bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religión y justicia en Túpac Amaru
Authors: Klaiber Jeffrey
Published: October 2020

Little has been written about the religious meaning of the Túpac Amaru movement. However, it seems clear that one of the most important motives that inspired this great indigenous rebellion and that formed the background of all the actions of José Gabriel Condorcanqui was a strong messianic feeling, where Inca elements were mixed and confused with Christian elements. The Spanish, of course, condemned the rebellion as an act of treason against the King and disobedience against God.
Arrieros, troperos y llameros en Huancavelica
Authors: Valderrama Fernández Ricardo , Escalante Gutiérrez Carmen
Published: October 2020

Huancavelica owes its foundation to the discovery and exploitation of its quicksilver mines by the Spanish. Being constituted from the beginning and throughout the colonial period in a miners' camp. Located at 3,680 meters above sea level, it must have been supplied with food and other merchandise from the nearby valleys and from the cities of Lima and Huamanga, on which it was dependent. The hauling of these products, as well as the transportation of the mineral, was carried out by the muleteers, an activity that grows parallel to the city and the mining exploitation. The following pages deal with herding in the first half of this century.
Pastores del altiplano andino meridional: religiosidad, territorio y equilibrio ecológico
Authors: Merlino R. J. , Rabey M. A.
Published: October 2020

En este trabajo presentamos una síntesis interpretativa de datos sobre religiosidad de los pastores, obtenidos en un área del Altiplano Andino Meridional, que se encuentra ubicada en el NO de la provincia argentina de Jujuy, cerca de los límites con Chile y Bolivia. Dichos datos fueron recogidos en tres trabajos de campo, llevados a cabo en distintos periodos de los años 1977, 1978 y 1979. Los mismos tuvieron como escenario principal la casa de una familia de pastores asentados a unos 20 km. al sur de Mina Pirquitas, utilizándose dicha casa, que simultáneamente nos sirvió de albergue, como base de nuestras operaciones. Trabajamos, también, en otros puestos de la misma familia, así como con familias vecinas.
Que dificil es ser Dios
Authors: Degregori Carlos Iván
Published: October 2020

El Partido Comunista del Perú "Sendero Luminoso" (PCP-SL) surgió del encuentro, que tuvo lugar en las décadas de 1960 y 1970 en Ayacucho, entre una élite intelectual provinciana mestiza y una juventud universitaria también provinciana, andina y mestiza (véase: Degregori 1985). ¿Por qué el partido político que nace como producto de ese encuentro es capaz de desarrollar tal grado de violencia? ¿Qué factores en la historia peruana y en la cultura de los dos núcleos sociales constitutivos de SL lo posibilitan? ¿Por qué cuando se "comunican" con otros actores políticos y sociales es sólo en términos de confrontación absoluta?
Nuestra tierra rebalsa fronteras
Authors: Albó Xavier
Published: October 2020

In our payments it is said that starting a new magazine is easy. The merit begins when you get the number two. The heroism lies in reaching 20 years of regular publication. This is the case of Allpanchis, "Our land". In these pages I will give my personal impressions of a magazine whose Andean approach and theme overflows those fictitious state borders that today divide the Andean world. They also want to be a tribute to a magazine that I have always kept close, well within reach, and to those who made it and continue to make it possible.
Grito de pueblos silenciados
Authors: Glave Luis Miguel
Published: October 2020

De acuerdo con una antigua concepción de la historia como ciencia, como saber histórico estructurado y controlado, ésta no aparece propiamente sino con la escritura. Si conviniéramos en ellos, los hombres y mujeres andinos no habrían tenido historia sino desde cuando otros se la escribieron. La fecha: 1532. Los autores: los hombres europeos que conquistaron y colonizaron los pueblos andinos.
De inca a indígena: Cambio en la simbología del sol a principios del siglo XIX
Authors: Sala i Vila Nuria
Published: October 2020

El historiador Manuel Burga ha analizado en un reciente libro las raíces históricas de la revolución de las mentalidades indígenas que dio paso a la formulación de a utopía andina. En él pone relieve el notable papel que desempeñaron en todo ello las fiestas, las mascaradas, el teatro, las representaciones rituales. Remarca, asimismo, cómo en estas manifestaciones de dicho ideal utópico se observa en general una distinción: mientras en los pueblos estuvo encamada por la fiesta ritual anual de la muerte del Inca Atahuallpa en Cajamarca, en las ciudades aparece en los desfiles de los nobles ataviados con los atributos y vestimentas incas.
Balance y perspectivas de la educación para poblaciones indígenas en el Perú: 1990
Authors: Pozzi-Escot Inés
Published: October 2020

La Educación para las poblaciones indígenas del Perú ha pasado en este siglo por diferentes luchas, debates y conceptualizaciones que sirven de trasfondo a la situación presente y que no han sido necesariamente instancias cancelatorias. El debate continúa, aunque algo ensordecido por el peso de nuevas tribulaciones nacionales.
¿Es posible una historia "chola" del Perú?
Authors: Saignes Thierry
Published: October 2020

Manuel Burga se propone rastrear las huellas dela Conquista hispánica en las mentalidades colectivas del Perú de ayer y de hoy. Al volver a interrogar el dramático encuentro de Cajamarca, busca detectar nuevos ecos que habrían pasado desapercibidos a una historiografía de la Conquista algo prolija. No hay pasado vivo in un proyecto futuro que le dé sentido. Un siglo y medio después de Cajamarca, las aspiraciones nativas se cristalizan en torno a la figura del Inca.
Fray Bartolomé de las Casas obispo: La condición miserable de las naciones indianas y el derecho de la iglesia
Authors: Sempat Assadourian Carlos
Published: October 2020

In the Appendix I transcribe two documents, which to my knowledge have not been published or extensively exploited by modern historical research. They correspond to the meeting held in the city of Gracias a Dios, in 1545, by Francisco Marroquín, bishop of Guatemala, and the Dominicans Bartolomé de las Casas, bishop of Chiapa, and Antonio de Valdivieso, bishop-elect of Nicaragua. The first document is a petition and requirement presented by the three prelates to the Audiencia de los Confines on October 19.
El Mundo Sobrenatural en una Comunidad
Authors: Casaverde Rojas Juvenal
Published: October 2020

Con motivo de aplicar cuestionarios y realizar investigaciones para el Programa de Cambios en Pueblos Peruanos, se ha permanecido en la Comunidad de Kuyo Grande, bajo la coordinación del Dr. Oscar Nuñez del Prado y la Supervisi¿on del Dr. Demetrio Roca, en setiembre de 1964, febrero y marzo de 1965 y febrero y marzo de 1966.
Chiaraque
Authors: Barrionuevo Alfonsina
Published: October 2020

Todos los años, en las altas punas de Chiaraque y el Toqto, a 4500 y 4900 metros sobre el nivel del mar, allí donde vociferan los dioses y descargan su furia en atronadores diluvios, cientos de guerros prueban su hombría en dramáticas y sangrientas batallas rituales.
Presentación sobre rituales del solsticio de invierno
Authors: Allpanchis Revista
Published: October 2020

Presentamos dos manera de celebrar el solsticio de invierno, en el hermisferio sur.
Mito e historia en el antiguo Perú
Authors: Zuidema R. T.
Published: October 2020

Durante los últimos 20 a 30 años, nuestro conocimiento etnográfico del antiguo Perú, se ha incrementado enormemente a través del descubrimiento y análisis de documentos de la administración española, sobre religión indígena y organización social en los primeros tiempos de la Colonia, y a través de los renovados estudios sobre los cronistas españoles. El problema siempre será la falta de documentación escrita de la cultura peruana, antes de la conquista española en 1530; desde antes del momento de la completa discención del Imperio Inca. Un modo para llenar algo de esta deficiencia, es un análisis de la mitología andina, ubicada en un contexto prehispánico, asumiendo que esta información tomada por los cronistas, refleja el material más auténtico sobre la cultura indígena.
Los nombres quechua de Viracocha, supuesto "Dios Creador" de los evangelizadores
Authors: Duviols Pierre
Published: October 2020

Las fuentes escritas coloniales están repletas de datos sobre Viracocha, pero muchas veces estos datos parecen contradictorios. Lo son, más que por el derecho de información, por la mala interpretación de parte de los autores de las crónicas y relaciones post-incaicas. Por esto, el primer paso de la investigación debe consistir en despojar a quella divinidad tan famosa del disfraz cristiano que le pusieron los misioneros y los cronistas. Para esto nos preguntaremos: ¿Por qué quisieron los misioneros hacer de Viracocha un dios creador? y ¿Cómo hicieron de él un dios creador? La respuesta a la primera pregunta la encontramos analizando las tendencias ideológicas, teológicas de la España misionera del siglo XVI. La respuesta a la segunda pregunta esta en las mismas crónicas.
Notas y comentarios
Authors: Urbano Enrique Osvaldo
Published: October 2020

Debates en la Católica.
BUSINESS CYCLE SYNCHRONISATION IN THE GREEK REGIONS
Authors: PANTELADIS Ioannis , TSIAPA Maria
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the degree of synchronicity in business cycles in Greek regions associated with specific spatial and economic characteristics that explain, to a large extent, synchronisation dynamics. We conducted an analysis of almost 30 years’ (1980-2008) worth of data at the NUTSIII level (prefectures). We conclude that prefectures are more synchronised with the NUTSII regions than the national level, accentuating a regional (NUTSII) border effect. Moreover, the intensification of the integration process and the free operation of markets seem to diachronically affect the structural characteristics of the Greek regions and the geography of cyclical synchronisation. Our study revealed a two-stage integration in which in the first stage they are detected urbanisation economies, while in the second one localisation economies. The metropolitan region, apart from its prominent position in economic growth, shows a confined level of business synchronisation with the other regions, stressing Greece’s pattern of economic and structural dualism.
THE JOB EXCHANGES FOR GRADUATES IN ROMANIA – THE ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL DISPARITIES
Authors: MOCANU Irena
Published: October 2020

The job exchanges for graduates represent the major offer-and-demand framework organised by the majority of territorial structures of the National Employment Agency, which have a pyramidal/hierarchic structure. The paper focuses on supply and demand territorial aspects on the labour market for graduates; how employer demand is conveyed to graduates and how well the skills that young people gain are utilized on the job. The present study represents a quantitative assessment of the job supply and demand for graduates and a qualitative territorial assessment of the results recorded by the job-exchange for this category of young labour force. This latter approach is based on a series of 7 indicators, in order to point out the main territorial characteristics of the job exchange for graduates. The general assessment index (calculated like the arithmetical average of the standardized values of the indicators selected) varies between 0 and 0.762, the agencies for employment being divided in four categories: 1 - “No activity and no results“, 2 - “Very low activity and very few results” and “Low activity and very few result“, 3 - “Low activity and few results” and 4 - “Moderate activity and good results”.
GEOGRAPHY OF OPPORTUNITY AND RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF A U.S. HOUSING MARKET
Authors: LI Yanmei
Published: October 2020

South Florida has been among the top foreclosure markets in the United States, but little research has explored whether this market presents different dynamics compared to other metropolitan areas. This research chooses Broward County to explore whether socioeconomic characteristics and certain public policy instruments relate to subprime lending and mortgage foreclosure patterns. Results indicate areas bounded by linear highways and railroads have a concentration of low-income black population and subprime loans. The spatial distribution of subprime loans is mostly explained by a higher percentage of minority and/or Hispanic population in a neighborhood. Yet, racial minorities, instead of Hispanic origin, contributes mostly to the concentration of subprime loans. The spatial pattern of foreclosures is more complex, determined not only by subprime loans but also possibly other factors associated with the mortgage crisis. This suggests that disadvantaged neighborhoods are disproportionally lacking favorable opportunities due to institutional and sub- cultural forces shaping the geography of subprime and foreclosure.
SPATIAL MODELLING OF URBAN GROWTH AND URBAN INFLUENCE: APPROACH OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING ECONOMY (INDIA)
Authors: ALI Md. Julfikar , VARSHNEY Deepika
Published: October 2020

Urbanization and regional development are closely associated. Allocation of higher and lower order facilities and specialization of business influence urban growth which diffuses its benefits to the surrounding countryside. Subsequently, socio-economic development of the region comes into being. The continuous increase of urban size can not be sustained rather declining growth will certainly set in long run. Optimum level of its growth depends on the capacity of an urban centre to provide required facilities to the people in fair manner. Hierarchical growth of urban centres in association with location of civic amenities induces regional development in hierarchical dimension which is the common problem in developing economy. Subsequently, few of the urban centres are having large number of facilities while others are lacking corresponding to their population size. Formulation of pragmatic planning model is the rescue of wiping out such problems. It is an attempt to analyze the hierarchical growth of urban centres associated with their functional potentiality and diffusion of urban developmental impulses to the surrounding rural part. Further, it proposes a model for developing economy like India to solve the problem of regional variations of development. Besides, it examines the adequacy and inadequacy of facilities in the urban centres and puts forward planning recommendations, so that a balanced regional development would be achieved by not leaving any rural part out of the zone of functional influence of urban centre.
THE DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE GREEK REGIONS
Authors: PETRAKOU Marialena
Published: October 2020

This study investigates the determinants of FDI in the Greek regions. The aim of the study is to understand whether and to what extent the presence of localization economies in the Greek regions, has an impact on FDI locational decisions. We use a pooled cross-section dataset of FDI stock and we study the effect of localization economies and of other basic determinants, on the attraction of FDI. We find the most significant influences to be market size, human capital, geographic position and the presence of localization economies.
SMART GROWTH AND THE CHALLENGE OF NIMBY: MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE SELLING PRICES IN TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA, USA
Authors: GIBSON Huston , BECKER Mathew
Published: October 2020

Citizens protest development when they consider it undesirable. One type of development commonly perceived as undesirable by single-family home owners is proximate multifamily housing, often considered a cause of property devaluation. This study assesses multifamily housing, by typology, and its monetary association with proximate single-family housing prices. The research design is a cross-sectional study using multivariate regression. The unit of analysis is the detached single-family dwelling. The study population is a sample taken from all arms-length owner-occupied, primary residence, detached single-family property transactions recorded in Tallahassee-Leon County, Florida, USA, during 2008. The key findings show no statistically significant negative associations between multifamily housing and single-family property selling prices in the sample; in fact, the two were positively correlated. These findings address single-family homeowner concerns about proximate multifamily housing and should bolster the political feasibility of Smart Growth policy, which recommends denser urban infill.
ANALYSING ITALIAN REGIONAL PATTERNS IN GREEN ECONOMY AND CLIMATE CHANGE. CAN ITALY LEVERAGE ON EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY TO FACE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH CHALLENGES?
Authors: BONSINETTO Francesco , FALCO Enzo
Published: October 2020

European cities and regions are facing the crucial challenge of greening their economy towards more sustainable patterns. Politicians and policy-makers should promote new policies for sustainable growth including renewables, greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency and biodiversity. All of these aspects can be considered as a boost for local and regional economy. In this regard, European countries and regions can benefit from the Europe 2020 Strategy which is defined as Europe’s blueprint for a smart, sustainable and inclusive future, providing a ten year roadmap for growth and jobs. EU2020S was designed as a European exit strategy from the global economic and financial crisis in view of new European economic governance. This study discusses the above issues regarding Italy and intends to provide some answers on the perspectives of the new EU2020S. It draws from a research project supported by ESPON, the S.I.E.S.T.A. Project, focused on the territorial dimension of the EU2020S. Therefore, this paper aims at analyzing Italian regional patterns on climate change, green economy and energy within the context of EU2020S and at providing policy recommendations for better achieving the goals of the Strategy.
BEYOND THE FRINGE: THE ROLE OF RECREATION IN MULTI-FUNCTIONAL URBAN FRINGE LANDSCAPES
Authors: GILHESPY Ian
Published: October 2020

This paper reviews some of the academic literature and policy documents that relate to and promote the need for urban design and the re-invigoration of the processes and practices of ‘masterplanning’. Specifically, this paper concerns the implications for recreation in areas that have been conceptualised in a number of ways including ‘urban fringe’ and ‘fringe-belt’ and the ways in which these areas are being re-developed as multi-functional spaces in the planning process. The paper pays particular attention to the proposed development of the ‘North Plymouth Community Park’ examining the claims made for the sustainable characteristics of the development and questioning the absence of the cultural aspects of recreation.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND REGIONAL COHESION: CASE STUDY OF BULGARIA
Authors: ILIEVA Margarita
Published: October 2020

The aim of this research is to study regional differences and regional cohesion in Bulgaria in accordance with “Europe 2020” Strategy. On the basis of analyses and comparisons of selected individual indicators, the existing significant differences in the regional development of the 6 NUTS 2 regions in the country are shown. The paper presents also the goals of regional cohesion according to the National Regional Development Strategy 2012-2022, prepared in order to integrate the goals of “Europe 2020” Strategy and the National Development Programme Bulgaria 2020.
3D Carbon-based scaffolds for brain models and tissue engineering
Authors: Cortés-Llanos Belén , Ulloa Severino Francesco Paolo
Published: October 2020

Tissue regeneration is probably the most ambitious aim for the tissue engineering research field. Even more difficult it becomes when we attempt to regenerate a complex organ that we do not fully understand, such as the brain. That is why in recent years we have observed an increased number of approaches that strive to create functional brain or networks in vitro in order to study their properties and develop platforms that can be used for biomedical applications. In this review, we will describe how, among all, carbon-based materials took over all the other materials as the most interesting and promising not only in the electronic industry but also to create 3D functional models of the brain in vitro.
Tradisi Hiziban Jamaah Nahdlatul Wathan Lombok
Authors: Arpan Arpan
Published: October 2020

Sebagai organisasi massa Islam terbesar di Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nahdlatul Wathan telah berkiprah memberikan sumbangsih yang signifikan dalam pengembangan pola keagamaan, pendidikan, sosial dan kemasyarakatan yang lestari eksis hingga kini majlis-majlis taklim yang terus semarak, lembaga-lembaga pendidikan yang semakin meningkat serta tradisi-tradisi luhur yang merupakan kolaborasi antara kearifan lokal dan keislaman. Salah satunya adalah hiziban. Hiziban adalah tradisi membbaca doa secara berkelompok yang doa tersebut merupakan doa-doa terpilih yang disusun oleh pendiri Nahdlatul Wathan yaitu, TGH. Zainuddin Abdul Madjid. Hiziban telah menjadi rutinitas yang melekat dalam masyarakat Nahdlatul Wathan.
Maximum $k$-Sum $\mathbf{n}$-Free Sets of the 2-Dimensional Integer Lattice
Authors: Choi Ilkyoo , Kim Ringi , Park Boram
Published: October 2020

For a positive integer $n$, let $[n]$ denote $\{1, \ldots, n\}$. For a 2-dimensional integer lattice point $\mathbf{b}$ and positive integers $k\geq 2$ and $n$, a $k$-sum $\mathbf{b}$-free set of $[n]\times [n]$ is a subset $S$ of $[n]\times [n]$ such that there are no elements $\mathbf{a}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{a}_k$ in $S$ satisfying $\mathbf{a}_1+\cdots+\mathbf{a}_k =\mathbf{b}$. For a 2-dimensional integer lattice point $\mathbf{b}$ and positive integers $k\geq 2$ and $n$, we determine the maximum density of a $k$-sum $\mathbf{b}$-free set of $[n]\times [n]$. This is the first investigation of the non-homogeneous sum-free set problem in higher dimensions.
A noninvasive, continuous brain monitoring method: rheoencephalography (REG)
Authors: Bodó Mihály
Published: October 2020

This paper deals with the sustainability under anoxic conditions of human beings, both when healthy, and diseased. As our attention is focused these days on the environment, sustainability, and green energy, a similar effort is being made in neuromonitoring to switch from invasive to noninvasive monitoring methods. Keys to these changes are computerization and shrinking size of electronic hardware. Computerization is going on in all areas of biomedical engineering, both in research and in clinical fields of medicine. In neurology, brain imaging is the most characteristic change in recent decades. These modalities of imaging (MRI, CT, PET scan, etc.) are predominantly utilized for localizing brain pathology. Brain imaging offers great spatial resolution, but poor time resolution. Therefore, for continuous monitoring, neurocritical care departments require an additional tool with good time resolution. There are invasive and noninvasive neuromonitoring methods. The standard method to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) is an invasive method. Computerization allows for calculating the cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBF AR) index (pressure reactivity index - PRx) from ICP and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) in real time, continuously, but invasively. The new development, discussed in this paper, is to calculate this index noninvasively by using rheoencephalography (REG), called REGx. We present the road to this invention and summarize multifold REG related results, such as using REG for primary stroke prevention screening, comparison incidence of arteriosclerotic risk factors, various studies by using CBF manipulations, and correlations with other neuromonitoring methods, and validation with in vitro and in vivo methods. REG by using different algorithms allow for real time calculation of autoregulated blood flow. This paper presents results of validation of CBF algorithms as an effective, noninvasive method. The author’s intent is to supply sufficient physiological background information. This review covers the author’s research efforts over several decades; it pertains multiple studies and has an updated addition to human sustainability by considering that Covid-19 is increasing stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality.
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA GAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS DESKRIPSI PADA SISWA KELAS II SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Toja Darmatul Asma
Published: October 2020

This research was conducted because it was found that there were problems in the Indonesian language subject for grade II students of Bhoanawa 2 Impres Elementary School which showed very low Indonesian learning outcomes. The formulations of the problems in this study are: 1) Does learning through a contextual approach by utilizing animal image media can improve writing writing skills ?; 2) Can a contextual approach using animal pictures media increase student activity? The data collection methods used were: observation, interview, test and documentation. The subjects in this study were all students in grade II of the Bhoanawa 2 Impres Elementary School, totaling 17 people. This type of research is Classroom Action Research. The results showed that the increase in writing skills in writing was 29%, or only 5 out of 17 students who were able to write well, which could achieve a greater value of 67. The results of cycle I increased to 47.05% (less) because of 17 students 8 students who managed to get a score above the value of the Minimum Completeness Criteria, and in cycle II an increase of 88.23% (very good), of the 17 students sampled there were 5 students in the very good category and 10 students in the good category.
Recomendaciones dietéticas para pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Pérez-López Almudena , Caverni-Muñoz Alberto , Trocoli-González Filo , Sanjurjo-Amado Ana , Barril-Cuadrado Guillermina
Published: October 2020

La prevalencia de malnutrición en paciente con Enfermedad Renal Crónica es elevada, aumentando en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. La relación existente entre inflamación y nutrición es conocida en la enfermedad renal, por lo que la presencia previa de cuadros de malnutrición empeora el pronóstico de la infección.El objetivo del presente artículo es la creación de recomendaciones dietéticas específicas para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e infección o post- infección por SARS-CoV-2, adaptadas al estadio de enfermedad y a la etapa del proceso de infección.El abordaje nutricional comienza por la valoración del estado nutricional, para lo que se recomiendan minimizar el contacto físico mediante la utilización de los criterios Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM), y el cuestionario rápido de sarcopenia (SARC-F).Las recomendaciones dietéticas deben considerar el estadio de enfermedad renal crónica, la etapa de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las complicaciones surgidas que comprometan la ingesta oral, entre las más comunes se encuentran: anorexia, ageusia, disfagia y diarrea. En el presente documento se han elaborado tablas de raciones de ingestas diarias adaptadas a las diferentes situaciones. En aquellos pacientes que no cubran los requerimientos nutricionales se recomienda comenzar con la suplementación nutricional de manera precoz, considerando las consecuencias de la infección descrita.Debido al elevado riesgo de malnutrición en pacientes con enfermedad renal cónica e infección por SARS-CoV-2, se recomienda la adaptación de la valoración del estado nutricional y su tratamiento, así como realizar una monitorización tras la fase de infección activa.
Impact of Conformal Coating Induced Stress on Wafer Level Chip Scale Package Thermal Cycling Performance
Authors: Hsiao Andy , Sheikh Mohamed , Loh Karl , Ibe Edward , Lee Tae-Kyu
Published: October 2020

Conformal coating is commonly used for harsh environment to protect electronics from moisture and chemical contaminants. But the stresses imparted by the conformal coating can cause degradation to the package thermal cycle performance. Full coverage of the component with conformal coating material can prevent potential corrosion induced degradation but imply a local compression stress during thermal cycling, resulting a different thermal cycling performance compared to non-coated components. In this study, 8x8mm2 wafer level chip scale packages (WLCSP) were subjected to 5% NaCl aqueous spray test with and without full conformal coating, then thermal cycled from -40ºC to +125ºC. Weibull reliability statistics indicated that fully conformal coated components experience characteristic life cycle number reduction from 404 cycles to 307 cycles, a 24% lifetime reduction, comparing to no conformal coated, no salt spray test applied components. The correlation between crack propagation and localized recrystallization were compared in a series of cross section analyses using polarized imaging and electro-backscattered diffraction, which revealed that the conformal coating induced a z-axis tension and compression strain during thermal cycling, resulting in an accelerated degradation at the solder interconnect. Linear Laser profilometer measurements showed that fully conformal coated samples experienced a higher z-axis height displacement change relative to non-conformal coated samples when exposed to 125 °C with 10 minutes dwell. To prevent this z-axis strain a reworkable edgebond adhesive was applied with full conformal coating configuration, which demonstrate an increase of characteristic lifecycle number to 2783 cycles, suggesting that the mitigation of the z-axis strain can vastly enhance the thermal cycling performance.
EFEKTIVITAS REZIM INFLATION TARGETING FRAMEWORK (ITF) TERHADAP INFLASI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Briliant Doni
Published: October 2020

Sebagai otoritas moneter, Bank Indonesia diberi amanat oleh pemerintah untuk menjaga stabilitas nilai rupiah melalui rezim Inflation Targeting Framework. Meskipun kebijakan Inflation Targeting Framework telah dijalankan sejak tahun 2005, nyatanya, target inflasi baru dicapai secara konsisten pada empat tahun terakhir, dari 2015 sampai dengan 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas kerangka kebijakan moneter yang sedang dijalankan oleh Bank Indonesia. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Nilai Tukar Rupiah/USD, Jumlah Uang Beredar dalam arti sempit (M1), Inflasi Periode Sebelumnya, Dummy Inflation Targeting Framework sebagai variabel independen, dan Inflasi sebagai variabel dependen. Data yang digunakan adalah data tahunan dari tahun 1991 sampai dengan2018. Sedangkan metode penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda menggunakan Huber-White dengan bantuan E-views 9.0. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa Nilai Tukar Rupiah/USD, Jumlah Uang Beredar, Inflasi Periode Sebelumya berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Inflasi. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa Dummy Inflation Targeting Framework berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Inflasi.
ANALISIS LITERASI KEUANGAN PEDAGANG DI PASAR OESAPA KOTA KUPANG NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR
Authors: Sine Voldiana , Kellen Pius Bumi , Amtiran Paulina Yuritha
Published: October 2020

This research aims to analyze the literacy levels of Oesapa Market traders. This research is a quantitative descriptive by using survey method. There are four indicators that used in this research, that indicators are: 1) Financial Knowledge,2) Financial Behaviour, 3) Financial attitudes and 4) Banking Technology. The population in this study was all traders in Oesapa Market and the sample in the study were 90 respondents from the entire population. Primary data were obtained from respondents by using questionnaires and direct interview with each respondents. The result of this research shows that literacy level of Oesapa Market traders be in moderate level which is for financial knowledge, financial behaviour and financial attitude be in moderate level, while banking technology conception in low levels. But for totality literacy level is moderat, it means that Oesapa Market traders have a knowledge and belief to Financial institution but they are not skilful to use products/services of financial institution.
Implementation of Good Corporate Governance Principles in State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) PT.PLN Indonesia
Authors: Purwanto Edwin
Published: October 2020

For the last few decades, Good Corporate Governance (GCG) has become a strategic position within the company. There are two beliefs underlying that. First, GCG is the key to the company's success to grow and provide long-term benefits and to be able to win competition in the business world. Second, the poor implementation of GCG in the business sector is causing failure. Good Corporate Governance is a system that has the task of aligning the company's vision and mission with the management of the company. GCG implementation in a good company must have four basic principles namely transparancy, accountability, responsibility, Independence, and fairness. The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation of GCG in state-owned enterprises (Government-Owned Enterprises) pt. PLN Indonesia by collecting data from the 2019 annual report of PT.PLN.
Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion as Tools to Enhance Small Scale Businesses’ Performance in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Sajuyigbe Dr. Ademola Samuel , Odetayo Tajudeen A. , Adeyemi Adewumi Z.
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The study sought to examine the impact of financial literacy and financial inclusion on small businesses’ overall performance with special reference to Southwest Nigeria.

Methods: Descriptive survey research sketch was adopted for this study, while the purposive sampling method was employed to choose forty small scale businesses registered with SMEDAN from each state capital of South Western of Nigeria that engaged in petty trading, bakeries, block-making, soup-making, tailoring, and agro-allied, totaling 240 participants as a sample size for the study. Data were collected by using a closed-ended questionnaire designed for the study, while simple percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used to analyze the data.

Results: The findings disclose that financial literacy and financial inclusion jointly and independently affect small businesses’ performance. It revealed a positive and significant relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion. However, the study depicts that majority of business operators did not have financial knowledge such as working capital management, accounting records system, financial reporting, cashbook maintenance, income statement, daily cash reconciliation, internal control on cash, and cash budget. Also, the study confirmed that the majority of small business entrepreneurs are financially excluded from micro-financing, emergency loans, employ purchase financing, business bank loans, and micro-insurance plan Services.

Implications: The implication of this study is that if the Central Bank of Nigeria partnership with other professional organizations to promote financial literacy and inclusion programs to all business entrepreneurs across the nation, it will motivate more business entrepreneurs in Nigeria to have access to finance.
Do the Coaches’ Crashes and Their Usage Exposure Come from the Same Distributions?
Authors: Mahmoudabadi Abbas , Abdous Hassan
Published: October 2020

Since coaches’ crashes have serious impacts on society, many attributes are studied as contributing factors related to the crashes. The present research work focuses on the existing statistical similarity between distribution functions of coaches’ crashes and their usage exposure in the Iranian intercity road network. Traffic volume is considered as an important usage exposure for intercity buses/coaches over the intercity road network, so this study aims to check whether coaches' traffic volume and the frequency of their crashes come from the same distribution functions. The two-sample distribution function test of Wilcoxon as well as the goodness of fit test called Kolmogorov-Smirnov have been utilized to check the statistical similarity between the distribution functions of coaches’ crashes and their usage exposure. Experimental data for coaches’ traffic volumes and their crashes have been collected for three years, and the above-mentioned methods have been performed using the proportion form of collected data due to the existing their different scales. After performing two methods of checking similarity, the results revealed there is no significant difference between the probability functions of traffic volumes, considered as usage exposure, and coaches’ crashes. It means that both attributes come from the same distribution functions. Traffic safety authorities and passenger transport operators who are dealing with traffic safety on the intercity public should be aware of the effects of traffic volumes on coaches' crashes on designing the routes and schedule for passenger transportation.
Local Dermonecrosis with Generalized Urticaria Probably Due to Loxosceles rufescens Bite
Authors: Charitos Ioannis Alexandros , Pennisi Leonardo , Lepore Anna , Santacroce Luigi
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: The spiders of the Loxosceles genus, commonly denoted as “brown spiders” or “Mediterranean recluse” or “brown recluse,” belong to the spider family Sicariidae, suborder Labidognatha, order Araneida, class Arachnida, and phylum Arthropoda. This spider is widespread in Africa and South/Central America, but it is also distributed in North America, in the West Indies, in the Mediterranean Europe, and in China.
CASE REPORT: Here, we report the case of a severe dermonecrotic loxoscelism identified in Southern Italy, probably due to the bite of Loxosceles rufescens. The patient was a women admitted at hospital ER because of a little skin erythema that evolved toward a severe necrosis and ulceration within 20 days. After clinical and laboratory data excluded other local and systemic diseases, she was treated with a systemic and local therapy using corticosteroids and antibiotics with the diagnosis of loxoscelism. The healing from the local skin lesion occurred within 2 months, but the local pain, weakness, and discomfort lasted for a long time.
CONCLUSION: It is the fisrt time that a possible case of systemic loxoscelism with skin generalized urticaria is reported in Italy.
Sunscreen Activities of Bark Artocarpus heterophyllus against Ultraviolet Ray (Sun Protection Factor) in Lotion Formula
Authors: Arifin Bastian , Nasution Rosnani , Savila Savila , Ramadani Rika , Helwati Hira , Marianne Marianne , Amna Ulil , Saidi Nurdin
Published: October 2020

Sunscreen lotion is used to prevent the skin from ultraviolet radiation, which can cause various diseases, such as acne, burning, redness, swelling, wrinkling, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen lotions contain chemical compounds that have relatively long conjugated double bonds or the presence of hydroxyl groups. The result of the maceration of Artocarpus heterophyllus bark produced ethanol and methanol extracts, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization, both extracts contained straight and cyclic chain compounds which had conjugated double bonds. The number of double-bonded compounds in ethanol extract is more than in methanol extract. Sun protection factor (SPF) value of ethanol extract lotion formula is greater than SPF value of methanol extract lotion formula, the SPF value ethanol extract lotion formula at concentration 2; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 12% were consecutive: 29.801 ± 0.224; 32.797 ± 0.161; 33.808 ± 0.165; 34.580 ± 0.295; and 35.015 ± 0.169, (SPF value of negative control: 0.435 ± 0.2839 and positive control, 31 ± 0.0284). SPF value of methanol extract lotion formula for concentration 2; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 12% was 14.407 ± 0.010; 26.549 ± 0.476; 30.274 ± 0.208; 32.031 ± 0.302; and 31.942 ± 0.324. Each extract SPF value is higher than the SPF value of the lotion formula. The result of testing the physical properties of the lotion formula shows that the lotion type is o/w, the lotion viscosity ranges from 2450 cP to 4780.0 cP meet Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) standards. The pH test results ranged from 6.020 to 7.845 meets SNI. The spreading power of the lotion ranges from 4.70 to 6.75 cm. The adhesive strength of the lotion ranges from 16 to 41 s.
Thesium longiperianthium (Santalaceae), a new replacement name for T. brevibracteatum P.C.Tam
Authors: Xu Xue Hong , Li Wenjun , Shomurodov Khabibullo F , Abduraimov Ozodbek , Niu Shukui
Published: October 2020

Thesium brevibracteatum P.C.Tam was described based on the specimen Chiu L.C. 5128 collected from Inner Mongolia, China. The name Thesium brevibracteatum G.P.Sumnevich is validly published and described on the type (Korotkova E.E. et Titov V.S. 1502) collected from Uzbekistan. T. brevibracteatum P.C.Tam is a later homonym of T. brevibracteatum G.P.Sumnevich.

We propose T. longiperianthium as the new name for T. brevibracteatum P.C.Tam.
Conservation Implications of Taxonomic Intelligence: A case study of Trillium
Authors: Frances Anne , Oliver Leah , Goodin Kathy
Published: October 2020

Taxonomy is integral to the conservation of species, yet the complexities associated with differing taxonomic perspectives present challenges to identifying the species most in need of conservation. The NatureServe Network maintains the most comprehensive data on rare plants and animals in the United States and Canada. Our central database maintains the taxonomic framework for over 80 member programs, requiring regular two-way data exchange. NatureServe's database actively manages different taxonomic concepts along with relevant downstream data such as conservation status and species occurrences. Here we present NatureServe's current process for maintaining taxonomic intelligence, and illustrate both challenges and successes in our approach. Through a case study of the genus Trillium, we also demonstrate how taxonomic intelligence is foundational to assigning conservation status. Trillium is a well known and widespread genus of spring wildflowers, some of which are used medicinally or ornamentally. We will focus on the Trillium pusillum complex, an active area of research, to show how taxonomic changes affect both conservation status and downstream data.
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Becheva Maria , Taneva Daniela
Published: October 2020

Osteoporosis is a generalized bone disease characterized by diminished bone strength with an increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis is a major health concern, both because of the risk of potentially serious fractures and because its prevalence is increasing as the population ages.

The treatment of the disease is complex and includes adherence to a particular diet, medications (hormone replacement therapy, calcium, vitamin D, etc.), kinesitherapy, physiotherapy and orthotics.

To reduce osteoporosis, it is necessary to avoid the risk of fractures, to do regular physical activities, to eat bone-healthy foods, to lead a proper lifestyle with the avoidance of negative habits and to maintain a healthy weight. A person also needs to have knowledge of personal risk factors and to consult a doctor if medical treatment is to be applied. The classic therapeutic approach is with antiresorptive anti-osteoporosis agents. A promising therapeutic trend is the study of compounds with low toxicity and potential properties to influence the pathogenetic mechanisms of disease and oxidative stress, such as phytoestrogens and hormone replacement therapy, at the same time.

The aim of the article is to familiarize the audience with the preventive measures and therapies applied to the treatment of osteoporosis.
How interconnected are the Regions in Belgium?
Authors: Duprez Cédric , Nautet Maud
Published: October 2020

Quels sont les obstacles à la mobilité des travailleurs, des capitaux, des biens et des services en Belgique ? Le passage d’une frontière régionale est-il un frein à ces flux économiques ? À l’heure de la mondialisation, la distance joue-t-elle encore un rôle ? L’article rassemble une série inédite d’informations microéconomiques pour répondre au mieux à ces questions. La Belgique constitue un cas d’étude intéressant. Avec des distances intérieures toujours inférieures à 300 kilomètres à vol d’oiseau, le pays est petit et densément maillé d’infrastructures de transport. En outre, sa topographie ne comporte aucun obstacle naturel. En revanche, d’autres facteurs pèsent sur la mobilité. La congestion des axes routiers à l’approche des centres urbains freine les mouvements. La coexistence de trois langues nationales et de trois régions peut dresser des barrières culturelles et réglementaires. In fine, la Belgique est-elle un village ? Ou les trois régions constituent-elles trois économies déconnectées ? Codes JEL : D22, F14, F15, F61
Rio Ibicuí: “rio de areia” durante a estiagem 2019-2020, na confluência com o rio Uruguai, Brasil
Authors: Gass Sidnei Luís Bohn , Laurent François , Verdum Roberto , Silva Dieison Morozoli da
Published: October 2020

No verão de 2019-20, ocorreu um período de estiagem no Rio Grande do Sul, fazendo com que 365 municípios (três quartos do total do Estado) decretassem situação de emergência. O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar a análise de um conjunto de imagens, evidenciando as formações hidro-morfológicas de sedimentação na área da foz do rio Ibicuí, visíveis em função da estiagem. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite de diferentes períodos, para demonstrar a dinâmica hidrológica que ocorre na área. A análise das imagens permite considerar que a dinâmica da paisagem da área selecionada, influenciada pela sua topografia plana, sofre interferências significativas em função dos eventos meteorológicos, associados às variações típicas do clima subtropical no sul do Brasil.
Territórios protegidos no corredor transfronteiriço entre Amapá e Guiana Francesa
Authors: Ferreira Simone Dias , Tostes José Alberto
Published: October 2020

O estado do Amapá é uma unidade federativa do Brasil, possui grande parte do seu território regido por normas de proteção dos recursos naturais, de tal forma que interfere diretamente nas políticas públicas na região transfronteiriça com a Guiana Francesa, Departamento francês na América do Sul. Deste modo, este estudo aborda a temática da situação das terras e a condição na fronteira entre o Amapá e a Guiana Francesa. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as caraterísticas da gestão territorial na fronteira, as normas de proteção ambiental, as dinâmicas e enfrentamentos através de ações estratégicas. As ações metodológicas foram fundamentadas na coleta de dados, nas técnicas de pesquisas biográfica e documental, com a abordagem da pesquisa qualitativa. Nos resultados obtidos identificou-se a complexa diversidade de interesses que incidem sobre o território, com a sobreposição administrativa da gestão territorial do ente federal detentor da maior área em hectare de terras do Amapá configuradas como áreas protegidas; a gestão territorial é conflitante, causada pela incongruência entre as finalidades da criação das áreas protegidas e as potencialidades inerentes ao corredor transfronteiriço; e por último, são os desafios de enfrentamento na organização territorial do Amapá que estão diretamente relacionados ao processo de fortalecimento da governança, pois, as instituições competentes, como as comunidades residentes no entorno de áreas protegidas, pouco exercem a sua participação para melhoria dos indicadores de sustentabilidade e inclusão social, podendo proporcionar o desenvolvimento indutor da conservação dos recursos naturais e culturais das unidades de conservação de uso integral no estado do Amapá. A conclusão do artigo é que a área territorial onde se insere o corredor da biodiversidade é a mesma onde estão inseridas as cidades amapaenses que integram o corredor transfronteiriço, mas, os planos não são integrados, gerando assim, ações institucionais fragmentadas.