bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Codas in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Goodin-Mayeda C. Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

Brazilian Portuguese allows only /s, N, l, r/ syllable finally, and of these, only /s/ is realized faithfully (as well as /r/ for some speakers). In order to avoid unacceptable codas, dialects of Brazilian Portuguese employ such strategies as epenthesis, nasal absorption, debucalization, and gliding. The current analysis argues that codas in Brazilian Portuguese become progressively more acceptable according to their sonority, with more sonorous codas suffering less drastic changes in form and syllable structure. Dovetailing principles of optimality theory and sonority sequencing, the current analysis results in a succinct, cohesive account of Brazilian Portuguese codas.
An Overview of Medical Spanish Curricula in the United States
Authors: Hardin Karol
Published: January 2016

The US health care system faces linguistic challenges. Disparities in language-concordant care for Spanish speakers persist due to current demographics and a paucity of bilingual providers. A proliferation of courses in Spanish for health care professions suggests that universities and post-graduate institutions are attempting to meet this need; however, the quantity of programs does not necessarily indicate quality or achievement of desired outcomes. The current study examined medical Spanish programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate level that were described in academic literature over a 38-year period. Programs generally were underreported and not comparable, well evaluated, nor easily replicated. Regrettably, in the medical domain, modest language proficiency is considered adequate and programs targeting advanced proficiency are rare. Suggestions are offered to make curricula in Spanish for health care more evidence based, longitudinal, and collaborative.
Lope enamorado: Patrimonio cultural y cine postnacional
Authors: Bayliss Robert E.
Published: January 2016

Este estudio ofrece un análisis contrastivo de dos casos de explotación de patrimonio cultural de la alta modernidad en el cine contemporáneo: Shakespeare in Love (1998) y Lope (2010). Los patrimonios culturales encarnados en las figuras de Lope de Vega y William Shakespeare se despliegan en las dos películas de manera que problematiza el concepto tradicional del llamado “campo de producción cultural” (Pierre Bordieu) en la actualidad, ya que la producción cinemática es guiada por estructuras financieras cada vez más globalizadas, sin respeto a las identidades nacionales que estimulan el “capital cultural” de los dos dramaturgos en cuestión. Más allá de una lectura comparada de las dos películas, el artículo se enfoca en las complicadas dinámicas entre patrimonio cultural y su explotación económica, y en lo que los estudios culturales puedan aportar para su estudio.
How Native Do They Sound?: An Acoustic Analysis of the Spanish Vowels of Elementary Spanish Immersion Students
Authors: Menke Mandy R.
Published: January 2016

Language immersion students’ lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic competencies are well documented, yet their phonological skill has remained relatively unexplored. This study investigates the Spanish vowel productions of a cross-sectional sample of 35 one-way Spanish immersion students. Learner productions were analyzed acoustically and compared to those of Spanish-English bilingual peers. Findings reveal that learners’ productions differ from those of their native Spanish-speaking peers on nearly all measures; observed differences may be the result of transfer of first language phonetic and phonological tendencies and the nature of the input received.
Caçando passarinhos: O olhar de colecionador nos contos de Dalton Trevisan
Authors: Gazzinelli Gabriela Guimarães
Published: January 2016

Este ensaio propõe ser o impulso colecionador um princípio estruturante da obra de Dalton Trevisan, integrada por coleções de contos, microcontos, haicais e poemas. Segundo Walter Benjamin, “a existência do colecionador é uma tensão dialética entre os pólos da ordem e da desordem”. A fim de ordenar a desordem das histórias acumuladas, Trevisan elege recortes temporal, espacial e temático claros em sua atividade de colecionador. Seus contos se passam, principalmente, em Curitiba, no presente ou no passado recente da narrativa. Nesse cenário, as personagens vão inventariando vícios morais e taras eróticas, sendo a polimorfia sexual e a violência dois temas recorrentes em seu projeto poético. Entre essas personagens figuram diferentes tipos de colecionadores que estabelecem uma relação de posse com o outro ao coligir vidas, prazeres, sentimentos, perversidades. São emblemáticos, nesse sentido, os vampiros de toda natureza: parasitas sentimentais, sanguessugas, predadores sexuais, vigaristas e exploradores. As coleções de Trevisan têm ainda outro elemento de coesão: são enquadradas afetivamente pelo narrador, que concede valor sentimental às estórias nelas reunidas.
Managing Depth and Breadth in the Business Spanish Course
Authors: Houston Tony
Published: January 2016

A business Spanish curriculum that presents the full spectrum of general and specialized areas—including management, banking, finance, marketing and advertising—might seem ambitious for a single course. A course that aims to present the full picture would seem to impose an undue burden on memory and retention of the content. By emphasizing language development over content mastery, applied knowledge over rote memory, and learner interests over “covering” the material, the course strikes a balance between depth and breadth of content knowledge and provides invaluable data for program assessment.
Second Language Acquisition of Spanish /e/ and /ei/ by Native English Speakers
Authors: Díaz Miriam , Simonet Miquel
Published: January 2016

The present article reports on the findings of a cross-sectional acoustic study of the production of the Spanish /e/-/ei/ contrast, as in pena-peina and reno-reino , by native-English intermediate and advanced learners of Spanish. The acoustic parameter that distinguishes Spanish /e/ from /ei/ is formant change—/e/ is a monophthong and /ei/ is a diphthong. English, on the other hand, has a mid front monophthong /ɛ/ ( bet, debt ) and a mid-to-high front diphthong /e ɪ / ( bait, date ). These vowels differ in both their overall place of articulation and in their dynamic characteristics. Spanish /e/ is similar to both English /ɛ/ and /e ɪ / but is not identical to any of the two vowels; Spanish /ei/ is similar, but also not identical, to English /e ɪ /. This situation creates complex inter-lingual interactions for the learners. The study addresses these interactions as they are evidenced in speech production. The findings are discussed in terms of their significance for current models of second language speech learning and provide important information regarding the paths of pronunciation development in the second-language acquisition of Spanish vowels by adult native speakers of American English.
Del soldado de los tercios al reportero de guerra: El hombre de acción en José Ortega y Gasset y Arturo Pérez-Reverte
Authors: Sendón Óscar
Published: January 2016

Resulta casi imposible separar el Discurso de mi vida (1630) del capitán Alonso de Contreras, sin duda alguna el arquetipo de las vidas o relaciones de soldados, del prólogo que José Ortega y Gasset escribió en 1943 para su edición en la Revista de Occidente . El ensayo orteguiano realiza un detallado repaso de las características del soldado español de la Primera Modernidad, al tiempo que reflexiona sobre la naturaleza del hombre de acción. Sesenta y cinco años después, un segundo prólogo escrito por Arturo Pérez-Reverte acompaña al de Ortega y Gasset en una nueva edición del texto. La deuda de Pérez-Reverte con Contreras es grande, ya que se inspira en esta figura para crear el que probablemente sea el personaje más popular de la literatura española actual: el capitán Alatriste. Este ensayo analiza los conceptos de acción y aventura como características definitorias del soldado durante la Monarquía Hispánica, vistos desde la perspectiva contemporánea de ambos escritores. Asimismo, pretende validar al propio Pérez-Reverte como heredero de dichas características a raíz de su experiencia vital y profesional como corresponsal de guerra, reflejada en su novela Territorio comanche (1994).
La metáfora en el lenguaje económico: Una aproximación sociometafórica al concepto de burbuja inmobiliaria
Authors: González Daniel Fuentes , Ureña Luis J. Belmonte
Published: January 2016

La potencialidad metafórica no ha pasado inadvertida al estudiar fenómenos y discursos económicos. En este trabajo sometemos a examen la metáfora de la burbuja, que suele imbricarse con otras para desplegar su capacidad sociodiscursiva. A partir de una integración teórico-metodológica, cuyas bases son la sociolingüística crítica del discurso y el análisis sociometafórico, planteamos un estudio de textos periodísticos españoles sobre la burbuja financiera e inmobiliaria. Como principal conclusión, se extrae que gran parte del entramado discursivo sobre la burbuja presenta una traslación semántica a partir de un fenómeno físico natural caracterizado por su inevitabilidad. Ese discurso viene impregnado de todas las apreciaciones profundas del neoliberalismo, tendente a ocultar la posible consideración de la actividad científico-financiera como una actividad social.
Ofelia Rodríguez Acosta and the Quest for National Solidarity in Cuba
Authors: Ortiz-Loyola Brenda
Published: January 2016

By the mid-1920s, the feminist movement was gaining strong support within Cuban society, at the same time that Cubans were growing discontent with the repression and corruption of Gerardo Machado’s dictatorial regime. Within this context, women writers like Ofelia Rodríguez Acosta fused the feminist fight for women’s rights with a nationalist movement against the oppressive regime, transforming a discourse of female solidarity into a yearning for national unity. This article proposes the writings of Rodríguez Acosta as an example of the ways in which Cuban feminists engaged in the political dialogue of the 1920s and 1930s. It argues that Rodríguez Acosta’s newspaper articles and fiction elaborated a notion of solidarity, which provided an ideology that coincided with the nationalist agenda of the time, and offered feminists a new rhetoric for political action. While the relationship between female and male characters in novels such as El triunfo de la débil presa illustrated the model of unity that Rodríguez Acosta wished for, her newspaper articles asserted the positive effect of that solidarity in the national arena.
Examining Early Inﬂuences of Sports and Outdoor Recreation on Individuals through the Lens of Adlerian Psychology
Authors: Flood Joseph P. , Lawther Jane W. , Montandon Kristi A.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this article is to extend the theoretical approaches used in Adlerian psychology to examine the inﬂuence early sports and outdoor recreation participation has on early recollections in order to provide insights into the development of lifestyle choices. A questionnaire was administered to 429 college students. Results indicated that 15% of the respondents lacked positive encouragement, faced exclusion based on obesity or lack of skill, experienced feelings of discouragement and reduced self-esteem. Conversely, 85% of the youth experiencing encouragement felt rewarded with success combined with the message that “I matter,” while others who felt discouraged based on early recollections still feel like “losers.” These early negative memories seared feelings of exclusion and isolation to the degree that these individuals are still seeking acceptance and inclusion as they seek validation in determining healthy lifestyle choices. This research highlights the significance of sport and outdoor recreation participation on early memories and lifestyle choices through the lens of Adlerian psychology.
Cars and Social Interest
Authors: Culbreth Stephanie , Huber R. John
Published: January 2016

This article is an analysis of the movie Cars from an Adlerian perspective. The authors focus on the psychological growth of the protagonist, Lightning McQueen, from a self-centered, narcissistic character to a communally oriented individual who lives with social interest. Members of a dilapidated and bypassed community aid him in this process. Those who help McQueen also grow psychologically. The role of the cinematic medium in developing and promoting social interest is discussed.
A Genealogy of Ideas in Alfred Adler’s Psychology
Authors: Angioli Alex , Kruger Pieter
Published: January 2016

We examine the social, political, and philosophical influences on Adler’s life and work in a “genealogical” manner to contextualize the formation of Adlerian Individual Psychology. The notion of genealogy as an orientation to history derives from the work of Michel Foucault, who drew it from Friedrich Nietzsche. We discuss conditions and constraints exercised by socioeconomic elements and the progress of formation of the discourse of Adlerian psychology up to 1917. Genealogy suggests that a psychology is progressively constituted in a narrative manner, employing continuities and discontinuities to arrive at a discursive formation. In this essay we weave history, principle, and philosophy to form a fresh perspective on the development of Adlerian psychology. This approach suggests an alternate way to read Adler.
Using the Imago Dialogue to Deepen Couples Therapy
Authors: Hendrix Harville , Hunt Helen LaKelly , Luquet Wade , Carlson Jon
Published: January 2016

The Imago dialogue used in Imago Relationship Therapy is a skill that promotes connection, empathy, and horizontal relationships between couples. Adler discussed the need for equality but did not provide a means for this to occur in therapeutic relationships. This paper describes the Imago dialogue as a means to promote equality and empathy between members of a couple that will be beneficial to Adlerian therapists. The three-part process of mirroring, validating the other, and empathizing are discussed, as well as how to introduce the skill to couples. The neuroscience behind the process is also discussed.
An Adlerian Perspective on Problematic Internet Pornography Use
Authors: Fall Kevin A. , Howard Rachel C.
Published: January 2016

With the evolution of the Internet, access to pornography has become easier and more inexpensive. As more people are exposed to pornography, the negative issues associated with its use can also be expected to increase, and mental health professionals must be prepared to address client concerns in this area. In this article, the authors explore a proposed Adlerian conceptualization and treatment profile of problematic pornography use.
Psychometric Properties of the BASIS-A Lt : Lithuanian Version
Authors: Gaubė Justina , Kern Roy M. , Stoltz Kevin B.
Published: January 2016

Before conducting an empirical study, researchers need to consider the psychometric properties of each instrument used. In particular, researchers who wish to translate an existing instrument into a different language must address reliability and validity issues, appropriateness of the norming group, and the methodology related to the back-forward translation procedures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success–Adult Form (BASIS-A). The sample consisted of 1,100 Lithuanian-speaking participants who completed the Lithuanian BASIS-A Inventory, a demographic sheet, and the Big Five instrument. Construct validity was addressed through exploratory factor analysis. The internal and external reliability was supported. Correlation analysis with the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) by Gosling, Rantfrow, & Swann (2003) was conducted to test the convergent validity. The various statistical analyses supported the use of the Lithuanian version of the BASIS-A as a valid instrument for use in research on the Lithuanian population.
Exhibiting Information: Developing the Information Age Gallery at the Science Museum
Authors: Blyth Tilly
Published: January 2016

There is very little published literature on the display of computing technology in museums and galleries. This article reviews a variety of displays, from the early 1970s to the 1990s, to show how computing and communication technologies shifted from a taxonomic approach that inferred an element of progression to displays that take a more socially and culturally embedded approach. The article argues that by changing their focus away from computing per se to considering the history of sociocultural information networks, museum professionals can create more engaging experiences for visitors while reflecting the current concerns of the sociology of technology and historiography. Using insights drawn from the development of the Information Age gallery at the Science Museum in London, the article argues that while the shift toward information and communication networks is not without conceptual challenges, it brings to the fore the importance of infrastructure, the role of users in the coconstruction of networks, and the challenge of software in display.
Making Computers Boring: Thoughts on Historical Exhibition of Computing Technology from the Mass-Market Era
Authors: Sumner James
Published: January 2016

Computer history displays in museum galleries and exhibitions traditionally focus on iconic machines and progressive lineages of hardware production. This approach has been widely criticized as unrepresentative of computing’s wider context but is, in any case, becoming increasingly awkward as historical attention turns to the era of small, cheap, undistinguished personal computers and standardized networking. This article presents a range of more user-focused display approaches for consideration. In particular, I address the value and practicalities of period “set dressing” for hardware and hands-on interaction with software and call for greater hybridization between approaches devised for static galleries and for mobile displays.
Self-Fulfilling History: How Narrative Shapes Preservation of the Online World
Authors: Weber Marc
Published: January 2016

New topics in the history of technology develop through stages. For the history of the online world, different stages have been marked by different dominant interpretations, moving from technical and teleological narratives about just a few favored systems and individuals to a more eclectic mix. Narratives are also influenced by still-living pioneers. But these changing stories are not just interesting for the historiography of cyberspace. They directly affect what source material gets valued and thus preserved, an effect hugely amplified by the fragility of digital media. Early biases can become self-fulfilling by erasing the source materials that could support competing points of view. This article details practices that have developed in response to such challenges at collecting institutions, using the Computer History Museum as a case study in the hope that it may prove useful to others.
Brains, Tortoises, and Octopuses: Postwar Interpretations of Mechanical Intelligence on the BBC
Authors: Jones Allan
Published: January 2016

The immediate postwar period saw the emergence of the first digital computers as well as developments in cybernetics, brain research, and information theory. In this era, questions of mechanical intelligence came to the forefront in public media. In Britain the BBC broadcast radio talks by many leading practitioners in these fields in which they discussed their work and speculated on its implications for conceptions of intelligence. Generally, speakers were either skeptical or unskeptical toward the issue of intelligent behavior in machines. The skeptics, who tended to have backgrounds in physical science and mathematics, usually took reductive approaches to argue that machines could not be intelligent. The non-skeptics, who tended to have a biological orientation, usually avoided reductive approaches and conceded that the distinction between machines and animal brains might not be clear-cut. These differing interpretations of new technology, their association with distinct intellectual traditions, and their promotion via a wide-reaching and respected medium are seen as instances of social shaping of technology in action.
Putting the Spooks Back In?: The UK Secret State and the History of Computing
Authors: Agar Jon
Published: January 2016

The post–World War II secret state (governmental bodies that handle national security, including signals intelligence, spying, counterintelligence, and some aspects of policing, as well as the central bureaucratic mechanisms of their control) is a lacuna in the history of UK computing. This article assesses the extent to which the UK secret state was a major user of computing technologies and examines the character of its computing tasks, as well as its relationships with industry and government, more broadly.
Tea, Cloth, Gold, and Religion: Manchu Sources on Trade Missions From Mongolia to Tibet
Authors: Perdue Peter C.
Published: January 2016

Based on Manchu archival sources, this paper discusses three trade missions which traveled from Mongolia through Qinghai to Tibet in the early eighteenth century, during a time of truce between the Qing emperor and the leaders of the Zunghar Mongol confederation. Qing officials scrutinized intensively and carefully supervised the progress of these missions, which the Zunghar envoys used to establish commercial and religious links with the Buddhist lamas of Tibet. Both sides took advantage of this time of peaceful relations to gather information about each other and wider Central Eurasian connections. This short period of trade contact adds depth to our understanding of the multiple forms of Qing relations with its neighbors and Qing knowledge of the world beyond China.
Of Poems, Gods, and Spirit-Writing Altars: The Daoist Beliefs and Practice of Wang Duan (1793–1839)
Authors: Liu Xun
Published: January 2016

While recent studies have illuminated elite women’s Buddhist piety and practices, we remain limited in our understanding of elite women’s relations to and involvement in other religions, especially Daoism and local cults and practices. This article fills the gap and furthers our understanding of late Qing elite women’s religiosity and practices with a focused study of the Daoist beliefs and devotional practices of Wang Duan (1793–1839). Based on close reading of poems and other writings produced by Wang Duan, her relatives, and fellow poets, I reconstruct Wang Duan’s Daoist religiosity and devotional practices in the context of her marital household’s religious milieu, and the larger literary and religious community she was involved with. I show that Wang Duan’s exposure to the Daoist practices of her relatives by marriage such as Chen Wenshu and Lady Guan Yun led to her own life-long practice of reciting Daoist scriptures for the sake of saving the soul of her husband and of pacifying the local dead and the martyred worthies of Suzhou. Through the initiation by her aunt-in-law Chen Lanyun, a Quanzhen Longmen priestess, she also developed strong institutional ties to the Daoist monastic center based on Mount Jin’gai in Huzhou, the epicenter of Quanzhen Daoism in late Qing Jiangnan. Her active participation in local spirit-writing altars in Suzhou and Hangzhou, her literary homage to Gao Qi (1336–74), and her frequent recitation of the salvational Daoist Jade Scripture of the Great Cavern by the Primordial Origin contributed directly to elevation and consecration of the martyred early Ming poet as a patron god of local spirit-writing altars and rain-making cults in Suzhou and Yangzhou. Consistent with her status and role as a well-known and creative poet, Wang Duan used poems as a medium to express her multifaceted religiosity and identity. I argue that Wang Duan’s Daoist religiosity not only attests to the extent of Daoist practice in many elite women’s daily life, but also demonstrated that through their religious commitment and participation, elite women such as Wang Duan, exerted their agency and power in shaping Quanzhen Daoism and local religious practice in late Qing Jiangnan.
Spirit Writing, Canonization, and the Rise of Divine Saviors: Wenchang, Lüzu, and Guandi, 1700–1858
Authors: Goossaert Vincent
Published: January 2016

This article aims to define one stage in the long history of the production of texts by Chinese elites using spirit writing. This stage lasted approximately from 1700 to 1858. It is characterized by processes of canonization, evidenced by two interrelated phenomena: the compilation of “complete books,” quanshu, for major savior gods (textual canonization), and their being granted very high-ranking titles by the imperial state (state canonization). Such processes were spurred by the activism of elite groups that promoted their values through their chosen divine saviors and their scriptural canons. The paper focuses on three gods in particular: Patriarch Lü, Wenchang, and Emperor Guan. The article discusses the textual and state canonizations of these gods and examines the social, doctrinal, and political dynamics that made them possible.
“The Problem of Locomotion”: Infrastructure and Automobility in Three Postcolonial Urban Nigerian Novels
Authors: Savonick Danica
Published: January 2016

This essay analyzes automobility in three postcolonial urban Nigerian novels: the fantasy of self-propulsion that subtends a colonial modernity materialized through the erection of urban infrastructure. Tracing the disjuncture between automobility and infrastructure—the “problem of locomotion” (Achebe)—reveals the inextricability of mobility, modernity, urbanism, and colonial violence even into Nigeria’s formally postcolonial period. By exploring how characters both invest in and move beyond inherited colonial narratives, these novels challenge top-down images of Lagos, instead depicting it as a city “otherwise fashioned” (Abani) from their characters’ perspectives on what it feels like to dwell and sell on the streets.
Planning the Future: Scenario Planning, Infrastructural Time, and South African Fiction
Authors: Eatough Matthew
Published: January 2016

This essay examines the impact that scenario planning has had on recent South African fiction. It first investigates how the popular use of scenario planning disseminated certain ideas about the timescale of infrastructural growth. These ideas, I argue, were vital tools in eliciting a consensus for structural adjustment policies among South Africa’s ruling elite. The essay’s second half then turns to Lauren Beukes’s science-fiction novel Zoo City . Beukes’s novel, I show, mimics scenario planning’s approach to capitalist time, but it does so in order to suggest that scenario planning misses the deeper, contradictory modes of temporality that inhere in infrastructure.
Infrastructuralism: An Introduction
Authors: Rubenstein Michael , Robbins Bruce , Beal Sophia
Published: January 2016

Our introduction argues the importance of infrastructure—both the concept and the thing it denotes—to twenty-first-century critical and literary theory. Infrastructures are big, expensive technological undertakings that trouble the distinction between private and public ownership because they both draw on and contribute to the public good in ways that go beyond the limits of purely private enterprise. Examples include a CEO’s attempt to commodify water and a South African grassroots organization’s unconditional demand for government provision of basic services like water and electricity. The final section offers synopses of each of the essays in the volume.
Climate-Change Infrastructure and the Volatilizing of American Regionalism
Authors: Malewitz Raymond
Published: January 2016

This essay argues that changes in American energy infrastructure from carbon-based power plants to distributed, renewable energy networks precipitate changes in American literary regionalism. Examining recent regional fiction including Jay Tyrell’s Wind Army , Paolo Bacigalupi’s “The Tamarisk Hunter,” and Richard Powers’s The Echo Maker , I argue that stories of climate-change infrastructure replace models of geographical difference based in enduring biomarkers with a more volatile regionalism that foregrounds the relationships among local, national, and global networks and that is distinguishable from the country’s cultural centers by its even more rapid pace of change.
“The Strange Familiar”: Structure, Infrastructure, and Adichie’s Americanah
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: January 2016

This essay asks how we might understand the relations between infrastructures—such as electricity—and structures—such as racism. Should we use the same methods of analysis to grasp both? It contends that techniques of description drawn from the realist novel can help us to analyze structures and infrastructures. And it argues that the defamiliarizing strategies of realist fiction also work well to unsettle the privileged obliviousness that prevents us from noticing structures and infrastructures in everyday life. The article’s central example is Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s novel, Americanah , which draws on realist traditions to defamiliarize both race and electricity.
Trash and the Ends of Infrastructure
Authors: Ty Michelle
Published: January 2016

This essay examines the relationship between uneven economic development and the differential distribution of trash. Drawing from fictional genres of urban discontent and photography of metropolitan peripheries, this article considers how aesthetic engagement with garbage has been integral for imagining the ends of infrastructure. The cultural transformation in the treatment of waste crystallizes around two moments. The first, roughly coterminous with literary modernism, marks the formalization of waste infrastructures in Western cities. Secondly, during the second wave of urbanization, the traffic of waste became a transnational and increasingly privatized affair; the garbage dump, as in Tekin’s Tales from Garbage Hills , became newly available as the ground of contemporary artworks.
“Look in the Gutter”: Infrastructural Interiority in Never Let Me Go
Authors: Rich Kelly
Published: January 2016

This article reads Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go as an experiment in sentient infrastructure. Narrated by Kathy H., the subject of a government cloning program, her infrastructural interiority is characterized not only by its limited style but also by its attention to the immediate material environment. While the main problem of the novel is how to understand the clone’s personhood, Ishiguro dramatizes this through a spatial vocabulary, especially the difference between Hailsham, the privileged estate where Kathy grew up, and the rest of the program’s facilities. The novel can thus be read as deliberating over infrastructure’s signifying ability, both its potential and desirability.
Water, Waste, and a “Greater Communion”: Rubem Fonseca’s “The Art of Walking in the Streets of Rio de Janeiro”
Authors: Lorenz Johnny
Published: January 2016

In “The Art of Walking in the Streets of Rio de Janeiro” by the Brazilian writer Rubem Fonseca, the protagonist, Augusto, quits the water and sewage department in order to write a book. Augusto’s peripatetic literary project gives him a kind of imaginative power with which he hopes to achieve "a greater communion" with the city. This essay explores the possibility that, rather than literary production, public works—specifically, the management of water and sewage—might allow for the greater communion that Augusto claims to desire.
Proxy Narrative in The Ambassadors : Reconfiguring James’s Ending
Authors: Glatt Carra
Published: January 2016

This article discusses what I call the proxy narrative, a type of narrative in which a key scene or plot sequence can be read most meaningfully as a substitute for a counterfactual alternative that cannot otherwise be narrated. Building on existing critical applications of possible world semantics and counterfactual reasoning to narrative theory, I offer several case studies culminating in an extended discussion of The Ambassadors —and, particularly, of its critically contested final scene—to illustrate the extent to which recognition of the proxy narratives embedded in traditional plots can enrich our readings of even the most familiar texts. Unable plausibly or ethically to depict a renunciation scene between Strether and Madame de Vionnet, James uses the final encounter between Strether and Maria Gostrey, I argue, to enact a discursively necessary outcome that the logic of story otherwise precludes.
On Cliffhangers
Authors: Poot Luke Terlaak
Published: January 2016

Despite its ubiquity, the cliffhanger has received little critical attention. This essay takes a closer look at the device, and finds that cliffhangers perform important functions for many narratives. Drawing on the rhetorical theory of narrative, I define the cliffhanger as a unique misalignment of story and discourse, and consider some of the device’s core features. I highlight aspects of the cliffhanger that demonstrate its range of functions: its effects on narrative progression, its role in highlighting continuity and discontinuity in the story, and its capacity to mislead readers in instrumental ways. I argue that we should attend to what cliffhangers have to say about the narratives they interrupt because cliffhangers are elements of authorial design that serve as signals for interpretation. Whether a cliffhanger misleads its reader or not, it makes a claim about the narrative it interrupts. Acknowledging these claims allows us to better understand how narratives maneuver readers to witness a story as it unfolds.
Brevity as Form
Authors: Zumthor Paul
Published: January 2016

Paul Zumthor’s “La Brièveté comme forme” analyzes the relations between brevity and form and addresses such matters as narrative time and the definition of narrative as a genre. Zumthor summarizes classical rhetorical theories of brevity in narration, and he considers the roles played by variations in time, space, and cultural milieux in the objects to which the term “brevity” is applied. Drawing examples from geographically, generically, and culturally diverse traditions, from ancient to modern practices, he notes that the length of a text in terms of its linguistic materiality does not necessarily give the measure of its duration, and argues that discussions of brevity must take into account the real time of performance or reading and the immediate spatial and temporal contexts within which these works function in a given sociocultural situation. Zumthor concludes by listing a series of attributes found at the heart of all brief medieval narrative literature: the unity of the event narrated; the finality of the ending, in which the conclusion exhausts the narrative premises; a relatively explicit and univocal significance or meaning; and a cluster of shared stylistic features found in narratives of less than a few hundred lines.
The Science of Free-Indirect Discourse: An Alternate Cognitive Effect
Authors: Fletcher Angus , Monterosso John
Published: January 2016

Recent cognitive research has indicated that free-indirect discourse (FID) can promote empathy in readers. We broaden and refine this research by distinguishing between two formal features of FID: (1) its pivot from the third person into the first, and (2) its pivot back out of the first person into the third. We then suggest that a historical survey of literature provides grounds for hypothesizing that the second formal feature of FID might have a very different cognitive effect from empathy: an acceptance of alterity. We provide some supporting evidence for our hypothesis through an original psychology study and conclude by proposing that our identification of a second cognitive effect of FID reveals how scientific reduction might be used to develop multiple, even divergent, models of rhetorical function.
Safely Watching Wild Adventures
Authors: Pavel Thomas
Published: January 2016

The article begins by examining the artistic effects of a formal device, narrative iteration, which consists in presenting the same events twice or more times. As an example from Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina shows, this kind of recounting has important artistic consequences: within the story’s plot it emphasizes the characters’ feelings and responses, thus offering the readers elements that naturally attract human attention: passions, conflicts, options, and decisions, in particular spectacular, risky decisions. Asserting that for a long time successful narratives were built around worthy topics of gossip and/or news—couple formation, individual violations of law, and fights between nations—the article argues that in twentieth-century high literature attractive, well-organized plots are less frequent, the main modes of modernist literary attention being a dispersal of attention that encourages detachment from the world and a self-involvement that entails an endless wandering within one’s own inner depths. These two kinds of narrative attention, one naturally focused on human actions and passions, the other one turning away from them, either through dispersion or self-examination, shape the way in which readers relate to the world of the story, sympathize with its characters, and participate in it. Based on Jonathan Lear’s theory of catharsis, the article concludes that “gossip/news” narratives induce a significant amount of empathy, while narratives of dispersal and self-involvement often fail to do so.
Pivoting towards Empiricism: A Response to Fletcher and Monterosso
Authors: Keen Suzanne
Published: January 2016

Suzanne Keen’s response to Fletcher and Monterosso evaluates their contribution to cognitive narratology and the psychology of narrative impact. Arguing that “there is more than one possible function for FID,” Fletcher and Monterosso design a clever experiment manipulating textual samples by increasing the amount of discourse in free indirect style in contrast to thought report (psycho-narration) or externalized narration in the originals. Employing follow-up questionnaires about affective response, perspective taking and role taking on the one hand, and attitudes towards revenge on the other hand, Fletcher and Monterosso discover that while FID enriched samples aroused emotional engagement in some readers, the increased emotional response was felt for the victim’s suffering rather than inducing empathy with the revenger’s emotions and actions. Keen discusses the narratological component, free indirect discourse, the link to reader’s empathy, and the methodology of Fletcher and Monterosso’s textual manipulations. With a nod to Louise Rosenblatt’s transactional theory of reading, Keen notes that Fletcher and Monterosso’s work depicts active readers responding differently from one another. She offers cautions about the constitution of research subject pools, which should be as diverse as possible to arrive at persuasive observations about the impact of form. Keen affirms that narrative theorists can both contribute to and benefit from study of the various psychological responses to manipulations of narrative techniques.
World and Novel
Authors: Brenkman John
Published: January 2016

A century after Georg Lukács launched literary theory as we know it with the publication of The Theory of the Novel , that work remains a vital resource for novel theory. Lukács’s famed thesis that the novel is “the epic of a world that has been abandoned by God” establishes the intimate relation of the novel and nihilism. What is at stake in this relation is intensified by Nietzsche’s suggestion that reality does not take the form of a world except under the watchful eye of a monotheistic God and by the multiple and contradictory meanings of nihilism itself in modern thought. These issues are explored by examining Lukács’s twofold conception of the novel’s “problematic individual” and “contingent reality” and transposing those terms into the question of the “essence of singularity” (Philip Roth) manifest in the creation of novelistic protagonists and the “ordeal of universalism” into which novelists themselves plunge by venturing their creation in the public sphere.
ナラティブ事例研究と実践を基礎とした学び: R氏のケースの省察
Authors: ジョン・マクレオッド McLeod
Published: January 2016

ナラティブ事例研究ではクライエント,またはセラピストの視点からセラピーのストーリーが語られる。R氏のケースは,ナラティブ事例研究の形式を用いたケース考察が,セラピーの実践とプロセスについての深い理解と省察を与える手段となりうることを示す強力な一例である。R氏のケースの特筆すべき貢献を評者の個人としての学びとの関連から以下の領域に関して論じる。クライエントの問題における文化という文脈の意味を扱うこと,日常生活の中に働きかける修正的介入の創出,セラピストによって引き起こされた作業同盟の亀裂の修復,クライエントによるセラピスト像の内在化プロセスに関する新しい理解の構築,である。本事例の理論的意義について論じたあと,ナラティブ事例研究の方法論とセラピストの英知という概念への示唆も提示する。
Influence Of Advertisments On Changes In The Urban Structure Of Cites On The Example Of Poznan
Authors: Bonenberg Agata
Published: January 2016

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of outdoor advertisements on the activation of selected areas in the spatial structure of the city of Poznań. The contents of advertisements were analyzed in terms of the places which advertisements placed on signs, billboards and advertising displays located in public spaces direct us to. The results of studies indicated that the majority of advertisements located in the city center of Poznań promote suburban locations, encouraging its inhabitants to make use of trade and services outside of the strict city center. At the same time, it was indicated that outside advertisements due to the content of the advertising message are a factor degrading the city center, directing potential customers away into the suburbs. In practice, it was noted that the phenomenon significantly decreases the effectiveness of actions directed towards revitalizing the city center and the urban activation of this region.
The Problem Of Adapting Existing Residential Buildings In The Country To The Requirements Of Ecology
Authors: Dąbkowski Norbert , Pędzich Bożena
Published: January 2016

The article presents the results of direct research on residential buildings and their modernization in selected ecological farms of the Mazovia region. The research area covered two poviats (counties) in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship: Makowski and Ostrołęcki. A total of 10 residential buildings on farms were examined. The study was conducted based on conversations with owners during on site visits.
Renovation And Adaptation Of The Historic Olsztyn Purification House Bet Tahara Into A Public Utility Building
Authors: Deja Barbara Maria
Published: January 2016

The historic Jewish Purification House Bet Tahara was erected in Olsztyn in 1913 on the basis of the debut design of Erich Mendelsohn, a world-famous architect born in Olsztyn. The most valuable element of the building is a self-supporting pyramid vault above a mourning hall. The paper presents the interesting structure of the building, its technical condition before renovation, as well as the scope of work involved in adapting it into a public utility building - MENDELSOHN HOUSE Intercultural Dialogue Centre. The undertaking was executed thanks to the commitment of the building’s leaseholder - “Borussia” Cultural Community Association, which raised money for this goal from public funds.
Assessing The Stregth And Weldability Of Historic Structural Steel
Authors: Dudkiewicz Jacek , Gosowski Bronisław , Organek Piotr
Published: January 2016

In practice, in the design stage of revitalization, renovation or reinforcement, there is often a need to determine the strength of steel as well as its weldability. The strength of steel can be determined in two ways: directly through destructive testing or indirectly - by the Brinell hardness test. In the case of weldability, this turns out to be much more difficult, because there are three groups of factors which determine this property, i.e.: local weldability, operative weldability, and overall weldability. This paper presents the results of the verification of the relationship between the hardness and strength of three grades of steel from the early twentieth century. The evaluation of the overall weldability of structural steels is discussed in an analytical approach preceding costly weldability tests. An assessment based on selected indicators of weldability can only lead to confusion.
Workers’ Housing Estates In Postindustrial Cities - Modernization Or Revitalization?
Authors: Gaweł Dariusz
Published: January 2016

The article presents a part of the results on the physiognomy of a postindustrial city under conditions of economic transformation in Poland. The study area encompasses industrial centers located in the region of the Central Industrial District (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy - COP) in the Świętokrzystkie and Mazowieckie voivodeships (districts). The specific urban structure of the industrial city and unemployment among its inhabitants resulting from ownership transformations generate various problems. The workers’ neighborhoods and colonies, which sprouted up so quickly at the beginning of the XX century, were a supply base for the rapidly developing industrial centers. Their clear urban structure and cultural potential they possess predispose them to developing necessary repair programs. Thus, the article draws attention to this form of settlement on the one hand, and on the other characterizes the activities assumed by gminas (municipalities) in the scope of modernizing and revitalizing these areas.
Strength Parameters Of Masonry Walls In Modelling Historic Constructions
Authors: Gołębiewski Michał , Lubowiecka Izabela , Kujawa Marcin
Published: January 2016

The paper presents the determination of the basic material properties of a historic brickwork. Experimental studies were used to identify the basic material properties of bricks. The mechanical properties of the masonry, as an orthotropic homogenized material, were calculated. Then, numerical simulations using the Finite Element Method (FEM) were performed to verify the experimental outcomes. Macromodels with element sizes of 40, 20, 10 and 5 mm, and a micromodel with an element size of 5 mm were applied. The results were compared with experimental data and results available in literature.
Modernization Of Saint Pancras And King’s Cross Railway Stations In London
Authors: Jóźwik Anna
Published: January 2016

The article concerns the renovation and modernization of two London railway stations - St. Pancras and King‘s Cross. Both stations were built in the middle of the nineteenth century and are an example of industrial heritage. A characteristic feature that distinguishes the two buildings is the metal (iron) structure with a glass canopy. The St. Pancras railway station was characterized by a hall with the largest span in the world, and today is one of the leading examples of using iron in the development of architecture and building structures. Both stations have experienced periods of flourishing and stagnation throughout their history. There were even plans to demolish the old stations and build new facilities and in their place. Now, after the successful modernization of St. Pancras and King’s Cross railway stations, they serve as good examples of the adaptation of transport utilities to modern needs, while respecting their historic structure. The problems that the designers and contractors were faced with during the renovation and modernization of the two London stations also deserve attention.
Revaluation Of Wrocław Public Use Buildings In Years 2005 - 2013
Authors: Kirschke Paweł
Published: January 2016

In the years 2005-2013 in Wroclaw, there was commissioned to use hundreds of public buildings, including fifty revalued monuments These were: offices, museums, theatres, science and education facilities, as well as commercial buildings: banks, department stores, office buildings and hotels. The success of these projects was the merit of Wroclaw scientists who nurtured these outstanding works of architecture and convince the public to the fact that they stand for works which cannot be missed. The merit of architects and conservators was professionally prepared projects and effective supervision of investment, making the implementation of technical and program objectives not colliding with protection of historic material of the objects.