bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement for the mechanical performance of boroxine‐based self‐healing polyurethane by quadruple hydrogen bonds
Authors: Ren Longfang , Zhang Chen , Lin Congcong , Qiang Taotao
Published: December 2023

The self‐prepared boroxine‐based polyurethane has excellent self‐healing property, but its mechanical strength is poor, so a functional monomer 5‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐6‐methyl‐2‐aminouracil containing UPy motif (HMA) as non‐covalent dynamic reversible bond was introduced into the polyurethane matrix to prepare HMA reinforced boroxine‐based self‐healing polyurethane (HmBPU). The results showed that when the dosage of HMA was 4 mmoL, the tensile strength of H4BPU film was the best which increased to 3.64 MPa from 2.05 MPa, while the self‐healing efficiency increased to 70.81% from 60.06%, which indicated that the introduction of HMA had positive effect to the self‐healing and mechanical strength. In addition, the recovery efficiency and mechanical strength of H4BPU still reached to 89.29% and 3.25 MPa after three cycles, which indicated that H4BPU had good recycling performance. Compared with H0BPU, the water contact angle of H4BPU increased by 16°, which indicated that the water resistance of H4BPU was improved. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed that the degree of microphase separation of H4BPU was reduced. It is beneficial for the mixed version of double dynamic reversible covalent bonds and non‐covalent bonds to improve the strength of self‐healing polyurethane. Meantime, it provides a reference for the balance of the mechanical strength and self‐healing performance.
Clinical and genetic risk factors for cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease in Egyptian CF children: A single‐center experience
Authors: El‐Faramawy Amel , Nasr Samya Z. , Emam Mohamed M. S. Al , Fahmy Heba M. H.
Published: December 2023

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease. It affects multiple organ systems, including the liver, leading to CF‐related liver disease (CFLD). It was noted that CFLD in Egyptian children with CF is more common than in non‐Egyptian people with CF (pwCF). This study aimed to determine the incidence of CFLD and the potential risk factors for developing CFLD in Egyptian children. The correlation between CFLD and the various genotypes prevalent in Egyptian CF children will be discussed. In addition, comparison of CFLD in Egyptian and non‐Egyptian CF patients will be presented.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 50 pwCF from Ain Sham University's Pediatric Pulmonology Clinic in Children's Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. The sweat chloride test and genetic studies were done at the time of diagnosis. Additionally, all subjects underwent detailed history taking, laboratory investigations, clinical assessment, and pelvic abdominal ultrasound for evaluation of hepatic involvement.

Results

One‐third of the Egyptian children with CF were found to have liver disease. The following independent risk factors for developing CFLD were identified as: male sex, severe genetic mutation (class I and II), long duration of CF disease, early onset of the CF, pancreatic insufficiency, as well as history of meconium ileus. In addition, diabetes mellitus and severe lung disease were proven to significantly increase the risk of developing CFLD.

Conclusion

CFLD is common in Egyptian pwCF. CFLD's risk factors are similar to other reported research from other countries in the region.
Effect of Video-Based Intervention on the Sun Protective Beliefs and Behaviours of Student Athletes
Authors: Johnson Austin N. , Barnes Peter W. , Dizon Matthew P. , Swetter Susan M. , Nord Kristin M. , Leatham Hayley W.
Published: December 2023

Prior work has demonstrated that a novel programme involving dermatologist-led, team-based education of student athletes (SAs), coaches, and athletic trainers termed Stanford University Network for Sun Protection, Outreach, Research, and Teamwork (SUNSPORT) improved photoprotective behaviours in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) SAs. Our current study investigated the use of an alternative, video-based form of SUNSPORT at Cal and UCLA. We demonstrate a trend for increasing sunscreen use amongst SAs with a more feasible programme.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of the Benzimidazole Scaffold: A Patent Review
Authors: Mehra Anuradha , Sangwan Rekha
Published: December 2023

Benzimidazole derivatives were first discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marking a significant milestone in the field of chemistry. These compounds have since played a pivotal role in pharmacology, demonstrating a wide array of pharmacological properties that have had a profound impact on medicine and healthcare. The significance of benzimidazole derivatives in pharmacology is undeniable. These compounds have been extensively studied and developed for their diverse and valuable properties. They exhibit potent anticancer activity, with some derivatives displaying the ability to hinder the growth of cancer cells, offering hope in the fight against this disease. Furthermore, benzimidazole derivatives have been involved in the management of cardiovascular conditions as antihypertensive agents, aiding in the control of high blood pressure. Their potential as antidiabetic agents, by influencing glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, holds promise in diabetes treatment. The recent patent literature has focused on structural modifications to the benzimidazole core to expand the arsenal of effective drugs. This review takes a disease‐centric perspective on patented benzimidazoles from 2016 to 2023. The relevant granted patent applications were located using patent databases, USPTO, Google Patents, EPO, WIPO, Lens and Espacenet.
Simple and Scalable Green Approach for Synthesizing Hierarchically Porous Hexagonal Shaped 3D Carbon Structure for Sodium‐ion Storage
Authors: Ramakrishnan Aswini , Swaminathan Sindhu , Mayandi Jeyanthinath
Published: December 2023

Both scientific and technological circles are gaining interest in the sustainable and scalable conversion of biomass waste into electrical energy storage systems. Three‐dimensional hierarchical hexagonal porous carbon was synthesized from Ailanthus Triphysa sawdust for the first time. A two‐step carbonization process results in etching of the carbon structure caused by ZnCl2 activation and tailoring pores over the carbon structure caused by gasification. The ZnCl2 acts as an activating agent, a template and a facilitator of the activation process, and its concentration regulates the porosity as well as specific surface area of the carbon nanostructures. There are two distinct types of pores in the prepared carbon i. e.mesopores and micropores. The highest specific surface area of 1757.80 m2/g was obtained when the ratio of ZnCl2 is four times higher than that of the sample. The resulting carbon is used as an electrode in an electrochemical supercapacitor which gives a specific capacitance of 92.24 F/g at 5 mV/s and a cyclic stability of 3000 with a retention of 98 %. The highly porous activated carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical storage properties in an aqueous neutral electrolyte of 0.1 M Na2SO4. A redox‐enhanced electrolyte like 0.1 M Na2SO4 with 0.03 M KI combination improvise the specific capacitance and cyclic stability. The specific capacitance of the redox‐enhanced electrolyte combination increases to 104 F/g at 5 mV/s and cyclic stability of 50000 with a retention of 95 % during continuous charge‐discharge cycles. This work brings forth a simple and green approach to transforming biomass waste into a scalable and economic high‐performance supercapacitor.
Anticancer Activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Guava Leaf extract.
Authors: Son Nguyen Ngoc , Thanh Vu Minh , Huong Nguyen Thi
Published: December 2023

In this study, we report on the green synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared using extracts of guava leaves. The ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using a simple and eco‐friendly method. Then, the synthesized NPs were characterized using various techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs with an average size of approximately 20 nm, along with a spherical morphology and well‐defined boundaries. The anticancer activity of the synthesized NPs was evaluated against different cancer cell lines, including A549 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and MCF7 (breast cancer), as well as normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. The analysis showed that the ZnO NPs exhibited significant anticancer activity, especially against the MCF7 and HeLa cancer cell lines, along with relatively low toxicity toward HDF cells. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO NPs synthesized using guava leaf extract as promising candidates for biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy.
Advances in Graphene‐Reinforced Polyurethane Nanocomposites: An Advanced Shape Memory Material
Authors: Pathak Rakshit , Punetha Vinay Deep , Bhatt Shalini , Punetha Mayank
Published: December 2023

The expansion of nanofiller‐based polymers has been rapidly increasing in contemporary society due to their wide range of applications owing to their diverse physicochemical characteristics. This review focuses on a polymer nanocomposite in which graphene is incorporated as a nanofiller and polyurethane is used as a polymer. As polyurethane is well known for its shape memory behaviour and the reinforcement of graphene‐based nanomaterial sparks the physicochemical properties of the fabricated nanocomposites which makes it more adaptable and useful for a wide array of applications. The review provides insights into the recent synthesis approaches to the fabrication of graphene‐based polyurethane nanocomposites. Further, efforts were also made to cover the recent studies done on the use of these nanocomposites as an advanced shape memory material. Rather than merely serving as descriptive content, this article is intended to serve as a comprehensive guide for researchers seeking to harness the potential of graphene‐based nanomaterial reinforcement in polyurethane for high‐performance applications. By providing a detailed overview of the latest research in this domain, the review aims to propel the development of novel and sophisticated materials, unlocking new horizons in smart shape memory technologies.
Molecular And Solid‐State Structure Of Oxovanadium(IV) Etioporphyrin‐III
Authors: Pakhomov Georgy L. , Koptyaev Andrey I. , Yunin Pavel A. , Somov Nikolay V. , Semeikin Alexander S. , Rychikhina Ekaterina D. , Stuzhin Pavel A.
Published: December 2023

Oxovanadium(IV) etioporphyrin‐III, VO‐EtioP‐III is an important member of the petroporphyrin family. It can be isolated from crude oil or synthesized de novo from the dipyrromethene precursors, the latter being the approach we used in our research. The molecular structure of VO‐EtioP‐III was for the first time characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both terminal alkyls and the axial oxygen atom protrude in the same direction relative to the molecular plane, while rear side of the molecule remains almost flat. This results in a peculiar centrosymmetric packing (space group P21/c, monoclinic system with four molecules per unit cell), in which back‐to‐back oriented molecules form the parallel‐plane dimers. The powder X‐ray diffraction data indicate that the VO‐EtioP‐III films deposited by vacuum evaporation retain a very strong texture, with all molecules standing vertically on the substrate surface. The absorption spectra of films differ from the solution spectra by a large redshift of the Soret‐ and Q‐ band (~30 nm) with hypo‐ and hyperchromic effects, respectively. The former band strongly broadens due to multiple splitting to within 350–520 nm, which is followed by a change of the color from purple (in diluted solutions) to brawn (in films or crystals).
Exploring Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Secondary Amide Derivatives Bearing Bulky and Hydrophilic Substituents
Authors: Nossa González Diana L. , Gómez Castaño Jovanny A. , Franca Carlos A. , Echeverria Gustavo A. , Piro Oscar E. , Erben Mauricio F.
Published: December 2023

The synthesis of four novel amide compounds (R1C(O)NHR2) is reported, which contain both bulky (R1=phenyl and adamantyl) and hydrophilic (R2=hydroxyl, methoxyl) groups. The incorporation of such substituents provides compounds with unique properties that combine steric hindrance and hydrophilicity. The synthesized amides were fully characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and analysed using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy to investigate their vibrational properties in the solid phase, specifically focusing on the amide‐type normal modes of vibrations. Furthermore, the crystal structures of three derivatives were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which provided insights into their molecular arrangements. The occurrence of N−H⋅⋅⋅O=C hydrogen bonding intermolecular interaction is clearly observed and characterized by Hirschfeld surface analysis. Topology analysis using the Quantum Theory of Atom in Molecules and Crystals (QTAIM−C) were employed to investigate the electronic properties of the isolated amide molecules and to analyse the intermolecular interactions within the crystalline structure. The periodic calculations for the crystal revealed a higher electronic density in the C−N bond, indicating an increased covalent character in this bond compared with the C=O bond. This observation indicates the presence of resonance‐assisted hydrogen bonds within the amide core, leading to π electronic delocalization.
Prepared MW‐Immunosensitizers Precisely Release NO to Downregulate HIF‐1α Expression and Enhance Immunogenic Cell Death
Authors: Guo Wenna , Chen Zengzhen , Wu Qiong , Tan Longfei , Ren Xiangling , Fu Changhui , Cao Feng , Gu Deen , Meng Xianwei
Published: December 2023

Microwave thermotherapy (MWTT) has limited its application in the clinic due to its high rate of metastasis and recurrence after treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that can address the high metastasis and recurrence rates after MWTT by increasing thermal sensitivity, down‐regulating the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), and inducing the immunogenic cell death (ICD). Therefore, GaMOF‐Arg is designed, a gallium‐based organic skeleton material derivative loaded with L‐arginine (L‐Arg), and coupled the mitochondria‐targeting drug of triphenylphosphine (TPP) on its surface to obtain GaMOF‐Arg‐TPP (GAT) MW‐immunosensitizers. When GAT MW‐immunosensitizers are introduced into mice through the tail vein, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated and L‐Arg is released under MW action. Then, L‐Arg reacts with ROS to generate NO, which not only downregulates HIF‐1 expression to improve tumor hypoxia exacerbated by MW, but also enhances immune responses by augment calreticulin (CRT) exposure, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release, and T‐cell proliferation to achieve prevention of tumor metastasis and recurrence. In addition, NO can induce mitochondria damage to increase their sensitivity to MWTT. This study provides a unique insight into the use of metal‐organic framework MW‐immunosensitizers to enhance tumor therapy and offers a new way to treat cancer efficiently.
Vacancy‐Mediated Control of Local Electronic Structure for High‐Efficiency Electrocatalytic Conversion of N2 to NH3
Authors: Guo Heng , Yang Peng , Yang Yuantao , Wu Haoran , Zhang Fengying , Huang Zhen‐Feng , Yang Guidong , Zhou Ying
Published: December 2023

Ambient electrocatalytic nitrogen (N2) reduction has gained significant recognition as a potential substitute for producing ammonia (NH3). However, N2 adsorption and *NN protonation for N2 activation reaction with the competing hydrogen evolution reaction remain a daunting challenge. Herein, a defect‐rich TiO2 nanosheet electrocatalyst with PdCu alloy nanoparticles (PdCu/TiO2−x) is designed to elucidate the reactivity and selectivity trends of N2 cleavage path for N2‐to‐NH3 catalytic conversion. The introduction of oxygen vacancy (OV) not only acts as active sites but also effectively promotes the electron transfer from Pd‐Cu sites to high‐concentration Ti3+ sites, and thus lends to the N2 activation via electron donation of PdCu. OVs‐mediated control effectively lowers the reaction barrier of *N2H and *H adsorption and facilitates the first hydrogenation process of N2 activation. Consequently, PdCu/TiO2−x catalyst attains a high rate of NH3 evolution, reaching 5.0 mmol gcat.−1 h−1. This work paves a pathway of defect‐engineering metal‐supported electrocatalysts for high‐efficient ammonia electrosynthesis.
Size‐ and Temperature‐Dependent Lattice Anisotropy and Structural Distortion in CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots by Reciprocal Space X‐ray Total Scattering Analysis
Authors: Bertolotti Federica , Dengo Nicola , Cervellino Antonio , Bodnarchuk Maryna I. , Bernasconi Caterina , Cherniukh Ihor , Berezovska Yuliia , Boehme Simon C. , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Masciocchi Norberto , Guagliardi Antonietta
Published: December 2023

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as next‐generation semiconductors capable of unifying superior photoemission properties, facile and inexpensive preparation, compositional and structural versatility. Among them, CsPbBr3 is a model system in theoretical and experimental studies owing to its intrinsic chemical stability. Nonetheless, knowledge of the precise magnitude and the size‐ and temperature‐dependent lattice and structural distortions is lacking, and the static/dynamic nature of disorder in NCs remains an open question. Herein, robust reciprocal space X‐ray total scattering analysis is applied and accurate lattice distortions, PbBr bond distances, and PbBrPb angles versus NCs size are extracted. The lattice anisotropy increases upon expansion on downsizing while, upon contraction on cooling, the lattice distortion behaves differently at intermediate (9 nm) and ultrasmall (5 nm) sizes and from the bulk. Bond distances (stretched by ≈1%) do not show any size dependence, whereas equatorial and axial angles denote more symmetric octahedral arrangements in the smallest sizes, where they differ by ≈2° compared to ≈8° in the bulk. Anomalously high atomic displacement parameters of axial bromine ions persisting down to cryogenic temperatures suggest statically disordered octahedral tilts. These results provide insights having important implications on size‐dependent emission properties and the exciton fine structure.
ADMM‐Based Distributed Algorithm for Energy Management in Multi‐Microgrid System
Authors: Lou Huen , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: December 2023

This article focuses on Energy Management Problem (EMP) in Muti‐microgrid systems. Each microgrid (MG) has four basic equipments including Renewable Generator (RG), Fuel Generator (FG), Storage Device (SD) and Smart Load (SL). In consideration of equipment capacity, confidence interval for forecasts of RG output, supply–demand balance and other factors, an optimization model with the objective of minimizing operation cost was established. Through Lagrange dual problem and variable substitution, we transform the centralized problem into an equivalent distributed form. Then, a completely distributed algorithm based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Average Consensus (AC) is proposed to attain a global optimal schedule plan. The algorithm overcomes the defect that each microgrid needs to know the total must‐run load in advance. At the same time, the electricity clearing price is related to the objective function through Lagrange dual variables, which can be obtained while the optimal plan is determined. Finally, the simulation verifies the convergence of the algorithm, and the calculated optimal cost is the same as that of the centralized method, ensuring its effectiveness. Besides, the algorithm also has good performance in plug‐and‐play scenarios. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Conclusion
Authors: Rieker Pernille , Giske Mathilde T. E.
Published: December 2023

This book has provided an alternative analysis of the state of European foreign and security policy, based on a broader understanding of key terms: European integration, strategic autonomy and security. We wanted to show how the meaning of European strategic autonomy changes when a broader understanding of these concepts is applied. The analysis has illustrated how a better understanding of the interlinkage between the various formal and informal and internal and external initiatives that are occurring simultaneously gives us a more accurate picture of the status of European strategic autonomy. Chapter 2 provided an overview of the relevant academic literature and showed why existing IR theories are not sufficient to capture and explain the multi-actorness of the broader European foreign and security policy. We then demonstrated why the existing literature of multi-level governance and DI also applies a narrow understanding of EU integration and security, and that we need to include both formal and informal, as well as internal (EU) and external (non-EU) processes in order to fully capture European strategic autonomy. To fill these gaps, we presented an alternative conceptual framework, which we then applied to analyse Europe’s role as a foreign policy actor (Chapter 3), its role in regional defence integration (Chapter 4), and its role as a builder of regional security (Chapter 5). The analysis in these three empirical chapters has enabled us to better capture the dynamics of today’s increasingly complex European integration process, characterised by opt-outs and opt-ins, formal and informal processes, enhanced cooperation, and various forms of governance led by actors at different levels and with different types of relations to the EU. In this chapter, we will present some concluding reflections.
Plant Blindness Intensity Throughout the School and University Years: A Cross-Age Study
Authors: Amprazis Alexandros , Papadopoulou Penelope
Published: December 2023

Plant blindness refers to the human tendency to ignore and underestimate plants, especially compared to animals. Assessing the intensity of plant blindness throughout school and university years can provide valuable clues for the design of educational intervention programs that will reverse this limited interest in plants. The aim of this study is to assess the intensity of plant blindness amongst the Greek student population, to highlight possible correlations between the phenomenon’s core elements through a network analysis and to examine how these correlations alter as students move from primary school to university. 1275 Greek students participated in our study. Their attitudes towards plants were assessed using five-point Likert-type scale items. By examining the levels of schooling individually, certain conclusions were drawn regarding the grade during which the problem is more intense. In particular, the phenomenon seems to be present in all grades, but it seems to be more intense during the high school years. Furthermore, important alterations have been recorded in the phenomenon’s core elements’ network analysis in each grade. Our findings support the general idea of a greater preference for animals than plants and enhance the concern about the reduced emphasis on plant life in educational systems worldwide.
Mapping Adolescents’ Nutritional Knowledge
Authors: Georgiou Martha , Moshogianni Matina
Published: December 2023

A healthy diet starting in the early years of life is essential for the development of physical and mental wellbeing. As has been shown by research conducted internationally, students’ knowledge about nutrition is correlated with their eating habits. The present study aims to investigate Greek adolescent students’ knowledge of nutrition concepts. Specifically, because of the lack of similar research about Greek adolescents, we sought a first mapping of trends so that in the future we could design appropriately oriented teaching interventions. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire, and involved 269 students aged 15–16 years from schools across Athens. The results showed that while the students’ knowledge of some aspects of nutrition seems to be quite good, knowledge of other aspects is extremely poor. Furthermore, even when relatively proficient about nutrition, some participants ignored that knowledge in their daily lives. According to the students, the main sources of information on nutrition issues are their parents and the internet, followed by school. These findings indicate a need to focus on designing coherent educational proposals on nutrition concepts, which are not only important for their own sake, but also for the sake of long-term health.
Personal Relevance in Secondary School Students’ Nature Experiences
Authors: Hammann Marcus
Published: December 2023

This study examines secondary school students’ out-of-school, free choice nature experiences from the perspective of perceived personal relevance. We asked secondary school students (n = 70; aged 10–18 years) to portray a particularly memorable moment in nature. Furthermore, we asked the students to rate the perceived personal relevance of that moment, as well as the frequency of such moments. Perception of personal relevance was associated with age, gender, inner aspects (explicit positive evaluations) and outer aspects (type of setting) of the nature experience. Furthermore, perception of personal relevance was positively correlated with the frequency of the nature experience. This finding supports the hypothesis that secondary school students who perceive their own nature experiences as personally relevant are likely to re-engage in them. Most secondary school students attached considerable importance to personal experiences with nature and advocated opportunities for nature experiences in biology instruction. Future research should examine the role of personal relevance as a motivator to re-engage with one’s own nature experiences to counteract the extinction of experience. For promoting personally relevant nature experiences, educators need to acknowledge the diversity of nature experiences because the construction of perceived personal relevance is individual and subjective.
Problematisation, Narrative and Fiction in the Science Classroom
Authors: Bruguière Catherine , Orange Ravachol Denise
Published: December 2023

This paper focusses on the didactic functions of problematisation, narrative and fiction in the science classroom. The approach we propose to address these issues takes into account the epistemological specificities of biology (functionalist and historical sciences). Based on this epistemological foundation, we will first present the theoretical framework of problematisation developed over more than 20 years in France, before exploring the more recent notion of realistic fiction by situating it in relation to work in biology didactics that borrows from the frameworks of narrative and/or fiction. Our two-part paper aims to initiate a dialogue between these different theoretical frameworks and to question their points of convergence and divergence through examples taken from our research work (blood circulation, molecular renewal, animal metamorphosis). To what extent can fictional narratives contribute to constructing problematised biological knowledge? How does the shift to extra-ordinary modes of reasoning allow us to move away from storytelling?
Promoting Digitally Supported Inquiry Learning in Diverse Classrooms Through Teacher Training
Authors: Weidenhiller Patrizia , Miesera Susanne , Nerdel Claudia
Published: December 2023

In order to effectively use digital media to promote low-barrier inquiry learning, teachers need professional knowledge and skills, as well as positive attitudes and self-efficacy assumptions. This study examines the effectiveness of in-service training on changing teachers’ attitudes and self-efficacy assumptions in the area of inclusion and digitalization as important prerequisites for being able to design digital learning environments for doing science in inclusive settings. The single-factor study design included a three-stage variation of teacher training sessions, in which 141 Bavarian biology teachers participated in small groups in a one-day webinar. Teachers planned and performed a digitally supported experimentation and were trained to meet the needs of diverse learners. There are significant improvements in attitudes toward digitalization and in teachers’ self-efficacy assumptions, regardless of the training group. However, there are no statistically significant differences between the training groups. Thus, although the training is effective overall, the influence of the theoretical discussion is too small compared to other phases of the intervention, such as the practical experimentation. There is also a correlation between attitudes towards inclusion and digitalization after the training. Overall, there is a demand for inclusion and digitalization to be used in a more integrated way in teacher training, and thus to further promote the participation of all students in doing science.
Implementation Processes: Sustainable Integration of Biotechnology Experiments into Schools
Authors: Großbruchhaus Sara , Schöppner Patricia , Nerdel Claudia
Published: December 2023

Professional development (PD) enables teachers to keep abreast of new technologies and innovations. Biotechnology is a fast-expanding field with well-established basics, which relies on technological equipment that is mainly absent from schools (e.g. for polymerase chain reaction). An evaluated PD addresses that issue by qualifying teachers to borrow the equipment needed, while allowing them to design its implementation. This study targets those implementation processes. We investigated teachers’ strategies to implement the biotechnology experiments into their lessons. We interviewed 20 teachers from different schools and analysed the transcripts following Mayring’s typecasting strategy. We determined three main implementation formats: regular lessons, block lessons and special events. Furthermore, a school that integrated the experiments into its curriculum was assessed more thoroughly. The biology teachers developed their implementation process over several years to fit their schools’ needs perfectly. This demonstrates that a one-time PD has the potential to initiate school curriculum development under certain conditions.
Energy Justice—The First Step in an Energy Decision Today
Authors: Heffron Raphael J.
Published: December 2023

The first step in any energy decision today should be how to factor in energy justice. This will have the result of ensuring that there is a just outcome for society. One powerful effect of placing energy justice at the forefront for all decision-makers will be that it can balance the 3Rs which are ‘Risk, Reward, and Responsibility’. Ensuring justice is applied across these 3Rs will ensure that a decision-maker has future-proofed their decision and in due course they can therefore demonstrate their accountability and process in their decision-making. The balancing of these 3Rs can provide the platform for developing what will be the new social contract between energy sector stakeholders. A new social contract is vital for taking energy justice further into decision-making in society.
Social Acceptance for Renewable Energy Technologies: The Role of the Energy Justice Framework
Authors: Hazrati Mohammad
Published: December 2023

Moving from fossil fuels to renewable energy is a key part of creating sustainable energy systems for the future. Governments worldwide are implementing policies and frameworks to facilitate this transition, albeit at different levels. The public also recognizes the importance of this shift and the need to address climate change by adopting renewable energy sources. However, despite such public acceptance, there are still local communities that resist the deployment of renewable energy technologies. As renewable energy projects become more prevalent, they are increasingly facing resistance from local communities. This challenges the earlier assumption that the construction of new renewable energy facilities would only accelerate when renewable energy costs became more competitive with fossil fuels. Surprisingly, many renewable energy projects still face resistance, even when they are cost-effective. This highlights the need for a holistic approach to policy design during the energy transition. In addition to technical and economic considerations, it is crucial to understand social acceptance initiatives for renewable energy technologies within the context of the energy justice framework. To fully comprehend the issue of social acceptance in the light of the energy justice framework, it is essential to consider all principles of energy justice simultaneously, without sacrificing one for another.
Breaking Barriers: Integrating Energy Justice to Overcome Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Roadblocks to Climate Change Mitigation Efforts
Authors: Elemo Demilade Isioma
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between investment, energy security, and the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime, an area often overlooked in energy justice conversation. The ISDS regime, designed to safeguard foreign investments, faces a legitimacy crisis exacerbated by its perceived misalignment with climate change mitigation efforts. Through the lens of energy justice, this chapter explores the criticisms against the ISDS regime by framing them as “energy injustices”. Distributive injustices manifest in unfair cost allocation, favouring investors over just transition efforts and placing a disproportionate burden on developing nations. Restorative injustices arise from the potential for opportunistic claims and excessive compensation claims, hindering the just transition. Cosmopolitan injustices occur when tribunals fail to address human and environmental rights issues in investment disputes. The chapter proposes that the ongoing reforms of the ISDS regime be guided by energy justice principles, emphasising equitable cost-sharing, clear criteria for damages, and integrating human and environmental rights into investment agreements. Aligning reforms with energy justice principles can help legitimise the regime, ensuring it plays an effective role the transition to a low-carbon economy and contributing to global energy justice.
Australian Petroleum and Coal Resources: Taxation, Emissions and Energy Justice
Authors: Kraal Diane
Published: December 2023

Two forms of energy justice provide insight on Australia’s petroleum and coal problematic policy issues. First, distributive justice is used to cover the implications of low revenues from critical energy minerals; and fair allocations of resource income. Unfortunately, calls for true reform by the Australian community has resulted in a weak response from government. Second, cosmopolitan justice is used to consider the global effects of Australia’s fossil fuel extraction and use. Petroleum and coal exports result in GHG being emitted beyond the borders of the source country. However, there is now pressure in Australia to limit the opening of coal mines that supply the export market, but no such limit is applied to gas exports.
Minimum Standards of Access to Energy Services: Underpinning Energy Justice and Legal Action
Authors: Mose Tedd Moya
Published: December 2023

The just energy transition is not simply about moving from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Justice in energy systems is about establishing a framework that identifies when and where injustices occur and how best law and policy can respond. This chapter proposes that access to energy services should have irreducible minimum standards in transitioning energy systems for fairer and sustainable global development. It surmises that these minimum standards should help define what the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 on ‘access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’ look like in practical terms. And that this ought not to be a mere aspirational target, but a legal norm. On a global scale, using energy justice as a core principle of international energy law to achieve this, it suggests that the five tenets of the energy justice framework (distributive, procedural, recognition, cosmopolitan, and restorative justice) are interdependent and could remedy global disparities in the just energy transition. It concludes that two tenets (restorative and recognition justice) are pivotal in establishing a minimum acceptable standard of universal energy access.
Diffusing Energy Justice into the New ‘Social Contract’ for Society
Authors: Heffron Raphael J. , de Fontenelle Louis
Published: December 2023

With the current climate emergency, a new social contract between society and the energy sector will prove crucial to the health and livelihoods of nature and all citizens. There is no more time to wait and energy justice principles need to be infused into this social contract. Transformative change is needed across society that also involves changes in education and also in practice including for example with lawyers, accountants and financiers in particular. In this context, these decision-makers need to ensure they future-proof their decision-making. In the future, there may be liability issues with these decisions as energy and climate litigation trends are pointing in this direction. There are key justice risks that must be solved in society today and this is what the new social contract can address. This is why the next step for energy justice is to move towards developing this social contract, and delivering a just transition to a low-carbon economy.
Energy Justice and Energy Law—An Approach to the Differences Between Both Concepts
Authors: del Guayo Íñigo
Published: December 2023

This chapter contains a brief set of reflections on the relationship between energy law and energy justice. There is the need to move towards a new energy system. This need is based on evident exigencies of energy justice. Justice is not only a driver for transition, but also an ideal future situation whereby justice rules the relation between the various agents of the energy system. In that context, law should not be an obstacle to the transition, but rather a useful instrument. This means that the energy transition needs a new law, which reflects the moral content of energy justice.
Cross-Border Energy Investment, Energy Justice and International Economic Law
Authors: Yang Chung-Han
Published: December 2023

Cross-border energy investments are crucial for achieving a global transition to net-zero emissions. However, these investments, often involving extensive infrastructure projects, can also have significant adverse effects on the environment, human rights, and sustainable development. This brief chapter argues that the concept of energy justice, which encompasses distributive, procedural, and recognition justice, can extend its influence beyond domestic regulations and be effectively applied to cross-border transactions. By embracing a broader understanding of energy justice, it has the potential to create synergies among international economic treaties, energy laws, human rights provisions, environmental agreements, and other domestic regulations and soft law instruments. Alongside national policy reforms and bilateral agreements, energy treaties like the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and mega-regional economic integrations such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RECP) should consider incorporating principles of energy justice. Another potential approach is the development of an international soft law instrument dedicated specifically to energy justice and responsible investment within the context of global energy transactions. Established frameworks like the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights or the OECD’s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises can serve as valuable references in shaping this international instrument.
Enforcing Energy Justice Through the Legal System: A Cascade of Four Conditions
Authors: Sokołowski Maciej M.
Published: December 2023

Making the energy transition just, where no one is left behind, requires energy justice. This results from the usefulness of energy justice, which enables assessing of energy policies and their tools. This evokes an issue of energy justice leaving the academic realm to reach the real world, where the theory becomes the practice. In 2023, enforcing energy justice through the legal system seems to be in the near future. The literature and research offer some solutions; however, a solid legal analysis is needed, and concrete proposals should be presented to the members of governments and parliaments. This study takes a step toward enforcing energy justice in the legal system and identifies a cascade of four conditions (definition, recognition, enhancement, and supervision) which is needed in this regard.
Managing Anomalies in Energy Time Series for Automated Forecasting
Authors: Turowski Marian , Neumann Oliver , Mannsperger Lisa , Kraus Kristof , Layer Kira , Mikut Ralf , Hagenmeyer Veit
Published: December 2023

The increasing number of recorded energy time series enables the automated operation of smart grid applications such as load analysis, load forecasting, and load management. However, to perform well, these applications usually require clean data that well represents the typical behavior of the underlying system. Unfortunately, recorded time series often contain anomalies that do not reflect the typical behavior of the system and are, thus, problematic for automated smart grid applications such as automated forecasting. While various anomaly management strategies exist, a rigorous comparison is lacking. Therefore, in the present paper, we introduce and compare three different general strategies for managing anomalies in energy time series forecasting, namely the raw, the detection, and the compensation strategy. We compare these strategies using a representative selection of forecasting methods and real-world data with inserted synthetic anomalies. The comparison shows that applying the compensation strategy is generally beneficial for managing anomalies despite requiring additional computational costs because it mostly outperforms the detection and the raw strategy when the input data contains anomalies.
Planungsverfahren für die Integration automatisierten Fahrens
Authors: Jaquet Dennis , Korte Gregor , Rosenkranz Paul , Rudloff Christian
Published: December 2023

Das Kap. 5 setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, wie die künftige Planung von Verkehrsräumen erfolgen könnte, die die Integration eines automatisierten ÖPNV berücksichtigt, insbesondere da unsere bestehenden Planungsvorgaben dafür keine Vorgaben machen. Hinzu kommt, dass derzeit die Gesellschaft und Städte sich in einem starken Veränderungsprozess befinden und wir damit für die Integration eines automatisierten ÖPNV nicht von heute bekannten Verhaltensweisen ausgehen können. Parallel umgesetzte Maßnahmen lassen es unmöglich erscheinen, das Mobilitätsverhalten und damit die Nachfrage vorauszusagen. Das Kap. 5 gibt einen Einblick, wie mit Modellen diesem Umstand Abhilfe geschaffen werden kann. Das Kapitel schließt mit Vorschlägen und Beispielen für die Neugestaltung des Straßenraums.
Associated production of neutrino and dark fermion at future lepton colliders
Authors: Ge Shao-Feng , Ma Kai , Ma Xiao-Dong , Sheng Jie
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Fermionic dark matter can be pairly produced and hence searched with missing energy at colliders. We extend such probe to the associated production of a neutrino and a dark sector fermion at the future e+e− colliders such as CEPC, FCC-ee, ILC, and CLIC. Two typical processes, the mono-photon and electron-positron pair productions associated with missing energy, can serve the purpose. While the mono-photon search prevails at CEPC, FCC-ee, and ILC, the "Image missing" channel has more significant contributions at CLIC with much higher collision energy $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

. The beam polarizations can help further suppressing the SM backgrounds to enhance the signal significance while differential cross sections can distinguish the Lorentz structure of various effective operators. The combined sensitivity can reach well above 1 TeV at CEPC/FCC-ee and ILC while it further touches 30 TeV at CLIC. Comparing with the updated results from the direct detection experiments (XENON1T, PandaX-II, PandaX-4T, LZ, and XENONnT), astrophysical X/γ-ray observations, and cosmological constraints for the sub-MeV absorption dark matter, the collider searches are actually more sensitive and hence can provide a complementary approach to addressing the dark fermions.
Savior curvatons and large non-Gaussianity
Authors: Lodman Jackie , Lu Qianshu , Randall Lisa
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Curvatons are light (compared to the Hubble scale during inflation) spectator fields during inflation that potentially contribute to adiabatic curvature perturbations post-inflation. They can alter CMB observables such as the spectral index ns, the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, and the local non-Gaussianity $$ {f}_{\textrm{NL}}^{\left(\textrm{loc}\right)} $$

f
NL

loc

. We systematically explore the observable space of a curvaton with a quadratic potential. We find that when the underlying inflation model does not satisfy the ns and r observational constraints but can be made viable with a significant contribution from what we call a savior curvaton, a large $$ \left|{f}_{\textrm{NL}}^{\left(\textrm{loc}\right)}\right| $$

f
NL

loc

> 0.05, such that the model is distinguishable from single-field inflation, is inevitable. On the other hand, when the underlying inflation model already satisfies the ns and r observational constraints, so significant curvaton contribution is forbidden, a large $$ \left|{f}_{\textrm{NL}}^{\left(\textrm{loc}\right)}\right| $$

f
NL

loc

> 0.05 is possible in the exceptional case when the isocurvature fluctuation in the curvaton fluid is much greater than the global curvature fluctuation.
Transverse momentum dependent distribution functions in the threshold limit
Authors: Kang Zhong-Bo , Samanta Kajal , Shao Ding Yu , Zeng Yang-Li
Published: December 2023

Abstract

We apply the joint threshold and transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization theorem to introduce new threshold-TMD distribution functions, including threshold-TMD parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs). We apply Soft-Collinear Effective Theory and renormalization group methods to carry out QCD evolution for both threshold-TMD PDFs and FFs. We show the universality of threshold-TMD functions among three standard processes, i.e. the Drell-Yan production in pp collisions, semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering and back-to-back two hadron production in e+e− collisions. In the end, we present the numerical predictions for different threshold-TMD functions and also transverse momentum distributions at pp, ep, and e+e− collisions.