bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reprocessing of HIRS Satellite Measurements from 1980 to 2015: Development toward a Consistent Decadal Cloud Record
Authors: Menzel W. Paul , Frey Richard A. , Borbas Eva E. , Baum Bryan A. , Cureton Geoff , Bearson Nick
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the cloud-parameter data records derived from High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) measurements from 1980 through 2015 on the NOAA and MetOp polar-orbiting platforms. Over this time period, the HIRS sensor has been flown on 16 satellites from TIROS-N through NOAA-19 and MetOp-A and MetOp-B, forming a 35-yr cloud data record. Intercalibration of the Infrared Advanced Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and HIRS on MetOp-A has created confidence in the onboard calibration of this HIRS as a reference for others. A recent effort to improve the understanding of IR-channel response functions of earlier HIRS sensor radiance measurements using simultaneous nadir overpasses has produced a more consistent sensor-to-sensor calibration record. Incorporation of a cloud mask from the higher-spatial-resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) improves the subpixel cloud detection within the HIRS measurements. Cloud-top pressure and effective emissivity (εf, or cloud emissivity multiplied by cloud fraction) are derived using the 15-μm spectral bands in the carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption band and implementing the CO2-slicing technique; the approach is robust for high semitransparent clouds but weak for low clouds with little thermal contrast from clear-sky radiances. This paper documents the effort to incorporate the recalibration of the HIRS sensors, notes the improvements to the cloud algorithm, and presents the HIRS cloud data record from 1980 to 2015. The reprocessed HIRS cloud data record reports clouds in 76.5% of the observations, and 36.1% of the observations find high clouds.
Multidecadal Modulation of ENSO Teleconnection with Europe in Late Winter: Analysis of CMIP5 Models
Authors: Parages Jorge López , de Fonseca Belén Rodríguez , Mohino Elsa , Losada Teresa
Published: September 2016

Many studies point to a robust ENSO signature on the North Atlantic–European (NAE) sector associated with a downstream effect of Rossby wave trains. Some of these works also address a nonstationary behavior of the aforementioned link, but only few have explored the possible modulating factors. In this study the internal causes within the ocean–atmosphere coupled system influencing the tropospheric ENSO–Euro-Mediterranean rainfall teleconnection have been analyzed. To this aim, unforced long-term preindustrial control simulations from 18 different CMIP5 models have been used. A nonstationary impact of ENSO on Euro-Mediterranean rainfall, being spatially consistent with the observational one, is found. This variable feature is explained by a changing ENSO-related Rossby wave propagation from the tropical Pacific to the NAE sector, which, in turn, is modulated by multidecadal variability of the climatological jet streams associated with the underlying sea surface temperature (SST). The results, therefore, indicate a modulation of the ENSO–Euro-Mediterranean rainfall teleconnection by the internal (and multidecadal) variability of the ocean–atmosphere coupled system.
Tropical Cyclone Intensity Errors Associated with Lack of Two-Way Ocean Coupling in High-Resolution Global Simulations
Authors: Zarzycki Colin M.
Published: September 2016

Tropical cyclones (TCs), particularly those that are intense and/or slow moving, induce sea surface temperature (SST) reductions along their tracks (commonly referred to as cold wakes) that provide a negative feedback on storm energetics by weakening surface enthalpy fluxes. While computing gains have allowed for simulated TC intensity to increase in global climate models as a result of increased horizontal resolution, many configurations utilize prescribed, noninteractive SSTs as a surface boundary condition to minimize computational cost and produce more accurate TC climatologies. Here, an idealized slab ocean is coupled to a 0.25° variable-resolution version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) to improve closure of the surface energy balance and reproduce observed Northern Hemisphere cold wakes. This technique produces cold wakes that are realistic in structure and evolution and with magnitudes similar to published observations, without impacting large-scale SST climatology. Multimember ensembles show that the overall number of TCs generated by the model is reduced by 5%–9% when allowing for two-way air–sea interactions. TC intensity is greatly impacted; the strongest 1% of all TCs are 20–30 hPa (4–8 m s−1) weaker, and the number of simulated Saffir–Simpson category 4 and 5 TCs is reduced by 65% in slab ocean configurations. Reductions in intensity are in line with published thermodynamic theory. Additional offline experiments and sensitivity simulations demonstrate this response is both significant and robust. These results imply caution should be exercised when assessing high-resolution prescribed SST climate simulations capable of resolving intense TCs, particularly if discrete analysis of extreme events is desired.
Electromagnetic Attenuation Characteristics of Microbial Materials in the Infrared Band
Authors: Wang Peng , Liu Hongxia , Zhao Yizheng , Gu Youlin , Chen Wei , Wang Li , Li Le , Zhao Xinying , Lei Wuhu , Hu Yihua , Zheng Zhiming
Published: September 2016

In this study, seven microbial materials (entomogenous fungi Bb3088 mycelia, entomogenous fungi Bb3088 spores, entomogenous fungi Ma2677 mycelia, entomogenous fungi Ma2677 spores, Bacillus subtilis 8204, Staphylococcus aureus 6725, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1025) were used to measure electromagnetic (EM) signal extinction. They were subjected to light absorption and reflection measurements in the range of 4000–400 cm−1 (2.5–25 µm) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The specular reflection spectrum method was used to calculate the real ( n) and imaginary ( k) parts of the complex refractive index. The complex refractive index with real part n and imaginary part k in the infrared band satisfies the following conditions n ≥ 1 and k ≥ 0. The mass extinction coefficient was calculated based on Mie theory. Entomogenous fungi Ma2677 spores and entomogenous fungi Bb3088 spores were selected as EM signal extinction materials in the smoke box test. The transmittances of entomogenous fungi Bb3088 spores and entomogenous fungi Ma2677 spores were 11.63% and 5.42%, and the mass extinction coefficients were 1.8337 m2/g and 1.227 m2/g. These results showed that entomogenous fungi Bb3088 spores and entomogenous fungi Ma2677 spores have higher extinction characteristics than other microbial materials.
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Transition Importance, Readiness, and Likelihood of Future Success
Authors: Syverson Erin Phillips , McCarter Robert , He Jianping , D’Angelo Lawrence , Tuchman Lisa K.
Published: September 2016

Expert consensus supports anticipatory guidance around health care transition (HCT), but little is known about its impact on adolescents’ perceptions of HCT. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of HCT anticipatory guidance delivery and the effect it had on participants’ perceptions of HCT. Adolescents (n = 209) with special health care needs were administered National Survey for Children with Special Health Care Needs transition assessment questions, then reported perceptions of transition importance, readiness, and likely future success. Over half of the participants reported no history of discussion about transition to an adult provider (64%) or insurance needs (67%); just under half (43%) had not discussed their changing health care needs. In participants reporting receipt of anticipatory guidance, ratings of transition readiness and future success were significantly higher than those who received no anticipatory guidance, supporting that HCT anticipatory guidance has a significantly positive impact on adolescents’ perceptions of the HCT process.
Relationships among Measures of Static and Dynamic Visual Sensitivity
Authors: Scialfa Charles T. , Garvey Philip M. , Gish Kenneth W. , Deering Linda M. , Leibowitz Herschel W. , Goebel Charles C.
Published: September 2016

Previous investigations of static and dynamic acuity have shown only inconsistent relations between measures of these aspects of visual performance. In the present study, six static and six dynamic visual sensitivity measures were gathered on 49 persons aged 7 to 61 years (M = 31 years). Contrary to previous findings, it was determined that when treated as latent factors with multiple indices, static and dynamic sensitivity are significantly correlated (r = 0.52). Further, both measures show an age-related decline, with dynamic sensitivity the most affected. Results have a bearing on models of spatial vision, efforts to determine screening procedures for performance in natural settings, and hypotheses concerning ontogenic decline in visual function.
Eye Accommodation to Head-Up Virtual Images
Authors: Iavecchia Joyce H. , Iavecchia Helene P. , Roscoe, Illiana Stanley N.
Published: September 2016

The head-up display (HUD) was developed to provide the pilot simultaneous viewing of flight information and the outside environment. The HUD optics were collimated so that the symbols appear at optical infinity as does the distant terrain. Operationally, about 30% of pilots experience an increased tendency toward spatial disorientation when using a HUD. Two experiments were conducted at the Naval Air Development Center to determine whether HUD symbols do in fact cause the eyes to focus at optical infinity. And if not, what are the direction and amount of refocusing necessary to see both distant targets and HUD symbols clearly? Results showed that use of the HUD released accommodation to lapse inward for all 10 experimental observers. When simultaneously using the HUD and viewing distant outside targets, only 3 of 10 subjects consistently focused at or beyond optical infinity; two of these had dark foci near infinity, and the third had a dark focus almost three diopters negative. Previous research indicates that when focus shifts occur, the apparent size and distance of objects also change. Spatial judgments critical to ground-referenced flight can be fatally erroneous. Because individual differences in focusing are large, redesigning HUDs to incorporate manual optical adjustment may be desirable to optimize focus demand for each pilot. Volitional accommodation training should also be investigated.
The Role of Situational Context in the Development of High-Performance Skills
Authors: Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: September 2016

The effects of context on perceptual learning were examined in a visual search task involving words from semantically distinct categories. Subjects were trained for a total of 8000 trials in five conditions consisting of a variably mapped (VM) condition, a consistently mapped (CM) condition, and three context conditions in which the consistency of the targets and distractors was dependent on the joint occurrence of specific target/distractor sets. The results of the training phase of the experiment showed that performance in the context conditions improved more than in the VM condition, indicating some benefit of context in the absence of total consistency, but there was less improvement than in the CM condition. After training, the subjects completed 3200 trials in five transfer conditions in which the targets and distractors of the original CM and context conditions were reversed and a new CM condition was added. In the transfer phase of the experiment there was a significant increase in RT (200 ms), indicative of negative transfer, when the CM target and distractor set were reversed. The switching of VM items to CM improved performance (50 ms). Little effect of target/distractor reversal in the cycle conditions implied that context was not used to learn or maintain relationships among specific targets and distractors. The data suggest that in the absence of traditional consistency, context plays an important role in facilitating performance. The results from the training and transfer phases of the experiment are interpreted from a hybrid-connectionist model of human information processing. The importance of contextual information in real-world tasks is discussed.
Differential Color Brightness as a Body Orientation Cue
Authors: Barbour Christopher G. , Coss Richard G.
Published: September 2016

Ninety male and female college students reclining on their backs in the dark were disoriented when positioned on a rotating platform under a slowly rotating disk that filled their entire visual field. Half of the disk was painted with a brighter value (~69% higher luminance level) of the color on the other half The effects of red, blue, and yellow were examined. Subjects wearing frosted goggles viewed the illuminated disk for three rotations. The disk was stopped when the subjects felt that they were right side up. A significant proportion of subjects selected the disk position in which the brighter side of each of the three colors filled their upper visual field. These results suggest that color brightness as well as lighting variation could provide space station crew members with body orientation cues as they move around.
Thumbs Up: Anthropometry of the First Digit
Authors: Gilbert B. Gay , Hahn Heidi Ann , Gilmore Walter E. , Schurman Donald L.
Published: September 2016

A need was identified for data concerned with maximum possible and maximum comfortable angular displacement of the thumb. These measures, along with thumb reach data, were collected from a sample of 105 subjects. It was found that thumb reach was not correlated with either maximum or most comfortable degree of angular displacement. In addition, angular displacement was not correlated with age. Design guidelines for angular displacement of the thumb are provided.
Language as a cultural mediator in social work: Supporting Sámi culture with services in Sámi
Authors: Pohjola Anneli
Published: September 2016

Language takes on heightened importance when working with a cultural and linguistic minority. The article examines welfare services and social work and their role in sustaining the language and culture of the Sámi in Finland as an indigenous people. The inquiry also analyses the current situation of and language use in the provision of services. The research contributes a theoretical discussion of linguistic codes in social work and of the importance of language use in promoting Sámi culture. It concludes that well-functioning services may offer indigenous people an opportunity and environment for using their mother tongue.
From housing campaign to multicultural understanding: The development of professional social work in Sámi areas in Norway
Authors: Henriksen Jan Erik
Published: September 2016

This article focuses on the development of professional social work in Sámi areas in Norway after World War II, which coincides with the development of the welfare state. Labour immigration in the 1970s made Norway visible as a multicultural society and welfare professions adopted culturally sensitive methodology, which was also reflected in Sámi social work. Today’s criticism of multiculturalism requires new answers. The integration of the Sámi into the welfare system is an argument for why a decolonizing Sámi approach should build on the aim of post-colonialism in recognizing historical injustice and the emphasis in critical indigenous philosophy on dialogue.
Educating the Music User
Authors: Adams Mark C.
Published: September 2016

To better serve students’ evolving needs in music, music educators must connect classroom learning with how students use and interact with music in their daily lives. One way to accomplish this is by approaching classrooms with the music user in mind, which can open new possibilities for meaningful music making and remove students from the constraints of ensembles projected only as preparing them for performances. This article provides several examples of how to help students further their active involvement with music in their adult lives—especially if they no longer participate in a performance ensemble after they leave the music classroom.
Front Row Seats
Authors: Rajan Rekha S.
Published: September 2016

The idea of audience etiquette brings with it specific expectations influenced by both the social context and the performance genre. While audience response has traditionally been viewed as passive, performers are finding new and innovative ways of actively engaging young audiences, seeking immediate response, inviting exploration, and encouraging reflections. This article examines audience etiquette with a focus on preparing and engaging young children as audience members at live performances. Strategies for modifying traditional school-based concerts are included, and implications for building connections between the classroom and community are also considered.
Using Engagement Theory to Establish Musical Collaborative Opportunities within School–University Partnerships
Authors: Payne Phillip D.
Published: September 2016

School–university partnerships continue to be of growing interest across the United States, especially in music education. This article examines a specific case of how engagement theory was used as a framework for establishing a musical collaboration in a current school–university partnership. As a result of this collaboration, the school, the university, and the community have equally embraced Instrument Night. The process from inception to delivery is described, and quotes are included from the director, superintendent, and preservice teachers in the program. When constructed carefully and thoughtfully, collaborative opportunities can be valuable connections that are mutually beneficial for universities and school districts.
Book Review: Praful Bidwai, The Phoenix Moment: Challenges Confronting the Indian Left
Authors: Mohanty Manoranjan
Published: September 2016

Praful Bidwai, The Phoenix Moment: Challenges Confronting the Indian Left, New Delhi, HarperCollins, India, 2015, 586 pp, ₹599, P-ISBN: 978-93-5177-516-4.
Book Review: Rajesh Pradhan, When the Saints Go Marching In: The Curious Ambivalence of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India
Authors: Pinisetti Supriya Rao
Published: September 2016

Rajesh Pradhan, When the Saints Go Marching In: The Curious Ambivalence of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India, New Delhi, Orient BlackSwan, 2014, 324 pp., ₹626, ISBN: 978-8125052692.
Book Review: V. Krishna Ananth, The Indian Constitution and Social Revolution: Right to Property Since Independence
Authors: Puneeth P.
Published: September 2016

V. Krishna Ananth, The Indian Constitution and Social Revolution: Right to Property Since Independence, New Delhi, Sage, 2015, xxxvi + 495 pp., ₹1,395, ISBN: 978-9351500636.
Improvements in Child Behavior and Family Mealtime Environment After an Intensive Behavioral Feeding Intervention
Authors: Seiverling Laura , Hendy Helen M. , Yusupova Stella
Published: September 2016

The present study examined changes in child and family mealtime patterns before and after intensive behavioral feeding intervention at a multidisciplinary hospital-based program for 50 children. At preintervention and postintervention, caregivers completed surveys to report child feeding goals and the About Your Child’s Eating scale (AYCE). In addition, at postintervention, each caregiver rated intervention effectiveness for his or her child’s feeding goals identified at preintervention and provided intervention satisfaction ratings. Results revealed that caregivers perceived all three AYCE family mealtime patterns to improve from preintervention to postintervention, the majority of caregivers rated intervention as being effective for improving the specific child feeding goals identified at preintervention, and caregivers gave high satisfaction ratings for the intervention.
Justice Without Borders
Authors: Mentovich Avital , Yudkin Daniel , Tyler Tom , Trope Yaacov
Published: September 2016

The present research examines how psychological distance influences the weight given to individuating information about targets of justice judgments. Drawing on construal level theory, which links psychological distance to levels of construal, we hypothesize that increasing psychological distance from justice judgments reduces people’s sensitivity to specific features of targets, thereby minimizing the extent to which applications of justice are influenced by target-specific information. Psychological proximity, by contrast, enhances the salience of targets’ idiosyncratic characteristics, thereby leading to applications of justice that are more sensitive to targets’ identity. Six studies, examining various justice principles, support these conclusions. Studies 1 to 3 show that psychological distancing reduces the weight of target-specific features in justice judgments. Supporting the role of construal level in driving these results, Studies 4 to 6 demonstrate parallel patterns when construal level is manipulated directly. This work offers a novel outlook on the role of construal and target characteristics in moral exclusion.
Litigation and Students With Disabilities
Authors: Katsiyannis Antonis , Counts Jennifer , Popham Michelle , Ryan Joseph , Butzer Madeline
Published: September 2016

Special education is the most highly litigated area within the field of education. Therefore, the purpose of the current article is to highlight cases (court decisions, Office of Civil Rights rulings, and State Educational Agency hearings) involving students with disabilities in 2015. Highlights from the case law point to the need for school districts to ensure that students with disabilities are provided free appropriate public education, ensure timely and comprehensive evaluations once a suspected disability is of concern, ensure that students with autism have access to an range of services, provide evidence in factors considered when determining placement, remove students only when they present imminent threat to self or others, and appropriately address bullying/harassment instances.
Empowering Questions Affect How People Construe Their Behavior: Why How You Ask Matters in Self-Attributions for Physical Exercise and Healthy Eating
Authors: Daly John A. , Glowacki Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2016

Subtle manipulations of wording can significantly affect behavior. We examine differences in how people respond to empowering questions (e.g., “What could you do to exercise more?”) compared with disempowering questions (e.g., “Why aren’t you exercising more?”). Responding to two different topics (exercise and eating behavior), participants in empowering question conditions offered more solutions in their responses, placed more responsibility on themselves rather than on external factors, were more optimistic, and referred more to the future. Participants in disempowering conditions gave more excuses, placed more responsibility on situational factors, were more pessimistic, and focused more on obstacles.
Design of natural frequency adjustable electromagnetic actuator and active vibration control test
Authors: Liu Xueguang , Han Chao , Wang Ye
Published: September 2016

An important issue in inertia electromagnetic actuator is that the best performance of device is limited to a very narrow bandwidth around the natural frequency. In order to overcome this issue of the conventional inertia electromagnetic actuator, an inertia electromagnetic actuator capable of adjusting the natural frequency is introduced. This paper presents theoretical investigation, design method, and experimental tests of the natural frequency adjustable electromagnetic actuator. The optimal design scheme is obtained by using ANSOFT software and experimental tests are conducted to examine the practical property of natural frequency adjustable electromagnetic actuator. Following the results obtained by property experiments, a series of active vibration control tests are carried out and experimentally verified that although the measured natural frequencies at different positions cannot satisfy the theoretical values perfectly, natural frequency adjustable electromagnetic actuator still works very well at test frequencies and reduces the vibration from 18.3 dB to 11.3 dB at frequency of 26.25 Hz.
Apoptosis as a Mechanism for Keratinocyte Death in Canine Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Banovic F. , Dunston S. , Linder K. E. , Rakich P. , Olivry T.
Published: September 2016

In humans and dogs, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening dermatosis characterized by sudden epidermal death resulting in extensive skin detachment. There is little information on the pathogenesis of keratinocyte cell death in canine TEN. We studied the occurrence of apoptosis in skin lesions of dogs with TEN to determine if apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease. Immunostaining with antibodies to activated caspase-3 and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling technique revealed positive apoptotic keratinocytes in basal and suprabasal epidermal compartments in 17 biopsy specimens collected from 3 dogs with TEN and 16 from 3 dogs with erythema multiforme (EM). There was no significant difference in the number of positively stained epidermal cells between TEN and EM. These results suggest that apoptosis of epidermal keratinocytes and lymphocytic satellitosis represent one of the early steps in the pathogenesis of canine TEN, as in the human disease counterpart.
Visual and auditory cortical evoked potentials in interictal episodic migraine: An audit on 624 patients from three centres
Authors: Ambrosini Anna , Kisialiou Aliaksei , Coppola Gianluca , Finos Livio , Magis Delphine , Pierelli Francesco , Schoenen Jean
Published: September 2016

Background

Many studies report a habituation deficit of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and/or increased intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials (IDAP) in episodic migraine patients between attacks. These findings have a pathophysiological interest, but their diagnostic utility is not known.

Aims

To perform an audit on a large database of interictal VEP and IDAP recordings in episodic migraine patients and evaluate their diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

We pooled data for VEP habituation and IDAP measured in 624 episodic migraineurs (EM) and 360 healthy volunteers (HV) from three centers. Thresholds were calculated by Receiver Operating Curve analysis and used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-) and the accuracy of each test, using ICHD diagnostic criteria as the gold standard.

Results

In EM, VEP habituation was significantly lower than in HV, and IDAP slopes were significantly steeper. VEP (five blocks of 50 responses), VEP (six blocks of 100 responses) and IDAP had respectively 61.0%, 61.4% and 45.7% sensitivity, and 77.9%, 77.9% and 87.2% specificity. Their positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios were respectively 2.760, 2.778, 3.570 and 0.500, 0.495, 0.623, with diagnostic accuracies of 65.3%, 69.0% and 54.3%. In combined VEP + IDAP recordings, an abnormality of at least one test had 83.4% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity, 2.504 LR+, 0.249 LR− and 81.1% accuracy.

Conclusions

In this large database, VEP habituation is significantly reduced and IDAP increased in episodic migraine patients between attacks. Taken alone, neither VEP nor IDAP has sufficient diagnostic accuracy. However, when both tests are performed in the same patient, an abnormality of at least one of them is highly predictive of interictal episodic migraine.
No Relationship Between Hamstring Flexibility and Hamstring Injuries in Male Amateur Soccer Players: A Prospective Study
Authors: van Doormaal Mitchell C.M. , van der Horst Nick , Backx Frank J.G. , Smits Dirk-Wouter , Huisstede Bionka M.A.
Published: September 2016

Background:

In soccer, although hamstring flexibility is thought to play a major role in preventing hamstring injuries, the relationship between hamstring flexibility and hamstring injuries remains unclear.

Purpose:

To investigate the relationship between hamstring flexibility and hamstring injuries in male amateur soccer players.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

This study included 450 male first-class amateur soccer players (mean age, 24.5 years). Hamstring flexibility was measured by performing the sit-and-reach test (SRT). The relationship between hamstring flexibility and the occurrence of hamstring injuries in the following year, while adjusting for the possible confounding effects of age and previous hamstring injuries, was determined with a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results:

Of the 450 soccer players, 21.8% reported a hamstring injury in the previous year. The mean (±SD) baseline score for the SRT was 21.2 ± 9.2 cm. During the 1-year follow-up period, 23 participants (5.1%) suffered a hamstring injury. In the multivariate analysis, while adjusting for age and previous injuries, no significant relationship was found between hamstring flexibility and hamstring injuries ( P = .493).

Conclusion:

In this group of soccer players, hamstring flexibility (measured with the SRT) was not related to hamstring injuries. Age and previous hamstring injuries as possible confounders did not appear to influence this relationship. Other etiological factors need to be examined to further elucidate the mechanism of hamstring injuries.
The Timing of Cognitive and Physical Rest and Recovery in Concussion
Authors: Taubman Bruce , Rosen Florence , McHugh Jennifer , Grady Matthew F. , Elci Okan U.
Published: September 2016

Immediate cognitive and physical rest in the concussed patient is almost universally recommended in the concussion literature. The authors conducted a prospective observational in a primary care pediatric office to examine the effect of delayed cognitive and physical rest had on recovery time in pediatric concussion. The authors found that patients who started cognitive and physical rest immediately after injury were more likely to recover within 30 days compared to patients who delayed cognitive and physical rest for 1-7 days after their injury (67% vs 35%, P = .016). Within the group of patients who recovered within 30 days those with immediate cognitive and physical rest recovered 4.6 days sooner than those with delayed cognitive and physical rest (10.29 ± 5.83 vs 14.42 ± 6.15 days, P = .005). These data support the recommendation that cognitive and physical rest should be implemented immediately after injury in concussed patients.
Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis in Korea
Authors: Lee Ha Neul , Kang Hoon-Chul , Lee Joon Soo , Kim Heung Dong , Shin Ha Young , Kim Seung Min , Sunwoo Il Nam , Lee Young-Mock
Published: September 2016

Juvenile myasthenia gravis presents before 18 years of age with different characteristics according to racial background and pubertal development. The authors aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents of Korean ethnicity with myasthenia gravis, and evaluate the presentation and clinical outcomes according to the sex and onset age of the patients. The authors recruited 88 Korean juvenile myasthenia gravis patients between September 2005 and August 2015. Worse clinical severity from presentation, more aggressive treatment strategies, and worse final treatment outcomes were noted in girls with postpubertal onset than in the other patients. The symptoms were milder (pure ocular presentation in 96.6% [85/88]) and the disease course was more benign (94.3% [83/88]) in this study than in the literature. The homogenous racial background might have contributed to these results. These findings highlight the influence of pubertal development and the need for timely and appropriate active treatment, including thymectomy, to improve prognosis.
Dynamics of the Location of Financial Institutions
Authors: Simpson Wayne , Buckland Jerry
Published: September 2016

Cities are a significant source of economic growth and prosperity, but they may also contribute to social and economic problems, including unemployment, poverty, and inaccessible financial institutions. The authors have gathered a unique panel data set for Toronto that locates financial institutions by census tract and links this information to census public use microdata from 1981 to 2006 to show that mainstream financial institutions have migrated to the suburbs and that, simultaneously, so-called fringe financial institutions, especially payday lenders, have expanded their operations in the inner city. The authors then use panel regression models and, among other results, find that census tracts with low income are less attractive to mainstream institutions over time and more attractive to fringe institutions, which provide more limited and expensive services. The results imply that the dynamics of the location of financial institutions may present an additional barrier to upward economic mobility for inner-city residents.
Patient Awareness and Expectations of Pharmacist Services During Hospital Stay
Authors: King Philip K. , Martin Steven J. , Betka Eric M.
Published: September 2016

Background:

There are insufficient data in the United States regarding patient awareness and expectations of hospital pharmacist availability and services.

Objective:

The objective of this research is to assess patient awareness and expectations of hospital pharmacist services and to determine whether a marketing campaign for pharmacist services increases patient awareness and expectations.

Methods:

Eligible inpatients were surveyed before and after implementation of a hospital-wide pharmacist services marketing campaign (12 items; Likert scale of 1 [strongly disagree] to 4 [strongly agree]; maximum total score of 48) regarding awareness of pharmacist services. The primary outcome was the change in median total survey scores from baseline. Other outcomes included the frequency of patient requests for pharmacists.

Results:

Similar numbers of patients completed the survey before and after the campaign (intervention, n = 140, vs control, n = 147). Awareness of pharmacist availability and services was increased (41 [interquartile ranges, IQRs: 36-46] vs 37 [IQR 31-43]; P < .001). Patients were 7 times more likely to request a pharmacist following the marketing campaign implementation.

Conclusion:

Awareness among inpatients of pharmacist services is low. Marketing pharmacist availability and services to patients in the hospital improves awareness and expectations for pharmacist-provided care and increases the frequency of patient-initiated interaction between pharmacists and patients. This could improve patient outcomes as pharmacists become more integrally involved in direct patient care.
Associations of Successful Aging With Socioeconomic Position Across the Life-Course: The West of Scotland Twenty-07 Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Whitley Elise , Benzeval Michaela , Popham Frank
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with multidimensional measures of successful aging (SA), and how this varies and accumulates across the life-course. Method: Using data from 1,733 Scottish men and women from two cohorts aged around 57 and 76, respectively, we explored associations of SA, based on the Rowe–Kahn model, with 10 measures of SEP measured in childhood and, distally and proximally, in adulthood. Results: Individual SEP associations with SA score were generally consistent across different indicators and life stages: Respondents with the most versus least favorable SEP had two additional positive SA dimensions. There was also a strong association between SA and cumulative SEP based on all 10 measures combined; respondents with the most versus least favorable lifelong SEP had four additional positive SA dimensions. Conclusion: SEP advantages/disadvantages act and accumulate across the life-course, resulting in widening socioeconomic inequalities in SA in later life.
Herpes simplex virus: ‘to disclose or not to disclose.’ An exploration of the multi-disciplinary team’s role in advising patients about disclosure when diagnosed with genital herpes simplex virus
Authors: Caulfield Pauline , Willis Diane
Published: September 2016

The first UK prosecution for genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmission in 2011 attracted strong criticism from medical experts. To address the dearth of research on the topic, this study aimed to explore the nature of advice given to patients by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) in the West of Scotland on HSV disclosure to partners. Ten semi-structured interviews with members of the MDT were conducted and the interviews were analysed using Burnard’s Thematic Content Analysis. Four themes emerged which explored practitioners’ knowledge of HSV and their feelings regarding the emotional aspects of the diagnosis on clients including the challenges of discussing disclosure. Within this framework, participants’ attitudes to the legal prosecution were also surveyed. This study revealed that participants had good knowledge about HSV. Furthermore, participants believed disclosure to be the patient’s choice and had not altered their practice to advise disclosure to all partners in accordance with local protocol. However, there was a general consensus that disclosure was not required due to the prevalence of HSV and prevalence was used to dissipate emotional reactions to HSV diagnosis.
Advancement of long-gauge carbon fiber line sensors for strain measurements in structures
Authors: Saifeldeen Mohamed A , Fouad Nariman , Huang Huang , Wu Zhishen
Published: September 2016

This article proposes a new technique that advances long-gauge carbon fiber line sensor technology, with and without post-tensioning of the sensor, to measure changes in strain levels in structural areas. Carbon fiber line sensors were fabricated to produce a slim high-strength sensor with a diameter of less than 1.4 mm using a carbon fiber tow with a width of 6 mm. A theoretical analysis of these sensors as well as several series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of fiber arrangement on the error compensation of the carbon fiber line sensors. The results revealed that using two sets of carbon fiber line sensors, one as an active sensor and the other to compensate the errors of the first, is an effective method when both sensors have a convergent fiber arrangement and change in resistance. A post-tensioning method was implemented to enhance the overall behavior of the sensor. The results showed that the post-tensioning method yields significant improvement in the linearity and cyclic ability up to 6000 microstrains and reduces the fluctuation errors in the change in resistance from ±0.031% to ±0.007%. Finally, the possibility of repairing damaged carbon fiber line sensors is also discussed.
Thrombophilia in Klinefelter Syndrome With Deep Venous Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, and Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis on Testosterone Therapy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Glueck Charles J. , Jetty Vybhav , Goldenberg Naila , Shah Parth , Wang Ping
Published: September 2016

We compared thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis in 6 men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS), without previously known familial thrombophilia, who had sustained deep venous thrombosis (DVT)–pulmonary emboli (PE) or mesenteric artery thrombosis on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). After the diagnosis of KS, TRT had been started in the 6 men at ages 11, 12, 13, 13, 19, and 48 years. After starting TRT, DVT-PE or mesenteric artery thrombosis was developed in 6 months, 1, 11, 11, 12, and 49 years. Of the 6 men, 4 had high (>150%) factor VIII (177%, 192%, 263%, and 293%), 3 had high (>150%) factor XI (165%, 181%, and 193%), 1 was heterozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation, and 1 was heterozygous for the G20210A prothrombin gene mutation. None of the 6 men had a precipitating event before their DVT-PE. We speculate that the previously known increased rate of DVT-PE and other thrombi in KS reflects an interaction between prothrombotic, long-term TRT with previously undiagnosed familial thrombophilia. Thrombophilia screening in men with KS before starting TRT would identify a cohort at increased risk for subsequent DVT-PE, providing an optimally informed estimate of the risk/benefit ratio of TRT.
The Role of Research in the Editorial Reconversion Problems of a Magazine
Authors: Ludeke Herbert C.
Published: September 2016

In the first of four articles in this issue on current magazine trends, the director of the Development Division of the Curtis Publishing Company tells how the editors of the Saturday Evening Post make use of modern research techniques and what they have learned from their studies.
Businesspapers: The Place to Start the Magazine Career?
Authors: Elfenbein Julien
Published: September 2016

The author not only says “Yes” but reaffirms his personal conviction that these publications are “the most important career.” He is an editorial director for the Haire Publishing Company and author of Business Journalism. This fall he will be a lecturer at New York University.
College Women’s Assignment of Blame Versus Responsibility for Sexual Assault Experiences
Authors: Donde Sapana D.
Published: September 2016

The present study investigated in a sample of college women ( N = 154) (a) assignment of self-blame, perpetrator blame, personal responsibility, and perpetrator responsibility for sexual assault; (b) differences in how women assigned blame versus responsibility toward themselves and the perpetrator; (c) significant correlations between blame and responsibility of self and the perpetrator and positive and negative post-assault outcomes; and (d) the underlying factors that explained different forms of blame and responsibility. The present study suggests a need for future sexual assault research to delineate and further examine the constructs of blame and responsibility. Implications for practice are also discussed.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Demographic Characteristics of 1,000 Children and Adolescents With ADHD in Turkey
Authors: Inci Sevim Berrin , Ipci Melis , Akyol Ardıç Ulkü , Ercan Eyüp Sabri
Published: September 2016

Objective: The objective was to examine the frequency of comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD in Turkey and to evaluate the distribution of comorbidities according to the subtypes of ADHD and sociodemographic features. Method: The sample consisted of 1,000 children, 6 to 18 years of age, including 242 females and 758 males, from Ege University who were diagnosed with ADHD. Results: The overall prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidity in the study was 56.3%. The most frequently observed comorbidity was oppositional defiant disorder with a rate of 37.4%. Conduct disorder, depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorder accompanied ADHD, respectively. The results revealed that 70.2% of the children with ADHD-Combine type had at least one psychiatric comorbidity. Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder accompanied ADHD-Combine type in 54.6%, 12.6%, 8.1%, and 8.8% of the participants, respectively. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable information about the comorbid disorders in children and adolescents with a very large clinical sample of ADHD children.
Women in journalism: Margaret Jones, gender discrimination and the Sydney Morning Herald, 1965–1985
Authors: McDonald Willa
Published: September 2016

Margaret Jones (1923–2006) was a trailblazer for women in Australian journalism. A member of the press for more than 30 years, she assumed senior positions at the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) from the 1960s, earning a reputation in the process as an exceptional print journalist. From the beginning, Jones was noted for challenging head-on the sexism she encountered in the media industry. She became foreign correspondent for the SMH in New York, Washington, London and Beijing, helping to carve out roles for women in serious mainstream journalism. This article traces Margaret Jones’ career as reporter and feature writer with the publishing house Fairfax, as a contribution to Australian feminist cultural history and the history of women in newspaper journalism.
Mapping the emergence of social media in everyday journalistic practices
Authors: Bossio Diana , Bebawi Saba
Published: September 2016

While there is much research to describe journalists’ use of social media to source and disseminate news about major events and interact with global audiences, there are few studies that focus on journalists’ use of social media within everyday news practices. This article uses qualitative surveys to provide a preliminary understanding of how journalists in Australia are utilising social media content in everyday news sourcing and reportage. The purpose of this study is, first, to understand journalists’ perceptions of how and why they use social media to source news and information and, second, to understand the organisational and professional implications for news sourcing in social media-enabled environments.
Effects of dyadic communication on race-based impressions and memory
Authors: Biernat Monica , Villicana Adrian J. , Sesko Amanda K. , Zhao Xian
Published: September 2016

In an experimental study, we examined the effects of dyadic communication and implicit racial attitudes on impressions formed of Black versus White individuals. Participants viewed a graduate application of a student depicted as a Black or White male and then had a conversation about the applicant with another student (or not) before individually rendering judgments of him. Subjective impressions were more favorable for the Black than White applicant among participants in the communication condition, conversations about Whites included more negations, and participants wrote longer narratives in which they were less likely to mention race when they had previously communicated than when they had not. Communication also disrupted the association between implicit racial attitudes and memory for the applicant’s Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores: Those with negative racial attitudes remembered the Black applicant as having lower GRE scores than the White applicant, but this effect was eliminated following communication. Findings are discussed with reference to audience tuning, shifting standards, and attitude–behavior consistency models.
The British Labour Party’s leadership election of 2015
Authors: Quinn Thomas
Published: September 2016

This article examines the British Labour Party’s leadership election of 2015 , which resulted in the unexpected victory of the radical-left candidate, Jeremy Corbyn. It looks at the contest using Stark’s academic model of leadership elections, based on the tripod of selection criteria acceptability, electability and competence, and finds it wanting. Selection rules, which are downplayed in Stark’s model, are then examined, as Labour used a new selection system based on one-member-one-vote in 2015. While these are found to have had some impact, Corbyn’s victory cannot be explained primarily by institutions. The article reconsiders Stark’s model and shows that it failed because of the diminished significance of electability as a selection criterion in the Labour leadership contest of 2015. That largely reflected the circumstances in which the contest took place, in the aftermath of a demoralising election defeat for Labour.