bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core Conservation Biology Monographs: A Citation Analysis
Authors: Buckley Chad E.
Published: September 2004

While natural resources conservation and wildlife management have had a long history, the discipline of conservation biology only formally began in the 1980s with the formation of the Society for Conservation Biology. The former fields have tended to focus on management of resources for human use. An analysis of monographs cited in eight selected issues of the journal Conservation Biology between 1987 and 1996 resulted in a list of 47 titles important to researchers in this discipline. The sample is not random, but was selected to include representative issues every three years from the journal’s inception to the present. Over half of the monographs were from related disciplines such as ecology, genetics, evolution, population biology, statistics, and natural resources management. This bibliography of core monographs is arranged on the basis of decreasing number of citations, given in brackets. According to the author, many of the monographs could be expected to receive significant use in libraries supporting programs in conservation biology.
Affective Change: Integrating Pre‐Sessions in the Students’ Classroom Prior to Library Instruction
Authors: Vidmar Dale J.
Published: September 2004

The study described in this article attempted to determine what effect a 10‐ to 20‐minute pre‐session given in the students’ classroom prior to a regularly scheduled library instruction session in the library had upon the affective experience of freshman composition students. Students in six paired classes were given pretest and post‐test questionnaires to determine if there was a difference in scores in four areas measured by the study: 1) library use and intended use; 2) feelings about the library; 3) attitudes toward librarians; and 4) perceived effectiveness of library instruction. According to Vidmar, the results of the study demonstrated that students felt better about the library, the librarians, and the research in general when exposed to a pre‐session.
The operation of the purchase notice system
Authors: Booth Christine , Henneberry John
Published: September 2004

Extends the work of Smith and Storr who considered the legal and
financial attributes of the purchase notice system. Covers the practical
operation of the system. The administrative procedures relating to
purchase notices, the way in which they are applied and the experience
of the servers of purchase notices are all examined. The analysis is
based on evidence from four sources: a review of relevant literature,
legislation and case law; an analysis of all decision letters on
purchase notices issued by the Secretary of State for the Environment
during the seven years 1987‐1993; a postal questionnaire survey of all
English district and London borough councils conducted in 1991; and
in‐depth, personal interview surveys with ten local authorities and ten
purchase notice servers and/or their advisers, also undertaken in 1991.
Describes a picture of the use of the purchase notice system, based on
the results of this empirical work.
Value added tax changes during 1995
Authors: Warner Keith
Published: September 2004

Looks at changes to value added tax during the 12‐month period up to 1 March 1995 and investigates five specific categories within this framework, particularly with reference to the Customs and Excise involvement.
Reliability of unencapsulated SMD plastic film capacitors
Authors: Seppälä Anne , Saarinen Kimmo , Ristolainen Eero
Published: September 2004

Small and low cost unencapsulated SMD plastic film capacitors were manufactured with different terminal metal compositions and dielectric materials. Capacitors made with a polyethylene naphthalate film dielectric were produced using a winding method. The terminals were metallized using the flame spraying process. The terminals of the test capacitors consisted of three different metal layers. The base metal layer, which was aluminum, was coated with brass or copper. The top layer was a sprayed lead‐free, tin‐based solder to ensure the solderability of the terminals. The reliability of the unencapsulated test capacitors was evaluated using standard temperature cycling, humidity storage, and high temperature environmental tests. Solderability and resistance to soldering heat were tested by mounting the test capacitors using the reflow soldering technique. The electrical properties including capacitance, insulation resistance, and dissipation factors at 1kHz and 100kHz were verified.
An alternative approach for the analysis of intermetallic compounds in SMT solder joints
Authors: Hui I.K. , Law H.W.
Published: September 2004

In a properly wetted joining system, with tin/lead solder as the filler and copper as the base metals, a layer of intermetallic compounds is usually found at the interface of these two metals. This layer, mainly copper and tin, has profound effects on the joint’s properties and reliability. Optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy micrographs are traditionally used for analysing the type and thickness of these compounds. An alternative analytical approach is presented. By using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, the elemental constituents across the interface can be plotted. More detailed and precise information about the compound distribution can thus be deduced. The studies reported concentrate on infra‐red reflowed joints. Unlike conventional wave‐soldered joints, only Cu6Sn5 was found in these. The growth of intermetallic compounds at different aging temperatures, and with solder paste exposed to atmosphere for different times, was also studied.
Lead‐free solders in Japan (a personal impression)
Authors: Plumbridge W.J.
Published: September 2004

Impressions gained from two visits to Japan, discussing with representatives of industry and academe the current status regarding the implementation of lead‐free technology, are presented. Driven by the commercial rewards of lead‐free goods, Japan appears to have more clearly articulated targets for the removal of lead, in advance of the expected timescales in EU legislation. Various strategies for combating problems associated with the higher melting point of lead‐free solder alloys have been investigated. Design and development generally involve a broader approach than in Europe, involving stress analysis, materials properties and life prediction to underpin empirical data obtained by thermal cycling of boards. Despite the existence of several committees to facilitate the introduction of lead‐free solders, a lack of cohesion is sometimes apparent, particularly regarding heat treatment of materials prior to testing. It is proposed that a challenge as demanding as this would benefit from greater collaboration internationally.
3D Si‐on‐Si stack packaging
Authors: Kanbach H. , Wilde J. , Kriebel F. , Meusel E.
Published: September 2004

A new concept of 3D‐electronic packaging is presented: Si‐on‐Si multi‐chip module flip‐chip technology with arrays of fine etched and filled vertical electrical interconnections (vias). Arrays of vias with a high number of interconnections, and not only peripheral interconnections are used. A 3D Si‐on‐Si stack package demonstrator has been realized consisting of four Si‐substrates each representing a system level and containing four thinned and flip‐chip assembled chips. The chips are flip‐chip mounted on the flat side of the Si‐substrates. When interconnecting the Si‐substrates by bump technology the chips submerge into cavities on the rear side of the adjacent Si‐substrate. The chips also test the technology and quality of the electronic packaging, and therefore contain a set of thin film heaters, junctions for temperature measuring, Al‐meanders for stress and strain measuring and daisy chains for conduction path monitoring.
A novel high performance die attach
Authors: Xie X.M. , Wang T.B. , Shi J.Z. , Ye R.Q. , Stubhan F. , Freytag J.
Published: September 2004

Au/In isothermal solidification technique was evaluated as an alternative method for high performance die attachment. Bonding could be achieved at temperatures between 250°C ‐ 3008C for about five to ten seconds. The microstructures of the bonds were studied and their effects on the reliability analysed. The quality of the bonds depends very much on the surface waviness of the substrate. For high quality substrates, bonding was successfully achieved on 3mm × 3mm dies, which is almost one order of magnitude bigger than the die size achievable for Au/Si eutectic bonding, and the bonds show no obvious degradation after 2,800 cycles between –55°C to 125°C.
A high‐performance lead‐free solder – the effects of In on 99.3Sn/0.7Cu
Authors: Hwang Jennie S. , Guo Zhenfeng , Koenigsmann Holger
Published: September 2004

With the established surface mount infrastructure and the temperature constraints of components and printed circuit boards, the melting temperatures of lead‐free solder alloys need to be designed as close to 63Sn/37Pb as practical, and not to exceed 215°C. However, metallurgically, the Sn‐based lead‐free solders cannot approach a melting point as low as 183°C without incorporating a high content of low‐melting elements such as In, Bi or Ga. Incorporating such high contents of these elements involves prohibitive mechanical properties and/or cost. Nonetheless, it has been found that a low dosage of one or more low‐melting point elements within a well designed alloy composition can achieve superior performance to 63Sn/37Pb without incurring an unacceptable cost. To avoid prohibitive cost and/or mechanical properties, whilst achieving the melting temperature requirement, the thresholds for each of these elements, as examples, are found to be In ≤q 6 wt.%, Bi < 4 wt.% or Ga ≤q 0.5 wt.%. This paper summarises the results for one of the lead‐free systems studied within a ten‐year research program.
Reliability of FCOB with and without encapsulation
Authors: Zhong Zhaowei
Published: September 2004

Flip chips were assembled on to ceramic boards using eutectic tin‐lead solder with underfill and with/without encapsulation for temperature cycling and high‐temperature‐high‐humidity tests. After 1.5 years of testing, the reliability performance of the flip chip on board (FCOB) assemblies was compared. All of the FCOB assemblies with underfill, but without encapsulation, survived 5,778 cycles of the temperature cycling test following 5,005 hours of the high‐temperature and high‐humidity test. The results show that encapsulation may not necessarily enhance the reliability of flip chip assemblies and might therefore be omitted.
Effects of Pb contamination on the eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joint
Authors: Choi S. , Bieler T.R. , Subramanian K.N. , Lucas J.P.
Published: September 2004

Eutectic Sn‐Ag solder is being considered as a potential replacement for Sn‐Pb solders. A potential drawback to using the eutectic Sn‐Ag solder is its higher melting point, 221°C, compared with the eutectic Pb‐Sn solder. Owing to its higher melting temperature, the eutectic Sn‐Ag solder is also being considered for automotive under‐the‐hood applications, which experience high temperature environments. Electronic components and/or circuit boards are often coated with Pb‐bearing solder to facilitate soldering operations. Soldering Pb‐bearing solder coated components and/or boards with eutectic Sn‐Ag solder will result in joints contaminated with Pb. In this study, the effects of Pb contamination on eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joints were investigated using three ternary alloys made by incorporating some Pb into eutectic Sn‐Ag solder. These ternary alloys all showed a peak at 178°C in heating curves obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which resulted from the ternary eutectic composition in the Sn‐Ag‐Pb system. The Pb phases in the ternary alloys were found to be dispersed throughout the microstructure. A practical implication of Pb contamination in eutectic Sn‐Ag solder joints is that the service temperature of such joints would be limited by the lower melting temperature of the ternary eutectic phase.
An Experimental Method for Refinement of Solderability Measurement
Authors: Liggett W. , Moon K.‐W. , Handwerker C.
Published: September 2004

An experimental method for measurement system improvement is presented and applied to development of a protocol for solderability measurement with a wetting balance. Protocol development is central to development of reliable
monitoring systems for manufacturing. This paper illustrates the method with an experiment in
which sets of nearly identical test leads, each with a different solderability, are obtained by steam
ageing of hot‐solder‐dipped copper and then measured according to alternative
protocols. The protocols entail different flux types and solder bath temperatures. This method can
be used wherever solderability measurements are made and thus satisfies the need for
in‐house refinement of wetting balance protocols.With the experimental
method, one can both compare alternative measurement protocols and estimate the relative
solderability of sets of test leads. The results of both depend on what feature of the wetting force
curve one selects to portray solderability. The comparison of measurement protocols is based on
what is variously called precision, sensitivity, or signal‐to‐noise ratio. The
solderability estimates show that different physical properties of the test leads affect different
parts of the wetting force curve, and that changes in the steam ageing procedure affect
solderability in a generally predictable way.
Concurrent Engineering Battleground
Authors: Tong Gregg , Fitzgerald Brian
Published: September 2004

Presents samples of ideas and examples of concurrent engineering
discussed at Management Roundtable′s Seventh International Conference on
Design for Manufacturability, held in Orlando, Florida, USA.
Observations on the state of empowerment in today’s organization
Authors: Logan Linda , Harley William B. , Pastor Joan , Wing Linda S. , Glasman Naftaly , Hanson Lee , Collins David , Cleary Barbara A. , Miller Jacqueline , Hegedahl Paul
Published: September 2004

Each member of the Journal’s Editorial Advisory Board reviews the state of empowerment in today’s organizations.
Instant bookmarks for pricing strategists
Authors: Sandelands Eric
Published: September 2004

Recognizes that Web surfing can be a little unrewarding and aims to ease the task by reviewing specific resources that are available. Recommends various sites to visit, covering sites which provide links to other sites, information sources, business magazines, journals, management education, networking and skills. Supplies the URL number, reasons to visit the site and a brief outline of what each site has to offer.
Back to basics:exploring the business idea
Authors: van der Heijden Kees
Published: September 2004

The collapse of the dot‐com business sector has shown that, in reality, there is only one economy, with a new technology trying to find its way in it. Success in business will always depend on two areas of attention: building the business; and protecting the business. The Business Idea provides a method to consider the future viability of a business proposition in all basic aspects that make for longer‐term success. The author discusses seven factors that are incorporated in a business idea. Business leaders that want their companies to survive must develop a positive feedback loop that encompasses all of these factors. This virtuous cycle ensures continued success and growth and the ongoing awareness of the evolving scarcities in the marketplace, leading to new inventions to keep the business’s offerings in line with the customer needs.
On the effect of porous thick horizontal partial partition attached to
one of the active walls of a differentially heated square cavity
Authors: Nag A. , Sarkar A. , Sastri V.M.K.
Published: September 2004

The effect of a horizontal partial porous partition on heat transfer and
flow structure in a differentially heated square cavity is investigated.
While the fluid flow is assumed to be governed by Navier—Stokes
equations, fluid saturated porous media is assumed to be governed by Darcy’s
equations. Standard Galerkin method of finite element formulation is applied
for discretization of the system of equations. The non‐linearities in
the discretized equations are treated with Newton‐Raphson scheme. The
code developed is tested for validation for modified Rayleigh number Ra up to
400. The code is then applied to a differentially heated square cavity with
a horizontal partial porous partition. While the thickness of the porous
partition is found to have appreciable effect on heat transfer and flow
field, width of the porous partition is found to have insignificant bearing
on heat transfer except when the partition is very small and compatible to
the thickness of the boundary layer developed. During the experimentation
Darcy number and Rayleigh number are assumed to be constant at 10–4
and 106 respectively.
Numerical study of non‐equilibrium processes in high enthalpy
flows
Authors: Schall E. , Burtschell Y. , Zeitoun D.
Published: September 2004

Non‐equilibrium hypersonic viscous flows with high enthalpy
conditions have been computed with an implicit time‐dependent
finite‐difference scheme. This scheme accounts for both chemical and
vibrational non‐equilibrium processes in air flow around a
hemispherical cylindrical body. The air was assumed to decompose into the
following five species N, O, NO, N2 and
O2 and only the two diatomic species N2 and
O2 are taken in thermal non‐equilibrium. A range of
Mach number from 14 to 18 has been investigated. The numerical results have
been compared with those obtained by other workers and are in agreement with
ballistic range data concerning the standoff shock distance at M
= 15.3. The computed heat flux wall follows the trends of the
experiments with an under prediction increasing with the Mach number. The
influence of the thermal non‐equilibrium assumption on the computed
standoff shock distance is investigated.
A numerical study of free convective heat transfer in a
parallelogram‐shaped enclosure
Authors: Naylor D. , Oosthuizen P. H.
Published: September 2004

Two‐dimensional free convective flow in a parallelogram‐shaped
enclosure has been studied numerically. The heated and cooled walls of the
enclosure are isothermal and inclined at an angle β with respect to
gravity. The top and bottom walls of the enclosure are horizontal and
adiabatic. Calculations have been made for Rayleigh numbers ranging from
103 to 105 for a variety of wall angles (60° ≤
β ≤60° ) and enclosure aspect ratios 0.5 ≤ A ≤ 3.
Average and local Nusselt number results are presented for a Prandtl number
of 0.7. Streamline and isotherm contours are also presented.
The sublethal effects of tebufenozide on the precopulatory and copulatory activities of Choristoneura fumiferana and C. rosaceana
Authors: Dallaire Renée , Labrecque Alain , Marcotte Mireille , Bauce Éric , Delisle Johanne
Published: September 2004

The sublethal effects of tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, on the reproductive biology of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem) and of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), treated during the larval stage, were evaluated using two treatment methods: the force‐feeding method and the diet method. The percentage of mortality and the developmental time of survivors increased linearly with the concentration of tebufenozide used. This ecdysone analogue proved to be more toxic to C. fumiferana than to C. rosaceana. In C. rosaceana, the weight of males and females decreased proportionally with the dose ingested, but females were affected to a greater extent. This difference might be due to a greater consumption of the treated diet, or to a differential vulnerability to tebufenozide. Tebufenozide did not modify the pre‐copulatory activities associated with chemical communication in the females. However, the consumption of tebufenozide delayed ovarian maturation, causing a reduction in the fecundity of females. Treated males had smaller spermatophores and fewer eupyrene sperms in their bursa copulatrix and spermatheca, along with lower mating success. In C. fumiferana, tebufenozide delayed the females’ onset time of calling the first night after emergence, but did not affect the mean time spent calling or the production of the main component of the sex pheromone. The males showed significantly greater difficulty in executing oriented flight in a wind tunnel, although their mating success was not affected. We concluded that tebufenozide interferes with various aspects of the reproductive biology of males and females of C. fumiferana and C. rosaceana, including some pre‐copulatory behaviors associated with sex pheromone communication.
Prey to predator transfer of enriched 15N‐contents: basic laboratory data for predation studies using 15N as marker
Authors: Nienstedt Karin M. , Poehling Hans‐Michael
Published: September 2004

As an alternative to methods currently used to study predation under field conditions, we propose to mark prey with 15N, and to subsequently trace this label in the food chain. Preliminary laboratory work to develop this method is presented. The 15N‐content of polyphagous predators that have ingested 15N‐marked aphids was analysed with respect to: time after ingestion, the number of ingested 15N‐aphids, ingestion of additional non‐marked prey, and predator size. Increased 15N‐contents were detected in solid feeders [Platynus dorsalis (Pontopiddan), Coleoptera: Carabidae], as well as in fluid feeders [Erigone atra (Blackwall), Araneae: Linyphiidae] up to 11 days after ingestion. The increased 15N‐levels were constant over time from a few days after 15N‐ingestion onwards, and correlated with the number of ingested 15N‐aphids. The ingestion of additional non‐marked prey had no statistically significant influence on the predators’15N‐contents. The 15N‐contents of carabid species with varying biomasses could be compared directly. Our results are compared with literature data of other methods (e.g., ELISA).
Oviposition behaviour and patch‐time allocation in two aphid parasitoids exposed to deltamethrin residues
Authors: Desneux Nicolas , Wajnberg Eric , Fauvergue Xavier , Privet Sophie , Kaiser Laure
Published: September 2004

Neurotoxic insecticides are widely used for crop protection. One consequence is that changes in behaviour can be expected in surviving beneficial insects because of an impairment of host perception and motor abilities. Under laboratory conditions, we studied the impact of deltamethrin, a pyrethroid, on the oviposition behaviour of two hymenopterous parasitoids of aphids, Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). They both parasitize Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which is the preferred host of A. matricariae, regardless of the host plant, whereas D. rapae is a major parasitoid of aphids on Cruciferae crops, including M. persicae. After exposure to deltamethrin, the different items of oviposition behaviour and the total time spent on the patch were recorded. The results showed that the patch time allocation by both parasitoid species was not significantly affected by deltamethrin treatment, when compared with the controls. Nor were the frequencies and sequences of behavioural items modified (e.g., frequency of sting). It therefore appeared that the patch use of A. matricariae and D. rapae on new colonies of M. persicae was not disturbed by deltamethrin at the three doses tested. The possibility that parasitoid strains are partially tolerant to deltamethrin is discussed.
Wollstonecraft's Philosophical Impact on Nineteenth‐Century American Women's Rights Advocates
Authors: Botting Eileen Hunt , Carey Christine
Published: September 2004

This article challenges the thesis that the publication of William Godwin's scandalousMemoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Womanin 1798 minimized the philosophical impact of Mary Wollstonecraft's 1792 work theRights of Womanin nineteenth‐century American political thought. Instead, we demonstrate that leading nineteenth‐century American women's rights advocates—Hannah Mather Crocker, Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimké, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony—understood themselves to be in a critical, philosophical dialogue with the text of theRights of Woman, and in some cases, theMemoirs, and defined their own, distinctive philosophies of sex equality partly within this context.
Manipulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase/nuclear factor‐κB‐signaling cascades during intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection
Authors: Denkers Eric Y. , Butcher Barbara A. , Del Rio Laura , Kim Leesun
Published: September 2004

Summary:  The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii exerts profound effects on nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)‐ and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐signaling cascades in macrophages. During early infection, nuclear translocation of NF‐κB is blocked, and later, the cells display defects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced MAPK phosphorylation after undergoing initial activation in response to Toxoplasma itself. Infected macrophages that are subjected to triggering through Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) with LPS display defective production of tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐12 (IL‐12) that likely reflects interference with NF‐κB‐ and MAPK‐signaling cascades. Nevertheless, T. gondii possesses molecules that themselves induce eventual proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. For interleukin‐12, this occurs through both myeloid differentiation factor 88‐dependent and chemokine receptor CCR5‐dependent pathways. The balance between activation and interference with proinflammatory signaling is likely to reflect the need to achieve an appropriate level of immunity that allows the host and parasite to maintain a stable interaction.
Re‐examination of the immunosuppressive mechanisms mediating non‐cure of Leishmania infection in mice
Authors: Sacks David , Anderson Charles
Published: September 2004

Summary:  The interleukin (IL)‐4 driven, polarized T‐helper 2 cell (Th2) response that controls non‐healing infection with Leishmania major in BALB/c mice has long been embraced as the underlying principle with which to consider the pathogenesis of non‐healing and systemic forms of leishmaniasis in humans. The inability, however, to reveal a Th2 polarity associated with non‐curing clinical disease has suggested that alternative cells and cytokines are involved in susceptibility. In this review, various mouse models of non‐curing infection with L. major and other Leishmania species are re‐examined in the context of the suppression mediated by IL‐10 and regulatory T (Treg) cells. These activities are revealed in L. major‐infected BALB/c IL‐4 knockout (KO) and IL‐4Rα KO mice and especially in non‐cure resistant mice that do not default to a Th2 pathway as a result of inherent defects in Th1 differentiation. In contrast to the extreme BALB/c susceptibility arising from an aberrant Th2 response, non‐cure in resistant mice arises from an imbalance in Treg cells that are activated in the context of an ongoing Th1 response and whose primary function may be to suppress the immunopathology associated with persistent antiparasite responses in infected tissues.
Th2 response polarization during infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Pearce Edward J. , M. Kane Colleen , Sun Jie , J. Taylor Justin , McKee Amy S. , Cervi Laura
Published: September 2004

Summary:  T‐helper 2 (Th2) cell responses play a critical role in protection against helminth infections. In the case of Schistosoma mansoni, an important helminth parasite of man, data from a mouse model of human disease have shown that Th2 responses are essential to allow host survival. In this infection, parasite eggs are the primary stimulus for Th2 response development. Recent work has shown that egg molecules exert multiple levels of control over the development of host interferon‐γ‐associated inflammatory responses. Soluble egg antigen inhibits the ability of dendritic cells to make interleukin‐12 and induces Th2‐polarized adaptive immune responses that in combination with regulatory T‐cell responses effectively limit Th1 response development. In this article, we discuss the factors influencing Th2 response polarization during infection with S. mansoni.
Interleukin‐4‐ and interleukin‐13‐mediated host protection against intestinal nematode parasites
Authors: Finkelman Fred D. , Shea‐Donohue Terez , Morris Suzanne C. , Gildea Lucy , Strait Richard , Madden Kathleen B. , Schopf Lisa , Urban Joseph F.
Published: September 2004

Summary:  Intestinal worm infections characteristically induce T‐helper 2 cell (Th2) cytokine production. We reviewed studies performed with mice infected with either of two intestinal nematode parasites, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Trichinella spiralis, that evaluate the importance of the Th2 cytokine interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 in protection against these parasites. These studies demonstrate that while IL‐4/IL‐13 protect against both parasites by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) through IL‐4 receptor α (IL‐4Rα) ligation, Stat6 activation protects against these parasites through different mechanisms. Stat6‐dependent gene transcription promotes expulsion of N. brasiliensis solely through effects on non‐bone marrow‐derived cells that may include enhancement of intestinal smooth muscle contractility, changes in intestinal epithelial cell function, and increased intestinal mucus secretion. In contrast, Stat6 signaling promotes immunity to T. spiralis both through effects on bone marrow‐derived cells that can be reproduced by treating mice with IL‐4 or IL‐13 and through effects on non‐bone marrow‐derived cells. The former effects appear to include T‐cell‐dependent induction of intestinal mastocytosis, while the latter sensitize non‐bone marrow‐derived cells to mast cell‐produced mediators. We argue that a limited ability of the host immune system to distinguish among different nematode parasites has led to the evolution of a stereotyped Th2 response that activates a set of effector mechanisms that protects against most intestinal nematode parasites.
India's Silicon Valley or Silicon Valley's India? Socially Embedding the Computer Software Industry in Bangalore
Authors: Parthasarathy Balaji
Published: September 2004

Since the 1980s, the changing character of the Indian state has allowed it to move away from a highly regulated, autarkic development model to pursue lighter regulation and closer integration with the global economy. This move created the incentives for India‚s emergence as a leading software exporter. Within India, Bangalore emerged as the leading software–producing region and the large number of domestic and foreign firms there has led to popular references to it as India‚s Silicon Valley. This essay, however, argues that referring to Bangalore as Silicon Valley‚s India is more appropriate, as it struggles to transform itself from a region that develops software for global markets to one that defines new products and technologies. Driving the growth of the Indian software industry is the export of labour–intensive services, while the relatively small and slow–growing domestic market has limited the nurturing of original ideas. The essay explains the limitations in terms of social constraints on the state despite its changed character. The analysis of how changing state–society relations have shaped the software industry in Bangalore provides a means of addressing debates on the importance of social embeddedness in agglomeration and late industrialization in newly industrializing countries.

Depuis les années 1980 et le changement de nature de l'Etat indien, ce dernier s'éloigne d'un modèle de développement autarcique très réglementé, allant vers un contrô le allégé et une intégration plus étroite à l'économie mondiale. Cette évolution a suscité des mesures d'incitation favorisant l'émergence de l'Inde comme premier exportateur de logiciels. Dans le pays, c'est la région de Bangalore qui est en tête de la production de logiciels, et la concentration d'entreprises nationales et étrangères y est connue sous le nom de `Silicon Valley indienne'. Pourtant, `l'Inde de la Silicon Valley' conviendrait mieux, puisque la région s'efforce de passer du développement de logiciels destinés à des marchés mondiaux à la définition de nouveaux produits et technologies. La dynamique du secteur indien des logiciels tient a` l'exportation de services demandeurs de main‐d'uvre, tandis que le marché intérieur, relativement restreint et à croissance lente, a limité les sources d'idées originales. L'article explique les limitations en termes de contraintes sociales sur l'Etat malgré sa nouvelle nature. Analyser comment les relations Etat‐société et leur évolution ont modelé l'industrie des logiciels à Bangalore permet ainsi d'aborder le débat sur l'importance de l'intégration sociale dans une agglomération et une industrialisation tardive propres aux pays d'industrie récente.
How Domestic and Foreign Firms Differ and Why Does it Matter?
Authors: Bellak Christian
Published: September 2004

Abstract. This paper reviews and summarises the results of selected studies on performance gaps between multinational enterprises and their domestic counterparts. Performance gaps arise in such fields as productivity, technology, profitability, wages, skills and growth. While these gaps are often attributed to foreign ownership of the affiliates, the theory of the Multinational Enterprise argues that these gaps are due to being a Multinational rather than the nationality of the firm. Empirical evidence on the existence of performance gaps between foreign and domestic firms is supportive of this view: foreign ownership turns out to be a much less important explanatory factor than normally assumed. Firm‐specific assets and firm characteristics like industry, size, parent country and multinationalityper seare more important. Such results are broadly consistent with those derived in the literatures on ownership change, on foreign entry and on spillovers. We conclude that there is little case for foreign direct investment promotion policies to discriminate between firms on the basis of ownership.
Does Libertè = Egalité? A Survey of the Empirical Links between Democracy and Inequality with Some Evidence on the Transition Economies
Authors: Gradstein Mark , Milanovic Branko
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  The effect of the distribution of political rights on income inequality has been studied both theoretically and empirically. This paper reviews the existing literature and, in particular, the available empirical evidence. Our reading of the literature suggests that formal exclusion from the political process through restrictions on the voting franchise appears to have caused a high degree of economic inequality, and democratization in the form of franchise expansion especially for women, has more often than not led to an expansion in redistribution, at least in the small sample of episodes studied. In a less pronounced way, albeit more emphatically compared to the ambiguous results of the earlier research, the recent evidence indicates an inverse relationship between other measures of democracy, based on civil liberties and political rights, and inequality. The transition experience of the East European countries, however, seems to some extent to go against these conclusions. This, in turn, opens possible new vistas for research, namely the need to incorporate the length of democratic experience and the role played by ideology and social values.
An Empirical Assessment of Country Risk Ratings and Associated Models
Authors: Hoti Suhejla , McAleer Michael
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  Country risk has become a topic of major concern for the international financial community over the last two decades. The importance of country ratings is underscored by the existence of several major country risk rating agencies, namely the Economist Intelligence Unit, Euromoney, Institutional Investor, International Country Risk Guide, Moody’s, Political Risk Services, and Standard and Poor’s. These risk rating agencies employ different methods to determine country risk ratings, combining a range of qualitative and quantitative information regarding alternative measures of economic, financial and political risk into associated composite risk ratings. However, the accuracy of any risk rating agency with regard to any or all of these measures is open to question. For this reason, it is necessary to review the literature relating to empirical country risk models according to established statistical and econometric criteria used in estimation, evaluation and forecasting. Such an evaluation permits a critical assessment of the relevance and practicality of the country risk literature. The paper also provides an international comparison of risk ratings for twelve countries from six geographic regions. These ratings are compiled by the International Country Risk Guide, which is the only rating agency to provide detailed and consistent monthly data over an extended period for a large number of countries. The time series data permit a comparative assessment of the international country risk ratings, and highlight the importance of economic, financial and political risk ratings as components of a composite risk rating.
Willingness to pay for on‐demand and prophylactic treatment for severe haemophilia in Sweden
Authors: Carlsson K. Steen , Höjgård S. , Lethagen S. , Lindgren A. , Berntorp E. , Lindgren B.
Published: September 2004

Summary. The objective of the present paper was to provide an estimate of the benefits of on‐demand and prophylaxis treatment strategies for severe haemophilia in monetary terms. Using the contingent‐valuation method, which simulates a missing market by asking people about their willingness to pay (WTP), we asked a representative sample (n = 609) of the Swedish population if they would be willing to pay a specific amount (bid) so that patients with severe haemophilia could receive on‐demand treatment and another bid for prophylactic treatment. Different respondents were offered different bids and the bid vector ranged from 71 Euro cents to EUR 130. The order of the bid questions was randomized so that half of the respondents were asked first about their WTP for on‐demand treatment, and then about their WTP for prophylaxis, while the order was reversed for the other half of the respondents. The mean estimated WTP (year 2002) was EUR 39 (95% CI 31–47) for on‐demand and EUR 65 (95% CI 55–73) for prophylaxis. Our sensitivity analysis showed that the ranking of the two treatment alternatives was robust in that the WTP was greater for prophylaxis in all possible subsets. The point estimates of WTP varied somewhat in subsets defined by individual characteristics, but confidence intervals always overlapped that of the main results. The WTP for on‐demand and prophylaxis exceeded the calculated cost of treatment per taxpayer of providing on‐demand and prophylactic treatment, respectively, based on our previous results [1].
Acquired inhibitor of factor V: first report in China and literature review
Authors: Lu L. , Liu Y. , Wei J. , Zhang L. , Zhang L. , Yang R.
Published: September 2004

Summary.  We reported a 51‐year‐old man who developed a severe haematuria with a prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Laboratory evaluation revealed the presence of specific factor V inhibitors. No underlying diseases and associated conditions have been identified. The patient improved after immunosuppressive therapy. However, the FV level remained low, indicating incomplete inhibitor eradication. The clinical course of our patient was consistent with the observations by others that FV inhibitor can be persistent for months or years.
Systems development approach: transcending methodology
Authors: Goulielmos Markos
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  This paper presents the findings of an empirical study investigating the nature of the process of information systems development. These findings are used to identify systems development approach, which extends understanding of the information systems development process beyond the levels of methodology and technical expertise. The term approach expresses the rich, varied, and complex ways in which professionals deal with development situations. The term transcends methodological components – which can be combined, tailored, or omitted altogether. Within approach, a framework for method choice, a key diagnostic scheme, and the use of a central repository reveal the significant background activity that goes into developing information systems. It is suggested that the information systems development process ultimately involves a professional using an approach to intervene in a problematic situation for developing the organization's information and, if needed, other systems. This understanding has implications for examining the field's ineffectiveness in relation to the approach adopted – rather than the methodology used.
Power and resistance in the implementation of a medical management information system
Authors: Doolin Bill
Published: September 2004

Abstract.  This paper presents an analysis of the implementation of a large information system in a New Zealand hospital. The system was intended to monitor and scrutinize clinical activity, and management hoped to influence clinical behaviour through the increased visibility afforded by the system. However, doctors were not the passive subjects of a computerized control system, and some were able to resist the application of the information produced by challenging its validity or using it to argue for more resources. Nevertheless, the interrelatedness of the information system with the organizational forms and practices within which it was used and which it helped shape reinforced the concepts, norms and values associated with the new management and economic discourse prevalent in the hospital, and helped to produce more defined accountabilities for doctors. With time, the role of the information system was reinterpreted, and in the face of continued resistance by doctors, it was relegated to a less significant role. The potential for engendering self‐disciplining behaviour in organizational participants through the pervasive, everyday use of the information the system produced likewise diminished.
Towards a distinctive body of knowledge for Information Systems experts: coding ISD process knowledge in two IS journals
Authors: Iivari Juhani , Hirschheim Rudy , Klein Heinz K.
Published: September 2004

Abstract. This paper introduces the idea of coding a practically relevant body of knowledge (BoK) in Information Systems (IS) that could have major benefits for the field. In its main part, the paper focuses on the question if and how an underlying body of action‐oriented knowledge for IS experts could be distilled from the IS research literature. For this purpose the paper identifies five knowledge areas as the most important parts for an IS expert's BoK. Two of these are claimed as distinct areas of competence for IS experts: IS application knowledge and IS development (ISD) process knowledge. The paper focuses particularly on ISD process knowledge because it allows the organizing of practically relevant IS knowledge in an action‐oriented way. The paper presents some evidence for the claim that a considerable body of practically relevant IS process knowledge might, indeed, exist, but also notes that it is highly dispersed in the IS literature. It then argues that the IS research community should take stock of this knowledge and organize it in an action‐oriented way. Based on results from prior work it proposes a four‐level hierarchical coding scheme for this purpose. In order to test the idea of coding action‐oriented knowledge for IS experts, the paper reports the results of a coded literature analysis of ISD research articles published from 1996 to 2000 in two leading IS journals – Information Systems Journal and MIS Quarterly. The results suggest that ISD approaches form a useful framework for organizing practically relevant IS knowledge.
Unauthorized copying of software and levels of moral development: a literature analysis and its implications for research and practice
Authors: Siponen Mikko , Vartiainen Tero
Published: September 2004

Abstract. Several approaches for and against the unauthorized copying of software have been proposed. These approaches can be divided into two categories: moral reasoning and solution. These categories of approaches to unauthorized copying of software are scrutinized in the light of Kohlberg's theory of Cognitive Moral Development. The results suggest that most approaches presenting solutions to unauthorized copying of software have focused attention on the lower levels of moral development, while approaches at the highest stage are few and far between. No single approach covers all the stages of moral development. The implications of this analysis for practice and research are discussed.
Therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions: the patient's perspective
Authors: Williams Anne M , Irurita Vera F
Published: September 2004

Background.  This research arose from a concern that the recovery of patients was being hindered by a lack of understanding and emphasis on psychosocial care during hospitalization.

Aims and objectives.  This paper describes some of the findings from a study that was undertaken to explore and describe, from the perspective of hospitalized patients in Western Australia, the perceived therapeutic effect of interpersonal interactions that were experienced during hospitalization.

Design.  Grounded theory method.

Methods.  Interviews were conducted with 40 patients who were, or who recently had been, hospitalized. Seventy‐eight hours of participant observation were also performed and during that time patients and nurses were observed and informally interviewed. Relevant documentation such as nursing care plans and patient notes were also reviewed.

Results.  Emotional comfort was identified as a therapeutic state that patients perceived as enhancing their recovery. Personal control was found to be a central feature of emotional comfort and this accounted for the way in which patients interpreted therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions that they encountered during hospitalization. This paper will describe the conditions that patients perceived had either promoted or inhibited their emotional comfort. These were identified as the level of security, level of knowing and level of personal value. These conditions had been affected by the interpersonal interactions that had been experienced. The characteristics of therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions will be described.

Conclusions.  The results from this study provide further insight into and understanding of the therapeutic effect of psychosocial aspects of patient care. Specifically, these results emphasize the importance that patients in hospital place on all the interpersonal interactions that they experience during hospitalization.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The identification of the characteristics of interpersonal interactions that facilitated emotional comfort provides directions for enhancing the therapeutic potential of all interpersonal interactions experienced by patients in hospital.