bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MONITORING AND INVESTIGATION OF INTERMITTENT RIVERS IN BULGARIA
Authors:   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH), Ninov Plamen , Karagiozova Tzviatka ,   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH)
Published: November 2020

River flows could be defined according to their surface hydrologic stream duration as either perennial or temporary. Normally perennial streams flow throughout the year, while temporary streams lack surface flow for some periods of the year. Temporary streams are classified as intermittent or ephemeral. Intermittent streams flow in some periods as result of snowmelt and eventually elevated groundwater tables during the periods of increased precipitations. Intermittent streams are poorly represented in existing river monitoring programs in Bulgaria and seldom are objects of regular monitoring. Only in several gauging stations exist hydrological time series. Furthermore, intermittent and ephemeral streams are not adequately protected by current legislation and management strategies in Bulgaria and generally are neglected. The authors discuss the climatic, hydrological and soil conditions in different part of the country as the major factors determining their origin and distribution. Covering the whole territory of Bulgaria the authors identify four main types of intermittent streams as: 1) intermittent flows as result of Mediterranean climatic impact located in the southern part of the country; 2) sinking intermittent flows as result of specific geological and soil characteristics, 3) intermittent flows in large karst and loess areas and finally 4) the sinking flows in alluvium depositions mainly along the large mainstreams. Nevertheless, the limited number of gauging stations built up at these rivers some hydrological information is collected and statistical results are presented as duration curves of temporal rivers, hydrographs with seasonal characteristics etc. Intermittent streams have a hydrologic flow regime with very specific characteristics that place them as interact between land and water. Unfortunately, in Bulgaria there are poorly mapped, recognized, and protected but they have a critical influence on the ecological health of networks. There exists a strong need for new approaches to scientifically study, the structure and function of temporal streams. The construction of monitoring network for the regular registration of their hydrological regime is surely the first required step for their future detailed ingestions, use and protection.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUNOFF IN THE EAST MECSEK REGION (HUNGARY) IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY BASED ON HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS
Authors:   National University of Public Service, Koch Dániel , Tamás Enikő Anna ,   National University of Public Service, Bényi Beáta ,   National University of Public Service
Published: November 2020

Hydro-meteorological investigation of the small catchments of the East region of the Mecsek hills has been carried out since the 1960s. In frame of the research, daily water levels of the main creek of the region (Völgységi-creek) have been recorded at two gauging stations: for the upper reach in Magyaregregy settlement and for the lower reach in Bonyhád city. On the upper reach the water levels of one of the most important tributaries of the Völgységi-creek: Hodácsi-creek are also recorded. There are three rain gauges as well that record daily rainfall since the 1960s. In our study we carried out statistical analyses of the 50 years long data series of the above-mentioned hydrometeorological measurement stations, and we provide information about the changes that can be observed in the runoff characteristics of the creeks, we as well established correlations between the rainfall and the runoff characteristics and determined the extremities and the changes in their frequencies of occurrence. The above studies can help us understand the climatic changes i.e. in the temporal distribution of the rainfall and runoff and may help us develop better strategies in order to prepare for the probably more frequently occurring flash floods.
ASSESSMENT OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORIC DANUBE FLOODS
Authors:   Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Prohaska Stevan , Ilić Aleksandra ,   University of Niš, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Pekarova Pavla ,   Institute of Hydrology
Published: November 2020

Data on historic floods along the Danube River exist since the year 1012. In the Middle Ages, floods were estimated based on historical documents, including original handwritten notes, newspaper articles, chronicles, formal letters, books, maps and photographs. From 1500 until the beginning of organized water regime observations, floods were hydraulically reconstructed based on water marks on old buildings in cities along the Danube (Passau, Melk, Emmersdorf an der Donau, Spilz, Schonbuhen and Bratislava). The paper presents a procedure for assessing the statistical significance of registered historic floods using a comprehensive method for defining theoretical flood hydrographs at hydrological stations. The approach is based on correlation analysis of two basic flood hydrograph parameters – maximum hydrograph ordinate (peak) and flood wave volume. The PROIL model is used to define the probability of simultaneous occurrence of these parameters. It defines the exceedance probability of two random variables, in the specific case two hydrograph parameters of the form: P{Qmax more equal to qmax,p)∩(Wmax more equal to wmax,p)} = P (1) where: Qmax – maximum hydrograph ordinate (peak); qmax,p – maximum discharge of the probability of occurrence p; Wmax – maximum hydrograph volume; wmax,p – maximum flood wave volume of the probability of occurrence p; P – exceedance probability. Spatial positions of the lines of exceedance of two flood hydrograph parameters and the empirical points of the corresponding parameters of the considered historic flood in the correlation field Qmax - Wmax, allow direct assessment of the exceedance probability of a historic flood, or its statistical significance. The proposed procedure was applied in practice to assess the statistical significance of the biggest floods registered along the Danube in the sector from its mouth to the Djerdap 1 Dam. The linear trend in the time-series of maximum annual flows at a representative hydrological station and the frequency of historic floods in the considered sector of the Danube are discussed at the end of the paper.
THE MODERN MEDIUM-SCALE MAPPING OF THE AVALANCE DANGER IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
Authors:   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Aksiuk Oleksandr , Lanshyn Valentyn ,   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Honcharenko Hanna ,   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute
Published: November 2020

There is a characteristic phenomenon of mountain landscape in Avalanche. Mountain development entails the need to take into account the avalanche hazard. The important task of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine is to increase the effectiveness of forecasting avalanche danger in mountainous areas of Ukraine. One of the elements on the way to its solution is the digital display of mountain areas in the form of thematic maps. The intensive development of modern GIS technologies and the availability of digital terrain models make it possible to create various thematic maps. The avalanche activity is affected by meteorological and geomorphological factors. Using DEM based on SRTM 1, an avalanche hazard map of Ukrainian Carpathians was compiled. The map is based on the average maximum snow height and the steepness of the slopes. The proposed map will improve the quality of avalanche forecasts and will allow you to determine the need for avalanche exploration if the intended area of construction falls into the avalanche zone and protect users from unnecessary danger. An algorithm for constructing thematic (avalanche) digital maps using satellite data SRTM 1 has been elaborated.
APPLICATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON RESERVOIR INFLOW
Authors:   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Knoppová Kateřina ,   Institute of Landscape Water Management, Marton Daniel ,   Institute of Landscape Water Management, Štěpánek Petr ,   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute,   Global Change Research Institute
Published: November 2020

The impacts of climate change are beginning to be felt in the Czech Republic. In recent years, we were challenging a dry period, which threatens to continue affecting Czech economy, agriculture and personal comfort of local people. The need to adapt to climate change is obvious. The groundwater resources are in continuous decline, consequently, the surface water supplies are increasing in importance. How would the quantity of available water change in the future? How much water would we be able to store within the year to manage it during the dry seasons? Rainfall-runoff models enable us to simulate future changes in hydrological conditions based on climate projections. One of such tools is Runoff Prophet, the conceptual lumped model being developed at the Institute of Landscape Water Management at Brno University of Technology. It is used to simulate time series of monthly river flow in a catchment outlet without the need to describe the morphological characteristics of the catchment. Runoff Prophet produced good results of calibration and proved its suitability for conceptual hydrological modelling in variable hydrological conditions of the Czech Republic. The aim of the paper was to assess the possible impact of climate change on future inflow into Vír I. Reservoir, one of the drinking water resources for Brno, a city of 380 000 inhabitants. The recently developed software Runoff Prophet was used to simulate future river flow time series. The model was calibrated on the catchment of gauging station Dalečín on Svratka River as the reservoir inflow. Prognoses of future river flow were performed using climate scenarios prepared by Global Change Research Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences. These scenarios (RCP types) are based on the outcomes from different regional climate models of Euro-CORDEX initiative. Characteristics of possible future air temperature and precipitation in the basin were evaluated in terms of its impact on reservoir management. The results of hydrological modelling gave the perspective of expected changes in Vír I. inflow yield. The options of using Vír I. Reservoir as a drinking water supply for Brno in coming decades were assessed.
HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT AND FIRE RELATIONSHIP
Authors:   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH), Karagiozova Tzviatka , Ninov Plamen ,   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH)
Published: November 2020

Drought can be defined in meteorological terms or in relative terms with respect to hydrology and ecosystems. Meteorological drought is not a necessary or a sufficient condition for fire, because fires burn during conditions of normal seasonal aridity. Drought occurs without wildfires in the absence of ignitions. However, when drought occurs, both live and dead fuels can dry out and become more flammable. Hydrologic drought as natural event is the result of long-lasting rainfall in the catchment area leading to the gradual depletion of water resources in the river network and the occurrence of a drought. Typically, hydrological drought is recorded as a river runoff below acceptable critical value. The authors explore the relationship between hydrological drought and forest fires. They present projections of fire-related drought indicators: the hydrologic indicator 7Q10 (the lowest 7-day average flow that occurs on average once every 10 years). The implementation of the hydrological drought as an approach for fire risk assessment has just started in Bulgaria. For this purpose, the assessment of the feasibility of using the hydrological 7Q10 drought index as a fire hazard indicator in real time is based on archive information on the variation of hydrological characteristics in the river network before and during an actual fire in an accepted pilot catchment. The Hydrologic Index 7Q10 for the pilot catchment of the Struma River was determined according to the rules for the last 15 years (2003-2017) using the daily water flows from all hydrometric stations The results of the presented study confirm the possibility of using the hydrological 7Q10 drought index to assess the risk of real-time fires by information on runoff from operational hydrological stations. One of the largest fires in the Struma River in 2017 occurred in an area identified as a fire on a highly hazard area according to the hydrological drought index 7Q10.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FORECAST ESTIMATES FOR THE MEAN ANNUAL RIVERINE WATER RUNOFF WITHIN THE UKRAINIAN PART OF THE PRUT AND SIRET BASINS
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Lukianets O. , Obodovskyi O. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Grebin V. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Pochaievets O. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Published: November 2020

The systematization, generalization, estimation of the variability of time series of the mean annual water runoff of rivers in of the Prut and Siret basins has been carried out, and its cyclic structure has been revealed. For this purpose, a database of average annual discharges water with 12 of hydrological observing stations on the rivers in of the Prut and Siret basins from the beginning of observations to 2015 have been created. Number of years under observation by the annual runoff values for river Prut near city of Chernivtsi is 121. Their representativeness and homogeneity for practical calculations has been evaluated. To identify and formalize the cyclic structure of time series of the mean annual water runoff of rivers in of the Prut and Siret basins used the methods of mathematical statistics and theory of random functions: a function of mathematical expected value; a function of dispersion values or standard deviation; probability distribution function; autocorrelation function. Also have been involved different of the standard mathematical criteria (criteria homogeneity, criteria of the series and of the longest series), integral curves of the differences. As a result, the structure of cyclic oscillations is revealed of the mean annual water runoff of rivers in the Prut and Siret basins and that is what made it possible to provide forecast estimates until 2050.
ASSESSMENT HARMONIZATION PROBLEMS OF THE LONG RETURN PERIOD FLOODS ON THE DANUBE RIVER
Authors:   Institute of Hydrology SAS, Pekárová Pavla , Miklánek Pavol ,   Institute of Hydrology SAS, Bačová Mitková Veronika ,   Institute of Hydrology SAS, Garaj Marcel ,   Institute of Hydrology SAS, Pekár Ján ,   Comenius University in Bratislava
Published: November 2020

One of the basic problems of the flood hydrology was (and still is) the solution of the relationship between peak discharges of the flood waves and probability of their return period. The assessment of the design values along the Danube channel is more complicated due to application of different estimation methods of design values in particular countries downstream the Danube. Therefore, it is necessary to commence the harmonization of the flood design values assessment methods. All methods of estimating floods with a very long return period are associated with great uncertainties. Determining of the specific value of the 500- or 1000-year floods for engineering practice is extremely complex. Nowadays hydrologists are required to determine not only the specific design value of the flood, but it is also necessary to specify confidence intervals in which the flow of a given 100-, 500-, or 1000-year flood may occur with probability, for example, 90 %. The assessment of the design values Qmax can be done by several methods. In this study we have applied the statistical methods based on the assessment of the distribution function of measured time series of the maximum annual discharge. In order to apply regionalization methods for the estimation of the distribution function in this study we used only one distribution - the Pearson Type III distribution with logarithmic transformation of the data (log Pearson Type III distribution - LP3 distribution). To estimate regional skew coefficient for the Danube River we use 20 Qmax measured time series from water gauges along the Danube River from Germany to Ukraine. We firstly analyzed the occurrence of historic floods in several stations along the Danube River. Then we search relationship between the parameter of skewness of the log Pearson type III distribution function and runoff depth, altitude, or basin area in all 20 water gauge. Skewness coefficients of the LP3 distribution in the stations along the Danube River vary between –0.4 and 0.86.
THE WMO PROJECT ON CATALOGING HAZARDOUS HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL EVENTS: LESSONS LEARNED BY UKRAINE
Authors:   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Manukalo V. , Boiko V. ,   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Centre, Holenya N. ,   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Centre
Published: November 2020

The article deals with the results of research which was carried out by the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute and the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center in the framework of the WMO Project "Cataloging Hazardous Hydrometeorological Events". The cataloging methodology was elaborated by WMO experts and is based on a standardized procedure for identification and description of natural disasters caused by hazardous hydrometeorological events, beginning from a time of creation of warning of dangerous event and up to ending of estimation of damages caused by this event. A description of dangerous hydrometeorological events as well as an assessment of losses caused by these events, were recorded in the agreed EXCEL table format with standard definitions of event types. The filled tables were sent to the European Regional Climate Center (ERCC), which operates under the German Weather Service. The terms of the Project stipulate that the ERCC ensures a full methodological and technical coordination of the Project implementation, including an integration of data received from countries, their consolidation into a regional database and an integration of many events in one regional event that corresponds to their origin. The implementation of the Project first phase was completed in December 2018. During the second Project phase (January- May 2019) an analysis of results was carried out. The experience gained from the Project implementation, was used to create " the WMO methodology for cataloging hazardous weather, climate, water and space weather events" that was presented for consideration at the 18th World Meteorological Congress in June 2019. The Congress adopted the cataloging methodology and recommended to implement this methodology on an operational basis in the hydrometeorological services. The participation of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine in the Project should be considered as very useful. The Ukrainian side got the opportunity: to get acquainted with an international experience in the field of standardization of description of negative influence of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena; to compare the state of affairs in this area of activity in the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine and in relevant services of European countries; to bring the contribution in international efforts aimed at reducing the risks of natural disasters. The obtained results showed an importance of reviewing a number of standards and other regulations which are currently used in organizations of the Hydrometeorological Service. The researches in this area is currently being carried out by the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute.
LOWLAND RUNOFF SURVEY AND MODELING FOR DECISION SUPPORT IN MANAGEMENT OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY PALIC-LUDAS CATCHMENT AREA
Authors:   National University of Public Service, Tamás Enikő Anna , Göttlinger István ,   National University of Public Service, Kutassy Emese ,   National University of Public Service, Varga György ,   National University of Public Service
Published: November 2020

Palic and Ludas lakes are located in the northern part of Vojvodina, Serbia near the town of Subotica, just a few kilometers south of the Hungarian border. While Palic lake has a long history as a tourist attraction and a nice recreational setting, Ludas lake and the surrounding steppe plains are habitats of international importance and protected by the Ramsar convention on wetlands. The lakes are connected through the Palic-Ludas canal. Thus Ludas lake is fed partially from Palic lake, but also supplied by the Körös river. The majority of the catchment area of the Körös river is in Hungary, this way the water supply problems related to the lakes are transboundary. The lake system is also drained by the Körös, which finally enters the Tisza river. Water quality problems and water quantity decrease are both identified and are escalating threatening factors at the lake system in the past decades. Several studies have been carried out in the past about the possible reasons and solutions. The authors have studied the previously published results and have been participating in a cross-border cooperation project funded by the IPA, in frame of which a comprehensive survey and measurement program has been carried out in order to develop, among others, a rainfall-runoff model of the catchment for the investigation of water supply scenarios of the lake system in order to substantiate a monitoring network and program for the sustainable management of the lakes. In our article we introduce the area, the problem, the field surveying and measurement methodologies and results, the modeling process and the model itself, concluding transboundary responsibility for water supply to the lake system, with a possible complex connection to one of Hungary’s major water management issues.
WATER RESOURCES OF THE LOWER DANUBE RIVER AND THEIR USE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE
Authors:   Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation, Vyshnevskyi V.I. , Shevchuk S.A. ,   Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation, Matiash T.V. ,   Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation
Published: November 2020

The main hydrological characteristic of the Lower Danube River namely its water runoff and sediment yield are presented. Based on SRTM data the area of the river basin within the territory of Ukraine was determined. It is equal to 6454 km2. The basin areas of the largest rivers, flowing into the lakes of the Lower Danube River, were determined too. The features of their hydrochemical regime were studied as well. Based on the remote sensing data it was specified the water area of four largest lakes in this territory namely Kahul, Yalpuh-Kuhurluy, Katlabukh and Kytai. This area at normal water level is as follows: Kahul – 90.6, YalpuhKugurluy – 235, Katlabukh – 60.7, Kytai – 52.9 km2. Using the regular monitoring and remote sensing data, it was studied the water temperature and the ecological state of the lakes. It was evaluated the spatial and temporal features of algal bloom as well. The highest algal bloom is usually observed in August in sunny and warm weather. It was presented the data about the water management and water use on the researched territory. The largest water intake is from the Danube River, much less water intake is from the local lakes. The most of water is used for irrigation needs.
MODERN HYDROGRAPHIC AND WATER MANAGEMENT ZONING OF UKRAINE’S TERRITORY – IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WFD-2000/60/EC
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Khilchevskyi V.K.
Published: November 2020

In contrast to the hydrological and hydrochemical zoning, hydrographic and water management zoning of Ukraine (2016) was created on a basin basis, taking into account the boundaries of river basins, and not physiographic zoning. The main function of hydrographic and water management zoning is water management. Primary is hydrographic zoning, and water management - based on it. The description of modern hydrographic zoning of the territory of Ukraine, approved in 2016 by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and included in the Water Code of Ukraine is given. Hydrographic zoning is carried out for the development and implementation of river basin management plans. On the territory of Ukraine nine areas of river basins are allocated: Dnipro; Dnister; Danube; Southern Bug; Don; Vistula; rivers of the Crimea; rivers of the Black Sea coast; rivers of the Azov Sea coast 13 sub-basins are allocated in four river basins district. The water management zoning is described - the division of hydrographic units into water management areas, which is carried out for the development of water management balances. In the regions of the river basins in the territory of Ukraine allocated 132 water management areas, 59 of which are located in the Dnipro basin. About 9,000 bodies of surface water allocated for monitoring in Ukraine. Approved zoning is the implementation of the provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60 / EC in the management of water resources in Ukraine. Modern hydrographic and water management zoning of the territory of Ukraine approximates the management of water resources of the state to European requirements.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisek dan Transgender (LGBT) Dalam Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia
Authors: Sodikin Sodikin
Published: November 2020

Memperhatikan fenomena ke-hidupan sekarang ini yang ada di tengah-tengah kita yaitu perilaku yang menyimpang dari perilaku umum yang ada pada kehidupan masyarakat yang sangat dinamis ini. Perilaku Lesbian, Guy, Bisek dan Transgender (LGBT) muncul kem-bali sesuai dengan arus globalisasi dengan mengatasnamakan hak asasi manusia. Perilaku semacam ini tid-ak hanya menimbulkan masalah sosial juga masalah-masalah lain, yaitu agama, kesehatan, dan hukum. Masalah itu menjadi perde-batan yang panjang antara yang mendukung keberadaan kaum LGBT dan yang melarang adanya kaum LGBT. Perdebatan atau disku-si juga belum menemukan titik temu yang maksimal untuk me-nyelesaikan perilaku yang berbeda dari masyarakat Indonesia umumnya. Kaum LGBT mengklaim bahwa diri dan eksistensinya tidak lain adanya sebagai upaya adanya hak yang melekat pada orang seorang, sehingga keberadaan kaum LGBT tidak boleh dipermasalahkan apalagi dilarang karena merupakan hak asasi yang mereka miliki. Sekali lagi mereka melakukannya hanya-lah atas nama hak asasi manusia yang mereka miliki dan secara sosial masyarakat harus menerima mereka sebagai bagian dari masyarakat pa-da umum, begitu juga agama dan hukum tidak boleh seenaknya melarang keberadaan kaum LGBT.
Penembakan Terduga Terorisme
Authors: Nurhalimah Siti
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Terrorism is an extraordinary crime that threatens security and state sovereignty. Therefore, prevention must be carried out with an extraordinary legal basis. The debate that occurred was the policy of firing on the spot against suspected perpetrators of terrorism. So that the process of law enforcement and verification has not yet been carried out, because the perpetrators had been shot dead during the arrest by the police. This is the focus of the discussion in this simple article.Keywords: Terrorism, Extraordinary Crime, Shoot Dead Abstrak:Terorisme merupakan kejahatan luarbiasa yang mengancam stabilitas keamanan dan kedaulatan negara. Karenanya, pencegahan yang dilakukan harus dengan payung hukum yang luar biasa pula. Perdebatan yang terjadi adalah kebijakan melakukan tembak di tempat terhadap pelaku yang masih terduga terorisme. Sehingga proses penegakan hukum dan pembuktian belum sempat dijalankan, karena pelaku sudah mengalami tembak mati saat penangkapan oleh pihak kepolisian. Hal inilah yang menjadi fokus bahasan dalam artikel sederhana ini. Kata Kunci: Terorisme, Kejahatan Luar Biasa, Tembak Mati
Kafa’ah among the Hadrami Arabs in the Malay World (Anthropology of Law Approach)
Authors: Subchi Imam
Published: November 2020

This article explores how Hadrami Arabs have been maintaining the law of kafa’ah marriage or endogamy marriage in the Malay world—in this instance Indonesia and Malaysia and, to some extent, Singapore—from the early 1990s to the present. Arabs, mostly of Hadrami descent, are carrying their traditions everywhere in their diaspora. Moreover, those traditions are related to the Islamic law of endogamy marriage. This study employs a qualitative research method. Library research is used in collecting data, published or unpublished documents. Data sources are done with a web search using the following databases: Google Scholar, Ebsco-host, Research gate, Sage Journal, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and others. The results and discussion of the research explain that the process of the establishment of the tradition of endogamy marriage has begun since their existence in Hadramaut to preserve offspring, because they became the target of the murder of the Umayyad dynasty. In Hadramaut, they established Naqabah Asyraf Kubra, which served to record the genealogy and maintain the Syarifah ((female descendants of Prophet Muhammad) in order to obey the law of endogamy marriage. On the other hand, this paper will also examine issues related to the existence of the Arab’s community diaspora in the state order in the legal perspective reviewed from the guarantee of its legal certainty. The conclusion in this study is that in the end the issue of Syarifah marriage with this akhwal depends very much on the perspective of the community either from Alawiyyin group or not. Rigid attitudes towards traditions supported by religious propositions will still be able to preserve this. However, how big is the tradition of the law of endogamy marriage able to withstand the onslaught of globalization and modernization that continues to run, because some Syarifah groups question and even break out of or disobey this tradition.
Stravinsky, Ditta, and Bartók’s First Piano Concerto
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2020

In a memorable letter of 18 March 1926, brought to the attention of Anglophone scholars by David Schneider, Bartók’s second wife Ditta Pásztory described her reaction (obviously also reflecting that of her husband’s) to Stravinsky’s Piano Concerto just after listening to its Budapest premiere with the composer at the piano as being attracted to the machine music but missing in it what she called her “homeland.” In the present article I should like to show that the machine music described as intimidating is no more threatening than a sewing machine, because the inspiration for it was 192Os-style performances of Bach. Furthermore, despite his notorious rhetoric, Stravinsky too aimed at exaltation and catharsis. Parallels between the climaxes in Bartók’s First Piano Concerto and those in Stravinsky’s (especially in the first movement) might reveal the real kinship between the two works. At the same time, Bartók’s obviously different approach to Bach, testified in his few fragmentary recordings, may help us understand the differences of aesthetics between the two composers in their respective neoclassical style showcased in the most important genre for a concertizing pianist.
With or without the B-A-C-H Motive? Bartók’s Hesitation in Writing his First String Quartet
Authors: Somfai László
Published: November 2020

Considering the appearance of the musical cryptogram “B-A-C-H” (B-flat– A–C–B -natural) in well-known works up to the time of his First String Quartet (1908/1909), Béla Bartók knew Liszt’s Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H, presumably also Schumann’s Sechs Fugen über den Namen Bach, and Reger’s Fantasia and Fugue on B-A-C-H for organ. Such compositions quoted the celebrated motive, typically as a starting point, with the relevant (aforementioned) pitches because the musical cryptogram in this way allowed immediate recognition of the reference to the name of the Leipzig composer. However, Bartók’s planned “B-A-C-H” quotation in the development section of the sonata-form second movement of his First Quartet was not a typical homage to Johann Sebastian Bach but rather a vision: a distorted reference to the symbolic “B-A-C-H” motive. Undoubtedly Bartók liked this episode. There is reason to believe that his friend Zoltán Kodály advised him to leave out the inorganic and distorted “B-A-C-H” allusion.
Transfigurations of The Miraculous Mandarin: The Significance of Genre in the Genesis of Bartók’s Pantomime
Authors: Vikárius László
Published: November 2020

Based on a fresh study of all primary sources of Bartók’s The Miraculous Mandarin (composition: 1918/19, orchestration: 1924) the article reconsiders the entire history of composition and repeated revisions of the work. The original choice of genre (expressive “pantomime” in contrast to “ballet”) seems to have played a significant role in this troubled history, which shows the composer’s efforts to transform sections of the original “gesture” music into a more symphonic style often making the music more succinct. Puzzlingly, the first full score of the complete work and a revised edition of the piano reduction published posthumously in 1955 by Universal Edition present an abridged form of the work, which cannot be fully authenticated and was finally restored to its more complete form in Peter Bartók’s new edition of 2000. Looking for the possible origin of the more obscure cuts, discussions with choreographer Aurelio Milloss in 1936 and Gyula Harangozó in 1939/40, both of whom later directed and danced productions of the work under the baton of János Ferencsik with great success (in Milan in 1942 and in Budapest in 1945, resp.), should probably be taken into consideration as these might have resulted in the integration of cuts into the published full score. Apart from trying to understand the different stages of the work’s long evolution, the article argues that it is essential to study the original version in the compositional sources since it reveals Bartók’s first concept of the piece composed in his period of highest expressionism.
The Danish Première of Alban Berg’s Three-Act Lulu A Contextualized Oral History of a European Capital of Culture Event in 1996
Authors: Ljubibratić Vanja
Published: November 2020

In 1996, Copenhagen was awarded the title European Capital of Culture. Amongst its most publicized events was the Danish and Scandinavian première of the complete version of Alban Berg’s opera Lulu. In this study, an oral history methodology is applied to draw conclusions regarding the significance, reception, and legacy of Lulu in Copenhagen from the perspectives of four Danish administrative leaders involved in this production, who, through interviews, reflected on this project within the context of Copenhagen’s cultural landscape. Their testimonies depict a narrative of how this production established a new perspective of opera in Copenhagen, as well as the innovation of performing opera at unique venues not usually associated with this genre. This phenomenon contributed to attracting a wider audience demographic, who would be less receptive to more traditional methods of opera staging. Furthermore, it was established by the Lulu project instigators that the production depicted Danish cultural identity, while simultaneously promoting an international cooperation and an international standard of artistic execution.
“Zero point” The Beginnings of György Ligeti’s Western Career
Authors: Kerékfy Márton
Published: November 2020

György Ligeti and his wife fled Hungary in December 1956, travelling through the night of the 11 and 12, and finally reaching Vienna the following day. The existing materials dating from Ligeti’s early emigration demonstrate particularly dynamic correspondence with three Hungarian expatriates: composers Sándor Veress and Mátyás Seiber, as well as the critic John S. Weissmann. 33 letters and postcards and a further 11 replies, held in the Paul Sacher Foundation in Basel, comprise a body of Ligeti’s correspondence with these colleagues dating between the final month of 1956 and the end of 1958. Although evidently incomplete, this unique collection offers novel perspectives surrounding the beginnings of Ligeti’s Western career. Reflecting expectations and future aspirations, these documents trace the excitements as well as challenges of “wiping the slate clean.” Encapsulating Ligeti’s evolving compositional interests and recounting the processes through which he forged new professional relationships, this correspondence reveals insights relating to the composer’s newly- emerging public image. Emigration brought many trials, yet upheaval simultaneously presented an opportunity to radically break with the past. Ligeti could redefine his professional identity as a composer. Although Ligeti felt uneasy in Cologne, it quickly became apparent that engaging in an official capacity with the Electronic Music Studio of the West German Radio (WDR) provided an extraordinary opportunity to establish himself in avant-garde musical circles. Initially shocked by these musical experiments, it was clear to Ligeti that his own creative path lay separate from the avant-garde scene with which he became acquainted in Cologne. Ligeti’s correspondence dating from these encounters indicates that he left Hungary with preconceived musical concepts and aspirations. His experiences with contemporary music rather provided the technical tools through which he could construct and articulate his own concepts, in a manner appearing current in the context of the Cologne-Darmstadt avant-garde.
Parlando Rubato György Kurtág and Hungarian Folk Music
Authors: Dalos Anna
Published: November 2020

This study focuses on the use of the parlando rubato style of Hungarian folk music in György Kurtág’s compositions. Kurtág applies the terms parlando, rubato,and molto rubato several times, and these designations always refer to a clearly defined meaning in his compositions, connected to “Hungarianness” and sexuality. This study aims to reveal these meanings, aided by Kurtág’s compositional sketches and notes preserved in the Paul Sacher Foundation in Basel, as well as through analysis of vocal works such as the Four Songs (op. 11), S. K. –Remembrance Noise (op. 12), Attila József Fragments (op. 20), Seven Songs (op. 22), Eight Choruses (op. 23), Kafka Fragments (op. 24), and Three Old Inscriptions (op. 25).
“Ecco la marcia, andiamo...” Mozart and the March
Authors: Kárpáti János
Published: November 2020

Surprisingly little work has been dedicated to Mozart and the march genre. The literature has explored only the 17 marches which feature as introductory movements in his cassations and serenades (Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, Günter Hauswald, Wolfgang Plath). However, marches have important functions in Mozart’s operas – in his seria works as celebratory and greeting intermezzos, and at expressly key instances in his Da Ponte operas (“Non più andrai,” “Ecco la marcia, andiamo,” “È aperto a tutti quanti, viva la libertà!”, and “Bella vita militar”). The same applies to Idomeneo and The Magic Flute, where the priestly rituals are accompanied by marches, albeit of a slow variety, as is Tamino and Pamina’s trial by fire and water. Studying the marches reveals a formulaic recurring rhythmic model (a succession of eighth notes in the following pattern: 4:3:1:2:2) that acts as a thematic introduction to many works which do not conspicuously belong to the march genre – notably his piano concertos and symphonies. This model appears already in his juvenile pieces, reoccurring throughout his œuvre as a means of expressing the beginning of a purposeful action.
Heaven and Hell Performances of Liszt’s Works and their Reception in Rome, 1861–1886
Authors: Reisinger Elisabeth
Published: November 2020

Although the period of Liszt’s residency in Rome is marked by pivotal events, many aspects concerning his networks, activities, and relevance in the city’s musical life still await musicological scrutiny. The present paper examines which of Liszt’s compositions could have been heard in Rome by a broader audience during the time the composer had his permanent residence there, and which pieces received attention from the Italian press. Although the performances of the Dante Symphony in 1866 and Christus in 1867 are to be understood as key events in the Roman perception of Liszt as a composer of symphonic music, performances in this genre remained a rarity throughout the 1860s. By then, it was primarily Liszt’s piano music which was heard both in private and more public settings, mainly popularized by Liszt’s student Giovanni Sgambati. Together with the violinist Ettore Pinelli, Sgambati was also key to staging Liszt’s symphonic music with full orchestra during the 1870s and 1880s. Focusing on these decades, this paper eventually elaborates the consolidation and canonization of Liszt’s music and the lasting implications of the Liszt–Sgambati–Pinelli circle on Rome’s concert repertoire after the Italian unifcation.
Unveröffentlichte Briefe Hans Richters an Johann Nepomuk Dunkl und Edmund von Mihalovich
Authors: Gádor Ágnes , Vavrinecz Veronika
Published: November 2020

As a conductor, Hans Richter was a particularly important figure of late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century European concert and operatic life. Despite his significance, however, his correspondence remained mostly unpublished up to these days. The present publication makes accessible the original German text of Rich-ter’s 1871 autobiography as well as his letters written to his Budapest friends, Johann Nepomuk Dunkl and Edmund von Mihalovich, in the period between 1874 and 1899, kept today at the Library of the Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest.
Mahler: Music, Reception, Identity
Authors: Péteri Lóránt
Published: November 2020

Writings on the socio-cultural complexities of Mahler’s identity and his music in context vary in relation to four basic motifs: his Jewishness; his Germanness; the partly Slav environment of his early years; and his relationship to the Austro-Hungar-ian Dual Monarchy. Studies combine these elements, or privilege one above another. It may help to rethink this subject if we consider that his self-awareness formed amid a changing social environment; if his personal identity will be studied in the context of the identity history of his family; and through scrutinizing the decisive socializing role of the localities in which he lived. These conclusions can reveal the unparalleled mobility of his career in a rapidly-transforming context. Late nineteenth-century Central European societies drew at once on the “past” (post-feudal, pre-modern attitudes and practices), “present” (constitutionalism based on equal civilian rights, and nationalism), and “future” (populist and racist ideologies questioning the enlightened, liberal consensus). All three impacted not only Mahler’s identity, but his image: how the surrounding society perceived him. These approaches also facilitate critical readings of the contemporaneous attempts to embed Mahler’s music in national, regional, and ethno-cultural contexts. This paper examines the reception of the third movement of Symphony No. 1 as a case study, exploring how Mahler’s construed images were reflected in different interpretations of this music.
The Arrival of the Zarzuela in Budapest El rey que rabió by Ruperto Chapí
Authors: Rodríguez-Lorenzo Gloria A.
Published: November 2020

The appearance of zarzuela in Hungary is entirely unknown in musicology. In the present study, I discuss the currently unchartered reception of the zarzuela El rey que rabió (first performed in Spain in 1891) by Ruperto Chapí (1851-1909), a Spanish composer of over one hundred stage pieces and four string quartets. Premièred as Az unatkozó király in Budapest seven years later in 1898, Chapí’s zarzuela met with resounding success in the Hungarian press, a fervour which reverberated into the early decades of the twentieth century. Emil Szalai and Sándor Hevesi’s skilful Hungarian translation, together with Izsó Barna’s appropriate adjustments and reorchestration, accordingly catered the work to Budapest audiences. Through analysis of hand-written performance materials of Az unatkozó király (preserved in the National Széchényi Library), alongside a detailed study of the Hungarian reception, the profound interest in Spanish music–particularly in relation to musical theatre–amongst the turn-of-the-century Hungarian theatre-going public is revealed. This paper explores how Az unatkozó király became a success in Hungary.
The Harmonization of Folk Songs in Kodály’s Workshop
Authors: Richter Pál
Published: November 2020

When Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began systematically collecting folk songs, they almost exclusively encountered monophony, which subsequently featured as their compositional inspiration. As a musical phenomenon, monophony differed sharply from the harmonically based, often overharmonized, polyphonic universe of Western music. However, they also encountered coordinated folk polyphony, in the context of instrumental folk harmonizations. Taking into account the instrumental folk music both Kodály and Bartók collected, this study compares the two main types of folk harmonizations with folk song harmonizations in the works of Kodály, whose related theoretical statements are also considered. This study offers an in-depth analysis of six fragments from Kodály’s major folk-song arrangements to highlight the features of Kodály’s folk song harmonizations.
In Bartók’s Footsteps A Folk Music Research Series Among Turkic People (1936–2019)
Authors: Sipos János
Published: November 2020

The Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric linguistic family, but several pre-Conquest strata of Hungarian folk music are connected to Turkic groups. Intrigued by this phenomenon, Hungarian folk music researchers launched thorough comparative examinations. Investigations authenticated by fieldwork have also been ongoing to the present day, parallel to theoretical research. Initially, the main goal was to explore the eastern relations of Hungarian folk music, which gradually broadened into the areal research of the Volga-Kama-Belaya region. I further expanded this work to encompass the comparative investigation of Turkic-speaking groups living over the vast Eurasian territory. This paper provides a summary of the findings of this field research examining the folk music of Anatolian Turk, Azeri, Karachay, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek and Kyrgyz people. I briefly describe the sources, the fieldwork, the methods of processing the collected material, and most interestingly, I summarize new findings. After providing an overview of traditional songs of several Turkic peoples, selected results are provided in three tables: 1) a grouping of Turkic folk-music repertoires; 2) Turkic parallels to Hungarian folk music styles; and 3) the current state of Turkic folk music research conducted by Hungarian scholars.