bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic and electronic structure of La2CoMnO6 on SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates from first principles
Authors: Lv Shuhui , Wang Zhongchang , Saito Mitsuhiro , Ikuhara Yuichi
Published: May 2013

Adhesion energies, atomic structures, electronic states, and bonding nature of the La2CoMnO6(001)/SrTiO3(001) and La2CoMnO6(001)/LaAlO3(001) interfaces are systematically investigated from first principles by taking into account strain effect, electron correlation effect, and polarity continuity. A total of sixteen candidate geometries are considered for each interface, and the fundamental impact of strain on interfacial atomic structures is found to be minor, but its electronic impact is significant. For the La2CoMnO6/SrTiO3 interface where La2CoMnO6 suffers tensile strain, the 3d states of Co and Mn overlap Fermi level, demonstrating a metallic nature for this interface. Electrons are found to be injected into the Ti of SrTiO3 at this interface and spread layers away from interface, inducing an ordering of the in-plane dxy orbital. On the other hand, the compression strained La2CoMnO6/LaAlO3 interface takes on a half-metallic nature with a large degree of hybridization of interfacial Mn 3d with O 2p at Fermi level. We also find an ordering of the out-of-plane dz2 orbital for the interfacial and sub-interfacial Mn atoms and an ordering of the pz orbital for the O neighboring Mn. By applying several analytic methods, we have thoroughly characterized the electronic structure and have determined the interfacial bonding to be covalent for the La2CoMnO6/SrTiO3 interface, yet mixed covalent and ionic for the La2CoMnO6/LaAlO3 interface.
Design and realization of a novel sun tracking system with absorber displacement for parabolic trough collectors
Authors: Gama A. , Larbes C. , Malek A. , Yettou F. , Adouane B.
Published: May 2013

Algeria has an important solar irradiation potential especially in the southern area. Technically, the hard climate of the region makes exploitation of this energy very difficult; thus, looking for adequate and innovative solutions is a necessity. In this paper, we propose and describe a new single axis sun tracking system that has a moveable absorber which can be adjusted in order to minimize the optical losses caused by the cosine effect in parabolic trough concentrators (PTC). This new system was tested in the region of Ghardaïa (32.48°, −3.66°, 502 m), which is 640 km to the south of Algiers. First, a theoretical study and simulations were carried out using trnsys software. After simulations and design calculations, the different parts of the prototype, the mechanical structure and the electronic cards, were implemented. For the data collection system and the control system, many sensors were installed for those purposes. A complete evaluation of the PTC was made according to the ASHRAE 93-1986 (RA 91). The obtained experimental results are in a good agreement with those obtained by simulation using trnsys software [S. A. Klein et al., see http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys for trnsys version 16, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004]. The efficiency of the proposed sun tracking system lies between the efficiencies of a single axis and a two axes sun tracking systems. Efficiencies close to 50% were obtained.
Creation of freestanding wrinkled nano-films with desired deformation properties by controlling the surface morphology of a sacrificial layer
Authors: Hirakata Hiroyuki , Maruyama Tomohiro , Yonezu Akio , Minoshima Kohji
Published: May 2013

Various wrinkle patterns can be formed due to the buckling of a stiff thin film on a compliant substrate. However, most wrinkled films previously reported were fixed on a large deformable substrate and thereby the potential deformability of the film was mechanically constrained by the substrate. In this study, we developed a technique for forming various wrinkled structures on the surface of a sacrificial resin layer. Since the sacrificial layer can be subsequently removed with a solvent, freestanding wrinkled films are created using the sacrificial layer. We found that a wrinkled structure is formed on the surface of the layer by applying a compressive strain to the resin layer at the appropriate moment during the hardening process. The wrinkle pattern depends on the curing time and the timing of the straining in two in-plane orthogonal directions. In addition to conventional stripe and labyrinth patterns by simple uniaxial and equi-biaxial strains, respectively, it was found that independent biaxial strains induce interesting structures, such as an orthogonally ordered wrinkle pattern and a nonsymmetrical buckling structure, in which the stripe array produced by the first straining remains and many finer wrinkles appear in each stripe by the second straining in the orthogonal direction. We conducted tensile experiments for 300-nm-thick freestanding Cu films having these wrinkled structures. The wrinkled nano-films have a variety of mechanical properties: the stripe structure has extremely high deformability (more than 10% strain) and reversibility, the labyrinth structure shows planar isotropic deformation, and the nonsymmetrical buckling structure has an anisotropic modulus and strength. Finite element analysis on the wrinkle structures revealed that the local stress concentration dominates the fracture limits.
Circular domains nucleation in magnetic microwires
Authors: Chizhik A. , Zablotskii V. , Stupakiewicz A. , Dejneka A. , Polyakova T. , Tekielak M. , Maziewski A. , Zhukov A. , Gonzalez J.
Published: May 2013

We report on the nucleation of circular domains in the outer shell of magnetic, Co-rich, amorphous microwires over a wide range of magnetic field pulse frequencies and amplitudes. Nucleation in the low barrier regime of different numbers of single domains was detected using the magneto-optical Kerr effect. The amplitude and frequency dependence of the domain nucleation probability is described in the framework of a model which agrees well with the experimental data. We have shown that to efficiently drive magnetic domains in microwires with alternating electric current excitation, precise tuning of the frequency and amplitude of the pulse is necessary.
Energy-band alignment of II-VI/Zn3P2 heterojunctions from x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Bosco Jeffrey P. , Scanlon David O. , Watson Graeme W. , Lewis Nathan S. , Atwater Harry A.
Published: May 2013

The energy-band alignments for zb-ZnSe(001)/α-Zn3P2(001), w-CdS(0001)/α-Zn3P2(001), and w-ZnO(0001)/α-Zn3P2(001) heterojunctions have been determined using high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy via the Kraut method. Ab initio hybrid density functional theory calculations of the valence-band density of states were used to determine the energy differences between the core level and valence-band maximum for each of the bulk materials. The ZnSe/Zn3P2 heterojunction had a small conduction-band offset, ΔEC, of −0.03 ± 0.11 eV, demonstrating a nearly ideal energy-band alignment for use in thin-film photovoltaic devices. The CdS/Zn3P2 heterojunction was also type-II but had a larger conduction-band offset of ΔEC = −0.76 ± 0.10 eV. A type-III alignment was observed for the ZnO/Zn3P2 heterojunction, with ΔEC = −1.61 ± 0.16 eV indicating the formation of a tunnel junction at the oxide–phosphide interface. The data also provide insight into the role of the II-VI/Zn3P2 band alignment in the reported performance of Zn3P2 heterojunction solar cells.
Testing the ‘Residential Rootedness’ Hypothesis of Self-Employment for Germany and the UK
Authors: Reuschke Darja , van Ham Maarten
Published: May 2013

Based on the notion that entrepreneurship is a ‘local event’, the literature argues that entrepreneurs are ‘rooted’ in place. This paper tests the ‘residential rootedness’ hypothesis of self-employment by examining for Germany and the UK whether the self-employed are less likely to move over long distances (internal migration) than workers in paid employment. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and accounting for transitions in employment status we found little evidence that the self-employed in Germany and the UK are more rooted in place than workers in paid employment. Generally speaking, the self-employed were no less likely than workers in paid employment to migrate over longer distance. In contrast to the residential rootedness hypothesis we found that entry into self-employment and female self-employment are associated with internal migration, and that the self-employed who work from home (home-based businesses) are fairly geographically mobile. The gendered results suggest that women might use self-employment as a strategy to be spatially mobile with their household, or as a strategy to stay in the workforce after having moved residence until they find a job in the more secure wage and salary sector.
Attachment, Mentalizing and Personality Pathology Severity in Premeditated and Impulsive Aggression in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bo Sune , Abu-Akel Ahmad , Bertelsen Preben , Kongerslev Mickey , Haahr UlrikHelt
Published: May 2013

Decades of research have displayed a robust relationship between schizophrenia and aggression, with the majority of studies focusing on the role of comorbid Axis I disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse, psychosis, and other sociodemographic and clinical variables. However, only a few studies have examined the role of mentalizing abilities (i.e., the ability to understand mental states) and personality pathology severity, and none have examined the role of attachment representations believed to play a role in aggression. Furthermore, there is a paucity of research that differentiates between premeditated and impulsive aggression in schizophrenia. To this end, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 108 patients with schizophrenia to explore if a specific combination of mentalizing abilities, attachment representations and personality pathology severity pertain to premeditated aggression, while controlling for clinical and sociodemographic variables. Findings reveal that a constellation of diminished mentalizing, an attachment pattern characterized by positive self-representations and negative representations of the other, and severe personality pathology, was associated with premeditated aggression. These results suggest that risk assessment of aggression and future intervention programs targeted at reducing severe aggression in schizophrenia could benefit from including psychological functions such as mentalizing, as well as assessing personality pathology severity and attachment representations.
Treating Cognitive Distortions with EMDR: A Case Study of a Sex Offender
Authors: ten Hoor NinaM.
Published: May 2013

This single-case study illustrates how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can be of use in the treatment of cognitive distortions in sex offenders who themselves have been victimized in their childhood. A 56-year-old man did not perceive his childhood sexual experiences as negative. As a consequence, he could not see any harm in his own offending in later life. He spent one year in cognitive-behavioral group therapy barely making any progress. After nine EMDR sessions, most cognitive distortions appeared to be resolved. He was able to attend his group sessions in a more open and involved manner.
The Sovereign Citizen Movement and Fitness to Stand Trial
Authors: Pytyck Jennifer , Chaimowitz GaryA.
Published: May 2013

A sociopolitical movement with strong American roots has been making inroads to Canada, as well as other major jurisdictions around the globe. The Sovereign Citizen movement supports a number of unusual beliefs that may be mistaken for psychotic symptomatology. These individuals present with many features which may appear psychotic in nature, including bizarre and paranoid beliefs as well as unusual speech and behavior. Despite this compelling psychotic mimicry, it is the authors’ opinion that the majority are not truly psychotic. Timely recognition and accurate assessment of Sovereign Citizen patients is crucial in order to minimize harm in the form of unnecessary treatment and hospitalization, as well as delays in court proceedings incurred by questions such as whether they are Unfit to Stand Trial. This paper provides a descriptive profile of distinguishing features which may be observed when assessing a Sovereign Citizen patient, with an emphasis on clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management-related issues.
PakB binds to the SH3 domain ofDictyosteliumAbp1 and regulates its effects on cell polarity and early development
Authors: Yang Yidai , Roche Marc de la , Crawley Scott W. , Li Zhihao , Furmaniak-Kazmierczak Emilia , Côté Graham P.
Published: May 2013

Dictyostelium p21-activated kinase B (PakB) phosphorylates and activates class I myosins. PakB colocalizes with myosin I to actin-rich regions of the cell, including macropinocytic and phagocytic cups and the leading edge of migrating cells. Here we show that residues 1–180 mediate the cellular localization of PakB. Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down experiments identify two proline-rich motifs in PakB-1-180 that directly interact with the SH3 domain of Dictyostelium actin-binding protein 1 (dAbp1). dAbp1 colocalizes with PakB to actin-rich regions in the cell. The loss of dAbp1 does not affect the cellular distribution of PakB, whereas the loss of PakB causes dAbp1 to adopt a diffuse cytosolic distribution. Cosedimentation studies show that the N-terminal region of PakB (residues 1–70) binds directly to actin filaments, whereas dAbp1 exhibits only a low affinity for filamentous actin. PakB-1-180 significantly enhances the binding of dAbp1 to actin filaments. When overexpressed in PakB-null cells, dAbp1 completely blocks early development at the aggregation stage, prevents cell polarization, and significantly reduces chemotaxis rates. The inhibitory effects are abrogated by the introduction of a function-blocking mutation into the dAbp1 SH3 domain. We conclude that PakB plays a critical role in regulating the cellular functions of dAbp1, which are mediated largely by its SH3 domain.
Brain Enhancement in Healthy Adults
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: May 2013

Anabolic athletes, medicated musicians, and souped-up students seem to abound. To this list is added pill-popping professors (Chatterjee, 2008; Sahakian & Morein-Zamir, 2007). “Cosmetic neurology” is the term the chapter uses to describe the practice of using neurologic interventions to improve movement, mood, and mentation in healthy individuals (Chatterjee, 2004, 2006). The term has historic roots going back to the 1940s, when it started to be used for reconstructive and plastic surgery in healthy people (Himmel, 1948). Elsewhere, it has been argued that many of the factors driving the rise of cosmetic surgery also apply to cosmetic neurology (Chatterjee, 2007). The term is also related to Kramer’s earlier use of the term “cosmetic pharmacology” (Kramer, 1993), although neurology encompasses a wider range of possible interventions (Hamilton, Messing, & Chatterjee, 2011). This chapter focuses on pharmacological interventions in anticipation of the fact that physicians will face increasing pressure from their patients to dole out drugs for nontherapeutic uses. In what follows, the chapter describes what is available currently and in the near future and outline the ethical conundrums that ensue.
Brain Training
Authors: Chancellor Breehan , Chatterjee Anjan
Published: May 2013

This chapter evaluates the science and business of brain training: programs intended to bolster brain performance in the face of oncoming Alzheimer’s or other cognitive impairment. On the one hand, brain training programs can be a positive force for both patients and neuroscientists, as the games and treatments increasingly employ new neuroscience research and have the potential to funnel money back into commercial neuroscience. On the other hand, there is reason for concern about this burgeoning business. Industry and commercial gain often compromise scientific and clinical standards, and brain training programs are certainly susceptible to these adverse effects, especially when marketers promise results that studies cannot yet deliver. There is little oversight governing non-pharmaceutical health-care products in the marketplace, and as a result, rigorous scrutiny is not always enforced. To complicate matters, most research reports on the effectiveness of brain training programs are sponsored by the companies involved. This chapter examines those studies, the biases behind them, and the marketing tools used to circumvent lack of scientific support, all in an effort to offer a fair review of the often exaggerated claims and promises behind these programs and to counsel caution to vulnerable patients lured by the hope of neuroscientific progress.
Disorders of Consciousness Following Severe Brain Injury
Authors: Fins Joseph J. , Schiff Nicholas D.
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews the diagnostic classification of disorders of consciousness, severe brain injuries that span a spectrum of brain states ranging from coma to the vegetative and minimally conscious states. The chapter makes the key point that brain states can – and do – evolve over time and that it is critical to be vigilant of changes that indicate that a patient who was unconscious is now conscious, albeit minimally so. The chapter describes how this traditional nosology is being challenged, and refined, by emergent technologies like neuroimaging and the ethical implications of this evolution for clinical practice and research. Specifically, the chapter addresses the challenge posed by discordant assessments when the clinical examination is brought into question by neuroimaging data that suggests that the patient is operating at a higher functional status than indicated by purely behavioral measures of assessment. Finally, drawing upon in-depth interviews of families touched by disorders of consciousness, the chapter explores family experiences and expectations, and suggests that these data indicates that the overriding goal of care, as understood by families, is the restitution of functional communication for this population silenced, at least in part, by disorders of consciousness.
Personhood, Consciousness, and Severe Brain Damage
Authors: Farah Martha J.
Published: May 2013

The concept of personhood is closely intertwined with concepts of morality in most people’s minds, and bioethical arguments sometimes turn on the question of whether someone or something is a person. Although normal adult humans are prototypical persons, severe brain damage can bring an adult human’s personhood into question. This chapter reviews the concept of personhood, a familiar and intuitive concept that plays a central role in ethics and law, but is nevertheless difficult to define precisely. After surveying the literature on criteria for personhood, three general, inter-related aspects of personhood will be taken to be a working definition with which to address the second goal: Relating the concept of personhood to our clinical knowledge about severely brain-damaged humans. The limitations of traditional clinical methods will be reviewed, motivating a new approach using functional neuroimaging. The third goal of this chapter is to review the ways in which imaging has been used for assessing the mental life of severely brain-damaged patients, distinguishing among different forms of inference using functional imaging data and differing strengths and weaknesses of these approaches.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Future Prospects and Ethical Concerns in Treatment and Research
Authors: Horvath Jared , Perez Jennifer , Forrow Lachlan , Fregni Felipe , Pascual-Leone Alvaro
Published: May 2013

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique increasingly utilized in clinics and research laboratories around the world. Exploiting the properties of electromagnetic induction, TMS can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized, time-varying magnetic field pulses. Until recently, the ethical considerations guiding the practice and application of TMS were largely concerned with aspects of subject safety and patient population in controlled clinical trials or experimental protocols. While safety remains of paramount importance, the recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States of the Neuronetics NeuroStar. TMS device for the treatment of certain patients with medication-resistant depression has engendered a surfeit of unexamined ethical concerns. Some of these are nuanced elaborations of previously-addressed issues, but others-such as matters of training and certification, marketing, and possible off-label use-represent recent and complex concerns. These issues are likely to be relevant to a rapidly-growing number of patients, as the possible uses for TMS and other developing forms of brain stimulation (both invasive and non-invasive) expand to include the treatment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions. This chapter provides an overview of these emerging issues and discusses ways in which some of them might best be addressed.
Schools on the Move
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter investigates the conflicts that accompanied the reform of elementary schools. Similar to the local economy, the municipal elementary schools emerged as a key preoccupation of both reformers and their opponents. Whereas liberal nationalists demanded that interdenominational schools become the educational norm, conservative Catholics (as well as many Protestants) insisted that the primary schools remain divided according to children's confessional affiliation. Even though the centrality of Christianity was never questioned, reformers sought to refit the local schools for the journey of improvement and progress to which they had committed themselves. Just like the local economy, schools became focal points of competing place-making activities.
Apostles of Progress
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines urban liberals’ devotion to a particular vision of progress, and the consequences this had for the political and cultural dynamics underpinning each town. Many liberals demanded that backwardness be extinguished in the name of a new synthesis of the national and the local. Indeed, liberals were more likely than others to claim that the separation of local and national affairs was deeply immoral. Their preoccupation with progress was thus inspired, at least in part, by the nationalist idea, which provided them with a powerful moral code. For the task they had set themselves was a large one: urban spaces were to be transformed; new places were to be created. The pulse of local life was to be quickened in the name of progress.
Sedan Day
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines local Sedan Day celebrations through the prism of competing rhythms of life. On 2 September 1870, French troops were defeated in a decisive battle by German troops. For the champions of the new nation-state, 2 September was predestined to become Germany's national holiday. Yet Sedan Day would remain controversial. For its critics 2 September was not merely a new date in the nation's calendar. Rather, they saw it as connected to a series of seemingly mundane schedules that defined the liberal-nationalist vision of progress It was this sense of the festival's hegemonic aspirations that prompted a number of creative interventions and disruptions. In this way, the totalising conception of nationalist time gave way to a more pluralist pattern
Beyond echolocation: Emotional acoustic communication in bats
Authors: Schmidt Sabine
Published: May 2013

Some features of the acoustic communication of emotions in humans may be rooted in mechanisms common to mammals. This chapter addresses sound emission, and perception, during social interactions in bats, a highly vocal group evolutionarily remote from primates, and thus of particular interest for a comparative approach to emotional acoustic communication. Adopting an ‘influencing others’ scenario of communication, the central section aims at a comprehensive discussion of social interactions involving sound production in a model species, Megaderma lyra, characterising behaviours as attractive, cohesive or aversive. In sum, distinct call types, typically consisting of several syllables of similar, or different, frequency-time contour, are linked to the specific behavioural situation, as well as to the part a given bat takes in the respective interaction. The following section discusses consequences of the use of multi-syllabic calls, explores to which extent calls may reflect the emotional relevance of the situation by comparing call types of similar syllable structure emitted in different situations, and relates variability in call structure to affect intensity. Finally, experimental evidence is provided that M. lyra is able to evaluate affect-related cues in social calls.
The role of dopamine in perception and expression of emotional communication in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Schröder Christine , Dengler Reinhard
Published: May 2013

Dopamine is known to play an important role in affect control and reward related behaviour. Parkinson’s disease is characterised by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mainly resulting in dopaminergic depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway but also in mesocorticolimbic projections. Besides motor signs, non- motor symptoms implicating changes of cognition and affect add to the clinical course of the disease. The ability to perceive and express emotions via speech plays an essential role in every day social life. In this chapter, studies investigating perception and production of emotional prosody in Parkinson’s disease will be reviewed and own results will be presented. Evidence will be provided that patients with Parkinson’s disease do have changes of emotional prosody processing and that they also show alterations of emotional speech production. Moreover, the role of dopamine depletion for the observed changes in emotional communication will be discussed.
1 Introduction
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the importance of religious tolerance and religious freedom in the twenty-first century. It presents examples of people exercising their right of religious freedom versus those vindicating their right to be free from sexual orientation discrimination. It also describes cases where the conflict involved Muslim sensibilities and practice. This is followed by explanations of why religious freedom is under increasing pressure in the West today. The chapter then briefly sets out the book's purpose and provides an overview of the three parts of the book.
Part III, 7 Families, Parents and Children
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines religious freedom issues that concern the family and parents. There can be no doubt that religiously devout parents are vitally interested in the successful transmission of their faith to their offspring. This is one of the prime incidents of religious liberty. One US judge ventured that ‘no aspect of religious freedom is more treasured than the right of parents to teach children to worship God’. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II outlines the current law governing family autonomy and the religious upbringing of children. Section III contrasts liberal and religious conceptions of the family and childrearing. Section IV explores three controversial topics. First, does a maturing child have an independent right of religious liberty? If not, should she? Second, what is the scope of religious childrearing in the fractured family? Do divorced or separated parents have attenuated rights compared to those parents who are still together? Third, do devout parents have any special religious claim to administer corporal punishment to their children amidst the growing international call for the abolition of the parental right of reasonable chastisement?
The Constitutional Status of EU Agreements: Revisiting the Foundational Questions
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This chapter revisits three foundational questions pertaining to the constitutional status and legal effects of EU Agreements. The first question is whether EU Agreements upon their implementation become, in principle, part of the EU legal order; that is, does the EU adhere to a model of automatic treaty incorporation. The second critical question is whether it is possible to review constitutionally the EU's actual treaty commitments. The third question concerns the test to which EU Agreements are subject in order to have their most potent legal effects, namely, forming a criterion for judicial review. The chapter shows how key aspects of the EU's external relations constitution was put in place by a small number of rulings between the early 1970s and the early 1980s that either expressly answered the core question of principle or left little doubt as to the appropriate answer.
The Non-Trade Agreements Before the EU Courts: The Emergence of Judicial Avoidance Techniques in Challenges to EU Action
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines EU case law dealing with challenges to domestic action and challenges to EU action. It shows that despite the growth of EU treaty-making activity outside the trade sphere and its well-established jurisprudence on the legal effects of EU Agreements, challenges invoking non-trade Agreements have been surprisingly scarce.
Concluding Assessment
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions. It reviews case law on ex post challenges to EU Agreements, challenges to domestic action, challenges to EU measures, and judicial avoidance techniques for the EU's normative commitment to international law. It concludes that while the EU in principle automatically incorporates treaties into its legal order, ultimately it is the EU legal order that determines the internal legal effects of such Agreements and, indeed, can potentially deprive them, through ex post review, of internal legal effects where they clash with EU primary law.
Choice-of-Law Rules
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the implications of the territorialized or internationalized nature of investment tribunals for their choice-of-law methodology. It examines choice-of-law rules as reflected in national arbitration laws, arbitration rules, the ICSID Convention, the Iran–United States Claims Settlement Declaration, together with jurisprudence and legal scholarship on the applicable law. It shows that the high degree of freedom enjoyed by parties to the dispute and the arbitrators when ascertaining the substantive applicable law, and thereby the prima facie applicability of national and international law in arbitration proceedings between investors and host states.
The Scope of the Arbitration Agreement: Claims and Counterclaims of a National and/or International Nature
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines the impact of the arbitration agreement on the decision of tribunals to apply national or international law to the merits of the dispute. It demonstrates that arbitration agreements differ in scope as to the extent to which they allow the disputing parties to bring claims and counterclaims of a national and/or an international nature. It discusses the choice-of-law technique of characterization, which assist a tribunals in determining the nature and possible exclusion of the various claims and counterclaims brought before it, and thereby also the relevance of national and/or international law to the dispute at hand.
‘I was on the Island Called Patmos’: Re-reading Rev. 1:9
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This chapter offers a close reading of Rev. 1:9 (the verse which contains Revelation’s only reference to Patmos), revealing the extent to which even its literal sense is highly ambiguous, and offering space which subsequent readers will exploit. Ambiguities include the precise meaning of the phrase ‘on account of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus’, and the significance of the name ‘Patmos’ for a text which elsewhere invites a non-literal interpretation of place names (e.g. Babylon, new Jerusalem, the Euphrates, Armageddon, Gog, and Magog). Other issues explored in this chapter include the fruitfulness of comparisons with similar visionary narratives in canonical and non-canonical texts, the theological and cultural associations of islands in both the biblical and classical worlds, and the Temple associations of John’s inaugural vision of ‘one like a Son of Man’, potentially as a heavenly high priest (Rev. 1:10-20).
Patmos in Early Medieval Latin Tradition (6th–10th Centuries)
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This chapter explores how Western interpretations from c. 500 to c. 1000 build on and develop the patristic foundation. A major focus is on Latin Apocalypse commentaries, of which there were several important examples in both the 6th (e.g. Primasius) and 8th centuries (e.g. Bede and Ambrose Autpert). Commentators continue to show interest in Patmos as place of John’s exile, although no longer sharing the urgency of patristic authors who faced persecution themselves. However, increasing prominence is given in early medieval exegesis to Patmos as a place set apart, the necessary context for privileged access to the heavenly world (and therefore a place where actual and mythic geography merge). One particularly interesting non-literal interpretation explores the potential of the name Patmos (linking it with the Latin fretum, ‘strait’ or ‘whirlpool’, apparently through gematria or numerical symbolism).
Patmos in Later Medieval Latin Tradition (1000–1516)
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This chapter continues the story of the reception of Patmos in the Latin West from the beginning of the second millennium to the eve of the Reformation. As well as Latin commentaries on the Apocalypse, liturgical and homiletic traditions are also examined. Here we see an increasingly complex combination of literal, allegorical and moral (what the Middle Ages called tropological) levels of meaning typical of medieval exegesis. Interesting examples during this period include ecclesial interpretations which draw parallels between John’s solitary exile and that of the contemporary church, interest in Patmos as a type of the monastic life, and at least one reading of the life of St Francis of Assisi as an actualization of John’s Patmos experience in his own life of prayer.
Hermeneutical Reflections
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This final chapter reflects more explicitly on what has been achieved in the preceding chapters, and on the wider implications for New Testament scholarship. It argues that modern commentators are dependent for their questions and conclusions on very specific strands in the reception history, to the regretful neglect of others. It also urges a greater openness on the part of biblical scholars to the multivalency and ambiguity of biblical texts. It proposes that reception history challenges historical critics to reconsider the role of the imagination (a necessity for historical-critical scholars no less than earlier interpreters), reader participation, and a broader concept of meaning than focus on historical prolegomena (questions of identity, origins, and geographical location which dominate recent discussions of Patmos). It also suggests that Patmos as narrative location may have a more fundamental hermeneutical role in Revelation than previously acknowledged.
Development of the International Minimum Standard (1940s–)
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

This chapter addresses the post-Second World War development of the international minimum standard that took place in a markedly different substantive and procedural context from the earlier law-making efforts. Three legal avenues in particular were pursued. The first approach almost exclusively focused on compensation for expropriation, leaving the traditional international standard at the level of an insignificant criterion of lawfulness. The second approach proposed a synthesis of the international standard and human rights, and, while being clearly rejected, suggested some potential for a subtler engagement with human rights reasoning. Finally, the third approach bound the international standard into the investment protection treaties and constitutes the focus of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

This chapter explains the importance of the issues addressed in the book and outlines the structure of the argument. The relationship between international minimum standard and fair and equitable treatment is of considerable theoretical and practical importance for contemporary international law in general and investment protection law in particular. The book will address the issue in three steps, exploring the historical law-making process in Part I, setting out the sources framework in Part II, and identifying the content of the modern international standard in Part III.
International Regulatory Regimes
Authors: PORTER TONY
Published: May 2013

As finance has become more globalized and global financial crises have become more frequent and severe, a set of international regulatory regimes has been established. These have generally taken the form of relatively informal networks of regulators focusing on particular aspects of the financial system. Over time these regulatory regimes have become more complex. States, operating first through the G7 and then the G20, began to oversee and direct these regimes more actively and politically. The regimes' engagement with internationally active business actors has increased, leading some to see them as having been captured by the industry. Initially they tended to be exclusive, but over time, and especially after the crisis of 2008, the number of countries involved has expanded. The degree and sources of their effectiveness continue to be debated.
The Home Bias Puzzle in Equity Portfolios
Authors: SERCU PIET , VANPEE ROSANNE
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews the recent literature on equity home bias and shows that people overinvest in domestic stocks relative to the theoretically optimal investment portfolio. The chapter examines different home bias measures and illustrates the extent and the evolution of equity home bias both with recent portfolio holdings data and longer time-series. Institutional-based and behavior-based explanations for the puzzle are considered and discussed. The chapter concludes that none of the proposed theories can explain the full extent of the bias by itself. International portfolio choice might very well be caused by a mixture of rational and irrational factors.
Investing in Emerging and Developing Markets
Authors: BERRILL JENNY , KEARNEY COLM
Published: May 2013

This chapter outlines the characteristics of investing in emerging and developing markets. It first clarifies the different definitions and interpretations of emerging markets and then provides a mean-variance analysis of emerging market investment and offers evidence on the recent performance of emerging markets. Next, the chapter details the main risks and problems associated with investing in emerging markets under the headings of liquidity, information asymmetry, corporate governance, and market efficiency. It further reviews the literature on the factors that influence country and stock selection. Having reviewed the benefits and risks from direct investment in emerging markets, the chapter closes by detailing the benefits and risks from indirect investment in emerging markets using domestic assets that represent claims on foreign assets.
International Governance and Convergence
Authors: FERRIS STEPHEN P. , SCHNATTERLY KAREN
Published: May 2013

The debate over convergence in international corporate governance continues to rage, yet the nature of any convergence is far from homogeneous. Convergence can be formal, functional, or even contractual. Further, the degree to which convergence occurs can be comprehensive or more limited, resulting in a hybrid system of governance. Although many researchers claim the superiority of the common law system of governance for maximizing firm value, others challenge the desirability of convergence, noting that such harmonization reduces the ability to respond to national needs, lessens governance diversity, and ignores a more pressing need for the international regulation of global firms.
Skepticism Concerning Human Agency: Sciences of the Self Versus “Voluntariness” in the Law
Authors: Davies Paul Sheldon
Published: May 2013

On the conception of criminal responsibility in the Model Penal Code, the notion ‘voluntariness’ looms large. Application of the Code presupposes that most adults, including those likely to serve as jurors, know that we are agents who sometimes “determine” their actions and also know when our actions are the results of our “determinations”. If this crucial assumption is false, then the law cannot fulfil its function. The thesis of this chapter is that, in light of converging evidence from various sciences of the self, we are faced with a potent form of scepticism concerning our capacities as agents and, in consequence, the law is indeed defective.
Neuroscience, Deviant Appetites, and the Criminal Law
Authors: Gavaghan Colin
Published: May 2013

Attempts to measure sexual appetites for legal purposes, while by no means novel, have been rendered particularly topical by some recent high profile controversies. At the same time, a number of papers have demonstrated the potential for fMRI technology to identify and measure sexual interest with potentially greater accuracy than existing technologies, and in a manner that may be seen as less invasive and degrading. In this chapter, I consider whether such technological advances could alleviate all concerns about such testing. While a safety-based case could certainly be made for seeking to identify potential sexual predators, there may remain legitimate causes for unease. Perhaps more importantly, the conflation of appetite with propensity to act threatens to compress the space in which authentically moral decisions are made, i.e. the space in which we opt not to act on our base appetites, but instead to be guided by our higher-order faculties.
Addiction, Choice, and Disease
Authors: Kennett Jeanette
Published: May 2013

Are drug addicts helpless in the face of their addiction, compelled by cravings too strong to resist, as some recent work in the neuroscience of addiction has claimed to establish? Or is drug taking voluntary activity that can be ceased at will? In this chapter I examine Gene Heyman’s recent argument against the disease model and his analysis of addiction in terms of supposedly universal principles of motivation and choice. Despite the many virtues of Heyman’s account I suggest that it does not succeed in ruling out the disease model, even on the assumption that addictive choices are voluntary. I then question that assumption and the account of motivation on which it rests. I argue there are significant involuntary aspects to addiction which could mitigate the responsibility of addicts for their choices and that neuroscientific evidence may help to distinguish addicts whose choices are compelled from those who are capable of responding to ordinary incentives.
“This Great Modern Abomination”: Orthodoxy and Heresy in American Religion
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: May 2013

This chapter explores the unique nature of the Mormon heresy. Taking as a point of departure the claim of Rudolf Otto that the idea of the holy is the precondition for all religious experience, it suggests that Mormonism presents a reconceptualizing of the sacred that is not amenable to Christian orthodoxy. Its thoroughgoing demystification of the numinous, its radical historicizing of Christian origins, constitute a profanation of religion as traditionally conceived and practiced in the West. Mormonism, in other words, is heretical not by virtue of the articles of faith to which it demands adherence, but rather by virtue of the kind of faith it can be said to disable.
“Murder and Mystery—Mormon Style”: The Mormon Image in the Twentieth Century—and Beyond
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: May 2013

This chapter considers recent developments in the representation of Mormons in popular culture. It is a cliché in Mormon studies that Mormonism successfully adapted itself to mainstream culture by the mid-twentieth century. It is argued that just as developments in rhetorical practice facilitated a public campaign against the religion in the nineteenth century, so have more recent developments conspired to restrain and domesticate literature of the hostile imagination in general. Still, the Mormon image in popular fiction was too versatile a tool to abandon once moral indignation became unmasked as bigotry. Recurrent uses to which Mormon characters have been put, in theater, television, and popular fiction, suggest the script may have changed considerably, but the resilient Mormon caricature has found new roles to play.
The Shape of Distributional Analysis
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Rosenberg Jennifer S.
Published: May 2013

For developing and emerging countries, many of which face extremely pressing issues of poverty and inequality, the distribution of costs and benefits can have important social impacts. Appropriately accounting for distribution is therefore critical to understanding the effects of policy choices. The authors examine the role of distributional analysis as a complement to cost-benefit analysis and discuss ways in which the distribution of policy impacts could affect valuations. Surveying the options that are available to policymakers to account for distributional concerns, the authors conclude that certain types of distributional analysis are likely to lead to better decision making, but the wisdom of tailoring environmental protections to achieve redistributional goals cannot be determined in the abstract and depends heavily on a range of local factors.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Water Management Initiatives in China
Authors: Mushtaq Shahbaz
Published: May 2013

As new projects must be undertaken to deal with problems related to economic growth, population growth, and climate change, cost-benefit analysis will play a crucial role in identifying projects that offer the greatest return for the expenditure of precious resources. This chapter examines the problem of water scarcity in China and, using cost-benefit analysis, shows that the problem could be at least partially addressed in a cost-effective manner through small, multipurpose reservoirs. Such reservoirs would transfer water from irrigation to higher-value uses by capturing rainfall and storing surplus water from other sources. Governments and investors should develop relatively large water conservation investment projects while limiting size so as to minimize the occurrence of serious environmental and social risks.
The Role of Distributional Analysis in Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Cordero Sarah
Published: May 2013

Distributional analysis offers crucial insight into the equity effects of plans and policies. This chapter examines the importance of distributional analysis, using as a case study the cost-benefit analyses of four hydroelectric projects contemplated by the Panamanian government in 2006. Detailed analysis showed that, while they may have some harmful effects, these projects were likely to generate net benefits. But the distribution of those benefits was highly skewed, with the Panamanian government and investors reaping most of the rewards, while local indigenous people and the environment incurred a large portion of the costs. Distributional analysis can help inform policymaking to ensure that equity considerations are given appropriate consideration.