bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating an Environment in Which Youths Are Encouraged to Eat a Healthier Diet
Authors: Goldberg Marvin E. , Gunasti Kunter
Published: October 2007

More than one-third of young people in the United States are either obese or at risk of becoming obese. The authors consider how food marketers have contributed to this problem and how they might help resolve it. The article organizes the marketing activities of food-related companies around the classic four Ps. The authors first discuss product, price, and promotion in terms of past, present, and potential future industry actions. They then discuss place as a function of four key commercial end points in the food channel: (1) supermarkets, (2) convenience stores, (3) restaurants, and (4) schools. The authors consider government actions in terms of how they affect the actions of both the food industry and consumers. Throughout the article, the authors consider how extant research can be extended in an effort to better understand and address the youth obesity problem.
Children's Exposure to Television Advertising: Implications for Childhood Obesity
Authors: Desrochers Debra M. , Holt Debra J.
Published: October 2007

In 2005, the Institute of Medicine declared that the prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States ranks as a major health concern. Although the role of television advertising as a possible contributor has received considerable research attention, most previous studies have not included a detailed analysis of children's exposure on all programming or made comparisons with earlier estimates. Therefore, the Bureau of Economics staff at the Federal Trade Commission undertook a comprehensive analysis of television advertising to determine how many and what types of advertisements children are exposed to today and how the findings compare with their exposure before the rise in obesity. This article presents the major findings of the Federal Trade Commission's report and discusses several other issues that help inform the obesity debate. The article's insights will be useful to policy makers, researchers, marketers, and other constituencies involved in developing solutions to the obesity problem.
The American Marketing Association's 2004 Definition of Marketing: Perspectives on Its Implications for Scholarship and the Role and Responsibility of Marketing in Society
Authors: Gundlach Gregory T.
Published: October 2007

In 2004, the American Marketing Association announced a new definition of marketing. This special section examines the implications of this definition for (1) scholarship—in particular, scholarship that addresses “marketing and society”—and (2) the role and responsibility of marketing in society.
The End(s) of Marketing and the Neglect of Moral Responsibility by the American Marketing Association
Authors: Mick David Glen
Published: October 2007

The current official definition of marketing by the American Marketing Association—adopted in 2004—ignores marketers’ moral responsibility for the socioecological conditions of the world. Other statements and programs by the association hardly do better. This essay suggests that research and education on wisdom and a stronger commitment to a macromarketing orientation could begin to reverse the neglect of moral responsibility. Those actions and several others outlined will require courageous and visionary leadership from the American Marketing Association.
Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated expression of kallikrein 10 in human breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Kulasingam Vathany , Diamandis Eleftherios P.
Published: October 2007

Using the breast cell lines MCF-10A, MDA-MB-468 and T-47D, we investigated the role of various glucocorticoids in regulating human kallikrein 10 expression. We found that increased concentrations of glucocorticoids decreased KLK10 expression in MCF-10A and increased KLK10 expression in MDA-MB-468 and T-47D cells. Stimulation of the cell lines using other steroid hormones did not yield any difference in KLK10 expression in MCF-10A and MDA-MB-468 cells, suggesting that regulation of KLK10 occurs primarily through glucocorticoids. However, T-47D cells expressed higher levels of KLK10 upon dihydrotestosterone stimulation. Blocking the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) demonstrated that the mechanisms of induction and repression are different in the three cell lines studied. Taken together, our results suggest an alternative mode of KLK10 regulation – by glucocorticoids via GR-dependent mechanisms.
Selenoproteins of the thyroid gland: expression, localization and possible function of glutathione peroxidase 3
Authors: Schmutzler Cornelia , Mentrup Birgit , Schomburg Lutz , Hoang-Vu Cuong , Herzog Volker , Köhrle Josef
Published: October 2007

The thyroid gland has an exceptionally high selenium content, even during selenium deficiency. At least 11 selenoproteins are expressed, which may be involved in the protection of the gland against the high amounts of H2O2 produced during thyroid hormone biosynthesis. As determined here by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting experiments, glutathione peroxidases (GPx) 1 and 4 and selenoprotein P were moderately expressed, occurring selectively in the follicular cells and in leukocytes of germinal follicles of thyroids affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Selenoprotein 15 was only marginally expressed and distributed over all cell types. GPx3 mRNA was exclusively localized to the thyrocytes, showed the highest expression levels and was down-regulated in 5 of 6 thyroid cancer samples as compared to matched normal controls. GPx3 could be extracted from thyroidal colloid by incubation with 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate indicating that this enzyme is (i) secreted into the follicular lumen and (ii) loosely attached to the colloidal thyroglobulin. These findings are consistent with a role of selenoproteins in the protection of the thyroid from possible damage by H2O2. Particularly, GPx3 might use excess H2O2 and catalyze the polymerization of thyroglobulin to the highly cross-linked storage form present in the colloid.
Molecular biology of glutathione peroxidase 4: from genomic structure to developmental expression and neural function
Authors: Savaskan Nicolai E. , Ufer Christoph , Kühn Hartmut , Borchert Astrid
Published: October 2007

Selenoproteins have been recognized as modulators of brain function and signaling. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4/PHGPx) is a unique member of the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases in mammals with a pivotal role in brain development and function. GPx4 exists as a cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear isoform derived from a single gene. In mice, the GPx4 gene is located on chromosome 10 in close proximity to a functional retrotransposome that is expressed under the control of captured regulatory elements. Elucidation of crystallographic data uncovered structural peculiarities of GPx4 that provide the molecular basis for its unique enzymatic properties and substrate specificity. Monomeric GPx4 is multifunctional: it acts as a reducing enzyme of peroxidized phospholipids and thiols and as a structural protein. Transcriptional regulation of the different GPx4 isoforms requires several isoform-specific cis-regulatory sequences and trans-activating factors. Cytosolic and mitochondrial GPx4 are the major isoforms exclusively expressed by neurons in the developing brain. In stark contrast, following brain trauma, GPx4 is specifically upregulated in non-neuronal cells, i.e., reactive astrocytes. Molecular approaches to genetic modification in mice have revealed an essential and isoform-specific function for GPx4 in development and disease. Here we review recent findings on GPx4 with emphasis on its molecular structure and function and consider potential mechanisms that underlie neural development and neuropathological conditions.
An essential role for Pin1 in Xenopus laevis embryonic development revealed by specific inhibitors
Authors: Wildemann Dirk , Hernandez Alvarez Birte , Stoller Gerlind , Zhou Xiao Zhen , Lu Kun Ping , Erdmann Frank , Ferrari David , Fischer Gunter
Published: October 2007

The peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) Pin1 plays an important role in phosphorylation-dependent events of the cell cycle. This function is linked to its display of two phosphothreonine/phosphoserine-proline binding motifs, one within the type IV WW domain and a second within the parvulin-like catalytic domain. By microinjection of the compound Ac-Phe-D-Thr(PO3H2)-Pip-Nal-Gln-NH2, which inhibits Xenopus laevis Pin1 with a K
i value of 19.4±1.5 nM, into the animal pole of X. laevis embryos at the two-cell stage, the impact of Pin1 PPIase activity on cell cycle progression and embryonic development could be analysed, independent of WW domain-mediated phosphoprotein binding. Injected embryos showed a dramatically decreased survival rate at late stages of development that could only be partially compensated by co-injection with mRNAs of enzymatically active Pin1 variants, demonstrating that the phosphorylation-specific PPIase activity of Pin1 is essential for cell division and development in X. laevis.
Physiological role of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in mammals
Authors: Conrad Marcus , Schneider Manuela , Seiler Alexander , Bornkamm Georg W.
Published: October 2007

The redox enzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) has emerged as one of the most significant selenoenzymes in mammals, corroborated by early embryonic lethality of PHGPx null mice. PHGPx is one of five selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases and the second glutathione peroxidase to be discovered in 1982. PHGPx has a particular position within this family owing to its peculiar structural and catalytic properties, its multifaceted roles during male gametogenesis, and its necessity for early mouse development. Interestingly, mice devoid of endogenous glutathione die at the same embryonic stage as PHGPx-deficient mice compatible with the hypothesis that a similar phenotype of embryonic lethality may be provoked by PHGPx deficiency and lack of its reducing substrate glutathione. Various gain- and loss-of-function approaches in mice have provided some insights into the physiological functions of PHGPx. These include a protective role for PHGPx in response to irradiation, increased resistance of transgenic PHGPx mice to toxin-induced liver damage, a putative role in various steps of embryogenesis, and a contribution to sperm chromatin condensation. The expression of three forms of PHGPx and early embryonic lethality call for more specific studies, such as tissue-specific disruption of PHGPx, to precisely understand the contribution of PHGPx to mammalian physiology and under pathological conditions.
B- and T-cell-specific inactivation of thioredoxin reductase 2 does not impair lymphocyte development and maintenance
Authors: Geisberger Roland , Kiermayer Claudia , Hömig Cornelia , Conrad Marcus , Schmidt Jörg , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Brielmeier Markus
Published: October 2007

Thioredoxin reductases (Txnrds) are a group of selenoenzymes participating in cellular redox regulation. Three Txnrd isoforms are known, each of which exhibits distinct cellular localisation and tissue-specific expression pattern. Txnrd1 is found in the cytoplasm, expression of Txnrd2 is restricted to mitochondria and Txnrd3 shows testis-specific expression. Recently, it was shown that Txnrd2 strongly affects the development of blood cells, since mouse embryos deficient forTxnrd2are severely anaemic, show increased apoptosis in foetal liver and possess haematopoietic liver stem cells of reduced capacity to proliferatein vitro. However, becauseTxnrd2-deficient mice die at embryonic day 13.5, it was not known how this enzyme affects blood cell function in the adult animal. In the present study we show that conditionalTxnrd2knockouts generated using CD4-and CD19Cre transgenic mice lack Txnrd2 expression in CD4-- and CD19-positive T- and B-lymphocytes, respectively. However, the development and differentiation of both cell types in thymus and bone marrow was not significantly impaired. In addition, B-cell proliferation and activation in response to CD40 and IL-4 was unaltered inTxnrd2-deficient B-cells.
Glutathione- and thioredoxin-related enzymes are modulated by sulfur-containing chemopreventive agents
Authors: Hu Ying , Urig Sabine , Koncarevic Sasa , Wu Xinjiang , Fischer Marina , Rahlfs Stefan , Mersch-Sundermann Volker , Becker Katja
Published: October 2007

We studied the effects of sulfur-containing chemopreventive agents, including allyl sulfides and isothiocyanates, on human redox networks. Isothiocyanates inhibited isolated redox-active enzymes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. As shown for the most active compound, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), on thioredoxin reductase, the inhibition has an initial competitive part (K
i=6.1±1.0 μM) followed by a time-dependent irreversible inhibition (k
2=72.8±25.5 M
-1 s-1). Also, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were irreversibly modified by BITC. Sulforaphane led to irreversible inhibition of the studied redox enzymes, but with 5–10 times lower k
2 values. In contrast, allyl sulfides had only moderate effects on the tested enzymes. However, diallyl disulfide was found to react directly with reduced glutathione (k
2=100 M
-2 s-1). This reaction might contribute to enhanced oxidative stress and the induction of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase as determined on activity and transcript levels. All chemopreventive agents tested induced transcript levels of genes associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This upregulation was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in cell number. Our data indicate that modulation of cellular redox networks is likely to contribute to the effects of sulfur-containing chemopreventive agents.
Post-translational processing of selenoprotein P: implications of glycosylation for its utilisation by target cells
Authors: Steinbrenner Holger , Alili Lirija , Stuhlmann Dominik , Sies Helmut , Brenneisen Peter
Published: October 2007

Selenoprotein P (SeP) is a highly glycosylated plasma protein containing up to 10 selenocysteine residues. It is secreted by hepatocytes and also by the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Pharmacological inhibitors interfering with N-glycosylation, intracellular trafficking and calcium homeostasis were applied to examine post-translational processing and secretion of SeP by HepG2 cells. In parallel, the prototypic secretory glycoprotein α1-antitrypsin was used as technical control. Secretion of SeP was stimulated by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration and by inhibiting the release of sequestered calcium through dantrolene or U-73122. In contrast, brefeldin A and thapsigargin suppressed SeP secretion. Tunicamycin and monensin induced the synthesis of truncated non-glycosylated and partially glycosylated forms of SeP, which were secreted in spite of their impaired glycosylation. Both non-glycosylated and partially glycosylated SeP is utilised as selenium donor by target cells: impaired glycosylation affected neither the ability of SeP to induce the synthesis of the selenoenzyme cytosolic glutathione peroxidase nor its capacity to protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress.
Activation of the glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) promoter by β-catenin
Authors: Kipp Anna , Banning Antje , Brigelius-Flohé Regina
Published: October 2007

GPx2, formerly named gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase, is highly expressed in the proliferative area of the intestinal crypt-to-villus axis and in Paneth cells. Additionally, GPx2 is transiently up-regulated during development of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Because both normal proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells as well as carcinogenesis are regulated by the Wnt pathway, it was tested whether GPx2 may be a target of the β-catenin/TCF complex which transfers Wnt signals. The GPx2 promoter contains five putative β-catenin/TCF binding sites. Accordingly, the promoter was active in two cell lines with a constitutively active Wnt pathway, HepG2 and SW480, but not in BHK-21 cells in which the pathway is silent. Overexpression of β-catenin/TCF activated the GPx2 promoter in all three cell lines. Overexpression of wild-type adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in SW480 cells which harbor a mutated APC gene decreased basal GPx2 promoter activity. Truncation of the promoter identified one β-catenin/TCF binding site that was sufficient for activation. Mutation of this site reduced the response to β-catenin/TCF by more than 50%. These findings suggest a function of GPx2 in the maintenance of normal renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Whether up-regulation of GPx2 during carcinogenesis supports tumor growth or can rather be considered as a counteracting effect remains to be investigated.
Selenium in chemistry and biochemistry in comparison to sulfur
Authors: Wessjohann Ludger A. , Schneider Alex , Abbas Muhammad , Brandt Wolfgang
Published: October 2007

What makes selenoenzymes – seen from a chemist's view – so special that they cannot be substituted by just more analogous or adapted sulfur proteins? This review compiles and compares physicochemical properties of selenium and sulfur, synthetic routes to selenocysteine (Sec) and its peptides, and comparative studies of relevant thiols and selenols and their (mixed) dichalcogens, required to understand the special role of selenium in selenoproteins on the atomic molecular level. The biochemically most relevant differences are the higher polarizability of Se- and the lower pK
a of SeH. The latter has a strikingly different pH-dependence than thiols, with selenols being active at much lower pH. Finally, selected typical enzymatic mechanisms which involve selenocysteine are critically discussed, also in view of the authors' own results.
Plasma protein homocysteinylation in uremia
Authors: Perna Alessandra F. , Acanfora Filomena , Luciano Maria Grazia , Pulzella Paola , Capasso Rosanna , Satta Ersilia , Cinzia Lombardi , Pollastro Rosa Maria , Iannelli Simona , Ingrosso Diego , De Santo Natale G.
Published: October 2007

Protein homocysteinylation is proposed as one of the mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity. It occurs through various means, such as the post-biosynthetic acylation of free amino groups (protein-N-homocysteinylation, mediated by homocysteine thiolactone) and the formation of a covalent -S-S- bond found primarily with cysteine residues (protein-S-homocysteinylation). Both protein modifications are a cause of protein functional derangements. Hemodialysis patients in the majority of cases are hyperhomocysteinemic, if not malnourished. Protein-N-homocysteinylation and protein-S-homocysteinylation are significantly increased in hemodialysis patients compared to controls. Oral folate treatment normalizes protein-N-homocysteinylation levels, while protein-S-homocysteinylation is significantly reduced. Albumin binding experiments after in vitro homocysteinylation show that homocysteinylated albumin is significantly altered at the diazepam, but not at the warfarin and salicilic acid binding sites.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1678–82.
The molecular basis of homocysteine thiolactone-mediated vascular disease
Authors: Jakubowski Hieronim
Published: October 2007

Accumulating evidence suggests that a metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy), the thioester Hcy-thiolactone, plays an important role in atherogenesis and thrombosis. Hcy-thiolactone levels are elevated in hyperhomocysteinemic humans and mice. The thioester chemistry of Hcy-thiolactone underlies its ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which impairs or alters the protein's function. Protein targets for the modification by Hcy-thiolactone in human blood include fibrinogen, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein. Protein N-homocysteinylation leads to pathophysiological responses, including increased susceptibility to thrombogenesis caused by N-Hcy-fibrinogen, and an autoimmune response elicited by N-Hcy-proteins. Chronic activation of these responses in hyperhomocysteinemia over many years could lead to vascular disease. This article reviews recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that Hcy-thiolactone contributes to pathophysiological effects of Hcy on the vascular system.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1704–16.
Distributed knowledge, distributed power: A sociolinguistics of structuration
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: October 2007

This paper examines ways in which Cicourel's approach to understanding the construction of socially distributed knowledge in workplaces and institutions opens up possibilities for examining basic processes of social structuration. I focus on one particular dimension of that problem: how what gets to count as knowledge (of different kinds) is directly implicated in the dimensions of structuration that involve the construction and definition of categories and relations of social difference and social inequality. I draw on the notions of
Filling the emotion gap in linguistic theory: Commentary on Potts' expressive dimension
Authors: Jay Timothy , Janschewitz Kristin
Published: October 2007

We begin with Potts' concluding remarks: “… this paper is by no means the final word on the expressive dimension.” Certainly more work on expressives is necessary if linguistic theory is to address the role of word emotionality in language. No theory will be complete until we do so, and Potts' efforts to move the field in this direction are commendable. A more comprehensive understanding of why and how people use emotional and offensive language will make Potts' theory more complete. Scholars who study offensive expressives need to be familiar with research about why people curse and why they choose the particular words they do. We first address how and why, then we review Potts' work in the context of psycholinguistic research on taboo words.
Expressive presuppositions
Authors: Schlenker Philippe
Published: October 2007

1. Two directions

When new phenomena are discovered, the semanticist may account for them by enriching his formal framework, or by reducing them to the complex interaction of some of its existing components. The first option may be more exciting; but the second may be more explanatory. Potts provided some welcome excitement with his groundbreaking study of expressives (Potts, to appear). Can a more conservative account be adopted? In this note, we explore a presuppositional analysis of expressives, along the lines of Macià (2002, 2006), Sauerland (2007), and Schlenker (2003). As we will see, most of the action is in the complex interaction of existing components of the semantics and of the pragmatics.
Retrofitting Barrier Exterior Insulation and Finish System: Methodology and Performance Assessment
Authors: Olson Eric K. , Taylor Judson A.
Published: October 2007

Barrier-EIFS (exterior insulation and finish system) refers to EIFS with no internal drainage plane or through-wall flashings to collect and drain water that bypasses the EIFS’s surface barrier. EIFS’s surface barrier consists of a thin lamina and exposed joint sealants at transitions to elements such as windows, projecting decks, and intersecting parapets to prevent water infiltration through the surface barrier. Breaches in the surface barrier, however, can cause water leakage into the wall and building interior. In some cases reasonable reduction of leakage and preservation of the exterior walls may be accomplished by reducing barrier-EIFS’s over-reliance on sealants, and by introducing watertight through-wall flashings at leakage-prone transitions and penetrations. The authors refer to this approach—providing flashings and localized drainage immediately around transitions and penetrations of wall elements while maintaining or improving the existing barrier-EIFS system away from such details—as “hybrid repairs.” A case study of repairs on an existing high-rise barrier-EIFS-clad building shows the in-service performance of the hybrid repair methodology. The subject building had experienced water leakage at intersections of the EIFS and other building envelope elements, including windows, doors, balcony deck-to-wall transitions, and intersecting parapets. Repairs to correct water leakage focused on creating reliable concealed flashings at these details, along with more common barrier-enhancement repairs over the original EIFS, which was generally left in place. To help evaluate the hybrid repairs’ effectiveness, the authors surveyed typical exterior repairs in place for 2–1/2 to 5–1/2 years and interior finishes in the areas of the repairs. The Authors interviewed residents in some units that had experienced chronic water intrusion prior to the repairs; residents commented that they have seen no water intrusion since the repairs. The survey and interviews with residents revealed no evidence or reports of reoccurring water intrusion, supporting the general effectiveness of the hybrid repairs on the subject building.
The Identification of Corrosion-Related Damage from Cramp Anchors in a Limestone-Clad Building Façade Using NDE Techniques
Authors: VanOcker David A. , Johnson Erin M. , Marcotte Tracy D.
Published: October 2007

A recent restoration project on a 100-year-old, limestone-clad building provided an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of certain non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in identifying corrosion-related distress of embedded cramp anchors. After decades of service, progressive corrosion of the anchors had caused limestone delaminations and spalls, and presented a life-safety risk when fragments of limestone became dislodged and fell from the façade. Adding to this risk, it became clear early in the investigation that for certain areas of corrosion damage, stone cracking was not apparent on the surface or was otherwise difficult to detect. In an attempt to identify these pre-emergent cracks and delaminations, a range of NDE methods was considered to supplement the traditional techniques of visual identification and sounding. Of the NDE techniques implemented (i.e., ultrasonic pulse velocity surveys, infrared thermographic scans), infrared thermographic scans proved to be the more effective diagnostic tool to locate pre-emergent cracking and delamination sites, and showed promise as an early detection technique for similar buildings.
Modell-basierte Erkennung von Mangelernährung mittels Bioimpedanzspektroskopie (Model-based Identification of Malnutrition via Bioimpedance Spectroscopy)
Authors: Wieskotten Sebastian , Heinke Stefanie , Wabel Peter , Moissl Ulrich , Becker Jürgen , Pirlich Matthias , Keymling Michael , Isermann Rolf
Published: October 2007

Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung bei Patienten reduziert die Lebensqualität, verlängert die Krankenhausverweildauer und erhöht drastisch die Mortalität. Aktuell existiert kein einfaches und objektives Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Ernährungsstatus und damit zur Erkennung von Mangelernährung. Mithilfe einer Bioimpedanzmessung kann mit einem neu entwickelten Expertensystem Mangelernährung bei Patienten erkannt werden. Die Funktionsweise des Expertensystems orientiert sich an der technischen Fehlerdiagnose.

Protein-energy-malnutrition reduces the quality of life, lengthens the time in hospital and increases the mortality dramatically. Currently there is no simple and objective method available for assessing the nutritional status and thus identifying malnutrition. A newly developed expert system detects patients with malnutrition via a bioimpedance measurement. The system is based on the technical fault diagnosis.
Color groups associated with square and hexagonal lattices
Authors: Peñas Ma. Louise Antonette de Las , Felix Rene P.
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we obtain the list of all color groups associated with a coloring of a square or hexagonal lattice Λ arising from sublattices of Λ. The results are obtained using a canonical representation of a sublattice L of Λ by a 2 × 2 matrix and no restriction on whether L is compatible or not with Λ is imposed.
The Search for Sustainable Markets: The Promise and Failures of Fair Trade
Authors: Smith Julia
Published: October 2007

Fair trade promises to transform small‐scale coffee farming by ensuring a fair price to producers, improving market access for small producers, and creating closer ties between producers and consumers. However, as the fair‐trade market has grown from a small social movement to a substantial niche market, the relationships between producers and consumers have become less personal and the market more demanding of producers. By examining the experience of COOPABUENA, a coffee cooperative in southern Costa Rica, the ways in which these changes have discouraged producers can be seen. Here, fair trade has never become more than a small outlet for higher‐priced coffee, whereas other alternate markets and institutions play the role of increasing small‐producer incomes, helping to develop sustainable agricultural systems, and building links between Costa Rican producers and U.S. customers. For at least some producers, fair trade has failed to carry out its promise.
The New Bureaucracies of Virtue or When Form Fails to Follow Function
Authors: Bosk Charles L.
Published: October 2007

As the prospective review of research protocols has expanded to include ethnography, researchers have responded with a mixture of bewilderment, irritation, and formal complaint. These responses typically center on how poorly a process modeled on the randomized clinical trial fits the realities of the more dynamic, evolving methods that are used to conduct ethnographic research. However warranted these complaints are, those voicing them have not analyzed adequately the logic in use that allowed the system of review to extend with so little resistance. This paper locates the expansion in the goal displacement that Merton identified as part of bureaucratic organization and identifies the tensions between researchers and administrators as a consequence of an inversion of the normal status hierarchy found in universities. Social scientists need to do more than complain about the regulatory process; they also need to make that apparatus an object for study. Only recently have social scientists taken up the task in earnest. This paper contributes to emerging efforts to understand how prospective review of research protocols presents challenges to ethnographers and how ethnographic proposals do the same for IRBs (Institutional Research Boards). This essay extends three themes that are already prominent in the literature discussing IRBs and ethnography: (1) the separation of bureaucratic regulations,policies,and procedures from the everyday questions of research ethics that are most likely to trouble ethnographers; (2) the goal displacement that occurs when the entire domain of research ethics is reduced to compliance with a set of federal regulations as interpreted by local committees; and (3) the difficulties of sense making when ethnographers and IRB administrators or panel members respond each to the other's concerns.
Informed Consent: Documenting the Intersection of Bureaucratic Regulation and Ethnographic Practice
Authors: Shannon Jennifer
Published: October 2007

Standardized institutional review board (IRB) procedures suggest that informed consent can be enacted in the same way everywhere—across disciplines and across different cultural communities. With attention to documents as artifacts and embedding ethics, I consider consent documents to be located at a productive site for anthropological analysis the intersection of bureaucratic and ethnographic practice. Through fieldwork that engaged both American Indians in Chicago and museum professionals in Washington, D.C., I was able to view these procedures in a variety of contexts. Unlike the joking references to IRB scripts when interviewing museum professionals, American Indians were wary of such procedures. The particular meaning attached to signing documents varied in these communities and in one case prompted people to challenge and change the consent protocol that I would use in my fieldwork practice. This comparative approach shows how different institutions are represented by and transact through documents in ways that significantly impact the nature of fieldwork relations.
Form‐Made Persons: Consent Forms as Consent's Blind Spot
Authors: Jacob Marie‐Andrée
Published: October 2007

In this paper, I take seriously informed consent's material form: the paper form. I pursue two objectives: I first tackle different meanings that have been attributed to the fabrication of document forms themselves, and demonstrate how this fabrication process forces us to rethink the category of consent and, further, that of personhood. Second, I examine the consenting person as a new ethnographic subject and show how her submission to consent forms, in the context of hospital bureaucracies, enacts new forms of agency. Given the fact that patients and research subjects generally do not read consent documents, I conclude by offering the illegible consent form, rather than the meticulously designed consent form, as the exemplary artifact of hospital bureaucracies.
Knowledge Rites and the Right Not to Know
Authors: Sperling Stefan
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses a 2001 citizen conference hosted by the Dresden Hygiene Museum as exemplifying the pedagogical dimensions of science–state–citizen relations in Germany. It reads the conference as an exercise in knowledge‐making and citizen‐making and argues that two notions of Bildung underlie contemporary German efforts to foster citizen engagement with science. These two conceptions of citizen–state relations are in tension with one another in efforts to gain citizens' informed consent to new technologies. Using ethnographic observations and historical readings, the paper interprets the conference outcomes as reflecting and perpetuating these tensions.
Experimentality: On the Global Mobility and Regulation of Human Subjects Research
Authors: Petryna Adriana
Published: October 2007

The outsourcing and offshoring of clinical trials has generated an unprecedented global field of experimental activity. The geography of drug development and clinical trial participation is changing, but estimates of trials being carried out worldwide remain tentative at best. This essay charts the mobility of the clinical trials industry and its move into low‐ and middle‐income countries. It explores how subcontracted scientists and entrepreneurs who make up this industry interact with regulatory bodies in the United States and abroad, particularly in eastern Europe, where I carried out ethnographic research. The essay illuminates the scientific, economic, and regulatory mechanisms by which this experimentality takes form. It shows the transparency of this experimental enterprise and how it molds itself to international norms and national politics. There is a public policy vacuum with regard to how benefits and risks are being assessed in this new enterprise.
Book Review
Authors: Liu Kenji
Published: October 2007

Why Did They Kill?: Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide By Alexander Laban Hinton. Berkeley. University of California Press. 2005.
Book Review
Authors: Catey A. Scott
Published: October 2007

Expert Knowledge: First World Peoples, Consultancy and Anthropology By Barry Morris and Rohan Bastin, editors. New York. Berghahn Books. 2004.
Book Review
Authors: Alum Roland Armando
Published: October 2007

The Mexican Aristocracy: An Expressive Ethnography, 1910–2000 By Hugo G. Nutini. Austin. University of Texas Press. 2004.
Book Review
Authors: Moreira Manuel A. J.
Published: October 2007

Haciendo Justicia: Interlegalidad, Derecho. Género en Regiones Indígenas By María Teresa Sierra (editor). México, DF. CIESAS. 2004.
A Mixed-Model Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis for Multiple-Environment Trial Data Using Environmental Covariables for QTL-by-Environment Interactions, With an Example in Maize
Authors: Boer Martin P , Wright Deanne , Feng Lizhi , Podlich Dean W , Luo Lang , Cooper Mark , van Eeuwijk Fred A
Published: October 2007

Complex quantitative traits of plants as measured on collections of genotypes across multiple environments are the outcome of processes that depend in intricate ways on genotype and environment simultaneously. For a better understanding of the genetic architecture of such traits as observed across environments, genotype-by-environment interaction should be modeled with statistical models that use explicit information on genotypes and environments. The modeling approach we propose explains genotype-by-environment interaction by differential quantitative trait locus (QTL) expression in relation to environmental variables. We analyzed grain yield and grain moisture for an experimental data set composed of 976 F5 maize testcross progenies evaluated across 12 environments in the U.S. corn belt during 1994 and 1995. The strategy we used was based on mixed models and started with a phenotypic analysis of multi-environment data, modeling genotype-by-environment interactions and associated genetic correlations between environments, while taking into account intraenvironmental error structures. The phenotypic mixed models were then extended to QTL models via the incorporation of marker information as genotypic covariables. A majority of the detected QTL showed significant QTL-by-environment interactions (QEI). The QEI were further analyzed by including environmental covariates into the mixed model. Most QEI could be understood as differential QTL expression conditional on longitude or year, both consequences of temperature differences during critical stages of the growth.
Differential Effect of Allorecognition Loci on Phenotype in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)
Authors: Powell Anahid E , Nicotra Matthew L , Moreno Maria A , Lakkis Fadi G , Dellaporta Stephen L , Buss Leo W
Published: October 2007

The allorecognition complex of Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is a chromosomal interval containing two loci, alr1 and alr2, that controls fusion between genetically distinct colonies. Recombination between these two loci has been associated with a heterogeneous class of phenotypes called transitory fusion. A large-scale backcross was performed to generate a population of colonies (N = 106) with recombination breakpoints within the allorecognition complex. Two distinct forms of transitory fusion were correlated with reciprocal recombination products, suggesting that alr1 and alr2 contributed differentially to the allorecognition response. Specifically, type I transitory fusion is associated with rapid and persistent separation of allogeneic tissues, whereas type II transitory fusion generates a patchwork of continuously fusing and separating tissues.
Extensive Additivity of Gene Expression Differentiates Subspecies of the House Mouse
Authors: Rottscheidt Ruth , Harr Bettina
Published: October 2007

We have studied different subspecies of the house mouse and their reciprocal F1 hybrids to estimate the within-locus mode of inheritance for subspecies differences in gene expression in three tissues (brain, liver, and testis) of male mice. This study investigates the mode of inheritance in crosses at a larger taxonomic distance than has been previously systematically investigated. We found the vast majority of transcripts to be additively expressed with only a few transcripts showing dominance or overdominance in expression, except for one direction of one cross, which showed large mis-expression in the testis. We suggest that, as time passes, more genes come to influence expression, and if there is no directional dominance, additivity becomes increasingly more likely, up to a threshold beyond which there is F1 hybrid breakdown. Some previous studies on different organisms have found a large degree of dominance, commonly at shorter taxonomic differences. We surveyed these findings and show that the most consistent association exists between the amount of additivity detected in a study and the expression analysis method (in particular microarray platform), suggesting that at least some of the differences among studies might be methodological. Most studies agree with ours in that within-locus additivity seems to be general mode of inheritance for transcript expression. Differentially expressed transcripts identified in our screen among subspecies of house mice are candidate genes that could be involved in reproductive isolation between these subspecies.
Expression of 10 S-Class SLF-like Genes in Nicotiana alata Pollen and Its Implications for Understanding the Pollen Factor of the S Locus
Authors: Wheeler David , Newbigin Ed
Published: October 2007

The S locus of Nicotiana alata encodes a polymorphic series of ribonucleases (S-RNases) that determine the self-incompatibility (SI) phenotype of the style. The pollen product of the S locus (pollen S) in N. alata is unknown, but in species from the related genus Petunia and in self-incompatible members of the Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae, this function has been assigned to an F-box protein known as SLF or SFB. Here we describe the identification of 10 genes (designated DD1–10) encoding SLF-related proteins that are expressed in N. alata pollen. Because our approach to cloning the DD genes was based on sequences of SLFs from other species, we presume that one of the DD genes encodes the N. alata SLF ortholog. Seven of the DD genes were exclusively expressed in pollen and a low level of sequence variation was found in alleles of each DD gene. Mapping studies confirmed that all 10 DD genes were linked to the S locus and that at least three were located in the same chromosomal segment as pollen S. Finally, the different topologies of the phylogenetic trees produced using available SLF-related sequences and those produced using S-RNase sequences suggests that pollen S and the S-RNase have different evolutionary histories.
A Mosaic Genetic Screen for Drosophila Neoplastic Tumor Suppressor Genes Based on Defective Pupation
Authors: Menut Laurent , Vaccari Thomas , Dionne Heather , Hill Joseph , Wu Geena , Bilder David
Published: October 2007

The Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) coordinately control cell polarity and proliferation in epithelial and neuronal tissues. While a small group of neoplastic TSG mutations have been isolated and their corresponding genes cloned, the regulatory pathways that normally prevent inappropriate growth remain unclear. Identification of additional neoplastic TSGs may provide insight into this question. We report here the design of an efficient screen for isolating neoplastic TSG mutations utilizing genetically mosaic larvae. This screen is based on a defective pupation phenotype seen when a single pair of imaginal discs is homozygous for a neoplastic TSG mutation, which suggests that continuously proliferating cells can interfere with metamorphosis. Execution of this screen on two chromosome arms led to the identification of mutations in at least seven new neoplastic TSGs. The isolation of additional loci that affect hyperplastic as well as neoplastic growth indicates the utility of this screening strategy for studying epithelial growth control.
SPD-3 Is Required for Spindle Alignment in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryos and Localizes to Mitochondria
Authors: Dinkelmann Maria V , Zhang Haining , Skop Ahna R , White John G
Published: October 2007

During the development of multicellular organisms, cellular diversity is often achieved through asymmetric cell divisions that produce two daughter cells having different developmental potentials. Prior to an asymmetric cell division, cellular components segregate to opposite ends of the cell defining an axis of polarity. The mitotic spindle rotationally aligns along this axis of polarity, thereby ensuring that the cleavage plane is positioned such that segregated components end up in individual daughter cells. Here we report our characterization of a novel gene required for spindle alignment in Caenorhabditis elegans. During the first mitosis in spd-3(oj35) embryos the spindle failed to align along the anterior/posterior axis, leading to abnormal cleavage configurations. spd-3(oj35) embryos had additional defects reminiscent of dynein/dynactin loss-of-function possibly caused by the mislocalization of dynactin. Surprisingly, we found that SPD-3∷GFP localized to mitochondria. Consistent with this localization, spd-3(oj35) worms exhibited slow growth and increased ATP concentrations, which are phenotypes similar to those described for other mitochondrial mutants in C. elegans. To our knowledge, SPD-3 is the first example of a link between mitochondria and spindle alignment in C. elegans.
Genetic Analyses of a Hybrid Cross Between Serotypes A and D Strains of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Sun Sheng , Xu Jianping
Published: October 2007

Cryptococcus neoformans has two varieties, var. grubii and var. neoformans, that correspond to serotypes A and D, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that these two varieties have diverged from each other for ∼18 million years. The discovery of pathogenic serotype AD hybrid strains in nature indicates that intervariety mating in C. neoformans occurs in the natural environment. However, little is known about the genetic consequences of hybridization in C. neoformans. Here, we analyzed a hybrid population of 163 progeny from a cross between strains of serotypes A (CDC15) and D (JEC20), using 114 codominant nuclear PCR–RFLP markers and 1 direct PCR marker. These markers were distributed on all 14 chromosomes of the sequenced strain JEC21 that was isogenic to one of the parents (JEC20) in our cross. Our analyses identified that of the 163 progeny, 5 were heterozygous at all 115 loci, 1 was completely homozygous and identical to one of the parents (CDC15), and the remaining 157 each contained at least 1 heterozygous locus. Because all 163 progeny inherited mitochondria from the MATa parent JEC20, none of the progeny had a genotype identical to either of the two parents or to a composite of the two parents. All 115 nuclear loci showed three different genotypes in the progeny population, consistent with Mendelian segregation during meiosis. While the linkage analysis showed independent reassortment among loci on different linkage groups, there were significant differences in recombination frequencies among chromosomes and among regions within certain chromosomes. Overall, the linkage-map length from this hybrid cross was much shorter and the recombination frequency much lower than those constructed using serotype D strains, consistent with suppressed recombination in the intervariety cross between strains of serotypes A and D. We discuss the implications of our results in our understanding of the speciation and evolution of the C. neoformans species complex.
The Hermes Transposon ofMusca domesticaIs an Efficient Tool for the Mutagenesis ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Evertts Adam G , Plymire Christopher , Craig Nancy L , Levin Henry L
Published: October 2007

Currently, no transposon-based method for the mutagenesis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe exists. We have developed such a system based on the introduction of the hermes transposon from the housefly into S. pombe. This system efficiently disrupts open reading frames and allows the insertion sites to be readily identified.