bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Host (Musca domesticaLinnaeus) Age on the Pteromalid ParasiteNasonia vitripennis(Walker)
Authors: Chabora Peter C. , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

An investigation was made of the influence of age of the host (Musca domesticaLinn.) in the pupal stage on the oviposition behavior and development of the pteromalid parasiteNasonia vitripennis(Walk.). Five age groups of hosts were employed in 10 pair combinations with an excess of hosts available for selection. Except for the 1-day-old hosts, more of the younger hosts of the combinations produced parasite progeny while the older hosts had a high percentage yielding neither fly nor parasite. Parasite production per pupa was 6.25 on the youngest hosts, with the number decreasing to 4.85 per host at 5 days. Hosts 2, 3, and 4 days old combined with 1-day-old hosts had higher rates of parasitism than when combined with hosts of other ages. The ranking for successful parasitization of hosts, by age of pupae, was 2, 3, 1, 4, and 5 days old.
Diel Patterns of Mosquito Activity in a High Arctic Locality: Hazen Camp, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

Diel patterns of emergence, flight, host-seeking and oviposition have been studied in two mosquitoes, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) impiger and A. (O.) nigripes, at Hazen Camp (71° 18′ W., 81° 49′ N.). Diel periodicities were detected in both species for all these activities except flight. Oviposition of A. nigripes shows a well-defined pattern, but otherwise periodicities are evident only as slight and somewhat irregular diel fluctuations. All diel patterns show a maximum near solar noon, and appear to result from a direct (exogenous) response to ambient temperature. The patterns of host-seeking flight, closely similar in both species, are compared with those recorded for Aedes (Ochlerotatus) at lower latitudes. Small morning and afternoon peaks at Hazen Camp are seen as vestiges of sunrise and sunset maxima that characterize this periodicity further south.
Review of the Fern Aphids in North America With Descriptions of a New Species and a New Genus
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Seven indigenous and four introduced species of aphids occur on ferns (Polypodiaceae) in North America. A new species,Macrosiphum cystopteris, is described, andMacrosiphum sleesmaniPepper is designated as type of a new genusPapulaphis.
Review of the Species ofTeratocorisFieber, With Description of a New Species From the Nearctic Region (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

A new species,Teratocoris borealis, is described from Northwest Territories.T.viridisD. & S. is reported for the first time from the Nearctic Region.T.herbaticusUhl. andT.lineatusWagn. are synonymized withsaundersiD. & S.,T.caricisKirk. (=longicornisUhl.) is reinstated as a good species. Species are keyed and male genitalia are figured.
The Trichoptera of St. Helen's Island, Montreal: I. The Species Present and Their Relative Abundance at Light
Authors: Corbet Philip S. , Schmid F. , Augustin C. L.
Published: December 2009

St. Helen's Island, the site of Trichoptera studies in 1964 and 1965, is described. The Trichoptera encountered are listed, and taxonomic notes given where appropriate. Catches from a light-trap operated nightly in each year provide information for the different species concerning: relative abundance, frequency and seasonal range of occurrence, pest status, and sex ratio. Of the 99 species recorded, eight were classified as pests (causing a nuisance at light), six having this status in both years; together these eight species made up 87.6% of the seasonal total in 1965. Between late May and late September 1965, when large numbers arrived at light (median nightly catch ca. 3 × 103), a nuisance occurred on about one third of nights. Excluding Psychomyia flavida, of which only females were taken at light, most species showed a slight preponderance of males, but sex ratios varied widely according to species, year and night of capture.
The Fauna of Fomes fomentarius (Linnaeus ex Fries) Kickx Growing on Dead Birch in Gatineau Park, Quebec
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Matthewman W. G.
Published: December 2009

A list is given of 77 species of arthropods, taken in 1965 from the bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx growing on dead birch, in Gatineau Park, Quebec.
Studies With Whitefly Parasites of Southern California: II.Eretmocerus californicusHoward (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Gerling Dan
Published: December 2009

Eretmocerus californicusis a solitary parasite of numerous whitefly species. It is able to develop in all nymphal stages of its host but prefers the second and third. Oviposition and development of the first-instar larva take place under the host, the following two instars develop endoparasitically. Superparasitism is common under artificial conditions, but the supernumeraries are always eliminated during their first or second instar. Adult longevity is highest at 60° and lowest at 100° F. Males are rare and superfluous in Riverside but abundant and essential in Indio. In Riverside,E.californicusis most abundant during the late summer and is almost absent from the field between January and June. In Indio, it is present the year around. Although it attacks the same host instars asEncarsia pergandiellaHoward, no hyper- or multiple-parasitism takes place.E.californicusis an important controlling factor on whiteflies in the Coachella and Imperial valleys but not in Riverside and the coastal area.
Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a New Parasite of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Canada
Authors: Hudon Marcel
Published: December 2009

The capture of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) is being reported as the first record of this ichneumonid as a parasite of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) in Canada.
An Automatically Recording Insect Flight Mill
Authors: Smith H. W. , Furniss M. M.
Published: December 2009

Specifications and construction of an automatically recording insect flight mill are described. Revolutions of individual flight mills are recorded, by means of photocells, on electric counters.
An Abnormal Larva of Anchylopera burgessiana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: December 2009

A larva with an extra proleg was collected near Orangeville in southern Ontario by A. A. Harnden, of the Forest Insect Survey, on 13 August 1964. The species was Anchylopera burgessiana Zeller, a leaf folder on red oak, Quercus rubra L.

An abnormal larva reported previously (Lindquist 1964) had twin anal prolegs on a common base. The specimen reported here has a complete supernumerary proleg situated between the normal anal pair (Fig. 1). The extra appendage has 27 crotchets arranged in a complete circle. It resembles the prolegs on abdominal segments 3–6, although these bear about 42 crotchets also arranged in a circle. Crotchets on the normal anal pair of prolegs number 25 and 29.
Survival and Reproduction ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) at Different Host Population Densities
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) lived longer, found more hosts, and produced more progeny at high host (housefly,Musca domesticaL.) population densities than at lower ones. Because they feed on the fly pupae that they parasitize, the female parasites were able to obtain more food at high host population densities. Starved and unstarved females produced progeny with similar sex ratios. By feeding on parasitized fly pupae when unparasitized ones are scarce, females ofN.vitripennisincrease their longevity and their ability to oviposit if they subsequently find unparasitized hosts. Females that have fed partly or entirely on parasitized pupae subsequently produce relatively more diapause progeny.
Air Ions and Blood pH of the Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella L.
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

That insect blood pH can be altered by air ions was shown when larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., were exposed to air ions at ion currents of 3 × 10−9 amp. Negative ions significantly raised the pH value over that of controls. Positive ions tended to depress the pH values, but the difference from the controls was slight and not significant. It is suggested that altered pH may be reflected in increased activity of insects when exposed to ionized air.
Two New Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: December 2009

Colpocephalum strangei is described from the falconiform, Phalcoboenus australis, from the Falkland Islands, and C. javensis from the piciform, Dryocopus j. javensis, from Thailand.
Life History of Dasystoma salicellum Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a New Pest of Blueberries in British Columbia
Authors: Raine J.
Published: December 2009

Dasystoma salicellum Hbn., a European species first found in North America in 1955, has become a serious pest of commercial highbush blueberries in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia.

The species is univoltine, photopositive and has a wide range of hosts. It feeds most often on Salix, Spiraea and Vaccinium. The moths emerge from mid-March to early April and lay eggs in the leaf axils and under bud scales and loose bark. The eggs hatch in late May. The larvae have six instars. The first instars are often dispersed by the wind. Later instars tie new leaves together for shelter, feed on leaves and blossom buds and sometimes enter the early fruit. At harvest the larvae are almost mature and large numbers are dislodged into the crates by picking machines. In September they sometimes defoliate the bushes. In October they pupate within their leaf shelters and drop to the ground with the leaves to overwinter.

Some pupae are destroyed by mould; others are parasitized by Itoplectis quadricingulata (Prov.) and Compsilura concinnata (Mg.). The larvae are parasitized by Macrocentrus iridescens French, and the adults by Tomosvaryella species.
Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae
Authors: Dodge H. Rodney
Published: December 2009

First instars of 93 North American species of mosquitoes are studied and 56 are illustrated, 41 for the first time. Generic differences are well marked in this instar and nearly all species are separable.

Two keys to the 11 North American genera are presented; the first is constructed to show similarities between first and later instars. Each genus is described and keyed to species, and notes are given on each species. A supplementary key to the species of the southeastern states is designed for the use of a binocular microscope with magnification up to 60 ×.

Specific and generic differences are as well marked in the first as in the fourth instar. Identifications are as easy or as difficult in the first as in the fourth instar, though usually based on different characters.

An expanded key to the North American species of Aedes, incorporating those previously treated by Bohart and by Price, is attempted. The key reveals several species complexes which have not been discerned from other stages of the life cycle, namely, Aedes canadensis, nigromaculis, punctor, stimulans infirmatus and trivittatus.

A key to the first instars of the 37 species of the world-wide Anophelinae is presented, on the basis of published descriptions and figures of the exotic species.
An Interpretation of the Haemocyte Complex in a Stonefly, Acroneuria arenosa Pictet (Plecoptera: Pteronarcidae)
Authors: Arnold John W.
Published: December 2009

The haemocytes of adults of the stonefly, Acroneuria arenosa Pictet, are described and figured as they appear in vivo in the wings and as fixed and stained elements in blood films prepared in four different ways. The adequacy of the blood films is judged by comparing the haemocytes there with those in vivo, and the cell complex is interpreted from both aspects. Four categories of haemocytes, the prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, and hyaline haemocytes, are denoted and characterized within these visual limits. The validity of one category, the hyaline haemocytes, is questioned on the basis of cell counts and cell morphology but is tentatively retained. Variations in the haemocyte complex during the adult life is considered. The progressive decrease in relative numbers of circulating plasmatocytes with age is shown to be due to their adherence to the walls of wing veins and presumably to other tissues within the body.
A Classification of the Genera and Higher Taxa of the Meloid Subfamily Eleticinae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Selander Richard B.
Published: December 2009

The Eleticinae are an archaic and in many respects primitive group of Meloidae found in South America (widespread), Africa (south of the Sahara Desert), and the Oriental Region (India to Thailand). They are, in general, poorly represented in collections, and very little is known definitely of their bionomics. On the basis of an analysis of adult anatomical characters the subfamily is defined in detail and is classified to the generic level in the present paper. Two tribes, seven subtribes, and 10 genera are recognized, keyed, and diagnosed. The tribe Spasticini is arranged as follows: Protomeloina Abdullah, transferred from the Meloinae and reduced to subtribal rank, with Protomeloe Abdullah; Spasticina Kaszab with Spastica Lacordaire; Xenospastina, new subtribe, with Xenospasta, new genus; and Anthicoxenina, new subtribe, with Anthicoxenus Fairmaire and Germain, formerly placed in the Anthicidae, and Iselma Haag-Rutenberg. The arrangement of the tribe Eleticini is: Eospastina, new subtribe, with Eospasta, new genus, and Serrospasta, new genus; Eleticina Wellman with Eletica Lacordaire (and including, as subgenera, Sibuteletica Pic, Meteletica Kaszab, and Proeletica Kaszab); and Ertlianina, new name for Ertliini Kaszab, with Ertliana Selander (= Steniselma Borchmann, new synonymy) and Ceriselma Borchmann, the latter elevated from subgeneric rank in Iselma. Species described as new are Protomeloe simplex (Argentina), Spastica minas (Brazil), Xenospasta flava (Colombia), and Serrospasta vittata (Colombia).
The Effect of Agricultural Development on the Grasshopper Populations of the Red River Valley of Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Bird Ralph D. , Romanow Walter
Published: December 2009

The Red River Valley was originally a wet prairie and marsh. Drainage commenced in 1899 and was basically complete by 1907. Intensive grain farming developed. The area was periodically invaded by the Rocky Mountain grasshopper, Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), for over 100 years, until 1902, at which time this species apparently became extinct. Local grasshoppers did not become pests until about 1900, after agriculture was well established. The clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder), and the two-striped grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), then became abundant. These grasshoppers bred on the roadsides surrounding each square mile. Road-building and ditching produced slopes of ground favorable for oviposition. The destruction of native vegetation and its replacement by introduced grasses, cereal crops and weeds provided attractive and nutritious food plants and oviposition sites. C. pellucida reached its highest population in 1940 when there was an abundance of Poa pratensis L. and Phleum pratense L. on the roadsides. These grasses are attractive food plants. Poa pratensis is known to be highly nutritious. Both species along with Agropyron smithii Rydb. provided favored egg-laying sites. Although C. pellucida has maintained populations capable of damaging crops and peaks occurred in 1950 and 1961 numbers have not again been as high. This may have been related to a marked reduction in P. pratense and A. smithii. M. bivittatus continued at a high population level because of the abundance of oviposition sites and of preferred food plants. Being a general feeder it was not adversely affected by the change in grass species but benefited by an abundance of the lactiferous weeds, Sonchus arvensis Bieb., Lactuca pulchella (Purse) DC. and Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Factors Influencing the Orientation and Rates of Activity ofDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Shepherd R. F.
Published: December 2009

The tactic and kinetic responses of adultDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins were studied under varying conditions of light, temperature, humidity, gravity, and with different visual forms. Newly emerged adultDendroctonus ponderosaeHopk. were attracted by high light intensity and utilized spot sources of light and surrounding objects, but not polarized light, for orientation. Flying adults were positively phototactic unless warmed above 35 °C; egg-laying adults were negatively phototactic. High temperatures and light intensities increased the frequency of flights. The beetles were negatively geotropic but this could be masked by the attraction to light. Dark objects on a light background were attractive; the size of the object was important while the shape was not.

Temperature influenced orientation to some extent but its influence on rate of activity was far more pronounced; rate of walk followed a linear relationship with temperature. Humidity also affected orientation and rate of walk to some extent, although its effect was usually masked by other environmental factors.
Factors Influencing Oviposition, and the Effect of Temperature on Development and Survival of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) Eggs
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

The factors influencing oviposition and feeding of Enoclerus lecontei, and the effect of temperature on egg development and survival, were studied in the laboratory.

When food was not a limiting factor, the total number of eggs laid, and the total number of bark beetles consumed by clerid pairs during their lives was strongly influenced by longevity of the female and to a lesser extent by female “vigor”. Female “vigor” and longevity were not necessarily coincident. The rate of oviposition and the rate of food consumption are mainly influenced by the “vigor” of the female clerid.

The effect of suboptimal food on oviposition was determined. Regression equations are given for estimating the number of eggs laid utilizing three measures of food supply, number of bark beetles supplied, their weight, and number eaten. The independent variables may be used separately or combined as a multiple regression.

Time for egg development varied from 5 days at 35 °C. to 28 days at 15 °C. Optimal conditions for development and survival were between 20° and 25 °C. Eggs can withstand cold storage (7° to 9 °C.) for 10 days before survival is impaired. Thereafter, mortality increases logarithmically until the 100 percentile is reached at about 43 days.
The Species of Steremnius Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: December 2009

A key, bibliographies, and synonymies are given for the three species of Steremnius Schoen. S. scrobiculatus (Mann.) is considered a synonym of S. tuberosus Gyll.
Keltonia, a New Genus Near Reuteroscopus Kirk., With Descriptions of New Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Knight Harry H.
Published: December 2009

A new genus Keltonia is described, with two new species from Florida, rubrofemorata and fuscipunctata. Psallus sulphureus Reuter (1907), formerly included in Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy (1905), is placed in this genus (n. comb.), and Psallus conspurcatus Blatchley (1928) is considered a synonym of sulphureus (n. syn.). Psallus balli Knight (1926) is transferred to Keltonia (n. comb.).
Fecundity and Oviposition in the Grasshoppers Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Melanoplus bivittatus (Say)
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: December 2009

Pairs of Melanoplus sanguinipes and M. bivittatus were reared in cages and the eggs produced by each female were counted. M. sanguinipes laid an average of 328.7 eggs per female, 9.4 eggs per day, and an average of 21.8 eggs per pod. M. bivittatus laid an average of 354.9 eggs per female, 11.0 eggs per day, and 43.3 eggs per pod. M. sanguinipes produced a pod every 2.3 days and M. bivittatus one every 3.9 days. Feeding M. sanguinipes only every second day approximately doubled the longevity and oviposition period but halved the number of eggs per day.
Variation in Weight, Size, and Sex Ratio of Coccinellid Adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

The weight and size of coccinellid adults varied with species, sex, and feeding. Intraspecies variation in weight was generally similar in the eight species studied. Females were more variable than males in body size. Females of some species were heavier and larger than males, and species can be classified on a basis of difference in the weight and size of the sexes.

An increase in the food supply after a period of food scarcity affected the sex ratio, as the minimum food requirement of females was greater than males. Females increased in weight more rapidly than males after feeding. The availability of food in the field affected the weight and size of some species. Adult water content was influenced by feeding but not by sex or the quantity of food given to the larva.

Males were more abundant in species with small sexual differences in weight and size. The degree of difference in weight and size between males and females may be used as a criterion to select species that are best adapted to survive when food is scarce.
Major Factors in Survival of the Immature Stages of Pieris rapae (L.)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Detailed studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), have been carried out at Merivale, Ontario, since 1959. A method for preparing life tables is described and a mean life table is presented for 18 generations of the species on cabbage. Population data for the preadult period show that there are three age intervals during which extensive mortality may occur: (1) between hatching and the second moult, (2) instars three to five, and (3) during the pupal stage. The analysis of successive age-interval survivals in relation to generation survival showed that the latter is largely determined by the survival rate for (2). Examination of the life tables revealed that a granulosis of the larvae caused by a capsule virus is the key factor in generation survival. Major mortality factors include rainfall and parasites.
A List of Trichoptera Taken at Montreal and Chambly, Quebec, With Descriptions of Three New Species
Authors: Nimmo A. P.
Published: December 2009

Hydropsyche corbeti,Cheumatopsyche montrealensis, andProtoptila expositionisn. spp. are described from Montreal, Quebec. A total of 93 forms are listed, three of which are represented only by females and cannot be identified to species. An additional species is recorded only from Chambly, Quebec. Thirty-four genera and 13 families are represented in the list.
A Method of Mounting Insects From Alcohol
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

A method of mounting Diptera, Lepidoptera and other insects preserved in alcohol is described.
Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Life-span of Adults of the Swaine Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Pilon J. G.
Published: December 2009

The life -span of Swaine jack-pine sawfly adults was studied under various constant and alternating temperatures and at four different values of relative humidity. Temperature significantly influenced the life-span of both sexes according to a non-linear equation, and relative humidity according to a linear regression. The influence of temperature varied with relative humidity in the case of males but not in the case of females. The life-span of both sexes was shorter at alternating temperatures than at constant temperatures.
New Species of Heptagenia From Western North America (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

Two undescribed species of the genus Heptagenia of the maculipennis group are described and illustrated. Heptagenia jewetti n. sp. is known from Oregon, and H. petersi n. sp. from Wyoming and Utah.
The Mode of Action of Repellent Chemicals Against Blood-sucking Flies
Authors: Hocking B. , Khan A. A.
Published: December 2009

Recent conflicting theories regarding host finding by blood-sucking flies and the mode of action of repellents are examined and discussed. The claim that repellents owe their activity to infra-red absorption in a narrow waveband (449–467 cm.−1) was examined by measurement of published curves for infra-red absorption by repellent, non-repellent, and doubtful chemicals. Peaks of absorption at this waveband in comparison with adjacent Wave numbers are three times as common in repellent as in non-repellent materials, but in comparison with absorption over the entire spectrum studied all groups of materials show a trough of absorption at this narrow waveband. No supporting evidence could be found for the claim that mosquito repellents masquerade as water vapour by virtue of their infra-red absorption spectra, nor for the suggestion arising out of this, that such repellents should be attractive at low humidities. Repellency of indalone was found to increase as humidity decreased.

Regardless of the role molecular vibration may play in olfactory perception, the usefulness of infra-red radiation to blood-sucking flies seeking their hosts and to man seeking repellents for the flies remains to be demonstrated.
Notes on the Recognition of Two Species of Tranosema Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) From the Nearctic Region
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: December 2009

Two species of Tranosema (arenicola and taeniopus) are discussed from the standpoint of their nomenclature and taxonomy, and they are differentiated in a key. T. arenicola, the type-species of the genus, is redescribed and illustrated.
Sphaerularia bombi Duford Parasitizing Bombus Queens in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Fye R. E.
Published: December 2009

The initial spring loss of porential bumblebee colonies is the result of parasitism of the overwintered Bombus queens by the nematode Sphaerularia bombi Duford. The infested queens commonly have one or two nematodes in the body cavity and may have as many as six (Medler 1957), which effect sterility. Palm (1948) pesenied the histopathology of the nematode based on material collected in the vicinity of Lund, Sweden, where the infestation of the nematode was so intense that healthy queens were difficult to collect.
Additional Descriptions in the Genus Dialictus Robertson (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E.
Published: December 2009

This paper describes four new species, Dialictus perpunctatulus, D. perspicuus, D. disabanci and D. paradmirandus together with the previously unknown female of D. basilicus (Sandhouse) and the male of D. atlanticus Mitchell. D. banksi Mitchell is sunk as a synonym of D. heterognathus Mitchell.
On the Generic Status of Tetragoneuria and Epicordulia (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: December 2009

Three genera of Odonata, Epitheca, Tetragoneuria and Epicordulia, have previously been regarded as distinct. Analysis of adult characters, especially the venation and habit of oviposition, shows them to be congeneric, the name Epitheca being appropriate for the resulting combination. Larval morphology is consistent with this grouping.
Five New Species of the Caddisfly Genus Polycentropus From South America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae)
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio
Published: December 2009

Of the five new species herein described, one is a member of the obtusus group, three belong to the santiago group and the fifth to the thilus group. The discovery of these species extends the known range of the santiago and thilus groups into South America and adds a third member to a small monophyletic cluster restricted to Chile.
Role of Ten Dietary Vitamins on Fecundity of the ParasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Feeding tests with the adults ofExeristes comstockii(Cress.) on chemically defined diets showed that, of ten B-vitamins omitted singly, only three, panthothenic acid, folic acid and thiamine, were needed for maximal egg production and maximal numbers of eggs contained in ovaries. Egg production on a diet with only these three vitamins was similar to that on a control with all B-vitamins, but egg viability was significantly lower. Addition of α-tocopherol did not increase fecundity or egg viability. Vitamin-starved females partly recovered ovarian function when fed tissues ofGalleria mellonellaL.
The Painted Leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), a Vector of Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus in Manitoba
Authors: Westdal P. H. , Richardson H. P.
Published: December 2009

The painted leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), occurs in grasslands in southern Canada and the northern states of the U.S.A. It is the only known vector of wheat striate mosaic virus (WSMV) in North America. In Manitoba the insect is not abundant. It does not migrate into the province, and overwinters in the egg stage only. There are two generations per year, the first completing development on grasses about 1 July and the second developing mainly on cereals in summer. E. inimica has a high rate of development at 90° F.; the lower limit is near 60° F. At 80 ± 5° F. the life cycle was completed in 45.8 days. In the field, in summer, the life cycle was completed in 42 days. A description of the life stages of the insect is presented.

WSMV has occurred only in trace amounts in Manitoba. Leafhoppers collected in the field showed a low frequency of virus transmission and the source of overwintered virus appeared to be small. The disease does not appear to constitute a serious problem in Manitoba.
Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Predacious Arthropods in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Herne D. H. C. , Putman W. L.
Published: December 2009

DDT, parathion, and carbaryl experimentally applied in peach orchards were highly toxic to most insect and arachnid predators, including those most effective in controlling orchard mites. Azinphos-methyl appeared to be as toxic as parathion to predators in grower-sprayed orchards. Larvae of the chrysopid Chrysopa carnea Stephens and the syrphid Toxomerus geminatus (Say) were remarkably tolerant of DDT. The phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster appeared to have developed a high degree of resistance to DDT in one orchard. Sulphur was appreciably toxic only to phytoseiids and the erythraeid Balaustium sp., and captan had little or no effect on any predator. Chemical and biological control of phytophagous mites in peach orchards cannot be integrated while the presently used insecticides are needed for the control of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck).
The Female Genitalia of Four Species of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: Freitag Richard
Published: December 2009

Structures of the female genitalia of four species in the genus Cicindela are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. The presence of a spermatophore in C. flavopunctata is discussed.
A Photographic Record of Oviposition by Rhyssa lineolata (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: December 2009

Using a series of photographs, the mechanism of host location and oviposition by Rhyssa lineolata (Kirby) are described.
Host Selection and Invasion by the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in Coastal Douglas-fir Forests
Authors: Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

The dispersal flight of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is oriented toward fresh windthrown and cut trees when these are present in the stand, the beetle being attracted by oleoresin, particularly its alpha-pinene, camphene, and limonene fractions. In the absence of such material the pioneer beetle dispersal appears to be rather uniform throughout the stand. This host attraction precedes the beetle attraction which is produced by unmated females shortly after entering the host and which results in mass concentration of beetles around the center of attraction. Of these two phases in the attraction process, the secondary attraction is far stronger than that caused by the fractions of the host oleoresin.

Attraction centers are established only in freshly downed trees and in standing trees of subnormal physiological condition under both latent and epizootic conditions; however, under epizootic conditions, the beetles can invade even vigorous trees in the perimeter of attraction. The survival of such trees depends on their ability to exude oleoresin, which in turn is influenced greatly by environmental factors. The susceptibility of trees to successful beetle invasion is characterized by their oleoresin exudation pressure, which reflects water disturbances in the tree. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of the resin pressure are discussed in relation to beetle flight and invasion, and the resin effects upon the beetle (both mechanical and chemical) are considered. The beetles are found to be repelled by Douglas-fir resin and its fractions, i.e. alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, terpineol and geraniol, when tested at close range in the laboratory.
Dispersal of Three Species of Coccinellids in Corn Fields
Authors: Ewert M. A. , Chiang H. C.
Published: December 2009

To determine the dispersal of coccinellids in corn fields, two methods were used: sticky traps were placed at different elevations to catch the beetles in flight, and a sucrose solution was sprayed on the upper or lower portions of plants to concentrate beetles.

The results show that the distribution on the plants is closely related to the manner of dispersal of the species, the Hippodamia species fly at a greater height than C. maculata, and H. convergens and H. 13-punctata are, respectively, about 15 and 9 times as mobile as C. maculata. The results generally support the idea that entomophagous coccinellids are more nomadic than their phytophagous relatives.
MEXICAN GEOTRUPINI: A NEW SPECIES OF GEOTRUPES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF CERATOTRUPES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Geotrupes (Geotrupes) fisheri, from Nevada de Golima, Jalisco, Mexico, is described and compared with the related Geotrupes cavicollis Bates. Figures and a description of the larva of Ceratotrupes bolivari Halffter and Martinez are included, along with notes on its biology.
DEVELOPMENT OF DDT RESISTANCE IN CERTAIN MAYFLIES IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Grant C. D. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the mayfly Heptagenia hebe McDunnough in areas of New Brunswick air-sprayed with DDT for budworm control for eight successive years, when tested as nymphs taken from the streams, showed LC50 levels 3 times as high as those in untreated areas. Populations surviving an airspray in 1965 proved to be 12 to 40 times as DDT-resistant as the normal. Pre-spray populations of Stenonema fuscum (Clemens) showed a 5-fold resistance, and post-spray populations of Stenonema interpunctatum (Say) showed a 10-fold DDT resistance when those from treated areas were compared with those from untreated. The DDT-resistant nymphs of H. hebe detoxified DDT to DDE 15 times faster than the normal nymphs; DDE was also the metabolite in S. interpunctatum. In both these species the DDT-resistant nymphs absorbed roughly twice as much DDT as the normal.
A METHOD FOR REARING THE ROOT WEEVIL, HYLOBIUS WARRENI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Cerezke H. F.
Published: December 2009

A technique for rearing the root weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, is described and figured. Plastic cages containing weevils were attached to stumps placed in pans containing moist moss. Observations of adult behaviour and records of eggs deposited, egg mortality, and early larval development are presented as evidence of success of the technique. Third instar larvae were obtained without handling and required only the addition of moisture.
A NEW SPECIES OF MACROSIPHUM FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Macrosiphum parvifolii is described from British Columbia. It is a heavily pulverulent, almost flocculose species that is known only from red huckleberry, Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR CALLIMORPHA CONFUSA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

The escutcheon or badge of the Lyman Entomological Museum (see Can. Ent. 96(12) cover and page 1485) bears a likeness of Haploa confusa (Lyman 1887), which was originally described in the genus Callimorpha. The species was described from four syntypic specimens in Lyman's collection, all from Montreal. Four additional specimens in “the Cambridge Museum” (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.) are also syntypes as they were mentioned by Lyman following the original description. To date, no lecrotype has been selected for this species.
ACICNEMIDINAE IN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Zimmerman Elwood C.
Published: December 2009

The subfamily Acicnemidinae is for the first time recorded in America, descriptive details and illustrations are given for its introduced representative, the EuropeanTrachodes hispidus(Linnaeus), notes on the distribution and synonymy of Acicnemidinae andTrachodesare presented, and the subfamily keys of Blatchley and Leng and of Kissinger are emended to include the Acicnemidinae.
A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Chrysothyridia n. gen., related to Didymostoma Warren, is described, with Gonocausta invertalis Snellen as type-species. C. triangulifera n. sp., from the Philippines, type locality Mt. Makiling, Luzon, is described. Didymostoma is recognized as distinct from Bocchoris Moore and Bocchoris aurotinctalis Hampson is transferred to Didymostoma.
A BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EPINOTIA SOLANDRIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), A LEAF ROLLER ON BIRCH IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Macleod L. S.
Published: December 2009

The life history and habits of Epinotia solandriana Linnaeus are discussed and the immature stages described. Information is given on distribution, host trees, variations in wing pattern of the adults, laboratory rearing, and parasites.
SPERM DEPLETION IN CHEMOSTERILIZED AND NORMAL MALES OF THE YELLOW FEVER MOSQUITO, AEDES AEGYPTI
Authors: Sharma V. P. , Rai K. S.
Published: December 2009

The apholate-sterilized males of Aedes aegypti deplete their sperm earlier than the normal males. This indicates reduced fecundity of the sterilized mosquitoes and may result from either death of gonial cells at different stages of development or an inhibited rate of spermatogenesis.
PARAPILOCROCIS CITRIBASALIS: A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Parapilocrocis n. gen., with type-species A. citribasalis n. sip., is described from Bolivia and Peru, with type locality Alto Palmer, Bolivia, 1100 m.
A TRAP FOR THE DETECTION AND RECOVERY OF INSECTS IN STORED GRAIN
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. , Atkinson J. M.
Published: December 2009

A trap that excludes grain kernels but permits the entry of grain beetles and mites is described. It may be used as a sampling device to detect insect infestations in stored grain. Sampling may be done with little disturbance to the surrounding grain and since the insects cannot escape, the trap can be left in position for prolonged periods.
DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH (HEMEROCAMPA PSEUDOTSUGATA) EGG-MASS DISTRIBUTION ON WHITE FIR IN NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Luck Robert F. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

The distribution of Douglas-fir tussock moth (Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McD.) egg-masses on white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.) was studied in three areas of northern California. In each area 100 trees between 4.5 and 8.4 in. in diameter were stratified into five defoliation classes and four crown classes, giving a total of 20 classes per study area with five trees per class. Trees were divided into four crown levels and samples were taken at each of the cardinal directions at each level. Two branches comprised n sample unit in the top half of the tree (eight branches per level) and one branch the sample unit in the bottom half of the tree (four branches per level). Egg masses were recorded per 10 sq. ft of foliage or branch area. Eighty per cent or more of the egg masses were found in the bottom half of the crown. This percentage in the bottom half of the crown increased on trees with heavy defoliation or with increased exposure of the crown. Of the four possible sources of variation considered in this study, crown level, defoliation class, and crown class were significant while cardinal direction was not. A sampling method is proposed on the basis of the information gathered in this investigation.
THE COLUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE, CORTHYLUS COLUMBIANUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IV. INTRASTAND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Crozier Robert G. , Giese Ronald L.
Published: December 2009

Corthylus columbianus Hopkins became permanently established in. the study area in southern Indiana during 1940–62. Three epicenters were present in 1945. Two of these shifted, expanded, and merged the following year. The two remaining epicenters merged during the first outbreak. As the population declined after the first outbreak and began retreating toward the center of the stand, two epicenters were again definable. One of these alternately expanded and contracted for several years demonstrating, qualitatively, that epicenters are definable and dynamic in time and space. That is, any particular locus undergoes some degree of areal shift each year and varies in size through time.

Quantitatively, attack and egg cradle densities within the epicenters follow the same pattern. Densities were generally lowest in the newly invaded areas. Except during epiphytotics, highest density areas were usually aggregated near the center of the stand, but shifted from year to year. For example, only one tree contained a high density in 1954; by 1956 the high density area had shifted spatially and encompassed 10% of the study trees.

An “indigenous population” of C. columbianus is an areal concept. The insect withdrew to certain areas, not certain trees, during times of low population numbers. The “brood” tree concept–a single tree containing all or a majority of the population during times of low population numbers–is rejected in the case of the Columbian timber beetle for the study area in southern Indiana.
IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME LEPIDOPTERA OF DURANGO, MEXICO
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: December 2009

This paper is the first in a series on the Lepidoptera of the Sierra Madre Occidental area of Durango, Mexico. The immature stages of eight species of Geometridae are described in detail: Grossbeckia semimaculata Barnes and McDunnough, Semiothisa cyda (Druce), Galenara lallata (Hulst), Glena interpunctata interpunctata (Barnes and McDunnough), Iridopsis sp., Anacamptodes angulata Rindge, Phaeoura kirkwoodi Rindge, and Sicya snoviaria Hulst. Less detailed descriptions or short notes are given for the pierids Colias caesonia (Stoll) and Eucheira socialis Westwood; the arctiids Halisidota propinqua Henry Edwards and Arachnis perotensis Schaus; the noctuids Lichnoptera gulo Herrich-Schaeffer and Lacinipolia eucyria Dyar; a notodontid, Disphragis edwardsi Druce; a lasiocampid, Malacosoma incurvum aztecum (Neumogen); a pyralid, Dioryctria rossi Munroe; and an olethreutid, Petrova albicapitana (Busck).
A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF COLEOPHORA FRISCHELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Pilley P. G. , Trieselmann R. A.
Published: December 2009

The first record of the occurrence in North America of the white-tipped clover case-moth, Coleophora frischella L., was made in June 1966 when a single adult was taken by Heinemann on Picton Island, N.Y., in the St. Lawrence River (Freeman, personal communication). Independently, Trieselmann collected the larvae from white sweet-clover, Melilotus alba Desr., on 28 July through to 8 August 1966 at many points around Pembroke, Ont. Detailed examinations made at two of the collection points indicated that between 15 and 20% of sweetclover seeds were damaged. Because of its potential economic significance, the authors wish to make the presence of this species known to agricultural entomologists in Canada and the United States.
ECOLOGY OF SPECIES OF BOMBUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: VI. SUBGENUS PYROBOMBUS
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

Of the 21 Nearctic species of Pyrobombus Dalla Torre 11 are known to occur in southern Alberta. Distribution, macrohabitat, microhabitat, and period of nest establishment of the 11 species are compared. The behavioral patterns of camouflaging entrances to underground and false-underground hives, gathering material for nests, constructing first- and succeeding-brood egg cells, producing second-generation colonies, storing honey and pollen and producing wax, superseding intra- and inter-specifically, and mating and hibernating are compared both intra- and inter-subgenerically. Most of the behavioral patterns were common to all southern Alberta species of Pyrobombus; some were common only to certain species indicating a close relationship between these species, and one pattern was common to species in two subgenera but to only 4 of the 11 species of Pyrobombus. Thus, evolutionary trends were indicated. The enemies Psithyrus spp., Volucella bombylans (L.), and inclement weather are discussed.
A SUCCESSFUL METHOD FOR ARTIFICIALLY HIBERNATING MEGABOMBUS F. FERVIDUS, AND NOTES ON A RELATED SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE; BOMBINAE)
Authors: Milliron H. E.
Published: December 2009

Megabombus f. fervidus (F.) queens were successfully hibernated in 1961–62 under artificial conditions that are described in detail. One-half succumbed within 3 days after being removed to conditions allowing resumption of active behavior, and 68.7% perished by the end of 3 weeks. Hibernation and (or) post-hibernation survival are believed to be dependent on the amount of fat bodies metabolized prior to this dispause period. Infertile queens (and possibly large workers) are capable of hibernating. It has been discovered that during hibernation the spermatozoa encyst in the spermatheea of fervidus, and it is probable that this phenomenon is not unusual to most species hibernating under cold conditions.
A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES OF BARYLYPA (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Grimble David G.
Published: December 2009

Barylypa irona, a new species of ichneumon fly from Michigan, is described.
IPS PLASTOGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TUNNELLING IN SAPWOOD OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

An additional record of the tunnelling habit of Ips plastographus (Leconte) is reported and illustrated and the function of the habit is discussed.
PREVALENCE OF SPIDERS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE AS PREDATORS IN ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARDS
Authors: Putman W. L.
Published: December 2009

Philodromus spp., especially praelustris Keyserlmg, and sometimes Theridion murarium were the only abundant spiders in peach orchards, though small numbers of many other species were present. No satisfactory method of sampling the population density of all species was discovered. The spider population as a whole reached a minor peak in June and a much higher peak in early August. A single tree may contain more than 200 spiders. When fed only on Panonychus ulmi (Koch), young P. praelustris eventually died without moulting; young of T. murarium moulted once or twice but their development was slower than that of those in the orchards. Chironomids were the commonest prey of P. praelustris and apparently of other spiders in the orchards.

Spiders collected from peach plots with different densities of P. ulmi and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson were examined for pigments of these mites by paper chromatography. Some spiders in all collections had fed on the mites, and the percentage that had done so usually varied directly with mite density in the plots. Spiders form part of the complex of minor predators that aid the major predators in regulating the density of P. ulmi at endemic levels.