bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of Methods of Evaluating Antibacterial Substances: Part I. Evaluation of Bacteriostatic Action
Authors: Cook A M
Published: April 2011

Three methods of measuring bacteriostasis have been examined; dilution of the bacteriostatic agent with a liquid culture medium, incorporation of the agent in a solid medium, and a counting method. A fair degree of correlation has been shown to exist between the first two methods. The counting method has given support to Price's6 hypothesis that there is no real difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.
Comparative Studies of Methods of Evaluating Antibacterial Substances: Part II. Evaluation of Bactericidal Action. A Comparison of an Extinction Method with a Counting Method
Authors: Cook A M , Wills B A
Published: April 2011

A correlation between the mean single survivor time and percentages of survivors at a series of shorter contact times as estimated by serial dilution counts has been established.
The Estimation of Bactericidal Activity from Extinction Time Data
Authors: Berry H , Bean H S
Published: April 2011

A new method for the determination of extinction time data is described. The method has been employed for the disinfection of Bact. coli by aqueous solutions of phenol over a range of concentrations and death times ranging from 2 to over 100 minutes. The use of extensive replication, short sampling intervals, and constant sample volumes withdrawn immediately after inoculation of the bactericide are among the chief features of the technique. Estimates of the mean extinction time obtained from the data are of reproducibility within limits sufficiently close to invalidate other extinction time methods, and are of comparable value with those obtained by the use of any other techniques. 5 The method has been satisfactorily applied to systems containing water-insoluble phenols solubilised in solutions of soaps (Berry and Bean9) where clumping of the test organisms might completely invalidate other methods of estimation of bactericidal activity.
Melting Points with Decomposition and the Heat Stability of Atropine Sulphate
Authors: Rosenblum E I , Taylor W S
Published: April 2011

Decomposition melting points are affected mainly by rate and time of heating, and this has been illustrated for atropine sulphate. In two series of tests on atropine sulphate, m.pts. following the B.P. technique were more concordant than those carried out according to the U.S.P. The results were less divergent with experienced analysts, but, even with the B.P. technique, considerable replication is desirable to ensure a reliable figure. The sulphates of these ester-alkaloids appear to be more heat-sensitive than the hydrobromides and hydrochlorides. 5 The “heat stability” of decomposable substances may give a useful indication of purity.
The Estimation of Barbituric Acid Derivatives in Biological Material for Medico-Legal Purposes
Authors: McCallum Norman E W
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the estimation of barbiturates in biological material. The method avoids the extraction of substances giving undesirable blank values inherent in chloroform-sodium hydroxide extraction procedures. The method simplifies the spectrophotometric determination of those procedures using sodium hydroxide as the vehicle for the barbiturate in the spectrophotometer. The percentage recovery is about 90 per cent, and thus avoids, in forensic determinations, mathematical calculations for material which is not actually measured.
Derivatives of Succinimide, Glutarimide, Thiazolidinedione and Methanol, and some Miscellaneous Compounds
Authors: Marshall P G , Vallance D K
Published: April 2011

The anticonvulsant activity of some derivatives of succinimide, glutarimide, thiazolidinedione, and methanol, and of some miscellaneous compounds has been investigated. Earlier work on the activity of some derivatives of succinimide has been confirmed. The most promising compounds appear to be methylpentynol (methyl-ethyl-ethinyl carbinol), methyl-n-propyl ethinyl carbinol, and α-methyl-α-phenyl-glutarimide. The last-named is to be the subject of more detailed investigation.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Vitamin D in Pharmaceutical Preparations: Part I. Solution of Calciferol. B.P
Authors: Rogers A R
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the colorimetric determination of calciferol in solution of calciferol B.P. The effect of the absorption due to the solvent oil on that produced by calciferol is eliminated by a graphical extrapolation procedure.
A Study of the Pharmacopœial Method for the Preparation of Solution of Chloroxylenol
Authors: Lloyd John B , Clegg Barbara W
Published: April 2011

In preparing routine batches of solution of chloroxylenol, a wide variation from batch to batch has been observed in the volume of oleic acid required to adjust the soap solution to the official end-point. Investigation has shown this to be due to the masking of the colour change of bromothymol blue in yellow solutions. The disappearance of the pink colour of phenolphthalein is more readily observed, and from a curve showing the relationship between the pH value and the volume of oleic acid added, it is possible to calculate what further volume is required to reach the official end-point, or for that matter any other desired point. During the course of the work, experimental evidence has been obtained to show that indicators do not provide a reliable guide to the pH value of soap solutions, and that solution of chloroxylenol may be much more alkaline than would be expected from the colour which it gives with bromothymol blue. A formula and method of preparation is given for a product of constant and reproducible composition, which is less alkaline than the official preparation, paler in colour, and less likely to darken on storage. Its bactericidal activity is not affected by the change.
The Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes with Pharmaceutical Amino Compounds. Part I
Authors: Butler C G , Ingle P H B
Published: April 2011

A reaction between “Sulpha” drugs and certain aromatic aldehydes is described. Salicylaldehyde gives characteristic derivatives with the majority of these drugs. A method is described for the rapid determination of small amounts of sulphadimidine.
A Rheological Study of the Effect of Bentonite on Heated Emulsions
Authors: Axon Arnold
Published: April 2011

The rotational viscometer having a variable speed drive can be used to give a viscosity curve expressed in fundamental units. Two viscosity curves which will characterise the consistency of a pharmaceutical cream base, at a given temperature, can be obtained in a reasonable time for control purposes. The consistency of autoclaved emulsions prepared with and without bentonite has been determined quantitatively and the results tabulated. Emulsions prepared without bentonite showed shear-rate thinning both before and after autoclaving. 5 A change in type of viscosity from shear-rate thinning to uniform plastic flow occurred when an emulsion containing bentonite was autoclaved. 6 The entire viscosity curve is necessary to characterise shear-rate thinning whereas uniform plastic flow can be characterised by two factors: “plastic viscosity” and yield value.
The Assay of Tincture of Digitalis and of the Glycosides of Digitalis Purpurea
Authors: Brindle Harry , Rigby Gerald , Sharma Shri Nath
Published: April 2011

8 samples of tincture of digitalis have been compared chemically and biologically with a tincture prepared from the standard preparation of digitalis. The results of the frog assays do not agree with those of the chemical assays using the 3:5-dinitrobenzoic acid reagent. A new method for the decolourisation of tinctures of digitalis has been investigated. The tincture is passed through an alumina column which adsorbs the pigments, and the eluate can be directly assayed with the Kedde reagent. The total time taken for decolourisation is at the most 5 minutes and the loss of colour-producing active constituents—presumably due to adsorption on the alumina is less than 10 per cent. The constituents of 9 samples of tincture of digitalis have been identified by paper partition chromatography.
Observations on the Ageing of Digitalis Tinctures
Authors: Fish F , Todd J P
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions

It has been confirmed that saponin has no effect on the results of the “overnight” frog method of assay for digitalis. The loss of potency during storage of digitalis tinctures is a real loss of cardiac activity in frogs, since it is shown by an intravenous method of assay. This method detects 20 to 30 per cent, loss of potency during 12 months storage as compared with up to 60 per cent, loss as shown by the lymph sac method of assay. A chemical assay based on the Keller-Kiliani colour reaction does not indicate loss of strength in digitalis tinctures during storage. Tinctures prepared from stabilised digitalis leaf are not stable on storage. 5 Digitoxin in ethanolic (70 per cent.) solution is stable on storage. 6 In aged tinctures of digitalis loss of potency to frogs appears to be due to hydrolysis of primary glycosides to secondary glycosides without further breakdown to genins.
Synthetic Analgesics: Stereochemical Considerations
Authors: Beckett A H , Casy A F
Published: April 2011

The evidence is presented for the probability of the activity exhibited by analgesics and their antagonists being due to their association with a specific receptor surface. The configurations of those isomers exhibiting nearly all the activity of certain racemic mixtures are identical, and related to that of D-(–)-alanine; the stereochemical requirements of analgesics are considered. Active analgesics are shown to have structures which enable them to present similar surfaces to allow of their association with a proposed “analgesic receptor surface,” the essential features of which are described. A number of essential structures are outlined as prerequisites for compounds designed as analgesics.
The Assay of Benzathine Penicillin by Titration in A Non-Aqueous Solvent
Authors: Knight C , Stephenson W H
Published: April 2011

A method for the assay of benzathine penicillin using titration with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid is described. Results are set out and show favourable comparison with four other methods.
The Chemistry of Aristolochia Spp.: Part I. The Petrol-Soluble Fraction from Aristolochia reticulata
Authors: Stenlake J B , Williams W D
Published: April 2011

The light petroleum-soluble fraction from a batch of Aristolochia reticulata has been examined and found to contain the following:

A ketonic oil, consisting of at least 2 unidentified components. A crystalline lactone, C15H20O2, m.pt. 110·5° to 111° C, designated aristolactone. A bicyclic monoterpene, which has been tentatively identified as (–)-Δ4-carene. A mixture of esters, which on saponification yields (–)-borneol formic acid and an unidentified cyclic unsaturated acid, C10H16O2. 5 A bicyclic sesquiterpene, C15H24, designated reticulene.
Antitussive and Other Pharmacological Properties of the Diethylaminoethoxyethyl Ester of αα-Diethylphenylacetic Acid, (OXELADIN)
Authors: David A , Leith-Ross Fiona , Vallance D K
Published: April 2011

The diethylaminoethoxyethyl ester of αα-diethylphenylacetic acid (oxeladin) appears to possess similar antitussive activity to carbetapentane and to be slightly less active than codeine phosphate. Sensory nerve endings in the trachea and bronchial tree are not the site of action. The acute toxicity is not significantly different from that of carbetapentane. The ester is two to four times as toxic as codeine phosphate, according to species and route of administration. It has local anaesthetic properties, being approximately twice as active as procaine hydrochloride by the guinea pig intracutaneous wheal test. Only excessive amounts appear to have a constipating effect in normal mice. A spasmolytic effect has been demonstrated with the isolated guinea pig ileum and isolated rabbit duodenum. It has, however, a spasmogenic effect on the jejunum of the anaesthetised cat. Intravenous injection in the anaesthetised cat produced a transient fall in blood pressure of the same magnitude as that produced by codeine phosphate. It has been administered to rats over a prolonged period with no untoward effect on the growth rate and the haemopoietic system.
The Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation on Cardenolides
Authors: Silberman H , Thorp R H
Published: April 2011

Solutions of digoxin, digoxigenin and digitoxigenin in ethanol were subjected to ultra-violet irradiation in the absence of oxygen. Chromatographic analysis showed that the starting material was transformed into several other compounds some of which may be intermediate in the reaction. Cardiotonic activity was absent from the irradiated material. There was no longer the characteristic unsaturated lactone ring of the cardenolides after irradiation. Upon analysis a crystalline compound isolated from irradiated digoxigenin corresponded to the original molecule with an added molecule of water.
Cellular Constituents. Major and Minor Metals in Normal and Abnormal Tissues
Authors: Bergel F , Everett J L , Martin J B , Webb J S
Published: April 2011

Assessment of the usefulness of emission spectrography for comparative analyses of six elements, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo and Zn, in rat liver has been made. It has uncovered the presence or absence of differences in the concentrations of these metals in livers between age groups, animals on different diets, pregnant animals and male animals with normal, regenerating and tumourous organs. A discernible trend in concentrations of certain elements from the embryonic tissue to that of the adult animal emerged. In some instances the abnormal and regenerating materials appeared to carry lower or higher amounts of the element compared with normal livers. With molybdenum, the livers of embryonic, newborn and young animals had low concentrations, slowly increasing; the results obtained with older animals formed a higher level rugged plateau.
Separation of the Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary from a Crude Extract by Electrochemical Means
Authors: James G W L , Garraway D B
Published: April 2011

Pressor and oxytocic activities were separated from a crude extract of pig posterior pituitary tissue using a continuous electrophoretic technique. Both voltage and rate of application were kept constant. The material obtained during the first 24 hours was discarded; collections could then be made for up to 7 days. With a Whatman No. 2 filter paper, a rate of feed of 3·5 ml. of crude extract in 24 hours and 400 V., pooled activities had about 5 per cent of contamination.
The Assay of Acetylcholine on the Superfused Frog Rectus Muscle
Authors: Ahmed A , Taylor N R W
Published: April 2011

A method of superfusion for assaying acetylcholine on the eserinised frog rectus muscle applying each dose in a volume of 0·2 ml. is described. The sensitivity of the superfused preparation is compared with that of the preparation in a 5 ml. bath and is 10 to 20 times more sensitive than the bath preparation. Results of 10 parallel assays (2 + 2) suggest that the method of superfusion gives a reliable and accurate assay of acetylcholine.
Synthetic Analogues of Adrenal Cortical Hormones: Some 6:7:8:9-Tetrahydro-4:5-Benzindanes
Authors: Cowell D B , Mathieson D W
Published: April 2011

6:7:8:9-Tetrahydro-1-oxo-4:5-benzindane and its 3‘-methoxy analogue have been synthesised from 1-oxotetralin and 1-oxo-6-methoxytetralin. Side chains typical of cortical hormones have been built up by known methods via the intermediate ethynyl alcohols: 1-acetoxy-1-glycollyl-6:7:8:9-tetrahydro-4:5-benzindane has thus been produced. In the case of the corresponding methoxy analogue, ring expansion probably occurs to furnish the corresponding “homo” compound—a substituted hydrophenanthrene.

The action of basic reagents on 2-cyano-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1-oxotetralin leads to ring fission and the formation of γ(2-carboxy-5-methoxyphenyl)α-methylbutyronitrile.
Observations on the Effect of Sulphur Dioxide in Blackcurrant Syrup on the Development of Aneurine Deficiency in Rats
Authors: Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

Sulphur dioxide, 350 p.p.m., administered orally in blackcurrant syrup, once daily, in a dose of 0·5 ml./150 g. body weight, failed to influence the rate of growth of aneurine deficient rats.
The Hypothermic and Sedative Action of Reserpine in the Mouse
Authors: Lessin A W , Parkes M W
Published: April 2011

The sedative action of reserpine has been studied by its effects upon the body temperature of the mouse, in comparison with chlorpromazine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Reserpine and chlorpromazine produce hypothermia and sedation in the mouse by interference with the mechanism of temperature regulation, but 5-HT acts in a different manner. The central stimulants, lysergic acid diethylamide, amphetamine and tetrahydro-β-naphthylamine, antagonised the hypothermic effects of reserpine, chlorpromazine and 5-HT. Iproniazid antagonised the hypothermic effects of reserpine, while potentiating those of chlorpromazine and 5-HT. This evidence does not seem to support the hypothesis that the sedative action of reserpine is mediated by 5-HT.
Crystals in the Leaf of Lobelia Inflata Linn
Authors: Wallis T E
Published: April 2011

The leaves of Lobelia inflata Linn. have been said either to contain crystals of calcium oxalate or to have no crystals of any kind. Other descriptions note the presence of droplets of oil in the mesophyll. This anomalous situation needs clarifying. It is shown that the crystals are fat.
The Assay and Identification of Pyrimethamine and Its Preparations
Authors: Drey R E A
Published: April 2011

A gravimetric method of assay for pyrimethamine, using phosphotungstic acid as precipitant, is described. Assay procedures are given for three preparations of the drug, viz. Tablets of pyrimethamine, Tablets of pyrimethamine and quinine, and Powder of pyrimethamine and sulphaguanidine. Tests of identity for pyrimethamine, additional to those described in the British Pharmaceutical Codex, are also given.
The Stability of Vitamin B12
Authors: Mukherjee S L , Sen S P
Published: April 2011

Vitamin B12 has been found to deteriorate progressively in association with aneurine and nicotinamide in solution over a pH range of 4 to 4·5. The deterioration can be satisfactorily prevented by the use of iron salts, in ferrous, ferric and complex form. Salts of cobalt, manganese, copper and lead do not protect the vitamin from the combined destructive influence of aneurine and nicotinamide in solution.
Losses of Bacteriostats from Injections in Rubber-Closed Containers
Authors: Royce A , Sykes G
Published: April 2011

The losses of bacteriostats from rubber-closed multidose containers of injections are confirmed, and the mechanism of these losses by absorption, diffusion and volatilisation is discussed. The present B.P. methods of pretreating rubber closures are inadequate, and methods for their more satisfactory equilibration with various bacteriostatic solutions are given. From measurements of the partition ratios of the B.P. bacteriostats and of benzyl alcohol between rubber and water, phenol and benzyl alcohol appear to be the most stable and promising and phenylmercuric nitrate the least stable. The value of using closures equilibrated for phenol and benzyl alcohol is demonstrated and methods for preventing the diffusion losses are discussed.
Some Properties of Mixed Sols of Lecithin and Lysolecithin
Authors: Saunders L
Published: April 2011

The preparations of pure crystalline lecithin and lysolecithin are described. Mixed sols of these phosphatides have been prepared and their viscosities, stabilities to salts, and haemolytic activities have been examined. The viscosity results indicate a marked interaction between the two compounds in the aqueous sols. The salt stability and haemolysis results are used to support a theory of cell membrane formation.
The Rheology of Oil-In-Water Emulsions
Authors: Axon Arnold
Published: April 2011

A microscope cell has been made to examine semi-solid oil-in-water emulsions while flowing in a thin layer. Unautoclaved and autoclaved emulsions from cetyl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulphate, liquid paraffin with and without bentonite show differences in the dispersion of the globules. Those in the unautoclaved emulsions are mainly associated, “flocculated”, into loose clusters in which each globule is free to move independently of its neighbours. Composite masses of disperse phase, called agglomerates, are formed in emulsions prepared from a preformed “emulsifying wax” which are absent from emulsions formed by adding sodium lauryl sulphate to the aqueous phase. A compact type of floccule occurs in the autoclaved emulsions containing bentonite. The globules are surrounded by a hydrated layer of bentonite which restricts their movement and provides a mechanical barrier against deformation. Rigidity is supplied by association of the hydrated bentonite particles in a network to form a gel. The globules in the autoclaved emulsions without bentonite are readily deformed and show complete freedom of movement with no association into clusters.
The Determination Of Morphine in Opium and Some of Its Galenical Preparations
Authors: Garratt D C , Johnson C A , Lloyd Cecilia J
Published: April 2011

A method of assay for morphine in opium depending upon precipitation of the dinitrophenylether with 1-fluoro-2:4-dinitrobenzene has been critically examined. The morphine is first separated from other alkaloids and extraneous matter by elution from an alumina column with an organic solvent and subsequent extraction with alkali. The method, which is rapid, has been applied to many galenical preparations and, in cases where the pharmacopoeial method based on the colorimetric nitroso reactions may give high results, figures in accordance with the expected values have been obtained.
The Pharmacology of Some HydroxybenzylISOQuinoline Derivatives
Authors: Lewis J J , Zoha M S
Published: April 2011

(±)-1-(4′-Hydroxybenzyl(-2-methyl-6-methoxy-7-ethoxy-1:2:3:4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline and its dextrorotatory and laevorotatory isomers and methochloride, (±)-1 -(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-2-methyl-7-methoxy-6-ethoxy-1:2:3:4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline, its laevorotatory isomer and methochloride and a berberine-like compound related to tetrahydroworenine have been tested for curare-like activity. Little activity was noted, but on the rat diaphragm and frog rectus muscle quaternisation of the racemic compounds increased this. The tertiary bases possessed potent convulsant properties.
Observations on the Intravenous Toxicity and Chelating Activity of Sodium Stibogluconate
Authors: Green J , Hickman A C T , Sharpe Helen M , Tomich E G
Published: April 2011

The optical activity, calcium chelating power and intravenous toxicity, but not the leishmanicidal activity, of a sodium stibogluconate solution varies with pH and age. As the optical rotatory power increases, the calcium chelating property decreases, and the solution becomes less toxic. Solutions of sodium stibogluconate injected intravenously into mice produce hypocalcaemia, which may be the cause of death. Production of hypocalcaemia may be a phenomenon common to many substances with chelating powers, a factor to be considered in the design of comparative toxicity tests.
A NEW SERIES OF POTENT ANALGESICS: Dextro 2:2-diphenyl-3-methyl-4-morpholinobutyrylpyrrolidine and related basic amides: Part II :Comparative analgesic activity, acute toxicity and tolerance development in rats for R875, morphine, pethidine and methadone
Authors: Janssen Paul A J , Jageneau Anton H
Published: April 2011

The analgesic activity, acute toxicity and development of tolerance of R875, morphine, pethidine and methadone after subcutaneous administration in rats have been measured. In this animal, R875 is shown to be several times more active than the three other compounds. R875 has a faster onset of action, higher therapeutic ratios and a slower rate of development of tolerance.
WATER-SOLUBLE CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES: Factors affecting the Viscosity of Aqueous Dispersions. Part II
Authors: Davies R E M , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the effects of salts, alcohol and surface-active agents, of contamination by micro-organisms, and of storage at various temperatures on the viscosities of aqueous dispersions of methyl-, methylethyl-, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Small concentrations of salts decreased the viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose sols but had no effect on methyl- and methylethylcellulose sols. Larger amounts caused the viscosities of methyl- and methylethylcellulose sols to increase. Industrial methylated spirit, propylene glycol and glycerol increased the viscosities of all dispersions. The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on sodium carboxymethylcellulose sols was similar to that of salts, and cetrimide precipitated the derivative. Methyl- and methylethylcellulose dispersions increased and then decreased in viscosity with increasing concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate; cetrimide increased the viscosity. All derivatives were degraded by micro-organisms. The viscosity of preserved dispersions of methyl- and methyethylcellulose altered little over a year. The greatest decreases occurred in the highest viscosity grade samples stored at the highest temperature (30°). All dispersions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose decreased in viscosity over the storage period; storage in light producing the most unstable sols. The pH change of any dispersion on storage was negligible.
THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF STARCH POWDERS AND MIXTURES
Authors: Craik D J
Published: April 2011

The addition of small proportions of fine powders, particularly magnesium oxide, to maize starch, alters its flow properties in a manner which is contrary to the generally observed effects for fine powders. A measure of this effect is obtained by the angle of repose method and the disposition of the two components of the mixture is observed by the electron microscope. An explanation of this effect in terms of adhesion by Van der Waals' and valency forces is put forward.
THE ANALGESIC ACTION OF NORMORPHINE ADMINISTERED INTRACISTERNALLY TO MICE
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Davis M M
Published: April 2011

The analgesic action of normorphine developed more rapidly than that of morphine and was, weight for weight, as great as that of morphine, and was as effectively antagonised by N-allylnormorphine when these drugs were administered intracisternally to mice. By this route, more than one molecule of N-allymonnoirphine was required to antagonise the action of one molecule of analgesic drug.
THE PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF SULPHANILAMIDE
Authors: Gemmell D H O , Morrison J C
Published: April 2011

A test has been designed suitable for the comparison of vehicles and bases as “carriers” of sulphanilamide through the intact skin of rabbits. The blood levels attained were taken as a measure of percutaneous absorption. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the differences in efficiency of the vehicles and bases tested Were highly significant.
A METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN URINE.
Authors: Crawford T B B , Law W
Published: April 2011

A method for the estimation of sympathin (adrenaline plus noradrenaline) in urine is described. The catecholamines are adsorbed on a cation exchange resin, Amberlite IRC-50, and eluted with acid. The sympathin in the eluate is estimated by a fluorimetric method, in which adrenaline and noradrenaline yield the same intensity of fluorescence so that sympathin estimates are uninfluenced by the proportions of the two amines. Estimates of the adrenaline and noradrenaline are obtained after separation of the amines in the urine extract by paper chromatography. A mean recovery of 82 per cent (±6 per cent S.D. (51)) was obtained when adrenaline or noradrenaline (2–5000 μg.) was added to a urine sample analysed for sympathin content. Estimation of the separated amines from mixtures of adrenaline or noradrenaline (2–15 μg. of either amine) showed a mean recovery of 51 per cent (±9 per cent S.D. (10)). Experimental evidence is presented of the validity of applying appropriate correction factors to analytical results, the correction factors being determined by recovery experiments run concurrently with each series of estimations. The specificity of the method is discussed briefly.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF DIGITALIS PURPUREA
Authors: Harkiss K J , Rigby G J
Published: April 2011

Increase in the concentration of ethanol or the inclusion of methanol, ethylene glycol or glycerol in the alkaline 3:5-dinitrobenzoic acid assay for digitalis glycosides, progressively reduces the maximum optical density of the reaction mixture. The constituents of mixtures of two digitalis glycosides have been separated by paper partition chromatography and recovered. The percentage recoveries obtained lay between 90 and 110 per cent of the quantity taken. The concentrations of four named glycosides in samples of powdered D. purpurea have been estimated by chromatographic separation followed by chemical assay. Estimates of the biological activity represented by the concentrations of these four constituents in each of the leaf samples have been made; the total biological activity of each leaf sample estimated in this way was found to be approximately half of the total biological activity of the whole leaf sample, as estimated by direct biological assay.
COUNTER-CURRENT SEPARATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF DIGITALIS PURPUREA
Authors: Harkiss K J , Rigby G J
Published: April 2011

Mixtures of some glycosides of Digitalis purpurea have been partitioned in a mixture of ethyl acetate, benzene and water by counter-current distribution. The “A” and “B” series of primary glycosides were separated from the corresponding secondary glycosides. The partition ratio of each of the glycosides has been determined and used to calculate the theoretical distribution curve: this closely resembled the experimentally determined curve. Deviation of the “experimental” from the “theoretical” curve for digitoxin has been attributed to the presence of gitoxin in the sample.
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ESTERS OF METHYLPENTYNOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Barnes J H , McCrea P A , Marshall P G , Sheahan Mary M , Walsh Pamela A
Published: April 2011

The narcotic action of a range of methylpentynol esters has been investigated. In general, esterification reduces or abolishes narcotic activity, but the carbamate possesses increased and more prolonged activity and higher oral toxicity than the parent carbinol, though their therapeutic indices are similar. Contrary to previous claims, the N-methyl carbamate is inactive by our method of test. Carbamates of methylpentynol homologues and near relatives also possess increased narcotic properties compared with the parent carbinols. The anticonvulsant properties of methylpentynyl carbamate against leptazol in mice are superior to those of aloxidone. Chronic toxicity tests in mice over 4 to 5 months have shown no untoward effects, and the average weight gain follows a normal pattern: there is no effect on blood pressure or respiration in therapeutic doses. Methylpentynyl carbamate shows no analgesic activity on intravenous administration in mice compared with that of salicylamide. Bemegride acts as an antagonist. A new method2 for the preparation of carbamates of tertiary alcohols is described.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF PROPIONYL ATROPINE METHYL NITRATE
Authors: Herman Laura , Shaw F H , Rosenblum E I
Published: April 2011

A series of esters of atropine and hyoscine, both in the tertiary and quaternary form, have been examined for their muscarinic and ganglionic blocking and neuromuscular transmission inhibiting activity. In addition the effect on the gastric secretion has been studied by the Shay rat method. Figures are also given for toxicities. In general, the pharmacology of the quaternary derivatives is qualitatively and quantitatively the same as the parent substances. The quaternary compounds retain a considerable amount of their tertiary activity but in addition become relatively strong ganglionic blocking agents. Most of the compounds reduce the volume and acidity of the gastric juice.
THE ACTION OF PROPIONYL ATROPINE METHYL NITRATE ON GASTRIC FUNCTION
Authors: Herman Laura , Shaw F H
Published: April 2011

A quaternary compound, propionyl atropine methyl nitrate, previously demonstrated to have muscarinic and ganglionic blocking properties has been shown to decrease the volume and acidity of the gastric juice in man. Using a variation of the glucose tolerance test the compound was also shown to reduce the motility of the alimentary tract. Side effects due to parasympathetic blockade were in most cases absent at the doses used. A clinical trial with 26 cases of peptic ulcer has resulted in a complete alleviation of symptoms without the production of side actions. In six cases the trial has extended for six months without the development of tolerance.
VEGETABLE PURGATIVES CONTAINING ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES: Part VIII.—The Paper Chromatography of Certain Anthraquinones and their Glycosides
Authors: Betts T J , Fairbairn J W , Mital V K
Published: April 2011

A simple paper chromatographic technique, using toluene alone as a running solvent, is described for identifying free anthraquinone compounds in crude drugs. A second system is described for anthraquinone glycosides: the running solvent is the lower aqueous phase of a water: acetone: benzene mixture. This system was found particularly successful for cascara bark Rhamnus purshiana D.C. as it readily revealed the presence of at least three anthraquinone glycosides.
THE DETERMINATION OF MERCURY OXYCYANIDE
Authors: Wilson F Pamela , Ingle P H B , Butler C G
Published: April 2011

The reaction between mercuric oxycyanide and hydrochloric acid, in the presence of certain salts, has been examined. The reaction between potassium thiocyanate and mercuric oxide in aqueous solution appears to go to completion. The reaction between mercuric cyanide and potassium iodide (or sodium thiosulphate) is complete in the presence of formaldehyde. These reactions form the basis of a method for the determination of mercuric oxycyanide which is considered more satisfactory and accurate than that in the British Pharmacopoeia, 1953.
A NOTE ON THE ANAESTHETIC ACTIVITY OF SOME 1:3-PROPANEDIOLS
Authors: Buttle G A H , Bower J D
Published: April 2011

The discovery is reported of the anaesthetic activity of 2-alkyl-substituted alkane-1:3-diols in mice. The preparation of some hitherto undescribed members of this class is reported.
THE MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Harvey D G
Published: April 2011

An apparatus is described which can be employed for the measurement of the oxygen consumption of one to six small animals in the weight range 25–500 g. The normal oxygen consumption of mice, rats and guinea pigs at 25° has been determined. The values obtained agree adequately with those of others. Evidence is given to support a claim that the guinea pig is, in some ways, a more suitable animal for the assay of metabolic stimulants than the rat or the mouse. Preliminary experiments have been made on the stimulant action of dinitrophenol and thyroxine on the oxygen consumption of guinea pigs.
COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES WITH 2:4-DINITRODIPHENYLSULPHONE
Authors: Tattje D H E
Published: April 2011

The reaction is carried out as follows. The glycoside or aglycone, dissolved in 4ml. of ethanol, is mixed with 5 ml. of a 0ṁ075 per cent solution of 2:4-dinitrodiphenylsulphone in ethanol followed by 1 ml. of 0ṁ15N sodium hydroxide. Colour density is measured in a 0ṁ5 cm. cell at 20° at a wavelength of 6,000 Å against a blank prepared as the reaction mixture but omitting the glycoside or aglycone. Maximum extinction values of digitoxigenin and of gitoxigenin, boiled with 0ṁ4N acid, are obtained 3 minutes after adding the sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture. When digitoxin or digitoxigenin are examined without any pre-treatment with boiling acid, maximum colour is obtained 5ṁ5 and 4ṁ5 minutes respectively after addition of the alkali. Molar extinctions of digitoxin and of digitoxigenin are 23,200 and 24,400 respectively: after boiling with 0ṁ4N acid the molar extinctions of digitoxigenin and gitoxigenin are 29,100 and 18,100 respectively. The values are much higher than those obtained with other reagents. A reduction in the ethanol concentration of the reaction mixture only exerts a slight influence on the maximum extinction.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF CHLORINATED BISPHENOL ANTIBACTERIALS: Part II. Biological Studies
Authors: Adams J B , Hobbs Marjory
Published: April 2011

2:2′-Thiobis(4:6-dichlorphenol) has been found to be bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus in distilled water at a dilution of one part per million. In contrast to oxine, it is not dependent on the presence of trace elements in the medium for activity. The bactericidal concentration was the same against Staph. aureus in nutrient broth which was rendered deficient in metal ions. The crystalline copper and iron chelates of the chelating agent were found to show the same bacteriostatic activity as the agent itself against Staph. aureus. However dilution of solutions of these chelates with a large volume of water was found to cause some breakdown to a mixture of agent and metal chelate. Thiobisdichlorphenol and hexachlorophene are suppressed in their action on Staph. aureus by ferrous ions, but not by a number of other cations tested. In this, they parallel the behaviour of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. The suggestion has been made that thiobisdichlorphenol and hexachlorophene owe their antibacterial action to an inhibition of certain metal requiring enzyme systems.
ON THE ASSAY OF THROMBIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Vrethammar Torbjörn , ÖHman Bengt , Blombäck Birger
Published: April 2011

Different techniques of assaying thrombic activity have been compared. The relative strength of three commercial thrombin preparations has been compared with that of an arbitrary standard. Heparinized plasma as used by Burstein and Guinand and TAME, toluene-sulphonyl-arginine methyl ester, as used by Sherry and Troll are both unsuitable as clotting substrates. Only purified fibrinogen can be used. Fibrinogen prepared according to M. and B. Blombäck proved to be suitable, giving only 3–7 per cent error in the thrombin determinations. It is suggested that the strength of the thrombin standard should be expressed by its capacity to split N-terminal glutamic acid from fibrinogen with the appearance of N-terminal glycine.
THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
Authors: Finney R S H , Somers G F
Published: April 2011

The anti-inflammatory activities of different fractions of glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid and some of its derivatives have been assessed in laboratory animals. Some, but not all, preparations have been found to be active using four established methods for testing anti-inflammatory drugs. The findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical use of these compounds in inflammatory diseases, and may explain the discrepancies in the early clinical trials with this drug.
DETERMINATION OF NARCOTINE AND PAPAVERINE BY INFRA-RED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND NON-AQUEOUS TITRATION
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee , Rockerbie Russell A , Levi Leo
Published: April 2011

An infra-red spectrophotometric method for the determination of narcotine in the presence of papaverine in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform solution is described. The carbonyl group of the lactone ring present in narcotine displays strong absorption at 1760 cm. −1 and the intensity of the band observed at this wavelength provides an index of the concentration of the narcotic. By conventional nonaqueous titration the amount of both alkaloids may be estimated quantitatively and the papaverine content of a mixture obtained readily by difference.
MICROCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN OPTICAL ISOMERS OF N-METHYLMORPHINAN ANALGESICS
Authors: Clarke E G C
Published: April 2011

A simple method for differentiating between microgram quantities of optical isomers is described.
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTING ACTION OF EFFLUENTS FROM THE ISOLATED GUINEA PIG ILEUM
Authors: Medaković M , Radmanović B
Published: April 2011

An analysis was made of the effect of effluents from both outside and inside of the isolated guinea pig ileum segments. The action of the outside effluents was directed towards nervous elements of the test segment of the isolated ileum. According to the effect of atropine, morphine and hexamethonium, the action of theeffluent resembled that of 5-HT. Atropine and antazoline did not inhibit the effect of the effluent obtained from the inside of the donor gut upon the isolated rat fundus, but BOL and LSD did so in most experiments. The effect of this effluent upon the test segment of the guinea pig ileum was inhibited by morphine, or by a previous desensitation of the preparation by large doses of 5-HT. The smooth muscle stimulating effect of the effluent probably was due to its content in 5-HT and at least partly to some other as yet unidentified substance(s).
APPLICATION OF A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD TO THE DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM PENICILLIN, PROCAINE PENICILLIN AND BENZATHINE PENICILLIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Holbrook A
Published: April 2011

A spectrophotometric method originally designed for the estimation of potassium penicillin has been applied to procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin. A solution containing the penicillin salt is heated under controlled conditions with a sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solution of pH 4ṁ6 to which a trace of copper sulphate has been added. The optical absorption of the resulting penicillinic acid is measured on a spectrophotometer. The method has a standard error of 3 per cent and is applicable to a variety of penicillin preparations ranging in potency from 0ṁ5 units/mg. upwards.
A FLUORIMETRIC ASSAY FOR MINUTE AMOUNTS OF SOME THIOHYDANTOINS
Authors: Auerbach M E , Angell Eleanor
Published: April 2011

A fluorimetric assay sensitive to μg. quantities of certain thiohydantoins has been devised using dichloroquinone chloroimide as a fluorescence reagent. The nature of the buffer used is critical. Satisfactory results have been obtained for recoveries from urine, spinal fluid and plasma. 16 thiohydantoins and some related compounds have been examined by the suggested technique.
Alkaloids Of Voacanga Schweinfurthii Stapf: Part I. Voacamine and Vobtusine
Authors: Fish F , Newcombe F , Poisson J
Published: April 2011

Two alkaloids, voacamine and vobtusine, have been isolated from the stem bark of Voacanga schweinfurthii Stapf (Apocynaceae).
Studies in the Genus Digitalis: Part VII. Variations in Glycosidal Content Within Clones ofDigitalis purpurea
Authors: Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

First year leaves of Digitalis purpurea, collected in July or August, contain smaller amounts of glycosides than those collected in September, October or early November when the values are relatively constant, with a coefficient of variation of about 7 per cent. Second year leaves contain uniform amounts of glycosides until the plant is in full flower, coefficient of variation about 8 per cent, after which glycosidal content decreases. Weight of leaf per plant increases throughout the first year of growth; it is less for second year plants and reaches a maximum in the early stages of flowering. Defloration of second year plants changes the accumulation pattern of glycosides to that of first year plants. Coefficient of variation in glycosidal content within groups of up to 10 plants in one clone was 9.4 per cent for first year plants (265 plants from 13 clones, grown on four sites, three growing seasons) and was 13.3 per cent for second year plants. Between groups of 10 plants coefficients of variation were 8.5 per cent (first year) and 11.5 per cent (second year). Season of growth and site where grown both influence the glycosidal content of plants; the latter is probably due to climate rather than to nutrition. In comparative experiments on different sites the influence of the site may be eliminated by expressing all results as percentages of the corresponding mean site values; this has been done for 45 comparisons on each of four sites when the coefficients of variation were first year plants 10.5 per cent, second year plants 12.0 per cent. It is concluded that these figures are a measure of the coefficient of variation of total glycosidal content in a clone of Digitalis purpurea leaves.
The Effect of Thalidomide in Experimental Gastric Ulcers
Authors: Martindale K , Somers G F , Wilson C W M
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the effects of thalidomide, a new sedative hypnotic drug, in stress and phenylbutazone-induced ulcers in the rat. The results have shown that thalidomide inhibits stress induced ulcers but does not affect the local mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of phenylbutazone-induced ulcers. It does eliminate stress-induced components in phenylbutazone ulcers, which indicates that the mode of action is a central one.
Physico-Chemical Studies of (1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidyl) Methyl Benzilate Methyl Methosulphate: Part I. The Determination of (1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidyl) Methyl Benzilate Methyl Methosulphate in the Presence of its Breakdown Products
Authors: Singleton D O , Wells G M
Published: April 2011

The determination of (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)methyl benzilate methyl methosulphate by the formation of a chloroform-soluble, blue complex with ammonium cobaltothiocyanate is described. The optical density in chloroform at 322 mμ is directly related to the amount of compound present. The method is applicable in the presence of breakdown products and has been used to determine the concentration of (methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)methyl benzilate methyl methosulphate in tablets and in linctuses.
An Examination of the Decomposition of Dextrose Solution During Sterilisation
Authors: Wing W T
Published: April 2011

A method is described for assessing the degree of decomposition of dextrose in solutions by measuring absorptiometrically the blue colour produced by a reaction with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The amount of decomposition depends on the duration and temperature of the sterilisation process, the concentration of dextrose and the presence of added substances. It is minimal at about pH 3. A product other than 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is formed. Two breakdown products of dextrose, gluconic acid and 5-hydroxymethyfurfural, also progressively alter in composition when their solutions are autoclaved for increasing periods either separately or as a mixture.
Some Factors Involved in Multiple Spot Formation in the Paper Chromatography of Sympathomimetic Amines in the Presence of Acids
Authors: Beckett A H , Beaven M A , Robinson Ann E
Published: April 2011

The paper chromatographic behaviour of a variety of amines both alone and in the presence of acids in acidic, neutral and basic running solvents is reported. Using a n-butanol: acetic acid: water solvent, multiple spot formation by several pure sympathomimetic amines was observed in the presence of the stronger organic acids. Many weaker acids affected the amines in a neutral solvent. The results emphasise the need for correct controls and the cautious interpretation of chromatograms of biological extracts since the number of spots produced is not necessarily indicative of the number of bases present.
The Phenolic Acids of Urine—A Study of Methylation
Authors: Tompsett S L
Published: April 2011

Normal human urine contains methanol largely as methoxylated compounds; a small quantity of free methanol is also present. The methoxylated compounds exist partly as ether-soluble compounds, for example methylated phenolic acids, and partly as methoxylated compounds not extracted by ether from acid solution. The latter may be related chemically to quercitrin. Feeding experiments suggest that 3,4-dihydroxyphenolic substances are largely methylated while with other phenolic substances methylation is minimal.