bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Willkommen inSilamsi!?– Wahrnehmung und Konfliktpotentiale des arabischen Tourismus in Zell am See-Kaprun
Authors: Scharfenort Nadine
Published: December 2018

Die Region Zell am See-Kaprun ist beliebtes Ziel von arabischen Sommertouristen, die jedoch häufig als Störfaktoren empfunden werden und deren Wahrnehmung stark durch Stereotype und Vorurteile geprägt ist. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf einer empirischen Studie (2013–17) mit Methodentriangulation, in der arabische und nicht-arabische Touristen sowie Personen der lokalen Bevölkerung befragt wurden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Reaktionen von Akteuren der lokalen Tourismuswirtschaft gegenüber arabischen Touristen ambivalent ausfielen, da der ökonomische Nutzen der (emotionalen) Belastung aufgrund soziokultureller Differenzen gegenübersteht. Konfliktpotentiale ergeben sich im touristischen Alltag vor allem in Situationen und Interaktionen, bei denen divergierende gesellschaftliche Normen und Werte sowie kulturell spezifische Denk- und Verhaltensmuster auftreten. Transparenz und Kommunikation zwischen allen beteiligten Akteuren würde ein konfliktfreies und freundliches touristisches Miteinander fördern.
Ländliche Regional- und Destinationsentwicklungen als Diversifikationsstrategie – am Beispiel ausgewählter Emerging Economies in Asien und Lateinamerika
Authors: Schuhbert Arne
Published: December 2018

Eine von vielen Kontroversen in der Debatte um eine nachhaltige, ländliche Regionalentwicklung durch Tourismus entzündet sich an der Frage, inwiefern eine gezielte Entwicklung des Tourismussektors, im Rahmen der derzeit in vielenEmerging Economiesverfolgten Exportdiversifizierungsstrategien, zu einer Stimulation regionaler Wertketten und letzten Endes auch zu einer volkswirtschaftlichen Diversifizierung ländlich–peripherer Räume beitragen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt vor diesem Hintergrund die Intention, auf Ebene regionaler touristischer (Proto-)Cluster in ausgewählten (exportorientierten)Emerging EconomiesBedingungen der In-Wert-Setzung von Wissen in Form von Produktneuentwicklungen zu untersuchen und auf dieser Basis Ansatzpunkte konkreter Modelle und Tools (v. a. soziotechnische Lösungen) für eine gezielte Steigerung derUpgrading- bzw. Innovationsfähigkeit ländlichperipherer Tourismusregionen zu diskutieren.
Schlachtfelder als touristische Destinationen: Zum Konzept des Thanatourismus aus kulturwissenschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Samida Stefanie
Published: December 2018

Im Jahr 1921 geißelte der österreichische Publizist Karl Kraus den Tourismus zu den Schlachtfeldern des Ersten Weltkriegs als „Reklamefahrten zur Hölle“. Einhundert Jahre später sind die Originalschauplätze der Schlachten des Ersten Weltkriegs immer noch beliebte touristische Orte, an denen an die vielen tausend Toten dieses verheerenden Kriegs erinnert wird. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre haben der Begriff des Thanatourismus und die Beschäftigung mit diesem Phänomen eine rasante Entwicklung erfahren. Dies gilt allerdings – bis auf wenige Ausnahmen – nur für die anglophone Tourismusforschung. Am Beispiel des Schlachtfeldtourismus soll dieses im deutschsprachigen Raum noch recht junge und wenig beachtete Konzept kritisch diskutiert und sein Erkenntnispotential für die kulturwissenschaftliche Tourismusforschung ausgelotet werden.
Allein unter Reiseweltmeistern?
Authors: Passauer Marlena
Published: December 2018

Obwohl knapp 16 Mio. Deutsche im Jahr 2017 keine Urlaubsreise unternommen haben (FUR 2018), werden Nicht-Reisende in der deutschsprachigen Tourismusforschung kaum berücksichtigt. Im vorgestellten Projekt wird untersucht, welche Einflussfaktoren gegen die Partizipationsentscheidung im Tourismus wirken, wie Motivation bzw.Constraintsdie Partizipationsentscheidung beeinflussen und welche unterschiedlichen Entscheidungstypen von Nicht-Reisenden identifiziert werden können. Methodisch wird eine integrierte Herangehensweise mit qualitativen Interviews und quantitativen Befragungen im Rahmen der Reiseanalyse der FUR gewählt. In diesem Projekt wird ein neues Framework für die Auseinandersetzung mit den Nicht-Reisenden geschaffen, welches erstmals das Nicht-Reisen-Können und das Nicht-Reisen-Wollen gleichberechtigt berücksichtigt.
Wintertourismus in deutschen Mittelgebirgen und Mittelgebirgslagen im Kontext des Klimawandels
Authors: Wölfle Felix , Schnorbus Linda , Klein Anna , Wittmann-Wurzer Annegret , Neumann Peter , Oven-Krockhaus Ina zur
Published: December 2018

Der Klimawandel stellt den Wintertourismus in Mittelgebirgen und Mittelgebirgslagen vor große Herausforderungen. Dieser Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur Wichtigkeit der Schneesicherheit für die Reiseentscheidung von Wintertouristen in diesen Regionen dar. Es zeigte sich, dass Skifahrer und Snowboarder (zusammen 45 Prozent der Befragten) der Schneesicherheit die größte Wichtigkeit beigemessen haben, für die anderen Gäste war die Schneesicherheit nicht reiseentscheidend. Mit zunehmendem Alter nahm die Wichtigkeit der Schneesicherheit ab und für einen weiteren Besuch in diesen Regionen wurde die Schneesicherheit selten als reiseentscheidend genannt. Demzufolge können bei entsprechender Anpassung des Angebotes an die Klimaentwicklung und zukünftige Gästebedürfnisse Mittelgebirge auch weiterhin im Winter attraktive Reiseziele darstellen.
Natural tilings and free space in zeolites: models, statistics, correlations, prediction
Authors: Blatova Olga A. , Golov Andrey A. , Blatov Vladislav A.
Published: December 2018

We review two concepts in description of free space in the zeolite-like frameworks: topological (natural tiling) and geometrical-topological (Voronoi net). Advantages and disadvantages as well as similarities and differences of both concepts are discussed. We also consider the packing model of zeolite framework assemblage, which is derived from the natural tiling approach. New statistical data are given for natural tilings and Voronoi models of all known 239 zeolite frameworks. A route to modeling and prediction of new zeolite frameworks is outlined.
VURGULU ELEKTRİK ALAN TEKNİĞİNİN NATÜREL ZEYTİNYAĞININ ÜRETİM VERİMİ İLE KİMYASAL VE DUYUSAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: GÜNEŞ Recep , KURULTAY Şefik , GEÇGEL Ümit
Published: December 2018

Zeytin ağacının meyvesinden hiçbir saflaştırma
(rafinasyon) işlemine tabi olmadan sadece mekanik veya diğer fiziksel
yöntemlerle elde edilen natürel (doğal) zeytinyağının (Virgin olive
oil, VOO) üretim süreci son yıllarda stabil kalmıştır. Günümüzde ise, kaliteli
natürel zeytinyağlarının endüstriyel anlamda üretilebilmesi için geleneksel
kesikli üretimin, sürekli üretim sistemine dönüştürülmesi ve üretim
kapasitelerinin iyileştirilmesi için gelişmiş makinelerin tasarlanması ve
oluşturulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, gıda ürünlerinin işlenmesinde
keşfedilen yeni teknolojilerden biri olan vurgulu elektrik alan (Pulsed
electric field, PEF) uygulaması, birçok gıdanın işlenmesinde başarılı bir
şekilde uygulanabildiği gibi natürel zeytinyağının üretiminde de verimi
arttırmak ve aynı zamanda yüksek kalitede son ürün elde etmek için
önerilmektedir. Bu derlemede, PEF işleminin temel prensipleri ile bu tekniğin
zeytinyağının üretim verimine etkisi ve son ürünün kalitesi üzerindeki rolünün
ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır.
Ghosting Agrippina
Authors: Lanfossi Carlo
Published: December 2018

Baroque opera was invented on a deathly premise: reviving a tradition of sung ancient tragedy that had in fact never existed. Modern historiography has struggled with the notion of origins, focusing on relationships among the surviving textual sources to make sense of the proliferation of theatrical subjects. These relationships remain important—but there is also reason to delve deeper into the “haunted” status of early opera. With respect to three central works on the subject of Agrippina and her son Nero (Nerone fatto Cesare, Noris-Perti, Venice 1693; Agrippina, Noris-Magni, Milan 1703; and L’Agrippina, Handel-[Grimani], Venice 1709), the haunted status of performances was made explicit, both in the drama and in contemporary poems dedicated to the main singers.

Using terminology associated with the “spectral turn” in the humanities, this essay argues for rethinking operatic genealogies through the lens of hauntological intertextualities. In contrast to traditional theories of compositional influence, this study adopts a non-linear historiographical approach to performance genealogies, embracing text, music, and discourse about opera itself. Contesting the use of the concept of “origins” with respect to both the birth and subject matter of baroque opera, I argue that the genre developed as an already haunted narration.
Comic Irony in Harold en Italie
Authors: Ritchey Marianna
Published: December 2018

Berlioz’s Harold en Italie (1834) is a strange, ambiguously programmatic symphony that refers explicitly to both Beethoven and Byron—two of the lions of Romantic heroism—in ways that are not always straightforward. I argue that Berlioz’s evocation of Romantic heroism is an ironic commentary on the impossibility of artistic freedom in bourgeois society. I also identify a new literary connection to the symphony: the comically ironic short stories and journalism written by Berlioz’s friend Théophile Gautier.

Many have argued that both the Byronic archetype and the nineteenth-century symphony became vehicles for exploring the high ideal of Romantic heroism. Hearing Harold as humorously ironic enables insights into Berlioz’s experience of his cultural moment and alternative readings of the impact of Byronic and Beethovenian heroism on subsequent generations of artists, while also opening possibilities for exploring narrative as a hermeneutic for musical analysis.
THE BIRHOR TRIBES OF RAMGARH DISTRICT, JHARKHAND – A FERRET INTO THEIR ORAL HEALTH STATUS AND TREATMENT NEEDS
Authors: Kumar Gunjan , Dileep C L , Sethi Alok Kumar , Gupta Bhaskar
Published: December 2018

Aim and objectives. Jharkhand is a land of 32 listed Tribes, out of which eight tribes have been categorized as ‘Primitive Tribes’ and the Birhors are one among these. The study was aimed at assessing the oral health status and treatment needs of the native Birhors.Material and methods. A cross-sectional household survey of 400 Birhors in the panchayats of Basantpur, Kuju Purvi and Mandu Chatti was conducted. A modified World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Assessment Form (1997) was utilized and examined according to the WHO methodology (1997). The recorded data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 15. Results. Based on the occupation, it was found that 141 (35.25%) subjects were hunters and 90 (22.50%) subjects practiced agriculture. A majority of 337 (84.25%) subjects were using the Sakhua twigs (Shorea robusta) to clean their teeth. It was observed that 381 (95.25%) subjects were quite healthy and had no oral mucosal lesions. Almost half of the study subjects (45%) were habituated to tobacco and among them 101 (56.11%) subjects were using khaini, followed by 46 (25.56%) subjects who used bidis. The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) Index scores among males and females was 1.05±2.59 and 1.02±2.17, respectively. Subjects with bleeding gums were predominantly seen in the age group of 2-5 years (26.75%) and those with shallow pockets were more commonly seen in the age group of 16-34 years (47.12%). A total of 53 (13.25%) subjects and 33 (8.25%) subjects had a LOA of 4-5 mm and 6-8 mm, respectively. Among males, 0.44±2.60 subjects each needed one/two surface fillings. A total of 14 (3.5%) and 15 (3.75%) subjects needed one-unit prosthesis in the upper and lower jaws, respectively.Conclusion. The study showed that a majority of Birhor tribals (84.25%) used Sakhua twigs to clean their teeth. Almost half of the study subjects (45%) were habituated to tobacco in myriad forms.
Short Review on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bronchiectasis
Authors: Lesan Andrei , Lamle Alicia Elisabeth
Published: December 2018

Bronchiectasis refers to the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It is often a sequel of insufficiently treated lung disease that develops into a pathological pattern of dilated bronchi, which  heightens susceptibility to further lung infections. Modernization of diagnostic procedures (computed tomography scan) and definition of a clinical picture (repeated lung infections with a chronic cough and persistent sputum production) have raised international awareness of the prevalence of the disease, leading to increasing interest in reviewing and renewing the treatment guidelines.We selectively conducted a research on PubMed using the following keywords: “bronchiectasis”, “diagnosis”, “treatment”, “management”,  “antibiotics”. This review focuses solely on bronchiectasis not due to cystic fibrosis. All relevant articles published after the year of 2000 were included.The aim of this review is to provide an analytical update on the management of bronchiectasis, focusing on etiological factors as well as existing and developing treatment options for the disease.
Silicon-enhanced resistance of plants to biotic stresses review article
Authors: Sakr N.
Published: December 2018

The emerging role of silicon (Si) has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous agronomic benefits of this element to plants. Indeed, silicon improves plant resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses, with consequent yield increases. Furthermore, it enhances resistance in several crops of great economic importance to diseases and insect pests. Until recently, the exact nature of protective effects of silicon in plants is uncertain. To date, two major defense mechanisms due to silicon application have been documented: physical defense and biochemical defense. In this review, the interaction between silicon-treated- plants and reduced biotic stresses (disease and insect pests) incidence was explored. The current research presents the agronomic importance of silicon in plants, the control of fungal and bacterial pathogens and insect pests according to their lifestyle, and viral agents, and different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance. By regrouping the data presented in this paper, a good knowledge of the association between silicon treatment, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing biotic stresses occurrence could be achieved.
Efficiency of some medicinal plant extracts and an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae separately and in combination with proteus® against the large cabbage butterfly, pieris brassicae L.
Authors: Khorrami F. , Soleymanzade A. , Ghosta Y. , Poushand F.
Published: December 2018

Pieris brassicae(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) causes great qualitative and quantitative damage to cabbage crops. The present research was conducted to assess the synergistic/antagonistic interactions ofSatureja hortensis,Trachyspermum ammi,Ziziphora tenuior,Cuminum cyminum, andFoeniculum vulgaremethanolic extracts withMetarhizium anisopliaeand Proteus® againstP. brassicaepupae under laboratory conditions. The tested methanolic extracts when combined withM. anisopliaeand Proteus® possessed synergistic efficacy (except forM. anisopliae+ ammi). Probit analysis of extracts revealedS. hortensisas the most effective extract with LC50value equivalent to 43.49 ppm. Proteus® also exhibited a high efficacy (LC50=48.88). The results support the potential of cumin, fennel, savory and ziziphora methanolic extracts to improve the efficacy ofM. anisopliae. Results demonstrated that all tested extracts integrated with Proteus® provide more effective control ofP. brassicaethan Proteus® alone.
Composition, repellent and fumigant toxicity of Mentha longifolia essential oil on Tetranychus urticae and three predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae (Acari: Tetranychidae: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Momen F. M. , Abdelkader M. M. , Fahim S. F.
Published: December 2018

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of the medicinal plant Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds growing in Egypt, were determined through Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry ( GC/MS). The analyses revealed that the major component of M. longifolia was Monterpene ketone (piperitone oxide). Mentha longifolia was potent for the pest Tetranychus urticae Koch with a significant increase in repellency. In addition, it exhibited strong oviposition deterrence to the pest based on a 99.4% reduction of the total number of eggs on leaf discs treated with the oil. The LC50 values of M. longifolia against eggs, nymphs and females of T. urticae by fumigant application, were 2.95, 3.47, 3.74 μL / L, while the LC90 values were 8.99, 9.41, 11.01 μL/ L, respectively.

The toxicity of M. longifolia oil by fumigant application to females and eggs of 3 predatory phytoseiid mites was tested. Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is extremely insusceptible to M. longifolia oil than the pest T. urticae and both phytoseiid mites, Neoseiuls barkeri (Hughes) and Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot) under laboratory conditions. When both stages of tested predatory mites, exposed to fumigant of LC50 and LC90 μL/L values reported on T. urticae, female’s mortality of N. californicus was lesser than that reported on N. barkeri and T. swirskii.

These show that the fumigant toxicity of M. longifolia oil has the highest lethal activity to the pest T. urticae and the least to the predatory mite N. californicus. Results indicated that the mode of delivery of the essential oil was largely a result of action in the vapor phase via respiratory system. Data was suggested that M. longifolia oil have the potential agent to be used in the maintainable management of T. urticae combined with N. californicus.
Investigation of polyphenol resistance of Aspergillus flavus on Cornmeal media
Authors: Kovács Szilvia , Pusztahelyi Tünde
Published: December 2018

Cornmeal agar (CMA) is a good to model natural conditions (low C and N, high antioxidants, crude fat) for phytopathogenic fungi. Different CMA media was prepared to model the maize kernel as growth environment for Aspergillus flavus, where stress resistance and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production were tested. The CMA medium with high polyphenol and low fatty acid content did not support the mycelial growth and high AFB1 production but the sclerotia development of the cultures. High fatty acid content in the CMA exceeded the inhibitory effect of antioxidant polyphenols of corn and low concentration of AFB1 was detected. Glucose supplement of CMA induced AFB1 production proving the need for free carbon source for the secondary metabolite pathway. The tolerance of the fungus against salt and cell membrane stress was lowered on CMA. At higher fatty acid concentration, the aflatoxin B1 production cannot be hindered by the natural antioxidants and that is important in selection of resistant corn hybrids.
Interaction between Triticum aestivum plants and four fusarium head blight species on the level of pathogenicity: Detected in an in vitro Petri-dish assay
Authors: Sakr N.
Published: December 2018

The interaction between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants and four filamentous species of the Fusarium genus (the causal agent of Fusarium head blight, FHB) was analyzed in an in vitro Petri-dish assay. Pathogenicity criteria as well as germination rate reduction, standardized area under disease progress curve (AUDPCstandard), and coleoptile length reduction were investigated in seeds and six-day-old seedlings showing a moderately level of quantitative resistance, after inoculations with 16 FHB isolates. AUDPCstandard did differentiate FHB isolates and the other two pathogenicity criteria did not. It was not possible to cluster the isolates based on their species origins because of similarity in pathogenic level among the 16 fungal isolates. Cultivar-specific pathogenicity has been detected. The values of disease incidence and disease severity involved in previous artificial head and floret inoculations showed significant correlation with AUDPCstandard: r=0.653** and r=0.559*, respectively. AUDPCstandard could be of potential use in evaluating the pathogenicity of FHB in adult wheat plants.
The invasive flat mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks, 1904) in Hungary: Notes to the morphology, new locality and new host
Authors: Kontschán J. , Ripka G.
Published: December 2018

Three specimens of invasive pest mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks, 1904) were collected on leaves of Dracaena marginata ʻTricolorʼ plant. The collected specimens belong to the Beard et al. (2015) “species B group” on the basis of the morphology of prodorsal and opisthonothal pattern. A new key to the Hungarian Brevipalpus is given.
Field response of two cetoniin chafers (Coleoptera, scarabaeidae) to floral compounds in ternary and binary combinations
Authors: Lohonyai Zsófia , Vuts J. , Fail J. , Tóth M. , Imrei Z.
Published: December 2018

Several synthetic floral lures have been described for the cetoniin scarabs Cetonia aurata aurata L. and Potosia cuprea Fabr. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), exploiting their olfaction-guided behavioural preference for a wide range of flower volatiles.

A ternary mixture of 3-methyl eugenol, 1-phenylethanol and (E)-anethol has previously been described as a powerful synthetic floral attractant for both C. a. aurata and P. cuprea. The first objective of the present research was to test whether isoeugenol and eugenol, with a very similar molecular structure to 3-methyl eugenol, can substitute 3-methyl eugenol in the ternary blend. All baited traps caught significantly more of both species than unbaited control traps, however, traps containing 3-methyl eugenol caught significantly more than those with either isoeugenol or eugenol. This indicates a fine tuning in behavioural response to 3-methyl eugenol.

The second objective was to devise simpler attractant combinations for C. a. aurata and P. cuprea, based on previous field studies with synthetic floral compounds. Both C. a. aurata and P. cuprea showed strong attraction to the combination of 2-phenylethanol and 4-methoxyphenethyl alcohol, while the combination of 2-phenylethanol and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene resulted in medium-size catches, however, mostly catching P. cuprea. This level of selectivity may lead to the development of more selective lures for P. cuprea, and provide a better understanding of the feeding-related olfactory ecology of the two important pest chafer species.
First record of Penthalodes ovalis (Dugès, 1834) in agricultural area with notes on its pest status (Acari: Penthalodidae)
Authors: Kontschán J. , Lorne M. , Kreiter S.
Published: December 2018

The first record of species Penthalodes ovalis (Dugès, 1834) in agricultural habitat is presented in this paper. This is also the first record of the occurrence and damages on grown plants. The variability of the morphology and new data on the biology are given as well.
Pyrolysis of brown algae (Bifurcaria Bifurcata) in a stainless steel tubular reactor: From a review to a case study
Authors: Guida M. Y. , Laghchioua F. E. , Hannioui A.
Published: December 2018

This article deals with fast pyrolysis of brown algae, such as Bifurcaria Bifurcata at the range of temperature 300–800 °C in a stainless steel tubular reactor. After a literature review on algae and its importance in renewable sector, a case study was done on pyrolysis of brown algae especially, Bifurcaria Bifurcata. The aim was to experimentally investigate how the temperature, the particle size, the nitrogen flow rate (N2) and the heating rate affect bio-oil, bio-char and gaseous products. These parameters were varied in the ranges of 5–50 °C/min, below 0.2–1 mm and 20–200 mL. min–1, respectively. The maximum bio-oil yield of 41.3wt% was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, particle size between 0.2–0.5 mm, nitrogen flow rate (N2) of 100 mL. min–1 and heating rate of 5 °C/min. Liquid product obtained under the most suitable and optimal condition was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR and GC-MS. The analysis of bio-oil showed that bio-oil from Bifurcaria Bifurcata could be a potential source of renewable fuel production and value added chemicals.
Evaluation of relaxation and creep curve by application of peleg linearization and prony series
Authors: Mohos Ferenc Á. , Vozáry Eszter
Published: December 2018

In practice, there is a demand for quick characterization of rheological properties of food materials. The exact model calculation requires complex and long-term mathematical process. In this work, a simple, quick linearization method – the Peleg linearization – is discussed and is compared with the Prony series method. In the Peleg linearization only two constants are used, one of them gives the initial rate of relaxation or creep and the second one gives the equilibrium value of relaxing force or of creeping strain. The Prony series approach the relaxation and creep with the sum of two or more exponential functions and equilibrium values. Both methods give the same equilibrium values for both the relaxation and creep of wine gums and apple. The initial increasing rate of creep is higher by the Peleg linearization and lower by the Prony series. At relaxation the initial decreasing rate is lower by the Peleg linearization and higher by the Prony series.
Estimation of wind drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler irrigation of urban green spaces
Authors: Naderianfar M. , Faryabi A. , Dehghan H.
Published: December 2018

The wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) are high in arid, semi-arid and windward areas, and reduce the efficiency of the sprinkler irrigation system; therefore, this study was carried out in order to achieve a practical criterion and provide a relationship for accurate estimation of the wind drift and evaporation losses in different atmospheric conditions. The experiments were done at the Meteorological Station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad using a line-source sprinkler irrigation system based on the single sprinkler installation method. To achieve the objectives of this plan, factorial experiment was performed on PGP sprinkler with regard to the two factors, the pressure of the sprinkler function (with three levels 1.6, 2.5 and 3.4 bar) and the diameter of the nozzle (with three levels of 4, 5 and 6 mm) with three replications (morning, noon and night). Assessing the result of the data variance analysis showed that the effects of pressure, aperture diameter, and time on the wind drift and evaporation losses are not significant. Investigating the main effects of these factors showed that the effect of aperture diameter on irrigation losses is significant at the level of the 1%. In order to further investigate, the comparison of mean losses data in three aperture diameter was done using Duncan′s test. The results indicated that aperture 4 with the losses of 44% had a significant difference with other diameters. This result suggests an increase in losses for smaller diameters due to the small droplets and the increase in wind drift. Also, the comparison of the mean losses data in three times showed that irrigation at noon with the losses of 44% had a significant difference compared to other times due to a significant increase in temperature and radiation of the sun and saturation vapor pressure deficit, and there is no significant difference between morning and evening irrigation. Also, analysis of variance showed that the effect of water pressure change between 1.6 and 4.3 bar does not have a significant effect on the WDEL in this sprinkler. In general, the results showed that increasing wind speed increases the losses of evaporation and wind. Also, this study suggested that changing the irrigation time in areas with hot and dry days, from day to night in summer, leads to a significant reduction of the wind drift and evaporation losses.
Process of Modeling and Optimizing the Osmotic Dehydration Pre-treatment of Okra Drying
Authors: OLANIYAN Adesoji Matthew , OMOLEYOMI Bamidele David , SUNMONU Musliu Olushola
Published: December 2018

Okra [Abelmoschuscaillei (A. Chev.) Stevels] drying was studied by a factorial experiment under randomized complete block design using a laboratory-scale hot-air dryer. Two osmotic solution concentrations (40 and 60 oBrix of sucrose), three osmotic process durations (60, 120 and 180 min) and four drying temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 oC) were considered with each trial conducted in triplicates. Drying rate was determined as the ratio of change in mass of okra to the change in drying time as drying progresses. The ash content, crude fibre, crude fat, crude protein, bulk density, least gelation concentration and water absorption capacity were investigated as quality parameters. Model equations were developed using Essential Regression (ESSREG) analysis and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to relate output parameters to process variables. The results showed that an optimum drying rate of 16.69 g/h could be achieved by subjecting okra to osmotic dehydration pretreatment using a solution of 40 oBrix sucrose for 149.10 min and dried with a temperature of 80 oC. The ash content of 3.76% could be obtained at 40 oBrix, 180 min and 50 oC. An optimum value of 29.65% was obtained for crude fibre at an osmotic solution concentration of 60 °Brix, osmotic process duration of 180 min and drying temperature of 80 oC. Crude fat content of okra has 4.03% as its optimum value and this corresponds to a combination of 60 oBrix osmotic solution concentration, 180 min osmotic process duration and 74.60 oC drying temperature. An osmotic solution concentration of 60 °Brix, osmotic process duration of 60 min and drying temperature of 80 oC should be selected to give the optimum crude protein of 14.12%. Predicted values of drying rate, ash content, crude fibre, crude fat, crude protein and water absorption capacity (WAC) compared favourably with the observed values. This implies the models reliably predicted the drying characteristics of okra very well in terms of these output parameters. It could be inferred from this study that the drying process of okra can be optimized under different drying conditions. Further studies should be carried out on the factors that affect the storability of dried okra for long-time storage and preservation. An investigation into the use of sodium chloride for osmotic dehydration pretreatment as a means of improving the post-drying palatability of okra should be considered for further study.
Economic Evaluation of Different Culture Enclosures for Musca domestica Larval Production and Their Utilization for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Diets
Authors: KOLAWOLE Asiata A. , UGWUMBA Adiaha Alda Alex
Published: December 2018

The study was designed to investigate the rate of larval (maggot) production from different culture enclosures, as well as to compare the cost effectiveness and utilization of the maggot in the diet of African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Musca domestica larvae were cultured from poultry dung for five week, where upon they were utilized as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of fingerlings of African mud catfish. The maggots were cultured in four different enclosures: aluminium mobile maggotry, aluminium, plastic and wooden boxes. The harvested maggots were processed by oven drying and powdered as maggot meal. The maggot meal was used to substitute fish meal in eight diets with different inclusion levels of 0% (control), 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%. The formulated diets were fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings in triplicates for 10 weeks. The growth, nutrient utilization and survival of fish were monitored during the experimental period. The cost effectiveness of different culture enclosure was studied. Results indicate that aluminium box was the best option, giving the highest weight of maggot production, and was the most cost effective of all the culture enclosures studied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded in weight gain of fish between the control and the maggot meal-based diets, while the highest weight gain was observed in fish fed 70% maggot meal-based diet. Specific and relative growth rates were found to be high in fish fed 60% maggot meal diet, while they were lowest in fish fed 20% maggot meal diet and the control diet. The best protein intake was recorded in fish fed the 70% maggot meal-based diet and lowest in fish fed the control diet. Survival of fish was generally high (78.3%-93.30%) and was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the fish fed as the control and the maggot meal-based diets. The study confirms that maggots of Musca domestica are suitable as partial replacement of fishmeal at 60-70% inclusion level for optimal growth performance and nutrient utilization in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.
Canopy Temperature and Chlorophyll Content are Effective Measures of Drought Stress Tolerance in Durum Wheat
Authors: JOKAR Fereshteh , KARIMIZADEH Rahmatollah , MASOUMIASL Asad , AMIRI FAHLIANI Reza
Published: December 2018

Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) is used for the preparation of multiple food products, including pasta and bread. Its production is restricted due to diverse environmental stresses i.e. drought and heat stress. Here, comparative analysis of durum wheat varieties was done by studying canopy temperature depression (CTD) and chlorophyll content (CHL), yield and yield contributing traits to evaluate their performance under stress and low stress conditions. Twelve durum wheat genotypes were studied under stressful and low-stress conditions in Gachsaran region of Iran. CTD and CHL were measured at two stages, from the emergence of fifty percent of inflorescence (ZGS 54) to watery ripe stage (ZGS 71). According to stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) indices, genotype G10 exhibited the most, while genotype G6, the least relative tolerance, respectively. Based on MP and GMP, genotype G10 was found to be drought tolerant, while genotype G2 displayed the lowest amount of MP and GMP. Therefore these genotypes are recommended to be used as genitors in artificial hybridization for improvement of drought tolerance in other cultivars. All indices had high correlation with grain yield under stress and non-stress condition, indicating more suitability of these indices for selection of resistant genotype. Results of the present study showed that among drought tolerance indices, harmonic mean (HM), GMP, CTD and modified STI index (K2STI) can be used as the most suitable indicators for screening drought tolerant cultivars.
Effectiveness of Various Solar Light Traps With and Without Sex Pheromone for Mass Trapping of Tomato Leaf Miner (Tuta absoluta) in a Tomato Field
Authors: PEZHMAN Hossein , SAEIDI Karim
Published: December 2018

Tuta absolute was a quarantine pest in Iran that has been recorded for the first time in 2009. The most conventional methods for control of this pest in Iran are chemical methods and mass trapping, although the efficiency of the latter method is not clear. In 2013, the efficiency of three common types of solar light traps with and without sex pheromone, along with water pan pheromone traps for control, were investigated. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design within in a tomato field. The treatments were Behroyan light trap (BL), Zist bani light trap (ZL), Russell light trap (RL), BL + pheromone, ZL+ pheromone, RL+ pheromone and water pan pheromone trap (WPT). Traps were checked weekly and the number of captured tomato leaf miner (TLM), Noctuid moths, Chrysopa sp., Coccinella septempuctata and Syrphid flies were counted. Mean weekly capture of TLM in BL, ZL and RL traps without sex pheromone were 9.11 ± 1.16, 4.94 ± 0.24 and 1.66 ± 0.7, while within traps sex pheromone were 54.72 ± 11.8, 42.05 ± 6.47, 39.02 ± 2.82, respectively. The mean weekly capture of Noctuid moths in the traps without pheromone were 16.92 ± 1.39, 25.39 ± 0.57, 1.49 ± 0.27 and with pheromone were 21.04 ± 1.72, 28.09 ± 0.95, 2.76 ± 1.39, respectively. Mean weekly capture of TLM and Noctuid moths in WPT traps were 47.13 ± 3.06 and 0.73 ± 0.27, respectively. The total attracted numbers of predators by the three light traps were not significant. In conclusion, traps baited sex pheromone (especially BL and ZL) could be used as eco- friendly tools for mass trapping of TLM and some key Noctuid moth pests in isolated tomato fields.
Isolation and Protein Characterization of Lindane Degrading Root Epiphytic Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. T16 from Typha latifolia
Authors: SINGH Tanvi , SINGH Dileep K.
Published: December 2018

Lindane, extensively used as pesticide, causes severe environmental hazard and is a threat to the humanity. The present study aims to assess the capability and mechanism of root epiphytic bacteria of wetland plant Typha latifolia to degrade lindane. Isolation of lindane degrading root epiphytic bacteria was done by standard enrichment technique and lindane degradation analysis was done using Gas Liquid Chromatography. Bacterial strain Arthrobacter sp. T16 was isolated and identified, which showed maximum degradation of 71.2 ± 1.3% of 50 mg l-1 lindane. Lindane biodegradation was accompanied with decrease in pH, increase in chloride ions concentration of culture medium and a positive dechlorination assay. Biodegradation potential of Arthrobacter sp. T16 was also studied at different lindane concentrations. Maximum degradation was observed at 10 mg l-1 lindane followed by 50 mg l-1 and 100 mg l-1 lindane. Lindane biodegradation kinetics study inferred that the average rate of lindane degradation increased with increase in lindane concentration. Lindane induced proteins in Arthrobacter sp. T16 were studied by SDS-PAGE. Distinctive polypeptides came into view in the presence of lindane and were identified as putative ABC transporter periplasmic amino acid-binding protein, elongation factor Tu and trifunctional transcriptional regulator/proline dehydrogenase/pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, each expressed due to lindane stress. This study specifies the potential of phytoremediation in controlling the environmental contamination problem with the help of indigenous organisms present in roots of plants.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) as a Biological Control Agent of Lentil Weevil, Bruchus lentis, Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: SAEIDI Karim , PEZHMAN Hossein , KARIMIPOUR-FARD Hadi
Published: December 2018

Stored-product pests in the family Bruchidae of Coleoptera represent important pests affecting legume seeds. The lentil weevil, Bruchus lentis Froelich (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is one of the major lentil pests in Iran and in the world. The economic losses caused by this pest on lentil grow up to 40%. Synthetic pesticides are currently the chosen method to protect stored grain from insect damage. However, their widespread use has led to the development of pest strains resistant to insecticides and pest resurgence. In recent years, nonchemical methods, including biological agents are considered safe methods to control the stored grain pests. Positive characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control factors of arthropod pests, introduce them as an appropriate option for controlling the integrated pest management of lentil weevil. In the present study, an isolate of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, isolated from soils around Yasouj and based on morphological traits and morphometric data were identified.  Adult insects of lentil weevil were exposed to concentrations of 0; 500; 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 infective juvenile/ml of distilled water at different temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C). Insects were placed on filter paper impregnated with 1 ml of nematode suspension in Petri dishes for three days. Mortality of the insects was recorded every 24 hours. The highest mortality was recorded after 72 hours, which represented 79.40%, at the concentration of 3,000 infective juvenile at 26 °C.
Field Evaluation of Yield and Yield Component Traits of Breeding Lines of Maize over Two Seasons in Derived Savannah Agro-Ecology
Authors: UBA Charles U. , AGBO Christian U. , CHUKWUDI Uchechukwu P. , EFUSIE Andrew A. , MUOJIAMA Stella O.
Published: December 2018

The understanding of yield and the interaction with its components is very important for selection in early generations of crop breeding. Twelve maize genotypes were collected from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) along with seven landraces in order to identify the contribution of different traits to yield improvement. The experiments were carried out in two different seasons (March/April-early and July/August- late) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Early season planting had a higher grain yield than late season planting. The difference in grain yield between early and late season was 3.92 tons/ha. This represents a 27.8% increase in grain yield during the early season over the late season planting. Number of ears per plant and shelling percentage were not influenced by seasonal effects. Ear weight and days to tasselling showed the highest direct positive effects of 0.972 and 0.665, respectively on grain yield, during early season. Furthermore, ear weight, followed by shelling percentage, exerted the highest direct positive effect on grain yield in late season. Higher indirect positive effects were obtained for ear diameter, ear length, ear height and plant height via ear weight in both seasons. Ear weight, days to tasselling and ear length were identified as the major traits affecting yield of maize in both seasons in the derived Savannah agro-ecology.
Assessment of Aglycones Isoflavone Profiling of Staple Indian Grain Flours and Soybean Sprout-Flour
Authors: MANOHARLAL Raman , GANDRA Saiprasad V.S.
Published: December 2018

In the present study, investigation of fourteen traditional and most commonly used Indian staple grain flour types (viz. wheat, white rice, processed little millet, maize, all-purpose/refined wheat flour, chickpea flour, toasted gram flour, little millet, quinoa, soybean, white millet, pearl millet, semolina/cream of wheat and finger millet) was undertaken for the assessment of 3 major bioactive aglycone forms of isoflavone (IF): daidzein (DI), glycitein (GY) and genistein (GN), with a special interest on the effect of sprouting on total and individual IF components. The obtained results showed that the content and composition of total IF were negligible among all the investigated flours except for soybean, wherein detectable total (227 mg kg-1) and individual IF (45, 129 and 53 mg kg-1 for DI, GY and GN respectively) components were observed. From soybean mature seeds to sprouts formation with ~80% germination rate at a pilot-scale, a 31% increase in total IF (298 mg kg-1), characterised by an individual and respective increment of 30% (58 mg kg-1), 25% (161 mg kg-1) and 48% (78 mg kg-1) in corresponding DI, GY and GN components, was observed. The current results demonstrated that for the Indian scenario, contribution of aforementioned grains, other than soybean in daily dietary intake of IF is negligible and sprouting represents an effective way to enhance the endogenous IF content.
Genetic Diversity Based on ISSR Markers of Apple Genotypes in Ardahan/Turkey
Authors: SEVİNDİK Emre , UYSAL Hüseyin , MURATHAN Zehra Tuğba
Published: December 2018

Within the present study, it was conducted a genetic diversity analysis using ISSR markers for some apple genotypes grown in Ardahan region, Turkey. Total genomic DNA (gDNA) isolation from apple leaves was performed using commercial kits. Five ISSR primers were used to determine the genetic diversity among the genotypes studied. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed with all gDNA samples to produce bands to score. PCR products were run in agarose gel and visualized under UV light. Bands on the gels were scored as “1”, while no bands at the corresponding positions were scored as “0”, to generate the matrix file. Five ISSR primers produced a total of 35 bands, and 20 of them were polymorphic. The polymorphic bands rated approximately 57%. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances between the genotypes were calculated by using the PAUP [Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods)] program.  According to the PAUP data, the closest genetic distance was 0.03704 between ‘Kaburga’ and ‘Japon Apple’ genotypes, while the furthest genetic distance was 0.48148 between ‘Karanfil Apple’ and ‘Sisli Uruset’. The phylogenetic analysis obtained using UPGMA algorithm produced a phylogenetic tree with two clades. The results suggest that ISSR markers are useful tools for determining genetic relationships among apple genotypes.
Effect of Exogenous Application of Several Plant Growth Regulators on Photosynthetic Pigments of Fennel Plants
Authors: PARMOON Ghasem , EBADI Ali , JAHANBAKHSH Soodabe , HASHEMI Masoud , MOOSAVI Seyed Amir
Published: December 2018

In order to investigate the effects of some plant growth regulators on photosynthetic pigments and growth of fennel plants, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on the randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2017. Treatments were the application of methyl jasmonate (25, 50, 100 and 200 μM), putrescine (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and 24-Epibrassinolide at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM and distilled water as a control. The results indicated that application of 0.5 Mm putrescine, exhibited significant effects on the chlorophyll a (62%), b (104%), total chlorophyll (72%), carotenoids (51%), flavonoids (51%), anthocyanin content (-14%), phenolic compounds (13%) and maximum quantum efficiency (17%) in dark condition and in light condition. Application of 24-Epibrassinolide resulted in a significant increase of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol content, maximum quantum efficiency in the dark condition and photochemical quenching of fluorescence. The highest chlorophyll content and carotenoids were observed in treated plants with 0.1 µM 24-Epibrassinolide, while the maximum phenol content was obtained by application of 0.01 µM 24-Epibrassinolide. The application of methyl jasmonate significantly affected the major chlorophyll and accessory pigments (except phenol) of fennel. Plants treated with 50 µM methyl jasmonate exhibited higher concentrations of chlorophyll a (3.25 mg per g FW-1), total chlorophyll (4.35 mg per g FW-1), carotenoids (0.87 mg per g FW-1) and flavonoids (4.75 µg per g FW-1). A significant dry weight increased after the application of methyl jasmonate and it can be concluded that the most effective treatment in this regard for fennel plants was 50 µM methyl jasmonate.
In Vitro Organogenesis of a Slipper Orchid, Paphiopedilum ‘Alma Gavaert’
Authors: CHEN Jen-Tsung
Published: December 2018

The aim of the present study was to improve the regeneration efficiency of callus lines in a slipper orchid, Paphiopedilum ‘Alma Gavaert’. Three kinds of vegetative tissues, root, stem and leaf segments, were used as explants to induce callogenesis; out of these, only root explants formed callus and was subcultured in the presence of 5 mg/L dicamba and 5 mg/L 2,4-D combined with 1 or 2 mg/L TDZ. The resulting four callus lines, assigned as 5Di1T, 5Di2T, 5D1T and 5D2T, respectively, were used to test the effect of NAA to BA ratios on re-differentiation, wherein the highest number of shoots (approximately 2 shoots/0.1 g callus clump) were obtained in callus line 5D2T at ratios of 0.001 and 0.002. A largely improvement of shoot regeneration efficiency was obtained by continuous selection of callus lines which derived from different explant positions. Eventually, six callus lines, including 5D2T-T6-G5 to 5D2T-T6-G10, were able to produce approximately 10 times of shoots per callus clump when compared with the parental callus line 5D2T.