bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parabolic Solar Collector Coverage Made of High-Performance Concrete with Addition of Active Rice Husk Silica Integrated to a Biomass Thermoelectric Unit
Authors: Conte Rosa Ana , Pinatti Daltro Garcia , Marton Luiz Fernando M. , Ribeiro Sebastião , Acosta Thaís Witt , Cruz Raul A.P.A. , Santiago Heron F.
Published: December 2014

Production of active rice husk silica (ARHS) in bubbling fluidized bed boiler of a thermoelectric unit (TEU) and its addition to high performance concrete (HPC) with a compression resistance of 90 MPa was developed in the last 10 years. A first factory in Brazil was established at Alegrete town, RS, and other factories are under planning. Data of ARHS production, specification and HPC trace are presented. Design of parabolic solar collector coverage (PSCC) for air heating for biomass drying in a special silo of the TEU is presented as well. Cost of HPC/ARHS is 10 times less than steel (USD 200/ton vs. USD 2000/ton, specific mass 2.5 vs. 7.6 g/cm3, respectively). Those characteristics allow simultaneous solution of four ecological problems: large span coverage, rain water collection, daily solar energy collection and storage, and drying of biomass. The integration of those characteristics results in decrease of biomass consumption maintaining the same UTE efficiency. Tracking parabolic solar collector can be avoided between Cancer and Capricorn Tropics, and it is sufficient its eastern-western orientation with inclination to the Equator by the latitude angle. Coverage of the area occupied by TEU is sufficient to dry its biomass consumption. Preheating of boiler water with solar energy is possible decreasing biomass consumption in sunny days; biomass is partially consummed at night and cloudy days. Coupling the above technologies with high pressure steam TEU and fast-growing short-rotation forest gives to the biomass electrical energy generation a competitive economical position with hydraulic, coal, natural gas, and aeolic energy generation.
Microstructure of Agglomerate Produced with Charcoal as Substitution Fuel
Authors: Butkovská Mária , Fröhlichová Mária
Published: December 2014

Worldwide laboratory research proves that replacement of coke breeze by solid biomass in the process of agglomeration is possible [1,2,3]. One possibility of solid biomass use is the charcoal. Literature indicates that coke breeze can be replaced by charcoal up to 40% based on calorific value [4]. This paper deals with the poblems of coke breeze substitution by charcoal in laboratory conditions sintering and the impact of such substitution on the resulting agglomerate properties, i.e. microstructure. Agglomerate microstructure consists of mineralogical phases; hematite, magnetite, calcium and aluminum silico-ferrites, and silicates. Substituting coke breeze for charcoal up to 40% in the process of agglomeration, slight changes occur in the volume fractions of individual phases of the agglomerates. Volume fractions of agglomerate phases change significantly above 40% substitution by charcoal. Phase composition has an effect on the quality characteristics of the produced agglomerate. The amount of calcium and aluminum silico-ferrites influences the strength of the agglomerate [5].
The Influence of Current Density on Tribological Behavior Ni-Co Electroplated Coatings
Authors: Hagarová Mária , Jakubéczyová Dagmar , Hvizdoš Pavol , Fečková Zuzana , Vojtko Marek , Dúl Gabriel
Published: December 2014

Nowadays, more and more scientific studies deal with the formation of electroplating alloy coatings due to the possibility of combination and share content type metal – forming alloy. To produce coatings that fulfil pre-defined specific requirements is possible by a suitable combination of process conditions. The paper deals with the study of tribological properties of Ni-Co coatings that were prepared by electrodeposition technique from sulphate electrolyte on the copper substrate. Effect of current density on the properties of electroplated coatings was determined via a morphology characteristics and micro-hardness of coating′surface. The tribological behaviour of Ni – Co coatings was described by friction coefficient using the pin-on-disc method.
The Modified AlSi7Mg0.3 Cast Alloy Mechanical Properties Changes at Different Testing Temperatures
Authors: Hurtalová Lenka , Tillová Eva
Published: December 2014

The Al-Si cast alloy mechanical properties and microstructure depends on the chemical composition; melt treatment conditions, solidification rate, casting process and the applied thermal treatment. Modification can be achieved by several methods as faster solidification, mould vibration, and melt inoculation by using chosen elements like Sr, Na, Sb, etc. Present work is focused on study of the effect of Sb-modification (with AlSb10 from 0 up to 300 ppm) on the structure and mechanical properties in AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloy. AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy can be used for high temperature casting (e.g. engine, pistons) therefore is necessary to determine the properties at higher temperature. The mechanical properties were evaluated at room (21 °C) and 260 °C. The results show that the modification of experimental material is important. Experimental alloy has by optimal modification (50 ppm Sb) UTS at 260 °C above 100 MPa.
A Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Lumbar Bilateral Implants Manufactured by Additive and Conventional Technologies
Authors: Fedorová Lucia , Poláček Irenej , Hudák Radovan , Mihaliková Mária , Živčák Jozef
Published: December 2014

Spinal implants are mechanical equipments that facilitate fusion, correct deformities, and stabilize and strengthen the spine. To make an implant efficient, it has to endure without any failure, especially mechanical damage, stand all the static and dynamic loads incurred in spine during everyday activities, and maintain the necessary position of motive segments during the bone adhesion. [1] Human spine is exposed to the highest load in the lumbar section [2]; therefore, lumbar bilateral implants require higher attention in terms of mechanical parameters verification. The main objective of this paper was to compare mechanical properties of lumbar bilateral systems using the spinal implants manufactured by the conventional method and the Direct Metal Laser Sintering method (DMLS). Detection of mechanical properties enables the assessment of possible replacement of commercial manufacture with the DMLS manufacture. On the basis of the ASTM F1717 standards providing the essentials for the comparison of mechanical properties of spinal systems, twenty mechanical compression tests were carried out. Mechanical tests were carried out using 20 spinal bars with the diameter of 11 mm and the fastening length of 260 mm, manufactured by the DMLS technology while using the EOSINT M280 equipment (EOS, Germany), and 20 identical spinal bars manufactured by the conventional technology. Results obtained in mechanical compression tests indicate that both manufacture methods are comparable and there are no significant differences between them, as for the strength characteristics. Other trials will be focused on static tensile tests and cyclical tests of lumbar bilateral systems.
Influence of Metallurgical Treatment on Properties of Ductile Cast Iron GJS 400-18 LT
Authors: Bartošová Marianna , Pribulová Alena , Bibko Jozef , Futáš Peter
Published: December 2014

Cast iron with spheroidal graphite is a very good constructional material. Production of castings from standard kinds of nodular cast irons is quite good managed, but manufacturing of mark GJS 400-18 LT with excelent strength and plastic properties by minus temperatures is complicated, because it reacts very sensitively on the changing of melting conditions and metallugical treatment. The contribution is focused on an observation of changing of structure and mechanical properties by different ways of metallurgical treatment. In operating conditions of foundry three series of melts were made. From every melt the mould with testing pieces „Y“ with dimensions 25 x 40 x 140 mm was poured. Tensile test, impact test and metalographic analyse were realized on the test samples.
Structural Properties of Ni-Co Electroplated Coatings Studied by X-Ray Micro-Beam
Authors: Milkovič Ondrej , Hagarová Mária , Michaliková Jana , Horváth Matúš
Published: December 2014

In this article we focused to influence of current density on the structure parameters evaluated by microdiffraction experiment in transmission mode using synchrotron radiation. For this purpose the coatings of Ni-Co alloy were deposited on the Cu substrate using different current densities during the electrodeposition process. The results of the microdiffraction experiment showed the structure uniformity of the coatings along their thickness, as well as changes in the structure parameters depending on the used current density during the deposition process.
Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Individual Phases in Steels by Depth Sensing Indentation
Authors: Burik Peter , Pešek Ladislav
Published: December 2014

The macroscopic mechanical properties of steel are highly dependent upon microstructure, morphology, and distribution of each phase present. Nanomechanical testing (Depth sensing indentation) provides a straightforward solution for quantitatively characterizing each of these phases because it is very powerful technique for characterization of materials in small volumes. Measuring the intrinsic properties of each phase separately in multiphase materials gives information that is valuable for the development of new materials and for modelling [1]. In this work, depth sensing indentation has been used to reveal mechanical properties of different phases in steel sheets.
Fluidity Test of Al-Si Alloy Using by Computer Simulation
Authors: Futáš Peter , Petrík Jozef , Pribulová Alena , Bartošová Marianna
Published: December 2014

Fluidity is the basic foundry property. The fluidity of AlSi alloy in real condition with computer simulation were compared. In this test was used two types of molds: horizontal molds with tree canals and vertical molds with six canals wich had different diameter (4,5; 6,5; 8,5; 10,5; 12 and 14 mm). As experimental material was used AlSi10MgMn (EN 1706) alloy. Range of pouring temperature was between 605°C to 830°C. NovaFlow&Solid soft commercial software package was used for numerically simulating the fluid flow of molten metal. The model of fluidity test was created by CAD system CATIA V5 R19. Measurement systems analysis (MSA), the analysis of the variance (ANOVA), t-test and the analysis of correlation were used for the evaluation. Youden plot was used for evaluation of the impact of operators on the errors. Values of fluidity for each temperature level obtained by the horizontal mold have a high degree of agreement with those obtained by computer simulation. On the contrary, the values, obtained by the vertical mold are more sensitive to the operator. This fact caused the match between the simulation and a practical experiment is only partial.
Fatigue Properties of Synthetic Nodular Cast Irons
Authors: Vaško Alan
Published: December 2014

The contribution deals with comparison of microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue properties of synthetic nodular cast irons with a different ratio of steel scrap in a charge. Chemical composition of individual melts was regulated alternatively by ferrosilicon (FeSi) and carburizer or metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC). The paper shows positive influence of SiC additive on the microstructure, mechanical properties as well as fatigue properties of nodular cast iron. The additive of metallurgical silicon carbide in analysed specimens increases the content of ferrite in the matrix, decreases the size of graphite and increases the average count of graphitic nodules per unit of area. Consequently, the mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron are improved.
CCR2-Dependent Dendritic Cell Accumulation in the Central Nervous System during Early Effector Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Is Essential for Effector T Cell Restimulation In Situ and Disease Progression
Authors: Clarkson Benjamin D. , Walker Alec , Harris Melissa G. , Rayasam Aditya , Sandor Matyas , Fabry Zsuzsanna
Published: December 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs)—although absent from the healthy CNS parenchyma—rapidly accumulate within brain and spinal cord tissue during neuroinflammation associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; a mouse model of multiple sclerosis). Yet, although DCs have been appreciated for their role in initiating adaptive immune responses in peripheral lymphoid organ tissues, how DCs infiltrate the CNS and contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation in situ is poorly understood. In this study, we report the following: 1) CD11c+ bone marrow–derived DCs and CNS-infiltrating DCs express chemokine receptor CCR2; 2) compared with CCR2+/+ cells, adoptively transferred CCR2−/− bone marrow–derived DCs or DC precursors do not accumulate in the CNS during EAE, despite abundance in blood; 3) CCR2−/− DCs show less accumulation in the inflamed CNS in mixed bone marrow chimeras, when compared with CCR2+/+ DCs; and 4) ablation of CCR2+/+ DCs during EAE clinical onset delays progression and attenuates cytokine production by infiltrating T cells. Whereas the role of CCR2 in monocyte migration into the CNS has been implicated previously, the role of CCR2 in DC infiltration into the CNS has never been directly addressed. Our data suggest that CCR2-dependent DC recruitment to the CNS during ongoing neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in effector T cell cytokine production and disease progression, and signify that CNS-DCs and circulating DC precursors might be key therapeutic targets for suppressing ongoing neuroinflammation in CNS autoimmune diseases.
HLA-DMA Polymorphisms Differentially Affect MHC Class II Peptide Loading
Authors: Álvaro-Benito Miguel , Wieczorek Marek , Sticht Jana , Kipar Claudia , Freund Christian
Published: December 2014

During the adaptive immune response, MHCII proteins display antigenic peptides on the cell surface of APCs for CD4+ T cell surveillance. HLA-DM, a nonclassical MHCII protein, acts as a peptide exchange catalyst for MHCII, editing the peptide repertoire. Although they map to the same gene locus, MHCII proteins exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, whereas only low variability has been observed for HLA-DM. As HLA-DM activity directly favors immunodominant peptide presentation, polymorphisms in HLA-DM (DMA or DMB chain) might well be a contributing risk factor for autoimmunity and immune disorders. Our systematic comparison of DMA*0103/DMB*0101 (DMA-G155A and DMA-R184H) with DMA*0101/DMB*0101 in terms of catalyzed peptide exchange and dissociation, as well as direct interaction with several HLA-DR/peptide complexes, reveals an attenuated catalytic activity of DMA*0103/DMB*0101. The G155A substitution dominates the catalytic behavior of DMA*0103/DMB*0101 by decreasing peptide release velocity. Preloaded peptide–MHCII complexes exhibit ∼2-fold increase in half-life in the presence of DMA*0103/DMB*0101 when compared with DMA*0101/DMB*0101. We show that this effect leads to a greater persistence of autoimmunity-related Ags in the presence of high-affinity competitor peptide. Our study therefore reveals that HLA-DM polymorphic residues have a considerable impact on HLA-DM catalytic activity.
Plasmodium Suppresses Expansion of T Cell Responses to Heterologous Infections
Authors: White Chelsi E. , Villarino Nicolas F. , Sloan Sarah S. , Ganusov Vitaly V. , Schmidt Nathan W.
Published: December 2014

Plasmodium remains a major pathogen causing malaria and impairing defense against other infections. Defining how Plasmodium increases susceptibility to heterologous pathogens may lead to interventions that mitigate the severity of coinfections. Previous studies proposed that reduced T cell responses during coinfections are due to diminished recruitment of naive T cells through infection-induced decreases in chemokine CCL21. We found that, although Listeria infections reduced expression of CCL21 in murine spleens, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific T cell responses were not impaired during Listeria + LCMV coinfection, arguing against a major role for this chemokine in coinfection-induced T cell suppression. In our experiments, Plasmodium yoelii infection led to a reduced CD8+ T cell response to a subsequent Listeria infection. We propose an alternative mechanism whereby P. yoelii suppresses Listeria-specific T cell responses. We found that Listeria-specific T cells expanded more slowly and resulted in lower numbers in response to coinfection with P. yoelii. Mathematical modeling and experimentation revealed greater apoptosis of Listeria-specific effector T cells as the main mechanism, because P. yoelii infections did not suppress the recruitment or proliferation rates of Listeria-specific T cells. Our results suggest that P. yoelii infections suppress immunity to Listeria by causing increased apoptosis in Listeria-specific T cells, resulting in a slower expansion rate of T cell responses.
Severe Neutrophil-Dominated Inflammation and Enhanced Myelopoiesis in IL-33–Overexpressing CMV/IL33 Mice
Authors: Talabot-Ayer Dominique , Martin Praxedis , Vesin Christian , Seemayer Christian Alexander , Vigne Solenne , Gabay Cem , Palmer Gaby
Published: December 2014

IL-33 is a cytokine of the IL-1 family, which signals through the ST2 receptor. Previous studies emphasized a role for IL-33 in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-33 was also reported to modulate myelopoiesis and myeloid cell activity. In this article, we describe IL-33–overexpressing CMV/IL33 and LysM/IL33 mice, which display an inflammatory phenotype associated with growth retardation and paw swelling. The phenotype of CMV/IL33 mice is dependent on activation of the ST2 receptor and is characterized by extensive neutrophil infiltration into different organs, including the paws. Local or systemic levels of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, Cxcl-1, G-CSF, and IL-6 are increased. CMV/IL-33 mice also suffer from anemia, thrombocytosis, and a marked dysregulation of myelopoiesis, leading to an important increase in myeloid cell production or accumulation in bone marrow (BM), spleen, and peripheral blood. Consistently, recombinant IL-33 induced proliferation of myeloid lineage cells in BM-derived granulocyte cultures, whereas IL-33 knockout mice exhibited minor deficiencies in spleen and BM myeloid cell populations. Our observations reveal a neutrophil-dominated inflammatory phenotype in IL-33–overexpressing CMV/IL33 and LysM/IL33 mice, and highlight important regulatory effects of IL-33 on myelopoiesis in vitro and in vivo, where excessive IL-33 signaling can translate into the occurrence of a myeloproliferative disorder.
The Immunoregulator Soluble TACI Is Released by ADAM10 and Reflects B Cell Activation in Autoimmunity
Authors: Hoffmann Franziska S. , Kuhn Peer-Hendrik , Laurent Sarah A. , Hauck Stefanie M. , Berer Kerstin , Wendlinger Simone A. , Krumbholz Markus , Khademi Mohsen , Olsson Tomas , Dreyling Martin , Pfister Hans-Walter , Alexander Tobias , Hiepe Falk , Kümpfel Tania , Crawford Howard C. , Wekerle Hartmut , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Lichtenthaler Stefan F. , Meinl Edgar
Published: December 2014

BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which control B cell homeostasis, are therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. TACI-Fc (atacicept), a soluble fusion protein containing the extracellular domain of the BAFF–APRIL receptor TACI, was applied in clinical trials. However, disease activity in multiple sclerosis unexpectedly increased, whereas in systemic lupus erythematosus, atacicept was beneficial. In this study, we show that an endogenous soluble TACI (sTACI) exists in vivo. TACI proteolysis involved shedding by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 releasing sTACI from activated B cells. The membrane-bound stub was subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase reducing ligand-independent signaling of the remaining C-terminal fragment. The shed ectodomain assembled ligand independently in a homotypic way. It functioned as a decoy receptor inhibiting BAFF- and APRIL-mediated B cell survival and NF-κB activation. We determined sTACI levels in autoimmune diseases with established hyperactivation of the BAFF–APRIL system. sTACI levels were elevated both in the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain-restricted autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis correlating with intrathecal IgG production, as well as in the serum of the systemic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus correlating with disease activity. Together, we show that TACI is sequentially processed by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 and γ-secretase. The released sTACI is an immunoregulator that shares decoy functions with atacicept. It reflects systemic and compartmentalized B cell accumulation and activation.
A Fixed Point Theorem and the Existence of a Haar Measure for Hypergroups Satisfying Conditions Related to Amenability
Authors: Willson Benjamin
Published: December 2014

In this paperwe present a fixed point property for amenable hypergroups that is analogous to Rickert’s fixed point theorem for semigroups. It equates the existence of a left invariant mean on the space of weakly right uniformly continuous functions to the existence of a fixed point for any action of the hypergroup. Using this fixed point property, certain hypergroups are shown to have a left Haar measure.
A evolução da neurociência no Brasil
Authors: Guimarães Thiago Teixeira , Monteiro Junior Renato Sobral , Deslandes Andrea Camaz
Published: December 2014

Introdução. A neurociência é uma das áreas que mais cresce no mun­do, entretanto, são escassos os estudos que avaliam o seu impacto em diferentes nações. Objetivo. Comparar a produção acadêmica da neu­rociência no Brasil com outros países da América Latina nos últimos 16 anos. Método. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados no SCI­mago Journal and Country Rank sobre a produção científica dos 20 países pertencentes à América Latina entre os anos de 1996 e 2011. Resultados. O Brasil apresentou a maior produção anual em neuro­ciência com 627±276 artigos (p<0,01 em relação a todos os demais países), seguido do México (193±73 artigos) e da Argentina (137±46 artigos). Conclusão. As três nações detentoras da hegemonia econô­mica e política da América Latina são as três maiores produtoras de neurociência nos últimos 16 anos, sendo elas o Brasil, México e Ar­gentina, respectivamente.
Mobility, multilocality and translocal development: changing livelihoods in the Karakoram
Authors: Benz A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The people of the Karakoram have broadened the basis of their livelihoods over the last two to three generations by diversifying their income sources and activities along sectoral and spatial lines. Formal education, off-farm income generation and professional employment in the cities complement and partly substitute local agricultural activities. Intensifying processes of mobility and migration have created translocal rural–urban livelihoods, straddling between various and often geographically distant places. Social ties in multilocal configurations of households, families and communities have established highly effective local-to-local connections, which directly interlink processes of change and development in different locations. This article traces in a historical analysis the specific interrelations of mobility dynamics, livelihood change and socio-economic development for the Wakhi community of Gojal in northern Pakistan and discusses the potential of translocal livelihoods to overcome local constraints and facilitate development in structurally disadvantaged regions.
بيان افتتاح
Authors: bin Hamad Al-Attiyah Abdullah
Published: December 2014

تقدر منظمة الصحة العالمية أن ظاهرة التغير المناخي كانت سببا منذ ١٩٧۰ في وفاة ١٤۰۰۰۰ حالة سنويا.
التوقعات المحتملة للآثار الناجمة عن تغير المناخ تشير إلى احتمال وقوع كارثة على نطاق عالمي، ولكن، في الوقت ذاته يمكن أيضا تأخير تلك الآثار، شريطة أن تتخذ إجراءات حاسمة من الآن. ومن المتوقع أن تظهر معظم الآثار السلبية في خطوط العرض المتوسطة للأرض، والتي تعد بالفعل أفقر مناطق العالم، وهي أساسا تعيش تحت المعاناة الشديدة من جراء الاضطرابات الاقتصادية، من ناحية، والمجاعة والأمراض والحروب، من ناحية أخرى.
وظاهرة التغير المناخي تعد نتيجة لأفعال البشر، وجميع المؤشرات تميل إلى إظهار أنه سوف تزداد سوءا في السنوات المقبلة، وبالتالي بات من الضروري اتخاذ إجراءات حاسمة في الوقت المناسب، ووضع سياسة شاملة ومستدامة لهذا الهدف. ففي هذا الصدد، ستستضيف الدوحة مؤتمر الدوحة لتغير المناخ عام ٢۰١٢، كجزء من الدورة ١٨ لمؤتمر الأطراف في اتفاقية تغير المناخ (اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ).
و في هذا الإطار تسعى مجلة أديان والتي يصدرها مركز الدوحة الدولي لحوار الأديان، في نشر وعي بيئي بإشراك نخبة من المختصين في مجال التقاليد الدينية المختلفة لإثراء موضوع البيئة من المنظور الديني ونأمل من خلال هذ الطرح، أن نصل إلى إرشادات نافعة وإسهامات، علها تضيف جديدا في الوعي البيئي العالمي، في هذه المرحلة الحاسمة من تاريخ البشرية. كما أنه من المهم أن ندرك بأن القرارات الاقتصادية التي نتخذها اليوم سوف تكون لها آثار سلبية عميقة في مستقبل البشرية جمعاء؛ لأن الكرة الأرضية أضحت قرية واحدة.
أملنا أن تقاليدنا الدينية ستساعدنا في إدراك المخاطر التي تحدق بنا جراء نتيجة الآثار السلبية على البيئة من حولنا. ولذا وجب علينا بأن نتعاون لمواجهة هذه التحديات ونتخطى السلوكيات السلبية من الجشع والأنانية واللامبالاة، وأن نأخذ بعين الاعتبار المبادئ الأخلاقية الدينية الرامية لحماية الإنسان وإسعاده أساسا، في اتخاذنا للقرارات الاقتصادية التي تتعلق في مستقبلنا البيئِيِّ.
وخلاصة الأمر، إن هذه الأخلاق ترشدنا بأن نتواضع للناس ونتعامل برفق مع البيئة التي هي جزء من حياتنا، مقتدين بذلك بمؤسسي الديانات المختلفة. وكما ورثناها من أجدادنا، أن نورث الأرض للأجيال القادمة، وهي أفضل حالا مما هي عليه اليوم.
خواطر لاهوتيّة في الحفاظ على البيئة
Authors: Tamer George
Published: December 2014

تقوم هذه الورقة بتحليل و عرض الأسباب الاهوتية للحفاظ والاهتمام بالبيئة، و البحث قائم على الأديان السماوية الثلاثة -ـ اليهودية و المسيحية و الإسلام. و الإنسان يقع على عاتقه مسؤولية الحفاظ على البيئة ليس فقط لأسباب إجتماعية و لكن بسبب كون "الإنسان مخلوق الله" و "أن الكون و ما فيه خليفة الله". و وضع الإنسان في هذا الكون ليس ليعبث و يدمر الطبيعة، و يشرح البحث وضع و دور الإنسان في هذا الكون من خلال الإسلام و المسيحية ، و يتم معرفة تلك الأسباب و المعاني.و يقر الكاتب أن الإنسان لن يستطيع و لن يجرؤ على تشويه تلك المعاني "التي أبدعها الله" و كيف يمكن لمخلوق "شاءه الله ممثلاً إياه في العالم" أن يقوم بتشويه و تدمير الطبيعة و مخلوقاتها. و تلك الأسباب التي وجدت و تم استنتاجها تشكل أسس و مقومات مسؤولية الإنسان تجاه الطبيعة، حيث أنه بالحفاظ على البيئةيعود الإنسان إلى وضعه الفطري النقي.
Eenzijdige openbaarmaking van informatie: waar ligt de grens?
Authors: Brouwer Onno , Coppi Lorenzo
Published: December 2014

Eenzijdige openbaarmaking van informatie: waar ligt de grens?

Deze bijdrage bespreekt aan de hand van een aantal recente zaken, waaronder begrepen het toezeggingsbesluit van ACM inzake mobiele netwerkoperatoren, de vraag op basis van welke criteria een eenzijdige openbaarmaking van informatie op mededingingsbezwaren kan stuiten in een context waarin geen sprake is van ‘uitwisseling’ van informatie of een hardcore kartel. Autoriteiten lijken soms snel eenzijdige openbaarmakingen aan te merken als een doelbeperking. De auteurs pleiten zowel op basis van economische als juridische gronden voor een meer gebalanceerd analysekader: alleen gedrag dat op basis van voldoende algemeen erkende ervaring kan worden verondersteld de concurrentie te schaden, kan worden aangemerkt als een doelinbreuk. In veel gevallen zijn eenzijdige mededelingen omtrent marktgedrag concurrentiebevorderend of niet dusdanig concurrentiebeperkend dat zij zouden moeten worden gekwalificeerd als een doelinbreuk.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Atherosclerotic Lesions via Restoring Endothelial Function
Authors: Lin Yu-Ling , Yet Shaw-Fang , Hsu Yuan-Tong , Wang Guei-Jane , Hung Shih-Chieh
Published: December 2014

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is beneficial in myocardial infarction and hind limb ischemia, but its ability to ameliorate atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, the effects of MSCs on inhibiting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis were investigated in human/mouse endothelial cells treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice fed a high-fat diet. Treatment with oxLDL inactivated the Akt/endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway, induced eNOS degradation, and inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. Coculture with human MSCs reversed the effects of oxLDL on endothelial cells and restored Akt/eNOS activity, eNOS level, and NO production. Reduction of endothelium-dependent relaxation and subsequent plaque formation were developed in apoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet. Systemic infusion with mouse MSCs ameliorated endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation in high-fat diet-fed apoE−/− mice. Interestingly, treatment with interleukin-8 (IL8)/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) alone induced the similar effects of human/mouse MSCs on oxLDL-treated human/mouse endothelial cells. Neutralization antibodies (Abs) against IL8/MIP-2 also blocked the effects of human/mouse MSCs on oxLDL-treated human/mouse endothelial cells. Consistently, MIP-2 injection alone induced the similar effect of MSCs on the endothelial function in high-fat diet-fed apoE−/− mice. The improvement in endothelial dysfunction by mouse MSCs was also blocked when pretreating MSCs with anti-MIP-2 Abs. In conclusion, MSC transplantation improved endothelial function and plaque formation in high-fat diet-fed apoE−/− mice. Activation of the Akt/eNOS pathway in endothelium by IL8/MIP-2 is involved in the protective effect of MSCs. The study helps support the use and clarify the mechanism of MSCs for ameliorating atherosclerosis.
De la classification et des jeux : l’expérience de l’UQO au campus de Saint-Jérôme
Authors: Filiatrault Monique , Hudon Michèle
Published: December 2014

Cet article présente le schéma de classification élaboré à la didacthèque de l’Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), campus de Saint-Jérôme, pour faciliter l’accès à sa collection de jeux, jouets et matériel didactique. La démarche ayant mené à l’élaboration du schéma est décrite. Le schéma de classification est fortement inspiré du système ESAR, adapté pour les besoins d’une didacthèque en milieu universitaire, et dont nous examinons les avantages et inconvénients. La structure d’organisation de la collection de jeux à la didacthèque de l’UQO est analysée pour démontrer qu’elle répond aux critères de qualité et d’efficacité généralement attendus d’un schéma de classification.
Art et archives : le cas Robert Rauschenberg1
Authors: Lacombe Anne-Marie
Published: December 2014

La manière dont les artistes s’intéressent aux archives peut nous permettre de découvrir de nouveaux aspects à propos de ces dernières. C’est sous cet angle que cet article aborde le cas de l’artiste américain Robert Rauschenberg, par le biais de la dimension archivistique de son oeuvre. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un aperçu du mouvement américain des archives dans l’art au cours des années 1960, au sein duquel s’inscrit Rauschenberg. Nous effectuons ensuite une brève revue de la littérature portant sur les liens qui unissent cet artiste et les archives, pour ensuite aborder sa démarche artistique et son intérêt pour l’inventaire, l’archivage et la cueillette de documentation. Cet intérêt pour les archives est notamment perceptible à même sa collection d’art privée, rendue publique à l’automne 2012. Finalement, une lecture archivistique d’un corpus de trois oeuvres de l’artiste fournit une illustration des particularités de l’utilisation des archives chez Rauschenberg.
Recadrages : pour une pragmatique historique du dispositif cinématographique1
Authors: Kessler Frank
Published: December 2014

Le présent article propose une ré-interprétation du concept de “dispositif” dans une perspective de pragmatique historique. Partant du constat d’un retour sur la scène théorique de cette notion depuis une quinzaine d’années, l’auteur discute d’abord les difficultés de traduction et de transposition du terme dans des langues autres que le Français, pour ensuite se pencher sur la manière dont la notion est conceptualisée chez, d’un côté, Michel Foucault, puis chez Jean-Louis Baudry. Il propose par la suite de concevoir la notion de dispositif comme un outil heuristique permettant de comprendre les médias en tenant compte des usages qu’on en fait et de leur historicité.
What Is Left of the Cinematic Apparatus, or Why We Should Retain (and Return to) It
Authors: Elsaesser Thomas
Published: December 2014

In this essay I shall briefly summarize what it was about the original formulation of the cinematic apparatus that seemed crucial; what were subsequently perceived to be its shortcomings; how in my own media-archaeological approach I have tried to extend as well as to relativize/historicise the model of the apparatus/dispositif; and finally, what avenues I see for invigorating the theoretical challenges apparatus theory still poses, now in the context of viewing situations that either pastiche and inflate the original paradigm or completely bypass or ignore it.
Pulling Apart the Apparatus
Authors: Straw Will
Published: December 2014

This article responds to a series of questions posed by Francesco Casetti to “Impact” conference panelists dealing with the fate of apparatus theory in film studies. I argue that the unravelling of apparatus theory has been a long, complex process, unfolding over four decades. A well-known feature of this unravelling within English-language film studies has been the assertion that spectators/subjects are not formal products of the functioning of an apparatus, but rather embodied individuals characterized by multiple forms of identity. This assertion has helped to detach the study of film spectatorship from theories of the apparatus, rendering the former more empirical and sociological. At the same time, difficulties in translation have resulted in a confusion, in English-language film scholarship, between the French termsappareilanddispositif, both of which have found themselves translated as “apparatus”. Drawing on the writings of Agamben and Vouilloux, I show how a key problem in apparatus theory is the extent to which the forces shaping spectator identity are themselves part of an apparatus or might be seen as external to the latter and as historical variables with which an apparatus interacts.
The Passion of the Digital: the Ontology of the Photographic Image in the Age of New Media
Authors: Basu Anustup
Published: December 2014

Using Mel Gibson’s 2004 film and cultural phenomenonThe Passion of the Christas a launching pad, this essay meditates on some questions about the twentieth century legacy of competing realisms, the graphic imperative of contemporary digital image cultures, and the ontological conundrums involving technology and mass media.Passionis an onto-theological filmic ‘event’ that derives equally from an almighty religiosity as well as a cultish process of being enraptured by certain ritual values of a new-age technologism of sound and image. This endographic writing out of the Gospel narrative at the level of the tissue and nerve of the committed viewer affirms a transcendental truth already there in an internal cosmos of belief instead of working in terms of an externally navigable ‘realist’ representation of the world that seeks to ‘bear away our faith’. This is rendered possible when unquestioning belief in Christ and in his momentous sacrifice is met by an embracing of technologywithout the skepticism of a scientific temper.
Quand le manque d’accès aux services en français revictimise les femmes victimes de violence conjugale et leurs enfants
Authors: Lapierre Simon , Coderre Cécile , Côté Isabelle , Garceau Marie-Luce , Bourassa Chantal
Published: December 2014

Cet article s’appuie sur les résultats d’une recherche réalisée en Ontario et au Nouveau-Brunswick, visant à documenter l’accès aux services en français pour les femmes francophones victimes de violence conjugale et pour leurs enfants. S’appuyant sur les résultats de la première phase d’une recherche-action réalisée en partenariat avec des chercheuses universitaires et des milieux communautaires, les données démontrent que ces femmes sont confrontées à des réalités particulières et que les lacunes dans l’accès aux services en français compromettent leur bien-être, leur santé et leur sécurité. Ces lacunes ont également des impacts sur le bien-être, la santé et la sécurité de leurs enfants. Considérant ces impacts, le manque d’accès aux services en français peut être perçu comme une forme de revictimisation des femmes.
Addressing gender inequality and intimate partner violence as critical barriers to an effective HIV response in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Watts Charlotte , Seeley Janet
Published: December 2014

Introduction

In Africa, women and girls represent 57% of people living with HIV, with gender inequality and violence being an important structural determinant of their vulnerability. This commentary draws out lessons for a more effective combination response to the HIV epidemic from three papers recently published in JIAS.

Discussion

Hatcher and colleagues present qualitative data from women attending ante‐natal clinics in Johannesburg, describing how HIV diagnosis during pregnancy and subsequent partner disclosure are common triggers for violence within relationships. The authors describe the challenges women face in adhering to medication or using services. Kyegombe and colleagues present a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda of SASA! – a community violence prevention programme. Along with promising community impacts on physical partner violence, significantly lower levels of sexual concurrency, condom use and HIV testing were reported by men in intervention communities. Remme and her colleagues present a systematic review of evidence on the costs and cost‐effectiveness of gender‐responsive HIV interventions. The review identified an ever‐growing evidence base, but a paucity of accompanying economic analyses, making it difficult to assess the costs or value for money of gender‐focused programmes.

Conclusions

There is a need to continue to accumulate evidence on the effectiveness and costs of different approaches to addressing gender inequality and violence as part of a combination HIV response. A clearer HIV‐specific and broader synergistic vision of financing and programming needs to be developed, to ensure that the potential synergies between HIV‐specific and broader gender‐focused development investments can be used to best effect to address vulnerability of women and girls to both violence and HIV.
Ensaio metodológico de manejo turístico em áreas indígenas
Authors: Yázigi Eduardo Abdo
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo visa enriquecer a bibliografia sobre o turismo indígena. Certamente, existe uma indizível quantidade de estudos antropológicos e de outras ciências humanas, mas praticamente nada quanto ao manejo do espaço visando esse tipo de desenvolvimento. O tema é assaz polêmico em razão de alguns intelectuais preferirem resguardar os índios desse padrão de contacto. Em contrapartida, muitas comunidades indígenas já abriram suas portas ao turismo, mas sem dominar o “savoir-faire” receptivo. Mais ainda, muitas delas estabeleceram Cartas em convenção, expressando tal desejo econômico. Ora, na medida em que sua experiência é muito fraca nesse campo, o presente artigo-ensaio representa uma aproximação no interesse deles. Para tanto, foi antes preciso definir os termos de manejo de um parque nacional para, em seguida, pensar em sua adaptação às superfícies tribais e às conveniências do turista. Isso ainda se justifica em função de existirem muitas comunidades situadas no interior de parques nacionais – donde, em alguns casos, a possibilidade de reunir ambos os núcleos de turistas num só lugar.
Ecoturismo: As práticas na natureza e a natureza das práticas em Bonito, MS
Authors: Lobo Heros Augusto Santos , Moretti Edvaldo Cesar
Published: December 2014

O município de Bonito é o precursor do desenvolvimento turístico da Serra da Bodoquena. A geologia, a geomorfologia e a hidrografia da região propiciam a formação de uma paisagem diferenciada, repleta de cavernas, cachoeiras, rios de águas límpidas e uma rica biodiversidade – atrativos para o ecoturismo. Partindo deste cenário, buscou-se responder o seguinte questionamento: como se dá a relação entre a produção e apropriação, do e pelo turismo, com a conservação da natureza em Bonito? O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a apropriação da natureza e a estrutura da atividade turística em Bonito, sob o ideário de ecoturismo – rotulado ao município – e com vistas à sustentabilidade ecológica. Para tanto, a pesquisa exploratória realizada incluiu levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais e de campo. Os resultados apresentam informações sobre o histórico, principais atrativos e fluxos de visitação do município. As discussões estão centradas nas contradições entre as práticas turísticas e o ideário de ecoturismo. As conclusões apresentam reflexões e questionamentos sobre o papel conservacionista do turismo, sobre a massificação e artificialização dos roteiros ecoturísticos e sobre as perspectivas futuras para o turismo em Bonito.
Resenha de livro: Autenticidade: tudo que os consumidores realmente querem
Authors: Trigo Luiz Gonzaga Godoi
Published: December 2014

Resenha do livro:GILMORE, James H.; PINE II, B. Joseph. Autenticidade: Tudo o que os consumidores realmente querem. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2008.Os autores ficaram conhecidos no Brasil com seu livro “O espetáculo dos negócios” (1999), onde eles comentam a Sociedade da experiência, um termo valioso para quem trabalha ou pesquisa lazer, entretenimento, turismo e outras atividades do setor de serviços, mais ligadas ao prazer.Este último livro de Pine e Gilmore é importante por discutir, de maneira competente, o que é real ou virtual nas sociedades informatizadas e marcadas pelas citações e reciclagens que a pós-modernidade (ou a hipermodernidade de Lipovetsky, se preferirem) nos lega em períodos de modismos que percorrem setores do planeta a cada ciclo de lucros auto-receitados ou delírios acadêmico-corporativos.
Hospitalidade no Brasil Império: a visão do naturalista George Gardner
Authors: Santos Filho João dos
Published: December 2014

A historiografia brasileira, referente ao fenômeno do turismo e da hospitalidade é ainda extremamente tímida, pois, utiliza os parâmetros históricos determinados pela lógica da visão etnocentrista. Para tentar mudar essa leitura, estamos desenvolvendo estudos sobre a literatura dos escritores estrangeiros do século XVI ao XIX, que por causas diversas vieram para o Brasil para viver, trabalhar, pesquisar ou passear e resolveram documentar sua estada em território nacional. Começamos com George Gardner, naturalista escocês, que veio para o Brasil em 1836, e permaneceu até 1841, e escreveu em 1846 na Inglaterra o livro: Viagem ao interior do Brasil, principalmente nas províncias do Norte e nos distritos do ouro e do diamante durante os anos de 1836-1841.
O Turismo Sexual e a Comunicação – Um olhar hermenêutico sobre as relações entre visitantes e visitadas
Authors: Rossetto Ferreira Liciane
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo tem como objeto a Comunicação e o Turismo Sexual nas relações entre turistas argentinos e moças residentes em Florianópolis (SC). A partir do método da Hermenêutica de Profundidade, que contempla a Tríplice Análise – Sociohistórica, Formal ou Discursiva e Re-interpretação – utilizamos a Semiologia de Barthes como técnica, para interpretação dos resultados dos Grupos Focais realizados em fevereiro e abril de 2007 na capital de Santa Catarina. Em alusão ao método alguns termos serão apresentados com a letra inicial maiúscula, o aspecto interpretativo justifica o uso da primeira pessoa do plural. Do mesmo modo, por ser um método interpretativo, ao invés de afirmações priorizamos relativizar, pois a interpretação é um olhar possível sobre a realidade. A interpretação do turismo sexual nas relações promovidas pela Comunicação, intenciona fomentar as discussões sobre o tema, uma vez que a pesquisa em ciências sociais aplicadas visa muito mais à compreensão dos fenômenos do que à comprovação de hipóteses.
Dialogando com experiências vivenciadas em Marraquech e America Latina para compreensão do Turismo Comunitário e Solidário
Authors: Sampaio Carlos Alberto Cioce , Coriolano Luzia Neide
Published: December 2014

A discussão sobre turismo comunitário e solidário sugere reflexões a respeito das modalidades: turismo cultural, etnoturismo, ecoturismo e agroturismo, muitas vezes, apropriadas a lógicas darwinista de mercado e dinâmica capitalista, limitando a potencialidade de experiências turísticas à conservação de modos de vida de populações tradicionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é dialogar com experiências de cerimoniais de trocas mercantis vivenciadas em Marraquech, em dezembro de 2008, para compreensão do turismo comunitário e solidário que vem acontecendo na America Latina. O turismo em Marraquech é seccionado por uma muralha. Na Medina, dentro da muralha, o apelo sociocultural beribére e árabe predomina sob cerimonial mercantil único: “não se sabe bem ao certo ou ‘nunca’ se saberá se está fazendo ou não um bom negócio”. Fora da muralha, o circuito sociocultural ocidentalizado prevalece em redes de hotéis, restaurantes e lojas internacionais conhecidas como “quanto mais caro, melhor deve ser!” O que faz refletir é o quanto os cerimoniais, representados por modos de vida estão próximos ou distantes. Certamente a muralha física é bem menor do que o muro simbólico estabelecido entre aldeias: ocidental e comunitária, e entre o turismo convencional e  de base local e solidária.
Economia da experiência: o consumo de emoções na Região Uva e Vinho/RS
Authors: Tonini Hernanda
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo traduz o turismo como mais uma forma de consumo da sociedade atual, revigorado pela recente divulgação dos conceitos da Economia da Experiência ou Sociedade dos Sonhos. A base do artigo partiu do projeto Economia da Experiência, implementado na região Uva e Vinho, no Rio Grande do Sul, objetivando adequar a oferta local às novas estratégias de comercialização do enoturismo, atividade turística principal na região.
A historicidade de uma invenção
Authors: Marcelo Hernán Venegas
Published: December 2014

A construção do corpus científico do turismo a partir de diferentes perspectivas de análise tem sido objeto de estudo por inúmeros especialistas na contemporaneidade. Dessa empreitada também fazem parte os cientistas sociais - ainda que em número menor se comparados às contribuições provenientes de outros campos de conhecimentos, digamos, mais "exatos". A História também se insere nesse universo de reflexões sobre o turismo que se assemelha a uma multidisciplina social. Reconhecendo isso e visando historicizar os antecedentes do turismo no Brasil, Haroldo Leitão Camargo nos apresenta um estudo singular proveniente do campo do conhecimento da História. Intitulado, "Uma pré-história do turismo no Brasil. Recreações aristocráticas e lazeres burgueses (1808-1850)" é uma proposta singular sobre a historicidade do turismo no mais importante domínio lusitano de Ultramar.