bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary phytochemical screening, physicochemical analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of selected Holigarna species- Endemic plant species of Western Ghats
Authors: Lokapur Vinayak , Jayakar Varsha , Shantaram Manjula
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Plants from Anacardiaceae family are used in indigenous system of medicine for their anti-arthritic, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Among them, Holigarna species are widely known as toxic members of Anacardeaceae family which are endemic to Western Ghats. It is commonly known as allergic plant which causes contact dermatitis if contacted. However, young leaves and seeds are used against haemorrhoids, obesity, and cancer and skin diseases. Despite the claims and the use of Holigarna ferrugenia, Holigarna nigra and Holigarna grahamii for the management of skin diseases in traditional medicine, little is known and documented so the aim of the study was to explore the in vitro antioxidant activity and to analyse qualitative and quantitative of phytochemicals along with their physicochemical properties.

Materials and Methods: Physicochemical parameters such as moisture, pH, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and elemental values were determined. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were carried out along with different antioxidant assays for evaluating the antioxidant activity of aqueous crude extract of H. ferrugenia, H. nigra and H. grahamii.

Results: Physicochemical analysis revealed the presence of trace elements. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroids in aqueous crude extract of H. ferrugenia, H. nigra and H. grahamii. The free radical scavenging activity of all plants exhibited better antioxidant properties.

Conclusion: The results indicated that the leaves contain an appreciable number of bioactive compounds and presence of these phytochemicals, especially the phenols and flavonoids could be the reason behind the use of both plants in ethno-medicine for the management of various ailments.
Target related in silico analysis of Bergenin and tuberculosis management
Authors: Bastikar Virupaksha A. , Bastikar Alpana , Gupta Pramodkumar P. , Pai Sandeep R. , Chhajed Santosh S.
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern, claiming two million lives every year. Although an oldest known human infectious disease, researcher is falling short of giving out an effective and reliable vaccine or therapy. The current antimycobacterial drugs include Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampicin and Pyrazinemamide available in market, but most of these are known to have certain adverse effects. Hence there is an increase in demand for natural products with anti-tuberculosis activity with no or limited side effects. Indian traditional systems of medicine have a plethora of promising plants for treatment of tuberculosis, of which Bergenin is the most well established and extensively used compound. The main aim of this research was to investigate the role of Bergenin as an anti-tuberculosis agent with the help of in-silico analysis and protein interaction studies.

Materials and Methods: In the present study 04 known 3-dimensional crystallized anti-tubercular drug target is considered and retrieved from PDB. Drug Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Pyrazineamide and phytochemical Bergenin were retrieved, sketched and geometrically optimized. Molecular docking is carried to understand the binding mode and its core interactions. ADMET properties were calculated in assessment of the toxicity. Protein-protein interactions and enrichment analysis is carried out to understand the biological process involved with rpsA protein.

Results: In the present study other than Rifampicin, Bergenin reported with better binding energy and similar pharmacophoric interaction pattern as compared to all the 04 indigenous inhibitors. The PPI network and enrichment analysis predicts the plausible biological process involved with rpsA protein and can be further targeted in treatment of tuberculosis.

Conclusion: The results showed that Bergenin was better than and competent with the existing drugs and can be used as an anti-tuberculosis agent if studied in-vitro and in-vivo for its activity.
Development of a composite food using dephytinized grains through probiotic fermentation
Authors: Rajani M , Shivanna Gunashree B.
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Over three billion people are malnourished globally, due to inconsistent supply of foods with essential nutrients due to presence of antinutrients in most plant foods. Phytic acid, an antinutrient in plant products binds to proteins and minerals, making them unavailable for absorption and leading to malnourishment. The present investigation aimed at screening of phytase producing probiotic strains that can reduce phytic acid content from commonly used cereals and pulses through fermentation and to develop a composite food.

Methods and Materials: Probiotic strains were isolated from probiotic capsule, curd, fruits like apple, orange, tomato, grape, pomegranate and chikoo. The isolates were then screened for production of phytase on MRS medium containing calcium phytate along with a positive strain Lactobacillus plantarum.

Results: Out of 13 strains only 2 strains were found positive for phytase (isolate 6 and 7). Preliminary biochemical studies indicated that the isolates are Lactobacillus spp. There was a considerable reduction in phytic acid content in rice, wheat, ragi, barley, green gram, horse gram, chickpea and soybean after fermentation. Lactobacillus plantarum reduced phytic acid (16.1- 90.02%) in all cereals and pulses used. However, isolate 6 could reduce 91.3% phytic acid in wheat which was significantly more than the positive control strain. A functional food was formulated using fermented cereals and pulses in the ratio 3:1 respectively.

Conclusion: Both Lactobacillus plantarum and isolate 6 showed significant results in reducing phytic acid. However, their efficacy needs to be confirmed through in-vivo studies and also sensory evaluation for superior nutritional quality and safety of the formulation.
Multilevel segmental femur fracture in young individuals treated by a single step - All in one intramedullary device – A prospective study
Authors: Loganathan Senthil , Thiyagarajan U.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Multilevel femur fracture is being encountered frequently than previously thought. The literature reports the incidence anywhere between 6-11%. Management of these fractures in isolation are technically demanding, and presence of other bone or organ involvement complicates the scenario in achieving the optimal functional results. The use of a single implant provides the technically better overlapping fixation. 

Methods: Our study represents a prospective cohort study in a 2-year period, between 2017 till 2019. Twenty-six patients with multilevel femur fractures being treated by a single step all in one interlocked cephalomedullary nail were included.

Results: In our study 16 patients (88.8%) had been treated by Antegrade cephalomedullary reconstruction nail / proximal femoral nail. Healing of all the femoral fractures was without major complications or requirement of additional surgical procedures. In our study the femur fractures, on an average healed by 18 weeks.

Conclusion: For multilevel segmental femur fracture in young adults, stabilization using All-in-one device such as the intramedullary nail is recommended. Closed reduction with PFNA?long / Reconstruction nail is an effective treatment for long?segment femoral fracture with good strength in fixation, high rate of fracture union, and low rate of complications.
A histopathological review of nephrectomy specimens with an emphasis on pathological assessment of prognostic indicators in malignant lesions
Authors: Bhat Shubha P. , H.V. Krishna Prasad , T.P. Rajeev , H.L. Kishan Prasad , Srinivas Teerthanath , Shetty K. Jayaprakash
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions occur in the kidney. Pathological assessment of gross and microscopic features in nephrectomy specimens is essential for diagnosis and predicts the prognosis in malignant tumours.

Materials and Methods: Case records of 46 nephrectomy specimens received between two-year periods were retrieved. Detailed gross and histopathological and immunohistochemical features were studied, and malignant tumours were analysed using CAP protocol.

Results: Out of 46 nephrectomy specimens, 17 were non-neoplastic and 29 neoplastic. Males constituted 32 cases and females 14 cases. The commonest non-neoplastic kidney lesion was chronic pyelonephritis with hydronephrosis (29%). The mixed epithelial and stromal tumour was the frequently encountered benign tumour (50%). Renal cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour in adults (70%) and Wilms tumour in children (4%).

Conclusion: Histopathological examination of nephrectomy specimens helps in diagnosing, staging, and planning the management.
Extremely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate: patient diagnoses at a tertiary Indian hospital
Authors: Moras Christol Blanch , Amin Ashima Nagesh , Kini Reshma Gopal
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Extremely elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (EEESR) is the term commonly used for elevation of ESR more than or equal to 100mm in the first hour.  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Indian population. Aim was to study the common etiologies of EEESR in Indian patients at a tertiary hospital.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross- sectional and descriptive study was carried out and included all patients 18 years of age and above, and who had a raised ESR of 100 mm and above at the end of 1st hour at least one time between January 2018 to December 2018 and tested at our institute. The patient’s demographic details, ESR values and diagnoses were retrieved from electronic records and were divided into 7 categories like infections, malignancy, renal diseases, autoimmune diseases, mixed diagnoses, miscellaneous and unknown.

Results: During the study period, 607 patients had EEESR. There were 335 males and 272 females. The mean age was 55 years. Within the broad categories of diseases, infection was the most common cause (52%) followed in descending order by renal diseases (12.4%), malignancy (9.6%), miscellaneous (8.4%), mixed diagnoses (7.6%), autoimmune diseases (7%) and unknown (3%). In the infection category, pneumonia was the commonest.

Conclusion: This study on frequency of common etiologies of EEESR is the first study in Indian population. Our study reaffirms findings that most patients have an underlying cause for EEESR. The commonest etiology in Indian patients is infection with pneumonia being the frequent cause.
Acute effects of prone asanas and Pal’s pranayama on myalgia, headache, psychological stress and respiratory problems in the COVID-19 patients in the recovery phase
Authors: Pal Gopal Krushna , Nanda Nivedita , Renugasundari Manoharan , Pal Pravati , Pachegaonkar Uttareshwar
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: It has been observed that recovery from COVID-19 is delayed due to continuation of myalgia, fatigue, headache and some respiratory problems even after the discharge from the hospital. Reports indicate the improvement of sensory, cardiorespiratory and psychological functions following practice of Prone asanas and Pal’s pranayama. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to assess if practice of asanas in prone posture and slow breathing exercise of Pal’s pranayama schedule can facilitate recovery from the COVID-19 illness and alleviate post-recovery complications in these patients.

Materials and Methods: This is an interventional pilot study conducted in COVID positive patients. A structured module of prone asanas and Pal’s pranayama schedule was given to the COVID positive patients in addition to the routine medical treatments and their stress levels were assessed prior to and after the practice. Also, the acute effects of asana-pranayama schedule on the improvement of cardiorespiratory functions and occurrence of other complications in the recovery phase was recorded.

Results: Following practice of asana-pranayama schedule, the patients recovered faster from myalgia, fatigue, headache and respiratory problems and they had a feeling of well-being. Further, the complications in the recovery phase of COVID-19 were prevented and the intensity of stress was reduced with the practice of asana-pranayama schedule.

Conclusion: This pilot study has shed some light on the early recovery and the prevention of complications in the recovery phase of COVID-19.
Quality and adequacy of sleep among dialysis patients
Authors: Daniel V. , Meetha S. , Jayakumar M. , Sekar Manikantan
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a debilitating illness characterized by physical, mental, socioeconomic and psychosocial disability. Being a literature has documented evidences of increased risk of depression and sleep disturbances among these patients, which indirectly affect the quality of life. The present study was carried out to evaluate the burden of depression and sleep disturbances among dialysis patients. 

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 160 patients on maintenance dialysis. A structured proforma was used to document the particulars regarding CKD care. Sleep Quality, Depression status of patients were assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Kt/V formula respectively.

 

Results: Hemodialysis inadequacy was prevalent among 79.4% of the participants. About 51.3% were suffering from moderate depression. Severe sleep disturbance was seen in 88.7% of the participants. The present study observed a statistically significant association between dialysis vintage and depression (p<0.05). Similar association was seen between frequency of dialysis and sleep disturbances (p<0.05). 

Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disturbances and depression was higher among the maintenance hemodialysis patients receiving dialysis for more than 2 years and also with a frequency of twice a week. It may be inferred that by increasingthe frequency and the dosage of dialysis in patients the quality of sleep can be adequately improved and thereby it may lower the depressive state in patients.
Effect of battle rope training on functional movements in young adults
Authors: Jothilingam Muthukumaran , Roobha S. , Revathi R. , Paarthipan N. , Saravan Kumar S.
Published: January 2021

Introduction and Aim: The battle rope exercise had obtained highest peak and mean VO2, highest energy expenditure and highest exercise heart rate than other exercises. There is no related evidence for Battle rope exercises by screening functional movement. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of battle rope training on functional movement screening. 

Methodology: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 subjects were selected. They were explained about the safety and simplicity of the procedure and by the lottery system they were divided into two groups with 15 subjects in each group. Each subject has undergone pre-test and post-test measurement of functional movement screening (FMS). Group A participants did regular set of floor exercises like pelvic bridging, bird dog exercise, cat and camel exercise for 4 weeks. Group B participants did pelvic bridging, bird dog exercise, cat and camel exercise and battle rope training for 4 weeks. The data collected and tabulated, were statistically analysed. Functional movements: 7patterns of functional movements include deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, rotary stability, active straight leg raise, shoulder mobility, and trunk stability push-up.

Results: The result of this study were statistically significant in FMS pretest and posttest with the p values (p<0.0001). Between the posttest mean and standard deviation of FMS of both group A and group B are 14.53(2.78), and15.43 (2.60) respectively. And there was a significant difference among the values (p >0.0001).

Conclusion: This study concludes that battle rope training is better than traditional floor exercises in improving functional movements among young adults because of its simulation of functional movement patterns.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome-an uncommon complication of a common drug- a case report
Authors: Danasekaran Vaishnavi , Lokesh S. , Venkatesh Prasanna , . Aftab
Published: January 2021

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a life-threatening idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptics and rarely to antidopaminergics. Although the incidence in India is 0.14%, it is potentially a fatal complication. NMS occurs due to a blockade in the dopamine receptor and nigrostriatal pathway. The following report is about our patient who was diagnosed with NMS. This patient was diagnosed of NMS due to a progressive rise in CPK NAC and liver enzymes, metabolic acidosis and pyrexia of unknown origin not responding to treatment. No foci for the cause of pyrexia were ascertained. However, a positive drug history of recent administration of Inj. Metaclopramide was the present treatment in the form of supportive care, by controlling rigidity, hyperthermia and preventing complications that can occur following the affliction of this condition. NMS is a potentially reversible fatal complication with a mortality rate of 30%. Indiscriminate usage of neuroleptics and antidopaminergics can inadvertently lead to patients developing this condition. This case has been reported to create awareness amongst physicians about this complication.
Role of Perceived Management Support and Personal Valence in Promoting Behavioral Support for Change: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective
Authors: Mehboob Farhan , Othman Noraini
Published: January 2021

Individuals’ support for change is a critical success factor to effectively implement change. Therefore, identifying the possible antecedent and mechanism leading to one’s behavioural support towards change is necessary. The study aims to unfold this avenue of research empirically by examining the role of both person and context factor in promoting behavioral support for change. Data was collected from 292 academic staff of six public sector universities in Pakistan via cross-sectional mean. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect responses from the desired sample. SPSS 25 and AMOS were used to analyse the data for its relevance to study’s objectives. Results revealed a positive impact of perceived management support on academic staff’s behavioural support for change. Moreover, personal-valence provides an effective intervening mechanism to translate the effect of perceived management support on both dimensions of behavioural support for change such as compliance and championing behaviour. The study contributes to the existing literature on organizational change particularly to the university settings by examining and empirically validating both person and context factor as significant predictors to academic staff’s behavioral support for change.
Pengaruh ROA, ROE, dan NIM terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Sektor Perbankan yang Terdaftar di BEI Periode 2015-2019
Authors: Purwanti Purwanti
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), dan Net Interest Margin (NIM) terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan sektor perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2015-2019. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi data panel dengan bantuan program statistik Econometric Views (Eviews) versi 9, model dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model Random Effect. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah 45 perusahaan sektor perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2015-2019 dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling maka diperoleh sampel sebanyak 27 perusahaan dan didapat 135 data yang diperoleh dari laporan keuangan tahunan dan annual report perusahaan. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa ROA, ROE, dan NIM secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap Harga Saham. Berdasarkan hasil uji koefisien determinasi (Adjusted R-square) dinyatakan bahwa variabel independen memiliki pengaruh terhadap variabel dependen sebesar 50,36% dan sisanya dipengaruhi faktor lain diluar variabel penelitian ini.
Consumers’ Healthy Lifestyle: Does It Matter For The Consumption Pattern Of Healthy Food?
Authors: Djermani Farouk , Sulaiman Yaty , Nik Mat Nik Kamariah , Sahban Muhammad Amsal
Published: January 2021

Unhealthy food consumption has been linked to the risk of many diseases such as non-communicable disease and obesity. The objective of this paper is to identify the influencing factors that determine the consumption patterns of healthy food among academician in the northern part of Malaysia and its causal relationships using a theoretical model based on the Stimuli’s organism response theory. A quantitative research design approach was selected where the questionnaire was formulated for primary data collection Data were collected from 360 respondents in Malaysia by using systematic random sampling and subjected to Smart PLS analysis. The proposed model fits the data well by having good validity and reliability. The results revealed that the consumer healthy lifestyle fully mediated the relationship between promotion, place and the consumption pattern of healthy food. Finally, implications and recommendations of these findings are discussed.
Modelling the influence of culture on Entrepreneurial competencies and business success of the women micro entrepreneurs in the informal sector of the economy
Authors: Salaudeen Nuraini Hashimu , Sauri Bello Garba Kofar
Published: January 2021

The study examines the effect of culture on the relationship between the dimensions of Entrepreneurial competencies and business success of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in the northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The study involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. With a random sample of 361 respondents, collected from a population of women micro-entrepreneurs, through the use of questionnaire, the obtained data were analyzed with a variance-based structural equation modelling, PLS-SEM. Findings revealed that opportunity, relationship, strategic, and organising competencies all have a positive and significant impact on business success of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in northwest Nigeria. Also, culture was found to moderate the relationship between relationship competencies and business success of women micro-entrepreneurs. These findings shows that any developmental programmes geared towards enhancing the performance of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in northwest Nigeria should focus on improving their entrepreneurial competencies, and the study practically illustrates the importance of interpersonal relations, such as, social interactions, and networking activities in the business success of informal women micro-entrepreneurs.
STUDI IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KAWASAN TANPA ROKOK PADA FASILITAS PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI KABUPATEN BUNGO
Authors: Fajar Fajar Ifan Dolly
Published: January 2021

Various efforts to reduce the rate of active smoking in Bungo Regency and prohibit smoking activities in various places and certain public facilities are issuing local regulations on KTR. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of the KTR perda in health facilities, namely the puskesmas in Bungo Regency. This study uses a qualitative method approach with descriptive data. To see the success of the implementation of the KTR policy at puskesmas in Bungo District, the George Edwards III theory approach was used. For data analysis, an interactive model from Miles and Huberman was used. Data wetness used source triangulation approach. The results showed that the communication pattern of implementing the KTR perda at the health centers in Bungo Regency was carried out by socialization through a meeting chaired by the health department together with all the heads of the puskesmas. Then the message is forwarded to the entire community by the health center via verbabl and non-verbal communication. Because policy implementers do not get information directly, the implementation of the KTR perda is ideal as contained in the Ministry of Health's guidebook and the objectives of the KTR perda. The human resources for implementing the policy consist of leaders and employees appointed by the puskesmas. The budget for funds is still small in making KTR supporting facilities such as banners, stickers and there is no incentive for policy implementing employees. Full disposition from the health center and the community by providing verbal sanctions and expulsion for offenders. There is a willingness to make a Smoking Cessation Business program for smokers. Some bureaucratic structures already exist, but related to operational guidelines and technical guidelines as well as SOPs and division of tasks are still made improperly so it is necessary to conduct an evaluation by the health office of puskesmas that have not made SOP at all.
ANALISIS KINERJA PEGAWAI BERDASARKAN KOMPETENSI, BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN DISIPLIN KERJA PADA BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA KOTA SUNGAI PENUH
Authors: ZULHAKIM IRVAN
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The object of this research is the Employees of the Full River City Human Resources and Human Resources Development Agency (BKPSDM). The number of samples in this study were 98 respondents. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The research results obtained based on the partial test (t test) obtained: (a) There is a positive and significant effect of competence on employee performance. (b) There is a positive and significant influence of organizational culture on employee performance. c) There is a positive and significant influence of work discipline on employee performance. The results of the study simultaneously showed that competence, organizational culture and work discipline had a positive and significant effect on employee performance. And based on the coefficient of determination test (R2) the value is 0.624 or 62.4%, this shows that the percentage of the contribution of the independent variable competency, organizational culture and work discipline to the dependent variable of employee performance is 0.624 or 62.4%. While the remaining 37.6% is influenced by other variables outside this study.
Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA) and Vitamin E on Fatty Acid Profile of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Ovaries
Authors: Salih Osamah
Published: January 2021

The current study aimed to clarify the fatty acids profile in the breeding stock ovaries of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed on two food additives. The study was carried out in the Shrimp Hatchery which belonging to the Basrah Agricultural Directorate. Three treatment groups were used, the first treatment (T1) represented as control without any food additives, the second treatment (T2) supplemented with 5 g/kg omega-3 fatty acids, and the third treatment (T3) to which vitamin E was added at a concentration of 200 mg/kg. Fishes were randomly distributed in three replicates for each treatment with six of common carp brood stock per replicate. Nine cages were used which placed in earthen pond. Feeding trail lasted from 29 Oct 2018 to 14 Mar 2019. After feeding fish for 82 days, the oil was extracted from gonads by two methods, the first one by Soxhlet apparatus and the second by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method. The fatty acid profiles were analyzed using gas chromatograph by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometry). Results showed that the content of fatty acids in the ovaries of treated fishes in T1, the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, were monounsaturated fatty acid (C19H36:1) scored the highest percentage (52.55%). Fishes in T2 recorded the presence of saturated and unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were omega-12 (C18H34:12) recorded the highest percentage (50.02%), while T3 fishes showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from the group of omega-6 fatty acids and the unsaturated fatty acid omega-9 (C18H34:9) record the highest percentage (63.24%).In conclusion this study suggested that the content of fatty acids in fish ovaries reflects the composition of fatty acids in the diet.
Euglenoids in Haqlan Springs and Euphrates River at Hadithah City, Western Iraq
Authors: Ali Huda
Published: January 2021

The present study aimed to investigate the species of euglenoid algae in the Euphrates river and Haqlan valley springs at Al-Anbar province, Western Iraq. Samples were collected in October 2019 from two sites in the study area. Some environmental parameters measured were water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, sulphate, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrate and phosphate. Fifty-four species of the euglenoids belonging to six genera were encountered, one belonged to Monomorphina, two belonged to Colacium, 19 to Euglena, 10 to Trachelomonas, seven to Lepocinclis and 15 to Phacus. Thirteen species were new records in Iraq. Ten species were recorded in two sites. Most of the euglenoids found in this study occurred in Haqlan springs and were represented by 40 species in comparison to 24 species in the Euphrates river.
Myxosporeans (Phylum Myxozoa) Parasitic on Some Fishes from Hamrin Lake in Diyala Province, Iraq
Authors: Al-Jawda Jawdat
Published: January 2021

Between January and December 2019, a total of 368 fish specimens were collected from Hamrin lake in Diyala province, Iraq. These fishes belonged to 16 species: Acanthobrama marmid, Alburnus caeruleus, A. sellal, Arabibarbus grypus, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius auratus, Chondrostoma regium, Cyprinion kais, C. macrostomum, Cyprinus carpio, Garra rufa, Leuciscus vorax, Luciobarbus xanthopterus, Mastacembelus mastacembelus, Mystus pelusius and Planiliza abu. The result of inspection showed that these fishes were infected with 25 species of parasites belonging to the class Myxosporea. These included one species each of Chloromyxum and Unicauda, two species each of Myxidium and Thelohanellus and 19 species of Myxobolus. Among these parasites, Myxobolus pfeifferi infected the highest number of hosts (ten host species), followed by M. drjagini and M. oviformis (nine host species each), while five parasite species infected one host species each. Among these fishes, C. luteus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (18 species), followed by C. carpio (13 species). Myxobolus. hemibarbi was recorded in the present study for the first time in Iraq. The description and measurements of this parasite is presented. In addition, a total of 35 new host records in Iraq were reported for 18 species of these parasites.
Some Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Fish Oil Extracted from Fish Wastes by Physical and Chemical Methods
Authors: Salih Anwar
Published: January 2021

This study was carried out to assess some physical, chemical and sensory properties of fish waste oil extracted by two different methods: physical (boiling) and chemical (acid fermentation). Samples of common carp viscera were collected from local markets in the city of Basrah, which included viscera of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The most prominent and significant difference was the extraction yield which amounted to 57.14% vs 35.71% (vol./wt.) for the physical and chemical methods, respectively. Other physical properties: refraction index, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, cloud point and pour point, Were superior in physical method of the physical method. Measured chemical indices (free fatty acids FFA, fatty acid profile, peroxide value, iodine number and Thiobarbituric acid value TBA) indicated some variability between oil types, the most obvious was FFA which increased significantly from 0.107 to 0.205% for physical and chemical methods, respectively. The sensory tests (color and odor) were in favor of oil extracted with the physical method characterized by a light amber color and a mild fishy flavor.
Temperature Rising (Two Celsius) Effect on Planktonic Biomass in Subtropical Marshes, Iraq
Authors: Al-Haidarey Mohammed
Published: January 2021

Planktonic species may respond to climate change through their niche across three axes which include self, space and time. This study was designed to investigate the effect of increasing winter temperature on the plankton biomass, the mesocosm was constructed as a collection of 16 enclosures with a water-outlet system and natural sediment, two aquatic plant species and heating system. This research was conducted over 12 weeks (beginning on Dec. 2018) when the temperature of eight enclosures was 2±0.2 °C higher than the ambient temperature. Weekly abiotic parameters (salinity, pH, PO4, NO3, DIC) and biotic (chlorophyll-a, zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass) were reported. The obtained results showed that there were no major improvements in salinity, pH, PO4, NO3 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Whereas, chlorophyll-a, zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass have dramatically improved. Therefore, this research has indicated that water temperature change during the winter season due to climate change could affect planktonic biomass and early spring in subtropical marshes, but this study was performed in the mesocosm experiment and it needs to be studied in large-scale natural lake ecosystems.
Trophic Interactions between Two Cichlid Species in Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq
Authors: Mohamed Abdul-Razak
Published: January 2021

The diet composition and trophic relationships of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus and redbelly tilapia, Coptodon zillii were investigated in the Shatt Al-Arab river from November 2015 to October 2016. Fishes were collected by gill nets, cast net and electro-fishing. The index of relative importance (IRI%) of food items was determined by combining the frequency of occurrence and points methods. There were monthly variations in feeding activity and intensity of both species, which decreased in the colder months. Both species were classified as herbivores. The main food items of O. aureus were macrophytes (44.3%), algae (31.4%), diatoms (9.3%), aquatic insects (6.6%) and detritus (6.3%). The diet of C. zillii is composed mainly of macrophytes (60.8%), algae (23.0%), detritus (8.6%) and diatoms (6.4). The trophic niche breadth values varied between 0.217 for C. zillii and 0.360 for O. aureus. The results demonstrated a high degree of dietary overlap between O. aureus and C. zillii, as both species fed on the same food sources
Effects of Some Dietary Additives on Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency of Young Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Mojer Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Effects of adding three dietary additives and their mixture to control diet (38% protein) on the growth performance and feed efficiency of young common carp Cyprinus carpio with an average weight of 16.16+0.09 g were assessed. These additives were probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast) (T1), amino acids (lysine and methionine) (T2), a mixture of exogenous enzymes (protease, cellulase, α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, pectinase, beta-glucanase, xylanase, phytase, lipase and beta mannanase) (T3), their mixture (T4) and control (T5). Inclusion of probiotic and exogenous enzymes showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in the growth performance and feed efficiency of the fishes compared with control and other additive diets. Otherwise, the inclusion of amino acids and the additive mixture did not show any significant (P>0.05) improvement compared with the control diet. Probiotic diet (T1) recorded greatest specific growth rate SGR (0.68%/day) and best feed conversion ratio FCR (2.84), followed by exogenous enzymes diet (0.57%/day and 3.44, respectively), while the SGR and FCR values for T2, T4 and control were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Probiotic and enzymes feed additives have proved significant enhancement of fish growth and feed efficiency.
Teachers’ Readiness for Distance Education: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Nenko Yuliia
Published: January 2021

The paper has a two-fold purpose. The first purpose of the research is to clarify the concept of “readiness of teachers of higher education institutions to use distance learning technologies”, to determine the components and indicators of teachers’ readiness to use distance learning technologies. The other purpose is to announce the results of the conducted online survey on teachers’ readiness for distance learning; understand how distance learning methods are being implemented, which need to be modified or improved, establish the depth of complications associated with transitioning to online teaching due to the introduction of COVID-19 quarantine and provide the information to stakeholders to further improve the process of distance learning. The article is based on the survey of scientific literature on teachers’ readiness/preparedness to distance education and results of the authors’ COVID-19 Teachers’ Questionnaire with 485 faculty members of major higher education institutions of Cherkasy region (Ukraine). The author proves that the effectiveness of distance learning depends on subjective (teachers’ and students’ preparedness for distance education) and objective factors (material and technical base of higher education institutions). Components of teacher’s readiness for distance learning and their indicators are summarized: motivational, cognitive, operational, technological, creative, personal. The outcomes of the questionnaire have identified that most respondents lack theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for the implementation of distance learning and encounter difficulties in teaching during quarantine.
Virtual Academic Advising in Challenging Times
Authors: Argüello Georgina
Published: January 2021

With the rapid shift to remote learning because of the pandemic, the academic advisors of colleges and universities had to adapt and change some of the ways they were advising the traditional higher education students. In this new normal, where social distance needs to be present and non-traditional education takes precedence in the learning environment, academic advisors had to rapidly adjust and use different technology tools of virtual advising. Over the past few years, colleges and universities that offer distance education programs have been struggling in engaging and retaining their non-traditional online learners. However, with the pandemic, these institutions may encounter the challenge of not only retaining the non-traditional students but also, the new distance learners. Therefore, academic advisors will need to use creative ways of providing advising services in this new learning environment. Many studies have demonstrated that virtual advising has been helpful to aid the distance education students. Virtual advising uses different technology applications and platforms. Using it correctly can help students and advisors with the registration cycles and with any other concerns the students may have. In this chapter, the author explains academic advising and the role of an advisor, the definition of virtual advising, the importance of combining the different approaches of academic advising into virtual advising, and the different technology tools that can assist academic advisors when doing their job of supporting the students in the new learning environment.
The Surge of e-learning during The 2020 Covid-19 Crisis: Threat or Promise? An Exploration and Conversation with a Professional in Education
Authors: Rojas-Garcia Carlos R. , Ruiz-Luna Arturo
Published: January 2021

The obligation for students to stay at home and take distance education due to the quarantine has turned virtual learning or e-learning into the most promising tool for safe teaching. Distance education appears to be the answer for the democratization of higher education in Latin America to eradicate poverty and inequality in work and living opportunities, still has to be accomplished. The Covid-19 crisis has forced the world education system to embrace e-learning without be prepared but does this mean a threat or as promise? In this article we explore the question at a point when the pandemic is still raging and definite answers are not yet available, firstly be presenting a framework based on previous research on e-learning in Latin-America, followed by a conversation with an e-learning professional engaged in Africa.
Supporting Learning through Learning Management Systems in an ODL Environment amid Covid-19: Technology Accessibility and Student Success
Authors: Sipho Netanda Rendani
Published: January 2021

Although prior research looked into the effects of LMSs upon student success, little is known on the effects of LMSs on student success, particularly during the current Covid-19 pandemic. Informed by technology acceptance model (TAM), this study explores the linkage between the geographic setting and the accessibility of NTs, and examines effects of LMSs upon student academic success in ODL in the context of Covid-19. The purpose of this chapter is to indicate how teaching and learning pedagogies is impacted by the novel coronavirus within the global open and distance learning education system and to suggest possible mechanisms to support students through learning management systems in order to reduce student attritions and to accelerate student success rate. I used a mixed-methods methodological lens, blending the self-administered questionnaires for 177 students with unstructured in-depth interviews with 2 regional directors, and 4 learning and facilitation managers during data collection. I analysed data descriptively and thematically, unveiling, from all cohorts of participants that the greater proportion of students are from remote rural areas with a considerable limited access to technologies, which ultimately adversely influences upon their usage and academic achievements. However, its continued use was valued salient with a potential to improve students’ academic performance and success. I conclude that inaccessibility to new technologies for teaching and learning has a bearing on students’ success. I propose that ODL institutions should support students by increasing accessibility of technologies through the provision of gadgets and data as well as establishing learning support centres and encourage students to use them in learning.
COVID – 19: Basis for United Future Global Response to a Pandemic
Authors: Matorevhu Alois
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the link between humans – animal interaction and emergence of global pandemics. Influenza virus to which humans have no immunity, has potential to cause a pandemic when it acquires the ability to cause sustained human to human transmission which lead to community wide outbreaks. Transmissibility and severity are the two most critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic. In the history of pandemics, neither the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus ([H1N1]pdm09) pandemic or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS – COV) or the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS – CoV) epidemics, had the combination of both high transmissibility and severity, like COVID – 19, hence it has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). It is clear COVID – 19 pandemic is an unprecedented danger which does not differentiate on any basis be it borders, ethnicities, disability status, age or gender. This justifies a united global approach to similar future pandemic outbreak. The role of education in preventing or mitigating future pandemics globally is discussed. Finally, the new normal based on previous pandemics, including the current COVID – 19 is analysed, with recommendations subsequently stated.
Over-Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Plant LeGST01, the Mammalian GST-Omega Homolog that Interacts with LeTPX1 from a Tomato cDNA Library
Authors: Fohely Firas , Sabarna Khaled Sabarna
Published: January 2021

The study focuses on an in vivo GST- omega homologue (pCRT7/TPxII intB4) over-expression, purification and characterization. Experiments purport to characterize the antioxidant activity of the LeTPx1, the interacting glutathione S-transferases BI-GST/GPx, LeGST-T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and the mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis Bcl-2. Upon specific expression, the proteins exerted, differential protective effects in yeast cells treated with lethal doses of the prooxidants hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and cumene hydroperoxide. The antioxidant activity of LeTPx1 was highest against the cumene hydroperoxide. The overexpressing GST (omega) homologue TPxintB4 (Baier and Dietz, 1999) which share a considerable homology of the mammalian GST-omega1. In conclusion, the work shows that yeast parental strains are extremely sensitive to very low concentrations (0.2mM) of Cumenehydroperoxide. However, after applying the different antioxidants; it appears that the smallest concentrations t to be tolerated.
Identificación de elementos del paisaje urbano que fomentan la caminata en Santiago
Authors: Herrmann-Lunecke Marie Geraldine , Mora Rodrigo , Véjares Paloma
Published: January 2021

Caminar es un modo de transporte sustentable y saludable, que debería ser promovido mediante la planificación y el diseño urbano. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los elementos del paisaje urbano que, desde la percepción del caminante, facilitan la caminata y, en contraste, los elementos que la inhiben, dentro de seis barrios pericentrales del Gran Santiago. Con este fin, se realizaron 120 walking interviews (entrevistas caminando in situ) con residentes durante septiembre, octubre y noviembre de 2018, permitiendo un detallado registro de la percepción auto-declarada de los peatones sobre sus entornos de movilidad peatonal. Los resultados muestran que elementos que promueven la caminata son la presencia de veredas anchas, árboles y uso de suelo mixto. En contraste, elementos que inhiben la caminata son veredas angostas y en mal estado, los cruces y, en especial, el tráfico motorizado y el ruido vehicular. Finalmente, en base a los resultados, se proponen recomendaciones para una planificación y un diseño de calles que promuevan la caminata.
Resiliencia urbana frente a inundaciones fluviales en Chile: experiencias de San Fernando y Los Ángeles
Authors: González González Luis Eduardo , Baeriswyl Rada Sergio , Zazo Moratalla Ana
Published: January 2021

Entender los atributos de los subsistemas que componen a la ciudad y su potencial en el incremento de las capacidades de resiliencia es crucial para la planificación urbana en áreas expuestas a amenazas naturales. Específicamente, este artículo se focaliza en ciudades intermedias que periódicamente son afectadas por inundaciones fluviales en el valle central de Chile. Al respecto, las experiencias internacionales demuestran que fenómenos similares tienen una tasa de retorno conocida y los centros poblados planificados pueden tomar medidas para adaptar su sistema urbano y convivir con ellas en lugar de sólo resistirlas. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las potenciales capacidades de los equipamientos críticos y su rol como motor de recuperación en escenarios de emergencia. Para demostrar aquello, este estudio examinó la relación entre los equipamientos críticos y el uso de los espacios abiertos de libre acceso en la ciudad, como atributos para incrementar las capacidades de resiliencia urbana frente a inundaciones fluviales instaladas, mediante dos casos de estudio: San Fernando y Los Ángeles en Chile. Lo anterior, medido a través de un modelo de evaluación diseñado por los autores. Consecuentemente, los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la localización y cobertura de dichos elementos es fundamental para incrementar la resiliencia.