bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin-Temperature Biofeedback Training: Cognitive and Developmental Factors in a Nonclinical Child Population
Authors: Labbé Elise E. , Delaney Deena , Olson Ken , Hickman Harry
Published: August 2011

The present study evaluated the relationship between skin-temperature biofeedback training for a nonclinical child population and several cognitive and developmental factors. 49 children were randomly assigned to control, standard feedback, or novel feedback conditions. State-anxiety, trait-anxiety, and depression scores improved for all groups. Health locus of control scores improved significantly for children receiving standard feedback. Children receiving biofeedback increased skin temperature regardless of their age, sex, or intellectual functioning.
Effects of a 12-Week Resistive Training Program in the Home Using the Body Bar on Dynamic and Absolute Strength of Middle-Age Women
Authors: Mortell Rosemarie , Tucker Larry
Published: August 2011

Guidelines published by the American College of Sports Medicine indicate that resistive training should be an integral part of an adult fitness program. Most adults will find it difficult to train resistively regularly unless they train in their own homes using simple, inexpensive equipment. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which participation in a 12-week resistive training program using the Body Bar, a simple, inexpensive resistive training device, in the home improves dynamic and absolute strength of middle-age women compared to similar women engaged in a walking program. A pretest-midtest-posttest design was employed with subjects randomly assigned to either a resistive ( n = 30) or a walking (control) group ( n = 30). All subjects were tested on measures of dynamic and absolute strength. Resistive trainers performed significantly better than the controls across the 12-week training period on all strength variables even with statistical control for potential confounders. Number of workouts performed and average intensity of each workout were both significant predictors of strength improvements among the resistive trainers.
An Examination by Forearm EMG on Pain Reaction Time to Radiant Heat
Authors: Hatayama Toshiteru , Shimizu Kayoko
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to estimate rise in skin temperature during a pain reaction time (pain RT) as a means of investigating why a pricking pain threshold, produced by thermal stimulation using time method, often increases during repeated measurements. The pain RT, or the time-delay between occurrence of pain sensation and a subsequent motor response, was measured by making EMG recording on a forearm. The radiant heat stimuli were three, 200, 300, and 350 mcal/sec./cm2, each of which was given through a round radiation window of an algesiometer head. Analysis showed that the pain RTs would be too short to explain higher pain thresholds often found using the time method.
Gender Differences in Sexualized Perceptions of others
Authors: Pierce Tyra , Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

15 men and 43 women read a scenario in which a woman either agreed to go to a man's dormitory room on the first date or declined his invitation. Participants rated the extent to which each scenario character communicated a desire to have sex to the other. Men were more inclined than women to attribute high sexual interest to the story characters when the woman agreed to go to the man's apartment but not when the woman refused. Contrary to Abbey's conclusion that men see the world in more sexual terms, it was concluded that men will not show this behavior unless they have been primed or at least encouraged by potentially promising female behavior.
The Effect of Preference for Rock Music on Magnitude-Estimation Scaling Behavior in Young Adults
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Harms Daniel , Banks Molly
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of preference for rock music on magnitude-estimation scaling behavior in young adults. Two groups of young adults, 20 who liked rock music and 20 who did not like rock music, were tested. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathreshold intensity levels of a 10-second sample of rock music. Analysis indicated that there was a difference in performance by the two groups of subjects on the magnitude-estimation scaling task. The subjects who liked rock music provided significantly lower mean numerical responses than the subjects who did not like rock music for all nine suprathreshold intensities.
Influence of Sex, Presentation Order, and Trial Blocks on Young Adults' Simple and Type-C Reaction Times
Authors: Lock Leonard K. , Berger Richard A.
Published: August 2011

This research examined the influence of sex, presentation order, and trial blocks on young adults' reaction times (RTs). Right-handed men and women ( n = 56) completed 20 simple and 40 type-c RT trials. Analysis of variance indicated that men reacted faster than women and that the simple task was performed more quickly than the type-c version. The significant interaction for type of task x trial blocks indicated that simple RTs became faster and type-c RTs slowed from the initial to subsequent trial blocks. The significant interaction for type of task x presentation order indicated that type-c task performance was quicker when administered first. Analysis of variance also showed that false positive errors on the type-c task were most frequent during the first trial block.
Teachers' Perceptions of Students' Feelings of Clothing Deprivation
Authors: Francis Sally K , Demissee Debbraw.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare teachers' perceptions of the feelings of perceived clothing deprivation among their students with the students' actual feelings. The samples consisted of 336 home economics students in Grades 9 through 12 from 6 high schools and 140 teachers employed by the same 6 schools. Results indicated that there was no difference between teachers and students on two measures of clothing deprivation, Inability to Buy and Clothing Deprivation Relative to Peers. In addition, a number of programs for meeting students' clothing needs were identified by the teachers.
Stop Sign Compliance: A Follow-up Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Analysis of 324 observations at a previously studied intersection showed a continuing decrease in full stops ( n = 13) with increased rolling ( n = 19) and no stops ( n = 292), suggesting change in meaning of beliefs.
Brainstem Frequency-Following Responses and Cortical Event-Related Potentials during Attention
Authors: Galbraith Gary C. , Kane John M.
Published: August 2011

Human brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) and cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) were evoked by a low-frequency (230 Hz) tone during directed attention. ERPs showed significant amplitude differences consistent with expected attention effects, viz., largest to attended stimuli and smallest to ignored stimuli. The ERP data thereby confirm that attention effectively modulated cortical responses. The FFR, however, did not differ between conditions. The present results agree with one earlier FFR study and a majority of studies using click stimuli to elicit the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER). However, several BAER studies and two recent FFR studies have shown that attention can influence human brainstem responses. The present results are therefore interpreted in the context of specific task requirements that optimize early selective attention effects.
Exploring the Everyday Life Incidence of Déjà Connu Experiences in Impression Formation
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J. , Noffsinger Edward B. , Caldwell Randy T. , Tutko Thomas A.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the everyday life incidence and nature of what we refer to as déjà connu experiences, i.e., situations where a newly encountered individual reminds the perceiver of someone else. The data were obtained in a survey of (250 women and 250 men) college students. The universality of déjà connu was indicated by significant differences in selection of the Very Often (9.4%), Often (25 8%), Occasionally (50.6%), Rarely (14.2%), and Never (0%) categories on a forced-choice item concerning frequency of such experiences. An inverted-U hypothesis is suggested as an heuristic model to describe the relationship between familiarity with any given individual and that person's “remembered other” referent value for the perceiver.
Auditory Startle Response in Blind Subjects
Authors: Bachar Eytan , Peri Tuvia , Halamish Rachel , Shalev Arieh Y.
Published: August 2011

Blindness is often associated with hypervigilance and arousal. The auditory startle response has been suggested as a measure of arousal. This study evaluated the auditory startle response of 10 blind individuals and 10 sighted controls who were exposed to a series of 15 1000-Hz, 95-db, 0-rise-time pure-tone stimuli, administered to both ears. The subjects' heart-rate, skin-conductance, and orbicularis-oculi-electromyogram responses to the tones were measured. Blind subjects did not differ from controls in the magnitude and in the habituation-rate of their responses. Results were interpreted as showing that blind persons' capacity for discriminative learning and for regulation of arousal is unimpaired. Task-related anxiety of blind persons should be differentiated from stimulus-related anxiety.
Challenge and Type a Scorers: Implications of Situational Consistency and Control
Authors: Doster Joseph A. , Guynes Jan L.
Published: August 2011

A transactional approach to Type A behavior was examined using a computer-editing task. 39 men and 47 women were assigned to treatment conditions involving either a fast, inconsistent, or slow computer-system response time. High scores on Type A and Competitiveness measures of the Jenkins Activity Survey were associated with users' briefer response times during fast and slow conditions. High scores on Competitiveness were associated with increased (post- minus pretask) state-anxiety scores during the fast condition and with decreased state-anxiety scores during the slow condition. Type A behavior scores were uncorrelated to subjects' response times or emotional reactivity during the inconsistent condition. Implications of situational predictability and control for Type A behavior pattern were discussed.
Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Locus of Control
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 97 high school students, lower external locus of control scores were associated weakly with suicidal preoccupation, in contrast to the results of an earlier study of college students.
Relations for Children in Grades 2, 3, and 4 between Balance Skills and Academic Achievement
Authors: Rizzuto Tom , Knight Diane
Published: August 2011

A one-way multivariate analysis of variance of the responses of 122 students enrolled in primary Grades 2, 3, and 4, with an age range of 7 to 11 years, yielded significant differences in the mean reading and mathematics academic achievement scores associated with six balance skills.
Clinical Correlates of Body-Size Distortion
Authors: Pumariega Andrés J. , Gustavson Carl R. , Gustavson Joan C. , Black Sandra A. , Gustavson Andrew R. , Reinarz Dianne , Probe Lanelle , Pappas Todd
Published: August 2011

Body-size distortion has been considered a central symptom of eating disorders. We studied 35 female eating-disordered patients and 85 controls using a computer-based body-size estimation technique. We have found almost identical linear relationships between body-size distortion and weight:height ratios in both groups. In the clinical group, distortion scores were not correlated with scores on the Eating Attitudes Test or Beck Depression Inventory but were negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory. These results raise further questions about the role of body-size distortion both as a diagnostic criterion and as a complicating phenomenon in eating disorders.
Auditory Information in Playing Tennis
Authors: Takeuchi Tatsuto
Published: August 2011

Three experienced tennis players used earplugs to deprive them of auditory information when playing tennis matches. They lost more games in the auditory-deprived condition than in the condition without earplugs. Their ability in receiving the service decreased although ability to deliver the service did not. These observations suggest that multisensory information is used in an adaptive manner when playing tennis.
Both Tilt and Misalignment are Manifestations of Angular Induction
Authors: Greene Ernest
Published: August 2011

With a Poggendorff configuration one sees two obliques as being misaligned, and with a Judd configuration one sees them as having different tilts, i.e., as being misoriented. It has been suggested that these are separate illusory effects. I submit, however, that one can see misorientation in the double Poggendorff and misalignment with a Judd-like configuration. It seems likely that both perceptual effects are manifestations of the same process.
Asymmetrical Visual Deprivation: A Technique to Differentially Influence Lateral Hemispheric Function
Authors: Levick Stephen E. , Wexler Bruce E. , Lorig Tyler , Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C. , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: August 2011

This article describes a contact-lens method to sustain asymmetry in visual deprivation and the use of this method to test the general hypothesis that asymmetry in input deprivation can shift activation balance in the integrated brain, differentially influencing lateral hemispheric function. Effects of asymmetrical visual deprivation were as predicted on lateral asymmetry of EEG theta, producing more theta over the deprived hemisphere. Cross-modal influence of such visual deprivation was found in the perception of pleasantness of odors. An interaction was found between side of visual deprivation and performance on verbal reasoning and spatial orientation tasks. A line-bisection test of visual attention was not sensitive to the effects. Fatigue as rated on the Profile of Mood States was greatest when the left hemisphere was deprived.
Mortality from Suicide in Follow-up Studies of Schizophrenics
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

An analysis of the percentage of completed suicides in ten follow-up studies of schizophrenics showed that the percentage was about 5% and not dependent on the length of the follow-up.
An Exploratory Study of Recruiters' Self-Ratings of Interpersonal Communication and Applicants' Decisions about Employment
Authors: Ralston Steven M. , Redmond Mark V. , Pickett Terry A.
Published: August 2011

The increasing criticism of using applicants' reports of recruiters' communication to explain postinterview outcomes suggests that alternative predictors should be identified. This exploratory investigation examined the extent to which 42 recruiters' self-ratings of interpersonal communication, specifically, empathy and involvement in the interaction, predict applicants' intent to accept a second offer for an interview. Analysis of data collected at campus screening interviews of 168 students showed that neither empathy nor involvement in the interaction significantly predicted applicants' postinterview decisions whereas, consistent with previous research, applicants' perception of recruiters' communication significantly predicted postinterview intentions. Training and research implications are addressed.
A Simple Procedure for Generating Nonnormal Data Sets: An Sas Program
Authors: Walsh John F.
Published: August 2011

An SAS program permits instructors to provide students simulated research data. Such data sets enable the student to learn how statistical measures vary as a function of the data. The program allows the instructor to construct distributions having nonnormal shapes by modifying the familiar standard unit normal distribution. Values for producing distributions which have different shapes are given.
Integrating Responses across Surveys Using Item Response Theory
Authors: Viswesvaran Chockalingam , Ones Deniz S.
Published: August 2011

This short note proposes and demonstrates the application of an Item Response Theory model to integrate responses across surveys. A preliminary illustration of the model is provided using three union attitude surveys with a total sample of 3,148. Advantages of applying Item Response Theory to survey data are discussed and directions for further use of the model are indicated.
A Clock Paradigm to Study the Relationship between Expectancy and Response Force
Authors: Jaskowski Piotr , Verleger Rolf
Published: August 2011

It has recently been demonstrated that the force used by subjects to press a response key depends on stimulation conditions such as stimulus intensity, foreperiod, etc. We performed an experiment in which response force and reaction time were measured as a function of expectancy. In contrast to the paradigms used so far, we manipulated expectancy without using warning stimuli by applying a so-called “clock-paradigm.” It enabled us to avoid the possible arousing effect of the warning stimulus. Both reaction time and response force depended on expectancy. The results suggest that response force was not affected by arousal or activation but was affected by preparatory state at the moment of making a response.
Comparison of Larger and Smaller Groups on a Ward for Physically Handicapped Children on Interaction in the “Present” Game
Authors: Miura Katsuo
Published: August 2011

During a game the number of presents from 23 severely handicapped children during 10 15-min. interactions were compared. Children in groups of 6 to 12 interacted more with peers than those in groups of 19 to 24. Smaller groups seemed more facultative of play.
Verb-Control Information in Parsing Japanese Reflexive Sentences
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study explores whether lexical information in verbs influences activation of an antecedent by a Japanese reflexive pronoun, jibun. Verb information specified that the reflexive was bound to an indirect object despite it being ordinarily associated with a subject in Japanese sentences. 30 students were administered a probe-recognition task in which a probe was given either for the subject or for the indirect object immediately after the reflexive or at the end of a sentence following the verb. Recognition times were faster for a subject-probe than for an indirect-object-probe regardless of the probe position. This finding indicates that the reflexive activates only the subject, and verb-control information is not immediately used when parsing Japanese sentences involving the reflexive.
On the Possibility of Intermittence during Fixations: A Conceptual Assessment
Authors: Talasli Umur
Published: August 2011

A prevalent tacit assumption of the continuity of visual representation during fixations is challenged and shown to be logically tenuous. Relying upon three lines of suggestive evidence, it is then argued that representation must be in the form of static snapshots which alternate with very short dark periods wherein the image is omitted from vision. In view of the difficulties of a direct experimental verification of such a high-frequency intermittence, a conceptual approach to the question is defended.
The Stability of National Suicide Rates over Time
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

National suicide rates in one year were strongly associated with the rates 32 and 48 years later, indicating their reliability for use in research.
Spatial Information Tested in Naturalistic Situations: Describing Routes
Authors: Baroni Maria Rosa , Peron Erminielda Mainardi
Published: August 2011

Descriptions of an urban route were requested from 54 subjects who represented three levels of familiarity with the route. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the verbal reports showed that previous familiarity is not always a good predictor of a better knowledge of the place and that the concept of familiarity for environments is more articulated than generally thought.
Foot-Tapping Speed in Children Ages 4 to 6 Years
Authors: Gabbard Carl , Hart Susan
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the performance and measurement characteristics of foot-tapping speed in 155 4- to 6-year-olds. Analysis suggested that, while the task does not differentiate between preferred and nonpreferred limbs, performance does appear to be age-related, that is, subjects tapped significantly faster with increasing age. Considering type of task and population, reliability was judged as moderate.
Horizontal Overextension in Copies of Handwriting Dependent on Characteristics of the Model and the Habitual Handwriting of the Copier
Authors: Halder-Sinn Petra , Born Petra
Published: August 2011

In handwritten copy there are often systematic errors such as horizontal and vertical overextension and increased uprightness in slant. This study was designed to find out whether the horizontal overextension depends on characteristics of the model, on the mode of copy production, or on the characteristics of the copier's normal handwriting. 100 subjects copied different models with and without interruptions of movement. Contrary to expectations there was less overextension with a continuous mode of production and with more extended models; familiarity with the model had no effect on the extension error. Further analysis showed that the overextension was particularly small during longer horizontal passages. The correlations with the subjects' normal handwriting were only minimal. In the discussion possible bases for the overextension and the consequences for expertise in forensic handwriting analysis were considered.
Stereophotometric Testing for Pulfrich's Phenomenon in Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Hofeldt Albert J. , Hoefle Frank B.
Published: August 2011

Major League players were significantly more accurate in performing stereophotometry than were Minor League players. The stereophotometric data based upon the induction and extinction thresholds of the Pulfrich phenomenon were significantly correlated with the batting averages of Major League baseball players. The coefficient of determination, r2, implies that visual ability as measured by stereophotometry accounts for 47% or more of the variation in batting averages of the Major League players. This test may be a useful index in predicting batting ability.
An Informal Look at a Short-Lived Commuter Parking Lot Crowd
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Daily observations trace informal commuter action in using a newly cleared unposted field for station parking. During approximately 10 weeks from the time the space became available until it was closed off (by fencing) a number of conventional characteristics of crowd behavior were evidenced.
Language, Personal-Social Abilities, and Motor Performance in Preschool Children and Family Characteristics of Addicts in Southern Italy
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A.
Published: August 2011

To replicate a previous study on the same argument by Powers, Duran, and Reynolds (1993), 38 substance abusers' scores on family cohesion, expression, conflict, and the abilities of their children (language, personal-social abilities, fine and gross motor performance) were analyzed. The nonsignificant results confirm those found by Powers, et al.
Effect of Physical Exercise on the Performance of Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Sparrow W. A. , Wright B. J.
Published: August 2011

This experiment examined the effect of physical exercise on measures of cognitive performance, Raven's Matrices, and an adaptation of the revised WAIS arithmetic subtest. We also tested the inverted-U hypothesis of an interactive relation between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance. 50 physically active men were assigned to five groups ( n = 10) of equal physical fitness based on predicted maximum oxygen uptake. Three exercise groups undertook bench stepping at mean power outputs of either 47, 75, or 120 watts. One control group played Bingo and another control had no activity. There was no change in the Raven's Matrices scores pre- to posttest intervention, neither were there any between-group differences either pre- or posttest. The arithmetic scores were significantly higher over-all ( p <.05) on the post-test, but there were no reliable differences between groups either pre- or posttest. These results suggest that short duration (6 min.) aerobic exercise has no effect on cognitive performance. This finding supports the majority of previous studies that used step-up tasks to examine the relation between physical exercise and cognitive performance.
Asymmetries of Manual Motor Response in Relation to Age, Sex, Handedness, and Occupational Activities
Authors: Vasconcelos Olga
Published: August 2011

Questions about left- and right-hand asymmetries require the analysis of preference and manual skill with respect to handedness. Hand preference and hand skill were examined in relation to sex, age, and occupational activities. 512 adults from manual, mixed, and intellectual activities and 253 children were tested for their manual preferences and performance. Analysis of variance followed by Scheffé post hoc tests, for right-handed adults, indicated significant effects for occupational activity and sex in dexterity and strength. Manual workers, under technological pressure, seemed more consistent in their manual preferences than their peers. For left-handed persons there were no significant effects. Dexterity and strength were also related to sex and age, suggesting different cultural opportunities for both sexes in relation to motor activities.
Adolescent Time Perspective: A Further Note
Authors: Lennings C. J.
Published: August 2011

Researchers on temporal extension have moved from using global measures of temporal extension to using domain-specific measures. A reanalysis of 1992 data from 98 boys and 103 girls tested whether domain-specific measures of temporal extension were correlated with global measures of both past and future temporal extension. Moderate correlations support the generalisation of findings from earlier studies, using global measures, to more recent studies with domain-specific measures.
Effect of Preference for Rock Music on Magnitude-Production Scaling Behavior in Young Adults: A Validation
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Petrosino Linda , Banks Molly
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of preference for rock music on magnitude-production scaling behavior in young adults as an attempt to validate further the 1993 magnitude-estimation scaling results obtained by Fucci, Harris, Petrosino, and Banks. Two groups of young adults, 20 who liked rock music and 20 who disliked rock music, were tested. Subjects were instructed to adjust the intensity of a 10-sec. sample of rock music in response to seven written stimuli presented in random order. Analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in performance by the two groups of subjects on the magnitude-production scaling task. Those subjects who liked rock music adjusted the intensity of the music to higher levels than did the subjects who disliked rock music.
Intensity of Amnesia during Hypnosis is Positively Correlated with Estimated Prevalence of Sexual Abuse and Alien Abductions: Implications for the False Memory Syndrome
Authors: Dittburner Terri-Lynn , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

20 normal young women listened to an ambiguous story concerning a young boy who experienced fear, odd smells, and a smothering sensation during the night and skin lesions the next morning. After the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) had been established, they were asked to estimate either the percentage prevalence of childhood sexual abuse or alien abduction in the general population. There were moderate (0.50) positive correlations between the subjects' estimates of prevalence and the amount of amnesia (“lost time”) and indices of right-hemispheric anomalies (history of sensed presence and left-ear suppressions during a dichotic-listening task). Relevance of observations to formation of the False Memory Syndrome and to the development of nonpsychotic delusions is discussed.
Random-Number Generation and the Menstrual Cycle: Preliminary Evidence for a Premenstrual Alteration of Frontal Lobe Functioning
Authors: Brugger Peter , Milicevic Annina , Regard Marianne , Cook Norman D.
Published: August 2011

20 women ( M age = 30.4 yr.) were given the “Mental Dice Task” (randomization of the numbers from 1 to 6) once during the preovulatory and once during the premenstrual phases of their menstrual cycles. In addition, for both test sessions a premenstrual-symptom score was assessed reflecting self-rated severity of cognitive, affective, and somatic complaints during the preovular and the premenstrual phases. In comparison to series of real dice throws, the Mental Dice sequences of all the subjects showed a relative lack of repetitions and an excess of counting at both times of testing. Counting bias was significantly enhanced in the sequences generated during the premenstrual testing and the size of this bias was positively correlated with the self-rated severity of premenstrual symptoms. Pronounced counting despite the instruction to randomize was interpreted as reflecting decreased ability to suppress task-irrelevant cues and indicating a relative impairment of frontal lobe functioning. Resistance of the Mental Dice Task towards expectation biases renders a sociopsychological interpretation of these results improbable. We conjecture that, like other cognitive processes, frontal lobe functions also fluctuate with hormonal changes.
Domestic Integration and Suicide in England and Wales, 1901-1975
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a rime-series regression for England and Wales from 1901 to 1975, divorce, marriage, and illegitimacy rates were not significantly associated with suicide rates.
Anarthria Impairs Subvocal Counting
Authors: Cubelli Roberto , Nichelli Paolo , Pentore Roberta
Published: August 2011

We studied subvocal counting in two pure anarthric patients. Analysis showed that they performed definitively worse than normal subjects free to articulate subvocally and their scores were in the lower bounds of the performances of subjects suppressing articulation. These results suggest that subvocal counting is impaired after anarthria.
Influence of Expectancy of Opponents' Competence upon Information Processing of Their Discrete Attributes
Authors: Miki Hiromi , Tsuchiya Hironobu , Nishino Akira
Published: August 2011

This paper suggests that the expectancy of an opponent's competence can make players conserve their attention towards the opponent's discrete attributes and make them confirm their expectancy with the attributes. 11 male and 9 female undergraduate students expected to compete with a fictitious subject under three conditions; conditions created by the opponent's record of four wins, four losses, or no record. Subjects made comments about the opponent's discrete abilities, some weaknesses, and some strengths into a tape recorder. Both weaknesses and strengths of the opponent with no record were attended to more than those with records. Concerning the opponents with records, a tendency to reconfirm expectancies was detected, that is, the discrete abilities were likely to be attributed to the record.
Choice Reaction Times for Structural Relationships between Possible Response Sequences
Authors: Shidoji Kazunori
Published: August 2011

To investigate human motor programming, choice reaction times were measured on tasks for which subjects made choices between two alternative finger-tapping-movement sequences. The total-number-of-responses and the hierarchical editor models were tested. In Exp. 1 the choice was carried on the situations with the same total numbers of possible responses and different structural relations between alternative sequences. The right-hand reaction times in mirror choice (e.g., subject chose between the middle, index, and ring finger sequences of the left or right hand) were shorter than those in nonmirror choice (e.g., subject chose between the middle, index, and ring finger sequence on one hand and the middle, ring, and index finger sequence on the other hand); the total-number-of-responses model was not supported. In Exp. 2 two conditions had the same operation numbers of the hierarchical editor model. In Condition 1 subjects chose between the index finger of the right hand and the ring, index, and middle finger sequence of the left hand. In Condition 2 subjects chose between the index, ring, and middle finger sequences of the left or right hand. The reaction time in the former condition was shorter than that in the latter condition. Exp. 2 exhibited a counterexample of the hierarchical editor model that had been fairly robust in previous studies.
Visual Integration during Saccadic and Pursuit Eye Movements: The Importance of Spatial Framework
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Suzuki Naoto
Published: August 2011

Three experiments were conducted to clarify the function of spatiotopic and retinotopic visual persistence during pursuit and saccadic eye movements. Exps. 1 and 2 both showed spatiotopic visual integration for both types of eye movements, although shorter stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was set in Exp. 2. Exp. 3 was conducted with special attention to the absence of target stimuli when masking stimuli were presented. Although duration of target stimuli and stimulus onset asynchrony in Exp. 3 were longer than those in the first two experiments, analysis contrastively showed retinotopic visual integration during saccades and very low accuracy rates under all conditions during pursuit eye movements. The above indicates that the basis for the functional switching between spatiotopic and retinotopic visual integration may have been the existence of a visual framework for visual integration or the synchronous existence of target and masking stimuli in the visual field, not the duration of target stimuli and stimulus onset asynchrony. Such integration of the reference point may possibly be processed through a higher mechanism and not at the retinal level.
Interpolation of Forms in Random-Dot Stereograms with Varying Dot Densities
Authors: Kobayashi Iwao
Published: August 2011

The types of forms which influence the effectiveness of stereopsis were investigated using random-dot stereograms with varying dot densities. 4 university students participated in the experiment in which 50 trials were presented randomly using five forms of the two densities. The reaction times from the RDS presentation to pushing the key when the form was identified were analysed. The interpolation of the corners of forms became difficult because density was reduced.
Dissociative Experience in a Group of Adolescents with History of Abuse
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Hiott Jey
Published: August 2011

57 successive admissions of adolescents with a history of abuse were examined to assess the extent of dissociative experience and possible differences in amount of dissociation related to types of abuse (physical, sexual, and both). The subjects showed a trend towards increased dissociation with inclusion of sexual abuse in their histories, and over-all significant dissociation when compared with a general inpatient psychiatric sample.
Dark Adaptation in Disabled Readers Screened for Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome
Authors: Carroll Thomas Anthony , Mullaney Paul , Eustace Peter
Published: August 2011

A peripheral retina, photoreceptor, or transient visual-system deficit has been suggested as a basis for dyslexia. We performed dark adaptation using a Goldmann-Weekers adaptometer on 41 dyslexic readers subjected to the Irlen Differential Perceptual Schedule for the Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome and on 23 volunteers of normal reading ability, all aged between 10 and 20 years. 12 of the 41 disabled readers examined had abnormally poor dark adaptation at peripheral retinal locations consistent with a rod processing-system deficit.
Effects of Gender Bias on the Evaluation of Male and Female Swim Coaches
Authors: Medwechuk Nicole , Crossman Jane
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether male and female swimmers exhibit gender biases toward male and female coaches who vary in status. Subjects were 18 male and 20 female competitive swimmers from the Thunder Bay Thunderbolt Swim Club, Ontario, Canada. Each subject responded to a questionnaire that included a coaching philosophy statement of either a high- or low-status coach and four questions using Likert format. These pertained to the knowledge of the coach, ability of the coach to motivate, the athlete's personal desire to swim for that coach, and the anticipated future success of the coach. The swimmers were asked to decide by which coach they would prefer to be coached. Analysis indicated that male and female athletes do not rate male coaches differently from each other. Both groups preferred and rated same-sex coaches higher in ability to motivate, desire to swim for, and anticipated future success. The gender of the athletes' present coach had a significant effect on whether the athletes chose a male or female coach.
Validity of Students' Retrospective Perceptions of School Climate
Authors: Payne David A.
Published: August 2011

The responses to a retrospective opinionnaire concerning school environment by 63 students and 4 teachers were contrasted. Of 16 items 13 showed significant associations. A 67% exact response-match was observed together with an average correlation between students' and teachers' responses of .31. The data were interpreted as supporting the validity of the retrospective method.
Teachers' Perceptions of Psychologists' Reports of Assessment
Authors: Hagborg Winston J. , Aiello-Coultier Mary
Published: August 2011

While teachers' perceptions of psychologists' reports have often been studied, using many different methods, they have rarely been examined using teachers' perceptions of actual reports they have received on their students. With 54 completed confidential questionnaires, teachers' perceptions of psychologists' reports were positive in several areas previously reported to be weaknesses, including ease of understanding, use of technical language, relevance, and teachers' satisfaction. However, consistent with previous studies, teachers found recommendations too few in number and lacking in concreteness. Very few significant differences were found in teachers' perceptions whether the evaluation was an initial one or a reevaluation, or they taught regular or remedial or special education or had been teaching for several or many years. However, when the reports were read by either frequent or infrequent readers, teachers who read 4 or more reports per year viewed them as significantly less helpful, accurate, or relevant. The findings of this study are limited by the quire low response rate as only 28% of 190 teachers completed the questionnaire.
Thumb Rule of Visual Angle: A New Confirmation
Authors: Groot Carol , Ortega Francesc , Beltran Francesc S.
Published: August 2011

The classical thumb rule of visual angle was reexamined. Hence, the visual angle was measured as a function of a thumb's width and the distance between eye and thumb. The measurement of a thumb's width when held at arm's length was taken on 67 second-year students of psychology. The visual angle was about 2° as R. P. O'Shea confirmed in 1991. Also, we confirmed a linear relationship between the size of a thumb's width at arm's length and the visual angle.
Effects of Self- and other Disclosure on Reciprocity
Authors: Hitz Letitia C. , Schuldt W. John
Published: August 2011

Subjects ( N = 72) disclosed longer and more intimately when an experimenter disclosed in reference to self or in reference to others than when she did not disclose. No significant differences were shown between self- and other disclosure.
A Proposed Classification Scheme for Rorschach Autisms
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Rinn Roger C.
Published: August 2011

Exner's WSUM6 score includes only a select few of the Rorschach “autisms” (i.e., perceptual-cognitive distortions) observed by various authors over the years. A logical and clinically relevant classification scheme was presented which is inclusive enough to capture most types of Rorschach autisms. These include relationship errors (RELERs), hyperattentional errors (HYPERs), and errors of underattention (HYPOs). Empirical comparisons among diagnostic groups on these three categories of autisms were recommended.
Adults with Dyslexia Have a Deficit in Voice Recognition
Authors: Brachacki Gregory W. Z. , Fawcett Angela J. , Nicolson Roderick I.
Published: August 2011

A group of 7 dyslexic students and 8 nondyslexic students matched for age and IQ were tested on recognition of computer-presented voices and faces. Although face recognition showed a ceiling effect which prevented any solid conclusions being drawn from this task, the dyslexic group were significantly impaired on the recognition of voices.
Two Reduced-Bias Autocorrelation Estimators: rF1 and rF2
Authors: Huitema Bradley E. , McKean Joseph W.
Published: August 2011

Among the problems associated with the application of time-series analysis to typical psychological data are difficulties in parameter estimation. For example, estimates of autocorrelation coefficients are known to be biased in the small-sample case. Previous work by the present authors has shown that, in the case of conventional autocorrelation estimators of ρ1 the degree of bias is more severe than is predicted by formulas that are based on large-sample theory. Two new autocorrelation estimators, rF1 and rF2, were proposed; a Monte Carlo experiment was carried out to evaluate the properties of these statistics. The results demonstrate that both estimators provide major reduction of bias. The average absolute bias of rF2 is somewhat smaller than that of rF1 at all sample sizes, but both are far less biased than is the conventional estimator found in most time-series software. The reduction in bias comes at the price of an increase in error variance. A comparison of the properties of these estimators with those of other estimators suggested in 1991 shows advantages and disadvantages for each. It is recommended that the choice among autocorrelation estimators be based upon the nature of the application. The new estimator rF2 is especially appropriate when pooling estimates from several samples.
Magnitude-Estimation Scaling: An Effective Method for the Measurement of the Quality of Filtered Speech
Authors: Fucci Donald , Domyan Steve , Ellis Lee , Harris Daniel
Published: August 2011

17 subjects provided magnitude estimations in the form of quality judgments of a filtered speech stimulus which was a nonsense sentence containing all of the consonants of English from Fairbanks. It was presented to subjects at 8 high-pass and 8 low-pass filtering conditions. Consistent magnitude estimations to the filtered stimulus were similar for both conditions. Also, for both conditions, subjects' numerical responses consistently increased in value as stimulus quality was judged to be poorer.
Amount of Asymmetry in Grasp Reflex Depends on the Grasp Reflex of the Left Hand in Human Neonates
Authors: Tan U.
Published: August 2011

Grasp-reflex strengths from right and left hands were measured in 33 human neonates. There was no significant correlation between right minus left grasp-reflex strength and grasp-reflex strength from the right hand. The grasp-reflex strength of the left hand was negatively linearly correlated with the right minus left grasp-reflex strength. It was suggested that the right brain may be the main determinant for the motor asymmetry in hands.
An Exploratory Study of Mirror-Image Shape Discrimination in Young Children: Vision and Touch
Authors: Itakura Shoji , Imamizu Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

30 children (18 boys and 12 girls) with a mean age of 4 yr., 8 mo. were subjects in an experiment testing the relative dominance of visual and tactual modalities in mirror-image shape discrimination. The sets of unfamiliar stimuli (written and wooden letters of the English alphabet, P, B, C, U, R, F) were presented to the children randomly. Children matched the stimulus with either another visual or another tactual shape. Analysis suggests touch is not inferior to vision in mirror-image shape discrimination. These results are different from those of previous reports comparing tactual and visual discrimination with nonmirror-image patterns.
Implications for Dynamic Visual Acuity with Changes in Age and Sex
Authors: Ishigaki Hisao , Miyao Masaru
Published: August 2011

Using a Landolt ring with a gap of 40' of arc which moved at a decreasing velocity until the gap was discriminated, we measured the dynamic visual acuity of 826 subjects, males and females ages 5 to 92 years, and found rapid development between the ages of 5 and 15 years. This experiment showed that dynamic discrimination peaked at age 15 and then declined at a constant rate from age 20 on. The discrimination of male subjects was superior to that of female subjects at most ages, but a significant sex difference was observed only at age 5. We speculate that males may have better discrimination than females but variability is substantial.
Two Notes on Impossible Figures
Authors: Molins Josep V.
Published: August 2011

Two comments suggest possible documentation for two impossible figures, the Penrose triangle and Necker's cube.
Visual-Haptic Relations in a Two-Dimensional Size-Matching Task
Authors: Schultz Laura M. , Petersik J. Timothy
Published: August 2011

Visual and haptic perceptions of the two-dimensional size of square stimuli were compared using cross-modal, intramodal, and bimodal matching tasks. In a repeated-measures factorial design, 12 women participated in five matching tasks involving various combinations of vision and haptic touch; five sizes of standard squares were matched with a comparison range of 10 squares during each task. Analysis showed that, for stimuli with side lengths of .75 in. and smaller, matching accuracy was superior when vision was used during the matching task regardless of the modality used during inspection. When haptic touch was used in the matching task, accuracy was better when vision had been used during inspection than when it bad not. These results were consistent with those of previous studies comparing size perception by vision and other forms of touch. The over-all relationship between matched size and inspected size was best accounted for by a third-order polynomial function.
Maternal Teaching Behaviors and Temperament in Preschool Children
Authors: Bomba Anne K. , Goble Carla B. , Moran James D.
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the relationship between young children's temperament and maternal teaching techniques in 20 mother-child dyads. Children's temperament was assessed by mothers' reports on the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Teaching behaviors, as assessed with the Maternal Teaching Observation Technique, were inquiry, directive, negative verbal feedback, modeling, visual cue, physical affection, positive physical control, and negative physical control Correlations were − .55 to − .60 for activity with mothers' use of verbal cues, children's adaptability and mothers' positive and negative verbal feedback, and children's distractability and mothers' modeling. The need for further research on parent-child interactions is noted.
Teachers' Perception of Students' Behavior
Authors: Silvestri Lynette , Dantonio Marylou , Eason Sandra
Published: August 2011

Six classroom teachers rated their Grade 4 students' behavior on five subtests and repeated the rating five months later after four classes had been exposed to self-development or relaxation-imagery programs. Correlations for students' and teachers' perceptions of students' behavior were statistically significant on two subtests at pretest and three subtests at posttest. A comparison of total mean scores of teachers' perceptions at posttest indicated a significant difference by group with the trained groups' self-esteem being superior to the other groups.