bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating clinical examinations of Parkinson’s and parkisonisms
Authors: Ribeiro Fernanda Cristina Poscai , Rodrigues Everton Lopes
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The main symptoms of Parkinson are: tremors, movement resistance, postural instability and bradykinesia. However, other diseases such as Progressive Supranuclear Paralysis, Multiple System Atrophy and Corticobasal Degeneration have similar symptoms. This similarity generates a difficulty of diagnosis, for example, Corticobasal Degeneration is often diagnosed by autopsy. Objectives: To define the differentiating symptoms of Parkinson and the diseases mentioned and to find clinical tests that could aid in the diagnosis. Methodology: The integrative review utilized Scielo and Pubmed databases and the selected clinical examinations were obtained by the book Exame Clinico - 8° edition. Results: Multiple Systems Atrophy is distinguished from Parkinson by occurrence of cerebelar abnormalities, therefore Romberg Test can evidence modified coordination, which may be indicative of Multiple System Atrophy. Corticobasal Degeneration causes loss of ability to identify things by touch and impaired sensitivity on one side of the body, thereby the verification of stereognosia and the examination of superficial sensitivity are useful. Supranuclear Paralysis Progressive generates difficulty of performing vertical movements, thus the examination of ocular motility is necessary. Conclusion: Only clinical examinations aren’t sufficient to generate an accurate diagnosis and complementary exams are necessary for greater precision. However, knowledge about differentiating clinical examinations helps to generate a line of reasoning and examinations to be requested.
CGRP antagonists: Perspectives on migraine prophylaxis
Authors: Santos Nathalia Lima Schramm dos , Silva William Wallace dos Santos , Conceição Geovanna da Silva Campos , Almeida Gabriel Serra , Freitas Jacqueline Oliveira , Reis Breno Silva , Silva Lucas Santos
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Migraine is a neurovascular disease characterized by headache attacks. Currently there are several preventive therapeutic strategies available, however some patients are not very responsive. Thus, more effective treatments have been researched, like the antagonists of the Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide, the Gepants. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of Gepants in the treatment of migraine. Methods: This is an integrative literature review in the PubMed database, using the descriptors “gepants”, “migraine” and “efficacy”. Only randomized clinical trials conducted from January 2018 to September 2020 were included. Results: Twenty studies were listed, of which 17 use Gepants as a preventive treatment, 2 in acute use and 1 pharmacodynamic study. The Gepants have proved to be a viable option for patients irresponsible to the usual prophylactic regimens. Its significance in reducing migraine and associated symptoms is approximately 50% compared to the placebo group. Evidence of efficacy in the acute crisis is still insufficient. The adverse effects observed had not clinical impact, but more investigations are necessary since most studies exclude people with heart, liver and chronic kidney disease. Another limitation was the use of placebo as a control, not the current prophylactic regimens. Conclusion: This review points to Gepants as a viable option in patients with migraine resistant to the usual regimens. However, there is a need for further studies on adverse effects, comparison with current therapies, drug and pathological interactions.
Epidemiology of accidental tetanus in Brazil from 2009-2019
Authors: Brum Sara Julia Zorzi de , Pilati Eduarda , Souza Haniel Willen Araújo , Lunelli Jackson Pagno , Santos Raimundo Maurício dos , Paulino Sarah Gondim Santos , Lindemann Ivana Loraine , Rabello Renata dos Santos , Dozza Ana Luísa Casado Brasil
Published: December 2021

Background: Accidental tetanus is an infectious disease caused by acute intoxication from Clostridium tetani’s exotoxin. Manifestations include intermittent tonic spasms due to central nervous system’s hyperexcitability. Objectives: To estimate the lethality rate and describe the epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with accidental tetanus in Brazil. Design and setting: Ecological descriptive study developed at Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Passo Fundo, Brazil. Methods: The data was obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). All cases confirmed in Brazil from 2009 to 2019 were included. Variables sex, skin color, age group, outcome and region of notification were selected. Descriptive statistics were used based on absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies and the lethality rate was calculated. Results: 2,969 cases were included, with a 34% decrease from 2009 to 2019. The majority were male (85.3%), brown people (51%), age group of 40-59 years (39.9%) and in the northeast region (33.3%). Cure was seen in 52.5% and the lethality rate was 32.3%. Conclusions: Though cases reduced, accidental tetanus still is a public health issue because of its high lethality rate. Immunization, offered by the Brazilian public health system, can prevent it, indicating the necessity to increase immunization rates.
Ischemic stroke in azygos anterior cerebral artery: a case report
Authors: Reis Pedro Henrique Souza , Gomes Neto Mozart Guanaes , Jurno Mauro Eduardo , Santos Renata Souza dos
Published: December 2021

Context: The azygos anterior cerebral artery (azygos-ACA) is a rare variant that involves a common trunk in segment A2 (above the anterior communicating artery). Its prevalence is 0.3–2%. Case report: Male patient, 59 years old, diabetic, smoker, with congenital heart disease (long congenital QT) was admitted to the hospital on 01/07/2020 with traumatic brain injury followed by a seizure crisis (1st episode). Upon admission, he had Glasgow 13 and a cranial tomography showing small left frontal hemorrhage, then conservative treatment with phenytoin 100mg every 8 hours was initiated. The following day, there was a decrease in the level of consciousness (Glasgow 7), with orotracheal intubation being performed and a new skull tomography was performed revealing a slightly enlarged left frontal contusion area, right subdural hematoma, bifrontal hypodensity and left caudate nucleus. Mannitol (100ml / 6h) was indicated and phenytoin (100mg/ 8h) was maintained. On 16/07/2020, the cranial angiotomography showed hypoflow of the anterior cerebral artery and an anatomical variant showing that such artery emerged from a single trunk. The next day, he was still intubated, with Glasgow 6 and no interaction with an examiner. Conclusions: It is concluded that the patient had a bifrontal ischemic stroke (evidenced by the 2nd tomography) and this, occurred due to an obstruction of the azygos-ACA (rare variant), explaining its bilaterality. This situation led to traumatic brain injury, syncope and a severe decrease in the level of consciousness. Given the possible repercussions, the anatomical recognition of this variant becomes important.
The catastrophization of pain is related to the patient and not to the migraine
Authors: Nogueira Eduardo Almeida Guimarães , Oliveira Flávia Rodrigues de , Carvalho Vitor Martinez de , Tellaroli Carina , Fragoso Yara Dadalti
Published: December 2021

Background: Catastrophization is a psychological aspect of pain that alters its perception and expression. Objective: Assess catastrophization in migraine. Design and setting: Cross-sectional observational study conducted by online survey, 2020. Method: Online survey of individuals suffering from migraine attacks at least twice a month, for at least one year. Confidentiality was assured. The participant gave details of his/her headache (including via a visual analogue pain scale) and answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Catastrophization Scale questionnaires. Results: The survey identified 242 individuals with migraine attacks at least twice a month. The median scores observed in this group of individuals were 7 for pain, 11 for anxiety, 7 for depression and 2 for catastrophization. Catastrophization had no correlation with the duration or intensity of migraine pain. There was no correlation between catastrophization and headache frequency or the monthly amount of headache medication taken. High scores for catastrophization were identified in one third of the participants. High scores were not associated with age, headache duration, pain severity, frequency of attacks or traits of depression or anxiety. There was a moderate association between both depression and anxiety traits with catastrophization. Conclusion: Catastrophization seems to be a trait of the individual and appears to be unrelated to the characteristics of the migraine.
The role of metabolic syndrome in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Senhorinha Gláucia Maria , Santos Arlys Emanuel Mendes da Silva , Dophine Douglas Daniel
Published: December 2021

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to the deposits formation of insoluble protein aggregates, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal insulin resistance, progressive insulin resistance, desensitization and β-amyloid amyloidosis in the brain, besides direct ischemic effects which are closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).1 Objectives: The present study seeks to understand the role of the metabolic syndrome in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and to describe preventive and therapeutic interventions. Methods: PUBMED and Web of Science were the databases used, the following descriptors were used to search the articles: “Alzheimer Disease” OR “Alzheimer Dementia” AND “Metabolic Syndrome”. Results: The studies in general have shown that MS is related to AD through brain insulin resistance, triggered by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. It is related to the progressive atrophy of brain regions involved in the progression of AD. Insulin resistance in the brain is related to the progressive atrophy of the brain regions from initial progression of AD. These regions are cingulate cortices, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal gyri and other regions.³ Thus, there is an inhibition of the mechanisms of beta-amyloid removal, leading to its accumulation, which generates neuroinflammation, that in turn potentiates insulin resistance in the central nervous system, contributing to the genesis and progression of cognitive damage.2,3 Conclusions: Insulin resistance plays a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of cognitive impairment in AD. Furthermore, the components of the MS associated with AD, when treated with preventive and therapeutic measures, break this association by promoting rebalancing of the metabolism.
Horner`s Syndrome after internal jugular vein catheterization: a case report.
Authors: Alves Pedro Vinicius Brito , Silveira Coralia Gabrielle Vieira , Pereira Jorge Fernando de Miranda , Risso Isabela Fonseca , Fernandez Paulo Eduardo Lahoz , Gonçalves Victoria Veiga Ribeiro , Silva Paula Baleeiro Rodrigues , Silva Guilherme Diogo , Barboza Ingrid Caroline Freitas , Adoni Tarso , Mutarelli Eduardo Genaro
Published: December 2021

Context: Central venous catheterization of the internal jugular vein is a common procedure that can be complicated with Horner`s Syndrome, caused by a direct lesion of cervical sympathetic pathways, pneumothorax compression, or carotid dissection. This entity should be considered when assessing new anisocoria in intensive care scenarios. Case Report: We report the case of a 64-year-old woman, who presented anisocoria during an intensive care unit hospitalization. She had been admitted with severe COVID-19 and need for mechanical ventilation. Her anisocoria was more evident in the dark, with right miosis, ipsilateral semi-ptosis, and preserved photoreaction reflexes. Before the anisocoria, she had a venous catheter inserted in her right jugular vein. Further evaluation showed a right pneumothorax, which was promptly drained after the mispuncture. The cervical arterial angiotomography showed no signs of carotid dissection. Conclusion: New anisocoria in critical patients is usually associated with impairment of the parasympathetic tonus, either by the use of topic or inhalatory anticholinergic drugs or cerebral herniation syndrome. However, in these situations, the anisocoria is more appreciable in light, with disruption of photoreaction in the greater pupil and ipsilateral ptosis. Therefore, we believe our patient developed an iatrogenic Horner`s Syndrome, secondary to a catheterization mispuncture, leading to a direct lesion of sympathetic pathways and their compression by the pneumothorax. Beyond parasympathetic pharmacologic blockade or cerebral herniation, Horner`s Syndrome constitutes a valuable differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with new anisocoria in the ICU.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in military and sportsists: a factual problem?: a systematic review
Authors: Barbosa Mateus Gonçalves de Sena , Francisco Ghaspar Gomes de Oliveira Alves , Souza Rafaela Luiza Vilela de , Souza João Marcos Alcântara de , Rabelo Nicollas Nunes
Published: December 2021

Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease linked to tau protein associated with recurrent brain trauma, clinically marked by mood, personality, cognitive and behavioral changes. Objectives: The objective of the study was to demonstrate whether athletes and military personnel can really be victims of CTE and to elucidate this same pathology. Design and setting: This is a systematic review, based on the PRISMA guidelines and a literature review with a summary of the evidence found. Methods: Articles were selected, published from 1934 to 2020, in PubMed and Scielo using the descriptors: “chronic traumatic encephalopathy”, “cerebral concussion”, “players”, “boxers”, “athletes” and “military”. Inclusion criteria were: studies available in English, Spanish and Portuguese published, with randomized clinical trial, cohort study or meta-analysis. Results: In 52 articles, 14 were selected for qualitative synthesis in the results table that addresses chronic traumatic encephalopathy in football, soccer and rugby players, boxers and the military. Neuropathologically, CTE is characterized by cerebral atrophy, a pelvic septum cavity with fenestrations, dense diffuse immunoreactive inclusions and a TDP-43 proteinopathy. Microscopically, there are extensive neurofibrillary tangles and spindle-shaped and filiform neurites throughout the brain. Conclusions: American football players, boxers and military men are more likely to trigger CTE, due to the constant mechanical shocks from their heads. The most frequent clinical manifestations were: headache, aggression, dementia, executive dysfunction and suicide. CTE is definitely diagnosed only at autopsy.
Gray matter heterotopy as a cause of seizure: purpose of a case diagnosed in adults
Authors: Silva Matheus Henrique de Freitas , Costa Pedro Ivo Machado Campos Araújo , Brandão André Iglesias , Silva Danilo Jorge , Pires Leopoldo Antonio , Vasconcelos Luiz Paulo Bastos
Published: December 2021

Context: Epilepsy affects more than 50 million people worldwide, which is an important cause of morbidity and functional limitations. Cortical development malformations represent about 8% of epilepsy cases, and are associated with cognitive deficits, that are frequently diagnosed in childhood. Case report: L.G.M, female, 35 years old, was attended in an emergency department with psychotic symptoms, aggressiveness and lowering of the sensorium. Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the brain evidenced hypodensity and loss of cortico-medullary differentation in the left temporo-parietal region. The neuroimaging findings motivated the referral to our service for investigation. Upon admission, has been shown a history of frequent focal motor and non-motor seizures associated with cognitive deficit since the age of 12. During hospitalization, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed, which showed subependymal heterotopy of gray matter (Figures 1 and 2). Since then, the monotherapy treatment with carbamazepine aiming at seizure control was chosen. Discussion and conclusion: Cortical development malformations can be classified into three groups of abnormalities, such as: 1) neuronal and glial proliferation and apoptosis; 2) neuronal migration; 3) cortical organization. A heterotopy of the gray matter is related to the migration disorder of the germinal matrix neurons on the wall of ventricle lateral to the cortex. It is the most frequent anomaly of cortical development. The perception of cognitive deficit associated with epileptic seizures should always awaken to the need for early investigation by image examination, in particular brain MRI, in order to diagnose possible malformations of cortical development.
Morphometry and anatomic variations of the posterior cerebral artery in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Queiroz Andressa Gabriella Duarte de , Lima Júnior Fábio Antônio Serra de , Santos Júlio César Claudino dos , Gomes Larissa Eleutério , Ribeiro Kauany Maia , Bezerra Guilherme Cordeiro , Oliveira André de Sá Braga
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a vessel of the Circle of Willis. Variations are observed in the first segments of the PCA and its branches, especially in the thalamoperforating arteries (TPAs) and in the artery of Percheron (AP). Anatomical presentation of these arteries is of relevant clinical importance for safer neurosurgical approaches. Objective: To identify the most frequent PCA and TPA patterns and the morphometry of P1 and P2 branches in Northeast Brazil. Methods: This is an observational study. Nine Circle of Willis from human brains were isolated. PCA morphology, TPAs classification and prevalence of AP were evaluated. The length and diameter of the P1 and P2 segments of the PCA were measured. Values of p 0.05). Conclusions: Adult pattern of PCA was the most frequent and trifurcation of PCA, a rare anomaly, was found in 22,2% of specimens. TPAs were mostly bilateral multiple type. No differences between sides in the length and diameter of the segments P1 and P2 were found. These data can contribute to safer approaches to neurological pathologies in this population in Northeast Brazil.
The management of migraine through Acupuncture: a literature review
Authors: Cordeiro Tatiana Virgínia Fidélis , Ziehe Aline Silva , Arbex Tamie Mota , Vasconcellos Barbara Cunha , Fernandes Lara Cruz de Senna , Pereira Maria teresa de Castro Lima
Published: December 2021

Background: Migraine is one of the most disabling conditions worldwide, and acupuncture can be used as prophylaxis. This practice is indicated to relieve tension, stress, induce analgesia, and has been gaining space due to its A level evidence. Objectives: Investigate the impact of acupuncture on the management of migraine disorders. Design and Settings: literature review. Methods: After searching the MEDLINE database for “migraine disorders OR headache”, “acupuncture” and “integrative medicine OR alternative medicine”, 271 articles were found and 6 used. Only those with full text available and published between 2011-2021 were included. Those that addressed a specific type of migraine were excluded. Results: Acupuncture was analyzed in 4 studies as prophylaxis for migraine, in which there was a general reduction in symptoms and 50% reduction in frequency of episodes (p <0.05), with its effects comparable to drugs such as Depakene, Topamax, Metoprolol and Flunarizine. A meta-analysis involving 39 clinical trials showed that the acupuncture group obtained better results than the control group (p <0.001), these results were sustained when analyzing pain after randomization, in agreement with another study that demonstrated pain reduction in the group that used simulated acupuncture (p=0.002). It should be noted that, although some patients report adverse effects, it’s safe and as effective than drugs used in the treatment of migraine. Conclusions: Acupuncture is a good prophylactic method for migraine. It reduces pain episodes and has less adverse effects when compared to conventional methods. However, further studies on this therapy are needed.
Sequelae and interventions in neuropsychological rehabilitation of stroke victims: a systematic review
Authors: Marinho Ana Carolina Soares , Rangel Elen de Souza , Gameleira Fernando Tenório
Published: December 2021

Background: Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability. It leaves sequels in the capacity for attention, language, memory, spatial, behavioral vision, and in all other cognitive domains. Therefore, it is essential to optimize neuropsychological rehabilitation in patients with stroke. The earlier the interventions, the greater the chances of adapting and minimizing the acquired sequelae. Objectives: We aim to map and review publications on neuropsychological rehabilitation in stroke patients. We also seek to identify the sequelae described in the literature in this regard, as well as the types of interventions made. Methods: This is a systematic review of the literature, carried out using the PubMed and Capes platforms. We use the descriptors “stroke” and “neuropsychology”. The filters were: descriptors in the title and / or summary in the last 5 years (PubMed) and 1 in the last year (Capes). Results: We found 28 articles of which 10 were disregarded, as they did not fit the established criteria. Conclusions: There was an absence of representativeness outside the English language, which undermines the global and local understanding of the topic. In addition, there is a need to adapt the instruments used in neuropsychological rehabilitation considering the needs of stroke victims, encompassing the various existing factors, in order to promote the patient’s better quality of life. Finally, it must be taken into account that the sequelae must be worked on also thinking about their neural associations and other domains.
Marka Şehir ve Yatırım Potansiyeli: Doğu Karadeniz Şehirlerinin Yatırım Yapılabilme Potansiyeli Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: YARAR Ali Erkam , TAŞDEMİR Erdem , ASLAN Emre Ş.
Published: December 2021

Sahip olduğu her türlü paydaş ile büyüyen ve gelişen şehirler, tarih boyunca insanlığın var olma serüveninde önemli roller üstlenmişlerdir. Sahip oldukları potansiyeller ve bu potansiyellerin değerlendirilmesiyle marka değerine kavuşarak, günümüz rekabet ortamında da halklarının refah ve mutluluğu için stratejik görevler üstlenmektedirler. Şehirler markalaştıkça soyut ve taklit edilemez değerlere kavuşarak zihinlerde kalıcılık sağlamakta ve böylece yüksek bir gelir potansiyeli oluşturmaktadırlar. Özellikle şehre dair yatırım yapılabilirlik ve şehrin taşıdığı yatırım potansiyeli gibi kavramlar, şehre yönelik değer getirisinde önemli bir unsur olarak görülmektedir. Şehrin sahip olduğu iç hedef kitle veya paydaşların, şehre yönelik yatırım konusuna yaklaşımları, şehrin sahip olduğu değer ve varlıklara yönelik yatırım potansiyeline olan inanç gibi unsurlar, marka şehir araştırmaları ve faaliyetleri açısından yol gösterici olabilmektedir.

Şehir sakinlerine yani şehrin muhtemel yatırımcılarına odaklanan bu araştırma, şehre yönelik yatırım potansiyeli ve yatırımcı kavramları bağlamında, şehirlerin yatırım yapılabilirlik potansiyeline ilişkin tutumları ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize ve Trabzon şehirleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bu araştırma, her bir şehirde yaşamakta olan şehir sakinlerine kendi şehirlerine yönelik yatırım potansiyeli ve yatırımcı (iş adamı) ile ilgili tutumları ve inançları sorulmuş, elde edilen cevaplar istatistiki olarak analiz edilmiştir. Temelde iki farklı boyutta incelenen sonuçlardan ilki, tüm şehirlerden toplanan verilerle bölge şehirlerinin geneline yönelik tutumları içerirken ikinci boyutta her bir şehir ayrı ayrı analiz edilmektedir. Frekans, güvenilirlik, t-testi ve faktör analizlerinden yararlanılan bu araştırma, 1315 kişi üzerinde uygulanmış ve 1221 anket araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan ilk bulgular, katılımcıların yatırım potansiyeli kavramına yönelik önermelere büyük oranda katıldıklarını göstermektedir. Bunun yanında yatırımcı (iş adamı) faktörüne yönelik önermeleri ise onaylamadıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır.
The Relationship Between Stakeholders and Corporate Reputation in the Education Industry
Authors: Ng Russell
Published: December 2021

This paper analyses the relationship between Stakeholders and Corporate Reputation in the Education Industry. Through the qualitative research methodology of surveys, responses from stakeholders of different levels in the education industry has been analysed. More specifically, the areas of corporate reputation analysed were stakeholders’ management, stakeholder communication, Integrating Stakeholder Management and Communication to become Stakeholder Engagement, corporate reputation, image and identity and reputation and trust. From the analysed survey, it was found that engagement through actions of the organisations towards its stakeholders creates value and trust as two-way symmetrical communication for greater decision making.
Discussion Board Tool and Student Engagement in a Digital Learning Space
Authors: Adeyinka-Ojo Samuel
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this paper is to share the author’s online teaching experiences on increasing student engagement and learning experience in a digital teaching environment using the discussion board tool. This paper was written in the first person – that is, the author as I positioned myself within the study context. Blackboard was adopted as the learning management system at the author’s affiliated university for the digital teaching and learning delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic era. Discussion board is a communication tool contained within the Blackboard Collaborate Ultra that can be used to enhance learning and teaching. This paper is a reflective account of the author and students in three undergraduate (UG) teaching units during pandemic era. A combination of existing academic literature, online resources, online interviews via discussion board tool and personal experiences were employed to demonstrate and reflect my engagement with UG students in order to achieve specific learning outcomes. To achieve the purpose of my personal reflection reporting, this study asks one question from the participants: How would you describe your learning experience and engagement with your lecturer and fellow students using the discussion board tool for pre-tutorial and group assignment? This paper presents a context, reflection and case scenarios of three UG teaching units concerning fostering student engagement in digital learning environment through the discussion board tool. Findings indicate that there are three stages of student engagement using the discussion board tool namely: tutor-student engagement, student-student engagement, and student group-student group engagement. Discussion board tool encourages active learning experience. The implications of my reflective account shows that fostering student engagement in a digital learning environment through the discussion board is important for both tutors and students. It is recommended that more faculty members will explore learning and teaching resources available on discussion board tool in the ‘new normal’ era.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF MODERN UNCONVENTIONAL (HYBRID) CONFLICT
Authors: Viedienieiev Dmytro , Semeniuk Oleksandr
Published: December 2021

In the article the authors argue that the strategy and arsenal of hybrid (asymmetrical, unconventional) warfare in the contemporary world are fundamentally based on the qualitative changes that took place at the turn of the XXI century as a result of radical changes in the balance of power in the international arena, chaos in international relations, the development of new types of lethal and non-lethal weapons, new technologies of constructing and dismantling social communities with predetermined characteristics. These changes involved the conceptual framework, structure, strategy and tactics, forms and methods of the military and political confrontation between modern states and their blocks, as well as between states and non-governmental organisations.

The authors identify the essential features and functional components of hybrid warfare, such as its latency phases; the remote undermining of national defense capabilities by non-military and non-contact means; breaching the international law of war; the integrated use of military methods as well as specific means of non-military, diplomatic, financial and economic, humanitarian pressure on a victim state. They also include the extensive use of anti-government groups and movements; illegal armed groups, separatists, irredentists, radical ethnic and religious groups, extremist organizations, and artificially constructed destructive groups; the privileged role of intelligence services, special operations forces and their use for engineering a powerful anti-government infrastructure designed to destabilize the legitimate state system; the priority role of targeted influence on public opinion through the extensive use of methods of information and psychological warfare and cyberwarfare.
TRANSNISTRIAN SETTLEMENT: UKRAINE’S CONTRIBUTION AND EXPERIENCE FOR DEOCUPATION OF DONBAS
Authors: Lossovskyi Ihor
Published: December 2021

The article addresses the role of Ukraine in the Transnistrian settlement. The author analyses its peacekeeping experience and plans for further steps in the light of Ukraine's national interests in the context of Russia's ongoing aggression. Other countries’ roles as participants in the peace process are also considered.

This conflict should not be classified as an interethnic or interfaith one, just as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, it is a geopolitical confrontation with a minor ethnic component. The positions of the parties do not differ fundamentally on ethnic or confessional grounds, but consist in worldview differences, geopolitical orientation of elites and the population of the two banks of the Dniester.

Russia, which had been a de facto participant in the hot phase of the conflict, managed to take over the role of the mediator. Ukraine and Moldova agreed on the legal personality of the Transnistrian occupation authorities. Countries where separatist conflicts have been provoked by external forces cannot agree to negotiate directly with the occupation administrations of the ‘separatist’ areas. They should negotiate directly with the independent players who have provoked, provided this conflict and are able to make  decisions.

It is important to conduct an effective awareness-rising campaign in Transnistria and the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, create highly professional alternative media and a high-quality information product. Russia's continued military presence in Transnistria is becoming an additional security threat to Ukraine and the Black Sea region.

The ‘peacekeeping’ mechanism needs to be reformatted and internationalized by withdrawing the Russian contingent and deploying the International Civilian Observer Mission. Such operations should be carried out either with the participation of contingents of exclusively neutral countries, or with multinational contingents if possible, which will guarantee their impartiality. Findings of the present study may be used as the groundwork for formulating Ukraine’s strategy of countering the Russian aggression and retrieving the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.
Strategi Pembentukan Bilangan untuk Menyederhanakan Perhitungan pada Teorema Pythagoras
Authors: Fahlevi Mahfudz Reza
Published: December 2021

This research aims to describe the number formation strategy as an application form of the Pythagorean theorem. A number formation strategy to simplify calculations on the application of the Pythagorean theorem is needed since many mathematical problems solving involve Pythagorean theorem. In some mathematical problems, the Pythagorean theorem is only used as a tool to answer the real problem, for example is a problem in Geometric. This research applies a literature review method. There are three steps should be met to use the number formation strategy in this paper, namely: (1) ensuring that the two side lengths of a right triangle have the same factor, (2) changing integers other than the same factor (if it is the same, select one) becomes the root number, and (3) determining the side in question, if what is being asked is the longest side (hypothenuse) then the two numbers in the same root (radicand) must be added, otherwise if what is being asked is not the hypotenuse (not the longest side), then the two radicans must be subtracted while still being positive.
Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum Ditinjau Secara Filsafat Pendidikan
Authors: Isnaini Ahmad
Published: December 2021

Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) is one of the improvements on the learning evaluation provided by the government so far. The AKM is implemented to measure the literacy and numeracy abilities of Indonesia students, due to the low achievement of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). This article is a literature study discussing AKM from the Educational Philosophy point of view, concerning the Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology of the AKM. The study concludes that AKM is feasible to implement for improving the literacy and numeracy of students in Indonesia.
As garotas do rádio e sua busca por justiça e dignidade
Authors: Leal Karel , Forato Thaís Cyrino de Mello
Published: December 2021

Nas primeiras décadas do século XX foram lançados vários produtos comerciais que incluíam o uso da radioatividade, como os relógios com mostradores que brilham no escuro, que fizeram muito sucesso. Jovens operárias que trabalharam na linha de produção desses objetos adoeceram e, em seguida, protagonizaram uma luta por diagnósticos corretos, tratamento médico e indenizações trabalhistas. A empresa United States Radium Corporation (USRC), de Nova Jersey (EUA), contratou um médico para defender a utilização do rádio na indústria, profissional que também distribuiu exames com falsos negativos a várias mulheres. O relato sobre esse episódio histórico norteia-se pela prática historiográfica que busca uma interpretação contextualizada de fontes primárias e secundárias, reconhecendo que a escrita da história não é neutra. Assume-se uma posição de denúncia de injustiças e uma narrativa não neutra sobre questões de gênero e de classe social. A narrativa oferece possibilidades para aliar as abordagens históricas das ciências e as discussões em ciência, tecnologia e sociedade na formação de professores, exemplificando questões conceituais, tecnológicas, éticas e econômicas, dentre outros aspectos das práticas científicas e sociais do contexto abordado. Esse recorte histórico permite, também, discussões sobre a natureza das ciências na perspectiva da educação para os direitos humanos e para uma ética da razão cordial, explicitando injustiças decorrentes de desigualdades econômicas e desequilíbrios entre forças sociais como as que ocasionaram a falta de apoio àquelas mulheres.
A presença dos médicos no Vale do Paraíba fluminense do século XIX
Authors: De Almeida Proença Anne Thereza
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar uma análise preliminar das trajetórias de médicos listados no Almanak Laemmert, que atuaram no Vale do Paraíba fluminense da segunda metade do século XIX. Destacaremos como é possível compreender o crescimento dos municípios, acompanhando o ritmo e a direção da expansão da produção cafeeira, identificando as características de uma sociedade em transformação. O grupo médico será aqui apresentado tanto como personagem quanto como espaço de análise, que nos revela as formas de organização da assistência à saúde no interior da província do Rio de Janeiro e as estruturas sociais existentes na região.
Effect of Strategy Implementation on Performance of Chemelil Sugar Company in Kisumu County, Kenya
Authors:   Kenyatta University, Okwemba Jael Atieno , Njuguna Dr. Njeri ,   Kenyatta University
Published: December 2021

The performance at Chemelil Sugar Company in Kisumu County has been unsatisfactory and thus, the study sought to examine whether strategy implementation can affect the performance. The study was underpinned on resource-based view theory. The descriptive research design was deemed relevant to the study. The target population was 60 and the key respondents incorporated the heads of departments. The sample size was 60. The study adopted the purposive sampling technique and questionnaires were used to collected the data. The analysis of the data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study showed that strategy implementation affect performance positively. The strategy implementation can be determined by resource allocation, stakeholders, communication and structure. The correlation analysis showed there was a strong positive relationship between performance and strategy implementation. The coefficient of determination (r2=.424) indicated that 42.4% of the variation in organizational performance can be explained by strategy implementation. The regression results established that strategy implementation is positively and significantly related to performance (?= .883, t = 2.847, p = .016). Hence, unit increase in strategy implementation while holding all other factors constant, increases performance by 0.883 units. The study recommended the improvement of strategy implementation through enhanced resource allocation, stakeholders, communication and structure could improve the performance of the organization. The allocation of the resources need to be adequate to foster the strategy implementation. It is suggested that stakeholders' skills to be matched with their responsibilities. The managers to create maximum awareness to employees when implementing new policies and effective structure be developed to encourage information sharing between departments. Keywords: Strategy implementation, performance, Chemelil Sugar Company, Kisumu County, Kenya
HEIDEGGER’İN TEKNİĞE YÖNELİK DÜŞÜNCESİNDE ONTİK-ONTOLOJİK AYRIMI: TEKNİĞİN TEKNİK-OLMAYAN ÖZÜ
Authors: AKTOK Özgür
Published: December 2021

“Tekniğe Yönelik Soru”, Heidegger’in iki temel soruya yanıt vermek için yazdığı bir yapıt olarak görülebilir: Birinci olarak, Heidegger en geniş anlamıyla “tekniğin özü nedir?” sorusunu sorarak, modern-öncesi (geleneksel) ve modern tekniğin paylaştığı ortak özü ortaya koymayı amaçlarken, ikinci olarak “modern tekniğin özünün geleneksel tekniğinkinden farklı olarak ne olduğu” sorusunu da gündeme getirir. Bu makalenin amacı, bu iki sorudan ilkine odaklanarak Heidegger’in Varlık ve Zaman’a ait “ontik” ve “ontolojik” kategorileri arasındaki ayrımını geç dönemine ait olan “Tekniğe Yönelik Soru”da açık biçimde kullanmasa bile, tekniği bir araç olarak tanımlayan antropolojik tanıma bu metninde getirdiği itirazın, ancak bu erken dönemine ait temel ayrım ışığında yorumlandığında açık ve somut biçimde kavranabileceğini göstermektir. Makalenin ortaya koyduğu gibi, “ontik-ontolojik” ayrımı, (1) Heidegger’in “tekniğin antropolojik tanımı”nı neden “yerinde” (richtig) olarak nitelediği halde “doğru” (wahr) bulmadığının tam anlamıyla aydınlığa kavuşturulması ve (2) bu ayrımın onun itirazında, Heidegger’in erken ve geç dönemini birleştirecek şekilde, ne denli merkezi bir felsefi işleve sahip olduğunun açıkça ortaya konması açısından kilit rol oynamaktadır.
KÜLTÜREL SÜREÇLERİN EĞİTİM VE TOPLUMSAL ALANDAKİ EŞİTSİZLİKLERİN ÜRETİMİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: GÖKTÜRK Duygun , ÖZEL Dilara
Published: December 2021

Okul kurumunun toplumsal eşitsizliklerin üretiminde farklı formlarda rol ve işlevler üstlendiğine yönelik eğitim sosyolojisi alanı geniş bir literatür içermektedir. Bu makale toplumsal eşitsizliklerin oluşumu, dönüşümü ve farklı formlarda kendini yeniden üretme potansiyelini kültürel süreçler üzerinden ele almakta ve eğitim alanından araştırmalara başvurarak incelemektedir. Kültürel süreçlere yönelik metinde merkezi rol üstlenen temel kavramlar özdeşleşme (identification) ve rasyonalizasyon (rationalization) ile sembolik sınırlardır (symbolic boundaries). Bu kavramların ilişkili olduğu diğer ek kavramlar ise özdeşleşme altında “damgalama” ve “ırksallaştırma” ile rasyonalizasyon altında “standardizasyon” ve “değerlendirme” dir. Kültürel süreçler bilişsel düzeyde örgütlenen eşitsizlikler ile makro düzeydeki eşitsizlik yapıları arasındaki bağlantı noktası olarak konumlandırılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu makale, toplumsal eşitsizliklerin bilişsel (cognitive) ve makro düzlemlerde üretim ve yeniden üretiminin anlamlandırılmasında orta (meso-level) düzeyde kültürel süreçlerin belirleyici olduğunu çerçevelemekte ve eğitim alanında var olan eşitsizliklerin kültürel süreçler ile ilişkisini tartışmaya açmaktadır.
SOSYAL BİLİMLER VE BİLİMSEL YASALAR
Authors: ÇEVİK Ahmet Dinçer
Published: December 2021

Özel bilimler felsefesinin temel problemlerinden birisi bu alanlardaki açıklayıcı genellemelerin doğası ve statüsü ile ilgilidir. Bir çok felsefeci fiziği model alarak, başarılı bilimsel açıklamaların yasalara başvurmasının olmazsa olmaz koşul olduğu şeklindeki klasik açıklama görüşünü benimsemektedir. Bir yandan sosyal bilimlerin en azından bazen başarılı açıklamalar verdiğine inanırız. Öte yandan, sosyal bilimlerdeki genellemeler klasik yasalılık şartlarını sağlamıyor gibi görünmektedir. Örneğin sosyal bilimlerdeki genellemeler istisnasız değildir ve uzay-zamansal olarak sınırlandırılmış düzenliliklerdir. Sosyal bilimlerdeki yasalar ya da yasa benzeri genellemeler uzay-zamansal olarak sınırlanmış oldukları ve klasik açıklama modellerinin çoğu koşulunu sağlamadıkları halde nedensel açıklama veriyorlar mı, eğer veriyorlarsa bu nasıl mümkün olabiliyor? Bu soruyu yanıtlamak için bu makalede sosyal bilimlerin doğa bilimlerine göre açıklama verme ve yasalara sahip olma tartışmalarında dezavantajlı olmasının gerekçeleri olarak gösterilen nedenlerden olan sosyal bilimlerin ele aldıkları fenomenlerin karmaşık ve açık sistemler olması ve ceteris paribus genellemelere başvurması iddiaları incelenecek ve mesele bu iki açıdan alındığında doğa bilimleri ile sosyal bilimler arasında yasalar ve açıklama verme açısından tür değil, derece farkı olduğu iddia edilecektir.
HEIDEGGER'IN İKİ NIETZSCHE'Sİ
Authors: CILIZ Feyruze
Published: December 2021

Heidegger 1936-1940 yılları arasında Nietzsche üzerine dersler ve seminerler verir. 1961 yılında ise bu çalışmalarını Nietzsche adında kitaplaştırır. Orijinali iki ciltten oluşan bu eserin ilk bölümünde Heidegger Nietzsche’nin varlık tarihi bakımından önemini ve yerini belirlemeye çalışır. Bu bölümde Nietzsche pre-Sokratik düşünceye uzanan ve sonrasında unutulan Varlık sorununu canlandıran bir düşünür olarak Heidegger’in takdirini toplar. 1937’den sonra Heidegger olumlayıcı Nietzsche yorumunu terk eder ve ona karşı eleştirel bir tavır alır. Burada Heidegger Nietzsche’nin felsefesinde Varlık sorununun hiç olmadığı kadar insanın uzağına düştüğünü ve her şeye değer biçen düşünce tarzının diğer varolanlarla birlikte insanı da nesneleştirdiğini iddia eder. Son tahlilde Nietzsche’nin felsefesi bir yıkım metafiziği halini alır. Bu doğrultuda makale, Heidegger Nietzsche’yi yorumlarken neden iki farklı bakış açısı geliştirmiştir, iki farklı Nietzsche ifadesi içinde hangi düşünceleri barındırır, bu bağlamda Heidegger’in Nietzsche yorumunu anlaşılır kılmak için nasıl bir yol izlenmelidir gibi sorulara yanıt arayacaktır.
OTANTİK KENDİLİĞİN OLANAĞI
Authors: ÇİFTECİ Volkan
Published: December 2021

Otantik [authentic] kendilik felsefe ve psikolojinin yoğun bir şekilde üzerine eğildiği bir konudur. Bu çalışmada Heidegger ve Bergson gibi iki düşünür ile Psikanalizin kurucusu Freud’un konuya yaklaşımlarını ele alıyoruz. Saptamaya çalıştığımız ilk şey, otantik anlamda kendiliğin olanaklı olup olmadığıdır. Eğer olanaklı ise, bu olanağın nasıl ortaya çıkarılabileceği, neden çok az insanda açığa çıktığı ve ortaya çıkmasının önündeki engellerin neler olduğu cevaplamaya çalıştığımız diğer sorulardır. Heidegger’e göre “otantik ben”e erişimimizin önündeki engel “herkes” [das man]; Bergson’a göre dışsal/mekânsal olandır. Freud için ise bu engelin üst ben [superego] olduğunu tespit ediyoruz. Bu üç düşünürde de, “otantik ben”e erişimin imkânını gösterebilmek, kelimenin gerçek anlamında “ben olmayan” [not I] ile aramıza mesafe koymamızı şart koşar. “Ben olmayan”la aramıza mesafe koymak, dışsal olandan kopmak, içimizdeki kontrol mekanizmasından sıyrılmak ne kadar mümkündür? Bunlar sahiden, otantik benliğimizi ortaya çıkarmaya yeter mi? Bu üç düşünürün, “otantik ben”in önünde engel olarak gördüklerini saptadığımız şey aynı potada eritilebilir mi? Otantik benlikten ne anlamalıyız? Bu çalışmada yukarıdaki soruları etraflıca ele alıp cevaplamaya girişiyoruz.
DE ANIMA'NIN FENOMENOLOJİK KÖKENSELLİĞİ
Authors: TEPEYURT Müge
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışma genel itibariyle De Anima’daki duyumsama (aisthêsis) kavramından yola çıkmak suretiyle onun Logos ile ilişkisinin fenomenolojik olarak yorumlanışını ön plana almaktadır. Özel olarak söz konusu eserin Merleau-Ponty’nin Algının Fenomenolojisi adlı eserinde yürüttüğü fenomenolojik çalışma ile temas noktaları ve paralellikleri açımlanacaktır. Duyumsamanın ve sağladığı birlikte varoluş imkanının açtığı fenomenal dünya Merleau-Ponty’nin figür-zemin yapısından yola çıkarak Kartezyen bir başlangıç noktasından hareket etmeksizin ele alınabilmektedir. Çalışma tam da bu benzer perspektiften, De Anima’nın post-kartezyen anlamda “özne”siz bir felsefe yürüterek Logos’a göre açımlanan fenomenal dünyanın ve varlık alanının bir tür ontolojik temellendirmesini yaptığı iddiasını taşımaktadır. Akabinde ise böyle bir kabul yerini De Anima’daki ruhun yetileri (akletme ve duyumsama) arasındaki ilişkiyi fenomenolojik anlamda bilme meselesince aydınlatıp aydınlatmadığı ve De Anima’nın fenomenolojik bir kaynak olarak değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği hakkında bir soruşturmaya bırakmaktadır.
Effectiveness of Visual Media Use in Islamic Religious Education Learning in Junior High School
Authors: Alfurqan Alfurqan , Dwi Susanti Marsita
Published: December 2021

Science and technology are progressing rapidly. These advances have brought significant changes in various aspects of human life, both in the social, economic, cultural and educational fields. For education not to be left behind, adjustments are needed, especially related to learning factors in the classroom. The learning process is a communication process. Sometimes in the learning process, there is a communication failure. To avoid communication failure, teachers need to make use of interesting learning media. Visual media is a tool that teachers use to transmit messages from the sender to the recipient using the sense of vision. This study uses descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 2 Sawahlunto. The subjects of the study were Islamic Religious Education Teachers and students of SMP Negeri 2 Sawahlunto. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview, documentation. This research generates (1) passionate and enthusiastic students when teachers use visual media in the learning process. (2) Visual media can make it easier for students to remember lesson materials. (3) Visual media in the form of PowerPoints and concept maps used by teachers in the lesson process can display a concrete picture of material, to improve students' thinking power.