bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inbreeding causes decreased seminal quality affecting pregnancy and litter size in the endangered black‐footed ferret
Authors: Santymire R. M. , Lonsdorf E. V. , Lynch C. M. , Wildt D. E. , Marinari P. E. , Kreeger J. S. , Howard J. G.
Published: December 2018

Ex situ conservation breeding for species recovery often must address small founder number. Here we investigated the long‐term effects of small founder size in the endangered black‐footed ferret Mustela nigripes using 20 years of reproductive data. Specifically, we studied seminal traits, pregnancy success and litter size in the context of the population's low genetic diversity. Detailed evaluation of 539 electroejaculates from 262 pedigreed donors with varied inbreeding coefficients (F = 0.000–0.250) revealed a wide range in sperm motility (0.0–100.0%), forward progression (type of forward movement on a scale 0–5; 5 = best; 0.0–4.5), cell concentration (7.2–6348.0 × 106 mL−1 of ejaculate), structural normality (0.0–89.0%) and normal apical ridges (critical for fertilization; 4.8–100.0%). Over this two decade interval, there was an increase (P < 0.05) in F and a decrease (P < 0.05) in sperm forward progression and structurally normal cell morphology. From analysis of artificial insemination (AI) data, higher values for sperm motility, forward progression and structural normality or spermatozoa that retained a normal apical ridge had a positive influence (P < 0.05) on litter size. Males producing higher values for these four traits also sired more kits. Results demonstrate that sperm motility and morphology are decreasing in black‐footed ferrets managed intensively ex situ. These two metrics appear associated with an increasing F and likely are at least partially responsible for lowered reproductive success in this closed, endangered population. These results illustrate the potential physiological and offspring production impact of having few founders available in an ex situ conservation breeding program.
The Social Network of US Academic Anthropology and Its Inequalities
Authors: Kawa Nicholas C. , Clavijo Michelangeli José A. , Clark Jessica L. , Ginsberg Daniel , McCarty Christopher
Published: December 2018

Anthropologists often call attention to the problems posed by social inequality, but academic anthropology also reproduces many of the very inequalities that its practitioners work to critique. Past research on US academic hiring networks has shown evidence of systematic inequality and hierarchy, attributed in significant part to the influence of academic prestige, which is not necessarily a reflection of merit or academic productivity. Using anthropology departments’ websites, we gathered information on all tenured and tenure‐track faculty in PhD‐granting anthropology programs in the United States, totaling 1,918 individuals in all. For each faculty member, we noted their current institution and PhD‐granting institution, which we treated as a “tie” between those academic programs. With those data, we applied both statistical and social network analysis (SNA) methods to explain variation in faculty placement as well as the network's overall structure. In this article, we report on our findings and discuss how they can be used to help rethink academic reproduction in American anthropology. [academia, anthropology, social inequality, hiring networks, social network analysis]
Impact of cannula size and line length on venous line pressure in pediatric VA‐/VV‐ECLS circuits
Authors: Wang Shigang , Kunselman Allen R. , Ündar Akif
Published: December 2018

The objective of this study was to do an in vitro evaluation of venous line pressure using different venous line lengths and venous cannula sizes in pediatric venoarterial extracorporeal life support (VA‐ECLS) and venovenous ECLS (VV‐ECLS) circuits. The pediatric VA‐ECLS circuit consisted of a Xenios i‐cor diagonal pump, a Maquet Quadrox‐i pediatric oxygenator, a Medtronic Biomedicus arterial cannula, a Biomedicus venous cannula, and 1/4″ ID arterial and venous tubing. The pediatric VV‐ECLS circuit was similar, except it included a Maquet Avalon ELITE bi‐caval dual lumen cannula. Circuits were primed with lactated Ringer’s solution and packed red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). Trials were conducted at various flow rates (VA‐ECLS: 250–1250 mL/min, VV‐ECLS: 250–2000 mL/min) using different venous tubing lengths (2, 4, and 6 feet) and cannula sizes (VA‐ECLS: A8Fr/V10Fr, A10Fr/V12Fr and A12Fr/V14Fr, VV‐ECLS: 13Fr, 16Fr, 19Fr, 20Fr and 23Fr) at 36°C. Real‐time pressure and flow data were recorded for analysis. The use of a small‐caliber venous cannula significantly increased the venous line pressure in the 2 pediatric circuits (P < 0.01). Shorter venous tubing lengths significantly reduced the venous line pressure at high flow rates (P < 0.01). The VV‐ECLS circuit had larger negative pre‐pump pressure drops (7.2 to −102.2 mm Hg) when compared to the VA‐ECLS circuit (0.7 to −60.7 mm Hg). Selecting an appropriate venous cannula and a shorter venous tubing when feasible may significantly reduce the pressure drop of the venous line in pediatric VA‐ECLS and VV‐ECLS circuits and improve venous drainage.
Letter: the association between chronic viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome – Authors' reply
Authors: Kuo Yuan‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan
Published: December 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Kuo et al and Zhao et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14960 and https:// doi.org/10.1111/apt.15037.
On technology and production techniques of early medieval glass rings from Silesia
Authors: Siemianowska S. , Pankiewicz A. , Sadowski K.
Published: December 2018

Glass rings used to be one of the most common jewellery types in the 10th–13th centuries in Central Europe, especially Silesia. The popularity of this type of decoration in this area could indicate its local origin. The chemical composition of the glass seems to confirm this theory. The Silesian glass rings analysed in this paper were made of high‐lead alkaline and non‐alkaline glass or of lead‐ash glass. There was also a close relationship between the colour of the finished products and the chemical composition of the glass. This provides new data for the study of the problem of production and distribution of glass jewellery in Central Europe.
Optimization of dosing regimens of isoniazid and rifampicin in children with tuberculosis in India
Authors: Aruldhas Blessed Winston , Hoglund Richard M. , Ranjalkar Jaya , Tarning Joel , Mathew Sumith K. , Verghese Valsan Philip , Bose Anuradha , Mathew Binu Susan
Published: December 2018

Aims

Pharmacokinetic studies in the past have shown inadequate antituberculosis drug levels in children with the currently available dosing regimens. This study attempted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and rifampicin, when used in children, and to optimize their dosing regimens.

Methods

Data were collected from 41 children, aged 2–16 years, who were being treated with antituberculosis drugs for at least 2 months. Concentration measurements were done for 6 h and analysed using a nonlinear, mixed‐effects model.

Results

Isoniazid pharmacokinetics were described by a one‐compartment disposition model with a transit absorption model (fixed, n = 5). A mixture model was used to identify the slow and fast acetylator subgroups. Rifampicin was described by a one‐compartment disposition model with a transit absorption model (fixed, n = 9). Body weight was added to the clearance and volume of distribution of both the drugs using an allometric function. Simulations with the isoniazid model showed that 84.9% of the population achieved therapeutic peak serum concentration with the planned fixed‐dose combination regimen. Simulations with the rifampicin model showed that only about 28.8% of the simulated population achieve the therapeutic peak serum concentration with the fixed‐dose combination regimen. A novel regimen for rifampicin, with an average dose of 35 mg kg–1, was found to provide adequate drug exposure in most children.

Conclusions

The exposure to isoniazid is adequate with present regimens. For rifampicin, a novel dosing regimen was developed to ensure adequate drug concentrations in children. However, further studies are required to assess the dose–effect relationship of higher doses of rifampicin.
Creating the golden triangle of evidence‐informed education technology with EDUCATE
Authors: Cukurova Mutlu , Luckin Rosemary , Clark‐Wilson Alison
Published: December 2018

EDUCATE is a London‐based programme that supports the development of research‐informed educational technology (EdTech), allowing entrepreneurs and start‐ups to create their products and services, and simultaneously grow their companies in a more evidence‐informed manner. The programme partners businesses with researchers who mentor, guide and support this research journey, a key aspect of which is the evaluation of the company’s EdTech product or service. However, conducting impact evaluations of technology in education is challenging, particularly for early stage technologies, as rapid cycles of innovation and change are part of their essence. Here, we present the pragmatic approach to evidence‐informed education technology design and impact evaluation, as developed and adopted by the EDUCATE programme. The research process is shaped by the core principles of evidence‐informed decision making detailed in the paper. The contributions of the paper are threefold. First, it defines and details an academia‐industry‐education collaboration model centred on a research training programme. Second, it presents emerging impact results of the programme. Third, it provides clear reflections on the challenges encountered during the implementation of the model in the EdTech ecosystem of London, which should be addressed if we are to move towards evidence‐informed EdTech globally.
Recognizing and addressing child neglect in affluent families
Authors: Bernard Claudia
Published: December 2018

This paper explores how social workers intervene with affluent parents when there are child protection concerns about neglect. Based on data gathered from a small‐scale exploratory qualitative study with 30 practitioners from 12 local authorities across England, this study examined three overarching questions: (a) How do social workers identify risk factors for vulnerable children in affluent circumstances? (b) Which factors inhibit or enable social workers' engagement with resistant affluent parents when there are child protection concerns? (c) What kind of skills, knowledge, and experience is necessary for social workers to effectively assert their professional authority with affluent parents when there are concerns about abuse and neglect? The findings revealed that indicators of neglect can be difficult to identify and challenging to respond to when parents are affluent. Results indicate that social workers have to navigate complex power relationships with parents who are able to use their class privileges to resist their interventions. The paper concludes with a discussion of social workers' skills and capacities for engaging highly‐resistant affluent parents in the child protection system.
The influence of guided sleeve height, drilling distance, and drilling key length on the accuracy of static Computer‐Assisted Implant Surgery
Authors: El Kholy Karim , Janner Simone F. M. , Schimmel Martin , Buser Daniel
Published: December 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of guided sleeve height, drilling distance, and guided key height on accuracy of static Computer‐Assisted Implant Surgery (sCAIS).

Materials and Methods

Pre and post‐operative positions of implants placed in duplicate dental models were compared and recorded after placement of implants according to a standardized treatment planning and execution sCAIS protocol. Guided sleeve heights: 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and guided key heights: 1 mm and 3 mm were equally randomized in six test groups with varying implant lengths (10‐16 mm) and surgical drilling protocols. The mean crestal and apical three‐dimensional (3D) deviation, as well as the angular deviation were calculated for each group. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis anova. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. All P values of post‐hoc tests were corrected for multiple testing using Bonferroni‐Holm's adjustment method.

Results

3D implant positioning accuracy was not significantly affected by the difference in sleeve height alone or by the implant length alone (P > .05). However, 3D and angular deviation values became significantly higher as the total drilling distance below the guided sleeve increased and significantly became lower as the guided key height above the sleeve increased. 18 mm drilling distance resulted in a significantly higher deviation, when compared to 14 mm or 16 mm drilling distances, irrespective of sleeve height or implant length (P < .01). 3 mm key height resulted in significantly less 3D deviation than 1 mm key height (P < .01).

Conclusion

Decreasing the drilling distance below the guided sleeve, by using shorter sleeve heights or shorter implants can significantly increase the accuracy of sCAIS.
PEEK materials as an alternative to titanium in dental implants: A systematic review
Authors: Mishra Sunil , Chowdhary Ramesh
Published: December 2018

Purpose

Evaluation of the available research on PEEK materials to find that whether PEEK material has favorable properties and can enhance osseointegration, so that they can be utilize as implants material.

Materials and Methods

An electronic and structured systematic search was undertaken in May 2018, without any restrictions of time in the Medline/Pubmed, Sci‐hub, Ebscohost, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. To identify other related references further hand search was done. Articles related to PEEK and their applications in implants were only included. Articles not available in abstract form and article other than English language were excluded.

Results

Initially, the search resulted in 153 papers. Independent screenings of the abstracts were done by the reviewers to identify the articles related to the question in focus. Sixty‐two studies were selected out of which 10 were further excluded due to not in English language. Two additional papers were obtained after hand searching, and finally 54 articles were included in the review.

Conclusions

Surface modification of PEEK seems to enhance the cell adhesion, proliferation, biocompability, and osteogenic properties of PEEK implant materials. PEEK had also influence the biofilm structure and reduces the chances of periimplant inflammations. Further research and more number of controlled clinical trials on PEEK implant is required in near future so that it can replace titanium in future.
Evaluation of Weigh Forward: A group intervention delivered by dietitians and psychologists within a National Health Service specialist weight management service
Authors: Moffat Helen , Campbell Fiona , Donald Claire , Insch Pauline , Little Sophie , Logan Susan , McCallum Mary
Published: December 2018

There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of non‐surgical interventions for severe obesity. Our aim was to evaluate a group intervention delivered by a National Health Service (NHS) specialist weight management service to contribute to the evidence base and inform the development of future services. Participants in this prospective cohort study were patients attending NHS Grampian Specialist Weight Management Services. The intervention was an interactive 12‐session group programme based on evidence‐based psychological model, with combined dietetic and psychological knowledge and support provided. The primary outcome was mean weight change at the end of the intervention and for 12‐mo follow‐up (including programme completers, baseline observation carried forward [BOCF], last observation carried forward). Secondary outcome measures included mood, anxiety, binge eating and quality of life. A total of 166 patients accepted a place on the group programme, mean body mass index was 48.9 kg/m2. Mean weight loss at 6 mo was 5.6 kg and 35.2% of those who completed the group (n = 88) lost ≥5%. Using BOCF, 18.7% lost ≥5% at 6 mo. Those who remained in the programme maintained their weight loss 12 and 18 mo after the start of the intervention. Significant improvements were also found in psychological variables, including reduced depression, anxiety, binge eating and improved emotion regulation. This real‐world evaluation of an NHS intervention for patients with severe obesity suggests that individuals who engage achieve a moderate weight loss, which most maintain a year later, although further research is needed to strengthen this conclusion.
Unusual reintervention through a fistula for ampullary penetration of a plastic stent in malignant distal biliary obstruction
Authors: Sugiura Ryo , Kuwatani Masaki , Sakamoto Naoya
Published: December 2018

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Associations of secreted phosphoprotein 1 and B lymphocyte kinase gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Cheng Chao‐Wen , Yang Shun‐Fa , Wang Yuan‐Hung , Fang Wen‐Fang , Lin Ying‐Chin , Tang Kam‐Tsun , Lin Jiunn‐Diann
Published: December 2018

Background

Dysregulation of the type 1 interferon (IFN)‐related signalling pathway predisposes one to autoimmune diseases. Possible associations of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and B lymphocyte kinase (BLK) of the type 1 IFN‐related signalling pathway with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in an ethnic Chinese (ie Taiwanese) population were tested.

Methods

Totally, 83 Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, 319 Graves’ disease (GD) patients and 369 controls were enrolled. Genotypes of the two SNPs (rs1126772 and rs1126616) of SPP1 and two SNPs (rs13277113 and rs2736340) of BLK were determined.

Results

Our results showed reduced percentages of the G allele of rs13277113 of BLK in GD (P = 0.037, odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62‐0.99) and HT (P = 0.002, OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.36‐0.81), compared to the controls. At the same time, lower frequencies of the C allele of rs2736340 of BLK in GD (P = 0.025, OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60‐0.97) and HT (P = 0.003, OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35‐0.81) than the controls were also observed. There were significantly higher AT haplotype frequencies of rs1327713 and rs2736340 in GD and HT patients than in the controls (P = 0.025, OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.03‐1.67, and P = 0.003, OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.24‐2.87, respectively). Moreover, the anti‐microsomal antibody titre was associated with rs2736340.

Conclusions

Genetic variants of rs13277113 and rs2736340 of BLK were associated with susceptibility to GD, HT and AITD in an ethnic Chinese population. Our results suggest the BLK may participate in the pathogenesis of GD, HT and AITD.
Expression of the axon‐guidance protein receptor Neuropilin 1 is increased in the spinal cord and decreased in muscle of a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Körner Sonja , Thau‐Habermann Nadine , Kefalakes Ekaterini , Bursch Franziska , Petri Susanne
Published: December 2018

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disorder. It is supposed that ALS is at least in part an axonopathy. Neuropilin 1 is an important receptor of the axon repellent Semaphorin 3A and a co‐receptor of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is probably involved in neuronal and axonal de‐/regeneration and might be of high relevance for ALS pathogenesis and/or disease progression. To elucidate whether the expression of either Neuropilin1 or Semaphorin3A is altered in ALS we investigated these proteins in human brain, spinal cord and muscle tissue of ALS‐patients and controls as well as transgenic SOD1G93A and control mice. Neuropilin1 and Semaphorin3A gene and protein expression were assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry. Groups were compared using either Student t‐test or Mann–Whitney U test. We observed a consistent increase of Neuropilin1 expression in the spinal cord and decrease of Neuropilin1 and Semaphorin3A in muscle tissue of transgenic SOD1G93A mice at the mRNA and protein level. Previous studies have shown that damage of neurons physiologically causes Neuropilin1 and Semaphorin3A increase in the central nervous system and decrease in the peripheral nervous system. Our results indicate that this also occurs in ALS. Pharmacological modulation of expression and function of axon repellents could be a promising future therapeutic option in ALS.
Cannabidiol reduces seizures and associated behavioral comorbidities in a range of animal seizure and epilepsy models
Authors: Patra Pabitra Hriday , Barker‐Haliski Melissa , White H. Steve , Whalley Benjamin J. , Glyn Sarah , Sandhu Haramrit , Jones Nicholas , Bazelot Michael , Williams Claire M. , McNeish Alister James
Published: December 2018

Objective

Epilepsy is a progressive neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures and behavioral comorbidities. We investigated the antiseizure effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in a battery of acute seizure models. Additionally, we defined the disease‐modifying potential of chronic oral administration ofCBDon associated comorbidities in the reduced intensity status epilepticus–spontaneous recurrent seizures (RISE‐SRS) model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Methods

We evaluated the acute antiseizure effect ofCBDin the maximal electroshock seizure, 6‐Hz psychomotor seizure, and pentylenetetrazol acute seizure tests, as well as the corneal kindling model of chronic seizures in mice following intraperitoneal administration. Median effective or behavioral toxic dose was determined in both mice and rats. Next, we tested an intravenous preparation ofCBD(10 mg/kg single dose) in a rat model of pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. We defined the effect of chronicCBDadministration (200 mg/kg orally) on spontaneous seizures, motor control, gait, and memory function in the ratRISE‐SRSmodel ofTLE.

Results

CBD was effective in a battery of acute seizure models in both mice and rats following intraperitoneal administration. In the pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus rat model,CBDattenuated maximum seizure severity following intravenous administration, further demonstratingCBD's acute antiseizure efficacy in this rat model. We established that oralCBDattenuated the time‐dependent increase in seizure burden and improvedTLE‐associated motor comorbidities of epileptic rats in theRISE‐SRSmodel without affecting gait. Chronic administration ofCBDafter the onset ofSRSameliorated reference memory and working memory errors of epileptic animals in a spatial learning and memory task.

Significance

The present study illustrates thatCBDis a well‐tolerated and effective antiseizure agent and illustrates a potential disease‐modifying effect ofCBDon reducing both seizure burden and associated comorbidities well after the onset of symptomatic seizures in a model ofTLE.
Oddity, predation risk and social decisions in aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Raveh Shirley , Langen Kathrin , Bakker Theo C. M. , Josephs Christian , Frommen Joachim G.
Published: December 2018

Group living is widespread across animal taxa, incurring benefits such as increased foraging efficiency or an enhanced chance of surviving a predator's attack. The chances of escaping a predator are often lower for odd‐looking individuals, as these are detected at a higher rate than uniform looking group members. While this “oddity effect” shall operate in animals differing in any given phenotype, including colour, size or species identity, it has been experimentally tested mainly for odd‐coloured individuals. We examined the oddity effect and swarming preferences in two differently sized species of freshwater planktonic crustaceans (largeDaphnia magnaand smallDaphnia pulex). We experimentally investigated whether odd individuals in a swarm of heterospecificDaphniawere more vulnerable to predation by a common predator, the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Furthermore,Daphnia'sswarming preference was tested by giving individuals the opportunity to choose between conspecific/heterospecific odour and a neutral control. In contrast to the predictions of the oddity effect, odd individuals were not always preyed on earlier; instead three‐spined stickleback preferentially predated large, more nutritious individuals.Daphniaof both species reacted towards the perception of con‐ and heterospecifics odours. WhileD. pulexgenerally avoided the smell of other daphnids,D. magnaavoided conspecifics but tended to prefer heterospecifics over the neutral control. These findings provide new insights into swarming strategies and social preference of an invertebrate and how this behaviour can influence predation risk.
Stream invertebrate diversity reduces with invasion of river banks by non‐native plants
Authors: Seeney Alex , Pattison Zarah , Willby Nigel J. , Boon Philip J. , Bull Colin D.
Published: December 2018

Invasion of riparian zones by non‐native plants is a global issue and commonly perceived as a challenge for river and fishery managers, but the type and extent of ecological changes induced by such invasions remain poorly understood. Established effects on sediment delivery, allochthonous inputs, and channel shading could potentially alter aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages, with implications for in‐stream ecological quality.

We assessed responses in the diversity, quality, and heterogeneity of stream macroinvertebrate communities to riparian invasion by non‐native plants. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 24 sites on low order streams in central and southern Scotland during spring and autumn. The effect of invasive non‐native plants (INNP) on macroinvertebrates was assessed relative to that of local physical and chemical factors.

Invasive non‐native plants cover was associated with stronger effects than other factors on local diversity of macroinvertebrates (33% reduction at the highest INNP cover) but also increased macroinvertebrate abundance across sites. Invaded sites were also associated with lower macroinvertebrate biomonitoring scores. Community composition differed between invaded and uninvaded sites in autumn, but not in spring. However, INNP influence on macroinvertebrate composition was generally secondary to that of physicochemical variables (e.g. channel shade, substrate diversity).

We demonstrate that the influence of INNP extends beyond well‐known impacts on plant communities to reductions mainly in stream macroinvertebrate diversity. Combined with the negative impact on pollution‐sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa this raises concerns over the ecological health of streams with heavily invaded riparian zones. Our findings suggest that efforts to improve low order streams by actively managing severe riparian invasions are merited, but the size and uncertainty of the likely ecological gains must also be evaluated against the effort involved.
Microbes drive global soil nitrogen mineralization and availability
Authors: Li Zhaolei , Tian Dashuan , Wang Bingxue , Wang Jinsong , Wang Song , Chen Han Y. H. , Xu Xiaofeng , Wang Changhui , He Nianpeng , Niu Shuli
Published: December 2018

Soil net nitrogen mineralization rate (Nmin), which is critical for soil nitrogen availability and plant growth, is thought to be primarily controlled by climate and soil physical and/or chemical properties. However, the role of microbes on regulating soil Nmin has not been evaluated on the global scale. By compiling 1565 observational data points of potential net Nmin from 198 published studies across terrestrial ecosystems, we found that Nmin significantly increased with soil microbial biomass, total nitrogen, and mean annual precipitation, but decreased with soil pH. The variation of Nmin was ascribed predominantly to soil microbial biomass on global and biome scales. Mean annual precipitation, soil pH, and total soil nitrogen significantly influenced Nmin through soil microbes. The structural equation models (SEM) showed that soil substrates were the main factors controlling Nmin when microbial biomass was excluded. Microbe became the primary driver when it was included in SEM analysis. SEM with soil microbial biomass improved the Nmin prediction by 19% in comparison with that devoid of soil microbial biomass. The changes in Nmin contributed the most to global soil NH4+‐N variations in contrast to climate and soil properties. This study reveals the complex interactions of climate, soil properties, and microbes on Nmin and highlights the importance of soil microbial biomass in determining Nmin and nitrogen availability across the globe. The findings necessitate accurate representation of microbes in Earth system models to better predict nitrogen cycle under global change.
A quantitative analysis of Hukou reform in Chinese cities: 2000–2016
Authors: Zhang Jipeng , Wang Ru , Lu Chong
Published: December 2018

This paper documents the changes in China's Hukou reform before and after 2014 based on a unique data set of Hukou policy documents from Chinese cities between 2000 and 2016. We construct a Hukou registration index to measure the stringency of local Hukou qualification in Chinese cities. There are four main channels for migrants to get local urban Hukou: investment, home purchase, talent program, and employment. The requirements of the four channels have large variations across different tiers of cities between the two periods of 2000–2013 and 2014–2016. First‐tier and some second‐tier cities set high criteria for local Hukou registration that have become more stringent over time, while other cities have much lower requirements. The point account system for Hukou registration shows that cities have different preferences over workers eligible for local urban Hukou. The quantitative measures developed in this paper can be used to study a variety of topics on the social and economic consequences of labor mobility barriers.
Accurate measurement of extended half‐life and unmodified factor VIII low levels with one‐stage FVIII assays is dependent on the matrix of calibration curves
Authors: Van den Bossche Dorien , Toelen Jelle , Schoeters Joke , Van Horenbeeck Isa , Vanlinthout Ingrid , Debasse Mirjam , Peerlinck Kathelijne , Jacquemin Marc
Published: December 2018

Introduction

The monitoring of factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy relies on the accurate measurement of FVIII activity over a large concentration range. However, unexplained overestimation of low FVIII levels has recently been reported with extended half‐life recombinant FVIIIs.

Aim

The objective of this study was to confirm previous publications indicating that the reagents used to generate the calibration curves determine the accuracy of the measurement of low FVIII levels.

Methods

We generated FVIII calibration curves with FVIII‐deficient plasmas or a commercial diluent buffer. We then measured FVIII levels in FVIII‐deficient plasma spiked with plasma FVIII, a full‐length recombinant FVIII (Advate®, Shire, Brussels, Belgium) and two extended half‐life recombinant FVIIIs (Elocta® , Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Woluwe Saint‐Lambert, Belgium and Afstyla®, CSL Behring, Mechelen, Belgium). FVIII levels were also analyzed in spiked samples prediluted two‐ and fourfold, either in diluent buffer or in FVIII‐deficient plasma to evaluate parallelism.

Results

Coagulation times of calibration curves generated with diluent buffer were longer than those with FVIII‐deficient plasmas. This resulted in an overestimation of FVIII levels lower than 25 IU/dL in spiked samples and in detection of FVIII activity (≥1 IU/dL) in FVIII‐deficient plasma. Predilution of samples with diluent buffer rather than with FVIII‐deficient plasma also led to discordant results.

Conclusion

Our data confirm that the generation of calibration curves by dilution in FVIII‐deficient plasma is crucial for the accurate measurement of low FVIII levels. When serial dilutions of samples are analyzed, predilution in FVIII‐deficient plasma is required to respect the parallelism criteria. These methods should be more generally implemented for coagulation instruments.
Rifaximin‐altered gut microbiota components associated with liver/neuropsychological functions in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: An exploratory data analysis of phase II/III clinical trials
Authors: Kawaguchi Takumi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Imamura Masatoshi , Murashima Naoya , Yanase Mikio , Mine Tetsuya , Fujisawa Masaki , Sato Ikuya , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Okita Kiwamu , Suzuki Kazuyuki
Published: December 2018

Aims

Rifaximin (RFX), a non‐systemic antibiotic, improves liver/neuropsychological functions in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We aimed to investigate the clinical profiles associated with gut bacterial loads using exploratory data analysis and the effects of RFX on the gut microbiota of patients with HE.

Methods

We analyzed the data from 17 patients with HE who underwent fecal microbiota examination in phase II/III trials in Japan. Profiles associated with genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus loads were analyzed using classification and regression trees (CART). Changes in gut microbial consortia of seven patients with HE were then assessed 2 weeks after RFX treatment by principal component analysis.

Results

In the CART, the first and second divergence variables for each higher bacterial load were as follows: (i) in Streptococcus, the number connection test‐A ≥39.55 s and presence of portal‐systemic shunt; (ii) in Veillonella, serum potassium levels <4.75 mEq/L and total cholesterol level <129.5 mg/dL; and (iii) in Lactobacillus, white blood cell counts ≥3.4 × 103/μL and aspartate aminotransferase level ≥44.5 U/L. There was no significant change in total bacterial load before and after RFX treatment; however, there was a decrease in Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus counts after RFX treatment.

Conclusion

We report clinical profiles associated with gut bacterial loads in patients with HE, and showed that RFX altered gut microbiota components associated with liver/neuropsychological functions. Thus, RFX could improve liver/neuropsychological functions through the regulation of the gut microbial consortia in patients with HE.
Fractionation of baker's yeast vinasse via ultrafiltration: assessment of feasibility
Authors: Vukušić Josipa Lisičar , Millenautzki Thomas , Sedaghati Masoud , Schallenberg Marc , Müller Peter , Hof Jendrik , Mösche Marek , Barbe Stéphan
Published: December 2018

The potential of vinasse, gained from baker′s yeast production for the recovery of valuable molecules (invertase, food grade proteins and betaine), has been assessed. Particularly natural betaine, a trimethyl derivative of glycine, attracts more and more attention in human and animal nutrition. In this work, a straightforward membrane‐based process for the recovery of natural betaine and a very promising betaine‐rich protein fraction from fermentation broth of baker′s yeast was developed. The difficult separation of external invertase from yeast cells was observed in this work. Anyway, a residual invertase activity was found in vinasse, but it could not be efficiently purified to generate an industrial‐strength product. The presented process can be easily implemented in a conventional baker's yeast production plant by integrating an ultrafiltration station and an adsorption system. Based on our calculations, a potential recovery up to 1486 t year−1 of betaine‐rich proteins (5 € kg−1) and 593 t year−1 Betafin® similar natural betaine (6–7 € kg−1) may be achieved.
A review of 31 cases of Marjolin's ulcer on scalp: Is it necessary to preventively remove the scar?
Authors: Xiao Haitao , Deng Ke , Liu Ruolin , Chen Zihang , Lin Yun , Gao Yuan , Cen Ying , Xu Xuewen
Published: December 2018

We aimed to report the clinical features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurring on scalp scar tissue among a Chinese population, demonstrate its pathological progress, analyse the prognosis‐related factors, and share our clinical experience of managing this rare disease in practice. A retrospective study was conducted at West China Hospital from January 2013 to January 2018 aiming to identify patients with a diagnosis of SCC or squamous atypical hyperplasia arising from scalp scars. Their medical records were reviewed, and related data were retrieved. Follow up was conducted, and informed consent was obtained by phone calls in June 2018. Of the 31 scalp Marjolin's ulcer (MU) patients, the average latency period and post‐ulceration period were 42.9 years and 37.5 months, respectively. Among them, 30 patients (97%) were diagnosed with cancer more than 5 years after initial injury, and 25 patients (80.7%) experienced a pre‐ulceration period longer than 20 years. A negative correlation between scalp MU's post‐ulceration period and its pre‐ulceration period was identified. Only burn scars caused post‐ulceration periods of more than 24 months (7/19). Incomplete healing wounds experienced a significantly shorter latency period (P = 0.004) and longer post‐ulceration period than others (P < 0.0001). However, the depth of tumour infiltration and complete tumour resection were the only two independent factors that significantly dictated patients' survival in this study. In conclusion, the scalp scaring tissue experienced a long‐term stable period but would transform to malignancy rapidly and progressively once ulceration formed. The underlying malignant transformation mechanism remains unclear. Thus, we recommend scalp scarring tissue to be radically removed.
Evaluation of cellular and humoral autoimmunity before the development of type 1 diabetes in a patient with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia
Authors: Maruyama Koji , Chujo Daisuke , Watanabe Koji , Kawabe Akitsu , Sugiyama Takehiro , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Tanabe Akiyo , Ueki Kohjiro , Kajio Hiroshi
Published: December 2018

A 64‐year‐old woman developed type 1 diabetes 23 years after the diagnosis of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. To investigate the etiological interaction between idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia and type 1 diabetes, we carried out a longitudinal analysis related to islet‐specific autoimmunity. Anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody had been already weakly positive for at least 16 years and started rising at 6 months before the onset of type 1 diabetes. The seroconversion of anti‐insulinoma‐associated antigen‐2 antibody and insulin autoantibody occurred at the time of onset. The ratio of CD8/CD4 had been gradually increasing for 8 years before type 1 diabetes onset. Notably, islet‐specific glucose‐6‐phosphatase catalytic subunit‐related protein‐reactive CD8+ T cells were detected at type 1 diabetes onset, and the frequency was higher than that in 15 non‐diabetic controls (6.75% vs 0.49 ± 0.78%, mean ± SD). The present type 1 diabetes patient, presented with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia and showed an elevated number of CD8+ T cells, including the islet antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells that might contribute to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β‐cells.
Characteristics of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis among lean patients in Japan: Not uncommon and not always benign
Authors: Tobari Maki , Hashimoto Estuko , Taniai Makiko , Ikarashi Yuuichi , Kodama Kazuhisa , Kogiso Tomomi , Tokushige Katsutoshi , Takayoshi Nishino , Hashimoto Naotake
Published: December 2018

Background and Aim

To elucidate features of nonobese non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we assessed Japanese patients with NAFLD stratified by body mass index (BMI) and by sex.

Methods

Biopsy‐proven 762 NAFLD patients (404 men) were classified into three groups by the Japanese criteria: nonobese group (BMI < 25 kg/m2), obese group (25 to 30), and severely obese group (≥ 30). Clinicopathological features and single nucleotide polymorphism of patatin‐like phospholipase 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 were investigated, and body composition analysis was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and computed tomography.

Results

Over 25% of men and almost 40% of women were nonobese, but most of them had visceral fat obesity and/or insulin resistance. The median age (years) of the nonobese, obese, and severely obese men was 49.9, 46.8, and 40.5 (P < 0.01), respectively, while those of women was 60.2, 59.6, and 48.5 (P < 0.01), respectively. The prevalence of metabolic comorbidities and PNPLA3 risk alleles did not differ among these groups in both sexes. Also, the prevalence of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis was not significantly different in both sexes, although nonobese patients had a higher prevalence of mild steatosis. Advanced fibrosis showed a marked difference between men and women. Advanced fibrosis was significantly more frequent among severely obese men (nonobese: 31.0%, obese: 41.6%, severely obese: 60.9%; P < 0.01), but it was lower among severely obese women (51.4%, 62.9%, 33.7%; P < 0.01). Skeletal muscle mass was significantly lower in nonobese patients.

Conclusions

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was not milder in nonobese patients. Histological steatosis was associated with BMI, but advanced fibrosis was not and showed a significant sex difference.
No effect of Turkish bath (Hammam) on sunburn after exposure to natural ultraviolet radiation: A randomized controlled blinded trial
Authors: Öberg Stina , Fonnes Siv , Andresen Kristoffer , Pommergaard Hans‐Christian , Rosenberg Jacob
Published: December 2018

Background

Scrubbing of the skin during Hammam, a Turkish spa treatment, removes cells from the ultraviolet radiation absorbing stratum corneum.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess if skin is more susceptible to sunburn after a Hammam treatment.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial with a paired design, healthy adult participants with skin types 1‐3 were randomized to receive Hammam treatment on one side of the back while the other side was used as control. Participants had 30 minutes of sun exposure on their backs. Erythema and pain were assessed before and 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours after sun exposure. Erythema was assessed by a visual scale and by using chromatography on high‐resolution photos. Pain was assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The primary outcome was the difference in chromatography‐assessed erythema from baseline to the 24‐hour assessment, compared between the Hammam‐ and the control side. Secondary outcomes were differences in pain and visually assessed erythema.

Results

Twelve participants were included with complete follow‐up. Eight participants had type‐3 skin and four had type‐2 skin. There was no difference between the Hammam and the control side for any of the outcomes. Even though erythema assessed by chromatography was slightly higher for the Hammam side, the difference was insignificant.

Conclusion

Hammam treatment did not increase sunburn, measured by UV‐induced skin erythema and pain, compared with untreated skin following 30 minutes of sun exposure.
Revealed by degrees: Patients’ experience of receiving information after in‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Klint Kjell , Sjöland Helen , Axelsson Åsa B.
Published: December 2018

Aims and objectives

To describe patients’ experience of receiving information about the event after having a cardiac arrest in hospital.

Background

In Sweden, approximately 2,600 people per year experience cardiac arrest in hospital. After a cardiac arrest, the patient is entitled to receive information about what has occurred. This information must be provided in a way that does not do the patient more harm than good. In order to provide information to patients in a satisfactory manner for them, knowledge about how patients react to information in this situation is valuable.

Design

We used a qualitative approach with interviews and content analysis.

Methods

Twenty patients participated in face‐to‐face interviews analysed by content analysis. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies were used.

Results

The analysis resulted in three categories: Getting the information gradually, Understanding information received and Seeking clarity. The subcategories that emerged were as follows: Indirect information, Short and direct information, Explanatory information, Lack of information, Unsatisfactory information, Hard‐to‐understand information, Insight, Unanswered questions, Hard‐to‐formulate questions, Requesting information and Searching independently for knowledge.

Conclusions

The patients needed gradual and repeated information during their hospitalisation, and repeated information was continually required after their discharge from hospital. Whether or how the information was given varied. The patients’ experience was that they sometimes lacked opportunities for conversation and asking questions, while they also found it hard to formulate questions. Patients who have a cardiac arrest in hospital appear to have similar information needs to patients whose cardiac arrest takes place outside the hospital context.

Relevance to clinical practice

Information on the patient's cardiac arrest should be given in gradual stages, according to the patient's needs. The information needs to be repeated during the hospital stay and after discharge. Healthcare professional should gain insight into patients’ responses and create information that is adapted to the individual.
Preventive interventions for pressure ulcers in long‐term older people care facilities: A systematic review
Authors: Mäki‐Turja‐Rostedt Sirpa , Stolt Minna , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Haavisto Elina
Published: December 2018

Aims and objectives

To explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at pressure ulcer (PU) prevention in long‐term older people care facilities (LOPC).

Background

Pressure ulcers cause suffering for patients and constitute a major financial burden. Although most PUs could be prevented, their number has remained high. To avoid unnecessary suffering and costs, PU prevention must be effective.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in six electronic databases PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Cochrane Wounds Group Specialized Register and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The inclusion criteria were: (a) study published in 2005–2017, (b) intervention with pre‐ and post‐tests, focusing on PU prevention, (c) implemented in LOPC facilities, (d) persons >65 years as study population, and (e) outcomes reported as PU incidence or prevalence or healing time. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute's MAStARI critical appraisal checklist. The data were analysed with narrative synthesis.

Results

The review included eighteen studies. The study designs were RCTs (n = 10), comparable cohort or case–control studies (n = 3), and descriptive or case series (n = 5). PU incidence in LOPC facilities decreased by using computerised decision‐making support systems, PU prevention programmes, repositioning or advanced cushions. PU prevalence decreased with PU prevention programmes, by using advanced mattresses and overlays, or by adding protein and energy supplements to diet.

Conclusions

There are many ways to prevent PUs in LOPC facilities; no single effective way can be identified. One‐third of the preventive interventions in LOPC facilities were effective. However, systematic evidence from randomised trials on preventive interventions of PUs in LOPC settings is still lacking.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings can be used in practice for selecting and in research for developing effective preventive interventions of PUs in LOPC facilities.