bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Trenova Anastasiya G. , Slavov Georgi S. , Manova Maria G. , Aksentieva Jana B. , Miteva Lyuba D. , Stanilova Spaska A.
Published: October 2016

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a socially significant immune-mediated disease, characterized by demyelination, axonal transection and oligodendropathy in the central nervous system. Inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration lead to brain atrophy and cognitive deficit in up to 75% of the patients. Cognitive dysfunctions impact significantly patients’ quality of life, independently from the course and phase of the disease.

The relationship between pathological brain findings and cognitive impairment is a subject of intensive research.

Summarizing recent data about prevalence, clinical specificity and treatment of cognitive disorders in MS, this review aims to motivate the necessity of early diagnosis and complex therapeutic approach to these disturbances in order to reduce the social burden of the disease.
Sub-Surface Microwave Imaging Using Four-Slot Vivaldi Antenna with Improved Directivity
Authors: Akhter Zubair , Kumar Pankaj , Akhtar M. Jaleel
Published: October 2016

The conventional tapered slot Vivaldi antenna is well known for its ultra-wide band characteristics with low directivity. To improve the directivity of the conventional Vivaldi antenna, a four-slot Vivaldi antenna (FSVA) is proposed here to operate in the frequency range of 2–11 GHz. For feeding the FSVA, a binomial three-section V-shaped even mode power divider with progressing T-junctions is also designed and tested here, which is then integrated with the antenna. The proposed antenna prototype is designed and fabricated on a 1-mm thick FR-4 substrate (ɛr=4.3, tanδ=0.025), and the return loss and radiation characteristics are investigated in the anechoic environment. The measured result shows a good agreement with the numerical simulation performed using the EM Simulator i. e. CST MWS-2015. It is found that the directivity of FSVA is approximately doubled as compared to that of the conventional Vivaldi antenna having the same dimensions. From the application point of view, the fabricated antenna is used to image various metallic objects hidden inside the sand using a vector network analyzer and associated RF components. The obtained 2D microwave images of the test media successfully show that the hidden objects can effectively be located and detected using the proposed FSVA in conjunction with a simple imaging scheme.
An Efficient, Wideband, CPW-Fed Antenna Based on Simplified Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line
Authors: Li Zhaozhan , Zhou Cheng , Lin Yanhong
Published: October 2016

A wideband electrically small antenna (ESA) based on simplified composite right/left-handed transmission line (SCRLH-TL) is designed, fabricated and tested. The antenna consists of two different sized SCRLH-TL unit cells with different+1st-order mode resonance frequencies. The wideband property of antenna is achieved when these two+1st-order mode resonance frequency suitably merge. A dispersion analysis of the SCRLH-TL reveals that an increase in series of the dual-spiral capacitor would decrease the+1st-order mode resonance frequency, thus reducing the electrical size of the proposed antenna. The 10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW10 dB) was 54.5 % and the measured maximum was 96.2 %, with an electrical size of 0.32λ0×0.16λ0×0.015λ0 at 3.0 GHz (where λ0 is the wavelength in vacuum). It is shown that the numerical results closely fit the measured results.
Novel High-Gain Circularly Polarized Lens Antenna Using Single-Layer Transmissive Metasurface
Authors: Zhuang Yaqiang , Wang Guangming , Li Haipeng , Guo Wenlong
Published: October 2016

A high-gain lens antenna employing single-layer focusing metasurface (MS) is proposed in this article. The single-layer element achieves a 360° transmission phase range with a transmission magnitude better than 0.9. And the focusing MS consists of 169 elements was designed by utilizing the technique of varying rotation angle to compensate the phase delay. Thus, a lens antenna is constructed by placing a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna at the focal point of the MS. The fabricated lens antenna demonstrates a good performance of 4.6 % 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth and 6 % 1-dB gain bandwidth, respectively. Moreover, the maximum gain is 18.3 dBic at 15 GHz, which is enhanced by 11.4 dBic compared with the patch antenna. Due to the single-layer structure, this design has a low profile and easy fabrication process compared with the conventional designs, making it an attractive alternative to compact high-gain antenna.
Influence of Peroral Supplementation of Selenium and Vitamin E on the Antioxidant Status of Racing Pigeons
Authors: Vargová V. , Zigo F. , Chripková M. , Toropilová D. , Tomko M.
Published: October 2016

The racing season is considered a critical period for racing pigeons due to the susceptibility to stress and weakening of the birds. One of the ways how to support their health and avoid problems involves supplementation of mineral-vitamin preparations based on selenium and vitamin E, which act as important antioxidants and protect cells against damage. This study investigated the influence of peroral supplementation of selenium at a dose of 0.3 mg Se.kg−1 feed dry matter (DM) in the form of Na2SeO3 and vitamin E 300 mg.ml−1 added to water at a rate of 4 ml.l−1 during 60 days. The supplemented group comprised 14 pigeons and their results were compared with a control group of 14 pigeons fed non-supplemented commercial feed. Blood samples were collected and examined at the beginning of the supplementation period, one day before a 300 km race and after the race. Pigeons from the supplemented group exhibited increased plasma levels of Se and vitamin E, as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) before and after the 300 km race in comparison with the controls. Comparison of the activity of the enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine kinase (CK) at the beginning of the supplementation and one day before the race showed no changes. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activity of all investigated enzymes were observed after the race in both groups.
Epizootiological Study of the Occurrence of Canine Babesiosisin Southwestern Slovakia
Authors: Řeháčková K. , Haláková M. , Víchová B. , Kočišová A.
Published: October 2016

This epizootiological study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of canine babesiosis in southwestern Slovakia. The study focused on the proportion of the species of ticks serving as babesia vectors of babesiosis in the ticks collected from selected locations close to Komárno, in southwestern Slovakia. Additionally, observations were made on the health and overall clinical signs in dogs suspected of having babesiosis. In 2014 we collected ticks from vegetation by the drag cloth (flagging) method and also directly from dogs. A totally of 622 ticks were collected: 491 Dermacentor reticulatus and 131 Ix-odes ricinus. Representative samples of ticks (n = 103) were examined by the molecular method and the presence of Babesia spp. DNA was identified in 12.5 % of the Ixodes ricinus ticks collected by flagging and in 9.5 % of the Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the dogs. Babesia canis (KU681325) with 90 bp sequence, 100 % identical with Babesia canis isolates from dogs for example from: Turkey (KF499115), Rumania (HQ662634), Croatia (FJ209025), Poland (EU622792) and Russia (AY962186), was confirmed after sequencing in one Ixodes ricinus female obtained from a dog. This was the first confirmation of the occurrence of B. canis in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovakia. In 2.2 % of the Dermacentor reticulatus ticks obtained from vegetation by flagging, we were able to diagnose the DNA of Babesia canis. In 4.8 % of the Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from dogs, the presence of Babesia spp. was confirmed. Thirty three dogs with suspicion of babesiosis were observed in an ambulance by their health and clinical signs. The loss of appetite was observed in 22 patients (66.7 %), apathy in 19 cases (57.6 %), and fever in 19 cases. Closer specification indicating babesiosis was finding engorged ticks on the dog bodies which occurred in 21 cases (63.6 %), haematuria in 8 cases (24.2 %), anaemia in 4 cases (12.1 %), and tremor in 6 cases (18.2 %). Other non-specific signs, such as diarrhoea, vomitus, slowed-down movement, ataxia and lacrimation were also observed in less than 18 % of the examined dogs. On the basis of the specific clinical signs, blood was withdrawn from 33 dogs for preparation of blood smears and in 19 of them (57.6 %) babesia in erythrocytes were confirmed microscopically.
A Study of Fish Lice (Argulus Sp.) Infection in Freshwater Food Fish
Authors: Aalberg K. , Koščová L. , Šmiga Ľ. , Košuth P. , Koščo J. , Oros M. , Barčák D. , Lazar P.
Published: October 2016

Argulussp., commonly referred to as fish lice, are crustacean ectoparasites of fishes. The hematophagous parasites attach to and feed off the integument of their hosts. Outbreaks of epizootics have been reported worldwide, causing mass mortalities and having serious economic implications for fish farms and culture efforts.Argulusfish lice may also serve as vectors of infectious diseases and as intermediate hosts of other parasites. Two native European species,A. foliaceusandA. coregoni, as well as the invasive Japanese fish louseA. japonicus,have previously been recorded in Slovakia. This study investigated samples collected at fish farms and culture sites of Common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.), Pike-perch (Sander luciopercaL.) and Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalisM.) in Eastern Slovakia, as well as samples collected from live fish imported to the Slovak Republic. A quantitative description of the ofArgulussp. was recorded from each locality. Samples from Common carp were identified as the invasiveA. japonicus, and samples from Pike-perch and Brook trout were identified asA. foliaceus. Evidence of a mixed infection of Pike-perch with bothA. foliaceusandA. japonicuswas found in samples from Zemplínska Šírava, which was substantiated by electron microscopic examination. Morphometric characteristics were measured and averages and ranges produced for each species and sex.
Integrated ST Segment Elevation Scores and In-hospital Mortality in STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary PCI
Authors: Opincariu Diana , Chițu Monica , Rat Nora , Benedek Imre
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to study the integrated score of ST-segment resolution (ISSTE) and in-hospital death in patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Material and Methods: This prospective study included 586 consecutive patients admitted with STEMI to the Cardiology Clinic of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Tîrgu Mureș, between January 1st, 2013 and December 31, 2014, who underwent pPCI in less than twelve hours after the onset of symptoms. Clinical and demographic data were analyzed in 539 (91.9%) survivors (Group 1) and 47 (8.1%) nonsurvivors (Group 2). The Integrated Score of ST elevation (ISSTE) was calculated by summing the amplitude of the ST segment elevation in all the 12 leads, before and at 2 hours after revascularization.

Results: The ISSTE score calculated at baseline, immediately before the primary percutaneous coronary intervention, was significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 (13.9 ± 1.2 vs. 11.0 ± 0.2, p = 0.026). At the same time, the ISSTE score calculated at 2 hours after the coronary intervention was significantly higher for patients in Group 2 (7.36 ± 1.12 vs. 2.9 ± 0.1, p <0.0001). Analysis of the dynamics of the ISSTE score indicated that patients who survived presented a more expressed reduction in the ISSTE score following pPCI, as compared to those who subsequently died (73.5% reduction in Group 1 compared to 47.2% reduction in Group 2, p <0.0001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the group of patients with >50% reduction in the ISSTE score. The in-hospital death rate was 5.4% in patients with >50% reduction in the ISSTE score, compared to 19.4% for those who presented less than 50% reduction in the ISSTE score following pPCI (p <0.0001). The rate of successful reperfusion rate, expressed by the reduction in ISSTE score, was 83.8% in Group 1, compared to 55.3% in Group 2 (p <0.0001), indicating that the absence of an efficient reperfusion after pPCI is associated with a higher mortality in STEMI patients, and could be evaluated using regression of the ISSTE score, which proved to be directly associated with mortality.

Conclusion: The ISSTE score is shown to be an effective ECG-derived marker of myocardial damage in STEMI patients. A high ISSTE score is associated with higher mortality, while a reduction in the ISSTE score after pPCI may indicate an efficient reperfusion and a decrease in mortality in the first days after infarction.
Post-War Czechoslovakia: A Theoretical Critique
Authors: Nikodym Tomáš , Nikodym Lukáš , Pušová Tereza
Published: October 2016

The paper focuses on the proposals of post-war order in Czechoslovakia and its theoretical analysis. While there exists a wide range of studies, both Czech and foreign, dedicated to the history of Czechoslovakia in the post-war period, a majority of the studies deals with political development. Then the interpretations of the failure of President Beneš’ “distinct model of socialism” are purely political – weakness of President Beneš and democratic elites, the aggressive politics of Communist party, influence of Soviet diplomacy, etc. On the other hand, economic studies are only descriptive without theoretical analysis of proposed post-war order. Our paper offers different interpretation of the fall of Czechoslovak democratic regime (1945–1948). Using the framework of Austrian school, we are trying to show the institutional incompatibility of proposed post-war order. Special emphasis is put on the relation of freedom, democracy and socialist economic planning.
Sex Differences in Work Experiences and Work Outcomes among Egyptian Managers and Professionals: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , El-Kot Ghada , Wolpin Jacob
Published: October 2016

This research examined potential sex differences in work experiences and work outcomes in a sample of Egyptian managers and professionals. Relatively little research has been undertaken on potential sex differences in human resource management in Egyptian organizations and even less during and following the Arab spring. Data were collected from 121 managerial and professional employees, 77 males and 44 females, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Respondents were relatively young, had university educations, had short job and organizational tenures, and held lower level -management jobs. All measures employed here had been used and validated previously by other researchers. Work experiences included supervisor empowerment behaviors and levels of personal empowerment. Work and well-being outcomes included job satisfaction, organizational commitment, work engagement, exhibiting voice behaviors, workplace learning opportunities, intent to quit and employee health symptoms. Significant sex differences were present on most personal demographic and work situation characteristics: men were at higher organizational levels, earned more money, were older and had longer organizational tenures, among others. There were fewer significant sex differences on work experiences and work outcomes. When differences were observed here, women indicated less positive responses.
The Cultural Inheritance of Abilities and Skills in Entrepreneurship Domain as a Determinant of Organizational Leadership
Authors: Haromszeki Łukasz
Published: October 2016

In this article the author attempts to present an idea that entrepreneurship understood as abilities and skills, which shape new organizational reality, flexibility and risk tolerance are the essential factors that create a leadership relationship. It is assumed that there is a relationship between entrepreneurship and organizational leadership. A leader is not an obedient performer of tasks but a creator of new activities and relationships. Entrepreneurship is treated in the accepted sense as learned skills and abilities in the process of cultural inheritance of attitudes and behavior patterns existing in family, neighborhood, places in society and environment. Hence, in the article the author attempts to outline the path from entrepreneurial attitudes and behavior observed in childhood to act in the same manner in adulthood, including influencing the actions of associates in the workplace which exist in the Polish society.
The Impact of National Culture on the Level of Innovation
Authors: Strychalska-Rudzewicz Anna
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether national culture has an impact on the level of innovation. The results of the analysis of data by means of statistical tools confirm that cultural factors play a big role in creating innovations. On the basis of the research, it can be assumed that the thesis formulated by Shane (1993) assuming the correlation of low power distance and strong individualism with innovation seems to be correct if we do not refer it to the Far East Asian countries. These countries seem to be very different culturally from the rest of the analyzed cultures. Low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance countries are in most cases more innovative in European countries. Impact of individualism versus collectivism is more debatable but generally in Europe more individualistic countries achieve better innovative results.
Czech Protest Movements in the 2014 European Parliament Elections
Authors: Just Petr
Published: October 2016

This article explores the performance of ANO 2011 and Dawn of Direct Democracy—two new subjects of the post-2013 Czech party system—in the 2014 elections to the European Parliament. Programs and statements of both movements are analyzed in order to determine whether a link exists between protest and populist characteristics on one side and Euroscepticism on the other side.
Converging Defence Burdens? Some Further Findings
Authors: Arvanitidis Paschalis , Kollias Christos
Published: October 2016

Building on recently published findings that point to a process of convergence in terms of defence burdens internationally, this paper readdresses the issue for the period 1970–2015 using SIPRI’s new dataset. The new consistent data constructed by SIPRI offers the opportunity to extend the time period of the empirical investigation into the convergence issue, thus allowing for better insights over a longer time horizon that covers both the Cold and post-Cold War periods.
Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy
Authors: Skalec A. , Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich P. , Janus I. , Kirstein K. , Mieszkowska M. , Adamiak Z. , Chrószcz A. , Janeczek M.
Published: October 2016

In spite of recent advances in treatment protocols, tendinopathies continue to challenge orthopaedists and surgeons. Due to the complexity of both tendon injuries and the healing processes, animal models are essential for addressing fundamental questions in tendinopathy research. Diagnostic imaging could contribute to the evaluation of animal models, thus providing information, which could be translated to human tendinopathies. The objective of our study was to evaluate in situ appearance of the rabbit common calcanean tendon with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we sought to assess and compare the feasibility and usefulness of these techniques in a rabbit model while focusing on the imaging of the particular structures involved in calcaneal tendon disorders. Eight California rabbits were used for post-mortem sonographic and low-field magnetic resonance examination. Morphometry was performed on longitudinal sonograms and sagittal MRI scans. The craniocaudal diameter of the tendon was measured at four points of interest. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance provided good visualisation of the tendon origin, the paratenon and the pre-Achilles fat pad. Magnetic resonance images presented in more detail the structure of the calcaneal insertion. Both modalities failed to visualise the individual components of the common calcanean tendon and the bursa of the calcaneal tendon. Statistical analysis of measurements obtained showed that the craniocaudal diameter of the common calcanean tendon in a rabbit increases significantly with a growing length from the calcaneal tuber. Both magnetic resonance and ultrasonography are feasible, and should be considered complementary, not alternative imaging techniques in a rabbit common calcanean tendon model.
Comparative Efficacy of Silymarin and Choline Chloride (Liver Tonics) in Preventing the Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Bovine Calves
Authors: Naseer O. , Khan J.A. , Khan M.S. , Omer M.O. , Chishti G.A. , Sohail M.L. , Saleem M.U.
Published: October 2016

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. which are injurious to animals and humans The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), Average Daily Weight Gain (ADWG), haematological and serum biochemical responses of Bovine Calves and to determine the comparative efficacy of two different liver tonics against AFB1. Twenty seven calves were selected from herd and divided into 3 groups. All calves were fed with 1.0 mg/kg AFB1 for a period of 10 days. After that they were fed with liver tonics: Silymarin fed at a rate of 600 mg/kg and Choline chloride 500 mg/kg for 7 days. The results indicate that the ADFI and ADWG of AFB1 treated calves decreased significantly. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine significantly increased due to AFB1. In haematology the total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin concentration (HGB), haematocrit levels (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte %, neutrophil % and monocyte % significantly decreased in AFB1 treated calves after 10 days of feeding. Both liver tonics significantly (p<0.05) improved all the parameters, including ADFI, ADWG, hematologial and serum biochemical test. However, Silymarin comparatively more efficiently ameliorate the effects induced by AFB1 than choline chloride.
7S Fragment of Type IV Collagen as a Serum Marker of Canine Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Glińska-Suchocka K. , Orłowska A. , Kubiak K. , Spużak J. , Jankowski M.
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to assess whether the serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen may aid in diagnosing liver fibrosis in dogs. The study was carried out on 20 dogs with liver disease. Serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen were measured in all dogs. The analysis showed that healthy dogs and dogs with type 1, 2 and 3 liver fibrosis had low serum concentrations of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen compared to dogs with type 4 liver fibrosis. The study revealed that the assessment of serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen is useful in the diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Assessing the Level of Popularity of European Stag Tourism Destinations
Authors: Iwanicki Grzegorz , Dłużewska Anna , Kay Melanie Smith
Published: October 2016

The primary objective of this article is to determine the degree of popularity of stag tourism destinations in Europe. Research was based on the search engine method, involving an analysis of the highest positioned offers of travel agencies in the most commonly used search engines in Europe (Google, Bing, Yahoo). The analysis divided the studied cities into four categories in terms of popularity. Conducting the said analysis is strongly justified, because academic publications have so far not provided studies which have determined the degree of popularity of stag destinations on a continental scale.
Coldspot of Decelerated Sea-Level Rise on the Pacific Coast of North America
Authors: Parker Albert
Published: October 2016

We show here the presence of significant “coldspot” of sea level rise along the West Coast of the United States and Canada (including Alaska). The 30-years sea level for the area are mostly falling also at subsiding locations as San Francisco and Seattle where subsidence is responsible for a long term positive rate of rise. The 20 long term tide gauges of the area of length exceeding the 60-years length have a naïve average rate of rise −0.729 mm/year in the update 30-Apr-2015, down from −0.624 mm/year in the update 14-Feb-2014. Therefore, along the West Coast of the United States and Canada the sea levels are on average falling, and becoming more and more negative.
Investigation and analysis of glass fabric/PVC composite laminates processing parameters
Authors: Zal Vahid , Moslemi Naeini Hassan , Bahramian Ahmad Reza , Behravesh Amir Hossein , Abbaszadeh Behnam
Published: October 2016

In this work, the effects of processing parameters including temperature, time, and pressure on the properties of amorphous polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/fiberglass thermoplastic composite laminates were evaluated. The film stacking and hot pressing procedure was used to produce the composite laminates, and samples with [0/90]10 layup and thickness of 3 mm were produced. Flexural strength and modulus of the samples were measured using three-point bending test (according to ASTM D790 standard test method), and microscopic images were used to evaluate the failure mechanisms and impregnation quality. The effects of the parameters on the strength were studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and it was found that processing temperature has the maximum effect on the products strength and increase of the temperature up to 230°C increases the flexural strength while more increase of temperature results in the matrix degradation and strength reduction. Also, processing time improves the wetting and impregnation quality; however, more increase of the processing time results in the matrix degradation and excessive reduction of the strength.
Mechanisms of CO2/H+Sensitivity of Astrocytes
Authors: Turovsky Egor , Theparambil Shefeeq M. , Kasymov Vitaliy , Deitmer Joachim W. , del Arroyo Ana Gutierrez , Ackland Gareth L. , Corneveaux Jason J. , Allen April N. , Huentelman Matthew J. , Kasparov Sergey , Marina Nephtali , Gourine Alexander V.
Published: October 2016

Ventral regions of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem are populated by astrocytes sensitive to physiological changes in PCO2/[H+]. These astrocytes respond to decreases in pH with elevations in intracellular Ca2+and facilitated exocytosis of ATP-containing vesicles. Released ATP propagates Ca2+excitation among neighboring astrocytes and activates neurons of the brainstem respiratory network triggering adaptive increases in breathing. The mechanisms linking increases in extracellular and/or intracellular PCO2/[H+] with Ca2+responses in chemosensitive astrocytes remain unknown. Fluorescent imaging of changes in [Na+]iand/or [Ca2+]iin individual astrocytes was performed in organotypic brainstem slice cultures and acute brainstem slices of adult rats. It was found that astroglial [Ca2+]iresponses triggered by decreases in pH are preceded by Na+entry, markedly reduced by inhibition of Na+/HCO3−cotransport (NBC) or Na+/Ca2+exchange (NCX), and abolished in Na+-free medium or by combined NBC/NCX blockade. Acidification-induced [Ca2+]iresponses were also dramatically reduced in brainstem astrocytes of mice deficient in the electrogenic Na+/HCO3−cotransporter NBCe1. Sensitivity of astrocytes to changes in pH was not affected by inhibition of Na+/H+exchange or blockade of phospholipase C. These results suggest that in pH-sensitive astrocytes, acidification activates NBCe1, which brings Na+inside the cell. Raising [Na+]iactivates NCX to operate in a reverse mode, leading to Ca2+entry followed by activation of downstream signaling pathways. Coupled NBC and NCX activities are, therefore, suggested to be responsible for functional CO2/H+sensitivity of astrocytes that contribute to homeostatic regulation of brain parenchymal pH and control of breathing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBrainstem astrocytes detect physiological changes in pH, activate neurons of the neighboring respiratory network, and contribute to the development of adaptive respiratory responses to the increases in the level of blood and brain PCO2/[H+]. The mechanisms underlying astroglial pH sensitivity remained unknown and here we show that in brainstem astrocytes acidification activates Na+/HCO3−cotransport, which brings Na+inside the cell. Raising [Na+]iactivates the Na+/Ca2+exchanger to operate in a reverse mode leading to Ca2+entry. This identifies a plausible mechanism of functional CO2/H+sensitivity of brainstem astrocytes, which play an important role in homeostatic regulation of brain pH and control of breathing.
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity in the Long-Latency Stretch Reflex Following Paired Stimulation from a Wearable Electronic Device
Authors: Foysal K. M. Riashad , de Carvalho Felipe , Baker Stuart N.
Published: October 2016

The long-latency stretch reflex (LLSR) in human elbow muscles probably depends on multiple pathways; one possible contributor is the reticulospinal tract. Here we attempted to induce plastic changes in the LLSR by pairing noninvasive stimuli that are known to activate reticulospinal pathways, at timings predicted to cause spike timing-dependent plasticity in the brainstem. In healthy human subjects, reflex responses in flexor muscles were recorded following extension perturbations at the elbow. Subjects were then fitted with a portable device that delivered auditory click stimuli through an earpiece, and electrical stimuli around motor threshold to the biceps muscle via surface electrodes. We tested the following four paradigms: biceps stimulus 10 ms before click (Bi-10ms-C); click 25 ms before biceps (C-25ms-Bi); click alone (C only); and biceps alone (Bi only). The average stimulus rate was 0.67 Hz. Subjects left the laboratory wearing the device and performed normal daily activities. Approximately 7 h later, they returned, and stretch reflexes were remeasured. The LLSR was significantly enhanced in the biceps muscle (on average by 49%) after the Bi-10ms-C paradigm, but was suppressed for C-25ms-Bi (by 31%); it was unchanged for Bi only and C only. No paradigm induced LLSR changes in the unstimulated brachioradialis muscle. Although we cannot exclude contributions from spinal or cortical pathways, our results are consistent with spike timing-dependent plasticity in reticulospinal circuits, specific to the stimulated muscle. This is the first demonstration that the LLSR can be modified via paired-pulse methods, and may open up new possibilities in motor systems neuroscience and rehabilitation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis report is the first demonstration that the long-latency stretch reflex can be modified by repeated, precisely timed pairing of stimuli known to activate brainstem pathways. Furthermore, pairing was achieved with a portable electronic device capable of delivering many more stimulus repetitions than conventional laboratory studies. Our findings open up new possibilities for basic research into these underinvestigated pathways, which are important for motor control in healthy individuals. They may also lead to paradigms capable of enhancing rehabilitation in patients recovering from damage, such as after stroke or spinal cord injury.
Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome
Authors: Giachello Carlo N.G. , Scrutton Nigel S. , Jones Alex R. , Baines Richard A.
Published: October 2016

Many animals are able to sense the Earth's geomagnetic field to enable behaviors such as migration. It is proposed that the magnitude and direction of the geomagnetic field modulates the activity of cryptochrome (CRY) by influencing photochemical radical pair intermediates within the protein. However, this proposal will remain theoretical until a CRY-dependent effect on a receptor neuron is shown to be modified by an external magnetic field (MF). It is established that blue-light (BL) photoactivation of CRY is sufficient to depolarize and activateDrosophilaneurons. Here, we show that this CRY-dependent effect is significantly potentiated in the presence of an applied MF (100 mT). We use electrophysiological recordings from larval identified motoneurons, in which CRY is ectopically expressed, to show that BL-dependent depolarization of membrane potential and increased input resistance are markedly potentiated by an MF. Analysis of membrane excitability shows that these effects of MF exposure evoke increased action potential firing. Almost nothing is known about the mechanism by which a magnetically induced change in CRY activity might produce a behavioral response. We further report that specific structural changes to the protein alter the impact of the MF in ways that are strikingly similar to those from recent behavioral studies into the magnetic sense ofDrosophila. These observations provide the first direct experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that MF modulation of CRY activity is capable of influencing neuron activity to allow animal magnetoreception.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe biophysical mechanism of animal magnetoreception is still unclear. The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome has risen to prominence as a candidate magnetoreceptor molecule based on multiple reports derived from behavioral studies. However, the role of cryptochrome as a magnetoreceptor remains controversial primarily because of a lack of direct experimental evidence linking magnetic field (MF) exposure to a change in neuronal activity. Here, we show that exposure to an MF (100 mT) is sufficient to potentiate the ability of light-activated cryptochrome to increase neuronal action potential firing. Our results provide critical missing evidence to show that the activity of cryptochrome is sensitive to an external MF that is capable of modifying animal behavior.
Selective Degeneration of Entorhinal-CA1 Synapses in Alzheimer's Disease via Activation of DAPK1
Authors: Shu Shu , Zhu Houze , Tang Na , Chen Wenting , Li Xinyan , Li Hao , Pei Lei , Liu Dan , Mu Yangling , Tian Qing , Zhu Ling-Qiang , Lu Youming
Published: October 2016

Excitatory pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal cortical layer II region (ECIIPN) form functional excitatory synapses with CA1 parvalbumin inhibitory neurons (CA1PV) and undergo selective degeneration in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is selectively activated in ECIIPNof AD mice. Inhibition of DAPK1 by deleting a catalytic domain or a death domain of DAPK1 rescues the ECIIPN-CA1PVsynaptic loss and improves spatial learning and memory in AD mice. This study demonstrates that activation of DAPK1 in ECIIPNcontributes to a memory loss in AD and hence warrants a promising target for the treatment of AD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur recent study reported that excitatory pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal cortical layer II region (ECIIPN) target to CA1 parvalbumin-type inhibitory neurons (CA1PV) at a direct pathway and are one of the most vulnerable brain cells that are selectively degenerated in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our present study shows that death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is selectively activated in ECIIPNof AD mice. Inhibition of DAPK1 by deleting a catalytic domain or a death domain of DAPK1 rescues the ECIIPN-CA1PVsynaptic loss and improves spatial learning and memory in the early stage of AD. These data not only demonstrate a crucial molecular event for synaptic degeneration but also provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Archives, Photography, and Historical Memory
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: October 2016

This article discusses the goals, contents, scope, and potential of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project, a digital archive to be made public in 2019. The article includes examples of the research and acquisition of previously unknown materials for the archive. It concludes with a demonstration of how the archive’s diverse materials can be used by scholars—a study of the depiction of Chinese laborers in the photographs commissioned by the transcontinental railroad companies, in conjunction with the rail companies’ payroll records and the photographers’ oeuvre.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERCEPTUAL MOTOR TRAINING ON IMPROVEMENT IN MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN INDIVIDUALS HAVING DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER
Authors: Saha Soumendra
Published: October 2016

Purpose: To systematically review published research literatures to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of perceptual motor training on improvement in motor performance in individuals having Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).Methods: Multiple databases were methodically searched for articles related to Developmental Coordination Disorder; only descriptive, intervention or qualitative articles were retained. Research indicates that poor motor co-ordination has far reaching implications for social and emotional wellbeing and that DCD occurs not only in children, but that motor difficulties are retained in adulthood.Results: Generalized performance deficit is observed in majority of the children with DCD. Pronounced difficulty in internal (forward) modeling, rhythmic coordination, executive function, gait and postural control, catching and interceptive action, and aspects of sensoriperceptual function were observed in most of the individuals diagnosed with DCD.Conclusions: Result suggests the perceptual motor training approach may result in positive outcomes in motor performance in individuals having DCD. Cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance was observed as better alternative to contemporary coordination treatment approach. Furthermore, psychomotor therapy which includes emphasis on music and rhythm and sensory integration therapy was observed as having sustainably facilitative impacts.
Profil Psikologi Atlet Berpasukan Kriket Wanita Malaysia
Authors: Subramaniam Santhira Mathy
Published: October 2016

Kajian ini bertujuan mengenalpasti profil psikologi atlet kriket wanita Malaysia. Jumlah sampel kajian ini adalah terdiri daripada 21 atlet kriket wanita Malaysia yang menyertai Sukan Asia Incheon, Korea Selatan 2014. Soal selidik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah soal selidik Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) untuk menguji ketahanan mental atlet; soal selidik Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) untuk menilai kebimbangan atlet; soal selidik Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) untuk menguji gaya kepimpinan jurulatih. Dapatan kajian telah dianalisis dengan kaedah deskriptif min dan sisihan piawai. Hanya seorang sahaja yang mendapat skor antara 26-30 dan selebihnya mendapat skor antara 22 dan kebawah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa atlet kriket wanita Malaysia mempunyai tahap kekuatan mental yang rendah. Faktor paling mempengaruhi kekuatan mental adalah faktor motivasi. Seterusnya, kajian mendapati tahap kebimbangan atlet berada di tahap yang sederhana. Manakala, dapatan bagi kepimpinan mengikut versi atlet mendapati bahawa antara 5 dimensi yang sering digunakan adalah dimensi latihan dan arahan. Manakala dimensi yang paling kurang digunakan adalah dimensi autokratik. Bagi dimensi kepimpinan mengikut versi kegemaran atlet pula, kajian mendapati bahawa dimensi kepimpinan maklum autokratik adalah yang paling kurang digemari. Hasil kajian untuk dimensi kepimpinan mengikut versi jurulatih mendapati dimensi yang sering digunakan oleh jurulatih adalah maklumbalas positif manakala dimensi kepimpinan yang paling kurang digunakan oleh jurulatih adalah autokratik. Hasil daripada kajian ini dapat memberi beberapa implikasi yang manfaat terhadap bidang sukan, khususnya kepada jurulatih dan pihak yang terlibat dalam pembangunan sukan mendalami aspek psikologi diri atlet yang akan mempengaruhi prestasi.
Notational analysis on game strategy performed by female squash players in international competition
Authors: Abdul Ghani Diyana Zulaika , ZAINUDDIN ZAINAL ABIDIN , IBRAHIM HALIJAH
Published: October 2016

In recent times, the general performance standard of women’s squash has progressed to very high levels as demonstrated by several ‘spectacular’ world championships final matches. Our aim was to identify successful game strategies of female squash players at the international level via notational analysis. 25 matches were obtained for analysis from several international competitions, including the Women’s World Championship 2014, the Women’s World Team Squash Championship 2014 and the Malaysia Circuit Squash 2015. The analysis was based on observation of the type of stroke performed and the rally outcome. The mean total number of shots performed per game was 337 (SD=189.6) shots. The most preferred strokes performed were drive (47.1%) followed by cross-court (19.9%), volley (12.7%), drop (11.1%), boast (5.8%), with the lob (3.4%) as least frequent occurring shot. Meanwhile, rally outcomes were categorized as winners, errors, stroke, and let. There were more winners produced (58.5%) compared to errors (24.8%) and lets (16.69%). The findings indicate that defensive long rallies together with offensive endings (using for example, well-timed drop shots) are characteristic of points played in elite women’s squash. The practical implications of this analysis could help coaches and female players to enhance their tactical strategy and performance.
Accentuate the positives, but don’t necessarily eliminate the negatives: A cross-sectional survey of junior doctor psychiatry terms
Authors: Nash Louise , Karageorge Aspasia , Llewellyn Anthony , Sandhu Harsimrat , Edwards James , Kelly Brian , Burke David , Maddocks Claire , Reynolds Kate
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Objective: To determine the experience of prevocational junior doctors during psychiatry terms in New South Wales, Australia, and the impact on career intention and perception of psychiatry. Method: A cross-sectional mixed-methods survey was sent to 197 prevocational junior doctors (PGY1-PGY2+) undertaking a psychiatry or drug and alcohol term across New South Wales in 2015 - 2016, and referred here as psychiatry terms. Results: Seventy-seven junior doctors (39% response rate) participated. The psychiatry term was rated as a positive experience by 82% (n=63), with several key influences identified. The proportion of respondents interested in a psychiatry career increased by 19%, pre-term to post-term (p=0.004). Qualitative data point to improved perceptions of psychiatry post-term due to improved mental health literacy, applicability of skills across vocations, and psychiatrist role models. Challenging clinical situations were considered positive influences if managed effectively by senior staff. Poorer perceptions of psychiatry post-term were rare. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both career intention and overall perceptions of psychiatry are influenced by factors specific to the junior doctor role (as opposed to medical student). In addition, exposure to effective management and good supervision of challenging situations has a positive influence on some junior doctors.
Uso de serviços de saúde por diabéticos cobertos por plano privado em comparação aos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde no Município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Silva Sara de Souza , Mambrini Juliana Vaz de Melo , Turci Maria Aparecida , Macinko James , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda
Published: October 2016

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o uso de serviços de saúde, o uso de medicamentos, a cobertura de exames de rastreamento, os atributos da atenção primária em saúde e os comportamentos em saúde de indivíduos (n = 370) com 45 anos ou mais, com diagnóstico médico de diabetes, segundo as fontes de atenção em saúde, assim definidas: afiliados a plano privado de saúde, independentemente do local de residência; residentes em áreas cobertas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF); cobertos pela unidade básica de saúde (UBS) "tradicional". O estudo utilizou os dados do 2º Inquérito de Saúde de Adultos da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (2010). Os indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde, o uso de medicamentos, a cobertura de exames de acompanhamento, o consumo abusivo de álcool e o tabagismo atual não diferiram significativamente entre as fontes de atenção. As prevalências da prática insuficiente de exercícios físicos no tempo livre e do sedentarismo no cotidiano foram maiores entre os cobertos pela ESF ou UBS "tradicional". Os atributos da atenção primária em saúde (acesso, integralidade, longitudinalidade e foco familiar) apresentaram melhor desempenho entre os afiliados a plano privado de saúde, mesmo após ajuste por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Os resultados da investigação apontam dois principais desafios para o Sistema Único de Saúde no manejo dos pacientes com diabetes no Município de Belo Horizonte, Brasil: a realização de ações mais efetivas para a promoção da atividade física e a necessidade de reorganização visando à melhoria no desempenho da atenção primária, sobretudo no acesso às consultas médicas.
O processo de trabalho na Atenção Básica à saúde: avaliação da gestão
Authors: Fontana Karine Cardoso , Lacerda Josimari Telino de , Machado Patrícia Maria de Oliveira
Published: October 2016

RESUMO Esta pesquisa desenvolveu e aplicou um modelo de avaliação da gestão do processo de trabalho na Atenção Básica à saúde em municípios catarinenses, utilizando os dados do segundo ciclo da avaliação externa do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica. O universo avaliado correspondeu a 91,9% dos municípios do estado de Santa Catarina que, em sua maioria, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios nas condições estruturais para o processo de trabalho. Porém, existem grandes desafios para assegurar as condições necessárias à realização dos aspectos processuais, em especial, na continuidade do cuidado e na organização do trabalho.
Vivências de ser trabalhador na agroindústria avícola dos usuários da atenção à saúde mental
Authors: Machado Leila de Fátima , Murofuse Neide Tiemi , Martins Julia Trevisan
Published: October 2016

RESUMO Neste estudo, propôs-se revelar as percepções de trabalhadores da agroindústria avícola, adoecidos mentalmente, sobre as repercussões do trabalho em sua saúde. Os dados das entrevistas foram agrupados em categorias: a) organização do trabalho na agroindústria avícola, b) mudança física e psicológica no trabalhador, c) uso de drogas psicoativas para suportar o trabalho, d) melhorar o nível escolar para produzir mais, e) medo de ser demitido e falta de reconhecimento, f) convivendo com preconceito da doença mental, g) assédio sexual e moral. Os trabalhadores estão submetidos ao modelo de gestão que associa taylorismo, fordismo e toyotismo, o qual lhes compromete a saúde física e mental.
O sertão na saúde e na formação de trabalhadores setoriais: contextos, atores e ideologias (1920-1970)
Authors: Paiva Carlos Henrique Assunção
Published: October 2016

RESUMO Artigo analisa a agenda das políticas e discursos sobre saneamento rural no Brasil (1920-1970). Temática tradicional dos sanitaristas será discutida com base nas experiências desenvolvidas, especialmente nas interações com a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (Opas/OMS), organismo internacional que, com lideranças nacionais, retomará, sob renovados termos, o sertão na agenda sanitária e na formação de trabalhadores. Analisa-se a literatura e fontes documentais. Conclui que houve mudanças no teor dos discursos e práticas da chamada interiorização dos serviços de saúde no contexto do pós-guerra, sobretudo naquilo que tange à centralidade das discussões acerca do planejamento e formação de trabalhadores.