bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations on Connections of Ozone with Trace Gases and Meteorological Conditions during the Severe Smog Conditions over Delhi
Authors: Srivast Nishi , Tewari Apurba , Das Anik
Published: March 2023

A tremendous increase in air pollutants has remarkably affected the breathing space in our ecosystem and degraded the air quality. Production of air pollutants integrated with boundary layer meteorology controls the concentration and dilution of contaminants. Air pollution worsens during the wintertime due to smog formation in urban areas. Delhi in India is severely affected by smog in the winter, where surface ozone (O3) and particulate matter are prime contributors. In this work, we have detailedly analyzed the connection between O3 and trace gases, i.e., NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and ammonia, and also the influence of particulate matter and meteorological conditions. Investigations showed a significant negative correlation between O3 and its precursor gases. Particulate matter and ammonia, which may contribute indirectly to ozone formation, seem uncorrelated with ozone. Solar radiation and air temperature contribute positively to ozone formation. Wind-speed positively correlated with ozone, but high wind usually dilutes the concentration of pollutants. Thus positive correlation may represent ozone transport from other locations to observational sites. Toluene and benzene ratio are estimated to understand the nature of emission sources and time duration. The analysis of benzene and toluene fractions at study sites indicates the likely anthropogenic sources of the air masses sampled. Very high T/B values at several sites indicated that benzene was emitted from vehicular emission while toluene was from point sources. Ozone formation potential analysis showed that toluene and p-xylene are the prime contributors to ozone. The site AV showed stringent behavior, which needs further detailed research.
Brain Ventricle and Choroid Plexus Morphology as Predictor of Treatment Response: Findings from the EMBARC Study
Authors: Murck Harald , Fava Maurizio , Cusin Cristina , Chin-Fatt Cherise , Trivedi Madhukar
Published: March 2023

Recent observations suggest a role of the choroid plexus (CP) and cerebral ventricle volume (CV), to identify treatment resistance of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested the hypothesis that these markers are associated with clinical improvement in subjects from the EMBARC study, as implied by a recent pilot study. The EMBARC study characterized biological markers in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of sertraline vs. placebo in patients with MDD. Association of baseline volumes of CV, CP and of the corpus callosum (CC) with treatment response after 4 weeks treatment were evaluated. 171 subjects (61 male, 110 female) completed the 4 week assessments; gender, site and age were taken into account for this analyses. As previously reported, no treatment effect of sertraline was observed, but prognostic markers for clinical improvement were identified. Responders (n = 54) had significantly smaller volumes of the CP and lateral ventricles, whereas the volume of mid-anterior and mid-posterior CC was significantly larger compared to non-responders (n = 117). A positive correlation between CV volume and CP volume was observed, whereas a negative correlation between CV volume and both central-anterior and central-posterior parts of the CC emerged. In an exploratory way correlations between enlarged VV and CP volume on the one hand and signs of metabolic syndrome, in particular triglyceride plasma concentrations, were observed. A primary abnormality of CP function in MDD may be associated with increased ventricles, compression of white matter volume, which may affect treatment response speed or outcome. Metabolic markers may mediate this relationship.
Insulin-dependent GLUT4 is a risk factor for cancer in the prostate
Authors: Gonzalez-Menendez Pedro , Moran-Alvarez Alba , Mayo Juan C. , Cernuda-Cernuda Rafael , Alvarez-Artime Alejandro , Hevia David , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Pablo , Garcia-Alonso Jose I. , Lambert Carmen , Delgado Elias , Alonso-Arias Rebeca , Alvarez-Mugica Miguel , Dominguez-Esteban Mario , Sainz Rosa M.
Published: March 2023

Background: Diabetic men are less likely to suffer prostate cancer, and insulin signalling through insulin receptors has been long considered. However, the role of insulin-dependent glucose transporters has yet to be elucidated. The unique metabolic properties of prostate cancer are attributed to the central role of androgens. Androgen-sensitive tumour cells have higher mitochondrial activity, while castration-resistant cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis. In addition, to glycolysis, one of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism is increased glucose uptake. However, the prostate's oncogenic value of glucose transporters (GLUTs) needs to be better characterized. This research aims to discover the relevance of insulin-dependent glucose transporters to cancer progression and their importance in the protective role of diabetes in prostate cancer.
Methods: Androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-insensitive PC-3 cells were used in vitro. Castration-resistant LNCaP-R cells and cells overexpressing GLUT1 or GLUT4 were established from LNCaP cell line. In addition, TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice and prostatic samples from patients were employed.
Results: We found that androgens stimulate insulin-independent glucose transporters, while androgen independence is associated with GLUT4 overexpression. The ectopic overexpression of GLUT4 promotes the characteristics of a castration-resistant phenotype. Metabolomics confirmed that hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells show an oxidative metabolism with a clear enrichment in amino acid metabolism. Diabetic TRAMP mice showed total tumour regression, while insulin administration restored proliferation and recovered GLUT4 levels. The levels of GLUT4 increase along with tumour progression in TRAMP mice, and it is reduced by castration and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Finally, the levels of GLUT4 accumulation in tumour tissues compared to normal epithelial in patients' samples showed a clear co-location with nuclear AR.
Conclusion: Here it is confirmed the relevance of insulin-mediated glucose uptake through GLUT4 with prostate cancer progression and its relation to the reduced occurrence of prostate cancer in diabetic men.
Material Selection and Structural Assessment of Offshore Aquaculture Floating Structures for Seaweed Farming
Authors: Oladokun Olanrewaju , Tee Kong Fah
Published: March 2023

The materials used for offshore aquaculture floating structures in seaweed farming usually have less durability due to oceanic environmental factors. This affects the production of seaweed and increases the cost of production due to the breakdown of the structures. The floating structure of seaweed farming can be improved by choosing a suitable material based on the material's properties, strength, and safe working load. Studies have shown that high modulus Polyethylene is a very suitable material for offshore structures. Past materials used by farmers are reviewed to assess suitable material for offshore structures and the hydrostatic analysis is carried out to determine the pressure and load that the structures can withstand.
“Experiential training course on spirituality for multidisciplinary palliative care teams in a hospital setting: a mixed-method evaluation”
Authors: Tanzi Silvia , Artioli Giovanna , Bertocchi Elisabetta , Balestra Giulietta Luul , Ghirotto Luca , Cagna Mario , Laurenti Filippo , Sacchi Simona
Published: March 2023

Background: There is widespread agreement about the importance of Spiritual Training Programs (STPs) for healthcare professionals caring for cancer patients, and that reflecting on one’s own spirituality is the first step. Health Professionals (HPs) working in hospitals must develop this dimension to guarantee quality of life as well as spiritual and emotional support. In this paper, we propose a possible training format and assess its implementation.
Methods: This is a Phase 0-I study that follows the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. The program was implemented for hospital palliative care health professionals. The study included one theory lesson, three spiritual interactions, four pieces of reflective writing, and two individual follow-up sessions for each participant. The evaluation was performed according to Moore’s framework using data triangulation from 3 rounds of semi-structured interviews, reflective writing, and a meeting to validate the results from the whole group.
Results: The program was implemented according to the plan and the program components were highly appreciated by the participants. Analysis of the interviews confirmed a shift in meaning in what we defined as (1) What is spirituality?, (2) Getting spiritual experience at work, (3) Spirituality and the need for nourishment, (4) Self-reflection on one’s own spirituality. Reflective journals written by the participants confirmed the results and highlighted a) the value of time dedicated to spirituality, b) the role of other colleagues, and c) the transferability to care relationships.The training had an impact on Moore’s Level 3B.
Conclusions: Spiritual training for hospital professionals working in different disciplines is feasible. Reflecting on their own spirituality spontaneously raised the need for health professionals to have spiritual tools to care for patients. Having time dedicated to spirituality and the ongoing mentorship of Spiritual Care Professionals (SCPs) were suggested as key elements for success and to gain support from management. Future research will need to expand this Spiritual Care Training (SCT) to other Specialist Palliative Care Services (SPCSs) in a hospital setting.
Notoginsenoside R1 prevents EMT of BEAS-2B cells via suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad pathway
Authors: Bi Hui , Wang Gui , Li Zhiying , Yan Tingzan
Published: March 2023

Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) is a main effective component of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, which can inhibit lung fibroblast cell inflammatory injury. In the present study, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model of BEAS-2B cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was established in vitro to investigate the effects of NR1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results revealed that the expression levels of a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA, a mesenchymal marker) were increased, and the levels of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) were decreased due to exposure to CSE, which was significantly reversed by NR1. Moreover, the components of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, including TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 induced by CSE, were also downregulated through NR1. In addition, NR1 inhibited the binding activity of phosphorylated (p)-Smad2 and p-Smad3 complexes to plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. In conclusion, NR1 relieves EMT caused by CSE in BEAS-2B cells via suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
Identification and Classification of Skin Diseases using Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Pai Venkatesh R , Pai Soujanya G , Suhasi P M , Rekha P M
Published: March 2023

Health is the most important aspect of a human’s life. Humans are covered by the largest organ of their body, the skin. Protecting the body from germs and regulating body temperature are the basic functionalities of the skin. If the skin is not protected, then it may lead to skin diseases caused by bacterial infections, fungal infections, etc. The cost involved in diagnosing skin diseases may not seem cost-effective to everyone. Moreover, dermatologists need to use their professional experience and may have to invest more time in diagnosing skin diseases which usually involves the use of images captured using a dermoscope. The proposed methodology adopts Deep Learning techniques for identifying and classifying skin diseases caused by bacteria and fungi by making use of non-dermoscopic images. The problem statement is an image classification task. The dataset consists of five classes which include two classes of bacterial skin disease namely Cellulitis and Impetigo, and two classes of fungi skin diseases namely Ringworm and Sporotrichosis. Healthy Skin images are the fifth class in the dataset. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is known to be the most suitable deep learning algorithm for image processing applications. The power of the transfer learning technique is utilized by applying the fine-tuned version of VGG16 architecture. A web application is developed using Streamlit to provide a smooth user interface for displaying the predicted result of a skin image. The web app facilitates a user to either upload an image or captures a real-time image. The developed solution achieves an accuracy of 86% and an F1-score of 85%. Such a deep learning model will assist dermatologists in decision making, reduce the time required for diagnosis, and also minimizes the cost involved by a significant amount.
Ninety-degree angled collimator: a dosimetric study related to dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with endometrial carcinoma
Authors: SERARSLAN Alparslan , DASTAN Yalcın , AKSU Telat , YILDIZ Rana Elif , GURSEL Bilge , Meydan Deniz , OKUMUS Nilgün OZBEK
Published: March 2023

Background Our purpose was to ensure that the dose constraints of the organs at risk (OARs) were not exceeded while increasing the prescription dose to the planning target volume (PTV) from 45 Gy to 50.4 Gy with the dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique. While trying for this purpose, a new dynamic IMRT technique that named 90° angled collimated dynamic IMRT (A-IMRT) planning was developed by us. Methods This study was based on the computed tomography data sets of 20 patients with postoperatively diagnosed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage 2 endometrial carcinoma. For each patient, conventional dynamic IMRT (C-IMRT, collimator angle of 0° at all gantry angles), A-IMRT (collimator angle of 90° at gantry angles of 110°, 180°, 215°, and 285°), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were planned. Planning techniques were compared with parameters used to evaluate PTV and OARs via dose-volume-histogram analysis using the paired two-tailed Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test;p< 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. Results All plans achieved adequate dose coverage for PTV. Conformality was best obtained with VMAT, whereas homogeneity was best obtained with C-IMRT. The conformality of A-IMRT was inferior to the conformality of C-IMRT; A-IMRT had similar homogeneity to VMAT. The bone marrow dose constraint was exceeded in 4 (20%), 16 (80%), and 18 (90%) patients with VMAT, A-IMRT, and C-IMRT, respectively. The bladder dose constraint was exceeded in no patients with A-IMRT or VMAT, but it was exceeded in 19 (95%) patients with C-IMRT. Dose constraints of the rectum and bilateral femoral heads were exceeded in no patients with A-IMRT or VMAT, but they were exceeded in 20 (100%) patients with C-IMRT. The dose constraint of the bowel (for V40 as in the RTOG 0418 trial) was exceeded in 4 (20%), 5 (25%), and 8 (40%) patients with VMAT, A-IMRT, and C-IMRT, respectively. Conclusions OARs are better protected when external beam radiotherapy is applied to the pelvis at a dose of 50.4 Gy by turning the collimator angle to 90° at some gantry angles with the dynamic IMRT technique in the absence of VMAT.
Broadband circular polarization conversion metasurface with half-transmission and half-reflection simultaneously for full-space wavefront manipulation application
Authors: Li Bingzhen , Chen Yuhua , Yu Songlin , Zhou Xiao , Wu Qingqing , Wang Jijun , Li Yan , Li Fangyuan
Published: March 2023

In this paper, a single-layer metasurface (MS) composed of a S-shaped resonator structure surrounded by circular cover is proposed and investigated, which can realize the broadband circular polarization (CP) conversion with half-transmission and half-reflection simultaneously, and full-space wavefront manipulation in microwave region. Both simulation and experiment results indicate that the orthogonal CP coefficients of both transmission and reflection are over 0.35 for the normal incident both left/right-handed circular polarization (LCP/RCP) wave, and yielding a polarization conversion efficiency of about 22% (approaching the theoretical limit) from 6.2 GHz to 15 GHz. In addition, the full 2π phase-shift of orthogonal CP wave for both transmission and reflection can be achieved based on the geometrical phase modulation principle by only varying the orientation angle of the unit-cell. As proof of concept for the full-space wavefront manipulation, anomalous reflection and refraction, vortex beam generation and planar focusing are demonstrated numerically. Our design will provide an important reference for the practical applications for ultra-broadband full-space CP and wavefront manipulation.
Downregulation of HHLA2 inhibits ovarian cancer progression via the NF-κB signaling pathway and suppresses the expression of CA9
Authors: Fu Yuanyuan , Zheng Panpan , Zheng Xiao , Chen Lujun , Kong Caixia , Liu Wenzhi , Li Shuping , Jiang Jingting
Published: March 2023

Background: HHLA2 has been recently demonstrated to play multifaceted roles in several types of cancers. However, its underlying mechanism in the progression of human ovarian cancer (OC) remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether downregulation of HHLA2 inhibited malignant phenotypes of human OC cells and explore its specific mechanism.
Methods: In this study, lentivirus was used to establish individual stable cell lines. In vitro tumorigenesis assays, including cell proliferation, invasion, and wound healing assays were performed to evaluate the biological functions of the target genes in ovarian carcinoma cells. Dual-Luciferase assay was performed to identify the CA9 promoter activity. Animal studies were performed to analyze the effect of HHLA2/CA9 on ovarian cancer progression.
Results: Downregulation of HHLA2 significantly suppressed the viability, invasion, and migration of OC cells. Downregulation of HHLA2 in OC cells reduced the expression of CA9 and increased the expressions of p-IKKβ and p-RelA. Conversely, the viability, invasion, and migration of HHLA2-depleted OC cells were increased when CA9 was upregulated. In vivo, we found that downregulation of HHLA2 significantly inhibited tumor growth, which was reversed by CA9 overexpression. In addition, downregulation of HHLA2 inhibited the OC progression via activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and decreasing the expression of CA9.
Conclusion: Our data suggested a link between HHLA2 and NF-κB axis in the pathogenesis of OC, and these findings might provide valuable insights into the development of novel potential therapeutic targets for OC.
FruitPhenoBox – a device for rapid and automated fruit phenotyping of small sample sizes
Authors: Kirchgessner Norbert , Hodel Marius , Studer Bruno , Patocchi Andrea , Broggini Giovanni AL
Published: March 2023

Background: Fruit appearance of apples is cultivar-specific and one of the main criteria for consumer choice. Consequently, appearance is an important selection criterion in the breeding of new cultivars. It is also used for the description of older varieties or landraces. In commercial apple production, sorting devices are used to classify a high number of fruits from a few cultivars. In contrast, the description of fruits from germplasm collections or for breeding is based on a few fruits from many cultivars and is mostly performed visually by pomology experts. Therefore, such visual ratings are laborious, often difficult to compare and remain subjective.
Results: Here we report on a morphometric device, called the FruitPhenoBox, for automated fruit weighting and appearance description using computer-based analysis of five images per fruit. The recording of approximately 100 fruits each from 15 apple cultivars using the FruitPhenoBox was achieved rapidly, with an average handling and recording time below eleven seconds per fruit. The comparison of the fruits from the 15 apple cultivars identified significant differences in shape index, fruit width, height and weight. Fruit shape was characteristic for each cultivar, while fruit coloration showed larger variation within sample sets. Assessing a subset of 20 randomly selected fruits per cultivar, fruit height and width were described with a relative margin of error of 2.6% and 2.1% and 6.2%, respectively, calculated from the mean value of all available fruits.
Conclusions: The FruitPhenoBox allows for the rapid and consistent description of fruits of a single apple genotype. By relating the relative margin of error for fruit width, height and weight description with different sample sizes, it was possible to determine an appropriate fruit sample size to efficiently and accurately describe the recorded traits. Therefore, the FruitPhenoBox is a useful tool for breeding and the description of apple germplasm collections.
Caveolin-1 alleviates angiotensin Ⅱ induced endothelial injury and cerebral microbleed via mitochondrial protection
Authors: Li Cheng-Cheng , Tang Xiao-Qin , Wang Jie , Duan Hai-jun , Xia Min , Guo Chao , Chen Yu-jie , Wang Bo , Chen Yong-jie , Yin Yi , Chen Wei-Xiang , Feng Hua
Published: March 2023

Cerebral microbleeds are a manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and a predictor of cerebral hemorrhage. However, the causes of cerebral microbleeds remain unclear. Research on the mechanism of cerebral microbleeds may provide new ideas for the treatment of CSVD. In a mouse model, we show cerebral microbleeds and cognitive impairment with increasing expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1). Mechanistically, in an in vitro study, we find that Cav-1 knockdown significantly affects the mitochondrial pathway in the cytoplasm and decreases the endothelial viability. Moreover, Cav-1 knockdown induces mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and mitochondria reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. By contrast, overexpression of Cav-1 alleviates the decrease of cell viability, MMP depolarization and mitochondria ROS production induced by angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ). Furthermore, Cav-1 activation significantly improves cerebral microbleeds and cognitive impairment in CSVD mice. We identify Cav-1 as an endogenous protective molecule via mitochondrial protection, and activation of Cav-1 resists microbleeds and cognitive impairment in an animal model of CSVD. Cav-1 might be a candidate therapeutic target for CSVD.
Socioeconomic Challenges of Adolescent Obesity
Authors: Navarrete-Dualde Jorge
Published: March 2023

Obesity is the epidemic of the century, due to its prevalence, impact on national budgets, loss in a gross domestic product, productivity loss, and impact on mortality, morbidity and quality of life. National behaviour change campaigns have not yet shown acceptable long-term results, and there is a need for higher taxation on unhealthy food. Besides, adolescents are vulnerable and easily targeted by “ultra-funded” sophisticated marketing campaigns. Modest evidence on first and second-line treatments makes bariatric surgery the main treatment of choice. Bariatric surgery could be the standard of care provided to those adolescents who failed weight loss attempts for more than six months and present pre-specified high body mass index and obesity-related comorbidities. To confirm whether the findings extracted from the initial narrative search were still valid, an additional, more profound narrative search, including systematic literature review features, was performed, extracting information before the COVID-19 pandemic from three databases: PubMed from 2018 to 2019; Google Scholar from 2018 to 2019; and The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination from the University of York (from 2010 to 2019). Policymakers need to commit with community health campaigns to change societal behaviour on the real impact of obesity. There is a need for earmarked taxation on unhealthy food to prevent obesity publicly and provide enough funds to increase the provision and reimbursement of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery at early ages can reduce the progression of morbid obesity-related comorbidities. However, evaluations of morbidly obese adolescents are not performed in time, due to barriers, which avoid upcoming bariatric surgery procedures. Stakeholders should develop strategies to reduce attrition rate and improve patient retention through juvenile-oriented care. There are still ethical aspects pending since we do not fully know the long-term effects and complications. Given the low impact of public preventive campaigns targeting voluntary behavioural change in the long run, and the lax taxation and regulation on the food industry, decision makers should change their mind on bariatric surgery, from an indulgent waste of money to an effective fund-saver.
Obesity and Musculoskeletal Health of Young and Older Malaysian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors:   Department of Community Health, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Zainol Abidin Nurdiana ,   School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: March 2023

Background: Asian women are more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders compared to their Caucasian counterparts, and employed women are substantially more prone to musculoskeletal disorders compared to men. Data on musculoskeletal health in Malaysian women are lacking. The study’s goal was to evaluate the body composition and functional performance of older and younger Malaysian women for obesity and musculoskeletal health problems. Methods: The study included 141 post-menopausal Malaysian women and 118 young Malaysian women between 18 years old and 32 years old of age. Body composition, bone density, handgrip strength and physical performance were assessed using bio-electrical impedance analyser, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound, hand dynamometer and modified short physical performance battery test, respectively. Results: There was a higher prevalence of ‘low muscle mass’ among the younger age group compared to their older counterparts (48 young women [40.0%] versus 44 post-menopausal women [31.2%]). Conversely, there was a higher prevalence of ‘obesity’ and ‘low bone density’ among the older age group compared to their younger counterparts. Mean broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) for both age groups was ≥ 70.0 dB/MHz. The majority of post-menopausal women had a ‘minor functional decline’ (40.6%), followed by moderate (28.1%), major (22.7%), severe (6.3%) and the lowest percentage for ‘no decline’ (2.3%). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of obesity with poor musculoskeletal health in older Malaysian women, which may lead to frailty and higher incidences of falls and fractures at an advanced age. The screening of musculoskeletal conditions among Malaysian women may aid in early detection of abnormalities and timely intervention.
Double Muscling
Authors: Sutherland Tom
Published: March 2023

The topic for my presentation here is “Double Muscling.” I am sure that all of you have experienced a good deal of interest in this topic in your practice. There is a good deal of intrigue among purebred breeders particularly, and among commercial cattlemen as well.

First of all, we should make clear that the name is a misnomer. “Double muscling” is wrong. There are no double muscles present. It is a case of hypertrophy of the muscles.
Liability Insurance
Authors: Dinsmore Jack
Published: March 2023

I would like to present a status report on the basis of what the Trust is doing and its activities. The big problem is that most of us in practice and around the country don’t realize what is happening on a day-to-day basis with the programs, such as the Professional Liability Insurance Trust, and it is not easy to tell it in a short time. Maybe some time later on, it might be possible to give you an in-depth report on how this Trust functions and what it does for the veterinarian, related to his professional activity throughout the country.
What’s New in Our Knowledge of the Lower Digestive Tract?
Authors: Whitlock Robert H.
Published: March 2023

There are four syndromes associated with abomasal ulcers (1). The first type is that of slight ulceration or erosion with only mild or no clinical signs. The second syndrome is that of marked hemorrhage or anemia. The third syndrome is that of abomasal perforation with acute circumscribed peritonitis. The causative factors related to cecal torsion are very similar to those of abomasal displacement.
Biochemistry of Ruminant Nutrition
Authors: Wass W. M.
Published: March 2023

The ruminant animal has two special adaptations for which it is characteristically noted. The first of these is the adaptation of the digestive tract to the ingested nutrients. One part of this is anatomical in the form of the four-compartment stomach and one part is biochemical in the form of rumen fermentation.

The second is the adaptation of the tissues to the end products of digestion, notably the short chain, volatile fatty acids and the simultaneous production of large quantities of bacterial cell protein.

The animal thus has a capacity for utilization of feedstuffs not usable by other species. These include cellulose and inorganic nitrogen.

The large storage compartment made up mostly by the rumen also gives the animal a capacity for surviving comparatively long periods without feed or water.
Relationship of Energy, Cow Size and Sire to Calving Difficulty
Authors: Wiltbank J. N.
Published: March 2023

Methods for decreasing calf birth weight or calf size at calving time, increasing or predicting size of the pelvic opening of the cow at calving time could be useful in decreasing calving difficulty and consequently losses at or near calving. This paper will explore several methods for predicting or altering calf size, the relationship between pelvic size and calving difficulty and methods of predicting pelvic size.
Polioencephalomalacia
Authors: Young Stewart
Published: March 2023

The general topic of this meeting is “General Metabolic Disorders, their Diagnosis and Treatment.” I will talk briefly on the subject of polioencephalomalacia and its relationship to thiamine metabolism, but my emphasis will probably be in the field of diagnosis.
Vitamins, Antibiotics, Hormones and Enzymes
Authors: Adams C. R.
Published: March 2023

It is generally accepted that vitamins A and E are essential nutrients for all species of animals. However, differences of opinion do exist as to the conditions under which supplemental vitamins A and E are required and at what levels they should be fed.
Life Cycle Feeding of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Crowley James W.
Published: March 2023

The title of this paper, “Life Cycle Feeding of Dairy Cattle,” implies that a total course or textbook on dairy feeding can be summarized in a few pages. Likewise, the time allotted on the program would indicate that the total subject of dairy feeding is going to be covered in less than one hour.

The major objective must be simply a summary of major points in feeding dairy animals of different ages and different stages of production and reproduction. Primarily then, this discussion could be called thumb rules for feeding. The discussion will largely be devoted to those thumb rules that are either changed, emphasized or developed because of new research or observations.
Diarrhea in the Calf Part I
Authors: Phillips R. W. , Lewis L. D.
Published: March 2023

Before effective management and therapy can be initiated for neonatal diarrhea we must understand normal intestinal function as well as the changes that take place in the intestinal tract leading to the diarrhea. Of even greater importance is a knowledge of secondary and tertiary changes which occur as a result of the altered intestinal transport. First, let us review normal intestinal function in the calf. Milk by-passes the rumen or reticulum and is coagulated by rennin and the acid conditions of the abomasum or true stomach (7). As proteolytic enzymes act, the curd is liquefied and passes into the duodenum where further enzymatic activity breaks down the proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. In the jejunum these organic compounds are absorbed as the fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars (4). There is also considerable secretory activity here and some absorption of electrolytes, although the majority of the electrolytes are absorbed further down the intestinal tract in the lower jejunum and ileum (4). Final absorptive function occurs in the upper portion of the colon where feces are normally formed.
Diarrhea in the Calf Part II
Authors: Lewis Lon D. , Phillips Robert W.
Published: March 2023

There are three primary alterations in the body as a whole due to diarrhea: 1. Dehydration, 2. Acidosis, and 3. Electrolyte losses and imbalances. The initiating factors in the development and the magnitude of each in the acutely diarrheic neonatal calf have been discussed in Part I. This paper will briefly cover the effect that these alterations have on the body as a whole and their treatment. Only by knowing, understanding and taking into consideration these alterations and their effects on the diarrheic calf is a rational medical treatment possible.
Treatment for Cattle Parasites
Authors: Poschel Gordon P.
Published: March 2023

Historically, the original idea of therapeutic treatment was to alleviate the symptoms of a disease situation. As methods for testing drugs became more sophisticated and the drugs more active, the concept of treating against the causative agent of a disease or infection was established.

Using this concept in treating parasitic infections, one can easily see an economic gain in that those animals with clinical signs of parasitism can be successfully treated and possible mortality prevented. The one basic fault in this type of program was the frequent misdiagnosis of verminous pneumonia or gastrointestinal parasites as bacterial or viral pneumonia or gastroenteritis.
Prevention
Authors: Wilroth T. A.
Published: March 2023

Any internal parasite control program involves more than one phase, and that is therapeutic worming. We like to think it involves, first of all, a high plane of nutrition, consequently a high state of health. The second part of any effective total parasite control program, we feel, of course, is the prevention of reinfestation on pasture. Now, I am talking about pastured animals whether they be cattle or sheep. I am not talking about feedlot programs which are different, as you know.
Toxic Pastures, Weeds and Chemicals
Authors: Bracken Frank
Published: March 2023

I am going to hit some things that are of interest to me and some of them may be of use to you; some may seem a little bit provincial.

The first consideration about poisonings is the possibility of one being present. In acute poisoning, whether it is plant or chemical, the first tip-off, of course, is single or multiple death and illnesses that are unaccounted for. In just a matter of a few days you will have several animals involved and you cannot account for it for other reasons.

The next thing that I think is equally important, and you should start inquiring about it right away, is what change of management occurred? Has the feed been changed? Was the pasture changed? Was there something done about spraying recently? Handling is the next thing to be encountered or to investigate. Well, aside from these two basic principles, I think the only other thing to go on is a nagging suspicion that this can be a poisoning, and usually that is the way we end up; anyway, at least I do! The chronic type of poisoning is a little different problem. Luckily, for most chronic poisonings you have tissue changes that are suggestive—kidney damage related to mercury intake or liver damage related to some of the other damaging toxic agents.
Differential Diagnosis of Digestive Tract Disorders
Authors: Radostits O. M.
Published: March 2023

The Causes of Manifestations of Diseases of Alimentary Tract of Cattle.
Symposium on Economics of Therapy from Dairy Herd Owners’ Viewpoint
Authors: Harrington Ben
Published: March 2023

Panel Discussion about dairy cattle, treatment, economics, and veterinary practice.
Feedlot Deficiencies in Practice
Authors: Mackey Donald
Published: March 2023

When you come to “feedlot deficiencies’’ as far as nutrition, they are really hard to describe, hard to detect, and rather vague. If you can go out into a specific lot and make an accurate diagnosis as to what the deficiency might be, I will say that you are much better than I am. I think one of the most common deficiencies that we have is probably calcium and probably it is the most common deficiency because of the very nature of what we are doing with feedlot animals. We are taking an animal that is a highly roughage dependent animal, putting it in the feedlot, and making it an animal that is supposed to have only one stomach, feeding it all of these concentrate? By the very nature of what we are feeding, we reduce the calcium intake. Now, corn, of course, is high in calcium, but it isn’t high enough, and so one of the main things you will find is a calcium deficiency. Now, I have run into some feedlots, not only in one lot, but lots within a lot, in which calcium is going in at the level it ought to and phosphorus is going in at the level that it should, but the blood chemistry shows that they are not being metabolized the way they should. I think that in one specific lot in the last month we have been having some problems even though the nutritionist at this lot is very good. He has calcium and phosphorus going in there the way they should, but the blood chemistry shows low calcium and the phosphorus about three times too high! So, in this specific instance, there is something probably tying up the calcium. When we talk about deficiencies that may be in the diet, we may have problems getting them metabolized. Some of the factors that will interfere with metabolism would be nitrates, low vitamin B and A, etc.
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference (1972). Convention Highlights
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Photos of the convention
Progress in Infectious Disease Control
Authors: Clarkson M. R.
Published: March 2023

Dr. Jarrett, President Tharp, Dr. Allenstein, Com-missioner Irvin, mem hers and guests of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners.

It is a pleasure to be with you as you recognize our nation's bicentennial, and a special honor to be given this opportunity to reflect on some of your accomplishments as well as on some of the challenges of today and tomorrow in infectious disease control.

We in New England have been celebrating the bicentennial since the first of this year. As our forefathers were engaged in the struggle for in-dependence fully a year and a half before the Declaration of Independence, so their descendents also forged ahead with full confidence that once again the rest of the country eventually would catch up.
Outbreak of Bovine Tuberculosis in Georgia
Authors: Andrews James F.
Published: March 2023

Bovine tuberculosis has been reduced to a very low level in United States cattle. However, scattered out-breaks continue to be reported. When suspect tuberculous lesions or other granulomas are found in cattle during routine slaughter inspection, the veterinary medical officer submits specimens for microscopic and mycobacterial examination. If a diagnosis of tuberculosis is confirmed, the tuberculin test is applied to all herds of origin of the tuberculous animal and to all herds that have received cattle from the tuberculous herd.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Ardans A. A. , Osburn B. I. , Hjerpe C. A.
Published: March 2023

Question and Answer from the panelists.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of , Shuler Riley , Bierschwal C. J. , Britt Jack H.
Published: March 2023

Question and Answer from the panelists.
Feeding the Dry Cow
Authors: McCullough M. E.
Published: March 2023

The practice of dividing the cow's year into periods depending upon the stage of the gestation-lactation cycle should now be discarded. Feeding the dry cow is as much a factor during the first stages of lactation as the last stage of lactation is a factor during the dry period. For this reason, we cannot isolate one period and call it the dry period from a purely nutritional point of view. In terms of nutrition for the high producing dairy cow, modern feeding programs should feed the cow on a total year basis. The concept of "gestation-lactation" feeding is illustrated in Figure 1.

Traditional dairy feeding programs involve a table of nutrient requirements and tables of feed composition. The two parts must be in the same unit of measurement and their usefullness is dependent upon the precision of both. The practice of stating energy values in different ways (starch equivalent, oat unit, barley unit, net energy, total digestible nutrients, etc.) has necessitated the development of many standards and tables of feed composition. Despite many attempts to develop values for equating measures of energy and recommendations for the use of a single standard, arguments for and against standards remain.

In addition to the problems of expressions of energy, conventional systems fail to consider other important points such as feed intake and the end-products of rumen fermentation. Armstrong (1) pointed out the necessity for considering these end-products of digestion, and Kleiber (5) maintained that studies of milk formation are more of a chemical problem than a problem of energestics. Despite the known short-comings of conventional systems for feeding dairy cows, they served the dariy industry well for so long as feeding was done by experienced dairymen willing to provide considerable attention to individual cows within herds.

In recent years, several changes in dairying have taken place which created the need for a new philosophy in feeding dairy cows. Among these changes were the following: 1) The use of large herds where individual feeding cannot be properly practiced. 2) The breeding of cows for levels of production high enough to create constant problems with borderline nutrient deficiencies. 3. Feeding program which create stress conditions and result in rumen health problems.

This paper will review the theory and practice of a system for feeding dairy cows which was designed to overcome many of the problems encountered in traditional programs. The reader who is interested in a detailed listing of literature citations and a point-by-point consideration of the factors used in the program is referred to the book "Optimum Feeding of Dairy Animals" (7). In this review, general principles will be outlined instead of a detailed literature review.
How I Feed Dry Cows in My Own Two Herds
Authors: Harrington Ben D.
Published: March 2023

In feeding my own herds, and making recommendations for other herds, the following guides are used. The guides are primarily for herds using corn and/or sorghum silage and small grain haylage or silage with limited amounts of hay. The cropping system is so designed to meet all roughage requirements first, and the excess corn, sorghum and small grains are utilized in the grain ration. The dry cow ration should be balanced and fed to work in conjunction with the milking herd ration.
Dry Treatment in Large Scale, Dry Lot Operations
Authors: Woods John M.
Published: March 2023

A mastitis control program must ultimately relate to maximizing profit; therefore, maximum profit is the standard by which we should orient our decisions. Medical decisions and procedures based on medical principles, even if sound in themselves, that do not ultimately contribute to maximizing profit must be considered abstract and unjustifiable. Herd health exists for the sole purpose of maximizing profit. The purpose of dry treatment is twofold: 1. to eradicate existing infections, and 2. to provide a protective level of antibiotic during the first two weeks of the dry period, an interval of increased susceptibility to new infections.
Some Special Problems in Dry Cow Mastitis
Authors: Winkler J. K.
Published: March 2023

Dry cow mastitis resulting from either residual lactation infections or dry cow trauma or infection may cause an assortment of problems to the individual cow. These problems include milk stones or lactoliths, partial or complete obstruction of the gland or teat cisterns, and development of cysts in the mammary tissue. Although not limited to the dry period, traumatic injury resulting in massive hematomas seems to occur more frequently pre-partum. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the etiology, significance, prevention, and possible therapy.
University of Georgia's Mobile Field Investigational Vehcile
Authors: Troutt H. Fred , Mercer J. T.
Published: March 2023

In December, 1974, in order to support various instructional missions, especially those related to food producing animal medicine, the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Georgia acquired a motor home type vehicle. This vehicle, suitably equipped, served as a mobile laboratory and was primarily employed in the implementation of various herd health and consultative-medicine programs conducted by the Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery. The following describes the physical characteristics of the unit and how it was employed.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of , Jones Larry , Kadel Wade L. , Giles Herschel
Published: March 2023

Question and Answer from the panelists.
Case Histories of Clostridium Hemolyticum Infection
Authors: Plummer Ben
Published: March 2023

My topic today is case histories of clostridium hemolyticum infection. We call this disease "red water" down in our part of the country. It is also knows as bacillary hemoglobinuria.

In Florida, red water is a relatively new disease. So far as I can find out, it was first suspected as the cause of several deaths in a Brahman herd in the Kissimmee River Valley area around 1957 or 1958. Five years later, in 1962, it was positively diagnosed by laboratory confirmation some 75 to 80 miles to the south in a herd located on the northwest shore of Lake Okeechobee, where the Kissimmee River runs into the lake. Since then, it has spread to just about every area in southern Florida.

I mention where the disease was first found because I feel that it has something to do with the spread of the disease in our area. But first, let me say something about the causitive organism, how it affects cattle, and its diagnosis.

Red water is caused by one of the clostridial organisms, clostridium hemolyticum. Bovine Medicine and Surgery describes the organism as a noncapsulated, sluggishly motile spore forming, obligate anaerobic rod. They also state that culture requirements are most exacting and that it closely resembles Cl novyi and Cl sardellie in culture features, but is an immunologically distinct species. On cultural media, atoxin is produced that has a twofold affect on body tissue. One causes hemolysis of erythrocytes and the other, tissue necrosis. Hemolysis and liver necrosis is also found in natural infection. It is gram positive for the first 24 hours of growth on culture, then becomes gram negative.