bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Still “Law” and Still “Learning”? Quel «droit» et quel «savoir?»
Authors: Macdonald Roderick A.
Published: August 2014

The fact that we are celebrating the 20thanniversary of the Report of the SSHRC Consultative Group on Research and Education in Law and that the event is cast as a celebration of the Arthurs Report signals two key features of legal research and legal education in Canada today.

To begin, it tells us that, at least in certain scholarly circles, theReporthas had an impact. That impact can be seen both in the mirror of the past, and in the lens of the present. Looking backwards, the early success of this Association and the founding of its review - theCanadian Journal of Law and Society– attest to the immediate galvanic effect of theReport; its continuing influence is manifest, notably, in the decision of the SSHRC last year to create a separate adjudication panel for law and society research. Between these salient bookends, one observes that theReporthas been called in aid of numerous projects, programmes and initiatives. Let me mention only two (with which I had some prior association) that took on a relatively permanent institutional form: the Law and Society (later Law and the Determinants of Social Order) Programme of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research that flourished between 1986 and 1996; and the re-establishment in 1997 of a multi-disciplinary federal law reform agency – the Law Commission of Canada – that was charged with pursuing a law and society research mandate.
Revisiting theArthurs ReportTwenty Years Later
Authors: Backhouse Constance
Published: August 2014

Harry Arthurs'Law & Learningreport, conceived by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and carried to fruition in 1983 by a ten-person Consultative Group and a twenty-three person Advisory Panel, was a formative document in the history of Canadian legal education. My recollection of the release of the report is probably intensified because of the circumstances in which I experienced it the following year - a seminar room filled with cranky faculty members at the Faculty of Law at the University of Western Ontario, as stony terrain as any venue one might have imagined for the reception of such a report. I was then a relatively junior untenured professor, hoping to build a scholarly record in the field of feminist legal history, who had unwittingly found myself in a law school in which most faculty were devoted to building its reputation as a professionally conservative, black letter law institution. Into such a milieu strode my former professor and mentor, Harry Arthurs, whose habit of describing Osgoode Hall Law School as the “best law school in the Commonwealth” had not particularly endeared him to the Western professoriate previously. I felt like a deer in the headlights, and my sense was that Harry Arthurs himself was very ill at ease in a room that exuded defensiveness and hostility, as well as both latent and overt anger.
“One Young and the Other Old”—Halakhah and Aggadah as Law and Story
Authors: Almog Shulamit
Published: August 2014

L'étude des rapports entre la Halakhah (loi hébraïque) et l'Aggadah (légende juive intéresse nombre de disciplines s'occupant du droit en tant que pratique culturelle et (particulièrement le champ de droit et littérature. Cet article propose comme cadre d'analyse le paradigme en deux phases de la littérature accompagnant le droit. Dans cette perspective, on considère dans un premier temps les limites sinon les défauts du droit, pour ensuite tenter de les affronter efficacement et d'atteindre la vérité et la justice au sein de réalités difficiles. La combinaison de la Halakhah et de l'Aggadah reflète ce paradigme de la littérature accompagnant le droit en ce qu'elle crée un modèle d'interprétation dynamique dérivé d'un canon qui est «à la fois scellé et ouvert » et d'un large recours à la narration. La juxtaposition de la Halakhah et de l'Aggadah crée un vrai équilibre qui, tout en demeurant conscient de la faiblesse du droit, en réaffirme continuellement le souffle vital, caractérisé par des échecs et des déceptions tout autant que par des avancées et de l'imagination.
Legal Evasion: The Strategies ot Rural-Urban Migrants to Survive in Beijing
Authors: He Xin Frank
Published: August 2014

La municipalité de Pékin de la République populaire de Chine a adopté une série de lois et règlements discriminatoires pour réguler de manière systématique et légale le nombre croissant de migrants ruraux vers la ville. Ces dispositions se concentrent sur la mise en œuvre de permis individuels d'affaires. À partir de données d'enquête sur le terrain, cet article montre comment des migrants, un groupe social lourdement défavorisé et marginalisé, ont renoncé à la légalité et créé des stratégies pour faire face à la législation discriminatoire. Ces stratégies vont de l'évitement du droit, notamment avec la complicité d'entreprises locales, jusqu'à la corruption. L'analyse du contexte de ces conséquences involontaires permet de dire que les dispositions discriminatoires elles-mêmes en constituent la source. L'auteur suggère que ce qu'on appelle l'avancement de l'État de droit en Chine s'accompagne et est miné par l'évasion légale, la collusion et la corruption, un processus lourd de conséquences non prévues, paradoxales et perverses.
‘Bring Out Your Dead’: Law, Human Remains and Memory
Authors: Ariss Rachel
Published: August 2014

Les systèmes de droit canadiens et américains reconnaissent la mémoire principalement comme un outil et un objet de preuve, alors que pour les anthropologues se souvenir est un acte moral et culturel. Cet article analyse la jurisprudence des causes historiques et contemporaines ainsi que des lois consacrées à la manière de traiter les cadavres dans la perspective d'une reconnaissance légale de la mémoire comme “pratique morale”. La jurisprudence contemporaine considère le traitement indigne de corps humains comme un affront à la mémoire du défunt. L'interprétation duNative American Graves and Repatriation Actdes États-Unis a permis de reconnaître des liens entre le monde des vivants et celui des morts. LaLoi sur les cimetièresde l'Ontario, par contre, qui règle les procédures administratives de tombes anonymes, n'a pas donné lieu à une interprétation inclusive des visions autochtones sur la connexion entre les vivants et les morts. Dans ces cas, la reconnaissance légale de la mémoire des morts ouvre une voie bien étroite à ceux qui réclament justice.
An Update on Self-Regulation in the Legal Profession (1989–2000): Funnel In and Funnel Out
Authors: Brockman Joan
Published: August 2014

L'article analyse le traitement des plaintes contre des avocats par le système disciplinaire de laLaw Societyde la Colombie Britannique, de 1989 à 2000. Il pose aussi un regard sur les contextes changeants dans lesquels ce système a opéré entre le moment d'une enquête antérieure (1978 à 1988) et celle-ci. Le traitement réservé aux plaintes est examiné dans une perspective qui tient compte de la manière dont elles sont entrées (funnel in) et ensuite réduites en nombre par le système disciplinaire (funnel out). Finalement, l'avenir de l'autorégulation est évalué à la lumière de négociations et d'ajustements de l'autorégulation de la profession qui se sont produits ailleurs.
Note de recherche: les droits des jeunes en centre de réadaptation au (Québec – bilan des enquêtes
Authors: Lemonde Lucie
Published: August 2014

The author presents the main results of a research project concerning inquiries conducted by the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse du Québec concerning rights violations in youth readaptation centres. She goes on to discuss the efficacy of the inquiry mechanism as guarantor of the rights of youth housed in these facilities. Over the ten year period in question the Commission repeatedly affirmed that the use of solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure violated the fundamental rights of these youth. Nevertheless, an examination of the inquiry files demonstrates that this measure is still employed, despite changes in terminology and overall policy. The analysis also reveals that Commission pronouncements are sometimes contradictory and that their recommendations are often not followed-up on with much diligence.
The Accountability of Transnational Policing Institutions: The Strange Case of Interpol
Authors: Sheptycki James
Published: August 2014

Interpol est la «griffe» la plus reconnue en matière depolicingtransnational, mais à qui, ou à quoi, cette organisation rend-elle des comptes? Dans les démocraties occidentales, les débats sur la responsabilité [accountability] des agences policières portent habituellement sur des institutions dont le domaine de compétence et les pouvoirs sont définis et strictement limités par un cadre juridique précis: c'est ce que nous nommons ici le «paradigme standard» de responsabilité de la police. La littérature est toutefois lacunaire en ce qui concerne les quelques institutions opérant au niveau transnational et qui, par certains aspects importants mais mal compris, ne sont soumises que partiellement à la juridiction des États-nations souverains. Cet article analyse le cadre de responsabilité d'Interpol, notamment par référence à son statut historiquement discutable d'organisation intergouvernementale (OIG). Examinant lemodus operandid'Interpol, nous montrons que son fonctionnement pourrait devenir l'objet d'ardentes controverses politiques. Considérant certains des articles parmi les plus importants de la constitution d'Interpol, nous nous interrogeons sur la transformation du rôle de cette agence dans lepolicingdu monde post-11 septembre 2001. Nous caractérisons la responsabilité d'Interpol à la lumière d'une typologie des mécanismes de reddition de comptes internes, externes, formels et informels. Notre thèse veut que l'établissement et le maintien des principes de responsabilité démocratique fondateurs de légitimité constituent un défi essentiel pour les institutions transnationales.
Race, Justice, and the Production of Knowledge: A Critical Realist Consideration
Authors: Frauley Jon
Published: August 2014

Les textes à l'étude illustrent des problèmes méthodologiques et pédagogiques généraux considérés par les sciences sociales. En tant qu'exemples illustratifs, chacun de ces textes contribue de manière significative à notre compréhension de la façon dont les sociologues conçoivent et déploient la «race» comme catégorie analytique et comment cela influe sur la production des connaissances au sujet du contrôle de la criminalité et de la justice sociale. Ainsi, les textes montrent, en général, comment des catégories analytiques sont traités dans l'enseignement et la recherche. Adoptant une approche comparative à partir de trois textes récents, cet essai pose qu'on ne peut éviter de considérer les enjeux épistémologiques provenant de l'emploi de catégories analytiques centrales et que les tentatives de le faire mènent à un engagement passif plutôt qu'actif avec l'objet de l'analyse. Au surplus, des approches passives ne servent guère une enquête critique en sciences sociales.
A Constructed Peace: Narratives of Suture in the News Media
Authors: Madeira Jody Lyneé
Published: August 2014

Après tout crime violent, des questions de compréhension, de guérison, de normalité, d'imputabilité et de rétablissement se posent aux survivants. Les mêmes enjeux sont communiqués aux auditoires par la couverture que font les médias du crime et des procédures judiciaires tant qu'ils demeurent dans l'oeil du public et que les suspects sont sur le banc des accusés. De telles histoires donnent un visage humain aux premiers concernés par l'issue du procès et relatent leur implication et réaction au déroulement judiciaire, du moment de l'arrestation jusqu'à l'exécution. Cet article examine de telles chroniques dans la perspective de la théorie du récit, intégrant la communication et la mémoire humaine. Il analyse comment les médias de masse utilisent les pratiques narratives pour couvrir des crises, des événements qui exigent d'être mis en récit. Il se concentre ensuite sur le potentiel du récit de suturer, de nouer les différentes compréhensions de crises en débuts, fins et points intermédiaires. Une analyse de contenu de la couverture de presse de Dennis et Judy Shepard, du moment de l'assassinat brutal de leur fils Matthew, en 1998, à la condamnation des meurtriers et au-delà, illustre ce débat.
“Cleansing the Conscience of the People”: Reading Head Tax Redress in Multicultural Canada
Authors: Mawani Renisa
Published: August 2014

Cet article analyse les efforts déployés par des Canadiens d'origine chinoise pour obtenir compensation pour la taxe (head tax)qm leur fut imposée, en explorant les discours social et politique entourant ce débat ainsi que le cas judiciaire,Mack et al. v. The Attorney General of Canada. Même si cette cause n'a jamais été décidée par les cours, sauf pour déterminer si des demandes de réparation avaient un fondement en droit canadien, le raisonnement judiciaire accompagnant les contestations de l'État et du public révèle les voies complexes de mythologies nationales canadiennes par lesquelles ces requêtes peuvent être influencées. L'argument central est que les cours, les politiciens et le public ont lu la campagne pour obtenir réparation des Canadiens d'origine chinoise à travers deux mythes nationalo-raciaux qui nourrissent les discours canadiens sur le multiculturalisme. L'auteur montre comment ces deux mythes – d'une part, celui de l'immigration comme ‘choix’ et, d'autre part, que les Canadiens d'origine chinoise seraient une ‘minorité modèle’ –ont influencé et façonné les réponses judiciaire, politique et sociale à la demande de compensation et ainsi diminué leur quête d'obtenir justice.
Social capital, tolerance of diversity and adherence to Mediterranean diet: the Rhea Mother–Child Cohort in Crete, Greece
Authors: Kritsotakis George , Chatzi Leda , Vassilaki Maria , Georgiou Vaggelis , Kogevinas Manolis , Philalithis Anastassios E , Koutis Antonis
Published: August 2014

Objective

To estimate the associations of individual maternal social capital and social capital dimensions (Participation in the Community, Feelings of Safety, Value of Life and Social Agency, Tolerance of Diversity) with adherence to the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy.

Design

This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from a prospective mother–child cohort (Rhea Study). Participants completed a social capital questionnaire and an FFQ in mid-pregnancy. Mediterranean diet adherence was evaluated through an a priori score ranging from 0 to 8 (minimal–maximal adherence). Maternal social capital scores were categorized into three groups: the upper 10 % was the high social capital group, the middle 80 % was the medium and the lowest 10 % was the low social capital group. Multivariable log-binomial and linear regression models adjusted for confounders were performed.

Setting

Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Subjects

A total of 377 women with singleton pregnancies.

Results

High maternal Total Social Capital was associated with an increase of almost 1 point in Mediterranean diet score (highest v. lowest group: β coefficient=0·95, 95 % CI 0·23, 1·68), after adjustment for confounders. Similar dose–response effects were noted for the scale Tolerance of Diversity (highest v. lowest group: adjusted β coefficient=1·08, 95 % CI 0·39, 1·77).

Conclusions

Individual social capital and tolerance of diversity are associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet in pregnancy. Women with higher social capital may exhibit a higher sense of obligation to themselves and to others that may lead to proactive nutrition-related activities. Less tolerant women may not provide the opportunity to new healthier, but unfamiliar, nutritional recommendations to become part of their regular diet.
An In Situ SEM-FIB-Based Method for Contrast Enhancement and Tomographic Reconstruction for Structural Quantification of Porous Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Eswara-Moorthy Santhana K. , Balasubramanian Prasanth , van Mierlo Willem , Bernhard Jörg , Marinaro Mario , Wohlfahrt-Mehrens Margret , Jörissen Ludwig , Kaiser Ute
Published: August 2014

A new in situ Scanning Electron Microscope-Focused Ion Beam-based method to study porous carbon electrodes involving Pt filling of pores from gaseous precursors has been demonstrated to show drastically improved image contrast between the carbon and porous phases when compared with the Si-resin vacuum-impregnation method. Whereas, the latter method offered up to 20% contrast, the new method offers remarkably higher contrast (42%), which enabled fast semi-automated demarcation of carbon boundaries and subsequent binarization of the images with very high fidelity. Tomographic reconstruction of the porous carbon electrode was then obtained from which several morphological parameters were quantified. The porosity was found to be 72±2%. The axial and radial tortuosites were 1.45±0.04 and 1.43±0.04, respectively. Pore size, which is defined to be the distance from the medial axis of the pore to the nearest solid boundary, was quantified. Average pore size determined from the pore size distribution was 90 nm and the corresponding 1 sigma ranges from 45 to 134 nm. Surface-to-volume ratio of the carbon phase was 46.5 µm−1. The ratio of total surface area to the total volume of electrode including pores (i.e., specific surface area) was 13 µm−1.
Effect of short chain fatty acids on the expression of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2), Ffar3 and early-stage adipogenesis
Authors: Frost G , Cai Z , Raven M , Otway D T , Mushtaq R , Johnston J D
Published: August 2014

Adipose tissue has a major influence on insulin sensitivity. Stimulation of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) has been proposed to influence adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesised that exposing preadipocytes to short chain fatty acids would induce earlier expression of nuclear receptors that co-ordinate adipogenesis, triglyceride accumulation and leptin secretion. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence of 1 μM acetate, 0.1–10 μM propionate or vehicle control. In experiment 1, expression of Ffar2 and nuclear receptor mRNA was measured by quantitative PCR over 48 h following onset of differentiation. In experiment 2, extracellular leptin concentration and intracellular triglyceride content were measured at days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 following the onset of differentiation. Control cells exhibited similar temporal dynamics of gene expression, triglyceride accumulation and leptin secretion as reported previously. We were unable to detect expression of Ffar3 mRNA at any stage of differentiation. Consistent with a lack of Ffar2 expression in the first 24 h of differentiation, acetate and propionate had no significant effect on nuclear receptor expression. Furthermore, acetate or propionate treatment did not alter leptin concentration or triglyceride content. In conclusion, we observed no significant effect of propionate or acetate on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells using validated quantitative techniques.
A draft genome for the African crocodilian trypanosome Trypanosoma grayi
Authors: Kelly Steven , Ivens Alasdair , Manna Paul T. , Gibson Wendy , Field Mark C.
Published: August 2014

The availability of genome sequence data has greatly enhanced our understanding of the adaptations of trypanosomatid parasites to their respective host environments. However, these studies remain somewhat restricted by modest taxon sampling, generally due to focus on the most important pathogens of humans. To address this problem, at least in part, we are releasing a draft genome sequence for the African crocodilian trypanosome, Trypanosoma grayi ANR4. This dataset comprises genomic DNA sequences assembled de novo into contigs, encompassing over 10,000 annotated putative open reading frames and predicted protein products. Using phylogenomic approaches we demonstrate that T. grayi is more closely related to Trypanosoma cruzi than it is to the African trypanosomes T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax, despite the fact T. grayi and the African trypanosomes are each transmitted by tsetse flies. The data are deposited in publicly accessible repositories where we hope they will prove useful to the community in evolutionary studies of the trypanosomatids.
Oxygen etching of thick MoS2films
Authors: Ionescu Robert , George Aaron , Ruiz Isaac , Favors Zachary , Mutlu Zafer , Liu Chueh , Ahmed Kazi , Wu Ryan , Jeong Jong S. , Zavala Lauro , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Ozkan Mihri , Ozkan Cengiz S.
Published: August 2014

Oxygen annealing of thick MoS2films results in randomly oriented and controllable triangular etched shapes, forming pits with uniform etching angles.
Bandgap engineering through nanocrystalline magnetic alloy grafting on reduced graphene oxide
Authors: De D. , Chakraborty M. , Majumdar S. , Giri S.
Published: August 2014

Grafting of nanocrystalline Co80Ni20on reduced graphene oxide causes a significantly large moment (1.2μB), ∼10 times localization of conductivity and significant magnetoconductance of hybrid-materials, which is promising toward spintronic applications.
Atmospheric formation of the NO3 radical from gas-phase reaction of HNO3 acid with the NH2 radical: proton-coupled electron-transfer versus hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms
Authors: Anglada Josep M. , Olivella Santiago , Solé Albert
Published: August 2014

The amidogen radical abstracts the hydrogen from nitric acid through a proton coupled electron transfer mechanism rather than by an hydrogen atom transfer process.
Stable graphene–polyoxometalate nanomaterials for application in hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Suárez-Guevara Jullieth , Ruiz Vanesa , Gómez-Romero Pedro
Published: August 2014

Stable anchoring of polyoxometalate H3PMo12O40 onto in situ reduced graphene oxide leads to a hybrid electrode with combined capacitive (GO) and faradaic (H3PMo12O40) charge storage mechanisms featuring increased capacitance, energy density and extended cyclability.
Black silicon: fabrication methods, properties and solar energy applications
Authors: Liu Xiaogang , Coxon Paul R. , Peters Marius , Hoex Bram , Cole Jacqueline M. , Fray Derek J.
Published: August 2014

A comprehensive review on the recent progress of black silicon research and its applications in solar cell technologies.
Solution-processable two-dimensional conjugated organic small molecules containing triphenylamine cores for photovoltaic application
Authors: Liu Leijing , Li Hui , Bian Ji , Qian Jingyu , Wei Yingjin , Li Jiyang , Tian Wenjing
Published: August 2014

Solution-processable two-dimensional conjugated organic small molecules were synthesized. Solar cells based onTPA-BT-C8exhibit a much higher performance than that based onTPA-3Th.
Wet etching processes for recycling crystalline silicon solar cells from end-of-life photovoltaic modules
Authors: Park Jongsung , Park Nochang
Published: August 2014

Chemical wafer recovering processes fabricate virgin-like c-Si wafers from degraded c-Si solar cells.
Activated carbon with micrometer-scale channels prepared from luffa sponge fibers and their application for supercapacitors
Authors: Li Jianpeng , Ren Zhonghua , Ren Yaqi , Zhao Lei , Wang Shuguang , Yu Jie
Published: August 2014

Activated carbon with dense and parallel arranged macrochannels is prepared from luffa sponge fibers for supercapacitor application.
On the large capacitance of nitrogen doped graphene derived by a facile route
Authors: Kumar M. Praveen , Kesavan T. , Kalita Golap , Ragupathy P. , Narayanan Tharangattu N. , Pattanayak Deepak K.
Published: August 2014

Large level of N-doped graphene prepared by facile route with high supercapacitance.
An ultrasensitive fluorometric platform for S1 nuclease assay based on cytochrome c
Authors: He Yue , Jiao Bining
Published: August 2014

An ultrasensitive and straightforward fluorescent sensing platform for S1 nuclease activity has been developed based on cytochrome c.
Metallicity enhancement in core–shell SiO2@RuO2nanowires
Authors: Martínez J. I. , Calle-Vallejo F. , Abad E. , Alonso J. A.
Published: August 2014

SiO2@RuO2composite nanowires exhibit an enhanced metallic nature of the external RuO2shell, reflected in a significantly improved electronic conductance.
Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of europium incorporated ZnO–graphene nanocomposites on human MCF7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Bera Susanta , Ghosh Monisankar , Pal Moumita , Das Nilanjana , Saha Suchandrima , Dutta Samir Kumar , Jana Sunirmal
Published: August 2014

Eu incorporated ZnO–graphene nanocomposite in human breast cancer cells (MCF7) under a confocal laser scanning microscope.
An analytical model and ANN simulation for carbon nanotube based ammonium gas sensors
Authors: Akbari Elnaz , Buntat Zolkafle , Enzevaee Aria , Mirazimiabarghouei Seyed Javad , Bahadoran Mahdi , Shahidi Ali , Nikoukar Ali
Published: August 2014

As one of the most interesting advancements in the field of nano technology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been given special attention because of their remarkable mechanical and electrical properties and are being used in many scientific and engineering research projects.
Small molecules based on diphenylamine and carbazole with large two-photon absorption cross sections and extraordinary AIEE properties
Authors: Tian Guojian , Huang Wei , Cai Shengyun , Zhou Haitao , Li Bo , Wang Qiaochun , Su Jianhua
Published: August 2014

Two simple small molecules based on diphenylamine (T1) and carbazole (T2) have been synthesized and characterized. Both dyes exhibit extraordinary aggregation-induced emission enhancement properties and high corresponding quantum efficiencies of 11.5% and 16.0%. The value of the two-photon absorption cross-section for T1 is 1240 GM.
Electrodeposit copper from alkaline cyanide-free baths containing 5,5′-dimethylhydantoin and citrate as complexing agents
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Anmin , Ren Xuefeng , Zhang Jinqiu , Yang Peixia , An Maozhong
Published: August 2014

Electrochemical methods, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry, combined with molecular dynamic simulations are used to study the electrodeposition mechanism.
Highly permeable poly(4-methyl-1-pentyne)/NH2-MIL 53 (Al) mixed matrix membrane for CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Abedini Reza , Omidkhah Mohammadreza , Dorosti Fatereh
Published: August 2014

PMP and NH2-MIL 53 were used for fabrication of a highly permeable mixed matrix membrane with the same trend between permeability and selectivity.
Combined electrochemical and microscopic study of porous enzymatic electrodes with direct electron transfer mechanism
Authors: Varničić M. , Bettenbrock K. , Hermsdorf D. , Vidaković-Koch T. , Sundmacher K.
Published: August 2014

In the present work electrochemical and microscopic methods have been utilized to get more insight into the complex relationship between the preparation route, structure and activity of porous enzymatic electrodes.
Formal asymmetric hydrobromination of styrenes via copper-catalyzed 1,3-halogen migration
Authors: Van Hoveln R. J. , Schmid S. C. , Tretbar M. , Buttke C. T. , Schomaker J. M.
Published: August 2014

An enantioselective Cu(i)-catalyzed 1,3-halogen migration reaction accomplishes a formal hydrobromination by transferring a bromine activating group from a sp2 carbon to a benzylic carbon in good er and with concomitant borylation of the Ar–Br bond.
Silk nanofiber hydrogels with tunable modulus to regulate nerve stem cell fate
Authors: Bai ShuMeng , Zhang WenMin , Lu Qiang , Ma QuanHong , Kaplan David L. , Zhu HeSun
Published: August 2014

Silk nanofiber hydrogels with tunable modulus were prepared to facilitate neuron differentiation and inhibit glial differentiation without growth factors.
Direct observation of the work function evolution of graphene-two-dimensional metal contacts
Authors: Yang Songbo , Zhou Peng , Chen Lin , Sun Qingqing , Wang Pengfei , Ding Shijin , Jiang Anquan , Zhang David Wei
Published: August 2014

The work function evolution of a graphene monolayer under two-dimensional metal electrodes was studied by combining in situ metal deposition and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy under an ultra-high vacuum system.
Segmentation with saliency map using colour and depth images
Authors: Lee Ji‐Eun , Park Rae‐Hong
Published: August 2014

This study proposes a segmentation method using colour and depth images, from which saliency map is generated. With saliency map obtained from both images, salient foreground is extracted using adaptive thresholding of the saliency map, which reduces performance degradation of existing methods for images with complex background. Also, to enhance edges of the foreground, an adaptive guided filter is used. Normalised cut segmentation is performed with the extracted and enhanced foreground to separate different objects. Experimental results with three different types of datasets show that the proposed method gives better segmentation results than the existing methods, in which the complex background is well separated from the foreground.
Radiation and scattering from a point source on an inhomogeneous substrate
Authors: Hosseininejad Seyed Ehsan , Abdolali Ali , Komjani Nader
Published: August 2014

This study presents a powerful analytical approach to investigate wave propagation and radiation in the problem involving a point source on an inhomogeneous substrate. The proposed method is based on using Taylor's series expansion for electromagnetic parameters and Fourier transformed electromagnetic fields of the inhomogeneous medium with continuous spatial variation. The fields in the Fourier domain are obtained by solving a system of linear coupled equations. The validity of the presented method is shown via some special examples. The results of the approach, simulation software and the available exact solutions are in very good agreement.
A dominant role of oxygen additive on cold atmospheric-pressure He + O2 plasmas
Authors: Yang Aijun , Liu Dingxin , Rong Mingzhe , Wang Xiaohua , Kong Michael G.
Published: August 2014

We present in this paper how oxygen additive impacts on the cold atmospheric-pressure helium plasmas by means of a one-dimensional fluid model. For the oxygen concentration [O2] > ∼0.1%, the influence of oxygen on the electron characteristics and the power dissipation becomes important, e.g., the electron density, the electron temperature in sheath, the electron-coupling power, and the sheath width decreasing by 1.6 to 16 folds with a two-log increase in [O2] from 0.1% to 10%. Also the discharge mode evolves from the γ mode to the α mode. The reactive oxygen species are found to peak in the narrow range of [O2] = 0.4%–0.9% in the plasmas, similar to their power-coupling values. This applies to their wall fluxes except for those of O* and O2−. These two species have very short lifetimes, thus only when generated in boundary layers within several micrometers next to the electrode can contribute to the fluxes. The dominant reactive oxygen species and the corresponding main reactions are schematically presented, and their relations are quantified for selected applications.
Creation of a transient vapor nanogap between two fluidic reservoirs for single molecule manipulation
Authors: Polonsky Stanislav , Balagurusamy Venkat S. K. , Ott John A.
Published: August 2014

We introduce a new experimental technique for manipulating a segment of a charged macromolecule inside a transient nanogap between two fluidic reservoirs. This technique uses an FPGA-driven nanopositioner to control the coupling of a nanopipette with the liquid surface of a fluidic cell. We present results on creating a transient nanogap, triggered by a translocation of double-stranded DNA between a nanopipette and a fluidic cell, and measure the probability to find the molecule near the tip of the nanopipette after closing the gap. The developed platform will enable testing of our recent theoretical predictions for the behavior of charged macromolecule in a nanogap between two fluidic reservoirs.
Thermal analysis of an indirectly heat pulsed non-volatile phase change material microwave switch
Authors: Young Robert M. , El-Hinnawy Nabil , Borodulin Pavel , Wagner Brian P. , King Matthew R. , Jones Evan B. , Howell Robert S. , Lee Michael J.
Published: August 2014

We show the finite element simulation of the melt/quench process in a phase change material (GeTe, germanium telluride) used for a radio frequency switch. The device is thermally activated by an independent NiCrSi (nickel chrome silicon) thin film heating element beneath a dielectric separating it electrically from the phase change layer. A comparison is made between the predicted and experimental minimum power to amorphize (MPA) for various thermal pulse powers and pulse time lengths. By including both the specific heat and latent heat of fusion for GeTe, we find that the MPA and the minimum power to crystallize follow the form of a hyperbola on the power time effect plot. We also find that the simulated time at which the entire center GeTe layer achieves melting accurately matches the MPA curve for pulse durations ranging from 75–1500 ns and pulse powers from 1.6–4 W.
Quantum-size effect on the electronic and optical properties of hybrid TiO2/Au clusters
Authors: Liu Chun-Sheng , Ye Xiaojuan , Wang Xiangfu , Yan Xiaohong , Zeng Zhi
Published: August 2014

Although TiO2/Au nanosystems exhibit high photocatalytic activities under solar radiation in the experiment, the quantum-size effect of TiO2 on the growth, electronic properties, and reactivity of Au clusters remains elusive. Using (time dependent) density functional theory, it is found that Au atoms attach to low-coordinated Ti and O atoms and serve as seeds for the growth of Au clusters, and the electronic (optical) properties of hybrid Au-TiO2 nano-clusters depend strongly upon the type of supported Au clusters. Interestingly, decorating TiO2 nano-particles with even-numbered Au clusters (Au8 or Au10) can enhance the photocatalytic activity by: (i) spatially separating electron and hole states and (ii) balancing redox strength and visible light absorption. Furthermore, the interactions between the Au-TiO2 clusters and a single water molecule have been studied. It will open up new avenues for exploring controlled photocatalysts in semiconductor-based quantum-confined systems.
Suppression of the asymmetric modes for experimentally achieving gigawatt-level radiation from a Ku-band Cerenkov type oscillator
Authors: Zhang Hua , Shu Ting , Ju Jinchuan , Wu Dapeng , Bai Zhen
Published: August 2014

We present the analysis and suppression of asymmetric modes in a Ku-band Cerenkov-type oscillator numerically and experimentally. The asymmetric modes generated in the initial experiments were identified to be HE11, HE21, and HE31 modes, respectively, by analyzing of the dispersion relationships, the simulation results and the experiment phenomenon. The factors, such as the cathode emission uniformity, the diode voltage, guiding magnetic field, and the concentricity play key roles in the excitation and suppression of these asymmetric modes. In the improved experiments, the asymmetric modes were suppressed effectively. In the improved experiments the asymmetric modes are suppressed effectively, and the designed TM01 mode microwave is generated at a frequency of 13.76 GHz with a power of 1.1 GW, which is in good agreement with numerically predications.
Novel room temperature multiferroics on the base of single-phase nanostructured perovskites
Authors: Glinchuk Maya D. , Eliseev Eugene A. , Morozovska Anna N.
Published: August 2014

The theoretical description of the nanostructured Pb(Fe1/2Ta1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1−xO3 (PFTx-PZT(1−x)) and Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1−xO3 (PFNx-PZT(1−x)) intriguing ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and magnetoelectric properties at temperatures higher than 100 K are absent to date. The goal of this work is to propose the theoretical description of the physical nature and the mechanisms of the aforementioned properties, including room temperature ferromagnetism, phase diagram dependence on the composition x with a special attention to the multiferroic properties at room temperature, including anomalous large value of magnetoelectric coefficient. The comparison of the developed theory with phase diagrams allow establishing the boundaries between paraelectric, ferroelectric, paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferromagnetic, and magnetoelectric phases, as well as the characteristic features of ferroelectric domain switching by magnetic field are performed and discussed. The experimentally established absence of ferromagnetic phase in PFN, PFT and in the solid solution of PFN with PbTiO3 (PFNx-PT(1−x)) was explained in the framework of the proposed theory.
Nonlinear elastic behavior and failure mechanism of polyhedral graphite particles undergoing uniaxial compression
Authors: Li B. , Zhang P. , Fu Q. Q. , Li X. F. , Zhao X. , Song X. L.
Published: August 2014

Load-displacement responses and ultimate strength of polyhedral graphite particles (PGPs) undergoing in situ nano-compression at ambient temperature have been studied. The dynamic responses of PGPs to uniaxial loads exhibit a typical nonlinear elastic behavior for graphitic nanomaterials. Based on the analysis of stress-strain relationship, the intrinsic strength is slightly larger than actual ultimate strength, indicating the mechanical properties influenced by the initial defects in PGPs. For a given case, compressive Young's modulus E and third-order elastic modulus D achieve to 12.8 GPa and −13.9 GPa, respectively. Weibull probability analysis confirmed its broad range of structural defects inside PGPs and mechanical properties are sensitive to initial defects. The values of ultimate strength of tested PGPs with diameter of 150–400 nm fall within 2–4.5 GPa, which are in the range between shear elastic modulus C44 of turbo-g (minimum) and C44 of hex-g (maximum) in the literature. The deformation and failure mechanisms are discussed and rationalized in terms of structural factors and elastic moduli of perfect graphite crystals.
Reduced thermal quadrupole heat transport modeling in harmonic and transient regime scanning thermal microscopy using nanofabricated thermal probes
Authors: Bodzenta J. , Chirtoc M. , Juszczyk J.
Published: August 2014

The thermal model of a nanofabricated thermal probe (NTP) used in scanning thermal microscopy is proposed. It is based on consideration of the heat exchange channels between electrically heated probe, a sample, and their surroundings, in transient and harmonic regimes. Three zones in the probe-sample system were distinguished and modeled by using electrical analogies of heat flow through a chain of quadrupoles built from thermal resistances and thermal capacitances. The analytical transfer functions for two- and three-cell quadrupoles are derived. A reduced thermal quadrupole with merged RC elements allows for thermo-electrical modeling of the complex architecture of a NTP, with a minimum of independent parameters (two resistance ratios and two time constants). The validity of the model is examined by comparing computed values of discrete RC elements with results of finite element simulations and with experimental data. It is proved that the model consisting of two or three-cell quadrupole is sufficient for accurate interpretation of experimental results. The bandwidth of the NTP is limited to 10 kHz. The performance in dc regime can be simply obtained in the limit of zero frequency. One concludes that the low NTP sensitivity to sample thermal conductivity is due, much like in dc regime, to significant heat by-pass by conduction through the cantilever, and to the presence of probe-sample contact resistance in series with the sample.
Stress stabilization of a new ferroelectric phase incorporated into SrTaO2N thin films
Authors: Zhu Wenliang , Kamisaka Hideyuki , Oka Daichi , Hirose Yasushi , Leto Andrea , Hasegawa Tetsuya , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: August 2014

Microstructural analyses of highly stressed SrTaO2N thin films deposited on SrTiO3 substrates by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy revealed coexistence of ferroelectric and relaxor-ferroelectric-like phases in the films. These two phases are, respectively, associated with “trans-type” and “cis-type” anion orders, as supported by the relative difference of the band gap energies calculated by first principles calculations based on the density functional theory. The formation of the new ferroelectric phase is considered to occur upon stabilization by the high compressive residual stress stored into the film structure, with the length/size of the “trans-type” region strongly depending upon the local stress state in the film.
Trade-off between morphology, extended defects, and compositional fluctuation induced carrier localization in high In-content InGaN films
Authors: Ju James (Zi-Jian) , Loitsch Bernhard , Stettner Thomas , Schuster Fabian , Stutzmann Martin , Koblmüller Gregor
Published: August 2014

We elucidate the role of growth parameters (III/N flux ratio, temperature TG) on the morphological and structural properties, as well as compositional homogeneity and carrier localization effects of high In-content (x(In) > 0.75) In–polar InGaN films grown by plasma–assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). Variations in III/N flux ratio evidence that higher excess of In yields higher threading dislocation densities as well as larger compositional inhomogeneity as measured by x-ray diffraction. Most interestingly, by variation of growth temperature TG we find a significant trade-off between improved morphological quality and compositional homogeneity at low–TG (∼450–550 °C) versus improved threading dislocation densities at high–TG (∼600–630 °C), as exemplified for InGaN films with x(In) = 0.9. The enhanced compositional homogeneity mediated by low–TG growth is confirmed by systematic temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy data, such as lower PL peakwidths, >5× higher PL efficiency (less temperature-induced quenching) and a distinctly different temperature-dependent S-shape behavior of the PL peak energy. From these, we find that the carrier localization energy is as low as ∼20 meV for low–TG grown films (TG = 550 °C), while it rises to ∼70 meV for high–TG grown films (TG = 630 °C) right below the onset of In–N dissociation. These findings point out that for the kinetically limited metal-rich PAMBE growth of high In-content InGaN a III/N flux ratio of ∼1 and low-to-intermediate TG are required to realize optically more efficient materials.
Curie temperature of ultrathin ferromagnetic layer with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
Authors: You Chun-Yeol
Published: August 2014

We investigate the effect of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) on the Curie temperature of the ultrathin ferromagnetic layers. It has been known that the Curie temperature of the ferromagnet depends on spin wave excitation energies, and they are affected by DMI. Therefore, the ferromagnetic transition temperature of the ultrathin ferromagnetic layer must be sensitive on the DMI. We find that the Curie temperature depends on the DMI by using the double time Green's function method. Since the DMI is arisen by the inversion symmetry breaking structure, the DMI is always important in the inversion symmetry breaking ultrathin ferromagnetic layers.
Experimental studies and micromagnetic simulations of electrodeposited Co nanotube arrays
Authors: Pathak Sachin , Singh Sukhvinder , Gaur Rajmani , Sharma Manish
Published: August 2014

Magnetic hollow nanotubes of cobalt forming close-packed arrays are synthesized by controlling the growth during electrodeposition in AAO template. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry is used to experimentally measure the static magnetization of the array of nanotubes. Excellent qualitative agreements of SQUID and micromagnetic simulations for static measurements are observed. This motivates us to evaluate dynamic response measurements via micromagnetic simulations. The coercivity simulated along the longitudinal axis of the nanotube is found increase with the length of isolated as well as for array of nanotubes. The effect of interactions is also clearly observed both in static as well as in dynamic evaluations. The interactions cause reduction in coercivity along with the switching which depends upon the length of the nanotubes. The calculation for FMR modes also indicates that propagation of the spin waves are greatly influenced by the hollow centre of nanotube as compare to nanowire and support to maintain the stable vortex configuration. For array of nanotubes, multiple peaks are found over larger number of frequencies which is anticipated due the interactions between nanotubes. Simulation for bias field and angular dependence of spin wave modes also yields a significant influenced by the presence of neighbouring nanotubes.
Nature of red luminescence band in research-grade ZnO single crystals: A “self-activated” configurational transition
Authors: Chen Y. N. , Xu S. J. , Zheng C. C. , Ning J. Q. , Ling F. C. C. , Anwand W. , Brauer G. , Skorupa W.
Published: August 2014

By implanting Zn+ ions into research-grade intentionally undoped ZnO single crystal for facilitating Zn interstitials (Zni) and O vacancies (VO) which is revealed by precise X-Ray diffraction rocking curves, we observe an apparent broad red luminescence band with a nearly perfect Gaussian lineshape. This red luminescence band has the zero phonon line at ∼2.4 eV and shows distinctive lattice temperature dependence which is well interpreted with the configurational coordinate model. It also shows a low “kick out” thermal energy and small thermal quenching energy. A “self-activated” optical transition between a shallow donor and the defect center of Zni-VO complex or VZnVO di-vacancies is proposed to be responsible for the red luminescence band. Accompanied with the optical transition, large lattice relaxation simultaneously occurs around the center, as indicated by the generation of multiphonons.
Submicron organic thin-film transistors fabricated by film profile engineering method
Authors: Wu Ming-Hung , Lin Horng-Chih , Lin Hung-Cheng , Zan Hsiao-Wen , Meng Hsin-Fei , Huang Tiao-Yuan
Published: August 2014

In this work, we explore and demonstrate the feasibility of a film profile engineering (FPE) concept in fabricating pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with submicron channel length. The FPE scheme utilizes a suspended bridge built on the wafer and the specific deposition conditions to form thin films with desirable profiles. In order to form a continuous pentacene channel under the bridge, the background pressure of thermal evaporator is adjusted by pumping down the filling N2 to a specific level. The results show that, by setting the deposition pressure at 3 mtorr, functional operations of OTFTs with channel length ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 μm are obtained.