bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of fox control on mammal populations in an outer urban conservation reserve.
Authors: Coates T. D.
Published: November 2018

European red foxes were systematically removed from a 370 ha conservation reserve on Melbourne?s urban fringe between December 2003 and September 2005. Activity indexes monitored throughout the removal phase indicated that the fox population declined dramatically when poison baits were available and then increased again predictably during winter and summer each subsequent year. Three alternate indices of fox activity were highly synchronous throughout the study suggesting that the bait-removal index used widely in Australia may provide a reliable measure of overall fox activity in small urban reserves. With monitoring and strategic baiting, fox activity was maintained at a fraction of its pre-control level. Activity indices for several other species of mammal also appeared to respond to the reduced density of foxes at the site after 2003. Southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) increased in both activity and range after the reduction in the fox population indicating that fox predation may act to limit both the total size of populations and types of vegetation occupied by indigenous mammals in small patches of remnant vegetation.
The Estimation of Latent Infection in Oranges
Authors: Adam DB , Mcneil Jean , Hanson-Merz BM , Mccarthy DF , Stokes Joan
Published: November 2018

The main objective of work described in this paper was to find out what differences occurred in the degree of latent infection of Washington Navel oranges grown under diHerent circumstances and treated in various ways. Observations were also made of fungi occUrring as latent infections and on the conditions for, and mode of, infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, the principal form concerned.
Studies of Comparative Fleece Growth in Sheep I. The Quantitative Nature of Inherent Differences in Wool-Growth Rate
Authors: Ferguson KA , Carter HB , H Hardy Margaret
Published: November 2018

Since wool-growth rate is strongly influenced by the plane of nutrition, any measure of inherent wool-producing capacity in the sheep must take this into account, and the relation of these three factors to each other must be known. On general grounds, the relation of wool-growth rate to nutrient intake seems likely to follow the familiar law of diminishing returns which introduces the concept that for each sheep there may be an asymptotic value of wool-growth rate characteristic of the individual. From this and other considerations, it was postulated that these relationships could be described by an equation of the form where y = wool-growth rate, x = nutrient intake rate at or above maintenance levels, Xo = the nutrient intake rate for which y = 0, A = the asymptotic value of y, and k' = a constant dependent on the nutritive qualities of the diet employed:
Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects I. Microscopy of Digestion of Wool by Clothes Moth Larvae (Tineola Bisselliella Humm.)
Authors: Day MF
Published: November 2018

The larvae of Tineola bisseUiella digest wool fibres. The scales, resistant to most enzymes, are, except for the epicuticle, as readily digested as are the cortical cells.
Some Considerations in the Use of Point Quadrats for the Analysis of Vegetation
Authors: Goodall DW
Published: November 2018

The use of vertical pins or point quadrats in the analysis of vegetation, and the statistical treatment of results obtained with them, are discussed on the basis of data collected in different parts of Victoria. Results are expressed in terms of the proportion of the ground covered by each species ("percentage cover"), the average number of layers of foliage covering each point of ground ("cover repetition"), and the proportion of each species in the vegetation as� a whole ("percentage of sward").
Enzymes of Aspergillus Oryzae II. The Yield of Enzymes From Mutants Produced by Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: E Maxwell Margaret
Published: November 2018

Conidia of a strain of A. aryzae were irradiated at five different wavelengths, 2480, 2650, 2804, 3132, and 3650 A. Those germinating after irradiation were isolated by the single spore technique and examined for changes in morphology and for enzyme production on liquid medium. Mutants of the normal strain were produced at all wavelengths, including "lethal mutants."
Malonate and Carrot Root Respiration
Authors: F Hanly Vera , Rowan KS , Turner JS
Published: November 2018

Following a review of earlier work with malonate as an enzyme and respiration inhibitor, direct evidence is provided of the existence in carrot root tissue of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase (S.D.). Malonate is clearly effective as an inhibitor of carrot root respiration only at low pH. Its effects at higher pH are, however, fully described and discussed. It is postulated that in this tissue a significant part of the respiration is mediated by enzyme systems not inhibited by malonate, KCN, or CO; that the remainder, whose activity is varied by wounding and aging, and by ionic exchange and uptake, involves an organic acid cycle of the Krebs type. The effects at low pH and low concentration of malonate (O.005-0.02M) may be explained as due to inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase only; under these conditions self reversal of inhibition, and reversal by addition of succinate, are both possible. At higher concentrations ( O.04-0.05M ) and low pH, malonate is assumed to inhibit not only S.D. but other enzymes concerned in pyruvate oxidation; this explains the lack of self reversal, lack of reversal by added succinate, and the failure to demonstrate accumulation of succinate in poisoned tissue; under these conditions, when inhibition is to the basal level, the RQ. is high, presumably because pyruvate is diverted to form fermentation products.
The Influence of Temperature on the Rate of Development of Insects, With Special Reference·to the Eggs of Gryllulus Commodus Walker
Authors: Browning TO
Published: November 2018

Eggs of the cricket Gryllulus commodus Walked (Gryllidae, Orthoptera) were incubated at nine constant temperatures; the mean duration of the incubation period and its variance have been determined at each temperature.
Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects IV. Absorption and Elimination of Metals by Lepidopterous Larvae, With Special Reference to the Clothes Moth, Tineola Bisselliella (Humm.)
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: November 2018

The fate was investigated of 30 metallic and five non-metallic elements following ingestion by Tineola larvae. When incorporated in woollen fabric or in a yeast-casein medium, 19 elements that form insoluble sulphides produced characteristically coloured sulphides in the food undergoing digestion in the midgut. The production of the sulphides is brought about by the alkaline, highly reducing, midgut secretions,. which cause the production of sulphydryl groups by the reduction of the Clisulphide bonds of the cystine present in the wool. When metal is present in the diet less cystine is excreted than on a normal diet. Othe.r sulphur-containing compounds ( methionine, glutathione) also permit the formation of sulphides. Much of the sulphide formed passes down the digestive tract and is excreted. However, a certain amount forms highly dispersed colloidal solutions with the amino acids or polypeptides liberated by digestion of the food or present in the digestive secretions. These colloidal sulphides are taken up by the midgut epithelium, and granules of sulphides accumulate in the cavities of the goblet cells of the anterior and posterior regions of the midgut. Sulphides of fewer metals accumulate in the goblet cells of the middle region of the midgut. All goblet cell accumulations are eHminated during moulting, when the entire midgut epithelium is cast off and regenerated. The goblet cells of other lepidopterous larvae were also shown to accumulate some metals, although not as sulphides.
Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects VI. The Ph and Oxidation-Reduction Potential of the Alimentary Canal of the Clothes Moth Larva (Tineola Bissellielal (Humm.))
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: November 2018

The pH and oxidation-reduction potential of the contents of the alimentary canal of Tineola larvae were determined by adding suitable indicators to their food.
A Chemical Analysis of Brewer's Medium for the Aerobic Culture of Anaerobes
Authors: Skerman VBD
Published: November 2018

Polarographic methods for the estimation of thioglycollie acid, cysteine, and glutathione in culture media are described.
A Polyhedral Virus Disease of a Pasture Caterpillar, Pterolocera Amplicornis Walker (Anthelidae)
Authors: Day MF , Common IFB , Farrant JL , Potter Coralie
Published: November 2018

A new virus of the genus Borrelfna, causing a polyhedral disease in larvae of the anthelid moth Pterolocera amplicomis, is described. The polyhedral bodies are small and unusually resistant to alkaline solution. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of rods, spheres, and rods projecting from spheres in alkali-digested polyhedra. The relations between these bodies are not clear.
Healing of Gut Wounds in the Mosquito Aedes Aegypti (l.) And the Leafhopper Orosius A.Rgentatus (ev.)
Authors: Day MF , J Bennetts Margaret
Published: November 2018

Healing of wounds made by puncturing the replete midgut of adult female Aedes aegypti occurs without the intervention of the haemocytes, which play an important role in all previously described examples of wound healing in insects. An eschar is formed on the cuticle within 24 hr, apparently as the result of haemolymph coagulation, but initial closure of the wound appears to be the result of the activity of the midgut musculature and healing to be due to the regenerative powers of the midgut epithelium. Survival as high as 80 per cent. is attained when the gut of engorged females is punctured.
The Effect of Ph and Cations on the Thermal Denaturation of Trypsin
Authors: Crewther WC
Published: November 2018

Dialysed or very dilute solutions of crystalline trypsin are rapidly and irreversibly inactivated at 40�C. At this temperature and in dilute solution the enzyme is most stable at pH values of about 2.7, 6.6, and 10.7, with intermediate regions of instability.
The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits VI. the Control of Respiration Rate and Synthesis
Authors: A Pearson Judith , Robertson RN
Published: November 2018

Experiments are described which test the hypothesis that the rate of respiration is controlled by the phosphate carrier system in apple tissue. The eff~cts of 2,4-dinitrophenol and adenosine triphosphate on the respiration of cut tissue are consistent with the hypothesis that a more rapid utilization of energy-riCh phosphate at a critical stage could result in the climacteric rise. The interrelations of starch, organic acid and nitrogen metabolism, and respiration are discussed. An increase in the activity of extracted respiratory enzymes at the time of the climacteric rise has been demonstrated.
The Breakdown of Pyruvate by Asterococcus Mycoides, the Organism of Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Authors: Rodwell AW , Shirley Rodwell E
Published: November 2018

The pathway for pyruvate breakdown was investigated. Evidence was obtained that a-acetolactic acid does not participate in the pyruvate metabolism of this organism.
Optimum Conditions for the Local (Intravaginal) Action of Oestrogens
Authors: Biggers JD , Claringbold PJ
Published: November 2018

The optimum conditions for the intravaginal administration of oestrogens are obtained by the use of 1 per cent. aqueous egg albumin as solvent, and two or four injections spread over 24-86 hr. The administration of oestrone, oestradiol-8,17,B, and diethylstilboestrol in distilled water by four injections in 86 hr gives a close approximation to, the optimum. Oestriol, however, has considerably reduced activity when administered under these conditions.
The Influence of Nutrition on the Water Relations of Salmonella Oranienburg
Authors: Christian JHB
Published: November 2018

The growth rates of Salmonella oranienburg have been determined in four different basal media in which the water activity (a,v) was controlled by addition of salts and by addition of sucrose. In three complex media the lower limit for growth was between 0�94 and 0�95 aw but in a simple defined medium the limiting aw for growth was between 0�96 and 0�97. When an amino acid mixture containing proline and methionine was added to salt-adjusted simple medium, growth occurred at 0�96 aw' Subsequent addition of eight watersoluble vitamins extended the growth range to 0�95 aw'
Linkage in Linum Usitatissimum and in Melampsora Lini Between Genes Controlling Host-Pathogen Reactions
Authors: Mayo GME
Published: November 2018

The work of FloI', the most procise published on the genetics of disease resistance in higher plant.s, is shown to establish much less t.han is claimed. His allclie series are based on one case where linkago cannot be gl'Cater than 0�3 per cent. at 0�05 lo\'n! of certainty, if t.he data (\1'0 accepted as satisfactory: in fact, they eontain several nnsatisfactory features. For the rest of Flor's evidence, upper limits of linkages between genes within his allelic series of not less than approximately 20 per cent. are possible. More critical test�s are needed, using progeny of heterozygotes buekcrossed to a universally susceptible variety.
The Electric Properties of Plant Cell Membranes I. The Electric Capacitance of Suspensions of Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Chlorella Sp.
Authors: Hope AB
Published: November 2018

The (llnei I'il' capacitance of 'ilHl memhranes of iHolnlod mitochondria alld ehloroplm;ts al\d of Chlorella cellA has IW('ll calculated from ll1eaSUl�0Il10l1i.s on suspensions at. freqm'1l<'ies from 1 ke/s to )le/s in all nHenmting ClHTell! bridge of speeill! (h)sig!l.
The Rate of Digestion of, Human Blood by Certain Species of Mosquitoes
Authors: O’gower AK
Published: November 2018

The rate of ciigesl;iol1 of human blood was invcsLigated at 4-hourly intorval" by tho I'reeipitin and benzidine tests for tho mosquito species .Aedes aegypti, A. concolor, A. noto8oriptu8, A. soutellaris, and Culea., fllliymis. In an enviroWllent ill which temperature and humidity w('["o oonstant and in whioh thoro were equal periods of light and darkness, the mie of digestion ranged from :11 hI' for 8CUtellm'is to ·Hl hI' for A. COil color.
Glygogen Wet Weight and Dry Weight Changes in the Vagina of the Mouse
Authors: H Balmain Judith , Biggers JD , Claringbold PJ
Published: November 2018

(i) 'rho subcutaneous or intravaginal administration of oestrone to the ovariectomized monso causes an increase in the dry weight of the vagina with a maximum at full keratinization. ~rhe water content of the tissue is increased in the pre-keratinization phase, and reduced in the keratinization phase. 'rhe true glycogen content, of the vagina does not, increase until keratinization eommenees.
Non-Utiltzation of Acetate and Utiltzatton of Glpcore by the Bhain of the Sheep
Authors: Mcclymont GL , Setchell BP
Published: November 2018

Arteriovonous difforoneo shldios on tho brain of the sheep l1a\'o failed to show an.v utilization or acetate. Tho mean glucose uptake by UlO brain, 6'2~LO'7 mg per 100 ml of blood, was sufficient, assuming complet.e oxidation of the glueose, to aecount for the nWUlI oX~'geJl utilizat.ion of 4�8 J:O�2 vol. pel' 100 IllI of hlood.
The Mutagenic Action of Formaldehyde on Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Barker JSF , Davern CI
Published: November 2018

(i) Formaldehyde, added to the food medium of Drosophila melanovaslerlal'vaG, was investigated as a mutagenic agent.
Fertility in Rabbits Recovering From Myxomatosis
Authors: Sobey WR , Turnbull K
Published: November 2018

The fertility of 20 bueks and 13 does whieh reeovered from an infection of lnyxoma virus, strain KJ\'Ll:l, undor laboratory oonditions was examined. Six months after infection, only 50 per c('nt. of tho bucks woro f01lnd to bo J(,1'tilo ann many of theso woro not fully fertile. '1'h1'ee females were found to be infertile, of whieh one eould be bred from by using artifieiul insominai;ion, but tho feeundity of tho remaind~r was 'rhe reduced fertility ohsorved und~r labomtory eonnitions is not nocossarily refleet,jon of field conditions whoro most of the infcrtilo animals may not survive.
Trashy Leaf in Australian-Grown Flue-Cured Tobacco: the Light Factor in the Development of Amenenic Leaf
Authors: Ohanson RJ
Published: November 2018

Artificial shading of mature plants of a fiue-cured variety tobacco in the field 4-14 days before harvesting produced 22 per cent. loss in weight of leaves. Their labile hexose-carbohydrate content was about 64 per cent. less than that of control leaves; when cured, shaded leaves were trashy. In plants receiving extra sunlight the weight per unit area ofleaves was increased by 20 per cent., and their carbohydrate content by 45 per cent; there were no trashy leaves with this treatment. Control leaves occupied an intermediate position between shaded and extra� light leaf in composition and quality.
Ortho-Para Cortical Differentiation in "Anomalous" Merino Wool
Authors: ahmad Noor , Lang WR
Published: November 2018

"Anomalous" or "doggy" Merino wool appears to be an increasing problem in Australian woolgrowing. The pattern of the ortho-para cortical differentiation of the straighter-fibred anomalous growth has been compared with that of normal wooL It was found that demarcations of ortho- and paracortex typical of much coarser fibres, may be present in the fine fibres of anomalous growth. In general, doggy wool is coarser than the normal flock mean and has a higher percentage occurrence of paracortex in the cross section.
The Effect of Temperature on the Mutation Rate in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Sheldon BL
Published: November 2018

The incidence of sex�linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melano� gaster after heat shock treatment of both larvae and adult males is reported. There was no increase in the mutation rate after treatment of larvae and the results with adult males were not consistent. Treatment of the latter at 38�C caused an increase in mutation rate, due apparently to the large response of a few sensitive males. Treatment at 40�C caused no increase, and if one sensitive male was excluded, the mutation rate was significantly less than control. These results do not entirely support those of previous workers in the literature and possible reasons for this are discussed.
Fungal Cellulases VIII. Further Observations on the b-Glucosidase of Stachybotrys Atra
Authors: Ermyn MAJ
Published: November 2018

A number of experiments have been carried out which were designed to throw further light on the specificities of the "substrate" and "acceptor" centres of the ,B-glucosidase of S. atra. The type 2 activator, glycerol, has been shown to be an acceptor for a glucosyl residue transferred from p-nitrophenyl ,B-glucoside. p-Nitrophenyl 6-0-p-toluenesulphonyl-, 6-0-methyl-, and 3-0-methyl-,B-D-glucopyranosides are all substrates for the ,B-glucosidase. The implications of the observations for the theory of the action of the enzyme are discussed.
A Study of Variation in Negtria Stenospora Berk. & Br.
Authors: Gibson Ann , Griffin DM
Published: November 2018

This paper records a preliminary investigation of variation in N ectria stenospora Berk. & Br., a species which produces both sexual and asexual spores in culture. The cultural characteristics of the species and methods for isolation of single ascospores and conidia are described. Staining reveals that, all cells of the frequently anastomosing mycelium are uninucleate. Two types of variation are described, one being a gene-controlled variation in colony colour, the other a cytoplasmically controlled variation in colony texture. Certain strains are shown to be self sterile, others self fertile although preferentially outbreeding.
The Effect of Alkali Metal, Magnesium, and Calcium Ions on the Motility of Fowl Spermatozoa
Authors: Wales RG , White IG
Published: November 2018

Potassium (5-45mM), magnesium (1�5-IS�5mM), and calcium (O�3-2�7mM) chlQrides each increase the viability of fowl spermatozoa in vitro when added to a diluent composed of O� 02M sodium phosphate buffer, 0�5 per cent. sodium chloride, and I� 5 per cent. glucose.
Simulation of Genetic Systems by Automatic Digital Computers IV. Selection Between Alleles at a Sex-Linked Locus
Authors: Barker JSF
Published: November 2018

A programme simulating selection between two alleles at a sex�linked locus has been developed for an automatic digital computer (the SILLIAC). It introduces selection and chance effects at four stages of the life cycle.
The Genetic Effects of Family Structure in Natural Populations.
Authors: Moran PAP , Watterson GA
Published: November 2018

Every finite interbreeding genetic population not subject to gene mutation will eventually become homozygous.
Cystine and Glutathione Reductases in the Clothes Moth Tineola Bisselliella
Authors: Powning RF , Irzykiewicz H
Published: November 2018

The larva of the clothes moth Tineola bisselliella possesses an enzyme which catalyses the reduction of L-cystine by reduced triphospyridine nucleotide (TPNH). Extracts of whole larvae reduce up to 14 pmoles of cystine per g larvae per hr at pH 7� 3. Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH)-linked cystine reductase and DPNH- and TPNH-linked glutathione reductase of somewhat lower activity are also present in the clothes moth extracts.
The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool I. The Isolation of a Low-Sulphur Protein
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

Wool was extracted with O� 1M potassium thioglycollate at pH 11� 0 for 2 hr at 50�C and the soluble proteins were precipitated by acidifying to pH 5, redis� solved in potassium thioglycollate at pH 10, and reacted with sodium iodoacetate at pH 9 to give a mixture of at least five electrophoretic ally distinct S�carboxy. methyl kerateines.
Germination of Peronospora Tabaoina: Effect of Temperature
Authors: Cruickshank IAM
Published: November 2018

In an investigation into the effect of temperature on the germination and germ-tube length of Peronospora tabacina Adam using an in vitro technique the following results were obtained:
Possible Differentiation in the wild Population of Oenothera Organensis
Authors: Fisher RA
Published: November 2018

Two explanations, by Wright and the author respectively, have been sug� gested for the high number of self-sterility alleles observed in a very small wild population of Oenothera organensis. Wright's explanation depends on the possible differentiation due to isolation of a number of small subpopulations. Emerson's original data, however, provide a means of putting this proposal to a test, and it appears that the different subpopulations are not in fact genetically differentiated.
On the Mechanism of Incorporation of [35s]Cystine into Wool
Authors: Downes AM
Published: November 2018

A comparison was made of the rate of incorporation of 358 into the plasma proteins and the wool of a sheep after an intravenous injection of DL.[358]cystine. The cystine of wool attained a much higher specific activity than that of the plasma proteins, suggesting that cystine is not incorporated into wool by any rocess involving a direct modification of the plasma proteins. It is also suggested that there is a metabolic "pool" of material containing cystine associated with the wool follicles themselves which is turned over with a half�time of about 3 days.
Microscopic Analysis of Faeces, a Technique for Ascertaining the Diet of Herbivorous , Mammals
Authors: Storr GM
Published: November 2018

A technique is described that is being used in diet studies in kangaroos and wallabies. It is based on the identification of the epidermis of leaves and stems of plants recovered in faeces. Data obtained with it are qualitative and quantitative because (1) there is little or no digestion of epidermis that is encased in cutin, (2) epi. dermis is usually identifiable to species under low�power miscroscope, and (3) there is a determinable relation in each species of plant between the surface area and dry weight of its ~oliage.
Studies on Prytoalexins III. The Isolation, Assay, and General Properties of a Phytoalexin From Pisum Sativum L.
Authors: Cruiokshank IAM , R Perrin Dawn
Published: November 2018

An antifungal compound which conforms to Muller's definition of a phyto� alexin has been isolated from the endocarp tissues of detached pea pods inoculated with Monilinia jructicola. The same compound has been identified in inoculated organs of growing pea plants. This compound, which is an abnormal metabolite of pea tissues, has been named "pisatin".
Abnormal Inheritance of the Sex-Linked Tabby Gene
Authors: Kindred BM
Published: November 2018

Females of unexpected phenotype occur occasionally in mouse stocks segregating for sex-linked genes. Data from breeding of such females and frequency of occurrence in several different stocks are given. A possible explanation is advanced to account for the discrepancies between genetical and histological observations.
Studies on Oxidized Wool IV. Fractionation of Proteins Extracted From Wool on Deae-Cellulose Using Buffers Containing 8m Urea
Authors: O'donnell IJ , Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

aand y-keratoses, which are soluble proteins extracted from oxidized wool, give widely spread zones in their elution curves when examined by gradient elution chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose in buffers containing 8M urea. Stepwise elution of the proteins indicates that they could consist of many components.
Studies in Translocation II. Submicroscopic Anatomy of The Phloem
Authors: Duloy FV Mercer Margaret , Rathgeber Nele
Published: November 2018

Electron.microscope studies have been made of the cells of the phloem and pericyclic ground parenchyma of the stem of Cucurbita pepo (Duchesne). The mature sieve element contains no cytoplasm, either on the side walls or at the sieve plate, such as occurs in other cells. The walls are lined with a parietal layer which encloses an aqueous solution in which are dispersed fibrils of slime.
Calcium Ions and the Action Potential in Nitella
Authors: Findlay GP
Published: November 2018

Experiments are described in which a "voltage� clamping" technique has been applied to large ecorticate internodal cells of the freshwater alga Nitella. In this technique, a feedback circuit is used to change the potential difference between the vacuole of the cell and the external medium to some predetermined level and maintain it as close as possible to this level during the electrical activity of the cell. It is shown that the main factor in the phenomena of potential change and current flow, during the initial stages of the action potential in Nitella, is a tran-sient increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to calcium ions, and a consequent flow of these ions into the cell from the external medium.
Bioelectric Fields of Bean Roots and their Relation to Salt Accumulation
Authors: Scott BIH , Martin DW
Published: November 2018

The bioelectric field of a bean root growing in a weakly conducting solution is examined. It is estimated by a method which is described, that a total current of about 3 X 10-7 A flows through the external medium due to the bioelectric source, resulting in power dissipation outside the plant of about 10-9 W. This is considered in relation to respiratory energy production in the root.
The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool II. the Preferential Extraction of High-Sulphur Proteins
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: November 2018

A study has been made of the preferential extraction of high� sulphur protein components from wool by alkaline solutions of potassium thioglycollate. It was found that in general the high. sulphur proteins were extracted in quantity at lower values of pH, temperature, and time than the low� sulphur proteins. The extraction of low� sulphur proteins was repressed by small increases in salt concentration and by the addition of divalent cations such as zinc and calcium, whereas the solubility of the high. sulphur proteins was much less affected by these additions.
Strawberry, Clover, and Pea as Hosts of Big Bud Vtrus
Authors: Helms Katie
Published: November 2018

Frazier and Posnette (l956, 1957) showed that the virus causing phyllody of clover in England produced symptoms of green petal disease in strawberry. In Australia, clover virescence (or phyllody) was found to be caused by the big bud virus (Hill 1943), and as strawberry plants with green flowers have been reported to occur occasionally in commercial crops in southern Queensland (B. L. Oxenham, personal communication), it was of interest to determine if strawberry was a hOt-lt of the big bud virus.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Ohara Australis VII. The Separate Electrical Oharacteristics of the Plasmalemma and Tonoplast
Authors: Findlay GP , Hope AB
Published: November 2018

A study of the electrical properties of tho two membranes bounding the cytoplasm in almra cells was made. Three electrodes were employed: a metal probe to pass current, inserted longitudinally into the vacuole, and two glass microelectrodes, to measure potential differences, inserted into the vacuole and cytoplasm.
The In Vivo Uptake and Incorporation of Radioisotopes into Proteins of Wheat Endosperm
Authors: SD Graham Janet , Morton RK , Raison JK
Published: November 2018

A procedure is described for the quantitative i'301ation of the protein bodies from developing wheat endosperm. The changes with time in specific a.ctivity of the storage proteins (present in the protein bodies) and of the soluble proteins (present in the high-speed supernatant fraction) have been followed in "pulse"labelling experiments. Excised wheat heads were exposed to [35SJsulphate for periods of 5 min to 1 hr; dilution of the 35S-radioactivity within the wheat head before the incorporation of radioactivity into the endosperm proteins resulted in a constant ratio of the specific activity of the soluble proteins to that of the storage proteinfl.
The Influence of Several Transpiration Suppressants on Transpiration, Photosynthesis, and Water-Use Efficiency of Cotton Leaves
Authors: Slatyer RO , Bierhuizen JF
Published: November 2018

The influence of transpiration suppressants on transpiration and apparent photosynthesis of cotton leaves was investigated under moderate and high light intensity (7'5 and 22�5x 104 erg cm-2 sec-I) and low windspeed (1-5 and 3�1 em sec-I) conditions. The substances used were Adol 52 (n formulation of cetyl alcohol), OED Green (a formulation of oxyethylene docosanol), 8�600 (n plastic transplanting spray), and phenyl mercuric acetate.
Studies on The Metabolism of Model Compounds Related to Soil Humic Acid I. The Decomposition of N-(O-Carboxyphenyl)Glycine
Authors: Ladd JN
Published: November 2018

An Achromobacter sp. which has been isolated from Urrbrae loam adaptively oxidizes N -(o-carboxyphenyl)glycine, selected as a model compound since it con� tains an aromatic ring bonded directly to the nitrogen atom of an a-amino acid, as proposed for humic acid polymers. Simultaneous adaptation studies indicate that this compound is metabolized via anthranilate, 5-hydl'Oxyanthranilate, and 2,5- dihydroxybenzoate. The rate of oxidation of N -(o-carhoxyphenyl)glycine is inhibited by N.methyianthranilate and salicylate, the latter by inhibiting the conversion of anthranilate to 5-hydroxyanthranilate.
The Breakdown of Asparagine, Glutamine, and Other Amides by Microorganisms From the Sheep's Rumen
Authors: Arner ACW
Published: November 2018

Microorganisms from the rumen of sheep rapidly broke down asparagine, glutamine, nicotinamide, and formamide, with the production of ammonia, but only slowly attacked acetamide and propionamide. Microorganisms from different animals, or collected at different times, had different activities. The results suggested that a separate enzyme or enzymes were involved for each substrate, including perhaps a D- as well as an L-asparaginase. The amide groups of casein were also broken down, but it is uncertain to what extent prior hydrolysis had taken place. -while the a�ctivities could not be correlated with any morphologically recognizable group of microorganisms, it appeared that asparaginase was mainly associated with the bacteria, glutaminase to a large extent with the protozoa.
The Effects on Rats of Chronic Exposure to 34°C 1. The Effect of Variations in the Diet on Growth and on the Ability of Mothers to Rear Pups to Weaning Age
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

'Vhen supplements of Pent,avite and a Vetemul-vitamin E mixture were added to stock diets, rats kept at room temperature were unaffected, but t,hesa supplements improved the growth rate of rats kept at 34�C and enabled some of the mothers to rear pups to weaning age.
The Effects on Rats of Chronic Exposure To 34°C III. Appetite and The Efficiency of Food Conversion
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

The food intake of growing rats declined progressively with rising temperature. The food intakes of lactating rats kept at 21 and 27�0 increased throughout lactation. The intake of gestating rats kept at 34�0 decreased when they were returned to 34�0 after being allowed to litter at room temperature. Throughout lactation, the intakes of animals kept at 21 and 27�0 were greater than those of rats kept at 34�0.
The Effects on Rats of Chronic Exposure To 34°C IV. Reproduction
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

Vaginal opening occurred later in rats reared at 34�0 than in those reared ltt lower temperatures. The vaginal plate broke down earlier in animals at all temperatures when they were given a high protein diet.
Oentral-Link-Degeneraoy in Protein Ooding
Authors: O Peaslee D
Published: November 2018

In this paper it is proposed to interpret protein coding on a model allowing degeneracy in the central link of a triplet code: namely, that in addition to the "strong" links Au, Ua and Og, Gc, some "weak" pyrimidine-pyrimidine links like Uu, Co or Uc, Cu can also be functional.
Complex Polymorphisms With Recombination Differing Between Sexes
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: November 2018

Equilibria for polymorphisms maintained by linkage and epistasis between two loci (linkage balance equilibria) have been dis~ussed by Lewontin and Kojima (1960) for a model implying cumulative heterozygote advantage. They concluded that such equilibria were only important for low recombination values (say < 10%). Bodmer and Parsons (1962) considered viability systems with features similar to the balanced polygeuic complex of Mather (1943). Parsons (1963) extended these resnlts and found in general that stable linkage balance equilibria were possible for the balanced complex for values of the recombination fraction up to and including 50%.
Abundance of Pythium Species in Nursery Soils in South Australia
Authors: Vaartaja O , Bumbieris M
Published: November 2018

The abundance of Pythium propagules and frequency of 11 Pythium species were estimated in 16 soil plots in South Australian forest nurseries, in one ornamental nursery. and in one pine forest. A soil-plating technique Was utilized and a medium developed which was highly selective for these species and allowed their identification directly on the plates. The number of Pythium propagules in a unit volume of soil varied greatly. being lowest (24 per cubic centimetre) in the forest and highest (226 per cubic centimetre) in an alkaline loamy nursery soil. Loams had significantly more Pythium propagules than sandy soils. The immediately previous usage and soil amendments usually made no great difference to the total number of Pythium propagules. It is concluded that the abundance of pathogenic Pythium spp. in these nurseries is not the main factor governing the great variation found in the disease incidence of conifer seedlings. P. irregulare Buisman was frequent in all plots except the forest, and P. mamillatum Meurs in most sandy nurseries. The frequencies of P. ultimum Trow, P. paroecandrum Drechsler, P. rostratum Butler, P. iwayamai Ito, P. oligandrum Drechsler, P. acanthicum Drechsler, and P. echinulatum Matthews varied inconsistently between the plots. A new species, coded as P. col, was rare but occurred in eight plots. Another new species (P. dis) occurred only in one plot but frequently in this. This was a nursery freshly established on grassland pasture which differed from the others also in the frequencies of several other species.
The Metabolism of Trithionate by Thiobacillus X
Authors: Trudinger PA
Published: November 2018

Trithionate oxidation by intact cells of Thiobacillus X was sparked by the addition of thiosulphate and proceeded rapidly only with dense bacterial suspensions in air. A gas phase of 100% oxygen inhibited trithionate oxidation. Anaerobically trithionate was metabolized by Thiobacillus X to sulphate and thiosulphate according to the equation
The Incidence of Morphologically Abnormal Ova in Sheep
Authors: Braden AWH
Published: November 2018

The incidence of morphologically abnormal, unfertilized eggs in aged Merino and Merino cross ewes was studied over 15 months. The overall incidence was 13�8%; there was no significant seasonal variation in incidence.
On The Prediction Of Partition Coefficients And Rf Values Of Peptides
Authors: Legge JW , Morieson AS
Published: November 2018

The partition coefficients of 17 amino acids and 25 peptides have been determined in the I-butanol-O-5% trichloroacetic acid-water system. Partition coefficients fOl' fJ-corticotrophin and some large peptides derived from it i1re then oalculated (Martin 1950) and compared with reported values.
Evidence For a Four-Sulphur Intermediate in Thiosulphate Oxidation by Thiobacillus X
Authors: Trudinger PA
Published: November 2018

The autotrophic bacteria, Thiobacillus spp., oxidize thiosulphate to sulphate but the mechanism of this reaction is obscure (see Vishniac and Trodinger 1962). The suggestion that tetrathionate is an intermediate (Tamiya, Raga, and Huzisige 1941; Vishniac and Santer 1957; Jones and Happold 1961) has been contested by Ostrowski and Krawczyk (1957) and by Peck (1960), who have proposed that a scission of the thiosulphate molecule takes place prior to oxidation.
Production and Dispersal of Ascospores in Eutypa Armeniacae
Authors: Moller WJ , Carter MV
Published: November 2018

Perithecia and ascospores of E. armeniacae may be produced on dead apricot wood for at least 5 years following maturation of the first stromata. Each winter, a stroma may produce new perithecia between the exhausted ones of the previous year. Results from a three-year quantitative study of the seasonal abundance of airborne ascospores show that, in South Australia, there is a winter period of low ascospore frequency which coincides closely with the dormant period of the apricot host. Abundant ascospore release follows rainfall exceeding 0�05 in. at other times of the year. The pattern of ascospore release, when related to natural rainfall in field tests and to moisture supply in laboratory tests, gives no evidence of diurnal periodicity.
Coherence In Eucalyptus
Authors: Hartley J
Published: November 2018

There is ample evidence (Pryor 1951,1957; Pryor, Chattaway, and Kloot 1956; Jackson 1958) that hybrids between species of Eucalyptus are of common occurrence in natural situations. Most of these naturally arising hybrids have proved to be quite fertile and it is therefore clear that such ready hybridization must tend to break down the distinctions between species and lead to a continuity of variation throughout the genus unless some contrary mechanism, helping to maintain specific identity, is in operation.
Some Salt-Uptake and Tissue-Aging Phenomena Studied with Cultured Tobacco Cells
Authors: Bellamy AR , Bieleski RL
Published: November 2018

Tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) growing in cell suspension culture follow an exponential growth curve. Cells removed from the culture at various times and subjected to "step-up" or "step-down" nutritional shIfts exhibit an aging response. The most marked response is observed as an increase or decrease in the rate of phosphate accumulation and in the rate of phosphate esterification. This response is maximal for mid exponential-phase and late stationary-phase cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Fallopian Tube of the Sheep I. Cannulation of the Fallopian Tube
Authors: Restall BJ
Published: November 2018

Successful long-term cannulation of the fallopian tube was achieved by the use of silicone rubber cannulae. Success was aided by removal of the causes of irritation to the animal and care in the prevention of bacterial contamination. The technique described produced no change in the morphology of the fallopian tube.
Selection in Reference to Biological Groups I. Individual and Group Selection Applied to Populations of Unordered Groups
Authors: Griffing B
Published: November 2018

A selection theory designed to accommodate interactions among genotypes is presented. This involves defining unordered groups of genotypes among which interactions may occur, and describing populations of groups generated as combinatorial products of base populations. Gene models are developed which consist not only of direct contributions of the genotypes they represent but also of associate effects from other genotypes in the group.
The Aminopropylation of Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

After the reaction of reduced BSAt with BPA at pH 10�6 and subsequent hydrolysis of the protein with 6N HCl, only 40% of the lysine present in the unmodified protein can be accounted for on chromatographic analysis of the hydrolysate; a similar loss is observed of the SAPC into which the original cystine, which has totally disappeared, is presumably initially all converted. In place of these amino acids, a "neutral" ninhydrin-positive peak is observed which accounts approximately quantitatively for the missing lysine. The reaction at pH 8� 6 with IP A leads to a quantitative recovery of SAPC with no loss of lysine. In contrast, reaction for the same times at both pH values with BEA leads to quantitative recovery of all amino acids including SAEC. Although the reaction ofIP A with thiols at pH 8�6 is very slow compared with that of other alkylating agents, the relative absence of side reactions may be compared with the state of affairs when methyl iodide is used for an equivalent period in the same relative quantities, when there is extensive alteration of lysine, histidine, methionine, and S-methylcysteine.
Thermal Transitions in Gastropod Collagen and their Correlation with Environmental Temperature
Authors: Rigby BJ , Mason P
Published: November 2018

The shrinkage temperature (Ts) in 0'9% saline of the collagen of a number of marine and terrestrial gastropods living in a wide range of temperature conditions has been examined and found to correlate with the environmental temperature of the source, i.e. the higher this environmental temperature the higher is Ts.
Cation Effects on Phosphate Absorption From Solution by Trifolium Subterraneum
Authors: Edwards DG
Published: November 2018

The rate of phosphate absorption by intact plants of Trifolium 8ubterraneum L. cv. Mt. Barker was markedly increased by raising the calcium concentration of the nutrient solution from virtually nil to 25 and 250 JLM. Increasing the level of magnesium in the nutrient solution from 10 to 100 JLM substantially activated the rate of phosphate absorption in the absence of calcium. However, the rates of absorption were independent of the potassium level in the solution.
Interaction of Selection and Recombination
Authors: Deakin MAB
Published: November 2018

Each of two separate loci on a chromosome may be occupied by one of two alternative alleles. The genotypic frequencies depend on both selection and recombination. The crossover frequency will itself be modified by selection. If this latter process is slow compared with the former, we may envisage the population as passing through a succession of equilibrium states. The stability of these states is analysed and it is shown that changes in crossover frequency may lead to (1) sudden shifts in the frequencies of the various chromosomal types, and (2) a split into two different populations. This latter case provides a new model for incipient speciation.
Genetic Polymorphism in a Subdivided Population
Authors: Deakin MAB
Published: November 2018

Previous analyses of polymorphism in a subdivided population (Levene 1953; Deakin 1966) have made assumptions about the mode of migration from one niche to another. These are generally of a highly artificial character . We here adopt a more plausible approach based on the use of stochastic matrices. This yields not only a sufficient condition for genetic polymorphism [in the sense defined by the author (Deakin 1966)], but also a necessary one.
The Electrochemical State of Cells of Broad Bean Roots I. Investigations of Elongating Roots of Young Seedlings
Authors: Scott BIH , Gulline Heather , Pallaghy CK
Published: November 2018

An attempt is made to apply the Ussing-Teorell criterion for passive ion movement to root cells of young broad bean seedlings. This requires the estimation of ion concentrations in the cells, ion fluxes between cellular compartments and the external medium, and membrane potential differences.
Effeots of High Temperature and Genotype on the Growth of Excised Roots of Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Neales TF
Published: November 2018

The effects of a high temperature (31'5�C), and the addition of vitamins (thiamine plus biotin) on the growth of excised roots of four clones of A. thaliana derived from the strains EST, Pi, BLA, and 1018/6 are described. Growth response of the roots to these treatments was different from that of the whole plant of the same strain. The vitamin requirement of the roots of strain 1018/6 was greater at 31� 5�C than at 27�C.
Effect of Light Upon the Translocation of Phosphorus by Seedlings of Hordeum Vulgare (L.)
Authors: Crossett RN
Published: November 2018

In vivo measurements of the radioactivity in the root and shoot of single barley seedlings have been made in an attempt to determine the effect of environ� mental variables upon the penetration of the root by phosphorus. When a seedling was placed in a nutrient solution which contained 32P-Iabelled, 10-6M KH2P04 , radioactivity was absorbed at a constant rate, but its rate of movement into the shoot increased during the first 5 hr of absorption after which time it was constant. If the shoot was placed in darkness after translocation had attained a constant rate, there was an immediate fall in the rate of translocation, followed, in continuing darkness, by a very slow increase to its former constant rate. Experiments involving changes between labelled and unlabelled nutrient solutions and placing the shoot in darkness showed that the initial observation was compatible with the hypothesis, put forward in an earlier paper, that phosphorus entering the root mixes with only a small proportion of its total content before moving into the shoot. The results indicated that changes in the environment of the shoot could modify the turnover rate of the small phosphorus "pool" in the root which lay in the path of translocation. Possible mechanisms for the mediation of this response are discussed.