bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions Of Ozone With Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

The gas-phase reactions of aromatic compounds with0 3 are generally very slow and hence difficult to measure accurately because of the possible presence of impurities and the occurrence of secondary reactions. These reactions are only significant for those compounds containing unsaturated > C=C < bonds in the substituent groups. The reactions of 0 3 with monocyclic aromatic compounds not containing > C=C < bonds in the substituent group(s) either show no reaction or react only slowly (with rate coefficients of 10-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K). This behavior is expected, because the gas-phase reactions of 03 with organic compounds generally involve initial addition of 03 across a > C=C < bond to form a primary ozonide, which then rapidly decomposes to (in general) two sets of carbonyl plus biradical (Atkinson and Carter, 1984).
Framing the West
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

Framing the West argues that photography was intrinsic to British territorial expansion and settlement on the northwest coast. Williams shows how male and female settlers used photography to establish control over the territory and its indigenous inhabitants, as well as how native peoples eventually turned the technology to their own purposes. Photographs of the region were used to stimulate British immigration and entrepreneuralism, and imagies of babies and children were designed to advertise the population growth of the settlers. Although Indians were taken by Anglos to document their “disappearing” traditions and to show the success of missionary activities, many Indians proved receptive to photography and turned posing for the white man’s camera to their own advantage. This book will appeal to those interested in the history of the West, imperialism, gender, photography, and First Nations/Native America.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

When diary entries by photographers Frederick Dally, Richard Maynard, and Hannah Maynard flank accounts by settler Charles Kent and an unidentified journalist reporting to Victoria’s Daily Colonist, it becomes apparent that from its earliest appearance in northwest coastal North America (fig. I.1) the camera was not a benign tool of observation. Photography’s purpose was instrumental: it was evidence in support of imperial science, topographical exploration, and colonial expansion. As practice and artifact, photography fulfilled the curiosity of the colonist and tourist who wanted to comprehend the unfamiliar in particular, the indigenous inhabitants of the region. On the two British Pacific coastal colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, photography was first introduced by the 1859 survey crew of the British Engineers Corps, which employed cameras to assess, measure, and survey the land and to record available or exploitable resources.
“The Natural Habitat of the Anglo Saxon upon the Pacific Ocean”
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

Before the European competition for maritime trade and, later, for territory, the Northwest Coast was inhabited by large populations of liguistically diverse coastal peoples who sustained intertribal trade and thrived on the abundance of the sea, land, and forest. The earliest contact with Europeans occurred at Nootka Sound on the northwestern shore of Vancouver Island in August 1774, with an expedition lead by the Mallorcan captain Juan Pérez, who sailed the Santiago along Vancouver Island and to the Queen Charlotte Islands. At Nootka Sound the Santiago was approached by 150 men, in twenty-one canoes, who boarded the ship and exchanged gifts with the sailors.1 Due to a lack of adequate supplies and outbreaks of scurvy, the Santiago’s stay was brief.2 Four years later, in March 1778, the British ships Resolution and Discovery, under the command of Captain James Cook, arrived at Nootka Sound.
“She Was the Means of Leading into the Light”
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

While our knowledge of Native American women’s response to contact is fragmentary, women were represented in written and photographic documents generated by explorers, traders, colonial travelers, government officials, and missionaries between 1830 and 1880 1. The editorial concerns expressed by eighteenth-century explorers and early-nineteenth-century traders and travelers about women’s dress, behavior, mobility, labor, and morality established a distinct pattern and a judgmental tone that gave way to a uniform call for the reform of Native American women by the mid–nineteenth century.
A People at War
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

Claiming more than 600,000 lives, the American Civil War had a devastating impact on countless numbers of common soldiers and civilians, even as it brought freedom to millions. This book shows how average Americans coped with despair as well as hope during this vast upheaval. A People at War brings to life the full humanity of the war’s participants, from women behind their plows to their husbands in army camps; from refugees from slavery to their former masters; from Mayflower descendants to freshly recruited Irish sailors. We discover how people confronted their own feelings about the war itself, and how they coped with emotional challenges (uncertainty, exhaustion, fear, guilt, betrayal, grief) as well as physical ones (displacement, poverty, illness, disfigurement). The book explores the violence beyond the battlefield, illuminating the sharp-edged conflicts of neighbor against neighbor, whether in guerilla warfare or urban riots. The authors travel as far west as China and as far east as Europe, taking us inside soldiers’ tents, prisoner-of-war camps, plantations, tenements, churches, Indian reservations, and even the cargo holds of ships. They stress the war years, but also cast an eye at the tumultuous decades that preceded and followed the battlefield confrontations. An engrossing account of ordinary people caught up in life-shattering circumstances, A People at War captures how the Civil War rocked the lives of rich and poor, black and white, parents and children--and how all these Americans pushed generals and presidents to make the conflict a people’s war.
Innovations in Approaches to Preventing HIV/AIDS: Applications to Other Health Promotion Activities
Authors: O’leary Ann , Holtgrave David R , Wright-Deaquero Linda , Malow Robert M
Published: November 2023

In 1983, public health researchers unveiled the first study showing that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is transmitted by sexual behavior (1,2). Not long afterward, it was learned that HIV is also transmitted by injection drug use (3). Therefore, early HIV prevention efforts, conducted by community organizations like San Francisco’s “Stop AIDS” and New York’s “Gay Men’s Health Crisis,” encouraged people to refrain from sexual and drug use activities that placed them at risk of infection. To the extent that sexual abstinence was not possible, the use of male, latex condoms was encouraged. To the extent that abstinence from drug injection was not possible, the use of bleach to disinfect injection equipment was encouraged. Over time, rigorously evaluated interventions to promote sexual risk reduction (4) and injection drug use (5) added to a growing portfolio of HIV risk-reduction interventions that were founded primarily on basic principles of behavior change. Research activities throughout the first two decades of the AIDS epidemic were deemed highly successful in identifying efficacious and effective intervention models (6).
What the Doctor Didn’t Say
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

Most people know precious little about the risks and benefits of participating in a “clinical trial” – a medical research study involving some innovative treatment for a medical problem. Yet millions of people each year participate anyway. What the Doctor Didn’t Say explains the reality: that our current system intentionally hides much of the information people need to make the right choice about whether to participate. Witness the following scenarios: -Hundreds of patients with colon cancer undergo a new form of keyhole surgery at leading cancer centers – never being told that 85% of colorectal surgeons, worried that it increases the risk of the cancer returning, would not themselves undergo that procedure -Tens of thousands of women at high risk of developing breast cancer are asked to participate in a major research study. They are told about the option of having both breasts surgically removed – but not told about the option of taking a standard osteoporosis pill that might cut the risk of getting breast cancer by one half or more What the Doctor Didn’t Say, written by two prominent experts in the field, is the first book to reveal the secrets that many in the research establishment have fought long and hard to keep from patients. It shows why options not commonly known – including getting a new treatment outside of a research study – can often be the best choice. It explains how patients can make good decisions even if there is only limited information about a treatment’s effect. And it does this through the eye-opening of what is happening daily to thousands of people. Day after day, we are learning how little we know about what really works. Headlines regularly announce that a previously unquestioned treatment – hormane replacement therapy, drugs such as Vioxx or Celebrex – may now be much riskier than we thought. The latest in a surge of recent books criticising the medical establishment (but the first to look at clinical trials specifically), What the Doctor Didn’t Tell You helps to empower patients to survive in a world of medical uncertainty, and makes positive recommendations for systemic reform.
How Bad for the Subjects Can a Study Be?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 5, we saw that the major rule relating to the risks and benefits of a permissible study doesn’t actually prevent studies from being significantly “bad” for subjects. And yet, as we saw from the beginning of this book, many very smart people, ranging from leading health writer Jane Brody to the top-notch pediatricians who treat childhood cancers, have no trouble concluding that participating in perhaps the most important type of study—clinical trials to test some new treatment—will generally be in a patient’s best interests.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Research Study From Consent to Choice
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 8, we examined how good a job consent forms do in informing subjects about the differences between being a research subject and being a patient. Now we turn to the other goal of informed consent: enabling a subject to determine whether enrolling in a particular research study is a good or bad choice for that person. To what extent do consent forms give subjects enough information to adequately distinguish “good choice” and “bad choice” studies?
Research and Reproduction
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

An FDA advisory committee composed of scientific experts recommended that the agency approve over-the-counter sale of the “morning-after pill.”1 In spite of that recommendation, the FDA took the somewhat unusual step of delaying its decision. That delay was no doubt at least partly due to an “aggressive campaign” by forty-nine members of Congress, who had sent a letter to President George W. Bush noting how greater availability of this pill would lead to increases in promiscuity and venereal disease.
Then and Now
Authors: Estes James A
Published: November 2023

To be entirely honest, Aldo Leopold was unknown to me in 1967 when I began graduate study in wildlife biology at Washington State University. I entered graduate school with a traditional education in zoology, which did not emphasize conservation, natural resource management, nor, for that matter, even ecology. Frankly, I can’t remember what it was that drew me to the natural sciences other than perhaps a fondness for nature and an aversion to normal day-to-day work activities.
Bypassing the Will: Toward Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior
Authors: Bargh John A
Published: November 2023

Paris, 1986: Doctor Lhermitte accompanies two patients of his to various locations around the city. Both of them had suffered a stroke, which had damaged portions of their prefrontal cortex, areas critical for the planning and control of action. First, in his office, the woman gives Dr. Lhermitte a physical exam using the available equipment and utensils. Later, after they spend a half hour in the professor’s apartment, he escorts the two of them out to the balcony, casually mentions the word museum, and leads them back inside. Their behavior becomes suddenly different: they scrutinize with great interest the paintings and posters on the wall, as well as the common objects on the tables, as if each was an actual work of art. Next, the man enters the bedroom, sees the bed, undresses, and gets into it. Soon he is asleep. Across these and several other situations, neither patient is able to notice or remark on anything unusual or strange about their behavior.
The Mechanics of Imagination: Automaticity and Control in Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Roese Neal J , Sanna Lawrence J , Galinsky Adam D
Published: November 2023

Imagination [is] a blind but indispensable function of the soul, without which we should have no cognition whatever, but of the working of which we are seldom conscious. Counterfactuals are thoughts of what might have been. They are mental representations of alternatives to past occurrences, features, and states. As such, they are imaginative constructions fabricated from stored representations, typically embracing a blend of traces from both episodic and semantic memory. For example, “If only she had remembered her umbrella, she would have stayed dry” is a counterfactual rooted to (and directly evoked by) an episodic memory involving a recent occurrence in which an acquaintance became drenched by a summer downpour. This counterfactual is constructed via alteration (or mutation) of one discrete element of the factual episode (e.g., presence versus absence of umbrella), but this mutation draws upon semantic memory’s abstract generalizations about the world (e.g., umbrellas are water repellent and thus can protect from moisture). Like many judgments, counterfactual thinking can be both automatic, in that its unconscious activation may follow from the simple recognition of particular outcomes, or intentional and controlled, in that it may be deliberately recruited, sculpted, or suppressed in response to ongoing goals.
Folk Theory of Mind: Conceptual Foundations of Human Social Cognition
Authors: Malle Bertram F
Published: November 2023

The ability to represent, conceptualize, and reason about mental states is one of the greatest achievements of human evolution. Having an appreciation for the workings of the mind is considered a prerequisite for natural language acquisition (Baldwin & Tomasello, 1998), strategic social interaction (McCabe, Smith, & LePore, 2000), reflexive thought (Bogdan, 2000), and moral development (Hoffman, 1993). The initial research on representations of mental states was sparked by the hypothesis that apes, too, have such a theory of mind (Premack & Woodruff, 1978), but more recent theories and evidence suggest that the evolutionary emergence of a genuine theory of mind occurred after the hominid split off and may thus be uniquely human (Baron-Cohen, 1999; Malle, 2002; Povinelli, 1996, 2001; Tomasello, 1998).
The Glimpsed World: Unintended Communication and Unintended Perception
Authors: Choi Y Susan , Gray Heather M , Ambady Nalini
Published: November 2023

In 1979, the sociologist Erving Goffman published Gender Advertisements, an examination of the ways in which images of men and women are used in advertisements. Goffman was particularly interested in how such images reflect underlying cultural values about relations between the sexes. He went on to draw a parallel between the still photographs of advertisements and the fleeting observations of strangers, gathered in the course of our lives, that comprise what he called “our glimpsed world.” Just as posed photographs provide insight into sociocultural values, Goffman averred, brief glimpses of others reveal a great deal about their psychological lives. In sum, Goffman suggested that observations made in passing can be used as sources of information about the internal states, social identities, and relationships of those who make up our social worlds.
Attitudes as Accessibility Bias: Dissociating Automatic and Controlled Processes
Authors: Payne B Keith , Jacoby Larry L , Lambert Alan J
Published: November 2023

In February 1999, four New York Police Department officers ordered West African immigrant Amadou Diallo to freeze as he stood in his apartment’s darkened alcove. Diallo raised his wallet in the air, and 41 bullets later, he was dead. Somewhere between the time Diallo pulled out his wallet and the first officer drew his gun, one of the officers made a judgment that their lives were in danger. The incident caused local protests and national controversy, as the public and the courts debated whether that judgment depended on the fact that Amadou Diallo was Black.
In Vivo Optical Imaging of Molecular Function Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Ntziachristos Vasilis , Weissleder Ralph
Published: November 2023

Tissue observation with light is probably the most common imaging practice in medicine and biomedical research. The original physicians’ visual inspection of their patients has been followed by more elaborate photon technologies applied to biomedical and clinical applications, many of which are described in this book. Light offers unique wavelengthdependent interactions with tissue and has been used to investigate both structural and functional tissue characteristics. A recent development in optical applications is the noninvasive imaging of molecular events in tissues. Underpinning these developments are the discovery of biocompatible, target-specific, and activatable fluorescent imaging probes and the development of highly sensitive imaging technologies forin vivo fluorescent detection. Of particular interest are fluorescent probes that emit in the near infrared, a spectral window in which hemoglobin and water photons to penetrate for several centimeters in tissue.

In this chapterwe review technological advances that have allowed molecularimaging in the near infrared. First, we outline design strategies for fluorescent probes developed for in vivo applications and focus on the engineering of molecular beacons, a particular category of near-infrared fluorescent smart probes that maximize imaging capacity. We describe the chemistry of such probes and delineate current and future molecular targets. Second, we describe optical imaging technologies used for noninvasive imaging of the distribution of such probes. We illuminate the advantages and limitations of simple photographic methods and turn our attention to fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography (FMT), a technique that can resolve fluorescence and quenching/activation in deep tissues in three dimensions. We describe theoretical specifics, and we obtain insight on its in vivo capacity and the sensitivity achieved. Last, we discuss its clinical feasibility.
Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human and Wildlife Health
Authors: Colborn Theo
Published: November 2023

This chapter briefly describes the endocrine system and the role it plays in survival and quality of life for both wildlife and humans. It provides evidence that products and chemical by-products of modern technology can pose a threat to the future integrity of many species on the earth, including humans. Two studies are presented in which reported untoward health effects in wildlife led to studies to determine whether the same effects were being expressed in humans. Based on insight gained from the two studies, the need for welldirected, long-term research that involves wildlife, human, and laboratory collaborations is discussed.
Emergence of Infectious Diseases in Marine Mammals
Authors: House Carol , Aguirre A Alonso , House James A
Published: November 2023

Emerging diseases are defined as infections that either have newly appeared or have existed and are rapidly expanding their geographic range with a corresponding increase in detection, prevalence, mortality, or morbidity (Morse 1995). Many infectious diseases have been documented as emerging or reemerging in the marine environment (table 9.1). Specific factors responsible for the emergence of a new disease or the reemergence of an old disease can be identified in most cases. This chapter identifies the factors associated with emerging microbial infectious diseases of marine mammals.
Zoonotic Infections and Conservation
Authors: Graczyk Thaddeus K
Published: November 2023

In 1967, the Joint FAO/WHO Experts Committee defined zoonoses as “diseases and infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans” (Soulsby 1974). Since then it has been recognized that zoonoses are problems in every country; they are no longer associated with rural and sylvatic environments, and represent the most frequent public health risk (Soulsby 1974).
The Mountain Gorilla and Conservation Medicine
Authors: Cranfield Michael , Gaffikin Lynne , Sleeman Jonathan , Rooney Matthew
Published: November 2023

Certain species, especially those conservation biologists term “umbrella species,” engender a broad suite of ecological values and act as an ecological proxy for habitat conservation. The mountain gorilla {Gorilla gorilla beringei) serves as an umbrella species within the montane forests of Nile- Zaire Divide of Central Africa. Unique challenges to the mountain gorilla dictate that a different and perhaps more concentrated approach to conservation must be employed than that used for the other two subspecies of gorilla.
Deer Tick-Transmitted Zoonoses in the Eastern United States
Authors: Telford Sam R
Published: November 2023

Whereas plagues were once thought to mainly affect developing countries, people now are increasingly aware of the threat within American borders. Ticks have catapulted into public awareness, to the point that if it were not for AIDS, these eight-legged creatures and their bloodsucking habits would be the focus of astounding public attention. The relatively sudden appearance of these infections seemed enigmatic at the time but is now relatively well understood. In the case of Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis, reforestation in eastern North America has permitted deer to proliferate.
Global Ecological Integrity, Global Change, and Public Health
Authors: Soskolne Colin L , Bertollini Roberto
Published: November 2023

Ecological degradation, precipitating large-scale ecosystem collapses, likely will have an impact on human health (McMichael et al. 1999). Bearing the principle of sustainable development in mind, a pilot workshop on “Global Ecological Integrity and Human Health” took place in 1998. It was convened at the World Health Organization (WHO) European Center for Environment and Health, Rome Division, Italy, 3--4 December (Soskolne and Bertollini 1999).
Disentitlement?
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

No developed nation relies exclusively on the private sector to finance health care for citizens. This book begins by exploring the deficiencies in private health insurance that account for this. It then recounts the history and legal character of America’s public health care entitlements -Medicare, Medicaid, and tax subsidies for employment-related health benefits. These programs are increasingly embattled, attacked by those advocating privatization (replacing public with private insurance), individualization (replacing group and community-based insurance with approaches based on individual choice within markets) and devolution (devolving authority over entitlements to state governments and to private entities). The book critically analyzes this movement toward disentitlement. He also examines the primary models for structuring health care entitlements in other countries -general taxation-funded national health insurance and social insurance, and considers what we can learn from these models. The book concludes by describing what an American entitlement-based health care system could look like, and in particular how the legal characteristics of our entitlement programs could be structured to support the long-term sustainability of these vital programs.
Tax Credits for Health Insurance: Disentitlement of America’s Workers?
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

America’s third most costly health-care entitlement program is its most effective in terms of lives covered, but also one of its most maligned. For the past half century, most Americans with health insurance have been covered through their place of employment. A major factor in bolstering employment related insurance has been the entitlement of employers who offer and employees who purchase employment-related health insurance to sizable tax subsidies. The payments that an employer makes to purchase employmentrelated group health insurance for its employees are considered to be business expenses of the employer and are thus not included in the employer’s taxable income. Moreover, § 106 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that employment-provided health insurance is also not taxable income to the employee, while § 105 excludes from employee income the value of medical benefits purchased with employment-related insurance. When these provisions are read together, they totally exempt the value of employment-related health benefits from income taxation. The value of employer-provided insurance is also excluded from payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare. Combined, these provisions afford a tax subsidy valued at $111.2 billion in 1998 to support employment-related health insurance.
The British National Health Service: The General Revenue-Financed Model of Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

The British National Health Service (NHS) is generally regarded as the archetypical example of the national health service, general revenue financed, model of health-care financing and provision. The hallmarks of the British “Beveridge model” are payment for health-care services from general taxes and direct government provision of health care. Neither of these characteristics exists purely in the British system. Although the health-care system is funded primarily through general revenue funding, about 12% of funding comes from national insurance contributions, a payroll tax that is a holdover from the pre-NHS days that funds various social security programs, and 6.3% is funded by user charges. Also, most British general practitioners (GPs) are not government employees, but own their own practices as individuals or groups and provide services to the NHS on a contracted basis. The NHS, moreover, has increasingly turned to private ownership of NHS hospitals as a means of financing new construction, and has begun to purchase services from private hospitals as well. In general, however, the British system represents this model of health service provision, with its strong and weak points.
Domestic Violence Theories, Research, and Practice Implications
Authors: Brewster Mary P
Published: November 2023

Violence against women has received unprecedented attention during the past decade. The first piece of federal legislation addressing intimate violence, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), was passed by Congress in 1994 and brought greater legal protection for abused women and stiffer penalties for batterers. Congress also increased funding for domestic violence research and for programs to protect women from domestic violence perpetrators. Media coverage of the VAWA has also increased public awareness of the issue of domestic violence.
Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: The Role of Impact, Assessment, and Treatment
Authors: Lehmann Peter , Rabenstein Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide social workers with a broad, practice-based overview of the literature documenting children exposed to domestic violence. Exposure can occur in many different ways (Edleson, 1999); however, in this chapter, exposure is generally defined as seeing and/or hearing and/or intervening in an attempt to stop the violence.
“An Exterminating Bolt Of Lightning”: The Wars for Freedom, 1810-1890
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

Beginning in 1775, a wave of revolution rolled through the Atlantic world. It began in North America, with the American Revolution (1775-83), swept into Europe, in the form of the French Revolution (1789-99), and then back to the Americas, with the slave revolution in Haiti (1791-1804). Each of these world-historical events was powerfully felt in Spanish and Portuguese America; each spoke to the peoples of the region in different ways. The United States showed how a New World society could throw off the shackles of colonial rule and construct a new political system based on the principles of national sovereignty and liberal republicanism. The revolution in France offered Latin Americans an object lesson in how to overthrow an ancien regime based on absolutist monarchy.
Geovisualization of Human Activity Patterns Using 3D GISA Time-Geographic Approach
Authors: Kwan Mei-Po , Lee Jiyeong
Published: November 2023

The study of human activities and movements in space and time has long been an important research area in social science. It covers a wide range of topics such as migration, residential mobility, shopping, travel, and commuting behavior. One of the earliest spatially integrated perspectives for the analysis of human activity patterns and movement in space-time is time-geography.
Shaping Policy Decisions with Spatial Analysis
Authors: Muller Ted K Bradshaw Brian
Published: November 2023

Spatial analysis has been a part of urban and land use planning at least since the 1960s. In certain arenas, such as transportation planning and preparation of comprehensive plans, local governments and land use agencies have come to rely heavily on spatial data (Harris and Batty 1993). Until recently, analytical applications were concentrated in a few areas such as demand modeling under federal transportation statutes. During the 1990s, however, adoption of GIS technologies in public agencies, and creation of GIS-based resource and asset inventories, expanded the scope of analytical opportunities.
Concealment and Exposure
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Everyone knows that something has gone wrong in the United States with the conventions of privacy. Increased tolerance for variation in sexual life seems to have brought with it a sharp increase in prurient and censorious attention to the sexual lives of public figures and famous persons, past and present. The culture seems to be growing more tolerant and more intolerant at the same time.
The Shredding of Public Privacy
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

The shameful farce now being played out in Washington has many contributing causes: the Supreme Court, which refused to permit the Paula Jones lawsuit to be deferred until the end of President Clinton’s term in office; the panel of federal judges in Washington that approved Kenneth Starr’s request to extend his White water investigation to the president’s sex life; the sinister and obsessionally puritanical Starr himself and the independent prosecutor statute that created his almost limitless power to persecute the president; the lurid and poisonous Linda Tripp; the fetishistic and infantile Monica Lewinsky; and the president himself, for falling on this land mine disguised as a cream puff.
Nussbaum on Sexual Injustice
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Any society concerned with fairness must try to decide what general structures or modes of treatment, applied to persons who differ greatly one from another, will qualify morally as a form of equal treatment, or at least not egregiously unequal treatment. In some cases, such as the vote, identical treatment will do. In other cases, such as taxation or maternity leave, it clearly will not. Sex is one of the most important dimensions in which people differ. They come in two sexes and a variety of sexual roles and orientations.
Scanlon’s Moral Theory
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

On occasion we are faced with acute moral choices-whether to join the Resistance or stay at home and care for our widowed mother; whether to run off with Vronsky or remain with Karenin. But largely, morality shapes our lives in ways we don’t even think about; in fact, it does so partly by excluding certain options from our thoughts. Most of us, for instance, wouldn’t even consider (1) threatening to expose a colleague’s adulterous affair to his wife unless he votes our way on a contested appointment or policy issue; (2) extracting some cash from the pocketbook of an interior decorator as she inspects our house because we think she is overcharging us; (3) stealing a kidney for a friend who needs a transplant; (4) selling all we have and giving it to the poor.
Stroud and the Quest for Reality
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Barry Stroud’s strange and absorbing book The Quest for Reality sets out to undermine the central metaphysical ambition that has dominated philosophy since the seventeenth century-that of reaching what Bernard Williams calls an “absolute conception of reality.” The aim is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the world, consistent with modern science, which distinguishes between what exists objectively, independent of our minds, and what is merely subjective-due to the effects of the world on our minds and our responses to it.
Embodied Emotions
Authors: Prinz Jesse
Published: November 2023

In one of the most frequently quoted passages in the history of emotion research, William James (1884, 189ff.) announces that emotions occur when the perception of an exciting fact causes a collection of bodily changes, and “our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion.” The same idea occurred to Carl Lange (1885) around the same time. These authors were not the first to draw a link between the emotions and the body. Indeed, this had been a central theme of Descartes’s exquisite opus The Passions of the Soul. But James and Lange wanted to push things farther than most, suggesting that emotions are exhausted by bodily changes or perceptions thereof.
Emotions, Thoughts, and Feelings
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: November 2023

I have been arguing, for thirty years now, that emotions are a kind of judgment—or rather, a complex of interlocking judgments, desires, and intentions. Back in the seventies, it was an argument that attracted some attention but little sympathy. What provoked me then—and still provokes me now—is what I call the primitivist conception of emotions, the idea that emotions are basically physiological or (now) neurological syndromes conjoined with feelings that have only marginally to do with cognition or our engagements in the world.
Emotion, Feeling, and Knowledge of the World
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: November 2023

There is a view of the emotions (I might tendentiously call it “cognitivism”) that has at present a certain currency. This view is of the emotions as playing an essential role in our gaining evaluative knowledge of the world. When we are angry at an insult, or afraid of a burglar, our emotions involve evaluative perceptions and thoughts directed toward the way something is in the world that impinges on our well-being, or on the well-being of those that matter to us. Without emotions, we would be worse off, prudentially and morally: we would not see things as they are, and accordingly we would not act as we should. Emotions are, according to this view, a Good Thing. No wonder we have evolved as creatures capable of emotion.
Emotion and Action
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: November 2023

In studying emotions we can take them as explananda or as explanantia. The two approaches are complementary. If we appeal to emotions to explain actions or other mental phenomena, we are naturally led to inquire into the origin of the emotions themselves. Conversely, the task of explaining the origin of the emotions would be of limited interest if they had no consequences beyond themselves.
Emotion as a Subtle Mental Mode
Authors: Ben-Ze’ev Aaron
Published: November 2023

Over a hundred years ago, William James asked, “What is an emotion?” Today, the answer still remains unclear. Several replies have been proposed in response to this question, but they all seem to be unsatisfactory. After briefly describing some of these replies, I propose considering emotion as a subtle general mental mode. I then describe this mode by referring to its logic, psychological mechanism, and psychological nature.
Enough Already with “Theories of the Emotions”
Authors: Rorty Amélie Oksenberg
Published: November 2023

Notoriously, emotions do not form a natural kind distinguished from motives, moods, and attitudes. To be sure, occurrent emotions like anger, fear, awe, lust, and pride are typically phenomenologically distinguishable from propositional attitudes like astonishment, suspicion, and amusement; but so are many desires (hunger, lust) and moods (depression, anxiety), and many propositional attitudes (astonishment, suspicion, amusement). What have we learned if we are told that (for example) anger, like fear, is an emotion, in contrast to the motivational desires of lust and hunger? Or that nostalgia and depression are moods, while doubt and surprise are propositional attitudes? After all, nostalgia and depression also have propositional content; and anger and fear can, like nostalgia and depression, pervade the psychological field, affecting a person’s perceptions and interpretations.
Adelina Otero Warren: Rural Aristocrat and Modern Feminist
Authors: Salas Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Suffragist, education reformer, and writer, Adelina Otero Warren was the first Latina to run for Congress. In 1922, she was the Republican candidate for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives for her native New Mexico. Born in 1881, María Adelina Isabel Emilia (Nina) Otero was a member of the Hispanic (commonly known as Hispano/a) elite of New Mexico. She came from a family of landowners with political connections to the United States that were enhanced after the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo because of the family’s successful “sheep drives” to California during the gold rush. Even as a young teenager, Adelina Otero Warren was determined to succeed.
Narrative Emotion Coding System (NEC)
Authors: Warren Susan L
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the Narrative Emotion Coding System (NEC) (Warren, Mantz-Simmons, & Emde, 1993), developed to provide additional codes for examining a child’s internal worldview and to aid clinical assessment. The coding system investigates several areas not included in the MacArthur Narrative Coding System (Robinson, Mantz-Simmons, Macfie, and the MacArthur Narrative Working Group, 1992, see chapter 4) and can thus be used as a supplement to that system. Additional emotional areas assessed in the NEC include sudden shifts in the emotional tone of the stories and incongruent affect (potentially indicating difficulties coping with certain emotions), as well as the child’s description of emotions experienced and several new themes (e.g., danger, loss). We also added two codes that captured the child’s negotiation of the beginning of the stem response and its ending: a coding of the child’s initial response to the story stems (potentially providing information about the child’s initial response to certain types of situations) and coding the manner in which the child ends the stories (potentially providing information about the child’s expectations concerning the resolution of situations).
Portrayals in Maltreated Children’s Play Narratives: Representations or Emotion Regulation?
Authors: Clyman Robert B
Published: November 2023

Maltreated children’s perspectives of their experiences within their families may mediate their subsequent development in a number of important social domains. Individual differences in maltreated children’s developing knowledge of how care-givers parent children, for example, may contribute to the variability in whether they subsequently maltreat their own children (Kaufman & Zigler, 1987). Recently, investigators have begun to use story stem narratives with young children to assess children’s understanding of family relationships (Buchsbaum & Emde, 1990; Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990). In this technique, an experimenter tells the beginning of a story using a doll family and props (called the story stem) and then asks the child to “show me and tell me what happens now.” The story stems typically pose interpersonal dilemmas for the children to address. A number of studies provide growing evidence that children’s narrative portrayals of child and parent characters are systematically related to the children’s interpersonal behavior and experiences. This suggests that children’s mental representations of themselves and their parents, their memories, beliefs, and expectations about behavior, influence how they portray characters in their narratives.
Narratives in Risk and Clinical Populations
Authors: Warren Susan L
Published: November 2023

The play narrative approach is useful for studying children at risk and with identified disorders. It provides a measure, obtained directly from the child, of enacted themes and representations related to interpersonal relationship experiences. The ability to examine internal representations is useful for both developmental researchers and clinicians because it is difficult for the young child to directly report views and feelings (Harter & Pike, 1984). Play narratives allow children to express their views of themselves and others in a manner that is emotionally meaningful and fun.

Narrative representations may be multidetermined but are likely influenced by children’s perceptions of their life experiences. Children may convey in their narratives their views of themselves and others through their representations of the child protagonist doll and parent and sibling dolls. Children may also demonstrate through their narratives their strategies for dealing with particular challenges and their expectations for the outcome. Play narratives also provide an opportunity for the expression of wishes and fantasies and conflict resolution (Warren, Oppenheim, & Emde, 1996).
Mental Representations and Defenses in Severely Maltreated Children: A Story Stem Battery and Rating System for Clinical Assessment and Research Applications
Authors: Hodges Jill , Steele Miriam , Hillman Saul , Henderson Kaye
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes a set of narrative stems and a rating scheme devised especially for the assessment of young children when there are concerns about maltreatment.

Young children who have been maltreated present particular conundrums of clinical assessment. Parents, if abusers, are unlikely to be reliable informants about the child. Children may have recently moved because of the maltreatment to alternative caregivers who may be just beginning to get to know them. Children themselves are often in a situation of conflict or fear about revealing unhappy experiences; and where maltreatment has been long-term, distorting their development and their view of expectable family relationships, they may perceive and report their experiences or their feelings as normal. They may also lack the vocabulary or, for instance, the cognitive differentiations between affective states, which would help to give the interviewer a picture of their situation and feelings.
Patterns of Maternal Affect Regulation During the Co-construction of Preschoolers’ Autobiographical Narratives
Authors: Favez Nicolas
Published: November 2023

Affect regulation is a basic principle in human life (Emde, 1994). Several definitions of affect regulation have been offered; they share the ideas of control and transformation of the emotional experience, to heighten, maintain, or attenuate positive or negative emotions (Campos, Campos, & Barrett, 1989; Dodge, 1989; Garber & Dodge, 1991; La Greca, Siegel, Wallander, & Walker, 1992; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Ryan-Wenger, 1992).
Castelfranco and Padua, 1654-1667
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

Castelfranco is a pleasant, fortified town, situated in the fertile plain to the northwest of Venice and marking the intersection of several important routes—from Venice to Bassano, Trent, and Bolzano; from Padua north to Asolo and Belluno; and from Tre-viso west to Vicenza. Less than 10 kilometres to the north the land begins to rise toward the foothills of the Dolomites; from there the River Lástego flows down via Castelfranco to join the Brenta near Padua.
Apostolic Vicar of North Germany 1709-1728
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

When Steffani left Rome in April 1709 he had been bishop of Spiga for over two years and had just been appointed apostolic vicar of north Germany. He was eager to devote the rest of his life to the Catholic Church and expected his costs to be covered by income from benefices. The remainder of this biography is therefore concerned above all with his work for the church in northern Germany, his financial problems, and his attempts to solve them. But it also explores his dealings with friends and relations in Italy and his involvement, during the last twenty years of his life, with music, musicians, and music lovers—for he continued to be interested in music right to the end.
Scorpion Biodiversity and Patterns of Endemism in Northern Mexico
Authors: Sissom W David , Hendrixson Brent E
Published: November 2023

Although comprising a relatively small group of terrestrial arthropods, scorpions are subjects of considerable interest to both the scientist and layperson. In some areas of the world, including much of Mexico, they are feared by the general public because of their highly toxic venoms. To those unedu-cated about them, scorpions are all assumed to be lethal; the truth of the matter is, only about two dozen of the 1200 or so species are considered dan-gerous by medical experts. About 7 species of Centruroides in Mexico are known to cause human mortality; Simard and Watt (1990) estimated that about 100,000 stings occur in Mexico each year, and possibly as many as 800 people die. Most mor-tality involves young children and the elderly.
The Ecological Importance of Mangroves in Baja California Sur: Conservation Implications for an Endangered Ecosystem
Authors: Whitmore Robert C , Brusca Richard C , Luz José Luis León De La , González-Zamorano Patricia , Mendoza-Salgado Renato , Amador-Silva Edgar S , Holguin Gina , Galván-Magaña Felipe , Hastings Philip A , Cartron Jean-Luc E , Felger Richard S , Seminoff Jeffrey A , Mcivor Carole C
Published: November 2023

Mangroves occur throughout the tropics, along shallow seashores protected from waves (Chapman 1976; Tomlinson 1986; Hogarth 1999). They grow in mud and other nonrocky substrates inundated during high tide. To cope with their environment (e.g., anoxic soil conditions and excess salt), they have developed a variety of morphological and physiological adaptations. For example, some mangroves have aerial roots for gas exchange, or they may actively secrete sodium chloride through salt glands in the leaves. Hydrological and edaphic conditions in mangrove ecosystems prevent all but a few other plant species from invading (Lugo 1998).