bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and Control of Motion on the Ground and in the Air with Application to Biped Robots
Authors: Hemami Hooshang , Zheng Yuan‐Fang
Published: July 2010

The dynamics of a multi‐linkage model of natural or man‐made systems with arbitrary holonomic and non‐holonomic constraints at the joints are formulated. The formulation is equally applicable to movements on the ground or in the air. Nonlinear control strategies for postural balance and rhythmic motion are presented. A predictive algorithm to compensate for computation or transmission delay is proposed. Digital computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy for a five‐link three‐dimensional biped.
Flow structure and channel change in a sinuous grass‐lined stream within an agricultural drainage ditch: Implications for ditch stability and aquatic habitat
Authors: Rhoads B. L. , Massey K. D.
Published: July 2010

Many drainage ditches in the Midwest have developed a geomorphological configuration characterized by vegetated bars, or benches, on the bottom of the ditch and a stream flowing within a channel inset into these bars or benches. Past work has focused on the sedimentology of the benches and the depositional processes involved in bench development. This study investigates the three‐dimensional flow structure and short‐term channel change in a small grass‐lined stream flanked by benches at the bottom of an agricultural drainage ditch in east central Illinois, USA. In particular, it focuses on the influence of channel curvature and bank vegetation on flow through the inset channel at two different stages and explores how the structure of the flow is related to documented patterns of channel change. Results indicate that the mean flow is characterized by a submerged high‐velocity core that mainly is confined to the centre of the channel by near‐bank zones of flow stagnation/separation induced by abrupt changes in channel alignment and by strong frictional effects of grasses extending into the flow along the channel margins. Where the high‐velocity core is close to the channel margins, minor erosional adjustments of the inset channel can occur in the form of bank erosion. Patterns of turbulence kinetic energy reflect the development of shear layers near the channel margins and surrounding the submerged high‐velocity core. Locations with strong turbulence also correspond to locations of minor bank erosion. The results indicate that the inset channel is a relatively stable feature, especially where the alignment of this channel is straight, but that erosion‐control treatments may be necessary locally where the inset channel impinges on the ditch bank. Although the development of benches, a geomorphic response to ditch maintenance, is commonly viewed as a threat to drainage efficacy, preserving or constructing benches and associated inset channels in drainage ditches can enhance aquatic habitat and water quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new cryo‐STEM method for imaging food colloids in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Gee V. L. , Carey M. A. , Auty M. A. E.
Published: July 2010

A new cryo‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐STEM) technique for imaging casein micelles in a field emission scanning electron microscope is presented. Thin films of micellar casein suspensions on lacey carbon grids were prepared using a modified sample holder developed by Gatan UK. Bright and dark field images were obtained at −135°C showing casein micelles in their frozen hydrated state and in the size range 30–500 nm. Results were compared favorably with published images of casein micelles obtained with conventional cryo‐transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that cryo‐STEM is a useful alternative technique for visualizing food colloids close to their native state. SCANNING 32: 150–154, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainability, poverty and municipal services: the case of Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Swilling Mark
Published: July 2010

Although many global policies refer to the need to reconcile growth, equity and sustainability, there is little that demonstrates what this entails, especially in fast growing developing countries. The sustainable cities literature focuses on environmental constraints, and the institutional economics literature on governance. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual synthesis that makes it possible to understand the complex dynamics of technological and institutional innovation. The evolution of Cape Town's strategies to deal with post‐apartheid inequalities within a context of severe resource constraints is reviewed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Quantitative Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Trafficking of Plain and Polyethylene Glycol‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Brandenberger Christina , Mühlfeld Christian , Ali Zulqurnain , Lenz Anke‐Gabriele , Schmid Otmar , Parak Wolfgang J. , Gehr Peter , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara
Published: July 2010

This study addresses the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of 15‐nm gold nanoparticles (NPs), either plain (i.e., stabilized with citrate) or coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), exposed to human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) at the air–liquid interface for 1, 4, and 24 h. Quantitative analysis by stereology on transmission electron microscopy images reveals a significant, nonrandom intracellular distribution for both NP types. No particles are observed in the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or golgi. The cytosol is not a preferred cellular compartment for both NP types, although significantly more PEG‐coated than citrate‐stabilized NPs are present there. The preferred particle localizations are vesicles of different sizes (<150, 150–1000, >1000 nm). This is observed for both NP types and indicates a predominant uptake by endocytosis. Subsequent inhibition of caveolin‐ and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis by methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) results in a significant reduction of intracellular NPs. The inhibition, however, is more pronounced for PEG‐coated than citrate‐stabilized NPs. The latter are mostly found in larger vesicles; therefore, they are potentially taken up by macropinocytosis, which is not inhibited by MβCD. With prolonged exposure times, both NPs are preferentially localized in larger‐sized intracellular vesicles such as lysosomes, thus indicating intracellular particle trafficking. This quantitative evaluation reveals that NP surface coatings modulate endocytotic uptake pathways and cellular NP trafficking. Other nonendocytotic entry mechanisms are found to be involved as well, as indicated by localization of a minority of PEG‐coated NPs in the cytosol.
Developing measurement systems: an industrial case study
Authors: Staron Miroslaw , Meding Wilhelm , Karlsson Göran , Nilsson Christer
Published: July 2010

The process of measuring in software engineering has already been standardized in the ISO/IEC 15939 standard, where activities related to identifying, creating, and evaluating of measures are described. In the process of measuring software entities, however, an organization usually needs to create custom measurement systems, which are intended to collect, analyze, and present data for a specific purpose. In this paper, we present a proven industrial process for developing measurement systems including the artifacts and deliverables important for a successful deployment of measurement systems in industry. The process has been elicited during a case study at Ericsson and is used in the organization for over 3 years when the paper was written. The process is supported by a framework that simplifies the implementation of the measurement systems and shortens the time from the initial idea to a working measurement system by the factor of 5 compared with using a standard development process not tailored for measurement systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge sharing practices and the impact of cultural factors: reflections on two case studies of offshoring in SME
Authors: Boden Alexander , Avram Gabriela , Bannon Liam , Wulf Volker
Published: July 2010

The impact of culture on knowledge management in international teams is an important topic which is still not well understood. We contribute to the discussion by presenting two case studies of small software teams involved in distributed software development. In doing so, we illustrate how cultural and social issues influence the way knowledge exchange is performed by analyzing four knowledge sharing practices: status meetings and maintaining awareness, the collaborative use of shared artifacts and repositories, spending time at the other site and human ‘bridges’ that mediate between people and cultures. Our findings suggest that organizational culture is permanently re‐negotiated and adjusted to fit the distributed collaboration, as the teams learn how to deal with each other. Socialization plays a significant role in this learning process, and people are more likely to draw on national stereotypes when breakdowns occur. The influences of national culture and site‐specific organizational culture are subtle and not easy to separate from other factors. Based on our experience, we argue that in order to achieve an accurate understanding of knowledge sharing practices in globally distributed software teams, these need to be studied in context, longitudinally, and from both the onshore and offshore perspectives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the software process with a software process improvement tool in a small enterprise
Authors: García Iván , Pacheco Carla , Mendoza Eloy , Calvo‐Manzano Jose A. , Cuevas Gonzalo , San Feliu Tomás
Published: July 2010

Top‐down process improvement approaches provide a high‐level model of what the process of a software development organization should be. Such models are based on the consensus of a designated working group on how software should be developed or maintained. They are very useful in that they provide general guidelines on where to start improving, and in which order. However, the majority of them have only worked in scenarios within large companies. We aim to help small software development organizations to adopt an iterative approach by providing a Process Improvement Web‐based Tool (SysProVal). This paper presents research into the proposal that a small organization may use this tool to define and implement a set of project management practices that can be strengthened using the CMMI‐DEV 1.2 model as reference. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audlib: a configurable, high‐fidelity application audit mechanism
Authors: Kuperman Benjamin A. , Spafford Eugene H.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we introduce Audlib, an extendable tool for generating security‐relevant information on Unix systems. Audlib is a wrapper environment that generates application level audit information from existing executable programs. Audlib is not a detection system, instead it is designed to supplement existing audit systems and work transparently with them. Audlib records information that is not presently available from existing kernel‐level audit sources. Here, we describe the design of the Audlib framework and the information it provides. We compare auditing the actions of a web server with Audlib to existing kernel audit sources and show that we have 2–4 times the throughput of Linuxauditdand less than half the performance overhead of Solaris BSM while collecting detailed information about the server's execution. Although Audlib is focused on recording security information, this technique can be used to collect data for a wide variety of purposes including profiling, dependency analysis, and debugging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical systems thinking for the facilitation of conservation planning in Philippine coastal management
Authors: Klocker Larsen Rasmus
Published: July 2010

In Critical Systems Thinking, the notion of boundary judgements represents a constructionist view on knowing as the bounding of components of reality into knowable objects. Cognitive boundary judgements determine observations (facts) and evaluations (values), which knowers appreciate and act in relation to. Werner Ulrich's method of dialogical boundary critique and the framework of Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) are intended to enable citizen participation in Western democracies through acknowledgement of legitimate competencies in public and corporate dialogues. This paper investigates the application of this methodology in Philippine coastal resource management. The conclusions are based on stakeholder‐based action planning carried out between November 2007 and May 2008 in the Babuyan group of islands, bounded by the Balintang and Babuyan Channels. It argues that dialogical boundary critique requires significant adaptation if it is to provide a liberating language for participants in Philippine resource management dilemmas shaped by multiple and conflicting knowledge claims under conditions of significant controversy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Hitting the Right Spot with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Tolar Jakub , Le Blanc Katarina , Keating Armand , Blazar Bruce R.
Published: July 2010

Mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured considerable scientific and public interest because of their potential to limit physical and immune injury, to produce bioactive molecules and to regenerate tissues. MSCs are phenotypically heterogeneous and distinct subpopulations within MSC cultures are presumed to contribute to tissue repair and the modulation of allogeneic immune responses. As the first example of efficacy, clinical trials for prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation show that MSCs can effectively treat human disease. The view of the mechanisms whereby MSCs function as immunomodulatory and reparative cells has evolved simultaneously. Initially, donor MSCs were thought to replace damaged cells in injured tissues of the recipient. More recently, however, it has become increasingly clear that even transient MSC engraftment may exert favorable effects through the secretion of cytokines and other paracrine factors, which engage and recruit recipient cells in productive tissue repair. Thus, an important reason to investigate MSCs in mechanistic preclinical models and in clinical trials with well-defined end points and controls is to better understand the therapeutic potential of these multifunctional cells. Here, we review the controversies and recent insights into MSC biology, the regulation of alloresponses by MSCs in preclinical models, as well as clinical experience with MSC infusions (Table 1) and the challenges of manufacturing a ready supply of highly defined transplantable MSCs.
Molecular imaging genetics of methylphenidate response in ADHD and substance use comorbidity
Authors: Szobot Claudia M. , Roman Tatiana , Hutz Mara H. , Genro Júlia P. , Shih Ming Chi , Hoexter Marcelo Q. , Júnior Neivo , Pechansky Flávio , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Rohde Luis A.P.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly comorbid and may share a genetic vulnerability. Methylphenidate (MPH), a dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker, is an effective drug for most ADHD patients. Although dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes have a role in both disorders, little is known about how these genes influence brain response to MPH in individuals with ADHD/SUDs. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether ADHD risk alleles at DRD4 and DAT1 genes could predict the change in striatal DAT occupancy after treatment with MPH in adolescents with ADHD/SUDs. Methods: Seventeen adolescents with ADHD/SUDs underwent a SPECT scan with [Tc99m]TRODAT‐1 at baseline and after three weeks on MPH. Caudate and putamen DAT binding potential was calculated. Comparisons on DAT changes were made according to the subjects' genotype. Results: The combination of both DRD4 7‐repeat allele (7R) and homozygosity for the DAT1 10‐repeat allele (10/10) was significantly associated with a reduced DAT change after MPH treatment in right and left caudate and putamen, even adjusting the results for potential confounders (P ≤ 0.02; R2 from 0.50 to 0.56). Conclusions: In patients with ADHD/SUDs, combined DRD4 7R and DAT1 10/10 could index MPH reduced DAT occupancy. This might be important for clinical trials, in terms of better understanding individual variability in treatment response. Synapse 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution of climate ideas and knowledge
Authors: Heymann Matthias
Published: July 2010

Ideas and knowledge about climate have changed considerably in history. Ancient philosophers like Hippocrates and Aristotle shaped the understandings of climate, which remained very influential until well into the eighteenth century. The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century gave rise to new ways of systematic instrument‐based observation of and increased public interest in weather and climate. These developments led to a mechanistic understanding and a reductionist physical description of climate in the twentieth century, eventually in the form of a complex earth system. Furthermore, different understandings of climate co‐existed in many periods of time. Only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries specific scientific concepts of climate (a geographical understanding of climate in climatology until about the mid‐twentieth century and a physical understanding of climate in climate science in the second half of the twentieth century) gained superior social credibility and cultural dominance. The understanding of climate involved more than the accumulation of scientific knowledge. It was rooted in social processes and cultural interests, which shaped different ideas of climate in different communities of actors and different historical times. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Belief based data cleaning for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ali Bakhtiar Qutub , Pissinou Niki , Makki Kia
Published: July 2010

Wireless sensor network (WSN) data is often subjected to corruption and losses due to wireless medium of communication and presence of hardware inaccuracies in the nodes. For a WSN application to deduce an appropriate result it is necessary that the data received is clean, accurate, and lossless. WSN data cleaning systems exploit contextual associations existing in the received data to suppress data inconsistencies and anomalies. In this work we attempt to clean the data gathered from WSN by capturing the influence of changing dynamics of the environment on the contextual associations existing in the sensor nodes. Specifically, our work validates the extent of similarities among the sensed observations from contextually (spatio‐temporally) associated nodes and considers the time of arrival of data at the sink to educate the cleaning process about the WSN's behavior. We term the data cleaning technique proposed in this work as time of arrival for data cleaning (TOAD). TOAD establishes belief on spatially related nodes to identify potential nodes that can contribute to data cleaning. By using information theory concepts and experiments on data sets from a real‐time scenario we demonstrate and establish that validation of contextual associations among the sensor nodes significantly contributes to data cleaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Patching‐based and Caching‐based video‐on‐demand in multi‐hop WiMax mesh networks
Authors: Xie Fei , Hua Kien A. , Jiang Ning , Ho Yao Hua
Published: July 2010

In this work, we study two cross‐layer techniques, the Patching‐based scheme (PS) and the Caching‐based scheme (CS), to provide video‐on‐demand (VoD) in the multi‐hop WiMax mesh networks. PS consists of an efficient and lightweight multicast routing technique as well as the Patching technique in the application layer. Although PS improves the scalability of the system, the server has to launch extra Patching streams for later users in the multicast group. CS caches the video content in the subscribe stations of the mesh network. The cached video data can be used to accommodate later request. Both approaches employ a novel joint solution of admission control and channel scheduling for video streams in the lower layer. This joint solution guarantees the data rate for the admitted video streams, which is crucial for real‐time video streaming application. We used simulation to study the performance of PS and CS under real system settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of anonymous communications in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Nácher Marga , Calafate Carlos T. , Cano Juan‐Carlos , Manzoni Pietro
Published: July 2010

Security is an important topic in the context of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The particular features of these networks, such as the use of open air as the transmission medium or computational constraints, make them vulnerable. One of the mechanisms to protect the communication is to provide anonymity, that aims at hiding the participants' identities, as well as the message contents and any kind of information about the transaction. For this purpose, some additional security mechanisms are required, usually based on cryptographic techniques. In this paper, we review the most relevant anonymity studies in the literature, starting with an analysis of proposals for wired networks, and then moving on to MANET environments. We also present a taxonomy to differentiate proposals according to the degree of anonymity offered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified fixed‐point analysis of IEEE 802.11 WLAN under saturated and unsaturated conditions
Authors: Yu Hui , Fu Luoyi , Xu Youyun
Published: July 2010

Most of analysis so far for IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) focuses on saturated condition. However, it is of practical value to take into account the unsaturation case. In this paper, we modified Bianchi's Markov back‐off model to make it applicable to unsaturated condition and the analytic results are provided by employing the renewal‐reward theorem. Under our proposed model, we study the fixed‐point solution of the system and provide a condition to guarantee both the uniqueness and balance of the fixed point. From the fixed point, we find that under unsaturated condition, network parameters should be adjusted according to the traffic load. Then, we study the system throughput. In the case where there are a large number of nodes, we provide closed‐form formulas for the collision probability, the aggregate attempt rate, and the throughput. We find that in such a scenario, the system yields similar performance as that under saturated situation. Moreover, we compare all the results with those under saturated condition and find the latter is a special case of our results. Hence, all of our analysis based on unsaturated condition well covers saturated condition. Our analytical results are validated through ns2 simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical psychology
Authors: Batchelder William H.
Published: July 2010

Mathematical psychology is a sub‐field of psychology that started in the 1950s and has continued to grow as an important contributor to formal psychological theory, especially in the cognitive areas of psychology such as learning, memory, classification, choice response time, decision making, attention, and problem solving. In addition, there are several scientific sub‐areas that were originated by mathematical psychologists such as the foundations of measurement, stochastic memory models, and psychologically motivated reformulations of expected utility theory. Mathematical psychology does not include all uses of mathematics and statistics in psychology, and indeed there is a long history of such uses especially in the areas of perception and psychometrics. What is most unique about mathematical psychology is its approach to theory construction. While accepting the behaviorist dictum that the data in psychology must be observable and replicable, mathematical models are specified in terms of unobservable formal constructs that can predict detailed aspects of data across multiple experimental and natural settings. By now almost all the substantive areas of cognitive and experimental psychology have formal mathematical models and theories, and many of these are due to researchers that identify with mathematical psychology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Theory and Methods
An atomic force microscopy analysis of yeast mutants defective in cell wall architecture
Authors: Dague Etienne , Bitar Rajaa , Ranchon Hubert , Durand Fabien , Yken Hélène Martin , François Jean M.
Published: July 2010

Yeast cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall, the composition and structure of which have been characterized by biochemical and genetic methods. In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the cell surface topography and to determine cell wall nanomechanical properties of yeast mutants defective in cell wall architecture. While all mutants investigated showed some alteration in cell surface topography, this alteration was particularly salient in mutants defective in β‐glucan elongation (gas1), chitin synthesis (chs3) and cross‐linkages between chitin and β‐glucan (crh1crh2). In addition, these alterations in surface topology were accompanied by increased roughness of the cell. From force–indentation curves, the Young's modulus was determined, as it gives a measure of the elasticity of the cell wall. A value of ∼1.6 MPa was obtained for the cell walls of the wild‐type strain in exponential and stationary phases of growth. The same value was measured in a mnn9 mutant defective in protein mannosylation, and was two‐fold reduced in a mutant with reduced β‐glucan (fks1Δ and knr4Δ), only in the stationary phase of growth. In contrast, the elasticity was dramatically reduced in mutants defective in chitin synthesis (chs3Δ), β‐glucan elongation (gas1Δ) and, even more remarkably, in a crh1Δcrh2Δ mutant defective in the enzymes that catalyse cross‐linkages of chitin to β‐glucan. Taken together, these results provide direct physical evidence that the nanomechanical properties of the yeast cell wall are mainly dependent on cross‐links and cell wall remodelling, rather than on cell wall composition or thickness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect in dolichol‐dependent glycosylation increases sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards anti‐fungal drugs
Authors: Juchimiuk Mateusz , Pasikowska Monika , Zatorska Ewa , Laudy Agnieszka E. , Smoleńska‐Sym Gabriela , Palamarczyk Grazyna
Published: July 2010

Two temperature‐sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, sec59‐1 and dpm1‐6, impaired, respectively, in dolichol kinase (Sec59p) and dolichyl phosphate mannose (DolPMan) synthase (Dpm1p), have an aberrant cell wall structure and composition. We tested their sensitivity to four classes of antifungal drugs used in clinical practice: 5‐fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, caspofungin and itraconasole. The strains were resistant to itraconazole and sensitive to the other drugs used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caspofungin and amphotericin B was two‐fold lower for sec59‐1 and dpm1‐6 than for the respective wild‐type strains. The sensitivity of both mutants could be brought back to the wild‐type level by a multicopy suppressor of the thermosensitive phenotype, the RER2 gene, encoding cis‐prenyltransferase involved in dolichol biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis revealed slight changes of the cell wall composition, different in the mutants as compared to the wild‐type in response to the drugs. Our data strongly support a relationship between dolichol phosphate level, protein glycosylation and antifungal sensitivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetism of Three Metal–Dicyanamide Coordination Polymers with Isonicotinamide Co‐Ligand
Authors: Zheng Ling‐Ling , Zhuang Xiao‐Mei
Published: July 2010

Three metal–dicyanamide (dca) coordination polymers combined with isonicotinamide (4‐nic) terminal co‐ligand, namely, [Mn(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n (1), [Co(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n·2nCH3OH (2) and [Mn(dca)2(4‐nic)2]n (3) were synthesized at room temperature. X‐ray single crystal diffraction reveals that complexes 1 and 2 have similar one‐dimensional metal–dca coordination chains in which the octahedral metal atoms are connected by double μ1,5‐dca bridges. Whereas compound 3 is a two‐dimensional coordination layer in which the metal atoms are linked by single μ1,5‐dca bridge. The coordination chains of 1 and 2 are further cross‐linked by N–H···N hydrogen bonding interactions between the uncoordinated nitrogen atom of dca and a hydrogen atom from the CONH2 group to create a 2D supramolecular layer. For 2, the N–H···O, O–H···O hydrogen‐bonding interactions between CH3OH molecules and CONH2 groups extend the 2D layers into a three‐dimensional network. The 2D layers of 3 are further connected by N–H···O, C–H···O hydrogen bonds between CONH2 groups, N–H···N interactions from CONH2 groups and a nitrile nitrogen atom of dca to give a 3D supramolecular architecture. Magnetic studies reveal that weak antiferromagnetic exchanges exist between the metal atoms in 2 and 3 (J = –0.27 cm–1, g = 1.99). The thermal stability of 2 is also discussed.
Survival Benefit of Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy for Cholangiocarcinoma in Comparison to Hepatectomy or Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kaneoka Yuji , Yamaguchi Akihiro , Isogai Masatoshi , Kumada Takashi
Published: July 2010

Background

Perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma remain difficult to treat, and long‐term survival is poor. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with cholangiocarcinoma to examine whether hepatopancreatoduodenectomy, in comparison to standard surgeries, provides a survival benefit.

Methods

Subjects were 75 patients with perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma who, between April 1997 and May 2007, underwent hepatectomy with bile duct resection (Hx, n = 29), pancreatoduodenectomy (PD, n = 32), or hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD, n = 14) at our hospital. We compared surgical outcomes and survival between groups and identified factors negatively influencing survival.

Results

Morbidity and in‐hospital mortality did not differ significantly between groups (Hx group, 34% and 10%, respectively; PD group, 44% and 3%; and HPD, 57% and 0%). The overall median survival time was 39 months, and overall 5‐year survival (including in‐hospital mortality) was 42%. Respective group values were as follows: Hx, 24 months and 31%; PD, 51 months and 49%, and HPD, 63 months and 50%. Although the number of patients was small, survival in the HPD was not influenced by the type of invasion whether widespread intramural invasion (n = 8), superficial spread (n = 4), or hepatoduodenal ligament invasion (n = 2). Multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) showed only perineural invasion (p =. 007) and decreased curability (R1/2 resection) (p =. 017) to be independent risk factors influencing survival.

Conclusions

In cases of perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma, aggressive surgery must be aimed at overcoming perineural invasion. Our findings indicate that HPD improves survival of patients undergoing surgery for widespread cholangiocarcinoma in comparison to standard surgeries.
Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of dominant tree species in two old‐growth karst forests, SW China
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Hua , Hu Gang , Zhu Jie‐Dong , Luo Dong‐Hui , Ni Jian
Published: July 2010

Spatial patterns and interspecific associations of plant species in forests are important for revealing how species interact with each other and with the environment, and hence have important implications for optimal forest management and restoration in degraded forest ecosystems. In this paper, the O‐ring statistics were used to characterize the spatial patterns and interspecific associations of eight dominant tree species in two 1‐ha old‐growth karst forest plots in Maolan National Natural Reserve, southwestern China. We found that most of the eight dominant tree species in two forests were continuously regenerating populations. Six species (Platycarya longipes, Acer wangchii, Clausena dunniana, Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa, Distylium myricoides, and Rhododendron latoucheae) exhibited significant aggregations at the majority of scales while others (Celtis biondii and Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia) showed a random distribution pattern at most scales. Negative association was a dominant pattern for most species pairs in the two plots, while positive associations were found at most scales for only two species pairs (Platycarya–Clausena and Castanopsis–Rhododendron). Results also indicated that the two main factors of habitat complexity and heterogeneity—the elevation and rock‐bareness rate—play important roles in determining spatial distribution patterns and interspecific associations of tree species in karst forests of Maolan. Thus, the observed spatial patterns among the eight tree species are influenced by habitat heterogeneity in the context of karst topographical variations. The partitioning of habitat niches contributes to the promoting species coexistence in species‐rich karst forests. The differences of species features in spatial patterns and associations should be paid more attention when planning forest management and developing restoration strategies.
Cadre d'évaluation du rendement des systèmes de prestation de services de santé intégrée
Authors: Leggat Sandra G. , Leatt Peggy
Published: July 2010

Des exigences concurrentielles de ressources financières au sein du système de santé obligent les pourvoyeurs de soins de santé à assurer l'utilisation la plus efficace possible de ces ressources. Les résultats provenant des États-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et d'autres juridictions suggèrent que les systèmes de prestation de services de santé intégrée (SPI) peuvent être une façon rentable de satisfaire aux besoins en soins d'une population. Cet article présente un cadre à utiliser lors de la surveillance et de l'évaluation du rendement d'un système de prestation intégrée. L'élaboration d'un cadre d'évaluation utilisé de façon cohérente pour les systèmes de prestation intégrée offrira au gouvernement, aux conseils de direction et aux autres évaluateurs un outil d'évaluation efficace qui leur permettra de mieux comprendre l'impact du SPI sur le système de santé. De l'information sera aussi disponible pour permettre l'amélioration constante du rendement au sein du système.
Development of a Crosswalk from the Minimum Data Set 2.0 to the Alberta Resident Classification System
Authors: Hirdes John P.
Published: July 2010

Ontario has mandated the use of the Minimum Data Set 2.0 (MDS) to classify patients in all chronic care hospital beds as of July 1996. The MDS, widely used in several other jurisdictions, has been shown to have several advantages over other assessment systems. However, Ontario currently classifies residents of homes for the aged and nursing homes under the Alberta Resident Classification System (ARCS). Since there is not a single system to assess the elderly in institutional settings, it is not possible to create a funding system for all institutions based on patient rather than facility characteristics. The author reports on the development of a crosswalk algorithm to compute ARCS levels of care based on clinical items from the MDS. This algorithm may be used to support a transitional approach to move to a funding system for long-term care based on Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-III).
Innovation Theory and its Applicability to Our Understanding of the Diffusion of New Management Practices in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Cockerill Rhonda , Barnsley Jan
Published: July 2010

There has been a longstanding interest in understanding how new management practices and organizational structures are diffused through the health care system. This article reviews current literature on innovation and diffusion to provide insight into how new management practices and organizational structures are introduced into the system. Understanding the process may help in accommodating new developments and provide managerial opportunities to take a more active role in encouraging or discouraging their further evolution.
Canada Deserves a National Health System
Authors: Noseworthy T.W.
Published: July 2010

A defining — some would say peculiar — feature about Canada and Canadians is the strong position that we give social programs within our national identity. FORUM presents an essay by Dr. Thomas Noseworthy based on an address to the annual meeting of the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges in April 1996. In it, Dr. Noseworthy calls for a national health system. He sees the federal government retaining an important role in preserving medicare and, in fact, strengthening its powers in maintaining national consistency and standards. Dr. Noseworthy's views are contrary to the governmental decentralization and devolution of powers occurring across the country. In a “point/counterpoint” exchange on this issue, we have invited commentaries from three experts. Raisa Deber leads off by noting that while a national health system may be desirable, constitutional provisions would be an obstacle. Governments, says Deber, have an inherent conflict of interest between their responsibility for maintaining the health care system and their desire to shift costs. Michael Rachlis reminds us that medicare fulfills important economic as well as social objectives. It helps to support Canada's business competitiveness among other nations. The problem, says Rachlis, is that public financing of health care does not ensure an efficient delivery system. Michael Walker offers some reality orientation. He observes that Canada's health care system is based upon ten public insurance schemes with widely different attributes. While he supports a minimum standard of health care across the country, citizens should be able to purchase private medical insurance and have access to a parallel private health care delivery system. Ultimately, this debate is about who should control social programs: the provinces or the federal government?

We'll let you, the readers, decide. — RRS
Conflict over Convoys
Authors: Smith Kevin
Published: July 2010

Conflict over Convoys examines the Battle of the Atlantic from the perspective of Anglo-American diplomacy, deepening our understanding of Allied grand strategy, British industrial policy, and operations TORCH and OVERLORD. Failure to build and maintain enough ships to feed the people and wage war made Britain dependent upon American-built merchant ships and American logistical support, yet British strategists aspired to dominate Allied strategy, while Roosevelt mismanaged merchant shipping allocations. The resulting gap between strategic ambition and logistical reality embittered the controversy over the 'Second Front'. Victory in the Atlantic finally led to American dominance of Allied logistics diplomacy and strategy. Conflict over Convoys relates these tensions to the decline of British hegemony and the rise of the USA to global influence.
The Origins of Freemasonry
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: July 2010

This is a classic account of the origins of freemasonry, a brotherhood of men bound together by secret initiatives, secret rituals and secret modes of identification with ideals of fraternity, equality, toleration and reason. Beginning in Britain, freemasonry swept across Europe in the mid-eighteenth century in astonishing fashion yet its origins are still hotly debated today. The prevailing assumption has been that it emerged in England around 1700, but David Stevenson demonstrates that the real origins of modern freemasonry lie in Scotland around 1600, when the system of lodges was created by stonemasons with rituals and secrets blending medieval mythology with Renaissance and seventeenth-century history. This fascinating work of historical detection will be essential reading for anyone interested in Renaissance and seventeenth-century history, for freemasons themselves, and for those readers captivated by the secret societies at the heart of the bestselling Da Vinci Code.
Women, Families and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Campbell Carole A.
Published: July 2010

Carole Campbell examines the position of women in the AIDS epidemic (women living with HIV, and the growing number of women caring for HIV-infected family members) in a sociocultural context. The early male profile of the AIDS epidemic has given rise to education and prevention programs based upon the needs of males. Campbell draws a clear connection between women's risk of AIDS, gender roles (particularly adolescent gender role socialization), and male sexual behavior, demonstrating that no efforts to contain the spread of the disease to females can succeed without also targeting the male behavior that puts women at risk. This study concludes that compared with men, HIV-infected women face unequal access to care and unequal quality of care. Campbell makes a compelling case that social institutions such as health care and the media have created barriers for women by failing to take into account the differences between men and women in terms of social roles, status, and power. Informed by the moving personal accounts of eleven HIV-infected men and women, this book offers a rare, broad picture of the sociocultural causes and the impact on American society of AIDS among women.
Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
Authors: Richardson Lewis Fry , Lynch Peter
Published: July 2010

The idea of forecasting the weather by calculation was first dreamt of by Lewis Fry Richardson. He set out in this book a detailed algorithm for systematic numerical weather prediction. The method of computing atmospheric changes, which he mapped out in great detail in this book, is essentially the method used today. He was greatly ahead of his time because, before his ideas could bear fruit, advances in four critical areas were needed: better understanding of the dynamics of the atmosphere; stable computational algorithms to integrate the equations; regular observations of the free atmosphere; and powerful automatic computer equipment. Over the ensuing years, progress in numerical weather prediction has been dramatic. Weather prediction and climate modelling have now reached a high level of sophistication, and are witness to the influence of Richardson's ideas. This new edition contains a new foreword by Peter Lynch that sets the original book in context.
Psyche and Eros
Authors: Labouvie-Vief Gisela
Published: July 2010

In Psyche and Eros, first published in 1994, Gisela Labouvie-Vief describes historical and current concepts of mind and development, drawing from disciplines as diverse as philosophy, mythology, religion, literature, and psychology. She then presents a powerful theory of the maturing of mind, which brings together her empirical work and her exploration into mythology. The classical Greek myth of the gods Psyche and Eros serves as an evocative illustration of the author's theory. Psyche and Eros asserts that the core experience of development differs along gender lines. Rationality is regarded as masculine, while imagination is viewed as feminine. Competition between 'masculine' and 'feminine' parts of the mind has limited our ability to describe the mind and its development over the life course, just as it limits our experiences of development as men and women. The author suggests that we overcome the dualistic way of thinking about mind, and see how rationality and imagination can complement each other.
Social Security Policies in Industrial Countries
Authors: Gordon Margaret S.
Published: July 2010

After 25 years of expansion and liberalisation in the post-war period, social security policies in industrial countries have been encountering stresses and strains in the 1970s and 1980s in an environment of slower economic growth, concern over inflation and high unemployment. This has led to intensified controversy between conservatives, who blame economic instability on the generosity of the welfare state and liberals who defend the role of social security programmes in contributing to economic stability and preventing people from falling into poverty. The discussion focuses on questions such as the relative merits of earnings-related, income-tested and universal benefits; who bears the financial burden; and the impact of social security benefits on incentives to work. Among the controversial issues receiving considerable attention are the arguments over the persistence of high unemployment in Western Europe, the attacks on 'entitlements' that benefit the middle class and the growing problem of disadvantaged youth, especially in the ghetto areas of large cities in some of the Western European countries and in the United States.
Shakespeare's Individualism
Authors: Holbrook Peter
Published: July 2010

Providing a provocative and original perspective on Shakespeare, Peter Holbrook argues that Shakespeare is an author friendly to such essentially modern and unruly notions as individuality, freedom, self-realization and authenticity. These expressive values vivify Shakespeare's own writing; they also form a continuous, and a central, part of the Shakespearean tradition. Engaging with the theme of the individual will in specific plays and poems, and examining a range of libertarian-minded scholarly and literary responses to Shakespeare over time, Shakespeare's Individualism advances the proposition that one of the key reasons for reading Shakespeare today is his commitment to individual liberty - even as we recognize that freedom is not just an indispensable ideal but also, potentially, a dangerous one. Engagingly written and jargon free, this book demonstrates that Shakespeare has important things to say about fundamental issues of human existence.
Vico and the Transformation of Rhetoric in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Marshall David L.
Published: July 2010

Considered the most original thinker in the Italian philosophical tradition, Giambattista Vico has been the object of much scholarly attention but little consensus. In this new interpretation, David L. Marshall examines the entirety of Vico's oeuvre and situates him in the political context of early modern Naples. Marshall presents Vico's work as an effort to resolve a contradiction. As a professor of rhetoric at the University of Naples, Vico had a deep investment in the explanatory power of classical rhetorical thought, especially that of Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian. Yet as a historian of the failure of Naples as a self-determining political community, he had no illusions about the possibility or worth of democratic and republican systems of government in the post-classical world. As Marshall demonstrates, by jettisoning the assumption that rhetoric only illuminates direct, face-to-face interactions between orator and auditor, Vico reinvented rhetoric for a modern world in which the Greek polis and the Roman res publica are no longer paradigmatic for political thought.
The Representation of War in German Literature
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth
Published: July 2010

The history of literature about war is marked by a fundamental paradox: although war forms the subject of countless novels, dramas, poems, and films, it is often conceived as indescribable. Even as many writers strive towards an ideal of authenticity, they maintain that no representation can do justice to the terror and violence of war. Readings of Schiller, Kleist, Jünger, Remarque, Grass, Böll, Handke, and Jelinek reveal that stylistic and aesthetic features, gender discourses, and concepts of agency and victimization can all undermine a text's martial stance or its ostensible pacifist agenda. Spanning the period from the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the recent wars in Yugoslavia and Iraq, this book investigates the aesthetic, theoretical, and historical challenges that confront writers of war.