bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ageing of spherulites of an industrial relevant aromatic amine derivative
Authors: Beck R. , Heskestad R. , Malthe‐Sørenssen D. , Häkkinen A. , Louhi‐Kultanen M. , Andreassen J.‐P.
Published: December 2009

Polycrystalline spherulites of an aromatic amine derivative have been precipitated in a batch process by pH‐shift with hydrochloric acid from stirred aqueous solutions. The time dependent behaviour of the spherulites has been studied during crystallization in the temperature range from 5 °C to 60 °C. Cake resistance values have been obtained from batch filtration tests performed at 2 bar pressure difference at different stages of the crystallization process. The FBRM mean chord length of the crystals decreases with time as a result of crystal ageing into plate‐like crystals. The rate of the ageing process increases with temperature. XRD‐studies show no significant differences in the crystal structure during the ageing process, and the mechanism of the transformation was not established. The filterability of aromatic amine crystals deteriorates as the crystallization progresses. The decrease in the filterability is attributed to the appearance of small plate‐like crystals and a change in the interaction between the crystal surface and the solution, during the ageing of the particles. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sensor selection for source extraction in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chen Hongbin , Feng Jiuchao , Tse Chi K.
Published: December 2009

A sensor selection scheme for source extraction in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. The proposed scheme selects the sensors corresponding to the reconstructed mixtures with the largest signal‐to‐noise‐ratios to transmit their data to a fusion center. It exploits the heterogeneity of the sensor observations and reduces the amount of transmissions. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the full utilization scheme and the random selection scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User authentication schemes with pseudonymity for ubiquitous sensor network in NGN
Authors: Vaidya Binod , Rodrigues Joel J. , Park Jong Hyuk
Published: December 2009

Owing to the ubiquitous nature, ease of deployment, and wide range of potential applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of attention recently. WSNs can be deployed in unattended environments; however, they have many challenges. It should be guaranteed that not only illegitimate users cannot login and access data in the network but also user privacy should be maintained. Since sensor nodes have limited computation power, storage, and energy, it is desirable for the authentication protocol to be simple and secure. In this paper, we propose two user authentication protocols that are variations of a recent strong‐password‐based solution. It uses one‐way hash functions and XOR operations to achieve lower computational and communication overheads. We have analyzed the performance of both the proposed authentication schemes in terms of various metrics. We have also provided security evaluation of the proposed protocols. Comparing with the previous schemes, our proposed schemes are more robust and provide better security. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The startle response: Developmental effects and a paradigm for children and adults
Authors: Quevedo Karina , Smith Tiffany , Donzella Bonny , Schunk Emily , Gunnar Megan
Published: December 2009

A film paradigm was developed to examine baseline and emotion modulated startle across a broad age range from preschool to adulthood. The paradigm was tested in children (3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐olds) and adults (total N = 122). The paradigm elicited a similar startle potentiation pattern across age groups; however, baseline startle changed with age: 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds showed lower response probability and magnitude of baseline startle than adults. Females exhibited larger baseline startle response probability and overall magnitude than did males; however, no sex by emotion modulated startle interaction was noted. Anxiety measures were obtained for all children. Individual differences in anxiety were associated with baseline startle magnitude among older but not younger children. No association of anxiety with startle potentiation was noted. Overall the film paradigm was applicable across a wide developmental span, revealing potential developmental and gender differences in baseline startle magnitude and response probability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 78–89, 2010
Integration of human model neurons (NT2) into embryonic chick nervous system
Authors: Podrygajlo Grzegorz , Wiegreffe Christoph , Scaal Martin , Bicker Gerd
Published: December 2009

Postmitotic neurons were generated from the human NT2 teratocarcinoma cell line in a novel cell aggregate differentiation procedure. Approximately a third of the differentiated neurons expressed cell markers related to cholinergic neurotransmission. To examine whether this human cell model system can be directed toward a motoneuronal fate, postmitotic neurons were co‐cultured with mouse myotubes. Outgrowing neuronal processes established close contact with the myotubes and formed neuromuscular junction‐like structures that bound α‐bungarotoxin. To determine how grafted precursor cells and neurons respond to embryonic nerve tissue, NT2 cells at different stages of neural development were injected into chick embryo neural tube and brain. Grafted NT2 neurons populated both parts of the nervous system, sometimes migrating away from the site of injection. The neural tube appeared to be more permissive for neurite extensions than the brain. Moreover, extending neurites of spinal grafts were approaching the ventral roots, thus resembling motoneuronal projections. Developmental Dynamics 239:496–504, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat shock protein 2 promoter drives cre expression in spermatocytes of transgenic mice
Authors: Inselman Amy L. , Nakamura Noriko , Brown Paula R. , Willis William D. , Goulding Eugenia H. , Eddy Edward M.
Published: December 2009

We generated transgenic mouse line C57BL/6‐Tg(Hspa2‐cre)1Eddy/J (Hspa2‐cre), which expresses cre‐recombinase under the control of a 907‐bp fragment of the heat shock protein 2 (Hspa2) gene promoter. Transgene expression was determined using Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1Sor/J (ROSA26) and Tg(CAG‐Bgeo/GFP)21Lbe/J (Z/EG) reporter strains and RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. Hspa2‐cre expression mimicked the spermatogenic cell‐specific expression of endogenous HSPA2 within the testis, being first observed in leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes. Expression of the transgene also was detected at restricted sites in the brain, as occurs for endogenous HSPA2. Although the results of mating the Hspa2‐cre mice to mice with a floxed Cdc2a allele indicated that some expression of the transgene occurs during embryogenesis, the Hspa2‐cre mice provide a valuable new tool for assessing the roles of genes during and after meiotic prophase in pachytene spermatocytes. genesis 48:114–120, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Construction of a dual affinity tagged allele of the Rb1 tumor suppressor gene in the mouse
Authors: Xiao Hai , Zhang Xiaojing , Goodrich David W.
Published: December 2009

Loss of Rb1 tumor suppressor gene function is involved in the genesis of most human cancers. Novel therapies targeting Rb1 have been slow to develop because of our incomplete understanding of its molecular mechanisms of action. Rb1 protein (pRb) binds a host of cellular genes and proteins, and these molecular interactions mediate its various functions. Given the potential complexity of these molecular interactions and the lack of established methods for pRb purification, it has been difficult to systematically identify gene and protein interactions relevant to tumor suppression in different tissues in vivo. To address this limitation, we have generated a dual affinity tagged Rb1 allele in the mouse. The tagged allele functions as wild type and the encoded protein can be purified by tandem affinity chromatography. This allele will facilitate identification and characterization of native pRb molecular interactions in any tissue accessible in the mouse. genesis 48:121–126, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyrene‐Functionalised Copper Complexes as Potential Dual‐Modality Imaging Agents (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1/2010)
Authors: Holland Jason P. , Fisher Victoria , Hickin Jennie A. , Peach Josephine M.
Published: December 2009

The cover picture shows the structure of a pyrene‐functionalised bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper complex that has been designed as a first‐generation dual‐modality agent for combination with in vivo positron emission tomography and in vitro fluorescence microscopy. Details of the synthesis as well as characterisation of the electronic properties by using spectroelectrochemistry, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and density functional calculations are reported in the article by J. P. Holland, J. M. Peach et al. on p. 48 ff.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Gold Electrodes as an Impedimetric DNA Sensor
Authors: Santiago‐Rodríguez Lenibel , Sánchez‐Pomales Germarie , Cabrera Carlos R.
Published: December 2009

A gold surface modified with a self‐assembled monolayer of 11‐amino‐1‐undecanethiol (AUT) was used for the covalent immobilization of oxidized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The as‐described SWNTs‐modified substrate was subsequently used to attach single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) used as a substrate for DNA hybridization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to follow the DNA hybridization process by using the redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as a marker ion. Specifically, changes in charge transfer resistance obtained from the Nyquist plots were used as the sensing parameter of DNA hybridization. The substrate sensitivity towards changes in target DNA concentration, its selectivity toward different DNA sequences and its reusability are successfully demonstrated in this report.
Investigation of DOM and THMFP in two reservoir waters of Changchun (China)
Authors: Lin Ying‐Zi , Yin Jun , Zhao Ke , Wang Jian‐Hui
Published: December 2009

The two reservoir water samples from Xinlicheng (SW1) and Shitoukoumen (SW2) were collected to investigate the characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP). The six organic fractions were, hydrophilic acid fraction (HPIA), hydrophilic base fraction (HPIB), hydrophilic neutral fraction (HPIN), hydrophobic acid fraction (HPOA), hydrophobic base fraction (HPOB), and hydrophobic neutral fraction (HPON), separated with the XAD‐16, AG‐MP‐50, and WA‐10 resins. The DOM chemical composition sequences and specific THMFP of the six organic fractions in two raw waters are different. The experimental results show that HPOB in SW1 and HPOA in SW2 are the main precursor of THMFP among the six organic fractions. However, HPIB exhibits the highest chlorination activity in forming THMs. It is also found that the value of FI/DOC and the THMFP have better positive correlation. Compared with former results, a part of these findings are different from some reports. It is implied that certain sourcewater has a unique nature of DOM and DBPs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Simplified inelastic seismic analysis of base‐isolated structures using the N2 method
Authors: Kilar Vojko , Koren David
Published: December 2009

In the paper a simplified nonlinear method has been applied to the analysis of base‐isolated structures. In the first part, a three‐linear idealization of the capacity curve is proposed. The initial stiffness is defined based on the first yielding point in the superstructure, whereas the secondary slope depends on the failure mechanism of the superstructure. A consequence is a much more pronounced secondary slope, which does not correspond to the presumptions used in the originally proposed N2 method. A parametric nonlinear dynamic study of single degree of freedom systems with different hardening slopes and damping has been performed for an ensemble of seven EC8 spectrum‐compatible artificial accelerograms. It was concluded that, in the long‐period range, the equal displacement rule could be assumed also for the proposed systems with non‐zero post‐yield stiffness. In the second part, the proposed idealization was used for the analysis of isolated RC frame buildings that were isolated with different (lead) rubber‐bearing isolation systems. The stiffness of the isolators was selected for three different
protection levels and for three different ground motion intensities, which have resulted in elastic as well as moderately and fully damaged superstructure performance levels. Three different lateral load distributions were investigated. It was observed that a triangular distribution, with an additional force at the base, works best in the majority of practical cases. It was concluded that the N2 method can, in general, provide a reasonably accurate prediction of the actual top displacement, as well as of the expected damage to the superstructure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physical model for dynamic analysis of wine barrel stacks
Authors: Candia Gabriel , de la Llera Juan C. , Almazán José Luis
Published: December 2009

This paper deals with the earthquake response of wine barrel stacks using a physical model of rigid‐body components with discrete flexible and damped contact elements. An analytical 3D formulation of the complex dynamic behavior of different barrel stack configurations is presented. Such behavior includes the real geometry of the bodies, large displacements and rotations, the use of non‐linear contact elements to account for impact and sliding between bodies, and the resulting local energy dissipation at contact. The parameters defining the physical and mathematical model were calibrated experimentally, and the dynamic behavior of a benchmark barrel stack configuration was compared with the experimental results obtained from the literature. It was found that the model is able to predict the exact mode of collapse and the overall behavior of the system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Various Hydrophobic Concentrations and Base Weights of Gas Diffusion Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Lin J.‐H. , Ko T.‐H. , Kuo W.‐S. , Lin Y.‐H. , Huang C.‐C. , Chen W.‐C.
Published: December 2009

This study investigates the gas permeability, conductivity and performance of two types of gas diffusion layer (90 g m–2 and 190 g m–2) with various hydrophobic treatments. The performance is measured using a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with an active area of 25 cm2. The results prove that 90 g m–2 carbon paper has the best current density in 5% hydrophobic concentration. The polarisation curves of fuel cell were plotted by similar operating conditions with different micro‐porous layers (MPLs) on carbon papers surface. These results provide a wide choice of hydrophobic agents. These results concerning the balance between base weights and performance provide important information for the fabrication of stacks and support for industrial applications.
Outcome after surveillance of low-grade and indefinite dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Pekow Joel R. , Hetzel Jeremy T. , Rothe Jami A. , Hanauer Stephen B. , Turner Jerrold R. , Hart John , Noffsinger Amy , Huo Dezheng , Rubin David T.
Published: December 2009

Background

The management of low-grade (LGD) and indefinite dysplasia (IND) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) remains controversial, as outcomes after a diagnosis of LGD or IND in previous studies vary widely.

Methods

All patients evaluated were from a single institution referral center who had a history of UC and a diagnosis of either LGD or IND between 1994 and 2008 as confirmed by 2 expert gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists. Data were collected by chart review of electronic and paper medical records. All patients who did not undergo a colectomy within 90 days of their dysplasia diagnosis were included in the final analysis. Hazard ratios for risk factors as well as incidence rates and Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to calculate the progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or colorectal cancer (CRC).

Results

Thirty-five patients were included in the analysis, of whom 2 patients with IND and 2 patients with LGD developed HGD or CRC over a mean duration of 49.8 months. In total, the incident rate for advanced neoplasia for all patients was 2.7 cases of HGD or CRC per 100 person-years at risk. For flat and polypoid LGD the incident rate of advanced neoplasia was 4.3 and 1.5 cases per 100 person-years at risk, respectively. Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) had an incident rate of 10.5 cases per 100 years of patient follow-up.

Conclusions

We report a low rate of progression to HGD or CRC in patients who underwent surveillance for LGD or IND; polypoid dysplasia showed less risk of progression than flat dysplasia. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010)
Retraction: Human monoclonal antibody GNX‐8 directed to extended type 1 chain: specific binding to human colorectal cancer
Authors: Yang Mei‐Chun , Hsu Feng‐Lin , Handa Kazuko , Hakomori Senitiroh , Lee Mei‐Hsien , Liu Liahng‐Yirn , Chang Shu‐Yen , Ting Jerry , Wen Jaw‐Yuan , Ishida Isao , Chang Tong‐Hsuan
Published: December 2009

The above article, published online on 21 December 2009 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Prof. Peter Lichter, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The withdrawal has been agreed due to the authors having requested that the paper not be officially published until a patent issue had been resolved. Although many attempts were made to contact the authors, no further information was received. We are therefore withdrawing the article.

Reference

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Nucleophosmin is recognized by a cytotoxic T cell line derived from a rectal carcinoma patient
Authors: Swoboda Rolf K. , Somasundaram Rajasekharan , Caputo Laura , Berencsi Klara , von Franzke Paul , Taylor Douglas D. , Marincola Francesco M. , Meropol Neal J. , Sigurdson Elin , Miller Eric , Herlyn Dorothee
Published: December 2009

Immunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has great promise as the presence of T lymphocytes in CRC tissues in situ is correlated with reduced recurrence and increased survival. Thus, identification of the antigens recognized by T cells of CRC patients may permit development of vaccines with potential benefit for these patients. Using expression cloning, we identified the antigen, nucleophosmin (Npm), recognized by an HLA‐A1 restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a rectal cancer patient. A decamer peptide derived from the Npm sequence sensitized peptide‐pulsed HLA‐A1 positive cells to lysis by the CTL line. The peptide also induced proliferative and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the PBMC of 4 of 6 CRC patients, which lysed HLA‐A1 positive peptide‐pulsed target cells and CRC cells endogenously expressing Npm. Overexpression of Npm by tumors of various histological types, recognition of the antigen by T cells derived from different CRC patients and association of the antigen with poor prognostic outcome make it a promising target for immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer patients.
Rape and sexual assault in investigative psychology: the contribution of sex offenders' research to offender profiling
Authors: Beauregard Eric
Published: December 2009

Research on sex offenders has mainly guided clinical practice for risk assessment and therapeutic intervention. However, the current scientific knowledge on these offenders and their crimes is, in many aspects, of great importance to criminal investigations. Consequently, there is a need to build bridges between investigative psychology and the research being conducted on sex offenders. Four areas of research on sex offenders that have clear implications to investigative psychology can be identified: (1) the consistency or ‘crime‐switching’ patterns of sex offenders; (2) the recidivism patterns of different types of sex offenders; (3) the police response to specific victim characteristics; and (4) the A → C equation of sexual assaults. This paper argues for a need to establish a dialogue between these two fields of research so that knowledge about sex offenders keeps growing whilst being able to inform policing practices in investigative psychology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow‐independent T2‐prepared inversion recovery black‐blood MR imaging
Authors: Liu Chia‐Ying , Bley Thorsten A. , Wieben Oliver , Brittain Jean H. , Reeder Scott B.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To develop a magnetization preparation method to achieve robust, flow‐independent blood suppression for cardiac and vascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

T2Prep‐IR sequence consists of a T2 preparation followed by a nonselective adiabatic inversion pulse. T2Prep separates the initial longitudinal magnetization of arterial wall from lumen blood. After the inversion recovery pulse the imaging acquisition is then delayed for a period that allows the blood signal to approach the zero‐crossing point. Compared to the conventional double inversion recovery (DIR) preparation, T2Prep‐IR prepares all the spins regardless of their velocity and direction. T2Prep‐IR was incorporated into the fast spin echo and fast gradient echo acquisition sequences and images in various planes were acquired in the carotid arteries, thoracic aorta, and heart of normal volunteers. Blood suppression and image quality were compared qualitatively between two different preparations.

Results:

For in‐plane flow carotid images, persistent flow‐related artifacts on the DIR images were removed with T2Prep‐IR. For cardiac applications, T2Prep‐IR provided robust blood suppression regardless of the flow direction and velocity, including the cardiac long‐axis views and the aorta that are often problematic with DIR.

Conclusion:

T2Prep‐IR may overcome the flow dependence of DIR by providing robust flow‐independent black‐blood images. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:248–254. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Comprehensive MR evaluation of renal disease: Added clinical value of quantified renal perfusion values over single MR angiography
Authors: Attenberger Ulrike I. , Sourbron Steven P. , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Morelli John , Leiner Tim , Schoeppler Gita M. , Samtleben Walter , Birkemeier Krista L. , Glaser Christian , Reiser Maximilian F. , Michaely Henrik J.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of quantified renal perfusion parameters in identifying and differentiating renovascular from renal parenchymal disease.

Materials and Methods:

In all, 27 patients underwent renal perfusion measurements on a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Imaging was performed with a saturation recovery TurboFLASH sequence (TR/TE 177/0.93 msec, flip angle 12°, 5 slices/sec). All patients also underwent high‐resolution MR angiography (MRA) (TR/TE 3.1/1.09, flip angle 23°, spatial resolution 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.9 mm3). MR perfusion measurements were analyzed with a two‐compartment model, quantifying the plasma flow (FP)—a characteristic renal first‐pass perfusion parameter. A receiver‐operator characteristic analysis was used to determine the optimal threshold value for distinguishing normal and abnormal plasma flow values. Utilizing this cutoff, sensitivity and specificity of solitary MR perfusion measurements, MRA, and a diagnostic strategy combining the two were evaluated.

Results:

Quantified MR perfusion values yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85% utilizing the optimal plasma flow threshold value of 150 mL/100 mL/min, whereas single MRA achieved a sensitivity of 51.9% and a specificity of 90%. Combining both methods enabled improved detection of renovascular and renoparenchymal disease with a sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 90%.

Conclusion:

In distinction to MRA, quantified MR perfusion measurements allow for the detection of pure renal parenchymal disorders. The combination of MRA with these perfusion measurements suggests an algorithm by which parenchymal and renovascular diseases may be reliably distinguished and the hemodynamic significance of the latter reliably determined. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:125–133. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short echo time 1H MRSI of the human brain at 3T with adiabatic slice‐selective refocusing pulses; reproducibility and variance in a dual center setting
Authors: Wijnen Jannie P. , van Asten Jack J.A. , Klomp Dennis W.J. , Sjobakk Torill E. , Gribbestad Ingrid S. , Scheenen Tom W.J. , Heerschap Arend
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To assess the reproducibility of 1H‐MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the human brain at 3T with volume selection by a double spin echo sequence for localization with adiabatic refocusing pulses (semi‐LASER).

Materials and Methods:

Twenty volunteers in two different institutions were measured twice with the same pulse sequence at an echo time of 30 msec. Magnetic resonance (MR) spectra were analyzed with LCModel with a simulated basis set including an experimentally acquired macromolecular signal profile. For specific regions in the brain mean metabolite levels, within and between subject variance, and the coefficient of variation (CoV) were calculated (for taurine, glutamate, total N‐acetylaspartate, total creatine, total choline, myo‐inositol + glycine, and glutamate + glutamine).

Results:

Repeated measurements showed no significant differences with a paired t‐test and a high reproducibility (CoV ranging from 3%–30% throughout the selected volume). Mean metabolite levels and CoV obtained in similar regions in the brain did not differ significantly between two contributing institutions. The major source of differences between different measurements was identified to be the between‐subject variations in the volunteers.

Conclusion:

We conclude that semi‐LASER 1H‐MRSI at 3T is an adequate method to obtain quantitative and reproducible measures of metabolite levels over large parts of the brain, applicable across multiple centers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:61–70. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging cerebral microbleeds using susceptibility weighted imaging: One step toward detecting vascular dementia
Authors: Ayaz Muhammad , Boikov Alexander S. , Haacke E. Mark , Kido Daniel K. , Kirsch Wolff M.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To monitor changes in the number of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in a longitudinal study of healthy controls (HC) and mild‐cognitively impaired (MCI) patients using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).

Materials and Methods:

SWI was used to image 28 HC and 75 MCI patients annually at 1.5 Tesla over a 4‐year period. Magnitude and phase data were used to visualize CMBs for the first and last scans of 103 subjects.

Results:

Preliminary analysis revealed that none of the 28 HC had more than three CMBs. In the 75 MCI patients, five subjects had more than three CMBs in both first and last scans, while one subject had more than three bleeds only in the last scan. In five of these six MCI patients, the number of CMBs increased over time and all six went on to develop progressive cognitive impairment (PCI). Of the 130 total CMBs seen in the last scans of the six MCI cases, most were less than 4 mm in diameter.

Conclusion:

SWI can reveal small CMBs on the order of 1 mm in diameter and this technique can be used to follow their development longitudinally. Monitoring CMBs may be a means by which to evaluate patients for the presence of microvascular disease that leads to PCI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:142–148. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct comparison of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) accelerated and conventional 3D contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) of renal arteries: Effect of increasing spatial resolution
Authors: Muthupillai R. , Douglas E. , Huber S. , Lambert B. , Pereyra M. , Wilson G.J. , Flamm S.D.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To assess the effect of attaining higher spatial resolution in contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of renal arteries using parallel imaging, sensitivity encoding (SENSE), by comparing the SENSE contrast‐enhanced (CE) MRA against a conventional CE‐MRA protocol with identical scan times, injection protocol, and other acquisition parameters.

Materials and Methods:

Numerical simulations and a direct comparison of SENSE‐accelerated versus conventional acquisitions were performed. A total of 41 patients (18 male) were imaged using both protocols for a direct comparison. Both protocols used fluoroscopic triggering, centric encoding, breath‐holding, equivalent injection protocol, and lasted ≈30 seconds.

Results:

Simulated point‐spread functions were narrower for the SENSE protocol compared to the conventional protocol. In the patient study, although the SENSE protocol produced images with lower signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), image quality was better for all segments of the renal arteries. In addition, ringing of kidney parenchyma and renal artery blurring were significantly reduced in the SENSE protocol. Finally, reader confidence improved with the SENSE protocol.

Conclusion:

Despite a reduction in SNR, the higher‐resolution SENSE CE‐MRA provided improved image quality, reduced artifacts, and increased reader confidence compared to the conventional protocol. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:149–159. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional (3D) visualization of endolymphatic hydrops after intratympanic injection of Gd‐DTPA: Optimization of a 3D‐real inversion‐recovery turbo spin‐echo (TSE) sequence and application of a 32‐channel head coil at 3T
Authors: Naganawa Shinji , Ishihara Shunichi , Iwano Shingo , Sone Michihiko , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To enable volume visualization of endolymphatic hydrops of Ménière's disease via a volume rendering (VR) technique, a three‐dimensional (3D) inversion‐recovery (IR) sequence with real reconstruction (3D‐real IR) sequence after intratympanic injection of Gd‐DTPA was optimized for higher spatial resolution using a 32‐channel head coil at 3T.

Materials and Methods:

Pulse sequence parameters were optimized using a diluted Gd‐DTPA phantom. Then, 11 patients who had been clinically diagnosed with Ménière's disease and a patient with sudden hearing loss were scanned. Images were processed using commercially available 3D‐VR software. 3D‐real IR data was processed to produce endolymph and perilymph fluid volume images in different colors. 3D‐CISS data was processed to generate total fluid volume images.

Results:

While maintaining a comparable signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and scan time, the voxel volume could be reduced from 0.4 × 0.4 × 2 mm3 with a 12‐channel coil to 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.8 mm3 with a 32‐channel coil. A newly‐optimized protocol allowed the smooth, three‐dimensional visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in all patients with Ménière's disease.

Conclusion:

Volumetrically separate visualization of endo‐/perilymphatic space is now feasible in patients with Ménière's disease using an optimized 3D‐real IR sequence, a 32‐channel head coil, at 3T, after intratympanic administration of Gd‐DTPA. This will aid the understanding of the pathophysiology of Ménière's disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:210–214. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breathhold‐regulated blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI of human brain at 3 tesla
Authors: Hsu Yuan‐Yu , Kuan Wan‐Chun , Lim Kun‐Eng , Liu Ho‐Ling
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To investigate the cerebrovascular response to repeated breathhold challenges using blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI at 3T and compare the results with previous data at 1.5T.

Materials and Methods:

Six normal volunteers and six patients with brain tumors were recruited for this 3T study. For the normal group, BOLD MRI during repeated breathholds of different durations (five to 30 seconds) were acquired. Maximum signal change, full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) and onset time (defined as the time to the first half‐maximum) were determined by curve fitting. The fractional activation volume was also calculated. Patients performed a 10‐ or 15‐second breathhold paradigm according to individual capability.

Results:

Significant BOLD signal increases in the gray matter for a breathhold period as short as 5 seconds at 3T, instead of 10 seconds at 1.5T. The fractional activation volume vs. breathhold duration reached a plateau of 49.54 ± 7.26% at 15 seconds at 3T, which was higher and shorter than that at 1.5T. The maximum signal changes were significantly larger (a 69% increase) at 3T than at 1.5T. In the patient group, there were BOLD signal increases in gray matter but not in tumor bulk or perifocal edema, which agreed with the results previously found at 1.5T.

Conclusion:

BOLD MRI at 3T is more sensitive for detecting breathhold‐regulated signal changes than at 1.5T, which allows a shorter and more feasible breathhold paradigm for clinical applications in patients with brain tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:78–84. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual‐echo arteriovenography imaging with 7T MRI
Authors: Bae Kyongtae Ty , Park Sung‐Hong , Moon Chan‐Hong , Kim Jung‐Hwan , Kaya Diana , Zhao Tiejun
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To implement a dual‐echo sequence MRI technique at 7T for simultaneous acquisition of time‐of‐flight (TOF) MR angiogram (MRA) and blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) MR venogram (MRV) in a single MR acquisition and to compare the image qualities with those acquired at 3T.

Materials and Methods:

We implemented a dual‐echo sequence with an echo‐specific k‐space reordering scheme to uncouple the scan parameter requirements for MRA and MRV at 7T. The MRA and MRV vascular contrast was enhanced by maximally separating the k‐space center regions acquired for the MRA and MRV and by adjusting and applying scan parameters compatible between the MRA and MRV. The same imaging sequence was implemented at 3T. Four normal subjects were imaged at both 3T and 7T. MRA and MRV at 7T were reconstructed both with and without phase‐mask filtering and were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with those at 3T with phase‐mask filtering.

Results:

The depiction of small cortical arteries and veins on MRA and MRV at 7T was substantially better than that at 3T, due to about twice higher contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) for both arteries (164 ±57 vs. 77 ± 26) and veins (72 ± 8 vs. 36 ± 6). Even without use of the phase‐masking filtering, the venous contrast at 7T (65 ± 7) was higher than that with the filtering at 3T (36 ± 6).

Conclusion:

The dual‐echo arteriovenography technique we implemented at 7T allows the improved visualization of small vessels in both the MRA and MRV because of the greatly increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and susceptibility contrast, compared to 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:255–261. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of lymph node metastases assessment With the use of USPIO‐enhanced MR imaging at 1.5 T versus 3.0 T in a rabbit model
Authors: Choi Seung Hong , Kim Keon Ha , Moon Woo Kyung , Kim Hyo‐Cheol , Cha Joo Hee , Paik Jin Ho , Chang Kee‐Hyun
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To prospectively compare the diagnostic performances of 1.5 T and 3.0 T ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of lymph node (LN) metastases in a rabbit model.

Materials and Methods:

Experiments were approved by the animal care committee. VX2 carcinomas were implanted into the thighs of 18 rabbits 3 or 4 weeks before MRI examinations. T2*‐weighted 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI was performed 24 hours after USPIO (2.6 mg/kg iron) administration. Two radiologists calculated signal intensity (SI) ratios (ie, the ratios of postcontrast to precontrast signal intensity) of each LN and also evaluated for the presence of a metastasis in the iliac and retroperitoneal LNs at 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI. Student's t‐test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and a Z test were used for the statistical analysis.

Results:

Metastases were confirmed in 45 of 80 LNs by histopathology. For benign LNs the mean SI ratio at 1.5 T was higher (0.538) than at 3.0 T (0.463) (P = 0.004). In qualitative analysis, 1.5 T and 3.0 T USPIO‐enhanced MRI showed similar Az values (0.951 vs. 0.939; P = 0.296). The specificity of 3.0 T USPIO‐enhanced MRI was higher (91.4% [32 of 35]) than that of 1.5 T imaging (82.9% [29 of 35]) (P = 0.013); however, the sensitivities (88.9% [40 of 45]) were the same in the both modalities.

Conclusion:

3.0 T USPIO‐enhanced MRI shows a higher specificity as compared to 1.5 T imaging without a significant difference of sensitivity in a rabbit VX2 model. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:134–141. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical evaluation of triacylglycerol composition by HPLC/APCI‐MS
Authors: Holčapek Michal , Lísa Miroslav
Published: December 2009

The statistical evaluation of triacylglycerol profiles in plant oils based on HPLC/MS analysis permits differentiation based on the multidimensional data matrix. The data set of 93 oils from 60 plants composed from 355 triacylglycerols is evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA). Similarities among some plant oils are visualized by the formation of clusters in the PCA plot. The authentication of plant oils is tested with model samples of olive oil adulterated with sunflower oil at different concentration levels. Our HPLC/MS method using the statistical multivariate data analysis of large data matrix enables a clear identification of adulterated olive oils from 1% of added sunflower oil as an adulterant.
Asymptotic treatment of perforated domains without homogenization
Authors: Maz'ya V. , Movchan A.
Published: December 2009

As a main result of the paper, we construct and justify an asymptotic approximation of Green's function in a domain with many small inclusions. Periodicity ofthe array ofinclusions is not required. We start with an analysis of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian in such a domain to illustrate a method of mesoscale asymptotic approximations for solutions of boundary value problems in multiply perforated domains. The asymptotic formula obtained involves a linear combination of solutions to certain model problems whose coefficients satisfy a linear algebraic system. The solvability of this system is proved under weak geometrical assumptions, and both uniform and energy estimates for the remainder term are derived.

In the second part of the paper, the method is applied to derive an asymptotic representation of the Green's function in the same perforated domain. The important feature is the uniformity of the remainder estimate with respect to the independent variables (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compactness of Schrödinger semigroups
Authors: Lenz Daniel , Stollmann Peter , Wingert Daniel
Published: December 2009

This paper is concerned with emptyness of the essential spectrum, or equivalently compactness of the semigroup, for perturbations of self‐adjoint operators that are bounded below (on an L2‐space).

For perturbations by a (nonnegative) potential we obtain a simple criterion for compactness of the semigroup in terms of relative compactness of the operators of multiplication with characteristic functions of sublevel sets. In the context of Dirichlet forms, we can even characterize compactness of the semigroup for measure perturbations. Here, certain ‘averages’ of the measure outside of compact sets play a role.

As an application we obtain compactness of semigroups for Schrödinger operators with potentials whose sublevel sets are thin at infinity (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sequential Polymer Precipitation of Core–Shell Microstructured Composites with Giant Permittivity
Authors: Dai Tingyang , Chen Kai , Qing Xutang , Lu Yun , Zhu Jinsong , Gao Feng
Published: December 2009

Polymeric core–shell microstructures have been constructed through a new method, namely sequential precipitation, which is intrinsically a self‐assembly and phase separation process. High‐quality poly(vinyldene fluoride)–polycarbonate–lithium perchlorate composite films with spherical core–shell microstructures have been prepared and determined to consist of conducting cores and insulating shells. Because of the percolation effect, the resulting materials present a dielectric constant as high as 104–107 at the threshold.

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Stat3 is required for anchorage‐independent growth and metastasis but not for mammary tumor development downstream of the ErbB‐2 oncogene
Authors: Barbieri Isaia , Quaglino Elena , Maritano Diego , Pannellini Tania , Riera Ludovica , Cavallo Federica , Forni Guido , Musiani Piero , Chiarle Roberto , Poli Valeria
Published: December 2009

The oncogenic transcription factor Stat3 is constitutively active in a high percentage of human tumors including mammary adenocarcinomas and is reported to participate in the ErbB‐2 oncogene signaling. In order to assess the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in mammary tumorigenesis downstream of ErbB‐2, we generated mice expressing the activated rat ErbB‐2 (neu) but lacking Stat3 in the mammary epithelium. Stat3 is apparently not required for neu‐driven mammary tumorigenesis as tumors developed similarly in both Stat3‐sufficient and Stat3‐deficient glands. However, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated Stat3 silencing in a neu‐overexpressing tumor‐derived cell line completely abolished both neu‐driven anchorage‐independent growth and lung metastasis. Our data suggest that Stat3 might be a useful therapeutic target in breast tumors showing amplification and/or overexpression of the ErbB‐2 oncogene, which normally display aggressive, metastatic behavior. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between activation of atypical NF‐κB1 p105 signaling pathway and nuclear β‐catenin accumulation in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Lauscher Johannes C. , Gröne Jörn , Dullat Sonja , Hotz Birgit , Ritz Jörg‐P. , Steinhoff Ulrich , Buhr Heinz‐J. , Visekruna Alexander
Published: December 2009

Recent studies have demonstrated that increased expression of coding region determinant‐binding protein (CRD‐BP) in response to β‐catenin signaling leads to the stabilization of β‐TrCP1, a substrate‐specific component of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in an accelerated degradation of IκBα and activation of canonical nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway. Here, we show that the noncanonical NF‐κB1 p105 pathway is constitutively activated in colorectal carcinoma specimens, being particularly associated with β‐catenin‐mediated increased expression of CRD‐BP and β‐TrCP1. In the carcinoma tissues exhibiting high levels of nuclear β‐catenin the phospho‐p105 levels were increased and total p105 amounts were decreased in comparison to that of normal tissue indicating an activation of this NF‐κB pathway. Knockdown of CRD‐BP in colorectal cancer cell line SW620 resulted in significantly higher basal levels of both NF‐κB inhibitory proteins, p105 and IκBα. Furthermore decreased NF‐κB binding activity was observed in CRD‐BP siRNA‐transfected SW620 cells as compared with those transfected with control siRNA. Altogether, our findings suggest that activation of NF‐κB1 p105 signaling in colorectal carcinoma might be attributed to β‐catenin‐mediated induction of CRD‐BP and β‐TrCP1. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Curcumin and its analogues: Potential anticancer agents
Authors: Agrawal Dinesh Kumar , Mishra Pushpesh Kumar
Published: December 2009

This review chronicles the exploration of the curcumin in terms of development of analogues for the anticancer activity over the last century. Curcumin is a natural phytochemical obtained from dried root and rhizome of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa). It has been shown to interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including apoptosis (activation of caspases and downregulation of antiapoptotic gene products), proliferation (HER‐2, EGFR, and AP‐1), angiogenesis (VEGF), and inflammation (NF‐κB, TNF, IL‐6, IL‐1, COX‐2, and 5‐LOX). In the last decade it has been much explored and various synthetic analogues have been prepared and evaluated for various pharmacological activities. Most of the analogues have shown very good anticancer activity in various models and various cell lines. However, some analogues have also shown antioxidant, anti‐HIV, antimutagenic, antiangiogenic, antimalarial, antitubercular, antiandrogenic, COX inhibitory activities. Few analogues have shown very potent results and may be considered as clinical candidates for the development of future anticancer agent. This review contains 728 curcumin analogues and covers the literature from 1815 to mid 2009 and 93 references are cited. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 5, 818–860, 2010
Retracted: Tetraoxanes: Synthetic and medicinal chemistry perspective
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Singh Ram , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: December 2009

The following article from Medicinal Research Reviews, Tetraoxanes: Synthetic and medicinal chemistry perspective by Nitin Kumar, Ram Singh, Diwan S. Rawat, published online on 21 December 2009 in Wiley Online Library (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Binghe Wang and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to inappropriate citation of previously published work.
Design, evaluation and structure—Activity relationship studies of the AChE reactivators against organophosphorus pesticides
Authors: Musilek Kamil , Dolezal Martin , Gunn‐Moore Frank , Kuca Kamil
Published: December 2009

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs; e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, paraoxon) are a wide and heterogeneous group of organophosphorus compounds. Their biological activity of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ranks them as life endangering agents. The necessary treatment after OPP exposure involves the use of parasympatolytics (e.g. atropine), oxime reactivators (e.g. obidoxime), and anticonvulsive drugs (e.g. diazepam). Therefore, the reactivators of AChE are essential compounds in the treatment of OPP intoxications. Commercial AChE reactivators (e.g. pralidoxime, HI‐6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) were originally developed for other members of the organophosphate family, such as nerve agents (e.g. sarin, soman, tabun, VX). Pralidoxime, HI‐6, and methoxime were found to be weak reactivators of OPP‐inhibited AChE. Obidoxime and trimedoxime showed satisfactory reactivation against various OPPs with minor toxicity issues. During the last two decades, the treatment of OPP exposure has become more widely discussed because of growing agricultural production, industrialization, and harmful social issues (e.g. suicides). In this review is the summarized design, evaluation, and structure–activity relationship studies of recently produced AChE reactivators. Since pralidoxime, over 300 oximes have been produced or tested against OPP poisoning, and several novel compounds show very promising abilities as comparable (or higher) to commercial oximes. Some of these are highlighted for their further testing of OPP exposure and, additionally, the main structure–activity relationship of AChE reactivators against OPP is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 4, 548–575, 2011