanin is synthesized and stored in melanosomes. In epidermal melanocytes, melanosomes are transported to and internalized by the neighboring keratinocytes, subsequently leading to skin pigmentation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from keratinocytes, which in turn activates ACh receptors (AChRs) on nearby melanocytes, forming a proposed “skin synapse”. Here, we illustrated that the UV‐induced melanosome release from cultured B16F10 melanoma cells could be mediated by co‐actions of ACh. In the cell cultures, UV exposure robustly elicited melanosome release. Applied bethanechol (BeCh), an agonist of muscarinic AChR (mAChR), could significantly enhance the release. In parallel, the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization was regulated. The applied antagonists of M1 and/or M3 mAChRs could block the UV‐induced melanosome release and the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. The phosphorylation of PKC, triggered by UV and BeCh treatments, could be suppressed by the applied mAChR antagonists. The expressions of tethering complex for exocytosis, for example, Sec8, Exo70, and Rab11b, as well as synaptotagmin, were increased under UV exposure together with mAChR agonist: The inductions were fully abolished by M1 or M3 antagonist. Here, we hypothesize that the cholinergic signaling is playing roles in UV‐induced exocytosis of melanosomes.
The local solubility for homogeneous polynomials with random coefficients over thin sets
Authors: Lee Heejong , Lee Seungsu , Yeon Kiseok
Published: September 2024

Let and be natural numbers greater or equal to 2. Let be a homogeneous polynomial in variables of degree with integer coefficients , where denotes the inner product, and denotes the Veronese embedding with . Consider a variety in , defined by . In this paper, we examine a set of integer vectors , defined by
where is a nonsingular form in variables of degree with for some constant depending at most on and . Suppose has a nontrivial integer solution. We confirm that the proportion of integer vectors in , whose associated equation  is everywhere locally soluble, converges to a constant as . Moreover, for each place of , if there exists a nonzero such that and the variety in admits a smooth ‐point, the constant is positive.
Learning-Based Predictive Linear Parameter-Varying Control of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets
Authors: GhafGhanbari Pegah , Mohammadpour Velni Javad
Published: September 2024

Complexity of atmospheric pressure plasma jet dynamics poses a significant challenge for control design, and this letter presents a learning- and scenario-based model predictive control (ScMPC) method in the linear parameter-varying (LPV) framework to tackle this challenge. By leveraging artificial neural networks, an LPV state-space representation of the system dynamics is first learned. The mismatch between this model and real plant is then estimated using Bayesian neural networks, enabling scenario generation for ScMPC design. Soft constraints are imposed in the control design formulation to ensure the feasibility of the underlying optimization problem. Results from extensive simulations are used to compare the proposed framework with a benchmark linear time invariant (LTI)-based ScMPC, demonstrating superior performance in both reference tracking and thermal dose delivery. The proposed approach allows for accurate control of plasma jets while reducing conservatism inherent in either LTI-based approaches or other robust control methods.
Optimization of Thermal Non-Uniformity Challenges in Liquid-Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using NSGA-II
Authors: Zhou Long , Li Shengnan , Jain Ankur , Sun Guanghua , Chen Guoqiang , Guo Desui , Kang Jincan , Zhao Yong
Published: September 2024

Heat removal and thermal management are critical for the safe and efficient operation of lithium-ion batteries and packs. Effective removal of dynamically generated heat from cells presents a substantial challenge for thermal management optimization. This study introduces a novel liquid cooling thermal management method aimed at improving temperature uniformity in a battery pack. A complex nonlinear hybrid model is established through traditional full-factor design and back propagation neural network (BPNN) approximation. This model links input parameters such as the number of baffles, baffle angle, and inlet speed to output parameters including maximum temperature, temperature difference, and pressure drop. Global multiobjective optimization is carried out using the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II to sidestep locally optimal solutions. Pareto optimal solutions are sorted using multiple criteria decision-making techniques. Through thermal management optimization, the maximum temperature rise of the battery relative to the initial temperature is controlled within 7.68 K, the temperature difference is controlled within 4.22 K (below the commonly required 5 K), and the pressure drop is only 83.92 Pa. Results presented in this work may help enhance the performance and efficiency of battery-based energy conversion and storage. The optimization technique used in this work helps maximize the benefit of an innovative battery thermal management technique.
The influence of clinical practice video on learning conversations in postgraduate medical education: A scoping review
Authors: Huang Andrew , Ryan Anna , Bearman Margaret , Molloy Elizabeth
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Studies of learning conversations in medical education suggest these interactions can be supervisor driven, monologic and may involve poor recall of events. Educators often use camouflaged comments to avoid upsetting learners, which can interfere with meaning making. Using video of clinical practice within learning conversations could address some of these potential limitations. Despite educators using video of clinical practice in learning conversations for decades, we could find no synthesis of empirical studies to provide insight into the influence of video in learning conversations. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review to answer the question “How does video of clinical practice influence learning conversations in post-graduate medical education?”
Methods: We employed a scoping review methodology. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and ERIC databases were searched for articles from 1 January 2010 to 1 January 2022. Major inclusion criteria were postgraduate medical learners and video of clinical practice that was used in a learning conversation. The qualitative data relating to video’s influence on learning conversations were synthesised and thematically analysed.
Results: Five articles were included in the synthesis. We generated four themes from the qualitative data about the influence of video on the learning conversation. Video: (1) captures performance data that can be co-analysed, (2) enables the learning conversation to take place in a different environment, (3) changes the teaching approaches of educators and (4) may promote learner agency and voice.
Conclusion: Video may influence learning conversations, and video’s influence is likely entangled with the educational design associated with its use. No study directly addressed the phenomenon of how video influences learning conversations, and further study is required in this area.
Effect of Al precursor’s properties on interactions with self-assembled monolayers for area selective deposition
Authors: Gu Eryan , Yan Jin , Li Boxuan , Zhou Huilong , Lu Zhuhui , Wen Yanwei , Cao Kun , Chen Rong
Published: September 2024

Area selective deposition (ASD) is a high-precision atomic-level manufacturing technology that enables the development of bottom-up manufacturing methods in the future semiconductor field. The area selective deposition behavior of Al precursors on 1-octadecylthiol (ODT) passivated Cu/SiO2 surfaces was studied through experimental and theoretical analysis. The relationship between precursor steric hindrance, symmetry, penetration depth in ODT, and adsorption energy was elucidated. The loss of selectivity caused by different penetration depths of the precursor in ODT can be post-treated with acids or H2 plasma to remove the physisorption of precursor molecules between ODT chains, thereby improving the selectivity. Reliable ASD technology has been successfully applied to Cu/SiO2 patterns. Dimethylaluminum isopropoxide can selectively deposit about 10 nm of Al2O3 on SiO2 without detectable defects on the Cu area. This provides important insights into the choice of precursors in the ASD process and can extend its application to a wider range of device manufacturing schemes.
Polymer concentration regimes from fractional microrheology
Authors: Panahi Amirreza , Pu Di , Natale Giovanniantonio , Benneker Anne M.
Published: September 2024

In this work, a framework for deriving theoretical equations for mean squared displacement (MSD) and fractional Fokker–Planck is developed for any arbitrary rheological model. The obtained general results are then specified for different fractional rheological models. To test the novel equations extracted from our framework and bridge the gap between microrheology and fractional rheological models, microrheology of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran solutions at several polymer concentrations is measured. By comparing the experimental and theoretical MSDs, we find the fractional rheological parameters and demonstrate for the first time that the polymer concentration regimes can be distinguished using the fractional exponent and relaxation time data because of the existence of a distinct behavior in each regime. We suggest simple approximations for the critical overlap concentration and the shear viscosity of viscoelastic liquidlike solutions. This work provides a more sensitive approach for distinguishing different polymer concentration regimes and measuring the critical overlap concentration and shear viscosity of polymeric solutions, which is useful when conventional rheological characterization methods are unreliable due to the volatility and low viscosity of the samples.
Motor Competence as Key to Support Healthy Development of 3- to 5-Year-Old Children: An Expert Statement on Behalf of the International Motor Development Research Consortium
Authors: Martins Clarice , Valentini Nadia C. , Sääkslahti Arja , Africa Eileen K. , Webster E. Kipling , Nobre Glauber , Robinson Leah E. , Duncan Michael , Tortella Patrizia , Bandeira Paulo F. , Barnett Lisa M.
Published: September 2024

The first years of life are an optimal time for developing motor competence. However, the evidence regarding motor competence in early childhood is fragmented and needs to be clearly synthesized and presented. To establish effective evidence-based decision making in research, practice, and policy for the early years, this expert statement, on behalf of the International Motor Development Research Consortium, draws together what is currently known about 3- to 5-year-old children on (a) how skilled are children around the world, (b) the link between motor competence and healthy developmental outcomes, and (c) the capacity to improve children’s motor competence through intervention. This expert statement presents a summary of recent evidence for each of these specific points, followed by recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
Confidence to Return to Play After Concussion
Authors: Crofts Regan , Morris Amanda J. , Quammen David L. , Petersell Tessa L. , Liebel Spencer W. , Podlog Leslie , Fino Peter C.
Published: September 2024

Context: The sequelae of concussion may have psychological consequences that affect an athlete’s ability to return to play (RTP). However, confidence of RTP readiness is rarely monitored after a concussion. Design: This study examined the acute and longitudinal implications of concussion on an athlete’s confidence to RTP, the relationship between self-reported symptoms and athlete confidence to RTP, and interactions between concussion symptoms, sex, sport type (contact vs noncontact), and confidence to RTP. Methods: Forty-six college athletes (65% female) sustained a concussion and completed the Injury Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS) scale at 3 timepoints: within 72 hours of injury (acute), within 72 hours of beginning the RTP protocol (pre-RTP), and within 72 hours of being fully cleared to RTP (post-RTP). Results: Athletes reported acute low confidence after concussion (I-PRRS mean [SD] = 32.59 [18.45]), which improved over time (pre-RTP mean [SD] = 52.11 [9.60]; post-RTP mean [SD] = 57.45 [5.96]). Some athletes returned to competition (post-RTP) with lingering confidence concerns (ie, I-PRRS < 50; 95% CI = 0.03–0.26). Acute symptom severity was associated with worse confidence (P < .001). Sex and sport type (contact vs noncontact) had no relationship with confidence (P = .406, P = .3314, respectively). These results indicate that athletes lack confidence acutely (within 72 h) following concussion. Conclusions: Although confidence improves over time, those who report greater acute symptoms also exhibit decreased confidence, and some athletes are returning to play with lingering concerns about their confidence (I-PRRS < 50). This preliminary evidence of heterogeneous confidence following concussion encourages the assessment and monitoring of confidence throughout concussion rehabilitation.
Creating and Performing Educational Gymnastics Using Computational Thinking Skills
Authors: Chen YuChun , Jacques Lorraine A.
Published: September 2024

Purpose: This study examined how physical education majors used computational thinking (CT) skills in a movement concept course. Method: Twenty-two physical education majors were tasked to create two gymnastics routines (i.e., algorithm design), analyze their routines (i.e., decomposition and abstraction), create and follow a personalized fitness plan (i.e., abstract), revise the routines (i.e., debugging), and perform the routines at the end of the semester. Data were analyzed as a single case study with embedded units using structural coding. Results: The participants demonstrated strengths with debugging and algorithm design; however, they struggled with decomposition and abstraction, which was congruent with previous research regarding these two concepts as the most difficult and important CT skills to master. Discussion/Conclusions: The findings underscore the value of CT skills in a non-STEM (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) course, expending the instructional appropriateness to expose CT to undergraduate students with little to no interest or previous experience in STEM.
Prevalence of the cefazolin inoculum effect (CzIE) in nasal colonizing methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
in patients from intensive care units in Colombia and use of a modified rapid nitrocefin test for detection
Authors: Carvajal Lina P. , Rincon Sandra , Gomez Villegas Sara I. , Matiz-Gonzalez J. Manuel , Ordoñez Karen , Santamaria Alejandra , Ospina Navarro Leonardo , Beltran Jaime , Guevara Fredy , Mendez Yardany R. , Salcedo Soraya , Porras Alexandra , Valencia-Moreno Albert , Greenia Haley , Deyanov Alexander , Baptista Rodrigo , Tam Vincent H. , Panesso Diana , Tran Truc T. , Miller William R. , Arias Cesar A. , Reyes Jinnethe
Published: September 2024

The cefazolin inoculum effect (CzIE) has been associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA) infections. We aimed to investigate the point prevalence of the CzIE among nasal colonizing MSSA isolates from ICU patients in a multicenter study in Colombia (2019–2023). Patients underwent nasal swabs to assess for
S. aureus
colonization on admission to the ICU, and some individuals had follow-up swabs. We performed cefazolin MIC by broth microdilution using standard and high inoculum and developed a modified nitrocefin-based rapid test to detect the CzIE. Whole-genome sequencing was carried out to characterize BlaZ types and allotypes, phylogenomics, and Agr-typing. A total of 352 patients were included; 46/352 (13%) patients were colonized with
S. aureus
and 22% (10/46) and 78% (36/46) with MRSA and MSSA, respectively. Among 36 patients who contributed with 43 MSSA colonizing isolates, 21/36 (58%) had MSSA exhibiting the CzIE. BlaZ type A and BlaZ-2 were the predominant type and allotype in 56% and 52%, respectively. MSSA belonging to CC30 were highly associated with the CzIE, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses supported possible transmission of MSSA exhibiting the CzIE among some patients of the same unit. The modified nitrocefin rapid test had 100%, 94.4%, and 97.7% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively. We found a high point prevalence of the CzIE in MSSA colonizing the nares of critically ill patients in Colombia. A modified rapid test was highly accurate in detecting the CzIE in this patient population.
The foundation for the microbiology laboratory’s essential role in diagnostic stewardship: an ASM Laboratory Practices Subcommittee report
Authors: Dumm Rebekah E. , Marlowe Elizabeth M. , Patterson Logan , Larkin Paige M. K. , She Rosemary C. , Filkins Laura M.
Published: September 2024

Diagnostic stewardship (DxS) has gained traction in recent years as a cross-disciplinary method to improve the quality of patient care while appropriately managing resources within the healthcare system. Clinical microbiology laboratorians have been highly engaged in DxS efforts to guide best practices with conventional microbiology tests and more recently with molecular infectious disease diagnostics. Laboratories can experience resistance to their role in DxS, especially when the clinical benefits, motivations for interventions, and underlying regulatory requirements are not clearly conveyed to stakeholders. Clinical laboratories must not only ensure ethical practices but also meet obligatory requirements to steward tests responsibly. In this review, we aim to support clinical microbiology laboratorians by providing the background and resources that demonstrate the laboratory’s essential role in DxS. The heart of this review is to collate regulatory and accreditation requirements that, in essence, mandate DxS practices as a long-standing, core element of high-quality laboratory testing to deliver the best possible patient care. While examples of the clinical impact of DxS are plentiful in the literature, here, we focus on the operational and regulatory justification for the laboratory’s role in stewardship activities.
Rare BK polyomavirus subtype III detected in hematopoietic cell transplant recipient
Authors: Walder Tiana A. , Odegard Elizabeth A. , Meeds Heidi L. , Kleiboeker Steven B. , Ziady Assem , Sabulski Anthony , Jodele Sonata , Seif Alix E. , Davies Stella M. , Laskin Benjamin L. , Blackard Jason T.
Published: September 2024

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is associated with disease in transplant patients. BKPyV genomic diversity is thought to contribute to functional differences in virulence factors. Here, we present the near full-length BKPyV genome sequence from a patient who underwent hematopoietic cell transplant and was infected with subtype III, a rare subtype.
Microevolution of
Bartonella grahamii
driven by geographic and host factors
Authors: Xu Ailing , Lu Liang , Zhang Wen , Song Xiuping , Li Guichang , Miao Yu , Li Ruixiao , Chen Min , Liu Qiyong , Li Dongmei
Published: September 2024

Bartonella grahamii
is one of the most prevalent
Bartonella
species in wild rodents and has been associated with human cases of neuroretinitis. The structure and distribution of genomic diversity in natural
B. grahamii
is largely unexplored. Here, we have applied a comprehensive population genomic and phylogenomic analysis to 172 strains of
B. grahamii
to unravel the genetic differences and influencing factors that shape its populations. The findings reveal a remarkable genomic diversity within the species, primarily in the form of single- nucleotide polymorphisms. The open pangenome of
B. grahamii
indicates a dynamic genomic evolution influenced by its ecological niche. Whole-genome data allowed us to decompose
B. grahamii
diversity into six phylogroups, each characterized by a unique “mosaic pattern” of hosts and biogeographic regions. This suggests a complex interplay between host specificity and biogeography. In addition, our study suggests a possible origin of European strains from Asian lineages, and host factors have a more significant impact on the genetic differentiation of
B. grahamii
than geographical factors. These insights contribute to understanding the evolutionary history of this pathogen and provide a foundation for future epidemiological research and public health strategies.

IMPORTANCE

Bartonella grahamii
has been reported worldwide and shown to infect humans. Up to now, an effective transmission route of
B. grahamii
to humans has not been confirmed. The genetic evolution of
B. grahamii
and the relationship between
B. grahamii
and its host need to be further studied. The factors driving the genetic diversity of
B. grahamii
are still controversial. The results showed that the European isolates shared a common ancestor with the Chinese isolates. Host factors were shown to play an important role in driving the genetic diversity of
B. grahamii
. When host factors were fixed, geographic barriers drove
B. grahamii
microevolution. Our study emphasizes the importance of characterizing isolate genomes derived from hosts and geographical locations and provides a new reference for the origin of
B. grahamii
.
Unraveling the gut microbiota of Tibetan chickens: insights into highland adaptation and ecological advantages
Authors: Zeng Tao , Cao Yongqing , Yin Jianmei , Feng Peishi , Tian Yong , Sun Hanxue , Gu Tiantian , Zong Yibo , Ma Xueying , Zhao Zelong , Chen Li , Xu Wenwu , Han Wei , Lu Lizhi
Published: September 2024

Tibetan animals have several unique advantages owing to the harsh ecological conditions under which they live. However, compared to Tibetan mammals, understanding of the advantages and underlying mechanisms of the representative high-latitude bird, the Tibetan chicken (
Gallus gallus
, TC), remains limited. The gut microbiota of animals has been conclusively shown to be closely related to both host health and host environmental adaptation. This study aimed to explore the relationships between the cecal microbiome and the advantages of TCs based on comparisons among three populations: native TCs residing on the plateau, domestic TCs living in the plain, and one native plain species. Metatranscriptomic sequencing revealed a significant enrichment of active Bacteroidetes but a loss of active Firmicutes in native TCs. Additionally, the upregulated expression of genes in the cecal microbiome of native TCs showed enriched pathways related to energy metabolism, glycan metabolism, and the immune response. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids (SBAs) was upregulated in the cecal microbiome of native TCs. Data from targeted metabolomics further confirmed elevated levels of certain SCFAs and SBAs in the cecum of native TCs. Based on the multi-omics association analysis, we proposed that the higher ratio of active Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes may be attributed to the efficient energy metabolism and stronger immunological activity of native TCs. Our findings provide a better understanding of the interactions between gut microbiota and highland adaptation, and novel insights into the mechanisms by which Tibetan chickens adapt to the plateau hypoxic environment.

IMPORTANCE

The composition and function of the active cecal microbiome were significantly different between the plateau Tibetan chicken population and the plain chicken population. Higher expression genes related to energy metabolism and immune response were found in the cecal microbiome of the plateau Tibetan chicken population. The cecal microbiome in the plateau Tibetan chicken population exhibited higher biosynthesis of short-chain fatty and secondary bile acids, resulting in higher cecal content of these metabolites. The active Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in the cecal microbiome may contribute to the high-altitude adaptive advantage of the plateau Tibetan chicken population.
Pre-challenge gut microbial signature predicts RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy in rhesus macaques
Authors: Brochu Hayden N. , Smith Elise , Jeong Sangmi , Carlson Michelle , Hansen Scott G. , Tisoncik-Go Jennifer , Law Lynn , Picker Louis J. , Gale Michael , Peng Xinxia
Published: September 2024

Rhesus cytomegalovirus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (RhCMV/SIV) vaccines protect ~59% of vaccinated rhesus macaques against repeated limiting-dose intra-rectal exposure with highly pathogenic SIVmac239M, but the exact mechanism responsible for the vaccine efficacy is unknown. It is becoming evident that complex interactions exist between gut microbiota and the host immune system. Here, we aimed to investigate if the rhesus gut microbiome impacts RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced protection. Three groups of 15 rhesus macaques naturally pre-exposed to RhCMV were vaccinated with RhCMV/SIV vaccines. Rectal swabs were collected longitudinally both before SIV challenge (after vaccination) and post-challenge and were profiled using 16S rRNA based microbiome analysis. We identified ~2,400 16S rRNA amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), representing potential bacterial species/strains. Global gut microbial profiles were strongly associated with each of the three vaccination groups, and all animals tended to maintain consistent profiles throughout the pre-challenge phase. Despite vaccination group differences, by using newly developed compositional data analysis techniques, we identified a common gut microbial signature predictive of vaccine protection outcome across the three vaccination groups. Part of this microbial signature persisted even after SIV challenge. We also observed a strong correlation between this microbial signature and an early signature derived from whole blood transcriptomes in the same animals. Our findings indicate that changes in gut microbiomes are associated with RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced protection and early host response to vaccination in rhesus macaques.

IMPORTANCE

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, still there is no vaccine that can prevent or treat HIV infection. A promising pre-clinical HIV vaccine based on rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens (RhCMV/SIV) provides sustained, durable protection against SIV challenge in ~59% of vaccinated rhesus macaques. There is an urgent need to understand the cause of this protection vs non-protection outcome. In this study, we profiled the gut microbiomes of 45 RhCMV/SIV vaccinated rhesus macaques and identified gut microbial signatures that were predictive of RhCMV/SIV vaccination groups and vaccine protection outcomes. These vaccine protection-associated microbial features were significantly correlated with early vaccine-induced host immune signatures in whole blood from the same animals. These findings show that the gut microbiome may be involved in RhCMV/SIV vaccine-induced protection, warranting further research into the impact of the gut microbiome in human vaccine trials.