bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence spectroscopy of immobilized single molecules: examples
Authors: Gell Chris , Brockwell David , Smith Alastair
Published: November 2023

The time for which a freely diffusing single molecule can be observed is obviously limited by the dimensions of the confocal (detection) volume and the rate at which molecules of interest pass through it. However, as we have seen even given these restrictions fluctuation spectroscopy allows kinetic processes to be studied using the straightforward free-diffusion approach that is unlikely to perturb the analyte. Longer-term observation of kinetic processes, such as protein folding trajectories and enzyme catalysis however, can only be facilitated by immobilizing the molecules in some way.
Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L
Published: November 2023

The highly successful textbook Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care is now available in its third edition. Over the years it has become the standard textbook in the field world-wide. It mirrors the huge expansion of the field of economic evaluation in health care. This new edition builds on the strengths of previous editions being clearly written in a style accessible to a wide readership. Key methodological principles are outlined using a critical appraisal checklist that can be applied to any published study. The methodological features of the basic forms of analysis are then explained in more detail with special emphasis of the latest views on productivity costs, the characterization of uncertainty and the concept of net benefit. The book has been greatly revised and expanded especially concerning analyzing patient-level data and decision-analytic modeling. There is discussion of new methodological approaches, including cost effectiveness acceptability curves, net benefit regression, probalistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis. There is an expanded chapter on the use of economic evaluation, including discussion of the use of cost-effectiveness thresholds, equity considerations and the transferability of economic data. This new edition is required for anyone commissioning, undertaking or using economic evaluations in health care, and will be popular with health service professionals, health economists, pharmacists and health care decision makers. It is especially relevant for those taking pharmacoeconomics courses.
Conducting Judgment Studies: Some Methodological Issues
Authors: Rosenthal Robert
Published: November 2023

Although the focus of this chapter is on nonverbal behavior in the affective sciences, the basic principles described apply to any context in which judgment studies are conducted. The term ‘judgment studies’ refers most generally to those studies in which behaviors, persons, objects, or concepts are evaluated by one or more judges, raters, coders, or categorizers, referred to collectively as ‘judges’.
Some Mathematical Tools For Nonsteady Equations
Authors: Novotný A , Straškraba I
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with several auxiliary results from functional analysis which are broadly used when we treat nonstationary problems in Chapter 7. In the first section we discuss several properties of weakly continuous functions, time and space mollifiers and local weak compactness in unbounded domains. Finally, in the second section, we investigate various properties of the renormalized solutions to the nonstationary continuity equation.
Testing the Models
Authors: Hawley John F , Holcomb Katherine A
Published: November 2023

Current observations show that the universe is consistent with the cosmological principle; on the largest scales it is truly homogeneous and isotropic. We know that the universe is expanding; its scale is increasing with time. Because the universe is isotropic and homogeneous, we can characterize that increase in scale by a scale factor R that is a function only of time. A model of the universe is a description of this function. The models are derived from the most basic set of assumptions: general relativity describes the behavior of gravity on the large scale, and the universe conforms to the cosmological principle.
The arithmetic of knots
Authors: Gilbert N D , Porter T
Published: November 2023

Analogy is a very powerful logical tool. When two different types of situation seem to be running parallel from certain viewpoints, one can try to see if the similar behaviour extends further to give new insight into the different structures. Of course it is as important to notice where the analogy fails as to follow those situations where it works. A basic analogy used in knot theory is that the sum of oriented knots behaves very much like the product of natural numbers; hence the title of this chapter.
Applications of the Van Kampen theorem
Authors: Gilbert N D , Porter T
Published: November 2023

Having got the Van Kampen theorem, how are we to apply it? As with any result, before we try to apply it to a given example, we must check that the conditions necessary for the theorem to hold are satisfied in that example. In order to apply the Van Kampen theorem, the parts into which we divide our space must be open and path connected. As we will see, this sometimes requires an adjust¬ment to the obvious choice of decomposition. Initially we will give nearly all the details of this necessary adjustment, but later on we will leave such details increasingly up to you.
Introduction
Authors: Sloan I H , Joe S
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with a class of methods, called lattice methods, for the numerical evaluation of multiple integrals. Multiple integrals occur in a great variety of practical applications. Very often there are just two or three integration variables (in which case the integral is said to be two dimensional or three-dimensional). For low-dimensional problems of this kind, the traditional methods summarized later in this chapter are generally satisfactory and lattice methods probably have little to offer.
Lattice rules
Authors: Sloan I H , Joe S
Published: November 2023

A reader whose principal interest lies in applications can turn at any time to the algorithmic development in Chapter 10. Important practical material on the nonlinear transformations usually needed to push typical integrands into a suitable form for the application of lattice rules is given in Section 2.12. Key theoretical definitions are in Sections 2.6-2.8 and 3.2. And even the busiest reader is advised to undertake the following brief tour of lattice rules. Section 2.3 sets out the plan of this book.
Lattice rules-other topics
Authors: Sloan I H , Joe S
Published: November 2023

In this section we seek an explicit expression for the number of distinct lattice rules of a given order N. Note that rules that are geometrically equivalent (in the sense of Section 2.13) but not identical are counted separately here. It would make sense to ask also for the number of geometrically inequivalent rules of a given order N, but no expression for this (smaller) number is yet known.
Representation Theory of Analytic Holonomy C*-algebras
Authors: Ashtekar Abhay , Lewandowski Jerzy
Published: November 2023

Integral calculus on the space 𝒜 / 𝒢 of gauge-equivalent connections is developed. Loops, knots, links, and graphs feature prominently in this description. The framework is well suited for quantization of diffeomorphism-invariant theories of connections.
Strings, Loops, Knots, and Gauge Fields
Authors: Baez John C
Published: November 2023

The loop representation of quantum gravity has many formal resemblances to a background-free string theory. In fact, its origins lie in attempts to treat the string theory of hadrons as an approximation to QCD, in which the strings represent flux tubes of the gauge field. A heuristic path-integral approach indicates a duality between background-free string theories and generally covariant gauge theories, with the loop transform relating the two. We review progress towards making this duality rigorous in three examples: 2d Yang- Mills theory (which, while not generally covariant, has symmetry under all area-preserving transformations), 3d quantum gravity, and 4d quantum gravity. SU(N) Yang-Mills theory in 2 dimensions has been given a string-theoretic interpretation in the large-N limit, but here we provide an exact string-theoretic interpretation of the theory on R x S1 for finite N. The string-theoretic interpretation of quantum gravity in 3 dimensions gives rise to conjectures about integrals on the moduli space of flat connections, while in 4 dimensions there may be relationships to the theory of 2-tangles.
Probability inequalities for sums of independent random variables
Authors: Petrov Valentin V
Published: November 2023

So far we have made no assumptions about the existence of any moments of the random variables under consideration. We shall formulate some consequences of the above-mentioned results under some additional moment conditions.
Basic Theory
Authors: Dassios George , Kleinman Ralph
Published: November 2023

An acoustic wave in an irrotational, homogeneous, isotropic, compressible fluid medium is characterized by a variation in the ambient pressure field. This variation is called the excess acoustic pressure field, and is denoted by U(r, t), a scalar function of position r = (x  1, x  2, x  3) and time. The excess pressure is measured in units of force per unit area. The velocity of propagation of an acoustic wave is denoted by V(r, t), a vector valued function of position and time.
Integral Representations and Scattering Theorems
Authors: Dassios George , Kleinman Ralph
Published: November 2023

If u represents the scattered pressure field which satisfies the radiation condition, then a standard procedure (Colton and Kress 1983), wherein Green's second identity is applied to the functions u(r') and G  + (r, r') in the domain V  +\B(r, ε) and subsequently letting ε → 0 leads to the integral representation for the scattered field u which holds for all r and the left-hand side vanishes in V  -.
Integral Equations
Authors: Dassios George , Kleinman Ralph
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 3-5 it was shown how the problems of determining the coefficients in the low frequency expansion of the field quantities in acoustics and electromagnetics could be formulated as standard problems for Laplace’s equation while in elastodynamics the terms could be found as solutions of standard problems for the static Navier equation. Techniques for solving these boundary value and transmission problems have been central to the study of partial differential equations in mathematical physics for more than a hundred years. In recent years they have served as the benchmark problems for numerical approaches such as finite element methods. It is not intended to discuss these methods here nor do we presume to suggest references. There are hundreds of texts and thousands of papers on the subject and it is inconceivable that any reader who has progressed to this stage of the present work would not be familiar with many of them. An alternative to differential equation based methods are integral equation techniques. This chapter is devoted to a presentation of the integral equation formulation of each of the problems discussed in Chapters 3, 4 and 5. There are many excellent books on integral equations. Among them we refer to Kress (1989), which is tightly connected to scattering theory and Zabreyko et al. (1975) which is a reference book.
The Sphere
Authors: Dassios George , Kleinman Ralph
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present explicit results for low frequency scattering by a sphere of radius a. All the results, whether or not known before, have been rederived using techniques among those developed in Chapters 3 to 6. After all the results are given for plane wave incidence along x  3 axis in acoustics, electromagnetics and elasticity, we present some results for point source incidence in acoustics.
The Formal Theory Of Reactions
Authors: Fröbrich P , Lipperheide R
Published: November 2023

The formal theory of potential scattering developed in the preceding chapter can immediately be generalized to a formal theory of reactions. We recall that in potential scattering a plane-wave state with the initial momentum k makes a transition to a plane-wave state with the final momentum k’. Since energy is conserved, only the direction of the momentum changes. For a general reaction the definition of the initial and final states requires more than the specification of only their relative momenta. Additional quantum numbers are needed to characterize the internal states of the collision partners, which may be excited and gain or lose nucleons as a result of their mutual interaction. Nevertheless, the formalism of potential scattering carries over to nuclear reactions in general if the state labels a and b are understood to include these additional degrees of freedom.
Probability and many-valuedness
Authors: Malinowski Grzegorz
Published: November 2023

Mathematical probability is a measure of events occurring totally (or partially) beyond human control, that is to say casual events. The probability calculus in its simplest form resembles many-valued logic. Therefore, the question of a connection between probability and many-valuedness emerges quite naturally. A pioneering contribution to the probabilistic approach to logical values was due to MacColl (1897) who reserved the category of ‘variability’ for propositions that are true in some cases and false in others; here propositional functions with one variable are the case. Lukasiewicz (1913) invented a theory of logical probability where undetermined propositions (i.e. propositional functions) are associated with a fraction which is proportional to the number of variable values verifying the proposition and the number of all values of a given finite domain. The differentiating feature of this comprehended probability in comparison to mathematical probability is the fact that the former refers to propositions and not events. The continuators of Lukasiewicz’s conception, Reichenbach and Zawirski among them, exerted much effort to create a many-valued logic within which logical probability could find a satisfactory interpretation (see e.g. Zawirski (1934a), (1934b), Reichenbach (1935)). It was not until the 1970s that Giles worked out an operationalistic conception of subjective probability interpreted unquestionably in denumerable Lukasiewicz logic (see Giles (1974)).
Labelled Deductive Systems
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

This important book provides a new unifying methodology for logic. It replaces the traditional view of logic as manipulating sets of formulas by the notion of structured families of labelled formulas, the labels having algebraic structure. This simple device has far reaching consequences for the methodology of logics and their semantics. The book studies the main features of such systems as well as many applications. The framework of Labelled Deductive Systems is of interest to a large variety of readers. At one extreme there is the pure mathematical logician who likes exact formal definitions and dry theorems, who probably specializes in one logic and methodology. At the other extreme there is the practical consumer of logic, who likes to absorb the intutions and use labelling as needed to advance the cause of applications. The book begins with an intuitive presentation of LDS in the context of traditional current views of monotonic and nonmonotonic logics. It is less orientated towards the pure logician and more towards the practical consumer of logic. The main part of the book presents the formal theory of LDS for the formal logician. The author has tried to avoid the style of definition-lemma-theorem and has put in some explanation.
Introducing Algebraic Labelled Deductive Systems
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter, Introducing LDS, gave many examples of how labelling is used, both in monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning systems. We need now to give formal definitions of the concepts involved.
General Labelled Deductive Systems and their Fibred Semantics
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

This chapter gives a quick glimpse of general LDS and their fibred semantics. A full treatment is left for Volume 2.
Equality in Substructural Logics
Authors: Dosen Kosta
Published: November 2023

Standard axioms for equality, or standard definitions of equality in secondorder logic or set theory, permit to infer versions limited to equalities of structural rules otherwise banned in substructural logics. In the presence of settheoretic extensionality and a rather natural form of separation, these limited structural rules yield the full structural rules in question. It is suggested that this may be prevented by restricting substitution for individual variables in the principle of replacement of equal terms. These restrictions are parallel to the restrictions for structural rules in substructural logics.
o-Minimal Structures
Authors: van den Dries Lou
Published: November 2023

The theory of o-minimal structures is a creation of model theorists, but is also intimately connected to “tame topology”. By tame topology I refer to the emerging idea that spaces of “finite type” deserve special attention: these spaces have aspects that tend to be overlooked when treated only within the general framework of (differential) topology. On the other hand, these aspects become prominent when we view these spaces as definable in model-theoretically “nice” structures. Thus the theory of o-minimal structures realizes to a large extent Grothendieck’s program of ‘topologie moderee’ outlined on pp. 25-42 of the fascinating document [Grothendieck, 1984). In some ways it also goes beyond this program.
Embedding Normal Forms and Ill-determinacy
Authors: Koepke Peter
Published: November 2023

We give a new proof of D. Martin’s theorem that Ili -sets of reals are determined if there is a measurable cardinal. The argument is based on representing Ili-sets using systems of elementary embeddings of models of set theory.
Recovering the Action of an Automorphism Group
Authors: Lascar Daniel
Published: November 2023

Given a saturated structure M and its automorphism group, we give topological conditions which characterise, under certain conditions (in particular if Tis w-stable), the stabilizers of imaginary elements of M.
Hyperstable Theories*
Authors: Wagner Frank 0.
Published: November 2023

Lascar rank is localized to invariant families of types, and some of its properties are proven. Furthermore, the regular type technology is extended to certain stable theories. This is applied to prove Lachlan’s conjecture for those theories, and derive further structural properties.
Quasi-Riemann Surfaces
Authors: Zilber B I
Published: November 2023

The study ofZariski-type structures using a “non-standard analysis” approach [Zilber, 1992] showed that the infinitesimal neighbourhoods in the structures carry rather rich structures of germs, resembling the complex analytic ones.
The Milne and Eddington Approximations
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P
Published: November 2023

One of the very first treatments of radiation trapping was the theory developed by Milne (1926). He reduced the trapping problem to a differential equation. It is shown below that this is mathematically incorrect and that the Milne theory gives results that actually can be wrong by orders of magnitude for large opacities. However, for small opacities (koL < 30, see Sec. 8.4), the Milne theory gives acceptable accuracy, and the differential equation is much easier to treat than the (Holstein) integral equation. For these reasons, the Milne theory is still in use for the computation of trapping at low opacities (Kibble et al. 1967), (Blickensderfer et al. 1976), (Garver et al. 1982).
Mathematical Methods for the Transfer Equation
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P
Published: November 2023

The discrete-ordinate method was proposed first for solving the equation of radiative transfer by Chandrasekhar (1952). It has been applied to trapping especially for the computation of steady-state problems in slabs in the transfer-plus rate-equation formulation.
Combination of techniques
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P
Published: November 2023

We are now in possession of a wealth of mathematical techniques. It is time to review them, to point out which technique is specifically suited for what physical situation and to discuss how we can combine techniques to get even more efficient algorithms. This chapter is thus both a synopsis of Parts II and III of this book (trapping theory) and an introduction to part IV (applications). In this chapter, we give some concrete recommendations on which techniques should be used for what situations. These comments are based on our personal experience with various techniques, and also on general mathematical and computational considerations. However, they cannot be considered as the ‘absolute truth’. There are many ways to deal with a problem, and the reader might find that he personally prefers a different procedure for his given problem than the one we recommend.
Quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Bellac Michel Le , Barton G
Published: November 2023

Quantum electrodynamics, i.e. the relativistic quantum theory of the interactions between electrons and photons, is the physical theory with incomparably the most precise confirmation from experiment. We quote just one example, the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Every particle with charge &and mass &has a magnetic &whose value can be displayed, in terms of the particle spin &in the form where &is the gyromagnetic ratio (‘g-factor’). Classically one has &= 1, a result established simply by calculating the magnetic moment of an arbitrary rotating charge distribution. For the electron the Dirac equation predicts &= 2, in excellent agreement with observation (though it is known that the prediction is not peculiar to the Dirac equation: Galilean wave equations for spin 1/2 likewise lead to &= 2: Levy-Leblond 1967).
Non-Abelian gauge theories
Authors: Bellac Michel Le , Barton G
Published: November 2023

Non-Abelian gauge theories are today the basis of the ‘standard model’ in elementary-particle physics. This model has two props: There have been attempts to merge the GSW model and QCD into unified theories embracing the strong as well as the weak and the electromagnetic interactions; these attempts at ‘grand unification’ also work with non-Abelian gauge theories as one of their ingredients. But at the time of writing there is no consensus over such grand unification, because the simplest model (SU(5)) disagrees with experiment over the stability of the proton.
Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
Authors: Callaghan Paul T
Published: November 2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is best known for its spectacular use in medical tomography. However, the method has potential applications in biology, materials science, and chemical physics, some of which have begun to be realized as laboratory NMR spectrometers have been adapted to enable small scale imaging. NMR microscopy has available a rich variety of contrast including molecular specificity and sensitivity to molecular dynamics. In NMR imaging the signal is acquired in k-space, a dimension which bears a Fourier relationship with the positions of nuclear spins. A dynamic analogue of k-space imaging is the Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) experiment in which the signal is acquired in q-space, conjugate to the distances moved by the spins over a well-defined time interval. q-space microsocpy provides images of the nuclear self-correlation function with a resolution some two orders of magnitude better than is possible in imaging the nuclear density. As well as revealing the spectrum of molecular motion, PGSE NMR can be used to study morphology in porous systems through the influence of motional boundaries. This book explores principles and common themes underlying these two variants of NMR Microscopy, providing many examples of their use. The methods discussed here are of importance in fundamental biological and physical research, as well as having applications in a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing, and natural product processing.
Principles of Imaging
Authors: Callaghan Paul T
Published: November 2023

Until the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895 our ability to view the spatial organization of matter depended on the use of visible light with our eyes being used as primary detectors. Unaided, the human eye is a remarkable instrument, capable of resolving separations of 0.1 mm on an object placed at the near point of vision and, with bifocal vision, obtaining a depth resolution of around 0.3 mm. However, because of the strong absorption and reflection of light by most solid materials, our vision is restricted to inspecting the appearance of surfaces. ‘X-ray vision’ gave us the capacity, for the first time, to see inside intact biological, mineral, and synthetic materials and observe structural features.
Thermodynamics of Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization
Authors: Levitt M H
Published: November 2023

In 1962, Sven Hartmann and Erwin Hahn reported a new NMR experiment, which they called ‘Double-resonance in the rotating frame’ [1]. The experiments were performed on solid samples containing two different NMR isotopes,IandS.The aim of the experiment was to enhance the detection of the speciesSof small gyromagnetic ratio‘Ysby exploiting its influence on the speciesIof high gyromagnetic ratio‘YI,which provides a much stronger signal. Under normal circumstances, the two species affect each other only slightly, because of the large mismatch in nuclear Larmor frequencies. Hartmann and Hahn showed that the two species can be made to interact strongly when strong resonant r.f. fieldsBIIandB18are applied simultaneously at the two nuclear Larmor frequencies. The species-species contact is maximized when the two nutation frequencies match:
Nuclear orientation via electron spin locking in Si:B
Authors: Henstra A , Wenckebach W Th.
Published: November 2023

The invention of pulsed NMR techniques allowed Hahn to introduce a powerful method to transfer the polarization of one nuclear spin species to another: the Hartmann-Hahn method. This technique has proven its worth in NMR, where it is used to increase the sensitivity of NMR of rare nuclear spin species. Recently, the introduction of pulsed ESR techniques has allowed the extension of the Hartmann-Hahn method to the transfer of electron spin polarization to nuclear spins. The present contribution describes this very efficient technique for dynamic nuclear polarization, which has been baptized Nuclear Orientation Via Electron spin Locking (NOVEL).
The physicist Erwin Hahn
Authors: Abragam Anatole
Published: November 2023

The custom of honouring distinguished members of the scientific profession, upon their retirement, with a jubilee volume (Festschrift or Festband as they are called in the country where they originated) is followed in France mainly by the mathematicians. The presumption that French mathematicians are thought to be much better than their fellow physicists, and perhaps indeed are so, is not easily dismissed. Be that as it may, a long time ago, the French Physical Society decided to honour thus Alfred Kastler, one of our far too few Nobel prize winners. I happened to be at the time the President of our Society and contributed to the volume an article and the preface.
Causality and space-time topology
Authors: Joshi Pankaj S
Published: November 2023

The condition that no material particle signals can travel faster than the velocity of light fixes the causal structure for Minkowski space-time. In general relativity also, which uses the framework of a general space-time manifold, locally the causality relations are the same as in the Minkowski space-time. However, globally there could be important differences in the causal structure due to a different space-time topology, strong gravitational fields and so on. This causal structure of space-time has been studied in detail, especially in view of the occurrence of space-time singularities in gravitational collapse and cosmology (see for example, Penrose, 1972; Hawking and Ellis, 1973; Geroch, 1970b). The purpose of this chapter is to investigate further this causality structure of space-time and its relationship with the space-time topology. The known results and definitions required for later chapters are also reviewed here and several results are established which are of intrinsic interest for the global aspects of space-times and which emphasize the close interplay between the causal structure and topology.
Penning Trap Confinement
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K
Published: November 2023

The Penning trap is identical to the Paul trap as regards its mechanical configuration; it consists of a three-electrode structure with two end-cap electrodes and a ring electrode, as shown in Fig. 3.1. The crucial difference from the Paul trap is that the Penning trap does not use a radiofrequency field, and in its place uses a uniform magnetic field; the field direction is usually taken along the positive z-axis of the trap. Further, the end-cap electrodes are biased with a positive de voltage (for positive ion confinement) with respect to the ring electrode. Due to the de biasing potential, the ion experiences an electric force in the z-direction towards the centre which is proportional to the displacement of the ion from the origin. This results in harmonic oscillation of the ion along the axial direction. Along the x- and y-directions,
Atomic Frequency Standards Using Ion Traps
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K
Published: November 2023

There is a constant need for standards which provide highly accurate and stable time. For example,64191 at present there is such a need in long-base line interferometry in radioastronomy. In this technique, two telescopes are placed at a distance with respect to one another and they observe the same object; the observations are then correlated accurately using a highly stable clock. The system effectively acts as a very large aperture high-resolution radiotelescope yielding a combined angular resolution greater than that of an optical telescope. Highly stable clocks are also necessary for the measurement of pulsar periods, and some millisecond pulsars such as PSR 1937+27 have a stability that challenges the best atomic clocks. Highly stable clocks could be used to measure pulsar periods accurately, and from a knowledge of the change in orbital periods, one could possibly detect the presence of any gravity waves predicted by the general theory of relativity. The global positioning system (GPS)* is another area in which highly accurate clocks are required.
Analytical Mass Spectrometry With The Paul Trap
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K
Published: November 2023

This final chapter is devoted entirely to analytical mass spectrometry using the Paul trap and the mass spectral scan method introduced by Finnigan MAT in the mid-1980s. Their novel scan routine and the commercial availability of simple and rugged ion trap hardware have resulted in large-scale use of the instrument as a mass spectrometer, and it portends to stay in the field as a serious competitor to a number of conventiontal instruments. It is because of this instrument that most of the chemical applications of the Paul trap have arisen and these have shown that the instrument is capable of reproducing many of the performance characteristics of older instruments at a reduced cost, and that it has all the advantages of the two-dimensional quadrupole mass spectrometer such as electronic control of resolution and sensitivity that are quite distinct from the sector instruments.
Historical Overview
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M
Published: November 2023

The history of chrysidid nomenclature parallels that of insects in general. The earliest work began with Linnaeus (1758). Most of the published studies of the following 100 years were purely descriptive, especially at the species level. Towards the end of the nineteenth century occasional efforts were made to bring information together in a revisional form. The quantity of taxonomic work was certainly influenced in a negative way by periods of national conflict. The Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) were one example.
Morphology
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M
Published: November 2023

To prevent confusion and duplicative terminology we have tried to determine structural homologies among chrysidids and other aculeates and to apply the most appropriate names to these structures. In a few instances the modifications found in the Chrysididae appear to be unique in this family, at least to the extent that they have not been named by anyone previously. We have relied almost exclusively on Bohart and Menke (1976) for the terminology of sculptural features of the mesopleuron, many of which appear to be homologous with those found in Sphecidae.
Subfamily Chrysidinae
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M
Published: November 2023

In number of species this is the largest subfamily of chrysidids, comprising 80 per cent of the family. These wasps can be recognized by their bright metallic coloration (except in a few rare exceptions), three, or less commonly four, visible gastral terga, and concave or flat abdominal venter. Members of this subfamily are commonly encountered in all zoogeographic regions. They are generally nest parasites of wasps and bees, although Praestochrysis attacks prepupal moth larvae.
Guidelines for re-introductions: procedures and problems
Authors: Chivers David J
Published: November 2023

Re-introductions involve a series of procedures, each of which is complex and problematic, in terms of planning and execution: capture, transport, captive breeding, training for release, site selection and preparation, transport, release, subsequent monitoring. Problems centre on stress, disease risks, site suitability and costs, as well as on acquiring the appropriate expertise and local political support, on fully clarifying the reasons for the,re-introduction and on the thorough follow¬ through of observations after the r lease. These procedures and problems are described and discussed in relation to two main sources of animals-those rescued from doomed habitat and shipped overseas for captive breeding, and those moved directly into protected habitat (translocation). While the former course of action is better developed, the latter offers considerable advantages in terms of much lower costs, greater technical ease and fewer difficulties of local politics. Both approaches merit pursuing vigorously to achieve their very real potentials in the management and conservation of rapidly diminishing wildlife stocks, so long as they contribute to the prime need of protecting habitat.
Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos of aquatic organisms
Authors: Grout1 Brian W W , Morris G John , Mclellan Mark R
Published: November 2023

Cryopreserved gametes and early developmental stages of selected aquatic species can be used for managed production in mollusc, shrimp and fin-fish farming, for genetic conservation and as indicator material in bioassay of polluted water samples. In each case it is necessary to work with large numbers of individuals, often measured in millions, and to secure very high levels of recovery. The empirical work to be done in design of suitable freezing protocols for much of this material is best managed in conventional 0.5 ml straws, but thereafter volumes can be scaled up to 25 ml, using heat-seal foil bags, and a computer program to redesign the cooling protocol so as to ensure that the required thermal conditions for the sample are maintained. The diversity of stages of larval and embryo development available in aquatic species offers a range of material for cryopreservation from unfertilized eggs to free-living larvae, with differentiated and functional solid organs. Current experience indicates that the later, differentiated stages of many species are more amenable to cryopreservation and that the apparently simple, unfertilized eggs and early cleavage stages pose the greatest problems. This is illustrated at an extreme by the requirement for both a high degree of mobility and active feeding of the larval forms of some of the mollusc species before cryopreservation is successful. It is probably important to note that there is relatively little change in overall size of these organisms during post-fertilization development up to hatching or, where appropri¬ ate, formation of motile larval stages.
Introduction-biology lessons from the bats
Authors: Altringham John D
Published: November 2023

Bats are one of the most successful mammalian orders, and probably the most diverse. The 966 species (by the more optimistic estimates) provide an unparalleled exhibition of variations on the mammalian theme, and a broad lesson in biology. In the bats we see excellent illustrations of adaptive radiation, optimal foraging, co-evolution, reciprocal altruism, the consequences of continental drift, and the arms race between predator and prey, to name just a few examples. This is a book about bats, but it will also use them as a vehicle to show how these processes shape the natural world. Rodents are the only mammalian order to outnumber bats with, by some estimates, about 1700 species, but they are certainly less diverse in their biology. One quarter of all mammals are bats-surprising, when you think that there are 21 mammalian orders, including animals as varied as primates, carnivores, cetaceans, rodents, insectivores, ungulates, seals, sloths, marsupials, etc.
Aquatic weed problems and management in Europe
Authors: Murphy K J , Robson T O , Arsenovi M , van der Zweerde W
Published: November 2023

Europe comprises the western part of the Eurasian landmass and associated islands, lying between longitude 30° E and the shores of the Atlantic Ocean (approximately 10° W). It stretches from the northerly parts of Scandinavia (c. 70° N) within the Arctic Circle, to the Mediterranean Sea (c. 35° N) in the south, and shows a wide range of climatic conditions, geomorphology, land use, industrialization, agricultural systems, and population density. Such factors all influence the scale and nature of aquatic weed problems in Europe, and approaches to their management. Description of the attitudes to aquatic weed management in Europe is made more complex by the fact that there are, in total, 26 nations (including the European part of the USSR) within the area covered by this chapter. This account provides an overview of the main aquatic weed problems currently occurring in Europe and illustrates, with selected examples, some of the different approaches to the management of aquatic plants in European waters.
Limitations of current treatment
Authors: Woodruff Michael
Published: November 2023

Assessments of the effectiveness of treatment in cancer patients are commonly based on three parameters: (1) how long the patient survives; (2) how long he (she) remains clinically cancer free; (3) the quality of life he (she) enjoys. Length of survival is clear cut, but is influenced by various factors unrelated to the cancer or the treatment. Survival rates adjusted for age and sex are of much greater significance than crude survival rates, but leave out of account the other factors involved. The disease-free interval is less sharply defined than the survival time because it depends on the thoroughness of the search for residual cancer; and the question arises of how to deal with patients left after treatment with enlarged lymph nodes which may or may not be the site of metastases, and which remain stationary in size for varying lengths of time. Quality of life is still more difficult to quantify but various indices have been devised that enable useful comparisons to be made (see Karnofsky et al. 1948; Little 1987).
Temperate forest management: its effects on bryophyte and lichen floras and habitats
Authors: Rose Francis
Published: November 2023

It is now clear that most of Europe, until at least Neolithic times, was covered with woodland of some kind. Palynological data from many sites has made this evident (e.g. Godwin 1975). It has also become clear recently that these early Flandrian forests would have been more open in character than was previously thought, at least in lowland areas. Numerous glades and open ‘lawns ‘ would have existed due to the presence of considerable numbers of large grazing and browsing herbivores such as the red deer and other deer species, the wild ox, the wild swine, and probably a species of wild horse. Bison were certainly also widespread in some parts of Europe. Grigson (1978) reviewed the evidence for the presence of numerous large herbivores in the Flandrian up to Atlantic times at least.
Anatomy of the Monocotyledons
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C
Published: November 2023

This volume treats the microscopic anatomy of vegetative organs of two monocotyledonous flowering plant families. Observations are included for Acorus, sole genus of Acoraceae, and nearly all of the 106 genera of the family Araceae, now including the duckweeds as the subfamily Lemnoideae. The introduction reviews all aspects of morphology and anatomy of the families and a variety of other topics including biogeography, the paleobotanical record, economic uses, chemistry and toxic properties. Highlights of the vegetative anatomical literature are reviewed from about 1000 references included in the bibliography. A chapter illustrated by photomicrographic figures defines the characters, character states and their text codes. Next follows the heart of the work, parallel anatomical descriptions of the genera. They are accompanied by 855 light photomicrographic figures, arranged in 115 plates that illustrate nearly every genus. Following each tribal or generic treatment is a list of specimens examined and taxonomic notes highlighting useful comparisons. Each treatment concludes with references to anatomical works treating that genus, and selected additional references to non-anatomical literature. The order of generic treatments of Araceae is based on a revised classification that harmonizes the anatomical data with current findings from molecular genetics. Other recent family infrastructural schemes are presented for comparison. There is a discussion of evolutionary trends and systematics, and a summary of current conclusions regarding the appropriate ordinal position of the family. Following the anatomical presentation are lists of genera with certain diagnostic features. As with the generic descriptions, the lists are comprehensive for leaf and petiole materials and less so for stem and root tissues.
Araceae Juss
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C
Published: November 2023

This genus is native to eastern Australia. Plants are terrestrial evergreen herbs occurring in open shrub lands, or in sheltered gullies or rain forests. The leaves are ensi-form and linear with grooved, equitant bases. Chromo-somes : 2n = 48. One specimen was available for study.
An introduction to the fungus-growing ants, Attini
Authors: Stradling D J
Published: November 2023

Although the modern Formicidae are typically opportunist omnivores, the diets of most species, like those of their carnivorous ancestors, still contain a large proportion of nutritionally rich, animal protein. The subfamily Myrmicinae contains some notable exceptions, including the granivorous ants of arid regions for which seeds constitute a major component of the diet. Completely herbivorous ants appear to he confined to the 12 genera of the Myrmicine tribe Attini, all of which are obligate symbionts with fungi, that are cultivated on substrates of vegetal origin. The fungus serves as the sole larval food and probably as a principal part of the adult diet for primitive attines, although workers of those species that cut leaves from living plants also drink sap directly. There are approximately 190 species of attines (Weber 1972) distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical hiogeographical regions between latitudes of approximately 40°N and 40°S.
Why Are So Few Aphids ant-tended?
Authors: Bristow Catherine M
Published: November 2023

The relationships between sap-feeding Homoptera and ants have been widely studied (Buckley 1987; Way 1963). However, our understanding of them is still limited, and the factors that predispose some aphid species to enter into mutualistic associations with ants, while other species fail to do so, remain largely a mystery. Theoretical studies (Roughgarden 1975; Wilson 1983; Keeler 1985) suggest that mutualisms will be restricted to situations where the cost of maintaining the association is low to each participant, while the benefits are relatively great. Ant-aphid interactions would seem to fit these restrictions.
Seed Dispersal By Ants; Comparing Infertile With Fertile Soils
Authors: Westaby M , Hughes L , Rice B L
Published: November 2023

Some plants, known as myrmecochores, have a food body (elaiosome) attached to their seeds. This food body acts as an incentive for ants to carry the diaspore (seed plus food body) back to their nest. There, the food body is chewed off and eaten, and the seed itself may be discarded intact, inside or outside the nest, where it may subsequently germinate. The seed has been moved from where it first fell, and thus dispersal has been achieved.
A Neotropical Rainforest Canopy, Ant Community: Some Ecological Considerations
Authors: Tobin John E
Published: November 2023

A Smithsonian project to characterize the entire arthropod fauna of a small patch of tropical rainforest canopy from Manu National Park, in Amazonian Peru, is currently underway. Though several studies have addressed the questions of species richness, biomass, and guild composition (e.g. Moran and Southwood 1982; Southwood et al. 1982; Adis et al. 1984), the Smithsonian project is an attempt to determine the number of species as well as the abundance of each species. This chapter presents a preliminary description and analysis of the ant fauna collected as part of this project.
Population structure and the variable mating system
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David
Published: November 2023

The idea of small birds living in exclusive territories as male-female pairs is so familiar that it was difficult at first to abandon this preconception, even though prepared by the earlier studies of dunnocks. The first part of each breeding season was spent simply walking round the Garden, plotting the positions of individuals on maps. An example from one year is shown in Fig. 3.1. Females defended territories against other females and clearly occupied exclusive areas with very little, if any, overlap between neighbours (Fig. 3. la). Although neighbouring females rarely met, when they did they displayed along their territory boundary, fluffing up their body feathers and hopping parallel to each other for a minute or so before parting.
Territorial behaviour: competition for habitat and mates
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 I showed how the variable mating system arose as a consequence of the different ways in which male and female territories overlapped. I now turn to the question of what causes these various patterns of overlap. Why do different individuals end up in different mating systems? The various patterns arise largely as a result of differences in male and female territory size. Territory size was calculated by drawing polygons around the map registrations for each individual. The estimate of territory size increased with the number of registrations and from 40 to 100 were needed to give a good measure. During the breeding season individuals only rarely left their territories, for example to collect nest lining or to bathe in a pond, and these obvious distant excursions were excluded when drawing the polygons.