bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of life impact of eye diseases: a Save Sight Registries study
Authors: Kandel Himal , Nguyen Vuong , Piermarocchi Stefano , Ceklic Lala , Teo Kelvin , Arnalich‐Montiel Francisco , Miotto Stefania , Daien Vincent , Gillies Mark C. , Watson Stephanie L.
Published: January 2022

Background

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quality‐of‐life (QoL) impact of eye diseases (keratoconus; neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, AMD; retinal vein occlusion, RVO; and diabetic macular edema, DME) using the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire, and to determine the relationship between the IVI scores and visual acuity.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, multicentre, real‐world study utilised the prospective, web‐based Save Sight Registries. The IVI was completed by 1557 patients: 307 with keratoconus, 1049 with AMD, 148 with RVO and 53 with DME. Statistical analysis included Rasch analysis, Welcht‐test, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression.

Results

The IVI scales (Overall; Visual Function, VF; Emotional, EM) had robust psychometric properties. The keratoconus patients had the worst Overall (adjusted mean: 48.2 vs. DME 58.8, RVO 64.6, AMD 67.6 units), VF (47.7 vs. DME 59.4, RVO 65.9, AMD 68.9 units) and EM (50.8 vs. DME 63.1, RVO 69.2, AMD 71.8 units) scores (allp < 0.05).

The IVI scales scores weakly correlated with better and worse eye visual acuity (Pearson'sr0.24–0.39, allp < 0.05). The correlations were similar in the better eye (Overall 0.35, VF 0.39, EM 0.24) and the worse eye (Overall 0.31, VF 0.33, EM 0.25) visual acuity. Correlations with visual acuity were stronger for VF than for the EM scores.

Conclusions

The IVI was a psychometrically robust QoL questionnaire. Keratoconus patients had worse IVI scores than patients with retinal diseases. The low strength of correlations between visual acuity and QoL scores, although statistically significant, suggested that a complex relationship exists.
Pyridoxine or pyridoxal‐5‐phosphate treatment for seizures in glycosylphosphatidylinositol deficiency: A cohort study
Authors: Bayat Allan , Aledo‐Serrano Angel , Gil‐Nagel Antonio , Korff Christian M. , Thomas Ashley , Boßelmann Christian , Weber Yvonne , Gardella Elena , Lund Allan M , de Sain‐van der Velden Monique G. M. , Møller Rikke S
Published: January 2022

Aim

To investigate the short‐term efficacy and safety of high‐dose pyridoxine and pyridoxal 5‐phosphate (P5P) in the treatment of inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency‐associated epilepsy.

Method

Participants with genetically confirmed GPI deficiency were treated with oral pyridoxine or P5P as compassionate use in an agreed‐upon clinical regimen. Pyridoxine (20–30 mg/kg/day) was used for 3 months. Baseline evaluation included 4 weeks of prospective seizure data and one video electroencephalogram (EEG). Seizure frequency was captured daily. The EEG was repeated after reaching maximum dosage of pyridoxine. Pyridoxine was switched to P5P (20–30 mg/kg/day) if seizure burden was unchanged after 3 months' treatment. Another EEG was done after 3 months of P5P treatment. Primary outcome measures were reduction of seizure frequency and EEG improvements.

Results

Seven participants (one female, six males; age range 5–23 year; mean age 11 years 10 months, SD 5 year 2 months) were included. The genetic causes of inherited GPI deficiency were phosphatidylinositol N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A/T/V deficiency. All had drug‐resistant epilepsy and neurodevelopmental impairment. We observed more than 50% seizure frequency reduction in 2 out of 7 and less than 50% reduction in another 3 out of 7 participants. No participants reached seizure freedom. No remarkable changes in electrophysiological findings were observed in 6 out of 7 participants treated with pyridoxine or P5P when comparing the baseline and follow‐up EEGs.

Interpretation

We observed no long‐lasting electrophysiological improvements during treatment but pyridoxine may reduce seizure frequency or burden in inherited GPI deficiency.

What this paper adds

Inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency often causes early‐onset and drug‐resistant epilepsy.

Vitamin B6 is a potential disease‐specific treatment; however, efficacy and safety are ill‐defined.

Pyridoxine may reduce seizure frequency or burden in inherited GPI deficiency.

Pyridoxine and P5P could prove to be a useful treatment in some individuals with inherited GPI deficiency and epilepsy.
Mechanistic and therapeutic role of Drp1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bera Arpita , Lavanya Gantyada , Reshmi Ravada , Dev Kapil , Kumar Rahul
Published: January 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has emerged as the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Two major pathological hallmarks have been identified for AD: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Recently, dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) was recognized to contribute significantly towards the pathogenesis of AD. Drp1 is primarily located in the cytosol, from where it translocates to the mitochondrial outer membrane and drives the mitochondrial fission via GTP hydrolysis. Drp1 interacts with Aβ and phosphorylated tau, leading to excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, which in turn results in synaptic dysfunction, neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Several studies suggest an increase in the level of Drp1 in the post‐mortem brain specimen collected from the AD patients and murine models of AD. Interestingly, heterozygous deletion of Drp1 in the transgenic murine model of AD ameliorates the mitochondrial dysfunction, improving learning and memory. The current review article discusses the possible mechanistic pathways by which Drp1 can influence the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, it will describe various inhibitors for Drp1 and their potential role as therapeutics for AD in the future.
Acquiring reason
Authors: Ionel Lucian
Published: January 2022

In the last decades, there has been a far‐reaching debate about whether reason is a natural power of the human animal or a socio‐historical achievement. This paper brings out and criticizes two paradigmatic views of reason entangled in that dilemma: the substantive view which construes reason as a primitive power possessing the basic forms of intelligibility; and the derivative view which traces back reason to non‐rational, natural‐historic processes. I approach the issue by discussing how Aristotle addresses the underlying predicament in Metaphysics Theta. The predicament persuades us to overdetermine or underdetermine our natural potentiality for reason because it ignores what I call Aristotle's main insight: the understanding from which rational capacities are exercised is acquired by undertaking appropriate activities. The measure of rational capacities is neither merely naturally determined nor merely socio‐historically inherited but relies on the engagement with the things falling under the purview of the pertaining activities. We must recover this Aristotelian insight, I argue, to avoid succumbing to either the substantive or the derivative view of reason.
Longitudinal effects of physical exercise on health‐related outcomes based on frailty status in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Wakida Masanori , Asai Tsuyoshi , Kubota Ryo , Kuwabara Takayuki , Fukumoto Yoshihiro , Sato Haruhiko , Nakano Jiro , Mori Kimihiko , Ikezoe Tome , Hase Kimitaka
Published: January 2022

Aim

To clarify the difference in the longitudinal effects of physical exercise on health‐related outcomes according to the baseline frailty status (frail or non‐frail) in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

Participants included 177 adults aged ≥65 years who carried out multicomponent physical exercises (strength, aerobic, gait and balance) for 40 min, one to three times per week, for 1 year at a day‐care center. Bodyweight, comfortable walking speed, 6‐min walking distance and Mini‐Mental State Examination were measured at baseline and every 3 months. For longitudinal trend, we analyzed the change in scores from baseline for each outcome using the linear mixed effects model. Fixed effects included “group” (frail or non‐frail), “time” (4 time points every 3 months, from 3 to 12 months) and “interaction between group and time.”

Results

The effect sizes from baseline showed almost all positive values for each outcome. The linear mixed effects model showed significant effects on “interaction between group and time” in changes in bodyweight (P = 0.033), “group” in changes in walking speed (P = 0.013) and “time” in changes in the Mini‐Mental State Examination (P < 0.001). Bodyweight showed a decreasing trend in the non‐frail group after 3 months, unlike in the frail group. For walking speed, moderate effect sizes (d = 0.67–0.74) were sustained over time in the frail group, as did lesser effect sizes (d = 0.26–0.40) in the non‐frail group.

Conclusions

Exercise‐based multicomponent interventions were effective for both groups. The longitudinal effects on walking speed and bodyweight were greater in the frail group. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 213–218.
Colonial breeding birds show greater annual adult apparent survival globally
Authors: Beauchamp Guy
Published: January 2022

Colonial breeding is a common breeding system in many avian species. Its ubiquity suggests that in the evolutionary past various benefits associated with colonial breeding often outweighed the potential costs. I have investigated the association between one fitness component, namely annual adult survival, and colonial breeding. Using a global dataset of survival probabilities (2431 survival estimates from 1170 species including 213 colonial species), I found that annual adult apparent survival was greater in colonial than in solitary breeding species in both hemispheres after including phylogeny and considering potential ecological confounders such as body mass and latitude. Excluding Procellariiformes, a clade of birds with unique features (all marine colonial species laying single‐egg clutches), did not alter the conclusions. This was also the case when excluding species living year‐long on islands, which are typically non‐colonial and long‐lived, and when excluding studies where survival estimates did not account for recapture/resighting probabilities, which might differ according to breeding system. Greater annual adult apparent survival is therefore a robust feature of colonial breeding in birds, which sheds light on the evolution of this common breeding system. Future studies are needed across species to determine whether the survival advantage of colonial breeding extends to nestlings and juveniles.
Dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients: A self‐determination theory perspective
Authors: Halvari Anne E. M. , Ivarsson Andreas , Halvari Hallgeir , Dahl Kari E. , Olafsen Anja H. , Solstad Bård Erlend , Deci Edward L. , Williams Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Self‐determination theory posits that managers’ autonomy‐supportive behaviour and employees’ autonomy causality orientation are motivation constructs to explain internalization of values, functioning and wellness at work. Hypothesis 1 tested whether profiles comprising perceived dental clinic managers’ autonomy‐supportive, as opposed to their controlling interpersonal style, and dental hygienists’ autonomy, as opposed to their control and impersonal, causality orientations at baseline, would be positively related to dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial (BPS) beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients after 18 months. Hypothesis 2 tested whether dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs in treatment of patients will be positively associated with their autonomy‐supportive behaviour given to patients after 18 months.

Material and methods

A prospective cohort design with 299 (Mage = 42.71; SDage = 12.62) dental hygienists completed an online survey at baseline and after 18 months.

Results

Latent profile and correlational analyses supported the hypotheses. Effect sizes were moderate to large.

Conclusions

Both perceived managerial styles and dental hygienists’ causality orientations are important for dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs and autonomy‐supportive behaviours when working with dental patients.
The dentine‐sealer interface: Modulation of antimicrobial effects by irrigation
Authors: Kapralos Vasileios , Valen Håkon , Koutroulis Andreas , Camilleri Josette , Ørstavik Dag , Sunde Pia Titterud
Published: January 2022

Aim

Assess whether sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX) and two irrigation protocols may alter the antibacterial properties of dentine and three endodontic sealers using a novelex vivotooth model.

Methodology

Prior to antibacterial testing, the tooth model was validated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the separation between dentine and sealer surfaces. Root blocks prepared from extracted human roots were pre‐treated with 17% EDTA + 0.9% saline and subsequently treated with 1% NaOCl (G1), 2% CHX (G2) or no irrigant (G3). Two irrigation protocols were further investigated, “1% NaOCl + 17% EDTA” (P1) and “1% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 2% CHX” (P2). Following irrigation, the root blocks were either filled with AH Plus, BioRoot RCS and Pulp Canal Sealer (PCS), or left empty. All groups were incubated for 1, 7 and 28 days. Direct contact tests for planktonicE. faecalisand 48 hE. faecalisbiofilms were performed at the level of dentine and sealer surfaces. Statistical analysis was performed on the bacterial survival between irrigants (G1, G2 and G3) and between irrigation protocols (P1 and P2);p < .05.

Results

The model was considered reproducible as SEM examination of dentine samples indicated consistent separation between dentine and sealer surfaces. Irrigation with CHX (G2) and irrigation protocol P2 enhanced the antibacterial properties of dentine without sealer application as well as dentine in contact with all three sealers tested, especially against planktonicE. faecalis. G2 and P2 also improved the antibacterial effect of AH Plus surfaces for all three incubation times. No irrigation groups (G1, G2) or irrigation protocols (P1, P2) altered the antibacterial properties of BioRoot RCS surfaces against planktonic bacteria or biofilms. Only BioRoot RCS surfaces eliminated the planktonicE. faecalisin all irrigation groups (G1, G2, G3) and protocols (P1, P2) investigated whilst PCS surfaces eliminateE. faecalisin biofilms in all groups up to 7 days.

Conclusions

The tooth model was reproducible. CHX improved the antibacterial activity upon both sealer and dentine surfaces. Amongst sealers, BioRoot RCS was less affected by NaOCl and CHX, and exhibited high antibacterial properties regardless the irrigation applied.
It is better with a shade of blue! Consumer evaluation of unisex extension of brands
Authors: Bhanja Nivedita , Mehta Ritu
Published: January 2022

Launching unisex or agender extension of existing brands is being increasingly practiced by marketers today. However, there is limited research that explores consumers’ responses to unisex brand extensions. The purpose of this research was to contribute to the understanding of consumer evaluation of the agender extension of brands. It uses the theory of social identity as an overarching conceptual lens to examine the influence of consumer’s biological gender, gender image of the parent brand, and product type on the evaluation of the unisex extension of brands. Hypotheses are developed and tested across three experimental studies conducted among graduate student‐participants of a management school. Our findings suggest that women compared to men are more favorable towards unisex brand extensions and unisex offerings in general. Additionally, a unisex extension of a masculine brand is preferred over feminine brands by both men and women. Finally, for products that are higher on symbolic value women evaluate unisex extension more favorably, whereas for men the evaluations worsen. The research findings will help managers in taking unisex brand extension decisions.
Valence of formal learning, employability and the moderating roles of transformational leadership and informal learning in the public sector
Authors: van den Elsen Josine , Vermeeren Brenda , Steijn Bram
Published: January 2022

This article examines the relationship between the valence of formal learning (perceived usefulness of the outcomes of formal learning for daily work and ambitions) and the employability‐related competences of public sector employees. Furthermore, the moderating roles of social informal learning and transformational leadership (TFL) are investigated. We conducted hierarchical linear regression analyses, using secondary cross‐sectional data from Dutch public service employees (n = 8858). The results show that the valence of formal learning increases employees’ employability competences. Additionally, TFL strengthens this relationship for two of the employability competences. However, TFL also negatively moderated the relation between valence and one of the employability competences. Social informal learning was found not to have a moderating effect but to directly contribute to the development of employability competences. The results question the predominant focus in research on participating in formal learning to increase employability competences and adds new insights by introducing the valence of formal learning to the employability literature. Some implications for future research are given related to the limitations of this article, such as the use of cross‐sectional data. The findings show the relevance of formal learning with high valence for boosting employability. Therefore, employers should encourage formal learning and employees should carefully consider its expected valence. Furthermore, the results show that employers should enhance transformational leadership styles and stimulate employees to learn informally. This study provides further evidence for the relationship between formal learning and employability competences by considering the valence of formal learning rather than focusing on whether or not someone has participated in formal learning. Furthermore, it extends previous employability research by considering the moderating roles of social informal learning and of TFL.
Efficacy of combined androgen blockade therapy in patients with metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer stratified by tumor burden
Authors: Nagumo Yoshiyuki , Onozawa Mizuki , Kojima Takahiro , Terada Naoki , Shiota Masaki , Mitsuzuka Koji , Yasumoto Hiroaki , Matsumoto Hiroaki , Enokida Hideki , Sugiyama Takayuki , Kuroiwa Kentaro , Saito Toshihiro , Yokomizo Akira , Kohei Naoki , Tabata Ken‐ichi , Takahashi Atsushi , Sugimoto Mikio , Kitamura Hiroshi , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Nishiyama Hiroyuki ,   Japanese Urological Oncology Group (JUOG)
Published: January 2022

Objective

To determine the effect of combined androgen blockade with a first‐generation anti‐androgen on the prognoses of metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer patients stratified by tumor burden.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the cases of metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer patients who were treated with androgen deprivation therapy in 2008–2017 at 30 institutions in Japan. To compare the overall survival and progression‐free survival rates of the patients treated with castration monotherapy and combined androgen blockade, we carried out a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis using both inverse probability of treatment weighting and instrumental variables methods. High‐burden disease was defined as the presence of four or more bone metastases and/or visceral metastasis.

Results

Of 2048 patients, 702 (34.3%) and 1346 (65.7%) patients were classified as the low‐ and high‐burden groups, respectively. In each group, >80% of the patients were treated with combined androgen blockade. Although there was no significant between‐group difference in the overall survival according to the androgen deprivation therapy method, in the high‐burden group the progression‐free survival of the combined androgen blockade‐treated patients was significantly better than that of patients treated with castration monotherapy: inverse probability of treatment weighting method, hazard ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.34–0.71; instrumental variables method, hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.60–0.98.

Conclusion

In the high‐burden group, combined androgen blockade with a first‐generation anti‐androgen resulted in superior progression‐free survival compared with castration monotherapy. For well‐selected metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer patients, the use of combined androgen blockade might still have some suitable scenarios.
Is benzyl alcohol a significant contact sensitizer?
Authors: Geier J. , Ballmer‐Weber B. , Buhl T. , Rieker‐Schwienbacher J. , Mahler V. , Dickel H. , Schubert S. ,   for the IVDK
Published: January 2022

Background

Benzyl alcohol is a widely used preservative, solvent and fragrance material. According to published data, it is a rare sensitizer in humans.

Objectives

To identify characteristics and sensitization patterns of patients with positive patch test reactions to benzyl alcohol and to check the reliability of the patch test preparation benzyl alcohol 1% pet.

Patients and Methods

Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2010–2019.

Results

Of 70 867 patients patch tested with benzyl alcohol 1% pet., 146 (0.21%) showed a positive reaction, most of them (89%) only weakly positive. The number of doubtful and irritant reactions significantly exceeded the number of positive reactions. Reproducibility of positive test reactions was low. Among benzyl alcohol‐positive patients, compared to benzyl alcohol‐negative patients, there were significantly more patients with leg dermatitis (17.8% vs. 8.6%), more patients aged 40 years or more (81.5% vs. 70.5%) and more patients who were tested because of a suspected intolerance reaction to topical medications (34.9% vs. 16.6%). Concomitant positive reactions were mainly seen to fragrances, preservatives and ointment bases.

Conclusions

Sensitization to benzyl alcohol occurs very rarely, mainly in patients with stasis dermatitis. In view of our results, benzyl alcohol cannot be regarded as a significant contact allergen, and therefore marking it as skin sensitizer 1B and labelling it with H 317 is not helpful.
Interdisciplinary knowledge gaps on intravenous fluid management in adult patients: Survey among physicians and nurses of a university hospital
Authors: Wuyts Stephanie C. M. , Scheyltjens Simon , Hubloue Ives , Dupont Alain G. , Cornu Pieter
Published: January 2022

Rationale

Intravenous (IV) fluids are frequently involved in iatrogenic complications in hospitalized patients. Knowledge of IV fluids seems inadequate and is not covered sufficiently in standard medical education.

Methods

Two surveys were developed, based on the 2016 British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline ‘IV fluid therapy in adults in hospital’, to provide insight on the learning needs and expectations of physicians and nurses. Each survey focused on profession‐specific practice and consisted of three parts: demographics, knowledge questions and evaluation of current habits. Physicians and nurses practicing in a Belgian university hospital were invited to complete the survey electronically, respectively, in January and May 2018.

Results

A total of 103 physicians (19%) and 259 nurses (24%) participated. Although every indication for fluid therapy may require a specific fluid and electrolyte mixture, and hence, knowledge of their exact composition, most physicians and nurses did not know the composition of commonly prescribed solutions for IV infusion. Senior physicians did not score better than juniors did on questions concerning the daily needs of a nil‐by‐mouth patient. The availability of an IV fluid on the ward guides physicians to prescribe IV fluids (17%). Nurses (56%) feel they share responsibility in fluid management as they frequently intervene in urgent situations. More than half of participants (70% of physicians, 79% of nurses) indicated a need for additional information.

Conclusions

A clear need for more structured information on IV fluids was identified. Both physicians and nurses struggle with fluid therapy. Continuing education on IV fluid management, emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration, and monitoring evidence‐based practice is essential to support the clinical decision process in daily practice.
Fish distribution and behaviour with regard to the time of day and the anthropogenic structural modification of the shallow littoral
Authors: Samourdani Antigoni , Tzanatos Evangelos
Published: January 2022

The shallow littoral zone is under a variety of environmental drivers and anthropogenic pressures. As these factors are highly dynamic, they may affect the distribution and behaviour of littoral fish. The present study investigates the effect of the time of day and the benthic habitat type on the shallow littoral fish community. Diel variations in total fish abundance, community composition, species abundance and behaviour were studied in two neighbouring stations in the Patraikos Gulf (Greece): one with cobble seabed cover and another with anthropogenic habitat structural modifications, like large artificial blocks, rocks and other objects. Visual census revealed that community composition differed depending on both the time of day and the habitat type. Total abundance was highest in the morning, whereas both diel abundance and habitat use were found to be taxon specific, with most species showing a preference for the artificial rocky habitat. Diel differences in species behavioural patterns were also observed, with a greater percentage of fish being active during the day (morning and noon) rather than in the afternoon. Although the fish community does not change entirely within a day or between adjacent locations, it is significantly variable in even small spatial and temporal scales. Consequently, there are implications for the design and implementation of sampling designs and monitoring plans that should be consistent in time of day throughout the sampling period and include locations structurally modified by humans. Furthermore, the management of the shallow littoral zone should consider the small‐scale variability and alternate anthropogenic habitat with natural unaltered patches.
Ovicidal effect of essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis on the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)
Authors: Serra Bianca Natally Viana , Martins Maurício Laterça , Pereira Scheila Anelise , Chagas Edsandra Campos , Chaves Francisco Célio Maia , de Oliveira Maria Inês Braga , Jerônimo Gabriela Tomas
Published: January 2022

Acanthocephalosis in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum culture is a limiting factor for the production of the species, being the most recurrent, which makes it necessary to develop strategies to control parasitosis even in the early stages of parasite development. This study aimed to elucidate the morphological characteristics of eggs of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae and the ovicidal effect of the essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, and Lippia gracilis. The parasites were collected from hosts naturally infected with N. buttnerae, and the eggs obtained from the female 'parasites' abdominal cavity were added to 12‐well plates containing the essential oils at different dilutions. After the eggs (N = 300) were separated and measured (length and width) with the aid of an optical microscope coupled to a digital program, the viability of the treated eggs was monitored 24 h after treatments, L. gracilis essential oil was 100% effective at the highest concentration, whereas L. sidoides essential oil showed over 50% efficacy at 2 mg/ml, reaching 100% efficacy at all higher concentrations. Lippia. alba essential oil did not show satisfactory efficacy in preventing N. buttnerae egg hatching.
Lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with tenofovir than entecavir treatment in subsets of chronic hepatitis B patients: an updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Bao‐Hong , Li Ru‐Hong , Huo Rong‐Rui , Li Min‐Jun , Papatheodoridis George , Zhong Jian‐Hong
Published: January 2022

Background and Aim

Previous smaller meta‐analyses comparing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) versus entecavir (ETV) provided controversial results. This updated meta‐analysis aimed to reliably identify any difference in the HCC incidence between TDF‐treated or ETV‐treated CHB patients in general or in specific subgroups.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for relevant studies with hazard ratios (HRs) for HCC between TDF‐treated and ETV‐treated CHB patients. Retrieved dates ranged from January 2009 to October 2021. HRs with or without adjustment were pooled with random‐effects model.

Results

Twenty‐four comparative studies involving 37 771 CHB patients treated with TDF and 72 094 treated with ETV were included. TDF was associated with lower risk of HCC compared with ETV, with pooled unadjusted HR of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.86) (24 studies) and adjusted HR of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72–0.91) (21 studies). In propensity score matching cohorts, the TDF superiority was confirmed for unadjusted HR 0.83 (95% CI: 0.71–0.97) (14 studies) and was close to significance for adjusted HR (0.78, 95% CI: 0.58–1.04) (8 studies). Subgroup analyses showed that TDF was associated with lower HCC risk than ETV treatment in CHB patients who were from Asia (adjusted HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66–0.87; 15 studies) or nucleos(t)ide naïve (adjusted HR:0.74, 95% CI: 0.65–0.84; 18 studies).

Conclusion

Current evidence from a sizable population suggests that TDF is associated with significantly lower HCC risk compared with ETV treatment in patients who are from Asia and/or nucleos(t)ide naïve.
Implementation of a national testing policy in Dutch nursing homes during SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreaks
Authors: van den Besselaar Judith H. , Spaargaren Marije , Smalbrugge Martin , Koene Fleur M. H. P. A. , Termeulen Loes , Hertogh Cees M. P. M. , Buurman Bianca M.
Published: January 2022

Background

To evaluate how a national policy of testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) regardless of symptoms was implemented during outbreaks in Dutch nursing homes in the second wave of the pandemic and to explore barriers and facilitators to serial testing.

Methods

We conducted a mixed‐method study of nursing homes in the Netherlands with a SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak after 15 September 2020. Direct care staff and management from 355 healthcare organizations were invited to participate in a digital survey. A total of 74 out of 355 (20.9%) healthcare organizations participated and provided information about 117 nursing homes. We conducted 26 in‐depth interviews on the outbreak and the testing strategy used. We also conducted four focus group meetings involving managers, physicians, nurses, and certified health assistants. Recordings were transcribed and data were thematically analyzed.

Results

One hundred and four nursing homes (89%) tested residents regardless of their symptoms during the outbreak, and 85 nursing homes (73%) tested the staff regardless of their symptoms. However, interviews showed testing was sometimes implemented during later stages of the outbreak and was not always followed up with serial testing. Barriers to serial testing regardless of symptoms were lack of knowledge of local leaders with decisional making authority, lack of a cohort ward or skilled staff, and insufficient collaboration with laboratories or local public health services. Important facilitators to serial testing were staff willingness to undergo testing and the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.

Conclusions

Serial testing regardless of symptoms was only partially implemented. The response rate of 21% of nursing home organizations gives a risk of selection bias. Barriers to testing need to be addressed. A national implementation policy that promotes collaboration between public health services and nursing homes and educates management and care staff is necessary.
The odds of neoplasia in dogs with and without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Manoharan Sindumani A. , Hess Rebecka S.
Published: January 2022

Background

Increased risk of neoplasia in humans with diabetes mellitus (DM) is well documented. It is unknown if dogs with DM have increased risk of neoplasia.

Objective

Determine if dogs with DM have an overall increased risk of neoplasia and risk for specific forms of neoplasia compared to dogs without DM.

Animals

Seven hundred dogs with DM and 700 breed, age, and sex‐matched dogs without DM, examined during the same years.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study. Odds ratios (OR), corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P‐values were calculated using conditional logistic regression to determine if dogs with DM had increased odds of developing neoplasia compared to dogs without DM.

Results

The overall odds of developing neoplasia were not significantly different in dogs with and without DM. However, dogs with DM had significantly higher odds of developing an adrenal mass (OR, 4; 95% CI, 1.1‐14.2; P = .03) compared to dogs without DM. The odds of developing a splenic mass in dogs with DM (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.99‐1.39) were increased compared to dogs without DM, but this difference was not significant (P = .07).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dogs with DM may be at increased risk for adrenal neoplasia. Awareness of this risk can facilitate early diagnosis of this life‐threatening comorbidity. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The subtle effects of implicit bias instructions
Authors: Lynch Mona , Kidd Taylor , Shaw Emily
Published: January 2022

Judges are increasingly using “implicit bias” instructions in jury trials in an effort to reduce the influence of jurors' biases on judgment. In this article, we report on findings from a large‐scale mock jury study that tests the impact of implicit bias instructions on judgment in a case where defendant race was varied (Black or White). Using an experimental design, we collected and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data at the individual and group levels obtained from 120 small groups who viewed a simulated federal drug conspiracy trial and then deliberated to determine a verdict. We find that while participants were sensitized to the importance of being unbiased, implicit bias instructions had no measurable impact on verdict outcomes relative to the standard instructions. Our analysis of the deliberations, however, reveals that those who heard the implicit bias instructions were more likely to discuss the issue of bias, potentially with both ameliorative and harmful effects on the defendant. Most significantly, we identified multiple instances where, in an effort to avoid bias, participants who heard the implicit bias instructions interfered with their own or other participants' appropriate assessments of witness credibility.
Maternal and paternal involvement in complementary feeding in Kaduna State, Nigeria: The continuum of gender roles in urban and rural settings
Authors: Allotey Diana , Flax Valerie L. , Ipadeola Abiodun , Kwasu Sarah , Bentley Margaret E. , Worku Beamlak , Kalluru Keerti , Valle Carmina G. , Bose Sujata , Martin Stephanie L.
Published: January 2022

Household gender roles influence infant and young child feeding behaviours and may contribute to suboptimal complementary feeding practices through inequitable household decision‐making, intra‐household food allocation and limited paternal support for resources and caregiving. In Igabi local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria, the Alive & Thrive (A&T) initiative implemented an intervention to improve complementary feeding practices through father engagement. This study describes household gender roles among A&T participants and how they influence maternal and paternal involvement in complementary feeding. We conducted 16 focus group discussions with mothers and fathers of children aged 6–23 months in urban and rural administrative wards and analysed them using qualitative thematic analysis methods. Most mothers and fathers have traditional roles with fathers as ‘providers’ and ‘supervisors’ and mothers as ‘caregivers’. Traditional normative roles of fathers limit their involvement in ‘hands‐on’ activities, which support feeding and caring for children. Less traditional normative roles, whereby some mothers contributed to the provision of resources and some fathers contributed to caregiving, were also described by some participants and were more salient in the urban wards. In the rural wards, more fathers expressed resistance to fathers playing less traditional roles. Fathers who participated in caregiving tasks reported respect from their children, strong family relationships and had healthy home environments. Our research findings point to the need for more context‐specific approaches that address prevalent gender normative roles in complementary feeding in a variety of settings.
The role of breastfeeding promotion in German hospitals for exclusive breastfeeding duration
Authors: Hockamp Nele , Sievers Erika , Hülk Philipp , Rudolf Henrik , Rudloff Silvia , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde
Published: January 2022

Breastfeeding promotion and support in hospitals is expected to have a positive impact on maternal breastfeeding outcomes. The objective of this study is to examine the association between breastfeeding promotion in maternity hospitals in Germany and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates during the first 4 months. Thus, a nationwide cross‐sectional web‐based survey of breastfeeding promotion was conducted in 103 hospitals. Mother–infant pairs (n = 962) were recruited at these hospitals for a prospective web‐based survey of breastfeeding status at five‐time points, that is, during a hospital stay, at discharge as well as after 0.5, 2, and 4 months. The hospital analysis was based on the “10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding” of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, adapted for Germany. Their degree of implementation was stratified by a breastfeeding promotion index (BPI) as low (≤5 steps), medium (6–8 steps), and high (≥9 steps). The association between the BPI and the odds of EBF at each of the five‐time points was estimated by multivariable regression models, adjusting for various maternal factors. At all time points, the proportion of EBF among mothers from high BPI hospitals exceeded the proportion of those from medium or low BPI hospitals. A high BPI was associated with higher odds of EBF during the hospital stay and at discharge, while maternal factors for EBF such as breastfeeding experience and no early use of a pacifier persisted beyond. The high commitment of hospitals and tailored support of mothers is essential for EBF.
From cultivar mixtures to allelic mixtures: opposite effects of allelic richness between genotypes and genotype richness in wheat
Authors: Montazeaud Germain , Flutre Timothée , Ballini Elsa , Morel Jean‐Benoit , David Jacques , Girodolle Johanna , Rocher Aline , Ducasse Aurélie , Violle Cyrille , Fort Florian , Fréville Hélène
Published: January 2022

Agroecosystem diversification through increased crop genetic diversity could provide multiple services such as improved disease control or increased productivity. However, we still poorly understand how genetic diversity affects agronomic performance.

We grew 179 inbred lines of durum wheat in pure stands and in 202 binary mixtures in field conditions. We then tested the effect of allelic richness between genotypes and genotype richness on grain yield and Septoria tritici blotch disease. Allelic richness was tested at 19K single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed along the durum wheat genome. Both genotype richness and allelic richness could be equal to 1 or 2.

Mixtures were overall more productive and less diseased than their pure stand components. Yet, we identified one locus at which allelic richness between genotypes was associated with increased disease severity and decreased grain yield. The effect of allelic richness at this locus was stronger than the effect of genotype richness on grain yield (−7.6% vs +5.7%).

Our results suggest that positive effects of crop diversity can be reversed by unfavourable allelic associations. This highlights the need to integrate genomic data into crop diversification strategies. More generally, investigating plant–plant interactions at the genomic level is promising to better understand biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships.
Shear bond strength of orthodontic molar tubes to composite restoration bonded with particular adhesives after different surface pre‐treatments
Authors: Buyukcavus Esra , Ugurlu Muhittin , Buyukcavus Muhammed Hilmi
Published: January 2022

Objective

To evaluate in vitro the shear bond strength of orthodontic molar tubes to composite restoration bonded with particular adhesives after different surface pre‐treatments.

Setting and sample population

The sample population is 60 extracted molars.

Materials and methods

After the teeth were thermocycled, they were randomly divided into six groups according to the adhesive and various surface pre‐treatments that had been applied. The surface pre‐treatments included sandblasting with 50‐μm aluminium oxide particles and roughening with diamond bur and 37% phosphoric acid. Transbond XT Adhesive Primer (3M Unitek) (TXT) and Assure Plus (Reliance Orthodontic Products) adhesives were used in the study. Following the application of the adhesives, the brackets were bonded to the surfaces of the teeth. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analysed with one‐way ANOVA and LSD tests (P = .05). The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined using a stereomicroscope. Data from the ARI scores were submitted to Pearson's chi‐squared test (P = .05).

Results

The highest shear bond strengths were obtained in the Assure Plus group 15.05 ± 3.72 MPa after sandblasting (P < .05). The lowest shear bond strengths were found in the TXT group (7.52 ± 2.89 MPa; P < .05). Sandblasting and bur pre‐treatment for TXT and Assure Plus adhesives increased shear bond strength in both of them. There were no significant differences in the ARI scores between the groups (P > .05).

Conclusion

Sandblasting and roughening pre‐treatment can increase the bond strength of teeth with composite restoration. Assure Plus is also more effective than conventional adhesive systems.
Endotyping allergic rhinitis in children: A machine learning approach
Authors: Malizia Velia , Cilluffo Giovanna , Fasola Salvatore , Ferrante Giuliana , Landi Massimo , Montalbano Laura , Licari Amelia , La Grutta Stefania
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The diversity of allergic rhinitis (AR) phenotypes is particularly evident in childhood, suggesting the need to analyze and identify new approaches to capture such clinical heterogeneity. Nasal cytology (NC) is a very useful diagnostic tool for identifying and quantifying nasal inflammation. Data‐driven approaches such as latent class analysis (LCA) assign subjects to classes based on their characteristics. We hypothesized that LCA based on NC, including the assessment of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, may be helpful for identifying AR endotypes in children.

Methods

A total of 168 children were enrolled. Sociodemographic characteristics and detailed medical history were obtained from their parents. All children performed NC and skin prick tests. LCA was applied for identifying AR endotypes based on NC, using the R package poLCA. All the statistical analyses were performed using R 4.0.5 software. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ .05.

Results

LCA identified two classes: Class 1 (n = 126, 75%): higher frequency of children with moderate/large number of neutrophils (31.45%); almost all the children in this class had no mast cells (91.27%) and Class 2 (n = 42, 25%): higher frequency of children with moderate/large number of eosinophils (45.24%) and moderate/large number of mast cells (50%).

Conclusions

The present study used a machine learning approach for endotyping childhood AR, which may contribute to improve the diagnostic accuracy and to deliver personalized health care in the context of precision medicine.
Allergic rhinitis, microbiota and passive smoke in children: A pilot study
Authors: Brindisi Giulia , Marazzato Massimiliano , Brunetti Francesca , De Castro Giovanna , Loffredo Lorenzo , Carnevale Roberto , Cinicola Bianca , Palamara Anna Teresa , Conte Maria Pia , Zicari Anna Maria
Published: January 2022

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common allergic diseases affecting children. Objective assessment of nasal obstruction is possible through active anterior rhinomanometry (AAR). Several factors, such as passive smoke exposure (PSE), are triggers for worsening nasal obstruction and chronic inflammation. PSE affects bacterial eubiosis in the upper respiratory tract. This study evaluates the influence of PSE and cotinine levels on both nasal obstruction and local microbiome composition in children with AR.

Methods

Fifty patients (aged between 6 and 16 years) with AR monosensitized grass pollen were enrolled. They underwent skin prick tests, a nasal swab to evaluate the microbial composition of the anterior nostrils, a basal AAR, a post‐decongestion AAR, and spirometry. Serum cotinine levels were assessed to evaluate PSE.

Results

A significantly lower percentage of mean nasal flow (mNF%) was observed before and after hydrazine administration in subjects exposed to passive smoke (Exp group) compared with the non‐exposed group. In contrast, higher cotinine levels were observed in the Exp group than in the controls. PSE has been associated with a decrease in biodiversity and a change in the nasal microbiome composition; instead, although to a different extent, the abundance of specific taxa resulted in being correlated to cotinine levels and nasal flow.

Conclusion

Children with AR exposed to passive smoke with positive serum cotinine could represent a risk factor for developing nasal obstruction and microbial dysbiosis, suggesting their possible role in pathophysiological processes.
The weaning practices: A new challenge for pediatricians?
Authors: Nuzzi Giulia , Gerini Carlotta , Comberiati Pasquale , Peroni Diego G.
Published: January 2022

Introduction of complementary feeding, or weaning, is the period where infants are gradually introduced to solid foods, with a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or bottle‐feeding. Weaning represents a crucial nutritional moment in the growth and development of infants, and it can also affect future health. Throughout the years, various weaning strategies have been proposed, ranging from classic to baby‐led weaning. Recently, vegetarian‐/vegan‐based approaches are also being increasingly adopted by young parents. This rostrum aims to critically address the safety profiles of current weaning practices for infants and to highlight the important role of pediatricians in choosing the most advisable weaning approach for their patients.
Update on idiopathic anaphylaxis
Authors: Calvani Mauro
Published: January 2022

Idiopathic anaphylaxis (AI) refers to anaphylaxis without a recognizable cause after a comprehensive allergic workup. The diagnostic approach usually includes an accurate clinical history aimed at excluding both the most and the less frequent causes of anaphylaxis and all pathologies that may resemble anaphylaxis. AI is more common in adults than in children. The epidemiology of AI has been reduced in recent years, probably to increase knowledge and discover new clinical entities, such as the α‐gal anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis results from the massive activation of the mast cells (MCs). Thus, it is also necessary to exclude MC disorders, such as mastocytosis and mast cell activation syndrome, and α‐tryptasemia, which may manifest with IA symptoms.