bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Tuning the Rate‐Dependent Stiffness of Materials by Exploiting Néel Relaxation of Magnetic Nanoparticles (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2008)
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Wang Mao , Rutledge Gregory C. , Hatton T. Alan
Published: February 2008

The effective stiffness of materials impregnated with magnetic nanoparticles can be modulated by magnetic fields if the nanoparticle Néel relaxation rates are slower than the characteristic deformation rates, report T. Alan Hatton and co‐workers on p 462. Analysis indicates that the deflection of magnetic dipoles against the applied magnetic field on deformation of the material provides the energy absorption necessary for the enhanced stiffness observed in drop ball impact tests. The penetration depth, fraction of the impact energy that is absorbed by the rotating dipoles, and the effective increase in stiffness depend on the ratio of the characteristic magnetic energy density relative to the elastic energy density, and on the shape of the impacting object.

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Hybrid nanostructures with two or more nanoscale components have attracted much attention recently owing to the synergistic properties induced by interactions between the different components. Hao Zeng and Shouheng Sun give an overview on p. 391 of efforts to synthesize multicomponent nanoparticles with at least one magnetic component, and focus on our recent developments. Such nanoparticles show interesting magnetic, magneto‐optical, plasmonic, and semiconducting properties, which can be modulated by interfacial interactions between different components, opening a new avenue to advanced multifunctional nanomaterials for device concepts and applications.

Sensors

Imprinted polymer films for the selective analysis of D‐glucose and D‐mannose can be prepared by co‐electropolymerization of phenol with a 3‐hydroxyphenyl boronic acid‐monosaccharide complex containing D‐glucose or D‐mannose on a gold support. Itamar Willner and co‐workers report on p. 478 that the analysis of the monosaccharides is based on a competitive electrochemical assay that employs the ferrocene‐modified‐monosaccharides as the redox label. Similarly, enantioselectivity is demonstrated by the imprint of D‐glucose recognition sites on the polymer and the application of the redox‐active indicator.

Light‐Emitting Diodes

Color tuning of cyclometalated iridium phosphors can be achieved by simple tailoring of the phenyl ring of ppy (Hppy = 2‐phenylpyridine) with various main‐group moieties in [Ir(ppy‐X)2(acac)]. This can be achieved by shifting the charge‐transfer character from the pyridyl groups in traditional iridium ppy‐type complexes to the electron‐withdrawing main‐group moieties, as shown by Wai‐Yeung Wong, Dongge Ma, Todd Marder, and co‐workers on p. 499. This new color tuning strategy provides access to IrIII phosphors with improved electron injection/electron transporting features essential for highly efficient, color‐switchable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Worldwide genetic variation in dopamine and serotonin pathway genes: Implications for association studies
Authors: Gardner Michelle , Bertranpetit Jaume , Comas David
Published: February 2008

The dopamine and serotonin systems are two of the most important neurotransmitter pathways in the human nervous system and their roles in controlling behavior and mental status are well accepted. Genes from both systems have been widely implicated in psychiatric and behavioral disorders, with numerous reports of associations and almost equally as numerous reports of the failure to replicate a previous finding of association. We investigate a set of 21 dopamine and serotonin genes commonly tested for association with psychiatric disease in a set of 39 worldwide populations representing global genetic diversity to see whether the failure to replicate findings of association may be explained by population based differences in allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in this gene set. We present results demonstrating a surprising homogeneity of the allele frequencies across worldwide populations in these genes. LD both for populations within continent groupings and across continental regions also showed a remarkable similarity. These findings taken together suggest that ethnic differences in these parameters are not major generators of artifacts in genetic association studies of psychiatric disorders with genes from this set. Therefore, factors other than ethnic differences in genetic variation may explain the discrepancies reported among genetic association studies with this set of genes to date. The transferability of tagSNPs defined in the HapMap populations to other worldwide populations was also investigated and found to be high. A list of tagSNPs per gene and continental region is proposed providing a guide for future association studies with these genes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A family‐ and population‐based study of the UFD1L gene for schizophrenia
Authors: Xie Lin , Ye Lin , Ju Guizhi , Xu Qi , Zhang Xuan , Liu Shuzheng , Shi Jieping , Yu Yaqin , Wang Zhenqi , Shen Yan , Wei Jun
Published: February 2008

The present work was undertaken to investigate the association of the UFD1L locus with schizophrenia among 304 Chinese family trios of Han descent. We detected four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′‐end region of the UFD1L gene. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) revealed allelic associations for rs5746744 (χ2 = 8.02, P = 0.005) and rs1547931 (χ2 = 7.18, P = 0.007), but failed to replicate disease association for rs5992403 present in the promoter region, which was initially found in Italian and Canadian samples. The allelic association for rs5746744 and rs1547931 was replicated with independently recruited case–control samples. The 2‐SNP haplotype analysis showed an association for the rs5992403‐rs5746744 haplotypes (χ2 = 18.92, df = 3, P = 0.0003), the rs5746744‐rs1547931 haplotypes (χ2 = 11.06, df = 3, P = 0.011) and the rs1547931‐rs2238769 haplotypes (χ2 = 18.88, df = 3, P = 0.0003). The 4‐SNP haplotype analysis also showed strong association with illness (χ2 = 29.54, df = 9, P = 0.0005) but there were more than one individual haplotypes with a low frequency excessively non‐transmitted. The four SNPs tested were not located in the same LD block among the Chinese population. This study raises the possibility that a disease‐resistant variant may be carried by two or more haplotypes at the UFD1L locus due to frequent recombination during meiosis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal degradation kinetics of poly(decamethylene 2‐oxoglutarate)
Authors: Doğan Fatih , Akat Hakan , Balcan Mehmet , Kaya İsmet , Yürekli Mehmet
Published: February 2008

Poly(decamethylene 2‐oxoglutarate) [poly (DMOG)] was synthesized by a melt polycondensation reaction. The structure of poly(DMOG) was confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The molecular weight distribution values of poly(DMOG) were determined with size exclusion chromatography. The number‐average molecular weight, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index values of poly(DMOG) were found to be 13,200, 19,000, and 1.439, respectively. Also, characterization was made by thermogravimetry (TG)–dynamic thermal analysis. The kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly (DMOG) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates. TG curves showed that the thermal decomposition of poly(DMOG) occurred in one stage. The apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition for poly(DMOG), as determined by the Tang method, the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method, and the Coats–Redfern method were 122.5, 126.8, 121.4, and 122.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The mechanism function and pre‐exponential factor were also determined by the master plots method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
High‐flow nylon 6 by in situ polymerization: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Zhang Fan , Zhou Li , Liu Yaochi , Xu Weijian , Xiong Yuanqin
Published: February 2008

A new synthetic strategy for high‐flow nylon 6 was developed in this article. Generation 1, 2, 3 (G1, G2, G3) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers reacted with p‐phthalic acid by equimolar terminal groups in water solution, respectively, and mother salt solution was then prepared. The high‐flow nylon 6 was prepared with suitable quantity of mother salt solution, end‐capping agent, and ϵ‐caprolactam by in situ polymerization. Blue shifts are found for the peaks of NH (γNH and 2δNH) of the high‐flow nylon 6 compared with pure nylon 6 in the IR spectra. Comparing with the pure nylon 6, the high‐flow nylon 6 containing low content of PAMAM units, has high‐flow property and almost the same mechanical property. The high‐flow nylon 6 with low content of PAMAM units has greater melt‐flow index (MFI) (the value of MFI increased by 70–90%). Hardly any decrease in the tensile strength is observed with the elongation at break decreasing by 20–35%. But the izod impact strength of the high‐flow nylon 6 increases. The SEM images show that the high‐flow nylon 6 presents brittle fracture with conglomeration‐like structure, while pure nylon 6 exhibits plastic fracture with island‐like structure. DSC thermograms of nonisothermal crystallization exhibit that the peak of high‐flow nylon 6 broadens compared with pure nylon 6, and the broader peak means the wider processing temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of fluorine‐containing acrylate copolymer and application as resins on dyed polyester microfiber fabric
Authors: Xie Kongliang , Hou Aiqin , Shi Yaqi
Published: February 2008

The two resins of fluorine‐containing acrylate are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The raw materials used are hexafluorobutyl mathacrylate and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate. The FTIR, 1HNMR, and 19FNMR are used to characterize copolymer structures. The application as resins on dyed polyester microfiber fabric is investigated. Shade darkening effect of the resins is discussed by color yield (K/S), rates of the color yield increase (I%), and the color differences (ΔE). The polymers containing perfluorine groups have excellent shade darkening effect on dyed polyester microfiber fabric. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synergistic effects of carbon fillers on tensile and flexural properties in liquid‐crystal polymer based resins
Authors: King Julia A. , Keith Jason M. , Glenn Odell L. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Cole Andrew J. , McLaughlin Scott R. , Pagel Rachel M.
Published: February 2008

One emerging market for thermally and electrically conductive resins is bipolar plates for use in fuel cells. Adding carbon fillers to thermoplastic resins increases the composite thermal and electrical conductivity. These fillers have an effect on the composite tensile and flexural properties, which are also important for bipolar plates. In this study, various amounts of three different types of carbon (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon fibers) were added to Vectra A950RX liquid‐crystal polymer. In addition, composites containing combinations of fillers were also investigated via a factorial design. The tensile and flexural properties of the resulting composites were then measured. The objective of this study was to determine the effects and interactions of each filler with respect to the tensile and flexural properties. The addition of carbon black caused the tensile and flexural properties to decrease. Adding synthetic graphite particles caused the tensile and flexural modulus to increase. The addition of carbon fiber caused the tensile and flexural modulus and ultimate flexural strength to increase. In many cases, combining two different fillers caused a statistically significant effect on composite tensile and flexural properties at the 95% confidence level. For example, when 40 wt % synthetic graphite particles and 4 wt % carbon black were combined, the composite ultimate tensile and flexural strength increased more than what would be expected from the individual additive effect of each single filler. It is possible that linkages were formed between the carbon black and synthetic graphite particles that resulted in improved ultimate tensile and flexural strength. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of carbon fillers on the rheology of highly filled liquid‐crystal polymer based resins
Authors: King Julia A. , Tambling Troy M. , Morrison Faith A. , Keith Jason M. , Cole Andrew J. , Pagel Rachel M.
Published: February 2008

Adding conductive carbon fillers to insulating resins increases the composite electrical and thermal conductivity. Often, enough of a single type of carbon filler is added to achieve the desired conductivity while still allowing the material to be molded into a bipolar plate for a fuel cell. In this study, various amounts of three different carbons (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon fiber) were added to Vectra A950RX liquid‐crystal polymer. The rheological properties of the resulting single‐filler composites were measured. In addition, the rheological properties of composites containing combinations of different carbon fillers were studied via a factorial design. In all cases, the viscosity increased with increasing filler volume fraction and followed a shear‐thinning power‐law model. The factorial design results indicated that each of the single fillers and all the filler combinations caused a statistically significant increase in the composite viscosity when compared at a shear rate of 500 s−1 or at a stress of 105 Pa. For composites containing synthetic graphite particles and/or carbon fiber, the viscosity variation with the volume fraction of carbon followed a modified Maron–Pierce equation. When compared at a constant volume fraction of carbon, composites containing carbon black showed viscosity enhancement above and beyond that shown by the other composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and cure kinetics of liquefied wood/phenol/formaldehyde resins
Authors: Pan Hui , Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung‐Yun
Published: February 2008

Wood liquefaction was conducted at a 2/1 phenol/wood ratio in two different reactors: (1) an atmospheric three‐necked flask reactor and (2) a sealed Parr reactor. The liquefied wood mixture (liquefied wood, unreacted phenol, and wood residue) was further condensed with formaldehyde under acidic conditions to synthesize two novolac‐type liquefied wood/phenol/formaldehyde (LWPF) resins: LWPF1 (the atmospheric reactor) and LWPF2 (the sealed reactor). The LWPF1 resin had a higher solid content and higher molecular weight than the LWPF2 resin. The cure kinetic mechanisms of the LWPF resins were investigated with dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The isothermal DSC data indicated that the cure reactions of both resins followed an autocatalytic mechanism. The activation energies of the liquefied wood resins were close to that of a reported lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin but were higher than that of a typical phenol formaldehyde resin. The two liquefied wood resins followed similar cure kinetics; however, the LWPF1 resin had a higher activation energy for rate constant k1 and a lower activation energy for rate constant k2 than LWPF2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Antioxidant Versus Cytotoxic Properties of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives – A New Paradigm in Phenolic Research
Authors: Esteves Mário , Siquet Christophe , Gaspar Alexandra , Rio Vitor , Sousa Joana B. , Reis Salette , Marques Maria P. M. , Borges Fernanda
Published: February 2008

Trihydroxycinnamic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The ester derivatives exhibited a higher radical‐scavenging activity, when liposomes were used as target systems, a fact which may be related to their lipophilicity and conformational preferences. These compounds were found to display significant growth inhibition and cytotoxic effects towards a human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa). The partition coefficients presently obtained for the trihydroxycinnamic derivatives correlate well both with their structural characteristics and with their antioxidant/cytotoxic activities. A positive structure‐activity‐property relationship between cytotoxic and antioxidant activities, which is intrinsically related with physico‐chemical and conformational properties, is anticipated, as a noteworthy study that must be done for phenolic systems. As damage events are frequently correlated with oxidative stress, the prevalence of both properties in a single compound could be beneficial in terms of rationale preventive or therapeutic purposes.
Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity Evaluation of Novel 2,4‐Disubstituted 7‐Methyl‐1,1,3‐trioxo‐2,4‐dihydro‐pyrazolo‐[4,5‐e][1,2]thiadiazines
Authors: Liu Xin‐yong , Yan Ren‐zhang , Wang Yan , Zhan Peng , De Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe , Witvrouw Myriam , Molina Maria Teresa , Vega Salvador
Published: February 2008

A series of novel 2,4‐disubstituted 7‐methyl‐1,1,3‐trioxo‐2,4‐dihydro‐pyrazolo[4,5‐e] [1,2,4]thiadiazines (PTDs) was synthesized, structurally confirmed by spectral analysis, and evaluated for their anti‐HIV activities by inhibition of HIV‐induced cytopathogenicity in MT‐4 cell culture. The results showed that some compounds exhibited inhibitory activity specifically against HIV‐2 replication. The most active HIV‐2 inhibitor was compound 7i (R1 = benzyl, R2 = 4‐t‐butyl‐benzyl) with an EC50 value of 18.7 μM and SI=15, which may provide a useful lead for further molecular optimization.
Combining Light Harvesting and Electron Transfer in Silica–Titania‐Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Lan , Chen Chih‐Hsien , Lim Tsong‐Shin , Fann Wunshain , Luh Tien‐Yau
Published: February 2008

A convenient protocol to fabricate an organic–inorganic hybrid system with covalently bound light‐harvesting chromophores (stilbene and terphenylene–divinylene) and an electron acceptor (titanium oxide) is described. Efficient energy‐ and electron‐transfer processes may take place in these systems. Covalent bonding between the acceptor chromophores and the titania/silica matrix would be important for electron transfer, whereas fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) would strongly depend on the ratio of donor to acceptor chromophores. Time‐resolved spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the detailed photophysical processes. The coupling of FRET and electron transfer was shown to work coherently to lead to photocurrent enhancement. The photocurrent responses reached a maximum when the hybrid‐material thin film contained 60 % acceptor and 40 % donor.
A photobioreactor system for precision cultivation of photoautotrophic microorganisms and for high‐content analysis of suspension dynamics
Authors: Nedbal Ladislav , Trtílek Martin , Červený Jan , Komárek Ondřej , Pakrasi Himadri B.
Published: February 2008

Small‐scale photobioreactors for cultivation of photoautotrophic microbes are required for precise characterization of the growth parameters of wild‐type and engineered strains of these organisms, for their screening, and for optimization of culture conditions. Here, we describe the design and use of a flat‐cuvette photobioreactor that allows accurate control of culture irradiance, temperature, pH, and gas composition combined with real‐time monitoring by a built‐in fluorometer and densitometer. The high‐power LED light source generates precise irradiance levels that are programmed by user‐designed protocols. The irradiance, temperature, and gas composition may be static or dynamically modulated, while optical density and pH may be stabilized in turbidostat and pH‐stat modes, respectively. We demonstrate that the instrument is able to detect minute variations of growth caused, for example, by sudden dilution or by circadian rhythms. The sensitivity of the instrument is sufficient to monitor suspension optical density as low as 10−2. This newly designed photobioreactor can significantly contribute to the study and use of photoautotrophic microbes in systems biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 902–910. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the plantaris muscle and a potential role in patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: Freeman A. Jay , Jacobson Nathan A. , Fogg Quentin A.
Published: February 2008

The plantaris muscle has been given little attention in the reviewed literature. It is most commonly mentioned only when absent from a specimen. This study aimed to document the anatomy of the plantaris muscle and to discuss the clinical significance of the observations. Cadaveric knees (n = 46) were dissected to identify the possible variations of the plantaris muscle. The muscle conformed with standard descriptions (n = 26; 56.52%), was present but varied from previous descriptions (n = 14; 30.44%), or was absent (n = 6; 13.04%). The variations consisted of distinct interdigitations with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle (n = 9; 19.57%) and a strong fibrous extension of the plantaris muscle to the patella (n = 5; 10.87%). The presence of interdigitations strengthen the argument that the plantaris muscle supplement the activity of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle whereas the patellar extension suggests an involvement with patellofemoral dynamics and may play a role in the various presentations of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Greater understanding of the relationship between these and other posterior knee structures will facilitate more precise interpretation and treatment of knee injuries. Clin. Anat. 21:178–181, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactive 3D stereoscopic digital‐image analysis of the basilar artery bifurcation
Authors: Żurada Anna , St. Gielecki Jerzy , Baron Jan , Zawiliński JarosŁaw , Kozłowska Hanna
Published: February 2008

The goal of this study was to analyze morphometrical variations of the basilar artery bifurcation (BAB), so that physicians could map out a patients anatomical structure prior to delicate neurosurgical procedures. The CT‐angio files of 98 patients ranging from 12 to 78 years of age were retrieved. These files were evaluated using Gradual Angiographic Image Data Analyzer (GAIDA) software, where a new interactive three‐dimensional (3D) stereoscopic visualization method was used to reconstruct computer images of the BAB complex. Subsequently the measurements of the BAB angles and BAB distances in relation to the dorsum sellae (DS), posterior clinoid processes (PCPs), and posterior biclinoid plane (PBP) were carried out. The average BAB angle was determined to be 117.7° (30.93°–172.2°). The three types of BAB were classified as type T with a BAB angle greater than 145° (mean 154.4°), type Y for an angle being equal or less than 145° but greater than 100° (mean 121.5°) and type V for angles less than 100° (mean 83.28°). The mean distances between BAB and DS (9.55 mm), BAB and left PCP (12.97 mm), and BAB and right PCP (13.01 mm), BAB and PBP (2.2 mm) were evaluated. Furthermore, the BAB is of great importance when examining basilar artery aneurysm development, particularly at the point of greatest hemodynamic stress, as well as the BAB distances in relation to the bony landmarks used for different approach methods in neurosurgical procedures. Clin. Anat. 21:127–137, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal changes in osseous and mucosal morphology of the hard palate
Authors: Krmpotic‐Nemanic Jelena , Vinter Ivan , Jalsovec Dubravko , Ehrenfreund Tin , Marusic Ana
Published: February 2008

We investigated the postnatal changes in the dimensions, configuration, and surface pattern of the hard palate in 68 skulls, ranging in age from birth to 90 years of age. The number of palatine rugae of the palatine mucosa was assessed in 168 living subjects aged 11–98 years. Before the first dentition appeared, the osseous palate was concave, smooth, and lacked alveolar processes. In maxillar specimens from the end of the first year to the end of the fourth year of life, balloon‐like osseous formations, containing the elements of permanent teeth, appeared bilaterally behind the deciduous incisors. With age, the concavity of the palate diminished and became flat with the loss of the teeth. The presence of teeth was associated with the height of the alveolar ridge, which decreased from 7.3 ± 4.4 mm in specimens with intact teeth to 4.7 ± 4.1 mm in specimens without teeth (P = 0.020). Palatine rugae were a common finding in living subjects, but were more often absent in older age (2.2% in 11–50 age group vs. 12.8% in 51–98 age group, P = 0.0183). Our results suggest that the morphology of the hard palate rapidly changes during deciduous and permanent teeth eruption and is related to the presence of alveolar ridges and teeth in adults. Palate osseous morphology may be morphologically and functionally independent from its mucosal morphology. Changes in the morphology of the osseous palate are clinically relevant for dental prosthetics and tooth implantation. Clin. Anat. 21:158–164, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Materialism as a predictor variable of low income consumer behavior when entering into installment plan agreements
Authors: Ponchio Mateus Canniatti , Aranha Francisco
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the influence of materialism on consumer indebtedness among low income individuals who live in poor regions of Sao Paulo. A materialism scale was adapted to this context and used to describe the level of materialism among the population surveyed. Results obtained relative to the relationship between materialism and socio‐demographic variables are compared to those of previous studies. A logistic regression model was developed in order to characterize individuals who have an installment plan payment booklet—the main source of consumer credit for the population studied—and to differentiate them from those who do not, based on the materialism level, socio‐demographic variables and purchasing and consumer habits. The proposed model confirms materialism as a behavioral variable that is useful for forecasting the probability of an individual getting into debt in order to consume. Income had the biggest relative influence on the regression model, followed by materialism and age, controlled by gender.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived trustworthiness of online shops
Authors: Büttner Oliver B. , Göritz Anja S.
Published: February 2008

Trust has been found to be crucial for consumer behaviour towards online shops. However, existing studies on the role of trust in electronic commerce are mainly based on ad hoc scales to measure trustworthiness, merely rely on self‐reported consequences of trust such as intention to buy, and focus on low‐risk products.

In a web‐based study, 634 participants interacted with a provider of medical goods, that is a simulated online pharmacy. The study develops and employs a psychometrically sound scale for assessing perceived trustworthiness of online shops. Moreover, it examines the impact of trustworthiness on both consumers' intended and actual behaviour towards online shops.

Results show that trustworthiness promotes both intention to buy and actual financial risk taking. Perceived risk was not found to moderate the relationship between trustworthiness and intention to buy. Instead, trustworthiness partially mediated the influence of perceived risk on intention to buy. The results from the scale development challenge multidimensional conceptualizations of trust; comparing this finding with other studies suggests that the duration of the relationship might moderate the dimensionality of trust.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence patterns in consumer behavior: exploration and refinement of a concept
Authors: Cornwell T. Bettina , Wamwara‐Mbugua L. Wakiuru , Nicovich Stefan G.
Published: February 2008

Dependency is proposed as an implicit yet undeveloped concept important in understanding consumer behavior. The development of this idea takes as a jumping‐off point, the family life cycle literature because it has implicitly recognized the importance of dependent children. A taxonomy of dependence is offered as several propositions regarding dependency patterns. While the central offering of this paper is theoretical, the concept is explored via focus groups with 24 women. Findings suggest that the concept is worthy of future development.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer ethnocentrism, cultural sensitivity, and intention to purchase local products—evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Tho D. , Nguyen Trang T.M. , Barrett Nigel J.
Published: February 2008

This study empirically investigates the impacts of consumer ethnocentrism and cultural sensitivity on both imported product judgment and intention to purchase local products in the context of a developing country—Vietnam. Structural equation modeling was used to test these impacts, utilizing a sample of 549 consumers. The results show that consumer ethnocentrism is negatively related to imported product judgment and positively related to intention to purchase local products. In addition, cultural sensitivity has a positive relationship with imported product judgment but not with consumer ethnocentrism. The results also indicate that the impacts of consumer ethnocentrism on imported product judgment and on intention to purchase local products are not different in terms of product categories, gender, income, and education levels. However, differences exist between younger and older consumers.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authentic Heterologous Expression of the Tenellin Iterative Polyketide Synthase Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Requires Coexpression with an Enoyl Reductase
Authors: Halo Laura M. , Marshall James W. , Yakasai Ahmed A. , Song Zhongshu , Butts Craig P. , Crump Matthew P. , Heneghan Mary , Bailey Andrew M. , Simpson Thomas J. , Lazarus Colin. M. , Cox Russell J.
Published: February 2008

The tenS gene encoding tenellin synthetase (TENS), a 4239‐residue polyketide synthase nonribosomal‐peptide synthetase (PKS‐NRPS) from Beauveria bassiana, was expressed in Aspergillus oryzae M‐2‐3. This led to the production of three new compounds, identified as acyl tetramic acids, and numerous minor metabolites. Consideration of the structures of these compounds indicates that the putative C‐terminal thiolester reductase (R) domain does not act as a reductase, but appears to act as a Dieckmann cyclase (DKC). Expression of tenS in the absence of a trans‐acting ER component encoded by orf3 led to errors in assembly of the polyketide component, giving clues to the mode of programming of highly reducing fungal PKS. Coexpression of tenS with orf3 from the linked gene cluster led to the production of a correctly elaborated polyketide. The NRPS adenylation domain possibly shows the first identified fungal signature sequences for tyrosine selectivity.
Octahedral Adducts of Dichlorosilane with Substituted Pyridines: Synthesis, Reactivity and a Comparison of Their Structures and 29Si NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Fester Gerrit W. , Wagler Jörg , Brendler Erica , Böhme Uwe , Roewer Gerhard , Kroke Edwin
Published: February 2008

H2SiCl2 and substituted pyridines (Rpy) form adducts of the type all‐trans‐SiH2Cl2⋅2 Rpy. Pyridines with substituents in the 4‐ (CH3, C2H5, H2CCH, (CH3)3C, (CH3)2N) and 3‐positions (Br) give the colourless solids 1 a–f. The reaction with pyrazine results in the first 1:2 adduct (2) of H2SiCl2 with an electron‐deficient heteroaromatic compound. Treatment of 1 d and 1 e with CHCl3 yields the ionic complexes [SiH2(Rpy)4]Cl2⋅6 CHCl3 (Rpy=4‐methylpyridine (3 d) and 4‐ethylpyridine (3 e)). All products are investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. The Si atoms are found to be situated on centres of symmetry (inversion, rotation), and the SiN distances vary between 193.3 pm for 1 c (4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine complex) and 197.3 pm for 2. Interestingly, the pyridine moieties are coplanar and nearly in an eclipsed position with respect to the SiH2 units, except for the ethyl‐substituted derivative 1 e, which shows a more staggered conformation in the solid state. Calculation of the energy profile for the rotation of one pyridine ring indicates two minima that are separated by only 1.2 kJ mol−1 and a maximum barrier of 12.5 kJ mol−1. The 29Si NMR chemical shifts (δiso) range from −145.2 to −152.2 ppm and correlate with the electron density at the Si atoms, in other words with the +I and +M effects of the substituents. Again, compound 1 e is an exception and shows the highest shielding. The bonding situation at the Si atoms and the 29Si NMR tensor components are analysed by quantum chemical methods at the density functional theory level. The natural bond orbital analysis indicates polar covalent SiH bonds and very polar SiCl bonds, with the highest bond polarisation being observed for the SiN interaction, which must be considered a donor–acceptor interaction. An analysis of the topological properties of the electron distribution (AIM) suggests a Lewis structure, thereby supporting this bonding situation.
Supramolecular Structural Diversity among First‐Generation Hybrid Dendrimers and Twin Dendrons
Authors: Percec Virgil , Rudick Jonathan G. , Peterca Mihai , Yurchenko Michael E. , Smidrkal Jan , Heiney Paul A.
Published: February 2008

Hybrid dendrimers, obtained by complete monofunctionalization of the peripheral amines of a “zero‐generation” polyethyleneimine dendrimer, provide structurally diverse lamellar, columnar, and cubic self‐organized lattices that are less readily available from other modified dendritic structures. The reaction of tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) with 4‐dodecyloxybenzimidazolide provides only the corresponding zero‐generation TREN dendrimer. From the mixture of tri‐ and disubstituted TREN derivatives obtained from first‐generation self‐assembling dendritic imidazolides, the hybrid dendrimer and a twin dendron could be separated, purified, and characterized. The hybrid dendrimers display smectic, columnar hexagonal (Φh), and cubic (Pm$\bar 3$n) lattices. The TREN twin dendrons, on which only two peripheral amines have been acylated, exhibit centered‐rectangular columnar (Φr‐c), Φh, and Pm$\bar 3$n lattices. The existence of a thermoreversible Φh‐to‐Pm$\bar 3$n phase transition in the first‐generation hybrid dendrimers and twin dendrons is exploited to elucidate an epitaxial relationship between the two mesophases. We postulate a mechanism by which the transition proceeds. The thermoreversible Φh‐to‐Pm$\bar 3$n phase change is accompanied by optical property changes that are suitable for rudimentary signaling or logic functions. This structural diversity reflects the quasiequivalence of flat‐taper and conical self‐assembling dendrons and the ability of flexible dendrimers to accommodate concomitant conformational and shape changes.
Metastability of Corundum‐Type In2O3
Authors: Gurlo Aleksander , Kroll Peter , Riedel Ralf
Published: February 2008

The description of structural relations between bixbyite‐ and corundum‐type structures is of particular interest because of the common occurrence of both structures. One of the representative examples of the bixbyite to corundum transition is the high‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis of the corundum‐type indium oxide. The wet chemistry synthesis and stabilisation of the corundum‐type In2O3 under ambient pressure conditions calls for a re‐interpretation of the InO phase diagram as well as for the clarification of the phase transitions in In2O3. One of the questions to be clarified is the stability of the corundum‐type In2O3. In the present work we studied the stability of the corundum‐type In2O3 both theoretically (by density‐functional calculations) and experimentally. The synthesis of the corundum‐type In2O3 was performed by the modified non‐alkoxide sol–gel method based on the ammonia‐induced hydrolysis of indium nitrate in methanol. The corundum‐type In2O3 was subjected to thermal analysis (STA) as well as to structural studies, that is, it was examined using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) including in situ XRPD characterisation upon thermal treatment. For the first time we have undoubtedly demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, the metastability of the corundum‐type In2O3 polymorph. The In2O3 polymorph appears to be metastable throughout the entire enthalpy–pressure phase diagram. Upon heating, corundum‐type In2O3 transforms irreversibly into cubic bixbyite‐type In2O3 as shown by STA as well as in situ heating XRPD experiments. Computations indicate the existence of another high‐pressure modification of In2O3 with orthorhombic structure, iso‐typic to Rh2O3‐II. We predict this new phase to form at pressures exceeding 15 GPa from both the cubic bixbyite‐type and the corundum‐type modification of In2O3.
meso‐Aryl Substituted Rubyrin and Its Higher Homologues: Structural Characterization and Chemical Properties
Authors: Shimizu Soji , Cho Won‐Seob , Sessler Jonathan L. , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2008

meso‐Aryl substituted rubyrin ([26]hexaphyrin(1.1.0.1.1.0)) 2 and a series of rubyrin‐type large expanded porphyrins were obtained from a facile one‐pot oxidative coupling reaction of meso‐pentafluorophenyl substituted tripyrrane 1. The structures of two of the resulting products were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Whereas [52]dodecaphyrin(1.1.0.1.1.0.1.1.0.1.1.0) 4 takes a symmetric helical conformation, the larger species, [62]pentadecaphyrin(1.1.0.1.1.0.1.1.0.1.1.0.1.1.0) 5, adopts a nonsymmetric distorted conformation in the solid state that contains an intramolecular helical structure. The ability of rubyrin 2 to act as an anion receptor in its diprotonated form (2⋅2H+) was demonstrated in methanolic solutions. Oxidation of 2 with MnO2 gave [24]rubyrin 6, a species that displays antiaromatic characteristics. [26]Rubyrin 2 and [24]rubyrin 6 both underwent metallation when reacted with Zn(OAc)2 to give the corresponding bis‐zinc(II) complexes 7 and 8 quantitatively without engendering a change in the oxidation state of the ligands. As a result, complexes 7 and 8 exhibit aromatic and antiaromatic character, respectively. NICS calculation on these compounds also supported aromaticity of 2 and 7, and antiaromaticity of 6 and 8.
Auslegungsunterlagen für Bioreaktoren zur Maßstabsvergößerung eines microcarrierbasierenden Virusproduktionsprozesses
Authors: Pohlscheidt M. , Bödeker B. G. D. , Langer U. , Apeler H. , Hörlein H.–D. , Rübsamen‐Waigmann H. , Reichl U. , Henzler H.‐J.
Published: February 2008

Auf Grund der spezifischen Eigenschaften tierischer Zellen kommt der Auslegung von Bioreaktoren und der Maßstabsvergrößerung in der Zellkulturtechnik zur Gewährleistung gleicher Produktqualität und ‐quantität vom Labor‐ bis in den Produktionsmaßstab eine besondere Rolle zu. Der Bioreaktor muss unter anderem die drei verfahrenstechnischen Grundaufgaben Suspendieren, Homogenisieren und Stofftransport gasförmig/flüssig gewährleisten, ohne dabei eine zu hohe Beanspruchung der Zellen zu verursachen. Um eine Aussage über die Skalierbarkeit des Herstellprozesses vom Labormaßstab in den Pilot‐ und Produktionsmaßstab treffen zu können, ist eine fundierte Strategie zur Maßstabsvergrößerung notwendig. Dazu müssen verfahrenstechnische Kennzahlen experimentell bestimmt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollte ein biphasischer Batchprozess zur Herstellung von Parapoxvirus ovis mit einer adhärenten Bovine Kidney Zelle zunächst aus dem Labor‐ in den Pilotmaßstab skaliert und anschließend eine Aussage zur Realisierbarkeit der Maßstabsvergrößerung in den prognostizierten Produktionsmaßstab von 200 L getroffen werden. Dazu erfolgte die Charakterisierung verschiedener Reaktoren bezüglich Suspendierung, Homogenisierung, Stofftransport und Scherbeanspruchung. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurden die Reaktoren im Pilot‐ und späteren Produktionsmaßstab ausgelegt und ebenfalls charakterisiert. Der Erfolg der Maßstabsvergrößerung wurde durch vergleichende Fermentationen zwischen Labor‐ und Pilotmaßstab evaluiert.
Connections of cat auditory cortex: I. Thalamocortical system
Authors: Lee Charles C. , Winer Jeffery A.
Published: February 2008

Despite the functional importance of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in normal hearing, many aspects of its projections to auditory cortex are unknown. We analyzed the MGB projections to 13 auditory areas in the cat using two retrograde tracers to investigate thalamocortical nuclear origins, topography, convergence, and divergence. MGB divisions and auditory cortex areas were defined independently of the connectional results using architectonic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical criteria. Each auditory cortex area received a unique pattern of input from several MGB nuclei, and these patterns of input identify four groups of cortical areas distinguished by their putative functional affiliations: tonotopic, nontonotopic, multisensory, and limbic. Each family of areas received projections from a functionally related set of MGB nuclei; some nuclei project to only a few areas (e.g., the MGB ventral division to tonotopic areas), and others project to all areas (e.g., the medial division input to every auditory cortical area and to other regions). Projections to tonotopic areas had fewer nuclear origins than those to multisensory or limbic‐affiliated fields. All projections were organized topographically, even those from nontonotopic nuclei. The few divergent neurons (mean: 2%) are consistent with a model of multiple segregated streams ascending to auditory cortex. The expanded cortical representation of MGB auditory, multisensory, and limbic affiliated streams appears to be a primary facet of forebrain auditory function. The emergence of several auditory cortex representations of characteristic frequency may be a functional multiplication of the more limited maps in the MGB. This expansion suggests emergent cortical roles consistent with the divergence of thalamocortical connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1879–1900, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of cat auditory cortex: II. Commissural system
Authors: Lee Charles C. , Winer Jeffery A.
Published: February 2008

The commissural projections between 13 areas of cat auditory cortex (AC) were studied using retrograde tracers. Areal and laminar origins were characterized as part of a larger study of thalamic input and cortical origins of projections to each area. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTβ) and cholera toxin beta subunit gold‐conjugate (CTβG) were injected separately within an area or in different areas in an experiment. The areas were identified independently with SMI‐32, which revealed differences in neurofilament immunoreactivity in layers III, V, and VI. Each area received convergent AC input from 3 to 6 (mean, 5) contralateral areas. Most of the projections (>75%) were homotopic and from topographically organized loci in the corresponding area. Heterotopic projections (>1 mm beyond the main homotopic projection) constituted ≈25% of the input. Layers III and V contained >95% of the commissural neurons. Commissural projection neurons were clustered in all areas. Commissural divergence, assessed by double labeling, was less than 3% in each area. This sparse axonal branching is consistent with the essentially homotopic connectivity of the commissural system. The many heterotopic origins represent unexpected commissural influences converging on an area. Areas more dorsal on the cortical convexity have commissural projections originating in layers III and V; more ventral areas favor layer III at the expense of layer V, to its near‐total exclusion in some instances. Some areas have almost entirely layer III origins (temporal cortex and area AII), whereas others have a predominantly layer V input (anterior auditory field) or dual contributions from layers III and V (the dorsal auditory zone). A topographic distribution of commissural cells of origin is consistent with the order observed in thalamocortical and corticocortical projections, and which characterizes all extrinsic projection systems (commissural, corticocortical, and thalamocortical) in all AC areas. Thus, laminar as well as areal differences in projection origin distinguish the auditory cortical commissural system. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1901–1919, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different types of ganglion cell share a synaptic pattern
Authors: Xu Ying , Vasudeva Viren , Vardi Noga , Sterling Peter , Freed Michael A.
Published: February 2008

Retinal ganglion cells comprise about 10 morphological types that also differ functionally. To determine whether functional differences might arise partially from differences in excitatory input, we quantified the distributions of ribbon contacts to four mammalian ganglion cell types [brisk‐transient (BT), brisk‐sustained (BS), local edge (LE), directionally selective (DS)], comparing small vs. large and “sluggish” vs. “brisk.” Cells in guinea pig retina were filled with fluorescent dye, immunostained for synaptic ribbons, and reconstructed with their ribbon contacts by confocal microscopy. False‐positive contacts were corrected by performing the same analysis on processes that lack synapses: glial stalks and rod bipolar axons. All types shared a domed distribution of membrane that was well fit by a Gaussian function (R2 = 0.96 ± 0.01); they also shared a constant density of contacts on the dendritic membrane, both across each arbor and across cell types (19 ± 1 contacts/100 μm2 membrane). However, the distributions of membrane across the retina differed markedly in width (BT > DS ≈ BS > LE) and peak density (BS > DS > LE > BT). Correspondingly, types differed in peak density of contacts (BS > DS ≈ LE > BT) and total number (BS ≈ BT > DS > LE). These differences between cell types in spatial extent and local concentration of membrane and synapses help to explain certain functional differences. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1871–1878, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous energy transport in the FPU‐β chain
Authors: Lukkarinen Jani , Spohn Herbert
Published: February 2008

We consider the energy current correlation function for the FPU‐β lattice. For small nonlinearity one can rely on kinetic theory. The issue reduces then to a spectral analysis of the linearized collision operator. We prove thereby that, on the basis of kinetic theory, the energy current correlations decay in time as t−3/5. It follows that the thermal conductivity is anomalous, increasing as N2/5 with the system size N. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ESR‐Vis/NIR Spectroelectrochemical Study of C70(CF3)2−. and C70(C2F5)2−. Radical Anions
Authors: Popov Alexey A. , Shustova Natalia B. , Boltalina Olga V. , Strauss Steven H. , Dunsch Lothar
Published: February 2008

A spectroelectrochemical study of the two isostructural asymmetric perfluoroalkyl derivatives C1‐7,24‐C70(CF3)2 and C1‐7,24‐C70(C2F5)2 is presented. Reversible formation of their stable monoanion radicals is monitored by cyclic voltammetry and by in situ ESR‐Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry. The ESR spectrum of the C70(CF3)2−. radical is a 1:3:3:1 quartet with a 19F hyperfine coupling constant (a(F)) of 0.323(4) G, demonstrating that the unpaired spin is coupled to only one of the two CF3 groups. The 13C satellites are assigned to specific carbon atoms. The ESR spectrum of the C70(C2F5)2−. radical is an apparent octet with an apparent a(F) value of 0.83(2) G. DFT calculations suggest that this pattern is due to the superposition of spectra for four nearly isoenergetic C70(C2F5)2−. conformers. Time‐dependent DFT calculations suggest that the NIR band at 1090 nm exhibited by both C70(Rf)2−. radical anions is assigned to the SOMO→LUMO+3 transition. The analogous NIR band exhibited by the closed‐shell C70(CF3)22− dianion was blue‐shifted to 1000 nm.