bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the area cerebrovasculosa of anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Bell Jeanne E. , Green Robert J. L.
Published: June 2005

The area cerebrovasculosa has been examined in 35 anencephalic fetuses and coronal sections prepared in 15 cases. A bilaterally symmetrical cystic mass is found covering the anterior and middle cranial fossae. The mass is generally walled with glial tissue, partially lined with ependyma and filled with abnormally vascular choroid plexus. The coverings of the cyst are conspicuously vascular and the overlying squamous epithelium is in continuity with hairy skin at the margins of the lesion. The posterior cranial fossa contains a variable quantity of medulla oblongata which has no connection with the cystic mass. The medulla and cervical cord are more nearly normal in that minority of cases with an intact foramen magnum. The degree of hindbrain development is correlated with the previously reported presence of heterotopic glial tissue in the spinal subarachnoid space of some anencephalic fetuses (Bell, Gordon and Maloney, 1981; Bell, 1981, in press).

These findings have led us to reject the widely accepted view that the area cerebrovasculosa is totally disorganised, and that anencephaly is characterised by absence of the forebrain.
As assessment of the surface charge of single resident and exudate macrophages and multinucleate giant cells
Authors: Papadimitriou J. M.
Published: June 2005

The relative magnitude of the negative charge per unit area on the surface of resident and exudate macrophages as well as multinucleate giant cells was assessed by cytophotometric and ultrastructural techniques. The results indicate that the surface of resident macrophages possesses a higher negative charge per unit area than that of exudate macrophages or multinucleate giant cells. This may partly explain the relative ease of fusion of exudate macrophages into multinucleate giant cells since the electrostatic forces of repulsion are likely to be lower than between resident macrophages.
Toxicity of the immune suppressant cyclosporin A in the rat
Authors: Blair Jane T. , Thomson A. W. , Whiting P. H. , Davidson R. J. L. , Simpson J. G.
Published: June 2005

Cyclosporin A (Cy A) administered orally (100 mg/kg/24 hr) to adult Sprague‐Dawley rats for 21 days caused a number of functional and structural changes. Behavioural effects, including fits, were also observed during the first week. Two animals (25 per cent.) died on days 6 and 10 respectively; a third was killed on day 7 because of fits. Hair loss was continuous during the experimental period. There were marked decreases in total serum protein, albumin and aspartate aminotransferase, accompanied by rises in alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Examination of the liver revealed moderate centrilobular fatty change and minor dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum. Impaired renal function was also evident from increases in serum urea and creatinine and a striking rise in urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucos‐aminidase activity. Kidneys examined at 21 days showed focal proximal tubular cell (PTC) vacuolation and necrosis, clearly evident on light microscopy. Ultrastructural studies revealed dilatation and vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum within PTC, together with increased lysosome production and the formation of myeloid figures. Glomeruli and distal tubular cells were unaffected.

Cy A caused marked lymphopenia, with a progressive increase in circulating neutrophils and monocytes. This was accompanied by the appearance of atypical mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood. The cellularity of the bone marrow was significantly reduced. In the thymus, there was very marked depletion of the medullary zones, and histiocytes containing cellular debris appeared throughout. The most striking feature in the spleen was the loss of lymphocytes within the periarteriolar sheaths and marginal zones.
Comparison of mycobacterial granulomas guinea‐pig lymph nodes
Authors: Narayanan R. B. , Badenoch‐Jones P. , Curtis Jill , Turk J. L.
Published: June 2005

A study was made of mycobacterial‐induced granulomas in guinea‐pig lymph nodes. Live BCG (Pasteur) induced a granuloma containing epithelioid cells while Cobalt irradiated Mycobacterium leprae induced a granuloma comprised of phagocytic macrophages. The granulomas were quantitated by measurement of lymph node weight and the areas of infiltration in histological sections. The time course of granuloma formation induced by Co‐irradiated M. leprae was very different from the time course of the granuloma formation induced by BCG. Collagen synthesis assessed by incorporation of 14C‐proline into collagenase sensitive protein was greater in lymph nodes draining the site of injection of Co‐irradiated BCG than those draining the site of injection of Co‐irradiated M. leprae during the first 10 weeks. Collagen synthesis was delayed in the nodes from animals injected with live BCG for at least 10 weeks. Single cell suspensions of draining lymph nodes containing granulomas consisted of lymphocytes and large cells (epithelioid cells and macrophages). A high proportion of the large cells were found to be non‐adherent in the live BCG‐induced epithelioid cell granuloma. In contrast, M. leprae‐induced granulomas contained a high percentage of adherent large cells. In both the granulomas, the majority of large cells were esterase positive and showed the presence of fibronectin. Most of the large cells in the granulomas did not carry receptors for the Fc component of IgG or the C3 component of complement and did not exhibit peroxidase activity.
Tracheopathia osteoplastica: A study of the minimal lesion
Authors: Pounder Derrick J. , Pieterse A. S.
Published: June 2005

We describe the pathological findings in a case of tracheopathia osteoplastica (TPO) of minimal extent. Although described clinically such minimal lesions have not been previously studied pathologically. Our observations lend strong support to the view‐point that the nodules of TPO develop as ecchondroses of the tracheal cartilage rings. It is anticipated that TPO of minimal extent will be increasingly identified clinically and diagnosed on biopsy specimens.
Senile amyloid deposition
Authors: Ishii Toshiharu , Hosoda Yasuhiro , Ikegami Naoki , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: June 2005

Amyloid deposition in the aged was studied in a wide selection of tissues from 194 necropsies of subjects aged over 65 years, there being no clinical manifestation of amyloidosis. We employed conventional Congo red staining with the aid of a polarising filter for the identification of amyloid. We analysed the deposits histochemically for tryptophan content and reaction to oxidation using the potassium permanganate method in 26 subjects aged over 85 years.

Both the frequency of amyloid deposition and the number of organs involved tended to increase with advancing age, and both increased after the ninth decade with little sex difference. Amyloid deposition preferentially occurred in the aorta, heart, lung, prostate and pancreas among the organs examined. Visceral involvement tended to be confined to the vasculature except in the prostate and pancreas. In cases associated with predisposing conditions considered to evoke secondary amyloidosis such as tuberculosis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatoid arthritis more amyloid was found but the distribution of the deposits was similar by organ and intravisceral site to that of cases unassociated with predisposing disorders.

In both groups of cases amyloid was found to contain tryptophan, indicative of immunoamyloid and, with a few exceptions, to be resistant to oxidation by potassium permanganate indicating an immunoglobulin AL component.

It can be concluded that senile amyloid should be classified as a form of so‐called primary amyloidosis because of its widespread distribution, its occurrence independent of predisposing disorders and its chemical composition.

Subclinical chronic inflammation of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts may provide the necessary prolonged immunological stimulus to lead to amyloid deposition in ageing tissues.
Histological and ultrastructural studies of the human juxtaglomerular apparatus in benign and malignant hypertension
Authors: McLaren K. M. , MacDonald M. K.
Published: June 2005

The light and electron microscopic appearances of the human juxtaglomerular apparatus in benign essential and malignant (accelerated phase) hypertension are described. In the former, the variability of appearances precludes assessment of the importance of the apparatus in the pathogenesis or progression of the disease. The hyperplastic appearance of the apparatus in malignant hypertension supports the concept of renin hypersecretion in this phase. Mechanisms of JGA stimulation are considered and the possibility of a new source of renin discussed. It is suggested that morphological appraisal of cellular activity could be correlated with chemical estimations, allowing a clearer delineation of the role of the renin‐angiotensin system in the pathogenesis and progression of benign and malignant hypertension. This might be of value in assessing the cellular response to various specific pharmacological agents used in the management of these conditions.
Demonstration of amyloid A (AA) protein and amyloid P component (AP) in deposits of systemic amyloidosis associated with renal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hind C. R. K. , Tennent Glenys A. , Evans D. J. , Pepys M. B.
Published: June 2005

The fibril protein in three cases of systemic amyloidosis associated with renal adenocarcinoma was identified as amyloid A protein (AA) using immunohistochemical staining techniques. Amyloid P component was also present in all deposits. In one case unfixed snap frozen tissues were studied directly whilst in the other two, which were investigated retrospectively, fixed paraffin sections were stained by immuno‐fluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods after treatment with trypsin. Enzymatic digestion was necessary to restore reactivity with anti‐AP but anti‐AA reacted well without any such treatment. These findings establish that renal carcinoma, the carcinoma most frequently associated with systemic amyloidosis, causes the same type of secondary or reactive systemic amyloid as chronic infections and inflammatory disorders.
Uptake of cationized ferritin by colonic epithelium
Authors: Barbour W. McA. , Hopwood D.
Published: June 2005

Guinea‐pig, rat and mouse were used in this electron microscopic study to demonstrate endocytosis in absorptive and goblet cells of the surface epithelium of the colon. Cationised ferritin was used as the electron dense tracer which attached in vivo to negatively charged membrane components. Both coated and uncoated vesicles entered the cells. The major pathway for the vesicles was to the secondary lysosomes and occurred within 10–30 min.

This demonstrates a new pathway of absorption in the adult rodent colon with potential for the uptake of macromolecules. It may provide new clues to the immunology, physiology and pathology of the tissue.
Origin of glomerular crescents in rabbit nephrotoxic nephritis
Authors: Clarke Belinda E. , Ham Kathryn N. , Tange J. D. , Ryan G. B.
Published: June 2005

The origin of glomerular crescents was investigated in an accelerated model of rabbit nephrotoxic nephritis. In rabbits immunised against sheep γ‐globulin, the administration of sheep nephrotoxic serum provoked cellular crescent formation affecting 30 to 90 per cent. of glomeruli at 6 days. The crescents were composed predominantly of cells with ultrastructural features of macrophages. In animals depleted of circulating leukocytes by whole body irradiation, with or without shielding of the kidney, crescent formation was inhibited despite severe glomerular damage and fibrin deposition in Bowman's space. These findings support the hypothesis that glomerular crescents develop principally from the emigration and accumulation of bone marrow‐derived mono‐nuclear cells.
The morphological development of di‐n‐pentyl phthalate induced testicular atrophy in the rat
Authors: Creasy Dianne M. , Foster John R. , Foster Paul M. D.
Published: June 2005

Prepubertal rats treated orally with di‐n‐pentyl phthalate at 2·2 g/kg body weight were killed at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr following a single dose, and after 2, 3 and 4 days of repeated daily dosing. At 3 hr Sertoli cells in a proportion of the seminiferous tubules showed vacuolation of the perinuclear smooth endoplasmic reticulum with an associated inward displacement of germinal cells. By 6 hr the vacuolation had extended to the apical cytoplasm and was evident in most tubules. Early degenerative changes were also apparent in spermatocytes and spermatids and were accompanied by an acute interstitial inflammatory infiltrate By 24 hr. germinal cell degeneration was extensive with desquamation and general disorganisation of cell layers within the epithelium, but the interstitial inflammatory infiltrate had declined. Mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity in Sertoli cells was reduced at 3 and 6 hr and absent by 24 hr. In germinal cells it was unaffected at 3 and 6 hr but absent by 24 hr.

Two, three and four days of daily phthalate treatment resulted in a gradual depletion of germinal cells from all tubules, leaving a Sertoli cell matrix containing a few necrotic spermatocytes and occasional normal spermatogonia.

The significance of the early Sertoli cell changes is discussed.
Inhibition of osteoclastic motility by prostaglandins I2, E1, E2 and 6‐oxo‐E1
Authors: Chambers T. J. , Ali N. N.
Published: June 2005

We have recently found that calcitonin (CT), a hormone which inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, completely abolishes the normally intense cytoplasmic motility of isolated osteoclasts. Here we report that prostaglandin (PG)I2, PGE1, PGE2 and 6‐oxo‐PGE1 cause an identical change in behaviour to that induced by CT. The order of potency was PGI2> PGE1> 6‐oxo‐PGE1> PGE2. We found that, unlike CT which causes prolonged immotility in osteoclasts, the effect of these PGs was transient. The transient nature of the inhibition was not caused by their decay or inactivation, nor was it due to production in the cultures of a stimulator of osteoclast motility. Osteoclasts refractory to one PG were also less sensitive to the others, but showed no loss of sensitivity to CT, suggesting that the PGs share a common receptor system, distinct from that for CT. The PGs, like CT, appear to operate by increasing the cyclic AMP level in osteoclasts. The identical nature of the response of osteoclasts to PGs and CT, and the shared use of cyclic AMP as second messenger, suggest that the PGs, like CT, act directly on osteoclasts inhibit bone resorption by these cells. Osteoblasts are known to make PGs, and we suggest that osteoblasts make them as agents of the local control of osteoclastic bone resorption. Paradoxically, when PGs are added to bone in organ culture they stimulate bone resorption. Like PTH they increase osteoblastic cyclic AMP levels, and the effect of adding PGs to bone may be a transient direct inhibition of osteoclasts followed by a sustained PTH‐like stimulation of osteoclasts through osteoblasts. This mechanism may account for the bone resorption seen in inflammatory and malignant disease.
Renal lesions in the obliterative cardiomyopathies: Endomyocardial fibrosis and Loffler's endocarditis
Authors: Date Anand , Parameswaran A. , Bhaktaviziam A.
Published: June 2005

Electron and, or light microscopic examination of paraffin embedded renal tissue obtained from necropsies on eleven patients with obliterative cardiomyopathy showed a variety of abnormalities. Glomerular lesions present in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis included capillary wall thickening, basement membrane duplication, mesangial expansion and interposition, intraluminal fibrin and dense subendothelial deposits. These changes, some of which have been reported earlier in patients with Loffler's endocarditis, probably result from deposition and organisation of immune complexes.
Lymph node hypervascularity: Haemangiomatoid lesions and pan‐nodal vasodilatation
Authors: Lott M. F. , Davies J. D.
Published: June 2005

A retrospective survey to study vascular abnormalities was conducted on 1073 lymph nodes from 250 patients. Two haemangiomatoid lesions, found in axillary lymph nodes, are described. They are uncommon, localised lesions which appear to be associated with local malignancy. A more frequent vascular abnormality was pan‐nodal vasodilatation, which tends to affect many nodes in a single group and is especially associated with ulcerative colitis. Both types of lesion appear to be reactive in nature. Their characteristics suggest responses to different stimuli.
Peritoneal cell responses to acute gastro‐intestinal inflammation
Authors: Steer H. W. , Lewis D. A.
Published: June 2005

Cell changes in the peritoneal exudate induced by an acute localised inflammation due to a small intestinal anastomosis have been studied. The maximum response occurs on the second day. The neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocyte output on the second is seven times greater in the peritoneal exudate than in the effluent lymph from the gastro‐intestinal tract.

The fate of the inflammatory cell response of the peritoneal exudate has been studied using thymidine‐labelled cell transfer experiments. Some neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and eosinophils are phagocytosed by monocyte/macrophage cells in the peritoneal cavity. The majority of the neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and eosinophils migrate through diaphragmatic “stomata” to the parathymic lymph glands via the mediastinal lymphatics.
The binding of fluorescent‐labelled concanavalin A to human breast tissue—A marker of differentiation
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

Fluorescent‐labelled Concanavalin A (ConA) has been applied to frozen and fixed, processed sections of normal, hyperplastic and malignant human breast tissue. No loss of binding activity occurs with fixation and the best results are obtained with Bouin's fixed material or trypsinised sections of tissue fixed in 4 per cent. formaldehyde in saline.

A difference in reaction has been demonstrated between normal tissue, hyperplastic tissue and carcinomas, which is further accentuated when a lower concentration of ConA‐FITC is used. Staining is consistently localised to the cell periphery in all benign tissue, the well differentiated carcinomas and some of the moderately differentiated tumours. A mixed pattern of reaction with staining of the cell periphery and cell cytoplasm is seen in some tumours, whilst many of the poorly differentiated carcinomas show cytoplasmic staining only.

There is a significant correlation between the pattern of staining and the histological differentiation of carcinomas, and between the degree of reactivity and differentiation. It is suggested that any relationship ConA reactivity may have to prognosis may be strongly associated with tumour differentiation.
Diagnostic electron microscopy for amelanotic melanoma: Correlation of patient biopsy, soft agar assay, and xenograft
Authors: Persky Bruce , Meyskens Frank L. , Hendrix Mary J. C.
Published: June 2005

In an attempt to diagnose a suspected amelanotic melanoma tumour, we examined a variety of tissue and cell samples from one patient at the ultrastructural level, which consisted of single cell suspensions of tumour cells with and without DOPA treatment, tumour cells after culture in agar with and without DOPA treatment, and single tumour cells hetero‐transplanted into a nude mouse. Premelanosomes were not observed in sections of the amelanotic tumour with routine electron microscopy. Osmophilic‐dense bodies, suggestive of melanosomes, were noted in the single cells in suspension treated with DOPA and cells grown in agar without DOPA treatment. Definitive premelanosomes, with an identifiable striated matrix, were only observed in cells grown into colonies in agar and treated with DOPA. Positive L‐DOPA reaction products were noted in the golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum closely related to the golgi (GERL), and in vacuoles from cells grown in agar. As controls, Cloudman S91 53.1 melanoma cells were evaluated as single cells in suspension or as colonies after culture in agar, both with and without DOPA treatment. Premelanosomes were always observed in this established melanoma cell line while DOPA‐treated cells contained positive L‐DOPA reaction products. The overall findings identified the tumour as amelanotic melanoma and indicated that both DOPA treatment and culture in agar were needed for the demonstration of premelanosomes.
The reactivity of Reed–Sternberg cells with monoclonal antisera at thin section and ultrastructural levels
Authors: Stuart A. E. , Volsen S. G. , Zola H.
Published: June 2005

In an attempt to improve the morphology of Reed–Sternberg cells after immunochemical procedures, the biotin–avidin technique has been used. Satisfactory morphology was obtained at the level of both light and electron microscopy. Reed–Sternberg cells failed to react with a monoclonal antimonocyte serum but gave positive results with anti‐1a and FMC7, a monoclonal anti‐B cell serum. Positive results were also obtained with FMC 1 and B 1 both of which are monoclonal B cell antisera.
The use of monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of intracranial malignancies and the small round cell tumours of childhood
Authors: Kemshead J. T. , Coakham H. B.
Published: June 2005

Panels of monoclonal antibodies have been assembled and been found, using immunocytochemical methods, to assist in the more accurate classification of intracranial neoplasms and the “small round cell” tumours of children.
Tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Schor Ana M. , Schor Seth L.
Published: June 2005

A variety of different factors has been implicated in inducing angiogenesis. Their identity and precise mechanisms of action remain elusive. The present treatise summarises the state of our knowledge not only in relation to tumour‐induced capillary growth but also for non‐neoplastic situations and mechanisms.
Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis: A long‐term study of 40 cases
Authors: Swainson Charles P. , Robson James S. , Thomson David , MacDonald Mary K.
Published: June 2005

Forty cases of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis are reviewed for whom both light and electron microscopy and full clinical data were available. Immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) was performed on 23 cases and complement screening (CH50, C4 and C3) on 25 cases, with follow‐up period of 5–22 y. The results of EM revealed 17 cases (42 per cent.) of Type I and 23 cases (58 per cent.) of Type II MCGN but only 52 per cent. of Type II cases were correctly identified by light microscopy. Epimembranous deposits were seen as frequently in Type II as in Type I (26 per cent. and 30 per cent.) and fragmentation of glomerular capillary basement membranes (GBM) was seen in 27 per cent. of Type I cases. Overall patient survival was 49 per cent. at 10 y and that of patients who presented with nephrotic syndrome was poor (39 per cent. at 10 y). Persistent hypo‐complementaemia with C3 Nephritic Factor was present in 40 per cent.; the survival of these patients was less than those with normal complement levels (70 per cent. vs 100 per cent. at 5 y) and they were also more likely to develop renal failure. Renal failure was more likely to develop in those with a creatinine clearance of < 100 ml/min at presentation and where the biopsy showed substantial crescents in >20 per cent. of glomeruli. Mean CH50, C3 and C4 was lower in the hypocomplementaemic as compared to normocomplementaemic patients, and there were no differences between Type I and Type II. IF showed immuno‐globulins and fibrin as well as C3 in both Type I and Type II cases. Our results support the concept of an immune‐complex mediated phase in both types of MCGN, and we further suggest that (a) epimembranous deposits are common in both Type I and Type II and (b) cases with fragmentation of the GBM should be designated Type Ia.
Intra‐articularcalcergy and its arthropathic sequelae
Authors: John McClure R.
Published: June 2005

Local calcergy is an ectopic calcification reaction (due to hydroxyapatite formation) induced in connective tissue sites by the application of dilute solutions of certain metallic salts (calcergens). The phenomenon is usually produced in the subcutaneous tissues of the experimental animal. The single intra‐articular 66injection of lead acetate (PbAc) solution (a known calcergen) into the knee joint of the rat is followed by opacity of the synovial membrane and para‐articular tissues with the aggregation of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells and the formation of some granulation tissue. This lesion ultimately resolves and there is no cartilaginous degeneration. Repeated intra‐articular injections of PbAc produce pronounced changes in the synovium and para‐articular tissues. There is extensive calcific deposition with exuberant macrophage and giant cell accumulation and fibroblastic proliferation. The proliferated synovial membrance becomes adherent to articular cartilage. There is thinning and fragmentation of the latter with focal loss and replacement by fibrous tissue. Therefore, in contrast the effects of a single injection, repeated calcergenic stimulation of the knee joint is associated with a destructive arthropathy.
Dark cell proliferation in carotid body hyperplasia
Authors: Heath Donald , Smith Paul , Jago Ross
Published: June 2005

The histopathology of the enlarged carotid bodies, in both qualitative and quantitative terms, is described in two cases. One was in a woman of 80 years with systemic hypertension and the other in a man of 72 years with pan‐acinar emphysema complicated by chronic hypoxaemia. In both instances there was generalized hyperplasia of sustentacular cells, perhaps with involvement of Schwann cells and fibrocytes, with superimposed focal proliferation of dark or ‘pyknotic’ variants of chief cells. The functional significance of both forms of tissue response in the carotid bodies is speculated upon.
Ligandin in the human ovary
Authors: Tiltman A. J.
Published: June 2005

Human ovaries from different times during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the post‐menopausal state were examined by immunohistochemistry using an antibody to ligandin. The results showed that antiligandin was localized to those cells producing steroids and probably acts as an intracellular transport protein but may also have an enzyme function in steroidogenesis. In demonstrating this relationship this study has indicated that antiligandin may be of value in the morphologic investigation of ovaries in conditions where there are assumed alterations in steroid production.
A study of glomerular basement membrane anionic sites and glomerular visceral epithelial cell coat in protein overload proteinuria in the rat
Authors: Rollason T. P. , Brewer D. B.
Published: June 2005

The presence and distribution of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane and visceral epithelial cell coat has been demonstrated. No definite decrease in intensity or periodicity of staining of basement membrane particulate sites was seen in protein overload proteinuric animals and only one staining technique employed for electron microscopy (alcian blue 8GX) demonstrated a focal decrease in visceral epithelial cell coat staining in severely damaged glomeruli. A decrease in overall glomerular staining was also demonstrated by quantitative analysis of colloidal iron staining by light microscopy. The findings differ from those described in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy and nephrotoxic nephritis. Staining was demonstrated also in other basement membranes, in Bowman's capsule and along interstitial collagen fibres.
Post‐mortem prevalence of lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrymal gland: A comparative study in autoimmune and non‐autoimmune diseases
Authors: Nasu M. , Matsubara O. , Yamamoto H.
Published: June 2005

The prevalence of focal lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrymal gland was investigated in 131 autopsy cases, 115 without and 16 with autoimmune diseases (nine cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, three of rheumatoid arthritis and four of Sjögren's syndrome). Focal lymphocytic infiltration was observed in 63·5 per cent of patients without autoimmune diseases and in all of those with autoimmune diseases. In those without autoimmune diseases, the frequency of lymphocytic infiltration was higher among those older than 40 years, and there was no sex difference in prevalence. The incidence of moderate or severe infiltration (grade III or IV) was 7·8 per cent in patients without autoimmune diseases; 55·6 per cent in systemic lupus erythematosus; 66·7 per cent in rheumatoid arthritis; and 100 per cent in Sjögren's syndrome. The present observation suggests that focal lymphocytic infiltration is indicative of an immunological disorder of the lacrymal gland in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Epimyoepithelial island formation was observed in only one patient with Sjögren's syndrome.
On the possible origin of extra‐epithelial enterochromaffin cells by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn
Authors: Millikin Paul D.
Published: June 2005

This study was undertaken to test Pierre Masson's still unconfirmed theory that extra‐epithelial enterochromaffin cells in the gut arise in adult life by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn under conditions of low grade inflammation. Appendices (900) were reviewed and 19 were selected for serial section study because in random sections they showed lateral fusion of the crypts, one of the key features described by Masson. Ten specimens without crypt fusion served as controls. Sixteen of the 19 study specimens and one of the control specimens showed budding, averaging one bud in every 88 sections. Most buds were in direct contact with Schwann cells in the adjacent lamina propria and 45 per cent of them contained enterochromaffin cells. There was also histologic evidence linking buds and lateral crypt fusion to low grade inflammation. Masson's ideas are, therefore, confirmed insofar as the existence of buds and their relationship to enterochromaffin cells, Schwann cells, and inflammation is concerned. The actual separation of buds from the crypts to form extra‐epithelial enterochromaffin cells has yet to be proved.
Pathways of cellular efflux and particulate clearance after carbon instillation to the lung
Authors: Bowden D. H. , Adamson I. Y. R.
Published: June 2005

The pulmonary response to the deposition of carbon particles was investigated to determine the routes of cellular efflux and the mechanisms of particulate clearance. At intervals to 6 months after the intratracheal instillation of 4 mg carbon, the lungs of mice were fixed in situ by perfusion without lavage. Within a few hours, migration of granulocytes into the bronchioles was observed; large numbers of PMNs were not seen in alveoli until 24 h. Associated with the PMN efflux there was transient oedema with no evidence of pulmonary cell necrosis. The number of free macrophages increased in response to the carbon and mononuclear cell migration into alveoli and bronchioles was also observed. The bronchiolar component of the cellular efflux indicates that PMNs and macrophages recovered from the lung by lavage are not entirely of alveolar origin. Whereas most particles, either free or in phagocytic cells, were cleared by the bronchial tree, some transepithelial passage of free particles to the interstitium was observed. Some carbon was found in hilar lymph nodes but overall lymphatic clearance was low.
The immunocytochemical detection of Herpes simplex virus in cervical smears—a valuable technique for routine use
Authors: Adams Richard L. , Springall David R. , Levene Max M. , Bushell Timothy E. C.
Published: June 2005

Herpes simplex virus type 2 is demonstrated in routine cervical smears by immunocytochemistry. Optimum antibody dilution and suitable fixation were determined and immunostaining results were found to compare favourably with those obtained by screening Papanicolaou‐stained smears or by virus culture methods (virus isolation). Results obtained for immunostaining of smears from 158 patients agreed with those of virus isolation in 47 of 50 cases where virus isolation was performed. It is suggested that this immunocytochemical technique is valuable in detection of Herpes simplex virus in cervical smears, offering an inexpensive and rapid laboratory diagnosis with advantage to both patient and clinician.
Gastric epithelial cell proliferation in monkeys fed 3,4,3′,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl
Authors: Becker Gregory M. , McNulty Wilbur P.
Published: June 2005

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fed diets containing 1 or 3 mg/kg of 3,4,3′,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl (3,4‐TCB), became moribund after 7–14 weeks. In the body of the stomach the mucosa was thick and cystic gastric glands penetrated the muscularis mucosae. The zymogenic and parietal cells were replaced by or converted into mucus‐secreting cells. Autoradiographs of animals labelled with [3H]thymidine showed that in control monkeys gastric epithelial cell proliferation was limited to the isthmus and neck regions of the glands throughout the stomach. In the 3,4‐TCB‐fed animals most DNA synthesis also occurred in these regions, but [3H]thymidine labelled cells were also seen in the bases of the glands. The labelling indices were not elevated, and therefore the submucosal glands and cysts in this lesion may develop by a failure of the newly formed, downward migrating cells to differentiate and lose their proliferative capacity.
Cutaneous and pulmonary histopathological responses to platelet activating factor (Paf‐acether) in the guinea‐pig
Authors: Dewar A. , Archer C. B. , Paul W. , Page C. P. , Macdonald D. M. , Morley J.
Published: June 2005

The effect of synthetic Paf‐acether has been studied in guinea‐pig skin, following intradermal injection, and in guinea‐pig lung, following intravenous administration. Histopathological responses to Paf‐acether were assessed by both light microscopy and electron microscopy. In addition, plasma protein extravasation and platelet accumulation were quantitatively assessed using radiolabelling techniques. Intradermal injection of Paf‐acether, but not lyso‐Paf, elicited acute increased vascular permeability, accompanied by intravascular accumulation of platelets and neutrophils. There was evidence, 2–8 h after intradermal injection of Paf‐acether, of perivascular infiltration with neutrophils. At 24 h there was a mixed cellular infiltrate comprising mononuclear cells in addition to neutrophils. Following systemic administration of Paf‐acether, aggregates of platelets in close association with neutrophils were evident within the pulmonary vasculature. Intravenous injection of Paf‐acether, but not lyso‐Paf, caused intrathoracic accumulation of radiolabelled platelets. These results suggest that Paf‐acether has properties consistent with those of a mediator of inflammation.
Fibrin degradation and angiogenesis: Quantitative analysis of the angiogenic response in the chick chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Thompson W. D. , Campbell R. , Evans T.
Published: June 2005

Fibrin deposition and removal is a feature common to major pathological processes such as wound healing, chronic inflammation and tumour invasion: processes involving the ingrowth of new blood vessels. Low molecular weight fibrin degradation products (MW < 50 000) are now shown to induce angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). This effect has also been shown by new quantitative assays to be associated with stimulation of both DNA and protein synthesis. Autoradiography indicates that all cell types in the CAM are stimulated to divide, and it is proposed that fibrin degradation products are a pathological growth factor.
Interstitial haemosiderin in the lungs of sudden infant death syndrome: A histological hallmark of ‘near‐miss’ episodes?
Authors: Stewart Susan , Fawcett John , Jacobson W.
Published: June 2005

The occurrence of multiple intrathoracic petechial haemorrhages in sudden infant death syndrome is well‐documented and undisputed. We describe a study of 24 consecutive sudden infant deaths in which Perls' method for staining of iron in lung sections has been employed in addition to standard post‐mortem procedures. Haemosiderin‐containing macrophages have been demonstrated in 13 infants in subpleural and interstitial lung tissue in the absence of local fresh interstitial haemorrhage; ten of these infants had no evidence of respiratory tract inflammation and died mainly between one and three months of age. Eleven babies without haemosiderin showed evidence of inflammatory lesions and were predominantly four months or older at death. The demonstration of previous haemorrhagic foci in babies showing no other pathological abnormality may represent a histological hallmark of previous ‘near‐miss’ episodes of hypoxaemia from whatever cause.
A rapid method for reprocessing paraffin sections for diagnostic electron microscopy
Authors: Ngai H. K. , Chan K. W. , Or S. B. , Yau W. L.
Published: June 2005

A rapid method for re‐embedding paraffin sections into epoxy resin for diagnostic electron microscopy is described. The method requires a relatively shorter time than the traditional block retrieval technique and produces a reasonable quality of ultrastructure for diagnostic purposes.
Mesothelial healing: Morphological and kinetic investigations
Authors: Whitaker D. , Papadimitriou J.
Published: June 2005

By using structural, kinetic and irradiation techniques it is possible to show that mesothelial healing is a local event. Initially, macrophages occupy the surface of a wound on the injured visceral layer, while mesothelial proliferation proceeds at the edge of the wound and the opposing parietal surface. Fibrin is formed on the wound surface within 24 h, even in the absence of much haemorrhage. Mesothelial ingrowth begins with isolated cells migrating from the wound edge as well as from the serosal surface apposing the wound where mesothelial cells are actively replicating. The cells presumably slide over a bridge of fibrin and macrophages, a process likely to be enhanced by the serosal fluid. Early colonization by macrophages results in the removal of debris and probably prevents the formation of adhesions during mesothelial restoration.
Usefulness of basement membrane markers in tumoural pathology
Authors: Birembaut P. , Caron Y. , Adnet J.‐J. , Foidart J.‐M.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of basement membrane (BM) markers, type IV collagen, laminin (LM), heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSP) and fibronectin (FN) has been studied by indirect immunofluorescence using specific antibodies, in tumoural pathology. The disrupted pattern of BM by these markers in severe dysplastic lesions of the breasts, the bronchi and uterine cervix provides evidence for malignancy. In invasive carcinomas, there is generally a loss of these BM components, with FN persisting in the stroma. The loss of these markers in BM is concomitant and superimposable in double staining studies. In embryonic tumours, the presence of BM markers is related to a mesenchymal differentiation of malignant cells with pericellular FN and/or maturation towards organoid structures with BM. In sarcomas, there is a loss of the pericellular BM staining around most transformed muscular and Schwann cells and adipocytes. The persistence of this labelling in some well‐differentiated areas can help to diagnose the nature of the sarcoma. The persistence of intercellular filaments of FN corresponds to the mesenchymal and/or sarcomatous nature of undifferentiated anaplastic proliferations.
The distribution of cathespin b in human tissues
Authors: Howie A. J. , Burnett D. , Crocker J.
Published: June 2005

Cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme of importance in many physiological and pathological processes. Its distribution in human tissues was studied by an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Cathepsin B was demonstrated in macrophages, hepatocytes, renal tubules, gastrointestinal epithelium and fibroblasts, confirming previous studies. It was demonstrated for the first time by immunohistology in several other tissues, especially stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium, salivary glands, pancreas, central and peripheral neuronal cell bodies, trophoblast and all endocrine organs. Widespread distribution of cathepsin B has been postulated several times but this is the fullest evidence that the enzyme indeed occurs in many organs. In pathology cathepsin B has so far been thought to be involved in demyelination, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis and neoplastic infiltration.
Involucrin, a marker of squamous and urothelial differentiation. An immunohistochemical study on its distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Said Jonathan W. , Siegel Maxine B. , Banks‐Schlegel Susan
Published: June 2005

Involucrin is a soluble protein precursor of the cross‐linked envelope present in the submembranous zone of human stratum corneum, and subsequently demonstrated in stratified squamous epithelia. The immunoperoxidase technique was used to assess the distribution of involucrin in 107 normal and 318 abnormal tissues. With few exceptions, involucrin was restricted to squamous epithelia, urothelium, some skin appendages and thymic Hassal's corpuscles. In normal squamous epithelium and normal urothelium, staining was most intense in the superficial layers where it was concentrated at the cell periphery and gradually decreased toward the basal layer. This orderly staining pattern was maintained in benign squamous and urothelial lesions and in grade I papillary urothelial carcinomas. Higher grade papillary urothelial carcinomas, infiltrating urothelial and squamous carcinomas, and in situ urothelial and squamous carcinomas demonstrated abnormal staining patterns for involucrin that are described. Foci of squamous differentiation in adenocarcinomas and other epithelial malignancies stained intensely for involucrin. Brenner tumours of the ovary and Walthard rests of the fallopian tube, lesions of uncertain histogenesis but possibly urothelial‐related, also stained for involucrin. Results of this study suggest that (a) involucrin is a sensitive and specific marker for squamous and urothelial differentiation, (b) staining patterns for involucrin may be helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant urothelial and squamous lesions, and (c) presence of involucrin may be helpful in determining the histogenesis of selected lesions.
Proton transportation in an organic–inorganic hybrid polymer electrolyte based on a polysiloxane/poly(allylamine) network
Authors: Kuo Ping‐Lin , Chen Wei‐Fu , Liang Wuu‐Jyh
Published: June 2005

A new class of proton‐conducting polymer was developed via the sol–gel process from amino‐containing organic–inorganic hybrids by the treatment of poly(allylamine) with 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane doped with ortho‐phosphoric acid. The polymer matrix contains many hydrophilic sites and consists of a double‐crosslinked framework of polysiloxane and amine/epoxide. Differential scanning calorimetry results suggest that hydrogen bonding or electrostatic forces are present between H3PO4 and the amine nitrogen, resulting in an increase in the glass‐transition temperature of the poly(allylamine) chain with an increasing P/N ratio. The 31P magic‐angle spinning NMR spectra indicate that three types of phosphate species are involved in the proton conduction, and the motional freedom of H3PO4 is increased with increasing P/N ratios. The conductivity above 80 °C does not drop off but increases instead. Under a dry atmosphere, a high conductivity of 10−3 S/cm at temperatures up to 130 °C has been achieved. The maximum activation energy obtained at P/N = 0.5 suggests that a transition of proton‐conducting behavior exits between Grotthus‐ and vehicle‐type mechanisms. The dependence of conductivity on relative humidity (RH) above 50% is smaller for H3PO4‐doped membranes compared with H3PO4‐free ones. These hybrid polymers have characteristics of low water content (23 wt %) and high conductivity (10−2 S/cm at 95% RH), making them promising candidates as electrolytes for fuel cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3359–3367, 2005
Synthesis, characterization, and utilization of itaconate‐based polymerizable surfactants for the preparation of surface‐carboxylated polystyrene latexes
Authors: Prasath R. Arun , Ramakrishnan S.
Published: June 2005

Two polymerizable surfactants (surfmers), namely, monododecyl itaconate (MDDI) and monocetyl itaconate (MCI), were synthesized by reacting itaconic anhydride with 1‐dodecanol and cetyl alcohol, respectively. A series of uncrosslinked and crosslinked surface‐carboxylated latexes were prepared from styrene and styrene–divinylbenzene, respectively, using varying amounts of these two surfmers. The latexes were characterized by gravimetry, dynamic light scattering, and conductometric titration in order to obtain the conversion, particle size distribution, and concentration of surface carboxyl groups, respectively. The size of latex varied between 41–72 nm and was seen to depend inversely on the surfmer concentration. In the case of the soluble polystyrene latexes, solution 1H NMR spectra provided conclusive evidence for surfmer incorporation into the polymer chain. Comparison of the incorporation levels determined by NMR with the surface carboxylic acid concentrations in the latexes, determined by conductometric titrations, revealed that the majority of the surfmers, as ancticipated, were present on the latex surface. The study of the stability of the latexes to varying salt concentrations clearly demonstrated that the smaller‐size latexes having higher surface carboxyl group density exhibited far improved stability when compared with the larger‐size ones having lower surface carboxyl group density. Similarly, enhanced freeze‐thaw stability was also observed for the smaller‐size latexes. MCI‐based latexes exhibited marginally improved stability compared with those prepared using MDDI, which again seems to be because of the higher surface functional group density in the former. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3257–3267, 2005
Copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone and glycolide—A comparison of bismuth(III) hexanoate and tin(II) octanoate as initiators
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Hachmann‐Thiessen Heiko
Published: June 2005

ε‐Caprolactone and glycolide were copolymerized in bulk either with tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) or with bismuth(III) n‐hexanoate (BiHex3) as initiators and with tetra(ethylene glycol) as a coinitiator. The temperature was varied from 100 to 160 °C. The sequences were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, it was found that higher temperatures favored the formation of alternating sequences. Furthermore, the content of alternating dyads was significantly higher when BiHex3 was used instead of SnOct2. An increase in reaction time caused partial randomization of the sequences regardless of the initiator. Size exclusion chromatography measurements in chloroform yielded number‐average molecular weights in agreement with the feed ratios. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3268–3277, 2005