bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire in the Rear
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

In March 1863 the Milwaukee Sentinel published a revealing letter from a soldier in the 66th Illinois Volunteers (also known as the “Western Sharpshooters”) who was manning a stockade near Corinth, Mississippi. “Another year of victories for us, and the C.S.A. will pass away ‘and there will be a new heaven and a new earth,’ ” the correspondent predicted. He professed his great faith both in Lincoln’s “saving ordinance” of emancipation and in white Southern Unionism. “Refugees come to our lines frequently seeking protection from the power of Davis, the Southern tyrant and dictator,” he observed, noting that none other than the Honorable John W. Wood, one of only two delegates to the Mississippi secession convention to reject secession, was among the recently arrived refugees. “He is now in our camp and tells many wonderful tales of tyranny, oppression, suffering in the South. He states that even the most sanguine supporters of rebellion have no faith in their ultimate success and their only hope seems to be derived from expectations of foreign intervention of a division of the North,” the letter explained. “The treasury is without credit and many poor families are starving throughout the country.
Under a Scorching Sun
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

“A few hot-headed demagogues have dragged the State of Virginia almost into beggary and turned their once beautiful country into a desert,” Private John Haley lamented to his diary on June 15, 1863, as the Army of the Potomac geared up to take on Robert E. Lee again. “There was never anything so near akin to despotism in this country as is now being enacted in the so-called Southern Confederacy.” A week later, Philip Hamlin of the 1st Minnesota struck a similar chord in a letter home. Deploring how the Old Dominion had been “marred by the hand of war,” he added that no state “possesses more numerous or varied resources than Virginia and it would be a glorious sight to see a young and free civilization springing up here where slavery has wrought ruin.” Haley, a millworker from Saco, Maine, who joined his regiment in August 1862, at age twenty-two, had fought at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.
Malice Toward None
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

“It will be impossible for me to send sufficient troops from this army to oppose Sherman’s and at the same time resist Grant,” Robert E. Lee wrote Confederate congressman William Porcher Miles of South Carolina on January 19, 1865, in response to requests that Lee’s men rally to the defense of Charleston. “If the people in South Carolina & Georgia would turn out in all their strength,” Lee advised, “the advance of Sherman ought to be checked.” A month later, Charleston fell at last to Federal forces, in the culmination of siege operations on its harbor defense that dated back to July 1863.
Conclusion
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

On September 30, 1865, Kentucky Unionist Robert J. Breckinridge gave an address at Union College in upstate New York entitled “The Great Deliverance and the New Career.” The address reprised themes Breckinridge had developed in countless speeches over the course of the war: the argument that the Southern masses had been deluded and misled into treason by scheming conspirators; that the Confederacy had been a “relentless military despotism”; that emancipation was a military necessity for defeating the rebellion; that Lincoln had shown Americans the path of righteousness; and that America, delivered from the scourge of war, was poised to fulfill her destiny of greatness. In Breckinridge’s view, the mutual duties of the vanquished and the victors were clear. Confederates must “accept the overthrow of their insurrection as an everlasting finality.” The victors must be careful not “to wound, to exasperate, to afflict, nor even to punish” the Southern masses but instead must “accept their restoration as fully and completely as we require them to renounce their hostility.”
Inevitable Resistance
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J.
Published: April 2024

Pathogens are evolving drug resistance at a faster rate than humans can develop new medicines. At these rates, it is quite possible that the human species may be moving toward a post-antimicrobial era. This chapter begins by examining the evolution of antibiosis and its countermeasures as well as the parallel histories of antimicrobial drug development among human hosts and the accelerated evolution of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens. The latter trends are certainly driven by prescription and consumption practices, which are further challenged by issues of aging and poverty. However, the rise of resistance is even more impacted by the misuse of these drugs as growth factors in commercial agriculture. At the level of international policy, a One Health approach may help to mitigate the problem or possibly reverse these trends. Examples include MRSA, malaria, VRSE, and MDR/XDRTB as well as lessons drawn from the history of smallpox vaccination.
Prologue
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

Our drama deals with the distinctly human compulsion to divide the world into domains of experience, like religion and physics, defined by rules and expectations. Fundamentalists pursue the illusory goal of a final theory of everything belonging to a domain. Their aim is closure – to declare that no plausible alternatives are possible. Neils Bohr sought to close the domain of quantum mechanics within a few years of its discovery. Albert Einstein objected to this hasty surrender of the possibility of alternatives more in keeping with classical intuition. Bohr’s efforts to achieve closure in the face of Einstein’s attempts to prise it open framed one of the most dramatic debates of twentieth-century science, and led to experimental discoveries that deepened the mystery and may yet profoundly impact our lives.
New Ways to Calculate
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

In June 1925 Heisenberg made the breakthrough that would lead to matrix mechanics. The theory was abstract, offered no means for visualizing the mechanics of the atom, and its application required a lot of heavy lifting. Erwin Schrödinger subsequently made the breakthrough that would lead to wave mechanics, building on Louis de Broglie’s association of a wave with an electron. In Schrödinger’s wave equation the quantum numbers of the hydrogen atom arise naturally. He argued that his ‘wavefunction’ offered a realistic description of the electron in an atom, and sought to eliminate Bohr’s discontinuous quantum jumps. But in the spring of 1926, Max Born offered an enduring alternative. The modulus-square of the wavefunction is a measure of probability in an unvisualizable microphysics. In an intense debate with Bohr, Schrödinger demanded a theory based on logical concepts free from contradictions. Bohr was left to ponder what this might mean.
Incompatible Conceptions
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

Einstein was not in the audience at Bohr’s Como lecture, and their debate was joined in earnest at the fifth Solvay conference in Brussels in October 1927. All of quantum theory’s founders were present. Einstein excused himself for not having mastered the theory, and introduced a simple electron diffraction thought experiment for which he offered two conceptions. In the first, the wavefunction does not describe individual events and is purely statistical. In the second, the wavefunction does describe individual events, its modulus-square giving the probability of detecting the next diffracted electron at a specific position. In his view, the second conception could not stand, as it implies a ‘very peculiar mechanism of action at a distance’. Outside the conference room Einstein peppered Bohr with thought experiments devised to reveal the theory’s confusions or contradictions. The exchanges between them went on like a game of chess, with Bohr emerging the victor.
Postwar Hostilities
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

World War II drove several of the founders to Britain or the US. Foundational questions returned with renewed energy in the early postwar years when significant anniversaries came due. The usual suspects rejoined the debate. In the volume celebrating his 70th birthday, Einstein returned to the EPR paper. To its main point, which had been ‘buried alive, so to speak, by erudition’, he now brought exceptional clarity. If the two entangled particles are considered separable and ‘locally real’, then they must communicate via some peculiar mechanism of action at a distance. If they cannot be considered as separable a gaping explanatory hole opens. Either way, quantum theory is not up to the task. But the world of physics, now dominated by America, had moved on. Physicists ‘had no interest in understanding Bohr, and thought that Einstein’s distaste for [quantum mechanics] was just silly . . . It was a very unphilosophical time’.
Adventures in Quantum Information
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L.
Published: April 2024

The participants at the Erice thinkfest learned from Zeilinger about neutron diffraction. Working with Michael Horne, Zeilinger built a neutron interferometer, and used it to perform EPR-type experiments with two interfering neutrons. In 1986 they were joined by Daniel Greenberger, and together devised experiments involving three entangled photons, for which the predictions of local hidden variables and quantum mechanics are mutually exclusive. Such states were produced in Zeilinger’s laboratory in 1998, and two years later confirmed the quantum predictions. As attention turned to the closure of ‘loopholes’, commercial prospects were being explored in experiments using an installed fibre-optic network, sending entangled photons 8-9 kilometres to two Swiss villages. In 2017, entangled photons were bounced from Micius, a dedicated experimental satellite, to ground stations in China 1100-1200 kilometres apart. Bell continued to rail against the orthodox interpretation of quantum measurement until his death in 1990. Bohm departed two years later.
Individual Income Taxation
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

Income taxation is the cornerstone of the authors’ approach to longer-term reform. Therefore, it is important to examine how income is derived both methodologically and practically. The specific practical structure proposed in this chapter is based on the use of Advance Payment Agents, described in Chapter 2, to collect tax on the components of income as they accrue. The extent to which taxable income is aggregated into an empirical measure of comprehensive income with the advanced payments used as a credit will depend on administrative capacity and public awareness. A practical standard for income taxation is described in this chapter. The standard is an empirical measure of income from market interactions based on one derivation of Haig-Simons Income. The standard is an objective to be achieved through time. Knowledge of the standard is necessary, however, in order to implement piecemeal policy consistent with the longer term goal. One strategy for emerging economies is described.
Centering the Learner in Arts Education for Older Adults
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J.
Published: April 2024

“Centering the Learner in Arts Education for Older Adults” offers essential theorization necessary for reimaging the role of arts-based lifelong learning for older adults across America’s communities. This chapter addresses the dearth of conceptual and theoretical resources that are crucial to advance arts education for older adults by drawing from cognate academic fields, such as folklore, gerontology, and education. This chapter discusses theories supporting creativity, culture, folk groups, and the arts in the life course from an arts educator’s perspective. The chapter concludes with articulating a framework that supports key recommendations for designing and implementing learner-centered arts education programs. Overall, this chapter provides crucial theoretical foundations for understanding why and how the field of arts education needs to be reconceptualized for older adults.
Creating a Learner-Centered Transformative Arts Education Environment for Older Adults
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J.
Published: April 2024

“Creating a Learner-Centered Transformative Arts Education Environment for Older Adults” builds on the theoretical foundations introduced in the previous chapter with an in-depth discussion of transformative learning theory. The field of lifelong learning is introduced, and transformative learning theory is presented as an essential theoretical construct for reconceptualizing arts education programs for older adults. Professional competencies regarding working with older adults are identified and critiqued. The chapter ultimately integrates transformative learning theory into a multidisciplinary conceptual approach to lifelong learning. This leads to a set of concrete practitioner-oriented recommendations for using this theoretical approach in developing arts-based educational programs for older adults.
Arts Programs for Older Adults in Residential and Clinical Care Settings
Authors: Lambert Patricia Dewey , Blandy Doug , Wyszomirski Margaret J.
Published: April 2024

“Arts Programs for Older Adults in Residential and Clinical Care Settings” transitions from a focus on community-based programs that older adults are able to access independently to an analysis of how arts in healthy aging programs can be provided in senior living settings and healthcare facilities. This chapter provides a concise overview of America’s complex eldercare and healthcare system, an introduction to matters pertaining to healthcare quality and healthcare consumerism, and a basic introduction to Medicare, Medicaid, and long-term care. Key concepts in age-friendly healthcare and patient-centered care are introduced in this chapter. The chapter also provides a descriptive analysis of pathways for arts programs to be developed to serve patient groups across the care continuum ranging from independent living, to assisted living, to clinical care.
Transitional Takeaways
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Chapter 6 offers normative takeaways for transitional justice in the Czech Republic. Following 1989, informers were cast as dangers to the nascent liberal democracy. This scapegoating, unjustified in light of what had actually motivated informers, might have provided a sense of comfort to many Czechs. Chapter 6 interrogates this comfort and unpacks its problematic aspects. Additionally, it questions the putative virtues of transparency and explores cruelties that inhere in opening the StB files to the public in a largely unadulterated fashion. This chapter then pivots from the Czech experience to broader prescriptive questions about the place of informers in transitional justice. Encouraging goals of rehabilitation, reconciliation, and reintegration in the case of everyday informers—rather than ostracism and rejection—the chapter proposes a heuristic that could guide transitional justice mechanisms in how they approach informers. This heuristic aims to promote dignity and render transitional justice more transformative.
On the Threshold of Modernity
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

The main aim of the four chapters in Part I Justifying War in the Nineteenth Century: A European Tradition is to underline the constant need for justifying war in nineteenth-century discourse on war and international order. Chapter 3 reconstructs the great transformations in the discourse of war and international order that were triggered at the ‘threshold of modernity’. It is argued that the modern discourse on war and peace emerged in the context of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. While modern narratives such as nationalism and popular sovereignty entered the political practice of justifying war (Chapter 3.2), two political theorists were to become constitutive for the modern discourse on the legitimacy of war: Immanuel Kant and Carl von Clausewitz (Chapter 3.3).
Between Might and Right
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

Chapter 5 deals with political, public, and legal debates that accompanied the crises and interstate wars between 1853 and 1878. The chapter’s focus is on the international debates on the legitimacy of war in the context of the Crimean War of 1853–56 (Chapter 5.2) as well as on the Italian (Chapter 5.3) and German Wars of Unification (Chapter 5.4). As can be observed in these Great Power debates on justifying war, the multilateral diplomacy that followed the 1814/15 Congress of Vienna had given rise to stable normative expectations. The proposition that war could be waged without an internationally accepted ‘just cause’, as the thesis of liberum ius ad bellum claims, can be falsified in this chapter with reference to the discourse between 1815 and 1878. Even after the Crimean War, many wars between the Great Powers were prevented through diplomacy. As becomes obvious in this chapter, the institution of the Concert of Europe only ceased to exist with the First World War.
Recht zum Krieg
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

The main argument of Part II Emergence of a Myth: A German Sonderweg? is that the myth of liberum ius ad bellum is not an early twentieth-century ex post construction. Rather, it began to emerge in the context of the German Empire. To develop this argument, Chapter 7 reconstructs how a Clausewitzian school gained in importance in the Kaiserreich’s legal discourse during the Wilhelminian era (1890–1918). In 1888, German lawyer Heinrich Rettich published a treatise entitled Zur Theorie und Geschichte des Rechts zum Kriege, probably the first legal work of the nineteenth century to assert liberum ius ad bellum as a positive legal norm (Chapter 7.2). Rettich introduced realist viewpoints, developed into legal discourse by German nationalist historians and philosophers such as Heinrich von Treitschke and Adolf Lasson (Chapter 7.3). While Rettich had some reservations about openly acknowledging the primacy of politics in his text, numerous influential German lawyers after him, such as Christian Meurer or Karl Lueder, strictly dissociated themselves from the internationalism of their liberal contemporaries (Chapter 7.4). They developed a second, bellicist variant of the thesis of the ‘free right to go to war’ (Chapter 7.5). Both variants—the positivist and the bellicist—were largely of German origin.
War, Normativity, and the Birth of Modern International Order
Authors: Simon Hendrik
Published: April 2024

The concluding chapter brings together the findings of Part I and Part II. In view of the nineteenth-century normative order regulating the use of force in international relations, the thesis of liberum ius ad bellum must be rejected as a myth. Here, the question of continuity and change is posed once again. Although positive international law became increasingly important in political debates in the second half of the nineteenth century, the discourse on war and international order remained characterized by multiple normative narratives throughout the entire century. Based on this finding, I develop two final arguments: first, as ‘multinormativity’ is still with us, it seems worthwhile to examine the role of norms in more recent war discourses beyond the vocabulary of legal positivism. Second, and this is shown throughout the study, the results clearly indicate that there is a need for a more systematic historical engagement with discourses justifying war in the past and present. After all, the emergence of the myth of liberum ius ad bellum was only possible because historical accounts of nineteenth-century normative war discourses were long neglected and ignored.
Striking Back
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

This chapter outlines the anatomy of a century of syndicalist tradition. Spanning anti-colonial and postcolonial spatialities and temporalities, this protestscape investigates the General Union of Tunisian Workers’ (UGTT) as a formidable anti-systemic force leading the “insurrectionary politics” of the 1970s onward. The type of dissent featuring in this protestscape predates Tunisian state-making. Yet, protests by unions came closest to unmaking the state. The union’s vacillation between cooperation and confrontation with the state resonates throughout. Empirically, the analysis draws on primary data from previously unused newspaper archives and UGTT documents, along with Tunisian literature on the subject. The chapter traces the build-up, execution, and fallout of popular protest in the 1978 General Strike (“Black Thursday”) and the bread riots of 1984. In so doing, it de-mythologizes the most structured syndicalist organization in the Arab region. The interpretation sheds light on the agentic, affective, and cognitive elements framing the didactic/learning and dyadic nature of UGTT protests, trans-historically.
Becoming in Diachrony
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the protestscape of protestscapes, Tunisia’s 2011 revolution. It demonstrates how the diachrony of Tunisian protest unfolds. Time and space collapse as counter-memories, learned protest competencies, deepening socio-economic marginalization and political exclusion all come to a head. The revolution sparked in Tunisia’s Southern peripheries was decades in the making. Diverse and situated protestscapes converged into a Bakhtinian-type “carnival” turning reigning power relations and patterns of meaning-making upside down. The empirical analysis drawing on Tunisian newspapers, published testimonies, and interviews suggests that Ben Ali’s departure did not mark the revolution’s end. The Kasbah 1 and 2 sit-ins cemented popular demands for freedom and dignity. Protestors displayed a maturing agency, affect, and cognition of cresting peoplehood, further institutionalizing the emptying out of the authoritarian center. The analysis concretizes the strategies and experiences of nationwide popular protest in which human suffering and sacrifice loom large. It also hints at the incompleteness and indeterminacy of revolution as democratization commences.
Tunisia’s Ultras
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

The chapter proceeds with a critical reading of the football ultras Protestscape. It dwells on some of its notable features. Defying the “pre” and “post” labels, the motor of young super-fans’ rebelliousness runs strong over a decade after they mobilized and joined throngs demanding freedom, dignity, and Ben Ali’s departure in 2011. Next, whilst locating Tunisia’s ultras within the global ultras “culture,” the analysis focuses particularly on protest and spectacle. It deploys visual methods and multi-modal discourse analysis. It interprets songs and choreographies (dakhlah) and the ultras’ localized enacting of spectacles (resembling the religious hadrah). The language of ultras and the vocabulary they bring to Tunisia’s protest-revolution lexicon is an analytical focal point. This illustrates the affect of these performative acts eliciting agentic performances cognizing a peoplehood, yearned for but unfulfilled. These are vital for grasping the em-bodied and spatialized types of situated knowledges within this protestscape. The chapter closes with an exploration of the T‘allam ‘Oum campaign demonstrating conflict with the police over the last few years.
Conclusion
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla
Published: April 2024

Through an intertextual frame, this chapter offers reflective insights by way of conclusion. Taming the revolution critically and briefly brings into conversation peoplehood and democratization, heuristics and empirics. This is linked to the lens of protestscape interpretations, as an epistemology of writing revolution, in our case Tunisia’s. Protestscapes reveal peoplehood as agency, affect and cognition, interweaving with and through time and space. A key conundrum of revolution addressed here is how the people can go “missing.” Revolution can be fleeting and/or is never “whole.” Nor is democracy. The chapter considers how dissensus and agonism coproduce politics and democracy, against the backdrop of revolution.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin , Zarepour Mohammad Saleh
Published: April 2024

This introduction outlines the editors’ motivation for compiling Global Dialogues in the Philosophy of Religion From Religious Experience to the Afterlife and details its objectives. First, it emphasizes the significance of globalizing and diversifying the field of the philosophy of religion, highlighting the necessity of addressing issues relevant to various religious traditions for philosophical advancement. It then explains the structure of the book, illustrating how it facilitates engaging dialogues among philosophers from diverse religious backgrounds, fostering discussions on common philosophical themes. It concludes with the editors’ aspiration that the publication of this edited collection will help transform the philosophy of religion into a global, multi-faith discipline.
Indian and Tibetan Buddhist Accounts of the Epistemology of Awakening
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: April 2024

All Buddhist traditions ascribe omniscience to buddhas. But it is not always clear what this means. This is for two broad reasons. First, there is debate about what falls within the purview of a buddha’s knowledge. Does this include literally every fact, or only soteriologically relevant facts; does it include conventional truth, or only the ultimate truth, etc.?) Second, there is debate about just in what a buddha’s knowledge consists. Is it declarative, a matter of skill, of perceptual acquaintance, etc.? Addressing these debates raises interesting questions about epistemology more broadly, and about the role of knowledge in soteriology. The author of this chapter engages with some of these questions.
Jewish Faith and the King’s Four Sons
Authors: Verbin Nehama
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the chapter is to elucidate the grammar of ‘faith’ in Judaism. The author of the chapter argues that it functions as a ‘family resemblance’ concept, with diverse manifestations and no shared essence. Focusing on the presumed importance of faith as belief in some core principles and on the presumed significance of faith as trust, the author argues for the limited role of the so-called Principles of Judaism and emphasizes the key role of subversive narratives of protest and doubt in Jewish liturgy. Relying on a brief passage from tractate semachot, in which Rabbi Akiva describes the King’s four sons’ different manners of responding to affliction, and reflecting on the mishnaic concept of ‘controversy for the sake of heaven’, the author of this chapter proceeds to argue that the diverse visions of faith have a normative significance. ‘Faith’ in Judaism is a ‘family resemblance’ concept both descriptively and, for some, normatively too.
The Relationship between Science and Christianity
Authors: Cruz Helen De
Published: April 2024

How should we conceive of the relationship between science and religion? We often think of this as a theoretical question, pondered in the dispassionate halls of academia. However, the way in which we conceptualize this relationship in the public sphere also impacts the working lives of scientists, as well as the lived experience of laypeople and the concrete decisions they make. The author of this chapter argues that American lay Christians, as well as American laypeople more generally, view the relationship between science and religion as one of conflict. By contrast, conflict is a minority view in the academic literature on science and religion, where most authors defend a harmonious relationship (such as independence, dialogue, and integration). The author places the conflict view in a historical and contemporary sociological context and argues that the disconnect between the academic literature and public perception should lead us to reflect on the social role of the science and religion debate.
Incarnational Ethics
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: April 2024

What follows for morality if orthodox Christianity is true? More specifically, what conclusions we should draw from the Chalcedonian understanding of the Incarnation, on which Christ is both fully human and fully divine and is ‘like us in all respects except for sin’? A couple of desiderata for moral theory should be drawn from the Chalcedonian understanding: first, because Christ’s being like us in all ways but sin includes Christ’s being like us with respect to normative features, Christ is under the moral law in the same way that the rest of us are; and second, because we are to take Christ’s exhibiting both a divine and a human nature to be marvellous and astonishing, we should prefer a moral theory on which being human places one under the moral law but being divine does not. These desiderata give some support to a natural law understanding of the moral law.
The World to Come
Authors: Solomyak Olla
Published: April 2024

Jewish thinkers have held two opposing conceptions of life after death, or what is known in the Jewish tradition as the World-to-Come (Olam Haba). On the ‘intellectualist’ conception maintained primarily by Maimonides and Gersonides, the World-to-Come is an immaterial realm that exists in the present, which one enters upon death as a ‘pure intellect’ in virtue of the knowledge acquired throughout one’s life. On the alternative ‘supernaturalist’ conception defended by Nachmanides, Crescas, and others, the World-to-Come is the future post-Messianic reality of our own physical world, which one enters by being resurrected in a physical body when this time arrives. In this chapter, we’ll see that each of the two classic views faces challenges in providing a satisfying explanation of how it is that we can come to exist in the World-to-Come as ourselves. After presenting the central commitments of each view and briefly sketching these challenges, the author of this chapter proposes an alternative direction for thinking about the World-to-Come that is grounded in and inspired by Hasidic Jewish thought. It is suggested that the Hasidic tradition can be interpreted so as to offer an alternative conception of the World-to-Come—one that integrates certain core aspects of the two familiar views into a unified metaphysical picture, and may have the resources to resolve the difficulties they face at the same time.
Against Analytic Existence Entailments
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: April 2024

If the sentence ‘If certain simples are arranged chairwise, then there is a chair’ is analytic, it is an analytic existence entailment. (In this is resembles the sentence ‘If an object acquires a property, then there is an event.’) Amie Thomasson has defended the existence of and has made extensive use of analytic existence entailments. This chapter is a defense of the position that the sentences Thomasson identifies as analytic existence entailments are not analytic. What is analytic is, rather, ‘If certain simples are arranged chairwise, then, if those simples have a mereological sum, that mereological sum is a chair’.
Introduction
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

The Introduction explains the basis for focusing on regional systems for protecting human rights, and sets out the multidisciplinary approach the book takes. In particular, it presents the main idea that runs through the book, namely that nothing in the processes by which these systems were set up came about just like that: each human rights system (the African, European, and inter-American) was, is now, and always will be dependent on the good offices of the states that set it up in the first place. A proper sense of this vulnerability is central to an understanding of the workings of each Court.
Creation
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

This chapter looks at just how persistent states have been in defending their sovereignty. It looks at the considerable difficulties faced by those who have promoted the systems for protecting human rights and then worked to establish them, each in its own particular context, which has been decisive in shaping the development of each system. The chapter demonstrates that the myth of an easy, almost instantaneous creation of control mechanisms by states, on the basis of a process they promoted and supported, must be debunked once and for all. Only the combination of a complex set of factors explains why—at particular times, under specific circumstances, and thanks to the fierce determination of a few outstanding individuals—it became possible for the 3 Courts for the protection of human rights to be set up.
Efficacy
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence
Published: April 2024

Chapter 2 argues that effectiveness is simply not a given, and looks at how states persisted in tinkering with the rules governing the courts’ jurisdiction. The denunciation of the African Court’s jurisdiction by four African states—Rwanda, Tanzania, Benin, and Côte d’Ivoire—offers just one recent example, as well as the exclusion of Russia from the Council of Europe. The overall comparative analysis of the Courts’ institutional evolution points up just how fragile they are, given their dependency on the goodwill of the states and how complex and involved their situation is. In Europe, the process by which the European Convention on Human Rights was ‘jurisdictionalized’ for all 47 members states of the Council of Europe was quite a long and drawn-out saga, but the trend towards eventual acceptance was always clear. In the Americas and Africa, by contrast, the levels of acceptance of each Court’s jurisdiction vary enormously, even today, with predictably complex results.
Being Christian
Authors: Arnold John H.
Published: April 2024

This final chapter explores what it meant to ‘be Christian’ at an individual level, in the later thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries: what it meant in terms of the practices of life, bodily comportment, personal actions, and in terms of inner disposition, internal reflection, and cognition, ‘belief’. It uses one very lengthy inquisition deposition, by a shepherd called Pierre Maury, as its core evidence, turning also to preaching exempla, other inquisition depositions, and further evidence to explore various issues of bodily comportment, emotions, senses, perspectives, and social contexts. It seeks also, with the help of some key pastoral literature, to uncover the complexities of what ‘believing’ was understood to involve for ordinary Christians, and how this had become both more elaborate and more demanding by the fourteenth century. The chapter includes discussion of heresy, doubt, and belief in magic, alongside a core focus on orthodox lay belief.
On Prevalence and Prudence
Authors: Eyal Nir
Published: April 2024

John Roemer’s pragmatic proposal for luck-egalitarian planners normalizes risky choices for individuals’ social “types,” such that risk takers from types where the same risky behaviors are prevalent retain their just entitlements to societal redress, and ones from types where they are rare encounter just penalties. This chapter shows, however, that risky behaviors that are prevalent in one’s type do not always intuitively retain rights to redress, and that ones that are rare in one’s type do not always intuitively deserve a penalty. The chapter puts forth a pragmatic proposal that may complement and partly replace Roemer’s.
Progressive Reciprocal Responsibility
Authors: Savulescu Julian , Marber Peter
Published: April 2024

Why have some countries been able to implement quarantines and roll-out vaccines effectively quickly, while others have suffered with poor widescale public support and compliance? Part of the reason is because of a lack of fair, well-articulated government policies to deal with the costs of necessary lockdowns and other protocols, along with uneven citizen compliance and behaviour. We argue for a progressive reciprocity framework. We argue that governments have a responsibility to make the costs of mandatory restrictions of liberty reasonable and this provides a reciprocal responsibility to comply and sacrifice freedom and some level of well-being for the common good. We introduce a “Quarantine Bill of Rights”, as both an ethical, economic, and responsible template for governments and citizens responding to pandemics. It provides incentives for greater public quarantine and vaccine compliance which can end future health crises faster, thereby reducing overall societal harm. We ask individuals to take responsibility during a pandemic, but this is a reasonable demand only if states themselves take responsibility for the ongoing welfare of their citizens, including those who bear the costs of government strategy to address pandemic threats, such as lockdowns and vaccination efforts. Our proposal also addresses the long-term economic damage when such crises have not been contained quickly enough. Such an accord should become a universal governing principle, perhaps under the auspices of the World Health Organization or another multilateral organization. Governments have responsibilities to all of their citizens, not merely citizens to each other.
An introduction to Bilateria
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Bilaterally symmetrical animals comprise the overwhelming majority of metazoan species. Bilaterality evolved once, early in the evolution of the clade known as Bilateria. The driving force for bilaterality was probably the evolution of active locomotion in search of food. Once bilateral symmetry and an anterior–posterior axis evolved, there was a significant radiation and diversification of different forms. However, many lineages converged on a simple long and thin body plan, which we identify by the generic term “worms”. All bilaterians, regardless of their general shape, have three germ layers, with the intermediate layer, the mesoderm, being one of the defining characters of Bilateria. Looking at the diversity of Bilateria, we can try to identify common characters that could have originated in the common ancestor of all Bilateria, a hypothetical animal known as Urbilateria. There is an ongoing debate about how complex this ancestor was, with some researchers reconstructing a simple worm, with the bare minimum needed to be a bilaterian animal. Others reconstruct a much more complex organism, with characters found in distantly related taxa.
Echinodermata
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Echinodermata is a bilaterian phylum with a body plan that has diverged significantly from the common bilaterian plan. Echinoderms are pentaradially symmetrical and have a unique type of mesodermal skeleton that lies just under the integument. In addition, they display several more unique structures and systems, such as the water vascular system that functions in gas exchange, excretion, and locomotion, and mutable collagenous tissue that is able to change its physical properties under neuronal control and become alternately rigid or relaxed. The five classes within Echinodermata each use these unusual components differently and have different manifestations of the radial symmetry, sometimes evolving a secondary anterior–posterior axis. The five extant classes are Echinoidea (sea urchins), Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Crinoidea (sea lilies), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers).
Migrant Remittances and their Recipients
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina
Published: April 2024

Before putting the book’s theoretical argument to the test, this chapter provides a descriptive overview of remittance trends around the world and considers the characteristics of remittances’ recipients in the region of interest. The first section of this chapter draws on cross-national data on remittances spanning three decades to offer an overview of remittance flows. The second section of this chapter leverages survey evidence from Central-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia to sketch the profile of remittance recipients in this region. The chapter also considers how households use remittances. It finally draws on focus group data to explore what remittances mean to recipients, a first for the literature.
Remittances and Interactions with the State
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina
Published: April 2024

This chapter demonstrates that changes in remittances alter the way recipients interact with, and rely upon, their state, particularly with regard to government welfare transfers and material assistance. The first part of the chapter explores how recipients interact with, and perceive the role of the state in the economy. The second part of the chapter explores what happens when remittances decline. Findings suggest that recipients are less reliant on state welfare goods than non-recipients and also believe that their state should play a reduced role in key sectors of the national economy. Nonetheless, they are also more likely to interact with their state. When remittances decline, recipients become more dependent on state transfers and they are also more likely to seek material assistance from the state. The analysis relies on cross-national survey data from Central-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia and on focus group data from Kyrgyzstan.
Pansophia
Authors: Burton Simon J. G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers Jan Amos Comenius, the trail-blazing Czech pedagogue, and his development of a Trinitarian and pansophic method for the universal reform of Church and society and the attainment of a human omniscience mirroring that of God. It seeks to reconnect the universal reformation of the seventeenth century with its late medieval roots. It begins by considering the way that his Ramist and Lullist formation combined with his own Hussite heritage and his engagement with Francis Bacon, Tomasso Campanella, and Rosicrucianism into a pansophic programme of reform. It also considers Comenius’ Lullist and mathematical reconfiguring of Ramism into a new Trinitarian and trichotomous logic. It concludes by showing how Comenius’ pansophia came to fruition in an ambitious project of universal reform profoundly indebted to Cusa and Campanella and seeking to fulfil Ramus’ idealistic dream of the renewal of Christendom and the total transformation of Church, academy, and society.
Culture and Globalization in Postconflict Trauma Care
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali
Published: April 2024

Chapter 6, “Culture and Globalization in Postconflict Trauma Care,” explores how culture, i.e., the normative ways of relating, behaving, and believing by a particular group of people, can shape the trauma experience, expression, and engagement. The chapter proposes extending the depth and scope of culture in both the clinic and the community with an aim to improving, scaling up, and empowering the mental health capacity of host nations through harnessing local sources of resilience. The chapter explores posttraumatic stress as a cultural entity among refugees, shaped by navigating various subcultures or by engaging with local cultural constructs of well-being and distress. The chapter uses Hollowell’s five frames to harness cultural knowledge by tapping into respondents’ descriptions of their experiences organized across five parameters of their behavioral sphere. It highlights the value of utilizing person-centered ethnographies to integrate subjective experiences, explores the role of local expressions of refugee well-being and illness and illustrates culture as dynamic that can be negotiated for the purposes of assimilation, building communality, or providing greater support for family members challenged by posttraumatic stress. Utilizing data from questionnaires provided to the Middle Eastern refugees in my study, the chapter highlight the five ways in which refugees manifested distress in their current situations: depression; affective distress (terror and sadness); distress in relationships whether with self or others; cognitive; and somatization. Cultural competence in refugee services means prioritizing a cultural frame for a better understanding of ethnocultural variations in distress to create effective and sustainable interventions with refugee communities.
Fading Hues, 1655–1793
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver
Published: April 2024

Chapter 5 traces a long decline for Danzig as Poland lost power on the international stage, beginning in 1655 and culminating in the Kingdom of Prussia’s seizure of the city amid the Partitions of Poland. Weakened by a massive Cossack uprising, Poland and Lithuania became targets of Russia in the east and, more important for Danzig, Sweden in the north. The First Northern War and its aftermath was costly for Danzig’s trade, and social unrest grew in the city as economic hardships exacerbated tensions between classes, between citizens and non-citizens, and between religious confessions. Uprisings and violence resulted in royal intervention and reform. The Great Northern War led to further economic stagnation. In his plans to acquire Danzig for the Kingdom of Prussia, Frederick II employed a series of tactics to weaken and isolate the city until it was finally swallowed up into Prussia in 1793.
Epilogue
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver
Published: April 2024

The epilogue discusses how Gdańsk’s peculiar relationship to its own history has enabled it to emerge intact from numerous catastrophic ruptures throughout its past. It has repeatedly adapted and rebuilt, navigating centuries of an ever-shifting political environment. The city’s secret to its survival through its many self-recreations is its inbetweenness. Gdańsk lives on the tension between historical wealth and relative periphery, between greatness and provincialism, between modernity and conservatism, between change and persistence, between boldness and faintheartedness, between captivity and aspirations of freedom. Repeatedly able to swap roles from the plaything of great powers to a major player capable of altering the course of history, it has survived all its historical periods, developing its enduring identity through multiple rebirths.
Consolidation, 1551–1575
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick
Published: April 2024

Texts composed by Bullinger after the Decades (1549–1551) and up to his death, in 1575, confirm the trend observed earlier. Bullinger continued to use organic-mystical terms associated with the covenant. Particularly instructive are explicit definitions of covenantal terms found in several sources, especially the comprehensive Summa (1556) and sermon notes on the book of Revelation and on Old Testament prophets. Bullinger’s theology of the covenant recognized that this terminology emphasized both the historical-legal and the organic-mystical dimensions, which proves to be a crucial insight for this study’s covenantal interpretation of the Second Helvetic Confession (1566).