bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of conservation physiology in mitigating social-ecological traps in wildlife-provisioning tourism: a case study of feeding stingrays in the Cayman Islands
Authors: Semeniuk Christina A.D.
Published: January 2021

In feeding marine wildlife, tourists can impact animals in ways that are not immediately apparent (i.e. morbidity vs. mortality/reproductive failure). Inventorying the health status of wildlife with physiological indicators can provide crucial information on the immediate status of organisms and long-term consequences. However, because tourists are attempting to maximize their own satisfaction, encouraging the willingness to accept management regulations also requires careful consideration of the human dimensions of the system. Without such socio-ecological measures, the wildlife-tourism system may fall into a trap—a lose–lose situation where the pressure imposed by the social system (tourist expectations) has costs for the ecological system (maladaptive behaviours, health), which in turn feed back into the social system (shift in tourist typography, loss of revenue, decreased satisfaction), resulting in the demise of both systems (exhaustion). Effective selection and communication of physiological metrics of wildlife health is key to minimizing problem-causing and problem-enhancing feedbacks in social-ecological systems. This guiding principle is highlighted in the case study presented here on the socio-ecological research and management success of feeding southern stingrays (Hypanus americanus) as a marine tourism attraction at Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.
Physiology provides a window into how the multi-stressor environment contributes to amphibian declines
Authors: Ohmer Michel E.B. , Alton Lesley A. , Cramp Rebecca L.
Published: January 2021

The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by two fungal pathogens in the genus Batrachochytrium, has caused the greatest vertebrate biodiversity loss due to disease in recorded history. Both the pathogens and their amphibian hosts are impacted by biotic and abiotic conditions that are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic causes, challenging our understanding of how the host–pathogen relationship will shift in the future. By examining this problem through a physiological lens, we can elucidate the mechanisms driving increased susceptibility to disease. This chapter first examines the physiological tools that can be used by amphibian biologists to measure aspects of immune function, stress physiology, and energy expenditure, and the main environmental drivers of these physiological shifts. Then, we explore case studies that have linked environmental change, immune function, and shifts in disease susceptibility to inform amphibian conservation and management.
Weathering the impacts of climate change
Authors: Helmuth Brian
Published: January 2021

Ectothermic organisms experience their local environments in ways that humans can have difficulty conceptualizing. Physics-based (ecomechanical) approaches, for example heat budget models, can lend insights into how an organism’s very local environmental conditions (microclimate) can drive niche-level conditions such as body temperature; these in turn drive physiological processes. Quantitative methods also allow insights into the temporal and spatial scales that may ultimately determine responses to larger-scale environmental change. For example, for small, sessile organisms, microhabitats such as crevices in rocks may provide microrefugia that allow survival during heat waves. As a result, larger-scale recovery following heat waves (rescue effects) may ultimately be influenced by much smaller-scale processes. Ecomechanics techniques also facilitate the use of interventions such as shading that can maintain environmental conditions within physiological tolerance levels.
Using applied physiology to better manage and conserve the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Haw Anna J. , Fuller Andrea , Meyer Leith C.R.
Published: January 2021

The white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), one of five remaining rhinoceros species, is particularly sensitive to etorphine, the opioid drug used for chemical capture. As a result, capture often results in morbidity and mortality. With the recent, unprecedented rise in rhino poaching, fuelled by a growing demand for rhino horn, intensive management procedures, including chemical capture, are key to the conservation and management of this large iconic species. The use of sophisticated physiological monitoring techniques in rhinoceros undergoing capture and other management procedures (e.g. translocation) and experimental trials of different pharmacological interventions have provided insights into the causes and consequences of capture-related pathophysiology. This chapter explores some of the approaches used to investigate physiological responses of the white rhinoceros, and how the results from experimental trials are helping us move towards safer methods of chemical capture and transport.
Communication in conservation physiology
Authors: Laubenstein Taryn D. , Rummer Jodie L.
Published: January 2021

Findings from conservation physiology studies can provide critical information to decision makers so that conservation actions can be achieved. Yet the path from evidence-based recommendations to actions can be fraught with competing political, social, and economic interests, meaning that even the most robust science may not be incorporated at the decision-making stage. It is therefore critical that conservation physiologists familiarize themselves with communication and engagement strategies to ensure that their results are applied to conservation actions. Here we outline four methods—knowledge co-production, collaboration with social scientists, citizen science, and social media—that conservation physiologists can use to increase the impact of their work. We discuss the benefits and disadvantages of each method and give advice on how to successfully integrate any or all of these methods into a research programme. Finally, we look towards the future of communication and collaboration to see how the skills discussed here can be spread to the broader scientific community.
The emergence of gender and number coding in content questions
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Butters Marielle
Published: January 2021

A function can emerge as a result of there already being a formal means of coding in the language, and this formal means has either no function attached to it or has a function in a domain X and is available to code a function in the domain Y. The chapter addresses opportunistic emergence of coding gender and number of participants in de dicto and de re questions. The importance of opportunistic emergence of a function is that the functions so emerging provide the evidence that (a) the communicative need is not a necessary motivation for the emergence of a function; (b) the presence of such function is the evidence that meaning may emerge out of the formal means available in the language rather than the formal means are created to code the meaning.
Environmental Principles
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: January 2021

This book traces the evolution of environmental principles from their origins as vague political slogans reflecting fears about environmental hazards to their embodiment in enforceable laws. Since the early 1970s environmental issues have taken on an ever increasing profile. This has been due in part to a fundamental change in the type and scale of risk posed by industry. Issues such as global warming, GM food, and BSE typify the new kinds of risk: potentially catastrophic consequences could ensue yet there is no scientific agreement over their precise causation, duration, and other concerns. Environmental law has always responded to risks posed by industrial society but the new generation of risks have required a new set of environmental principles, emerging from a combination of public fears, science, ethics, and established legal practice. This book shows how three of the most important principles of modern environmental law grew out of this new age of ecological risk: the polluter-pays principle, the preventive principle, and the precautionary principle. The author examines the legal force of these principles and in the process offers a novel theory of norm formation in environmental law by unearthing new grounds of legality, comparing environmental laws across Europe, the Unites States, and Australia. The book will be of interest to all with an interest in environmental law and policy, in the relationship between law and science, and in the ways in which political and ethical values can become embodied in laws.
A Short History of Police and Policing
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

The police are constantly under scrutiny. They are criticized for failings, praised for successes, and hailed as heroes for their sacrifices. Starting from the premise that every society has norms and ways of dealing with transgressors, this book traces the evolution of the multiple forms of ‘policing’ that existed in the past. It examines the historical development of the various bodies, individuals, and officials who carried these out in different societies, in Europe and European colonies, but also with reference to countries such as ancient Egypt, China, and the United States. By demonstrating that policing was never the exclusive dominion of the police, and that the institution of the police, as we know it today, is a relatively recent creation, the book explores the idea and reality of policing, and shows how an institution we now call ‘the police’ came to be virtually universal in our modern world.
From Concepts to Institutions
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how the changes resulting from the growth of royal power, from Enlightenment rationality, and then from the turmoil of the French Revolution and its wars led to significant developments in police as an institution. Yet this did not necessarily give them the key role in the pursuit of criminal offenders. During the late sixteenth century and the early seventeenth, the range of police tasks was not greatly dissimilar from that of the classical period. But during the Enlightenment, princes in much of Europe began to issue ordinances clearly defining the role of police as involving the general well-being of their territory. The men working at the top of the organization responsible for what was known as ‘police’ often had legal training and worked as much in the courts as elsewhere within their jurisdiction. Dealing with crime and criminals did not figure greatly in these ordinances; nevertheless, the ministers of Enlightenment princes tended to have views about offenders and tended to stigmatize as potential criminals both the unemployed and those members of the poor moving around the country acting as harvesters or looking for other forms of work.
Shaping Institutions
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the period of the French Revolution, which saw a greater emphasis on the creation of police institutions and particularly fostered developments in political policing designed to check any one or any group that appeared to threaten the state. The revolution, the wars, and the politics of the period helped to shape the police institutions of Europe for the generations that spanned the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. They also contributed to the extension of what the French term haute police and which, in 1841, had its essence defined by a prefect as ‘everything related to the security of the king and of the state and also related to public spirit, opinions manifested, news that circulates as it arrives, and the men known to be opposed to the government’. Successive regimes in France—revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration—developed political police to investigate internal and external threats; opponents of the French acted similarly. Political police were developed to cope with threats to what increasingly resembled the modern state, and so too were ideas and practices regarding police who could prevent crime in the streets and countryside. At the same time, popular policing and the victim’s or community’s investigations and pursuits still continued, as did victim and community discretion about how to treat a suspect.
Another War; Another Peace
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes how, during the Second World War and immediately afterwards, many British, certainly government officials and senior police officers, maintained the belief that their police were superior to others. Attempts were made by the British and American allies to develop forms of liberal-democratic police in their defeated enemies, but these were not always particularly successfully. Initially, a mixed system of British and American police worked well in liberated Europe, but there were potential divisions. Racial divisions could be found among the police in many states, as the old European empires came to an end. In some instances, American police officers may have been critical of the European empires; but racial prejudice remained present among many American communities and their police. This was especially apparent among American cops in states of the Deep South, where the residue of black slavery remained. Ultimately, decolonization, the cold war, and a determination to shore up and assist some very dubious regimes ensured a difference between the use of police overseas and their use at home, while protest movements often linked with international concerns prompted similar police responses in different countries.
Introduction
Authors: Patberg Markus
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter situates the question of constituent power in the context of the recent crises of European integration and lays out the main argument of the book. The European Union’s constitutional development largely evades popular control. While this problem has recently been exacerbated by forms of constitutional mutation, citizens have started to reclaim the right to shape the EU for ‘the people’—in the course of a politicization from below that spans Eurosceptic and pro-European voices. Against this background, the books seeks to determine how citizens could exercise constituent power in the EU in an effective and legitimate manner. The chapter explains how this question will be addressed in terms of methodology—namely, based on a practice-oriented approach focused on public narratives, models, and rational reconstruction. Finally, the chapter outlines the structure of the book, which is composed of three parts, of which the first sets the stage, the second is dedicated to the exploration of competing models, and the third constructs a new theory of constituent power in the EU.
Citizens All the Way Down
Authors: Patberg Markus
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the question of the EU’s constituent subject. To that end, it conducts an analysis of the principles of democratic legitimacy that processes of constitutional politics in supranational polities should follow. Conducting a rational reconstruction of the established practice of EU constitutional politics, the chapter examines what (the citizens of) the member states have implicitly committed themselves to by embarking on the project of European integration. In a thought experiment, it takes the perspective of citizens of constitutional democracies who seek to found a supranational polity and asks what normative standards for the exercise of constituent power they would agree on in a rational discourse. In this way, the chapter identifies a set of principles of supranational constitution making, which form the normative core of the theory of constituent power in the EU proposed in this book. These principles imply a new model of dual constituent power. Instead of ascribing the member states or their peoples the status of (collective) co-holders of constituent power, they indicate that the EU’s pouvoir constituant mixte consists of citizens all the way down.
Why Do Animals Want What Is Not Good for Them?
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian
Published: January 2021

Although animals do generally choose what is good for their health, this is not always so. Evolutionary time lags can give rise to a mismatch between the ancestral environment in which choices evolved and the current environment. This happens in wild animals if their environments change, but it is even more likely to happen in domesticated and captive animals as they are often kept in conditions very different from those of their wild ancestors but with a legacy of choice mechanisms more appropriate to the past than the present. They may therefore, like humans, sometimes want things that are bad for their health. As with humans, there is no simple answer to this conflict. However, as ‘wanting’ has in general been selected to deliver what is good for fitness and survival, what animals want usually delivers healthy outcomes.
Animal Welfare with and without Consciousness
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian
Published: January 2021

‘Health and what animals want’ is a succinct and easy to understand definition of animal welfare but for many people it misses out the most important element of all—namely, what animals consciously feel. This chapter looks at the advantages and disadvantages of adding consciousness to the definition, starting with what we currently know about consciousness in ourselves and what it might tell us about the conscious experiences of other species. Despite major advances in understanding how brains work, consciousness itself remains the hardest problem in biology. Remarkably, it turns out that we humans do many complex behaviours quite unconsciously, making it more difficult than ever to be certain about consciousness in other species. In view of the continuing difficulties of understanding or even defining consciousness, adding it to the definition of animal welfare confuses rather than clarifies. While leaving open the possibility that many animals do indeed consciously experience pain, pleasure and suffering, the actual definition of welfare does not need consciousness and, most importantly, is more useful and practical without it.
Kant's Justification of Ethics
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: January 2021

Kant’s arguments for the reality of human freedom and the normativity of the moral law continue to inspire work in contemporary moral philosophy. Many prominent ethicists invoke Kant, directly or indirectly, in their efforts to derive the authority of moral requirements from a more basic conception of action, agency, or rationality. But many commentators have detected a deep rift between the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, leaving Kant’s project of justification exposed to conflicting assessments and interpretations. In this major re-reading of Kant, Owen Ware defends the controversial view that Kant’s mature writings on ethics share a unified commitment to the moral law’s primacy. Using both close analysis and historical contextualization, Owen Ware overturns a paradigmatic way of reading Kant’s arguments for morality and freedom, situating them within Kant’s critical methodology at large. The result is a novel understanding of Kant that challenges much of what goes under the banner of Kantian arguments for moral normativity today.
Moral Skepticism
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: January 2021

This chapter has three aims. The first is to give the reader an overview of Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, focusing on the transitions that link the book’s three sections. The second aim is to understand Kant’s argument in Groundwork III, focusing on his claim that the moral ‘ought’ has its source in our own ‘will.’ This argument is shown to address, not a theoretical form of doubt, but a practical problem of despair that Kant identifies with our tendency to rationalize against moral laws. A further aim of this chapter is to clarify Kant’s distinction between analytic and synthetic paths as a framework for understanding his project of moral justification.
Navya-Nyāya and the Maithila and Gauḍa Schools of Jurisprudence
Authors: Fleming Christopher T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines two schools of Jurisprudence that emerged in eastern India between the fourteenth and the sixteenth centuries CE: that of Mithilā (Maithila/Miśra) and Bengal (Gauḍa). These schools of jurisprudence, in contrast to the school of thought that developed around Vijñāneśvara’s Ṛjumitākṣarā, were neither strictly academic nor pan-Indian. Rather, they were deeply regional (in interest, influence, and self-identification), isolated almost completely from Vijñāneśvara’s Mitākṣarā and its Mīmāṃsā-derived theories of ownership, highly competitive (particularly in Bengal), and influenced by Navya-Nyāya philosophical debates about ownership. The core legal and philosophical ideas analysed are ownership-by-the-death-of-the-previous-owner (uparamasvatva) and ownership as a śāstric (śāstraikasamadhigamya) phenomenon respectively.
‘The solitary saint walks forth to meditate at even-tide’
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates a strong connection between prayer and what I term radical interiority—a self defined by the authenticity of a supposed depth or secrecy—across the work of Evangelical poet William Cowper. Expressing this inward and grace-filled self is always accompanied by and conceived on the model of intense prayer; by contrast, prayerlessness equals spiritual desolation. The connection is particularly torturous in melancholic early texts such as Adelphi (his spiritual autobiography) and the Olney Hymns. In his most famous poem The Task, a poetics interlinking prayer and interiority continues: despite an initial elision in favour of hymning the natural world and focusing outside the self, it is reasserted through a quietist turn. Cowper’s final praying self retreats from the world, meditatively into itself but also in occupying hidden physical spaces as prayer closets, a combination inspired by his translations of French mystic, Madame de Guyon.
‘This prayer I make’
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter evokes William Wordsworth as a poet indebted to the theological mainstream. However, the delicately allusive and non-dogmatic religious texture of his work is an awkward context in which to pray, the latter implying a strong performative commitment of the ‘I’. Direct address of the kind found in many other poets would break this texture. As such, Wordsworthian devotions become hesitant, reflexive, and oblique: the language and tone of prayer is pervasive, but allowing his poetic ‘I’ to utter a direct prayer is almost always avoided. This is nowhere more true than in the Snowdon episode of The Prelude (analysed comparatively in the 1805 and 1850 versions), which is underpinned by what contemporaries would recognize as the spirit of prayer: a habitual disposition of piety underlying the self which may not necessarily need expression as concrete, verbal, or conscious acts of prayer.
Conclusion
Authors: Stokes Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers the legacy of the Romantic rethinking of prayer, with a particular focus on the Victorian period which immediately follows. The inflections of prayer explored by all the poets discussed in this study—from the identifiably religious to the staunchly sceptical—are shown to have Victorian afterlives, ranging from James Martineau and Barbauld to Swinburne and Keats. An even wider legacy interlinking the poetic with the theological is apparent in the Tractarian revival and the richness of Victorian devotional verse. Looking forward to the barer and more uncertain prayerful poetry of the twentieth century and beyond, the chapter asserts the pivotal importance of Romantic prayer.
Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

‘The real represents to my perception the things that we cannot possibly not know, sooner or later, in one way or another,’ wrote Henry James in 1907. This description, riven with double negatives, hesitation, and uncertainty, encapsulates the epistemological difficulties of realism, for underlying its narrative and descriptive apparatus as an aesthetic mode lies a philosophical quandary. What grounds the ‘real’ of the realist novel? What kind of perception is required to validate the experience of reality? How does the realist novel represent the difficulty of knowing? What comes to the fore in James’s account, as in so many, is how the forms of realism are constituted by a relation to unknowing, absence and ineffability. Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel recovers a neglected literary history centred on the intricate relationship between fictional representation and philosophical commitment. It asks how—or if—we can conceptualize realist novels when the objects of their representational intentions are realities that might exist beyond what is empirically verifiable by sense data or analytically verifiable by logic, and are thus irreducible to conceptual schemes or linguistic practices—a formulation Charlotte Jones refers to as ‘synthetic realism’. In new readings of Edwardian novels (including Conrad’s Nostromo and The Secret Agent, Wells’s Tono-Bungay, and Ford’s The Good Soldier), Jones revises and reconsiders key elements of realist novel theory—metaphor and metonymy; character interiority; the insignificant detail; omniscient narration and free indirect discourse; causal linearity—to uncover the representational strategies by which realist writers grapple with the recalcitrance of reality as a referential anchor, and seek to give form to the force, opacity, and uncertain scope of realities that may lie beyond the material. In restoring a metaphysical dimension to the realist novel’s imaginary, Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel offers a new conceptualisation of realism both within early twentieth-century literary culture and as a transhistorical mode of representation.
H. G. Wells
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

This chapter shifts attention from reference in space to reference in time, in order to extend the argument about realism and metaphysics to a consideration of genres as ideological formations which must both engage with recognizable circumstances and possess an innate desire to defamiliarize, even contravene, the givens of the cultural symbolic world. The social problem novel highlights this paradox, because it can only imagine possible futures through extrapolation from present conditions. The future acts as another boundless context against which realist representation must be pivoted. Chapter 4 explores this temporal paradox in the novels of H. G. Wells, whose background in evolutionary biology and investment in performative socialist politics means he depicts contemporary society as already, in a sense, prescient. The conclusions drawn about the operation of temporality in Wells’s fiction—particularly his use of tenses and the odd, recurrent topos of metanarrative intrusion—are used to think through some of the implications for ‘condition of England’ writing as an oracular and dialectical tradition within realism.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Charlotte
Published: January 2021

The conclusion brings together the book’s major findings, summarizes its arguments, and underscores the significance of its contributions by speculating about the potential afterlife of synthetic realism as it finds its way into critical discourse. It highlights intersections with affect theory and critical realism, drawing particular notice to the way that realist gestures towards totality have frequently been seen as requiring ideological solution. Finally, the conclusion calls for a different kind of attention to the relationship between realism and wholeness which, it is argued, has important implications for our understanding of realism as one mode of response to capitalist modernity.
What is eikasia?
Authors: Storey Damien
Published: January 2021

This paper defends a reading of eikasia—the lowest kind of cognition in the Divided Line—as a kind of empirical cognition that Plato appeals to when explaining, among other things, the origin of ethical error. The paper has two central claims. First, eikasia with respect to, for example, goodness or justice is not different in kind to eikasia with respect to purely sensory images like shadows and reflections: the only difference is that in the first case the sensory images include representations of value properties. Second, eikasia is not the bare awareness of images or simply a label for an error (mistaking image for original) but a kind of empirical, image-confined cognition, and one that has an important part to play in characterizing the cognitive abilities of the non-rational parts of the soul.
Demonstration By Reductio Ad Impossibile In Posterior Analytics 1. 26
Authors: Malink Marko
Published: January 2021

In Posterior Analytics 1. 26, Aristotle states that direct demonstrations are better than demonstrations by reductio ad impossibile. The former, he argues, proceed from premisses that are prior in nature to the conclusion, whereas the latter proceed from premisses that are posterior in nature to the conclusion. While Aristotle’s thesis in Posterior Analytics 1. 26 has been widely influential, his argument for it has proved difficult to understand and is often taken to be incoherent. I argue that Aristotle’s thesis relies on a deductive framework in which the only direct demonstrations are those that derive a universal conclusion. The relevant relation of priority in nature is determined by the order of terms in acyclic chains of immediate universal affirmations. Given this characterization of priority in nature, Aristotle’s argument in Posterior Analytics 1. 26 can be shown to be coherent and successful.
‘A Black Knot’
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: January 2021

This chapter develops the tensions inherent in Synge’s early works towards an understanding of his formal innovation, asserting the ‘time pressure’ of his one-act plays as a dimension of his response to modernity. Synge’s drafts for various articles, particularly ‘The Old and New in Ireland’, and an article on social change in Wicklow, combine with his notes on Herbert Spencer and evolutionary theory to show a writer deeply conscious of modernization and literature’s responsiveness to modernity. Contributing to and drawing on new work on the spatial and temporal dimensions of modernism, this chapter shows that the structures and plots and Synge’s one-act plays Riders to the Sea and The Shadow of the Glen are rooted in a battle of temporalities. By comparing the timescales of Synge’s one-act plays to those of his Revivalist contemporaries, this chapter shows that his reading in sociology, philosophy, and evolutionary science, alongside his experiences in the modernizing ‘Congested Districts’ of Ireland, fundamentally affected his literary output. Fractured communal relations are figured as fractures in the time frames of the drama, and the overlapping of temporalities and levels of modernization find their correlatives in the constant and unresolved competition for dominance from any one conception of time. These plays, far from being isolated from the concerns of modernization, or from reverting to a solely romanticized vision of the peasantry, in fact register a sense of formal instability as a result of their fraught and multiple conceptions of time and space.
Blakespotting
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The chapter argues that the unpredictable viral behavior of William Blake’s proverbs in contemporary culture is critically and politically instructive. The widespread practice of citing Blake proverbs across various media platforms reveals the radical potential that Blake’s multi-media poetry possessed within the “original” historical contexts in which he wrote. Understanding the proverb form as a viral medium that spreads through a population’s contradictory desires for self-regulation illuminates proverbs’ centrality to Blake’s art and its challenge to the regulatory power of laws. The intellectual groundwork for this challenge lay in eighteenth-century practices of collecting national proverbs and in historical research into the Book of Proverbs. The chapter closes by analyzing how Blake’s proverbs relate to computer worms and also how they inform the ways that Jim Jarmusch’s film Dead Man laments America’s history of missed political opportunities.
Letters from Austenland
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: January 2021

The chapter contends that Austen fanfiction set within her novels’ “canonical universe” reveals how fanfiction is a design medium. The chapter analyzes how Austen prequels, sequels, and rewrites, through their medial gravitation to epistolary forms (letters and diaries), collectively render their explorations of narrative possibility a means of perceiving and undoing the medial foreclosures enacted by Austen’s narrative voice and its reliance on free indirect discourse. It further contends that, as a population, canonical-universe fanfiction collectively renders narrative a vehicle of virtual place-making, thereby aligning fanfiction more with open-source media design—for example, Software Development Kits (SDKs)—than with the documentary impulses implied by the figure of the fanfiction “archive.” Given that canonical-universe Austen fanfiction preserves the geographical centrality of Austen novels’ fictional English country estates to their canonical universes, the estates become hypermedial figures for realist Austen fanfiction’s own place-making practices and its media platforms.
A World Literature To-Come
Authors: Zaritt Saul Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the Yiddish American writer Jacob Glatstein’s understanding of world literature, which rejected conventional modes of translation and was increasingly suspicious of Euro-American institutions of literary value. Glatstein repeatedly critiqued other Yiddish writers, including Asch, who, he believed, wrote for translation rather than as part of what Glatstein found to be a more valuable, even more worldly, vernacular project. Modeled on aspects of Anglo-American and global modernism yet fiercely loyal to Yiddish vernacular creativity, Glatstein proposed a world literature to-come, in which capitulation to market demands would be deferred in favor of a particularism shared across seemingly peripheral literary cultures. The chapter traces Glatstein’s belief in the inherent worldliness of Yiddish writing—despite or even because of its obscurity—from the 1930s to the postwar period, in his literary criticism, poetry, and fiction.
Epilogue
Authors: Zaritt Saul Noam
Published: January 2021

The Epilogue offers a reflection on the possible “elsewheres” of Jewish American writing, looking for further articulations of Glatstein’s non-institutional world literature to-come in the writing of Anna Margolin and Grace Paley. Margolin in Yiddish and Paley in English rarely expected recognition from patriarchal institutions, yet they were writers who depended on the translational modes of modern literature as part of their writerly practices. They inscribe in their work a futurity that is beholden to Jewish vernacularity while searching for new vocabularies for personal and collective redemption. Reading the politics of “tiptoed waiting” in Margolin’s final published poem and parsing the genealogy of justice in Paley’s writing, this chapter considers what it means to inhabit a world literature to-come grounded in a practice of vernacular listening.
Applying the Analogies: Causing for Pure Benefits
Authors: Vitale Vince R.
Published: January 2021

Using an ethical framework constructed out of the two variables of whether an agent causes, permits, or risks horrendous evils, and whether she does so in order to bestow pure benefit or in order to avert greater harm, some of the major theodicies in contemporary philosophy of religion are categorized. This chapter identifies three theodicies that depict God as causing horrendous evils for pure benefit. This structural approach to theodicy is evaluated and a conclusion is drawn that pure benefits are incapable of justifying the causation of horrendous evils. It is argued that this approach is insensitive to relevant asymmetries in the justificatory demands made by horrendous and non-horrendous evil and in the justificatory work done by averting harm and bestowing pure benefit. When moral constraints on the causing of horrors are considered and the justificatory asymmetry of harm-averting and non-harm-averting benefits brought to bear, pure benefit will not do the justificatory work (on its own) of securing God the status of an ethically perfect being.
The Rise of International Parliaments
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

International parliamentary institutions (IPIs) are on the rise. Around the world, international organizations have increasingly established or affiliated parliamentary assemblies. At the same time, IPIs have generally remained powerless institutions with at best a consultative role in the decision-making process of international organizations. This book pursues the question why the member states of international organizations create IPIs but do not vest them with relevant institutional powers. It argues that neither the functional benefits of delegation nor the internalization of democratic norms provide convincing answers to this question. Rather, IPIs are an instrument of strategic legitimation. By establishing IPIs that mimic a highly esteemed domestic democratic institution, governments seek to ensure that audiences at home and in the wider international environment recognize their IOs as democratically legitimate. At the same time, they seek to avoid being effectively constrained by IPIs in international governance. In a statistical analysis covering the world’s most relevant international organizations and a series of case studies from diverse world regions, we find two major varieties of international parliamentarization. IOs with general purpose and high authority create and empower IPIs to legitimate their region-building projects domestically. Alternatively, IOs are induced to create parliamentary bodies by international diffusion.
Nominalization and selection in two Mayan languages
Authors: Coon Jessica , Royer Justin
Published: January 2021

In ‘Nominalization and selection in two Mayan languages’ Coon and Royer investigate nominalization in languages from two subbranches of the Mayan family: Ch’ol and Chuj. At the heart of this work is the tension between semantic requirements of certain roots, and the syntactic structure available to license arguments in different types and sizes of constructions. The fact that roots in Mayan belong to well-defined and diagnosable root classes, combined with the rich inventory of derivational morphology, sheds light on the division of labor between roots and functional heads in governing the appearance of nominal arguments. The authors show that roots belonging to transitive and (unaccusative) intransitive classes in Ch’ol and Chuj always require semantic saturation of an argument slot, but that this is accomplished by different means in the Mayan equivalents of the types of nominalizations examined in Chomsky 1970. They attribute this difference to the variation in the realization of the internal argument to the site of nominalization—specifically, to the presence or absence of functional heads available internal to the nominalization to syntactically license arguments.
Agent and other function nominals in a neo-constructionist approach to nominalizations
Authors: Roy Isabelle , Soare Elena
Published: January 2021

In their hapter ‘Agent and other function nominals in a neo-constructionist approach to nominalizations’ Roy and Soare revisit the question of whether the analysis in terms of complex verbal/aspectual structure, well supported for DNs denoting events (ASNs, gerunds), is also motivated for nouns denoting Agents, or more generally participants and entities performing a role or a function (including instruments) (function nominals). They ask to what extent function nominals form a homogeneous class and what the morpho-syntactic properties of this class or classes are. Furthermore, are Agent and other function nominals simplex or complex forms? And are they, or at least some of them, syntactically derived from a full verbal structure? Building in part on previous work from Roy and Soare (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015), they defend a form of the heterogeneity hypothesis, according to which some function nominals are derived from verbs, while others are not. Function nominals belong to different classes depending on whether they are morphologically complex or simplex, whether they are derived from a true verbal structure, and depending on the type of suffix they involve. Considering data from French and Romanian, they argue for two distinct patterns of nominalization, namely an eventive pattern and a noneventive pattern. Eventive nominals are necessarily complex and involve a verbal structure. Noneventive nominals may be morphologically simplex or complex, but they do not derive from a verbal structure. These two patterns are distributed differently across French, Romanian, and English. <240>
Polish psych nominals revisited
Authors: Rozwadowska Bożena
Published: January 2021

In ‘Polish psych nominals revisited’ Rozwadowska provides supports for the n-based approach to nominalizations (developed in numerous papers by Alexiadou and Borer, among others) by providing the evidence from a variety of Polish psych nominals for varying sizes of the verbal structure embedded in them. So far, it has been widely recognized in cross-linguistic literature that psych nominals denote states (see Grimshaw, 1990; Pesetsky, 1995; Alexiadou, 2011a; Fábregas & Marín, 2012; Melloni, 2017; Iordăchioaia, 2019a, inter alia). Rozwadowska argues that in addition to stative psych nominals, which themselves have a verbal layer embedded in them, Polish systematically has eventive reflexive psych nominalizations with a rich verbal structure that describe the inceptive events, i.e. boundary events which denote the beginning of the state. To show that, she focuses on the nominals derived from alternating Experiencer Object/Experiencer Subject reflexive verbs. Additionally, Rozwadowska argues that eventive inceptive psych nominals derived from Experiencer Object verbs, with a rich verbal structure embedded in them, are not causative. Thus, this chapter constitutes a contribution to the debate on the presence/absence of the component of causation in Experiencer Object verbs and their nominalizations.<186>
Control’s Possession
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

This chapter develops an account of control’s possession as it applies to agents. The basic idea is straightforward, but details require attention. Control’s possession has to do with the reliable patterns of behavior agents display. But in order to understand what reliability comes to, we have to understand the psychological states that guide agents. This chapter accordingly introduces the notion of plan-states. We also have to understand the ways that reliability varies depending upon the circumstances in which agents behave. After developing the form of an account of control’s possession, this chapter discusses possibilities for its metaphysical underpinnings. It rejects the idea that control is constituted by abilities, and suggests that dispositions may be able to do explanatory work for control.
The Shape of Agency
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

After offering accounts of basic building blocks of agency in chapters 2 through 5, this chapter serves as a hinge. Here, drawing on Tyler Burge’s work on primitive agency, this chapter discusses the most primitive features of agency, and considers what must be added to work towards more sophisticated kinds of agent. The main aim is to articulate a kind of (metaphorical) ladder that allows us to see, not only the shape of agency in relief, but also the place of key capacities like a capacity for representation of targets for behavior, and a capacity of practical reasoning. This leads, at the chapter’s very end, to a brief discussion of the role of mental action in an understanding of agency.
Hidden Moments
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces Anderson’s work from his invention of an impurity model to understand the fate of a magnetic atom immersed in a non-magnetic metal to his solution of the Kondo problem using an early version of the renormalization group invented by him and later generalized by Ken Wilson. Important events on this path are the experimental impetus provided by Bernd Matthias, the Coulomb repulsion model of insulating behavior due to Nevill Mott, and Jacques Friedel’s ideas about treating atoms embedded in metals. Speculation is offered about the award of the 1977 Nobel Prize to Anderson, Mott, and Van Vleck.
Rhetorical History, Historical Metanarratives, and Rhetorical Effectiveness
Authors: Smith Andrew David Allan
Published: January 2021

This chapter contributes to the literature on rhetorical history as a source of competitive advantage. This literature has shown that managers in a wide range of organizations create historical narratives that are used rhetorically to advance the organization’s goals. The existing literature gives us a limited understanding of the determinants of the rhetorical effectiveness of these historical narratives. This chapter draws on the literature on confirmation basis and the literature on historical metanarratives to understand the factors that influence whether a listener will be persuaded by a manager’s historical narrative. The use of a historical narrative is likely to be strategically efficacious whenever the historical narrative is congruent with the listener’s historical metanarratives and with the ontological and cosmological commitments that underpin the listener’s historical metanarrative. Whether or not the historical narrative is true is far less important in predicting its rhetorical effectiveness.
The Life and Work of Edith Penrose
Authors: Musson David
Published: January 2021

Edith Penrose (1914–96) was a pioneering and original scholar whose best-known work, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm written over sixty years ago, has had enduring influence and is now regarded as a “classic” in strategy, management, and organization studies. With the benefit of extensive secondary literature and a recent biography this chapter explores the relationship between her life and work, the people and events that shaped her work, and the importance of history, time, and process in her thinking. The chapter also considers how studying the classics can inform our understanding of the history and evolution of organization studies.
Fifty Years of Women at the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Keller Helen , Heri Corina , Christ Myriam
Published: January 2021

The European Court of Human Rights is unique among regional and international courts in that, since 2004, States have been required to include both male and female nominees in their lists of three candidates for judicial office at the Court. Upon the introduction of this rule, the number of female judges at the Court rapidly rose. Despite this, today, there are still fewer women on the Strasbourg bench than men, and the number of female judges is now declining. This chapter explores some of the traits of successful female candidates for judicial office at the Court, namely their regional origin, age, professional background, and feminist engagement, as well as whether they were mothers of young children at the time of their election. It also examines the growing gender gap at the Court, addresses the importance of adequate gender representation on the Strasbourg bench, and formulates recommendations for continuing to ensure that women are appropriately represented among the Court’s judges.