bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FROM BEAR GARDENS TO THE COUNTY COURT: CREATING THE LITIGANT IN PERSON
Authors: Leader Kate
Published: June 2020

Negative attitudes towards litigants in person (LiPs) are long-standing. But despite their persistence, no study has ever considered: how did we get here? This is what this article sets out to do, analysing when the term LiP first appears, and the context in which this occurs. I argue this moment is a by-product of broader changes taking place for the legal profession in the nineteenth century. Drawing on Larson's “professional project” I argue the new county courts become a battleground for attorneys to distinguish themselves, and it is the introduction of certain kinds of distinction that undermines the self-represented party. This article ultimately argues that the LiP role is not simply self-representation, but is rather self-representation that can only occur in the latter stages of the professional project. This means, perversely, that the creation of the term LiP does not indicate the facilitation of lay participation in legal forums; it marks instead the moment when they are displaced. As I conclude, this displacement has profound consequences for LiPs to this day.
ARISTOTLE, POSTERIOR ANALYTICS 2.1, 89B25–6 ΕΙΣ ΑΡΙΘΜΟΝ ΘΕΝΤΕΣ
Authors: Valente Stefano
Published: June 2020

In the opening sentences of Book 2 of Posterior Analytics, Aristotle defines the four types of question that one can pose within the demonstrative science. In the edition by William D. Ross, the text reads as follows (89b23–31):

τὰ ζητούμενά ἐστιν ἴσα τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὅσαπερ ἐπιστάμεθα. ζητοῦμεν δὲ τέτταρα, τὸ ὅτι, τὸ διότι, εἰ ἔστι, τί ἐστιν. ὅταν μὲν γὰρ πότερον τόδε ἢ τόδε ζητῶμεν, εἰς ἀριθμὸν θέντες, οἷον πότερον ἐκλείπει ὁ ἥλιος ἢ οὔ, τὸ ὅτι ζητοῦμεν. σημεῖον δὲ τούτου· εὑρόντες γὰρ ὅτι ἐκλείπει πεπαύμεθα· καὶ ἐὰν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰδῶμεν ὅτι ἐκλείπει, οὐ ζητοῦμεν πότερον. ὅταν δὲ εἰδῶμεν τὸ ὅτι, τὸ διότι ζητοῦμεν, οἷον εἰδότες ὅτι ἐκλείπει καὶ ὅτι κινεῖται ἡ γῆ, τὸ διότι ἐκλείπει ἢ διότι κινεῖται ζητοῦμεν.

The things we seek are equal in number to those we understand. We seek four things: the fact, the reason why, if it is, what it is. For when we seek whether it is this or this, putting it into a number (e.g. whether the sun is eclipsed or not), we seek the fact. Evidence for this: on finding that it is eclipsed we stop; and if from the start we know that it is eclipsed, we do not seek whether it is. When we know the fact we seek the reason why (e.g. knowing that it is eclipsed and that the earth moves, we seek the reason why it is eclipsed or why it moves).
Radiotherapy dose and survival outcomes in human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Tam M , Wu S P , Gerber N K , Lee A , Schreiber D , Givi B , Hu K
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effect of definitive radiotherapy dose on survival in patients with human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Methods

Human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma patients staged T1–3 and N0–2c, who received definitive radiotherapy (fraction sizes of 180 cGy to less than 220 cGy), were identified from the National Cancer Database 2010–2014 and stratified by radiation dose (50 Gy to less than 66 Gy, or 66 Gy or more).

Results

A total of 2173 patients were included, of whom 124 (6 per cent) received a radiation dose of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy. With a median follow up of 33.8 months, patients had a 3-year overall survival rate of 88.6 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 87.1–90.1 per cent). On multivariate Cox analysis, a radiotherapy dose of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy (hazard ratio = 0.95, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.52–1.74, p = 0.86) was not a predictor of increased mortality risk.

Conclusion

Human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma patients had excellent outcomes with definitive radiotherapy doses of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy. These results further support patients enrolling into clinical trials for radiation dose de-escalation.
Virtual Simulation and Experimental Verification for 3D-printed Robot Manipulators
Authors: Lin Jonqlan , Lai Kuan-Chung
Published: June 2020

The objective of this work is to construct a robot that is based on 3D printing to meet the low-cost and light structures. The Computer-aided-design model is used with LabVIEW to simulate the given trajectory. Users of the simulation of such methodology can preview the simulated motion and perceive and resolve discrepancies between the planned and simulated paths prior to execution of a task. The advantages of this study are the lack of need to mount extra sensors on realistic robot to measure joint space coordinates, simplifying the hardware. These outcomes can also be used in an undergraduate robotics course.
Maternal interactive beliefs and style as predictors of language development in preterm and full term children
Authors: YOUNESIAN Sharifeh , EIVERS Areana , SHAHAEIAN Ameneh , SULLIVAN Karen , GILMORE Linda
Published: June 2020

Previous research has shown that the quality of mother-child interactions between pre-term children and their mothers tends to be poorer than that of full-term children and their mothers (Forcada-Guex, Pierrehumbert, Borghini, Moessinger & Muller-Nix, 2006). Mothers of pre-term children are less responsive and more intrusive in interactions with their children than mothers of full-term children (Forcada-Guex et al., 2006; Ionio, Lista, Mascheroni, Olivari, Confalonieri, Mastrangelo, Brazzoduro, Balestriero, Banfi, Bonanomi, Bova, Castoldi, Colombo, Introvini & Scelsa, 2017; Laing, McMahon, Ungerer, Taylor, Badawi & Spence, 2010). The current research explored differences between mothers of pre-term and full-term children in terms of interactive beliefs and style, and the potential for language development to be differentially predicted by maternal interactive beliefs and styles in pre-term versus full-term children. Independent t-tests were conducted to compare pre-term and full-term groups in relation to the measures of maternal interactive beliefs and styles. A series of multiple regression analyses were then performed separately for each group to examine the shared and unique contributions of maternal interactive beliefs and styles on full-term versus pre-term children's language development. The results showed that mothers of pre-term children were more intrusive-directive than mothers of full-term children; in contrast, mothers of full-term children were more responsive and supportive-directive in interactions with their children. Moreover, predictors of language development were different in full-term versus pre-term children; in full-term children, maternal supportive beliefs and responsiveness were significant predictors of language development evaluated by both the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory; in the pre-term group, maternal supportive and directive beliefs, as well as supportive and intrusive directiveness, were significant predictors, with the latter being negatively associated with language development indicators. This research can shed light on how to prevent language delay in children and improve mother-child interactions that contribute to language development, which may in turn improve language development in vulnerable children, children born pre-term in particular.
Validating Vignette Designs with Real-world Data: A Study of Legal Mobilization in Response to Land Grievances in Rural China
Authors: Whiting Susan H. , Ma Xiao
Published: June 2020

How well do vignette designs capture actual behaviour in the real world? This study employs original survey data featuring both hypothetical vignettes and behavioural questions in order to assess the external validity of descriptive and causal inferences in survey experiments. The survey was conducted in a three-province, probability-proportional-to-size sample of 1,897 rural residents in China and focuses on the legal mobilization of citizens in response to grievances involving land rights. In terms of descriptive inference, we find that relative to the behavioural benchmark, hypothetical vignettes significantly over-estimate legal mobilization in response to a grievance, particularly for higher-cost actions like petitioning the government and litigating in court. We find that data from hypothetical vignettes affect causal inference as well, producing significantly different results regarding the effect of political connections and legal knowledge on legal mobilization. The study makes a contribution by identifying conditions under which hypothetical vignettes are less likely to produce valid inference. It engages a rich literature on disputing and legal mobilization in the field of Chinese politics and helps to resolve debates over the role of political connections and legal knowledge.
A Light and Electron Microscopic Study in Serial Sections of Skeletal and Extraocular Muscles in Mouse Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Pachter Bruce R. , Davidowitz Jacob , Breinin Goodwin M.
Published: June 2020

A suitable animal model (Mouse Strain Re-129 dy2j/dy2j) has been reported for myotonic dystrophy, a hereditary disease in which skeletal muscles degenerate. In the present study, another strain of mouse (Bar Harbor Strain C57BL/6J dy2j/dy2j), carrying this same myotonic gene (dy2j) was studied by light and electron microscopy (EM) in serial sections of epon embedded tissue.
Virus like Particles in a Human Lung Tumor
Authors: Nordquist R.E. , Coalson R.E. , Mohr J.A. , Rhoades E.R. , Coalson J.J. , Volling N.I.
Published: June 2020

Ultrastructural studies of pulmonary needle biopsies from patients with alveolar cell carcinoma (ACC) revealed the presence of a virus-like material in the nucleus and cytoplasm of tumor cells. Stinson et. al. reported the presence of filamentous virus-like particles in four of six cases in an ultrastructural study of ACC. In vitro studies by Coalson et. al. confirmed the presence of a biological agent and demonstrated that cell-free supernate from tumor cell cultures could induce cytopathic effect when applied to indicator cell lines. It was also shown in this report that tumor cell lines derived from this tumor produced the filterable biological agent until the 18-20 passage in culture. An extension of this investigation on the cell lines derived from ACC demonstrated that a unique antigen was associated with ACC tumor cells and that this antigenicity could be induced in indicator cell lines following treatment with cell free extracts.
Effect of Ventromedial Laparotomy on Aortic Arch Endothelial Surface Topography
Authors: Mauer C. , Katora M. , Hollis T.
Published: June 2020

It is now established that the aortic endothelial surface exhibits longitudinally oriented folds which are connected by regularly occurring intercellular bridges. Alterations in fold and bridge structure, i.e. swelling, elongation, blebbing, pitting, or destruction, occur in response to a variety of vascular challenges. These changes appear to be extremely sensitive anatomical indicators of the severity of vascular injury which has occurred, and therefore should be useful in the assessment of the overall state of arteries under any physiological condition. The present study describes changes in aortic endothelial surface topography resulting from a routine, ventromedial laparotomy in male, Wistar rats, 300 g body weight, which was performed under ether anesthesia, a typical sham operation.
Myelinated Fiber Response in Gray Matter Following Acute Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Dodson Ronald F. , Wai-Fong Chu Lena , Tagashira Yukio
Published: June 2020

Animal models for experimentally induced cerebral infarction have offered both morphopathological and physiopathological tools for the study of events similar to those which occur following stroke in man.

Work in our laboratory and others represents the early changes which take place in gray matter of the brain. The loci of these changes emphasizes perivascular influence; therefore, limited information exists concerning the earliest responses of myelinated fibers in ischemic areas.

The animals utilized in this experiment were adult squirrel monkeys which had been subjected to transorbital occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Time of arterial occlusion was for respective periods of 2, 4, 12, or 24 hours. At the end of the selected time period, the clip was removed from the artery, and 30 minutes later the animals were perfused (intracardiac) with a 500 ml solution of 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer.
Estimation of Quartz in Small Biological Specimens with Transmission Electron Microscopy at 100 KV
Authors: Smith Glenn R. , Seshan Krishna , Wesolowski Jerome J. , Berner Axel G.
Published: June 2020

Determination of the mass concentration of quartz in small biopsy specimens for clinical diagnostic purposes often cannot be performed by x-ray diffraction and light microscopy. A technique utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the quartz concentration in a human lung specimen taken from a patient suspected of having silicosis.

The sample was prepared for examination by low temperature incineration in an oxygen plasma. The inorganic residue was suspended in 0.5 percent Parlodion in amyl acetate. Grids were coated with the sample suspension and subsequently shadowed with a thin film of carbon. Standard quartz particles were prepared in a similar manner.
Identification of Crystalline Particles in Biological Tissue
Authors: Siew S. , Matta R.K.
Published: June 2020

The problem of ethylene glycol toxicity has increased in significance and practical importance with the more widespread use of this compound. This study was undertaken on autopsy tissue of a case of ethylene glycol intoxication. A young man of 22 drank about a quart of Prestone II antifreeze. He survived for 48 hours with manifestations of metabolic acidosis, progressive renal shutdown and coma. The blood level of ethylene glycol was 300 mg % and Ca oxalate crystals were seen in the urine. The autopsy was performed 8 hours after death.
A Microtechnique for Immunoperoxidase Study of Sindbis Virus Antigens in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Thomas Virginia L. , Stollar Victor
Published: June 2020

The immunoperoxidase technique has been used to study intracellular structural antigens of a number of different viruses. In 1972 R. M. Dougherty, et al described a modified peroxidase-labeled antibody technique which he applied to the light microscope study of virus antigens in chicken cells infected with Avian Leukosis Virus.

We have applied Dougherty's technique to a study of Sindbis Virus (SV) in BHK cells. As modified in our laboratory, the method involves the use of: (1) rabbit anti-SV globulin, (2) goat-anti-rabbit globulin, and (3) soluble peroxidase-rabbit-anti-peroxidase complex.
Increase in the Glycogen Content of the Leydig Cells of the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri scireus, Induced by Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
Authors: Bank Lincoln J. , Davidson Oscar W. , Seiguer Alberto C.
Published: June 2020

It has been reported that during the non-breeding season, although the testes of squirrel monkeys decrease in size and the seminiferous tubules appear depleted from mature forms of germinal cells, the Leydig cells exhibit histological and ultrastructural features which appear to be similar in most respects to those found in active hormone secreting cells of normal, non-seasonal adult mammals (Belt and Cavazos, 1971). The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) on the ultrastructure of the Leydig cells in the testis of the squirrel monkey, saimiri scireus, during the season of testicular regression.
Cellular Contacts Within the Interhemal Membrane of the Rat Placenta at Term
Authors: Jollie William P.
Published: June 2020

By routine EM preparative techniques, the tissues which, collectively, separate maternal and fetal bloods in the fully formed chorioallantoic placenta of the rat have been shown to consist of three chorionic layers, or trophoblast, and a layer of allantoic capillary endothelium [Fig. 1]. Relationships between these layers are best demonstrated by special techniques, viz., cacodylate-buffered aldehyde fixation, collidine-buffered osmium tetroxide postfixation, and en bloc staining with uranyl acetate. By using this method on placentas at term, the cells of the outermost chorionic layer (Trophoblast 1) appear to be attached to each other by means of maculae adherentes which sometimes occur in clusters [Fig. 2].
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Rabbit Lymphocytes
Authors: Linthicum D. S. , Miyai K. , Sell S. , Wagner R. M.
Published: June 2020

The surface architecture of rabbit lymphocytes has been defined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) are smooth when prepared and fixed in suspension. However, PBL's which are allowed to settle onto glass slides undergo dramatic surface modifications, including prominant cytoplasmic spreading, formation of pseudopia and surface microvilli. Spleen lymphocytes, in contrast, appear relatively non-villous and make little or no detectable surface alterations when allowed to settle onto glass.
A Freeze-Etch Study of Acinetobacter SP. Grown on a Hydrocarbon Substrate
Authors: Scott C. L. , Finnerty W. R.
Published: June 2020

Acinetobacter sp. HO-1-N, a gram-negative hydrocarbon oxidizing bacterium previously designated Micrococcus cerificans, has been shown to sequester the hydrocarbon into intracytoplasmic pools as a result of growth on this substrate. In hydrocarbon grown cells, an intracytoplasmic membrane system was also observed along with a doubling of cellular phospholipids (Z). However, using conventional dehydration and embedding procedures in preparing thin sectioned material, the hydrocarbon is extracted from the cells. This may lead to structural distortion, consequently, the freeze-etch technique was applied to preserve the integrity of the cell.
Surface Ultrastructure of Gram (−) Bacteria: I. Discrimination Between Gram (+) and Gram (−) Cells by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Uydess I. L.
Published: June 2020

A modified negative staining technique (Osmium Tetroxide-Phosphotungstate procedure; OTPT) allows a detailed visualization and differentiation of the surface topography of Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria. All of the Gram (−) organisms studied exhibited a highly convoluted surface distinct from the apparently smooth surface of Gram (+) cells.
Ultrastructure of Cercarial Tails
Authors: Demaree Richard S. , Wootton Donald M.
Published: June 2020

Cercariae (juvenile trematodes with tails) emerge from mollusk intermediate hosts and swim toward definitive hosts or encystment objects. The locomotor power is furnished by the tail. Upon reaching a suitable host or encystment object, the tail is cast off and the cercariae penetrate and/or encyst. Ultrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even less

Ultrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even less information about the tail structure; and body-to-tail morphology has been documented only for Acanthatrium oregonense and Schistosoma japonicum.
Ultrastructural Study of Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba-Hartmannella and Naegleria Species
Authors: Martinez A. Julio , Duma Richard J. , Fultz Doris G. , Finley Ruth B.
Published: June 2020

Ultrastructural components of trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba-Hartmannella (A-H) and Naegleria amebas have been investigated. The present report describes a technique to study the morphological features of such protozoa.

The A-H strains selected were cultured for 7 days in axenic amebic media, and the Naegleria strains were cultured for 7 days in axenic media with blood. In situ fixation was accomplished by adding an equal volume of 4% Osmic Acid in Cacodylate buffer at 4¶C for one hour. Following frequent agitation, the tubes were then spun at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes to obtain a pellet. The pellets were dehydrated in graded series of alcohols (from 50% to absolute) and propylene oxide and then embedded in EPON. One micron sections were stained with Paragon (PS 1301) for thirty seconds. Thin sections were cut with a diamond knife, double stained with 5% alcoholic uranyl acetate solution and lead citrate and observed in an Hitachi-HS-8F2 electron microscope.
A Reproducible Selective Stain for Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Waugh R. A. , Sommer J. R.
Published: June 2020

Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a complex system of intracellular tubules that, due to their small size and juxtaposition to such electron-dense structures as mitochondria and myofibrils, are often inconspicuous in conventionally prepared electron microscopic material. This study reports a method with which the SR is selectively “stained” which facilitates visualizationwith the transmission electron microscope.
Acrolein Prefixation for Immunoferritin and Immunoperoxidase Studies of RNA Tumor Virus Antigens
Authors: Miller M. F. , Dmochowski L. , Maruyama K. , Scanlon M. , Chesner J.
Published: June 2020

An ideal fixative for electron microscope cytochemical studies would adequately preserve fine structure in addition to enzymatic and/or antigenic activity of specimens. Formalin is widely used as a fixative for cytochemical studies since it nearly fulfills these criteria. However, immunoelectron microscopic studies often require prolonged incubation of specimens in serum and ferritin or peroxidase conjugate. Such treatment may result in drastic morphological alteration of specimens since formalin fixation yields weak and reversible chemical linkages. Acrolein fixation results in fine structural preservation similar to that observed following glutaraldehyde fixation. Dilute solutions of acrolein have been found suitable for fixation of cells in which certain viral antigens may be demonstrated by the immunofluorescence test.
Studies on the Specificity of Several Insect Cell Lines to Replication of Baculoviruses
Authors: Adams J. R. , Goodwin R. H. , Wilcox T. A.
Published: June 2020

Some insect tissue culture cells may be readily infected with inocula of infectious hemolymph from the respective diseased host species or infectious cell culture supernatants from the respective infected tissue culture cells. We were interested in studying the degree of specificity of several insect cell lines to non-host viruses. Viruses investigated were baculoviruses (BV) isolated from corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) ; fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. D. Smith); alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer); gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) and cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) on cell lines obtained from T. ni, H. zea, S. frugiperda.
Changes in the Fine Structure of the Corpus Allatum Cells in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus Fasciatus
Authors: Del Vecchio Peter
Published: June 2020

The ultrastructure of the corpus allatum of adult milkweed bugs was studied during the active and inactive period. The inactive gland was removed from female insects sacrificed less than 24 hours after eclosion. The active gland was removed from mated females that produced viable young. These females were from 13-15 days old.

The inactive gland has a large number of mitotic figures. Some cells, not in division, have a nucleus with a regular outline, many polysomes and active dictyosomes. Other cells are more electron dense, have nuclei with an irregular outline and many free ribosomes.
Electron Microscopy of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Davidson Norman
Published: June 2020

The basic protein film technique for mounting nucleic acids for electron microscopy has proven to be a general and powerful tool for the working molecular biologist in characterizing different nucleic acids. It i s possible to measure molecular lengths of duplex and single-stranded DNAs and RNAs. In particular, it is thus possible to as certain whether or not the nucleic acids extracted from a particular source are or are not homogeneous in length. The topological properties of the polynucleotide chain (linear or circular, relaxed or supercoiled circles, interlocked circles, etc. ) can also be as certained.
Examination of Solid Specimens in a High Resolution SEM Having a Condenser-Objective Lens
Authors: Wells O. C. , Broers A. N.
Published: June 2020

The theoretical resolution of the surface SEM is limited by four factors: A lower limit is imposed on the beam diameter by the aberrations of the focussing lens. The brightness of the electron gun determines, for a specified beam current, how closely this limit can be approached. The required beam current is determined by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) considerations based on the required information content of the image and the signal conversion efficiency and the background conversion efficiency between the incident electron beam and the noise bottleneck of the system. With sone types of image contrast a limit is also imposed by the size of the region which is needed to contain the relevent electron/specimen interaction.
Surface Diffraction Imaging of Lattice Defects
Authors: Shuman H. , Cowley J. M.
Published: June 2020

Bragg diffraction of electrons as used in LEED and RHEED experiments is a valuable probe for determining crystal structures near or at the surface of bulk crystals. Moon and Cowley suggested using medium energy electrons (1-10 kev) at ∼ 5° grazing incidence, where it is possible to form a scanning image of the surface with secondary or diffracted electrons. Defects which alter the diffraction conditions by either distorting the lattice or introducing additional dynamical beams can be observed in this scanning Bragg diffraction mode. Calculated images for several lattice defects are presented in this paper.
A Fast Method of Generating Simulated Many-Beam Dislocation Images
Authors: Cann C. D.
Published: June 2020

The electron microscope plays a very important role in the identification of crystal defects. Since the image of a defect as observed in the microscope often bears little resemblance to its actual structure due to diffraction effects, a detailed analysis of the image contrast is usually necessary for full identification. This analysis procedure can be greatly simplified by the use of simulated electron microscope images. The extensive use of such images in the study of dislocations was first undertaken by Head. By using the concept of a generalized cross section combined with the Howie and Whelan differential equation method of finding electron beam amplitudes he was able to generate simulated two-beam images in less than a minute of computing time.
Neutron Radiation Damage in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Northwood D.O.
Published: June 2020

Exposure of zirconium alloys to fast neutron irradiation produces defect clusters and dislocation loops of dimensions and distribution which are determined by fluence, temperature and alloy composition; particularly the amount of alloy addition in solid solution in the h.c.p. α-Zr phase. Here I describe the current status of CRNL work on the TEM examination of the damage produced at ≈575 K which is the operating temperature for zirconium alloy pressure tubes and fuel sheathing in CANDU-PHW reactors. Specimens were prepared as in ref. (1) and were examined in a Hitachi 11A microscope fitted with a modified HK3A ±30° double axis tilt stage (2).
Possible Investigation of Molecular Degradation Using Tunneling Spectroscopy
Authors: Parikh Mihir
Published: June 2020

Investigations of molecular degradation in the EH have been principally monitored by the observation of changes in 1) the image, 2) the diffraction pattern, 3) the energy-loss spectrum and 4) the infra-red (IR) spectrum. The latter two methods, in particular, have the potential of providing quantitative data. However they are inherently limited. So far the energy-loss spectrum has only given (due to the resolution limitations of the spectrometer) the ultra-violet spectrum of the molecule. The IR spectrum provides the more useful information concerning the types of bonds present in the molecule. However IR spectroscopy has to be performed outside of the EH and of free standing specimens. We suggest here the use of a newly developed method that provides essentially the IR and the Raman spectra of molecular specimens.
Electron Edge Diffraction from Carbon Films
Authors: Turner J. N. , Johnson H. M. , Parsons D. F.
Published: June 2020

This report compares the theoretical and experimental fringe patterns generated by illuminating transparent carbon films by lOOkV electrons, and has two advances over previous studies. First, the earboncfilm thickness is accurately known, and second, the film edge position with respect to the fringe pattern is determined experimentally. Thus, a completely independent comparison of theory and experiment is made. A modified JEM200 allowed defocus distances of 2.25mm and 4.50mm. The carbon film thickness corresponding to each pattern is known, having been measured before observation. tion. The thicknesses varied from 12.7nm to 100.7nm, corresponding to a phase retardation of.25Π to 1.94Π for that half of the plane wave transmitted by the film.
The Effect of Tip-Anode Distance on Field Emission Current
Authors: Roth T. A. , Munch J. , Zeitler E.
Published: June 2020

Using a field emission electron gunj the total emission current from the tip was measured at various tip to anode distances and voltages. A simple model of the voltage gradient at the tip is proposed to explain these observations.
A Cold Transmission Stub for the SEM
Authors: McAlear James H. , Wehrung John M.
Published: June 2020

A simple cold sink stub for the SEM was previously reported. The present modification permits the observation of cold or ambient samples in scanning transmission using the principle of converting the primary transmitted electron beam to a secondary electron source and which is detected in the normal manner.
A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7
Authors: Swann P.R. , Lloyd A.E.
Published: June 2020

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.
Contrast Effects in High Resolution, Low Voltage SEM
Authors: Welter L. M.
Published: June 2020

A scanning electron microscope using a field emission electron source and a single electromagnetic lens can produce a resolution of less than 180Å using an accelerating voltage of only 900v. High resolution, low voltage (0.1-2kV) scanning microscopy offers a number of advantages over the use of higher accelerating voltages. Specimen damage may be reduced because the power (P≃IV) which must be absorbed by the specimen for operation at a given probe current (I) is decreased in proportion to the reduction in accelerating voltage (V).
The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture
Authors: Naymik T. G.
Published: June 2020

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.
Precipitation Reactions in Zinc-Copper-Titanium Alloys
Authors: Viatour P. , Veyt J. P.
Published: June 2020

Samples of zinc-copper-0.15 titanium alloys were examined by transmission electron microscopy as well as with a combined electron microscope- microanalyser apparatus EMMA-4. These samples have copper contents ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. % and were examined in the hot-rolled condition as well as after a 250°C/1h/a. c. heat treatment.
Precipitation of a New Boride Phase in an Aged Nickel-Base Alloy
Authors: Fornwalt D. E. , Geary A. R. , Kear B. H.
Published: June 2020

Some evidence has been reported previously for the formation of a “coherent” boride phase in an aged nickel- base alloy. In this note, further evidence is presented for the existence of this phase in experimental Mar-MPOO after heat treatment.
Lattice Image Contrast of Ordered Domains in Cu3Au
Authors: Sinclair R. , Thomas G.
Published: June 2020

Although lattice Imaging was one of the first techniques in transmission electron microscopy of crystals, only with the improved resolution (≃2Å) of modern microscope has it become possible to obtain the lattice Image of metals as a matter of routine. To date fine-scale phenomena in alloys have been studied principally by relating the distortion of the fringe image to the defect in the crystal lattice ﹛e.g. dislocation, radiation induced damage, G-P zones etc. (2)﹜ but considerable controversy exists as to the validity of interpreting the fringes in terms of a one-to-one correspondence with the lattice planes in the specimen. One of the areas of research so Ear unexplored by this technique is the study of ordering reaction is alloy. The present paper demonstrates how it is particularly useful in this field especially in avoiding the controversy associated with the interpretation of fringe distortions.
Observation of Intrinsic/Extrinsic Shear and Microtwinning in a Nickel-Base Alloy
Authors: Khobaib M. , Strutt P. R. , Rear B. H.
Published: June 2020

The normal tensile mode of deformation in ϒ'precipitation hardened alloys involves particle shearing by pairs of ao/2<110> dislocations which are coupled together by anti-phase boundaries, fig. 1a (see I). However, in creep a new deformation mode has been identified in which coupled pairs of a0/2<112> dislocations are arranged as an intrinsic/extrinsic fault pair, fig. 1a (see II). New observations are now described on Udimet-700*over the temperature range 1400°F-1700°F illustrating the sensitivity to temperature, orientation, and alloying of this deformation mode.

An incubation period, characteristic of creep in these alloys, is greater in [101] than in [001] axis single crystals. This is probably a consequence of the high probability for the formation of <112> dislocation sources by interacting ao/2<110> dislocations in [001] axis crystals. Following the incubation period primary creep involves fault pairs gliding over long distances before encountering obstacles.
Phase Transformations in Ti-7w/oMo-3w/oMe Alloy
Authors: Fujishiro S.
Published: June 2020

The mechanical properties of three titanium alloys (Ti-7Mo-3Al, Ti-7Mo- 3Cu and Ti-7Mo-3Ta) were evaluated as function of: 1) Solutionizing in the beta field and aging, 2) Thermal Mechanical Processing in the beta field and aging, 3) Solutionizing in the alpha + beta field and aging. The samples were isothermally aged in the temperature range 300° to 700*C for 4 to 24 hours, followed by a water quench. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray method were used to identify the phase formed. All three alloys solutionized at 1050°C (beta field) transformed to martensitic alpha (alpha prime) upon being water quenched. Despite this heavily strained alpha prime, which is characterized by microtwins the tensile strength of the as-quenched alloys is relatively low and the elongation is as high as 30%.
Microstructural and Corrosion Studies of the Ti-2 Wt % Ni Alloy
Authors: Fraker Anna C.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to show, using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the vast differences in precipitate distribution in the Ti-2Ni alloy which result from varying heat treatments in the 500° to 1000°C temperature range. This alloy is of interest because it has a high resistance to crevice corrosion. This resistance is attributed to the presence of the two weight percent nickel and is at a maximum when the Ti2Ni precipitate phase has a minimum size and random distribution. (α-Titanium has a solubility for nickel of <0.2 wt.% so the two percent nickel is in the Ti2Ni phase.) Heat treatments which produce changes in the size and distribution of the Ti2Ni precipitates will affect the corrosion properties of the alloy on a local scale. Sedriks, et al. showed the Ti2Ni phase to have higher anodic polarization currents than pure titanium.
Identification of Asbestos-Type Minerals
Authors: Walker C. W. , Paulson G. G. , Ferrell R. E.
Published: June 2020

“Asbestos” is an industrial term for a number of hydrated silicates that, when crushed or processed, separate into strong flexible fibers. Chrysotile and a number of amphiboles most commonly possess these characteristics, but their chemical and morphological differences have distinct effect on the fiber properties. More than 95 percent of the asbestos used is the mineral chrysotile.

Asbestos minerals have become almost indispensable in modern technology, and because of this widespread use, fibro us particles are becoming increasingly abundant in the air and water, as well as in food products.
Effect of Voltage on the Energy Dispersive Microanalysis of Single Asbestos Fibers in the SEM
Authors: Wehrung John M. , Harniman Richard J. , McAlear James H.
Published: June 2020

Asbestos contamination and subsequent inhalation and ingestion is becoming recognized as a substantial public health hazard. High resolution scanning electron microscopy has been employed to evaluate air and water samples for the occurence and nature of asbestos fiber contamination. This method has many advantages over the more time consuming and costly TEM methods with equal capability of resolving elemental fibrils (fig. 1).
Beam Heating in Election Irradiated Foils
Authors: Leighly H. P. , Campbell D. E. , Laidler J. J.
Published: June 2020

Fisher developed an expression for the loss of energy in electron microscope foils. This expression utilizes a theory of Bethe's to describe the energy loss for electrons in a solid. Fisher obtained the following relationship: ΔΤαΙ ρ/k in which ΔΤ is the temperature rise above the ambient temperature, ρ° is density of the foil, k is thermal conductivity, and IO is beam intensity. By using this expression with IO = 1020e/cm2 /sec, he calculated the very substantial heating of foils of various metallic and nonmetallic materials as a function of beam radius, distance to the nearest conductor, and beam energy; i. e., iron has a 2000°C temperature rise for a 10-micron beam, 0.1-MeV electrons, and 900-micron distance to the nearest conductor.
Identification of Pulmonary Deposits from a Sandpaper Worker: A Study by Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Peng S. K. , Egy M.A. , Singh J. K. , Bishop M.B.
Published: June 2020

Electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDXA) are found to be very useful tools for identification of etiologic agents in pneumoconiosis or interstitial pulmonary disorders. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and granulomatosis are frequently associated with occupational and environmental pollution. Numerous reports of pneumoconiosis in various occupations such as coal and gold miners are presented in the literature. However, there is no known documented case of pulmonary changes in workers in the sandpaper industry. This study reports a rare case of pulmonary granulomatosis containing deposits from abrasives of sandpaper diagnosed by using EDXA.
The Effect of Exogenous Fluoride on the Calcium PUMP, Ciliary Activity, and Shell Formation of the Fingernail Clam, Musculium Transversum
Authors: Paparo Anthony , Murphy Judy A. , Dean Robert
Published: June 2020

In the mid-1950's, fingernail clams virtually disappeared from a 100-mile section of the IL River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, due to unknown causes. A survey of the bottom fauna of the IL River in 1979, revealed that the clams were still absent from the middle reach of the River, where they had been abundant prior to the die-off in the 1950's. Some factor(s) in the River currently prevent the clams from recolonizing areas where they were formerly abundant. Recently, clams exposed to fluoride developed abnormal grooves in the shell matrix. Fluorides are known to be protoplasmic poisons removing essential body calcium by precipitation. Since the shell consists primarily of Ca carbonate, this investigation examines the possible role of fluoride on shell formation and the poisoning of the Ca pump which can directly inhibit lateral ciliary activity on the gill.
The Florescence of Electron Crystallography
Authors: Glaeser Robert M.
Published: June 2020

The use of electron microscopy and electron diffraction for structure analysis of biological macromolecules was greatly advanced when DeRosier and Klug demonstrated the usefulness of a numerical (digital) image processing which is strongly crystallographic in its orientation. A crystallographic approach to image processing and three-dimensional structure analysis is made possible by the fact that the image intensity, for reasonably thin specimens, can be understood as representing a two-dimensional projection of the original object. For this reason, electron microscope images are, to a crystallographer, “holograms” in which the crystallographic phase information is preserved in the experimentally recorded image intensities. Images (projections) obtained at different tilt angles are equivalent to “two-dimensional central sections” of the three dimensional Fourier transform of the object. This crystallographic perspective, which is summarized in Fig. 1, has proven to be enormously helpful in enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of periodic objects by spatial averaging, as well as in reconstructing three-dimensional features from multiple projections.
Preparation of Frozen Hydrated Purple Membrane for High Resolution Electron Microscopy
Authors: Jaffe Jules S. , Glaeser Robert M.
Published: June 2020

At the current time the only method that has led to high resolution structural information greater than 7 Å has been the glucose embedment method of Unwin and Henderson. We have recently been successful in obtaining high resolution electron diffraction patterns of purple membrane (PM) in ice. Routine preparation of membranes was facilitated by the use of a double carbon film technique which permitted controlled evaporation of the solution. Rapid freezing was accomplished by immediately submerging these preparations into LN2 - Specimens prepared in this way were inserted into a JEOL 100-B microscope using a cryo-transfer device and observed at temperatures of -130°C using a LN2 cold stage.
High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals
Authors: Cohen H.A. , Jeng T.W. , Chiu W.
Published: June 2020

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.
Artefact in 20Å-Resolution Electron Images of Negatively Stained Twodimensional Membrane Protein Crystals
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Moss Barbara
Published: June 2020

A number of computing systems devoted to the averaging of electron images of two-dimensional macromolecular crystalline arrays have facilitated the visualization of negatively-stained biological structures. Either by simulation of optical filtering techniques or, in more refined treatments, by cross-correlation averaging, an idealized representation of the repeating asymmetric structure unit is constructed, eliminating image distortions due to radiation damage, stain irregularities and, in the latter approach, imperfections and distortions in the unit cell repeat. In these analyses it is generally assumed that the electron scattering from the thin negativelystained object is well-approximated by a phase object model. Even when absorption effects are considered (i.e. “amplitude contrast“), the expansion of the transmission function, q(x,y)=exp (iσɸ (x,y)), does not exceed the first (kinematical) term. Furthermore, in reconstruction of electron images, kinematical phases are applied to diffraction amplitudes and obey the constraints of the plane group symmetry.
Junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Excitation-Contraction-Coupling
Authors: Sommer J.R. , Bossen E. , Fabiato A.
Published: June 2020

The junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR, syn. terminal cisterna) is implicated in Ca++storage and release for muscle contraction. Its discrete ultrastructure permits distinction from the rest of the SR (free SR) even when it occurs without plasmalemmal contact, e.g. as extended JSR (EJSR) in bird, and corbular SR (CSR) in mammalian cardiac cells. The close apposition of JSR to plasmalemma via junctional processes is central to proposed mechanisms of translating voltage-dependent charge transfers at the plasmalemma during the action potential into Ca++release from the JSR. These hypotheses are put into question by the existence of EJSR (and CSR) which in birds constitutes 70-80% of the total JSR. An alternate hypothesis proposes, at least for cardiac cells, that Ca++entering the cell during excitation causes additional Ca++to be freed intracellularly. The notion of a chemical transmitter acting by diffusion is attractive because it will allow for the anomalous topography of EJSR, especially since bird cardiac cells have only about half the diameter of their mammalian relatives and have no transverse tubules.
Ultrastructure of the Plastids in the Overwintering Green Leaves of Taxus Canadensis
Authors: Rivera E. R.
Published: June 2020

First and second year overwintering green leaves of Taxus canadensis were collected during February from plants in Lowell, Massachusetts. This month is usually the coldest time of the year, and with the ground frozen, water is unavailable for these plants. Leaves were sectioned into 2-3 mm lengths and fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.075 M NaOH-PIPES buffer immediately upon collection. The tissues were then post-fixed in 2% OsO4 and dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr's resin (Spurr, 1969).
Localization of Substance P and Methionine Enkephalin on Ultrathin Sections using a Modified Immunocytochemical Technique in Rat Neostriatum
Authors: Bradley Ronald H. , Kitai S. T.
Published: June 2020

Substance P and methionine enkephalin which have been shown to have transmitter qualities located within the neostriatum (Cuello and Kanazawa, 1978; Pickel et al., 1980; Wamsley et al., 1980; Ribak et al., 1980; and Divac and Oberg, 1979). Either cryostat sectioning (Cuello and Kanazawa, 1978) or vibratome sectioning (Pickel et al., 1980) method are usually employed to localize these transmitter substances in the rat brain. Recent investigation in our lab has indicated that there may be some artifact arising from these two methods of sectioning for transmitter immunocytochemical localization. The present study was designed to localize substance P and methionine enkephalin in the somata of neostriatal neurons in rats with an improved preservation of ultrastructural morphology and distinct transmitter localization.