bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the aerosol state in the ambient atmosphere? Or: Multiscale modeling to tackle structural uncertainty in aerosol models
Authors: Riemer Nicole , Curtis Jeff , Ching Joseph , Yao Yu , Zheng Zhonghua , West Matthew
Published: February 2023

The diversity in particle composition within the atmospheric aerosol is well-documented in field observations, but usually grossly oversimplified in chemistry transport models or earth system model. This is for good reasons--- to save computational cost---but comes with the trade-off of introducing considerable and difficult-to-quantify structural uncertainty in our predictions of aerosol composition, and by extension, of aerosol interactions with clouds and radiation. This presentation will illustrate how targeted particle-resolved simulations can be used to quantify structural uncertainty in more approximate aerosol models (i.e., sectional or modal models). The particle-resolved approach resolves the aerosol using individual computational particles that evolve in size and composition during their simulated lifetime in the atmosphere. I will present our model development of WRF-PartMC, a stochastic particle-resolved model embedded into the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) for explicit simulation of aerosol mixing state on the regional scale. The novel computational methods developed for this purpose include a particle-resolved emission inventory and stochastic transport algorithms. With its fully-resolved aerosol mixing state representation, WRF-PartMC allows for direct inter-model comparisons with traditional aerosol schemes used in regional and climate models. We used this modeling approach to quantify the extent to which simplifying the diversity of aerosol composition introduces errors in our estimates of cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical properties. I’ll conclude the presentation by demonstrating how machine learning can leverage particle-resolved simulation data to efficiently bridge to the global scale.  
A new algorithm for planetary boundary layer height calculation based on multilayer recognition
Authors: Pan Yubing , Wang Yinan
Published: February 2023

Aerosol lidar is widely used in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height calculation due to its high spatiotemporal resolution. Most of the PBL height (PBLH) algorithms for aerosol lidar are valid for single aerosol layer structure, but overestimate the PBLH under multilayer aerosol/cloud structures. To fill the gap, a new algorithm of PBLH calculation based on multilayer recognition and idealized-profile (MR-IP) is developed. In this algorithm, residual layer and/or suspended aerosol/cloud layer are first recognized based on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of lidar, the range squared correction signal (RCS) and its gradient (∇RCS). In residual and/or suspended aerosol/cloud layer, positive and negative ∇RCS exist simultaneously, while inside the PBL only a single negative ∇RCS exists. These characteristics are used to discern residual layer and/or suspended aerosol/cloud layers. Aerosol and cloud layers are further distinguished by the ratio of RCS in the objective layer (RCS(rs)) to the mean RCS in the background layer. After multilayer recognition, the PBLH is calculated based on idealized-profile (IP) method. A yearlong (642 samples) comparison of the PBLH calculated by lidar and radiosonde verified the new algorithm in PBLH calculation under complicated structures (R=0.81). The mean PBLH calculated by the MR-IP method is 635.4 m, consistent with the PBLH defined by radiosonde (665.3 m). Furthermore, the residual layer, suspended aerosol layer and cloud layer can also be discerned by the new algorithm.
Understanding Evapotranspiration Variability between the Eastern and Western Himalayas
Authors: Reddy P Kedarnath , Bhattarai Nishan , Sen Sumit
Published: February 2023

Hydrological budgeting of mountainous watersheds like the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is critical as they supply water for most of the Indian Sub-continent. Estimating evapotranspiration (ET), a major eco-hydrological process that returns a significant amount of terrestrial precipitation to the atmosphere, however, is a challenge in data-scare regions like IHR. This is further complicated by the geographic extent of the Indian Himalayas, which cover 13 states within the Himalayan range that possess a significant climatic and biotic gradient from east to west. This study aims to compare the applicability of various potential ET (PET) methods for the eastern and western Himalayan regions under different hydro-climatic conditions and suggest the best-fit method using easily accessible hydrometeorological data. The data for this study was obtained from 17 stations covering the IHR extensively during two study periods (1972-1982 and 2003-2009) from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Four temperature-based methods (Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Kharrufa, and Hargreaves method) were tested against the modified Penman-Monteith (PM) method using reanalysis data (PM-PET). The PET estimates for the stations showed similar variations across three different elevation ranges. Further, it was observed that the Western Himalayas experienced lesser months of drier conditions (i.e., higher PET values during 2-3 months) compared to the Eastern Himalayas, which typically experienced 4-5 months of higher ET demand. It was observed that the PET values from the Hargreaves method were close to PM-PET with NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency) values ranging from 0.75-0.92 and r2 values ranging from 0.72-0.92 (except for Jammu; NSE = 0.5, r2 = 0.41) and was found to serve as the best temperature-based method among the four methods for PET estimation in the Western and Central Himalayan region. However, no temperature-based method provided reasonable PET estimates in Eastern Himalayas, as the NSE and r2 values were less than 0.3 for all the methods.  Thus, there is a need to explore why temperature-based PET methods may not be applicable to the Eastern Himalayan region and evaluate other PET methods that are more reliable in this region.
Multi-GNSS trials: a note on software comparison and campaign GNSS measurements
Authors: Sanli D. Ugur , Cetin Deniz , Ogutcu S Sermet
Published: February 2023

Determining the accuracy of position and velocity using GNSS is now on the agenda of the research community. Each unique system in the GNSS puts effort to complete its constellation of satellites, with orbits and clocks of ever-increasing quality. In order to interpret the quality of the results, we started the IGS MGEX experiment, where we, as end users, used the network and its data for evaluation. Various software has been developed to evaluate Multi-GNSS products, and researchers evaluate the results of both independent and combined systems within the framework of their experiments and have the opportunity to compare the software with each other. Succeeding JPL's 2019 experiment, we focused on the evaluation of the GIPSY-X, a multi-GNSS software, positioning results and we would like to share our initial findings with you. Unlike other studies, our focus is on the factors influencing position determination and their mathematical modeling. There is also an emphasis in our study on the campaign Multi-GNSS. In the first part of the study, we made inferences about GPS+GLONASS positioning accuracy. We modeled and compared the results of CSRS-PPP and GIPSY-X with each other. In the second part, we examined the GALILEO contribution to the GIPSY-X positioning solutions, and again we present modeling. We still see the effect of the observation session on positioning on all results and modeled it for GPS+GLONASS+GALILEO. We could not see the "geographical latitude dependence" on positioning that we noticed in the GPS-only studies in these first trials. In this presentation, we will try to examine the possible reasons for this.
Intercomparison of local evapotranspiration estimates at high latitudes
Authors: Engeland Kolbjørn , Erlandsen Helene Birkelund , Gelati Emiliano , Huang Shaochun , Narayanappa Devaraju , Pirk Norbert , Silantyeva Olga , Tallaksen Lena Merete , Vatne Astrid , Yilmaz Yeliz A
Published: February 2023

The main motivation for this study is to improve knowledge about the actual evapotranspiration in cold environments. Erlandsen et al (2021) summarize evapotranspiration estimates that range from 175 – 500 mm/year, i.e. between 13 and 31% of mean annual precipitation for Norway. The study is part of the LATICE (Land-ATmosphere Interactions in Cold Environments) strategic research initiative at the University of Oslo. Here we have launched a new initiative, LATICE MIP-ET that aims to compare model estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) in a high latitude environment.In this study, we compare local observations of evapotranspiration with local estimates from two land surface models (CLM and SURFEX) and three hydrological models (SHYFT, HBV and Lisflood). Observations are available at five eddy covariance flux sites with a gradient in climate across Norway, from low altitude forested and grassland sites to high mountain and high latitude sites. To run the models three sets of forcing data will be used.The presentation will summarize the models’ ability to capture diurnal and seasonal variations in evapotranspiration as compared to the observations. We will also compare how models simulate the relationship between potential and actual evapotranspiration and assess the models’ sensitivity to the choice of vegetation-and soil parameters and forcing data used.References:Erlandsen, H.B., Beldring, S., Eisner, S., Hisdal, H., Huang, S., Tallaksen, L.M. (2021) Constraining the HBV model for robust water balance assessments in a cold climate. Hydrology Research 2021; nh2021132. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.132
Evaluating hm-scale simulations of trade wind clouds using EUREC4A data
Authors: Schulz Hauke , Bjorn Stevens , Wood Robert
Published: February 2023

Recent observations revealed that meso-scale patterns of shallow convection in the downwind trades can be connected to specific atmospheric environments whose characteristics are not solely from within the trades but have traces from tropical or mid-latitudinal origin depending on the pattern. As a consequence of this co-variability of patterns and air-mass characteristics, a different feedback to a changing climate is anticipated and will be modulated by the observed, pattern-dependent net cloud radiative effects. By conducting large-eddy simulations we evaluate how well current climate models reproduce this co-variability in cloudiness and its environment and whether the meso-scale patterns are represented due to the observed mechanisms. To capture the full range of patterns and its processes these simulations are done on large-scale domains with grid-spacings of 625m, 312m and 156m and focus on the EUREC4A field campaign time period. By repeating the simulation with an increased aerosol load, we reveal pattern-dependent sensitivities. With frequently raining patterns showing the largest response, the importance of different processes depending on the meso-scale organization is emphasized.
The role(s) of remote sensing in reducing methane emissions
Authors: Duren Riley , Cusworth Daniel , Reuland Frances , Thorpe Andrew , Ayasse Alana , Gordon Deborah
Published: February 2023

Success in achieving the methane emission reduction targets of industry, national and subnational governments, the Paris agreement, and Global Methane Pledge will critically depend on access to emissions data that is actionable, complete and trustworthy. Despite recent improvements, current methane monitoring systems are still limited in their ability to offer timely delivery of precise, quantitative, and reproduceable emissions data to facility operators, regulators, front-line communities and other stakeholders. There are multiple use-cases for accelerating data-enabled methane mitigation including but not limited to leak detection and repair programs, diagnostics to guide process emission reductions and infrastructure model improvements, emissions trending, and supply-chain methane intensity certification. Each use-case translates to specific requirements on methane data products and the observational and analytic frameworks that deliver them. Meanwhile, a nascent global system of systems for operational methane emissions monitoring is emerging that offers the potential to synergistically combine observations from multiple sensor types, vantage points, and quantification methods.  Additionally, new programs offering improved data access, transparency, independent validation, 3rd party reporting, and user capacity-building are also gaining traction.Remote sensing offers unique contributions to the expanding methane tiered observing system. Satellites in particular can complement continuous data from surface sensors at selected facilities and periodic regional airborne surveys by providing dense and sustained sampling of diverse jurisdictions globally without being constrained by access restrictions. We discuss use-cases for regional- to facility-scale monitoring and challenges in scaling up methane remote sensing systems for sustained operational decision support. We also present pilot studies involving collaborative data sharing between researchers, regulators and facility operators that resulted in measurable and verifiable emission reductions.
Stochastic Modeling for Anomalous Suspended Sediment Transport
Authors: Tsai Christina , Wu Meng-Jie
Published: February 2023

Studies have categorized turbulent bursting events into outward interactions, ejections, inward interactions, and sweeps. Among these events, ejections and sweeps contribute notably to the time consumption, momentum flux, and sediment flux. Studies have reported that the distribution of turbulent coherent structures is uniform. However, research has revealed that the distribution of bursting events is nonuniform at different bed elevations. Although the nonuniform distribution of turbulent bursting events has been investigated, their influence on sediment transport has yet to be examined. This study established an improved stochastic diffusion particle tracking model (SD-PTM) using the stochastic Lagrangian method to describe sediment particle movement. This model integrates turbulent characteristics determined using a direct numerical simulation data set for comprehensively analyzing the sediment particle motion during turbulent flow. We developed a modified SD-PTM that considers the nonuniform spatial distribution of ejection and sweep events and the particle movement direction during these events. Particle trajectories were obtained using this model, and the anomalous diffusion during sediment transport was analyzed by calculating the variance in the particle trajectories. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated by comparing the flow velocities and sediment concentration profiles obtained using it with those measured in previous studies. Therefore, the sediment particle motion during turbulent flow was comprehensively investigated under extreme flow conditions.
Assessing net primary productivity in tree nursery points of North Korea using biogeochemistry model
Authors: Song Cholho , Pietsch Stephan A. , Kim Jiwon , Choi Hyun-Ah , Lee Woo-Kyun
Published: February 2023

Forests of North Korea are important ecological corridors of the east side of the Mid-Latitude Ecotone (MLE) connecting to South Korea, but they have been degraded in the 1990s-2000s. Although recent increasing trends in forest areas were reported by quantitative land cover classification using remote sensing data, the quality of the forest ecosystem such as net primary productivity (NPP) was not evaluated appropriately because of limited field surveys, forest management, and reforestation activities under the complex political situation in North Korea. Therefore, process-based modeling can contribute to understanding the qualitative changes in the North Korean forest. This study selected 14 tree nursery points close to deforestation, considering land cover maps from the Korean Ministry of Environment and recent AI-based forest degradation classification. The tree species of each point were checked by the 2008 North Korean vegetation map and grouped by Maple (Acer mono), Oak (Quercus mongolica), Fir (Abies nephrolepis), and Pine (Pinus densiflora) trees. This study configured current climate data (1960-2010), RCP 4.5, and 8.5 climate scenarios (2011-2100). In addition, vegetation characteristics, soil properties, deforestation information, and reforestation assumptions were selected and fit the Biogeochemistry Management (BGC-MAN) model. In the results, the NPP values were around 3.879-7.169 Mg C ha-1 in 2020, and they changed to 4.774-9.595 in 2100 in both RCP scenarios at each point. The annual average NPP values of 2020 were evaluated at 5.174 and 5.179 Mg C ha-1 in RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, and the values of 2100 were evaluated at 6.135 and 6.148 in each scenario. Considering the NPP values from the satellite, the overall values were in the range of the NPP data from the satellite-based assessment. The potential net primary productivities were as good as South Korea, which had successful reforestation history. Therefore, proper ecological management planning was necessary using the process-based model, and more in-depth research would be required for North Korean forest management.
Global links between soil microbes and biogeochemical functions
Authors: Smith Gabriel Reuben , van den Hoogen Johan , Peay Kabir , Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel , Jackson Robert , Yu Kailiang , Crowther Thomas ,   Soil Organisms Team
Published: February 2023

Soil contains immense stocks of carbon, which may accelerate climate change if released. Soil microbes affect these carbon stocks by producing decomposition-catalyzing enzymes, a capacity varying across different microbial groups. Consequently, establishing links between global variation in microbial communities and functions should substantially enhance future projections of soil carbon. To this end, we here reveal global patterns in soil microbial community function using nearly 13,000 observations of microbial biomass, community structure, and enzyme activities (>100,000 measurements). We find total biomass and fungal and Gram-negative bacterial dominance increase with latitude, whereas Gram-positive bacteria predominate near the equator. Enzyme stoichiometry correspondingly suggests greater nitrogen and carbon limitation at higher latitudes. Comparing microbial and enzyme patterns, fungal biomass indicates nitrogen limitation, whereas Gram-negative bacterial biomass indicates carbon limitation. Together, microbial community structure explains significant variation in enzyme profile uncaptured by climate, soil properties, or landcover. Soil microbial communities dominated by fungi and Gram-negative bacteria exhibit less enzyme activity per unit biomass, with two- to four-fold variation in temperature- and biomass-normalized activity rate observed across the Earth. Significant functional differences thus arise with global turnover in microbial communities, indicating that community structure merits a central position in process-based soil models.
Study on the influence of the geomorphic on debris flow activity in the paraglacial zone of the Southeast Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Jiao , Zhang Guotao
Published: February 2023

On the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which is an area widely covered by alpine glaciers, two types of debris flow generally occur: glacier-related debris flows (GDFs) and rainfall-related debris flows (RDFs). It is widely accepted that topographic conditions influence debris flow activities; however, few studies have examined the differences between such influence on GDFs and RDFs. This study investigated the GDFs and RDFs in the periglacial area of the Parlung Tsangpo Basin, and calculated 12 geomorphic indexes to reveal the topographic features associated with these two types of debris flow. It was found that lower values in the drainage area, main channel length, and relative elevation occurred in RDFs compared to the GDFs, whereas higher values in the channel gradient, relief ratio, and effective basin area appeared in RDFs. The discrepancy is mainly related to the different topographic and geomorphic shaping of modern glaciers. According to its geomorphological characteristics, the Parlung Tsangpo Basin can be divided into three sections: the upper V-shaped canyon section, middle wide valley section, and lower steep canyon section. The scale and frequency of debris flows in the upstream canyon region are substantially lower than those of debris flows in the downstream canyon region. Moreover, the frequency and scale of RDFs are substantially different to those of GDFs, primarily because of the different geomorphic evolutionary stages of debris flows gullies in different regions.
Re-assessing the magmatic and metamorphic evolution of the Aar Massif, Central Alpine basement
Authors: Schaltegger Urs , Abrecht Jürgen , Berger Alfons , Spikings Richard , Wiederkehr Michael
Published: February 2023

The pre-Alpine evolution of the Central Alpine basement is dominated by magmatic and metamorphic events that occurred during an Ordovician orogenic cycle (ca. 480-440 Ma) and the Variscan orogenic cycle (ca. 350-300 Ma). A detailed zircon U-Pb data and Hf-isotope study of a large set of magmatic and meta-magmatic rocks revealed four magmatic pulses (Ruiz et al. 2022): at 340-350 Ma (calc-alkaline diorite and tonalite from the Surselva Group), 330-335 Ma (shoshonitic diorites, monzonites, granites and syenites of the Rötifirn Group), 307-310 Ma (calc-alkaline diorites, ranging from cumulate-like hornblende gabbros to hornblende-diorites and hornblende- or biotite quartz- monzonite, granodiorites and metaluminous weakly peraluminous I-type granites of the Fruttstock Group), and 297-300 Ma (late-orogenic, calc-alkaline I-type granites of the Haslital Group). High precision U-Pb dates from meta-magmatic rocks indicate a minor, but variable impact of Alpine metamorphism on the U-Pb dates (Gaynor et al. 2022, Ruiz et al. 2022). However, given the poly-cyclic metamorphic record of the country rocks, the relative contributions of the Alpine, Variscan and an earlier Ordovician orogenic cycle are difficult to quantify. More specifically, the physical conditions of the Variscan metamorphic overprint are only weakly constrained, and available radio-isotopic ages are not reliable. However, monazite, rutile, titanite and zircon ages of 329-317 Ma in high-grade metapelites and calcsilicate gneiss indicate a major high grade Variscan metamorphism along the northern rim of the massif (Schaltegger et al., 2003). In addition, frequently found U-Pb dates between 478 and 445 Ma on gabbros, metapelitic to metapsammitic gneisses in the northern part of the Aar massif (Schaltegger et al., 2003) show relics of an older metamorphism in these polycyclic basement unitsIn order to understand better the temperature-time evolution of this poly-cyclic basement, we will apply detailed U-Pb geochronology on different minerals together with mineralogical, chemical and textural characterization. Combining the mineralogical data with microstructures and petrological data should give better insights in the link of metamorphism and magmatism for the Variscan orogenic cycle. These data will allow placing the Aar massif evolution in a wider framework of the European Variscan orogen. Moreover, they will reveal the existence of one or several pulses of earlier, Ordovician-age high-grade metamorphism, anatexis and magmatism.References: Gaynor S.P., Ruiz M., & Schaltegger U. (2022) Chem. Geol., 603, 120913; Ruiz M., Schaltegger U., Gaynor S.P., Chiaradia M., Abrecht J., Gisler C., Giovanoli F. & Wiederkehr M. (2022) Swiss J. Geosci., 115, 20; Schaltegger. U., Abrecht J. & Corfu F. (2003) Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 83, 183-195 
Triadic resonance of internal wave modes with background shear
Authors: Patibandla Ramana , Roy Anubhab , Mathur Manikandan
Published: February 2023

In this work we study resonant triad interactions among discrete internal wave modes in a finite-depth, two dimensional uniformly stratified shear flow. The primary wave-field is considered to be a linear superposition of various internal wave modes. The weakly-nonlinear solution of the primary wave-field consists of a superharmonic (2ω) part and a mean-flow part (ω=0).  For a given modal interaction, we study the location in the frequency (ω) -Richardson number (Ri) parameter space where the amplitude of the superharmonic part attains a maximum i.e, where two primary internal wave modes of modenumbers 'm' and 'n' resonantly excite a secondary wave mode of modenumber 'q'. Using asymptotic theory we show that, unlike the case of no-shear, the presence of weak-shear, doesn't require the vertical wavenumber condition to be satisfied for resonance. This entails an activation of several new resonances in the presence of arbitrarily weak shear, where only the frequency and the horizontal wavenumber conditions are satisfied. This also leads to the possibility of self-interaction and resonances close to ω = 0. A similar asymptotic theory can be extended to other inhomogeneities (eg: non-uniform stratification) as well. For an exponential background shear flow, we track the location of these resonances in the (ω, Ri) parameter space and present their behaviour.
Sediment dynamics in Hangzhou Bay during Typhoon Mitag
Authors: Li Li , Ren Yihan , Wang Xiao Hua , Xia Yuezhang
Published: February 2023

The hydrodynamics and sediment characteristics of muddy estuaries and coasts during typhoons are closely related to geomorphic evolution, ecological environment, and economic development of coastal zones. Taking the macro-tidal turbid Hangzhou Bay (HZB) as an example, the sediment characteristics and the effects of wave-current interactions on sediment dynamics during Typhoon Mitag were studied using a well-calibrated numerical model. The model considers tides-wave-sediment interactions and the reconstructed typhoon wind field. The net sediment fluxes were controlled by residual currents and SSC. The waves and winds dominated the sediment resuspension. The combined interactions of currents and waves led to high SSC during the typhoon. In calm conditions, the impact of wave-current interactions was small except for the combined bottom stresses. The combined bottom stress was the primary wave-current interaction changing the sediment resuspension and increasing SSC, especially in shallow waters or during storms. The advection term, which played an essential role in reducing the SSC in HZB, mainly affected the SSC by enlarging the velocity. The wave dissipation term enhanced the vertical mixing, which involved the vertical exchange of suspended sediment and the currents. In the shallow waters of the southern bay, the wave dissipation term mostly led to the decrease of bottom stresses, the increase of currents, and the decrease of SSC, while the rise of SSC in the deep waters. The effects of the form drag, wave radiation stress, and refraction terms on suspended sediment dynamics were relatively small. The findings provide the theoretical foundations for the study of dynamics geomorphology in macro-tidal estuaries.
The geometrical characteristics of causative faults related to clustered earthquakes in the southeastern Korean Peninsula
Authors: Heo Dabeen , Kang Tae-Seob , Ree Jin-Han , Kim Kwang-Hee , Rhie Junkee , Kim YoungHee
Published: February 2023

The southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula is known to have high seismic activity and many Quaternary faults. Nonetheless, there have been uncertainties in estimating seismic hazards due to insufficient information on potential seismic sources. We investigated the geometrical characteristics of causative faults related to clustered earthquakes in the southeastern Korean Peninsula by detecting microearthquakes and determining their source parameters. We used the seismic data recorded at the Gyeongju hi-density broadband seismic network, the temporary seismic networks operated to monitor the aftershocks of two moderate earthquakes (the 2016 ML 5.8 Gyeongju and 2017 ML 5.4 Pohang earthquakes), and the national seismic network of South Korea. An earthquake catalog for the southeastern Korean Peninsula was built using automatic earthquake detection methods based on measurements of energy ratio. We identified the five clustered earthquake regions via the microearthquake distribution: the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake region (GJ), the 2017 Pohang earthquake region (PH), the eastern part of the Ulsan Fault (UF), eastern offshore Gyeongju (EG), and the western part along the Miryang Fault (MF). We determined the relative location and focal mechanisms of the earthquakes occurring in those regions using the double-difference location method and the P-wave first motion polarity method, respectively. Finally, the geometry of the earthquake causative faults was inferred using the spatial distribution of the relative locations and the focal mechanisms. It was found that there are at least two NNE-SSW trending fault segments and multiple NE-SW trending fault segments in the GJ and PH, respectively. In the case of MF, UF, and EG, it is difficult to relate directly to the surface faults, but the strikes of the causative faults, which are confirmed by the spatial distribution of earthquakes, are similar to those of the surface faults.
Multi-dimensional Analyses of the First Measurement from the Low Frequency (LF) Radio Waves Receiving Station at Ariel University, Israel
Authors: Ajakaiye Muyiwa P. , Reuveni Yuval , Romano Ben
Published: February 2023

The use of very low frequency (VLF) radio waves for monitoring the lower part of ionosphere (D region) has contributed immensely to explore this unique domain as satellites and other ground-based instrumentations have not been able to physically assess and characterized it. Several deployed ground- and space-based observational techniques not only enhance a robust capability to monitor, model and predict processes in the atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere coupled regions, but also act as key feature to perform scientific studies in geo-sciences related areas. Here, we present preliminary results from multi-dimensional analyses of LF broadband measurement conducted from Ariel University (AU), Israel, as a complementary useful data source to other available ground- and space- based observational tools, already deployed. The AU LF (0.50 – 470 kHz) observational site, receives electromagnetic waves from different worldwide VLF transmitters as well as other natural sources such as lightning discharges. The station data is mainly used for diagnostic probing of ionospheric irregularities, caused by space weather events such as gamma-ray burst and EUV radiation, along with additional atmospheric electricity measurements. Additionally, different Machine Learning (ML) are used to study spheric waveforms in order to infer their exact location along with different physical characteristics.
Cross disciplinary collaboration for societal benefit across Australian Research Infrastructure Networks
Authors: Rawling Tim , Morris Beryl , Zerger Andre , Farrington Rebecca
Published: February 2023

Earth systems including the geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere complexly interact to create a planet on which life and humanity has thrived. Throughout history we have studied and observed all these systems, but too often there has been too little strategic integration of activities supporting observing and monitoring, storage and access to data, computing and modelling, and predicting future states. This has reduced our ability to quickly advance our understanding of the interdependence of these complex systems, particularly as data has often been collected in isolation, or to address a very specific research problem. The challenges to achieving such an integrated perspective are scientific, technical, social, political and organisational.In order to address this issue the Earth and environment related research infrastructure facilities in Australia have self-organised to create the National Earth and Environmental Sciences Facilities Forum (NEESFF).  NEESFF is intended to harness the capacity of its environmentally-focused capabilities to collectively create solutions and deliver the information needed for sustainable development and use of environmental resources.  NEESFF’s vision is an effective and coordinated response to global environmental conditions in a uniquely Australian context. Many NEESFF organisations are funded through the National Research Infrastructure Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) which supports research activity across many STEM and HASS disciplines.  The Australian Government recently developed a Roadmap outlining the Challenges, opportunities for system enhancement and potential step-changes that the next phase of research infrastructure investment will drive.  These too are guided by national and global science and societal challenges and rely on underpinning robust and integrated FAIR open data systems across the RI network.Here we will outline the national approach to these challenges, the current thinking on the data challenges that we face in an Australian context and the first steps we are taking as a community to develop a framework for the delivery of integrated Earth data.Members are:  Atlas of Living Australia (ALA); AuScope; Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN); Australian Research Data Commons; Australian Plant Phenomics Facility (APPF); BioPlatforms Australia; Geoscience Australia (GA); Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS); Australian Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN); Marine National Facility; Bureau of Meteorology; E2SIP (CSIRO); National Computational Infrastructure; and AARNet.
Prediction skill of Asian Dust Generation in hindcast data of Asian Dust Seasonal Forecasting Model (GloSea5-ADAM)
Authors: Kang Misun , Lee Woojeong , Chang Pil-Hun , Kim Mi-Gyeong , Boo Kyung-On
Published: February 2023

This study investigated the prediction skill of the Asian dust seasonal forecasting model (GloSea5-ADAM) on the Asian dust and meteorological variables related to the dust generation using hindcasts of GloSea5-ADAM for the period of 1991~2016 for East Asia. GloSea5-ADAM incorporates the dust generation algorithm of the Asian Dust and Aerosol Model (ADAM) into the Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5 (GloSea5). The Asian dust and meteorological variables (10 m wind speed, 1.5 m relative humidity, and 1.5 m air temperature) depending on the combination of the initial dates in the sub-seasonal scale were compared to that from synoptic observation and ERA5 reanalysis data. The evaluation criteria used Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC). The Asian dust and meteorological variables in the source region (35~44°N, 90~115°E) showed high ACC in the prediction scale within one month. The best performances for all variables showed when the use of the initial dates closest to the prediction month based on MBE, RMSE, and ACC. ACC was as high as 0.4 in Spring when using the closest two initial dates. In particular, the GloSea5-ADAM shows the best performance of Asian dust generation with an ACC of 0.60 in the occurrence frequency of Asian dust in March when using the closest initial dates for initial conditions. This result showed that the performances could be improved by adjusting the number of ensembles considering the combination of the initial date. 
Spatio-temporal prediction of aerosol optical thickness using machine learning and spatial analysis techniques
Authors: Pyo Seonghun , Lee Kwonho , Park Seunghan
Published: February 2023

Emission sources, meteorology, and topography are the major factors that make it difficult to predict aerosols in space and time. In this study, the moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and the surface meteorology observed in Korea have been used to predict spatio-temporal AOT by using the machine learning with spatial analysis techniques. This method enables timeseries based prediction and spatial distribution modeling, and allows modeling values where there are no observation points. The model results show root mean square error (RMSE) 0.33 which is smaller than the standard deviation of the observed value 0.43. Using this technique, the trend of aerosol change in the future was estimated, and it was found that the aerosol in the area of interest decreased by about 7.4%. The methodology will be useful to analyze the regional scale aerosol evaluations, air quality, and climate study. AcknowledgementThis research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2019R1I1A3A01062804)”
Analysis of geomagnetically induced currents over the continental United States
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo , Arritt Robert , Perry Charles
Published: February 2023

Human technology is vulnerable to space weather, a natural hazard. High-voltage electric power transmission grids constitute one of the most critical man-made technological systems vulnerable to space weather driven geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). In this study, we perform an analysis of (1) measured GIC data collected at mid-latitudes by U.S. power utilities during the period from 2010 to 2021, and (2) the corresponding geomagnetic field information for each event. The study includes a statistical analysis of all events and an overview of the top three highest GIC recordings in the data. We show that roughly 80% of the events are associated with the main phase of geomagnetic storms, while about 20% are associated with sudden storm commencement.
Leveraging Climate and Governance Variability to Support Future Protected Area Risk Assessments
Authors: Ly Amina , Diffenbaugh Noah
Published: February 2023

Protected areas are a critical tool for managing and ensuring the persistence of species biodiversity and land conservation. Their spatial extents are used to measure progress towards land protections by several international targets. However, governance type, management, and enforcement of these protected areas vary sub-nationally, and can influence the efficacy of the designation. Simultaneously, climatic conditions are coupled with species resilience, and changes in climate can be associated with shifts, expansions, and contractions of viable areas for habitat maintenance. Climate change is expected to change baseline climatic conditions globally and is likely to limit the benefits of terrestrial protected areas. Improved understanding of the relationship between governance, regional climate change, and protected areas can further enhance tracking of land cover change and inform protection strategies implemented across spatial scales. To aid in informed decision making at sub-national scales, we combine information on terrestrial sites in the World Database on Protected Areas, historic and future climate projections from CMIP6, and remotely sensed data on vegetation cover (NDVI). We leverage categorical differences in protected area management, as well as climate anomalies through time to explore their relationship to land cover change, and create additional tools for risk assessment that may be used in conjunction with local governance processes
Constraining carbon, water, and energy cycling using diverse Earth observations across scales: the CARDAMOM 3.0 approach
Authors: Levine Paul , Bilir Eren , Bloom Anthony , Braghiere Renato , Famiglietti Caroline , Konings Alexandra , Longo Marcos , Ma Shuang , Massoud Elias , Meyer Victoria , Norton Alexander , Parazoo NIcholas , Quetin Gregory , Smallman Luke , Williams Mathew , Worden John , Worden Matthew , Worden Sarah , Yang Yan
Published: February 2023

Predicting the fate of the terrestrial ecosystems and their role in the Earth system requires a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of carbon, water, and energy exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere. While the current generation of land surface models show skill in representing many ecosystem processes, they largely disagree in the integrated response of the terrestrial biosphere to climatic change. These disagreements may be reconciled by confronting models with the diverse and expanding suite of Earth system observations in order to better constrain the underlying processes. In light of this goal, we have implemented substantial developments to the CARbon DAta-MOdel FraMework (CARDAMOM)—a data assimilation system that optimally estimates parameters of a parsimonious ecosystem model—which expand its original scope as a diagnostic tool for estimating carbon states and fluxes into a system that can infer and predict the response of carbon, water and energy cycles to climate and CO2 concentrations at seasonal-to-decadal timescales. CARDAMOM 3.0 retains all functionality and model structures of previous versions, but now features a flagship model which includes coupled carbon, water, and energy cycles, along with semi-mechanistic representations of photosynthetic assimilation, allocation, phenology, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, snow and cold-weather processes, and soil hydrology. Additionally, the underlying framework was substantially updated in order to facilitate community use of CARDAMOM by simplifying the interface and increasing the ease with which users can integrate new observations and develop new model structures. With these new developments, CARDAMOM 3.0 provides a versatile tool for applying information from a broad array of Earth observation data to investigate carbon, water, and energy cycles and their responses to climate and atmospheric CO2 across the full range of terrestrial ecosystems, from leaf level to continental scales.
Aerosol mixing state evolution in the atmosphere: A synthesis of measurements and models
Authors: Riemer Nicole , Curtis Jeff , Gasparik Jessica , West Matthew
Published: February 2023

Quantifying aerosol impacts on climate is an inherently multiscale problem since macro-scale impacts are determined by processes on the micro-scale. This poses unique modeling challenges, since these microscale processes lead to a continuously evolving aerosol mixing state, which is difficult to represent in large-scale models. This presentation will show how high-detail particle-resolved simulations can be used to predict the evolving aerosol mixing state on the regional scale. In contrast to traditional aerosol models that use bins or modes to represent the aerosol, the particle-resolved approach uses individual computational particles that evolve in size and composition as the particles undergo aging processes in the atmosphere. This approach is therefore not limited by assumptions about particle composition within a given size range and can represent the full aerosol mixing state without simplifying assumptions. I will show results that illustrate the spatio-temporal evolution of aerosol mixing state, going beyond the traditional definitions of “externally” or “internally” mixed populations. I will conclude with a framework to synthesize a picture of the ambient aerosol from models and observations. This focuses on suitable metrics to quantify mixing state and sampling strategies to determine these metrics that are accessible for both models and observations. Together, these provide a unique opportunity for “getting the right answer for the right reasons”. 
Fire-atmosphere dynamics at a rural-urban interface using turbulence-resolving meteorological simulations
Authors: Lin Dongqi , Katurji Marwan , Valencia Andres , Gill Fearghal
Published: February 2023

Human settlements in many regions have suffered great damage due to the escalating impacts of wildfires in recent decades. Most human activities have taken place over urban areas and/or Rural-Urban Interfaces (RUI). These areas have their unique vegetative and built fuels and structures, microclimates, and local wind flow dynamics. Despite the significant impacts of wildfires in RUI, only a small number of studies have been done to investigate fire-atmosphere dynamics and wildfire risk at RUI. The parallelized large eddy simulation model (PALM) system 6.0 was used to conduct simulations for a real RUI at Bottle Lake Forest, Christchurch, New Zealand. The simulations contain over 3000 residential buildings spreading around a large pine forest with an area of over 7 km2. Fine-scale simulations (Δx = 9 m and Δz = 2 m) were run for the complex rural-urban environment by using initial conditions obtained from larger-scale weather simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A novel experimental-based method allowing for realisation of forest fire heat forcing was developed and implemented into PALM. Heat sources to simulate a forest fire were prescribed at two separate locations for the assessment of the impact of fire locations on wildfire risk on the RUI. In addition, the simulations were performed with two weather scenarios for daytime and night-time conditions, respectively. We aim to investigate the sensitivity of fire-atmosphere dynamic behaviour to different fire ignition locations and weather conditions. Our work specifically focuses on the resulting development of wind gusts and implications for potential firebrand transport paths within the surrounding urban canopy. 
Mapping of Mexico City's susceptibility to sinkhole formation using the weights of evidence method
Authors: García Cruzado Sergio , Ramírez Serrato Nelly , Herrera Zamarrón Graciela
Published: February 2023

Sinkholes are a geological risk that happens all over the world, emerging unexpectedly as a result of several natural and/or anthropogenic conditioning factors that may be interconnected. The study of these conditioning factors is particularly valuable for the prevention and mitigation of the hazards caused by sinkholes to civil works and roads in a region because it allows identifying the spatial distribution of the different factors that generate the phenomena and with which maps can be generated to highlight the places with the highest potential of sinkhole formation, thereby assisting in the minimization of infrastructure damage. In Mexico City, a serious situation is presented by the formation of sinkholes, between the years of 2017 and 2019 more than 500 sinkholes have been recorded throughout the city, so this work has as its aim to identify areas with greater susceptibility to the formation of sinkholes, using the probabilistic method of weights of evidence, with which it will be possible to identify areas that need further monitoring and with which future damage associated with the phenomenon can be prevented. For the identification of susceptible areas, a geographic information system database was created with information on distance to faults, fractures, subway lines, subsidence zones, hydrographic network, geology, land use, land elevation, slope, roads, location of water leaks, waterlogging sites, water wells, mines and groundwater depletion. The result of this study shows that most of Mexico City has a high susceptibility to sinkhole formation, however, the central-northern and eastern parts of the city show the highest potential for sinkhole formation.