bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of artificial neural network algorithms for predicting METs and activity type from accelerometer data: validation on an independent sample
Authors: Freedson Patty S. , Lyden Kate , Kozey-Keadle Sarah , Staudenmayer John
Published: September 2011

Previous work from our laboratory provided a “proof of concept” for use of artificial neural networks (nnets) to estimate metabolic equivalents (METs) and identify activity type from accelerometer data (Staudenmayer J, Pober D, Crouter S, Bassett D, Freedson P, J Appl Physiol 107: 1330–1307, 2009). The purpose of this study was to develop new nnets based on a larger, more diverse, training data set and apply these nnet prediction models to an independent sample to evaluate the robustness and flexibility of this machine-learning modeling technique. The nnet training data set (University of Massachusetts) included 277 participants who each completed 11 activities. The independent validation sample ( n = 65) (University of Tennessee) completed one of three activity routines. Criterion measures were 1) measured METs assessed using open-circuit indirect calorimetry; and 2) observed activity to identify activity type. The nnet input variables included five accelerometer count distribution features and the lag-1 autocorrelation. The bias and root mean square errors for the nnet MET trained on University of Massachusetts and applied to University of Tennessee were +0.32 and 1.90 METs, respectively. Seventy-seven percent of the activities were correctly classified as sedentary/light, moderate, or vigorous intensity. For activity type, household and locomotion activities were correctly classified by the nnet activity type 98.1 and 89.5% of the time, respectively, and sport was correctly classified 23.7% of the time. Use of this machine-learning technique operates reasonably well when applied to an independent sample. We propose the creation of an open-access activity dictionary, including accelerometer data from a broad array of activities, leading to further improvements in prediction accuracy for METs, activity intensity, and activity type.
Sensorimotor function of the upper-airway muscles and respiratory sensory processing in untreated obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Eckert Danny J. , Lo Yu L. , Saboisky Julian P. , Jordan Amy S. , White David P. , Malhotra Atul
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies have demonstrated upper-airway neuromuscular abnormalities during wakefulness in snorers and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. However, the functional role of sensorimotor impairment in OSA pathogenesis/disease progression and its potential effects on protective upper-airway reflexes, measures of respiratory sensory processing, and force characteristics remain unclear. This study aimed to gain physiological insight into the potential role of sensorimotor impairment in OSA pathogenesis/disease progression by comparing sensory processing properties (respiratory-related evoked potentials; RREP), functionally important protective reflexes (genioglossus and tensor palatini) across a range of negative pressures (brief pulses and entrained iron lung ventilation), and tongue force and time to task failure characteristics between 12 untreated OSA patients and 13 controls. We hypothesized that abnormalities in these measures would be present in OSA patients. Upper-airway reflexes (e.g., genioglossus onset latency, 20 ± 1 vs. 19 ± 2 ms, P = 0.82), early RREP components (e.g., P1 latency 25 ± 2 vs. 25 ± 1 ms, P = 0.78), and the slope of epiglottic pressure vs. genioglossus activity during iron lung ventilation (−0.68 ± 1.0 vs. −0.80 ± 2.0 cmH2O/%max, P = 0.59) were not different between patients and controls. Maximal tongue protrusion force was greater in OSA patients vs. controls (35 ± 2 vs. 27 ± 2 N, P < 0.01), but task failure occurred more rapidly (149 ± 24 vs. 254 ± 23 s, P < 0.01). Upper-airway protective reflexes across a range of negative pressures as measured by electromyography and the early P1 component of the RREP are preserved in OSA patients during wakefulness. Consistent with an adaptive training effect, tongue protrusion force is increased, not decreased, in untreated OSA patients. However, OSA patients may be vulnerable to fatigue of upper-airway dilator muscles, which could contribute to disease progression.
Temporal pattern of left ventricular structural and functional remodeling following reversal of volume overload heart failure
Authors: Hutchinson Kirk R. , Guggilam Anuradha , Cismowski Mary J. , Galantowicz Maarten L. , West Thomas A. , Stewart James A. , Zhang Xiaojin , Lord Kevin C. , Lucchesi Pamela A.
Published: September 2011

Current surgical management of volume overload-induced heart failure (HF) leads to variable recovery of left ventricular (LV) function despite a return of LV geometry. The mechanisms that prevent restoration of function are unknown but may be related to the timing of intervention and the degree of LV contractile impairment. This study determined whether reduction of aortocaval fistula (ACF)-induced LV volume overload during the compensatory stage of HF results in beneficial LV structural remodeling and restoration of pump function. Rats were subjected to ACF for 4 wk; a subset then received a load-reversal procedure by closing the shunt using a custom-made stent graft approach. Echocardiography or in vivo pressure-volume analysis was used to assess LV morphology and function in sham rats; rats subjected to 4-, 8-, or 15-wk ACF; and rats subjected to 4-wk ACF followed by 4- or 11-wk reversal. Structural and functional changes were correlated to LV collagen content, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and hypertrophic markers. ACF-induced volume overload led to progressive LV chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction. Rats subjected to short-term reversal (4-wk ACF + 4-wk reversal) exhibited improved chamber dimensions (LV diastolic dimension) and LV compliance that were associated with ECM remodeling and normalization of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. Load-independent parameters indicated LV systolic (preload recruitable stroke work, Ees) and diastolic dysfunction (tau, arterial elastance). These changes were associated with an altered α/β-myosin heavy chain ratio. However, these changes were normalized to sham levels in long-term reversal rats (4-wk ACF + 11-wk reversal). Acute hemodynamic changes following ACF reversal improve LV geometry, but LV dysfunction persists. Gradual restoration of function was related to normalization of eccentric hypertrophy, LV wall stress, and ECM remodeling. These results suggest that mild to moderate LV systolic dysfunction may be an important indicator of the ability of the myocardium to remodel following the reversal of hemodynamic overload.
A NOTCH3-Mediated Squamous Cell Differentiation Program Limits Expansion of EMT-Competent Cells That Express the ZEB Transcription Factors
Authors: Ohashi Shinya , Natsuizaka Mitsuteru , Naganuma Seiji , Kagawa Shingo , Kimura Sotai , Itoh Hiroshi , Kalman Ross A. , Nakagawa Momo , Darling Douglas S. , Basu Devraj , Gimotty Phyllis A. , Klein-Szanto Andres J. , Diehl J. Alan , Herlyn Meenhard , Nakagawa Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

Zinc finger E-box–binding (ZEB) proteins ZEB1 and ZEB2 are transcription factors essential in TGF-β–mediated senescence, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell functions. ZEBs are negatively regulated by members of the miR-200 microRNA family, but precisely how tumor cells expressing ZEBs emerge during invasive growth remains unknown. Here, we report that NOTCH3-mediated signaling prevents expansion of a unique subset of ZEB-expressing cells. ZEB expression was associated with the lack of cellular capability of undergoing NOTCH3-mediated squamous differentiation in human esophageal cells. Genetic inhibition of the Notch-mediated transcriptional activity by dominant-negative Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML1) prevented squamous differentiation and induction of Notch target genes including NOTCH3. Moreover, DNMAML1-enriched EMT-competent cells exhibited robust upregulation of ZEBs, downregulation of the miR-200 family, and enhanced anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation in nude mice. RNA interference experiments suggested the involvement of ZEBs in anchorage-independent colony formation, invasion, and TGF-β–mediated EMT. Invasive growth and impaired squamous differentiation were recapitulated upon Notch inhibition by DNMAML1 in organotypic three-dimensional culture, a form of human tissue engineering. Together, our findings indicate that NOTCH3 is a key factor limiting the expansion of ZEB-expressing cells, providing novel mechanistic insights into the role of Notch signaling in the cell fate regulation and disease progression of esophageal squamous cancers. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6836–47. ©2011 AACR.
Targeting FGFR/PDGFR/VEGFR Impairs Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis by Effects on Tumor Cells, Endothelial Cells, and Pericytes in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Taeger Johannes , Moser Christian , Hellerbrand Claus , Mycielska Maria E. , Glockzin Gabriel , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Stoeltzing Oliver , Lang Sven A.
Published: September 2011

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and VEGF receptor (VEGFR), has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis in human pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of TKI258, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR on pancreatic cancer cell lines (HPAF-II, BxPC-3, MiaPaCa2, and L3.6pl), endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Results showed that treatment with TKI258 impaired activation of signaling intermediates in pancreatic cancer cells, endothelial cells, and VSMCs, even upon stimulation with FGF-1, FGF-2, VEGF-A, and PDGF-B. Furthermore, blockade of FGFR/PDGFR/VEGFR reduced survivin expression and improved activity of gemcitabine in MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, motility of cancer cells, endothelial cells, and VSMCs was reduced upon treatment with TKI258. In vivo, therapy with TKI258 led to dose-dependent inhibition of subcutaneous (HPAF-II) and orthotopic (L3.6pl) tumor growth. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed effects on tumor cell proliferation [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)] and tumor vascularization (CD31). Moreover, lymph node metastases were significantly reduced in the orthotopic tumor model when treatment was initiated early with TKI258 (30 mg/kg/d). In established tumors, TKI258 (30 mg/kg/d) led to significant growth delay and improved survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic models, respectively. These data provide evidence that targeting FGFR/PDFGR/VEGFR with TKI258 may be effective in human pancreatic cancer and warrants further clinical evaluation. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(11); 2157–67. ©2011 AACR.
3,5-Bis(2,4-Difluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone, a Novel Compound That Affects Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Angiogenesis
Authors: Subramaniam Dharmalingam , Nicholes Nathan D. , Dhar Animesh , Umar Shahid , Awasthi Vibhudutta , Welch Danny R. , Jensen Roy A. , Anant Shrikant
Published: September 2011

Dysregulated Notch signaling plays an important role in the progression of cancer. Notch signaling affects tumor growth and angiogenesis through the actions of its ligand Jagged-1. In this study, we developed a novel compound 3,5-bis(2,4-difluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone (DiFiD) and determined that it inhibits cancer cell growth and its effects on Notch signaling. Intraperitoneal administration of DiFiD significantly suppressed growth of pancreatic cancer tumor xenografts. There was a reduction in CD31-positive blood vessels, suggesting that there was an effect on angiogenesis. In vitro, DiFiD inhibited the proliferation of various human and mouse pancreatic cancer cells while increasing activated caspase-3. Cell-cycle analyses showed that DiFiD induced G2–M arrest and decreased the expression of cell-cycle–related proteins cyclin A1 and D1 while upregulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1. We next determined the mechanism of action. DiFiD reduced Notch-1 activation, resulting in reduced expression of its downstream target protein Hes-1. We further determined that the reduced Notch-1 activation was due to reduction in the ligand Jagged-1 and two critical components of the γ-secretase enzyme complex presenilin-1 and nicastrin. Ectopic expression of the Notch intracellular domain rescued the cells from DiFiD-mediated growth suppression. DiFiD-treated tumor xenografts also showed reduced levels of Jagged-1 and the γ-secretase complex proteins presenilin-1 and nicastrin. Taken together, these data suggest that DiFiD is a novel potent therapeutic agent that can target different aspects of the Notch signaling pathway to inhibit both tumor growth and angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(11); 2146–56. ©2011 AACR.
Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Colorectal Cancer Oncogene Krüppel-like Factor 5 Expression by Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening
Authors: Bialkowska Agnieszka B. , Crisp Melissa , Bannister Thomas , He Yuanjun , Chowdhury Sarwat , Schürer Stephan , Chase Peter , Spicer Timothy , Madoux Franck , Tian Chenlu , Hodder Peter , Zaharevitz Daniel , Yang Vincent W.
Published: September 2011

The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is primarily expressed in the proliferative zone of the mammalian intestinal epithelium, where it regulates cell proliferation. Studies showed that inhibition of KLF5 expression reduces proliferation rates in human colorectal cancer cells and intestinal tumor formation in mice. To identify chemical probes that decrease levels of KLF5, we used cell-based ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) to test compounds in the public domain of NIH, the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network library. The primary screen involved luciferase assays in the DLD-1/pGL4.18hKLF5p cell line, which stably expressed a luciferase reporter driven by the human KLF5 promoter. A cytotoxicity counterscreen was done in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6. We identified 97 KLF5-selective compounds with EC50 < 10 μmol/L for KLF5 inhibition and EC50 > 10 μmol/L for IEC-6 cytotoxicity. The two most potent compounds, CIDs (PubChem Compound IDs) 439501 and 5951923, were further characterized on the basis of computational, Western blot, and cell viability analyses. Both of these compounds, and two newly synthesized structural analogs of CID 5951923, significantly reduced endogenous KLF5 protein levels and decreased viability of several colorectal cancer cell lines without any apparent impact on IEC-6 cells. Finally, when tested in the NCI-60 panel of human cancer cell lines, compound CID 5951923 was selectively active against colon cancer cells. Our results show the feasibility of uHTS in identifying novel compounds that inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation by targeting KLF5. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(11); 2043–51. ©2011 AACR.
Reduced Serum Fetuin-A in Nephrotic Children: A Consequence of Proteinuria?
Authors: Fischer Dagmar-Christiane , Schaible Jan , Wigger Marianne , Staude Hagen , Drueckler Erdmute , Kundt Guenther , Haffner Dieter
Published: September 2011

Background: The extracellular protein fetuin-A is a potent soluble inhibitor of calcification, and its deficiency has been associated with vascular calcification in dialysis patients. In proteinuric patients, significant urinary losses of fetuin-A may cause low serum fetuin-A levels. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, urinary/serum concentrations of fetuin-A were investigated in proteinuric children with glomerular diseases and preserved renal function (n = 58) in comparison to healthy controls (n = 246). Results: Mean fetuin-A serum concentrations were clearly reduced in children with nephrotic syndrome (0.25 ± 0.14 g/l, p < 0.001), slightly reduced in children with large proteinuria (0.39 ± 0.15 g/l, p < 0.05), and comparable to controls in those with mild proteinuria (0.45 ± 0.14 vs. 0.46 ± 0.12 g/l). Fetuin-A was positively correlated with serum protein (r = 0.58), albumin (r = 0.57), and calcium (r = 0.64), but negatively correlated with proteinuria (r = –0.41), albuminuria (r = –0.46), and urinary fetuin-A excretion (r = –0.48; each p < 0.001). The fractional excretion of fetuin-A was significantly associated with the degree of proteinuria and serum fetuin-A levels. However, the urinary loss of fetuin-A and albumin in nephrotic children differed by three orders of magnitude and the mean fractional excretion of fetuin-A was only 1/10 of that of albumin (0.016 ± 0.029 vs. 0.162 ± 0.403%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Fetuin-A is clearly reduced in children with nephrotic syndrome and associated with the degree of hypoalbuminemia. This is due to urinary fetuin-A loss and/or reduced hepatic synthesis. Persistent fetuin-A deficiency may have an impact on cardiovascular morbidity in nephrotic children.
Remineralization Potential of Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Initial Enamel Lesions: An in vitro Study
Authors: Huang S. , Gao S. , Cheng L. , Yu H.
Published: September 2011

The application of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) in the repair of early caries lesion has received considerable attention. Neither the effects of the size of HA nor the effects of the effective pH range of nano-HA on remineralization have been investigated comprehensively, and the protective mechanism is still open for debate. To address these factors, the remineralization effect of nano-HA on demineralized bovine enamel is investigated under pH cycling conditions through surface and cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) tests and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The percentage of surface microhardness recovery and integrated mineral loss obtained from CSMH tests demonstrated that nano-HA provides better remineralization than micro-HA. However, detailed investigation using CSMH tests and PLM indicated that nano-HA helped mineral deposition predominantly in the outer layer of the lesion and only had a limited capacity to reduce lesion depth. Nevertheless, the remineralization effect of nano-HA increased significantly when the pH was less than 7.0. Clearly, nano-HA has potential as an effective repair material and anticaries agent. Our findings also suggest that both the particle- and ion-mediated remineralization pathways in nano-HA may contribute to the repair of demineralized enamel.
Early Atheroma-Derived Agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Trigger Intramedial Angiogenesis in a Smooth Muscle Cell–Dependent Manner
Authors: Ho-Tin-Noé Benoît , Le Dall Julien , Gomez Delphine , Louedec Liliane , Vranckx Roger , El-Bouchtaoui Morad , Legrès Luc , Meilhac Olivier , Michel Jean-Baptiste
Published: September 2011

Rationale:

Neovascularization favors intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque rupture. Development of therapeutic strategies against atheromatous angiogenesis requires elucidation of its initiating factors.

Objective:

We investigated the contribution of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and atheroma-derived lipids to the initiation of atheroma-associated neoangiogenesis.

Methods and Results:

Forty human aortic segments, each harvested from a different donor, were classified as healthy or as bearing early atheromatous lesions, including fatty streaks and fibrolipidic atheroma, according to their histological features. Immunostaining for blood vessels and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), as well as measurement of VEGF-A protein and mRNA levels by ELISA and real-time PCR, revealed that angiogenesis and VEGF-A production were enhanced in the medial layer of atheromatous aortas. The intramedial vessel density and invasiveness and the production of VEGF-A by medial SMCs were indeed increased in atheromatous aortas compared with healthy aortas. Furthermore, intimal layers of atheromatous aortas were enriched in soluble lipid mediators capable of inducing a sustained increase in VEGF-A production by medial SMCs, turning these cells into potent inducers of angiogenesis when incorporated into mouse Matrigel implants. Both effects were inhibited by the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ inhibitor GW9662 and mimicked by its agonist, rosiglitazone.

Conclusions:

We show that VEGF-A production is upregulated in medial SMCs of human atheromatous aortas and that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ agonists derived from early intimal lesions are likely to contribute to this phenotypic change. Our findings suggest that medial SMCs are central organizers of an angiogenic response initiated by the subendothelial accumulation of atherogenic lipids.
p63RhoGEF Couples G
αq/11
-Mediated Signaling to Ca
2+
Sensitization of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractility
Authors: Momotani Ko , Artamonov Mykhaylo V. , Utepbergenov Darkhan , Derewenda Urszula , Derewenda Zygmunt S. , Somlyo Avril V.
Published: September 2011

Rationale:

In normal and diseased vascular smooth muscle (SM), the RhoA pathway, which is activated by multiple agonists through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a central role in regulating basal tone and peripheral resistance. This occurs through inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase, leading to increased phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain. Although it is thought that specific agonists and GPCRs may couple to distinct RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), thus raising the possibility of selective targeting of specific GEFs for therapeutic use, this notion is largely unexplored for SM contraction.

Objective:

We examine whether p63RhoGEF, known to couple specifically to Gα
q/11
in vitro, is functional in blood vessels as a mediator of RhoA activation and if it is selectively activated by Gα
q/11
coupled agonists.

Methods and Results:

We find that p63RhoGEF is present across SM tissues and demonstrate that silencing of the endogenous p63RhoGEF in mouse portal vein inhibits contractile force induced by endothelin-1 to a greater extent than the predominantly Gα
12/13
-mediated thromboxane analog U46619. This is because endothelin-1 acts on Gα
q/11
as well as Gα
12/13
. Introduction of the exogenous isolated pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain of p63RhoGEF (residues 331–580) into permeabilized rabbit portal vein inhibited Ca
2+
sensitized force and activation of RhoA, when phenylephrine was used as an agonist. This reinforces the results based on endothelin-1, because phenylephrine is thought to act exclusively through Gα
q/11
.

Conclusion:

We demonstrate that p63RhoGEF selectively couples Gα
q/11
but not Gα
12/13
, to RhoA activation in blood vessels and cultured cells and thus mediates the physiologically important Ca
2+
sensitization of force induced with Gα
q/11
-coupled agonists. Our results suggest that signaling through p63RhoGEF provides a novel mechanism for selective regulation of blood pressure.
Efficiency Perspectives on Adaptive Designs in Stroke Clinical Trials
Authors: Cheung Ken , Kaufmann Petra
Published: September 2011

An adaptive design allows the modifications of various features, such as sample size and treatment assignments, in a clinical study based on the analysis of interim data. The goal is to enhance statistical efficiency by maximizing relevant information obtained from the clinical data. The promise of efficiency, however, comes with a cost, per se, that is seldom made explicit in the literature. This article reviews some commonly used adaptive strategies in early-phase stroke trials and discusses their associated costs. Specifically, we illustrate the trade-offs in several clinical contexts, including dose-finding in the Neuroprotection with Statin Therapy for Acute Recovery Trial (NeuSTART), futility analyses and internal pilot in Phase 2 proof-of-concept trials, and sample size considerations in an imaging-based dose-selection trial. Through these illustrations, we demonstrate the potential tension between the perspectives of an individual investigator and that of the broader community of stakeholders. This understanding is critical to appreciate the limitations, as well as the full promise, of adaptive designs, so that investigators can deploy an appropriate statistical design—be it adaptive or not—in a clinical study.
Utility of Post–Urinary Tract Infection Imaging in Patients With Normal Prenatal Renal Ultrasound
Authors: Sasaki Jun , Parajuli Nirmala , Sharma Preeti , Nanda Maya , Shah Rina , Gershel Jeffrey , Rauch Daniel A.
Published: September 2011

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends renal ultrasound (RUS) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for all infants after a first urinary tract infection (UTI). However, many congenital renal anomalies are identified by a prenatal US. At the present time, there are no data regarding the yield of post-UTI imaging among infants who have a documented normal prenatal US. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients <1 year of age with a first UTI who had normal kidneys noted on prenatal US to determine the frequency of abnormal findings. Abnormal RUS and VCUG results were noted in 5.1% (24 of 471) and 20.4% (75 of 368) of infants, respectively. While the abnormal US rate is significantly less than what has been previously reported, the frequency of abnormal VCUGs is similar. These results suggest that a post-UTI RUS may not be needed if the prenatal US was normal. However, a VCUG continues to be indicated.
Democratic Accountability and Diversionary Force
Authors: Kisangani Emizet F. , Pickering Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

Agreement on which democratic regime types are prone to use diversionary force has yet to materialize in the embryonic empirical literature on the subject. Nor has consensus emerged on the theoretical approach that best explains the diversionary tendencies of different democratic political systems. By separating out benevolent and belligerent diversionary military missions, we begin to offer some clarity to this mixed empirical literature. In zero-inflated Poisson estimates of fifty-six democracies from 1950 to 2004, we find compelling evidence that a theoretical framework emphasizing leader accountability best explains democratic diversionary behavior. More accountable democratic executives (leaders of majoritarian, weak-party majority, and minority governments) appear significantly more likely to use diversionary force than counterparts with less accountability (especially in coalition governments). Democratic leaders also seem to use benevolent military force for diversionary purposes more often than belligerent force, though they still use the latter in specific contexts.
Psychology of Culture and Religion
Authors: Saroglou Vassilis , Cohen Adam B.
Published: September 2011

In introducing this Special Issue we first consider six ways of thinking about how culture and religion relate to each other: Religion may be part of culture, constitute culture, include and transcend culture, be influenced by culture, shape culture, or interact with culture in influencing cognitions, emotions, and actions. Second, we present the major current trends of relevant research from cross-cultural psychology, social and cultural psychology, and comparative psychology of religion. Although diverging in methodologies, theoretical traditions, and research focus, these approaches complement each other in increasing our psychological understanding of the inter-relations between culture and religion. Finally, we present the papers of this special issue that offer theoretical advances, test new research hypotheses, and provide empirical evidence showing how cultural-level dimensions (from ecology and biology to ethnicity, family practices, and socio-economic factors) shape religion’s functioning at the individual and/or collective level with regard to key life domains.
Believing, Bonding, Behaving, and Belonging
Authors: Saroglou Vassilis
Published: September 2011

When approaching religion from a cross-cultural psychological perspective, one faces questions regarding the universals and the specifics of religions across cultural contexts. On the basis of previous theorization and research, the author proposes a model that posits four basic dimensions of religion and individual religiosity that are partially distinct although interconnected: believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging. These dimensions are presumably universally present across religions and cultural contexts and delimitate religion from other similar constructs. They reflect distinct psychological processes (cognitive, emotional, moral, and social), respective goals, conversion motives, types of self-transcendence, and mechanisms explaining the religion-health links. However, across cultural and religious groups, these dimensions may differ in content, salience, and ways in which they are interconnected or emphasized, leading to various forms of religiosity, including functional and dysfunctional ones. Within each dimension, there is additional universality (in structure) and cultural variability (in salience) regarding the way religious cognitions, emotions, morality, and identity are processed. This Big Four religious dimensions model may be a powerful tool for studying universals and cultural specifics of the psychological dimensions of religion.
Acculturation and Language Orientations of Turkish Immigrants in Australia, France, Germany, and the Netherlands
Authors: Yağmur Kutlay , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: September 2011

The authors examined acculturation and language orientations among Turkish immigrants in Australia ( n = 283), France ( n = 266), Germany ( n = 265), and the Netherlands ( n = 271). They expected that the countries with the least pluralistic climate (France and Germany) would show the lowest level of sociocultural adjustment and the highest level of ethnic orientation and language use; the opposite was expected in Australia, as the country with the most pluralistic climate; and the Netherlands would have an intermediate position. The predictions were largely borne out. The language orientation measures yielded a (symbolic) language value factor and a (behavioral) language preference factor. In all countries Turkish identity was a positive predictor and mainstream identity a negative predictor of both the language value and preference factor. Mainstream and Turkish identity showed stronger negative correlations in the less pluralistic countries. It is concluded that immigrants showed the least maintenance and the most adjustment in Australia, which is the country with the least pressure to assimilate.
Extensible software for whole of society modeling: framework and preliminary results
Authors: Lieberman Stephen
Published: September 2011

In order to extend the ongoing academic and practitioner dialogs germane to Human, Social, Cultural, and Behavioral (HSCB) modeling and simulation, we introduce a novel extensible methodology for modeling Complex Adaptive Social Systems (CASS) that centers on capturing the emergence of dynamic Beliefs, Values, and Interests (BVIs) in the individuals and groups that compose a whole society. We follow Peter Blau, Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, Duncan Watts and many others in positing that human behavior is best understood in terms of the complex social systems within which actions are taken, and that the representation of these social systems must make evident the endogenous structural constraints on opportunities for interpersonal contact and group affiliation. We further demonstrate that the ability to seed social simulations with representative social data about the society being modeled (e.g. from social surveys), and the use of social networks generated using principles of homophily from empirical social science, provide a compelling and actionable framework for both interpreting with and theory building from whole society simulations.
Ad hoc distributed simulation methodology for open queueing networks
Authors: Huang Ya-Lin , Alexopoulos Christos , Hunter Michael , Fujimoto Richard M
Published: September 2011

Ad hoc distributed simulation is an approach to predicting future states of operational systems. It is based on embedding online simulations into a sensor network and adding communication and synchronization among the simulators. While prior work focused on this approach in the context of online management of transportation systems, this paper describes a generalization of the methodology and shows how it can be applied to embedded simulations of systems that can be modeled as open networks of queues. An implementation of an ad hoc queueing network simulation is described. The flows of units across links connecting nodes in different simulators are approximated by renewal processes whose parameters are updated dynamically. The synchronization mechanism uses random sampling to update flow rates across the ad hoc components. Preliminary results show that the ad hoc queueing network simulation can provide predictions comparable to sequential simulations.
Does Household Gun Access Increase the Risk of Attempted Suicide?
Authors: Watkins Adam M. , Lizotte Alan J.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this research is to assess if home firearm access increases the risk of nonfatal suicidal attempts among adolescents. Such a gun focus has largely been limited to case-control studies on completed suicides. This line of research has found that household gun access increases the risk of suicide due to features of available firearms (e.g., provide little time for rescue). We extend this “risk factor” perspective to the study of nonfatal suicide attempts among a national sample of adolescents. Current findings reveal that home handgun access, but not long gun only access, is associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide in cross-sectional models. In panel models, however, we find no significant association between home firearm access (of any gun type) and risk of attempted suicide. The implications of these findings for research on suicidal behavior among adolescents are discussed.
“I Don’t Want to Live Like This Anymore”
Authors: Gilbert Tony , Farrand Paul , Lankshear Gloria
Published: September 2011

This article reports on interview data gathered from 27 young people involved with a street-level service for young people considered “at risk” of diagnosis of personality disorder. Interviews with a self-selecting sample of young people explored the events that led to their initial contact with the service. Using Silverman’s twin-track approach, narrative analysis provided a description of “how” these young people describe their lives in terms of “I don’t want to live like this anymore” while “what” they describe provides an often harrowing account of dangerous relationships and social isolation. In the process, we draw on a theoretical framework developed from the work of Pierre Bourdieu, particularly, his notion of crisis. This is used to locate individual experiences in a broader social context and to suggest that policy and intervention aimed at reducing crisis, promoting reflexivity, and supporting stable adult relationships are key to developing less destructive life styles.
Parenting Style, Depressive Symptoms, and Substance Use in Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Ozer Emily J. , Flores Elena , Tschann Jeanne M. , Pasch Lauri A.
Published: September 2011

This study of 151 Mexican American adolescents ages 12 to 15 examined the relationship between parenting and adolescents’ self-reported level of depressive symptoms and substance use 6 months and 1 year later. Adolescents and their parents were recruited from a large health-maintenance organization and interviewed at three time points. Lower levels of depressive symptoms were found for adolescents with more accepting mothers and fathers, and for those whose parents exerted lower levels of strict control. Higher maternal acceptance was also consistently associated with lower levels of alcohol and marijuana use at follow-up assessments; strict control was not a useful predictor of substance use. Overall, parental acceptance demonstrated consistent if modest relationships to adolescent mental health across the domains studied. We found little evidence for interactive relationships between parenting acceptance and control but some evidence for “additive” benefits of warmth and acceptance on the part of both parents.
Fiducial Governance
Authors: Power John
Published: September 2011

If we are to tackle the pressing problems of governance effectively in the new millennium, we need to reconsider the roles that heads of state could play in a form of politics suited to this new era. Such politics should be aimed at strengthening the trust that the citizenry places on those in public authority. To realize such politics, constitutional designers will need to continually shuttle between the levels of theory and practice. In this essay, the author attempts to construct an appropriate theoretical framework. In companion works, the author and his colleagues attempt to work within this framework in the development of reform proposals in particular regimes. A fiducial form of governance and politics will allow the restoration of a numinous space at the center of public life, but in the emerging state, this numinous space will have to be tightly constrained by norms of democratic legitimacy. The form of politics that will be required will not supplant the familiar partisan form that will continue to be preponderant in democratic regimes, but it will discipline this more familiar form. Some of the new semipresidential regimes are beginning to show ways in which this new form of governance might work. In particular, as leaders of this new dimension of democratic politics, heads of state could play a corrective role and could be supported in this activity by councils of state, heading up appropriately recognized monitory branches of governance. The emergence of a network of councils of state of this nature could open opportunities for more effective global governance.
Effectiveness of a College-Level Self-Management Course on Successful Behavior Change
Authors: Choi Jean H. , Chung Kyong-Mee
Published: September 2011

Studies have shown that college-level self-management (SM) courses, which typically require students to complete an individual project as part of the course, can be an effective method for promoting successful self-change (i.e., targeted behavioral change). However, only a handful of studies have focused on and investigated the intensity of the SM component required for successfully changing a target behavior. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the effectiveness of a SM course in improving a target behavior within a college setting, (b) determine the level of SM course intensity necessary for successful behavioral change, and (c) identify the characteristics of successful self-managers in terms of strategy use. A total of 84 college students were enrolled in a high-intensity SM course, low-intensity SM course, or non-SM course (i.e., control group). Self-report questionnaires were administered at the beginning and end of the courses. Results showed that only the high-intensity SM course was effective for successful behavioral change and helped increase certain psychosocial characteristics (e.g., internal locus of control, expectancy of success). Overall, successful self-managers used significantly more SM strategies than participants who were unable to meet their behavioral goals. Implications and limitations are also discussed.
Social Exclusion and Pain Sensitivity
Authors: Bernstein Michael J. , Claypool Heather M.
Published: September 2011

Some research indicates that social exclusion leads to increased emotional- and physical-pain sensitivity, whereas other work indicates that exclusion causes emotional- and physical-pain numbing. This research sought to examine what causes these opposing outcomes. In Study 1, the paradigm used to instantiate social exclusion was found to moderate the social exclusion-physical pain relation: Future-life exclusion led to a numbing of physical pain whereas Cyberball exclusion led to hypersensitivity. Study 2 examined the underlying mechanism, which was hypothesized to be the severity of the “social injury.” Participants were subjected to either the standard future-life exclusion manipulation (purported to be a highly severe social injury) or a newly created, less-severe version. Supporting our hypothesis, the standard (highly severe) future-life exclusion led to physical-pain numbing, whereas the less-severe future-life exclusion resulted in hypersensitivity. Implications of these results for understanding the exclusion–pain relation and other exclusion effects are discussed.
How Does Corporate Ethics Contribute to Firm Financial Performance?
Authors: Chun Jinseok S. , Shin Yuhyung , Choi Jin Nam , Kim Min Soo
Published: September 2011

Despite the increasing significance of corporate ethics, few studies have explored the intermediate mechanisms that explain the relationship between corporate ethics and firm financial performance. Drawing on institutional theory and strategic human resource management literature, the authors hypothesize that the internal collective processes based on employees’ collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) mediate the ethics–performance relationship at the organizational level. The authors’ hypotheses are tested using data collected from 3,821 employees from 130 Korean companies and the respective companies’ financial performance data. The results indicate that collective organizational commitment and interpersonal OCB are meaningful intervening processes that connect corporate ethics to firm financial performance. To complement prior studies that identify a firm’s reputation and external relations as mediators between corporate ethics and performance, the present study highlights the need to examine microprocesses occurring within the organization to account for the ethics–firm performance relationship. Moreover, the present demonstration of collective organizational commitment and OCB as meaningful predictors of a firm’s objective performance indicates the significance of these employee processes in explaining organizational-level outcomes.
Explaining the Innovative Culture and Activities of State Agencies
Authors: Lægreid Per , Roness Paul G. , Verhoest Koen
Published: September 2011

In this article we examine the innovative culture and activity of 121 Norwegian and Flemish state agencies, based on an analysis of survey data. We examine variations in innovative culture and activity from a structural-instrumental perspective, a cultural-institutional perspective, a task-related perspective and an environmental-institutional perspective. We use regression analyses to reveal the effect of managerial autonomy, result control, agency size, agency age, organizational performance culture, individual incentive culture, service delivery tasks, source of income and geographical location on innovative culture and activity. The main findings are that the level of innovation is fairly high in state agencies. Secondly, an organizational culture oriented towards organizational performance and individual incentives has a significant impact on both innovative culture and activity. Having service delivery as a main task and a large budget also makes a difference. Although NPM doctrine assumes that managerial autonomy and result-oriented control will enhance innovative culture and activity, we found no direct effect of these variables when we controlled for other variables. Result-oriented control does, however, have an indirect effect on innovative activity.
Social Networks of Substance Users With HIV Infection
Authors: Kelly Patricia J. , Ramaswamy Megha , Li Xuan , Litwin Alain H. , Berg Karina M. , Arnsten Julia H.
Published: September 2011

The role of social support networks in medication adherence among HIV-infected substance users remains understudied. In this secondary data analysis, the authors sought to determine the relationship between social support networks and antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected substance abusers receiving methadone. They analyzed data collected in a 24-week study of 76 methadone-maintained, HIV-infected substance abusers randomized to directly observed antiretroviral therapy or treatment as usual. The authors used logistic regression to examine the relationship between social support networks and self-reported antiretroviral adherence. Their results showed that study participants had an average of 1.36 social network members ( SD = 1.4); 34% of participants had at least one drug user and 25% had at least one HIV-infected person in their network. The presence of network drug users and HIV-infected network members was associated with less antiretroviral medication adherence ( p < .05). The authors conclude that both social network density and characteristics of network members have implications for medication adherence.
Mentor and Mentee Skills: Tools from Residency to Practice and Beyond
Authors: Abaza Mona M. , Wax Mark K. , Fried Marvin P. , Ivey Chandra M. , Kuppersmith Ronald B. , Tadros Monica
Published: September 2011

Program Description

The ability to mentor and be mentored is important to the individual and collective success of our specialty. Successful organizations have long benefited from the voluntary contributions of individuals stimulated by a mentoring relationship. On a professional level, mentoring is critical to recruit, retain, and promote a diverse and dynamic otolaryngology work force in a time of changing needs. While the apprentice model of mentoring is familiar, understanding the various options available to aid career transitions and professional development is increasingly important. The panel will explore several aspects attributable to the changing environment of the mentor relationship and provide tools for addressing these needs. Generational differences will be discussed as they relate to changing priorities of the younger mentee and transformation of the traditional mentor role. A successful residency‐mentoring program will be presented and this model adapted to various practice applications. The concept of mentorship will be explored from the perspective of the mentor and mentee and topics of physician practice, academy involvement, and work‐life balance will be covered. The panel, providing tools for those seeking mentoring, will discuss the needs, expectations, and responsibilities of the mentee. Resources available within medicine, the AAO‐HNS, and the business world will be provided for use.

Educational Objectives

1) Understand the changing mentor/mentee relationship and have the tools to apply to those situations. 2) Improve the mentoring process by incorporating systematic methods reviewed and learn about resources available. 3) Identify individual mentor and mentee needs by encouraging an active role.
Current Solutions in Facial Soft Tissue Reconstruction: The Expert Panel
Authors: Fedok Fred G. , Lazor John B. , Carniol Paul J. , Shockley William W. , Dolan Robert W. , Tatum Sherard A. , Weber Stephen M. , Doerr Timothy D.
Published: September 2011

Program Description

The reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects occurring after cancer surgery and trauma is a cornerstone discipline of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Long‐standing basic principles exist, however techniques continue to evolve and advance. In this miniseminar the panel of experts relates their experience and recommendations for the approach to and the reconstruction of key facial structures. The speakers and the topics addressed will be: Dr Carniol ‐ Logical Approach to Reconstruction of Facial Defects, Dr Lazor ‐ Reconstruction of Auricular Defects, Dr Dolan ‐ Cheek Reconstruction: Moderate and Large Defects, Dr Shockley ‐ Skin Grafts for Small to Moderate Size Nasal Defects, Dr Weber ‐ Forehead Flap Reconstruction for Nasal Defects, Dr Tatum ‐ My Approach to Lip Reconstruction, Dr Doerr ‐ Scalp Defects. Dr Fedok will serve as moderator for the panel discussions.

Educational Objectives

1) Evaluate patients with soft tissue defects with firm principles of facial aesthetics and wound healing. 2) Approach patients with soft tissue defects with a variety of credible surgical options. 3) Design and execute optimal facial soft tissue repairs utilizing a variety of techniques.