bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guideline-Discordant Care Among Direct-to-Consumer Testosterone Therapy Platforms
Authors: Dubin Justin M. , Jesse Erin , Fantus Richard J. , Bennett Nelson E. , Brannigan Robert E. , Thirumavalavan Nannan , Halpern Joshua A.
Published: December 2022

This cross-sectional study examines whether direct-to-consumer platforms provide guideline-concordant care regarding testosterone therapy.
Efficacy and Safety of Pacritinib vs Placebo for Patients With Severe COVID-19
Authors: Cafardi John , Miller Carole , Terebelo Howard , Tewell Chad , Benzaquen Sadia , Park David , Egan Pamela , Lebovic Daniel , Pettit Kristen , Whitman Eric , Tremblay Douglas , Feld Jonathan , Buckley Sarah , Roman-Torres Karisse , Smith Jennifer , Craig Adam , Mascarenhas John
Published: December 2022

Importance

The morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 remain high despite advances in standard of care therapy, and the role of anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the interleukin 6/JAK2 pathway is still being elucidated.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the oral JAK2/IRAK1 inhibitor pacritinib vs placebo in the treatment of adults with severe COVID-19.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial enrolled hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19 at 21 centers across the US between June 2020 and February 2021, with approximately 1.5 months of safety follow-up per patient. Data analysis was performed from September 2021 to July 2022.

Interventions

Patients were randomized 1:1 to standard of care plus pacritinib (400 mg per os on day 1 followed by 200 mg twice daily on days 2-14) vs placebo, for 14 days.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was death or need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) by day 28. All-cause mortality and safety were also assessed.

Results

A total of 200 patients were randomized to pacritinib (99 patients; 56 men [56.6%]; median [range] age, 60 [19-87] years) or placebo (101 patients; 64 men [63.4%]; median [range] age 59 [28-94] years). The percentage requiring supplementary oxygen was 99.0% (98 patients) in the pacritinib group vs 98.0% (99 patients) in the placebo group. The percentage who progressed to IMV, ECMO, or death was 17.2% (17 patients) in the pacritinib group vs 22.8% (23 patients) in the placebo group (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.28-1.35; P = .23). Among patients with elevated interleukin 6, the rate was 17.5% (11 of 63 patients) in the pacritinib group vs 30.4% (21 of 96 patients) in the placebo group. The adverse event rate was similar for pacritinib vs placebo (78.1% [75 patients] vs 80.2% [81 patients]), with no excess in infection (14.6% [14 patients] vs 19.8% [20 patients]), bleeding (8.3% [8 patients] vs 10.9% [11 patients]), or thrombosis (8.3% [8 patients] vs 7.9% [8 patients]). Rates of grade 3 or higher adverse events were lower with pacritinib than placebo (29.2% [28 patients] vs 40.6% [41 patients]).

Conclusions and Relevance

The study did not meet its primary end point in patients with severe COVID-19. Subgroup analyses may indicate specific populations with hyperinflammation that could benefit from pacritinib, although further clinical trials would be needed to confirm these effects.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04404361
Construction and Application of Orthogonal T7 Expression System in Eukaryote: An Overview
Authors: Wang Wenya , An Xiaoyan , Yan Kun , Li Qiang
Published: December 2022

The T7 system is an orthogonal transcription‐system, which is characterized by simplicity, higher efficiency, and higher processivity, and it is used for protein or mRNA synthesis in various biological‐systems. In comparison with prokaryotes, the construction of the T7 expression system is still on‐going in eukaryotes, but it shows greatly applicable prospects. In the present paper, development of T7 expression system construction in eukaryotes is reviewed, including its construction in animal (mammalian cells, trypanosomatid protozoa, Xenopus oocytes, zebrafish), plant, and microorganism and its application in vaccine production and gene therapy. In addition, the innate challenges of T7 expression system construction in eukaryote and its potential application in vaccine production and gene therapy are discussed.
Spatiotemporal Regulation of Injectable Heterogeneous Silk Gel Scaffolds for Accelerating Guided Vertebral Repair
Authors: Wang Tianji , Liu Keyin , Wang Jing , Xiang Geng , Hu Xiaofan , Bai Hao , Lei Wei , Tao Tiger H. , Feng Yafei
Published: December 2022

Osteoporotic vertebral fracture is jeopardizing the health of the aged population around the world, while the hypoxia microenvironment and oxidative damage of bone defect make it difficult to perform effective tissue regeneration. The balance of oxidative stress and the coupling of vessel and bone ingrowth are critical for bone regeneration. In this study, an injectable heterogeneous silk gel scaffold which can spatiotemporally and sustainedly release bone mesenchymal stem cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles, HIF‐1α pathway activator, and inhibitor is developed for bone repair and vertebral reinforcement. The initial enhancement of HIF‐1α upregulates the expression of VEGF to promote angiogenesis, and the balance of reactive oxygen species level is regulated to effectively eliminate oxidative damage and abnormal microenvironment. The subsequent inhibition of HIF‐1α avoids the overexpression of VEGF and vascular overgrowth. Meanwhile, complex macroporous structures and suitable mechanical support can be obtained within the silk gel scaffolds, which will promote in situ bone regeneration. These findings provide a new clinical translation strategy for osteoporotic vertebral augmentation on basis of hypoxia microenvironment improvement.
The Effect of Single versus Polycrystalline Cathode Particles on All‐Solid‐State Battery Performance
Authors: Payandeh Seyedhosein , Njel Christian , Mazilkin Andrey , Teo Jun Hao , Ma Yuan , Zhang Ruizhuo , Kondrakov Aleksandr , Bianchini Matteo , Brezesinski Torsten
Published: December 2022

Lithium‐thiophosphate‐based all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) are increasingly attracting attention for high‐density electrochemical energy storage. In this work, the cycling performance of single and polycrystalline forms of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, with ≥83% Ni content) cathode active materials in ASSB cells with an Li4Ti5O12 composite anode is explored, and the advantages and disadvantages of both morphologies are discussed. The virtual lack of grain boundaries in the quasi‐single‐crystalline material is found to contribute to improved stability by eliminating the tendency of Ni‐rich NCM particles to crack during cycling, due to volume differences between the lithiated and delithiated phases. Although the higher crack resistance mitigates effects of chemical oxidation of the lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte, the cells suffer from electrochemical side reactions occurring at the cathode interfaces. However, coating the single‐crystal particles with a protective LiNbO3 overlayer helps to stabilize the interface between cathode active material and solid electrolyte, leading to a capacity retention of 93% after 200 cycles (with qdis ≈ 160 mAh gNCM−1 or 1.7 mAh cm−2 at C/5 rate and 45 °C). Overall, this work highlights the importance of addressing electro‐chemo‐mechanical phenomena in ASSB electrodes.
Cataloguing MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 van der Waals Heterostructures: An Exceptional Material Platform for Excitonic Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Tho Che Chen , Yu Chenjiang , Tang Qin , Wang Qianqian , Su Tong , Feng Zhuoer , Wu Qingyun , Nguyen C. V. , Ong Wee‐Liat , Liang Shi‐Jun , Guo San‐Dong , Cao Liemao , Zhang Shengli , Yang Shengyuan A. , Ang Lay Kee , Wang Guangzhao , Ang Yee Sin
Published: December 2022

2D materials van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) provide a revolutionary route toward high‐performance solar energy conversion devices beyond the conventional silicon‐based pn junction solar cells. Despite tremendous research progress accomplished in recent years, the searches of vdWHs with exceptional excitonic solar cell conversion efficiency and optical properties remain an open theoretical and experimental quest. Here, this study shows that the vdWH family composed of MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 monolayers provides a compelling material platform for developing high‐performance ultrathin excitonic solar cells and photonics devices. Using first‐principle calculations, 51 types of MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4‐based [(Mo,W)Si2N4] vdWHs composed of various metallic, semimetallic, semiconducting, insulating, and topological 2D materials are constructed and classified. Intriguingly, MoSi2N4/(InSe, WSe2) are identified as Type II vdWHs with exceptional excitonic solar cell power conversion efficiency reaching well over 20%, which are competitive to state‐of‐the‐art silicon solar cells. The (Mo,W)Si2N4 vdWH family exhibits strong optical absorption in both the visible and UV regimes. Exceedingly large peak UV absorptions over 40%, approaching the maximum absorption limit of a freestanding 2D material, can be achieved in (Mo,W)Si2N4/α2‐(Mo,W)Ge2P4 vdWHs. The findings unravel the enormous potential of (Mo,W)Si2N4 vdWHs in designing ultimately compact excitonic solar cell device technology.
Stepwise Reduction and In Situ Loading of Core‐Shelled Pt@Cu Nanocrystals on TiO2–NTs for Highly Active Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Mao Binglong , Zhu Yiming , Huang Dihua , Zhang Jun , Liu Quanxing , Li Xiang , Song Kexing
Published: December 2022

A flexible and mild fabricating protocol, i.e., stepwise reduction and in situ loading route, is proposed to modulate ordered growing and dispersive depositing of Pt@Cu bimetal layered nanostructure on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2‐NTs) via reasonably regulating addition sequence and dosage for the reactants and additives. Comprehensive characterizations demonstrate that most of the Cu core‐Pt shell nanocrystals with a mean size of 10 nm evenly disperse on the surface of TiO2‐NTs, and a small number of nanocrystals permeate into the nanotubes. In comparison to TiO2‐NTs, the specific surface area declines after loading bimetals, with the pore size distribution shifting from micropores to mesopores. The catalytic activity of the Pt@Cu(x)/TiO2 for hydrolytic hydrogen evolution presents an increasing tendency as the bimetal loadings rise, each surpassing that of the bare bimetal nanocrystals. The H2 generating rate gradually rises with temperature increment. The AB hydrolysis catalyzed by Pt@Cu(9%)/TiO2 at the given temperatures (293–313 K) is affirmed as a first‐order reaction, with apparent activation energy of 28.43 kJ mol−1 and TOF value of 107.27 min−1. The catalyst Pt@Cu(9%)/TiO2 unfolds exceptionally high stability, remaining 91% initial catalytic activity after five cycling use.
Nanostructured Ag‐Bioglass Implant Coatings with Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activity
Authors: Geissel Felix J. , Platania Varvara , DeBerardinis Niccoló , Skjöldebrand Charlotte , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Persson Cecilia , Hulsart‐Billström Gry , Chatzinikolaidou Maria , Sotiriou Georgios A.
Published: December 2022

Bone implant failure due to aseptic loosening and biofilm infections is an increasing healthcare problem. Implants may be coated with nanoparticles to avoid bacterial colonization and promote osseointegration. However, these nanocoatings often require long, expensive, and complex manufacturing routes with limited clinical translation potential. Here, a multifunctional nanoparticle coating consisting of silver (Ag) and bioglass (BG) is investigated to overcome current limitations by providing synchronously antibacterial and osteogenic effect. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is exploited as a scalable and reproducible process to synthesize large quantities of nanoparticles and deposit them on titanium (Ti) substrates. The deposited nanocoatings show a homogeneous morphology and biomineralize after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF), while their adhesion on Ti substrates is promoted by in situ flame annealing. The Ag+ ion release from Ag containing BG samples inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation up to 3 log units, while the osteogenic responses of pre‐osteoblastic cells directly grown on AgBG samples show similar levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and collagen production when compared to pure Ti. The inexpensively synthesized multifunctional AgBG nanostructured implant coatings exert a high bioactivity and antibacterial response while maintaining high biocompatibility. The insights of this study can direct the development of multifunctional implant coatings.
Supramolecular Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives with Rapid, Strong, Water‐Resistant, and Underwater Adhesion
Authors: Li Jialing , Zhang Yunfei , Zhang Qiao , Cai Changyong , Li Fenfang , Dong Shengyi
Published: December 2022

Supramolecular polymers are materials that exhibit a range of functionalities and thus find wide applicability. In this study, two natural low‐molecular‐weight compounds, thioctic acid (TA) and phytic acid (PA), are used to fabricate polymeric supramolecular structures. The coexistence of dynamically covalently linked poly(TA) and hydrogen bond linked poly(PA) moieties result in copolymeric materials with different dynamic features. The obtained poly(TA‐PA)s show rapid and strong adhesion on a variety of natural and artificial surfaces, with high 180° peeling, lap‐shear, and pull‐off strengths over wide temperature (−18 °C to 60 °C) and humidity (20−99%) ranges. The poly(TA‐PA)s also display good stability and adhesion in the presence of water, even show stable and long‐lasting underwater adhesion. Hence, the synthesized poly(TA‐PA)s, which have high water resistance, are suitable for use as sealing materials in various applications, thus highlighting the applicability of supramolecular polymer materials in underwater surface coatings and adhesion.
Disentangling Light‐Induced Charge Transfer, Heating, and Strain Effects in WS2/Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Ruiling , Gan Lin , Zhang Danyang , Sun Hao , Li Yongzhuo , Ning Cun‐Zheng
Published: December 2022

Heterostructures formed by 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and graphene are not only fundamentally important for the exploration of novel interface physics but also indispensable for various optoelectronic devices. Often multiple effects such as charge transfer (CT), heating, and strain are present simultaneously and their interplay significantly impacts the properties of such heterostructures. However, the identification and separation of these three individual effects are challenging and have not been demonstrated in 2D heterostructures. Here, through a concurrent analysis of the Raman modes and photoluminescence spectra from graphene and WS2 in temperature‐ and power‐dependent measurements, this work has succeeded in disentangling the effects of light‐induced CT, heating, and strain effects in WS2/graphene heterostructure on SiO2/Si substrate. Without disentangling these effects, the light‐induced carrier density in graphene (WS2) would have been underestimated (overestimated) by up to 62% (73%) in this situation. More importantly, a positive temperature coefficient of the G‐mode Raman shift is obtained without excluding the strain and CT effects, contrary to the negative coefficient due to the intrinsic thermal effect. This study demonstrates the importance of disentangling the individual effects and the approach paves the way for a comprehensive understanding of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of TMDC/graphene heterostrucutres.
Electron Irradiation Frozen Effect in Stiff/Soft Bilayer Films
Authors: Meng Yancheng , Li Baowen , Li Luxian , Zhang Jianqiang , Guo Wanlin
Published: December 2022

The buckling behavior of stiff/soft bilayer films has been extensively studied over the past three decades. However, strategies to characterize buckling structures on complex surfaces caused by bilayer film deformation, such as bending and spherical bilayers, are still lacking, preventing an accurate understanding of buckling behaviors in a broader context. Here, a frozen effect in a stiff/soft bilayer film is reported which provides a solution to the aforementioned problem. The buckling patterns in the stiff/soft bilayer film can be frozen by electron‐beam irradiation, which is attributed to the irradiation‐induced hardening transition of the soft film. After local freezing, the buckling patterns on a complex surface can be positioned on a plane by eliminating the compression across the bilayer and, hence, can be characterized by conventional means. This frozen characterization technique is similar to cryo‐electron microscopy and has vast potential applications in many fields.
2D Metallic Abnormal Li2Cl Crystals with Unique Electronic Characteristics Applied in Capacitor and Humidity Sensor
Authors: Li Yunzhang , Zhao Yimin , Liu Xing , Qiu Yinwei , He Zhenglin , Zhang Shengli , Fang Haiping , Chen Liang , Zhang Lei , Shi Guosheng
Published: December 2022

Understanding the configuration and properties of the simplest lithium‐ion crystal, the Li‐Cl crystal, is essential for developing Li‐based electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Under ambient conditions, LiCl in a 1:1 stoichiometry is the only known stable form of the Li‐Cl crystal, and the corresponding crystals are insulating. Here, using cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), this work reports a novel abnormal 2D Li2Cl crystal in ultra‐thin reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membranes by simply soaking the rGO membrane in unsaturated LiCl solution under ambient conditions and showed its high‐resolution image. Unexpectedly, such Li2Cl crystal presents metallic properties rather than insulating properties. Using vacuum filtration of the unsaturated LiCl solution through rGO membranes, this work prepares the rGO membranes with high content Li2Cl, displaying a high areal capacitance of 220 mF cm−2. Remarkably, the Li2Cl‐rGO membranes also exhibit heterostructure property and piezoelectricity. For the excess Li and unique electrical characteristics, these Li2Cl‐rGO membranes can be used as a humidity sensor. These findings point to possibilities for creating new Li‐based materials and fabricating novel high‐performance electronic devices, transistors, and sensors.
Fast Solidification of Pure Gallium at Room Temperature and its Micromechanical Properties
Authors: Wang Xinpeng , Lu Xueni , Xiao Wenlong , Liu Xingtong , Li Liangtao , Chang Hao , Yu Zhenwei , Yang Xiawei , Chang Lingqian , Sun Kang , Wang Qian , Jiao Caicai , Hu Liang
Published: December 2022

With excellent electrical conductivity, fluidity, rheological property, and biocompatibility, gallium has been intensively studied in the fields of flexible electronics and devices, thermal management, and soft robotics. However, the large degree of supercooling of gallium presents a large limitation for phase transition‐related applications such as the very low temperature required for solidification, the impurities, and side effects brought in by nucleating agents. In this study, solidification process of liquid gallium by using solid gallium as a nucleating agent is discovered to be fast and facile at room temperature compared with other agent materials including copper, iron, and nickel. Quantificationally, solidified gallium as a nucleating agent, can effectively reduce the supercooling degree from about 66.3 to 14.8 °C. The freezing velocity can reach to 200 mm3 min−1. The possible mechanism is reducing the energy barrier via adding nucleation site, allowing rapid solidification at room temperature accompanying heat dissipation. Moreover, micromechanical properties are compared between raw solid Ga and the solidified Ga induced by Ga agent, which suggests a slight decrease in mechanical strength at room temperature with the nucleating agent. It will be beneficial to understand the phase change and also provide guidance for the application of gallium regarding its mechanical properties.
Ultralarge Curvature and Extreme Rapid Degradable Porous Wood Based Flexible Triboelectric Sensor for Physical Motion Monitoring
Authors: Bi Sheng , Han Xu , Chen Qiangqiang , Gao Buhan , Chen Luhua , He Zhengran , Jiang Chengming
Published: December 2022

Flexible self‐power triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted worldwide attention in the fields of optoelectronic systems, communication, and biomedical diagnostics due to its outstanding energy collection capacity and high output potential. Wood, as a natural and environmental friendly material with excellent mechanical properties, is an ideal material for construction of high performance TENG. Herein, a porous wood based flexible triboelectric sensor (PWFTS) as a wearable motion testing system with ultralarge folding curvature and extreme high stability for real‐time body motion monitoring is presented. With an over 180° curving angle, the output power of the PWFTS from porous wood is more than 200% compared with that from natural wood. Moreover, a rapid degradation of as low as 48 h with extremely reliable repeatability and stability leads to an ideal candidate for wearable devices. The enhancement of such PWFTS may open up opportunities in innovative applications in various triboelectric devices and flexible integrated systems.
Customizing Triboelectric Nanogenerator on Everyday Clothes by Screen‐Printing Technology for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Human‐Interactive Applications
Authors: Zhang Chi , Zhang Lei , Bao Bo , Ouyang Wenyu , Chen Weiyu , Li Qingtong , Li Dachao
Published: December 2022

Integrating self‐powered sensors or energy harvesters with everyday clothes brings a novel insight into wearable electronics and improves personal intelligence in the era of the Internet of Things. This work develops a customizable screen‐printed textile triboelectric nanogenerator (SPT‐TENG) for biomechanical energy harvesting and human‐interactive applications. The as‐fabricated textile TENG not only presents excellent wearing experiences such as lightweight, permeability, and washability, but also exhibits high electrical output performance to power sustainably some portable electronics such as a watch or calculator. The system‐level wearable human‐interactive applications, including a wireless keyboard and a smart home appliance control, are also demonstrated with the advantages of cyber security, easy operation, low cost, and wearability through screen‐printing pattern‐customized TENG arrays. Benefiting from these features, the SPT‐TENG shows promising applications in wearable electronics, human‐machine interfaces, and artificial intelligence.
Bioinspired Fouling‐Release Smart Skin Powered by Twisted Spiral Artificial Muscles (TSAMs)
Authors: Kotak Parth , Johnson Tatum , Lamuta Caterina
Published: December 2022

The buildup of marine organisms on submerged surfaces, known as biofouling, poses a major threat to the maritime industry. Biofouling on seafaring vessels increases hydrodynamic drag, fuel consumption, and leads to the spread of invasive species. Despite considerable research, a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly strategy for preventing biofouling remains elusive. Silicone‐based fouling release coatings (FRCs) that rely on hydrodynamic shear forces to remove attached biofilms have recently been proposed as a non‐toxic solution for biofouling. However, FRCs are susceptible to fouling in still water or near‐still water conditions. In this study, a smart skin bioinspired by the shape‐changing behavior of octopi for removing biofilms in near‐still water conditions is proposed. Active deformation of the smart skin powered by twisted spiral artificial muscles (TSAMs) leads to the detachment of biofilms. The efficacy of the smart skin is evaluated in both a laboratory setting and a field environment. A maximum of 87% of a laboratory grown and 79% of a heterogeneous field biofilm is detached by the active motion of the skin surface. The results indicate that the actively deformed smart skins bioinspired by octopi are a promising candidate for removing marine biofilms in still or near‐still water environments.
Temperature‐ and Ambient Pressure‐Independent Sensing of Hydrogen in Fluids Using Cascaded Interferometers Incorporated in Optical Fibers
Authors: Lee Sungjae , Ryu Bowon , Kim Inho , Song Yong‐Won
Published: December 2022

Practical gas sensors are indispensable for the healthy operation of cutting‐edge hydrogen‐based systems. An optical fiber‐based hydrogen sensor incorporating a robust Fabry–Perot interferometric structure on a fiber tip with high sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability of operation and a micrometer‐scale footprint is demonstrated. The hydrogen‐sensitive volume expansion of palladium provides bi‐metal operation with a silicon nitride mirror to tune the interferometer cavity and therefore the resonance modes by switching the mirror form factor from a flat to convex shape. It does not require any peripherals, including a power supply or data communication modules. In addition to fiber‐inherent advantages, such as remote and multiplexed monitoring without electromagnetic field interference, the sensor guarantees temperature‐ and pressure‐independent operation by adding a simple glass sub‐cavity and microwindows in the mirror layer, respectively. Critically, the sensor highlights reliable operation in a liquid fluid (electrical transformer oil) to monitor hydrogen as its “damage marker” escaping from a mechanical shield or selective gas screen. The detection limit, sensitivity, and response time of the sensor under atmospheric conditions are 15 ppm, 29.6 nm/%, and 12.5 s, respectively. In addition, the unimpaired operation of the sensor in 60 °C transformer oil is verified experimentally.
Atomic Force Microscopy – A Powerful Tool for Studying Contact Electrification
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhao Xiubo
Published: December 2022

Contact electrification (CE) is a very common phenomenon in the daily life and occurs in almost all contact processes of dissimilar materials, including insulators, metals, and semiconductors. However, CE has been considered a phenomenon with negative effects for a long time until Wang et al. exploited this phenomenon to invent triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has unparalleled advantages in studying some basic scientific problems of CE phenomena, especially for study of CE mechanism at the nanoscale, thus greatly promoting the development of TENGs. Here, the research work of AFM in exploring CE mechanisms, including CE between solid and solid and CE between liquid and solid is systematically introduced. And the working mechanism of metal‐semiconductor DC triboelectric nanogenerators based on C‐AFM studies is also introduced. In addition, the potential utility and limitations of AFM in the future development of TENG technology, and discuss the direction of its improvement is analyzed. This review summarizes the important role of AFM technology in the development of TENG‐based energy and sensor technology, and it is hoped it can provide an updated overview on the understanding of the existing challenges and opportunities, which would be useful to promote the development of TENG technologies.
Single‐Crystalline Layered Metal‐Halide Perovskite Microwires with Intercalated Molecules for Ultraviolet Photodetectors
Authors: Zhao Rudai , Zhang Ting , Wang Shiheng , Guo Lutong , Gu Zhenkun , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: December 2022

Intercalation regulation is a special way to tune the photophysical properties of perovskite without changing the organic cations. Here, it is found that dimethyl sulfoxide can be effectively intercalated into synthesized (OHC6H5CH2CH2NH3)2PbBr4 perovskite through hydrogen bonds between organic spacer layers and solvent molecules. The new intercalated perovskite can be stored for more than two months under a relative humidity of about 60% at room temperature without encapsulation. The single crystal microwire array device based on this special structure presents photoelectric response of a light on/off ratio of 400 under 365 nm irradiation at 3 V. The device has a low dark current of 10−13 A. Moreover, the inserted solvent molecules can be removed from the perovskite or reinserted into the perovskite under different processing conditions. The results show the potential to regulate the optoelectronic properties of perovskites by reversibly binding intercalated molecules with perovskites.
Multiplex Sensing Electronic Skin Based on Seamless Fully Printed Stretchable Piezoelectric Devices
Authors: Alique Marc , Moya Ana , Otero David , Kreuzer Martin , Lacharmoise Paul , Murillo Gonzalo , Simao Claudia Delgado
Published: December 2022

Wearable skin mountable devices, more than flexibility, require conformability, stretchability, and a high water vapor transmission rate, so that the perspiration processes are not blocked, to assure comfort and stability of use in contact with living bodies. Skin mountable stretchable devices with piezoelectric devices have been reported, based on the integration of polyvinylidene fluoride foils with discrete electrodes and stretchable substrates, and show potential in revolutionizing medical devices for remote monitoring applications. However, the electrodes and active layer are usually not stretchable, only the carrier substrate. The study reports the full description of a novel fully printed stretchable piezoelectric device, printed directly over a stretchable polymer foil of thermoplastic polyurethane. The stability of the response of the stretchable piezoelectric devices is used as movement sensors through their output potential. An electronic skin based on a fully printed circuit with a matrix of 15 all‐printed piezoelectric devices is prepared and investigated and used directly mounted on different body parts, and the real‐time monitoring of movements are recorded and analyzed.
Wearable Carbon Nanotube‐Spandex Textile Yarns for Knee Flexion Monitoring
Authors: Fay Cormac D. , Mannering Nicholas , Jeiranikhameneh Ali , Mokhtari Fatemeh , Foroughi Javad , Baughman Ray H. , Choong Peter F. M. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: December 2022

Carbon nanotube‐spandex textiles are rapidly gaining in popularity as sensors for human motion, yet their use as—and comparison to—viable clinical‐based instrumentation has not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, the use of novel yarn‐based sensors that show excellent characteristics, ideal for joint kinematic sensing, is described. Knee kinematic monitoring of nine healthy participants while walking on a treadmill is examined. This is enabled through a 3D‐printed knee brace integrated with a wireless transmission device. The design, development, and testing of the wearable device is presented along with wireless data capture and processing. Additionally, the findings are compared in vivo to those reported by a reference optoelectronic measurement system (KneeKG) for validation purposes. The results show a high correlation between both systems, with an average Pearson's r‐value of 0.89 across each corresponding knee. This study is the first to explore the use of these novel yarn sensors for sagittal knee kinematic monitoring on participants during trials and validate the findings via an optoelectronic measurement system.
Mechanically Stable, Binder‐Free, and Free‐Standing Vanadium Trioxide/Carbon Hybrid Fiber Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bornamehr Behnoosh , Gallei Markus , Husmann Samantha , Presser Volker
Published: December 2022

Binder is a crucial component in present‐day battery electrodes but commonly contains fluorine and requires coating processing using organic (often toxic) solvents. Preparing binder‐free electrodes is an attractive strategy to make battery electrode production and its end‐of‐use waste greener and safer. Herein, electrospinning is employed to prepare binder‐free and self‐standing electrodes. Such electrodes often suffer from low flexibility, and the correlation between performance and flexibility is usually overlooked. Processing parameters affect the mechanical properties of the electrodes, and for the first time it is reported that mechanical flexibility directly influences the electrochemical performance of the electrode. The importance is highlighted when processing parameters advantageous to powder materials, such as a higher heat treatment temperature, harm self‐standing electrodes due to deterioration of fiber flexibility. Other strategies, such as conductive carbon addition, can be employed to improve the cell performance, but their effect on the mechanical properties of the electrodes must be considered. Rapid heat treatment achieves self‐standing V2O3 with a capacity of 250 mAh g−1 at 250 mA g−1 and 390 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1
Integration of Photo‐Fenton Reaction and Membrane Filtration using Lignin@t‐FeC2O4/g‐C3N4 Nanofibers Toward Accelerated Fe(III)/Fe(II) Cycling and Sustainability
Authors: Xiong Ziying , Hu Hai , Cao Ziqi , Hu Yaxin , Sun Di , Qin Hengfei , Kang Shifei
Published: December 2022

Photocatalysis water treatment without artificial energy is cost‐effective, waste‐free and sustainable. Coventional powder photocatalysts have tiny contact surfaces, low catalytic efficiency, and are difficult to recycle and reuse, restricting their usage. Herein, a Lignin@t‐FeC2O4/g‐C3N4 material is developed by engineering hollow quadrangle t‐FeC2O4 and g‐C3N4 nanosheets on lignin membranes through facile impregnation coating and precipitation reaction. Fast mass transport, catalytic activity and accessibility characterize hollow tetragonal FeC2O4·2H2O. TEM, SEM and FTIR show that lignin binds t‐FeC2O4 and g‐C3N4. The g‐C3N4 nanosheets are uniformly wrapped on the surface of lignin fibers, and t‐FeC2O4 is loaded between them. This structure increases visible light absorption and active site‐contaminant contact. The chain reaction produces extremely active hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide because the Lignin@t‐FeC2O4/g‐C3N4 modules are rich inFeII, according to XPS. Transient photocurrent response curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggest a promoted charge migration and isolation at the redox reaction interface in the Lignin@t‐FeC2O4/g‐C3N4 system. As a result, Lignin@t‐FeC2O4/g‐C3N4 degrades 99% Rhodamine B within 40 minutes, and this performance is stable even under difficult conditions, such as low hydrogen peroxide concentration and high pH. This study combines lignin membranes with the photo‐Fenton reaction, and thus provides new concept for the development and application of membranes and photocatalysis.
Recent Advances on Multivariate MOFs for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and H2 Evolution
Authors: Zhu Liangxing , Hu Falu , Sun Bin , Gu Shaonan , Gao Tingting , Zhou Guowei
Published: December 2022

Solar energy‐driven CO2 reduction and H2 evolution is considered as a very promising pathway to address energy shortage and environmental issues. Multivariate metal organic frameworks (MTV‐MOFs) as a class of distinctive crystal porous materials are assembled from different metals or different ligands via one pot reaction or postsynthesis approach. Recently, MTV‐MOFs have gathered significantly interest in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution owing to their excellent structural stability, tailorable light‐absorption, and catalytic abilities. In this review, incorporating different functional ligands or metals into the parent MOFs are focused on to boost the photocatalytic performance of MTV‐MOFs. First, the synthesis and unique advantages of MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are introduced. Next, an overview on the recent advance on MTV‐MOFs for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion is summarized into three main categories, consisting of mixed‐metal MOFs, mixed‐ligand MOFs, and mixed‐metal and mixed‐ligand MOFs. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in CO2 conversion and H2 evolution over MTV‐MOF‐based photocatalysts are presented.
Numerical Analysis and Optimization of a Hybrid Layer Structure for Triplet–Triplet Fusion Mechanism in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Huang Jun‐Yu , Hung Hsiao‐Chun , Hsu Kung‐Chi , Chen Chia‐Hsun , Lee Pei‐Hsi , Lin Hung‐Yi , Lin Bo‐Yen , Leung Man‐kit , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lee Jiun‐Haw , Friend Richard H. , Wu Yuh‐Renn
Published: December 2022

In this study, a steady state and time‐dependent exciton diffusion model including singlet and triplet excitons coupled with a modified Poisson and drift‐diffusion solver to explain the mechanism of hyper triplet–triplet fusion (TTF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is developed. Using this modified simulator, various characteristics of OLEDs, including the current‐voltage curve, internal quantum efficiency, transient spectrum, and electric profile are demonstrated. This solver can also be used to explain the mechanism of hyper‐TTF‐OLEDs and analyze the loss from different exciton mechanisms. Furthermore, we perform additional optimization of hyper‐TTF‐OLEDs that increases the internal quantum efficiency by ≈33% (from 29% to 40%).
Synchronous Modulation of Defects and Buried Interfaces for Highly Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Yehui , Xiong Shaobing , Jiang Sheng , Yang Jianming , Li Dong , Wu Hongbo , You Xiaomeng , Zhang Yefan , Ma Zaifei , Xu Jianhua , Tang Jianxin , Yao Yefeng , Sun Zhenrong , Bao Qinye
Published: December 2022

Suppressing nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial for increases in their power conversion efficiency and operational stability. Here, it is reported that the synchronous use of a molecule daminozide (DA), as an interlayer and additive to judiciously construct a PTAA:F4TCNQ/DA/perovskite:DA hole‐selective heterojunction that diminishes thermionic losses for collecting holes at the buried interface between perovskites and PTAA:F4TCNQ, and reduces defect sites at such buried interfaces as well as in the perovskite film. The proposed “three birds with one stone” strategy significantly promotes charge transport, and both the interface carrier recombination and defect‐assisted recombination are suppressed. As a result, a remarkably improved efficiency of 22.15% and an impressive fill factor of 83.92% are achieved with excellent device stability compared to 19.04% of the control device. The two values are the highest records for polycrystalline MAPbI3‐based p‐i‐n structural PSCs reported to date. The work provides a promising approach of three birds with one stone, employing a functional material for further improvement of PSC performance.
Decade Advance of Isatin in Three‐component Reactions
Authors: Zhang Shuaijie , Huang Dayun , Wu Jinjing , Wang Zefeng
Published: December 2022

Isatin is an important building block in organic synthesis. The electron‐deficient carbonyl in C‐3 site is similar to aldehyde. C‐3 carbonyl is also able to function as the O‐nucleophile. Devise methodologies about three‐component reactions of isatin have been reported in this decade. This review highlights these multicomponent reactions by triggered mechanisms. We hope it will promote future research in this area.
Electrochemical Kinetics Support a Second Coordination Sphere Mechanism in Metal‐Based Formate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Meneghello Marta , Uzel Alexandre , Broc Marianne , Manuel Rita R. , Magalon Axel , Léger Christophe , Pereira Inês A. C. , Walburger Anne , Fourmond Vincent
Published: December 2022

Metal‐based formate dehydrogenases are molybdenum or tungsten‐dependent enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between formate and CO2. According to the current consensus, the metal ion of the catalytic center in its active form is coordinated by 6 S (or 5 S and 1 Se) atoms, leaving no free coordination sites to which formate could bind to the metal. Some authors have proposed that one of the active site ligands decoordinates during turnover to allow formate binding. Another proposal is that the oxidation of formate takes place in the second coordination sphere of the metal. Here, we have used electrochemical steady‐state kinetics to elucidate the order of the steps in the catalytic cycle of two formate dehydrogenases. Our results strongly support the “second coordination sphere” hypothesis.
Benchmark Dynamics of Dipolar Molecular Rotors in Fluorinated Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Perego Jacopo , Bezuidenhout Charl X. , Bracco Silvia , Piva Sergio , Prando Giacomo , Aloisi Cristian , Carretta Pietro , Kaleta Jiří , Le Thi Phuong , Sozzani Piero , Daolio Andrea , Comotti Angiolina
Published: December 2022

Fluorinated Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs), comprising a wheel‐shaped ligand with geminal rotating fluorine atoms, produced benchmark mobility of correlated dipolar rotors at 2 K, with practically null activation energy (Ea=17 cal mol−1). 1H T1 NMR revealed multiple relaxation phenomena due to the exchange among correlated dipole‐rotor configurations. Synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction at 4 K, Density Functional Theory, Molecular Dynamics and phonon calculations showed the fluid landscape and pointed out a cascade mechanism converting dipole configurations into each other. Gas accessibility, shown by hyperpolarized‐Xe NMR, allowed for chemical stimuli intervention: CO2 triggered dipole reorientation, reducing their collective dynamics and stimulating a dipole configuration change in the crystal. Dynamic materials under limited thermal noise and high responsiveness enable the fabrication of molecular machines with low energy dissipation and controllable dynamics.
Use of a urinary catheter as a guidewire to facilitate safe nasotracheal intubation following iatrogenic retropharyngeal perforation
Authors: Xing J. , Zhang Y. , Guan J. , Cai J. , Wu B. , Hei Z.
Published: December 2022

Nasotracheal intubation facilitates adequate access for surgical procedures in the oral cavity, is not limited by mouth opening and can be better tolerated by patients in intensive care. Complications of nasotracheal intubation can include epistaxis, turbinate injury and sinusitis. Retropharyngeal submucosal perforation by the tracheal tube has also been infrequently reported. Here, we report a case of difficult nasotracheal intubation resulting in retropharyngeal submucosal perforation in a patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnoea listed for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. To facilitate successful tracheal re‐intubation, we used a soft urinary catheter via the other nostril. In this report, we discuss the reasons why this complication may have occurred, how submucosal perforation could be avoided, and reflect on our management of this rare complication. Difficult nasotracheal intubation can present unique challenges, and airway management plans should be made accordingly.
Practitioner Experiences with Domestic and Family Violence in COVID‐19
Authors: Wong Shinen , Nowland Trish
Published: December 2022

The advent of COVID‐19 as a global public health crisis in 2020 was quickly followed by predictions regarding likely increases in occurrences of domestic and family violence (DFV). The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the pandemic on practitioner experiences of DFV in one service organisation in New South Wales, Australia. Qualitative focus group interviews were performed with senior practitioners at Relationships Australia (NSW), and a grounded theory approach was employed in formulation of a perspective which highlighted social isolation under public health management social distancing measures as that which distinguished practitioner experiences of DFV during COVID‐19. Social isolation was conceived as the overarching factor across categorisations of practitioner responses, including: (a) situations of client domestic relations; (b) client general life circumstances; (c) emerging client self‐awareness; (d) organisational and social systems changes; and (e) necessary work practice changes. Organisational and workplace recommendations address the relative difference of pandemic management measures from natural disaster occurrences, with respect to supporting people experiencing DFV.
Metallurgical solid waste modified thermoplastic polyurethane composites: The thermal stability and combustion properties
Authors: Yang Sujie , Liu Xinliang , Tao Yi , Deng Dan , Kan Yongchun , Du Xiaoyan , Liu Xiuyu , Tang Gang
Published: December 2022

As a kind of bulk industrial solid waste, the massive accumulation of iron tailings has caused serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. In this study, a silane coupling agent (KH550) was used to modify the surface of iron tailings to produce MIT, and it was compounded with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to prepare a series of TPU/APP/MIT composites. Thermogravimetric (TG), cone calorimetric (CCT), thermogravimetric infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman techniques were also used to analyze the combustion performance, smoke toxicity, and microscopic morphology. The TG test results showed that the compounding of APP and MIT significantly improved the residual carbon value of TPU composites at 700°C. CCT test results showed that the TPU/APP/MIT composites exhibited excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Compared with pure TPU, PHRR, THR, and TSR of TPU/APP15/MIT10 composite decreased by 85.56%, 87.83%, and 86.17%, respectively, the peak release rates of CO and CO2 decreased by 69.26% and 90.34%, respectively. The above studies showed that APP and MIT have excellent flame retardant and smoke suppression effect on TPU materials, providing more opportunities for the study of TPU composites and metallurgical solid waste utilization.
Controlled curing of resole phenol formaldehyde/unsaturated polyester blends and applying for steel–steel adhesive
Authors: Badr Magd M. , Darwish Mohamed S. A. , El‐Rahman Nasser R. Abd , El‐mesallamy Salwa M. , El‐Shafie Mohamed
Published: December 2022

Polymer blending technique is a promising solution for solving some critical industrial problems by gaining new desired properties for the newly formed materials. Blending various ratios of resole phenol formaldehyde (RPF)/unsaturated polyester (USPE), 10, 20, 30, to 90 wt %, were processed to optimize the mixing conditions by controlling time, temperature, and ratio of blending. In addition, the curing conditions of touch dry, full curing, shelf life, hardness and the steel–steel adhesive were investigated. The blend ratio RPF/USPE (70:30) was selected as an optimized sample at 150°C for 50 min. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter. The curing process and the interactions between RPF and USPE were studied. Durability with artificial weather aging was evaluated visually and by measuring hardness which confirmed the prepared material is fit for outdoor uses. This work introduces a strategy to control the curing process, enhance the shelf life and adhesion properties for steel–steel adhesives based on RPF/USPE blends.