bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on GNP Based Nanofluid Phase Change Material for Cooling Application
Authors: Ranjith Thode , Sathishkumar A
Published: September 2020

The current study aims to analyze the solidification and melting characteristics of nanofluid phase change material (NFPCM) for building cooling applications. The NFPCM were prepared by using graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 & 0.6 Wt. %) and DI water as base PCM. The NFPCM was prepared using two step methods and stability of the NFPCM was analyzed using visual sedimentation method. The experimentation was conducted in -12 °C and -9 °C surrounding bath temperatures. The Sub-cooling was eliminated completely for the addition of SDBS and GNP in maximum concentration. The experimental results showed that the 10 % and 8.5 % reduction in solidification time for 0.6 wt. % GNP in base PCM for the surrounding bath temperature of -12 °C and -9 °C respectively. Also, the DSC analysis was conducted for the heating rate of 5 K/min and the reduction of enthalpy during heating and cooling was noticed 14 % and 11 % respectively. It is observed that the reduction of overall solidification time of the NFPCM will have the predominant effect in the chiller operation time.
Fresnel Lens Technology for Distillation of Water with LDR Sensor Based Tracking System
Authors: Johnson Joji , Srinivas Arjun
Published: September 2020

Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens. By employing this technology to two of the ubiquitous resources available almost everywhere – sunlight and brine water - we produce steam. Focused sunlight by sun tracking was used to boil water from a copper tube while a spiral piping is used as a condenser. With LDR sensors and a high torque servo motor, the solar irradiance was maximised. This was done using ‘Adruino Uno’ micro controller coded to use real time data obtained from the LDR sensors. The apparatus was tested on sunny, partially cloudy and cloudy days in manually set to North – South direction manually. The amount of water distilled was proportional to the solar irradiance and were highest, mediocre and lowest respectively for three sample days of varying solar albedo. Though black paint on copper boiler helped to increase distilled water productivity, loss in heat from the system was evident. An average of 1.6 litres of water was produced per day by the system with boiler volume 3.18 litres and rectangular Fresnel lens of size 345 x 345 mm. Heat loss from system may be further controlled by larger aperture lens and selective insulation of copper duct. Addition of baffle for heating and fins at condenser may increase heat transfer rate.
Influence of geometric and operating parameters on the performance of the helical capillary tube for the R744 refrigerant
Authors: Jadhav P , Agrawal N , Sahu A , Patil S , Aldar D , Tapase A
Published: September 2020

This paper reveals the numerical investigation of the helical capillary tube. The study is carried out for an adiabatic, homogenous capillary tube with the R744 refrigerant. The basic principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy are used to develop the mathematical model. The results of the present coiled capillary tube model are verified with previously published test results. The refrigerant properties of R744 are employed from CO2PROP. The influence of various geometric parameters of the capillary tube-like tube diameter, roughness, and coil diameter on the performance of the tube been computed. The consequence of the tube diameter on the tube performance is larger than other geometric parameters. As the tube diameter increase by 18%, the mass flow rate increase by nearly 55%. Similarly, as an increment in the coil diameter took place by 10%, the mass flow rate increase by 5%. The negligible change is observed owing to the change in surface roughness. While the surface roughness increases by 18%, the mass increases by 1%. Moreover, the influence of various operating factors is evaluated. A significant variation in the tube and system performance is seen owing to the change in gas cooler temperature. As the gas cooler temperature rises by 5%, the drop in mass flow rate is about 18%. Comparatively, less effect is recorded due to an evaporator temperature. As the evaporator temperature rises by 15%, the mass flow decreases by nearly 11%. The considerable impact is perceived owing to the change in pressure of the gas cooler. As the gas cooler pressure increases by 4%, the mass flow rate increases by nearly 7%. Similarly, the influence of operating and geometric parameters on the coefficient of performance and cooling capacity of the transcritical R744 system is evaluated. For optimum performance of the R744 cycle, the selection of proper gas cooler temperature and gas cooler pressure is a key factor. This work is useful to design the helical capillary tube with R744 refrigerant.
Numerical simulation of flow field over slender bodies at transonic Mach number and low angle of attacks
Authors: Makhija Jai , Siva Krishna Reddy D , Rishabh
Published: September 2020

The transonic flow field over a launch vehicle is complicated due to presence of a normal shockwave on the heat shield. To predict the aerodynamic loads, the shockwave position needs to be predicted accurately. The present work aims at predicting the flow field over a typical launch vehicle at an angle of attack (AOA), and analyzing the effect of AOA on flow field, shockwave position and aerodynamic and moment coefficients. The launch vehicle considered here is a long slender body with spherical nose followed by the conical, cylindrical and boat-tail portions. Simulations are performed at a Mach number of 0.95with AOA of 0°, 2°, and 4°. Commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics package ANSYS Fluent is used for simulations. Density-based algorithm is used to obtain the steady state solutions with explicit time stepping.κ-ω SST turbulence model is used to close the turbulent stresses terms. The surface pressure distribution in axial direction is analyzed to understand the effect of AOA on the aerodynamic and moment coefficients. It is observed that as AOA increases, the normal shockwave moves towards nose. The drag coefficient and pitching moment coefficients are found to increase with increase of AOA.
Comparison of the effect of 1st order and 2nd order fluctuating temperature field on convective heat transfer coefficient in an unsteady laminar-boundary layer
Authors: Gupta S B
Published: September 2020

An unsteady thermal boundary layer analysis over a heat source (flat plate) has revealed that first order temperature change in source and core flow temperatures affects the time average or RMS value of h’S. It also emphasize that 1st order changes are important. Analysis also indicates that a phase difference between pressure and temperature exists at the source in order to increase the RMS value of h’S. Value of h’S is directly proportional to the tan/sine of the above phase difference, This implies that entropy oscillations must exist at the heat source. The purpose of this paper is to compare the result of 2nd order analysis previously done, with the 1st order study carried out in this paper. In second order analysis time average of h”S depends upon 2nd order change due to 1st order effects. Finally, existence of phase difference between pressure and temperature, thus having entropy oscillations are evident, comparison implies although there is similarity between 1st order and 2nd order results but first order effects are more important than 2nd order effects.
Experimental examination on physicochemical properties of the Tamarind seed biodiesel in comparison with petroleum diesel fuel
Authors: Ravikrishnan Ganesh Bharathi , Venkatesan S , Samuel Bright
Published: September 2020

The present escalating demand for the hydrocarbon fuel and its lack of availability move the automotive industries and the oil companies to urge the search for alternative resources and feedstocks to emerge a fuel for transportation to keep going. This paper deals with the examination of properties of the Tamarind seed Biodiesel and the petroleum diesel fuel with biodiesel oils of significant feedstocks. The raw oil extracted from Tamarind Seed was trans-esterified with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide to obtain biodiesel. The oil yield was 35%. The study was to figure out the variation in the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel for their progressive blend percentages with the petroleum diesel. The blends investigated were B20, B40, B60 and B80. The vital physicochemical properties of the biodiesel evaluated were a flashpoint, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and the calorific value. Importantly, the calorific value of B100 is 45.83 MJ/Kg and diesel is 45.49 MJ/Kg. The increasing biodiesel concentrations show, the kinematic viscosity of the blended fuel decreases to 2.4 cSt at B80 from 2.63 cSt for Diesel, which is 13%. The flash and fire point value of the diesel fuel which is 37.4 and 56.7°C, was incremented with the higher concentrations of biodiesel as 41.2°C and 57.7°C at B80.
Development and integration of oxygen generator for home air conditioner
Authors: Sameer S K , Eswaran P
Published: September 2020

An Oxygen Generator is developed to interface with Home Air Conditioner that serves for Home Oxygen Therapy & it is controlled by a Microcontroller which is connected to an IoT app through which users can monitor and control the whole system. Oxygen levels are to be maintained as per OSHA cited acceptable levels. For generating oxygen we are using Pressure Swing Adsorption Technique with two bed molecular sieve columns with Zeolite filled inside in it which acts as a Filtering component of Nitrogen. When a Pressurized air is passed through the Zeolite it filters out Nitrogen (due to its chemical nature Nitrogen molecules gets trapped inside its pores) and allows rest of the Air components pass through it so that we can get oxygen enriched air at the outlet and it is given to home.
Design and analysis of shell and tube heat exchanger for low temperature applications using CFD
Authors: Anand R S , David Shibin , Gajendiran M. , Stanley Kingston
Published: September 2020

A shell and tube device is deployed for the applications such as oil refinery processes, chemical processes and high pressure technologies. The hot fluid flows to the tubes in the heat exchanger, and the cool fluid moves through the shell section. Hence, heat is transferred from the tube section to the shell section of the heat exchanger. This article is deals with the modelling and analysis of mini shell and tube heat exchanger (MSTHE) for low temperature applications which is less than 250°C. The design of the heat exchanger is made with nine tubes which are of 6 mm diameter and shell of 41 mm diameter. As conventional design does not result in the internal heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics scheme is adopted to design the modified heat exchanger by adopting the conditions such as velocity of tube fluid and pressure drop. The modelling of MSTHE is done by Pro/E whereas CFD analysis is done with ANSYS. The contour obtained from the analysis proves that the MSTHE is applicable for the temperature less than 250°C and have the potential to transfer heat effectively.
Preliminary Studies on Compressible Jet Flow from a Pipe with Square Cross-section
Authors: Tinesh K , Avinash S , Kannan B T
Published: September 2020

Jet flow through pipes/nozzles has been successfully applied in various fields and has a further wide scope in fields of Flow Control and Acoustic Suppression. In the past few decades, jet flow through pipes and nozzles have been widely exploited, researchers found that non-Circular Pipes possess some unique properties, with which the need for research in this field increased. This work presents the properties of jet flow from a Square Pipe (L/D=5) over the Circular ones. Experiments are done in Compressible flow conditions using 3-D fabricated Pipes of Circular and Square cross sections. The cross sectional area of the pipe exit is maintained same for both the Pipes to facilitate comparison of results. This study highlights the advantages of Square Pipes over the conventional ones via pressure measurements.
Thermal Property Enhancement on Water based PCM in Spherical Container for Cold Storage Applications
Authors: Sajen Saven Jude , Sundaram P , Yogyaveedu Cyriac Tomy
Published: September 2020

The purpose of the present work is to study the solidification behaviour of a di-water based PCM for cold energy management applications. Thickening agents such as agar, gelatin and cornstarch are examined at various mass fractions. The experiment is carried out in a low temperature bath of -7°C inside which the PCM sample is kept spherically encapsulated for uniform distribution. The behaviour and effect of addition of the nucleating agents are compared. The analysis showed that the subcooling of di-water was substantially reduced and its crystallisation occurs at a faster rate. It is concluded that faster crystallisation and reduction in subcooling can help increase the efficiency of a cool thermal energy system and can be applied to any commercial system in the society to help alleviate the electrical load.
Experimental characterization of a Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage using pebbles for charging
Authors: Sharma P , Kshetrimayum C , Faruqui T A , Chauhan A , Kumar P
Published: September 2020

In today’s world, where reduction in the carbon footprints is emphasised, people are looking for alternative source of energies for power production and heat treatment of metals and alloys. One such alternative source is solar energy but due to intermittent nature a thermal energy storage (TES) is required in order to deal with heat flux that varies throughout the day so as to supply a constant power. In the present study, the characterization of the sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES) packed with sensible heat storage material are considered. The size of pebbles varies between 20-25mm with porosity of the SHTES as 40%. The flow rate is 40 LPM and TES was charged for 8 hours. It has been noticed that when the temperature of the inlet air is around 180°C, the temperature of the top surface of the TES is around 70°C which states that for TES high thermal conductivity materials are required so that charging and discharging can take place at faster rate. The azimuthal and axial variation of temperature is also shown and it is concluded that even after low thermal conductivity of the material azimuthal variation can be neglected for the sake of modeling the TES.
Effect of surfactants on solidification characteristics of DI water based PCM for Cold Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Saboo Abhinav , Ansari Mohd Tauseef , Vijayan Vivek , Sundaram P
Published: September 2020

Cold Thermal Energy Storage is an upcoming need for sustainable energy consumption and storage. It finds application in wide variety of energy need in the sub-zero temperature zone. This work aims to study the effect of various surfactants on solidification characteristics of spherically encapsulated DI water with different surfactants. A constant temperature bath at -7°C is used to charge spherical encapsulated PCM using VCR system. Tween 80, Gum Arabic (also known as Gum Acacia) and PVP K30 are selected as surfactants and samples are prepared at various concentrations. To check the feasibility of the sample for thermal energy storage application its thermal properties are determined. Tween 80 and Gum Arabic showed no super cooling and subsequent reduction in super cooling was observed in case of PVP.
MEMS based Heavy Metal: Mercury and Cadmium Ion Detection in Laminar flow of water
Authors: Poola Rahul Gowtham , Juliet A.Vimala , Akshya S.
Published: September 2020

Innumerable Nations are enduring biohazard complications because of potable Water contamination. Water contamination is due to the presence of heavy metals like Nickel, Lead, Mercury, copper, iron, manganese, Cadmium, and Zinc in ppb (parts per billion) level. The most effective MEMS-based cantilever design capable of detecting Mercury and Cadmium ionic pressures with better geometry is highly demanded. Heavy metal ion detection in the vapor phase at a particular temperature is highly recommended. The project primly proposes a comparative study of divergent MEMS-based micro-cantilever beam structures with an active layer coating for heavy-metal Mercury and Cadmium ion detection and the structures were appraised based on the mechanical displacement under the pressure influence of target ions. The project proposes a concernment study of the laminar flow of water (liquid) through divergent structural designs. The laminar flow characteristics of water are engaged to find the maximal and minimal velocity and pressure positions. On altering the Inlet flow rates; the outlet flow rate, maximal and minimal velocity and pressure positions vary. Laminar structures were appraised based on the variation of outlet flow rate and pressure with respect to inlet flow velocity. The MEMS-based micro-cantilever structure with superior mechanical displacement is lodged at a maximal pressure locus of laminar flow structures. The pressure quantification at the locus of the micro-cantilever structure is calibrated for Heavy metal: Mercury and Cadmium ions pressure concentration. The finite element analysis of heavy metal Mercury and Cadmium Ion detection is executed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4
Performance Evaluation of Bifacial and Monofacial modules in vertical and latitude mounting at South India using PVsyst
Authors: Varun M , Manikandan S.
Published: September 2020

Producing power in Solar PV panel is simple as all the required data on the performance of various types of panel are available in the field scientific research. As we advance into the future newer and newer technologies are created and evolved according to the needs of the generation. Similarly, in the field of Solar Photovoltaics we have evolved the face of power production from one side to double side. Bi-facial panels are the latest trends which not only produces power on the side facing the sun but also the side facing away. Experimenting on the Bi-Facial Panels to determine the performance, the orientation and placement for the highest LCOE (Levelized cost of electricity) by obtaining the power and radiation data. In this project we have developed various experimental approach to acquire the data required for a Bi-Facial panel setup. The results derived have proved that the new vertical mounting’s performance is slightly below the latitude mounted Bifacial Pv panel for the equator regions. Even though the daily comparisons led to a reduction in power level the continuous running of the system proved otherwise.
Analysis of flow characteristics for different shapes of cylinder at lower subcritical regime
Authors: Soundararaju Ponsankar , Kumar Pankaj
Published: September 2020

The present work attempted to analyze the flow structures behind a circular cylinder of different shapes at the subcritical flow regime using unsteady Reynolds averaged equation. Shape ratio variation, circular to an elliptical shape, has been obtained by changing its major to minor axis ratio at Reynolds numbers 200 and 4000. Various flow parameters like drag coefficient, lift coefficient, Strouhal number along with pressure and velocity flow field are analyzed. The primary bulk quantities indicate that the flow characteristics are highly dependable for circular cylinders’ shape ratio (SR). The frequency obtained from the vorticity magnitude resembles the natural frequency observed by force coefficients. The formation length increases with increase in Reynolds number, as obtained through the frequency spectrum analysis in the wake region, is highly depends on the shape of the bluff body.
Analysis on impact of energy efficient techniques to enhance the building performance
Authors: Sharma Prerna , Prasathkumar V.R. , Senthil Kumar R. , Krishnaraj L.
Published: September 2020

A substantial share of energy goes into building air-conditioning under harsh climatic conditions. The climate control load could be decreased by several means; the proper structure and choice of the building envelope and its components are noteworthy among them. Due to the growing global warming and energy crisis, energy analysis is becoming a major factor to be considered in the industry these days. During the design process, power forecasting is on the rise use and alternative energy is considered as conservation measures and considerations for creating a more energy-efficient building. To minimize the annual energy use and annual cost, the study of the commercial school building has been done by employing various alternatives in the conventional school building model. The different parameters taken for the study are (heating load, cooling load, orientation and lighting control). Analysed the alternative scenarios, and the findings were collected. Each case comparison is based on energy use and the annual cost. The result shows that from the combined use with Autodesk Revit and a Green Building Studio, the integrated energy analysis and design alternatives can provide more building with energy-efficient. The accuracy of the data can greatly affect the results obtained.
Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with linseed oil and Ethyl-Tert-Butyl-Ether (ETBE) as additive
Authors: Shukla Harshit , Sharma Aditya , Sathish Kumar A. , Manikandaraja G , Malarmannan S
Published: September 2020

Increment in vitality exaction, serious outflow gauges, and consumption of the oil resources prompted chase for elective powers for traditional CI Engines. The examination prompts the exhibition and outflow attributes of CI engine fuelled with linseed oil and diesel is blended inside the mixing proportion B20, B40, B60, B80 with 5% ETBE. The Examination was controlled inside the four stroke single chamber diesel by changing the heap from 20% to 80%. The outcomes delineate that expansion of linseed oil increases the Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with decrease in Brake Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC) and Temperature of Fumes Gas. Higher concentration of linseed oil within the blends also reduces the emission parameter but with an increment in the Hydro Carbon discharge. The expansion of ETBE in mix with diesel fuel has comparative impact thereto of expansion of unadulterated linseed oil in shifting extents, that increases the brake thermal efficiency with decrease in specific fuel utilization and fumes gas temperature, the impact on the emission characteristics by expansion of lamp oil brings about a lower CO, CO2, NOx and Smoke with an increase inside the HC discharge. The powerful blending of linseed oil and diesel yield agreeable outcome on the ignition qualities at lower load which shows signs of improvement on increasing the heap.
Economic evaluation of grid connected and standalone photovoltaic systems using PVSyst
Authors: Akshai K N B , Senthil Ramalingam
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, the consumption of household electricity has been increased with the cost per unit of energy. Due to this, the consumers are pushed in seeking an alternate source of energy such as renewable energy. Thus, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems being small and economically viable modules are coming into action. Even though designing a PV system is has been proven to be a tedious work, not due to the complexity but due to various options that are laid down. Basically, PV systems are divided to standalone, hybrid and grid-connected systems. Solar PV panels are considered as the only source in generating the electricity. Using the simulation software PVSyst, the economic viability of a typical household backup system connected to grid and as a standalone system are analysed. The reliability, performance and financial values of both the systems are compared and presented here.
Performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with turpentine oil-diesel blend with diethyl ether as additives
Authors: Nanditta R V , Deenadayalan S R , Manikandaraja G , Udayakumar P
Published: September 2020

The ingestion of fossil fuels such as diesel has augmented immeasurably with transformation and increase in the use of automobiles [1]. Biodiesel derived from renewable resources such as non-edible vegetable oil is used as a substitute for the conventional diesel fuel. Amplified demand for energy, abridged emission standards and diminution of resources which cannot be renewed claimed in discovering of alternative and non-conventional fuels for IC engines [2]. In the subsequent paper, the performance, radiation and characteristics of emission in CI engines powered with turpentine oil. The DEE inclusion has tolerable chattels on the performance characteristics of the fuel, augmented brake thermal efficiency is conquered by the intensification in the extent of DEE and thus consuming the divergent effect on the specific fuel ingesting. The experiment was supported in a 4-stroke, diesel engine of single cylinder by fluctuating the load. Adding Turpentine Oil in diesel raises the aggregate of density, viscosity and level of oxygen content present in it, but diminishes its calorific value [2]. Liberation arches depict the same physiognomies as tallying of Turpentine oil which reduces the amount of CO, CO2, NOx and O2 upsurge to quantity of these HC.
Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of CI engine fuelled with neem oil blended turpentine fuel
Authors: Saijaideep Chittiboyina , Hemanth Koribilli , Anirudh M , Sai Charan K V V , Lalithesh S , Vinay Kumar Reddy S , Udayakumar P , Manikandaraja G
Published: September 2020

Developing countries like India spending huge money in the energy sector and reliable on the other countries which act as the barrier for its own improvement. The developing countries has the constraint in either economic and environment impact because of the higher pollutant released the energy sector like Automobiles. This paper deals with fuel of neem oil and turpentine oil blend in the Proportional of N30T70 (30% of Neem oil and 70% of Turpentine oil) N50T50 ( 50% of Neem oil and 50% of Turpentine oil) and N70T30 ( 70% of Neem oil and 30% of Turpentine oil). Experiment was conducted in four stroke diesel engine by varying load from 0% to 100%. The results shows that increasing the turpentine oil in the blend reduces the viscosity, density and increase the Calorific value blended fuel supports for better combustion. Increase the turpentine oil in blended fuel increase the efficiency, decrease CO and increase the Nox emissions.
Effect on solidification of deionized water based PCM in a spherical encapsulation-An experimental study
Authors: Sundaram P , Kalaisselvane A
Published: September 2020

An aim of project work is to investigate the effect on solidification of phase change material (PCM) in a spherical capsule for cool thermal storage applications. The PCM used as Deionized (DI) water and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) spherical capsule is used as an encapsulation material. It is filled with three different concentration of PCM with NaCl of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt., % of total volume of encapsulation. An experiments are conducted by immersing the spherical capsules in the constant temperature bath which is maintained at -7°C temperature for all samples. The solidification time is observed in each capsule at various radial locations which correspond to 50%, 75%, and 100% of the mass solidified. The results obtained reveal that the PCM of NaCl has a great influence in reducing the solidification duration. Further, the capsule with 0.5wt.%, shows better results till the solidification of 75% mass than all the other capsules and slows down thereafter. Hence it is concluded that the consideration of DI water with 0.5wt.%, mass of NaCl in the spherical capsule for the design of the energy storage would increase energy efficiency of the system and reduce the energy consumption the chiller.
Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of CRDI engine fuelled with kapok ester oil blended with diesel
Authors: Rawat Mehul , Deo Aayush Virat , Gokul Krishna P , Udayakumar P
Published: September 2020

As world oil reserves is going down rapidly and the world energy demand is going up, along with the increasing Greenhouse emission, we need to support the initiative by minimizing the emission and maximising the efficiency. We need to grow awareness among people of the importance of Biofuels which will be one of the energy source in the near future. This paper deals with fuel of kapok-Ester oil and Diesel oil blend in the Proportional of (10% of kapok-ester oil and 90% of diesel oil) and B20 (20% of Kapok-ester oil and 80% of Diesel oil).The properties of the blended fuel were measured according to the ASTM standards. The Experiment setup includes of single cylinder four stroke CRDI diesel engine with varying load at constant speed. The experiment results show that increasing the Kapok-ester oil proportion increases the brake thermal efficiency, decrease CO and increase the NOx emission.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION OF CI ENGINE FUELED BY TURPENTINE AND COTTONSEED OIL BLENDS AT VARIOUS INJECTION PRESSURES
Authors: Udayakumar P. , Kasiraman G
Published: September 2020

In the current study an experimental investigation was carried out with cottonseed oil ester and mineral turpentine oil blend as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. This study gives the comparative characteristics of performance and emission for the fuel blends and compared with diesel at various injector opening pressures of 190 bar, 210 bar and 230 bar. The experiment was conducted on 5.2 kW single cylinder Compression Ignition engine. Fuel blends in various ratios has been tested. The Turpentine oil was first blended with 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cottonseed oil ester to improve the performance of pure turpentine oil as fuel. It was found that the blend T80 which contains 80 % turpentine and 20 % cottonseed oil ester at 210 Bar gives the optimum brake thermal efficiency among all the blends.
Simulation of high velocity impact test on GFRP
Authors: Mishra Yash , Haresh Kumar N , Infanta Mary Priya I
Published: September 2020

The fundamental requirement in different applications of composites is resistance to high velocity impact loading. The present study is about simulating and investigating high velocity impact tests on E-glass/epoxy composite. The modelling of the composite plate and the projectile is done using Ansys Composite Prepost. The material used for the projectile is mild steel. The impact tests were simulated in Ansys Explicit Dynamics with hemispherical nose configuration and compared with results obtained from experiments done by previous work. Additional simulations were carried out using conical and cylindrical nose configurations. The ballistic limit of the composite is also obtained in each of these cases. Different aspects of the impact mechanism such as formation of cone on the back face of the target, distribution of stress on both the faces were investigated. The impact tests were carried out in previous works using gas gun method where a compressed gas gun bullet is used to penetrate the target. It is concluded that the simulated results had a good agreement with the experiments.
Designing age-hardenable Al alloys using ANFIS and GA
Authors: Saha Sanchari , De Swati , Datta Shubhabrata
Published: September 2020

Age-hardenable aluminium alloys have higher strength compared non-heat-treatable alloys due to strengthening by the precipitates. Increasing the toughness of such alloys require improved balance between strength and ductility. To improve both ductility and strength through modification of composition and heat-treatment parameters of age-hardenable Al alloys (2XXX, 6XXX and 7XXX) an artificial intelligence based computational design approach is employed. Published data on the alloys are used for developing the data-driven models for tensile strength, yield strength, and %elongation. Fuzzy C means clustering is used to cluster the variables in the database into different levels and to generate fuzzy rule correlating those variables. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) used the fuzzy rules to develop the data-driven fuzzy predictive models for the said properties of the alloys. This models in turn played the role of objective functions for the multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithm (GA) for handling the conflicting objectives of improving ductility as well as strength to design alloys. The generated Pareto solutions are analyzed for finding suitable composition and process parameters fulfilling the purpose.
Prediction of corrosion behaviour of reinforced concrete with manufactured sand using artificial neural network
Authors: Vijaya B , SenthilSelvan S
Published: September 2020

The present study focuses on evaluating the corrosion performance characteristics of steel embedded in concrete, in which Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) is utilized as a fractional and full replacement for natural sand. Corrosion characteristics of steel that is fixed in concrete are analysed by accelerated corrosion test for M40 grade concrete supplanted with 60% manufactured sand for river sand which is found optimum. The modelling of corrosion currents is done using feed forward Artificial Neural Network. The test results exhibits that the durability property of concrete against the effect of corrosion is enhanced, by the partial substitution of 60 % M-Sand. Accurate modelling results for corrosion currents was obtained using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The test results exhibits that ANN structures produced close prediction current values to that of experimental results.
Comparison study on dry and wet sliding wear behaviour of aluminium/nano composites
Authors: Jayapragash A , Solamannan G G , Guganeswaran I
Published: September 2020

In the present study, the dry and wet behaviour of aluminium/Nanocomposites is evaluated using a pin on disc method under the dry and wet conditions. Aluminium/Nanocomposites were fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation stir casting process. The wet wear test was carried out using lubricating oil SAE 20W 50. Wear behaviour of Nanocomposites was evaluated by different loading conditions such as 15N, 30N, 45N and 60N with constant sliding speed. The wear surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscope. The test revealed that the wear rate in increased with applied load and also more wear is observed in dry condition when compared with wet condition.
Experimental investigations on the effect of copper on the microstructure and shape memory characteristics of NiTi alloys
Authors: Santosh S , Sampath V
Published: September 2020

Shape memory alloys are fascinating materials, which have exclusively been studied over the last three decades owing to their distinctive functional properties, such as shape memory effect (thermal memory) and superelasticity (mechanical memory). These materials have a unique capability to react to external stimuli, such as heat and stress, because of the reversible martensitic transformation, when subjected to appropriate thermomechanical processing. They find applications in various sectors and are in particular used as actuators and sensors. Among SMAs, NiTi-based alloys are more common and have proven their utility in many practical applications. However, there is still a scope for improvement of the alloys in terms of their shape memory characteristics if they are to be exploited in several other critical applications. In this context, addition of copper proves to be an appropriate element to enhance the transformation characteristics and biocompatibility of NiTi SMAs. Hence, in this work NiTiCu ternary alloys were synthesized by vacuum induction melting followed by subjecting them to suitable thermomechanical treatment. These alloys were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy in order to study the influence of copper addition on phases present, transformation temperatures and microstructure of NiTi SMAs. The results are discussed in detail in the paper.
Evaluation of mechanical behavior for animal fiber Reinforced hybrid fiber composite for marine application
Authors: Dinesh S , Elanchezhian C , Vijayaramnath B , Adinarayanan A , Guru Anantha Raman S
Published: September 2020

When natural fibers are bonded together with synthetic material, they exhibit increased mechanical properties which are environment friendly and of low cost. The application of natural fibers as a substitute for chemical fibers draws great interest due to its less weight, lower raw material price, and ecological benefits of using green resources which are biodegradable and renewable. By combining these natural fibers in different compositions, the above-mentioned properties can be enhanced. In this investigation the natural material of goat woolen fiber, hen feather fiber, human hair fiber and synthetic aramid material of Kevlar 29 (K-29) are reinforced with Epoxy resin by hand layup technique and three samples are prepared at various combination. To distribute uniform pressure on sandwiched layers a method called Compression Molding is followed. Tensile strength, flexural strength is performed as per ASTM standard. In addition to this Water Immersion test is also carried out to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions. Bonding layers and structure characterized by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). The result proved that composite material is enhanced good mechanical properties and very less water absorption. It is used for light weight and for enormous applications in engineering industries and for lining materials of marine environment.
Thermal Fatigue Cycle Shock Effects on Physical and Structural Properties of H13 Tool Steels before and after Heat Treatments
Authors: Karthikeyan P. , Pramanik Sumit
Published: September 2020

Any tool that is subjected to repetitive thermal service will undergo degradation in loss of various properties such as, strength, structures, thermal stability, and so on. These natural changes lead to huge premature failures and unexpected break downs during production by causing uneconomical and undesirable situations. Therefore in this present research, the raw, heat treated, and heat treated and nitrided H13 tool steel specimens were subjected to a thermal shock cycle condition similar to a real industrial application using a unique in-house built thermal shock cyclic fatigue (TSCF) testing machine to impose the thermal gradients. All the TSCF tested samples were then characterized by physical and structural tests, including, hardness, (Rockwell, HRc), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The interesting changes in hardness, distorted crystal structure, and crack initiation due to the imposed cyclic thermal gradients by TSCF process up to 2000 thermal shock cycles were found to be different for differently treated H13 tool steel specimens. Therefore, this present investigation specifically would help in predicting the design parameters and to fabricate the proper mould components of various casting products.
Development of natural fibre reinforced hybrid composites and its characterization
Authors: Kamaraj M , Periyasamy P , Ramanan N , Vellapan Sethu , Venkatasubramanian M A
Published: September 2020

An attempt was made in this study to fabricate natural fiber-strengthened epoxy composite material using hand-layup method. Four different natural fibers were used to develop the hybrid composites. The test specimens were prepared from the composites to carry out mechanical characterization according to the ASTM standard. Mechanical testing was performed to characterize the composites, namely tensile, flexural, impact and double shear. The results showed that Kevlar/Aloevera/palm/epoxy hybrid composite had superior mechanical properties relative to other hybrid composites. The tensile strength, flexural strength and load bearing capacity were increased by 50%, 14% and 54% respectively. To analyze the fracture surface of the tested samples, Scanning Electron Microscope was used. Fiber breakage and matrix cracking were the dominant failure mechanism of composites in tensile testing. Matrix cracking and delamination have been the dominant failure mechanism in impact testing.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on The Mechanical Characterization of Epdm/S-Sbr Nano Clay Composites
Authors: Mohamed Bak K. , Raj Kumar G , Ramasamy N , Vijayanandh R
Published: September 2020

The present work is to investigate the effect of nanoclay loading on the blends of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM)/Silica-Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (S-SBR) nanocomposites through experimental and Finite Element analysis (FEA) studies. The nanocomposite specimens were prepared according to ASTM standard using open-mill mixer processing. The physical and mechanical properties of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposites were determined by measuring the tensile and tear properties, swelling properties, compression set, hardness and abrasion resistance properties. In the tensile tests for tensile strengthening evaluation, the tensile properties of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens have been measured at different temperatures using universal testing machine. From the hardness test, EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposites appears to be a good material for high temperature applications than polymer/clay nanocomposites. As per standards of ASTM D-395 and ASTM D-471, compression set and swelling test specimens were prepared for determining the mechanical properties. Hardness, compression set and swelling resistance of nanocomposites increased due to increasing content of nanoclay as well as rebound resilience decreased. The failure modes of fractured surface are observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens. From the FEA results, the use of EPDM/S-SBR nanocomposite specimens provide better results for Von Mises stresses which are much higher than EPDM/nano-silica composite specimens.
Investigating suitability of natural fibre-based composite as an alternative to asbestos clutch facing material in dry friction clutch of automobiles
Authors: Sundarapandian G , Arunachalam K
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to study experimentally the suitability of natural fiber based composite as a facing material in single plate dry friction clutch in automobiles by comparing their mechanical properties. The clutch which is an important component of automobile has advanced technologically over the period of time. At the same time, it has impacted environment because of its non-biodegradable material and is harmful to human health. Asbestos has been replaced by the materials like Kevlar, Ceramic, Feramic and Feram Alloy as friction material in single plate dry friction clutch by Original Equipment suppliers of automobiles. Meanwhile asbestos clutch facing is being sold in spare parts market and still used in reconditioning of old clutch plates. So, there is an urgent requirement to find a new environment friendly and non-hazardous dry friction clutch facing material. Therefore, this paper investigates the suitability of using Coconut Shell Powder/Coir/Epoxy Resin composite in the place of asbestos as clutch facing material by comparing their mechanical properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness and flexural strength by conducting different tests on the composite material specimens fabricated in the laboratory with different ratios of ingredients.
Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization of Age Hardening for AA6063 Alloy
Authors: Sekhar Aluru Praveen , Nandy Supriya , Dey Swati , Datta Subhabrata , Das Debdulal
Published: September 2020

The present article attempts to optimize the process parameters of artificial ageing for an AA6063 Al-Mg-Si alloy using multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to simultaneously achieve the maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage of elongation (%El). For this, a feed-forward multi-layered perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed which is trained by the scale conjugate gradient back propagation algorithm. The dataset required for the model has been compiled from the experimental results of this study, as well as, from the open literature. The network consists of solutionizing time and temperature, storage time/pre-ageing, rate of quenching, ageing time and temperature as input variables and UTS, %El as their outputs. The developed ANN model establishes the interrelationships between the input and output variables which can serve as objective functions for the optimization, following the theory of Pareto-optimality. The Pareto solution generated from MOGA between UTS and %El assists to conclude that the desired combination of high strength and ductility has been achieved through slow cooling after solutionizing, high pre-ageing time and high temperature of ageing. Furthermore, the designed heat treatment schedule through MOGA has been applied to the selected alloy on an experimental basis which shows satisfactory results.
Wear and corrosion behavior of electroless Ni-P- TiO2- Al2O3 nanocomposite coatings on magnesium AZ91D alloy
Authors: Krishnakumar V , Elansezhian R
Published: September 2020

In this work, the effect of electroless Ni-P- TiO2- Al2O3 nanocomposite coatings on magnesium AZ91D alloy were investigated. Using Electroless coating, the Nickel phosphorus (Ni-P) were deposited on magnesium alloy with nano titania (TiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) particles at different concentrations (0.5-0.5),(1-1),(1.5-1.5),( 2-2) g/L. The influence of nanocomposite deposit on surface properties of the alloy was characterized by an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray dispersive (EDS). Wear and corrosion rate were determined by pin-on-disc and salts spray apparatus. The findings reveal that the increased microhardness (613VHN100), low friction coefficient (0.22), and high wear resistance with a low specific wear rate of 1.3985x10-5mm3/Nm at an optimum concentration ((1.5-1.5) g/L of nanoparticles. Similarly, the corrosion rate at (1.5-1.5)g/L showed the lowest rate of 0.000196 MPY compared to other nano co-deposits. This increase in microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance is significantly depended on the incorporation of nanoparticles. However, the results showed a converse trend when the concentration of nanoparticles exceeded optimum concentration (1.5-1.5)g/L due to agglomeration.
Ballistic Impact analysis of 2D woven Kevlar/Basalt reinforced composite
Authors: Kalai Thendral K. , Abraham Antony D.
Published: September 2020

In defence industry, ballistic impact is common scenario occurs often. The materials used for making vests, automobile covering parts, aerospace parts affected due to impact of projectile. These materials should posses’ good impact strength and energy absorption for its damage resistance and providing safety for the industry. Usually Aramid fiber Kevlar used for its well-known impact strength [8]. Fiber alone creates expensive and usage the same under every condition subjected to less velocity impact can be diminished by Weaving Kevlar with Basalt. Thus, it is important to calculate its impact strength and energy absorption factor of reinforced composites. In this thesis, Kevlar is weaved with Basalt for its good resistance to impact and the ballistic impact test is carried out with structural steel projectile for studying its behaviour, impact strength and energy absorption. From the results, it is sufficient to conclude that usage of 2D woven Kevlar Basalt composite behaviour on the basis of woven pattern with impact of projectile.