bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a polder module in the SWAT model: SWATpld for simulating polder areas in south‐eastern China
Authors: Lai Zhengqing , Li Shuo , Deng Yang , Lv Guonian , Ullah Sana
Published: February 2018

Polders are one of the most common artificial hydrological entities in the plain river network regions of China. Due to enclosed dikes, manual drainage, and irrigation intake operations, polders have had a significant impact on the hydrological processes of these areas. Distributed hydrological models are effective tools to understand and reproduce the hydrological processes of a watershed. To date, however, few models are able to simulate the drainage and irrigation intake interactions of polders at a watershed scale. This study develops a modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which is designed to better represent polders (SWATpld). The SWATpld model simulates drainage and irrigation intake processes by calculating the excess‐water storage in the inner rivers and irrigation schedule for paddy rice in the polder. Both SWAT and SWATpld models were tested for the Liyang watershed. SWATpld outperformed SWAT in simulating the daily discharge and intake of the experimental polder and predicting the monthly peak flow at the outlet of the Liyang watershed, which suggests that the modified model simulates the hydrological responses of the study watershed with polder operations more realistically than the original SWAT model does. Further evaluation at various locations and in various climate conditions would increase the confidence of this model.
Spatiotemporal homogeneity and distinctness of the T‐cell receptor β‐chain repertoires in Epstein–Barr virus‐associated primary and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Chung Yih‐Lin , Wu Mei‐Ling
Published: February 2018

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated lymphoepithelioma. The aim of this study was to characterize the homogeneity and distinctness of the T‐cell repertoires within and between primary and metastatic NPCs. We used ultra‐deep sequencing of the hypervariably rearranged antigen‐binding CDR3 regions of T‐cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) to comprehensively profile the T‐cell repertoires in NPC patients receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy with long‐term follow‐up. We observed not only various spatially heterogeneous patient‐specific TCRbeta clone compositions that changed with time but also several commonly enriched TCRbeta subclones that were constantly shared between primary NPCs in the head and neck regions, locally recurrent tumors after treatment and later‐developed distant metastatic tumors in the liver, lung and bone. Comparison of the overlap frequency of the T‐cell clonality between TCRbeta repertoires enabled us to calculate the pairwise genetic distance between primary NPCs of different patients and different sites of metastatic or recurrent NPCs. The constructed NPC phylogeny clearly differentiated the low‐risk patients without relapse from the high‐risk patients with distant metastasis after chemoradiotherapy. In contrast to the rather low frequency of nonsilent somatic mutations in NPC cells, the degrees of similarity and divergence of NPC‐infiltrating lymphocyte TCRbeta repertoires among different patients showed prognostication. Moreover, the persistent presence of commonly NPC‐shared in‐frame TCRbeta CDR3 gene sequences spatiotemporally identified in the NPC‐infiltrating lymphocytes within varied EBV‐positive NPCs and their metastases suggest the existence of frequently shared epitopes of neoantigens virally or nonvirally displayed on cancer cells, thereby providing opportunities for the development of precisely tumor‐targeted immunotherapy for distant metastasis.
Student Affairs Assessment, Strategic Planning, and Accreditation
Authors: Fallucca Amber
Published: February 2018

This chapter illustrates how student affairs units participate in accreditation across regional agency expectations and program‐level requirements. Strategies for student affairs units to engage in campus strategic planning processes to further highlight their contributions are also recommended.
Water Supply–America's Greatest Challenge
Authors: Grayson Lauren W.
Published: February 2018

In an address to the General Federation of Women's Clubs at its annual convention in 1959, Awwa President Lauren W. Grayson focuses on the national challenge of a shortage of water supply facilities, and emphasizes that they are inadequate to meet the needs of the growing population. The problem is so acute in many urban areas that, on a hot summer day, almost half the people are exposed to the danger of insufficient water to put out a major fire. Although safe to drink, the water in the average community would probably not pass the quality standards that are recommended by water utility engineers. The inadequacy of our water supply facilities constitutes a serious threat to public safety, health and welfare. We must start now to correct the problem. In 25 years our water needs may well be 270 per cent of what they are today. Water is the biggest bargain in the family budget, and we have a system that will do the job for as little as 1.5 cents more per person per day. The key to the problem is public understanding.
Advances in the Use of Fluorspar for Fluoridation
Authors: Maier F. J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses fluorspar, by far the least expensive commercially available fluoride compound, and the advantages of using it for water treatment. Unfortunately, because of its insolubility in water, it has long been impossible to use. Methods of using fluorspar in water treatment have been developed, however, and are described in the article. Sources and properties of fluorspar are discussed, along with uses in water treatment, advantages of fluorspar, direct use, suitability for larger plants, and design and operation of a large unit. An example is provided of the use of a properly designed dissolving tank at the Bel Air, Maryland, water plant in July 1956. It is 2 ft in diameter and 4 ft high. Its capacity is about 75 gal.
Survey and Analysis of Well Stimulation Performance
Authors: Koenig Louis
Published: February 2018

A study has been made of the technical performance factors in water well stimulation drawn from 870 actual stimulation cases in 141 counties of 24 states. From the 483 sources providing usable data, cumulative frequency distribution curves were drawn for three criteria of technical performance: the ratio of specific capacities immediately after and immediately before treatment; the ratio of specific capacities immediately after treatment and at the time of constructing the original well; and, the ratio of the increment in specific capacity as a result of treatment to the specific capacity of the original well. For all types of treatments in all types of formations the median ratio indicated a 97 per cent improvement over specific capacity immediately before treatment, and a 20 per cent improvement over the original production of the well. Failures to achieve any improvement over the treated well were 11 per cent, whereas failures to achieve improvement over the original well were 43 per cent. The median increment of specific capacity achieved by treatment was 43 per cent of the specific capacity of the original well. When considered by type of formation, the data show that success has been definitely greater in consolidated formations than in unconsolidated formations. Based on improvement over the well before treatment, consolidated formations show a median of 141 per cent improvement, whereas unconsolidated formations show only 45 per cent improvement. When analyzed by treatment type, the data show a quite consistent pattern by all three criteria, the methods, arranged in ascending order of effectiveness, being surging, shooting, vibratory explosion, pressure acidizing, and fracturing. Water well stimulation has definitely been technically successful; some of the more advanced techniques that have already been adopted as conventional practice in crude‐oil production technology have shown higher performance records than the conventional techniques in the water industry. Judged by the wide geographic coverage of successful stimulation treatments, stimulation could probably be much more widely applied to improve groundwater production.
Rapid Method for Estimation of Total Phosphate in Water
Authors: Robertson Reed S.
Published: February 2018

The test described in this paper makes possible the determination of total phosphate in the field in less than 15 min. The test may also be used with increased accuracy and sensitivity by measuring transmission at 690 mμ with a spectrophotometer. The method has been extensively tested in both field and laboratory with excellent results. Degradation is complete in 5 min heating time, even in work with magnesium polyphosphate in the presence of deactivating ions. The normality of the acid‐molybdate reagent is only approximately 3N compared to the 6‐lON recommended in other methods. The lower normality makes the reagent much safer for field use. This method was intended for use in determination of all soluble inorganic phosphates and phosphate complexes in water. It has been shown to work equally well for insoluble phosphates at reasonable concentrations of suspended matter. Although it was never intended for organically combined phosphate, a number of tests with adenosine triphosphate in water showed that the test measured all of the phosphate, whereas normal methods were unable to do this without first destroying, at least partially, the organic part of the molecule. In spite of this success, the test is not generally recommended for organic phosphates.
Basic Mechanisms of Coagulation
Authors: Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

This paper describes how, using the techniques of the colloid chemist, the water chemist can greatly broaden his understanding of the series of changes that takes place when a coagulant, with or without a coagulant aid, is added to a water for the removal of color or turbidity. But there is still no logical explanation of the fact that certain polyelectrolytes may be quite effective in one situation and relatively ineffective in another. The paper discusses the properties of colloids, instability and stability factors, the nature of zeta potential, coagulation of colloids, polyelectrolytes, the mechanism of polyelectrolyte action, mechano‐chemical effect, and electron microscope studies. A discussion of this paper by Thomas M. Riddick is included, covering the following topics: zeta potential studies; electrophoresis; treatment of wastes; and, coagulants and coagulant aids.
Toxicity of Small Quantities of Cadmium and Chromium in Drinking Water Administered to Dogs During a 4‐Year Period
Authors: Byerrum Richard U. , Anwar Rashid A. , Hoppert Carl A.
Published: February 2018

Previous studies at Michigan State University have shown that 0.1‐10 ppm of cadmium and 1‐25 ppm of chromate in drinking water had no effect on the growth rate or food consumption of rats over a 1‐year period. In addition, no pathologic changes in blood or other tissues were noted in these animals. Although these studies indicated that small concentrations of cadmium and chromate were nontoxic, the experiments were limited, for only one species of animal was used and the total period of consumption of the elements was 1 year. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect on dogs of small amounts of cadmium and chromate ions in drinking water administered over a 4‐year period.
Proposed Toxicity Screening Procedure for Use in Protecting Drinking‐Water Quality
Authors: Ettinger M. B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the carbon filter technique as a proposed toxicity screening procedure for use in protecting drinking water quality. The criterion proposed relates to the material concentrated by activated carbon in the filter from about 5,000 gal of water, and subsequently eluted from the dried carbon by repeated extraction with chloroform in a large Soxhlet‐type extractor. In the carbon filter technique, as it is now used, a second series of extractions is usually made with ethyl alcohol to recover a further extract. The total carbon filter extract provides a variable and incomplete recovery of the organic materials present. It is no more than a substantial fraction of the total organic material present in a sample of surface water. Limitations of the method are discussed, along with characteristics of samples, and the adequacy of the proposed technique.
Observations and Studies of Crenothrix polyspora
Authors: Wolfe Ralph S.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by comparing samples of Crenothrix polyspora from Sweden and Indiana, and makes the following observations: in neither instance were the filaments visibly encrusted with iron or manganese, and they appeared analogous to cellophane tubes; when the colonies were treated with dilute hydrochloric acid and ferrocyanide solutions, a few filaments in each colony exhibited a weak Prussian blue reaction near the base of the filament, indicating a slight absorption of ferric ions. The article briefly discusses a comparative study of Crenothrix done by Kolk, and goes on to discuss further criteria for studying Crenothrix in greater detail. The distinguishing characteristic of Crenothrix polyspora, the production of spherical nonmotile cells called conidia, is discussed, and the article ends with the conclusion that there is little, if any, precise evidence to support the theory that Crenothrix is an iron bacterium.
Sealing of Joints in Concrete‐Paved Reservoirs
Authors: Tyler Henry Ward
Published: February 2018

Seattle's eleven concrete‐paved reservoirs, constructed during the last 60 years, vary in capacity from 5 to 68 mil gal. The use of portland cement concrete for lining ground‐level reservoirs results in maximum, useful reservoir life with minimum maintenance. Adequate reinforcement of the slabs to control cracking due to changing conditions of temperature and moisture and proper sealing of the construction and contraction joints to prevent leakage at the joints are the keys to a watertight reservoir. This paper discusses an effective method of sealing joints that has been adopted by the Seattle engineering department. The article discusses two essential elements in an effective joint, a waterstop cast in the slab and a joint sealer at the surface. Construction of the joint is discussed, along with two types of sealer, a hot‐poured rubber‐asphalt mixture and a cold‐applied polysulfide rubber compound.
Main Extension Policies at Dallas
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing a water main extension financing policy presented by the AWWA Committee A3.D – Water Main Extension Policy. The article discusses the fact that an extension‐financing policy must first meet the practical problems of answering reasonable demands for new service and providing future capacity. A way must be found to finance water main extensions that is within the means of the new customer as to cash outlay, and within the means of all customers as to their general water rate. The rate at which new customers are being added is a key consideration. A city with a debt‐free system and a surplus can carry out a more liberal extension policy than that city which triples its customers in 15 years. Many of the larger, older cities had a practically debt‐free system when the boom began, with nearby cheap sources of supply. Availability of primary raw water and the type of service area are important factors. The semiarid Southwest and West face a much more expensive expansion problem than areas of abundant rainfall or prolific groundwater reserves. A sprawled city averaging three houses per acre, each with a green lawn, offers a far more expensive extension problem than row houses. But, in any city which is growing rapidly and requiring extensions, all customers must share partly in the cost of extensions or the cost to individual new customers will be exorbitant. When the extension boom passes, all customers will share in refunds in the form of reasonable water rates.
Selection of Equipment for Machine Billing Operations: Joint Discussion
Authors: Tompkins Richard D.
Published: February 2018

When a utility is thinking about the purchase or rental of mechanized billing or accounting equipment, it should consider the following: thoroughly survey present procedures to determine whether the billing and accounting functions can be done more efficiently with machine operation, but also with a view to improving and simplifying its present practices; employ outside consultants for assistance in making the survey, for advice about the proper equipment to be purchased or rented, and for assistance with the installation and the actual operation of the machine system in its initial stage; and, consult with other utilities using equipment similar to that which will be purchased and, where possible, carefully review their machine billing and accounting procedures. John G. Copley discusses procedures required for a small water utility to either set up machine billing or to revise and modernize a machine billing operation, including preliminary procedures, equipment, forms and personnel, multiple use of equipment, office efficiency, and consultants.
Handling of Phosphates at Torresdale Treatment Plant
Authors: Janson Vincent B.
Published: February 2018

The Torresdale Treatment Plant in Philadelphia, a modern rapid sand filter plant, has a maximum capacity of 423 mgd, which is more than adequate for the demand of 160‐170 mil gal called for on a typical day. This paper discusses the use of a phosphate bulk‐handling method at Torresdale that uses large aluminum bins for basic handling operations such as shipping, storage, and discharge, and hold about 2 tons of pelleted metaphosphates each. Compared to the old plastic‐lined multiwall bags previously used, that each held only 100 lbs. of phosphates, there is quite a big cost‐ savings. The paper discusses other cost‐savings aspects of this improved method of handling phosphates at the Torresdale Treatment Plant.
Survey of Meter Purchase, Test, and Repair Practices
Authors: Sisco Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The maintenance, periodic testing, and repair of water meters have received considerable attention over the years. There is, however, a noticeable lack of consistency in meter maintenance practices within the industry. In studies of practices at the East Bay Municipal Utility District, California, it was found that most procedures had been evolved over the years through experience and had never been carefully evaluated from an economic standpoint. To help in the planning for more efficient operations, a questionnaire was prepared on maintenance practices for 5/8‐in. meters and circulated to 83 public and private agencies retailing water directly to the consumer. Kuranz has made surveys of this type in the past covering essentially the meter repair phases of this survey. The data developed in this survey, however, differ to some extent from those reported by Kuranz. Responses were received from 52 utilities, which represented more than 4,600,000 meters. The sample was deliberately stratified to make it more representative. The questionnaire divided meter practices into five categories: cleaning; repair; testing; purchase; and, replacement. The data on each of the five categories are presented in this article.
Watershed Management and Reservoir Life
Authors: Copeland Otis L.
Published: February 2018

Watershed management is the scientific application of the principles of watershed processes for the protection, improvement, and management of watersheds, and has these basic objectives: to improve water supplies; to reduce the range between extremes of streamflow (especially low flows and destructive flooding); to reduce sediment production; and, to improve water quality for diverse uses. To provide a better understanding of the principles and problems of watershed management, this article examines one area in detail. The data were obtained largely from the Davis County Experimental Watershed, situated in the Wasatch Mountains midway between Salt Lake City and Ogden, Utah.
Coatings for Steel Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Christofferson D. W.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of coatings for inside surfaces of steel water storage tanks, including various inside coating materials that have been extensively used. Topics covered include: toxicity; red‐lead phenolic paint; tar and asphalt coatings; wax coatings; newer coatings; vinyl paints; epoxy resins; outside coatings; colored paints; surface preparation; pickling and blast cleaning; cleaning and painting costs; and, maintenance and inspections.
Activated Carbon for Treatment of Conditions Attributed to Synthetic Detergents
Authors: Sigworth E. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the problem of the presence of a sufficient quantity of synthetic detergents (syndets) in a water supply to result in problems of foam and possibly flavor. Even though normal water purification practices will not correct the condition, the use of activated carbon in a sufficient quantity will result in successful correction. The particle suggests that corrective measures can be adopted and that the cost for correction will not be exorbitant. Based on analyses for alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) in a number of streams throughout the country, concentrations of ABS are, for the most part, well below levels of foaming or flavor difficulties. It is, therefore, quite unlikely that corrective treatment with activated carbon will be necessary, except possibly in isolated situations where water may be used and reused several times. Flavor and foam studies are presented in the article.
Algae and Other Interference Organisms in Water Supplies of California
Authors: Palmer C. Mervin
Published: February 2018

Although many of the streams in California have a high turbidity that would tend to keep the growth of algae to a minimum, the rapidly increasing numbers of impoundment and storage reservoirs, as well as irrigation ditches and open aqueducts, are providing environments for the abundant growth of both planktonic and attached algae. The article lists the different kinds of algae present in California water sources, along with reservoir problems, aquatic animals, physicochemical changes, tastes and odors, treatment plant problems, infestations in distribution systems, standards for high quality water, detection of plankton, algicides for reservoirs, activated carbon, selective draft, reservoir and canal covers, control of weeds, watershed control, control by filtration, control of organisms in distribution systems, and toxic algae.
Right of Way for a Dallas Pipeline
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

Dallas is presently building a 33 mile water pipeline from the Sabine River to a new treatment plant on the east side of the city. The decision was made to buy right of way 120 ft. wide in fee simple. When the continued expense of this is added up, together with the fact that very often an easement will receive nearly as high an award as fee simple, it was decided to purchase the right of way in fee. The easements required by many power companies are fee simple in all respects except the actual transfer of title and the payment of crop damages. With an underground utility, the farmer has free use of the land on the surface, provided he does not build any structures. In addition, he is relieved of taxes on the easement land. Although each city has its own forms and procedures, the Dallas procedure is outlined here. This procedure has been a successful approach to acquisition of right of way.
Case History of Salt Water Encroachment Caused by a Storm Sewer in Miami
Authors: Kohout Francis A.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a case history of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer that was caused by installation of a storm sewer beneath a road grade. The possible detrimental effects of the drainage system were called to the attention of officials of the Dade County Water Control Office and the Miami Department of Water and Sewers. Plans were formulated for the construction of a salinity control dam made of sheet steel piles at the outlet of the storm sewer to Biscayne Bay. Two years passed before the dam was installed, providing an excellent opportunity for observing the movement of saltwater in the aquifer under uncontrolled drainage conditions and later under controlled conditions. This article presents these observations by a series of water table and isochlor contour maps.
Unusual Cases of Copper Corrosion
Authors: Hatch George B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses unusual cases of copper corrosion. The article begins by providing a brief overview of the formation of a normal film on copper surfaces that are exposed to potable water, and of the process of general copper corrosion. Impingement attack is discussed, along with pitting attack in cold water lines, sprinkler systems, domestic service lines, and in hot water lines. Other causes of pitting are discussed.
Dual Water Supply for Seattle
Authors: Heath J. Ray
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of dual water supply for Seattle from two rivers, the Cedar River and the Tolt River. Complete development of Seattle's two rivers will provide 650 mgd to the Seattle metropolitan area. This is almost 2.5 times the present maximum demand.
Sand Filtration of Algal Suspensions
Authors: Borchardi Jack A. , O'Melia Charles R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study done by the University of Michigan Sanitary Engineering Laboratories on the ability of sand beds to remove algae from suspension. A controlled laboratory test capable of fixing and maintaining the type and density of algae applied to the bed should lead to an extension of knowledge in this area. The initial experiments were directed towards an evaluation of the filtration of plain algal suspensions through sand beds. Subsequent tests have been conducted using a filter influent composed of both algal and flocculent particles. Such independent variables as sand size, flow rate, bed depth, and type and density of algae have been controlled. Their corresponding effects on bed penetration, head loss, and efficiency of removal have been observed.
Wage and Salary Administration in San Antonio, Tex.
Authors: Binney Mel C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the principles for the administering of fair and equitable wages and salaries for water utility employees. The article presents the City Water Board of San Antonio, Texas, as an example of following procedures for systematically evaluating the relative value of one position to another in the organization. Job analysis, grades and wage classes, and salaries are discussed, along with two key changes that were made at San Antonio: eliminating predetermined anniversary dates existing in the old salary schedule and placing the responsibility for recommending salary adjustment on supervisors and managers; and, eliminating predetermined amounts of increases and making supervisors and managers responsible for recommending varying amounts in relation to employee performance.
Selection of Circuit Arrangements for Distribution Network Analysis by the Hardy Cross Method
Authors: Voyles Charles F. , Wilke Harvey R.
Published: February 2018

This paper describes a rational method of circuit selection for water distribution network analysis. This method reduces the number of systematic corrections necessary for the determination of the distribution of flows by the Hardy Cross method of network analysis.
Use of Potassium Permanganate in Water Treatment
Authors: Cherry Arnold K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a situation that occurred in May 1961 when the threshold odors on the Cedar River in Iowa reached 400 for the first time and a highly objectionable taste was present. The tremendous flood on the Cedar River in March of that year could have affected the odor and taste problem which developed. By the end of May, algae concentrations rose to about 18,000 organisms per milliliter. The most successful treatment consisted of adding permanganate at the intake, and permitting it to pass through the primary mixers and clarifiers without adding other chemicals. Alum coagulant was applied in the secondary mixers along with lime for pH adjustment. Carbon was added as the water passed out of the mixers and entered the final clarifiers. The ammonia and chlorine application point was changed to the clear well after filtration, and the permanganate dosage was adjusted so that the permanganate demand of the lime and coagulant dispelled the remaining color before addition of the carbon.
Providing for Water Utility Operation After Nuclear Attack
Authors: Whitley Fenner H.
Published: February 2018

Because of the resumption of nuclear bomb testing and increasing cold war tensions, it is important that water utilities take immediate steps to develop emergency plans to cope with a nuclear disaster. A number of water utilities have already done so, but too many have not faced up to the problem of emergency planning. Careful attention should be given to the emergency planning steps outlined in the following paper.

Especially worthy of emphasis is the need for personnel training, particularly in the use of emergency radiation monitoring equipment and interpretation of the readings. Such instruction is highly important for utilities using surface water supplies. It should be pointed out, too, that emergency monitoring equipment is considerably less expensive and requires much less skill to operate than does low‐level “peacetime” equipment for radioactivity measurement.

Because of rapid technological developments, there is a continuing need for more information to assist utilities in emergency planning. The AWWA Board of Directors, during its January 1962 meeting, accordingly approved the formation of the Committee on Civil Defense Planning and Operations. The time for water utilities to plan for emergencies is now, however. Plans should be developed on the basis of existing facts and modified as new information is released.
Civil Service for Water Utility Employees
Authors: Weir Paul
Published: February 2018

This article argues in favor of civil service for water utility employees. The article defines civil service as a system of giving equal opportunities to the best qualified candidates, and providing them protection through a detailed merit program. A properly administered civil service plan usually means better personnel, more attractive salaries, and satisfied employees. In the final analysis, this program may save the taxpayer a considerable sum of money, and at the same time provide dependable service.
Water Plant Safety
Authors: Vaughn James C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses safety at a water plant as the elimination of obvious work hazards, the provision of enough of the right kind of protective equipment, and the training of employees in safe work practice. Chicago's South District Filtration Plant is presented as an example of a utility's management directing the practices of a water plant to insure continuously safe working conditions for all employees.
ABS in the Peoria Domestic Water Supply
Authors: Vogel Orville W. , Harmeson Robert H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the results of a study by the Illinois State Water Survey of the source and the extent of movement of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) in the Peoria, Illinois, water supply.
Water and Sewer Bond Sales Trends and Figures, 1957‐1961
Authors: Green Richard S. , Beer Donald
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water and sewer bond sales trends and figures from 1957‐1961. There are no readily available figures to show the level of sales of water and sewer bonds before July 1956, but municipalities have conventionally relied on the sale of bonds to finance the major portion of water and sewerage facility construction in recent years. This article presents some of the salient points from the data that became available beginning with the full year 1957.
High‐Quality Water Production and Viral Disease
Authors: Hudson Herbert E.
Published: February 2018

Improvements in analytical methods have created a wide range between the ideal water and the quality acceptable under the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Drinking Water Standards, which define the borderline between a tolerable water and one that is unacceptable. Within this range certain water treatment plants consistently produce water of superior quality, but others barely meet the minimum levels. This article examines the reasons for the characteristic differences in results obtained, and explores their relation to viral disease incidence. The article includes a discussion by Richard L. Woodward of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. He makes the point that, far from quarreling with Hudson's principal thesis, much more information and careful study are needed before the significance of water in endemic infectious hepatitis can be determined.
Progress Report on Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Bean Elwood L.
Published: February 2018

In this progress report, an outline is presented of the results of Committee 2225 M's subsequent work on the need for professional standards of water quality as presented at the 1960 Bal Harbor Conference. This progress report also outlines the characteristics of an “Ideal Quality Water.” The qualities are delineated on a level to meet the functional definition stated herein, which is limited by the sensitivity of present test methods and by current medical and sanitary knowledge.
Survey of Methods for Evaporation Control
Authors: Report Task Group
Published: February 2018

This article presents an AWWA task group report on evaporation control as a technological necessity in many areas of the country. The report presents a summary of several methods to control evaporation that include: site location; avoiding extensive areas having shallow water depths; avoiding non‐beneficial, water‐consuming phreatophyte plants; considering windbreaks; using floating covers, consisting of reflective materials such as white polyethylene spheres; considering seepage and water loss; and, using monomolecular films to reduce evaporation by damping the microwaves (ripples) and interposing an additional physical resistance. Lessons from field trials are discussed, along with computation of water savings, and evaluation of control compounds.
San Francisco Procedures for Dealing With Customer Complaints
Authors: Cooper James W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the San Francisco Water Department's philosophy of helping the customer in any reasonable way: be fair, be reasonable, be honest. Inquiries of themselves are not necessarily a reflection on the utility, but the successful settlement of inquiries is vital to the advancement of the utility's customer relations.
Relationship of Domestic Water Use to Assessed Valuation, With Selected Demographic and Socioeconomic Variables
Authors: Dunn Dorothy F. , Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

For the water supply as well as the waste treatment industries of the community, this study of the water use characteristics of domestic consumers serves to evaluate a number of the various possible factors relating to the differences in domestic use of water. The two objectives in analyzing the factors which may cause variation in water use between dwelling units were to determine the extent of uniformity in water use (within the study sample), and determine the differences in water use, if any, by special group classifications within the study sample. Indirectly, the study was concerned with the pumping and distribution system investment of the water utility. The study examined whether findings on residential water fixtures and equipment, and on patterns of household water use, indicated the type of various demands in single‐dwelling units.
Trends in Water Use
Authors: Bogue Stuart H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses trends in water use including: principal factors that affect water use; fixture and appliance uses; comparing industrial and residential use rates; and, daily average, maximum‐ day and maximum‐hour water use for the metropolitan Detroit water system, 1950‐61.
Relation of Screen Design to the Design of Mechanically Efficient Wells
Authors: Smith Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses well design criteria, in particular the relation of screen design to the design of mechanically efficient wells. Critical particle size, entrance velocity, open screen area, cost comparisons, and excessive entrance velocity are all discussed.
Nitrogen Trichloride in Chlorine
Authors: Oplinger George
Published: February 2018

This article offers some cautionary suggestions about a method for the determination of nitrogen trichloride in liquid chlorine that was published in an article in the July 1962 issue of the Journal AWWA, by Thomas Devries et al, titled “Determination of Nitrogen Trichloride in Liquid Chlorine.”
The Next Fifty Years in Water Purification
Authors: Hazen Richard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses future trends in the water industry from the current year 1963 forward, and the conditions that will influence those trends. Maintaining existing water quality standards will be challenging because of declining raw water quality. The addition of fluoride to the water is widely supported. Changes in treatment practices will occur for alum and iron salts, the use of coagulants may be reduced by using polyelectrolytes, flotation may be used instead of sedimentation, and chlorine may replace coagulation for color removal. The use of filters in water treatment will expand, along with water reuse, water softening by ion exchange in hard water areas of the country, the use of activated carbon for taste and odor problems, the use of chlorine dioxide and ozone for severe chlorinous tastes, treatment of potentially harmful wastes including reduction of ABS, and controlling the buildup of dissolved solids or minerals.
Relation of River Pollution to Public Water Supply in Europe and the United States
Authors: Biemond Cornelius
Published: February 2018

This article compares certain rivers in Europe and the United States in regard to several aspects of pollution and suggests a means of avoiding or diminishing hazards, actual and potential, associated with this type of public water supply. The problems to be discussed include: high pollution and low flow; mineral pollution due to mining and oil field operations; fluctuation of chemical composition; health hazards due to pathogens; and, single, massive industrial discharges. Francis W. Montanari of the State of New York Conservation Department, Division of Water Resources, discusses Biemond's thoughts on the use of underground storage, or recharge, and nuclear‐energy plants as possible sources of contamination, against which underground storage could provide a buffer. Montanari discusses the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission's (Orsanco's) system of protective measures against spills and accidents through the cooperation of the advisory committees and Orsanco's staff.
Proposals for Solving the Federal‐State Water Rights Problem
Authors: Goodcell Rex B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Feather River Project Association (FRPA) that brought together men representing many diverse water interests in California for roundtable discussions that would make possible a cooperative program with statewide support for the development of water in California. The ultimate success of that program, however, was not in the building of the project facilities, but in the delivery of the water. It is in this area that the federal‐state water rights problem presents unknown risks. If the claims of those supporting the federal view are sustained, and water originating on federal lands – which constitute the major watersheds of the western states – is owned and under the control of the federal government, then most of the so‐called existing water rights and water rights under state laws to appropriate and develop unappropriated water will be subordinate to federal development and use of water. An appendix to the article is provided, containing the text of a bill (S. 2636) introduced in Congress on Sept. 25, 1961, by Senator Thomas H. Kuchei of California. The bill is titled, “A Bill to Provide That Withdrawals or Reservations of Public Land Shall Not Affect Certain Water Rights.”
Determination of Pesticides in Water by Microcoulometric Gas Chromatography After Liquid‐Liquid Extraction
Authors: Teasley John I. , Cox William S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a commercially available microcoulometric gas chromatographic instrument that makes it possible to detect and estimate pesticide residues in 1‐liter water samples at concentrations as low as 25‐50 ng/l. The extraction of larger volumes will permit the estimation of lower concentrations. The article presents the actual procedure.
Role of Distillation in a Waste Water Recovery Cycle
Authors: Hickman Kenneth C. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of distillation as an integral part of any future comprehensive recycling of community water supplies. The economic and technical aspects of distillation are presented in the article by using a hypothetical town and surrounding community as an example. Topics covered include: necessary preconditions; quantity of solids removed; preliminary treatment; alternative distillation procedures; disaster safeguard; distillation residue; costs; difficulties in cost estimation; operating efficiencies; distillation methodology; types of apparatus; countercurrent flash still; controlled film still; comparison of compelled film stills; wiped film tubulator and flat plate; centrifugal recompression; multistage centrifugal stills; selection of a still; and, experimental procedure.
Potassium Permanganate Oxidation of Organic Contaminants in Water Supplies
Authors: Spicher Robert G. , Skrinde Rolf T.
Published: February 2018

This research investigates the chemical oxidation of organic refractories with potassium permanganate by extracting soluble trace organic contaminants from a surface supply by a modified carbon filter technique to collect sizable quantities of the organic refractories. The organic materials thus separated from their natural environment were brought into the laboratory, characterized, and studied under controlled conditions. Permanganate oxidation of various organic refractories was investigated in deionized water and in modified natural river water systems. Specific quantities and types of organic refractories were reacted with permanganate under controlled conditions of pH, temperature, time, and concentration. Carbon chloroform extracts (CCE) and carbon alcohol extracts (CAE) were the two major groupings of organic refractories investigated.
A Tribute to Edward Bartow
Authors: Flentje Martin E.
Published: February 2018

This article pays tribute to Dr. Edward Bartow, Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Iowa, who passed away on April 12, 1958. The article discusses his affiliation with AWWA, serving as secretary of the Illinois Section from its creation in 1909 to 1919. His career included an 8‐year tenure at the University of Kansas, director of the Illinois State Water Survey, service during World War I in the Sanitary Corps, commanding officer of the French “Les Services des Eaux”, chairman of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Iowa, and president of the American Chemical Society in 1936 and a member for 62 years. While with the “Survey”, Bartow became a leader in eliminating typhoid fever through the development of uncontaminated public water supplies.
Status of Water Resources Use, Control, and Planning in the United States
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

This article identifies both the more significant problems in the water resource field and the areas of physical‐science research that will contribute to the understanding and more effective use of this resource. It is hoped that the emphasis this article places upon the basic scientific research needed will help to provide a better basis for water resource planning and policy formulation. Topics covered include: general aspects of the behavior of water in the hydrosphere and general problems that arise from the physical characteristics of water supply and the nature of man's demand for it; the availability of water resources in the U.S. today with respect to the demands for their use; the physical and social aspects of water resource development and allocation; unique considerations that govern the administration and use of water, such as economics and the laws related to water use; areas in need of total socioeconomic‐technologic research; and, specific problems related to the physical‐science aspects of water research.
California Section Progress in Safety
Authors: Laughlin Chandler A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of the California AWWA Section Safety Committee. The article covers initial committee work in 1956, initial surveys, one‐day safety conferences to promote on‐the‐job safety, and assistance from insurance carriers in promoting safety programs.
Safety Equipment for Safer Utilities
Authors: Stevens Jackson B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses safety equipment for improving safety in the water utility. Purchasing and procurement of safety equipment is discussed, along with eye, head, foot and hand protection, specialized equipment, work area protection, testing equipment, and first aid equipment.
Cooperative Safety Program of an Industrial Water System
Authors: Linn Gordon E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the cooperative safety program of the Duhernal Water System, a cooperative development furnishing raw well water to plants owned by E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company, Hercules Powder Company, and National Lead Company in Sayreville, N.J. The Duhernal system's five‐point “safety philosophy” is presented, along with program administration, inspections and precautions, and enforcement. Also, the emphasis on off‐the‐job safety is discussed.
Safety Program of the East Bay Municipal Utility District
Authors: Webb Arthur J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the ideas and procedures involved in the safety program of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in Oakland, CA. A philosophical discussion of the human meaning of safety is presented, followed by a discussion of effective hiring practices, responsibility for the program, work safety standards, program administration, injury investigation, field inspection, achievement awards, and safety education.
Studies on Microbiotic Cycles in Surface Waters
Authors: Silvey J. K. G. , Roach A. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses microbiotic cycles as they may directly and indirectly contribute to the tastes and odors in water supplies in the southwestern and south central parts of the United States. The basic role of algae is discussed, along with seasonal cycles of algae, the effects of algal degradation, the rise of gram‐negative bacteria, diatoms and blue‐green algae, algae‐bacilli relationship, actinomycete development, and effect of pollution. This data substantiates the hypothesis that microbiotic cycles are interdependent in such a way that the nutrients originally derived from the autotrophic forms are responsible for the production of the various types of bacteria in the sequences in which they develop in water supplies. It is noteworthy that the blue‐green algae appear to be the best sources of nutrition for both the gram‐negative heterotrophic bacilli and the actinomycetes, whereas the remains of the blue‐green algae and the actinomycetes appear to be the stimulating factor for the growth of the gram‐positive spore‐forming bacilli.