bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tunnel Type Road Interchange Vulnerability Assessment Model
Authors: Ginzburg A V , Kachanov S A , Kozminykh S I
Published: September 2020

At present, both in Russia and abroad, a new line of work is developed to comprehensively automate the functions of monitoring and controlling security systems, life support and technological processes of potentially dangerous, unique and technically complex objects (high-risk objects), which can also include car interchanges tunnel type. However, these works are unsystematic and do not fully solve the prevention and liquidation issues of emergency situations at the above-mentioned facilities. Moreover, in case of incorrect design of the above-mentioned systems, they can contribute to the deaths of people on the site and beyond. This is confirmed by the accidents’ statistics at these facilities including the road junctions of the tunnel type. The accidents causes’ analysis at high-risk facilities showed that they are largely stipulated by the incorrect definition of vulnerability (threats) assessment for the designed facilities and the facilities under construction. Thus, the model development for assessing the vulnerability of tunnel-type road junctions is an urgent task. To achieve this goal, the main causes of emergencies at tunnel type road junctions are considered and based on them, using a system analysis method and experimental theory, a three-dimensional model that allows, with the expert assessments, to determine the susceptibility of tunnels to various threats types, is developed and tested.
Working hypotheses on the hydropower resources’ involvement in the structure of the mountainous areas’ economic framework
Authors: Kalov R O , Kiloev D D , Elmurzaev R S
Published: September 2020

The hydropower resources of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Kabardino-Balkaria (KBR)) are estimated at 3 thousand MW, however, the total generation of the functioning hydroelectric power stations does not exceed 160 MW, or only 5.3% of the potential river capacity [1]. Neither the presence of a series of the programs for hydropower development, nor the favorable conditions for the technologies’ import, nor the economic feasibility studies for the projects have improved the situation. The persistently not decreasing imbalance in the electric power industry structure in the mountain zone became the motive for a new attempt to actualize the indicated problem. The implementation of the idea will be an important step in “embedding” the Russian research in the field of mining hydropower in the international context of the transition to the renewable energy sources.

The purpose of the article is to publicly discuss the most important agenda for the republic - the overdue optimization of the electric power industry structure, the understanding of the possible options for involving the mountain rivers with slightly changed hydrological parameters. The objectives of the publication are:

– the suitability study of the small tributaries supplying the main mountain rivers for generating electricity;

– identification of the river sections, in the first approximation, possessing the favorable technical and economic indicators, for involvement in the electric power industry;

– study of the necessity and possibilities of regulating the mountain rivers’ flow;

– formulation of the hydropower units’ relative position working hypothesis. The authors consider the underestimated hydropower potential of high mountain small tributaries of the rivers, which have high water pressure (from 25 to 100 m). The relevance of their involvement is also due to the steady growth of point energy consumers in the mountains, for which the autonomous power plants are the optimal source of energy supply. Such suppliers of energy resources can be small and ultra-small hydropower plants, the technological characteristics of which adequately fit into the natural specifics of the mountain valleys [2].

The article does not share the widespread opinion about the categorical inadmissibility of the water-accumulating structures’ creation in the mountains. Without denying the presence of limiting environmental and technological factors for the water-regulating objects’ construction in the mountain zone, the article draws attention to the fact that they are not critical and are completely solvable by searching for compromises, including the choice of the optimal alignment for placing the hydraulic units.
On the assessment of the environmental ecological state in coastal cities
Authors: Vetrova N M , Ivanenko T A , Sadykova G E , Sudjeva D V
Published: September 2020

Engineering and environmental support of safe urban space is an important scientific and practical task, since it is based on the consideration of the territorial natural factors, the introduction of design and planning solutions for the urban and suburban areas’ development, the use of environmentally friendly materials in construction and operation. It is especially important to conduct the research on environmental risks in coastal areas of the cities that have recreational facilities. The goals and objectives of the research are to clarify the features of the city plans’ impact on the formation of the main environmental territorial problems (the level of the environmental components’ pollution, landscape changes, waste management) and evaluate the current environmental status using the example of Yalta to develop the environmental engineering recommendations for their solution. In the process of systematic selection of grounds and soils in the main functional areas (resort-recreational, residential, transport-industrial, agricultural and nature reserve), several categories of pollution were identified: conditionally clean territories, weak pollution of the territories, average pollution of the territories, dangerous pollution of the territories. Based on the field studies and their engineering processing, eight zones of environmental risk were identified within the territory of the Big Yalta: a waste landfill near the village Gaspra; the mouth of the Vodopadnaya river and the adjacent water area of the Yalta city beach; channel, floodplain and wellhead parts of the river. The fast and adjacent waters of the Yalta Passenger Seaport; the mouth of the river Avunda and the adjacent waters of the beaches of the village Gurzuf and YRC “Artek”. As a result of the study, the dependences of the ecological situation formation in the coastal urban areas on the various urban areas planning decisions features (for example, Big Yalta).
Assessment of the water facilities’ impact types on the basin geosystems’ geosphere during construction and operation
Authors: Khetsuriani E D , Bondarenko V L , Ilyasov A I , Semenova E A , Khetsuriani T E
Published: September 2020

Water resources use as a renewable natural resource on all hierarchical basin geosystems levels of within the Earth biosphere, in almost all types of economic and other activities carried out by intra-basin or inter-basin water flow regulation and redistribution (surface, underground), quantitative and qualitative indicators, formed within the spatial limits of the basin system under consideration. For the water flow regulation within the considered river hydrographic seasonal or multi-year regulation network, the reservoirs are built, including the necessary complex hydrotechnical and related facilities, providing the selection of the estimated water flow (Q m3 / s) from water body with a subsequent transportation to specific water users and water consumers. For water resources use in various sectors of economic and other activities within about 10 of the basin geosystems in the Kuban, Terek and Lower Don rivers water facilities were built last century. According to the current regulatory environmental requirements at the design stage, construction and subsequent operation an urgent need to carry out the environmental impact assessment of water facilities arose. The construction objects referred to as “Facilities” and related to the water use with a systematic approach as a way to describe the processes of interconnection, interaction and the relationship between the natural, man-made components and the population developed the methodology foundations for creating and developing a class of natural-technical systems “Environment - Facility – Population” on the water resources use in the economic activity industries. The developed methodology basis for this class of natural-technical systems found practical application at the design, construction and operation stages water objects of activity, referred to as “Facilities”, with the implementation of the existing regulatory environmental requirements. In the methodology foundations development for the creation and development of this class the natural-technical systems, the concept of the dominant role of the whole was formulated, which defines the dominant effect of natural processes in the water flow formation (surface, underground) in the zones of “Facility” influence within the considered basin geosystem. For the considered class of systems according to the study results, such basic system concepts as structure, component, element, the dominant role of the whole, including the concept of natural and technogenic components as well as the environmental acceptability are defined.
The atmosphere electrical characteristics’ monitoring as an element of technosphere safety
Authors: Kupovykh G V , Kudrinskaya T V , Grivtsov V V
Published: September 2020

The data of the long-term observations on atmospheric electricity elements and the results of the surface layer’s electrical state modeling are analyzed. It is concluded that the surface layer electrical characteristics’ monitoring can serve as a control element of anthropogenic impact on the atmosphere to assess its aerosol and radioactive pollution.
Carrying out an integrated components’ research of the environmental natural environment in the area of the ASTRC “Veduchi” water supply line construction
Authors: Kesheva L A , Teunova N V , Bekkieva S A , Khuchunaeva L V
Published: September 2020

Veduchi is a small village in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic, which is located in a very picturesque, historical place near the famous Argun gorge. The area here is literally strewn with sights, that is why it is of great interest to both nature lovers and those who are interested in the history of the Chechen people. The resort “Veduchi” is developed as an all-weather recreational area. On the territory of the all-season tourist and recreational complex “Veduchi” there are two hotel complexes. To discharge treated wastewater, the water supply line construction is necessary. The work considers the ecological state of the environment in the territory of the water supply line construction.
Morphological composition of municipal solid waste in urban areas (on the Dagestan Republic example)
Authors: Azarov V N , Stefanenko I V , Azarov A V , Menzelintseva N V , Statyukha I M
Published: September 2020

Experimental studies of the waste morphological composition from various objects (43 categories) in 11 settlements of the Dagestan Republic in spring, summer, autumn and winter periods of the year were carried out. The average seasonal content of waste components was determined for the studied objects’ categories. The objects, for which MSW has the maximum content of certain components have been established, which should be taken into account when organizing the MSW collection and transportation.
Analysis of disperse composition of the dust in air of working zone of feed mills
Authors: Agashkov E , Belova T , Terekhov D , Loboda Olga
Published: September 2020

In the compound feedstuff production, one of the main problems is the dust emission at all stages of production. The most significant dust emission occurs at the raw materials acceptance stage, where the concentration of dust can be many times higher than the maximum permissible values. The impact of dusts and their capture depends on the dispersed dust composition, and since the raw materials come in different types (bran, wheat, corn, sunflower meal, etc.), the dispersed dust composition is complex. For this reason, it becomes necessary to study their dispersed composition. The article presents the analysis results on some types of the dispersed dust, which generated in the air of the working area on feed mill reception center.
Concerted and birth-and-death evolution of 26S ribosomal DNA in Camellia L.
Authors: Zhang Min , Tang Yi-Wei , Xu Ying , Yonezawa Takahiro , Shao Yang , Wang Yu-Guo , Song Zhi-Ping , Yang Ji , Zhang Wen-Ju
Published: September 2020

Background and Aims

The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene family, encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA), has long been regarded as an archetypal example illustrating the model of concerted evolution. However, controversy is arising, as rDNA in many eukaryotic species has been proved to be polymorphic. Here, a metagenomic strategy was applied to detect the intragenomic polymorphism as well as the evolutionary patterns of 26S rDNA across the genus Camellia.

Methods

Degenerate primer pairs were designed to amplify the 26S rDNA fragments from different Camellia species. The amplicons were then paired-end sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform.

Key Results

An extremely high level of rDNA polymorphism existed universally in Camellia. However, functional rDNA was still the major component of the family, and was relatively conserved among different Camellia species. Sequence variations mainly came from rRNA pseudogenes and favoured regions that are rich in GC. Specifically, some rRNA pseudogenes have existed in the genome for a long time, and have even experienced several expansion events, which has greatly enriched the abundance of rDNA polymorphism.

Conclusions

Camellia represents a group in which rDNA is subjected to a mixture of concerted and birth-and-death evolution. Some rRNA pseudogenes may still have potential functions. Conversely, when released from selection constraint, they can evolve in the direction of decreasing GC content and structural stability through a methylation-induced process, and finally be eliminated from the genome.
Flies improve the salience of iridescent sexual signals by orienting toward the sun
Authors: White Thomas E , Latty Tanya
Published: September 2020

Sunlight is the ultimate source of most visual signals. Theory predicts strong selection for its effective use during communication, with functional links between signal designs and display behaviors a likely result. This is particularly true for iridescent structural colors, whose moment-to-moment appearance bears a heightened sensitivity to the position of signalers, receivers, and the sun. Here, we experimentally tested this prediction using Lispe cana, a muscid fly in which males present their structurally colored faces and wings to females during ground-based sexual displays. In field-based assays, we found that males actively bias the orientation of their displays toward the solar azimuth under conditions of full sunlight and do so across the entire day. This bias breaks down, however, when the sun is naturally concealed by heavy cloud or experimentally obscured. Our modeling of the appearance of male signals revealed clear benefits for the salience of male ornaments, with a roughly 4-fold increase in subjective luminance achievable through accurate display orientation. These findings offer fine-scale, causal evidence for the active control of sexual displays to enhance the appearance of iridescent signals. More broadly, they speak to predicted coevolution between dynamic signal designs and presentation behaviors, and support arguments for a richer appreciation of the fluidity of visual communication.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Neonatal White Matter Microstructure
Authors: Zhang J , Xia K , Ahn M , Jha S C , Blanchett R , Crowley J J , Szatkiewicz J P , Zou F , Zhu H , Styner M , Gilmore J H , Knickmeyer R C
Published: September 2020

A better understanding of genetic influences on early white matter development could significantly advance our understanding of neurological and psychiatric conditions characterized by altered integrity of axonal pathways. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) phenotypes in 471 neonates. We used a hierarchical functional principal regression model (HFPRM) to perform joint analysis of 44 fiber bundles. HFPRM revealed a latent measure of white matter microstructure that explained approximately 50% of variation in our tractography-based measures and accounted for a large proportion of heritable variation in each individual bundle. An intronic SNP in PSMF1 on chromosome 20 exceeded the conventional GWAS threshold of 5 x 10−8 (p = 4.61 x 10−8). Additional loci nearing genome-wide significance were located near genes with known roles in axon growth and guidance, fasciculation, and myelination.
Characteristics of Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Muller Marie , Broséus Julien , Feugier Pierre , Thieblemont Catherine , Beaugerie Laurent , Danese Silvio , Arnone Djésia , Ndiaye Ndeye Coumba , Kokten Tunay , Houlgatte Rémi , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent
Published: September 2020

Background

Lymphoma is a dreaded complication of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD]. Knowledge about lymphoma in patients with IBD is limited to epidemiological data and the description of risk factors. We performed a systematic review to describe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of lymphoma in patients with IBD.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched up to June 1, 2020. All published clinical characteristics of lymphoma occurring in patients with IBD were collected.

Results

Eleven studies were included. A total of 589 lymphomas were described in patients with IBD. As seen in de novo lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [NHL] was the most common histological subtype [83.9%]. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [DLBCL] and follicular lymphoma were the most well-represented NHL in patients with IBD [30% and 13% respectively]. Two main differences were observed in comparison with de novo lymphoma: primary intestinal lymphoma [PIL] represented a large proportion of lymphoma in patients with IBD [22–75%] whereas mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT] lymphoma was under-represented. Epstein–Barr virus [EBV]-positive status was observed in a large proportion of tumours [44–75%]. Survival data of lymphoma in patients with IBD were similar to those of de novo lymphoma.

Discussion

This systematic review first highlights that PIL [especially DLBCL subtype] is significantly more frequent in patients with IBD and represents the most common entity. Conversely, MALT lymphoma is extremely rare in the IBD population. However, the overall quality of the evidence is low. Further studies are required to better define lymphoma characteristics in patients with IBD.
1. Exam Skills for Success in EU Law
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to provide a number of example questions on European Union (EU) law, which should be fairly typical of those met on degree level courses on EU law. The questions are then followed by a few sentences or paragraphs of comment on the type of question, the main aspects or elements to be considered in the question, various examiner’s tips on particular issues to be aware of, to include or indeed to avoid, and advice on structuring the answer. The suggested answers are designed to demonstrate how the particular questions should be answered to get a good mark, i.e., an upper second or better.
6. The Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the free movement of goods in the EU. The questions focus on charges and measures having equivalent effect, the restrictions allowed under Art 36 TFEU, and the principles of law which have emerged from the case of Cassis de Dijon and subsequent cases. The significance of the judgment of the Court of Justice in Keck is addressed.
7. The Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the free movement of persons in the EU. The area of law straddles three main subdivisions, comprising the free movement of workers, involving most of the secondary legislation and case law; secondly the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services; and additionally now, Union citizenship. The chapter includes all types of questions, such as combination essay-type questions, combination problem-type questions, problem questions concerned only with the free movement of workers, an essay-type question concentrating on the free movement of professionals and questions which involve citizenship and wider free movement issues.
8. Competition and Merger Law
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about EU competition. The questions on competition law range from a general overview question, to questions which surveys the basic concepts and requirements of Arts 101 and 102 TFEU. The 2007 Lisbon Treaty made little substantive change to the competition law provisions, which can be found in Arts 101–106 of the TFEU. More significant is the Competition Regulation 1/2003 and the Merger Regulation, 139/2004.
10. Skills for Success in Coursework Assessments
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents a sample coursework essay question on EU law along with the examiner’s guidance to approaching coursework questions, tips, an answer plan, and a suggested answer for the sample question.
3. Adverse Possession
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents issues related to adverse possession in both registered and unregistered land and also considers the implications for squatters’ rights of the European Convention on Human Rights.
4. Transfer of Title and Third-Party Rights
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter looks at transfer of title and third-party rights, including legal and equitable interests; registered land and the Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002; unregistered land and the Land Charges Act (LCA) 1925; and the protection of third-party rights.
6. Successive Interests and Trusts of Land
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter examines trusts of land, and at the fact that these have been simplified and made more coherent by the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TLATA 1996); and includes applications for sale of land held under a trust for sale under the TLATA 1996; and rights of beneficiaries, who may sometimes be given additional powers under TLATA 1996 or may have certain TLATA powers restricted.
8. Proprietary Estoppel
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter examines how to decide whether the circumstances of the case give rise to a constructive or resulting trust, a contractual licence, or to the doctrine of proprietary estoppel, and the remedies satisfying a proprietary estoppel. The question of the role of unconscionability in the doctrine of proprietary estoppel remains topical, and the issue of proportionality between detriment and remedy, now a key concern of the courts, is examined.
9. Leases and Licences
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about the law relating to leases and licences and leasehold agreements. This is an area of law which has been the source of much litigation and the debate on the fundamental distinction between a lease (an interest in land) and a licence (a personal right) remains important (despite changes on the statutory protection of leases) in determining whether rights granted to an occupier bind a third party.
10. Easements and Profits
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter looks at easements and profits considering in particular: types of easement (eg express and implied easements); the nature of an easement; the creation of easements; and other rights, such as profits à prendre. The question of whether the categories of easement can be extended is a popular debate, and the quotation ‘the categories of easements are not frozen’reflects this. Modern useages may be highly relevant in the determination of this legal question.
11. Freehold Covenants
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter considers freehold covenants and includes the running of the burden and benefit of freehold covenants; the rule in Tulk v Moxhay (1848); the assignment and annexation of freehold covenants; and the juridical basis underlying building schemes. The debate about whether annexation has caused much unnecessary difficulty and whether it would have been simpler if equity had simply followed the law and treated the benefit as being annexed to the land is examined.
12. Mortgages
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about the law of mortgages. The questions deal with issues such as their creation; clogs on the equity of redemption; the remedies of a mortgagee and protection of the mortgagor; and undue influence. Remedies of a mortgagee where the mortgagor defaults is an area of the law where, over recent years, the courts have had to consider entirely new social circumstances in relation to ‘negative equity’ and mortgage debt.
6. Charitable Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on charitable trusts.
10. Trusts of the Family Home
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on trusts of the family home.
12. Administration of Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on administration of trusts.
15. Mixed Topic Questions
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on a mixture of topic areas including the three certainties, constitution and formalities for the creation of a trust, charitable trusts and trusts of imperfect obligation.
3. Murder and Manslaughter
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on murder and manslaughter and suggested answers. The key issues of direct and oblique intent as it applies to murder are considered. The chapter also deals with the changes to the partial defences to murder (loss of control and diminished responsibility) brought about by the statutory provisions in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, and the differences between the types of involuntary manslaughter (by an unlawful act, by gross negligence, and by recklessness).
5. Parliament
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter presents information relating to Parliament. It looks at all aspects of how both the House of Commons and House of Lords work and how they might be reformed. The questions the chapter looks at deal with issues such as the reform of procedures and operation of the House of Commons; how newly elected MPs can influence government policy; the role of departmental select committees; parliamentary privilege; and House of Lords reform.
6. Parliamentary sovereignty
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter considers questions relating to parliamentary sovereignty. There is a traditional doctrine of parliamentary supremacy, but it has had to be adapted to accommodate membership of the European Union. The questions deal with issues such as the meaning and implications of ‘parliamentary supremacy’; the impact of the UK’s EU membership on the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty; the effect of EU legislation, such as directives, in English Law; how the European Union works; and how Brexit will affect parliamentary supremacy.
12. Coursework
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter contains some advice on writing coursework. The contents range from the mechanics of how coursework fits into the assessment of the module to the rules on presentation and referencing. The standard referencing system used for law is OSCOLA, the Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. There is advice on researching coursework, such as the use of primary legal materials and articles, an explanation about how the coursework might be marked, and some straightforward advice on plagiarism is given. A coursework example question, with accompanying answer guidance, is also available.
1. Family relationships, marriage, civil partnership, cohabitation
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in an exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on family relationships, marriage, same sex marriage, civil partnership, forced marriage, and cohabitation, beginning with a discussion of the absence of a widely acceptable definition regarding the concept of ‘family’. It examines how marriage was defined in Hyde v Hyde (1866), and the definition of civil partnership under the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The concept of ‘common law marriage’ and the rights of those cohabiting is considered, along with the importance of formalities to end marriage and civil partnership. It also highlights the rights of parties to a marriage or civil partnership to acquire rights over property during the relationship on the basis of trusts law or proprietary estoppel. Finally, it looks at calls to reform the law in relation to cohabitants, particularly with regard to joint ownership of property.
6. Children—private law
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on private law matters concerning children under the Children Act 1989, particularly sections 1 and 8. It begins by looking at who is a parent and explaining the concept of parental responsibility and who has it. The chapter then considers the factors considered by the courts to resolve disputes over aspects of a child’s upbringing, including the welfare principle, the welfare checklist, the ‘no delay’ principle, the ‘no order’ principle, and the presumption of continued parental involvement.
7. Children—public law
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter, which focuses on public law matters concerning children under the Children Act 1989, first explains the powers and duties of local authorities, as well as those of the police, to protect children in need. It then considers emergency protection orders, which may be granted where a child is in need of immediate protection, along with interim orders and child assessment orders. The chapter also examines the ‘threshold criteria’ in section 31(2) of the Children Act 1989, which allows the court to make a care or supervision order, before concluding with an assessment of the Human Rights Act 1998 and its impact on the law in relation to care proceedings.
8. Adoption
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on adoption as a means to terminate the legal relationship between a child and their birth parents. It considers the human rights aspects of adoption and different types of adoption and discusses adoption proceedings in England and Wales under the Adoption and Children Act 2002. The chapter then explains the role of local authorities and adoption agencies under section 2 of the Adoption and Children Act 2002, and placement for adoption, parental responsibility, and parental consent. It also highlights the welfare of children as considered by an adoption agency or a court when making a decision affecting the child. Finally, the chapter examines alternative orders: child arrangements order, parental responsibility, special guardianship order, and no order. This edition now includes reference to the Special Guardianship (Amendment) Regulations 2016.
2. Actus reus
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter reviews the actus reus elements of criminal offence. The actus reus consists of prohibited conduct (acts or omissions), prohibited circumstances, and/or prohibited consequences (results). A person can be criminally liable for omissions at common law, but imposing this liability can be controversial. Causation is a key part of consequence/result crimes. The prosecution must prove that the result was caused by the defendant. In order to do this, the chain of causation must first be established, and then consideration must be given to any intervention which might break the chain.
3. Mens rea
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter reviews the mens rea elements of criminal offence. Mens rea means guilty mind, but the term is better thought of as the fault element of the offence. The role of mens rea is to attribute fault or blameworthiness (also called culpability) to the actus reus. The main types of mens rea are intention, recklessness, and negligence. Issues may arise when the mens rea and actus reus do not coincide in time. The doctrine of transferred malice allows mens rea to be transferred from the intended victim to the unintended victim, in certain situations.
8. Homicide II
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. An unlawful homicide committed without the mens rea for murder is involuntary manslaughter. This chapter discusses the three classes of involuntary manslaughter: reckless manslaughter, unlawful act manslaughter, and gross negligence manslaughter. Both unlawful act manslaughter and gross negligence are notable for the low level of mens rea required. Indeed, with gross negligence manslaughter the defendant may not even have foreseen the risk of death and yet still be convicted of manslaughter.
10. Participation
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the liability of parties who participate in the criminal acts of others. Liability can be split into four parts: those who are accessories, those who are joint perpetrators, those who are vicariously liable, and those who are corporations. Accessories are those who aid, abet, counsel, or procure the commission of the principal offence. Participants who enter a joint venture (also known as a joint unlawful enterprise) are liable for the crimes committed as part of that venture, unless one of the parties deliberately departs from the agreed plan. The doctrine of vicarious liability has a (limited) role in the criminal law. A corporation is a legal person, so criminal liability can be imposed on a corporation for many (although not all) crimes.
13. Other property offences
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines six offences: criminal damage, robbery, burglary, handling stolen goods, making off without payment, and squatting. What the offences share is that they relate in some way to property. Although rarely examined on their own, these topics are often assessed as part of bigger questions, sometimes incorporating other offences (eg theft, assault) and sometimes involving aspects of the general defences too.
15. Defences II
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the defences of consent; self-defence (which includes using reasonable force in the defence of oneself, defence of others, of property, and the prevention of crime); and duress (which consists of being compelled to commit a crime to avoid death or serious harm in a situation of immediacy where there is no route of escape). Duress is an excusatory defence; consent and self-defence are justificatory defences. If the defence of necessity does exist separately to the defence of duress, it is a justificatory defence.
4. Direct actions in the Court of Justice of the European Union: Articles 258–260, 263, 265, 277, and 340 TFEU
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses articles in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) that provide for actions that are brought directly before the Court. Under Articles 258 and 259 TFEU (ex Articles 226 and 227 EC), respectively, the European Commission and Member States may bring enforcement proceedings against a Member State in breach of Treaty obligations. Article 260 TFEU (ex Article 228 EC) requires compliance with the Court’s judgment. Article 263 TFEU (ex Article 230 EC) concerns judicial review of EU acts. The outcome of a successful action is annulment. Article 265 TFEU (ex Article 232 EC) provides for actions against the EU institutions for failure to act.
8. Secret trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses secret trusts. Secret trusts allow property to be left to someone in a will without explicitly naming that person. This is achieved by a bequest to a person who has previously promised to hold that property as trustee for the intended recipient. The anonymity provided by a secret trust is important, as all wills are public documents and therefore open to scrutiny. Secret trusts can be either fully secret or half secret. To establish a valid secret trust there must be: an intention to create a trust; communication of that intention; and acceptance of the trust obligation.
9. Implied trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter deals with the central issues of implied trusts. Implied trusts can be either resulting or constructive. Resulting trusts fall into two categories, automatic or presumed. Constructive trusts are more difficult to define as the scope of their application seems to have been ‘left deliberately vague’ so that the courts can develop them as needed. There are no formalities for the creation of implied trusts. The law has developed methods of identifying the creation of implied trusts. Implied trusts are particularly important in relation to the family home.
11. Trustees’ duties and powers
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the main duties and powers of trustees. Rather than rigidly separating duties and powers, it presents the duties and powers of trustees in a way which reflects how they might arise during the operation of a trust. It first addresses the initial questions of the appointment, removal, and payment of trustees. It then examines issues arising on appointment to the trust and the fiduciary nature of trustees’ duties. Finally, it examines issues likely to arise during the administration of the trust, including the trustees’ powers of investment, beneficiaries’ right to information about the trust, and trustees’ powers of maintenance and advancement.
4. Directors
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on company directors. Every private company must have at least one director, while every public company must have at least two. Directorsʼ duties are now found in the Companies Act 2006, which provides for seven general duties that directors owe to the company. A director’s term of office can terminate in several ways including resignation, retirement, or removal. The courts can also disqualify a person from acting as director.