bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passenger Emotional Response Type and Timing during Automated Vehicle Intersection Negotiation
Authors: Domeyer Josh , Alsaid Areen , Liu Shu-Yuan , Lee John D.
Published: November 2019

Most automated vehicle studies have focused on limited automation where the role of the user is that of a driver, supervisor or fallback, but comparatively fewer have considered riders. If riders’ experiences are ignored, it could undermine the adoption of the technologies and, consequently, the realization of their anticipated benefits. A driving simulator study was conducted to evaluate the response of riders to intersection negotiation with conservative, moderate, or aggressive automated driving styles. Riders’ emotional responses—operationalized as changes in facial action units—were detected using video processing software. Results showed that changes in speed, acceleration, and jerk preceded changes in the facial action units and were associated with the magnitude of the change. The speed, acceleration, and jerk changes were represented in different automated driving styles that then affected the magnitude and timing of emotion response. Facial action units may provide a way to gauge riders’ emotional responses to vehicle control algorithms could be used to improve rider experiences.
Human Factors Capstone Research at the United States Air Force Academy
Authors: Tossell Chad , Donadio Bianca , Stewart Amanda , Tenhundfeld Nathan , Phillips Elizabeth , Driggs Jade , Haring Kerstin , de Visser Ewart
Published: November 2019

Prior studies have shown research projects completed as part of undergraduate curricula are not only becoming more commonplace, but they also provide substantial benefit to student learning. Given this evidence, the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership (DFBL) at the United States Air Force Academy has recently required capstone research for every cadet in the behavioral sciences major. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the human factors program has structured the capstone experience within the Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center (WERC) in DFBL. Even though some research experience has been a longstanding requirement in the human factors program for many years, the capstone sequence has led to a shift in what undergraduates are accomplishing in and out of the classroom. In addition to examples of current projects, we provide several recommendations for academic institutions to implement capstone projects.
Aerospace and Ergonomic Methods for Ear Anthropometry Supported by Bulgarian Research
Authors: Roebuck John A.
Published: November 2019

Translation into English has recently been completed for excerpts on ear and craniofacial anthropometry from an innovative, unpublished Bulgarian-language doctoral thesis written in 1986 by a plastic surgeon, M. M. Madzharov, MD-PhD; MD-SC. Most remarkable among the many benefits of the translation was revelation of heretofore unavailable text descriptions for 49 dimensions. Of these, 43 explain the titles and abbreviations with summary statistical data on ear measurements for young adults that were published in 1989 in the English language. Especially valuable among these data were four new and unique, long-axial ear lengths, all measured from a common ear landmark. These could locate “station planes” for cross-section views of human ears, similar to those for 3-D coordinate systems in aircraft and spacecraft fuselage engineering. Examples explaining the concepts and values of such a new approach to ear anthropometry are herein introduced, described and illustrated, together with previously recommended improvements in ear anthropometry notation and illustration, a virtual Ear Primary View Plane, a section plane through the ear long axis, newly introduced “semi-width” measurements extending perpendicular to the aforementioned section plane, new concepts of “view depths,” which are measured perpendicularly from the Ear Primary View Plane toward ear surfaces and a previously described three-axis aircraft motion analogy for defining static ear orientation. These innovative approaches are advocated for adoption by future researchers, designers of related hardware, modelers and standards developers.
Human Factors Ground Test Assessment and Protocol Development for Space Radiation Protection Concepts
Authors: Hanson Julie A. , Clowdsley Martha , Thibeault Sheila
Published: November 2019

Human factors evaluations and procedures were developed in a series of ground tests in order to assess novel radiation protection concepts developed by industry leaders in aerospace. In addition, NASA’s current prototype space radiation protection vest and storm shelter concept were tested using the newly drafted human factors assessment materials. Evaluation procedures and wearable garment technology were tested at Johnson Space Center (JSC) using a small sample of current NASA crewmembers for garment testing. Results for the garment analysis indicated that the current radiation vest ultimately did not hinder task performance or impede mobility. Results from the storm shelter analysis indicated that crew were able to construct the shelter within the time allotment without difficulty and limited reference to instruction materials. These data will be used to further develop wearable garment technology and storm shelter designs. Newly developed procedures will be used in future ground tests to further assess novel radiation protection concepts.
Impact of the Frequency of Lost Links on Air Traffic Controllers’ Performance and Acceptability Ratings
Authors: Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Keeler Jillian , Fern Lisa , Mattoon Natassia , Rorie R. Conrad , Battiste Vernol , Shively Robert J. , Strybel Thomas Z.
Published: November 2019

A human-in-the-loop simulation was conducted to determine the effect of the frequency of loss link declarations on air traffic controllers’ sector performance and their acceptability ratings of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) operations. We used a short versus long transaction expiration time (TET) to derive the number of lost links in a condition, with the shorter TET resulting in twice as many lost link declarations compared to the long TET. We found that long TET conditions led to better performance than the short TET conditions. Moreover, controllers preferred the long TETs compared to the short ones.
The Use of Automatic Object Detection Signals from Smart Cameras to Enhance Bridge Operators’ Situation Awareness
Authors: Stuut Rutger , van Doorn Ellemieke , de Jong Karin
Published: November 2019

Errors in bridge/lock operations can have fatal consequences, which means adequate situation awareness (SA) is crucial during operators’ inspection process. Although operators from Rijkswaterstaat are well-trained and use carefully designed systems, accident reports revealed that SA is not always sufficient. Rijkswaterstaat considers smart cameras to support operators during their inspection process. Smart cameras have high detection rates, but they are not yet able to detect all relevant circumstances. This study therefore investigates whether reliable but partially inaccurate smart cameras enhance operators’ SA. Performance, eye movements and subjective SA were measured during an experiment. Results indicate that the applied (simulated) signals enhanced operators’ performance, which suggests SA was higher when assisted by smart cameras. Dwell time and time to first fixation revealed that signals were effective in gaining operators’ attention, and operators still actively searched for road users without awaiting signals. Subjective SA was not different when smart cameras were used.
Visualization of Food Bank/Agency Distribution
Authors: Delpish Ritson , Jiang Steven
Published: November 2019

Food banking generates large amount of structured and unstructured data typically stored and reported in spreadsheet format. The growing scale of data storage limit the effectiveness of traditional spreadsheet data exploration methods used by decision makers. Spreadsheets are generally convenient and easy to use for processing data, but less so for big data stores due to limitations such as capacity, computing performance, interactivity, and plotting capability. Visual analytics was proposed as an approach to improve information seeing using data provided by the Food Bank of Central and Eastern North Carolina. SAS Visual Analytics was used to generate interactive dashboards that included a geo map based on spreadsheet data for agency food distribution. Feedback from the Food Bank’s management indicate substantial interest for visual analytics as a decision aid. A formal study is planned to evaluate decision-making performance with the dashboard in comparison to existing food bank methods.
Evaluation of Trunk-Supporting Exoskeleton
Authors: Kazerooni H. , Tung Wayne , Pillai Minerva
Published: November 2019

Trunk Supporting Exoskeletons are increasingly being evaluated in workplaces as viable ergonomic interventions for reducing the risk of back injuries. A series of trunk-supporting exoskeletons have been designed and built at the University of California at Berkeley and suitX. These exoskeletons decrease the forces on the wearer’s back at L5/S1 location. This article describes one of these exoskeletons, referred to as backX, and its evaluation method. backX is designed not only to reduce the forces and torques on the wearer’s back at L5/S1 location, but also to allow the wearer to perform all kinds of maneuvers such as walking, squatting, ascending and descending stairs, slopes and ladders, riding bicycles and driving trucks. This study finds that average muscle activities of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles among equal populations of male and female subjects, wearing backX while maintaining forward bending postures, are reduced by 75% and 56% respectively. The results of this study and extended field evaluations indicate that wearing backX minimizes the risk of back injuries among workers who repeatedly go through stooping, squatting, and bending postures for various tasks, such as lifting objects.
Trust Engineering for Human-AI Teams
Authors: Ezer Neta , Bruni Sylvain , Cai Yang , Hepenstal Sam J. , Miller Christopher A. , Schmorrow Dylan D.
Published: November 2019

Human-AI teaming refers to systems in which humans and artificial intelligence (AI) agents collaborate to provide significant mission performance improvements over that which humans or AI can achieve alone. The goal is faster and more accurate decision-making by integrating the rapid data ingest, learning, and analyses capabilities of AI with the creative problem solving and abstraction capabilities of humans. The purpose of this panel is to discuss research directions in Trust Engineering for building appropriate bi-directional trust between humans and AI. Discussions focus on the challenges in systems that are increasingly complex and work within imperfect information environments. Panelists provide their perspectives on addressing these challenges through concepts such as dynamic relationship management, adaptive systems, co-discovery learning, and algorithmic transparency. Mission scenarios in command and control (C2), piloting, cybersecurity, and criminal intelligence analysis demonstrate the importance of bi-directional trust in human-AI teams.
Normobaric Hypoxia with a Simple Saccade Task Reveals Latent Performance Deficits in Service Members Affected by Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI)
Authors: Aura Christopher J. , Temme Leonard A. , St.Onge Paul M. , DeGraba Thomas J. , Bleiberg Joseph
Published: November 2019

82.3% of the traumatic brain injuries that U.S. Service Members and civilians sustain are concussions, also termed mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). Although the effects of concussion are relatively easy to diagnose in the acute phase, diagnosis remains difficult during the chronic phase. Here, we present data demonstrating improved sensitivity to oculomotor deficits of chronic mTBI through the use of a normorbaric hypoxic stress paradigm that approximates the partial pressure of oxygen encountered at about 13,000 feet above mean sea level. Saccadic performance was compared between mTBI and healthy control groups across normoxia, hypoxia, and finally upon return to normoxia. When compared to healthy controls at initial normoxia, the mTBI group showed a trend to poorer performance. At hypoxia and on return-to-normoxia, the difference between the groups increased to become statistically significant. Thus, hypoxia resulted in an increased saccadic impairment in the mTBI group, and, perhaps more importantly, the mTBI group evidenced a delayed recovery upon return to normoxia.
Perceived Applicability of a Big Five Personality Inventory for Computers
Authors: Sobel Briana , Sims Valerie
Published: November 2019

Anthropomorphism is the assignment of human traits to the behavior of computers. This may occur because humans are projecting their own mind onto the device. To measure this requires a direct comparison of mental traits, such as personality. This study seeks to determine if a personality inventory used for humans has items that can also be used to describe the perceived personality of computers. Participants rated the 50-Item IPIP Big Five Personality inventory for whether each question could describe a computer. Results show that only 16 of the items were rated at or above neutral in their ability to describe a computer. These items were validated with a factor analysis to show that they correspond to the dimensions of Conscientiousness and Openness in humans. This indicates that it may be possible to directly compare the ‘minds’ of humans and computers, but only on certain personality dimensions.
The Wisdom of the Market: Using Human Factors to Design Prediction Markets for Collective Intelligence
Authors: Canonico Lorenzo Barberis , Flathmann Christopher , McNeese Nathan
Published: November 2019

There is an ever-growing literature on the power of prediction markets to harness “the wisdom of the crowd” from large groups of people. However, traditional prediction markets are not designed in a human-centered way, often restricting their own potential. This creates the opportunity to implement a cognitive science perspective on how to enhance the collective intelligence of the participants. Thus, we propose a new model for prediction markets that integrates human factors, cognitive science, game theory and machine learning to maximize collective intelligence. We do this by first identifying the connections between prediction markets and collective intelligence, to then use human factors techniques to analyze our design, culminating in the practical ways with which our design enables artificial intelligence to complement human intelligence.
Everything but the Kitchen Sink: A Mixed Methods Approach to Health IT Usability Testing
Authors: Schubel Laura , Littlejohn Robin , Barrientos Ronald Romero , Arnold Ryan , Capan Muge , Miller Kristen
Published: November 2019

Usability testing has become a necessary step to successfully implement health information technology, but despite the expanded variety of usability methods, systems still are not guaranteed to meet user needs in a hectic and dynamic healthcare environment. The present work discusses some of the metrics employed with the intent of usability testing clinical decision support alerts for the early identification of sepsis patients. By utilizing methods such as eye tracking, think aloud protocols, human computer interaction, and more, health information technology can be adequately developed to ensure effective, efficacious, and optimal integration.
Toward Real-time Assessment of Workload: A Bayesian Inference Approach
Authors: Luo Ruikun , Wang Yifan , Weng Yifan , Paul Victor , Brudnak Mark J. , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Reed Matt , Stein Jeffrey L. , Ersal Tulga , Yang X. Jessie
Published: November 2019

Workload management is of critical concern in teleoperation of unmanned vehicles, because high workload can lead to sub-optimal task performance and can harm human operators’ long-term well-being. In the present study, we conducted a human-in-the-loop experiment, where the human operator teleoperated a simulated High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) and performed a secondary visual search task. We measured participants’ gaze trajectory and pupil size, based on which their workload level was estimated. We proposed and tested a Bayesian inference (BI) model for assessing workload in real time. Results show that the BI model can achieve an encouraging 0.69 F1 score, 0.70 precision, and 0.69 recall.
HFE in Diversity, Inclusion and Social Justice: A Practical Primer
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , Benda Natalie , Smith-Jackson Tonya L. , Nguyen Theresa , Gomes Kylie , Valdez Rupa , Wesley Deliya B. , Stonewall Jacklin
Published: November 2019

The HFES Diversity Committee is entering its third year following many years existing as a task force. We have built a series of annual meeting content over the past years, with panels introducing the task force and then the committee; last year, we shifted focus to highlight examples of HFE research advancing diversity, inclusion and social justice. We continue to build off of previous years’ sessions – last year concluded with several questions seeking practical, concrete advice and suggestions to advance DISJ through HFE research and within the society. Therefore, this year we present an alternative format session that will function as a group of mini-workshops: two focused on research, one on broadening participation in HFE and one of inclusive excellence within HFE training and education. Session participants will develop “how to” knowledge and leave with a network of likeminded peers, colleagues and potential collaborators.
Usability Study of the iProvèn BPM-337BT Blood Pressure Monitor and App
Authors: Cote Valerie , Rao Arjun H. , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: November 2019

This study involved a usability test of the iProvèn BPM-337BT, a popular wrist-based blood pressure monitor. With the increased variety of off-the-shelf blood pressure monitors, potential risks associated with various designs as well as usability and interaction issues remain unknown for many devices. The goal of this usability study was to discover any potential use errors and issues associated with user interfaces of the FDA-approved iProvèn BPM. Results suggest that the device had dense and unclear instructions, imperceptible icons on the display, and some inconsistencies in the application which could be redesigned to prevent use errors and increase user satisfaction.
Breaking bad systems with Human Factors and Ergonomics: Using Work Domain Analysis to identify strategies to disrupt trading in dark net marketplaces
Authors: Salmon Paul M. , Lane Ben R. , Desmond Dennis , Cherney Adrian , Kulatilleke Gayan , Matthews Anita , Lacey David , Stanton Neville A.
Published: November 2019

The trading of illicit goods in dark net marketplaces is a significant and growing global problem. This paper describes the findings from a study which involved the use of Work Domain Analysis in conjunction with a node breaking process to identify interventions designed to disrupt trading in dark net marketplaces. The analysis identified a series of critical disruption points and opportunities for disrupting dark net trading, including strategies to disrupt critical functions such as marketplace administration, reputation management, and product management. The analysis also showcases the potential use of Human Factors and Ergonomics for disrupting, as well as optimising, complex sociotechnical systems. The benefits of using Human Factors and Ergonomics to disrupt complex systems, as well as optimise them, are discussed along with potential application areas.
The Relationship Between Visual and Auditory Cue Utilization
Authors: Auton Jaime C. , Wiggins Mark W. , Sturman Daniel
Published: November 2019

Within high-risk operational environments, expertise has typically been associated with a greater capacity to extract and utilize task-relevant visual cues during situation assessment. However, a limitation of this literature is its exclusive focus on operators’ use of visual cues, even though cues from other modalities (such as auditory cues) are frequently engaged during this assessment process. Arguably, if the capacity for cue utilization is an underlying skill, those operators who have a greater capacity to use visual cues would also have developed a more nuanced repertoire of non-visual cues. Within the context of electricity distribution control, the current study recruited network operators ( N=89) from twelve Australian Distributed Network Service Providers. Using an online experimental platform, participants’ visual cue utilization was assessed using an online situational judgement test (EXPERTise 2.0). Participants also completed the Auditory Readback Task which assessed their capacity to utilize various auditory cues (namely, final rising intonation, fillers, readback accuracy) when recognising nonunderstandings. The results showed a partial relationship between operator capacity for visual and auditory cue utilization. The outcomes of the current research have practical implications for the design of cue-based training interventions to increase the recognition of communication-related errors within distributed environments.
The Impact of Concurrent Linguistic Tasks on Participants’ Identification of Spearcons
Authors: Davidson Thomas J. , Ryu Younji , Brecknell Birgit , Loeb Robert G. , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: November 2019

Spearcons (time-compressed speech) may be a viable display for patient monitoring, but the impact of concurrent linguistic tasks on spearcons has not been examined. We tested whether different concurrent linguistic tasks worsen participants’ identification of spearcons. Experiment 1 tested participants’ identification of spearcons representing 2 vital signs of 5 patients while participants did either no concurrent task, reading, or saying linguistic tasks. Experiment 2 tested identification of 48 single patient-monitoring spearcons while participants did no concurrent task, reading, listening, and saying linguistic tasks. In Experiment 1 the saying task worsened participants’ identification of spearcons compared with the other tasks. In Experiment 2, the saying and listening tasks each reduced participants’ accuracy at identifying spearcons, but the reading task did not. Listening had no more effect than the saying task did. Concurrent listening and saying tasks worsen participants’ identification of spearcons, probably due to auditory modality interference in working memory.
First and Immediate Responders: Current Capability Needs and Research Challenges
Authors: Prytz Erik G. , Hallbeck Susan , Goolsby Craig , Jonson Carl-Oscar , Langhelm Ronald , Mehta Ranjana K , Peres S. Camille , Wilson Darren P.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this panel will be to discuss current research and challenges relating to the work of first and immediate responders. The main discussion of the panel will have panelist challenge human factors researchers to consider new directions of research addressing current capability and knowledge gaps faced by the first and immediate responder communities.
How Noise Affects Patients in Hospitals
Authors: Jue Katie , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2019

Hospitals are where patients stay to improve their current condition and well-being. However, many studies demonstrate that noise has negative effects on patients during their hospital stays. Results from these studies show that areas such as sleep quality, speech processing, and various physiological functions are influenced by noise exposure. Most of the noise exposure that causes disturbances to the patients are generated by the staff and machines. This paper describes and discusses noise pollution in hospitals so that appropriate countermeasures can be applied to reduce noise. In addition to research on noise reduction strategies, recommendations regarding the improvement of human factors, such as staff training and hospital design, are discussed.
Modifications to the Decision Ladder to match frontline workers’ critical decision making
Authors: Lilburne Christopher M. , Hassall Maureen E.
Published: November 2019

The Decision Ladder (DL) Template is often used to understand workers’ reasoning processes. In high-hazard industries such as oil refining, frontline workers’ decisions are crucial to managing abnormal situations and preventing unwanted events. This paper describes research undertaken–using the DL Template–to analyze workers’ responses to abnormal situations as elicited during Critical Decision Method interviews. The paper firstly describes the evolution DL Template since Rasmussen’s original writings. It then describes challenges encountered when using the traditional DL Template to analyze interview responses. A modified DL Template is proposed that provides a more detailed top portion of the template to allow more explicit analysis of how knowledge-based reasoning might be used when addressing abnormal, safety-critical situations.
Putting the Applied in Applied Psychology: Experiential Learning Projects in the HFE Classroom
Authors: Lum Heather C. , Hancock Gabriella M. , Waldfogle Grace E. , Scholcover Federico , Kelling Nicholas
Published: November 2019

The objective of this panel is to open a dialog about how experiential learning is being represented within the human factors and ergonomic classroom. The panel will start by Heather Lum briefly giving an overview and the precipice for this discussion panel. The panelists will then provide their views and experiences regarding this topic. Gabriella Hancock will discuss how she prepares her students for ‘publish or perish’ through a hands-on assignment. Grace Waldfogle will discuss how her undergraduate applied project prepared her for graduate education in human factors. Federico Scholcover will share his experiences with a semester long design project and how he uses what he learned there in a job setting. Finally, Nicholas Kelling will discuss the industry-academia collaborative process and how it prepares students for life beyond the classroom. The specific theme of this discussion panel is focused on the differing perspectives that one might face rom either the instructor and student perspectives. Dr. Lum will foster discussion among the panelists and questions from the general audience.

Discussion time: 90 minutes.
Assessing workflow of emergency physicians in the use of clinical decision support
Authors: Salwei Megan E. , Carayon Pascale , Hoonakker Peter , Hundt Ann Schoofs , Novak Clair , Wang Yudi , Wiegmann Douglas , Patterson Brian
Published: November 2019

The emergency department (ED) is a complex environment where diagnoses must often be made quickly, based on incomplete information. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an especially challenging diagnosis that is frequently delayed or missed due to its non-specific symptoms, and can be life-threatening when not treated. Clinical decision supports (CDS) have the potential to improve these difficult decisions; however, previous efforts to implement CDS in the ED have faced challenges due to poor usability and lack of workflow integration. The objective of this study is to identify potential barriers to workflow integration from the technology’s implementation and inform the CDS design; this is achieved by analyzing ED physicians’ workflow during a usability evaluation of two different CDS, a web-based risk scoring CDS and a CDS designed using an human-centered design (HCD) process and human factors (HF) design principles. The number of cases matching the guideline-based workflow and the percent of correct diagnostic decisions increased from the use of the HF-based CDS, but varied depending on the patient scenario. We identified three workflow variations, which had both positive and negative implications for the CDS design and implementation. The workflow analysis can be used to inform the CDS design and improve the technology’s usability and integration in physician workflow prior to implementation.
Pilot Perceptions on the Integration of Electronic Flight Bag Information in New Flight Deck Designs
Authors: Yeh Michelle , Jaworski Joseph , Chase Stephanie
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to gather usability data on a new flight deck concept in which pilots are shown certified and uncertified information concurrently on installed avionics. Specifically, we wanted to examine perceptions on the concepts of concurrent use and differentiation for electronic flight bag (EFB) applications that show ownship position. We presented an uncertified electronic chart on either a portable electronic device (PED) alone (off to the pilot’s side) or on both a PED and an installed flight deck display. The uncertified electronic chart was always shown concurrently with an approved navigation source. We differentiated the electronic chart from the navigation information via display medium (portable vs. installed) and a header labeled “EFB,” drawn at the top of the uncertified electronic chart on the installed display. Thirteen flightcrews flew eight scenarios using the flight deck concept. Pilots liked the concurrent display of the electronic chart, and the repeated display functionality, in particular, because they could control the presentation of information on the forward display using the touch screen on the side display. Our method of differentiation—a header—was less successful and suggests a need to consider the potential for stimulus habituation when evaluating these techniques.
Toward a Definition of Complex Cognitive Skill
Authors: Chen Dar-Wei , Neville Kelly J. , Massey Lauren , Burbelo Gregory A. , Blankenbeckler Paul N. , Normand Sean , Uhl Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

Over the past several decades of information technology growth, work has become increasingly cognitive. It is also becoming more complex, thanks in part to growing networks of information, capability, and resources that link us and our work into large, distributed teams and organizations. In this paper, we assert that skills required for complex cognitive work are acquired in ways that qualitatively differ from the ways used for training routine procedural and rule-based skill. We conducted a literature review, peer workshop, and candidate-definition evaluation to derive a definition of complex cognitive skill (CCS). The CCS definition meets a number of evaluative criteria that include addressing complex cognitive work characteristics described in the relevant literature. The definition is expected to help researchers develop a more focused and coherent CCS research base and to help training practitioners justify the types of methods and resources required for supporting CCS acquisition. Future work will include assessing the definition for clarity, unambiguity, and, more generally, usefulness and usability.
Macroergonomics --- A Reappraisal
Authors: Smith Thomas J. , Robertson Michelle M. , Henning Robert A.
Published: November 2019

A series of organizational design and management (ODAM) challenges have emerged in recent decades that call for a reappraisal of the field of macroergonomics. These challenges can be grouped into three categories: updates to the sociotechnical systems model, and structural and transactional ODAM factors. The first two map to recent trends in globalization, technology, and demographics. The latter one maps to a series of new types of transactional demands on management related to community support, customer treatment, diversity, environmental impact, social media, sustainability, quality performance and treatment of workers. This analysis underscores that ODAM is a highly dynamic process mediated by the creation, retention and transfer of knowledge within an organization, defined as organizational learning. We conclude that this updated perspective of macroergonomics will improve the likelihood of this E/HF sub discipline remaining relevant in the face of a growing number of new challenges faced by present-day organizations.
Symposium: The Role of Human Factors Standards in Advancing Science and Practice: Some Examples from Automotive, Nuclear, Healthcare, and Petrochemical Industries
Authors: Green Paul
Published: November 2019

The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) has created a Task Force to help implement Goal D of the HFES Strategic plan ( https://www.hfes.org/about-hfes/strategic-plan ), to “translate the science of HF/E into practice.” One way for that to occur is for HFES publications to cite standards. This symposium will raise awareness of this idea and provide additional supporting materials. The focus is on 4 example applications - automotive (in particular, SAE standards for motor vehicles), healthcare (with a focus on AAMI), nuclear (from both the IEEE and NRC perspectives), and oil and gas. Papers in this symposium will (1) describe organizations and the groups within them that develop human factors standards for each of the 4 applications, (2) describe how to find human factors standards relevant to these applications, (3) summarize some of those standards, and (4) identify where human factors input is needed to improve the standards of each organization.
Precision Constraints during Pointing with a Stylus: Implications for Fitts’ Law
Authors: McConnell Daniel S.
Published: November 2019

Previous research on performance on the Fitts pointing task has identified the relative influences of task and effector constraints. Effector constraints are those specific to the motor and physical aspects of the task, such as movement distance, which tend to affect the overall duration of the movement. Task constraints, such as target size, affect the underlying movement dynamic, with effects isolated to the end of the movement, causing asymmetry in the velocity profile. Here, evidence confirming these effects is reported, along with a new task constraint, target size as defined as a physical constraint on final positioning error. A new formulation of Fitts’ law is presented that accounts for all constraints.
Training to Detect Phishing Emails: Effects of the Frequency of Experienced Phishing Emails
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Aggarwal Palvi , Rajivan Prashanth , Gonzalez Cleotilde
Published: November 2019

We studied people’s success on the detection of phishing emails after they were trained under one of three phishing frequency conditions, where the proportion of the phishing emails during training varied as: low frequency (25% phishing emails), medium frequency (50% phishing emails) and high frequency (75% phishing emails). Individual base susceptibility to phishing emails was measured in a pre-training phase in which 20% of the emails were phishing; this performance was then compared to a post-training phase in which participants aimed at detecting new rare phishing emails (20% were phishing emails). The Hit rates, False Alarm rates, sensitivities and response criterion were analyzed. Results revealed that participants receiving higher frequency of phishing emails had a higher hit rate but also higher false alarm rate at detecting phishing emails at post-training compared to participants encountering lower frequency levels during training. These results have implications for designing new training protocols for improving detection of phishing emails.
Application of Affordance Theory to the Forensic Investigation of a Personal Injury
Authors: Hartman Leah S. , Whetsel Borzendowski Stephanie A. , Campbell Alan O.
Published: November 2019

Early research on human perception of their environment by Gibson and colleagues revealed that observers are able to directly perceive objects in the context of their functional utility. As observers move about their environment, they are able to perceive visual, acoustic, and haptic changes that allow them to gather information about possible actions in their environment. This direct perception affordance theory has crucial relevance to the forensic analysis of personal injuries, including falls from heights. In the present case, a worker stepped through a suspended ceiling and suffered significant injuries as a result. We describe our application of the affordance theory to the analysis of this incident. Our analysis included determining the features of the environment that were perceivable to the plaintiff and how the presence of these features could have affected his ability to detect the undesirable fall-through affordance. The usefulness of the affordance theory in the context of forensic human factors is discussed.
Effect of brain stimulation on mechanisms of social cognition is modulated by individual preferences for human versus robot agents
Authors: Abubshait Abdulaziz , Wiese Eva
Published: November 2019

When we interact with others, we use nonverbal behavior such as changes in gaze direction to make inferences about what people think or what they want to do next – a process called mentalizing. Previous studies have shown that how we react to others’ gaze signals depends on how much “mind” we ascribe to the gazer, and that this process of mind perception is related to activation in brain areas that process social information (i.e., social brain). Although brain stimulation studies have identified prefrontal structures like the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as the potential neural substrate through which mind perception modulates social-cognitive processes like attentional orienting to gaze cues (i.e., gaze following), little is known about whether and how individual differences in preferences for human versus robot agents modulate this relationship. To address this question, the current study examines how transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of left prefrontal versus left temporo-parietal areas affects attentional orienting to gaze signals as a function of the participants’ preferences for human ( Human Gaze Followers, HGF) versus robot ( Robot Gaze Followers; RGF) agents at baseline (prior to brain stimulation). Results show that prefrontal (but not temporo-parietal) stimulation positively affected attentional orienting to gaze signals for HGFs for the human but not the robot gazer; RGFs showed no effect of brain stimulation in neither of the stimulation conditions. These findings inform how preferences for human versus nonhuman agent types can influence subsequent interactions and communications in human-robot interaction.
Effects of Cell Phone Conversation on the First Driver Response to a Stopped Lead Vehicle
Authors: Weaver Bradley W. , DeLucia Patricia R. , Jupe Jason
Published: November 2019

Despite ample research on the effects of cell phone conversations on driving, the effects of such conversations on the looming threshold for an immediate hazard are not known. Prior research on the looming threshold for an immediate hazard in the absence of cell phone conversation indicated that the rate of optical expansion at threshold was .006 radians per second. We measured the rate of optical expansion and headway distance at first driving input when participants encountered a stopped lead vehicle while completing a car-following task. Half of them concurrently completed the Last Letter Task, a cognitive task that emulates a cell phone conversation. When compared to the second, third, and fourth scenario exposures to the stopped lead vehicle, the participant’s response on the first scenario exposure occurred when the lead vehicle’s optical expansion rate was relatively smaller and headway distance was larger. However, this effect of scenario exposure occurred only when drivers were engaged in a cell phone conversation. Additionally, participants started to initiate a response when the rate of optical expansion was much lower than the looming threshold reported in previous research. Our results indicate that the first driver input, as operationalized in the current study, does not indicate when drivers first perceive an immediate hazard.
Development Approach of Playbook Interface for Human-Autonomy Teaming in Single Pilot Operations
Authors: Tokadlı Güliz , Dorneich Michael C. , Matessa Michael
Published: November 2019

This paper represents the development and the design of a Playbook interface which supports the coordination between human and autonomous teammates in Single Pilot Operations. The move from Dual-Pilot Operations to Single Pilot Operations necessitates that the autonomous teammate will perform some of the functions which are performed by pilots in Dual-Pilot Operations. The Playbook concept is inspired from the American football where team players get trained specific action sequences together, communicate in a common shorthand, and quickly adapt to changing conditions during games. The Playbook interface supports the ability of human and autonomous teammates to express their intentions and delegate functions to respond to a situation during flight. A walkthrough of a Playbook prototype with a use case is presented for Single Pilot Operations.
Augmented Reality Sandtable (ARES) Impacts on Learning
Authors: Hale Kelly S. , Campbell Gwen , Riley Jennifer , Boyce Michael , Amburn Charles
Published: November 2019

The Army Future Command’s Synthetic Training Environment (STE) is positioned to push innovation in training technologies to provide distributed, digital training experiences where and when needed. This paper supports the future training vision in providing an empirical evaluation of how various display technologies influence spatial knowledge within a battlespace visualization context. Three display media were evaluated: a 3D digital map displayed on a 17” monitor, a 2D map digitally down-projected onto a sand table, and a 3D virtual map of a sand table surface rendered in a Microsoft® HoloLens®. Results showed that media used did not significantly alter the participants’ accuracy in performing the tasks, but did have an effect on their time to complete terrain feature identification and SJT tasks, and on their engagement with the tools. Future research should be conducted to assess the potential for learning, the persistence of learning and the transfer of training to real-world activities as compared to traditional training tools within team, collaborative settings – matching the expected training environment of the STE.
A Panel Discussion on Human Factors Considerations for Persons Aging-in-Place with Disability
Authors: Beer Jenay M. , Rogers Wendy A. , Sanford Jon A. , Remillard Elena T. , Phillips Carolyn , Campbell Margaret
Published: November 2019

Persons with disability are living longer and are at risk of experiencing greater disability as a result of additional age-related declines. These individuals, “aging with disability”, could benefit greatly from technology supports – if such supports are designed and developed with their capabilities and limitations in mind. To ensure technology interventions meet user requirements, it is important to identify and implement human factors considerations. This panel brings together leaders at the intersection of aging and disability research, who are members of TechSAge (Rehabilitation and Engineering Research Center on Technologies to Support Aging-in-Place for People with Long-Term Disabilities) – a multi-site, multi-disciplinary research collaboration aiming to understand the complex interaction between age-related changes and disability when designing and developing technology interventions. Specifically, the panel will address four overarching themes, integral to the success of TechSAge: (1) understanding user needs; (2) innovative environmental supports; (3) translational technology interventions; and (4) closing the gap between research and practice. This discussion will highlight the substantial research in the fields of aging and disability, yet emphasize the importance of bridging the gap between these two fields. Human factors, in particular, has potential to contribute much to this area of study, with the potential to improve the lives of older adults with disability wishing to remain longer in their homes of choice.
Medical Device Human Factors Standards: Finding Them and What They Contain
Authors: Follette Story Molly
Published: November 2019

An HFES Task Force is considering if, when, which, and how HFES research publications should require the citation of relevant standards, policies, and practices. To support Task Force activities, papers are being written about how to find relevant standards produced by various development organizations (such as ISO, IEC and AAMI) and the content of those standards. This paper describes ISO’s, IEC’s, and AAMI’s standards programs and their technical committees and working groups that produce standards, recommended practices, technical specifications, technical information reports, guides and other publications for medical devices. This paper focuses on those medical device publications that are relevant to human factors engineering practice and explains where and how to find them.
Designing for Astronaut-Centric Planning and Scheduling Aids
Authors: Marquez Jessica J. , Hillenius Steven , Zheng Jimin , Deliz Ivonne , Kanefsky Bob , Gale Jack
Published: November 2019

We have investigated and evaluated a novel concept of operations for human spaceflight: allowing astronauts to manage and schedule their own timeline. In order to evaluate this self-scheduling concept of operations, we have designed, implemented, and field-tested astronaut-centric planning and scheduling aid. Our mobile based software aid, Playbook, has been used in a variety of Earth analogs as well as onboard the International Space Station. We will demonstrate the unique Playbook features that we have developed based on research findings during field testing that facilitate planning and scheduling in extreme environments.
Both Sides Now: Both Height and Width of the Target Matter for Applying Fitts’ Law to Pointing Using a Mouse
Authors: Gillan Douglas J.
Published: November 2019

Research on target acquisition has focused on two features of the task environment – the distance moved and the size of the target in the direction of movement. The present research examined the effect of the size of the target in the direction orthogonal to the direction of movement (typically called the target height) on the time to move to a target. The experiment varied the Index of Difficulty (ID) (by varying the distance moved and the target width) and the target height in a task in which participants moved a cursor from a starting point to the target. The results found that (1) movement time was linearly related to ID at each of three levels of target height, (2) movement time increased as target height decreased, and (3) the slope of the function relating movement time to ID decreased as target height decreased. The discussion addresses two possible explanations for the results, how Fitts’ Law might be modified to take target height into account, and how the results could be applied to user interface design.
Recent findings from the Upper Limb Consortium Study: new approaches to risk assessment and additional health outcomes
Authors: Harris Carisa , Rempel David , Meyers Alysha R , Bao Stephen , Kapellusch Jay , Rempel David , Harris Carisa
Published: November 2019

Historically, work-related upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) have comprised a significant portion of the number and cost of injuries in the workplace. The problem of work-related upper-extremity MSD has been, and continues to be, widespread and costly. This panel will present recent research from the Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Consortium studies. Presentations will be made on new health outcomes such as wrist tendinosis, epicondylitis and rotator cuff syndrome, as well as provide updates on applying new risk assessment methods to prior analyses. The application of the Revised Strain Index will be presented as will a comparison of results from the 2001 ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity to the 2018 ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity. Additionally, the impact of healthy worker survivor effect on the pooled analyses of incident CTS and CTS related disability will be discussed.