bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of strong lunar magnetic anomalies: Further mapping and examinations of LROC imagery in regions antipodal to young large impact basins
Authors: Hood Lon L. , Richmond Nicola C. , Spudis Paul D.
Published: April 2013

The existence of magnetization signatures and landform modification antipodal to young lunar impact basins is investigated further by (a) producing more detailed regional crustal magnetic field maps at low altitudes using Lunar Prospector magnetometer data; and (b) examining Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera imagery. Of the eight youngest lunar basins, five are found to have concentrations of relatively strong magnetic anomalies centered within 10° of their antipodes. This includes the polar Schrödinger basin, which is one of the three youngest basins and has not previously been investigated in this context. Unusual terrain is also extensively present near the antipodes of the two largest basins (Orientale and Imbrium) while less pronounced manifestations of this terrain may be present near the antipodes of Serenitatis and Schrödinger. The area near the Imbrium antipode is characterized by enhanced surface thorium abundances, which may be a consequence of antipodal deposition of ejecta from Imbrium. The remaining three basins either have antipodal regions that have been heavily modified by later events (Hertzsprung and Bailly) or are not clearly recognized to be a true basin (Sikorsky‐Rittenhouse). The most probable source of the Descartes anomaly, which is the strongest isolated magnetic anomaly, is the hilly and furrowed Descartes terrain near the Apollo 16 landing site, which has been inferred to consist of basin ejecta, probably from Imbrium according to one recent sample study. A model for the origin of both the modified landforms and the magnetization signatures near lunar basin antipodes involving shock effects of converging ejecta impacts is discussed.
Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the digenean Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) (Plagiorchioidea, Plagiorchiidae)
Authors: Ndiaye Papa Ibnou , Quilichini Yann , Tkach Vasyl V. , Greiman Stephen E. , Bâ Cheikh Tidiane , Marchand Bernard
Published: April 2013

The ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoon of the type genus of the Plagiorchiidae Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802), a parasite of the Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus is described. This study is the first ultrastructural study of the spermatozoon of a Plagiorchis, the second of a plagiorchiid species and only the third in the Plagiorchioidea. Previously data on spermatozoon ultrastructure existed only for the plagiorchiid Enodiotrema reductum and the omphalometrid Rubenstrema exasperatum. The mature spermatozoon of P. elegans exhibited the general pattern described in most digenean species, namely two axonemes of the 9 + “1” Trepaxonemata pattern, nucleus, mitochondria, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane, spine‐like bodies, and glycogen granules. However, the rather typical expansion of the plasma membrane is not found in P. elegans. Another peculiarity of the spermatozoon of P. elegans is the presence of a structure called thin cytoplasm termination. Spermatozoon ultrastructure of P. elegans is compared with that of E. reductum and R. exasperatum. Spermatozoon of P. elegans conforms to the general pattern described in E. reductum. Thus, this study further expands our knowledge on the spermatozoon ultrastructure among the members of the Plagiorchioidea, one of the most phylogenetically derived groups of the digenea. J. Morphol. 274:965–972, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary homologies of the circumorbital bones of snakes
Authors: Palci Alessandro , Caldwell Michael W.
Published: April 2013

Some snakes have two circumorbital ossifications that in the current literature are usually referred to as the postorbital and supraorbital. We review the arguments that have been proposed to justify this interpretation and provide counter‐arguments that reject those conjectures of primary homology based on the observation of 32 species of lizards and 81 species of snakes (both extant and fossil). We present similarity arguments, both topological and structural, for reinterpretation of the primary homologies of the dorsal and posterior orbital ossifications of snakes. Applying the test of similarity, we conclude that the posterior orbital ossification of snakes is topologically consistent as the homolog of the lacertilian jugal, and that the dorsal orbital ossification present in some snakes (e.g., pythons, Loxocemus, and Calabaria) is the homolog of the lacertilian postfrontal. We therefore propose that the terms postorbital and supraorbital should be abandoned as reference language for the circumorbital bones of snakes, and be replaced with the terms jugal and postfrontal, respectively. The primary homology claim for the snake “postorbital” fails the test of similarity, while the term “supraorbital” is an unnecessary and inaccurate application of the concept of a neomorphic ossification, for an element that passes the test of similarity as a postfrontal. This reinterpretation of the circumorbital bones of snakes is bound to have important repercussions for future phylogenetic analyses and consequently for our understanding of the origin and evolution of snakes. J. Morphol. 274:973–986, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure‐oriented UHPLC‐LTQ Orbitrap‐based approach as a dereplication strategy for the identification of isoflavonoids from Amphimas pterocarpoides crude extract
Authors: Tchoumtchoua Job , Njamen Dieudonné , Mbanya Jean Claude , Skaltsounis Alexios‐Leandros , Halabalaki Maria
Published: April 2013

Hyphenated techniques and especially ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS) are nowadays widely employed in natural products research. However, the complex nature of plant extracts complicates considerably the analysis and the identification of their constituents. Nevertheless, new MS analyzers with increased resolving power and accuracy such as the orbital trap (Orbitrap) could facilitate drastically this process. The objective of this study is the development of a new structure‐oriented approach based on fast UHPLC‐high‐resolution (HR)MS and HRMS/MS methodologies for the identification of isoflavonoids in crude extracts. In addition, aims to assist dereplication procedures, to decrease the laborious isolation steps and orient the focused isolation of compounds of interest. As a proof of concept, the methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides (Leguminosae) was selected. Based on chromatographic (retention time, polarity) and spectrometric features (ultraviolet spectra, accurate m/z, proposed elemental composition, ring double bond equivalent, and relative isotopic abundance) as well as HRMS/MS spectra, several isoflavonoids were identified. In order to verify the proposed structures, 11 isoflavonoids were selectively isolated and unambiguously identified using 1&2D nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Moreover, the isolated isoflavonoids were studied in HRMS/MS level, employing electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization sources, in both modes. Useful information regarding their fragmentation patterns was obtained, and characteristic diagnostic ions were defined for the identification of methoxylated isoflavones, dihydroisoflavones and 5‐hydroxylated isoflavonoids. Based on the current results, the proposed dereplication strategy was verified and could comprise a novel approach for the analysis of crude extracts in the future not only for isoflavonoids but also for other chemical classes of natural products. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep loss and its effects on health of family caregivers of individuals with primary malignant brain tumors
Authors: Pawl Jean D. , Lee Shih‐Yu , Clark Patricia C. , Sherwood Paula R.
Published: April 2013

Sleep loss places caregivers at risk for poor health. Understanding correlates of sleep loss and relationships to health may enable improvement of health of caregivers of individuals with primary malignant brain tumors (PMBT). In this cross‐sectional, descriptive study of 133 caregivers, relationships were examined between sleep loss and physical, mental, emotional, and social health at time of patient diagnosis. Sleep loss was not related to physical health. Shorter total sleep time was associated with greater fatigue and social support. Sleep quality was positively associated with quality of life. Further study is needed of the role of sleep loss in the PMBT caregiving trajectory and its long‐term relationship with health outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 386–399, 2013
A dual‐level direct dynamics study on the hydrogen abstraction reaction of oxygen atom with methylhydrazine
Authors: Wang Li , Wen Jinmiao , He Hongqing , Zhang Jinglai
Published: April 2013

The mechanism of the multichannel reaction CH3NHNH2 (SC1 and SC2) + O → products is investigated theoretically using ab initio and density functional theory, and dynamics properties are explored by a dual‐level direct dynamics method. The calculation of the potential energy surface is carried out at the BMC‐CCSD//MPW1K/6‐311G(d,p) level. Using canonical variational transition state theory with a small‐curvature tunneling correction, the rate constants of each channel are evaluated over a wide temperature range of 200–2000 K on the basis of obtained electronic structures and energy information. The total rate constants are calculated from the sum of the individual rate constants taking into account the Boltzmann distribution of two conformers. The reactivity of the H atom located in different groups is compared. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clarification of the role of protein in carbonmonoxy myoglobin by investigating electronic states
Authors: Chiba Kouji , Hirano Toshiyuki , Sato Fumitoshi , Okamoto Masahiro
Published: April 2013

This article reports the proton tautomerization effects of distal histidine residues in carbonmonoxy myoglobin according to the density functional calculations of the whole protein. The electron eigenstates and electrostatic potential (ESP) distributed around heme and its pocket vary significantly depending on the protonation positions of the distal histidine residues. To investigate the range over which the electronic structures are affected by the proton tautomerization, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method is applied to probe the QM size to reproduce the atomic partial charges and ESP around the active center. Consequently, we show that these properties converged for the 300 pm QM/MM system in this study. During the analysis, we also find that amino residues such as Phe43, Val68, and Phe138 interact strongly with heme through orbital mixing, indicating that the protein is a medium not only interacting with the reaction center, but also buffering on electrons. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of mexicanolide‐ and phragmalin‐type limonoids from Heynea trijuga using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Wei , Fang Dong‐Mei , He Hong‐Ping , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Guo‐Lin
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Limonoids, a class of tetranortriterpenoids, exhibit various biological effects, including acting as potent antifeedants and insect growth‐regulators against various pests. The analysis of phragmalin‐ and mexicanolide‐type limonoids by collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID‐MS/MS) has not been reported.

METHODS

A high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (HPLC/ESI)‐MS/MS method was developed to investigate the fragmentation patterns of [M+NH4]+ ions for nine reference phragmalin‐ and mexicanolide‐type limonoids. The method was also used in the identification of limonoid compounds in botanic extracts of Heynea trijuga.

RESULTS

The losses of side chains and the furan part were the major fragmentation patterns. However, there was variation in the relative abundances of product ions resulting from the same fragmentation pathways. A total of 89 phragmalin‐ and mexicanolide‐type limonoids in botanic extracts of Heynea trijuga were detected and 50 of these compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on elemental constituents, fragmentation pathways, and the profile of the major product ions of reference compounds. In addition, the isomers could be tentatively distinguished.

CONCLUSIONS

An HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS method was developed and could be used to simultaneously identify and screen phragmalin‐ and mexicanolide‐type limonoids in botanic extracts of Heynea trijuga. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A formal model for the creation and evaluation of steganographic solutions based in lexical–semantic substitutions: a case applied to Spanish
Authors: Muñoz Alfonso , Argüelles Irina , Sánchez Sergio
Published: April 2013

This paper develops a formal model that allows research, development and evaluation from a functional point of view and attending to security needs, of the different parts in the process of creation of a linguistic steganographic system based on the lexical–semantic substitution of words by their synonyms. The advantages and drawbacks of this type of steganographic technique and the procedure to evaluate its usefulness in a given language are discussed. As a case study, the application of this model is carried out in the Spanish language based on the development of the tool Lexical Substitution in Spanish. This tool allows the testing of the substitution of words with their synonyms in Spanish. A hiding capacity of at least 0.1864 bits/word, resulting in 68.33% of the stegotexts created being invisible to the attacks analysed. This hiding capacity is useful enough to send Internet addresses, GPS coordinates, brief mobility messages, signatures on text, control messages, and so forth. All these uses are in fact very practical within the area of telecommunication networks. From the point of view of corporate network security, stegotexts make possible, for example, the control of a botnet without any knowledge on the part of the network administrators. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designs for randomized phase II clinical trials with two treatment arms
Authors: Hou Wei , Chang Myron N. , Jung Sin‐Ho , Li Yang
Published: April 2013

The most common primary statistical end point of a phase II clinical trial is the categorization of a patient as either a ‘responder’ or ‘nonresponder’. The primary objective of typical randomized phase II anticancer clinical trials is to evaluate experimental treatments that potentially will increase response rate over a historical baseline and select one to consider for further study. We propose single‐stage and two‐stage designs for randomized phase II clinical trials, precisely defining various type I error rates and powers to achieve this objective. We develop a program to compute these error rates and powers exactly, and we provide many design examples to satisfy pre‐fixed requirements on error rates and powers. Finally, we apply our method to a randomized phase II trial in patients with relapsed non‐Hodgkin's disease. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zac1 Regulates Astroglial Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Through Socs3
Authors: Schmidt-Edelkraut Udo , Hoffmann Anke , Daniel Guillaume , Spengler Dietmar
Published: April 2013

Cell-fate decisions and differentiation of embryonic and adult neural stem cells (NSC) are tightly controlled by lineage-restricted and temporal factors that interact with cell-intrinsic programs and extracellular signals through multiple regulatory loops. Imprinted genes are important players in neurodevelopment and mental health although their molecular and cellular functions remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the paternally expressed transcriptional regulator Zac1 (zinc finger protein regulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest) is transiently induced during astroglial and neuronal differentiation of embryonic and adult NSC lines. Thereby, Zac1 transactivates Socs3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3), a potent inhibitor of prodifferentiative Jak/Stat3 signaling, in a lineage-specific manner to prevent precocious astroglial differentiation. In vivo, Zac1 and Socs3 colocalize in the neocortical ventricular zone during incipient astrogliogenesis. Zac1 overexpression in primary NSCs delays astroglial differentiation whereas knockdown of Zac1 or Socs3 facilitates formation of astroglial cells. This negative feedback loop is unrelated to Zac1′s cell cycle arrest function and specific to the Jak/Stat3 pathway. Hence, reinstating Jak/Stat3 signaling in the presence of increased Zac1 expression allows for timely astroglial differentiation. Overall, we suggest that the imprinted gene Zac1 curtails astroglial differentiation of NSCs in the developing and adult brain.
Brief Report: Impaired Cell Reprogramming in Nonhomologous End Joining Deficient Cells
Authors: Molina-Estevez F. Javier , Lozano M. Luz , Navarro Susana , Torres Yaima , Grabundzija Ivana , Ivics Zoltan , Samper Enrique , Bueren Juan A. , Guenechea Guillermo
Published: April 2013

Although there is an increasing interest in defining the role of DNA damage response mechanisms in cell reprogramming, the relevance of proteins participating in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), a major mechanism of DNA double-strand breaks repair, in this process remains to be investigated. Herein, we present data related to the reprogramming of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from severe combined immunodeficient (Scid) mice defective in DNA-PKcs, a key protein for NHEJ. Reduced numbers of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) colonies were generated from Scid cells using reprogramming lentiviral vectors (LV), being the reprogramming efficiency fourfold to sevenfold lower than that observed in wt cells. Moreover, these Scid iPSC-like clones were prematurely lost or differentiated spontaneously. While the Scid mutation neither reduce the proliferation rate nor the transduction efficacy of fibroblasts transduced with reprogramming LV, both the expression of SA-β-Gal and of P16/INK4a senescence markers were highly increased in Scid versus wt MEFs during the reprogramming process, accounting for the reduced reprogramming efficacy of Scid MEFs. The use of improved Sleeping Beauty transposon/transposase systems allowed us, however, to isolate DNA-PKcs-deficient iPSCs which preserved their parental genotype and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. This new disease-specific iPSC model would be useful to understand the physiological consequences of the DNA-PKcs mutation during development and would help to improve current cell and gene therapy strategies for the disease.
MiR-133b Promotes Neural Plasticity and Functional Recovery After Treatment of Stroke with Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Rats Via Transfer of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Particles
Authors: Xin Hongqi , Li Yi , Liu Zhongwu , Wang Xinli , Shang Xia , Cui Yisheng , Zhang Zheng Gang , Chopp Michael
Published: April 2013

To test, in vivo, the hypothesis that exosomes from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate microRNA 133b (miR-133b) transfer which promotes neurological recovery from stroke, we used knockin and knockdown technologies to upregulate or downregulate the miR-133b level in MSCs (miR-133b+MSCs or miR-133b−MSCs) and their corresponding exosomes, respectively. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and were treated with naïve MSCs, miR-133b+MSCs, or miR-133b−MSC at 1 day after MCAo. Compared with controls, rats receiving naïve MSC treatment significantly improved functional recovery and exhibited increased axonal plasticity and neurite remodeling in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) at day 14 after MCAo. The outcomes were significantly enhanced with miR-133b+MSC treatment, and were significantly decreased with miR-133b−MSC treatment, compared to naïve MSC treatment. The miR-133b level in exosomes collected from the cerebral spinal fluid was significantly increased after miR-133b+MSC treatment, and was significantly decreased after miR-133b−MSC treatment at day 14 after MCAo, compared to naïve MSC treatment. Tagging exosomes with green fluorescent protein demonstrated that exosomes-enriched extracellular particles were released from MSCs and transferred to adjacent astrocytes and neurons. The expression of selective targets for miR-133b, connective tissue growth factor and ras homolog gene family member A, was significantly decreased in the IBZ after miR-133b+MSC treatment, while their expression remained at similar elevated levels after miR-133b−MSC treatment, compared to naïve MSC treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that exosomes from MSCs mediate the miR-133b transfer to astrocytes and neurons, which regulate gene expression, subsequently benefit neurite remodeling and functional recovery after stroke. STEM Cells 2013;31:2737–2746
Maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome: a cohort study
Authors: Khalil A. , Syngelaki A. , Maiz N. , Zinevich Y. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To examine the association between maternal age and a wide range of adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for confounding factors in obstetric history and maternal characteristics.

Methods

This was a retrospective study in women with singleton pregnancies attending the first routine hospital visit at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Data on maternal characteristics, and medical and obstetric history were collected and pregnancy outcomes ascertained. Maternal age was studied, both as a continuous and as a categorical variable. Regression analysis was performed to examine the association between maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome including pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm delivery, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) neonate, large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) neonate, miscarriage, stillbirth and elective and emergency Cesarean section.

Results

The study population included 76 158 singleton pregnancies with a live fetus at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. After adjusting for potential maternal and pregnancy confounding variables, advanced maternal age (defined as ≥ 40 years) was associated with increased risk of miscarriage (odds ratio (OR), 2.32 (95% CI, 1.83–2.93); P < 0.001), pre‐eclampsia (OR, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.22–1.82); P < 0.001), GDM (OR, 1.88 (95% CI, 1.55–2.29); P < 0.001), SGA (OR, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.27–1.69); P < 0.001) and Cesarean section (OR, 1.95 (95% CI, 1.77–2.14); P < 0.001), but not with stillbirth, gestational hypertension, spontaneous preterm delivery or LGA.

Conclusions

Maternal age should be combined with other maternal characteristics and obstetric history when calculating an individualized adjusted risk for adverse pregnancy complications. Advanced maternal age is a risk factor for miscarriage, pre‐eclampsia, SGA, GDM and Cesarean section, but not for stillbirth, gestational hypertension, spontaneous preterm delivery or LGA. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI: contrast media pharmaceutical company R&D perspective
Authors: Corot Claire , Warlin David
Published: April 2013

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are a relatively large class of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. According to their biodistribution, distinct classes of SPIO nanoparticles have been investigated for clinical applications either as macrophage imaging agents or blood pool agents. Contrast agents which are pharmaceutics followed the same development rules as therapeutic drugs. Several drawbacks such as clinical development difficulties, organization of market access and imaging technological developments have limited the widespread use of these products. SPIO nanoparticles that are composed of thousands iron atoms providing large T2* effects are particularly suitable for theranostic. Stem cell migration and immune cell trafficking, as well as targeted SPIO nanoparticles for molecular imaging studies are mainly at the stage of proof of concept. A major economic challenge in the development of molecular imaging associated with a therapeutic treatment/procedure is to define innovative business models compatible with the needs of all players taking into account that theranostic solutions are promising to optimize resource allocation and ensure that expensive treatments are prescribed to responding patients. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1225

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
An Approach to Model the Active Site of Peptidglycine‐α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM)
Authors: Hoppe Tobias , Josephs Patrick , Kempf Natascha , Wölper Christoph , Schindler Siegfried , Neuba Adam , Henkel Gerald
Published: April 2013

The copper(I) and copper(II) complexes [Cu((TMGet)2NetSEt)]BPh4 (1·BPh4) and [Cu((TMGet)2NetSEt)Cl]Cl (2·Cl) with (TMGet)2NetSEt = ((Me2N)2C=NCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2SEt were synthesized and structurally characterized as a model system for the copper enzyme PHM, a monooxygenase involved in the activation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. The reaction of the copper(I) complex 1·BPh4 with dioxygen has been studied using low temperature stopped‐flow methods. However, in contrast to PHM no formation of an end‐on copper superoxido complex could be observed. Instead an equilibrium between a bis‐μ‐oxo and a side‐on peroxide complex was detected spectroscopically.
CsNaC2, CsKC2, CsRbC2 – Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Three New Acetylides
Authors: Liebig Stefan , Paulus Michael , Sternemann Christian , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: April 2013

Three new alkali metal acetylides CsNaC2, CsKC2, and CsRbC2 have been synthesized and characterized by means of synchrotron powder diffraction studies. As a new synthetic approach, the binary alkali metal acetylides were reacted at relatively low temperatures (200 °C). DSC measurements were performed to prove the general usability of this reaction. CsKC2 and CsRbC2 crystallize in a variant of the anti‐PbCl2‐type structure (Pnma, Z = 4), while for CsNaC2 a new structure type (Pbcm, Z = 4) is found.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Bis‐Cyclometalated Rhodium and Iridium Complexes Containing the Glycin­amidato Ligand
Authors: Graf Marion , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Beck Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

Reactions of complexes [{M(μ‐Cl)(ptpy)2}2] (M = Rh, 1; M = Ir, 2; ptpy = 2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridinato) with glycinamide hydrochloride in methanol/dichloromethane in the presence of sodium methylate as the base were investigated. Thus, the new complexes [M(glycinamidato‐N,N′)(ptpy)2] (M = Rh, 3; M = Ir, 4) were obtained. The new chiral compounds were characterized by 2D1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies. The molecular structure of compound 4 was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Complex 4 crystallized from dichloromethane/methanol/isohexane in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c with the two enantiomers in the unit cell. The emission spectrum of 4 exhibited the new compound as a green emitting complex.
Ethical Debate: The Ethics of Not Performing Extended Lymphadenectomy in Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Ferreres Alberto R.
Published: April 2013

The ethical debate about performing—or not—extended lymphadenectomy in patients with a gastrointestinal malignancy is approached in this work. It offers a thorough overview of the ethical principles. Problem‐solving tools are provided to assist in framing the issues and resolving the conflicts.
Fluvial transport of carbon along the river‐to‐ocean continuum and its potential impacts on a brackish water food web in the Iwaki River watershed, northern Japan
Authors: Iwata Tomoya , Suzuki Takao , Togashi Hiroyuki , Koiwa Naoto , Shibata Hideaki , Urabe Jotaro
Published: April 2013

Riverine transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from land to the ocean is an important carbon flux that influences the carbon budget at the watershed scale. However, the dynamics of DIC in an entire river network has remained unknown, especially in mountainous Japanese watersheds. We examined the effects of watershed land use and geology on the transports of inorganic carbon as well as weathered silica (Si) and calcium (Ca) in the Iwaki River system where agricultural and residential areas have developed in the middle and lower parts of the watershed. The concentration and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of DIC showed the longitudinal increase of 13C‐depleted inorganic carbon along the river. As a result, most streams and rivers were supersaturated in dissolved CO2 that will eventually be emitted to the atmosphere. The possible origin of 13C‐depleted carbon is CO2 derived from the decomposition of organic matter in agricultural and urban landscapes, as well as from in‐stream respiration. In addition, agricultural and urban areas, respectively, exported the large amount of dissolved Si and Ca to the rivers, suggesting that CO2 increased by respiration accelerates the chemical weathering of silicate and carbonate materials in soils, river sediments, and/or urban infrastructure. Furthermore, riverine bicarbonate flux is likely to enter shell carbonates of Corbicula japonica, an aragonitic bivalve, in the downstream brackish lake (Lake Jusan). These results revealed that the flux of DIC from the human‐dominated watersheds is a key to understanding the carbon dynamics and food‐web structure along the land‐to‐river‐to‐ocean continuum.
L'épistémologie transversale d'Ettore Majorana
Authors: Bontems Vincent
Published: April 2013

« Il valore delle leggi statistiche nella fisica e nelle scienze sociali » est le seul article d'Ettore Majorana qui ne soit pas de science mais sur la science. Il critique le déterminisme classique au nom du caractère intrinsèquement probabilitaire des lois en mécanique quantique et en sciences sociales entre lesquelles il établit une analogie formelle. Nous analysons son argumentation sur les plans métaphysique, physique et sociologique, avant d’évaluer la pertinence de cette épistémologie transversale.
Quillen's work on the foundations of cyclic cohomology
Authors: Cuntz Joachim
Published: April 2013

We survey Quillen's contributions to the area of cyclic homology, apart from his very first result in [19].
Extension and averaging operators for finite fields
Authors: Koh Doowon , Shen Chun-Yen
Published: April 2013

In this paper we study Lp−Lr estimates of both the extension operator and the averaging operator associated with the algebraic variety S = {x ∈ : Q(x) = 0}, where Q(x) is a non-degenerate quadratic form over the finite field with q elements. We show that the Fourier decay estimate on S is good enough to establish the sharp averaging estimates in odd dimensions. In addition, the Fourier decay estimate enables us to simply extend the sharp L2−L4 conical extension result in , due to Mockenhaupt and Tao, to the L2−L2(d+1)/(d−1) estimate in all odd dimensions d ≥ 3. We also establish a sharp estimate of the mapping properties of the average operators in the case when the variety S in even dimensions d ≥ 4 contains a d/2-dimensional subspace.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN IRELAND
Authors: MADDEN DAVID
Published: April 2013

There is now fairly substantial evidence of a socioeconomic gradient in low birth weight for developed countries. The standard summary statistic for this gradient is the concentration index. Using data from the recently published Growing Up in Ireland survey, this paper calculates this index for low birth weight arising from preterm and intrauterine growth retardation. It also carries out a decomposition of this index for the different sources of low birth weight and finds that income inequality appears to be less important for the case of preterm births, while father's education and local environmental conditions appear to be more relevant for intrauterine growth retardation. The application of the standard Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition also indicates that the socioeconomic gradient for low birth weight appears to arise owing to different characteristics between rich and poor, and not because the impact of any given characteristic on low birth weight differs between rich and poor.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE PERSIST AT THE LIMITS OF INDIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES
Authors: HOWARD ROBERT W.
Published: April 2013

Males predominate at the top in chess, and chess is a useful domain to investigate possible causes of gender differences in high achievement. Opportunity, interest and extent of practice can be controlled for. Organized chess has objective performance measures, extensive longitudinal population-level data and little gatekeeper influence. Previous studies of gender differences in chess performance have not controlled adequately for females on average playing fewer rated games and dropping out at higher rates. The present study did so by examining performance of international chess players at asymptote and over equal numbers of rated games. Males still were very disproportionately represented at the top. Top female players showed signs of having less natural talent for chess than top males, such as taking more rated games to gain the grandmaster title. The hypothesis that males predominate because many more males play chess was tested by comparing gender performance differences in nations with varying percentages of female players. In well-practised participants, gender performance differences stayed constant even when the average national percentage of female international players increased from 4.2% to 32.3%. In Georgia, where women are encouraged strongly to play chess and females constitute nearly 32% of international players, gender performance differences are still sizeable. Males on average may have some innate advantages in developing and exercising chess skill.
The influence of cage farming on infection of the corvine fishPlagioscion squamosissimus(Perciformes: Sciaenidae) with metacercariae ofAustrodiplostomum compactum(Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the Chavantes reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Ramos I.P. , Franceschini L. , Zica É.O.P. , Carvalho E.D. , Silva R.J.
Published: April 2013

The development of cage fish farms has been associated with an increase in parasitic diseases. Organic matter resulting from feed waste and faeces attracts animals such as birds and invertebrates that can act as hosts for parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cage farming onAustrodiplostomum compactummetacercariae infections ofPlagioscion squamosissimuscollected close to a cage farm in the Chavantes reservoir (Paranapanema River). Thirty-seven fish were collected in an area close to cages (CF), and 28 in an area not influenced by cages (CT). All specimens were weighed, measured and the eyes removed for morphological analyses of metacercariae. The prevalence, mean intensity of infection, mean abundance and condition factor were calculated. The prevalence (CF = 86.4%, CT = 57.1%), mean infection intensity (CF = 20.31 ± 1.13, CT = 4.29 ± 7.14) and mean abundance (CF = 17.70 ± 6.27, CT = 2.35 ± 0.77) were higher in the CF (P< 0.05) group. There were no significant correlations (P> 0.05) between the mean abundance and standard length or the total weight and condition factor in either group (P> 0.05). Fish farms may interfere with the life cycle ofA. compactum, leading to more infections withP. squamosissimus. This could be due to an increase in the number of host animals that are attracted by the availability of food resources derived from fish farms.
Satire and the law: the case of Horace
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: April 2013

The idea of examining law as a cultural phenomenon seems surprisingly underappreciated – especially by legal scholars. Black-letter law, sociology of law,Eigentum und Besitz, law and life, life and law (which of you imitates the other?), all rank among the usual suspects in professional discourse, to the evident exclusion of law as culture. This is of course potentially a broad topic, even if we limit it to the assumptions or assertions about law found in literary discourse, an area of study that naturally requires no small degree of non-legal expertise. That may be the difficulty. A few exceptions, whom I admire and hope to emulate – for their ambitious, pioneering spirit, have spied an opportunity here. Perhaps the best-known example of this approach is John Crook, who writes:

… legal talk and terminology seem rather more frequent and more at home in Roman literature than in ours. Legal terms of art could be used for literary metaphor, could be the foundation of stage jokes or furnish analogy in philosophical discussion. And a corollary of this is that many a passage of Latinbelles lettresneeds a knowledge of the law for its comprehension.

Crook, disappointingly, lets it go at that, failing to fulfil the promise of boundless opportunity expressed in the last sentence.
Constantius'paideia, intellectual milieu and promotion of the liberal arts
Authors: Henck Nick
Published: April 2013

Constantine the Great's sons, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans, were the first Roman emperors since Commodus (AD 180–92), Marcus Aurelius' son, to have been brought up in the imperial household and groomed as heirs apparent. Constantine II reigned for a mere three years and suffereddamnatio memoriae, while our evidence for Constans is scant due to the loss of the early books of Ammianus'Res Gestae. As a result, we know little detail regarding their education and any subsequent influence it may have had upon their respective rules. Fortunately, the same is not true of their brother, Constantius, who reigned for some twenty-four years as Augustus and is the subject of seven still-extant panegyrics.
Two notes on Horace and Juvenal
Authors: Trappes-Lomax John
Published: April 2013

Such is the reading of the MSS, but it has never given universal satisfaction. Erasmus, becausepraeponerewith accusative and dative regularly means ‘to prefer one thing to another’, suggestedundique decerptae frondi praeponere olivam, meaning to prefer the olive, as symbol of Athens, to the leaf plucked from everywhere else. Howeverundiqueis still a problem, as it means ‘from everywhere’ not ‘from everywhere else’; furthermore modern editors hold that Bentley (ad loc.) justifies the use ofpraeponereas meaning ‘to place prominently upon’.

One might suggest the following as a useful methodological principle: textual corruption should be suspected in any passage which has been explained by a sufficient number of scholars in ways which are incompatible with one another and which could never have occurred to any ordinary reader. This principle can be illustrated by the extraordinarily diverse and recondite explanations given here forundique; thus Bentley interprets it asex eo argumento undiquaque exhausto; R. G. M. Nisbet and Margaret Hubbard report and reject such suggestions of others as ‘from every quarter of Attic soil’, ‘from every source in Attic legend’, ‘from every other poet's [brow]’ and ‘by everyone’; they themselves suggest ‘from anywhere and everywhere’, and support this with a reference toOdes1.16.14, where in factundiquehas its proper meaning of ‘from everywhere’, i.e. from each of the animals already created; Kenneth Quinn sees an ‘ironic ambiguity’ between ‘the ubiquitous olive’ and the ‘olive picked by all’; David West accepts ‘from anywhere and everywhere’, and interprets it as ‘meaning that their writings are derivative, being made up of imitations culled from the whole body of Greek poetry’ – but only a minute part of ‘the whole body of Greek poetry’ would have provided relevant material.
Greek epic: a Near Eastern genre?
Authors: Haubold Johannes
Published: April 2013

This article addresses a problem that is rapidly advancing to the status of a new Homeric question: the relationship between Greek epic and the narrative traditions of neighbouring Near Eastern cultures. The present situation recalls the debates that raged over the issue of oral poetry not so long ago. The formula used to be the central object of contention, now it is the ‘Near Eastern parallel’. Today there are so many parallels on record that it is hard to keep track. Yet, as with the formula, the number of known parallels seems to bear little relation to their usefulness. Now as then, problems of the most basic kind abound. What, for a start,isa Near Eastern parallel? And why should we care if someone pointed one out to us? Questions such as these are only just beginning to be asked in earnest.

As with the oral-traditional hypothesis, the Near Eastern hypothesis concerns the whole of Greek literature. But the problem has crystallised around epic, and so it is epic that concerns me here. In the first part of my paper, I sketch out briefly what I see as some of the parameters of the present impasse. In the second half, I suggest a framework for future study that enables us to see what we have come to call ‘Greek epic’ as one regional offshoot of the broader Near Eastern genre of cosmic history. In order to illustrate my claim, I look at one of the more notorious parallels between Greek and Near Eastern literatures: the problem of mortality as developed in theIliadand thePoem of Gilgamesh. I argue that the full implications of the issue are better understood within the overall framework proposed in this article.
What Samuel Butler saw: Classics, authorship and Cultural Authority in late Victorian England
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: April 2013

They are taught what is called the hypothetical language for many of their best years – a language which was originally composed at a time when the country was in a very different state of civilisation to what it is at present, a state which has long since disappeared and been superseded. Many valuable maxims and noble thoughts which were at one time concealed in it have become current in their modern literature, and have been translated over and over again into the language now spoken. Surely then it would seem that the study of the original language should be confined to the few whose instincts led them naturally to pursue it.

But the Erewhonians think differently; the store they set by this hypothetical language can hardly be believed; they will even give any one a maintenance for life if he attains a considerable proficiency in the study of it; nay, they will spend years in learning to translate some of their own good poetry into the hypothetical language – to do so with fluency being the mark of a scholar and a gentleman. Heaven forbid that I should be flippant, but it appeared to me to be a wanton waste of good human energy that men should spend years and years in the perfection of so barren an exercise, when their own civilisation presented problems by the hundred which cried aloud for solution and would have paid the solver handsomely; but people know their own affairs best.
The language of tyranny in Cratinus,PCG258
Authors: Noussia Maria
Published: April 2013

A mock theogony from Cratinus'Chironesseems straightforward and uncomplicated evidence of the jibes of the comic poets against Pericles. The source for this fragment, Plutarch'sLifeof Pericles, chapter 3, in fact connects it with the usual sallies of thearchaiaabout the shape of Pericles' head. Yet, the fragment equally reflects the presence of contemporary opposition in Periclean Athens against the statesman. Plutarch simply covers the density of its allusion, which is something beyond the comic resource of attacking marked peculiarities of appearance of politically prominent individuals: the Homeric-stylehapaxκεΦαληγερέτανalludes to the deformity of Pericles' head but also to his demagogic ability to assemble the masses in the so-called ‘language of the gods’.

Many questions are, however, posed when we attempt to account for the allegories or the analogies the passage establishes. As Hanow wondered back in 1830:verum quidΧρόνος πρεσβυγενήςad Periclem faciat, non reperio; quamquam certam quandam rem a Cratino spectatam arbitror. The main purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the fragment afresh, in the hope of showing that the source for the parody of this piece of Cratinus may be traced elsewhere than so far suggested, and that there is good reason for Stasis and Chronus fathering this sinister infant.
Plutarch on the childhood of Alkibiades (Alk.2–3)
Authors: Duff Timothy E.
Published: April 2013

Almost four decades ago, Donald Russell published in this journal an analysis of the first sixteen chapters of theLife of Alkibiades, which consist largely of short self-contained anecdotes about Alkibiades' childhood, youth and early career (Russell 1966b). As Russell demonstrated, most of these anecdotes are juxtaposed without any causal link. Although there are the occasional chronological markers – indications, for example, that Alkibiades is getting older and passing from childhood to early manhood – some are plainly out of chronological order and it is impossible to extract a clear chronology from them. Russell argued, however, that to try to extract such a chronological narrative would be to misunderstand the function of this material, which is not to provide a narrative of Alkibiades' early years but rather to illuminate and illustrate his character.

Russell's argument, in particular the stress on Plutarch's interest in character, was seminal; together with two other papers published at roughly the same time, it marked the beginning of a new appreciation of Plutarch as an author of literary merit. But Russell was rather less convinced of the logic of selection of the first five anecdotes, which relate to Alkibiades' youth and comprise some one-and-a-half pages of Teubner text (Alk.2–3).
Antigone, the political and the ethics of psychoanalysis
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: April 2013

The Freudian engagement with the classical world represents one of the most important and intriguing episodes in the ongoing dialogue between antiquity and modernity. That Freud returned to antiquity to formulate his revolutionary theories of the human mind should strike classicists and psychoanalysts alike as a fascinating enigma. And yet classicists have to a large extent given short shrift to this issue. They have not only shown themselves indifferent to the question of why Freud takes the ancient world as the starting-point for his examination of modern man, they have also, by and large, rejected psychoanalysis as a methodological tool for providing insights into the classical world. Even those classicists who are most open to the benefits of contemporary theory have largely isolated psychoanalysis as a uniquely inappropriate methodology for understanding antiquity.

So, for instance, those classicists who display an interest in the complex series of discourses and practices which surround the construction of the ancient self have explicitly distanced their analyses from the insights of psychoanalysis. Thus in Christopher Gill's 500-page work on ‘Personality’ in Greek culture, Freud gets a mere three perfunctory citations.