bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Interactions Between Insects and Erwinia amylovora in a New York Apple Orchard
Authors: Boucher Matthew , Collins Rowan , Harling Kayli , Brind’Amour Gabrielle , Hesler Stephen , Wentworth Karen , Cox Kerik , Loeb Greg
Published: March 2021

The role of insects in dissemination of Erwinia amylovora has been studied for over 100 years. Pollinating bees do not feed on bacterial ooze but are suggested to transmit between flowers. It has been suggested that various hemipteran species walk on bacterial ooze and subsequently shed acquired bacteria into their own feeding wounds. Dipterans have been observed readily feeding on ooze, but their importance has been understudied. The goal of this study was to advance understanding of the ecology of insect-mediated transmission of E. amylovora through field collections and observations conducted in a research apple orchard with actively oozing fire blight symptoms. We found that field-collected pollinating bees did not test positive for the bacterium, suggesting that their role in blossom blight dissemination may be overstated. Flies were prominent flower visitors, underscoring the need for further research into their role in bloom time bacterial dissemination. Flies were observed feeding on ooze droplets in the late spring and early summer and the insects retained bacteria for at least 7 days. Flies shed transmissible amounts of E. amylovora for the duration of the experiment. The role of hemipterans was not clarified in this study but it is possible that their role is indirect through interactions with other insects. Collectively, this research outlines the ecological role of different insects in disease transmission and underscores the underappreciated potential importance of flies, providing a roadmap toward a better understanding of the complex dynamics at play.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Development and Use of a Seedling Growth Retardation Assay to Quantify and Map Loci Underlying Variation in the Maize Basal Defense Response
Authors: Wang Yanli , Holland James , Balint-Kurti Peter
Published: March 2021

The pattern-triggered immune (PTI) response in plants is caused by the recognition of conserved microbe‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors at the cell surface. The goal of this study was to develop a simple, robust assay to quantify the PTI response in maize and to determine whether it could be used to predict levels of disease resistance. Flg22, an epitope derived from bacterial flagellin, is a commonly studied MAMP. We developed a seedling growth retardation (SGR) assay by which we could measure growth retardation in maize seedlings exposed to the bacterial MAMP flg22. We observed variation across 21 maize inbred lines. We used 161 lines from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the lines CML228 (a high responder) and B73 (a low responder) to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for this response. We found heritable variation in the RIL population and identified flg22 response QTL on chromosomes 1, 2, and 8. We did not observe strong correlations between SGR traits and levels of flg22-induced reactive oxygen production or with other disease resistance or defense response traits we had previously measured in the same population. We discuss the implications of these findings.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Modelled Optimization of SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Distribution: an Evaluation of Second Dose Deferral Spacing of 6, 12, and 24 weeks
Authors: Jurgens GT , Lackner K
Published: March 2021

Background

Multiple recent studies have shown strong first dose vaccine efficacy for both Moderna mRNA-1273 and Pfizer/BioNTech BNT 162b2, which has stimulated discussion of maximizing initial population immunity during a time of vaccine shortage by using a deferred second dose strategy for these vaccines.

Methods

Our model examines the size of the effect of spacing of the second dose with 6, 12, and 24 week deferred spacing regimens relative to 3 week spacing.

Results

Deferring the second dose from 3 weeks to 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks shows progressive benefit to population immunity for any given time period, even with significant one dose efficacy decay. The benefits are influenced by vaccine supply per capita.

Conclusion

The longer the second dose is deferred the larger the benefit in initial population immunity, provided one dose efficacy does not significantly wane. Monitoring one dose efficacy duration from the UK or Quebec minimizes this risk, as the gathered data will help ensure the second dose is given at an optimal time. How this information is implemented should vary depending on the population and whether the goal is to optimally protect high risk groups or to increase total population immunity as quickly as possible. Benefits to deferring the second dose are influenced by the length of deferral, one dose efficacy, and vaccine supply per capita. The time to herd immunity could be shortened by 4 weeks with the implementation of a 12 week spacing regimen or 10 weeks with a 24 week spacing regimen.
Abnormal function in dentate nuclei precedes the onset of psychosis: a resting-state fMRI study in high-risk individuals
Authors: Anteraper Sheeba Arnold , Guell Xavier , Collin Guusje , Qi Zhenghan , Ren Jingwen , Nair Atira , Seidman Larry J. , Keshavan Matcheri S. , Zhang Tianhong , Tang Yingying , Li Huijun , McCarley Robert W. , Niznikiewicz Margaret A. , Shenton Martha E. , Stone William S. , Wang Jijun , Whitfield-Gabrieli Susan
Published: March 2021

Objective

The cerebellum serves a wide range of functions and is suggested to be composed of discrete regions dedicated to unique functions. We recently developed a new parcellation of the dentate nuclei (DN), the major output nuclei of the cerebellum, which optimally divides the structure into three functional territories that contribute uniquely to default-mode, motor-salience, and visual processing networks as indexed by resting-state functional connectivity (RsFc). Here we test for the first time whether RsFc differences in the DN precede the onset of psychosis in individuals at risk of developing schizophrenia.

Methods

We used the MRI dataset from the Shanghai At Risk for Psychosis study that included subjects at high risk to develop schizophrenia (N=144), with longitudinal follow-up to determine which subjects developed a psychotic episode within one year of their fMRI scan (converters N=23). Analysis used the three functional parcels (default-mode, salience-motor, and visual territory) from the DN as seed regions of interest for whole-brain RsFc analysis.

Results

RsFc analysis revealed abnormalities at baseline in high-risk individuals who developed psychosis, compared to high-risk individuals who did not develop psychosis. The nature of the observed abnormalities was found to be anatomically specific such that abnormal RsFc was localized predominantly in cerebral cortical networks that matched the three functional territories of the DN that were evaluated.

Conclusions

We show for the first time that abnormal RsFc of the DN may precede the onset of psychosis. This new evidence highlights the role of the cerebellum as a potential target for psychosis prediction and prevention.
The perception of odor pleasantness is shared across cultures
Authors: Arshamian Artin , Gerkin Richard C. , Kruspe Nicole , Wnuk Ewelina , Floyd Simeon , O’Meara Carolyn , Rodriguez Gabriela Garrido , Lundström Johan N. , Mainland Joel D. , Majid Asifa
Published: March 2021

Human sensory experience varies across the globe. Nonetheless, all humans share sensory systems with a common anatomical blueprint. In olfaction, it is unknown to what degree sensory perception, in particular the perception of odor pleasantness, is dictated by universal biological principles versus sculpted by culture. To address this issue, we asked 235 individuals from 9 diverse non-western cultures to rank the hedonic value of monomolecular odorants. We observed substantial global consistency, with molecular identity explaining 41% of the variance in individual pleasantness rankings, while culture explained only 6%. These rankings were predicted by the physicochemical properties of out-of-sample molecules and out-of-sample pleasantness ratings given by a separate group of industrialized western urbanites, indicating human olfactory perception is strongly constrained by universal principles.
Citation needed? Wikipedia bibliometrics during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Benjakob Omer , Aviram Rona , Sobel Jonathan
Published: March 2021

Background

With the COVID-19 pandemic’s outbreak, millions flocked to Wikipedia for updated information. Amid growing concerns regarding an “infodemic”, ensuring the quality of information is a crucial vector of public health. Investigating if and how Wikipedia remained up to date and in line with science is key to formulating strategies to counter misinformation. Using citation analyses, we asked: which sources informed Wikipedia’s COVID-19-related articles before and during the pandemic’s first wave (January-May 2020).

Results

We found that coronavirus-related articles referenced trusted media sources and high-quality academic research. Moreover, despite a surge in COVID-19 preprints, Wikipedia had a clear preference for open-access studies published in respected journals and made little use of preprints. Building a timeline of English COVID-19 articles from 2001-2020 revealed a nuanced trade-off between quality and timeliness. It further showed how preexisting articles on key topics related to the virus created a framework for integrating new knowledge. Supported by a rigid sourcing policy, this “scientific infrastructure” facilitated contextualization and regulated the influx of new information. Lastly, we constructed a network of DOI-Wikipedia articles, which showed the shifting landscape of pandemic-related knowledge on Wikipedia and how academic citations create a web of shared knowledge supporting topics like COVID-19 vaccine development.

Conclusions

Understanding how scientific research interacts with the digital knowledge-sphere during the pandemic provides insight into how Wikipedia can facilitate access to science. It also reveals how, aided by what we term its “citizen encyclopedists”, it successfully fended off COVID-19 disinformation and how this unique model may be deployed in other contexts.
RNA-sequencing indicates immune cell signaling and inflammatory gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts increases with developmental age
Authors: Perreault Luke R. , Le Thanh T. , Oudin Madeleine J. , Black Lauren D.
Published: March 2021

Background

Cardiac fibroblasts are responsible for extracellular matrix turnover and repair in the cardiac environment and serve to help facilitate immune responses. However, it is well established that they have significant phenotypic heterogeneity with respect to location, physiological conditions, and developmental age. The goal of this study was to provide an in-depth transcriptomic profile of cardiac fibroblasts derived from rat hearts at fetal, neonatal, and adult developmental ages to ascertain variations in gene expression that may drive functional differences in these cells at these specific stages of development.

Results

We performedRNA-seq of cardiac fibroblasts isolated from fetal, neonatal, and adult rats was performed and compared to the rat genome. Principal component analysis of RNA-seq data suggested data variance was predominantly due to developmental age. Differential expression and Gene set enrichment analysis against Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes datasets indicated an array of differences across developmental ages, including significant decreases in cardiac development and cardiac function-associated genes with age, and a significant increase in immune and inflammatory-associated functions - particularly immune cell signaling, and cytokine and chemokine production - with respect to increasing developmental age.

Conclusion

These results reinforce established evidence of diverse phenotypic heterogeneity of fibroblasts with respect to developmental age. Further, based on our analysis of gene expression, age-specific alterations in cardiac fibroblasts may play a crucial role in observed differences in cardiac inflammation and immune response observed across developmental ages.
How does the embeddedness of relational behaviours in contractual relations influence inter-organisational trust in construction projects?
Authors: Zhang Yangbing , Wang Yousong , Yao Hongjiang
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the relationship between the embeddedness of relational behaviours in contractual relations and the development of inter-organisational trust between contracting parties in construction projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire survey was undertaken to collect data from 310 experienced project practitioners. Hierarchical regression and curvilinear regression were mainly used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

The results validated the role of relational behaviours in boosting trust expectation, with the contractual context dampening the positive effect only slightly. However, the impact of the embedded relational behaviours on trust intention was found contingent on the equality of outcome: relational behaviours make an impact on trust intention opposite to what the equality of outcome makes; the combination of relational behaviours and the equality of outcome finally has a positive impact on trust intention. As such, the relational behaviours embedded in contractual relations would help reduce particular distrust or improve trust when the outcome is perceived equal.

Research limitations/implications

The conclusions are derived from the Chinese cultural background and may apply to a certain geographical scope. The nonprobability sampling method also limits the generalization of some conclusions. Besides, the results may present the contractor's view better than the owner's view.

Practical implications

This research would help the practitioners to find a balance between relational behaviours and contractual behaviours in managing inter-organisational relationship. It would also supply effective ways for contracting parties to reduce particular distrust or cultivate particular trust in construction projects.

Originality/value

Previous studies have investigated the unique impact of relational behaviours and contractual behaviours on trust. However, few of them have checked how the mixture of both kinds of behaviours influences trust. This paper contributes to this knowledge by investigating how the embeddedness of relational behaviours in contractual relations influences the trust between contracting parties.
Do “decent work” dimensions lead to work engagement? Empirical evidence from higher education institutions in India
Authors: Kashyap Vaneet , Nakra Neelam , Arora Ridhi
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The study aims to investigate the impact of “decent work” dimensions on faculty members’ work engagement levels in the higher education institutions in India.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained from 293 faculty members working in higher education institutes in India. The proposed study hypotheses were tested by deploying the statistical technique of multiple regression analysis using statistical package for social sciences Version-24.

Findings

Results demonstrated that of the five dimensions of “decent work,” only “access to health care” and “complementary values” were significant predictors of work engagement. “Adequate compensation,” “free time and rest” and “safe interpersonal working conditions” as dimensions of “decent work” were not found to be significantly related to work engagement.

Research limitations/implications

Findings encourage education policymakers to implement a “decent work” policy for faculty members with greater emphasis on ensuring workplace-fit and provision of adequate health-care facilities to keep the workforce engaged.

Originality/value

It is one of the few studies conducted in the South-Asian context that highlight “decent work” as a crucial job resource, useful in enhancing the work engagement of faculty members in higher education institutions.
Does tax policy fit in the portfolio of COVID-19 responses?
Authors: Sadiq Kerrie , Krever Richard
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Tax policymakers are currently navigating a path through a delicate dialectic of macro- and micro-level policy responses to the economic dislocation of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to examine initial tax measures that are aimed at helping taxpayers needing liquidity, solvency and income support.

Design/methodology/approach

This study undertakes a review of key tax policy responses of six jurisdictions across the globe that have similar tax regimes and virus mitigation strategies (albeit with different outcomes). Key initiatives implemented from February to April 2020 by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa and the UK are examined.

Findings

This study indicates that tax concessions are a crude and mostly ineffective way of assisting individuals and enterprises in difficulty. In the longer term, if the crisis prompts desirable reforms such as extending the recognition of tax losses, the income tax system will emerge fairer and more efficient.

Practical implications

An investigation of the short-term reforms announced relating to asset write-offs, tax deferral, tax losses and goods and services tax/value-added tax rates in light of the liquidity, income support and stimulus objectives shows that in some cases the policies may have been misguided. The findings can be used by policymakers as the basis for designing better targeted alternative non-tax responses.

Originality/value

Jurisdictional responses to tax policy reforms during a modern period of significant economic dislocation have yet to be documented in the literature. Specifically, this paper highlights the limitations of tax policy initiatives as a response to financial hardship.
COVID-19 and deferred tax reversals
Authors: Wong Jilnaught , Wong Norman , Li Willow Yangliu
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the financial statement impact resulting from the tax depreciation on buildings that was reinstated on 25 March 2020 as part of the New Zealand Government’s coronavirus (COVID-19) tax support package. The COVID-19 pandemic and the tax relief created an accounting response to map the environment to accounting reports, reversing previously recognized deferred tax liabilities and increasing reported income as a result.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an exploratory and descriptive study to understand the accounting response and impact on companies’ financial statements following a COVID-19 tax relief to support businesses in a dire financial situation as the effects of COVID-19 took hold.

Findings

First, the accounting response provided the appropriate mapping from the COVID-19 environment to accounting reports. Second, the financial statement impacts are material, especially for companies with extensive holdings of buildings that are held for use. Third, while the accounting relief was immediate, the economic (cash flow) support does not occur until a year later.

Research limitations/implications

The financial statement impacts are based on a subset of NZX 50 companies with the available information at the time of writing. However, they do not compromise the external validity of the findings because the tax depreciation relief applies to other listed companies, unlisted public and private companies, trust, partnerships and individuals.

Practical implications

The New Zealand Government could have been more helpful to businesses by allowing an immediate depreciation deduction in the 2020 year as opposed to implementing it from 2021. Further, it could have legislated a backlog depreciation deduction from 2010 – when the depreciation on buildings was disallowed – to 2020.

Originality/value

This paper documents the evolution of the accounting for deferred taxes when the New Zealand Government withdrew the tax depreciation in 2010, how NZ IAS 12 evolved as a result of that event and now the reversal effect with the reinstatement of the tax depreciation during COVID-19. The paper also blends in the accounting responses and considers whether they are opportunistic or efficient.
Similarity and difference between palmoplantar pustulosis and pustular psoriasis
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2021

Palmoplantar pustulosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by sterile pustules predominantly involving the palms and soles. Palmoplantar pustulosis has many similar aspects to psoriasis, either plaque and pustular type, namely familial occurrence between palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis, the appearance of the Köbner phenomenon, joint involvement, and nail involvement. Pustular psoriasis is classified into generalized and localized types, and there are a number of papers regarding palmoplantar pustulosis as an acral variant of localized pustular psoriasis. Many Japanese dermatologists consider palmoplantar pustulosis to be a distinct entity from pustular psoriasis, and the coexistence of palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis is rare. However, outside Japan, palmoplantar pustulosis is often considered to be palmoplantar psoriasis or palmoplantar pustular psoriasis, and extra‐palmoplantar lesions are also considered to be psoriasis. The purpose of the current review is to compare the similarities and differences between palmoplantar pustulosis and generalized/localized pustular psoriasis. Japanese patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have a close relationship with focal infection, and the associated bone–joint manifestation exclusively involves the anterior chest wall. Furthermore, pediatric occurrence of palmoplantar pustulosis is extremely rare, and difference of genetic background between palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis has also been reported. Treatment of focal infection often results in dramatic effects on both cutaneous lesions and joint pain of palmoplantar pustulosis. Those findings suggest that palmoplantar pustulosis should be separately considered from either palmoplantar psoriasis or palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. The clinicopathological features and therapeutic approach of both diseases are discussed.
Characterization of mitochondrial genomes of three new species: Leptocimbex praiaformis, L. clavicornis, and L. yanniae (Hymenoptera: Cimbicidae)
Authors: Cheng Yalan , Yan Yuchen , Wei Meicai , Niu Gengyun
Published: March 2021

Three new species of Leptocimbex, L. praiaformis, L. clavicornis, and L. yanniae, from China were described and illustrated. Nearly complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced using next‐generation sequencing. Compared to the ancestral organization, four tRNA genes were rearranged: trnM (+) and trnQ (−) are shuffled, while trnC (−) and trnY (−) are translocated from the trnW‐trnC‐trnY cluster to a location upstream of trnI. By mapping gene order onto phylogenies estimated from the mitochondrial genome, the evolutionary histories of gene rearrangement traits can be deciphered. All protein‐coding genes are initiated by ATN codons and terminated with TAN, or T codons. By labeling the mutation on predicted secondary structures of rRNAs, the highly conserved motifs of rrnS (H769, H921, H939, H1506) also show phylogenetic signals. Phylogenetic relationships among the Symphyta were reconstructed using mitogenomes. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses highly support the monophyly of the genus Leptocimbex and the sister‐group relationship between Leptocimbex and Labriocimbex + Trichiosoma.

Subjects Genomics, Entomology, Taxonomy, Zoology, Molecular biology.
Consumer acceptance of watermelon flesh‐rind blends and the effect of rind on refreshing perception
Authors: Ramirez Jessica Louise , Juma Shanil , Du Xiaofen
Published: March 2021

Watermelon flesh is widely consumed for its appealing flavor and refreshing properties, though the rind of the fruit also has traits of interest, especially its nutritional benefits. This study aimed to determine if watermelon flesh blended with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w rind could appeal to consumers, and the effect of rind on the refreshing perception was investigated. Consumers (n = 102) evaluated the liking and intensity levels of overall flavor, sweet, sour, green, watermelon flavor, and refreshing quality along with questions regarding the texture, off flavors, and aftertaste of the samples. The addition of rind was acceptable up to the 20% rind level, which was given an overall rating above the midpoint of the scale, while the 10% and 0% rind samples did not differ significantly (P < 0.001). Overall liking most strongly correlated with sweet liking (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and watermelon flavor liking (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Refreshing liking most strongly correlated with watermelon flavor liking (r = 0.75, P < 0.001) and decreased with addition of rind in the samples (P < 0.001). The excessive green notes, off flavors, and undesirable texture of rind decreased the hedonic and refreshing ratings of samples with 20% and 30% rind, respectively. This research demonstrated the acceptability of using up to 20% rind to supplement watermelon juice blends and results suggested that watermelon flavor drives the refreshing perception.

Practical Application

These findings exhibit the diversity in consumer preferences for watermelon flesh blended with rind using a consumer test. The refreshing properties of watermelon flesh as related to sweetness and watermelon flavor, along with the flavor and mouthfeel attributes contributed by watermelon rind, are highlighted. Manufacturers of fruit‐based beverages can apply this research to inform development of refreshing products, watermelon flavored products, or products that utilize rind waste.
Beta redundancy for functional ecology
Authors: Ricotta Carlo , Kosman Evsey , Laroche Fabien , Pavoine Sandrine
Published: March 2021

Functional beta redundancy has been recently defined as the fraction of species dissimilarity between two plots not expressed by functional dissimilarity. As such, it summarizes to what degree the compositional differences between two plots mirror their functional differences.

A fundamental condition to obtain an appropriate measure of functional beta redundancy is that the functional dissimilarity between the plots is always lower (or at least not higher) than the corresponding species dissimilarity. However, many of the extant measures of functional dissimilarity do not fulfil this requirement.

To overcome this problem, a class of tree‐based indices of functional dissimilarity that conform to the above ‘redundancy property’ has been recently proposed. However, functional dissimilarity measures need not necessarily be based on a hierarchical representation of the species functional relationships.

In this paper, we introduce an algorithmic index of functional dissimilarity that conforms to the redundancy property. Since it does not rely on a hierarchical species organization, the proposed index allows to calculate functional beta redundancy in a more suitable way to the non‐hierarchical structure of the species functional relationships. The behaviour of the proposed measure is illustrated with data on the species functional turnover along real and simulated ecological gradients.
Effects of a multi‐component alcohol prevention intervention at sporting events: a quasi‐experimental control group study
Authors: Elgán Tobias H. , Durbeej Natalie , Holder Harold D. , Gripenberg Johanna
Published: March 2021

Background and aims

Alcohol intoxication among spectators and related problems are common at sporting events. This study estimated the impact a multi‐component community‐based alcohol prevention intervention, implemented at Swedish Premier Football (soccer) League matches, had on intoxication levels among spectators and refusal rates of alcohol service to, and arena entry of, obviously intoxicated spectators.

Design

A quasi‐experimental controlled study using a repeated cross‐sectional design.

Setting and participants

Spectators and sport arenas in Stockholm and Gothenburg, Sweden.

Intervention and comparator

The intervention was implemented in Stockholm and consisted of community mobilisation and collaboration, training of staff and improved enforcement and policy work. Gothenburg was the comparison area and received usual care.

Measurements

Primary outcomes were spectators’ mean breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), proportion of spectators with high intoxication levels, (defined as BrAC ≥0.1%), overserving at licensed premises inside arenas and refused arena entry of obviously intoxicated spectators. Baseline data were collected during 2015 and follow‐up during 2016 and 2017.

Findings

BrAC assessments (n = 10 188), arena entry attempts (n = 201) and alcohol purchase attempts at premises inside arenas (n = 495) were collected. There was evidence that the refusal rates of alcohol purchase at premises inside arenas improved differently between study areas and over time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.07, 1.06, P = 0.060, Bayes factor [BF] = 8.60). In both study areas, the arena entry refusal rates improved over time (aOR = 5.87, 95% CI = 1.16, 29.83, P = 0.033, BF = 17.7), but evidence that the rates improved differently between study areas and over time was equivocal (aOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.09, 3.56, P = 0.543, BF = 1.2). Mean BrAC levels decreased over time in both study areas (β = −0.032, 95% CI = −0.050, −0.015, P < 0.001), and differently (β = 0.104, 95% CI = 0.061, 0.146, P < 0.001), but evidence for an interaction effect was equivocal (β = −0.002, 95% CI = −0.022, 0.018, P = 0.868, BF = 1.0). Evidence was equivocal regarding whether the proportion of spectators with high intoxication levels decreased differently between study areas and over time (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.50, P = 0.220, BF = 2.2).

Conclusions

A multi‐component community‐based alcohol prevention intervention at sporting events may have increased staff intervention toward obviously intoxicated spectators. It was not clear whether this translated into a reduction in intoxication, which can be explained by improvements in the comparison area.
Wastage of medications supplied by hospitals to facilitate continuity of care when patients are discharged to residential care facilities in Victoria, Australia: An observational study
Authors: Elliott Rohan A. , Tran Tim , Taylor Simone E.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To explore wastage of hospital‐supplied medications for patients discharged to residential care facilities (RCFs).

Methods

Telephone interviews with staff at 52 RCFs and nine community pharmacies after patients were discharged from three hospitals in metropolitan Victoria, Australia, with medication supplied in original packs.

Results

Hospital‐supplied medication was used by most RCFs, for a median of 48 hours, while waiting for community pharmacies to deliver medications packed in the RCFs’ preferred dose administration aid system (unit‐dose or multi‐dose blister packs or sachets). All RCFs reported sending unused hospital‐supplied medications to their community pharmacy. Six of the nine community pharmacies (managing 83% patients) indicated they did not reuse hospital‐supplied medications, with the exception of select difficult‐to‐source medications.

Conclusion

There was significant wastage of hospital‐supplied discharge medications. Changes to the way hospital discharge medications are funded and quantities supplied are needed to ensure continuity of medication administration while minimising financial and environmental impacts of medication wastage.
The diagnosis and management of allergic reactions in patients sensitized to non‐specific lipid transfer proteins
Authors: Skypala Isabel J. , Bartra Joan , Ebo Didier G. , Antje Faber Margaretha , Fernández‐Rivas Montserrat , Gomez Francisca , Luengo Olga , Till Stephen J. , Asero Riccardo , Barber Domingo , Cecchi Lorenzo , Diaz Perales Araceli , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Karin , Anna Pastorello Elide , Swoboda Ines , Konstantinopoulos Anastasios. P. , van Ree Ronald , Scala Enrico ,   European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Task Force: Non‐specific Lipid Transfer Protein Allergy Across Europe
Published: March 2021

Sensitization to one or more non‐specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs), initially thought to exist mainly in southern Europe, is becoming accepted as a cause of allergic reactions to plant foods across Europe and beyond. The peach nsLTP allergen Pru p 3 is a dominant sensitizing allergen and peaches a common food trigger, although multiple foods can be involved. A frequent feature of reactions is the requirement for a cofactor (exercise, alcohol, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, Cannabis sativa) to be present for a food to elicit a reaction. The variability in the food and cofactor triggers makes it essential to include an allergy‐focused diet and clinical history in the diagnostic workup. Testing on suspected food triggers should also establish whether sensitization to nsLTP is present, using purified or recombinant nsLTP allergens such as Pru p 3. The avoidance of known trigger foods and advice on cofactors is currently the main management for this condition. Studies on immunotherapy are promising, but it is unknown whether such treatments will be useful in populations where Pru p 3 is not the primary sensitizing allergen. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of cofactors, improving diagnostic accuracy and establishing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
A pilot multicentre randomised controlled trial of lidocaine infusion in women undergoing breast cancer surgery
Authors: Toner A. J. , Bailey M. A. , Schug S. A. , Corcoran T. B.
Published: March 2021

Chronic postoperative pain is common after breast cancer surgery. Peri‐operative lidocaine infusion may prevent the development of chronic postoperative pain, but a large‐scale trial is required to test this hypothesis. It is unclear whether a pragmatic, multicentre trial design that is consistent with expert guidance, addresses the limitations of previous studies, and overcomes existing translational barriers is safe, effective and feasible. We conducted a double‐blind, randomised controlled pilot study in 150 patients undergoing breast cancer surgery across three hospitals in Western Australia. Patients received lidocaine, or equivalent volumes of saline, as an intravenous bolus (1.5 mg.kg‐1) and infusion (2 mg.kg‐1.h‐1) intra‐operatively, and a subcutaneous infusion (1.33 mg.kg‐1.h‐1) postoperatively for up to 12 h on a standard surgical ward, with novel safety monitoring tools in place. The co‐primary outcomes were: in‐hospital safety events; serum levels of lidocaine during intravenous and subcutaneous infusion; and annualised enrolment rates per site with long‐term data capture. In‐hospital safety events were rare, and similar in the placebo and lidocaine arms (3% vs. 1%). Median (IQR [range]) serum lidocaine levels during intravenous (2.16 (1.74–2.83 [1.12–6.06]) µg.ml‐1, n = 41) and subcutaneous (1.52 (1.28–1.83 [0.64–2.85]) µg.ml‐1, n = 48) infusion were comparable with previous trials reporting improved pain outcomes. Annualised enrolment approximated 50 patients per site per year, with high levels of protocol adherence and ≥ 99% capture of outcomes at 3 and 6 months. The adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) for postoperative pain at 6 months in the lidocaine arm was 0.790 (0.370–1.684). We conclude that this trial, as designed, is safe, effective and feasible in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery, and a larger‐scale trial is planned.
COVID‐19‐related thyroiditis: A novel disease entity?
Authors: Dworakowska Dorota , Morley Simon , Mulholland Nicola , Grossman Ashley B
Published: March 2021

The literature on COVID‐19‐related thyroid complications has accumulated over the past year or so as the pandemic has accelerated throughout the world. In particular, several recent case reports have been published describing a possible correlation between COVID‐19 disease and subacute thyroiditis (SAT). In this review, we briefly present one of our own patients and review the current published literature in this area up to January 2021, including analyses of major series of thyroid function tests in patients with significant COVID‐19 infection. We conclude that while the great majority of patients with severe COVID‐19 infection may show manifestations of the sick euthyroid syndrome, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of SAT, especially in the early weeks and months following even mild COVID‐19 infection.
MiR‐467b alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation through targeting STAT1 in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells
Authors: Jin Feng , Liao Leming , Zhu Yongjun
Published: March 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases worldwide. Chondrocytes are activated in OA patients, accompanied by excessive chondrogenic proliferation and production of inflammatory cytokines. MiR‐467b is implicated in the regulation of artherosclerosis and pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion. However, the precise role of miR‐467b in OA remains unclear. In the present study, we induced inflammation in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS treatment significantly elevated the production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in ATDC5 cells, accompanied by decreased miR‐467 level. Then, we over‐expressed miR‐467b using its specific mimics in ATDC5 cells, and LPS‐induced inflammation was significantly inhibited as evidenced by decreased IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels. MiR‐467b agomir also alleviated inflammation in rat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) model. In addition, we validated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was a downstream target of miR‐467b. LPS treatment significantly increased the STAT1 expression while miR‐467b mimic transfection partially reversed this effect. Moreover, STAT1 knockout reversed the increased contents of IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α. Furthermore, miR‐467b over‐expression significantly decreased the production of IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α induced by LPS treatment, which was partially reversed by further STAT1 over‐expression. In summary, our findings demonstrated that miR‐467b alleviated LPS‐induced inflammation through targeting STAT1, and this miR‐467b/STAT1 regulation axis may provide a new therapeutic target for OA clinical management.
Pregnancy Options Counseling and Abortion Referral Practices Among Colorado Nurse Practitioners, Nurse‐Midwives, and Physician Assistants
Authors: Coleman‐Minahan Kate
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Access to abortion is a public health priority. Yet little is known about pregnancy options counseling and abortion referral practices, both essential to timely abortion care, among advanced practice clinicians (APCs; nurse practitioners, nurse‐midwives, physician assistants).

Methods

Data were drawn from a stratified random sample of Colorado APCs, oversampling certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs), women's health nurse practitioners (WHNPs), and rural clinicians. Pregnancy options counseling and abortion referral practices were described. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between participant characteristics and providing options counseling, referring for abortion, and referring to crisis pregnancy centers.

Results

Of 513 participants (response rate 21%), 419 provided pregnancy testing. Only 201(48%) reported they were willing and able to counsel on all 3 options. Religious or personal objection was the primary rationale for unwillingness to present abortion as an option (63%). However, lack of knowledge was the main rationale for unwillingness (64%) and inability to counsel (79%), whereas institutional barriers fueled inability to refer (59%). Although 53% referred for abortion care, 31% referred to crisis pregnancy centers. Characteristics positively associated with providing options counseling included being a CNM or WHNP (odds ratio [OR], 2.73; 95% CI, 1.32‐5.66), having received options counseling training (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.48‐5.43), and feeling adequately trained on abortion counseling (OR, 6.61; 95% CI, 3.62‐12.08). Characteristics positively associated with referring for abortion included being a CNM or WHNP (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.18‐4.36), having received options counseling training (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.36‐4.22), and feeling adequately trained on abortion counseling (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.00‐6.11). Only provider type was associated with referring to crisis pregnancy centers; CNMs and WHNPs had the lowest odds (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15‐0.54).

Discussion

Pregnant patients in Colorado may not receive evidence‐based pregnancy options counseling or abortion referrals. Clinician training on options counseling and abortion referrals is needed.
Desiccation and temperature resistance of the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): pedestals for invasion success?
Authors: Mutamiswa Reyard , Machekano Honest , Singano Charles , Joseph Virgil , Chidawanyika Frank , Nyamukondiwa Casper
Published: March 2021

The larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is an invasive insect pest species of global economic concern. It however remains unknown how P. truncatus succeeds under increasing temperatures and desiccation effects associated with projected climate change. Here, we investigated the effects of desiccation and high‐temperature stress on physiological fitness of P. truncatus larvae and adults. Specifically, we measured critical thermal maxima, heat knockdown time and water loss rates following heat and desiccation acclimation. Results showed beneficial heat acclimation effects on heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima and heat knockdown time). Similarly, desiccation acclimation significantly improved both heat tolerance traits, indicating cross‐tolerance effects, not for heat knockdown time in larvae. In all cases, adults exhibited more improved heat tolerance than larvae. Conversely, heat acclimation increased water loss rates, and more so in larvae than adults. Improved heat tolerance plus abiotic stress cross‐tolerance of P. truncatus may explain its enhanced physiological and ecological fitness in dry tropical and changing climate environments. These results are important in explaining the role of physiology in insect invasions and may inform pest management and forecasting.
A preliminary study to understand the effects of mask on tinted face cosmetics
Authors: Yokoyama Emilie , Udodaira Kumiko , Nicolas Alexandre , Yamashita Eri , Maudet Aurelie , Flament Frederic , Velleman Damien
Published: March 2021

Background

The recent COVID‐19 pandemic has generalized the use of face mask in public area, and it is now common to wear it for long hours. But face mask interfere with cosmetics, and key concerns for tinted products are staining of the mask and degradation on face. Consumers have modified beauty routine by a decrease of makeup, but are now expecting new products adapted to face mask. Little is known about the mechanisms that affect most the makeup under the face mask, so that further studies are needed to develop adequate evaluation methods and products. In this study, the color transfer on mask and makeup degradation on face are assessed through a mixed approach of consumer and instrumental evaluation.

Materials and Methods

Two tinted face products (A and B) were applied by half face on 11 Japanese women, who conducted real‐life activities with a face mask during 4 hours. Panelists evaluated the stain of their face mask by visual assessment, while the makeup degradation on face was evaluated by color measurement by instrumental method.

Results

No difference was observed between the two products for lasting on face, but consumer evaluation showed a better resistance of product A for color transfer on mask.

Conclusion

The mix of instrumental and consumer evaluation is a promising way to evaluate the makeup degradation on face and color transfer on mask, which are two key factors to develop mask resistant makeup products.
Experiences and perceptions of family members of emergency first responders with post-traumatic stress disorder: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: May Karen , Van Hooff Miranda , Doherty Matthew , Iannos Marie
Published: March 2021

Objective:

The objective of this review is to understand the perceptions and experiences of family members of emergency first responders with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Introduction:

Research indicates that rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency first responders are approximately double civilian rates; however, little is known about the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on family members. This review seeks to identify qualitative research on families’ experiences and perceptions.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider all studies of family members of current or former emergency first responders with diagnosed or undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder of any level of severity. All possible familial configurations and family members will be considered, including nuclear, separated, and blended families, of a current or former emergency first responder. There will be no age restrictions on emergency first responders or their family members, or limitations on recency of service. Emergency first responders may include police, ambulance workers, paramedics, firefighters, or rescue personnel, with no restriction on geographic location.

Methods:

The databases to be searched will include PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, PTSDpubs, and Scopus, as well as handsearching of relevant journals. Unpublished studies and gray literature will be searched via PTSDpubs and OpenGrey. The search will aim to find English-language publications with no time limits. Titles and abstracts will be reviewed and then full texts, all screened by two independent reviewers against the inclusion criteria. Any conflicting views will be resolved by discussion or a third reviewer. Results will be critically appraised for methodological quality. Data extraction results will be synthesized and evaluated for credibility and dependability.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020196605