bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of candidate substrates and coupling ions of transporters by thermostability shift assays
Authors: Majd Homa , King Martin S , Palmer Shane M , Smith Anthony C , Elbourne Liam DH , Paulsen Ian T , Sharples David , Henderson Peter JF , Kunji Edmund RS
Published: October 2018

Substrates of most transport proteins have not been identified, limiting our understanding of their role in physiology and disease. Traditional identification methods use transport assays with radioactive compounds, but they are technically challenging and many compounds are unavailable in radioactive form or are prohibitively expensive, precluding large-scale trials. Here, we present a high-throughput screening method that can identify candidate substrates from libraries of unlabeled compounds. The assay is based on the principle that transport proteins recognize substrates through specific interactions, which lead to enhanced stabilization of the transporter population in thermostability shift assays. Representatives of three different transporter (super)families were tested, which differ in structure as well as transport and ion coupling mechanisms. In each case, the substrates were identified correctly from a large set of chemically related compounds, including stereo-isoforms. In some cases, stabilization by substrate binding was enhanced further by ions, providing testable hypotheses on energy coupling mechanisms.
The fate of hippocampal synapses depends on the sequence of plasticity-inducing events
Authors: Wiegert J Simon , Pulin Mauro , Gee Christine Elizabeth , Oertner Thomas G
Published: October 2018

Synapses change their strength in response to specific activity patterns. This functional plasticity is assumed to be the brain’s primary mechanism for information storage. We used optogenetic stimulation of rat hippocampal slice cultures to induce long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), or both forms of plasticity in sequence. Two-photon imaging of spine calcium signals allowed us to identify stimulated synapses and to follow their fate for the next 7 days. We found that plasticity-inducing protocols affected the synapse’s chance for survival: LTP increased synaptic stability, LTD destabilized synapses, and the effect of the last stimulation protocol was dominant over earlier stimulations. Interestingly, most potentiated synapses were resistant to depression-inducing protocols delivered 24 hr later. Our findings suggest that activity-dependent changes in the transmission strength of individual synapses are transient, but have long-lasting consequences for synaptic lifetime.
Chromatin mapping identifies BasR, a key regulator of bacteria-triggered production of fungal secondary metabolites
Authors: Fischer Juliane , Müller Sebastian Y , Netzker Tina , Jäger Nils , Gacek-Matthews Agnieszka , Scherlach Kirstin , Stroe Maria C , García-Altares María , Pezzini Francesco , Schoeler Hanno , Reichelt Michael , Gershenzon Jonathan , Krespach Mario KC , Shelest Ekaterina , Schroeckh Volker , Valiante Vito , Heinzel Thorsten , Hertweck Christian , Strauss Joseph , Brakhage Axel A
Published: October 2018

The eukaryotic epigenetic machinery can be modified by bacteria to reprogram the response of eukaryotes during their interaction with microorganisms. We discovered that the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus triggered increased chromatin acetylation and thus activation of the silent secondary metabolism ors gene cluster in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Using this model, we aim understanding mechanisms of microbial communication based on bacteria-triggered chromatin modification. Using genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis of acetylated histone H3, we uncovered the unique chromatin landscape in A. nidulans upon co-cultivation with S. rapamycinicus and relate changes in the acetylation to that in the fungal transcriptome. Differentially acetylated histones were detected in genes involved in secondary metabolism, in amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, in signaling, and encoding transcription factors. Further molecular analyses identified the Myb-like transcription factor BasR as the regulatory node for transduction of the bacterial signal in the fungus and show its function is conserved in other Aspergillus species.
Can Hamilton’s rule be violated?
Authors: van Veelen Matthijs
Published: October 2018

How generally Hamilton’s rule holds is a much debated question. The answer to that question depends on how costs and benefits are defined. When using the regression method to define costs and benefits, there is no scope for violations of Hamilton’s rule. We introduce a general model for assortative group compositions to show that, when using the counterfactual method for computing costs and benefits, there is room for violations. The model also shows that there are limitations to observing violations in equilibrium, as the discrepancies between Hamilton’s rule and the direction of selection may imply that selection will take the population out of the region of disagreement, precluding observations of violations in equilibrium. Given what it takes to create a violation, empirical tests of Hamilton’s rule, both in and out of equilibrium, require the use of statistical models that allow for identifying non-linearities in the fitness function.
Participation in hybrid sketching
Authors: Berg Arild
Published: October 2018

In the age of digitalisation, the role of the sketch has taken new forms, but it still works as a mediator between people who work to create something together. There is, however, a lack of knowledge about how the sketch can be used as a strategy to increase participation and collaboration in creative processes. Participation in various types of sketching was explored through a case study with a participatory design approach in a public art project for a health centre. The study demonstrated how hybrid materialisations of a sketch have value as a communicative medium. Essential concepts emerged from collaborative learning in fieldwork that created shared understanding based on drawing experiments. The concepts contribute to a typology of hybrid sketches used as creativity skills in the expanded field of art.

 

Keywords: Collaborative learning, participatory design, artistic research, drawing in the expanded field, management of creative processes
Når tilskueren tegner
Authors: Kramer Hilde
Published: October 2018

Etter 2. verdenskrig har vitnebeskrivelser og fotografier dominert spredningen av kunnskap om holocaust. Bakgrunnen for artikkelen er utfordringer rundt formidling av disse hendelsene i vår tid. Innledningsvis poengteres viktigheten av å opprettholde formidling av holocaust. Teksten henter eksempler fra resepsjonsteori, og etterspør nye måter å fremme tilskuerens aktive engasjement. Den historiske bakgrunnen forklares. Gjennom en serie workshoper utprøves en fenomenologisk tilnærming gjennom tegning for å minnes ofre av holocaust. Tre eksempler fra workshopene viser ulike deltakeres tilnærming, samt mulige utfordringer. Resultater av workshopene, observasjoner og tilbakemeldinger diskuteres underveis. Artikkelen vil ta opp utfordringer ved prosjektet og mulige feilkilder man kan støte på. Observasjoner av og tilbakemeldinger fra deltakerne i workshopene ser ut til å bekrefte at en innpakket stein med et nummer fungerte forløsende for flertallet fra posisjonen som passiv betrakter til aktiv, etterforskende tegner.

 

Nøkkelord: kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid, tegning, holocaust, deltakerbasert minnekultur, formidlingsmetoder, resepsjonsteori
Experimental psychology and visual artwork
Authors: Vogt Stine
Published: October 2018

This article explores ways in which modern experimental psychology can provide information about aspects of the processes involved in the creation of visual art. Many areas of research in the fields of neuroscience and cognitive neuropsychology yield information that can be used to develop techniques to benefit the production of art. Several phenomena are discussed to provide a comprehensive perspective on the psychological, behavioural and physiological processes that influence the creation of artwork.

Keywords: paradoxical facilitation, cognitive psychology, system 1, system 2, verbal overshadowing, perceptual constancy, categorical, coordinate, TMS
Exploration of the involvement of LncRNA in HIV-associated encephalitis using bioinformatics
Authors: Li Diangeng , Bao Pengtao , Yin Zhiwei , Sun Lei , Feng Jin , He Zheng , Jin Meiling , Liu Changting
Published: October 2018

Background

HIV-associated encephalitis (HIVE) is one of the common complications of HIV infection, and the pathogenesis of HIVE remains unclear, while lncRNA might be involved it. In this study, we made re-annotation on the expression profiling from the HIVE study in the public database, identified the lncRNA that might be involved in HIVE, and explored the possible mechanism.

Methods

In the GEO public database, the microarray expression profile (GSE35864) of three regions of brain tissues (white matter, frontal cortex and basal ganglia brain tissues) was chosen, updated annotation was performed to construct the non-cording-RNA (ncRNA) microarray data. Morpheus was used to identify the differential expressed ncRNA, and Genbank of NCBI was used to identify lncRNAs. The StarBase, PITA and miRDB databases were used to predict the target miRNAs of lncRNA. The TargetScan, PicTar and MiRanda databases were used to predict the target genes of miRNAs. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis were used to make function analysis on the targets genes.

Results

Seventeen differentially expressed lncRNAs were observed in the white matter of brain tissues, for which 352 target miRNAs and 6,659 target genes were predicted. The GO function analysis indicated that the lncRNAs were mainly involved in the nuclear transcription and translation processes. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the target genes were significantly enriched in 33 signal pathways, of which 11 were clearly related to the nervous system function.

Discussion

The brand-new and different microarray results can be obtained through the updated annotation of the chips, and it is feasible to identify lncRNAs from ordinary chips. The results suggest that lncRNA may be involved in the occurrence and development of HIVE, which provides a new direction for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of HIVE.
Bite marks on the frill of a juvenile Centrosaurus from the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Provincial Park Formation, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Hone David W.E. , Tanke Darren H. , Brown Caleb M.
Published: October 2018

Bite marks on bones can provide critical information about interactions between carnivores and animals they consumed (or attempted to) in the fossil record. Data from such interactions is somewhat sparse and is hampered by a lack of records in the scientific literature. Here, we present a rare instance of feeding traces on the frill of a juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur from the late Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. It is difficult to determine the likely tracemaker(s) but the strongest candidate is a small-bodied theropod such as a dromaeosaur or juvenile tyrannosaur. This marks the first documented case of carnivore consumption of a juvenile ceratopsid, but may represent scavenging as opposed to predation.
Agrichemicals and antibiotics in combination increase antibiotic resistance evolution
Authors: Kurenbach Brigitta , Hill Amy M. , Godsoe William , van Hamelsveld Sophie , Heinemann Jack A.
Published: October 2018

Antibiotic resistance in our pathogens is medicine’s climate change: caused by human activity, and resulting in more extreme outcomes. Resistance emerges in microbial populations when antibiotics act on phenotypic variance within the population. This can arise from either genotypic diversity (resulting from a mutation or horizontal gene transfer), or from differences in gene expression due to environmental variation, referred to as adaptive resistance. Adaptive changes can increase fitness allowing bacteria to survive at higher concentrations of antibiotics. They can also decrease fitness, potentially leading to selection for antibiotic resistance at lower concentrations. There are opportunities for other environmental stressors to promote antibiotic resistance in ways that are hard to predict using conventional assays. Exploiting our previous observation that commonly used herbicides can increase or decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different antibiotics, we provide the first comprehensive test of the hypothesis that the rate of antibiotic resistance evolution under specified conditions can increase, regardless of whether a herbicide increases or decreases the antibiotic MIC. Short term evolution experiments were used for various herbicide and antibiotic combinations. We found conditions where acquired resistance arises more frequently regardless of whether the exogenous non-antibiotic agent increased or decreased antibiotic effectiveness. This is attributed to the effect of the herbicide on either MIC or the minimum selective concentration (MSC) of a paired antibiotic. The MSC is the lowest concentration of antibiotic at which the fitness of individuals varies because of the antibiotic, and is lower than MIC. Our results suggest that additional environmental factors influencing competition between bacteria could enhance the ability of antibiotics to select antibiotic resistance. Our work demonstrates that bacteria may acquire antibiotic resistance in the environment at rates substantially faster than predicted from laboratory conditions.
Time course and temperature dependence of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
Authors: Chanaday Natali L. , Kavalali Ege T.
Published: October 2018

In presynaptic nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles are recycled locally via an evolutionarily conserved process that ensures maintenance of neurotransmission as well as structural integrity of synapses. Temperature is a key environmental factor that impacts critical steps involved in fusion, endocytosis and transport in different vesicle trafficking pathways. In neurons, temperature changes have been shown to impact synaptic vesicle recycling and synaptic efficacy. But contrary to non‐neuronal systems, the temperature dependence of the steps involved in fusion, endocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals is not completely understood, and the existing data remain highly debated. In this Review, we discuss the implications of biophysical, biochemical and functional findings on temperature dependence of membrane retrieval in multiple systems. We propose that systematic investigation of the temperature dependence of the presynaptic vesicle trafficking process can provide novel insight into poorly understood mechanisms that govern synaptic vesicle trafficking under diverse physiological conditions.
The inner mitochondrial membrane protein ANT1 modulates IL‐6 expression via the JNK pathway in macrophages
Authors: Nakahara Kazuki , Tanaka Tatsuhide , Okuda Hiroaki , Isonishi Ayami , Morita‐Takemura Shoko , Tatsumi Kouko , Wanaka Akio
Published: October 2018

Mitochondria are increasingly associated with inflammation. Here, we focus on the relationship between inflammation and adenine nucleotide translocator type 1 (ANT1), which is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. ANT1 plays an important role in oxidative phosphorylation, and mutations in the ANT1 gene are responsible for mitochondrial diseases. Ample studies have demonstrated that ANT1 has a critical role in cardiomyocytes and neurons, but little has been reported on its functions in immune cells. We knocked down ANT1 expression in macrophages and examined inflammatory cytokine expression after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. ANT1 knockdown reduces the expression of IL‐6. JNK, upstream of IL‐6, is downregulated, but other MAP kinases and the NF‐κB signaling remain unchanged. These results suggest that ANT1 modulates IL‐6 expression through JNK in macrophages.
Power sharing adaptive control strategy for a microgrid with multiple storage and renewable energy sources
Authors: Sedaghati Reza , Shakarami Mahmoud Reza
Published: October 2018

With the rapid growth of single‐phase renewable energy source units within three‐phase microgrids, the accuracy of the power sharing per phase among distributed generation (DG) units is necessary. This paper proposes an adaptive power control strategy based on new sliding mode control for islanding operation of a microgrid with multiple three‐phase and single‐phase DGs. The studied microgrid consists of two three‐phase photovoltaic (PV) arrays and three single‐phase DG units, which include PV, fuel cell, and battery systems. In order to control the three‐phase DGs properly, an observer is used to estimate the uncertain system parameters. Then, according to the estimated values, a controller is adapted to the new system conditions. In this control strategy, one of the three‐phase PV arrays is responsible for adjusting the voltage and frequency, and the other is responsible for controlling the load current to manage the power of three‐phase inverters. To control the single‐phase DGs, their power and voltage references are assigned based on the corresponding phase of the three‐phase DGs responsible for power and voltage control. Subsequently, the power and voltage control operation is performed in a per‐unit system. The proposed control strategy is strongly stable against variation of conditions, disturbances, and microgrid parameter uncertainties, and it regulates the active and reactive powers injected by DGs. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy is validated using simulation studies on a multibus islanded microgrid with balanced and unbalanced loading conditions via MATLAB/Simulink software. The results indicate that the proposed approach is able to provide faster response and lower steady‐state error compared with the conventional proportional integral controller.
Room‐Temperature Ultrabroadband Photodetection with MoS2 by Electronic‐Structure Engineering Strategy
Authors: Xie Ying , Liang Fei , Wang Dong , Chi Shumeng , Yu Haohai , Lin Zheshuai , Zhang Huaijin , Chen Yanxue , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng
Published: October 2018

Photodetection using semiconductors is critical for capture, identification, and processing of optical information. Nowadays, broadband photodetection is limited by the underdeveloped mid‐IR photodetection at room temperature (RT), primarily as a result of the large dark currents unavoidably generated by the Fermi–Dirac distribution in narrow‐bandgap semiconductors, which constrains the development of some modern technologies and systems. Here, an electronic‐structure strategy is proposed for designing ultrabroadband covering mid‐ and even far‐IR photodetection materials operating at RT and a layered MoS2 is manifested with an engineered bandgap of 0.13 eV and modulated electronic state density. The sample is designed by introducing defect energy levels into layered MoS2 and its RT photodetection is demonstrated for wavelengths from 445 nm to 9.5 µm with an electronic state density‐dependent peak photoresponsivity of 21.8 mA W−1 in the mid‐IR region, the highest value among all known photodetectors. This material should be a promising candidate for modern optoelectronic devices and offers inspiration for the design of other optoelectronic materials.
Label‐Free High‐Throughput Leukemia Detection by Holographic Microscopy
Authors: Ugele Matthias , Weniger Markus , Stanzel Manfred , Bassler Michael , Krause Stefan W. , Friedrich Oliver , Hayden Oliver , Richter Lukas
Published: October 2018

Complete blood count and differentiation of leukocytes (DIFF) belong to the most frequently performed laboratory diagnostic tests. Here, a flow cytometry‐based method for label‐free DIFF of untouched leukocytes by digital holographic microscopy on the rich phase contrast of peripheral leukocyte images, using highly controlled 2D hydrodynamic focusing conditions is reported. Principal component analysis of morphological characteristics of the reconstructed images allows classification of nine leukocyte types, in addition to different types of leukemia and demonstrates disappearance of acute myeloid leukemia cells in remission. To exclude confounding effects, the classification strategy is tested by the analysis of 20 blinded clinical samples. Here, 70% of the specimens are correctly classified with further 20% classifications close to a correct diagnosis. Taken together, the findings indicate a broad clinical applicability of the cytometry method for automated and reagent‐free diagnosis of hematological disorders.
Injectable and Spatially Patterned Microporous Annealed Particle (MAP) Hydrogels for Tissue Repair Applications
Authors: Darling Nicole J. , Sideris Elias , Hamada Naomi , Carmichael S. Thomas , Segura Tatiana
Published: October 2018

Spatially patterned hydrogels are becoming increasingly popular in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue repair because of their ability to guide cell infiltration and migration. However, postfabrication technologies are usually required to spatially pattern a hydrogel, making these hydrogels difficult to translate into the clinic. Here, an injectable spatially patterned hydrogel is reported using hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based particle hydrogels. These particle hydrogels are sequentially loaded into a syringe to form a pattern and, once injected, they maintain the pattern. The applicability of this hydrogel in a wound healing skin model, a subcutaneous implant model, as well as a stroke brain model is examined and distinct patterning in all models tested is shown. This injectable and spatially patterned hydrogel can be used to create physical or biochemical gradients. Further, this design can better match the scaffold properties within the physical location of the tissue (e.g., wound border vs wound center). This allows for better design features within the material that promote repair and regeneration.
Evaluation of a Web‐based Educational Program to Teach the Identification and Management of Alcohol Withdrawal in the Emergency Department
Authors: Thompson Cameron , McLeod Shelley L. , Perelman Vsevolod , Lee Shirley , Carver Sally , Dear Taylor , Borgundvaag Bjug
Published: October 2018

Background

Ideal management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) incorporates a symptom‐driven approach, where patients are regularly assessed using a standardized scoring system (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol–Revised [CIWA‐Ar]) and treated according to severity. Accurate administration of the CIWA‐Ar requires experience, yet there is no training program to teach this competency. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a curriculum to teach clinicians how to accurately assess and treat AWS.

Methods

This was a three‐phase education program consisting of a series of e‐learning modules containing core competency material, an in‐person seminar to orient learners to high‐fidelity simulation, and a summative evaluation in an objective structured clinical examination setting using a standardized patient. To determine the impact of the AWS curriculum, we recorded how often the CIWA‐Ar was appropriately applied in the emergency department (ED) before and after training. A CIWA‐Ar protocol breach was defined as inappropriate administration of benzodiazepines (CIWA‐Ar < 10) and failure to administer benzodiazepines when required (CIWA‐Ar ≥ 10). ED length of stay, amount of benzodiazepines administered in the ED, discharge prescriptions, and unit doses (take‐away bottle of four tablets) of benzodiazepine given were recorded.

Results

Seventy‐four ED nurses completed the curriculum over an 8‐week period. In the 5 months prior to the educational program delivery, we identified 144 of 565 (25.5%) CIWA‐Ar protocol breaches, compared to 64 of 547 (11.7%) in the 5 months after training (∆13.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.3%–18.3%). Program completion resulted in a reduction in the median total dose of diazepam administered in the ED (40 mg vs. 30 mg, ∆10 mg, 95% CI = 0–20 mg) and no change was detected in ED length of stay and benzodiazepines prescribed.

Conclusions

Completion of this curriculum resulted in better compliance with the CIWA‐Ar protocol by those who administer the CIWA‐Ar; however, changes in inappropriate benzodiazepine prescribing practice will require future interdisciplinary initiatives.
Copernicus's Heliograph at Olsztyn: The 500th Anniversary of a Scientific Milestone
Authors: Graßhoff Gerd , Fischer Gordon
Published: October 2018

Exactly 500 years ago, Nicolaus Copernicus drew a lattice of lines on a panel above the doorway to his rooms at Olsztyn Castle, then in the Bishopric of Warmia. Although its design has long been regarded as some kind of reflecting vertical sundial, the exact astronomical designation of the lines and related measuring techniques remained unknown. Surprisingly, Copernicus did not refer to his new observational methods in his principal work, De Revolutionibus. A data analysis of a 3D model of the panel has, at last, solved the mystery: Copernicus created a new type of measuring device—a heliograph with a nonlocal reference meridian—to precisely measure ecliptic longitudes of the Sun around the time of the equinoxes. The data, 3D model, and modeling results of our analysis are open access and available in the form of digital (Jupyter) notebooks.
Ein isolierbarer terminaler Imidkomplex des Palladiums und katalytische Implikationen
Authors: Grünwald Annette , Orth Nicole , Scheurer Andreas , Heinemann Frank W. , Pöthig Alexander , Munz Dominik
Published: October 2018

Wir berichten über die erste Isolierung eines terminalen Palladium(II)‐Imidkomplexes und über dessen Reaktivität. Dieses Fragment ist ein Schlüsselintermediat für zahlreiche katalytische Prozesse einschließlich der C‐H‐Aminierungsreaktion. Wir demonstrieren die Aktivierung von H‐H‐, C‐H‐, N‐H‐ und O‐H‐Bindungen unter milden Bedingungen und beleuchten katalytische Anwendungen. Die hohe Reaktivität ist auf die Population des antibindenden höchsten besetzten Molekülorbitals (HOMO) zurückzuführen. Dies führt zu einer einzigartigen Ladungstrennung innerhalb der geschlossenschaligen Imidfunktionalität. Somit ist der N‐Atom‐Transfer nicht zwangsläufig – wie bisher allgemein angenommen – mit der hohen Valenz des Metalls (PdIII, PdIV) oder dem offenschaligen Charakter eines Nitrens assoziiert.
Mirror‐Image Dependence: Targeting Enantiomeric G‐Quadruplex DNA Using Triplex Metallohelices
Authors: Zhao Chuanqi , Song Hualong , Scott Peter , Zhao Andong , Tateishi‐Karimata Hisae , Sugimoto Naoki , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: October 2018

Natural d‐DNA and l‐DNA are mirror‐image counterparts. However, because of the inherent flexibility and conformation diversity of DNA, it is still not clear how enantiomeric compounds recognize d‐DNA and l‐DNA. Herein, taking G‐quadruplex (G4) DNA as an example that has diverse conformations and distinct biofunctions, the binding of ten pairs of iron triplex metallohelices to d‐ and l‐G4 DNA were evaluated. The Δ‐enantiomer binds to d‐DNA and the Λ‐enantiomer binds to l‐DNA, exhibiting almost the same stabilization effect and binding affinity. The binding affinity of the Δ‐metallohelix with d‐G4 is nearly 70‐fold higher than that of Λ‐metallohelix binding d‐G4. Δ‐Metallohelix binding to d‐G4 follows a two‐step binding process driven by a favorable enthalpy contribution to compensate for the associated unfavorable entropy.
Reaction Mechanisms of Well‐Defined Metal–N4 Sites in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Xiao Jianping , Chen Xue‐Jiao , Yu Song , Yu Liang , Si Rui , Wang Yong , Wang Suheng , Meng Xianguang , Wang Ye , Tian Zhong‐Qun , Deng Dehui
Published: October 2018

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO emerges as a potential route of utilizing emitted CO2. Metal‐N‐C hybrid structures have shown unique activities, however, the active centers and reaction mechanisms remain unclear because of the ambiguity in true atomic structures for the prepared catalysts. Herein, combining density‐functional theory calculations and experimental studies, the reaction mechanisms for well‐defined metal–N4 sites were explored using metal phthalocyanines as model catalysts. The theoretical calculations reveal that cobalt phthalocyanine exhibits the optimum activity for CO2 reduction to CO because of the moderate *CO binding energy at the Co site, which accommodates the *COOH formation and the *CO desorption. It is further confirmed by experimental studies, where cobalt phthalocyanine delivers the best performance, with a maximal CO Faradaic efficiency reaching 99 %, and maintains stable performance for over 60 hours.
An Isolable Terminal Imido Complex of Palladium and Catalytic Implications
Authors: Grünwald Annette , Orth Nicole , Scheurer Andreas , Heinemann Frank W. , Pöthig Alexander , Munz Dominik
Published: October 2018

Herein, we report the isolation and a reactivity study of the first example of an elusive palladium(II) terminal imido complex. This scaffold is an alleged key intermediate for various catalytic processes, including the amination of C−H bonds. We demonstrate facile nitrene transfer with H−H, C−H, N−H, and O−H bonds and elucidate its role in catalysis. The high reactivity is due to the population of the antibonding highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), which results in unique charge separation within the closed‐shell imido functionality. Hence, N atom transfer is not necessarily associated with the high valency of the metal (PdIII, PdIV) or the open‐shell character of a nitrene as commonly inferred.
A Near‐Infrared Photoswitchable Protein–Fluorophore Tag for No‐Wash Live Cell Imaging
Authors: Sheng Wei , Nick Setare Tahmasebi , Santos Elizabeth M. , Ding Xinliang , Zhang Jun , Vasileiou Chrysoula , Geiger James H. , Borhan Babak
Published: October 2018

FR‐1V, a fluorene‐based aldehydic chromophore, binds its target protein as an imine to yield a highly bathochromic pigment, CF‐2, a prototypic protein–dye tagging system whose NIR emission can be spatiotemporally switched ON by rapid UV‐light activation. This is achieved through photoisomerization of the imine and its subsequent protonation. We demonstrate a no‐wash protocol for live cell imaging of subcellular compartments in a variety of mammalian cell lines with minimal fluorescence background.
The relationship between solubility and nucleating effect of organic nucleating agent in poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Fan Yinqing , Yan Shifeng , Yin Jingbo
Published: October 2018

N,N′‐bis(benzoyl) hexanedioic acid dihydrazide (BHAD), and N,N′‐bis(benzoyl) terephthalic acid dihydrazide (BTAD) were synthesized as the organic nucleating agents for poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA). These two organic compounds exhibited different nucleating effect to PLLA. When the concentration was very low, BTAD was able to nucleate PLLA, while BHAD was not. When the concentration was adequate, BHAD showed better nucleating effect than BTAD. The experiments showed that, BHAD had the ability of dissolving into PLLA melt matrix, while BTAD was insoluble in PLLA. The optical microscope images revealed the quite different PLLA crystal morphologies nucleated by BHAD and BTAD. As BTAD could not dissolve in PLLA melt, it only induced a mass of small grain crystals of PLLA, the morphology of which is the same as neat PLLA. BHAD had relatively different nucleation and crystallization behaviors. Upon heating, BHAD could partially or totally dissolve in PLLA melt, which depended on the final heating temperature and its concentration. Upon cooling, BHAD separated from PLLA matrix and formed needle like or dendritic structures. Moreover, totally dissolved BHAD could finally exhibit dendritic structures, which had an excellent nucleation effect to PLLA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46851.
Effect of the microscopic morphology of a filler on its dispersion in a PI matrix: Calculation and analysis
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Li Xuesong , Lin Xinqi , Mu Jianxin , Hao Xiufeng
Published: October 2018

The preparation of crosslinked polyimide (PI) composites via a blending technique is reported. Different kinds of organic or inorganic silicon‐based nanofillers have been used for this purpose. A comparison is made between carefully chosen pairs of fillers, the choice depending on the compatibility of the crosslinked PI with the filler, to study the effects of the crosslinked PI matrix structure and fillers with different micromorphology. The dispersion of the filler is characterized with SEM as uniformly dispersed or gelled. It is found that with different micromorphology of filler, the PI matrix can be loaded with different mass fractions of filler, and the point at which gelation occurs is not the same. In order to study this behavior, these fillers are subjected to a quadratic mean equation calculation and analysis. Compared to pure PI, all obtained crosslinked composites have a higher glass‐transition temperature and a lower dielectric constant. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46875.
Influence of nanoparticles and antioxidants on mechanical properties of titania/polydicyclopentadiene polyHIPEs: A statistical approach
Authors: Yüce E. , Krajnc P. , Mert H. H. , Mert E. H.
Published: October 2018

Open porous Pickering poly(high internal phase emulsion) composites were prepared by ring opening metathesis polymerization of surface modified TiO2 nanoparticle stabilized dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) high internal phase emulsions. Oxidation of the double bonds in the polyDCPD chains of the resulting materials was prevented using antioxidants. Oxidation dependent variation of mechanical properties was demonstrated by applying compression tests to the resulting composite materials periodically. Periodical measurements revealed significantly reduced brittleness in the case of antioxidant containing polyHIPE composites. Furthermore, it was determined that the initial compression moduli and the compressive strengths of the resulting materials were significantly improved by using antioxidants as compared to antioxidant free samples. Moreover, increasing nanoparticle amount was found to have a beneficial effect with the presence of antioxidants. The relationship between the compression modulus with nanoparticle loading and different types of antioxidants was revealed by developing model regression equations and graphs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46913.
Biobased polyester obtained from bifunctional monomers through metathesis of fatty acids as precursor to synthesis of polyurethanes
Authors: Aguilar‐Castro Carmen , Gomez Mariamne Dehonor , Nava Manuel Gutierrez , García Jose Manuel Rojas , Uribe Luis Edmundo Lugo
Published: October 2018

Biobased unsaturated aliphatic polyesters and polyurethanes were obtained from fatty acid monomers with double functionality synthesized through cross‐metathesis of oleic acid and oleic alcohol. The chemical structure and thermal behavior of the monomers and polymers were analyzed by several physicochemical tests, and oscillatory rheometry and optical microscopy were used to determine their rheological properties and to observe the crystal formation of the obtained polyesters, respectively. It has been found that the polyesterification reaction depends on reaction temperature and to a lesser degree on both the reaction time and catalyst addition. The melt temperature and enthalpy of the obtained biobased polymers show that the monomer chain length has an effect on both the crystallinity and thermal transitions of the polymers, as can be explained by a group contribution analysis showing excellent correlation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47095.
The effect of atmospheric plasma treatment of recycled carbon fiber at different plasma powers on recycled carbon fiber and its polypropylene composites
Authors: Altay Lutfiye , Bozaci Ebru , Atagur Metehan , Sever Kutlay , Tantug Gozde Sevig , Sarikanat Mehmet , Seki Yoldas
Published: October 2018

To increase the mechanical properties of recycled carbon fiber‐reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites, recycled carbon fibers (RCF) were subjected to atmospheric plasma treatment at different plasma powers (100, 200, and 300 W). The changes on surface topography and roughness of RCF were examined by atomic force microscopy. Plasma treatment of RCF increased the roughness value of RCF. The variation of surface elemental compositions and tensile strength of RCF were determined by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and tensile test, respectively. Plasma‐treated RCF‐reinforced PP composites were fabricated using high speed thermo‐kinetic mixer. Plasma treatment of RCF at 100 W increased the tensile and flexural strength values of RCF‐reinforced PP composites considerably by 17 and 11%, respectively. However, plasma treatment of RCF at higher plasma powers (200 W and 300 W) decreased tensile and flexural strength values of composites because of the etching of RCF. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47131.
Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of graphene oxide‐fly ash cenosphere hybrid reinforced epoxy resin composites
Authors: Li Jian‐Chao , Zheng Li‐Fang , Sha Xiao‐Hua , Chen Ping
Published: October 2018

An experimental investigation into the influence of incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) and fly ash cenospheres (FACs) on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) composites. Two fillers were studied: GO‐FAC hybrid and single GO. The GO‐FAC hybrid was synthesized using a solution blending method, and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The modified EP composite specimens were prepared by adding different contents of GO and GO‐FAC hybrid. The investigation showed that the FACs were successfully carried on the GO layer. The experimental data indicated that the addition of GO‐FAC hybrid effectively improved the tensile property and the wear resistance of the EP composites, superior to the addition of single GO samples. The best tensile properties and lowest wear rate of EP composites were obtained when the hybrid content was 0.5 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 47173.
Comparative Study of Prenatal Development Between Myotis albescens (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and Eumops patagonicus (Chiroptera: Molossidae): The Chorionic Vesicle and Extraembryonic Membranes Considerations
Authors: Rodríguez Florencia Evelyn , Sandoval María Teresa , Álvarez Blanca Beatriz , Lombardo Daniel Marcelo
Published: October 2018

We presented a comparative study of two species of South American bats, Myotis albescens and Eumops patagonicus, about prenatal development. This study was carried out using 60 specimens, which were measured and photographed, and the embryonic stage was assigned by the staging system for Carollia perspicillata. We observed that the chorionic vesicle showed similarities in the disposition of the extraembryonic membranes, but they differed in characteristics of their yolk sac; in E. patagonicus, it was more glandular than M. albescens. M. albescens presented a well‐developed discoid placenta with a caudal antimesometrial position, but E. patagonicus presented a diffuse placenta, which persists until the end of gestation and a discoid placenta in the uterus–tubal junction. In the embryogenesis, early stages, middle stages, and late stages were defined. In the early stage, the embryonic morphology is similar in the two species. The middle stage is characterized by the muzzle and pinna formation, fore and hind limb regionalization, and the formation of the patagium primordium. In the late stage, the overall growth of the embryo occurs. Its fore and hind limbs, patagium, and the typical craniofacial features are configured. We conclude that in early stages of development, the embryonic morphology of M. albescens and E. patagonicus is similar, while in late stages differences are evident; mainly the craniofacial structures and uropatagium configuration characteristics that allow their classification at the family level. Moreover, differences in time of fusion of maxillary and mandibular process were registered. This could be related to the morphology of the muzzle of each species. Anat Rec, 301:1527–1543, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Long Bone Histology of the Sauropodomorph, Antetonitrus ingenipes
Authors: Krupandan Emil , Chinsamy‐Turan Anusuya , Pol Diego
Published: October 2018

This analysis of the long bone microstructure of Antetonitrus ingenipes fills a crucial gap in our understanding of the growth dynamics of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. The bone histology of basal Sauropodomorpha are often characterized by zonal tissue, and contrasts with that of more derived sauropod taxa which show a shift toward the deposition of uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone (with lines of growth being either absent or only present in the outer circumferential layer). In Antetonitrus, growth patterns in the youngest individuals exhibit uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone without any growth marks. Sub‐adult individuals, also exhibit highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone throughout the cortex, as in more derived Sauropods and Mussaurus, but growth lines occur intermittently (although not regularly) throughout the cortex as in Lessemsaurus. This indicates that Antetonitrus does not exhibit the growth dynamics previously considered characteristic of Sauropoda. Despite this, the largest (and possibly the oldest femur, NMQR 1705/163) does show an incipient external fundamental system (EFS). Our findings further suggest that growth marks are decoupled from bone size, which indicates a level of developmental plasticity in this taxon. Modulations or textural shifts in the pattern of vascular channel arrangements throughout the fibrolamellar bone in the cortex may be related to periods of resource limitations, although the lack of consistency of these modulations suggest that it is unlikely due to seasonal fluctuations. Localized bands of radial fibrolamellar bone, followed by resumption of normal growth in two samples are interpreted as evidence of a disease infliction, and subsequent recovery thereof. Anat Rec, 301:1506–1518, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical Variations of the Intrapetrous Portion of the Facial Nerve
Authors: Arístegui Miguel , Martín‐Oviedo Carlos , Aristegui Ignacio , García‐Leal Roberto , Ruiz‐Juretschke Fernando
Published: October 2018

The intrapetrous facial nerve has the second longest intraosseous course of all cranial nerves, after the mandibular nerve. But it is by far the most complex considering the anatomical structures closely related to it. The auditory and vestibular portions of the inner ear, the dura of the middle fossa and posterior fossa, the sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb, and the internal carotid artery are close enough to merit attention. This article includes an anatomical study on 100 temporal bones with anatomical references as seen from the middle fossa and from the transmastoid approaches that may help identifying the facial nerve and protecting surrounding structures. Anatomical variability was present and noteworthy when considering the venous drainage system through the temporal bone and the mastoid pneumatization. The distance from the geniculate ganglion to the hiatus falopii offered the highest variability with a range of 0 to 7.75 mm and a mean of 3.30 mm. The geniculate ganglion was dehiscent in 20.8% of the specimens and the superior semicircular canal was spontaneously blue‐lined in 27% of the cases. Through the transmastoid approach, the highest variability was found regarding the distance between the vertical portion of the facial nerve and the jugular bulb (range from 1.5 to 10.0 mm), the sigmoid sinus (range from 0 to 13.25 mm) and the internal carotid artery (range from 6.0 to 15.0 mm). This study highlights the importance of the relative variability of the facial nerve to other surrounding structures within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Anat Rec, 302:588–598, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Masticatory Muscles and Branches of Mandibular Nerve: Positional Relationships Between Various Muscle Bundles and Their Innervating Branches
Authors: Akita Keiichi , Sakaguchi‐Kuma Tomomi , Fukino Keiko , Ono Takashi
Published: October 2018

The masticatory muscles, which are composed of four main muscles, are innervated by branches of only one of the cranial nerves, the mandibular nerve. This muscle group has a variety of very complex functions. We have investigated the origins and insertions of the masticatory muscles and the adjacent bundles of the main muscles, and closely examined the positional relationships between the muscle bundles and innervating branches. According to the findings of the nerve branching patterns, the masticatory muscles can be classified into two groups: the inner group consisting of the lateral pterygoid muscle, and the outer group consisting of the other muscles and adjacent muscle bundles. Further, the outer muscle group is sub‐divided into the three other main muscles (the masseter, the temporalis, and the medial pterygoid muscle) and the adjacent various transitional muscle bundles. Anat Rec, 302:609–619, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Actin
Authors: Rodriguez Alexis , Kashina Anna
Published: October 2018

Actin is one of the most abundant intracellular proteins, essential in every eukaryotic cell type. Actin plays key roles in tissue morphogenesis, cell adhesion, muscle contraction, and developmental reprogramming. Most actin studies have focused on its regulation at the protein level, either directly or through differential interactions with over a hundred intracellular binding partners. However, numerous studies emerging in recent years demonstrate specific types of nucleotide‐level regulation that strongly affect non‐muscle actins during cell migration and adhesion and are potentially applicable to other members of the actin family. This regulation involves zipcode‐mediated actin mRNA targeting to the cell periphery, proposed to mediate local synthesis of actin at the cell leading edge, as well as the recently discovered N‐terminal arginylation that specifically targets non‐muscle β‐actin via a nucleotide‐dependent mechanism. Moreover, a study published this year suggests that actin's essential roles at the organismal level may be entirely nucleotide‐dependent. This review summarizes the emerging data on actin's nucleotide‐level regulation. Anat Rec, 301:1991–1998, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Introduction to Actin and Actin‐Rich Structures
Authors: Vogl A. Wayne , Guttman Julian A.
Published: October 2018

The actin cytoskeleton has long been recognized as a crucial sub‐cellular filament system that is responsible for governing fundamental events ranging from cell division and muscle contraction to whole cell motility and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Consequently, it is not surprising that this network is the focus of over 100,000 different manuscripts. Alterations in the actin cytoskeleton lead to an assortment of diseases and serve as a target for a variety of pathogens. Here we have brought together a collection of primary research articles and reviews that underscore the broad influence this filament system has on organisms. Anat Rec, 301:1986–1990, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.