bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflicting Stories
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Ammons argues that the long fiction by American women from the early 1890s until the late 1920s forms a diverse yet unified body of work. Her aim is to pull together the work of writers who were contemporaries but who, in criticism, are almost always treated independently. The project identifies the turn of the century as a remarkable period of artistic achievement for women, and restructures the American literary past by uniting women writers of this era. The writers dealt with include: F. E. W. Harper, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Pauline Hopkins, Gertrude Stein, and Edith Summers Kelly.
The German Army League
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

The German Army League was the last in a chain of patriotic societies created to combat socialism and pacifism in pre-World War I Germany. Founded in 1912, it was important in strengthening the resolve of those in Germany who wanted war, mostly as a panacea for the country's ills. In her in-depth study of this organization, the author addresses the questions hotly debated by German historians: to what de gree did the masses support Wilhelmine militarism? to what degree can the course of German history be described as a Sonderweg, a path distinct from that of other European countries?
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: A Practitioner’s View
Authors: Cripe Clair A
Published: October 2023

It is widely accepted that there are two approaches for federal courts in institutional or public law litigation: the traditional approach, which sees the function of the courts as concentrating on dispute resolution; and the activist or reform approach, which uses litigation and its remedies as a means to accomplish needed change, usually for the protection of individuals’ rights, and usually based on constitutional guarantees for the protection of those rights.
Adherence: Legitimacy and Normative Hierarchy
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

Do not take scepticism too seriously. A true sceptic will be diffident of his philosophical doubts, as well as of his philosophical conviction; and will never refuse any innocent satisfaction, which offers itself, upon account of either of them. In his book The Concept of Law, the Oxford legal philosopher Professor H. L. A. Hart compares the international system with the organization of a small, primitive tribe. He observes that “the rules for states resemble that simple form of social structure, consisting only of primary rules of obligation, which, when we find it among societies of individuals, we are accustomed to contrast with a developed legal system.
Patterns of Expression and Potential Functions of Cellular Oncogenes and Heat Shock Protein Genes During Germ Cell Development
Authors: Wolgemuth Debra J , Gruppi Carol M , Vambutas, Vida , Wadewitz Axel G
Published: October 2023

Major developmental processes are involved in gametogenesis, including mitotic and meiotic division, genetic recombination, and morphological differentiation (reviewed by Bellve, 1979). The expression of specific genescoincident with these events suggests that they play key roles in these processes. Spermatogenesis, in particular, provides a useful model system to identify the genetic basis of cellular differentiation within a defined cell lineage. Several features of spermatogenesis in mouse facilitate the study of lineage-specific gene expression in a mammalian system. Because there is a gradual temporal progression of spermatogenic cell types (Nebel et al., 1961), cells at later stages can be eliminated by using animals at specific stages of fetal or postnatal development. Also, enriched populations of germ cell types can be prepared readily (e.g., Wolgemuth et al., 1985). Several sterile male mouse mutants, in which germ cell development is arrested at different stages, are also known (Searle, 1982). The use of transgenic animals to elucidate gene function should also become extremely valuable as stage-specific promoters could be used either to overexpress or interfere with the function of specific genes at precise developmental stages (Hanahan, 1988; Jaenisch, 1988).
Crisis at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1901
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

In the early days of cables it seemed miraculous to send a message over thousands of kilometers in a matter of hours. Pulpits, podiums, and editorial pages resounded with paeans of praise for the “annihilation of time and space.” By the 1880s, when cables had reached every continent, telegraphy was no longer celebrated as a miracle but had become a daily necessity of business and governments in an age of expanding global trade. In Europe and America, the years from 1871 to 1898 were a time of peace. In the tropics, to be sure, Europeans quickly and almost effortlessly conquered whole empires.
The War at Sea
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

When he launched his offensive in September 1939, Hitler, like Philip II, Napoleon, and the German General Staff before him, was playing out an age-old scenario: an ambitious ruler tries to conquer Europe but finds himself confronted by a small island nation that commands the sea and cannot be defeated by the largest armies. For the fourth time in as many centuries, Great Britain held out long enough to witness and assist the crumbling of yet another would-be European Empire. Yet Britain could not have done it alone, for each challenge to its mastery of the sea was more dangerous than the last, and in World War II as in World War I, Britain needed the help of its daughter-nation the United States.
Reasoning about Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

In the last chapter we saw that during the previous twenty-five years our understanding of biological evolution has been deepened by several new or newly clarified concepts. Specifically, the following four stand out in importance for the evolution of behavior. First is the realization that in the vast majority of cases natural selection takes place at the level of individuals and not groups.1 Thus, arguments that such-and-such structure, process, or behavior occurs “for the good of the species” are generally incorrect. This is a point that was clearly understood by Charles Darwin but for many biologists was only brought into sharp focus by George Williams’s Adaptation and Natural Selection, published in 1966. Second is the concept of inclusive fitness, which recognizes that copies of many of an animal’s genes reside in close relatives and that in certain circumstances fitness can be enhanced by seemingly altruistic acts extended to others.2 Third is the theory of parental investment, which has far-reaching implications for mating be-havior and the relationship between parents and young.3
The Unwritten Law
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

In the 1870s, a Kentish woman who had been repeatedly beaten by her lover retaliated by blinding him with sulphuric acid. The judge sentenced her to five years in prison. In contrast, a man who put out the eyes of a woman who left him was sentenced to only four months after telling the judge that he `was regularly drove to do it from her aggravation’. Making innovative use of court and police records, Carolyn Conley has written a lively account of criminal justice in Victorian England. She examines the gap between the formal laws and the unwritten law of the community, as well as the ways in which judges, juries, and police officers acted as mediators between the two. The book analyses the treatment of lawbreakers according to class, gender, and community status, and in so doing presents a vivid portrait of standards of propriety and justice at the time.
The Fate of Liberty
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

There has been considerable controversy over the last century about Abraham Lincoln’s record on the Constitution and individual rights during the Civil War. Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus during the war - the only time this basic political right has ever been suspended in American history. Neely first examines the whole range of Lincoln’s constitutional policies and, in particular, shows who was convicted and jailed for what crimes during the war. He puts this whole discussion into the political context of the time. The result is a mixed record but one that basically reflects well on Lincoln.
Low Tide for Liberty
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

By the autumn of 1862, when President Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation, the writ of habeas corpus remained technically secure in most of the North. It was officially suspended only around Florida, in St. Louis and near the railroad and telegraph lines of Missouri, and along a “military line” stretching from Washington, D.C., to Bangor, Maine. In fact, the writ of habeas corpus was a dead letter in many other areas of the North as well: in the seceded South, in much of the border states, and in some far-flung and carelessly governed territories.
International Productivity and Competitiveness: An Overview
Authors: Hickman Bert G
Published: October 2023

This book is about the determinants of productivity growth and competitiveness on an international scale. It deals with arguably the most important problems facing contemporary economies. In the United States, the rapid increase in our current-account deficit during the 1980s and our slow rate of productivity growth in comparison to other advanced economies raised the specter of declining competitiveness.
Involuntary Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Civil Liberties and Common Sense
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

On October 29, 1971, Alberta Lessard was picked up by two police officers in front of her house in West Allis, Wisconsin, and taken to her local mental health center. Once there, the officers completed a form requesting her “emergency detention for mental observation,” and she was admitted against her will. What led the officers to believe that she required hospitalization? Was she sitting calmly on her stoop, enjoying the evening breeze? Or was she pacing the street, cursing under her breath at the children who passed? To our regret, we do not know.
Right to Refuse Treatment with Medication: Consent, Coercion, and the Courts
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

When Michael Nelson came to Boston State Hospital (BSH) in 1971 as a psychiatrist on its chronic service, he could see the sad history of state hospitals for the mentally ill etched on its stained facades. The historic facility, which first opened in 1839 as a municipal lunatic hospital, was transplanted to the fields of Mattapan in 1893. In those years, the growing city. Of Boston had not yet engulfed the farms that surrounded the hospital’s 232 acres of Hing grounds. Like its sister institutions of the era, BSH was designed to be as self-sufficient as possible, its patients employed as laborers in the farm fields, barns, and orchards developed on the property.
Models and Data Sources
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

The illustrations in §2 are drawn from several different industries but they share important features. In each case the price schedule is differentiated along one or more dimensions so that lower marginal and average prices are offered for larger quantities. These discounts stimulate demand and enhance efficiency, provided the net prices exceed marginal cost. For instance, EDF’s lower marginal prices, and prices differentiated by service times and conditions, provide more accurate signals to customers about marginal costs of supply. Compared to a single price applicable to all units, profits increase; or in a regulated industry, the firm’s revenue requirement can be met with greater net benefits for customers.
Priority Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

The fonnulation in previous chapters assumes that the finn can, at some cost, expand production to meet customers’ demands. In practice, however, the marginal cost of increasing supply may increase steeply as the finn’s capacity is exhausted, and indeed, some levels of demand may be too large to serve by any measures that can be taken in the short run. For this reason, the fonnulation must be interpreted as applying essentially to an environment in which demand and supply conditions are stable, and over a term long enough to adapt capacity to demand.
Multiproduct Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

This Chapter and the next describe the design of a tariff that specifies a total charge depending jointly on the quantities of several products purchased by customer. For instance, a multiproduct tariff typically allows quantity discounts for each product
The Age of Reinterpretation
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

With no intended disparagement for prevailing and recent types of revision, the present essay concerns itself almost exclu­sively with reinterpretations that are inspired by historical events and have little to do with new theories, new methods, or new dis­ciplines. The suggested opportunities for reinterpretation are, in fact, related to historical events so recent that nearly all of them have occurred since the summer of 1945. As responsible human beings we are rightly concerned first of all with the impact of these events upon the present and immediate future.
The Aging of America
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

The Great American Birthday Party of 1976 is over. Visit­ing captains and kings have long since departed. A few be­lated revelers persist with scheduled ceremonials, but the main celebration is behind us and the anniversary year has ended. The time has come-as it inevitably does for all those of ad­vanced years who join in the celebration of their own birth­days-to admit of a certain ambiguity of feelings about what exactly was being celebrated. On such occasions survival surely justifies some self-congratulation-especially when one considers the alternative. The fact remains, however, that all existence is finite. And the question naturally arises, how much celebration and how many congratulations are acceptable over the approach of the inveitable.
Mary Chesnut in Search of Her Genre
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

The Most Elementary and, I suppose, the most fundamental task of an editor is to discover, date, and authenticate the most reliable text of what he is editing and to bring that version to print as nearly as possible in the words and form the author intended. The task does not always turn out to be as simple as that sounds, as many editors have discovered. They may, in fact, in some cases find multiple versions of the text, each different from the other, yet all in the author’s hand, and be confronted with complex and difficult choices and decisions.
Strange Career Critics: Long May They Persevere
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Without The Persistent Attention of Critics over the thirty-four years since its publication, The Strange Career of Jim Crow would have long since been forgotten. Lacking the demands for correction made by the flaws they discovered and the new findings they brought forth, I should have been hard put to justify the numerous revisions and new editions that have periodically helped revive interest in the subject. All along, of course, it has been the subject, rather than the book on the sub­ject, that has explained the protracted attention and interest. I am nevertheless profoundly indebted to the critics for keeping the book alive along with the subject. I very much hope they will persevere.
Institute Review
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

The study sections in DRG are mistakenly thought by some to comprise the totality of NIH peer review activities. What is often overlooked is the very significant amount of peer review being carried out in the institutes. A few of the mechanisms (program projects, centers, contracts) reviewed in the institutes have received less than favorable acceptance by many in the scientific community because they are perceived to be a less sound way to support research than the ROI award program. Many of the institute reviews involve the most complex grant mechanisms, the most challenging review assignments for staff and reviewers, and result in the commit ment of substantial amounts of monies. Approximately 40 percent of NIH funds awarded for competing grant and cooperative agreement in FY 1990 were the result of reviews managed by the institutes. Table 9.1 should serve to highlight the size of the workload.
Introduction
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

The recent political crises over the appointments of judges Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U. S. Supreme Court have once again risen to consciousness the question of whether and in what sense law is political. The appointments triggered political crises because they were widely understood to represent the culmination of a constitutional revolution initiated by the Reagan Administration. Like scientific revolutions, constitutional revolutions have been rare events in American history. The New Deal constitutional revolution of 1937 represented a fundamental shift in the constitutional relationship of the states to the federal government as well as of government to the economy. The constitutional legitimation of an interventionist and redistributionist federal government did not only reflect the political triumph of the New Deal. It also constituted the successful culmination of a generation of intellectual struggle against the legal foundations of the old order. The New Deal constitutional revolution thus represented a genuine paradigm shift, a fundamental overthrow of a system of legal consciousness that reached the apex of its development a century and a half after the ratification of the Constitution. Whether the Warren and Rehnquist courts will also come to be regarded as having produced constitutional revolutions will become clearer as time passes.
Legal Realism, The Bureaucratic State, and The Rule of Law
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

It was a triumphant note that James M. Landis struck as he delivered the 1938 Storrs Lecture at the Yale Law School. Just a year earlier, Landis had resigned from the chairmanship of the Securities and Exchange Commission to return to Harvard Law School as the youngest dean in its history. Now Landis would articulate the New Deal’s most penetrating and passionate defense of the dramatic growth in administrative regulation.
The Emergence of Corporate Groups
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

Limited liability triumphed in the United States at a time when corporations lacked the power to acquire and hold shares of other corporations unless expressly granted by special statute or charter provision. Corporate groups were virtually unknown. It was not until 1889-1893, about sixty years after Massachusetts had provided the climax to American acceptance of limited liability, when states, starting with New Jersey, began enacting statutes granting such powers to corporations generally. Thereafter, corporate groups of great size speedily emerged. The holding company and the corporate group replaced trusts as the favored structure for the expanding industrial concentration characterizing this rampant period of American capitalism. This chronology had great implications for the development of American corporation law.
Automation and Competency Requirements in Manufacturing: A Case Study
Authors: Hirschhorn Larry , Mokray Joan
Published: October 2023

Skills, know-how, education base, work ethic, knowledge, abilities, com pretence, empowerment, responsibility: the proliferation of articles with keywords such as these is symptomatic of a growing concern. Accompanies invest in automated equipment and increase the rate at which they introduce new products, they need workers who can solve production problems; analyse trends, quality and output; learn to control new machinery quickly; and communicate effectively with engineers and marketing people. What forces shape these new requirements? What helps workers meet them? What can managers do to stimulate the corresponding abilities?
Chapter II
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

When Dorcasina arose, her features were lighted up with an unusual glow; and an uncommon degree of expression sparkled in her eyes. Her father observing it, as they sat at breakfast, told her, that by the pleasure which appeared in her countenance, he fancied her dreams had been agreeable. She blushed extremely at a consciousness of the cause; but made him no reply. The whole of that day she amused herself by forming ideas of the person of Lysander, and his first address when he should be introduced to her.
The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

The image of Peter the Great casts a long shadow in modern Russian thought and culture. As important to modern Russia as the French Revolution is to France and the Reformation is to Germany, the image of this militaristic ruler, founder of St Petersburg, and czar of all Russia from 1689-1725 has been central to Russian history, literature, and art since the early 1700s. Riasanovsky, one of the foremost historians of Russia, traces the development of this image from 1700 to the present. Drawing examples from Russian historical accounts, literature, folklore, and the arts, he shows how the use of the image of Peter has reflected the changing cultural and political values of the Russian people.
What Is This Book About?
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

Suppose you were asked to serve on your nation’s delegation to an international conference charged with negotiating a global environmental treaty. There is an ever-increasing number of such negotiations on topics ranging from ozone depletion to ocean pollution, from preserving tropical forests to global warming. And, there are literally billions of stakeholders, including representatives of business and industry, environmental activist groups, and scientific organizations, all of whom insist on being consulted, if not actually included, in such negotiations. Hence, being invited to serve on such a delegation is not an outlandish premise.
The Weaknesses of the Existing Environmental Treaty-Making System
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

The complex interactions and procedures by which global environmental agreements are formulated, ratified, and implemented are rarely thought of as a system. But these agreements are, in fact, governed by predictable sets of actors engaged in a relatively structured process of negotiation, constrained by formal and informal rules and customs. The “system,” such as it is, exists by default in many cases, and its weaknesses may not be apparent. Before the treaty-making process can be strengthened, we must understand the way this system operates.
The Need for a Better Balance Between Science and Politics
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

Independent scientific investigations play a role in environmental treaty making, but they are intertwined with, not separate from, political considerations. Gareth Porter and Janet Brown, in their excellent textbook, Global Environmental Politics, suggest that global environmental negotiations involve four political processes, “issue definition, factfinding, bargaining, and regime strengthening.” Scientific investigations have been an integral part of each of these four processes, although when and how they are used could certainly be improved.
Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry in the United States
Authors: Dain Norman
Published: October 2023

The growth of anti-psychiatric ideas and activism in the United States during the past thirty years is only the most recent and most extensive upsurge of religious and secular viewpoints largely formulated in the late nineteenth century and played out in different forms thereafter. The nature of anti-psychiatry and its periodic resurgence and decline is the subject of this essay.
Nixon, Ford, and Detente, 1969-1977
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

In his inaugural address on January 20, 1969, Richard Nixon declared that the United States was prepared to enter “an era of negotiation” with the communist world. 1 Considering his background as an ardent Cold Warrior, many were surprised by Nixon’s apparent eagerness to bury the hatchet with the communist world, but beneath the veneer of anticommunism was a core of realistic pragmatism. What mattered most to Nixon was the advancement of U.S. interests. If cooperation with a communist state served that purpose, he was prepared to modify his Cold War reputation.
Carter and the Decline of Detente, 1977-1981
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

When Jimmy Carter entered the White House in January 1977, he knew little about foreign affairs. He had been a nuclear engineer, a successful businessman, and governor of Georgia. His only significant experience with international relations came from serving on the Trilateral Commission, an organization committed to redirecting the emphasis of America’s foreign policy away from the communist world to Western Europe and Japan. After his election to the presidency in November 1976, Carter gave positions in his administration to many of the commissions’s members. Zbigniew Brzezinski, a Polish-born professor of political science and director of the Trilateral Commission, became national security adviser. Cyrus Vance, a Wall Street lawyer when he was not serving in government, was named secretary of state, and Harold Brown was appointed secretary of defense. Both had served on the commission.
Electronic hearth
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

We all talk about the “tube” or “box,” as if television were simply another appliance like the refrigerator or toaster oven. But Cecilia Tichi argues that TV is actually an environment—a pervasive screen-world that saturates almost every aspect of modern life. In Electronic Hearth, she looks at how that environment evolved, and how it, in turn, has shaped the American experience. Tichi explores almost fifty years of writing about television—in novels, cartoons, journalism, advertising, and critical books and articles—to define the role of television in the American consciousness. She examines early TV advertising to show how the industry tried to position the new device as not just a gadget but a prestigious new piece of furniture, a highly prized addition to the home. The television set, she writes, has emerged as a new electronic hearth—the center of family activity. John Updike described this “primitive appeal of the hearth” in Roger’s Version: “Television is—its irresistable charm—a fire. Entering an empty room, we turn it on, and a talking face flares into being.” Sitting in front of the TV, Americans exist in a safety zone, free from the hostility and violence of the outside world. She also discusses long-standing suspicions of TV viewing: its often solitary, almost autoerotic character, its supposed numbing of the minds and imagination of children, and assertions that watching television drugs the minds of Americans. Television has been seen as treacherous territory for public figures, from generals to presidents, where satire and broadcast journalism often deflate their authority. And the print culture of journalism and book publishing has waged a decades-long war of survival against it—only to see new TV generations embrace both the box and the book as a part of their cultural world. In today’s culture, she writes, we have become “teleconscious”—seeing, for example, real life being certified through television (“as seen on TV”), and television constantly ratified through its universal presence in art, movies, music, comic strips, fabric prints, and even references to TV on TV. Ranging far beyond the bounds of the broadcast industry, Tichi provides a history of contemporary American culture, a culture defined by the television environment. Intensively researched and insightfully written, The Electronic Hearth offers a new understanding of a critical, but much-maligned, aspect of modern life.
The Fictional Republic
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: October 2023

Investigating the persistence and place of the formulas of Horatio Alger in American politics, The Fictional Republic reassesses the Alger story in its Gilded Age context. Carol Nackenoff argues that Alger was a keen observer of the dislocations and economic pitfalls of the rapidly industrializing nation, and devised a set of symbols that addressed anxieties about power and identity. As classes were increasingly divided by wealth, life chances, residence space, and culture, Alger maintained that Americans could still belong to one estate. The story of the youth who faces threats to his virtue, power, independence, and identity stands as an allegory of the American Republic. Nackenoff examines how the Alger formula continued to shape political discourse in Reagan s America and beyond.
Pyogenic Biliary Tract and Hepatic Infections
Authors: Hirschmann Jan V
Published: October 2023

The liver normally remains sterile, even though it is a major site for removing organisms from the systemic and portal circulations. Systemic bacteremia is a common, transient event that attends such daily activities as brushing the teeth; much less often it occurs as a complication of established infections. The incidence of asymptomatic portal bacteremia arising from the intestinal tract is unknown, but blood cultures from the portal vein at laparotomy for noninflammatory intraabdominal processes are sometimes positive.
The Supreme Court, 1917-1931: Free Speech
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

Of all the opinions Holmes wrote during the fifty-odd years of his judicial career, by far the best known and most celebrated have been his free speech decisions. Unlike the great bulk of his cases, now simply historical documents, they are still quoted and anthologized. The lay public knows Holmes primarily as the judge who wrote memorable phrases about freedom of speech. Holmes’ reputation as a “liberal” or civil libertarian rests to a large extent on his speech-protective interpretation of the First Amendment.
From Disciple to Model: Sterilization in Germany and the United States
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

Eugenicists in the United States were the strongest foreign supporters of Nazi race policies. Other national eugenics movements, such as the one in Great Britain, were relatively critical of Nazi Germany. The Rassenpolitische Auslandskorrespondenz, the main German observer of foreign positions toward Nazi race policies, published eleven reports on eugenic activities within the United States. Four of these articles dealt with the support of the American eugenics movement for Nazi policies. No other country played such a prominent role in Nazi propaganda.
Legal Positivism
Authors: Hart H L A
Published: October 2023

Though its roots may be traced at least to the seventeenth century, Legal Positivism has dominated international jurisprudence in the twentieth century. The essential characteristic of the Positivist approach to international rules is its insistence that such rules are binding only if they are grounded in state consent. Whether that consent is manifested directly by head-of-state treaty signatures, or indirectly by state participation in customary practice, Positivist scholars contend that no other source exists for international law except consent.
Double Bind Number One: Womb/Brain
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Throughout history, women have been identified as bodies not minds, wombs not brains. The distinction is captured in the cliches of our culture. Where men think, women feel. The man is the head of the family, the woman the heart. Boys never make passes at girls who wear glasses. Indeed, many women of my generation recall being praised for defying the constraints of our sex and “thinking like men.” The results were unsettling. When a high school teacher encouraged me into varsity debate on the assumption that I had “a masculine mind,” my “masculine mind” wondered whether it was having an out-of-body experience.
Double Bind Number Two: Silence/Shame
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Rembrandt and Tintoretto were among thirty-three of the Old Masters1 who translated the Biblical story of Susanna and the Elders to a lay audience. From Paul Rebhun’s play Bin geistlich Spiel von der Gotfurchtigen und keuschen Frawen Susannan in 1536 to Handel’s Susanna in 1749 and Jean Gilbert’s operetta Die keusche Susanne in 1910, the story has been a staple of popular culture. Susanna’s tale is retold in dramas in French, German, Greek, and English.
Imprisonment and Crime in California
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: October 2023

This chapter reports materials from our ongoing study of the patterns of incarceration and crime rates in the state of California. The study is our attempt to conduct the type of “natural experiment” in penal policy advocated in chapter 5. These materials reveal the uses and limits of community-level data in the analysis of incapacitation. Section I documents the increase in prison and jail populations in California between 1980 and 1991, allowing exploration of the effects of policy change on crime rates. Section II shows the pattern of jail and prison population for the seventeen urban states in the United States during the 1980s and discusses the correlation between relative change in incarceration and crime rates over the decade. Section III discusses four different methods used to project expected crime levels in California and compares them with the crime volumes actually reported. Section IV compares projected and actual crime rates for the seven index felonies, taken as an aggregate. Section V compares projected and actual crime rates for each of the seven index felonies individually. Section VI subjects the crime reduction estimates noted in sections IV and V to a “qualitative test” to see whether shifts in age-specific crime participation are consistent with incapacitation as the major cause of declines in crime rates.
Managerial and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: October 2023

The journey we embarked on is about to end. We started the journey with lofty goals: (1) to construct a new theory of organizational knowledge creation; (2) to provide a new explanation of why certain Japanese companies have been successful at continuous innovation; and (3) to develop a universal management model that con verges management practices found in Japan and the West. On reflection, we have taken a major step in achieving the first two goals. We started to address the third goal in the previous chapter, but have not yet given it a full treatment, which we intend to do below.
Justificatory Liberalism An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: October 2023

Justificatory Liberalism advances a theory of personal, public, and political justification. Drawing on current work in epistemology and cognitive psychology, the book develops a theory of personally justified belief. Building on this account, it then advances an account of public justification that is more normative and less “populist” than that of “political liberals”. Following the social contract theories of Hobbes, Locke, and Kant, Gaus argues that citizens have inconclusive public justification. The rule of law, liberal democracy, and limited judicial review are defended as elements of a publicly justified umpiring procedure.
Essential Hypertension and its Causes
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common type of high blood pressure and is responsible for much death and serious illness, which has been the reason for the huge research effort to determine its causes. However, countless scientific articles still keep proclaiming that "the causes of essential hypertension remain unknown." In view of the number of publications that descend on the hypertension specialist like a waterfall, such proclamations seem to overlook the considerable amount of knowledge that we already have about the etiology of EH. The problem may be a lack of synthesis rather than a lack of information. This book provides a unique synthesis of the pathophysiology of essential hypertension (EH), which is limited through the brain and is critically dependent on both genetic and environmental factors such as stress, high salt intake and obesity. Korner analyses the mechanisms by which the various factors raise blood pressure and the pathophysiology of EH compared with that in renal hypertension and in some of the rat models of genetic hypertension. In some individuals stress-induced vasoconstriction enhances the brain's responsiveness to salt, giving rise to stress-and-salt-related EH. In others, stress-induced EH promotes eating, causing hypertensive obesity. Improving lifestyle through regular exercise and reduction of salt and calorie intake directly antagonises the environmental causes of EH, and has implications for prevenion and treatment.
Analogical Reasoning
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Much of legal reasoning is analogical: Is case A like case e? Or instead like case c? Is a ban on obscenity like a ban on political speech, or instead like a ban on threats? Is a prohibition on abortion like a prohibition on murder, or like a compulsory kidney transplant? Ordinary people make sense of the world by discerning patterns rooted in analogical thinking. The patterns found in the law also have analogical sources.
Abilities Related To Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

At the end of Chapter 2, we noted that three kinds of information usually are needed for making judgments about patients’ decision making capacities: (1) the patient’s clinical condition, (2) the patient’s functioning in tasks involving decision-making abilities, and (3) the specific demands of the patient’s treatment situation. Here in Chapter 3 we focus on the second kind of information; we identify and define the types of decision-making abilities that are especially relevant for the competence assessment. Specifically when and how these abilities should be assessed will be discussed in Chapters 4 to 6.
The Feasibility of Taxing Foreign Exchange Transactions
Authors: Kenen Peter B
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the feasibility of imposing a tax on foreign exchange transactions. It is not concerned with the effects of the tax on exchange rate volatility or with the tax’s revenue-raising potential, although the problems that it concentrates on relate to the revenue raising issue. The feasibility of such a tax cannot be assessed without asking whether the tax can be evaded or avoided, which is another way of asking what will happen to the tax base.
Issues of Enforcement and Evasion in a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions
Authors: Garber Peter M
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, I study, qualitatively, how the volume of foreign exchange transactions reacts to the imposition of a transactions tax. Here, I assume that most countries agree to implement a tax on foreign exchange operations but that the coverage may or may not be com prehensive.1 First, I consider the situation that will arise if a country with a large financial centre does not impose the tax. Then, I analyse the situation in which only countries with smaller financial centres do not impose the tax, and there is no enforcement mechanism that penalizes them for not cooperating. Finally, I consider a situation in which all countries uniformly accept the tax and the tax can be readily imposed on those transactions that are conventionally considered foreign exchange operations-spot, futures and forward foreign exchange trades, and “plain vanilla” currency swaps and options-but not read ily imposed on those transactions that are not traditionally considered foreign exchange. Because activity will move from the taxed set of transactions to the untaxed, I consider a range of products that may serve as untaxed substitutes.
Outbreak and Cluster Investigations
Authors: Brownson Ross C
Published: October 2023

When disease incidence departs from expected patterns, applied epidemiology mounts outbreak and cluster investigations. Outbreaks and clusters are studied for several reasons: to determine etiology quickly so that control measures can be taken to alleviate an immediate health concern; to identify initial etiologic clues, leading to further insights and more methodologically sound studies; and to provide a timely and coherent response to the public when there is outcry over a perceived or real disease outbreak or cluster. These investigations are iterative in nature-ongoing analysis of descriptive epidemiologic data often serves as a basis for more comprehensive studies.
Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Thacker Stephen B , Stroup Donna F
Published: October 2023

Public health and health care practitioners are concerned with a wide spectrum of health issues including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, reproductive outcomes, environmental health, and health events related to occupation, injuries, and behaviors. This array of problems requires a variety of intervention strategies for populations in addition to the need to provide clinical preventive services for individuals. Some critical examples are the provision of prophylactic measures (e.g., vaccination or postexposure rabies prophylaxis), educational services (e.g., public health messages to diverse populations or counseling and prophylaxis for contacts of persons with certain infectious diseases), inspection of food establishments, and control of infectious and noninfectious conditions.
Epidemiology and Health Policy
Authors: Brownson Ross C
Published: October 2023

Health policies, in the form of laws, regulations, and organizational practices, have a substantial impact on the health and well-being of the population. Policies can influence one or more of the following: (1) modifiable causes of disease, (2) early detection of disease in asymptomatic persons, (3) disease treatment in persons with symptomatic disease, and (4) rehabilitation and recovery. Formulation of health policies often depends on scientific, economic, social, and political forces (Terris 1980; Ibrahim 1985; Milio 1986; McKinlay 1993).
Convenient and Captive Populations
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D
Published: October 2023

Clinical research is a complex, expensive and valued social activity. One of the conditions that makes clinical research possible is a subject population that is convenient, both in terms of availability for recruitment and for monitoring through the course of a study. Examples of such populations are prisoners, institutionalized persons, military personnel, and those in “status relationships” (those oflesser power) such as students and research staff. Some of these populations are convenient in the sense that they are readily available, such as students. Others are not only readily available but also captive, that is, constrained in their movements and choices by virtue of explicit conditions formally imposed on them by societal decision.
The Politics of Hate Crime Laws
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

The proliferation of hate crime laws in the 1980s and 1990s should not be attributed to insufficiently severe criminal sanctions. There is no reason to believe that prejudice-motivated offenders, particularly those who commit violent crimes, were not or could not be punished severely enough under generic criminal laws.
Segmented Markets, Multiple Destinations Italian Experience
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

Italian emigration accounted for a large part of the surge of southern European migrations in the late nineteenth century. From the 1890s onward Italy became the leader in sheer numbers emigrating and in rate of emigration. An estimated 14 million left Italy between 1871 and 1914; 44 percent went to other European countries, 30 percent went to North America, and 24 percent went to South America (Nugent 1992: 95). Indeed, John Gould sees late-nineteenth-century Italy as the classic case of mass migration: In many respects, ... Italy is ... the country of emigration par excellence-not merely for its sheer importance as a source of migrants but as a country in and from (and back to) which migrants’ motives and choices reached perhaps their highest and most developed level of sophistication, and from whose history many of the characteristics and motivations of migrant behaviour can generally be laid bare. (1980a: 78) Given the importance of the Italians, one would have expected far more quantitaive attention to them in the migration literature.
The Contemporary Prison: 1965-Present
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: October 2023

By the mid-l 990s, one and three-quarter million persons were held in prison or jail in the United States; more than one million, one hundred thousand were in prison. But there is an astonishing diversity to the institutions in which they are held. Prisons range in security from double-barred steel cages within high-walled, electronically monitored perimeters to rooms in unlocked buildings in unfenced fields. They range in pain from windowless rooms of close-confined, sensory-deprived isolation to work camps of no physical adversity whatsoever. There are “open prisons” indistinguishable from farms and “prisoners” who spend their days working unescorted and unsupervised in the community; there are “weekend prisons” and “day prisons”; there are “coeducational prisons”; and there are prisons of grindingly dull routine interrupted by occasional flashes of violence and brutality. There are prisons with tennis courts and prisons where the only out-of-cell exercise is an hour of pacing an outdoor cage three times a week; there are prisons of excessively crowded congregation and prisons of utter isolation. There are community-based prereleasecenters, called “prisons,” indistinguishable from workers’ hostels; and there are “prisoners” doing time in their own homes, which for this purpose are legally classified as prisons.
Symptoms, Functioning, and Health Problems in a Massively Traumatized Population: The Legacy of the Cambodian Tragedy
Authors: Mollica Richard F , Poole Charles , Tor Svang
Published: October 2023

In 1990, a team of researchers from the Har­vard Program in Refugee Trauma (HPRT), with the co-sponsorship of the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH) and the Ford Foundation (Bangkok), conducted a population-based survey of Cambodians living in the refugee camp known as Site 2. Containing more than 150,000 displaced persons, Site 2 was for over a decade the largest camp for displaced Cambodians along the Thai border (Fig. 2.1) [World Health Organization (WHO), 1986].