bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root and Branch—Representation, Collectivity, and Dissidence
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Chapter 2 offers significant original research grounded in a rich and detailed trove of archival sources, including pamphlets, broadsides, and rare manuscript sources not ordinarily considered as major parts of the Leveller oeuvre and builds on the work of historians such as Michael Braddick, David Como, David Adams, Gary DeKrey, Jason Peacey, and Rachel Foxley, who have come to understand the Levellers as a community and not just a political movement. Having laid out both the historical and the theoretical stakes of the project in the preceding chapter, this second chapter traces the Levellers’ refinement of their hermeneutics of collectivity through a domestic heuristics that rested upon an analogy between the House of Commons and commoners’ houses.
“Past Remembrance or History”
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Chapter 3 begins with the imaginative vacuum created by the Leveller community’s relative silence after 1653 when John Lilburne was exiled and tracks the Royalist use of literature to reimagine sovereign absolutism beyond the limits of Stuart martyrology as it had emerged in the immediate aftermath of Charles I’s 1649 execution. Writers like William Davenant (1606–1688) and Aphra Behn (1640?–1689) understood this project in clearly hermeneutic terms as they argued that the revitalization of Royalism depended on dissuading members of the commonalty that they were capable of independently producing the kind of knowledge that would ground their claims of political authority and entitle them to political participation.
Tyrants and Heroes—Reimagining Civil War History as an Instrument of Sovereignty
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Chapter 4 examines Daniel Defoe’s appropriation of a new mode of history for his five-year-long experiment in prose fiction that aimed at excluding non-elite affiliation. Rejecting the conventional historical wisdom that republicanism offered a cogent and effective political rebuttal to Stuart absolutism, this chapter illustrates the way late Stuart radical republicans interpolated sovereign exceptionalism as heroic individualism in order to marginalize the commonalty’s contributions to the civil wars. Defoe not only embraced the imbrication of history and individual exceptionalism that defined much late Stuart and early Georgian republicanism, but his imaginative writings further compounded the decline and marginalization of non-elite affiliation by questioning whether shared labor could ever serve as the foundation of a commoner becoming a political stakeholder.
An Overview of Diatessaron Witnesses
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers the most complete list of manuscripts related to Tatian’s long-lost Gospel harmony. Some of the manuscripts adduced here have not been mentioned in previous Diatessaron studies. Key eastern witnesses include the Arabic harmony and Ephrem’s commentary on the Diatessaron. Important western witnesses include the Latin Codex Fuldensis as well as the medieval Dutch and German harmonies, the Stuttgart harmony, the Liège harmony, and the Zurich harmony. Other medieval gospel harmonies are shown to be unrelated to Tatian’s. Still others are found to be distantly related to the Diatessaron. However, the fragmentary Greek Dura Parchment 24 (aka GA 0212) is defended as a witness to Tatian’s Gospel.
Tatian’s Compositional Practices
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

This chapter reverse-engineers the ancient compositional practices Tatian would have employed to draft and publish the Diatessaron. It shows how complicated and yet manageable was the task of harmonizing the fourfold gospel. It considers the mental processes of repititive reading and comparing similar texts as well as ancient writing materials; these include waxed tablets as well as bookrolls and codices made from papyrus or parchment.. The chapter answers rarely asked questions concerning the overall length of the Diatessaron and how much time was needed for a highly efficient scribe to make a copy. It also answers the question whether Tatian wanted his harmony to supplement or supplant the eventually canonical fourfold gospel.
Characteristics of the Diatessaron’s Sequence
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

This chapter elucidates the overarching structure of Tatian’s Diatessaron. The four separate Gospels differ among themselves in countless ways. To narrate Jesus’s ministry, Tatian incorporated all the Jewish festivals from the Gospel of John, but he rearranged the order of the feasts and the events surrounding them. Tatian’s narrative chronology has gone unrecognized in previous scholarship, because Ephrem’s commentary—albeit a key witness to the Diatessaron—suppressed most of the references to Jewish feasts. Besides the Diatessaron’s innovative chronology, Tatian often grouped characters and episodes thematically when rearranging the contents of the fourfold gospel. The Arabic harmony is the single best witness to the Diatessaron’s narrative sequence.
Quintessential Changes in the Western Archetype
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

Diatessaron witnesses have long been split geographically into eastern and western. The eastern witnesses are shown to preserve the sequence of Tatian’s Gospel. The fourfold gospel was becoming canonical in the fourth century when a thoroughgoing recension of the Diatessaron likely emerged in the west. This chapter identifies the common traits among western witnesses. The early part of Jesus’s ministry was reworked substantially, and numerous episodes throughout the harmony were eliminated as seemingly redundant. Sometimes the western texts cluster additional material thematically, just as Tatian had done. At other times, the western witnesses undermine Tatian’s harmonizations by relocating material back to its placement in the canonical Gospels.
The Priority of Codex Fuldensis
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

Codex Fuldensis is the oldest extant western witness to the Diatessaron. It is mainly for this reason that recent scholarship has privileged Fuldensis as the only western witness of any value for the reconstruction of Tatian’s Gospel. Yet scholars have not demonstrated the primacy of Fuldensis on the basis of redactional tendencies, so that is the purpose of this chapter. The Stuttgart, Liège, and Zurich harmonies contain a few interpolations. These later harmonies also reworked stories so that more material from one of the canonical Gospels would be grouped together. In several instances, then, the priority of Codex Fuldensis can be confirmed.
The Priority of the Stuttgart–Liège–Zurich Harmonies
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: October 2021

Among witnesses to the Diatessaron, eastern ones better preserve Tatian’s narrative sequence. Western witnesses typically evince the same order. But when they differ, Codex Fuldensis is typically assumed to preserve the most primitive narrative sequence, since it is the oldest extant western manuscript. This chapter challenges that fundamental assumption. Paratextual data in Fuldensis offers valuable clues about the codex’s material production. In rare, yet significant cases, Victor of Capua and his scribe omitted or repositioned short Gospel episodes. The placement of such material in the much younger Stuttgart, Liège, and Zurich harmonies shows that they occasionally take priority over Fuldensis. In support of an earlier tenet in Diatessaron studies, these medieval Dutch and German harmonies sometimes independently attest the same Old Latin harmony underlying Codex Fuldensis.
Confession and Criminal Justice in Late Medieval Italy
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa
Published: October 2021

This monograph provides an in-depth comparison of lay and religious sources produced in Siena (1260-1330) on criminal justice, conflict and violence. Two main trends have been highlighted in the development of criminal justice in late medieval Italy. Firstly, that the practice of revenge was still popular among members of all social classes. Secondly, that crime was increasingly perceived as a public matter that needed to be dealt with by the government, and not by private citizens. These two aspects are partly contradictory, and the extent to which these models reflect the reality of communal justice is still open to debate. The book sheds light on this question through the contribution of religious sources, which scholars have started comparing only very recently to secular ones with regard to these topics. The underlying argument is that religious people were an effective pressure group with regards to criminal justice, thanks both to the literary works they produced and their direct intervention in political affairs, and their contributions have not received the attention they deserve. It is suggested that the dichotomy between theories and practices of ‘private justice’ (e.g. revenge) and of ‘public justice’ (trials) should be substituted by a framework in which three models, or discourses, of criminal justice are recognised as present in late medieval Italian communes: in addition to the trends described above, also a specifically religious approach to criminal justice based on penitential spirituality should be recognised as an influence on the policies of the communes. This case study shows that, although the models were competing, they also influenced each other; and none of them managed, in this period, to eliminate the others, but they coexisted.
De la Coutume au Code Civil
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

The monarchy in the seventeenth century grew more competent but more complacent, and the imperativeness of one law and one king dwindled. Complaints against the maze of conflicting laws and pervasive arbitrariness in the administration of justice were loudly voiced by exasperated philosophes like Voltaire in the eighteenth century, but the last decades of the ancien régime arguably lacked sufficient political impulse to bring meaningful changes. The monarchy did not achieve the goal of bringing French law into a code, and the demise of custom as law at the outbreak of the Revolution was swift and decisive. Yet the Civil Code of 1804 did not happen in a vacuum; rather, it was the culmination of developments of the preceding 600 years.
Supplying Compliance with Trade Rules
Authors: Young Alasdair R.
Published: October 2021

Trade agreements have become politicized because of public concerns that trade rules constrain regulatory decisions. How much international obligations constrain state behavior, however, is contested in the International Relations literature. This book seeks to explain whether, why, and how jurisdictions comply with inconvenient international obligations. It does so through detailed process tracing of European Union policies found incompatible with World Trade Organization rules: its ban on hormone-treated beef, its banana trade regime, its moratorium on the approval of genetically modified crops, its sugar export subsidies, and its anti-dumping duties on bed linen from India. It uses the adverse rulings as the “treatment” in a “natural experiment,” contrasting the policy-relevant politics before and after each ruling. The case studies are supplemented by a qualitative comparative analysis of all EU policies found to contravene WTO rules that had to be changed by the end of 2019. The book contributes to debates on the impact of international institutions, on the effectiveness of the WTO, and on the nature of the EU as an international actor. It argues that the preferences of policy makers (the “supply” of policy change) matter more than demands from societal actors in determining whether compliance occurs. It also argues that while policy change in response to adverse WTO rulings is the norm (good news for trade), WTO members do resist obligations that would compromise cherished policy objectives (good news for legitimacy). This volume contends that the EU’s compliance performance is like that of most WTO members; it is not a unique international actor.
The Content-Priority View
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This chapter assesses a relatively neglected alternative to the evaluative content view (ECV). According to what I call the content-priority view (CPV), emotional experiences do not have evaluative content. Rather, emotional experiences are responses to forms of pre-emotional value awareness, as what we are (or seem to be) aware of in having certain non-emotional evaluative states (where the latter are temporally prior to emotion). So, in the good cases, the view claims that emotions are responses to values that we are in fact aware of; alternatively, when the prior evaluative state falls short of this factive value-awareness they are responses to what we seem to be aware of (i.e. apparent values). The chapter argues that this view is unsuccessful as an account of the content of emotional experience. Numerous candidates for the relevant state of pre-emotional value awareness are considered and found wanting.
The Nature of Emotional Experience
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Building on the evaluative content view defended in Chapter 2, and following the rejection of the content-priority view in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 argues that we should understand emotional experiences as sui generis non-doxastic experiences of value, where the value-representing component is a felt valenced attitude of (dis)favour. This felt valenced attitude is directed towards the particular object of the emotion, which is represented as possessing the relevant evaluative properties. The chapter begins by offering a critique of Perceptualism. It then develops puzzling comments made by Peter Goldie on the notion of feelings towards and explicates this notion along the lines of a non-bodily valenced attitudinal component as present in emotional experience. This account is a compelling way of substantiating notions of affective intentionality which are often appealed to in discussions of emotional intentionality but rarely clarified. Finally, a series of objections to the account are considered, which are responded to.
The Angels of God
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

This chapter establishes the creator-created, eternal-temporal distinction that is foundational for Augustine’s theology. This distinction forms the basis for his reflections upon the creation account of Genesis, in which he attempts to locate creation of the angels. But it also defines the problem that the angels are to help solve, namely, how humans are to know and love God in the remoteness of God’s eternity. For Augustine, angels are created wisdom, enlightened in their love of God, perfected at the beginning of their creation, always beholding the Father’s face. As perfected intellectual spirits, angels possess a knowledge of creation in God that allows them to oversee all of creation. In this administrative role it is the angels’ responsibility to be God’s external, volitional mode of providence for the whole cosmos, seeing in God through their ceaseless contemplation what ought to occur in God’s creation and carrying it out as required. For Augustine, the primary goal of this angelic office is to testify to the incarnation of the Son of God, not only with miracles and theophanies, but also by working through human institutions, most notably in their administration of the Holy Scriptures themselves.
Pagan Demonolatry
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

This chapter continues the investigation of signs and sacraments of demons in pagan religion and its gods, which Augustine sees as the very foundation of Rome’s history of moral corruption. It shows what Augustine thinks is particularly demonic in Roman polytheism, both as it is presented most straightforwardly to the public and as it is understood by its most clever interpreters, chiefly the Platonists, Apuleius, and Porphyry. This analysis reveals that Augustine’s demons interact with and manifest among humanity in three principal ways: the straightforward imitation of demonic pride, the demons’ administration of false religion as though they were true angels, and, folding these two together, the promotion of religion known to be false for the sake of possessing other people politically. The chapter concludes with Augustine’s commendation of ecclesial incorporation into Christ as true and good, where demonic religion is false and wicked, and thus as the primary means by which humanity is to find freedom from such possession by the lordship of demons.
Introduction
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

The introduction establishes my approach, defines key theoretical terms, and presents an overview of the study. Many of this study’s texts, especially those written in the eighteenth century, are set in unfurnished landscapes that lack the familiar signposts to situate readers in urban space. I call these settings protocities, a term that aims to describe both the protean nature of early American spaces and their experimental quality. By the turn into the nineteenth century, novels begin to locate themselves in physical spaces between a receding cosmopolitanism and a hazily urban future; these texts are set in what I call the liminal city. In different ways, protocities and liminal cities, as well as the characters who people them, are literary prototypes through which authors and readers could creatively animate a variety of urban experiences related but not equivalent to the historical cities where they were written and, often, read. In this study, I focus on the spaces and relations novels imagine as amalgams of real people, historical events, and the fantasies of US urbanity that they constructed. Novels were one of the forms artists used to imagine the multiple cities that might exist in places that were not, as yet, urban.
Drama Uncloseted in Boston
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 1, “Drama Uncloseted in Boston,” argues that American urbanity began at home. The cosmopolitanism practiced in elite domestic spaces after the American Revolution signaled an urban future; in opening these homes to a broader public, novels would transform it. But not without serious resistance. Instead of embracing urbanity after the revolution, Bostonians strained to negotiate competing desires for republican equality and cosmopolitan sophistication. This tension found a fitting narrative in a public scandal of incestuous infidelity, pregnancy, and suicide involving Perez Morton, a prominent Boston lawyer and drama aficionado; his wife, poet Sarah Wentworth Morton; and her sister, Fanny Apthorp, whose published suicide notes were widely read. I trace the scandal’s circulation through Boston newspapers, as a subplot in William Hill Brown’s 1789 novel The Power of Sympathy, and in three plays, two by Brown himself, that were printed for private performances in Boston, where public theater remained illegal. These texts offer a fascinating case study of the formally diverse and multivocal print culture in which cosmopolitan culture clashed with new ideas about American urbanity. The epistolary novel emerged as a form concerned not with the past or present, I argue, but with the future—a future that writes out of existence the varied voices, especially female and Black voices, present in the plays, poetry, and papers.
Philadelphia’s Fevered Readers
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 2, “Philadelphia’s Fevered Readers,” explores the literary aftermath of 1793’s yellow fever epidemic. Philadelphia was the young republic’s most cosmopolitan and diverse city. Yet its social landscape was fragmented and fragile, threatened by disease, economic instability, and national consolidation. The crisis of repeated fever outbreaks forced Philadelphians out of their religious and class circles toward a more connected urbanity. This chapter argues that in the wake of the epidemic, readers in Philadelphia initially bypassed realistic narratives of suffering, including printer Mathew Carey’s multiple Accounts of the Yellow Fever (1793–94) to seek the shared comfort of sympathy in the more generic tragedy of Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte, A Tale of Truth (1791, London; 1794, Philadelphia), the novel we now know as Charlotte Temple. Just as Carey found refuge in the theater, his customers eagerly immersed themselves in Rowson’s melodramatic text, making Charlotte the nation’s first bestselling novel. In Charlotte and Carey’s Accounts, an ethic of neighborliness emerges as a dynamic central to shaping early urban space. Both authors pit the city against the hinterlands and derive from the intimacy of cities made artificially small and white—Charlotte’s imagined colonial New-York, Carey’s isolated, depopulated Philadelphia—a model for a civic future that fictively elides the racial, ethnic, and linguistic diversity that characterized these actual cities, and against which commentators Absalom Jones and Richard Allen set their vision of Black citizenship through neighborly practice.
27 November 1582
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

William Shakespeare, his father’s eldest son, was meant to learn a trade through an apprenticeship, like his father. He would have been indentured at age 17 to serve seven years in training. Local lore suggests that he was apprenticed to a butcher. However, early modern apprenticeship indentures indicated that the apprentice was prohibited from marrying, and Shakespeare wed in 1582 at age 18. This chapter conjectures that a main purpose of the marriage was to break his covenants. What other biographies have described as ‘lost years’ may for him have been ‘found years’, years he was able to spend learning the craft of playwriting rather than that of butchery. The wedding is usually depicted as a shotgun affair, forced upon him because Anne Hathaway was pregnant, requiring a special marriage licence and a marriage bond, and performed outside Stratford-upon-Avon because of the shame of it all. In the late sixteenth century, however, as many as one-third of brides were pregnant, and by marrying they avoided social disgrace. Shakespeare may have wed outside Stratford because this made it possible for his father, who was hiding from local officers charged to arrest him for debt, to attend the ceremony. The chapter also tells the story of William Trowte, Shakespeare’s biographical cognate and an object lesson in the sort of life Shakespeare might have lived if he had remained a butcher in Stratford.
4 May 1597
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

In 1597 William Shakespeare bought a house called New Place that had been built by Stratford-upon-Avon’s most illustrious citizen, Hugh Clopton. He would go on to acquire other land and buildings from which he received a steady income in his later years. This chapter takes up the question of how he managed to accumulate his wealth. It tells the story of the only surviving letter to Shakespeare, written by a man named Richard Quiney to ask for Shakespeare’s help securing a loan. Shakespeare’s good credit and ability to borrow were undoubtedly factors in his property purchases (and were especially impressive given his father’s debt history). The chapter also tells the story of Richard Quiney’s wife Elizabeth, who ran a sprawling business enterprise as a mercer, grocer, maltster, vintner, landlady, property manager, and civic hostess. Taking Elizabeth Quiney’s life as cognate to that of Anne Shakespeare, we learn that such scattered local records as survive might be understood to suggest that Anne was a businesswoman in a similar mould. Both William and Anne Shakespeare took big risks—his also involving shareholding in the Lord Chamberlain’s Men and the Globe Theatre—and both achieved big rewards.
The Agencification Process and the Evolution of the EU Administrative System
Authors: Chiti Edoardo
Published: October 2021

The chapter examines the rise and consolidation of European agencies within the EU. Its focus is on European agencies both as an organizational development and as a method of policy delivery. It situates the agencification process in the context of the evolution of the EU administrative system. The overall argument is that the agencification process has been both the product of forces internal to the EU administration and a force in itself, capable of orientating its future evolution. In the current phase, which refers to the post-crisis years and reaches out to present, a process of reorganization and growth of the EU administration has taken place. What is left for European agencies under the current circumstances, remains to be seen.
The Evolution of EU Law on Refugees and Asylum
Authors: Tsourdi Evangelia (Lilian) , Costello Cathryn
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the evolution of EU law and policy on asylum and refugees, arguing that in spite of many institutional and legal changes, there is substantive stasis. The institutional and legal changes include a shift in the telos of EU asylum policy, repeated legislative amendments, and a shift from decentralized to increasingly integrated administration. Nonetheless, the chapter argues there has been substantive stasis, in that core features of EU asylum policy remain unchanged, notwithstanding their ‘crisis’ generating character. It argues that this state of affairs is due to the foundational tensions in this policy area, namely the tension between the aim of deflecting refugees elsewhere, and commitment to international protection; and the EU’s commitment to internal mobility, and the immobilization of asylum seekers and refugees. In light of these foundational tensions, two current trends are identified, namely an increasing turn to further EU-level administration, and a ‘flight from law’ in various key areas.
Global Business in the Age of Transformation
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Klein James R.
Published: October 2021

This book presents a straightforward readable commentary on the intricacies and impacts of globalization. It examines trends, provides insight, and suggests approaches for survival in the dramatically changing business world. The book is an examination of the big changes in economics and business with practical observations and ideas on adapting. It is drawn from insights and observations from academics, practitioners, and practical thinkers around the world. The inspiration for the manuscript came from the VoiceAmerica radio programme Global Business with Mahesh Joshi. The focus of the book is to take some of the mystery and anxiety out of common perceptions about economic, cultural, and social transformation around the world. It is a look under the surface of everyday rhetoric providing a deeper dive into specific key elements of global business change. It is the authors’ goal to present a balanced and simple explanation of the changing face of global business, how it is affecting everyone, and makes recommendations for change strategies. It highlights how geopolitical upheavals impact business, hyperdynamic technology, leadership, and emerging economies. It wants to encourage thinking and conversations about where we are and encourage realistic reflection and opportunities for business success in a global world.
Old Beneficiaries, New Critics
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

There is a system of thought that has historically been the undercurrent of global interaction for centuries. It is a result of a legacy of intersection, dissection, and interaction between groups of people, from those just over the hill to others around the world. That thought process is the ongoing search for common ground, the continual hunt for definition, and the perceived necessity for discriminating differences that have led us through wars, violence, hardships, and glorious celebrations of understanding and achievement. From democracy to oligarchy, monarchy to republic, authoritarian to libertarian regimes, the legacy of global interconnectivity has its beneficiaries and critics, which through history may be interchangeable. More than anything this chapter investigates the axiom ‘the more things change, the more they stay the same’. It presents the commonality of ideologies within the cycle of change and how the role of beneficiary and critic may simply be a matter of timing.
Technology as the Driver and Consumer
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

Discussions of the quantum speed of change in lifestyle, business, and environment are widespread. New technological innovations and business models are threatening existing business players. These legacy businesses were strong and there was little thought that anything could challenge them. However, as with most change, those who do not pay attention pay the price. If vigilance is not a common trait and no one is watching where the disruption is coming from, the ramifications are inevitable. Technology is the driver as well as the consumer of digitization with technological innovation feeding the development of new breakthroughs. This spectacle is moving at an amazing pace with no signs of subsiding. The digital revolution is proving to be one of the most impactful events in human history.
Sector Impact
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

The realities of an interconnected global world have resulted in increased economic integration, but globalization has also brought an important conceptual change in the way we think about almost everything. Conversations in an environment of constant change, instant information, and confusing rhetoric tend to be focused on symptoms currently in front of our face or in the category of breaking news. The realities of living in a world that is increasingly connected, instantly aware, and commonly influenced by technology-driven change is much more complex. This chapter reports on thinking about the impact of change on varied sectors. The focus will be on megatrends that affect global and local constructs of business and lifestyle.
Taking a New Shape
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

Leadership is taking a new shape in what is called the hyperdynamic twenty-first century. In this new iteration, there are many questions. Has leadership become too multidimensional? Will it be collaborative and inclusive resulting in service to local people producing positive advances for society and the environment? Will it be more focused on building relationships or an autocratic approach? The new shape suggests hierarchical leaders will need to re-examine their approach. Leaders may not be able to drive innovation by a blind delegation of responsibilities for communication and diversity but rather leaders will be obliged to break down walls and create open communication.
Being Introspective in an Expanding World
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

Twenty-first century leadership is at its core a holistic examination of changing environments, business models, economic ramifications, global and local impact, workplace, workforce, and strategies. This discussion surveys data, scrutinizes methodologies, presents opportunities, and suggests solutions through an examination of public–private synergy, entrepreneurship, and education. The bottom line, in a world that changes every minute, is not what happens but how the leader, as a person, handles what happens. Through the discussion of leadership character, transformational leaders, the tension and stress of change, and the tsunami of technology the unspoken elephant in the room is the psychological, emotional, mental, and spiritual impact on the leader as an individual.
Theory of Itinerant Electron Magnetism, 2nd Edition
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

The book, in the broadest sense, is an application of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics to the field of magnetism. Under certain well-described conditions, an immensely large number of electrons moving in the solid will collectively produce permanent magnetism. Permanent magnets are of fundamental interest, and magnetic materials are of great practical importance as they provide a large field of technological applications. The physical details describing the many-electron problem of magnetism are presented in this book on the basis of the density-functional approximation. The emphasis is on realistic magnets, for which the equations describing properties of the many-electron problem can only be solved by using computers. The great recent and continuing improvements are, to a very large extent, responsible for the progress in this field. Along with an introduction to the density-functional theory, the book describes representative computational methods and detailed formulas for physical properties of magnets, which include among other things the computation of magnetic ordering temperatures, the giant magnetoresistance, magneto-optical effects, weak ferromagnetism, the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, and novel quasiparticles, such as Weyl fermions and magnetic skyrmions.
An Introduction to Proof Theory
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

Proof theory is a central area of mathematical logic of special interest to philosophy. It has its roots in the foundational debate of the 1920s, in particular, in Hilbert’s program in the philosophy of mathematics, which called for a formalization of mathematics, as well as for a proof, using philosophically unproblematic, “finitary” means, that these systems are free from contradiction. Structural proof theory investigates the structure and properties of proofs in different formal deductive systems, including axiomatic derivations, natural deduction, and the sequent calculus. Central results in structural proof theory are the normalization theorem for natural deduction, proved here for both intuitionistic and classical logic, and the cut-elimination theorem for the sequent calculus. In formal systems of number theory formulated in the sequent calculus, the induction rule plays a central role. It can be eliminated from proofs of sequents of a certain elementary form: every proof of an atomic sequent can be transformed into a “simple” proof. This is Hilbert’s central idea for giving finitary consistency proofs. The proof requires a measure of proof complexity called an ordinal notation. The branch of proof theory dealing with mathematical systems such as arithmetic thus has come to be called ordinal proof theory. The theory of ordinal notations is developed here in purely combinatorial terms, and the consistency proof for arithmetic presented in detail.
Religious Vitality in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

This innovative book challenges many of the widely held assumptions about the place of religion in London, the world’s first great industrial and commercial metropolis. Against the background of a ‘thick description’ of the complexities of Victorian London it explores the religiosity of Londoners as expressed through the dynamic renewal of traditional faith communities, including Judaism and the historic churches, as well as fresh expressions of religion, including the Salvation Army, Mormons, spiritualism, and the occult. It shows how laypeople, especially the rich and women were mobilized in the service of their faith, and their fellow citizens. Drawing on research in social, economic, oral, cultural, and women’s history William Jacob argues that religious motivations lay behind concerns that subsequently preoccupied people in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. These include the changing place of women in society, an active concern for social justice, the sexual exploitation of women and children, provision of education for all classes and all ages. By examining religion broadly, in its social and cultural context, looking beyond conventional approaches to religious history Religious Vitality in Victorian London illustrates the broader significance of religion in society influencing even the expression of secularism.
The Context
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

London during the Victorian period was the largest city in the world, a focus for migration, and the centre of international finance, trade, and manufacturing as well as technological and scientific research, and the seat of imperial government. Its population included the very rich and the very poor, and a rapidly expanding professional and commercial middle class. Despite its vast and growing population, the metropolis had no formal identity and no central authority to coordinate services with the result that for much of the period water supplies and waste disposal were chaotic. With overcrowded housing, disease was endemic, and the death rate high. London was a very unhealthy place. Commercial success led to major redevelopment in the centre, and constant outward migration leading to suburbanization, a developing suburban transport network, segregation of classes, and a rapidly expanding leisure industry. Fluctuations in trade and economic downturns led to financial insecurity and political anxieties, periods of extreme distress among the poorest contributing to social unrest and fuelled millenarian hopes and fears. This provided the context for an extraordinary level of religious and religiously inspired philanthropic activity.
Nonconformity in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

The traditional Nonconformist churches responded to the challenges of metropolitan London in the light of their distinctive and diverse polities, social composition, and financial resources. These enabled them to thrive, but also limited their capacity for wider social and mission engagement. Nonconformity provided opportunities for entrepreneurial initiatives by individual ministers. This led to a number of ‘mega-chapels’ mostly in central London, attracting adherents mostly middle class, from wide areas, significantly raising the profile of Nonconformity. Some ministers also developed extensive highly successful chapel-based educational programmes and social networks. Despite its success among the middle classes, lacking the strong institutional framework of the established Church, and its immense financial resources, Nonconformity had difficulty in strategically planning for mission development and sustaining successful chapels, as well as responding to the outward migration of many congregational members. In the final decades of the century, despite the initiatives of Forward Movements focused on areas of inner-urban deprivation, and growing political influence, Nonconformity’s attendances in London were declining.
Migrant Religious Groups
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

As a world city, Victorian London was a magnet for migrants, including Italians, Germans, French, and Greeks. The two most numerous migrant groups were Eastern European Jews and Irish Roman Catholics, whose arrival challenged and changed their small host communities. Both host communities had to respond to the material and spiritual needs of relatively large numbers of poor migrants whose numbers in limited localities and unknown languages and customs aroused a degree of hostility and fear that they would disadvantage existing poor communities in those districts. The leaders of both communities adopted somewhat similar strategies to prevent ‘leakage’ of members from their respective faith groups in the face of militant Protestant mission activity, and to enculturate them as British citizens, playing a part in civic life, while not compromising the distinctiveness of their faith and its practice.
New Religious Groups
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

Victorian London proved fertile soil for new religious groups. In the context of political, economic, and social unrest and the biblicism of the Evangelical revival and Romanticism, Christian millenarian groups seeking a perfected society emerged, or were transplanted from the United States. American revivalist and holiness movements inspired the Salvation Army. Small radical secularist, positivist, and ethical groups, while rejecting Christianity, adopted religious models for their activities. Some members of the intelligentsia adopted agnosticism or materialism. None of these groups offered a popular alternative to Christianity or Judaism or attracted significant numbers of adherents. Nor were they able to sustain themselves much beyond their charismatic founders. Scientific and technological discoveries during the period aroused interest in the possibility of other unseen dimensions leading to the great popularity of spiritualism, and, influenced by growing awareness of Eastern religions, to the emergence of Theosophy and Occultism.
Religion, Philanthropy, and Social Action
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

There were astonishing levels of philanthropy in Victorian London, most of it faith-motivated, to supplement the rate-funded Poor Law which had been reformed in 1834 under the influence of Christian theological principles. London parochial charities, the combined annual incomes of which exceeded the annual budgets of some smaller European countries administered by parish priests and officers, were reformed, and lay and clerical faith leaders established the Charity Organisation Society to research and coordinate the administration of charitable relief developing social scientific methods. To illustrate the extent of voluntary engagement with organized philanthropic activity and social action by religiously motivated groups among the multitude of religiously inspired charities in London, case studies are made of providing housing for poor people, the drink problem, and the sexual exploitation of women and girls.
Religion and Education in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

Most of the provision of elementary education for poor children in London was by churches until the Education Act 1870 and thereafter a considerable proportion of education continued to be provided by the churches. Christianly motivated people played a significant part in the development of the London School Board and its schools. To improve the quality of teaching in schools, teacher training was pioneered by Christianly motivated individuals and subsequently by churches. This enabled teaching to develop as a profession, especially for women. The development of elementary education and teacher training by the churches, contributed significantly to providing the clerks and shopworkers to support the commercial growth of London, and the immense expansion of the middle class.
Dimensions, Determinants, and Development of Prosocial Behaviour
Authors: Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H.
Published: October 2021

Though the theory of evolution suggests we should not be surprised that humans are generally disposed to behave prosocially, pinning down why this disposition is differentially distributed across human individuals, and how the disposition develops, is a complex task, and the more so because what counts as prosocial behaviour is itself internally various and so may have various developmental histories. Explanations from genetics, neuroscience, parenting/attachment, and concurrent environmental factors (including deliberate ‘nudges’) are surveyed and compared, and the genetic differential susceptibility theory is speculatively advanced to explain individual differences in openness to the environment, both for better and for worse social behaviour.
Attachment, the Virtues, and the Vices
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Can secure attachment contribute to our understanding of the virtues? Here we have the unusual situation of a developmental-psychological predictor with an outcome identified (and scrutinized) as a philosophical concept. Should we try to answer the question by reviewing the evidence or examining the argument? And if the evidence is against it, is that the end of the discussion? Or if the argument is strong, is the evidence peripheral? There is a third and related challenge, which is that attachment research has mainly been about a very specific and circumscribed aspect of the child’s early development, whereas the virtues and the vices cover almost every aspect of a person’s life and being. The chapter starts with an outline of aspects of Aristotle’s discussion of character, the virtues and the vices, drawing out some of the links with concepts and findings in current developmental research. It then discusses current concepts and evidence regarding the developmental origins of the virtues and the vices, before summarizing key aspects of what is known about early attachment processes. The proposition that attachment processes may help us understand the virtues and the vices is a proposition about early developmental origins. The chapter centres on an enquiry into the childhood origins of the virtues and the vices in adults, and into the role of attachment and other processes in infancy and childhood.
The Evolved Nest, Virtue, and Vice
Authors: Narvaez Darcia
Published: October 2021

The evolved nest provides an evolved baseline for optimizing species-normal development. Any shift away from the evolved nest should be considered a risk factor. Humans are dynamic complex systems that self-organize according to experience, and whose initial conditions shape subsequent development and function, barring later intervention. The evolved nest provides the type of stimulation and support at the right times and in the right ways for healthy development. Developmental psychological studies are beginning to examine nest components, demonstrating their effects on social and moral capacities. Neurobiological studies demonstrate the effects of evolved nest components on human functioning and disposition. We can also observe the vast difference in personality and culture between societies that provide the evolved nest and those that do not. Traditional Indigenous communities provide the nest and demonstrate the natural development of virtue. When the nest is not provided it represents a broken continuum of support and we should not be surprised that various psychopathologies result that promote individual vice and vicious societies. Industrialized capitalist societies have fostered people unable to fit into the biocommunity as fellow members and then have rationalized the disordered result with anthropocentric fatalistic theories like selfish-gene theory. The evolved nest is critical for restoring human nature to its earth-centric origins as found among our ancestors for millions of years.
Human and Artificial Intelligence: A Clarification
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

The advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are increasingly calling into question the distinction between the simulation and reality of the human person. On the one hand, they suggest a computeromorphic understanding of human intelligence, and on the other, an anthropomorphic view of AI systems. In other words: we increasingly view ourselves as our machines, and conversely, our machines as ourselves. So, what is the difference between human and AI? And can AI achieve consciousness at some point? The chapter argues that an embodied view of consciousness and the person establishes a notion of intelligence that cannot be reduced to information processing.
Embodied Freedom: A Libertarian Position
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

In debates on free will it is often claimed that all human actions are determined by neural mechanisms preceding the decision as well as the initiation of action. The phenomenology of the decision, on the other hand, is attributed to a disembodied subject whose powerlessness in the face of physical processes is considered unquestionable. In place of a dualism of rational subject or brain as decisive authority the chapter puts forward the concept of embodied or personal freedom. The person is not something composed of mind and body but is a living being whose decisions are also life processes in which mental, emotional, and bodily components interact with each other. Therefore, if one seeks the cause of a person’s free actions, one must seek it neither in a mental “I” nor in the brain, but in the person as a whole, i.e., as embodied subjectivity.