bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability as an Interpretive Tool
Authors: O’Rourke Maeve
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how recognizing a person’s ‘vulnerability’ tends to impact the human rights treaty bodies’ assessment of the severity of an act or form of suffering and the nature of states’ positive obligations under the anti-torture norm. Thus, the chapter provides an additional layer to Chapter 2’s outline of the two core interpretive tasks of a human rights actor seeking to apply the anti-torture norm; it shows that the identification of vulnerability is a productive means of progressively interpreting the anti-torture norm. The chapter demonstrates that in contexts of deprivation of liberty, and in other situations of vulnerability recognized by treaty bodies applying the anti-torture norm, states’ positive obligations are even more wide-ranging and detailed than Chapter 2 suggested to be the case. The chapter also begins to illuminate the human rights treaty bodies’ sensitivity to the impact of powerlessness on the personality.
Women Writing Antiquity
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: May 2024

Women Writing Antiquity argues that the struggle to define the female intellectual in seventeenth-century France lay at the centre of a broader struggle over the definition of literature and literary knowledge during a time of significant cultural change. As the female intellectual became a figure of debate, France was also undergoing a shift away from the dominance of classical cultural models, the transition towards a standardised modern language, the development of a national literature and literary canon, and the emergence of the literary field. This book explores the intersection of these phenomena, analysing how a range of women constructed the female intellectual through their reception of Greco-Roman culture. Women Writing Antiquity offers readings of known and less familiar works from a diverse corpus of translators, novelists, poets, linguists, playwrights, essayists, and fairy tale writers, including Marie de Gournay, Madeleine de Scudéry, Madame de Villedieu, Antoinette Deshoulières, Marie-Jeanne L’Héritier, and Anne Dacier. Challenging traditionally formalist and source text-orientated approaches, the study reframes classical reception in terms of authorial self-fashioning and professional strategy, and explores the symbolic value of Latin literacy to an author’s projected identity. These writers used reception of Greco-Roman culture to negotiate the value attributed to different genres, the legitimacy of varied modes of authorship, the nature of poetics, the qualities and properties of French, and even how and by whom these topics might be debated. Women Writing Antiquity combines a new take on the literary history of the period with a retelling of the history of the figure of the ‘learned woman’.
Original Sins
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 lays out the argument of The End of Ambition, emphasizing the juxtaposition of America’s successes in the Middle East during the post–World War II era to Washington’s failures in the post–Cold War era. The chapter asks: how was it that American foreign policy had arrived at the intersection of fantasy and failure in the Middle East, especially after previous years of success in the region? And now, in the wake of the stark reality of those failed efforts—not just in Iraq—how should the United States approach the Middle East? There was a strong pull within the American foreign-policy community for some form of withdrawal, which was understandable after so little return on America’s investment in the Middle East, but what did that mean for America’s interests in the region? The chapter also introduces the ideas of preventive and transformative foreign policies and explicates the realist-tinged analytic lens that runs throughout the book.
The Great Transformation
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter tells the story of the American shift from prevention to transformation in the Middle East. After Saddam Hussein’s defeat in February 1991 and the fall of the Soviet Union later that year, the United States stood alone in the world with a surfeit of power. From the mid-1990s through the 2010s, Washington sought to use that power to remake the Middle East. As a result, it pursued the establishment of a Palestinian state, the overthrow of the regime in Iraq, and the Freedom Agenda, all in an effort to build more just, democratic, and prosperous societies in the region. The chapter demonstrates that while the goals of three American administrations were noble, the returns on America’s investment were meager at best.
Personal Sacrifice and the Value of Solidarity
Authors: Viehoff Juri
Published: May 2024

I first propose a twofold conceptual puzzle: (1) In virtue of which features are some self-sacrifices solidaristic? (2) In virtue of which features are self-sacrificial and non-self-sacrificial instances of solidarity part of a unified phenomenon? I then criticize two motivation-based solutions of what unifies sacrificial and non-sacrificial cases of solidarity. However, ‘content-based’ explanations cannot explain why some cases of self-sacrifice do not count as solidaristic. In response, I develop a functionalist alternative: solidarity is not about fostering ‘concern’ or establishing ‘community,’ but serves a ‘function’. It helps to mitigate conflicts between moral requirements and living an autonomous life. In solidarity, we build projects and relationships based on morality-given criteria. This offers a solution to the puzzle of non-solidaristic sacrifice: where self-interest diverges drastically from the course of action recommended by the moral cause, there is no way of realizing the described function and, therefore, one should not speak of solidarity.
The Cost of Belonging
Authors: Munoz-Dardé Véronique
Published: May 2024

Solidarity plays a central role in political discourse. One’s sense of solidarity with others is essential to the political activities and associations which structure social and political life. But is solidarity, or fraternity, a value, as many suppose liberty and equality are? In answer, this article argues that the essentially partitive nature of solidarity rules out its playing a fundamental role in any ethical theory grounded on equal and universal respect. However, even if solidarity is not an intrinsic value, this is not to say that solidarity is not valuable. It is an important political ideal. One cannot embrace solely universal brotherly or sisterly love without giving up political life. The only ways that we have learned to be political agents is by finding solidarity with some against others. Solidarity expresses and structures the kinds of association needed to function well within a social and political setting.
Work during and after the Pandemic
Authors: Peters Susan E. , Wagner Gregory R.
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented attention to work as a key factor in the health and well-being of workers, their families, and the communities in which they live. The pandemic has also highlighted the centrality of work to the social and economic vitality of nations. Every worker across every sector has been affected, but some more than others. This chapter discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted and continues to impact work and working conditions with a focus on the United States. We explore changes in the workplace, workforce, organization of work, and the standards, policies, and practices that support worker health, safety, and well-being, highlighting those issues likely to remain important beyond the pandemic. The pandemic has resulted in incredible loss and tragedy, but the impact of the pandemic on work may not be exclusively problematic. To protect and improve worker safety, health, and well-being, policy makers, workers, and employers must anticipate and understand the forces driving changes in working conditions and the labor market and respond to them effectively. We therefore consider both the costs and potential benefits of pandemic-related changes on work, workplaces, and workers.
Housing Conditions in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Olascoaga Sebastián Sandoval , López César García , Rio Gabriela Zayas del , Arcaya Mariana C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses housing conditions as determinants of COVID-19, including housing market-level conditions, such as gentrification, and unit-level conditions, such as overcrowding. It also addresses the ways in which COVID-19 affects housing markets, including housing prices, and risk of adverse housing outcomes, including eviction, for households. This chapter also explores financial factors and housing conditions, including maintenance of housing, rent freezes, eviction moratoriums, burden of rent, housing stability, publicly supported housing, and shelters. It is suggested that access to stable housing can improve health and reduce healthcare costs. In addition, this chapter explores the interactions between closures and adjustments due to COVID-19 increases in job insecurity, and housing insecurity and efforts to house the homeless to prevent transmission. The chapter concludes by reviewing potential housing interventions that could guard against COVID-19 and discusses the need to prepare for pandemic-induced housing market failures.
Public Health Communication in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: McCloud Rachel , Bekalu Mesfin Awoke , Viswanath K.
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on COVID-19 and public health communications, including trust in public health communications and the “war” on the media. The authors write from a social determinants perspective, using Viswanath’s communication inequalities framework, which emphasizes disparities in people’s access to and consumption of media. Communication influences at the cultural, societal, and political levels and their impacts on COVID-19-related beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors are emphasized. Particular attention is focused on the role of social media (Facebook, Twitter) in disseminating alternative narratives about the pandemic. In addition, this chapter describes ongoing challenges in vaccinating the public due to vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine sentiment. The authors provide recommendations for health communicators on how to address communication inequalities and combat mis- and disinformation to successfully disseminate trustworthy, clear, and actionable information.
The Consequentialist Attempt to Accommodate Partiality
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

The consequentialist is often charged with offering an inadequate moral theory insofar as it is a theory that cannot justify our practice of partiality toward our intimates and our considered judgment that such partiality is justified—this is the partiality objection to consequentialism. This chapter presents the main moves in the debate between consequentialists and their critics who claim that the former are unable to adequately respond to the objection from partiality, with a focus on the strategic response and the indirect consequentialist response. It is argued that none of these responses is adequate because they focus on the practice of partiality rather than on the fundamental status of reasons to care for intimates.
My Friend or My Friendship?
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

This chapter defends the Non-Value-Based Relationships View of reasons of intimacy against both the Individuals View and the Value-Based Relationships View. The Non-Value-Based Relationships View grounds those reasons directly on our special relationships, while the Individuals View bases them on the person with whom we are intimate, and the Value-Based Relationships View grounds them on the value of the relationships. It is argued that only the Non-Value-Based Relationships View offers an account that adequately captures the agent-relativity of reasons of intimacy. It is also shown that recent attempts on the part of advocates of the Individuals View to appeal to relationships as intensifying or modifying already existing reasons are not successful.
Warriors into Citizens: The Re-education ofThumos
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

In addition to addressing the citizens’ ingrained acquisitiveness, the Athenian aspires to transform their attachment to a destructive model of thumos, which is unmoored from intelligence, justice, and moderation. He will cultivate thumos and direct it toward peace and justice. He rendered military exercises less toxic by embedding them within religious rituals. He also proposed to “pacify” common meals and to institute common meals for women, who would, as in Callipolis, receive military training. The Athenian’s account of surveillance, punishment, and judgment strives to elevate thumos, making it a richer, more rationally reflective element of the citizens’ souls. By means of their watchfulness, citizens encourage one another to live up to the city’s standards of virtue. Adequate care for others in this way requires that citizens’ thumoeidetic energies be appropriately informed by practical reason.
Displacing and Disciplining Muslims in India’s Burgeoning Hindu Rashtra
Authors: Truschke Audrey
Published: May 2024

Since the 2019 general Indian elections, Hindu nationalists have accelerated their agenda to transform the constitutionally secular nation of India into an ethnonationalist state intolerant of religious minorities. This chapter surveys three major developments in this ongoing transition: the 2019 state policy changes regarding Kashmir, the late 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act, and the February 2020 Delhi riots. These three case studies vary significantly in terms of their locations and the specific communities involved, though the events occurred within a tight timeframe. Stretching across all three areas is Hindu nationalists’ penchant for the use of force and coercion to achieve their aims at the expense of Muslim communities. The chapter situates each case study against the overlapping backdrops of Hindu supremacy and Islamophobia, arguing that Hindu nationalists deploy these intertwined frameworks in contemporary India with dangerous results for the nation’s largest religious minority.
The Aptness Alternative
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

This chapter spells out an alternative vision to the notion that a warranted inductive scientific inference is one that increases the probability of the inference’s truth. It begins by looking at a range of arguments for why the acquisition of truth, even significant truth, is not necessarily profitable from a scientific perspective. Instead, it argues that inductive projection is projection about how the research community is likely to approach the classification of a given phenomenon. Because classification is made on the basis of analogy, we should look for our sense of inductive warrant in whatever it is that confers warrant upon warranted analogies. That warrant-conferring property is aptness. Analogies and metaphors are apt when they are accurate, when they give salient properties their due, and when they facilitate further research.
Gender and Sexual Identity
Authors: Lindahl Kristin M. , Malik Neena M. , Little Katie
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on how parents can cope with and work toward acceptance of a child who expresses diversity in their gender or sexual identities. These issues are often difficult for children and parents to negotiate. This chapter focuses on providing information regarding how these issues may come up in families and supporting families through these challenging experiences.
Making and Keeping Friends
Authors: Harrison Hannah M. , Greca Annette M. La
Published: May 2024

Childhood friendships help children develop fundamental social, cognitive, communication, and emotional skills. Parents play an important role in organizing opportunities for children to develop friendships. They also coach children in the social skills necessary to make and keep friends. This chapter describes these roles during three different developmental stages: early childhood, middle childhood, and the teenage years. The chapter also gives advice on how to help children who may struggle with making friends at each developmental stage.
Insurgent Fandom
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Insurgent Fandom investigates a youth subculture you’ve never heard of called ultra. The most dedicated soccer fans who sing, wave flags, and light marine flares to support their respective teams on the field, ultras also critique the capitalistic tendencies of professional sport and question the legitimacy of the authorities who make the rules. In spite of public misperceptions of ultras as hooligans, Max Jack argues that ultras’ performative style of support in the stadium is in part a form of protest informed by their constant friction with the state, the mainstream media, and the commercial priorities of sports’ governing bodies. Because of this conflict with authority, fandom for ultras takes on a collective social life in which the game on the field often becomes a secondary concern. With political implications extending past the realm of sports, ultras have even become key actors in some of the most significant mass protests of the twenty-first century—including those in Cairo (2011), Istanbul (2013), and Kiev (2013). Embracing a politic of dissent at the heart of crowd action, Insurgent Fandom casts a light upon the apparatuses of governance that aim to mitigate the potentially inflammatory dispositions of the hardcore fans while examining stadia as a breeding ground for alternative social and political possibilities.
The Politics of Platform Regulation
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

As digital platforms have become more integral to not just how we live, but also to how we do politics, the rules governing online expression, behavior, and interaction created by large multinational technology firms—popularly termed ‘content moderation,’ ‘platform governance,’ or ‘trust and safety’—have increasingly become the target of government regulatory efforts. This book provides a conceptual and empirical analysis of the important and emerging tech policy terrain of ‘platform regulation.’ How, why, and where exactly is it happening? Why now? And how do we best understand the vast array of strategies being deployed across jurisdictions to tackle this issue? The book outlines three strategies commonly pursued by government actors seeking to combat issues relating to the proliferation of hate speech, disinformation, child abuse imagery, and other forms of harmful content on user-generated content platforms: convincing, collaborating, and contesting. It then outlines a theoretical model for explaining the adoption of these different strategies in different political contexts and regulatory episodes. This model is explored through detailed case study chapters—driven by a combination of stakeholder interviews and new policymaking documents obtained via freedom of information requests—looking at policy development in Germany, Australia and New Zealand, and the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins by defining key terms—platform governance, content moderation, and platform regulation. It outlines the book’s core research questions (understanding the factors informing why platform regulation emerges under certain conditions, as well as the character that this regulation takes), and presents the institutionalist approach that underlies the book’s argument. It summarizes the empirical approach of the book, including the more than 75 stakeholder interviews conducted with stakeholders in industry, government, and civil society, as well at the approach for obtaining new government policy documents via freedom of information request. It concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Governance by Platforms
Authors: Gorwa Robert
Published: May 2024

This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant literature that this book contributes to, discussing emerging work on governance in digital media, political communication, and `internet studies’ circles, as well as the larger body of relevant scholarship in global governance that deals with corporate actors. It begins by outlining the lineage of the term ‘platform,’ and providing a detailed typology of different types of platform business models. The following section discusses how platform firms with different business models can all be said govern generally along three broad lines—through their design, rule-making, and gatekeeping. The chapter concludes by identifying some key emerging institutional and organizational trends in how platform firms, facing growing public and policy pressure internationally, have begun governing their services more exhaustively.
Territorial Anxieties
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers the state territorial concerns and anxieties of world powers that resulted in the prioritization of their territorial security dilemmas over those of the planet as a whole. Concerns primarily revolve around borders, territorial integrity, access to vital resources, and security of flows. The territorial behavior of world powers stems from power structures operated by modernizing elites with an interest in securing and fortifying their position. The chapter cites that the territorial security dilemmas of world powers often predominate over all other understandings of security threats. It mentions how the divergence of territories only deepens in relation to the consequences of climate breakdown.
Conclusion
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

This chapter looks into the unfolding emergency brought by climate change. Large sections of the international community are aware of the seriousness of climate change, but the world’s most powerful states remain attached to the existing hierarchies of power and privileged narratives. Geopolitics is one of many drivers of climate breakdown due to its expansion of capitalist relations of production to the ends of the Earth, alongside military force and weapon technologies. The chapter clarifies that the dominance of capitalist modernity over human civilization is not inevitable, as it can be reformed and reimagined. It considers the possibility of a sustainable future.
Russian Strategic Narratives and the War in Ukraine
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 considers the nature and meaning in the shift of Russian strategic narratives by Russian President Vladimir Putin from long-standing narratives to more mythic anti-Ukrainian conspiracies on the eve of the 2022 invasion. This demonstrates that tracking narratives can provide useful signals in understanding planned military actions from Russia. In addition, the chapter demonstrates that Russian conspiracy stories about Nazism in Ukraine found little engagement from the mainstream media, but that this type of Russian propaganda is most likely to enter the U.S. through conspiracy websites on the far right. Finally, the chapter analyzes how the long-standing Russian complaint that NATO threatens Russian sovereignty found traction in the West through a qualitative review of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post.
How Memory Typically Changes with Age
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 reviews how memory typically changes with age, that is, in older adults without mild cognitive impairment or any other memory diagnoses. In everyday life, the most common memory changes that older adults notice are remembering names, numbers, what they were just about to do, and where they put something. The memory processes that are most affected by age are encoding and retrieval, with relatively little change in storage. On memory tests, the types of memory that generally decline with normal aging are prospective memory, associative memory, and recent memory. Memory types that don’t change as much with age are remote memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory.
Cognitive Screening
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 18 explains cognitive screening tests, which are short tests of thinking skills designed to check whether cognitive decline is present. These tests typically screen basic attention and memory skills and provide an overall score. A passing score is one that is at, or above, the established cut-off. Scoring below the cut-off indicates cognitive decline may be present, and more investigation is necessary. Health factors, such as mild hearing loss or depressive mood, must be considered because they can influence performance on these screening tests. The score on a cognitive screening test alone does not rule in or rule out the presence of mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
Specialists You May Be Referred To
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 19 describes the different specialists to whom a family doctor may refer their patient once they have identified possible cognitive decline. These specialists include neuropsychologists, who understand how behavior tells us about how well the brain is working, as well as medical doctors such as a geriatrician, psychiatrist, and a neurologist. Any one of the specialists are a good starting point for a referral when it comes to further investigation of mild cognitive impairment. If access to a specialist is not possible, there is still plenty that can be done, with the support of the family doctor, to slow cognitive decline.
Resources for Taking Charge of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 32 provides practical information about resources for taking charge of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to help you live well as you continue to age. Sometimes it can be hard to know what might be useful, where to get started on finding it, and how to get access to the right kind of support. Strategies are described for finding information from trusted sources. Also included is advice on how to move forward in terms of taking the right steps to get any needed services. The aim of this chapter is to help older adults with MCI make choices and take action to get access to resources that are personally meaningful and beneficial to their health and wellness.
Exercise: Jog Your Memory
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 37 sets the stage for the following three chapters by describing how exercise is measured, and how it is defined. Measures of heart rate, calorie expenditure, and maximum oxygen use are described. Then, whether exercise is defined as a planned activity with the purpose of improving or maintaining health, or simply as any form of physical activity is considered. Readers are encouraged to lead an active life, even if it does not include what people normally call exercise. A study example from the author’s lab, showing that those who do more housework have larger brains, is used as an example.
Exercise Your Way to Better Brain Health
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 39 discusses health considerations before starting a new exercise plan, and how much exercise people should aim for. The importance of consulting with your doctor before you exercise if you have certain heart or lung conditions or arthritis is emphasized. Readers are encouraged to complete a short questionnaire to determine if they are ready to start or change their exercise plan, or if they should consult with their doctor first. Next, the amount of exercise people should be aiming for is introduced. People should be getting 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate-intensity physical activity, or 1 hours, 15 minutes to 2.5 hours of vigorous physical activity a week. This should be combined with strength training and balance activities, particularly among older adults with balance issues. Readers are encouraged to start slowly, and to listen to their body for signs of injury. Finally, when readers are not exercising, they are encouraged to be active and not sedentary.
Good Memory Habits
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 48 describes how habits can be developed and used to help remember things. Habits are very effective strategies for remembering where you have put something, such as your keys or wallet. For this, have “a place for everything and everything in its place.” Habits are also useful for helping you remember whether you have already done something, such as taking your pills. In this case, you can make a habit of doing it at the same time you would normally do something else, such as having a meal or brushing your teeth. Developing new habits is hard, but once you have a new habit, it is also hard to break.
Anarchist Perspectives for Social Work
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

This book uses an anarchist perspective with a focus on unpacking theory and a discussion of the implications for social work practice. As climate change, the brutality of austerity politics under neoliberal capitalism, xenophobia, and a rising right-wing fascism are increasingly making our lives, and those we intend to help, more difficult, protests against police, power, and authority have resulted in the public imaginary being confronted with images of temporary autonomous zones. The economic uncertainty brought about by the global pandemic, has raised questions about the meaning of “essential worker” and illustrated how capitalism is more interested in commerce than human beings. Grassroots movements, such as Black Lives Matter and Idle no More, are challenging how we think about society, and topics like anarchism have entered the mainstream discourse. Specific topics of social work practice and theory are explored, and anarchist ideas are considered. The reader is encouraged to join in thinking about what such a form of social work practice could be. This book will engage with environmental social work, notions of mental health and recovery that shape ongoing practice, and ideas related to theories of welfare. The argument is being made that anarchist ideas can help us think beyond the hegemony of the state for the collective benefit of all. Furthermore, this book is clear about the assumption that all structural forces are supported by white supremacy in our North American political climate and that anarchist perspectives seek to dismantle these for our collective, mutual benefit.
Supported employment
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

Social workers in the field of mental health will be familiar with expectations around supported employment. Anarchism is intended to assist in providing a critique about the problematic assumptions by society due to the state’s view of all of us as only having value if contributing to the accumulation of capital. The literature on work questions this construct to begin with as part of a larger hegemony. The concern about normalizing work as a condition of living is examined, given how work for the sake of work increases stress and worsens mental health. Any population that is deemed unable to work will fall under the same spell of internalizing these destructive definitions of the human condition. Given that in any prior period of economic uncertainty, residual models of welfare tend to be promoted that pathologize and moralize against those who do not work, it is a timely area of concern.
Crime, social work, and anarchism
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

With the murder of George Floyd and the resulting social unrest, alternatives to traditional policing have been called for. The anarchist response to the carceral system as well as voices from the prison abolition movement offer a compelling perspective that are important to consider. This is especially timely given the discussion over whether social work ought to be more involved in reforming the police or in supporting their abolition. The reader is exposed to theories of abolition and critiques of law enforcement, from the encounter with police to incarceration. This must include a focus on both Black and Indigenous encounters with the carceral system and the police. Links are made between the practice of state violence to preserve a form of order that conserves and preserves the white supremacist status quo and social work’s commitment to challenge and oppose all forms of oppression.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Formally Valid Arguments, and Demonstrative Arguments
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter reviews the distinction between deductive and inductive arguments, distinguishing between demonstrative and ampliative arguments. Also, and formally valid and demonstrative arguments are distinguished. The formal validity of an argument is germane to whether a reason-giving use of it is good only because formally valid arguments are demonstrative arguments. Some (classically) formally valid arguments do not correspond to reflective inferences and so cannot be successfully used to advance their premises as reasons for their conclusions. This matters to whether a formal logic such as classical logic is adequate for judging reflective inferences. Three norms, pragmatic, doxastic, and dialectical, guide reason-giving uses of arguments. These norms are used to explain when a deductive argument that advance reasons for believing its conclusion should be demonstrative, and when an argument’s being demonstrative matters to the legitimacy of the corresponding reflective inference.
Drawing Lots for Governance: A Political Innovation
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

Introducing the lot from other domains into the political sphere was an innovation, and this chapter evaluates how this innovation was anchored in some poleis and rejected in others. The first section examines how the ancient Greeks viewed the application of the lot to the polis offices. Ancient comments on the practice are relatively few, and in the available sources, the critics are more vocal than the advocates; Plato and Aristotle are among the most outspoken critics. Their objections are not concerned with the lot itself but with the group who would stand for the allotment: indiscriminate allotment from all, as practiced in Athens, assigns too many unqualified citizens to office. The second section reviews two modern commentators on the allotment for office in Athens: G. E. M. de Ste. Croix (1960s, published in 2004) and Bernard Manin (1997), who arrive at totally different evaluations. The last section sketches how drawing lots for polis office could have been introduced and, in a fair number of Greek poleis, be accepted as a means for citizens’ political engagement. The Endnote offers a brief comment on the work of James Headlam (1891).
Beyond Collective Action Problems
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

This book aims to improve our understanding of the fundamental phenomenon of sustained cooperation around shared resources through the study of 233 long-running, community-managed irrigation systems in Nepal. These systems show the hallmarks of long enduring commons resources: the right institutions, high social capital, relative autonomy, and a robust ability to solve collective action problems. Yet decades later, some continue to perform well while others have declined. Why do some groups successfully sustain cooperation to use and maintain shared resources while others don’t? And more importantly, what lies beyond collective action problems? The answer comes from understanding how communities address the fairness problem. The longer individuals cooperate the more they become aware of how far their cooperative arrangement has diverged from the initial promise of fairness. This perception of fairness affects their commitment to maintaining the shared resource and participating in the institutions for governing it. Variations in perceptions of fairness, reflected in how willing each individual is to continue to cooperate, are hypothesized to make these systems more or less robust to shocks, which together generate divergences in the performance of the shared infrastructure. This argument is constructed using a mixed methods approach: using ethnographic observations and over 800 interviews with individual farmers to build the fairness argument, and by using a statistical analysis of a novel data set of these irrigation systems between 1976 and 2013 to support it.
Monteverdi's Voices
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: May 2024

Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) was the leading composer in late Renaissance and early Baroque Italy. In addition to operas and sacred music, he wrote a large corpus of madrigals throughout his long career in Cremona, Mantua, and Venice. These settings for vocal ensemble (later, plus instruments) of Italian lyric, epic, and dramatic poetry were intended for chamber performance. They are microcosms of Italian musical and literary culture of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, an integral part of the intellectual, artistic, and practical worlds of creation and performance at the time. Their poets included the major figures of the day—Torquato Tasso, Battista Guarini, and Giambattista Marino—as well as the classics, not least Petrarch. Their music embraces a wide range of contemporary styles both responding to, and reacting against, trends of the time. Each poem set by Monteverdi posed a number of challenges, forcing him to make choices about how to represent its poetic voice or voices with a group of singers that might not match them in terms of number or gender. How did Monteverdi play with poetry, sound, and time, and with the performers with whom he worked so closely? And what impact do the various answers to these questions have on our own efforts to bring these stunning works alive to modern ears?
Death, Dominance, and State-Building
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This book applies a systematic framework to explain the course, aftermath, and long-term lessons of the US intervention in Iraq. The work follows the rise and fall of violence and progress in building a new Iraq state across the 2003–2023 period. There are four sections. The first outlines an approach able to breakdown the basic components of complex, violent, internal conflicts. The second applies that framework to the period of US military occupation and presence, 2003–2011. The third examines the period after US withdrawal, specifying the legacy of US military intervention, addressing the rapid takeover and slow defeat of the Islamic State in Iraq, and explaining the continued power of militias and the persistence of a weak Iraqi state. The fourth section concludes with general lessons gleaned from the Iraq experience, a consideration of political and cultural forces constraining US policymakers from learning those lessons, and informed speculation on the nature of future American military interventions.
Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins by describing the origin and nature of two master cleavages in Iraqi Kurdistan: the first between Kurds and Arabs, the second between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The chapter shows that by examining changes in the clarity of hierarchy and balance of both these cleavages, it has been possible to predict war and peace over the past many decades. The chapter also demonstrates that the competition of two political parties (KDP and PUK), both with their own security organizations, has prevented the unity and functioning of a coherent state.
Towards a Structural Approach to Sweatshop Labour
Authors: Müller Mirjam
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 outlines the underlying methodological commitments of the critique of sweatshop labour that this book seeks to develop. By demonstrating the limits of critiques of sweatshop labour from so-called micro-level perspectives, this chapter makes the case for a critique of sweatshop labour that takes a structural approach. To that end it proposes an account of social structures that combines insights from practice theory and theories of structural injustice and clarifies which role social structures play in social critique. The chapter closes by highlighting two challenges that a structural critique of sweatshop labour needs to meet: a social-ontological challenge and a normative challenge.
Ballot Battles
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

This new and revised edition of Ballot Battles portrays and analyses the major vote-counting disputes in the history of the United States, including the two disputed presidential elections of the twenty-first century: 2000 and 2020. It explains how the nation’s Founders were unprepared for the intense partisan contestation over electoral outcomes, especially in races for governor and president. This lack of preparation left the nation without an institution well-designed for the resolution of these controversies, as became clear in the first disputed gubernatorial election with which many Founders themselves were involved: New York’s election for governor in 1792. The absence of a suitable institution was even more apparent when the stakes were significantly higher, in Hayes-Tilden presidential election of 1876, which remains even after 2020 the nation’s most perilous vote-counting fight. After a particularly fraught period of polarization during the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era brought a somewhat greater reliance on the courts and respect for the obligation to decide these disputes fairly. At the end of the twentieth century, it seemed that the courts would assure that these disputes would be resolved peaceably. But President Trump’s attack on the outcome of the 2020 election, after the courts ruled against him, has put in doubt the nation’s ability to resolve these contests pursuant to the rule of law.
The Gilded Age
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

A decade after the Hayes-Tilden dispute, Congress adopted the Electoral Count Act of 1887 to avoid a repeat. But the statute, flawed from the start, was the best Congress could do before the election of 1888, which was expected to be close after both 1880 and 1884 threatened to be like 1876. The entire era was marred by ugly electoral disputes, some violent. Military confrontation was avoided in Maine over its 1879 gubernatorial election when Civil War hero Joshua Chamberlain put himself in the middle of the dispute and forced the governor, who was hoping to cling to power, to accept the contrary ruling of the state’s supreme court. Twenty years later, fighting over the outcome of Kentucky’s 1899 gubernatorial election led to a candidate’s assassination. The US Supreme Court, over the impassioned dissent of Justice Harlan, refused to intervene, setting a precedent that would last till Bush v. Gore.
After Bush v. Gore
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

In 2004, Washington had an exceptionally close gubernatorial election, in which a messy recount involving ballots that officials had misplaced overturned the original result in favor of the Republican candidate. The lawsuit that the Republican then filed to contest the certification of the recount showed that 1,678 invalid ballots had been counted, a number dwarfing the 129-vote certified margin of victory. The court, however, refused to nullify the election because the Republican could not prove that enough of the invalid ballots had been cast for the Democrat to make a difference. Rather than appealing this ruling, the Republican accepted defeat. Minnesota’s 2008 US Senate election was similarly close and also involved claims that ballots were counted that should not have been. But Minnesota’s procedures were fairer, involving a three-judge panel modelled on the one used for the state’s 1962 gubernatorial recount.
Weak and Strong Phases
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

Let us consider the transitions of the CF-conjugate initial states i and ī to the final states f and g, and to their CF-conjugate states Ḟ and g, respectively. We call the reader’s attention to the following: CP may or may not be an invariance of Nature. On the other hand, the square of the CP transformation is, in classical physics, identical with the identity transformation, and therefore (CP)2 corresponds to a conserved quantum number. The value of (CP)2 for initial and final states must be identical, and it is an arbitrary, purely conventional phase.
Neutral-Meson Systems: Mixing
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

If only the strong and electromagnetic interactions existed, po and po would be stable and form a particle-antiparticle pair with common mass m0. Because of the weak interactions, P0 and po decay. Moreover, neither electric-charge conservation nor any other conservation law respected by the weak interactions prevent po and po from having both real and virtual transitions to common states n. As a consequence, P0 and po mix, i.e., they oscillate between themselves before decaying. Similarly, there are theoretical speculations about the possible mixing of neutrinos and, if baryon number is not conserved, of the neutron and antineutron.
Neutral-Meson Systems: Decays
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

Entering in the description of those decays. Physics must be invariant under the phase redefinitions in eqns (6.10) and also under We see that the quantities which are rephasing-invariant, and therefore have a chance to be observable, are the magnitudes From the quantities in eqns (7.4) and (7.5) only four real numbers are independent: three moduli and one phase. However, in the following discussion the question of independence is not important. It is sometimes convenient to use Some authors use different definitions for .:X. We use the notation in eqn (7.6) for all decay modes f, avoiding any confusion.
ϵ′/ϵ
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we review the standard-model computation of Experimentally, the ratio is more useful. Indeed, TJ+-and TJoo are approximately equal: For many years the experimental situation was unclear-the NA31 Collaboration (1993) and the E731 Collaboration (1997) had produced results that were difficult to conciliate: This gave no clear evidence for a non-vanishing Ree ϵ/ ϵA recent result by the KTe V Collaboration has changed this situation; they have obtained.
Belief and Testimony
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

Chapter 12 turns to the epistemology of testimony. In line with the account of cognition developed in previous chapters, it defends the view that testimony does not, on its own, produce individual knowledge, although it can, and often does, lead to individual knowledge (12.1). The importance of distinguishing between what is collectively known by a community of knowers and what is distributively known by each individual in that community will be emphasized. No less crucial is the distinction between what a given individual, strictly speaking, knows and what the total successful cognition of that individual is, since the latter includes not only knowledge but all cognition which reliably tracks truth, including justified true beliefs (JTBs). Brief considerations of hearsay, assurance, historical evidence, and faith then yield a useful general distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic evidence (12.2). Finally, a modified global reductionism (inspired by both Hume and Reid) is proposed as an answer to the question of when and how testimony provides sufficient justification for belief (12.3).