bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Uses Services for School Age Children: Evidence from the National Evaluation of the Children's Fund
Authors: Leone Tiziana , Plewis Ian
Published: August 2010

The UK government has made integration of services for children a priority with the target being a better and more integrated provision of preventative services under the various schemes such as the Children's Fund and Sure Start. This article gathers evidence from the National Evaluation of the Children Fund with the aim of analysing the characteristics of users and non‐users of services in order to see whether the target groups have been reached. The article provides evidence that the services have reached their target groups, although different services are used by different kinds of families, and is set within a wider context of the analysis of service provision and use.
Space‐oriented Children's Policy: Creating Child‐friendly Communities to Improve Children's Well‐being1
Authors: Gill Tim
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews different perspectives of the changing nature of childhood, comparing these to state responses that seek to improve children's well‐being. Unlike previous generations of children, children today spend much of their time under cover and under the watchful eyes of adults. It is likely that this change has had a negative impact on children's well‐being. The paper explores possible styles of state intervention, arguing that a broader approach is needed in the UK than is currently being considered.
Genetic control of the immune response in lines of chickens selected for graft‐versus‐host competences
Authors: Okabayashi Hisato , Okada Ikuo
Published: August 2010

The immune response of chickens to goat erythrocytes has been examined. The H line selected for high competence of graft‐versus‐host reaction (GVHR) showed higher immune responses than the L line selected for low GVHR competence. It appeared also that immune responses were controlled by the B blood group locus, which is the major histocompatibility locus in chickens. The relative immune responsiveness of B genotypes were B11/11> B9/B11> B9/B9.

Treatment of antiserum with 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) proved that the difference in immune responses between lines was due mainly to the 2‐ME resistant antibody and that the difference between the B genotypes was due to the 2‐ME sensitive antibody.
Gene markers for alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes among recombinant inbred strains of mice with differential behavioural responses towards alcohol
Authors: Holmes R. S. , Mather P. B. , Duley J. A.
Published: August 2010

The genetic variability of alcohol dehydrogenase (C2 isozyme), aldehyde dehydrogenase (A2 isozyme) and aldehyde oxidase (A2 isozyme) has been examined among recombinant inbred strains of mice which have been previously studied concerning their differential behavioural responses towards alcohol. The results showed no correlation between biochemical phenotype for these loci and behavioural response.
Detection of a new non‐MHC alloantigenic system (SLD) in pigs
Authors: Philipsen Merete , Hruban V. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

A new, non‐MHC cell membrane leucocyte alloantigen was detected in pigs by the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic technique. The new leucocyte system was designated SLD. Its product antigen SLD‐1 was demonstrated to segregate independently of the SLA, SLB, SLC, A and E antigens. Family studies supplied evidence of a dominant inheritance of SLD‐l. Since an allelic antigen could not be demonstrated, only two alleles for this locus are reported, namelySLD1andSLD‐. No evidence of linkage was detected between the above mentioned leucocyte alloantigenic systems and SLD. The antigen was detected on enriched suspensions of T and B cells from peripheral blood, but it was not detected on erythrocytes, granulocytes and thrombocytes.
The potent bisphosphonate ibandronate does not induce myeloma cell apoptosis in a murine model of established multiple myeloma
Authors: Shipman Claire M. , Vanderkerken Karin , Rogers Michael J. , Lippitt Jennifer M. , Asosingh Kewal , Hughes David E. ,   Ben Van Camp,, Russell R. Graham G. , Croucher Peter I.
Published: August 2010

Bisphosphonates are effective in the management of bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma and recent reports have suggested that they may also have an anti‐tumour activity. In support of this, we have previously demonstrated that bisphosphonates can induce myeloma cell apoptosis in vitro; however, it remains unclear whether this occurs in vivo. We have therefore investigated the effect of the potent bisphosphonate ibandronate in the 5T2MM murine model of established multiple myeloma. Short‐term treatment with a high dose of ibandronate had no effect on either myeloma cell number or the proportion of myeloma cells undergoing apoptosis. These observations suggest that although bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in myeloma cells in vitro, they may not have the same anti‐tumour effects in vivo.
A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, demonstrating hypo‐allergenicity in the target organ by double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge
Authors: Bolhaar S. T. H. P. , Zuidmeer L. , Ma Y. , Ferreira F. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , van Ree R. , Knulst A. C.
Published: August 2010

Background
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy for food allergy has been hindered by severe side‐effects in the past. Well‐characterized hypo‐allergenic recombinant food allergens potentially offer a safe solution.

Objective
To demonstrate hypo‐allergenicity of a mutated major food allergen from apple, Mal d 1, in vitro and in vivo.

Methods
A mutant of the major apple allergen, Mal d 1, was obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis exchanging five amino acid residues. Fourteen patients with combined birch pollen‐related apple allergy were included in the study. Hypo‐allergenicity of the mutant rMal d 1 (rMal d 1mut) compared with rMal d 1 was assessed by in vitro methods, i.e. RAST (inhibition), immunoblotting and basophil histamine release (BHR) and in vivo by skin prick test and double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC).

Results
RAST analysis (n=14) revealed that IgE reactivity to rMal d 1mut was twofold lower than that of the wild‐type molecule (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7–2.4). RAST inhibition (n=6) showed a 7.8‐fold decrease in IgE‐binding potency (95% CI: 3.0–12.6). In contrast to this moderate decrease in IgE‐binding potency, the biological activity of rMal d 1mut assessed by SPT and BHR decreased 10–200‐fold. Hypo‐allergenicity was confirmed by DBPCFC (n=2) with both recombinant molecules.

Conclusion
A moderate decrease in IgE‐binding potency translates into a potent inhibition of biological activity. This is the first study that confirms by DBPCFC that a mutated recombinant major food allergen is clinically hypo‐allergenic. This paves the way towards safer immunotherapy for the treatment of food‐allergic patients.
Expansion of circulating Foxp3+CD25bright CD4+ T cells during specific venom immunotherapy
Authors: Pereira‐Santos M. C. , Baptista A. P. , Melo A. , Alves R. R. , Soares R. S. , Pedro E. , Pereira‐Barbosa M. , Victorino R. M. M. , Sousa A. E.
Published: August 2010

Background
Venom immunotherapy (VIT) induces long‐lasting immune tolerance to hymenoptera venom antigens, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet clarified. Regulatory T cells are thought to play an important role in allergic diseases and tolerance induction during specific immunotherapy.

Aim
Characterize longitudinally the impact of VIT on the pool of circulating regulatory T cells.

Methods
Fourteen hymenoptera venom‐allergic patients with severe reactions (grades III–IV) were studied before, 6 and 12 months after starting ultra‐rush VIT. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were surface stained with a panel of markers of T cell differentiation and intracellularly for CTLA‐4 and Foxp3 and analysed by flow cytometry. foxp3 mRNA was quantified by real‐time PCR. VIT responses were assessed by measuring specific IgG4 and IgE levels. Eleven individuals with no history of insect venom allergy were studied as controls.

Results
VIT induces a significant progressive increase in both the proportion and the absolute numbers of regulatory T cells defined as CD25bright and/or Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells. These changes are not related to alterations in the expression of activation markers or imbalances in the naïve/memory T cell compartments. foxp3 mRNA levels also increased significantly during VIT. Of note, the increase in circulating regulatory T cell counts significantly correlates with the venom‐specific IgG4/IgE ratio shift.

Conclusion
VIT is associated with a progressive expansion of circulating regulatory T cells, supporting a role for these cells in tolerance induction.
An immunoglobulin E‐reactive chimeric human immunoglobulin G1 anti‐idiotype inhibits basophil degranulation through cross‐linking of FcɛRI with FcγRIIb
Authors: Wigginton S. J. , Furtado P. B. , Armour K. L. , Clark M. R. , Robins A. , Emara M. , Ghaemmaghami A. M. , Sewell H. F. , Shakib F.
Published: August 2010

Background
IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via its high‐affinity receptor, FcɛRI, and cross‐linking of FcɛRI‐bound IgE molecules by allergen leads to the release of allergic mediators characteristic of type I hypersensitivity reactions. Previous work has shown that cross‐linking of FcɛRI with FcγRIIb, an ITIM‐containing IgG receptor, leads to inhibition of basophil triggering. 2G10, a chimeric human IgG1 anti‐idiotype, has broad reactivity with human IgE and as such has the potential to bind simultaneously to FcɛRI‐bound IgE, via its Fab regions, and the negative regulatory receptor, FcγRIIb, via its Fc region.

Objective
To assess the ability of human 2G10 to inhibit anti‐IgE and allergen‐driven basophil degranulation through cross‐linking of FcɛRI‐bound IgE with FcγRIIb.

Methods
2G10 was assessed for its ability to bind to FcγRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils. In the basophil degranulation assay, basophils were purified from peripheral blood of atopic individuals and activated with either anti‐IgE or the house dust mite allergen Der p 1, in the presence or absence of human 2G10. Basophil activation was quantified by analysis of CD63 and CD203c expression on the cell surface, and IL‐4 expression intracellularly, using flow cytometery.

Results
Human 2G10 was able to bind to FcγRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils, and induce a dose‐dependent inhibition of both anti‐IgE and Der p 1‐driven degranulation of basophils.

Conclusion
The inhibition of basophil degranulation by the human IgG1 anti‐idiotype 2G10 highlights the therapeutic potential of IgE‐reactive IgG antibodies in restoring basophil integrity through recruitment of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb.
Correlation between immune and neuronal parameters and stress perception in allergic asthmatics
Authors: Joachim R. A. , Noga O. , Sagach V. , Hanf G. , Fliege H. , Kocalevent R. D. , Peters E. M. , Klapp B. F.
Published: August 2010

Background
Asthma is a chronic disease defined by airway inflammation, increased airway hyperresponsiveness and episodes of airway obstruction. Although there are abundant clinical and experimental data showing that stress may worsen asthma, the mechanisms linking stress to asthma are not well understood. By inducing a pro‐inflammatory cytokine milieu, stress might enhance airway inflammation in bronchial asthma. We therefore investigated the correlation of stress perception and the cytokine profile of circulating lymphocytes in humans.

Methods
Allergic asthmatic patients and healthy controls were evaluated for perceived level of stress, demographic and lung function data. Whole blood cells were obtained and stimulated by mitogen to assess intracellular IL‐4, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α by flow cytometry. Neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured in serum.

Results
Asthmatic patients showed significantly higher percentages of TNF‐α‐producing T cells than healthy controls. Only in asthmatic patients was stress perception correlated with percentages of TNF‐α‐producing T cells and serum BDNF levels, while forced expiratory volume in 1 s (% predicted) was negatively correlated to BDNF.

Conclusion
The results of our study support the hypothesis that stress deteriorates bronchial asthma by inducing a pro‐inflammatory cytokine profile in allergic asthmatics. Stress management might provide a supplement therapy of allergic asthma.
The association between mother and child MTHFR C677T polymorphisms, dietary folate intake and childhood atopy in a population‐based, longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Granell R. , Heron J. , Lewis S. , Smith G. D. , Sterne J. A. C. , Henderson J.
Published: August 2010

Background
A recent study suggested a link between folate metabolism and atopy, based on a positive association between a common polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and allergic sensitization in Danish adults.

Objective
We investigated the associations between MTHFR C677T and allergy or atopy in a large, population‐based birth cohort of children and their mothers, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We also looked for evidence of a pre‐natal effect of maternal folate metabolism on subsequent atopic disease in the offspring.

Methods
Mothers were recruited in pregnancy and the children followed from birth. Atopy in the child was assessed at 7–8 years of age by skin prick tests to common allergens. Asthma was defined as a physician diagnosis and current symptoms at 71/2 years of age. Asthma and allergy status of the mothers were obtained from self‐completion questionnaires.

Results
Data on MTHFR C677T genotype and allergy were available for 5364 children and on allergy and/or asthma for 7356 mothers. In children, the prevalence of atopy was 20.0% and asthma 10.0% whereas in mothers, the prevalence of self‐reported allergy was 42.7% and asthma 11.5%. Atopy in the child was associated with male gender (P<0.001), less tobacco smoke exposure and higher maternal education. MTHFR C677T genotype was not associated with social factors or dietary folate intake. We found no evidence of associations between the MTHFR C677T variant allele and atopy, allergy or asthma in mothers or children. There was no evidence to support an effect of maternal MTHFR C677T genotype on atopy in the offspring.

Conclusion
The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that impaired folate metabolism is associated with allergy in adults or children in this population.
Genetic determinants of both ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism influence alcohol hypersensitivity and drinking behaviour among Scandinavians
Authors: Linneberg A. , Gonzalez‐Quintela A. , Vidal C. , Jørgensen T. , Fenger M. , Hansen T. , Pedersen O. , Husemoen L. L. N.
Published: August 2010

Background
Although hypersensitivity reactions following intake of alcoholic drinks are common in Caucasians, the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance are not known. In contrast, in Asians, alcohol‐induced asthma and flushing have been shown to be because of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) 487lys, causing decreased acetaldehyde (the metabolite of ethanol) metabolism and high levels of histamine. However, the ALDH2 487lys is absent in Caucasians.

Objectives
To investigate the genetic determinants of self‐reported alcohol‐induced hypersensitivity reactions in Caucasians.

Methods
The study included two population‐based studies of 1216 and 6784 adults living in Copenhagen. Assessment of alcohol consumption and hypersensitivity reactions (in a subgroup) was performed by a questionnaire and was related to common SNPs of genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and ALDHs.

Results
In both populations, alcohol drinkers with a genetically determined fast metabolism of ethanol (the A allele of the ADH1b rs1229984) had an increased risk of alcohol‐induced hypersensitivity reactions (odds ratio AA/AG vs. GG in combined populations: 1.82, 95% CI 1.04–3.17). In both populations, a common SNP encoding ALDH1b1 (rs2228093) was found to be significantly associated with alcohol‐induced hypersensitivity (odds ratio TT vs. CC in combined populations: 2.53, 95% CI 1.31–4.90).

Conclusions
Our data support that alcohol sensitivity in Caucasians is genetically determined and suggest that a histamine‐releasing effect of acetaldehyde represents a plausible biological mechanism. Furthermore, we present the first report of a clinically significant SNP within the acetaldehyde‐metabolizing system in a Caucasian population.

Cite this as: A. Linneberg, A. Gonzalez‐Quintela, C. Vidal, T. Jørgensen, M. Fenger, T. Hansen, O. Pedersen and L. L. N. Husemoen, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 123–130.
Eosinophils in health and disease: the LIAR hypothesis
Authors: Lee J. J. , Jacobsen E. A. , McGarry M. P. , Schleimer R. P. , Lee N. A.
Published: August 2010

Discussions of eosinophils are often descriptions of end‐stage effector cells with destructive capabilities mediated predominantly by released cytotoxic cationic granule proteins. Moreover, eosinophils in the medical literature are invariably associated with the pathologies linked with helminth infections or allergic diseases such as asthma. This has led to an almost fatalist view of eosinophil effector functions and associated therapeutic strategies targeting these cells that would make even William of Ockham proud – eosinophil effector functions have physiological consequences that increase patient morbidity/mortality and ‘the only good eosinophils are dead eosinophils’. Unfortunately, the strengths of dogmas are also their greatest weaknesses. Namely, while the repetitive proclamation of dogmatic concepts by authoritative sources (i.e. reviews, meeting proceedings, textbooks, etc.) builds consensus within the medical community and lower the entropies surrounding difficult issues, they often ignore not easily explained details and place diminished importance on alternative hypotheses. The goal of this perspective is twofold: (i) we will review recent observations regarding eosinophils and their activities as well as reinterpret earlier data as part of the synthesis of a new paradigm. In this paradigm, we hypothesize that eosinophils accumulate at unique sites in response to cell turnover or in response to local stem cell activity(ies). We further suggest that this accumulation is part of one or more mechanisms regulating tissue homeostasis. Specifically, instead of immune cells exclusively mediating innate host defence, we suggest that accumulating tissue eosinophils are actually regulators of Local Immunity And/or Remodeling/Repair in both health and disease – the LIAR hypothesis; (ii) we want to be inflammatory (pun intended!) and challenge the currently common perspective of eosinophils as destructive end‐stage effector cells. Our hope is to create more questions than we answer and provoke everyone to spend countless hours simply to prove us wrong!

Cite this as: J. J. Lee, E. A. Jacobsen, M. P. McGarry, R. P. Schleimer and N. A. Lee, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 563–575
Immunohistochemical characterization of infiltrating mononuclea cells in the rat heart with experimental autoimmune giant cell myocarditis
Authors: KODAMA M , ZHANG S , HANAWA H , SHIBATA A
Published: August 2010

The pathogenesis of giant cell myocarditis remains unclear. Subsets of inflammatory infiltrating cells may reflect the pathogenesis and etiology of the disease. Therefore, we examined subsets of infiltrating mononuclear cells in the heart of the rat with experimental giant cell myocarditis. Lewis rats were immunized with cardiac myosin in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Severe myocarditis characterized by congestive heart failure and multinucleated giant cells were elicited. The lesions were composed of predominant mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclcar neutrophils and fragments of degenerated myocardial fibres. The subsets of infiltrating mononuclear cells were investigated using MoAbs against rat CD4+ T cell (W3/25), CD8 + T cell (CX8), B cell (OX33) and macrophage(OX42). By serial examination, bound immunoglobulin could only be found on degenerated myocardial fibres. In this model, most infiltrating mononuclear cells were composed of macrophages and CD4 + T cells. The frequencies of macrophages and CD4+ T cells were 73·7% and 13·8%, respectively. CD8+ T cells were scarce and B cells were rare in the lesions. The frequencies of CD8 + T cells and B cells were 4·5% and 0·4%, respectively. The dominance of macrophages and CD4+ T cells was the constant finding among the sites of the lesions and throughout the course of the disease. These characteristic subsets of infiltrating cells were in contrast to those of murine viral myocarditis which were mainly composed of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells. Clarifying the subsets of infiltrating cells in myocarditis may contribute to differential diagnosis of myocarditis between viral and autoimmune types. From this study, the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune giant cell myocarditis seemed to be closely related to CD4+ T cells and macrophages.
Expression of autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and T regulatory cells in human thymomas
Authors: Scarpino S , Di Napoli A , Stoppacciaro A , Antonelli M , Pilozzi E , Chiarle R , Palestro G , Marino M , Facciolo F , Rendina E A , Webster K E , Kinkel S A , Scott H S , Ruco L
Published: August 2010

Expression of the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and the presence of CD25+/forkhead box p3 (FoxP3)+ T regulatory (Treg) cells were investigated in histologically normal adult thymi and in thymomas using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the normal thymus staining for AIRE was detected in the nucleus of some epithelial-like cells located in the medulla; in thymomas AIRE-positive cells were extremely rare and could be detected only in the areas of medullary differentiation of two B1 type, organoid thymomas. RNA was extracted from 36 cases of thymoma and 21 non-neoplastic thymi obtained from 11 myasthenic (MG+) and 10 non-myasthenic (MG–) patients. It was found that AIRE is 8·5-fold more expressed in non-neoplastic thymi than in thymomas (P = 0·01), and that the amount of AIRE transcripts present in the thymoma tissue are not influenced by the association with MG, nor by the histological type. A possible involvement of AIRE in the development of MG was suggested by the observation that medullary thymic epithelial cells isolated from AIRE-deficient mice contain low levels of RNA transcripts for CHRNA 1, a gene coding for acetylcholine receptor. Expression of human CHRNA 1 RNA was investigated in 34 human thymomas obtained from 20 MG– patients and 14 MG+ patients. No significant difference was found in the two groups (thymoma MG+, CHRNA1 = 0·013 ± 0·03; thymoma MG-, CHRNA1 = 0·01 ± 0·03). In normal and hyperplastic thymi CD25+/Foxp3+ cells were located mainly in the medulla, and their number was not influenced by the presence of MG. Foxp3+ and CD25+ cells were significantly less numerous in thymomas. A quantitative estimate of Treg cells revealed that the levels of Foxp3 RNA detected in non-neoplastic thymi were significantly higher (P = 0·02) than those observed in 31 cases of thymomas. Our findings indicate that the tissue microenvironment of thymomas is defective in the expression of relevant functions that exert a crucial role in the negative selection of autoreactive lymphocytes.
The effect of water quality and storm sequence upon infiltration rate and crust formation
Authors: HARDY N. , SHAINBERG I. , GAL M. , KEREN R.
Published: August 2010

The effect of applications of distilled water (DW) and saline water (SW) (EC: 5.0 dS m−1) upon the infiltration rates (IR) of crusted soil surfaces was studied using a rain simulator. A sandy loam and silt loam were placed in trays at a slope of 5%. The soils were pre‐wet before each storm and a water table maintained at a depth of 5 cm. IR losses due to crust formation during storms of DW could be reversed by the use of SW in subsequent storms. A minor increase in IR was obtained in the silty loam soil, the crust of which stayed entire during successive rainstorms. Complete reversibility of IR was possible in the sandy loam, the crust of which was destroyed and reformed due to rainfall impact during each successive storm.

The cohesion of the particles in the crusted silty loam soil was sufficient to render it resistant to raindrop impact, but cohesion between the particles of the sandy loam was insufficient to prevent reworking by rainfall impact during each storm. Crust formation therefore occurs in each storm in the sandy loam and the IR obtained is a consequence of the EC of the applied water of that storm only.
Estimation and implications of instrumental drift, random measurement error and nugget variance of soil attributes—a case study for soil pH
Authors: LASLETT G. M. , McBRATNEY A. B.
Published: August 2010

We propose a general model for soil pH measurement that includes instrumental drift, random measurement error, and random and correlated spatial variation. Methods for estimating these four components are described in detail. For soil pH in water, instrumental drift, random measurement error and random spatial variation (nugget effect) were greater than the corresponding quantities for soil pH in CaCl2. For both pH measurements, instrumental drift was quite marked. Measurement error and nugget effect were of a similar size. A modified kriging method is presented that takes into account the four‐component model proposed here. It is concluded that, for measuring soil chemical attributes, grid layouts should be supplemented by additional sites for the estimation of short‐range variation, that laboratory sampling designs should include controls, and that field measurements should be adjusted for instrumental drift prior to being used for spatial contouring or kriging.
Interactions between citrate and montmorillonite‐A1 hydroxide polymer systems
Authors: JANSSEN R. P. T. , BRUGGENWERT M. G. M. , VAN RIEMSDIJK W. H.
Published: August 2010

Citrate forms strong complexes with A1 ions and may thus influence the stability and formation of Clay‐A1 hydroxide polymer systems (CAIHO). We studied the adsorption of citrate to CAIHO and the influence of citrate on the stability and formation of CAIHO at different A1:clay and A1:citrate ratios and pH values and at a total salt concentration of 0·01 M monovalent anions. The amount of citrate sorbed to the aged CAIHO was independent of the A1 fixed to the clay as A1 hydroxide polymers (AIHO) at 5 < pH < 6·6. The added citrate seemed not to sorb to the AIHO but only to the edges of the clay. As the citrate: Al ratio increased from 15–1:l at pH 6, more of the AIHO of the aged CAMO systems dissolved. The change in the CEC of the clay indicated that the nature of the remaining AIHO is independent of the amount of A1 dissolved. Citrate influenced the formation of CAIHO systems as measured at pH 6·6, to an extent which depended on the citrate: Al ratio. At a small ratio (1:5), AIHO formed and all citrate was incorporated in the AIHO, probably leading to a coprecipitate. The amount of citrate incorporated depended linearly on the amount of AIHO present. Co‐precipitation of AIHO and citrate probably led to the formation of a separate phase, which was only weakly bound to the clay particles. At a large citrate: Al ratio (1:1) soluble Al‐citrate complexes became dominant, and only a small part of the added A1 was present as AIHO.
Changes with time in the potassium content and phyllosilicates in the soil of the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment at Rothamsted
Authors: SINGH B. , GOULDING K. W. T.
Published: August 2010

The transformations of phyllosilicates and the changes in potassium (K) balances caused by long‐term cropping have been examined in soil from the 153‐year‐old Broadbalk experiment. Samples taken between 1856 and 1987 and kept in archive were fractionated for particle size and analysed for changes in mineralogy by X‐ray diffraction and changes in total K of the coarser and fine fractions. These were compared with K balances made from records of cropping and fertilizer application. No change in mica due to cropping and K‐depletion could be detected. Deep ploughing after 1925 mixed chlorite from the subsoil into the surface soil, but this had weathered by 1987. Potassium balances did not agree with measured changes in total K presumably because of unquantified uptake of K from the subsoil and poorly quantified K leaching.
An unusual giant cell lesion in a child with vitamin D‐resistant rickets
Authors: CHADWICK BARBARA L. , ALDRED MICHAEL J.
Published: August 2010

Summary. This paper reports the presence of a focus of giant cells in a sinus tract associated with an abscessed primary tooth in a patient with vitamin D‐resistant rickets. The relevance of this giant cell lesion to the systemic disorder is discussed.

Cette étude montre la présence de cellules géantes dans le sinus associés avec une dent temporaire chez un patient souffrant d'un rachitisme résistant à la vitamine D. La relation entre cette lésion à cellules géantes et une pathologie de système est discutée.

Zussamenfassung.

Diese Arbeit berichtet über einen Patienten mit einer Vitamin D resistenten Ricketserkrankung bei welchem im Sinus ein Fokus von Riesenzellen gefunden wurden, dies in Verbindung mit einem Abzess ausgehend von einem Milchzahn. Der eventuelle Zusammenhang dieser Riesenzell‐Läsion mit einer systemischen Erkrankung wird besprochen.

Este artículo reporta la presencia de un foco de células gigantes y trayecto sinuoso asociado con un diente temporal abscesado en un paciente con riquetsia resistente a vitamina D. La relevancia de esta lesion de células gigantes con el trastorno sistémico es discutido.
Chronic headache and nocturnal bruxism in a 5‐year‐old child treated with an occlusal splint
Authors: JONES COLWYN M.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A report is presented of a 5‐year‐old girl who had an 11‐month history of chronic headache and nocturnal bruxism. Treatment using a removable appliance that provided maximum support in centric relation was successful in relieving the headache during a follow‐up period of 22 months.

Le cas présenté est celui d'une petite fille de 5 ans souffrant de maux de tête chronique et de bruxisme nocturne depuis 11 mois. Le port d'une plaque amovible, établissant une relation centrée, a soulagé les maux de tête pendant la période de suivi de 22 mois.

Es wird berichtet von einem 5‐Jährigen, welches während 11 Monate an einern chronischen Kopfweh und einem nächtlichen Bruxismus leidete. Eine abnehmbare Apparatur, welche das Gebiss in der zentrischen Relation stützte war erfolgreich, bei Nachuntersuchung während 22 Monate.

Se presenta un caso de una niña de 5 años de edad con historia clínica de 11 meses de dolor de cabeza crónico y bruxismo nocturno. El tratamiento utilizando un aparato removible ofreciendo máximo soporte en relación céntrica tuvo exito aliviando el dolor de cabeza durante el período postoperatoria de 22 meses.
Dental caries and prolonged breast‐feeding in 18‐month‐old Swedish children
Authors: HALLONSTEN A.‐L. , WENDT L.‐K. , MEJÀRE I. , BIRKHED D. , HÅKANSSON C. , LINDVALL A.‐M. , EDWARDSSON S. , KOCH G.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Three thousand children aged 18 months were screened for dental caries and ongoing breast‐feeding at 46 child welfare centres in different parts of Sweden. Of these, 200 children were selected for a more comprehensive examination, involving investigation of dietary, toothbrushing and sucking habits, use of fluoride, and determination of salivary levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. The children were divided into four groups: group 1: children with caries not being breast‐fed; group 2: children with caries being breast‐fed; group 3: caries‐free children being breast‐fed; group 4: caries‐free gender‐ and age‐matched reference children not being breast‐fed. The results showed that 63 of the children (2.1%) had caries and 61 (2.0%) were still being breast‐fed. Twelve (19.7%) of the 61 children still being breast‐fed had caries compared with 51 (1.7%) of the 2939 children not being breast‐fed; the difference was statistically significant. Children with caries and still being breast‐fed had a mean defs of 5.3, and those with caries not being breast‐fed 4.9; the difference was not statistically significant. Children with caries, irrespective of whether they were being breast‐fed or not, had significantly higher numbers of cariogenic food intakes per day than caries‐free children. Mutans streptococci were detected in 67% of the children and lactobacilli in 13%. Children with detectable mutans streptococci and lactobacilli had significantly more caries than those without. The results indicate that Swedish children with prolonged breast‐feeding have a tendency to establish unsuitable dietary habits which constitutes a risk situation for developing caries at an early age.
Oral self‐mutilation by a 17‐month‐old child with Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome
Authors: RASHID N. , YUSUF H.
Published: August 2010

Summary. We report a 17‐month‐old boy who was a known case of Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome and presented with self‐inflicted oral ulcerations of his lips and cheeks. He had a normal complement of caries‐free deciduous teeth. Initially a conservative approach was planned and a bite plate made, but as a result of poor compliance and persistent ulceration and after consultation with his parents it was decided to extract all deciduous teeth.

Resumé.

Nous rapportons le cas intéressant d'un garçon de 17 mois qui présentait un syndrôme de Lesch‐Nyhan connu et souffrait d'auto‐mutilations orlaes des lévres et des joues. Il avait un nombre normal de dents temporaires, sans caries. Dans un premier temps un traitement conservateur fur décidé et une plaque de morsure réalisée mais en raison du résultat insuffisant et après accord de ses parents, il fut décidé d;extraire toutes ses dents temporaires.

Ein interessanter Fall eines 17 Monate alten Knaben mit einem Lesch‐Nyhan Syndrom wird beschrieben. Der Patient kam mit selbstinduzierten Ulcera an den Lippen und Backen, dies bei einem kariesfreien Milchgebiss. Zurest war eine konservative Behandlung geplant, ein Bissplatte wurde angefertigt aber wegen der Nichtmitarbeit und persistierenden Ulcera, wurden mit der Einverständniss der Eltern alle Milchzähne extrahiert.

Se reporta un interesante caso de un niño de 17 meses de edad con el síndrome de Lesch‐Nyhan el cual presentaba ulceraciones auto producidas en los labios y carrillos. el niño tenía una dentición temporal normal sin caries. Inicialmente, se desarrolló un tratamiento conservador con un piano de mordida, pero el tratamiento tuvo poca cooperación por parte del paciente y las ulceraciones persistieron. Después de consultar con los padres, se decidió entónces extraer todos los dientes temporales.
A cost simulation for mammography examinations taking into account equipment failures and resource utilization characteristics
Authors: Coelli Fernando C. , Almeida Renan M. V. R. , Pereira Wagner C. A.
Published: August 2010

Objective This work develops a cost analysis estimation for a mammography clinic, taking into account resource utilization and equipment failure rates.

Materials and methods Two standard clinic models were simulated, the first with one mammography equipment, two technicians and one doctor, and the second (based on an actually functioning clinic) with two equipments, three technicians and one doctor. Cost data and model parameters were obtained by direct measurements, literature reviews and other hospital data. A discrete‐event simulation model was developed, in order to estimate the unit cost (total costs/number of examinations in a defined period) of mammography examinations at those clinics. The cost analysis considered simulated changes in resource utilization rates and in examination failure probabilities (failures on the image acquisition system). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed, taking into account changes in the probabilities of equipment failure types.

Results For the two clinic configurations, the estimated mammography unit costs were, respectively, US$ 41.31 and US$ 53.46 in the absence of examination failures. As the examination failures increased up to 10% of total examinations, unit costs approached US$ 54.53 and US$ 53.95, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that type 3 (the most serious) failure increases had a very large impact on the patient attendance, up to the point of actually making attendance unfeasible.

Conclusions Discrete‐event simulation allowed for the definition of the more efficient clinic, contingent on the expected prevalence of resource utilization and equipment failures.
Aromatherapy for treatment of hypertension: a systematic review
Authors: Hur Myung‐Haeng , Lee Myeong Soo , Kim Chan , Ernst Edzard
Published: August 2010

Objectives  The objective of this review is to systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy in the treatment of high blood pressure.

Methods  Twelve databases were searched from their inception through December 2009. Controlled trials testing aromatherapy in patients with hypertension of any origin that assessed blood pressure were considered. The selection of studies, data extraction and validations were performed independently by two reviewers.

Results  One randomized clinical trial (RCT) and four non‐randomized controlled clinical trials (CCTs) met our inclusion criteria. The one RCT included tested the effects of aromatherapy as compared with placebo and showed significant reduction of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. All of the four CCTs showed favourable effects of aromatherapy. However, all of the CCTs also had a high risk of bias.

Conclusion  The existing trial evidence does not show convincingly that aromatherapy is effective for hypertension. Future studies should be of high quality with a particular emphasis on designing an adequate control intervention.
Multiple gains and losses of Wolbachia symbionts across a tribe of fungus‐growing ants
Authors: FROST C. L. , FERNÁNDEZ‐MARÍN H. , SMITH J. E. , HUGHES W. O. H.
Published: August 2010

Although the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is ubiquitous in insects, it has a unique relationship with New World ants on which particular bacterial strains have specialized. However, data are from distantly related hosts and detailed phylogenetic information which could reveal transmission dynamics are lacking. Here, we investigate host–Wolbachia relationships in the monophyletic fungus‐growing ant tribe Attini, screening 23 species and using multilocus sequence typing to reliably identify Wolbachia strains. This technique reduces the significant problem of recombination seen using traditional single gene techniques. The relationship between Wolbachia and the fungus‐growing ants appears complex and dynamic. There is evidence of co‐cladogenesis, supporting vertical transmission; however, this is incomplete, demonstrating that horizontal transmission has also occurred. Importantly, the infection prevalence is frequently different between closely related taxa, with the Acromyrmex leaf‐cutting ants appearing particularly prone to infection and there being no consistent relationship with any of the major life history transitions. We suggest that infection loss and horizontal transmission have driven epidemics or selective sweeps of Wolbachia, resulting in multiple gains and losses of infection across the fungus‐growing ants.
Dynamics of amino acid residues in globular proteins
Authors: BHASKARAN R. , PONNUSWAMY P.K.
Published: August 2010

The dynamic differential equation model developed and tested for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and tuna ferrocytochrome c in Ponnuswamy, P.K. & Bhaskaran, R. (Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 24, 168–179, 1984) is extended for 17 more protein crystals in this work. Average displacements are computed for 20 amino acid residues observed in 19 proteins. Detailed information on the dynamic behaviour of the individual proteins and individual residues is presented. The effect of atomic packing on the fluctuations of the amino acid residues in α‐chymotrypsin is illustrated. A number of general points on the dynamic characteristics of globular protein molecules are presented.
Role of leukotriene B4 in accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury
Authors: DOI KENT , HAMASAKI YOSHIFUMI , NOIRI EISEI , NOSAKA KAZUO , SUZUKI TAKAKO , TODA AKIKO , SHIMIZU TAKAO , FUJITA TOSHIRO , NAKAO AKIHIDE
Published: August 2010

Aim:  Glomerular infiltration of macrophages is a characteristic alteration of renal pathology in hyperlipidaemic renal injury. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a bioactive eicosanoid and macrophage and has two key enzymes for LTB4 synthesis, 5‐lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of LTB4 in accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury.

Methods:  To induce accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury, 8 week old male spontaneously hypercholesterolaemic (SHC) rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. LTA4 hydrolase activities in the kidney and urine LTB4 levels were examined. The effects of LTB4 antagonist (ONO‐4057) were also evaluated.

Results:  Urinary protein and LTB4 excretion was increased by a high cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. The scores of glomerular foam cell accumulation and sclerosis, numbers of infiltrated macrophages in glomeruli and interstitial area, LTA4 hydrolase activity in renal cortex were higher in the high cholesterol diet group than the normal diet group. LTB4 antagonist treatment reduced urinary protein and LTA4 activity and attenuated renal pathological changes.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that LTB4 directly contributes to accelerated hyperlipidaemic renal injury and the therapeutic potential of LTB4 antagonist for renal damage induced by hyperlipidaemia.
A life of their own? Hospital staff support for a mentally handicapped married couple and their baby in the community
Authors: SMITH MARGARET
Published: August 2010

A description of the support given by staff of a hospital for the mentally handicapped which enabled Tony and Tracey Evans, and their daughter Jackie, to move into a council house and look after themselves.
ACCESS AND MOBILITY: wheelchair facilities in an old hospital
Authors: Budd Betty , Goodey Michael
Published: August 2010

In 1980 St. Lawrence's set out to make a positive contribution to the International Year of Disabled People (IYDP) in 1981. This was done in two ways: by focusing attention upon mentally handicapped people in hospital; and raising money to provide better facilities. In extending our own awareness of the needs of the more severely handicapped, we realised that there was a need to improve access and mobility for residents with wheelchairs in St. Lawrence's itself.

This article outlines how, over and above their normal work commitment, multiprofessional groups of staff came together to achieve these aims. Reference to the IYDP amounts to no more than a diary of main events. The aspects of access and mobility which were tackled are described in more detail. All of the improvements negotiated have been or are being achieved through the normal Works Department programme, mostly by direct labour.
Emotionalism – cop out for cowards
Authors: McCormack Andrina E.
Published: August 2010

The special child needs special care, and special schooling, and special support, and special employment. The special child is special.
DIFFICULT BEHAVIOUR AT HOME: a domiciliary service for handicapped children
Authors: Firth Hugh
Published: August 2010

A home visiting service for parents whose mentally handicapped children were exhibiting difficult behaviour at home is described, with details of providing the service to 33 families with children aged from 3 to 15 years. The most frequent problems were socially unacceptable behaviour and incontinence, but self‐help, communication, and play skills were also tackled. Visits were usually made every 3 to 4 weeks for periods from 3 to 27 months. Targets were achieved or some progress was gained in over two‐thirds of the problems tackled. An average of eight hours was spent with each family. Home visiting proved as efficient as parent groups when measured by targets achieved as a function of parent and therapist time.
“The Elements”
Authors: Edmunds Brenda , Sparke Dorothy
Published: August 2010

On the 17th and 18th February 1982, the residents of Starcross Hospital performed a masked drama entitled “The Elements” at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter. This formed part of a larger programme aimed towards emphasising the Theatre's role as a community arts centre. The programme, under the title “A Community Tour‐In”, consisted of small groups of amateur and professional performers, whose work was specifically geared towards integrating the theatre arts into the social structure of everyday life.
The use of a computerised game
Authors: Newman David
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: This brief survey attempted to highlight a particular area of research – namely memory and attention – which has not been as readily translated as other areas into the classrooms of children with severe learning difficulties. Although recent impressive and successful inservice training has ensured that behavioural techniques now play a significant role in the range of teaching strategies, there is scant evidence of a comparable innovation in trying to equip teachers to ameliorate the poor reception of information which is so characteristic of these children. It is proposed that the use of a commercially patented computerised game, which affords the opportunity to copy hundreds of different random sequences, may aid such children in the acquisition of a crucial rehearsal strategy essential for holding material in the short‐term memory system long enough to be transferred into a form whereby the likelihood of forgetting is minimised.
Country dancing in the special school
Authors: Trebilcock June
Published: August 2010

COUNTRY DANCING IS FUN! The children enter into it relaxed and with enthusiasm. Classes and teachers join together to work with an almost “party” atmosphere.

However, the teacher may well look for more than fun from these sessions. Whilst enjoying the dancing and sharing the children's pleasure she will be working towards: improving the children's work approach skills; enlarging their vocabulary and improving their concepts of maths, movement and positions; developing language/ conversational skills; improving social exchange and social behaviour; all through the medium of the dance.
PLAYING TOGETHER: Running an integrated playscheme – and living to tell the tale!
Authors: McLean Elspeth
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Some activities for a group of 20–25 children of mixed age and ability are described, with a view to how to promote interaction between handicapped and non‐handicapped children. Trucks and bikes, drawing and glueing, visits to playgrounds, organised games including “New Games”, inflatables, and music, were all found to have potential for increasing interaction and integration.

Some practical snags are discussed – problems over sharing bikes, finding cooperative art projects, over‐protective brothers and sisters, explaining rules of games to mentally handicapped children, coping with competitiveness and aggression in games and on inflatables, and finding songs that everyone will sing together.

It is concluded that playschemes are good places to find out how to integrate different groups of children, and that some lessons can be learned in a holiday atmosphere that can be useful in school.
Helping parents manage difficult behaviour
Authors: Bland Steven , Hayes Roberta
Published: August 2010

The authors describe the setting up and functioning of a team, working from a school for children with severe learning difficulties, specifically to aid parents manage difficult behaviour from their children and to promote the development of appropriate skills.