bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gauge invariance and gauge fixing
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 11 is the first of four chapters that discuss various issues connected with the Standard Model of fundamental interactions at the microscopic scale. It discusses the important notion of gauge invariance, first Abelian and then non–Abelian, the basic geometric structure that generates interactions. It relates it to the concept of parallel transport. Due to gauge invariance, not all components of the gauge field are dynamical and gauge fixing is required (with the problem of Gribov copies in non–Abelian theories). The quantization of non–Abelian gauge theories is briefly discussed, with the introduction of Faddeev–Popov ghost fields and the appearance of BRST symmetry.
The Origins of Unfairness
Authors: O'Connor Cailin
Published: August 2019

The central aim of this book is to explore the ways in which social categories—especially gender, but also categories like race and religion—interact with and contribute to social solutions to problems of coordination and resource division. In particular, this book uses formal frameworks—game theory and evolutionary game theory—to explore the cultural evolution of conventions that piggyback on seemingly irrelevant factors like gender and race. As I argue, these frameworks elucidate a variety of topics. In particular, these frameworks help show how inequity can emerge from simple processes of cultural change. In groups with gender and racial categories, the process of learning conventions of coordination and resource division is such that under a wide array of situations some groups will tend to get more and others less. One theme that runs throughout the book is that surprisingly minimal conditions are needed to robustly produce phenomena related to inequity that we usually think of as psychologically complex. It takes very little to generate a situation in which social categories (like gender) are almost guaranteed to emerge. The preconditions under which models move toward outcomes that look like discrimination are, again, very minimal. Once inequity emerges in these models, it takes very little for it to persist indefinitely. Thus, we need to think of inequity as part of an ever-evolving process. It is not something we can expect to fix and be done with. Along these lines, the picture I present is ultimately one where those concerned with social justice must remain vigilant against the dynamic forces that push toward inequity.
The Cultural Red Queen and the Cultural Red King
Authors: O'Connor Cailin
Published: August 2019

When cultural groups evolve, or adapt, at different rates, or more generally show asymmetric levels of reactivity towards each other, we can observe a cultural Red King effect. This occurs when a minority group ends up disadvantaged simply by virtue of their size. When a minority group interacts with a majority group, minority types meet out-group members much more often than majority types do by dint of the size differences between the groups. As a result the minority group will learn to interact with the majority more quickly, often leading to a bargaining disadvantage. As this chapter shows, the resulting effect is analogous to one that can occur between coevolving biological species. The chapter explores this effect and where it might matter to real-world bargaining. In addition, the chapter looks at the possibility of a cultural Red King in intersectional populations.
Early Modern Hinduism
Authors: Plau Adrian
Published: August 2019

This chapter gives an overview of the transformations that combined to give early modern Hinduism its distinct characteristics. New practices of bhakti devotionalism reshaped the relationship between devotee and deity; new modes of organization, both within religious lineages and between religious agents and imperial courts, brought ideas of identity into heightened focus; and the rise of a vernacular language was followed by the emergence of broadly popular devotional literatures that still define the period in the historical imagination. By detailing the dynamics of these transformations across the lives of several key figures of the early modern period, the chapter argues that the circulation of ideas, impulses, and practices across languages and religious traditions contributed to a new set of modes of delineating Hindu identities and, consequently, that debates on the concept of ‘Hinduism’ itself should not overlook the early modern period.
Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance
Authors: Killingley Dermot
Published: August 2019

This chapter does two things that are important to create a starting point from which to think about modern Hinduism. First, it gives a broad overview of the fundamental transformations that took place in the politics, economy, education, and cultural life of Bengal at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. This is the part of India where British colonialism first covered extensive territory, and where many of the political and intellectual reactions to the colonial situation, and to other forces of globalization, would start. Secondly, it provides an introduction to the life and work of Rammohun Roy, situating this great intellectual in relation to the transformative period of India’s history called the ‘Bengal renaissance’. Roy was perhaps the most important figure in the transmission of religious and philosophical ideas between India and the Western world in the early nineteenth century. Rammohun Roy, although critical of a number of socially undesirable practices, never rejected Hinduism, showing his contemporaries that one can indeed be a Hindu in a modern and international environment.
Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and Modern Hinduism
Authors: Harder Hans
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at the contributions of Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay (1838–94), an important Bengali intellectual and writer, and discusses his key writings relevant to modern Hinduism. Bankimchandra was primarily an author—and not an organization-builder—and it was through his writings that he influenced younger generations of Hindu reformers and Indian nationalists. Bankimchandra merits a chapter in this volume not least because of his early and sophisticated attempts to define Hinduism, and, as Harder highlights, his reinterpretation of dharma as both equivalent and counter-concept to ‘religion’, as well as his claim of inherent spirituality and tolerance being distinctive features of Hinduism.
Hinduism in the Secular Republic of Nepal
Authors: Gellner David N. , Letizia Chiara
Published: August 2019

Since its creation in the mid-eighteenth century, the state of Nepal has claimed to be Hindu. This chapter describes how the assertion of Nepal’s Hindu identity became an explicit and politicized state strategy from 1960 to 1990. The definition of the state as Hindu was increasingly challenged after 1990, culminating in the declaration of secularism in the aftermath of the civil war (1996–2006). The dominant position of Hindu high castes (Bahuns and Chhetris) has remained, however, and support for a Hindu state remains high. This support is sustained by recurrent arguments, many borrowed from India, that reposition the Hindu majority as an embattled community. The new constitution of 2015 reflects conflicting understandings of and struggles over secularism. It simultaneously institutionalizes a clear shift in the understanding of Hinduism. Hinduism is today beginning to be conceptualized as one religion among equals, and a personal choice, rather than as a collective and inherited identity.
Case and alignment
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: August 2019

Case parameters determine, directly or indirectly, many aspects of grammatical-function realization, change, and alignment. The classic example of a grammatical-function-changing operation is the passive, and this is the initial focus of this chapter. The chapter next looks at various kinds of ergative alignment, and then other grammatical-function-changing operations: causatives and ditransitives. For each construction-type—passives, ergatives, causatives, and ditransitives—a parameter hierarchy is proposed. Finally, the chapter considers the question of Case macroparameters and assesses the recent proposals that languages may altogether lack abstract Case. Here it speculates about the reasons behind the apparent requirement for Case and/or nominal licensing.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: August 2019

This chapter concludes the book and considers the implications and outlook for future research. The eleven hierarchies presented in the earlier chapters are presented together, and their similarities and differences, strengths and weaknesses, are discussed. Then a ‘parametric profile’ for English, Italian, Spanish, and Japanese is given. This shows how macro-, meso-, and microdifferences emerge from the general approach, fulfilling one of the goals of the book discussed in the Introduction and Chapter 1. Various potential refinements of parameter hierarchies and their likely advantages are discussed. The chapter concludes by noting that the minimalist conception of parametric variation is fundamentally distinct from the earlier approach, above all in the possible role of domain-general cognitive constraints (third factors).
Quality and Productivity
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Authors need to write productively while maintaining quality standards. Productivity pushed too far however can negatively influence quality, which can mean publication in less demanding journals and a lowering in one’s scientific reputation. This chapter discusses the essentials of quality and productivity.
Citing, Reading and Searching
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Citation supports claims and provides readers with links to dedicated study. With an ever-growing literature however, consistently citing relevant work is becoming increasingly difficult. In this chapter I discuss citation, biases and good practice. I also stress the importance of reading the literature in building knowledge, reading methods and literature search.
IMRaD
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Original research articles almost invariably follow a time-tested structure—IMRaD—Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. This chapter presents the structural basis of IMRaD and emphasizes the most challenging section to write—the “D.”
How Researchers Understand, Construct, and Bound Context
Authors: Murray Eleanor
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the question of how actors (including researchers) understand, experience, and engage with context. It illuminates the process and elaborates on the challenges researchers face in understanding and bounding context in their work. It suggests liminality as a metaphor for how researchers can understand and bound context, as something to be studied in dynamic, multidirectional relationships of context and action. It illustrates this through reflections during a study of the integration of care in complex interdependent work settings, and proposes that the researcher’s role is that of boundary constructor, articulating and exploring the transitioning boundaries of the center and the periphery, and how they are continually and recursively reconstituted through a liminal space.
Analyzing Context in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Ferlie Ewan
Published: August 2019

This chapter reprises and reflects on Pettigrew, Ferlie, and McKee’s Shaping Strategic Change (1992), which analyzed processes of strategic change in the health care sector in England, based on a set of eight comparative and longitudinal case studies of management teams in English District Health Authorities attempting to accomplish large-scale service-level change. Further, it derived a more general and inductive model of receptive and nonreceptive contexts for change. The strengths and the limitations of this text are considered, along with a possible contemporary research agenda. Present day conditions for such research projects may not be as favorable as they were then.
How Context Shapes the Experience of Staff and Residents in Residential Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Estabrooks Carole A. , Chamberlain Stephanie A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter describes 10 years of research into organizational context in residential long-term care (LTC) settings. It focuses on this book’s first and third questions: What constitutes context for an event, situation, or phenomenon? And how do contexts change, and what is the role of actors in such processes? Although with respect to change, it does not focus as much on secular trends as it does on strategies to improve local context. We explore how context influences use of research by staff, quality-of-life indicators for staff, and ability to improve quality of care and quality of life for LTC residents. First, it describes the development and ongoing use of the Alberta Context Tool. Second, it describes the Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC) program of research, and the LTC setting in which the authors study context to bring about quality improvements. Third, it presents selected empirical findings as evidence that context matters in LTC. Finally, it proposes future directions to understand and modify context for improved quality in LTC.
Context in Action
Authors: Meier Ninna , Dopson Sue
Published: August 2019

This chapter brings together the findings of the various research experiences outlined throughout the book, and it presents ways for furthering contextual research in organization and management. It also discussed the implications this research may have on practice, and the challenges faced by academics, practitioners, and policy makers going forward. The important point is that it is wise for researchers to reflect on and explicitly state how they understand the construct of context applied in their work and whether or not “context” refers to a shared/common context or an idiosyncratic/individual context or both. For both theoretical and methodological reflections, the crucial question is not what context is, as a stable phenomenon “out there,” rather it is how we theorize, operationalize, study, and analyze context in action, and the consequences of these choices for the research we can produce.
Final remarks
Authors: Zampaulo André
Published: August 2019

This chapter summarizes the findings and arguments of the book and reiterates its valuable contribution to studies in Romance and Historical Linguistics. Moreover, it organizes and provides the reader with various venues for future research, particularly with regard to current issues in theoretical approaches to sound change and the collection of new dialectal data with which previous historical accounts may be revisited.
The Good, the Bad, and the Nonidentity Problem
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: August 2019

Individuals often feel moral indignation, resentment, and regret, regarding wrongs committed towards their collective in the past. However, there are good reasons to be skeptical about such beliefs and sentiments or, at least, to see them as more problematic than normally thought. Building upon my previous work, particularly concerning “Fortunate Misfortune” and the implications of the “Nonidentity Problem” for history, I consider some of the associated difficulties. I focus upon the Jewish case; which seems to express the difficulties in a particularly acute way.
Jewish Studies and Analytic Philosophy of Judaism
Authors: Novick Tzvi , Lebens Samuel , Rabinowitz Dani , Segal Aaron
Published: August 2019

To what extent are the methodological assumptions of contemporary Jewish studies in conflict with the project of this book? Tzvi Novick begins a discussion with the editors in order to bring the contours of this issue sharply into focus.
Information and Content
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark
Published: August 2019

This chapter conceptualizes information in terms of ruling out scenarios. It discusses informative identity statements, which give rise to Frege’s puzzle, and the problem understanding how a valid logical inference can be informative. An analysis of informative logical inferences is given, on which the content of a valid deduction is often indeterminate. A consequence is that it is indeterminate exactly which logical inferences are informative. The chapter then analyses a rather different notion of content, concerning what is said by a speaker in making an utterance.
Counterpossible Conditionals
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark , French Rohan , Priest Graham , Ripley David
Published: August 2019

Vacuism is the view that all counterpossibles are trivially true. There are reasons to think it incorrect. An impossible worlds semantics for counterfactuals is offered, which makes room for non-trivial counterpossibles. One principle which pins down its application is the Strangeness of Impossibility condition: for any given possible world, any impossible worlds is further away from it than any possible world is. A number of Williamson’s objections to the non-vacuist approach are discussed and it is argued that they can be overcome. The question of whether counterfactuals in general should permit the substitution of rigidly coreferential terms is then raised. Having defended non-vacusim against Williamson’s objections, a range of arguments in its favour are considered.
The Ecology of Tropical East Asia
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

Tropical East Asia is home to over 1 billion people and faces massive human impacts from its rising population and rapid economic growth. It has already lost more than half of its forest cover and has the highest rates of deforestation and logging in the tropics. Hunting and the trade in wildlife products threaten all its large and many smaller vertebrates. Despite these problems, the region still supports an estimated 15–25 per cent of global terrestrial biodiversity and is thus a key focus for global conservation. This book therefore deals with plants, animals, and the ecosystems they inhabit, as well as the diverse threats to their survival and the options for their conservation. It provides the background knowledge of the region’s ecology needed by both specialists and non-specialists to put their own work into a broader context. The first edition was the first book to describe the terrestrial ecology of the entire East Asian tropics and subtropics, from southern China to western Indonesia, and the second edition extended the coverage to include the very similar ecosystems of Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. The third edition updates the contents and gives more prominence to Anthropocene impacts and possible conservation responses. The accessible style, comprehensive coverage, and engaging illustrations make this advanced textbook an essential read for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students studying the terrestrial ecology of the East Asian tropics, as well as an authoritative reference for professional ecologists, conservationists, and interested amateurs worldwide.
The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is one of the most recognizable acronyms among international organizations. It is mainly associated with the “oil shock” of 1973 when the price of petroleum increased fourfold and industrialized countries and consumers were forced to face the limits of their development model. This is the first history of OPEC and of its members written by a professional historian. It carries the reader from the formation of the first petrostate in the world, Venezuela in the late 1920s, to the global ascent of petrostates and OPEC in the 1970s, to their crisis at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. Born in 1960, OPEC was the first international organization of the Global South. It was widely perceived as acting as the economic “spearhead” of the Global South and acquired a role that went far beyond the realm of oil politics. Petrostates such as Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, have been (and still are) key regional actors and their enduring cooperation, defying wide political and cultural differences and even wars, speaks to the centrality of natural resources in the history of the twentieth century, and to the underlying conflict between producers and consumers of these natural resources. Being the first study to use previously unavailable OPEC sources, it offers surprising insights into the way of thinking of the ruling elites in petrostates and to the way the world looks when seen through their eyes.
Term Limits in South Korea
Authors: Yap Fiona
Published: August 2019

South Korea’s single five-year term limit for the presidency is among the shortest office terms for a head of government. This chapter traces constitutional revisions in the country before and following the 1987 Constitution to show how the term limit represents a hard-fought critical principle of democratic accountability following a history of autocratic authority in the hands of presidents willing to use force to get into office or extend their tenure. At the same time, the unwelcome outcome of the term limit is a political system where the president as leader has few incentives to shift focus to the parties or legislature, which contributes to under-institutionalization in the country and fuels policy gridlock and conflict. The unsatisfactory fit of principle and outcome explains why talk of reforms has surfaced regularly since 1987; while none has been adopted, political and policy progress in the country clearly hinge on mediating principle with better outcomes.
Volatility Contagion across the Equity Markets of Developed and Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Hattori Masazumi , Shim Ilhyock , Sugihara Yoshihiko
Published: August 2019

Using variance risk premiums (VRPs) nonparametrically calculated from equity markets in selected major developed economies and emerging market economies (EMEs) over 2007–15, this chapter documents the correlation of VRPs across markets, examining whether equity fund flows work as a path through which VRPs spill over globally. It finds that VRPs tend to spike up during market turmoil such as the peak of the global financial crisis and the European debt crisis; that all cross-equity market correlations of VRPs are positive, and that some economy pairs exhibit high levels of the correlation. In terms of volatility contagion, it finds that an increase in US VRPs significantly reduces equity fund flows to other developed economies, but not those to EMEs, following the global financial crisis. Two-stage least squares estimation results show that equity fund flows are a channel for spillover of US VRPs to VRPs in other developed economies.
Landscape Effects on Community Structure and Dynamics
Authors: With Kimberly A.
Published: August 2019

Ecological communities consist of species that interact to varying degrees within the same geographical area, and so by definition exist within a landscape context. This chapter begins by reviewing the measures and different scales at which species diversity can be assayed, including the use of spatial partitioning to evaluate multiscale patterns of diversity. The chapter then reviews correlates of species diversity, including explanations for latitudinal and elevational diversity gradients, before considering how habitat loss and fragmentation are expected to influence species diversity. The chapter tackles the debate surrounding the relative importance of habitat amount versus fragmentation in predicting species’ responses to landscape change, and highlights the importance of studying these effects at a landscape rather than patch scale. The chapter concludes with a discussion of landscape effects on different types of species interactions, and how interactions among species in different communities can give rise to metacommunity structure and dynamics.
Constructing Organizational Life
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Across the social sciences, scholars are showing how people “work” on facets of social life that were once thought to be beyond human intervention. Facets of social life once considered to be embedded in human nature, dictated by God, or shaped by macro‐level social forces beyond human control, are now widely understood as socially constructed – made and given meaning by people through social interaction, and consequently the focus of efforts to change them. Studies of these efforts have explored new forms of work including emotion work, identity work, boundary work, strategy work, institutional work, and a host of other kinds of work. Missing in these conversations, however, is a recognition that these forms work are all part of a broader phenomenon driven by historical shifts that began with modernity and dramatically accelerated through the twentieth century. This book explores that broader phenomenon: we propose a perspective that integrates diverse streams of research to examine how people purposefully work to construct organizational life. We refer to these efforts as social‐symbolic work and introduce three forms – self work, organization work, and institutional work – that are particularly useful in understanding how actors construct organizational life. The social‐symbolic work perspective highlights the purposeful, reflexive efforts of individuals, collective actors, and networks of actors to construct the social world, and focuses attention on the motivations, practices, resources, and effects of those efforts. Thus, the social-symbolic work perspective brings actors back into explanations of the social world, and balances approaches that emphasize social structure at the expense of action or describe social processes without explaining the role of actors.
Some History of Scholarship
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

Modern discussion of the Latin accent can be said to have begun in earnest with the publication of Weil and Benloew’s Théorie générale de l’accentuation latine in 1855. Responses to this work divided scholars strongly into two opposing camps—or rather, they strengthened and extended a pre-existing division into two camps that had originally concerned only the relationship (if any) between Latin metrical forms and the position of the Latin word accent. On closer inspection the two camps turn out to be rather loose alliances, but when the focus is on the Latin accent itself they rally around opposing answers to a central question: did Latin have a pitch accent or a stress accent? Chapter 2 sketches the beginnings of this battle and the main turns it has taken, and then argues that it is a mistake to see ‘pitch or stress accent’ as the crucial question, or even as a meaningful one. Even attempts to offer intermediate views mostly put a misconceived and unhelpful question at the centre of the argument. But if this question can be put to one side, some genuine questions come into view.
Latin Proclitics II
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: August 2019

While Chapter 4 considered the late antique evidence for Latin grammarians’ thought on proclitic words, Chapter 5 considers the much scantier evidence dating from the first three centuries AD, working backwards in time from comments in a glossary preserved on a third-century AD papyrus (P.Sorb. inv. 2069) to comments in Aulus Gellius, Velius Longus, Quintilian, and a fragment of Remmius Palaemon. The chapter argues that these texts repeatedly present us with a picture compatible with what we find in late antique grammatical texts, and sheds new light on the notoriously difficult discussion in Quintilian.
China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Zhang Jun
Published: August 2019

China is one of a handful of economies that has successfully achieved rapid long-term growth since the Second World War and is one of the fastest technological learners among latecomers. Its technological progress and economic success is attributable to the grand transformation of its development strategy since 1978. With special economic zones and encouraging inflow of foreign direct investment, China created conditions to help comparative advantage-following industries to grow and integrate with the global supply chain, paving the way for institutional reform and turning a relatively closed economy into a global manufacturing powerhouse. The catching-up strategy proposed by development economics to latecomers fails to take into account the evolutionary nature of industrial structure and downplays the role of initial factor endowments. The New Structural Economics advocated by Justin Yifu Lin underscores the importance of comparative advantage and learning, linking endowment structure and rapid economic growth. Late latecomers following the NSE approach and accumulating physical and human capital through learning are most likely to achieve rapid development and to upgrade from imitation to innovation.
Learning and Catch-up in Singapore
Authors: Yeo George , Yam Tan Kong , Giap Tan Khee
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the learning and catch-up experience of Singapore between 1965 and 2018. It attempts to contribute to both academic and practical policy discussion by examining the critical role of the state, and its determination of the policies, incentives, and institutions that played a crucial role in the pace and direction of learning. Case studies of industrial strategy and upgrading, public housing, and the development of regional transport hubs illuminate the experience of technological learning and policy learning as well as the process of catching up. The experience of past policy failures will also be highlighted. Finally, given the present challenging global and trade environment, relevant lessons for developing countries are drawn.
Learning to Catch up in Africa
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Tesfachew Taffere
Published: August 2019

African countries are ‘late-latecomers’ to industrialization and have weak manufacturing sectors, poor export performance, low technological capability, and weak domestic linkages, unlike many successful South East Asian ‘late-comer’ countries, where export-led industrialization has been a driving force of technological learning, structural transformation, and catch-up. This chapter reviews two divergent cases of successful learning and catch-up in Ethiopia, the floriculture and cement industries, representing an export sector and a strategic basic industry, to demonstrate policy learning through sectoral-level industrial policies. Both successes and failures provide lessons on the dynamics of technological and policy learning, and show the complexity of learning and catch-up in Africa. Furthermore, Ethiopia’s recent university reforms, the largest in Africa, and the strategic and dynamic learning approach to the development of industrial hubs, are reviewed, together with implications for the progress, challenges, and complexities of national skill formation and the development of domestic absorptive capacity. This chapter argues that successful catch-up by African countries is linked to the intensity, pace, and direction of learning, and that policy learning by an active state is an essential element in industrial policy serving as a vehicle for catch-up.
Prices and the distribution of national income
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the role of the price system in macroeconomics and in the distribution of income between wages and profits. Prices are not naturally determined by supply and demand simultaneously. Instead, prices of raw materials tend to be demand-determined, while manufactured goods are set by the firms manufacturing them. The difference between them reflects the different degrees of monopoly or competition in their respective markets, so that the prices of finished goods are more likely to be set by their producers using a mark-up over labor costs.
Income and GDP in the model with government
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

In the modern capitalist economy, the government fulfills three main economic functions. First, through fiscal policy, it influences employment, prices, and the GDP growth rate. With progressive taxation and welfare provision, the government can stabilize the economy through counter-cyclical policy. The government’s activity may expand or contract the market if the government’s expenditure exceeds the demand-depressing effects of taxation so that the resulting budget deficit increases the market. The controversy over the fiscal multiplier. Second, government supplements and corrects the market allocation of resources. A fiscal deficit provides a surplus for the private sector and is easier to organize than a rise in private-sector investment. Third, it can mitigate the degree of income disparities and assure a more socially just distribution by reallocating incomes spontaneously generated in the market economy. The government debt that results from fiscal deficits is really a system of income redistribution. However, the household distribution of income has become more unequal in recent years.
GDP in an open economy model
Authors: Łaski Kazimierz
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with international trade in so far as it affects the course of macroeconomic processes. In a closed economy without the government sector, production is determined by private investment and the multiplier mechanism. The government’s activity may expand or contract the market if the government’s expenditure exceeds the demand-depressing effects of taxation so that the resulting budget deficit increases the market. If we incorporate the rest of the world (ROW) in this model, then ROW’s expenditures, resulting in exports, add to the domestic market, and ROW’s revenues, resulting in imports, reduce this market. Thus, if ROW’s expenditures and revenues are equal, then the domestic market volume remains unchanged. However, if ROW’s expenditures are higher than its revenues, then ROW’s deficit leads to an expansion of the domestic market through the foreign trade multiplier. As can be seen, there is a significant similarity between ROW’s deficit (the trade surplus of an individual country) and a budget deficit run by the government, but the macroeconomic roles of the government and ROW differ in some important aspects.
Old Utopias, New Tax Havens
Authors: Eich Stefan
Published: August 2019

Cryptocurrencies are frequently framed as future-oriented, technological innovations that decentralize money, thereby liberating it from centralized governance and the political tentacles of the state. This is misleading on several counts. First, electronic currencies cannot leave the politics of money behind even where they aim to disavow it. Instead, we can understand their impact as a political attempt to depoliticize money. Second, the dramatic price swings of cryptocurrencies challenge their self-fashioning as a new form of money and reveal them instead as speculative assets and securities in need of regulation. While the preferential tax and regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies hinges on their nominal currency status, it is ironically precisely their success as speculative assets that has undermined these claims. Finally, far from heralding a radical break with the past, electronic currencies serve as a reminder of the unresolved global politics of money since the 1970s. To support these three interrelated theses this chapter places the rise of cryptocurrencies in the historical context of the international politics of money between the end of the Bretton Woods system and the response to the 2008 Financial Crisis.
The NJAC Case and Judicial Independence
Authors: Subramanium Gopal
Published: August 2019

This essay comments on how the judgment in the National Judicial Appointments Commission Case is a befitting affirmation of judicial independence by the Supreme Court, against endemic executive interference in judicial appointments and transfers. This essay provides a conceptual understanding of judicial independence, against the backdrop of certain pivotal instances from India’s judicial history. The highlight of this essay is the author’s discussion of Union of India v. Sankalchand Himatlal Sheth ((1977) 4 SCC 193)—a judgment crucial for establishing the contours of judicial independence in the context of transfer of High Court judges. This essay gives this case the attention it merits by addressing the issue of judicial independence against its backdrop.
Judicial Appointments in Sri Lanka
Authors: Abeyratne Rehan
Published: August 2019

This essay describes the trajectory followed by judicial appointments in Sri Lanka, under its different constitutions, and how each Constitution has been successively less protective of judicial independence, with specific references to the constitutions of 1972 and 1978. The essay attributes much of the erosion of judicial independence to the President being the sole authority for appointment and removal of judges, particularly after the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka in 2010. The essay parts with the hope that the coming into power of a new government under President Maithripala Sirisena, and its avowed aim of reversing the excesses perpetrated by the previous government will assist in depoliticizing the judicial appointments process.
Mapping Legislative Changes
Authors: Basu Asmita
Published: August 2019

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, (PWDVA) is a special civil law aimed at effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family. 26 October 2016 marked the tenth anniversary of the enforcement of the PWDVA. The chapter examines the trajectory of legal developments that culminated in the enactment of the PWDVA as well as the gaps in the legal regime that the enactment of this law sought to overcome. Tracing the history of the women’s rights movement and its engagement with equality and violence against women, the author details the sustained campaign, spanning nearly a decade, by the Indian women’s movement, the drafting of the PWDVA by Lawyers Collective in consultation with the women’s movement and the challenges in its enactment.
Of ‘Keeps’ and ‘Concubines’
Authors: Dutta Brototi
Published: August 2019

The Supreme Court in its decision in Velusamy v. Patchaiammal limited the scope of ‘relationship in the nature of marriage’ under the PWDVA and interpreted it as co-terminus with ‘common-law marriage’. By doing so, the Court left women in vulnerable intimate relationships without a remedy in law. The author argues that by transposing a non-statutory category (‘common-law marriage’) into the PWDVA, Velusamy watered down the promise of zero tolerance to violence within intimate domestic relationships. Using examples from the evolution of cohabitees’ rights in English law, the author argues that the Indian Constitution, in its framing of equality and right to life and personal dignity already provides the language and framework for protection to be extended to women in every stable cohabiting relationship. This is particularly significant in the Indian context where second wives and women in de facto marriages have little legal protection, even in situations of domestic violence.
‘Take This Land’
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: August 2019

This study challenges scholarly claims about the unity of vision and purpose shared by elites in the making of neoliberal projects. As a critical history of the Karnataka Golf Association (KGA) suggests, social, political, and economic elites do not always pursue the same interests when using public land and other vital resources in service of private gain. Founding members at the club—among them industrialists, agriculture landowners, and salaried professionals—simply wanted to recreate an exclusive members-only space like the ones they inhabited elsewhere in the city, except with an international standard golf course as the main feature. Government officials without prior membership in these social and economic circles used their control of land and other resources as leverage in winning access to the club as permanent members. This chapter draws on a combination of interviews and archival material, including minutes to meetings, annual reports, and other memoranda, in order to reveal the strained negotiations that followed, and which ultimately produced a club divided by competing interests and loyalties.
A Civil Servant’s Adieu
Authors: Elangovan Arvind
Published: August 2019

Contrary to Rau’s ideas, the framers of the Indian constitution, however, were deeply influenced by the political history that preceded the meeting of the Constituent Assembly. As a result, the framers privileged not only Fundamental Rights but also the postcolonial State and the latter’s right to intervene for the cause of social justice. Interestingly, the idea that mainly underscored this act of privileging was not so much to come together to create a state by submitting individual wills (as theorized by social contract theorists, for instance) but rather there was a deep mistrust between the different political interests that were at work in the Constituent Assembly. Thus, by the time of the drafting of the Indian constitution, political history played a dominant role, with norms giving way to a history of politics.
Political and Social Structure of Medieval Rajasthan
Authors: Singh Sabita
Published: August 2019

A study of the emergence of the Rajputs has been done in order to outline the political and social structure of medieval Rajasthan. Apart from kinship ties, the inter-clan relationships have been studied as well as the process State formation which developed through distinct stages. Study of these developments aids in understanding the marriage network among the clans. Whereas during the early period of State formation, caste boundaries were quite blurred, by the 15th–16th centuries, caste distinctions acquired importance both for marriage purposes and systematisation of administration. It is apparent from the study of the caste structure of this region that it cannot be seen in terms of the fourfold varnas. For the Rajputs, it was the clan structure that was more significant and this governed the marriage rules.
Interpretation of Marriage Rituals in Medieval Rajasthan
Authors: Singh Sabita
Published: August 2019

This chapter has been divided into separate sections under different heads. It is observed how ceremonies and rituals of marriage helped in maintaining the caste identity of the families. The authority and superiority of a particular caste could be demonstrated through these ceremonies and rituals. Under the sub-heading of ‘Marriage, Customs and Practices in Medieval Rajasthan’ the significance of the engagement ceremony including notions of honour attached thereto, and the age of marriage which varied considerably depending on time period and caste has been appraised. The concept of Stridhan and dowry has been dealt with in the sub-section of dowry. An attempt has been made to understand the complexity of the marriage gift in its historical perspective. The changes that have occurred in the concept of dowry are also analysed. Hypergamy, polygamy and concubinage also form part of this chapter.
Haunting and Uncanny Cities of Neoliberal India
Authors: Paunksnis Šarūnas
Published: August 2019

This chapter analyses the concept of the uncanny vis-à-vis the cultural developments in post-liberalization India, specifically looking at the urban developments and the emergence of shopping mall culture. What many of the new Hindi cinema films share is the feeling of the uncanny and this, Freudian concept, is one of the central ones in this book. In unpacking these questions, the chapter looks at some of the recent horror films that represent the haunted spaces of contemporary urban India—Raat, Bhoot, Darr @ The Mall and Phobia most importantly. The chapter argues that the haunted space of a shopping mall or a luxury apartment building or gated community illustrates the insecurity the new middle classes feel in a new urban and social environment. At the same time the figure of a ghost emerges as history repressed by the neoliberal spatial reconfiguration.
Film Noir and the Dark Spaces of New Hindi Cinema
Authors: Paunksnis Šarūnas
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores another dimension of the urban uncanny and dark imagination by dealing with a cinematic form, which has become if not dominant, then visible in most of the new Hindi films—film noir. The chapter argues that the emergence of film noir globally always coincides with a state of crisis, be it social, cultural, political or economic, or a mixture of all. Film noir began to emerge in India as a key film form of new Hindi cinema in early 2000s—a decade after the neoliberal reforms, and signified the uncertainty, isolation and violence in an urban space in India. The chapter analyses the work of Anurag Kashyap, one of the key filmmakers of film noir in India.
The Indian Civil Service and the Bengal Famine of 1943
Authors: Alexander Colin R.
Published: August 2019

The Bengal Famine of 1943 was the direct result of British Government policies in the years and months preceding it. The view most widely circulated by politicians and journalists during and immediately after the hunger and disease was that the loss of Burma to invading Japanese forces in the spring of 1942 had led to the cessation of rice shipments to Bengal. However, this chapter reveals that this narrative was a convenient rationale for the British as it deflected attention away from their responsibility and helped to demonize the Japanese enemy. Clow and his ICS colleagues were complicit and even leaders in this practice. Beyond this, the chapter engages with theories of famine and positions the events in Bengal within wider debates about this tragic phenomenon.
Perspectives
Authors: Alexander Colin R.
Published: August 2019

This smaller but well-formed chapter concludes the book by discussing Clow’s contribution to discussions about the future of India. In an advisory capacity, Clow articulated his visions for India, particularly the future of Assam and the frontier territories, through a series of essays, none of which have been published before. Some, but not all, of these recommendations were taken forward with the British plans with the consequences of those decisions still being felt today in the form of non-state political violence.
Introduction
Authors: Ranjan Prabhash
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and the debates surrounding BITs and investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). It examines briefly the origin of BITs; their evolution and the current debates on the relationship between BITs and host state’s right to regulate. The chapter also documents the backlash against BITs and ISDS as evidenced in state practice and academic literature. Midst this global backdrop, the chapter introduces the Indian BIT programme and explains the rationale for studying India’s approach towards investment treaties. Given India’s deepening integration with the global economy, a massive BIT programme and the recent developments of India contesting the BIT regime due to increasing BIT cases, necessitates a detailed discussion of the Indian BIT regime.
India’s BITs
Authors: Ranjan Prabhash
Published: August 2019

This chapter studies in detail the international law on foreign investment that India has accepted to be bound in the embracement phase. In this regard, the chapter studies the following provisions contained in India’s BITs and FTA investment chapters: definition of investment, which is an important jurisdictional provision; fair and equitable treatment; most favoured nation treatment; and full protection and security. The aforesaid provisions are common to all Indian BITs and FTA investment chapters. The chapter shows that many of the treaty provisions are broadly worded. In order to better understand the import of the language of these provisions, they will be situated within the broader jurisprudence of the ISDS. Depending on arbitral discretion, these broad and vaguely worded provisions are capable of interpretation that gives precedence to investment protection over the host state’s sovereign regulatory power, instead of striking a balance between the two.