bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Box-cox Estimation of International Tourism Demand for Nicaragua
Authors: Vanegas Manuel
Published: January 2011

The objective of this research was to estimate with linear, log-linear, and Box-Cox specifications of Nicaragua tourism exports to the developing countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the developed country of the US. Using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression
procedure, estimates from the three approaches are compared to address: functional form selection; structure and influencing factors, such as income, relative prices, and travel costs; and identification of demand parameters, in particular elasticity values. The corresponding short-run income
elasticity values range from a low of 1.5 for Costa Rica to a high of 2.21 for El Salvador with an average of 1.88. The results attest to the strength of the income effect in increasing tourist arrivals and that Nicaragua will benefit differently from income increases in the origin countries.
The coefficients of the price variables have the hypothesized negative signs for all 15 countries. The short-run price elasticity values range from –0.59, the lowest value of all for Honduras, to –1.15 the largest for Guatemala. These results could indicate a moderate degree of
substitutability of Nicaragua tourism for domestic tourism. With regard to the coefficients of the surface costs, in the short-run, tourists from El Salvador and Guatemala are in fact more sensitive to changes in surface costs. With respect to the US tourists we emphasize the importance of
air transportation costs, with elasticity values greater than unity. The findings of this tourism disaggregated origin market approach could help policy makers and the private operating sectors tailor tourism marketing, commercialization, and promotion strategies to fit specific markets.
Tourism Studies and Confined Understanding: The Call for a “new Sense” Postdisciplinary Imaginary
Authors: Hollinshead Keith
Published: January 2011

Recently, in Current Issues in Tourism, Coles, Hall, and Duval produced a very well-received inspection of the state of Tourism Studies/Tourism Management and acutely stated the case for the much more frequent and rigorous use of postdisciplinary forms of research in the (above)
twin fields. This succeeding review article in Tourism Analysis is an update of a like “call-to-postdisciplinarity,” which has been in steady gestation over the last decade, and it is now published here as one that seeks to augment the well-reasoned, panoramic thinking of
Coles, Hall, and Duval by clarifying the kinds of “new sense” and “open to the future” dialogic understandings that such a turn towards or engagement with postdisciplinary insight would conceivably entail. While Coles, Hall, and Duval have so capably surveyed
the distinctions between (mainly) postdisciplinary styles of inquiry and interdisciplinary ones, this review article now seeks to provide an introductory critique of the kinds of postdisciplinary awarenesses that Tourism Studies/Tourism Management now ubiquitously need. In this examination
of the demand for flexible forms of understanding that can more readily interpolate the often difficult-to-distill identifications and the new-register aspirations of populations today—notably those in ambiguous/hybrid postcolonal settings—this critique draws on Gilroy and Bhabha
to help map the ambivalent terrain of the world's many new enunciations (i. e., the freshly vivified/revivified projections of culturehood). Thereafter, it beckons the bricoleurship approaches (i. e., the slow/tall-in-reflexivity/high-in-demonstrability interpretative 'soft science' approaches)
of Kincheloe to help researchers achieve those sought forms of postdisciplinary criticality. Hopefully, there are nowadays not just a few universities and colleges preparing researchers and practitioners for service in Tourism Studies/Tourism Management (on each continent) who can recognize
the need to more than occasionally escape the confines of restrictive/ overinstitutionalized “old sense” interpretations of the world, and support or replace them with other and fresher sorts of postdisciplinary (or extradisciplinary?/adisciplinary?) understandings that are not
so restrictively ruled and regulated by the often-acute disciplinary normalizations of yesteryear.
Tourism Income Multipliers for Latin American Countries
Authors: Singh D. H. Ramjee
Published: January 2011

This note provides estimates of the tourism income multiplier for countries in Latin America. The well-known Keynesian formulation of the concept forms the basis on which the estimates were derived. Except for a few destinations, such as Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay,
the actual sizes of the estimated multipliers are fairly consistent with those obtained for other developing countries. The implication is that developing countries share some common features that retard their ability to extract more benefits from the tourist industry.
Crafting Authenticity. France Marolt, Folk Song, and the Concert Stage
Authors: Arko Klemenc Mari Kristina
Published: January 2011

Choral singing and arrangements of folk songs have been a popular musical practice and repertoire in Slovenia since the mid-19th century. Among composers of such folk song arrangements, France Marolt (1891–1951) is exceptionally significant. As a composer, choral conductor, and ethnographer, Marolt sought to craft authentically Slovenian music. Although he supported his arrangements with alleged ethnographic scholarship, evidence suggests that Marolt manipulated resources in order to present a particular sound identity. Nevertheless, his works remain an important contribution to Slovenian music and cultural identity.
***
Zborovsko petje in priredbe ljudskih pesmi so v Sloveniji popularna glasbena dejavnost in repertoar že od sredine 19. stoletja. Eden od najpomembnejših skladateljev priredb je bil France Marolt (1891–1951), ki je kot skladatelj, zborovodja in etnolog skušal ustvarjati avtentično slovensko glasbo. Čeprav je svoje delo podprl z domnevnim etnološkim raziskovanjem, dokazi pričajo, da je Marolt prikrojil vire z namenom oblikovati posebno slovensko zvočno identiteto. Kljub temu predstavljajo Maroltove priredbe pomemben delež k slovenski glasbi in kulturni identiteti.
Elements of Dance Folklorism in Bela Krajina Prior to WWII
Authors: Kunej Rebeka
Published: January 2011

Na nastanek in razvoj plesnega folklorizma v Beli krajini so odločilno vplivale različne prireditve, na katerih so domačini predstavljali svoje plesno izročilo. Avtorica v prispevku analizira nekatere izmed teh prireditev do 2. svetovne vojne, ki so pomembno sooblikovale uprizoritve ljudskega plesa.
***
The origin and the development of dance folklorism in Bela krajina has been greatly influenced by different events in which local inhabitants demonstrated the dance heritage of the region. Examined are some of the events taking place prior to the Second World War that had a strong impact upon the birth of dance folklorism in that area.
First Ethnomusicological Fieldwork Research in Northeastern Istria. From the Institute of Ethnomusicology Archives
Authors: Marty Maša
Published: January 2011

Ljudska kultura severovzhodne Istre je vrsto let ostajala neznanka v širšem slovenskem prostoru. Splet dogodkov in okoliščin v preteklosti so pripomogli, da je ta dežela ostajala izven obzorja zanimanja raziskovalcev ali pa jim je bilo raziskovanje celo onemogočeno. Zato so tembolj pomembne prve raziskovalne skupine, ki so se v organizaciji Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja leta 1948 prvič podale v severovzhodno Istro z namenom, da raziščejo slovensko ljudsko materialno, socialno in duhovno kulturo. Leta 1949 se je skupinam pridružila tudi etnomuzikološka raziskovalna skupina, ki ji je načeloval Radoslav Hrovatin. Posneto gradivo se je žal kasneje izgubilo, ostali pa so zapiski in poročila, ki jih hranita arhiv Glasbenonarodopisnega inštituta ZRC SAZU ter arhiv Slovenskega etnografskega muzeja v Ljubljani. Pregled tega gradiva nam delno kaže repertoar ter kako so v tem času živela ljudske pesmi in glasba v tem, takrat precej neznanem zahodnem koščku dežele.
***
For a number of years, the folk culture of northeastern Istria remained relatively unknown in other parts of Slovenia. For a number of reasons and past events, some of which even prevented any fieldwork research, the region was to a large extent less interesting for researchers. In view of this, the work of the first fieldwork research teams, whose principal object was to study Slovenian material, social, and spiritual cultures of the area, was of considerable importance. The project was organized by the Slovenian Ethnographic Museum in 1948. A year later, an ethnomusicological research team, led by Radoslav Hrovatin, joined the other researchers. Even though the material recorded in the field was unfortunately lost throughout the years, fieldwork notes and reports have been preserved and are now kept at the archives of the Institute of Ethnomusicology of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and of the Slovenian Ethnographic Museum, both in Ljubljana. A study of this material shows the partial repertory and the function of and changes in folk songs and music in this, at that time almost unknown, part of Slovenia.
Obesity Hypertension: The Regulatory Role of Leptin
Authors: Kshatriya Shilpa , Liu Kan , Salah Ali , Szombathy Tamas , Freeman Ronald H. , Reams Garry P. , Spear Robert M. , Villarreal Daniel
Published: January 2011

Leptin is a 16-kDa-peptide hormone that is primarily synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue. One of the major actions of this hormone is the control of energy balance by binding to receptors in the hypothalamus, leading to reduction in food intake and elevation in temperature and energy expenditure. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that leptin, through both direct and indirect mechanisms, may play an important role in cardiovascular and renal regulation. While the relevance of endogenous leptin needs further clarification, it appears to function as a pressure and volume-regulating factor under conditions of health. However, in abnormal situations characterized by chronic hyperleptinemia such as obesity, it may function pathophysiologically for the development of hypertension and possibly also for direct renal, vascular, and cardiac damage.
Aerobic Exercise and Whole-Body Vibration in Offsetting Bone Loss in Older Adults
Authors: Liu Pei-Yang , Brummel-Smith Kenneth , Ilich Jasminka Z.
Published: January 2011

Osteoporosis and its associated fractures are common complications of aging and most strategies to prevent and/or treat bone loss focused on antiresorptive medications. However, aerobic exercise (AEX) and/or whole-body vibration (WBV) might have beneficial effect on bone mass and provide an alternative approach to increase or maintain bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of fractures. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the potential benefits of AEX and WBV on BMD in older population and discuss the possible mechanisms of action. Several online databases were utilized and based on the available literature the consensus is that both AEX and WBV may increase spine and femoral BMD in older adults. Therefore, AEX and WBV could serve as nonpharmacological and complementary approaches to increasing/maintaining BMD. However, it is uncertain if noted effects could be permanent and further studies are needed to investigate sustainability of either type of the exercise.
Simple Helices on Fano Threefolds
Authors: Polishchuk A.
Published: January 2011

Building on the work of Nogin, we prove that the braid groupB4acts transitively on full exceptional collections of vector bundles on Fano threefolds withb2= 1 andb3= 0. Equivalently, this group acts transitively on the set of simple helices (considered up to a shift in the derived category) on such a Fano threefold. We also prove that on threefolds withb2= 1 and very ample anticanonical class, every exceptional coherent sheaf is locally free.
Cyclic Surgery Between Toroidal Surgeries
Authors: Teragaito Masakazu
Published: January 2011

We show that there is an infinite family of hyperbolic knots such that each knot admits a cyclic surgery m whose adjacent surgeries m – 1 and m + 1 are toroidal. This gives an affirmative answer to a question asked by Boyer and Zhang.
Dual Properties of Triebel–Lizorkin-Type Spaces and their Applications
Authors: Yang Dachun , Yuan Wen
Published: January 2011

Let

s\in ℝ

,

p\in (1,∞)

,

τ\in [0, \frac 1 p]

and

\mathcal S_∞(ℝ^n)

be the set of all Schwartz functions

φ

whose Fourier transforms

\widehat φ

satisfy that

∂^γ\widehat φ(0) = 0

for all

γ \in (ℕ ∪ \{0\})^n

. Denote by

{}_V\dot F^{s,τ}_{p,p} ((ℝ^n)

the closure of

\mathcal S_∞(ℝ^n))

in the Triebel–Lizorkin-type space

\dot F^{s,τ}_{p,p} ((ℝ^n)

. In this paper, the authors prove that the dual space of

{}_V\dot F^{s,τ}_{p,p} ((ℝ^n)

is the Triebel–Lizorkin–Hausdorff space

F\dot H^{-s,τ}_{p',p'} (ℝ^n)

via their

φ

-transform characterizations together with the atomic decomposition characterization of the tent space

F\dot T^{-s,τ}_{p',p'} (ℝ^{n_+1}_{\mathbb Z})

, where

t'

denotes the conjugate index of

t\in [1,∞]

. This gives a generalization of the well-known duality that

(\mathrm{CMO}(ℝ^n))^* = H^1(ℝ^n)

by taking

s = 0

,

p = 2

and

τ = \frac 1 2

. As applications, the authors obtain the Sobolev-type embedding property, the smooth atomic and molecular decomposition characterizations, boundednesses of both pseudo-differential operators and the trace operators on

F\dot H^{s,τ}_{p,p} (ℝ^n)

; all of these results improve the existing conclusions.
An Example of a Functional which is Weakly Lower Semicontinuous on $W_0^{1,p}$ for every $p>2$ but not on $H_0^1$
Authors: Farroni Fernando , Giova Raffaella , Murat François
Published: January 2011

In this note we give an example of a functional which is defined and coercive on

H^1_0(\Omega)

, which is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous on

W^{1,p}_0(\Omega)

for every

p>2

, but which is not sequentially lower semicontinuous on

H^{1}_0(\Omega)

. This functional is non local.
Impact of Clinical Reminder Redesign on Physicians’ Priority Decisions
Authors: Wu Sze-jung , Lehto Mark , Saleem Jason , Doebbeling B.N. , Yih Yuehwern
Published: January 2011

Objective: Computerized clinical reminder (CCR) systems can improve preventive service delivery by providing patient-specific reminders at the point of care. However, adherence varies between individual CCRs and is correlated to resolution time amongst other factors. This study aimed to evaluate how a proposed CCR redesign providing information explaining why the CCRs occurred would impact providers’ prioritization of individual CCRs.

Design: Two CCR designs were prototyped to represent the original and the new design, respectively. The new CCR design incorporated a knowledge-based risk factor repository, a prioritization mechanism, and a role-based filter. Sixteen physicians participated in a controlled experiment to compare the use of the original and the new CCR systems. The subjects individually simulated a scenario-based patient encounter, followed by a semi-structured interview and survey.

Measurements: We collected and analyzed the order in which the CCRs were prioritized, the perceived usefulness of each design feature, and semi-structured interview data.

Results: We elicited the prioritization heuristics used by the physicians, and found a CCR system needed to be relevant, easy to resolve, and integrated with workflow. The redesign impacted 80% of physicians and 44% of prioritization decisions. Decisions were no longer correlated to resolution time given the new design. The proposed design features were rated useful or very useful.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the redesign of a CCR system using a knowledge-based risk factor repository, a prioritization mechanism, and a role-based filter can impact clinicians’ decision making. These features are expected to ultimately improve the quality of care and patient safety.
Physico-chemical characterization of SOA derived from catechol and guaiacol – a model substance for the aromatic fraction of atmospheric HULIS
Authors: Ofner J. , Krüger H.-U. , Grothe H. , Schmitt-Kopplin P. , Whitmore K. , Zetzsch C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was produced from the aromatic precursors catechol and guaiacol by reaction with ozone in the presence and absence of simulated sunlight and humidity and investigated for its properties as a proxy for HUmic-LIke Substances (HULIS). Beside a small particle size, a relatively low molecular weight and typical optical features in the UV/VIS spectral range, HULIS contain a typical aromatic and/or olefinic chemical structure and highly oxidized functional groups within a high chemical diversity. Various methods were used to characterize the secondary organic aerosols obtained: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated the formation of several carbonyl containing functional groups as well as structural and functional differences between aerosols formed at different environmental conditions. UV/VIS spectroscopy of filter samples showed that the particulate matter absorbs far into the visible range up to more than 500 nm. Ultrahigh resolved mass spectroscopy (ICR-FT/MS) determined O/C-ratios between 0.3 and 1 and observed m/z ratios between 200 and 450 to be most abundant. Temperature-programmed-pyrolysis mass spectroscopy (TPP-MS) identified carboxylic acids and lactones/esters as major functional groups. Particle sizing using a condensation-nucleus-counter and differential-mobility-particle-sizer (CNC/DMPS) monitored the formation of small particles during the SOA formation process. Particle imaging, using field-emission-gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), showed spherical particles, forming clusters and chains. We conclude that catechol and guaiacol are appropriate precursors for studies of the processing of aromatic SOA with atmospheric HULIS properties on the laboratory scale.
SOSA – a new model to simulate the concentrations of organic vapours and sulphuric acid inside the ABL – Part 1: Model description and initial evaluation
Authors: Boy M. , Sogachev A. , Lauros J. , Zhou L. , Guenther A. , Smolander S.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is controlled by complex processes of surface fluxes, flow, turbulent transport, and chemical reactions. We present a new model SOSA (model to simulate the concentration of organic vapours and sulphuric acid) and attempt to reconstruct the emissions, transport and chemistry in the ABL in and above a vegetation canopy using tower measurements from the SMEAR II at Hyytiälä, Finland and available soundings data from neighbouring meteorological stations. Using the sounding data for upper boundary condition and nudging the model to tower measurements in the surface layer we were able to get a reasonable description of turbulence and other quantities through the ABL. As a first application of the model, we present vertical profiles of organic compounds and discuss their relation to newly formed particles.
Manchester Ice Nucleus Counter (MINC) measurements from the 2007 International workshop on Comparing Ice nucleation Measuring Systems (ICIS-2007)
Authors: Jones H. M. , Flynn M. J. , DeMott P. J. , Möhler O.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. An ice nucleus counter was developed and constructed to enable investigation of potential ice nucleating materials. The Manchester Ice Nucleus Chamber (MINC) is a concentric-cylinder continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC). A full explanation of the MINC instrument is given here, along with first results and a comparison to an established instrument of similar design (Colorado State University CFDC) during sampling of common ice nucleating aerosols at the 2007 International workshop on Comparing Ice nucleation Measuring Systems (ICIS-2007). MINC and CSU-CFDC detected the onset of ice nucleation under similar conditions of temperature and supersaturation for several different types of ice nuclei. Comparisons of the ratio of ice nuclei to total aerosol concentrations as a function of supersaturation with respect to water (SSw) showed agreement within one order of magnitude. Possible reasons for differences between the two instruments relating to differences in their design are discussed, along with suggestions to future improvements to the current design.
Aerosol single scattering albedo retrieved from ground-based measurements in the UV and visible region
Authors: Buchard V. , Brogniez C. , Auriol F. , Bonnel B.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Estimates of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) from ground-based spectral measurements in the UV-visible are conducted at Villeneuve d'Ascq (VdA) in France. In order to estimate this parameter, measurements of global and diffuse UV-visible solar irradiances performed under cloud-free conditions since 2003 with a spectroradiometer operated by the Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA) are used. The technique consists in comparing the measured irradiance values to modelled irradiances computed for various SSA. The retrieval is restricted to the 330–450 nm range to avoid ozone influence. For validation purpose, the retrieved values of SSA at 440 nm are compared to the ones obtained from sunphotometer measurements of the AERONET/PHOTONS network available on the LOA site. The results are rather satisfying: for the period 2003–2006 the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the differences is about 0.05, this value is within the uncertainty domain of retrieval of both products. Distinction between days characterized by different aerosol content, by means of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieved from ground-based measurements at the same wavelength, shows that the comparisons between both products are better when AOT are higher. Indeed in case AOT are greater than 0.2, the RMS is 0.031 compared to 0.060 for days with an AOT lower than 0.2. The SSA estimated at 340 and 380 nm from ground-based spectra are also studied, though no validation can be carried out with sunphotometer data (440 nm is the shortest wavelength at which the SSA is provided by the network). The good comparisons observed at 440 nm can let assume that the SSA retrieved from spectroradiometer measurements at the two other wavelengths are also obtained with a good confidence level. Thus these values in the UV range can be used to complete aerosol data provided by AERONET/PHOTONS at VdA. Moreover they can be used for a best knowledge of the aerosol absorption that is necessary to quantify the error on surface UV irradiances estimated from satellites.
Changes in streamflow and sediment discharge and the response to human activities in the middle reaches of the Yellow River
Authors: Gao P. , Mu X.-M. , Wang F. , Li R.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The changes in streamflow and sediment discharge in the middle reaches of the Yellow River are a focus. In this paper, based on the precipitation, streamflow and sediment discharge series data (1950–2008), the streamflow and sediment discharge variation and its impact on precipitation/response to human activities have been analysis. The results show that significant decreasing trends in annual streamflow and sediment discharge have existed since the late 1950s in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (P = 0.01). Change-point analyses further revealed that transition years existed and that abrupt decline in streamflow and sediment discharge began in 1985 and 1981, respectively, in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (P = 0.05). Adoption of conservation measures in the 1980s and 1990s corroborates the identified transition years. Double-mass curves of precipitation vs. streamflow (sediment) for the periods before and after the transition year show remarkable decreases in proportionality of streamflow (sediment) generation. Compared with the period before the transition year, cumulative streamflow and cumulative sediment discharge reduced respectively by 17.8% and 28% during 1985–2008, which was caused by human intervention, in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It is, therefore, concluded that human activities occupied a dominant position and played a major role in the streamflow and sediment discharge reduction in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
Analysis of the impact of climate change on groundwater related hydrological fluxes: a multi-model approach including different downscaling methods
Authors: Stoll S. , Hendricks Franssen H. J. , Butts M. , Kinzelbach W.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Climate change related modifications in the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation and evapotranspiration will have an impact on groundwater resources. This study presents a modelling approach exploiting the advantages of integrated hydrological modelling and a broad climate model basis. We applied the integrated MIKE SHE model on a perialpine, small catchment in northern Switzerland near Zurich. To examine the impact of climate change we forced the hydrological model with data from eight GCM-RCM combinations showing systematic biases which are corrected by three different statistical downscaling methods, not only for precipitation but also for the variables that govern potential evapotranspiration. The downscaling methods are evaluated in a split sample test and the sensitivity of the downscaling procedure on the hydrological fluxes is analyzed. The RCMs resulted in very different projections of potential evapotranspiration and, especially, precipitation. All three downscaling methods reduced the differences between the predictions of the RCMs and all corrected predictions showed no future groundwater stress which can be related to an expected increase in precipitation during winter. It turned out that especially the timing of the precipitation and thus recharge is very important for the future development of the groundwater levels. However, the simulation experiments revealed the weaknesses of the downscaling methods which directly influence the predicted hydrological fluxes, and thus also the predicted groundwater levels. The downscaling process is identified as an important source of uncertainty in hydrological impact studies, which has to be accounted for. Therefore it is strongly recommended to test different downscaling methods by using verification data before applying them to climate model data.
Some improvements in subbasalt imaging using pre-stack depth migration
Authors: Flecha I. , Carbonell R. , Hobbs R. W. , Zeyen H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Subbasalt imaging can be improved by carefully applying pre-stack depth migration. Pre-stack depth migration requires a detailed velocity model and an accurate traveltime calculation. Ray tracing methods are fast but, often fail in calculating traveltimes in complex models, specially, when they feature high velocity contrasts. Finitte difference solutions of the eikonal are more stable and can produce a traveltime field for the whole model avoiding shadow zones. A synthetic test was carried out to check the performance of a new pre-stack depth migration algorithm in a model that features a high velocity layer surrounded by lower velocities. The results reasonably reproduce the original model. The same scheme was used to process long-offset reflection data from the Faroe Shelf where conventional techniques (stack) were insufficient to assess the structure under a basalt layer. Pre-stack depth migration produced an improved image which recovered the main features in the stacked section and allowed to identify some subbasalt coherent events.
Anterior Segment Imaging for Iris Melanocytic Tumors
Authors: Razzaq Lubna , Der Spek Katinka Emmanouilidisvan , Luyten Gregohus P.M. , De Keizer Rob J.W.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

To determine the role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and other anterior segment imaging techniques (Pentacam, slit-lamp optical coherence tomography [SL-OCT]) for analysis of iris melanocytic tumors and to compare results with clinical features and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

Methods

Between 2006 and 2009, 61 patients with melanocytic iris tumors were examined using different anterior segment imaging techniques: Pentacam, SL-OCT, AS-OCT, and UBM (50 MHz). Pentacam was performed in 17 patients, SL-OCT in 12, AS-OCT in 46, and UBM in 49.

Results

The Pentacam images identified the tumor in 3 of 17 patients (18%), SL-OCT in 8 of 12 (67%), and AS-OCT in 44 of 46 (96%). Anterior segment optical coherence tomography results were compared with UBM in 42 patients: in 86% the results were comparable, although AS-OCT visualized a ciliary body extension of iris tumors only in 1 out of 3 cases analyzed.

Conclusions

Iris melanocytic tumors were located by AS-OCT in 96% of cases and results were comparable to UBM imaging, while both SL-OCT and Pentacam are less reliable for detecting and measuring anterior segment lesions. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography gives precise anterior eye segment diameters, which are useful for the brachytherapy dosage calculation module developed at the Leiden University Medical Center. Therefore, AS-OCT is a reliable, convenient, and noncontact method for detecting and measuring pure iris tumors, but UBM is superior in detecting a ciliary body extension of these tumors.
The effects of provisioning and crop‐raiding on the diet and foraging activities of human‐commensal white‐faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
Authors: McKinney Tracie
Published: December 2010

Non‐human primates are coming into increasingly frequent contact with humans and with human‐modified environments. The potential for monkeys to survive in such modified landscapes is questionable, and is likely related to a species' behavioral plasticity, particularly as it relates to diet. In this study, I explore the ways in which white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) adjust their diet and foraging behaviors in response to anthropogenic impact. I compare a troop of human‐commensal monkeys and a similar troop of wild‐feeding monkeys living within the Curú Wildlife Refuge in western Costa Rica for differences in overall diet composition and activity budgets to evaluate the impact of habitat change in this context. The commensal‐living white‐faced capuchins rely on raided coconut (Cocos nucifera) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) crops and provisioned or stolen human foods for over one‐half of their total diet. Regardless of this highly anthropogenic diet, the two study troops do not significantly differ in their activity budgets, and the human‐commensal troop maintains wild‐foraging activities consistent with those of the wild‐feeding troop. These data suggest that the white‐faced capuchins at this site are responding to anthropogenic disturbance primarily through the exploitation of human food resources, but they do not yet appear to have lost the foraging skills required to survive in this modified landscape on their own. This study adds to our growing body of knowledge on primate survival in matrix habitats, and will hopefully inform primate management plans throughout the Neotropics. Am. J. Primatol. 73:439–448, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and physiological aspects of digestive processes in the graminivorous primate Theropithecus gelada—a preliminary study
Authors: Mau Marcus , Johann Achim , Sliwa Alexander , Hummel Jürgen , Südekum Karl‐Heinz
Published: December 2010

Hindgut fermentation has been suggested to contribute significantly to the digestive process in the gelada (Theropithecus gelada). We therefore hypothesized that in an in vitro fermentation test (Hohenheim gas test, using gas production as measure of microbial digestion) inoculum based on fresh gelada feces would degrade grass to a similar degree as zebra (Equus burchelli chapmani) feces and to a higher degree than that of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). Additionally, morphology of gelada tongue, salivary glands, stomach, and intestine were examined in this study. Gas production was measured between 4 and 96 hr using animal feces incubated with 200 mg of air‐dry hay or mixed concentrate sample. For grass hay, 12‐hr gas production was as follows: T. gelada (19.9 ml)>Papio (18.4 ml)>Equus (15.7 ml). After 24 hr, gas production changed: Papio (35.1 ml)>T. gelada (31.9 ml)>Equus (27.9 ml). At 96 hr, Papio was unexpectedly the most effective species with the highest gas production (53.1 ml)>zebra (51.2 ml)>gelada (49.4 ml). With a concentrate standard, 12‐hr gas production was as follows: T. gelada (38.5 ml)>Equus (36.8 ml) = Papio (36.4 ml). At 24 hr, gas production differed: Papio (51.7 ml)>Equus (47.0 ml) = T. gelada (46.8 ml). At 96 hr, zebra was the most effective species with the highest gas production (63.9 ml)>Papio (60 ml) = T. gelada (59.9 ml). In conclusion, the results show that the microbial population present in gelada feces is able to ferment forage and concentrate substrates in vitro, although this fermentation did not occur with the expected effectiveness. Future studies should therefore focus also on the bacteria species involved. Am. J. Primatol. 73:449–457, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ATX–LPA Axis Induces Expression of OPN in Hepatic Cancer Cell SMMC7721
Authors: Zhang Rihua , Zhang Zhihong , Pan Xiaolin , Huang Xiayue , Huang Zuhu , Zhang Guoxin
Published: December 2010

Osteopontin (OPN) and autotaxin (ATX) are important chemokines involved in the survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of many cancer cells. The focus of the study was to investigate the relationship between OPN and ATX–lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) axis. The expression of OPN and its cellular cascades were determined by western blot and real‐time quantitative transcription polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR) analyses. Cell migration activity was determined by a Transwell‐migration assay. In comparison with nontreated cells, we found that the ATX–LPA axis upregulated OPN expression by 2.91‐fold in protein levels and 2.52‐fold in mRNA levels. The ATX–LPA axis activates Akt and ATX/LPC‐induced OPN expression in SMMC7721 cells was largely reduced by the inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt or LPA receptor. This study provides the first evidence that the induction of the OPN expression by ATX–LPA axis was mediated by the activation of Akt through LPA receptors and OPN was required for migration of SMMC7721 cells induced by ATX–LPA axis. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship Between Cusp Size and Occlusal Wear Pattern in Neanderthal and Homo sapiens First Maxillary Molars
Authors: Fiorenza Luca , Benazzi Stefano , Viola Bence , Kullmer Ottmar , Schrenk Friedemann
Published: December 2010

Tooth wear studies in mammals have highlighted the relationship between wear facets (attritional areas produced during occlusion by the contact between opposing teeth) and physical properties of the ingested food. However, little is known about the influence of tooth morphology on the formation of occlusal wear facets. We analyzed the occlusal wear patterns of first maxillary molars (M1s) in Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, and contemporary modern humans. We applied a virtual method to analyze wear facets on the crown surface of three‐dimensional digital models. Absolute and relative wear facet areas are compared with cusp area and cusp height. Although the development of wear facets partially follows the cusp pattern, the results obtained from the between‐group comparisons do not reflect the cusp size differences characterizing these groups. In particular, the wear facets developed along the slopes of the most discriminate cusp between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens (hypocone) do not display any significant difference. Moreover, no correlations have been found between cusp size and wear facet areas (with the exception of the modern sample) and between cusp height and wear facet areas. Our results suggest that cusp size is only weakly related to the formation of the occlusal wear facets. Other factors, such as, diet, food processing, environmental abrasiveness, and nondietary habits are probably more important for the development and enlargement of wear facets, corroborating the hypotheses suggested from previous dental wear studies. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacteremia Does Not Affect Cellular Uptake of Ultrafine Particles in the Lungs of Rats
Authors: Conhaim Robert L. , Dovi William F. , Watson Kal E. , Spiegel Carol A. , Harms Bruce A.
Published: December 2010

To assess the effects of intra‐abdominal bacteremia on lung cellular function in vivo, we used electron microscopy to quantify the uptake of 6 nm diameter, albumin‐coated colloidal gold particles (overall diam. 20.8 nm) by cells in the lungs of rats made septic by the introduction of live bacteria (E.coli and B. fragilis) into their abdomens. Gold particles were instilled into the trachea 24 hr after bacteremia induction, and lungs were harvested and prepared for electron microscopy 24 hr later. Because bacteremia produces an increase in metabolism, we hypothesized that this might be associated with increased cellular uptake of these particles and also with increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barrier to them, as bacteremia is also associated with lung injury. We quantified particle uptake by counting particle densities (particles/μm2) within type I and type II epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, erythrocytes and neutrophils in the lungs of five septic rats and five sham‐sepsis controls. We also counted particle densities within organelles of these cells (nuclei, mitochondria, type II cell lamellar bodies) and within the alveolar interstitium. We found particles to be present within all of these compartments, although we found no differences in particle densities between bacteremic rats and sham‐sepsis controls. Our results suggest that these 6 nm particles were able to freely cross cell and organelle membranes, and further suggest that this ability was not altered by bacteremia. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the thyroid gland: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Ning Shanglei , Song Xie , Xiang Lei , Chen Yuxin , Cheng Yu , Chen Hongqiang
Published: December 2010

Solitary fibrous tumors of the thyroid gland (T‐SFT) are rarely described, with only 21 cases being reported in the English literatures, all showing benign clinical characteristics. We herein present a 76‐year‐old woman presenting with a 3‐month history of rapidly enlarging neck masses and the CT showed masses with partial calcification in the right thyroid lobe. We performed right hemithyroidectomy and isthmectomy with negative margin under general anesthesia. Histologically, the masses consisted of pleomorphic spindle cells with high mitoses and collagen bands. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive reactions for CD34, vimentin and bcl‐2, then a diagnosis of malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the right thyroid was made. Six months postoperatively, the CT showed the recurrence of the thyroid tumor and the presence of many nodules of varying sizes throughout bilateral pulmonary lobes. To our knowledge, this is the first case of malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the thyroid gland (T‐SFT) with local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis and T‐SFT must be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cells lesions in the thyroid gland. Correct diagnosis of the malignant T‐SFT plays an important role in choosing appropriate therapeutic strategies and long‐term follow‐up is also extremely essential for these patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of telecytology for the immediate assessment of CT guided and endoscopic FNA cytology: Diagnostic accuracy, advantages, and pitfalls
Authors: Heimann Alan , Maini Gary , Hwang Sonya , Shroyer Kenneth R. , Singh Meenakshi
Published: December 2010

Telecytology (TC) can assist cytopathologists in efficiently providing immediate evaluation for fine needle aspirations (FNAs) performed at remote locations. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of TC for immediate assessments of FNAs. Phase I: Diff‐Quik and Pap stained smears from two retrospective sets of 20 pilot cases each (n = 40) were included for TC assessments. For the first set, diagnoses were rendered by four pathologists and for the second set, in addition, four cytotechnologists also participated. Diagnostic concordance with the final diagnosis was assessed. Phase IIA: These were followed by real time assessments (RTA) of 56 TC FNAs and diagnostic concordance was compared to that of 100 conventional in‐person immediate assessments (Phase IIB).

Phase I: 79/80 (98.8%) diagnoses (20 cases × 4 pathologists) from the first set were accurate. On the second set, 160 diagnoses were rendered on Pap stained slides and 160 on Diff‐Quik stained slides. The accuracy rate was 95% (76/80) for malignant diagnoses and 96.2% (77/80) for benign diagnoses on Pap stain. Diff‐Quik stains were more difficult to interpret than Pap stains and accuracy rates for them were lower. Endoscopic bronchial ultrasound guided (EBUS) FNAs of paratracheal nodes were more difficult to interpret. Phase IIA and B: 95% (53/56) RTAs by TC were concordant with the final diagnoses compared with 97% (97/100) for in‐person assessments.

TC is a useful aid and yields concordance rates comparable to in‐person assessments. Individual practices should perform pilot studies to understand the pitfalls and limitations before employing telecytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micronucleus assay in buccal smears of breast carcinoma patients
Authors: Dey Pranab , Samanta Swapan , Susheilia Shaily
Published: December 2010

The aim of this study is to compare micronucleus assay in buccal smear of breast carcinoma patients versus normal benign cases as control group.

In this prospective study, we selected a total 32 patients of carcinoma of breast and 49 patients of benign breast lesions diagnosed in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Acridine orange stain was done on buccal smears of these cases and micronucleus (MN) scoring was performed in 40× 0bjective in a fluorescent microscope. The MN score was expressed as positivity per 1,000 cells. The MN scoring in buccal smear was compared in malignant and benign breast cases.

In fluorescence microscope, the micronucleus was detected as round orange shaped small intracytoplasmic structure around the nucleus. The mean MN scores in buccal smears of benign and carcinoma cases were 0.5014 ± 0.45768 and 2.1938 ± 1.08656 cases respectively. Independent sample Student's t test showed significantly high MN score in buccal smear of the cancer patients (P < 0.001).

Micronucleated cells are significantly increased in buccal cells of the breast carcinoma cases. The increased number of MN in buccal smears raises the possibility that the genetic damage in breast cancer patients is generalized. In future, MN scoring could be used as biomonitoring of DNA damage and in early detection of high risk cases of carcinoma of breast. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: Analysis of cytomorphologic features in CSF, focused on the differential diagnosis from mimickers
Authors: Choi Junjeong , Kim Hoguen , Kim Se Hoon
Published: December 2010

Atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare tumor with fatal clinical consequences, usually affecting young children. A significant portion of patients present with dissemination to cerebrobspinal fluid (CSF). However, a limited number of studies are available regarding the cytomorphologic findings of AT/RT in CSF. We collected eight cases of CSF cytology of AT/RT and describe the cytomorphologic features of AT/RT in CSF. Typical rhabdoid cells are found in most cases and they are characterized by eccentric nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, and clustering of the tumor cells. The presence of these cells in CSF indicates disseminated diseases and aggressive therapeutic consideration for patient management is required. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of supercritical fluid extraction use in whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations
Authors: Burgess Robert M , Hawthorne Steven B , Perron Monique M , Cantwell Mark G , Grabanski Carol B , Miller David J , Ho Kay T , Pelletier Marguerite A
Published: December 2010

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 was assessed as a confirmatory tool in phase III of whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). The SFE procedure was assessed on two reference sediments and three contaminated sediments by using a combination of toxicological and chemical measurements to quantify effectiveness. Sediment toxicity pre- and post-SFE treatment was quantified with a marine amphipod (Ampelisca abdita) and mysid (Americamysis bahia), and nonionic organic contaminants (NOCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in sediments, overlying waters, and interstitial waters. In general, use of SFE with the reference sediments was successful, with survival averaging 91% in post-SFE treatments. Substantial toxicity reductions and contaminant removal from sediments and water samples generated from extracted sediments of up to 99% in two of the contaminated sediments demonstrated SFE effectiveness. Furthermore, toxicological responses for these SFE-treated sediments showed comparable results to those from the same sediments treated with the powdered coconut charcoal addition manipulation. These data demonstrated the utility of SFE in phase III of a whole sediment TIE. Conversely, in one of the contaminated sediments, the SFE treatments had no effect on sediment toxicity, whereas sediment concentrations of PCBs and PAHs were reduced. We propose that, for some sediments, the SFE treatment may result in the release of otherwise nonbioavailable cationic metals that subsequently cause toxicity to test organisms. Overall, SFE treatment was found to be effective for reducing the toxicity and concentrations of NOCs in some contaminated sediments. However, these studies suggest that SFE treatment may enhance toxicity with some sediments, indicating that care must be taken when applying SFE and interpreting the results. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:819–827. © 2010 SETAC