bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment method for fine‐grained sedimentary materials excavated by EPB TBM
Authors: Tokgöz Nuray
Published: August 2016

The aims of this study are to find a solution for the problems (lumping, adhesion, and clogging) encountered with fine‐grained sedimentary materials, minimize the time and cost of excavation, and decrease the potential environmental effects due to soil conditioning chemicals used in the process of excavating a waste water tunnel. Therefore, this study will contribute important technical knowledge regarding design and implementation of excavation with TBM to the mining and construction industries as well as for optimization in mechanical engineering.

In this research, real‐time machine operational parameters recorded by EPB TBM and actual geotechnical parameters in an Istanbul‐Büyükcekmece Wastewater Tunnel at seven selected tunnel sections were used as input data for the back analysis and assessment method. The method covers excavated materials with: (1) water and (2) soil conditioning chemicals. The influence of water and soil‐conditioning chemicals of different proportions on torque, thrust, advance rate of the TBM, and plasticity and consistency indices of the material were investigated. Finally, integrated data were evaluated by multiple linear regression models.
Is it better to be happy or not depressed? Depression mediates the effect of psychological well‐being on adverse health outcomes in older adults
Authors: Rao S. K. , Wallace L. M. K. , Theou O. , Rockwood K.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To examine the relationship between psychological well‐being and depression in older adults and the relative contribution these psychological factors have on risk of functional disability, frailty, and mortality.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of 1668 community‐dwelling older adults without dementia who participated in the second wave of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Baseline assessments of psychological well‐being (Ryff scale) and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale; GDS) were collected. At 5‐year follow‐up, mortality data were collected; frailty and disability in activities of daily living were evaluated using the frailty index (FI) and the Lawton‐Brody scale, respectively.

Results

Area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve indicated that GDS and Ryff scores were able to independently discriminate whether individuals were considered frail (C = 0.66; C = 0.59, respectively), had limitations in basic (C = 0.64; C = 0.57, respectively) or instrumental (C = 0.70; C = 0.57, respectively) activities of daily living, or had died (C = 0.63; C = 0.57) at follow‐up (all P < 0.01). Regression models in which the Ryff and GDS were included in the same model demonstrated that the GDS significantly predicted frailty, disability, and mortality, whereas the Ryff effect was not significant. Mediation analysis determined that the effect of psychological well‐being on adverse outcomes was fully mediated by depression.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that although both depression and psychological well‐being appear to modulate risk for adverse physical health outcomes, depression mediates this relationship. Detecting and treating depressive symptoms should be of high priority in older patients to mitigate risk of future physical health adversities including mortality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doctor Competence and the Demand for Healthcare: Evidence from Rural China
Authors: Fe Eduardo , Powell‐Jackson Timothy , Yip Winnie
Published: August 2016

The agency problem between patients and doctors has long been emphasised in the health economics literature, but the empirical evidence on whether patients can evaluate and respond to better quality care remains mixed and inconclusive. Using household data linked to an assessment of village doctors' clinical competence in rural China, we show that there is no correlation between doctor competence and patients' healthcare utilisation, with confidence intervals reasonably tight around zero. Household perceptions of quality are an important determinant of care‐seeking behaviour, yet patients appear unable to recognise more competent doctors – there is no relationship between doctor competence and perceptions of quality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redefining the R1 resection in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Markov Pavel , Satoi Sohei , Kon Masanori
Published: August 2016

Most cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are lethal. Margin‐negative surgical resection is a mainstay of treatment and the only chance of a cure. Differences in pathological reporting, surgical technique, definitions of resection margin, and group stratification all affect outcome analyses. Furthermore, there are controversial issues influencing the clinical interpretation of resection margin after pancreatectomy. There is no standardized definition of margin involvement in resected specimens of PDAC. The non‐standardized pathologic approach explains the wide range of positive resection margin rates (13–71%) that have previously been reported. A standardized pathologic evaluation needs to be developed for proper assessment of resection margin after oncologic pancreatectomy. This manuscript reviews the current controversial issues in assessing resection margin in order to enhance understanding of the current status and potential role of pathological evaluation in patients with PDAC.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Novel Triazolotriazolopyridines and Pyridotriazolotriazines
Authors: El‐Kazak Azza M. , Ibrahim Magdy A.
Published: August 2016

The starting compound 2‐hydrazinyl‐7‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐oxo‐3,5‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐6,8‐dicarbonitrile (5) was efficiently synthesized from 1,6‐diamino‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile (1). A novel series of polynuclear [1,2,4]triazolo[4′,3′:2,3][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and pyrido[1′,2′:2,3][1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazines 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 have been synthesized. Structures of the newly synthesized products have been deduced on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Water‐Based Synthesis of Novel 6, 7‐Dihydrobenzofuran‐4 (5H) ‐Ones
Authors: Khoeiniha Reyhaneh , Olyaei Abolfazl , Saraei Mahnaz
Published: August 2016

A simple, efficient, and high yielding one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of 4‐keto‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzofurans has been developed by three‐component coupling reaction of dimedone, phenylglyoxal monohydrate, and heteroaryl amines in eco‐friendly solvent water under reflux conditions. The protocol avoids the use of catalysts, toxic solvents, tedious work‐up procedures, and chromatographic separation. The reaction proceeds at fast rates within 45 min and provides access to a variety of fused‐ring furans in high to excellent yields.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Amino Pyrimidines in Aqueous PEG‐400 at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Jawale Dhanaji V. , Pratap Umesh R. , Bhosale Manisha R. , Mane Ramrao A.
Published: August 2016

Amino pyrimidines have been synthesized by a one‐pot procedure under environmentally friendly reaction conditions at room temperature. The use of aqueous PEG‐400 circumvents the problems associated with the toxic, hazardous organic solvents and oxidizing agents.
Effect of gate‐length downscaling on the analog/RF and linearity performance of InAs‐based nanowire tunnel FET
Authors: Baral Biswajit , Biswal Sudhansu Mohan , De Debashis , Sarkar Angsuman
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the analog/radio frequency (RF) and linearity performance of an InAs‐based nanowire (NW) tunnel field‐effect transistor (TFET) is studied and compared with InAs‐based NW MSFET of identical dimension. InAs‐based NW TFETs shows a great promise for high performance digital application because of its superior subthreshold behavior. Different analog/RF and linearity key figure‐of‐merits like cut‐off frequency (ft) and 1‐dB compression point are extracted and the effect of gate length down scaling on those parameters has been studied. The results reveal that down scaled InAs‐based NW TFET shows a significant improvement in its RF and linearity performance. However, this advantage diminishes in terms of poor analog performance with gate‐length downscaling. This clearly indicates the necessity of a trade‐off between analog and RF performance. Moreover, an in‐depth comparison between InAs‐based NW TFET and conventional MOSFET has also been provided in order to demonstrate the superiority of InAs‐based NW TFET to become a competitive contender by replacing conventional MOSFET for Analog/Mixed signal System‐on‐Chip (SOC) applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct impacts of two types of La Niña events on Australian summer rainfall
Authors: Song Linye , Chen Shangfeng , Chen Wen , Chen Xiaolong
Published: August 2016

This study investigates impacts of two types of La Niña events, eastern Pacific (EP) La Niña and central Pacific (CP) La Niña, on Australian summer rainfall during 1951–2009. Results show that Australian summer rainfall is sensitive to the change in the location of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in equatorial Pacific. During CP La Niña, maximum cold SST anomaly is located in the equatorial CP west of 150°W, and significant northeasterly wind anomalies tend to prevail over northeastern Australia during austral summer. This brings more moist and warm flow from the tropics to Australia and leads to significant positive rainfall anomalies over northern and eastern Australia. In contrast, during EP La Niña, maximum cold SST anomaly is confined to equatorial EP east of 150°W and atmospheric circulation anomalies tend to be weak. As a result, rainfall anomalies are generally weak over Australia in EP La Niña. The differences in the Australian summer rainfall anomalies between CP La Niña and EP La Niña are attributed to the differences in atmospheric circulation anomalies. Specifically, the atmospheric circulation anomalies over tropical Pacific tend to be stronger and located more westward in CP La Niña. Higher climatological SST in the equatorial CP than equatorial EP, larger magnitude and westward shift of cold SST anomaly centre in CP La Niña than EP Niña may explain stronger and westward shift of the atmospheric anomalies in CP La Niña. Atmospheric model numerical experiments confirm the contribution of stronger circulation response in CP La Niña to the positive rainfall anomalies in Australia. Results in this study suggest that it is important to classify the La Niña events into different types when predicting Australian summer rainfall.
Effect of naturally occurring crosslinking junctions on green strength of natural rubber
Authors: Thuong Nghiem Thi , Yamamoto Oraphin , Nghia Phan Trung , Cornish Katrina , Kawahara Seiichi
Published: August 2016

The effect of the naturally occurring crosslinking junctions on green strength of natural rubber, isolated from Hevea brasiliensis, was investigated by using rubber extracted from Parthenium argentatum Gray (Guayule) as a model. Guayule rubber and natural rubber were characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The non‐rubber components of Guayule rubber and natural rubber were characterized by Kjeldahl method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that Guayule rubber contains a much higher amount of fatty acids and their esters while it contains no proteins. The gel content, determined by swelling method, was related to a number of naturally occurring crosslinking junctions of Guayule rubber and natural rubber. The outstanding green strength of natural rubber was attributed to the effect of naturally occurring crosslinking junctions, when stress–strain curve and tensile properties of unvulcanized Guayule rubber were compared with those of unvulcanized natural rubber. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry of controlled substances with optical isomer separation in about a minute
Authors: Rollman Christopher M. , Moini Mehdi
Published: August 2016

Rationale

Analysis of forensic evidence by information‐rich technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the fastest growing areas in forensic analysis. To provide more accurate identification of forensic evidence, in the past few years there has been a growing interest in moving this technology to the field for on‐site, real‐time analysis. To this end, several portable mass spectrometers have been introduced; however, the analysis of controlled substances could be complicated by the existence of various isomers including optical isomers in which sentencing may depend on the identification of the isomer. To date very few portable separation devices are capable of separating and identifying the optical isomers.

Methods

In this study, the application of the portable ultrafast capillary electrophoresis (UFCE) to the separation of controlled substances is presented and the results are compared with the results obtained from a bench‐top CE system. Both a nominal mass ion trap mass spectrometer and an accurate mass orbitrap mass spectrometer were interfaced with CE using a porous tip capillary.

Results

A mixture of several controlled substances can be separated and detected using UFCE/MS in about a minute using field strengths of ≥1000 V/cm. Furthermore, separation and detection of underivatized optical isomers of amphetamine, cathinone, nor‐mephedrone, and pregabalin using UFCE/MS can be achieved with an analysis time of less than two minutes. Resolutions of 1.3, 3.7 and 3.8 were achieved for pregabalin, cathinone and nor‐mephedrone, respectively, under UFCE/MS conditions.

Conclusions

Amphetamine, cathinone, nor‐mephedrone and pregabalin were separated and detected in about a minute, demonstrating the utility of the portable CE instrument for the analysis of controlled substances and their optical isomers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XSS‐immune: a Google chrome extension‐based XSS defensive framework for contemporary platforms of web applications
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Gupta Brij Bhooshan
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the authors analyzed and discussed the performance issues in the existing cross‐site scripting (XSS) filters and based on that, proposed a JavaScript string comparison and context‐aware sanitization‐based framework, XSS‐immune. It is a browser‐resident framework that compares the set of scripts embedded in hypertext transfer protocol request (HREQ) and hypertext transfer protocol response (HRES) for discovering any similar untrusted/malicious JavaScript code. This similar code points towards the untrusted JavaScript code that will be utilized by an attacker to exploit the vulnerabilities of XSS worms. In addition, our technique determines the context of such worms and performs the sanitization on them accordingly for alleviating the effect of such XSS worms from the real world web applications. We have also introduced a mechanism that can detect the injection of malicious parameter values by modifying the existing JavaScript code, that is, partial script injections. The prototype of XSS‐immune was developed in Java and installed as an extension on the Google Chrome. In addition, we have verified the implementation of our design of prototype against five open‐source XSS attack vector repositories, and very few XSS attack worms were able to evade our proposed design. Experimental evaluation and testing of XSS‐immune were performed by adding support from the tested suite of real world web applications. The performance evaluation results revealed that our framework is able to detect the XSS worms with acceptable low false positive and false negative rate in comparison with the performance of existing XSS filters. Experimental results also incurred acceptable runtime overhead because of minor alterations on client‐side browser and computationally fast execution of modules deployed in our browser‐resident framework. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Torsion and its interaction with other internal forces in EN 1993‐1‐1 – a new approach
Authors: Real Esther , Bordallo Jordi , Real Esther
Published: August 2016

This paper presents and clarifies the treatments included in EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] relating to checking the resistance of steel cross‐sections under torsion and its interaction with other internal forces. Specifically, the origin of the formulations for shear‐torsion interaction, which has not been found in the literature, is presented. Furthermore, a very simple formulation based on the expressions used for shear‐torsion interaction is developed in order to take into account bending‐warping torsion interaction for symmetrical I‐sections (IP and HE steel profiles). Such a formulation overcomes the overly conservative approach given in EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] for class 1 and class 2 cross‐sections (plastic and compact cross‐sections). Finally, a rigorous method for determining the bending resistance of cross‐sections is proposed considering the interaction with shear and torsion. The proposal is well suited to the concept of cross‐section class and is perfectly consistent with the approaches set out to consider bending‐shear and bending‐warping torsion interactions.
Web crippling capacities of rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beams under one flange load cases
Authors: Steau Edward , Keerthan Poologanathan , Mahendran Mahen
Published: August 2016

A new rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beam (RHFCB) was proposed using an intermittently rivet fastening process as an alternative to welded beams. The rivet fastened RHFCB allows greater section optimisation and flexibility in designing suitable combinations of web and flange widths and thicknesses for many industrial applications. In the industrial applications of rivet fastened RHFCBs as flooring, roofing or modular building systems, their flanges will be fastened to supports, which will provide increased capacities. However no research has been conducted to investigate the web crippling capacities of RHFCBs with flanges unfastened and fastened to supports under one‐flange load cases. Similarly the applicability of current design rules for cold‐formed steel sections are not suitable for rivet fastened RHFCBs. Hence to address these issues, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the web crippling behaviour and capacities of RHFCBs based on the new AISI S909 standard test method. This study included rivet fastened RHFCBs with flanges unfastened and fastened to supports under End One Flange (EOF) and Interior One Flange (IOF) load cases. Tests with flanges fastened to supports showed that web crippling capacities increased by 39 and 5 % for EOF and IOF load cases. Comparisons of experimental web crippling capacity results with predictions using the current AS/NZS 4600 and AISI S100 design standards showed that web crippling design equations are conservative for rivet fastened RHFCBs with flanges unfastened and fastened to supports under EOF and IOF load cases. Hence new equations are proposed to determine the web crippling capacities of rivet fastened RHFCBs. This paper presents the details of this web crippling experimental study of rivet fastened RHFCB sections and the results.
A composite dowel bridge in the Czech Republic
Authors: Simon Pavel , Hrdlicka Libor , Dráb Aleš , Zvěřina Vojtěch
Published: August 2016

The floods in the Czech Republic in the last few decades have resulted in a significant number of bridges having to be rebuilt. Unfortunately, the work meant long‐term traffic closures for railway bridges, coupled with significant costs for renovation and for providing alternative transport services. As a result, the minimum clear headroom above the design flood level required for new bridges and for reconstructing existing bridges has been increased. This initiated a search for new approaches to designing individual parts of bridge crossings, aiming to comply with the stricter conditions. The research aims to decrease costs in comparison with the costs of raising the finished grade level of the railway, especially at places where adjacent sections such as railway stations etc. are connected.
Mesoporous Silica Layer: Preparation and Opportunity
Authors: Ogawa Makoto
Published: August 2016

Periodic mesoporous silicas, which were prepared from silica‐surfactant mesostructured materials, have been investigated for a wide range of application due to their very large surface area, high porosity, pore size uniformity and variation, periodic pore arrangement and possible pore surface modification, after the pioneering papers on the formation of mesoporous silicas (MCM‐41 and FSM‐16). Morphosyntheses from such macroscopic morphologies as bulk monolith and film to nanoscopic ones, nanoparticles and their stable suspension, make mesoporous materials more attractive for applications and detailed characterization. Mesoporous silicas have been studied initially for such applications as adsorbent and catalyst, and more recently, optical, electronic, and bio‐related applications have been investigated. This review summarizes the studies on mesoporous silica film to highlight the present status and future of the preparation, characterization and application of the mesoporous silica film.
Synthesis of Quinolines via a Metal‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative N‐Heterocyclization
Authors: Chelucci Giorgio , Porcheddu Andrea
Published: August 2016

Efficient ruthenium‐, rhodium‐, palladium‐, copper‐ and iridium‐catalysed methodologies have been recently developed for the synthesis of quinolines by the reaction of 2‐aminobenzyl alcohols with carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) or the related alcohols. The reaction is assumed to proceed via a sequence involving initial metal‐catalysed oxidation of 2‐aminobenzyl alcohols to the related 2‐aminobenzaldehydes, followed by cross aldol reaction with a carbonyl compound under basic conditions to afford α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds. These aldehydes or ketones can be also generated in situ via dehydrogenation of the related primary and secondary alcohols. In the final step cyclodehydration of the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compound intermediates gives quinolines. Good yields of quinolines were also obtained by reacting 2‐nitrobenzyl alcohols and secondary alcohols in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst. Finally, aniline derivatives afforded also a useful access to quinolines by the reaction with 1,3‐propanediol or 3‐amino‐1‐propanol, or in a three‐component reaction with benzyl alcohol and aliphatic alcohols.
Economic evaluation of Kampo therapy
Authors: Imai Taro , Ikeda Shunya
Published: August 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the current circumstances of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of Kampo therapy, by carrying out qualitative analysis of articles on the economic evaluation of Kampo therapy published over the last 30 years from an evidence‐based medicine viewpoint.

Methods

The Japan Medical Abstracts Society (JAMAS) Web Ver. 5 was searched for reports relevant to cost‐effectiveness evaluation in Japan published between 1983 and 2013. Search terms used were ‘Kampo’, ‘economics’, and ‘cost’. Cited references were also included.

Results

A total of 22 articles relevant to the economic evaluation of Kampo medicines were extracted. A total of 27 sets of results were ultimately obtained. Of the 27 studies, 16 covered direct costs (pharmaceutical costs only), 7 covered direct costs including non‐pharmaceutical medical costs, and 3 covered direct costs and indirect costs. Costs were reduced by Kampo therapy for 25 studies.

Conclusion

Many economic evaluation studies of Kampo therapy have small control groups and low evidence levels. The cost‐effectiveness of Kampo medicines needs to be demonstrated through integrated, objective, and proactive evaluations. Implementation of high‐quality economic evaluation studies on various Kampo therapies is therefore needed.
Effect of Experimental Conditions on Cementite Formation During Reduction of Iron Ore Pellets
Authors: Kazemi Mania , Sichen Du
Published: August 2016

Experiments have been carried out to study the effect of temperature, gas composition, residence time, and type of iron ore pellets on formation of cementite during gaseous reduction of hematite. Industrial iron ore pellets have been reduced isothermally in a gas mixture with H2 and CO as main components. The presence of Fe3C in the partially reduced pellets shows that reduction and cementite formation take place at the same time. The maximum content of cementite is identified in the samples reduced by H2-CO at 1123 K (850 °C). The decrease in the carbide content due to addition of 1 pct CO2 to the initial gas mixture reveals the major influence of carbon potential in the gas atmosphere. Further increase of CO2 content increases the Fe3C. The variations of the amount of cementite with the CO2 content suggest that both the thermodynamics and kinetics of cementite formation are affected by the gas composition. Cementite decomposes to graphite and iron particles in reducing and inert atmospheres as the residence time of pellets at high temperature is increased above 60 minutes.
Legislative Response to Constituents’ Interests in New Democracies: The 18th National Assembly and Income Inequality in Korea
Authors: Lee Han Soo , Min Hee , Seo Jungkun
Published: August 2016

Legislative responses to social changes signify how representative democracy works. Yet research is still needed to find out whether and how representatives innewdemocratic countries address the constituents’ interests and demands. We revisit the 18th National Assembly in Korea (2008–12) to examine legislative activities surrounding the issue of economic inequality. To understand how lawmakers in the new democracy like Korea respond to the demands of redistributive policies, we turn to representatives’ co-sponsorship behaviour. We find that Korean lawmakersdorespond to constituents’ preferences. More specifically, Korean lawmakers representing conservative districts tend to care less about economic inequality than other representatives while controlling their partisanship. This study fleshes out the link between the represented and the representatives in a new democracy where party discipline at the expense of constituency connection has long dominated legislative politics.
Evaluation of Hospital Floors as a Potential Source of Pathogen Dissemination Using a Nonpathogenic Virus as a Surrogate Marker
Authors: Koganti Sreelatha , Alhmidi Heba , Tomas Myreen E. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Jencson Annette , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: August 2016

Hospital floors are frequently contaminated with pathogens, but it is not known whether floors are a potential source of transmission. We demonstrated that a nonpathogenic virus inoculated onto floors in hospital rooms disseminated rapidly to the hands of patients and to high-touch surfaces inside and outside the room.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–4
Nemesis, Tyche, Planet Nine Hypotheses. I. Can We Detect the Bodies Using Gravitational Lensing?
Authors: Philippov J. P. , Chobanu M. I.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the hypothesis of the existence of a massive dark body (Nemesis, Tyche, Planet Nine, or any other trans-Plutonian planet) at the Solar system periphery is analysed. Basic physical properties and orbital characteristics of such massive bodies are considered. The problem of the definition of a scattering angle of a photon in the gravitational field of a spherical lens is studied. It is shown that, the required value of the scattering angle can be measured for the cases of Nemesis and Tyche. The formation of gravitational lensing images is studied here for a point mass event. It is demonstrated that in most cases of the close rapprochement of a source and the lens (for Nemesis and Tyche), it is possible to resolve two images. The possibility of resolving these images is one of the main arguments favouring the gravitational lensing method as its efficiency in searching for dark massive objects at the edge of the Solar System is higher than the one corresponding to other methods such as stellar occultation. For the cases of Planet Nine and any other trans-Plutonian planet, the strong gravitational lensing is impossible because at least one of the images is always eclipsed.
Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review
Authors: Boyce Catherine , Watson Mistral , Lazidis Grace , Reeve Sarah , Dods Kenneth , Simmer Karen , McLeod Gemma
Published: August 2016

There are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1–8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2–8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170–190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.
Controlling the Kanjisphere: The Rise of the Sino-Japanese Typewriter and the Birth of CJK
Authors: Mullaney Thomas S.
Published: August 2016

Japan has been home to two distinct approaches to typewriting, the first oriented exclusively towards the typing ofkanaand the second oriented towardskanji. In look and feel, this first family of machines was indistinguishable from those built by Remington, Underwood, or Olivetti. The second, however, was indistinguishable from typewriters already being produced in China: tray bed machines featuring approximately 2,500 of the most commonly used characters. In part because of this Janus-faced approach to the typewriter, Japanese companies succeeded in penetrating the Chinese information technology market where Western manufacturers had failed, making inroads as early as the 1920s. With the expansion of empire-building in 1931, and the outbreak of war in 1937, Japan came to dominate the entire Chinese typewriter market. In giving rise to the Japanese-built Chinese typewriter, this historic period also gave shape to what is now understood within information technology circles as CJK: the distinct Chinese-Japanese-Korean technolinguistic zone.
The network structure of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and somatic symptomatology
Authors: Bekhuis E. , Schoevers R. A. , van Borkulo C. D. , Rosmalen J. G. M. , Boschloo L.
Published: August 2016

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often co-occur with somatic symptomatology. Little is known about the contributions of individual symptoms to this association and more insight into their relationships could help to identify symptoms that are central in the processes behind the co-occurrence. This study explores associations between individual MDD/GAD symptoms and somatic symptoms by using the network approach.

Method

MDD/GAD symptoms were assessed in 2704 participants (mean age 41.7 years, 66.1% female) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Somatic symptoms were assessed with the somatization scale of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire. The technique eLasso was used to estimate the network of MDD/GAD and somatic symptoms.

Results

The network structure showed numerous associations between MDD/GAD and somatic symptoms. In general, neurovegetative and cognitive/affective MDD/GAD symptoms showed a similar strength of connections to the somatic domain. However, associations varied substantially across individual symptoms. MDD/GAD symptoms with many and strong associations to the somatic domain included anxiety and fatigue, whereas hypersomnia and insomnia showed no connections to somatic symptoms. Among somatic symptoms, excessive perspiration and pressure/tight feeling in chest were associated with the MDD/GAD domain, while muscle pain and tingling in fingers showed only a few weak associations.

Conclusions

Individual symptoms show differential associations in the co-occurrence of MDD/GAD with somatic symptomatology. Strongly interconnected symptoms are important in furthering our understanding of the interaction between the symptom domains, and may be valuable targets for future research and treatment.
Altered resting-state functional connectivity in emotion-processing brain regions in adults who were born very preterm
Authors: Papini C. , White T. P. , Montagna A. , Brittain P. J. , Froudist-Walsh S. , Kroll J. , Karolis V. , Simonelli A. , Williams S. C. , Murray R. M. , Nosarti C.
Published: August 2016

Background

Very preterm birth (VPT; <32 weeks of gestation) has been associated with impairments in emotion regulation, social competence and communicative skills. However, the neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying such impairments have not been systematically studied. Here we investigated the functional integrity of the amygdala connectivity network in relation to the ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions in VPT adults.

Method

Thirty-six VPT-born adults and 38 age-matched controls were scanned at rest in a 3-T MRI scanner. Resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) was assessed with SPM8. A seed-based analysis focusing on three amygdalar subregions (centro-medial/latero-basal/superficial) was performed. Participants’ ability to recognize emotions was assessed using dynamic stimuli of human faces expressing six emotions at different intensities with the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT).

Results

VPT individuals compared to controls showed reduced rs-fc between the superficial subregion of the left amygdala, and the right posterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.017) and the left precuneus (p = 0.002). The VPT group further showed elevated rs-fc between the left superficial amygdala and the superior temporal sulcus (p = 0.008). Performance on the ERT showed that the VPT group was less able than controls to recognize anger at low levels of intensity. Anger scores were significantly associated with rs-fc between the superficial amygdala and the posterior cingulate cortex in controls but not in VPT individuals.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that alterations in rs-fc between the amygdala, parietal and temporal cortices could represent the mechanism linking VPT birth and deficits in emotion processing.
Individuals developing schizophrenia are hidden among adolescent substance misusers
Authors: Hodgins S. , Larm P. , Westerman J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Strategies are needed to identify youth developing schizophrenia. The present study aimed to determine whether adolescents treated for substance misuse were at elevated risk to develop schizophrenia, whether this risk has changed since the late 1960s, and whether substance misuse in adolescence predicted poorer outcomes through adulthood.

Method

In a Swedish city, since the mid-1960s there has been only one clinic for adolescent substance misuse. Three samples from this clinic were studied: 1992 individuals treated from 1968 to 1971 followed to age 50 years; 1576 treated from 1980 to 1984 followed to age 35 years; and 180 treated in 2004 followed to age 22 years. Each clinical sample was matched on age, sex and place of birth to an equal, or larger, number of randomly selected individuals from the general population. Schizophrenia, substance use disorders, physical disorders related to substance misuse, criminal convictions, poverty and death were identified using national registers.

Results

Individuals treated for substance misuse in adolescence were at increased risk to subsequently develop schizophrenia: in males the increase was approximately four-fold and in females between five- and seven-fold. There was no difference in risk for those treated in 1968–1971 and from 1980 to 1984 when cannabis use increased from 37.6% to 49.8% of the clinical samples. Among males who developed schizophrenia, treatment for substance misuse was associated with increased risk of substance use disorders and criminal convictions through adulthood.

Conclusions

Treatment programmes for adolescents misusing substances include a disproportionate number developing schizophrenia. Early detection and treatment have the potential to improve long-term outcomes.
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AT NATIONAL LEVEL: A STUDY FROM IRAN
Authors: Yazdizadeh Bahareh , Shahmoradi Safoura , Majdzadeh Reza , Doaee Shila , Bazyar Mohammad , Souresrafil Aghdas , Olyaeemanesh Alireza
Published: August 2016

Objectives:This study was carried out to evaluate the opinions of stakeholders on their roles in health technology assessment (HTA) in Iran and to determine the barriers and facilitators existing in the organizations to help increase their involvement in the HTA program.

Methods:The study was conducted in two stages, semi-structured interviews, and “policy dialogue” with stakeholders. The data were analyzed through the framework approach.

Results:The interviews were held with ten stakeholder representatives from various organizations. In addition, Twenty-one representatives participated in the policy dialogue. Based on the findings, all the stakeholder organizations considered themselves as interest groups in all the stages of the HTA process; however, their tendencies and methods of involvement differed from one another. According to the participants, the most important issue to be considered in the context of HTA was that the structures, stages, and procedures of the HTA process must be made transparent.

Conclusions:Stakeholder involvement in the HTA program cannot readily take place. Various stakeholders have different interests, responsibilities, infrastructures, and barriers. If a program does not meet these considerations, its chances of succeeding will substantially decrease. Therefore, to prevent overlooking the needs and expectations of stakeholders from the HTA process, it is essential to create opportunities in which their thoughts and ideas are taken into account.
Non-adjacent consonant sequence patterns in English target words during the first-word period
Authors: AOYAMA KATSURA , DAVIS BARBARA L.
Published: August 2016

The goal of this study was to investigate non-adjacent consonant sequence patterns in target words during the first-word period in infants learning American English. In the spontaneous speech of eighteen participants, target words with a Consonant–Vowel–Consonant (C1VC2) shape were analyzed. Target words were grouped into nine types, categorized by place of articulation (labial, coronal, dorsal) of initial and final consonants (e.g.mom, labial–labial;mat, labial–coronal;dog, coronal–dorsal). The results indicated that some consonant sequences occurred much more frequently than others in early target words. The two most frequent types were coronal–coronal (e.g.dad) and labial–coronal (e.g.mat). The least frequent type was dorsal–dorsal (e.g.cake). These patterns are consistent with phonotactic characteristics of English and infants' production capacities reported in previous studies. This study demonstrates that infants' expressive vocabularies reflect both ambient language characteristics and their own production capacities, at least for consonant sequences in C1VC2word forms.
New constraints on metamorphism in the Highjump Archipelago, East Antarctica
Authors: Tucker Naomi M. , Hand Martin
Published: August 2016

The age and conditions of metamorphism in the Highjump Archipelago, East Antarctica, are investigated using samples collected during the 1986 Australian Antarctic expedition to the Bunger Hills–Denman Glacier region. In situ U-Pb dating of monazite from three metasedimentary rocks yields ages between c. 1240–1150 Ma and a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1183±8 Ma, consistent with previous constraints on the timing of metamorphism in this region and Stage 2 of the Albany–Fraser Orogeny in south-western Australia. This age is interpreted to date the development of garnet ± sillimanite ± rutile-bearing assemblages that formed at c. 850–950°C and 6–9 kbar. Peak granulite facies metamorphism was followed by decompression, evidenced largely by the partial replacement of garnet by cordierite. These new pressure–temperature determinations suggest that the Highjump Archipelago attained slightly higher temperature and pressure conditions than previously proposed and that the rocks probably experienced a clockwise pressure–temperature evolution.
Population estimates and geographical distributions of swans and geese in East Asia based on counts during the non-breeding season
Authors: JIA QIANG , KOYAMA KAZUO , CHOI CHANG-YONG , KIM HWA-JUNG , CAO LEI , GAO DALI , LIU GUANHUA , FOX ANTHONY D.
Published: August 2016

For the first time, we estimated the population sizes of two swan species and four goose species from observations during the non-breeding period in East Asia. Based on combined counts from South Korea, Japan and China, we estimated the total abundance of these species as follows: 42,000–47,000 Whooper SwansCygnus cygnus; 99,000–141,000 Tundra SwansC. columbianus bewickii; 56,000–98,000 Swan GeeseAnser cygnoides; 157,000–194,000 Bean GeeseA. fabalis; 231,000–283,000 Greater White-fronted GeeseA. albifrons; and 14,000–19,000 Lesser White-fronted GeeseA. erythropus.While the count data from Korea and Japan provide a good reflection of numbers present, there remain gaps in the coverage in China, which particularly affect the precision of the estimates for Bean, Greater and Lesser White-fronted Geese as well as Tundra Swans. Lack of subspecies distinction of Bean Geese in China until recently also limits our ability to determine the true status ofA. f. middendorffiithere, but all indications suggest this population numbers around 18,000 individuals and is in need of urgent attention. The small, highly concentrated and declining numbers of Lesser White-fronted Geese give concern for this species, as do the major declines in Greater White-fronted Geese in China (in contrast to numbers in Japan and Korea, considered to be a separate flyway). In the absence of any demographic data, it is impossible to interpret the causes of these changes in abundance. Improved monitoring, including demographic and tracking studies are required to provide the necessary information to retain populations in favourable conservation status.
Similar bird communities in homegardens at different distances from Afromontane forests
Authors: ENGELEN DRIES , LEMESSA DEBISSA , ŞEKERCIOĞLU ÇAĞAN H. , HYLANDER KRISTOFFER
Published: August 2016

Human modified landscapes make up a growing proportion of the tropics, but are relatively little studied. The spatial distribution of remnant vegetation can structure and shape local biodiversity, affecting the provisioning of ecosystem services and regulation of pest problems. We compared species composition, abundance and functional diversity of birds between forest and homegardens close to (0–100 m) and further away from (1,500–2,000 m) moist evergreen Afromontane forests in south-western Ethiopia. We thoroughly inventoried birds with point counts and mist netting in two forest sites and three garden sites of each type. Gardens differed in general species composition from forests, with fewer forest specialist species (7% versus 29% of recorded species), but instead supported many other species that were rarely encountered in the forests. Overall gardens had higher numbers of species than forests. Homegardens close to the forest and further from the forest were similar to each other in terms of species richness and overall species composition. Both garden types had a similar composition in terms of the relative proportion of species with different habitat preferences as well as the composition of species from different feeding guilds. The lack of forest specialists in even the most structurally complex part of the agricultural landscape close to forest edges suggests that the last larger forest remnants are critical for conservation of forest specialists. Nonetheless, homegardens maintain rich bird diversity that also should be considered in a biodiversity conservation context. Further research is needed to establish to what extent the richness and composition of the agro-ecological bird fauna is regulated by the existence of forest patches in the region. Our results could not resolve this question since gardens two kilometers from the forest edge were similar in composition to gardens close to the forest edges.
Mass-based germination dynamics of Rudbeckia mollis (Asteraceae) seeds following thermal and ageing stress
Authors: Genna Nicholas G. , Pérez Héctor E.
Published: August 2016

Seed mass is an important plant functional trait linked to germination. For instance, higher-mass seeds often display greater germination compared to lower-mass seeds when exposed to non-stressful conditions. Yet, knowledge pertaining to germination dynamics for different mass-based seed fractions following exposure to abiotic stress is lacking. Here, we assess the germination response of relatively fresh, mass-separated Rudbeckia mollis (Asteraceae) seeds to various simulated seasonal temperatures, supra-optimal temperatures and increasing ageing stress duration. Air density separation yielded three mass-based classes, called light (393 ± 35 μg), intermediate (423 ± 29 μg) and heavy (474 ± 38 μg). Water uptake kinetics indicated that imbibition (0–6 h) and germination lag (6–24 h) were independent of seed mass. Similarly, germination and viability loss of fresh seeds following exposure to seasonal and supra-optimal constant temperatures were independent of mass. However, seed mass influenced germination following increasing ageing stress, with light seeds germinating to a significantly greater extent than intermediate or heavy seeds. For example, final germination per cent in light-class seeds was about 1.7 times greater than intermediate or heavy seeds after 20 d of saturated salt accelerated ageing (SSAA). Seeds stored for 1 year in the laboratory displayed mass-dependent germination patterns similar to seeds following SSAA. Mass-independent germination responses may be a strategy to maintain an annual life history in otherwise difficult environments when R. mollis seeds are relatively fresh. However, differences in germination response between aged and unaged seeds suggest that mass-dependent viability loss may occur in R. mollis.