bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Configuration Management in Concurrent Engineering Projects
Authors: Tiwari Sanjai , Franklin H.A.
Published: March 2007

A large engineering project involves participation of many engineers from multiple disciplines The participating engineers work concurrently on their respective designs, and the large amount of data associated with their discipline-specific designs requires efficient data and configuration management support throughout the design process. One of the essential aspects of configuration management is the detection, notification, and resolution of design inconsistencies in a configuration of project databases This paper proposes automated configuration management based on design databases which represent discipline-specific designs in a project, and specified constraints which represent the requirements on these designs A DCV approach consisting of databases (D), constraints (C), and violations (V) is presented In engineering projects, both the data and constraints should scale as the project progresses and, therefore, this approach makes the constraints persistent in the databases to allow efficient storage and management of both the data and constraints The violations identify inconsistencies and store the results of the constraint checking process on configuration databases Early identification and notification of design inconsistencies will result in consistent project configurations with fewer design changes and less engineering reworks
Cosmos: A System for Supporting Engineering Negotiation
Authors: Mark William , Dukes-Schlossberg Jon
Published: March 2007

Large-scale engineering projects are created by teams of cooperating engineers who must share knowledge about the project as it evolves. Sharing of engineering knowledge is actually made more difficult by modern engineering environments First, the computerized engineering environment requires that much of the knowledge sharing be on a tool-to-tool basis, rather than human-to-human Computer tools (3-D modellers, analysis and stimulation tools, etc ) have become the locus of much of the engineering information for a project These tools embody engineering assumptions and methods that are not understood in detail by their user engineers Moreover, the tools use specialised internal representations that are not understood by other tools Second, the connectivity enabled by the modern networked engineering environment greatly increases the complexity of the interaction environment It is virtually impossible for engineers to know who is likely to be impacted by their decisions, and what issues they need to negotiate. The Cosmos project is part of a collection of research efforts that is creating technology to allow engineers to share knowledge about a design through their tools when engineers modify a design, the tools they are using automatically provide relevant updates to other engineers whose work is affected by the change Cosmos's role is to support engineering negotiation, illustrated here in the domain of active control of spaceborne structures The paper descnbes the Cosmos Phase I implementation, which provides negotiation support for engineers from different disciplines cooperating on a design, lessons learned from Phase I, and our current activities in building the Phase II implementation
Information Control Nets as Processes: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Debbabi M. , Bouguerch Fouzia , Tawbi Nadia
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we address the formal venfication in workflow systems More precisely, we consider the automatic verification of one of the most prominent workflow models, namely the Information Control Nets (ICNs) model We present a powerful method for the qualitative analy sis of ICNs The analysis proposed rests on an observed analogy between ICNs and usual process algebra Actually, ICNs are translated into CCS process algebra agents The properties to be verified are expressed in a temporal logic, the propositional modal ν-calculus The verification is done thanks to model-checking algorithms
Replicated Data Management in Distributed Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Miyanishi Yohtaro , Masui Hisayuki , Sato Fumiaki , Mizuno Tadanori
Published: March 2007

Recently, various studies have been made in industries to improve business efficiency. The concept of "Virtual Enterprise" is one of those studies, and it aims to standardize an information-sharing mechanism among different companies, to establish a common informa tion infrastructure for cooperative work among different companies when necessary, and to gather core competence of different companies. In cooperative work support systems for virtual enterprises, the mutual connections are generally loosely coupled, and the network sys tems among each component companies are often isolated. So the works tend to be done separately.
Agent-Based Distributed Design System Architecture for Basic Ship Design
Authors: Fujita Kikuo , Akagi Shinsuke
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes an agent-based distributed design system architecture for complicated, large engineering systems and de velops an experimental implementation of the architecture for basic ship design. First, dependency and concurrency in design activities of an engineering system are discussed from the viewpoints of hierarchical system structure and entity-and-attribute relationship. It reveals the possibilities of parallel execution of design operations from a systematic viewpoint. Second, the design operations are classified into gener ating system structures, configuring spatial arrangement, determining system attributes and selecting system components. In the architec ture, design operations for attributes that are major parts are modeled with object orientation, and they are distributed to agents by extend ing an object-oriented programming technique to an agent approach. The others are encapsulated as independent task agents. After describing key concepts for its computer implementation, this paper shows an application for basic ship design.
“Don’t Look Now”: The Role of Self-Focus in Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Wiederman Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Couples and family counselors are in a position to aid in the remedy of sexual dysfunction when it has a cognitive or psychological basis. One important source of sexual dysfunction is cognitive distraction that results from certain forms of self-focus during sexual activity with a partner, a phenomenon sex therapists have labeled spectatoring. I briefly describe the various ways such self-consciousness is associated with sexual dysfunction and the vicious cycle that often results. I also introduce sensate focus, the primary therapeutic intervention that has been promoted for spectatoring. Although often overlooked, spectatoring and sensate focus may not be equivalent for men and women. Accordingly, shortcomings in applying the standard techniques to all cases are highlighted, and alternative interventions are described.
A Community-Oriented Approach to Divorce Intervention
Authors: Humphreys Keith , Fernandes Leyan O. L. , Gano-Phillips Susan , Bhana Arvin , Fincham Frank D.
Published: March 2007

Some of the intellectual and historical traditions of the field of marital and family counseling suggest that counselors cat have a broader therapeutic role in the n communities if the-venture out of their offices to deliver programs in community settings and engage in prevention and education activities. The mechanics and benefits of such an approach to a community-oriented divorce intervention program are described.
Couples Counseling with Survivors of Child and Adolescent Abuse
Authors: Brack Catherine J. , Brack Greg , Infante Kelly
Published: March 2007

This article provides information on working with couples in which one or both of the partners are survivors of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence. It covers what to look for and do. It lists resources for clients and includes case examples to illustrate the points discussed.
Family Therapy and the Treatment of Chronic Illness in a Multidisciplinary World
Authors: Sayger Thomas V. , Bowersox Michelle P. , Steinberg Elana B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a multidisciplinary treatment approach for chronic illness. The impact of chronic illness on family functioning and the inclusion offamily treatment strategiesfor chronic disorders are discussed. Interaction patterms between thefamily, mental health professionals, and other health care professionals are presented. The role of the hospital mental health professional (e.g., family counselor, staff psychologist, social worker) as the coordinator of services andfacilitator of medical and psychotherapeutic cooperation is emphasized. It is proposed that a multidisciplinary approach will increase the family's ability to benefit from a variety of community resources and promote more adaptive responses to the introduction of chronic illness into thefamily system.
A Case of Individual Rights versus the Common Good: "Right versus Right"
Authors: Stevens-Smith Patricia
Published: March 2007

Recently, in her capacity as a supervisor the author was presented with the following ethical dilemma: Her supervisee was seeing a client who told her that he was going to seekadmission to the author's counseling program. In addition, the supervisee expressed grave concerns about the client's ability to work as a counselor because of his alcohol problems-binge drinking and blackouts-and denial of the problems. This article addresses the following questions: What are a supervisor's ethical responsibilities to his or her supervisee and to the client? What are his or her ethical responsibilities as a faculty member with information about a potential student? Could there be legal implications of using this information to deny admission to the program?
Rehearsals for Growth: A Methodology for Using Theater Improvisation in MFT
Authors: Wiener Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

Borrowing techniques from improvisational theater, Rehearsals for Growth (RfG) is a method of using drama in the service of marital and family psychotherapy. Its primary focus is on enhancing and developing skills that promote good relationship functioning. Secondarily, it offers techniques for changing the stories that are cocreated about self and relationship. RfG is not a complete therapy but rather a growing body of techniques informed by a social constructivist perspective and a spirit ofplayfulness. Representative games and exercises are described that illustrate RfG methods.
Multiple-Family Group Treatment: The Underexplored Therapy
Authors: Thorngren Jill M. , Christensen Teresa M. , Kleist David M.
Published: March 2007

Multipl,e-family group therapy (MFGT) has been conducted since 1951. Even though personal accounts of the efficacy of MFGT have been consistently documented, current research in this area of counseling is sparse. The purposes of this review are to (a) explore the limited amount of MFGT research that has been conducted over the past 10 years, (b) inform couple andfamily therapists of the advantages of MFGTI and (3) discuss the implications for the future of MFGTfrom the five research articles reviewed herein.
Effects of Forgiveness of Perpetrators on Marital Adjustment for Survivors of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Holeman Virginia Todd , Myers Rita W.
Published: March 2007

The effects of forgiveness of perpetrators on survivors' marital adjustment and the effects of childhood sexual abuse on forgiveness were examined. A clinical sample of 63 married female survivors completed the Enright Forgiveness Inventory, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Childhood Experience Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. An ANOVA for dyadic adjustment with three levels of severity and two levels of forgiveness found significant main effectsfor forgiveness. Women with higher levels of forgiveness reported significantly higher marital adjustment scores than women with lower levels of forgiveness. Use of force, threat, and frequency accounted for 19% of the variance for the forgiveness criterion. Forgiveness was significantly and negatively correlated with perceived victimization. Forgiveness was recommended as an effective strategy for counseling childhood sexual abuse survivors.
Counseling Our Clients to Create Advance Directives
Authors: Ruben Ann Moliver
Published: March 2007

For counselors to help their clients create living wills that work, they must first become aware of what is involved in planning for the end-of-life issues. Oftentimes, living wills, known legally as advance directives, are not honored by doctors and hospitals. This article will help counselors know how to help their clients avoid these pitfalls.
Family Therapists and School Counselors: A Collaborative Endeavor
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Boveja Marsha E.
Published: March 2007

Working with families through a systemic model requires the therapist to reach out to allied professionals who may have a vested interest in and may be able to make a valuable contribution to the assessment and treatment plan for a given family. As perhaps the second most influential setting on the child’s development, the school and its professional staff can serve as an invaluable resource to the family therapist. A collaborative approach to family therapy is presented in this article.
The Diadic Measure of Environmental Congruence
Authors: Meir Elchanan I. , Tzadok Nizan
Published: March 2007

In the diadic method of measuring environmental congruence (or P-E Fit), the personality type of each individual in an environment is compared with that of each of the others in the same environment, using Holland's typology. Congruence score is defined as the mean of these comparisons, and the environmental homogeneity as the mean of the relevant congruence scores. In an effort to test the efficacy of this method, a study was conducted on 205 participants in 25 environments. Correlations of .22 and .46 were found between diadic congruence scores and satisfaction in individual and environmental analyses, respectively. These figures are similar to the correlations found between homogeneity and satisfaction (congruence and homogeneity correlated .81). A comprehensive interpretation of the findings, relating to environmental importance as well, is suggested.
Battered Women's Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: Further Insights and Contributing Factors
Authors: Brown Chris , Reedy Deepika , Fountain Janice , Johnson Amy , Dichiser Terri
Published: March 2007

A sample of battered women were surveyed regarding their perceived career barriers, self-esteem, locus of control, work-role attitudes, and self-efficacy for making career decisions. In addition, an investigation of these variables with respect to the battered woman's self-reported employment status was provided. Also included was an examination of battered women's beliefs about how the shelters could assist them in their career planning and implementation. Findings revealed that (a) unemployed battered women scored lower on career decision-making self-efficacy and endorsed a more traditional work role attitude as compared to employed battered women, (b) high self-esteem was related to greater self-efficacy for making career decisions, (c) an internal orientation was related to high self-esteem, and (d) higher perceptions of career barriers were related to an external expectancy. Further, self-esteem emerged as the most significant contributor to battered women's self-efficacy for career decision-making tasks. Battered women expressed assistance from shelters in finding secure employment and furthering their education.
Assessing Role Model Influences on Students' Academic and Vocational Decisions
Authors: Nauta Margaret M. , Kokaly Michelle L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes four studies that addressed the development and validation of an instrument that assesses the degree and type of role model influences on students' academic and vocational decisions. Factor analyses of the Influence of Others on Academic and Career Decisions Scale (IOACDS) yielded two factors that measure Support/Guidance and Inspiration/Modeling. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency estimates across studies were high. The Support/Guidance and Inspiration/Modeling subscales correlated in expected directions with measures of general social support, occupational information, career indecision, and career certainty, and they were not significantly related to a measure of social desirability. Only the Inspiration/Modeling subscale was significantly related to a measure of vocational identity. Suggestions are made for using the IOACDS in research and practice.
Assessing Career Decision-Making Difficulties: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Mau Wei-Cheng
Published: March 2007

This study examines the validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) in relation to its cultural relevance. Relationships between career decision-making difficulties and career indecision are also examined in relation to the two cultural groups, American and Taiwanese university students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) shows that the taxonomy of career decision-making difficulties can be reliably measured for American college students. However, the data based on the Taiwanese students has a relatively poor fit of the factorial model. Compared to the America students, Taiwanese students report more difficulties in career decision making and tend to be more indecisive in their career decision making. Differences in career decision- making difficulties between American and Taiwanese college students are discussed in light of cultural differences.
Factors Influencing Career Decision Making in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Albion Majella J. , Fogarty Gerard J.
Published: March 2007

The structure of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) was validated and compared across two age cohorts using Structural Equation Modelling. One hundred and twenty-one upper high school students (78 females, 43 males—mean age 15.92 years) participated in Study 1, while 127 adults (86 females, 41 males—mean age 33.44 years) completed the survey for Study 2. The model confirmed the multidimensional structure of the CDDQ, although five first-order factors provided a better fitting model than the three higher-order factors postulated. The model fit both groups, suggesting that a common pattern of difficulties was experienced by people of different ages, although older career deciders reported fewer difficulties on all CDDQ subscales than did students.
Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory
Authors: Crites John O. , Savickas Mark L.
Published: March 2007

Since the last edition of the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI; Crites, 1978a) was published, it has become increasingly apparent that a revision is needed. Five considerations directed the preparation and construction of the 1995 CMI: (a) to reduce administration and testing time, (b) to extend the CMI to the postsecondary adult levels, (c) to eliminate subscales, (d) to construct a collateral Career Developer (CDR) for the interpretation of the CMI, and (e) to offer both hand- and machine-scoring options for individuals and aggregate data analysis. The 1995 CMI was derived from the 1978 edition, but it is also based on previously unpublished longitudinal data for item selection, which augment the original cross-sectional data. In addition, new Competence Test items were written, with Agree and Disagree response options, to replace the former 5-response-place items. The 1995 CMI now consists of 25 Attitude scale items and 25 Competence Test items, each yielding a score that measures degree of career maturity of conative and cognitive variables, respectively. In addition, there is an overall career maturity score that is a composite of attitudes and competencies.
Development and Use of the Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Osipow Samuel H. , Temple Richard D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the rationale for the development of a skill- oriented career self-efficacy scale. It is believed that self-perceptions of these career self-efficacies at a skill-specific level can enable us to better study and understand the role of career self-efficacy beliefs in the career assessment and career development process. The procedures followed in the development of the instrument are described, along with a number of studies that have investigated various psychometric attributes of the instrument. Limitations, suggestions for improvements, and potential applications are also discussed.
The Career Assessment of Persons With Disabilities: A Review
Authors: Klein Michael A. , Wheaton Joe E. , Wilson Keith B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comprehensive career assessment model for working with persons with disabilities. This model includes the use of a comprehensive assessment of aptitudes, achievement, vocational interests, career maturity, and career-related self-efficacy as well as vocationally relevant medical, psychological, and vocational information. Finally, a process to integrate the information for use in career counseling is proposed. This process includes the use of a computerized transferability of skills analysis and job matching system to integrate the information and generate a listing of potential avenues for career exploration.
Career Assessment and Psychological Impairment: Integrating Inter-Domain and Work Dysfunctions Theory
Authors: Lowman Rodney L.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses issues of career assessment among individuals with psychological dysfunctions. It integrates the author's inter-domain (interest-ability-personality) theory of career assessment (Lowman, 1991) and his theory of work dysfunctions (Lowman, 1993, 1996) for purposes of career assessment and counseling with persons experiencing psychological problems. Hypotheses are generated consistent with the interaction of the two theories. Specifically, certain psychological conditions are predicted to be more commonly associated with particular occupational profiles. Implications for career assessment and counseling practice are suggested.
Adults in Involuntary Career Transition: An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Psychological and Career Domains
Authors: Heppner Mary J. , Fuller Bret E. , Multon Karen D.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined the relationship between psychological and career domains in a sample of 371 involuntarily laid off workers in the midwestern United States. The psychological domain was operationalized using the NEO Five Factor Inventory. The Career Transitions Inventory was used to examine internal psychological resources which adults may assess when making a career transition. A latent variable model was developed between the two sets of constructs to explore the possible direct relationships between these sets. The results indicated that neuroticism and openness to experience explained a significant amount of variance in the career transition variables. Self-efficacy was found to be predicted by four of the five personality factors. Implications concerning the importance of assessing underlying personality traits as well as more specific career constructs are discussed. In addition, the implications of these data for the greater integration of the psychological and career domains within our training programs is also highlighted.
Trade, Investment, and the Environment: Thailand
Authors: Jesdapipat Sitanon
Published: March 2007

Trade and investment have been Thailand's engines of economic growth and subsequent development. With environmental concerns at a new high, the traditional concept of the interrelation between trade, investment, and the environment in Thailand has changed tremendously in such a way that the environment has become an integral part of investment promotion, and trade is being shaped by domestic and international environmental pressures. Hazardous waste generation in the industrial sector is symbolic of policy and market failures. Privatization, as vividly pursued by the Thai government, is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to ensure Thailand's overall sustainable development in the industrial sector. Public education, broad-based civil participation, fair compensation to potential injured parties, and an increase in political will are but a few key elements for the successful management of the challenge.
MMPI-2 Normative Data for the F-K Index: Implications for Clinical Neuropsychological, and Forensic Practice
Authors: Rothke Steven E. , Friedman Alan F. , Dahlstrom W. Grant , Greene Roger L. , Arredondo Rudy , Mann Anne Whiddon
Published: March 2007

The F-K index has long been used as a validity indicator with the MMPI to help identify subjects who may be over- or underreporting psychological problems. The revision of the MMPI necessitates the collection of new norms and development of cutoff scores for the F-K index due to changes in the test itself as well as changes in the way subjects respond to items since the time of the development of the original test. Continuation of the use of old cutoff scores and clinical lore may lead to erroneous conclusions and decisions in the clinical and forensic arenas in which the index is used. MMPI-2 norms for the F-K index are provided for the standardization sample, and additional data are presented for samples of psychiatric patients, head injured patients, individuals seeking disability benefits, job applicants for police and priest positions, and substance abusers. Implications for use of the tables for interpretation of F-K scores are discussed.
The MMPI-2 Correction Factor for Closed-Head Injury: A Caveat for Forensic Cases
Authors: Dunn John T. , Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: March 2007

This study empirically tests Gass's suggestion that the MMPI-2 is not appropriate for head-injured patients without a correction factor. Findings from the present study suggest that for forensic neuropsychological evaluations, the use of a correction factor is not supported. Endorsement rates on the 14 neurologically related items were compared between 59 head-injured subjects undergoing a forensic neuropsychological evaluation and 102 nonhead-injured subjects undergoing a forensic psychological evaluation. Results showed differential response frequencies on only 5 of the 14 neurologically related items. Mean T-score differences on affected scales (1, 2, 3, and 8) between standard scoring and subtracting the 5 significant items were negligible and not clinically significant. Thus, a correction factor for the MMPI-2 is not recommended in forensic neuropsychological evaluations.
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the Detection of Defensiveness
Authors: Cashel Mary Louise , Rogers Richard , Sewell Kenneth , Martin-Cannici Cynthia
Published: March 2007

The use of scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to detect defensiveness in criminal and nonclinical samples was evaluated. Forty-five male inmates of a county jail and 38 male undergraduate psychology students were provided with incentives to complete the PAI under two conditions: standard instructions and experimental instructions to feign a specific, positive role. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) yielded significant main effects of condition (responding honestly or defensively), order (standard vs. defensive instructions first) and group (student or offender). A step-wise discriminant function analysis significantly predicted honest and feigning conditions with a hit rate of 84.1%. A more effective cutting score for the Positive Impression scale is recommended.
A Neuropsychological Approach to the Rorschach in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Perry William , Potterat Eric , Auslander Lisa , Kaplan Edith , Jeste Dilip
Published: March 2007

This paper presents two neuropsychological approaches to using the Rorschach test with patients diagnosed with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT). The first approach examined Rorschach variables from the Comprehensive System (CS) within the context of the cardinal neuropsychological deficits. The second approach illustrated a "process approach" to scoring linguistic errors and perseverations on the Rorschach test via the introduction of a new scale. DAT patients were significantly different from normal comparison participants on selected CS variables but were not significantly different on CS measures of deviant verbalization and perseverations. Significant differences between the two groups were observed for linguistic errors and perseverations when the Rorschach protocols were rescored using the new scale. Furthermore, the types of linguistic and perseveration differences observed on the Rorschach test might be specific to the characteristic deficits of DAT. The findings are interpreted within a neuropsychological framework and are offered as support for the use of the Rorschach as a neuropsychological problem-solving test.
Validation of Reliable Digits for Detection of Malingering
Authors: Meyers John E. , Volbrecht Marie
Published: March 2007

This study is a cross validation of the previous work by Greiffenstein, Baker, and Gola (1994) and Greiffenstein, Gola, and Baker (1995) on the Reliable Digits (RD) method of detecting possible malingering. This study consisted of 47 mild brain-injured litigating and 49 mild brain-injured non-litigating participants. The result of this study was that only 4.1% of the non-litigating participants were classified as malingering by RD, while 48.9% of the litigating participants were classified as malingering by RD. Comparing litigating participants' performance on a forced choice task with their RD revealed that 77.8% (7/9) who failed the forced choice task also failed RD. RD classified more litigating patients as malingering than did the forced choice task and none of the non-litigating participants failed forced choice. These findings underscore the previous recommendations of Greiffenstein et al. (1994, 1995), that it is important to assess motivation on specific neuropsychological tests and that motivation on neuropsychological tests is not an all or none phenomenon.
Measuring Social Competence with the Wechsler Picturei Arrangement and Comprehension Subtests
Authors: Campbell Jonathan M. , McCord David M.
Published: March 2007

Authors tested the traditional assumption that the WAIS-R and WISC-R Picture Arrangement and Comprehension subtests are interpretable as measures of social competence. Although this assumption has existed for over 50 years, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this contention. Performance on Picture Arrangement and Comprehension were correlated with Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) FACTOR II: Social Incompetence and Social Skills Scale scores for 136 males and 64 females ranging from 6 to 20 years of age. Correlations between Picture Arrangement and Comprehension scaled scores and PIC measures of social deficiencies were not significant for either the WISC-R or WAIS-R. However, ipsative scatter analyses revealed that participants with relatively strong Comprehension performance were rated as experiencing fewer social problems than other participants. Interpreting Picture Arrangement and Comprehension subtests as indicators of social competence is cautioned.
Measuring the Jungian Personality Types of Hispanic High School Students
Authors: Mittag Kathleen C.
Published: March 2007

Measures of normal variations in personality, called "psychological type," are frequently used in education (e.g., to identify learning styles) and counseling (e.g., in career counseling). However, the most frequently-used measure of types, developed by Myers and Briggs, has been criticized on various psychometric grounds. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of an alternative measure, the Personal Preferences Self-Description Questionnaire (PPSDQ), which employs normative rather than ipsative (forced-choice) items. Because previous studies of the measure have primarily used older and highly literate participants, the present study was conducted with 328 Hispanic high school students to determine whether the sound psychometric quality of PPSDQ scores was compromised by vocabulary or language issues. The results of reliability and factor analyses were generally favorable as regards PPSDQ score integrity.
Humoral Phototransduction: Blood Is a Messenger
Authors: Oren Dan A.
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon the premise that there is a parsimony to nature, the author proposes that heme moieties and bile pigments in animals mediate some non-visual influences of light upon neuroactive gases and biological rhythms. Primary abnormalities in synthesis and regulation of blood and bile may, therefore, cause some neuropsychiatric illnesses. Light may play a critical role in neurotransmission. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:207-210, 1996
The Role of Ion Channels in Cell Proliferation
Authors: Ullrich Nicole
Published: March 2007

Significant progress has been made in identifying physiologically important growth fac tors, receptors, and signal transduction pathways involved in the control of normal and malignant cell proliferation. More recent studies suggest that changes in the proliferative state of a cell are coupled to specific changes in membrane properties, which suggests that there are links between ion channel activity and cell proliferation in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Changes in ion channel expression may be necessary to permit cell cycle progression and, ultimately, cell proliferation. The potential mechanisms in volved in the translation of ion channel activity into changes in gene expression are discussed. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:70-73, 1999
Strategies to Elicit and Analyze Relational Family Data
Authors: Bell Linda , Paul Denise , Tribble Denise St-Cyr , Goulet Celine
Published: March 2007

Within the paradigm of qualitative methods of inquiry and data analysis are interesting avenues to address the complex task of capturing the family’s experience from a transactional viewpoint. The purposes of this article are to identify strategies for creating family-based data as well as to offer a theoretical discussion of how data analysis can attend to and enhance the knowledge base of the family experience. This discussion will be anchored within the description of an ongoing research study involving the examination of the process of parent-infant attachment. In this research, the processes of maternal and paternal attachments to their infants are regarded as co-constructed phenomena within the family environment. In this context, conceptualization of family interactional variables, strategies to elicit these variables, and paths to qualitative analysis of the data are presented.
Part 1: Transforming Family Nursing Theory: From Mechanicism to Contextualism
Authors: Hartrick Gwen A.
Published: March 2007

Although the systems metaphor has been useful in conceptualizing families, at this time in our evolution offamily nursing theory and practice it is essential that we begin to broaden our understanding and conceptualization offamily. Evolving out of a contextual worldview, this article presents an alternate metaphor to address aspects of family that are not captured by the systems metaphor. Based on a narrative perspectivefamily is envisioned as a polyphony of voices in dialogical relationship. This narrative conceptualization of family emphasizes the ineffable nature of "family," and acknowledges the diversity of meanings and experiences family may draw forth in people's lives. Based on this reconceptualization offamily, the author underscores the necessity of developing new approaches to family nursing practice. The author suggests phenomenological inquiry as a foundation for contextual family nursing practice.
Science and Medical Coverage in the Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post
Authors: LOGAN ROBERT A. , ZENGJUN PENG , WILSON NANCY FRASER
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of the science, medical, and environmental news reported in the Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post in biennial periods from 1989 to 1995 explored seven hypotheses about science reporting, news selection, and writing that were derived from the qualitatively based literature. Outcome variables were the percentage of news stories that are generated by events or are episodically generated, of news stories that are generated by science issues, of news stories with an embedded human interest component, of news stories with an embedded educational/informative component, of conflicts between scientists embedded as a writing motif, of news stories with a focus on pioneer science, and of news stories with a focus on textbook science. Five of the seven hypotheses with regard to the overall frequencies of science-reporting motifs within both newspapers were rejected. Expected qualitative patterns received only partial and equivocal support within the time periods surveyed. The findings suggest that science journalism performance, if assessed over longer periods of time, may vary from some qualitative case-study presumptions. Case studies of science news may not reflect a news organization's overall reporting, editing, and news selection trends, which appear to be more broadly prudent and responsible within the newspapers surveyed than some previous scholarship suggests.
Touring the Scientific Web
Authors: PETERSON IVARS
Published: March 2007

The World Wide Web has provided the general public with access to massive amounts of information that was often previously difficult to find or perhaps even inaccessible. Sorting through the scientific and medical information that is now available on the Web, however, is a daunting task. It is often difficult to assess the credibility of a source of information or the reliability of the information itself. This article provides an overview of a variety of science-related Web sites.
Misreading Science in the Twentieth Century
Authors: BUDD JOHN M.
Published: March 2007

Instances of fraud and misconduct in science, along with debates regarding the nature of science and scientific practice, have led to some challenges in the reading of scientific texts. Applying the frameworks of reception theory and reader-response criticism is helpful in understanding the variations in the readings of the texts, as well as the reasons for the differing readings. The textual aspect of scientific communication illustrates both the realist and the social elements of scientific practice and the problems for reception presented by the complex dynamics of communicating scientific work.
Explaining Policymakers' Use of Policy Information
Authors: Webber David J.
Published: March 2007

Previous efforts to explain policymakers' limited are of policy rescarch gerieraly have not considered the opportunities and constraints presented by specific decision-making contexts; more specifically, this earlier research does not consider the different motivations of policymakers and their relative impact on use of policy information. This analysis of policy information use by a specific set of policymakers—Indiana state legislators—considers the relative importance of legislators' job-images compared to the importance of their basic worldview and personal attitudes and attributes. This article contains five parts. First, a general causal model of legislators' use of policy information consisting of four rival hypothesis is presented. Second, the definition and measurement of "policy information use" is discussed. Next, the two-communities theory is presented and the results of previous research are briefly reviewed. Fourth, legislators' objectives, job-images, and attributes considered in the causal model are defined and measured. The last section formulates and estimates a causal model of legislators' use of policy information.
Farmers' Personality Related to Implementation of Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Barton Keith , Grieshop James I. , Miyao Gene , Zalom Frank G.
Published: March 2007

Although integrated pest management (IPM) practices have been shown to be socially and economically beneficial to those who implement them, lower than expected rates of adoption have been found Personality (or cognitive) variables related to implementation of specific IPM practices by farmers were studied for the purpose of using personality attributes as predictors of adoption. Specific personality variables were reasonably powerful in predicting adoption and nonadoption. Implications for the diffusion and adoption of agricultural practices are discussed.
Edited Excerpts From a Smithsonian Seminar Series
Authors: Borden Carla M. , Zilczer Judith K. , Stuart Jan , Guggenheim Charles E.
Published: March 2007

In the first of three excerpts from seminars on collaborative knowledge generation in the arts, the sciences, and the humanities, two art curators and a filmmaker discuss the meaning of collaboration in their fields. Judith K. Ztlczer explores how 20th-century artists and art curators collaborate in creating new aesthetic expressions. Jan Stuart explains that, in Chinese painting, additions to a scroll by calligraphers or other painters is considered artistic collaboration with the original artist. Charles E. Guggenheim argues that filmmaking follows a different model, in which a single strong visionary identifies and enlists the talents of others in "a collaboration of compromise."
Science Policies and Cooperation in Africa
Authors: Gaillard Jacques
Published: March 2007

Starting nearly from scratch in the early 1960s, Africa has experienced an academic boom and an impressive increase of scientists, much of the growth occurring in the 1970s. Valiant efforts have also been made to build up national research systems. But the results are far from satisfactory and the conditions under which scientific research is carried out in Africa today are clearly deteriorating. This situation has brought increasing concern among funding agencies and African decision makers who are now looking for new approaches and strategies for scientific cooperation. Following a brief overview of scientific research in Africa, the debate on African research and the evolution of policies supporting science and technology for development from the 1960s onward are reviewed. Donors' strategies, for the most part, are to argue for a revision of domestic policies on research management toward a policy of regional inte gration and of selective support to a limited number of "centers of excellence. " The questions raised by these new strategies are examined in the conclusion of this article.
The Sin of Science
Authors: Ravetz Jerome R.
Published: March 2007

The idea of ignorance of ignorance is quite unfamiliar. Indeed, scientific culture generally suppresses awareness of ignorance. But ignorance of ignorance was quite well-known from Plato and Socrates onward; it became unpopular in the scientific revolution with Galileo and Descartes. Since then, the triumphalist faith that science would provide the good and the true has put ignorance to one side, and led scientists to the sin of pride in their scientific conquests. The present predicaments require a renewal of an attitude of humility; and for that, the third prophet of the scientific revolution, Francis Bacon, has words that one would do well to heed
It Loses Something in the Translation
Authors: WALTERS LYNNE MASEL , WALTERS T. N.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between public relations practitioner and journalist in the transmission of the language of science to the public. By comparing the output of a public relations office with the newspaper stories that appeared as a result of the office's effort, the authors show that while newspapers simplify both science and nonscience releases, some science stories are less edited than nonscience releases. The findings support the notion that the media sharpen and level science stories, but they also suggest that simple apportionment of releases and articles into science and nonscience categories does not fully explain the process. That is because some science stories are edited differently than other science stories.
Objectivity as Independence
Authors: PALEN JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

After its founding in the United States in 1989, the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEJ) grew rapidly, despite self-imposed limits put in place to protect what members believed to be an important journalistic virtue—independence of vested interests. SEJ's stand on this issue raised numerous conflicts within the organization. In working out the conflicts, SEJ contributed to a clearer definition of the practice of environmental journalism in the United States in a time of rapid change in the field. Its experience demonstrated the continuing, although limited, utility of journalistic objectivity as a standard around which practitioners could organize themselves.
Hospital Choice Models: A Review and Assessment of their Utility for Policy Impact Analysis
Authors: Porell Frank W. , Adams E. Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The changing competitive hospital environment and recent greater availability of patient origin data have stimulated an increased research interest in factors influencing the reason patients are admitted to one hospital over another. Hospital marketers and managed care planners seek information for attracting patients and for negotiating hospital provider networks, respectively. Hospital choice models can help regulators make better informed assessments of the welfare implications of proposed mergers or closures. The literature shows the development of increasingly sophisticated models and techniques for analysis of hospital choice. Recent studies have also related the findings to health policy issues. This review summarizes the historical developments and the cumulative knowledge gained about hospital choice to date, identifies some key issues in need of greater attention, and assesses the potential strengths and limitations of contemporary choice models for making policy impact assessments.
Is there a U.S. Drug Lag? The Timing of New Pharmaceutical Approvals in the G-7 Countries and Switzerland
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Schweitzer Maurice E. , Guellec Marie-Jo Sourty-Le
Published: March 2007

To test whether the United States is slow in approving new drugs, the date of approval of 34 important pharmaceuticals approved in the United States between 1970 and 1988 were compared with those of the other G-7 countries plus Switzerland. The drugs studied in the analysis were designated as having been especially important and therapeutically significant at the time of their approval by panels of physicians and pharmacists in the United States and France. Drug lags were measured for each country for each drug by computing the number of months elapsed from the time a drug was first approved by one of the countries in this sample. Although Switzerland was found to approve drugs generally more quickly than other countries, differences between countries tended to be small. The United States was relatively fast in approving the drugs, countering the contention that it suffers from a substantial drug lag.
Selection Bias in Prenatal Care Utilization: An Interdisciplinary Framework and Review of the Literature
Authors: Frick Kevin D. , Lantz Paula M.
Published: March 2007

Since there are no randomized trials of standard prenatal care, it is difficult to assess its impact on birth outcomes without controlling for selection processes that can inhibit or promote its use. In this article, we develop a typology of selection processes in prenatal care utilization, identifying four distinct types of selection and their possible biasing effects on estimates of prenatal care efficacy. Second, using an interdisciplinary frame-work, we review the published studies on birth outcomes that consider selectivity in prenatal care, all of which have been published in the economics literature. The results from these studies suggest that selectivity in the use of care does exist and that the predominant process is one of adverse selection. This implies that analyses failing to control for selection will underestimate the effects of prenatal care. Third, we discuss the public health policy implications of these findings and offer an agenda for future research.