bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARTIAL OCCLUSION OF THE PULMONARY AORTA AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA WITH THE METALLIC BAND. OBSERVATIONS ON CHANGES IN THE VESSEL WALL AND IN THE HEART
Authors: Reid Mont R.
Published: June 2004

In dogs a constricting metallic band does not affect the integrity of the wall of the vena cava, whereas it leads to a rapid death of the wall of the aorta, and, as evidenced by a single instance studied, to a much slower death of the pulmonary artery. In the instance, just mentioned, constriction of the common pulmonary artery by an aluminum band for a period of 2½ years led to a right ventricular hypertrophy.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. The method for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus has been improved.

2. Highly purified specific substance of Type II pneumococcus of polysaccharide nature is shown to be recovered essentially unchanged after precipitation by immune serum, by uranyl nitrate, by basic lead acetate, or by safranine.

3. Marked chemical differences are shown to exist between the specific substances of Type II and Type III pneumococcus, although both react as polysaccharides.

4. The weight of evidence is considered to be in favor of the view that the specific substances of Pneumococcus Types II and III are actually polysaccharide derivatives.

5. The immunological significance of the foregoing view is discussed.
PERSISTENCE OF INSPIRED BACTERIA IN THE LUNGS OF ALCOHOLIZED MICE
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are exposed to an atmosphere containing certain bacteria in the form of a fine mist, the bacteria may be recovered from the deeper respiratory passages.

2. Pneumococci which have reached the lungs of normal mice as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours and give rise to no generalized infection. In mice intoxicated with alcohol, on the other hand, pneumococci persist in the lungs for a longer period and fatal speticemia frequently follows.

3. Hemolytic streptococci and Bacillus influenzæ generally persist in the lungs for about 24 hours. In intoxicated mice these organisms do not disappear so rapidly from the lungs and generalized infection is much more frequent.

4. The experiments yield no evidence as to how alcoholic intoxication renders the lungs more permeable to inspired bacteria.
EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

Sodium oleate, oleic acid, linolic acid, and linolenic acid injected into mice in suitable amounts induce a material increase in the resistance against subsequent transplantation of cancer grafts, although they fail to exert so marked an influence on cancer grafts already in place.

Sodium palmitate and sodium stearate, on the other hand, do not produce immunity, at least in the amounts employed in the present study.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. Certain enzymes of Pneumococcus are destroyed by oxidizing agents formed when sterile extracts of the cellular substances are exposed to air. The carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (sucrase, raffinase, inulase, and amylase) are the most easily inactivated under these conditions, although the bacteriolytic enzyme is also reduced in activity. Similar treatment is without effect upon the active concentration of pneumococcus lipase and peptonase.

2. The enzymes which are destroyed during the oxidation of unwashed cell extracts are themselves non-reactive with molecular oxygen. The reactions by which they are destroyed seem to represent oxidations of a type similar to those proposed in previous papers for the oxidation of hemotoxin and of hemoglobin.

3. A study has been made of the relative resistance of different pneumococcus enzymes to heat and to the action of hydrogen peroxide.

4. The various enzymes may be arranged in the same order of relative resistance whether the rating be made from the standpoint of resistance to heat or of resistance to oxidation. Nevertheless, it appears that by a proper regulation of conditions of oxidation, certain labile constituents of a mixture of cellular enzymes may be inactivated with less effect upon the activity of other constituents of the mixture than when inactivation is brought about by heat.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

Sterile filtrates of autolyzed anaerobic cultures of Pneumococcus contain much higher concentrations of active endocellular enzymes than do the filtrates of autolyzed aerobic cultures. These differences in the enzyme activity of the filtrates of aerobic and anaerobic cultures may be explained by a destruction of the formed enzymes by oxidation reactions analogous to the destruction previously observed during the oxidation of sterile broth extracts of unwashed pneumococcus cells. The occurrence of more complete destruction of enzyme activity in autolyzed aerobic cultures than in "oxidized" sterile cell extracts is probably due to the longer exposure to oxidation products.
THE PRODUCTION OF PERSISTENT ALOPECIA IN RABBITS BY ROENTGEN RADIATION; A STUDY OF THE MINIMUM DOSE REQUIRED AND THE CONSISTENCY OF THE REACTION
Authors: Clark Harry , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Seven areas on the abdomen of each of fourteen rabbits were exposed to soft Roentgen radiation of constant quality in doses varying, in the region of the value critical for the production of persistent alopecia, by regular steps of about 4 per cent. Without exception the critical dose was found to lie between two such values, the upper limit being represented by exposures on eight of the animals and the lower on ten of them. With certain reservations, the critical dose corresponds to the production of 2.04 x 1015 ions of either sign per gm. of tissue.
SPONTANEOUS INTERSTITIAL MYOCARDITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

The hearts of thirty-four apparently healthy adult rabbits were carefully studied microscopically. Twenty, or 60 per cent, contained lesions consisting of lymphocytes and endothelial leucocytes invarying proportions, to which were sometimes added polymorphonuclear eosinophils, plasma cells, and fibroblasts in small numbers. The lesions occurred most frequently between the muscle fibers of the papillary muscles and ventricular walls, and occasionally beneath the endocardium and epicardium. No microorganisms or cell inclusion bodies were found in the lesions.
PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY IN MICE BY INHALATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. A definite degree of active immunity can be induced in mice through the repeated inhalation of live pneumococci.

2. Only slight immunity is induced in mice by the repeated inhalation of killed organisms.
TISSUE RESISTANCE AND THE CAUSE OF PERMANENT ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Authors: Nukada S. , Matsuzaki T.
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance against toxic products of typhoid bacilli of the heart tissues of typhoid-immune animals is greater than that of nonimmunized animals.

2. The acquired increase of resisting power is specific.

3. The increased resistance is not caused by antitoxin, but by a specific biological alteration of tissue cells.

4. It is maintained that permanent acquired immunity, at least in typhoid, instead of being due principally to antibodies, is caused by a lasting specific increase of resisting power acquired by the tissue cells against the toxic products of bacteria.

5. This theory seems to hold good with other infectious diseases in which one attack conveys permanent immunity.
THE OCCURRENCE OF GASTRIC LESIONS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Larimore Louise D. ,   With the Assistance of Robert Solley and Yale Kneeland, Jr.
Published: June 2004

Ulcerative lesions of the rumen with papillary epithelial hyperplasia occur in a large proportion of rats maintained on a deficient diet, and are rarely, if ever, present when the diet is complete.

It has not been possible to ascribe the lesions to lack of any of the known dietary components.

The fact that rats on improper diets tend to eat hair, that hair fragments have been found in a number of instances embedded in the ulcers, and surrounded by a definite inflammatory reaction, and finally, that the ulcers have been experimentally produced in rats on a complete diet, when chopped hair was added to the food, lead us to believe that the ingested hair is an important factor in the causation of the lesions. Whether the hair splinters act merely as mechanical irritants, or as the carriers of an infective agent, has not been determined. It is probable, moreover, that the deficient diets in some way that we do not as yet understand, intensify the injury caused by the hair. However produced, the lesions are so frequently found that they should be taken into account in experimental work on rats, especially in judging of the effects of dietary influences by the weight curves. That the presence of severe ulcerative lesions in the prostomach must unfavorably affect the general nutrition of an experimental animal, seems beyond question.
THE PRODUCTION OF AN EXOTOXIN BY CERTAIN STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. The sterile Berkefeld filtrates of broth cultures of certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus have a selective poisonous action for the skin of rabbits.

2. The poison is thermolabile, being completely destroyed when heated to 55°C for 1 hour.

3. The poison when injected intradermally into rabbits stimulates the production of antitoxin. We therefore conclude that the poison is a soluble toxin.
STUDIES UPON THE ETIOLOGY OF DENGUE FEVER
Authors: Duval Charles W. , Harris William H.
Published: June 2004

We have described the cultivation of a minute organism, upon the special media devised by Noguchi for growing spirochetal organisms, that gives rise to pyrexial and leucocytic reactions in the guinea pig. The reaction in the animal following the injection of culture filtrate is identical with that induced by the inoculation of human dengue blood.

While it is possible, it is hardly probable that the infection of animals with cultures of this microorganism several generations removed from the original is due to a mechanically transferred virus with which the visible microorganism cultivated became accidentally associated. Furthermore, it is unlikely that such a virus would remain viable and be carried over to subcultures in sufficient numbers to infect the animal.

The microorganisms appear in culture as globoid bodies measuring from 0.1 to 0.3µ in diameter and are arranged singly, in pairs, and in short chains. They readily pass through the Berkefeld filter (N and V) and the filtrate gives rise to a characteristic reaction in the inoculated guinea pig. The filtrate yields in subplants the same globoid bodies of the original culture.

Initial cultures have been obtained directly from the blood of the human case as well as from the blood of guinea pigs reacting to the human material. However, only early generations retain the degree of virulence necessary to cause the experimental reaction, the culture of remote generation failing to infect.

As far as known this minute organism has characters in common with the globoid bodies of Flexner and Noguchi obtained from cases of poliomyelitis. In plasma semisolid medium the striking feature indicative of growth is colonization, which in itself serves to differentiate the opalescence of the medium occasioned by disintegration of the contained tissue.

As regards the presence of spirochetal organisms in the blood of dengue fever, we may state that examination was made of the material from human cases and from. a large number of inoculated animals. Despite the most careful search with the dark-field microscope and repeated examinations of blood specimens stained by the best methods, we have been unable to find any demonstrable spiral organism in the blood of dengue patients or in the experimentally inoculated animal.

The minute organism herein described is frequently present in cultures of the blood of human dengue and of animals inoculated with dengue material. The inoculation of the culture into guinea pigs produces a response comparable to that occurring in the human case, and that induced by the injection of human dengue blood in guinea pigs. While we are of the opinion that the anaerobic globular bodies described may bear etiological relationship to dengue, we realize that further proof and confirmation of our work are required to establish the connection.
EXPERIMENTAL HIGH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The blood findings in five monkeys after experimental high intestinal obstruction are reported.

All animals showed the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen characteristic of intestinal obstruction in man and the dog.

Two monkeys showed a very marked drop in chlorides, the others a less marked fall. Coincident with the change in chlorides there is a rise in the CO2-combining power.

The uric acid and creatinine showed no typical changes.

No vomiting was observed. This emphasizes the fact that vomiting alone does not account for the fall in blood chlorides characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN OSTEOMALACIA
Authors: Miles Lee Monroe , Feng Chih-Tung
Published: June 2004

Osteomalacia is a diet deficiency disease of the same category as rickets. The deficiency is principally in the fat-soluble vitamine content of the diet, though there may be a calcium deficiency at the same time.

The disease may be prevented by providing a diet rich in the fat-soluble vitamine content, and may be cured by adding the same to the diet.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

The lytic principle concerned in the phenomenon of transmissible lysis is not volatile. The results which have been taken to indicate volatility are, in our opinion, to be attributed to the transfer to the distillate of minute droplets of the original active filtrate.
HYDROPIC STAGES IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

There occurs in the small intestines of a large percentage of calves up to and including the 3rd day a hydropic condition of the epithelium. This manifests itself in the form of a large vacuole or vesicle usually under the top plate of the epithelial cell. More rarely a number of smaller vesicles or vacuoles replace it. These may break away from the cell and float free when bits of the fresh mucosa are gently compressed under a cover-glass. The vesicles probably contain coagulable protein. This condition has its origin in late intrauterine life. It involves the lowest third of the small intestine and extends upwards as far as the duodenum in some cases. It is not a necessary forerunner of the early diarrhea or scours. Its relation to this disease is not defined. It may or may not be accompanied by a fat stasis of the upper third of the small intestine. Frequently associated with it is coagulable protein in the contents of the ileum.
SKIN INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM A PATIENT WITH ERYSIPELAS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

Cultures of a hemolytic streptococcus isolated from a human case of erysipelas were tested for ability to produce lesions by injecting various amounts intradermally in shaved rabbits. Severe lesions could be developed at will in this way despite the fact that intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculations of large doses of the cultures failed to kill. The lesions were of two sorts, phlegmonous and erysipelas-like.

A serum capable of warding off the injurious action of the streptococcus on the skin was procured from animals receiving repeated intracutaneous inoculations of the organism. Normal serum by contrast had no protective effect.

By intradermal injections at several points in the same normal rabbit of small quantities of mixtures of equal parts of serum and various dilutions of a suspension of streptococci it proved possible to test sera for the presence of substances protective against the streptococcus.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

Seasonal variations are described in the response of five strains of mice to inoculation with the Type II bacillus of mouse typhoid (Bacillus pestis caviæ). There occurred in the case of all strains a high peak of mortality during the spring, a lower death rate during the summer, and a subsequent autumn rise in the number of deaths.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF X-RAY AND DRY HEAT ON ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Rabbits x-rayed in doses sufficient to reduce the amount of their lymphoid tissue without damage to the bone marrow showed a definite deficiency in the production of precipitins, bacterial agglutinins, and protective antibodies. On the other hand, rabbits subjected to exposures of dry heat sufficient to increase the activity of the lymphoid organs, on immunization develop antibodies in larger quantity than do untreated animals immunized by the same process.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The Pneumococcus is capable of oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin and of reducing the latter to hemoglobin again. Both the living organism and sterile extracts will accomplish the changes; and like systems seem to be involved in them. The type of reaction induced is determined by the presence or absence of molecular oxygen.

The oxidation and reduction of the blood pigments are reversible processes. The equilibrium between hemoglobin and methemoglobin in a mixture of blood and pneumococcus cellular substances may be shifted in either direction at will by regulation of the oxygen tension.

In the present paper quantitative evidence is presented of the reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin by sterile animal tissues. The possible relations of this activity to the disappearance of methemoglobin from the blood stream of the living animal are discussed.
A PURE STRAIN OF THYROID CELLS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of thyroid epithelium was isolated and maintained in active condition for 7 months. At the end of the experiment, the rate of cell multiplication was as great as at its beginning.

2. The thyroid cells grew at the surface of the coagulum as pavement epithelium, and within the coagulum as a glandular structure.

3. The cells did not dedifferentiate, and the lumen of the acini in cultures from a strain over 4 months old contained colloid secretion similar morphologically to that from a freshly extirpated thyroid gland.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

Mild strains of the virus of herpes are described the action of which tends to be confined and local. Unless, therefore, these mild strains are injected intracranially they do not tend to produce virus encephalitis in the rabbit.

Recovery from infection with the mild strains confers immunity to virulent strains of the herpes and allied viruses.

Long glycerolation reduces the number of viable organisms. This loss among the mild strains may reduce the virus below the strength required for an effective extracranial although not below the strength needed for an intracranial inoculation.

Herpes virus carriage in man, even under highly favorable conditions, is difficult of detection by means of rabbit inoculation. The detection may be achieved by intracranial when it cannot be accomplished by intracorneal inoculation.

The virus producing encephalitis in the rabbit attaches itself chiefly to and multiplies in the substance of the central nervous system. Hence its detection in the cerebrospinal fluid is rarely accomplished. When the inoculation of the virus is made intracranially and especially when the inoculum is composed of active brain tissue, the virus is discoverable in the cerebrospinal fluid by rabbit inoculation much more frequently than when the virus encephalitis follows an extracranial variety of infection.

The herpes virus is capable of excretion by the kidney of the rabbit and of being detected in the urine by rabbit inoculation.

Among the rarer symptoms of virus encephalitis is excessive lacrimation. While salivation is frequent, lacrimation is exceptional.

A comparison of the Levaditi, Doerr, and Goodpasture strains of virus indicates the first to be of medium, the second of mild, and the third of high degree of neurotropic activity. The Doerr strain resembles the mild herpes strains described in this paper. The Goodpasture virus, while exceeding the Levaditi strain in affinity for the central nervous system, falls below the H. F. strain in this regard.

Neutralization of virus by the serum of infected and recovered rabbits takes place regularly within certain quantitative limits. Neutralization with human serum is inconstant and capricious and without demonstrable relation to previous attacks of epidemic encephalitis.

Comparison of the clinical types of encephalitis as presented by the epidemic variety in man and the experimental virus variety in rabbits brings out certain correspondences and certain differences. It is only in partial and essentially superficial aspects that the two diseases can be identified one with the other.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Mice can be vitally stained with many of the phthalein indicators. The staining is diffuse, appearing to interfere not at all with health in the case of the majority of the dyes. The color phenomena show that these retain the character of indicators. A special technique has been evolved for the determination of the hues of the various organs, which are readily modified by extraneous influences. The ability to recognize that the pH has thus been altered is a signal advantage of the indicator method.

Phthaleins of slightly alkaline range or one that trenches slightly on acidity have been employed for the work here reported. Cresol red, phenol red, and brom phenol red have proved especially useful. The observations with the three agree closely in pointing to the existence of notable differences between the reaction of the blood and that within the tissues generally.

The hue of blood plasma from the right heart is such as to suggest that its reaction lies at about pH 7.38 ordinarily, whereas that of the most alkaline of the tissues, judging from its color, the connective tissue, would appear to have a pH of 7.2 or slightly less. The tendons seem to be nearly but not quite so alkaline. The other stained tissues without exception, are of a hue which would indicate that the reaction lies beyond the range of phenol red on the acid side, that is to say is at least as acid as pH 6.6. In a subsequent paper observations which accord with these findings, carried out with indicators of frankly acid range, will be described.

On the exposure of tissues to air, without disturbance of the circulation, some of them become alkaline. In the case of connective tissue, at least, the change is a consequence of the escape of carbon dioxide. The gas passes readily in and out, exerting a practically immediate influence on the color of the tissue bared by eversion of a skin flap; and so much may be absorbed on exposure to pure carbon dioxide, when the surface is large, that a general acidosis results.

The precise interpretation of the color changes in terms of pH waits necessarily upon further work.
RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL SPORES TO THE TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES
Authors: Burke Victor , Skinner Horace
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterial spores are highly resistant to the bactericidal action of the triphenylmethane dyes. Many Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores resist a saturated aqueous solution of gentian violet for 24 hours at 37°C. They also resist exposure to the same dye solution for 10 minutes at 80°C.

2. The selective bactericidal action of these dyes applies only to the vegetative cells. Spores of the Gram-positive bacteria are more resistant to these dyes than the vegetative cells of Gram-negative bacteria.

3. The vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet. The spores of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bactericidal action of gentian violet.

4. Bacillus anthracis can increase in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet and grow in dye dilutions inhibiting the original culture. There is the possibility of pathogenic organisms becoming dye-resistant in the body when exposed to non-bactericidal concentrations. For this reason it is advisable to use the greatest concentration of dye compatible with tissue tolerance.

5. Since the spores of pathogenic bacteria may lie dormant for longer periods than the dyes retain their bacteriostatic action in the body frequent applications of the dye should be made in preventing infections by spore-bearing bacteria.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits can be successfully infected with syphilis by the inoculation of surface wounds with virulent strains of Treponema pallidum. Old granulating wounds in these animals constitute a particularly favorable terrain for syphilis inoculation, the chancre developing relatively soon and attaining a greater size than the lesion occurring on the basis of a fresh wound. Coal tar dermatitis renders the skin susceptible to infection with Treponema pallidum.

The possible reasons for these phenomena are discussed and an hypothesis to account for them is advanced.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

It is well known that methemoglobin is gradually formed in sterile blood or hemoglobin solutions which are stored under the usual conditions. If the hemoglobin is reduced by biological agents and stored in the absence of air, the formation of methemoglobin is inhibited, or wholly prevented. The reasons for this are discussed.
JAUNDICE AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL WASTAGE OF CORPUSCLES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

The jaundice that develops after obstruction of the common duct in the absence of complications, expresses the physiological wastage of corpuscles occurring from day to day; and the intensity of the bilirubinemia varies as does the total of functioning hemoglobin-containing tissue from which this wastage takes place. There is to be observed a constantly readjusted direct relationship between hemoglobin percentage, bilirubinemia, and, by corollary, bilirubinuria. Induced losses of red cells find expression at once in a lessened accumulation and excretion of bile pigment; and as the regeneration of hemoglobin takes place the amount of bile pigment increases pari passu both in plasma and urine. The jaundice of bile retention is far less pronounced during secondary anemia than when the individual is full blooded, other things being equal.

During uncomplicated obstructive jaundice the intercurrent changes in bilirubinemia correspond closely with those in circulating hemoglobin even when tissue icterus is of long standing. The fact indicates the presence of a barrier to the distribution of bile pigment from the blood, and such a barrier is to be found in the walls of the vessels. Its influence is at once evident on comparing lymph specimens and blood specimens from the long jaundiced animal. The amount of bile pigment in the lymph is then seen to be negligible, relatively speaking. Tissue icterus should be thought of as, ordinarily, the highly imperfect secondary expression of a condition which tends to be localized to the blood pool. On occasion more pigment than usual may escape from this pool, as for example into the wheats of the yellow urticaria described by clinicians.
SUPPRESSION OF BILE AS A RESULT OF IMPAIRMENT OF LIVER FUNCTION
Authors: Drury D. R. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Prolonged chloroform anesthesia causes an acute suppression of bile, as evidenced by the secretion of a thin "white bile" from which bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile salts are absent. The failure of the liver to secrete bilirubin under such circumstances is not due to failure of the pigment to be formed within the body. Indeed an unusual amount is elaborated after chloroform anesthesia because of a blood destruction. The evidence all goes to show that the bile suppression is consequent upon a functional disturbance of the liver, not upon obstruction to outflow. Even uncomplicated biliary obstruction, as when the common duct is tied in animals otherwise normal, results in a disturbance of the liver cells such that their secretory function is impaired, as shown by the inability to take up and secrete sodium indigotate.

The various circumstances under which white bile may be formed are considered and the clinical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN MICE FOLLOWING THE INHALATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS AND OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold
Published: June 2004

The results of these experiments support the previous observations that mice react in different ways to the inhalation of different bacteria. If normal mice are sprayed with hemolytic streptococci or Friedländer's bacillus, these organisms may be recovered from the lungs and heart's blood for a number of days after exposure. A large number of mice so exposed die of a septicemia during the 30 days following spraying. Consolidation of one or more lobes is not rare. If normal mice are exposed to an atmosphere of pneumococci, however, the organisms rapidly disappear from the lungs and only an occasional mouse succumbs to pneumococcus septicemia. In order to cause the pneumococcus to invade, the mice must first be alcoholized. If mice are first alcoholized and then exposed to a pneumococcus atmosphere, the pneumococci persist for a longer time in the lungs and a number will die of septicemia, a state of affairs which resembles that seen after the administration to normal mice of the other two organisms studied. In order to produce pneumococcus lobar consolidation, however, the mice must be first partially immunized and then allowed to inhale the organisms while under the influence of alcohol. A large percentage of both the normal and immune mice so alcoholized die within 5 days of exposure.

There also appears to be a definite relation between the mortality and the length of time inspired bacteria persist in the lungs. Whether this lag in removal allows multiplication of the bacteria and massive infection to occur has not been determined. Following inhalation of pneumococcus, the organisms were either removed rapidly and without apparent detriment to the animal, or, as in the case of the alcoholized mice, invasion occurred, in which event the mouse usually succumbed rapidly, localization in the lung only occurring in partially immune animals. In the case of the hemolytic streptococci and Bacillus friedlænderi, however, the whole process of removal and infection seems to be slower. Infection and pneumonia occurred more often. These organisms seem to possess much greater invasive power when inhaled than the pneumococcus, though on intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation, pneumococcus is highly virulent for normal mice.
PATHOLOGY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIAS IN MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS, OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS, AND OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Branch Arnold , Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. Pulmonary consolidation may be produced in normal mice by the inhalation of Friedländer's bacillus or Streptococcus hæmolylicus.

2. The initial lesion is in both instances interstitial in character and the spread is by way of the interstitial tissue, though the ultimate consolidation may come to resemble in the gross a lobar pneumonia.

3. The lesions grossly and microscopically may be distinguished from the lobar consolidation associated with pneumococcus infection of the lung.

4. Friedländer's bacillus and Streptococcus hæmolyticus give rise to pneumonia in mice previously normal, whereas the pneumococcus produces pulmonary lesions only under special circumstances, as when the animals are alcoholized after partial immunization.
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIONS PRODUCED BY TREPONEMA PERTENUE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

From a study of rabbits inoculated intratesticularly with two strains of treponemata derived from patients suffering from clinical yaws, it was found that a characteristic feature of the reaction to the infection was a well marked periorchitis of a granular or finely nodular type with or without a diffuse involvement of the tunic. While lesions of the testicular parenchyma also occurred they were relatively inconspicuous and consisted either of a minor diffuse orchitis which was usually followed by atrophy and fibrosis of the organ, or of small nodules; or there might be a combination of diffuse and nodular lesions. The granular periorchitis could be recognized clinically almost as soon as any change could be detected in the testicle, that is, about 3 weeks after inoculation; in the following month the covering of the testicle became studded with numerous tiny indurated nodules. Subsequently regression and healing took place and in the majority of animals no lesions were found 3 months after inoculation. In some animals residual lesions persisted for as long as 6 months. The granular periorchitis was a practically constant feature of the infection and was unlike any lesion of the tunic observed in experimental syphilis of the rabbit. Treponemata were numerous in the lesions of the tunic and somewhat less so in the testicle itself.

Dissemination of organisms to the uninoculated testicle and to the inguinal lymph nodes was demonstrated by animal inoculation although the clinical signs of a metastatic orchitis and periorchitis were slight and a lymph adenitis was an inconstant feature of the infection. Generalized lesions in remote parts of the body, similar to those occurring in experimental syphilis of the rabbit, were not observed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GROWTH CAPACITY OF PRIMARY TUMORS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF METASTASES OF A TRANSPLANTED TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

As an adjunct to the study of a transplantable malignant tumor of the rabbit an index of malignancy has been developed which has proven useful in evaluating the severity of the disease for the purpose of statistical investigations.

The index consists of two figures, one of which expresses the growth capacity of the primary lesion on a volume basis, and the other the extent of the metastatic lesions according to the distribution of peripheral tumors. In the present communication these two values for each animal are utilized for the study of the relationship existing between the size of the primary tumor and the distribution of metastases in this experimental tumor. The data from a group of 128 rabbits form the basis of the analysis. These animals represent three entire series that had been used for the purposes of other experiments at various times, all, however, conducted under carefully controlled uniform conditions. The indices of malignancy of these animals were analyzed by means of graphs, in which individual values are preserved while at the same time investigation of mass behavior is permitted.

From this analysis it is concluded (1) that the severity of the disease as a whole is very irregular among individuals of a series and from series to series, and (2) that the relationship between the extent of the primary lesions and that of the secondary lesions is inconstant among individuals but assumes definite proportions when the data are viewed in the mass. For the mass proportion between the two phases of the disease is predominatingly a direct one, but in certain small groups of seriously affected rabbits the proportion shows a tendency to reversal, while, in addition, there occurs a reduction in the rate of growth of the primary tumor, which reduction, together with the reversal in relationship, appears to be more pronounced from series to series as malignancy increases.

An attempt has been made to account for these results in the light of what has been ascertained of the modes of defense of the rabbit host against the inroads of the cells of this transplanted tumor.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction.

Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia.

1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days.

Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia.

10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period.

Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of antigen into an animal determines a gradual change in the blood fluid which finds expression in two physicochemical manifestations that can readily be followed, namely a decrease in the static value of the surface tension of serum solutions, and a special form of crystallization when serum diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution is allowed to evaporate under certain conditions.

2. The change in the blood is at a maximum around the 13th day after the first antigen injection, and decreases progressively thereafter until it can no longer be observed, which is usually around the 30th day.

3. The change follows the same course, whether a single large injection of antigen is made, or many smaller ones. It begins at the same time in either case, it comes to a maximum after the same period, and in its subsequent course it is not affected by the reinjection of antigen. The manifestations of the change would appear to be independent of the presence of antigen in the circulation.

4. The mean length of the protein molecules of the immune serum obtained after the injection of the antigen dealt with is little if at all different from that of the protein molecules of normal serum.

5. It is possible that this reaction is independent of the antibody formation.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Survivors of an experimental mouse typhoid infection, selected and bred for a number of consecutive generations, give birth to offspring which are more resistant to the disease than a random group of the same inbred race.

2. Offspring of females most susceptible to this infection give birth to individuals which are more susceptible than a group of similar unselected mice.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E.
Published: June 2004

Syphilitic rabbits can be treated with arsphenamine in such a manner as to render the lymph nodes incapable of transmitting the infection to normal rabbits. This can be accomplished if treatment is begun either early or comparatively late in the course of the disease. If treatment is begun early, the animals are almost uniformly susceptible to a second infection, whereas, if it is begun late, they are almost uniformly refractory to a second infection. It is suggested that this refractory state in rabbits may be explained by the existence of an acquired immunity which persists after the abolition of the disease, rather than to the persistence of the first infection.

It would appear that it is possible under certain conditions to reinoculate rabbits and produce generalized infection without producing any lesion at the portal of entry.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E. ,   With the Assistance of Allan K. Poole, M.D.
Published: June 2004

Simultaneous transfers to the testes of normal rabbits of circulating blood, heart muscle, liver, brain, spleen and bone marrow (mixed), inoculated testicle, and popliteal lymph nodes from a series of untreated syphilitic rabbits, demonstrated the persistence of the original infection unifomnly in the lymph nodes and less regularly in the liver, mixed spleen and bone marrow, and testis originally inoculated. In one instance the circulating blood was found to be infectious. Transfer of similar tissues from syphilitic rabbits treated with arsphenamine late in the course of the disease failed to disclose syphilitic infection of any of these tissues. In one animal, in which keratitis developed both before and after treatment, the blood, internal organs, and lymph nodes were found to be non-infectious in spite of the fact that the cornea was shown to be the site of a syphilitic inflammation. Transfer of lymph nodes or internal organs of treated syphilitic rabbits is probably the best method of evaluating an antisyphilitic agent, but it must be supplemented by careful observation of treated animals over an appreciable interval of time following treatment.

The results of this study support the idea that failure to reinoculate a treated syphilitic animal does not necessarily mean the existence of the first infection but might beinterpreted as indicating the presence of an acquired resistance which persists in rabbits in which no trace of the first infection can be demonstrated.
ORGAN WEIGHTS OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

In November, 1921, a systematic study of normal rabbits was undertaken as a part of a more general investigation dealing with the subject of the animal organism in relation to disease. The present paper on organ weights is based on results obtained from a study of 350 male rabbits killed and examined between January 1, 1922, and July 1, 1924. Methods of conducting the experiments are described and the results are summarized in the form of a table and a series of text-figures.

The organs studied were the heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, thymus, testicles, brain, thyroid, parathyroids, suprarenals, hypophysis, pineal gland, and representative groups of lymph nodes.

The results recorded include maximum, minimum, and average weights, the median, the mode, the standard deviation, the probable error, the coefficient of variation, and the percentage distribution of organs of different weights.

No final conclusions are drawn but it is pointed out that the results obtained are comparable to those that have been reported from similar studies of organ weight in man. Attention is also directed to the tendency to the occurrence of wide variations in the weights of nearly all organs, and to an apparent difference in the degree of correlation that exists between organ weight and body weight in the case of certain organs. In this connection it is pointed out that within certain limits the weight of the brain, in particular, and of other organs to a lesser degree appears to be independent of body weight.

The results recorded in this paper are regarded as representing approximate values which are affected by numerous conditions for which correction should be made. These conditions will be considered in subsequent papers.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

A variety of evidence is presented, all of which supports the view that in the uninfected animal the intestinal tract is the only place of origin of urobilin, not merely under normal circumstances, but when there is biliary obstruction. Animals rendered urobilin-free by collection of all of the bile from the intubated common duct remain urobilin-free even after severe hepatic injury.

In our experiments urobilinuria was never found after liver damage except when bile pigment was present in the intestine. Thus, for example, it appeared during the first days after Ugation of the common duct, but disappeared as the stools became acholic. When this had happened a small amount of urobilin-free bile, given by mouth, precipitated a prompt urobilinuria. After obstruction of the duct from one-third of the liver, mild urobilinuria was found, but no bilirubinuria. In animals intubated for the collection of a part of the bile only, while the rest flowed to the duodenum through the ordinary channels, liver injury caused urobilinuria, unless indeed it was so severe as to lead to bile suppression, when almost at once the urobilinuria ceased, though the organism became jaundiced.

The evidence here presented, when taken with that of our previous papers, clearly proves that urobilinuria is an expression of the inability of the liver cells to remove from circulation the urobilin brought by the portal stream, with result that the pigment passes on to kidney and urine. Urobilinuria occurs with a far less degree of liver injury than does bilirubinuria.

Our work has, for the most part, been carried out with animals having uninfected livers and bile passages. But the influence of cholangitis with infection has been briefly discussed in the light of some preliminary observations. The influence of infection on the place of formation of urobilin and on the occurrence of urobilinuria will form the subject of another communication.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE FUNCTION OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: Crawford J. Hamilton , Hartley J. N. J.
Published: June 2004

1. There is a marked individual variation in the histological structure of the thyroid gland of rabbits examined at the same season under standard conditions. Although the microscopic appearance varies in different rabbits, the structure of the two lobes in the same animal does not differ. The variations are seen principally in the size and shape of the vesicles and in the quantity and character of the colloid.

2. With one lobe as a control no histological changes in the other lobe have been observed following section or stimulation of either the cervical sympathetic or the vagus and its branches.
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE THYROID GLAND OF THE RABBIT FOLLOWING LOBECTOMY
Authors: Crawford J. Hamilton , Hartley J. N. J.
Published: June 2004

1. In a series of rabbits the changes which took place in the histology of the left lobe of the thyroid gland after excision of the right lobe have been studied at varied intervals of time. 2 days after the removal of one lobe the other lobe showed a slightly increased colloid content, an increased vacuolation of the colloid, and a slight increase in the size of the epithelial cells. At the end of a week the vesicles were greatly increased in size, distended with colloid, and the epithelial cells were flattened, while after 3 to 4 months signs of compensatory hypertrophy were present.

2. The changes observed were uninfluenced by division of the vagus or cervical sympathetic.