bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight Loss in Adolescent Wrestlers
Authors: Keller Heidi L. , Tolly Stephen E. , Freedson Patty S.
Published: August 2016

The sport of wrestling often encourages participants to engage in extreme weight loss practices in order to compete in a weight class one to three weight categories below normal weight. This review discusses the prevalence of the problem, methods wrestlers use to accomplish weight loss, and the health and performance consequences of rapid weight loss, with particular emphasis on weight cycling and minimal safe wrestling weight assessment. Some useful and practical recommendations for minimizing extreme weight loss practices are presented. Several state wrestling associations have adjusted their rules and regulations based on recommendations by organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine to reduce the prevalence of the problem. Nevertheless, extreme weight loss continues to be a concern among health professionals, particularly with regard to health and performance.
Attained Size and Growth Rate of Female Volleyball Players between 9 and 13 Years of Age
Authors: Malina Robert M.
Published: August 2016

The growth status and rate of a mixed-longitudinal sample (N = 19) of female volleyball players 9–13 years of age were compared to reference data for the general population. The athletes were measured at the beginning and end of the school year. Growth rates in stature and weight adjusted to 6-month intervals were calculated. The results indicate mean statures that are above U.S. reference medians and mean weights that are near the medians (i.e., tall girls with average body weights). Estimated half-year growth rates in stature and weight from 10.0–13.0 years closely match the respective medians of the Fels longitudinal study. The data thus suggest that the larger body size of young volleyball players is not a function of accelerated growth rate during these early adolescent ages and, thus, not due to earlier maturation; body size is likely genotypic and probably reflects selection at relatively young ages for the size demands of the sport.
Unique Pattern of Pulmonary Function after Exercise in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Kaplan Ted. A. , Moccia Gina , McKey Robert M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence, degree, pattern, and time course of pulmonary function test (PFT) changes measured after a dynamic exercise challenge. Forced expiratory maneuvers were performed before and serially after a 7-min run-walk in 44 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Twenty-four patients met at least one PFT criterion for exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) within 21 min after exercise, and 38 patients had >5% increase in a PFT parameter at some point after exercise. The mean time of greatest increase in PFTs occurred sooner than the greatest decrease, which was later than for 22 patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis found to have EIB. Age was inversely related to percentage fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV,) after exercise. These results demonstrate a distinct pattern of PFTs measured after exercise in most patients with CF, with an early bronchodilation followed by a significant decrease in PFTs.
Relationship between Habitual Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness in Adolescents
Authors: Morrow James R. , Freedson Patty S.
Published: August 2016

This review summarizes the research relating physical activity to aerobic fitness among adolescents. A brief description of commonly used physical activity and aerobic fitness measures is presented, followed by an interpretation of the literature that suggests a small to moderate relationship between physical activity and aerobic fitness in this population (typical correlation of .16-17). Dose-response data are lacking, which makes it difficult to offer definitive conclusions concerning the amount of physical activity necessary to elicit change in aerobic capacity. Nevertheless, recommendations about the type, amount, and quality of physical activity for adolescents are presented. Recommendations are based on a summary of the research data on daily physical activity and aerobic fitness in adolescents. Further research is needed to investigate the association between habitual physical activity and aerobic fitness in adolescents where the a priori goal is to identify a threshold of daily physical activity necessary for an aerobic benefit associated with enhanced health.
Physical Activity, Adiposity, and Obesity among Adolescents
Authors: Bar-Or Oded , Baranowski Tom
Published: August 2016

This review examines the evidence that the level of physical activity (PA) or total energy expenditure during adolescence affects body adiposity in the obese and nonobese adolescent population. Several cross-sectional studies suggested that obese children were less physically active than their nonobese peers, but there was no consistent difference in the total energy expenditure. The likelihood that infants of obese mothers become obese at age 1 year is greater if their total energy expenditure (using the doubly labeled water technique) is lower at age 3 months. Many interventional studies in the general adolescent population show a small (1-3% body fat) reduction in adiposity as a result of physical training. It appears, though, that programs longer than one year are more efficacious than shorter programs. Lifestyle activities (e.g., walking to and from school) appear to have a more lasting effect than regimented activities (e.g., calisthenics or jogging).
Physical Activity and Blood Lipids in Adolescents
Authors: Armstrong Neil , Simons-Morton Bruce
Published: August 2016

A computer search was complemented with an extensive hand search of bibliographies of located studies. All controlled trials, studies of trained versus untrained subjects, and reports of habitual physical activity in relation to lipid profile were analyzed and tabulated. The high-risk population was represented by controlled trials that reported relevant data. More convincing evidence for a beneficial effect of physical activity on blood lipids is apparent in cross-sectional studies. The results of longitudinal studies are unimpressive, but the studies are generally lacking in rigor. Empirical dose-response data relating the effects of physical activity to blood lipids in adolescents are nonexistent. Recommendations for an appropriate exercise prescription must therefore be based upon adult data and expert opinion. Emphasis should be placed upon promoting an increase in the amount of adolescents’ habitual physical activity.
Effects of Physical Activity on Psychological Variables in Adolescents
Authors: Calfas Karen J. , Taylor Wendell C.
Published: August 2016

To identify the most consistent relationships among psychological variables and physical activity in youth (ages 11-21 years), 20 articles on depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, self-concept, hostility, anger, intellectual functioning, and psychiatric disorders were reviewed. Physical activity was consistently related to improvements in self-esteem, self-concept, depressive symptoms, and anxiety/stress. The effect sizes were +.12, -.15, and -.38 for self-esteem/self-concept, stress/anxiety, and depression, respectively. The evidence for hostility/anger and academic achievement was inconclusive. No negative effects of physical activity were reported. The literature suggests that physical activity in youth is psychologically beneficial. More research is needed to confirm previous findings. Adolescents should engage in moderate or vigorous aerobic activity approximately three times per week for a total of at least 60 minutes per week.
Promotion of Physical Activity among Adolescents by Primary Health Care Providers
Authors: DuRant Robert H. , Hergenroeder Albert C.
Published: August 2016

During the 1993 International Consensus Conference on Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents, specific recommendations were made concerning the levels and types of physical activity in which adolescents should be encouraged to engage. This paper addresses the promotion of these guidelines by primary health care providers. Based on social cognitive theory, principles for promoting changes in health behaviors are described. Using the GAPS model (gather information, assess further, problem identification, and self-efficacy and solving barriers), methods of implementing these principles in a physician’s office are presented. Promoting physical activity in other health care settings and situations is also discussed. Primary health care providers can be effective promoters of physical activity to their adolescent patients.
All in the Family: Parent-Child Influences in Competitive Youth Gymnastics
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Hayashi Carl T.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine parent-child influences associated with highly competitive gymnastics participation. Athletes (n = 24) responded to self-report measures of perceived parental influences, and the athletes’ parents (n = 39) responded to interview questions regarding the influence of their child’s gymnastics involvement on their own behaviors. Descriptive analyses of gymnasts’ responses revealed that parents (a) frequently attended meets, (b) encouraged their child’s participation extensively, (c) demonstrated positive affect toward their child’s involvement, and (d) held positive beliefs and realistic expectations about their child’s competence. Parents’ responses indicated large time and financial investments as a result of their child’s involvement and indicated that their child’s participation positively influenced such behaviors as (a) attendance at gymnastics meets, (b) reading sports-related literature, (c) watching sports on television, (d) participating in fitness-related activities, and (e) parenting in general. These findings support theory and research that advocate the reciprocal nature of parent-child socialization effects in sport.
Maximal Treadmill versus Cycle Ergometry Testing in Children: Differences, Reliability, and Variability of Responses
Authors: Turley Kenneth R. , Rogers Danette M. , Harper Kevin M. , Kujawa Kathleen I. , Wilmore Jack H.
Published: August 2016

This study was designed to determine the differing cardiorespiratory responses between maximal treadmill (TM) and cycle (CY) ergometry, and the reliability and variability of these responses in 46 children 7 to 9 years old (23 boys and 23 girls). Two maximal TM and two maximal CY tests were administered, as well as a body composition assessment. The TM resulted in a 9.4%, 11,1%, and 10.2% higher maximal oxygen consumption values (V̇O2, ml·kg−1·min−1) than the CY in boys, girls, and the total population, respectively. Both the TM and the CY proved to be reliable measures of maximal V̇O2 (ml·kg−1·min−1) in both boys and girls, with intraclass correlations ranging from R = .63 to .90. Variability was significantly less (p ≤ .05) on the CY (V̇O2 in L·min−1) than the TM, 4.4% versus 6.2%, respectively.
A Study of Children’s Physical Self-Perceptions Using an Adapted Physical Self-Perception Profile Questionnaire
Authors: Whitehead James R.
Published: August 2016

This project was a study of the validity and reliability of adapted versions of Fox and Corbin’s (10) Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) and Perceived Importance Profile (PIP) for use with seventh- and eight-grade students. The Children’s PSPP and PIP (C-PSPP and C-PIP) questionnaires were completed by 505 students. Results supported the reliability and the construct and concurrent validity of the C-PSPP scales. Factorial validity of the C-PIP was not demonstrated. Similar to Fox and Corbin’s (10) results, regression analysis revealed that a large proportion of the variance in general physical selfworth (PSW) was explained by the C-PSPP scales. The hypothesis that PSW mediates between general self-worth (GSW) and the four C-PSPP scales in a hierarchical arrangement was also supported. Failure to psychologically discount the importance of perceived incompetence in specific areas impacted global self-worth. Correlations with physical fitness test scores provided evidence of concurrent validity of the C-PSPP scales.
Physiological Responses to Prolonged Exercise in Premenarcheal and Adult Females
Authors: Rowland Thomas W. , Rimany Tasha A.
Published: August 2016

This study compared aerobic, cardiac, and ventilatory changes in 11 premenarcheal girls ages 9–13 years with those of 13 women ages 20–31 during 40 min of steady-load cycling at an intensity of 63% VO2max. Forty-five percent of the girls were cycling above their ventilatory anaerobic threshold, compared to 77% of the women. Between 10 and 40 min of exercise, mean VO2 increased 8.6% (SD = 3.8) and 8.3% (SD = 6.3) in the girls and women, respectively (p > .05), with no significant differences in rise in body temperature. Pattern and magnitude of ventilatory drift (increased VE and respiratory rate with fall in tidal volume) were similar in the two groups. Likewise, the rise in cardiac output and heart rate (with no change in stroke volume) was not significantly different in the two groups. These findings indicate that physiological responses to prolonged aerobic exercise are both quantitatively and qualitatively similar in girls and young women.
Reliability of V̇O2max in Adolescent Runners: A Comparison between Plateau Achievers and Nonachievers
Authors: Rivera-Brown Anita M. , Rivera Miguel A. , Frontera Walter R.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the test-retest reliability of V̇O2max in adolescent V̇O2 plateau achievers and nonachievers. Nineteen male long-distance runners completed a modified Taylor running protocol to volitional fatigue twice within a one-week period. Results showed that 10 subjects did not achieve a plateau in either test (No P), and 9 achieved a plateau in at least one of the tests (P). The V̇O2max differed (p < .05) between tests (Test 1 and Test 2) for the entire sample (Test 1 = 70.4 ± 6.0, Test 2 = 71.7 ± 6.3) but not within the groups (No P, Test 1 = 72.1 ± 4.4, Test 2 = 73.2 ± 4.2; P, Test 1 = 68.5 ± 7.3, Test 2 = 70.1 ± 7.9). V̇O2max was similar for plateau achievers and nonachievers in both Test 1 and Test 2 (p > .05). Interclass correlation coefficients for V̇O2max were high for both the No P (R = .87) and P (R = .97) groups. A high test-retest reliability coefficient for V̇O2max can be obtained even when a plateau in V̇O2 is not achieved.
Injury Risk of Supervised Exercise for Children and Youth with Chronic Diseases: 5-Year Experience
Authors: Kaplan Ted A. , Campbell Mary Helen
Published: August 2016

Little information is available on the safety of supervised exercise programs for children. This retrospective case review describes the experience over 5 years in a private, outpatient, physician-directed therapeutic exercise program. Observations were made on a total of 47 patients referred by their physicians or parents for exercise programs for diseases, including obesity (26), cystic fibrosis (10), cardiac disease (3), asthma (3), and others (5). Patients performed circuit training with an exposure that consisted of 2,646 total sessions (56.3 ± 63.3 sessions/patient), equivalent to 1,507.9 hours (32.1 ± 35.5 hr/patient) of exercise time. There were three minor accidents (1.9/1,000 patient hours). Physical examination by the attending physician was negative in all three cases: No treatment was indicated, and no patient missed any training time due to these incidents. No significant injuries or cardiorespiratory complications were observed in this exercise program.
Validity of Near-Infrared Interactance Instruments for Estimating Percent Body Fat in Youth Wrestlers
Authors: Housh Terry J. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Johnson Glen O. , Housh Dona J. , Eckerson Joan M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of near-infrared interactance (NIR) estimates of percent body fat (% fat) using Futrex-5000, Futrex-5000A, and Futrex-1000 instruments in youth wrestlers (age, M ± SD = 11.4 ± 1.5 years) by comparing them to % fat values from underwater weighing. Fifty-eight members of youth wrestling clubs (% fat, M ± SD = 10.7 ± 5.1% fat) volunteered to serve as subjects. The statistical analyses included examination of the constant error (CE), standard error of estimate (SEE), correlation coefficient (r), and total error (TE). The results indicated that the errors (TE = 8.0–16.2% fat) associated with the NIR instruments were too large to be of practical value for estimating % fat in young male athletes. It is recommended that (a) the instrument generated NIR % fat estimates be modified based on the CE values in the present investigation such that the CE = 0, and (b) the modified NIR % fat estimates be cross-validated on independent samples of young male athletes.
Plateau in Oxygen Uptake at Maximal Exercise in Male Children
Authors: Duncan Glen E. , Mahon Anthony D. , Howe Cheryl A. , Del Corral Pedro
Published: August 2016

This study examined the influence of test duration and anaerobic capacity on VO2max and the occurrence of a VO2 plateau during treadmill exercise in 25 boys (10.4 ± 0.8 years). Protocols with 1-min (P1) and 2-min (P2) stages, but identical speed and grade changes, were used to manipulate test duration. On separate days, VO2max was measured on P1 and P2, and 200-m run time was assessed. At maximal exercise, VO2, heart rate (HR), and pulmonary ventilation (VE) were similar between protocols, however, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and treadmill elevation were higher (p < .05) on P1 than on P2. Plateau achievement was not significantly different. On P1, there were no differences between plateau achievers and nonachievers. On P2, test duration and 200-m run time were superior (p < .05), and relative VO2max tended to be higher (p < .10) in plateau achievers. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity may influence plateau achievement on long, but not short duration tests.
Isokinetic Peak Torque in Young Wrestlers
Authors: Housh Terry J. , Johnson Glen O. , Housh Dona J. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Weir Joseph P. , Weir Loree L. , Eckerson Joan M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine age-related changes in isokinetic leg flexion and extension peak torque (PT), PT/body weight (PT/BW), and PT/fat-free weight (PT/FFW) in young wrestlers. Male wrestlers (N = 108; age M ± SD = 11.3 ± 1.5 years) volunteered to be measured for peak torque at 30, 180, and 300° · s−1. In addition, underwater weighing was performed to determine body composition characteristics. The sample was divided into six age groups (8.1−8.9, n = 10; 9.0−9.9, n= 11; 10.0−10.9, n = 25; 11.0−11.9, n = 22; 12.0−12.9, n = 28; 13.0−13.9, n = 12), and repeated measures ANOVAs with Tukey post hoc comparisons showed increases across age for PT, PT/BW, and PT/FFW. The results of this study indicated that there were age-related increases in peak torque that could not be accounted for by changes in BW or FFW. It is possible that either an increase in muscle mass per unit of FFW, neural maturation, or both, contributes to the increase in strength across age in young male athletes.
Physical Fitness Testing of Children: A European Perspective
Authors: Kemper Han C.G. , Van Mechelen Willem
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this article is to clarify the scientific basis of physical fitness assessment in children and to review the European efforts to develop a EUROFIT fitness test battery for the youth in the countries of the Council of Europe. The development of EUROFIT is based on the efforts made in the United States in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1980s. Physical fitness measurement is not identical to physiological measurement: The EUROFIT tests are aimed at measuring abilities rather than skills. Correlations between physical fitness tests and physiological laboratory tests show varying results and, therefore, need to be continued. Reliability of fitness tests needs to be continually studied. Because of the multipurposes of physical fitness testing, EUROFIT norm- and criterion-referenced scales for EUROFIT have to be developed. Examples of scaling methods are given. Implementation of the EUROFIT fitness tests for educational purposes is urgently needed.
Prepubescent Heart Rate Response to Indoor Play
Authors: Whitehurst Michael , Groo Denise R. , Brown Lee E.
Published: August 2016

Indoor play for pay centers (PPCs) have become very popular over the last decade. Due to the group format and physical design, the PPC promotes fastpaced large muscle activity that appears to increase the heart rate of prepubescent participants. The purpose of this study was to measure children’s heart rate response to self-directed play at a PPC. Fourteen boys and girls (age = 7.8 ± 1.8 years) participated in a treadmill test to determine their maximal heart rate (MHR). On a separate day these same children played freely for 20 min over a 5,000 square foot multilevel PPC while their heart rate was monitored. The average MHR obtained in the laboratory was 204 ± 1.3 bpm, while the average heart rate during free play was 158 ± 38.5 or 77% of the MHR observed in the laboratory. These results suggest that the PPC promotes an increase in heart rate among self-directed prepubescent subjects.
Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children
Authors: Kowalski Kent C. , Crocker Peter R.E. , Faulkner Robert A.
Published: August 2016

Two studies assessed the validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), a 7-day recall that assesses general moderate to vigorous physical activity levels during the school year. The first study, involving 89 elementary school students in Grades 4–8, investigated convergent, divergent, and construct validity. The PAQ-C was moderately related to an activity rating (r = .63), week summation of 24-hr moderate to vigorous activity recalls (r = .53), a teacher’s rating of physical activity (r = .45), and perceptions of athletic competence (r = .48). As expected, the PAQ-C was not related to perceptions of behavioral conduct. The second study, involving 97 elementary school students, investigated convergent and construct validity. The PAQ-C was moderately related to an activity rating (r = .57), the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (r = .41), a Caltrac motion sensor (r = .39), a 7-day physical activity recall interview (r = .46) and a step test of fitness (r = .28). The PAQ-C validity coefficients were as high as or greater than the 7-day recall interview. These two studies support the validity of the PAQ-C as a method of assessing older children’s general physical activity levels.
Children’s Perceived Physical Competence at Different Categories of Physical Activity
Authors: Mullan Elaine , Albinson John , Markland David
Published: August 2016

This study explored whether children differentiate between their physical capabilities at play activities, informal recreational activities, and formal competitive activities. Harter’s (11) six-item Athletic Competence subscale from the SelfPerception Profile for Children was administered to 578 children and adolescents (ages 7-15 years). The items were modified to refer to three different categories of physical activity instead of sport or outdoor games as used in the original subscale. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that children differentiated between the three categories of physical activity, and that the competitive sport category was their area of lowest perceived competence. Males had higher levels of perceived competence than females in each category.
The Appropriate Use of Scaling Techniques in Exercise Physiology
Authors: Nevill Alan M.
Published: August 2016

An important consideration in pediatric exercise sciences is how researchers can identify the effects of risk factors (e.g., physical inactivity, dietary composition, social class, and ethnic origin) on health-related fitness variables (e.g., peak VO2, lung function, grip strength, leg power, and arterial blood pressure) in the presence of confounding effects (e.g., differences in age, body size, and maturation). Allometric scaling provides an elegant method of identifying such risk factors while adjusting for the confounding effects of body size, age, and maturation while at the same time overcoming the undesirable distributional characteristics of such data (i.e., skewness [nonnormal] with heteroscedastic error variances). In contrast, the simple ratio standard (e.g., peak oxygen uptake [ml · kg-1 · min-1], and peak and mean power [W · kg-1]), although not a truly scaled ratio or index, is still able to provide the best prediction of weight-bearing athletic (e.g., running) performance.
Submaximal Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Children: Treadmill versus Cycle Ergometer
Authors: Turley Kenneth R. , Wilmore Jack H.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated whether cardiovascular responses at a given submaximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2, L · min-1) are different between the treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE). Submaximal cardiovascular measurements were obtained at three work rates on both the TM and CE in 7- to 9-year-old children (12 males and 12 females). Using regression analysis, it was determined that there were no differences between the TM and CE in cardiac output (L · min-1), stroke volume (SV, ml · beat-1) or heart rate (beats · min-1) at a given V̇O2 (L · min-1). There were differences in the total peripheral resistance (TPR, units) and arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff, ml · 100 ml-1) to V̇O2 (L · min-1) relationship. While there were statistically significant differences in TPR and a-vO2 diff between the two modalities, there was substantial overlap of individual values at any given submaximal V̇O2, thus the physiological significance is questionable. Hence, we conclude that in 7- to 9-yearold children there are no differences in submaximal cardiovascular responses between the CE and TM.
Legal Courses in Recreational Sport Management: A Comparative Analysis of Curriculum and Professional Experience
Authors: Young Sarah J.
Published: August 2016

Risk management and a fundamental knowledge of the law are considered an essential part of the professional preparation for today's recreational sport professional. This study combined a content analysis of legal courses in recreational sport management with the perceived importance of legal areas by administrators in municipal and campus recreational sport settings. The comparison resulted in finding that expectations of the administrators were higher for the legal knowledge of new professionals emerging from graduate level legal courses, the courses at both the undergraduate and graduate curriculum levels were similar, and risk management was perceived as the most important legal area of study for both curricular levels.
Differences in Leadership Development of Club Sport Officers
Authors: Hall-Yannessa Stacey L. , Forrester Scott
Published: August 2016

For years, campus recreation professionals have attributed the positive effects of participation in recreational sports to the development of student leadership skills. However, there is little empirical research supporting these claims. Using the Student Leadership Skills Inventory (SLSI), this study attempts to measure leadership skill development of club sport officers. More specifically, this study examines differences in reported leadership skills both before, and immediately following, a one-year leadership role and compares the findings between the positions of president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary. The findings are discussed in the context of the limitations of the study. The implications of these findings for the field of recreational sports are presented, as well as the need for further research documenting the impact of club sports on leadership skill development.
A Comparison of Recreational Sports and Leisure Time Participation of College/University Students in China, Japan, Korea, Iran, the United States, and Canada—with Students in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Authors: Cheng Philip Shao-Tung , Stier William F. , Kim Chong , Xu Ben-Li , Tokyo Eiji Koshimizu
Published: August 2016

University students play a major role in improving the quality of society and the productivity of a nation in terms of their physical fitness level and recreational activity (Cheng, 1998). This article examines the status, the generally recognized importance and perceived benefits of recreational and sport participation (leisure time activities) for college students.

Additionally, a comparison, by means of a survey instrument, is made between university students' recreational sport participation in six different countries—China, Japan, Korea, Iran, the United States, and Canada—with the recreational sport participation of university students within the Republic of China (Taiwan). The survey reveals the type of recreational participation of collegiate students in these countries, as well as factors that affected the students' choice of recreational and leisure time pursuits at their colleges and universities, with implications for future planning of recreational and sport activities for students at colleges and universities.
Student Recreation Centers: A Comparison of Users and Non-Users on Psychosocial Variables
Authors: Watson Jack C. , Ayers Suzan F. , Zizzi Samuel , Naoi Airi
Published: August 2016

Undergraduate ( n = 561) and graduate ( n = 104) students at a large mid-Atlantic university were surveyed to determine their usage patterns and beliefs about the climate of a newly constructed student recreation center (SRC) on their campus. Analyses attempted to identify differences between those students who used the facility ( n = 547) and those who did not ( n = 118) in relation to gender, age, year on campus, stage of change for exercise, and motivational orientation. Results revealed that SRC users were at higher stages along the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) and were significantly more likely to have participated in high school athletics than non-users. Non-users were significantly more likely to live off-campus, smoke, and be female than SRC users. The discussion offers suggestions for enticing non-users to exercise and use the facility, and feel more comfortable while doing so.
Using past Campus Recreational Sports Participation to Explain Current Physical Activity Levels of Alumni
Authors: Forrester Scott , Ross Craig M. , Hall Stacey , Geary Chris
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the role of past recreational sports involvement during the college years in explaining current physical activity patterns in college alumni. Subjects ( n = 311) completed a mailed questionnaire about their current physical activity levels and past campus recreational sports participation that measured (1) the breadth, depth, and quality of past recreational sports involvement and (2) the current level of exercise or physical activity. Overall, the results of the study revealed that over 77% of the respondents agreed that their involvement in recreational sports during college positively influenced their current physical activity levels. Increasing both the depth and breadth of physical activity for students while in college, and more importantly, beyond the college years, is an important goal for campus recreational sports programs.
Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Satisfaction and Retention
Authors: Pack Simon M. , Jordan Jeremy S. , Turner Brian A. , Haines Danell
Published: August 2016

The ability of recreational sport departments to offer quality programming and services often depends on whether they are able to employ and retain quality student employees. These student employees are critical in the performance of tasks associated with the daily operations connected with recreation programs. This study examined the role of perceived organizational support (POS) on student employee attitudes. It is beneficial for university recreational sport departments, specifically directors, to be cognizant of the role POS can play in the work experience of student employees. The relationships between POS and commitment (affective, AC and normative, NC) and satisfaction were investigated for 152 student employees of a campus recreation center. No significant differences in students' perceptions of POS were found based on gender, tenure, or type of supervision (student staff member, professional staff member, or graduate administrative assistant). However, the regression equations with POS and AC, POS and NC, and POS and satisfaction were all significant, explaining 46.2%, 39%, and 53.3% of the variance, respectively. The results of this study of the relationship between POS and commitment mirror several others from the field of industrial and organizational psychology, and it can be demonstrated that student employees reciprocate favorable treatment when they trust that their department will reward them in return. Future studies should focus on some of the particular antecedents of POS (e.g., supervisory support, participation in decision making, organizational justice, trust, and careerist orientation), as well as other possible outcomes of POS, and might provide more depth in understanding exchange relationships for student employees of recreational sports departments.
Sound Intensity Levels of a University Wellness Center
Authors: Burnett Jeffrey , Britten Frederick , Dearden Laci
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound intensity levels of a university-based wellness center. This research was initiated in response to the explosion of wellness centers being renovated and constructed across the nation at the university level and the need to entertain participants during fitness activities with some type of auditory sound. Measurements were taken in the wellness center under three conditions: quiet, music on, and music on/active. The intensity levels varied depending on the condition. Although the sound intensity was at an acceptable level during the quiet and music on condition, intensity levels reached an unacceptable level during the music on/active condition when not controlled by an administrator. This study provides a heightened awareness of the risks of possible hearing loss and promotes a role for professionals in health and human performance to collaborate with professionals in communication disorders in setting a safe intensity level of all audio systems.
Selected Risk Management Policies, Practices, and Procedures for Intramural Activities at NIRSA Institutions
Authors: Stier William F. , Schneider Robert C. , Kampf Steve , Haines Scott , Gaskins Brady
Published: August 2016

A survey of all National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) campus recreation directors was conducted to determine the risk management policies, practices, and procedures relating to intramural activities and recreational sports at colleges and universities throughout North America. The survey instrument, in its final form, addressed practices, policies, and procedures of campus recreation directors through 44 questions relating to the following areas: (a) documentation, (b) medical factors, (c) rules and regulations, (d) physical supervision, (e) sportsmanship rating systems, (f) restrictive policies, (g) safety devices, (h) officials-tests-qualifications, and (i) background experiences and training of the respondents. Selected data are presented in terms of (a) the size of institutions (small, medium, and large), (b) location of the institution (rural, urban, and suburban), and (c) whether public or privately supported.
Leadership Competencies of University Recreational Directors in Wisconsin
Authors: Ball James , Simpson Steven , Ardovino Patricia , Skemp-Arlt Karen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the leadership competencies that University Recreational Directors in Wisconsin believe are necessary to achieve success in a collegiate recreational setting. A Delphi Method was used to develop these leadership competencies. This study was done to assist recreational directors in developing the knowledge, understanding, and comprehension of the leadership competencies that might create a successful recreational facility. Three rounds of the Delphi Method were used to get this information. During the first round, 12 leadership competencies were identified as important. The directors narrowed these 12 down to 6 in the second round. The third and final round concluded five leadership competencies. Communication, Management of the budget, Personal management, Adaptability to change, and Commitment and integrity were the five leadership competencies that the directors agreed were necessary to succeed in a collegiate recreational setting.
Assessing Satisfaction with Campus Recreation Facilities among College Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Yoh Taeho , Mohr Mike , Gordon Brian
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction with campus recreation facilities among college students with physical disabilities. One hundred twenty-two college students with various physical disabilities participated in the study. This study found that use of and satisfaction with campus recreation facilities were significantly low among college students with disabilities. Specifically, 68% of college students with physical disabilities used campus recreation facilities less than 5 time per semester, and 37% of participants never used the facilities. The personnel in the area of campus recreation programs and facilities for students with disabilities should use the findings and suggestions of this study to provide better accessibility and accommodation of campus recreation facilities to students with disabilities.
Factors Affecting Risk Management of Indoor Campus Recreation Facilities
Authors: Schneider Robert C. , Stier William F. , Kampf Steve , Haines Scott , Gaskins Brady
Published: August 2016

Factors affecting risk management of indoor campus recreation facilities were studied. Campus recreation directors of 4-year colleges/universities in North America who held memberships in the National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) responded to a paper survey consisting of 32 dichotomous yes/no and close-ended multiple-choice questions. Questions addressed staff certification requirements, use of waivers, number of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) in the facility, communication and security devices, health screening of participants, and in-person supervision of the facility. Results showed that facilities are open to participants extensively throughout the 7-day week, thus requiring directors to ensure their risk management procedures are up to date—most notably staff members' CPR and first aid certification, as well as AED training.
Correlates of Physical Activity among College Students
Authors: Lerner Jonathan , Burns Con , de Róiste Áine
Published: August 2016

There is limited Irish research which focuses on rates of physical activity and the correlates of physical activity among college students, typically aged 18–22 (Clán Survey, 2003). A questionnaire examining participation rates in and correlates of physical activity was administered to a representative sample of 532 students in colleges within the Republic of Ireland. Key correlates of physical activity were further explored using interviews ( n = 16) of Irish coaches/college sport personnel and college students. A significantly higher percentage of males reported participation in organized physical activity/sport (male = 57.8%, female = 27.5%; p ≤ .001), whereas females were more likely to participate in unorganized physical activity (female = 74%, male = 56.8%; p ≤ .001). Intrinsic motivational factors (e.g., fun/ enjoyment, fitness, fondness of competition, interest) were found to be primary positive correlates of physical activity/sport for both males and females. Barriers to physical activity were elements associated with college life (e.g., lack of time, coursework) as well as lack of interest. Significant multivariate effects were obtained for gender and the correlates leading to participation in organized and unorganized physical activity/sport. Univariate analysis revealed that psychological and social correlates were significantly related to engagement in organized physical activity/sport among gender and more pronounced among males. However, only psychological correlates were significantly associated to participation in unorganized physical activity among gender and more prevalent among females. Cognizance of intrinsic influences should be taken when developing physical activity promotional strategies with Irish college students. Among Irish females, emphasis should be placed on the development of unorganized noncompetitive physical activity.
Planning for an Inclusive Campus Recreation Facility and Program
Authors: Staeger-Wilson Katheryne , Barnett Cynthia , Mahoney Susie , Sampson Douglas H.
Published: August 2016

This best practice brief highlights the collaborative work among a disability resource professional, a university architect, campus recreation professionals, and students with disabilities to create a campus recreation center with universal design features and considerations for students with disabilities. This partnership served to illustrate that building to minimum compliance standards does not necessarily remove barriers to equitable participation for persons with disabilities. It became evident that valuing the disability experience led to high quality design and further programmatic and equipment considerations made to accommodate all. From this project, best practices in inclusive, usable, and equitable design and programmatic and equipment considerations for users with disabilities can be observed and applied to future projects.
Club Sports: Maximizing Positive Outcomes and Minimizing Risks
Authors: Lifschutz Leon
Published: August 2016

Today's college students are getting involved outside the classroom in record numbers. One area that has witnessed massive growth is the realm of club sports. A New York Times article estimated that nearly two million students across the nation actively participate in club sports (Pennington, 2008). With so many students clamoring for these programs it is essential for institutions of higher education too understand what exactly a club sport is, and how it differs from its cousins, varsity sports and intramural sports. It is also important to recognize the many positive outcomes that can be a product of club sports. Club sports have the potential to support the educational mission of colleges and universities and can play an integral role in student success (Roberts, Miller, & Wells, 2003, p. 11). They can also contribute to student's pride in their institution and may play a factor in their willingness to give back after graduation. It is also important to identify the many areas of potential risk that exist for an institution. Sports inherently have risk and club sports' unique nature exacerbates issues such as travel, injury, and conduct. Furthermore, club sports do not receive the exposure or garner the prestige of varsity athletics. This article will define a club sport and explain some of the trends that have contributed to its rapid growth in recent years. It will also assess the positive outcomes and the risks of a club sports program in the context of higher education. Finally, the article will offer recommendations for Institutions to maximize the positive outcomes and manage the risks.
An Assessment of Proximity of Fitness Facilities and Equipment and Actual Perceived Usage by Undergraduate University Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Allen Rebecca , Ross Craig M.
Published: August 2016

This pilot study examined the relationship between proximity of fitness facilities and equipment and actual perceived usage by undergraduate students at a Division I university, while acknowledging the role that Social Cognitive Theory plays in fitness. As a pilot study, the primary purpose was to gauge whether the study design and instruments used were appropriate for the overall purpose. Intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, length of physical activity sessions, as well as a variety of other constructs were analyzed through correlational analysis to determine significance. The Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and the Perceived Environments Related to Physical Activity Questionnaire were modified for data collection. Findings of the pilot study revealed no significance in the proximity of fitness facilities and the amount of physical activity participation. However, the frequency of physical activity was significantly related to the availability of fitness equipment in an individual's home. Data collected from this study will be used to conduct further research on wider populations to investigate the proximity of fitness facilities and it's correlation with physical activity.
Irreconcilable Differences or Vibrant Habitat? An Examination of Sport Management’s Perceived Invasion of Recreation’s Nest
Authors: Edwards Michael B. , Peachey Jon Welty
Published: August 2016

Throughout sport management’s history, scholars have wrestled with the discipline’s appropriate home within the academy. Sport management programs are often placed within other departments or schools, with one potential home being established parks and recreation management departments. However, one of the most prevalent issues within the parks and recreation academic field is the perceived invasion of sport management into its “nest.” In a recent article in the field’s leading education journal, a prominent scholar suggests that parks and recreation programs housing sport management run the risk of undermining their mission and may ultimately face extinction. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to offer a response to this article, and examine the position of sport management within traditional parks and recreation departments. We argue that because of the interrelatedness of the disciplines and shared ontological and epistemological roots, fostering collaboration rather than divisiveness would enhance the scholarship, academic integrity and student learning outcomes of both fields.
The Selection of a Sport Management Major: Factors Influencing Student Choice from a Consumer-Oriented Perspective
Authors: Hancock Meg G. , Greenwell T. Christopher
Published: August 2016

Higher education administrators have called on faculty to strategize ways in which to fill classroom seats, as well as recruit and retain diverse students. Understanding current student populations should be of increasing importance to sport management faculty as new programs are established at colleges and universities each year. A sample of 330 sport management students from introductory sport management courses at six different schools was surveyed to identify factors influencing their selection of a sport management major. Results indicate students select the sport management major because they have an interest in sport and working in the sport industry. Program quality and program convenience were also important selection factors. Women had lower salary perceptions and minority students had lower perceptions across most selection factors. Understanding these factors can help programs tailor their marketing and recruiting efforts in an effort to develop a more diverse classroom and workforce.