bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RENA Study: Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate CKD Prevalence in Portugal
Authors: Vinhas José , Aires Inês , Batista Carla , Branco Patrícia , Brandão Jorge , Nogueira Rui , Raposo João Filipe , Rodrigues Elisabete
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health problem associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity, premature mortality, and decreased quality of life. In Portugal, the PREVADIAB study showed a prevalence of CKD stages 3–5 of 6.1%. To overcome the limitations of the PREVADIAB study, the RENA study aimed to provide an estimate of the prevalence of CKD at a national level and to characterize CKD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including users of Primary Health Care Units aged 18 or more. After obtaining written informed consent, sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded through a structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements were taken, and blood and urine samples were collected. All participants initially meeting the criteria for CKD were contacted at least 3 months after the initial assessment for confirmation of the analytical results. Results: A total of 3,135 individuals were included, 65.4% were female, and the mean age was 56.7 ± 15.9 years. The prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes was 38, 32, and 16%, respectively, and 31% were obese. After data adjustment by gender, age group, and geographical region, the global prevalence of CKD was 20.9% (95% CI: 6.5–35.3%), with no differences between genders and a significant increase with the advance of the age groups. Conclusion: Our study showed a CKD prevalence above the worldwide and Europe average. Despite the study limitations, it has become clear that it is urgent to identify CKD patients earlier and to develop awareness and educational programs to prevent CKD and its associated diseases.
Improvement of Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Alopecia Universalis during Treatment with Tofacitinib: A Case Report
Authors: Todberg Tanja , Loft Nikolai Dyrberg , Zachariae Claus
Published: August 2020

Alopecia areata (AA) is the most common immune-mediated hair loss disorder with a life-time prevalence of 2%. The pathogenesis of AA is not completely understood, but interferon gamma (INF-γ) and Janus kinases (JAK) may play a key role. Here, we present a case involving a male patient with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, who exhibited a rapid hair loss, diagnosed as AA, during ciclosporin treatment. As ciclosporin was unable to control his psoriasis, the treatment was changed to methotrexate injections, but the hair loss progressed into alopecia universalis. During treatment with the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib, the patient presented an almost complete hair remission on the scalp and partly on the eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, and chest. Furthermore, the patient experienced no joint complaints and his psoriasis was improved. Based on these findings, JAK inhibitors may be an optional treatment in complicated cases involving both rheumatological and dermatological diseases.
Angiosarcoma of the Auricle in a Patient with Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant
Authors: Onishi Masazumi , Tsunoda Kanako , Maeda Fumihiko , Moriwaki Shinichi , Amano Hiroo
Published: August 2020

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by photosensitivity and an increased risk of developing multiple skin neoplasms at sites exposed to the sun. We report a 73-year-old Japanese man with angiosarcoma of the auricle and an XP-variant, which is a very rare condition. In this case, long-term physical stimulation due to auricular deformation after surgery may have been the cause. Angiosarcoma associated with XP has a better prognosis than common angiosarcoma, perhaps because of the smaller tumor size. As XP patients are at high risk of skin neoplasms, they consult dermatologists regularly, and therefore skin tumors are likely to be detected early.
Long-Term Survival under Arterial Chemoembolization and Sorafenib of a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Tumor Atrial Thrombus: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Mavroudis Andreas , Cholongitas Evangelos
Published: August 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered to be the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-associated death globally. HCC might be associated, especially in advanced stages, with the formation of tumor thrombus (TT), which can be located in the portal vein, as well as in hepatic and/or inferior vena cava (IVC) veins. Nevertheless, the extension of TT to the right atrium (RA) is infrequent with an unfavorable prognosis. We present a rare case of a male patient with HCC and IVC TT extending to the RA. The atrial thrombus was the first manifestation of HCC diagnosed by cardiac ultrasound. So far, the patient has undergone 4 courses of transarterial chemoembolization in combination with systemic therapy with sorafenib, and under this therapeutic approach long-term survival has been achieved.
Growth Trajectory and Adult Height in Children with Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Wasniewska Malgorzata Gabriela , Morabito Letteria Anna , Baronio Federico , Einaudi Silvia , Salerno Mariacarolina , Bizzarri Carla , Russo Gianni , Chiarito Mariangela , Grandone Anna , Guazzarotti Laura , Spinuzza Antonietta , Corica Domenico , Ortolano Rita , Balsamo Antonio , Abrigo Enrica , Baldini Ferroli Barbara , Alibrandi Angela , Capalbo Donatella , Aversa Tommaso , Faienza Maria Felicia ,   Adrenal Diseases Working Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology
Published: August 2020

Background: Children with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) often present increased growth velocity secondary to elevation of adrenal androgens that accelerates bone maturation and might compromise adult height (AH). Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze prognostic factors affecting growth trajectory (GT) and AH in children with NCCAH. Methods: The study was a retrospective, multicentric study. The study population consisted of 192 children with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of NCCAH, followed by pediatric endocrinology centers from diagnosis up to AH. Clinical records were collected and analyzed. AH (standard deviation score; SDS), pubertal growth (PG) (cm), GT from diagnosis to AH (SDS), and AH adjusted to target height (TH) (AH-TH SDS) were evaluated as outcome indicators using stepwise linear regression models. Results: The stepwise linear regression analysis showed that AH and AH-TH were significantly related to chronological age (CA) (p = 0.008 and 0.016), bone age (BA)/CA ratio (p = 0.004 and 0.001), height (H) (p < 0.001 for both parameters) at NCCAH diagnosis, and TH (p = 0.013 and <0.001). PG was higher in males than in females (22.59 ± 5.74 vs. 20.72 ± 17.4 cm, p = 0.002), as physiologically observed, and was positively related to height (p = 0.027), negatively to BMI (p = 0.001) and BA/CA ratio (p = 0.001) at NCCAH diagnosis. Gender, genotype, biochemical data, and hydrocortisone treatment did not significantly impair height outcomes of these NCCAH children. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that AH and GT of NCCAH patients are mainly affected by the severity of phenotype (CA, BA/CA ratio, and H) at the time of diagnosis.
Okuläre Nebenwirkungen von biologischen Anti-TNF-Medikamenten – eine Übersicht
Authors: Susanna Fernanda Nicolela , Pavesio Carlos
Published: August 2020

Die kürzlich erfolgte Einführung biologischer Wirkstoffe hat die Behandlung chronischer immuninflammatorischer Erkrankungen revolutioniert, doch ist diese neue Therapie mit erheblichen Nebenwirkungen verbunden. Durch groß angelegte kontrollierte Studien, in denen sich ein Rückgang der Uveitis-Schübe zeigte, hat die Therapie mit Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF)-Hemmern bei nicht infektiöser Uveitis weiter an Bedeutung gewonnen. Es liegen Berichte vor, denen zufolge diese Medikamente paradoxerweise entgegen ihrer therapeutischen Wirkung mit dem Auftreten oder Wiederauftreten von entzündlichen Augenerkrankungen assoziiert sind. Etliche Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Anti-TNF-α-Wirkstoffe bei der Auslösung oder Verschlimmerung eines zugrunde liegenden Entzündungsprozesses eine Rolle spielen könnten, darunter auch die Hypothese eines gestörten Zytokingleichgewichts; die Mechanismen, die für diese Nebenwirkungen verantwortlich sind, sind jedoch noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Es erfolgte eine Literatursuche in PubMed anhand folgender Begriffe: ophthalmologische Komplikationen, Uveitis, entzündliche Augenerkrankung, Optikusneuritis, Neuropathie, Nebenwirkungen, Anti-TNF, TNF-alpha-Inhibitor, Infliximab, Etanercept, Adalimumab, Golimumab, Certolizumab und Biologika. Die in der vorliegenden Studie vorgestellten Daten stammen überwiegend aus der Anwendung von TNF-Inhibitoren in der Rheumatologie, was vor allem daran liegt, dass diese Medikamente in diesem Fachgebiet schon seit längerer Zeit eingesetzt werden. Viele der in dieser Übersichtsarbeit berichteten okulären Nebenwirkungen können möglicherweise als paradoxe Wirkung der Anti-TNF-Therapie betrachtet werden. Wir fanden eine Vielzahl von Daten, nach denen eine Anti-TNF-Therapie bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen mit einer neu auftretenden Uveitis assoziiert war, insbesondere unter Etanercept. Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, dass zwar zunehmend Daten zu okulären Nebenwirkungen vorliegen, doch bleibt abzuwarten, ob der vermutete Zusammenhang zwischen TNF-Inhibitoren und dem Auftreten von Augenentzündungen durch weitere qualitativ hochwertige Daten untermauert wird. Gleichwohl soll das Bewusstsein für mögliche Nebenwirkungen der Anti-TNF-Therapie erhöht werden.
Relações intersubjetivas em “extrair”, de Arnaldo Antunes
Authors: Souza Paula Martins de
Published: August 2020

Este artigo visa a apresentar mecanismos de significação que estão por trás de relações intersubjetivas dos textos. A metodologia empregada tem por base, por um lado, a Semiótica de linha francesa, notadamente as contribuições de Greimas, Zilberberg, Fiorin e Tatit. Por outro lado, a metodologia nutre-se da segunda tópica freudiana e da matriz intersubjetiva de Coelho Jr. e Figueiredo. Greimas contribui com o percurso gerativo do sentido, no plano do conteúdo, além da postulação de sua junção com o plano da expressão. Zilberberg auxilia com a revisão do nível mais abstrato da significação, além da oposição entre os valores de absoluto, de universo, de apogeu e de abismo. Fiorin provê a distinção entre os sujeitos do discurso. Tatit fornece sua praxeologia, que permitirá proceder a uma oposição entre diferentes modos enunciativos de fazer e, com isso, de estatuir o ser do enunciador, além de uma releitura do acontecimento greimasiano. A essas contribuições, acrescento uma oposição entre os campos objetivo e subjetivo, que organiza interações entre tipos diferentes de sujeito. O  poema “extrair”, de Arnaldo Antunes, foi escolhido para a demonstração desses mecanismos de significação. Como resultado, a análise possibilitou compreender o arranjo intersubjetivo que está por trás da configuração de sujeito insurgente do narrador do poema
Duas concepções de enunciação
Authors: Fiorin José Luiz
Published: August 2020

Greimas, ao elaborar a noção de percurso gerativo do sentido, para explicar as abstrações realizadas no ato de ler um texto, toma de Benveniste o conceito de enunciação como instância de mediação, mas reelabora-o. Uma instância é um conjunto de categorias que cria um domínio teórico e, por conseguinte, um domínio de análise. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de expor as razões epistemológicas que levaram Greimas a dar à enunciação um determinado lugar no percurso gerativo e de mostrar o alcance do conceito greimasiano de enunciação, ou seja, as categorias e operações compreendidas por ele. Em seguida, apresenta as modificações aportadas ao conceito greimasiano pela semiótica tensiva e discute a possibilidade ou não de conciliar os dois modelos.
Núcleo de direitos humanos da EEFE-USP
Authors: Saura Soraia Chung , Rocco Junior Ary José
Published: August 2020

A Comissão “Núcleo de Direitos Humanos” da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo (NDH-EEFE-USP) foi criada em 2016, em consonância com as diretrizes amplas e gerais da Universidade de São Paulo e conjuntamente a outros Núcleos e Centros de Direitos Humanos em outras unidades da Universidade. O objetivo deste texto é compartilhar, a partir da implantação do NDH-EEFE-USP, algumas reflexões sobre o trabalho desenvolvido nesta unidade, para em seguida tecer considerações sobre as Comissões de Direitos Humanos de uma forma mais ampla. Essas considerações foram produzidas a partir de encontros com Comissões, Núcleos e grupos que atuam em torno da temática dos Direitos Humanos na Universidade de São Paulo nos anos 2015-2019. O propósito deste texto, e o nosso desejo, é de que a análise desta experiência unida a um contexto reflexivo possa subsidiar futuras ações, não apenas desta Comissão, mas de outras atividades nas Universidades e instituições de ensino do país.
Participação feminina no pré-mirim nos jogos escolares de São Paulo
Authors: Silveira Sergio Roberto , Guedes Claudia , Tuibeo Jeff
Published: August 2020

O artigo teve como objetivo analisar como os Jogos Escolares do Estado de São Paulo-JEESP, na categoria pré-mirim, têm contribuído para fomentar a participação feminina como forma de promoção de motivação intrínseca e ampliação das chances de adesão e aderência das alunas para a prática de atividade física ao longo da vida. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa com triangulação de métodos, a partir de dados dos quadros estatísticos dos JEESP, num recorte dos últimos cinco anos (2015-2019), com análise de contexto de educação física e qualidade educacional e, o impacto na promoção da motivação intrínseca. Os resultados mostraram: a) uma participação inferior das meninas em relação aos meninos em todas as modalidades nos cinco anos; b) redução gradual da participação feminina ao longo dos anos; c) aumento da participação feminina em modalidades individuais em situações de extrema diminuição do número de participantes totais na categoria; d) aumento da participação feminina ao longo dos anos em modalidades coletivas futsal e handebol. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que: i) o Estado necessita de uma política de promoção de atividade física às alunas da rede pública de forma mais efetiva e a ser promovida em progressão longitudinal para vencer as barreiras enfrentadas; ii) de acordo com os resultados novas investigações precisam ser realizadas para avaliar os motivos para a possível perda de interesse das alunas e/ou de professores(as) de educação física escolar-EFE em participar das competições escolares nas diversas modalidades; iii) os JEESP não têm funcionado como ação de política pública para a promoção de motivação intrínseca das alunas para a prática de atividade física na fase adulta.
First record of the family Derbidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) from Pakistan with redescription of Kamendaka saccharivora (Matsumura)
Authors: SOHAIL KAMRAN , WEBB MICK , ZHANG YALIN
Published: August 2020

Kamendaka saccharivora (Matsumura, 1910), originally described from Taiwan, is newly recorded from Pakistan and India and re-described and illustrated. This species represents the first record of the family Derbidae from Pakistan.
An overview of the genus Radiospongilla (Porifera, Spongillida) with description of a new species from Australia
Authors: PRONZATO R. , MANCONI R.
Published: August 2020

A new species of freshwater sponges is described from Australia. The new species Radiospongilla fungosa is characterized by the following traits ‘megascleres microspiny stout oxeas with scattered, small, simple spines except tips’, and by having ‘gemmuloscleres long, slim, spiny strongyles with scattered simple spines and hooked spines clustered at tips’, ‘gemmular theca with 2 layers of gemmuloscleres radially and tangentially arranged’, ‘pneumatic layer irregularly filamentous network (near inner layer) and thin laminae irregularly arranged (towards outer layer)’. We discuss the relationships of the new species to other members of the genus both from Australia, particularly North-Western Australia, and from other biogeographic regions on the basis of diagnostic morphotraits. An overview on the taxonomy, biogeographic pattern and phylogeny of the genus is supplied and updated to present, together with an updated identification key for Australia species. The diagnosis of the genus Radiospongilla is emended.
Review of the genus Epicrocis Zeller, 1848 in China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), with descriptions of three new species
Authors: LIU HONGXIA , LI HOUHUN
Published: August 2020

The genus Epicrocis Zeller, 1848 is reviewed in China. Three species are described as new: Epicrocis datianensis sp. nov., E. maculata sp. nov. and E. flabelloformis sp. nov. Epicrocis pramaoyensis Bae & Qi, 2015 and E. metallopa (Lower, 1898) are newly recorded in China. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key and a distribution map to all the known Chinese species.
Kelvin Waves during GOAmazon and Their Relationship to Deep Convection
Authors: Serra Yolande L. , Rowe Angela , Adams David K. , Kiladis George N.
Published: August 2020

The 2014–15 Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign over the central Amazon near Manaus, Brazil, occurred in coordination with the larger Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) project across Brazil. These programs provide observations of convection over the central Amazon on diurnal to annual time scales. In this study, we address the question of how Kelvin waves, observed in satellite observations of deep cloud cover over the GOAmazon region during the 2014–15 time period, modulate the growth, type, and organization of convection over the central Amazon. The answer to this question has implications for improved predictability of organized systems over the region and representation of convection and its growth on local to synoptic scales in global models. Our results demonstrate that Kelvin waves are strong modulators of synoptic-scale low- to midlevel free-tropospheric moisture, integrated moisture convergence, and surface heat fluxes. These regional modifications of the environment impact the local diurnal cycle of convection, favoring the development of mesoscale convective systems. As a result, localized rainfall is also strongly modulated, with the majority of rainfall in the GOAmazon region occurring during the passage of these systems.
Moisture Source–Receptor Network of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Land Regions and the Associated Atmospheric Steerings
Authors: Cheng Tat Fan , Lu Mengqian
Published: August 2020

This study aims to construct a novel source–receptor (SR) network to study the atmospheric water cycle associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation. Using a dynamical recycling model (DRM), 68%–74% of the wet season (April–September) precipitation in six EASM land regions is attributed. The results reveal that terrestrial sources can be equally or more competitive than oceans for several sink regions downwind in East Asia. Terrestrial sources, such as the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, Southwest China, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau, are sustained by southwesterly monsoons and contribute to appreciable fractions of precipitation in the East Asian subregions downwind. Further, southwesterly and southeasterly sources for a sink region alternately dominate the moisture supply in the early and late wet season, respectively, referred to as the “SW–SE source swing.” The SR network is found to be largely governed by the zonal oscillation of the western North Pacific subtropical high and tropical cyclones. Knowledge about the coupled circulations might promise more predictability of the strength of the affected SR pairs. Notably, enhanced moisture supplies from regions such as the Indian subcontinent and Tibetan Plateau are well correlated with an upper-level wave train from western Russia. Finally, the preceding wintertime El Niño may favor (suppress) the moisture contribution of southwesterly (southeasterly) sources in the following wet season. The findings offer insights into the EASM water cycle and the governing circulations, and also accentuate the role of upwind terrestrial sources in the downwind precipitation and freshwater resources.
Precipitation–Radiation–Circulation Feedback Processes Associated with Structural Changes of the ITCZ in a Warming Climate during 1980–2014: An Observational Portrayal
Authors: Lau William K. M. , Tao Weichen
Published: August 2020

In this study, long-term structural changes in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and associated precipitation–radiation–circulation feedback processes are examined using multiple sources of reanalysis data for temperature, winds, moisture, and observed precipitation and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) during 1980–2014. Consistent with CMIP5 climate model projections of the “deep tropical squeeze” under greenhouse warming, this period witnessed a warming and wetting (increased specific humidity) global trend, characterized by a narrowing of the ITCZ core with increased precipitation, coupled to widespread tropospheric drying (deficient relative humidity), increased OLR in the subtropics and midlatitudes, a widening of the descending branches of the Hadley circulation, and a poleward shift of the jet streams in both hemispheres. The widespread tropospheric drying stems from 1) a faster rate of increased saturated water vapor with warming, relative to the increase in ambient moisture due to convective and large-scale transport, and 2) enhanced anomalous subsidence, and low-level moisture divergence in the subtropics and midlatitudes. The long-term trend in enhanced precipitation (latent heating) in the ITCZ core region is strongly coupled to increasing OLR (radiative cooling to space) in the expanding dry zones, particularly over land regions in the subtropics and midlatitudes, arguably as a necessary condition for global thermodynamic energy balance. Analyses of the trend patterns in vertical profiles of p velocity, temperature, and relative humidity with respect to ITCZ precipitation rate and OLR reveal that the contrast between the wet and dry regions in the troposphere has been increasing globally, with the ITCZ core getting wetter and contracting, while the marginal convective and dry zones are getting drier and expanding.
Evaluating the Suitability of Century-Long Gridded Meteorological Datasets for Hydrological Modeling
Authors: Massmann Carolina
Published: August 2020

Recent advances in climate reanalyses have led to the development of meteorological products providing information from the beginning of the last century or even before. As these data sources might be of interest to practitioners in the event of missing data from meteorological stations, it is important to assess their usefulness for different applications. The main objective of this study is to investigate the ability of two long-term reanalysis datasets (CERA-20C and 20CR) and one long-term interpolated dataset (Livneh) for supporting hydrological modeling. The precipitation and temperature data of the three datasets were first compared, downscaled, and then used as inputs to the conceptual hydrological model HBV in 168 basins in the United States. The findings suggest that the quality of all three datasets decreases the further we go back in time. Models calibrated at the beginning of the time series, where the data quality is worse, are only able to capture the general properties of the time series and thus do not show a decrease in performance as the period between calibration and validation becomes larger. The opposite is true for models calibrated at the end of the time series, which show a clear decrease in performance toward the beginning of the century. While the hydrological model driven with the interpolated datasets achieved the best performance, the results obtained with the reanalysis datasets were still informative (i.e., better than the long-term monthly mean), and they matched the performance of the interpolated dataset in a few catchments in the northwestern United States.
Missing Data Imputation for Multisite Rainfall Networks: A Comparison between Geostatistical Interpolation and Pattern-Based Estimation on Different Terrain Types
Authors: Oriani Fabio , Stisen Simon , Demirel Mehmet C. , Mariethoz Gregoire
Published: August 2020

Missing rainfall data are a major limitation for distributed hydrological modeling and climate studies. Practitioners need reliable approaches that can be employed on a daily basis, often with too limited data in space to feed complex predictive models. In this study we compare different automatic approaches for missing data imputation, including geostatistical interpolation and pattern-based estimation algorithms. We introduce two pattern-based approaches based on the analysis of historical data patterns: (i) an iterative version of K-nearest neighbor (IKNN) and (ii) a new algorithm called vector sampling (VS) that combines concepts of multiple-point statistics and resampling. Both algorithms can draw estimations from variably incomplete data patterns, allowing the target dataset to be at the same time the training dataset. Tested on five case studies from Denmark, Australia, and Switzerland, the algorithms show a different performance that seems to be related to the terrain type: on flat terrains with spatially homogeneous rain events, geostatistical interpolation tends to minimize the average error, while in mountainous regions with nonstationary rainfall statistics, data mining can recover better the rainfall patterns. The VS algorithm, requiring minimal parameterization, turns out to be a convenient option for routine application on complex and poorly gauged terrains.
Large-Scale Influences on Atmospheric River–Induced Extreme Precipitation Events along the Coast of Washington State
Authors: Collow Allison B. Marquardt , Mersiovsky Haiden , Bosilovich Michael G.
Published: August 2020

Transient, narrow plumes of strong water vapor transport, referred to as atmospheric rivers (ARs), are responsible for much of the precipitation along the West Coast of the United States. The most intense precipitation events are almost always induced by an AR on the coast of Oregon and Washington and can result in detrimental impacts on society due to mudslides and flooding. To accurately predict AR events on numerical weather prediction, subseasonal, and seasonal time scales, it is important to understand the large-scale impacts on extreme AR events. Here, characteristics of ARs that result in an extreme precipitation event are compared to typical ARs on the coast of Washington State. In addition to more intense water vapor transport, notable differences in the synoptic forcing are present during extreme precipitation events that are not present during typical AR events. Subseasonal and seasonal teleconnection patterns are known to influence the weather in the Pacific Northwest and are investigated here. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) plays a role in determining the strength of precipitation associated with an AR on the Washington coast. Phase 5 of the MJO (convection centered over the Maritime Continent) is the most common phase during an extreme precipitation event, while phase 2 (convection over the Indian Ocean) discourages an extreme event from occurring. Interactions between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the propagation speed of the MJO result in extreme events during phase 1 of the MJO and El Niño but phase 8 during neutral ESNO conditions.
Detecting Rain–Snow-Transition Elevations in Mountain Basins Using Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Cui Guotao , Bales Roger , Rice Robert , Anderson Michael , Avanzi Francesco , Hartsough Peter , Conklin Martha
Published: August 2020

To provide complementary information on the hydrologically important rain–snow-transition elevation in mountain basins, this study provides two estimation methods using ground measurements from basin-scale wireless sensor networks: one based on wet-bulb temperature Twet and the other based on snow-depth measurements of accumulation and ablation. With data from 17 spatially distributed clusters (178 nodes) from two networks, in the American and Feather River basins of California’s Sierra Nevada, we analyzed transition elevation during 76 storm events in 2014–18. A Twet threshold of 0.5°C best matched the transition elevation defined by snow depth. Transition elevations using Twet in upper elevations of the basins generally agreed with atmospheric snow level from radars located at lower elevations, while radar snow level was ~100 m higher due to snow-level lowering on windward mountainsides during orographic lifting. Diurnal patterns of the difference between transition elevation and radar snow level were observed in the American basin, related to diurnal ground-temperature variations. However, these patterns were not found in the Feather basin due to complex terrain and higher uncertainties in transition-elevation estimates. The American basin tends to exhibit 100-m-higher transition elevations than does the Feather basin, consistent with the Feather basin being about 1° latitude farther north. Transition elevation averaged 155 m higher in intense atmospheric river events than in other events; meanwhile, snow-level lowering was enhanced with a 90-m-larger difference between radar snow level and transition elevation. On-the-ground continuous observations from distributed sensor networks can complement radar data and provide important ground truth and spatially resolved information on transition elevations in mountain basins.
Does Subgrid Routing Information Matter for Urban Flood Forecasting? A Multiscenario Analysis at the Land Parcel Scale
Authors: Cao Xuejian , Ni Guangheng , Qi Youcun , Liu Bo
Published: August 2020

The accessibility of high-resolution surface data enables fine distributed modeling for urban flooding. However, the surface routing processes between nonhomogeneous land cover components remain in most grid units, due to the high spatial heterogeneity of urban surfaces. Limited by the great difficulty in the acquisition, subgrid routing information (SRI) is always ignored in high-resolution urban flood modeling, and more importantly, the potential impacts of missing SRI on flood forecasting are still less understood. In this study, 54 urban-oriented scenarios of subgrid routing schemes are designed at an isolated grid, including three types of land parcels, two routing directions, and nine routing percents. The impacts of missing SRI are evaluated comprehensively under 60 different rainfall scenarios, in terms of the peak runoff (PR) and the runoff coefficient (RC). Furthermore, the influence mechanism is revealed as well to explain the discrepancy of the impacts under different conditions. Results show the missing of the routing process from impervious to pervious areas leads to significant impacts on the simulation of both PR and RC. Overestimated RC is detected, however, the impacts on PR are bidirectional depending on the rainfall intensity. Overestimation of PR due to missing SRI is observed in light rainfall events, but the opposite effect is identified under heavy rainfall conditions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating the SRI for urban flood forecasting to avoid underestimating the hazard risk in heavy rainfall. Simultaneously, it identifies that blindly utilizing infiltration-based green infrastructure is not feasible in urban stormwater management, due to the possible increase in peak runoff.
On the Formation of a Subsurface Weakly Sheared Laminar Layer and an Upper Thermocline Strongly Sheared Turbulent Layer in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific: Interplays of Multiple-Time-Scale Equatorial Waves
Authors: Liu Chuanyu , Wang Xiaowei , Liu Zhiyu , Köhl Armin , Smyth William D. , Wang Fan
Published: August 2020

The origins of an observed weakly sheared nonturbulent (laminar) layer (WSL), and a strongly sheared turbulent layer above the Equatorial Undercurrent core (UCL) in the eastern equatorial Pacific are studied, based mainly on the data from the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean mooring array. Multiple-time-scale (from 3 to 25 days) equatorial waves were manifested primarily as zonal velocity oscillations with the maximum amplitudes (from 10 to 30 cm s−1) occurring at different depths (from the surface to 85-m depths) above the seasonal thermocline. The subsurface-intensified waves led to vertically out-of-phase shear variations in the upper thermocline via destructive interference with the seasonal zonal flow, opposing the tendency for shear instability. These waves were also associated with depth-dependent, multiple-vertical-scale stratification variations, with phase lags of π/2 or π, further altering stability of the zonal current system to vertical shear. The WSL and UCL were consequently formed by coupling of multiple equatorial waves with differing phases, particularly of the previously identified equatorial mode and subsurface mode tropical instability waves (with central period of 17 and 20 days, respectively, in this study), and subsurface-intensified waves with central periods of 6, 5, and 12 days and velocity maxima at 45-, 87-, and 40-m depths, respectively. In addition, a wave-like feature with periods of 50–90 days enhanced the shear throughout the entire UCL. WSLs and UCLs seem to emerge without a preference for particular tropical instability wave phases. The generation mechanisms of the equatorial waves and their joint impacts on thermocline mixing remain to be elucidated.
Baroclinic Characteristics and Energetics of Annual Rossby Waves in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Huang Ke , Wang Dongxiao , Feng Ming , Han Weiqing , Chen Gengxin , Sun Chaojiao , Zhang Xiaolin , Xie Qiang , Wang Weiqiang , Liu Qinyan , Yao Jinglong
Published: August 2020

The first baroclinic mode Rossby wave is known to be of critical importance to the annual sea level variability in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO; 0°–20°S, 50°–115°E). In this study, an analysis of continuously stratified linear ocean model reveals that the second baroclinic mode also has significant contribution to the annual sea level variability (as high as 81% of the first baroclinic mode). The contributions of residual high-order modes (3 ≤ n ≤ 25) are much less. The superposition of low-order (first and second) baroclinic Rossby waves (BRWs) primarily contribute to the high energy center of sea level variability at ~10°S in the STIO and the vertical energy penetration below the seasonal thermocline. We have found that 1) the low-order BRWs, having longer zonal wavelengths and weaker damping, can couple more efficiently to the local large-scale wind forcing than the high-order modes and 2) the zonal coherency of the Ekman pumping results in the latitudinal energy maximum of low-order BRWs. Overall, this study extends the traditional analysis to suggest the characteristics of the second baroclinic mode need to be taken into account in interpreting the annual variability in the STIO.
Instability Processes in Simulated Finite-Width Ocean Fronts
Authors: Skyllingstad Eric D. , Samelson Roger M.
Published: August 2020

A simple, isolated front is modeled using a turbulence resolving, large-eddy simulation (LES) to examine the generation of instabilities and inertial oscillations by surface fluxes. Both surface cooling and surface wind stress are considered. Coherent roll instabilities with 200–300-m horizontal scale form rapidly within the front after the onset of surface forcing. With weak surface cooling and no wind, the roll axis aligns with the front, yielding results that are equivalent to previous constant gradient symmetric instability cases. After ~1 day, the symmetric modes transform into baroclinic mixed modes with an off-axis orientation. Traditional baroclinic instability develops by day 2 and thereafter dominates the overall circulation. Addition of destabilizing wind forcing produces a similar behavior, but with off-axis symmetric-Ekman shear modes at the onset of instability. In all cases, imbalance of the geostrophic shear by vertical mixing leads to an inertial oscillation in the frontal currents. Analysis of the energy budget indicates an exchange between kinetic energy linked to the inertial currents and potential energy associated with restratification as the front oscillates in response to the vertically sheared inertial current. Inertial kinetic energy decreases from enhanced mixed layer turbulence dissipation and vertical propagation of inertial wave energy into the pycnocline.
Numerical Investigation of Mechanisms Underlying Oceanic Internal Gravity Wave Power-Law Spectra
Authors: Pan Yulin , Arbic Brian K. , Nelson Arin D. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Peltier W. R. , Xu Wentao , Li Ye
Published: August 2020

We consider the power-law spectra of internal gravity waves in a rotating and stratified ocean. Field measurements have shown considerable variability of spectral slopes compared to the high-wavenumber, high-frequency portion of the Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum. Theoretical explanations have been developed through wave turbulence theory (WTT), where different power-law solutions of the kinetic equation can be found depending on the mechanisms underlying the nonlinear interactions. Mathematically, these are reflected by the convergence properties of the so-called collision integral (CL) at low- and high-frequency limits. In this work, we study the mechanisms in the formation of the power-law spectra of internal gravity waves, utilizing numerical data from the high-resolution modeling of internal waves (HRMIW) in a region northwest of Hawaii. The model captures the power-law spectra in broad ranges of space and time scales, with scalings ω−2.05±0.2 in frequency and m−2.58±0.4 in vertical wavenumber. The latter clearly deviates from the GM76 spectrum but is closer to a family of induced-diffusion-dominated solutions predicted by WTT. Our analysis of nonlinear interactions is performed directly on these model outputs, which is fundamentally different from previous work assuming a GM76 spectrum. By applying a bicoherence analysis and evaluations of modal energy transfer, we show that the CL is dominated by nonlocal interactions between modes in the power-law range and low-frequency inertial motions. We further identify induced diffusion and the near-resonances at its spectral vicinity as dominating the formation of power-law spectrum.
Baroclinic Modes over Rough Bathymetry and the Surface Deformation Radius
Authors: LaCasce J. H. , Groeskamp Sjoerd
Published: August 2020

The deformation radius is widely used as an indication of the eddy length scale at different latitudes. The radius is usually calculated assuming a flat ocean bottom. However, bathymetry alters the baroclinic modes and hence their deformation radii. In a linear quasigeostrophic two-layer model with realistic parameters, the deep flow for a 100-km wave approaches zero with a bottom ridge roughly 10 m high, leaving a baroclinic mode that is mostly surface trapped. This is in line with published current meter studies showing a primary EOF that is surface intensified and has nearly zero flow at the bottom. The deformation radius associated with this “surface mode” is significantly larger than that of the flat bottom baroclinic mode. Using World Ocean Atlas data, the surface radius is found to be 20%–50% larger over much of the globe, and 100% larger in some regions. This in turn alters the long Rossby wave speed, which is shown to be 1.5–2 times faster than over a flat bottom. In addition, the larger deformation radius is easier to resolve in ocean models.
The Giant Nucleus Impactor (GNI)—A System for the Impaction and Automated Optical Sizing of Giant Aerosol Particles with Emphasis on Sea Salt. Part I: Basic Instrument and Algorithms
Authors: Jensen Jørgen B. , Beaton Stuart P. , Stith Jeffrey L. , Schwenz Karl , Colón-Robles Marilé , Rauber Robert M. , Gras John
Published: August 2020

Size distributions of giant aerosol particles (dry radius larger than 0.5μm, sometimes referred to as coarse-mode aerosol particles) are not well characterized in the atmosphere. Measurements are problematic for these particles because they (i) occur in low concentrations, (ii) have difficulty in passing through air inlets, (iii) may be dry or deliquesced particles, and (iv) if sampled by impaction, typically require labor-intensive methods. In this study, a simple, high-volume impaction system called the Giant Nucleus Impactor (GNI), based on free-stream exposure of polycarbonate slides from aircraft, is described along with an automated optical microscope–based system for analysis of the impacted particles. The impaction slides are analyzed in a humidity-controlled chamber (typically 90% relative humidity) that ensures deliquescence of soluble (typically sea salt) particles. A computer-controlled optical microscope with two digital cameras is used to acquire and analyze images of the aerosol particles. At relative humidities above deliquescence (74% RH for sea salt), such particles will form near-spherical cap solution drops on the polycarbonate slides. The sea-salt mass in each giant aerosol particle is then calculated using simple geometry and published water activity measurements. The system has a sample volume of about 10 L s−1at aircraft speeds of 105 m s−1. For salt particles, the measurement range is from about 0.7μm dry radius to at least 16μm dry radius, with a size-bin resolution of 0.2μm dry radius. The sizing accuracy was tested using polystyrene latex (PSL) beads of known size.
An Expanded Batch-to-Batch Correction for IAPSO Standard Seawater
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Kawano Takeshi , Nakano Toshiya , Wakita Masahide , Tanaka Tatsuya , Tanihara Sonoka
Published: August 2020

We expanded the batch-to-batch offsets of The International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) Standard Seawater (SSW) batches P145–P163 by intercomparison measurements using salinometers. On the basis of our results, we recommend using the correction factors instead of the offsets to correct the batch-to-batch differences, especially for salinity data outside the range of 30–40 g kg−1. We evaluated the expanded batch-to-batch correction factors by applying them to time series salinity data collected in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean and found that they are effective for detecting recent freshening (−0.6 ± 0.1 × 10−3 g kg−1 decade−1) in the deep North Pacific, which might be related to a reduction of the formation rate of Antarctic Bottom Water. We also evaluated the SSW linearity pack by applying the batch-to-batch correction factors. Linearity errors of the salinometers estimated from decade resistance substituters were consistent with the results of the linearity pack measurements. To correct the linearity errors of a salinometer, it might be suitable to use the more detailed distribution of those estimated from the decade resistance substituter than the linearity pack measurements. Since the cause of large batch-to-batch differences is still unclear, a reference seawater that is more robust and stable than SSW might be necessary to establish a high-level of international comparability of salinity measurements; the Multiparametric Standard Seawater (MSSW) currently under development might be a candidate for such reference seawater, because MSSW is expected to be more stable than SSW not only in practical salinity but also in absolute salinity.
CloudA: A Ground-Based Cloud Classification Method with a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Wang Min , Zhou Shudao , Yang Zhong , Liu Zhanhua
Published: August 2020

Conventional classification methods are based on artificial experience to extract features, and each link is independent, which is a kind of “shallow learning.” As a result, the scope of the cloud category applied by this method is limited. In this paper, we propose a new convolutional neural network (CNN) with deep learning ability, called CloudA, for the ground-based cloud image recognition method. We use the Singapore Whole-Sky Imaging Categories (SWIMCAT) sample library and total-sky sample library to train and test CloudA. In particular, we visualize the cloud features captured by CloudA using the TensorBoard visualization method, and these features can help us to understand the process of ground-based cloud classification. We compare this method with other commonly used methods to explore the feasibility of using CloudA to classify ground-based cloud images, and the evaluation of a large number of experiments show that the average accuracy of this method is nearly 98.63% for ground-based cloud classification.
An Adaptive Optimal Interpolation Based on Analog Forecasting: Application to SSH in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Zhen Yicun , Tandeo Pierre , Leroux Stéphanie , Metref Sammy , Penduff Thierry , Le Sommer Julien
Published: August 2020

Because of the irregular sampling pattern of raw altimeter data, many oceanographic applications rely on information from sea surface height (SSH) products gridded on regular grids where gaps have been filled with interpolation. Today, the operational SSH products are created using the simple, but robust, optimal interpolation (OI) method. If well tuned, the OI becomes computationally cheap and provides accurate results at low resolution. However, OI is not adapted to produce high-resolution and high-frequency maps of SSH. To improve the interpolation of SSH satellite observations, a data-driven approach (i.e., constructing a dynamical forecast model from the data) was recently proposed: analog data assimilation (AnDA). AnDA adaptively chooses analog situations from a catalog of SSH scenes—originating from numerical simulations or a large database of observations—which allow the temporal propagation of physical features at different scales, while each observation is assimilated. In this article, we review the AnDA and OI algorithms and compare their skills in numerical experiments. The experiments are observing system simulation experiments (OSSE) on the Lorenz-63 system and on an SSH reconstruction problem in the Gulf of Mexico. The results show that AnDA, with no necessary tuning, produces comparable reconstructions as does OI with tuned parameters. Moreover, AnDA manages to reconstruct the signals at higher frequencies than OI. Finally, an important additional feature for any interpolation method is to be able to assess the quality of its reconstruction. This study shows that the standard deviation estimated by AnDA is flow dependent, hence more informative on the reconstruction quality, than the one estimated by OI.
A Multiple Linear Regression Algorithm for Sea Surface Temperature Retrieval by One-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometry
Authors: Feng Mengyan , Ai Weihua , Chen Guanyu , Lu Wen , Ma Shuo
Published: August 2020

One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer (1D-SAMR) can provide remote sensing images at a higher spatial resolution than those from traditional real aperture microwave radiometers. As 1D-SAMR operates at multiple incidence angles, we proposed a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea surface temperature at an incidence angle between 0° and 65°. Assuming that a 1D-SAMR operates at various frequencies (i.e., 6.9, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8 and 36.5 GHz), a radiation transmission forward model was developed to simulate the brightness temperature measured by the 1D-SAMR. The sensitivity of the five frequencies to sea surface temperature was examined, and we evaluated the reliability of the regression method proposed in this study. Furthermore, 11 schemes with various frequency combinations were applied to retrieve sea surface temperature. The results showed that the five-frequency combination scheme performed better than the other schemes. This study also found that the accuracy of retrieved sea surface temperature is dependent on incidence angles. Finally, we suggested that the incidence angle range of the 1D-SAMR is necessary to be 30°–60° based on the relationship between the accuracy of retrieved sea surface temperature and the incidence angles.