bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation and potential for reducing optical resonances in FTIR spectrometers of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC)
Authors: Blumenstock Thomas , Hase Frank , Keens Axel , Czurlok Denis , Colebatch Orfeo , Garcia Omaira , Griffith David W. T. , Grutter Michel , Hannigan James W. , Heikkinen Pauli , Jeseck Pascal , Jones Nicholas , Kivi Rigel , Lutsch Erik , Makarova Maria , Imhasin Hamud Kh. , Mellqvist Johan , Morino Isamu , Nagahama Tomoo , Notholt Justus , Ortega Ivan , Palm Mathias , Raffalski Uwe , Rettinger Markus , Robinson John , Schneider Matthias , Servais Christian , Smale Dan , Stremme Wolfgang , Strong Kimberly , Sussmann Ralf , Té Yao , Velazco Voltaire A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Although optical components in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are preferably wedged, in practice, infrared spectra typically suffer from the effects of optical resonances (“channeling”) affecting the retrieval of weakly absorbing gases. This study investigates the level of channeling of each FTIR spectrometer within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Dedicated spectra were recorded by more than twenty NDACC FTIR spectrometers using a laboratory mid-infrared source and two detectors. In the InSb detector domain (1900–5000 cm−1), we find that the amplitude of the most pronounced channeling frequency amounts to 0.1 to 2.0 ‰ of the spectral background level, with a mean of (0.68 ± 0.48) ‰ and a median of 0.60 ‰. In the HgCdTe detector domain (700–1300 cm−1), we find even stronger effects, with the largest amplitude ranging from 0.3 to 21 ‰ with a mean of (2.45 ± 4.50) ‰ and a median of 1.2 ‰. For both detectors, the leading channeling frequencies are 0.9 and 0.11 or 0.23 cm−1 in most spectrometers. These observed spectral frequencies correspond to the optical thickness of the air gap in between the beam splitter and compensator plate (0.9 cm−1) and the beam splitter substrate itself (0.11 and 0.23 cm−1). Since the air gap is a significant source of channeling and the corresponding amplitude differs strongly between spectrometers, we propose new beam splitters with the wedge of the air gap increased to at least 0.8°. We tested the insertion of spacers in a beam splitter’s air gap to demonstrate that increasing the wedge of the air gap decreases the 0.9 cm−1 channeling amplitude significantly. This study shows the potential for reducing channeling in the FTIR spectrometers operated by the NDACC, thereby increasing the quality of recorded spectra across the network.
Semiannual variation of Pc5 ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves and relativistic electrons over two solar cycles of observations: comparison with predictions of the classical hypotheses
Authors: Poblet Facundo L. , Azpilicueta Francisco , Lam Hing-Lan
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Pc5 ULF (ultra-low frequency) waves can energize electrons to relativistic energies of >2 MeV in geostationary orbits. Enhanced fluxes of such electrons can induce operational anomalies in geostationary satellites. The variations of the two quantities in timescales ranging from days to solar cycles are thus of interest in gauging their space weather effects over different time frames. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of two 11-year solar cycles (cycles 22 and 23) of data comprising the daily relativistic electron fluence observed by Geostationary Environment Satellites (GOESs) and daily Pc5 ULF wave power derived from auroral zone magnetic observatories in Canada. First, an autocorrelation analysis is carried out, which indicates a 27 d periodicity in both parameters for all solar phases, and such a periodicity is most pronounced in the declining and late declining phase. Also, a 9 and 13 d periodicity are seen in some years. Then, a superposed epoch analysis is performed to scrutinize semiannual variation (SAV), which shows that fluence near the equinoxes is 1 order of magnitude higher than near solstices, and Pc5 ULF wave power is 0.5 orders of magnitude higher near the equinoxes than near the solstices. We then evaluate three possible SAV mechanisms (which are based on the axial, equinoctial, and Russell and McPherron effect) to determine which one can best explain the observations. Correlation of the profiles of the observational curves with those of the angles that control each of the SAV mechanisms suggests that the equinoctial mechanism may be responsible for the SAV of electron fluence, while both the equinoctial and the Russell and McPherron mechanisms are important for the SAV of Pc5 ULF wave power. Comparable results are obtained when using functional dependencies of the main angles instead of the angles mentioned above. Lastly, superposed curves of fluence and Pc5 ULF wave power were used to calculate least-square fits with a fixed semiannual period. Comparison of the maxima and minima of the fits with those predicted by the three mechanisms shows that the equinoctial effect better estimates the maxima and minima of the SAV in fluence while for the SAV in Pc5 ULF wave power the equinoctial and Russell and McPherron mechanisms predict one maximum and one minimum each.
Plant phenology evaluation of CRESCENDO land surface models – Part I: start and end of growing season
Authors: Peano Daniele , Hemming Deborah , Materia Stefano , Delire Christine , Fan Yuanchao , Joetzjer Emilie , Lee Hanna , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Park Taejin , Peylin Philippe , Wårlind David , Wiltshire Andy , Zaehle Sönke
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Plant phenology plays a fundamental role in land-atmosphere interactions, and its variability and variations are an indicator of climate and environmental changes. For this reason, current land surface models include phenology parameterizations and related biophysical and biogeochemical processes. In this work, the climatology of beginning and end of the growing season, simulated by seven state-of-the-art European land surface models, is evaluated globally against satellite observations. The assessment is performed using the vegetation metric leaf area index and a recently-developed approach, named four growing season types. On average, the land surface models show a 0.6-month delay in the growing season start, while they are about 0.5 months earlier in the growing season end. Difference with observation tends to be higher in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere. High agreement between land surface models and observations is exhibited in areas dominated by broad-leaf deciduous trees, while high variability is noted in regions dominated by broad-leaf deciduous shrubs. Generally, the timing of the growing season end is accurately simulated in about 25 % of global land grid points versus 16 % in the timing of growing season start. The refinement of phenology parameterization can lead to better representation of vegetation-related energy, water, and carbon cycles in land surface models, but plant phenology is also affected by plant physiology and soil hydrology processes. Consequently, phenology representation and, in general, vegetation modelling is a complex task, which still needs further improvement, evaluation, and multi-model comparison.
Climate, cryosphere and carbon cycle controls on Southeast Atlantic orbital-scale carbonate deposition since the Oligocene (30–0 Ma)
Authors: Drury Anna Joy , Liebrand Diederik , Westerhold Thomas , Beddow Helen M. , Hodell David A. , Rohlfs Nina , Wilkens Roy H. , Lyle Mitch , Bell David B. , Kroon Dick , Pälike Heiko , Lourens Lucas L.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The evolution of the Cenozoic Icehouse over the past 30 million years (Myr) from a unipolar to a bipolar world is broadly known; however, the exact development of orbital-scale climate variability is less well understood. Highly resolved records of carbonate (CaCO3) content provide insight into the evolution of regional and global climate, cryosphere and carbon cycle dynamics. Here, we generate the first Southeast Atlantic CaCO3 content record spanning the last 30 Myr, derived from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) ln(Ca/Fe) data collected at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1264 (Angola Basin side of the Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean). We present a comprehensive and continuous depth and age model for the entirety of Site 1264 (~316 m; 30 Myr), which constitutes a key reference framework for future palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic studies at this site. We identify three phases with distinctly different orbital controls on Southeast Atlantic CaCO3 deposition, corresponding to major developments in climate, the cryosphere and/or the carbon cycle: 1) strong ~110 kyr eccentricity pacing prevails during Oligo-Miocene global warmth (~30–13 Ma); 2) increased eccentricity-modulated precession pacing appears after the mid Miocene Climate Transition (mMCT) (~14–8 Ma); 3) strong obliquity pacing appears in the late Miocene (~7.7–3.3 Ma) following the increasing influence of high-latitude processes. The lowest CaCO3 content (92–94 %) occur between 18.5–14.5 Ma, potentially reflecting dissolution caused by widespread early Miocene warmth and preceding Antarctic deglaciation across the Miocene Climate Optimum (~17–14.5 Ma) by 1.5 Myr. The emergence of precession-pacing of CaCO3 deposition at Site 1264 after ~14 Ma could signal a reorganisation of surface and/or deep-water circulation in this region following Antarctic reglaciation at the mMCT. The increased sensitivity to precession at Site 1264 is associated with an increase in mass accumulation rates (MARs) and reflects increased regional CaCO3 productivity and/or an influx of cooler, less corrosive deep-waters. The highest %CaCO3 and MARs indicate the late Miocene Biogenic Bloom (LMBB) occurs between ~7.8–3.3 Ma at Site 1264, which is broadly, but not exactly, contemporaneous with the LMBB in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The global expression of the LMBB may reflect an increased nutrient input into the global ocean resulting from enhanced aeolian dust and/or glacial/chemical weathering fluxes. Regional variability in the timing and amplitude of the LMBB may be driven by regional differences in cooling, continental aridification and/or changes in ocean circulation in the late Miocene.
Assessment of meteorological extremes using a synoptic weather generator and a downscaling model based on analogues
Authors: Raynaud Damien , Hingray Benoit , Evin Guillaume , Favre Anne-Catherine , Chardon Jérémy
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Natural risk studies such as flood risk assessments require long series of weather variables. As an alternative to observed series, which have a
limited length, these data can be provided by weather generators. Among the
large variety of existing ones, resampling methods based on analogues have
the advantage of guaranteeing the physical consistency between local weather variables at each time step. However, they cannot generate values of predictands exceeding the range of observed values. Moreover, the length of the simulated series is typically limited to the length of the synoptic
meteorological records used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric
configuration of the generation day. To overcome these limitations, the
stochastic weather generator proposed in this study combines two sampling
approaches based on atmospheric analogues: (1) a synoptic weather generator
in a first step, which recombines days of the 20th century to generate
a 1000-year sequence of new atmospheric trajectories, and (2) a stochastic
downscaling model in a second step applied to these atmospheric
trajectories, in order to simulate long time series of daily regional
precipitation and temperature. The method is applied to daily time series of mean areal precipitation and temperature in Switzerland. It is shown that the climatological characteristics of observed precipitation and temperature are adequately reproduced. It also improves the reproduction of extreme precipitation values, overcoming previous limitations of standard
analogue-based weather generators.
A STRUCTURE OF UML PROFILES FOR MODELLING OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION IN GIS, ITS AND BIM
Authors: Jetlund K.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This study aims to improve the interoperability between models of geospatial information from the applications domains of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Building Information Models (BIM). A state-of-the-art analysis showed that the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) are used for modelling information in a geospatial context in all three domains, but with different approaches and levels of formality. A structure of formal UML profiles for modelling of geospatial information in GIS, ITS and BIM is suggested and tested for implementation. The Core Geospatial Profile (GCP) and general encoding profiles for the Geography Markup Language (GML) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) are based on adapted concepts from ISO/TC 211 standards. Community specific profiles for conceptual models and encodings are based on UML profiles and the use of UML for specific information models in the three application domains. The studies and related research showed that the structure of UML profiles could be implemented and used for information modelling in the UML software Enterprise Architect and that existing profiles and information models could be adapted into the framework. Integration of information models in a common approach based on MDA and UML establishes a fundament for improved interoperability through a shared understanding of the digital representation of the real world.
AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND OCCLUSIONS IN URBAN POINT CLOUDS FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA
Authors: Balado J. , González E. , Verbree E. , Díaz-Vilariño L. , Lorenzo H.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Occlusions accompany serious problems that reduce the applicability of numerous algorithms. The aim of this work is to detect and characterize urban ground gaps based on occluding object. The point clouds for input have been acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning and have been previously segmented into ground, buildings and objects, which have been classified. The method generates various raster images according to segmented point cloud elements, and detects gaps within the ground based on their connectivity and the application of the hit-or-miss transform. The method has been tested in four real case studies in the cities of Vigo and Paris, and an accuracy of 99.6% has been obtained in occlusion detection and labelling. Cars caused 80.6% of the occlusions. Each car occluded an average ground area of 11.9 m2. The proposed method facilitates knowing the percentage of occluded ground, and if this would be reduced in successive multi-temporal acquisitions based on mobility characteristics of each object class.
TWO NEW PEDESTRIAN NAVIGATION PATH OPTIONS BASED ON SEMI-INDOOR SPACE
Authors: Yan J. , Zlatanova S. , Diakite A. A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Navigation is very critical for our daily life, especially when we have to go through the unfamiliar areas where the spaces are very complex, such as completely bounded (indoor), partially bounded (semi-indoor and/or semi-outdoor), entirely open (outdoor), or combined. Current navigation systems commonly offer the shortest distance/time path, but it is not always appropriate for some situations. For instance, on a rainy day, a path with as many places that are covered by roofs/shelters is more attractive. However, current navigation systems cannot provide such kinds of navigation paths, which can be explained by that they lack information about such roofed/sheltered-covered spaces. This paper proposes two roofed/sheltered navigation path options by employing semi-indoor spaces in the navigation map: (i) the Most-Top-Covered path (MTC-path) and (ii) path to the Nearest sI-space from departure (NSI-path). A path selection strategy is introduced to help pedestrians in making choices between the two new path options and the traditional shortest path. We demonstrate and validate the research with path planning on two navigation cases. The results show the two path options and the path selection strategy bring in new navigation experience for humans.
INTEGRATING EXPERTISES AND AMBITIONS FOR DATA-DRIVEN DIGITAL BUILDING PERMITS – THE EUNET4DBP
Authors: Noardo F. , Malacarne G. , Mastrolembo Ventura S. , Tagliabue L. C. , Ciribini A. L. C. , Ellul C. , Guler D. , Harrie L. , Senger L. , Waha A. , Stoter J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The digitalization of the process for building permit (involving the use of 3D information systems) is seen as a priority in a wide part of the world. Since it is a very multidisciplinary use case, involving a variety of stakeholders tackling complex issues and topics, some of them joined their efforts and skills in the European Network for Digital Building Permit. The initial activity of the network, after a review of on-going experiences, was a workshop to share knowledge about the topics involved and to identify the main ambitions of the network with respect to three pillars (i.e. Process – Rules and Requirements – Technology) and the related requirements. It was achieved through a collective brainstorming activity guided by digital tools, whose results were further analysed in a post-processing phase. Such results are presented in this paper and will be the base for planning the future network activity.
UNSUPERVISED SEGMENTATION OF INDOOR 3D POINT CLOUD: APPLICATION TO OBJECT-BASED CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Poux F. , Mattes C. , Kobbelt L.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Point cloud data of indoor scenes is primarily composed of planar-dominant elements. Automatic shape segmentation is thus valuable to avoid labour intensive labelling. This paper provides a fully unsupervised region growing segmentation approach for efficient clustering of massive 3D point clouds. Our contribution targets a low-level grouping beneficial to object-based classification. We argue that the use of relevant segments for object-based classification has the potential to perform better in terms of recognition accuracy, computing time and lowers the manual labelling time needed. However, fully unsupervised approaches are rare due to a lack of proper generalisation of user-defined parameters. We propose a self-learning heuristic process to define optimal parameters, and we validate our method on a large and richly annotated dataset (S3DIS) yielding 88.1% average F1-score for object-based classification. It permits to automatically segment indoor point clouds with no prior knowledge at commercially viable performance and is the foundation for efficient indoor 3D modelling in cluttered point clouds.
MODULAR APPROACH TO 3D REPRESENTATION OF UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE MODEL FOR UNDERGROUND DATA DEFINITION AND INTEGRATION (MUDDI)
Authors: Lieberman J. , Roensdorf C.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Data and models of the built environment enable urban systems to serve their inhabitants and adapt to ever increasing rates of change in society, climate, and. Models of the built environment at or above the ground surface need to be 3 dimensional to best fill that role, but the subsurface also has critical 3-dimensional properties that are even more difficult to characterize being hidden from view. There are many compelling use cases for high quality data on the underground environment at varying levels of detail, from which a list of 6 critical use cases are presented here. Data on the location and disposition of buried utility are difficult to collect and maintain, but the value of avoiding damage, delay, injury and cost with good underground data in all these cases far outstrips the cost and difficult of obtaining it. Effective management and utilization of underground data also depend on models and schemas to organize them. Sharing and exchange of such data require standard models that are agreed between data providers and consumers. There are presently a number of applicable models and standards, but they often reflect a specific perspective, focus, and priorities that make it difficult for any one of them to provide a holistic awareness of the entire underground built environment at the multiple levels of complexity required by the use cases. The draft Model for Underground Data Definition and Integration (MUDDI), a comprehensive integration model for underground information takes a modular approach, with a conceptual core that covers basic geometric representations of underground assets, and a number of extension modules that add more specialized capabilities as well as interfaces with existing models. Several prototyping efforts have generated physical implementations of the MUDDI conceptual model and application deployments populated by operational utilities data, in particular the NUAR and LUAR pilot projects sponsored by the UK Geospatial Commission. An Open Geospatial Consortium Standards Working Group (SWG) is being formed to build on the draft MUDDI model as well as the experiences gained in pilot projects, in order to publish a full specification of the model at the conceptual, logical, and physical levels. Another SWG objective will be to create a roadmap of critical extension modules, particularly those which support upcoming 3D-4D digital twin technologies for visualization, operation, and simulation. Other advanced use cases for these extensions, such as mixed reality visualization and navigation, are expected to become common as both the demands on our built environment and the data available to manage it continue to expand.
ONTOLOGY-BASED RULE COMPLIANCE CHECKING FOR SUBSURFACE OBJECTS
Authors: Métral C. , Daponte V. , Caselli A. , Di Marzo G. , Falquet G.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This paper presents a model for representing compliance rules related to subsurface objects. Rules expressed in this model can be automatically evaluated (using SHACL or SPARQL) on existing 3D city models expressed in RDF. The main characteristics of the proposed model are (1) its expressiveness, that comes from the use of formal ontologies for representing the rules and the objects they refer to, (2) its integrative nature, given by the interconnection among the proposed ontologies and the connection of these ontologies with CityGML and IFC (in an ontological form), and (3) its multi-geometry aspect. Preliminary results allow to automatically evaluate formally expressed compliance rules for underground objects in a 3D city model, that will considerably ease the task of professionals of the field.
GRAPH CNN WITH RADIUS DISTANCE FOR SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS TLS POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Morbidoni C. , Pierdicca R. , Quattrini R. , Frontoni E.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Point clouds obtained via Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) surveys of historical buildings are generally transformed into semantically structured 3D models with manual and time-consuming workflows. The importance of automatizing this process is widely recognized within the research community. Recently, deep neural architectures have been applied for semantic segmentation of point clouds, but few studies have evaluated them in the Cultural Heritage domain, where complex shapes and mouldings make this task challenging. In this paper, we describe our experiments with the DGCNN architecture to semantically segment historical buildings point clouds, acquired with TLS. We propose a variation of the original approach where a radius distance based technique is used instead of K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to represent the neighborhood of points. We show that our approach provides better results by evaluating it on two real TLS point clouds, representing two Italian historical buildings: the Ducal Palace in Urbino and the Palazzo Ferretti in Ancona.
Precambrian faulting episodes and insights into the tectonothermal history of north Australia: microstructural evidence and K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar, and Rb–Sr dating of syntectonic illite from the intracratonic Millungera Basin
Authors: Uysal I. Tonguç , Delle Piane Claudio , Todd Andrew James , Zwingmann Horst
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Australian terranes concealed beneath Mesozoic cover record complex
Precambrian tectonic histories involving a successive development of several
Proterozoic to Palaeozoic orogenic systems. This study presents an integrated
approach combining K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar, and Rb–Sr geochronologies of
Precambrian authigenic illites from the recently discovered Millungera Basin
in north-central Australia. Brittle deformation and repeated fault activity
are evident from the sampled cores and their microstructures, probably
associated with the large-scale faults inferred from interpretations of
seismic surveys. Rb–Sr isochron, 40Ar–39Ar total gas, and K–Ar
ages are largely consistent in indicating late Mesoproterozoic and early
Proterozoic episodes (∼1115±26, ∼ 1070±25, ∼1040±24, ∼1000±23, and ∼905±21 Ma) of active tectonics in
north-central Australia. K–Ar results show that illites from fault gouges
and authigenic matrix illites in undeformed adjacent sandstones precipitated
contemporaneously, indicating that advection of tectonically mobilized
fluids extended into the undeformed wall rocks above or below the fracture
and shear (fault gouge) zones. Isotopic age data clearly indicate a
Mesoproterozoic minimum age for the Millungera Basin and thus previously
unrecorded late Mesoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic tectonic events in
north-central Australia. This study provides insight into the enigmatic
time–space distribution of Precambrian tectonic zones in central Australia,
which are responsible for the formation of a number of sedimentary basins
with significant energy and mineral resources.
New insights into active tectonics and seismogenic potential of the Italian Southern Alps from vertical geodetic velocities
Authors: Anderlini Letizia , Serpelloni Enrico , Tolomei Cristiano , De Martini Paolo Marco , Pezzo Giuseppe , Gualandi Adriano , Spada Giorgio
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This study presents and discusses horizontal and vertical
geodetic velocities for a low strain rate region of the south Alpine thrust
front in northeastern Italy obtained by integrating GPS, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and leveling data. The area is characterized by the presence of subparallel, south-verging thrusts whose seismogenic potential is still poorly known. Horizontal GPS velocities show that this sector of the eastern Southern Alps
is undergoing ∼1 mm a−1 of NW–SE shortening associated with the
Adria–Eurasia plate convergence, but the horizontal GPS velocity gradient
across the mountain front provides limited constraints on the geometry and
slip rate of the several subparallel thrusts. In terms of vertical
velocities, the three geodetic methods provide consistent results showing a
positive velocity gradient, of ∼ 1.5 mm a−1, across the mountain
front, which can hardly be explained solely by isostatic processes. We
developed an interseismic dislocation model whose geometry is constrained
by available subsurface geological reconstructions and instrumental
seismicity. While a fraction of the measured uplift can be attributed to
glacial and erosional isostatic processes, our results suggest that
interseismic strain accumulation at the Montello and the
Bassano–Valdobbiadene thrusts it significantly contributing to the measured
uplift. The seismogenic potential of the Montello thrust turns out to be
smaller than that of the Bassano–Valdobbiadene fault, whose estimated
parameters (locking depth equals 9.1 km and slip rate equals 2.1 mm a−1) indicate a structure
capable of potentially generating a Mw>6.5 earthquake. These
results demonstrate the importance of precise vertical ground velocity data
for modeling interseismic strain accumulation in slowly deforming regions
where seismological and geomorphological evidence of active tectonics
is often scarce or not conclusive.
Anthropogenic climate change versus internal climate variability: impacts on snow cover in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Willibald Fabian , Kotlarski Sven , Grêt-Regamey Adrienne , Ludwig Ralf
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Snow is a sensitive component of the climate system. In many parts of the
world, water stored as snow is a vital resource for agriculture, tourism and
the energy sector. As uncertainties in climate change assessments are still
relatively large, it is important to investigate the interdependencies
between internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change and
their impacts on snow cover. We use regional climate model data from a new
single-model large ensemble with 50 members (ClimEX LE) as a driver for the
physically based snow model SNOWPACK at eight locations across the Swiss
Alps. We estimate the contribution of internal climate variability to
uncertainties in future snow trends by applying a Mann–Kendall test for
consecutive future periods of different lengths (between 30 and 100 years)
until the end of the 21st century. Under RCP8.5, we find probabilities
between 10 % and 60 % that there will be no significant negative trend
in future mean snow depths over a period of 50 years. While it is important
to understand the contribution of internal climate variability to
uncertainties in future snow trends, it is likely that the variability of
snow depth itself changes with anthropogenic forcing. We find that relative
to the mean, interannual variability of snow increases in the future. A
decrease in future mean snow depths, superimposed by increases in
interannual variability, will exacerbate the already existing uncertainties
that snow-dependent economies will have to face in the future.
Brief communication: Glacier run-off estimation using altimetry derived basin volume change: case study at Humboldt Glacier, Northwest Greenland
Authors: Gray Laurence
Published: September 2020

Abstract. CryoSat can provide temporal height change around the Greenland Ice Sheet including that close to the terminus of many glaciers. Height change from the northern outlet of the Humboldt Glacier in north-western Greenland is combined with ice flux into and out of sections of the glacier basin to derive the water run-off each year from 2011 to 2019. The cumulative nine-year run-off for this part of the Humboldt basin is 9.6 ± 2.9 km3 and is predominantly sub-glacial at the terminus with large run-offs occurring in 2012, 2015 and 2019, and much smaller ones in 2013, 2016, 2017 and 2018.
Extracting the Meaning Order of Alley [Case Study: Historical Context of Sari City Center]
Authors: Abdi Malek Kolaee Rasoul , Sadvandi Mehdi , Nourtaghani Abdilmajid
Published: September 2020

The present study is an attempt to find out conceptual and fondumental aspects of alley meaning in the context of Sari historical city center. In this research the considered environment is the allies of historical center context of Sari city. This research tries to discover the hidden meaning system behind the current behaviors and activities in the alleys of this area. This research is based on Exploratory factor analysis research method which is one of the branches of correlation research method and is calculated by using covariance matrix method of analysis. The results of this study showed that there is a collection of meaning components which are working as a network in the final model. The study identified 17 components that were categorized into four main systems: individual social position, individual internal feelings, cultural relationships, and tradition. This paper concludes that the proposed model carefully shows the meanings regulation of the historical fabric of alleys.
Metanalysis Economical-Financial Performance of the Production of Milk and Goats on Systems of Family Farming
Authors: Almeida Olivan Cunha de , Araújo Ricardo Alves de , Silva Luiza De Nazaré Carneiro da , Almeida Edmilson Igor Bernardo , Rodrigues Khalil De Menezes , Costa Clésio Dos Santos , Silva Ivone Rodrigues da , Silva Felipe Araújo Oliveira da , Veras Diego De Almeida , Pacheco Maurivan Barbosa , Barroso Vanessa Brito
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the economic and financial viability of the creation of dairy goats of Saanen breed and Anglo Nubian in system of family farming. The information of the technical parameters for financial analysis of this research were obtained in manuscripts the published in the last ten years in national journals. In face of these data was conducted a meta-analysis of data which generated the zootechnical date used for the simulations in this work. The simulation for milk production and calves from 72 dairy goats provided revenue above the cost of production, resulting in positive economic indicators for both scenarios assessed. The revenue generated by the systems that utilize the Saanen goats are bigger, considering that the production is greater. The financial analysis of systems proved to be viable over 8 years. In relation to the payback, both presented low return on investment applied. Sensitivity analyzes showed that in both systems evaluated, only in the most unfavorable situations, such as a reduction of 30% in both production and market price, the indicators of economic performance are not attractive, given that the time of return on investment is too long, especially in the rearing of goats Anglo Nubian. From the practical point of view, it is recommended the creation of both breeds, because the cost of deployment of the system can be purchased via funding.
SPEP Co-Director's Address: “The Wind Began to Howl” - Dylan's Antinomianism
Authors: Cutrofello Andrew
Published: September 2020

This paper was delivered at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (SPEP). As an outgoing co-director's address, its aim was to indirectly reflect on SPEP's history by directly reflecting on the songs of Bob Dylan. Dylan's first album was released just a few months before the first SPEP meeting took place in Evanston, Illinois in October 1962.
Deleuze's Transcendental Empiricism Against Speculative Realism: How Deleuze's Hume Avoids the Challenge of Correlationism
Authors: Novak Kyle
Published: September 2020

Speculative realists claim that almost all post-Kantian philosophy suffers from what they call correlationism. Correlationism, they claim, originated with Kant's response to Hume. However, one of the major figures associated with the speculative realist movement, Levi Bryant, has argued that Gilles Deleuze's transcendental empiricism is able to confront the challenge of correlationism. My central claim is that while Bryant is correct not to label Deleuze as a correlationist, his analysis does not go far enough in that it takes speculative realism on its own terms and does not move beyond the logic of correlationism. Drawing from the recent literature on Deleuze's transcendental empiricism and Deleuze's first book on Hume, I argue that Deleuze does not read Hume to produce a non-correlationist ontology, but rather develops a non-ontological constructivist philosophy. Transcendental empiricism, as he later comes to call it, conceives of philosophy in such a way that not only avoids the problem of correlationsism, but reveals that the speculative realist project itself fails to move beyond the logic of correlationism.
Áreas protegidas como critério de repasse do ICMS Ecológico nos estados brasileiros
Authors: Lima Isabella Moura Carvalho , Gomes Laura Jane , Fernandes Milton Marques
Published: September 2020

O ICMS Ecológico é um instrumento econômico que tem sido apontado como uma importante estratégia de associação do incremento do orçamento municipal com a conservação da biodiversidade a partir da criação e manutenção de áreas protegidas. Este artigo objetivou compreender o critério de áreas protegidas no ICMS-E aplicado nas legislações dos diferentes estados brasileiros. Foi realizada uma análise das legislações estaduais do ICMS-E dos 16 estados brasileiros que possuem o instrumento, a fim identificar o critério de áreas protegidas como repasse. Identificou-se os estados que utilizam o critério de áreas protegidas no ICMS-E, as tipologias de áreas protegidas previstas nas leis e os indicadores de avaliação do critério. Os resultados apontam que 15 estados utilizam o critério de áreas protegidas no ICMS-E, ausente apenas no estado do Ceará. Constatou-se a inclusão de 8 (oito) tipologias pelos estados, sendo as Unidades de Conservação e as Terras Indígenas as mais adotadas. Apesar de prevista nas legislações de 10 estados, a avaliação qualitativa das áreas protegidas ainda é pouco explorada, com destaque para o estado do Paraná que aprimorou o sistema de monitoramento do instrumento. Destaca-se a necessidade de melhor adequação dos indicadores e variáveis da avaliação de UC em função das características de cada categoria de manejo; a insuficiência do ICMS-E no Nordeste e a problemática da ausência do critério de áreas protegidas no Ceará, que possui importante papel na conservação da Caatinga. Diante da importância do critério de áreas protegidas no ICMS-E, recomenda-se sua operacionalização em conformidade com as problemáticas que acometem os estados, articulado às metas de conservação dos biomas brasileiros, e a priorização de determinadas categorias de UC na atribuição da avaliação qualitativa a fim de que o ICMS-E possa ter seu potencial compensatório e incentivador explorado na conservação da biodiversidade brasileira.
A trajetória de encerramento do maior lixão da América Latina: entre centralização, descentralização e exclusão
Authors: Capelari Mauro Guilherme Maidana , Domiciano Mariana Rodrigues Amaral , Queiroz Lúcia De Fatima Nascimento de , Bandeira Ludmilla Ferreira , Toni Fabiano
Published: September 2020

O maior lixão a céu aberto da América Latina foi fechado em 2018 após mais de uma década de embate. Nós analisamos a trajetória do fechamento do lixão (2010 a 2018) à luz da literatura sobre implementação e participação em políticas públicas. Realizamos entrevistas e coletas documentais. Os resultados apontaram para dois momentos distintos do processo de implementação da política: o da descentralização (2010 a 2014) e o da centralização (2014 a 2018). Enquanto no primeiro momento houve autonomia na tomada de decisão dos atores envolvidos, num movimento de construção de diversos núcleos independentes e com capacidade deliberativa, no segundo período, esses núcleos foram descaracterizados, e o processo de decisão foi estruturado de forma a concentrar as ações na figura do governador. Ao mesmo tempo em que houve diferenças nos dois períodos analisados, em ambos observamos a exclusão dos catadores na tomada de decisão. Assim, mesmo que o fechamento do Lixão tenha sido considerado bem-sucedido, a falta de participação dos catadores nos processos decisórios gerou uma situação socioeconômica desfavorável para eles, que perderam suas precárias atividades econômicas dependentes dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis e não conseguiram se reposicionar profissionalmente em curto prazo.
Nexus between Cost Leadership Strategy and Performance: Fact or Fallacy in Milk Processing Firms in Kenya
Authors: Kimiti Paul G. , Muathe Stephen M.A. , Murigi Elishiba M.
Published: September 2020

Milk processing firms as a constituent of the food processing sector play a crucial function both economically and nutritionally. However, performance in the industry continues to be impended by high costs leading to low profitability margins, decline in output and collapse of some firms while others show stunted growth. It is hypothesized that this situation can be remedied by pursuing cost leadership strategy through economies of scale, economies of scope and operational efficiency. Extant literature however is scanty on how this strategy is employed by milk processing firms in Kenya with studies done failing to focus on how the firms manage costs as a driver for better performance. This has made it difficult to determine whether the hypothesized effect is a fact or fallacy. This study thus was an investigation of the effect of cost leadership strategy on performance of milk processing firms in Kenya. It was anchored on the balanced scorecard model complemented by the resource based view and capability based view theories. The study empirically examined the relationship using data from milk processing firms in Kenya obtained from a sample of 168 key respondents. The findings showed that cost leadership strategy had a positive and significant effect on performance of milk processing firms in Kenya. The study recommends that milk processors improve their performance by cutting costs through measures to increase their scale of operations, expand into related business areas and improve operational processes. The government and other the regulatory bodies should implement corresponding supportive policies and reforms.
Comparative Analysis of Alignments between SDG16 and the Other Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Lawrence Anthony Wakwe , Ihebuzor Noel , Lawrence Damiete Onyema
Published: September 2020

SDG16 cuts through, affects and is affected by the other 16 SDGs. This study involved a number of steps; the first step was computing the degrees of compatibility/alignments of SDG16 targets as individual targets against the targets of the other 16 SDGs using a scoring system that ranged from -3 to +3. The next step in data treatment involved computing the means for each row in each table to get the compatibility scores between SDG16 targets and each goal and then we used the columns to compare the SDG16 with the targets of each of the other goals. The final steps involved computing the mean compatibility scores between the SDG16 goal and the goals of the other SDGs on one hand and those between the SDG16 targets and the other 16 SDGs on the other. The approach is based on the strategic management principle that objectives and targets are set in ways that their achievement help in the achievement of the aspirations of the goal. The study approach is new, and it has not been done before. The compatibility examination showed that the aspirations embedded in the development of SDG2 (Zero Hunger) targets and those of SDG16 were least aligned and do not effectively support each other. SDG16 and SDG5 (Gender equality) were the most aligned, suggesting that the achievement of the SDG16 targets go a long way in supporting the achievement of SDG5 targets. An approach like this can be used as stand alone or in conjunction with the often used qualitative methods and will be a very helpful tool during SDG or related reviews, as it is useful in identifying targets and goals with high mutual transfer benefits among themselves. The study concludes with some recommendations.
Problems of Framing
Authors: Wachbrit Augustus ,   Ball State University
Published: September 2020

In “Fatalism and Time,” Mark Bernstein argues against the notion that the B-theory of time is fatalistic. However, when he frames the differences between the A-theory of time and the B-theory of time, I argue that Bernstein imports some troublesome conceptual baggage in the form of what he calls “atemporal truths,” which, in the end, dooms the B-theory to fatalism, the consequence he sought to avoid. From my examination of Bernstein’s framing of the B-theory of time, I suggest that, given the proper framing of that theory, it is not doomed to fatalism.
Kripkenstein and Mathematics as the Language of Nature
Authors: Khairi Nour ,   Ball State University
Published: September 2020

This paper addresses the skeptical paradox highlighted in Saul Kripke’s work Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. The skeptical paradox stands in the way of many attempts to fix meaning in the rule-following of a language. This paper closely assesses the ‘straight solutions’ to this problem with regards to another type of language; mathematics. A conclusion is made that if we cannot sufficiently locate where the meaning lies in a mathematical operation; if we cannot describe how it is that we follow a rule in mathematics, we ought to tread lightly in characterising it as the language of nature.
How to Scrutinize the Market God
Authors: Boyd Jerome ,   Ball State University
Published: September 2020

This essay aims to construct and demonstrate an analogical inter-disciplinary methodology. Developing the parallels between the God of classical theism and the modern market illustrated by Harvey Cox, I propose that neo-liberalism may be scrutinized as a philosophically understood entity. Debates within philosophy of religion may act as templates of scrutiny against the postmodern deity that is the neo-liberal market system. I aim to exemplify this method through the bedrock theological issue that is the Epicurean Paradox; just as philosophers produce theodicy, I contend that free‑market fundamentalists need advocate laissez-faire in light of socio-economic suffering.
NCCN Guidelines Insights: Kidney Cancer, Version 1.2021
Authors: Motzer Robert J. , Jonasch Eric , Boyle Shawna , Carlo Maria I. , Manley Brandon , Agarwal Neeraj , Alva Ajjai , Beckermann Katy , Choueiri Toni K. , Costello Brian A. , Derweesh Ithaar H. , Desai Arpita , George Saby , Gore John L. , Haas Naomi , Hancock Steven L. , Kyriakopoulos Christos , Lam Elaine T. , Lau Clayton , Lewis Bryan , Madoff David C. , McCreery Brittany , Michaelson M. Dror , Mortazavi Amir , Nandagopal Lakshminarayanan , Pierorazio Phillip M. , Plimack Elizabeth R. , Ponsky Lee , Ramalingam Sundhar , Shuch Brian , Smith Zachary L. , Somer Bradley , Sosman Jeffrey , Dwyer Mary A. , Motter Angela D.
Published: September 2020

The NCCN Guidelines for Kidney Cancer provide multidisciplinary recommendations for diagnostic workup, staging, and treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the guidelines, including changes to certain systemic therapy recommendations for patients with relapsed or stage IV RCC. They also discuss the addition of a new section to the guidelines that identifies and describes the most common hereditary RCC syndromes and provides recommendations for genetic testing, surveillance, and/or treatment options for patients who are suspected or confirmed to have one of these syndromes.