bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Printing of Silk Fibroin for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Qiusheng , Han Guocong , Yan Shuqin , Zhang Qiang
Published: February 2019

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is regarded as a critical technological-evolution in material engineering, especially for customized biomedicine. However, a big challenge that hinders the 3D printing technique applied in biomedical field is applicable bioink. Silk fibroin (SF) is used as a biomaterial for decades due to its remarkable high machinability and good biocompatibility and biodegradability, which provides a possible alternate of bioink for 3D printing. In this review, we summarize the requirements, characteristics and processabilities of SF bioink, in particular, focusing on the printing possibilities and capabilities of bioink. Further, the current achievements of cell-loading SF based bioinks were comprehensively viewed from their physical properties, chemical components, and bioactivities as well. Finally, the emerging issues and prospects of SF based bioink for 3D printing are given. This review provides a reference for the programmable and multiple processes and the further improvement of silk-based biomaterials fabrication by 3D printing.
Effect of Shear Strain Rate on Microstructure and Properties of Austenitic Steel Processed by Cyclic Forward/Reverse Torsion
Authors: Zhang Zhimin , Dong Qingshan , Song Bo , He Hong , Chai Linjiang , Guo Ning , Wang Bingshu , Yao Zhongwen
Published: February 2019

In this work, commercial AISI 304 stainless steel rods were subjected to cyclic forward/reverse torsion (CFRT) treatments at low-speed and high-speed torsion at room temperature. Microstructures in the core and surface layers of the CFRT-treated samples were systematically characterized. Results show that the CFRT treatment can introduce martensite phase on the surface of the rods via strain-induced martensitic transformation. High-speed twisting is more effective in inducing martensite in the surface layer compared to low-speed twisting. During the stretching process, the overall strain-hardening behavior of the gradient material is related to the content of its gradient defects. Higher gradient martensite content results in a higher surface hardness of the material, but less overall tensile properties. The effect of twisting speed on torsion behavior and the strain-hardening mechanisms in tensile of the gradient structured steels was also addressed.
Affordable Fabrication of Conductive Electrodes and Dielectric Films for a Paper-Based Digital Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Soum Veasna , Kim Yunpyo , Park Sooyong , Chuong Mary , Ryu Soo , Lee Sang , Tanev Georgi , Madsen Jan , Kwon Oh-Sun , Shin Kwanwoo
Published: February 2019

In order to fabricate a digital microfluidic (DMF) chip, which requires a patterned array of electrodes coated with a dielectric film, we explored two simple methods: Ballpoint pen printing to generate the electrodes, and wrapping of a dielectric plastic film to coat the electrodes. For precise and programmable printing of the patterned electrodes, we used a digital plotter with a ballpoint pen filled with a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink. Instead of using conventional material deposition methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, printing, and spin coating, for fabricating the thin dielectric layer, we used a simple method in which we prepared a thin dielectric layer using pre-made linear, low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastic (17-μm thick) by simple wrapping. We then sealed it tightly with thin silicone oil layers so that it could be used as a DMF chip. Such a treated dielectric layer showed good electrowetting performance for a sessile drop without contact angle hysteresis under an applied voltage of less than 170 V. By using this straightforward fabrication method, we quickly and affordably fabricated a paper-based DMF chip and demonstrated the digital electrofluidic actuation and manipulation of drops.
Voltammetric Detection of Caffeine in Beverages at Nafion/Graphite Nanoplatelets Layer-by-Layer Films
Authors: Hernandez-Aldave Sandra , Tarat Afshin , McGettrick James D. , Bertoncello Paolo
Published: February 2019

We report for the first time a procedure in which Nafion/Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) thin films are fabricated using a modified layer-by-layer (LbL) method. The method consists of dipping a substrate (quartz and/or glassy carbon electrodes) into a composite solution made of Nafion and GNPs dissolved together in ethanol, followed by washing steps in water. This procedure allowed the fabrication of multilayer films of (Nafion/GNPs)n by means of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic‒hydrophobic interactions between Nafion, GNPs, and the corresponding solid substrate. The average thickness of each layer evaluated using profilometer corresponds to ca. 50 nm. The as-prepared Nafion/GNPs LbL films were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and optical microscopy. This characterization highlights the presence of oxygen functionalities that support a mechanism of self-assembly via hydrogen bonding interactions, along with hydrophobic interactions between the carbon groups of GNPs and the Teflon-like (carbon‒fluorine backbone) of Nafion. We showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can be deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes and utilized for the voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages. The results showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can achieve a limit of detection for caffeine (LoD) of 0.032 μM and linear range between 20‒250 μM using differential pulse voltammetry, whereas, using cyclic voltammetry LoD and linear range were found to be 24 μM and 50‒5000 μM, respectively. Voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages showed good agreement between the values found experimentally and those reported by the beverage producers. The values found are also in agreement with those obtained using a standard spectrophotometric method. The proposed method is appealing because it allows the fabrication of Nafion/GNPs thin films in a simple fashion using a single-step procedure, rather than using composite solutions with opposite electrostatic charge, and also allows the detection of caffeine in beverages without any pre-treatment or dilution of the real samples. The proposed method is characterized by a fast response time without apparent interference, and the results were competitive with those obtained with other materials reported in the literature.
A Comparison of Dietary and Caloric Restriction Models on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Metabolic Health in Young Mice
Authors: Smith Nicholas J. G. , Caldwell Jade L. , van der Merwe Marie , Sharma Sunita , Butawan Matthew , Puppa Melissa , Bloomer Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate day fasting (ADF), and the dietary restriction model known as the Daniel Fast (DF; a vegan/non-processed food diet plan) have garnered attention recently as nutritional interventions to combat obesity. We compared the effects of various dietary models on body composition, physical performance, and metabolic health in C57BL/6 mice. Sixty young C57BL/6 male mice were assigned a diet of TRF, ADF, DF, caloric restriction (CR), a high-fat Western diet (HF) fed ad libitum, or standard rodent chow for eight weeks. Their body composition, run time to exhaustion, fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance test area under the glucose curve (AUC) were determined. Compared to the HF group, all groups displayed significantly less weight and fat mass gain, as well as non-significant changes in fat-free mass. Additionally, although not statistically significant, all groups displayed greater run time to exhaustion relative to the HF group. Compared to the HF group, all groups demonstrated significantly lower fasting glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as improved glucose tolerance, and the ADF group displayed the best fasting glucose and glucose tolerance results, with DF having the best HOMA-IR. All investigated fasting protocols may improve body composition, measures of insulin sensitivity, and physical performance compared to a high-fat Western diet. The DF and ADF protocols are most favorable with regards to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Since our selected dietary protocols have also been investigated in humans with success, it is plausible to consider that these dietary models could prove beneficial to men and women seeking improved body composition and metabolic health.
Review of Two Popular Eating Plans within the Multiple Sclerosis Community: Low Saturated Fat and Modified Paleolithic
Authors: Wahls Terry L. , Chenard Catherine A. , Snetselaar Linda G.
Published: February 2019

The precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative condition is the result of a complex interaction between genes and lifetime environmental exposures. Diet choices are modifiable environmental factors that may influence MS disease activity. Two diets promoted for MS, low saturated fat Swank and modified Paleolithic Wahls Elimination (WahlsElim), are currently being investigated for their effect on MS-related fatigue and quality of life (NCT02914964). Dr. Swank theorized restriction of saturated fat would reduce vascular dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). Dr. Wahls initially theorized that detailed guidance to increase intake of specific foodstuffs would facilitate increased intake of nutrients key to neuronal health (Wahls™ diet). Dr. Wahls further theorized restriction of lectins would reduce intestinal permeability and CNS inflammation (WahlsElim version). The purpose of this paper is to review the published research of the low saturated fat (Swank) and the modified Paleolithic (Wahls™) diets and the rationale for the structure of the Swank diet and low lectin version of the Wahls™ diet (WahlsElim) being investigated in the clinical trial.
Hydrogen Storage, Magnetism and Electrochromism of Silver Doped FAU Zeolite: First-Principles Calculations and Molecular Simulations
Authors: Sun Wei-Feng , Sun Yu-Xuan , Zhang Shu-Ting , Chi Ming-He
Published: February 2019

The complex configuration, H2 adsorption binding energy, magnetic, and optical properties of FAU zeolites with Ag cations loaded by ion exchange in the vacant dielectric cavities were investigated by employing the first-principles calculations with all-electron-relativistic numerical atom-orbitals scheme and the Metropolis Monte Carlo molecular simulations. The visible absorption spectrum peaked at distinct wavelengths arranging from red or green to blue colors when changing the net charge load, due to the produced various redox states of Ag cations exchanging at multiple Li+-substituted sites. The spin population analyses indicate the ferrimagnetic coupling between Al–O–Si framework and Ag cations originates from the major ferromagnetic spin polarization in Ag cation cluster coordinating with sodalite cages, with the net spins appreciably depending on the Ag content and exchange site. The H2 adsorption capacities and binding energies represent significant dependence on the content, location, and electronic property of Ag cations introduced into the FAU zeolites. The evident decrease of H2 adsorption binding energy with increased loading concentration demonstrates repulsive interaction between H2 molecules and heterogeneous adsorption configuration on Ag cations. The adsorption sites of H2 sorted by the binding energy with different adsorption configurations were correlated with exchange sites of Ag cations under different Ag loading to comprehend the H2 adsorption mechanism.
Laser Processed Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Based on Polyaniline Grafted Lignin Loaded with Gentamicin-Functionalized Magnetite
Authors: Visan Anita Ioana , Popescu-Pelin Gianina , Gherasim Oana , Grumezescu Valentina , Socol Marcela , Zgura Irina , Florica Camelia , Popescu Roxana C. , Savu Diana , Holban Alina Maria , Cristescu Rodica , Matei Consuela E. , Socol Gabriel
Published: February 2019

Composite thin coatings of conductive polymer (polyaniline grafted lignin, PANI-LIG) embedded with aminoglycoside Gentamicin sulfate (GS) or magnetite nanoparticles loaded with GS (Fe3O4@GS) were deposited by the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The aim was to obtain such nanostructured coatings for titanium-based biomedical surfaces, which would induce multi-functional properties to implantable devices, such as the controlled release of the therapeutically active substance under the action of a magnetic and/or electric field. Thus, the unaltered laser transfer of the initial biomaterials was reported, and the deposited thin coatings exhibited an appropriate nanostructured surface, suitable for bone-related applications. The laser processing of PANI-LIG materials had a meaningful impact on the composites’ wettability, since the contact angle values corresponding to the composite laser processed materials decreased in comparison with pristine conductive polymer coatings, indicating more hydrophilic surfaces. The corrosion resistant structures exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans strains. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the PANI-LIG-modified titanium substrates can allow growth of bone-like cells. These results encourage further assessment of this type of biomaterial for their application in controlled drug release at implantation sites by external activation.
Real-time Controlling Dynamics Sensing in Air Traffic System
Authors: Lin Yi , Tan Xianlong , Yang Bo , Yang Kai , Zhang Jianwei , Yu Jing
Published: February 2019

In order to obtain real-time controlling dynamics in air traffic system, a framework is proposed to introduce and process air traffic control (ATC) speech via radiotelephony communication. An automatic speech recognition (ASR) and controlling instruction understanding (CIU)-based pipeline is designed to convert the ATC speech into ATC related elements, i.e., controlling intent and parameters. A correction procedure is also proposed to improve the reliability of the information obtained by the proposed framework. In the ASR model, acoustic model (AM), pronunciation model (PM), and phoneme- and word-based language model (LM) are proposed to unify multilingual ASR into one model. In this work, based on their tasks, the AM and PM are defined as speech recognition and machine translation problems respectively. Two-dimensional convolution and average-pooling layers are designed to solve special challenges of ASR in ATC. An encoder–decoder architecture-based neural network is proposed to translate phoneme labels into word labels, which achieves the purpose of ASR. In the CIU model, a recurrent neural network-based joint model is proposed to detect the controlling intent and label the controlling parameters, in which the two tasks are solved in one network to enhance the performance with each other based on ATC communication rules. The ATC speech is now converted into ATC related elements by the proposed ASR and CIU model. To further improve the accuracy of the sensing framework, a correction procedure is proposed to revise minor mistakes in ASR decoding results based on the flight information, such as flight plan, ADS-B. The proposed models are trained using real operating data and applied to a civil aviation airport in China to evaluate their performance. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can obtain real-time controlling dynamics with high performance, only 4% word-error rate. Meanwhile, the decoding efficiency can also meet the requirement of real-time applications, i.e., an average 0.147 real time factor. With the proposed framework and obtained traffic dynamics, current ATC applications can be accomplished with higher accuracy. In addition, the proposed ASR pipeline has high reusability, which allows us to apply it to other controlling scenes and languages with minor changes.
Layer-by-Layer Nano-assembly: A Powerful Tool for Optical Fiber Sensing Applications
Authors: Rivero Pedro , Goicoechea Javier , Arregui Francisco
Published: February 2019

The ability to tune the composition of nanostructured thin films is a hot topic for the design of functional coatings with advanced properties for sensing applications. The control of the structure at the nanoscale level enables an improvement of intrinsic properties (optical, chemical or physical) in comparison with the traditional bulk materials. In this sense, among all the known nanofabrication techniques, the layer-by-layer (LbL) nano-assembly method is a flexible, easily-scalable and versatile approach which makes possible precise control of the coating thickness, composition and structure. The development of sensitive nanocoatings has shown an exceptional growth in optical fiber sensing applications due to their self-assembling ability with oppositely charged components in order to obtain a multilayer structure. This nanoassembly technique is a powerful tool for the incorporation of a wide variety of species (polyelectrolytes, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, hybrid particles, luminescent materials, dyes or biomolecules) in the resultant multilayer structure for the design of high-performance optical fiber sensors. In this work we present a review of applications related to optical fiber sensors based on advanced LbL coatings in two related research areas of great interest for the scientific community, namely chemical sensing (pH, gases and volatile organic compounds detection) as well as biological/biochemical sensing (proteins, immunoglobulins, antibodies or DNA detection).
Sustainability in Alternative Food Networks: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Michel-Villarreal Rosario , Hingley Martin , Canavari Maurizio , Bregoli Ilenia
Published: February 2019

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to individuals’ organizing themselves and managing food systems in an ‘alternative’ and more sustainable way. Such emerging food initiatives are most commonly known as ‘Alternative Food Networks’ (AFNs). However, there is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which AFNs facilitate social, economic and environmental change. There are criticisms of the overall sustainability promise of AFNs related to sufficiency of impact, possible counter effects and the relevance of impacts. Because empirical studies often only focus on specific sustainability issues or AFNs, it has been difficult to develop more robust theories about the relations between diverse AFNs arrangements and sustainability. Thus, the aim of this paper is to contribute towards reducing this knowledge gap through a systematic literature review on AFNs in relation to sustainability. We summarize main methodological approaches, the types of AFNs studied and sustainability dimensions addressed in literature to date. Findings serve as reference to propose opportunities for future research regarding sustainability in AFNs.
Application of Acoustic Emission to Estimation of Strata Denudation: A Case Study from the Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Wei Siyu , Shang Yanjun , Li Yanyan
Published: February 2019

This paper presents a method for reconstructing denudation in sedimentary basins. The principle of this method is to use the Kaiser effect involving the acoustic emission (AE) of rock samples under a uniaxial load test. Based on the proposed method, the denudation thickness since the Late Cretaceous period in the southeastern margin of the Ordos Basin in China was estimated. The results showed that the denudation increased gradually from the northwest (1600 m a.s.l) to the southeast (1800 m a.s.l) of the study area. A comparison of the denudation results with those obtained from other methods illustrated that the AE method was reliable and easy to use. Finally, using computer simulation, we analyzed the influence of strata denudation and ground topography on the current in situ stress. The results suggested that due to the denudation, the horizontal stress played a dominant role in the distribution of the in situ stress of the study area, but the in situ stress could be reduced by the uplifted movement of the ground. The analysis could facilitate future applications of the AE method and improve understanding of the basin stress field.
Deciphering Interannual Temperature Variations in Springs of the Campania Region (Italy)
Authors: Mastrocicco Micòl , Busico Gianluigi , Colombani Nicolò
Published: February 2019

While the effects of climate change on the thermal regimes of surface waters have already been assessed by many studies, there is still a lack of knowledge on the effects on groundwater temperature and on the effects on spring water quality. The online available dataset of the Campania Environmental Agency (ARPAC) was analysed via spatial, temporal and statistical analyses to assess the impact of climate variability on 118 springs, monitored over the period from 2002 to 2017. The meteorological dataset was used to compute average annual precipitation and atmospheric temperatures. Spring water temperatures, electrical conductivity, pH, chloride and fluoride were selected to determine if climate variations had a significant impact on spring water quality. This study shows that the Campania region has experienced an increase of spring water temperatures of approximately 2.0 °C during the monitored period. This is well-linked with the increase of atmospheric minimum temperatures, but not with average and maximum atmospheric temperatures. The spring water temperature increases were not reflected by a concomitant change of the analysed water quality parameters. The latter were linked to the precipitation trend and other local factors, like spring altitude and the presence of geothermal heat fluxes.
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC MODELS OF INDEPENDENTLY ROTATING WHEELS OF WAGONS
Authors: Bureika Gintautas , Lingaitis Leonas Povilas , Mikaliūnas Šarūnas
Published: February 2019

The article deals with the modelling of independently rotating wheels (IRW) systems for wagons. The research work of the intensity of rolling stock wheels rims and flanges is observed. The main performance objectives of IRW are to reduce winding of wheel‐sets, to enable railway rolling stocks to achieve higher speeds, to decrease wear of rail and wheel rolling surface, to improve the performance on railway curves and to reduce lateral displacement on rails. IRW with profiled tread are examined and the mathematical model of these IRW is created. Finally, the peculiarities of the stability and wearing characteristics of such IRW systems are presented.
SOME ELEMENTS OF THE RO‐RO TERMINALS
Authors: Maksimavičius Ričardas
Published: February 2019

Although sea freight accounts for the major part in ro‐ro freight transportation schedule, due and timely processing of cargo and preparation for shipment are to a particular extent affecting the ro‐ro freight duration. It is therefore essential to minimize the freight processing time at the ro‐ro terminal. Otherwise ship schedule might be interfered and even the operation of a terminal itself and port traffic is affected.

Another problem to be encountered quite often is that ro‐ro terminal is not in the position to physically accept and process the arriving freight. This is mainly pre‐conditioned by an insufficient number of terminal gateways, the shortage of customs and border control units, and inadequate parking/storage capacity and arrangement at the terminal.

The presented paper provides a solution to the said problem by giving due emphasis to the proper calculation of the capacities of terminal gateways, customs and border control facilities. Thus an attempt is made to optimize the terminal operation efficiency and attractiveness and reduce the factors impairing ro‐ro freight transportation, particularly in respect of transportation time.
EVALUATION OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY RAILWAY
Authors: Žvirblis Algis , Butkevičius Jonas
Published: February 2019

Considering the impact of technological factors on the system of passenger transportation, the emphasis is placed on competitiveness as a criteria of evaluation the efficiency of its performance. The system of passenger carriage by railway is analysed in terms of an automatic control system.

An algorithm for constructing a formalized competitiveness model is provided defining local competitive abilities in respect to the units of a technological complex including the component of infrastructure determined by its state and the admissible speed and the component referring to rolling stocks.

Thorough examination of the routes based on the methods offered in this work is needed to make proper decisions about their efficiency. A number of actions which should be taken to largely improve passenger carriage by railway is also described.
ROLLING STOCK PLANNING FOR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
Authors: Butkevičius Jonas , Lingaitis Leonas Povilas , Vaičiūnas Gediminas
Published: February 2019

The planning of the optimal rolling stock for passenger carriage should be based on passenger flow forecasts, close examination of the available locomotives and cars and properly chosen methods of their writing off and plans for rolling stock renewal.

The strategy of renewing the existing rolling stock for passenger transportation (including plans for writing off, modernization and purchasing of cars and locomotives) is offered by the authors which is based on forecasts of passenger flow variation and expenses.
THE INFLUENCE OF TERRITORY PLANNING AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON STRATEGIC DECISIONS IN PASSENGER TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Griškevičiene Daiva , Griškevičius Algirdas
Published: February 2019

The main factors of space planning and social development which play an important role in making strategic decisions in passenger transportation have been analysed. A number of strategic aims based on major principles of territory transport planning have been formulated. The investigation made has shown that the operation of public transport is not closely connected with the main carcass of urban territories. This decreases the efficiency of public transport, making it less popular and competitive compared to automobiles. The creation of the strategy of public transport development for the period of its integration into the EU system requires the use of methods taking into account territory planning and social and economic development of the country. The integration of new territories into the existing transportation system, optimization of routes and the increase of transport service quality are aimed to provide higher living standards and better social and economic conditions for the inhabitants. The appropriate tactical decisions in planning the development of modern passenger transport may be made only if the harmonized and well‐grounded strategic aims are defined.
INVESTIGATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF NON‐SCHEDULED TRAINS THERMAL TRACTION
Authors: Juraška Mindaugas , Magyla Tomas
Published: February 2019

This article deals with the calculation of fuel consumption of trains with unpredicted scheduling (non‐scheduled trains). The need for such investigation was stimulated by the fact that because of many operational and technical reasons when trains lag behind their original schedule and further train routing becomes unscheduled and unpredicted, quite considerable amount of fuel is lost for unexpected train stopping and speeding to reach the previous original running speed. Theoretical approach is presented in this article with the estimation of train‐track interaction and resistance factors. The object of this research has typical characteristics of an ordinary train with a thermal locomotive 2T310M which weights 276 tons and 50 wagons, each of them weighting 40 t. Calculated results are presented for different running scenarios.
BENCHMARKING METHODOLOGY IN A TRANSPORT SECTOR
Authors: Išoraite Margarita
Published: February 2019

The article analyses the following issues: 1) Definitions of benchmarking. Benchmarking as a management tool that has long been succefully used both in the private and public sectors to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of products and processes; 2) Benefits of transport benchmarking. Benchmarking can help transport enterprise to: locate its strengths, pinpoint weaknesses, measure its performance against its competitors, discover what it is possible to achieve; 3) Different types of benchmarking. Different types of benchmarking processes can be distinguished into performance benchmarking, process benchmarking, strategic benchmarking, competitor benchmarking, functional benchmarking, generic benchmarking; 4) Transport benchmarking methodology. The basic transport benchmarking principles ‐ planning, analysis, integration, action and recycle are equally valid for transport policy benchmarking; 5) Key performance indicators in a transport sector.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES: MINIMAL SPANNING TREE AND SUB-DOMINANT ULTRAMETRIC FOR THE AMERICAN STOCK
Authors: Kazemilari Mansooreh , Mohamadi Ali , Mardani Abbas , Streimikis Justas
Published: February 2019

Renewable energy has become a significant market player after the turn of the millennium. Wind, solar, smart grid and further renewable energy stocks have experienced both serious up and down trends since that time. In this paper, computed the Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) and Sub-Dominant Ultrametric (SDU) for topological properties of what has been driving the price of renewable energy stock markets and sectors. In this regard, the main object is to define the similarity among sectors in financial market, which is statistically a multivariate time series. The principal mathematical tool to do macro analysis is multivariate vector correlation where multi-dimensional data is considered as a complex system. Furthermore, the base approach for filtering the significant information in a financial system is similarity network analysis. In this paper, the behavior of economic sectors of renewable energy played during 30th July 2015 – 1th January 2018 in America. Results of this study found that, solar sector in renewable energy is confirmed as the dominant sector in America during this period. In addition, results demonstrated that, the leader sector is Solar and the central hubs are Canadian Solar Inc. (CSIQ)from Solar and then Pattern Energy Group Inc. (PEGI)from Solar-Wind sectors.
Therapeutic drug Monitoring of Darunavir/Ritonavir in Pregnancy
Authors: Murtagh Ross , Else Laura J , Kuan Kenneth BK , Khoo Saye H , Jackson Valerie , Patel Anjali , Lawler Marguerite , McDonald Grainne , Le Blanc David , Avramovic Gordana , Redmond Niamh , Lambert John S
Published: February 2019

Background

Physiological changes during pregnancy can have a significant impact on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics (PK), which may result in reduced drug efficacy. Here we describe the PK of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) 800/100 once daily in a cohort of pregnant women undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) as well as transplacental passage of DRV by measuring and comparing cord blood and maternal blood samples at delivery.

Methods

Pregnant HIV-positive women received DRV/r as part of routine pre-natal care. Demographic and clinical data were collected. DRV plasma concentrations [DRV] were determined in the first (T1), second (T2) and third (T3) trimester and at postpartum (PP). The target concentration was 550 ng/ml. Where possible, paired maternal and cord blood samples were taken at delivery.

Results

A total of 33 women were enrolled. Samples were taken 14–20 h post-dose and measured concentrations were extrapolated to 24 h post-dose. At the time nearest to delivery, all but four had undetectable plasma viral loads (pVL). [DRV] were determined in 1 (T1); 14 (T2); 32 (T3) and 29 (PP). 1 sample was <550 ng/ml at T2, 6 at T3 and 3 at PP. [DRV] were significantly lower at T2/T3 relative to PP.

Conclusions

[DRV] in T2 and T3 were 36–55% when compared with PP. However, DRV PK in pregnancy were not associated with a lack of virological suppression at delivery as of the 33 patients enrolled in this study, 31 had no HIV transmission from mother to child. Data regarding two candidates were not available as they delivered in a separate health-care facility.
Réflexions sur la violence dans le service des urgences de l’hôpital Nord de Marseille
Authors: de Vaux Fleur Jourda
Published: February 2019

La manifestation de violences aux urgences hospitalières est un problème dénoncé de manière récurrente par les responsables des services. Elles perturbent souvent gravement le travail des personnels, au point de retentir sur la prise en charge des patients se présentant aux urgences, y compris lorsqu’eux-mêmes sont à l’origine de ces violences. Tous les responsables de ces services ont à cœur de les réduire. Fleur Jourda de Vaux rapporte son expérience dans un grand hôpital de Marseille. Elle met en parallèle les principaux problèmes rencontrés et les solutions proposées pour les prévenir ou les corriger.
Migrations entre l’Afrique et l’Europe (MAFE) : Réflexions sur la conception et les limites d’une d’enquête multisituée
Authors: Beauchemin Cris
Published: February 2019

Les migrations subsahariennes sont un sujet paradoxal en Europe : alors qu’elles ne représentent qu’une petite partie de la totalité des flux et des stocks de migrants, elles sont au cœur du débat public. La raison en est peut-être que les migrations africaines sont un phénomène mal compris, pour lequel on dispose de relativement peu de données quantitatives. Dans ce contexte, le projet Migrations entre l’Afrique et l’Europe (MAFE) a été conçu pour recueillir des données quantitatives originales afin de jeter un éclairage nouveau sur les migrations africaines. Cet article présente la méthodologie du projet MAFE dont l’objectif était de produire des données permettant d’analyser les tendances de migration, leurs causes et leurs conséquences au niveau micro. Le projet MAFE s’appuie sur des données comparables, longitudinales (rétrospectives), multiniveaux et multithématiques concernant trois flux migratoires africains (migrants congolais, ghanéens et sénégalais). Les enquêtes suivent une approche multisites, reposant sur des enquêtes menées à la fois dans les pays d’origine et d’accueil. Au-delà du projet MAFE, l’article met en évidence les problèmes classiques de la méthodologie des enquêtes sur les migrations internationales, et préconise une approche plus (auto)critique dans ce domaine de recherche.
Peut-on parler de féminisation des flux migratoires du Sénégal et de la République démocratique du Congo ?
Authors: Vause Sophie , Toma Sorana , Richou Camille
Published: February 2019

Plusieurs recherches, principalement centrées sur l’Asie et l’Amérique latine, ont fait état d’une présence croissante des femmes dans les flux migratoires internationaux, et plus particulièrement en tant qu’actrices économiques indépendantes. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure il est possible d’observer ces deux tendances dans le contexte africain. Il s’appuie sur des données collectées par le projet Migrations entre l’Afrique et l’Europe (MAFE) au Sénégal, en République démocratique du Congo et dans plusieurs pays européens. L’analyse biographique en temps discret ne montre qu’une hausse modérée dans le temps de la probabilité de migrer pour les femmes, plus particulièrement vers les pays occidentaux, mais pas de réduction des disparités entre les sexes. La collecte d’une information rétrospective riche auprès des migrants actuellement à l’étranger et de retour dans leur pays d’origine rend possible une analyse plus approfondie de la nature des migrations féminines. Plusieurs indicateurs nous permettent d’examiner dans quelle mesure les femmes se déplacent de manière autonome ou avec leur conjoint. Des signes de progression des migrations féminines autonomes ont été identifiés au sein de la population migrante congolaise, tandis qu’aucun changement saillant n’est perceptible au Sénégal. Un système patriarcal et des normes traditionnelles plus rigides en matière de genre caractérisent le Sénégal et peuvent expliquer certaines différences par rapport à la République démocratique du Congo.
Intention et réalisation de migration de retour au Sénégal et en République démocratique du Congo
Authors: Flahaux Marie-Laurence
Published: February 2019

À partir des données biographiques du projet MAFE collectées à la fois auprès de migrants pendant leur séjour en Europe et de migrants de retour dans leur pays d’origine, cet article analyse, d’une part, l’intention initiale de retour des Sénégalais et des Congolais qui ont migré en Europe et, d’autre part, la réalisation de cette intention. Les résultats révèlent qu’au moment de leur arrivée, les individus envisagent de retourner dans leur pays d’origine avec l’objectif d’acquérir des ressources qu’ils pourront valoriser dans leur pays après leur retour. Cependant, si la situation dans le pays d’origine se dégrade fortement, comme c’est le cas en République démocratique du Congo à partir des années 1990, les migrants préfèrent s’établir définitivement en Europe. En outre, plus il est difficile de migrer en Europe et moins les migrants ont l’intention de rentrer. Enfin, la détérioration du contexte politique et économique dans les pays d’origine et les politiques migratoires restrictives des pays d’accueil découragent le retour de migrants qui avaient l’intention de rentrer dans leur pays d’origine au moment de leur arrivée en Europe.
Rapports de genre et pratiques contraceptives au sein des couples palestiniens
Authors: Memmi Sarah , Desgrées du Loû Annabel
Published: February 2019

Cet article analyse, à travers le prisme des rapports de genre dans les couples mariés, la gestion conjugale du contrôle des naissances dans les territoires palestiniens où la fécondité reste forte en dépit d’un niveau d’instruction élevée des femmes. À partir de l’analyse des données de la Palestinian Family Health Survey menée en 2006 ainsi que d’entretiens approfondis menés en 2010-2011 auprès d’hommes et de femmes mariés, nous analysons le niveau du recours à la contraception dans les Territoires palestiniens ainsi que ses déterminants, l’influence respective des conjoints dans le choix des pratiques contraceptives selon leurs modes de relations et l’articulation entre les rapports de genre dans le couple et le type de contraception utilisée. Si la pratique contraceptive est généralisée, elle reste subordonnée à une forte valorisation sociale des naissances, en particulier masculines, et ce quelles que soient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des femmes. les modes d’organisation conjugale du contrôle de la fécondité sont différentes selon le type de relations conjugales, et dépendent des biographies reproductives des individus. Contraception et procréation impliquent cependant toujours les deux conjoints, et le couple émerge comme principale unité de décision.
Les mots de la démographie des origines à nos jours : une exploration numérique
Authors: Héran François
Published: February 2019

Lancée fin 2010, l’application Ngram Viewer permet de suivre l’évolution du vocabulaire dans les millions d’ouvrages numérisés par Google Books, sur une période qui va du xviii e siècle à nos jours pour le corpus francophone. L’article s’en saisit pour étudier la visibilité très changeante du vocabulaire démographique dans la culture écrite. La première partie examine la sélection et l’organisation des données dans Ngram Viewer. Elle relativise les critiques sur l’absence de contexte des suites de mots (ou n-grams ). La seconde partie parcourt les rubriques de la démographie et montre que le déclin de la terminologie démographique depuis les années 1990 n’est pas un artefact. Sont touchés les concepts de l’analyse démographique liés au modèle matrimonial et les termes techniques désormais confinés dans les revues scientifiques, non couvertes par Ngram Viewer. Progressent en revanche les questions de société investies par les nouvelles générations de chercheurs : infertilité, mortalité périnatale, orientation sexuelle, nouvelles « transitions » à l’âge adulte, causes de décès, inégalités de santé, rapports de genre, intégration et discriminations, violences, systèmes de valeur. On en conclut que seule une démographie ouverte aux disciplines connexes peut retrouver sa visibilité d’antan et renouer le lien science/société aujourd’hui fragilisé.
La mise à disposition des enquêtes quantitatives en sciences sociales : l’exemple de l’Ined
Authors: Caporali Arianna , Morisset Amandine , Legleye Stéphane , Richou Camille
Published: February 2019

L’accès aux enquêtes et le partage de données sont fondamentaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales. Pourtant, les activités d’archivage qui permettent un accès aux enquêtes mises à disposition sont peu connues. Cet article se concentre sur les données des enquêtes quantitatives. Il passe en revue le développement des archives de données d’enquêtes en sciences sociales depuis leur création dans les années 1950, ainsi que l’émergence de normes internationales. En France, les archives de données d’enquêtes ont été établies relativement tard. L’article montre ensuite l’importance des archives pour l’accès aux enquêtes en s’appuyant sur l’exemple du service des enquêtes et des sondages de l’Institut national d’études démographiques (Ined), cofondateur du Réseau Quetelet, qui centralise aujourd’hui l’accès à la plupart des enquêtes quantitatives en sciences sociales en France. Les activités d’archivage et de mise à disposition des données et métadonnées d’enquêtes à des fins de recherche sont ensuite discutées, en montrant l’importance de la collaboration avec les producteurs de données dans un contexte d’ouverture croissante des données ( open data ).
Les adoptions en France et en Italie : une histoire comparée du droit et des pratiques ( xix e - xxi e siècles)
Authors: Mignot Jean-François
Published: February 2019

La France et l’Italie ont des droits de l’adoption proches et font partie, depuis les années 1990, des pays qui adoptent le plus de mineurs à l’international. Mais, à plus long terme, dans quelle mesure les pratiques sont-elles similaires entre ces deux pays ? Cet article retrace l’histoire du droit et des pratiques de l’adoption en France et en Italie depuis le xix e siècle. Il apparaît que si ces deux pays ont connu des histoires semblables du droit de l’adoption, les nombres actuels d’adoptions simples sont très différents, principalement en raison du fait que les recompositions familiales après divorce sont beaucoup plus rares en Italie qu’en France. En revanche, les nombres d’adoptions plénières et les profils des adoptés pléniers sont similaires dans les deux pays : après avoir été confrontés au faible nombre de mineurs nationaux adoptables, les candidats à l’adoption des deux pays sont confrontés, depuis 2011, à la baisse du nombre de mineurs adoptables à l’international. En conséquence, les adoptés internationaux en France et en Italie tendent à être plus âgés, plus souvent en fratrie, et plus souvent malades ou handicapés qu’auparavant.
Évolution de la mortalité au cours de la transition du socialisme planifié au capitalisme d’État à Shanghai
Authors: Zhao Jiaying , Tu Edward Jow-Ching , Song Guixiang , Sleigh Adrian , Richou Camille
Published: February 2019

Contrairement aux dynamiques de mortalité des anciennes économies socialistes d’Europe durant leur période de transition, les changements de la mortalité en Chine depuis le début des réformes ont été peu étudiés. Cet article analyse les tendances de la mortalité des résidents permanents de Shanghai au moment où la Chine est passée du socialisme planifié au capitalisme d’État. L’amélioration constante de l’espérance de vie a connu un ralentissement entre 1992 et 1996. La mortalité des jeunes hommes adultes d’âge actif (20 à 44 ans) a augmenté, principalement à cause d’une progression des maladies cardiovasculaires et des morts violentes. Les décès dus aux transports ont connu une hausse, tandis que les suicides et les maladies du foie sont restés stables. Cette détérioration de la mortalité est liée aux changements structurels, parmi lesquels une détérioration de la protection sociale, une progression du chômage et du stress, ainsi que des transports et un environnement dégradés. Cependant, les effets défavorables sur la mortalité ont été atténués grâce à une stratégie de réformes graduelles, des institutions fortes et une croissance économique rapide. L’expérience de Shanghai peut s’avérer utile pour d’autres pays socialistes qui souhaiteraient passer à une économie de marché.
La mortalité selon le revenu à partir de données européennes
Authors: Blaise Marie , Lefèbvre Mathieu
Published: February 2019

Nous estimons la relation entre mortalité et revenu pour plusieurs pays européens dont la France. À partir d’une méthode de régression pondérée, l’espérance de vie par classe de revenu est dérivée de l’espérance de vie observée pour différents niveaux d’éducation. Nous distinguons plusieurs cohortes selon le sexe. Les résultats montrent que le différentiel de mortalité selon le revenu est plus important chez les hommes que chez les femmes et qu’il tend à augmenter légèrement avec l’âge. De fortes disparités entre pays sont cependant observées avec des inégalités faibles dans les pays nordiques et plus fortes dans les pays de l’Est. La France présente un différentiel de mortalité selon le revenu plutôt faible comparé aux autres pays de l’échantillon.
Les attentes en termes de services pour les seniors : le rôle de l’altruisme et de l’anticipation de la dépendance
Authors: Apouey Bénédicte
Published: February 2019

Dans le contexte du vieillissement de la population, cet article s’intéresse aux attentes en termes de nouveaux services qui pourraient faciliter le bien vieillir en France. À partir de données originales sur les adhérents d’une mutuelle, nous nous concentrons sur les attentes relatives à sept types de services (services liés à la vie sociale, à la santé et aux soins, entre autres) et étudions leurs déterminants. Nos analyses montrent que l’altruisme, la solidarité et l’anticipation de la dépendance jouent un rôle significatif dans ces attentes.
La dynamique des patrimoines des ménages selon l’âge et la génération en France et dans la zone euro
Authors: Arrondel Luc , Coffinet Jérôme
Published: February 2019

Le vieillissement démographique, conséquence conjointe de la baisse de la fécondité et de l’allongement de la durée de vie, est susceptible d’influencer en amont les comportements d’épargne des ménages, notamment dans un contexte de réforme du système de retraite public et d’une politique « d’activation » des individus. Par ailleurs, le patrimoine d’une population vieillissante aura une structure particulière, vraisemblablement moins axée sur les actifs risqués. Une question sous-jacente concerne alors la disponibilité de ce patrimoine pour financer l’économie : c’est le sens de la réforme voulue par la récente loi Pacte, visant en particulier à orienter l’épargne retraite vers les produits de fonds propres (actions) plutôt que vers des produits de taux (fonds euros). Aussi, convient-il d’étudier en quoi le niveau et la structure du patrimoine diffèrent en fonction de l’âge et de la génération des ménages. Dans la mesure où ces choix sont également susceptibles de dépendre de l’environnement institutionnel (système de retraite notamment) et du corpus fiscal, portant à la fois sur les plus-values, les produits financiers mais aussi les successions, il importe d’inscrire cette réflexion dans un contexte international. Ce texte porte un éclairage particulier sur la France, mais propose donc des comparaisons avec les principales économies européennes. Les données montrent que la distribution du patrimoine, total ou financier, s’est déformée depuis 30 ans au profit des vieilles générations. Par ailleurs, depuis 2008, la structure de l’épargne des Français est de plus en plus prudente, de moins en moins tournée vers les actifs risqués. D’un point de vue macroéconomique, ces éléments appellent à une meilleure allocation de l’épargne des particuliers vers des produits davantage susceptibles de financer l’économie, un des objectifs de la récente loi Pacte.