bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shouting and providing: Forms of exchange in the drinking accounts of young Australians
Authors: Murphy Dean A. , Hart Aaron , Moore David
Published: June 2016

Introduction and Aims

Australian health promotion campaigns encourage people to manage their alcohol consumption by avoiding involvement in a form of round drinking known as ‘shouting’. We consider this individualist advice in light of our analysis of the social relations established by young people through collective drinking, in which we conceptualise friends, family and work colleagues as participants in complex networks of exchange.

Design and Methods

Data were gathered during in‐depth, semistructured interviews and ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a socioeconomically disadvantaged outer suburb of Melbourne, Australia. The interview sample comprised nine men and seven women of diverse ethnic backgrounds, with a median age of 21 years.

Results

We identified two types of exchange—‘shouting’ and ‘providing’—enacted by round drinking and other collective drinking practices. ‘Shouting’ is a form of balanced reciprocity in which participants take turns buying drinks for all others in the group. It is an immediate, direct exchange of alcoholic gifts that are equivalent in value. ‘Providing’ is characterised by indirect reciprocity in which the social aspects of the transaction are emphasised over the value of the goods exchanged. In addition to risking social exclusion, rejecting this form of collective drinking may also risk rejecting the other resources exchanged in this form of sharing, such as food, transport and accommodation.

Discussion and Conclusions

Exchanges of alcoholic gifts complicate the straightforward application of individualist health promotion advice. Social relations need to be taken into account when designing health promotion interventions that seek to reduce alcohol‐related harm. [Murphy DA, Hart A, Moore D. Shouting and providing: Forms of exchange in the drinking accounts of young Australians. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:442‐448]
Effects of aging on peripheral and central auditory processing in rats
Authors: Costa Margarida , Lepore Franco , Prévost François , Guillemot Jean‐Paul
Published: June 2016

Hearing loss is a hallmark sign in the elderly population. Decline in auditory perception provokes deficits in the ability to localize sound sources and reduces speech perception, particularly in noise. In addition to a loss of peripheral hearing sensitivity, changes in more complex central structures have also been demonstrated. Related to these, this study examines the auditory directional maps in the deep layers of the superior colliculus of the rat. Hence, anesthetized Sprague–Dawley adult (10 months) and aged (22 months) rats underwent distortion product of otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) to assess cochlear function. Then, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were assessed, followed by extracellular single‐unit recordings to determine age‐related effects on central auditory functions. DPOAE amplitude levels were decreased in aged rats although they were still present between 3.0 and 24.0 kHz. ABR level thresholds in aged rats were significantly elevated at an early (cochlear nucleus – wave II) stage in the auditory brainstem. In the superior colliculus, thresholds were increased and the tuning widths of the directional receptive fields were significantly wider. Moreover, no systematic directional spatial arrangement was present among the neurons of the aged rats, implying that the topographical organization of the auditory directional map was abolished. These results suggest that the deterioration of the auditory directional spatial map can, to some extent, be attributable to age‐related dysfunction at more central, perceptual stages of auditory processing.
Flight mode affects allometry of migration range in birds
Authors: Watanabe Yuuki Y.
Published: June 2016

Billions of birds migrate to exploit seasonally available resources. The ranges of migration vary greatly among species, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. I hypothesise that flight mode (flapping or soaring) and body mass affect migration range through their influence on flight energetics. Here, I compiled the tracks of migratory birds (196 species, weighing 12–10 350 g) recorded by electronic tags in the last few decades. In flapping birds, migration ranges decreased with body mass, as predicted from rapidly increasing flight cost with increasing body mass. The species with higher aspect ratio and lower wing loading had larger migration ranges. In soaring birds, migration ranges were mass‐independent and larger than those of flapping birds, reflecting their low flight costs irrespective of body mass. This study demonstrates that many animal‐tracking studies are now available to explore the general patterns and the underlying mechanisms of animal migration.
β‐Ionone as putative semiochemical suggested by ligand binding on an odorant‐binding protein of Hylamorpha elegans and electroantennographic recordings
Authors: Venthur Herbert , Zhou Jing‐Jiang , Mutis Ana , Ceballos Ricardo , Mella‐Herrera Rodrigo , Larama Giovanni , Avila Andrés , Iturriaga‐Vásquez Patricio , Faundez‐Parraguez Manuel , Alvear Marysol , Quiroz Andrés
Published: June 2016

Currently, odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) are considered the first filter for olfactory information for insects and constitute an interesting target for pest control. Thus, an OBP (HeleOBP) from the scarab beetle Hylamorpha elegans (Burmeister) was identified, and ligand‐binding assays based on fluorescence and in silico approaches were performed, followed by a simulated binding assay. Fluorescence binding assays showed slight binding for most of the ligands tested, including host‐plant volatiles. A high binding affinity was obtained for β‐ionone, a scarab beetle‐related compound. However, the binding of its analogue α‐ionone was weaker, although it is still considered good. On the other hand, through a three‐dimensional model of HeleOBP constructed by homology, molecular docking was carried out with 29 related ligands to the beetle. Results expressed as free binding energy and fit quality (FQ) indicated strong interactions of sesquiterpenes and terpenoids (α‐ and β‐ionone) with HeleOBP as well as some aromatic compounds. Residues such as His102, Tyr105 and Tyr113 seemed to participate in the interactions previously mentioned. Both in silico scores supported the experimental affinity for the strongest ligands. Therefore, the activity of α‐ionone, β‐ionone and 2‐phenyl acetaldehyde at antennal level was studied using electroantenography (EAG). Results showed that the three ligands are electrophysiologically active. However, an aliquot of β‐ionone (represented by 3.0 ng) elicited stronger EAG responses in antennae of males than of females. Finally, the role of these ligands as potential semiochemicals for H. elegans is discussed.
Topically applied fatty acids are elongated before incorporation in the stratum corneum lipid matrix in compromised skin
Authors: Berkers Tineke , van Dijk Lauri , Absalah Samira , van Smeden Jeroen , Bouwstra Joke A.
Published: June 2016

In several skin diseases, both the lipid composition and organization in the stratum corneum (SC) are altered which contributes to the impaired skin barrier function in patients. One of the approaches for skin barrier repair is treatment with topical formulations to normalize SC lipid composition and organization. Vernix caseosa (VC), a white cheesy cream on the skin during gestational delivery, has shown to enhance skin barrier repair. In this study, we examined how a fatty acid (FA) containing formulation mimicking the lipid composition of VC interacts with the lipid matrix in the SC. The formulation was applied on ex vivo human skin after SC removal. Subsequently, the ex vivo human skin generated SC during culture. The effect of FA containing formulations on the lipid organization and composition in the regenerated SC was analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC/MS), respectively. FTIR results demonstrate that the FAs are intercalated in the lipid matrix of the regenerated SC and partition in the same lattice with the endogenous SC lipids, thereby enhancing the fraction of lipids forming an orthorhombic (very dense) packing in the SC. LC/MS data show that the topically applied FAs are elongated before intercalation in the lipid matrix and are thus involved in the lipid biosynthesis in the skin.
Interindividual variation of NETosis in healthy donors: introduction and application of a refined method for extracellular trap quantification
Authors: Hoffmann Jochen H. O. , Schaekel Knut , Gaiser Maria R. , Enk Alexander H. , Hadaschik Eva N.
Published: June 2016

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a mechanism of innate immune defence by which neutrophil (polymorphonuclear) granulocytes (PMN) produce net‐like structures of decondensed chromatin decorated with antimicrobial peptides for trapping and possibly killing microorganisms. If this process leads to cell death, it is termed NETosis. Alterations of this particular mechanism have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases including psoriasis and lupus erythematosus. Still, quantification of NETosis poses a considerable challenge. We report and test a refined protocol for morphological NET quantification in healthy human donors that encompasses isolation, stimulation, DNA staining, live imaging and semi‐automated offline analysis. The results were highly reproducible and in good agreement with manual counting. The average intra‐donor coefficient of variation of NETosis rates to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation was low compared to the respective interdonor coefficient of variation (10% vs 82%, n=4, respectively, if experiments were repeated on the same day, and 38% vs 74%, n=6, respectively, if experiments were repeated on average 42±34 days apart). Overall, the interdonor coefficient of variation was 67% (n=10). These findings altogether support the existence of a distinct predisposition of PMN from different donors for undergoing NETosis. Picogreen fluorescence correlated stronger to cell death than to morphological NETosis (r2=.89, P<.001, n=8, and r2=.68, P=.012, n=8, respectively). This indicates that cytotoxicity may confound Picogreen fluorescence. Our results and the related protocol may help investigators with the quantification of NETosis and the design of respective basic and translational research studies.
Evaluation of warm‐season grasses nutritive value as alternatives to cool‐season grasses under limited irrigation
Authors: Robins Joseph G.
Published: June 2016

The production of cool‐season grasses is limited by their photosynthetic inefficiency during the hot summer months. Therefore, a study was conducted during 2006 and 2007 at a Logan, UT, USA field site to determine the potential of various warm‐season grasses as alternatives to cool‐season grasses during summer under limited irrigation. The study included 20 environments, which corresponded to combinations of the 2 years, two harvest dates (June and July) and five irrigation levels. There were differences among the 27 varieties (21 warm‐season and six cool‐season) for crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and biomass (BM) across the 20 environments. However, the overall variety effects were ameliorated by the presence of genotype by environment interaction for CP, WSC, BM, and to a lesser extent IVTD. The cool‐season grasses generally possessed higher trait values in each environment, yet there were several warm‐season grasses, such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) variety ‘Bison’ and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) variety ‘Trailblazer’ that possessed higher values for the nutritive value traits. Additionally, these warm‐season grass varieties possessed substantially higher BM than any cool‐season grass varieties. Thus, there are warm‐season grass varieties that combine high BM and higher nutritive value in the summer months under limited irrigation. These may prove to be viable forage alternatives to the cool‐season grasses during the summer slump period.
Fabrication of a Glass‐Ceramic‐to‐Metal Seal Between Ti–6Al–4V and a Strontium Boroaluminate Glass
Authors: Staff Martyn T. , Fernie John A. , Mallinson Phillip M. , Whiting Mark J. , Yeomans Julie A.
Published: June 2016

Glass‐ceramics are widely utilized in the electronics industry to provide electrical insulation and to form leak‐tight joints with a range of metals. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass‐ceramic can be controlled by the extent of crystallization to reduce detrimental tensile stresses in the joint. In recent years, there has been interest in using titanium alloys, in place of stainless steels, due to their lower density and superior specific strength. In this study, the heat treatment of a strontium boroaluminate glass has been tailored to create glass‐ceramics with mean CTEs ranging from 5.7 ± 0.1 × 10−6/K to 9.7 ± 0.1 × 10−6/K over the temperature range 303–693 K. The resultant glass‐ceramic consists of three crystalline phases and residual glass. A glass‐ceramic with a mean CTE of 6.9 ± 0.1 × 10−6/K was subsequently fabricated to form a compression seal with a Ti–6Al–4V housing and a preoxidized Kovar pin. Single pin assemblies were shown to be reproducible in terms of microstructure and all passed a standard helium leak test, indicating that a successful seal had been produced.
PNN‐PZN‐PMN‐PZ‐PT Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramic with Low Sintering Temperature
Authors: Tan Chee Kiang Ivan , Sharifzadeh Mirshekarloo Meysam , Lai Szu Cheng , Zhang Lei , Yao Kui
Published: June 2016

Multilayer piezoelectric ceramic material with a composition of 0.1Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.35Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.15Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.1PbZrO3‐0.3PbTiO3‐4 mol% excess NiO (0.1PNN‐0.35PZN‐0.15PMN‐0.10PZ‐0.3PT‐0.04NiO) was fabricated by a roll‐to‐roll tape casting process and co‐fired with Ag/Pd electrode at low temperature of 950°C. Their dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties were evaluated. The effective piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the obtained multilayer piezoelectric material was 412 pm/V, while d33 for the ceramic pellet was 503 pm/V. Piezoelectric displacement measurements revealed small displacement hysteresis for the multilayer material. The combined characteristics of the multilayer piezoelectric material using the selected composition showed the potential for high power, high strain, and high force actuation applications. In addition, as the composition had a tetragonal phase, which substantially deviated from morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), the excellent properties may be more tolerant to stoichiometric fluctuation, which can allow larger processing and composition window as desired for scalable production.
Effects of haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia on coagulation tests as performed on Stago STA‐Compact‐Max analyser
Authors: Woolley A. , Golmard J.‐L. , Kitchen S.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia (HIL) may affect haemostasis test results. This may be influenced by the level of interfering substance and the reagents and end‐point detection system used.

Methods

We assessed the influence of HIL on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen assay using a viscosity‐based detection analyser.

Results

Spontaneous haemolysis that occurred during sample collection and processing had no effect on PT with either a rabbit tissue factor extract or recombinant human tissue factor reagents. In contrast, addition of mechanically haemolysed cells impacted on PT for the highest haemoglobin concentration.

For APTTs determined with STA®‐Cephascreen® reagent, there was no significant difference between results in haemolysed and nonhaemolysed samples. For the other two reagents studied, APTTs were statistically significantly shorter in haemolysed samples compared with nonhaemolysed samples. This bias was clinically significant only for STA®‐PTT Automate. For all three APTT reagents, the impact of haemolysis was sufficient to impact patient management decisions, and in some samples, the effects of lipaemia and icterus were not clinically significant.

Conclusion

Overall, our results confirm that PT and fibrinogen were not clinically significantly affected by HIL. The APTTs of some haemolysed samples were falsely normal. Haemolysed samples for APTT determination should be rejected.
Accelerating the Innovation Process: A Systematic Review and Realist Synthesis of the Research Literature
Authors: Ellwood Paul , Grimshaw Paul , Pandza Krsto
Published: June 2016

There is continued interest among academics, practitioners and policy‐makers in methods to achieve accelerated innovation. Academic studies of this complex phenomenon have succeeded in reaching a high degree of consensus on the antecedents of innovation speed. The aim in this review is to elucidate further the mechanisms underlying management interventions to promote speed. The review adopts a theory‐led, realist synthesis of innovation speed research – the first example of this methodology in management studies. The authors develop a new time‐based framework for categorizing the innovation‐speed literature. The framework has a CIMO logic, and is built by invoking the organizational studies literature on time. The authors contextualize the innovation‐speed literature in relation to the three generic temporal challenges faced by all organizations: reducing temporal uncertainty; resolving temporal conflicts over activities; and allocating resources amid conditions of temporal scarcity. They problematize extant explanations of innovation speed as not taking account of different temporal orientations (temporal dichotomies) within innovation work, and thereby neglecting a potential barrier to achieving accelerated innovation outcomes. They further draw on the literature on time in organizations to suggest new avenues of research, and methodological approaches new to the study of innovation speed. The principal contribution of this review is to offer a new conceptual perspective on the complex empirical research examining how innovation projects may be accelerated from original idea to launch.
The political economy of changes in family and old‐age welfare policy spending: Analysis of OECD countries, 1998–2011
Authors: Baek Seung‐Ho , Ryu Yun‐Kyu , Lee Sophia Seung‐yoon
Published: June 2016

This study investigated whether in times of budget constraints and in countries with relatively large family policy spending, family policy has an advantage in the budget competition with old‐age expenditures, compared with countries with a lower level of family policy spending. We employed pooled time‐series cross‐sectional analysis of 24 OECD countries from 1998 to 2011. Our findings suggest that the initial level of family spending tends to moderate the crowding‐out effect of old‐age spending, indicating that the more mature a family spending policy is, the more it resists budget competition from old‐age policy. Furthermore, the size of government debt was found to have an insignificant effect on welfare budgeting. Our findings indicate that retrenchment in welfare spending for old age cannot be fully explained by budget constraints. Politics among interest groups associated with different welfare programmes can be an important determinant in explaining changes in spending on each welfare programme.
Distribution effects of the minimum wage in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay
Authors: MAURIZIO Roxana , VÁZQUEZ Gustavo
Published: June 2016

This article provides a comparative analysis of the distribution effects of the increase in the real value of the minimum wage in Latin America during the 2000s in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. Using semiparametric techniques to estimate counterfactual density functions, the authors find that the increase in the minimum wage had an equalizing effect in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, but not in Chile. This increase accounted for a considerable part of the decline in wage inequality, which was the result of compression at the lower tail of the wage distribution.
Transcultural adaptation of the Breast Cancer Awareness Measure
Authors: Al‐Khasawneh E.M. , Leocadio M. , Seshan V. , Siddiqui S.T. , Khan A.N. , Al‐Manaseer M.M.
Published: June 2016

Aim

To overcome the lack of a validated and robust Arabic instrument to measure breast cancer awareness.

Background

Currently, there is no validated Arabic instrument for measuring breast cancer awareness levels. We adapted, translated and validated the Breast Cancer Awareness Measure developed by Cancer Research UK.

Methods

The instrument was translated into Arabic and back‐translated for validation. Validation and reliability tests were conducted using purposively sampled 972 Arab women older than 20 years, living in Oman. The adapted content was validated by a panel of medical, linguistic and cultural experts, followed by cognitive interviews (n = 10), behavioural coding (n = 30) and criterion validation (n = 646). The instrument was tested for acceptability and its subscales for internal consistency. Inter‐rater reliability was estimated between two similar groups (n = 144 and n = 142) to test homogeneity.

Results

The adapted and translated instrument had a high acceptability (98.7% completed). The validation process shaped the adaptation, and resulted in strong criterion validity (R = 0.58, P < 0.01). The instrument subscales for risk factors and warning signs had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.856 and 0.890, respectively), with all floor and ceiling effects less than 15%. The correlation measure for inter‐rater reliability was 0.97 (P < 0.01).

Discussion

Through the incorporation of contextual characteristics and prevalent beliefs among Arab populations, the adapted Best Cancer Awareness Measure is a robust Arabic instrument for the measurement of breast cancer awareness and early detection practices among Arab women.

Limitations

The purposively selected sample may not be representative of the population.

Conclusion and implications for health policy

Improvement of awareness and early detection of breast cancer can contribute towards reducing mortality from the disease. The adapted instrument has policy implications, since measurement of awareness levels is essential towards breast health promotion policies in Arab countries.
The influence of daily stress and resilience on successful ageing
Authors: Byun J. , Jung D.
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of daily stress and resilience on successful ageing among community‐dwelling older adults.

Background

Ageing can be a positive experience if there is good adaptation to ageing processes. Positive ageing needs to be a basis of nursing care, health promotion and education within community settings.

Methods

Data were collected in March and April of 2014 from 262 older adults living in Seoul and Jeju, South Korea. We used a four‐part survey consisting of demographic data, daily stress, resilience and successful ageing scales, in total 91 items. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression analysis to identify the influence of variables on successful ageing.

Findings

Successful ageing had a significant negative correlation with daily stress and a positive correlation with resilience. Daily stress had a negative correlation with resilience. Findings of hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that resilience and subjective economic status had an effect on successful ageing. Furthermore, these variables accounted for 41.6% of the variance in successful ageing.

Limitations

Data were collected in only two cities of Korea based on convenience sampling.

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that daily stress and resilience have a statistically significant relationship with successful ageing. Furthermore, resilience is an important influential factor and a much‐needed personal characteristic for one's successful ageing.

Implications for nursing and health policies

Nurses can advocate joining with health and social policy makers to implement policies on healthy ageing, including evaluation of stress, education programmes and implementation of self‐help groups to enhance resilience in older people.
Low Temperature Ionic Conductivity of an Acceptor‐Doped Perovskite: II. Impedance of Single‐Crystal BaTiO3
Authors: Maier Russell A. , Randall Clive A.
Published: June 2016

Low temperature conductivity mechanisms were identified in acceptor‐doped BaTiO3 single crystals equilibrated and quenched from high temperature under different oxygen partial pressures. A range of acceptor ionization states were quenched into samples doped with manganese or iron. Using an appropriate equivalent circuit to interpret impedance spectroscopy data, room temperature conductivity mechanisms in the single crystal samples were identified, and the permittivity/temperature dependence was also shown to be self‐consistent with the nature of a first‐order ferroelectric phase transition. The primary, low temperature, conduction mechanism in acceptor‐doped BaTiO3 was determined to be dominated by the migration of oxygen vacancies. The activation energy for oxygen vacancy migration was experimentally determined to have a value of nearly 0.7 eV. This activation energy represents an intrinsic value for vacancy hopping and confirms our previous work that revealed minimal interaction between acceptor dopants and oxygen vacancies in BaTiO3 in contrast to the well‐documented evidence of defect association in SrTiO3.
Effect of Ordering on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of Spinel‐Structured (Zn1−x(Li2/3Ti1/3)x)2TiO4 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zuo Ruzhong
Published: June 2016

Spinel‐structured (Zn1−x(Li2/3Ti1/3)x)2TiO4 (x = 0–1) microwave dielectric ceramics were manufactured via a conventional mixed‐oxide method. The X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectra revealed that a disordered face‐centered cubic phase was found in the composition range of x < 0.5, and an ordered primitive cubic spinel solid solution was achieved as x was beyond 0.5. Such a disorder–order transition near x = 0.5 was accompanied by the variation of composition‐induced cation occupancy. The Q × f value first kept increasing up to ~160 000 (GHz) in disordered ceramics, and then sharply decreased as an ordered structure appeared at x ≥ 0.5. An obvious decrease in τf value was also accompanied by the appearance of an ordered structure. The minimum τf value (~ −20 ppm/°C) was obtained in the x = 0.75 sample with the highest structural order degree. These results demonstrated that microwave dielectric properties of current spinel ceramics could be successfully modified by adjusting their structural order degree, which could be appropriately adopted for the design of spinel‐structured materials with favorable properties.
The Impact of the Economic Crisis on European Union Environmental Policy
Authors: Burns Charlotte , Tobin Paul
Published: June 2016

The ongoing European economic crisis provides a focus for academics wishing to understand the relationship between major exogenous shocks and changes to environmental protection. Yet, measuring change, particularly to policies, is notoriously fraught with difficulties. This research note explores the conceptual and methodological challenges associated with capturing change in response to the economic crisis in Europe, specifically focusing upon the environment. The environment is typically touted as a European Union success story, but there is good reason to suspect that this policy sector may have been – and continues to be – negatively affected by the economic downturn. We suggest a toolkit of measures that can capture changes to this sector, and which may also be employed by researchers of other policy sectors.
Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating effectiveness and safety of a volume‐stable collagen matrix compared to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Zeltner Marco , Hilbe Monika , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Hüsler Jürg , Jung Ronald E.
Published: June 2016

Aim

To test whether or not the use of a collagen matrix (VCMX) results in short‐term soft tissue volume increase at implant sites non‐inferior to an autogenous subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), and to evaluate safety and tissue integration of VCMX and SCTG.

Methods

In 20 patients with a volume deficiency at single‐tooth implant sites, soft tissue volume augmentation was performed randomly allocating VCMX or SCTG. Soft tissue thickness, patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), and safety were assessed up to 90 days (FU‐90). At FU‐90 (abutment connection), tissue samples were obtained for histological analysis. Descriptive analysis was computed for both groups. Non‐parametric tests were applied to test non‐inferiority for the gain in soft tissue thickness at the occlusal site.

Results

Median soft tissue thickness increased between BL and FU‐90 by 1.8 mm (Q1:0.5; Q3:2.0) (VCMX) (p = 0.018) and 0.5 mm (−1.0; 2.0) (SCTG) (p = 0.395) (occlusal) and by 1.0 mm (0.5; 2.0) (VCMX) (p = 0.074) and 1.5 mm (−2.0; 2.0) (SCTG) (p = 0.563) (buccal). Non‐inferiority with a non‐inferiority margin of 1 mm could be demonstrated (p = 0.020); the difference between the two group medians (1.3 mm) for occlusal sites indicated no relevant, but not significant superiority of VCMX versus SCTG (primary endpoint). Pain medication consumption and pain perceived were non‐significantly higher in group SCTG up to day 3. Median physical pain (OHIP‐14) at day 7 was 100% higher for SCTG than for VCMX. The histological analysis revealed well‐integrated grafts.

Conclusions

Soft tissue augmentation at implant sites resulted in a similar or higher soft tissue volume increase after 90 days for VCMX versus SCTG. PROMs did not reveal relevant differences between the two groups.
Tightening effects of high‐intensity focused ultrasound on body skin and subdermal tissue: a pilot study
Authors: Choi S.Y. , No Y.A. , Kim S.Y. , Kim B.J. , Kim M.N.
Published: June 2016

Background

High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been introduced as a new treatment modality for skin tightening through application mainly to the face and neck.

Objectives

This pilot study assessed the efficacy and safety of HIFU for body tightening in Asian females.

Methods

Six Asian female adults were enrolled in this pilot study. All subjects were treated with HIFU to the both cheek, upper arm, lower abdomen, thigh and calf using the following probes: 7 MHz, 1.5 mm focal depth; 2 MHz, 3.0 mm focal depth; 2 MHz, 4.5 mm focal depth; 2 MHz, 6.0 mm focal depth and 2 MHz, 9.0 mm focal depth. Three blinded independent dermatologists assessed results using the Investigator Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) using paired pre‐ and post‐treatment (week 4) standardized photographs. Also, we evaluated skin elasticity at all treated sites using a cutometer. Participants used the subject GAIS to assess their clinical improvement after treatment and rated their pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately, 1 and 4 weeks after treatment.

Results

The three blinded evaluators judged all treated sites as showing clinical improvement 4 weeks after treatment. Skin elasticity measured via cutometer was significantly improved 4 weeks after treatment at all treated sites (P < 0.05). All patients scored themselves subjectively as more than ‘improved’ on the GAIS. Immediately after treatment the mean VAS score was 5.17 ± 2.48, but no pain was reported at weeks 1 and 4. No permanent adverse effects were observed during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

For body tightening, we applied HIFU using transducers with a lower frequency and deep focal depth to effectively deliver ultrasound energy to skin tissues. HIFU appears to be a safe and effective treatment modality for dermal and subdermal tightening.
Enhanced vasoconstrictor potency of the fixed combination calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate in an innovative aerosol foam formulation vs. other corticosteroid psoriasis treatments
Authors: Queille‐Roussel C. , Bang B. , Clonier F. , Lacour J.‐P.
Published: June 2016

Background

An aerosol foam formulation of fixed combination calcipotriol 50 μg/g (Cal) and betamethasone 0.5 mg/g (as dipropionate; BD) has been developed for psoriasis vulgaris treatment.

Objective

To compare Cal/BD aerosol foam pharmacodynamic activity with Cal/BD ointment and with other topical corticosteroids of different potencies by assessing vasoconstrictor potential.

Methods

A Phase I, single‐centre, investigator‐blinded, vehicle‐controlled, intra‐individual comparison vasoconstriction study. Healthy volunteers received a single application on selected sites of: Cal/BD aerosol foam, clobetasol propionate 0.5 mg/g cream (CP; very potent), Cal/BD ointment (potent), fluocinolone acetonide 0.25 mg/g ointment (FA; moderately potent), BD aerosol foam and aerosol foam vehicle. A seventh untreated site acted as a negative control. Skin blanching was assessed by visual (primary response criterion) and colorimetric a* and L* measurements (secondary criteria), and was analysed over time (6–32 h post‐application).

Results

Thirty‐five healthy volunteers were included. All active treatments led to significantly greater skin blanching than control. By visual assessment, skin blanching with Cal/BD aerosol foam was significantly less compared with CP cream [mean AUC0–32 2560 vs. 3831; mean difference = −1272; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1598, −945; P < 0.001], similar to BD aerosol foam (mean AUC0–32 2560 vs. 2595; mean difference = −35; 95% CI: −362, 292; P = 0.83) and significantly greater than Cal/BD ointment (mean AUC0–32 2560 vs. 2008; mean difference = 552; 95% CI: 225, 878; P = 0.001) and FA ointment (mean AUC0–32 2560 vs. 1981; mean difference = 578; 95% CI: 251, 905; P < 0.001). Colorimetric assessments a* and L* also indicated significantly reduced skin blanching with Cal/BD aerosol foam compared with CP cream. No adverse events (AEs) were reported.

Conclusion

Cal/BD aerosol foam can be considered a more potent formulation than Cal/BD ointment and the moderately potent FA ointment, but less potent than the very potent corticosteroid, CP cream.
Life cycle inference and phylogeny of Ortholinea labracis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Ortholineidae), a parasite of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei: Moronidae), in a Portuguese fish farm
Authors: Rangel L F , Rocha S , Casal G , Castro R , Severino R , Azevedo C , Cavaleiro F , Santos M J
Published: June 2016

Ortholinea labracis n. sp. is described and its life cycle is inferred from a Southern Portuguese fish farm, with basis on microscopic and molecular procedures. This myxosporean parasite infects the urinary bladder of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax and the intestinal epithelium of a marine oligochaete of the genus Tectidrilus. Myxospores subspherical in valvular view and ellipsoidal in sutural view measuring 7.6 ± 0.3 (6.8–8.7) μm in length, 7.2 ± 0.2 (6.7–7.7) μm in width and 6.5 ± 0.4 (5.8–7.7) μm in thickness. Two polar capsules, 3.0 ± 0.2 (2.6–3.4) μm long and 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.0–2.9) μm wide, located at the same level, but with divergent orientation and opening to opposite sides of the suture line. Sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene revealed a similarity of 100% between the analysed myxospores and triactinomyxon actinospores. The phylogenetic setting of O. labracis n. sp. shows subgrouping in correlation with tissue tropism, but identifies this parasite as another exception to the main division of Myxosporea into the main freshwater and marine lineages.
Flow of Second Grade Fluid in a Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger
Authors: Imran A. , Rana M.A. , Siddiqui A.M. , Shoaib M.
Published: June 2016

Scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) is used in industry for the manufacturing of many foodstuff and these foodstuff behave as non‐Newtonian material. So in this work we have mathematically modeled flow inside SSHE by taking second grade fluid. In the SSHE, the gaps between the blades and device wall are narrow so lubrication approximations theory (LAT) can be used to study the various flow properties. Steady incompressible isothermal flow of a second grade fluid is considered about a sequence of pivoted scraper blades in a channel in which lower wall is moving and upper wall is stationary. Flow properties, namely velocities, stream functions, flow rates, expressions for pressure, the forces on the blades and walls in different stations of device are investigated. Graphic representation of different flow parameters involved is also incorporated.

Practical Application

SSHEs are used in the food industry for the preparation of foodstuff to cook, chill or sterilize the various foodstuffs quickly and efficiently. SSHEs are manufactured for extremely viscous foodstuff such as purees, sauces, margarines, james, spread, soups, baby‐food, chocolates, mayonnaise, caramel, fudge, ice‐cream, and yoghurt, etc. Foodstuff are non‐Newtonian in nature as they possess shear thickening, thinning viscoelastic and visco plastic so it is more realistic to study flow inside SSHE by non‐Newtonian fluid model. This study provides fruitful insight to study the flow inside SSHE considering the non‐Newtonian nature of foodstuff.
Effect of Touriga nacional Grape Extract on Characteristics of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat Kept Under Frozen Storage
Authors: Tournour Hernán H. , Segundo Marcela A. , Magalhães Luís M. , Costa Anabela S.G. , Cunha Luís M.
Published: June 2016

Grape pomace extract (GPE) is a by‐product from the wine industry that is rich in bioactive compounds. The effect of Touriga nacional GPE on quality characteristics (composition, pH, color variables and antioxidant capacity) of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDM) under frozen storage was evaluated. Two MDM samples with different compositions fortified with two levels of GPE (60 and 120 mg/kg) were tested and analyzed within 1 and 210 days of storage. Data obtained was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and the first two PCs accounted for 85% of the total variability. PC1 (47.9%) was positively correlated with a* (redness) and chroma, while negatively correlated with antioxidant indexes. PC2 (36.7%) was positively correlated with b* (yellowness) and Hue angle, and likewise PC1 negatively correlated with antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the addition of GPE to MDM is feasible to maintain the antioxidant properties and contributes positively to MDM color attributes over frozen storage, even using MDM batches with different proximal composition.

Practical Applications

This research targets two practical applications. First, it highlights the use of grape pomace extract as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, namely antioxidants, as grape pomace is a by‐product from the wine industry. Second, it demonstrates that the quality of mechanically deboned chicken meat under frozen storage can be maintained after grape pomace addition. Future incorporation of mechanically deboned chicken meat supplemented with grape pomace extract in comminuted products is envisioned.
Tau physiology and pathomechanisms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Bodea Liviu‐Gabriel , Eckert Anne , Ittner Lars Matthias , Piguet Olivier , Götz Jürgen
Published: June 2016

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) has been associated with toxic intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau (FTLD‐tau). Moreover, genetic studies identified mutations in the MAPT gene encoding tau in familial cases of the disease. In this review, we cover a range of aspects of tau function, both in the healthy and diseased brain, discussing several in vitro and in vivo models. Tau structure and function in the healthy brain is presented, accentuating its distinct compartmentalization in neurons and its role in microtubule stabilization and axonal transport. Furthermore, tau‐driven pathology is discussed, introducing current concepts and the underlying experimental evidence. Different aspects of pathological tau phosphorylation, the protein's genomic and domain organization as well as its spreading in disease, together with MAPT‐associated mutations and their respective models are presented. Dysfunction related to other post‐transcriptional modifications and their effect on normal neuronal functions such as cell cycle, epigenetics and synapse dynamics are also discussed, providing a mechanistic explanation for the observations made in FTLD‐tau cases, with the possibility for therapeutic intervention.

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In this review, we cover aspects of tau function, both in the healthy and diseased brain, referring to different in vitro and in vivo models. In healthy neurons, tau is compartmentalized, with higher concentrations found in the distal part of the axon. Cargo molecules are sensitive to this gradient. A disturbed tau distribution, as found in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐tau), has severe consequences for cellular physiology: tau accumulates in the neuronal soma and dendrites, leading among others to microtubule depolymerization and impaired axonal transport. Tau forms insoluble aggregates that sequester additional molecules stalling cellular physiology. Neuronal communication is gradually lost as toxic tau accumulates in dendritic spines with subsequent degeneration of synapses and synaptic loss. Thus, by providing a mechanistic explanation for the observations made in FTLD‐tau cases, arises a possibility for therapeutic interventions.

This article is part of the Frontotemporal Dementia special issue.
Mild MPP+ exposure impairs autophagic degradation through a novel lysosomal acidity‐independent mechanism
Authors: Miyara Masatsugu , Kotake Yaichiro , Tokunaga Wataru , Sanoh Seigo , Ohta Shigeru
Published: June 2016

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, but its underlying cause remains unknown. Although recent studies using PD‐related neurotoxin MPP+ suggest autophagy involvement in the pathogenesis of PD, the effect of MPP+ on autophagic processes under mild exposure, which mimics the slow progressive nature of PD, remains largely unclear. We examined the effect of mild MPP+ exposure (10 and 200 μM for 48 h), which induces a more slowly developing cell death, on autophagic processes and the mechanistic differences with acute MPP+ toxicity (2.5 and 5 mM for 24 h). In SH‐SY5Y cells, mild MPP+ exposure predominantly inhibited autophagosome degradation, whereas acute MPP+ exposure inhibited both autophagosome degradation and basal autophagy. Mild MPP+ exposure reduced lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D activity without changing lysosomal acidity, whereas acute exposure decreased lysosomal density. Lysosome biogenesis enhancers trehalose and rapamycin partially alleviated mild MPP+ exposure induced impaired autophagosome degradation and cell death, but did not prevent the pathogenic response to acute MPP+ exposure, suggesting irreversible lysosomal damage. We demonstrated impaired autophagic degradation by MPP+ exposure and mechanistic differences between mild and acute MPP+ toxicities. Mild MPP+ toxicity impaired autophagosome degradation through novel lysosomal acidity‐independent mechanisms. Sustained mild lysosomal damage may contribute to PD.

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We examined the effects of MPP+ on autophagic processes under mild exposure, which mimics the slow progressive nature of Parkinson's disease, in SH‐SY5Y cells. This study demonstrated impaired autophagic degradation through a reduction in lysosomal cathepsin D activity without altering lysosomal acidity by mild MPP+ exposure. Mechanistic differences between acute and mild MPP+ toxicity were also observed. Sustained mild damage of lysosome may be an underlying cause of Parkinson's disease.

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13338.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1 is required for retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve trauma
Authors: Joly Sandrine , Pernet Vincent
Published: June 2016

In this study, we used a classical optic nerve injury model to address the function of the sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P)–S1P receptor (S1PR) axis in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal growth. After lesion, the expression of S1PR1 was generally reduced in axotomized RGCs but persisted in αRGCs, a subpopulation of injury‐resistant RGCs. Silencing S1PR1 with an adeno‐associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) containing a shRNA specific to S1PR1 (AAV2.shRNA‐S1PR1) exacerbated the loss of RGCs induced by optic nerve crush; the rate of RGC survival was decreased by more than 24% in retinae infected with AAV2.shRNA‐S1PR1 compared with AAV2.shRNA‐scrambled or AAV2.GFP control treatments. In the superior and temporal regions of the retina, cell death rose by more than ~ 35% and ~ 50%, respectively, in comparison with control groups. In the optic nerve, S1PR1 silencing markedly reduced axonal sprouting after the lesion relative to control animals. Early after optic nerve crush, 67% of αRGCs stained for osteopontin were lost in retinae infected with AAV2.shRNA‐S1PR1, whereas the number of intrinsically photosensitive RGCs expressing melanopsin, another injury‐resistant RGC type, was not affected. Moreover, retinal infection with AAV2.shRNA‐S1PR1 down‐regulated mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activation in αRGCs. Together, our results reveal that S1PR1 contributes to survival and growth mechanisms in injured RGCs by regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.

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The role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) was studied in retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal growth after optic nerve injury. After axonal damage, S1PR1 expression was decreased in retinal neurons. Viral‐mediated S1PR1 down‐regulation enhanced injury‐induced cell death and reduced spontaneous axonal growth. In injury‐resistant retinal neurons, the activation of mTOR signalling was down‐regulated by silencing S1PR1, suggesting an important role for S1PR1 in neuronal growth and survival mechanisms in vivo.
Oestrogens and Progestagens: Synthesis and Action in the Brain
Authors: Rossetti M. F. , Cambiasso M. J. , Holschbach M. A. , Cabrera R.
Published: June 2016

When steroids, such as pregnenolone, progesterone and oestrogen, are synthesised de novo in neural tissues, they are more specifically referred to as neurosteroids. These neurosteroids bind specific receptors to promote essential brain functions. Pregnenolone supports cognition and protects mouse hippocampal cells against glutamate and amyloid peptide‐induced cell death. Progesterone promotes myelination, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal survival and dendritic growth. Allopregnanolone increases hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal survival and cognitive functions. Oestrogens, such as oestradiol, regulate synaptic plasticity, reproductive behaviour, aggressive behaviour and learning. In addition, neurosteroids are neuroprotective in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury and ageing. Using in situ hybridisation and/or immunohistochemistry, steroidogenic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 side‐chain cleavage, 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5‐Δ4 isomerase, cytochrome P450arom, steroid 5α‐reductase and 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, have been detected in numerous brain regions, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. In the present review, we summarise some of the studies related to the synthesis and function of oestrogens and progestagens in the central nervous system.