bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marital Instability After Midlife
Authors: WU ZHENG , PENNING MARGARET J.
Published: March 2007

Divorce in later life has been shown to produce dramatic declines in the economic, psychological, and physical well-being of marital partners. This study examines the prevalence and determinants of marital disruption after midlife using Becker's theory of marital instability. Using recent Canadian national data, the marital outcomes of women and men who were married as of age 40 are tracked across the remaining years of the marriage. Cox proportional hazard regression models indicate stabilizing effects of the duration of the marriage, the age at first marriage, the presence of young children, as well as of remarriage for middle-aged and older persons. Other significant risk factors include education, heterogamous marital status, premarital cohabitation, number of siblings, and region.
Income-Pooling Arrangements, Economic Constraints, and Married Mothers' Child Care Choices
Authors: BRANDON PETER D.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether financial agreements between husbands and wives, the cost of child care, mothers' wages, and sources of income, rather than just aggregate income, affect a mother's decision to use child care. This study finds that for working mothers, the price of child care is what matters, not their wages; for nonemployed mothers, the reverse is true. However, similar patterns for income effects are found for all mothers. Husbands' incomes do not affect mothers' child care choices, but mothers' own abilities to pay and sources of nonwage income do affect their child care choices. The only detected effect of spouses' incomes on wives' child care choices occurs when husbands pool their incomes with their wives' incomes. Hence, although market child care is a collective consumption good, not all wives in two-parent families have access to husbands' incomes with which to pay for child care.
Prolegomena for a Sociological Study of the Chinese Family in Indigenous Terms
Authors: HSIA HSIAO-CHUAN , VERA HERNÁN , BERARDO FELIX M.
Published: March 2007

We examine the Chinese family from an indigenous perspective. Starting from the meanings conveyed by the ideograms in the Chinese language, we analyze 4 different concepts into which the English term and sociological notion of family can be translated. Then, we examine the physical and ideological structures on which the ideograms are based. Our analysis reveals that the Chinese family has similarities with what in the West is called lineage and tribe, having complicated functions in politics, economics, and religion. Chinese views of family are related to a worldview that emphasizes continuity of being, which results in the distinctive emphasis on ancestor worship. Accompanying industrialization and urbanization, the Chinese in Taiwan have made adjustments to preserve the ideal of a joint family type and the equal obligation to support parents among sons, rather than moving toward a conjugal system, as W. J. Goode (1970) predicted.
Familial Caretaking
Authors: BOULD SALLY
Published: March 2007

This article develops the theme of rethinking family as a social form by positing an overall approach that suggests the development of various specific definitions of family, each suitable for the empirical or theoretical exploration of a set of family issues. The development of one example, familial caretaking, a definition of family for use in the context of social policy, will illustrate the potential effectiveness of this approach. The concern of government is to conceptualize the familial in terms concrete behavioral aspects of care and responsibility because if the family does not provide care, the state may have to take over the responsibility and provide the care. Overall, this definition of family is fluid in that it includes nonkin as well as distant kin. It also raises the issue of the gender division of labor with respect to family caregiving responsibilities. The unwillingness, on the part of the state, to support all forms of familial caretaking increases the likelihood of employing mechanisms of social control and authoritarian drift.
School Improvement: Finding the Time
Authors: Streifer Philip A.
Published: March 2007

Time is one of our most precious resources. Few would argue about the value of preserving and maximizing available time for the instructional process and learning. But what about the impact of time on educa tional leadership and administrative effectiveness?
Are Principals Prepared to Manage Special Education Dilemmas?
Authors: Patterson Jean , Marshall Catherine , Bowling Denise
Published: March 2007

The policy issues surrounding implementation of special education programs are multiple, complex, and ever-changing. What strategies, coursework, and certification requirements do principals need to pro vide effective instructional leadership to special education programs in site-based managed schools?
Building a Foundation for Special Education Mediation in Virginia's High Schools
Authors: Shortt Thomas , Douglas Judith , McLain Jennifer
Published: March 2007

As high school principals search for ways to provide appropriate edu cation opportunities for a diverse population of students, they seek strategies that will allow them to focus on teachers teaching and stu dents learning. One area that will continue to be a challenge for school administrators is providing the best possible education for students with disabilities.
A New High School Design Focused on Student Performance: Part I
Authors: Codding Judy B. , Tucker Marc S.
Published: March 2007

Major changes are needed in high school classrooms in terms of what is taught, how it is taught, and how it is assessed, but these changes cannot be made classroom by classroom. They require major changes in the school as a whole—in its leadership, management, and organiza tion ; in its climate, ethos, and priorities; in the way it uses the money and human resources available to it; in the things it values and its aspirations for its students.
The Professional School Counselor and Accountability
Authors: Studer Jeannine R. , Sommers Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Too often, school counselors are evaluated through a teacher assess ment process, which has little meaning or relevance to the professional school counselor's tasks or role. The unclear definition and confusion surrounding the role may be a result of the historical changes sur rounding this position, the discrepancies in school counselor tasks among counselors themselves, and the lack of a clear definition on the role of the school counselor.
How Principals Can Build a Culture of Quality That Supports Standards of Excellence
Authors: Lee James O.
Published: March 2007

This article outline specific guidelines useful for principals who recognize the importance of providing a culture of quality in their schools so that students can realize their potential. Guidelines are based on research that involves placing students in demanding, long-term intellectual environments and requires that teachers and principals agree on quality indicators.
An Ambitious Vision of Professional Development for Teachers
Authors: Ganser Tom
Published: March 2007

Administrators play a critical role in teachers’ professional development. An ambitious approach focuses on content, process, and context to ensure continuous improvement at the individual, collegial, and organizational level.
Aspiring Leaders Academy: Responding to the Principal Shortage
Authors: Tracy Gregg , Weaver Carmon
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of the principal shortage and discusses one approach undertaken to address that issue, the Aspiring Leaders Academy. Describes the goals and activities of the Academy, examines results from preand postacademy surveys, and offers recommendations for improvement.
Involving Educators in the Identification and Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse
Authors: Gullatt David E. , Stockton Cathy E.
Published: March 2007

Educators have a unique opportunity and a responsibility to identify suspected abused children and to assist with the healing process that can restore a feeling of safety to a child's world. To accomplish this objective, school leaders and staff members must be aware of the effects of abuse on a child's development and the laws regarding the reporting of suspected child abuse. This article summarizes recent research that may guide educators as they deal with suspected abuse.
U.S. Supreme Court Revisits School Prayer
Authors: Murray Kenneth T. , Evans Craig S.
Published: March 2007

This article concerns two seemingly antagonistic Court decisions— Sante Fe Independent School District v. Jane Doe, 13 Fla. Law. W. Fed. S425; and Adler v. Duval County School Board, 13 Fla. Law. W. Fed. C460. While the Sante Fe decision struck down a school prayer school board policy, the Duval County decision allowed such policy. The authors seek to reconcile these two court decisions and offer a short history of prayer in U.S. public schools.
So Many Initiatives, So Little Time: Sustaining Change in an Urban High School
Authors: Fisher Douglas
Published: March 2007

Schools across the United States have attempted restructuring and reform efforts that increase achievement, ensure student success, and personalize learning. This article describes the author's observations of changes instituted at one high school and the four factors crucial to successfully sustaining the change.
“I Could Be Anybody”: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Students in U.S. Schools
Authors: Sanelli Maria , Perreault George
Published: March 2007

Principals are constantly challenged to provide support for diverse populations in the school, including female students, special education students, and minority students and their parents. Another facet of diversity that is usually not addressed in schools is how administrators can meet the needs of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students.
Unbelling the Cat: Unleashing the E-Commerce Solution
Authors: Manzo Anthony V.
Published: March 2007

Partnerships between education and commerce could well usher in the beginning of a new kind of economy that provides substantial financial—and social—rewards for schools and for society in general.
School Science Reform: An Overview and Implications for the Secondary School Principal
Authors: Rhoton Jack
Published: March 2007

Central to science education reform efforts in secondary schools for nearly a half century has been a focus on the content and concepts to be taught, on how teachers should teach, and, more recently, on issues of systemic approaches to science teaching and learning. This article highlights reform efforts and outlines their important implications for the secondary school principal in maintaining an effective school science program.
NCTM’s Principles and Standards for School Mathematics: Implications for Administrators
Authors: Midgett Carol W. , Eddins Susan K.
Published: March 2007

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) unveiled Principles and Standards for School Mathematics in April 2000. An extension of three earlier publications, Principles and Standards is a resource for anyone who makes decisions affecting mathematics education for prekindergarten through grade 12. This article highlights key points and discusses the importance of school administrators in realizing the vision set forth in the document.
School Counselors and Principals: Partners in Support of Academic Achievement
Authors: Stone Carolyn B. , Clark Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the evolving leadership and advocacy roles of the school counselor in supporting the principal in the effort to move schools toward rigorous academic achievement for all. Partnership efforts already underway by school counselors and principals nationwide are also examined.
Essential Supports for Sustaining Interdisciplinary Teams: Lessons from Two Departmentalized High Schools
Authors: Spies Paul
Published: March 2007

The high school reform movement includes a resurgence in interdisciplinary teaming. A comparative case study was conducted to examine the nature of teaming. Four dimensions of essential supports for developing and sustaining interdisciplinary teams are described and discussed.
Rethinking the Senior Year
Authors: Conley David T.
Published: March 2007

The final year of high school education as it is currently designed presents numerous challenges to students, teachers, and administrators. This article describes strategies to help school administrators rethink the senior year so that high school seniors can make the transition from school to work and/or college more smoothly and successfully. A national report on the senior year is summarized and its recommendations reviewed.
After-School Programs for Adolescents
Authors: de Kanter Adriana
Published: March 2007

This article discusses survey data and research evidence in favor of providing after-school programs for middle and high school students. It explains the benefits and key elements of after-school care, and examines existing initiatives. Community and youth responses to different programs are noted.
The Changing Face of After-School Programs: Advocating Talent Development for Urban Middle and High School Students
Authors: Butty Jo-Anne L.Manswell , LaPoint Velma , Thomas Veronica G. , Thompson Deirdre
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on after-school programs aimed at urban middle and high school students. The authors discuss an after-school tutorial program implemented as part of the Howard University Talent Development Model of School Reform. Challenges faced at Howard University are described; strategies for overcoming barriers and recommendations for urban school principals are offered.
Family Involvement in High School: Predictors and Effects
Authors: Simon Beth S.
Published: March 2007

Reports from more than 11,000 parents of high school seniors and 1,000 high school principals were analyzed to learn about high school, family, and community partnerships. Analyses revealed that regardless of students’ background and prior achievement, various parenting, volunteering, and home learning activities positively influenced student grades, course credits completed, attendance, behavior, and school preparedness. When educators guided parents and solicited their participation, parents responded with increased involvement to support student success.
Recruiting and Using Volunteers in Meaningful Ways in Secondary Schools
Authors: Burke Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

A review of research indicates that parent participation at the school site can have a significant influence on student achievement. The level of parent involvement in middle schools and high schools typically declines as students obtain greater autonomy and more responsibilities. Suggestions are offered on how middle and high school principals can recruit and actively involve parent and community volunteers at school sites to nurture the academic success of culturally and economically diverse community groups.
Schools, Families, and Communities Partnering for Middle Level Students’ Success
Authors: Sanders Mavis G.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies key issues, concepts, and strategies that may assist middle school leaders in developing comprehensive and permanent partnership programs as part of their school improvement efforts.
Alternatives to Retention
Authors: Smink Jay
Published: March 2007

Social promotion versus retention is a highly charged and critical education issue. Research studies show that retention has negative effects on students and is costly to schools and society. The National Dropout Prevention Center has identified the 15 most effective strategies for dropout prevention, which are discussed in this article in addition to a specific set of six program solutions and strategies as alternatives to grade retention. The center's "promotion with purpose" policy, along with exemplar programs, are presented for local school leaders to use in designing alternatives to retention.
Standards, Retention, and Social Promotion
Authors: Owings William A. , Kaplan Leslie S.
Published: March 2007

Student retention and social promotion are failed strategies that are also expensive. Although public support for high standards in schools is increasing, educators are concerned that students who cannot meet academic criteria may instead choose to drop out of school. Failure-prevention approaches are crucial to ensure that all students succeed.
Trust the Process: Increasing Student Achievement via Professional Development and Process Accountability
Authors: Fisher Douglas
Published: March 2007

Student achievement has received much attention in the discourse of standards and accountablility. This article describes specific instructional innovations to guide professional development activities implemented at one West Coast high school. Preliminary results are discussed.
School Finance Adequacy: Implications for School Principals
Authors: Picus Lawrence O.
Published: March 2007

In the standards-based education reforms of today, an important question is how much it will cost for all—or almost all—students to reach state-deter mined proficiency levels ? School finance adequacy seeks to determine that cost. Four models have been developed to estimate the costs of adequacy. Two of them—the professional judgment and the evidence-based models—are designed to specifically link educational strategies that will enable students to meet performance standards with an estimate of the costs of those strate gies. Principals will face growing pressure to implement the models as described by these studies in the future, suggesting they participate in the development of adequacy analyses in their states and school districts.
How Is Special Education Funded?: Issues and Implications for School Administrators
Authors: Parrish Thomas B. , Wolman Jean
Published: March 2007

Special education enrollments, and consequently overall costs, continue to rise with no apparent relief in sight. To clarify the fiscal challenges con fronting local special education administrators today, this article provides background on how special education is funded in the United States and dis cusses trends in special education enrollments and spending and their impli cations for school leaders. It also offers strategies that local leaders might consider to better meet the needs of students with disabilities in the current environment of fiscal restraint and increased accountability.
Organizational Health and Student Achievement in Tennessee Middle Level Schools
Authors: Henderson Christopher L. , Buehler Alison E. , Stein William L. , Dalton John E. , Robinson Teresa R. , Anfara Vincent A.
Published: March 2007

Although the successful middle level school was designed to address both the affective and cognitive development of young adolescents (NMSA, 2003), academic achievement is the outcome of paramount importance in the current political context of accountability, high-stakes testing, and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. In their efforts to reform, many middle level schools have implemented programmatic components like the teaming of teachers, advisory periods, and exploratory curricula. Few have truly explored the relationship between these structural changes and a school's organizational health. This mixed-methods study focuses on three dimensions of organizational health (teacher affiliation, resource support, and academic emphasis) and their rela tionship to academic performance. Findings indicate a positive relationship between a school's academic emphasis and students' academic performance. In an effort to more fully explore this finding, qualitative data are presented.
The Road to Critical Thinking: The Perry Scheme and Meaningful Differentiation
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh A.
Published: March 2007

On the road to critical thinking, many students are ready for something beyond rote memorization. But what comes next? How do their changing beliefs affect their learning? Are these students different from their peers? If they are, how can we accommodate and differentiate instruction so all students receive appropriate challenges and supports on their journey?
On Gifted Students in Rural Schools
Authors: Cross Tracy L. , Dixon Felicia A.
Published: March 2007

Academically gifted students exist in virtually every configuration of public schools throughout the United States. Gifted students are edu cated in settings from the largest suburban high school to the small est one-room schoolhouse. What have we learned about the lives of gifted students in rural school settings? Surprisingly, the answer is "Not very much."
Designing Creative Discipline: Tough, But Well Worth It
Authors: Krajewski Bob , Martinek Patty Denham , Polka Beverly
Published: March 2007

Few students come to school without problems, and no school succeeds in helping students grow without addressing their problems. Dealing with student behavior is integral to our role. Discipline is hard work, but creative discipline that fosters a sense of responsibility and own ership reaps long-term benefits.
Prescriptive Discipline: Just What the Doctor Ordered
Authors: Shupe Jim
Published: March 2007

The Prescriptive Discipline Plan at Lakeview Middle School could be just what the doctor ordered for your school. Such a plan is not only supported by research, it also works in practice.
Action Research in Action: Curricular Articulation and Integrated Instruction
Authors: Arnold Douglas E.
Published: March 2007

Action research can be a potent tool for school improvement and a catalyst for change. Galax High School developed a project on integrated instruction to increase curricular articulation and connections among disciplines in the school, and to decrease the isolation often experienced by teachers.
Building a Bridge Between the Neurosciences and Education: Cautions and Possibilities
Authors: Caine Renate Nummela , Caine Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

Brain research must be carefully examined before the appropriate implications for education emerge. When used in conjunction with the best of what is emerging in other fields, it becomes clear that the traditional model of education is no longer serving the needs of our students. To successfully implement the most important changes, however, we must change ourselves first.
Let's Put Brain Science on the Back Burner
Authors: Bruer John T.
Published: March 2007

Truly new results in neuroscience, rarely mentioned in the brain and education literature, point to the brain's lifelong capacity to reshape itself in response to experience. The challenge for educators is to develop Learning environments and practices that can exploit the brain's lifelong plasticity; define the behaviors we want to teach; design learning environments to impart them; and constantly test the educational efficacy of these environments.
Brain Research Can Help Principals Reform Secondary Schools
Authors: Sousa David A.
Published: March 2007

There is no panacea that will make teaching and learning a perfect process—and that includes brain research. It is a long leap from a research finding to changing schools and practice because of that finding. We need to seek out and evaluate the research that seems to be sufficiently reliable to enhance our practice.
How Emotions Run Us, Our Students, and Our Classrooms
Authors: Kovalik Susan , Olsen Karen D.
Published: March 2007

The implications of the body-mind concept of learning for curriculum and instruction are mind-bending. As educators, not neuroscientists, we may find the complexity of brain research both astonishing and complex. But the overarching conclusions about how the brain functions are neither mysterious nor impossible to grasp.
The Hazelwood Decision: A Decade Later
Authors: Hoover Clara G.
Published: March 2007

Do high school students' freedom of speech rights end at the school-house door? Are student publications protected by the First Amendment? Do high school principals have the right to remove objec tionable articles from their school newspapers? These questions are among many raised following the Supreme Court's 1988 ruling in Hazelwood School District v Kuhlmeier.
Academic Comparison of Athletes And Non-Athletes in a Rural High School
Authors: Zaugg Holt
Published: March 2007

This study compares academic performance, behavior, and commitment of basketball and volleyball athletes and non-athletes in a rural Canadian high school. It compares mid-term and final grades in each school discipline; visits to an administrator for disciplinary visits; and demerit points for improper behavior; and estimates the mean weekly time commitment for athletes in each sport. The study provides support for the benefits of athletic programs at the high school level.
Fostering a Positive School Environment for Students with Cancer: The Role of the Principal
Authors: Hoida Jessica A. , McDougal Sarah E.
Published: March 2007

What are the different types of childhood cancer and their treatments? What are the physical, academic, and emotional effects of cancer? What strategies might principals use to work with students with can cer ? The information in this article should help principals be better prepared to work with students with cancer, and with their parents, teachers, and other school personnel to make the school environment as supportive as possible.
Climbing the Administrative Career Ladder: Who Goes Up Might Come Down
Authors: Davis Stephen H.
Published: March 2007

The pathway to career advancement and success for school administra tors is littered with obstacles and potholes, some of which relate to individual deficiencies and others to the unpredictable influences in public schools. Nevertheless, if the attributes of success in a prior position are to transfer into success in a new leadership position, they must do so in concert with five elements of leadership behavior.
Recruiting and Selecting New Teachers: The Recruitment Budgeting Cycle
Authors: Beebe Robert J.
Published: March 2007

School boards do not provide generous support to recruitment unless they are convinced of its effectiveness. The recruitment budgeting cycle is intended to place recruitment activities on a more professional plane and to encourage more systematic implementation of recruitment activities.
Defending Effective Supervision in A Litigious Climate
Authors: Marczely Bernadette
Published: March 2007

Principals must do their jobs in an increasingly litigious climate. A clear understanding of the way case law and anti-discrimination legislation function will free administrators to maintain ethical standards of performance even in the face of threatened litigation.
Physical Activity as a Normalizing Experience for School-Age Children with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Taub Diane E. , Greer Kimberly R.
Published: March 2007

Children with physical disabilities are frequently excluded by classmates and discouraged from participating in such typical childhood experiences as physical activity. By being restricted from this context, these children have fewer opportunities to enhance physical and social skills. The purpose of this study is to examine the socialization potential of physical activity for children with physical disabilities. In-depth, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with 21 boys and girls with physical disabilities (age 10 to 17 years) regarding perceived outcomes of their physical activity and reactions of others toward their participation. Findings indicate that physical activity is a normalizing experience for these children because it facilitates perceptions of legitimating their social identity as children and provides a setting in which social networks with peers are enhanced. Implications of physical activity as a context for socialization of children with physical disabilities as well as a setting for their identity work are discussed.
She Wants to be a Sledgehammer?
Authors: Kennedy Eileen
Published: March 2007

This article presents a semiotic analysis of the representation of the Wimbeldon Championships on British television. It considers televised sport as a gendered genre, arguing that a gendered narrative exists within the televising of Wimbeldon. There is contradiction within this narrative: female tennis players escape an easy identification with a singular character function. The article draws on feminist film theory to explore the ambivalence of the televisual representation of tennis femininities.
Emergent Flesh
Authors: Hawhee Debra
Published: March 2007

This article examines connections between ancient training of the mind and body to delineate a concept of phusiopoiesis, the production of one’s nature. The category of nature (phusis) for the presocratics and sophists operates not as an essential and unchangeable state, but rather as a malleable disposition, one that can be altered through a process of production (poiesis). Such a configuration of phusis in pre-Socratic fragments, Hippocratic treatises, and philosophical discussions of the body, medicine, and training holds implications for ancient training practices, most especially challenging assumptions about the category of natural talent thought to be necessary for success as a rhetor or athlete. This bodily transformation entails at least three dynamics of phusiopoietic training: friendship, masochism, and erotics.
Olympic Road Cycling and National Identity
Authors: Jutel Annemarie
Published: March 2007

At the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympic Games, the tactics of German team riders reflected a commitment to professional rather than to national identity. This article explores how and why national identity in this event was subsumed by professional affiliations only to be reclaimed by the German press as evidence of national superiority. It also explores the application of a corporatist organizational model to explain the strength of commitment of riders to their professional cycling team.
Institutionalized Sport as Quasi-Religion: Preliminary CONSiDerations
Authors: Brody M. Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the phenomenon of institutionalized sport from a sociology of religion perspective, with the intention of providing a systematic basis for the frequent but often too-facile analogies drawn between sport and religion.

Sensitizing dimensions are drawn from sport in order to render this complex phenomenon more amenable to conceptual analysis. Several prominent sociological definitions of religion are introduced, and institutional sport is assessed for "goodness of fit" with these definitions.

The analytic emphasis is on symbols, but the utility of the sociology of religion foci of beliefs and practices is also detailed. Both participants and spectators are seen to sym bolize, to hold beliefs, and to engage in ritual practices pertaining to sport.

After finding considerable support for the general contention that sport is at least quasi-religious in nature, projections are offered for future research and for broader theoretical development.

1. The data presented here were not in any sense collected purposefully for use in this paper, but are rather of the nature to accrue to anyone ac tively engaged in everyday social life. As with any data utilized in social science, their reliability rests upon their congruence with observations made by others, whether lay or professional.

2. By "empirical generalizations" is meant the generalized descriptions, il lustrations, and assessments rendered from the data as described in note 1, above.

3. It should be realized at the outset that these sensitizing dimensions are in no way to be considered mutually exclusive or exhaustive. According ly, it will not always be possible to neatly categorize particular empirical examples within one of the three dimensions. The participants, spec tators, and organization of sport are highly interrelated. An attempt will be made to reach some degree of analytic clarity without resultantly destroying the natural character of these interrelations.

4. It should be mentioned here the sport may, for some spectators, be a direct enaction of ultimate problems of human life. Primarily, this is because, for some fans, seemingly nothing is more important than the outcome of a particular boxing match or a victory in the Super Bowl of their favorite team. More directly, for participants, it is sometimes the case that sport can involve virtual life and death situations, such as in various forms of mechanized racing.

5. This quote has been attributed both to George Allen and to Vince Lom bardi (football coaches, each). It has been repeated by enough coaches that its source is perhaps no longer an issue.
Current and Future Orientations: The Sociology of Sport
Authors: Purdy Dean
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to assess the present and future status of the Sociology of Sport. A sample of 36 individuals who have published or taught extensively in the field were sent questionnaires for information regarding themselves and their educa tional institutions. Results demonstrated that over 66 percent of the respondents spend 50 percent or more of their research time in the field of Sport Sociology. The most popular areas of interest within the discipline were socialization, racism, stratification, youth sports and the social structure of sport. Analysis discovered that 37 new formal courses were initiated between 1975 and 1979, as compared to 25 during 1970-74 and six during 1966-69. Also, the data indicated that sport courses in Sociology were more popular than those in Physical Education. The number of graduate students in the field was found to have increased steadily since 1973, with current enrollments being 19 Masters and 9 Ph.D. candidates. The respondents indicated an optimistic attitude toward the growth of the discipline with the primary restriction being based on the "legitimate" status given to the field by individuals within the larger disciplines of Sociology and Physical Education.
A Futurist Approach to Sport Sociology
Authors: Ziegler Susan G.
Published: March 2007

A futurist look into sport in the year 2050 developed into an interesting view of today's sport programs for children, highlighting its abuses and strengths. The development of a Youth Enhancement Program of Physical Activities (YEPPA) program by sport sociology classes is reviewed. The paper outlines the structure of society in the year 2000 and then gives examples of strategies that were developed to not only meet the needs of the new society, but to avoid the pitfalls of the former "win at all cost" society. Particular em phasis was given to the establishment of the YEPPA program, the selection and prepara tion of the coaches and participants, and the restructuring of the award system.
Hot Bodies and Cooling Substances
Authors: Srinivas Smriti
Published: March 2007

In the city of Bangalore, India, the main annual festival of the Karaga draws its ritual personnel from a network of wrestling houses, where concepts of the conservation and channeling of bodily fluids underlie training. These concepts are, in turn, linked to an older model of urban planning in which artificial water bodies and gardening were integral components of the built environment. As the city’s population has grown and its economy shifted toward manufacturing and high technology, a different model of planning has slowly destroyed the older ecological system while inserting large sports complexes as important urban nodes. There is a simultaneous movement to link sports, beauty contests, and media as entertainment, with a concomitant redefinition of the body.
Pretty Versus Powerful in the Sports Pages
Authors: Jones Ray , Murrell Audrey J. , Jackson Jennifer
Published: March 2007

To examine how descriptions of the performance of female athletes are likely to reflect dominant beliefs about gender in society, 769 passages from the print media describing gold medal winning contests for four U.S. women’s teams in the 1996 Olympics (basketball, gymnastics, soccer, and softball) and the U.S. women’s hockey team in the 1998 Olympics were subjected to content analysis. The sports analyzed fall under the categories of Matteo’s study classifying the gender appropriateness of sport (masculine, feminine, and neutral). Two dimensions were examined for each passage: task relevance and use of gender stereotypes. Consistent with our expectations, female athletes in male sports were described by the print media using frequent male-to-female comparisons and comments that had little to do with sports or the athlete’s performance. Print media coverage of female athletes in female sports focused on performance while reinforcing female stereotypes. Implications of the images of female athletes portrayed by the print media are discussed.
EXPLAINING PAIN AND INJURY ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES IN SPORT IN TERMS OF GENDER, RACE, AND SPORTS STATUS FACTORS
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This article presents data from a survey of college athletes in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic program showing how well gender, race, and 4 sports status variables (team or individual sports participation, contact or noncontact sports participation, status as a lineup regular, and status as an athletic scholarship holder) explain differences in sports-related pain and injury attitudes and experiences. Attitude was measured by 3 scales—concerning toughness, rational choice in decisions about playing hurt, and pressure from coaches and fans to play while hurt—which were constructed for this study. Injury experience measures indicated whether the college athletes had lingering effects from sports injuries, how many sports injuries they had sustained, how many times they had had surgery for sports injuries, and how long they were disabled by their most serious sports injury. Gender, race, status as a lineup regular, and status as a scholarship holder were found to explain variations in attitudinal or experiential factors, with gender explaining more of these differences than any other variable. Thus gender is given special emphasis in the discussion of findings.
BALLPARK ESTIMATES: IMPACT OF THE 1994 BASEBALL STRIKE ON THE PENNSYLVANIA ECONOMY
Authors: Passmore David L. , Pellock Cynthia , Wang Guoquing
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of foregone gate revenues and reduced visitor days as a result of the 1994 major league baseball strike on Pennsylvania jobs, business activity, and income. The authors use a macroeconomic model of the Pennsylvania economy to estimate that the strike probably had negligible net impacts on the Pennsylvania economy. These findings contradict the popular view that the strike had serious aggregate economic consequences and emphasize that commercial sports activity comprise only a minor share of regional economies.
SPORTS WARS
Authors: Nunn Samuel , Rosentraub Mark S.
Published: March 2007

Sports teams are integral to the battle between cities for image and economic development. Although interregional moves of teams receive more publicity, intraregional battles between center cities and their suburbs are common. The benefits created by teams affect all cities in a region. As such, providing incentives to encourage moves within a region will result in increased profits for teams and higher salaries for players. Further, if teams do not generate a concentration of benefits for an investor city, then all cities in a region would be well served by treating professional sports teams as regional assets that require regional cooperation. Through an analysis of the impact of professional sports teams on the economies of cities in the Dallas/Fort Worth region, the inability of investor cities to capture benefits is illustrated. The results illustrate the need for regional cooperation to reduce public sector fiscal risks and the subsidies given to teams.
“SAME SPORT, DIFFERENT GENDER”
Authors: Theberge Nancy
Published: March 2007

This article responds to a call by Mary Jo Kane in an earlier Journal of Sport & Social Issues article to consider the “sport continuum” as a counter to conceptions of sport as an “oppositional binary” in which gender is naturalized. The continuum emphasizes women's participation in male-identified team contact sports. Drawing from field work and interviews with elite-level players, the analysis examines the dynamics of the continuum in the context of ice hockey. Player accounts of the practice of men's and women's hockey and their own experiences in gender-integrated settings highlight the many ways in which the construction of hockey and hockey players are distinctly social experiences. The conclusion offers an assessment of the sport continuum as a strategy to challenge the oppositional binary.
A Novel Approach To Assessment of Teacher Preparation Program Effectiveness
Authors: Starkman Stanley S. , Bellis David D.
Published: March 2007

A novel approach to the evaluation of the effectiveness of teacher preparation programs which utilizes judgment of users rather than seeking behavioral correlates between program activities and pupil achievement is presented. Field-derived descriptors of "good teacher" are scaled for value (importance) by both supervisors and graduates. The ability to prioritize areas needing program modification and relate program to field is thus enhanced. Procedures used to obtain the data, some preliminary data analysis, and a discussion of the objectivity of the method and problems incurred in using the behavioral approach to program evaluation are presented.
An Evaluation of the Use of the Law in a Free Society Materials On "Responsibility"
Authors: Singh Balwant , Greer Peter R. , Hammond Richard
Published: March 2007

Three hundred students in grades 7, 8, and 9 wrote two achievement tests and one attitudinal test before the introduction of the "Responsibility" materials to the experimental group. After one week of teaching the unit on "Responsibility," the tests were again administered to the same students. A three-way (grades x ability groups x programs) multivariate analysis of variance of gain scores was performed to test the various hy potheses. Only the differences between programs were found to be significant; those differences could be attributed to a slight but significant increase in the scores of the experimental group students on the attitudinal test.
Applied Research and Social Theory
Authors: Hawkins Darnell F.
Published: March 2007

Applied research has the potential for greatly enriching social theory Many of the metatheoretical assumptions that underlie social theory are seldom explicitly stated. The attempted application of theory and postapplication analysis often bring these assumptions to the fore. Applied research also allows for a more rigorous testing of theory than that which is possible in nonapplied research. In this paper an effort is made to delineate some aspects of the relationship between applied social research and theory through the use of cultural deprivation theorizing and investigations.
The First Year of the Education Voucher Demonstration
Authors: Wortman Paul M. , Reichardt Charles S. , St. Pierre Robert G.
Published: March 2007

The Education Voucher Demonstration began in the Alum Rock Union Elementary School District during the 1972-1973 school year. Under the voucher concept, parents freely select a school for their child and receive a credit or voucher equal to the cost of the child's education that is paid directly to the school upon enrollment. It was presumed that this form of school finance would foster competition among the schools and improve the quality of education by making schools more responsive to students' needs. An initial external evaluation at the conclusion of the first year found, however, a relative loss in reading achievement for students in the six public schools that participated in the voucher demonstration. The present report reexamines some of these data using a quasi-experi mental design involving multiple pretests and individual students' test scores (rather than school means) as the unit of analysis. The results appear to indicate that the deleterious reading effect of the voucher demonstration was confined to a few within-school programs featuring nontraditional, innovative curricula.
Politics of Evaluating Diversion Programs
Authors: Agopian Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Measuring the impact of the proliferation ofprograms designed to divert individuals from the criminal justice system has been hampered by three major factors: nomenclature defining treatment criteria, failure in specifying evaluation goals, and the complexities of gathering appropriate datafor evaluation. Each of these characteristics is examinedfrom the political underpinnings operating within the criminal justice system. From the author's efforts of evaluating adult diversion programs throughout California over a three-year period, each of these characteristic's deleterious effect upon program evaluation is dis cussed.
Practical Techniques for Implementing True Experimental Designs
Authors: Powers Donald E. , Alderman Donald L.
Published: March 2007

This note suggests that it is sometimes possible to apply true experimental designs in field settings by takmg advantage of the constraints under which programs or experimental treatments must operate. In a research study requiring classical treatment and control groups, practical methods for implementing true experimental procedures in public schools had to be devised and applied. These solutions to a problem often encountered by evaluators are presented here.
Box-Tiao Time Series Models for Impact Assessment
Authors: Hay Richard A. , McCleary Richard
Published: March 2007

Deutsch and Alt (1977) use a time series quasi-experiment to assess the impact of the Massachusetts gun control law on gun-related crime in Boston. They conclude that the new law resulted in a statistically significant drop in both armed robberies and gun assaults, though not in homocides. However, our reanalysis of their data suggests that these conclusions are extremely tenuous. First, Deutsch and Alt have seriously mis specified the stochastic components for the three time series. We report alternative models which, in all three cases, have better statistical properties. Second, Deutsch and Alt conduct their analysis only six months after passage of the new law. This postintervention time series segment is obviously too short a period to permit specification of the inter vention component. Our reanalysis demonstrates that there is inconclusive evidence for the effect claimed by Deutsch and Alt.
Developing Models for Special Education
Authors: Bergquist Constance C. , Graham Darol L.
Published: March 2007

The Developing Models for Special Education, an ESEA IV-Cproject, utilized a novel evaluation design to produce data for national validation by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel. The purposes of the article are: (1) to present in graphic and narrative form the theoretical model of the evaluation design, (2) to describe in operational terms the application of the design to the evaluation of the project, (3) to present in graphic and narrative form the results of the evaluation, and (4) to discuss the problems and benefits associated with both the theoretical model and the application of this design to similar projects.
An Evaluation of Parent Training
Authors: Rickel Annette U. , Dudley Grenae , Berman Shirley
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of assertiveness training versus discussion group parenting programs with center-city and suburban parents was evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial design. All parents showed a significant pre- to posttest decrease in restrictiveness on Block's Child Rearing Practices Report, regardless of group membership, and a significantly greater change was noted for parents in the center city.