bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESIDUES OF 2,4-D, DICHLORPROP AND PICLORAM IN WILD BERRIES FROM TREATED RIGHTS-OF-WAY AND CONIFER RELEASE SITES IN ONTARIO, 1979–1981
Authors: FRANK R. , SIRONS G. J. , CAMPBELL R. A. , MEWETT D.
Published: March 2010

Between 1979 and 1981 fruit of the wild red raspberry (Rubus strigosus, Michx.), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michx. and V. angustifolium, Ait.), wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana, Duchesne) and pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica, L.f.) were analyzed for herbicide residues from 24 sites across Northeastern Ontario. Seven sites were along rights-of-way, one was on a farm and 16 others were conifer site preparation or release sprayblocks. 2,4-D was applied at all sites, picloram at five and dichlorprop at two. Application rates varied from 0.8 to 6.0 kg/ha total acid equivalent between June and September to plants in flowering to ripe fruit stages. Spraying red raspberries in the flowering stage resulted in negligible residues on ripe fruit. Spraying immature fruit with 2,4-D resulted in only 0.2 mg/kg on ripe raspberry fruit; however, when ripe fruit was treated, initial residues ranged from 2.6 to 31 mg/kg. These levels declined to 0.1 and 3.3 mg/kg over a 2- to 5-wk period. Similar exponential declines in residues occurred with picloram. Fruit harvested in the year after treatment appeared normal and had no detectable residues of 2,4-D. No decline in the residues were observed on blueberries from eight sites and on pin cherries at one site where treatment was made to immature and/or mature fruit. At only one of nine sites did residues of 2,4-D decline in blueberries. With wild strawberries, herbicide residues declined rapidly at two sites and slowly at one site. Of the approximately one million hectares of raspberries and blueberries growing wild in the Province of Ontario, about 0.3% is treated annually with herbicide. With the timing of applications ranging from flowering to fruiting only 50% of fruit from the treated areas would have residues above 0.5 mg/kg.Key words: 2,4-D, dichlorprop, picloram, wild berries, rights-of-way, forest
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 57. Trifolium repens L.
Authors: TURKINGTON ROY , BURDON J. J.
Published: March 2010

Trifolium repens L. (wild white clover) is the most important pasture legume in many parts of temperate zones and is distributed widely in Canada, occurring in every province and both territories. It is also an agricultural escapee and is often continuous over large areas of roadsides and waste places, and is a common seed impurity in many seed mixtures. This account is a summary of the biological information on white clover.Key words: Trifolium repens, white clover
HARMFUL EFFECT OF WORKED-DOWN WINTER WHEAT ON SPRING-SEEDED WHEAT AND RAPESEED
Authors: FREYMAN S. , SCHAALJE G. B.
Published: March 2010

Where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) was worked-down on 1 May and the plots reseeded to spring wheat immediately, no detrimental effect on yield of spring wheat was found. However, delaying this action until 15 May reduced the yields of spring-seeded wheat because of the harmful effect of decomposing winter wheat and late seeding. Moisture depletion by winter wheat was eliminated as a causative effect by light irrigations during May. Yields of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’) were not so severely reduced by worked-down winter wheat. The harmful effect was significant only with 30 May cultivation and seeding date.Key words: Phytotoxicity, Triticum aestivum, Brassica campestris, worked-down
THE EFFECT OF WEAR STRESS ON SURVIVAL OF TURFGRASS IN PURE STANDS AND IN MIXTURES
Authors: FUSHTEY S. G. , TAYLOR D. K. , FAIREY DAPHNE
Published: March 2010

Cultivars in monostands and in mixtures of perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, timothy and miscellaneous species were tested for tolerance to simulated sportsfield wear over a 3-yr period. Resistance to simulated wear as determined by tiller densities at the end of the experiment was greatest in perennial ryegrass, followed by Kentucky bluegrass, timothy and miscellaneous species. Monostands of Manhattan ryegrass and mixtures of Manhattan with Merion or Sydsport Kentucky bluegrass were identified as most wear-resistant.Key words: Turfgrass, sportsturf, wear tolerance
EFFECT OF SOIL COMPACTION AND STERILIZATION ON ROOT ROT DISEASE AND YIELD OF CANNING PEAS
Authors: VIGIER B. , RAGHAVAN G. S. V. , DRAKE G.
Published: March 2010

Soil compaction in Richelieu clay-loam and Ste-Rosalie clay soils appeared to be more critical than common root rot in reducing yield of canning peas (Pisum sativum L.) as demonstrated by the two sets of greenhouse experiments. While quantifying yield losses, a 34% loss was attributed to root rot and a 52% fresh pea loss to higher soil bulk density in clay-loam soil. Similar quantification was difficult to obtain for clay soil.Key words: Peas, soil compaction, root rot
UN SEMOIR A CAISSETTES VERSATILE ET RAPIDE
Authors: RICHARD CLAUDE , MARTIN JEAN-GUY , GAGNON CAMILIEN
Published: March 2010

Sowing flats is a tedious and time-consuming operation. The authors describe a simple, adaptable and efficient vaccum apparatus which is four times faster than hand-sowing.Key words: Vacuum, seeder, flats, seed
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND YIELD OF AWNED VERSUS AWNLESS ISOGENIC LINES OF WINTER BARLEY
Authors: SCHAREN A. L. , KRUPINSKY J. M. , REID D. A.
Published: March 2010

Five pairs of homozygous winter barley lines, Hordeum vulgare L., isogenic for fully awned or nearly awnless, and their respective recurrent parents were grown in the greenhouse. Awned and awnless isolines in each of the backgrounds were compared to determine the photosynthetic efficiency of flag leaves, and to relate photosynthesis of flag leaf and spike to the awned and awnless condition, as well as to components of grain yield. Only one awnless isoline showed significant advantages in flag leaf photosynthesis when compared to its awned counterpart. The photosynthetic advantage of the MOB-475 awnless isoline appeared both in unit area and whole leaf determinations. Flag leaves of the other lines did not show differences. In all measurements of head-peduncle-flag leaf and head-peduncle combinations, the awned isolines showed highly significant advantages in rates of photosynthesis. In total kernel yield, the mean of awnless isolines was significantly lower than the mean of parents. In kernel weight, the mean of awnless lines was lower than either the parental mean or the mean of awned lines. We can conclude that flag leaves did not compensate for the lack of awns in these lines, and that awns contributed significantly to photosynthesis and to kernel yield.Key words: Barley, photosynthesis, awned, awnless, yield
SELECTION AND HERITABILITY STUDIES ON CANOLA/RAPESEED FOR LOW TEMPERATURE GERMINATION
Authors: ACHARYA S. N. , DUECK J. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

Canola emergence and stand establishment are adversely affected by low soil temperature conditions which frequently occur in the Canadian prairies at seeding time. A technique, based on rapid germination of seeds on moist filter paper at 10 °C, was developed and used to screen canola genotypes suitable for low temperature propagation. Broad sense heritability estimates for rapid germination and growth at low temperatures were about 60% for Brassica napus L., and about 90% for B. campestris L., indicating complex inheritance (possibly polygenic) of these characters. Selection within canola cultivars for rapid germination was successful. However, canola genotypes presently available displayed limited variability for germination and seedling vigor at low temperatures. Thus, without bringing in new germplasm, rapid progress within the populations surveyed could not be expected.Key words: Brassica napus L., Brassica campestris L., low temperature germination selection, heritability
SOLUBLE SUGAR CHANGES OCCURRING DURING COLD HARDENING OF SPRING WHEAT, FALL RYE AND ALFALFA
Authors: GREEN D. G.
Published: March 2010

Alfa, a relatively nonhardy alfalfa cultivar continued to accumulate, on a dry weight basis, fructose, α- and β-D-glucose, sucrose and maltose during the latter stages of cold hardening. Rambler, a hardier alfalfa cultivar conversely showed a decrease for these soluble sugars with hardening. Frontier rye, a very hardy winter habit cereal showed decreases in these soluble sugars plus melibiose during the same hardening period. These results support the hypothesis that hardy cereals and alfalfa undergo a decrease in soluble sugars with hardening, while less hardy cereals and alfalfa continue to increase in content of soluble sugars. Manitou wheat appeared not to fit this hypothesis and showed the decreased soluble sugars usually associated with hardy cultivars. Although Manitou is a spring type wheat, one of its parents, Thatcher, does contain gene(s) for the winter habit.Key words: Sugar, cold hardening, wheat, rye, alfalfa
YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASSES, RED CLOVER, ALFALFA, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, AND PERSIAN CLOVER GROWN IN MONOCULTURES AND RYEGRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , NARASIMHALU P.
Published: March 2010

Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), red clover (T. pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were grown in monocultures and in ryegrass-legume mixtures as summer annual forages. Ryegrass monocultures were fertilized with NH4NO3 at 75 kg N/ha at plant emergence, and at the same rates after cuts 1 and 2. The forage legumes in order of productivity were Persian clover > red clover > alfalfa > trefoil when grown in monoculture. Growing legumes in mixtures with ryegrass increased the dry matter (DM) yields from 15 to 52% over legumes grown in monocultures. The DM yields of mixtures were intermediate in relation to yields of legume monocultures and N fertilized ryegrasses. Inclusion of ryegrasses with legumes increased the DM production at the establishment phase and in the fall. Total N and in vitro digestibility of DM were lower for Westerwolds ryegrass-legume mixtures than for legume monocultures and Italian ryegrass-legume mixtures.Key words: Lolium multiflorum Lam., Trifolium resupinatum L., Trifolium pratense L., Medicago sativa L., Lotus corniculatus L.
IN VITRO SHOOT PRODUCTION OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: FRETT JOHN J. , SMAGULA JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

The six most distal buds of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) from shoots previously developed in tissue culture were transferred to media with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30 mg/L 2, 6 (γ,γ-dimethylallyl-amino)-purine (2ip) and 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/L indoleacetic acid (IAA). The positional origin of the bud explant had little effect on number of shoots and no effect on total length of shoots produced. Shoot number and total length of shoots per tube increased with increasing 2ip concentrations. Increasing IAA concentrations decreased shoot numbers but had no effect on total length of shoots. Shoots were removed from culture after 8 wk and rooted in a peat, vermiculite and perlite medium. Percent rooting increased with increasing 2ip concentration and decreased with increasing IAA concentration in the proliferation medium.Key words: Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CALCIUM LEVELS ON CATION CONCENTRATION IN LEAVES AND FRUIT OF APPLE TREES
Authors: HOGUE E. J. , NEILSEN G. H. , MASON J. L. , DROUGHT B. G.
Published: March 2010

Increasing the calcium levels from 32 to 256 mg/L in a Long Ashton nutrient solution increased the Ca but decreased the Mg content in leaves and fruit of three cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in solution. Simultaneously, the levels of K were reduced and the levels of Mn were increased.in the leaves but levels of K were not affected in the fruit. The cation levels in leaves differed between cultivars and years of testing. Golden Delicious leaves had consistently higher levels of Ca than Delicious and McIntosh, and higher K and Mn, but not Mg than McIntosh. The levels of Mg and Mn in Golden Delicious leaves were significantly lower than in Delicious but K levels were higher.Key words: Calcium, cations, apple, hydroponics
RATE OF METRIBUZIN BREAKDOWN AND RESIDUE EFFECTS ON ROTATION CROPS
Authors: IVANY J. A. , SADLER J. M. , KIMBALL E. R.
Published: March 2010

Field studies on Prince Edward Island loam to fine sandy loam soils from 1977–1980 evaluated the rate of breakdown of metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one) and soil residue effects on crops grown in rotation with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Yields of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) seeded in September and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeded in spring were not reduced with metribuzin applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/ha to the preceding potato crop. Yields of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) seeded the next spring after metribuzin were significantly reduced in the first experiment at applied rates of 1.0 and 0.5 kg/ha, respectively, but not in the other two experiments. Barley and timothy yields apparently were reduced in the second but not the third experiment at an applied rate of 1.5 kg/ha. The rate of breakdown of metribuzin was rapid in all three experiments but slower in 1977 than in the other 2 yr. The half-life of metribuzin averaged over rates applied was 39 days in 1977, 32 days in 1978, and 30 days in 1979 in P.E.I. soils. From these data, it is doubtful that metribuzin will persist in sufficient amounts in P.E.I. soils to adversely affect crops of winter rye or red clover grown in rotation but may result in some yield reduction of barley at the high rate of application of 1.0 kg/ha and reduction in timothy yield at applied rate of 0.5 kg/ha in those years when rate of breakdown was slow.Key words: Metribuzin, residue, red clover, timothy, winter rye, barley
PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACTABLES IN GREEN AND CURED BURLEY TOBACCO DOUBLED HAPLOIDS
Authors: KASPERBAUER M. J. , BURTON H. R.
Published: March 2010

The petroleum ether extractable (PEE) fraction of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was studied in doubled haploid lines. The fraction contains components, such as neophytadiene, that are associated with flavor and aroma, and some that contribute to biological activity of tobacco smoke. The PEE contents of 355 haploid plants ranged from 34 to 67 mg/g of dry matter. Doubled haploids derived from haploid plants that ranked at the high and low ends of the range were grown under greenhouse and field conditions, and were sampled at harvest and after conventional air-curing. Total PEE concentrations remained different for the two groups of doubled haploids within each year and location; however, concentrations for both groups decreased during conventional air-curing, and 1979 field-grown cured leaves had less than cured leaves from the 1980 season. Neophytadiene content of field-grown, air-cured tobacco was greatly influenced by environment. Concentration was almost double in 1980 relative to 1979, and nearly tripled during curing. The normal, iso and anteiso classes of the total saturated hydrocarbons occurred in relatively the same percentages in green or cured field-grown tobacco leaves and with no apparent pattern according to the PEE groupings. Doubled haploids and controlled environments offer a means to study effects of individual environmental parameters on changes in amount and composition of the PEE fraction.Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., burley tobacco, doubled haploids, neophytadiene, C25-C33 hydrocarbons
EFFECT OF A VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR (VA) ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS (Glomus epigaeum) ON THE GROWTH AND LEAF MINERAL CONTENT OF TWO APPLE CLONES PROPAGATED IN VITRO
Authors: GRANGER R. L. , PLENCHETTE C. , FORTIN J. A.
Published: March 2010

In vitro propagated apple tree plants of the clones Mailing Merton 111 (MM.111) and Mailing 7 (M.7) grown in a greenhouse in pots containing calcined montmorillonite chips were inoculated with a vesicular arbuscular (VA) endomycorrhizal fungus (Glomus epigaeum Daniels & Trappe) and fed with a nutrient solution. Fifteen weeks after inoculation, the height of the M.7 mycorrhizal plants was 1.7 greater than those of the controls, the total leaf area and leaf dry weight of the M.7 mycorrhizal plants were both 1.9 greater. The inoculated roots of both clones were heavily colonized by the fungus. However, no growth differences were observed on the trees of MM.111 clone. The fungus significantly increased leaf Cu of both rootstocks and increased leaf P of M.7 but it had no effect on leaf Ca, Mg and Zn and it depressed leaf K of M.7 plants.Key words: Mycorrhizae, apple, clone, Glomus epigaeum
EFFECT OF FALL AND SPRING TILLAGE ON WILD OAT GERMINATION
Authors: SHARMA M. P. , McBKATH D. K. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

In field experiments repeated over a 3-yr period fall tillage was superior to spring tillage for stimulating germination of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). A cultivator was the most effective implement for stimulating seed germination. A double disc was less effective than a cultivator; harrows were relatively ineffective.Key words: Tillage, wild oat, germination, fall, spring
A PLUG-MIX PLANTER ATTACHMENT FOR DISPENSING A CHARCOAL-VERMICULITE MIXTURE TO PROTECT EMERGING SEEDLINGS FROM HERBICIDE TOXICITY
Authors: REID W. S. , NICHOLLS C. F. , LIPTAY A. , MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: March 2010

An attachment for a commercial plug-mix planter was developed to dispense a charcoal-vermiculite mixture over the plug-mix planted pregerminated tomato seedlings to protect the emerging seedlings from herbicide phytotoxicity. Seeding trials, where metribuzin was applied pre-emergence after plug-mix planting with charcoal-vermiculite protection, showed that the dispenser effectively placed the charcoal-vermiculite over the plug-mix protecting the seedlings from injury by metribuzin.Key words: Weed control, herbicide toxicity, charcoal-vermiculite dispenser, tomato, seedlings, metribuzin
RECOMBINING DORMANCY AND WHITE SEED COLOR IN A SPRING WHEAT CROSS
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , McCAIG T. N.
Published: March 2010

Wheat, Triticum aestivum, with white seed coat color has traditionally been considered susceptible to sprouting. A study was undertaken to recombine white seed color with resistance to sprouting. RL 4137, a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype with a long, stable dormancy period and three genes for red seed color, was hybridized with 7722, a white-seeded wheat. In both the F3 and F5 generations a positive relationship existed between red seed color and sprouting resistance (SR). The six white-seeded F3 lines exhibited a range in SR from susceptible to as resistant as some red-seeded control cultivars. The mean SR of two white-seeded F4 families was intermediate to both the red-seeded and white-seeded controls at both T0 (20% grain moisture) and T10 (T0 + 10 days). Some white-seeded F4 lines had lower sprouting at T10 than the red-seeded controls Pitic 62, Neepawa, and Glenlea. The dormancy of six white-seeded F5 families derived from F3 lines was greater than the midparent value. There were significant differences among the white-seeded F5 families for mean dormancy. The results indicate that some of the dormancy of RL 4137 has been recombined with white seed coat color. The evidence suggests that RL 4137 has a genetic mechanism for SR associated with red seed color and one or more mechanisms not associated with seed color.Key words: Triticum aestivum, dormancy, white seed color
EFFECTS OF SEED AND FOLIAR FUNGICIDES ON PROGRESS OF NET BLOTCH AND YIELD IN BARLEY
Authors: SUTTON J. C. , STEELE P.
Published: March 2010

Effects of systemic fungicides on progress of net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres, were examined in field plots. Disease intensities and apparent infection rates (r values) in barley grown from carbathiin-treated seeds were similar to those of the checks 29–30 days and later. Etaconazole used as a seed treatment reduced disease intensities for about 29–42 days, but r values later accelerated and exceeded those of the checks. Propiconazole applied to the foliage at early tillering reduced r for about 12 days, but disease subsequently progressed more rapidly than in the checks. Applications of propiconazole at spike emergence reduced r for 13–15 days. According to the observed r values and disease intensities, the following temporal relationships of fungicide applications and disease progress were recognized: (1) period of reduced epidemic rates; (2) period of accelerated epidemic rates; (3) period of epidemiologic impact of the fungicide (the summation of 1 and 2). Seed treatments and tillering sprays failed to increase barley yields significantly. However, when propiconazole was applied at spike emergence, or at both tillering and spike emergence, 1000-kernel weights increased by 17.3% and 17.8%, respectively, at one location, and grain yields by 14.2% and 19.1% at a second location.Key words: Etaconazole, propiconazole, carbathiin, epidemiology, Pyrenophora teres, Drechslera teres
PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR EARLY MATURING SOYBEANS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: DUBETZ S. , MAJOR D. J. , RENNIE R. J.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments were conducted at two locations in southern Alberta, where no indigenous Rhizobium japonicum existed, to determine the effects of seeding dates, fertilizers, irrigation, and method of inoculant placement on the yield and quality of several early-maturing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars. Highest yields were obtained when soybeans were seeded during the first half of May. Irrigation requirements varied between years but yields were similar whether soil moisture was depleted to the 6 × 104-Pa or the 3 × 104-Pa level before irrigating to field capacity. Soybean yields increased substantially from N fertilizer when the inoculant was applied to the seed without a sticker. When granular inoculant was banded with the seed there was no response to N, and the yields of inoculated plants were higher than those of plants that were uninoculated and received up to 160 kg N/ha. When properly inoculated, early-maturing cultivars such as King Grain strain X005 and Maple Presto were capable of maturing and producing seed of acceptable yield and quality in southern Alberta.Key words: Cultivars, fertilizer, irrigation, inoculant, Glycine max (L.) Merrill
INDUCED QUANTITATIVE VARIATION FOR AGRONOMIC AND RELATED CHARACTERS IN BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus)
Authors: THERRIEN M. C. , GRANT W. F.
Published: March 2010

Seed of Lotus corniculatus L. (Leguminosae) was treated with a wide range of dosages of unfiltered X-rays, ethyl methanesulfonate, 8-ethoxycaffeine, N-hydroxyurea, and 2-aminopurine. Approximately 7500 M1 plants were raised, including 1500 controls. The plants were selfed, selectively and nonselectively crossed for four generations and assessed for induced changes in seed and forage yields, hydrocyanoglycoside (HCA) content in the leaves, flowering time, pod dehiscence, and winter hardiness. A total of 18 mutant lines were recovered from a population of 22 000 plants. Quantitative variations, both increased and decreased, were observed in the M2 to M4 progeny for seed and forage yield, HCA content, and flowering time. No differences were observed for pod dehiscence and winter hardiness. Varying degrees of transmission of quantitative traits occurred which ranged from nearly complete transmission in high HCA lines to zero transmission in lines of low seed yield and early and late flowering.Key words: Lotus corniculatus, bird’s-foot trefoil, forage yield, mutagenesis
LONG-TERM STORAGE OF GRASS SEEDS
Authors: ACKIGOZ E. , KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., intermediate wheatgrass, A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv., and smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., were stored for 20 yr under various conditions. Temperature was a major factor affecting success with viability inversely related to storage temperature. At −7 and −18 °C, viabilities of 80–90% were shown after 20 yr storage. Drying seed for 7.5 h at 60 °C prior to storage gave little improvement over undried seed stored with 8% moisture. Plastic bags gave storage as good as glass jars with screw-top lids, although plastic bags were less effective in excluding moisture. It was concluded that adequate germination for reproduction of strains could be obtained after 25–30 yr of storage.Key words: Storage, grass, seeds
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 59. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and S. verticillata (L.) Beauv.
Authors: STEEL MARION G. , CAVERS PAUL B. , LEE SUSANNA M.
Published: March 2010

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., yellow foxtail, and S. verticillata (L.) Beauv., bristly foxtail, are introduced weedy grasses. S. glauca is an abundant weed in British Columbia and in agricultural areas east of the Great Lakes. It is increasing in the eastern Prairie provinces. S. verticillata is most abundant in southern Ontario and southern Quebec. Details of the morphology, reproductive biology, response to parasites and methods of control for both species are presented, including new data.Key words: Yellow foxtail, bristly foxtail, Setaria, weeds
ATTEMPTS TO ELUCIDATE THE GENETIC CONTROL OF OZONE SENSITIVITY IN SEEDLINGS OF Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: GURI ASAF
Published: March 2010

Four selected cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., two ozone insensitive and two ozone sensitive, were selected from 12 cultivars initially screened for use in this study. The results auggest that (a) the major alleles which express ozone insensitivity are almost fully dominant; (b) two major interacting genes control the expression of the trait; (c) there are probably an undetermined number of genes with minor effects which slightly alter the overall expression of the two major genes.Key words: Phaseolus, ozone sensitivity, genetic control, beans
EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTHS ON THE GROWTH OF CARROTS AND ONIONS ON AN ORGANIC SOIL IN VITRO
Authors: MILLETTE J. A.
Published: March 2010

Carrots and onions were grown on organic soil in a greenhouse over four water table levels, 10, 20, 40, 70 cm from the soil surface. Carrot yields were reduced over the shallowest water table level only, whereas the onion yields were depressed by the 10-, 20-, and 40-cm water table levels. The longest carrots were produced in the 40- and 70-cm water table levels. Evapotranspiration for the carrots was the same in all treatments but the water use efficiency was greatest in the 40- and 70-cm water table levels. Evapotranspiration for the onions and water use efficiency were the greatest in the 70-cm water table level. The evapotranspiration curves for the carrots showed two peaks, the second one corresponding to a rapid growth from the 50th day after seeding. The evapotranspiration curves for the onions showed one peak following the 70th day after seeding. Onions appear to be much more sensitive than carrots to high soil water content.Key words: Carrot, onion, water table, organic soil, vegetables
WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CORN, SUNFLOWER AND WHEAT WITH LIMITING SOIL MOISTURE
Authors: GREEN D. G. , READ D. W. L.
Published: March 2010

Corn was superior to wheat in water use efficiency (WUE) calculated by using total dry matter production. Manitou wheat under adequate soil moisture was more efficient in water use than Pitic 62 or Wascana wheats. All wheat cultivars showed improved WUE with limited moisture. Sunflowers were the most adaptive species at changing WUE in response to available moisture.Key words: Water use efficiency
SCOUT HULLESS BARLEY
Authors: ROSSNAGEL B. G. , BHATTY R. S. , HARVEY B. L.
Published: March 2010

Scout is a high energy, two-rowed, hulless feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan from the cross Centennial/Fergus//Hulless Betzes. Its main attribute is its hulless nature which makes it a high-energy feedstuff. It is best adapted to the two-rowed barley areas of Saskatchewan and Alberta.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., naked barley, energy
RUBYVEE TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Rubyvee is a midseason, paste-type tomato introduced for processing as whole-pack, juice or sauce. It is suitable for machine harvesting. Fruit size is sufficiently large for hand picking.Key words: Tomato, breeding, processing, machine harvesting, vegetables
COMPARATIVE WATER STRESS STUDIES ON DROUGHT RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE CORN GROWN IN CHAMBER AND FIELD ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SKRETKOWICZ A. L. , THURTELL G. W.
Published: March 2010

Drought resistant and drought susceptible corn plants were grown in both field and growth room environments in order to study differences in response to water stress attributable to their growth environments, including their prestress history.After 40–56 days of growth, field- and chamber-grown drought resistant and susceptible plants were placed in a growth cabinet for the drought stress experiments. There they underwent two stress cycles, during which time water was witheld. During the cycles, leaf water potential, transpiration, stomatal resistance and soil moisture content were monitored. The response differences due to water stress between the drought resistant and susceptible plants were first examined. Response differences due to their prestress growth environments were then considered.The responses of the field- and chamber-grown drought resistant plants to stress were found to be similar although there were differences in the absolute value of the responses measured. This was also true of the drought susceptible plants. The drought resistant plants were able to maintain their ability to extract water for a longer period of time than the susceptible plants. They maintained low stomatal resistance values for a large part of the drying cycle. The values of leaf water potential at which the stomatal resistances increased were lower than those of the drought susceptible plants. This enabled the drought resistant plants to extend their period of water utilization.During the drying cycles, the field-grown drought resistant and susceptible plants maintained low stomatal resistances and high transpiration rates for a longer period of time than their chamber counterparts. The values of leaf water potential at which stomatal resistance increased and transpiration decreased were lower than those of the chamber-grown plants, allowing the field-grown plants a slightly extended period of water utilization.The knowledge of prestress history of plants grown in different environments is shown to be of importance when comparative studies between field and controlled environments are undertaken. The similarity in response found between field- and chamber- grown plants is a useful factor as the chamber work with these particular cultivars is shown to be representative of field response at this location.Key words: Water stress, drought resistance, Zea mays L.
YIELD STABILITY IN INTERCROPPING STUDIES OF SORGHUM OR MAIZE WITH COWPEA OR COMMON BEAN UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILITY LEVELS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: FARIS M. A. , ARAÚJO M. R. A. de , LIRA M. de A. , ARCOVERE A. S. S.
Published: March 2010

Experimental evidence on yield stability of intercropping is sparse. This work was carried out to examine the stability of four intercrop patterns: maize (Zea mays L.)/cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp); maize/common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)/cowpea; and, sorghum/common bean against their component crops. Twenty-one trials were established from 1974 to 1978. The mean relative yield advantage of intercropping patterns as indicated by the land equivalent ratio (LER) was 32%. The combined analysis of variance for the absolute total yields revealed that most of the pattern × environment interaction is accounted for by the heterogeneity of regressions. Pulses were less responsive to environmental change. However, cereals were more responsive to improvement in the environment resulting in increased yield. The regression lines of the intercropping patterns and sole cereals were closer to each other, due to the low yield contribution of the pulses to the intercropping total yield. However, the slopes of the intercropping pattern lines were closer to b = 1.0. On the basis of mean yield and regression slope, it was demonstrated that sole cereals or intercropping have better performance stability than sole pulses in northeastern Brazil.Key words: Stability, intercropping, sorghum, maize, cowpea, common bean
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE AND NITROGEN ON THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT AS MEASURED BY DEGREE DAYS
Authors: DAVIDSON H. R. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

A phenological index based on meteorological parameters that accurately describes the development of wheat is urgently needed by agricultural researchers. In this study, a biometeorological time scale was proposed. It was developed from data obtained in a growth chamber study in which the effect of temperature, N fertility and soil moisture on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development were assessed. The model was then proofed using data from two field experiments. A normalized time scale was derived relating phenological development to percent SD, defined as ((number of days to a selected phenological stage)/(number of days to soft dough)) × 100. The degree day equation was modified to incorporate this time scale as:[Formula: see text]where K1 is a rate constant having units % SD∙°C−1∙day−1; bo is a base temperature below which no development occurs with units °C; and Tm is the mean daily temperature between growth stages S1 and S2. This equation was used to derive values for the developmental parameters. In the growth room K = 0.0875 (standard error 0.0045) and bo = 4.6 (standard error 0.99). Under fie d conditions K1 = 0.0935 (standard error 0.0123) and bo = 2.4 (standard error 2.213). The growth room and field parameters were not significantly different at the 5% probability level. Temperature was the only environmental parameter which influenced the rate of development under the conditions of this experiment. The number of days to the various developmental stages was inversely and linearly related to mean daily temperature over the 15–25 °C range. The degree day equation was shown to be a good index of development. Under fie d conditions the number of degree days to progress a crop to the flowering stage was 703 (standard error 9.4) and to the soft dough stage 1086 (standard error 15.4). The small variability in the values of the developmental parameters obtained in the growth room and field experiments were attributed to errors in the determination of phenological dates, and differences between temperature in the crop microclimate and measured temperatures from the standard meteorological site. A further modification to the degree day equation was postulated to account for the influence of daylength on wheat development.Key words: Temperature and development, moisture and development, degree days, development of wheat
IMPROVEMENT OF FORAGE QUALITY THROUGH PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANT BREEDING
Authors: HOWARTH R. E. , GOPLEN B. P.
Published: March 2010

The prospects for improving forage quality through improved management of forage production and through plant breeding are reviewed, with emphasis on the Canadian situation. The major components of forage quality are nutrient content, digestibility, voluntary intake, and lack of anti-nutritive factors. Since maturity has a major impact on forage quality, adequate harvest systems and equipment are essential for consistent production of quality forage. Legume forages are generally of higher quality than grasses. Greater use of legumes and improved procedures for renovation of grass-legume mixtures provide opportunities for improved forage quality. Greater use of complementary and rotational grazing systems should enhance intake of quality forage. Breeding for improved forage quality is a slow, long-term approach, but relatively small improvements in digestibility can give substantial improvements in animal productivity. Breeding for improved quality should continue with emphasis on anti-nutritive factors and intake of digestible energy. Progress in breeding the cool-season forages for improved quality has been impaired by inadequate analytical techniques. Analytical methods used in nutrition laboratories may require modification or adaptation to meet the unique requirements of plant breeders.Key words: Forage, management, breeding, quality, digestion
THE YIELD, NITROGEN AND NITRATE CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS, MEADOW FOXTAIL AND TIMOTHY FERTILIZED WITH NITROGEN
Authors: KLINE PATRICIA , BROERSMA KLAAS
Published: March 2010

The effects of five rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in the spring and four rates of N applied in the spring and after each harvest were determined on yield, percent N and nitrate accumulation in timothy (Phleum pratense L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) for 4 yr. The three grass species were grown on a fine clay soil at Prince George, B.C. Meadow foxtail, reed canarygrass and timothy yields increased up to 5.0, 5.3 and 2.3 times, respectively, with spring-applied fertilizer. Yields of timothy were significantly higher than the other two species when no N was applied. Nitrogen content increased with increasing rates of applied N for the three grass species. Nitrate content measured as nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) increased with increasing N rates. Meadow foxtail accumulated the highest levels of NO3-N and reed canarygrass intermediate levels. The NO3-N content of timothy was always less than the minimum safe level of 0.15% NO3-N even at the highest N application rates. This minimum safe level was exceeded most often by meadow foxtail and sometimes by reed canarygrass.Key words: Yield, nitrogen, nitrate, reed canarygrass, meadow foxtail, timothy
A COMPARISON OF HAND RAKING AND MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: HALL I. V. , CRAIG D. L. , LAWRENCE R. A.
Published: March 2010

A mechanical harvester developed for lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was demonstrated in a field trial to be potentially viable for machine harvest. On a well-managed, relatively weed-free field, four experienced hand rakers were able to harvest a larger percent of the fruit than the machine, but it took about eight times as long to do so. The quality of the berries, as measured by percent poor berries and amount of foreign material, was not significantly different between hand- and machine-gathered berries. On a field that contained a considerable native weed population, the hand rakers were able to extract a greater harvest with better berry quality. The potential of the harvester is discussed in relation to present trends in the industry.Key words: Lowbush blueberry, mechanical harvest
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE GERMINATION RESPONSES OF FALL PANICUM TO TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT
Authors: BASKIN JERRY M. , BASKIN CAROL C.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) were buried in fine-mesh nylon bags in soil and exposed to the annual temperature cycle. Fresh seeds and seeds exhumed after 1–15 mo were tested in light and darkness at five temperature regimes simulating those in the field from early spring through late autumn. Freshly matured seeds were dormant, but they came out of dormancy during late autumn and winter. Thus, by spring (April) seeds germinated to near 100% in light at 20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20 °C. However, except at 35/20 °C during June, July and August, the majority of the seeds required light for germination. In the field, germination does not begin until April when temperatures come within the range of those required for germination. Seeds retained the ability to germinate to a high percentage at 30/15 and 35/20 °C throughout the summer, but they lost this ability at 20/10 °C in early summer and at 25/15 °C in late summer. Thus, seeds stop germinating in early autumn when diurnal field temperatures decrease below about 20–25 °C maximum and 10–15 °C minimum. In autumn, seeds lost the ability to germinate even at the high temperatures, but they regained it by the following January.Key words: Germination, dormancy, after-ripening, fall panicum, summer annual, buried seeds
DIFFUSE KNAPWEED INVASION INTO RANGELAND IN THE DRY INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: MYERS JUDITH H. , BERUBE DENIS E.
Published: March 2010

Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) was observed to invade a lightly grazed grassland in the interior Douglas-fir zone southeast of Kamloops, B.C. The presence of knapweed at densities of approximately 15 flowering plants/m2 reduced the growth of grass during the summer by about 2/3 and grass biomass by approximately 1/2. Knapweed seedling density dropped sharply over a distance of 10–20 m, but neither the ratios of seedling-to-rosette nor rosette-to-flowering plant changed significantly over this density gradient. Fertilization did not alter the grass or knapweed summer growth or biomass, but selective grazing by cattle might have obliterated any difference. The front of diffuse knapweed distribution advanced approximately 120 m during 3 yr, and scattered patches of plants occurred even further into the grassland. We conclude that overgrazing is not a necessary prerequisite to the invasion of diffuse knapweed into grassland.Key words: Knapweed, weed invasion, introduced weed, rangeland weed
ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF DIFFUSE KNAPWEED (Centaurea diffusa) EXTRACTS
Authors: MUIR ALISTER D. , MAJAK WALTER
Published: March 2010

An in vitro survey was conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of diffuse knapweed, a noxious weed invading the Pacific Northwest. Knapweed extracts were prepared using various solvents and inhibitory activity was bioassayed by measuring ryegrass seed germination and seedling growth. Inhibitory activity was found mainly in chloroform- and water-soluble extracts of knapweed. The impact of the latter was not due to osmotic effects as shown by osmolarity measurements or total cation concentration. When the chloroform extract of shoots was purified by column chromatography, inhibition was associated with fractions containing sesquiterpene lactones. Inhibitor levels were lower in knapweed roots than in shoots. In addition to different solubilities, the polar and nonpolar inhibitors showed different elution profiles on Sephadex G-10.Key words: Centaurea diffusa, knapweed, allelopathy, seed bioassays, ryegrass
MANOR BUCKWHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. G.
Published: March 2010

Manor is the second large-seeded buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) cultivar licensed in Canada. It is adapted to a larger growing area than Mancan and has a higher yield potential.Key words: Fagopyrum esculentum, buckwheat cultivar
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GERMINATION OF RAPESEED (Brassica napus L. AND B. campestris L.)
Authors: KONDRA Z. P. , CAMPBELL D. C. , KING JANE R.
Published: March 2010

Seed of Brassica campestris L. has a significantly lower germination percent and germination rate than B. napus, especially at low temperatures. Significant differences among genotypes within species were demonstrated for both characteristics.Key words: Rapeseed, germination, temperature effects
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS OF FIELD PEAS WITH DIFFERENT COOKING QUALITY
Authors: CHONG J. , ALI-KHAN S. T. , CHUBEY B. B. , GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

An energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analytical method was used to study the freeze-dried powder of seeds of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) with good and poor cooking quality. EDX analysis of the electron-dense particles in the freeze-dried powder revealed the presence of high concentrations of Mg, P, and K, suggesting that the particles were protein bodies. Seeds with different cooking quality were compared with respect to the ratios of these elements in the dense particles. Statistical analysis indicated a significant correlation between these ratios and cooking quality.Key words: Pisum sativum, protein bodies, elemental analysis
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY, Vaccinium angustifolium
Authors: HALL I. V.
Published: March 2010

The mean berry weight from four progeny crosses of select clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was significantly greater than that of three progenies from open-pollinated female parents, identified as select clones. Mean yields from both of these sources were significantly greater than from the three progenies from wild stands. The mean yield from both types of progenies involving select clones was also significantly greater than that from wild stands; however, the mean from the progenies with two select clones as parents was greater only at P < 0.05 than that of those progenies having only one known parent as a select clone.Key words: Breeding, lowbush blueberry
ONTARIO 7710 — A TOMATO BREEDING LINE WITH RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPECK, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (OKABE)
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Ontario 7710 is an early, smooth, determinate tomato possessing the gene Pto which gives dominant, monogenic resistance to bacterial speck. It has good machinability for mechanical harvest and desirable processing characteristics. Fruit size is rather small and the locular walls rather thin for commercial production.Key words: Tomato, bacterial speck, resistance, breeding line
EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON SEEDLING GROWTH, HEAD DEFORMATION AND GRAIN YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: IVANY J. A. , NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

In field experiments at Charlottetown, P.E.I., five herbicides evaluated at two rates of application on eight spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars showed no effect on dry plant weight 20 days after treatment. Herbicide treatment with dicamba resulted in a greater number of deformed heads per plot compared with the untreated in 1980 and with all herbicides except diclofop-methyl in 1981. More deformed heads occurred with dicamba and the 2,4-D/mecoprop/dicamba mixture at the higher rate of application in 1981 than with the other herbicides and the lower rate of application. All cultivars had more deformed heads than the untreated control when treated with 2,4-D, dicamba and the 2,4-D/mecoprop/dicamba mixture in 1981. Neepawa and Dundas had more deformed heads than the other cultivars when treated with MCPA. Head deformation by herbicide treatment had no adverse effect on grain yield in this study.Key words: Spring wheat cultivars, herbicides, head deformation, 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, diclofop-methyl
RELATIONSHIP OF MORPHOLOGICAL PLANT CHARACTERISTICS OF SUNFLOWER TO BIRD FEEDING
Authors: PARFITT DAN E.
Published: March 2010

Bird damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a serious problem in many areas where the crop is grown commercially. This study identifies morphological characters of sunflower that could be used in breeding programs to develop genotypes with improved resistance to bird feeding. An open-pollinated population of sunflower genotypes was tested in four environments for the effects of head shape, bract length, achene size, achene color, plant height, head diameter, distance between head and stem, and head angle. Feeding damage from blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) was visually estimated. Concave heads, medium distances between the heads and stems, and white achenes discouraged blackbird feeding. Concave heads and downturned heads were aversive to sparrows.Key words: Sunflower, plant characteristics, bird feeding, Helianthus annus L.