bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Aristotelian Life
Authors: Homiak Marcia
Published: November 2023

I know many good people who are religious. I consider them to be good people because they are disposed to respond with kindness, comfort, and help when others are in distress or in need. They are warm, outgoing, and compassionate, taking a genuine interest in others’ lives. They are optimistic, disposed to see the good in others and to see what’s right with the world. They are resilient, able to bounce back from setbacks, disappointments, or personal tragedy. And because they are warm, cheerful, resilient, and kind, others appreciate them, admire them, and love them. They have strong ties of connection with other people, in their families, in their religious communities, and with friends. And I know that their fine qualities of character are forged in their religious involvement. There are many other religious people whom I have never met but whom I deeply admire. I think of many, both famous and obscure, who fought in the civil rights struggles of the 1960s in the American South. I know that their fight for justice and equality, their fight against bigotry and hatred, was motivated by a sense of purpose that is properly described as religious. For they fought for an ideal—the values of freedom and justice—that they saw as a sacred, Judeo-Christian ideal. Their devotion to this ideal gave them the courage and determination to face jeering and hostile mobs, to suffer imprisonment and beatings.
Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2023

when I was very young, I attended a Methodist church for several years, and, purchasing the little books offered for the purpose, prayed morning and night, confessing my peccadilloes and asking for happier times. I found particularly compelling the singing of the chorales by the congregation: the combination of the simple tunes with complex inner harmonies being sung by ordinary folk struck me as simultaneously sublime and democratic and aroused in me a sense of good will toward people and much of the world that still plays a significant role in my life (among other things, making me particularly vulnerable to the religious music of Bach and the moral writings of Kant).
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)–Associated Diseases
Authors: Bangham Charles R M
Published: November 2023

HTLV-1 causes two distinct types of disease: an aggressive leukemia of CD4+ T-cells, known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and a range of chronic inflammatory diseases, of which HTLV-1–associated myelopathy=tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM=TSP) is the best studied. The risk of inflammatory disease is strongly correlated with the proportion of HTLV-1– infected cells in the blood—the ‘‘proviral load,’’ which is stable in each infected person but differs among people by more than 1,000-fold. Because of the high and stable proviral load, the relative lack of immune suppression, and the strong HTLV-1–specific T-cell response, HTLV-1 infection is proving a very useful system to identify and quantify the genetic and cellular determinantsofthe’’efficiency’’ oftheantiviralimmune response. This chapter addresses the evidence that genetic factors determine two important measures of the outcome of HTLV-1 infection: the risk of HAM=TSP and the proviral load.
Malaria
Authors: Kwiatkowski Dominic P , Luoni Gaia
Published: November 2023

Each year, malaria kills more than a million children in Africa alone and is a significant cause of illness and poverty in hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Of the four species of malaria parasite that infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent, accounting for almost all deaths due to malaria, and has a remarkable ability to develop resistance against commonly used antimalarial drugs. Despite initiatives such as the World Health Organization’s Roll Back Malaria campaign, there is no evidence that the global malaria problem is coming under control. Promising results from recent malaria vaccine trials have given an important boost to vaccine developers (Alonso et al. 2005), but we still have a very long way to go before we have a vaccine—or any other intervention—that is capable of achieving a radical reduction in the global burden of malaria.
Miscellanea
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

In a further twenty-six lines, rivers, roads, the horizon, towns, towers, darkness, colors, deep sounds, peace, woods, meadows, mute deer, gorges, valleys, and peak after peak are all called upon to witness with them the evening stillness.
The Recitative “Erbarm es Gott” from Bach’s St. Matthew Passion
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

The recitative introduces an alto aria in G minor. Connecting to the last key of the Evangelist’s preceding recitative, E minor, it begins with a C major triad, which should immediately be understood as I of the key of C major, because of the first motive in bars – 1-2 and because of the seventh b that enters at once.2 Now it necessary to modulate from C major to G minor, which can of course be done only with the help of a mixture of G major and G minor. The reinterpretation of I of C major as IV of G major occurs in the very first bar (see Fig. 1a), after which the root of IV is raised, in bar 10, and then V and I follow in bars 11-12–
Haydn: Austrian National Anthem
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

The Austrian national anthem, which confesses to political synthesis in a deep and sincere manner, is paid homage by Haydn with an incomparable artistic synthesis. Never again will such a song be sung to this nation—therefore they should at least know what a treasure they possessed in their proud past, so that they may forever be edified by it in a more troubled future.
Schubert’s Impromptu, D. (Op. 90), No. 3
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

The peculiar form of the first section can only be grasped by means of the Urlinie and its voice-leading prolongations (Fig. 1). The Urlinie descends in the space of a third, b–g, in bars 1– 32 (see Fig. 1a).
Slayer Slang
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: November 2023

Michael Adams begins his book with a synopsis of the programme’s history and a defence of ephemeral language. He then moves to the main body of the work: a detailed glossary of slayer slang, annotated with actual dialogue and recorded in the style accepted by the American Dialect Society. The book concludes with a bibliography and a lengthy index, a guide to sources (novels based on the show, magazine articles about the show, and language culled from the official posting board) and an appendix of slang-making suffixes. Introduced by Jane Espenson, one of the show’s most inventive writers (and herself a linguist), Slayer Slang offers a quintessential example of contemporary youth culture serving as a vehicle for slang. bitca n [AHD4 bitch n in sense 2.a + a] Bitch 1997 Sep 15 Whedon When She Was Bad “[Willow:] ‘I mean, why else would she be acting like such a b-i-t-c-h?’ [Giles:] ‘Willow, I think we’re all a little old to be spelling things out.’ [Xander:] ‘A bitca?’” break and enterish adj [AHD4 sv breaking and entering n + -ish suff in sense 2.a] Suitable for crime 1999 Mar 16 Petrie Enemies “I’ll go home and stock up on weapons, slip into something a little more break and enterish.” [B] carbon-dated adj [fr. AHD4 carbondating + -ed] Very out of date 1997 Mar 10 Whedon Welcome to the Hellmouth “[Buffy:] ‘Deal with that outfit for a moment.’ [Giles:] ‘It’s dated?’ [Buffy:] ‘It’s carbon-dated.’” cuddle-monkey n [AHD4 cuddle v + monkey n in sense 2, by analogy fr. RHHDAS (also DAS3 and NTC) sv cuddle bunny ‘an affectionate, passionate, or sexually attractive young woman’] Male lover 1998 Feb 10 Noxon Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered “Every woman in Sunnydale wants to make me her cuddle-monkey.” [X]
Categories of Art
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

Paintings and sculptures are to be looked at; sonatas and songs are to be heard. What is important about such works of art is what can be seen or heard in them. This apparent truism has inspired attempts by aesthetic theorists to purge from criticism of works of art supposedly extraneous excursions into matters not available to inspection of the works and to focus attention narrowly on the works themselves. Circumstances connected with a work ‘s origin, in particular, are frequently held to have no essential bearing on an assessment of its aesthetic nature. Thus, critics are advised to ignore how and when a work was created, the artist ‘s intentions in creating it, his philosophical views, psychological state and personal life, the artistic traditions and intellectual atmosphere of his society, and so forth. Once produced, it is argued, a work must stand or fall on its own; it must be judged for what it is, regardless of how it came to be as it is.
Style and the Products and Processes of Art
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

A curious fact about our concept of style is that we seem unable to make up our minds about what sorts of things have styles. Works of art—paintings, plays, buildings, sculptures, operas—are said to be in one or another style, and so are objects such as bathing suits, neckties, and automobiles. But we often think of styles as ways of doing things, ways of performing actions. There are styles of teaching, styles of travel, styles of chess playing, and styles of selling insurance. Are styles attributes of objects, or of actions? James Ackerman regards them as attributes of objects, of works of art:
Treatment Approaches for Men Who Batter Their Partners
Authors: Hamberger L Kevin , Lohr Jeffrey M , Parker Lisa M , Witte Tricia
Published: November 2023

A number of models have evolved to help male batterers end intimate partner violence (IPV). Research has shown that treatment to end IPV has a beneficial but weak impact. Research has only recently begun to compare the effectiveness of different batterer treatment models. Matching type of batterer with type of treatment approach may improve treatment effectiveness.
“Restructuring” and the Order of Aspectual and Root Modal Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

If functional affixes and particles are interpreted as the overt realization of distinct functional heads (Baker 1985, Pollock 1989, Ouhalla 1988, 1991a, Chomsky 1995: chap. 2, among others), there is reason to posit the existence of a substantial number of distinct aspectual heads (ordered among each other): Having no cross-linguistic evidence at my disposal concerning the relative orders of the corresponding affixes or particles, I made no systematic attempt there to integrate in this order such aspectual heads as Asppredispositional, Aspdelayed (or “finally”), Aspinceptive, Aspfrutrative/success, and Aspconative. The positions occupied by root modals with respect to the other heads of (1) were also left partly open. In what follows, I would like to present some facts, internal to just one language, Italian, which appear to offer some evidence for ordering these heads among one another and within the larger hierarchy in (1) (at least under the analysis of “restructuring” proposed in chapter 1, the main features of which will be sketched directly).2 No existing analysis of “restructuring” offers, it seems, a natural account of why the transparency effects characteristic of this phenomenon occur across languages with just the classes of modal, aspectual, and movement verbs (all analyses assume some form of arbitrary lexical specification or arbitrary semantic condition). The analysis sketched in chapter 1 centers instead on the fact that these verbs are the only verbs whose meaning happens to correspond to a particular functional head of the universal hierarchy proposed in Cinque (1999) independently of the “restructuring” phenomenon.
Responsibility And Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

There is a set of challenges to the intuitive and natural picture of ourselves as having a certain sort of control. This sort of control implies that we have various genuinely open pathways branching into the future. The basic problem with this picture is that it may require us to have an implausible power over the past or natural laws. Thus, it is not clear that we do in fact have the sort of control that implies alternative possibilities. And if moral responsibility and personhood require this sort of control, it is not clear that we can legitimately hold each other morally responsible for our behavior and indeed conceive of each other as persons. Because of the power and persistence of the skeptical challenges to our having the sort of control that involves alternative possibilities, perhaps it is advisable to ask whether we really do require this sort of control, after all.
Bisphenol-A Polysulfone
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Medical and household appliances that are sterilizable by hot air and steam such as corrosion-resistant piping and injection molded engineering parts. Also used in electric and electronic applications and as membranes for reverse gas streams and gas separation. Properties of Special Interest High-performance thermoplastic of relatively low flammability. Amorphous, high-creep resistance, and stable electrical properties over wide temperature and frequency ranges. Transparent with good thermal and hydrolytic resistance. High alkaline stability.
Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Yang Yong
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Textile fibers, cigarette filters, plastics for molding and extrusion, films for photography and recording tape, LCD display, drug release modifier, sheeting, lacquers, protective coatings for paper, metal, and glass, adhesive for photographic film, ink reservoirs for fiber tip pens, absorbent cloths, and wipes. Preparative Techniques Cellulose acetate is made from processed wood pulp (cellulose). The pulp is processed using acetic anhydride to form acetate flake from which products are made. Another technique for producing cellulose acetate involves treating cotton with acetic acid, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
Cyclic Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Cyclic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) and their Properties Polymer molecules may have a variety of architectural structures such as linear, ring, star, branched and ladder chains, and also three-dimensional network structures. The first synthetic cyclic polymers to be prepared and characterized were the poly(dimethysiloxanes) PDMS which were reported in 1977. Since then, a number of other cyclic polymers have been synthesized which include cyclic polystyrene, cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxane), cyclic poly(2-vinylpyridine), cyclic polybutadiene, and cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxane). The preparation of cyclic poly(dimethysiloxanes) is achieved by isolating the distribution of cyclic PDMS [(CH3)2SiO]x from PDMS ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out either in the bulk state or in solution. The successful utilization of such reactions for preparing large ring molecules is largely due to the extensive experiments performed on characterizing this system. Also, there is a good theoretical understanding of the reactions through the Jacobson–Stockmayer cyclization theory when used in conjunction with the rotational isomeric state model for PDMS. After attaining an equilibrium distribution of rings, vacuum fractional distillation and preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) may be used to prepare sharp fractions of the cyclic siloxanes having narrow molar mass distributions. Such methods allow the preparation of cyclic PDMS samples containing up to 1000 skeletal bonds, on average, on a gram scale. The molar mass for each polymer and the polydispersity may then be characterized using techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), analytical gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and other methods.
Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer elastomers
Authors: Morris Barry , Pennias John , Walsh David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, a range of values for each material property is given, which may be quite large, but is known to vary in a generally predictable way with the structure of the ionomer. The major variables in the ionomers are acid content, degree of neutralization, and choice of metal. Higher acid content leads to lower melting point, increased hardness, more oil and grease resistance, better optical properties, higher tensile strength, lower extension, and higher impact resistance. Higher percent neutralization leads to lower melt index, increased hardness, more oil resistance, better optical properties, higher tensile strength, improved abrasion resistance, and more moisture uptake. Sodium ionomers have more oil resistance, lower haze, and higher stress crack resistance than zinc ionomers. Zinc ionomers have less water sensitivity and higher impact strength.
Hydridopolysilazane
Authors: Narsavage-Heald Donna M
Published: November 2023

Major Application Composites Properties of Special Interest Preceramic polymer; melt-spinnable polymer; produces a ceramic fiber upon pyrolysis. Preparative Technique Condensation (step) polymerization: Exothermic reaction; temperature rises to 75°C. Mixture is heated to 150°C and eventually to 200–230°C. Reaction of trichlorosilane with hexamethyldisilazane (1 : ≥3 mol ratio) in Ar purged flask at room temperature.
Kevlar
Authors: Viers Brent D
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Cut, heat, and bullet-fragment resistant apparel, brake and transmission friction parts, gaskets, ropes and cables, composites, fiber-optic cables, circuit-board reinforcement, sporting goods, tires, automotive belts and hoses. Major Forms Continuous filament yarn, staple, wet and dry pulp floc, cord. Properties of Special Interest High tensile strength at low weight, low elongation to break, high modulus (structural rigidity), low electrical conductivity, high chemical resistance, low thermal shrinkage, high toughness (work-to-break), excellent dimensional stability, high cut resistance, flame resistant, self-extinguishing.
Methacrylate Polymers Containing Adamantane
Authors: Zhang Ruzhi
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest and Major Applications Methacrylate polymers containing adamantane are of special interest due to the fact that pendant adamantanes improve physical properties such as stiffness, glass transition temperature and solubility, and reduce or eliminate crystallinity. It also has high carbon to hydrogen ratio required to resist the RIE process. It is transparent at DUV (∼193 nm) wavelength and copolymers containing adamantane are employed in a number of positive resists used for ArF lithography.
Nylon 3
Authors: Masamoto Junzo
Published: November 2023

Major Application Thermal stabilizer for polyoxymethylene, and stabilizer for polyacetal resin. Because of high amide concentration, nylon 3 shows properties of an excellent formaldehyde scavenger.(1) Properties of Special Interest Nylon 3 shows properties of an excellent stabilizer for polyoxymethylene. Features of nylon 3 as a stabilizer for polyoxymethylene are as follows: High thermal stability, negligible decoloration when the polymer remains for a long time in injection mold machine at its molten state, and low deposit on the mold. Nylon 3 is an interesting material as an odd-numbered nylon with shortest methylene group, thus forming high glass transition temperature and high absorption of water.
Perfluorinated Ionomers
Authors: Fernandez Richard E , Lloyd Ralph B , Lousenberg R Daniel , Mazur Stephen
Published: November 2023

Manufacturers (Trade Names) DuPont (Nafion®), Asahi Glass (Flemion®), Asahi Kasei (Aciplex®), 3M, Solvay-Solexis (Hyflon®) Class Chemical copolymers Preparative Techniques Free radical copolymerization of highly fluorinated vinyl ether monomers, usually with tetrafluoroethylene, in fluorocarbon solvents or by aqueous emulsion.
Poly(benzobisoxazole)
Authors: Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications High-performance films, fibers, and coatings. Synthesis Polycondensation of a terephthalic acid with 4,6-diamino-1,3-benzenediol dihydrochloride in poly(phosphoric acid). Processing is primarily limited to variations of wet extrusion. [1,2] Properties of Special Interest High-temperature resistance, unusual resistance to organic solvents, excellent mechanical properties, interesting electrical and nonlinear optical properties.
Poly(1,3-bis-p-carboxyphenoxypropane anhydride)
Authors: Domb Abraham J , Langer Robert
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Biodegradable polymer for controlled drug delivery in a form of implant or injectable microspheres (e.g., Gliadel™-BCNU-loaded wafer for the treatment of brain tumors). Properties of Special Interest Anhydride copolymers of 1,3-bis-p-carboxyphenoxypropane (CPP) with aliphatic diacids such as sebacic acid (SA) degrade in a physiological medium to CPP and SA. Matrices of the copolymers loaded with dissolved or dispersed drugs degrade in vitro and in vivo to constantly release the drugs for periods from 1–10 weeks.
Poly(butene-1)
Authors: Patki R P , Panse D R , Phillips P J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Hot water and high pressure piping, films, adhesives, comonomer for ethylene polymer, atactic polymer used in sealant, cosmetic (lip) sticks, used in skin cleanser formulations. Properties of Special Interest The polymer exhibits excellent creep properties. It is tough, retains strength at elevated temperatures, and is resistant to environmental stress cracking and abrasion.
Poly[(n-butylamino)thionylphosphazene]
Authors: Manners Ian
Published: November 2023

Class Inorganic and semi-inorganic polymers Structure [NSO(HNnBu){NP(NHnBu)2}2]n Major Applications matrix for gas sensing (3) Properties of Special Interest Low glass transition temperature
Polychloroprene
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Aerospace industry (gaskets, seals, deicers); automotive industry (timing belts, window gaskets, fuel-hose covers, cable jacketing, sparkplug boots, hoses, and joint seals); industrial applications (pipeline pigs, gaskets, hoses, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, escalator handrails); and electronics (wire and cable jacketing). Also for sponge shoe soles and foam cushions. Specialty items made by dipping or electrophoresis from latex. Adhesive tape to replace metal fasteners for automotive accessories such as seat cushions, sealants, and carpet backing.
Poly(p-chlorostyrene)
Authors: Patel Anand K , Laurer Jonathan H , Spontak Richard J
Published: November 2023

Major Applications High-contrast negative e-beam resist. Comonomer in numerous block copolymer systems.
Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)
Authors: Andrady Anthony L , Sen Taner Z , Ahunbay M Göktuğ
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Used to mold equipment parts, seals, and gaskets, particularly in chemical process equipment and in cryogenic systems. Also used as barrier packaging in pharmaceutical industry. Elastomeric homo- and copolymers used in o-rings, gaskets, and diaphragms.
Polyethylene, Linear High Density
Authors: Alamo Rufina G , Mandelkern Leo
Published: November 2023

Preparative Techniques Type of polymerization: Coordination polymerization Typical Comonomers 1-alkenes, vinyl acetate, methacrylates, acrylates, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid
Polyethylene, Low-density
Authors: Prasad A
Published: November 2023

Introduction LDPE is produced under high pressure (82–276 MPa) and high temperature (405–605 K) with a free radical initiator (such as peroxides and oxygen) and contains some long chain branches (LCB), which could be as long as chain backbones, and short chain branches (SCB).(3) It is produced by either a tubular or a stirred autoclave reactor.(4) The autoclave process can produce LDPE resins having a wide range of molecular weight distribution (MWD) and less LCB in comparison with a tubular reactor. Long chain branching has a strong influence on MWD, and hence on resin properties, such as processibility, melt strength, and film optical properties. SCBs disrupt chain packing and are principally responsible for lowering the melting temperature and the crystal density for hydrocarbon polymers. LDPE is commercially available in a wide variety of molecular weight, MWD, SCB, and LCB contents, and density ranges.
Polyglycine
Authors: Gold Douglas G , Miller Wilmer G , Sen Taner Z , Kloczkowski Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Two crystalline forms of polyglycine, I and II, have been observed. Form I is thought to have a β structure where the individual chains exist in a helical conformation and form sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The individual chains in form II also have a helical conformation but are packed in a hexagonal lattice with a three-dimensional array of hydrogen bonds.
Poly(methacrylonitrile)
Authors: Fried J R
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Films, coatings, elastomers, packaging, photoresists. Properties of Special Interest Good resistance to many solvents, acids, and water, but attacked by polar solvents and decomposed by concentrated alkali and hot dilute alkali.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Hsu Shaw Ling
Published: November 2023

Special Properties Optically clear (92% transmission, theoretical limit for normal incidence, in the visible region) through the visible wavelength range; very little ultra-violet absorption until 260 nm. Major Applications Replacement for glass. Good mechanical properties. Can be used in various biomedical applications.
Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, And The Experience Machine: Philosophy And The Matrix
Authors: Grau Christopher
Published: November 2023

Neo has woken up from a hell of a dream-the dream that was his life. How was he to know? The cliché is that if you are dreaming and you pinch yourself, you will wake up. Unfortunately, things aren’t quite that simple. It is the nature of most dreams that we take them for reality while dreaming, we are unaware that we are in a dream world. Of course, we eventually wake up, and when we do, we realize that our experience was all in our mind. Neo’s predicament makes us wonder, though: how can any of us be sure that we have ever genuinely woken up? Perhaps, like Neo prior to his downing the red pill, our dreams thus far have in fact been dreams within a dream.
Existential Phenomenology and the Brave New World of The Matrix
Authors: Dreyfus Hubert L , Dreyfus Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The Matrix series makes us rethink what we mean by contact with the real world, illusion, freedom, and what is required for human flourishing. Only then will we be in a position to take up the question, raised and answered in the three films, why, if at all, it is better to live in the real world, no matter how impoverished and unstable, than to live in a virtual world that is ordered so as to take care of our needs and let us get on with our everyday lives.
Understanding the Disorder: What it is and What to Expect
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of the process of thinking, of emotional responsiveness, and of contact with reality. Early in the twentieth century, schizophrenia was known as dementia praecox (premature dementia), because of the disintegration or fragmenting of mental functions typically observed in people with the disorder. The term schizophrenia itself means “fragmented mind,” referring to the schisms between thought, emotion, and behavior that characterize the disease. It is not the same as “split personality,” which is an altogether different illness now known as dissociative identity disorder. People with schizophrenia do not alternate between “good” and “bad” personalities.
Clinical Judgment and the Interpretation of the Case
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In a hand-written chart my daughter, her husband, and the oncologist laid out her treatment options and what was known about the side effects of each. But about her particular experience or her fate the chart had nothing to say. Clinical medicine could diagnose her breast cancer and provide information about its treatment, even offer a choice among several possibilities, but it could not tell what had caused her tumor or say whether she would be among those who survive. Indeed, she had her choice of treatments precisely because so much was uncertain and because, in the judgment of her physicians, none of them had a better clinical outcome than another.
A Medicine of Neighbors
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn
Published: November 2023

What would happen if medicine disavowed the claim to be a science and emphasized instead its character as a practice? Recognizing how physicians actually think and work would not reduce the importance and power of biomedical science and technological advance. The physician’s moral duty to the patient would not change, nor would the intellectual obligation to determine the diagnosis, choose the best treatment, and provide a reliable prognosis. But the professional’s social role—at least in the United States— might be altered. I caught a glimpse of this possibility when I discovered the appeal that the image of a “medicine of friends” has for physicians beset by the current (dis)organization of health care.
Categorizing the World Prototypes, Theories, and Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Together with many other higher-level organisms, humans are categorizing beings. We categorize all objects and events we encounter in the environment. Categorization is necessary for action, and it is essential for survival. Imagine that you want to read a book and in order to do that you want to sit down in a comfortable chair. You will see many things in the room, including, say, a dresser, a table, a couch, a chair, a stove, and the like. In order to be able to carry out your plan to sit down in a comfortable chair and read, you will have to categorize the objects that surround you. Of all the objects you see, you need to be able to pick out the object that is a comfortable chair. If you mistake the stove for the chair, you might be in trouble. For another hypothetical example, imagine that you encounter a tiger, but you mistake it for a big domestic cat. The consequence may be disastrous. Thus, in a very real sense, our ability to categorize the world has survival value.
Mappings across Frames Metaphor
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

As we saw in the previous chapter, metonymy is a mapping that applies between two elements of a single frame, or domain. Often, however, there are two frames, or domains, that we bring into conceptual interaction on the basis of some kind of perceived similarity. Initially at least, we can call such cases of interaction metaphor. This chapter is primarily devoted to spelling out the most important aspects, or components, of the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor, and I will also offer a possible classification of metaphor within the same view. But the topic of metaphor will be pursued further in several subsequent chapters. The general argument of these chapters will be that metaphor plays a crucial role in the study of mind and culture. More specifically, in chapter 9 we will look at some of the cultural and social applications of metaphors; chapter IO will take up the issue of cross-cultural and within-culture variation in metaphor; in chapter 11 we will ask whether it is reasonable to think of human thought as essentially literal; and chapter 12 will deal with the image-schematic basis of many metaphors.
Metaphor Variation across and within Cultures
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

The major goal of this chapter is to outline the basic components of a theory of variation and universality in metaphor. It is suggested that such components must minimally include the following: dimensions of variation, aspects of metaphor involved in variation, and causes of variation. (A book-length treatment of these and additional issues can be found in Kovecses, 200 5 a.) Since cognitive linguists claim that metaphor is of the mind, the brain, and the body-aspects of people that are more universal than either language or social reality-many people who are familiar with the view of metaphor that originates from Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Metaphors We Live By often expect that what we call conceptual metaphors are largely or mostly universal. They also often criticize this view for ignoring the apparent diversity of metaphors across and within cultures.
Constructing Meaning in Discourse Mental Spaces
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Mappings operate not only within a single domain (metonymy) and be¬ tween two domains (metaphor) but also between what are called mental spaces-partial conceptual structures (frames or models) in the mind. With the help of mappings between mental spaces we can account for another crucially important aspect of meaning, namely, the way meaning is constructed in discourse.
Cognition and Grammar the Cognitive Structure of Language
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

The discussion of the relationship between language, mind, and culture would not be complete without dealing with the issue of grammar. For those who have a primary interest in language, this chapter comes too late, but for those who study fields other than linguistics, this chapter comes at the right place. It is only now that I can present grammar in its complexity to students in anthropology, sociology, English, art, rhetoric, communication, public affairs, and so on, that is, to people whose primary interest is not in language and the structure of language.
Summing it Up an Account of Meaningful Experience
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

In this book, three general issues were examined. First, what cognitive processes play a role in making sense of the world around us? Second, how do these cognitive processes contribute to our understanding of issues in language? Third, how do the same cognitive processes provide an account of meaning in a wide range of social and cultural phenomena? To begin, we have found that we make use of a relatively small number of cognitive processes in making sense of our experience. We categorize the world, organize our knowledge into frames, make use of within-frame map¬ pings (metonymy) and cross-frame mappings (metaphor), build image¬ schemas from bodily experience and apply these to what we experience, divide our experience into figures and grounds, set up mental spaces and further mappings between them in the on-line process of understanding, and have the ability to skillfully and creatively integrate conceptual materials from the mental spaces that we set up. We do not do most of this in a conscious way; our cognitive system operates unconsciously most of the time. It is these and some additional cognitive processes that participate in our unconscious meaning-making activity.
Pain Management and the So-Called ‘‘Risk’’ of Addiction A Neurobiological Perspective
Authors: Gardner Eliot L
Published: November 2023

Some of the most widely used and most broadly effective medications for the management of pain (e.g., opioids) are also compounds that support self-administration at both the human and animal level, have addictive and abuse liability, and produce physical dependence. Other medications commonly used in pain management (e.g., monoamine reuptake inhibitors, GABA mimetics) do not possess these attributes. But as these other medications are most commonly used in an adjunctive manner in combination with ‘‘primary’’ ‘‘strong’’ analgesics (most often opioids), the question of the so-called ‘‘risk of addiction’’ has permeated pain management for decades—often to the severe detriment of proper compassionate medical care and good patient management. The purpose of the present mini-review is to examine at the neurobiological level the ‘‘risk of addiction’’ posed by such primary analgesics as opioids and to draw conclusions therefrom that may help pain management physicians optimize their patient care.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization Methods for De Novo Protein Design
Authors: Floudas C A , Fung H K
Published: November 2023

The de novo peptide and protein design, first suggested almost two decades ago, begins with a postulated or known flexible protein threedimensional structure and aims at identifying amino acid sequence(s) compatible with this structure. Initially, the problem was denoted as the “inverse folding problem” [1,2] since protein design has intimate links to the well-known protein folding problem [3]. In contrast to the characteristic of protein folding to associate a given protein sequence with its own unique shape, the inverse folding problem exhibits high levels of degeneracy, that is, a large number of sequences will be compatible with a given protein structure, although the sequences will vary with respect to properties such as activity and stability.
Modern Masculinities on the Magic Mountain
Authors: Kontje Todd
Published: November 2023

Thomas Mann’s diaries of 1918–1921 reveal that while he was writing The Magic Mountain he was preoccupied by questions of sexuality in mod-ern society and the status of his own masculinity. During this period the sixth and last of Mann’s children was born, and on more than one occasion the successful author and respectable pater familias professes his love for his wife, Katia, and his gratitude for her support and understanding. At the same time, however, Mann regularly notes young men who catch his eye on the streets, in trains, and at his own public readings, and when Katia fails to arouse him in bed, he speculates about “going over to the other side”:
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Human embryonic stem cells burst from the obscurity of the research lab into public view almost a decade ago. We had known for some before then that these cells exist and that they are extremely versatile, for they can be converted into almost any type of cell found in the human body—heart, liver, blood, pancreas, and muscle among them. These stem cells can also reproduce themselves, sustaining the organs and tissues of the human body throughout an individual’s lifetime. We were also familiar with adult stem cells that are found in various parts of the human body, including bone marrow, blood, and body fat cells. Although we had started down the path of developing adult stem cells, we had not been able to culture and grow human embryonic stem cells, even though the lure of these sorts of stem cells, in particular, was immense.
Excessive Sleepiness
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Persons are considered excessively sleepy if they are unable to consistently achieve and sustain wakefulness and alertness to accomplish the tasks of daily living. Sleep occurs unintentionally or at inappropriate times or places. In children, sleepiness may manifest as hyperactivity.

Excessive sleepiness can be defined using either clinical or Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) criteria, namely hypersomnolence occurring almost daily for at least 3 months, and mean sleep latency of less than 8 minutes, respectively. Although the likelihood of falling asleep is greater during inactive monotonous situations, severe sleepiness can manifest precipitously as sleep attacks, recurrent episodes of microsleep, or automatic behavior during which there is no memory of semiconscious activities. It is important to distinguish excessive sleepiness from fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness, weariness, listlessness or weakness, which may closely mimic it.

Excessive sleepiness is estimated to affect 5% of the general population. Occasional excessive daytime sleepiness may be present in up to a third of the general adult population. Prevalence is greater among adolescents and older adults. Both genders appear to be affected equally.

Among young adults, hours of weekday sleep predict daytime sleepiness, as do snoring, depression, marital status (those who are single are more likely to develop daytime sleepiness than married individuals), and employment status (sleepiness is more prevalent among persons employed full-time compared with those who are employed part-time or unemployed).
Starting a Practice
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

Once you have become a linguist and you’ve published enough in your field to be considered an expert, you may sit by your telephone or scroll the inbox of your e-mail looking for invitations to flow in from attorneys. Sorry, it just doesn’t happen that way. Even the few attorneys out there who happen to know what a linguist is probably won’t know who you are. And they might not know how to find you if they did. If they do happen to stumble onto you, they will want to know about your experience in this field. One of the first questions asked of me early in my work was, “Have you ever testified at trial?” For a beginner, this question can end the interview. The lawyer needs somebody who has been there before.
Writing Reports
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

Once the analysis has been made, the next step in most civil cases usually involves the preparation of a written report, sometimes in the form of an affidavit and sometimes just as a report. The attorney will advise you which form to use. Affidavits are legal documents containing a special format that the attorney will provide, including numbered paragraphs and a space to be notarized. Reports may seem more familiar in format and contain, on the whole, some similarities to conventional academic writing. For example, they begin with the legal question, much like a academic research question, followed by the type of language evidence, the methods used, and the findings. Not found in reports are the long justification statements that academics often write or the common literature review.
SHH and Other Genes and the Holoprosencephaly Malformation Sequence
Authors: Helms Jill A , Brugmann, Samantha , Cordero Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Nature has nowhere created greater morphological diversity nor showed more creativity than in Her elaborations of the vertebrate face. Six billion humans decorate the earth, each of their faces unique and exceptional in its own way. Despite the inherent diversity in facial form, we remain exquisitely aware of even the most subtle craniofacial malformations.
Signaling by TNF and Related Ligands
Authors: Schneider Pascal
Published: November 2023

Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) engage two main signaling pathways: activation of kinases and transcription factors on the one hand, and caspase activation and cell death on the other hand. Although each of these pathways uses distinct principles of action and unrelated executers, they are highly cross regulated. In this chapter, the function and structural features of ligands and receptors of the TNF and TNFR families are discussed, followed by the description of cell death, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The primary (Fig. 41–1) and ternary structures of several proteins involved in these pathways are described. Their site of action and their interaction partners (Fig. 41–2), as well as their function in vivo, also receive special attention.
HOXA1 and the Bosley–Salih–Alorainy and Athabascan Brainstem Dysgenesis Syndromes
Authors: Tischfield Max A , Engle Elizabeth C
Published: November 2023

Homeobox A1 (HOXA1), the 3′ most member in the HOXA gene cluster, encodes a transcription factor that is necessary for catalyzing gene expression pathways important for rostral development of the vertebrate embryo. Two syndromes resulting from homozygous HOXA1 mutations, Bosley–Salih–Alorainy syndrome (BSAS) and Athabascan brain stem dysgenesis syndrome (ABDS), have been discovered in patients from three genetically isolated populations in the Middle East and American southwest. Affected individuals have a pleiotropic spectrum of phenotypes including horizontal gaze abnormalities, facial weakness, deafness, hypoventilation, skull deformities, autism, mental retardation, internal carotid artery (ICA) malformations, and conotruncal heart defects (TischFeld et al., 2005). Although horizontal gaze abnormalities and sensorineural deafness are the most penetrant aspects of the syndrome, the remaining phenotypes demonstrate variable expressivity that may be dependent upon genetic background.
CBP (CREBBP) and the Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome
Authors: Petrij Fred , Peters Dorien J M , Hennekam, Raoul C M , Giles Rachel H
Published: November 2023

The Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS or RTS; OMIM 180849) is caused by de novo occurring heterozygous constitutional muta-tions in the cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB)–binding protein gene (CREBBP or CBP; OMIM 600140). Recently, mutations have also been found in the closely related and highly homologous adenovirus E1A–associated 300 kDa protein gene (EP300 or p300; OMIM 602700). These mutations are presumed to lead to haploinsuf-fi ciency of the CBP or p300 protein. The main clinical features of the syndrome are abnormalities of the face, thumbs, and big toes as well as growth and mental retardation.
ATRX and the X-Linked Thalassemia Mental Retardation Syndrome
Authors: Gibbons Richard J , Wada Takahito
Published: November 2023

The rare association ofthalassemia and mental retardation (MR) was recognized 20 years ago by Weatherall and colleagues (1981). It was known thatthalassemia arises when there is a defect in the synthesis of theglobin chains of adult hemoglobin (HbA, 2). When these authors encountered three mentally retarded children withthalassemia and a variety of developmental abnormalities, their interest was stimulated by the unusual nature of thethalassemia. The children were of northern European origin, wherethalassemia is uncommon, and although one would have expected to find clear signs of this inherited anemia in their parents, it appeared to have arisen de novo in the affected offspring. It was thought that the combination ofthalassemia MR (ATR), and the associated developmental abnormalities represented a new syndrome and that a common genetic defect might be responsible for the diverse clinical manifestations. This conjecture has been confirmed, and what has emerged is the identifi cation of two quite distinct syndromes: ATR-16, a contiguous gene syndrome, and X-linked ATR (ATR-X), which results from mutation of a chromatin remodeling factor.
ZIC1 and ZIC4 and Dandy–Walker Malformation
Authors: Millen Kathleen J , Grinberg Inessa , Blank, Marissa , Dobyns William B
Published: November 2023

Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) is the most common congenital malformation of the human cerebellum (Parisi and Dobyns, 2003), first described in 1887 (Sutton, 1887). Despite its clinical importance and long history, the genetic and developmental causes are only now beginning to be elucidated. The first DWM causative genes were recently identified by physical mapping of interstitial deletions of chromosome 3q24 in several DWM patients (Grinberg et al., 2004). This region encompasses the adjacent ZIC1 and ZIC4 genes, important members of the small zinc Knger in cerebellum family of transcription factors. Mice with heterozygous deletion of the orthologs of these two linked transcription factors have a phenotype that closely resembles human DWM, supporting the conclusion that heterozygous loss of ZIC1 and ZIC4 causes DWM. The mutant mice also provide the first model to delineate the pathogenesis of this important brain malformation.