bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VR-driven museum opportunities: digitized archives in the age of the metaverse
Authors: Gao Ze , Braud Tristan Camille
Published: July 2023

VR technology has brought new prospects and energy to art museums, prompting the advancement of new technologies that can tackle future challenges while catering to the demands of the metaverse era. Today’s digital archiving and guided tours, which rely on VR and more portable information retrieval, provide optimism for museum development. VR technology overcomes the limitations of traditional museums constrained by space and time as digital archiving gradually becomes a reality. This study highlights the benefits of metaverse-driven online archiving from the users’ perspective, followed by a review of recent examples of using VR for media art archiving. We emphasize the importance of further research into unexplored emerging technologies in media art archiving and propose that VR technologies in the metaverse are essential enablers for online archiving purposes. Our work aims to help art researchers, archivists, professionals, and artists to comprehend the challenges and future needs of archiving media art in the developing metaverse. Furthermore, we discuss present cases of employing VR for media art preservation after outlining the advantages of metaverse-driven online archiving from the users’ viewpoint. We stress the need for additional studies on new technologies in media art preservation. Moreover, metaverse VR technologies play a crucial role in achieving online archiving goals. This research contributes to a better understanding of the challenges and future requirements of archiving media art in the evolving metaverse for art researchers, archivists, and artists.
Narrativas antropológicas de la alteridad maquínica en los albores de las teorías poshumanas y transhumanas. Una primera aproximación desde el cine y las series streaming
Authors: Crespillo Marí Leticia , Ríos Moyano Sonia , González Torres Javier
Published: July 2023

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo el análisis narrativo de las representaciones contemporáneas más paradigmáticas de autómatas, robots, androides/ginoides, cíborgs o replicantes existentes en los ámbitos cinematográfico y televisivo. A través de diferentes técnicas –como el Matte Painting, 3D, VFX, CGI o Motion Capture–, los ejemplos escogidos provocan la más inquietante y desgarradora distopía posible: la del humano-no humano; unos engendros cuyos cuerpos se rinden a la voluntad del propio artificio, tendiendo en algunos casos hacia su transformación final en un complejo algoritmo. Para ello, se han seleccionado una serie de títulos a través de los cuales exploraremos diferentes vías: tanto la trasposición corporal de lo diferente en una serie de universo(s) futuro(s) imaginado(s), como la deconstrucción de la realidad-real, fuente de todo mundo alternativo –metaverso–; así como la disociación de identidades, elemento que supone el primer paso hacia la deconstrucción total del ser, cobrando forma bajo los parámetros narrativos, iconográficos y estéticos del cine. Para ello, se ha optado por la aplicación de una metodología analítico-estructuralista e interpretativa, propia de la disciplina de las artes y las humanidades. Su desarrollo conducirá al planteamiento de una sugestiva conclusión procedente del estudio textual de esas presencias: la existencia de una singular profecía en la que el ser humano, que ya no lo es tanto, puede eternizarse para así vencer su obsolescencia natural y biológica otorgada desde su tradicional nacimiento.
Cestode larvae excite host neuronal circuits via glutamatergic signaling
Authors: de Lange Anja , Tomes Hayley , Selfe Joshua S , Prodjinotho Ulrich Fabien , Verhoog Matthijs B , Mahanty Siddhartha , Smith Katherine , Horsnell William , Sikasunge Chummy , da Costa Clarissa Prazeres , Raimondo Joseph V
Published: July 2023

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by infection of the brain by larvae of the parasitic cestode
Taenia solium
. It is the most prevalent parasitic infection of the central nervous system and one of the leading causes of adult-acquired epilepsy worldwide. However, little is known about how cestode larvae affect neurons directly. To address this, we used whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and calcium imaging in rodent and human brain slices to identify direct effects of cestode larval products on neuronal activity. We found that both whole cyst homogenate and excretory/secretory products of cestode larvae have an acute excitatory effect on neurons, which can trigger seizure-like events
in vitro
. Underlying this effect was cestode
-
induced neuronal depolarization, which was mediated by glutamate receptor activation but not by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, acid-sensing ion channels nor Substance P. Glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporters (iGluSnFR) and amino acid assays revealed that the larval homogenate of the cestodes
Taenia crassiceps
and
Taenia solium
contained high concentrations of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. Furthermore, we found that larvae of both species consistently produce and release these excitatory amino acids into their immediate environment. Our findings suggest that perturbations in glutamatergic signaling may play a role in seizure generation in NCC.
RAPSYN-Mediated Neddylation of BCR-ABL Alternatively Determines the Fate of Philadelphia Chromosome-positive Leukemia
Authors: Zhao Mengya , Dai Beiying , Li Xiaodong , Zhang Yixin , Qiao Chun , Qin Yaru , Li Zhao , Li Qingmei , Wang Shuzhen , Yang Yong , Chen Yijun
Published: July 2023

Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia is a fatal hematological malignancy. Although standard treatments with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have achieved remarkable success in prolonging patient survival, intolerance, relapse and TKI resistance remain serious issues for patients with Ph+ leukemia. Here, we report a new leukemogenic process in which RAPSYN and BCR-ABL co-occur in Ph+ leukemia, and RAPSYN mediates the neddylation of BCR-ABL. Consequently, neddylated BCR-ABL enhances the stability by competing its c-CBL-mediated degradation. Furthermore, SRC phosphorylates RAPSYN to activate its NEDD8 E3 ligase activity, promoting BCR-ABL stabilization and disease progression. Moreover, in contrast to in vivo ineffectiveness of PROTAC-based degraders, depletion of RAPSYN expression or its ligase activity decreased BCR-ABL stability and, in turn, inhibited tumor formation and growth. Collectively, these findings represent an alternative to tyrosine kinase activity for the oncoprotein and leukemogenic cells and generate a rationale of targeting RAPSYN-mediated BCR-ABL neddylation for the treatment of Ph+ leukemia.
The effect of rhythm training on the motor coordination abilities of 8–12-year-old freestyle swimmers
Authors: Yin Xiaofeng , Zhu Rongxin , Shi Xin , Cai Guang , Jing Chen , Pan Qile , Yang Tao
Published: July 2023

This study aims to evaluate the effect of rhythm training in the early coordination development and to find out its role in the transfer of specific performance in young swimmers. Eighty young swimmers aged eight to twelve were divided randomly into a control group (CON, n = 40, M/F=17/23) or an experimental group (EXP, n = 40, M/F=19/21). A total of 72 swimmers completed all the training programs and tests included in this study (CON, n = 35, M/F=15/20; EXP, n = 37, M/F=16/21). The training programme lasted 12 weeks. During the study period, all groups participated in the same swimming training program with the control group participating six times a week, and the experimental group participating four times a week with an additional two rhythm trainings each week. The height, weight, walking backwards ability, jumping sideways ability, and 25 m freestyle were measured for each participant and an index of coordination was analyzed from recordings of the participant’s 25 m freestyle. The results indicated that participation in rhythm training resulted in improved general motor and swimming-specific coordination among the swimmers, but the results varied by number of years of sport-specific training experience. The swimmers with more training experience improved more in swimming-specific coordination but less in general motor coordination. This study strengthens the evidence for the effectiveness of early rhythm training in swimmers, indicating that it is feasible to design programs to address general and sport-specific coordination in young athletes.
Post-Pandemic Challenges in Addressing Learning Gaps: Experiences of Teachers in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Ondras Lucky B. , Alvero Jevanni R.
Published: July 2023

Aims: This research focused on identifying challenges faced by public elementary and secondary school teachers after the pandemic, as they tried to address the learning gaps found among students and the potential risks these challenges posed to their learning.

Study Design:  The study followed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing a phenomenological design.

Place and Duration of Study: This was conducted in selected public elementary and secondary schools in Abuyog, Javier, and MacArthur Leyte while teachers were addressing learning gaps among students during the school year 2022.

Methodology: A total of 25 teachers from elementary and secondary schools willingly participated in the study through convenience sampling. Researchers employed a survey method using researcher-made semi-structured questionnaires distributed through Google forms and various social media platforms. Data analysis was conducted using the method of Colaizzi (1978).

Results: The findings revealed that elementary teachers faced challenges such as learners' lack of interest and attention, teachers overlapping tasks, the complexity of students' learning needs, and inadequate support from parents or guardians. Secondary school teachers encountered difficulties including students' low motivation, teachers’ overlapping tasks, insufficient administrative support, and the complexity of students' learning needs. These challenges were found to have potential risks to students' learning, impeding their learning progress and potentially leading to permanent disconnection from school.

Conclusion: This study concluded that teachers were struggling in addressing learning gaps among students after the pandemic. The need of allowing them to concentrate in teaching struggling learners must be given importance by school administrators. Strong collaboration between teachers, parents or guardians and other stakeholders in fostering student motivation to continue their education must also be prioritized.
Harnessing the Power of Rhizosphere Bacteria for Enhanced Soil Nutrient Accessibility and Plant Nutrient Absorption
Authors: Ram Net , Raut Dnyaneshwar Ambadas , Sangram SR Jeevan , Meena Dilkhush , Lytand Wankasaki , Singh Bal Veer , Saikanth D. R. K.
Published: July 2023

The rhizosphere, the region of soil influenced by plant roots, is teeming with bacteria that play a crucial role in enhancing soil nutrient accessibility and promoting plant nutrient absorption. These bacteria interact with plants and soil in ways that have profound implications for agricultural productivity and sustainability. This article provides an in-depth exploration of rhizosphere bacteria, their diverse functions, and their influence on soil nutrient availability and plant nutrient uptake. It presents real-world examples, highlighting how these bacteria can be harnessed to benefit agriculture, such as in biofertilizer development and precision farming. The article also discusses ongoing research and innovations in this area, shedding light on the potential applications and challenges of utilizing rhizosphere bacteria in agriculture. By leveraging these microorganisms, we can foster sustainable agricultural practices that maximize productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Through a deepened understanding of the microscopic world beneath our feet, we can tap into the power of rhizosphere bacteria, creating a more sustainable agricultural future.
Effect of Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Field Pea (Pisum sativum) Varieties
Authors: Lalmawiberi K. , Mehera Biswarup
Published: July 2023

The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2022 on Field Pea crop at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, (U.P.), India. The soil of the experimental plot was Sandy loam in texture, with a pH 7.2, that was neutral with EC- 0.26 (dS/m), organic carbon (0.72%), available N (178.48kg/ha), available P (27.80kg/ha) and available K (233.24kg/ha). The treatments consisted of 3 varieties (Rachana, Aparna and Pant C-5) and Biofertilizers (Rhizobium sp. and PSB) and a control. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and replicated thrice. Application of Rachana + PSB + Rhizobium sp. produced higher plant height (98.89 cm), No. of pods/plant (24.04), No. of seeds/pod (5.39), seed yield (1.73 kg/ha) and stover yield (3.80 kg/ha).
Effect of Zinc and Boron on Yield, Quality and Nutritional Value of Broccoli Head (Brassica oleracea var. italica) with Different Application Methods in Red and Lateritic Soils of Birbhum District, India
Authors: Mondal Shreya , Ghosh G. K.
Published: July 2023

The aim of the study was to improve yield, quality and nutritional value of broccoli head with different dose and application methods of zinc and boron and also decide the best possible treatment combination. The experiment was conducted in Palli sikhsha bhavana, agriculture farm, Visva Bharati (Sriniketan) during rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 from October to January. It was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design consisting of 9 treatments of zinc and boron combination with different doses and application method replicated thrice. Three treatments of Zinc viz. Z0 (no zinc), Zf (foliar application @0.5% ZnSO4), Zs (soil application @25 kg/ha ZnSO4) and three treatments of Boron viz. B0 (no boron), Bf (foliar application @0.5% borax), Bs (soil application @2 kg/ha borax) randomized among themselves The crop was planted (spacing of 50 cm X 40 cm), fertilized (N: P2O5: K2O::150:100:100) and irrigated as per recommended practices. Five plants from each plot were randomly selected and tagged for data collection. Treatment (T8) combined application of boron soil @2 kg/ha and zinc as foliar @0.5% was found superior for total yield (28.9 ton/ha) and head weight per plot (695.4 gms). Vitamin C and total chlorophyll of broccoli head significantly improved with combined application of zinc in soil @25 kg/ha and boron as foliar @0.5% with highest value of 1117.5mg/g and 0.77mg/g respectively. Highest Total sugar and reducing content was recorded for combined application of boron in soil @2 kg/ha as well as foliar @0.5% with value of 1.7% and 1.62%. Crude protein content in broccoli head was significantly improved with zinc foliar application @0.5% with a value of 14.34%. Zinc concentration and zinc uptake by broccoli head was significantly increased by zinc foliar application @0.5% recording highest value of 0.041% and 6.67 kg/ha whereas boron concentration and uptake was improved by combined application of boron soil @2 kg/ha and zinc as foliar @0.5% with a value of 0.0049% and 2.26 kg/ha respectively. The combined application of boron in soil @2 kg/ha and zinc as foliar @0.5% would be the best treatment to impact on yield, quality and nutritional values of broccoli head in red and lateritic soils of Birbhum district.
Saúde da população negra
Authors: Adão Amanda Heloize , Campos Margarida Cassia
Published: July 2023

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma discussão sobre a implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra (PNSIPN) no município de Rolândia no Paraná. Sendo assim, para a efetivação desta pesquisa, fez-se necessário realizar um levantamento bibliográfico abordando o tema proposto, seguido da elaboração e da organização de um roteiro de questões estruturadas, direcionado à Secretaria de Saúde do município, para aplicação e posterior sistematização. Portanto, a pesquisa se caracterizou como qualitativa, na qual a análise e a inter- pretação dos dados obtidos foram efetuadas em interação com o aporte teórico, com a finalidade de construir uma perspectiva crítica e abrangente, a partir das contradições do objeto estudado. Sendo assim, foi possível problematizar parte da aplicação da PNSIPN no município em questão e concluir que há algumas ações sendo implementadas, consideradas como um avanço, porém ainda tímidas perante a vasta demanda de melhoria da qualidade da saúde dessa população historicamente vítima do racismo estrutural.
O garimpo na Chapada Diamantina e a origem do pantanal Marimbus
Authors: Lima Geraldo Marcelo Pereira , Macário Kita Chaves Damásio , Alves Eduardo Queiroz
Published: July 2023

A Chapada Diamantina é um dos poucos lugares no Brasil onde é possível encontrar uma área alagada (wetland) na transição entre a floresta estacional (clima semiúmido) e a caatinga (clima semiárido). Essa área alagada contém centenas de árvores mortas encontradas ainda em posição de vida e alinhadas ao eixo do canal fluvial. Datações de radiocarbono foram obtidas de quatro amostras, da casca até o núcleo de uma mesma árvore, para saber a idade de sua morte. Um modelo de sequência robusto foi construído, revelando uma alta probabilidade de que a árvore tenha morrido em aproximadamente 1720 AD. A morte deste indivíduo representa a morte da floresta ao seu redor, por ambas estarem no mesmo nível altimétrico, devendo ter relação com a origem do pantanal Marimbus. A área é marcada pelo intenso assoreamento dos rios, mas essa situação ocorre principalmente no rio Paraguaçu (principal), que represou o rio Santo Antônio (afluente), cujo trecho se tornou permanentemente alagado. Com base nos nossos resultados é possível propor uma origem antropogênica para o pantanal Marimbus. De fato, 300 anos não seria tempo suficiente para depositar o volume de sedimento encontrado nos leques aluviais da região. É provável que a busca/a exploração por recursos minerais já existia de forma incipiente na serra do Sincorá, desde o início do século XVIII, para ter ocasionado tais impactos nos rios e não foram documentados historicamente, haja vista que a descoberta oficial de diamantes ocorreu em 1844.
Turismo
Authors: Antonio Abate Alexandre
Published: July 2023

Este artigo está estruturado a partir de associações entre o turismo, o turismo de luxo, a produção e a (re)estruturação do espaço, as redes sociais virtuais e a distinção social. O procedimento metodológico que conduziu as nossas reflexões foi a revisão bibliográfica. Assim, este artigo é, além de um ensaio teórico, uma análise alicerçada em algumas pesquisas. Dentre as discussões tecidas, enfatizamos que o turismo – para além do turismo de luxo – pode ser interpretado pela lente da distinção social. Enquanto os estratos socioeconômicos não privilegiados buscam, mesmo que de forma efêmera, a distinção social por meio do turismo, os estratos socioeconômicos privilegiados encontram na atividade turística um instrumento potente para atestar a distinção. Destacamos, a partir de Taveira (2016) e de Pimentel (2020), que o turismo está associado à ampliação do capital simbólico, sendo este conceito proposto por Pierre Bourdieu. Discorremos sobre como o espaço é produzido e (re)estruturado pelo e para o turismo, com o objetivo de atender às novas necessidades impostas pela atividade. Defendemos, ainda, que, no período contemporâneo, a exposição das práticas de turismo no âmbito das diversas redes sociais virtuais assume relevância como mecanismo para buscar ou atestar a distinção social.
Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Hearing Aid Use Among US Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 71 Years and Older
Authors: Reed Nicholas S. , Garcia-Morales Emmanuel E. , Myers Clarice , Huang Alison R. , Ehrlich Joshua R. , Killeen Olivia J. , Hoover-Fong Julie E. , Lin Frank R. , Arnold Michelle L. , Oh Esther S. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Deal Jennifer A.
Published: July 2023

Importance

National prevalence estimates are needed to guide and benchmark initiatives to address hearing loss. However, current estimates are not based on samples that include representation of the oldest old US individuals (ie, aged ≥80 years), who are most at-risk of having hearing loss.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of hearing loss and hearing aid use by age and demographic covariates in a large, nationally representative sample of adults aged 71 years and older.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, prevalence estimates of hearing loss by age, gender, race and ethnicity, education, and income were computed using data from the 2021 National Health Aging and Trends Study. Survey weights were applied to produce nationally representative estimates to the US older population. Data were collected from June to November 2021 and were analyzed from November to December 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Criterion-standard audiometric measures of hearing loss and self-reported hearing aid use.

Results

In this nationally representative sample of 2803 participants (weighted estimate, 33.1 million individuals) aged 71 years or older, 38.3% (95% CI, 35.5%-41.1%) were aged 71 to 74 years, 36.0% (95% CI, 33.1%-38.8%) were aged 75 to 79 years, 13.8% (95% CI, 12.6%-14.9%) were aged 80 to 84 years, 7.9% (95% CI, 7.2%-8.6%) were aged 85 to 89 years, and 4.0% (95% CI, 3.5%-4.6%) were aged 90 years or older; 53.5% (95% CI, 50.9%-56.1%) were female and 46.5% (95% CI, 43.9%-49.1%) were male; and 7.5% (95% CI, 6.2%-8.7%) were Black, 6.5% (95% CI, 4.4%-8.7%) were Hispanic, and 82.7% (95% CI, 79.7%-85.6%) were White. An estimated 65.3% of adults 71 years and older (weighted estimate, 21.5 million individuals) had at least some degree of hearing loss (mild, 37.0% [95% CI, 34.7%-39.4%]; moderate, 24.1% [95% CI, 21.9%-26.4%]; and severe, 4.2% [95% CI, 3.3%-5.3%]). The prevalence was higher among White, male, lower-income, and lower education attainment subpopulations and increased with age, such that 96.2% (95% CI, 93.9%-98.6%) of adults aged 90 years and older had hearing loss. Among those with hearing loss, only 29.2% (weighted estimate, 6.4 million individuals) used hearing aids, with lower estimates among Black and Hispanic individuals and low-income individuals.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that bilateral hearing loss is nearly ubiquitous among older US individuals, prevalence and severity increase with age, and hearing aid use is low. Deeper consideration of discrete severity measures of hearing loss in this population, rather than binary hearing loss terminology, is warranted.
Fractionation of Polymers
Authors: Lederer Albena , Ndiripo Anthony
Published: July 2023

Synthetic and natural polymers exist in microstructural distributions, such as chain length, size, chemical composition, branching, tacticity, or comonomer sequence distributions. Polymer fractionation techniques are essential for the analysis of these distributions and help in understanding polymerization mechanisms and material properties.

In this article, the theoretical basics of general fractionation approaches and specific fractionation techniques are discussed. Details are given on fractionation techniques for molar mass and chemical composition distribution analysis, such as temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF), crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF), or crystallization elution fractionation (CEF). In addition, column‐based and channel‐based fractionation methods are extensively discussed. Theoretical and practical aspects of the analysis of molar mass distributions using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as well as chemical composition distributions by interaction chromatography (SGIC, TGIC, LCCC) and multidimensional separations (2D‐LC) are reviewed and compared. General aspects and details on asymmetrical flow and thermal field flow fractionation techniques (AF4 and ThFFF) are discussed and examples of suitable physical and chemical detectors coupled to fractionation devices for the analysis of size, conformation, or chemical composition and topology are demonstrated.
Water Soluble Polymers
Authors: Vandenbrande Johanna A. , Brown James R. , Arrington Anastasia S. , Long Timothy E.
Published: July 2023

Water‐soluble polymers (WSPs) represent a diverse class of macromolecules, and this diversity arises from the breadth of functionality derived from both natural and synthetic sources. Nature provides abundant WSPs through biosynthetic pathways in plants, animals, and fungi, and biological processes yield precisely controlled and well‐defined structures. Polymer chemists strive to develop synthetic methods that mimic the precision of natural processes. Monomers that are derived from petroleum feedstocks together with naturally sourced monomers provide a rich catalog of WSP precursors. Monomer structure, reactivity, concentration, sequence control, and reaction conditions influence polymeric microstructures, solubility, and aqueous solution structure. This article provides an overview of WSP fundamentals and highlights recent advancements in natural, nonionic, ionic, associative, and high‐performance WSPs. Recent advances in the design and performance of WSPs have critically improved the technological impact of filtration processes, water purification, drilling efficiency, and pharmaceutical applications. From modulating the rheological and filtration properties to establishing novel drug delivery systems through controllable self‐assembly, WSPs represent a critical enabling field for many emerging and diverse applications. WSPs will help to address many of the emerging challenges of our times, from energy generation and storage to water availability and next‐generation life‐saving medical technologies. This article will point to the potential impacts based on fundamental structure‐property‐processing relationships.
Electropolymerization
Authors: Zhou Yaqian , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: July 2023

Electrochemistry is now a strong tool for organic and polymer synthesis. Electropolymerization is one of the most successful organic electrolytic reactions, which provides conducting polymers in a facile manner. In this article, fundamentals and recent progress in electropolymerization are described.
A scorpion toxin affecting sodium channels shows double cis–trans isomerism
Authors: Mineev Konstantin S. , Chernykh Mikhail A. , Motov Vladislav V. , Prudnikova Daria A. , Pavlenko Daniil M. , Kuzmenkov Alexey I. , Peigneur Steve , Tytgat Jan , Vassilevski Alexander A.
Published: July 2023

Scorpion α‐toxins (α‐NaTx) inhibiting the inactivation of voltage‐gated sodium channels (Nav) are a well‐studied family of small proteins. We previously showed that the structure of α‐NaTx specificity module responsible for selective Nav binding is governed by an interplay between the nest and niche protein motifs. Here, we report the solution structure of the toxin Lqq4 from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. Unexpectedly, we find that this toxin presents an ensemble of long‐lived structurally distinct states. We unequivocally assign these states to the alternative configurations (cis–trans isomers) of two peptide bonds: V56–P57 and C17–G18; neither of the cis isomers has been described in α‐NaTx so far. We argue that the native conformational space of α‐NaTx is wider than assumed previously.
Genetics of Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Gofin Yoel , Scott Daryl A
Published: July 2023

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with significant morbidity and mortality. Neurodevelopmental phenotypes, other congenital anomalies and dysmorphic features often co‐occur with CDH. Genetic causes of CDH include chromosomal anomalies, copy number variants and single gene disorders. Incomplete penetrance is common with some syndromes having CDH as a major feature while other syndromes are associated with a low but increased risk of developing CDH. A molecular cause is identified more often in individuals with syndromic CDH than in individuals with isolated CDH, and recommendations for genetic testing differ between the two groups. Current CDH research is focused on identifying additional genes that cause CDH and determining the molecular mechanisms by which perturbations in these genes lead to abnormal diaphragm development.

Key Concepts

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Genetic causes of CDH include chromosomal anomalies, copy number variants and single gene disorders.

A genetic cause is more often identified in individuals whose CDH co‐occurs with other anomalies (syndromic CDH) than in individuals with isolated CDH.

Optimal genetic testing strategies vary between individuals with syndromic CDH and individuals with isolated CDH.

Further research is needed to identify additional
CDH
genes and to determine their mechanisms of action.
Interpretation of Missense Variants Found in Association with Cancer
Authors: Chiaraluce Roberta , Consalvi Valerio
Published: July 2023

Dynamic changes in the genome characterise the onset, progression, diffusion and metastasis of cancer. Genomic changes may confer a growth advantage: gain of function mutations in oncogenes and loss of function in tumour suppressor may drive the tumour invasion and the loss of control mechanism in the hosts.

Genome instability and inflammation are at the basis of the genetic changes reported in the Cancer Genome Atlas during these last 20 years. Cancer genome landscape has been extensively analysed with the aim to distinguish, in the tumour samples, the cancer‐related mutations from those neutral or benign.

Studies in cancer tissues indicate that the somatic mutations observed effect from 33 to 66 genes and that 95% of these mutations are single‐nucleotide variants, mainly missense, or nonsynonymous variants, that is a single nucleotide substitution leads to a change in the protein sequence. The vast amount of data collected is not accompanied yet by a meaningful interpretation, and a linear connection between clinics and biological data is not even on the way.

We report on case studies of missense mutations in frequently mutated cancer genes, in relation to the effect of missense mutations on the protein structure, functions and stability.

Key Concepts

Cancer is a complex disease characterised by dynamic changes in the genome.

Germline and somatic protein variants are present in cancer.

Missense mutations in oncogenes or in tumour suppressor genes may promote uncontrolled cellular growth.

Missense mutations may affect protein structure, stability and function.

Structural and functional analysis of protein missense mutations in cancer may help in the development of personalised drugs.
Regulatory Genes in Plant Development: Homeobox
Authors: Nakayama Hokuto , Sinha Neelima R.
Published: July 2023

Over the past 25 years, numerous homeobox genes have been identified and their functions have been elucidated. Many studies in various plant species have revealed that
Knotted‐like homeobox
(
KNOX
) genes, the first identified
homeobox
gene in plants, play a profound role in shoot apical meristem organisation, maintenance, and leaf initiation. In addition to the
KNOX
gene, numerous other
homeobox
genes have been discovered (e.g.,
BEL1‐like homeodomain
,
Homeodomain leucine zipper
, and
WUSCHEL‐related homeobox
genes) and play important roles in plant development. Moreover, in recent years, it has become clear that the
homeobox
genes also contribute to morphological diversity in plants.

Key Concepts

Homeobox (HB) genes encode a subset of transcription factors that contain a homeodomain

In plants, several groups of HB genes (e.g.,
KNOTTED‐like homeobox
,
BEL1‐like homeodomain
,
Homeodomain leucine zipper
, and
WUSCHEL‐related homeobox
genes) have been shown to have a distinct role in the development.

The HB genes are involved in a wide range of developmental processes (e.g., stem cell maintenance in the SAM and floral meristems, cambium, and root meristem, leaf development, vascular development, embryo patterning, etc.).

Recent studies revealed that changes in HB genes led to leaf form diversification and that HB genes are involved in alteration in response to environmental changes in a single plant.
Is teacher preference associated with aggressive behavior among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of peer rejection and rejection sensitivity
Authors: Yang Liu , Gao Ting , Xiong Yuke , Ren Ping
Published: July 2023

Few studies have explored the potential impact of teacher preferences on students' peer relationships and their broader psycho‐behavioral growth from the perspective of classroom peer ecology. To remedy this research gap, this study hypothesized and tested a serial mediation model in which teacher preference is related to adolescents' aggressive behavior via the indirect paths of forming peer rejection and shaping rejection sensitivity. Using a longitudinal design, two‐wave data were obtained from 2270 Chinese adolescents (initial age = 13.93 ± 0.59, 50.7% boys) over 6 months. The results revealed that teacher preference was negatively associated with aggressive behavior in adolescents, and the mediation model indicated peer rejection and rejection sensitivity served as serial mediators between this link. Additionally, the current study examined the unique affiliations of anxiety and anger about rejection with aggressive behavior respectively, with results supporting them as distinct constructs and highlighting the significance of research integrating both forms of rejection sensitivity. Differences were also identified regarding the role of anxious rejection sensitivity in predicting proactive and reactive aggressive behaviors. The educational implications of these findings and directions for forthcoming research were discussed.
A quick guide on implementing and quality assuring 3D printing in radiation oncology
Authors: Ashenafi Michael , Jeong Seungkyo , Wancura Joshua N. , Gou Lang , Webster Matthew J. , Zheng Dandan
Published: July 2023

As three‐dimensional (3D) printing becomes increasingly common in radiation oncology, proper implementation, usage, and ongoing quality assurance (QA) are essential. While there have been many reports on various clinical investigations and several review articles, there is a lack of literature on the general considerations of implementing 3D printing in radiation oncology departments, including comprehensive process establishment and proper ongoing QA. This review aims to guide radiation oncology departments in effectively using 3D printing technology for routine clinical applications and future developments. We attempt to provide recommendations on 3D printing equipment, software, workflow, and QA, based on existing literature and our experience. Specifically, we focus on three main applications: patient‐specific bolus, high‐dose‐rate (HDR) surface brachytherapy applicators, and phantoms. Additionally, cost considerations are briefly discussed. This review focuses on point‐of‐care (POC) printing in house, and briefly touches on outsourcing printing via mail‐order services.
Layered Materials in the Magnesium Ion Batteries: Development History, Materials Structure, and Energy Storage Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Jiahe , Wang Xuemei , Li Hongfen , Zhang Hanfang , Zhang Yihe , Wang Ke
Published: July 2023

Layered crystal materials have blazed a promising trail in the design and optimization of electrodes for magnesium ion batteries (MIBs). The layered crystal materials effectively improve the migration kinetics of the Mg2+ storage process to deliver a high energy and power density. To meet the future demand for high‐performance MIBs, significant work has been applied to layered crystal materials, including crystal modification, mechanism investigation, and micro/nanostructure design. Herein, this review presents a comprehensive overview of layered crystal materials applied to MIBs, from development history to current applications. It focuses on the relationship between the layered crystal structure and the energy storage mechanism. Meanwhile, recent achievements in the design principles of layered crystal materials and their application to electrodes are summarized. Finally, future perspectives on the application of layered materials in MIBs are presented. The overview of the development process and structural characteristics contributes to a thorough understanding of these materials, while a discussion of design strategies and practical applications can inspire further research. Therefore, this review provides guidance and assistance for constructing high‐performance MIBs.
Off‐Resonance Spin‐Locked Metasurfaces Empowered by Quasi‐Bound States in the Continuum for Optical Analog Computing
Authors: Yang Haochen , Chen Xuan , Wu Enzong , Tang Peng , Jing Liqiao , Gao Fei , Chen Hongsheng , Wang Zuojia
Published: July 2023

Metasurfaces with engineered phase discontinuity offer extra degrees of freedom to control the angular spectrum characteristics of light and can be used to construct planar metalenses with a variety of anomalous functionalities. Here, off‐resonance spin‐locked metasurfaces empowered by quasi‐bound states in the continuum are reported, in order to achieve a concept of hybridized analog computing over both frequency and angular spectrum domains. By introducing two types of asymmetric degrees, high‐quality resonance empowered by the symmetry‐protected bound states in the continuum emerges in an image‐coupled resonance system. Such high‐quality resonance can be excited in a broadband spin‐locked scattering spectrum, promising required functions for scalar multiplication and convolution operations. Off‐resonance meta‐splitter and meta‐deflector are experimentally implemented to verify the concept of hybridized analog computing in two domains, as well as providing an advantage of high robustness against scattering interference from environment. Optical spatial‐frequency processing by engineering the off‐resonance metasurfaces is also discussed. The findings provide an alternative approach toward optical analog computing over multi‐domains.
Metal‐Free Peroxidase‐Mimetic Nanocatalysts for Chemodynamic Vascular‐Disrupting Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sun Zihao , Zhou Chen , Zhou Yue , Su Shenge , Wang Chunru , Zhen Mingming
Published: July 2023

Metal ion‐facilitated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging method for treating cancer. However, its potential is hindered by its low catalytic performance in weakly acidic tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and the severe toxicity of free metal ions. A new approach to tumor therapy, chemodynamic vascular disruption (CVD), is introduced using metal‐free, peroxidase (POD)‐mimetic multihydroxylated [70] fullerene (MHF) nanocatalysts. The research shows that MHF contains C···O active sites, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and converts H2O2 into ∙OH across a pH range of 6.0–10.0. The generation of ∙OH and the dismantling of tumor blood vessels are observed in real‐time using mouse dorsal skin‐fold chamber (DSFC) models. Applying proteomics, it is discovered that the CVD mechanism involves the nanocatalytic MHF enhancing H2O2 decomposition in the TME, producing ∙OH. This damages tumor vascular endothelial junction proteins, causing vascular leakage and subsequently cutting off the vascular supply to the tumor cells. This method deviates from the traditional CDT that targets tumor cells. Instead, the proficient MHF nanocatalysts aim to directly disrupt the tumor vasculature, enhancing anti‐tumor efficiency without triggering harmful toxicity. The proposed CVD therapeutic strategy enhances the application of gentle carbon nanocatalysts in cancer therapy, offering new perspectives on nanocatalytic medicine.
Amphiphilic Cobalt Phthalocyanine Boosts Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Zhou Shuai , Zhang Li‐Jun , Zhu Lei , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: July 2023

Due to the easy accessibility, chemical stability, and structural tunability of the macrocyclic skeleton, cobalt phthalocyanines immobilized on carbon supports offer an ideal research model for advanced electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR). In this work, an amphiphilic cobalt phthalocyanine (TC‐CoPc) is loaded on multiwalled carbon nanotubes to reveal the roles of hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties on catalytic efficiency. Surprisingly, the resultant electrode exhibits a CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) of 95% for CO2RR with turnover frequency (TOF) of 29.4 s−1 at an overpotential of 0.585 V over long‐term electrolysis in a H‐type cell. In the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) device, the boosted transport of water vapor to the catalyst layer slows down carbonate crystallization and enhances the stability of the electrode, with FECO value of >99% over 27 h at −0.25 A, representing the best selectivity and stability among reported molecular catalysts in MEA devices. The amphiphilic cobalt phthalocyanine, which decreases interfacial charge and mass transfer resistance and maintains effective contact between active sites and the electrolyte, highlights the exceptional CO2 conversion from a molecular perspective.
Salt‐Induced High‐Density Vacancy‐Rich 2D MoS2 for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Man Ping , Jiang Shan , Leung Ka Ho , Lai Ka Hei , Guang Zhiqiang , Chen Honglin , Huang Lingli , Chen Tianren , Gao Shan , Peng Yung‐Kang , Lee Chun‐Sing , Deng Qingming , Zhao Jiong , Ly Thuc Hue
Published: July 2023

Emerging non‐noble metal 2D catalysts, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hold great promise in hydrogen evolution reactions. The sulfur vacancy is recognized as a key defect type that can activate the inert basal plane to improve the catalytic performance. Unfortunately, the method of introducing sulfur vacancies is limited and requires costly post‐treatment processes. Here, a novel salt‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is demonstrated for synthesizing ultrahigh‐density vacancy‐rich 2H‐MoS2, with a controllable sulfur vacancy density of up to 3.35 × 1014 cm−2. This approach involves a pre‐sprayed potassium chloridepromoter on the growth substrate. The generation of such defects is closely related to ion adsorption in the growth process, the unstable MoS2‐K‐H2O triggers the formation of sulfur vacancies during the subsequent transfer process, and it is more controllable and nondestructive when compared to traditional post‐treatment methods. The vacancy‐rich monolayer MoS2 exhibits exceptional catalytic activity based on the microcell measurements, with an overpotential of ≈158.8 mV (100 mA cm−2) and a Tafel slope of 54.3 mV dec−1 in 0.5 m H2SO4 electrolyte. These results indicate a promising opportunity for modulating sulfur vacancy defects in MoS2 using salt‐assisted CVD growth. This approach represents a significant leap toward achieving better control over the catalytic performances of 2D materials.
Cooperative Rheological State‐Switching of Enzymatically‐Driven Composites of Circular DNA And Dextran
Authors: Marfai Juexin , McGorty Ryan J. , Robertson‐Anderson Rae M.
Published: July 2023

Polymer topology, which plays a principal role in the rheology of polymeric fluids, and non‐equilibrium materials, which exhibit time‐varying rheological properties, are topics of intense investigation. Here, composites of circular DNA and dextran are pushed out‐of‐equilibrium via enzymatic digestion of DNA rings to linear fragments. These time‐resolved rheology measurements reveal discrete state‐switching, with composites undergoing abrupt transitions between dissipative and elastic‐like states. The gating time and lifetime of the elastic‐like states, and the magnitude and sharpness of the transitions, are surprisingly decorrelated from digestion rates and non‐monotonically depend on the DNA fraction. These results are modeled using sigmoidal two‐state functions to show that bulk state‐switching can arise from continuous molecular‐level activity due to the necessity for cooperative percolation of entanglements to support macroscopic stresses. This platform, coupling the tunability of topological composites with the power of enzymatic reactions, may be leveraged for diverse material applications from wound‐healing to self‐repairing infrastructure.
Bi‐Directional Shape Morphing in 4D‐Bioprinted Hydrogels on a Single Stimulation
Authors: Mondal Pritiranjan , Mandal Arkodip , Chatterjee Kaushik
Published: July 2023

A generalizable 4D bioprinting technique utilizing graded semi‐interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels is introduced with versatile ink design, which exhibits rapid, sequential shape‐morphing transformations in two opposite directions on a single stimulation (immersion in water). The bi‐directional shape morphing behavior is governed by the sequential activation of two distinct actuation mechanisms, namely, anisotropic water uptake due to photocrosslinking gradient and subsequent temporal water redistribution as a consequence of differential swelling‐induced osmolarity gradient. This study demonstrates that the spatiotemporal characteristics of these bi‐directional shape‐morphing hydrogels can be precisely programmed according to desired part specifications by rationally designing dual‐component hydrogel systems based on a mechanistic understanding of the underlying phenomena. Additionally, a proof‐of‐concept demonstration is provided where the bi‐directional, shape‐morphing behavior is leveraged for the design of soft, deployable hydrogel devices. Lastly, a systematic guideline is proposed facilitating the selection of the second hydrogel component for tuning the extent and pace of shape changes. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and mild enabling conditions, these hydrogels stand to transform the capacity to precisely design soft, deployable devices for the delivery of therapeutic agents in a minimally invasive manner inside the human body, among other potential applications.
Water‐Stable 0D Hybrid Manganese Halides with Adjustable Crystal Structure and Emission Color
Authors: Liu Yu‐Hang , Yan Xue , Xiao Li , Jiang Wei , Liu Qi , Liu Tian‐Ci , Yan Tian‐Yu , Yue Cheng‐Yang , Lei Xiao‐Wu
Published: July 2023

Despite the ultra‐high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 0D hybrid manganese halides as state‐of‐the‐art luminescent materials, intrinsic water stability remains an unsurpassable barrier due to the serious hygroscopicity of the hydrogen‐bonding structure. Herein, a synthetic strategy that realizes adjustable emission color and high water resistance in a 0D hybrid manganese chloride family based on the same cation of [H2TMDAP]2+ (TMDAP = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane) is reported. Specifically, direct solution or solid‐state reaction of precursor materials generates [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6], while additional Zn2+‐doping as a structural directing agent results in [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4. Functionally, the [Mn/ZnCl4]2− tetrahedron based [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4 displays green light emission at 521 nm with a PLQY of 63.9%. [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] is composed of a [MnCl6]4− octahedron based [Mn2Cl6]2− chain and a discrete [MnCl4]2− tetrahedron, but it only exhibits single red emission at 628 nm with a PLQY of 48.1%. Compared with water‐instable [H2TMDAP]Mn0.63Zn0.37Cl4, [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] represents extraordinary chemical stability in humid air and water over 1 month, manifested by an unchanged structural lattice and sufficient emission intensity. Significantly, the ultra‐high water proof performance of [H2TMDAP]3[MnCl4]2[Mn2Cl6] is nearly unmatchable among all previously reported manganese halides as far as is known. The combined merits of tunable emission wavelength, high PLQY, and stability highlight the potential applications of title materials in solid‐state lighting and display diodes.