bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Susceptibility of Grapefruit to Chilling Injury during Cold Treatment
Authors: Chalutz E. , Waks J. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina
Published: September 2022

With the expected ban on ethylene dibromide fumigation, cold exposure remains the only quarantine treatment for citrus fruit against the Mediterranean fruit fly. Following a cold treatment, ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) developed chilling injury (Cl), mostly in the form of slight peel pitting on 3% to 10% of the fruit depending on the season and on other factors. There was no difference in the incidence of Cl between fruit treated at 0°C for 10 days or at 2.2° for 16 days as regulations require. The cold treatment also enhanced decay development during long-term storage of the fruit at 11°. Mold rots developed on Cl peel pitting, and their incidence increased from 1.7% to 3.5% during a storage period of 12 weeks. The presence of the fungicide Thiabendazole (TBZ) in the wax coating of the fruit reduced the incidence of Cl by more than 50%. Delayed cooling, i.e., keeping the freshly harvested packed fruit for 6 days at 17°C prior to initiation of cold treatment, reduced the incidence of Cl by the same extent. By combining a TBZ treatment with delayed cooling, the susceptibility of grapefruit to Cl can be reduced, and cold treatment can be practiced with a low risk of Cl and subsequent decay development.
Trunk Injection of Iron Compounds as a Treatment for Overcoming Iron Chlorosis in Apple Trees
Authors: Barney Danny L. , Walser Ronald H. , Davis Tim D. , Williams C. Frank
Published: September 2022

Severely chlorotic ‘Red Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees growing on a calcareous soil were treated for iron (Fe) chlorosis with pressure injections of 1.0% (w:w) solutions of ferrous sulfate, ferric citrate, or Fe-Sequestrene-330 (Fe-330). Injections were made in September of 1981 and in April, June, and July of 1983. All treatments increased chlorophyll concentrations compared to controls, and treatments made in September of 1981 and in April and June of 1983 increased shoot growth during the 1983 growing season compared to controls. Although the treatments did result in a temporary increase in foliar Fe content, there was not a strong correlation between foliar Fe and chlorophyll concentration. Ferrous sulfate and Fe-330 were more effective than ferric citrate in alleviating chlorosis. Injections made in April and June of 1983 greatly increased bloom in May of 1984, compared to trees injected in July of 1983 and the untreated controls. Hence, injections should be made early in the season (before July) in order to promote bloom the following growing season.
Activated Charcoal Root Dips Enhance Herbicide Selectivity in Strawberries
Authors: Poling E. B. , Monaco T. J.
Published: September 2022

Field studies were conducted at 2 sites to evaluate preplant activated charcoal root dips in reducing herbicide injury to newly planted strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), In 1981, growth of charcoal treated ‘Prelude’, following application of 0.28 kg/ha terbacil (on 0.5% organic matter, Orangeburg loamy sand), was equal to control plants. Charcoal root dips did not prevent injury from 0.56 and 1.11 kg/ha of terbacil on this soil. In 1982, on Orangeburg loamy sand (0.3% organic matter), injury to ‘Apollo’ by diphenamid (4.5 kg/ha) or napropamide (4.5 kg/ha) applications immediately after planting was reduced by charcoal treatment. On the same soil, alachlor (3.4 kg/ha) or metolachlor (2.2 kg/ha) caused equal amounts of injury with or without charcoal root dips. Some crop protection from terbacil at 0.28 kg/ha was achieved with charcoal; however, none was observed with the 0.42 kg/ha rate.
Heavy Soil and Bud Union Crease with Some Grapefruit Clones Limit Use of Swingle Citrumelo Rootstock
Authors: Rouse R. E. , Wutscher H. K.
Published: September 2022

Ten-year tests in 8 locations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley showed that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock grew very poorly on heavy clay soil; trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) were much less affected. Trees propagated from a single mother tree of an old-line red grapefruit selection on Swingle citrumelo were stunted and had severe bud union crease, whereas trees propagated from a nucellar California Experiment Station (CES) #3 ‘Redblush’ source were large and productive. Old-clone trees on sour orange also were smaller than CES #3 ‘Redblush’ trees, but showed no bud union crease.
Embryo Growth and Germination of American Ginseng Seed in Response to Stratification Temperatures
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P. , Snyder John C.
Published: September 2022

Embryos of American ginseng (Panax quinquifolius L.) seeds stratified 570 days at 0° or 5°C did not increase in size, whereas embryos of seeds stratified 570 days at 20° grew to a length of 2.5 mm. Embryos of seeds stratified at 5° for 120 days, treated with 1000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA), then transferred to 20° grew to the same length as those held at a constant 20°. None of the GA treated seeds germinated. However, seeds stratified outdoors and those provided 5° for 120 days, 20° for 300 days, and then held at 5°C germinated after 540 days. The embryos of these latter treatments had similar growth patterns. Growth of the cotyledons paralleled the growth of the entire embryo. Cool-warm-cool stratification patterns are necessary for efficacious germination of American ginseng seeds.
Effect of Supplementary Lighting and Soil Warming on Flowering of Three Gerbera Cultivars
Authors: Lin W. C. , French C. J.
Published: September 2022

Cut flower Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) plants were grown in pots or ground benches under various photoperiods, levels of irradiance, and soil temperatures. Photoperiodic flowering response varied with the 3 cultivars; ‘Appelbloesem’ was not sensitive to photoperiod; ‘Oranje Nasau’ and ‘Fabiola’ were promoted by short day (SD). In pot-grown Gerbera, SD increased the number of flowers (inflorescences) per plant of ‘Oranje Nassau’ and ‘Fabiola’ in the summer-fall and fall-winter. Supplementary lighting with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps increased the fall-winter production of all 3 cultivars. Plants grown under 16 hr photoperiod by extending natural day length with incandescent light (INC) produced the least flowers per plant in both summer-fall and fall-winter. In bench-grown Gerbera, supplementary HPS increased the number of flowers during the fall-winter as compared to natural daylight (ND). Soil warming from 16°−20° to 23°C had no effect on productivity, but increased the peduncle length.
Effects of Foliar-applied Benzylaminopurine on Fascicular Bud Development in Mugo Pine
Authors: Stiff Carol M. , Boe Arthur A.
Published: September 2022

Fascicular bud development in mugo pine (Pinus mugo var. mughus Zeneri) was induced by foliar-applications of BAP. Maximum numbers of fascicular buds developed when BAP was applied at concentrations of either 225 or 450 mg/liter, 6 times (at 5-day intervals) for 30 days. Following a cold-treatment, plants treated with these concentrations of BAP exhibited a dense, bushy form due to the outgrowth of the developed fascicular buds. chemical name used: benzylaminopurine (BAP).
Volcanic Black Cinder as a Medium for Growing Anthuriums
Authors: Higaki Tadashi , Imamura Joanne S.
Published: September 2022

Irrigated and nonirrigated plants of Anthurium andraeanum André ‘Ozaki Red’, grown in either 20 cm, 60 cm high black cinder beds or 20 cm sugarcane bagasse beds and fertilized with 800, 1600, or 3200 kg/ha/year slow release 14N-6.1P-11.6K fertilizer, were evaluated for flower production, flower size, and flower stem length. Anthurium yield, flower size, and flower stem length obtained in irrigated cinder beds were similar to values obtained with irrigated and nonirrigated bagasse beds at the 2 highest fertilizer rates.
Bacterial Brown Spot of ‘Honey Dew’ Melons
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Wells J. M. , Cappellini R. A.
Published: September 2022

A newly described bacterial disease of ‘Honey Dew’ melons is caused by a strain of Erwinia herbicola. The disease first was found on ‘Honey Dew’ melons imported from Ecuador, and subsequently on melons from Guatemala, Venezuela, and California. The disease produces firm, tan to brown, slowly developing lesions that principally affect the rind tissue. The bacterium isolated from a California ‘Honey Dew’ melon was much more virulent and potentially more damaging than isolates from the other sources. We propose bacterial brown spot as the name of the disease.
‘Morden Amorette’ and ‘Morden Cardinette’ Roses
Authors: Marshall H. H. , Collicutt L. M.
Published: September 2022

Many rose breeders have sought the often elusive combination of plant quality and hardiness, but have had to compromise by accepting undesirable plant quality such as single flowers or large plant size to obtain hardy cultivars. The breeding program at the Morden Research Station was designed to develop hardy, attractive roses for the Canadian prairie conditions. Plants of hybrid tea and floribunda roses were used as sources of desirable foliage and flower traits. The main source of hardiness was a native prairie rose, Rosa arkansana Porter. Cultivars developed from this program are known collectively as the Parkland Rose Series (1). In the past, seedlings in the breeding program were generally large bushes, 1.5-2.0 m in height; however, in 1971 a few smaller plants 40–50 cm high were observed. ‘Morden Amorette’ and ‘Morden Cardinette’ roses were selected from this latter group and introduced by the Morden Research Station in 1977 and 1980, respectively.
‘White Glory’ Weeping Nectarine
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Fantz Paul R. , Raulston J. C.
Published: September 2022

‘White Glory’ is a white flowered weeping nectarine [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica Schneid)] intended for use as an early-flowering woody ornamental.
‘Mars’ Seedless Grape
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

A grape breeding program was begun in 1964 by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station with the primary objective of developing high quality table grapes adapted to the soils and climate of the Ozarks region. Two cultivars previously have been released from this program: ‘Venus’ in 1977, a blue seedless grape (2); and ‘Reliance’ in 1982, a red seedless (1). These cultivars show promise of being the foundation of a commercial table grape industry in the region. ‘Mars’, a blue seedless table grape with high levels of disease resistance, is being released to fulfill the needs for home garden and limited commercial use.
Publish or Perish
Authors: Janick Jack
Published: September 2022

The adage “publish or perish” is food for thought for academics, although many nontenured faculty have been left with a bitter aftertaste. A less pithy but more gently stated message is that academics are held accountable for the support and status they are given by society for scholarly effort. The product that we are privileged to produce is information. In our case, we deal in the creation, discovery, verification, and distribution of information applicable to horticulture and, thus, information for the benefit of humankind. Failure to communicate our results will lead to our professional demise and the demise of our profession.
TA New Approach: “Peer”-reviewed Slide-script Series
Authors: Gouin Francis R. , Memmler Eugene
Published: September 2022

Compiling and distributing slide-script series has been an ASHS volunteer program since 1972. In Feb. 1983, the ASHS Executive Committee suggested that a “peer review” policy be implemented to add credibility and to improve the quality of slidescript series.
Influence of Soil Cooling and High Intensity Lighting on the Growth and Flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’
Authors: Lin W. C.
Published: September 2022

Alstroemeria ‘Regina’ plants were grown for 2 years in soil benches in a greenhouse. Soil cooling to less than 14°C overcame the typical nonflowering of ‘Regina’ plants during the November-May period. High intensity supplementary lighting with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps had little effect on or reduced the numbers of flowering shoots produced in noncooled benches. HPS lighting combined with soil cooling increased the number of flowering shoots, the shoot length and the total number of flower buds per shoot, and decreased the absorted flower buds per shoot. The commercial implication of this interaction between soil temperature and supplementary lighting is discussed.
Effect of Benzyladenine on the Promotion of Bud Development and Branching of Picea pungens
Authors: Mulgrew Susan M. , Williams David J.
Published: September 2022

Picea pungens Englm. trees were treated with a single foliar spray of solutions containing 0, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mM BA at 4 different times as follows during the growing season: 1) dormant trees, 2) at bud break, 3) during stem elongation, 4) summer hardwood, and 5) summer hardwood combined with a pruning. Treatments of 1000 mM at the time of bud break and to pruned summer hardwood trees resulted in an increase in bud number but not a corresponding increase in branch number the following year.
Induced Fruit Abscission of Tropical Ornamental Trees with Ethephon and Chlorflurenol
Authors: Stevens Gordon A. , Criley Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Fruit bearing branches of 7 ornamental trees were sprayed with ethephon, or ethephon and chlorflurenol. Five species of ornamental figs (Ficus lyrata Warb., F. retusa L., F. palauanense Merrill, F. macrophylla Desf., and F. benjamina var. comosa Kurz.), and Samanea saman Jacq. responded significantly to the chemicals. The materials did not induce abscission of fruits of Cassia fistula L. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon); 2-chloro-9-hydroxy-9H-fluorene-9-carbox-ylic acid (chlorflurecol = chlorflurenol).
Collection and Characterization of Phloem Exudate from Strawberry Pedicels
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Breen Patrick J.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. ‘Brighton’) were removed, and pedicels attached to plants were placed in ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) to collect phloem sap. The rate of sugar exudation increased with the size of the fruit, but was lower than the rate of dry matter accumulation of the fruit at the time of its removal. When plants were fed 14CO2, radioactivity appeared in the phloem sap after 3 hr, and the rate of exudation of labeled assimilate was maintained at a fairly constant rate for 6 hr. About 92% of the radioactivity in the exudate was in the sucrose fraction, with the remaining in glucose (2%), fructose (1%), and acidic and basic fractions (4%). The results indicate that sucrose is the major assimilate translocated to the fruit.
Foliar Applications of K2SO4, KNO3, Urea, and NH4NO3 on Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Diver Stephen G. , Smith Michael W. , McNew Ronald W.
Published: September 2022

Greenhouse experiments using seedling pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wan-genh.) C. Koch] compared rates and repeated applications of K2SO4, K2SO4 vs. KNO3, and Ν adjuvants in combination with K2SO4 or KNO3. Leaf and stem Κ concentrations increased linearly with rates to 87.1 g/liter K2SO4 applied 5 times at 14-day intervals. Phytotoxicity was negligible to 10.9 g/liter K2SO4. Plants receiving individual applications of KNO3 or K2SO4 at 9.8 g K/liter 2 times at 14-day intervals had 92% and 53% more Κ than the control, respectively. KNO3 at 25.3 g/liter or K2SO4 at 21.8 g/liter, in combinations with urea and/or NH4NO3 at 6.25, 12.50, and 25.00 g/liter, increased leaf Κ concentration significantly and the increase was consistently greater using KNO3 than K2SO4. Both urea and NH4NO3 applied with either KNO3 or K2SO4 increased leaf Κ concentrations. Negligible phytotoxicity occurred when urea or NH4NO3 was applied at 6.25 g/liter with K2SO4 or KNO3.
Cages for Protection of Tree Fruit Hybridizations
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Cain David W.
Published: September 2022

Fruit trees usually are hybridized outdoors due to the difficulty and expense of maintaining trees in greenhouses. Hybridizations often are lost due to freeze injury of fruit after pollination. The use of protective cages or screen houses to protect hybridizations from freeze injury has been advocated and utilized by some tree fruit breeders (2), but many of the proposed structures are cumbersome and difficult to construct. This report describes the design and performance of cages which can be built for about $25.00 per tree and can be constructed in about 45 min.
Pesticide Phytotoxicity as Influenced by Growth Regulators and an Antitranspirant
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Short D. E. , Johnson C. R.
Published: September 2022

Five plant species [burford holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. and paxt. ‘Burfordii’) golden-rain tree [Koelreuteria elegans (Seem. A.C. Sm.], ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), and podocarpus (Podocarpus macrophyllus Thunb.)] were arranged in a 5 × 5 × 5 factorial experiment and sprayed with 4 pesticides (dimethoate, dicofol, malathion, oxydemeton methyl) and water alone, as well as 4 chemicals [ancymidol, ethephon, gibberellic acid (GA3)] and water alone. Growth regulators increased pesticide phytotoxicity ratings, whereas the antitranspirant had no effect on phytotoxicity ratings.
Increasing Lateral Shoot Production in Balsam Fir Christmas Trees with Cytokinin Application
Authors: Little C. H. A.
Published: September 2022

Current-year branches in the uppermost whorl of unsheared balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] trees were dipped 1, 2, or 3 times at weekly intervals in 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm BA + 0.5% Buffer-X surfactant, starting every 2 weeks between 9 June and 18 Aug. 1982. BA applied once during June and early July increased lateral bud number and branch diameter in 1982, and increased lateral shoot production while decreasing lateral and whorl shoot elongation in 1983. The degree of response increased with increasing BA concentration, the greatest effect being obtained with 1000 ppm applied on 24 June when untreated branches had attained about 70% of their final length. Multiple applications were no more effective than a single application and caused phy to toxicity. The results indicate that BA application may be a useful method for increasing crown density in balsam fir Christmas trees.
Growth and Fruiting Responses of Young Apple and Tart Cherry Trees to Weed Control
Authors: Rupp L. A. , Anderson J. L.
Published: September 2022

Growth of 2-year-old tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees as measured by trunk circumference increase or total shoot elongation was significantly greater in plots receiving chemical or mechanical weed control within the tree row than in plots receiving between-row cultivation only. Shoot growth of one-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Delicious’) trees responded similarly to weed control. Tart cherry trees in hand weeded and dinoseb or glyphosate treated plots had greater growth than those in paraquat treated plots. Tart cherry trees in plots receiving chemical or mechanical weed control out-yielded trees in unweeded plots during the first year of production. ‘Delicious’ apple trees in plots treated with dinoseb (6.7 and 10.1 kg/ha), the high rate of glyphosate (1.7 kg/ha), or mechanical weed control also outyielded trees in unweeded plots during the first year of production. Effects of weed control on growth and yield were less distinct during the 2nd year of production. Trees from treated plots came into production one year earlier than trees in the unweeded plots. Chemical names used: 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate); 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat).
Postharvest Water Loss from Freeze-damaged Citrus Fruit
Authors: Purvis Albert C. , Brown G. Eldon , Carter Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Freeze-damaged ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Pineapple’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] fruit were sealed in polyethylene shrink film and stored for 6 weeks at 15°C in an attempt to prevent segment dehydration. Although the film greatly restricted water loss from the fruit, segment dehydration was similar to that observed for waxed fruit. During dehydration of freeze-damaged segments of ‘Valencia’ orange fruit, the relative water content of the adjacent mesocarp tissue increased. However, no differences were found in the soluble carbohydrate levels in mesocarp tissue adjacent to damaged and undamaged segments. The results indicate that the mesocarp tissue is not only in the pathway of water loss from free-damaged citrus fruit, but also accumulates water from damaged tissues. Furthermore, segment tissue membranes and walls appear to be differentially permeable to sugars and water.
Osmotically Induced Water Stress on Fertilizer Burn of ‘Glade’ Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Johnson S. J. , Christians N. E.
Published: September 2022

The practice of applying fertilizer in liquid form to turfgrass has become popular in the commercial lawn care industry, but foliar bum may become a problem following such applications. Fertilizer bum, ranging from leaf tip browning to bleaching of the entire leaf blade may result when a plant suffers physiological drought caused by an excess of soluble salts, either on the foliage or in the soil solution (2, 9). Researchers have reported that increasing levels of soil moisture stress may cause more severe fertilizer burn than nonstress conditions (4, 5, 6).
‘Freedom’, A Disease-resistant Apple
Authors: Lamb Robert C. , Aldwinckle Herb S. , Terry David E.
Published: September 2022

‘Freedom’ is a productive, large, red apple, Malus domestica Borkh. that is very resistant to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.], moderately resistant to apple powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (E. & E.) Salm], resistant to cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schw.), and to fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.]. It has been grown for 23 years without any disease-controlling sprays, and no losses have occurred in New York State. This apple was tested under the number NY 58553-1.
Latent Viruses: Harmful or Harmless?
Authors: Converse Richard H.
Published: September 2022

For a virologist who specializes in the virus diseases of small fruit, the rhetorical question posed in the title of this paper has a short, direct answer: harmful! Virologists have long subscribed to the dictum propounded by Holmes (22), “Presumably nearly all, if not all, symptomless carriers are slightly less vigorous than their virus-free counterparts.” However, to stop here is to ignore a wealth of fascinating biological and economic detail whose clarification may be useful to plant breeders and horticulturists.
Inheritance of Bolting Resistance in an Intraspecific Chinese Cabbage × Turnip Cross
Authors: Mero C. E. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

Segregation for the difference in bolting response from a cross of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) and turnip (B. campestris L. ssp. rapifera) suggested that bolting was conditioned by 2 major additive genes. The chromosomal genome of the parents also appeared to effect segregation for this character. There was an apparent association between strong bolting resistance and turnip phenotype.
Suberin Deposition as a Measure of Wound Response in Peach Bark
Authors: Biggs A. R. , Miles N. W.
Published: September 2022

Seven peach clones were assessed for wound response using suberin deposition, lignification, and lignification + suberization as criteria. Suberin and lignin were measured fluorometrically using a new technique that permits unimpeded observation of suberin autofluorescence. Suberin deposition was first observed in cells of the impervious tissue which forms prior to phellogen generation at the wound. Suberin deposition measured as early as 7 days postwounding was negatively correlated with peach canker incidence.
Demonstration of the Penetration of Boron in Apple Fruit Using an Enriched Stable Isotope
Authors: Chamel A. , Andreani A. -M.
Published: September 2022

The uptake and distribution of boron ([10B] boric acid) applied directly to apple fruit (Malus pumila L. ‘Golden Delicious’) was studied by stable isotope ratio measurements, using spark-source mass-spectrometry. Uptake of exogenous boron appeared limited, but the absorbed boron was relatively well distributed in tissues of apple fruit.
Effects of Root Applications of Gibberellic Acid on Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Growth of Geranium Plants
Authors: Arteca Richard N. , Holcomb E. Jay , Schlagnhaufer Carl , Tsai De-Sheng
Published: September 2022

Four concentrations of GA3 were applied to the root systems of 2 geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) cultivars grown hydroponically. The 0.014 μm GA3 treatment promoted substantial increases in relative growth rate (RGR) in both ‘Sincerity’ and ‘Glacier Crimson’ (Syn. ‘Brum’). A maximum stimulation in RGR was obtained at 0.14 μm and 1.4 μm GA3 concentration in ‘Sincerity’ and ‘Glacier Crimson’, respectively. Transpiration rates in both cultivars exhibited a maximum decrease with the 1.4 μm GA3 treatment, whereas net photosynthetic rates and total chlorophyll were unaffected by GA3. The response to GA3 also was evaluated for geraniums grown in a soil mix. There was a difference in cultivar responsiveness to root applications of GA3. Cutting production was greatest with 2.8 μm GA3 treatment and fresh weight, dry weight, and cutting length were greatest with a 28 μm GA3 concentration for ‘Sincerity’. The number of cuttings and length of cuttings were greatest with GA3 at a 56 μm GA3 concentration, and fresh and dry weight were maximized with a 28μm GA3 concentration for ‘Glacier Crimson’.
Clonal Variability in Response to Light Intensity during Growth and to Subsequent Dark Storage of Ficus benjamina and Ficus retusa
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Ziv D. , Steinitz B.
Published: September 2022

Three clones of Ficus benjamina L. and one clone of Ficus retusa L. foliage pot plants were raised under 3 different light intensities. Variations in the morphological development of the clones in response to light intensity were recorded. Leaf abscission from these plants was followed at the end of 2 weeks of dark storage, and during a subsequent period of one month in a simulated home environment. In unstored plants, only low levels of leaf drop were observed. Leaf abscission was stimulated strongly during dark storage and in subsequent indoor environment. The degree of dark storage-promoted leaf abscission, and the response pattern to light intensity during the production phase, with regard to leaf drop during simulated home conditions, showed a clear clone-dependent specificity. It is concluded that the genetic background is a major factor affecting storability and subsequent performance under simulated home conditions.
Male Sterile Persistent White Curd Cauliflower NY 7642 A and its Maintainer NY 7642B
Authors: Dickson M. H.
Published: September 2022

A major cost factor in the production of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is the need to tie leaves to avoid brown discoloration of the curd due to the peroxidase activation by sunlight (3). Even lines with a good self wrapping character need tieing, as small cracks between the leaves can permit light to reach the curd and result in a discolored patch or streak. The persistent white curd character (2), obtained from PI 183214 from Egypt, eliminates the need to tie leaves to produce a white curd, making cauliflower production simple and relatively inexpensive. NY 7642 is an early, persistent white-type cauliflower, released in Apr. 1984 by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station.
Growth Response of Azaleas to Fertilizer Tablets, Superphosphate, and Dolomitic Limestone
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: September 2022

‘Mrs. G.G. Gerbing’ azaleas (Rhododendron L.), grown 12 months in a 2 pine bark : 1 Canadian peat : 1 sand (by volume) medium in 3-liter containers and fertilized with Woodace 14N-1P-2K compressed fertilizer tablets, had greater shoot and root dry weights if the medium was not amended with dolomitic limestone, compared to plants grown in the medium amended with dolomitic limestone at 3 kg/m3. Shoot and root dry weights were not different for plants grown with or without a superphosphate (9% P) amendment at 3 kg/m3 in combination with or without the dolomitic limestone amendment. Growing-medium Mn levels were greater (0.5 ppm) without the dolomitic limestone amendment, than with the amendment (0.06 ppm), whereas P levels were similar with or without the dolomitic limestone amendment. On day 60, growing-medium P levels were greatest (10 ppm) for the superphosphate-amended medium without dolomitic limestone and decreased to 0.5 ppm on day 300. Tissue P levels were not different with or without the superphosphate amendment in combination with or without dolomitic limestone.
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate Sprays on Growth and Elemental Concentration of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Foliar applied Mg (0.0%, 0.24%, 0.48%, or 0.96% MgSO4-7H2O) was compared to root-supplied Mg (Hoagland's solution) in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wan- genh.) C. Koch] seedlings. Foliar-applied Mg suppressed, but did not prevent, Mg deficiency symptoms and increased leaf concentration of Mg and seedling growth compared to plants grown without Mg. Leaf Mg and growth from foliar sprays were substantially less than for plants with root-supplied Mg. Compared to root-supplied Mg, omitting Mg increased the leaf concentration of P, K, Cu, and Zn; decreased Ca and Mg; and had no effect on N, Fe, Mn, B, and Al. The nutritional imbalances induced by Mg deficiency were alleviated by foliar-applied Mg.
Net Photosynthesis of Orchard Grown Pecan Leaves Reduced by Insecticide Sprays
Authors: Wood B. W. , Payne J. A.
Published: September 2022

Eight of 9 insecticides used for pest control in pecan [Carya illionoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] suppressed net photosynthesis (Pn) of mature leaves in the orchard after a single spray treatment. Reductions were on the order of about 20% of pretreatment levels within 1 day after treatment. Sprays continued to suppress Pn for several days after application. Leaves exhibited no visible damage as a result of spray treatments. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations tended to be more detrimental to Pn than were wettable powder formulations. Four applications of fen valerate and carbaryl at 14-day intervals suppressed Pn by about 20% for the duration of the 55- day treatment period. Thus, repeated applications did not influence leaves in an additive or synergistic manner, and leaves did not adapt and become insensitive to the insecticide sprays.
Breaking Bud Dormancy in Corms and Trees with Sulfide Compounds in Garlic and Horseradish
Authors: Hosoki T. , Sakai Y. , Hamada M. , Taketani K.
Published: September 2022

Volatiles from garlic and horseradish paste broke corm dormancy of springflowering gladiolus (Gladiolus × Tubergenii Hort. Effective substances in garlic were allyl sulfide, methyl disulfide, n-propyl disulfide, and those in horseradish were allyl sulfide, allyl isothiocyanate, and n-propyl sulfide. Monosulfide extracted from garlic paste, allyl sulfide, and allyl disulfide were effective in breaking corm dormancy of summer-flowering gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.). Methyl disulfide promoted sprouting and flowering of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) and flowering of ornamental cherry (Prunus spp.) without phytotoxic symptoms.
In Vitro Propagation of Florists’ Cineraria
Authors: Cockrel Angela D. , McDaniel G. L. , Graham E. T.
Published: September 2022

Tissue culture propagation of Senecio cruentus DC. ‘Hansa’ was achieved from shoot tips derived from selected seedlings germinated in vitro. Shoot multiplication was best accomplished on Murashige and Skoog (MS) gerbera medium supplemented with 2.8 μM IAA. Maximum root formation occurred on MS modified medium with reduced salt levels and 1.3 μM NAA. Rooted shoots were established successfully in a soilless medium under high humidity. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic aid (IAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Chemical Height Control of Lisianthus russellianus
Authors: Tjia B. , Sheehan T. J.
Published: September 2022

Lisianthus russellianus Hook., syn. Eustoma grandiflorum, belongs to the Gentianacea and is native from the plains of Nebraska to Louisiana and Mexico. It is a tender annual, grows 45 cm high, and produces 5 lobed, purple, dark-eyed flowers in summer and fall. The flowers have been described as large as 10 cm across under favorable conditions and to number as many as 10 or more on a plant. Flowers have lasted up to 2 weeks.
Gauges for Discrete Plant Measurement
Authors: Russo J. M. , Holcomb E. J.
Published: September 2022

Simple, specialized instruments, such as tree calipers, tree diameter tapes, and fruit sizing templates, have been used to quantify dimensions of specific plant parts and provide a standard set of plant measurements. Forshey (3) used a band-type fruit caliper to measure the diameter of McIntosh apples to predict their size at time of harvest.
Scale Bulblet Malformations Seen in Lilium longiflorum during Scale Propagation
Authors: Matsuo E. , Ohkurano T. , Arisumi K. , Sakata Y.
Published: September 2022

The normal development of bulblets during scale propagation in L. longiflorum is as follows: callus formation followed by organized meristem formation → leaf primordia formation → formation of a scale bulblet which enlarge → leaf emergence from the primordia. In this paper, malformation of a bulblet is referred to as any type of callus, bulblet or plantlet development that is not in normal sequence or is not normal in appearance.
Photoperiodic Control of Growth in Water Lilies
Authors: Kelly John W. , Frett John J.
Published: September 2022

Little research has been conducted on water lilies because of the previous lack of horticultural interest in these species and the difficulty of handling plants in an aquatic environment. Unique anatomical and morphological characteristics associated with these species have been investigated (3), as well as the mechanisms of gas exchange that allow this species to survive underwater (1).
Effects of Rootstock on Cactus Grafted with an Adhesive
Authors: Zieslin N. , Keren A.
Published: September 2022

The commercial formulation of grafting adhesive is based on cyanoacrylate as an active ingredient with a proper solvent and catalyzer. Before grafting, the upper 5-10 mm of the stock are removed transversally. A similar cut should be made at the basal part of the scion. There is no need for drying the cut-surface: a wet surface will accelerate the graft union. A minimal amount of adhesive should be squeezed from the tube on the outer ring (cortex) of the cut without covering the central core (Fig. 1). For convenience, covering the basal part of the scion with the adhesive is preferable. Vascular differentiation, however, will take place even though the graft surface to surface connection is incomplete (2). The stock and scion cut surfaces should be held together for 5-7 seconds to complete the graft.
C35 and C32: Citrange Rootstocks for Citrus
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K.
Published: September 2022

C35 and C32 citranges are being released for rootstock trial because of their relative tolerance to the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb), to Phytophthora species, and to the tristeza virus. They also impart considerable vigor to their scions and have shown satisfactory yields with some scions in limited tests. Each has certain characteristics that could limit its use.
‘Processor 40’ Tomato
Authors: Leeper P. W. , Cox E. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Processor 40’ is a jointless, square-round type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) adapted to hand or machine harvest, lye peeling, and to processing as peeled whole tomato or tomato products. Its vine is small and determinate and the fruit are borne on short, stiff stems which hold much of the fruit off the ground. A large percentage of the fruit are set on terminal inflorescences which tends to concentrate the yield to the exterior of the plant. ‘Processor 40’ will set fruit at higher than normal temperatures (up to 36°C) with relative humidities of 80% and higher. It is resistant to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporium Schl. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium wilt) and to Stemphylium solani Weber (gray leaf spot). ‘Processor 40’ was released in 1982 by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
‘Prairie Shade’ Elm
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Hickman Gary G.
Published: September 2022

Since the urban population of American elms (Ulmus americana L.) was ravaged by Dutch elm disease fungus [Ceratocystis ulmi Buism. (C. Moreau)], attention has focused on the development of disease resistant elm hybrids. The cultivars ‘Sapporo Autumn Gold’, ‘Urban’, and ‘Regal’ are highly resistant to Dutch elm disease (7, 8, 9); however, they are extremely susceptible to the elm leaf beetle, (Pyrrhalta luteola Muller), because the susceptible Siberian elm Ulmus pumila L.) is a common parent (10). On the other hand, Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (syn. U. sempervirens), U. chinensis Pers., sometimes listed incorrectly as the lacebark elm (syn. leatherleaf elm, Chinese elm) is highly resistant to Dutch elm disease and the elm leaf beetle (1, 2, 4, 10). Lacebark elm is native to central China, Japan, and Korea, is drought tolerant, and withstands the severe conditions often associated with urban sites (10). Like most other members of the genus Ulmus, lacebark elm is propagated by seed collected in the fall; however, Schopmeyer (6) indicated that less than 50% of the seeds are viable, and only 5% to 12% of the viable seed sown can be expected to produce saleable trees. Four asexually produced cultivars, ‘Sempervirens’, ‘Drake’, ‘True Green’, and ‘Dynasty’ (5), currently sold provide improved consistency and quality.
‘Dr. Magie’ Gladiolus
Authors: Wilfret Gary J.
Published: September 2022

‘Dr. Magie,’ a gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortulanus L.H. Bailey) with salmon-pink florets, was released in 1983 by the Univ. of Florida. It combines good cut-flower characteristics, such as straight spikes, floral bud count of 18-20, and the tendency to open from the “tight-bud” stage, with tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. gladioli Snyd. & Hans. Fusarium, expressed as either a corm or root rot, is one of the major diseases of gladiolus grown in Florida and has led to the demise of many successful gladiolus cultivars, including ‘Picardy,’ ‘Spic & Span,’ and ‘Friendship’. ‘Dr. Magie’ performed well in the North American Gladiolus Council trial gardens, which included 8 locations in the United States and 2 in Canada.
Problems of Using Wastewater on Vegetable Crops
Authors: Kirkham M. B.
Published: September 2022

If wastewater is to be recycled safely for agricultural production the problems associated with using it on vegetables need to be known. The objective of this review is to determine those problems. Several earlier reviews dealing with the use of wastewater in agriculture have been published (5, 7, 9, 19, 27, 30, 31, 42). Raw wastewater, or primary effluent, is not considered in this paper because secondary effluent is the type of wastewater generally used for irrigation in the United States (42). Primary treatment involves only settling tanks, from which anything in the raw sewage that can float or sink is removed. Sewage from primary treatment is subjected in secondary treatment to the action of living microorganisms: e.g., activated-sludge processes, trickling filters, treatment ponds (42). Also, this paper is limited in discussion to municipal waste-water and does not mention wastewater from industry, including wastewater from vegetable-processing plants. This review is divided into 3 areas: physical, chemical, and biological problems.
Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybridization of Pyrus
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Hough L. Fredric
Published: September 2022

The genus Pyrus has been classified into at least 22 primary species. These can be grouped by geographical distribution and/or taxonomic relationships. The European group includes P. communis L., P. nivalis Jacq., and P. cordata, (Desv.) Schneid. The North African group contains P. longipes Coss. and Dur., P. gharbiana Trab., and P. mamorensis Trab. The west Asian group consists of P. syriaca Boiss., P. elaeagrifolia Pall., and P. amygdaliformis Vill., P. salicifolia Pall., P. glabra Boiss., P. regellii Rehd., (syn. P. bucharica and P. heterophylla Reg. & Schmalh). The medium to large fruited east Asian species are P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak., P. kansuensis, P. ussuriensis Max., P. hondoensis Kik. and Nak., while the Asian “pea” pear species are P. calleryana Dcne., P. betulaefolia Bung., P.fauriei Schneid., P. dimorphophylla Makino, and P. koehnei Schneid. (3, 27). A number of nonprimary species also appear in the literature, which may be either botanical varieties, subspecies, or interspecific hybrids. Among the east Asian group, P. bretschneideri Rehd. is a probable hybrid of P. betulaefolia and the cultivated forms of P. pyrifolia; P. phaeocarpa Rehd. may be a P. betulaefolia × P. ussurensis hybrid, whereas P. serrulata Rehd. is a probable interspecific hybrid involving P. pyrifolia and P. calleryana.
Effect of Ethephon and GA3 on Time of Flowering in Peach
Authors: Gianfagna T. J. , Marini R. , Rachmiel S.
Published: September 2022

Ethephon at 200 ppm applied to ‘Cresthaven’ peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in October delayed flowering by 7 days in the first year of this study, but only by 3 days in the 2nd year. Flower bud survival was reduced in both years by this treatment, although the percentage of fruit set increased. The differences observed in the effectiveness of ethephon in delaying bloom may be due to differences in spring temperatures during bud expansion. High temperatures during the period of bud expansion tended to accelerate bud development, minimizing the effect of treatment, whereas low temperatures during this period tended to accentuate treatment effects. GA3 applied in October delayed leaf senescence and abscission, but did not delay flowering.
Trunk Injected Ethephon as a Potential Harvest Aid Mechanism for Pecans
Authors: Stein Larry A. , McEachern George Ray , Storey J. Benton
Published: September 2022

Ethephon was trunk injected into the transpiration stream of pecan trees 10 to 21 days before shuck split in an attempt to expedite shuck opening in 1983. Ethephon concentrations were based on the estimated amount of water flowing through the tree per day. At College Station and Hondo, Texas, a 10 ppm injection significantly increased shuck opening. Leaf drop was only 35% at 10 ppm compared to much higher leaf drop in previous research. There was no difference in number of nuts set and the extent of limb dieback between the control trees and those trunk injected with 10 ppm ethephon. At Ft. Stockton and Midkiff, Texas, injections of 10, 20, and 40 ppm increased nut opening and early leaf drop, but reduced fruit set in the following year (1984). There was no limb dieback at these locations. Injections of trees in El Paso failed to cause shuck opening.
Is There a Crisis Developing in Horticulture?
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

Horticultural departments at land-grant universities are graduating fewer and fewer students with the technical and practical knowledge needed to serve and lead the horticultural industry. Professionally trained horticulturists are becoming difficult to find. Too many MS and PhD “horticulturists” today know little horticulture. Retiring horticulturists or those leaving for other reasons are being replaced by pure scientists from fields other than horticulture. Grower-oriented research and student teaching are losing priority to “high-tech” research funded and guided by federal and outside grants. Horticultural courses are being dropped or not taught due to lack of teachers and/or students. Professionally written horticultural texts are becoming scarce or outdated. Extension personnel are being brought on campus to teach production courses or the basic scientists may be asked to teach these courses for which they have had little or no training or experience. Many experienced extension personnel are retiring early or leaving their jobs for private consulting.
Summer Pruning of Greenhouse-grown Roses under Subtropical Conditions
Authors: Raviv M.
Published: September 2022

Height and time of summer pruning of greenhouse-grown ‘Mercedes’ roses were examined for effect on flower production in the subsequent season. The interaction of pruning severity and the flower cutting procedure also was tested. It was found that pruning in mid-July is preferable to mid-May and that severe (50 cm) pruning combined with “underhook cut” during the winter has an adverse effect on plant productivity. Summer picking of flowers followed by high (120 cm) pruning in mid-July represents an attractive alternative if a commercial outlet can be found for the flowers, since the subsequent winter harvest is better than that resulting from present practice and comparable to that resulting from gradual pruning in mid-July.
Interactive Effects of Trickle Irrigation Rates, Cultivars, and Culture on Cut Chrysanthemum
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Stanley C. D. , Price J. F.
Published: September 2022

Interactive effects of trickle irrigation rates, cultivars and culture (single or pinched stem), on Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. cut flower yield and quality were evaluated. The minimum amount of water required to produce the greatest number of marketable stems of high quality was estimated to be from 0.96 to 1.07 cm/day. Responses to irrigation rate were similar regardless of culture or cultivar variables. Seasonal water use, however, would vary due to differences in cropping time influenced by the production method and choice of cultivars.
Development of Deep Supercooling in Acclimating Sweet Cherry and Peach Flower Buds
Authors: Andrews Preston K. , Proebsting Edward L.
Published: September 2022

The development of deep supercooling in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. ‘Bing’) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Redhaven’] flower buds during late summer and early autumn was measured by differential thermal analysis. The capacity to deep supercool developed under ambient conditions during September in both 1982 and 1983. It developed 1-2 weeks earlier in sweet cherry than in peach flower buds. Exposing a sweet cherry limb in situ to daily 15° day/5°C night temperatures beginning in early Aug. 1983 advanced the development of the flower buds’ capacity to deep supercool by 4 weeks. Sweet cherry flower buds whose capacity to deep supercool was advanced by exposure to these cool temperatures displayed a median low-temperature exotherm (LTE50) near - 20°. This demonstrated the potential capacity of sweet cherry flower buds to avoid injury during moderate freezes as early as mid-August.
Cut Foliage Production in Florida
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Cut foliage (florists' greens) production in Florida has been increasing rapidly in recent years and has more than doubled in the last 6 years. Estimates place the wholesale crop value at $86 million for the 1984-1985 season. Domestic North American shipments, which accounted for about 84% of all shipments during the 1984—1985 season, have increased an average of about 17% per year for the last 7 years. Shipments to Europe account for the remaining 16% and increased at a rate of about 10% per year over that same period, but have actually declined slightly in recent years due in part to the strength of the U.S. dollar and to increasing competition from other countries.
Dormancy Terminology
Authors: Ketchie Delmer O. , Howell G. S. , Salisbury Frank B. , Lang Greg , Darnell Rebecca , Early Jack , Martin George
Published: September 2022

At last year's W-130 Regional Project meeting in Penticton, B.C., Edward L. Proebsting, Jr., chairman of the meeting, requested that we communicate our interest and discussion in the Oct. 1985 Viewpoint article by Lang, Early, Arroyave, Darnell, Martin, and Stutte concerning dormancy terminology (HortScience 20:809–812).