bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of perinatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Authors: Varghese Binoj , Xavier Rose , Manoj V C , Aneesh M K , Priya P S , Kumar Ashok , Sreenivasan V K
Published: September 2016

Perinatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury results in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and serious long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is an ideal and safe imaging modality for suspected hypoxic–ischemic injury. The pattern of injury depends on brain maturity at the time of insult, severity of hypotension, and duration of insult. Time of imaging after the insult influences the imaging findings. Mild to moderate hypoperfusion results in germinal mazatrix hemorrhages and periventricular leukomalacia in preterm neonates and parasagittal watershed territory infarcts in full-term neonates. Severe insult preferentially damages the deep gray matter in both term and preterm infants. However, associated frequent perirolandic injury is seen in term neonates. MRI is useful in establishing the clinical diagnosis, assessing the severity of injury, and thereby prognosticating the outcome. Familiarity with imaging spectrum and insight into factors affecting the injury will enlighten the radiologist to provide an appropriate diagnosis.
Fractal dual substitution tilings
Authors: Frank Natalie Priebe , Webster Samuel B.G. , Whittaker Michael F.
Published: September 2016

Starting with a substitution tiling, we demonstrate a method for constructing innitely many new substitution tilings. Each of these new tilings is derived from a graph iterated function system and the tiles have fractal boundary. We show that each of the new tilings is mutually locally derivable to the original tiling. Thus, at the tiling space level, the new substitution rules are expressing geometric and combinatorial, rather than topological, features of the original. Our method is easy to apply to particular substitution tilings, permits experimentation, and can be used to construct border-forcing substitution rules. For a large class of examples we show that the combinatorial dual tiling has a realization as a substitution tiling. Since the boundaries of our new tilings are fractal we are led to compute their fractal dimension. As an application of our techniques we show how to compute the Čech cohomology of a (not necessarily border-forcing) tiling using a graph iterated function system of a fractal tiling.
Cloning and characterization of MHC-DQA1 and MHC-DQA2 molecules from yak (Bos grunniens)
Authors: Ge Fei , Memon Sameeullah , Xi Dongmei , Li Shijun , Liu Xiangying , Li Guozhi , Wang Liping , Leng Jing , Khan Sehroon , Deng Weidong
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the processing and presentation of antigens and in discrimination between self and non-self. The aim of this investigation was to scrutinize the structural diversity and possible duplication of the MHC-DQA genes in yak (Bos grunniens). Two cDNA sequences were amplified and designated as Bogr-DQA1 (DQA*0101) and Bogr-DQA2 (DQA*2001) with GenBank accession numbers JQ864314 and JQ864315, respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment between Bogr-DQA1 and Bogr-DQA2 molecules showed that these two identified MHC-DQA gene sequences had more similarity to alleles of specific DQA1 and DQA2 genes from other Ruminantia species than to each other. The result from phylogenic investigation also revealed that there was a larger genetic distance between these two genes than between homologous genes from different species. The presence of different bovine DQA putative motifs and the large genetic distance between Bogr-DQA1 and Bogr-DQA2 suggest that these sequences are non-allelic. Further, these results indicate that DQA gene duplication occurs in ruminants. This study will be helpful in knowing MHC diversity in common ruminants and will deepen our understanding of the variation of immunological functions, evolutionary constraints, and selective forces that affect MHC variation within and between species.
CHIRONOMID MIDGE SWARMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLOW SAND FILTRATION WORKS
Authors: Armitage P. D. , Blackburn J. H. B. , Harris I. T.
Published: September 2016

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WHEN IS A NOMEN REALLY DUBIUM? TOWARD REAL STABILITY IN CHIRONOMID TAXONOMY THROUGH BETTER SYMBIOSIS WITH THE CLASSIC COLLECTIONS
Authors: Spies Martin
Published: September 2016

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School Children as Health Agent: An Explorative Study on Peers’ Perspectives
Authors: Suraiya SM , Pises B , Faizal B , Shahnaz M , Nor Asiah M
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION: School based programme known as ‘Doktor Muda’ was established to empower school children using their knowledge and health skills to achieve better health status. ‘‘Doktor Muda’’ (DM) is a group involved a selection of trained school children that met certain criteria as peer educators in order to influence their peers’ attitude and health practices.METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was carried out from March 2014 to January 2015. Qualitative data were collected by Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to identify peers perspective towards DM as a health promotion agent using a semi structured open ended questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed according to the relevant themes that identify the abilty of DM to influence their peers’ attitude and health practices.RESULTS: The findings showed that majority of participants admitted positive response towards information given by DM in their behavioural beliefs towards health. Majority of the participants agreed DM has succeeded in changing their attitudes toward the importance of health involving were participants’ concern on health. However, some of the participants claimed negative response showed by the peers during dissemination of information by DM and participants’ observations. Verification from the feedback groups regarding individual who influence their personal hygiene practice revealed 45.5% by their ownself, 36.4% by their parents/family and 36.4% by DM respectively.CONCLUSIONS: This study has succeeded in exploring peers’ perspectives on the efficacy of DM as health promotion agent. Strengthening in positive beliefs among peers towards health, influencing positive attitudes to accentuate health and encouraging health practices at a moderate level were established in this study.
Hospital Advertisements in Newspapers, Is It Still Worth It?
Authors: Zaghloul Ashraf Ahmad
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION: Marketing the hospital image through advertising shapes the sources of information upon which the patient takes a decision to purchase the service. Advertisement is considered to be one of the marketing activities geared towards promoting the hospital’s image. The aim of this study is to explore and investigate the determinants of consumer behavior toward newspaper advertising eye-catchers for hospitals and medical care in the UAE.METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study design was followed using the snowball technique to select a convenient sample of the population of Sharjah, UAE. The total number of questionnaires valid for statistical analysis accounted for a 402.RESULTS: The significant adjusted odds included in the model were occupation (Administrative) = 2.1 (CI 1.1-4.5), name and brand = 0.4 (CI 0.1-0.8), clinical staff photo = 0.2 (CI 0.1-0.7), and location = 3.9 (CI 1.3-11.9).  CONCLUSION: Healthcare organizations are required to further assess the feedback of their marketing plans especially newspaper advertisement budgets through the quality control activities performed at these organizations.
Derivation of Transgene-Free Rat Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Approximating the Quality of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Li Shuping , Lan He , Men Hongsheng , Wu Yuanyuan , Li Ning , Capecchi Mario R. , Bryda Elizabeth C. , Wu Sen
Published: September 2016

Although a variety of reprogramming strategies have been reported to create transgene-free induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from differentiated cell sources, a fundamental question still remains: Can we generate safe iPS cells that have the full spectrum of features of corresponding embryonic stem (ES) cells? Studies in transgene-free mouse iPS cells have indicated a positive answer to this question. However, the reality is that no other species have a derived transgene-free iPS cell line that can truly mimic ES cell quality. Specifically, critical data for chimera formation and germline transmission are generally lacking. To date, the rat is the only species, other than the mouse, that has commonly recognized authentic ES cells that can be used for direct comparison with measure features of iPS cells. To help find the underlying reasons of the current inability to derive germline-competent ES/iPS cells in nonrodent animals, we first used optimized culture conditions to isolate and establish rat ES cell lines and demonstrated they are fully competent for chimeric formation and germline transmission. We then used episomal vectors bearing eight reprogramming genes to improve rat iPS (riPS) cell generation from Sprague-Dawley rat embryonic fibroblasts. The obtained transgene-free riPS cells exhibit the typical characteristics of pluripotent stem cells; moreover, they are amenable to subsequent genetic modification by homologous recombination. Although they can contribute significantly to chimeric formation, no germline transmission has been achieved. Although this partial success in achieving competency is encouraging, it suggests that more efforts are still needed to derive ground-state riPS cells.
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Pediatric Disease: Perspectives on Success and Potential Improvements
Authors: Nitkin Christopher R. , Bonfield Tracey L.
Published: September 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a potentially revolutionary therapy for a wide variety of pediatric diseases, but the optimal cell-based therapeutics for such diversity have not yet been specified. The published clinical trials for pediatric pulmonary, cardiac, orthopedic, endocrine, neurologic, and hematologic diseases provide evidence that MSCs are indeed efficacious, but the significant heterogeneity in therapeutic approaches between studies raises new questions. The purpose of this review is to stimulate new preclinical and clinical trials to investigate these factors. First, we discuss recent clinical trials for pediatric diseases studying MSCs obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord and umbilical cord blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, and adipose tissue. We then identify factors, some unique to pediatrics, which must be examined to optimize therapeutic efficacy, including route of administration, dose, timing of administration, the role of ex vivo differentiation, cell culture techniques, donor factors, host factors, and the immunologic implications of allogeneic therapy. Finally, we discuss some of the practicalities of bringing cell-based therapy into the clinic, including regulatory and manufacturing considerations. The aim of this review is to inform future studies seeking to maximize therapeutic efficacy for each disease and for each patient.
Risk factors of conceiving a project to produce electrical energy
Authors: Cultrera Matteo
Published: September 2016

Not available.
Profound regulation of Na/K pump activity by transient elevations of cytoplasmic calcium in murine cardiac myocytes
Authors: Lu Fang-Min , Deisl Christine , Hilgemann Donald W
Published: September 2016

Small changes of Na/K pump activity regulate internal Ca release in cardiac myocytes via Na/Ca exchange. We now show conversely that transient elevations of cytoplasmic Ca strongly regulate cardiac Na/K pumps. When cytoplasmic Na is submaximal, Na/K pump currents decay rapidly during extracellular K application and multiple results suggest that an inactivation mechanism is involved. Brief activation of Ca influx by reverse Na/Ca exchange enhances pump currents and attenuates current decay, while repeated Ca elevations suppress pump currents. Pump current enhancement reverses over 3 min, and results are similar in myocytes lacking the regulatory protein, phospholemman. Classical signaling mechanisms, including Ca-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen, are evidently not involved. Electrogenic signals mediated by intramembrane movement of hydrophobic ions, such as hexyltriphenylphosphonium (C6TPP), increase and decrease in parallel with pump currents. Thus, transient Ca elevation and Na/K pump inactivation cause opposing sarcolemma changes that may affect diverse membrane processes.
Two-dimensional photonic crystals based on anodic porous TiO2 with ideally ordered hole arrangement
Authors: Kondo Toshiaki , Hirano Shota , Yanagishita Takashi , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Schmuki Patrick , Masuda Hideki
Published: September 2016

Ideally ordered TiO2 hole arrays with high aspect ratios were prepared by the anodization of pretextured Ti. The obtained TiO2 acted as two-dimensional photonic crystals in which a photonic band gap is formed in all directions of light propagation in the lattice. The process allows the easy and low-cost fabrication of TiO2 photonic crystals and can be used for the preparation of functional optical devices, which require the precise control of light propagation.
Etching characteristics of SiC, SiO2, and Si in CF4/CH2F2/N2/Ar inductively coupled plasma: Effect of CF4/CH2F2 mixing ratio
Authors: Lee Jongchan , Efremov Alexander , Kim Kwangsoo , Kwon Kwang-Ho
Published: September 2016

This study investigated the etching characteristics and mechanisms of SiC, Si, and SiO2 in CF4/CH2F2/N2/Ar inductively-coupled plasmas. The investigation showed that a change in the CF4/CH2F2 mixing ratio at fixed N2 and Ar fractions in a feed gas causes a decrease in the etching rates of SiC and Si, but results in an almost constant SiO2 etching rate. Plasma chemistry was analyzed using Langmuir probe diagnostics and optical emission spectroscopy. The good agreement between the behaviors of both the SiC and the Si etching rates with a change in F atom density suggested a neutral-flux-limited etching regime for these materials. On the contrary, the SiO2 etching process appeared in the transitional regime of the ion-assisted chemical reaction and was influenced by both neutral and ion fluxes.
Trompetkonsert med teatralt tilsnitt – Muligheter og utfordringer i en interaktiv konsertforestilling for barnehagebarn
Authors: Liset Marte
Published: September 2016

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i den interaktive konsertforestillingen Trompetkonserten, en teatral konsert utviklet for barn i alderen 3-6 år. Oppmerksomheten rettes mot de interaktive delene av konserten. Det gjøres først rede for hvordan interaktive aspekter kommer til syne i konsertforestillingen som helhet. Deretter fokuseres det på ett konkret eksempel for å undersøke hvilke muligheter og utfordringer som ligger i samspillet mellom barnepublikummet og aktørene på scenen. Mulighetene knyttes spesielt til barnepublikummets opplevelse av å være inkludert i et reelt møte og kunne danne meddiktende relasjoner til andre i konsertsituasjonen. Utfordringene knyttes til aktørenes utfordrende arbeidsoppgave, der de både skal ivareta samspillet med barna og konsertforestillingens planlagte form og fortelling. Artikkelen støtter seg til forskning på interaktivitet både innenfor barnekonsert- og barneteaterfeltet og synliggjør at drama- og teaterfaget kan bidra i utviklingen av interaktive barnekonserter på flere plan.
Aplicação do Protocolo no Cotidiano da Assessoria Executiva
Authors: Alcantara Frota Antonio Jackson , Da Silva Joelma Soares
Published: September 2016

Este artigo apresenta a aplicação, no cotidiano, do protocolo da assessoria executiva e reflete sobre as similaridades e diferenciações da atuação protocolar desses assessores em organizações públicas e privadas de grande porte e focaliza a investigação em duas instituições de Ensino Superior, uma particular e outra pública, além de uma Organização de apoio à pesquisa cientifica pertencente ao governo do Estado e a uma Federação de iniciativa comercial na cidade de Fortaleza, no Estado do Ceará. A pesquisa quanto ao seu fim é descritiva, e foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas com quatro assessoras executivas pertencentes à alta gestão. A pesquisa se deu na busca da percepção das assessoras executivas sobre a importância do uso das normas protocolares no cotidiano de sua atuação profissional. Os resultados indicam que, apesar de todas as dificuldades relacionadas à percepção do protocolo como norma comportamental e elemento agregador de valor ao crescimento de status e poder institucional, as assessoras executivas empregam, cotidianamente, diversos procedimentos comportamentais que evidenciam  conhecimento da ordem de prescedência e acompanhamento de eventos que exigem o uso das normas protocolares. Ao final, tendo em vista o contexto foram apresentadas sugestões para as organizações particulares e públicas pesquisadas, bem como,  a implementação de novos estudos nesta área temática.
Secretariado Executivo no Brasil: profissão ou ocupação?
Authors: Vieira Jéssica Oliveira , Zuin Débora Carneiro
Published: September 2016

Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e os resultados de um estudo que consistiu em averiguar o perfil do Secretariado Executivo no Brasil como profissão ou ocupação. Seus objetivos propuseram apresentar o conceito de profissão e de ocupação; elaborar um quadro de referência, a partir da literatura consultada, evidenciando as características de uma profissão; fazer um levantamento historiográfico do Secretariado Executivo no Brasil; verificar a importância do Conselho Federal de Secretariado (CFSEC). Dessa forma, foi realizada uma análise de vagas de emprego na Região Sudeste, além de entrevistas com integrantes de associações da classe secretarial, sendo elas a Fenassec, e dois sindicatos estaduais; e um levantamento bibliográfico, utilizando-se a metodologia qualitativa.  Visando uma interpretação e explicação dos dados obtidos, a análise de conteúdo foi empregada.
Questões Socioambientais da Cidade de Laranjal do Jari/Ap: Reflexões na Perspectiva da Educação Popular
Authors: Paixão Eliana do Socorro de Brito
Published: September 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é suscitar reflexões acerca das questões socioambientais da cidade de Laranjal do Jari sob a ótica dos moradores participantes da pesquisa. Trata-se de uma cidade situada na área de fronteira, ao sul do estado do Amapá, que concentra 94,9% da população do município, constituída por 39.942 habitantes. Morar em tal cidade significa conviver com heranças perversas induzidas pela instalação do Projeto Jari, na região, nos anos de 1970 – época, a partir da qual, grande parte da população mora em palafitas sobre o rio Jari, cuja tessitura se assemelha a uma extensa favela fluvial. A cidade convive com graves questões socioambientais, as quais, historicamente, naturalizam-se à vida de seus moradores, relacionadas ao lixo, água, esgoto, moradia, dentre outros, as quais ratificam o índice de pobreza na ordem de 46,2% e se destacam em sua configuração urbana. A pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo, realizada junto a 48 moradores da cidade, com os quais foram desenvolvidas atividades de campo inspiradas no Círculo de Cultura, de Paulo Freire. Os resultados apontaram que quando se trata de propor alterações no meio ambiente construído é fundamental convocar quem conhece a realidade em que vive.
Capacidade de Resiliência Urbana: Estudo de Caso da Cidade Addis Ababa na Etiópia
Authors: Pantaleão Cristiane Criscibene , Cortese Tatiana Tucunduva Philippi
Published: September 2016

Com foco no planejamento urbano sustentável, este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a redução do risco de desastres das cidades por meio do desenvolvimento de estratégias que possibilitem a superação de suas vulnerabilidades. Utilizando uma pesquisa aplicada com abordagem qualitativa, o material analisado nas pesquisas de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental foi obtido em sites das organizações e instituições, de revistas científicas e livros físicos. A estratégia de pesquisa aplicada foi um estudo de caso exploratório da cidade Addis Ababa, capital da Etiópia, considerada a de maior importância política e diplomática de todo o continente e com maior probabilidade de avançar em sua posição global nos próximos anos. Avaliando o material levantado nas pesquisas relacionadas à cidade foco do estudo, é possível constatar um alto índice de vulnerabilidade em todos os temas abordados, mas também a existência de um grande potencial de desenvolvimento da capacidade de resiliência urbana com investimentos a serem feitos nas quatro esferas: política, social, ambiental e econômica. Os resultados deste trabalho podem ter um caráter direcionador aos gestores das cidades que desejam desenvolver as capacidades adaptativas em cada realidade, reduzindo os impactos negativos das vulnerabilidades e as transformando em desafios a serem superados. Este trabalho contribui para a área acadêmica com dados importantes para novos estudos relacionados ao tema, assim como traz elementos importantes para tomadores de decisão, formuladores de políticas públicas e para a sociedade, despertando a consciência e o aprendizado de novas possibilidades para o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades, sociedades e cidadãos.
Comparação das Práticas Ambientais nos Hotéis da Galiza e do Norte de Portugal
Authors: Sánchez-Fernández María Dolores , Vargas-Sánchez Alfonso , Remoaldo Paula
Published: September 2016

Na presente pesquisa pretendemos estudar a articulação da Teoria Institucional e as práticas ambientais nos hotéis de três, quatro e cinco estrelas, localizados na Galiza (Espanha) e no Norte de Portugal. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, pretendemos responder às seguintes perguntas: existe uma configuração institucionalizada em hotéis de três, quatro e cinco estrelas situados na Galiza e Norte de Portugal, que influencia o desenvolvimento de práticas ambientais? E quais dos mecanismos propostos pela Teoria Institucional exerce uma maior pressão sobre o desempenho ambiental na nossa unidade em estudo? Para esse efeito propomos quatro hipóteses e acreditamos que a Teoria Institucional é uma abordagem válida que tenta explicar o comportamento das organizações. Como principal resultado desta investigação sobressai que a nossa unidade de estudo está incorporada num ambiente institucional claramente marcado por pressões coercitivas e normativas.
Calibration method of wave polarization data obtained by KAGUYA/WFC
Authors: Goto Yoshitaka , Uda Kazuaki , Kasahara Yoshiya , Hashimoto Kozo
Published: September 2016

A calibration method for wave polarization data obtained by waveform capture (WFC) instrument on a lunar orbiter KAGUYA is introduced. In order to obtain correct polarizations of plasma waves observed by KAGUYA, it is necessary to remove the difference of onboard delays between two orthogonal channels of the receiver. For that purpose, we use observation data of natural waves instead of onboard calibration signals which were not available due to a technical problem during the mission period. KAGUYA often observed auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) from the Earth, which had polarizations. The phase differences are determined by using AKR data obtained under a specific condition. As a result, the polarization data are calibrated with a sufficient accuracy. The proposed calibration method is not specialized for the KAGUYA data but it can be applied to wave data obtained with similar types of receivers in future missions.
Internal ocean‐atmosphere variability drives megadroughts in Western North America
Authors: Coats S. , Smerdon J. E. , Cook B. I. , Seager R. , Cook E. R. , Anchukaitis K. J.
Published: September 2016

Multidecadal droughts that occurred during the Medieval Climate Anomaly represent an important target for validating the ability of climate models to adequately characterize drought risk over the near‐term future. A prominent hypothesis is that these megadroughts were driven by a centuries‐long radiatively forced shift in the mean state of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Here we use a novel combination of spatiotemporal tree ring reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate to infer the atmosphere‐ocean dynamics that coincide with megadroughts over the American West and find that these features are consistently associated with 10–30 year periods of frequent cold El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions and not a centuries‐long shift in the mean of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results suggest an important role for internal variability in driving past megadroughts. State‐of‐the‐art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, however, do not simulate a consistent association between megadroughts and internal variability of the tropical Pacific Ocean, with implications for our confidence in megadrought risk projections.
Influence of ion outflow in coupled geospace simulations: 2. Sawtooth oscillations driven by physics‐based ion outflow
Authors: Varney R. H. , Wiltberger M. , Zhang B. , Lotko W. , Lyon J.
Published: September 2016

We present the first simulations of magnetospheric sawtooth oscillations under steady solar wind conditions that are driven internally by heavy ion outflow from a physics‐based model. The simulations presented use the multifluid Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry magnetohydrodynamics model two‐way coupled to the ionosphere/polar wind model (IPWM). Depending on the type of wave‐particle interactions utilized within IPWM, the coupled simulations exhibit either sawtooth oscillations or steady magnetospheric convection. Contrasting the simulations that do and do not develop sawtooth oscillations yields insights into the relationship between outflow and sawtooth oscillations. The total outflow rate is not an adequate predictor of the convection mode that will emerge. The simulations that develop sawtooth oscillations are characterized by intense outflow concentrated in the midnight auroral region. This outflow distribution mass loads the tail reconnection region without excessively mass loading the dayside reconnection region and leads to an imbalance between the dayside and nightside reconnection rates.
Contrasts in compliant fault zone properties inferred from geodetic measurements in the San Francisco Bay area
Authors: Materna Kathryn , Bürgmann Roland
Published: September 2016

In crustal fault zones, regions of damaged rock characterized by reduced elastic shear modulus can influence patterns of near‐field interseismic deformation. In order to study these compliant fault zones (CFZs) and how they might develop over the lifetimes of faults, we compare two fault segments with contrasting fault age and lithology along the San Andreas Fault in the San Francisco Bay Area. New geodetic measurements of the interseismic velocity fields at each location are used to constrain fault zone parameters through a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. At Black Mountain, in the Santa Cruz Mountains of the San Francisco Peninsula, we do not find evidence for a compliant fault zone; instead, we find that the geodetic data are more consistent with a model of a single fault in a homogeneous elastic half‐space. At Lake San Andreas, a younger fault segment 35 km farther north, we find evidence for a compliant fault zone about 3.4 +1.1/−1.4 km wide, containing a shear modulus of about 40% of the shear modulus of the surrounding rock. We also find that the best fitting CFZ model at this location, unlike the best fitting homogeneous half‐space model, has a locking depth that agrees well with the observed depth of microseismicity. Based on differences in fault age, cumulative displacement, and lithology between Black Mountain and Lake San Andreas, we infer that lithology plays an important and, in this case, perhaps a dominant role in the accumulation of fault zone damage structures and the development of CFZs over the lifetime of a fault.
Comparison of equilibrium ohmic and nonequilibrium swarm models for monitoring conduction electron evolution in high‐altitude EMP calculations
Authors: Pusateri Elise N. , Morris Heidi E. , Nelson Eric , Ji Wei
Published: September 2016

Atmospheric electromagnetic pulse (EMP) events are important physical phenomena that occur through both man‐made and natural processes. Radiation‐induced currents and voltages in EMP can couple with electrical systems, such as those found in satellites, and cause significant damage. Due to the disruptive nature of EMP, it is important to accurately predict EMP evolution and propagation with computational models. CHAP‐LA (Compton High Altitude Pulse‐Los Alamos) is a state‐of‐the‐art EMP code that solves Maxwell
s equations for gamma source‐induced electromagnetic fields in the atmosphere. In EMP, low‐energy, conduction electrons constitute a conduction current that limits the EMP by opposing the Compton current. CHAP‐LA calculates the conduction current using an equilibrium ohmic model. The equilibrium model works well at low altitudes, where the electron energy equilibration time is short compared to the rise time or duration of the EMP. At high altitudes, the equilibration time increases beyond the EMP rise time and the predicted equilibrium ionization rate becomes very large. The ohmic model predicts an unphysically large production of conduction electrons which prematurely and abruptly shorts the EMP in the simulation code. An electron swarm model, which implicitly accounts for the time evolution of the conduction electron energy distribution, can be used to overcome the limitations exhibited by the equilibrium ohmic model. We have developed and validated an electron swarm model previously in Pusateri et al. (2015). Here we demonstrate EMP damping behavior caused by the ohmic model at high altitudes and show improvements on high‐altitude, upward EMP modeling obtained by integrating a swarm model into CHAP‐LA.
Grouping Patterns
Authors: Isbell Lynne A.
Published: September 2016

Traditionally, primate grouping patterns have been classified by describing the number and sex of adults traveling together: solitary foragers, pairs, extended families, single‐male/multi‐female groups, multi‐male/multi‐female groups, multilevel groups, and fission–fusion groups. It has long been assumed that larger, more complex groups evolved from simpler grouping patterns, but this has been challenged recently by an evolutionary framework in which it is argued that solitary foraging led to the evolution of large, multi‐male/multi‐female groups, which later gave rise to pairs and single‐male/multi‐female groups at approximately the same time. Regardless of how they might have occurred, evolutionary transitions cannot account for variation in grouping patterns at the population and group level. Alternative frameworks include demography, phylogeny, and ecology. While the demographic approach appears to be limited, phylogenetic constraints may explain similar grouping patterns within genera that have extensive geographic distributions, whereas shared ecological conditions may better explain convergence in grouping patterns among unrelated species.
G
oodall,
J
ane
Authors: Stanford Craig B.
Published: September 2016

Jane Goodall (1934–) is a pioneering primatologist who initiated the first long‐term field study of chimpanzees. In 1960, she began a study of chimpanzees in Tanzania that continues to this day. Her research changed our view of humanity and of great apes. She has also become a renowned spokesperson for animal welfare and the environment.
American Journal of Primatology
Authors: Garber Paul A.
Published: September 2016

The
American Journal of Primatology
(AJP) is the official journal of the American Society of Primatologists. The journal was founded in 1981 and publishes research articles, review articles, commentaries, and manuscripts under the heading of new approaches to primate health, disease transmission, genetics, conservation, behavior, ecology, diet and foraging strategies, sociality, reproductive biology and endocrinology, mating systems, evolution, systematics, nutrition, captive management and well‐being, personality, enrichment, cognition, problem‐solving, ontogeny, and ecosystems health. The AJP maintains the highest impact factor (IF) of all of the primate journals ().
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
Authors: Hirata Satoshi
Published: September 2016

Tetsuro Matsuzawa has been studying chimpanzee intelligence in both the laboratory and the wild. The laboratory work has been known as “Ai‐project” since 1978. He has also been studying tool use in wild chimpanzees at Bossou–Nimba, Guinea, West Africa, since 1986. Matsuzawa tries to synthesize field and laboratory work in order to understand the nature of chimpanzees.
Cultural Primatology
Authors: Perry Susan
Published: September 2016

The field of cultural primatology arose as a way of investigating the roots of human culture. This discipline had its origins in Japan in the 1950s and gained popularity as a research topic in the West in the 1990s. A wide variety of methods have been used to document the presence of social traditions in wild primate populations. Traditions are taxonomically widespread and cover a wide range of behavioral domains. Compared with humans, nonhuman primates are less prone to using imitation and teaching as social learning mechanisms for creating traditions. There is currently no good evidence that nonhuman primates have cumulative culture or ethnic markers.
Y
erkes,
R
obert
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: September 2016

Robert Mearns Yerkes was the first American scientist to systematically study and maintain chimpanzees in captivity.
Flexible Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Generators Based on Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoparticles
Authors: Ding Ran , Liu He , Zhang Xiaoli , Xiao Juanxiu , Kishor Rahul , Sun Huaxi , Zhu Bowen , Chen Geng , Gao Fei , Feng Xiaohua , Chen Jingsheng , Chen Xiaodong , Sun Xiaowei , Zheng Yuanjin
Published: September 2016

Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite materials have recently attracted much attention in the field of optoelectronic devices. Here, a hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerator based on a composite of piezoelectric formamidinium lead halide perovskite (FAPbBr3) nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane polymer is fabricated. Piezoresponse force spectroscopy measurements reveal that the FAPbBr3 nanoparticles contain well‐developed ferroelectric properties with high piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 25 pmV−1. The flexible device exhibits high performance with a maximum recordable piezoelectric output voltage of 8.5 V and current density of 3.8 μA cm−2 under periodically vertical compression and release operations. The alternating energy generated from nanogenerators can be used to charge a capacitor and light up a red light‐emitting diode through a bridge rectifier. This result innovatively expands the feasibility of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite materials for application in a wide variety of high‐performance energy harvesting devices.
Tunable Structural Color Surfaces with Visually Self‐Reporting Wettability
Authors: Liu Cihui , Ding Haibo , Wu Ziqian , Gao Bingbing , Fu Fanfan , Shang Luoran , Gu Zhongze , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: September 2016

Functional materials with wettability of specific surfaces are important for many areas. Here, a new lubricant‐infused elastic inverse opal is presented with tunable and visually “self‐reporting” surface wettability. The elastic inverse opal films are used to lock in the infused lubricating fluid and construct slippery surfaces to repel droplets of various liquids. The films are stretchable, and the lubricating fluid can penetrate the pores under stretching, leaving the surface layer free of lubrication; the resultant undulating morphology of the inverse opal scaffold topography can reversibly pin droplets on the fluidic film rather than the solid substrate. This mechanical stimulation process provides an effective means of dynamically tuning the surface wettability and the optical transparency of the inverse opal films. In particular, as the adjustments are accompanied by simultaneous deformation of the periodic macroporous structure, the inverse opal films can self‐report on their surface status through visible structural color changes. These features make such slippery structural color materials highly versatile for use in diverse applications.
Red‐ to NIR‐Emitting, BODIPY‐Based, K+‐Selective Fluoroionophores and Sensing Materials
Authors: Müller Bernhard J. , Borisov Sergey M. , Klimant Ingo
Published: September 2016

Optical sensing materials for the selective measurement of potassium ions (K+) in water are presented. The indicator dyes are based on an aza‐crown ether as a receptor and borondipyrromethenes (BODIPY) dyes as fluorophores. Fluorescence enhancement is caused by the reduction of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) upon complexation with K+ ions. The family of new indicators possesses tuneable optical properties (green to red excitation, red to NIR emission) and PET efficiencies. They exhibit high brightness with quantum yields between 0.20 and 0.47 in the “on” state and a molar absorption coefficient between 30 000 and 290 000 m−1 cm−1. The new indicator dyes are immobilized in biocompatible hydrogel matrices to obtain stable nonleaching and fast responding (t90 ≈ 10 s) sensing materials for continuous measurements of potassium. They are realized in various formats such as planar optodes, fiber‐optic sensors, and water‐dispersible polymer‐based nanoparticles. Apart from fluorescence intensity measurements, self‐referenced read‐out of fluorescence decay time is demonstrated. All sensor materials display a high K+/Na+ selectivity and are not influenced by pH within the physiologically relevant range. Practical applicability of the materials is emphasized by application of a fiber‐optic sensor to quantification of K+ in serum, which shows excellent correlation with the reference measurements.
Inter‐rater reliability of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status rating for emergency gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Shichino Tsutomu , Hirao Motohiro , Haga Yoshio
Published: September 2016

Aim

The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA‐PS) classification system is used worldwide and has also been incorporated into various prediction rules. However, concerns have been raised regarding inter‐rater agreement in various surgical fields. Although emergency gastrointestinal surgery is relatively common and associated with high postoperative mortality, a reliability study has not yet been undertaken in this field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inter‐rater reliability of ASA‐PS for emergency gastrointestinal surgery.

Methods

Three sets of scenarios were generated for each ASA‐PS class (2E, 3E, and 4E) in emergency gastrointestinal surgery, resulting in nine scenarios. These scenarios described the preoperative profiles of patients in one hospital. Two or three anesthesiologists from 18 other hospitals provided scores for ASA‐PS for each scenario.

Results

Fifty anesthesiologists scored the ASA‐PS class. Between 66% and 90% of these anesthesiologists assigned the same ratings as the reference ratings for the individual scenarios. Inter‐rater reliability was assessed using Fleiss’ kappa (95% confidence interval) of 0.55 (0.54–0.56, P < 0.001) and an intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) of 0.79 (0.63–0.93, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The results of the present study revealed the consistency of ASA‐PS ratings between anesthesiologists for emergency gastrointestinal surgery. The ASA‐PS may serve as a reliable variable in the prediction rules for this field.
Effiziente Synthese von Dimethylether aus Methanol in einem Membranreaktor mit bifunktioneller Membran
Authors: Zhou Chen , Wang Nanyi , Qian Yanan , Liu Xiaoxing , Caro Jürgen , Huang Aisheng
Published: September 2016

Eine neue Sandwich‐artige Doppelschicht‐Zeolithmembran FAU‐LTA wurde in einem katalytischen Membranreaktor für die Synthese von Dimethylether (DME) aus Methanol (MeOH) eingesetzt. In der äußeren Membranschicht H‐FAU mit milder Azidität wird MeOH zu DME dehydratisiert. Wasser, das neben DME gebildete, weitere Reaktionsprodukt, wird in situ durch eine hydrophile Na‐LTA‐Zeolith‐Membranschicht abgezogen, die sich zwischen der H‐FAU‐Deckschicht und dem makroporösen Korundträger befindet. Die Kombination von milder Azidität (H‐FAU) und dem kontinuierlichen Abzug des Produktwassers (Na‐LTA) führt zu hohen MeOH‐Umsätzen (90.9 % bei 310 °C) und einer de facto 100 %igen DME‐Selektivität. Wegen des kontinuierlichen und selektiven Wasserabzugs durch die Na‐LTA‐Membran kann die Katalysatordesaktivierung unterdrückt werden.
A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of the Activity of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A in Cells
Authors: Makukhin Nikolai , Tretyachenko Vyacheslav , Moskovitz Jackob , Míšek Jiří
Published: September 2016

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is an enzyme involved in redox balance and signaling, and its aberrant activity is implicated in a number of diseases (for example, Alzheimer's disease and cancer). Since there is no simple small molecule tool to monitor MsrA activity in real time in vivo, we aimed at developing one. We have designed a BODIPY‐based probe called (S)‐Sulfox‐1, which is equipped with a reactive sulfoxide moiety. Upon reduction with a model MsrA (E. coli), it exhibits a bathochromic shift in the fluorescence maximum. This feature was utilized for the real‐time ratiometric fluorescent imaging of MsrA activity in E. coli cells. Significantly, our probe is capable of capturing natural variations of the enzyme activity in vivo.
Total Synthesis of the Complete Protective Antigen of Vibrio cholerae O139
Authors: Soliman Sameh E. , Kováč Pavol
Published: September 2016

The first chemical synthesis of the complete protective O‐antigen of a human‐disease‐causing pathogenic bacterium is described. The synthesis involved a protecting‐group strategy that facilitated the regioselectivity of the key transformations, stereoselective glycosylation reactions, and enabled the one‐step global deprotection of the completely assembled, fully protected, phosphorylated hexasaccharide by hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis. The final amino‐group‐functionalized, linker‐equipped antigen was obtained in a form ready for conjugation to suitable carriers, for example, proteins, to yield immunogens.
Numerical simulations of partially‐filled rubber mixing in a 2‐wing rotor‐equipped chamber
Authors: Dhakal Pashupati , Das Suma R. , Poudyal Hari , Chandy Abhilash J.
Published: September 2016

Partially filled internal batch mixers are used for mixing of rubber compounds in the polymer industry. The use of mixing in such mixers equipped with a rotor is critical to the process itself, and hence, understanding of mixing is important in terms of evaluating how various operating parameters such as rpm, fill factor, and ram pressure affect distribution and dispersion of materials. The objective of the current study is to gain valuable insights on the influence of fill factor, which is the volume of the material relative to the volume of the chamber. Two‐dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of rubber mixing in a 2‐wing rotor‐equipped chamber are presented here, for the first time, for fully‐filled/100% and partially‐filled/75% chambers. The volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) technique is employed to capture the interface between the rubber and air in partially filled isothermal simulations. Flow patterns are visualized to analyze the material movement. Massless particles are injected and various statistics are calculated from their positions in order to compare dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics between the fully‐filled and partially‐filled cases. Specifically, quantities such as mixing index and the maximum shear stress distribution history of particles are analyzed to obtain information about dispersive mixing, while length of stretch and cluster distribution index, also calculated from particles, are presented to investigate distributive mixing capabilities. All the results consistently demonstrated the superior effectiveness of partially‐filled mixing chambers in terms of their dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics in comparison to fully‐filled chambers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44250.
Toughening of polylactide via in situ formation of polyurethane crosslinked elastomer during reactive blending
Authors: Zhao Xipo , Ding Zheng , Lin Qiang , Peng Shaoxian , Fang Pengfei
Published: September 2016

Polylactide (PLA)/polyurethane (PU) composites were prepared by reactive blending method with in situ formation of PU particles via the reaction between polyester polyol (PPG) and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI). The interfacial compatibility and adhesion between the PLA and PU phases were greatly improved by the reaction of the terminal hydroxyl groups of PLA and NCO groups of TDI forming graft copolymer, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The elongation at break and notch impact strength of PLA/PU composites increased considerably with increasing PU content, and the tensile strength of PLA/PU composites decreased slightly compared with that of pure PLA. Upon addition of 12 wt % PU, the elongation at break and notch impact strength increased to 175.17% and 10.96 kJ/m2, respectively, about 27 times and 5.4 times greater than the corresponding values for the pure PLA. The tensile strength decreased only slightly to 48.65 MPa. The excellent interfacial adhesion, the dispersed PU elastomeric particles acting as stress concentration areas, and the triggering of large matrix shear yield as well as many fibrils by internal cavitation were the main mechanical toughening mechanisms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44383.
Preparation and properties of fluorinated oligomer with tertiary amine structure in the UV curable coatings
Authors: Wu Jianbing , Zhang Ruofei , Ma Guozhang , Hou Caiying , Zhang Hui
Published: September 2016

A novel fluorinated oligomer with tertiary amine structure was synthesized by isophorone diisocyanate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, and fluorinated diol, which was prepared via Michael addition reaction between diethanolamine and dodecafluoroheptyl acrylate. The structure of fluorinated oligomer was confirmed by FTIR. The prepared fluorinated oligomer was added into the UV curable coatings, the influences of fluorinated oligomer on the cured degree and double bond conversion was analyzed by FTIR and gel content. The conversion ratio is increased when the fluorinated oligomer increased, which is due to the tertiary amine structure in the prepared product. The characteristics of UV cured films such as thermal properties, hydrophobicity, chemical resistance, mechanical properties, and hardness were characterized with the TGA, contact angle, and DMA. Results show that thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and chemical resistance are improved when fluorinated oligomer is introduced into the UV curable coatings. The DMA and hardness results indicated that the mechanical properties of UV cured films were improved and the flexibility decreased. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44387.