bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE 1988 JANSSON MEMORIAL LECTURE: The performance of the idiot‐savant‘: Implicit and explicit*
Authors: O'Connor N.
Published: November 2007

‘Idiots‐savants' are people of low intelligence who have one or two outstanding talents such as calendrical calculation, drawing or musical performance. Such people are mostly male and occur with high frequency among the autistic population. Do they perform their amazing feats because of an outstanding memory or do they draw on some faculty of reasoning to help them? Although they cannot easily make clear how they carry out their tasks by using speech, experiments reveal that they follow simple rules which they use to aid them in recalling correct dates and sequences in classical music. It has been said that they cannot abstract but this turns out not to be true: all can abstract to some degree and some are more at home with abstract than with concrete material. Whatever else is true of these handicapped but gifted people their gift becomes apparent at an early age and is apparently not improved by practice. Perhaps the most important conclusion from work with these groups is that their gifts force us to think again about the concept of general intelligence. How far is it possible to have low intelligence and yet be an outstanding musician or artist? Speculation on this idea may force us to revise our concepts of intelligence, neuropsychology and handicap.
An investigation of maternal interaction with phonologically disordered children as compared to two groups of normally developing children
Authors: Gardner Hilary
Published: November 2007

This study looked at the verbal interaction between mothers and their offspring with phonological disorders (age 3;6‐5;1 years) who otherwise had language development within normal limits. This interaction was compared to two groups of mothers with children who were developing all aspects of language normally. There were eight subjects in each of the three groups: the phonologically disordered children (PDC), a group matched for age and language ability (AMG) and a group of children under 3 years (YCG) with age appropriate phonological development. Audio tapes were transcribed and percentage frequencies of certain verbal behaviours in both adult and child were calculated. The mother‐child interaction of the phonologically disordered group was found to differ significantly from that of the peer group and more closely to resemble that of the younger normally developing children and their mothers.
Changing approaches to communication training with autistic children
Authors: Howlin Patricia
Published: November 2007

The characteristic language deficit of autism affects many aspects of the child's functioning. Because of its pervasive nature and the implications for outcome, numerous attempts have been made to remediate problems in this area. However, the results of communication training with this group of children have not always been particularly encouraging. This review traces changes in approaches to language training over the last 25 years and recommends ways in which procedures might be improved to bring about more generalised benefits to autistic children.
An experimental comparison of the understanding and use of speaker‐addressee personal pronouns in autistic children
Authors: Jordan Rita R.
Published: November 2007

Eleven autistic children were compared to normally developing children and mentally handicapped children, matched by receptive vocabulary age, on their understanding and use of the personal pronouns ‘you’ and ‘me’. There were no significant differences between the groups in their comprehension of these terms, where the terms could be understood simply as referential labels. There was, however, a marked difference in the production of ‘me’ and ‘you’. Only two autistic children showed the same pattern of responses that was shown by all but 4 of the 22 control children. The autistic children showed almost no ‘pronoun reversal’. Instead, they used incorrect case pronouns or proper names for self or other reference. The results are interpreted in the light of significant difficulties in the acquisition of person deixis in autistic children.
Autism: The paediatric neurologist's tale
Authors: McKinlay Ian
Published: November 2007

Neurologists use the term ‘autistic’ to describe a quality of social behaviour and communication rather than ‘autism’ as a diagnosis. It has an organic basis and is commonly, and increasingly, found to be associated with specific medical diagnoses. Epilepsy is as common as in severely mentally handicapped children but whereas in the latter it is often evident in the early years it commonly emerges in adolescence in autistic children. There is a genetic component to autism and in the absence of a specific diagnosis an empirical recurrence risk of 1–2% is given. Fragile‐X chromosome disorder is a relatively common explanation but the investigation is expensive and subject to restriction in spite of the enormous implications for affected families. The male preponderance and the neurological explanation for autism have not yet been explained.
Conversational characteristics of children with semantic‐pragmatic disorder. II: What features lead to a judgement of inappropriacy?
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. , Adams C.
Published: November 2007

Independent raters scanned transcribed conversations from 57 language‐impaired children and 67 control children aged from 4 to 12 years and identified instances where the normal flow of conversation appeared to be disrupted because the child's utterance was in some way inappropriate. It was found that adequate inter‐rater reliability could be obtained using this procedure. Furthermore, test‐retest correlations for inappropriacy were significant, indicating that this is a stable conversational characteristic. The measure of inappropriacy decreased with age in control children, and it distinguished language‐impaired from control children. Those identified as having ‘semantic‐pragmatic disorder’ obtained particularly high scores. In a subsidiary analysis, inappropriate responses were subcategorised. A wide range of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic peculiarities was identified as leading to a sense of inappropriacy. Some instances of inappropriacy appeared to indicate cognitive rather than linguistic difficulties. Children with semantic‐pragmatic disorder resembled younger normal children in that they frequently misunderstood the literal or implicit meaning of adult utterances and they violated normal rules of exchange structure. In other respects, however, the semantic‐pragmatic group did not resemble normally developing children of any age. In particular, they tended to provide the listener with too much or too little information.
Category‐specific treatment of a lexical‐semantic deficit: A single case study of global aphasia
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Lieberthal Terry
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to improve the comprehension of single items in a subject with global aphasia. Existing models of semantic organisation were used to inform and guide the treatment programme. Detailed pre‐therapy testing suggested a severe comprehension deficit with an inability to obtain a precise semantic specification of the items, irrespective of modality of input. A category‐specific hierarchical treatment programme including generic and specific details about items was implemented through various exercises and drills. Post‐therapy testing revealed a significant improvement on treated and untreated items of treated categories but limited generalisation to items in untreated categories. Improvement in the subject's general semantic abilities was also documented following treatment. The results, which are shown to be a direct consequence of the intervention programme, lend support to the categorical and hierarchical view of the organisation of semantics and provide a basis for future rehabilitation studies in this area.
Phonological disorders in children: Changes in phonological process use during treatment
Authors: Dodd Barbara , Lacano Teresa
Published: November 2007

Unintelligible speech in childhood is often characterised by the use of unusual or deviant (i.e. non‐developmental) phonological processes, e.g. initial consonant deletion. These processes are reported to appear at speech onset and to undergo little spontaneous change during the preschool years. The study reported here documents the changes that occurred in the phonological systems of seven phonologically disordered children during remediation that targeted unusual phonological processes. Qualitative changes in phonological process use were observed for all children. Six of the children made quantitative improvement in terms of the percentage consonants produced correctly in spontaneous speech. Individual differences in phonological learning strategy use are described.
Voice‐onset time and electroglottographic dynamics in stutterers' speech: Implications for a differential diagnosis
Authors: Ward David
Published: November 2007

Three stuttering subjects were used to test findings that voice‐onset time (VOT) in the fluent utterances of stuttered speech are slower than those of their normal‐speaking peers. Acoustic analysis revealed the stutterers' VOTs to be slower, but when analysed by a t test the difference was found not to be significant at the P = 0.05 level. Electroglottographic (EGG) dynamics were also studied to provide comparative data for recent research which notes specific EGG activity amongst stutterers following severe blocks. Analysis revealed that both experimental and control subjects exhibited this pattern randomly. It is concluded that, at present, EGG methodology is not sufficiently advanced to be able to characterise reliably the range of laryngeal behaviours that are associated with stuttering. The technique therefore is not presently viable as a diagnostic tool.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Milroy Lesley
Published: November 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

The Functional Evaluation of Language Disorders Edited by P. Grunwell, A. James

Theoretical Linguistics and Disordered Language Edited by M. Ball
Syntactic comprehension in children with expressive language impairment*
Authors: Adams Catherine
Published: November 2007

Two groups of language‐impaired children, an ‘expressive language impairment’ group and a ‘development dyspraxic’ group, aged between 4 and 6 years, were assessed on a set of test sentences designed to tap syntactic comprehension. Expressive language was profiled for both experimental groups. A control group completed the syntactic comprehension test only. The results indicate that children with apparently isolated defects of expressive syntax do, in fact, have subtle deficits of comprehension in comparison to age‐matched controls. The deficit can be detected in a syntactic decoding task. Comprehension strategies used by this group are examined. The ‘dyspraxic’ group did not perform significantly differently to controls.
Speech therapy and Parkinson's disease: A review and further data
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Pring T. R.
Published: November 2007

A review is undertaken of recent experimental studies of the effects of speech therapy offered to patients with Parkinson's disease. In contrast to earlier opinions based upon clinical impressions, the results of these studies indicate that the immediate gains from therapy measured within the clinical setting are readily detected, that these are perceived by patient's relatives and that there is reasonable evidence that benefits persist for some period after treatment. A further study is reported which tests the effects of a less intensive treatment regimen. This also gave positive results. Although questions remain regarding the most efficient form of treatment and the extent of its benefits outside the clinic, the existing results warrant greater optimism about the benefits of speech therapy offered to patients with Parkinson's disease.
The costs and benefits of providing early intervention to very young, severely hearing‐impaired children in the United States: The conceptual outline of a longitudinal research study and some preliminary findings
Authors: Rittenhouse Robert K. , White Karl , Lowitzer Chuck , Shisler Lenore
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the conceptual framework for a newly instituted longitudinal research study into the costs and benefits of providing early intervention to very young, severely hearing‐impaired children in the USA and the results of one of the studies after 2 years of intervention. The research design employs randomised procedures, blind assessment and treatment verification. The overall project is part of a 20 experiment national study that addresses specific questions about the effects of early intervention on the psychological development of hearing‐impaired children. Those questions regard age‐at‐start, treatment intensity and programme variation. Two of the three experiments with hearing‐impaired children are still in developmental stages, whilst the third, a communication methods comparison, has been started. The preliminary findings of the third experiment (which include 2 years of intervention effects) are presented. Two groups of young, severely hearing‐impaired children between the ages of 18 months and 5 years (one an oral‐aural group and one called an English sign language group) have received 20 months of intervention in one or other of the groups. Their developmental progress has been measured using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, several specific English language measures and two family measures. Whilst both groups showed significant progress over intervention time on all measures, the performance differences between the two groups were not statistically significant in any of the psychological domains tested.
Developing intelligible signs with learning‐disabled students: A review of the literature and an assessment procedure
Authors: Grove Nicola
Published: November 2007

The use of sign language as an augmentative medium of communication is a well‐established approach in working with client groups who are handicapped in their effective use of verbal language. However, students with physical and learning disabilities may continue to experience problems in making themselves understood, because of inaccuracies in sign production which may be considered as analogous to phonological errors in speech. It is suggested in this paper that the evaluation and remediation of sign production errors is most usefully approached through an understanding of the phonological structure of sign language. The paper presents a review of the literature concerning the development of (1) motor patterns involved in sign production, and (2) the four major parameters of handshape, location, movement and orientation, in hearing‐impaired and hearing children whose first language is sign, and in students with mental handicaps. A framework for assessing and monitoring sign production is suggested, and possible approaches to the development of intelligible signing are discussed. It is argued that the analysis and remediation of sign errors should always be related to the communication needs of the individual, rather than developed in isolation.
Coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing in the newborn: Its relationship to infant feeding and normal development
Authors: Selley W. G. , Ellis R. E. , Flack F. C. , Brooks W. A.
Published: November 2007

Non‐invasive, sensitive equipment was designed to record nasal air flow, the timing and volume of milk flow, intraoral pressure and swallowing in normal full‐term newborn babies artificially fed under strictly controlled conditions. Synchronous recordings of these events are presented in chart form. Interpretation of the charts, with the aid of applied anatomy, suggests an hypothesis of the probable sequence of events during an ideal feeding cycle under the test conditions. This emphasises the importance of complete coordination between breathing, sucking and swallowing. The feeding respiratory pattern and its relationship to the other events was different from the non‐nutritive respiratory pattern. The complexity of the coordinated patterns, the small bolus size which influenced the respiratory pattern, together with the coordination of all these events when milk was present in the mouth, emphasise the importance of the sensory mechanisms. The discussion considers (1) the relationship between these results, those reported by other workers under other feeding conditions and the author's (WGS) clinical experience, (2) factors which appear to be essential to permit conventional bottle feeding and (3) the importance of the coordination between the muscles of articulation, by which babies obtain their nourishment in relation to normal development and maturation.
Lingual activity in two speech‐disordered children's attempts to produce velar and alveolar stop consonants: Evidence from electropalatographic (EPG) data
Authors: Gibbon F.
Published: November 2007

Research is accumulating to suggest that, in the process of phonological acquisition, children pass through a stage of producing subphonemic acoustic cues to distinguish target phonemic contrasts. These subtle, or covert, distinctions occur unnoticed by a transcriber, yet their existence is viewed as having potentially important theoretical and clinical implications. In this study, the technique of electropalatography (EPG) was used to investigate tongue placement in two speech‐impaired subjects (sisters), during their attempts to produce alveolar/velar stop contrasts, and their EPG printouts compared to those of a normal subject. Transcription of the impaired subjects' speech showed that, whilst one was able overtly to produce the contrast, the other was using the phonological process of alveolar backing, and so was judged not to have the contrast. However, contrary to the predictions made based on the auditory transcription, the EPG data revealed that both children were making similar, and clearly distinguishable, lingual‐palate contacts for the two places of articulation. Examination of the data revealed that the subject who was overtly producing the contrast was able to control the precise sequence of tongue movements necessary in the release phase of the two classes of stops. This critical stage in alveolar/velar stop production had not been mastered by the subject who was not producing a perceptible distinction. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
Figurative language and reading comprehension in American deaf and hard‐of‐hearing children: Textual interactions
Authors: Rittenhouse Robert K. , Stearns Keith
Published: November 2007

The limited evidence on figurative language in deaf children, as well as ‘professional intuitions’, has led those who teach them to conclude that reading comprehension will be significantly complicated by figurative language. However, there are disagreements among practitioners as to how best to manage figurative language when it appears in text. Generally, some sort of textual modification is made, although those for and against ‘simplified texts' are split on this issue. Those who favour them suggest either that complex vocabulary and syntax be reconstructed or that they be gradually introduced. However, reformulations are seldom standard nor are the figurative tropes such as metaphor, simile, personification etc. systematically introduced. Those against simplifed texts argue that the problem of figurative language control is not one of linguistic complexity, but one of cognitive processing: deaf children can grasp inferred or indirect meaning so long as the referential domain is made clear. Such comprehension comes by way of demonstration, practice and feedback and figurative language need not present a special problem. In this present study, 14 deaf and hard‐of‐hearing children and youths who had been randomly assigned to one of two groups were given an original story entitled ‘Peaches the Cat’ and asked to read it. One group read a literal version of the story and one group read a figurative version in which all textual answers to the question were masked with figurative phraseology. Both groups answered the questions above a chance level and the figurative version did not prove to be more difficult than the literal version. The two groups were comparable on hearing loss and on reading and language ability. Whilst the data were not viewed as conclusive, they did suggest that figurativeness embedded in stories need not interfere with reading comprehension in severely hearing‐impaired children. Teachers should focus attention on the teaching of figurative expressions (tropes) such as metaphor, simile, personification etc. rather than on the modification of textual materials.
The use of diacritics for visual articulatory behaviours
Authors: Woodard Marion
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper proposes the use of a set of symbols related to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and diacritics for the description and notation of articulatory behaviours which can be perceived visually, but which have no effect on the perceived auditory quality of phonemes produced. It is suggested that the use of such symbols will clarify clinical analysis of speech patterns. Examples of clinical usage are given.

Cet article propose l'utilisation d'un ensemble de symboles en rapport avec l'Alphabet Phonétique International (IPA) et de symboles diacritiques pour la description et l'annotation des comportements articulatoires qui peuvent être perçus visuellement mais qui n'ont pas d'effet sur la qualité auditive perçue des phonèmes prononcés. Il nous semble que l'utilisation de ces symboles permettra des analyses cliniques plus claires. Des exemples d'utilisation sont donnés.

Dieser Artikel bespricht die Anwendung eines Symbolensystems, das mit dem internationalen, phonetischen Alphabet (IPA) verwandt ist, zusammen mit diakritischen Zeichen für die Beschreibung und Bezeichnung artikulatorischen Verhaltens, das visuell wahrgenommen wird, das aber keinen Einfluß auf die auditiv wahrgenommene Qualität des gesprochenen Phonems ausübt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Anwendung solcher Symbole die Sprechparameteranalyse deutlicher macht. Beispiele der klinischen Anwendung werden gegeben.
Sentence processing deficits: A replication of therapy
Authors: Nickels Lyndsey , Byng Sally , Black Maria
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper describes the replication of a therapeutic programme originally used by one of the authors, Byng (Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1988, 5, 629–676) to remediate a specific sentence processing deficit. Our patient is shown to have similar although not identical deficits to those of one of the patients (JG) described in that programme. Sentence comprehension and production both improved as a result of therapy. The pattern of results observed gave further insights into both the nature of the patient's deficit and the mechanism of therapy.

Cet article décrit la réplique d'un programme thérapeutique utilisé originellement par l'un des auteurs, Byng (Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1988, 5, 629–676), pour soigner une déficience spécifique dans le traitement de phrases. Il a été démontré que notre patient avait des déficiences semblables, bien que non identiques, à celles du sujet (JG) étudié précédemment. La compréhension et la production de phrases se sont améliorées grâce à la thérapie. L'observation des résultats a permis de dégager des éléments complémentaires, aussi bien sur la nature de la déficience du patient que sur le fonctionnement de la thérapie.

Wir beschreiben die Wiederholung eines Therapieprograms, das ursprünglich von einer der Autorinnen, Byng (Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1988, 5, 629–676), zur Behandlung eines spezifischen Satzverarbeitungsdefizits entwickelt wurde. Unser Patient zeigt Defizite, die ähnlich, aber nicht identisch zu denen, des im anderen Program beschriebenen Patienten JG sind. Als Folge der Therapie verbesserten sich sowohl das Satzverständnis, als auch die Satzproduktion. Die Art der Ergebnisse ermöglichte eine weitere Einsicht sowohl in die Art des Defizits des Patienten, als auch in das Therapieverfahren.
Clinical education: The supervisory process
Authors: McGovern M. A. , Dean E. C.
Published: November 2007

Abstracts

This investigation of the supervisory process was designed to extend the first author's (MMcG) previous work that had resulted in categories for analysis of clinical competence in student therapists. The supervisory interactions between five students and their clinicians were video‐taped and analysed. Participants' perceptions of the dyad were rated using visual analogue scales. The findings indicated that clinicians' verbal comments could be assigned to the categories previously identified. A further analysis of three of these categories revealed that seven interview strategies were used by the clinicians in the process of supervision. Supervisors appeared to be more accurate in estimating the extent of students' participation in the conference whereas students tended to make a more realistic estimation of the level of positive feedback. Pointers for future research are suggested.

Cette recherche à propos des méthodes d'encadrement a été conçue pour compléter le travail précédent du premier auteur, qui avait aboutit à des catégories d'analyse pour les compétences cliniques des étudiants orthophoniste. L'interaction entre 5 étudiants et les cliniciens responsables de l'encadrement de chacun d'eux a été filmé et analysé. Les impressions des deux parties de ces paires ont été notées avec des échelles analogues visuelles. Les résultats ont montré que les commentaires parlés des cliniciens pouvaient être répartis en fonction des catégories précédemment établies. Une analyse plus poussée de trois de ces catégories a révélé que sept stratégies d'entretien étaient utilisées par les cliniciens dans leur méthode d'encadrement. Les cliniciens se sont révélés plus précis dans leur estimation de l'importance de la participation des étudiants, alors que les étudiants semblaient faire une estimation plus réaliste du niveau de rétroaction positive. Des points à approfondir sont suggérés.

Diese Untersuchung des Verfahrens für die Aufsicht von Sprachtherapiestudenten sollte die bisherige Arbeit einer der Autorinnen (MMcG), die zur Aufstellung von Kategorien zur Analyse der klinischen Kompetenz geführt hatte, weiterentwickeln. Die Studie besteht aus einer Analyse von Videoaufnahmen der Interaktionen zwischen fünf Studenten und den für sie verantwortlichen Klinikern. Die Wahrnehmungen der Teilnehmer der Austausche wurde mit Hilfe visuell analoger Skalen bewertet. Die Resultate deuteten darauf hin, dass die verbalen Äusserungen der Kliniker den vorher festgestellten Kategorien zugeordnet werden konnten. Eine weitere Analyse von drei dieser Kategorien zeigte, dass die Kliniker sieben von diesen Interviewstrategien im Aufsichtsverfahren benutzten. Die Aufsichtspersonen konnten anscheinend den Grad der Teilnahme der Studenten an der Besprechung genauer einschätzen, während die Studenten den Grad des positiven Feedbacks realistischer einschätzen konnten. Eine Richtung für weitere Forschung wird angedeutet.
Semantic‐pragmatic disorder: A right hemisphere syndrome?
Authors: Shields Jane
Published: November 2007

Abstracts

Following right hemisphere lesions, adults' speech can become copious and inappropriate, with abnormal prosody, and they may be unable to comprehend metaphor or humour. Their symptoms resemble those of children with semantic‐pragmatic language disorder, who use fluent, grammatically complex language, but with poor sensitivity to the communicative situation. The hyperlexia found in some of these children reflects an underlying cognitive problem in integrating semantic information with knowledge of the world. Both groups of patients fail to comprehend inferential meaning or to make use of paralinguistic features. It is hypothesised that the disorders of communication and cognition found in semantic‐pragmatic language disorder may be linked to right hemisphere dysfunction, but this has yet to be confirmed by research.

A la suite de lésions de l'hémisphère droit, la parole d'adultes peut devenir désordonnée et mal à propos, avec une prosodie anormale, et il arrive aussi que ces adultes soient incapables de comprendre les métaphores ou l'humour. Leurs symptômes ressemblent à ceux d'enfants avec des troubles du langage sémantico‐pragmatique, qui utilisent avec aisance un language complexe grammaticalement, mais avec peu de sensibilité à la situation de communication. L'hyperlexie trouvée chez certains de ces enfants reflète un problème cognitif sousjacent lié à l'intégration d'informations sémantiques avec des connaissances du monde. Les deux groupes de patients n'arrivent pas à comprendre les raisonnements inférentiels ou à utiliser des traits paralinguistiques. L'hypothèse suivante est suggérée: les troubles de la communication et de la cognition trouvés dans les troubles du langage sémantico‐pragmatique peuvent être liés à un dysfonctionnement de l'hémisphère droit, mais des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires pour étayer ce point de vue.

Nach Läsionen der rechten Hemisphäre können die Sprechäusserungen von Erwachsenen wortreich und unpassend werden, mit abnormer Prosodie. Unter Umständen sind sie unfähig, Metaphoren oder Humor zu verstehen. Ihre Symptome sind denen von Kindern ähnlich, die unter einer semantisch‐pragmatische Sprachstörung leiden und eine fliessende, grammatisch komplexe Sprache benutzen, aber mit geringem Feingefühl für die kommunikative Situation. Die Hyperlexie, der man bei manchen dieser Kinder begegnet, lässt ein grundliegendes, kognitives Problem biem Integrieren der semantischen Information mit ihren Kenntnissen der Umwelt erkennen. Bei beiden Patientengruppen fehlt das Verständnis für ableitbare Bedeutung oder die Anwendung paraliguistischer Eigenschaften. Wir stellen die Hypothese vor, dass Störungen der Kommunikation und der Kognition, die man bei der semantisch‐pragmatischen Sprachstörung findet, mit der Dysfunktion in der rechten Hemisphäre verbunden seien, aber dies muss erst noch durch weitere Forschung bestätigt werden.
Speech control in persistent tardive dyskinesia: A case study
Authors: Ferguson Alison
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This case study presents the results of a speech control technique successfully used by a patient who developed persistent tardive dyskinesia as a side effect of the long‐term use of prescribed medication.

Cette étude présente les résultats d'une technique de maîtrise du langage parlé utilisée avec succès par un malade qui avait contracté une diskinésie tardive persistente comme effet secondaire de l'utilisation à long terme de médicaments sous ordonnance.

In dieser Einzelfallstudie werden die Ergebnisse einer von einem Patienten erfolgreich angewandten Sprechkontrollmethode dargestellt. Der Patient hatte als Seiteneffekt der langfristigen Verschreibung einer Medikation eine tardive Dyskinesie entwickelt.
An acoustic analysis and some perceptual data concerning voice change in male‐female trans‐sexuals
Authors: Günzburger Deborah
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

Utterances were produced in two gender role realisations by male‐to‐female trans‐sexuals. An acoustic analysis of 17 parameters was carried out and results were compared intra‐individually. It appears that, in spite of anatomical constraints, subjects were able to realise a number of vocal characteristics that are known to add to a feminine voice quality in the female speaking mode. In a subsequent perceptual task, male and female versions of some speech samples were presented pairwise to a panel of listeners who were able to identify the intended speaker sex mode correctly. Perceptual results thus corroborate acoustic data.

Après avoir demandé à des transsexuels masculins‐féminins de produire des énoncés en assumant des rǒles, tantǒt masculins, tantǒt féminins, l'on s'est livré à une analyse acoustique de dix‐sept paramètres et à une comparaison des résultats au sein des prestations de chaque individu. Il s'est révélé qu'en dépit de contraintes anatomiques, les sujets étaient capables de réaliser un certain nombre de caractéristiques vocales dont on sait qu'elles ajoutent une qualité de voix féminine au mode d'élocution féminin. Lors d'un test de perception qui a suivi, les versions masculines et féminines d'un certain nombre d'échantillons d'énoncés ont été présentées deux par deux à un jury d'auditeurs, qui ont pu identifier correctement les modes sexuels voulus par les locuteurs.

Männlich‐weiblich Transsexuelle haben in zwei Geschlechtsrollen Äusserungen vorgetragen. Akustische Analysen von siebzehn Parametern und intra‐individuelle Vergleiche der Ergebnisse wurden gemacht. Die Versuchspersonen konnten anscheinend trotz anatomischer Einschränkungen eine Anzahl von Stimmeigenschaften verwirklichen, die bekanntlich in der weiblichen Sprechrolle zu einer weiblichen Stimmqualität beitragen. In einer darauffolgenden perzeptuellen Aufgabe wurden männliche und weibliche Fassungen einiger Sprechauszüge paarweise einer Gruppe von Hörern vorgespielt, die beabsichtigte Geschlechtsrolle des Sprechers erkennen konnten.
Portraits in aphasia: Armand Trousseau (1801–1867)
Authors: Lebrun Yvan
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

Armand Trousseau's (1801–1867) contribution to the birth of aphasiology is sketched. It is shown that the French physician anticipated several of the important issues which aphasiologists were to debate at the end of the nineteenth century and in the first part of the twentieth century.

On décrit le rǒle joué par Armand Trousseau (1801–1867) dans l'avènement de l'aphasiologie. On montre que le médecin français avait pressenti plusieurs des problèmes qui allaient préoccuper les aphasiologues à la fin du 19e siècle et dans la première moitié du 20e siècle.

Der Beitrag von Armand Trousseau (1801–1867) zur Geburt der Aphasiologie wird skizziert. Es wird dargestellt, wie der französische Arzt mehrere Fragen vorwegnahm, die erst gegen Ende des neunzehnten bzw. Anfang des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts von Aphasiologen diskutiert wurden.
Conversational interaction and decisionmaking in children with specific language impairment
Authors: Grove John , Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Donlan Christopher
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

The present investigation examines decision‐making in conversational contexts for children with specific language impairment (SLI) and two sets of control groups: same‐age peers and children matched for mean length of utterance (MLU). In a dyadic situation, it was found that children with SLI made as many verbal winning moves as age‐control peers and more than the MLU‐control children. Non‐verbally, the children with SLI had more winning moves than the age‐control peers. These results are discussed theoretically, in light of previous research on peer interaction, and practically, in terms of implications for clinician‐researchers working with children with SLI.

L'étude présente examine la façon dont sont prises des décisions lors de contextes de conversations chez des enfants atteints de déficience linguistique spécifique (DLS – ‘SLI’ dans l'article), ainsi que dans deux groupes de contrǒle: des enfants du měme ǎge et des enfants appariés selon la longueur moyenne d'énoncé (LME – ‘MLU’ dans le texte). La comparaison de groupe à groupe a révélé que les enfants atteints de DLS étaient capables de faire tout autant de manoeuvres linguistiques gagnantes que ceux du groupe du měme ǎge, et plus que ceux du groupe de contrǒle de la LME. Sur le plan non verbal, ils accomplissaient davantage de manoeuvres gagnantes que leurs contemporains. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une discussion théorique à la lumière de recherches précédentes sur l'interaction entre pairs, et l'objet d'une discussion pratique en ce qui concerne les perspectives pour les chercheurs cliniques qui travaillent avec des enfants atteints de DLS.

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden Entscheidungen im Konversationskontext bei Kindern mit spezifischer Sprachbehinderung (SSB) und zwei Kontrollgruppen verglichen. Die Kontrollgruppen waren einerseits gleichaltrige Kinder und andererseits Kinder, die aufgrund der mittleren Äußerungslänge (MÄL) mit der Testgruppe gepaart wurden. In einer dyadischen Situation wurde festgestellt, daß Kinder mit SSB genauso viele verbale gewinnbringende Züge als die gleichaltrigen und mehr als die MÄL‐Gruppe erzielten. Nicht‐verbal wiesen die SSB‐Kinder mehr gewinnbringende Züge als die gleichaltrige Gruppe auf. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Kontext der bisherigen Forschung zur Interaktion von Gleichaltrigen theoretisch erörtert und die praktischen Konsequenzen für klinische mit SSB‐Kindern arbeitende Forscher erwogen.
Teaching word‐finding strategies to severely language‐impaired children
Authors: Wright Susan Hyde
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

The present study describes how four severely language‐impaired pupils participated in an intervention programme aimed towards improving their word‐finding skills. Short intervention sessions that concentrated upon a combination of both elaboration and retrieval techniques were conducted over a period of 4 weeks. Four control subjects received language therapy that was unrelated to word‐finding activities. The subjects were matched for age, sex and word‐finding difficulties. Results revealed that the two groups differed significantly on the accuracy of word retrieval. The four subjects that had received specific intervention improved in their ability to retrieve words. Two‐tailed t‐tests indicated that the improvement was highly significant at the probability level of p < 0.01 between the stages of testing. The contribution of the intervention sessions towards facilitating word‐finding strategies of the four children is discussed.

L'étude présente décrit de quelle façon quatre élèves souffant d'un déficit langagier sévère ont participé à un programme d'intervention en vue d'améliorer leurs capacités à retrouver leurs mots. Sur une durée de quatre semaines ils ont suivi des sessions de courte durée mettant l'accent sur un mélange de techniques à la fois d'élaboration et de retrouvaille de vocabulaire. Quatre sujets de contrǒle ont reçu une thérapie du langage sans rapport avec des activités de retrouvaille de vocabulaire. Les sujets étaient appariés selon l'ǎge, le sexe et leurs difficultés à retrouver leurs mots. Les résultats ont révélé que les deux groupes ont différé de manière significative quant à l'exactitude de leurs procédés de retrouvaille de vocabulaire, les quatre sujets qui avaient bénéficié d'interventions spécifiques ayant amélioré leur capacité à retrouver leurs mots. Des tests de t à queue double ont indiqué que l'amélioration était hautement significative avec une probabilité de p < 0.01 entre les différents stades des tests. Une discussion examine la contribution des sessions d'intervention en ce qui concerne l'amélioration des stratégies de retrouvaille de vocabulaire chez les quatre enfants.

Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt die Teilnahme von vier schwer sprachbehinderten SchülerInnen an einem Interventionsprogramm zur Förderung ihrer Wortfindungsfähigkeit. Kurze Interventionssitzungen, die auf eine Kombination von Elaborations‐ und Wortfindungstechniken fokussierten, wurde über eine Periode von 4 Wochen durchgeführt. Vier Kontrollpersonen, gepaart nach Alter, Geschlecht und Wortfindungsschwierigkeiten, erhielten Sprachtherapie, die mit Wortfindungsaktivitäten nichts zu tun hatte. Die Ergebnisse von Nachtests zeigten einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. Die SchülerInnen im Interventionsprogramm konnten ihr Wortfindungsvermögen steigern. Zweiseitige t‐Tests wiesen einen hoch‐signifikanten Unterschied zwischen dem Vor‐ und Nachtest (p < 0.01) auf. Der Beitrag der Interventionssitzungen zur Förderung von Wortfindungsstrategien wird erörtert.
A case of acquired stammering: The pattern of recovery
Authors: Stewart Trudy , Grantham Clare
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

A case is presented of a 21‐year‐old student who demonstrated sudden onset of severe stammering speech. The findings of speech assessments over a 1‐year period post‐onset are described and discussed. In addition a comprehensive description of the client's own perceptions of her difficulties during the same time scale is recounted. The case demonstrates a possible pattern of recovery and the profound psychological implications in the event of acquired stammering in adulthood.

L'on présente le cas d'une étudiante de 21 ans qui s'est mise soudainement à souffrir de bégaiement aigu. L'on décrit et discute les données résultant de l'évaluation de la parole pendant une année qui a suivi l'apparition des symptomes initiaux. L'on inclut aussi une description d'ensemble que l'étudiante a faite elle‐měme de la perception de ses difficultés pendant cette měme période. Le cas démontre un modèle possible de guérison, ainsi que les implications psychologiques profondes qui résultent de l'acquisition d'un bégaiement á l'ǎge adulte.

Der Fall einer 21‐jährigen Studentin wird präsentiert, die ein plötzliches Auftreten von schwerem Stammeln erlitt. Die Ergebnisse von Sprechuntersuchungen über einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr nach dem ersten Auftreten werden beschrieben und erörtert. Zusätzlich wird eine eingehende Darstellung der Eigenbeobachtungen durch die Patientin während desselben Zeitraums präsentiert. Der Fall zeigt ein mögliches Erholungsmuster auf und demonstriert die tiefen psychischen Auswirkungen einsetzenden Stammelns bei Erwachsenen.
Experience of using vibrotactile aids with the profoundly deafened
Authors: Phillips A. J. , Thornton A. R. D. , Worsfold S. , Downie A. , Milligan J.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This is a summary of clinical experience and research findings gathered from using vibrotactile aids over 7 years. This interest grew from a research project to evaluate four wrist‐worn vibrotactile aids for the rehabilitation of the profoundly deaf. To facilitate this, a training programme was developed to help patients get the most from the aid. Having found that the RNIDISummit Tam vibrotactile aid was the most appropriate, this has been fitted to over 50 patients. The results of the comparative trial, an evaluation of our methods and a discussion of our clinical experience using vibrotactile aids with profoundly deafened patients are presented.

Sont résumés ici une expérience clinique et les résultats de plus de sept ans de recherches sur l'utilisation d'appareils vibrotactiles pour les sourds. L'on en est venu à s'interesser à ce problème à partir d'un projet de recherche d'évaluation d'appareils vibrotactiles portés au poignet par des personnes atteintes de surdité profonde en vue de leur réhabilitation. Afin de la faciliter l'on a mis au point un programme d'entraǐnement permettant aux patients de tirer le meilleur parti possible de ces appareils. L'appareil vibrotactile élaboré conjointement par le RNID (l'Institut Royal National britannique des Sourds) et par Summit Tam s'étant révélé le plus pratique, 50 patients en ont été dotés. L'on présente ici les résultats des essais comparés, une évaluation de nos méthodes et une discussion de notre expérience clinique dans l'utilisation des appareils vibrotactiles pour les patients atteints de surdité profonde.

Es wird eine Zusammenfassung der klinischen Erfahrung und der Forschungsergebnisse aus sieben Jahren Arbeit mit vibrotaktilen Hilfen präsentiert. Diese Arbeit ist aus einem Forschungsp̀rojekt gewachsen, das die Evaluierung von vier am Handgelenk getragenen vibrotaktilen Hilfen zur Rehabilitation von extrem Schwerhörigen zum Ziel hatte. Zwecks Erleichterung der Evaluierung, wurde ein Trainingsprogramm entwickelt, um den Nutzen des Apparats fur den Patienten zu optimieren. Nachdem festgestellt wurde, daß das RNID/Summit Tam Gerät den Anforderungen am besten entsprach, wurde es mehr als 50 Patienten angepaßt. Es wird über die Ergebnisse der Vergleichsuntersuchung, eine Bewertung unserer Methoden und eine Diskussion unserer klinischen Erfahrung mit vibrotaktilen Hilfen bei extrem Schwerhörigen berichtet.
Attempting to ameliorate student therapists' negative stereotype of the stutterer
Authors: Leahy Margaret M.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper reports on attempts to change student therapists' negative stereotyping of ‘the stutterer’. Awareness of the negative stereotype and knowledge about the possible effects of this on therapy were not effective in changing attitudes. Knowledge of alternative meanings of stuttering, different models of therapy and theories of change, as well as experimenting with personal change, were effective to a limited degree in changing the direction of negative attitudes. Relevant experience of working with people who stutter was also important for some student therapists in beginning to change the direction of the negative stereotype.

Cette communication rend compte de tentatives en vue de modifier les stéréotypes négatifs du ‘bègue’ chez les étudiants en thérapie du langage. Il s'est révélé qu'il ne suffit pas d'attirer leur attention sur l'existence du stéréotype négatif et de les avertir des conséquences qu'il peut avoir sur le déroulement de la thérapie. Le fait que ces étudiants connaissent les différentes significations du bégaiement, les differents modèles de thérapie et les théories du changement, en měme temps qu'ils font eux měmes l'expérience de changement de personnalité, n'a qu'un effet limité sur la modification dans la bonne direction des attitudes négatives. Par contre l'expérience directe du travail avec des personnes sujettes au bégaiement est importante dans le cas de certains étudiants en ce qu'elle les amène à changer la direction du stéréotype negatif.

Dieser Artikel berichtet von Versuchen, die negativ stereotype Haltung von Therapiestudenten gegenüber Stotterern zu ändern. Kenntnis der Stereotypie und das Wissen über mögliche Auswirkungen der Stereotypie auf die Therapie bewirkten keine Haltungsänderung. Kenntnis der unterschiedlichen Bedeutung des Stotterns, der verschiedenen Therapiemodelle und der Veränderungstheorien, sowie das Experimentieren mit persönlicher Veränderung bewirkten im beschränktem Maß ein Umpolen der negativen Haltung. Einschlägige praktische Erfahrung mit Stotterern war bei einigen Therapiestudenten ebenfalls für eine Veränderung der negativen Stereotypie ausschlaggebend.