bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular detection of hemotrophic mycoplasmas among domiciled and free-roaming cats in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Santis Ana Cláudia Gabriela Alexandre de , Herrera Heitor Miraglia , Sousa Keyla Cartens Marques de , Gonçalves Luiz Ricardo , Denardi Nathani Cristina Baccarim , Domingos Iara Helena , Campos João Bosco Vilela , Machado Rosangela Zacarias , André Marcos Rogério
Published: July 2014

Hemoplasmas are bacteria living in feline red blood cells. Feline hemoplasmosis is frequently associated with old male cats that have access to the streets. This study aimed to detect the presence of hemoplasma speciess in domiciled and free-roaming cats in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, using molecular techniques. Between January 2013 and April 2013, EDTA-whole blood samples were collected from 151 domestic cats (65 free-roaming and 86 domiciled cats). Samples were subjected to PCR assays targeting hemoplasmas 16S rRNA, followed by sequencing, BLAST analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Results show an occurrence of 36.4% for hemoplasmas. Twenty-three cats (15.2%) were positive for ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’, 17 (11.2%) for M. haemofelis and 15 (9.9%) for ‘Candidatus M. turicensis’, from PCR. Coinfection by two or three hemoplasmas was found in 25 cats (16.6%). No statistically significant difference between genders or between lifestyles was observed for the presence of hemoplasmas among the cats. Results show different hemoplasma species are present in cat population (Campo Grande, MS, Brazil). It is suggested that a differential diagnosis for feline hemoplasmosis should be made when cats show nonspecific clinical signs of disease with systemic manifestation.
Evidence of Borrelia in wild and domestic mammals from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Montandon Carlos Emmanuel , Yoshinari Natalino Hajime , Milagres Bruno Silva , Mazioli Rafael , Gomes Gabriel Guimarães , Moreira Higo Nasser , Padilha Amanda de Freitas , Wanderley Guido Gomes , Mantovani Elenice , Galvão Márcio Antônio Moreira , Langoni Helio , Mafra Cláudio
Published: July 2014

The main of the study was to evaluate the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in domestic and wild vertebrates and ectoparasites in endemic areas from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 445 serum samples were examined by ELISA, which used the Borrelia burgdorferi strain G39/40 U.S. source and 3,821 tick samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). B. burgdorferi antibodies were found in 30 serum samples (6.74%); three in marsupials (7.69%), three in rodents (2.80%), nine in dogs (6.25%), and 15 in horses (9.68%). Nested-PCR performed in DNA samples obtained from collected ticks demonstrated negative results. Although attempts to amplify B. burgdorferi DNA from ticks had been not successful, the presence of seroreactive vertebrates suggests the possibility the Borrelia species circulating in these regions. Further research is required to provide information on the presence of Borrelia in Brazilian territory and its association with Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome.
Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance development in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in Argentina
Authors: Suarez Víctor Humberto , Cristel Silvina Lujan
Published: July 2014

Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance (AR) on bovine ranches were studied. Data were derived from a survey made to 50 ranch owners, who had conducted a faecal egg-count-reduction test. The questionnaire contained descriptors of bovine ranch management and nematode control. A case-control design study was undertaken and AR cases were present in 26 herds. Associations between the binary outcome variable (AR versus not AR) and risk factors recorded in the questionnaire were evaluated. Variables associated with the presence of AR at P< 0.15 and/or odds ratio (OR) > 2 were subjected to a multivariable logistic regression model. The main effects contributing to general AR (avermectin AVM and/or benzimidazole) in the final model were total number of annual treatments (OR 7.68; 95% CI 2.4 to 28.3) and use of more than 75% of AVM in the past (OR= 18.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 97.3), whereas for AVM resistance alone were total number of AVM annual treatments (OR= 11.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 45.5) and number of AVM Nov-Jan treatments (OR= 5.8; 95% CI 1.71 to 47.9). The results showed that treatment frequency, date of treatment and frequency of treatment in the past with a single drug were the main risk factors involved in AR development.
Occurrence of immature forms of culicids (Insecta: Diptera) in the northeastern region of Brazil
Authors: Silva Cristiane Maia da , Sérvio Henrique Silva , Ramos Rafael Antonio Nascimento , Faustino Maria Aparecida da Gloria , Alves Leucio Câmara , Carvalho Gílcia Aparecida de
Published: July 2014

The Culicidae family is represented by approximately 3,610 species, among which many are involved in transmission of pathogens and parasites, thus presenting great medical-veterinary importance. In Brazil, the state of Pernambuco is considered an endemic area for many diseases vectored by mosquitoes, such as human and canine filariasis, caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of immature forms of culicids, over an one-year period, in a specific area of northeastern region of Brazil. Culicids larvae were collected from traps located on the ground and in treetops, between october 2012 and september 2013. Ten different species of culicids were identified. The greatest number of larvae were collected in september 2013 and the lowest number in december 2012. Stegomyia (Stegomyia) albopicta (46.45%; 5,908/12,718), Culex (Culex) maxi (35.56%; 4,523/12,718) and Limatus durhamii (12.58%; 1,600/12,718) were the most frequent species. The human and animal populations living in the study area are exposed to culicids and transmission agents throughout the year, especially after the rains. Therefore, control and prevention measures against culicids must be adopted in the study area.
Eimeria infections in goats in Southern Portugal
Authors: Silva Liliana Machado Ribeiro da , Vila-Viçosa Maria João Martins , Nunes Telmo , Taubert Anja , Hermosilla Carlos , Cortes Helder Carola Espiguinha
Published: July 2014

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species is a major form of intestinal infection affecting intensively and semi-intensively reared goats. The province of Alentejo is the main goat-producing area in Portugal. Therefore, all 15 Serpentina goat farms in Alentejo were analyzed regarding the occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species. Fecal samples obtained from 144 animals (52.1% dairy goats, 47.9% pre-pubertal goats) were examined using the modified McMaster technique to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces. Eimeria spp. oocysts were present in 98.61% of the fecal samples and, overall, nine different Eimeria species were identified. The most prevalent species were E. ninakohlyakimovae (88%) and E. arloingi (85%), followed by E. alijevi (63%) and E. caprovina(63%). The average number of oocysts shed was significantly lower in dairy goats than in pre-adult animals. Astonishingly, no clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed in any of the animals examined, even though they were shedding high numbers of oocysts and were infected with highly pathogenic species. Thus, implementation of routine diagnostic investigation of the occurrence and diversity of caprine Eimeria species may be a useful tool for determination and better understanding of their potential economic impact on goat herds in southern Portugal.
Tolerance of Bentgrass (Agrostis) Species and Cultivars to Methiozolin
Authors: Hoisington Nicholas R. , Flessner Michael L. , Schiavon Marco , McElroy J. Scott , Baird James H.
Published: July 2014

Methiozolin is a new herbicide from South Korea currently under development in the United States for PRE and POST annual bluegrass control in bentgrass and most other cool- and warm-season turfgrasses. Greenhouse studies were conducted in 2012 at the University of California, Riverside, CA, and Auburn University, Auburn, AL, to evaluate the relative tolerance of three bentgrass species comprised of nine creeping bentgrass (CRBG) cultivars, velvet bentgrass (VBG) and colonial bentgrass (COBG) to methiozolin at 0, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.5 and 9.0 kg ai ha−1. Methiozolin was applied 7 wk after seeding, followed by a second application 5 wk later. Methiozolin rates that produced 25% injury (TI25) and 50% clipping dry weight reduction (GR50) relative to a nontreated control for each species or cultivar were calculated using four-parameter logistic regression. Turf injury rates at 21 d after second treatment (DAT2) were the most consistent in describing relative tolerance among bentgrass species. Overall, CRBG was more tolerant to methiozolin than VBG or COBG. After two applications, methiozolin rates that caused TI25 were 1.1, 0.2, and 0.3 kg ha−1 for CRBG (across all cultivars), VBG, and COBG, respectively. VBG and COBG were not tolerant of sequential methiozolin applications at rates necessary to control annual bluegrass under field conditions. Herbicide rates that caused TI25 and GR50 decreased with the second application. ‘Penn A-4’ CRBG exhibited the highest TI25 28 d after initial treatment (DAIT) at University of California at Riverside (4.5 kg ha−1), but only 2.5 kg ha−1 with two applications by 21 DAT2. All CRBG cultivars tested tolerated methiozolin at 0.5 kg ha−1, the recommended sequential use rate for putting greens in Korea.
Fertilizer and Fluazifop-P Inputs for Winter Bentgrass- (Agrostis hyemalis) Infested Lowbush Blueberry Fields
Authors: Boyd Nathan S. , White Scott , Rao Kailang
Published: July 2014

Winter bentgrass is a common, shallow-rooted perennial weed of lowbush blueberry fields. This unique production system is typically managed on a biannual cycle with blueberry shoot growth and floral bud development occurring in the first year (vegetative year) and berries harvested in the second year (crop year). An experiment was conducted in two commercial blueberry fields to determine the impact of 0, 143, or 286 kg ha−1of 14–18–10 fertilizer applied in the vegetative year, and fluazifop-P applications in the vegetative, crop, or both years of the biannual production cycle, on winter bentgrass and blueberry growth and yield. Fluazifop-P tended to reduce winter bentgrass biomass at both sites and the vegetative year-herbicide applications had a greater impact on winter bentgrass ground cover than crop-year applications. Total weed biomass following fluazifop-P applications was reduced in the vegetative year but not the crop year due to an increase in broadleaf weed biomass. Grass biomass tended to increase with fertility inputs in the vegetative year. In all years and sites, the application of fertilizers without herbicides increased grass biomass compared to the use of fertilizers combined with herbicides. Blueberry floral bud numbers per stem, flowers per stem, and berry yield tended to increase with vegetative year applications of fluazifop-P, although differences were not significant. These data indicate that winter bentgrass management is best achieved with herbicide applications in the vegetative year and this might result in yield increases, especially if broadleaf weeds also are adequately controlled.
Monitoring of dynamic compaction using topographic survey
Authors: Moyle Richard , Airey David
Published: July 2014

This paper demonstrates how a topographic survey can be used as a tool to assist in assessing dynamic compaction in uncontrolled fill sites. A full-scale dynamic compaction trial was carried out during which a topographic survey was used to monitor the change in ground level immediately after the application of each pass during the dynamic compaction process. The topographic survey data has been used to develop spatial plots of the print-to-heave volume ratio. For the primary and secondary passes the spatial plots provide an indication of the consistency of the ground response to dynamic compaction, delineating areas of low print-to-heave volume ratio, where the soil is relatively dense, and areas of high print-to-heave volume ratio, where the soil is relatively loose. Topographic surveys could be used in the quality assurance and quality control processes for dynamic compaction. For example, the spatial plot of print-to-heave volume ratio could be used to locate additional geotechnical investigations, to delineate areas of different compaction levels in uncontrolled fills, and to identify areas where a tertiary pass is and is not required.
Spatial complexity reduces interaction strengths in the meta‐food web of a river floodplain mosaic
Authors: Bellmore J. Ryan , Baxter Colden V. , Connolly Patrick J.
Published: July 2014

Theory states that both the spatial complexity of landscapes and the strength of interactions between consumers and their resources are important for maintaining biodiversity and the balance of nature. Spatial complexity is hypothesized to promote biodiversity by reducing the potential for competitive exclusion; whereas, models show that weak trophic interactions can enhance stability and maintain biodiversity by dampening destabilizing oscillations associated with strong interactions. Here, we show that spatial complexity can reduce the strength of consumer–resource interactions in natural food webs. By sequentially aggregating food webs of individual aquatic habitat patches across a floodplain mosaic, we found that increasing spatial complexity resulted in decreases in the strength of interactions between predators and prey, owing to a greater proportion of weak interactions and a reduced proportion of strong interactions in the meta‐food web. The main mechanism behind this pattern was that some patches provided predation refugia for species that were often strongly preyed upon in other patches. If weak trophic interactions do indeed promote stability, then our findings may signal an additional mechanism by which complexity and stability are linked in nature. In turn, this may have implications for how the values of landscape complexity, and the costs of biophysical homogenization, are assessed.
Relating food web structure to resilience, keystone status and uncertainty in ecological responses
Authors: Condie S. A. , Johnson P. , Fulton E. A. , Bulman C. M.
Published: July 2014

Food webs often include substructures that occur in much higher numbers than would be expected in random networks. These are referred to in the literature as network motifs. Here we explore how feedbacks within the most common food web motifs influence their responses to external factors such as environmental change or harvesting of species. We have used qualitative modelling approaches to demonstrate that simple three‐ and four‐member motifs that include a closed feedback loop can exhibit a diverse range of qualitative responses, some of which are non‐intuitive. The same outcomes are demonstrated to be emergent behaviors of larger food webs represented in complex ecosystem models. The sensitivity of ecological responses to small differences in food web motifs underlines the broader importance of structural uncertainty in ecological models. It is also argued that the resilience of species and their keystone status may be strongly influenced by their ecological role within particular motifs. Examples are provided from fisheries off southeastern Australian, where the slow recovery rates of some species have not previously been explained.
Characterization of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in an Older Population: Updated Incidence and Life Expectancy With and Without Dementia
Authors: Tom Sarah E. , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Crane Paul K. , Haneuse Sebastien J. , Bowen James , McCormick Wayne C. , McCurry Susan , Larson Eric B.
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We estimated dementia incidence rates, life expectancies with and without dementia, and percentage of total life expectancy without dementia.

Methods. We studied 3605 members of Group Health (Seattle, WA) aged 65 years or older who did not have dementia at enrollment to the Adult Changes in Thought study between 1994 and 2008. We estimated incidence rates of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, as well as life expectancies with and without dementia, defined as the average number of years one is expected to live with and without dementia, and percentage of total life expectancy without dementia.

Results. Dementia incidence increased through ages 85 to 89 years (74.2 cases per 1000 person-years) and 90 years or older (105 cases per 1000 person-years). Life expectancy without dementia and percentage of total life expectancy without dementia decreased with age. Life expectancy with dementia was longer in women and people with at least a college degree. Percentage of total life expectancy without dementia was greater in younger age groups, men, and those with more education.

Conclusions. Efforts to delay onset of dementia, if successful, would likely benefit older adults of all ages.
Age at Menarche: 50-Year Socioeconomic Trends Among US-Born Black and White Women
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Kiang Mathew V. , Kosheleva Anna , Waterman Pamela D. , Chen Jarvis T. , Beckfield Jason
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We investigated 50-year US trends in age at menarche by socioeconomic position (SEP) and race/ethnicity because data are scant and contradictory.

Methods. We analyzed data by income and education for US-born non-Hispanic Black and White women aged 25 to 74 years in the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) I (1959–1962), National Health Examination and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) I–III (1971–1994), and NHANES 1999–2008.

Results. In NHES I, average age at menarche among White women in the 20th (lowest) versus 80th (highest) income percentiles was 0.26 years higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.09, 0.61), but by NHANES 2005–2008 it had reversed and was −0.33 years lower (95% CI = −0.54, −0.11); no socioeconomic gradients occurred among Black women. The proportion with onset at younger than 11 years increased only among women with low SEP, among Blacks and Whites (P for trend < .05), and high rates of change occurred solely among Black women (all SEP strata) and low-income White women who underwent menarche before 1960.

Conclusions. Trends in US age at menarche vary by SEP and race/ethnicity in ways that pose challenges to several leading clinical, public health, and social explanations for early age at menarche and that underscore why analyses must jointly include data on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Future research is needed to explain these trends.
Increase in Suicides Associated With Home Eviction and Foreclosure During the US Housing Crisis: Findings From 16 National Violent Death Reporting System States, 2005–2010
Authors: Fowler Katherine A. , Gladden R. Matthew , Vagi Kevin J. , Barnes Jamar , Frazier Leroy
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We aimed to determine the frequency, characteristics, and precipitating circumstances of eviction- and foreclosure-related suicides during the US housing crisis, which resulted in historically high foreclosures and increased evictions beginning in 2006.

Methods. We examined all eviction- and foreclosure-related suicides in the years 2005 to 2010 in 16 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System, a surveillance system for all violent deaths within participating states that abstracts information across multiple investigative sources (e.g., law enforcement, coroners, medical examiners).

Results. We identified 929 eviction- or foreclosure-related suicides. Eviction- and foreclosure-related suicides doubled from 2005 to 2010 (n = 88 in 2005; n = 176 in 2010), mostly because of foreclosure-related suicides, which increased 253% from 2005 (n = 30) to 2010 (n = 106). Most suicides occurred before the actual housing loss (79%), and 37% of decedents experienced acute eviction or foreclosure crises within 2 weeks of the suicide.

Conclusions. Housing loss is a significant crisis that can precipitate suicide. Prevention strategies include support for those projected to lose homes, intervention before move-out date, training financial professionals to recognize warning signs, and strengthening population-wide suicide prevention measures during economic crises.
An Analysis of State Public Health Emergency Declarations
Authors: Rutkow Lainie
Published: July 2014

Disaster responses often involve coordination among multiple levels of government and public and private sector collaboration. When emergencies raise health concerns, governments must include public health and health care systems in their response.

A state government’s declaration of “public health emergency” can provide that state’s health sector with flexibility and guidance about response parameters. Although events including Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy and the H1N1 influenza outbreak provided opportunities for states to deploy their public health emergency powers, little has been reported about how states have used their authority to declare a public health emergency.

I present a systematic identification and analysis of states’ public health emergency declarations, examine why these declarations were issued, and discuss their potential value.
Effect of Acculturation on Variations in Having a Usual Source of Care Among Asian Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites in California
Authors: Chang Eva , Chan Kitty S. , Han Hae-Ra
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We examined variations in having a usual source of care (USC) among non-Hispanic White and Asian American adults in California.

Methods. Data were from the 2005 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Using a modified Anderson model, we used multiple logistic regression to compare odds of having a USC between non-Hispanic White (n = 38 554) and Asian American adults (n = 7566) and to examine associations with acculturation factors (English proficiency, length of residence, residence in a racially concordant neighborhood) and key enabling (employment, income, insurance) and predisposing (education) factors.

Results. Race-related disparities between Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites in having a USC were no longer significant after accounting for acculturation factors. Limited English proficiency and short time in the United States (< 5 years) were significantly associated with not having a USC for both races. Increasing levels of education and insurance were not associated with better access among Asian Americans.

Conclusions. Key differences exist in how Asian American and non-Hispanic White adults access care. Acculturation factors are key drivers of disparities and should be included in access-to-care models with Asians. Insurance and education are differentially significant for Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites.
A Ride in the Time Machine: Information Management Capabilities Health Departments Will Need
Authors: Foldy Seth , Grannis Shaun , Ross David , Smith Torney
Published: July 2014

We have proposed needed information management capabilities for future US health departments predicated on trends in health care reform and health information technology.

Regardless of whether health departments provide direct clinical services (and many will), they will manage unprecedented quantities of sensitive information for the public health core functions of assurance and assessment, including population-level health surveillance and metrics. Absent improved capabilities, health departments risk vestigial status, with consequences for vulnerable populations. Developments in electronic health records, interoperability and information exchange, public information sharing, decision support, and cloud technologies can support information management if health departments have appropriate capabilities.

The need for national engagement in and consensus on these capabilities and their importance to health department sustainability make them appropriate for consideration in the context of accreditation.
A National Cohort Study of the Association Between the Polytrauma Clinical Triad and Suicide-Related Behavior Among US Veterans Who Served in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Finley Erin P. , Bollinger Mary , Noël Polly H. , Amuan Megan E. , Copeland Laurel A. , Pugh Jacqueline A. , Dassori Albana , Palmer Raymond , Bryan Craig , Pugh Mary Jo V.
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We examined the association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury, and chronic pain—the polytrauma clinical triad (PCT)—independently and with other conditions, with suicide-related behavior (SRB) risk among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF; Afghanistan) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans.

Methods. We used Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data to identify OEF and OIF veterans receiving VA care in fiscal years 2009–2011; we used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to characterize 211 652 cohort members. Descriptive statistics were followed by multinomial logistic regression analyses predicting SRB.

Results. Co-occurrence of PCT conditions was associated with significant increase in suicide ideation risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 2.4) or attempt and ideation (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5, 4.6), but did not exceed increased risk with PTSD alone (ideation: OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 2.0, 2.6; attempt: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.9; ideation and attempt: OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2, 2.8). Ideation risk was significantly elevated when PTSD was comorbid with depression (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 3.6, 4.8) or substance abuse (OR = 4.7; 95% CI = 3.9, 5.6).

Conclusions. Although PCT was a moderate SRB predictor, interactions among PCT conditions, particularly PTSD, and depression or substance abuse had larger risk increases.
Supporting Replication and Scale-Up of Evidence-Based Home Visiting Programs: Assessing the Implementation Knowledge Base
Authors: Paulsell Diane , Del Grosso Patricia , Supplee Lauren
Published: July 2014

In recent years, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners have expressed a growing interest in the use of interventions with scientific evidence of effectiveness. Reproducing positive effects shown in research, however, requires more than simply adopting an evidence-based program. There is growing recognition across disciplines of the importance of implementation research to guide adoption, replication, and scale-up of evidence-based interventions. We evaluate the state of the knowledge base supporting replication and scale-up of evidence-based programs by reviewing information on implementation included in the research literature on 22 home visiting programs that have or are building an evidence base. We used the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to assess programs.
Mortality Risks Among Persons Reporting Same-Sex Sexual Partners: Evidence From the 2008 General Social Survey—National Death Index Data Set
Authors: Cochran Susan D. , Mays Vickie M.
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We investigated the possibility that men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW) may be at higher risk for early mortality associated with suicide and other sexual orientation–associated health risks.

Methods. We used data from the 1988–2002 General Social Surveys, with respondents followed up for mortality status as of December 31, 2008. The surveys included 17 886 persons aged 18 years or older, who reported at least 1 lifetime sexual partner. Of these, 853 reported any same-sex partners; 17 033 reported only different-sex partners. Using gender-stratified analyses, we compared these 2 groups for all-cause mortality and HIV-, suicide-, and breast cancer–related mortality.

Results. The WSW evidenced greater risk for suicide mortality than presumptively heterosexual women, but there was no evidence of similar sexual orientation–associated risk among men. All-cause mortality did not appear to differ by sexual orientation among either women or men. HIV-related deaths were not elevated among MSM or breast cancer deaths among WSW.

Conclusions. The elevated suicide mortality risk observed among WSW partially confirms public health concerns that sexual minorities experience greater burden from suicide-related mortality.
Preventing Childhood Obesity: What Are We Doing Right?
Authors: Farley Thomas A. , Dowell Deborah
Published: July 2014

After decades of increases, the prevalence of childhood obesity has declined in the past decade in New York City, as measured in children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and public school students, with the greatest reductions occurring in the youngest children.

Possible explanations were changes in demographics; WIC, day care, and school food policies; citywide obesity prevention policies, media messages; and family and community food consumption.

Although the decreases cannot be attributed to any one cause, the most plausible explanation is changes in food consumption at home, prompted by media messages and reinforced by school and child care center policy changes. Continued media messages and policy changes are needed to sustain these improvements and extend them to other age groups.
New Walking and Cycling Routes and Increased Physical Activity: One- and 2-Year Findings From the UK iConnect Study
Authors: Goodman Anna , Sahlqvist Shannon , Ogilvie David ,   on behalf of the iConnect Consortium
Published: July 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the effects of providing new high-quality, traffic-free routes for walking and cycling on overall levels of walking, cycling, and physical activity.

Methods. 1796 adult residents in 3 UK municipalities completed postal questionnaires at baseline (2010) and 1-year follow-up (2011), after the construction of the new infrastructure. 1465 adults completed questionnaires at baseline and 2-year follow-up (2012). Transport network distance from home to infrastructure defined intervention exposure and provided a basis for controlled comparisons.

Results. Living nearer the infrastructure did not predict changes in activity levels at 1-year follow-up but did predict increases in activity at 2 years relative to those living farther away (15.3 additional minutes/week walking and cycling per km nearer; 12.5 additional minutes/week of total physical activity). The effects were larger among participants with no car.

Conclusions. These new local routes may mainly have displaced walking or cycling trips in the short term but generated new trips in the longer term, particularly among those unable to access more distant destinations by car. These findings support the potential for walking and cycling infrastructure to promote physical activity.
Metazoan calcium carbonate biomineralizations: macroevolutionary trends – challenges for the coming decade
Authors: Marin Frédéric , Le Roy Nathalie , Marie Benjamin , Ramos-Silva Paula , Bundeleva Irina , Guichard Nathalie , Immel Françoise
Published: July 2014

Calcium carbonate-based biominerals, also referred as biocalcifications, are the most abundant biogenic mineralized products at the surface of the Earth. In this paper, we summarize general concepts on biocalcifications and we sketch macro-evolutionary trends throughout the history of the Earth, from Archean to Phanerozoic times. Then, we expose five fundamental issues that represent key-challenges in biocalcification researches for the coming decade: the first one concerns the comprehension of the micro- and nano-structure of calcium carbonate biominerals from a mineral viewpoint, while the second one deals with the understanding of the dynamic process of their fabrication. The third one treats the subtle interplay between organics and the mineral phase. The fourth issue focuses on an environmental challenge related to ocean acidification (OA); at last, the diagenetic processes that affect biogenic calcium carbonate mineral constitute the fifth issue.
Clinical and Cost Consequences of Metabolic Effects of Lurasidone Versus
Other Atypical Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia
Authors: Rajagopalan Krithika , Guo Shien , Hernandez Luis , Green Julia , Loebel Antony
Published: July 2014

Objective:

To estimate the economic burden of hyperglycemia and diabetes associated with lurasidone versus
other atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia.

Methods:

A discrete event simulation model was developed to conduct the analysis from both US payer and societal
perspectives over a 3-year timeframe. The model, based on the values of metabolic parameters at 1 year of treatment,
identified patients with hyperglycemia at that point and predicted incident cases of diabetes over 3 years using a risk
equation from the Framingham Heart Study. Direct and indirect costs of diabetes and hyperglycemia were estimated,
according to patients’ disease status over time. Data on metabolic changes at 1 year were mainly from 4 clinical studies of
lurasidone, supplemented with published data for other atypical antipsychotics. Cost inputs (2012 US dollars) were
obtained from published sources.

Results:

Compared with olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine XR, lurasidone was predicted to result in 2,785,351, and
847 fewer hyperglycemia cases and 1,142,153, and 67 fewer incident diabetes cases per 10,000 patients over 3 years,
respectively. Consequently, there was a reduction in the economic burden of diabetes and hyperglycemia by
approximately $23 million, $2.9 million, and $3.4 million from a US payer perspective, and $28 million, $3.6 million, and
$3.7 million from a societal perspective.

Conclusion:

Adverse metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics could have substantial unfavorable clinical and
economic consequences. Lurasidone may reduce these burdens and may be a treatment alternative for patients with
schizophrenia.
Mammalian Bite Injuries to the Hand and Their Management
Authors: Jha Shilpa , Khan Wasim S , Siddiqui Nashat A
Published: July 2014

Bite wounds are a common form of hand injury with the potential to lead to severe local and systemic sequelae and permanent functional impairment. Mammalian bite wounds may be caused by a variety of animal class and species; injuries resulting from dogs, cats and humans are the most widely discussed and reported in the literature. Bite wounds may be contaminated with aggressive pathogens and the anatomical vulnerability of structures within the hand means that without early recognition and treatment with irrigation and antibiotics, alongside a low index of suspicion for deep structural involvement requiring formal surgical exploration and washout, the consequences of such injuries can be disastrous. We review the literature and discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology and microbiology relating to these injuries, as well as clinical aspects including signs, symptoms, and management.
The Stability of Time Estimation in Older Adults
Authors: Anderson Jonathan W. , Rueda Alicia , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen
Published: July 2014

The ability to correctly estimate time is important for many daily activities, such as cooking and driving. This study investigated the stability time estimation in healthy older adults and compared them to healthy younger adults. Participants were tested and retested across the duration of 1 year. Using a prospective paradigm, verbal estimates were provided for intervals of 10, 25, 45, and 60 seconds. Although the older adults demonstrated a greater magnitude of error in their time estimates than younger adults, their time estimates remained stable across the 1-year duration. This suggests that instability in time estimates across two time points is unlikely to account for the discrepant task findings in the aging and verbal time estimation literature.
Spatial Perspective Taking is Robust in Later Life
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki , Takamatsu Midori
Published: July 2014

In developmental studies of spatial perspective taking, it is important to clearly distinguish imagining body movement from other related cognitive information processing, to capture the genuine features of this ability in aging. This study examined the characteristics of these abilities in the older adults by comparing differences among age groups. A video game task was devised to evaluate response times from various angles of rotation. Four hundred twenty-eight healthy individuals aged 6 to 79 years (eight age groups at 10-year intervals) participated. Average response times for each age group confirmed a curvilinear change that accelerated from childhood to early adulthood and decelerated in later life. However, older participants did not display inferior performance compared with the younger adults on the response times to rotate an imaginary self to a 180° position. These results confirm previous findings that spatial perspective taking, particularly imagining body movement, remains robust in normal aging.
Almost increasing sequences and their new applications II
Authors: Bor Hüseyin
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we generalize a known theorem dealing with |C,?|k
summability factors to the |C,?,?,?|k summability factors of infinite
series. This theorem also includes some known and new results.
On equitorsion concircular tensors of generalized Riemannian spaces
Authors: Zlatanovic Milan , Hinterleitner Irena , Najdanovic Marija
Published: July 2014

In this paper we consider concircular vector fields of manifolds with
non-symmetric metric tensor. The subject of our paper is an equitorsion
concircular mapping. A mapping f : GRN?GRN? is an equitorsion if the torsion
tensors of the spaces GRN and GRN? are equal. For an equitorsion concircular
mapping of two generalized Riemannian spaces GRN and GRN, we obtain some
invariant curvature tensors of this mapping Z?,? = 1,2,... 5, given by
equations (3.14, 3.21, 3.28, 3.31, 3.38). These quantities are
generalizations of the concircular tensor Z given by equation (2.5).
Rapid variability and Karamata’s integral theorem
Authors: Elez Nebojsa , Djurcic Dragan
Published: July 2014

In this paper some important variations and generalizations of the well-known
Karamata?s integral theorem are proved. The property of rapid variability is
the central argument for the results presented in this paper.
On the Harary index of cacti
Authors: Zhu Zhongxun , Tao Ting , Yu Jing , Tan Liansheng
Published: July 2014

The Harary index is defined as the sum of reciprocals of distances between
all pairs of vertices of a connected graph. A connected graph G is a cactus
if any two of its cycles have at most one common vertex. Let G(n, r) be the
set of cacti of order n and with r cycles, ?(2n,r) the set of cacti of order
2n with a perfect matching and r cycles. In this paper, we give the sharp
upper bounds of the Harary index of cacti among G (n,r) and ?(2n, r),
respectively, and characterize the corresponding extremal cactus.
On the Edge Wiener index
Authors: Soltani Abolghasem , Iranmanesh Ali
Published: July 2014

Let G be a simple connected graph. The Wiener index of G is the sum of all
distances between vertices of G. Whereas, the edge Wiener index of G is
defined as the sum of distances between all pairs of edges of G where the
distance between the edges f and g in E(G) is defined as the distance between
the vertices f and g in the line graph of G. In this paper we will describe a
new method for calculating the edge Wiener index. Then find this index for
the triangular graphs. Also, we obtain an explicit formula for the Wiener
index of the Cartesian product of two graphs using the group automorphisms of
graphs.
New bounds on the rainbow domination subdivision number
Authors: Falahat Mohyedin , Sheikholeslami Seyed , Volkmann Lutz
Published: July 2014

A 2-rainbow dominating function (2RDF) of a graph G is a function f from the
vertex set V(G) to the set of all subsets of the set {1,2} such that for
any vertex v ? V(G) with f (v) = ? the condition Uu?N(v) f(u)= {1,2} is
fulfilled, where N(v) is the open neighborhood of v. The weight of a 2RDF f
is the value ?(f) = ?v?V |f(v)|. The 2-rainbow domination number of a
graph G, denoted by r2(G), is the minimum weight of a 2RDF of G. The
2-rainbow domination subdivision number sd?r2(G) is the minimum number of
edges that must be subdivided (each edge in G can be subdivided at most
once) in order to increase the 2-rainbow domination number. In this paper we
prove that for every simple connected graph G of order n ? 3, sd?r2(G)? 3 +
min{d2(v)|v?V and d(v)?2} where d2(v) is the number of vertices of G
at distance 2 from v.
Global review of studies on traffic police with special focus on environmental health effects
Authors: Patil Rajan , Chetlapally Satish , Bagavandas Mapilliraju
Published: July 2014

Since occupation is a major determinant of health, traffic police personnel face multiple occupational hazards. They are continuously exposed to vehicular emissions and work in a noisy and polluted environment. The objective of the present review is to explore the impact of occupational health hazards on the health of traffic police personnel. Published research papers on traffic police reporting occupational health issues were accessed and reviewed. Attempts were made to access papers that reported negative associations in order to present a balanced review. The majority of the studies have reported a decrease in the lung function and increased respiratory morbidity. The research on the cytogenetic abnormalities or genotoxic effect of vehicular emissions arising due to long-term exposure to benzene and other polyaromatic hydrocarbons has provided conflicting results, since more or less equal numbers of studies have given evidence for and against the causal association. There is a vast accumulation of epidemiological evidence on the casual association between vehicular pollution and its carcinogenic effect. Multiple studies have concluded that traffic police are highly stressed. A number of occupational factors have been attributed to stress among traffic police. Occupational health studies help us to understand the effects of vehicular pollution and its adverse influence on workers. They also provide opportunity for defined exposures measurements and precise risk assessment. The findings from these studies are easily generalizable and can help us understand the impact of air pollution on the general population.
Popular Journalism, Religious Morality, and the Canadian Imaginary: Queers and Immigrants as Threats to the Public Sphere
Authors: Mosurinjohn Sharday
Published: July 2014

In Canada, opposition toward GLBQ identities and practices has been almost entirely religious in nature. On the other hand, antipathy toward “undesirable” immigrant profiles—ironically, often those perceived as homophobic and misogynistic—has been articulated through arguments about the supposed incompatibility of their religious values (usually Islamic) with “Canadian” mores. This paper analyzes a variety of national news media to demonstrate how the transgressive figures of the immigrant and the queer are composed in a powerful and particular way through journalistic attitudes toward and understandings of religion. In particular, I examine a discursive framework emergent in reporting on two recent tragedies—one, the 2011 suicide of the gay Ottawa teenager Jamie Hubley, and the other, the 2009 Shafia family “honour killings.” I argue that this reporting disingenuously evokes a commitment to tolerance without occasioning a substantial interrogation of what is really being tolerated and why.
Reaction Mechanism Studies Involving the Correlation of the Rates of Solvolysis of Benzoyl and P-Nitrobenzoyl P-Toluenesulfonates
Authors: Kevill Dennis N. , Ryu Zoon Ha
Published: July 2014

The solvolyses of benzoyl and p-nitrobenzoyl p-toluenesulfonates (tosylates) are considerably slower than those of the previously studied mixed anhydride of acetic and p-toluenesulfonic acids (acetyl tosylate), which, even with application of rapid-response conductivity could only be studied at considerably reduced temperatures. For the presently studied compounds, the specific rates over a wide variety of solvents could be conveniently studied at −10 °C. For solvolyses of benzoyl tosylate, application of the extended (two-term) Grunwald-Winstein equation gives sensitivities to changes in solvent nucleophilicity and solvent ionising power consistent with an ionisation (SNl) pathway Indeed, a good correlation is obtained against only solvent ionising power. For the solvolyses of the p-nitro-derivative, very different sensitivities are obtained, with an appreciable dependence on solvent nucleophilicity, and a dominant biomolecular pathway for the substitution is proposed for all of these solvolyses, except for those in solvents rich in fluoroalcohol. Studies of solvent deuterium isotope effects in methanolysis, of leaving-group effects relative to a halide and of temperature variation effects are consistent with the proposed mechanistic pathways.
Synthesis of Diynes from 1-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2-(Phenylethynyl)Benzene and Imidazole/Benzimidazole Via a Cui/Pd(Oac)2 Catalysed Cascade Reaction
Authors: Hua-Feng He , Yang Ye , Yongwen Jiang , Weiliang Bao
Published: July 2014

A novel reaction between 1-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2-(phenylethynyl)benzene and imidazole/benzimidazole catalysed by CuI and Pd(OAc)2 gave the corresponding highly sterically hindered diynes via a cascade elimination/Ullmann-type C–N coupling process.
An Efficient synthesis of 1-Bromo-1-Cyanocyclopropane
Authors: Xue Feng , Li Chang-Gong , Zhu Yong , Lou Tian-Jun
Published: July 2014

An efficient process for the synthesis of 1-bromo-1-cyanocyclopropane has been developed starting from inexpensive γ-butyrolactone via bromination, cyclisation, ammoniation and dehydration reaction. The sequence proceeds in good yield.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones Catalysed by L-Proline Derivatives Modified Ru/γ-Al2O3
Authors: Jiang Heyan
Published: July 2014

The asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones catalysed by L-proline derivative- and PPh3-modified 1.0%Ru/γ-Al2O3 was studied. The effects of different stabilisers, P/Ru ratio, modifiers, modifier concentration, solvents, base additives and base concentration on the asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones were investigated. The results showed that L-proline derivatives had good modification effects on the 1.0%Ru/γAl2O3/2tpp catalyst. Under optimum conditions, the hydrogenation enantioselectivity of acetophenone was 70%. The enantioselectivity of the hydrogenation product of propiophenone could reach 81%.
Oxidative Ether Formation between 1,3-Diarylpropene and Alcohol Promoted by N-Hydroxyphthalimide/O2
Authors: Cheng Dongping , Sun Ruirui , Ye Xinyi , Cui Wei , Yan Jizhong
Published: July 2014

An oxidative ether formation between 1,3-diarylpropene and alcohol is catalysed by CuBr/NiCl2 using N-hydroxyphthalimide/O2.
A One-Pot Four-Component synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-A]Quinolines
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Azimzadeh Marjan , Rahimi-Nasrabadi Mehdi , Zhu Long-Guan
Published: July 2014

A facile one-pot, four-component reaction for the synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinolines is described. Knoevenagel condensation reaction of malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes gave 2-arylmethylidenemalononitriles which on treatment with quinoline and cyclohexyl isocyanide under solvent-free conditions afforded 1-(cyclohexylamino)-2-arylpyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoline-3-carbonitriles in good yields.
2-Iodoxybenzenesulfonic Acid-Catalysed oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols with Oxone in Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide Micelles at Room Temperature
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Wang Boliang
Published: July 2014

A mild and green protocol for alcohol oxidation using 2-iodoxybenzene sulfonic acid/oxone at room temperature in CTAB micelles has been developed. Typically, secondary benzyl alcohols were oxidised to ketones and primary benzyl alcohols to aldehydes in good yields in 2 h. Under harsher conditions (100 °C/24 h), aliphatic alcohols were oxidised to ketones or organic acids in moderate to high yields.