bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND STAFF COMMITMENT IN ORGANIZATION
Authors: Begolli Gent
Published: August 2019

The paper aims to present the importance of managing culture and employee engagement in productivity and contribution to the organization's success. Engaged employees express themselves physically, mentally and emotionally in carrying out their roles in the organization. There has been extensive dissemination and extensive literature support for results that strongly support the idea that engaged employees have a positive impact on the organization's performance and sustainability.Organizations traditionally relying on financial measures such as profitability, revenue, and spending control are raising interest in so-called "soft" human capital measures such as employee attitudes, turnover, level of engagement or non-engagement of employees as determinants organization's efficiency and timely sustainability of competitiveness advantages.Employee engagement and its culture in the organization is defined as a positive attitude and attitude towards work and being fulfilled, characterized by a high level of energy, dedication and absorption.Definition and understanding of employee engagement often seems to overlap concepts such as job engagement, civic organizational behavior, and commitment to the organization. However, academic literature has been defined as a clear and unique construct that consists of cognitive and emotional components of behavior and that are associated with performance of an individual role.Assessing employee engagement rates determines employee productivity and is key to improving the productivity of the company. Employees are committed when organizations have a working culture and communication practices are healthy when they work in an organization where strategies are developed to express their concerns and find opportunities to grow and develop their potential. Competitors today can be measured by the performance of the service they offer but they can not repeat perfectly the energy, dedication and absorption of their employees at work.By increasing passion, dedication and alignment with the organization's strategies and goals, they will enable the achievement of new heights of excellence for their organizations. Engaged employees will demonstrate increased confidence in their organization and will be driven by a sense of loyalty in a competitive environment. The positive environment through engaging and energizing employees in the organization will affect business growth and provide a competitive edge.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ONLINE LOANS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Authors: Blazhekovikj Toshevski Marina
Published: August 2019

When the customer can not realize the goals from his own resources, then he starts using other sources of funding even though the conditions for their use are less favorable.In this paper, will be made an analysis of online (fast) loans in the Republic of Macedonia. Below are the conditions that they offer, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages as well as their concern for the users. Also, will be made a comparative analysis between certain online (fast) loans offered in the Republic of Macedonia. These are non-bank financial institutions that provide customers quick and easy solutions in case of short-term financing. These are companies oriented towards users who actively work to fulfill the established good practices in relations with them and impose their fast performance as a market norm.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE FRAMEWORK OF IFRS AND IFRS FOR MSE
Authors: Kozuharov Sasho , Georgievska Simonida
Published: August 2019

The globalization and the rapid development of multinational companies, and the globalization on the capital market, have significantly expanded investment opportunities on an international scale. In order to promote economical development on global scale, a continuous flow of reliable, relevant and financially significant information are required based on which investors will make economically justified and strategic investment decisions. On an mesoeconomic level, the flow of information is provided through an appropriate information system that provides a realistic picture of the financial position and the successful operation of the business entities, an analysis of investment through comparative advantage in terms of investing in a particularly industry cluster. The information system through which business information is received is one of the functions of the accounting system, and therefore the importance of this system and its harmonization is mandatory in all countries and globally, the pursuit is directed toward the international standardization with emphasis on small and medium-sized entities. The economic globalization have contributed to the need of creating an unified language for international communication, a unique set of international financial reporting standards with the sole purpose to strengthen the transparency for investors, and reduce the capital price. The harmonization of financial reporting provides more efficient utilization of global resources, multinational companies have easier consolidation of foreign subsidiaries, accounting personnel mobility and reduction of the auditing costs. The harmonization helps national governments to realistically establish the total revenue of entities, increased comprehensibility and usefulness of the information by all parties concerned. On macroeconomic level, the significance of the national legalization of the accounting profession with the standardization of financial reporting, increasing of the quality capacities of the reporters, the monitoring and the education would result in a reliable “unified” information that would demonstrate the real economic activity, and also under the macroeconomic methodologies and acceleration of the national economy. The data (as accounting values) in the financial statement represent a basis for creating fiscal, monetary and global solutions, as well as for creating of macroeconomic policy of the state in relation to the condition of the economy, through the prism of the benefit to the business sector and the development of economy.
THE FLAWS OF THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING FOR THE VALUE-ADDED TAX LIABILITIES AND RECEIVABLES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OVERCOMING THEM
Authors: Petrusheva Nada , Iliov Darko
Published: August 2019

Value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax, meaning that it is a tax on the purchase of a product or a service. It is a form of taxation that focuses on how much an individual consumes opposed to how much that individual contributes to the economy (income tax).Value-added tax is paid by residents of any country in the European Union. Both consumers and businesses are liable to pay VAT when purchasing products or services. When a manufacturer creates a product, it is liable to pay value-added tax on the components purchased in order to create goods. When the product is sold, the tax burden is transferred onto the buyer, who pays the whole VAT amount, from which the manufacturer pays the government the difference between the whole VAT amount and the VAT amount that has already been paid when the components were purchased. Value-added taxation rates are set by the member states individually. The minimum rate of VAT as directed by the European Union is 15%. There is no maximum limit on value-added taxation. Member states are also at liberty to choose certain products and services to be subject to a reduced rate of VAT or to be exempt altogether. The system of accounting for the VAT liabilities and receivables in the Republic of Macedonia has certain issues which are presented in this paper. This paper also presents recommendations that are aimed towards overcoming these issues.
DESTINATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS FOR HEALTH PROTECTION PURPOSES
Authors: Świeboda Wioletta
Published: August 2019

The aim of the article is to present the functioning of the Polish health care system in comparison with other EU countries. The aspects discussed will concern: health care expenditure by financing scheme, government schemes and compulsory contributory health care financing schemes, government schemes, health care expenditure by provider.One of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland is the right to health protection. Every citizen, regardless of the financial situation, public authorities are obliged to ensure equal access to healthcare services, which is financed from public funds. In addition, in accordance with the law, the state is obliged to create conditions for the functioning of the entire health care system and to assess the health needs of society, promote health, prevent and finance these activities along with health care benefits.Demand for healthcare services can be defined as the demand for a specific number and quality of health services that result from the consumer's striving to meet needs at the prevailing level of prices in a given periodand other socio-economic factors. The growing demand for health services makes the health sector strive to meet the needs of society.A characteristic feature of health needs is their unlimitedness, which results from the observed process of population aging tendencies, technology development, changes in the quality of health services, increased awareness or patient expectations. As a consequence, the management staff of medical facilities is constantly struggling with a constant increase in costs and insufficient possibilities of their financing. Health care systems are undergoing constant transformation, which is why health care financing is becoming more and more complex. It is a kind of combination of public and private expenditure in various areas and methods of payment. However, it is impossible to fully meet the needs, to the full extent, for each insured, because it collides with the economic situation of their satisfaction. Equal access to benefits is not possible due to the limited finances of public finances. The system of organization and financing of the health care sector itself is one of the most complicated.The methods of statistical analysis were used in the research. There were used data conducted by the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and Eurostat data and from a representative Polish Household Budget Survey. The research methods are: critical analysis and meta analysis of Polish and foreign literature on the subject.
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR EFFICIENT STRATEGIC PLANNING
Authors: Shuajibi Elmedina , Rahmani Miranda
Published: August 2019

Strategic planning is one of the most challenging and exciting exercises an organization can undertake. Strategic planning allows an organization to make fundamental decisions or choices by taking a long-range view of what it hopes to accomplish and how it will do so. A strategic plan is built on a thorough analysis of the organization’s existing structure, governance, staff, program or service mix, collaborations, and resources (financial, human, technical, and material).There is no one perfect strategic planning process, or model, to use the same way all the time with every organization. Each organization should customize the best approach to suit the culture of its members, the current situation in and around the organization, and the purpose of its planning.This research briefly describes several different models of strategic planning, along with basic guidelines for choosing each. There is no strong agreement among experts in strategic planning as to which approaches are indeed “models” or how each is best implemented. The purpose of this paper is to present different perspectives and options regarding strategic planning to help planners ensure their plans are the most relevant, realistic and flexible.Planners can select the most appropriate model and then modify it to suit the nature and needs of their organization. For example, different organizations might have different names for the different phases and emphasize certain phases more than others in the model.
THE CONCEPT OF THE BALANCE OF FORCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Tomashevic Vladimir , Berisha Hatidza , Cirakovic Aleksandar
Published: August 2019

In this paper the authors proceed from defining the concept of balance of forces, theoretical understanding of the balance of forces from the aspect of the scientific understanding of the realistic theory of international relations with concrete examples from the history of international relations. However, the focus of the work is an analysis of the power between a single world power (USA) and major powers (Russia, China) in a possible balance of power.The aim of the paper is to try to point out, through a relatively brief review, the possibility of establishing a balance of forces in the 21st century.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM
Authors: Petkov Marin
Published: August 2019

The rapid development of science and technology has led to the emergence of a crisis in society. Science "pushes" religion, but does not offer a new moral code in its place. The definitions of "security" are almost as many and as controversial as postmodernism. For the purposes of this study, however, it will be sufficient to define security as "the functional state of a system that provides for the neutralization and counteraction of external and internal factors affecting or potentially damaging the system." This scientific article presents a study, which seeks to answer the question why the paradigm "security" is so important in the postmodern society, what are the roots of its influence and meaning, and to seek conclusions and guidelines for its increase.
INTELLIEGENCE ANALYSIS IN THE FUNCTION OF IDENTIFYING TERRORIST ACTIVITIES
Authors: Demirovski Aguš
Published: August 2019

The main subject of this paper is a theoretical description of intelligence, intelligence analysis and intelligence cooperation, and their significance and role in the detection of terrorist activities.Intelligence interest in modern times is associated with modern terrorism which in many ways differs from classical terrorism. This phenomenon contributes internationally to countries to begin to apply a different way of dealing with them. Starting from this, the aim of this paper is to highlight the linkage of intelligence with modern terrorism and its application in detecting terrorist activities that are increasingly common today.Starting from the complexity of this issue in the paper, at the very beginning it will be defined terrorism as a contemporary phenomenon, emphasizing the notion and significance of terrorism and its factors. A special part in the paper takes the intelligence, the intelligence process and the cycle and the intelligence analysis, as well as the application of intelligence in detecting terrorist activities. When talking about intelligence as a process of detecting and preventing terrorist activities, special attention is paid to the notion and meaning of intelligence, its activities and types, as well as the intelligence cycle. At the end of the paper, special emphasis is placed on the application of intelligence in identifying and detecting terrorist activities, especially, the significance of intelligence analysis in preventing and suppressing terrorist activities.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL PERSONS IN R. OF MACEDONIA
Authors: Kadriu Alban
Published: August 2019

Otherwise the subject of justice of a person with whom a person earns from his birth, a legal person is a product of the written law. In general, a legal entity is usually an organization that has ownership, economic activity, operational management, property and liability of its obligations with that property. Legal persons have their own will, their property they own and are responsible for their actions, which allows not being confused with the property of the people who founded it, nor of the will of all the people who work in it. Legal persons have an important role in everyday life. They are present and active in every field, because the legal system recognizes them as subjects of law.As an artificial creation created by law, a legal person also serves to create different collective goals and interests in society. However, it is important to note that all organizations, associations, institutions, etc., which exist today in the Republic of Macedonia, which have the property and organization of people working there, are not considered as legal entities. For this, the organization, company or the status of a legal person or the same should be foreseen in the state legal order. Criminal law in a country must, above all, serve the citizens, namely to assure their personal security and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, with proper functioning and due respect, above all of state bodies, but also of others. to enable citizens a peaceful life on the one hand, and on the other hand, the state will provide opportunities and a range of tools for maintaining the peace and well-being of citizens.From this we can conclude that if the offense is committed outside of the authority given to a natural person in this case the legal person can not be held responsible, but if the same case and despite being carried out outside the authorization is carried out in favor of the person legal entity in this case the legal person appears as an accomplice in the crime and to decide on his responsibility is the sufficient fact that the benefits he takes for himself or shares with his bailiff, noting the fact that the legal person and the person in charge of the person are collaborators of crime.From the criminal liability, the only excluded is the country by simple reason which would be illogical or with other words the state only accounts for themselves and their actions, while local governments are responsible only for offenses committed outside their public powers.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE MEDIATION AS A METHOD OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Kaprolli Fjolla
Published: August 2019

In today's conditions, where economies have open doors all over the world and which conditions operate in the global marketplace, a very important and significant place takes the international trade and the discipline that deals with the study of norms that regulate the way of acting in the international trade for the exchange of goods and services is the International Trade Law. As a result of the liberalization of the world market and as a result of the large number of international trade exchanges of goods and services, the progress and development of enterprises in the national economy, along with the development and advancement of the national economies of the states, proportionally are increasing the importance of this legal discipline. With the exchange of goods and services between subjects in a commercial relationship whether it is a national or international trade exchange and without taking into account the purpose which is to be achieved in that particular commercial relationship, whether it is the sale or purchase of services or goods, are intended to increase their capital. But these cases do not always end with the signing of the legal act and in doing so, with the exchange of goods or services which are the object of that legal act. In these cases, the risk for the appearance of any kind of disputes between the parties is really great. It is not accidental the attempt to escape international trade disputes, which is of common interest to the participants in such trade relations, so that there is as few as possible controversies and disputes between them. But in cases where the interests of buyers and sellers are contradictory, it is pointless to have no disputes at all, so since a dispute cannot be avoided in any way, the same should be resolved. Since judicial procedures in national legislation have a bad background regarding to the inefficiency of case solutions and their unnecessary extensions, theorists and practitioners in recent years have developed several alternative methods for more peaceful and faster solutions to disputes in general and international trade disputes in particular such as arbitration and mediation as two methods that are most important and most often used in practice. The object of this scientific paper firstly will be the elaboration of international trade disputes and then the resolution of disputes that arise in that field by alternative methods of dispute resolution with particular emphasis on the mediation. The implementation of mediation in the resolution of international trade disputes is of special importance for international trade law, it is voluntary and as such during dispute resolution, time is the first aspect and then comes money as the second aspect that are also saved during resolution of disputes through mediation, because mediation provides solution of disputes with small amount of expenses or sometimes it can be said that that amount of expenses look symbolic compared to court expenses.
TECHNIQUES OF CONDUCTING INTERROGATION DURING POLICE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES
Authors: Babanoski Kire , Ilijevski Ice
Published: August 2019

Modern interrogation is a study in human nature with great level of psychological manipulation which is used by police officer. The main characteristic of a police interrogation is that the suspect is under strong psychological pressure from the interrogator in order to speak the truth and to give the confession. The main purpose of a police Interrogation is to obtain a confession and to come to the objective truth, or other critical information about the crime, from an interviewed suspect, who is subject of interrogation. Interrogation (also called questioning or interpellation) is interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the police or other law enforcement agencies with the goal of extracting a confession or incriminating statements. Subjects of interrogation are often suspects involved in crimes. Information from victims and witnesses is usually obtained through interviews. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a rapport with the subject to outright torture.The main object of this paper is police interrogation, which is theoretically and descriptively analyzed through its various methods and techniques that are part of the process of extracting the truth and getting a confession from the suspects. For that aim, particular attention is paid to criminal operational aspects of contemporary Reid technique, and also presented examples of its application in the police interrogation. The Reid technique is a method of questioning subjects and assessing their credibility. The technique consists of a non-accusatory interview combining both investigative and behavior-provoking questions. If the investigative information indicates that the subject committed the crime in question, the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation are utilized to persuade the subject to tell the truth about what they did. The Reid technique is a trademarked interrogation technique widely used by law enforcement agencies in North America. The technique (which requires interrogators to watch the body language of suspects to detect deceit) has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and eliciting false confessions from innocent people.The purpose of this paper is through scientific explanation to raise the importance and quality of police interrogation as one of the methods for getting to the truth, especially in criminal cases where there is a lack of other evidence.
THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN CULTURE IN CIVIL SOCIETY FOR RAISING THE SOCIAL ROLE OF SPECIAL SERVICES
Authors: Dimitrova Milachkova Stanislava
Published: August 2019

Educational institutions play a key role in shaping a modern civil culture in society around the world, because without adequate civil education it is inconceivable to implement quality civilian control over special services. Civil education is a necessary process of learning practical knowledge and skills and shaping competencies for personal development and improvement, for structuring a democratic society, for laws, rights and responsibilities that provide opportunities for real participation in public life. Training for human rights and civil liability and duty, the position of a pupil-citizen, by adopting the principles and values that serve as the foundation and organization of democracy and the republic, the knowledge of the institutions and the laws by developing the rules in the social and political life, exercise and ability to properly justify. So they would find meaning in the individual and the collective responsibilities in their active citizenship. Civil education contributes to the development of a critical spirit, but through the exercise of arguments for reasoning and more accurate decision-making, reasoning and judgment. Through educational institutions, young citizens are prepared to conduct dialogue, debate, resolve conflicts, and embrace forms of civil communication and interaction with special services. This is a basic approach to the basic concepts - man and citizen. Within even the small city, through the education of democratic citizenship, new moral values are being built and active participation in the civil processes of the small community is taking place. The duty of adolescents to become aware of citizens' rights and obligations, norms of conduct and values in a democratic society, as well as the promotion of the role of special services in the Republic of Bulgaria, will prepare them for training and stability as active citizens of the world. Civil education forms a citizen. Civil society, as a public way of life, can function properly only on the basis of an adequate knowledge of the laws of the Republic of Bulgaria and the moral-legal will applying this knowledge in real life. Civil society is the sphere of social activity that focuses on the degree of socio-economic development of society and directly determines the state. The typing of the state has its objective basis in the typography of civil society. Each civil society is a system of human needs and means to meet them, labor, socio-economic, legal and other subject-practical and conscious-volitional relations, as well as a system of human rights organizations and various social institutions. The duty of the national education system to civil society is to build the citizen - the bearer of national self-awareness, civil culture, moral and moral-legal will. Only such a citizen will, in the course of his life, reproduce civil society in accordance with the national idea.
MEDIA’S ROLE IN MACEDONIA IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION
Authors: Kurtishi Agron , Avdiu Avni
Published: August 2019

This paper deals with the role of media in transitioning from a monist system to a pluralistic system with particular attention to the democratization of the country, the system and the society, and the role and function of the media in overcoming the transition challenges which undergo through the democratization process state, institutions, society and ultimately media itself. This paper also, tends to address the multicultural discourse in Macedonia as a separate policy challenge, but nevertheless as an inseparable part of their media and broadcasts. Since media can be counted as cultural objects, they also direct the biggest changes in society such as identity, the world of living and working. Media are a very important part of democratic values in a civil society. Their multicultural role and media correlation with the public should not be underestimated. Multicultural societies are recognized by interethnic cooperation, tolerance, compromise and inter-ethnic consensus. While the media in Macedonia are used by the ruling party as an instrument of control, which in turn makes it quite difficult concrete to undertake steps than can improve their development. Attaining independence, both content and financial, professionalism, social responsibility, freedom of expression and information which are the keys to democratic values and free media.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF USA IN BALKAN EUROPEANIZATION
Authors: Rexhepi Zeqirja
Published: August 2019

After the communist system fall, the countries in the Balkan region have faced a historical period known as “transition”, a period in which the parliamentary democracy and market economy were established. Having a sustainable historic past, Balkan countries overcome the transition phase with numerous contradictions, by protecting the borders of nation-states. Whereas, in Federative Yugoslavia, a state without a historical past, new political realities were created; a process which went through many wars and as a result, new national countries were established in the Balkans. Actually, in this corner of Europe, seventy years after Yugoslavia’s constitution as a state, the process of "dismantling" the creation of Versailles begins. In the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the United States had attempted to give its contribution to build the 20th century Europe through the process of "self-determination", but at that time American proposals were not taken into account. However, issues of the early 20th century were again put to the table in the late 20th century,The role of America at this period was quite different. In the late twentieth century America was engaged in various world regions as a "guardian" observing the global processes of contemporary civilization. In this context, noticing the “Europeans” inability, USA has got involved to a great extent in the development processes of the Balkans, contributing to the establishment of peace, political stability and the parliamentary democracy system, which in fact constitute the foundations for the "Europeanization” of the peoples and countries of the Balkans.
SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE WORK OF THE FIREFIGTERS
Authors: Milošević Anica , Nedeljković Slađana
Published: August 2019

Changes are happening everywhere, and the need to confront them is constant. Occupational safety and health protection is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, because the only safe work, healthy and safe working environment enable productive work and life. The Law on Safety and Health of Work regulates the implementation and improvement of the safety and health at work of persons involved in work processes, as well as persons encountered in the workplace, in order to prevent injuries at work, occupational diseases and diseases related to work. Namely, occupational injuries and occupational diseases are often accompanied by injuries, absenteeism from work that generates costs and expenditures because the worker does not work, the stagnation that occurs in production, and what significant funds are allocated for the treatment of workers, the compensation of his salary and other costs and expenditures that fall under the burden of employer and social security funds. The level of safety depends on the health and working capacity of employees, and therefore productivity within the company, which at the national level reflects on the level of national income. At the same time, by improving the protection of health at work and reducing the number of injuries at work, professional and other diseases, the burden on social security funds is reduced, which directly reflects the level of allocation of these funds on the basis of contributions and from the national budget. Therefore, the level of safety depends on the health and working capacity of employees, and therefore the productivity in the company, but also the ability of the working population at the national level, which affects the national income and standard of all citizens. A fireman is a member of a Fire Brigade aimed at extinguishing or controlling fire and fire styles, as well as protecting and rescuing persons and property during natural disasters and natural disasters, providing technical assistance in accidents and dangerous situations. In different countries, firefighters are organized differently, but they are characterized by a common will to protect man and his goods from uncontrolled fire. Firefighters are divided into professional and voluntary. Quality training is very important in fighting fire in order to intervene timely. Firefighters are in an unenviable position during interventions. Personal fire equipment is very important because it protects them from various dangers that are in contact with high-temperature bodies. The workplace of the firefighter is a workplace with an increased risk and it is necessary to take measures of protection in order to minimize the risk. It is necessary to quality training of future firefighters, since the knowledge acquired during schooling depends on their life, as well as the life of those who need to be saved.
A STUDY OF SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
Authors: Vasili Roland , Xhina Endri , Ninka Ilia , Souliotis Thomas
Published: August 2019

In recent years, technology has developed a lot and has revolutionized our perspective of the world. Technology and more precisely digital technology has created amazing tools, giving immediate access to anyone interested to any information he may need. This digital revolution of all media like computers, smartphones, etc. has produced a huge amount of digital data to be handled. In our research we care about one aspect of this data, the text data, and the way we can efficiently handle text and produce meaningful summaries. Thus, it is only until recently that text mining has become an interesting research field due to this vast increase of text volume on the web. However, because of its size, this text volume should be summarized so as to get all the useful information efficiently and without trying to deal with all of the initial text, which could be impractical in many cases. Therefore, text summarization systems are among the most attractive research areas nowadays. Text summarization is the process of finding the main source of information, extracting the main important contents and presenting them as a concise text in the predefined template. The two main summarization techniques available are Extractive and Abstractive, with a lot of research being carried out in these areas, especially in extractive summarization. However, meaningful summaries are obtained using abstractive techniques which are more complex, due to the nature of this technique which requires the summary to be constructed in an abstract way without using sentences from the original text, while in the extractive case the summary consists of sentences from the original text. In this paper there is a theoretical approach where the widely used summarization techniques are described at a first level. Moreover, these techniques are then put into practice focusing only on the Albanian language, since the language is an important factor which might lead to different outcomes for each algorithm, due to its structure, its form and its rules. This is the first attempt in the field of summarization in Albanian language and there is a high need for future research works in this area. This paper investigates various proposed text summarization methods which are usually used in English (and possibly other widely used) languages, comparing them and concluding which method is suitable for summarizing documents in the Albanian language. We analyze various summarization algorithms and provide a formal way of verifying the correctness of our results, by using different metrics (e.g. ROUGE) to evaluate the summaries’ accuracy of each technique, by utilizing some gold standard summaries, which have been produced by linguistic experts. Finally, we will also provide the whole practical implementation of this work either by uploading it to a github repository so as to be publicly accessible by anyone or by providing our services as micro-services through a web-page.
HUMANISTIC ASPECTS IN THE LANGUAGE PLANING POLICIES
Authors: Poshka Agim
Published: August 2019

It is believed that language policies aim to organize, encourage but sometimes even discourage language rights. Although slowly states in the Balkans started to believe that language rights could be used as a tool for creation of social cohesion, there is one aspect of language practice that is ignored but seems to cause quite negative impact, and that is hate speech. This paper investigated modes in which this dangerous tool is harming inter-ethnic and inter-cultural stability in the region. It is a long term interest to the judicial system of every country to limit the negative impact that hate speech has to certain fragile societies. The study also reflects on particular laws that aim to expand the span of freedom of speech and minimize the presence of hate speech in public life. This derogatory behavior can ultimately produce hatred and in some cases even human sacrifices. A definition that is often available in literature regarding hate speech is that “hate speech is an abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation”. In other words the basic concept of using language for solely communicational purpose has switched to use language to insult, intimidate, or threaten a group or an individual and is primarily based on a particular characteristic or disability. In its violent history, Europe has witnessed a considerable number of cases of human rights violations, and recent ones often get the “prefix” of hate speech. Certain domains of public speaking undoubtedly require legal measures and few societies have already designed their legal framework in order to address the issue The conditions have become even more dramatic with the introduction of social media. There are thousands of pages and blogs in which hate speech is expressed publicly. In an article published by the legaldictionary.net it states that with the advent of social media, the issue of offensive and threatening speech has become a global problem”. There are many cases in which hate speech is used as an argument of free speech. The process becomes even more challenging when the officials are expected to draw a line between where free speech ends and hate speech begins. Certain domains of public speaking undoubtedly require legal measures and as a result few societies have designed legal framework in order to address the issue and this study provides different methods and approaches are considered in the process. The study also cites a number of international cases which aim to create a greater picture of these deleterious phenomena and although there are many elements of the ethical and moral dilemma in regards to the freedom of expression it is important that we are aware of the responsibility and the impact we have when using hate speech in any public appearances.
CLIMATE AS CLIMAX IN ‘KING LEAR’
Authors: Doko Fatbardha
Published: August 2019

Shakespeare’s tragedies are among the most analyzed and discussed literary works. In his tragedies Shakespeare follows the Aristotelian pattern of drama, so it is easy to notice there all the elements of a tragedy presented in Aristotle’s Poetics. In this paper I will define what climax in literature is and explore the climax of one of the four great tragedies of Shakespeare, that of King Lear. As a masterfully structured play, the central part of the play is the climax itself. But what is the climax of this play, how is it presented, does it have any impact on the characters, how does it change the course of events, etc? Answers to these questions will be given here. As an example of the interactions between men and weather conditions in Shakespeare’s drama, I will explore climate as climax. The climactic moment of the play is the storm, in the 3rd act, when we see the psychological rage of King Lear. Unsurprisingly, Shakespeare exposes the issue of how the local weather durably affects the nature of men as well as by the way their humours are temporarily changed by climate and environment. Yet, I will argue that this issue actually prompts him to reverse traditional points of view in order to show that things also work the other way round. Indeed, in some of his plays, the playwright insists on men’s unfortunate capacities to provoke violent climactic disorders and to generate chaos on earth. So, it is not only the weather and climate that affect the behaviour and humour of people, but the way people feel and behave. The case with King Lear is a perfect example of this problem. The storm that Lear finds himself is actually reflected in his inner state, in his psychological rage due to his disappointment with his two daughters, and facing with the harsh reality for a father, but mostly for being unjust to his younger daughter, Cordelia.
THE MOVEMENT OF THE TURKISH LITERATURE
Authors: Iljazi Ajsel , Mahmut Mahmut
Published: August 2019

The movement of Turkish literature is divided into several broad periods of Turkish writers. Older literature covers the period from the Seljuks (900-1300) and the Ottoman period (1300-1922). The early period of the Ottoman literature, until the 16th century, was influenced by the Persian ideas, and after the 1520s, Arab ideas began to dominate.The movement of Turkish literature is often a part of political movements. Turkish patriotism gradually replaced the old Ottoman and Muslim traditions. This publicatoin will focus on the influence of the West, in particular the French concept of nationalism in Turkish Literature.The Young Turk Revolution, World War I, the Turkish War of Independence and the Reformation of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk all profoundly influenced the development of modern Turkish literature."New Turkish Literature" is a literary genre developed and transformed in parallel with Western effects. Starting from the birth until the 19th century, it is possible to mention the existence of Turkish literature formed under the influence of Central Asia and the Orient.The "New Turkish Literature" is a literary reflection of pro-Western oriented Turks, or the modernization process that began in 1839 in the Tanzimat period (Reorganization).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVE FUND FOR CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE
Authors: Peikov Peter , Hadjieva Borana
Published: August 2019

The present paper reveals the significance of the National Archival Fund for preservation of the historical and cultural memory of the Bulgarian nation and the formation of historical consciousness. The National Archives Fund is defined as the largest collection of documents with historical, scientific, social, economic, cultural significance as an essential part of the cultural and historical heritage of Bulgaria.It treasures documents about the history of thousands of institutions and prominent figures of the state, economy, culture and art, of ordinary citizens whose activity is historically important in one respect or another.The emphasis of the study is on the main factors determining the daily enrichment of the National Archival Fund with new documents. Among these key factors are development of documentaristics and archivistics, trends in social development, ideological and political climate, financial stability and attitude of the society as a whole, of the istitutional leaders and administrative heads, creating documents, in particular, of the non-governmental organizations and even of the individual citizen to the problems in the field of archivistics.In the focus of the paper as well is the leading role of the state archives for the formation of the National Archival Fund of Bulgaria and the opportunities for cooperation with museums, libraries, community centers and other institutions of memory working with the same purpose and vision.
ALBANIAN YOUTH IN MACEDONIA, THE FUTURE, EMIGRATION AND PREFERENCES
Authors: Sinani Abdilnaser
Published: August 2019

This research aims to address and explain the perceptions, desires, attitudes and expectations of the Albanian youth in Macedonia on their future, prospects in the context of social and political changes in the country and at the global level. The research affects different dimensions of this age group in order to provide an overview of the vision and views of this generation, always in the aspect of country's prospects in the context of the great wave of migration to the developed Western countries. 220 young people aged 16 to 24 were interviewed, most of whom (86%) represent a relatively low level of satisfaction regarding the quality and standard of living, lack of prospects for building a career and a better life, meanwhile they have lost confidence in the institutions of the country and are desperate by politics so that most of them were ready to leave the country. This is a research on the interdependence of the social context, development or social progress, chances and opportunities of young people in the Republic of Macedonia, facing a dilemma: to stay in Macedonia (with low standard, poor, poor education, etc.) or to leave the country (with a safe job, career opportunities, and prospects for future planning). This research looks at the vital aspects of living of Albanian youth, chance for education and their future prospects. The research consists of ten modules: family values, education, aspirations for employment, prospects and careers, social welfare, religious beliefs, politics and inclusion, spare time and lifestyle. These indicators are also considered as the most important values of the Albanian youth in Macedonia. Reasons of emigration are: the desire to improve the standard of living, the aspiration to have more qualitative education and greater employment opportunities, which means a safer future. The unemployment rate among young people in Macedonia is 52.9%, ranking the country in the third place on the world list. Life in general and the standard of living from year to year has deteriorated, new jobs have been reduced, and unemployment and poverty have increased. This has also resulted in deteriorating interpersonal and interethnic relations in the country, losing hope for the future, especially among young people. Studies show that high unemployment rate has made young people in Macedonia to see their future more and more abroad. Although with a relatively high percentage of inclusion in secondary and university education, young people of this age group declare that education is an important value for them. Despite the preferences for education, the level of satisfaction with the current education system is very low. Only one-third of respondents are satisfied with the education system in the Republic of Macedonia.
THE CHANGING LABOR MARKET AND ROMA
Authors: Petkova Kamelia
Published: August 2019

Equal access to employment is an important factor in enhancing the social inclusion of the Roma community in society. Employment is not only a source of income that defines material well-being, but also builds human capital, shapes survival strategies, relationships between groups and communities. The results of a number of field studies by the World Bank and other international institutions have warned that Roma continue to be one of the communities in a situation of social exclusion, discrimination and exclusion. On the basis of data from internationally comparable surveys and analysis of the results of conducted focus groups with representatives of the Roma community, the report presents in a synthesized form the picture of the labor market and the obstacles for which a large part of the Roma are out of work and employment.