bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium solubility measurement of ionizable drugs – consensus recommendations for improving data quality
Authors: Avdeef Alex , Fuguet Elisabet , Llinàs Antonio , Ràfols Clara , Bosch Elisabeth , Völgyi Gergely , Verbić Tatjana , Boldyreva Elena , Takács-Novák Krisztina
Published: June 2016

This commentary addresses data quality in equilibrium solubility measurement in aqueous solution. Broadly discussed is the “gold standard” shake-flask (SF) method used to measure equilibrium solubility of ionizable drug-like molecules as a function of pH. Many factors affecting the quality of the measurement are recognized. Case studies illustrating the analysis of both solution and solid state aspects of solubility measurement are presented. Coverage includes drug aggregation in solution (sub-micellar, micellar, complexation), use of mass spectrometry to assess aggregation in saturated solutions, solid state characterization (salts, polymorphs, cocrystals, polymorph creation by potentiometric method), solubility type (water, buffer, intrinsic), temperature, ionic strength, pH measurement, buffer issues, critical knowledge of the pKa, equilibration time (stirring and sedimentation), separating solid from saturated solution, solution handling and adsorption to untreated surfaces, solubility units, and tabulation/graphic presentation of reported data. The goal is to present cohesive recommendations that could lead to better assay design, to result in improved quality of measurements, and to impart a deeper understanding of the underlying solution chemistry in suspensions of drug solids.
FUNDAMENTOS PARA UMA CRÍTICA DO ESTATUTO DO ÍNDIO: RAÇA E HISTÓRIA DE LÉVI-STRAUSS
Authors: Castro Alexander Rodrigues de
Published: June 2016

No âmbito da orientação constitucional e dos acordos internacionais já ratificados, o Brasil abandonou o paradigma assimilacionista no tratamento da questão indígena. Entretanto, passados mais de 25 anos da nova constituição, a legislação infraconstitucional ainda não foi reformada de acordo. Pesa para isso uma persistente incompreensão da incompatibilidade das políticas de assimilação e aculturação com a orientação adotada pelo legislador constitucional. Em Raça e história, um dos mais importantes manifestos antirracistas da história e um texto seminal na mudança de paradigma da formulação de políticas relativas a populações indígenas e tradicionais, Lévi-Strauss desconstrói os fundamentos teóricos e antropológicos das políticas de assimilação e aculturação, oferecendo-nos uma chave para compreender melhor a orientação das políticas indigenistas a partir da década de 80, pondo à mostra o racismo subjacente à legislação infraconstitucional indigenista brasileira.
Opposite Effects of Coinjection and Distant Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Breast Tumor Cell Growth
Authors: Zheng Huilin , Zou Weibin , Shen Jiaying , Xu Liang , Wang Shu , Fu Yang-Xin , Fan Weimin
Published: June 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) usually promote tumor growth and metastasis. By using a breast tumor 4T1 cell-based animal model, this study determined that coinjection and distant injection of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs with tumor cells could exert different effects on tumor growth. Whereas the coinjection of MSCs with 4T1 cells promoted tumor growth, surprisingly, the injection of MSCs at a site distant from the 4T1 cell inoculation site suppressed tumor growth. We further observed that, in the distant injection model, MSCs decreased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in tumor tissues by enhancing proinflammatory factors such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, and TLR-4, promoting host antitumor immunity and inhibiting tumor growth. Unlike previous reports, this is the first study reporting that MSCs may exert opposite roles on tumor growth in the same animal model by modulating the host immune system, which may shed light on the potential application of MSCs as vehicles for tumor therapy and other clinical applications.

Significance

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely investigated for their potential roles in tissue engineering, autoimmune diseases, and tumor therapeutics. This study explored the impact of coinjection and distant injection of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs on mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells. The results showed that the coinjection of MSCs and 4T1 cells promoted tumor growth. MSCs might act as the tumor stromal precursors and cause immunosuppression to protect tumor cells from immunosurveillance, which subsequently facilitated tumor metastasis. Interestingly, the distant injection of MSCs and 4T1 cells suppressed tumor growth. Together, the results of this study revealed the dual functions of MSCs in immunoregulation.
Structure and development of cortical bundles in Couroupita guianensis Aubl. (Lecythidaceae)
Authors: Rajput Kishore Shankarsinh , Patil Vidya Shivram
Published: June 2016

El desarrollo de haces corticales, en ramas y pedúnculos de Couroupita guianensis (Lecythidaceae), comienza cerca del meristemo apical concomitante con los haces vasculares normales. Cada haz cortical llega a estar rodeado por una vaina de fibras que, a menudo, mostraba la presencia de una capa gelatinosa (fibras G). A medida que avanza el crecimiento, cada haz se puede dividir en dos o tres haces. Algunos de los haces son mayores y muestran elementos vasculares bien diferenciados debido a su asociación con frutos en desarrollo, mientras que los más pequeños, con pocos vasos, pueden ser trazas foliares o de yemas de flores que caen antes de la fecundación. El xilema secundario del haz cortical está compuesto de vasos, fibras y células del parénquima axial, mientras que el floema consiste en tubos cribosos, células de acompañamiento y células del parénquima axial.

The development of cortical bundles, in the branches and peduncles of Couroupita guianensis (Lecythidaceae), initiates close to the apical meristem concomitant with the normal vascular bundles. Each cortical bundle becomes surrounded by a sheath of fibres, which most often showed presence of gelatinous layer (G-fibres). As growth progresses, theses bundle may divide into two-three bundles. Some of the bundles are larger and show well differen­tiated vascular elements due to their association with developing fruits while narrower bundles, with few vessels, may be leaf traces or flower bud traces that fell down before fertilization. The secondary xylem of cortical bundle is composed of vessels, fibres and a­xial parenchyma cells while phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and axial parenchyma cells.
Proyecciones del impacto económico del cambio climático sobre la agricultura en Europa
Authors: Quiroga Sonia , Iglesias Ana
Published: June 2016

This study provides monetary estimates of the impacts of climate change in European agriculture. Future scenarios are derived from several socio-economic scenarios and experiments conducted using global climate models and regional climate models. The economic valuation is conducted by using GTAP general equilibrium model across simulations based on crop productivity changes that consider no restrictions in the volume of water available for irrigation in current irrigated areas or in the application of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus the results should be considered optimistic from the production point and pessimistic from the environmental point of view. Regional differences between northern and southern European countries are found and the monetary estimates show that uncertainty derived from socio-economic scenarios has a larger effect than uncertainty derived from climate scenarios.
Valoración de bienes ambientales complejos: Una alternativa multicriterio
Authors: Gómez-Limón José A. , Barreiro-Hurlé Jesús
Published: June 2016

Economic valuation of complex environmental goods has several issues still opened to debate. This paper focuses on two of these aspects; linearity of attributes in the valuation function and individual utility function heterogeneity. A methodological approach based on Multi-attribute Utility Theory is proposed which allows to contrast the impact of these concerns on environmental good valuation. We apply the proposed methodology to value a protected natural in the province of Granada (Spain). From the results obtained we can conclude that attribute non-linearity and individual utility function’s heterogeneity are relevant aspects to be taken into account in environmental valuation.
Asimetrías en la transmisión de precios en el sector del tomate en España
Authors: Ben Kaabia Monia , Gil Roig José María
Published: June 2016

This paper aims to investigate the non-linear adjustments between farm and retail prices in the tomato sector in Spain. The methodology used is based on the multivariate approach to specify and estimate a Threshold Autoregressive Model. The results indicate that, in the long run, price transmission is perfect. In the short-run, price adjustments between the farm and the retail levels are asymmetric. Retailers always benefit (in terms of increasing marketing margins) from positive and negative shocks affecting supply or demand conditions. Moreover, marketing margins have been found to be main determinants of inflation in the Spanish tomato sector.
Análisis de la demanda de alimentos en España considerando el impacto de la dieta sobre la salud
Authors: Ángulo Ana María , Mtimet Nadhem , Gil José María
Published: June 2016

This work analyses the Spanish demand for food taking into account the relationship between health and diet. Consequently, a utility function which depends on both food quantities and the level of health reached by consumers is maximized subject to two types of restrictions: a traditional budget constraint and a restriction associated with health production. The solution of the maximisation problem leads to a joint estimation of an equation system with two components, an equation referred to the diet quality and a food demand system. Results indicate that the introduction of the quality of diet in a demand system (in relation to the traditional model which only considers income and prices) modifies income elasticities, becoming greater in the case of healthier food groups. Moreover, an increase in diet quality implies an increase in the valuation of cereals and potatoes and a decrease of oil and meat groups.
Una aplicación de la escala de fobia a los alimentos nuevos. El caso de los alimentos étnicos
Authors: Camarena Dena Mª , Sanjuán Ana I.
Published: June 2016

The paper examines consumers’ attitudes towards new food by means of the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). Among the new food trends, ethnic food, that is, food specific to a country or culture, is becoming more present in Spain boosted by immigration. The FNS allows the identification of consumers’ profiles with more and less propensity to consume new foodstuffs, and we evaluate these profiles in relation to consumption and purchase habits of ethnic food. The results constitute a first step onto the insight of the potential of the ethnic food market in Spain.
Efectos de los precios de los alimentos y de la renta del consumidor sobre la disponibilidad de los nutrientes: Aplicación a la demanda de productos lácteos en Túnez
Authors: Dhehibi Boubaker , Laajimi Abderraouf
Published: June 2016

Number of Tunisian food demand studies have measured the influence of traditional variables, such as income and prices, and in some cases some sociodemographic variables. However, givenincreasing concerns about health, other important factors, such as the nutritious quality and the nutrientcontent of food, have also been shown to determine consumer choices. This paper analyses the effect ofthese factors on the demand for dairy products. The nutritious quality of dairy products is measured by anindex that relates nutrient content of each product with the standards suggested by the National Academyof Science. A demand system is estimated and nutrient demand elasticities with respect to prices and expenditure are obtained. Results differ from traditional studies in the sense that higher prices do not indicate lower consumption but a shift to a higher quality demand.
La relación entre ventajas competitivas y resultados empresariales en la industria agroalimentaria aragonesa
Authors: Mamaqi Xhevrie , González María A. , Albisu Luis Miguel
Published: June 2016

This paper examines relationships among competitive advantages and managerial results of the food-processing industry (IAA) in Aragon (Spain). Astructural equations model has been proposed based of an extensive literature review including both theoretical and empirical contributions. A sample of 194 food-processing industries and 19 indicators was selected to infer the competitive managerial advantages. Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique has been used to test the structural relationships. Innovation activities, introduction of new products and relationships with suppliers are the most important activities, among others, confirming four of the seven proposed hypotheses.
Elección del calendario óptimo de exportación Del tomate canario
Authors: Cáceres-Hernández José Juan , Ramos-Henríquez José Manuel , González-Gómez José Ignacio , Martín-Rodríguez Gloria , Morini-Marrero Sandra
Published: June 2016

A procedure is proposed to determine the optimal beginning and ending weeks of the tomato export period for a Canary farm. The weekly man-hours dedicated to each one the activities are the main element to evaluate both fixed cultivation costs, for the whole season, and also variable cultivation costs, accordingly to the campaign’s week. However, the weekly costs of packaging and commercialization are mainly associated to export levels. The optimal export period is determined by using estimates of the weekly tomato production exported to the European markets, and of the corresponding weekly prices at these destination markets.
Empleo femenino y su efecto sobre la distribución de la renta familiar en el medio rural
Authors: Vera-Toscano Esperanza , Moyano Estrada Eduardo
Published: June 2016

Using data from a regional survey undertaken in 2008 to a sample of female rural residents of Andalucía, this paper analyzes the distributive effects of the increase in female employment on family income inequality. Results show the significant contribution of female earnings to family income and its distribution in rural areas. Nonetheless, female employment tends to be highly unstable with a high degree of seasonality and makes no contribution to the Social Security System. This situation exposes low income families, in particular, towards a high risk of social exclusion.
Medida de la compensación del daño ambiental en la Directiva de Responsabilidad Ambiental: lecciones aprendidas del caso Aznalcóllar-Doñana
Authors: Martín-Ortega Julia , Brouwer Roy , Aiking Harry
Published: June 2016

The Aznalcóllar mine tailings spill near the Doñana Park (Spain), taking place in 1998, is analyzed in the context of the Environmental Liability Directive (ELD). The ELD imposes liability on operators of risky activities for environmental damage, including the compensation for interim losses. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of economic valuation in the measurement of the compensation in the context of the ELD and derive some lessons for future applications. The results show that the measures carried out after the accident (Green Corridor) did not compensate for the damage at Doñana. This study points out the need of a deeper analysis of non-use values, the control of protest answers and the set up of valuation scenarios specific to the interim losses.
Evolución de la productividad del agua en la Cuenca del Guadalquivir 1989-2005
Authors: Carrasco José Manuel , Pistón Juan Máximo , Berbel Julio
Published: June 2016

In order to understand the development of irrigated agriculture, it is necessary to study the evolution of irrigated crop water productivity. This research analyzes the evolution of this indicator for the Guadalquivir basin between 1989 and 2005. Statistical data has firstly been treated at a regional and cultivation level and, subsequently, they have been aggregated to obtain a global value for the whole basin. Results indicate that the irrigated crop water productivity is 0.5 €/m3 for 2005 representing a 327% increase with respect to the 1989 value.
Hacia una adecuada comprensión de las fuentes de innovación en las cooperativas agroalimentarias
Authors: Segovia Cristina , Sánchez Manuel
Published: June 2016

The existing typologies of innovation sources rely on classification criterions which are excessively generalist and developed under the consideration of private owned organisations. The present paper seeks to shed light on the special structural and operative features of agrifood cooperatives demanding a more comprehensive classification of innovation sources. A sample from the agrifood cooperative industry was selected as the scenario of the empirical research. Findings reveal a classification proposal of innovation sources into four differentiated groups (managers, technology, market and normative context) with regard to the management orientation of change (strategic vs. technical/legal) and the strength motivating the innovation (internal vs. external).
Performance de las cooperativas tradicionales: las cooperativas portuguesas de Viño del Duero
Authors: Rebelo João , Caldas José , Matulich Scott C.
Published: June 2016

Globalization is challenging the very core of cooperative governance and ownership decision, especially in Southern European countries, like Portugal, where a large number of producers are organized in traditional and Mediterranean-style agricultural cooperatives. This paper analyses the effects of governance and control variables related with size over two alternative indicators of performance: revenues transferred to members/patrons and capital structure. The results suggest that these cooperatives have difficulties being sustainable in the more competitive global wine markets, if they follow, essentially, a practice of maximum patronage refund, reducing their capacity to improve leverage and to finance more profitable, but risky, long run investments.
Impacto de un incremento de la capacidad de generación de energía a partir de biomasa en plantas de co-generación en Andalucía
Authors: Cardenete Manuel Alejandro , González José Manuel , Pablo-Romero Mª del Pópulo , Román Rocío
Published: June 2016

The paper estimates the regional economic impact of renewable energy development (inv) based on the use of biomass. The regional level is Andalusia. The analysis is carried out under the assumption that achieves the goal of renewable energy development set in Andalusian Sustainable Energy Plan (PASENER) 2007-2013. To estimate the economic impact, a General Equilibrium Model (CGE) is used based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) updated for Andalusia in 2008. The results show that if the goal of PASENER is met, there might be an increase production of 4.02%.
Cambio climático y seguridad alimentaria al 2030: una perspectiva global de la economía en general
Authors: Valenzuela Ernesto , Anderson Kym
Published: June 2016

The effects of climate change on agriculture raise major food security concerns. We use a global economy-wide model to assess the effects on farm product prices of expected yield changes. Also modelled is an expected adverse effect of higher temperatures and humidity in the tropics on the productivity of unskilled workers in developing countries. Given the degrees of uncertainty about plausible effects of climate change, our modelling accounts for a range of yield productivity and labor shocks. The results entail consequences for international agricultural prices, national food consumption, self sufficiency, net farm income and economic welfare.
Impactos y capacidad de adaptación como factores determinantes para priorizar la adaptación agrícola al cambio climático en Europa
Authors: Schlickenrieder Jeremy , Quiroga Sonia , Diz Agustín , Iglesias Ana
Published: June 2016

In the face of likely climate change impacts policy makers at different spatial scales need access to assessment tools that enable informed policy instruments to be designed. Recent scientific advances have facilitated the development of improved climate projections, but it remains to be seen whether these are translated into effective adaptation strategies. This paper uses existing databases on climate impacts on European agriculture and combines them with an assessment of adaptive capacity to develop an interdisciplinary approach for prioritising policies. It proposes a method for identifying relevant policies for different EU countries that are representative of various agroclimatic zones. Our analysis presents a framework for integrating current knowledge of future climate impacts with an understanding of the underlying socio-economic, agricultural and environmental traits that determine a region’s capacity for adapting to climate change.
Aportaciones desde la economía de la adaptación a la toma de decisiones sobre Cambio Climático: un ejemplo para la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco
Authors: Galarraga Ibon , Osés Nuria , Markandya Anil , Chiabai Aline , Khatun Kaysara
Published: June 2016

As a consequence of Climate Change sea level rise as well as a change in the intensity and propensity of rain are expected in the Basque Country. Valuing the costs and benefits of adapting to these changes becomes an important piece of information for the planning process. This paper develops two methodological frameworks. The first one devoted to estimating the economic impacts to urban areas of an increase in the risk of flooding. The values estimated for the Nervión river in the city of Amurrio (Álava) indicate that the average expected damage will increase in 15 per cent as a consequence of CC (from €56,097 to €64,451). For an extreme episode the total loss could increase to €20 million. The second framework is oriented towards the valuation of the damages as a consequence of sea level rise for 2100. The values in this case range from €87 to €231 million, that is, between €0.87 and €2.3 million per hectare.
La economía de la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad para la seguridad alimentaria ante el cambio climático
Authors: Pascual Unai , Narloch Ulf , Nordhagen Stella , Drucker Adam G.
Published: June 2016

Subsistence-based and natural resource-dependent societies are especially vulnerable to climate change. In such contexts, food security needs to be strengthened by investing in the adaptability of food systems. This paper looks into the role of agrobiodiversity conservation for food security in the face of climate change. It identifies agrobiodiversity as a key public good that delivers necessary services for human wellbeing. We argue that the public values provided by agrobiodiversity conservation need to be demonstrated and captured. We offer an economic perspective of this challenge and highlight ways of capturing at least a subset of the public values of agrobiodiversity to help adapt to and reduce the vulnerability of subsistence based economies to climate change.
Análisis de alternativas para la eliminación de la sobreexplotación de acuíferos en el Valle de Guadalentín
Authors: Calatrava Javier , Guillem Amanda , Martínez-Granados David
Published: June 2016

In this paper we analyse the economic impact of alternative water management instruments that allow addressing the problem of non-renewable groundwater pumping in the aquifers of the Guadalentín Valley (southeast Spain). Their impact is assessed using a partial equilibrium mathematical programming model that maximises the farm net margin resulting from the use of the available water resources for irrigation in the area. Our results show that the buyback of groundwater pumping rights is the option with the greatest public budgetary cost and economic impact. On the contrary, the combination of an environmental tax on groundwater pumping and the substitution of groundwater by subsidised desalinised water allow eliminating aquifer overdraft in the area while minimising the public budgetary cost and the economic impact on the agricultural sector.
Adaptando la agricultura al cambio climático
Authors: Iglesias Ana , Quiroga Sonia , Diz Agustín , Garrote Luis
Published: June 2016

We evaluate the potential impacts and measure the potential limits of adaptation of agri culture to climate change. Pressures on land and water resources are expected to intensify existing risks in low latitude areas – e.g., South-East Asia deltas – and in regions with current water scarcity – e.g. Mediterranean, and create new opportunities in some northern temperate areas – e.g., Northern Russia, Northern Europe. The need to respond to these risks and opportunities is addressed by evaluating the costs and benefits of a number of technical and policy actions. The discussion aims to assist stakeholders facing the adaptation challenge and develop measures to reduce the vulnerability of the sector to climate change.
Conditions de travail et parcours dans l’entreprise. Vers une transformation qui intègre l’ergonomie et le genre ?
Authors: Chappert Florence , Messing Karen , Peltier Éric , Riel Jessica
Published: June 2016

L’ergonomie est la discipline qui a pour objet de transformer les milieux de travail afin d’améliorer la santé. L’ergonome entreprend ses travaux à la suite d’une demande du milieu. Bien que la division des emplois, des postes et des tâches de travail selon le genre puisse poser des problèmes pour la santé et le bien-être des femmes et des hommes, rares sont les demandes en ergonomie qui portent sur le genre. En France, à partir de 2009, l’Agence nationale pour l’amélioration des conditions de travail (ANACT) a décidé d’adopter une approche de genre dans ses interventions. Nous présentons ici une description d’une intervention centrée sur un poste pénible occupé majoritairement par des femmes. Les résultats de cette intervention ont contribué à alimenter les activités de l’ANACT ainsi que les décisions de politiques publiques. Nous appuyant sur le bilan de cette intervention, nous examinons l’opportunité de transformer le travail des femmes et des hommes à partir d’une approche de genre employée sur le terrain. Nous constatons qu’il est difficile d’entrer et de demeurer dans les milieux de travail en parlant explicitement d’égalité, de justice et de rapports de pouvoir. Mais parler uniquement de pénibilité et de santé ne permet pas toujours d’aborder les problèmes d’organisation du travail selon le genre qui affectent différemment la santé des travailleuses et des travailleurs.
Femmes et emploi dans l’Amérique latine contemporaine : stéréotypes, politiques et identité
Authors: Argaillot Janice
Published: June 2016

Ce travail propose une analyse de la place des femmes dans le monde professionnel latino-américain contemporain. Il s’agit de comprendre les interrelations entre les comportements et préjugés qui s’opèrent dans la vie quotidienne, et ceux observables sur les lieux de travail. Sont ainsi abordées les questions de l’insertion professionnelle des femmes latino-américaines –ainsi que les mesures visant à favoriser leur intégration–, mais également la subsistance d’une division genrée de l’emploi, et la question de l’identité en lien avec l’emploi.
Un objet bien singulier !
Authors: Bonny Yves
Published: June 2016

Cet article thématise la singularité en tant que nouvel objet théorique de la sociologie. Établissant une distinction claire entre la singularité et la particularité, il vise à montrer que la sociologie s’est historiquement intéressée de façon privilégiée à la généralité, du fait de ses orientations nomothétiques, et ce faisant à l’articulation entre le général et le particulier. La seule singularité mise en exergue dans cette perspective était celle de la trajectoire historique occidentale, mais celle-ci était elle-même appréhendée de façon globale. Considérer la singularité comme nouvel objet de la sociologie implique de mettre en évidence l’effet conjugué des développements internes de la discipline (critique de la réduction du singulier au particulier ou de la confusion entre singularité et homogénéité) et des transformations sociohistoriques. L’analyse est approfondie à travers trois entrées principales : la singularité de l’individu, la singularité des dynamiques actionnelles et interactionnelles et la singularité historique.
Propositions pour une sociologie pragmatique des frontières : multiples acteurs,
pratiques spatio-temporelles et jeux de juridictions
Authors: Moffette David
Published: June 2016

Bien que les sociologues aient beaucoup travaillé sur des objets connexes, l’étude
des frontières demeure un champ de recherche dominé par les géographes et politistes. Ce
sont eux qui ont proposé qu’il faille considérer la frontière non pas comme un objet
physique spatialement situé, mais bien comme un ensemble de pratiques d’acteurs dispersés.
Nous soutenons qu’en adoptant une approche pragmatique des frontières qui mette l’accent sur
la multiplicité des acteurs impliqués, leurs pratiques socio-temporelles et leurs jeux de
juridictions, les sociologues peuvent pousser les limites de ce domaine de recherche. De
plus, en encourageant les sociologues à réfléchir aux dimensions spatiales, temporelles et
juridictionnelles des pratiques sociales, la « sociologie des frontières » proposée ici peut
faciliter un renouvellement de l’analyse sociologique et nous aider non seulement à ne pas
réifier le social, mais aussi à ne pas le distinguer a priori du spatial, du
temporel et du juridique.
De la sociologie de l’innovation à l’imagination sociologique. La théorie des champs à l’épreuve de la profession infirmière
Authors: Longchamp Philippe , Toffel Kevin , Bühlmann Felix , Tawfik Amal
Published: June 2016

Si l’on suit la perspective de Saussure pour qui le point de vue crée l’objet, la « nouveauté » d’un objet sociologique suppose au moins autant le renouvellement de son approche que la « nouveauté intrinsèque » de celui-ci. Dans cet article, nous privilégions la voie d’un tel renouvellement en mettant à l’épreuve un « vieil objet » par une « approche ancienne ». Nous inscrivant à contre-courant d’une tendance à la parcellisation de la discipline en sociologies thématiques, nous montrons la valeur heuristique qu’il y a à saisir une profession comme un espace social de positions différenciées qui ne prend sens qu’une fois réinscrit dans le champ au sein duquel il s’insère. Largement féminisée et partiellement dominée, la profession infirmière est soumise à une théorie traditionnellement mobilisée pour l’étude de groupes masculins et dominants : la théorie des champs de Pierre Bourdieu.
Insiders, smart drugs et pharmaceuticalisation : éléments pour une typologie
de la nouvelle déviance conformiste
Authors: Otero Marcelo , Collin Johanne
Published: June 2016

La multiplication des usagers et usagères des smart drugs sur les campus
universitaires, des go-pills dans l’armée ou encore des coast-to-coast
chez les camionneurs de longue distance invite à revisiter la légitimité croissante des
« usages adaptatifs » des psychostimulants par le biais d’une relecture des catégories
traditionnelles avec lesquelles fonctionnalistes et interactionnistes ont tenté de saisir
les modes légitimes d’adaptation et d’inadaptation sociale. Suffit-il de mobiliser des
catégories de la déviance « par excès » d’intégration telles que la surobéissance ou encore
par « hyper-responsabilité » ? Devrait-on naturaliser le recours de plus en plus fréquent à
des oxymorons mi-sociologiques mi-éthiques pour saisir des pratiques de plus en plus
répandues mais dont la légitimité pose problème tels que l’« innovation conformiste », ou
encore la pratique du « bon dopage » ? En nous appuyant sur la cas de figure des
consommateurs de smart drugs et mobilisant les concepts de pharmaceuticalisation et
de biosocialité, nous chercherons à dégager un certain nombre de traits sociologiques de la
figure idéal-typique de l’insider (à la fois « initié », consommateur avant-gardiste,
individu hypersocialisé, innovateur responsable, etc.) qui se veut en principe l’image
inversée du célèbre outsider d’Howard Becker.
Jeu et nouvelles perspectives de recherche en sciences sociales
Authors: Kapp Sébastien
Published: June 2016

La sociologie des jeux est en général assez peu développée. Ses références majeures sont anciennes (J. Huizinga dans les années 1930 ; R. Caillois dans les années 1950) et des thématiques émergentes comme les games studies ne permettent pas de les renouveler en profondeur. Dans cette contribution, un jeu encore peu connu, le jeu de rôles grandeur nature (GN) est pris comme exemple afin de proposer un renouvellement des perspectives théoriques à trois niveaux : celui des études ludiques en sciences sociales ; celui de concepts sociologiques comme la construction sociale de la réalité et à la notion de cadre (P. Berger et Th. Luckmann ; G. Bateson et E. Goffman) ; celui d’un dialogue interdisciplinaire avec la narratologie, autour du couple jeu/fiction (J-M. Schaeffer).
Transient change in the shape of premixed burner flame with the superposition of pulsed dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Zaima Kazunori , Sasaki Koichi
Published: June 2016

We investigated the transient phenomena in a premixed burner flame with the superposition of a pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The length of the flame was shortened by the superposition of DBD, indicating the activation of combustion chemical reactions with the help of the plasma. In addition, we observed the modulation of the top position of the unburned gas region and the formations of local minimums in the axial distribution of the optical emission intensity of OH. These experimental results reveal the oscillation of the rates of combustion chemical reactions as a response to the activation by pulsed DBD. The cycle of the oscillation was 0.18–0.2 ms, which could be understood as the eigenfrequency of the plasma-assisted combustion reaction system.
The crouching of the shrew: Mechanical consequences of limb posture in small mammals
Authors: Riskin Daniel K. , Kendall Corinne J. , Hermanson John W.
Published: June 2016

An important trend in the early evolution of mammals was the shift from a sprawling stance, whereby the legs are held in a more abducted position, to a parasagittal one, in which the legs extend more downward. After that transition, many mammals shifted from a crouching stance to a more upright one. It is hypothesized that one consequence of these transitions was a decrease in the total mechanical power required for locomotion, because side-to-side accelerations of the body have become smaller, and thus less costly with changes in limb orientation. To test this hypothesis we compared the kinetics of locomotion in two mammals of body size close to those of early mammals (< 40 g), both with parasagittally oriented limbs: a crouching shrew (Blarina brevicauda; 5 animals, 17 trials) and a more upright vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus; 4 animals, 22 trials). As predicted, voles used less mechanical power per unit body mass to perform steady locomotion than shrews did (P= 0.03). However, while lateral forces were indeed smaller in voles (15.6 ± 2.0% body weight) than in shrews (26.4 ± 10.9%;P= 0.046), the power used to move the body from side-to-side was negligible, making up less than 5% of total power in both shrews and voles. The most power consumed for both species was that used to accelerate the body in the direction of travel, and this was much larger for shrews than for voles (P= 0.01). We conclude that side-to-side accelerations are negligible for small mammals–whether crouching or more upright–compared to their sprawling ancestors, and that a more upright posture further decreases the cost of locomotion compared to crouching by helping to maintain the body’s momentum in the direction of travel.
The chemomodulatory effects of glufosfamide on docetaxel cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Attia Reem T. , Tolba Mai F. , Trivedi Ruchit , Tadros Mariane G. , Arafa Hossam M.M. , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B.
Published: June 2016

Background. Glufosfamide (GLU) is a glucose conjugate of ifosfamide in which isophosphoramide mustard is glycosidically linked to theβ-D-glucose molecule. Based on GLU structure, it is considered a targeted chemotherapy with fewer side effects. The main objective of the current study is to assess the cytotoxic potential of GLU for the first time in prostate cancer (PC) cells representing different stages of the tumor. Furthermore, this study examined the potential synergistic activity of GLU in combination with docetaxel (DOC).

Methods. Two different cell lines were used, LNCaP and PC-3. Concentration-response curves were assessed. The tested groups per cell line were, control, GLU, DOC and combination. Treatment duration was 72 h. Cytotoxicity was assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. Synergy analyses were performed using Calcusyn®software. Subsequent mechanistic studies includedβ-glucosidase activity assay, glucose uptake and apoptosis studies, namely annexin V-FITC assay and the protein expression of mitochondrial pathway signals including Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 9 and 3 were assessed. Data are presented as mean ± SD; comparisons were carried out using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer’s test for post hoc analysis.

Results. GLU induced cytotoxicity in both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 in PC-3 cells was significantly lower by 19% when compared to that of LNCaP cells. The IC50 of combining both drugs showed comparable effect to DOC in PC-3 but was tremendously lowered by 49% compared to the same group in LNCaP cell line.β-glucosidase activity was higher in LNCaP by about 67% compared to that determined in PC-3 cells while the glucose uptake in PC-3 cells was almost 2 folds that found in LNCaP cells. These results were directly correlated to the efficacy of GLU in each cell line. Treatment of PC cells with GLU as single agent or in combination with DOC induced significantly higher apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V-staining. Apoptosis was significantly increased in combination group by 4.9 folds and by 2.1 Folds when compared to control in LNCaP cells and PC-3 cells; respectively. Similarly, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased while Bax, caspase 9 and 3 were significantly increased in the combined treatment groups compared to the control.

Conclusion. GLU has a synergistic effect in combination with DOC as it increases the cell kill which can be attributed at least partially to apoptosis in both the tested cell lines and it is suggested as a new combination regimen to be considered in the treatment of the prostate cancer. Further experiments and clinical investigations are needed for assessment of that regimen.
Collecting reliable clades using the Greedy Strict Consensus Merger
Authors: Fleischauer Markus , Böcker Sebastian
Published: June 2016

Supertree methods combine a set of phylogenetic trees into a single supertree. Similar to supermatrix methods, these methods provide a way to reconstruct larger parts of the Tree of Life, potentially evading the computational complexity of phylogenetic inference methods such as maximum likelihood. The supertree problem can be formalized in different ways, to cope with contradictory information in the input. Many supertree methods have been developed. Some of them solve NP-hard optimization problems like the well-known Matrix Representation with Parsimony, while others have polynomial worst-case running time but work in a greedy fashion (FlipCut). Both can profit from a set of clades that are already known to be part of the supertree. The Superfine approach shows how the Greedy Strict Consensus Merger (GSCM) can be used as preprocessing to find these clades. We introduce different scoring functions for the GSCM, a randomization, as well as a combination thereof to improve the GSCM to find more clades. This helps, in turn, to improve the resolution of the GSCM supertree. We find this modifications to increase the number of true positive clades by 18% compared to the currently used Overlap scoring.
A novel baculovirus-derived promoter with high activity in the baculovirus expression system
Authors: Martínez-Solís María , Gómez-Sebastián Silvia , Escribano José M. , Jakubowska Agata K. , Herrero Salvador
Published: June 2016

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been widely used to produce a large number of recombinant proteins, and is becoming one of the most powerful, robust, and cost-effective systems for the production of eukaryotic proteins. Nevertheless, as in any other protein expression system, it is important to improve the production capabilities of this vector. Theorf46viral gene was identified among the most highly abundant sequences in the transcriptome ofSpodoptera exigualarvae infected with its native baculovirus, theS. exiguamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). Different sequences upstream of theorf46gene were cloned, and their promoter activities were tested by the expression of the GFP reporter gene using theAutographa californicanucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) vector system in different insect cell lines (Sf21, Se301, and Hi5) and in larvae fromS. exiguaandTrichoplusia ni. The strongest promoter activity was defined by a 120 nt sequence upstream of the ATG start codon for theorf46gene. On average, GFP expression under this new promoter was more than two fold higher than the expression obtained with the standard polyhedrin (polh) promoter. Additionally, theorf46promoter was also tested in combination with the polh promoter, revealing an additive effect over the polh promoter activity. In conclusion, this new characterized promoter represents an excellent alternative to the most commonly used baculovirus promoters for the efficient expression of recombinant proteins using the BEVS.
New insights into gully formation on Mars: Constraints from composition as seen by MRO/CRISM
Authors: Núñez J. I. , Barnouin O. S. , Murchie S. L. , Seelos F. P. , McGovern J. A. , Seelos K. D. , Buczkowski D. L.
Published: June 2016

Over 100 Martian gully sites were analyzed using orbital data collected by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Most gullies are spectrally indistinct from their surroundings, due to mantling by dust. Where spectral information on gully sediments was obtained, a variety of mineralogies were identified. Their relationship to the source rock suggests that gully‐forming processes transported underlying material downslope. There is no evidence for specific compositions being more likely to be associated with gullies or with the formation of hydrated minerals in situ as a result of recent liquid water activity. Seasonal CO2 and H2O frosts were observed in gullies at middle to high latitudes, consistent with seasonal frost‐driven processes playing important roles in the evolution of gullies. Our results do not clearly indicate a role for long‐lived liquid water in gully formation and evolution.
Modulation of the summer hydrological cycle evolution over western Europe by anthropogenic aerosols and soil‐atmosphere interactions
Authors: Boé J.
Published: June 2016

Large decadal variations in solar radiation at surface have been observed over Europe for 60 years. These variations might have impacted the hydrological cycle, through a modulation of the energy available for evapotranspiration. Here a large ensemble of climate models is analyzed to characterize the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the hydrological cycle over western Europe in summer and the associated uncertainties. Some models simulate strong aerosols‐driven changes in evapotranspiration and also precipitation on the historical period, while other models show virtually no impact. These opposed responses are largely determined by two seemingly independent properties of the models: the magnitude of the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on solar radiation and whether evapotranspiration is predominantly water or energy limited. Both properties, characterized on the past climate, are highly uncertain in current climate models and continue to impact the evolution of the hydrological cycle through the 21st century.
Treatment of Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended
Authors: Worling James R. , Langton Calvin M.
Published: June 2016

Treatment for adolescents who have offended sexually has gradually moved away from a reliance on techniques and approaches designed for adults. There has also been a recognition of the significant heterogeneity of this population, the need to consider treatment processes rather than just tools and techniques, and the requirement that treatment be based on a comprehensive assessment of strengths, risks, and needs. With a focus on the empirical evidence (or lack thereof), common treatment goals and approaches for adolescents who have sexually offended are discussed.
3D Carbonaceous Current Collectors: The Origin of Enhanced Cycling Stability for High‐Sulfur‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Peng Hong‐Jie , Xu Wen‐Tao , Zhu Lin , Wang Dai‐Wei , Huang Jia‐Qi , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Yuan Zhe , Wei Fei , Zhang Qiang
Published: June 2016

The cycling stability of high‐sulfur‐loading lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries remains a great challenge owing to the exaggerated shuttle problem and interface instability. Despite enormous efforts on design of advanced electrodes and electrolytes, the stability issue raised from current collectors has been rarely concerned. This study demonstrates that rationally designing a 3D carbonaceous macroporous current collector is an efficient and effective “two‐in‐one” strategy to improve the cycling stability of high‐sulfur‐loading Li–S batteries, which is highly versatile to enable various composite cathodes with sulfur loading >3.7 mAh cm−2. The best cycling performance can be achieved upon 950 cycles with a very low decay rate of 0.029%. Moreover, the origin of such a huge enhancement in cycling stability is ascribed to (1) the inhibition of electrochemical corrosion, which severely occurs on the typical Al foil and disables its long‐term sustainability for charge transfer, and (2) the passivation of cathode surface. The role of the chemical resistivity against corrosion and favorable macroscopic porous structure is highlighted for exploiting novel current collectors toward exceptional cycling stability of high‐sulfur‐loading Li–S batteries.
Polysiloxane graft poly(2‐vinylpyridine) copolymer‐based capillary coating for separation of dsDNA
Authors: Yang Runmiao , Dong Guanxiu , Liu Yuhai
Published: June 2016

Polyether‐modified polysiloxane graft poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PMP‐g‐P2VP) copolymer, which was confirmed by NMR spectra and GPC, was synthesized for separation of dsDNA by capillary electrophoresis. EOF measurement results showed that the synthesized copolymer‐coated capillaries in this report could suppress EOF effectively compared to the bare fused‐silica capillaries. The effectiveness of PMP‐g‐P2VP polymer as a media for DNA analysis was discussed. Significant improvement in resolution of dsDNA analysis was demonstrated compared to the conventional polymer matrix. Results showed that 100‐bp DNA ladder samples achieved separation in a 30 cm effective capillary length at 2.0% concentration by using this copolymer. Finally, the relationships between morphologies of copolymer in glass surface and the separation efficiencies were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM).