bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turning a blind eye on the black sheep: when are voters loyal to corrupt politicians?
Authors: Jankowski Michael , Juen Christina-Marie , Lewandowsky Marcel
Published: October 2022

When do voters turn a blind eye on corrupt politicians? Recent research suggests that voters might be willing to support corrupt politicians due to a lack of a ‘viable and clean alternative,’ i.e., voters prefer supporting a corrupt politician when the alternative is to support a politician who takes a fundamentally different policy stance. Following this argument, it has also been argued that especially corrupt politicians from radical parties are less likely to be punished by their voters as these voters are more hostile toward other parties. In other words, voters of radical parties are more likely to lack viable alternatives. Based on a survey experiment conducted in Germany, we put these hypotheses to an empirical test. We find evidence for the expected patterns. Supporters of radical parties are indeed less likely to switch their vote to a different party. However, our experiment also shows that this is because voters of radical parties are more likely to lack a viable alternative. When supporters of radical parties evaluate a clean alternative favorable, they are just as likely as voters of mainstream parties to switch away from the corrupt candidate. Finally, we show how strengths of partisan attachment affect voting for corrupt candidates.
Understanding factual belief polarization: the role of trust, political sophistication, and affective polarization
Authors: Rekker Roderik , Harteveld Eelco
Published: October 2022

Political opponents are often divided not only in their attitudes (i.e., ideological polarization) and their feelings toward each other (i.e., affective polarization), but also in their factual perceptions of reality (i.e., factual belief polarization). This paper describes factual belief polarization in the Netherlands around three core issues. Furthermore, this paper examines who are most susceptible to this type of polarization. Analyses on the 2021 Dutch Parliamentary Election Study reveal that citizens hold different perceptions than their political opponents about income inequality, immigration, and climate change. This type of polarization is strongest among citizens who have hostile feelings toward their political opponents and, paradoxically, among those who are highly educated and interested in politics. Trust in epistemic authorities did not mitigate factual belief polarization, perhaps because this trust has itself become politicized. These findings underline that factual belief polarization constitutes a core pillar of political polarization, alongside ideological and affective polarization.
Effects of multi-color femtosecond laser beams and external electric field on transition-Cherenkov THz radiation
Authors: Molavi Choobini A. A. , Aghamir F. M.
Published: October 2022

Terahertz (THz) radiation via transition-Cherenkov mechanism through effects of multi-color femtosecond laser beams and an external electric field is investigated. In this scheme, the electromagnetic radiation driven by the nonlinear longitudinal current density during two- and three-color filamentation has been evaluated. Variations of the electric field of generated THz waves based on the number of harmonics have been considered. The findings indicate that the addition of the second and third harmonic of laser pulse enhances the THz radiation of filament. The superposition of harmonics of the laser pulse increases the dipole-like current density behind the ionization front, and when the velocity of the ionization front exceeds the light speed, the enhanced Cherenkov radiation electric field generates stronger THz radiation in the far-field zone. The angular distribution of radiation pattern in the forward direction was obtained, and the effects of different parameters on generated THz wave patterns were examined. The polarization of laser pulses and the ionization rate as well as the length of filament play a crucial role in the generation of peak frequency and bandwidth of the THz radiation spectrum. The present study shows that an external electric field induces more dipole-like current density leading to an increase in radiation power with no change in directivity.
Discrete mobility-spectrum analysis and its application to transport studies in HgCdTe
Authors: Izhnin I. I. , Mynbaev K. D. , Voitsekhovskii A. V. , Korotaev A. G.
Published: October 2022

A detailed consideration of the discrete mobility-spectrum analysis (DMSA) method and its application to transport studies in HgCdTe is given. First, a brief review of the methods of the analysis of field dependences of the Hall coefficient and conductivity in HgCdTe-based structures with a multi-carrier mobility spectrum is presented. The advantages and drawbacks of these methods, which include original mobility-spectrum analysis by Beck and Anderson, multi-carrier fitting and iterative approach by Dziuba and Górska, and the later developments of these techniques, are considered. The properties of the envelope of the mobility spectrum are analyzed, and the specifics of DMSA are presented. Analysis of some magnetic-field B dependences of conductivity tensor components σxx(B) and σxy(B) presented in the literature is performed with DMSA, and the results are compared to those obtained with other methods.
Effects of different He+ irradiating ion energies on the evolution behavior of helium bubbles in dispersion-strengthened NiMo–Y2O3NP alloys
Authors: Liu Awen , Huang Hefei , Zhu Zhenbo , Li Ruoyu , Ji Weichi , Li Yan
Published: October 2022

The nickel-based NiMo–Y2O3NP alloy has been identified as a potential structural material to be used for advanced reactors. In this study, the microstructural evolution behavior of oxide-dispersion-strengthened NiMo–Y2O3 alloys irradiated with He+ ions possessing different incident particle energies (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 MeV) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, simulation calculations, and nanoindentation tests. The experimental results showed that helium bubbles were generated in all three irradiated samples of the NiMo–Y2O3NP alloy, where more than half of the bubbles were smaller than 4 nm in diameter. As the energy of the incident He+ irradiating ion increased, the number density of helium bubbles decreased, but their average size increased within the tolerance of the error, inducing an increase in the volume fraction of helium bubbles in the damage peak region. This could be attributed to the decrease in helium concentration and increase in the ratio of vacancies to helium atoms (Vac./He) in helium bubbles in the damage peak region. In addition, the average nanohardness of the irradiated samples S1, S2, and S3 was higher than that of the unirradiated sample S0. In this study, we evaluated the effects of He+ irradiating ion energy on the evolution behavior of helium bubbles in the alloy, providing a reference for further research on the evolution behavior of helium-induced damage defects of structural materials.
Time-resolved velocity and ion sound speed measurements from simultaneous bow shock imaging and inductive probe measurements
Authors: Datta R. , Russell D. R. , Tang I. , Clayson T. , Suttle L. G. , Chittenden J. P. , Lebedev S. V. , Hare J. D.
Published: October 2022

We present a technique to measure the time-resolved velocity and ion sound speed in magnetized, supersonic high-energy-density plasmas. We place an inductive (“b-dot”) probe in a supersonic pulsed-power-driven plasma flow and measure the magnetic field advected by the plasma. As the magnetic Reynolds number is large (RM > 10), the plasma flow advects a magnetic field proportional to the current at the load. This enables us to estimate the flow velocity as a function of time from the delay between the current at the load and the signal at the probe. The supersonic flow also generates a hydrodynamic bow shock around the probe, the structure of which depends on the upstream sonic Mach number. By imaging the shock around the probe with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, we determine the upstream Mach number from the shock Mach angle, which we then use to determine the ion sound speed from the known upstream velocity. We use the sound speed to infer the value of Z̄Te, where Z̄ is the average ionization and Te is the electron temperature. We use this diagnostic to measure the time-resolved velocity and sound speed of a supersonic (MS ∼ 8), super-Alfvénic (MA ∼ 2) aluminum plasma generated during the ablation stage of an exploding wire array on the Magpie generator (1.4 MA, 250 ns). The velocity and Z̄Te measurements agree well with the optical Thompson scattering measurements reported in the literature and with 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations in GORGON.
γ-Surfaces for molecular crystal cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (β-HMX)
Authors: Zhang Zhaocheng , Picu Catalin R.
Published: October 2022

The γ-surface represents the energetic cost associated with relative, rigid body sliding of crystal planes and contains useful information related to plastic deformation of the respective crystal. Here, we present γ-surfaces for the most active glide planes of the energetic molecular crystal cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine in the monoclinic β phase, i.e., (101) and (011), at pressures up to 15 GPa. We observe the existence of stable staking faults in both planes and at all pressures and report the increase in the stacking fault energy with pressure. We also report the energetic barriers for sliding along minimum energy paths in various directions contained in these planes as well as the critical resolved shear stress at which the crystal becomes unstable in the absence of crystal defects. [100] traces of the γ-surface for multiple planes such as (001), (010), and (021) are further evaluated in view of the previously reported importance of this slip direction for dislocation cross-slip. It is observed that increasing the pressure does not modify the topology of the γ-surface in an essential way, which implies that although barriers for slip increase, the general phenomenology of dislocation motion is not modified qualitatively by the pressure. The energy barriers increase faster with pressure in the (011) plane, and hence, it is implied that the (101) plane is the most active glide plane at high pressures. The results are generally relevant for studies of plastic deformation in this molecular crystal.
Predicted performance of a tangential viewing hard x-ray camera for the DIII-D high field side lower hybrid current drive experiment
Authors: Rutherford Grant , Seltzman Andrew H. , Wukitch Stephen J.
Published: October 2022

High field side launch of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) has improved accessibility and penetration over low field side launch on DIII-D. Simulations predict single pass absorption under a wide range of plasma conditions. Hard x-ray (HXR) measurement of LHCD generated fast electron bremsstrahlung (50–250 keV) will validate wave propagation and absorption. Emissivity profiles are recovered from one-dimensional inversion of HXR brightness to determine LH damping location, fast electron slowing down time, and some indication of the fast electron energy. The camera will be implemented by populating 32 tangential sightlines of the existing Gamma Ray Imager with Kromek SPEARTM Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors sensitive to 10–1000 keV photons with 10 keV energy resolution. Expected count rates allow for <0.5 ms time resolution. Pulses are processed using 50 ns shaping time Cremat CR-200 Gaussian shaping modules and are digitized by 25 MHz D-TACQ ACQ216 digitizers. The performance of the HXR camera is evaluated by comparing predicted fast electron density profiles and inverted synthetic brightnesses obtained from the ray-tracing/Fokker–Planck codes GENRAY/CQL3D. Inversions closely matched predicted fast electron profiles for a range of experimental parameters.
Diagnosing the pedestal magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamics radial structure with pedestal–scrape of layer electron cyclotron emission radiation inversion in H-mode plasma (invited)
Authors: Yu G. , Zhu Y. , Austin M. , Chen Y. , Cao J. , Diallo A. , Kramer G. , Li Z. , Li X. , Liu X. , Nazikian R. , Zheng Y. , Luhmann N. C.
Published: October 2022

Forward modeling is used to interpret inversion patterns of the pedestal–Scrape of Layer (SOL) Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) in DIII-D H-mode experiments. The modeling not only significantly improves the ECE data interpretation quality but also leads to the potential measurements of (1) the magnetic field strength |B| at the separatrix, (2) the pedestal |B| evolution during an inter-Edge Localized Mode (ELM) period, and (3) the pedestal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) radial structure. The ECE shine-through effect leads to three types of pedestal–SOL radiation inversions that are discussed in this paper. The first type of inversion is the non-monotonic Te,rad profile with respect to the major radius. Using the ECE frequency at the minimum Te,rad, the inversion can be applied to measure the magnetic field |B| at the separatrix and calibrate the mapping of the ECE channels with respect to the separatrix. The second type of inversion refers to the opposite phase between the radiation fluctuations δTe,rad at the pedestal and SOL. This δTe,rad phase inversion is sensitive to density and temperature fluctuations at the pedestal foot and, thus, can be used to qualitatively measure the MHD radial structure. The third type of inversion appears when the pedestal and SOL Te,rad evolve in an opposite trend, which can be used to infer the pedestal |B| field change during an inter-ELM period. The bandwidth effect on measuring δTe,rad due to pedestal MHD is also investigated in the radiation modeling.
Engineering porous membranes mimicking in vivo basement membrane for organ-on-chips applications
Authors: Youn Jaeseung , Kim Dong Sung
Published: October 2022

Porous membrane-based microfluidic chips are frequently used for developing in vitro tissue-barrier models, the so-called tissue barriers-on-chips (TBoCs). The porous membrane in a TBoC plays a crucial role as an alternative to an in vivo basement membrane (BM). To improve the physiological relevance of an artificial porous membrane, it should possess complex BM-like characteristics from both biophysical and biochemical perspectives. For practical use, artificial membranes should have high mechanical robustness, and their fabrication processes should be conducive to mass production. There have been numerous approaches to accomplishing these requirements in BM-like porous membranes. Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels have emerged as physiologically relevant materials for developing artificial BMs; they remarkably improve the phenotypes and functions of both cells and their layers when compared to previous synthetic porous membranes. However, for practical use, the poor mechanical robustness of ECM membranes needs to be improved. Recently, an advanced ECM membrane reinforced with a nanofiber scaffold has been introduced that possesses both BM-like characteristics and practical applicability. This advanced ECM membrane is expected to promote not only in vivo-like cellular functions but also cellular responses to drugs, which in turn further facilitates the practical applications of TBoCs.
Physics captured by data-based methods in El Niño prediction
Authors: Lancia G. , Goede I. J. , Spitoni C. , Dijkstra H.
Published: October 2022

On average once every four years, the Tropical Pacific warms considerably during events called El Niño, leading to weather disruptions over many regions on Earth. Recent machine-learning approaches to El Niño prediction, in particular, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown a surprisingly high skill at relatively long lead times. In an attempt to understand this high skill, we here use data from distorted physics simulations with the intermediate-complexity Zebiak–Cane model to determine what aspects of El Niño physics are represented in a specific CNN-based classification method. We find that the CNN can adequately correct for distortions in the ocean adjustment processes, but that the machine-learning method has far more trouble in dealing with distortions in upwelling feedback strength.
Non-Kramers iron S = 2 ions in β-Ga2O3 crystals: High-frequency low-temperature EPR study
Authors: Babunts R. A. , Gurin A. S. , Edinach E. V. , Drouhin H.-J. , Safarov V. I. , Baranov P. G.
Published: October 2022

Using high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we have observed non-Kramers ions with giant fine structure splitting of the order of 100 GHz in n-type β-Ga2O3 crystals. These EPR spectra were assigned to Fe2+ ions 5D (3d 6) with S = 2. This interpretation was supported by experiments on Fermi level displacement induced by high-energy electron irradiation and photoexcitation of irradiated samples with 405-nm laser light. The values and signs of the basic parameters of the spin Hamiltonian for ions, namely Cr3+ (S = 3/2) and Fe3+ (S = 5/2), were identified, and the order of their spin levels was established.
Ionic liquid modulation of exchange bias in epitaxial LaMnO3 thin films
Authors: Zhao Xu Wen , Ng Sheung Mei , Wong Lok Wing , Wong Hon Fai , Liu Yu Kuai , Cheng Wang Fai , Mak Chee Leung , Zhao Jiong , Leung Chi Wah
Published: October 2022

The magnetic ground state of LaMnO3 (LMO) thin film is still a controversial issue, even though various mechanisms, such as cation/anion non-stoichiometry, epitaxial strain, interfacial charge reconstruction, and orbital ordering, have been proposed. Here, exchange bias (EB) was introduced into a high-quality epitaxial LMO thin film via relatively low oxygen growth pressure. The EB in LMO was modulated by +2 V gating via ionic liquid method with increased EB field (HEB), coercivity (HC), blocking temperature (TB), and reduced ferromagnetic (FM) magnetization. However, the −2 V gating has a much weaker tunability. By investigating the change of structure, surface morphology, and Mn oxidation state in LMO thin films, the modulation of magnetic properties is attributed to the creation/annihilation of oxygen vacancy in an LMO thin film. The suppressed FM phase in LMO can be ascribed to reduced Mn valence, structure disorders, and structure transition. However, the enriched antiferromagnetic phase results from the transition of the pseudocubic structure to the distorted orthorhombic structure. This work not only highlights the importance of functional defects in perovskite oxides but also sheds light on the potential of electric-field modulation of magnetism in spintronic devices.
On the averaging principle for stochastic differential equations involving Caputo fractional derivative
Authors: Xiao Guanli , Fečkan Michal , Wang JinRong
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we investigate the averaging principle for Caputo-type fractional stochastic differential equations driven by Brownian motion. Different from the approach of integration by parts or decomposing integral interval to deal with the estimation of integral involving singular kernel in the existing literature, we show the desired averaging principle in the sense of mean square by using Hölder inequality via growth conditions on the nonlinear stochastic term. Finally, a simulation example is given to verify the theoretical results.
Rosette-induced separation of T cells by acoustophoresis
Authors: Vijayakumar V. , Dabbi J. M. , Walker J. L. , Mertiri A. , Christianson R. J. , Fiering J.
Published: October 2022

Breakthrough cell therapies for the treatment of cancers require the separation of specific cells, such as T cells, from the patient's blood. Current cell therapy processes rely on magnetic separation, which adds clinical risk and requires elevated manufacturing controls due to the added foreign material that constitutes the magnetic beads. Acoustophoresis, a method that uses ultrasound for cell separation, has demonstrated label-free enrichment of T cells from blood, but residual other lymphocytes limit the ultimate purity of the output T cell product. Here, to increase the specificity of acoustophoresis, we use affinity reagents to conjugate red blood cells with undesired white blood cells, resulting in a cell–cell complex (rosette) of increased acoustic mobility. We achieve up to 99% purity of T cells from blood products, comparable to current standards of magnetic separation, yet without the addition of separation particles.
Response to “Comment on ‘The effects of radio-frequency bias on electron density in an inductively coupled plasma reactor’” [J. Appl. Phys. 132, 156101 (2022)]
Authors: Sobolewski M. A. , Kim J.-H.
Published: October 2022

The rf-bias-induced decreases in plasma electron density observed by us [J. Appl. Phys. 102, 113302 (2007)] and others [Fox-Lyon et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 32, 030601 (2014)] are better explained by changes in gas composition, rather than neutral gas depletion.
Lagrangian particle simulation of hydrogen pellets and SPI into runaway electron beam in ITER
Authors: Yuan Shaohua , Naitlho Nizar , Samulyak Roman , Pégourié Bernard , Nardon Eric , Hollmann Eric , Parks Paul , Lehnen Michael
Published: October 2022

Numerical studies of the ablation of pellets and shattered pellet injection (SPI) fragments into a runaway electron beam in ITER have been performed using a time-dependent pellet ablation code [Samulyak et al., Nucl. Fusion, 61(4), 046007 (2021)]. The code resolves detailed ablation physics near pellet fragments and large-scale expansion of ablated clouds. The study of a single-fragment ablation quantifies the influence of various factors, in particular, the impact ionization by runaway electrons and cross-field transport models, on the dynamics of ablated plasma and its penetration into the runaway beam. Simulations of SPI performed using different numbers of pellet fragments study the formation and evolution of the ablation clouds and their large-scale dynamics in ITER. The penetration depth of the ablation clouds is found to be of the order of 50 cm.
A high-performance and broadband two-dimensional perovskite-based photodetector via van der Waals integration
Authors: Lu Yueheng , Sun Xiao , Zhou Huabin , Lai Haojie , Liu Ran , Liu Pengyi , Zhou Yang , Xie Weiguang
Published: October 2022

Van der Waals (vdW) integration of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets provides the possibility to design optoelectronic devices with extended functionality in a controllable manner. Here, by leveraging the appropriate energy band alignment and the high-efficiency charge transfer at the junction, we construct the MoS2/graphene/2D-perovskite vdW heterostructure, which realizes the highly sensitive and broadband photodetection. Particularly, at the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength (λ = 1550 nm), the heterostructure photodetector shows a balanced trade-off between the high responsivity (>3000 A/W) and fast response time (<1 ms), outperforming the previously reported NIR photodetectors based on all-inorganic vdW heterostructures. Our work not only extends the response wavelength of the 2D hybrid perovskite-based photodetector to the NIR range, but also offers additional insight into optoelectronic devices via vdW integration engineering.
The influence of magnetic vortices motion on the inverse ac Josephson effect in asymmetric arrays
Authors: Chesca Boris , Gaifullin Marat , John Daniel , Cox Jonathan , Savel'ev Sergey , Mellor Christopher
Published: October 2022

We report on the influence a preferential magnetic vortices motion has on the magnitude of the inverse ac Josephson effect (the appearance of dc current Shapiro steps) and the coherent operation of asymmetrical parallel arrays of YBa2Cu3O7−δ Josephson junctions (JJ) irradiated with microwave (MW) radiation in the presence of an applied magnetic field B. The preferential direction of motion of the Josephson vortices is due to the asymmetry-induced ratchet effect and has a dramatic impact: for a particular positive dc bias current I when the flux-flow is robust multiple pronounced Shapiro-steps are observed consistent with a coherent operation of the array. This suggests an efficient emission/detection of MW in related applications. In contrast, when we reverse the direction of I, the flux-flow is reduced and the Shapiro steps are strongly suppressed due to a highly incoherent operation that suggests an inefficient emission/detection of MW. Remarkably, by changing B slightly, the situation is reversed: Shapiro steps are now suppressed for a positive I while well pronounced for a reverse current −I. Our results suggest that a preferential vortex-flow has a very significant impact on the coherent MW operation of superconducting devices consisting of either multiple JJs or an asymmetrically biased single long JJ. This is particularly relevant in the case of flux-flow oscillators for sub-terahertz integrated-receivers, flux-driven Josephson (travelling-wave) parametric amplifiers, or on-chip superconducting MW generators, which usually operate at bias currents in the Shapiro step region.
Experimental and computational investigation of solid suspension and gas dispersion in a stirred vessel
Authors: Ashraf Ali Basheer , B Kumar , Madana Venkata Sai Teja
Published: October 2022

Hydrodynamics and residence time distribution (RTD) of fluid elements are key parameters to characterize the performance of stirred vessel. They are governed by geometric and operating parameters of the stirred vessel (SV). In the present work, the performance of the stirred vessel is studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with realizable k−ε turbulence model. The multiple reference frame and sliding mesh approach are used for impeller motion. The solid–liquid flow and associated solid suspension characteristics are predicted using the two-fluid model (Euler–Granular). The performance of the stirred vessel is characterized by analyzing predicted velocity magnitude, solid concentration (suspension quality), and solid sedimentation. This is compared with the stirred vessel with draft tube baffle configuration (three inner baffles and six outer baffles). The recirculatory flow in draft tube SV helps to achieve uniform suspension and less sedimentation. Further, CFD simulations are carried out in Lagrangian way to analyze chaotic mixing among fluid elements. This is qualitatively analyzed using Poincaré map and quantitatively evaluated using Shannon entropy. The extent of chaotic mixing in draft tube SV is found to be high. The performance of the stirred vessel is further investigated through stimulus–response tracer techniques (RTD) to detect design flaws such as bypass and dead zones. This is analyzed for a wide range of operating parameters and identified optimum conditions (flow rate, impeller speed) for the operation of SV. The four different outlet pipe locations are chosen in SV. The bypass and dead volume are analyzed accordingly, and an optimum outlet pipe location is found. To reduce the extent of non-ideal parameters, three different gas source locations are considered and gases are dispersed in the form of bubbles. The gas dispersion at optimum gas injection point is found to reduce non-ideal parameters and improve the design of stirred vessel.
Myosin turnover controls actomyosin contractile instability
Authors: Thiyagarajan Sathish , Wang Shuyuan , Chew Ting Gang , Huang Junqi , Kumar Lokesh , Balasubramanian Mohan K. , O’Shaughnessy Ben
Published: October 2022

Actomyosin contractile force produced by myosin II molecules that bind and pull actin filaments is harnessed for diverse functions, from cell division by the cytokinetic contractile ring to morphogenesis driven by supracellular actomyosin networks during development. However, actomyosin contractility is intrinsically unstable to self-reinforcing spatial variations that may destroy the actomyosin architecture if unopposed. How cells control this threat is not established, and while large myosin fluctuations and punctateness are widely reported, the full course of the instability in cells has not been observed. Here, we observed the instability run its full course in isolated cytokinetic contractile rings in cell ghosts where component turnover processes are absent. Unprotected by turnover, myosin II merged hierarchically into aggregates with increasing amounts of myosin and increasing separation, up to a maximum separation. Molecularly explicit simulations reproduced the hierarchical aggregation which precipitated tension loss and ring fracture and identified the maximum separation as the length of actin filaments mediating mechanical communication between aggregates. In the final simulated dead-end state, aggregates were morphologically quiescent, including asters with polarity-sorted actin, similar to the dead-end state observed in actomyosin systems in vitro. Our results suggest the myosin II turnover time controls actomyosin contractile instability in normal cells, long enough for aggregation to build robust aggregates but sufficiently short to intercept catastrophic hierarchical aggregation and fracture.
Interacting with an embodied interface
Authors: Lee Kwan Min , Lee Jae-gil , Sah Young June
Published: October 2022

Despite their potential for facilitating interaction between a user and computer, an embodied agent and voice command have
not been examined enough for their matching effects. The current study proposes that an embodied agent and voice command generate positive
evaluative outcomes, particularly when they are accompanied by each other. To test this prediction, we conducted a 2 (visual output:
embodied agent vs. geometric figure) × 2 (input modality: voice command vs. remote controller)
between-subjects experiment (N = 52), and examined whether visual output and input modality jointly influence participants’
social attribution (i.e., anthropomorphism, animacy, likability, and perceived intelligence), social presence, and satisfaction. Results
show that voice command does facilitate users’ social attribution and social presence, but only when an embodied agent was presented. Also,
the effects of voice command on social presence and satisfaction were mediated by anthropomorphism and perceived intelligence respectively,
but only when the interface displayed an embodied agent. The present study evidences the holistic nature of human-computer interaction,
revealing the importance of matches in the input and output interface.
The road to the brain in Timothy syndrome is paved with enhanced CaV1.2 activation gating
Authors: Ferron Laurent , Zamponi Gerald W.
Published: October 2022

Specific gating effects of Timothy syndrome CaV1.2 channel mutations determine cardiovascular versus nervous system deficits.
Discretization of parameter identification in PDEs using neural networks
Authors: Kaltenbacher Barbara , Nguyen Tram Thi Ngoc
Published: October 2022

We consider the ill-posed inverse problem of identifying a nonlinearity in a time-dependent partial differential equation model. The nonlinearity is approximated by a neural network (NN), and needs to be determined alongside other unknown physical parameters and the unknown state. Hence, it is not possible to construct input–output data pairs to perform a supervised training process. Proposing an all-at-once approach, we bypass the need for training data and recover all the unknowns simultaneously. In the general case, the approximation via a NN can be realized as a discretization scheme, and the training with noisy data can be viewed as an ill-posed inverse problem. Therefore, we study discretization of regularization in terms of Tikhonov and projected Landweber methods for discretization of inverse problems, and prove convergence when the discretization error (network approximation error) and the noise level tend to zero.
Mitigating reverse emission in electroaerodynamic thrusters
Authors: Gomez-Vega Nicolas , Kambhampaty Jayaprakash D , Barrett Steven R H
Published: October 2022

Electroaerodynamic (EAD) thrusters have the potential to become a quieter and solid-state alternative to propellers in unmanned aircraft. An EAD thruster produces ions from atmospheric air and accelerates them across an electric field between two electrodes: an emitter, where ions are produced; and a collector, where they are neutralized. As ions drift from the emitter to the collector, they collide with neutral air molecules and transfer momentum to them, resulting in an ionic wind and a thrust force. Reverse emission from the collector is a major non-ideal effect in EAD systems that can reduce the efficiency of EAD thrusters: it increases the power draw of the device and eventually leads to electrical breakdown and sparking. Here, we perform a parametric study with a wire-to-cylinder electrode geometry using positive and negative corona discharges as well as wire-to-wire dielectric barrier discharges as ion sources. We show that reverse ion emission is primarily caused by a gas discharge at the tips of the cylindrical collectors, which increases current without contributing to thrust and produces audible noise. We identify three ways to mitigate reverse emission: increasing the collector diameter, increasing the collector span with respect to the emitter span, and attaching hemispherical end caps to the collector. By mitigating reverse emission, we show that the power draw of an EAD thruster can be significantly reduced (by up to 64% in our particular configuration) while still delivering the same thrust.
Deformation measurement within lithium-ion battery using sparse-view computed tomography and digital image correlation
Authors: Wu Yapeng , Sun Liang , Zhang Xiangchun , Yang Min , Tan Dalong , Hai Chao , Liu Jing , Wang Juntao
Published: October 2022

Electrode deformation can cause high local strain and serious capacity degradation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during cycling. Risk reduction in many applications requires an understanding of the effects of the charging/discharging rate on the electrode structure during the battery life cycle. Cyclic charging/discharging experiments of wound 18 650 cylindrical LIBs were conducted at different charging/discharging rates (1C and 2C) to determine the effect of rate on electrode deformation. The charging/discharging capacity as well as battery voltage and time were analyzed during cycling. To acquire electrode deformation images and meet the requirements of computed tomography (CT) within 2 min during the charging/discharging process, sparse-view CT was performed at fixed cycle intervals. Subsequently, a sparse-view reconstruction network was proposed to generate a slice image. Finally, the electrode displacement and strain fields were calculated using the augmented Lagrangian digital image correlation algorithm. The causes of electrode deformation were analyzed and discussed from the perspective of molecular and macroscopic structure. Experimental results show that the structural similarity, peak signal-to-noise ratio and root mean square error in the reconstructed image of the axial section within the battery obtained via the proposed network were 0.9616, 38.7411 dB and 0.0108, respectively, which were better than the other methods of comparison. After 100 cycles, the capacity decay of the battery at 2C was 9.23-fold higher than that at 1C. After 100 cycles at 2C, the maximum displacement of the electrode reached 0.46 mm along the x-direction. The electrode structural deformation of the battery can be intuitively understood at different rates, which facilitates reasonable utilization and structural optimization of the battery.
A novel CNN ensemble framework for bearing surface defects classification based on transfer learning
Authors: Ma Jiajun , Liu Maolin , Hu Songyu , Fu Jianzhong , Chen Gui , Yang Aixi
Published: October 2022

Bearing surface defect detection and classification methods based on machine vision have been widely used in bearing quality inspection due to their high-speed, high-precision, and non-contact advantages. However, traditional machine vision algorithms have low reusability and their development processes are often expensive and time consuming. Several deep learning-based bearing surface defect detection methods have been proposed. However, these deep learning models often require a large number of datasets, which is often difficult to achieve in the actual industry. Transfer learning provides a promising solution to the small sample difficulties associated with deep learning. However, the complexity of the illumination conditions and the huge differences between bearing dataset and ImageNet dataset make it impossible to use the current single model-based transfer learning for bearing defect detection. In this study, we propose a novel transitive transfer learning convolutional neural network (CNN) ensemble framework for classifying bearing surface defects. Only small-scale datasets are needed in this framework. A transfer path and transfer method selection strategy for transitive transfer learning is then proposed to train the deep learning models, which enhances the feature extraction ability of the CNN models on the basis of multiple illuminations. Ablation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed transitive transfer learning CNN ensemble framework has the accuracy rate of 97.51%. The average time for detecting each bearing is 155 ms, which can meet the requirements of industrial online detection.
Room-temperature nanojoining of silver nanowires by graphene oxide for highly conductive flexible transparent electrodes
Authors: Ding Su , Zhang Shucheng , Yin Tong , Zhang He , Wang Chenxi , Wang Yong , Li Qikun , Zhou Nan , Su Fengyu , Jiang Zhi , Tan Dan , Yang Rusen
Published: October 2022

Flexible transparent electrodes for touch panels, solar cells, and wearable electronics are in great demand in recent years, and the silver nanowire (AgNW) flexible transparent electrode (FTE) is among the top candidates due to its excellent light transmittance and flexibility and the highest conductivity of silver among all metals. However, the conductivity of an AgNWs network has long been limited by the large contact resistance. Here we show a room-temperature solution process to tackle the challenge by nanojoining AgNWs with two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO). The conductivity of the AgNWs network is improved 18 times due to the enhanced junctions between AgNWs by the coated GOs, and the AgNW-GO FTE exhibits a low sheet resistance of 23 Ohm sq−1 and 88% light transmittance. It is stable under high temperature and current and their flexibility is intact after 1000 cycles of bending. Measurements of a bifunctional electrochromic device shows the high performance of the AgNW-GO FTE as a FTE.
Synergistic effects of nano-structured WO3-Se heterojunction decorated by organic Nafion layer on improving photoelectrochemical performance
Authors: Zhao Zhefei , Zhu Mengkai , Luo Xingyu , Cheng Hongbo , Chen Hongsong , Xuan Weidong , Zheng Huajun
Published: October 2022

Exploration of high-performance photoanodes is considered as an essential challenge in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting due to the complex four-electron reaction in water oxidation. Herein, the nano-structured WO3-Se heterojunction decorated by organic Nafion layer is designed. The optimized WO3-Se200-0.05Nafion photoanode shows a remarkable photocurrent of 1.40 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which is 2.5-fold higher than that of pure WO3 nanosheets (WO3 NS) photoelectrode. Remarkably, the photocurrent increments of WO3-Se200-0.05Nafion is larger than the increment sum of WO3-Se200 and WO3-0.05Nafion, which affirming the synergistic effect of Se nanospheres and Nafion layer. The improved PEC performances are attributed to the quick charge separation and transfer, the increased electric conductivity, and the excellent kinetics of oxygen evolution, which is derived from the strong interaction among WO3, Se and Nafion. Meanwhile, the better visible-light harvesting from Se nanospheres as photosensitizer and the induction of transparent Nafion as a passivation layer can explain this synergy. It hopes this heterostructure design with organic Nafion decoration can inspire to exploit outstanding performance photoanodes for PEC water splitting.
3D printing of flexible strain sensor based on MWCNTs/flexible resin composite
Authors: Bai Dezhi , Liu Fuxi , Xie Deqiao , Lv Fei , Shen Lida , Tian Zongjun
Published: October 2022

The flexible strain sensor is an indispensable part in flexible integrated electronic systems and an important intermediate in external mechanical signal acquisition. The 3D printing technology provides a fast and cheap way to manufacture flexible strain sensors. In this paper, a MWCNTs/flexible resin composite for photocuring 3D printing was prepared using mechanical mixing method. The composite has a low percolation threshold (1.2% ωt). Based on the composite material, a flexible strain sensor with high performance was fabricated using digital light processing technology. The sensor has a GF of 8.98 under strain conditions ranging between 0% and 40% and a high elongation at break (48%). The sensor presents mechanical hysteresis under cyclic loading. With the increase of the strain amplitude, the mechanical hysteresis becomes more obvious. At the same time, the resistance response signal of the sensor shows double peaks during the unloading process, which is caused by the competition of disconnection and reconstruction of conductive network in the composite material. The test results show that the sensor has different response signals to different types of loads. Finally, its practicability is verified by applying it to balloon pressure detection.
Room-temperature highly sensitive and selective NH3 gas sensor using vertically aligned WS2 nanosheets
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Saini Rajan , Gupta Govind , Late Dattatray J
Published: October 2022

Here, we report the room temperature (35 °C) NH3 gas sensor device made from WS2 nanosheets obtained via a facile and low-cost probe sonication method. The gas-sensing properties of devices made from these nanosheets were examined for various analytes such as ammonia, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. The fabricated gas sensor is selective towards NH3 and exhibits excellent sensitivity, faster response, and recovery time in comparison to previously reported values. The device can detect NH3 down to 5 ppm, much below the maximum allowed workspace NH3 level (20 ppm), and have a sensing response of the order of 112% with a response and recovery time of 54 s and 66 s, respectively. On the other hand, a sensor made from nanostructures has a bit longer recovery time than a device made from nanosheets. This was attributed to the fact that NH3 molecules adsorbed on the surface site and those trapped in between WS2 layers may have different adsorption energies . In the latter case, desorption becomes difficult and may give rise to slower recovery as noticed. Further, stiffened Raman modes upon exposure to NH3 reveal strong electron-phonon interaction between NH3 and the WS2 channel. The present work highlights the potential use of scaled two-dimensional nanosheets in sensing devices and particularly when used with inter-digitized electrodes, may offer enhanced performance.
Deep feature-domain matching for cardiac-related component separation from a chest electrical impedance tomography image series: proof-of-concept study
Authors: Zhang Ke , Li Maokun , Liang Haiqing , Wang Juan , Yang Fan , Xu Shenheng , Abubakar Aria
Published: October 2022

Objectives. The cardiac-related component in chest electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurement is of potential value to pulmonary perfusion monitoring and cardiac function measurement. In a spontaneous breathing case, cardiac-related signals experience serious interference from ventilation-related signals. Traditional cardiac-related signal-separation methods are usually based on certain features of signals. To further improve the separation accuracy, more comprehensive features of the signals should be exploited. Approach. We propose an unsupervised deep-learning method called deep feature-domain matching (DFDM), which exploits the feature-domain similarity of the desired signals and the breath-holding signals. This method is characterized by two sub-steps. In the first step, a novel Siamese network is designed and trained to learn common features of breath-holding signals; in the second step, the Siamese network is used as a feature-matching constraint between the separated signals and the breath-holding signals. Main results. The method is first tested using synthetic data, and the results show satisfactory separation accuracy. The method is then tested using the data of three patients with pulmonary embolism, and the consistency between the separated images and the radionuclide perfusion scanning images is checked qualitatively. Significance. The method uses a lightweight convolutional neural network for fast network training and inference. It is a potential method for dynamic cardiac-related signal separation in clinical settings.
Two-color laser scattering for diagnostics of hydrogen plasma
Authors: Sobczuk Franciszek , Dzierżȩga Krzysztof , Zawadzki Witold , Pokrzywka Bartłomiej , Stambulchik Evgeny
Published: October 2022

A two-color laser scattering (2CLS) method is proposed to measure electron and neutral densities, as well as electron and ion temperatures in hydrogen plasma. 2CLS uses two probe wavelengths to identify the Rayleigh scattering and Thomson scattering contributions coming from neutrals and electrons, respectively. Laser scattering signals were simulated for various conditions of a hydrogen plasma at thermodynamic equilibrium applying the available and calculated cross-sections for Rayleigh scattering by ground-sate and excited hydrogen atoms at probe wavelengths of 355 nm and 532 nm. The developed 2CLS method was eventually applied to study the laser-induced plasma in hydrogen at near atmospheric pressure. Temporally and spatially resolved electron and ion temperatures and densities of electrons and hydrogen atoms (ground-state and excited) were determined.
Dynamic features of the electron drift and electron properties in a HiPIMS discharge
Authors: Dubois Thibault , Tsikata Sedina , Minea Tiberiu
Published: October 2022

Information on the evolution of electron properties during high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) operation of planar magnetrons enables the study of fundamental physical processes. In this work, incoherent Thomson scattering is implemented for the non-invasive, spatiotemporally-resolved characterization of electron properties and drifts in the HiPIMS regime of a planar magnetron. In the ionization region of argon and helium plasmas, the azimuthal electron drifts are directly measured perpendicular to the magnetic field and are found to evolve according to a changing balance of E × B and diamagnetic electron drifts, while radial electron drifts, measured parallel to the magnetic field, can be attributed to plasma expansion/contraction and centrifugal forces. The evolutions of electron density and temperature in the afterglow plasma phase show the existence of two time scales for the variation of plasma properties. These characterizations provide detailed information on electron properties and dynamics in regions of the magnetic trap ordinarily inaccessible to invasive diagnostics.