bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Westwood Greg S , Huang Shih-Wen , Keyhani Nemat O
Published: January 2005

Background

Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. Although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of Beauveria species has not been widely studied.

Methods

IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. Skin reactivity to B. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal skin testing.

Results

Immunoblots of fungal extracts with pooled as well as individual sera showed a distribution of IgE reactive proteins present in B. bassiana crude extracts. Proteinase K digestion of extracts resulted in loss of IgE reactive epitopes, whereas EndoH and PNGaseF (glycosidase) treatments resulted in minor changes in IgE reactive banding patterns as determined by Western blots. Immunoblot inhibitions experiments showed complete loss of IgE-binding using self protein, and partial inhibition using extracts from common allergenic fungi including; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, Candida albicans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Penicillium notatum. Several proteins including a strongly reactive band with an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa was uninhibited by any of the tested extracts, and may represent B. bassiana specific allergens. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the in vitro results, demonstrating allergenic reactions in a number of individuals, including those who have had occupational exposure to B. bassiana.

Conclusions

Beauveria bassiana possesses numerous IgE reactive proteins, some of which are cross-reactive among allergens from other fungi. A strongly reactive potential B. bassiana specific allergen (35 kDa) was identified. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the allergenic potential of B. bassiana.
Source Credibility and Attitude Certainty: A Metacognitive Analysis of Resistance to Persuasion
Authors: Tormala Zakary L. , Petty Richard E.
Published: January 2005

Recent research (Tormala & Petty, 2002) has demonstrated that when people resist persuasion, they can perceive this resistance and become more certain of their initial attitudes. This research explores the role of source credibility in determining when this effect occurs. In two experiments, participants received a counterattitudinal persuasive message. When participants counterargued this message, they became more certain of their attitudes, but only when it came from a source with high expertise. When the message came from a source with low expertise, resisting it had no impact on attitude certainty. This effect was shown using both a traditional measure of attitude certainty (Experiment 1) and a well‐established consequence of certainty—the correspondence between attitudes and behavioral intentions (Experiment 2). In addition, the effect was confined to high elaboration conditions, and occurred even when participants were not explicitly instructed to counterargue. These results are consistent with a metacognitive framework proposed to understand resistance to persuasion.
The Second Face of Evil: Wrongdoing in and by the Corporation
Authors: Lee Hamilton V. , Sanders Joseph
Published: January 2005

The second face of evil is hurtful, rather than malevolent. We argue that this is likely to be the form of wrongdoing characteristic of corporate actors. This article views the corporation at 3 levels: the individual self-interested actors within it, the individual actors who respond to their hierarchical position, and the hierarchy (corporation) it-self Research shows that action inside complex organizations such as corporations is not necessarily more rational and informed by greater foresight than individual actions, but several studies indicate that individuals hold organizations to a higher level of responsibility than individuals committing similar acts, and they do so in part because they perceive organizations to enjoy greater foresight. We address this paradox by suggesting that future research address how the corporation 's obligations to foresee consequences and the sheer, primitive consequences themselves may shape perceptions of corporate foreseeability.
The Social Construction of Violence: The Case of Sexual and Domestic Violence
Authors: Muehlenhard Charlene L. , Kimes Leigh Ann
Published: January 2005

What counts as “violence” is socially constructed, has varied over time, and reflects power relationships. Informed by social constructionism, we illustrate these points using as examples sexual violence and domestic violence. We review changes in how society and social scientists have defined and understood these topics during the last 30 years. We then discuss 3 areas of continuing controversy: who should decide if sexual or domestic violence has occurred, what to count as sexual and domestic violence, and the role of gender in defining sexual and domestic violence.
Accounting for Evil and Cruelty: Is to Explain to Condone?
Authors: Miller Arthur G. , Gordon Anne K. , Buddie Amy M.
Published: January 2005

Analysts of evil and violence express the concern that to explain harmdoing may result in a condoning attitude toward perpetrators. An examination of research relevant to this hypothesis suggests that there are a variety of cognitive and affective processes that may produce a relatively condoning attitude toward perpetrators as a result of explaining their actions. Evidence from 3 exploratory studies supported the exonerating effects of explanations. Participants generating explicit explanations of harmdoing displayed a more condoning attitude toward perpetrators than did those forming impressions of perpetrators without first explaining the acts. Participants reading social-psychological explanations of harmdoing also judged the researcher to be more condoning of perpetrators than those reading dispositional explanations of the same behavior. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Homologous Desensitization of the Human and Mouse Melanocortin 1 Receptors
Authors: Sánchez-Más Jesús , Guillo Lidia A. , Zanna Paola , Jiménez-Cervantes Celia , García-Borrón José C.
Published: January 2005

The melanocortin 1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase, is a key regulator of epidermal melanocyte proliferation and differentiation and a determinant of human skin phototype and skin cancer risk. Despite its potential importance for regulation of pigmentation, no information is available on homologous desensitization of this receptor. We found that the human melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and its mouse ortholog (Mc1r) undergo homologous desensitization in melanoma cells. Desensitization is not dependent on protein kinase A, protein kinase C, calcium mobilization, or MAPKs, but is agonist dose-dependent. Both melanoma cells and normal melanocytes express two members of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, GRK2 and GRK6. Cotransfection of the receptor and GRK2 or GRK6 genes in heterologous cells demonstrated that GRK2 and GRK6 impair agonist-dependent signaling by MC1R or Mc1r. However, GRK6, but not GRK2, was able to inhibit MC1R agonist-independent constitutive signaling. Expression of a dominant negative GRK2 mutant in melanoma cells increased their cAMP response to agonists. Agonist-stimulated cAMP production decreased in melanoma cells enriched with GRK6 after stable transfection. Therefore, GRK2 and GRK6 seem to be key regulators of melanocortin 1 receptor signaling and may be important determinants of skin pigmentation.
Akt Activation Is Required at a Late Stage of Insulin-Induced GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: van Dam Ellen M. , Govers Roland , James David E.
Published: January 2005

Insulin stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane (PM). This involves multiple steps as well as multiple intracellular compartments. The Ser/Thr kinase Akt has been implicated in this process, but its precise role is ill defined. To begin to dissect the role of Akt in these different steps, we employed a low-temperature block. Upon incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 19 C, GLUT4 accumulated in small peripheral vesicles with a slight increase in PM labeling concomitant with reduced trans-Golgi network labeling. Although insulin-dependent translocation of GLUT4 to the PM was impaired at 19 C, we still observed movement of vesicles toward the surface. Strikingly, insulin-stimulated Akt activity, but not phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity, was blocked at 19 C. Consistent with a multistep process in GLUT4 trafficking, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation could be primed by treating cells with insulin at 19 C, whereas this was not the case for Akt activation. These data implicate two insulin-regulated steps in GLUT4 translocation: 1) redistribution of GLUT4 vesicles toward the cell cortex—this process is Akt-independent and is not blocked at 19 C; and 2) docking and/or fusion of GLUT4 vesicles with the PM—this process may be the major Akt-dependent step in the insulin regulation of glucose transport.
Distinct subcellular location of the Ca2+-binding protein S100A1 differentially modulates Ca2+-cycling in ventricular rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Most Patrick , Boerries Melanie , Eicher Carmen , Schweda Christopher , Völkers Mirko , Wedel Thilo , Söllner Stefan , Katus Hugo A. , Remppis Andrew , Aebi Ueli , Koch Walter J. , Schoenenberger Cora-Ann
Published: January 2005

Calcium is a key regulator of cardiac function and is modulated through the Ca2+-sensor protein S100A1. S100 proteins are considered to exert both intracellular and extracellular functions on their target cells. Here we report the impact of an increased intracellular S100A1 protein level on Ca2+-homeostasis in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes in vitro. Specifically, we compare the effects of exogenously added recombinant S100A1 to those resulting from the overexpression of a transduced S100A1 gene. Extracellularly added S100A1 enhanced the Ca2+-transient amplitude in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NVCMs) through a marked decrease in intracellular diastolic Ca2+-concentrations ([Ca2+]i). The decrease in [Ca2+]i was independent of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) activity and was probably the result of an increased sarcolemmal Ca2+-extrusion through the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX). At the same time the Ca2+-content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) decreased. These effects were dependent on the uptake of extracellularly added S100A1 protein and its subsequent routing to the endosomal compartment. Phospholipase C and protein kinase C, which are tightly associated with this subcellular compartment, were found to be activated by endocytosed S100A1.

By contrast, adenoviral-mediated intracellular S100A1 overexpression enhanced the Ca2+-transient amplitude in NVCMs mainly through an increase in systolic [Ca2+]i. The increased Ca2+-load in the SR was based on an enhanced SERCA2a activity while NCX function was unaltered. Overexpressed S100A1 colocalized with SERCA2a and other Ca2+-regulatory proteins at the SR, whereas recombinant S100A1 protein that had been endocytosed did not colocalize with SR proteins. This study provides the first evidence that intracellular S100A1, depending on its subcellular location, modulates cardiac Ca2+-turnover via different Ca2+-regulatory proteins.
Neurite extension in central neurons: a novel role for the receptor tyrosine kinases Ror1 and Ror2
Authors: Paganoni Sabrina , Ferreira Adriana
Published: January 2005

Neurite elongation and branching are key cellular events during brain development as they underlie the formation of a properly wired neuronal network. Here we report that the receptor tyrosine kinases Ror1 and Ror2 modulate the growth of neurites as well as their branching pattern in hippocampal neurons. Upon Ror1 or Ror2 suppression using antisense oligonucleotides or RNA interference (RNAi), neurons extended shorter and less branched minor processes when compared to those in control cells. In addition, Ror-depleted cells elongated longer, albeit less branched, axons than seen in control cells. Conversely, Ror overexpression both in non-neuronal cells and in hippocampal neurons resulted in the enhanced extension of short and highly branched processes. These phenotypes were accompanied by changes in the microtubule-associated proteins MAP1B and MAP2. Taken together, these results support a novel role for Ror receptors as modulators of neurite extension in central neurons.
RNA localization mechanisms in oocytes
Authors: Kloc Malgorzata , Etkin Laurence D.
Published: January 2005

In many animals, normal development depends on the asymmetric distribution of maternal determinants, including various coding and noncoding RNAs, within the oocyte. The temporal and spatial distribution of localized RNAs is determined by intricate mechanisms that regulate their movement and anchoring. These mechanisms involve cis-acting sequences within the RNA molecules and a multitude of trans-acting factors, as well as a polarized cytoskeleton, molecular motors and specific transporting organelles. The latest studies show that the fates of localized RNAs within the oocyte cytoplasm are predetermined in the nucleus and that nuclear proteins, some of them deposited on RNAs during splicing, together with the components of the RNA-silencing pathway, dictate the proper movement, targeting, anchoring and translatability of localized RNAs.
Research on Hybrid Absorption Based on Acoustic Impedance
Authors: Congyun Zhu , Qibai Huang
Published: January 2005

In this paper, a new hybrid absorption system is posed which is composed of a layer absorbent material and a movable rigid wall. The speed of the movable rigid wall is adjusted in order to make the acoustic impedance of the absorption material match the acoustic impedance of the air, so that the absorption coefficient is maximal. Finally, a numerical calculation and an experiment are carried out, both numerical and experimental results of such a system are presented for a normally incident plane wave. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the absorption effect is effecting at middle and low frequencies and imperfect in high frequencies where passive absorption is dominant.
Reducing Whole-Body Vibration by Geometric Repair of Pavements
Authors: Granlund N.O Johan , Lindström Fredrik
Published: January 2005

Many road users suffer from back pain, fatigue, drowsiness and motion sickness. Such problems are often related to low frequency vibration. While vehicle suspension systems efficiently isolate vibration caused by road texture and short-wave roughness, they often amplify vibration at lower frequencies. Sources of these motions are large variance of cross fall and long-wave roughness; geometric road features longer/wider than vehicle body dimensions. Traditional 35 mm asphalt overlay only partially reduces such road damage, while repairing short-wave roughness efficiently. The most efficient method to reduce vehicle low frequency vibration is geometric large-scale repair of pavements. This paper presents a method for such road repair, using Computer Aided Design of the levelling course and milling works. Use of the CAD method offers an opportunity to – within the road managers' budget frame – optimize road repair to reduce human whole-body vibration in vehicles.
Brachial plexus palsy secondary to birth injuries
Authors: Kirkos J. M. , Kyrkos M. J. , Kapetanos G. A. , Haritidis J. H.
Published: January 2005

We describe the long-term results in ten patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy of anterior shoulder release combined with transfer of teres major and latissimus dorsi posteriorly and laterally to allow them to act as external rotators. Eight patients had a lesion of the superior trunk and two some involvement of the entire brachial plexus. The mean age at operation was six years, and the mean follow-up was 30 years.

Before operation, the patients were unable actively to rotate the arm externally beyond neutral, although this movement was passively normal. All showed decreased strength of the external rotator, but had normal strength of the internal rotator muscles. Radiologically, no severe bony changes were seen in the glenohumeral joint.

No clinically detectable improvement of active abduction was noted in any patient. The mean active external rotation after operation was 36.5°. This was maintained for a mean of ten years, and then deteriorated in eight patients. At the latest follow-up the mean active external rotation was 10.5°.

The early satisfactory results of the procedure were not maintained. In the long term there was loss of active external rotation, possibly because of gradual degeneration of the transferred muscles, contracture of the surrounding soft tissues and degenerative changes in the glenohumeral joint.
Late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia
Authors: Belthur M. V. , Bradish C. F. , Gibbons P. J.
Published: January 2005

Between 1990 and 2001, 24 children aged between 15 months and 11 years presented with late orthopaedic sequelae after meningococcal septicaemia. The median time to presentation was 32 months (12 to 119) after the acute phase of the disease. The reasons for referral included angular deformity, limb-length discrepancy, joint contracture and problems with prosthetic fitting. Angular deformity with or without limb-length discrepancy was the most common presentation. Partial growth arrest was the cause of the angular deformity. Multiple growth-plate involvement occurred in 14 children. The lower limbs were affected much more often than the upper. Twenty-three children underwent operations for realignment of the mechanical axis and limb-length equalisation. In 15 patients with angular deformity around the knee the deformity recurred. As a result we recommend performing a realignment procedure with epiphysiodesis of the remaining growth plate when correcting angular deformities.
Exercise-induced strain and strain rate in the distal radius
Authors: Földhazy Z. , Arndt A. , Milgrom C. , Finestone A. , Ekenman I.
Published: January 2005

Strains applied to bone can stimulate its development and adaptation. High strains and rates of strain are thought to be osteogenic, but the specific dose response relationship is not known. In vivo human strain measurements have been performed in the tibia to try to identify optimal bone strengthening exercises for this bone, but no measurements have been performed in the distal radial metaphysis, the most frequent site of osteoporotic fractures. Using a strain gauged bone staple, in vivo dorsal metaphyseal radial strains and rates of strain were measured in ten female patients during activities of daily living, standard exercises and falls on extended hands. Push-ups and falling resulted in the largest compression strains (median 1345 to 3146 με, equivalent to a 0.1345% to 0.3146% length change) and falling exercises in the largest strain rates (18 582 to 45 954 με/s). On the basis of their high strain and/or strain rates these or variations of these exercises may be appropriate for distal radial metaphyseal bone strengthening.
The Oxford hip and knee outcome questionnaires for arthroplasty
Authors: Pynsent P. B. , Adams D. J. , Disney S. P.
Published: January 2005

The Oxford hip and knee scores are used to measure the outcome after primary total hip and knee replacement. We propose a new layout for the instrument in which patients are always asked about both limbs. In addition, we have defined an alternative scoring method which accounts for missing data. Over a period of 4.5 years, 4086 (1423 patients) and 5708 (1458 patients) questionnaires were completed for hips and knees, respectively. The hip score had a pre-operative median of 70.8 (interquartile range (IQR) 58.3 to 81.2) decreasing to 20.8 (IQR 10.4 to 35.4) after one year. The knee score had a pre-operative median of 68.8 (IQR 56.2 to 79.2) decreasing to 29.2 (IQR 14.6 to 45.8). There was no further significant change in either score after one year. As a result of the data analysis, we suggest that the score percentiles can be used as a standard for auditing patients before and after operation.
Primary semi-constrained arthroplasty for chronic fracture-dislocations of the elbow
Authors: Mighell M. A. , Dunham R. C. , Rommel E. A. , Frankle M. A.
Published: January 2005

We present six patients with chronic dislocation of the elbow who were treated by primary semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. All were women with a mean age of 65 years (51 to 76), the mean interval between dislocation and surgery was 17 weeks (5 to 52) and the mean follow-up 58 months (24 to 123).

The most dramatic improvement was in function. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon score was 5.2 times better (p < 0.001) and the mean total range of movement increased from 33° to 121° (p < 0.001) after operation. Three patients developed wear of polyethylene. One required revision for a periprosthetic fracture, and another required a bushing exchange.

Primary semiconstrained elbow arthroplasty provides significant, predictable functional improvement. Potential solutions for wear of polyethylene include a different operative technique or design of implant. Despite the high incidence of such wear, total elbow arthroplasty should be considered as a viable treatment option for chronic dislocation of the elbow in elderly patients.
A computer touch-screen version of the North American Spine Society outcome assessment instrument for the lumbar spine
Authors: Schaeren S. , Bischoff-Ferrari H. A. , Knupp M. , Dick W. , Huber J. F. , Theiler R.
Published: January 2005

We validated the North American Spine Society (NASS) outcome-assessment instrument for the lumbar spine in a computerised touch-screen format and assessed patients’ acceptance, taking into account previous computer experience, age and gender.

Fifty consecutive patients with symptomatic and radiologically-proven degenerative disease of the lumbar spine completed both the hard copy (paper) and the computerised versions of the NASS questionnaire. Statistical analysis showed high agreement between the paper and the touch-screen computer format for both subscales (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94, 95% confidence interval (0.90 to 0.97)) independent of computer experience, age and gender. In total, 55% of patients stated that the computer format was easier to use and 66% preferred it to the paper version (p < 0.0001 among subjects expressing a preference). Our data indicate that the touch-screen format is comparable to the paper form. It may improve follow-up in clinical practice and research by meeting patients’ preferences and minimising administrative work.
Treatment of infected retained implants
Authors: Trebse R. , Pisot V. , Trampuz A.
Published: January 2005

We have prospectively studied the outcome of infections associated with implants which were retained and treated using a standardised antimicrobial protocol. Over a period of four years, we studied 24 consecutive patients who had symptoms of infection for less than one year, a stable implant, no sinus tract and a known pathogen which was susceptible to recommended antimicrobial agents. The infections involved hip prostheses (14), knee prostheses (5), an internal fixation device (4), and an ankle prosthesis (1).

Twenty patients had a successful outcome at a median follow-up of 3.7 years (1.8 to 4.7); four had failure of the implant after a median follow-up of 1.2 years (0.3 to 2.5). The probability of survival without failure of treatment was 96% at one year (95% confidence interval (CI) 88 to 100), 92% at two years (95% CI 80 to 100) and 86% at three years (95% CI 72 to 100).

Patients with a short-term infection but with a stable implant, no sinus tract and a known pathogen may be successfully treated by retention of the implant and the use of a standardised regimen of antimicrobial treatment.
Is there a role for extended antibiotic therapy in a two-stage revision of the infected knee arthroplasty?
Authors: Hoad-Reddick D. A. , Evans C. R. , Norman P. , Stockley I.
Published: January 2005

All major studies have incorporated the use of prolonged courses of parenteral or oral antibiotic therapy in the management of two-stage revision of an infected total knee arthroplasty. We present a series of 59 consecutive patients, all with microbiologically-proven deep infection of a total knee arthroplasty, in whom a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy was not routinely used. The mean follow-up was 56.4 months (24 to 114).

Of the 38 patients who underwent a staged exchange, infection was successfully eradicated in 34 (89%) but recurrent or persistent infection was present in four (11%). Our rate of cure for infection is similar to that reported elsewhere. We conclude that a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy seems not to alter the incidence of recurrent or persistent infection. The costs of the administration of antibiotics are high and such a regime may be unnecessary.
Intron Retention: A Common Splicing Event within the Human Kallikrein Gene Family
Authors: Michael Iacovos P , Kurlender Lisa , Memari Nader , Yousef George M , Du Daisy , Grass Linda , Stephan Carsten , Jung Klaus , Diamandis Eleftherios P
Published: January 2005

Background: All human kallikrein (KLK) genes have at least one splice variant, some of which possess clinical utility in cancer diagnostics/prognostics. Given that introns <100 bp in length are retained in 95% of human genes and that splice variants of KLK3 and KLK4 retain intron III, we hypothesized that other proteins in this family, with a small intron III, may also retain it.

Methods: Variant-specific reverse transcription-PCRs (RT-PCRs) for KLK1, KLK2, KLK5, and KLK15 were used to identify and clone the full coding sequence of intron III-containing splice variants. In addition, variant-specific RT-PCRs for the cloned KLK3 and KLK4 variants as well as for the “classical” forms of the six genes were used to determine their expression profiles in healthy tissues, their regulation by steroids, and their differential expression in prostate cancer.

Results: KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, and KLK15 showed a common type of splice variant in which intron III is retained. Expression profiling of these splice variants revealed expression profiles similar to those of the classical mRNA forms, although the pattern of hormonal regulation was different. The KLK15 splice variant was up-regulated in 8 of 12 cancerous prostate tissues. All encoded variant proteins were predicted to be truncated and catalytically inactive because of a lack of the serine residue of the catalytic triad.

Conclusions: The first six centromeric members of the KLK gene family have splice variants that retain intron III. Some variants show tissue-specific expression. The KLK15 splice variant appears to be a candidate biomarker for prostate cancer.
Determination of CYP2D6 Gene Copy Number by Pyrosequencing
Authors: Söderbäck Erik , Zackrisson Anna-Lena , Lindblom Bertil , Alderborn Anders
Published: January 2005

Background: Identification of CYP2D6 alleles *5 (deletion of the whole CYP2D6 gene) and *2xN (gene duplication) is very important because they are associated with decreased or increased metabolism of many drugs. The most commonly used method for analysis of these alleles is, however, considered to be laborious and unreliable.

Methods: We developed a method to determine the copy number of the CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*2xN alleles by use of Pyrosequencing™ technology. A single set of PCR and sequencing primers was used to coamplify and sequence a region in the CYP2D6 gene and the equivalent region in the CYP2D8P pseudogene, and relative quantification between these fragments was performed. The CYP2D8P-specific Pyrosequencing peak heights were used as references for the CYP2D6-specific peak heights.

Results: Analysis of 200 pregenotyped samples showed that this approach reliably resolved 0–4 genome copies of the CYP2D6 gene. In 15 of these samples, the peak pattern from one analyzed position was unexpected but could be solved by conclusive results from a second position. The method was verified on 270 other samples, of which 267 gave results that corresponded to the expected genotype. One of the samples could not be interpreted. The reproducibility of the method was high.

Conclusions: CYP2D6 gene copy determination by Pyrosequencing is a reliable and rapid alternative to other methods. The use of an internal CYP2D8P control as well as generation of a sequence context ensures a robust method and hence facilitates method validation.
Textile Technology
Authors: Wulfhorst Burkhard , Maetschke Oliver , Osterloh Markus , Büsgen Alexander , Weber Klaus‐Peter
Published: January 2005

The article contains sections titled:

1.

General Introduction

2.

Spinning

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Steps in the Cotton‐Spinning Process

2.3.

Harvesting and Ginning

2.4.

Preparation for Spinning

2.5.

Spinning Methods

2.5.1.

Drawing

2.5.2.

Combing

2.5.3.

Conventional Spinning

2.5.4.

Unconventional Spinning

2.6.

Automation

2.7.

Recycling

3.

Weaving

3.1.

Introduction

3.2.

Steps in the Weaving Process

3.3.

Weaving Preparation

3.3.1.

Winding

3.3.2.

Twisting

3.3.3.

Preparation of the Warp Beam

3.3.4.

Sizing

3.4.

Weaving Methods

3.4.1.

Fabric Construction

3.4.2.

Loom Technology

3.4.2.1.

Shedding Systems

3.4.2.2.

Warp Let‐Off Systems

3.4.2.3.

Weft‐Insertion Principles

3.4.2.4.

Selvage Formation

3.4.3.

Fabric Defects

3.4.4.

Special Weaving Methods

4.

Braiding

4.1.

Introduction

4.2.

Definition of a Braid

4.3.

Production of Braids

4.3.1.

Principles of the Mechanical Braiding Technique

4.3.2.

Functional Elements of a Braider

4.3.3.

Mechanical Systems

4.4.

Interlacing Techniques

4.5.

Materials Used in Braiding

4.6.

Types of Braids and Their Applications

4.6.1.

Ribbon Braids

4.6.2.

Round Braids

4.6.3.

Packing Braids

4.6.4.

Three‐Dimensional Braids

5.

Knitting

5.1.

Introduction

5.2.

Classification of Knitted Fabrics

5.3.

Technology of Stitch Formation

5.4.

Structural Elements and Structures of Knitted Fabrics

5.5.

Classification of Stitch‐Forming Machines

5.5.1.

Flat‐Bed Knitting Machines

5.5.2.

Circular Knitting Machines

5.5.3.

Weft Knitting Machines

5.5.4.

Warp Knitting Machines

6.

Acknowledgement
Synthesis of Lignin in Transgenic and Mutant Plants
Authors: Dean Jeffrey F. D.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Potential Applications

Challenges

Historical Outline

Chemistry

Biology

Lignin Mutants

Brown Midrib Monocots

Loblolly Pine

Arabidopsis

Lignin Transgenics

The Shikimate Pathway and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase

Cinnamate 4‐Hydroxylase and 4‐Coumarate‐3‐Hydroxylase

4‐Coumarate:CoA Ligase

O‐Methyltransferases

Cinnamoyl‐CoA Reductase

Ferulate 5‐Hydroxylase

Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Coniferin β‐Glucosidase

Peroxidases and Other Oxidases

Transcription Factors and Other Targets

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Biotechnological Applications of Lignin‐Degrading Fungi (White‐Rot Fungi)
Authors: Scott Gary M. , Akhtar Masood
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Biopulping

Biobleaching

Effluent Treatment

Biopulping

Mechanical Pulping

Chemical Pulping

Biobleaching

Effluent Treatment

Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes

Bleaching

Effluent Treatment

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Aquatic Humic Substances
Authors: Frimmel Fritz H.
Published: January 2005

Introduction and Historical Outline

Occurrence

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions

Chemical Structure

Elemental Composition

Molecular Size Distribution and Charge

Spectral Absorbance and Fluorescence

Infrared Spectra

Mass Spectrometry

NMR Spectroscopy

Soft Hydrolysis

Interaction of Humic Matter with Other Water Constituents

Fate of Humics in Technical Application of Water

Viewing the Function in Aquatic Ecosystems
Humic Substances, Medical Aspects and Applications of
Authors: Klöcking Renate , Helbig Björn
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Pharmacological Effects of Humic Substances with Potential Use in Medicine

Antiviral Activity

Anti‐inflammatory Effect and Pro‐inflammatory Properties

Influence on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

Estrogenic Activity

Veterinary‐Medical Applications of Humic Substances

Humic Substances and Environmental Health

Mutagenicity

Protection against Ionizing Irradiation

Blackfoot Disease

Outlook and Perspectives
Biotechnological Conversion of Coals into Upgraded Products
Authors: Meyrahn Horst , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Biotechnological Conversion of Lignite to Liquid Products for the Energy and Chemical Sectors

Chemical versus Biotechnological Conversion

Chemical Lignite Conversion in Aqueous Solution

Enzymatically Induced, Chemical Coal Conversion

Enzymatic Conversion of Coal into Liquids

Use of Biotechnologically Solubilized Lignite for Electricity Generation

Use of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Input Material in the Refinery Sector

Use of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Chemical Feedstock for the Production of Bioplastics

Reasons to Investigate the Conversion of Coal into PHAs

Screening of Laboratory Strains which Grow on Lignite Depolymerization Products and Convert them into PHAs

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Chemical Conversion of Coals into Products
Authors: Schmiers Helmut
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Fuels

Solid Fuels

Liquid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels

Tars

Hard Coal High‐Temperature Tar

Brown Coal Low‐Temperature Tar

Brown‐Coal Tar Processing

Chemical Feedstock

Paraffins

Phenols

Pyridines

Polycyclic Aromatics and Heteroaromatics

Other Products

Montan Wax

Humic Acids

Outlook and Perspectives
Chemical Structure and Occurrence of Natural Polyisoprenes
Authors: Tanaka Yasuyuki , Sakdapipanich Jitladda Tangpakdee
Published: January 2005

Historical Outline

Rubber Production and Consumption

Structure of Rubber

Synthetic Rubber

Outlook and Perspectives

Rubber Production Technology

Rubber Protein Allergy

Purification of Natural Rubber

Chemical Structure of Isoprene Units

Geometric Isomerism of Isoprene Unit

Structure of the Chain‐Ends of Naturally Occurring Polyisoprenes

Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution

Occurrence of Polyisoprene in Living Organisms

cis‐Polyisoprene in Higher Plants

trans‐Polyisoprene in Other Higher Plants and Grasses

cis‐Polyisoprene in Mushrooms

Natural Rubber fromH. brasiliensis

Production of Commercial Natural Rubber and Latex

Composition of Natural Rubber

Structure of both Chain Ends of Natural Rubber

Structure of Branch‐Points and Gel

Structure oftrans‐Polyisoprene from Higher Plants

trans‐Polyisoprene from Chicle

trans‐Polyisoprene from Gutta Percha and Balata

trans‐Polyisoprene fromEucommia ulmoides

Other Natural Polyisoprenes

Structure ofcis‐Polyisoprene from Fungi

Structure ofcis‐Polyisoprene from Other Higher Plants
Biosynthetic Routes Diverting from Intermediates of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis to Related Products of the Metabolism
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Wei , Koyama Tanetoshi
Published: January 2005

Introduction

History

Structural Determination

Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds

Biosynthesis Routes of Polyisoprenoid Compounds

Squalene and Triterpenes

Steroids

Carotenoids

Ubiquinones and Menaquinones

Dolichols and Related Compounds

Future Prospects

Acknowledgements
Natural and Synthetic Rubbers, Processing of
Authors: von Langenthal Wolfram , Schnetger Jochen
Published: January 2005

Latex Processing

Latex Testing

Transportation, Storage, and In‐House Distribution of Latices

Compounding and Compounding Formulation

Processing Procedure

Solid Rubber Processing

Internal Mixer (Kneader)

Open Mill

Pellet and Strip Feeding

Production of Sheeted and Reinforced Rubber

Extruded Articles

Molded Articles

Solutions of Rubber Compounds
Cutin from Plants
Authors: Kolattukudy Pappachan E.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Occurrence and Ultrastructure of Cutin

Isolation of Cutin

Depolymerization of Cutin

Chemical Depolymerization

Enzymatic Depolymerization

Monomer Composition of Cutin

Structure of Cutin

Biosynthesis of Cutin

Biosynthesis of the C16Family of Cutin Monomers

Biosynthesis of the C18Family of Cutin Monomers

Synthesis of Cutin from Monomers

Cutin Biodegradation

Cutin Degradation in Plants

Degradation of Cutin by Animals

Cutin Degradation by Bacteria

Fungal Degradation

Function of Cutin

Material Exchange with the Environment

Low‐temperature Adaptation

Role of Cutin in the Interaction with Microbes

Cutin Required for Proper Development of Plant Organs

Potential Commercial Use for Cutin and Cutinase

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Suberin from Plants
Authors: Kolattukudy Pappachan E.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Occurrence and Ultrastructure of Suberin

Isolation of Suberized Cell Walls

Chemical Composition of Suberin

Aliphatic Components of Suberin

Aromatic Components of Suberin

Structure of Suberin

Biosynthesis of Suberin

Biosynthesis of Aliphatic Monomers

Enzymatic Synthesis of the Aromatic Monomers of Suberin

Synthesis of the Polymer from Monomers

Degradation of Suberin

Function of Suberin

Potential Commercial Use for Suberin

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Water‐soluble Aliphatic Polyesters: Poly(malic acid)s
Authors: Lee Bong‐Seop , Vert Michel , Holler Eggehard
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Poly(malic acid) from Natural Sources

Poly(malic acid) by Chemical Synthesis

Chemical Structures

Occurrence

Poly(malic acid) from Natural Sources

Poly(β‐malic acid) by Chemical Synthesis

Functions

Analysis

Physicochemical Properties

Chemistry

Physiology

Biochemistry

Degradation and Biodegradation

Production

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthases: The Key Enzymes of PHA Synthesis
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A. , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Terminology

Cloning Strategies for PHA Synthase Genes

Organization of PHA Synthase Genes

Primary Structures of PHA Synthases

Secondary and Quaternary Structures of PHA Synthases

In vivoversusin vitroSubstrate Specificity of PHA Synthases

Development of a Topological Model for PHA Synthases and Analysis of Site‐specific Mutants of the PHA Synthases

The Proposed Catalytic Mechanism of PHA Synthases

Factors Determining the Molecular Weight and Composition of PHAs

PHA Granules

In vitroSynthesis of PHA

Diversion of Intermediates from Central Pathways to PHA Biosynthesis

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Fermentative Production of SCL Polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL‐PHAs)
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Production of SCL‐PHAs by Bacterial Fermentation

Ralstonia eutropha

Alcaligenes latus

Other Bacteria

Biosynthesis and Production of PHAs by Metabolically Engineered Bacteria

RecombinantE. coli

RecombinantR. eutropha

Economic Considerations in the Production of SCL‐PHAs by Bacterial Fermentation

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgments
Biosynthesis and Fermentative Production of SCL and MCL Polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL‐MCL‐PHAs)
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

General Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis of PHAs

Production of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs by Wild‐type Bacteria

Production of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs by Metabolically Engineered Bacteria

Biosynthesis of MCL‐ and SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantE. coli

Biosynthesis of MCL‐PHAs and SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantPseudomonassp.

Biosynthesis of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantR. eutropha

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgments
Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Activated Sludge
Authors: Satoh Hiroyasu , Mino Takashi
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Activated Sludge Processes

Historical Outline

Studies on PHA in Activated Sludge

Microbial Studies

Chemical Structure and its Occurrence

Biochemistry of PHA Production by Activated Sludge

PHA Production by PAOs under Anaerobic Conditions

PHA Production by GAOs under Anaerobic Conditions

Microbiologic and Genetic Aspects of PHA Accumulation by Activated Sludge

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Enzymatic Polymerization to Polyesters
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Ring‐opening Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers

Polymerization of Lactones

Polymerization of Other Cyclic Monomers

Copolymerization of Cyclic Monomers

Single‐step Synthesis of End‐functionalized Polyesters

Polymerization of Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Glycols

Polyester Synthesis from Dicarboxylic Acids

Polyester Synthesis from Dicarboxylic Acid Esters

Polyester Synthesis from Acid Anhydride Derivatives

Polycarbonate Synthesis by Enzymatic Polycondensation

Polycondensation of Hydroxyacid Derivatives

Lipase‐catalyzed Modification of Polymers

Relevant Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Intracellular Degradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Authors: Saito Terumi , Kobayashi Teruyuki
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Intracellular PHA Depolymerase

Endogenous Degradation of PHA

Intracellular mcl‐PHA Depolymerase

Intracellular Poly(3HB) Depolymerase

Intracellulard(–)‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate Oligomer Hydrolase

Other Enzymes Related to PHA Degradative Metabolism

d(–)‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase

Acetoacetyl‐CoA Transferase and Acetoacetyl‐CoA Synthetase

3‐Ketothiolase

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), Structure, Composition and Solution Properties of
Authors: Yoshie Naoko , Inoue Yoshio
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure of PHAs

Chemical Composition and its Distribution among PHA Copolymers

Comonomer Composition

Comonomer Sequence Distribution

Compositional Fractionation

Chemical Composition Distribution

Effect of CCD on Crystalline Structure and Physical Properties

Crystal Structure of PHAs

Crystal Structure and Unit Cell Dimensions of Poly(3HA)s

Isomorphous Behavior of SCL‐PHA Copolymers

Solution Properties of PHAs

Solvents of PHAs

Properties in Dilute Solution

NMR Studies on Solution Properties
Physical and Processing Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Copolymers
Authors: Satkowski Michael M. , Melik David H. , Autran Jean‐Phillipe , Green Phillip R. , Noda Isao , Schechtman Lee A.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Experimental

Chemical Synthesis

Biological Production

Molecular Weight Determination

NMR

Thermal Analysis

X‐ray Analysis

Crystallization Kinetics

Mechanical Analysis

Rheological Measurements

Properties

Breaking Down Isodimorphism

Increasing Flexibility, Ductility

Crystallization Rate

Melt Properties

Melt Stability

Deformation Properties and Morphology

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Varma Indra K.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Naturally Occurring Polyesters: Shellac

Microbial Polyesters

Condensation Polyesters

Polyesters Prepared by ROP

Structural Modification by Copolymerization

Occurrence

Degradation

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Polylactides
Authors: Tsuji Hideto
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Synthesis and Purification of Monomers

Synthesis of Polymers

Homopolymers

Linear Copolymers

Graft Copolymers

Branched Polymers

Cross‐linked Polymers

Polymer Blending

Additives

Fiber‐reinforced Plastics

Molding

Thermal Treatments

Pore Formation

Highly Ordered Structures

Crystallization

Crystal Structure

Morphology

Physical Properties

Thermal Properties

Mechanical Properties

Electric Properties

Optical Properties

Surface Properties

Permeability

Swelling and Solubility

Viscosity

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis Mechanisms

Effects of Surrounding Media

Effects of Material Factors

Biodegradation

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgments
Polylactic acid “LACEA”
Authors: Nobuyuki Kawashima  , Ogawa Shinji , Shoji Obuchi  , Mitsunori Matsuo  , Tadashi Yagi
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Raw Materials

Biodegradability

Production Technologies

Ring‐opening Polymerization

Direct Polycondensation

Other Polymerization Processes

Processing Technologies

General Physical Properties

Injection Molding

Film Forming

Spinning

Blow‐molding, Extrusion‐foaming and Expansion‐molding

Blown Film

Marketing Activities for LACEA

Packaging and Containers

Agricultural and Civil Engineering Materials

Composting Materials

Other Applications

Labeling System and Regulations

Challenges to the Market Development for GreenPla and LACEA

Conclusions

Patents
Production of Chiral and other Valuable Compounds from Microbial Polyesters
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Sang Hyun , Lee Young , Lee Seung Hwan
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

(R)‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids

Production of (R)‐3‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid

Chemical Depolymerization

Biological Depolymerization

Applications of (R)‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids

Chiral Starting Material for the Synthesis of Valuable Compounds

Dioxanones

Lactones, Cyclic Oligomers and Dendrimer

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgments
Glycogen Synthesis and its Regulation in Bacteria
Authors: Preiss Jack
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Characterization of Bacterial Glycogen Structure

The Function of Glycogen as an Energy‐Storage Compound

Enzymatic Reactions Involved in Glycogen Synthesis

Properties of the Glycogen Biosynthetic Enzymes

ADP‐Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Bacterial Glycogen Synthase

Branching Enzyme

Genetic Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis inE. coli
Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Bielecki Stanislaw , Krystynowicz Alina , Turkiewicz Marianna , Kalinowska Halina
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Structure of BC

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Occurrence

Physiological Function

Biosynthesis of BC

Synthesis of the Cellulose Precursor

Cellulose Synthase

Mechanism of Biosynthesis

Genetic Basis of Cellulose Biosynthesis

Regulation of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis

Soluble Polysaccharides Synthesized byA. xylinum

Role of Endo‐ and Exocellulases Synthesized byA. xylinum

Biodegradation of BC

Biotechnological Production

Isolation from Natural Sources and Improvement of BC‐producing Strains

Fermentation Production

In vitroBiosynthesis

Chemo‐enzymatic Synthesis

Production Processes Expected to be Applied in the Future

Recovery and Purification

Properties

Applications

Technical Applications

Medical Applications

Food Applications

Miscellaneous Uses

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Succinoglycan
Authors: Stredansky Miroslav
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Occurrence

Biological Function

Biosynthesis

Biosynthetic Pathway

Genetic Basis of Biosynthesis

Regulation of Biosynthesis

Biodegradation

Solution and Rheological Properties

Biotechnological Production

Continuous Process

Batch and Fed‐Batch Fermentation

Solid‐state Fermentation

Recovery and Purification

Patents and Commercial Products

Applications
Poly‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐glucuronan
Authors: Courtois Josiane , Courtois Bernard
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Occurrence

Physiological Function

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Chemical Hydrolysis

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

NMR Studies

Biosynthesis

Biodegradation

Molecular Genetics

Biotechnological Production

Fermentative Production

Specific Production Conditions for Specific Glucuronan

Chemical Routes as an Alternative?

Recovery and Purification

Properties

Physical and Chemical Properties

Biological Properties

Applications

Cosmetics

Agriculture

Medicine

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives