bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental perceptions regarding healthy behaviours for preventing overweight and obesity in young children: a systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Pocock M. , Trivedi D. , Wills W. , Bunn F. , Magnusson J.
Published: September 2009

Evidence is increasingly pointing towards the importance of early life strategies to prevent childhood overweight and obesity. This systematic review synthesizes qualitative research concerning parental perceptions regarding behaviours for preventing overweight and obesity in young children. During May and June 2008, a range of electronic databases were searched and together with lateral searching techniques 21 studies were identified for review. Data extraction and synthesis using thematic content analysis revealed six organizing and 32 finer level themes. These related to child factors, family dynamics, parenting, knowledge and beliefs, extra‐familial influences and resources and environment. Themes were mapped to a socioecological model which illustrated how factors at individual, interpersonal, community, organizational and societal levels interact in complex ways to impact on parental perceptions about healthy behaviours for preventing child overweight. Although parents suggested several ideas to promote healthy child weight‐related behaviours, many of their views concerned perceived barriers, some of which may be amenable to practical intervention. Furthermore, intergenerational influences on parental health beliefs and knowledge suggest that health promotion strategies may be more effective if directed at the wider family, rather than parents alone. Significantly, many parents believed strategies to promote healthy weight should start early in a child's life.
Respondents’ ignoring of attribute information in a choice modelling survey
Authors: Kaye‐Blake William Henry , Abell Walt L. , Zellman Eva
Published: September 2009

One debate in economics centres on consumers’ decision‐making strategies and whether they should be explicitly considered. The default assumption for choice modelling has been that all the attributes presented to respondents somehow influence their choices. More recently, choice modelling research has begun examining how respondents use information. This article presents research that focused on which pieces of information respondents used in responding to a choice modelling survey. The use of information by respondents was captured in the course of the administration of a computer‐aided survey, so the research did not rely on posterior self‐reporting. Access to the information was captured for each attribute of every alternative, which allowed flexibility in assessing use of information. Three mixed logit models are presented, based on three different assumptions about information use. The results suggest that accounting for respondents’ information use affects modelling results, but the impact on estimates of willingness to pay may be relatively small.
Station level gasoline demand in an Australian market with regular price cycles*
Authors: Wang Zhongmin
Published: September 2009

Regular and frequent gasoline price cycles are being observed in many Australian and Canadian markets. What is driving these price cycles has been the subject of academic studies and government investigations. The existing explanations for these price cycles all rely on the presumption that drivers are intensively sensitive to gasoline price differentials at the station level. However, no empirical evidence exists in the literature to support this presumption. This paper provides the first piece of empirical evidence. This paper uses a unique price and quantity data set and novel instruments to estimate the station level gasoline demand in the cycling market of Perth, Australia. The elasticity estimates confirm that drivers in the Perth area are indeed very sensitive to gasoline price differentials.
The Institutionalization of Environmental Attention in the United States and Denmark: Multiple‐ versus Single‐Venue Systems
Authors: GREEN‐PEDERSEN CHRISTOFFER , WOLFE MICHELLE
Published: September 2009

The European countries have surpassed the United States with regard to comprehensive and stringent environmental regulation. This policy pattern has become very visible in the international debate about reduction of CO2emissions. From a comparative public policy perspective, the recent difference is interesting because it restates the question about policy consequences of political institutions. This article addresses this theoretical question from the perspective of policy agenda‐setting theory. We present the argument that while the U.S. political system, with its many “venues” that are relatively open to internal and external competing forces, might be quicker in generating attention to new issues like the environment, the institutionalization of attention is also less strong than in a European parliamentary system. The article substantiates this argument with empirics by comparing attention to and policymaking for environmental issues in the United States to Denmark.
The Democratic Soup: Mixed Meanings of Political Representation in Governance Networks
Authors: HENDRIKS CAROLYN M.
Published: September 2009

This article explores how political representation is enacted in governance networks, where interdependent actors from government, business, and civil society coproduce public policy. A combined dramaturgical and discourse analysis considers how representation is staged, performed, and articulated in a case study of recent Dutch energy reforms. The findings suggest that networks produce a kind of “democratic soup” where actors and institutions enact alternative meanings of representation that sit uncomfortably alongside representative democracy's emphasis on political authorization, accountability, and responsiveness. These democratic attributes appear to be decoupled from representation in governance networks and thus need to be secured through other means.
Interest in Medieval Accounts: Examples from England, 1272–1340
Authors: BELL ADRIAN R. , BROOKS CHRIS , MOORE TONY K.
Published: September 2009

The charging of interest for borrowing money, and the level at which it is charged, is of fundamental importance to the economy. Unfortunately, the study of the interest rates charged in the middle ages has been hampered by the diversity of terms and methods used by historians. This article seeks to establish a standardized methodology to calculate interest rates from historical sources and thereby provide a firmer foundation for comparisons between regions and periods. It should also contribute towards the current historical reassessment of medieval economic and financial development. The article is illustrated with case studies drawn from the credit arrangements of the English kings between 1272 and c.1340, and argues that changes in interest rates reflect, in part, contemporary perceptions of the creditworthiness of the English crown.
Treatment of trichostasis spinulosa with a 755‐nm long‐pulsed alexandrite laser
Authors: Toosi S , Ehsani AH , Noormohammadpoor P , Esmaili N , Mirshams‐Shahshahani M , Moineddin F
Published: September 2009

Background  Trichostasis spinulosa (TS) is a common disorder of hair follicle, characterized by spinous plugs. Topical treatments offer temporary relief but permanent removal of the abnormal follicles using hair removal lasers may result in a definite cure.

Objective  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 755‐nm alexandrite laser for the treatment of TS lesions.

Patients and methods  Two consecutive 755‐nm alexandrite laser treatments were performed one month apart. The clinical response and adverse effects were assessed four weeks after the first and second treatments and 20 weeks after the second treatment.

Results  Thirty one patients with skin phototypes II to IV completed the study. At the last follow up visit, a decrease in dark‐plug density of greater than 50% was noted in 16 patients (51.3%), while only three patients (9.7%) had an improvement of greater than 75%. Ten of the 21 patients (47.6%) with skin type III and six of the seven patients (85.7%) with skin type IV achieved at least 50% improvement in lesions at the last follow up visit (P = 0.1).

Conclusion  The 755‐nm alexandrite laser can safely and effectively reduce TS lesions lasting for a relatively long time in patients with skin types III–IV.
Genetic and attachment influences on adolescents’ regulation of autonomy and aggressiveness
Authors: Zimmermann Peter , Mohr Cornelia , Spangler Gottfried
Published: September 2009

Background:  Adolescence is a time when intense emotions are elicited within the parent–adolescent relationship, often when autonomy subjectively is endangered. As emotion dysregulation is one of the risk processes for the development of psychopathology, adolescence may be perceived as a highly sensitive period for maladjustment. Inter‐individual differences in emotionality and emotion regulation have been shown to be influenced or moderated by molecular genetic differences in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTT) and by attachment patterns. We investigated whether both the 5‐HTT and attachment are associated with emotionality and emotion regulation in an observed adolescent–mother interaction and the personality traits aggressiveness and anxiety in adolescence.

Methods:  Ninety‐one adolescents at age 12 were observed in interaction with their mothers during a standardized emotion‐eliciting social task to assess emotionality and emotion regulation in relation to autonomy. Adolescents’ aggressiveness and anxiety were assessed by mother report. Concurrent attachment quality was determined by an attachment interview. DNA samples were collected in order to assess the 5‐HTTLPR, a repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene.

Results:  While the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene was associated with a higher overall rate of autonomy behaviors, attachment security was related to more agreeable and less hostile autonomy. A significant interaction revealed a moderating effect of attachment security. Carriers of the short version of the 5‐HTTLPR showed more agreeable autonomy when they had a secure attachment behavior strategy but showed more hostile autonomy when they were insecurely attached. Carriers of the short version of the 5‐HTTLPR and insecurely attached adolescents were rated as more aggressive.

Conclusions:  The study suggests a gene–attachment interaction in adolescents where the adolescent’s attachment status moderates a genetically based higher negative reactivity in response to threats to autonomy in social interactions.
Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschool‐aged children: examination of maternal and paternal perspectives
Authors: Edwards Susan L. , Rapee Ronald M. , Kennedy Susan
Published: September 2009

Background:  Little is known about risk factors for anxiety in young children. The current study investigated the value of a set of theoretically derived risk factors to predict symptoms of anxiety in a sample of preschool‐aged children.

Methods:  Mothers (n = 632) and fathers (n = 249) completed questionnaires twice, 12 months apart. Measures were selected to assess several risk factors derived from current theory, including parental negative affectivity, child inhibition, parent overprotection, and impact of life events.

Results:  Even at this young age anxiety across 12 months was moderately to highly stable (r’s = .75 and .74 based on maternal and paternal report respectively). Over and above this stability, according to maternal report, anxiety at 12 months was significantly predicted by prior maternal overprotection, impact of negative life events, child’s inhibition, and maternal negative affectivity. According to paternal report, anxiety at 12 months was significantly predicted by prior paternal overprotection and impact of negative life events. The models did not differ significantly for girls and boys.

Conclusions:  The results support theories of the development of anxiety, especially the role of parental and external environmental factors, and point to possible targets for prevention of heightened anxiety in young children.
Autochthony and activism among contemporary Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland1, or: if ‘civic’ nationalists are ‘ethno’‐cultural revivalists,what remains of the civic/ethnic divide?
Authors: ZENKER OLAF
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT. This article argues for dissolving the civic–ethnic dichotomy into several analytical dimensions and suggests ‘autochthony’ and ‘activism’ as two such alternatives. It does so by first presenting a case study of Irish language revivalism and identity discourses in the North of Ireland, in which locals turn out to be both ‘civic’ nationalists and ‘ethno’‐cultural revivalists. The article then advocates treating these aspects as belonging to two distinct dimensions: the first is concerned with the causal logic underlying the reproduction of nationhood in terms of autochthony, while the second specifies different forms of activism aimed at (re)constituting the nation. Finally, reinterpreting the empirical case in terms of these two dimensions, it is shown that the type of activism is dependent on the specificities of ‘threats’ to the nation rather than on the underlying type of autochthony, which further substantiates the necessity to disambiguate the civic–ethnic distinction.
Evolutionary‐thinking in agricultural weed management
Authors: Neve Paul , Vila‐Aiub Martin , Roux Fabrice
Published: September 2009

Agricultural weeds evolve in response to crop cultivation. Nevertheless, the central importance of evolutionary ecology for understanding weed invasion, persistence and management in agroecosystems is not widely acknowledged. This paper calls for more evolutionarily‐enlightened weed management, in which management principles are informed by evolutionary biology to prevent or minimize weed adaptation and spread. As a first step, a greater knowledge of the extent, structure and significance of genetic variation within and between weed populations is required to fully assess the potential for weed adaptation. The evolution of resistance to herbicides is a classic example of weed adaptation. Even here, most research focuses on describing the physiological and molecular basis of resistance, rather than conducting studies to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of selection for resistance. We suggest approaches to increase the application of evolutionary‐thinking to herbicide resistance research. Weed population dynamics models are increasingly important tools in weed management, yet these models often ignore intrapopulation and interpopulation variability, neglecting the potential for weed adaptation in response to management. Future agricultural weed management can benefit from greater integration of ecological and evolutionary principles to predict the long‐term responses of weed populations to changing weed management, agricultural environments and global climate.
Do Physicians Attend to Base Rates? Prevalence Data and Statistical Discrimination in the Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Maserejian Nancy N. , Lutfey Karen E. , McKinlay John B.
Published: September 2009

Objective. To examine whether physicians attend to gender prevalence data in diagnostic decision making for coronary heart disease (CHD) and to test the hypothesis that previously reported gender differences in CHD diagnostic certainty are due to discrimination arising from reliance on prevalence data (“statistical discrimination”).

Data Sources. A vignette‐based experiment of 256 randomly sampled primary care physicians conducted from 2006 to 2007.

Study Design. Factorial experiment. Physicians observed patient presentations of cardinal CHD symptoms, standardized across design factors (gender, race, age, socioeconomic status).

Data Collection. Structured interview.

Principal Findings. Most physicians perceived the U.S. population CHD prevalence as higher in men (48.4 percent) or similar by gender (44.9 percent). For the observed patient, 52 percent did not change their CHD diagnostic certainty based on patient gender. Forty‐eight percent of physicians were inconsistent in their population‐level and individual‐level CHD assessments. Physicians' assessments of CHD prevalence did not attenuate the observed gender effect in diagnostic certainty for the individual patient.

Conclusions. Given an adequate presentation of CHD symptoms, physicians may deviate from their prevalence data during diagnostic decision making. Physicians' priors on CHD prevalence did not explain the gender effect in CHD certainty. Future research should examine personal stereotypes as an explanation for gender differences.
Down‐regulation of the Notch pathway mediated by a γ‐secretase inhibitor induces anti‐tumour effects in mouse models of T‐cell leukaemia
Authors: Tammam J , Ware C , Efferson C , O'Neil J , Rao S , Qu X , Gorenstein J , Angagaw M , Kim H , Kenific C , Kunii K , Leach KJ , Nikov G , Zhao J , Dai X , Hardwick J , Scott M , Winter C , Bristow L , Elbi C , Reilly JF , Look T , Draetta G , Van der Ploeg LHT , Kohl NE , Strack PR , Majumder PK
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  γ‐Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) block NOTCH receptor cleavage and pathway activation and have been under clinical evaluation for the treatment of malignancies such as T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL). The ability of GSIs to decrease T‐ALL cell viability in vitro is a slow process requiring >8 days, however, such treatment durations are not well tolerated in vivo. Here we study GSI's effect on tumour and normal cellular processes to optimize dosing regimens for anti‐tumour efficacy.

Experimental approach:  Inhibition of the Notch pathway in mouse intestinal epithelium was used to evaluate the effect of GSIs and guide the design of dosing regimens for xenograft models. Serum Aβ40 and Notch target gene modulation in tumours were used to evaluate the degree and duration of target inhibition. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations with biochemical, immunohistochemical and profiling data were used to demonstrate GSI mechanism of action in xenograft tumours.

Key results:  Three days of >70% Notch pathway inhibition was sufficient to provide an anti‐tumour effect and was well tolerated. GSI‐induced conversion of mouse epithelial cells to a secretory lineage was time‐ and dose‐dependent. Anti‐tumour efficacy was associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that was in part due to Notch‐dependent regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Conclusions and implications:  Intermittent but potent inhibition of Notch signalling is sufficient for anti‐tumour efficacy in these T‐ALL models. These findings provide support for the use of GSI in Notch‐dependent malignancies and that clinical benefits may be derived from transient but potent inhibition of Notch.
Protecting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services
Authors: Cairns John
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Human society depends on services performed by natural systems. These ecological services include maintaining the atmospheric gas balance and producing food, fiber, and other building materials. Efforts must be made to protect the delivery of ecosystem services because they are essential to the sustainable use of the planet. The best way to encourage policy that protects ecosystem services is to make the linkages between ecosystem services and human quality‐of‐life easy to understand for any citizen.
Nutrition, mood and behaviour: a review
Authors: Soh Nerissa L , Walter Garry , Baur Louise , Collins Clare
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To conduct a critical review of recent empirical research regarding mood, behaviour and nutrition factors including essential fatty acids, macronutrients, micronutrients and food additives.

Method:

A literature search of databases Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Embase up to October 2008. The search emphasised empirical research published in the last 10 years and also included older literature. Studies in both adults and children were addressed.

Results:

Research into omega-3 fatty acids has been substantial but evidence for their potential in treating mood and behaviour is modest. In comparison, there has been much less research into carbohydrate and protein intakes and little evidence for their ability to influence mood and behaviour. Recent trials with food additives suggest their removal from the diet may benefit susceptible children with hyperactivity disorders. Micronutrient supplementation appears to improve mood only in those who were initially deficient in micronutrients.

Conclusions:

More stringent research designs such as longitudinal studies and the use of biologically inert placebos within randomised controlled trials are needed before supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids to treat disorders of mood and behaviour can be recommended. Caution is advised regarding the indiscriminate use of diets free of artificial food additives in managing hyperactivity disorders, as they may place an undue burden on individuals and their families. Should omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or the elimination of certain food additives be established as effective, they may provide cost-effective, accessible and well-tolerated adjuncts to standard psychiatric treatments for mood and behavioural disturbances.
The Association Between Rural‐Urban Continuum, Maternal Education and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Québec, Canada
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Authier Marie‐Andrée , Martinez Jérôme , Daniel Mark
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: 
Context:

Rural relative to urban area and low socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with adverse birth outcomes. Whether a graded association of increasing magnitude is present across the urban‐rural continuum, accounting for SES, is unclear. We examined the association between rural‐urban continuum, SES and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: Singleton births from 1999 to 2003 (n = 356,147) were linked to Québec municipalities ranked on a continuum of 3 urban and 4 rural areas based on population and economic base. Maternal education was used to represent SES. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth, accounting for municipality and individual‐level covariates. We used stratified analyses to examine interaction between SES and rural‐urban continuum. Findings: Relative to metropolitan area residence, living in small urban or rural areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes. Living in rural areas was associated with SGA birth (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05‐1.17) and LBW (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05‐1.26), and living in small urban areas was associated with PTB (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08‐1.20). Upon stratification by education, living in remote rural relative to metropolitan areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes among university educated mothers only, and living in small urban areas was associated with adverse birth outcomes among mothers with lesser but not higher education. An SES gradient was present in all rural‐urban areas, particularly for SGA birth. Conclusion: Differences in perinatal health exist across the rural‐urban continuum, and maternal education has a modifying influence.
Muslim‐Majority States and Human Rights: From the UDHR to Durban Conference
Authors: Meral Ziya
Published: September 2009

Thus far, public debates around human rights in the Islamic world have mostly been abstract debates around Islamic thought. This has taken the form of arguments around faulty notions of clash of civilisations or the attempts of Muslim thinkers to demonstrate that Islam is compatible with contemporary ideals of democracy and human rights. In contrast, this essay focuses exclusively on how Muslim‐majority states have reacted to the development of the human rights both domestically and internationally. It presents an overview of the emergence of Cairo Declaration and Arab Charter on Human Rights and current debates around Defamation resolutions and Durban conferences on racism, along with politics of sharia and domestic power challenges faced by Muslim‐majority states and their effects on implementation of human rights in the Islamic world.
FUS‐Immunoreactive Intranuclear Inclusions in Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Woulfe John , Gray Douglas A. , Mackenzie Ian R.A.
Published: September 2009

Neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) are a histopathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role played by NIIs in neurodegenerative pathogenesis remains enigmatic. Defining their molecular composition represents an important step in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders. Recently, a nuclear protein, “fused‐in‐sarcoma” (FUS) was identified as the pathological protein in two forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐IF, formerly known as neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease, and FTLD‐UPS, formerly known as atypical FTLD‐U), both of which are characterized by the presence of NII. The objective of the present study was to determine the range of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by FUS‐positive NIIs. Immunostaining for FUS revealed intense reactivity of NIIs in FTLD‐IF and FTLD‐UPS as well as in Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias 1 and 3, and neuronal intranuclear inclusion body disease. In contrast, there was no FUS staining of NIIs in inherited forms of FTLD‐TDP caused by GRN and VCP mutations, fragile‐X‐associated tremor ataxia syndrome, or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. In a cell culture model of Huntington's disease, NIIs were intensely FUS‐positive. NII‐bearing cells displayed loss of the normal diffuse nuclear pattern of FUS staining. This suggests that sequestration of nuclear FUS by NIIs may interfere with its normal nuclear localization.
Are the Fluorescent Properties of the Cyan Fluorescent Protein Sensitive to Conditions of Oxidative Stress?
Authors: Alvarez Luis , Levin Chantal Houée , Merola Fabienne , Bizouarn Tania , Pasquier Hélène , Baciou Laura , Rusconi Filippo , Erard Marie
Published: September 2009

The modifications induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) on fluorescent proteins (FPs) may have important implications for live cell fluorescence imaging. Using quantitative γ‐radiolysis, we have studied the ROS‐induced biochemical and photophysical perturbations on recombinant cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). After oxidation by the ˙OH radical, the protein displays a modified RP‐HPLC elution profile, while the CFP fluorescence undergoes pronounced decreases in intensity and lifetime, without changes in its excitation and emission spectra. Meanwhile, the Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between the single W57 and the chromophore remains unperturbed. These results rule out a direct oxidation of the CFP chromophore and of W57 as well as major changes in the protein 3D structure, but show that new fluorescent forms associated to a higher level of dynamic quenching have been generated. Thus, strict in situ controls are required when CFP is to be used for FRET studies in situations of oxidative activity, or under strong illumination.
Memory as a Self‐Protective Mechanism
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Green Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2009

The autobiographical memory literature has established that people remember poorly unpleasant, relative to pleasant, life events. We complemented this literature with a theoretical model – the mnemic neglect model – and an experimental paradigm that exerts tight control over the to‐be‐remembered material. Participants recall poorly self‐threatening feedback compared to self‐affirming or other‐relevant feedback – a phenomenon we labeledmnemic neglect. The phenomenon is motivational: it is in the service of self‐protection. The phenomenon is also flexible. Participants can switch from self‐protection (e.g. avoiding negative feedback) to an alternative goal (e.g. striving for feedback with improvement potential), when circumstances call for it such as when the feedback is provided by a close other rather than a stranger. Finally, self‐threatening feedback may be forgotten, but it is not lost: the mnemic neglect effect is not obtained in recognition recall.
Guns, Germs, and Sex: How Evolution Shaped Our Intergroup Psychology
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , Park Justin H.
Published: September 2009

A phenomenon of perennial interest to social psychologists is people’s tendency to categorize others on the basis of group membership and to exhibit a preference for members of the ingroup relative to the outgroup. Recent work emphasizing the evolutionary functions of outgroup aggression, exploitation, and avoidance have shed new light on previously observed intergroup phenomena and generated many new empirical findings. We delineate two distinct evolved psychologies of intergroup relations and review recent research pertaining to each. One research line (on the psychology of warfare) focuses on the intergroup competition for resources; as we describe below, such competition – and the associated exploitative psychology – is more amplified among men. The other research line (on the psychology of disease avoidance) focuses on the need to avoid contagious disease. Because the threats posed by competitive versus disease‐carrying outgroups are qualitatively distinct, the psychological reactions may also be qualitatively distinct.
The ABC’s of LGM: An Introductory Guide to Latent Variable Growth Curve Modeling
Authors: Duncan Terry E. , Duncan Susan C.
Published: September 2009

In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in the complexity of theoretical models that attempt to explain behavior from both contextual and developmental perspectives. This increase in the complexity of our theoretical propositions regarding behavior parallels recent methodological advances for the analysis of change. These new analysis techniques have fundamentally altered how we conceptualize and study change. Researchers have begun to identify larger frameworks to integrate our knowledge regarding the analysis of change. One such framework is latent growth modeling, perhaps the most important and influential statistical revolution to have recently occurred in the social and behavioral sciences. This study presents a basic introduction to a latent growth modeling approach for analyzing repeated measures data. Included is the specification and interpretation of the growth factors, primary extensions such as the analysis of growth in multiple populations, and structural models including both precursors of growth, and subsequent outcomes hypothesized to be influenced by the growth functions.
Lay Psychology and the Social Value of Persons
Authors: Beauvois Jean‐Léon , Dubois Nicole
Published: September 2009

Personality traits are basic constructs of lay psychology. Unlike the traditional view in which traits are considered as descriptive tools, we argue that the most frequent traits are evaluative criteria, that is, they do not point out what people are, but what people are socially worth. First, we intend to report on various studies showing that traits can be viewed as generalizations of affordances in social relations: traits supply information not only on what people are doing, but also, and several times more, on what is possible to do with people. Second, we challenge the dominant view underlying social judgments by showing that the two traditional factors can be viewed as aspects of the social value of persons. We called them social desirability and social utility. We shall show that the two dimensions intervene in situations in which social value of the person is engaged. To finish, we shall address the link between these dimensions with some aspects of individualism.
RESEARCH: Validation of the Massachusetts General Hospital Antidepressant Treatment History Questionnaire (ATRQ)
Authors: Chandler Gregory M. , Iosifescu Dan V. , Pollack Mark H. , Targum Steven D. , Fava Maurizio
Published: September 2009

The low rate of response to antidepressants in treatment resistant depression (TRD) justifies studies of next‐step therapies following a treatment failure. In TRD clinical trials, it is important to verify the accurate diagnosis of treatment resistance for all enrolled subjects using a reliable and valid instrument. Self‐rated scales can reduce the impact of investigator bias and reduce the time burden for clinical researchers. The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire (ATRQ) is a self‐rated scale used to determine treatment resistance in major depressive disorder (MDD). The ADAPT‐A study is a multi‐center double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of low‐dose aripiprazole adjunctive to ADT among outpatients with TRD. At the screening assessment, potential subjects completed the MGH ATRQ. The ADAPT‐A medical monitors subsequently performed remote patient interviews and obtained detailed medication histories. The data obtained from the MGH ATRQ and by the medical monitors were compared for congruency. Of the 186 patients enrolled by the local sites, no subjects deemed treatment resistant by the MGH ATRQ were found to be nonresistant by the medical monitors. In 76.3% (n = 142) of the subjects, the number of failed adequate antidepressant trials reported by the MGH ATRQ was concordant with the data collected by medical monitors. In 16.1% (n = 30) of all cases, the medical monitors found a greater number of failed trials; in 7.5% (n = 14) of cases, the medical monitors found fewer failed medication trials. The discrepancy was by more than one medication trial in only 4.0% (n = 7) of cases. We found the MGH ATRQ to be relatively concordant in its assessment of treatment resistance in depression compared with independent clinical researchers. Although the MGH ATRQ tended to underreport the number of unsuccessful treatment trials relative to the clinical interviews, its accuracy in cases it detected was confirmed by raters.
Neuroendocrine‐Related Adverse Events Associated with Antidepressant Treatment in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Jerrell Jeanette M.
Published: September 2009

There is only limited community‐based practice safety information available regarding antidepressant use in pediatric patients. This study identifies the factors associated with incident neuroendocrine‐related metabolic, digestive, and sexual/reproductive adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antidepressants. A retrospective cohort design evaluating Medicaid medical and pharmacy claims between January, 1996 and December, 2005 was employed for 11970 children and adolescents prescribed an antidepressant medication, and a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications. Incident obesity/weight gain, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were more likely for those prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (OR = 1.49; 1.37; 1.44), whereas Type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were more likely for those prescribed weight‐inducing antidepressants (ORs = 1.26; 1.24), and those with pre‐existing endocrinopathies (ORs = 3.96; 1.90), controlling for the effects of co‐prescribed mood stabilizers or antipsychotics. Incident nausea/vomiting was less likely for those taking SSRIs (OR = 0.78). Females and children under 12 years of age were more likely to develop these adverse effects. Practitioners need to carefully consider the neuroendocrine‐ related adverse effects of SSRI antidepressant agents in particular, especially in individuals with comorbid endocrine conditions, and those co‐prescribed other classes of psychotropic medications.
Exit paths and constructible stacks
Authors: Treumann David
Published: September 2009

For a Whitney stratification S of a space X (or, more generally, a topological stratification in the sense of Goresky and MacPherson) we introduce the notion of an S-constructible stack of categories on X. The motivating example is the stack of S-constructible perverse sheaves. We introduce a 2-category EP≤2(X,S), called the exit-path 2-category, which is a natural stratified version of the fundamental 2-groupoid. Our main result is that the 2-category of S-constructible stacks on X is equivalent to the 2-category of 2-functors 2Funct(EP≤2(X,S),Cat) from the exit-path 2-category to the 2-category of small categories.
Turbine Efficiency
Measurement System for the QinetiQ Turbine Test
Facility
Authors: Beard Paul F. , Povey Thomas , Chana Kamaljit
S.
Published: September 2009

A turbine efficiency measurement system has been developed and installed on the turbine test facility (TTF) at QinetiQ Farnborough. The TTF is an engine-scale short-duration (0.5s run time) rotating transonic facility, which can operate as either single stage (HP vane and rotor) or 112 stage (HP stage with IP or LP vane). The current MT1 HP stage is highly loaded and unshrouded and is therefore relevant to current design trends. Implementation of the efficiency measurement system forms part of the EU Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows (TATEF II) program. The following aspects of the efficiency measurement system are discussed in this paper: mass-flow rate measurement, power measurement by direct torque measurement, turbine inlet and exit area traverse measurement systems, computation of efficiency by mass weighting, and uncertainty analysis of the experimentally determined turbine efficiency. The calibration of the mass-flow rate and torque measurement systems are also discussed. Emphasis was placed on the need for a low efficiency precision uncertainty, so that changes in efficiency associated with turbine inlet temperature distortion and swirl can be resolved with good accuracy. Measurements with inlet flow distortion form part of the TATEF II program and will be the subject of forthcoming publications.
An Experimental Study of Vane Clocking Effects on Embedded Compressor Stage Performance
Authors: Key Nicole L. , Lawless Patrick B. , Fleeter Sanford
Published: September 2009

Previous research has shown that vane clocking, the circumferential indexing of adjacent vane rows with similar vane counts, can be an effective means to increase stage performance, reduce discrete frequency noise, and/or reduce the unsteady blade forces that can lead to high cycle fatigue. The objective of this research was to experimentally investigate the effects of vane clocking in an embedded compressor stage, focusing on stage performance. Experiments were performed in the intermediate-speed Purdue three-stage compressor, which consists of an IGV followed by three stages. The IGV, Stator 1, and Stator 2 vane rows have identical vane counts, and the effects of vane clocking were studied on Stage 2. Much effort went into refining performance measurements to enable the detection of small changes in stage efficiency associated with vane clocking. At design loading, the change in stage efficiency between the maximum and minimum efficiency clocking configurations was 0.27 points. The maximum efficiency clocking configuration positioned the Stator 1 wake at the Stator 2 leading edge. This condition produced a shallower and thinner Stator 2 wake compared with the clocking configuration that located the wake in the middle of the Stator 2 passage. At high loading, the change in Stage 2 efficiency associated with vane clocking effects increased to 1.07 points; however, the maximum efficiency clocking configuration was the case where the Stator 1 wake passed through the middle of the downstream vane passage. Thus, impingement of the upstream vane wake on the downstream vane leading edge resulted in the best performance at design point but provided the lowest efficiency at an off-design condition.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Impingement Cooling in a Combustor Liner Heat Shield
Authors: Spring Sebastian , Lauffer Diane , Weigand Bernhard , Hase Matthias
Published: September 2009

A combined experimental and numerical investigation of the heat transfer characteristics inside an impingement cooled combustor liner heat shield has been conducted. Due to the complexity and irregularity of heat shield configurations, standard correlations for regular impingement fields are insufficient and detailed investigations of local heat transfer enhancement are required. The experiments were carried out in a perspex model of the heat shield using a transient liquid crystal method. Scaling of the model allowed to achieve jet Reynolds numbers of up to Rej=34,000 without compressibility effects. The local air temperature was measured at several positions within the model to account for an exact evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient. Analysis focused on the local heat transfer distribution along the heat shield target plate, side rims, and central bolt recess. The results were compared with values predicted by a standard correlation for a regular impingement array. The comparison exhibited large differences. While local values were up to three times larger than the reference value, the average heat transfer coefficient was approximately 25% lower. This emphasized that standard correlations are not suitable for the design of complex impingement cooling pattern. For thermal optimization the detailed knowledge of the local variation of the heat transfer coefficient is essential. From the present configuration, some concepts for possible optimization were derived. Complementary numerical simulations were carried out using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code ANSYS CFX. The motivation was to evaluate whether CFD can be used as an engineering design tool in the optimization of the heat shield configuration. For this, a validation of the numerical results was required, which for the present configuration was achieved by determining the degree of accuracy to which the measured heat transfer rates could be computed. The predictions showed good agreement with the experimental results, both for the local Nusselt number distributions as well as for averaged values. Some overprediction occurred in the stagnation regions, however, the impact on overall heat transfer coefficients was low and average deviations between numerics and experiments were in the order of only 5–20%. The numerical investigation showed that contemporary CFD codes can be used as suitable means in the thermal design process.
Letterbox Trailing Edge Heat Transfer: Effects of Blowing Rate, Reynolds Number, and External Turbulence on Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness
Authors: Fiala N. J. , Jaswal I. , Ames F. E.
Published: September 2009

Heat transfer and film cooling distributions have been acquired for a vane trailing edge with letterbox partitions. Additionally, pressure drop data have been experimentally determined across a pin fin array and a trailing edge slot with letterbox partitions. The pressure drop across the array and letterbox trailing edge arrangement was measurably higher than for the gill slot geometry. Experimental data for the partitions and the inner suction surface region downstream from the slot have been acquired over a four-to-one range in vane exit condition Reynolds number (500,000, 1,000,000, and 2,000,000), with low (0.7%), grid (8.5%), and aerocombustor (13.5%) turbulence conditions. At these conditions, both heat transfer and adiabatic film cooling distributions have been documented over a range of blowing ratios (0.47≤M≤1.9). Heat transfer distributions on the inner suction surface downstream from the slot ejection were found to be dependent on both ejection flow rate and external conditions. Heat transfer on the partition side surfaces correlated with both exit Reynolds number and blowing ratio. Heat transfer on partition top surfaces largely correlated with exit Reynolds number but blowing ratio had a small effect at higher values. Generally, adiabatic film cooling levels on the inner suction surface are high but decrease near the trailing edge and provide some protection for the trailing edge. Adiabatic effectiveness levels on the partitions correlate with blowing ratio. On the partition sides adiabatic effectiveness is highest at low blowing ratios and decreases with increasing flow rate. On the partition tops adiabatic effectiveness increases with increasing blowing ratio but never exceeds the level on the sides. The present paper, together with a companion paper that documents letterbox trailing edge aerodynamics, is intended to provide engineers with the heat transfer and aerodynamic loss information needed to develop and compare competing trailing edge designs.
Surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles formed by cathodic arc plasma ion implantation into polymer
Authors: Teixeira F. S. , Salvadori M. C. , Cattani Mauro , Carneiro S. M. , Brown I. G.
Published: September 2009

Shallow subsurface layers of gold nanoclusters were formed in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer by very low energy (49 eV) gold ion implantation. The ion implantation process was modeled by computer simulation and accurately predicted the layer depth and width. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image the buried layer and individual nanoclusters; the layer width was ∼6–8 nm and the cluster diameter was ∼5–6 nm. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption effects were observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The TEM and SPR results were related to prior measurements of electrical conductivity of Au-doped PMMA, and excellent consistency was found with a model of electrical conductivity in which either at low implantation dose the individual nanoclusters are separated and do not physically touch each other, or at higher implantation dose the nanoclusters touch each other to form a random resistor network (percolation model).
Response to John Hubisz, “A ‘Mathematical Background Check’”
Authors: Montalvo David
Published: September 2009

As physics teachers, our first responsibility is to collect and honor the data that the world presents to us—in the physics we teach, in the teaching methods we use, and in the advice we give to students. While there is nothing wrong with the idea of a pre-test for the purpose of advising students in course selection, the method proposed in “A ‘Mathematics Background Check’” in the May 2009 issue of The Physics TeacherReference 1 is woefully unsupported by the evidence provided in the article.
2009 Distinguished Service Citations Awarded to Alan Gibson, David Maiullo, Bruce Mason, Mary Winn, and Mel Steinberg
Authors: Adair Lila
Published: September 2009

Distinguished Service Citations are presented to AAPT members in recognition of their exceptional contributions to physics teaching. These citations were awarded at AAPT's summer meeting in Ann Arbor, MI, July 27,2009:
Concept Inventories for ASTRO 101
Authors: Bailey Janelle M.
Published: September 2009

Throughout science education, instructors are searching for ways to evaluate the effectiveness of their instruction. Over the last decade, one method that has become popular is to use a concept inventory to investigate student learning gains in a particular topic over an instructional intervention such as a specific curriculum, unit, or course.
A Simple Illustrative Model of a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)
Authors: Santillo Michael F.
Published: September 2009

Many students (as well as the general public) use modern technology without an understanding of how these devices actually work. They are what scientists refer to in the laboratory as “black boxes.” Students often wonder how physics relates to the technology used in the real world and are interested in such applications. An example of one such “black box” is the charge-coupled device (CCD), an electronic imaging sensor invented in 1970 by Bell Labs researchers Willard Boyle and George Smith. Astronomers first embraced CCD technology in the early 1980s because CCDs are very light sensitive, consume low amounts of power, and generate digital images quickly. More than three decades later, CCDs have become ubiquitous, as they are found in consumer digital cameras, scanners, photocopiers, medical imaging devices and spectroscopic detectors. This paper presents a model of a CCD “chip” that can be easily adapted as a classroom demonstration.