bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mentális egészség relevanciája a rendészeti felsőoktatásban
Authors: Fibiné Babos Barbara
Published: April 2022

Aim: Mental health is a clear pathway to adequate change management, personal development and optimal adaptation. This is particularly important in law enforcement higher education, where students face constant physical demands as part of their preparation for law enforcement work. In addition to the conceptual definitions of mental health, this paper will also discuss the specific characteristics of law enforcement higher education. I approach mental health from the perspective of students in law enforcement higher education and emphasise the developmental and positive psychological aspects of mental health.Methodology: In order to identify the specific characteristics of law enforcement work and the characteristics of students in higher education in law enforcement, I conducted resource analyses. I have summarised the study of the components of mental health based on relevant literature. In content analysis, I focused on possible links between the three areas to be examined: policing, higher education, mental health.Findings: As a platform of preparation for law enforcement work, higher education in law enforcement is increasingly focusing on competence development in line with its professional tasks. And the linkages clearly lead to the development of positive mental health. Training to develop specific competences is also aimed at improving mental health by supporting students’ health behaviour through a positive psychological approach.Value: The need for a health-conscious lifestyle, both physically and mentally, is becoming increasingly obvious, suggesting an increase in the value of health. As well as physical health, the relevance of mental health is indisputable, as the challenges of recent years have shown. Future directions for research should be set, based on the complexity of mental health, through the development of each of its components.
A new species of the genus Ivela Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae) from Guangdong, China
Authors: Xie Lin-Zhe , Li Kun-Yuan , Chen Liu-Sheng , Wang Hou-Shuai
Published: April 2022

Ivela yinisp. nov., is described from Guangdong, China based on morphological characters and molecular data. Adults, including genitalia and wing venation, and pupa are illustrated and compared to those of similar species. A key to Chinese Ivela species is provided. Assignment of the new species to Ivela Swinhoe is based primarily on a molecular phylogenetic analysis and is corroborated by morphology. Life histories of I. yini and Dendrophleps semihyalina Hampson are discussed.
COVID-19 propagation and the usefulness of awareness-based control measures: A mathematical model with delay
Authors: Maji Chandan , Basir Fahad Al , Mukherjee Debasis , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Ravichandran Chokkalingam
Published: April 2022

The current emergence of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) has put the world in threat. Social distancing, quarantine and governmental measures such as lockdowns, social isolation, and public hygiene are helpful in fighting the pandemic, while awareness campaigns through social media (radio, TV, etc.) are essential for their implementation. On this basis, we propose and analyse a mathematical model for the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission influenced by awareness campaigns through social media. A time delay factor due to the reporting of the infected cases has been included in the model for making it more realistic. Existence of equilibria and their stability, and occurrence of Hopf bifurcation have been studied using qualitative theory. We have derived the basic reproduction number ($ R_0 $) which is dependent on the rate of awareness. We have successfully shown that public awareness has a significant role in controlling the pandemic. We have also seen that the time delay destabilizes the system when it crosses a critical value. In sum, this study shows that public awareness in the form of social distancing, lockdowns, testing, etc. can reduce the pandemic with a tolerable time delay.
The Efect of Climate Change on the Pricing and Transactional Volume of Real Estate
Authors: Curtis Haley
Published: April 2022

This study examines the effect of a region's elevation and precipitation levels on the pricing and transactional volume of its residential properties.
Mouse Killing Behaviour, Aggressiveness and the Influence of Sexual Hormones in Rats
Authors: La Guardia M. , Giammanco M. , Ernandes M. , Tabacchi G. , Di Majo D. , Giammanco S.
Published: April 2022

“Mouse-killing behaviour” is the behaviour of an isolated adult rat towards an anesthetized mouse placed in its cage; some rats (natural killer) spontaneously kill the mouse, others do not show any kind of aggressiveness.This interspecific aggressiveness, addressed to individuals of different species, is generally motivated by the instinct of predation. It can be distinguished by the intraspecific aggression,which is addressed to individuals of the same species, can have different motivations (establishment of a hierarchy, copulation, defence of territory) and can express itself with threats or real attacks, and can result in a dominant behaviour or in escape or in submission.
Effects of Lipopolysaccharides on Activity of Mitochondrial Reductase in Rat Liver Cells
Authors: Sesti S. , Martino G. , Mazzulla S. , Chimenti R.
Published: April 2022

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are glycolipids found in abundance on the outer membrane of all gram-negative bacteria and have the ability to incite a vigorouse inflammatory response.They are among the agents that are able to induce changes in liver functions by production of nitric oxide (NO).The liver has the ability not only to clear LPS, but to respond energetically to LPS [1].The aim of the present study is to verify the action of LPS on activity of mitochondrial reductase on rat liver cell cultures. [...]
Effect of lithological and geotechnical characteristics on the generation of debris flows in the arid basin of Mirave, Peru
Authors: Ortega Julio César Bizarreta , Bendezu Marko Antonio Lopez , Savio Alexandre Almeida Del , Canales Fausto Alfredo
Published: April 2022

Studies concerning the debris flows in mountain areas are relevant because of their potential negative effects on the human communities and infrastructure in their areas of influence. To advance the understanding of the theoretical basis, this study qualitatively analyzes the effect of lithological characteristics and soil type on the generation of debris flows in the arid basin of Mirave, in southern Peru, as a consequence of extensive rainfall. Two debris flow events are evaluated, which occurred in the studied area in March 2015 and February 2019. The method used to achieve the objective combines the use of satellite images, field data collection, and lab tests results to estimate the relative importance of the abovementioned characteristics in the generation of debris flows. The results suggest that the poor presence of clay and the predominance of sandy-loamy structured soils in the Mirave Basin make them unstable when erosion occurs. In addition, the features of broken down materials generated from residual and colluvial soils in the primary area of study are one of the main causes of debris flows in the region.

Keywords: arid basin, debris flows, geotechnical characteristics, lithology.
Clinical Factors Associated With Nonadherence to Chronic Medications in People With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Du Vall Marilyn , Weffald Linda , Delate Thomas , Shetterly Susan , Bayliss Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2022

Objective To study assessed adherence to 11 chronic medications and one medication class with high medical necessity in people with cognitive impairment (CIM) and identified clinical characteristics associated with nonadherence. Design This was a retrospective
cohort study. 180-day adherence was calculated as the percent of days covered (PDC). Multi-variable logistic regression modeling was used to identify clinical factors associated with a PDC less than 80% (ie, nonadherence) to one or more studied chronic medication(s). Setting
Primary care in an integrated health care delivery system. Patients People with CIM 65 years of age or older who were dispensed five or more chronic medications in one month between March 1, 2019, and October 31, 2019. Results Overall, the 1,109
patients included were older (mean age = 79.8 years of age), female (54.1%), White (78.6%), had a high burden of chronic disease, and 396 (35.7%) were nonadherent to one or more study medication(s). Two medications (tiotropium and venlafaxine) and one medication class (direct oral anticoagulants)
had a mean PDC less than 80%. Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), chronic pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), male, nonwhite race, and one or more mental health visits were associated independently with nonadherence. Conclusions Chronic
pain, COPD, ADRD, male sex, nonwhite race, and mental health care use were associated with nonadherence. These findings can help guide clinicians as they navigate medication therapy in people with CIM.
Outcomes in Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results from Two Prospective Korean Cohorts
Authors: Yi Jun Ho , Jeong Seong Hyun , Kim Seok Jin , Yoon Dok Hyun , Kang Hye Jin , Koh Youngil , Kim Jin Seok , Lee Won-Sik , Yang Deok-Hwan , Do Young Rok , Kim Min Kyoung , Yoo Kwai Han , Choi Yoon Seok , Yun Whan Jung , Park Yong , Jo Jae-Cheol , Eom Hyeon-Seok , Kwak Jae-Yong , Shin Ho-Jin , Park Byeong Bae , Yi Seong Yoon , Kwon Ji-Hyun , Oh Sung Yong , Kim Hyo Jung , Sohn Byeong Seok , Won Jong Ho , Hong Dae-Sik , Lee Ho-Sup , Lee Gyeong-Won , Suh Cheolwon , Kim Won Seog
Published: April 2022

Purpose Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common hematologic malignancy worldwide. Although substantial improvement has been achieved by the frontline rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy, up to 40%-50% of patients will eventually have relapsed or refractory disease, whose prognosis is extremely dismal.Materials and Methods We have carried out two prospective cohort studies that include over 1,500 DLBCL patients treated with rituximab plus CHOP (#NCT01202448 and #NCT02474550). In the current report, we describe the outcomes of refractory DLBCL patients. Patients were defined to have refractory DLBCL if they met one of the followings, not achieving at least partial response after 4 or more cycles of R-CHOP; not achieving at least partial response after 2 or more cycles of salvage therapy; progressive disease within 12 months after autologous stem cell transplantation.Results Among 1,581 patients, a total of 260 patients met the criteria for the refractory disease after a median time to progression of 9.1 months. The objective response rate of salvage treatment was 26.4%, and the complete response rate was 9.6%. The median overall survival (OS) was 7.5 months (95% confidence interval, 6.4 to 8.6), and the 2-year survival rate was 22.1%±2.8%. The median OS for each refractory category was not significantly different (p=0.529).Conclusion In line with the previous studies, the outcomes of refractory DLBCL patients were extremely poor, which necessitates novel approaches for this population.
Об одном новом методе оценки бернуллиевской функции регрессии
Authors: Babilua Petre , Nadaraya Elizbar A
Published: April 2022

Построена оценка для бернуллиевской функции регрессии на основе полинома Бернштейна. Изучен вопрос ее состоятельности и асимптотической нормальности. Построен критерий проверки гипотезы о виде бернуллиевской функции регрессии. Также построен критерий проверки гипотезы о равенстве двух бернуллиевских функций регрессии. Изучен вопрос состоятельности построенных критериев.
Ảnh Hưởng Của Môi Trường Học Tập Đạo Đức Đến Hành Vi Công Dân Trong Lớp Học Của Sinh Viên
Authors: An Mai Trường , Thắng Lê Ngọc , Hiền Nguyễn Thị Thu , Hằng Dương Thúy
Published: April 2022

Môi trường đạo đức là yếu tố đã được nghiên cứu rất nhiều trong thời gian qua, nhưng chưa được nghiên cứu đáng kể trong môi trường giáo dục. Vì vậy, nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm xem xét vai trò của môi trường học tập đạo đức trong việc thúc đẩy sự nhận thức và hành vi công dân trong lớp học của sinh viên. Kết quả phân tích một mẫu gồm 803 quan sát (với đối tượng khảo sát là sinh viên đang theo học tại các trường đại học, cao đẳng tại Việt Nam) cho thấy: thứ nhất, môi trường học tập đạo đức có ảnh hưởng tích cực đến hành vi công dân trong lớp học của sinh viên (bao gồm hành vi tham gia, sự liên kết và sự lịch thiệp, chu đáo); thứ hai, môi trường đạo đức cũng có tác động tích cực đến sự nhận thức đạo đức của người học; và thứ ba, sự nhận thức này đồng thời có tác động tích cực đến ba khía cạnh của hành vi công dân trong lớp học.

Ethical climate is a factor that has been studied a lot in recent years, but has not been studied significantly in educational context. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the role of school ethical climate in promoting students’ classroom citizenship behavior via their identity. Participants were 803 undergraduate students enrolled at university in Vietnam. Three main findings were obtained. Firstly, school ethical climate has a positive influence on student citizenship behavior in the classroom (including involvement, affiliation, and courtesy). Secondly, this kind of climate also has a positive impact on the students' moral identity. Thirdly, this perception, which in turn, drives students’ classroom citizenship behaviors.
Cytokine profile in the subjects after long-term in utero and postnatal exposure to chronic irradiation
Authors: Kodintseva E. A. , Akleyev A. A. , Blinova Е. A. , Akleyev A. V.
Published: April 2022

Persons exposed to ionizing radiation in utero and in early childhood constitute a risk group for the development of long-term stochastic consequences of irradiation. The imbalance of cytokines at the long terms after irradiation could be considered a carcinogenic triggering factor in subjects previously irradiated in utero and in early childhood, thus determining relevance of the study. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of serum cytokines in native residents of coastal villages at the Techa River, whose chronic irradiation had been begun antenatally and to study probable interrelatirons between the detected changes, radiation and non-radiation factors at long terms after the exposure was begun. The main group included 61 persons from the Techa River Cohort who were born in 1950-1960, whose irradiation was begun in utero, being continued over the early postnatal period. For patients from the main group, the mean dose of antenatal radiation was calculated 74.7 mGy for red bone marrow as of, the mean dose of postnatal irradiation was calculated for red bone marrow as 537.5 mGy, and the median age of patients was 64.0 years. The comparison group (90 nonirradiated persons) was comparable to the main group in terms of age, gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status. The median levels for IL-2 in the main group were 1.37 pg/ml; in the comparison group, 2.70 pg/ml, p = 0.020; for IL-10, 4.53 pg/ml versus 7.58 pg/ml, p = 0.030 respectively; for GM-CSF, 0.39 pg/ml in the subjects who were irradiated in utero and in the early postnatal period versus 0.86 pg/ml in non-irradiated persons, p = 0.040. The median serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-1(ra), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, TNFα, IFNα, IFNγ in the study group did not show differences from the values in a group of non-irradiated persons. The decrease of the serum IL-2, IL-10 and GM-CSF levels in the persons of the main group did not depend on the dose of antenatal irradiation to red bone marrow, and on the radiation dose to red bone marrow received during the postnatal period of ontogenesis. In the main group, there was a moderate inverse relationship between the serum IL-10 level and age at the time of examination (SR = -0.53, p 0.001). Serum concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 in the people from comparison group showed a moderate positive correlation with their present age (SR = 0.47, p 0.001 and SR = 0.42, p 0.001 respectively).
Application of AI Face Recognition Technology in Swipe Card Attendance Systems for Hospitals
Authors: Wang Te-Kwei , Lin Yu-Hsun , Li Kai-Ping
Published: April 2022

Traditional swipe card attendance systems for hospitals cannot effectively protect employees’ personal information and ensure that the employees are swiping their own cards. To solve the problem, the present study proposes a novel hospital swipe card attendance system using an artificial intelligence (AI) face modeling system with an open-source face database. The proposed system employs a multi-task cascaded convolutional network (MTCNN) algorithm and FaceNet to improve the performance of face recognition. The system can compare the face of the one who swipes a card with the faces of cardholders in the database, thereby preventing the one from clocking in on behalf of others. The results show that the application of AI technology in the hospital swipe card attendance system can realize the promise of protecting employees’ personal information and verifying employees’ identities.
Characteristics of Modern Landscape Architecture and Its Planning Methods
Authors: Ajila Shiny R.S , Ganan Shini G , Ramachandran M , Chinnasami Sivaji , Manjula Selvam
Published: April 2022

Landscape architecture is the planning, design, and construction of Landscape environments. Includes management and breeding. Landscape architects are unique With skills, they work to improve human and environmental health in all communities. They will strengthen parks, campuses, street views, alleys, plazas, apartments and communities Plan and design other projects. Landscape Architecture, Gardens, Yards, Campgrounds, Landscaping Development and ornamental planting of parks and other
planned green outdoor areas. Nature Improve landscape gardening to create a Landscape setting for buildings, cities and towns Used. It is one of the decorative arts and is also used in architecture, town planning and gardening associated with. The following is a brief overview of Landscape architecture. For full treatment, gardening And see landscape design. Landscape architecture is the specific type of space Is the task of creating the outside. It can be a city square or even a whole city as a playground Let's design. It can design a pond to be ideal for frogs, turtles, fish and birds. Some types of landscape architecture are easy to see as a park. Other types are lawn or It can seem completely wild, like the mountains. Landscape Architecture Healthy Environments and For the design of communities and the health of the people, Dedicated to protecting security and well-being
Rideshare Operations Management for Heterogeneous Vehicles to Minimize Whole CO2 Emissions
Authors:   DENSO CORPORATION, JAPAN, Itoh Yutaro , Hamada Ryunosuke ,   DENSO CORPORATION, JAPAN, Nanjo Hiroyuki ,   DENSO CORPORATION, JAPAN
Published: April 2022

"In recent years, it has become increasingly necessary to reduce CO2 emissions as a countermeasure to global warming. Paris Agreement sets out a global framework to limit global warming to well below 2degC, which needs an extremely huge reduction of CO2 emissions. Therefore, it is critical to deal with the use of automobiles that has a big impact on this problem. On the other hand, since it is difficult to dramatically improve individual vehicle efficiency anymore, new approaches are required to achieve the goal. Because of this background, we, DENSO, are proceeding with development to reduce CO2 emissions not only by performance improvement of individual vehicles but also by operations management or cooperative control of multiple vehicles. In this paper, a rideshare operations management technology reducing the total fuel spend is introduced, where several users going to the common destination share a ride in the same vehicle. In general, it is well known that whole CO2 emissions from multiple vehicles can be reduced if the use of vehicles is reduced with ridesharing. Meanwhile, there is room for an additional reduction of CO2 emissions because, in existing researches, only simple cost functions such as the sum of route costs are minimized without considering vehicle efficiency. Besides, since the vehicles used for rideshare are often heterogeneous with various kinds of powertrain systems, CO2 emissions can be reduced further by taking these characteristics. Therefore, a simulation model including each powertrain characteristics for rideshare operations management is proposed to calculate CO2 emission from each vehicle for each driving route precisely. Then, an optimization problem is formulated by designing a cost function described with the total amount of CO2 emissions calculated with the simulator. Since this problem is complicated, where not only a destination but also users going to the destination must be assigned to each vehicle, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is not an appropriate methodology to find the optimal solution. Therefore, an operations management technology has been developed to find the optimal destination and user allocation by incorporating this problem into a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) for minimizing the total amount of CO2 emissions from multiple vehicles. The effect of this technology has been validated with simulation, showing more than 30% CO2 emissions reductions in some cases comparing with conventional rideshare technologies, where the amount of used vehicles is minimized."
Combined approach of interior concept development for automated driving cars
Authors:   Graz University of Technology, AUSTRIA, Hirz Mario , Kreis Alexander ,   Graz University of Technology, AUSTRIA, Fragner Alexander ,   Graz University of Technology, AUSTRIA, Stadler Severin ,   MAGNA Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik, AUSTRIA
Published: April 2022

"Automated driving provides large potentials in view of customer comfort, safe transportation and optimized traffic management. Whereas partially automated driving functions are understood as driver assistance technologies, fully automated functionalities are increasingly developed preparing the way towards self-driving cars. With rising level of automation, the degrees of freedom for driver and passengers increase, too, which enables the establishment of new vehicle interior concepts. In self-driving mode, cars do not require interaction of the driver - in this way, riding time can be used for working, relaxing, recreation or interacting with the other passengers. These new possibilities require a re-design or even completely new development of the traditional passenger cabin architectures. In this context, new interior concepts continuously are introduced by car manufacturer, supplier and styling- as well as engineering institutions, but they often lack in their feasibility for an implementation into real cars. Exemplary, people are sitting in cars on rotatable seats face to face, but there is not sufficient space for legs and feet. Other concepts show passengers lying on some kind of lounges and watching TV during the ride, but there are no safety measures applied for protection in case of accidents. Many of these new concepts have in common, that they do not consider sufficiently different boundary conditions regarding human ergonomics, comfort and vehicle interior safety. The submitted work introduces a combined approach of interior concept development under consideration of the enhanced possibilities provided by automated driving cars. The approach combines virtual investigations based on computational styling- and design models with ergonomic testing by use of an automated physical seating buck. The integrated approach enables consideration of different influencing parameters, e.g. vehicle packaging, seating position, ergonomics evaluation, passenger view- and safety-relevant aspects, even during early conception and layout phases of development. An integration of human models enables effective implementation of test results delivered by the physical system, which facilitates a smart connection between the working fields of project engineers, component designers, ergonomic specialists, safety and crash departments, designers and all of the other involved parties to support conceptual ergonomic layout processes of new passenger cabin concepts. Especially if complemented with modern visualization techniques, such as augmented- and virtual reality, the introduced fully parametric layout procedure has the potential to improve the precision of design decisions supporting successful conceptual interior development for future cars."
Design of a modularized fuel cell system for multiple use in different applications
Authors:   IPEK - Institut für Produktentwicklung, GERMANY, Konstantin Nowoseltschenko Konstantin Nowoseltschenko , Philip Müller-Welt Philip Müller-Welt ,   IPEK - Institut für Produktentwicklung, GERMANY, Katharina Bause Katharina Bause ,   IPEK - Institut für Produktentwicklung, GERMANY, Albert Albers Albert Albers ,   IPEK - Institut für Produktentwicklung, GERMANY
Published: April 2022

"In order to provide emission-free and resource-saving mobility, drive systems are increasingly being electrified, leading to a diversification of powertrain technologies. The extension of the battery electric drive system by a fuel cell is intended to compensate the disadvantages, especially with regard to range and charging times. The degree of hybridization - which is the ratio of fuel cell to battery - ranges from the integration of small fuel cells in the sense of a range extender to large fuel cells that only require a small battery as intermediate storage medium. Like the battery, the fuel cell does not yet represent a cost-effective solution. When analyzing existing fuel cell drive systems on the market, it can be seen that the drive systems are not very modularized so far. For example, the division of the tank volume in passenger cars follows boundary conditions resulting from the integration. The authors therefore devote themselves to the creation of modularization concepts and see this as an adjustment screw for the creation of customer-perceptible product features and for the reduction of manufacturing costs. The modularization approach focuses on the use of a fuel cell system or individual fuel cell modules for different applications: The customer purchases a vehicle equipped with such a modularized system. The solution allows the customer to expand or reduce the size of the fuel cell system and the associated energy storage system in his vehicle over the course of its usage. In addition, he can also use individual modules from the vehicle for applications in his leisure time, such as the stationary power supply of a caravan or tools. Another scenario is the provision of a module or the entire system for emergency power requirements or civil rescue applications. From this, in addition to the questions of mechanical modularization of the fuel cell, direct requirements for tank, auxiliary units and control system are derived. In a first step, the requirements resulting from the coupling of cross-system scenarios are determined. The paper then focuses on the mechanical design and considers the aspects of optimal use of installation space, mechanical interface design between the modules as well as vehicle integration, strength and stiffness requirements and production-related constraints."
Development of Hybrid real-time capable Vehicle Simulation Platform for Energy Management Strategy Development and Virtual Validation
Authors:   IDIADA, SPAIN, Maroto Pedro Manuel , De Lima Daniela , Mendes Danilo José , Mammetti Marco ,   UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, UNITED STATES, Bauer Peter.H ,   Universidad Rovira i Virgili, SPAIN, Calres Bruno Joan
Published: April 2022

Model-based calibration enables a shift in development tasks from the real world to the virtual world, allowing for increased system robustness while reducing development costs and time. These benefits are especially pronounced in the case of complex powertrain systems such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). In (P)-HEV, Energy Management Strategy (EMS) constitutes the core for fuel consumption and emissions reduction of hybrid electric vehicles. This paper presents an assessment of the feasibility of carrying out automated model calibration within a virtual powertrain test environment for EMS validation. It highlights the accuracy of the engine simulation model under steady-state and transient operating conditions. It also demonstrates the integration of the model with data based pollutant emission models and the after-treatment system. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is modeled by means of the so called Mean Value Engine Model approach (MVEM) with limited amount of input signals. Electrical components are modeled following a classical map-based approach. The novelty of this methodology resides in the pollutant emissions models. Engine out emissions (CO2, CO, HC and NO) are modeled through convolutional neural networks (CNN) giving extremely accurate results, both in instantaneous and cumulative prediction. This allows to calibrate a Three-Way Catalyst model (TWC) enabling the characterization of a complete powertrain system model with fuel consumption, emissions (CO2, CO, HC and NOx) and the electrification part. In this framework EMS can be developed for minimizing not only fuel consumption but also pollutant emissions. As final step, advanced EMS based on reinforcement learning is proposed. The methodology is developed in a co-simulation framework between MATLAB-Simulink and AMESIM. The resulting model runs between 2-3 times faster than real time in an off-the-shelf laptop. This enables the methodology for developing models suitable for HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) and SIL (software-in-the-loop) applications. The final error in predicted pollutant emissions in the studied cycles remains below 2.5% in the case of CO2 emissions, 3.5% in the case of NOx emissions, and below 8.5% when speaking about CO and HC emissions.
Simulation platform for modelling and calibration of hybrid vehicles energy management from experimental input
Authors:   Applus IDIADA, SPAIN, Cano Pablo , Roche Marina ,   Applus IDIADA, SPAIN, Hernández Albert ,   Applus IDIADA, SPAIN, Sabrià Dídac ,   Applus IDIADA, SPAIN, Mammetti Marco ,   Applus IDIADA, ITALY
Published: April 2022

"Hybridizing vehicles is one of the paths followed by OEM to reduce their vehicle consumption and emissions, especially in premium segment. Indeed, this segment is facing severe problems in reaching European environmental exhaust targets when running on fossil fuel only, not the least due to the considerable vehicle weight. The European funded project ADVICE targeted this issue by aiming at increasing the market penetration of hybrid vehicles by cost reduction and by technology improvement.Simulation models are a cost-efficient approach to evaluate the impact of a technology on a variety of driving conditions or to virtually evaluate the impacts of potential improvements such as driving resistance, weight reduction or energy management strategy on vehicle fuel consumption. This paper presents a methodology to generate a reliable hybrid vehicle model exclusively from experimental data and validate it with objective KPIs. The methods we present permit to obtain sufficient components and strategy characterization accuracy from dynamic vehicle-level test such as WLTP or RDE. The advantage of this methodology is its capability to maximize the outcome of the regular vehicle-level testing activities to generate a predictive vehicle consumption model without the need of specific component or stabilized condition testing, being a cost-efficient first approach to build a model representing the observed vehicle use. Nonetheless, if required by the application, this model can be enriched with additional specific testing (components level, high demand testing, stabilized conditions…) to guarantee its predictivity in a wider set of conditions. Specific correlation KPIs were applied in order to guarantee adequate correlation between various signals acquired in the experimental activities and simulated signals. This methodology, guarantees the accuracy and the predictivity of the model, allowing consistent trade-off studies or new system assessment. The resulting predictive models were used to calculate the impact of improvements on weight, drag, auxiliary loads and strategy in consumption. The data for performing this activity is extracted from the European funded project ADVICE. The paper shows the application of the methodology, the correlation result and how the validated vehicle model is used to analyse the energy management and evaluate the potential impact of vehicle improvements on fuel consumption."
Battery Hybrid Twin in Electrical Vehicle Monitoring and Planning
Authors:   ESI Group/ENSAM/UZ, FRANCE, Sancarlos Abel , De Miguel Paula Maria ,   ESI Group, SPAIN, Cameron Morgan ,   ESI Group, FRANCE, Cueto Elias ,   Universidad de Zaragoza, SPAIN, Chinesta Francisco ,   ENSAM, FRANCE, Duval Jean-Louis ,   ESI Group, FRANCE
Published: April 2022

"It is worthy to say that the Electric Vehicle (EV) with their batteries are a cornerstone to be positioned in the new automotive market industry. Platforms such as Batteries Europe are a great example. Nowadays, Lithium-ion batteries are the ones used for this technology because of its properties. Nevertheless, this raises new safety and reliability challenges which require development of novel sophisticated Battery Management Systems (BMS) which control and monitor the battery system. However, current BMS does not fit well automotive requirements, and improvements are demanded. And the strategic decision of that is clear: better BMSs will produce benefits such as less battery degradation, better performance and more lifetime. The key to improve the BMS is to employ more complex battery models on-board. However, they are highly-time consuming to be used. Therefore, we propose a methodology to deal with the above problem, achieving great results. We developed a technique able to learn a highly accurate physic-based model (Newman’s P2D Model), deleting the elevated number of degrees of freedom and dimensionality of the original problem. In addition, an excellent agreement was observed. Furthermore, due to the low computational cost of the created model, it can be perfectly integrated on-board of the EV as well as in system simulation tools such as SimulationX. Therefore, we integrated the proposed battery approach in SimulationX to simulate the whole EV system. We would like to note that there is a big advancement. The accurate battery models such as the Newman’s P2D Model cannot be integrated in this type of tools because they are highly-time consuming. However, since we are able to achieve a reduction in computational cost that is thousands of times lower (maintaining good accuracy), we have no problem in using the discussed approach for these applications. Thanks to that, we developed an innovative planning algorithm in SimulationX to make decisions based on predictions of the whole EV, taking into consideration this fast and accurate battery model. For example, we can decide the best possible itinerary considering different battery criteria (where several itineraries are quickly simulated to select the best one). Or another example, the algorithm is also capable of proposing changes in the driving behavior if an itinerary is maintained but it detects that battery problems can arise."
On the integration of a K-k turbulence approach to improve CFM1D combustion modelling in modern Spark Ignition engines
Authors:   IFPEN, FRANCE, ALIX Guillaume , DULBECCO Alessio
Published: April 2022

Reducing vehicle fuel consumption while respecting pollutants emission standards has been a major concern over the last decades in the automotive industry. Consequently, Spark Ignition (SI) engine air-paths can now incorporate devices such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT) or Actuation (VVA), Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) or even Variable Compression Ratio (VCR). Optimizing the settings for all these devices made engine development more complex and challenging. The development of engine control strategy can be efficiently performed through system simulation with a complete engine simulator, as it allows describing the phenomenological process occurring in the engine while requiring reasonable quantity of measurement data. CPU time is also a constraint, therefore 0-dimensional models are commonly used, particularly to represent in-cylinder combustion process. Still, the combustion model has to account for the influence of air-path settings, as they strongly impact turbulence in chamber and the resulting combustion speed. This paper focuses on the system simulation version of the Coherent Flame Model (CFM1D), more precisely on its development to make it more predictive to different air path settings variations. Based on previous work, the equations of a K-k family turbulence model are introduced to replace the simplified turbulence model, on which CFM1D lies during closed valve operation to determine the increase of the flame front speed compared to laminar case. In the same time, the initialisation of turbulence variable at the intake valve closure (IVC) is modified to better take into account VVT effects. Additionally, an optional equation accounting for the physical description of the laminar to turbulent transition is proposed and discussed, allowing to further simplify the calibration process. The improved model is calibrated to fit measurements on reference engine operating points, and played on different settings including variations on spark advance VVT, VVA, VCR and EGR. The achieved results bring out the advantage of the new approach in terms model sensitivity and robustness, while pointing out further areas of improvement.
A Practical Guide to Fuzz Testing Embedded Software in a CI Pipeline
Authors:   Synopsys, JAPAN, Oka Dennis Kengo , Makila Tommi ,   Synopsys, SINGAPORE
Published: April 2022

"Software, including open-source software, is transforming the automotive industry. The Zephyr Project RTOS aims to be the first open-source real time operating system to achieve functional safety certifications making it applicable for use in automotive embedded systems. In terms of connectivity, Zephyr supports among others Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, IP, Ethernet and CAN. With the recent developments of cybersecurity standards and regulations such as “ISO/SAE 21434 Cybersecurity Engineering” and “UN Regulation 155 Cybersecurity”, it becomes paramount for automotive organizations to consider employing various cybersecurity activities in the development process. For example, to detect unknown vulnerabilities in automotive software it is recommended to perform various types of testing such as fuzz testing or penetration testing. Fuzz testing is a powerful test approach since in contrast to penetration testing it can be automated, and it can be used to effectively detect unknown vulnerabilities in the target software. However, the fuzz testing activity is often performed in a manual manner in the automotive industry today. In this paper, we present a practical guide to building fuzz testing into a CI (continuous integration) pipeline. Using the Zephyr project as an example, we describe the various steps to build a fuzz testing process. These steps include identifying the target communication protocols to fuzz, defining a test strategy of when, what and how long to fuzz, executing fuzz testing on a continuous basis in an automated fashion, detecting exceptions on the target system, and generating relevant test reports. These practical steps are described in detail to help guide automotive organizations to build fuzz testing into the CI pipeline for their own target systems. Building fuzz testing into the CI pipeline enables automotive organizations to perform fuzz testing on a continuous basis and in an automated fashion which reduces the manual effort required. As a result, it is possible for automotive organizations to detect and fix unknown vulnerabilities early in the development process which reduces the involved costs and overall improves the product quality. We further discuss the benefits and provide additional insights on future needs in more detail in the paper."
Impact of control types of a chassis dynamometer on the reproduction of real world driving scenarios
Authors:   University of Applied Sciences Ulm, GERMANY, Cortès Sven , Dettmann Christian , Boche Philipp , Schneider Niclas ,   AIP GmbH & Co. KG, GERMANY, Heubuch Alexander
Published: April 2022

The introduction of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test requirements for the certification of passenger cars requires mobile emission measurements during real driving cycles in addition to the common emission tests on chassis dynamometer. Due to the randomness of traffic and environmental conditions, it is not possible to repeat a real driving cycle with the same results to investigate issues, for example, the application of engine and transmission control units. This represents a big challenge for the manufacturers research and development departments. It is necessary to know the relevant influences from the real operation of the vehicle in order to reproduce real driving cycles on a test bench. The selection of a adequate validation environment is based on defined target values with which the requirements for accuracy and reproducibility of the test bench can be evaluated. In the classic load simulation of real driving on a chassis dynamometer, the driving resistance coefficients are determined in coastdown tests and then adjusted on the chassis dynamometer. Subsequently, the mapping of the height profile is necessary for the consideration of the track topology. The determination of the elevation profile via barometric altitude pressure or GPS measurement technology respectively map material is very complex in the necessary accuracy. An alternative to this procedure is described by the control modes v-alpha, n-alpha, F-v and F-n. For example, the roll in v-alpha control mode is controlled to a defined vehicle speed, independent of the currently applied traction force. At the same time, the angle of the accelerator pedal alpha of the test object is adjusted to the same speed. Since both control systems follow time-based setpoint values and no driving resistance simulation is running in parallel, the v-alpha control mode does not depend on the knowledge of the driving resistance coefficients. The same applies to the above mentioned control modes. These control modes are particularly suitable for the improvement of data states in which the driving performance remains unaffected, for example for the application of emission behaviour. This paper deals on the necessary extensions for chassis dynamometers as a selected validation environment to be able to use these rule types and classifies them in the IPEK XiL framework. The necessary measured variables for the comparison of the control modes with each other and with the classic load simulation are recorded in a specially constructed test vehicle both in real driving and in test bench operation mode. The results of speed, load and tractive force progression, as well as the energy flow within the vehicle, are then examined with regard to equality, accuracy and reproducibility.
Modelling of Gasoline Engine-Out Emissions Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors:   VKA RWTH Aachen, GERMANY, Dorscheidt Frank , Meli Matteo ,   RWTH Aachen University, GERMANY, Claßen Johannes ,   RWTH Aachen University, GERMANY, Krysmon Sascha ,   RWTH Aachen University, GERMANY, Pischinger Stefan ,   RWTH Aachen University, GERMANY, Görgen Michael ,   FEV Europe GmbH, GERMANY, Dönitz Christian ,   FEV Europe GmbH, GERMANY, Bailly Peter ,   FEV Europe GmbH, GERMANY, Nijs Martin ,   FEV Europe GmbH, GERMANY
Published: April 2022

"Due to ever shorter time-to-market requirements and a simultaneous increase in powertrain complexity, the challenges in the field of gasoline powertrain calibration are growing. In addition, the great variety of vehicle variants requires an increasing number of prototype vehicles for calibration and validation tasks within the framework of the current Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulations and the expected Euro 7 emission standards. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) approaches have been introduced successfully to support the calibration tasks in parallel to the conventional vehicle development activities. Using highly sophisticated simulation models, the HiL approach enables a more reliable compliance with the emission limits and improves the quality of calibrations, while reducing the number of required prototype vehicles, test resources and thus overall development costs. To further improve the quality, this paper presents a novel real-time simulation model that aims to predict the exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine in virtual driving cycles to support the HiL-based virtual emission calibration process. This real-time emission model is based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and can simulate the gaseous engine-out emissions during stationary operation of the engine as a function of all relevant quantitatively measurable and physically relevant influencing factors. To enable the emission simulation during real driving cycles, correction factors are added to the ANN to account for the influence of transient engine behavior on the engine-out emissions. In a first step, it is shown how 20,000 data points from engine test bench measurements are used to train the ANN. As result, a high reproduction quality is achieved, with a maximum deviation of the simulated gaseous engine raw emissions and the real vehicle measurements during driving cycle operation of 4 %. In a second step, the number of training data is reduced to demonstrate the influence of the total number of data points on the simulation accuracy. With a reduction of the number of training data points by more than 80 %, a simulation accuracy of about 4 % can be maintained."
State of the art of the regulatory framework and analysis of the technologies developed within the AEROFLEX project
Authors:   IDIADA Automotive Technology, S.A., SPAIN, Flix Oriol , Luján Carlos , Elpuente César
Published: April 2022

AEROFLEX - AEROdynamic and FLEXible Trucks for Next Generation of Long Distance Road Transport –project, which receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 769658, started in October 2017 with the objective of developing and demonstrating new technologies, concepts and architectures for complete vehicles that are energy efficient, safe, comfortable, configurable and cost-effective, while ensuring that the varying need of costumers are satisfied by being flexible and adaptable with respect to the continuously changing operational conditions. In order to understand the origin of this project, an overview of the previous initiatives will be introduced and the main take away messages will be adopted. Projects used as a baseline are: TRANSFORMERS project - Grant Agreement No. 605170, FALCON Project - CEDR Call 2015 Freight and Logistics in a Multimodal Context, and finally, FLUXNET - CEDR Call 2015 Freight and Logistics in a Multimodal Context. In addition, one of the main pillars of AEROFLEX project is the drafting of coherent recommendations for revising standards and legislative frameworks in order to allow the new aerodynamic and flexible vehicle concepts on the road. These recommendations will be addressed to policy-makers, authorities and industry on standardization. This input will count with the support of the AEROFLEX Sounding Board, which is a group of experts that comprises key representative from authorities, policymakers, freight logistics operators and industry. At the end of the project, by 2021, these recommendations will be compiled in a handbook, which will be submitted to the European Commission. This paper summarizes the results and outputs obtained so far. It comprises the State of the Art with regards to the current regulatory framework, the current boundaries and constraints within the European transport and logistics industry are identified and the results from the workshops organized with the Sounding Board members.