bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steel on the Industrial Staircase: A Conceptual Model for Early Warning to other Industries and Nations
Authors: Mangum Garth L. , Mangum Stephen L. , Kim Sae Young
Published: March 2007

Perceiving all of the world's economies as pursuing each other up an industrial staircase allows foresight into which industries in which nations are most likely to face increasing competition from those seeking a breakthrough in the race for world markets. The U.S. steel industry illustrates the challenge to intermediate product and complex assembly industries. Had the industry developments of the 1970s and 1980s been foreseen in the 1950s and 1960s, it could have avoided its two major errors: offering excessive labor costs to buy production stability and replicating its existing technology rather than pursuing available innovations. Now the U. S. electronics industry is succumbing to similar challenges at the next higher step on the staircase. It is submitted that clearer recognition of the phenomenon might provide an early warning as to which industries are next, both in the U. S. and abroad, and what comparative advantages can provide them a reasonable defense or an orderly retreat.
Sports Stadiums and Area Development: A Critical Review
Authors: Baade Robert A. , Dye Richard F.
Published: March 2007

Should local governments subsidize the construction and operation of sports stadiums? This is being debated in cities throughout North America, and several factors have conspired to elevate this issue to headline status. Local government officials, burdened by the deteriorating financial health of their cities, have sought ways to mollify critics. Since some political strategists have argued that the presence of professional sports imparts economic prosperity, some local political leaders have hitched their wagons to the sports star. But is professional sports a panacea for sagging urban economic fortunes? Many are skeptical that subsidizing sports stadiums is worth the costs. We examine published and unpublished literature as well as our own research to chronicle, analyze, and critique the use of publicly financed sports stadiums as a vehicle for economic progress. We provide information for both the academic and the practitioner on the types of questions that should be posed when making decisions about stadiums. In the first section we detail and analyze the recent history and future plans for city financial involvement in sports stadium projects. We discuss the costs and benefits of stadium-based development rationale in the second section, and the next section analyzes its validity. Factors that may prove decisive in determining the economic successfulness of an individual stadium project are observed in the fourth section, and the last section concludes the article.
An Economic Development Education Agenda for the 1990s
Authors: Boyle M. Ross
Published: March 2007

Economic development has evolved as a legitimate professional discipline. A profession is only as good as the educational foundation upon which it rests. This article sets forth an agenda for strengthening the economic development education network as we enter the last decade of this century. It calls for actions to (1) modify the curriculum for practitioners, (2) alter the education delivery system, and (3) expand the audience for economic development education. More emphasis must be placed on incorporating economic development within broader community development undertakings, if "no-growth" backlash movements are to be avoided. Advanced technologies must be employed to deliver educational offerings more efficiently to rural economic developers. Universities must be encouraged to offer more degree programs in economic development. A broadly based community education program is needed if the general public is to gain a better understanding of the services performed by economic developers.
New Technology and the Modern Workplace: The Prospects for Industrial Accord
Authors: Finlay William , Clarke Matthew J.
Published: March 2007

In this essay the authors argue that technological innovation in the workplace resulting from the microelectronics revolution has the potential to improve relations between managers and blue-collar workers. One reason for this is that modern technology makes it possible to substitute indirect control for direct control of workers. A second reason is that modern technology can be used more effectively if workers are encouraged to increase their skills. The achievement of industrial cooperation, however, will depend on overcoming obstacles rooted in traditional managerial culture, most notably the belief that workers should not be entrusted with greater skill and responsibility, and in adversarial collective bargaining, in particular the perception of technology as a weapon in the struggle between management and labor.
The Perils of Overstating Service Sector Growth Potential: A Study of Linkages in Distributive Services
Authors: Patton Wendy , Markusen Ann
Published: March 2007

The export potential of services has been assessed without regard to forward and backward linkages. Yet regional service sector growth is often associated with three factors: the displacement of manufacturing functions into service establishments, the marketing role of manufacturing-displacing imports, and locational shifts toward customer sites. Many services remain locationally linked to suppliers and buyers, with no net gain to the regional economy. In addition service gains may be temporary, associated with cyclical or abnormal business conditions. In the case of steel service centers, which grew rapidly in the early 1980s to account for 25% of all steel sales, employment gains were largely attributable to the spin-off of steel manufacturing functions and to opportunities for marketing imported steel. Eventually, the growth trend tailed off as macroeconomic factors (recovery from recession and the fall of the dollar) restored the relative profitability of the steel industry and enabled it to "learn" flexibility from service center pioneers. Economic development planners should assess service sector potential in light of such linkages and dynamics.
Equity and Local Economic Development
Authors: Krumholz Norman
Published: March 2007

Planning for local economic development assumes a rational systematic process in which goals are set, strategies weighed, and technical studies undertaken. But most economic development practitioners spend little time on planning, and much on sales, marketing and public relations. In the process, public planners often become arms of the private development process. There is also little empirical evidence to support the claims that local economic development subsidies fulfill their public purpose by creating jobs for city residents, net tax increases for local treasuries or revitalization for city neighborhoods. Subsidies are used, projects are built, but poverty and joblessness increase. This article concludes with suggestions for a more equitable and effective local economic development process.
The Sectoral Cluster in Economic Development Policy: Lessons from Rochester and Buffalo, New York
Authors: Sternberg Ernest
Published: March 2007

This article proposes that the idea of a regional sectoral cluster can provide economic development practitioners with more fruitful guidance for local sectoral policy than can the traditional conceptions of the industrial complex Outstanding studies of the steel sector in Chicago and the motion picture industry in Los Angeles illustrate the traditional analyses of the industrial complex. But studies of the optics and imaging sector in Rochester, New York, and the waste management sector in Buffalo suggest that these traditional analyses are excessively rigid for local economic development practice. The lessons lead us to a more open conception of sector-specific interrelationships that local practitioners could draw on to diagnose and strengthen selected sectors in their regions.
Stalking Local Economic Development Benefits: A Review of Evaluation Issues
Authors: Giloth Robert P.
Published: March 2007

There is widespread civic concern about the gap between local economic development promises and outcomes, particularly for business incentives made available by local jurisdictions. This article examines how this problem results from the design limitations of local economic development policy, the typical result being vaguely designed programs with multiple goals. A case study of Industrial Development Bonds (JDBs) in Chicago between 1977 and 1987 is used to show how this failure in design results in selection bias in which firms obtained IDBs. It finds that research about how governments operate IDB programs, how firms use IDBs, and how interurban competition influences program operations are neglected topics in the evaluation literature concerned with business incentives. Two shortcomings in IDB research are the lack of control groups to isolate IDB effects and the over reliance on jobs as a measure of program success. The contemporary evolution of more diverse economic development strategies poses serious challenges for evaluation research because there is so much local variation in program design and projected impacts. Closing the credibility gap about local economic development will be difficult, but budget tightening, heightened civic expectations, and a renewed focus on human capital investment may create pressure for better designed business incentives.
Displaced Workers Turned Small Business Operators: A Viable Economic Development or Reemployment Strategy?
Authors: Mangum Stephen L. , Tansky Judith W.
Published: March 2007

This article sets small business start-up training initiatives within the context of other strategies used to serve displaced workers, and then proceeds to describe and evaluate a recent programmatic effort of this type. The evaluation is based on a two-year postprogram follow-up of participants in an Ohio pilot project funded through Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) funds. Comparisons of business starts, longevity of operation, employment generation, and income generation are made to U.S. businesses in general, European programs of similar philosophy, and to the experience of displaced worker programs in general. Implications are then drawn for managers of this type of employment and training program.
The Role of Health Services in Metropolitan and Central City Economic Development: The Example of Dallas
Authors: Gross Harold T.
Published: March 2007

A shift from goods- to service-producing activities has characterized urban economies for nearly three decades. Much of the research concerned has focused on the increasing prominence of producer services in urban economies; scant attention has been paid to the even more rapid emergence of health services. Recent patterns of growth in metropolitan Dallas indicate that this sector plays an important role in job and income creation; moreover, increasing specialization in health care occupations and practices is encouraging its centralization in the metropolitan core. Opportunities for health service exports appear greatest in smaller metropolitan areas that provide high-volume basic care to the surrounding territory. For larger areas, health service exports seem limited to specialty care and, consequently, much thinner markets.
The Effects of Intermetropolitan Migration on the Labor Force Participation of Disadvantaged Black Men in Atlanta
Authors: Sawicki David S. , Moody Mitch
Published: March 2007

This research addresses the question whether one metropolitan area experiencing rapid growth of its economy passes the benefits along to its poor resident population. In popular parlance, does a "rising tide lift all boats"? The method employed here is to study one metropolitan economy in some depth, concentrating on the composition of the labor force and its growth, as well as migration in and out of the metropolitan area. This is done for Atlanta, using data from the 5% Public Use Microdata Sample for the entire country for 1990. The authors learned that the volume of net in-migration overwhelms the job market, creating serious problems, especially for minorities and the young. The research suggests that approaches to economic development beyond job creation and job training are necessary in Atlanta, and it provides a template for those studying their own regional economies.
What Works Best?: Values and the Evaluation of Local Economic Development Policy
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Fasenfest David
Published: March 2007

This article addresses several issues related to values and the evaluation of local economic development policies. First, it focuses on the issue of goals in relation to the evaluation of local policies: What is one trying to achieve with local economic development policies? Second, it addresses connections between how goals are defined, what analysts choose to evaluate, and the results of evaluations. Finally, the article suggests an alternative approach to evaluating local development policies, incorporating an explicit identification of values and a broader notion of what is meant by local economic development.
The Relevance of Firm-Learning Theories to the Design and Evaluation of Manufacturing Modernization Programs
Authors: Glasmeier Amy K. , Fuelihart Kurt , Feller Irwin , Mark Melvin M.
Published: March 2007

There is a need for rigorous definitional and empirical specification of what is meant by firm learning and the growing number of variants on this important theme. Based on a review of the literature on firm learning, the authors present a series of propositions about the state of knowledge regarding organizations' learning behaviors and capabilities. These propositions are then tested through a survey of firms in the plastics industries in the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Empirical results suggest that firms are limited in their ability to acquire and apply new information in the face of needed change.
DOING THE RIGHT THING?
Authors: BOCK JANE D.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a feminist deconstruction of legitimacy regarding the intentional decision by midlife independent single women to enter solo parenthood. Data collection involved interviews with 26 single mothers by choice (SMCs) and two years of participant observation in two Single Mothers by Choice support groups. Their accounts indicate that SMCs feel entitled to enter solo motherhood because they possess four essential attributes: age, responsibility, emotional maturity, and fiscal capability. SMCs use economic, moral, and religious justifications to further legitimize their decisions. These justifications allow SMCs to present themselves as competent, ethical, and mainstream mothers.
RECONCEPTUALIZING GENDER IN POSTSOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION
Authors: RUDD ELIZABETH C.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the gendered consequences of changes in the problem of combining work and family caused by the collapse of state socialism in former East Germany. The transition to capitalism made the trade-offs between work and family more extreme, amplified the experiential distance between work and family, and increased the perceived social value of work relative to family activities. These processes highlighted gender stratification: Women's labor power was devalued just as the value of paid employment increased, and women were increasingly excluded from work just as women's family roles seemed to lose value for society. This study suggests that feminists should conceptualize postsocialist transitions not only as changing labor market conditions and state policies but also as shaping gender relations through changing the meanings and experiences of work and family activities.
MORAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF MOTHERHOOD IN BREASTFEEDING DISCOURSE
Authors: WALL GLENDA
Published: March 2007

Some of the ways in which the experience of mothering is shaped by the moral and cultural constructions surrounding breastfeeding discourse are examined using a critical deconstruction of recent Canadian health education material. Connections between the understandings surrounding breastfeeding and cultural constructions of nature and sexuality are raised, as is the overlap between breastfeeding discourse and a number of other social discourses including those surrounding child-centered parenting expertise, the remoralization of pregnancy, and the neoliberal preoccupation with individual responsibility and the cost of social programs. Some of the implications that this understanding poses for mothers are examined.
Consequences of Women's Formal and Informal Job Search Methods for Employment in Female-Dominated Jobs
Authors: DRENTEA PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

Using data from the General Social Survey and the National Organizations Survey, this study assesses the extent to which job search methods affect gender composition in a job. In contrast to past research and the popular notion that networking maximizes job search outcomes, it is found that women who use informal job search methods had jobs with more women in them compared to not using such methods. Women using formal job search methods had jobs with fewer women in them compared to not using these methods. For men, job search methods were not associated with the gender composition of the job.
MEN'S RESPONSES TO FEMINISM AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
Authors: KIMMEL MICHAEL S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the variety of men's responses to feminism in late nineteenthand early twentieth-century United States through texts that addressed the claims raised by the turn-of-the-century women's movements. Antifeminist texts relied on traditional arguments, as well as Social Darwinist and natural law notions, to reassert the patriarchal family and to oppose women's suffrage and participation in the public sphere. Masculinist texts sought to combat the purported feminization of American manhood by proposing islands of masculinity, untainted by feminizing forces; proscribed homosociality was also cast as an effective antidote to homosexuality. Profeminist texts openly embraced women's claims for changes in public participation and private and family life, both out of a sense of justice and the conviction that such changes would benefit men and challenge the emerging industrial capitalist order. Parallels to contemporary men's responses to the women's movement are suggested.
HOW WOMEN RESHAPE THE PRISON GUARD ROLE
Authors: ZIMMER LYNN
Published: March 2007

This article describes the innovative job performance strategies used by women who work as guards in men's prisons. It suggests that women guards perform the job differently from men guards not only because women face structural and discriminatory barriers on the job but also because most women bring to the job a set of prior experiences, skills, and abilities different from those of most men. One of the reasons women may fail to receive positive performance evaluations in jobs traditionally held by men is that they are being evaluated on the basis of how well their work behavior matches that of men doing the same work. This article argues that there are multiple ways to perform jobs and that to expect women to perform jobs in the same manner as their male colleagues is a form of gender bias. Women should be judged by how effective they are, not by whether their approaches to work are similar to those of men.
INTERRUPTIONS AMONG EQUALS:
Authors: WILEY MARY GLENN , WOOLLEY DALE E.
Published: March 2007

In a corporate context, would interrupting affect the perceived power, identity traits, job performance, and interpersonal relationships of equally situated male and female speakers? The gender of both the interrupter and the interrupted speaker was varied in hypothetical transcripts of conversations between two corporate vice-presidents. There were no significant effects of interrupting or being interrupted on perceptions of the relative power of men and women speakers. However, the interrupter, regardless of gender, was perceived as more successful and driving, but less socially acceptable, reliable, and companionable than the interrupted speaker.
CHICANA AND MEXICAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN AT WORK:
Authors: SEGURA DENISE A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the process and meaning of occupational mobility among a selected sample of 40 immigrant and nonimmigrant women of Mexican descent in the San Francisco Bay Area who entered the secondary labor market of semiskilled clerical, service, and operative jobs in 1978-1979 and 1980-1981. This labor market was segmented along race and gender lines with few promotional ladders available as the work force became more nonwhite and female. When Chicanas and Mexicanas obtained jobs with fewer Chicano coworkers and greater avenues for advancement, they reported escalating conflictual social relations at work. Occupational mobility contained both objective and subjective dimensions for the respondents. Often a woman felt mobile in a job that lacked the means for advancement because she compared herself to a local Chicano or Mexicano working-class reference group and a self-concept rooted in her class, race, and gender.
“HELPED PUT IN A QUILT:”
Authors: HANSEN KAREN V.
Published: March 2007

By examining the case of one man in the early nineteenth century, this article challenges the assumptions of separate work and emotional lives for men and women and raises questions for the study of gender. The experience of Brigham Nims, as revealed in his diaries and letters, demonstrates that men and women did not live their lives in completely separate spheres during this period. Men could ignore the prescriptive adages of advice manuals and ministers, and regularly break gender-role stereotypes, yet still be honored in their communities. They also engaged in special intimate friendships. If the separation of spheres was observed by individuals as rigidly as it was advocated in prescriptive literature, then it is unlikely that Brigham Nims would have sewed, cooked, ironed, and quilted with womenfolk.
THE GENDERED CONTEXT OF READING
Authors: HOWARD JUDITH A. , ALLEN CAROLYN
Published: March 2007

Reading, a micro-level and subjective activity, is a mechanism through which gender is constructed and reinforced. Drawing on insights from cultural studies and feminist literary critics, and applying sociological perspectives and methodologies, we explored how 53 women and men read and interpreted two short stories, William Faulkner's “A Rose for Emily” and Jayne Anne Phillip's “Home.” We found that the gender of the readers had relatively few effects on their interpretations, but that indicators of life experience were influential. In general, more substantial life experience as reflected in greater age, being married, and having children was associated with more sympathetic, empathic reactions to the major characters. Ideological positions also influenced readers' interpretations, when those positions were relevant to the themes of the text; these individual values and attitudes were associated with more particularistic patterns of empathy. Rather than dismissing gender as an influence on reading, however, we suggest that gender influences reading and interpretation partially through the pervasive gender-markings of social context.
THINKING ABOUT WAGES:
Authors: ACKER JOAN
Published: March 2007

The gender-based wage gap in Swedish banks began to increase in 1983 after many years of decline. The growth in the gap between the wages of nonmanagerial women and men employees was particularly high. This article asks, How did this happen? Wage setting, part of the processes of control in capitalist economies, is accomplished through concrete practices under specific historical conditions. The author studied these practices and conditions to understand the increasing wage gap. Through interviews and examination of union and management documents, the author constructs an account of a wage-setting process that, in spite of a strong union and centralized bargaining, allows management to make discretionary wage decisions that favor raises for men over raises for women. Since 1983, competition and deregulation in the banking sector as well as union strategies have created conditions in which an increasing proportion of annual wage increases have been distributed on a discretionary basis. This has led to an increase in the wage gap. The author concludes that policies to raise women's relative wages should pursue general, across-the-board bargaining rather than individualized wage setting.
CONTRADICTIONS OF FEMINIST METHODOLOGY
Authors: GORELICK SHERRY
Published: March 2007

Many feminists have aruged that researchers must “give voice” to hitherto silenced women by adopting “the view from below.” Critically reviewing the literature on feminist methodology, the author argues that this perspective, while absolutely essential, is not sufficient. Confining research to induction-based methods ignores the limits to such research: Ideologies of oppression are often internalized, while the underlying structures of oppression are hidden. Marxist approaches may help reveal hidden determinants of oppression, but they risk exacerbating inequalities between researcher and researched. Women's experience of a world shaped (and often segregated) by structures of inequality produces contradictory relationships among researcher and researched and requires a methodology that deals with difference and the blindness of privilege among women. Women's oppression is “a complex of many contradictions” and necessitates a new standpoint-based methodology, created by researchers and participants of diverse race, class, and other oppressed groups, refocusing and re-visioning knowledge based on theory, action, and experience.
GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS POLITICS AND THE INCLUSION OF WOMEN IN TITLE VII OF THE 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
Authors: DEITCH CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

An examination of the historical circumstances surrounding the inclusion of gender in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act reveals how race, class, and gender operate in complex and contradictory patterns to shape social policy. Two levels of analysis are presented. One focuses on political conflict within the state. The other is a textual analysis of the actual congressional debate on the gender amendment to Title VII.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCHER'S GENDER IN THE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW:
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRISTINE L. , HEIKES E. JOEL
Published: March 2007

Sociologists who use in-depth interview methods have become sensitized to the ways that race-ethnicity and class can form barriers to rapport with respondents, but the question of gender has been largely unexamined. This article compares data from two independently conducted in-depth interview studies of male nurses: one by a female researcher and one by a male researcher. Observed differences in how the men in the samples framed their responses to questions in the two studies are discussed. It is argued that in-depth interviewers can and should become sensitized to respondents' negotiation of the gendered context of the interaction, but the existing proscriptions against cross-gender research are challenged.
AUTHORITY HIERARCHIES AT WORK:
Authors: McGUIRE GAIL M. , RESKIN BARBARA F.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether and how sex and race affect access to and rewards for job authority, using 1980 survey data for 1,216 employed workers. The authors examine whether, net of human-capital characteristics, sex and race affect access to and compensation for job authority. In addition, the authors examine whether the translation of credentials into authority and earnings varies depending on workers' sex or race.
BOUNDARY LINES
Authors: GIUFFRE PATTI A. , WILLIAMS CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that a majority of employed women experience sexual harassment and suffer negative repercussions because of it; yet only a minority of these women label their experiences “sexual harassment.” To investigate how people identify sexual harassment, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 waitpeople in restaurants in Austin, Texas. Most respondents worked in highly sexualized work environments. Respondents labeled sexual advances as sexual harassment only in four specific contexts: (1) when perpetrated by someone who exploited their powerful position for personal sexual gain; (2) when the perpetrator was of a different race/ethnicity than the victim—typically a minority man harassing a white woman; (3) when the perpetrator was of a different sexual orientation than the victim—typically a gay man harassing a straight man; or (4) when violence or the threat of violence was used. The authors argue that the hegemonic norms of acceptable sexual activity privilege heterosexual relationships, legitimize institutionalized forms of sexual exploitation in the workplace, and may protect assailants of the same race and sexual orientation as their victims from charges of sexual harassment.
FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY?
Authors: WALTER LYNN
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that feminist anthropology as a field of study should pose questions about how differential power is constituted as gender differences. Addressing these questions calls for an approach to the study of gender and power that articulates the relationship between structure and agency. Such an approach is one that analyzes the practice of gender over time from intersubjective, political perspectives. Last, the author argues that feminist anthropology is a justice claim, which demands an ethic of engagement. Working on this project, feminist anthropologists contribute to debates over the concept of culture and the epistemological problem of representation within anthropology in a way that allows anthropology to speak more fluently to current debates within cultural studies over the politics of culture.
WELCOME TO THE MEN'S CLUB
Authors: BIRD SHARON R.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on multiple masculinities conceptualized in terms of sociality, a concept used to refer to nonsexual interpersonal attractions. Through male homosocial heterosexual interactions, hegemonic masculinity is maintained as the norm to which men are held accountable despite individual conceptualizations of masculinity that depart from that norm. When it is understood among heterosexual men in homosocial circles that masculinity means being emotionally detached and competitive and that masculinity involves viewing women as sexual objects, their daily interactions help perpetuate a system that subordinates femininity and nonhegemonic masculinities. Nonhegemonic masculinities fail to influence structural gender arrangements significantly because their expression is either relegated to heterosocial settings or suppressed entirely.
HOLY MEN AND BIG GUNS
Authors: SPRAGUE JOEY
Published: March 2007

Theory in sociology is constructed as a canon, a very short list of social theorists who have been endowed with suprahistorical status. Drawing on the feminist analysis of gendered consciousness, the author argues that social theory is organized exactly as it should be if one were thinking like a White male capitalist. The perceptual frameworks it employs—a hierarchy of the social, logical dichotomies, decontextualized abstraction, an individualist approach—resonate well with descriptions of hegemonic masculine consciousness. As a result, social theory has not just distorted social perception, it is becoming functionally irrelevant in contemporary social life. The author argues that reasonable understandings are more likely if we are developing via an epistemology of connection, moving from thinking of theory as a holy text to organizing theory to create bridges between diverse standpoints, across disciplinary boundaries, and between knowing and doing.
GENDER, ETHNICITY, AND IMMIGRATION
Authors: RAIJMAN REBECA , SEMYONOV MOSHE
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether recent immigrant women in the Israeli labor market are at a “double disadvantage”—first as immigrants and second as women—and whether and to what extent such disadvantages differ across ethnic and geocultural groups. Data were obtained from the last available population census (1983). The analysis focuses on gender differences in employment opportunities among men and women who immigrated to Israel between 1979 and 1983. Data reveal that the double disadvantage of immigrant women is evident with regard to both labor force participation and occupational attainment. Immigrant women are less likely than immigrant men to join the Israeli labor market, and they face much greater occupational loss. Data also reveal an interaction effect between gender and ethnicity. Immigrant women from the less developed countries in Asia and Africa constitute the most disadvantaged group. This group of women appears to be at a “triple disadvantage.”
GENDERED ORGANIZATIONAL LOGIC
Authors: BRITTON DANA M.
Published: March 2007

This article uses Acker's theory of gendered organizations to frame an analysis of the ways in which policies and practices in a men's and a women's prison reflect and reproduce gendered inequalities. The article offers a working definition of one of Acker's key theoretical concepts, the notion of “gendered organizational logic.” Then, using interview data collected from correctional officers in a men's and a women's prison, the article examines the ways in which officer training and assignments, although designed to be nominally generic, assume a male worker and disproportionately benefit male officers working in men's institutions. These findings imply that the perspective could more usefully be conceived as a theory of “masculinized” organizations.
Modeling Creep Behavior of Fiber Composites
Authors: Chen J.L. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

A micromechanical model for the creep behavior of fiber composites is de veloped based on a typical cell consisting of a fiber and the surrounding matrix. The fiber is assumed to be linearly elastic and the matrix nonlinearly viscous. The creep strain rate in the matrix is assumed to be a function of stress. The nominal stress-strain relations are derived in the form of differential equations which are solved numerically for off-axis specimens under uniaxial loading. A potential function and the associated effective stress and effective creep strain rates are introduced to simplify the orthotropic relations.
Quantitative Measurement of Fiber Orientation and Fracture, Void and Weld-Lines in Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Narkis M. , Vaxman A. , Kenig S. , Siegmann A.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical properties of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics depend on fiber length and fiber orientation distribution produced during melt flow processing. The incorporation of short fibers into thermoplastic polymer melts increases their viscosity and the presence of fibers, increasing in length, results also in an increasing viscosity. Breakage of glass fibers during flow through a rheometer, also a serious problem in melt processing of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics, is demonstrated and analyzed.

Short fibers greatly improve the mechanical properties of polymers, but may severely weaken molded parts at their weld-line. A quantitative determination of the glass fiber ori entation distribution in the weld-line region was done by analyzing photomicrographs of polished sections. Fiber orientation parallel to the weld-line, normal to the flow direction, causes a dramatic loss of tensile strength.

Another factor playing an important role in fiber-filled thermoplastics is the associated void content. Unexpectedly high void volume fractions were estimated from density results. Reflected light micrographs of polished extrudates confirmed the existence of voids and their increasing content with increasing shear rate, fiber loading, fiber length and temperature.
PAN and Pitch-Based Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyethernitrile Composites
Authors: Itoi Masaaki , Pipes R. Byron
Published: March 2007

A new engineering thermoplastic resin (ID300) was combined with con tinuous carbon fiber (CF) to produce an advanced composite material. Both polyacryloni trile (PAN) and pitch-based carbon fiber were investigated as reinforcements. Impregna tion was accomplished directly from the powder form to a well-consolidated prepreg sheet. No fiber degradation even for the pitch carbon-fiber system was experienced. The mechanical properties measured included flexural strength, compressive strength and short beam shear strength.

The ID300 materials compare quite favorably to conventional thermoplastic and ther moset material systems. The prepreg sheet was utilized in the diaphragm sheet forming method to produce hemispherical geometries from laminates of [0/90] s and [0/45/-45/90] s configurations. The laminates exhibited excellent formability
Some Aspects of Carbon Fiber Type and Its Surface Treatment on the Nucleation Behavior of Poly(p-Phenylene Sulfide) Based Composites
Authors: López Leonardo C. , Wilkes Garth L.
Published: March 2007

The morphology of poly( p-phenylene sulfide) in materials contaimng few carbon fibers was analyzed. The effects of crystallization temperature, the molecular weight of the polymer, as well as the type of carbon fiber and its surface treatment on the nucleation behavior of PPS were studied by hot stage optical microscopy. Low crystalliza tion temperatures and low molecular weight PPS favored fiber surface nucleation (transcrystallinity). Of the carbon fibers utilized (AU4, XAU, T300U), the T300U fibers were the most effective in nucleating transcrystallinity. Anodization of the T300U fibers in NaOH and H2SO 4 electrolytes decreased the nucleating ability of the fibers. These effects were rationalized in terms of the polarity of the carbon fiber surface
Long-Term Durability of Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Bonding in Hygrothermal Environments
Authors: Meyer M.R. , Latour R.A. , Shutte H.D.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the long-term durability of the interfacial bond in carbon fiber /polyetheretherketone (C/PEEK) and carbon fiber/polysulfone (C/PSF) com posites after exposure to hygrothermal environments. A single fiber pull-out test was uti lized to quantitatively determine the ultimate bond strength (UBS) of the samples following exposure. Samples were tested at three temperatures for six time periods and in two en vironments (dry and salt water). A mathematical model based on nth order chemical reac tion kinetics was applied to describe the long-term durability of the interface. The results of this study indicate that interfacial bond strength in C/PSF and C/PEEK (380 grade) composites is significantly influenced by long-term exposure to salt water, especially at high temperatures. The results indicate that salt water saturation reduces interfacial bond strength in C/PSF and C/PEEK (380 grade) composites as a function of both time and temperature, with bond strength apparently reaching a stable temperature-dependent equi librium level.
How Do I Dislike Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Authors: Fritz Janie M. Harden
Published: March 2007

This article reports a study intended to develop a typology of “troublesome others” at work as a basis for research on unpleasant work relationships. Respondents were asked to assess an unpleasant work associate on a series of Likert-type scales; responses were submitted to factor analysis. The variables constructed from the factor analysis served as classification variables for cluster analyses of troublesome bosses, peers, and subordinates. The author presents the six troublesome boss clusters, eight troublesome peer clusters, and five troublesome subordinate clusters and discusses their implications for the impression formation literature and for management practice.
Next Generation Group Facilitation
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. , Keever David B.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that the effectiveness of group problem solving using facilitated processes appears to have reached an intellectual and methodological plateau. The time has come to move our thinking about group facilitation research and practice beyond this “plateau.” Warfield's (1986) Domain of Science Model is seen as providing the appropriate frame from which to construct a new set of principles for group facilitation. These principles are set forth for designing an approach to facilitation of communication in problem-solving groups that is appropriate for dealing with the increasingly complex problems characteristic of today's organizations.
Media Selection and Managerial Characteristics in Organizational Communications
Authors: Russ Gail S. , Daft Richard L. , Lengel Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The media richness model and the symbolic interactionist perspective are the basis for hypotheses about managerial communication patterns. The hypothesized relationships are tested with data from 94 managers. The results indicate that managers tend to select the face-to-face medium for highly equivocal communications and written media for clear, objective communications. This relationship is stronger for managers with higher level positions and higher performance evaluations, and is not significantly affected by managerial educational level, organizational tenure, sender/receiver orientation, or introversion/extraversion. The implications of the findings for organization design, communications, and manager performance are discussed.
A Profile of Users of Electronic Mail in a University
Authors: Komsky Susan H.
Published: March 2007

Each active user of electronic mail contributes a portion of the activity (usage) necessary to maintain the viability of the system. Frequent users contribute a greater proportion of that individual usage than occasional users contribute and are essential for maintaining critical mass. This study examines factors that differentiate among frequent and occasional users of electronic mail, for the purpose of developing a profile of users to help organizations develop strategies for increasing system usage. Mail users responded to a quantitative self-report survey that was administered over the organization's electronic mail system. Results of discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function composed of five of the factors: preference for telephony and electronic mail, perception that users are required to use electronic mail in their jobs, degree to which use is for oneself or to send or receive messages for others, perception of system problems, and ease of teaching another to use the system. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that frequent users are significantly different from occasional users on all of the factors included in the study.
Leadership as Organizing
Authors: Barge J. Kevin , Schlueter David W.
Published: March 2007

Leadership is a central concept in both communication and organizational studies. Despite the centrality of leadership in both disciplines, few leadership questionnaires have been developed in the context of ongoing and systematic research programs. This article reviews and critiques four recent instruments that have been developed to measure organizational leadership: (a) Graen's Leader-Member Exchange measure, (b) Bass's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, (c) Podsakoff, Todor, and Skov's Measure of Reward and Punishment, and (d) Kerr and Jermier's Substitutes for Leadership Scales. The reliability and validity of the instruments are assessed and directions for future research are suggested.
Organizational Group Measurement Instruments
Authors: Greenbaum Howard H. , Kaplan Ira T. , Damiano Regina
Published: March 2007

This article advocates the use of a systems model to analyze and classify measures of group behavior. It applies the model to 19 reliable group measurement instruments, which are supported by factor analysis, thereby creating a guide to instruments for the diagnosis and evaluation of work groups.
A Cross-Cultural Test of Compliance-Gaining Theory
Authors: Sullivan Jerry , Taylor Sully
Published: March 2007

Studies of managers' persuasive communicating with key subordinates in American, British, and Australian firms suggest that reasoning is the most frequently used compliance-gaining strategy. A test of these findings with Japanese managers also found reasoning to be the most frequently used strategy. Compliance gaining through assertiveness and appeals to loyalty were positively associated with a manager's view of himself or herself as a “lifetime” employee. Findings were the same for both Japanese-owned and non-Japanese-owned firms in Japan.
Readability Formulas
Authors: Shelby Annette N.
Published: March 2007

The legitimacy and methodology of using statistical measures to assess the readability of documents has been widely debated in the business and management communication literature. This article identifies major philosophical, methodological, and pedagogical issues in the controversy and explores their implications for using numerical readability measures to assess written documents. The central philosophical issue that the article addresses relates to the “appropriate” role of scientific inquiry in rhetoric. The second issue has to do with the variables readability indexes measure. Is length a sufficient and satisfactory factor in explaining reading difficulty? Finally, the article examines the pedagogical implications of using readability formulas to teach style and suggests a tentative research agenda.
Nonverbal Rapport-Building Behaviors' Effects on Perceptions of a Supervisor
Authors: Heintzman Mark , Leathers Dale G. , Parrott Roxanne L. , Cairns Adrian Bennett
Published: March 2007

Results from the two studies reported in this article suggest that a male supervisor can be effective in building rapport with a subordinate solely by the nonverbal communicative behaviors he exhibits. The supervisor who exhibited selected nonverbal rapport-building behaviors was more positively perceived in a number of different ways than the supervisor who did not exhibit such behaviors. Subordinates were perceived as more likely to comply with the requests of the high-rapport supervisor and to experience a higher level of job satisfaction when interacting with a high-rapport supervisor.
Can I Help You?
Authors: Ford Wendy S. Zabava , Etienne Christina Nation
Published: March 2007

A framework is proposed for organizing and conceptualizing the interdisciplinary research on customer service encounters. The framework reflects clear research foci on provider service behaviors and predictors and outcomes of those behaviors in customer service encounters. Service behaviors tend to fall within three categories: courteous service, personalized service, or manipulative service. These behaviors have been predicted by variables in the customers served, the providers serving them, and the context of service. In turn, service behaviors may influence customer responses and providers' own responses as outcomes of the encounters. Future research should continue to explore the variety of provider behaviors, predictors, and outcomes relevant to different service contexts.
“La Vie En Rose” Revisited
Authors: Baron Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Managers and subordinates in three banks provided information on the frequency, form, and effects of informal upward feedback in their organizations. Both managers and subordinates perceived upward feedback as being delivered primarily through informal verbal comments. However, as predicted, managers and subordinates differed with respect to other perceptions of such feedback. Managers perceived informal negative upward feedback as more frequent than did their subordinates. Further, they perceived both positive and negative upward feedback as producing more beneficial effects than did their subordinates. Finally, managers perceived that they were doing a better job of encouraging informal upward feedback than their subordinates. The implications of these findings for effective organizational functioning are discussed.
Transforming Healthcare with a Unitary View of the Human
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explicate the meaning of unitary from a historical perspective. The term was first used in ancient Greece, and its meaning has been transformed over time. The article explicates the similarities and differences among the nurse theorists who use the term unitary. It also specifies a different approach to healthcare when a unitary perspective of the human guides practice.