bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing in Latin America
Authors: Zivin Erin Graff
Published: June 2017

A sustained reflection on “writing” from the vantage point of Iberian postcoloniality amounts to nothing short of an appraisal of the rapport between language and power in Latin America. The first part of this entry traces the roots of this bond as well as to identify work that exposes possible limits to the dominion of the letter. The second half of the entry carries out close readings of two “scenes” of writing – one colonial, one postmodern – in order to propose a hypothesis about the shifting place of writing in Latin America, as well as within an increasingly visual and digital global culture.
Broughton, T. R. S. (1900–1993)
Authors: Corey Brennan T.
Published: June 2017

T. R. S. Broughton was a Canadian‐born scholar of ancient Rome whose work listing the magistrates of the Roman Republic remains one of the most important North American contributions to ancient studies.
Headlam[‐Morley], (Sir) James (1863–1929)
Authors: Stray Christopher A.
Published: June 2017

James Headlam was a talented ancient historian, best remembered now for his prize essay
Election by lot at Athens
(1891). Obliged to look beyond academe for employment, he became an inspector of schools, produced wartime propaganda, joined the intelligence department of the Foreign Office and later became its historical adviser.
Queerness, Argument from
Authors: Lillehammer Hallvard
Published: June 2017

The so‐called “argument from queerness” is one of two arguments against the existence of objective values put forward by J. L. Mackie in his Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, the other being the “argument from relativity.” By the term “objective value,” Mackie primarily means moral goodness, rightness and wrongness, and duties and obligations, but he also takes his argument to affect certain nonmoral values. In a nutshell, his argument goes as follows. If there were objective values, they would be things of a very strange sort, utterly different from anything else in the universe. Yet, we have no philosophically satisfying account either of the existence of such things or of how we could come to know about them. Therefore, we should not believe in objective values.
Dilemmas, Moral
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: June 2017

Moral dilemmas are cases where agents are bound by conflicting moral claims and cannot resolve the conflict by further deliberation. Jean‐Paul Sartre relates the dilemma of a student torn between joining the Resistance and assisting his mother at home. He is bound by patriotic and filial duties. Either he fails to do his part in liberating his country, or he fails to support his mother.
Sex Work
Authors: Marino Patricia
Published: June 2017

Sex work involves the exchange of sexual activities for money or other goods. Several aspects of sex work make it ethically complex. For example, because the provision of sexual services is an inherently bodily activity, the customer may seem to treat the sex worker as an object or a commodity, someone less than fully human. Moreover, since much actual sex work is done by poor women living in sexist societies, the mere fact that these women are not forced into sex work may appear insufficient to legitimate it. This entry focuses primarily on ethical debates over sex work with a brief discussion of legal issues toward the end.
Moral Character
Authors: Badhwar Neera K.
Published: June 2017

A moral character is the set of traits, good or bad, that make someone the kind of person she is. In the original Greek,kharaktēris an engraving or stamping tool; the Latin “character” comes to mean a distinctive engraving or mark. This idea of distinctiveness is often imported into talk of moral character by contemporary philosophers and psychologists. Yet, although our characters do nearly always distinguish us from each other, distinctiveness is not essential to the idea of moral character. Identical twins with the same virtues or vices, the same strengths or weaknesses, each have a character, even though their characters don't distinguish them from one another.
Juvenile Justice
Authors: Ramsay Marc
Published: June 2017

Juvenile justice concerns how society should deal with pre‐adults who are alleged to have violated penal laws. The juvenile justice debate is dominated by two moral ideals. First, there is the broad idea of just deserts or retribution – all persons who commit an offense should receive a punishment that is proportionate to the severity of that offense. Second, just punishment requires genuine responsibility – blame for a wrongful act may be diminished or eliminated if a person lacks appropriate responsibility. To be responsible for an act, one must have an appropriate level of understanding, rationality, and self‐control. Children's diminished responsibility has often been used to justify some form of “welfarism,” the idea that the law should protect, rehabilitate, and educate juvenile offenders. Traditionally, welfarism has been implemented through a separate penal system designed around juveniles’ needs and capacities. However, while they prioritize welfarist goals over punishment, many welfarists endorse some level of retributive punishment for juvenile offenders.
Good and Good‐for
Authors: Rønnow‐Rasmussen Toni
Published: June 2017

In philosophy, there is a long tradition of treating as two separate inquiries the questions “What things are good, period?” and “What things are good for us (either in general or for some particular person)?” The former involves what has generally been considered an impersonal, moral, nonrelational value, the latter a personal (prudential or subjective) relational value: a “value for someone.” Just how far back the tradition stretches remains to be examined, though. For instance, it is still a matter of interpretation whether ancient Greek philosophy acknowledged the two varieties of good. In this essay focus is on “good for” and how it relates to “good, period.” However, it should be stressed that philosophers distinguish between several other kinds of good.
Companions in Guilt Strategy
Authors: Lillehammer Hallvard
Published: June 2017

Philosophers often seek to defend the credentials of one set of disputed claims by comparing them to other claims with which they are said to have important features in common. Some arguments of this kind have a “companions in guilt” form. Companions in guilt arguments are designed to defend the credentials of one set of claims, A, by showing that some of the features of A‐claims that are thought to be problematic are shared by another set of claims, B, the credentials of which are less problematic. With respect to these features, A‐claims and B‐claims are said to be companions in guilt. In other words, if the credentials of A‐claims are undermined by possessing these features, then so are the credentials of B‐claims, all other things being equal. On the assumption that the credentials of B‐claims are not undermined by the fact that they possess these features, then neither are the credentials of A‐claims.
Rationalism in Ethics
Authors: Birondo Noell
Published: June 2017

The word “rationalism,” as it appears in philosophical discussions of ethics and morality, signifies at least one of a cluster of theses, each of which connects some aspect of ethical experience to
reason
or
rationality
. The most provocative rationalist thesis arises in contemporary discussions in metaethics, and it is this thesis that remains the most likely referent, in contemporary discussions, of the phrase “moral rationalism.” The thesis is more accurately referred to, however, as metaethical rationalism, since it concerns the provenance and nature of moral obligations, rather than their substance. A strong version of metaethical rationalism maintains that if someone is morally obligated to perform a certain action, then performing that action is what she has the strongest reasons, all things considered, to do. A weaker version maintains that if someone is morally obligated to perform a certain action, then performing that action is something that she has a reason to do, even though the reason might not be decisive: another reason, for instance of prudence, might outweigh the reason she has to act morally. It is rationalism in this metaethical guise that will be the ultimate focus of this essay.
Complicity
Authors: Devolder Katrien
Published: June 2017

The concept of moral complicity in ethics captures the idea that one can do wrong by being associated, in some way, with the wrongdoing of other individuals or of a collective one is part of. However, such a broad understanding of complicity does not itself provide useful moral guidance. It is impossible to completely dissociate oneself from all wrongdoing by others. Moreover, certain kinds of association with wrongdoing appear not to involve complicity. The crucial question is how to draw a line between actions that are complicit and thereby wrong, actions that are complicit but nevertheless morally permissible or even obligatory, and actions that are associated with others’ wrongdoing but not in a way that involves complicity. The two main conceptions of complicity – the causal and noncausal conceptions – each provide a different answer. This essay introduces these two conceptions and surveys some of the most important challenges that each faces.
Conjoined twins
Authors: Persson Ingmar , Savulescu Julian
Published: June 2017

Conjoined twins arise as a result of an anomaly of human development. Sometimes, a single embryo formed by a sperm and an egg splits early in the development to form genetically identical clones: monozygotic or identical twins. These twins share the same set of genes and, thus, are physically and psychologically very similar. But sometimes the embryo does not split completely; the result is twins who share some body parts. These conjoined twins can be joined anywhere – head, chest, abdomen, hips – and there are different degrees of bodily overlapping. They might be joined by a thin sliver of skin or they might be extensively fused; the “fusion” can be so extensive that there is, in effect, just one human being with some extra organs. When the organic overlap is insignificant, they can be easily surgically separated, but organic overlap can be so extensive that separation is impossible even with today's sophisticated medical technology. It is those cases in which there is an extensive sharing of organs yet two distinguishable functioning brains that are philosophically and ethically challenging.
Hobhouse, L. T.
Authors: Ramsay Marc
Published: June 2017

L. T. (Leonard Trelawny) Hobhouse (1864–1929) was the leading theorist of the “New Liberalism” that emerged in England at the end of the nineteenth century. Hobhouse was deeply concerned with the effects of industrial capitalism, poverty, social dislocation, and unemployment. He saw the old liberalism's resistance to state intervention in the economy as insensitive to these problems. However, his youthful enthusiasm for “collectivism” would be tempered by a renewed appreciation for earlier liberals such as Richard Cobden. In the old liberalism's hostility to an expansive state, Hobhouse found a laudable resistance to the imperialism that seduced many socialists and new liberals. Ultimately, he argued that the liberal tradition was grounded in individual self‐realization. This ideal explained both the new liberalism's support for welfarist policies and the old liberalism's demand for personal freedom.
Legal Moralism
Authors: Duff R. A.
Published: June 2017

“Legal moralism” refers to a family of views about the proper aims and scope of criminal law, according to which there is an essential connection between criminal law and moral wrongdoing: when we ask what kinds of conduct should be criminalized, or what factors should be relevant to criminalization decisions, a legal moralist's answer makes the wrongfulness of the conduct under consideration central. However, different members of that family offer different accounts of the connection between moral wrongfulness and criminalization. Our first task is to distinguish these accounts.
Lookism
Authors: Minerva Francesca
Published: June 2017

Lookism can be defined as discrimination (seeDiscrimination) against people considered physically unattractive according to widespread psychobiological and/or social standards. The term, literally, indicates a more generic form of discrimination based on appearance, including cases of people discriminated against for being too attractive, or for the clothes they wear, or for any other phenotypic element which may happen to be considered undesirable in a certain moment and/or geographic area. However, the term is more commonly used to refer to discrimination against people considered physically unattractive. Hence, this essay will focus on this narrower but more widespread use of the term.
Medical Futility
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic
Published: June 2017

The idea that underlies the description of some medical treatments as futile can be traced back to versions of the Hippocratic oath. Part of the Hippocratic text directs doctors “to refuse to treat those who are overmastered by their diseases.” The specific term “futility” first appeared in the medical ethics literature in the 1980s. It gained traction in the next decade as some physicians and ethicists sought to define “futile treatment” in a way that would be practically applicable. Challenges to those definitions have led more recently to a shift away from the term; nevertheless, perceived futile treatment remains a frequent cause of requests for ethics consultation and has been identified as a major contributor to conflict and moral distress in intensive care units.
Situationism
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: June 2017

In philosophy, “situationism” has come to be associated with two distinct claims. One is a claim about the extent to which people possess what might be called “traditional” character traits, and, if they do not, what is instead responsible for their behavior. These character traits include the classic moral virtues such as compassion, honesty, and courage, along with the classic moral vices such as cruelty, dishonesty, and cowardice. The second claim builds on the first in attempting to problematize any ethical theory which is committed to traditional character traits, most notably Aristotelian virtue ethics. There are important similarities and differences between situationism in psychology and situationism in philosophy. This essay will only focus on the situationist movement in philosophy.
Violent Sports
Authors: Ramsay Marc
Published: June 2017

The term “violent sport” is sometimes used to distinguish boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) from other dangerous sports; several medical associations have reinforced this common view by calling for legal bans on both sports. On their view, boxing (including kickboxing) and MMA are morally distinct from other contact sports such as professional hockey, American football, and wrestling. Are boxing and MMA distinctively violent? When we speak of violence, we are usually talking about the intentional use of physical force against another person; the level of force is particularly high and it indicates the likelihood of serious physical harm. But harm and violence are not the same thing. Violence often causes physical harm, but not always. And physical harm can occur without violence.
Cell‐Engineered Nanovesicle as a Surrogate Inducer of Contact‐Dependent Stimuli
Authors: Kim Junho , Han Chugmin , Jo Wonju , Kang Sehong , Cho Siwoo , Jeong Dayeong , Gho Yong Song , Park Jaesung
Published: June 2017

Heterotypic interactions between cells are crucial in various biological phenomena. Particularly, stimuli that regulate embryonic stem cell (ESC) fate are often provided from neighboring cells. However, except for feeder cultures, no practical methods are identified that can provide ESCs with contact‐dependent cell stimuli. To induce contact‐dependent cell stimuli in the absence of living cells, a novel method that utilizes cell‐engineered nanovesicles (CNVs) that are made by extruding living cells through microporous membranes is described. Protein compositions of CNVs are similar to their originating cells, as well as freely diffusible and precisely scalable. Treatment of CNVs produced from three different stromal cells successfully induces the same effect as feeder cultures. The results suggest that the effects of CNVs are mainly mediated by membrane‐associated components. The use of CNVs might constitute a novel and efficient tool for ESC research.
Prussian Blue Nanocubes with an Open Framework Structure Coated with PEDOT as High‐Capacity Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Su Dawei , Cortie Michael , Fan Hongbo , Wang Guoxiu
Published: June 2017

It is shown that Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) can be a very competitive sulfur host for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Sulfur stored in the large interstitial sites of a PBA host can take advantage of reversible and efficient insertion/extraction of both Li+ and electrons, due to the well‐trapped mobile dielectron redox centers in the well‐defined host. It is demonstrated that Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] has a large open framework, and as a cathode, it both stores sulfur and acts as a polysulfide diffusion inhibitor based on the Lewis acid–base bonding effect. The electrochemical testing shows that the S@Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]@poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) composite achieves excellent reversibility, good stability, and fast kinetics. Its outstanding electrochemical properties should be ascribed to the internal transport of Li+/e−, maximizing the utilization of sulfur. Moreover, the open metal centers serve as the Lewis acid sites with high affinity to the negatively charged polysulfide anions, reducing the diffusion of polysulfides out of the cathode and minimizing the shuttling effect. The fundamental basis of these exceptional performance characteristics is explored through a detailed analysis of the structural and electrochemical behavior of the material. It is believed that the PBAs will have a useful role in ensuring more effective and stable Li–S batteries.
Controllable Photodynamic Therapy Implemented by Regulating Singlet Oxygen Efficiency
Authors: Wu Wenting , Shao Xiaodong , Zhao Jianzhang , Wu Mingbo
Published: June 2017

With singlet oxygen (1O2) as the active agent, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising technique for the treatment of various tumors and cancers. But it is hampered by the poor selectivity of most traditional photosensitizers (PS). In this review, we present a summary of controllable PDT implemented by regulating singlet oxygen efficiency. Herein, various controllable PDT strategies based on different initiating conditions (such as pH, light, H2O2 and so on) have been summarized and introduced. More importantly, the action mechanisms of controllable PDT strategies, such as photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and some physical/chemical means (e.g. captivity and release), are described as a key point in the article. This review provide a general overview of designing novel PS or strategies for effective and controllable PDT.
Tuning Luminescence and Conductivity through Controlled Growth of Polymorphous Molecular Crystals
Authors: Chen Songhua , Liu Huibiao , Li Yongjun , Li Dan , Li Yuliang
Published: June 2017

Clear structure–property correlation is of crucial importance for molecular materials for optical and electronic application. Here, a new intramolecular charge transfer compound (E)‐2‐{4‐[4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)styryl]benzylidene}malononitrile (TCBR) with a dicyanovinyl group as the electron acceptor and a carbazole group as the electron donor is designed and synthesized. Four different single crystals based on the cis and trans isomeric forms of this compound are grown simultaneously, which are both kinetically and thermodynamically stable. The different packing modes give rise to a dynamic crystal structure change, leading to dramatically different optical and electronic properties. The closer packing can effectively promote the π–π interactions to increase the exciton coupling and orbital overlap between neighbor molecules in crystals, which produces a redshift fluorescence emission and good conductivity. This permits one to tune the packing molecules in the solid state to specific applications in a more precise way. The results of this study highlight the power of designing new functional molecules for optical and electronic applications.
Investigation of Physical and Electronic Properties of GeSe for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Liu Shun‐Chang , Mi Yang , Xue Ding‐Jiang , Chen Yao‐Xuan , He Chao , Liu Xinfeng , Hu Jin‐Song , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: June 2017

GeSe is a promising absorber material for photovoltaic applications due to its attractive material, optical, and electrical properties as well as its low toxicity and earth abundance. The first GeSe‐based solar cell with 1.48% efficiency has been recently reported through self‐regulated rapid thermal sublimation. However, most of the fundamental physical and electronic properties of GeSe such as refractive index, dielectric constant, carrier mobility, lifetime, and diffusion length remain unclear, despite the necessity of this for the design of high‐performance GeSe solar cells. In this work, the above basic properties of GeSe are systematically studied by using spectroscopic ellipsometry, space charge limited current measurements, and transient absorption spectroscopy. These comprehensive results provide a solid foundation for the further development of GeSe solar cells.
The economic consequences of divorce in six OECD countries
Authors: de Vaus David , Gray Matthew , Qu Lixia , Stanton David
Published: June 2017

This article uses longitudinal data to estimate the short‐ and medium‐term economic effects of divorce in the USA, the UK, Switzerland, Korea, Germany and Australia during the first decade of the 21st century. Based on the data collected during the 2000s, in all of the countries studied, divorce had, on average, negative effects on the equivalised household incomes of women. However, the extent and duration of the negative effects of divorce differed markedly between countries. In all of the countries, the effects of divorce on the equivalised household income of men were smaller than for women. Although, using the available data, it is not possible to definitely explain the differences between countries, the analysis presented in this article has demonstrated that the average economic effects of divorce, particularly for women, are heavily influenced by the social security system, the labour market, family models and the family law system of each country. While the social security system and institutional arrangements such as child support and spousal maintenance do influence women's post‐divorce economic outcomes, what is most important in explaining cross‐country differences is women's labour market earnings and the extent to which re‐partnering occurs.
Lithiophilic Sites in Doped Graphene Guide Uniform Lithium Nucleation for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhang Rui , Chen Xiao‐Ru , Chen Xiang , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Yan Chong , Zhang Qiang
Published: June 2017

Lithium (Li) metal is the most promising electrode for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, the challenges induced by Li dendrites on a working Li metal anode hinder the practical applications of Li metal batteries. Herein, nitrogen (N) doped graphene was adopted as the Li plating matrix to regulate Li metal nucleation and suppress dendrite growth. The N‐containing functional groups, such as pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen in the N‐doped graphene, are lithiophilic, which guide the metallic Li nucleation causing the metal to distribute uniformly on the anode surface. As a result, the N‐doped graphene modified Li metal anode exhibits a dendrite‐free morphology during repeated Li plating and demonstrates a high Coulombic efficiency of 98 % for near 200 cycles.
Cesium's Off‐the‐Map Valence Orbital
Authors: Goesten Maarten G. , Rahm Martin , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: June 2017

The Td‐symmetric [CsO4]+ ion, featuring Cs in an oxidation state of 9, is computed to be a minimum. Cs uses outer core 5s and 5p orbitals to bind the oxygen atoms. The valence Cs 6s orbital lies too high to be involved in bonding, and contributes to Rydberg levels only. From a molecular orbital perspective, the bonding scheme is reminiscent of XeO4: an octet of electrons to bind electronegative ligands, and no low‐lying acceptor orbitals on the central atom. In this sense, Cs+ resembles hypervalent Xe.
A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Z‐Macrocycles Using Stereoretentive, Ruthenium‐Based Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Ahmed Tonia S. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: June 2017

A highly efficient, Z‐selective ring‐closing metathesis system for the formation of macrocycles using a stereoretentive, ruthenium‐based catalyst supported by a dithiolate ligand is reported. The catalyst is remarkably active as observed in initiation experiments showing complete catalyst initiation at −20 °C within 10 minutes. Macrocyclization reactions generated Z‐products from easily accessible diene starting materials bearing a Z‐olefin moiety. This approach provides a more efficient and selective route to Z‐macrocycles relative to previously reported systems. Reactions were completed within shorter reaction times, and turnover numbers of up to 100 could be achieved. Macrocyclic lactones ranging in size from twelve‐ to seventeen‐membered rings were synthesized in moderate to high yields (67–79 %) with excellent Z‐selectivity (95–99 %).
Heterogeneous Microtesla SABRE Enhancement of 15N NMR Signals
Authors: Kovtunov Kirill V. , Kovtunova Larisa M. , Gemeinhardt Max E. , Bukhtiyarov Andrey V. , Gesiorski Jonathan , Bukhtiyarov Valerii I. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. , Koptyug Igor V. , Goodson Boyd M.
Published: June 2017

The hyperpolarization of heteronuclei via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was investigated under conditions of heterogeneous catalysis and microtesla magnetic fields. Immobilization of [IrCl(COD)(IMes)], [IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl), imidazole‐2‐ylidene; COD=cyclooctadiene] catalyst onto silica particles modified with amine linkers engenders an effective heterogeneous SABRE (HET‐SABRE) catalyst that was used to demonstrate a circa 100‐fold enhancement of 15N NMR signals in 15N‐pyridine at 9.4 T following parahydrogen bubbling within a magnetic shield. No 15N NMR enhancement was observed from the supernatant liquid following catalyst separation, which along with XPS characterization supports the fact that the effects result from SABRE under heterogeneous catalytic conditions. The technique can be developed further for producing catalyst‐free agents via SABRE with hyperpolarized heteronuclear spins, and thus is promising for biomedical NMR and MRI applications.
Adsorption of platinum(IV) from an aqueous solution with magnetic cellulose functionalized with thiol and amine as a nano‐active adsorbent
Authors: Anbia Mansoor , Rahimi Fatemeh
Published: June 2017

In this study, magnetic cellulose was prepared and then functionalized by the grafting of glycidyl methacrylate and reaction with thiourea/amine [to produce grafted magnetic cellulose with thiol/amine (GMC–N/S)]. Thus, GMC–N/S as a nano‐active adsorbent was investigated for the adsorption of Pt(IV) in a batch system. A response surface methodology was used to study the effects of four independent variables [Pt(IV) concentration, temperature, pH of the solution, and adsorbent dose] and to optimize the process conditions for the maximum adsorption of platinum(IV) from aqueous solutions by GMC–N/S. A high coefficient of determination (R2 = 98.46) implied the adsorption of Pt(IV) onto the adsorbent in a valid manner, and only 1.54% of the total variable was not explained by the model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (GMC–N/S) for Pt(IV) was determined to be 40.48 mg/g. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45361.
Counter revolution
Authors: Summers Frank
Published: June 2017

As reported in this issue, the independent review of the relationship between the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) around national security issues found that there had been extensive collusion between the APA and the DoD to ensure that the APA would not adopt interrogation guidelines any more stringent than those already in place at the DoD. The APA response consisted of personnel changes involving the APA staff most directly involved, the passage of a resolution ending psychologists' involvement in detention centers that violate US or international law, and a promise to make changes in the way APA was operating to make its process more transparent to the membership. However, some members have strongly opposed such a wholesale adoption of the findings of the Hoffman Report (2015) and are not in favor of any changes for which the Hoffman Report is a foundational document. Whether this movement will succeed in its goal of reversing the momentum toward significant change in the APA may depend largely on the role the membership takes in the battle between the reformers and the conservatives. This essay is a study of the APA counter‐revolution.
Invasive Asian clam distribution pattern reveals minimal constraints to downstream dispersal and imperceptible ecological impacts
Authors: Pereira Joana Luísa , Vidal Tânia , Mendes Cristiana , Ré Ana , Santos Joana Isabel , Gonçalves Fernando , Castro Bruno Branco
Published: June 2017

The Asian clamCorbicula flumineais an invasive freshwater species that can cause adverse ecological and economic impacts. Information on its dispersal abilities, ecological preferences and impacts may contribute towards the improvement of management strategies, including those relating to regulatory demands such as the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).

Both the above perspectives were addressed through inspection of environmental constraints toC. flumineadispersal and impacts in a semi‐natural drainage catchment (interconnected system of ditches). Forty sites were surveyed in 2014 to describe the species distribution and to characterize benthic macroinvertebrate communities, water column and sediment physico‐chemistry, as well as the hydromorphological conditions.

Clams were unevenly distributed in the study area and artificial barriers (dikes) did not prevent downstream dispersal of juveniles. Large variation in clam density (0–3077 clams m−2) could not be explained by physico‐chemical or hydromorphological gradients. Although typical clam preference ranges reported in the literature were often exceeded, dense populations were nevertheless observed.

Macroinvertebrate community structure suggested associations between the Asian clam and some functional feeding groups. However, the impacts of clams on macroinvertebrate assemblages and ecological quality were negligible, suggesting that contemporary methods designed to comply with the WFD bioassessment scheme may fail to detect important drivers of ecological change in freshwater ecosystems.

This study demonstrated the reduced ecological impacts and broad ecological competence of the Asian clam, but also that its spread depends on human vectors. These findings highlight the need to rethink prediction tools supporting preventive measures against the introduction and spread of this invasive bivalve.
The entomopathogenic fungusNomuraea rileyiimpairs cellular immunity of its hostHelicoverpa armigera
Authors: Zhong Ke , Liu Zhan‐Chi , Wang Jia‐Lin , Liu Xu‐Sheng
Published: June 2017

In this study, we investigated the effect of the entomopathogenic fungusNomuraea rileyionHelicoverpa armigeracellular immune responses.Nomuraea rileyiinfection had no effect on total hemocyte count (THC), but impaired hemocyte‐mediated phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation responses.Nomuraea rileyiinfection led to a significant reduction in hemocyte spreading. An in vitro assay revealed that plasma fromN. rileyiinfectedH. armigeralarvae suppressed the spreading ability of hemocytes from naïve larvae. We infer thatN. rileyisuppresses the cellular immune response of its host, possibly by secreting exogenous, cytotoxic compounds into the host's hemolymph.
Cerebral gray matter volume reduction in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment patients and subcortical vascular dementia patients, and its relation with cognitive deficits
Authors: Li Maoyu , Meng Yao , Wang Minzhong , Yang Shuang , Wu Hui , Zhao Bin , Wang Guangbin
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) is the predementia stage of subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD). The aim of this research is to explore and compare cerebral gray matter (GM) volume reduction in svMCI patients and SVaD patients, and to investigate the relationship between cerebral GM volume reduction and cognitive deficits.

Methods

Thirty one svMCI patients, 29 SVaD patients, and 31 healthy controls were recruited in our research. They conducted neuropsychological tests and brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. To detect cerebral GM volume reduction in svMCI patients and SVaD patients, we used statistical parametric mapping 8‐voxel‐based morphometry 8 (SPM8‐VBM8) method to analyze MRI data. To detect the relationship between cerebral GM volume reduction and cognitive deficits, multiple linear regression analysis was used.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, svMCI patients showed cerebral GM volume reduction in hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, insula and superior temporal gyrus. Compared with healthy controls, SVaD patients exhibited more atrophy which encompasses all of these areas plus anterior and middle cingulate, inferior temporal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, and superior frontal gyrus. In svMCI patients, cerebral GM volume reduction correlated with memory loss, attention dysfunction, and language dysfunction; in SVaD patients, besides those cognitive deficits, cerebral GM volume reduction correlated with more cognitive impairments, including executive dysfunction, neuropsychiatric symptom, and depression.

Conclusions

Our findings prove that both svMCI patients and SVaD patients exhibit cerebral GM volume reduction and there may exist a hierarchy between svMCI and SVaD, and cerebral GM volume reduction in both svMCI patients and SVaD patients correlates with cognitive deficits, which can help us understand the mechanism of cognitive impairments in svMCI patients and SVaD patients, and diagnose SVaD at its early stage.
Climbing the mountain: Fear of treatment progress and its relevance to the treatment of children and adolescents with somatic symptom disorders
Authors: Willis Matthew D.
Published: June 2017

Somatic symptom disorders represent perhaps the single most challenging illness group in the treatment of children and adolescents. These illnesses, which can include all organ systems from the central nervous system (nonepileptic seizures) to the gastrointestinal tract (functional abdominal pain), all share the presence of physical symptoms that are assessed to be emotionally based, or at minimum to be associated with significant emotional contributing factors. From the process of patients and families coming to terms with the nuanced message from providers that physical symptoms are both real and emotionally based to the multidisciplinary and highly collaborative treatment necessary to ensure that these patients make the physical and emotional progress necessary to “get their lives back,” the treatment of children and adolescents with emotionally based physical symptoms is undoubtedly highly complex.
Put down the phone, pick up your feet: The importance of physical activity for young people
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2017

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least an hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day for children and youth aged 5 to 17. Any amount over that adds additional health benefits. And most of the activity should be aerobic.
Polylutidines: Multifunctional Surfaces through Vapor‐Based Polymerization of Substituted Pyridinophanes
Authors: Bally‐Le Gall Florence , Hussal Christoph , Kramer Joshua , Cheng Kenneth , Kumar Ramya , Eyster Thomas , Baek Amy , Trouillet Vanessa , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan , Lahann Joerg
Published: June 2017

We report a new class of functionalized polylutidine polymers that are prepared by chemical vapor deposition polymerization of substituted [2](1,4)benzeno[2](2,5)pyridinophanes. To prepare sufficient amounts of monomer for CVD polymerization, a new synthesis route for ethynylpyridinophane has been developed in three steps with an overall yield of 59 %. Subsequent CVD polymerization yielded well‐defined films of poly(2,5‐lutidinylene‐co‐p‐xylylene) and poly(4‐ethynyl‐2,5‐lutidinylene‐co‐p‐xylylene). All polymers were characterized by infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle studies, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, ζ‐potential measurements revealed that polylutidine films have higher isoelectric points than the corresponding poly‐xylylene surfaces owing to the nitrogen atoms in the polymer backbone. The availability of reactive alkyne groups on the surface of poly(4‐ethynyl‐2,5‐lutidinylene‐co‐p‐xylylene) coatings was confirmed by spatially controlled surface modification by means of Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. Compared to the more hydrophobic poly‐p‐xylylyenes, the presence of the heteroatom in the polymer backbone of polylutidine polymers resulted in surfaces that supported an increased adhesion of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Vapor‐based polylutidine coatings are a new class of polymers that feature increased hydrophilicity and increased cell adhesion without limiting the flexibility in selecting appropriate functional side groups.
Formation of Mefenamic Acid Nanocrystals with Improved Dissolution Characteristics
Authors: Konnerth Christoph , Braig Veronika , Ito Atsutoshi , Schmidt Jochen , Lee Geoffrey , Peukert Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

An industrially feasible formulation approach combining media milling and spray‐drying was applied to improve dissolution characteristics of the poorly soluble drug mefenamic acid (MA). The approach was studied for two MA polymorphs at different stressing and pH conditions. It was found that final MA product particle sizes are rather determined by the solid‐liquid equilibrium than by mechanical fracture. Obtained drug particles are only composed of the most stable polymorph. Direct compressed tablets containing MA nanocrystals exhibit a significant improvement of in vitro dissolution kinetics as compared to tablets with micronized drug particles.
Effects of Socially Responsible Supplier Development and Sustainability‐Oriented Innovation on Sustainable Development: Empirical Evidence from SMEs
Authors: Wu Guo‐Ciang
Published: June 2017

Recently, the trend toward sustainable development has led to different categories of sustainability‐oriented innovations (SOIs). Even though each SOI category could play an important role in enhancing sustainability performance (SP), which covers economic, environmental, and social dimensions, developing SOIs is a difficult task for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they have limited resources and expertise. From the sustainable supply chain management perspective, the practices of socially responsible supplier development (SRSD) by buying firms may help strengthen the SOIs in which their SME suppliers engage, thus contributing to improving SMEs' SP. Therefore, this study created a multidimensional research framework that links buying firms' SRSD with SME suppliers' SOIs and investigated the influence of SRSD and SOIs on SP. The empirical results show that SRSD practices significantly and positively affect SOIs, with SOIs helping to improve SP and fully mediating the relationship between SRSD and SP. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Evaluating Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Wang Zhihang , Udmark Jonas , Börjesson Karl , Rodrigues Rita , Roffey Anna , Abrahamsson Maria , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper
Published: June 2017

Efficient solar energy storage is a key challenge in striving toward a sustainable future. For this reason, molecules capable of solar energy storage and release through valence isomerization, for so‐called molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST), have been investigated. Energy storage by photoconversion of the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photothermal couple has been evaluated. The robust nature of this system is determined through multiple energy storage and release cycles at elevated temperatures in three different solvents. In a nonpolar solvent such as toluene, the DHA/VHF system can be cycled more than 70 times with less than 0.01 % degradation per cycle. Moreover, the [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6‐catalyzed conversion of VHF into DHA was demonstrated in a flow reactor. The performance of the DHA/VHF couple was also evaluated in prototype photoconversion devices, both in the laboratory by using a flow chip under simulated sunlight and under outdoor conditions by using a parabolic mirror. Device experiments demonstrated a solar energy storage efficiency of up to 0.13 % in the chip device and up to 0.02 % in the parabolic collector. Avenues for future improvements and optimization of the system are also discussed.
Silibinin affects the pharmacokinetics of methadone in rats
Authors: Pan Pei‐Pei , Wang Jun , Luo Jun , Wang Shuang‐Hu , Zhou Yun‐Fang , Chen Sai‐Zhen , Du Zhou
Published: June 2017

The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic effect of silibinin on methadone in rats. Twenty‐four male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, single dose of 100 mg/kg group, multiple doses of 100 mg/kg group, and multiple doses of 30 mg/kg group. A single dose of 6 mg/kg methadone was administrated to rats orally without or with silibinin. Plasma samples were collected via tail vein at different time points and concentrations of methadone and its metabolite, 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Compared with the control group (without silibinin), both 30 and 100 mg/kg silibinin significantly increased the Cmax of methadone, but only 100 mg/kg silibinin significantly increased the AUC(0‐t) of methadone and decreased its clearance. Pharmacokinetics parameters of EDDP were not altered by 30 mg/kg silibinin; its Tmax was decreased by 100 mg/kg silibinin and the Cmax was increased by single dose of 100 mg/kg silibinin. It is concluded that silibinin significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of methadone in rats by increasing the exposure of methadone. Further investigations in human should be conducted. Therapeutic drug monitoring of methadone in individuals undergoing methadone maintenance therapy is recommended when silibinin is concomitant.
Treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a cohort of young patients in a partial hospitalization program for eating disorders
Authors: Ornstein Rollyn M. , Essayli Jamal H. , Nicely Terri A. , Masciulli Emily , Lane‐Loney Susan
Published: June 2017

Objective

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a recently named condition to classify patients who present with restricted nutritional intake without body image distortion or fear of weight gain. We sought to compare treatment outcomes of patients with ARFID in a family‐centered partial hospital program (PHP) to those with other eating disorders (ED).

Method

A retrospective chart review of 130 patients 7–17 years of age admitted to the program from 2008 to 2012 was performed. Intake and discharge data included: length of stay; percentage median body mass index (%MBMI); and scores on the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Between and within group effects were measured for intake and discharge data.

Results

Patients with ARFID spent significantly fewer weeks in program than those with anorexia nervosa (AN) and experienced a similar increase in %MBMI as patients with AN and other specified/unspecified feeding and eating disorders. All patients exhibited significant improvements in psychopathology over the course of treatment as measured by scores on the ChEAT and RCMAS.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that patients with ARFID can be successfully treated in the same PHP as patients with other ED, with comparable improvements in weight and psychopathology over a shorter time period. Results are limited to patients with ARFID who exhibit an acute onset of severe food restriction. Future research should incorporate measures relevant to the diagnosis of ARFID and explore how patients with different ARFID subtypes may respond to various treatments.
Mangrove species' responses to winter air temperature extremes in China
Authors: Chen Luzhen , Wang Wenqing , Li Qingshun Q. , Zhang Yihui , Yang Shengchang , Osland Michael J. , Huang Jinliang , Peng Congjiao
Published: June 2017

The global distribution and diversity of mangrove forests is greatly influenced by the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes. However, our understanding of how different mangrove species respond to winter temperature extremes has been lacking because extreme freezing and chilling events are, by definition, relatively uncommon and also difficult to replicate experimentally. In this study, we investigated species‐specific variation in mangrove responses to winter temperature extremes in China. In 10 sites that span a latitudinal gradient, we quantified species‐specific damage and recovery following a chilling event, for mangrove species within and outside of their natural range (i.e., native and non‐native species, respectively). To characterize plant stress, we measured tree defoliation and chlorophyll fluorescence approximately one month following the chilling event. To quantify recovery, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence approximately nine months after the chilling event. Our results show high variation in the geographic‐ and species‐specific responses of mangroves to winter temperature extremes. While many species were sensitive to the chilling temperatures (e.g., Bruguiera sexangula and species in the Sonneratia and Rhizophora genera), the temperatures during this event were not cold enough to affect certain species (e.g., Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza). As expected, non‐native species were less tolerant of winter temperature extremes than native species. Interestingly, tidal inundation modulated the effects of chilling. In comparison with other temperature‐controlled mangrove range limits across the world, the mangrove range limit in China is unique due to the combination of the following three factors: (1) Mangrove species diversity is comparatively high; (2) winter air temperature extremes, rather than means, are particularly intense and play an important ecological role; and (3) due to afforestation and restoration efforts, several species of non‐native mangroves have been introduced beyond their natural range limits. Hence, from a global perspective, mangroves in China provide valuable opportunities to advance understanding of the effects of freezing and chilling temperatures on mangroves. Within the context of climate change, our findings provide a foundation for better understanding and preparing for mangrove species‐specific responses to future changes in the duration and intensity of winter temperature extremes.