bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on metal 3D printing; 3D welding
Authors: Wani Z K , Abdullah A B
Published: September 2020

3D printing is a well-known method to produce a 3D object and widely used in many types of industries including, mechanical, civil, medical, etc. The technology has been applied in industry for more than 20 years ago, but it is strictly limited to the slow production of small plastic objects, and some special fabric only. As its advancements, the technology of 3D printing becomes broad interest recently. In present industrial, 3D printers are able to produce high precision, quality products of different sizes fast at comparatively low cost. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of 3D printing in meeting low and medium production volumes besides having a review on metal 3D printing techniques available. The issue and challenges in producing metal 3D printing also will be discussed extensively in this paper. Suggestions on the subtractive method to complete the 3D printing process according to research interest also explained in this paper.
Oscillations of a flexible beam in cavity flow with tonal sound
Authors: Yokoyama H , Hibino K , Nishikawara M , Yanada H
Published: September 2020

To establish the methodologies for utilization of oscillation energy in a cavity flow, the self-sustained oscillations in a flow over a cavity with and without a flexible beam are investigated, where stainless steel and aluminium beams are utilized. The coupled simulations for aeroacoustic phenomena and bending vibration of the beam are conducted along with wind tunnel experiments. The measurement of sound pressure level with changing the freestream Mach number shows that intense oscillations occur for the second acoustic mode for both the cavities with a stainless and an aluminium beam along the upstream edge of the cavity while the oscillations with the first mode occur for the cavity without a beam. The computational results show that the beam is vibrated at the natural frequency of each beam, where this frequency can be different from the fundamental frequency of the radiating sound. Also, it is shown that the vibrations become more intense for the cavity flow with the beam along the downstream edge, where the acoustic radiation also becomes more intense.
Simulation on Air-Fly Ash Particles Using Discrete Phase Method
Authors: Zahari N.M. , Harun Mastika Falsha , Zainoodin Mahyun , Mohamad Daud , Syamsir Agusril , Ramli. M. Z. , Zawawi M. H. , Abas Aizat
Published: September 2020

In order to suggest for development of a better fluidized bed combustor designs, numerical simulations could be used to model the flow behavior inside the boilers. However, the complex nature of the multiphase flow of particles and combustion air makes the modelling very challenging. In this study the relatively recently introduced approaches for fly ash particles distribution model in CFD setting are studied. The applicability of the approaches is examined, and the computational requirements of the approaches are compared. Euler-Lagrange approach is used in order to track the particles in the simulation. The simulations results obtained are compared between different shape of simple models, square and cylindrical.
Modal identification of cylindrical shell with high damping using reduction method focusing on symmetry of mode shape
Authors: Tajiri Daiki , Ojiro Masaki , Matsubara Masami , Kawamura Shozo
Published: September 2020

The viscoelastic structures such as tires have high damping characteristics, so that resonance peaks do not appear clearly and they are difficult to identify the existence of modes in the high frequency region. Previous studies have proposed methods that make it easier to understand modes. In that method, the number of modes are reduced by using the fact that the basis function of the mode shape of the cylindrical structure can be expressed by a periodic function. However, a large number of measurement points are placed on the structure and data is collected, so the workload of the experiment is large. In this study, we conducted a numerical experiment of the mode reduction method using some measurement point data for the purpose of reducing the workload, and evaluate the influence on the identification accuracy. As a result, it was confirmed that the identification results of the natural frequency and the structural damping coefficient had sufficient accuracy even if some measurement points were used.
The Electronic States of Copper Oxides Photoactive Layers Prepared by Electrodeposition followed by Annealing
Authors: Khoo P L , Satou K , Izaki M
Published: September 2020

The copper oxides are best performing metal oxide materials regarding solar energy conversion, and due to their abundance, scalability, ease of fabrication and subsequently being low-cost, Cu2O and CuO have attracted extensive attraction. In this research, Cu2O layers were electrodeposited on Ga:ZnO (GZO) and annealed to form directly-stacked GZO/Cu2O/CuO. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the devices was evaluated which demonstrated peculiar negative regions around 500 nm besides the typical 410 nm originating from the Cu2O. Reversed bias voltages were applied to investigate the changes, and along with the disappearance of negative regions, a peak around 550 nm and an absorption edge at 850 nm appeared, which increased with the increment of bias voltage. To elucidate the mechanism, the electronic states were investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). Species identification was also successful which showed the presence of CuO on the topmost layer and the underlying Cu2O, which was difficult to analyze by XRD due to its thinness. The schematics of the band-alignments were drawn based on the calculations from the XPS measurements. The conduction band of the Cu2O appeared elevated, which contributed to the speculated two-way flow of the charge when illuminated, and explains the appearance of the negative EQE regions. The charge transportation was successfully controlled and aligned when bias voltages were applied, which caused the disappearance of negative regions and the appearance of the absorption edge of the CuO.
Development of a Flow Visualization Technique in Wind Tunnel for Hydrokinetic Turbine Application
Authors: Ismail Abdelrahman T. , Kamaruddin Noorfazreena M.
Published: September 2020

A smoke wire technique was developed in a wind tunnel to visualize a drag-driven turbine flow structure for hydrokinetic application. A Nichrome wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm was initially heated and then coated with Safex oil to illustrate the streamlines that represent the turbine flow characteristics. The developed smoke wire oil coating technique was compared at airflow speeds of 3 m/s to 10 m/s to represent equivalent water flow speed corresponding to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 29, 563 to Re = 98, 543, respectively. Several parameters that influence the turbine flow patterns, such as the diameter of wire and oil coating technique, were tested in the wind tunnel to investigate the effect of these parameters to visualize the stream lines at low and high speed case. The qualitative result based on these various configurations was analyzed and discussed in this paper to identify the most practical flow visualization technique in a wind tunnel that could effectively be captured to represent the turbine flow structure for hydrokinetic application.
Numerical Study of Droplet Behavior on an Oscillating Plate Using OpenFOAM
Authors: Suzuki T , Mitsuishi A
Published: September 2020

The interfacial behaviour of a liquid droplet placed on an oscillating plate was simulated numerically by VOF method for the better understanding of the transition process of the surface fluctuation from the axisymmetric mode to the complicated mode which is leading to the interface burst and spray formation. The target of analysis was a water droplet of 100μL placed on a flat plate. In the place of the plate oscillation, a sinusoidal acceleration-oscillation was applied with the gravitational acceleration. The frequency of the acceleration-oscillation was ranging from 300 Hz to 900 Hz. The range of the acceleration-oscillation amplitude was from 3g to 60g. The computational domain was set to include a quarter of the droplet. In the numerical simulation, axisymmetric concentric waves and superposed azimuthal waves appeared on the droplet surface. The surface fluctuation grew in magnitude with an increase in the acceleration-oscillation amplitude, and the complexity of the interface increased due to the coalescences of the crests of the surface fluctuation.
Failure analysis of various fiberglass cross-arm designs under multi-axial loading
Authors: Mohamad Daud , Beddu Salmia , Syamsir Agusril , Zahari Nazirul Mubin , Razali Muhammad Fauzinizam , Abu Seman Sareh Aiman Hilmi , Abas Aizat , Ng Fei Chong
Published: September 2020

This study investigated the type of failure modes of different cross-arm designs under multi-axial static loading. The failure modes were numerically predicted from real-scale finite-element models of cross-arm integrated with a Hashin damage subroutine. Three finite-element models of cross-arm were considered; a model with standard cross-arm design, a standard design engaged with braces, and a standard design engaged with sleeves. The failure analysis of the composite cross-arm was focused on the location and type of failure of the structure upon its application. This investigation revealed that under the applied load, the cross-arm with installed sleeves exhibited the lowest total deflection of 0.21 m. Every cross-arm design exhibited fiber failure due to the tension and compression mode, regardless of the support system installed. Additionally, the installation of sleeves and braces on the cross-arm structure successfully reduced the number of areas associated to failure.
Two decades of research with the GreenLab model in agronomy
Authors: de Reffye Philippe , Hu Baogang , Kang Mengzhen , Letort Véronique , Jaeger Marc
Published: September 2020

Background

With up to 200 published contributions, the GreenLab mathematical model of plant growth, developed since 2000 under Sino-French co-operation for agronomic applications, is descended from the structural models developed in the AMAP unit that characterize the development of plants and encompass them in a conceptual mathematical framework. The model also incorporates widely recognized crop model concepts (thermal time, light use efficiency and light interception), adapting them to the level of the individual plant.

Scope

Such long-term research work calls for an overview at some point. That is the objective of this review paper, which retraces the main history of the model’s development and its current status, highlighting three aspects. (1) What are the key features of the GreenLab model? (2) How can the model be a guide for defining relevant measurement strategies and experimental protocols? (3) What kind of applications can such a model address? This last question is answered using case studies as illustrations, and through the Discussion.

Conclusions

The results obtained over several decades illustrate a key feature of the GreenLab model: owing to its concise mathematical formulation based on the factorization of plant structure, it comes along with dedicated methods and experimental protocols for its parameter estimation, in the deterministic or stochastic cases, at single-plant or population levels. Besides providing a reliable statistical framework, this intense and long-term research effort has provided new insights into the internal trophic regulations of many plant species and new guidelines for genetic improvement or optimization of crop systems.
Subspecies divergence and pronounced phylogenetic incongruence in the East-Asia-endemic shrubMagnolia sieboldii
Authors: Kikuchi Satoshi , Osone Yoko
Published: September 2020

Background and Aims

The biogeographic patterns of the East-Asia-endemic shrub Magnolia sieboldii, in which the range of the subsp. sieboldii is interposed with the disjunct distribution of subsp. japonica, implies a complex evolutionary history, involving rapid speciation and hybridization. Here, we aim to reveal the evolutionary and phylogeographic histories of the species with a particular focus on the time of subspecies divergence, the hypothesis of secondary hybridization and the Pleistocene survival of each subspecies, using a combination of genetic analyses and ecological niche modelling.

Methods

Genetic variation, genetic structures and phylogenetic relationships were elucidated based on nuclear low-copy genes, chloroplast DNA, and nuclear simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A scenario selection analysis and divergence time estimation were performed using coalescent simulation in DIYABC and *BEAST. Ecological niche modelling and a test of niche differentiation were performed using Maxent and ENMTools.

Key Results

All marker types showed deep, but pronouncedly incongruent, west–east genetic divergences, with the subspecies being delineated only by the nuclear low-copy genes. Phylogenetic tree topologies suggested that ancient hybridization and introgression were likely to have occurred; however, this scenario did not receive significant support in the DIYABC analysis. The subspecies differentiated their niches, but both showed a dependence on high humidity and were predicted to have persisted during the last glacial cycle by maintaining a stable latitudinal distribution via migration to lower altitudes.

Conclusions

We found a deep genetic divergence and a pronounced phylogenetic incongruence among the two subspecies of M. sieboldii, which may have been driven by major paleogeographic and paleoclimatic events that have occurred since the Neogene in East Asia, including global cooling, climate oscillations and the formation of land bridges. Both subspecies were, however, considered to persist in situ in stable climatic conditions during the late Pleistocene.
QSIdb: quorum sensing interference molecules
Authors: Wu Shengbo , Liu Chunjiang , Feng Jie , Yang Aidong , Guo Fei , Qiao Jianjun
Published: September 2020

Quorum sensing interference (QSI), the disruption and manipulation of quorum sensing (QS) in the dynamic control of bacteria populations could be widely applied in synthetic biology to realize dynamic metabolic control and develop potential clinical therapies. Conventionally, limited QSI molecules (QSIMs) were developed based on molecular structures or for specific QS receptors, which are in short supply for various interferences and manipulations of QS systems. In this study, we developed QSIdb (http://qsidb.lbci.net/), a specialized repository of 633 reported QSIMs and 73 073 expanded QSIMs including both QS agonists and antagonists. We have collected all reported QSIMs in literatures focused on the modifications of N-acyl homoserine lactones, natural QSIMs and synthetic QS analogues. Moreover, we developed a pipeline with SMILES-based similarity assessment algorithms and docking-based validations to mine potential QSIMs from existing 138 805 608 compounds in the PubChem database. In addition, we proposed a new measure, pocketedit, for assessing the similarities of active protein pockets or QSIMs crosstalk, and obtained 273 possible potential broad-spectrum QSIMs. We provided user-friendly browsing and searching facilities for easy data retrieval and comparison. QSIdb could assist the scientific community in understanding QS-related therapeutics, manipulating QS-based genetic circuits in metabolic engineering, developing potential broad-spectrum QSIMs and expanding new ligands for other receptors.
Phylogenomics of peacock spiders and their kin (Salticidae:Maratus), with implications for the evolution of male courtship displays
Authors: Girard Madeline B , Elias Damian O , Azevedo Guilherme , Bi Ke , Kasumovic Michael M , Waldock Julianne M , Rosenblum Erica Bree , Hedin Marshal
Published: September 2020

Understanding diversity has been a pursuit in evolutionary biology since its inception. A challenge arises when sexual selection has played a role in diversification. Questions of what constitutes a ‘species’, homoplasy vs. synapomorphy, and whether sexually selected traits show phylogenetic signal have hampered work on many systems. Peacock spiders are famous for sexually selected male courtship dances and peacock-like abdominal ornamentation. This lineage of jumping spiders currently includes over 90 species classified into two genera, Maratus and Saratus. Most Maratus species have been placed into groups based on secondary sexual characters, but evolutionary relationships remain unresolved. Here we assess relationships in peacock spiders using phylogenomic data (ultraconserved elements and RAD-sequencing). Analyses reveal that Maratus and the related genus Saitis are paraphyletic. Many, but not all, morphological groups within a ‘core Maratus’ clade are recovered as genetic clades but we find evidence for undocumented speciation. Based on original observations of male courtship, our comparative analyses suggest that courtship behaviour and peacock-like abdominal ornamentation have evolved sequentially, with some traits inherited from ancestors and others evolving repeatedly and independently from ‘simple’ forms. Our results have important implications for the taxonomy of these spiders, and provide a much-needed evolutionary framework for comparative studies of the evolution of sexual signal characters.
Geometrically aware dynamic Markov bases for statistical linear inverse problems
Authors: Hazelton M L , Mcveagh M R , van Brunt B
Published: September 2020

For statistical linear inverse problems involving count data, inference typically requires sampling a latent variable with conditional support comprising of the lattice points in a convex polytope. Irreducibility of random walk samplers is guaranteed only if a sufficiently rich array of sampling directions is available. In principle, this can be achieved by finding a Markov basis of moves ab initio, but in practice doing so may be computationally infeasible. What is more, the use of a full Markov basis can lead to very poor mixing. It is far simpler to find a lattice basis of moves, which can be tailored to the overall geometry of the polytope. However, a single lattice basis generally does not connect all points in the polytope. In response, we propose a dynamic lattice basis sampler. This sampler can access a sufficient variety of sampling directions to guarantee irreducibility, but also prefers moves that are well aligned to the polytope geometry, hence promoting good mixing. The probability with which the sampler selects different bases can be tuned. We present an efficient algorithm for updating the lattice basis, obviating the need for repeated matrix inversion.
Brain cancer induces systemic immunosuppression through release of non-steroid soluble mediators
Authors: Ayasoufi Katayoun , Pfaller Christian K , Evgin Laura , Khadka Roman H , Tritz Zachariah P , Goddery Emma N , Fain Cori E , Yokanovich Lila T , Himes Benjamin T , Jin Fang , Zheng Jiaying , Schuelke Matthew R , Hansen Michael J , Tung Wesley , Parney Ian F , Pease Larry R , Vile Richard G , Johnson Aaron J
Published: September 2020

Immunosuppression of unknown aetiology is a hallmark feature of glioblastoma and is characterized by decreased CD4 T-cell counts and downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on peripheral blood monocytes in patients. This immunosuppression is a critical barrier to the successful development of immunotherapies for glioblastoma. We recapitulated the immunosuppression observed in glioblastoma patients in the C57BL/6 mouse and investigated the aetiology of low CD4 T-cell counts. We determined that thymic involution was a hallmark feature of immunosuppression in three distinct models of brain cancer, including mice harbouring GL261 glioma, B16 melanoma, and in a spontaneous model of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. In addition to thymic involution, we determined that tumour growth in the brain induced significant splenic involution, reductions in peripheral T cells, reduced MHC II expression on blood leucocytes, and a modest increase in bone marrow resident CD4 T cells. Using parabiosis we report that thymic involution, declines in peripheral T-cell counts, and reduced major histocompatibility complex class II expression levels were mediated through circulating blood-derived factors. Conversely, T-cell sequestration in the bone marrow was not governed through circulating factors. Serum isolated from glioma-bearing mice potently inhibited proliferation and functions of T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the factor responsible for immunosuppression in serum is non-steroidal and of high molecular weight. Through further analysis of neurological disease models, we determined that the immunosuppression was not unique to cancer itself, but rather occurs in response to brain injury. Non-cancerous acute neurological insults also induced significant thymic involution and rendered serum immunosuppressive. Both thymic involution and serum-derived immunosuppression were reversible upon clearance of brain insults. These findings demonstrate that brain cancers cause multifaceted immunosuppression and pinpoint circulating factors as a target of intervention to restore immunity.
Reversal of Age-Related Neuronal Atrophy by α5-GABAA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulation
Authors: Prevot Thomas D , Sumitomo Akiko , Tomoda Toshifumi , Knutson Daniel E , Li Guanguan , Mondal Prithu , Banasr Mounira , Cook James M , Sibille Etienne
Published: September 2020

Aging is associated with reduced brain volume, altered neural activity, and neuronal atrophy in cortical-like structures, comprising the frontal cortex and hippocampus, together contributing to cognitive impairments. Therapeutic efforts aimed at reversing these deficits have focused on excitatory or neurotrophic mechanisms, although recent findings show that reduced dendritic inhibition mediated by α5-subunit containing GABA-A receptors (α5-GABAA-Rs) occurs during aging and contributes to cognitive impairment. Here, we aimed to confirm the beneficial effect on working memory of augmenting α5-GABAA-R activity in old mice and tested its potential at reversing age-related neuronal atrophy. We show that GL-II-73, a novel ligand with positive allosteric modulatory activity at α5-GABAA-R (α5-PAM), increases dendritic branching complexity and spine numbers of cortical neurons in vitro. Using old mice, we confirm that α5-PAM reverses age-related working memory deficits and show that chronic treatment (3 months) significantly reverses age-related dendritic shrinkage and spine loss in frontal cortex and hippocampus. A subsequent 1-week treatment cessation (separate cohort) resulted in loss of efficacy on working memory but maintained morphological neurotrophic effects. Together, the results demonstrate the beneficial effect on working memory and neurotrophic efficacy of augmenting α5-GABAA-R function in old mice, suggesting symptomatic and disease-modifying potential in age-related brain disorders.
CRISPR/Cas 9-Mediated Mutations as a New Tool for Studying Taste in Honeybees
Authors: Değirmenci Laura , Geiger Dietmar , Rogé Ferreira Fábio Luiz , Keller Alexander , Krischke Beate , Beye Martin , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Scheiner Ricarda
Published: September 2020

Honeybees rely on nectar as their main source of carbohydrates. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main components of plant nectars. Intriguingly, honeybees express only 3 putative sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2, and AmGr3), which is in stark contrast to many other insects and vertebrates. The sugar receptors are only partially characterized. AmGr1 detects different sugars including sucrose and glucose. AmGr2 is assumed to act as a co-receptor only, while AmGr3 is assumedly a fructose receptor. We show that honeybee gustatory receptor AmGr3 is highly specialized for fructose perception when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When we introduced nonsense mutations to the respective AmGr3 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in eggs of female workers, the resulting mutants displayed almost a complete loss of responsiveness to fructose. In contrast, responses to sucrose were normal. Nonsense mutations introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 in honeybees can thus induce a measurable behavioral change and serve to characterize the function of taste receptors in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 is an excellent novel tool for characterizing honeybee taste receptors in vivo. Biophysical receptor characterization in Xenopus oocytes and nonsense mutation of AmGr3 in honeybees unequivocally demonstrate that this receptor is highly specific for fructose.
Socio-Mediated Scandals: Theorizing Political Scandals in a Digital Media Environment
Authors: Zulli Diana
Published: September 2020

Political scandals are a conspicuous characteristic of American democracy, and yet they have received little theoretical attention that might nuance our understanding of their nature and form. One key context yet to be extensively explored is digital technology and the enabling of vernacular discourses in the scandal narrative. Thus, this article develops a theoretical framework for studying political scandals in the digital age. I discuss this as a transformation from mediated scandals to socio-mediated scandals. Socio-mediated scandals: (a) reflect a more collaborative process, (b) are increasingly personalized, (c) are subject to amplified partisanship, and (d) are characterized by liveness, wherein scandals are quick, explosive, and then dissipate. The implications of this framework and opportunities for future research are discussed.
A case report: delayed right ventricular pericardial fistula and aneurysm following penetrating traumatic injury—a controversial aetiology
Authors: Steinmaurer Martina , Cupido Blanche , Hannington Matthew , Manganyi Rodgers
Published: September 2020

Background

Right ventricular aneurysms (RVAs) are rare. We present a case with a combined RVA and right ventricular pericardial fistula resulting in a pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. The RVA was detected 47 days after the patient suffered a gunshot wound. This report adds to the body of scarce literature on RVA aetiology, diagnoses, and treatment.

Case summary

A 30-year-old male patient presented with worsening respiratory distress over a 7-day period with clinical signs of cardiac tamponade following a history of a gunshot (with associated liver laceration, pulmonary embolism, right nephrectomy, and sepsis) 47 days prior. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a large circumferential pericardial effusion and an RVA. The patient was emergently taken for surgical repair of the RVA.

Discussion

Our case presents a delayed presentation of a gunshot heart and an aetiology with indications of and against a true aneurysm. It brings attention to possible complications of penetrating precordial injuries, with the need for consideration and possible evaluation at follow-up. The literature on the operative excision of RVA is reviewed and various aetiological factors and consequences are discussed.
Three broken vessels in a peripartum patient: a rare case report of spontaneous triple vessel coronary artery dissection
Authors: Lak Hassan , Rehman Karim Abdul , Jaber Wael A , Cho Leslie
Published: September 2020

Background

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a frequently underdiagnosed entity that carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and, the majority of SCAD patients are young healthy women.

Case summary

A 23-year-old female G5P4 presented to the emergency room for severe sub-sternal chest pain, associated with shortness of breath. Past medical history was significant for pre-eclampsia. Initial electrocardiogram was remarkable for ST depressions in V5–V6 with inverted T waves to V1–V2. Troponin I was elevated to 1.13 ng/mL. Two-dimensional echo showed reduced left ventricular function with an ejection fraction of 40%. Cardiac catheterization showed triple vessel dissection involving the left main trunk extending into mid-left anterior descending and dissection extending from ostium of left circumflex artery into large first obtuse marginal branch. She was started on aspirin and heparin. After 48 h she was loaded with clopidogrel. Computed tomography angiography of head, neck, abdomen, and pelvis showed findings compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia. She was haemodynamically stable and symptom free and did not want surgery. She was recommended to continue dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months and subsequently aspirin and beta blocker only lifelong.

Discussion

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare condition which is underdiagnosed. A thorough history and high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose in a timely manner and it should be high on differential in a postpartum female presenting with signs and symptoms of ACS.
On Financial Nationalism and International Law: Sovereignty, Cooperation and Hard/Soft Governance in International Finance
Authors: Borlini Leonardo
Published: September 2020

The prevailing view among legal scholars over the last decade is that international financial collaboration is a resolutely cooperative venture that cannot be reduced to the interests or relative power of individual states. Moving along this line, the book under review shows that the protection of financial nationalism contributes to the creation of global systemic risks. In this review essay, I discuss the three overarching themes addressed in the book – namely, the logic of financial nationalism, the role of soft and hard law in the international governance of finance and the related problem of compliance. International financial law is still emerging as a discipline and the issues under discussion are at the heart of the ongoing debate about how to devise adequate international structures and international norms to govern markets and control systemic risks in finance. Proceeding from a critical approach to the international law of finance, I analyse the book’s focus on financial nationalism and the limits of its juxtaposition with the economic logic of externalities; the case for strengthened formalization; and, finally, the extent to which the theoretical framework proposed in the book is relevant for rethinking the logic and prospect of compliance in international finance.
After Failure: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Post–Cold War Era
Authors: Ettinger Aaron
Published: September 2020

The close of the Obama presidency prompted considerable thinking about the state of American foreign policy. With the election of Donald Trump, it appeared as if the United States and the world were on the brink of a new relationship. Decades-old language of American international leadership was replaced with a doctrine of America First. In other words, the post–Cold War era had come to an end. This review essay addresses five texts published at this inflection point in American foreign policy history, when the core assumptions are being challenged by domestic and global forces. It accounts for the parlous state of American foreign policy in the post–Cold War era, the causes of foreign policy failure, where the world might be heading, and what it means for American foreign policy scholarship.
A new species ofAkodonMeyen, 1833 (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) endemic from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Brandão Marcus Vinicius , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , D’Elía Guillermo , Paresque Roberta , Carmignotto Ana Paula
Published: September 2020

Akodon is the second most diverse genus of sigmodontine rodents, comprising 40 extant species. Widely distributed through different environments of South America, the genus ranges from forested to open-vegetation areas, from semiarid to mesic regions, and from Andean altitudes to the lowlands of eastern Brazil. In Brazil, most species are from the Atlantic Forest, inhabiting lowland and montane habitats, with a few taxa also present in areas transitional with the Cerrado and Pantanal. Based on an integrative approach of genetics (cytogenetic and molecular data) and morphology (qualitative and quantitative external and craniodental data), we present in this contribution the hypothesis of a new species of Akodon based on specimens collected in the southwestern limit of the Cerrado domain, in the seasonally dry forests of the Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The new species was recovered as a distinct lineage sister to Akodon philipmyersi, a poorly known species from the Northern Campos grasslands of Misiones Province, Argentina, and can be distinguished from its congeners by its karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 40), morphology (morphometric, pelage, and skull characters), as well as by its degree of genetic divergence (above 7.5% in Cytb sequences). This new species is endemic to the Cerrado, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, and to Serra da Bodoquena, one of the top priority areas for conservation in Brazil. Moreover, the new species increases the number of lineages of Akodon in Brazil, emphasizing the richness and endemism currently found in the Cerrado domain, and the importance of the open formations to the diversification of Neotropical taxa.
Race, Ethnicity, and Clinical Outcomes in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Node-Negative Breast Cancer in the Randomized TAILORx Trial
Authors: Albain Kathy S , Gray Robert J , Makower Della F , Faghih Amir , Hayes Daniel F , Geyer Charles E , Dees Elizabeth C , Goetz Matthew P , Olson John A , Lively Tracy , Badve Sunil S , Saphner Thomas J , Wagner Lynne I , Whelan Timothy J , Ellis Matthew J , Wood William C , Keane Maccon M , Gomez Henry L , Reddy Pavan S , Goggins Timothy F , Mayer Ingrid A , Brufsky Adam M , Toppmeyer Deborah L , Kaklamani Virginia G , Berenberg Jeffrey L , Abrams Jeffrey , Sledge George W , Sparano Joseph A
Published: September 2020

Background

Black race is associated with worse outcomes in early breast cancer. We evaluated clinicopathologic characteristics, the 21-gene recurrence score (RS), treatment delivered, and clinical outcomes by race and ethnicity among women who participated in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment.

Methods

The association between clinical outcomes and race (White, Black, Asian, other or unknown) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) was examined using proportional hazards models. All P values are 2-sided.

Results

Of 9719 eligible women with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer, there were 8189 (84.3%) Whites, 693 (7.1%) Blacks, 405 (4.2%) Asians, and 432 (4.4%) with other or unknown race. Regarding ethnicity, 889 (9.1%) were Hispanic. There were no substantial differences in RS or ESR1, PGR, or HER2 RNA expression by race or ethnicity. After adjustment for other covariates, compared with White race, Black race was associated with higher distant recurrence rates (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.07 to 2.41) and worse overall survival in the RS 11-25 cohort (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.15) and entire population (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.90). Hispanic ethnicity and Asian race were associated with better outcomes. There was no evidence of chemotherapy benefit for any racial or ethnic group in those with a RS of 11-25.

Conclusions

Black women had worse clinical outcomes despite similar 21-gene assay RS results and comparable systemic therapy in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment. Similar to Whites, Black women did not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy if the 21-gene RS was 11-25. Further research is required to elucidate the basis for this racial disparity in prognosis.
Disfiguring high-flow cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Nabawi Alaa , Abraham Nader , Nabawi Ayman
Published: September 2020

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular anomalies resulting from defects in angiogenesis. Approximately 40% of AVMs go undetected after birth and only experience the delayed clinical onset of symptoms in adulthood. AVMs are rare, representing only 1.5% of all vascular anomalies. The most common sites for the aberrant vascular nidus are the oral cavity and maxillofacial region, which represent 50% of the cases. AVMs are the most challenging and life-threatening form of vascular malformation. Exsanguination, thrombus detachment and embolization are the most hazardous operative risks. Small case series revealed a 75% recurrence rate during a 5-year follow-up, which adds another layer of complexity to their management. Large lesions in the head and neck cause deformation to the patient and present a challenge to the surgeon during their excision among vital structures and reconstruction of the 3D complex defects.
The Feminine Ending -at in Shammari Arabic: a Response to Marijn Van Putten
Authors: Alshammari Wafi Fhaid
Published: September 2020

Attempting to interpret palatalization of the feminine marker -at to -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd, Putten (2017) assumes that such change constitutes evidence that this dialect cannot be derived histori-cally from Classical Arabic, and that its development did not participate in the at > ah change in all positions. In this response, I view this change to follow the same path Classical Arabic came across, but with an additional internal change peculiar to this variety. I argue for an intermediate stage of -at > -ah > -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd. Therefore, I consider this phenomenon an initial stage of imāla (an incipient imāla) wherein palatalization diffuses within certain lexically-conditioned categories.
‘For all are born to the Ideal’: Joseph Joachim and Bettina von Arnim
Authors: Eshbach Robert Whitehouse
Published: September 2020

Although Joseph Joachim came of age in the milieu of the German Romantic salon, his biographers have largely ignored the critical influence of women on his artistic development. Amongst Joachim’s many mentors, Bettina von Arnim’s sway over the young musician is difficult to overstate. Once an intimate friend of Goethe and Beethoven, Bettina was an ardent music lover and amateur composer with outspoken aesthetic views. Through her mentorship, Joseph was confirmed in the Romantic cult of Beethoven veneration that Bettina helped create, as well as in Kunstreligion—the sacralization of art—as practiced in the Arnim household. Significantly, Bettina also helped influence Joachim away from Franz Liszt, whom she had at first revered, but with whom she quarreled. Using many hitherto unpublished sources, this article explores the influence that Bettina had on the young Joachim, and through him on conflicts and attitudes toward music current in the long nineteenth century.
Deuterium fractionation of nitrogen hydrides: detections of NHD and ND2
Authors: Bacmann A , Faure A , Hily-Blant P , Kobayashi K , Ozeki H , Yamamoto S , Pagani L , Lique F
Published: September 2020

Although ammonia is an abundant molecule commonly observed towards the dense interstellar medium, it has not yet been established whether its main formation route is from gas-phase ion–molecule reactions or grain-surface hydrogen additions on adsorbed nitrogen atoms. Deuterium fractionation can be used as a tool to constrain formation mechanisms. High abundances of deuterated molecules are routinely observed in the dense interstellar medium, with the ratio between deuterated molecules and the main isotopologue enhanced by several orders of magnitude with respect to the elemental D/H ratio. In the case of ammonia, the detection of its triply deuterated isotopologue hints at high abundances of the deuterated intermediate nitrogen radicals, ND, NHD, and ND2. So far however, only ND has been detected in the interstellar medium. In this paper, to constrain the formation of ammonia, we aim at determining the NHD/NH2 and ND2/NHD abundance ratios, and compare them with the predictions of both pure gas-phase and grain-surface chemical models. We searched for the fundamental rotational transitions of NHD and ND2 towards the class 0 protostar IRAS16293−2422, towards which NH, NH2 and ND had been previously detected. Both NHD and ND2 are detected in absorption towards the source. The relative abundance ratios NH2:NHD:ND2 are close to 8:4:1. These ratios can be reproduced by our gas-phase chemical model within a factor of 2–3. Statistical ratios as expected from grain-surface chemistry are also consistent with our data. Further investigations of the ortho-to-para ratio in ND2 , both theoretical and observational, could bring new constraints to better understand nitrogen hydride chemistry.
Ly α forest power spectrum as an emerging window into the epoch of reionization and cosmic dawn
Authors: Montero-Camacho Paulo , Mao Yi
Published: September 2020

Conventional wisdom was that thermal relics from the epoch of reionization (EOR) would vanish swiftly. Recently, however, it was shown that these relics can survive to lower redshifts (z ∼ 2) than previously thought, due to gas at mean density being heated to T ∼ 3 × 104 K by reionization, which is inhomogeneous, and shocks. Given the high sensitivities of upcoming Ly α forest surveys, this effect will be a novel broad-band systematic for cosmological application. From the astrophysical point of view, however, the imprint of inhomogeneous reionization can shed light on the EOR and cosmic dawn. We utilize a hybrid method – which includes two different simulation codes capable of handling the huge dynamical range – to show the impact of patchy reionization on the Ly α forest and its dependence on different astrophysical scenarios. We found statistically significant deviations in the 1D Lyαpower spectrum at k = 0.14 cMpc−1 that range from $\sim \! 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 2 up to almost $\sim \! 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 4. The deviations in the 3D Ly α power spectrum, at the same wavenumber, are large and range from a few per cent at z = 2 up to $\sim \! 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 4, although these deviations ignore the effect of He ii reionization and active galactic nucleus feedback at z < 4. By exploiting different k-dependence of power spectrum among various astrophysical scenarios, the effect of patchy reionization on the Ly α forest power spectrum can open a new window into cosmic reionization and possibly cosmic dawn.
A lower bound on the maximum mass if the secondary in GW190814 was once a rapidly spinning neutron star
Authors: Most Elias R , Papenfort L Jens , Weih Lukas R , Rezzolla Luciano
Published: September 2020

The recent detection of GW190814 featured the merger of a binary with a primary having a mass of $\sim 23\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ and a secondary with a mass of $\sim 2.6\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$. While the primary was most likely a black hole, the secondary could be interpreted as either the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star ever observed, but also as the indication of a novel class of exotic compact objects. We here argue that although the secondary in GW190814 is most likely a black hole at merger, it needs not be an ab-initio black hole nor an exotic object. Rather, based on our current understanding of the nuclear-matter equation of state, it can be a rapidly rotating neutron star that collapsed to a rotating black hole at some point before merger. Using universal relations connecting the masses and spins of uniformly rotating neutron stars, we estimate the spin, $0.49_{-0.05}^{+0.08} \lesssim \chi \lesssim 0.68_{-0.05}^{+0.11}$, of the secondary – a quantity not constrained so far by the detection – and a novel strict lower bound on the maximum mass, $M_{_{\mathrm{TOV}}}\gt 2.08^{+0.04}_{-0.04}\, \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ and an optimal bound of $M_{_{\mathrm{TOV}}}\gt 2.15^{+0.04}_{-0.04}\, \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$, of non-rotating neutron stars, consistent with recent observations of a very massive pulsar. The new lower bound also remains valid even in the less likely scenario in which the secondary neutron star never collapsed to a black hole.
AcrDB: a database of anti-CRISPR operons in prokaryotes and viruses
Authors: Huang Le , Yang Bowen , Yi Haidong , Asif Amina , Wang Jiawei , Lithgow Trevor , Zhang Han , Minhas Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar , Yin Yanbin
Published: September 2020

CRISPR–Cas is an anti-viral mechanism of prokaryotes that has been widely adopted for genome editing. To make CRISPR–Cas genome editing more controllable and safer to use, anti-CRISPR proteins have been recently exploited to prevent excessive/prolonged Cas nuclease cleavage. Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by (pro)phages/(pro)viruses, and have the ability to inhibit their host's CRISPR–Cas systems. We have built an online database AcrDB (http://bcb.unl.edu/AcrDB) by scanning ∼19 000 genomes of prokaryotes and viruses with AcrFinder, a recently developed Acr-Aca (Acr-associated regulator) operon prediction program. Proteins in Acr-Aca operons were further processed by two machine learning-based programs (AcRanker and PaCRISPR) to obtain numerical scores/ranks. Compared to other anti-CRISPR databases, AcrDB has the following unique features: (i) It is a genome-scale database with the largest collection of data (39 799 Acr-Aca operons containing Aca or Acr homologs); (ii) It offers a user-friendly web interface with various functions for browsing, graphically viewing, searching, and batch downloading Acr-Aca operons; (iii) It focuses on the genomic context of Acr and Aca candidates instead of individual Acr protein family and (iv) It collects data with three independent programs each having a unique data mining algorithm for cross validation. AcrDB will be a valuable resource to the anti-CRISPR research community.
Parental legacy and regulatory novelty in Brachypodium diurnal transcriptomes accompanying their polyploidy
Authors: Inoue Komaki , Takahagi Kotaro , Kouzai Yusuke , Koda Satoru , Shimizu Minami , Uehara-Yamaguchi Yukiko , Nakayama Risa , Kita Toshie , Onda Yoshihiko , Nomura Toshihisa , Matsui Hidetoshi , Nagaki Kiyotaka , Nishii Ryuei , Mochida Keiichi
Published: September 2020

Polyploidy is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes that can lead to phenotypic novelty and has important implications for evolution and diversification. The modification of phenotypes in polyploids relative to their diploid progenitors may be associated with altered gene expression. However, it is largely unknown how interactions between duplicated genes affect their diurnal expression in allopolyploid species. In this study, we explored parental legacy and hybrid novelty in the transcriptomes of an allopolyploid species and its diploid progenitors. We compared the diurnal transcriptomes of representative Brachypodium cytotypes, including the allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors Brachypodium distachyon and Brachypodium stacei. We also artificially induced an autotetraploid B. distachyon. We identified patterns of homoeolog expression bias (HEB) across Brachypodium cytotypes and time-dependent gain and loss of HEB in B. hybridum. Furthermore, we established that many genes with diurnal expression experienced HEB, while their expression patterns and peak times were correlated between homoeologs in B. hybridum relative to B. distachyon and B. stacei, suggesting diurnal synchronization of homoeolog expression in B. hybridum. Our findings provide insight into the parental legacy and hybrid novelty associated with polyploidy in Brachypodium, and highlight the evolutionary consequences of diurnal transcriptional regulation that accompanied allopolyploidy.