bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviewing the interface of bioeconomy and ecosystem service research
Authors: D’Amato Dalia , Bartkowski Bartosz , Droste Nils
Published: October 2020

The bioeconomy is currently being globally promoted as a sustainability avenue involving several societal actors. While the bioeconomy is broadly about the substitution of fossil resources with bio-based ones, three main (competing or complementary) bioeconomy visions are emerging in scientific literature: resource, biotechnology, and agroecology. The implementation of one or more of these visions into strategies implies changes to land use and thus ecosystem services delivery, with notable trade-offs. This review aims to explore the interdisciplinary space at the interface of these two concepts. We reviewed scientific publications explicitly referring to bioeconomy and ecosystem services in their title, abstract, or keywords, with 45 documents identified as relevant. The literature appeared to be emerging and fragmented but eight themes were discernible (in order of decreasing occurrence frequency in the literature): a. technical and economic feasibility of biomass extraction and use; b. potential and challenges of the bioeconomy; c. frameworks and tools; d. sustainability of bio-based processes, products, and services; e. environmental sustainability of the bioeconomy; f. governance of the bioeconomy; g. biosecurity; h. bioremediation. Approximately half of the documents aligned to a resource vision of the bioeconomy, with emphasis on biomass production. Agroecology and biotechnology visions were less frequently found, but multiple visions generally tended to occur in each document. The discussion highlights gaps in the current research on the topic and argues for communication between the ecosystem services and bioeconomy communities to forward both research areas in the context of sustainability science.
Survey of pedestrian detection with occlusion
Authors: Ning Chen , Menglu Li , Hao Yuan , Xueping Su , Yunhong Li
Published: October 2020

Pedestrian detection is widely applied in surveillance, autonomous robotic navigation, and automotive safety. However, there are many occlusion problems in real life. This paper summarizes the research progress of pedestrian detection technology with occlusion. First, according to different occlusion, it can be divided into two categories: inter-class occlusion and intra-class occlusion. Second, it summarizes the traditional method and deep learning method to deal with occlusion. Furthermore, the main ideas and core problems of each method model are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the paper gives an outlook on the problems to be solved in the future development of pedestrian detection technology with occlusion.
Numerical modeling of mechanical wave propagation
Authors: Seriani G. , Oliveira S. P.
Published: October 2020

The numerical modeling of mechanical waves is currently a fundamental tool for the study and investigation of their propagation in media with heterogeneous physical properties and/or complex geometry, as, in these cases, analytical methods are usually not applicable. These techniques are used in geophysics (geophysical interpretation, subsoil imaging, development of new methods of exploration), seismology (study of earthquakes, regional and global seismology, accurate calculation of synthetic seismograms), in the development of new methods for ultrasonic diagnostics in materials science (non-destructive methods) and medicine (acoustic tomography). In this paper we present a review of numerical methods that have been developed and are currently used. In particular we review the key concepts and pioneering ideas behind finite-difference methods, pseudospectral methods, finite-volume methods, Galerkin continuous and discontinuous finite-element methods (classical or based on spectral interpolation), and still others such as physics-compatible, and multiscale methods. We focus on their formulations in time domain along with the main temporal discretization schemes. We present the theory and implementation for some of these methods. Moreover, their computational characteristics are evaluated in order to aid the choice of the method for each practical situation.
Zur Verwendung eines Konzepts von Innerlichkeit als funktionaler Teil einer Inszenierungsstrategie in den Aufzeichnungen Rudolf Höß’
Authors: Markewitz Friedrich
Published: October 2020

Für den sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschungsdiskurs gilt der Zeitraum zwischen 1933 und 1945 – zumindest auf den Ebenen der Lexik und der Rhetorik und aus nationalsozialistischer Akteursperspektive – als relativ ausgeforscht. Bis heute bestehen aber Leerstellen z. B. in der Analyse des sprachstrategischen Handelns dieser Akteursgruppe. Auch eine Inventarisierung der kommunikativen Strategien von NS-Akteuren liegt nur in Ansätzen vor. Im Rahmen dieser Forschungsdesiderata verortet sich dieser Aufsatz, der einen Beitrag zur Aufarbeitung der von nationalsozialistischen Tätern verwendeten kommunikativen Strategien leisten möchte. Anhand der linguistischen Auswertungen der biographischen Aufzeichnungen des Lagerkommandanten von Auschwitz, Rudolf Höß, soll dessen Selbstinszenierungsstrategie induktiv-texthermeneutisch aufgearbeitet werden. Als interpretativer Zugang wird ein von Höß aufgerufenes Konzept von Innerlichkeit verwendet, auf das er zurückgreift, um sich als ethisch-moralisch handlungsfähigen sowie authentischen Akteur zu inszenieren.
Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution using NaOH-treated rice husk
Authors: Zafar Shagufta , Khan Muhammad Imran , Lashari Mushtaq Hussain , Khraisheh Majeda , Almomani Fares , Mirza Muhammad Latif , Khalid Nasir
Published: October 2020

The present study investigates the removal of copper ions (Cu (II)) from aqueous solution using chemically treated rice husk (TRH). The chemical treatment was carried out using NaOH solution and the effect of contact time (tc), adsorbent dosage (Dad), initial Cu (II) concentration ([Cu]i), and temperature (T) on the percentage removals of Cu (II) (%RCu) were investigated. Different analytical techniques (FTIR, SEM, and EDX) were used to confirm the adsorption (ads) of Cu (II) onto the TRH. The ads kinetics was tested against pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models as well as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Treating RH with NaOH altered the surface and functional groups, and on the surface of RH, the ionic ligands with high electro-attraction to Cu increased and thus improved the removal efficiency. The %RCu decreased by increasing the [Cu]i and increased by increasing the ct, Dad, and T. Up to 97% Cu removal was achieved in ct of 30 min using Dad of 0.3 g [Cu]i of 25 mg L−1 and T = 280 K. The ads of Cu on TRH is endothermic, spontaneous, follows Langmuir isotherms, and exhibited a PSO kinetics. Moreover, the TRH was successfully regenerated and used for further adsorption cycles using 1 M HNO3.
Die flexible Endosonographie in der Gastroenterologie: die Entwicklung von der Diagnostik zur Therapie
Authors: Morell B. , The F. O. , Gubler C.
Published: October 2020

Die Endosonographie (EUS) in der Gastroenterologie hat sich von der rein diagnostischen Modalität zur vielversprechenden therapeutischen Disziplin gewandelt. Erster Schritt in diese Richtung war das EUS-gesteuerte Entnehmen von Gewebsproben an schwierig zugänglichen Lokalisationen; hier ist die Feinnadelpunktion von Pankreasläsionen an vorderster Stelle zu nennen. Mit dem EUS-gesteuertem Punktieren werden aber auch Gefässe erreicht, sodass Varizen gezielt verödet werden können. Kollektionen nach einer Pankreatitis werden ebenfalls minimal-invasiv angegangen und werden so nach luminal drainiert, statt eine chirurgische Intervention nötig zu machen. Durch das Einbringen von Führungsdrähten über die Hohlnadel sind zudem verschiedene Zugänge der Gallenwege intra- und extrahepatisch möglich, sodass interne Drainagen bei frustraner ERCP (endoskopische retrograde Cholangiopankreatikographie) möglich werden. Durch das Einbringen von speziell konfigurierten beschichteten Stents wiederum werden mit der interventionellen EUS neue Zugänge in Hohlorgane minimal-invasiv als Alternative zu chirurgischen Eingriffen geschaffen. Als Beispiel ist hier die endoskopische Gastroenterostomie bei maligner Magenausgangsstenose zu nennen.
A Clinician's Guide to Cannabinoid Science
Authors: James Steven
Published: October 2020

Medical marijuana and the promise of medical advances with cannabinoids is a controversial topic. This book provides clinicians with credible, peer-reviewed science to advise patients on the use of cannabinoids in practice. From the history of cannabis to the recent discoveries, chapters include the science of cannabinoids, changes in the legal and regulatory landscape, and the emerging area of endocannabinoids. The book differentiates approved cannabinoids from cannabis and medical marijuana and stimulates clinicians to think about the risks and benefits of these two drugs. It provides the factual background for clinicians to lead the discussion on the continued use of marijuana, ongoing areas of research and future advances and development of new medications for treatment. An invaluable guide for all specialists in the pharmaceutical sciences, toxicologists, biochemists, neurologists, psychiatrists, addiction specialists, as well as primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and regulators and policymakers.
Du papyrus au parchemin: Les origines médiévales de la mémoire archivistique en Europe occidentale
Authors: Internullo Dario
Published: October 2020

Résumés

Cet article cherche à reconstruire la transition du papyrus vers le parchemin dans les pratiques documentaires en Europe occidentale, afin de mieux comprendre les lacunes documentaires du haut Moyen Âge et, par conséquent, d’expliquer les distorsions de perspective qu’ont pu entraîner la configuration des sources. Après une tentative d’identification des lieux de production du papyrus utilisé en Europe, l’étude propose une cartographie des usages documentaires du papyrus et du parchemin du vie au xie siècle. La comparaison de ces deux types de données, associée à une analyse qualitative et quantitative, permet de proposer des interprétations du phénomène qui accordent une attention particulière aux échanges économiques à travers la Méditerranée et aux relations entre les royaumes occidentaux, le monde islamique et Byzance pendant cette période. Compte tenu de la fragilité du papyrus par rapport au parchemin, la transition d’un matériau à l’autre – qui a eu lieu en grande partie aux viiie et ixe siècles – a entraîné une plus grande stabilité des archives. Pour la même raison, l’apparition d’une archive en parchemin dans une zone spécifique ne doit pas être considérée a priori comme un signe de croissance économique et culturelle ; au contraire, elle résulte souvent de restrictions économiques.
Patient and clinician experiences of a computerised cognitive battery for use after concussion: a preliminary qualitative study
Authors: Macleod C. , Surgenor L. J. , Levack W. , Hackney J. , Theadom A. , Siegert R. J. , Silverberg N. D. , Snell D. L.
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The Cognition Battery of the National Institute of Health (NIH) Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioural Function is a computerised neuropsychological battery recommended for clinical practice, neurological research and clinical trials. We investigated the utility of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) for people with concussion.

Methods:

In this small qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five adults with concussion who were participating in a larger study using the NIHTB-CB. Three clinician participants and two cultural advisors familiar with the tool were also interviewed. Interview transcripts were analysed using a general thematic approach and qualitative description.

Results:

Participants described both positive and negative experiences with the NIHTB-CB and using qualitative description, their experiences were organised into three broad themes: (1) using technology for cognitive testing made sense, (2) there were some cultural relevance questions and (3) cognitive testing after concussion could have challenges. They were positive about the computerised format and range of domains assessed for the concussion context but identified the contextual relevance of some content as having potential to impact on performances.

Conclusion:

This was a small study examining the experiences of a select group of participants, but nevertheless does suggest a need for future research validating the NIHTB-CB for use in different cultural and clinical contexts.
All for One and One for All: Voluntary Physicians in the Intensive Medicine Units During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Spain
Authors: Nunez-Villaveiran Teresa , González-Castro Alejandro , Nevado-Losada Emilio , García-de-Lorenzo Abelardo , Garro Pau
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

Our purpose was to determine the intensive care units’ (ICU’s) medical staff surge capacity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Spring 2020 in Spain.

Methods:

A multicenter retrospective survey was performed addressing the medical specialties present in the ICUs and the increase in bed capacity during this period.

Results:

Sixty-seven centers (62.04%) answered the questionnaire. The ICU bed capacity during the pandemic outbreak increased by 160% (95% confidence interval [CI], 128.97-191.03%). The average number of beds per intensive care medicine (ICM) specialist was 1.5 ± 0.60 and 3.71 ± 2.44 beds/specialist before and during the COVID-19 outbreak, respectively. Non-ICM specialists and residents were present in 50 (74.63%) and 23 (34.3%) ICUs during the outbreak, respectively. The number of physicians (ICM and non-ICM residents and specialists) in the ICU increased by 89.40% (95% CI, 64.26114.53%). The increase in ICM specialists was, however, 4.94% (95% CI, −1.35-11.23%). Most non-ICM physicians were anesthetists, followed by pediatricians and cardiologists.

Conclusions:

The majority of ICUs in our study were able to rapidly expand critical care capacity by adapting areas outside of the normal ICU to manage critically ill patients, and by extending the critical care staff with noncritical care physicians working as force multipliers.
Velvet fists: The paradox of defence diplomacy in Southeast Asia
Authors: Chang Jun Yan , Jenne Nicole
Published: October 2020

Defence diplomacy represents a notable paradox. On the one hand, it is a cooperative activity to build strategic and moralistic trust between states and thus positively shape the environment in which foreign policy is made. On the other hand, defence diplomacy also involves competition and demonstrations of military power, which may contravene its goal of building moralistic trust and undermine confidence between states. This article deals with the latter competitive realpolitik elements of defence diplomacy in terms of secrecy, swaggering, and shows of force that have largely been ignored in the literature. Building on a theoretical discussion of whether defence diplomacy works, the case of peacekeeping in Southeast Asia is analysed to illustrate how defence diplomatic activities produce effects contrary to their stated aims.
At the outer limits of the international: Orbital infrastructures and the technopolitics of planetary (in)security
Authors: Peoples Columba , Stevens Tim
Published: October 2020

As staples of science fiction, space technologies, much like outer space itself, have often been regarded as being ‘out there’ objects of international security analysis. However, as a growing subset of security scholarship indicates, terrestrial politics and practices are ever more dependent on space technologies and systems. Existing scholarship in ‘astropolitics’ and ‘critical astropolitics’ has tended to concentrate on how such technologies and systems underpin and impact the dynamics of military security, but this article makes the case for wider consideration of ‘orbital infrastructures’ as crucial to conceptions and governance of planetary security in the context of the ‘Anthropocene’. It does so by outlining and analysing in detail Earth Observation (EO) and Near-Earth Object (NEO) detection systems as exemplary cases of technological infrastructures for ‘looking in’ on and ‘looking out’ for forms of planetary insecurity. Drawing on and extending recent theorisations of technopolitics and of Large Technical Systems, we argue that EO and NEO technologies illustrate, in distinct ways, the extent to which orbital infrastructures should be considered not only part of the fabric of contemporary international security but as particularly significant within and even emblematic of the technopolitics of planetary (in)security.
Scalable in-hospital decontamination of N95 filtering face-piece respirator with a peracetic acid room disinfection system
Authors: John Amrita R. , Raju Shine , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Lee Kipum , McClellan Phillip , Akkus Ozan , Miller Sharon K. , Jennings Wayne D. , Buehler Joy A. , Li Daniel F. , Redmond Sarah N. , Braskie Melissa , Hoyen Claudia K. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Critical shortages of personal protective equipment, especially N95 respirators, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a source of concern. Novel methods of N95 filtering face-piece respirator decontamination that can be scaled-up for in-hospital use can help address this concern and keep healthcare workers (HCWs) safe.

Methods:

A multidisciplinary pragmatic study was conducted to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic room high-level disinfection system (HLDS) that generates aerosolized peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide for decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators. A cycle duration that consistently achieved disinfection of N95 respirators (defined as ≥6 log10 reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores inoculated onto respirators) was identified. The treated masks were assessed for changes to their hydrophobicity, material structure, strap elasticity, and filtration efficiency. PAA and hydrogen peroxide off-gassing from treated masks were also assessed.

Results:

The PAA room HLDS was effective for disinfection of bacteriophage MS2 and G. stearothermophilus spores on respirators in a 2,447 cubic-foot (69.6 cubic-meter) room with an aerosol deployment time of 16 minutes and a dwell time of 32 minutes. The total cycle time was 1 hour and 16 minutes. After 5 treatment cycles, no adverse effects were detected on filtration efficiency, structural integrity, or strap elasticity. There was no detectable off-gassing of PAA and hydrogen peroxide from the treated masks at 20 and 60 minutes after the disinfection cycle, respectively.

Conclusion:

The PAA room disinfection system provides a rapidly scalable solution for in-hospital decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ideological Vote and Electoral Performance of the Bolivian MAS, 2002–2014
Authors: Luján Diego
Published: October 2020

Since 2005, the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) has become a predominant party in the Bolivian party system. Despite its origin as a small, indigenous, and peasant-based party, the MAS has achieved an electoral performance unprecedented in Bolivian political history. What accounts for its electoral rise? Unlike available explanations based on sociostructural, institutional, or contextual factors, this article argues that ideological location decisions served as a signaling device that allowed the MAS to differentiate itself from its competitors. In so doing, the party managed to transcend the border of ethnic and regional cleavages, appealing to a broader electorate, which contributed decisively to its electoral success. Using data from public opinion surveys and based on statistical models, this article shows that ideology was pivotal in Bolivians’ decisions to vote for the MAS, particularly during the early period of its electoral takeoff.
The estimation of γ-ray Doppler factor forFermi/LAT-detected blazars
Authors: Pei Zhiyuan , Fan Junhui , Yang Jianghe , Bastieri Denis
Published: October 2020

Blazars are a subclass of active galactic nuclei with extreme observation properties, which is caused by the beaming effect, expressed by a Doppler factor ($\delta$), in a relativistic jet. Doppler factor is an important parameter in the blazars paradigm to indicate all of the observation properties, and many methods were proposed to estimate its value. In this paper, we present a method following Mattox et al. to calculate the lower limit on$\gamma$-ray Doppler factor ($\delta_{\gamma}$) for 809 selectedFermi/LAT-detected$\gamma$-ray blazars by adopting the available$\gamma$-ray and X-ray data. Our sample included 342 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and 467 BL Lac objects (BL Lacs), out of which 507 sources are compiled with available radio core-dominance parameter (R) from our previous study. Our calculation shows that the average values of the lower limit on$\delta_{\gamma}$for FSRQs and BL Lacs are$\left\langle\delta_{\gamma}|_{\textrm{FSRQ}}\right\rangle = 6.87 \pm 4.07$and$\left\langle\delta_{\gamma}|_{\textrm{BL\ Lac}}\right\rangle=4.31 \pm 2.97$, respectively. We compare and discuss our results with those from the literature. We found that the derived lower limit on$\delta_{\gamma}$for some sources is higher than that from the radio estimation, which could be possibly explained by the jet bending within those blazars. Our results also suggest that the$\gamma$-ray and radio regions perhaps share the same relativistic effects. The$\gamma$-ray Doppler factor has been found to be correlated with both the$\gamma$-ray luminosity and core-dominance parameter, implying that the jet is possibly continuous in the$\gamma$-ray bands, andRis perhaps an indicator for a beaming effect.
COVID-19 and the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Lipscy Phillip Y.
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to refocus scholarly attention on the politics of crisis. Crises that abruptly upend political and economic relations are important and increasing in frequency. However, the division of international relations into international political economy (IPE) and international security has contributed to the relative neglect of non-militarized crises like pandemics. Crises are defined by threat, uncertainty, and time pressure: understanding them requires a careful examination of how these variables affect political and economic outcomes. Drawing on often disparate literatures on finance, energy and climate change, natural disasters, pandemics, and violent conflict, I propose a broad research program around the politics of crisis, focusing on puzzles related to causes, responses, and transformations.
Language assessment tools for Arabic-speaking heritage and refugee children in Germany
Authors: Hamann Cornelia , Chilla Solveig , Abed Ibrahim Lina , Fekete István
Published: October 2020

Though Germany has long provided education for children speaking a heritage language and received two recent waves of refugees, reliable assessment tools for diagnosis of language impairment or the progress in the acquisition of German as a second language (L2) by refugee children are still lacking. The few tools expressly targeting bilingual populations are normed for younger, early successive bilingual children. This study investigates 27 typically developing children with Arabic as first language (L1), comparing 15 school-age Syrian refugees (6;6–12;8), with 12 heritage speakers (6;0–12;9). We assess the L1 and L2 skills of these two groups with standardized tests, but crucially with an Arabic and a German sentence repetition (SRT) as well as a nonword (NWRT) repetition task (Grimm & Hübner, in press; Marinis & Armon-Lotem, 2015). Comparable scores emerged only for German LITMUS-NWRT and Arabic LITMUS-SRT. Refugee children had an advantage in L1 measures, for example, vocabulary and morphosyntactic production, whereas they performed poorly in the German LITMUS-SRT and other L2 tests involving morphosyntax and vocabulary even with 24 months of systematic exposure. This indicates that the acquisition of adequate vocabulary and complex syntax takes time. The paper explores factors influencing performance on the repetition tasks and relates the results to established diagnostic procedures and educational policies.
When Europe hits the subnational authorities: the transposition of EU directives in Germany between 1990 and 2018
Authors: Paasch Jana , Stecker Christian
Published: October 2020

Federalism and the associated multi-level polity-structure have been frequently blamed for delaying the implementation of European Union (EU) directives. However, this verdict is incomplete as only a few studies open the “black box” of federalism to analyse the involvement of subnational parliaments and executives or second chambers in policy implementation. This article fills this gap and explains the transposition delay on the level of each individual implementation measure. Our novel data set covers about 850 directives and the corresponding 1,950 implementation measures between 1990 and 2018 in Germany. Using logistic regression models, we find that involving the subnational authorities substantially delays transposition. Subnational measures are three times more likely to be delayed than national ones. The effect of the veto power of a second chamber remains inconclusive. Our findings highlight the challenges federalism poses for the multi-level implementation of EU policies and have implications for the broader literature on compliance with public policies.
(Dis)agreements in the management of conservation conflicts in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
Authors: Oliva Malena , García-Frapolli Eduardo , Porter-Bolland Luciana , Montiel Salvador
Published: October 2020

To manage widespread conservation conflicts, building a shared understanding among the parties involved has been considered key. However, there is little empirical evidence of the role this understanding might play in the context of imposed biosphere reserves. Using semi-structured and in-depth interviews in two communities within the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, we explored whether or not there is a shared understanding of conflicts between local people and reserve managers, and we analysed its contribution to conflict management. We found that a shared understanding is not a determining factor when the conflict solution demands actions that exceed stakeholders’ functions. While a shared understanding helps with the global process of conflict management, there are other challenges: local impairment resulting from the exclusionary creation and the operation of protected areas and the need for action to solve a conflict that exceeds the functions of stakeholders.
Arata Isozaki: the architect as artist
Authors: Cho Hyunjung
Published: October 2020

This paper is not a comprehensive survey of the architectural career of Arata Isozaki, one of the most distinguished practicing architects in the world today and the 2019 winner of the Pritzker Prize, but a specific look at his formative years of the 1960s when he began to build his own design methodology. It delineates Isozaki’s encounter with the avant-garde art movement of the 1960s, collectively called “Anti-Art, ” against the backdrop of the “anti-spirit” of Japanese society. Although Isozaki’s artistic side has been overstated at times, previous studies rarely addressed how his intensive interactions with art circles played a role in shaping his design methodology. I would like to examine the convergence of creative individuals and cross-disciplinary connections to understand Isozaki’s architectural thinking.

This study examines how Isozaki’s collaborations with his artist contemporaries enabled him to formulate the notion of the “invisible city, ” a radically new design concept characterised by the expansion of the nature of architecture from producing isolated built-forms to all-encompassing natural and manmade environments. However, after drawing on communications and information theory, which prevailed in 60s architectural circles, Isozaki’s destructive and anarchistic connotation of “invisible city” was channeled into a systematic cybernetic model and eventually transformed into a constructive planning method. I will discuss the realisation of a cybernetic environment at the Festival Plaza of Expo’ 70 and trace the legacy of “invisible city” in his later postmodern work.
How is Brazil facing the crisis of Food and Nutrition Security during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Authors: Carvalho Carolina Abreu de , Viola Poliana Cristina de Almeida Fonseca , Sperandio Naiara
Published: October 2020

The goal of this commentary is to expose the situation of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in Brazil in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a critical analysis of this scenario and suggesting ways to move forward. When COVID-19 arrived in Brazil, a crisis scenario that incorporated economic, social and political aspects became highly visible. This scenario fostered unemployment, poverty and hunger. Besides that, it exposed multiple vulnerabilities that were getting worse over the past few years prior to the pandemic. In this context, COVID-19 found in Brazil a fertile ground for its dissemination and community transmission. The impacts of the suspension of many commercial activities and other economic sectors due to the pandemic were quickly felt socially and economically in Brazil. Some of the actions carried out by the Brazilian government included the emergency aid payment and exemption from payment of energy bills for vulnerable individuals, release of funds for programmes for the direct purchase of food from family farmers, delivery of school food kits directly to students despite the closure of schools and publication of sanitary rules for the operation of restaurants. However, these actions are still insufficient, slow and not sufficiently coordinated to contain the progress of the food and nutritional insecurity crisis in Brazil. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgency for the Brazilian government to again prioritise the FNS agenda. This includes implementing mechanisms to ensure the Human Right to Adequate Food and expanding existing FNS programmes.
Gas phase reaction kinetics of complex organic molecules at temperatures of the interstellar medium: The OH + CH3OH case
Authors: Canosa André
Published: October 2020

Recent experimental and theoretical works concerning gas-phase radical-neutral reactions involving Complex Organic Molecules are reviewed in the context of cold interstellar objects with a special emphasis on the OH + CH3OH reaction and its potential impact on the formation of CH3O.
Low-temperature condensation of carbonaceous dust grains from PAHs
Authors: Gavilan Marin Lisseth , Bejaoui Salma , Gate Gregory , Haggmark Michael , Svadlenak Nathan , de Vries Mattanjah , Sciamma-O’Brien Ella , Salama Farid
Published: October 2020

Interstellar carbon has been detected in both gas-phase molecules and solid particles. The goal of this study is to identify the link between these two phases of cosmic carbon. Here we report preliminary results on the low temperature formation of carbonaceous dust grains from gas-phase aromatic hydrocarbon precursors. This is done using the supersonic expansion of an argon jet seeded with aromatic molecules and exposed to an electrical discharge. We report experimental evidence of efficient carbon dust condensation from aromatic molecules including benzene and naphthalene. The molecular content of the solid grains is probed with laser desorption mass spectrometry. The mass spectra reveal a rich molecular composition including fragments of the parent molecule but also growth into larger molecular species.
Dust in debris disk: Observations and laboratory experiments
Authors: Olofsson Johan
Published: October 2020

Debris disks are the natural by-products of the star and planet formation processes. Since the 1980’s several thousands of debris disks have been detected, and the presence of a disk is inferred by the detection of excess emission over the photospheric emission. This thermal emission arises from (micron-sized or slightly bigger) dust grains heated by the central star. However, in the vast majority of cases, these observations are not spatially resolving the radial distribution of the dust, resulting in strong degeneracies in the modeling approach (radial distance vs minimum grain size mostly). Therefore the properties of the small dust grains remained largely unconstrained until the arrival of high angular resolution instruments, especially at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. In these proceeding some of the main results are presented that have been obtained over the past few years on the properties of small dust grains in debris disks, and it is discussed how laboratory experiments contributed to put those results in context.
Low temperature gas phase reaction rate coefficient measurements: Toward modeling of stellar winds and the interstellar medium
Authors: West Niclas A. , Rutter Edward , Blitz Mark A. , Decin Leen , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: October 2020

Stellar winds of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars are responsible for the production of ∼85% of the gas molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM), and yet very few of the gas phase rate coefficients under the relevant conditions (10 – 3000 K) needed to model the rate of production and loss of these molecules in stellar winds have been experimentally measured. If measured at all, the value of the rate coefficient has often only been obtained at room temperature, with extrapolation to lower and higher temperatures using the Arrhenius equation. However, non-Arrhenius behavior has been observed often in the few measured rate coefficients at low temperatures. In previous reactions studied, theoretical simulations of the formation of long-lived pre-reaction complexes and quantum mechanical tunneling through the barrier to reaction have been utilized to fit these non-Arrhenius behaviours of rate coefficients.

Reaction rate coefficients that were predicted to produce the largest change in the production/loss of Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) in stellar winds at low temperatures were selected from a sensitivity analysis. Here we present measurements of rate coefficients using a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus with the Pump Laser Photolysis - Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLP-LIF) technique. Gas flow temperatures between 30 – 134 K have been produced by the University of Leeds apparatus through the controlled expansion of N2 or Ar gas through Laval nozzles of a range of Mach numbers between 2.49 and 4.25.

Reactions of interest include those of OH, CN, and CH with volatile organic species, in particular formaldehyde, a molecule which has been detected in the ISM. Kinetics measurements of these reactions at low temperatures will be presented using the decay of the radical reagent. Since formaldehyde and the formal radical (HCO) are potential building blocks of COMs in the interstellar medium, low temperature reaction rate coefficients for their production and loss can help to predict the formation pathways of COMs observed in the interstellar medium.
Learning mid-IR emission spectra of PAH populations from observations
Authors: Foschino Sacha , Berné Olivier , Joblin Christine
Published: October 2020

Observations of the mid-infrared (mid-IR, 3-15 μm) spectra of photo-dissociation regions reveal ubiquitous, broad and intense emission bands, the aromatic infrared bands (AIBs), attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Studies of the AIBs showed spectral variations (e.g. in the band positions) between different astrophysical objects, or even within single object, thanks to hyperspectral images. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will allow to get further spectral and spatial details compared to former space observatories. This will come with large data sets, which will require specific tools in order to perform efficient scientific analysis.

We propose in this study a method based on blind signal separation to reduce the analysis of such large data set to that of a small number of elementary spectra, spectrally representative of the data set and physically interpretable as the spectra of populations of mid-IR emitters. The robustness and fastness of the method are improved compared to former algorithms. It is tested on a ISO-SWS data set, which approaches the best the characteristics of JWST data, from which four elementary spectra are extracted, attributed to cationic, neutral PAHs, evaporating very small grains and large and ionized PAHs.
Generation of photoionized plasmas in the laboratory: Analogues to astrophysical sources
Authors: White S. , Irwin R. , Warwick R. , Sarri G. , Gribakin G. F. , Keenan F. P. , Hill E. , Rose S. J. , Ferland G. J. , Wang F. , Zhao G. , Han B. , Riley D.
Published: October 2020

Implementation of a novel experimental approach using a bright source of narrowband x-ray emission has enabled the production of a photoionized argon plasma of relevance to astrophysical modelling codes such as Cloudy. We present results showing that the photoionization parameter ζ = 4πF/ne generated using the VULCAN laser was ≈ 50 erg cm s−1, higher than those obtained previously with more powerful facilities. Comparison of our argon emission-line spectra in the 4.15 - 4.25 Å range at varying initial gas pressures with predictions from the Cloudy code and a simple time-dependent code are also presented. Finally we briefly discuss how this proof-of-principle experiment may be scaled to larger facilities such as ORION to produce the closest laboratory analogue to a photoionized plasma.
Aliphatic hydrocarbon content of interstellar dust
Authors: Schmidt T. W. , Günay B. , Burton M. G. , Rawal A.
Published: October 2020

The mid-IR spectrum of the interstellar medium contains both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon features. These are generally attributed to carbonaceous dust. The aliphatic component is of particular interest because it produces a significant 3.4 μm absorption feature. The optical depth of this feature is related to the number and type of aliphatic carbon C–H bonds in the line of sight. It is possible to estimate the column density of aliphatic carbon from quantitative analysis of the 3.4 μm interstellar feature, providing that the absorption coefficient of interstellar aliphatic hydrocarbon is known. We produced interstellar dust analogues with spectra closely matching astronomical observations. Using a combination of FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, we determined an integrated absorption coefficient of the aliphatic component. The results thus obtained permit direct calibration of astronomical observations, providing rigorous estimates of the amount of aliphatic carbon in the ISM.
Client-led culturally responsive CBT – integrating familism in the treatment of chronic depression: a case study
Authors: Skilbeck Lilian , Spanton Christopher , Roylance Ian
Published: October 2020

Britain has increasingly become a multi-cultural society. In order to improve access to primary care psychological therapy including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), there has been an increase in focus on cultural adaptation and cultural responsiveness. To date, these adaptations have focused on domains such as language, beliefs and values. In this case, familism was the focus for adaptation. The client was a 22-year-old female from a black African-British background. She presented with severe symptoms of chronic depression as measured on routine standard questionnaires and the interview. She had minimal success from previous interventions and was struggling to make progress. Therapy was guided by the client’s views on what issues had a bearing on her difficulties. The client hypothesised that familism factors with themes around ‘my parents’ culture’ and ‘family comes first’ were interacting with her cognitive behavioural factors to maintain her problem. She requested the involvement of her family in her treatment plan. In line with the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies–Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic service user Positive Practice Guide, this was integrated as part of her formulation. Upon involvement of her father in a single session, the client attained reliable improvement. She attributed her improvement to this involvement. By the end of therapy, she reached recovery, which was maintained at 3-month follow-up. This study was responsive to the client’s own perceived cultural needs through the integration of familism into her CBT formulation. It illustrates a client-led cultural adaptation of CBT to treat chronic depression.

Key learning aims

It is hoped that the reader will increase their understanding of the following from reading this case study:

(1)

Creating an environment where clients can freely discuss their perceived cultural factors from the outset.

(2)

Client-led cultural responsiveness to their expressed cultural needs.

(3)

Familism as a domain for adapting CBT.
Hydration of a Mantle Shear Zone Beyond Serpentine Stability: A Possible Link to Microseismicity Along Ultraslow Spreading Ridges?
Authors: Vieira Duarte J. F. , Kaczmarek M.‐A. , Vonlanthen P. , Putlitz B. , Müntener O.
Published: October 2020

Hydration of the oceanic mantle is a fundamental process of the global water cycle promoting chemical and volumetric changes and facilitating mantle exhumation along detachment faults. At which depth these processes occur and how fluids circulate along ductile mantle shear zones are, however, less well constrained. Here we present field, chemical, and microstructural evidence of hydration processes of peridotite mylonites within an upper mantle shear zone from an Alpine ophiolite (Lanzo massif, Italy). Mylonitic and ultramylonitic areas of the anastomosing shear zone are enriched in Cl‐bearing amphibole. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data indicate the activation of the (100)[001] amphibole slip system arguing for synkinematic growth and deformation at temperatures consistent with Mg‐hornblende stability between 800°C and 850°C. High Cl contents in amphibole (0.15–0.61 wt%) as well as oxygen isotope data (δ18Owhole‐rock between 4.4‰ and 4.7‰) indicate accumulation and focusing of seawater‐derived fluid in mylonitic and ultramylonitic domains. Such hydration processes are consistent with strain partitioning between water‐poor (less deformed) and water‐rich (intensely deformed) layers, consistent with changes in olivine and pyroxene crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Our results support recent geophysical data from ultraslow spreading mid‐ocean ridge systems that fluids might penetrate beyond the stability of serpentine to depth between 6 and 15 km. Such peridotite shear zones act as fluid pathways for long‐lived detachment faults or oceanic transform faults, along which upper mantle rocks are exhumed to the seafloor. Fracturing and fluid flow along such peridotite shear zones might be recorded by deep microseismicity along ultraslow spreading ridges.
Influence of Seasonal River Discharge on Tidal Propagation in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta, Bangladesh
Authors: Elahi M. W. E. , Jalón‐Rojas I. , Wang X. H. , Ritchie E. A.
Published: October 2020

Significant research efforts have been devoted to understanding river‐tide interactions in estuaries. However, studies on the impact of monsoon‐driven fluctuations of river discharge are limited. Here, the role of varying river discharge on the tidal propagation and tidal limit along the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta (GBMD), a macrotidal estuary subject to seasonal and annual river discharge variations, is investigated. The Delft3D hydrodynamic model is validated and applied to an average flood year condition and nine idealized scenarios covering the typical hydrological conditions. Results reveal that the upper limit of the tidal propagation shifts 75 km upstream during the dry season. The residual water level slope and tidal damping rate increase with river discharge beyond 100 km from the estuary mouth. The balance between the generation and dissipation of quarterdiurnal tides shifts spatially as a result of changes in channel convergence and friction and temporally as a function of river discharge, which controls the total friction in the upper tidal river. The balance between tidal dissipation and generation depends on the residual velocity generated by river discharge and the velocity of the principal tides. The maximal generation of quarterdiurnal tides in the upper GBMD depends on the friction generated from the river‐tide interaction. Critical river discharge thresholds produce an optimal condition of dissipation of semidiurnal tides and generation of quarterdiurnal tides through friction at the upper and middle estuary. River discharge above the critical river discharge amount more rapidly dissipates both semidiurnal and quarterdiurnal tides than generates quarterdiurnal tides from nonlinear interactions.
Serpentine alteration as source of high dissolved silicon and elevated δ30Si values to the marine Si cycle
Authors: Geilert Sonja , Grasse Patricia , Wallmann Klaus , Liebetrau Volker , Menzies Catriona D.
Published: October 2020

Serpentine alteration is recognized as an important process for element cycling, however, related silicon fluxes are unknown. Pore fluids from serpentinite seamounts sampled in the Mariana forearc region during IODP Expedition 366 were investigated for their Si, B, and Sr isotope signatures (δ30Si, δ11B, and 87Sr/86Sr, respectively) to study serpentinization in the mantle wedge and shallow serpentine alteration to authigenic clays by seawater. While serpentinization in the mantle wedge caused no significant Si isotope fractionation, implying closed system conditions, serpentine alteration by seawater led to the formation of authigenic phyllosilicates, causing the highest natural fluid δ30Si values measured to date (up to +5.2 ± 0.2‰). Here we show that seafloor alteration of serpentinites is a source of Si to the ocean with extremely high fluid δ30Si values, which can explain anomalies in the marine Si budget like in the Cascadia Basin and which has to be considered in future investigations of the global marine Si cycle.
NOTCH1 gene amplification promotes expansion of Cancer Associated Fibroblast populations in human skin
Authors: Katarkar Atul , Bottoni Giulia , Clocchiatti Andrea , Goruppi Sandro , Bordignon Pino , Lazzaroni Francesca , Gregnanin Ilaria , Ostano Paola , Neel Victor , Dotto G. Paolo
Published: October 2020

Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment. Genomic alterations in these cells remain a point of contention. We report that CAFs from skin squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) display chromosomal alterations, with heterogeneous NOTCH1 gene amplification and overexpression that also occur, to a lesser extent, in dermal fibroblasts of apparently unaffected skin. The fraction of the latter cells harboring NOTCH1 amplification is expanded by chronic UVA exposure, to which CAFs are resistant. The advantage conferred by NOTCH1 amplification and overexpression can be explained by NOTCH1 ability to block the DNA damage response (DDR) and ensuing growth arrest through suppression of ATM-FOXO3a association and downstream signaling cascade. In an orthotopic model of skin SCC, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of NOTCH1 activity suppresses cancer/stromal cells expansion. Here we show that NOTCH1 gene amplification and increased expression in CAFs are an attractive target for stroma-focused anti-cancer intervention.