bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of patient satisfaction: a systematic review
Authors: Batbaatar Enkhjargal , Dorjdagva Javkhlanbayar , Luvsannyam Ariunbat , Savino Matteo Mario , Amenta Pietro
Published: March 2016

Aim:

A large number of studies have addressed the detection of patient satisfaction determinants, and the results are still inconclusive. Furthermore, it is known that contradicting evidence exists across patient satisfaction studies. This article is the second part of a two-part series of research with a goal to review a current conceptual framework of patient satisfaction for further operationalisation procedures. The aim of this work was to systematically identify and review evidence regarding determinants of patient satisfaction between 1980 and 2014, and to seek the reasons for contradicting results in relationships between determinants and patient satisfaction in the literature to design a further robust measurement system for patient satisfaction.

Method:

This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus in October 2014. Studies published in full in peer reviewed journals between January 1980 and August 2014 and in the English language were included. We included 109 articles for the synthesis.

Results:

We found several number of determinants of patient satisfaction investigated in a wide diversity of studies. However, study results were varied due to no globally accepted formulation of patient satisfaction and measurement system.

Conclusions:

Health care service quality indicators were the most influential determinants of patient satisfaction across the studies. Among them, health providers’ interpersonal care quality was the essential determinant of patient satisfaction. Sociodemographic characteristics were the most varied in the review. The strength and directions of associations with patient satisfaction were found inconsistent. Therefore, person-related characteristics should be considered to be the potential determinants and confounders simultaneously. The selected studies were not able to show all potential characteristics which may have had effects on satisfaction. There is a need for more studies on how cultural, behavioural, and socio-demographic differences affect patient satisfaction, using a standardised questionnaire.
Insights into the single cell draft genome of “Candidatus Achromatium palustre”
Authors: Salman Verena , Berben Tom , Bowers Robert M. , Woyke Tanja , Teske Andreas , Angert Esther R.
Published: March 2016

“Candidatus Achromatium palustre” was recently described as the first marine representative of the Achromatium spp. in the Thiotrichaceae - a sister lineage to the Chromatiaceae in the Gammaproteobacteria. Achromatium spp. belong to the group of large sulfur bacteria as they can grow to nearly 100 μm in size and store elemental sulfur (S0) intracellularly. As a unique feature, Achromatium spp. can accumulate colloidal calcite (CaCO3) inclusions in great amounts. Currently, both process and function of calcite accumulation in bacteria is unknown, and all Achromatium spp. are uncultured. Recently, three single-cell draft genomes of Achromatium spp. from a brackish mineral spring were published, and here we present the first draft genome of a single “Candidatus Achromatium palustre” cell collected in the sediments of the Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Cape Cod, MA. Our draft dataset consists of 3.6 Mbp, has a G + C content of 38.1 % and is nearly complete (83 %). The next closest relative to the Achromatium spp. genomes is Thiorhodovibrio sp. 907 of the family Chromatiaceae, containing phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria.
Protein Restriction During the Last Third of Pregnancy Malprograms the Neuroendocrine Axes to Induce Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Male Rat Offspring
Authors: de Oliveira Júlio Cezar , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , Barella Luiz Felipe , Malta Ananda , Martins Isabela Peixoto , Franco Claudinéia Conationi da Silva , Pavanello Audrei , Torrezan Rosana , Natali Maria Raquel Marçal , Lisboa Patrícia Cristina , Mathias Paulo Cezar de Freitas , de Moura Egberto Gaspar
Published: March 2016

Metabolic malprogramming has been associated with low birth weight; however, the interplay between insulin secretion disruption and adrenal function upon lipid metabolism is unclear in adult offspring from protein-malnourished mothers during the last third of gestation. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of a maternal low-protein diet during the last third of pregnancy on adult offspring metabolism, including pancreatic islet function and morphophysiological aspects of the liver, adrenal gland, white adipose tissue, and pancreas. Virgin female Wistar rats (age 70 d) were mated and fed a protein-restricted diet (4%, intrauterine protein restricted [IUPR]) from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery, whereas control dams were fed a 20.5% protein diet. At age 91 d, their body composition, glucose-insulin homeostasis, ACTH, corticosterone, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile, pancreatic islet function and liver, adrenal gland, and pancreas morphology were assessed. The birth weights of the IUPR rats were 20% lower than the control rats (P < .001). Adult IUPR rats were heavier, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic, and hypercorticosteronemic (P < .05) with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, ACTH, and insulin sensitivity index levels (P < .01). The insulinotropic action of glucose and acetylcholine as well as muscarinic and adrenergic receptor function were impaired in the IUPR rats (P < .05). Maternal undernutrition during the last third of gestation disrupts the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response and induces obesity-associated complications. Such alterations lead to a high risk of metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Evidence for Osteocalcin Binding and Activation of GPRC6A in β-Cells
Authors: Pi Min , Kapoor Karan , Ye Ruisong , Nishimoto Satoru Kenneth , Smith Jeremy C. , Baudry Jerome , Quarles Leigh Darryl
Published: March 2016

The possibility that G protein-coupled receptor family C member A (GPRC6A) is the osteocalcin (Ocn)-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that directly regulates pancreatic β-cell functions is controversial. In the current study, we found that Ocn and an Ocn-derived C-terminal hexapeptide directly activate GPRC6A-dependent ERK signaling in vitro. Computational models probe the structural basis of Ocn binding to GPRC6A and predict that the C-terminal hexapeptide docks to the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain of GPRC6A. Consistent with the modeling, mutations in the computationally identified binding pocket of GPRC6A reduced Ocn and C-terminal hexapeptide activation of this receptor. In addition, selective deletion of Gprc6a in β-cells (Gprc6aβ-cell-cko) by crossing Gprc6aflox/flox mice with Ins2-Cre mice resulted in reduced pancreatic weight, islet number, insulin protein content, and insulin message expression. Both islet size and β-cell proliferation were reduced in Gprc6aβ-cell-cko compared with control mice. Gprc6aβ-cell-cko exhibited abnormal glucose tolerance, but normal insulin sensitivity. Islets isolated from Gprc6aβ-cell-cko mice showed reduced insulin simulation index in response to Ocn. These data establish the structural basis for Ocn direct activation of GPRC6A and confirm a role for GPRC6A in regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.
Long-Term Outcomes for Different Forms of Stress Cardiomyopathy After Surgical Treatment for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Bihorac Azra , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Mahanna Elizabeth , Malik Seemab , White Peggy , Sorensen Matthew , Fahy Brenda G. , Petersen John W.
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SCM) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) includes predominant apical or basal regional left ventricular dysfunction (RLVD) with concomitant changes in electrocardiogram or increase in cardiac enzymes. We hypothesized that difference in outcome is associated with the type of RLVD after SAH.

METHODS:

We studied a single-center retrospective cohort of SAH patients hospitalized between 2000 and 2010 with follow-up until 2013. We classified patients who had an echocardiogram for clinically indicated reasons according to the predominate location of RLVD as classic SCM-apical form and variant SCM-basal form. A Cox proportional hazard model and logistic regression were used to estimate the risk for death and hospital complications associated with different RLVD after adjustment for propensity to undergo echocardiography given clinical characteristics on admission.

RESULTS:

Among 715 SAH patients, 28% (200/715) had an echocardiogram for clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction during hospitalization, the most common being acute left ventricular dysfunction, suspected acute ischemic event, changes in electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes, and arrhythmia. SCM was present in 59 patients (8% of all cohort and 30% of patients with echocardiogram, respectively) with similar distribution of SCM-basal (25/59) and SCM-apical forms (34/59). SAH patients who had an echocardiogram for clinically indicated reasons had a significantly decreased risk-adjusted long-term survival compared with those without an echocardiogram, regardless of the presence of RLVD. SCM-basal form was associated with cardiac complications (odds ratio, 6.1; 99% confidence interval, 1.8–20.2) and severe sepsis (odds ratio, 5.3; 99% confidence interval, 1.6–17.2).

CONCLUSIONS:

SAH patients with echocardiogram for a clinically indicated reason have a decreased long-term survival, regardless of the presence of RLVD. The association between severe sepsis and SCM-basal warrants future studies to determine their potential synergistic effect on left ventricular systolic dysfunction among SAH patients.
The Risk of Falls After Total Knee Arthroplasty with the Use of a Femoral Nerve Block Versus an Adductor Canal Block: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Elkassabany Nabil M. , Antosh Sean , Ahmed Moustafa , Nelson Charles , Israelite Craig , Badiola Ignacio , Cai Lu F. , Williams Rebekah , Hughes Christopher , Mariano Edward R. , Liu Jiabin
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:

Adductor canal block (ACB) has emerged as an appealing alternative to femoral nerve block (FNB) that produces a predominantly sensory nerve block by anesthetizing the saphenous nerve. Studies have shown greater quadriceps strength preservation with ACB compared with FNB, but no advantage has yet been shown in terms of fall risk. The Tinetti scale is used by physical therapists to assess gait and balance, and total score can estimate a patient’s fall risk. We designed this study to test the primary hypothesis that FNB results in a greater proportion of “high fall risk” patients postoperatively using the Tinetti score compared with ACB.

METHODS:

After institutional review board approval, informed written consent to participate in the study was obtained. Patients undergoing primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty were eligible for enrollment in this double-blind, randomized trial. Patients received either an ACB or FNB (20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine) with catheter placement (8 mL/h of 0.2% ropivacaine) in the setting of multimodal analgesia. Continuous infusion was stopped in the morning of postoperative day (POD)1 before starting physical therapy (PT). On POD1, PT assessed the primary outcome using the Tinetti score for gait and balance. Patients were considered to be at high risk of falling if they scored <19. Secondary outcomes included manual muscle testing of the quadriceps muscle strength, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and ambulation distance on POD1 and POD2. The quality of postoperative analgesia and the quality of recovery were assessed with American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire Revised and Quality of Recovery-9 questionnaire, respectively.

RESULTS:

Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the study (31 ACB and 31 FNB). No difference was found in the proportion of “high fall risk” patients on POD1 (21/31 in the ACB group versus 24/31 in the FNB group [P = 0.7]; relative risk, 1.14 [95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.56]) or POD2 (7/31 in the ACB versus 14/31 in the FNB group [P = 0.06]; relative risk, 2.0 [95% confidence interval, 0.94–4.27]). The average distance of ambulation during PT and time to up and go were similar on POD1 and POD2. Manual muscle testing grades were significantly higher on POD1 in the ACB group when compared with that in the FNB (P = 0.001) (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney odds, 2.25 [95% confidence interval, 1.35–4.26]). There were no other differences in postoperative outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

ACB results in greater preservation of quadriceps muscle strength. Although we did not detect a significant reduction in fall risk when compared with FNB, based on the upper limit of the relative risk, it may very well be present. Further study is needed with a larger sample size.
Connexin-based channels contribute to metabolic pathways in the oligodendroglial lineage
Authors: Niu Jianqin , Li Tao , Yi Chenju , Huang Nanxin , Koulakoff Annette , Weng Chuanhuang , Li Chengren , Zhao Cong-Jian , Giaume Christian , Xiao Lan
Published: March 2016

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo a series of energy-consuming developmental events; however, the uptake and trafficking pathways for their energy metabolites remain unknown. In the present study, we found that 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose analog, can be delivered between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes through connexin-based gap junction channels but cannot be transferred between astrocytes and OPCs. Instead, connexin hemichannel-mediated glucose uptake supports OPC proliferation, and ethidium bromide uptake or increase of 2-NBDG uptake rate is correlated with intracellular Ca2+ elevation in OPCs, indicating a Ca2+-dependent activation of connexin hemichannels. Interestingly, deletion of connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1) in astrocytes inhibits OPC proliferation by decreasing matrix glucose levels without impacting on OPC hemichannel properties, a process that also occurs in corpus callosum from acute brain slices. Thus, dual functions of connexin-based channels contribute to glucose supply in oligodendroglial lineage, which might pave a new way for energy-metabolism-directed oligodendroglial-targeted therapies.
Complement-mediated ‘bystander’ damage initiates host NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Authors: Suresh Rahul , Chandrasekaran Prabha , Sutterwala Fayyaz S. , Mosser David M.
Published: March 2016

Complement activation has long been associated with inflammation, primarily due to the elaboration of the complement anaphylotoxins C5a and C3a. In this work, we demonstrate that the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles promotes host inflammatory responses by a new mechanism that depends on the terminal complement components (C5b–C9). We demonstrate that during the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles, the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement can be transferred from the activating particle to the macrophage plasma membrane by a ‘bystander’ mechanism. This MAC-mediated bystander damage initiates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Inflammasome activation is not induced when macrophages phagocytize unopsonized particles or particles opsonized with serum deficient in one of the terminal complement components. The secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 by macrophages depends on NLRP3, ASC (also known as PYCARD) and caspase-1, as macrophages deficient in any one of these components fail to secrete these cytokines following phagocytosis. The phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles increases leukocyte recruitment and promotes T helper 17 cell (TH17) biasing. These findings reveal a new mechanism by which complement promotes inflammation and regulates innate and adaptive immunity.
Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in myelomonocytic cells enhances the immune response
Authors: Bernstein Kenneth E. , Khan Zakir , Giani Jorge F. , Zhao Tuantuan , Eriguchi Masahiro , Bernstein Ellen A. , Gonzalez-Villalobos Romer A. , Shen Xiao Z.
Published: March 2016

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and thereby plays an important role in blood pressure control. However, ACE is relatively non-specific in its substrate specificity and cleaves many other peptides. Recent analysis of mice overexpressing ACE in monocytes, macrophages, and other myelomonocytic cells shows that these animals have a marked increase in resistance to experimental melanoma and to infection byListeria monocytogenesor methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Several other measures of immune responsiveness, including antibody production, are enhanced in these animals. These studies complement a variety of studies indicating an important role of ACE in the immune response.
Recent advances in the management of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Molina Ana M. , Nanus David M.
Published: March 2016

Therapeutic options for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have significantly improved over the past few years with the recent approval of two new agents resulting in prolonged progression-free and overall survival.
Possible repurposing of seasonal influenza vaccine for prevention of Zika virus infection
Authors: Veljkovic Veljko , Paessler Slobodan
Published: March 2016

The in silico analysis shows that the envelope glycoproteins E of Zika viruses (ZIKV) isolated in Asia, Africa and South and Central America encode highly conserved information determining their interacting profile and immunological properties. Previously it was shown that the same information is encoded in the primary structure of the hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1) from pdmH1N1 influenza A virus.  This similarity suggests possible repurposing of the seasonal influenza vaccine containing pdmH1N1 component for prevention of the ZIKV infection.
Legal Status of a School Principal in the Context of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” Enactment
Authors: Фёклин  , Feklin Sergey
Published: March 2016

The Federal Law of December 29, 2012 № 273-FL “On Education in the Russian Federation” has introduced further clarity in the legal status of a leader (director) of a general educational institution, which came into eff ect as per September 1, 2013. The school principal is given the exceptional legal standing (status), which is conditioned by the specifi cs of his job duties, position and role in the mechanism of the educational institution management. The author thoroughly summarizes, reports in depth and gives comments on the questions concerning the core aspects of a school principal job, which are the most frequently asked by the learners of qualifi cation upgrading courses, and participants of roundtables and seminars. The author also highlights the school principal’s qualifi cation standards and administrational powers in terms of organization management, considering these issues De lege lata. The material is presented in the form of detailed answers to the frequently asked questions on the issues concerned.
Educational Situations for Developing a School Student’s Research Potential
Authors: Макотрова  , Makotrova Galina
Published: March 2016

The author introduces the concept of “educational situation, conducive to development of a student’s research potential”, provides detailed characteristics

and classifi cation of such educational situations. It is shown, that each educational situation refl exes the synthesis of the ideas of integrity, culture

genesis and systemogenesis. The very consistency of educational situations, conducive to the student’s research potential development, suggests, that in

the course of studying a school student is taken fi rst to make steps towards cultural genesis of a lower complexity level and then is moved in the direction

of culture genesis of a higher complexity level. The material presented is useful for transition to modeling educational situations, conducive to a student’s

research potential development, and to line-up such educational situations in terms of didactic module and to implement these educational situations

in the real practice of teaching.
Difficulties in the Study of Ethnic Stereotypes in the System of International Relations in the Framework of the Course "Ethnopsychology"
Authors: Кутепова  , Kutyepova Marina
Published: March 2016

The article investigates the current state of the problem of ethnic stereotypes, which function as a primary information on the interaction partner, but as an axiom of perception and action. The article discusses the difficulties of studying this problem in the course of ethnic psychology.
Results Monitoring of Professional Orientation of Students at the Present Stage
Authors: Бригинец  , Briginets I. , Чинков  , Chinkov V.
Published: March 2016

The structure of Russian society is seriously distorted.

Among all graduates of vocational education institutions, the share

of University graduates is about 60%. The Russian economy will

be about 75 % of the graduates of vocational education institutions

with medium and low qualifications. 50 % of young specialists with

higher education change their profession or qualification. This

situation prompted the authors to study the problems of vocational

guidance of schoolchildren. The empirical base for the study

was a survey conducted in September-October 2015. The study

used a systematic probability sample. Of 800 participants in the

experiment in three Russian regions (Moscow, Kirov, Vologda region)

was selected 152 people for interviewing. The object of the research

is learning in school youth. The study focused on motivation, possible

models of behavior and choice of profession. The results

contribute to the understanding of the essence of motivation of

choice of profession graduates of schools as a set of stable motives.

Evidence shows that the motivation of the choice of the high school

graduates profile of higher education or a future profession effected

not by the school.
Social and Civic Identification As the Basis of the Child´s Life Prospects in Terms of General Education by Means of New Educational Practices
Authors: Гам  , Gam V. , Гам  , Gam A.
Published: March 2016

Social and civil identity in the system of philosophical

analysis is the factor of formation of social and economic development

of society. It is associated with certain areas which define

specific forms of life practices, which define specific forms of life

practices, picture of the world, contain and create a valid normative

value system of the person, influence on building life prospects.

The article highlights the problem of creating conditions for the

development of life prospects in terms of transformational processes

of the content of General education on the principles of

consistency, integration, interdisciplinarity.
On the Essence of the Socio-Pedagogical Approach in Russian Vocational Education
Authors: Торохтий  , Torokhtiy V.
Published: March 2016

In the article gives the results of studies, which are based

on a multi-year study of pedagogical resources and capacities of

the social environment. These results allow to take a fresh look at

the views to improving of vocational education in terms of its

modernization and present them in a summarized form as a sociopedagogic

approach to professional activities. The essence of this

approach is to implement the pedagogical potential of society in

the process of organization and goals of professional education.
Implementation of the Patristic Approach in Scientific-Psychological Analysis of Volitional Personality Development: from the History of Domestic Psychology of the XX Century
Authors: Серова  , Serova O.
Published: March 2016

The article presents the history of the unique dialogue of scientific psychology and the Orthodox spiritual tradition, which took place in the late 20s of the XX century; introduced a new source of information on the methods of analysis of volitional personality and about the system of psycho-pedagogical advice on the formation of the will and character of the young man, proposed by Russian psychologist V.A. Ekzemplyarsky with high moral and pedagogical potential for solving urgent problems of modern education and training of the Cossacks.
The Essence and Structure of Innovative Pedagogical Activity in the Conditions of the University
Authors: Каравайцев  , Karavaytsev K.
Published: March 2016

Innovative pedagogical activity in a higher educational

establishment requires special attention, because it is a systemforming

element of innovative processes in the higher education

system as a whole. The essence of innovative pedagogical activities

is to improve the quality of the educational process through the

introduction used in the process of learning new teaching methods,

improvement of knowledge, skills and abilities to enhance the

theoretical and applied aspect in the training of specialists. For

developing the capabilities of young specialists, who tend to innovate,

you need to create the appropriate conditions and this can

be achieved by creating an innovative platform for young scientists.

The paper examines the pedagogical foundations of innovative

activity, innovative platform with its potential for the development

of young professionals.
Student Self-Administration at Higher Educational Institutions Abstract
Authors: Бельгибаева  , Belgibaeva G. , Михалькова  , Mikhalkova O.
Published: March 2016

In the article was given the analysis of problems of formation and functioning of student self-administration in high school. The article presets: the urgency of the problem, historical overview of the emergence and prospects for the development of student self-administration in the modern high school. The authors reveal the indications, goals, objectives, principles, functions, and entities of the student government in high school.
Formation of the individual of the younger schoolchild in the Republic of Crimea on the Basis of Cultural Values and Orthodox Cultural and Historical Traditions
Authors: Наумова  , Naumova L.
Published: March 2016

The problem of spiritual-moral education of primary

schoolchildren is examined in the article. The author accents attention

on the questions of forming of spiritual values of junior

schoolchildren by the study of the program «Bases of orthodox

culture of Crimea» and reveals the features of teaching of this

object in Crimea.
Incentive Alignment and Coordination of Project Supply Chains
Authors: Chen Shi , Lee Hau
Published: March 2016

We consider a project supply chain where a manufacturer carries out a sequence of tasks, and each task requires certain key materials from a supplier. Since a fixed-price contract cannot attain channel coordination, we focus on time-based incentive contracts. Our proposed contract requires optimization of the material delivery schedule as well as the fraction and the timing of a delayed payment to each supplier. Under the contract, the manufacturer’s profit is affected by the variance but not by the mean of a supplier’s lead time. Each supplier benefits from a reduction in the mean or variance of his own lead time, whereas the supplier’s profit is independent of the duration of the on-site tasks and the lead times of other suppliers. The contract is also robust in various scenarios: in particular, coordination can be achieved even if the manufacturer’s estimate of the average delivery lead time is inaccurate.

This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Managing pin sites in primary care
Authors: Vincent Maria , Emberton Katy
Published: March 2016

As the use of external fixation increases, guidance for care is offered by Maria Vincent and Katy Emberton
Improving foot care for patients with diabetes on haemodialysis
Authors: Brand Sarah , Musgrove Alison , Lincoln Nadina
Published: March 2016

Patients on haemodialysis have an increased risk of developing diabetic foot problems, as well as difficulties in accessing specialist care. This service evaluation assessed whether educating haemodialysis nurses in foot care resulted in more frequent examination. It also considered whether improvements in patients' self-care behaviour associated with their feet were reported.
Nursing resources for earlier and better end-of-life care
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: March 2016

The UK is renowned for its provision of high-quality end-of-life care. In the latest article in a series on palliative care, Aysha Mendes stresses the importance of renal nurses making use of the resources available to them, as these can help educate and encourage confidence.
Kidney cancer drug is available on the Early Access to Medicines Scheme
Authors: Edmonds Kim
Published: March 2016

On 11 February 2016, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency announced that nivolumab, a new medicine for advanced renal cell carcinoma, will be available via the Early Access to Medicines Scheme. Kim Edmonds discusses the impact of this for patients with kidney cancer.
Principios formales
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: March 2016

En este trabajo se defiende la teoría principialista de los derechos fundamentales de las críticas que la acusan de ser incapaz de determinar de forma adecuada la relación entre los derechos fundamentales y el control constitucional, con la democracia. Para llegar a una adecuada teoría de la discrecionalidad legislativa, se necesita analizar el papel de los principios formales en la ponderación. Para ello se defiende un «modelo epistémico» de ponderación entre principios formales y sustanciales que se situaría entre el llamado «modelo sustancial-formal puro» y el «modelo combinado», y que se fundamentaría en la idea de ponderación de segundo orden, incorporando la fiabilidad epistémica en la fórmula del peso.
Discrecionalidad
Authors: Hart H.L.A.
Published: March 2016

Este trabajo reproduce un borrador que Hart (1907-1992) distribuyó entre los miembros del Grupo de Debate de Filosofía del Derecho de la Facultad de Derecho de Harvard en 1956 y que fue publicado originalmente en inglés en Harvard Law Review en 2013. En él, Hart se plantea responder a las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Qué es la discrecionalidad o en qué consiste el ejercicio de la discrecionalidad?; ¿en qué condiciones y por qué aceptamos o toleramos de hecho la discrecionalidad en un sistema jurídico?; ¿debemos aceptar o tolerar la discrecionalidad? Y de ser así, ¿por qué?; ¿qué valores amenaza el ejercicio de la discrecionalidad y cuáles preserva o promueve?; y por último ¿qué puede hacerse para maximizar los beneficios del ejercicio de la discrecionalidad y minimizar cualquier daño que genere?.
«A Rule-Governed Gunman Writ Large?» El puesto de la coerción en The Concept of Law
Authors: Pintore Anna
Published: March 2016

Frente a las opiniones que consideran que la coerción ha ido perdiendo su lugar central en la teoría del Derecho y sitúan el comienzo de esta tendencia en El concepto de derecho, este artículo trata de reivindicar el tratamiento de la coerción por parte de Hart en tres momentos de su obra: 1) el análisis de las reglas y de las obligaciones sociales; 2) la crítica a Austin y Kelsen y la elaboración de la teoría de los legal systems; y 3) el tratamiento del contenido mínimo del derecho natural y del derecho internacional. La conclusión de la autora es que «El concepto de derecho no marca en absoluto una ruptura de la tradición iuspositivista en tema de coerción sino que se coloca en línea de continuidad con ella».
El incorporacionismo entre la espada del realismo moral y la pared del positivismo excluyente
Authors: Rapetti Pablo Ariel
Published: March 2016

De acuerdo con Juan Carlos Bayón, el positivismo jurídico incluyente es inconsistente, por cuanto sus presupuestos alegadamente convencionalistas serían incompatibles con las consecuencias de la incorporación de principios morales como criterios de validez jurídica que esta corriente teórica asume como posibles. Concretamente, el positivismo incluyente enfrentaría un dilema: si sostiene que el derecho remite al juez a la moral positiva para la identificación de contenidos normativos, colapsa con la versión excluyente; si en cambio sostiene que el derecho remite al razonamiento moral sustantivo, se ve obligado a abandonar sus presupuestos convencionalistas, en favor del realismo moral. En este trabajo analizaré esta crítica de Bayón, e intentaré proponer un argumento con el cual afrontar dicho cuestionamiento.
Acerca de la fuerza de los enunciados probatorios: el salto constitutivo
Authors: Dei Vecchi Diego
Published: March 2016

Este ensayo propone una crítica a la tesis pragmática según la cual los enunciados probatorios de las decisiones judiciales del tipo «está probado que p» poseen fuerza descriptiva siendo, por tanto, verdaderos o falsos. En primer lugar, se dilucida la noción de fuerza pragmática y se estipula la distinción entre enunciados descriptivos y normativos. Luego, se muestra que en los contextos procedimentales donde el sistema de valoración de la prueba es el conocido como Sana Crítica Racional, los enunciados probatorios, por una parte, expresan un juicio valorativo de quien los profiere y, por la otra, fungen de razones prácticas dirigidas a justificar una acción del mismo emisor, a saber: la aceptación del enunciado fáctico como premisa de la decisión judicial. Estas circunstancias, se sostiene, muestran que enunciados probatorios proferidos en esos contextos poseen fuerza normativa postulándose provisoriamente su carácter constitutivo.
¿Imperialismo de la argumentación? Comentarios al Curso de argumentación jurídica de Manuel Atienza
Authors: Barberis Mauro
Published: March 2016

El reciente Curso de argumentación jurídica, de Manuel Atienza, además de un manual de gran utilidad, es una poderosa reivindicación del espacio de la argumentación en la práctica y en la teoría del derecho. Esta reivindicación, no obstante, plantea el problema, no tematizado por el autor, de los límites conceptuales entre la argumentación y la interpretación: éste es el principal problema, si no el único, abordado en este trabajo. Comienzo examinando las relaciones entre los dos conceptos en el Curso; luego, redefino los límites entre éstos en términos más próximos al sentido ordinario de «interpretación» y «argumentación»; finalmente, critico lo que denomino el imperialismo de la argumentación de Atienza, reformulando la objeción de imperialismo de la moral ya planteada por otros y por mí.
A revueltas con la storytelling llamada «ponderación», y también preguntando sobre «límites» del Derecho
Authors: Haba Enrique P.
Published: March 2016

En ese debate, ambos contendores cultivan ciertas respectivas «novelas de conceptos», con base especialmente en puntos de vista tributarios de visiones ius-esencialistas: un esencialismo jurídico«razonabilista» frente a un esencialismo legalista. Así se conservan intactas también las enormes penumbras de vaguedades de ciertos conceptos fundamentales a que respectivamente recurre cada uno de aquéllos. Entonces quedan fuera de foco preguntas cruciales, señaladamente aquéllas del todo básicas que permitan examinar las cuestiones jurídicas en planos que se fijen sobre todo en la practicidad social real de las fórmulas discursivas utilizadas. Con ello el pensamiento se aleja de encarar esas cuestiones en términos capaces de someterlas a exigencias metodológicas —precisión intersubjetiva en el manejo de esos conceptos, aquilatamiento de facticidades sociales— aptas para resolver de la manera más adecuada posible, ¡en la práctica!, los conflictos que llegan a los tribunales. Especialmente se examinan esas cuestiones a propósito de ciertas postulaciones (esencialistas) en cuanto a unos supuestos «límites» netos del derecho y atribuyéndole a éste la condición (imaginaria) de constituir un sistema propiamente dicho. Por último, a tales modelos idealistas de discurso jurídico es contrapuesto aquí un posible modelo realista para los razonamientos judiciales, dirección de pensamiento orientada a poder sacar el máximo provecho de los conocimientos pertinentes suministrados por las ciencias sociales.
Модель осциллятора с нарушением симметрии
Authors: Волов Дмитрий Борисович , Volov Dmitry Borisovich
Published: March 2016

Рассмотрены уравнения движения осциллятора с их точными решениями в виде экспонент с дополнительным параметром. Данный параметр характеризует асимметрию колебаний. Показано, что эти уравнения являются частным случаем уравнения Хилла. Получены уравнения для трех видов таких экспонент, в том числе для экспоненты, обладающей свойством унитарности. Найдены лагранжианы и гамильтонианы к этим уравнениям. Доказано, что все уравнения связаны каноническими преобразованиями и, по сути, являются одним и тем же уравнением, выраженным в разных обобщенных координатах и импульсах. Причем решения линейных однородных уравнений одного типа являются одновременно решениями линейных неоднородных уравнений другого. Обсуждается возможность квантования таких систем.
Аналог задачи $\Delta_1$ для гиперболического уравнения второго порядка в трехмерном евклидовом пространстве
Authors: Родионова Ирина Николаевна , Rodionova Irina Nikolaevna , Долгополов Вячеслав Михайлович , Dolgopolov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich
Published: March 2016

В трехмерном евклидовом пространстве рассматриваются уравнения второго порядка гиперболического типа.
В бесконечной цилиндрической области, ограниченной характеристическими поверхностями данного уравнения, поставлена краевая задача с данными на смежных характеристических поверхностях уравнения и условиями сопряжения на внутренней нехарактеристической плоскости. На искомое решение налагается также условие обращения его в нуль при $z\to\infty$ вместе с производной по переменной $z$. Методом преобразования Фурье поставленная задача сводится к соответствующей плоской задаче $\Delta_1$ для гиперболического уравнения, которое в характеристических координатах является обобщенным уравнением Эйлера-Дарбу с отрицательным параметром. Авторами получены оценки как самого решения плоской задачи, так и его частных производных до второго порядка включительно.
Это, в свою очередь, дало возможность на заданные граничные функции наложить условия, обеспечивающие существование классического решения поставленной задачи в виде преобразования Фурье.
Cinema e Censura em Portugal
Authors: Morais Ana Bela Ramos Conceição
Published: March 2016

Recensão crítica do livro Cinema e censura em Portugal, de Lauro António (2001).
Adorno, Benjamin, and Kracauer on the Politics of Sensory Perception
Authors: Corrêa Graça P.
Published: March 2016

Book review of Cinema and Experience, by Miriam Bratu Hansen (2012).
Visible Evidence
Authors: Schefer Raquel
Published: March 2016

A vigésima edição da International Conference on Documentary Film and Media “Visible Evidence” teve lugar no Filmhuset, a casa do Instituto de Cinema Sueco em Estocolmo, entre 15 e 18 de agosto de 2013. A conferência juntou cerca de duzento e cinquenta participantes: teóricos, críticos, estudantes de cinema, realizadores e arquivistas.
Encuentros del Otro Cine
Authors: Flores Velasco Jorge
Published: March 2016

Artigo sobre o Festival Internacional de Cine Documental EDOC12 (Encuentros del Otro Cine), realizado em Quito, Equador, entre 9 e 19 de maio de 2013.
Cinema material: a abstração luminosa
Authors: Medeiros Margarida
Published: March 2016

Artigo sobre a exposição Film, Solar – Galeria de Arte Cinemática (Vila do Conde, Portugal), 29 de junho a 1 de setembro de 2013.
O cinema pela palavra
Authors: Ramos Monteiro Lúcia
Published: March 2016

Artigo sobre a exposição Pasolini Roma, Cinémathèque Française (Paris, França), 16 de outubro de 2013 a 26 de janeiro de 2014.
Letting the World Happen
Authors: Keathley Christian
Published: March 2016

Laura Mulvey’s Death 24x a Second and my own Cinephilia and History, or The Wind in the Trees, which appeared in print within a few months of one another, share a similar set of concerns: the power of the filmic detail, that detail’s relation to film history and history in general, and the ways in which new digital technologies (with random access, freeze frame, and slow motion) encourages a spectatorial posture — one we generally associate with the cinephile — that facilitates the discovery of such moments.  Mulvey identifies two types of cinephile spectator — the pensive and the possessive — and notes that, in spite of their apparent differences, the intellectual curiosity of the first and the fetishistic fascination of the second are inevitably intertwined.  A discussion of several moments from Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934) demonstrates this happy entanglement.
How the Nouvelle Vague Invented the DVD: Cinephilia, new waves and film culture in the age of digital dissemination
Authors: Hagener Malte
Published: March 2016

Whereas the currently emerging configurations of audiovisualcy in the age of digital networks are often addressed in terms of absolute novelty and innovation, this article wishes to shift the focus slightly, articulating instead the new in terms of the old. This essay proposes the argument that it was within the Nouvelle Vague and the French film culture of the 1960s that the DVD was “invented”. Obviously, this is a contrafactual argument, but if we understand the DVD as a discursive construction articulating a specific perspective on film, then the DVD simulates and emulates some key features of 1960s cinephilia that emerged within the context of the new waves. On the other hand, the Nouvelle Vague is understood as a broad discursive movement encompassing all segments of the institution cinema rather than five auteur-directors — Truffaut, Godard, Chabrol, Rohmer and Rivette — and their respective films. By arguing for the continuing importance of film history and culture, this article wishes to underline the fact that technological as well as aesthetic transformations are central to our understanding of media culture.
Dinâmicas de espaço do road movie da década de 70: Richard C. Sarafian, Monte Hellman e Terrence Malick
Authors: Rosário Filipa
Published: March 2016

Vanishing Point (Richard C. Sarafian, 1971), Two-lane Blacktop (Monte Hellmann, 1971) e Badlands (Terrence Malick, 1973) são road movies que integram viagens distintas mas que, a dado momento, se assemelham. Fazem-no por via dos seus heróis, que agem como peregrinos não-místicos para quem a viagem surge como um destino em si, mesmo se revestida de perseguição, corrida de automóvel ou fuga à autoridade. Num género cinematográfico que se edifica a partir do elemento espacial, a vivência da estrada estrutura a narrativa, filme a filme. Desta forma, o momento em que a viagem perde o seu sentido teleológico adquire uma relevância acrescida, permitindo compreender com uma outra profundidade as dinâmica de espaço do género. Neste ensaio, analisarei comparativamente o modo através do qual personagens e realizadores se relacionam com o cenário/paisagem, no sentido de identificar constrangimentos ideológicos em relação ao espaço, constrangimentos esses que o road movie parece num primeiro momento ocultar. Easy Rider (Dennis Hopper, 1969) será uma presença transversal no texto uma vez que, enquanto fundador do género, fixou a lógica interna deste.
O Testemunho, o Instante e a Memória. Espaços de corte e de interrupção em Video Letter (1982), de Shuji Terayama e Shuntaro Tanikawa
Authors: Duarte Miguel Mesquita
Published: March 2016

Este artigo tem como ponto privilegiado de investigação o vídeo experimental Video Letter (1982), de Shuji Terayama e Shuntaro Tanikawa. O filme é inquirido nos seus procedimentos formais e aproximações temáticas a partir de um estudo comparativo com o ensaio de Jacques Derrida, intitulado Demeure: Fiction and Testimony (2000), construído em torno da obra literária L’instant de ma mort (1994), de Maurice Blanchot. A aproximação entre estas duas obras permite-nos, apesar das suas diferenças, - no primeiro caso, uma obra vídeo, no segundo, um texto literário, - explorar problemáticas comuns ligadas aos conceitos de instante, ficção, memória e testemunho, assim como indagar sobre quais são as novas formas de temporalidade que emergem dos procedimentos de fragmentação e interrupção convocados por ambas as composições. Procuramos, a partir daí, demonstrar que os procedimentos ligados ao corte, à fragmentação e à descontinuidade, concorrem para o estabelecimento de uma forma de escrita que faz convergir a singularidade do instante, - habitualmente associado, de modo exclusivo, à consideração da imagem parada da fotografia, - com as novas formas de narração que participam de uma reavaliação da própria estrutura fílmica e, por conseguinte, do estatuto da imagem em movimento. Também estas categorias são abordadas no seu sentido mais amplo e expandido, - nomeadamente, a partir das reconfigurações operadas pelo formato vídeo, - induzindo a uma consideração dos cruzamentos estabelecidos entre o filme e áreas de expressão aparentemente díspares e heterogéneas, como é caso da fotografia, da literatura e da poesia.
O repeat viewing no contexto do metacinema
Authors: Chinita Fátima
Published: March 2016

Partindo da explicação daquilo que neste ensaio se entende por “metacinema” e a sua relevância como discurso autoral sobre a sétima arte, aborda-se o fenómeno do visionamento múltiplo de uma mesma obra (aspeto conhecido em inglês como “repeat viewing”). Este fenómeno permite um contato privilegiado entre o meta espetador, propenso a aderir em maior grau aos metafilmes, e o meta realizador, inclinado a construir uma carreira em torno da execução dos mesmos. Em causa está o visionamento e o fabrico de obras, direta ou indiretamente, especializadas no universo cinematográfico. A mediação do dispositivo cinematográfico na projeção em sala ou a apropriação de novas e cada vez mais versáteis tecnologias de captação e reprodução audiovisual permite transformar o vidente cinéfilo num utilizador compulsivo, conferindo ao cinema atualmente uma dimensão háptica que ele não detinha da mesma forma anteriormente. O espetador apropria-se de obras criadas por outrem, atribuindo-lhes uma nova forma e um novo sentido, mas dentro de um contexto cinéfilo. Inversamente, o criador é voluntariamente apropriado pela indústria, permitindo o consumo de si mesmo nas edições em videograma e trabalhando internamente as obras e os seus mecanismos formais e narrativos para geraram maior e mais multiplicadas formas de consumo junto dos espetadores. Assim se fomenta uma jornada que não é do herói, mas sim do vidente. Para concluir, defende-se que a maior acessibilidade fílmica permitida pela disseminação de novas janelas de consumo cinematográfico incrementa o repeat viewing e uma apropriação cada vez maior das obras, mas em contrapartida, pode desencadear a nulidade do discurso metacinematográfico e o esboroar do metacinema como tal.
Os documentários industriais de 1933 a 1985
Authors: Stock Robert
Published: March 2016

Recensão crítica do livro O cinema em Portugal. Os documentários industriais de 1933 a 1985, de Paulo Miguel Martins (2011).
Uma narrativa possível sobre os jogos criados em Portugal nos últimos anos. Reflexão a partir do livro “Videojogos em Portugal, História, Tecnologia e Arte” de Nelson Zagalo (2013)
Authors: Gouveia Patricia Figueira
Published: March 2016

Recensão crítica do livro Videojogos em Portugal: História, Tecnologia e Arte, de Nelson Zagalo (2013).
António Ferro e a projeção atlântica de Portugal através do cinema
Authors: Ribeiro Carla
Published: March 2016

Com o eclodir da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o cinema assumiu um papel particularmente importante, o de instrumento de propaganda externa do regime, embaixador privilegiado de Portugal no estrangeiro. Neste contexto, do início dos anos quarenta, e da política externa do órgão nacional de propaganda – o Secretariado de Propaganda Nacional (SPN) dirigido por António Ferro –, destacaram-se as relações culturais estabelecidas com o Brasil e a Espanha, naquilo que Ferro entendia como uma “cruzada da lusitanidade”, tendo o cinema assumido um papel relevante para a projecção atlântica da Nação.