bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicians and Rural America
Authors: Rosenblatt Roger A , Hart L Gary
Published: November 2023

Large numbers of rural Americans have limited access to health care. This problem stems from two defining and interrelated characteristics of the health care system: the large number of Americans without health care insurance and the tendency of health care professionals to locate and practice in relatively affluent urban and suburban areas. Although the problem of health insurance exists in both urban and rural areas, the problem of an inadequate number of health professionals is concentrated in rural areas.
Medicaid Managed Care in Rural Areas
Authors: Slifkin Rebecca T , Casey Michelle M
Published: November 2023

Medicaid is a government-sponsored health insurance program for eligible individuals. States determine their own eligibility requirements and benefits, working within guidelines set by the federal government. The cost of the Medicaid program is borne by both state and federal governments, with the federal contribution determined by relative indicators of state wealth. In 1996, for every dollar spent on Medicaid, the federal government paid 60 cents, on average, and states contributed 40 cents (Lamphere et al., 1997).
Reactions of Alkenes with 0(3P)-Atoms and N02
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

Reactions of 0(3 P)-atoms with alkenes are of little importance in the ambient atmosphere, but can become significant in laboratory irradiations of NOx -alkene-air mixtures (especially as an initial source of radicals (Paulson et al., 1992b; Carter and Atkinson, 1996), and probably also in plumes that contain elevated concentrations of N02 . As with the OH, N03 , and 03 reactions reviewed in previous chapters, the 0(3 P)-alkene reactions largely involve addition to the double bond. The good correlation between the rate coefficient measured for 0(3 P)-atoms reacting with a given alkene to that for the OH-radical reacting with the same alkene, shown for all the available data in Figure V-1, gives strong evidence of this. For all classes of alkenes for which both rate coefficients have been determined, the consistency of the entire data set is good. The mechanism of the 0(3 P)-alkene reaction is illustrated in figure V-2 for cis-2-butene (Cvetanovic, 1987).
Important Areas for Further Laboratory Studies
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

Our knowledge of alkene atmospheric chemistry has grown significantly since the 1980s, although many of the findings and the interpretations presented in the pioneering work of Criegee (1957), Cvetanovic (1976), and others, remain essentially intact. For example, the mechanistic suggestions of Cvetanovic related to the nature of the primary reaction of alkenes with OH radical, 03, and 0(3P)- that is, the dominance of addition to the double bond of alkene for the conditions of the troposphere-has been well substantiated in the many studies that have followed Cvetanovic’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

The year 1806 marked a turning point in the history of Prussia and the other German states. With the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine in July 1806, Napoleon consolidated France’s control over much of German-speaking Europe. The following month, he forced the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been the supreme political entity in Central Europe for more than 800 years. Though the empire had long exercised only limited power, it had provided a legal and institutional framework that established a formal unity among the various German territories, which was now lost entirely. Finally, on 14 October 1806, Prussia’s famed army collapsed in a single day, routed by the French in the battles of Auerstädt and Jena. Napoleon’s military conquest left Prussia’s government intact but stripped the country of nearly half its territory and imposed a humiliating punitive treaty, which was signed at Tilsit in July 1807. The war and the subsequent occupation ravaged all sectors of the population: food prices soared while land values plunged, and both the countryside and the cities were devastated by epidemics and famine.1
A Nation Of Romantics
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

Though the immediate reception of Fichte’s lectures was more modest than reported in patriotic legends, the philosopher may still have found cause to believe that the resurrection of the German nation could coincide with the resurrection of his own career. A student of Kant’s in Königsberg, Fichte had won a chair in philosophy at the University of Jena in 1794 at the age of thirty-two, only to lose it five years later under the accusation of atheism. After several nomadic years, Fichte settled in Berlin; and by the eve of the Napoleonic invasion of Prussia, he had achieved renown as an independent scholar, lecturing to prominent members of Berlin’s society and civil service.
Conclusion
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

This study has addressed two questions. First, can Prussian political culture of the early nineteenth century rightly be said to have followed a Sonderweg, or special path, of historical development? Second, to what extent were the political struggles in Prussia during this era shaped by ideological as opposed to material forces? Though the analysis here is confined to Prussia, it has important implications for understanding not only the history of nineteenth-century Germany at large but also the evolution of modern political culture elsewhere in Europe and the world.
Logit Modeling and Logistic Regression: Aphids, Ants, and Plants
Authors: Floyd Ted
Published: November 2023

Ecological data are often discontinuous or categorical. This means that measurement variables tend to have values like “present vs. absent” or “treatment vs. control.” The example that I consider in detail in this chapter involves categorical data at nearly every level of analysis: patterns of association among predatory ants in the genus Pheidole, herbivorous aphids in the genus Aphis, and host plants in the genus Piper. Categorical measurements include experimental manipulation of ant abundance (ants present vs. ants removed), experimental manipulation of host plant quality (fertilized plants vs. control plants), observations of aphid abundance (colony present vs. colony absent), characterization of aphid diet breadth (specialist vs. generalist), year of study (year 1 vs. year 2), and so forth.
The Palliative Care Unit as a Focus for Professional Education
Authors: Muir J Cameron , von Gunten Charles F
Published: November 2023

Deficiencies in the provision of palliative care have been widely documented. The 1992 U.S. Census confirmed that the vast majority of Americans (63%) die in a hospital. An additional 17% die in other institutional settings such as nursing homes. Only 15% of Americans die while cared for in a hospice program in which palliative care is provided predominantly at home. Furthermore, the SUPPORT study, one of the largest studies of hospitalized critically ill patients, demonstrated that death in the hospital is still often associated with prolonged, painful suffering.
Treatment of Delirium at the End of Life: Medical and Ethical Issues
Authors: Fainsinger Robin L
Published: November 2023

Delirium in dying patients is a complicated phenomenon. There is lack of uniformity in descriptors and assessments of what constitutes delirium. It is difficult to define the “end of life” and to determine whether a separate condition called terminal delirium or terminal restlessness should be delineated. There is also likely to be disagreement over what would be considered a reasonable approach to the assessment, including investigations, and pharmacological management of delirium at the end of life. The frequency with which the treatment of delirium requires sedative pharmacological management is of major importance in understanding this problematic issue. As with many palliative care topics, the medical problems cannot be considered in isolation from the ethical dilemmas that they evoke. In reviewing the literature on these topics, this chapter will attempt to clarify the areas of consensus and controversy.
Truth-Telling in Cancer Care: The Japanese Perspective
Authors: Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, the Japanese people talked more openly about cancer and death. Some high profile public figures disclosed their own battle with cancer, and bereaved family members and journalists wrote about dying cancer patients. In 1989, a Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW) task force recommended the practice of telling the truth to terminally ill patients, and in 1995, JMHW promoted the practice of obtaining the patients’ informed consent before every medical practice.
Journey’s End
Authors: Hallett Garth L
Published: November 2023

Sent to investigate Jefferson’s surmise that a water route might link the Louisiana Territory with the Pacific Ocean, Lewis and Clark followed three main rivers—the Missouri, the Snake, and the Columbia—and only near the end explored two interesting tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Marias. Many tributaries that tempted them to right and left-the Kansas, Platte, Big Sioux, Cheyenne, Milk, and a score of others—they merely noted in passing, since they had neither the time nor the need to investigate them all. Here, in figure, is the present inquiry. The surmise to be checked was Plantinga’s parity thesis (“if my belief in other minds is rational, so is my belief in God”). The three main lines of thought explored were the mystical, analogical, and teleological, with two others—the “best explanation” argument and the cosmological argument—briefly reconnoitered near the end. Many other arguments and considerations, passed by for reasons of space and relevance, remain merely to be noted.
Classic Asian Philosophies as Guides to Life
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

It should be abundantly clear that each of the eight classic texts that have been discussed is distinctive, offering something of importance (that is worth arguing about) not to be found in the other seven. Readers with a taste for generalization sometimes are tempted to suppose that there is some central element, some core of spirituality or “perennial philosophy” that most or all share. If what is looked for is deep doctrine, or a common specific emphasis, this is simply nottrue. Nevertheless, there are one or two common features in the pursuitthat these eight texts all represent, even if these features are extremely nonspecific and even if the results of the pursuits vary considerably. All of the texts attempt to present features of the human condition that many people will not have taken in. They then draw conclusions about how, in the light of these findings, we ought to live. Someone whose exposure to Asian philosophy has been limited might be given the impression, especially by the selection of texts, that Asian philosophy is oriented toward problems of life in a way that is often not paralleled in Western philosophy. There is some truth to this. There certainly are classic Indian and Chinese texts that center on abstract issues, such as those in formal logic, that have little immediate connection with problems of life. But these simply lack the fame and the influence of the texts I have discussed.
The Kluane Region
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy
Published: November 2023

The Kluane Region of the Yukon has been particularly well studied for two reasons. The Arctic Institute of North America established a research station on the south shore of Kluane Lake in 1959. This is one of few research stations north of 60° in Canada, and it has focused scientific studies in this part of the Yukon for the last 40 years. In 1972 The Canadian government established Kluane National Park just to the west of Kluane Lake, and the designation of the park has brought with it a flurry of studies on the descriptive ecology of the Kluane area. In this chapter we summarize the general setting of the Kluane region and what is known about its physical and biological setting.
Herbs and Grasses
Authors: Turkington Roy , John Elizabeth , Dale Mark R T
Published: November 2023

Plants in the boreal forest are an important component of the ecosystem for two main reasons. First, the plants as vegetation form the physical surroundings for both herbivores and carnivores and are the basis of the physical structure of the community. Second, as primary producers, they provide the energy and nutrients to the herbivores on which higher trophic levels depend. Therefore, understanding the factors that limit the quantity and the quality of plants is fundamental. Our studies focus on the herbaceous vegetation but primarily on two grasses, Festuca altaica and Calamagrostis lapponica, which dominate small meadows scattered throughout the white spruce forest, and on the four herbs, Lupinus arcticus, Anemone parviflora, Mertensia paniculata, and Achillea millefolium var. borealis, which are relatively abundant in the forest understory (see the appendix fol­ lowing this chapter). These plants provide a source of high-quality food to the herbivores. Soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, often limit the productivity of boreal forest vegeta­ tion (Bonan and Shugart 1989) and may control vegetation standing crop. Plants differ in their abilities to respond to increased nutrient levels, and community composition usually changes after fertilization as more competitive species begin to dominate. The nutrient availability level also influences a species’ ability to produce defensive chemical com­ pounds against herbivory (Coley et al. 1985) and the ability to regrow after herbivory (Hilbert et al. 1981, Maschinski and Whitham 1989). Conversely, herbivory may have a direct effect on vegetation quantity and quality. Herbivory has long been known to influence species composition in some plant communities (Huntly 1991) due to differential plant palatability and differences in plants’ abilities to tolerate herbivory. Many plants pro­ duce defensive chemical compounds in response to herbivory (Palo and Robbins 1991, Tallamy and Raupp 1991). The snowshoe hare has distinct preferences among the summer forage species available in the boreal forest (Bryant et al. 1991).
Testing Hypotheses of Community Organization for the Kluane Ecosystem
Authors: Sinclair A R E , Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Turkington Roy
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3 we outlined the general ideas of community organization through top-down and bottom-up processes. In this chapter we review how each experiment has affected the total biomass or nutrient pool of the trophic levels. We compare these results with the predictions for different models of trophic level interactions discussed in chapter 3. We identify the major components that hold the system together and the direction and strength of their interactions. The need is to identify the components most sensitive to change so that they can be used as indicators for long-term monitoring.
“Victory” (1945-1948)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

As the tide of World War II gradually turned and the military successes of the Allied forces on the Western front and the Soviets on the Eastern made the defeat of Hitler’s army ever more certain, the pressure increased proportionately on Soviet artists to blazon triumphantly the approaching victory, the national salvation, and, above all, to exalt the genius and brilliant leadership of the conquering hero, Stalin. In October 1943, on the eve of the premiere of his Eighth Symphony, Shostakovich was already publicizing his intent to write his Ninth Symphony—”about the greatness of the Russian people, about our Red Army liberating our native land from the enemy”—a symphony dedicated to the Victory.
Public and Private (1948-1953)
Authors: Fay Laurel E
Published: November 2023

On 24 April 1948, facing his colleagues at the Composers’ Congress, Shostakovich had pledged to place melody at the heart of his future works, melody infused with the essence of folklore. He had promised to produce romances and songs. In May, the composer began querying a Jewish friend about the pronunciation of certain Yiddish words and the rhythmic flow of folk texts that he knew only in Russian translation. What he was studying was a collection of translated texts, Jewish Folk Songs, that had been published in Moscow in 1947.
Taking Off the Kid Gloves June–July 1862
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

The first cloud on the horizon of Union military success in 1862 appeared in the Shenandoah Valley. A small Northern army had moved south into this fertile breadbasket of Virginia in conjunction with McClellan’s advance against the main Confederate army defending Richmond. The Union commander was General Nathaniel P. Banks, one of the North’s “political generals” appointed not because of his military skills but because of his political influence. It was Banks’s misfortune that he faced Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson, known as “Stonewall” since his brigade’s stand at Manassas the previous July. Jackson’s mission was to create a diversion that would compel Lincoln to divert to the Valley some of the reinforcements slated for McClellan.
PCBs, Dioxins, and Related Compounds
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) comprise a large group of semi-volatile chemicals that are stable at high temperatures, highly soluble in lipids, and resistant to biodegradation. Unfortunately, these properties enable PHAHs to disperse and persist in the environment, to bioaccumulate in terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and to cause unforeseen adverse health effects among wildlife and humans. All of us probably have detectable PHAHs in our bodies, the concentrations of PCBs generally being much higher than those of other PHAHs.

Chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated PHAHs have similar structures and toxicity but widely variable potencies; major subgroups include biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (Table 6–1). Monsanto, the sole manufacturer of PCBs in the United States, produced about 700,000 tons during the period 1929–1979, annual output peaking in 1970 at 43,000 tons. Given their high heat capacity and stability, PCBs were ideal for uses in heat-resistant solvents, sealants, and lubricants, and as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers, fluorescent light ballasts, and other electrical equipment. The most intensely studied PHAH is 2,3,7,8tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin (TCDD), one of the most potent known toxicants (Schiestl et al., 1997).
Outdoor Air
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

About 1.5 billion people in developed countries live in urban areas and are chronically exposed to outdoor air pollution, mainly from vehicular and industrial emissions. The WHO forecasts that urban populations will grow fastest in economically disadvantaged countries, comprise 62% of the world’s population by the year 2025, and live in increasingly dense centers of anthropogenic emissions. Over 150 million tons of air pollutants are emitted annually in United States alone. Closely related to population growth and urbanization are the uncertain potential impacts of global climatic change on local, regional, and global air quality.

A severe air pollution episode in a river valley in Belgium during 1930 caused several thousand acute respiratory illnesses and about 60 deaths. A similar air pollution episode was associated with several thousand respiratory illness cases and 19 deaths in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1948 when industrial emissions were trapped in a river valley by a temperature inversion. The severe London smog episode of December 1952 caused about 4000 excess deaths over a 5-day period during which visibility was reduced to as little as 1–5 m. Although most of the excess deaths were from cardiorespiratory diseases among the elderly, death rates doubled among young children.
Courtship and Marriage
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, Haply I think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day arising From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven’s gate; For thy sweet love rememb ‘red such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
Visceral Sensory Neuroscience
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

It has been known for over a century that there is an afferent (body-to-brain) component to the visceral-autonomic nervous system. Despite the fundamental importance of bodily afferent information - sometimes called interoception - to central nervous system control of visceral organ function, emotional-motivational processes, and dysfunctino of these processes, including psychosomatic disorders, its role did not receive much attention until quite recently. This is the first comprehensive review of this topic and it covers both neurobiological and psychobiological aspects. The author first defines the issues and gives an historical background starting with the James-Lange theory of emotion, and addresses learning and motivation, roots in Pavlovian conditioning research, and operant conditioning of visceral function. In the second section he reviews recent scientific findings in the neural basis of visceral perception and studies in cardiovascular-respiratory and alimentary interoception. Finally, he discusses several related areas of research and theory including drug state issues, interoception and psychiatric disorders, and bodily consciousness, and suggests directions for future investigation.
Roots in Russian and Eastern European Studies
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

The primary topic of this chapter is the role of Pavlovian conditioning in visceral sensory physiology, that is, a review of the evidence that an organism can sense visceral afferent information, demonstrated by the fact that visceral sensation can play a role in Pavlovian conditioning. Much of this research was completed in the first half of the twentieth century (see Bykov, 1957, 1966; Razran, 1961; Adam, 1967; Chemigovskiy, 1967), but a monograph updating these reviews was recently published (Adam, 1998). This review depends mainly on these secondary resources because most of the primary sources are not generally available and have not been translated into English.
The Neural Basis of Visceral Perception
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

The history of the study of the visceral—autonomic nervous system involves a substantial overlap of anatomy and pharmacology. Galen, who lived in the second century, C.E. allegedly recognized a part of the nervous system as separate that is now known to be part of the sympathetic trunk. He also apparently believed that the body parts and organs functioned in “sympathy” and that these nerves coordinated this activity. In the seventeenth century it was recognized that nerve input to the heart contributed to the control of heart rate.
The Alimentary Tract
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

This chapter will focus on interoceptive processes related to the function of the alimentary, or gastrointestinal, tract. Because of the importance of brain function to interoceptive processes and the importance of imaging techniques in elucidating brain function, before describing the studies of interoception and alimentary function, a short methodological discussion of brain imaging techniques will be provided. Then, the data will be reviewed.
Neurophilosophy: Consciousness And Bodily Awareness
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

A propos of the epigraph above, and regardless of how one views the current interest among neuroscientists in philosophical questions (see Blomfield, 1992; Smythies, 1992), interoception clearly is logically related to bodily awareness and the sense of self, and these in turn are related to the issue of consciousness more broadly. A detailed review and discussion of these philosophical issues is beyond the purview of this book and the competence of this author. Nonetheless, because of their importance, issues of potential direct relevance will be noted here.
Introduction
Authors: McMahon Darrin M
Published: November 2023

It would be difficult to write a more dramatic denouement to the life of France’s greatest man of letters. The aging philosophe, famed throughout Europe, returns to Paris after years of exile to claim the rewards of eighty-four years of labor. His final play, Irène, will be performed at the Comédie française, but the “modern Sophocles” becomes ill while finishing the piece and is rumored to be on his deathbed. He manages, nonetheless, to complete the work, enabling thousands to attend the opening performance on March 16, 1778, in his absence, including the Queen, the King’s brother, the Count of Artois, the Duke of Bourbon, and the cream of fashionable society. “Never was a gathering more brilliant,” exults the Correspondance littéraire, a leading newsheet of the day.
Before Pornography
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

Before Pornography explores the relationship between erotic writing, masculinity, and national identity in Renaissance England. Drawing on both manuscripts and printed texts, and incorporating insights from modern feminist theory and queer studies, the book argues that pornography is a historical phenomenon: while the representation of sexual activity exists in nearly all cultures, pornography does not. The book includes analyses of the social significance of eroticism in such canonical texts as Sidney’s Defence of Poesy and Spenser’s Faerie Queene.
Erotic Writing, Effeminacy, and National Identity
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

This poem, satire 62 in William Goddard’s collection A MastiffWhelp (sig. E4r)published in 1598, probably at Dort in the Netherlands-sets out in admirably clear and detailed terms one of the structural principles of English notions of gender identity in the early modern period: the opposition between aggressive, martial, active masculinity and enervated, sensuous, passive femininity. Mick, the poem’s subject, has been “metamorphiz’ d”-his shape has been changed from male to female. The change is expressed in a wide variety of registers. Mick serves not Mars, god of War, but Venus, goddess of love (figure 2.1). His “target,” or shield, has been changed into a “Ladies fan.” The martial trumpet’s deep “warlike notes” have changed to the delicate high-pitched tones of a castrato. The masculine skills required for a martial charge have been replaced by womanly skills of seduction: skipping, smiling, kissing, and looking demure. Mick now seduces his foes instead of storming them.
“Courtesan Politic” The Erotic Writing and Cultural Significance of’ Pietro Aretino
Authors: Moulton Ian Frederick
Published: November 2023

For a cultural history of erotic writing in early modern England, Pietro Aretino is a crucial figure.1 Not only did he serve as an ideal type of the erotic poet, he was also praised for his political stance as an independent satirist. Aretino was the primary figure through which early modern England represented erotic authorship to itself-an authorship that was, as we have seen, more native and more widely diffused than this cultural concentration on the mythic figure of a single Italian writer would suggest. Like Machiavelli, Aretino allowed the English to locate certain forms of perceived corruption in a single demonic image of the foreign. An examination of how the figure of Aretino was constructed and deployed in early modern English culture elucidates some of the crucial ways that erotic representation functioned in England prior to the rise of pornography. For modern readers to whom the name may be unfamiliar, it is difficult to realize how prominent the figure of Aretino was in sixteenth-century European culture. Though in his lifetime he was one of the most well-known and widely read European men of letters,2 Aretino’s works have been largely ignored in the years since his death; the coarseness of his style, the lewdness of his subject matter, his bisexual promiscuity, and the extravagant scale on which he extorted income from patrons have all conspired to make him an unpleasant figure in the eyes of later critics.3 And the fact that in 1558, two years after his death, all his writings were placed on the Index and banned throughout Catholic Europe insured that he would become a mythic figure of exotic transgressionknown by rumor and innuendo, more talked about than read.
Introduction: Social Identity and Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Jussim Lee , Ashmore Richard D , Wilder David
Published: November 2023

Intense conflict between nations, ethnic groups, and political groups has created some of the most enduring and lethal social problems humans have ever faced. Slavery, conquest, exploitation, war, mass murder, and genocide are among the most extreme manifestations of intergroup conflict. Such conflicts remain as much a part of the human condition today as ever.
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

For endocrine organs to respond appropriately to changes in an animal’s environment, their activity must be coordinated with that of other effector systems controlled by the central nervous system. Because most endocrine organs have no way of detecting environmental changes on their own, the link between the nervous and endocrine systems is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis and coordination of complex physiological processes such as growth and reproduction.
The Adrenal Glands
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

The adrenal glands play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. These paired organs lie on the superior aspect of each kidney, surrounded by adipose tissue (figure 5-1 ). Each gland consists of an outer cortical region and an inner medullary region that differ in embryonic origin and function. Ceolomic mesoderm in the urogenital ridge gives rise to the cortex, whereas the medulla is composed of cells that migrate from the neural crest, the same tissue that gives rise to sympathetic neurons and melanocytes.
Introduction to the Science of Toxicology
Authors: Dickerson Richard L , Smith Ernest E
Published: November 2023

Toxicology is not a single discipline of science but a synthesis of the disciplines of anatomy, biochemistry, biology, chemistry, physiology, physics, and modeling. Toxicology is a science that was borrowed from the ancient poisoners but has expanded and advanced to the study of molecular biology using toxicants as tools (Gallo, 1995). Toxicology is concerned with adverse effects of physical and chemical agents (toxicants) on living organisms. These agents include drugs, industrial chemicals, plant and animal poison or venoms, light, noise, and radiation.
Fish and Wildlife as Sentinels of Environmental Contamination
Authors: Frame Lynn , Dickerson Richard L
Published: November 2023

Fish, wildlife, invertebrates, and microorganisms have been widely touted as sentinels for the health of the environment and thus as protectors of human health (Sheffield et al., 1998; Guillette, 2000; Fox, 2001 ). How sentinel systems can help us detect exposures that may result in adverse effects including endocrine disruption was the subject of a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, the National Center for Environmental Assessment of the U.S. EPA, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (van der Schalie et al., 1999).
Endocrine-Active Phytochemicals: Environmental Signaling Context and Mechanisms
Authors: Vajda Alan M , Norris David O
Published: November 2023

Humans have long been familiar with the use of plants to modulate fertility, as is evident from the prevalence of contraceptives and abortificants in the Materia Medica of ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic, Ayurvedic, and Chinese physicians (see review by Riddle 1992). But it was not until the twentieth century, when livestock reproduction was impaired by certain pasture plants, that the active chemical constituents were identified and mechanistic studies demonstrated that phytochemicals could interact with vertebrate endocrine systems.
Triazines
Authors: Gross Timothy S , Rauschenberger R Heath
Published: November 2023

Despite the widespread use of these chemicals, relatively little is known regarding their potential effects on the health of wildlife and humans. In light of such widespread use and limited information about health effects, there has been an in creasing interest in potential detrimental impacts due to unintended exposure. This chapter covers the physicochemical characteristics of triazine herbicides, as well as the potential mechanisms of action, environmental pathways, effects on vertebrate wildlife, and the overall implications for wildlife and human health.
Management of the Surveillance Information System and Quality Control of Data
Authors: Groseclose Samuel L , Sullivan Kevin M , Gibbs Norma P , Knowles Carol M
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the components of a notifiable-diseases surveillance information system and its associated activities, including data collection, entry, editing, and system maintenance. Although the health events and risk factors monitored by surveillance are diverse, including infectious diseases, injuries, environmental and occupational hazards, reproductive outcomes, and various types of behaviors, this chapter focuses on disease-reporting systems for notifiable diseases. We will emphasize the practical management and quality control of a surveillance information system. Public health surveillance encompasses more than the collection and management of health-related data, however; it also requires analysis, interpretation, and use of those data (3).
Ethical Issues
Authors: Snider Dixie E , Stroup Donna F
Published: November 2023

The above quotation helps to explain the primary reason for a chapter on ethics in a book on surveillance. Effective public health activities, including public health surveillance, depend on a trusting relationship between public health practitioners and the society they are trying to assist (]). This trust is placed at risk when questions of ethics are raised about the appropriateness of certain public health surveillance activities. Such situations have occurred, for example, in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serosurveys (2), screening for genetic diseases (3-5), and some classification and labeling schemes used by epidemiologists (6, 7).
Computerizing Public Health Surveillance Systems
Authors: Dean Andrew G
Published: November 2023

This chapter on informatics will first explore what technically might be the content and function of an ideal public health surveillance system that computerization makes possible, assessing the gap between this and one of the best of today’s actual systems. The barriers to optimal use of computers in surveillance mostly social, organization, and legal-are described. Then some of the technical problems that must be confronted in thinking about microcomputer-based surveillance are discussed. The chapter leans heavily on examples from the National Notifiable-Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) in the United States.
Post-Market Safety Surveillance for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Arrowsmith-Lowe Janet
Published: November 2023

It is generally accepted that the safety profile of any drug or pharmaceutical product is incomplete at the time of approval and initial marketing (J). Post-market surveillance allows providers, government, and industry to take measures to enhance the appropriate and safe use of medications. Since 1962, pharmaceutical drug products approved for U.S. marketing have been required to meet certain standards for safety and effectiveness.
Testing “Criminological” Risk Factors
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven
Published: November 2023

To date, guidance for clinicians as to how to assess violence risk among people with mental disorders has largely taken the form of highlighting a number of “key” risk factors to which clinicians should attend. Monahan (1981), for example, identified 10 risk factors for violence that were claimed to have clinical relevance. More recently, Webster et al. (1995) have com piled a list of 20 risk factors that they believe contribute to a comprehensive clinical risk assessment.
Combining Customized Risk Assessments To Produce The Best Estimate Of Risk
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we described how a new methodological approach to actuarial violence risk assessment, the iterative classification tree (ICT), produced results superior in a number of ways to those generated by more traditional, main-effects regression methods. We illustrated the ICT method by generating two different risk assessment models from the data collected in the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study-one model that was unrestricted in terms of eligible risk factors and one model that restricted eligible risk factors to those commonly available in hospital records or capable of being routinely assessed in clinical practice.
Philosophical Perspectives on Research
Authors: Elliott David J
Published: November 2023

Philosophy is the sustained, systematic and critical examination of belief. This chapter offers a critical examination of the beliefs underlying several types of research employed by music educators past and present. (Note: This chapter does not provide a philosophy of research; it offers a critique or meta-analysis of the assumptions anchoring various modes of “research.”) The rationale for doing so is that to ignore the foundations of a given research framework is to risk applying it (or teaching it) inappropriately and narrowly, as a simplistic exercise in methods, procedures, or technologies. Put another way, a full understanding of “research” includes understanding the why of each form of inquiry as well as its what and how.
Teaching as a Profession Two Variations on a Theme
Authors: Pembrook Randall , Craig Cheryl
Published: November 2023

Teachers stand at the center of an insistent and polyphonic conversation about educational change. Teaching, by its very nature, is characterized by periods of stasis and flux, but teachers find that expectations for the rate, degree, and effects of educational change have intensified during this current era of school reform. Voices within elementary and secondary schools, as well as the voices of those who stand outside of schools altogether, have joined the chorus to call for changes in teaching practices, in the ways schools are organized, and in the relationship of teachers to the students and communities they serve. This complex and shifting landscape of reform poses a particular challenge to teacher educators who must prepare beginning teachers to take their places alongside their more experienced colleagues who are concurrently transforming their practices within continually evolving school structures. Inclusive and comprehensive notions of what teachers do in those contexts-how they initiate and respond to change-can inform the restructuring of teacher education programs.
Research in Music Student Teaching
Authors: Rideout Roger , Feldman Allan
Published: November 2023

The term student teaching refers to a specified time period when music education students are placed in an elementary or secondary school setting to work with a music teacher who helps them create and implement lesson plans, assess student learning, and master the administrative tasks that accompany being a music teacher. The time period usually falls in the senior year of undergraduate study after all professional course work and mandatory early field experiences are completed. Each state sets the length of time that student teachers must work in school settings. According to Arends (1991), a single student-teaching placement averages 480 clock hours and most students are assigned to a specific site for 12 weeks. Yet these numbers are not supported by other surveys. Andrews (1999) notes that only four states specify hours of work and the range is from 150 to 300 clock hours. Other states define placements as full-time weeks of direct student contact that range from 1 to 18. Patrick and Schleuter (1999) determined that music placements last anywhere from 10 to 34 weeks, with no mention of clock hours. McClellan (1995), in surveying Missouri college and university music departments, found the range from 1 to 18 weeks. Patrick and Schleuter along with McClellan report that most music students are placed in two different settings in order to meet K-12 instructional demands mandated by state laws.
Musicians’ Health
Authors: Chesky Kris , Kondraske George , Henoch Miriam , Hipple John , Rubin Bernard
Published: November 2023

A dedicated group of physicians, audiologists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals are seeking solutions to a variety of physical, psychological, and behavioral problems among musicians that can cause extreme hardship to the afflicted. The Performing Arts Medicine Association is recognized as the leader in this effort (see chap. 53). However, these dedicated healthcare professionals face obstacles when attempting to research musicians or to implement preventive education-based strategies because they primarily work in clinical settings. A major need exists within music education to acknowledge that these problems exist and to become involved in the development and implementation of music education-based prevention programs. Currently, there is little evidence that the field of music education acknowledges the medical risks involved with learning and performing music or that the field has defined an active role for music educators in efforts to prevent such problems. Not only are these actions necessary as a potentially effective preventative measure, the need for such actions is increased because the new 2001-2002 National Association of Schools of Music Handbook recommends, as a general standard for undergraduate and graduate programs in music, that institutions should assist students to acquire knowledge from qualified professionals regarding the prevention of performance injuries (NASM, 2001).
The Great Plains
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

Indians living on the Great Plains shared both a physical environment and, to a large degree, a lifestyle. Their natural resources changed relatively little from thousands of years ago until the late nineteenth century, when the great buffalo herds were destroyed. Wanton elimination of the roughly 30 million buffalo, in addition to millions more deer, antelope, and other game, brought an end to the Plains lifestyle as well, centered as it was, particularly after the various bands and tribes acquired horses, around the great, shaggy beasts.
The Arctic
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

For people who have never lived there (and for some who have), the word “Arctic” conjures up a landscape almost incredibly forbidding. The Inuit, however, over the course of thousands of years, learned to live successfully in that cold, rugged country. Inuit (plural of Inuk) means “People” in the native language. In recent years, and especially in Canada and Greenland, it has replaced Eskimo, an Algonquian word meaning “eaters of raw meat” and one that many Inuit find offensive. The Unangan, or Aleut, are also generally considered to be Arctic, rather than Subarctic, residents.
Music Printing As An Enterprise In London Before 1588
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

Music printing seems to have been introduced in Europe in the last quarter of the fiftenth the century, and its incunabula period could perhaps be seen to linger on into the late 1520s. Among the earliest examples were sumptuous two-color folios of fifteenth century chant; a splendid series of part-books issued by Ottaviano dei Petrucci; and the equally stunning woodcut quarto and folio editions of Petrucci’s competitor Andrea Antico (the latter two printers worked in the first decades of the sixteenth cen-tury).1 For aesthetic as well as historical reasons, such examples remain among the most treasured of printed music books. Despite these lofty achievements, however, a more comprehensive view of the field suggests that music printing was often hampered by technological limitations in the early years.
Saving the City from Corruption: The Eagle Launches a Campaign
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

On February 14, 1889, Ida Hunt, the twenty-six-year-old wife of a printer, checked herself into the Woman’s Hospital of Brooklyn for the removal of a tumor. According to the account published in the Brooklyn Eagle, Ida was robust and physically fit. L. P. Grover, a physician who had treated her since childhood, found her ‘‘beautiful and healthy” when he had examined her six months before. Though he admitted to noting a sensitive and “slightly irritated” organ “on the left side,’’ he assured her that she suffered a minor reflex irritation that would readily yield to bromides. When Ida asked whether she needed an operation, he “strongly advised against it.”
Gynecology Becomes a Specialty
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

Readers familiar with the struggle of women to enter the professions at the end of the nineteenth century may find remarkable the very existence of a nationally and internationally known female ovariotomist. By 1900, fewer than a handful of women physicians had achieved comparable status. Dixon Jones negotiated her professional identity over a period of thirty years in the practice of medicine, at a time when boundaries, behaviors, techniques, and ideologies of practice were in flux. But resistance to women doctors was heated at times, and even successful practitioners faced chronic discrimination. Signs of hostility are present in various and subtle forms throughout the unfolding of her case. For example, the presiding judge at the manslaughter trial was chagrined by how long it took to gather a jury—most of the men interviewed disapproved of female physicians. But if discrimination were the primary precipitating factor in this tale, it would not be worth telling. What is more intriguing about Mary Dixon Jones’s difficulties with the Brooklyn Eagle is that they were linked as much to her penchant for gynecological surgery as to her sex. What was the cultural meaning of the normalization of such operations in late nineteenthcentury Brooklyn? How did Dixon Jones come to support such radical treatment procedures, defending her surgery even against the assaults of other women physicians? What led her to become embroiled in a public battle over medical therapeutics with the Brooklyn Eagle? We can begin to understand why female surgery raised eyebrows not only in the public arena, but among physicians themselves only by returning to the eighteenth century, when science and medicine altered its traditional conceptions of the human body.
The Relevance of the Philosophy of Psychology to a Science of Psychology
Authors: Harre Rom
Published: November 2023

Taking the question “What is psychology?” very broadly, we could say that psychology is the study of people thinking, acting, seeing, hearing, touching, and feeling. So the field of study for the many versions, variations, and subdisciplines that make up psychology includes such activities as solving problems, resolving disputes, making friends, remembering one’s mother’s birthday, playing cards, watching baseball games, listening to music, picking out the smoothest stone, being in pain, being sad, imagining winning the lottery, and so on. This is a very diverse group of activities, states, and processes.