bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVISITING MAYAPAN: Mexico's last Maya capital
Authors: Milbrath Susan , Peraza Lope Carlos
Published: August 2003

Archaeological excavations begun at Mayapan in 1996 require re-evaluation of this site, sometimes disparaged as representing “decadent” Postclassic Maya culture. New discoveries show that the site was an international center that incorporated specific symbols in its art from areas as far away as Central Mexico and Oaxaca. Indeed, there is evidence of trade with both areas. Another important Postclassic trade route connected Mayapan to Yucatan's eastern coast and Peten, Guatemala. These connections are reflected in similar ceramics and architecture in the three areas. Revival of Terminal Classic traditions at Mayapan inspired certain architectural constructions and a stela cult marking Katun endings. The Katun-cycle chronologies of the Colonial period provide intriguing evidence that political events at Mayapan may be linked with the site's architectural history. The “founding” of Mayapan may have occurred earlier than the conventionally accepted date ofa.d.1263 (end of Katun 13 Ahau). TheChilam Balam of Chumayelchronicles use of a 24-year Katun instead of a Katun of 20 Tuns, suggesting that the earliest founding event at Mayapan (Katun 8 Ahau) may date back to the eleventh centurya.d.and overlap with the demise of Chichen Itza. Some of Mayapan's earliest architecture is contemporary with Chichen Itza's latest constructions. Several hundred years after Mayapan was founded, there was a renaissance of the Cocom heritage evident in specific architectural forms modeled on those from Chichen Itza.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Fowler William R. , Morgan Molly
Published: August 2003

Ancient Mesoamerica is pleased to honor T. Patrick Culbert, one of
the foremost scholars in the field of Maya archaeology, in this Special
Section. A brief survey of Culbert's many contributions to Maya
studies reflects the general contours of the advances that have
occurred in Maya archaeology over the course of the past four decades,
and these patterns illustrate Culbert's role in the forefront of
these trends.
MAYA COMMUNITY BUILDINGS: Two Late Classicpopal nahsat Copan, Honduras
Authors: Cheek Charles D.
Published: August 2003

The Spaniards described a particular type of Maya building found in the center of Maya cities that served multiple functions, from temporary homes for men and boys to council houses. This type of building, labeled apopol nahat Copan, was noted in Yucatan and the highlands of Guatemala. Two probablepopol nahs, Structures 10L-223 and 10L-22A, have been identified at Copan, Honduras, suggesting continuity in this building type into at least the Maya Late Classic period. The differences between the two structures in both location and form support the idea of competing lineages in the Late Classic. These differences also suggest that the later rulers may have transformed earlier multifunction buildings into more specific functions that served their political needs.
THE NORTHERN MAYA COLLAPSE AND ITS AFTERMATH
Authors: Andrews Anthony P. , Andrews E. Wyllys , Castellanos Fernando Robles
Published: August 2003

Recent adjustments to the chronology of the northern Maya Lowlands have brought about a closer alignment of the decline of Terminal Classic/Early Postclassic Yucatecan polities with the collapse of the southern Maya states. The collapse of the entire Classic-period societal structure throughout the lowlands can now be compressed into a 200- or 250-year period and seen as a progressive chain of events that began in the south and culminated with the fall of Chichen Itza in the eleventh century. This new reconstruction has led us to propose eliminating the Early Postclassic period, the existence of which was based largely on a purportedly late occupation of Chichen Itza. We assign this final occupation of the Itza capital to the Terminal Classic period, which ended sometime in the eleventh century in the northern Maya Lowlands.
LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY: Remote-sensing investigation of the ancient Maya in the Peten rainforest of northern Guatemala
Authors: Sever Thomas L. , Irwin Daniel E.
Published: August 2003

Conducting field research in the dense forests of the Peten, northern Guatemala, is as difficult today as it was for A. V. Kidder 70 years ago. However, through the use of airborne and satellite imagery we are improving our ability to investigate ancient Maya settlement, subsistence, and landscape modification in this dense forest region. Today the area is threatened by encroaching settlement and deforestation. However, it was in this region that the Maya civilization began, flourished, and abruptly disappeared for unknown reasons in the ninth centurya.d.At the time of its collapse it had attained one of the highest population densities in human history. How the Maya were able to manage water successfully and feed this dense population is not well understood at this time. A project funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used remote-sensing technology to investigate large seasonal swamps (bajos) that make up 40% of the landscape. Through the use of remote sensing, ancient Maya features such as sites, roadways, canals, and water reservoirs have been detected and verified through ground reconnaissance. The results of this preliminary research cast new light on the adaptation of the ancient Maya to their environment. Microenvironmental variation within the wetlands was elucidated and the different vegetation associations identified in the satellite imagery. More than 70 new archaeological sites within and at the edges of thebajowere mapped and tested. The combination of satellite imagery and ground verification demonstrated that the Maya had modified their landscape in the form of dams, reservoirs, and possible drainage canals along the Holmul River and its tributaries. The use of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM), 1-m IKONOS satellite imagery, as well as high-resolution airborne STAR-3iradar imagery—2.5 m backscatter/10 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM)—are opening new possibilities for understanding how a civilization was able to survive for centuries on a karst topographic landscape. This understanding is critical for the current population that is experiencing rapid population growth and destroying the landscape through non-traditional farming and grazing techniques, resulting in socioeconomic problems.
A CLASSIC-PERIODBARRIOPRODUCING FINE POLYCHROME CERAMICS AT TIKAL, GUATEMALA: Notes on ancient Maya firing technology
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: August 2003

Significant indirect evidence suggests that one of the Classic-period residential groups at Tikal was the residence of a family of potters who produced high-quality painted wares. Delineation of the borders of residential Group 4H-1 at Tikal led me to postulate that thebajowas a major resource zone for ceramic manufacturing rather than a spatially limiting feature. This family of upscale ceramic producers used the adjacentbajoas a source of clay and fuel for firing pottery. The configuration of other groups near Group 4H-1 suggests not only that the people occupying the several groups on this peninsula were related, but that they were all involved in the production, painting, and distribution of fine ceramics. These several residential groups, located on adjacent house lots, define abarriowithin Tikal whose occupants formed an extended kin unit sharing an economic focus on the production of high-quality ceramics. A consideration of the contents of trash deposits that were used by the Maya for building fill and a study of the middens found adjacent to residential groups at Tikal provide clues to the location of a specific kiln, or firing area. Broken pottery in the structure fill tells us more than architectural history. In this example, pottery indicates how other aspects of one or more house lots were organized and used. In particular, these data suggest that abarrio-like cluster of households at Tikal, with its own ritual center (Group 5G-I), housed families of ceramic producers who had specifically located their residences in direct proximity to thebajo. The search for the firing facilities associated with the production of ceramics in Group 4H-1 is now a major research focus. “Kilns,” or firing facilities, should be among the various architectural features found “out back,” or located on the margins of a house lot. Kilns may have been of the trench type or free-standing small buildings, possibly within sheds, and are expected outside the perimeter formed by the main buildings of the residential group. The structures facing a plaza or series of plazas that are the most obvious elements of a single household tend to attract archaeological attention. Location of structures “out back,” or peripheral to the residential core buildings, could help define the configuration of household lots.
THE HIATUS AT TIKAL, GUATEMALA
Authors: Moholy-Nagy Hattula
Published: August 2003

Research on the Lowland Maya Hiatus that focuses solely on the inscriptions on monuments is too limited to provide information about its causes, nature, and consequences. I consider the hiatus at Tikal using additional evidence from architecture, settlement patterns, caches and burials, domestic artifacts, and inscriptions on portable objects. A preliminary conclusion is that Tikal's long hiatus can be regarded as part of a sequence of internal political development rather than due to conquest from outside. The displacement and destruction of inscribed and plain stone monuments was an ongoing phenomenon at Tikal. It was present from Terminal Preclassic times and occurred with increasing frequency until the beginning of the late Late Classic period. Monument destruction may have come to a halt then under a series of powerful rulers. The setting of inscribed stone monuments and wooden lintels continued for another two centuries until the disappearance of dynastic rule itself.
THE HYDROLOGY OF CHAU HIIX
Authors: Pyburn K. Anne
Published: August 2003

The Maya archaeological site of Chau Hiix, located slightly south and between the ancient cities of Lamanai and Altun Ha, is associated with some of the most extensive hydrological control features recorded from the pre-Hispanic era in the New World. The modest population size of the community, combined with this enormously productive agricultural technology, strongly implies economic interdependency among Classic-period sites. The location of Chau Hiix on an important inland water route further suggests the transportation of foodstuffs outside the local area.
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN CERAMIC ANALYSIS: A case study from peripheral Tikal
Authors: Fry Robert E.
Published: August 2003

This paper examines the evidence for status and wealth differentiation within the peripheral areas of Tikal, Guatemala, and intersite areas north and south of Tikal. Frequency counts of differing major shape classes show that large groups had significantly higher frequency of serving forms and more associated pottery. The technique of multidimensional scaling is used to see whether there are any qualitative differences in pottery reflecting higher status or wealth. Results of the analysis indicate that qualitative differences are present only for Ik Complex vases. There are also indications of a special relationship between central Tikal and the minor center of Navahuelal located beyond the edges of the Tikal settlement zone.
Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use:
A meta-analytic study
Authors: GRANT IGOR , GONZALEZ RAUL , CAREY CATHERINE L. , NATARAJAN LOKI , WOLFSON TANYA
Published: August 2003

The possible medicinal use of cannabinoids for chronic diseases
emphasizes the need to understand the long-term effects of these
compounds on the central nervous system. We provide a quantitative
synthesis of empirical research pertaining to the non-acute
(residual) effects of cannabis on the neurocognitive performance
of adult human subjects. Out of 1,014 studies retrieved using
a thorough search strategy, only 11 studies met essential a
priori inclusion criteria, providing data for a total of
623 cannabis users and 409 non- or minimal users.
Neuropsychological results were grouped into 8 ability domains,
and effect sizes were calculated by domain for each study
individually, and combined for the full set of studies. Using
slightly liberalized criteria, an additional four studies were
included in a second analysis, bringing the total number of
subjects to 1,188 (i.e., 704 cannabis users and 484 non-users).
With the exception of both the learning and forgetting domains,
effect size confidence intervals for the remaining 6 domains
included zero, suggesting a lack of effect. Few studies on the
non-acute neurocognitive effects of cannabis meet current research
standards; nevertheless, our results indicate that there might
be decrements in the ability to learn and remember new information
in chronic users, whereas other cognitive abilities are unaffected.
However, from a neurocognitive standpoint, the small magnitude
of these effect sizes suggests that if cannabis compounds are
found to have therapeutic value, they may have an acceptable
margin of safety under the more limited conditions of exposure
that would likely obtain in a medical setting. (JINS,
2003, 9, 679–689.)
Effects of the use of alcohol and cigarettes on cognition
in elderly African American adults
Authors: SCHINKA JOHN A. , BELANGER HEATHER , MORTIMER JAMES A. , GRAVES AMY BORENSTEIN
Published: August 2003

In this study we examined the independent and interactive effects
of lifetime patterns of drinking and smoking on cognitive
performance in elderly African Americans. A sample of 230
individuals with varying histories of alcohol and cigarette
use was drawn from the Hillsborough Elder African American Life
Study, a community-based, cross-sectional study of older adults
aged 60 to 84. Dependent variables were the results of a
neuropsychological battery that provided measures of general
cognitive ability, executive function, and memory. Specifically,
our study addressed (1) whether individuals with a lifetime
history of sustained smoking and/or drinking show lower
levels of cognitive performance in comparison to lifetime
abstainers, (2) whether cumulative lifetime doses of alcohol
or cigarettes, or of the two substances in interaction, have
an effect on cognition, and (3) whether individuals who have
histories of periodic, intense use of either alcohol or cigarettes
show lower levels of cognitive performance in comparison to
lifetime abstainers. When significant results were obtained,
effect sizes were small, not exceeding 5% of the variance. A
single exception occurred for the intensity analyses, in which
drinking explained approximately 16% of the variance in global
cognitive ability after adjusting for the contributions of control
variables. In these analyses, drinking was found to have a
U-shaped effect on global cognitive ability and total
acquisition in the memory trials. Specifically, moderate users
performed at a lower level than abstainers or heavy users, who
did not differ from each other. (JINS, 2003, 9,
690–697.)
Relationship between positive and negative symptoms and
neuropsychological scores in frontotemporal dementia and
Alzheimer's disease
Authors: BOONE KYLE BRAUER , MILLER BRUCE L. , SWARTZ RANDOLPH , LU PO , LEE ALISON
Published: August 2003

Patients with dementia, particularly those with frontotemporal
dementia (FTD), are reported to display marked negative symptoms,
including apathy, lack of initiative, and flattened affect,
similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. However,
negative symptoms have yet to be formally quantified in an FTD
population. Twenty-seven patients with FTD (11 primarily
right-sided, 8 primarily left-sided, and 4 symmetric) and 7
patients with Alzheimer's disease were rated on the Scale
for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Positive and Negative
Syndrome Scale, and the Emotional Blunting scale. The FTD patients
registered significantly more negative symptoms than the
Alzheimer's patients, averaging a threefold increase; groups
did not significantly differ in positive symptoms. Negative
symptom scale scores were negatively correlated with nonverbal
executive skills (23–44% shared variance), verbal executive
skills (up to 25% shared variance) and verbal memory (up to
20% shared variance), but were unrelated to measures of attention,
verbal and nonverbal information processing, nonverbal memory,
language, and constructional skill. In contrast, positive symptoms
were positively correlated with constructional skill (19% shared
variance) and attentional scores (15% shared variance). These
findings add to the existing literature relating negative symptoms
to anterior cerebral hypofunction, and suggest that positive
symptoms, at least in this population, may be tied to increased
posterior activation. (JINS, 2003, 9, 698–709.)
Primary progressive aphasia: Diagnosis, varieties, evolution
Authors: KERTESZ ANDREW , DAVIDSON WILDA , MCCABE PATRICIA , TAKAGI KENJI , MUNOZ DAVID
Published: August 2003

A referred cohort of 67 clinically defined PPA patients were
compared to 99 AD patients with formal language and nonverbal
cognitive tests in a case control design. Language fluency was
determined at the first and last follow up visits. Quantitation
of sulcal and ventricular atrophy on MRI was carried out in
46 PPA and 53 AD patients. Most PPA patients (57%) are relatively
fluent when first examined. Visuospatial and memory functions
are initially preserved. Aphemic, stuttering, “pure
motor” presentation, or agrammatic aphasia are seen less
frequently. Later most PPAs become logopenic and nonfluent,
even those with semantic aphasia (dementia). In contrast, AD
patients were more fluent and had relatively lower comprehension,
but better overall language performance. MRI showed significant
left sided atrophy in most PPA patients. Subsequent to PPA,
25 patients developed behavioral manifestations of frontotemporal
dementia and 15 the corticobasal degeneration syndrome, indicating
the substantial clinical overlap of these conditions. Language
testing, particularly fluency scores supported by neuroimaging
are helpful differentiating PPA from AD. The fluent–nonfluent
dichotomy in PPA is mostly stage related. The
aphemic-logopenic-agrammatic and semantic distinction is useful,
but the outcomes converge. (JINS, 2003, 9,
710–719.)
The neuropsychological profiles of mild Alzheimer's
disease and questionable dementia as compared to age-related
cognitive decline
Authors: VLIET ELISE CACCAPPOLO-VAN , MANLY JENNIFER , TANG MING-XIN , MARDER KAREN , BELL KAREN , STERN YAAKOV
Published: August 2003

Test scores from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery
administered to 1602 subjects consisting of 1347 subjects with
probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), 100 subjects with
questionable dementia (QD) and 155 non-demented elderly control
subjects were cross-sectionally analyzed. Subjects with probable
AD were categorized as mild (n = 244),
moderate (n = 480), severe (n
= 376), and very severe (n = 247) according
to modified mini mental status exam (mMMSE) scores. Mean scores
on individual neuropsychological tests are provided for each
group of subjects. Stratified random sampling was performed
to select a sample of mild AD subjects who were matched in age
and education to non-demented elderly controls, and analyses
focused on the performance of QD subjects and mild AD subjects,
whose scores were compared to those of the elderly control
subjects. Selected scores were organized by cognitive domain
and logistic regressions were used to determine the domains
and individual tests within each that were most predictive of
group status. Results suggested a profile of scores associated
with QD and mild AD including impaired recall of verbal information
for both groups. Areas of lower functioning in QD subjects as
compared to elderly controls included category fluency and
visuospatial ability. (JINS, 2003, 9, 720–732.)
Narrative and procedural discourse in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: BELL BRIAN , DOW CHRISTIAN , WATSON E. RYANN , WOODARD AUSTIN , HERMANN BRUCE , SEIDENBERG MICHAEL
Published: August 2003

It is well established that some individuals with temporal
lobe epilepsy (TLE) demonstrate language deficits at the single
word level. However, discourse production rarely has been examined
quantitatively within this group. This study compared adult
TLE patients with an early seizure onset (≤ age 14 years,
n = 27) to a control group (n = 28) on narrative
and procedural discourse tasks. As a group, the TLE patients
performed normally on the procedural discourse task, but differed
significantly from the controls on several narrative discourse
variables. At the individual level, 30% of the TLE patients
versus 4% of the controls demonstrated impaired discourse
ability (p < .01). Within this early onset TLE group,
discourse performance was not associated with demographic or
seizure history variables. Considering the cognitive domain,
discourse performance correlated significantly with working
memory. In summary, mild discourse dysfunction was present in
a significant minority of early onset TLE patients, but this
deficit was not closely associated with other language measures.
Discourse ability and its neuropsychological, neuroanatomical
and conversational speech correlates deserve further study in
TLE patients. (JINS, 2003, 9, 733–739.)
Severe hypoglycemia and long-term spatial memory in children
with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study
Authors: HERSHEY TAMARA , LILLIE REMA , SADLER MICHELLE , WHITE NEIL H.
Published: August 2003

Performance on long delays of delayed response tasks is associated
with medial temporal function, a region of the brain affected
by severe hypoglycemia. A previous study showed that children
with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with higher risk for severe
hypoglycemia performed worse than controls on long delays of
a spatial delayed response (SDR) task. We tested the more specific
hypothesis that frequency of severe hypoglycemia would relate
to long delay SDR performance. Children with T1DM (n
= 51) and controls (n = 32) performed the SDR task
with short and long delays. Information was collected on
children's past severe hypoglycemia. In children with T1DM,
number of past severe hypoglycemic episodes accounted for a
significant portion of the variance in long delay SDR after
controlling for age and age of onset. This relationship was
not seen with short delay SDR or with other tasks (verbal or
object memory, attention, motor speed). These results support
the hypothesis that severe hypoglycemia has specific, negative
effects on memory skills in children. If this relationship is
extrapolated to children with higher frequency of severe
hypoglycemia, due to longer duration of disease or poorer glucose
control, it may affect daily functioning and thus need to be
considered in treatment decisions. (JINS, 2003,
9, 740–750.)
Impulsivity and verbal deficits associated with domestic
violence
Authors: COHEN RONALD A. , BRUMM VIRDETTE , ZAWACKI TRICIA M. , PAUL ROBERT , SWEET LAWRENCE , ROSENBAUM ALAN
Published: August 2003

While neurobiological factors are known to play a role in human
aggression, relatively few studies have examined neuropsychological
contributions to propensity for violence. We previously
demonstrated cognitive deficits among men who committed domestic
violence (batterers) compared to non-violent controls. Batterers
had deficits in verbal ability, learning and executive
problem-solving ability. These findings led us to examine whether
executive control problems involving impulsivity contribute
to problems with behavioral control among batterers, and to
further examine their deficits in verbal functioning. Batterers
(n = 41) enrolled in a domestic violence program were
compared to 20 non-violent men of similar age, education, and
socioeconomic background on neuropsychological tests of executive
functioning, including impulsivity. Questionnaires and structured
clinical interviews were used to assess emotional distress,
aggression and self-reported impulsivity. Batterers showed greater
impulsivity compared to non-batterers on several neuropsychological
measures. Yet, the severity of these deficits was relatively
mild and not evident in all batterers. Consistent with our previous
findings, significant verbal deficits were again observed among
the batterers. These findings suggest that while impulsivity
may be a factor associated with domestic violence, it probably
is not the sole determinant of the strong relationship between
cognitive functioning and batterer status that we previously
observed. Both verbal expressive deficits and behavioral
impulsivity appear to be relevant variables in predisposing
men to domestic violence. (JINS, 2003, 9,
760–770.)
Cognitive consequences of early phase of literacy
Authors: DELLATOLAS GEORGES , BRAGA LUCIA WILLADINO , SOUZA LIGIA DO NASCIMENTO , FILHO GILBERTO NUNES , QUEIROZ ELIZABETH , DELOCHE GÉRARD
Published: August 2003

The effect of the degree of illiteracy (complete or incomplete)
on phonological skills, verbal and visual memory and visuospatial
skills is examined in 97 normal Brazilian adults who considered
themselves illiterate, and 41 Brazilian school children aged
7 to 8 years, either nonreaders or beginning readers. Similar
literacy effects were observed in children and in adults. Tasks
involving phonological awareness and visual recognition memory
of nonsense figures distinguish the best nonreaders and beginning
readers. Children performed better than adults at oral repetition
of short items and figure recall, and adults better than children
at semantic verbal fluency, digit span, and word list recall.
A principal component analysis of the correlations between tasks
showed that phonological awareness/ reading, phonological
memory/oral repetition, and semantic verbal memory/fluency
tasks, generated different components. The respective role of
culturally based preschool activities and literacy on the cognitive
functions that are explored in this study is discussed.
(JINS, 2003, 9, 771–782.)
Neuropsychological deficits associated with Alzheimer's
disease in the very-old: Discrepancies in raw vs.
standardized scores
Authors: BONDI MARK W. , HOUSTON WES S. , SALMON DAVID P. , COREY-BLOOM JODY , KATZMAN ROBERT , THAL LEON J. , DELIS DEAN C.
Published: August 2003

The profiles of neuropsychological deficits associated with
Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Young-Old (M age <
70) and Very-Old (M age > 80) patients were compared,
along with possible modifying effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE)
genotype on these profiles. A comprehensive battery of
neuropsychological tests was administered to the two AD patient
groups (Young-Old: n = 33; Very-Old: n = 48)
and their respective age-matched normal control (NC) groups
who remained free of dementia on follow-up examinations over
a 1 to 10 year period (Young-Old: n = 43; Very-Old:
n = 36). AD and NC groups did not differ in education
levels or gender distributions. Young-Old AD and Very-Old AD
groups were comparable in education, gender, dementia severity,
and disease duration. Results showed that both AD groups achieved
comparable raw scores on all the neuropsychological measures.
However, when scores were standardized on the basis of performance
of their respective NC groups (i.e., age-corrected z
scores), Very-Old AD patients significantly outperformed Young-Old
AD patients on tests of executive functions, visuospatial skills,
and delayed memory. Furthermore, the relationship between age
and memory and executive function deficits in AD was modified
by APOE genotype. These data suggest that the profile of
neuropsychological deficits associated with AD in the Very-Old
lacks the disproportionate saliency of episodic memory and
executive function deficits typical of the Young-Old.
(JINS, 2003, 9, 783–795.)
Semantic category differences in cross-form priming
Authors: GOLD DAVID , BEAUREGARD MARIO , LECOURS ANDRE ROCH , CHERTKOW HOWARD
Published: August 2003

Findings of category-specific impairments have suggested that
human semantic memory may be organized around a
living/nonliving dichotomy. In order to assess implicit
memory performance for living and nonliving concepts, one group
of neurologically intact individuals participated in a cross-form
conceptual priming paradigm. In Block 1, pictures primed words
while in Block 2 words were used to prime pictures. Across all
phases of the experiment, subjects decided whether items
represented something which was living or nonliving, and response
times were recorded. Results revealed greater priming for living
concepts across both blocks. Greater priming for living concepts
may have occurred because of increased or prolonged conceptual
activation of these concepts. Results are discussed in the context
of theoretical accounts of the category-specific impairments
observed in brain-damaged populations. (JINS, 2003,
9, 796–805.)
Moyamoya disease in a patient with schizophrenia
Authors: LUBMAN DAN I. , PANTELIS CHRISTOS , DESMOND PATRICIA , PROFFITT TINA-MARIE , VELAKOULIS DENNIS
Published: August 2003

We present the case of a 23-year-old Vietnamese male with a
2-year history of a psychotic illness marked by prominent negative
symptoms, fatuousness and disturbed behavior. Neuroimaging revealed
a prominent vascular flow void affecting the middle and anterior
cerebral arteries, with associated increased collateral supply
to the frontal cortex, consistent with Moyamoya disease.
Neurological examination was unremarkable; however,
neuropsychological assessment revealed significant executive
dysfunction, including stimulus-driven behavior. Whilst the
diagnosis of schizophrenia and Moyamoya disease may be
coincidental, an interaction between the 2 diseases may have
led to some of the atypical features of this case, including
prominent executive dysfunction and marked sensitivity to
psychotropic medication. We discuss the nature of possible
interactions between the 2 conditions. This case also highlights
the importance of re-evaluating patients with atypical or
treatment-resistant psychoses for cerebral pathology.
(JINS, 2003, 9, 806–810.)
Are perceptual and motor inhibition processes really
dissociated? A comment on Nassauer and Halperin (2003)
Authors: BRUYER RAYMOND
Published: August 2003

The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society published recently a paper that should become influential shortly. However, given its potential impact, this study has to be examined carefully.
A response to Raymond Bruyer's “Are perceptual
and motor inhibition processes really dissociated? A comment
on Nassauer and Halperin (2003)”
Authors: HALPERIN JEFFREY M. , NASSAUER KATHARINE
Published: August 2003

We were pleased by Dr. Bruyer's opinion that our paper is likely to become “influential shortly” and welcome this opportunity to respond to his thoughtful comments and cautions regarding the manuscript. We certainly agree with his view that novel manuscripts and approaches must be examined carefully and appreciate his careful examination of our manuscript. Dr. Bruyer raises three qualifications related to our analyses and interpretation of the data.
Structural Evidence for Actin-like Filaments in Toxoplasma
gondii Using High-Resolution Low-Voltage Field Emission Scanning
Electron Microscopy
Authors: Schatten Heide , Sibley L. David , Ris Hans
Published: August 2003

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is representative
of a large group of parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa, which
share a highly unusual motility system that is crucial for locomotion
and active host cell invasion. Despite the importance of motility in
the pathology of these unicellular organisms, the motor mechanisms for
locomotion remain uncertain, largely because only limited data exist
about composition and organization of the cytoskeleton. By using
cytoskeleton stabilizing protocols on membrane-extracted parasites and
novel imaging with high-resolution low-voltage field emission scanning
electron microscopy (LVFESEM), we were able to visualize for the first
time a network of actin-sized filaments just below the cell membrane. A
complex cytoskeletal network remained after removing the actin-sized
fibers with cytochalasin D, revealing longitudinally arranged,
subpellicular microtubules and intermediate-sized fibers of 10 nm,
which, in stereo images, are seen both above and below the
microtubules. These approaches open new possibilities to characterize
more fully the largely unexplored and unconventional cytoskeletal
motility complex in apicomplexan parasites.
Microscopic Aspects of Autoschizic Cell Death in Human Ovarian
Carcinoma (2774) Cells Following Vitamin C, Vitamin K3 or
Vitamin C:K3 Treatment
Authors: Gilloteaux Jacques , Jamison James M. , Arnold David , Taper Henryk S. , von Gruenigen Vivian E. , Summers Jack L.
Published: August 2003

Human ovarian carcinoma cells (MDAH 2774) were treated with sodium
ascorbate (VC), menadione (VK3), or with a VC:VK3
combination for 1 h and then studied using light microscopy (LM) and
scanning (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Plasma
membrane damage (blisters and blebs, hairy aspect) results from vitamin
C (VC) treatment, while cytoskeletal damage and self-morsellation are
caused by vitamin K3 (VK3) treatment.
VC:VK3-treated cells exhibit exacerbated injuries
characteristic of both VC and VK3 treatment as well as a
significant decrease in cell diameters from 20–35 μm for
control cells to 7–12 μm for VC:VK3 treatment.
Moreover, after a 1-h exposure to the vitamin combination, autoschizis
(43%), apoptosis (3%), and oncosis (1.9%) are observed at the
percentages indicated. All cellular changes associated with autoschizis
observed with SEM were confirmed by LM and TEM observations and are
consistent with cell death by autoschizis: decrease in cell size,
cytoplasmic self-excisions, degradation of the nucleus and nucleolus
without formation of apoptotic bodies and, ultimately, karyorrhexis and
karyolysis. These results also suggest that the vitamin combination may
find clinical use in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Characterization of Tungsten Surfaces by Simultaneous Work Function
and Secondary Electron Emission Measurements
Authors: Vida Gy. , Josepovits V.K. , Győr M. , Deák P.
Published: August 2003

The changes of the work function (Φ) and the secondary electron
emission (SEE) of oxygen covered polycrystalline tungsten occurring
after ion sputtering and heat treatments have been investigated. The
chemical composition was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS), and the electron emission properties by work function
spectroscopy (WFS). We observed in what manner the chemical changes of
the surface are reflected in the work function and SEE. The
simultaneous change of Φ and SEE in the case of oxygen covered
tungsten have been pointed out and a direct relationship between them
can be supposed.
Calculation of the Surface Excitation Parameter for Si and Ge from
Measured Electron Backscattered Spectra by Means of a Monte-Carlo
Simulation
Authors: Orosz Gábor Tamás , Sulyok Attila , Gergely György , Gurbán Sándor , Menyhard Miklós
Published: August 2003

A new Monte Carlo method has been developed for simulating
backscattered electron spectra, and this was applied for determining
the surface excitation parameter (SEP). The simulation is based on
direct tracking of electron trajectories in the solid, taking into
account elastic and inelastic events. The elastic scattering cross
sections are taken from literature, while inelastic cross section data
are obtained by a fitting procedure. After some iterations, the program
produces electron spectra fitting well to the experimental ones. Si and
Ge electron spectra were simulated and SEP values were calculated. The
SEP values are compared to other ones from literature.
Investigation of Winter Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Downtown
Katowice using XPS and SEM
Authors: Wawroś A. , Talik E. , Pastuszka J.S.
Published: August 2003

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the
surface chemical composition of atmospheric particles (PM-10 and
PM-2.5), collected in downtown Katowice, Upper Silesia, Poland, in the
winter season (November and December 2000). Carbon- and
oxygen-containing species dominated the particulate surface with traces
of N, S, Si, Cl, Na, Zn, Al, Cu, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Pb, and P present.
Additionally, the size, morphology, and chemical composition of about
300 of the individual atmospheric particles were analyzed by
high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and electron probe
microanalysis. A number of aluminosilicates and metallic elements such
as Fe, K, Mg, Zn, as well as rare earth elements, were detected by SEM.
The results obtained show that the analyzed aerosol is of natural and
anthropogenic origin. Particles containing sulfur compounds as well as
oxygen and sodium in downtown Katowice come mainly from the east and
southeast sectors.
Electron Probe and Auger Electron Microprobe Characterization of
Modified Cu-Based Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Szummer A. , Janik-Czachor M. , Mack P. , Pisarek M.
Published: August 2003

Changes in morphology and local chemical composition due to various
methods of modification of surfaces of Cu-Zr, Cu-Hf, and Cu-Ti
amorphous alloys (caused by aging in air/dry corrosion or hydrogen
charging) were investigated. These modification/activation
procedures transform the original amorphous ribbons of low surface area
into efficient and stable catalysts, due to the segregation of a
distinct amount of Cu and the development of a large specific surface
area of Cu on a ZrOx or HfOx
support. It was found that aging in air resulted in the formation of a
bilayer of rough copper (containing small Cu particles indispensable
for catalysis) on top of a rather smooth oxide underlayer
(ZrOx, HfOx). Careful
examination of the cross sections of the modified Cu-based ribbons
revealed that, even after prolonged aging in air, only the first few
microns of the surface layer was modified. Cu-Ti alloy was stable in
air and did not undergo the expected modification. Hydrogenation
followed by air exposure resulted in a disintegration of the ribbons
into small pieces. Each piece was covered with many small Cu clusters
0.1–0.5 μm in diameter formed on an oxide underlayer.
High-energy resolution Auger spectroscopy allowed identification of the
underlayers (ZrO2, HfO2, or
TiOx), identification of small Cu clusters,
determination of the degree of surface oxidation of them, and mapping
of the surface to identify the Cu-covered and “naked” heavy
metal.
Introduction
Authors: Zelechower Michal , Zieba Pawel , Walker Clive
Published: August 2003

This issue of Microscopy and Microanalysis contains selected
papers from the fifth Regional Workshop of the European Microbeam
Analysis Society (EMAS) on Electron Probe Microanalysis—Practical
Aspects that took place May 22–25, 2002 at Szczyrk, Poland. The
meeting was organized by the Polish National Branch of EMAS in
collaboration with the Silesian University of Technology (Faculty of
Materials Engineering and Metallurgy) and the Polish Academy of Science
(Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science).
Cryo-Fracturing and Cryo-Planing for In-Lens Cryo-SEM, Using a
Newly Designed Diamond Knife
Authors: Walther Paul
Published: August 2003

High-pressure frozen rat pancreas tissue samples were cryo-fractured
and cryo-sectioned with a diamond knife in the microtome of a
freeze-etching device. The bulk fracture faces and block faces were
investigated in the frozen-hydrated state by use of a cryo-stage in an
in-lens SEM. With this combination, relevant biological structures can
be investigated with a few nanometers resolution in a near lifelike
state, preventing the artifacts of conventional fixation techniques.
Compared to TEM replica techniques, the presented method is more
versatile since no replica cleaning is necessary. Additional structures
can be made visible by controlled sublimation of ice, leading to a
better understanding of the three-dimensional organization of
organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum.
High Resolution CryoFESEM of Microbial Surfaces
Authors: Erlandsen Stanley , Lei Ming , Martin-Lacave Ines , Dunny Gary , Wells Carol
Published: August 2003

The outer surfaces of three microorganisms, Giardia lamblia,
Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus mirabilis, were
investigated by cryo-immobilization followed by sublimation of
extracellular ice and cryocoating with either Pt alone or Pt plus
carbon. Cryocoated samples were examined at −125°C in either
an in-lens field emission SEM or a below-the-lens field emission SEM.
Cryocoating with Pt alone was sufficient for low magnification
observation, but attempts to do high-resolution imaging resulted in
radiolysis and cracking of the specimen surface. Double coating with Pt
and carbon, in combination with high resolution backscatter electron
detectors, enabled high-resolution imaging of the glycocalyx of
bacteria, revealing a sponge-like network over the surface. High
resolution examination of bacterial flagella also revealed a periodic
substructure. Common artifacts included radiolysis leading to
“cracking” of the surface, and insufficient deposition of
Pt resulting in the absence of detectable surface topography.
Series in Microscopy in Materials Science: Electron Microscopy
in Heterogeneous Catalysis. P.L. Gai and E.D. Boyes. Series
Editors: B. Cantor, M.J. Goringe, and J.A Eades. Institute of Physics
Publishing, Bristol, England; 2003, 233 pages (Hardback). ISBN
0-7503-0809-5
Authors: Saka Hiroyasu
Published: August 2003

This book deals with in situ dynamic observation and
analysis of heterogeneous catalysis using environmental cells (EC) in
transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). In general,
it is based on outstanding and unique works carried out by the authors
themselves over the past three decades, who pioneered this key enabling
area of materials science.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Stadtländer Christian T.K.-H.
Published: August 2003

Over the years, I have read with great interest several articles and
book chapters about historical aspects of electron microscopy. The
report by F. Haguenau et al. about the key events in the history of
electron microscopy (Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 9, No.
2, April 2003, pp. 96–138) is, to my knowledge, by far the most
comprehensive article ever published. The authors did a superb job in
first listing chronologically the development of electron optics and
instrumentation for the years from 1897 to 2002, and then describing
major applications in physics and materials science, as well as life
sciences.
Introduction: High Resolution Cryo-SEM in the Biological Sciences
Authors: Apkarian Robert P.
Published: August 2003

What is cryogenic high resolution (in-lens) scanning electron
microscopy (HRSEM), and do I need it? Structural cell biologists and
bioorganic chemists will find this newly developed imaging mode to be
an accurate and useful research tool for molecular level investigations
in the hydrated state.
In-Lens Cryo-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy:
Methodologies for Molecular Imaging of Self-Assembled Organic
Hydrogels
Authors: Apkarian Robert P. , Wright Elizabeth R. , Seredyuk Victor A. , Eustis Susan , Lyon L. Andrew , Conticello Vincent P. , Menger Fredric M.
Published: August 2003

The micro- and nanoarchitectures of water-swollen hydrogels were
routinely analyzed in three dimensions at very high resolution by two
cryopreparation methods that provide stable low-temperature specimens
for in-lens high magnification recordings. Gemini surfactants (gS),
poly-N-isopropylacrylamides (p-NIP Am), and elastin-mimetic di- (db-E)
and triblock (tb-E) copolymer proteins that form hydrogels have been
routinely analyzed to the sub-10-nm level in a single day. After they
were quench or high pressure frozen, samples in bulk planchets were
subsequently chromium coated and observed at low temperature in an
in-lens field emission SEM. Pre-equilibrated planchets
(4–40°C) that hold 5–10 μl of hydrogel facilitate
dynamic morphological studies above and below their transition
temperatures. Rapidly frozen samples were fractured under liquid
nitrogen, low-temperature metal coated, and observed in-lens to assess
the dispersion characteristics of micelles and fragile colloidal
assemblies within bulk frozen water. Utilizing the same planchet
freezing system, the cryoetch-HRSEM technique removed bulk frozen water
from the hydrogel matrix by low-temperature, high-vacuum sublimation.
The remaining frozen solid-state sample faithfully represented the
hydrogel matrix. Cryo- and cryoetch-HRSEM provided vast vistas of
hydrogels at low and intermediate magnifications whereas high
magnification recordings and anaglyphs (stereo images) provided a
three-dimensional prospective and measurements on a molecular level.
Erratum
Authors: Wright Elizabeth R. , Conticello Vincent P. , Apkarian Robert P.
Published: August 2003

The following shows the correction to Figure 7 that appeared
on page 179 of Microscopy and Microanalysis, 9:3,
June 2003, in the article by Wright et al. The double image
in Figure 7 represents a stereo pair, and the corrected figure shown
below gives the proper 3-dimensional effect.

The Editor and Cambridge University Press regret the inconvenience
that this inadvertent error may have caused.
Welcome to San Antonio
Authors: Osten Ev
Published: August 2003

The Microscopy Society of America, the Microbeam Analysis Society, the
International Metallographic Society and the Congress of InterAmerican
Societies of Electron Microscopy invite you to Microscopy and Microanalysis
2003, which is also the VII InterAmerican Congress on Electron
Microscopy/VII Congreso InterAmericano de Microscopía
Electrónica.

The city of San Antonio with its location, history, and culture is an ideal
host for this Pan American meeting. The Convention Center and three of the
participating hotels are located downtown on the amazing River Walk. Many
restaurants and shops are clustered around the River Walk as is La Villita, an
arts village and a National Register Historical District. A few blocks from
the River Walk is Market Square, which is a center of the Mexican culture
featuring patio restaurants, a farmers market, and El Mercado, the largest
Mexican marketplace outside of Mexico. You will find that downtown San Antonio
is a very convenient, interesting, and unique venue for our meeting. For
transportation information, maps, visitor's guides, and much more, see
http://www.sanantoniovisit.com/.
Microscopy Society of America
Authors: Eades Alwyn
Published: August 2003

Message from the President

MSA Presidential Happenings

Council Members

MSA Appointed Officers

MSA Sustaining Members
Microbeam Analysis Society
Authors: Etz Edgar
Published: August 2003

Message from the President

MAS Council Officers 2003

MAS Sustaining Members
International Metallographic Society
Authors: Ryan Richard
Published: August 2003

Message from the President

IMS Board of Directors

IMS Conference Organizaing Officers

IMS Corporate Sponsors

Jacquet-Lucas Award 2002 Awarded to Rick Noecker

2003 IMS Henry Clifton Sorby Recipient: Dr. Enrica Stagno