bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Red Pine Web-spinning Sawfly, Cephalcia marginata Middlekauff (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae)
Authors: Daviault Lionel
Published: January 2010

This insect was first noticed during the summer of 1939 in a young red pine plantation in the vicinity of Berthierville, Que. A large number of mature larvae were collected at the end of the same season and placed on the foliage of small red pine trees enclosed in wire cages in the field. The larvae soon left the trees to enter the soil for overwintering. The following spring, numerous adults emerged in the cages, and in order to obtain an identification, several specimens were sent to Dr. O. Peck, Entomology Division, Ottawa, who considered that this was apparently a new species of the genus Cephalcia. Later, many specimens were sent to Dr. W. W. Middlekauff, of the University of California, who described the species under the name C. marginata (1953).
The Satin Moth, Stilpnotia salicis (L.), in the Maritime Provinces and Observations on Its Control by Parasites and Spraying
Authors: Reeks W. A. , Smith C. C.
Published: January 2010

The satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis (L.), has been a pest of shade trees in the Maritime Provinces for about 25 years. Surveys of its distribution were started by the Division of Plant Protection (9) immediately following the discovery of this introduced species in 1930 and later carried out annually by members of the Fredericton Laboratory and the sub-laboratories at Debert, N.S., and Corner Brook, Newfoundland. The surveys have been accompanied by periodic collections and rearings, but only the larger and more representative of these are discussed in the present paper.
The North American Species of Diathrausta Lederer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Dyar (1913) listed Diathrausta reconditalis (Walker) as a “form” of the South American D. nerinalis (Walker) and described as new the “form” harlequinalis from Arizona. From the context it is evident that in that paper Dyar used “form” as equivalent to geographic race, and the form names he proposed there can accordingly be treated as valid trinomina. Haimbach (1915), apparently in ignorance of Dyar's paper, described Diathrausta montana from Colorado. This was sunk by Barnes and McDunnough (1917) as a synonym of harlequinalis. Barnes and McDunnough listed harlequinalis as a geographical race of reconditalis, but did not follow Dyar in uniting these with nerinalis.
Influence of Host Movement on Selection of Hosts byDrino bohemicaMesn. (Diptera: Tachinidae) as Determined in an Olfactometer
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: January 2010

Two, or possibly three, types of stimuli that may influence host selection by entomophagous insects are produced by movements of the host or the prey. Movement may provide visual or tactile stimuli. Vibration caused by host movement may stimulate some species.

Tactile stimuli are produced by a host if it moves when touched by a parasite and are usually provided by a host that is enclosed in a case or a cocoon. Ullyert (1936), working withDahlbominus fuscipennis(Zett.), and Williams (1951) and Thorpe and Jones (1937), working withIdechthis canescens(Grav.), found tactile stimuli an important factor in host selection, but Simmonds (1943) and Thompson and Parker (1927) concluded it was of little importance inI. canescensandMelittobia acastaWalk. respectively. Movement of potential prey upon contact stimulates attack by foraging ants (Vowels, 1955). Tactile stimuli produced by movement of the host may indicate an unsuitable host to the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescensWestw. (Salt, 1938).
History of the Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and Notes on Its Biology
Authors: Carroll W. J.
Published: January 2010

The hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), has been an important forest pest in Newfoundland for many years. Outbreaks have been reported from widely separated parts of the Island and in most cases the mortality of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, has been high.

An investigation of the biology of the insect was commenced in 1950 at Lake St. George where two separate infestations had appeared in 1949. These infestations died out in 1951 and only limited information was obtained on some aspects of the investigation. As there is little prospect of continuing field studies in the near future, the results to date are being reported.
Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: Part I Conophthorus resinosae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: January 2010

Natural and artificial reforestation, which basically depend on an abundance of sound seed, are adversely affected when insects destroy large numbers of cones, seeds, and cone-bearing shoots. Other factors, such as unfavourable weather, incomplete seed development, and damage by birds and mammals also reduce seed production, but they are rarely of such widespread importance as insects, whose damage often results in the failure of seed crops over large areas. Cone and seed insects sometimes restrict the natural regeneration of trees for a few years at a time, as, for example, in conifers on the Pacific coast (16), loblolly pines in Virginia (13), and oak in Michigan (5), but they become particularly important when the seeds they destroy are required for use in artificial reforestation. The future success of much reforestation, which is inclining more and more toward the use of seed obtained from trees cultivated especially for that purpose, may largely depend on a thorough understanding of cone and seed insects and their effect on seed production.
Notes on Beetles as Predators of Eggs of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Wishart George , Doane J. F. , Maybee G. E.
Published: January 2010

Observations on predation of eggs of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) were made from the Belleville laboratory from 1953 to 1955 as part of a general study of the biotic agents that act against the maggots that attack cruciferous crops. In biological control programs more attention has been given to parasites than to predators. Predation is more difficult to observe and to evaluate and, unlike parasitization, cannot be even roughly appraised by the collection and examination of hosts. As a group, predators are less specific in their food requirements and less regular in their habits than parasites and consequently do not lend themselves so readily to manipulation for biological control purposes. Predators used with success in biological control have had a high degree of specificity to their prey. Non-specific predators may, however, in the presence of large numbers of suitable hosts on which to feed, be important factors in reducing populations of noxious
insects. Predation on eggs of H. brassicae is an example.
Two Milky Diseases of Australian Scarabaeidae
Authors: Beard Raimon L.
Published: January 2010

In view of the background of information on Bacillus popilliae Dutky (Beard, 1945) and the reported success of this bacterium in reducing populations of Popillia japonica Newm. (White and McCabe, 1950) and in view of the discovery of a similar bacterium attacking Odontria grubs in New Zealand (Dumbleton, 1945), a survey of microparasites and their possible pathogenicity in scarabaeid larvae was undertaken in Australia as a project supported by a Fulbright award.
Note on Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott., a Moth New to North America (Lepidoptera: Aegeriidae)
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: January 2010

In July, 1952, at Mount Pearl, Newfoundland, larvae were found boring into the trunk of an injured balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L. In June, 1953, six moths emerged from sections of the injured trunk placed in a cage in an insectary.

Dr. T. N. Freeman (in litt.), Entomology Division, Ottawa, who determined the moth as Pyranthrene tabaniformis Rott. (vespiformis Westwood), stated that this was probably the first record of this European species in North America. This was confirmed by Mr. Kelvin Dorward (in litt.), Economic Insect Survey Section, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Chemical Control of the Pine Needle Scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in British Columbia
Authors: Proverbs M. D.
Published: January 2010

During the past few years the pine needle scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), has severely injured ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce, and other evergreens in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. The home owner is most concerned because this insect is capable of ruining the appearance of evergreens on his property. Infestations may be severe on trees growing in submarginal forest areas.

Field experiments were conducted in the South Okanagan Valley in 1955 to determine whether lime-sulphur, malathion, or Diazinon (0,0-diethyl-0-[2-isopropyl-4-methyl-pyrimidyl (6)] thiophosphate) would control the scale on ponderosa pine trees.
Colorimetry of Shiny Biological Specimens
Authors: Middleton W. E. K. , Wyszecki G. W.
Published: January 2010

Professor John Stanley of McGill University recently asked the National Research Council for assistance in specifying the colors of flour beetles (Tribolium). These insem are small (3 or 4 mm. long), rounded, dark, and shiny, and therefore present a somewhat unusual colorimetric problem. It is felt that the solution of this problem may be of some general interest.

The small size of the specimens seemed to preclude physical methods of colorimetry. It was felt that the most likely visual method would be direct comparison with Munsell papers or other standard colored surfaces. The difficulty with this was the very different appearance of the smooth, flat paper and the shiny. rounded beetle.
Laboratory Studies on Some Factors in the Life-history of the Predacious Mite Typhlodromus tiliae Oudms. (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: January 2010

Among the important predators of the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia is a group of predacious mites belonging to the subfamily Phytoseiinae. There is little information in the literature on the biology of the species in this subfamily. Smith and Summers (1949) reported on the bionomics of “Hypoaspis” macropilis (Banks), and Herbert (1952) and Ballard (1953) on the life-history of Typhlodromus fallacis (Garm.).
A Note on the Occurence in Canada of the Purse-Web Spider, Atypus niger Hentz. (Araneae: Atypidae)
Authors: Gray Donald P.
Published: January 2010

In June, 1955, a spider collected at Harrow, Ontario, May 28, 1955, by Mr. Robert Walsh of the Science Service Laboratory there, was sent to the author for determination. This specimen proved to be a mature male of the species, Atypus niger Hentz, commonly known as a “Purse-Web” spider. Subsequently, Dr. Willis J. Gertsch, of the American Museum of Natural History informed me that several years. ago he determined a female of Atypus niger found at Grimsby, Ontario (1). This specimen was collected on July 12, 1942, by Wm. L. Putman, of the Science Service Laboratory, Vineland, Ontario. Apparently Mr. Putman's specimen represents the first of this species to be taken in Canada. I am indebted to Dr. Gertsch for his kindness in making this information available for use at this time.
Observations on the North American Form of Amphorophora rubi Kalt. (Homoptera, Aphididae)
Authors: Hill Alex. R.
Published: January 2010

In 1937 Schwarze and Huber (3) reported the variety of Rubus idaeus L named “Lloyd George” to be totally resistant to the aphid Amphorophora rubi Kalt. This fact was of some economic significance because the aphid in question had been shown to be an active vector of Rubus viruses in North America. It was suggested that the aphid-resistant qualities of Lloyd George should be incorporated in plant-breeding programmes with a view to producing hybrids, with desirable commercial qualities, which would escape infection by the viruses.
Further Studies on the Mating Range of the Honey Bee,Apis melliferaL.
Authors: Peer D. F.
Published: January 2010

Genetically-marked virgin queen honey bees were located at various distances up to 14.0 miles from an apiary stocked with genetically-marked drones in an area containing only these experimental bees.

Some matings occurred across distances up to 10.1 miles. With increasing distances from the drone source a decreasing percentage of queens mated successfully. Queens located at the drone source, 3.8 and 6.1 miles distant, began laying at approximately the same time. Those located 8.0 miles distant began laying later and those at 10.1 miles later still.
Studies on the Arborvitae Leaf Miners in New Brunswick (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae and Gelechiidae)
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: January 2010

In 1947 and 1948 brown foliage on arborvitae trees caused by leaf miners became increasingly noticeable in New Brunswick. Since the literature contained little information on the miners this study was undertaken in 1950 to obtain information on their biology, control, and effect on the host tree. Part of the study dealing with the separation of the four species of leaf miners, Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.), A. freyella Wlshm., A. aureoargentella Brower, and Recurvaria thujaella Kft., is being published as a separate paper (7). This paper is concerned with the life-history and associated studies.
Spray Chamber Insecticide Tests on the Larch Sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.))
Authors: Drooz A. T.
Published: January 2010

Experimental aerial spraying by Butcher (3), Butcher and Eaton (4) and Peterson (7) has been described; but potency tests of the synthetic organic insecticides against the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), have not been reported.

The first screening tests were carried out in 1955 at Cass Lake, Minn., with DDT, chlordane, methoxychlor, benzene hexachloride (BHC) and malathion against larvae of each of the five different instars. High temperatures in the field laboratory killed an inordinately large proportion of the control insects, making interpretation of the test data hazardous. Examination of the data indicated that BHC and malathion were the only promising toxicants. Work was continued by the author at Cass Lake in 1956 with these insecticides as well as with DDT, which has been used frequently against forest defoliators.
Effects of the Food Plant of California Red Scale,Aonidiella aurantii(Mask.) on Reproduction of its Hymenopterous Parasites
Authors: Smith J. Morris
Published: January 2010

Discrepancies in the degree of biological control of insect pests where the food plant species of the host were the only known variants in the environment have been subjects of scattered observations in the literature by Morgan (1910), Compere (1936), Gilmore (I938), and others.

A long period of speculation on the existence of strains of California red scale,Aonidiella aurantii(Mask.) immune to attack by parasites culminated in the discovery by Flanders (1939a, 1942a) that the hymenopterous parasiteHabrolepis rouxicomp. reproduced satisfactorily onA. aurantiionCitrusspp. but that verv few emerged from the same species of scale on sago palm,Cycas revolutaThunb. This was considered to be the reason for Compere's early failure to bring the hymenopterous parasite,Comperiella bifasciataHow, from the Orient to California on scale-infested sago palm; Smith (1942) concluded: “Recognition must be given to the possibility that the host plant may confer on the host insect a kind of immunity to parasitization”.
Elm Bark Beetles in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: January 2010

The Dutch elm disease is caused by the fungus Ceratostomella ulmi (Schwartz) Buis. It was first reported in the United States at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1930 (ll), and has since spread westward to Colorado and northeastward into Vermont (22). It is believed that the disease was accidentally introduced into the United States from Europe, where it has caused heavy mortality of elms since its discovery in 1919 (7, 19, 20). In Canada the disease was first recorded by Pomerleau (14) at St. Ours, Que. This infection proved to be centred around Sorel, Que., and since it was isolated from the nearest known infection in the United States by approximately 200 miles, is regarded as a separate introduction from Europe. The Sorel infection spread very rapidly, and by the end of 1950, the area between Montreal, Quebec City, and Sherbrooke was heavily infested by the fungus (17). I t has since spread westward as far as Ottawa and Kingston in 0ntario (16).
Life-History of the European Red Mite
Authors: Parent Benoit , Beaulieu A. A.
Published: January 2010

Since 1945, the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) [=Paratetranychus pilosus (C. & F.)], has been one of the major pests in apple orchards in southwestern Quebec. Though it had been noted by Petch on fruit trees at Ville LaSalle, Que., in 1930 and at Lac Mégantic, Que., in 1931 it was not reported as causing serious injury to apple trees before July of 1945, when Beaulieu (1948) reported that it was responsible for the first important damage in a few orchards at Rougemont, Que. By 1946, infestations were general in the apple growing areas of southwestern Quebec and occurred as far east as the Quebec City district.
Ambrosia Beetles of the Tribe Xyloterini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America
Authors: Wood Stephen L.
Published: January 2010

The tribe Xyloterini is widely distributed in the Holarctic realm. It is comprised of three rather small but well known genera. The largest of these, Trypodendron Stephens, consists of about a dozen species and occurs throughout the Holarctic realm; five of these species occur in North America. Dendrotrypum Schedl contains six species that are known only from eastern Asia. Xyloterinus Swaine contains one species from eastern North America.
A New Genus and Species of Microgasterinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: January 2010

Head transverse, as broad as thorax; eyes prominent, not hairy; occipital carina absent; antennae far apart near top of eyes; upper face (“frons”) very short, nearly horizontal; lower face flattened and broad (Figs. 3, 4); antennae 21- to 23-jointed.

Notaulices present, extending almost to centre of mesonotum but remote from one another; prepectal carina absent; mesopleural furrow long and horizontal.
Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid,Adelges piceae(Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): III. Field Identification and some Notes on the Biology ofNeoleucopis pinicolaMall. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae)
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

Neoleucopis pinicolaMall. is a common predator on the pine bark aphid,Pineus strobi(Htg.) in New Brunswick. The host adelgid occurs throughout most of the United States and southern Canada on white pine,Pinus strobus, L., Scots pine,Pinus sylvestrisL., and Austrian pine,Pinus nigraArnold (Craighead, 1950). It is also an occasional predator on the balsam woolly aphid,Adelges piceae(Ratz.) (Brown and Clark, 1956b). No reference toN. pinicolawas found in the literature other than Malloch's (1921) description.
Two new species of Mulcticola (Philopteridae: Mallophaga).
Authors: Emerson K. C. , Elbel Robert E.
Published: January 2010

The Ischnoceran genus Mulcticola Clay and Meinertzhagen, 1938, contains five forms found on the avian family Caprimulgidae. The known species, and type host, are: M. hypoleucus (Denny), 1842, found on Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus; M. macrocephalus (Kellogg), 1896, found on Chordeiles minor henryi Cassin; M. nacunda nacunda Carriker, 1945, found on Podager nacunda minor Cory; M. nacunda peruviana Carriker, 1945, type host is unknown (presumed to be a member of the Caprimulgidae); and M. tenuiceps Carriker, 1945, found on Podager nacunda nacunda (Vieillot). A new species is described from material collected by one of the authors while assigmed to the United States Operations Mission to Thailand. The other new species is described from material in the British Museum (Natural History), which was graciously loaned by Dr. Theresa Clay. Appreciation is also expressed to the United Staces National Museum and to the Snow Entomological Museum of Kansas University for the loan of specimens.
Notes on a Laboratory Infection of Diptera Caused by the Fungus Empusa muscae Cohn
Authors: Baird Ronald B.
Published: January 2010

The signs of an Empusa muscae Cohn infection in dead flies were described over two centuries ago by de Geer (Kirby and Spence, 1826), who, however, attributed the cause to some factor other than a microorganism. Though the validity of the name Empusa has often been questioned, it is used in this paper following the suggestion by MacLeod (1956).

The following account deals with the transmission of E. muscae to species of Diptera under controlled laboratory conditions.
The Bark Beetle Complex Associated with Lodgepole Pine Slash in Alberta: Part IV—Distribution, Population Densities, and Effects of Several Environmental Factors
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

The investigation reported in this series was carried out with the object of determining the bark-beetle complex associated with slash accumulated under different cutting methods and the hiolosies, distribution, and abundance of the more important bark-beetle parasites and predators throughout the experimental area. This area is in the region termed by Halliday (1937), the B19 or foot-hills section of the Boreal Forest. The experimental area contained a pure stand of even-aged (80 years) lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl., var. latifolia Engelm., and is located near Strachan, approximately 20 miles southwest of Rocky Mountain House, Alberta.
Plastic Rearing Cage for Maintaining Fresh Conifer Foliage for Insect Rearing
Authors: Randall A. P.
Published: January 2010

During the course of control investigations on the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), a preliminary difficulty occurred in the mass rearing of budworm larvae under laboratory conditions. In the forest the eggs are laid on the needles of hemlock and balsam fir trees in late summer. The young larvae emerge the following spring and migrate to the growing buds where they commence active feeding. Under laboratory conditions, however, cut hemlock twigs shed their needles in a very few days and thus the budworm eggs are shed with the needles and exposed to desiccation.
Notes on Rearing a Pupal Endoparasite, Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), on Unnatural Food
Authors: Bronskill Joan F. , House H. L.
Published: January 2010

Eggs of the ichneumonid endoparasite Pimpla turionellae (L.) were observed by Bronskill to develop and hatch in physiological saline solution. This raised the question whether the larvae could be reared on unnatural food. Early attempts (Simmonds, 1944) to rear ichneumonid ectoparasites on nutritive gelatin slopes and raw beef were unsuccessful. Heuristic attempts at Belleville have succeeded in raising a small number on such a food.
Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: II.Dioryctria disclusaHeinrich,D.abietella(D. and S.), andD.cambiicola(Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the seasonal history and habits of three borers of the genusDioryctriathat destroy red pine cones in Ontario. These insects, as a group, generally rank second in importance as cone destroyers to the cone beetle,Conophthorus resinosaeHopk., which was the subject of the first paper in this series (11), and are presented together because of their family relationship and the similarity of their habits.
Note on Population Densities of Spiders (Araneae) in Nova Scotia Apple Orchards
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: January 2010

Chant (1956) has shown that spiders are common predators in apple orchards in southeast England. Dondale (1956) listed the species of spiders found in Nova Scotia orchards. This is a note on population densities in the latter orchards from 1953 to 1956.

The sampling device used in this study was a cloth-covered, yard-square tray (Lord, 1956), supplemented in a minor way by a collecting umbrella. Each tray or umbrella collection represented the spiders jarred from the lower branches of a single tree, or from the lower branches of half of each of two trees.
Biological and Descriptive Notes on Noctuid Larvae
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: January 2010

These observations, dealing with noctuid larvae, were made while the writer was associated with the Canadian Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Twenty-four species have been examined: 9 in the Hadeninae, 10 in the Cucullinae, 3 in the Amphipyrinae, and 2 in the Catocalinae. The arrangement of the subfamilies follows that of McDunnough (1938). This material is being published because many of these species have not been included in Crumb (1956) and new data are presented on the species considered by him. The descriptions were made from living and preserved larvae. Notes on biologies, unless otherwise indicated, refer to those made by the writer in Manitoba and Alberta during the years 1944-1954. The hosts are those on which larvae have been reared to adults by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, except in a few cases where the host is cited from the literature. “Free-living larvae”, are those that feed openly. When the number of instars is not known the larvae are described as antepenultimate, penultimate, and ultimate. In measurements, H.W. refers to head width, B.L., to total larval length, and B.W., to greatest larval width.
The External Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Beech Leaf Tier, Psilocorsis faginella (Chamb) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), with Notes on Its Biology in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G.
Published: January 2010

The beech leaf tier, Psilocorsis faginella (Chamb.) is common on American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., in stands of northern hardwoods throughout Nova Scotia. During the feeding stage, the insect is conspicuous because of its leaf-tying habit (Fig. 1).

The literature on P. faginella is mostly taxonomic. Forbes (1923) and Gaighead (1950) mentioned the leaf-tying habit of the larva and the colour of the ultimate instar. Chambers (1872) originally described the adult as Hagno faginella, then placed it in the genus Cryptolechia (1878). The genus was later changed to Psilocorsis (Busck, 1908). Clark (1941) described the adult in more detail and listed Psilocorsis ferruginosa (Zeller) as a synonym.
A Rearing Cabinet with Temperature and Humidity Controls
Authors: MacPhee A. W. , Patterson B. H.
Published: January 2010

A series of rearing chambers that have given satisfactory control of temperature and humidity have been in use in the entomological laboratory at Kentville during the past three years. The unit requires very little attention except a service check of the cabinets every two or three months.

The dimensions are given in Fig. 1 except for the depth, which is 30 inches on the outside. The cabinet is constructed of 3/4-inch plywood without a supporting frame. Trays with perforated steel bottoms are arranged inside the cabinet on adjustable shelf brackets. The cabinet is provided with an upper and a lower door with removable jamb between them that may be removed when installing the trays in the cabinet. The doors are provided with a double glass window, which in turn is covered by a plywood door. A thermostat and a hygrostat are installed on the inside wall of the chamber about one foot from the bottom. The cabinet sets on a 15-inch base as shown in Fig. 1. The cabinet is painted inside with a steam-resistant paint to facilitate cleaning, and is provided with two 15-watt fluorescent lights inside at the top.
Responses to Light and Influence of Light and Temperature on Locomotion of the Crawler of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), and of Insect Predators of this Species
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: January 2010

This is a report on observations made in the field and in the laboratory in 1954 and 1955 at Fredericton, New Brunswick, on the responses to light and influences of light and temperature on the locomotory activities of introduced insect predators and the motile first-instar larva, or crawler, of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Adults and larvae of the predators were observed in the field and tests were conducted with adults in the laboratory. The species studied were Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. and Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) , and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). The work is part of an investigation on factors influencing the searching abilities of the predators.
Field Identification of Ambrosia Beetles Attacking Coniferous Timber in the Douglas-Fir Region
Authors: Johnson Norman E.
Published: January 2010

Coniferous timber in the Douglas-Fir Region is commonly subject to attack by ambrosia beetles of the families Scolytidae and Platypodidae. In view of the variety and extent of damage there is need for a ready method of identifying the ambrosia beetles causing major losses. It is the purpose of this paper to present methods of identifying the genera of ambrosia beetles found in the Douglas-Fir Region, by the general body shape of the insect, the diameter of the tunnel the beetles bore and the shape of the wood borings which they eject from these tunnels. These methods were developed by the author from original work conducted at Corvallis, Oregon in 1955-56 as part of his master's thesis at Oregon State College. Kinghorn, in Canada, developed similar methods of distinguishing ambrosia beetle damage and recently published means of differentiating the work of Gnathotrichus, from Trypodendron (Kinghorn, 1957).
A Sectional Insectary Structurally Adaptable to Changing Requirements
Authors: Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

Requirements for insectaries or screened enclosures vary in entomological field work. Consequently a sectional insectary structurally adaptable to meet many requirements would have many uses. Recently such a structure was developed at the Belleville laboratory. Its design and construction are described in this paper and data are included on a number of insectaries that may be erected from a given number of similar parts.
Some Species of Polygrammodes Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The notes and descriptions that follow arise from material submitted for identification from various sources over the past few years. Doubtless much still remains to be discovered in this genus, and a general revision would be premature at this time. The number of striking new species is surprising: every new collection seems to yield one or two more. Despite the great superficial variation in the genus, the genitalia are very uniform. The main structural variation externally is in the mouth-parts, the labial palpi varying considerably in length and the tongue tending towards obsolescence in many species. There seems to be considerable variation in development of the tongue even in single species, and I doubt if this can form the basis of subdivision of the genus. Most or all of the old-world species and some new-world ones have been wrongly referred to this genus; however, I shall leave the disposition of these extraneous elements to a future paper.
Notes on Occurrence of Typhlodromus and Phytoseius spp. in Southern British Columbia (Acarina: Phytoseiinae)
Authors: Anderson N. H. , Chant D. A. , Morgan C. V. G.
Published: January 2010

Phytoseiid mites are of cosmopolitan interest because they are predacious on many phytophagous mites (Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, and Tarsonemidae) that are pests of agricultural crops. They have been studied in orchards (Collyer, 1953, 1956; Lord, 1949), vineyards (Mathys, 1955), citrus groves (Fleschner and Ricker, 1954; Muma, 1955), and strawberry plantings (Huffaker and Kennett, 1953, 1956), but few workers have recorded their presence in native environments. In the commercial fruit-growing areas of British Columbia, orchards are often planted near uncultivated areas of bush or grassland. The study on which these notes are based was undertaken to determine whether the phytoseiids that occur in these native sites become established in the orchards, and to obtain a knowledge of the entire phytoseiid fauna of the area, a necessary prerequisite to ecological studies of predacious mites in orchards.
Dispersal of an Insect Parasite Over a Small Plot
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: January 2010

The relation of host density to reproduction of the chalcid parasite Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) was examined in a previous study (Burnett, 1954). When the parasite searched in a naturally varying physical environment for hosts–cocoons of sawflies that attack conifers–distributed over plots on a grass lawn, the influence of host density on parasitism was similar to that obtained in laboratory experiments. As the irregularities of the meteorological factors did not appreciably alter the relation of parasitism to host density it was of interest to determine whether the additional discontinuities of a natural environment would.
A Seventh Species of Podolasia Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

In a previous paper, six species were placed in the genus Podolasia Harold (Howden, 1954). Since then an additional, very distinctive, species has been collected in the Big Bend area of western Texas by Mr. L. J. Bottimer, Kerrville, Texas. This species belongs to the group having nine-segmented antennae and bidentate fore tibiae, but differs from all known species in the shape of the clypeus and of the male genitalia.
Rearing the Army Cutworm, Chorizagrotis auxiliaris (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the Laboratory
Authors: Blakeley P. E. , Jacobson L. A. , Forster R. R.
Published: January 2010

Cutworms are excellent insects for investigations on physiology, behaviour, and toxicology in the laboratory. Although they are often plentiful and easily obtained in the field during outbreaks their use as laboratory animals is dependent upon satisfactory methods of rearing. Cutworms vary in life history and feeding habits, and many species require distinctive rearing techniques.
Observations on the Flight, Wing Movements and Wing Structure of Male Priacma serrata (Lee.) (Coleoptera: Cupedidae)
Authors: Atkins D. M.
Published: January 2010

During May, 1957 near Lumby, B.C., there was a reoccurrence of the gregarious flight behaviour of Priacma serrata males observed the preceding year (Atkins, 1957). Once more these beetles exhibited a strong attraction to “Perfex” laundry bleach, which is an aqueous solution containing 5-5.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite and 4.3 per cent sodium chlorate. They swarmed around the bleach-treated articles every fair day from the 5th of May until the first week of June. This situation presented an ideal opportunity to study certain aspects of the behaviour of this strange insect and accordingly observations were made on the beetles' flight both in the field and under laboratory conditions.
The Pine Weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., in Southern Ontario
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: January 2010

In recent years there have been marked increases in populations of a pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., in southern Ontario, especially in areas where pine trees, particularly Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., are grown in pure stands for the Christmas tree market. In several such areas where large weevil populations have built up in the stumps of the previous year's cutting, damage to remaining trees by adults feeding on the twigs and small branches has been heavy. Not only has the quality and value of the trees been reduced by this damage, but in some instances the trees have been killed (5).
Studies of Flight and Attack Activity of the Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), and other Scolytids
Authors: Chapman J. A. , Kinghorn J. M.
Published: January 2010

The flight habits of any scolytid beetle are an important aspect of its biology, and times of flight should be known for effective chemical protection of logs against its attacks. Consequently, during the course of biological and chemical control investigations of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), from 1954 through 1956, much attention was directed to a study of its flight activity. This species is well known to attack early in the spring. There are other attack flights later in the season but far fewer beetles are involved then. The beetles also fly at the time they leave the brood logs to enter forest litter, where they overwinter. Several methods were used to study the influence of weather, season, and other factors on flights of Trypodendron and, to a lesser extent, of other scolytids. These methods and some of the data secured are described and discussed in this paper.
Note on Dispersal of Radio-active Grasshoppers
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Riordan D. F. , Smith R. W.
Published: January 2010

Riegert et al. (1954) showed that nymphs and adults of Carnula pellucida (Scudd.) and Melanoplus mexicanus (Sauss.) released on bare, cultivated fields, dispersed up to 240 yards during six days. They showed no ability to orient themselves and move toward a food supply. Sixty per cent of M. mexicanus were within 50 yards of the release point after seven days. Experiments conducted from the Belleville laboratory in 1952 and 1953 showed that M. mexicanus dispersed less widely than this when released in a field population of grasshoppers, mostly M. mexicanus, where there was adequate food. This investigation was of special interest to the junior author (R. W. Smith), who was interested in relating the field distribution of adult parasites (as shown by the occurrence of immature parasites in captured grasshoppers) to various environmental factors. The validity of using such data for this purpose would depend upon the movement of the host from the time of parasitization to the time of capture. The following are details of the investigation.
Species of Acoma Casey Having a Three-segmented Antennal Club (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

Cazier (1953, pp. 1-13) listed six species of Acoma having three-segmented antennal clubs. Though some of these species are easily distinguished, Cazier noted that others vary considerably. Since Cazier's revision, additional material has become available that makes further consideration of this group of Acoma worthwhile. In this paper, a key to the species having a three-segmented antennal club is given, the six known species are redescribed, and nine new species are described.
Observations on Predation by the Plant Bug Liocoris borealis Kelton (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Lilly C. E.
Published: January 2010

In the laboratory it was observed that the plant bug Liocoris borealis Kelton occasionally attacked its predator, an assassin bug, Sinea diadema (F.) (Reduviidae), when the nymphs of S. diadema were immobilized during moulting. During an experiment seven out of 35 predators were killed by their intended prey. It is probable, how-ever, that others were also killed, for only seven reached the adult stage.
A Method of Rearing Bark- and Cambium-Feeding Beetles with particular Reference to Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Warren G. L.
Published: January 2010

Hylobius warreni Wood is a recently described weevil that was originally confused with Hypomolyx piceus (DeGeer, 1957). The larvae attack the inner bark and cambium of the root system of jack pine, Pinus bankisiana Lamb., and other conifers (Warren, 1956). The life history of this insect is being studied to determine biological differences between it and a closely related species, Hylobius pinicola (Couper). This information is also essential in order to continue detailed studies on the effect of site and other factors on the abundance of H. warreni (Warren, 1956a). The first requirement for fulfilling these objectives is the development of a satisfactory rearing technique.
Development, Feeding Habits, and Predator-Prey Relations of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), Recently Introduced into Canada
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: January 2010

Smith and Coppel (in preparation) listed the releases and reviewed the bionomics in Europe of insect predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), recently introduced into Canada. The most promising species released since 1951 are Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ,Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz.(Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). All these species, with the possible exception of A. obliterata, are established near Fredericton, New Brunswick. Investigations in co-operation with the Forest Biology Laboratory, Fredericton, were begun in 1951 on the behaviour and initial establishment of the introduced predators (Clark, Brown, and Smith, 1954). The present paper contains field and laboratory observations on the development, feeding habits, and predator-prey relations of the four promising species.
Note on Specific Gravity of Haemolymph ofMelanoplus bivittatus(Say) andMelanoplus mexicanus(Sauss.) (Orthoptera: Locustidae)
Authors: House H. L. , Stephens June M.
Published: January 2010

It was necessary to know the specific gravity of the haemolymph, or blood, of grasshoppers for certain investigations on insect immunity, This information is not given in reviews on the physical properties of insect haemolymph (Rapp, 1947; Buck, 1953). Determinations of specific gravity were made by the technique developed by Lowry and Hunter (1945) and used on insects by Baldwin and House (1352). Nine males and 11 females ofMelanoplus bivittatus(Say) and 11 males and nine females ofMelanoplus mexicanus(Sauss.) were used after they had fed in the laboratory for three days on lettuce and dry dietary components. The mean specific gravity and the standard deviation forM. bivittatuswas 1.0271 ± .0043, 1.0262 ± .0046, for the male and 1.0281 ± .0039 for the female; forM. mexicanus, 1.0261 ± .0023, 1.0257 ±.0021, and 1.0264 ± .0025, respectively.
A New Species of Plagiognathus from Alfalfa in Western Canada (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Arrand J. C.
Published: January 2010

A species of Plagiognathus Fieber damaging alfalfa in Western Canada has been variously reported as Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler, Plagiognathus obscurus fraternus Uhler, or Plagiognathus sp., (Arnason et al., 1948, 1951; Handford and Neilson, 1950, 1951; McMahon et al., 1949, 1950; McMahon 1950 a and b; McDonald et al., 1952-1955).
Insects and Physiological Research
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: January 2010

In the foreword to the initial issue of the “Journal of Insect Physiology”, v. B. Wigglesworth states: “–the key to many of the fundamental problems of physiology may perhaps be found most readily among the insects” (15). This expresses a viewpoint that he and others have enunciated on previous occasions (10, 14). It is well substantiated by a consideration of the general and particular characteristics of insects and the contributions that have been made to general physiology through their study.
The Maple Leaf Cutter,Paraclemensia acerifoliella(Fitch) (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae), Descriptions of Stages
Authors: Ross D. A.
Published: January 2010

The following is chiefly a description of taxonomically important features of all stages ofParaclemensia acerifoliella(Fitch). Heretofore the most detailed description of the stages of an incurvariid appeared in Jensen's (1932) paper onIncurvaria koerneriellaZell.

Classification and Synonomy

The maple leaf cutter,Paraclemensia acerifoliella(Fitch), belongs to the Incurvariidae, one of the most primitive families in the suborder Frenatae (suborder Monotrysia of Börner, 1939). Asa Fitch (1856) described this species and placed it in the genusOrnixin the family Tineidae. Clemens (1860) referred it to the genusIncurvariawith the remarks that “The wing structure departs from that of the genus [Incurvaria]….”
Gross Anatomy and Growth of the Reproductive System of the Black Vine Weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Cram W. T.
Published: January 2010

The black vine weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.), a parthenogenetic species, has been present as a minor pest of strawberry in the Pacific northwest for many years (Treherne, 1914; Downes, 1924; Wilcox, Mote and Childs, 1934). Recently Andison (1953) reported that the species has increased rapidly in numbers during the past several years. In this area B. sulcatus is now as important as, if not more important than, the serious pest of strawberry, the strawberry root weevil, Brachyrhinus ovatus (L.). Since most of the damage is done by the larvae, which feed on the strawberry roots, it is necessary to control the adults before they commence oviposition, especially on soils that have not been treated with insecticides. The adults emerge and feed on the strawberry foliage during the first week of harvest. Studies at the Victoria laboratory have shown that most or all of the crop is harvested before oviposition becomes general. Hence, an insecticide can be applied before oviposition becomes general if this date can be predicted by examining the reproductive system. Also, it is important to know the stage of development of the ovaries of those adults that overwinter and are found in the strawberry fields in late March and April, so that control measures can be applied before oviposition again becomes general.
Development, Behaviour, and Descriptions of Immature Stages ofSpilochalcis side(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae)
Authors: Arthur Alfred P.
Published: January 2010

The life-history, habits, and development ofSpilochalcis side(Walk.) (torvinaCress.) were investigated at Belleville during studies on the parasites of needle miners,Recurvariaspp., attacking lodgepole pine,Pinus contortaDougl. var.latifoliaEngelm.

Burks (1940) recorded this species as a parasite of species of the following families of Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Gelechiidae, Eucosmidae, Glyphipterygidac, Plutellidae, Ypononleutidae, Coleophoridae, and Lyonetiidae. He also recorded it from Coleoptera (Curculionidae) and from Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae). Doner (1936) stated that it parasitized small numbers of pupae of the cherry casebearer,Coleophora pruniellaClem., each year from 1930 to 1933 at the University of Wisconsin Experiment Station at Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin. It was reared at Belleville on pupae ofDepressaria heracliana(L.),Anagasta kühniella(Zell.),Galleria mellonellaL., andPyrausta nubilalis(Hbn.) (Lepidoptera); in the cocoons ofApanteles atalantae(Pack.),A. congregatus(Say), andA. glomeratus(L.) (Hymenoptera); and in an unidentified coleopterous casebearer.
Notes on a Rare Fly, Megagrapha pubescens (Loew) (Diptera: Empididae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The genus Megagrapha Melander is characterized by small size, pubescent eyes, broad thorax, large flattened scutellum, and broad wings. The wing venation is most distinctive, the basal cells being large and subequal, the crossveins confluent, the anal crossvein absent, and the anal vein curving along the caudal margin of the wing. The only other genus with these characteristics is the South American genus Austrodromia Collin, but in that genus the crossveins are distinctly basad of the apex of the subcostal vein, whereas in Megagrapha they are approximately opposite the apex.
New Species of Iziphya Nevsky (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper includes descriptions of apterous viviparous females of five new species of Iziphya. In North America this sedge-infesting genus was formerly represented by a single species, I. flabella (Sanborn), which was described from a single apterous viviparous female (Sanborn, 1904, p. 37).