bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of land water storage prediction skill in CMIP5 decadal hindcasts by means of a GRACE-based data set
Authors: Jensen Laura , Eicker Annette , Stacke Tobias , Dobslaw Henryk
Published: October 2020

Reliable predictions of terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes for the next couple of years would be extremely valuable for, e.g., agriculture and water management. In contrast to long-term projections of future climate conditions, so-called decadal predictions do not depend on prescribed CO2 scenarios but provide unconditional forecasts similar to numerical weather models. Therefore, opposed to climate projections, decadal predictions (or hindcasts, if run for the past) can directly be compared to observations. Here, we evaluate decadal hindcasts of TWS related variables from an ensemble of 5 coupled CMIP5 climate models against a TWS data set based on GRACE satellite observations.

Since data from the CMIP5 models and GRACE is jointly available in only 9 years, we access a GRACE-like reconstruction of TWS derived from precipitation and temperature data sets (Humphrey and Gudmundsson, 2019), which expands the analysis time-frame to 41 years. The skill of the decadal hindcasts is assessed by means of anomaly correlations and root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) for the yearly global average and aggregated over different climate zones. Furthermore, we compute global maps of correlation and RMSD.

We find that at least for the first two prediction years the decadal model experiments clearly outperform the classical climate projections, regionally even for the third year. We can thereby demonstrate that the observation type “terrestrial water storage” as available from the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions is suitable as additional data set in the validation and/or calibration of climate model experiments.
Realization of a satellite mission “GRACE-I” for parallel observation of changing global water resources and biodiversity
Authors: Flechtner Frank ,   GRACE-I Team
Published: October 2020

The actual NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey Report highlights mass transport monitoring as one of five top priorities in Earth Observation for the next decade. To realize such as Mass Change Mission (MCM) NASA is seeking for international partnership. A future continuation of the very successful technological and scientific GRACE/GRACE-FO partnership between the U.S. and Germany is in the involved partners’ highest interest and would be based on a strong heritage in the fields of satellite manufacturing, laser ranging interferometry (LRI) or science data utilization.

The goal of a study, jointly performed in summer 2020 between DLR, industry and HGF and MPG scientists, was to bundle up an attractive scientific and technological German package for further discussions with NASA which 1) compares the cost and benefit of technical modifications with respect to GRACE-FO, 2) is not only attractive for a future MCM but also for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and 3) strengthens at the same time Germany´s role towards ESA´s Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) implementation.

An ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space) payload system on a future polar-orbiting GRACE-like “GRACE-ICARUS” (or short “GRACE-I”) mission could provide a much-desired scientific extension of biodiversity monitoring, which is another designated observable in NASA´s Decadal Survey.

Three mission options have been investigated:

1)    A reference design based on the GRACE-FO platform and technology with a redundant LRI as the main satellite-to-satellite tracking instrument

2)    Add-on of the ICARUS payload, and

3)    Implementation of further technology options such as (i) spacecraft and mission related enhancements, (ii) LRI related issues and (iii) inclusion of technology demonstrators based on quantum technologies.

The nominal spacecraft separation for all options was 220 km at an altitude of 490 km with free-decay (Options 1a, 2a and 3a), or alternatively 420 km maintained using electric propulsion (Options 1b, 2b and 3b).

The presentation summarizes the most important findings of our study and discusses possible steps forward towards implementation with NASA.
Drought monitoring and prediction in climate vulnerable Pakistan: Integrating hydrologic and meteorologic perspectives
Authors: Akhtar Taimoor , Mushtaq Haris , Hashmi Muhammad Zia-ur-Rahman
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Effective drought monitoring, prediction and early warning systems are crucial for management of human activities associated with water use in a climate affected world. In Pakistan, surface water flows predominantly originate from the transboundary Upper Indus sub-catchments of Chenab, Jhelum, Indus and Kabul rivers. Hence, impact of droughts manifested through water deficits in these catchments are strongly felt by downstream users. Use of different drought indicators is limited in Pakistan's operational drought monitoring system. Moreover, there is very limited prior literature that explores the use of multiple indicators for unearthing relationships between different drought types. This study aims to explore the relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Upper Indus catchments of Pakistan using the Standard Precipitation and Evaporation Index (SPEI) and the Standard Streamflow Index (SSI). Since there are no previous studies for the Indus that compare different distributions for SSI computation, we compare five distributions to adequately compute SSI values at catchment outlets. Our most crucial contribution in this study is analysis of seasonal cross-correlations and lagged cross-correlations between SSI and SPEI for the above-mentioned four catchments. The cross-correlation analysis shows strong lagged (with up to 2 lag months) cross-correlations between SPEI and SSI for Chenab, Jhelum and Kabul catchments in early Kharif months. These correlations may be used in operational drought monitoring and forecasting systems, and also in reservoir planning and operations (for Mangla resrvoir in Jhelum) in drought conditions. We strongly believe that the findings of this study can be used in future to collectively explore hydrological and meteorological drought perspectives in Pakistan and to successfully incorporate multiple indicators into operational drought management.
Survey of mycobiota on Slovakian wine grapes from Small Carpathians wine region
Authors: Felšöciová Soňa , Miroslava Kačániová , František Vrábel
Published: October 2020

A total of 13 samples of grapes (bunches) without apparent fungal contamination were analyzed. The samples were collected during the 2019 harvest from Vrbové village in the Small Carpathian region of Slovakia. For the isolation of fungi were used the direct plating technique on DRBC plates. The plates were incubated aerobically at 25 ±1 °C for one week in the dark. The data obtained from the cultivation of the grape berry samples revealed a high diversity of fungal species (a total of 1044 isolates were obtained). Alternaria and Rhizopus were the main components of the wine grape mycobiota of the Vrbovský subregion at harvest time (92%, each), followed by Cladosporium (85%), Penicillium (77%), Botrytis and Epicoccum (54%, each). The most abundant genera found by descending order were Penicillium (25%), Alternaria (24%), Cladosporium (20%), and Rhizopus (12%) and only in minor percentage by Aspergillus (3%) among others. The main fungal species isolated from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were Penicillium expansum (57% RD) and A. section Nigri (97% RD). Of 17 analyzed Penicillium strains, 65% were able to produce at least one of the six mycotoxins analyzed in in vitro conditions by means of thin-layer chromatography method: citrinin, griseofulvin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, and roquefortin C.
(On)geschreven excepties
Authors: Bakker S.R. (Sven)
Published: October 2020

(On)geschreven excepties

Naast de geschreven algemene en bijzondere strafuitsluitingsgronden en de ongeschreven algemene strafuitsluitingsgronden ontbreken van materiële wederrechtelijkheid en afwezigheid van alle schuld, zijn in de jurisprudentie ook verschillende ongeschreven contextgebonden excepties aanvaard, bijvoorbeeld de medische exceptie, de kunstexceptie en de sport- en spelexceptie. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de vraag of c.q. in hoeverre er aanleiding bestaat dergelijke ongeschreven excepties in de wet te verankeren.
Legal Aspects of Protecting the State Border of the Republic of Poland during Pandemics
Authors: Socha Robert
Published: October 2020

The problems raised in this article focus on the issues related to the solutions adopted by the Polish legislator as to the protection of the state border in the context of an international threat. The author presents the legal conditions related to the probability of temporary reintroduction of border control for persons crossing the state border regarded as an internal border of the European Union in the event of a threat to public health. The background for these considerations are legal regulations concerning the change in the organization of the protection of the state border of the Republic of Poland, as introduced due to the World Health Organization’s announcement of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus leading to the COVID-19 disease.
Fungal Biomass Load and Aspergillus flavus in a Controlled Environment
Authors: Mitema Alfred , Aliye Feto Naser
Published: October 2020

Fungal biomass quantification is critical in understanding the interactions between the pathogen and susceptibility or resistance of the host plant as well as identifying competition between individual fungal spp. in disease progression. In the present chapter, two maize lines grown in different climatic regions of Kenya were infected with an aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolate (KSM014) and fungal colonization of the maize plant tissues was monitored by measuring fungal biomass load after 14 days in a controlled environment. The objective of the study was to determine whether the maize line colonized was a factor in increasing or limiting the growth of an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus.
Impact of Off-Season Summer Tomato Cultivation on Income and Food Security of the Growers
Authors: Sadique Rahman Md. , Chandra Acharjee Debasish
Published: October 2020

Vegetable production can help farmers to generate income, which will eventually alleviate poverty and malnutrition. Tomato is one of the most important vegetables in Bangladesh. But tomato production is extremely sensitive to hot and wet growing conditions. Thus, few varieties of off-season summer tomato have been developed and disseminated. Keeping these factors in consideration, this chapter was designed to delineate the impacts of summer tomato adoption on the income and food security status of the growers in a region of Bangladesh. Findings indicated that off-season tomato growers received significantly higher income. Consumption expenditure and food security status of the off-season tomato growers were significantly higher than non-growers. The chapter also includes policy implications for further development of the technology.
Estimated Risk for Insulin Dose Error Among Hospital Patients Due to Glucose Meter Hematocrit Bias in 2020
Authors: Inman Mark , Lyon Andrew W. , Lyon Oliver A. S. , Lyon Martha E.
Published: October 2020

Context.—

Glycemic control requires accurate blood glucose testing. The extent of hematocrit interference is difficult to assess to assure quality patient care.

Objective.—

To predict the effect of patient hematocrit on the performance of a glucose meter and its corresponding impact on insulin-dosing error.

Design.—

Multilevel mixed regression was conducted to assess the extent that patient hematocrit influences Roche Accu-Chek Inform II glucose meters, using the Radiometer ABL 837 as a reference method collected during validation of 35 new meters. Regression coefficients of fixed effects for reference glucose, hematocrit, an interaction term, and random error were applied to 4 months of patient reference method results extracted from the laboratory information system. A hospital inpatient insulin dose algorithm was used to determine the frequency of insulin dose error between reference glucose and meter glucose results.

Results.—

Fixed effects regression for method and hematocrit predicted biases to glucose meter results that met the “95% within ±12%” for the US Food and Drug Administration goal, but combinations of fixed and random effects exceeded that target in emergency and hospital inpatient units. Insulin dose errors were predicted from the meter results. Twenty-eight percent of intensive care unit, 20.8% of hospital inpatient, and 17.7% of emergency department results were predicted to trigger a ±1 insulin dose error by fixed and random effects.

Conclusions.—

The current extent of hematocrit interference on glucose meter performance is anticipated to cause insulin error by 1-dose category, which is likely associated with low patient risk.
La ruptura de un equilibrio. El siglo XV y la paulatina ocupación y degradación de los espacios naturales zaragozanos = Breaking a Balance. The Fifteenth Century and the Progressive Occupation and Degradation of the Natural Spaces in Zaragoza
Authors: Lacámara Aylón David
Published: October 2020

El surgimiento de la conciencia social en torno a la necesaria conservación de los espacios naturales ha llevado a la intervención de diversos actores que se han involucrado en un intento por frenar su degradación y desaparición. Pero dicho proceso hunde sus raíces en épocas que se remontan varios siglos y que se relacionan con la evolución misma de la sociedad principalmente occidental y sus necesidades. A través de la búsqueda documental primaria se pretende rastrear el momento en el que se produjo precisamente la ruptura entre el ser humano y el entorno natural en el que se desenvolvía y mostrar la manera en que dicha evolución comenzó a ser palpable en Zaragoza a fines de la Edad Media. Ello permite trazar una visión global del fenómeno, sus motivaciones primigenias y las consecuencias que tuvo en los comienzos de un movimiento general de antropización del espacio que derivó hasta llegar a nuestros días.AbstractThe emergence of the social awareness about the necessary preservation of natural spaces has led to the engagement of different actors which have been involved in an attempt to counter their degradation and disappearance. But this procedure is deeply rooted in ancient epoques related to the evolution of the western society and its needs. Through the primary documentary search it is intended to trace the precise moment when the break between the human being and the natural environment where he lived and to show the way in which this evolution began to be tangible in Zaragoza during the Late Middle Ages. This allows to outline a global vision of this phenomenon, its original motivations and the consequences that it had at the begining of a general movement of anthropization which derived until our time.
González Díaz, José Antonio: Modelos de gestión del territorio, paisaje y biodiversidad en un espacio de montaña: la Reserva de la Biosfera de Redes, Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de Oviedo. Directores/as: Dra. Rocío Rosa García & Dr. Felipe Fernández García. Fecha de lectura: Julio 2019
Authors: González Díaz Jose Antonio
Published: October 2020

En esta tesis doctoral se aborda las relaciones entre los modelos de gestión del territorio, el paisaje y la agrobiodiversidad en área de la montaña centro-oriental asturiana, la Reserva de la Biosfera, integrada por los municipios de Sobrescobio y Caso. Para estudiar dichas relaciones a largo de los dos últimos siglos en se empleó  el análisis geográfico regional como metodología integradora acompañada de la ecología del paisaje. El análisis reveló la incapacidad de la población local, por número y por envejecimiento, para hacer frente al reto de la conservación; la pérdida de conocimiento ecológico local como elemento clave en la gestión presente y futura de del territorio;  así como la no consecución de los objetivos iniciales del espacio natural protegido y su impotencia para resolver la crisis socioeconómica y ambiental de este enclave de montaña. Todo ello se manifiesta en una tendencia al cierre gradual del paisaje y a la pérdida de su carácter en mosaico, así como en una evolución regresiva  de la agrobiodiversidad.
Jogo da amarelinha: o método-livro e os modos de dizer, sentir e olhar uma cidade
Authors: Souza Laura Barcellos Pujol de , Bedin da Costa Luciano
Published: October 2020

Trata-se de um artigo oriundo de uma pesquisa-montagem a partir de rastros encontrados na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS) entre 2017 e 2018. Tais rastros compõem-se tanto de escritos urbanos capturados durante o percurso nos muros e paredes da cidade quanto de achados do chão, além de fragmentos de escrita que foram produzidos a partir do encontro dos pesquisadores com os materiais. Assumindo o que chama de método-livro, e tendo como intercessor O jogo da amarelinha (Rayuela) de Julio Cortázar, traça-se uma escrita com as imagens encontradas na rua. As narrativas cartográficas dos deslocamentos inspiram modos de dizer, sentir e olhar as múltiplas paisagens urbanas que se escondem e também se revelam no encontro com uma cidade, em um movimento operado pelo que chama de escreverCOM. O artigo finaliza ensaisticamente com a escrita de um manifesto pelo método-livro, onde são sinalizadas algumas premissas a quem por este também se interesse.
The Development of Professional Motivation of the Activity Subject under Specific Conditions
Authors: Osodlo Vasyl I. , Perepeliuk Tetiana D. , Kovalchuk Oleksandr P. , Osadchenko Inna I. , Vintoniak Viktoriia F.
Published: October 2020

Objective: The study aims to clarify the most crucial interconnections of professional motivation with the features of this activity, its dependence on professional motivation and the personal traits of officers.
Background: The article presents the results of motivational research of the professional activity of officers. The received empirical data define the differences in visibility of professional motives and aims of activity, means and conditions of their implementation depending on the stage of professional development of the tested.
Method: The main research methods are: the study of literature on the research problem; the diagnosis of the visibility of the most prominent motives of the tested professional goals and the aims of their achievement have been carried out with the aid of the developed survey the core of which is formed by the requirements to reflect in its structure the holistic psychological, professional, social and other peculiarities of the MPA of officers.
Results: There's been research conducted on the interconnection of professional activity with personal traits and features, which has allowed to determine the peculiarities of personal determinacy of separate motivational components. As a result of this research, it has been established, that the demonstration of professional motives and aims of activity in the process of personal development depends on personal qualities.
Conclusion: At the first stage the more significant qualities are considered to be openness to receive new experience, initiative in terms of social contacts, high level of neuroticism, internality in the sphere of achievements; at the second stage – decency, the inclination to approve, internality in terms of interpersonal communication, at the third stage – emotional sustainability, the inclination to approve, internality in terms of life perception, internality in terms of family.
Rebirth of viticulture and associated changes in the rural areas of Lower Silesia, SW Poland
Authors: Pijet-Migoń Edyta , Królikowska Karolina
Published: October 2020

This paper addresses the problem of how the reborn winemaking in Lower Silesia may contribute to the social, landscape and functional changes of rural areas. Newly established vineyards refer back to the local traditions of grape cultivations which vanished for the variety of reasons. Vineyards are typically small family businesses. The profiles of winemakers show that they are most often educated persons, arriving from cities, who follow their passion and consider winemaking as a supplementary source of income. They are aware of the value of local products, traditions and harmonious landscape and expose these values in both the process of winemaking itself, as well as in developing wine tourism. They support and organize new activities such as music events, recreational events, and guest presentations. Vineyards are new elements of the rural landscape, but they are historically justified and harmoniously integrated with the topography, whereas associated infrastructure usually represents good examples of revitalization of existing buildings, occasionally of architectural value. Due to the family-type business on the vineyards it is rather premature to infer their direct positive influence on local employment and incomes. Nevertheless, due to the growth of wine tourism local suppliers are expected to increasingly benefit from this development trend.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Retrogression of Governance Reform and Anti-corruption Measure in Indonesia 1999–2001
Authors: Juwono Vishnu
Published: October 2020

There were high hopes that Gus Dur, after being appointed by the People Consultative Assembly (MPR) in 1999, would bring significant governance reform and more progressive anti-corruption measures for the first time because two top leaders (Gus Dur and Megawati) were from the opposition in the New Order era. This paper attempts to evaluate the governance reform and anti-corruption measures in 1999–2001. This paper argues that there was a valuable opportunity to push for further governance reforms and a bolder anti-corruption drive, as there was a legitimate political top leadership stemming from the free-and-fair election in 1999 embodied in the appointment of Gus Dur and Megawati Soekarnoputri as president and vice president, respectively, by the Consultative People Assembly (MPR). However, the political bickering and blatant competition over state resources for the election campaign in 2004 underlying Indonesia’s former government led to a setback in several governance reform areas, including judicial reform.
Two extremely rare new species of fossorial salamanders of the genusOedipina(Plethodontidae) from northwestern Ecuador
Authors: Reyes-Puig Carolina , Wake David B. , Kotharambath Ramachandran , Streicher Jeffrey W. , Koch Claudia , Cisneros-Heredia Diego F. , Yánez-Muñoz Mario H. , Ron Santiago
Published: October 2020

We describe two new species of salamanders of the genusOedipina, subgenusOedopinola, from two localities on the northwestern foothills of Ecuador, at elevations between 921 and 1,067 m. These are the southernmost members of the genus. We examined different museum collections and we found just three specimens ofOedipinafrom Ecuador, obtained throughout the history of herpetological collections in the country. We identify two of the three specimens as new species, but refrain from assigning a specific identity to the third, pending further study.Oedipina villamizariorumsp. n. is a medium-sized member of the genus, with a narrow, relatively pointed head and blunt snout; dorsolaterally oriented eyes, moderate in size; and digits that are moderately long and having pointed tips.Oedipina ecuatorianasp. n., somewhat larger, has a narrow head and broadly rounded snout; this new species differs from all knownOedipinaby the distinctive presence of paired prefrontal bones and a reduced phalangeal formula: 0-0-1-0; 0-1-2-1-1. We provide detailed descriptions of the osteology of both new species. Finally, we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus, including one of the two new species, based on partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA.
The effect of long-term volleyball training on the level of somatic parameters of female volleyball players in various age categories
Authors: Kutáč Petr , Zahradnik David , Krajcigr Miroslav , Bunc Václav
Published: October 2020

Volleyball is an exceedingly popular physical activity in the adolescent population, especially with females. The study objective was to assess the effect of volleyball training and natural ontogenetic development on the somatic parameters of adolescent girls. The study was implemented in a group of 130 female volleyball players (aged 12.3 ± 0.5 – 18.1 ± 0.6 years) along with 283 females from the general population (aged 12.3 ± 0.5 – 18.2 ± 0.5 years). The measured parameters included: body height (cm), body mass (kg), body fat (kg, %), visceral fat (cm2), body water (l), fat free mass (kg) and skeletal muscle mass (kg, %). Starting at the age of 13, the volleyball players had significantly lower body fat ratio and visceral fat values than those in the general population (p < 0.001 in body fat % and p < 0.01 in visceral fat). In volleyball players, the mean body fat (%) values were 17.7 ± 6.6 in 12-year-old players, 16.7 ± 4.9 in 13-year-old players, 18.5 ± 3.9 in 16-year-old players, and 19.3 ± 3.1 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean body fat (%) values were 19.6 ± 6.3 in 12-year-old girls, 21.7 ± 6.4 in 13-year-old girls, 23.4 ± 6.1 in 16-year-old girls, and 25.8 ± 7.0 in 18-year-old girls. The visceral fat (cm2) mean values were 36.4 ± 19.3 in 12-year-old players, 39.2 ± 16.3 in 13-year-old players, 45.7 ± 14.7 in 16-year-old players, and 47.2 ± 12.4 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean visceral fat (cm2) values were 41.4 ± 21.1 in 12-year-old girls, 48.4 ± 21.5 in 13-year-old girls, 58.0 ± 24.7 in 16-year-old girls, and 69.1 ± 43.7 in 18-year-old girls. In volleyball players, lower body fat ratio corresponded with a higher skeletal muscle mass ratio. The differences found in skeletal muscle mass ratio were also significant starting at the age of 13 (p < 0.001). The mean skeletal muscle mass (%) values were 44.1 ± 3.4 in 12-year-old volleyball players, 45.4 ± 2.5 in 13-year-old players, 45.0 ± 2.2 in 16-year-old players, and 44.7 ± 1.8 in 18-year-old players. In the general population, the mean skeletal muscle mass (%) values were 42.8 ± 3.2 in 12-year-old girls, 42. ± 4.1 in 13-year-old girls, 41.9 ± 3.3 in 16-year-old girls, and 40.6 ± 3.7 in 18-year-old girls. Differences in body composition between the individual age groups were similar between the volleyball players and girls in the general population. The results indicate that regular volleyball training influences the body composition of young females however the development of body composition parameters is subject to their ontogenetic development.
CONTROLE DE Cyperus difformis L. POR HERBICIDAS ALS E MIMETIZADORES DE AUXINAS
Authors: Peripolli Mariane , Bidel Dornelles Sylvio Henrique , Severo Trivisiol Vinicius , Azeredo Nunes Elisandro , Cezar Cassol Jéssica , Teixeira Flores Aliana
Published: October 2020

A ocorrência de biótipos de Cyperus difformis L. com característica de resistência à aplicação de herbicidas no setor da orizicultura é uma preocupação mundial. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do controle de C. difformis por herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS) e mimetizador de auxina. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 252 unidades experimentais compostas por vasos com 12 quilogramas de solo e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x7x2x2: três herbicidas (dois inibidores da ALS pirazossulfurom-etílico e bispiribaque-sódico e um mimetizador de auxina triclopir-butotílico); sete doses dos herbicidas (0.0x, 0.5x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x e 16x a dose de registro); dois biótipos de C. difformis (Santa Rosa do Sul e Meleiro, Santa Catarina (SC)); e duas umidades de solo (100% saturado e lâmina d’água de 5,0 cm). O biótipo C. difformis de Meleiro-SC é 8x (320 g. i.a. ha-1) mais resistente a dose de registro do bispiribaque-sódico, já o biótipo de Santa Rosa do Sul-SC é mais sucetivel, reduzindo 50% da massa seca da parte aérea com 0.5x da dose de registro (20 g i.a. ha-1). O pirazossulfurom-etílico demostrou-se ineficiente na redução da massa seca da parte aérea em ambos os biótipos. Os biótipo C. difformis de Santa Rosa do Sul-SC e Meleiro-SC, nas duas condições de umidade do solo são suscetíveis ao triclopir-butotílico, reduzindo 50% da massa seca da parte aérea com 0.5x (166 g. i.a. ha-1) a dose de registro.
ASSOCIAÇÕES DE HERBICIDAS NA DESSECAÇÃO PRÉ-SEMEADURA DE SOJA
Authors: Quadros Andressa Serafim de , Bandeira Luísa , Kasper Natália , Alves Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar , De Conti Lessandro , Giancotti Paulo Roberto Fidelis
Published: October 2020

Na cultura da soja transgênica, plantas daninhas resistentes ao glifosato, como buva (Conyza spp.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.), apresentam difícil controle, tornando-se necessário associar esse herbicida a outros com diferentes mecanismos de ação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência da associação de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glifosato na dessecação pré-semeadura na cultura da soja e o desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura. O experimento foi implantado na safra 2018/2019, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com oito repetições, numa área agrícola que passou o inverno em pousio. Os tratamentos experimentais foram compostos por três associações de herbicidas aplicadas aos 40 dias antecedendo a semeadura da soja TMG 7062 IPRO, sendo eles: glifosato + setoxidim, glifosato + 2,4-D + setoxidim e glifosato + 2,4-D. As associações do glifosato com os herbicidas 2,4-D e setoxidim na dessecação présemeadura da soja proporcionaram maior controle de plantas daninhas de folha larga e estreita, respectivamente. Não foram encontrados efeitos de sinergismo ou antagonismo nas associações dos herbicidas, apenas efeito de adição, melhorando o espectro de controle. Os tratamentos de dessecação pré-semeadura não proporcionaram efeito sobre o índice de clorofila Falker, tampouco na produtividade e componentes de rendimento de grãos da cultura.
In Search of Support: A Snapshot of What's Advertised for African‐American Veterans in US Flagship Universities
Authors: Robinson Petra A. , Stojanovic Maja
Published: October 2020

This chapter is a content analysis focused on the ways US flagship universities portray how they are prepared to support African‐American service members in their pursuit of education and professional development upon their reentry into society. The authors present brief overviews of military demographics; historical experiences of African Americans in the military; higher education policies, support structures, and opportunities for these freedom fighters. Through website analysis featuring available data from flagship universities, the authors analyze, critique, and synthesize data on existing support structures for African‐American veterans. The findings revealed a lack of any specific support structures designed for African‐American student veterans. Thus, the authors outline implications for further research and higher education administrators based on current available support structures for all student veterans.
Anatomic Distribution of Sacroiliac Joint Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis and Control Subjects: A Prospective Cross‐Sectional Study, Including Postpartum Women, Patients With Disc Herniation, Cleaning Staff, Runners, and Healthy Individuals
Authors: Seven Sengül , Østergaard Mikkel , Morsel-Carlsen Lone , Sørensen Inge J. , Bonde Birthe , Thamsborg Gorm , Lykkegaard Jens J. , Pedersen Susanne J.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To investigate the anatomic location and distribution of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the sacroiliac (SI) joints in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), women with and without postpartum pain (childbirth within 4–16 months), patients with disc herniation, cleaning staff, runners, and healthy persons.

Methods

In a prospective cross‐sectional study of 204 participants, MRI of the entire cartilaginous compartment of the SI joint was scored blindly by 2 independent, experienced readers, according to Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada definitions of SI joint inflammation and structural lesions in each SI joint quadrant or half and in each of 9 slices. The locations of the lesions (unilateral/bilateral, upper/lower, sacral/iliac, and anterior/central/posterior slices) were analyzed based on concordant reads.

Results

Bone marrow edema (BME) occurred in all quadrants in nearly all participant groups, but rarely bilaterally, except in patients with axial SpA and women with postpartum pain. Fat lesions were mainly found in axial SpA and occurred in all quadrants, but mostly bilaterally in sacral quadrants. Erosion was rare, except in axial SpA, where it was mainly iliac and often bilateral. Sclerosis was exclusively iliac and most frequent in women with postpartum pain.

Conclusion

The location and distribution of common SI joint lesions in axial SpA and non–axial SpA were reported, and group‐specific patterns were revealed. BME distributed bilaterally or unilaterally, both locally and more widespread in the SI joint, is common in both postpartum women with pain and axial SpA patients, which limits the use of BME to differentiate these groups. This study indicates that the presence of fat lesions, especially when widespread, and/or erosion, particularly when located centrally or posteriorly, are diagnostically important and should be investigated further.
Fabrication of a Robust Superhydrophobic Ni Coating with Micro–Nano Dual‐Scale Structures on 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Liu Enyang , Wang Liyuan , Yin Xiaoli , Hu Jinhui , Yu Sirong , Zhao Yan , Xiong Wei
Published: October 2020

Herein, a superhydrophobic Ni coating is prepared on 316L stainless steel by electrodeposition and low energy modification with tetradecanoic acid. After 20 min of electrodeposition with a current density of 8 A dm−2, a Ni coating with micro–nano dual‐scale structures is obtained. The coating becomes superhydrophobic with a water contact angle (WCA) of 160.4° and a sliding angle (SA) of 8.3° after being immersed in the tetradecanoic acid solution (5 g L−1, 12 h). A two‐level structure model is established for explaining the effect of morphology on the wettability of the coating. The WCA value of the superhydrophobic Ni coating retains above 150° after being exposed in outdoor environment for 6 months and in flowing environment for 7 days. In addition, the coating still shows superhydrophobicity after 9 times of mechanical abrasion test, 12 h of acid soaking (pH = 1), and 16 h of heat treatment in 200 °C. Moreover, the coating improves the corrosion resistance of the steel substrate. This superhydrophobic Ni coating provides a simple method to prevent stainless steel from corrosion. And the theoretical calculation of the two‐level model can provide an innovative strategy for designing the structure of the superhydrophobic coating.
High phylogeographic and genetic diversity of Tidestromia lanuginosa supports full‐glacial refugia for arid‐adapted plants in southern and central Coahuila, Mexico
Authors: Sánchez‐del Pino Ivonne , Alfaro Alejandra , Andueza‐Noh Rubén H. , Mora‐Olivo Arturo , Chávez‐Pesqueira Mariana , Ibarra‐Morales Ariadna , Moore Michael J. , Flores‐Olvera Hilda
Published: October 2020

Premise

Recent phylogeographic work suggests the existence of latitudinal gradients in genetic diversity in northern Mexican plants, but very few studies have examined plants of the Chihuahuan Desert. Tidestromia lanuginosa is a morphologically variable annual species whose distribution includes the Chihuahuan Desert Region. Here we undertook phylogeographic analyses of chloroplast loci in this species to test whether genetic diversity and differentiation of Mexican populations of T. lanuginosa change along a latitudinal gradient and whether diversity is higher in Coahuila, consistent with ideas of lower plant community turnover during the Pleistocene.

Methods

Haplotype network, maximum likelihood tree, and Bayesian phylogenetic haplotype were reconstructed, and genetic diversity was assessed among 26 populations. Barrier analysis was used to explore barriers to gene flow.

Results

Four major population groups were identified, corresponding with physiographic provinces in Mexico. Each population group displayed high levels of genetic structure, haplotype, and nucleotide diversity. Diversity was highest in southern populations across the species as a whole and among the Chihuahuan Desert populations.

Conclusions

Tidestromia lanuginosa provides an important example of high phylogeographic and genetic diversity in plants of northern Mexico. Barriers to gene flow among the major population groups have most likely been due to a combination of orographic, climatic, and edaphic variables. The high genetic diversity of T. lanuginosa in southern and central Coahuila is consistent with the hypothesis of full‐glacial refugia for arid‐adapted plants in this area, and highlights the importance of this region as a center of diversity for the Chihuahuan Desert flora.
Photoangeregte Anionen in organischen Reaktionen
Authors: Schmalzbauer Matthias , Marcon Michela , König Burkhard
Published: October 2020

Die Durchführung chemischer Reaktionen mit Licht erlaubt es, die eingestrahlte Energie selektiv auf bestimmte Moleküle zu fokussieren. Viele Reaktionen, an denen elektronisch angeregte Spezies beteiligt sind, verlaufen über radikalische Zwischenstufen, die neue, einzigartige Reaktionswege ermöglichen und somit bekannte Syntheserouten zur Umwandlung organischer Moleküle erweitern. Der direkte Einsatz nicht funktionalisierter bzw. reaktionsträger Verbindungen ist ein erstrebenswertes Ziel, um chemische Prozesse nachhaltiger und atomökonomischer gestalten zu können. Es wurde gezeigt, dass angeregte Anionen mit gepaarten Elektronen enorme Potentiale in Elektronentransferreaktionen überwinden können und dass häufig ungewöhnliche Reaktivitäten im angeregten Zustand beobachtbar sind. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir kurz die Eigenschaften der anionischen Photochemie zusammen, heben die wegweisenden Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet hervor und diskutieren aktuelle Entwicklungen, die durch photoangeregte anionische Spezies in der organischen Synthese erzielt wurden.
Lösungsmitteleinflüsse auf die Struktur und Stabilität von Alkalimetallcarbenoiden
Authors: Dilchert Katharina , Schmidt Michelle , Großjohann Angela , Feichtner Kai‐Stephan , Mulvey Robert E. , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: October 2020

s‐Block‐Metallcarbenoide sind Carbensynthons und werden in einer Vielzahl organischer Reaktionen eingesetzt. Hierbei besitzen Carbenoide eine enge Struktur‐Reaktivitäts‐Beziehung, die jedoch aufgrund der hohen Reaktivität und Empfindlichkeit dieser Reagenzien bisher nur wenig verstanden ist. Hier berichten wir von systematischen VT‐ und DOSY‐NMR‐Studien, Strukturanalysen sowie DFT‐Rechnungen anhand eines Sulfoximinyl‐substituierten Modellsystems, die Einblicke in die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Carbenoidstabilität zu geben. Während Natrium‐ und Kalium/Chlor‐carbenoide unabhängig vom Lösungsmittel hohe Stabilitäten zeigten, war das Lithiumcarbenoid bei Raumtemperatur nur in THF stabil, zersetzte sich aber bereits bei −10 °C in Toluol. Diese unterschiedlichen Stabilitäten konnten durch verschiedene Strukturen in Lösung erklärt werden. Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Organolithiumverbindungen war so das monomere THF‐Addukt stabiler als das Dimer in Toluol, da letzteres leichter Li‐Cl‐Wechselwirkungen ausbildete, was die Zersetzung durch α‐Eliminierung des Metallsalzes erleichterte.
New small‐molecule compound Hu‐17 inhibits estrogen biosynthesis by aromatase in human ovarian granulosa cancer cells
Authors: Xi Yang , Liu Jiansheng , Wang Haiwei , Li Shang , Yi Yanghua , Du Yanzhi
Published: October 2020

Estrogen‐dependent cancers (breast, endometrial, and ovarian) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Aromatase is the main enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogen, which drives proliferation, and antiestrogens can inhibit the growth of these estrogen‐dependent cancers. Hu‐17, an aromatase inhibitor, is a novel small‐molecule compound that suppresses viability of and promotes apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, this study aimed to predict targets of Hu‐17 and assess its intracellular signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Using the Similarity Ensemble Approach software to predict the potential mechanism of Hu‐17 and combining phospho‐proteome arrays with western blot analysis, we observed that Hu‐17 could inhibit the ERK pathway, resulting in reduced estrogen synthesis in KGN cells, a cell line derived from a patient with invasive ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma. Hu‐17 reduced the expression of CYP19A1 mRNA, responsible for producing aromatase, by suppressing the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding‐1. Hu‐17 also accelerated aromatase protein degradation but had no effect on aromatase activity. Therefore, Hu‐17 could serve as a potential treatment for estrogen‐dependent cancers albeit further investigation is warranted.
Visceral leishmaniasis in an adult case in Northeast of Iran: A case report and literature review
Authors: Taghavi Mohammad Reza , Mollazadeh Samaneh , Seddigh‐Shamsi Mohsen , Azimian Amir , Mianji Mahnoush , Mohajerzadeh Heydari Mina Sadat , Zandi Zahra , Shokri Azar
Published: October 2020

Leishmaniasis is a rare complication in adult cases even in endemic areas. Here, the first report of visceral leishmaniasis in a young woman in northeast of Iran has been described.
Manufacturing Reusable NAND Logic Gates and Their Initial Circuits for DNA Nanoprocessors
Authors: Molden Tatiana A. , Grillo Marcella C. , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M.
Published: October 2020

DNA‐based computers can potentially analyze complex sets of biological markers, thereby advancing diagnostics and the treatment of diseases. Despite extensive efforts, DNA processors have not yet been developed due, in part, to limitations in the ability to integrate available logic gates into circuits. We have designed a NAND gate, which is one of the functionally complete set of logic connectives. The gate's design avoids stem‐loop‐folded DNA fragments, and is capable of reusable operations in RNase H‐containing buffer. The output of the gate can be translated into RNA‐cleaving activity or a fluorescent signal produced either by a deoxyribozyme or a molecular beacon probe. Furthermore, three NAND‐gate‐forming DNA strands were crosslinked by click chemistry and purified in a simple procedure that allowed ≈1013 gates to be manufactured in 16 h, with a hands‐on time of about 30 min. Two NAND gates can be joined into one association that performs a new logic function simply by adding a DNA linker strand. Approaches developed in this work could contribute to the development of biocompatible DNA logic circuits for biotechnological and medical applications.
Taking Different Roads: l‐Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products
Authors: Lenz Claudius , Sherwood Alexander , Kargbo Robert , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: October 2020

Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe, colloquially referred to as „magic mushrooms”, are best known for their l‐tryptophan‐derived major natural product, psilocybin. Yet, recent research has revealed a more diverse secondary metabolism that originates from this amino acid. In this minireview, the focus is laid on l‐tryptophan and the various Psilocybe natural products and their metabolic routes are highlighted. Psilocybin and its congeners, the heterogeneous blue‐colored psilocyl oligomers, alongside β‐carbolines and N,N‐dimethyl‐l‐tryptophan, are presented as well as current knowledge on their biosynthesis is provided. The multidisciplinary character of natural product research is demonstrated, and pharmacological, medicinal, ecological, biochemical, and evolutionary aspects are included.
Genetic adaptation of Tibetan poplar (Populus szechuanica var. tibetica) to high altitudes on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zheng Chenfei , Tan Lizhi , Sang Mengmeng , Ye Meixia , Wu Rongling
Published: October 2020

Plant adaptation to high altitudes has long been a substantial focus of ecological and evolutionary research. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying such adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we address this issue by sampling, genotyping, and comparing populations of Tibetan poplar, Populus szechuanica var. tibetica, distributed from low (~2,000 m) to high altitudes (~3,000 m) of Sejila Mountain on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Population structure analyses allow clear classification of two groups according to their altitudinal distributions. However, in contrast to the genetic variation within each population, differences between the two populations only explain a small portion of the total genetic variation (3.64%). We identified asymmetrical gene flow from high‐ to low‐altitude populations. Integrating population genomic and landscape genomic analyses, we detected two hotspot regions, one containing four genes associated with altitudinal variation, and the other containing ten genes associated with response to solar radiation. These genes participate in abiotic stress resistance and regulation of reproductive processes. Our results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying high‐altitude adaptation in Tibetan poplar.
Investigation of oxygen sources and subsequent thorium oxidation in the iridium DOP‐26 cladding material and PuO2 fuel system
Authors: Franz Brian P. , Glazoff Michael V.
Published: October 2020

Earlier experimental work on materials used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) has shown that the Ir DOP‐26 cladding material experiences intensified grain growth due to the unpinning of grain boundaries and diffusion of thorium to the surface of the material. This phenomenon has shown considerable dependence on high temperature environments, long duration, and partial pressures of oxygen in the system. When an oxygen source is present in the system, it exacerbates this grain growth by the formation of ThO2. Continued experimentation to analyze this grain growth dependence can be costly and at times infeasible. In this article, a simple approach was used that involves first‐principles atomistic calculations and computational thermodynamics to simulate, understand and plan for potential mitigation of the grain growth in the cladding material without changing the configuration or composition of the structure and/or materials in order to avoid costly recertification processes and experimentation. An emphasis was made on identifying the potential sources of oxygen and determining the oxidation stability of thorium in the Ir‐Th system (used to mimic alloy DOP‐26 in the first approximation). The overall results improve qualitative understanding of the potential oxygen sources and the stability of oxidation. Supplemented by the kinetic studies in the future, this research effort would represent a steppingstone to design and build better RTGs for the future deep space missions.
Environmentally Compatible Access to α‐Trifluoromethylseleno‐Enones
Authors: Grollier Kevin , Taponard Alexis , Ghiazza Clément , Magnier Emmanuel , Billard Thierry
Published: October 2020

α‐Trifluoromethylselenolated enones constitute valuable building‐blocks for further synthesis of innovative fluorinated compounds. Herein, we described an easy access to such compounds in green conditions through a Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman like reaction. These conditions have also been extended to higher fluorinated homologs.