bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supporting Black Youth Through Grief and Bereavement
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter analyses the different grief events that Black student endure, such as community violence, having an incarcerated family member, and being involved in the child welfare system. Multidimensional grief theory is applied to the various grief events Black students are exposed to, including the death of a loved one and the killing of unarmed Black children and adults, as well as the epidemic of Black hip-hop artists dying. It also discusses the way disenfranchised grief and polyvictimization in Black students further compound childhood traumatic grief. The chapter explains the symptoms of childhood traumatic grief that can present in the behaviors of Black students. Play therapy interventions including sand tray therapy and child-centered play therapy are applied as ways into integrate play into individual and group sessions with Black students to process the grief in healthy ways.
Group Play Therapy with Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the use of group therapy as a solution to the mental health accessibility issues experienced by Black students, as well as a way to alleviate the workload on overworked school mental health staff and teachers. It discusses the advantages of group therapy and suggestions for creating the optimal group dynamics for Black students to process racial stressors. The chapter identifies the phases of group therapy and offers group play therapy interventions to use with Black students of all ages. Group play therapy approaches such as Child-Centered Group Play Therapy (CCGPT), Theraplay, Adlerian group play therapy, and sand tray are applied as effective ways to promote empowerment and healthy coping in Black students. A case study of an innovative group play therapy program for Black teens, the Heritage Youth Connection, is also included.
Who’s Who in the Legal Process
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 introduces two main actors in international environmental law: states and international institutions. The chapter explains how international environmental law remains state-centric but challenges some common presumptions, including that states are unitary entities, that states have sovereignty over activities within their borders is often assumed, and that all states are equal. The chapter then turns to international institutions, including conferences of the parties to multilateral environmental agreements and environmental bureaucracies. Although international environmental institutions vary in terms of their degree of autonomy from states, many have become actors in their own right, and as such have been able to exert influence on the development and implementation of international environmental law.
Syrian Refugees
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

The telenovela Órfãos da terra (2019, Orphans of the Earth), co-written by Thelma Guedes and Duca Rachid, reasserts the Freyrean vision of mistura as the national and international crises described in chapter 10 worsen with the election of a far-Right populist president. The telenovela engages in a contest over Brazilian identity by didactically championing tolerance and cultural mixture as defining marks of national society and culture. But this vocal defense of tolerance betrays a deepening anxiety about religious difference and a powerful undercurrent of Islamophobia. While it repudiates racism and xenophobia, the telenovela recasts, in religious rather than racial or ethnic terms, the old question of desirable versus undesirable immigrants. To the question of which religions are compatible with Brazilian mistura, the implicit answer is Catholicism and spiritism, not Islam or Judaism.
Fuller & Neuburg After the Agnostic Journal
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7 describes how J. F. C. Fuller and Victor Neuburg’s shift from Agnosticism to Thelema came with an enthusiastic embrace of the occult. Neuburg was the first to apply to the mystic society A∴A∴, and he played an instrumental role in foundational magical experiments such as The Vision and the Voice (1909), The Rites of Eleusis (1910), and The Paris Working (1913). He would also become subeditor of later issues of The Equinox, which would publish his next collection of verse, The Triumph of Pan (1910). Fuller’s occult shift, meanwhile, was obvious as early as his final contributions to the Agnostic Journal. He would subsequently provide many illustrations for The Equinox, which also serialized his “Temple of Solomon the King”—an extensive “magical biography” of Crowley—in every issue. Thus, The Equinox provided, for a time, a mutually beneficial place for three ex-Agnostics united by their newfound love of magick.
From Presence to Power
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

Chapter 8 explores aid initiatives aimed at reinforcing the influence of women elected officials and, by extension, the representation of women’s diverse political interests. The first part of the chapter discusses assistance providers’ traditional focus on strengthening women’s legislative effectiveness through individual-level training and support for women’s networks and caucuses. It highlights two central limitations of these approaches: by targeting women legislators’ skills and capacities, they miss opportunities to amplify other important drivers of women’s substantive representation and struggle to overcome gendered institutional constraints. The second part of the chapter highlights several complementary entry points, namely supporting reform-oriented “critical actors,” fostering stronger links between elected officials and women’s movements, and reforming internal parliamentary structures and processes.
Widening the Lens
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

Chapter 10 assesses how international aid for women’s political empowerment addresses intersecting axes of exclusion and the challenges posed by authoritarian co-optation and democratic erosion. The first part of the chapter explores how an intersectional lens might improve current assistance models and the difficulties that aid organizations have faced in translating the concept into practice. The second part of the chapter analyzes the limits of gender inclusionary approaches in countries experiencing democratic backsliding and closing civic space. Aid providers confront murky new waters as growing numbers of nondemocratic leaders lash out against women’s activism, restrict international democracy assistance, or co-opt women’s political leadership for illiberal ends.
Does Epidemiologic Theory Exist?
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 makes what should be the self-evident claim that epidemiological theory is a practical necessity for thinking about and explaining disease distribution. Yet, epidemiological theory is overwhelmingly ignored by most epidemiologic textbooks and studies, with training in the discipline instead emphasizing methods. The chapter reviews key features of scientific theories, why they are vital to scientific inquiry and causal analysis, and applies these ideas to analyzing features of epidemiologic theories of disease distribution. Examining historical trends in epidemiologic textbooks’ treatment of epidemiologic theory, this updated chapter extends the time period of review from 1960–2008 to 1960–2021. A key finding is that while there has been a slight increase, since 2010, in the small number of epidemiological textbooks mentioning the field’s history and its theories of disease distribution, most textbooks continue to neglect these topics and focus overwhelming on methods.
Contemporary Mainstream Epidemiologic Theory
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 critically examines the origins, assumptions, and features of theories dominant since the 1950s: the biomedical model and lifestyle theories of disease distribution. The chapter analyzes these theories in their societal and ecological context, including the Cold War and rise of methodological individualism in the social sciences. It explores the foundations these theories of disease distribution set for the “spiderless” web of causation, still spinning since its formulation in the 1960s. It also examines their role in entrenching reductionist approaches to analyzing and intervening upon population health and health inequities, and their emphasis on disease mechanisms over causes of disease distribution. Revision updates to this chapter include new work regarding precision medicine, evolutionary medicine, analysis of gene-environment interactions, and the “developmental origins of adult health and disease” (DoHAD).
State-building through Rebel–Civilian Ties
Authors: Liu Shelley X.
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that post-war governance following rebel victory can be thought of as a process of internal conquest. Conflict does not end with the cessation of civil war; rather, rebel victory sets off a series of post-war conflicts that represent the new government's attempts to consolidate power over its challengers. Using this framework, this chapter develops a theory of how rebel–civilian ties that are forged during war by armed groups come to define post-war resource allocation strategies under the victor. These rebel–civilian ties help to explain sub-national variation in the rebel victor's post-war resource allocation strategy toward development and security, and cross-national variation in whether this resource allocation strategy successfully allows the victor to consolidate power.
The Liberia Civil War (1989–1996)
Authors: Liu Shelley X.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the First Liberian Civil War, where initial rebel-civilian ties were lost due to high rates of inter-group military contestation during the latter half of the conflict. The chapter investigates rebel governance under Charles Taylor's NPFL during the first civil war, and explains how organizational capacity on the ground was quickly eroded when other armed groups entered the conflict. Although the NPFL won the civil war, Taylor faced greater security threats and precarity during the post-war period. The chapter draws on rich qualitative data including interviews and focus groups conducted with government officials, ex-combatants, and civilians. Qualitative findings is bolstered by quantitative analyses using conflict, administrative, survey, and census datasets that show evidence of how sub-national wartime rebel control predicted differences in post-war resource targeting.
Divergent Trajectories across Rebel Victories
Authors: Liu Shelley X.
Published: March 2024

Why did the victor in Zimbabwe consolidate power while the victor in Liberia did not, despite engaging in the same resource allocation strategy? This chapter examines how wartime rebel–civilian ties affect the victor's ability to successfully control, co-opt, and coerce to consolidate power. Qualitative and quantitative data on conflict resumption in Liberia show how the lack of rebel–civilian ties increased the victor's budget constraints—with negative consequences for sustaining control. For external validity, the chapter provides a categorization of the eighteen rebel victories in sub-Saharan Africa by the strength of their rebel–civilian ties as well as the expanse of territories under which these rebel–civilian ties were sustained. Results show that these dimensions are correlated with post-war state stability and the victors' eventual consolidation of power.
Implications and Future Research
Authors: Liu Shelley X.
Published: March 2024

The final chapter returns to the puzzle at the start of the book and summarizes the argument and evidence. It then lays out implications for future research, for our understanding political development in states governed by rebel victories, and finally for policy.
Postcolonial Servitude
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Postcolonial Servitude explores how a new generation of Anglophone, transnational, award-winning writers with origins in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh engages with the complexities of domestic servitude as a problem for the nation and for the novel. Servitude, to be distinguished from slavery, is a distinctive, pervasive, unregulated, and exploitative institution in South Asia, with a long history. South Asian literature has always featured servants, usually as marginal or instrumental. This book focuses on writers who make servants and servitude central, and who craft new narrative forms to achieve their goals. Drawing on interdisciplinary conceptual frameworks, and addressing what it identifies as a blind spot in contemporary postcolonial studies, this is the first to offer a sustained analysis of servitude and servants in postcolonial or South Asian English literature from the early twentieth century to the present, and to examine their political, thematic, and formal significance. Methodologically, using close reading and attention to form to illuminate in new ways both well-known writers (from R. K. Narayan, Attia Hosain, and Anita Desai to Salman Rushdie) and more recent ones (Mohsin Hamid, Daniyal Mueenuddin, Romesh Gunesekera, Aravind Adiga, Thrity Umrigar, Kiran Desai), this book argues that an emergent wave of global fiction has begun to rethink South Asian cultures of servitude. Pulling servants from the background into the foreground, emphasizing their interiorities and stories, these transnational writers attempt to defamiliarize what is familiar, to make the invisible visible, to challenge normalized ways of seeing, being, and writing, and to prompt progressive social change.
Introduction
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

The introduction sets up the key questions, conceptual frameworks, critical methodology, and broader literary historical contexts of this study. Starting with concrete examples from postcolonial literature and film that demonstrate some complexities of servitude explored in this book, it asks for instance: What kind of work does the figure of the servant do in each text? How do writers adapt literary forms or modes of representation to avoid past problems and engage with servitude in progressive, productive ways? It defines domestic servitude in contemporary South Asian postcolonial contexts and elaborates on the nexus of issues it raises (cross-class intimacy, micropolitics, intersectionality), and on close reading as a fundamental method. It discusses how servitude constitutes a blind spot in postcolonial literature and scholarship, how British writers like Bronte or Kipling represented servants, and how transnational South Asian writers, because of their insider-outsider positions, offer inventive new ways of seeing and rethinking servitude.
Viable Ethnic Groups
Authors: Fox Colm A.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7 examines how ethnic group viability affects the kinds of ethnic appeals candidates make. It defines viability in terms of a group’s size and the presence or absence of social constraints on appeals to that group. Drawing on a content analysis of Indonesian regional head posters, it demonstrates that under candidate-centric rules, candidates from viable ethnic groups were more likely to make religious and indigenous bonding appeals, whereas those from nonviable groups preferred bridging (e.g. nationalist) appeals or bypassing ethnicity altogether. The evidence indicates that across constituencies with varying levels of diversity, the argument can predict the kinds of religious or indigenous identities that will become politicized. Additionally, the chapter suggests that a strong ethnic reputation, a crowded field of co-ethnic candidates, and an uncompetitive electoral contest can cause candidates to suppress religious and indigenous bonding appeals. All these dynamics are illustrated through statistical analyses, qualitative discussions of individual cases, and several controlled comparisons.
The Issue
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 introduces a conundrum—why the United States still has racism and racial inequality more than a half century after the civil rights movement—and offers the book’s main argument in brief. The argument is that racial inequality remains entrenched because race has become religionized in the United States. Indeed, a religion with unique beliefs, practices, and organizations has developed around whites’ racial dominance. This religion, which we call the Religion of Whiteness (ROW), feeds on racial inequality. Race and racial injustice have not receded from American life because they are, in good part, the life-giving force of a dominant group’s religion. Thus understanding the relationship between race and religion is essential for conceptualizing and dismantling racism. The ROW is consequential for the Church and the nation. Through two short stories, we illustrate how the ROW animates much behavior in white Christian spaces, including sermons and interpersonal interactions. One consequence of the ROW is that it causes its practitioners to defend white dominance, even at the expense of fellow Christians, especially Christians of color. These Christians of color often suffer “betrayal trauma” as a result of many white Christians’ rejection.
Why the Betrayal? The Religion of Whiteness
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3 introduces and builds upon Durkheim’s theory of religion to explain why the betrayals discussed in the preceding chapters occur. Durkheim defines religion through its function, namely bringing believers into a unified moral community. Building on that definition, we theorize the Religion of Whiteness (ROW), which is a set of beliefs, practices, and organizations that sacralizes and venerates whiteness while denigrating as profane all things nonwhite. The ROW is a powerful intruder within portions of American Christianity and has many millions of followers. Its beliefs and practices selectively blend traditional Christian imagery and texts with white-serving logics and interpretations that legitimate white dominance over people of color. Because the ROW depends upon harmonious belief in whiteness, it necessitates betraying Christians of color who do not support the ROW. This religion affects more than just churches. It drives national politics, divides families, and is especially harmful to communities of color.
Where We Are Now
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter briefly reviews the kinds of legal questions neuroscience will be asked to answer. It also surveys the domains of law where neuroscience is already being used and the resources available to guide learning in this new intersection of fields. It summarizes the rapid growth of forensic neuroscience, both quantitatively (e.g., the number of cases in which neuroscience evidence has been offered into evidence) and qualitatively (in terms of the speed with which new neuroscience technologies have found their way into the law in different domains). It organizes its survey into the three substantive categories of civil, criminal, and administrative law, looking at three different domains in each category: reported case law, regulations, and legislation. In the civil law category, it examines how neuroscientific evidence is being used in torts, contracts, constitutional law, health law, family law, and probate. In the criminal law category, it examines how neuroscientific evidence is being used in the assessment of a defendant’s mental state, on excuse-based defenses like insanity, and on criminal sentencing. In the administrative law category, it touches on how neuroscience is being used in the claims processes of Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security disability, and workers’ compensation.
The Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces the cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the cerebrum. It is the structure that most people see when they look at a human brain. The chapter begins with a description of the key constituent of the cortex, which is a type of cell known as a neuron. The different parts of neurons, known as the cell body, the dendrites, and the axons, are further described in detail. Scientists distinguish different parts or lobes of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The chapter surveys the basic functions of each lobe with emphasis on the prefrontal cortex, which enables judgment and decision-making, among other functions, and is relevant in many legal contexts. The chapter also describes some of the circuits spanning the lobes that support the faculties of language and the evaluation of risks and rewards.
Where We Might Be Headed
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines several possible future intersections of neuroscience and law, organized from most likely to happen soonest to least likely: diagnosing chronic pain, diagnosing legally relevant psychiatric conditions, understanding legally relevant mental states, measuring reasonableness, and lie detection. The chapter discusses why neuroscience will likely play an important role in resolving future forensic disputes over chronic pain and in diagnosing certain mental disorders. It may take longer for neuroscience to reliably distinguish between legally relevant mental states and to provide objective data to inform legal evaluations of reasonableness. The chapter concludes by examining why courts should remain skeptical of the forensic value of EEG and fMRI lie detection techniques.
Russia, Russia, Russia
Authors: Kimmage Michael
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 narrates the craziness of Trump and Russia during Trump’s presidency, starting with the Russian meddling in the 2016 election and continuing on to the many Russia-related (and Ukraine-related) scandals of the Trump presidency. These scandals help to characterize the four Trump years as a missed opportunity, as theater—and often as wasted time. Behind the theater, two major shifts occurred between 2016 and 2020: the United States built up its military relationship with Ukraine, in ways that would matter for Ukraine when Russia invaded in 2022; and a widening rift between the United States and China started to take center stage, possibly contributing to the Kremlin’s view of the United States as a distracted superpower or at the very least as a superpower less and less concerned with Europe.
The CEDAW Committee’s Property Jurisprudence
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

The chapter provides a descriptive account of the CEDAW Committee’s property jurisprudence. It analyzes the Committee’s authority to interpret the Convention and presents the procedures and the output of the Committee that generate its jurisprudence. It then maps how the Committee deals with property rights in different areas: property rights in marriage and family relations; when interfacing with different civil and political rights; land rights; housing rights; intellectual property and seed rights; access to financial credit and economic empowerment; rights to social benefits; and the interrelationship between gender-based violence and property rights. It points to the unique challenges faced by women who experience intersectional discrimination regarding their property rights. The chapter fills a gap in scholarship providing a comprehensive compilation of CEDAW’s output on property rights contained in its General Recommendations, Views on communications, Inquiry Reports, and Concluding Observations on state reports.
Critiques of the CEDAW Regime, International Law, and International Human Rights
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

This chapter canvasses long-standing and continuing critiques of the CEDAW regime, concerns about international human rights regimes and specifically their inclusion of property rights by “revisionist” critics, and broader critiques of international law’s “civilizing mission.” From its earliest days, the CEDAW regime has faced serious critiques from feminist scholars who questioned the extent it could generate transformational change given the Convention’s apparent reliance on a male standard for applying “equality” and ostensible focus on formal equality. Feminist critics, then and now, have expressed concerns that the CEDAW regime would subsume the diversity of women’s identities by focusing on discrimination against an “essentialist” category of “woman,” thereby privileging the views of liberal feminists situated in the West. Some of these concerns persist within broader critiques, including by Marxists, of international human rights regimes as a whole, amidst claims that such regimes are agents of “neo-liberalism” seeking to pursue, sub rosa, international law’s “civilizing mission.”
Two Separate Worlds: Foreign Investors’ Property vs. Women’s Property Rights Under CEDAW
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

This chapter explains why, at the global level, international investment law has dominated discussion of the “international right to property” outside the area of human rights. It canvasses how the international investment regime differs from CEDAW’s protection of property: through its distinct definition of protectable investment property, its conferral of non-relative guarantees on foreign investors, its nationality-based definition of discrimination, and its emphasis on financial remedies based on the fair market value of property. It contends that the international investment regime, which protects a particular model of neo-liberalist governance, is radically different from CEDAW’s reconceptualization of property and illustrates the difference through the likely treatment of a hypothetical female entrepreneur pursuing a claim under both regimes.
Taking Women’s Property Rights Seriously
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

This chapter explains (1) why it makes sense to designate the rights canvassed in chapter 2 as “property rights”; (2) why the CEDAW Committee’s property jurisprudence can be described as “progressive”; (3) why that jurisprudence remains, nonetheless, a “work in progress” that has generated flawed outputs, failed to resolve substantive uncertainties in the law, and embodied institutional constraints; (4) why that jurisprudence should not be dismissed as “powerless” or “ineffective”; and (5) how that jurisprudence might be compared with Virginia Woolf’s insights in A Room of One’s Own. The chapter concludes that the CEDAW Committee’s progressive property jurisprudence has the potential to generate the kind of transformational change needed to advance women’s equality both in law and in fact.
Gardens and Art
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3—“Gardens and Art”—opens by examining the conditions for when a garden may, or may not, be a work of art. It continues by examining the results of applying theories of defining art (or clarifying the character of art) to The Garden as a kind. The chapter then examines how The Garden is similar to other artforms both in general terms and in specific terms. Topics discussed include design; aesthetics; evaluation and criticism; art, artists, and audiences; style; painting; sculpture; architecture; art installations; poetry; performance and dance; music; and film.
Introduction
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

What more can possibly be said about deterrence? Few topics have attracted as much attention in the field of international relations (IR). Yet while deterrence theory seems to be well understood, there remain unappreciated challenges that are becoming harder to ignore. This introductory chapter summarizes the main themes of the book, explaining how the deterrence problems of cyberspace can be used to cast light on general deterrence problems in other domains. One reason that deterrence is so challenging in the cyber era is that deterrence in any era is actually a bundle of various processes that mobilize a growing repertoire of means for diverse political ends. The Introduction summarizes the problem of multiple strategic objectives and multiple military instruments, and it provides a roadmap for the book.
Cyberspace Is Unsuitable for the Strategy of War
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

The cyber domain connects all other domains, which makes it inherently “cross-domain.” The problems of deterrence in and through cyberspace, therefore, have the potential to pose problems everywhere else. This chapter argues that cyberattacks are unlikely to prove particularly potent in grand strategic terms unless they can impose substantial, durable harm on an adversary. This is only likely if cyber warfare is accompanied by terrestrial military force or other actions designed to capitalize on any temporary incapacity achieved via the internet. Those initiating cyberattacks must therefore decide whether they are prepared to exploit the windows of opportunity generated by internet attacks. If they are not willing and able to do so, there are few compelling reasons to inflict large-scale digital destruction. The chapter thus explains why the technical possibility of catastrophic damage via the internet should not be conflated with the political probability of an actor actually doing so.
Cyber Deception versus Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

A basic strategic challenge in cyberspace is the tension between deterrence and deception. This chapter explores an extreme manifestation of this tension in the combination of nuclear weapons and cyber operations, which have converse informational characteristics. The former can be brandished for influence, while the latter must be hidden for effectiveness. Actors who hold cyber operations in reserve in case deterrence fails, therefore, may make deterrence failure more likely. The chapter highlights some historical evidence that nuclear command and control systems may be vulnerable to attack and that the United States has targeted them in the past. It also explains why we expect the dangers to vary with the relative nuclear force structures and cyber capabilities of the actors in a crisis interaction, which makes asymmetric dyads like the United States and North Korea particularly worrisome. This is just one way in which integrated deterrence can produce risk as well as synergy.
Land
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R. , Kagotani Koji
Published: March 2024

The study of alliances and extended deterrence has paid relatively little attention to questions of force posture. This chapter models the effects of US foreign deployments on extended general deterrence success. After reviewing relevant literatures, it details a theory of extended deterrence in which defenders balance finite capabilities with the complementary hazards of entrapment and abandonment. It then estimates these effects on real data involving troop deployments in the post-World War II US alliance network. It further estimates the effect of US military capabilities located offshore, weighting the spill-in effect of deployments by geographical distance from the protege. The findings substantiate the basic argument that a proportionally large presence helps US allies enhance deterrence success, while offshore deployments do the opposite, increasing deterrence failure. The forward deployment of ground forces provides a credible signal of commitment to allies and adversaries alike.
Conclusion
Authors: Gartzke Erik , Lindsay Jon R.
Published: March 2024

This book argues that deterrence is actually a bundle of very different ends and means. This concluding chapter first revisits our argument about the multiple elements of deterrence. It highlights several inherent political trade-offs across four different types of strategy, and it summarizes evidence for the influence of specialized military technologies on strategic stability. Second, it applies these concepts to interpret contemporary debate about US strategy toward the PeopleÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Republic of China. Various sides of this debate emphasize different preferences as much as different military forces for deterring China. Finally, the chapter concludes that the problem of political preferences trumps the problem of technological complexity.
Bilingual Education in Cabo Verdean
Authors: Amado Abel Djassi , Baptista Marlyse , Garcia Lourenço Pina , Lima Ambrizeth Helena , Thomas Dawna Marie
Published: March 2024

The focus of this chapter is the use of Cabo Verdean Creole as a language of instruction in Baystate Public Schools. The authors discuss the development of the Cabo Verdean Heritage Language and Culture curriculum that took place during Summer and Fall 2020, designed specifically to meet the needs of Cabo Verdean learners of English currently attending Baystate Public Schools. The curriculum was implemented in 2021. This chapter provides a brief historical overview of the use of Cabo Verdean Creole in Massachusetts Bilingual Education programs and then describes the overall vision for a new policy regarding the use of mother tongues in educational systems, which is driving the Cabo Verdean Center for Applied Research (CVCAR) to conceptualize and implement this new curriculum for Cabo Verdean learners of English. The authors introduce the various components of the curriculum while demonstrating that linguistic frameworks can be used successfully when they are applied in the instruction of Cabo Verdean learners of English. Es artigu ta sentra na uzu di kriolu kabuverdianu komu un instrumentu di ensinu na skolas públiku di Baystate. El ta relata dezenvolvimentu di un kurríkulu na kriolu kabuverdianu na verãu y outonu di 2020, konsebidu spesifikamenti pa Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês, ki ta frekuenta Skolas Públiku di Baystate. Es kurríkulu foi inplementadu na 2021. Es artigu ta fornese un brevi kontextu stóriku di uzu di língua kabuverdianu na idukasãu bilíngi na Massachusetts y dipos el ta oferese uma vizãu jeral di un novu pulítika di uzu di línguas na sistemas idukasiunal, ki permiti Cabo Verdean Center for Applied Research (CVCAR) lidera konsepsãu y inplementasãu di es kurríkulu pa Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês. Nu ta prezenta konponentis di kurríkulu y nu ta mostra ma nu pode uza struturas linguístiku ku susesu na idukasãu di Aprendizis Kabuverdianu di Inglês.
Creating Inclusive Linguistics Communication
Authors: Gawne Lauren , McCulloch Gretchen , Sweeney Nicole , Alatalo Rachel , Bodenhausen Hannah , Riley Ceri , Grieser Jessi
Published: March 2024

This case study vignette provides an insight into the choices made in the writing of Crash Course Linguistics. This series of 16 ten-minute videos cover core introductory level topics for English speakers who consume online content. This chapter discusses how the topics were selected and arranged into a series order. The authors also discuss the ways in which inclusion was actively built into the series workflow and content, including in the team that worked on the content, the language examples selected, and topics covered. Throughout, the authors discuss the challenges and benefits of working in a collaborative team that includes a media production company and linguists with a commitment to public engagement and communication linguistics to new audiences. Sharing these observations about putting Crash Course Linguistics together is part of the authors’ commitment to using public communication to advance the standard of public engagement with the field, and the field’s approach to inclusive practice.
Introduction
Authors: Moss David , Fung Archon , Westad Odd Arne
Published: March 2024

The introduction summarizes the volume’s eleven substantive chapters, each covering an episode of democratic breakdown, from ancient Athens to the present day, and highlights both themes and findings that cut across them. Strikingly, in every case, various forms of democratic erosion long preceded democratic breakdown. Although no single causal factor links all the episodes together, some important commonalities (including extreme political polarization, explicitly antidemocratic political actors, and significant political violence) stand out across the cases. Moreover, the notion of democratic culture, while difficult to define and even more difficult to measure, may play a role in all of them. Throughout the volume, we see that the written rules of democracy are insufficient to protect against tyranny. They are mere “parchment barriers” unless embedded within a strong culture of democracy that embraces and gives life not only to the written rules themselves but to the essential democratic values that underlie them.
Weimar Germany and the Fragility of Democracy
Authors: Weitz Eric D.
Published: March 2024

Frequently presented as the classic case of abrupt democratic collapse, Weimar Germany actually suffered democratic weakness and erosion from the very beginning. Conservative groups hostile to democracy remained entrenched in the German power structure, even after the Revolution of 1918/19. Social Democrats tolerated them in the pursuit of stability, but antidemocratic elements throughout the ministries, and especially their dominance within the military and other security services, ultimately proved catastrophic. Although the new republic experienced a surge in democratic spirit and an extraordinary cultural renaissance, the conservatives’ violent assault on the far left destabilized Weimar politics and profoundly undercut democratic legitimacy. When the Great Depression struck and the economy collapsed, the republic’s legitimacy collapsed too. From 1930 to 1932, Germany experienced a presidential dictatorship after President Hindenburg invoked constitutional emergency powers. When conservatives supported the newly ascendant Nazi Party and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor in 1933, Weimar democracy was effectively dead.
Conclusions
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: March 2024

The Conclusions chapter links the nineties to the 2020s and answer Why the Nineties Matter. The Bush administration invaded Afghanistan, then Iraq, resulting in wars that lasted until 2021. The Department of Homeland Security changed air travel and prevented another 9/11. NAFTA transformed the economies of its participants. The Soviet Union collapsed, Russia emerged, NATO expanded and united when Russia attacked Ukraine. The Clarence Thomas–Anita Hill episode popularized the term sexual harassment and laid the foundation for the Me Too Movement, and the Rodney King beating showcased police brutality as did the George Floyd episode that provoked the Black Lives Matter marches. Reality television and social media helped Donald Trump become president. Since Ruby Ridge, antigovernment militia groups have surged, and since the O. J. Simpson trial, the news has become Infotainment. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell began the conversation about gender and same sex marriage, now popularly approved. Anything Goes American culture has become mainstream, and the dot.com revolution changed human behavior.
Philoctete
Authors: Friedman Rachel D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter is devoted to Philoctete, the fisherman who cannot fish because his suppurating wound has relegated him to the space of his rocky yam garden, where he longs for the sea. Walcott opens Omeros in Philoctete’s voice, evoking the wounded Greek warrior Philoctetes who is denied a voice in Homeric epic because he spends the whole of the Trojan War abandoned on an island. Walcott’s new telling of the wounded Philoctete’s story focuses on the tortured landscape he inhabits, the yam garden which is the space of his exile from the sea. Walcott depicts it as a provision ground like those allotted to enslaved people on plantations. Colonial travelers perversely analogized such meager plots to paradisical gardens such as Eden or those from Greek mythology. Reading Walcott’s depiction of Philoctete’s garden as a response to such accounts, this chapter focuses on Charles Kingsley’s 1871 account which compares provision gardens on Trinidad and Tobago to the ever-blooming gardens of the Phaeacian King Alcinous in Odyssey 7. Against these historical narratives’ use of Homer to mythologize the islands and deny their inhabitants any agency as historical actors, Walcott’s depiction leads us back to the Odyssey and the orchard of the aged Laertes, a plot of land which, unlike Alcinous’s gardens, bears the mark of human labor. When Walcott looks for an untainted landscape on his own island, he finds no paradisical gardens but Ma Kilman’s forest grove, a pre-conquest space and source of healing.
Modes of Representation
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

Lois Lane knows that Superman can fly, but she does not know that Clark Kent can fly. How can that be, given that Superman and Clark are one and the same? To answer this question, Frege famously distinguished the reference of a name (the thing it is a name of) from what he called its ‘sense’ or ‘mode of presentation’. The sense was meant to capture our (necessarily limited) perspective on the reference and to explain the difference in ‘cognitive value’ between “Superman can fly” and “Clark can fly”. Frege’s distinction has been much discussed in the last century, but much about it remains unclear. In this collection, Richard Kimberly Heck, one of the world’s foremost experts on Frege’s philosophy, distinguishes three aspects of Frege’s famous ‘puzzle’ and explores the connections between them. Their wide-ranging discussion touches on issues in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of logic, the history of analytic philosophy, and meta-philosophy. Heck argues that, while many of the details of Frege’s position cannot be defended, his famous puzzle still has much to teach us both about the foundations of cognition and about the nature of linguistic communication. Eight previously published papers are reprinted here, one of which is significantly expanded. There are also three new chapters, three new postscripts responding to criticisms, and a substantial overview that introduces the issues and traces connections between the chapters.
Isolation
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: March 2024

What connection, if any, is there between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? This chapter sharpens the question by clarifying the notions of self-consciousness and objectivity involved. It presents an account of the ways in which the question is answered and transformed across the early modern period through consideration of discussions of self-consciousness and objectivity in Descartes, Hume, and Kant. And it argues that Kant endorses a constraint on answering our question: that the relation to an objective world be intelligible from the perspective of the self-conscious subject. This sets the framework for the argument developed in the following chapters.
Array features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold
Published: March 2024

A complete description of the use of array processing is offered. Assumed-shape and automatic arrays are described, and the concept of elemental is introduced for operations, assignments and procedures. Array-valued functions and the where construct are described, along with the notion of pure procedures. Array subobjects, aliasing and array constructors are considered. The performance enhancing features of the do concurrent construct and the contiguous property are included.
NEW AGENCIES
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the existence and properties of new agencies of charges analogous to electric charges, which highlights the subdivision of electrons. It mentions Newton’s law of gravity in conjunction with other theories. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of beta radioactivity, which allowed the calculation of the relative chance that a nucleus emits electromagnetic radiation as against it undergoing beta decay. The chapter examines fermion as units of fundamental measure of quantum physics, which is also known as Planck’s quantum of action. It also elaborates on the discovery of the muon after discussing the measurements that confirmed parity is maximally violated during the process of generating and decaying muons.
JANUS-FACED QUARKS
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks into Janus-faced quarks, which carry two different flavours known as up and down. It explains that the terms reflect how the mathematical accounting scheme for two flavours took over from the magnetism of spinning particles. When the theory of flavour charge is made consistent with relativity and quantum field theory, the W bosons emerge as analogues of the photon. The chapter details the property of parity violation playing a key role in the experiments that used neutrinos to explore the innards of the proton. It notes that electric charge can be defined as a numerical fraction of two of nature’s fundamental constants: the speed of light (c) and Planck’s quantum of action (h).
MYSTERIES
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the mysteries of balancing the charges of electrons and protons. It starts with Albert Einstein’s theory where electromagnetism and gravity are the result of a common underlying field. There was an emerging debate on whether the Big Bang or Steady State model of the Universe was correct, especially after cosmologist Herman Bondi proposed that the expansion of the Universe might have nothing to do with a big bang but instead could arise if the electric charges of electron and proton do not perfectly balance. The chapter considers the largest notion of asymmetry wherein the Universe appears to be made of matter to the exclusion of antimatter. It then discusses developments in quantum field theory since the middle of the 20th century.
Women in the Labour Market: Structural Constraints and Solutions towards Gender Equality and Empowerment
Authors: Chopra Deepta
Published: March 2024

Women’s ‘work’ can be seen as a continuum between paid work, unpaid wwork, and unpaid care work. Women in India are no different to their counterparts worldwide, as they struggle to juggle these domains, striving for a balance that allows them and their families to flourish. This struggle is underpinned and reinforced by two structural constraints: patriarchy, and the invisibility of women’s time as finite. It is also well known that women’s labour force participation in the Indian economy has seen a sharp decline in the last few years. This paper seeks to outline the ways in which women in India access, or are denied access to, the labour market. Drawing from primary research in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, this paper examines women’s labour market participation in the formal and informal sectors, showcasing how these two structural constraints intertwine to act as barriers to women’s access to the labour market, thereby causing segregation and overcrowding of women in informal sector employment, as well as low levels and dismal quality of employment for women. The paper then points to two potential solutions for tackling this persistent gender inequality in the labour market: (a) the 3R approach; and (b) providing ‘decent work’ for all.