bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Rucklidge Matt , Garnett Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of gastrointestinal surgery. It begins with a description of management principles for major gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, both open and laparoscopic. Surgical procedures covered include colorectal surgery; laparoscopic surgery (including laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic colonic surgery); appendicectomy; inguinal hernia repair, and anal/perianal procedures
Bariatric surgery
Authors: Kennedy Nicholas , Reeve Katherine
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of obesity surgery (bariatric surgery). It begins with an introduction to obesity surgery; risk scoring; indications for when obesity surgery should be offered. Surgical procedures covered include intragastric balloon insertion and removal; gastric banding; gastric bypass, and sleeve gastrectomy.
Liver procedures
Authors: Kotze Alwyn , Manawaduge Nilmini
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of liver procedures. It begins with a description of the anaesthetic management of acute oesophageal bleeding, transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt procedures, liver transplantation and hepatic resection.
Gynaecological surgery
Authors: Todd Claire
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of gynaecological surgery. It begins with a discussion of general principles. Surgical topics covered include hysteroscopic procedures; evacuation of retained products of conception (ERPC); suction termination of pregnancy (STOP); laparoscopy; sterilisation; hysterectomy (vaginal and abdominal); and ectopic pregnancy. It includes pertinent anaesthetic features for a series of additional miscellaneous gynaecological procedures.
Maxillofacial and dental surgery
Authors: Martin Alastair , Bowden John
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of maxillofacial and dental surgery. It describes sedation for dentistry and anaesthesia for dental procedures including extractions. It then gives an overview of maxillofacial surgery. Specific surgical procedures covered include extraction of buried or impacted teeth; repair of fractures of the maxilla, orbit, facial skeleton and mandible; maxillofacial tumour surgery; facial reconstructive surgery, and maxillary or mandibular osteotomy.
Ophthalmic surgery
Authors: Williamson Peter B
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of ophthalmic surgery. It begins with a description of general principles, including anatomy and physiology of the globe and orbit, preoperative considerations of ophthalmology patients, and a discussion of different ocular block techniques. Surgical procedures covered include cataract extraction and intra-ocular lens (IOL) implantation; strabismus surgery; vitreo-retinal surgery; dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR), and repair of penetrating eye injuries.
Paediatric and neonatal anaesthesia
Authors: Berg Simon , Campbell Stewart
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the neonate, infant and child. It begins with a description of neonatal physiology, then discusses fluid management, anaesthetic equipment and the conduct of anaesthesia in children, including postoperative analgesia. Regional anaesthetic techniques in children are discussed, including caudal, epidural, spinal and regional nerve blocks. Surgical procedures covered include repair of diaphragmatic hernia; gastroschisis/exomphalos; tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF); patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); pyloric stenosis; intussusception; herniotomy; circumcision; hypospadias repair; orchidopexy; cleft lip and palate; congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV); femoral osteotomy, and inhaled foreign body. It includes a discussion of paediatric sedation, paediatric medical problems, paediatric advanced life support, resuscitation of the neonate, the collapsed septic child, stabilisation of the critically ill child, and paediatric drug doses and equipment.
The emergency patient
Authors: Chandrasekharan Shardha , Mistry Ravi , Frei Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the management of the emergency patient. It begins with tracheal intubation of critically ill adults then discusses sepsis and septic shock, the emergency laparotomy, the ICU patient going to theatre and transferring the critically ill.
Iconoclasm
Authors: Brubaker Leslie
Published: November 2021

Iconoclasm is the modern name used to describe the debate about the legitimacy of portraits of Christ, Mary, and the saints in Orthodox devotional practice that began in the 720s and was resolved with the “triumph of Orthodoxy” in 843. It had an impact on Byzantine culture in two fundamental ways. First, it sealed the importance of visual communication at the heart of Orthodox devotional practice and theology. Second, by establishing that images of saints (icons) allowed the believer to channel prayers to the saint portrayed, the pro-image doctrine that emerged in the ninth century ensured that all believers—not just priests—had equal access to the divine.
Italy, the Crusader States, and Cyprus
Authors: Georgopoulou Maria
Published: November 2021

The Roman and Byzantine heritage provided a background for art in Italy from the time of Justinian until the Renaissance. Mosaics in Norman Palermo and medieval Venice served as hallmarks of polities striving to advertise their imperial pedigrees, while reliquaries and diplomatic gifts adorned in the Byzantine techniques of enamel and encrustation offered a link with venerated traditions. Later stylistic borrowings from Byzantium (known as maniera greca) marked Italian religious imagery. Byzantine art was also a major source in Crusader art as well as in Cyprus, which was a Byzantine province with close ties to Constantinople. In the Holy Land and medieval Greece the Byzantine past remained active in both architecture—secular and religious—as well as in painting.
Acceptance and Adaptation of Byzantine Architectural Types in the “Byzantine Commonwealth”
Authors: Johnson Mark J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to the influence of Byzantine architecture on its neighbors, in particular in Bulgaria, Serbia, medieval Rus’, and the Veneto and the Norman Kingdom of southern Italy. In particular, it notes the adoption of the cross-in-square church type in these territories and their adaption of the form to reflect local building practices and aesthetic choices. Also examined are new architectural types that combined Byzantine architectural ideas with local ones in hybrid forms. The influence of the Byzantine Great Palace on palace design outside of Byzantium is also noted.
Stone Sculpture
Authors: Brooks Sarah T.
Published: November 2021

Decorative stone sculpture is one of the most enduring and prestigious forms of decoration in Byzantine buildings of all kinds and from the empire’s whole history. Whether serving as support critical to infrastructure, or as pure adornment, this sculpture was a hallmark of the Byzantine architectural tradition. Often, it indicated the highest levels of patronage. Sculpted stone elements used in the decoration of buildings often included columns, capitals, and entablature blocks; moldings; cornices; window and door frames; fountains; sarcophagi and architectonic frames for arcosolia, or niche tombs; furnishings, including church altars, ciboria, ambos, baptismal fonts, and templon screens, as well as domestic items such as tables, seating, and shelving; and decorated stone panels displaying dedicatory or commemorative inscriptions.
Amulets, Crosses, and Reliquaries
Authors: Pitarakis Brigitte
Published: November 2021

The Byzantines deployed an array of spiritual weapons for worship and protection, revealing links in the function and decoration of Christian amulets and private objects of devotion. The variety of these metal objects offers insight into the evolution of practices of belief from the Holy Land to Constantinople. The development of the cult of the True Cross relics in conjunction with a growth in popularity of saints’ relics following Iconoclasm, grounded in a growing belief in their intercessory powers, was gradually superseded by the cult of icons and development of miniature versions of icons, precious enkolpia carried on the chest. The Holy Rider spearing a female demon remained the most powerful image on amulets throughout the period considered.
Textile Media
Authors: Woodfin Warren T.
Published: November 2021

Byzantine textile arts can be grouped into Late Antique/Early Byzantine, Middle Byzantine, and Late Byzantine categories, dominated respectively by tapestry-woven decoration in wool, patterned silk textiles, and gold embroideries. Accidents of preservation have played a major role in determining what survives from each period and should be kept in mind when evaluating the history of Byzantine textile production. Nonetheless, these categories seem to reflect a series of real shifts in the focus of production. The first is a pivot from domestic consumption to the international mercantile context of silk production, controlled by the Byzantine court. The second, following economic and military setbacks (twelfth-thirteenth centuries), is a new emphasis on embroidered decoration, with the Orthodox Church as the dominant patron.
Religious Architecture
Authors: Mihaljević Marina
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a review of major developments in Byzantine religious architecture. During the long period of Byzantine history, ecclesiastical buildings manifested the highest societal aspirations both by their cultural importance and by their aesthetic qualities. The chapter offers insight into church plans as well as the variety of approaches to interior and exterior design. As written records addressing Byzantine building practices are almost nonexistent, construction techniques and elements of architectural styles are here noted as a testament to the various building practices in the Byzantine domain. Emphasis is also given to new methodological approaches that may contribute to further understanding of Byzantine religious architecture.
Devotional Practices and the Development of the Church Building
Authors: Stanković Nebojša
Published: November 2021

Orthodox Christian worship and devotions determined the planning, organization, and form of religious architecture in Byzantium. However, a church does not merely house religious events; it also has an impact on the way they are accommodated within a defined space. This chapter presents Byzantine church building as it was understood by its users and developed in relation to various segments of liturgical ritual and forms of devotion. An effort is made to address all periods, include developments in regions outside the capital, and examine some manifestations beyond the church building. At the end, there is an overview of issues and problems in the study of the subject, and of potential research directions in the field.
Private Collecting and the Art Market for Byzantine Artifacts
Authors: Schmidt Christian
Published: November 2021

After a review of the history of trading and collecting of Byzantine artifacts since the end of the nineteenth century, this chapter discusses the present movement pushing for an end to the antiquities market. As this market reacts like any other one, so the argument goes, the allegedly increased demand leads to higher prices and thus to an increased supply, served by a veritable explosion of illegal excavations. The consequences are devastating: destruction of archaeological sites, and archaeological finds without context being worthless from the perspective of archaeologists. According to the laws of the market, illegal digging would stop if demand dried up. At first glance, these arguments appear conclusive; on closer inspection, however, they turn out to be questionable.
On Marginality: La dolce vita’s Homosexuals
Authors: Dyer Richard
Published: November 2021

The situation of LGBT+ people has long been characterized as marginal, socially and textually. This is notably true of the history of LGBT+ cinematic representation. However, marginality takes different forms, at the level of characterization (notably in terms of functionality and vividness) and in terms of structure (sometimes really incidental, sometimes serving to create the contours of centrality or to underpin or undermine it). These distinctions are discussed through the case of La dolce vita, a film in which gay characters are apparently extremely marginal but to which they are in fact integral. Comparison is drawn with the representation of ethnicity in the film and of gay characters in a parody of it.
Invasion of the Child Snatchers: Pedophilic Seduction in New Queer Cinema
Authors: Osterweil Ara
Published: November 2021

Beginning in the mid-1990s and continuing through the first decade of the twenty-first century, American independent cinema began to engage the taboo of intergenerational intimacy as its animating provocation and ready-made narrative solution. This chapter analyzes two films associated with the New Queer Cinema that appear to challenge the conservative paradigms of erotic endangerment embodied by these films. By offering portraits of precocious adolescents whose shattering encounters with sexuality defy the norms of pedophilic representation, both L.I.E. (Michael Cuesta, 2001), and Mysterious Skin (Gregg Araki, 2004) mine the potential of queer sexuality to transform dominant narratives of violation into ambiguous dramas of sexual awakening and kinship. Yet, in spite of New Queer Cinema’s promise to offer an alternative to the standard depiction of the monstrous pedophile, these texts fail to embody a genuinely counter-cinema practice, relying instead on a paradigm of “pedo-normativity” developed in the midst of the AIDS crisis and the War on Terror.
Greener Pastures: Filming Sex and Place at Druid Heights
Authors: Youmans Greg
Published: November 2021

In 2018, the US Park Service finally deemed the informal artist colony Druid Heights, in California’s Marin County, eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. There is no act of preservation that can do justice to everything Druid Heights was and is, and it remains to be seen which aspects will get fixed as official history and which others will fade away or be left to haunt the place in unexpected ways. This chapter analyzes three films that staged competing visions of sexual freedom at Druid Heights: James Broughton’s experimental short The Bed (1967), the Mariposa Film Group’s gay and lesbian interview documentary Word Is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives (1977), and Ed De Priest’s heterosexual pornographic feature Skintight (1981). Together, these films present a valuable case study for understanding the role of cinema in political contestations over the meaning and use of space.
More Than Meets the Eye: On Facing without Fully Knowing the Queer Worlds around Us
Authors: Davis Nick
Published: November 2021

This chapter tracks a recent trend in queer narrative films that minimize psychological transparency, leave plot lines unresolved, and make facial close-ups affectively illegible. Such opacities regarding story and character refocus spectators instead on nuanced operations of power within specific cultural milieus. Thus, these films yield stealth versions of political cinema, hailing audiences into complex acts of richly intersectional social analysis and pushing film’s formal capacities to convey “personal” stories in ways that evade voyeurism and deprioritize identification. After opening with the Oscar-winning Moonlight (2016), which stipulates its lead character’s inscrutability to himself and others, including audiences, this inquiry delves further into three lesser-known contemporaries: Spa Night (2016), about a closeted Korean American teen; They (2017), a meditation on gender transition and national exile; and Tomcat (2016), an Austrian parable of the unknowability of humans and other animals.
VHS Archives, Committed Media Praxis, and “Queer Cinema”
Authors: Juhasz Alexandra
Published: November 2021

Committed media praxis is a doing as much as it is a knowing. Queerness is a manner of being as much as it is a politics, theory, or set of modish objects. This chapter about topics that are also processes—queer, media praxis, cinema—performs these across two acts: “Part 1: A Hesitant or Maybe Just Slightly Defiant Preamble,” is a creative unfolding, in the body of the text and as much so in its footnotes, of the author’s “queer feminist media praxis”: “Part 2: VHS Archives” is a demonstration of VHS Archives, a multisited, many-yeared project in experimental pedagogy, web-based archival engagement, and committed activist interventions into contemporary AIDS activism and queer media.
Mirror Scene: Transgender Aesthetics in The Matrix and Boys Don’t Cry
Authors: Keegan Cáel M.
Published: November 2021

What is trans cinema, and how do we know? Drawing on methods from the emergent field of trans studies, this chapter takes up the classic trope of the mirror scene as technique for expanding the archive of purportedly “transgender” cinema. Redeployed as a beside strategy, the mirror scene reveals contemporaneous films Boys Don’t Cry (1999) and The Matrix (1999) as mirror images of one another—a historical meeting place reflecting inverse explorations of transgender representation at the turn of the millennium. Reconsidering Boys Don’t Cry’s legacy in light of The Matrix’s trans authorship and aesthetics, the chapter works dually across these film’s bodies to illustrate how competing trans* imaginaries were developing within the late twentieth-century’s popular cinematic frame.
Teorema’s Death Drive
Authors: Young Damon Ross
Published: November 2021

This chapter offers a reading of Pier Paolo Pasolini’s Teorema (1968), not only as a major queer film, but as an early work of queer theory. Made in 1968, Teorema appears at a moment of political upheaval, and yet confoundingly discards a narrative of class struggle in order to focus on a series of sexual encounters between a handsome, unnamed stranger (played by Terence Stamp) and every member of a wealthy Milanese family. Does Pasolini’s first film to explicitly depict homosexuality entail a failure of his Marxist politics? Exploring the film’s political aesthetics, the chapter argues that what is at stake in Teorema is an aesthetic inscription of what Guy Hocquenghem, a few years later, would call “homosexual desire.” Far from describing a socially intelligible sexual orientation, this term names a movement towards dissolution and revolution, both material and metaphysical.
Excessive Attachments: Twenty-First-Century Queer and Trans Video Art in the United States
Authors: Simmons William J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the queer video artists who are working in the United States in the twenty-first-century and presenting their work primarily in gallery and museum contexts, either in traditional shows or performance/time-based interventions. Their work is divided into purposefully capacious and fluid categories: reimagining a queer/trans world, restaging the medium, and re-articulating appropriation. Queer affect is considered alongside discourses of self-reflexivity and appropriation that are central to art-historical debates around modernism and postmodernism. Above all, the chapter argues that contemporary queer video art is untethered in its definition but nevertheless constellates around certain themes and bodies. Expanded definitions of queerness often negate the specific strategies taken on by queer and trans artists and privilege a nonspecific and disembodied queer abstraction. The chapter seeks to supplement those lacunae with new ways of theorizing media alongside new ways of theorizing queer representation.
Lesbian Cinephilia and Digital Affordances
Authors: White Patricia
Published: November 2021

This chapter revisits critical work on the challenges and promises of lesbian cinema spectatorship in light of new media technologies that allow for citation of audiovisual images. Analog videos made by lesbians in the 1990s about the homoerotic pleasures of watching classical Hollywood films are compared with contemporary queer fan videos and community practices on the internet as well as with scholarly video essays. Close readings of these works speculate on the connections between the datedness of cinema as a medium in the digital era and uneasiness with the connotations of the term lesbian on the part of contemporary queer women. Carol, the 2016 film adaptation, by Phyllis Nagy and Todd Haynes, of the 1950s lesbian romance by Patricia Highsmith is an example of a work that appeals to contemporary viewers by engaging both lesbian and media history.
Looking Through the Rearview Mirror
Authors: Williams James S.
Published: November 2021

Probing the continuities and discontinuities of queer representation and expression in the vast, multiform corpus of French cinema up to 1945, this chapter celebrates moments of queer visual and auditory intimacy and pleasure in both celebrated and little-known or neglected films. It aims to prove that early French cinema, despite its all-too-evident heterosexist matrices and repressive tendencies (notably the negative and often highly crude, fetishizing stereotypes of the “homosexual,” “lesbian,” and “cross-dresser”), also discloses unpredictable and non-normative aesthetic spaces or “interzones”—of filiation, desire, and sensation—that resist easy categorization (social, cultural political), elude the gender fixities of the period, and are rich in radical ambiguity and queer suggestion, even subversion. A new, materialist, queer aesthetics and historiography is proposed that ties early French film production and spectatorship to abiding aspects of the French cinematic tradition such as cinephilia and film criticism.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education and Its Implications for Human Capital Development in China
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee
Published: November 2021

Education plays a fundamental role, through human capital development, in building the innovation capability and ultimately sustainable economic performance and competitiveness of a nation. In its effort to catch up and increase China’s global competitiveness, the Chinese government has embarked on an ambitious development program in recent decades and treats the educational transformation as part of China’s broader development strategy underpinned by innovation. This chapter examines the role of the state in education reform to raise the creativity and innovation capacity of the nation. It discusses characteristics and pitfalls of creativity/innovation education and entrepreneurship education at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels with reference to teaching objectives, mechanisms/techniques, and effectiveness. It also proposes a number of suggestions for key stakeholders to develop an integrated and effective system of innovation and entrepreneurship education to meet various needs of individuals, communities, and society.
Reforms of the Science and Technology Management System
Authors: Hu Zhijian , Li Zhe , Lin Xianlan
Published: November 2021

China’s science and technology system and its developing history were reviewed by this chapter, including science and technology investment, research institutions, research funds, enterprise transformation, scientific research talents, and so on. In recent years, China has stepped up its reform efforts, clarified the positioning of different types of scientific research institutes, established research and development and service networks, opened up the channel for achievement transformation, and supplemented by talent incentive and integration of scientific research bases, so as to effectively solve the problems affecting innovation efficiency. Facing the future, the direction of further reform is to strengthen the construction of legalization and institutionalization.
Capabilities Accumulation and Development
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Yu Xiaodan
Published: November 2021

The chapter analyzes the basic ingredients and processes underlying the “great transformation” from traditional, mostly rural economies to economies driven by industrial activities and advanced services, able to systematically learn, imitate, and innovate. In that transformation, a major driver is the accumulation of knowledge and capabilities. Thus, the chapter addresses the nature of such knowledge and the ways its accumulation co-evolves with the “economic machine”—presiding over income growth and distribution—and with the systems of social relations, institutions, and policies. The latter are crucial in nurturing (or hindering) technological and organizational learning. Even if these vary a lot across historical experiences, all successful episodes have in common fundamental departures from “pure market” prescriptions, but rather shape market signals and the very nature and strategies of economic actors. Finally, in the context of these “historical lessons,” the chapter focuses on the analogies and specifications of the case of China.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection
Authors: Huang Can , Sharif Naubahar
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides background on China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) system. It explains the surge in patenting activity in China over the past two decades. Given the central role played by universities and public research organizations, the chapter details the legislative progress made in management of intellectual property with respect to technology transferred from these two key actors in China’s innovation system. The chapter also outlines the challenges that still remain with regard to management of intellectual property and patent licensing on the part of Chinese universities and public research organizations. Finally, the chapter documents the most recent legislative changes in China’s IPR system in order to strengthen it further.
Innovation Strategies of Multinational Corporations in China and Their Contribution to the National Ecosystem
Authors: McKern Bruce , Yip George S. , Jolly Dominique
Published: November 2021

For many years, and with great emphasis since 1995, China has followed a technology-and education-led development strategy. Foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) have played an important role in China’s growth, in developing innovations and contributing to the creation of intellectual capital in China. This chapter reviews the role of MNCs in the creation of foreign intellectual capital in China and its transfer to Chinese firms, including incentives and policy implications for indigenous innovation. It also discusses the evolution of MNCs’ research and development (R&D) strategies in China, China’s policies toward attracting foreign intellectual capital, and the changing policy environment.
Internationalization of Chinese Research and Development
Authors: von Zedtwitz Max , Quan Xiaohong Iris
Published: November 2021

The internationalization of Chinese research and development (R&D) is a fairly recent phenomenon and still ongoing process. What makes the rise of international Chinese R&D remarkable is that this is—alongside India—one of the first such endeavors by a developing country with already one of the most substantial global R&D footprints, even including Western countries. Similar motivations and challenges of earlier R&D globalization are replicated and observed also in the recent Chinese internationalization, with a few emerging country-specific nuances, such as the focus on technology acquisition through merger and acquisition (M&A) and suspected central coordination by the Chinese government, which has given rise to challenges of its own for Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). In this respect, China seems to have been the victim of its own success; the future of Chinese R&D internationalization bears both opportunities and challenges for the global innovation community.
Market Demand, Consumer Characteristics, and Innovation in Chinese Firms
Authors: Zhu Hengyuan , Wang Qing
Published: November 2021

Market demand is an important force to shape innovations, especially in a latecomer economy with a huge population like China. Drawing on the demand-side perspective on innovation (DSPI), this chapter investigates the market demand and consumer characteristics in China and their strategic impact on firms’ innovation activities and performance. This chapter stresses the importance of a demand-side approach for studying innovation in China and explores the characteristics of market demand and the interaction with innovation in the context of the past forty years of rapid economic growth and technological advancements. Managerial and policy implementation of market demand on innovation are also discussed.
Manufacturing Power Strategy
Authors: Mayer Jörg , Sun Huifeng
Published: November 2021

To avoid becoming stuck on the middle rungs of the development ladder, China has embarked on a new and more balanced strategy that assigns a greater role to domestic demand and to improvements in technology innovation capacity, especially in its industrial sectors. The government is pursuing a new strategy through a focus on strategic industries with a high content of innovative technology. The Manufacturing Power Strategy and a range of key policy initiatives incorporated within it are the strategic components of China’s new innovation-focused industrial policy. The Manufacturing Power Strategy is the key element of China’s longer-term strategy aimed at closing the technology gap with advanced economies and deriving more of its growth impetus from higher indigenous-innovation-based productivity. It is still not easy, however, to comprehensively assess whether the industrial policy is accelerating or slowing down the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry.
Policy and Managerial Implications for China and Other Countries
Authors: Fu Xiaolan , McKern Bruce , Chen Jin
Published: November 2021

In this final chapter, the editors present a set of ideas arising from the analysis in the Handbook and other research, drawing implications and suggesting policies oriented toward positive developments in innovation for China and other countries. Implications for government and business are discussed and areas for future research are identified. The chapter groups the implications of the research under three headings that identify key groups of stakeholders.
The Development of Innovation Studies in China
Authors: Mu Rongping , Chen Jin , Wenjing Lyu Rebecca
Published: November 2021

Innovation studies (IS) has been an interdisciplinary research field over decades of development, based on economics, business and management, sociology, policy, organization studies, and other related subjects. This chapter examines the origin and evolution of the field of IS and systematically reviews the key academic achievements and contributors in the IS community. This chapter also proposes a comprehensive and integrated research review for IS in China. In fact, despite its irreplaceable and essential role in economy, innovation also enjoys an important position in theoretical research in China. Based on unique innovation management practices in Chinese enterprises, Chinese scholars have proposed several unique innovation theories, such as “3I pattern” (imitation, improvement, and innovation), indigenous innovation, total innovation management, etc. Now, during its transition from a major innovative nation to a super innovative nation, China is facing the challenge of how to stimulate more major innovation patterns that would “change the world” in the era of the knowledge economy; thus, based on a holistic review of Chinese innovation journey, we propose a Chinese innovation paradigm and discuss future directions for Chinese IS.
China’s National and Regional Innovation Systems
Authors: Xue Lan , Li Daitian , Yu Zhen
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an updated discussion of China’s national and regional innovation systems. First, it introduces the unique development path and distinct characteristics of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Second, it reviews the evolution of China’s national and regional innovation systems, which is divided into five periods: the pre-reform era (1949–1978), the end of the chaos and the beginning of a new era (1978–1985), the reform of China’s science and technology (S&T) system (1985–1998), the scaling-up of S&T system reform (1998–2006), and the improvement of the national S&T system (2006–2013). Third, it describes the overall structure of China’s national innovation system, illustrating the components and interactions (e.g., university-industry linkages, military and civilian integration) within the system. Then, it evaluates the overall performance of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Lastly, it points out future directions for deepening the reform of China’s national innovation system and continuing to pursue innovation-driven development.
Introducing Hedge Funds
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia , Wood Geoffrey
Published: November 2021

This introduction reviews recent research on hedge funds. The Handbook of Hedge Funds comprises 21 chapters from authors around the world. The chapters describe hedge fund industry governance, flows, limited partnership contracts, compensation, fund strategies, performance, activism, effects on investee firms, misconduct, misreporting, fraud, and financial regulation. Further, the chapters highlight differences with other types of intermediaries, such as private equity funds and mutual funds. The chapters feature both US and international analyses. This introductory chapter summarizes papers that appear in the handbook, provide a theoretical framework for research on hedge funds, and highlight research trends on topic.
Financial Technology and Hedge Funds
Authors: Kaal Wulf A.
Published: November 2021

Hedge funds have been on the leading edge of technology in finance with the use of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and blockchain technology. This chapter examines how and why private fund advisors utilize emerging technology. Some indicia suggest that emerging technology plays a primary role in front office and investment functions, in the securing of crypto assets, but also in private investment fund managers’ attempts to satisfy the growth expectations of clients. The use of emerging technology in trade execution and other back-office functions goes hand-in-hand with an ever-increasing interest in the private investment fund industry in investing in digital assets.
Hedge Fund Activism and Financial Performance
Authors: Heaton J. B.
Published: November 2021

The magnitude of changes in observable quantities of interest at hedge fund activism targets are economically small and unimportant except when the company is up for sale. When it can facilitate the sale of companies, hedge fund activism is likely to benefit target shareholders, though investors must consider whether the companies acquiring the targets are also in their portfolios and merely overpaying, so that money is simply shifting from one part of their portfolio to another. But the rest of hedge fund activism finds itself sitting with past rounds of shareholder activism of which it is only the latest manifestation. Like those past forms of shareholder activism, it just doesn’t seem to matter much.
Locating Hedge Funds in a Subjective and Political Economy Context
Authors: Clark Ian , Karakilic Emrah
Published: November 2021

This chapter pursues a holistic inquiry into hedge fund business models. First, the authors ask what sort of political economy context has enabled the flourishing and astonishing expansion of hedge funds. Second, they ask how the individual bodies and collective bodies, such as hedge fund traders and hedge fund firms, form as particular economic subjects within this political economy context. How, in other words, might one think of the socioeconomic and subjective milieu that informs and vindicates the rise of hedge funds as well as their characteristic features? Third, they inquire into how the hedge fund business model survived largely unscathed after the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 whilst the literature acknowledges the former as a driver of the latter.
Hedge Funds and Financial Misreporting
Authors: Jorion Philippe
Published: November 2021

The growth of the hedge fund industry can be ascribed to its performance-based incentive compensation system as well as a lighter regulatory environment. These features, however, could also potentially create more opportunities for financial misreporting and even fraud. In response, recent research has attempted to detect misreporting by using due diligence information or by examining patterns in hedge fund returns. Empirical evidence suggests that hedge fund fraud can be usefully predicted from due diligence information, especially evidence of previous misrepresentation. Predicting misreporting from hedge fund returns, however, is much more difficult. This is because returns may reflect patterns in underlying assets instead of manager manipulation. For hedge fund investors, the good news is that the accumulated body of experience about detecting misreporting should help improve the quality of hedge fund investments. In addition, newly-imposed registration requirements for hedge fund advisors should also lower occurrences of misreporting.
Tax Optimization of Hedge Funds
Authors: Lhabitant Francois-Serge
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the major legal structures available for hedge fund investing, and how different categories of investors— taxable US investors, tax-exempt US investors, and non-US investors—may use these to reduce the risk of double or triple taxation. Although sometimes complex, these structures allow investors to enjoy the benefits of characteristics inherent in hedge fund investments while being taxed as if they owned the same assets directly.
Tranexamic Acid for the Prevention of Blood Loss After Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Sentilhes L. , Sénat M.V. , Le Lous M. , Winer N. , Rozenberg P. , Kayem G. , Verspyck E. , Fuchs F. , Azria E. , Gallot D. , Korb D. , Desbrière R. , Le Ray C. , Chauleur C. , de Marcillac F. , Perrotin F. , Parant O. , Salomon L.J. , Gauchotte E. , Bretelle F. , Sananès N. , Bohec C. , Mottet N. , Legendre G. , Letouzey V. , Haddad B. , Vardon D. , Madar H. , Mattuizzi A. , Daniel V. , Regueme S. , Roussillon C. , Benard A. , Georget A. , Darsonval A. , Deneux-Tharaux C.
Published: November 2021

(N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1623–1634. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028788. PMID: 33913639)

As postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a common and potentially deadly complication worldwide, mitigating and reducing the risk of PPH is critical. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has recently been given to reduce postpartum blood loss as it reduces the breakdown of blood clots in the body and slows bleeding, decreasing the risk of adverse outcomes and mortality of hemorrhaging postpartum women. Smaller studies have suggested that prophylactic administration of TXA reduces postpartum blood loss following a cesarean delivery, and this study aims to provide evidence-based conclusions to corroborate those findings.
Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons
Authors: Shimabukuro T.T. , Kim S.Y. , Myers T.R. , Moro P.L. , Oduyebo T. , Panagiotakopoulos L. , Marquez P.L. , Olson C.K. , Liu R. , Chang K.R. , Ellington S.R. , Burkel V.K. , Smoots A.N. , Green C.J. , Licata C. , Zhang B.C. , Alimchandani M. , Mba-Jonas A. , Martin S.W. , Gee J.M. , Meaney-Delman D.M.
Published: November 2021

(New Engl J Med. 2021;384:2273–2282)

When the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines were granted Emergency Use Authorization by the Food and Drug Administration in December 2020, there was limited data concerning the safety of these vaccines during pregnancy. Pregnant individuals with COVID-19 are at higher risk for severe illness, death and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other organizations have indicated that pregnant people can receive the COVID-19 vaccines. Monitoring pregnant individuals who have received the COVID-19 vaccines, and establishing safety profiles is important to inform future recommendations. This study reports on preliminary data on COVID-19 vaccine safety in pregnant patients.
MicroRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Chu Xiangyu , Wei Dan , Liu Xinxin , Long Di , Tian Xiaodong , Yang Yinmo
Published: November 2021

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is mainly attributed to low diagnostic rate at the early stage, highly aggressive nature coupled with the inadequate efficacy of current chemotherapeutic regimens. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in key processes of cancer development. The aberrant expression of miRNAs is often involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The discovery of tumor suppressor miRNAs provides prospects for the development of a novel treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. We reviewed recent progress on the understanding of the role of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer, highlighted the efficient application of miRNAs-based therapies for pancreatic cancer in animal models and clinical trials, and proposed future prospects. This review focuses on the promise of integrating miRNAs into the treatment of pancreatic cancer and provides guidance for the development of precision medicine for pancreatic cancer.
Endothelium in Coronary Macrovascular and Microvascular Diseases
Authors: Godo Shigeo , Takahashi Jun , Yasuda Satoshi , Shimokawa Hiroaki
Published: November 2021

The endothelium plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tone by synthesizing and liberating endothelium-derived relaxing factors inclusive of vasodilator prostaglandins (eg, prostacyclin), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factors in a distinct blood vessel size–dependent manner. Large conduit arteries are predominantly regulated by NO and small resistance arteries by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factors. Accumulating evidence over the past few decades has demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction and coronary vasomotion abnormalities play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Structural and functional alterations of the coronary microvasculature have been coined as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), which is highly prevalent and associated with adverse clinical outcomes in many clinical settings. The major mechanisms of coronary vasomotion abnormalities include enhanced coronary vasoconstrictive reactivity at epicardial and microvascular levels, impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent coronary vasodilator capacities, and elevated coronary microvascular resistance caused by structural factors. Recent experimental and clinical research has highlighted CMD as the systemic small artery disease beyond the heart, emerging modulators of vascular functions, novel insights into the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases associated with CMD, and potential therapeutic interventions to CMD with major clinical implications. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge on the endothelial modulation of vascular tone and the pathogenesis of coronary macrovascular and microvascular diseases from bench to bedside, with a special emphasis placed on the mechanisms and clinical implications of CMD.
Refractory epistaxis and Stamm's S-point
Authors: Kosugi Eduardo Macoto , Balsalobre Leonardo , Stamm Aldo Cassol
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review

Ethmoidal arteries are gaining increasing importance as the main source of severe refractory epistaxis. In this direction, Stamm's S-point, a specific bleeding point in the upper nasal septum, around the projection of the axilla of middle turbinate, posterior to the septal body, was recently described. The aim of this review was to present recent data on S-point and its role in severe refractory epistaxis.

Recent findings

Due to the hidden location posterior to the septal body, S-point is not easily identified by anterior rhinoscopy. When systematic endoscopic assessment was performed in severe epistaxis to search for the precise bleeding point, S-point was clearly the most identified (23.7–28.3%). Electrocauterization of bleeding point had high success rates (91.5–100%) and decreased the risk of recurrence bleeding.

Stamm's S-point plays an important role in severe refractory epistaxis, due to its frequency and stability. However, this specific bleeding point could not be easily identified, so systematic endoscopic assessment should be performed. Recent data has shifted the paradigm of the main source of severe epistaxis from the sphenopalatine artery to ethmoidal arteries and presented high success rates for electrocauterization of bleeding points as single treatment of severe epistaxis.
Moving and Handling Children After Death: An Inductive Thematic Analysis of the Factors That Influence Decision Making by Children's Hospice Staff
Authors: Tatterton Michael J. , Honour Alison , Kirkby Lorna , Billington David
Published: November 2021

Hospices for children and adolescents in the United Kingdom provide care to the bodies of deceased children in specially designed chilled bedrooms called “cool rooms.” In an effort to develop resources to support hospice practitioners to provide this specialist area of care, this study aimed to identify the factors that influence decision making when moving and handling children's bodies after death in a hospice cool bedroom. An internet-based survey was sent to all practitioners employed by 1 children's hospice. A total of 94.9% of eligible staff responded (n = 56). An inductive approach to thematic analysis was undertaken, using a 6-phase methodological framework. Three core themes were identified that inform practitioners' perception of the appropriateness of moving and handling decisions: care of the body, stages of care, and method of handling. The complexity of decision making and variation in practice was identified. Practitioners relied on both analytical and initiative decision making, with more experienced practitioners using an intuitive approach. Evidence-based policy and training influence the perception of appropriateness and the decisions and behavior of practitioners. The development of a policy and education framework would support practitioners in caring for children's bodies after death, standardizing expectations and measures of competence in relation to moving and handling tasks.