bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transplantation of Mature Adipocyte-Derived Dedifferentiated Fat Cells Facilitates Periodontal Tissue Regeneration of Class II Furcation Defects in Miniature Pigs
Authors: Akita Daisuke , Kazama Tomohiko , Tsukimura Naoki , Taniguchi Yoshiki , Takahashi Rie , Arai Yoshinori , Tsurumachi-Iwasaki Niina , Yasuda Hiroyasu , Okubo Takahisa , Kano Koichiro , Matsumoto Taro , Honda Masaki
Published: February 2022

Adipose tissue is composed mostly of adipocytes that are in contact with capillaries. By using a ceiling culture method based on buoyancy, lipid-free fibroblast-like cells, also known as dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells, can be separated from mature adipocytes with a large single lipid droplet. DFAT cells can re-establish their active proliferation ability and transdifferentiate into various cell types under appropriate culture conditions. Herein, we sought to compare the regenerative potential of collagen matrix alone (control) with autologous DFAT cell-loaded collagen matrix transplantation in adult miniature pigs (microminipigs; MMPs). We established and transplanted DFAT cells into inflammation-inducing periodontal class II furcation defects. At 12 weeks after cell transplantation, a marked attachment gain was observed based on the clinical parameters of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Additionally, micro computed tomography (CT) revealed hard tissue formation in furcation defects of the second premolar. The cemento-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest distance was significantly shorter following transplantation. Moreover, newly formed cellular cementum, well-oriented periodontal ligament-like fibers, and alveolar bone formation were observed via histological analysis. No teratomas were found in the internal organs of recipient MMPs. Taken together, these findings suggest that DFAT cells can safely enhance periodontal tissue regeneration.
The Synergistic Properties and Gas Sensing Performance of Functionalized Graphene-Based Sensors
Authors: Leve Zandile Dennis , Iwuoha Emmanuel Iheanyichukwu , Ross Natasha
Published: February 2022

The detection of toxic gases has long been a priority in industrial manufacturing, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and national defense. The importance of gas sensing is not only of high benefit to such industries but also to the daily lives of people. Graphene-based gas sensors have elicited a lot of interest recently, due to the excellent physical properties of graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Graphene oxide and rGO have been shown to offer large surface areas that extend their active sites for adsorbing gas molecules, thereby improving the sensitivity of the sensor. There are several literature reports on the promising functionalization of GO and rGO surfaces with metal oxide, for enhanced performance with regard to selectivity and sensitivity in gas sensing. These synthetic and functionalization methods provide the ideal combination/s required for enhanced gas sensors. In this review, the functionalization of graphene, synthesis of heterostructured nanohybrids, and the assessment of their collaborative performance towards gas-sensing applications are discussed.
Advances and Prospects of Vision-Based 3D Shape Measurement Methods
Authors: Zhang Guofeng , Yang Shuming , Hu Pengyu , Deng Huiwen
Published: February 2022

Vision-based three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement techniques have been widely applied over the past decades in numerous applications due to their characteristics of high precision, high efficiency and non-contact. Recently, great advances in computing devices and artificial intelligence have facilitated the development of vision-based measurement technology. This paper mainly focuses on state-of-the-art vision-based methods that can perform 3D shape measurement with high precision and high resolution. Specifically, the basic principles and typical techniques of triangulation-based measurement methods as well as their advantages and limitations are elaborated, and the learning-based techniques used for 3D vision measurement are enumerated. Finally, the advances of, and the prospects for, further improvement of vision-based 3D shape measurement techniques are proposed.
A Linear, Second-Order, and Unconditionally Energy-Stable Method for the L2-Gradient Flow-Based Phase-Field Crystal Equation
Authors: Lee Hyun Geun
Published: February 2022

To solve the L2-gradient flow-based phase-field crystal equation accurately and efficiently, we present a linear, second-order, and unconditionally energy-stable method. We first truncate the quartic function in the Swift–Hohenberg energy functional. We also put the truncated function in the expansive part of the energy and add an extra term to have a linear convex splitting. Then, we apply the linear convex splitting to both the L2-gradient flow and the nonlocal Lagrange multiplier terms and combine it with the second-order SSP-IMEX-RK method. We prove that the proposed method is mass-conservative and unconditionally energy-stable. Numerical experiments including standard tests in the classical H−1-gradient flow-based phase-field crystal equation support that the proposed method is second-order accurate in time, mass conservative, and unconditionally energy-stable.
Winds of Change in Antibiotic Therapy following Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Peleg Oren , Mahmoud Reema , Ianculovici Clariel , Arbel Shimrit , Kleinman Shlomi , Shuster Amir
Published: February 2022

Background and objectives: This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare three postoperative antibiotic protocols of different durations on surgical-site-infection (SSI) rates following orthognathic surgery for the correction of jaw deformities. Materials and methods: An analysis on data collected from the medical files of 209 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery between 2010 and 2019 was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups according to the postoperative antibiotic protocol—Group 1 (24 h), Group 2 (2–3 days), and Group 3 (>3 days). Dependent and independent variables were collected, analyzed, and compared between the three groups. Results: Group 1 included 30 patients (14.3%), Group 2 included 123 patients (58.9%), and Group 3 included 56 patients (26.8%). The vast majority of the postoperative antibiotics were amoxicillinand clavulanic acid (87.1%). The duration of the surgery and the use of a feeding tube were significantly different between Groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). There was no significant difference in SSI rates between the three groups (p = 0.642). The use of antibiotics beyond the immediate postoperative period provides no increased benefit regarding infection prevention. Conclusions: In young and healthy patients undergoing orthognathic surgery, a 24hregimen of postoperative antibiotics may be sufficient.
Clinical Development of Regenerative Medicine Targeted for Intervertebral Disc Disease
Authors: Sakai Daisuke , Schol Jordy , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: February 2022

Low back pain is critical health, social, and economic issue in modern societies. This disease is often associated with intervertebral disc degeneration; however, contemporary treatments are unable to target this underlying pathology to alleviate the pain symptoms. Cell therapy offers a promising novel therapeutic that, in theory, should be able to reduce low back pain through mitigating the degenerative disc environment. With the clinical development of cell therapeutics ongoing, this review aims to summarize reporting on the different clinical trials and assess the different regenerative strategies being undertaken to collectively obtain an impression on the potential safety and effectiveness of cell therapeutics against intervertebral disc-related diseases.
Characterization of Commercial Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL) by Liquid Extrusion Porometry (LEP) and Gas Liquid Displacement Porometry (GLDP)
Authors: Peinador René I. , Abba Oumaima , Calvo José I.
Published: February 2022

This works aims to study the porous characterization of several commercial Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL). Three carbon-based porous GDL featuring a highly rigid microstructure of interconnected pores of several manufacturers were analyzed. Gas Liquid Displacement Porometry (GLDP) and Liquid Extrusion Porometry (LEP) have been used to obtain their pore size distributions (PSD) and the mean and mode pore diameters (davg and dmod), by means of a gas/liquid and extrusion porometer developed at IFTS. N-dodecane liquid has been used to completely wet the GDL’s assuring penetration of the liquid into the carbon fibrous structure. The results demonstrated the accuracy of the setup on characterizing GDL in the Particle Filtration (PF) range by GLDP and LEP, with reasonable agreements of resulting PSD and average sizes between both techniques when GLDP and LEP results are compared. Differences can be explained in terms of the high pore connectivity of these kinds of structures.
Study of the Application Efficiency of Irradiation with Heavy Ions to Increase the Helium Swelling Resistance of BeO Ceramics
Authors: Zdorovets Maxim V. , Shlimas Dmitriy I. , Kozlovskiy Artem L. , Borgekov Daryn B.
Published: February 2022

This paper considers the possibilities of increasing radiation resistance to helium swelling of beryllium oxide ceramics due to preliminary irradiation with heavy ions. Interest in this topic is due to the possibility of using these ceramics as materials for inert matrices of nuclear fuel and structural materials reflectors of high-temperature reactors. The samples studied were irradiated in two stages, namely irradiation with heavy Ar8+, Kr15+, and Xe22+ ions with a fluence of 1012 ion/cm2 and subsequent irradiation with He2+ ions with a fluence of 5x1017 ion/cm2. The main parameters used to compare and determine radiation modification efficiency were the crystal-structure swelling degree, a decrease in the hardness, and wear resistance of ceramics after irradiation with He2+ ions. During the studies carried out, it was found that preliminary irradiation with heavy Ar8+, Kr15+, and Xe22+ ions leads to a significant increase in radiation swelling resistance, as well as to an increase in crack resistance and wear resistance.
Buckling Analysis of Corroded Pipelines under Combined Axial Force and External Pressure
Authors: Feng Chunjian , Wu Hang , Li Xin
Published: February 2022

Affected by a complex environment, corrosion is a common defect in steel pipelines. Moreover, steel pipelines are subjected to large axial forces during their installation and operation. Corroded deep-sea steel pipelines are prone to local buckling under complex loads. Therefore, in view of this problem, the collapse response of corroded steel pipelines under the combined axial force and external pressure is analyzed in detail. First, a formula for evaluating the collapse pressure of corroded steel pipelines under external pressure and axial force is proposed. Then, the factors affecting the collapse pressure of the steel pipeline are parameterized by using the finite element method. The accuracy of the finite element model is proved by collapse tests of the corroded steel pipeline. As shown in finite element results, the diameter-to-thickness ratio, initial ovality and corrosion defect size have significant effects on the buckling response of a steel pipeline. The collapse pressure of the steel pipeline decreases as the axial force increases. Finally, based on the finite element simulation results, the parameter variables in the evaluation formula are obtained.
Optimization of Friction Stir Processing Parameters of Recycled AA 6063 for Enhanced Surface Microhardness and Tribological Properties
Authors: Teo Guo Sheng , Liew Kia Wai , Kok Chee Kuang
Published: February 2022

This work aims to optimize the friction stir processing parameters of recycled aluminum alloy 6063 for enhanced mechanical and tribological properties. The selected friction stir processing parameters that were used to produce friction stir processed recycled aluminum alloy 6063 are tool rotational speeds and feed rates ranging from 1200 rpm to 2000 rpm and 25 mm/min to 45 mm/min, respectively. The surface microhardness of the friction stir processed samples were measured and the friction and wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribo-tester under starved lubrication conditions. The results show that the optimum friction stir process parameters for recycled aluminum alloy 6063 are 1200 rpm and 30 mm/min. Friction stir processed recycled aluminum alloy 6063 produced by these parameters led to enhancement of microhardness and the wear resistance by 25% and 37%, and reduction of friction coefficient and grain size by about 33% and 96%, respectively.
The Study of Microbe–Host Two-Way Communication
Authors: Perry Famatta , Arsenault Ryan J.
Published: February 2022

Back-and-forth intercommunication in host–pathogen interactions has long been recognized to play an important role in commensalism and microbial pathogenesis. For centuries, we have studied these microbes in our surroundings, yet many questions about the evolutionary cross-talk between host and microbe remain unanswered. With the recent surge in research interest in the commensal microbiome, basic immunological questions have returned to the fore, such as, how are vast numbers of microbes capable of coexisting within animals and humans while also maintaining a healthy functional immune system? How is the evasion and subversion of the immune system achieved by some microbes but not others? The intricate and important-to-remember two-way interaction and coevolution of host and microbe is the communication network we must tap into as researchers to answer these questions.
Experimental Evolution in Tetrahymena
Authors: Plum Karissa , Tarkington Jason , Zufall Rebecca A.
Published: February 2022

Experimental evolution has provided novel insight into a wide array of biological processes. Species in the genus Tetrahymena are proving to be a highly useful system for studying a range of questions using experimental evolution. Their unusual genomic architecture, diversity of life history traits, importance as both predator and prey, and amenability to laboratory culture allow them to be studied in a variety of contexts. In this paper, we review what we are learning from experimental evolution with Tetrahymena about mutation, adaptation, and eco-evolutionary dynamics. We predict that future experimental evolution studies using Tetrahyemena will continue to shed new light on these processes.
Factors Affecting the Intraluminal Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Ho Cheng-Yu , Liu Ting-Wen , Lin Yang-Sheng , Chen Yen-Po , Chen Ming-Jen , Wang Horng-Yuan , Liou Tai-Cherng
Published: February 2022

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can be eradicated immediately while conducting an endoscopic examination. The eradication rate of intraluminal therapy for H. pylori infection (ILTHPI) is 53.7% (51/95) via local application of single-dose medicament containing amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin. We aimed to evaluate factors affecting ILTHPI and to assess the efficacy among single antibiotics, and compared our results with combined antibiotics. We enrolled H. pylori-infected treatment-naïve symptomatic patients; 95 completed triple-antibiotic ILTHPI were evaluated for risk factors, along with 60 completed mono-antibiotic ILTHPI containing amoxicillin, clarithromycin, or metronidazole in each of the 20 patients. Univariate analysis revealed the significant influence of BMI (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03–1.27, p = 0.011) and gastric juice pH (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.16–1.58, p = 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis also showed significant influence of gastric juice pH (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.10–1.54, p = 0.002). The eradication rate of mono-antibiotic ILTHPI is significantly lower than triple-antibiotic ILTHPI (11.7% vs. 53.7%; p < 0.0001; α = 0.05, power = 1.0). The efficacy was 20% (4/20) for metronidazole, 10% (2/20) for amoxicillin, and 5% (1/20) for clarithromycin. In conclusion, the level of gastric juice pH is a crucial factor affecting the ILTHPI. The detection of gastric juice pH and selection of optimal intraluminal medicaments are important. Further studies with combined antibiotics for ILTHPI, perhaps metronidazole-containing medicaments, are recommended.
Photoionization Observables from Multi-Reference Dyson Orbitals Coupled to B-Spline DFT and TD-DFT Continuum
Authors: Tenorio Bruno Nunes Cabral , Ponzi Aurora , Coriani Sonia , Decleva Piero
Published: February 2022

We present a theoretical model to compute the accurate photoionization dynamical parameters (cross-sections, asymmetry parameters and orbital, or cross-section, ratios) from Dyson orbitals obtained with the multi-state complete active space perturbation theory to the second order (MS-CASPT2) method. Our new implementation of Dyson orbitals in OpenMolcas takes advantage of the full Abelian symmetry point group and has the corrected normalization. The Dyson orbitals are coupled to an accurate description of the electronic continuum obtained with a multicentric B-spline basis at the DFT and TD-DFT levels. Two prototype diatomic molecules, i.e., CS and SiS, have been chosen due to their smallness, which hides important correlation effects. These effects manifest themselves in the appearance of well-characterized isolated satellite bands in the middle of the valence region. The rich satellite structures make CS and SiS the perfect candidates for a computational study based on our highly accurate MS-CASPT2/B-spline TD-DFT protocol.
Time Trend of Overweight and Obesity in Adults from Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon (2006–2020)
Authors: Dias Flávia Santos Batista , de Moura Magalhães Lima Yara , Martins Fernanda Andrade , da Silva-Nunes Mônica , de Andrade Andréia Moreira , Ramalho Alanderson Alves
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to analyze overweight trend and obesity in adults from Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon, from 2006 to 2020. This is a time series study, with data from Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). To estimate annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals, the software Jointpoint Regression Analysis v.4.6.0.0., was used. In Rio Branco, overweight prevalence ranged from 44.0% in 2006 to 58.9% in 2020, with a bigger frequency among men than that among women. Obesity prevalence has increased from 12.5% in 2006 to 21.4% in 2020, similar between both sexes. From 2006 to 2020, overweight APC was 5.2% (95% CI: 1.4; 9.1) by 2010, and decreased to 1.3% by 2020. Public policies to control obesity and its risks must be both, implemented as strengthened.
A Food-Based Intervention in a Military Dining Facility Improves Blood Fatty Acid Profile
Authors: Bukhari Asma S. , Lutz Laura J. , Smith Tracey J. , Hatch-McChesney Adrienne , O’Connor Kristie L. , Carrigan Christopher T. , Hawes Michael R. , McGraw Susan M. , Taylor Kathryn M. , Champagne Catherine M. , Montain Scott J.
Published: February 2022

Enhancing dietary omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) intake may confer neuroprotection, brain resiliency, improve wound healing and promote cardiovascular health. This study determined the efficacy of substituting a few common foods (chicken meat, chicken sausage, eggs, salad dressings, pasta sauces, cooking oil, mayonnaise, and peanut butter) lower in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and higher in n-3 HUFA in a dining facility on blood fatty acid profile. An eight-week prospective, between-subjects (n = 77), repeated measures, parallel-arm trial was conducted. Participants self-selected foods consumed from conventionally produced foods (control), or those lower n-6 PUFA and higher n-3 HUFA versions (intervention). Changes in blood omega-3 index, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n-6 PUFA, lipid profile, and food satisfaction were main outcomes. Between-group differences over time were assessed using a linear mixed model to measure the effect of diet on blood serum fatty acids and inflammatory markers. The intervention group achieved a higher omega-3 index score (3.66 ± 0.71 vs. 2.95 ± 0.77; p < 0.05), lower total n-6 (10.1 ± 4.6 vs. 15.3 ± 6.7 µg/mL; p < 0.05), and higher serum concentration of EPA (5.0 ± 1.31 vs. 4.05 ± 1.56 µg/mL; p < 0.05) vs. controls. Satisfaction in intervention foods improved or remained consistent. Substitution of commonly eaten dining facility foods with like-items higher in DHA and EPA and lower in n-6 PUFA can favorably impact fatty acid status and the omega-3 index.
Diet and Maternal Obesity Are Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress in Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Lopez-Yañez Blanco Arturo , Díaz-López Keyla M , Vilchis-Gil Jenny , Diaz-Garcia Hector , Gomez-Lopez Jacqueline , Medina-Bravo Patricia , Granados-Riveron Javier T , Gallardo Juan M , Klünder-Klünder Miguel , Sánchez-Urbina Rocío
Published: February 2022

Overweight and obesity have become a world-health public problem, mainly for developing countries. Both health conditions have a higher prevalence among women of childbearing age. Physiopathology, overweight and obesity are characterized by a chronic oxidative stress status, which has deleterious effects on mothers and children. Hence, we determine whether the qualities of diet during pregnancy and maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased oxidative stress markers in mothers and newborns. Two hundred forty-two (242) mother-newborn pairs were classified according to their pregestational BMI. Information on food intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy. Levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide (NO) were measured in plasma from mothers at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and from cord blood at birth. MDA and NO levels in mother–newborn pairs with maternal pregestational overweight or obesity were higher than in mother–newborn pairs with pregestational normal weight. For women (and newborns) who had a higher intake of fruit and vegetables, the levels of NO and MDA were lower. Lastly, women with pregestational obesity had lower fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy and higher levels of oxidative stress and in their newborns.
The Potential Roles of Probiotics, Resistant Starch, and Resistant Proteins in Ameliorating Inflammation during Aging (Inflammaging)
Authors: Warman Dwina Juliana , Jia Huijuan , Kato Hisanori
Published: February 2022

Aging is typically accompanied by biological and physiological changes that alter cellular functions. Two of the most predominant phenomena in aging include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and changes in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis). Although a direct causal relationship has not been established, many studies have reported significant reductions in inflammation during aging through well-maintained gut health and microbial balance. Prebiotics and probiotics are known to support gut health and can be easily incorporated into the daily diet. Unfortunately, few studies specifically focus on their significance in reducing inflammation during aging. Therefore, this review summarizes the scientific evidence of the potential roles of probiotics and two types of prebiotics, resistant starch and resistant proteins, in later age. Studies have demonstrated that the oral consumption of bacteria that may contribute to anti-inflammatory response, such as Bifidobacterium spp., Akkermansia munichipilla, and Faecalis praunitzii, contributes significantly to the suppression of pro-inflammatory markers in elderly humans and aged animals. Colonic fermentation of resistant starch and proteins also demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity owing to the production of butyrate and an improvement in the gut microbiota composition. Collectively, probiotics, resistant starch, and resistant proteins have the potential to promote healthy aging.
Role of Nutrition and Diet on Healthy Mental State
Authors: Granero Roser
Published: February 2022

A large number of scientists and health professionals recognize that balanced nutrition is fundamental for a good state of physical health [...]
Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review
Authors: Roncoroni Leda , Gori Rachele , Elli Luca , Tontini Gian Eugenio , Doneda Luisa , Norsa Lorenzo , Cuomo Marialaura , Lombardo Vincenza , Scricciolo Alice , Caprioli Flavio , Costantino Andrea , Scaramella Lucia , Vecchi Maurizio
Published: February 2022

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect the gastrointestinal tract: they include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Each has a different phenotypic spectrum, characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations. People living with IBD are very interested in diet, but little is known about the impact of diet on these patients; no guidelines are available yet. In this review, we analyze the dietary patterns of patients with IBD and the approach to the choices of foods both in adults and pediatric patients. Very often, IBD patients report an intentional avoidance of gluten to manage the disease; furthermore, a proportion of IBD patients believe that dairy products worsen their symptoms and that avoidance may help the disease. They have a low compliance with the Mediterranean Diet, which is considered to have potential benefits but is little used in practice. In conclusion, the review underscores the pivotal role of nutritional counselling in IBD patients, and the importance of future clinical studies to evaluate the beneficial effects of dietary recommendations in the management of IBD.
Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Kim Mijin , Seol Jaehoon , Sato Toshiya , Fukamizu Yuichiro , Sakurai Takanobu , Okura Tomohiro
Published: February 2022

Deteriorating sleep quality and physical or mental fatigue in older adults leads to decreased quality of life and increased mortality rates. This study investigated the effects of the time-dependent intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older adults. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated 108 participants divided into four groups (NMN_AM; antemeridian, NMN_PM; post meridian, Placebo_AM, Placebo_PM). NMN (250 mg) or placebo was administered once a day for 12 weeks. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Fatigue was evaluated using the “Jikaku-sho shirabe” questionnaire. Grip strength, 5-times sit-to-stand (5-STS), timed up and go, and 5-m habitual walk were evaluated to assess the physical performance. Significant interactions were observed between 5-STS and drowsiness. 5-STS of all groups on post-intervention and drowsiness of the NMN_PM and Placebo_PM groups on mid- and post-intervention showed significant improvement compared with those in pre-intervention. The NMN_PM group demonstrated the largest effect size for 5-STS (d = 0.72) and drowsiness (d = 0.64). Overall, NMN intake in the afternoon effectively improved lower limb function and reduced drowsiness in older adults. These findings suggest the potential of NMN in preventing loss of physical performance and improving fatigue in older adults.
Campylobacteriosis, Shigellosis and Salmonellosis in Hospitalized Children with Acute Inflammatory Diarrhea in Georgia
Authors: Metreveli Maia , Bulia Salome , Shalamberidze Iamze , Tevzadze Liana , Tsanava Shota , Goenaga Juan Cruz , Stingl Kerstin , Imnadze Paata
Published: February 2022

This is the first study on campylobacteriosis carried out in Georgia. It targeted 382 hospitalized children with acute inflammatory diarrhea. The study was conducted between July 2020 to July 2021 based on the main infection clinic of the capital city. Culture-based bacteriological methods were followed by phenotypic and Real-time PCR tests for bacterial confirmation and identification. The data revealed recent epidemiologic prevalences of the three main causative bacteria in the target population. Shigella sonnei with 19.1% (95% CI: 15.2–23.4%) was the most frequently detected pathogen followed by Campylobacter spp. with 12.3% (95% CI: 9.2–16.0%) and Salmonella spp. with 4.9% (95% CI: 3.0–7.6%). However, in 63.6% of the samples, the causative agent remained unknown. Species differentiation of Campylobacter spp. revealed 81% Campylobacter jejuni and 19% Campylobacter coli. An epidemiological pyramid with estimated magnification factors may give more insights into the burden of campylobacteriosis among the studied population, resulting in a putative annual incidence of 6 per 1000 children in Tbilisi. Children with campylobacteriosis were younger (median age 40 months (interquartile range (IQR) 22−95)) than with shigellosis (median age 92 months (interquartile range (IQR) 52−140)). However, no statistically significant difference was found with the age range of patients with campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis as well as with salmonellosis and shigellosis. In conclusion, Campylobacter spp. may be suspected to be the second most frequent bacterial causative agent of acute inflammatory diarrhea in hospitalized children and the primary cause in the 0–3 age group in Georgia. In addition, Campylobacter CROMagar showed better selectivity in comparison to mCCDA selective agar of stool samples in our study.
Hesperidin-Loaded Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery of Bioactive Drugs
Authors: Jangde Rajendra , Elhassan Gamal Osman , Khute Sulekha , Singh Deependra , Singh Manju , Sahu Ram Kumar , Khan Jiyauddin
Published: February 2022

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid constituent that among many other biological activities shows significant wound healing properties. However, the bioavailability of hesperidin when applied topically is limited due to its low solubility and systemic absorption, so novel dosage forms are needed to improve its therapeutic efficacy. The objectives of this study were to develop hesperidin-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (HLPHNs) to enhance the delivery of hesperidin to endogenous sites in the wound bed and promote the efficacy of hesperidin. HLPHNs were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design. HLPHNs were prepared using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method based on a double emulsion of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) followed by freeze-drying to obtain nanoparticles. The prepared formulations were characterized using various evaluation parameters. In addition, the antioxidant activity of HLPHN 4 was investigated in vitro using the DPPH model. Seventeen different HLPHNs were prepared and the HLPHN4 exhibited the best mean particle size distribution, zeta potential, drug release and entrapment efficiency. The values are 91.43 nm, +23 mV, 79.97% and 92.8%, respectively. Transmission electron microscope showed similar spherical morphology as HLPHN4. Differential scanning calorimetry verified the physical stability of the loaded drug in a hybrid system. In vitro release studies showed uniform release of the drug over 24 h. HLPHN4 showed potent antioxidant activity in vitro in the DPPH model. The results of this study suggest that HLPHNs can achieve sustained release of the drug at the wound site and exhibit potent in vitro antioxidant activity.
Cellulose Amphiphilic Materials: Chemistry, Process and Applications
Authors: Zuppolini Simona , Salama Ahmed , Cruz-Maya Iriczalli , Guarino Vincenzo , Borriello Anna
Published: February 2022

In the last decade, amphiphilic cellulose (AC) is emerging as attractive biomaterial for different therapeutic use, due to its unique chemical and physical properties. Using it as alternative to synthetic polymers, AC opens up new avenues to prepare new bio-sustainable materials with low impact in the cellular environment. Herein, most recent methods to synthesize and processing AC materials from different sources—i.e., cellulose nanofibers, bacterial cellulose, cellulose derivatives—will be discussed. By an accurate optimization of morphology and surface chemistry, it is possible to develop innovative amphiphilic platforms, promising for a wide range of biomedical applications, from drug delivery to molecular/particle adsorption.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Literature Overview
Authors: Slapak Etienne J. , el Mandili Mouad , Bijlsma Maarten F. , Spek C. Arnold
Published: February 2022

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with the worst outcome of any human cancer. Despite significant improvements in cancer treatment in general, little progress has been made in pancreatic cancer (PDAC), resulting in an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. This dismal prognosis can be attributed to the limited clinical efficacy of systemic chemotherapy due to its high toxicity and consequent dose reductions. Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to PDAC cells without affecting healthy non-tumor cells will largely reduce collateral toxicity leading to reduced morbidity and an increased number of PDAC patients eligible for chemotherapy treatment. To achieve targeted delivery in PDAC, several strategies have been explored over the last years, and especially the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) seem an attractive approach. MSNs show high biocompatibility, are relatively easy to surface modify, and the porous structure of MSNs enables high drug-loading capacity. In the current systematic review, we explore the suitability of MSN-based targeted therapies in the setting of PDAC. We provide an extensive overview of MSN-formulations employed in preclinical PDAC models and conclude that MSN-based tumor-targeting strategies may indeed hold therapeutic potential for PDAC, although true clinical translation has lagged behind.
Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Enhances Oral Absorption of Silymarin Nanoparticles Prepared Using PureNano™ Continuous Crystallizer
Authors: Onodera Risako , Hayashi Tomohiro , Motoyama Keiichi , Tahara Kohei , Takeuchi Hirofumi
Published: February 2022

The oral bioavailability of drugs is limited by factors such as poor membrane permeability, low solubility, and low dissolution rate. Silymarin (SLM) is a health-food active ingredient that is good for immunosuppression and tumor suppression. However, obtaining a good oral bioavailability is difficult owing to its poor solubility and low dissolution ability. To overcome these concerns, we previously prepared SLM nanoparticles (NPs) using the high-pressure crystallization method (PureNanoTM) and freeze-dried them with erythritol (Ery) or hydroxypropyl-β-CyD (HP-β-CyD) as a water-soluble dispersion stabilizer. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the improved absorption of SLM/hypromellose (HPMC)/HP-β-CyD NPs after oral administration. The SLM/HPMC nano-suspension prepared using PureNanoTM exhibited a narrow size distribution. The size of the SLM/HPMC/HP-β-CyD NPs was approximately 250 nm after hydration. The SLM/HPMC/HP-β-CyD NPs were rapidly dissolved, and demonstrated a high solubility under supersaturated conditions. Additionally, they exhibited good wettability and their membrane permeability was improved compared with that of SLM original powder. These results suggest that the formulation of SLM NPs using PureNanoTM and freeze-drying with HP-β-CyD improves the absorption of SLM after oral administration by enhancing solubility, wettability, and membrane permeability.
Free Convection of a Bingham Fluid in a Differentially-Heated Porous Cavity: The Effect of a Square Grid Microstructure
Authors: Rees D. Andrew S.
Published: February 2022

We examine how a square-grid microstructure affects the manner in which a Bingham fluid is convected in a sidewall-heated rectangular porous cavity. When the porous microstructure is isotropic, flow arises only when the Darcy–Rayleigh number is higher than a critical value, and this corresponds to when buoyancy forces are sufficient to overcome the yield threshold of the Bingham fluid. In such cases, the flow domain consists of a flowing region and stagnant regions within which there is no flow. Here, we consider a special case where the constituent pores form a square grid pattern. First, we use a network model to write down the appropriate macroscopic momentum equations as a Darcy–Bingham law for this microstructure. Then detailed computations are used to determine strongly nonlinear states. It is found that the flow splits naturally into four different regions: (i) full flow, (ii) no-flow, (iii) flow solely in the horizontal direction and (iv) flow solely in the vertical direction. The variations in the rate of heat transfer and the strength of the flow with the three governing parameters, the Darcy–Rayleigh number, Ra, the Rees–Bingham number, Rb, and the aspect ratio, A, are obtained.
Development of Porous Polyvinyl Acetate/Polypyrrole/Gallic Acid Scaffolds Using Supercritical CO2 as Tissue Regenerative Agents
Authors: Valor Diego , Montes Antonio , Cózar Antonio , Pereyra Clara , Martínez de la Ossa Enrique
Published: February 2022

Scaffolds are advanced devices employed in tissue engineering, as they are intended to mimic the characteristics of extracellular matrices. In this respect, conjugated materials are gaining relevance in the manufacturing of the foams used for therapeutic scaffolds, since they can provide certain properties that are missing in the other polymers used to form the scaffolds. This work has, therefore, focused on the development of functional scaffolds formed by conjugated-non-conjugated polymers such as polyvinyl acetate and polypyrrole, impregnated with gallic acid as the model drug and produced by means of a supercritical CO2 foaming/impregnation process. The effects from a series of parameters such as pressure, temperature, depressurization rate, and contact time of the scaffold production process have been determined. The impregnated foams have been characterized according to their morphology, including their porosity and expansion factor, their drug loading and delivering capabilities, and their mechanical and electrical properties. The characterization of the experiments was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, liquid displacement, in vitro release, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and compression techniques. The results from our tests have revealed a considerable influence of all the input variables studied, as well as relevant interactions between them. Values close to 35% porosity were obtained, with a drug release of up to 10 h with a fast initial release. The best operating conditions were 353 K, 30 MPa, 0.5 MPa/min depressurization rate, and 1 h contact time. By means of the supercritical foaming/impregnation technique, scaffolds with potential in tissue engineering due to their studied properties were obtained.
Numerical Study of Contact Behavior and Temperature Characterization in Ultrasonic Welding of CF/PA66
Authors: Yang Yuanduo , Liu Zhiwei , Wang Yuefang , Li Yang
Published: February 2022

Ultrasonic plastic welding (UPW) is a promising method for joining carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP). The interface temperature determines weld quality to a large extent. This paper numerically analyzes the contact behavior and temperature characterization during welding using harmonic balance method (HBM). The simulation and experimental results show that amplitude and welding time are important factors determining the interface temperature. Increasing amplitude and welding time can significantly increase the interface temperature. Plunging speed and trigger force have little effect on the interface temperature. For nonlinear contact and heat generation, the results show that there is a certain separation between workpieces and the heat source is mainly friction heat generation in the early stage of welding. With the progress of welding, there is no separation between the workpieces and viscoelastic heat generation begins to dominate.
Reduction of Potential-Induced-Degradation of p-Type PERC Solar Cell Modules by an Ion-Diffusion Barrier Layer Underneath the Front Glass
Authors: Jang Eunjin , Oh Kyoung-suk , Ryu Sangwoo
Published: February 2022

With the maturation of silicon-based technologies, silicon solar cells have achieved a high conversion efficiency that approaches the theoretical limit. Currently, great efforts are being made to enhance the reliability of silicon solar cells. When the silicon solar cells are made into modules, potential-induced-degradation (PID) occurs during operation because of the high voltage applied between the frame and the cells, which reduces the efficiency and output power. The diffusion of Na+ ions from the front glass and the increased leakage current along the migration path are the major causes of PID. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD)-grown amorphous thin Al2O3 layers are introduced underneath the front glass to prevent the diffusion of Na+ ions and the resulting PID. Accelerated PID tests showed that an ALD-grown Al2O3 layer of 30 nm could effectively suppress PID seriously affecting the conversion efficiency or light transmittance. The introduction of an ion-diffusion barrier underneath the front glass is expected to contribute to securing the long-term reliability of silicon-based electricity generation, together with the introduction of barrier layers inside the solar cells.
Sustainable Solar Drying of Brewer’s Spent Grains: A Comparison with Conventional Electric Convective Drying
Authors: Capossio Juan Pablo , Fabani María Paula , Reyes-Urrutia Andrés , Torres-Sciancalepore Rodrigo , Deng Yimin , Baeyens Jan , Rodriguez Rosa , Mazza Germán
Published: February 2022

Spent grains from microbreweries are mostly formed by malting barley (or malt) and are suitable for a further valorization process. Transforming spent grains from waste to raw materials, for instance, in the production of nontraditional flour, requires a previous drying process. A natural convection solar dryer (NCSD) was evaluated as an alternative to a conventional electric convective dryer (CECD) for the dehydration process of local microbrewers’ spent grains. Two types of brewer’s spent grains (BSG; Golden ale and Red ale) were dried with both systems, and sustainability indices, specific energy consumption (eC), and CO2 emissions were calculated and used to assess the environmental advantages and disadvantages of the NCSD. Then, suitable models (empirical, neural networks, and computational fluid dynamics) were used to simulate both types of drying processes under different conditions. The drying times were 30–85 min (depending on the drying temperature, 363.15 K and 333.15 K) and 345–430 min (depending on the starting daytime hour at which the drying process began) for the CECD and the NCSD, respectively. However, eC and CO2 emissions for the CECD were 1.68–1.88 · 10−3 (kW h)/kg and 294.80–410.73 kg/(kW h) for the different drying temperatures. Using the NCSD, both indicators were null, considering this aspect as an environmental benefit.
Individual Self, Sage Discourse, and Parental Authority: Why Do Confucian Students Reject Further Confucian Studies as Their Educational Future?
Authors: Wang Canglong
Published: February 2022

Throughout the twenty-first century, Confucian education has rapidly expanded among the grassroots in China. This study focuses on the most influential style of Confucian education, dujing (classics reading) education, and on a very understudied group, the students, in the Confucian education system. Using data collected at a Confucian school, this study aims to elucidate dujing students’ genuine thoughts and feelings toward their plans for future education. The findings suggest that dujing students exhibit an individualistic outlook, which is characterized by their personal aspirations, self-determination, independence, and self-pursuit, as well as a reluctance to pursue further Confucian studies. Their self-identity is further strengthened by resistance to the authoritarian discourse circulating in the domain of dujing education and by a shifting relationship with imposed parental expectations. This study argues that the development of Confucian individualism in students’ dujing experience must be understood within the broader social contexts shaping Chinese individualisms and subjectivities.
Supersessionism: Admit and Address Rather than Debate or Deny
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill
Published: February 2022

Supersessionism, in the sense of advancing upon and thereby replacing an anterior tradition, is intrinsic to both Jewish and Christian identity. The move forward is to acknowledge it rather than debate or deny it, and then to determine how its presence does not preclude positive roles for the superseded group. Because Christian supersessionism is today a primary interest in inter-religious dialogue, this article focuses on how it has been and might be approached. Attempts to deny supersessionism in the New Testament must be based in hermeneutics since historical-critical exegesis cannot secure this conclusion. Today, interest in Christian supersessionism is driven not only by theological concerns but also factors concerning identity, including the role of messianic Judaism in Church communities; approaches to Zionism, the “scandal of particularity,” ethnic identity, and debates over cultural appropriation.
Implementation of a Flexible and Lightweight Depth-Based Visual Servoing Solution for Feature Detection and Tracing of Large, Spatially-Varying Manufacturing Workpieces
Authors: Clift Lee , Tiwari Divya , Scraggs Chris , Hutabarat Windo , Tinkler Lloyd , Aitken Jonathan M. , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: February 2022

This work proposes a novel solution for detecting and tracing spatially varying edges of large manufacturing workpieces, using a consumer grade RGB depth camera, with only a partial view of the workpiece and without prior knowledge. The proposed system can visually detect and trace various edges, with a wide array of degrees, to an accuracy of 15 mm or less, without the need for any previous information, setup or planning. A combination of physical experiments on the setup and more complex simulated experiments were conducted. The effectiveness of the system is demonstrated via simulated and physical experiments carried out on both acute and obtuse edges, as well as typical aerospace structures, made from a variety of materials, with dimensions ranging from 400 mm to 600 mm. Simulated results show that, with artificial noise added, the solution presented can detect aerospace structures to an accuracy of 40 mm or less, depending on the amount of noise present, while physical aerospace inspired structures can be traced with a consistent accuracy of 5 mm regardless of the cardinal direction. Compared to current industrial solutions, the lack of required planning and robustness of edge detection means it should be able to complete tasks more quickly and easily than the current standard, with a lower financial and computational cost than the current techniques being used within.
iVS Dataset and ezLabel: A Dataset and a Data Annotation Tool for Deep Learning Based ADAS Applications
Authors: Ni Yu-Shu , Shivanna Vinay M. , Guo Jiun-In
Published: February 2022

To overcome the limitations of standard datasets with data at a wide-variety of scales and captured in the various conditions necessary to train neural networks to yield efficient results in ADAS applications, this paper presents a self-built open-to-free-use ‘iVS dataset’ and a data annotation tool entitled ‘ezLabel’. The iVS dataset is comprised of various objects at different scales as seen in and around real driving environments. The data in the iVS dataset are collected by employing a camcorder in vehicles driving under different conditions, e.g., light, weather and traffic, and driving scenarios ranging from city traffic during peak and normal hours to freeway traffics during busy and normal conditions. Thus, the collected data are wide-ranging and captured all possible objects at various scales appearing in real-time driving situations. The data collected in order to build the dataset has to be annotated before use in training the CNNs and so this paper presents an open-to-free-use data annotation tool, ezLabel, for data annotation purposes as well.