bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: MacConochie Alex
Published: February 2022

The Coda explores the role communal and reparative functions of interpersonal contact as displayed in George Wilkins’s The Miseries of Enforced Marriage. In the final scene of the tragicomedy, the prodigal Philip Scarborrowe is reconciled to estranged family and friends in a scene structured around handclasps, embraces, and kisses. As these touch acts resolve conflicts that had become nearly deadly, the scene illustrates the importance of contact in establishing and maintaining communal bonds. The play includes its audience in this reparative moment, as it concludes with an epilogue figuring audience applause as taking the characters’ hands, hence participating in the reconstruction of the communities and relationships sustained by socially significant forms of touch. The Coda concludes with considerations of the title’s relevance to contemporary scholarship, editing of early modern plays, and theatrical practice, as well as continued dialogues surrounding touch in, for example, the #MeToo movement or the Covid-19 pandemic.
Cookery and technological spices
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: February 2022

The aim here is to make the transition from cookery, where we are familiar with the need for trace additions of salt, herbs and spices (i.e. imperfections), to all other types of manufactured goods. Mentally, we rarely consider the presence of impurities and, even in cookery, ignore that our food sources always include measurable quantities of many impurities, even rat hairs from grain silos etc. This deliberate rejection of the thought of such impurities always conditions our thinking and inhibits our attitudes and understanding of all modern technological materials. Impurities at parts per million can have enormous effects but we struggle to deal with very large numbers, even when faced with biological changes caused by cells and viruses that may be just a billionth of our weight, but define all our biology and health.
Science in the realm of opinion
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: February 2022

The chapter considers highly emotive topics where the science, or ideas are contentious, and frequently it is difficult to separate facts from opinion, bias, deliberate mis-information or political and nationalistic ideas. We are humans so this is inevitable, and currently there are many subjects with a wealth of partial information, strong emotive opinion, models and computer simulations, or entrenched political and economic factors. In many cases there can be deliberate mis-information in circulation. With such minefields one must tread carefully. Currently this includes many topics in medical areas, models of astronomy, evolution, viruses and pandemics, and items linked to religion or nationalism. The only consolation is that science has a degree of pragmatism and erroneous concepts are invariably eventually displaced and replaced by better models.
Outsourcing the Subject
Authors: Adams Marilyn McCord , Trifogli Cecilia
Published: February 2022

The great 12th-century Islamic philosopher Averroes (Ibn-Rushd), may be viewed as postulating an “outsourcing” of intellectual thinking from individual human beings to a single intellect that is eternally emanated from God and is the thinker of all the thoughts that humans ever think. Despite their philosophical respect for Averroes, 13th- and 14th-century European Christian philosophers generally rejected his view as incompatible with Christianity. Chapter 4 explores the different ways in which Christian philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Wylton, and William Ockham argued that the human intellect is so united to the human body as its substantial form that each one of us can think intellectual thoughts individually, for ourselves, though Wylton acknowledged that his argument relied on his faith and not on natural reason alone.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Part Three
Authors: Führing Stefan , Dumitriu-Segnana Eugenia , Kellerbauer Manuel , Liefländer Thomas
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on Part Three of the Withdrawal Agreement, which contains mutually agreed solutions for separation issues resulting from the end of the transition period. Part Three is characterized by two overarching approaches in terms of substance and legislative technique. First, Part Three of the Withdrawal Agreement does not, in any way, maintain (‘grandfather’) the validity of authorizations, approvals, or certificates issued by the UK or by bodies established in the UK, required under the internal market acquis for the placing on the market of goods and the provision of services. Second, wherever possible, the Withdrawal Agreement in Part Three establishes that a piece of EU legislation continues to apply as a whole to a given situation. In terms of topics, Part Three addresses a large variety of issues but can be, broadly, reduced down to four constellations: protection of items (tangible or non-tangible) that are no longer in the EU; pending procedures; tangible goods that are ‘sailing’ or at some stage in the distribution chain; and continued protection of pan-European rights in the area of intellectual property. The variety of topics addressed in Part Three also leads to a varying degree of practical relevance over time.
Modern Diagnostic Medicine
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

In 1986, one of the world’s leading experts on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Professor Raymond Andrew of the University of Florida, gave the first public exhibition in Britain of the benign technique of investigating the human body in a Discourse at the RI. He gave the background to the technique, which derives from magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which is described in this chapter. The pinnacle of his talk, summarised in this chapter, was the image of his own head that he had recorded in Florida, a few weeks earlier. Other techniques are now being used to explore the condition of human bodies, including their illnesses, are also described here, including the powerful technique of positron emission tomography. A non-mathematical account of the principle involved in these powerful new medical technologies is given in this chapter.
The problem of gradient acceptability
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 first provides an overview of the relation between grammatical knowledge and acceptability judgments as it has been understood in the history of generative grammar. It then introduces the concept of gradient acceptability and discusses several of the factors that can cause it. These factors, which include formal syntactic constraints, semantic and pragmatic anomalies, prosodic constraints, and processing effects, are illustrated using several examples from the literature. The introductory chapter concludes by giving a preview of the remaining chapter contents, the organization of the chapters, and the major themes and contentions of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This Introduction sets out the premise for Taiwan cinema’s soft power and draws out some methodological implications for a study of this kind. It proposes that Taiwan offers an intriguing yet important case for the study of soft power because its hard political and economic powers are highly circumscribed. Departing from a tendency in scholarship to pay overwhelming attention to the role of government agents in countries with hard power, it calls for a closer scrutiny of the roles of both nonstate agents and the audience. The study of soft power, hitherto conducted mainly by social scientists, is predominantly interested in tracing the effect of soft power generated by agents’ initiatives. This Introduction seeks to contribute, from a humanities perspective, to the study of soft power by bringing the notion of affect into the equation because it can help us explain the mediating environment that fundamentally undergirds any cultural flow and communicative process. It argues that agency does not stem from Taiwanese governmental and nongovernmental actors devising strategies to promote Taiwan cinema’s soft power. Rather, agency emanates from foreign bodies (both individual and collective, personal and institutional) that, precisely because of their affective resonances with Taiwan films and auteurs, have initiated schemes, processes, and expressions that stand as concrete manifestations of such a soft power.
The Medial Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This chapter traces the flow of soft-power resources across different artistic realms through Tsai Ming-liang’s intermedial practices in order to reflect upon the state and status of the cinematic image in the post-medial era. Tsai’s declared retirement, in 2013, from feature-length filmmaking frees him to develop other modes of artistic practice—what this chapter calls a medial turn, signaled by a move away from the movie theater and into art galleries and museums—that demands an expanded definition of cinema. This chapter argues that Tsai’s drift from the black box to the white cube reformulates the affective relationship between cinema and its audience. It will examine how Tsai, via a carnivalesque staging of his cinematic and intermedial work in his first solo exhibition held in Taipei in 2014, raises questions about the contemporary status of the museum as a cultural institution and a mass medium as public space. As Tsai’s medial turn coincides with his adoption of digital technology in filmmaking, this chapter also explores the ways in which Tsai’s digital turn affords an extension of temporal duration and slowness in a series of short films whose medial attention on the World Wide Web challenges the ethics of spectatorship. This chapter concludes that Tsai’s medial-cum-digital turn shows us that the power that cinema (conventional or expanded) has to move us, whether in the movie theater or in the museum, remains with images that slow us down and that demonstrates to us the softness and tactility of the human body.
Epilogue
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This epilogue advances the thesis laid out in the main body of the book by demonstrating how a nation’s soft power in the form of cinema can attract aliens to adopt practices and to develop projects—whether within or without the said nation’s territory—that might, in turn, reinvigorate, rejuvenate, and resurrect that nation’s cinema, becoming, as it were, the latter’s afterlives. It contends that, nearly four decades after its inception, Taiwan New Cinema continues to exert its influence across the world, with evidence ranging from open acknowledgment of affinity and specific filmmaking practices (such as homage and remakes) to other routes and detours (e.g., migration). By focusing on how Taiwan cinema attracts aliens to the island, this Epilogue also turns the outward-bound notion of soft power on its head not so much to discount its impact abroad but rather, precisely, to account for the harvesting of its effects as they travel back home like a boomerang. It maps out the implications of this alien resurrection for our understanding of Taiwan cinema and its afterlives vis-à-vis the three keywords of the book’s subtitle (namely, authorship, transnationality, and historiography) and the overarching framework of soft power (here emphasizing the role played by Taiwanese institutions).
A Plea for Natural Philosophy
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This volume collects 11 essays, five new and six reprinted, all completed between 2010 and 2020. Though the topics vary widely, each essay bears in one way or another on the description, exploration, or application of a version of naturalism called Second Philosophy. The title essay traces the source of second-philosophical thinking to the ‘natural philosophy’ of the early modern period, when ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’ weren’t separate disciplines. Those that follow explore the consequences of the second-philosophical approach for the realism/instrumentalism debate in the philosophy of science, for the challenge of radical skepticism about our knowledge of the external world, for the theory of truth and reference, and for the philosophies of logic, arithmetic, and contemporary pure mathematics. Developing these themes involves close engagement with historical figures of the 17th and 18th centuries—Locke, Hume, and Reid—and the 20th—Moore, Wittgenstein, and Austin.
The Constructive View
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

In the decades following the Second World War, the globe underwent massive transformation. It was possible then to believe that the global colonial system was cracking, and possible to believe it was ready to crumble. Ultimately, however, while some meaningful power changed hands and the globe’s political architecture adjusted, the core of the system proved resilient. The channels distributing wealth, political rights, and violence around the globe continued to operate as new enforcement mechanisms arose, ranging from overt and formally acknowledged levers of power and influence (including the International Monetary Fund and World Bank) to the covert tactics of spycraft and propaganda that characterized the political conflict of the Cold War. The mid-twentieth century started the remaking of the world but it only got so far. The project of reparations is to finish the job. Chapter 3, “The Constructive View,” explains the worldmaking view of justice that this book is written to promote. The injustice that reparations respond to is global and distributive, which helps explain what reparations need to accomplish: building a just distribution. The view of racial injustice that the previous chapter introduces also helps explain why racial justice requires reparations: we have to respond not only to today’s injustices in distribution but also to the accumulated result of history’s distributive injustices.
Introduction
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

The chapter opens with a discussion of the phenomenon of the “clone,” acknowledging the continuing problems in the Castro for people of color and women. The significance of dancing in gay bar culture is highlighted and a brief history of the legality of gay bars in the United States is provided, with a focus on same-sex dancing. The emergence of disco dancing in the early 1970s and its importance for newly out San Franciscans is described. The introduction concludes with a summary of the story of the San Francisco sound, including a description of its musical characteristics and associated DJs, clubs, musicians, and producers.
Blecman and Hedges
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Against the chaotic backdrop of the Milk/Moscone assassinations, Anita Bryant’s Save Our Children campaign, and the Jim Jones massacre, Marty Blecman and John Hedges established themselves at the center of the nascent San Francisco sound in 1978. First through their DJing, then as remix artists at Fantasy, and finally through their own original productions, Blecman and Hedges shifted the course of disco through their sparse but intense arrangements, incorporation of electronic sounds, and hedonistic ethos. This chapter charts their progress through the late 1970s. While Sylvester and Cowley continued to explore their own space-age sound, Blecman and Hedges worked behind the scenes to steer disco further away from its Philly origins and toward a high-energy style that would serve the culture well when disco, seemingly overnight, was dropped by mainstream America.
The San Francisco Sound Thrives
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Dance music’s continued popularity after the “death of disco” spurred a second wave of records in San Francisco, encouraged by the arrival of a new group of gay Los Angeles DJs. Bill Motley led the way with his high-energy medleys of Motown hits, initially just remixes of the originals, but soon with fully arranged remakes in the form of his creation, Boys Town Gang. With the success of Sylvester’s backup singers Two Tons o’ Fun’s first solo outing, Loverde and Patrick Cowley also decided to produce their own music. By the end of 1980, Fusion and Moby Dick Records had become San Francisco’s first gay-owned, gay-run dance music labels, producing worldwide hits rivaling anything corporate record labels could offer.
Profile: Peter Tsai
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Peter Tsai is a materials scientist who has conducted extensive research on nonwoven materials, especially melt-blown fibers and webs. He helped solve many important unmet needs, especially for filtration improvement, and his inventions/patents have been commercially significant for many industrial and medical applications.

Taiwanese-born Tsai came to the United States after graduating college and working at the Taiwan Textile Research Institute. He received his PhD in materials science from Kansas State University in 1984, and then he accepted a position at the University of Tennessee, where he remained until his retirement in 2019 and is now an Emeritus Professor....
Funding
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 describes funding streams available for researchers and intellectual property (IP) obligations that accompany the award. The responsibility for initiating reports of inventions rests with the researcher, and thereafter other institutional offices become involved. The four major types of funding are intramural funds, external grants, industry sponsored agreement, and crowdfunding; they have variable expectations for how the results stemming from that funding can be commercialized. Consulting activity and special programs to promote commercialization such as I-Corps are treated briefly. Finally, we explore the crowdfunding environment, which has emerged as a source of early support for commercialization.
Violence and Restorative Justice
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

Existing criminal justice and sentencing policies do not serve survivors of violence well, particularly those who are of color and from disadvantaged communities. Policies that allow for the imposition of long and life sentences are often said to reflect victims’ preferences, but this is misleading. Long prison sentences also consume significant public dollars that could be reallocated to improve victim services and enhance crime prevention efforts. Increased investment in restorative justice alternatives would also provide a more effective, humane, and racially equitable way of responding to the problem of violence. While important questions about scalability remain unresolved, developing the institutional capacity to operate restorative justice-inspired interventions that target violence and survivors of color is an important component of the effort to ameliorate the harm associated with both violence and mass incarceration.
Spreading Hate
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

This book describes the rise of the modern global white power movement, tracing its evolution from various Ku Klux Klan organizations in the pre–civil rights era in the United States, skinheads in Europe, and similar groups around the world. Drawing on attacks from New Zealand to Norway to South Carolina, the author details how the movement changed, often becoming more violent in the process. The book examines the movement’s ideas, strategies for victory, impact on politics, and use of social media. The book assesses the political influence of white supremacists: in much of the world, they are roundly rejected, but parts of their message of fear and hatred have crept into broader political discourse. The author also assesses the movement’s many vulnerabilities and how counterterrorism can exploit these through more effective law enforcement and intelligence gathering, international cooperation, and community programs. Successful counterterrorism, however, depends heavily on the right political climate for fighting hate, and white supremacists can expand their influence and conduct more deadly attacks when leaders ignore the threat but suffer huge blows when confronted.
Orchestra Management Handbook
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

Written for those who are contemplating jumping into the orchestra management realm, this Orchestra Management Handbook will provide a significant head-start for those entering this complicated, exciting, and challenging line of work. A multitude of challenges have faced orchestra managers since the beginning of the art form, and they will continue to face those who make the orchestra enterprise their life’s work, alongside new challenges that will arise in the 21st century. Whether short-term, long-term, internal, external, or existential, an intentional approach to building, maintaining, and sustaining relationships must be at the core of the orchestra manager’s daily routine. Each chapter of this handbook provides practical strategies, tools, and a variety of resources to those who work in the orchestra management field, with an emphasis on relationship building throughout. Illustrative case studies highlighting innovative practices being undertaken at orchestras across the country are regularly featured, providing the reader an opportunity to learn from the experiences of others. Additionally, each chapter concludes with a series of discussion questions to ponder, teasing out some of the chapter’s key concepts. Few arts organizations have more potential for building community than orchestras—with a typically large permanent complement of artists, a high volume of performances, and a need for large audiences, building community should be central to the internal and external operations of the modern orchestra.
Internal Relationships
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

Though briefly touched upon in Chapter 1, this chapter explores more fully the organizational structure of orchestras in the United States, including characteristics and functions particular to the not-for-profit orchestra. Organizational charts are discussed and explained, along with sample orchestra organizational charts, including examples of small, medium, large, co-operative, and chamber orchestras. The various roles of administrative staff are explored, including staff positions that are sometimes held by musicians in the orchestra. The chapter then shifts its focus to the hiring, management, and support of the musicians, including the organization’s relationship with unions (both artistic and non-artistic) and collective bargaining.
Marketing and Public Relations
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

This chapter highlights well-established marketing theory and practice, including the “four P’s” of marketing, and explores the application of those concepts within orchestras. Additional concepts include the target marketing process, the importance of positioning, and the utilization of a variety of channels. New modes of distribution, including digital platforms, are also discussed, as are examples of success. Shifting patron buying habits away from subscriptions and toward single ticket purchases is explored in-depth. Finally, the various forms of public relations and their utility for orchestras in a constrained budgetary position are explored.
Toward Relevance
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

The goal of this chapter is to underscore the need for orchestras to expand upon their roots in the “classical” tradition and become relevant to their entire communities, not only to the “elite.” Understanding the origins of orchestras helps to frame the chapter, and a variety of perspectives on relevance are shared. Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) are defined and contextualized for the reader, and statistics related to the overwhelming whiteness of orchestras are highlighted. Following this framing, an analysis of orchestras’ relevance to their community is addressed, alongside recommendations to assist orchestras who wish to engage in ongoing, sustained work toward inclusivity.
From the Field
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

This chapter’s focus is on advice and resources from those working in the orchestra management field, providing insight and recommendations to current and future orchestra managers. Because orchestra management is such an applied field, these real-world recommendations and tools are an important component of a book that aims to be a resource to those working in the field. The recommendations are “evergreen,” providing advice and context that could be applied in orchestras within any community, and of any size. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive listing of additional resources related to artistic planning, blogs, news and case studies, career development, equity, diversity and inclusion, management and governance, patron development, and a comprehensive listing of service organizations, associations and unions.
Material Presence, Online Attention, and Proto-State Newsworthiness
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 identifies the material factors that al-Qaeda and ISIS draw upon to attract attention to their proto-states by online users and traditional media outlets. It begins by recognizing the highly crowded, competitive nature of the online environment and the fact that both proto-states have had millions of news items written about them and millions of online views of their content. It then establishes a clear association between material conditions linked to the proto-states’ defining elements and spikes in attention by online users and international news outlets. Using Google Trend Score and Nexis-Uni data, the chapter demonstrates how material elements related to the definitional components of ideology, aggression, governance, population control, territorial control, and alliances are all associated with the attention of online users and traditional media sources.
Thought Experiment
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Part I reads the writings of Arthur Danto with the purpose to unpack his Red Squares thought experiment. Chapter 1 presents that experiment within the context of his life work. Why did it begin with a borrowed anecdote of Exodus, the Red Sea Passage? Why the color of red and what significance a square? How did the thought experiment inspire his end of art thesis, of which the philosophical result was an analytical definition of art? Chapter 2 treats his end of art thesis contextualized by his philosophy of history, and Chapter 3, his engagement with others who have used the Red Sea anecdote, including writers of la vie de bohème. The book thereafter investigates what it has long meant to picture freedom with a wit that attends the mind’s constant experimentation with its thoughts, moods, and perspectives.
From Sea to Square to Sea
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 asks when and how Danto became acquainted with the Red Sea anecdote. It sifts through his many responses to critics, artists, and earlier writers to explain why he designed his thought experiment with images that were red and square. The explanation continues to rest with his commitment to an emancipation narrative drawn from his American times, of which the result for art’s concept was not a partial but a full inclusion. By stretching the red and by stretching the square, he sought the analytical terms to admit all art to his Promised Land from sea to shining sea. Toward its end, the chapter introduces an art-historical and literary material to prepare for the broader enquiry into the Red Sea Passage and its anecdote.
Testament and Table
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 brings Kierkegaard’s contrast of a joyful and dismal economics of thinking into contact with the writers of the Parisian bohème, and with Murger most of all. The transfiguration of the commonplace is now a constant reckoning with the marketplace. The common sign, often carved with a knife of prejudice, becomes a shared contribution to a philosophical furniture art and to a modern discourse on property as theft, where the deepest theft is of a person’s selfhood. An existential thesis dominates, whereby, through unresolved patterns and paradoxes about artworks and thoughts, artists and philosophers constantly turn back to how they are living their lives. The patterning turns borrowed materials into thoughts owned, into a property for the self. Once owned, how are the thoughts expressed to render them public for others, if keeping thoughts to oneself cannot be the answer for the one who chooses to be a writer? How does talk about owning one’s self become a claim of one’s liberation from an external possession experienced as a servitude, and with what social and artistic results?
Sea Scenes
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 reads Puccini’s La Bohème to highlight the agonistic leitmotifs and life-motifs that thread the concept of bohème back to the Red Sea. What has the landscape of Marcello’s painting, which starts the opera, to do with the portrait of Mimi’s life and final death? If we answer, nothing directly, we play to the idea that the opera’s true beginning is not its first start but its second, when Mimi climbs the stairs to become a muse in the poet’s garret. Yet why not play to both starts, relating them as they are so related in Murger’s scenes?
Red Thread
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Pursuing the sources for the Red Thread, chapter 17 presents a literature of high and low wit. Bringing out the double perspective of land and sea, the literature exposes breaches in a society beginning at home. The chapter explores the marine terms of a threaded rope and its strategic adaptation by Goethe most of all. How and why did Goethe turn something foreign and commonplace into a divine or poetic thread for life, thought, and art: invisible and unbroken? What bearing has the twist of the thread in the making of personal relationships, family tapestries, and a nation’s bonding? We know why the thread must be red (as the color of all colors). But why a thread (Faden) and not a line, a yarn, or a fiber?
Tying the Knot
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

The pains of a hard labor bring the final chapter, Chapter 21, to the twins born to be measured on the scales of industry and idleness. Philosophically domesticated all the way into the bedroom, the wit comes to heel one last time with the painter’s brush. The first telling of the Red Sea anecdote is told and the final explanation given for why a single painter in London was named the painter of a blood sport, wherein an entire wall was covered over by the waters of the Red Sea. Why had the sea to be red? Had the sea to be red? The chapter completes the genealogy of liberty as worked through a micrology of wit. The wit, entirely domesticated, binds the Red Sea to the Red Thread given a skewed Red Square placed high up in a ceiling corner. The settlement of a marriage contract becomes the resettlement of art’s contract with modern times.
Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

This book is a collection of essays that are concerned with major figures and central topics of the history of early modern philosophy. Most of these essays are studies on the philosophy of David Hume, one of the great figures in the history of philosophy. One central theme, connecting many of the essays, concerns Hume’s fundamental irreligious intentions. Russell argues that a proper appreciation of the significance of Hume’s irreligious concerns, which runs through his whole philosophy, serves to discredit the deeply entrenched framework for understanding Hume—and much of early modern philosophy—in terms of the idea of “British Empiricism.” In a substantive introduction, Russell outlines how his various insights overlap and connect to each other. The volume is organized thematically into five sections: metaphysics, free will, ethics, religion, and general interpretations of Hume’s philosophy. The collection also features a previously unpublished essay on Hume’s atheism and an essay on Adam Smith's views on religion and ethics that has not been previously published in English.
Probability, Induction, and a Future State
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

This essay argues that Hume’s famous discussion of probability and induction, as originally presented in the Treatise, is significantly motivated by irreligious objectives. A particular target of Hume’s arguments is Joseph Butler’s Analogy of Religion. In the Analogy Butler intends to persuade his readers of both the credibility and practical importance of the doctrine of a future state of rewards and punishments. The argument that he advances relies on probable reasoning and proceeds on the assumption that our past experience in this life serves as a reliable and effective guide for our expectations concerning a future state. In the relevant sections of the Treatise Hume aims to discredit this religious argument and the practical objectives associated with it.
Beer
Authors: Arthur John W.
Published: February 2022

Beer: A Global Journey through the Past and Present offers a comprehensible and readable worldwide perspective on the dynamic origin and impact of beer, as well as rich descriptions of its continued importance among Indigenous societies today. Ancient and contemporary beers from the Near East, Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas document the remarkable influence Indigenous beers have had in shaping the development of food production and state-level societies and are an essential food for contemporary Indigenous societies, inspiring their social and economic actions. In the past and present, beer was and is more than an intoxicating substance; it was and is an essential food integral to maintaining good health. Control over the technological knowledge and resources to produce beer created space for status differentiation and its use as capital-motivated laborers. Beer also serves to unite people and connects the living with their ancestral past. The innovations by Indigenous brewers are now transforming the types of ingredients and flavors produced by the global craft brew industry. This unique book focuses on past and present non-industrial beers, highlighting its significance in people’s lives through four themes: innovating new technologies, ensuring health and well-being, building economic and political statuses, and imbuing life with ritual and religious connections.
The Near East and East Asia
Authors: Arthur John W.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 begins an in-depth geographical journey exploring the relationship between people and beer in Southwest Asia, currently considered the region where the world’s first brewing took place. Southwest Asia beer documents for the first time new types of technologies that may have been associated with distinct rituals well before the advent of grain domestication. Ancient beer research has now changed our perceptions of when, why, how, and where beer was first brewed. This chapter highlights the earliest beer discovered from Raqefet Cave, Israel, followed with later Southwest Asian sites containing the earliest monumental architecture associated with rituals and decorative stone bowls possibly used for beer production. The chapter discusses the site of Jiahu, where beer first appeared in China and was associated with a rich symbolic context. It next outlines the archaeological evidence as to whether beer may have been invented before bread and how beer led to the development of the Mesopotamian state society. The chapter concludes with the ritual use of beer among the contemporary Ainu of Japan.
Tapped Out
Authors: Arthur John W.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 ends our journey with a discussion of the influence beer has had on our species involving our health, economics, technology, and rituals. The chapter connects Indigenous brewing to the craft beer industry in its efforts for sustainability and use of seasonal, local ingredients. With the recent growth of craft beer consumption has come a need to educate and train the next generation of brewers, and this has spurred a relationship between craft brewers and universities. An outgrowth of this partnership is the creation of renditions of ancient beers by brewing arts students working in tandem with local craft brewers as well as experimental archaeologists developing their own brews based on their archaeological research. This chapter includes six of these successful beer recipes, ranging from beer made from stale bread to those infused with chocolate. The art of beer making extends deep into ancient time, but present-day brewers, working with anthropologists, continue to connect the past to the present.
Paolo Sarpi, William Bedell, and the First Italian Translation of the Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

The first Italian translation of the Book of Common Prayer was made in 1608 by William Bedell (the chaplain to James I’s ambassador in Venice) with the help of Fulgenzio Micanzio and Paolo Sarpi. This translation was part of an English propaganda plan to instigate a schism in the Church of Venice, at a time of conflict between the court of Rome and the Venetian republic. The schism never came to pass, and the Republic of Venice remained loyal to the Church of Rome. As far as we know, Bedell’s translation remained a manuscript, with no known copies extant although a now-untraceable edition may have been issued years later. This chapter reconstructs the relationships between Sarpi and Micanzio and the English embassy in Venice.
The Italian Church of London
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

Sixteenth-century London played host to the formation of a small but lively Italian Protestant community, which worshiped at Mercers’ Chapel in Cheapside. By 1598, as the major influx of religious exiles progressively ended, the Italian Reformed Church ceased to exist. After some ten years, the church reopened in 1609. This chapter reconstructs the seventeenth-century vicissitudes of the Italian Church of London and its links with the Church of England. The Italian Protestant church in London dissolved probably around 1663, never adopted Anglican worship, and both from the institutional and the liturgical points of view had always been a Calvinist church.
The 1831 Nott Edition
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

A new Italian edition of the Book of Common Prayer was published on behalf of the SPCK in Leghorn in 1831. The Italian text was once again taken from the 1685 translation, although it was comprehensively revised. The editor of this new edition was George Frederick Nott. Significantly, unlike the other editors of the translations published in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Nott was a clergyman rather than a publisher or scholar. However, the reasons that prompted him to become the promoter of this edition, at least initially, were almost certainly more related to his personal situation than to a religious propaganda project; under fire for being absent from his parishes, Nott wanted to justify his long stay in Italy by publishing the Anglican liturgy in Italian. The publication of the “new” translation was therefore the combined result of his personal reasons and the growing missionary ambitions of the SPCK.
Postscript
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

The book ends with a postscript on the limits of Marxism and the promise and demands of Christianity. Marxism’s reticence regarding ethical life, specifically religion, is taken as an impediment to its revolutionary ambitions. The postscript lays out what is important about Marxism in regard to racial capitalism, drawing out two broad implications for contemporary antiracism. It briefly recounts the Marxist philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre’s search for a mode of ethical life sufficient for Marxist revolution, further exemplified in black Marxist C. L. R. James’s critique of contemporary culture. It concludes the book by highlighting the crucial role worship (Christianity’s mode of ethical life) plays in political liberation.
Toward “Little Victories” in Music Education
Authors: Churchill Warren , Hall Clare
Published: February 2022

This chapter is about d/Deaf music-making and the problematics of singing in sign language. The discussion troubles inclusion in music education by drawing connections between deaf music-making and constructions of who is considered dis/abled. Employing Deaf studies, disability theorizing, and the sociological work of Christopher Small and Lucy Green, this digital ethnography examines two US examples of contemporary signed-singing. The authors argue that the musical agency of deaf signed-singing in the context of the global disablement induced by the COVID-19 pandemic resists deficit narratives of Deaf culture. This provokes a fresh discussion about what abled society and music education has to learn from listening to d/Deaf musicking. The chapter links to audiovisual explanations of signed-singing.
Elegy, Tragedy, and the Choice of Ovid (Amores 3.1)
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel
Published: February 2022

The first poem of Ovid’s third book of Amores is usually thought to be a simple parody of Prodicus’ choice of Heracles, but it is in fact a much more sophisticated meditation on the possibility of a philosophical life choice. This chapter first offers brief discussion of other elegiac divine and quasi-divine epiphanies, of the similarities between this scene and the Judgment of Paris, and of the quintessentially elegiac problem of having two mistresses. It then treats other poetic and prosaic moments of choice, particularly those reminiscent of the choice of Heracles, which this poem clearly invokes. It focuses on the fact that epic is a far more likely alternative to elegy than tragedy, and speculates why Ovid might have chosen tragedy. Finally, the chapter suggests that Ovid’s disruption of the binary alternatives makes the genuinely philosophical point that living a virtuous life is not as simple as making a single choice.
Labor and pestis in Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Keith Alison
Published: February 2022

This chapter treats the relationship between philosophy and mythology in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, in connection with two famous “problems” of Epicurean philosophy: labor (“toil” or “trouble”) and pestis (“plague”). Labor and pestis come together in Lucretius’ account of the rise and fall of civilization in two passages of De rerum natura, literally in Book 5 and symbolically in Book 6. Ovid recuperates this complex in three passages of the Metamorphoses: the rejuvenation of the earth’s population by Deucalion and Pyrrha after the great flood (1.348–415), the plague at Aegina (7.517–660), and Hercules’ death on Mt. Oeta (9.152–272). The chapter argues that Ovid pointedly undermines the tenets of Epicurean ethics in remythologizing his Latin epic predecessor. His elaboration and refutation of Epicurean ethics in the Metamorphoses exhibits both his characteristic playfulness and the comprehensive knowledge of Hellenistic philosophies that so excited the imaginations of Lucretius and the Augustan poets.
Intimations of Mortality
Authors: Schiesaro Alessandro
Published: February 2022

Ovid’s poetry repeatedly addresses eschatological themes, starting with the apocalyptic flood visited by Jupiter upon the world at the very beginning of the Metamorphoses. This chapter suggests that there are recurrent features of Ovid’s eschatological thought which can be traced across both the Metamorphoses and the poetry from Pontus. The main feature is a form of “conditional eschatology,” which is first on display in the flood narrative: destruction is intimated, or initiated, but can be staved off by the benevolent intervention of a providential ruler. The same pattern applies to the katabatic description of Ovid’s journey into exile in Tristia 1.2, where he is almost shipwrecked, and is the aspiration that underlies his permanence in Pontus. Here, eschatology is embodied in space, in an extreme landscape, rather than in time, while year after year, book after book, Ovid lives in the hope that another providential intervention may put an end to his suffering. Instead of his recall to Rome, however, Ovid experiences the passing of time as perpetual stillness, as a form of deferral and repetition that finds its most explicit representation in the Ibis.
The End(s) of Reason in Tomis
Authors: Williams Gareth D.
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the extent, manner, and consequences of Ovid’s philosophical “failure” in exile, but with the ultimate goal of reflecting anew—from a philosophical standpoint—on the nature of his elusive error. Partly through appeal to Empedocles’ sub-presence in Ovid’s both pre-exilic and Tomitan writings, the chapter first sets the lack of any sustained philosophical appeal in Tomis against the very different structuring principles that prevail in the Metamorphoses and Fasti: this move from structure to unstructure after his banishment in 8 CE importantly preconditions the phenomenon of philosophical failure in the exilic corpus. That failure is then explored in relation to Ovid’s infamous error: the error is so fundamental to his exilic plight—implicated no less (through the “mistake” of Augustan misreading) in the incrimination of the Ars than it is in Ovid’s fateful mistake—that the poet can never construct any fully rationalized understanding of his fate; and he therefore struggles to form any coherent philosophical response to exile on a foundation that is so undermined by factors of judicial inexplicability and nontransparency.
The Unresolved Struggle for International Criminal Accountability
Authors: Falk Richard
Published: February 2022

This chapter rejects the view that the anti-aggression norm affirmed by the Pact of Paris, the Nuremberg Judgment, and the UN Charter “remade the world” in a manner that reduced the relevance of intergovernmental wars to the conduct of international relations. It argues that geopolitical primacy of dominant states persists, which has rendered impotent the anti-aggression norm, and related efforts to impose individual criminal accountability in war/peace contexts. The unfortunate result is that international warfare has remained integral to the Westphalian framework of world order. For this reason, the anti-aggression norm has not had a transformative impact, but has led to a variety of accommodating developments, such as “impunity,” “victor’s justice,” and “double standards.” Only transnational civil society initiatives, such as peoples’ tribunals, take the anti-aggression norm and the guidance of the Nuremberg Principles in a manner that aspires to remake the world. Such a dramatic overcoming of war seems to depend on a movement from below, not reforms from above by governments or through the United Nations.
From Integration Through Law to Global Community Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: February 2022

Claims of “judicial overreach” currently disrupt the World Trade Organization (WTO), investor-state arbitration, and multilevel judicial governance in the European Union. Section II discusses the postwar evolution from the neo-liberal “Washington consensus” to the ordo-liberal “Geneva consensus” promoting global human rights, multilateral trading systems and transnational rule of law based on UN/WTO law. The neoliberal US assault on WTO law and adjudication (discussed in Section III) and China’s totalitarian state-capitalism (Section IV) challenge multilateral treaty systems and related adjudication protecting global public goods. The claims of “judicial overreach” in multilateral trade, investment and European adjudication (discussed in Section V) reveal systemic conflicts among regulatory and judicial approaches. Section VI concludes that EU law requires defending the “constitutional functions” of ordo-liberal integration law through EU leadership for plurilateral WTO reforms; economic, environmental, and human rights litigation in Europe confirm the need for participatory governance in multilevel legal and judicial protection of the UN/WTO sustainable development goals.