bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten Hours
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter recounts the Great Fire of New York, which began on the bitterly cold evening of December 16, 1835, at Comstock & Andrews, a dry goods store on Merchant Street. After the fire alarm was given, Chief Engineer James Gulick and fire crews raced to Manhattan’s Wall Street district. Firemen needed water, and crews tapped nearby hydrants while others headed to the foot of Wall Street to break through the ice on the East River. Soon water flowed. However, the strong winds made quenching the fire especially difficult, and the driving gale slapped the water back into their faces. Despite their best efforts, within 15 minutes of the alarm, Watchman William B. Hays realized that “fully fifty buildings were blazing.” As the flames spread throughout the area, the cold froze the firehoses, and after hours of failing to control the blaze, the mayor and others realized they needed to blow up buildings to make fire breaks to staunch the flames. Numerous structures were quickly imploded. By early morning of December 17, the seemingly relentless march of the fire that had consumed 674 buildings was finally stopped.
“I Would Buy Every Foot of Land on the Island of Manhattan”
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on developments in Manhattan in the years after the Great Fire of 1835. As the city streets stretched out, houses followed. While growth could be volatile and the economy buffeted by booms and busts, many took advantage of the benefits of land ownership. And all the real estate activity was a boon for lawyers, who raked in one to two percent of the value of each deal. The chapter then details the development of squares like Gramercy Park, which remains one of the most coveted private parks in Manhattan. As homes rose and the city stretched out, savvy businessmen launched public transportation lines to help the growing population get around. Throughout, the land baron John Jacob Astor was at the center of much that was happening in New York in the 1830s and 1840s, and particularly in the post–Great Fire years. He had become a legend in the nation's development, renowned for his business insight, work ethic, and of course for his vast wealth.
Panic and Promise
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses the Panic of 1837. At the time of the new Bowery Theatre's opening in 1837, the national economy was overheating and buffeted by a combination of President Andrew Jackson's war on the Second Bank of the United States, rabid speculation, an unfettered economic boom, and wildly expanding trade. Then, while Congress was on recess, Jackson issued his Specie Circular, directing government land offices to only accept silver or gold in the hope of stopping the spread of paper money. This helped send the economy into a tailspin. Credit contracted, and British merchants cut back on cotton purchases. The shock from the resulting collapse of the cotton market rippled through New York's economy, and caused a long term and devastating depression, which only started to lift in the early 1840s as British credit was loosened, and European nations sought American crops following their local agricultural failures. Yet throughout, one thing that constantly replenished the city's economy was the arrival of immigrants like the merchant Alexander Stewart. Meanwhile, New York's port and rivers beckoned trade from throughout the world, and the city’s became the center of ship building.
Creating Breathing Space
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter turns to the need for open land in New York. In the 1850s, New York was on its way to becoming a world metropolis, strengthened by its businesses, banks, merchant houses, streets, water aqueduct, railways, ferries, food markets, and housing. However, years of development meant that open space was vanishing, and what remained needed to be preserved. By taking over the African-American community of Seneca Village and the surrounding land that would become Central Park, city officials believed they could redeem their metropolis, bring nature's grace back to Manhattan, and restore what the New York Mirror called “the lungs of the city.” On July 21, 1853, the legislature passed the Central Park Act, declaring hundreds of acres in the middle of Manhattan Island “a public place.” Mayor Fernando Wood chose Egbert Viele to create the park, and the chapter considers the disappointment many had with his plan, and how architect Calvert Vaux agitated to get the city to hold an architectural competition to find a different design of the space.
A Melting Pot Boils Over
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores how crime and violence grew during the pre–Civil War period. Gangs such as the Bowery Boys, the Chichesters, the Kerryonians, the Forty Thieves, the Atlantic Guards, and the Plug Uglies seemed to be omnipresent in New York. Membership in such groups offered young men status, alcohol, and a chance to rebel against a system seemingly stacked against them. Violence also grew as it became politicized as ethnic, cultural, and social struggles rippled through the city, reflecting the tragic side of New York's extraordinary growth. Many gang members felt a sense of entitlement, and sought to demonstrate their rights with both their ballots and their fists, as well as ways to gain political standing and wealth through saloons, the police department and firehouses. This all led to a spike in violent encounters at polling places and in public gatherings such as in the city's theaters. This state of society is reflected in the bitter rivalry between two actors, the English William Macready and the American Edwin Forrest. At the same time, immigrants flowed into New York, looking for a new home. Many, such as the Irish, encountered widespread discrimination and competition for jobs. Even so, they made a home for themselves in the city.
Ending the Deadly Embrace
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes how, as the American Civil War dragged on, the death toll rose, and the cost of basic necessities increased. Then, in July of 1863, arrived the National Enrollment Act. This military conscription law made all men aged 20 to 45 eligible for the draft if they were physically and mentally healthy, and were not the child of infirm parents, the only son of a widow, or a widower with dependent children. The act angered many whites who resented being forced to fight a war to free African Americans. A mass of people poured out onto the streets to protest the draft. The Metropolitan Police could not control what became known as the Draft Riot. As citizens rampaged, many focused their wrath on African Americans. While some New Yorkers committed murder, many others abhorred what had happened and some tried to stop it. And as a sign of their changed stance toward African Americans, many New Yorkers following the riot favored the idea of arming Black troops fighting for the Union. The chapter then looks at the Confederates’ attempts to torch New York City. The war finally ended on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Virginia's Appomattox Court House.
Introduction
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

This chapter spells out the “neo-Kierkegaardian” nature of the project. Although relying on Kierkegaard’s central conceptions of selfhood, love, and faith, it nevertheless develops these ideas in a way that departs from Kierkegaard’s explicit position. At the same time, the project does not depart from Kierkegaard in the sense that the view of romantic love that it defends ultimately accords with Kierkegaard’s understanding of the good life. Hence, the project presents not only a substantial thesis regarding the nature and value of romantic love, but also an exegetical thesis regarding the significance of romantic love from a Kierkegaardian point of view. The chapter also discusses the concept of possessing a name and shows how being a person with a name—that is, a self—plays a central role in the project’s theory of love. In this context, the chapter introduces the idea of being lovers in essence.
The Meeting of Essences
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses a much debated question in contemporary (analytic) discussions of love, namely, what grounds one’s love for another. First explaining the project’s specific approach to this question, the chapter then focuses on J. David Velleman’s suggestion that it is the personhood of the beloved—personhood being a universal quality essential to a person—that grounds one’s love. While agreeing with Velleman that the beloved’s essence plays a crucial role in grounding one’s love, the argument offered here departs from Velleman’s in two significant ways: first, by positing that the beloved’s essence amounts to selfhood rather than personhood and second, by suggesting that while the beloved’s selfhood is the focus of love, that which grounds love is the correspondence between the selfhood of the beloved and that of the lover.
Love as a Joyful Compassionate Caring
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

The aim of this chapter is to account for the nature of love. To do so, it develops a view that continues Kierkegaard’s understanding of love as a selfless caring, while also substantially differing from it. Accepting Kierkegaard’s position that love is a kind of caring, and agreeing with him on the importance of equality and self-denial to loving correctly, it claims, however, that Kierkegaard’s view is nevertheless insufficient. Kierkegaard offers a thin model of love that fails to account for its diversity, and hence disregards the distinctive nature of romantic love. The alternative presented in the chapter is of love as a joyful compassionate caring, and it is argued that joy in the presence of the beloved not only is essential to love, but is also that which distinguishes between the different kinds of love.
The Failure to Love Correctly
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

The book having, until now, focused on developing a substantial view of romantic love, this chapter and the next demonstrate that this view not only is consistent with the theistic position of Kierkegaard, but may also be seen as supported by it. The first step in doing so is to textually ground the conception of selfhood as an individual essence, which the chapter does by offering a close reading of The Sickness unto Death. In this text Kierkegaard analyzes despair as the failure to be the self that one is intended to be. The chapter suggests that this state ultimately proves equivalent to loving incorrectly, and thus demonstrates that the long journey to becoming oneself—which is no less the long journey to God—is necessarily carried out in the world. This paves the way for the claim of the final chapter, that loving correctly is the key to the healing from despair.
On the Question of Realism
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay engages the realism/instrumentalism debate in the philosophy of science. As she pursues her investigation of the world and our place in it, the Second Philosopher comes to believe in molecules and atoms based on evidence beginning with Perrin’s famous experiments on Brownian motion. This would seem to qualify her as a realist, but examination of the positions of leading instrumentalists van Fraassen and Stanford reveals that her claim to rational belief in unobservables on those grounds doesn’t amount to ‘realism’ as they understand it. This result suggests that the debate has gone astray.
Hume and Reid
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

Stroud, among others, argues that Hume was the first to reject the Cartesian detached intellect and study human nature empirically. In fact, Hume’s Science of Man seeks to found the sciences in a way that precludes its appeal to scientific conclusions, and the naturalistic credit here actually belongs to Reid. Reid responded to Hume’s external world skepticism by rejecting the theory of ideas and its attendant Argument from Illusion, but more fundamentally, he rejected the Cartesian assumption that the study of human cognition must begin from introspective evidence alone. Introspection, for Reid, is just one among our faculties, all of which are mostly reliable, but occasionally fallible, so it makes no sense to single it out as uniquely problematic and demand that it be justified in terms of the others. Instead, he investigates our perceptual faculties empirically, assessing their strengths and weaknesses in much the same spirit as contemporary cognitive science.
Wittgenstein on Hinges
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

Wittgenstein’s On Certainty is often regarded as the sourcebook of contemporary hinge epistemology. However that may be, this essay argues that Wittgenstein himself was not a hinge epistemologist. He did feel the draw, but in the end, hinge propositions were not part of his considered view. Rather, they characterize one of the competing voices in his treatment of external world skepticism, the so-called voice of correctness (analogous to the Kripkean skeptical solution in the rule-following case), with the voice of temptation represented by Moore, as Wittgenstein understands him (analogous to a straight solution in the role-following case). To support this reading of the first-draft notes collected by the editors into OC, the argument extrapolates from readings of the Tractatus, the Philosophical Investigations, and the Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, supplemented by new biographical and philological work by Brian Rogers on Wittgenstein’s final months.
Psychology and the a priori Sciences
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay explores the role of psychology in the philosophies of logic and arithmetic. It begins by reviewing the role of developmental psychology in a second-philosophical position on logic, with some attention to whether logical structure is fully represented, then draws this moral: because logic rests on our primitive cognitive mechanisms, we tend to think it couldn’t be otherwise; this explains why we imagine logic to be necessary when it’s actually contingent (e.g., failing in the quantum world). This account extends to elementary arithmetic (2 + 2 = 4), but the potential infinite shifts support from structures present in the world to a conceptual element rooted in the language-learning device. Each of us imagines that our intuitive picture of the infinite natural number sequence is shared and that it’s coherent, unique, and determinate, but the second moral from psychology is that these convictions are less secure than we tend to think.
Enhanced If-thenism
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay attempts to revive if-thenism (or deductivism), the view that contemporary pure mathematics is the study of what follows from what. Historical antecedents are traced in Russell and Putnam, some traditional objections dispatched, and an account of applications different from Putnam’s deployed to undercut the indispensability arguments. The central challenge is that mathematics is not indifferent to what goes in the ‘if’ part of the if-then; this is where Simple If-thenism is enhanced to include an account of the rationality of one choice over another. The connection between the ‘if’ and the ‘then’ is accounted for in terms of the second-philosophical view of logic in Essays ##8 and 9, and arithmetic is treated as in Essays ##9 and 10. The final section deals with matters of meta-mathematics, especially Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem.
The First Wave of the San Francisco Sound
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

The San Francisco sound emerged in 1978 from the influence of four gay San Franciscans: Marty Blecman, Patrick Cowley, John Hedges, and Sylvester. These four men encompassed the range of gay Castro life perfectly. Cowley was an electronic music, producer, composer, and performer who, through his life as a Castro clone, channeled his experiences and desires into his music. Sylvester captured the public’s imagination as a singer whose intersectional experiences as a gay Black rock counterculture-musician-turned-disco-artist symbolized most visibly the new post-liberation gay movement. The chapter outlines how Cowley and Sylvester, through their songs “You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)” and “Dance (Disco Heat),” cultivated a new sound in San Francisco, and how Berkeley’s Fantasy Records was the first to introduce the Bay Area sound to the rest of the world.
Beyond Discovery
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

The book is a guide for academic researchers, especially scientists and engineers, on how to move their discoveries to the marketplace. Few academics understand what tech transfer is or how it works, and many shy away from it because they equate commercialization with starting a company. Yet those same individuals can be intrigued to learn of additional pathways that enable discoveries to be translated into marketable products or services. This book helps researchers explore multiple routes for commercialization, guides them through the personal decisions they must face, describes programs designed to help them, and provides advice to avoid common problems. It frames commercialization as the primary (often the only) way for research to solve societal problems. Impact can best be achieved if a discovery leads to an innovation that fills an unmet need in the marketplace. The range of entities that support technology transfer is described, as well as best practices for researchers to support the process. Engaging researchers effectively requires that institutions themselves adapt. Aligning commercialization with the rewards system is crucial, and integrating commercialization training into graduate and postdoctoral programs will produce the next generation of inventors. Furthermore, women and minorities face special challenges that must be overcome so that everyone’s discovery receives support for commercialization. Woven through the book are profiles of academic inventors, which illustrate key points and help researchers to visualize themselves in such a role.
Ending Mass Incarceration
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

Critics on both the left and the right increasingly use the term “mass incarceration” to call attention to the unprecedented scale of, and racial inequities in, the U.S. criminal legal system—and the havoc they wreak. This book shows that the criminal legal response to lawbreaking has continued to intensify even as lawmakers increasingly embrace criminal justice reform. It also identifies three dynamics that help explain why mass incarceration persists despite plummeting crime rates and widespread efforts to reduce prison populations. These incarcerative forces include the political and cultural dynamics surrounding the issue of violence, resistance to criminal legal system reform in suburban and especially rural counties, and the failure of the most popular drug policy reforms (including drug courts) to meaningfully reduce the reach of the criminal legal system or racial inequities in it. The second part of the book identifies three broad political and policy shifts that would significantly reduce the scale of punishment while also addressing the social problems to which it is a (misguided) response. These include the enactment of a twenty-year maximum sentence and the expansion of restorative justice principles and practices that offer alternative ways of promoting accountability and healing. Meaningful harm-reduction-based drug policy reforms, including the expansion of alternative responses to low-level crime and disorder that operate outside the criminal legal system, enhanced access to medication-assisted treatment, and investment in low-income housing, including Housing First initiatives, are also needed.
End Excessive Sentencing
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores why comprehensive sentencing reform and a twenty-year maximum sentence are essential to efforts to reverse mass incarceration. The widespread imposition of long and life sentences has contributed significantly to mass incarceration and is an ineffective and inefficient means of protecting public safety. Moreover, the proliferation of harsh sentencing laws has led to a dramatic decline in the share of cases that are adjudicated at trial and a notable increase in the penalty defendants pay for exercising their right to trial. Reliance on excessive sentences is also a costly approach to the problem of violence, one that consumes significant tax dollars that might otherwise be spent on evidence-based crime prevention programs, victim services, and restorative justice alternatives. While a twenty-year maximum sentence would mean a significant change in the United States, such a policy would bring the country into line with human rights norms and the practices of other democratic countries.
Reimagining Public Safety
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

The ascendance of a narrow definition of public safety that recognizes just one threat to public safety, the risk of interpersonal violence, was the result of an eminently useful political strategy employed by conservative (and, increasingly, liberal) political actors in recent decades. Yet the institutional expression of this political strategy—mass incarceration—has been a colossal policy failure. Mass incarceration does not make us safer. In fact, by consuming scarce public resources, substituting for meaningful assistance for people who have experienced crime and violence, and reinforcing poverty and racial inequality, mass incarceration has failed us all. It has particularly failed communities of color and low-income families by ensnaring, traumatizing, and stigmatizing millions. In seeking to end mass incarceration, our efforts to reduce the state’s power to punish must be tethered to policies and practices that reduce and ameliorate all forms of harm and suffering. True public safety requires no less.
Steering the Ship
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the governance of the orchestra, beginning with a broad discussion of the roles and responsibilities of the board of any not-for-profit organization. This discussion then narrows a bit to specifically discuss orchestra governance, and the particular challenges thereof. One such challenge highlighted is that of building a board of directors that is both highly effective and representative of the community. The chapter then shifts to the board’s place within the organization, and the particular challenges in fostering good communication between the board, staff, and musicians. It then dives a bit deeper into the board’s role in contract negotiations, as well as their relationship with the chief executive and staff members. Finally, this chapter offers valuable resources related to strategic planning.
Artistic Planning
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

The artistic planning process, and the various players therein, is analyzed in this chapter. The role of the music director as the lead artistic voice will be explored, as will the involvement of staff members in the process (as both leaders and supporters of artistic planning). Non-traditional artistic planning processes are also explored, including the role of musicians as programming partners. Partnering with and responding to the needs and interests of the community are central to the chapter, as well as a discussion about the role of the board of directors in artistic planning. The chapter concludes by exploring the “what,” “who,” “how,” and “where” of artistic planning, alongside advice for orchestras about how to get to the “why.”
Financial Management
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

With the goal of helping orchestra managers become conversant in financial management concepts, this chapter begins by outlining basic financial terminology, a discussion of capital structure, and various types of statements and reports that are useful in managing an orchestra’s finances. The orchestra budgeting process is also highlighted, as is the typical orchestra cash flow cycle. Typically the major expense item for any orchestra, the various methods of paying the musicians will be a focus, including fixed versus variable costs, service utilization, and the impact of finances on artistic planning.
Building Sustaining Relationships
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

Built around the concept that relationship building is at the core of good fundraising, this chapter begins by delving into the various ways that orchestras connect people and organizations to each other. Central to the chapter is an exploration of the roles of staff, musicians, volunteers, and the board of directors in fundraising, including donations from individuals, foundation and government support, investment income, and corporate giving. Multiple models of patron engagement (and their limitations) are discussed, as is the more recent alignment of orchestra development and marketing departments. Practical tools for successful solications are shared, and numerous ways to connect with individual donors are suggested.
The Nature of Physical Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

Computing systems are everywhere today. Even the brain is thought to be a sort of computing system. But what does it mean to say that a given organ or system computes? What is it about laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems that they are deemed to compute, and why does it seldom occur to us to describe stomachs, hurricanes, rocks, or chairs that way? The book provides an extended argument for the semantic view of computation, which states that semantic properties are involved in the nature of computing systems. Laptops, smartphones, and nervous systems compute because they are accompanied by representations. Stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, which do not have semantic properties, do not compute. The first part of the book argues that the linkage between the mathematical theory of computability and the notion of physical computation is weak. Theoretical notions such as algorithms, effective procedure, program, and automaton play only a minor role in identifying physical computation. The second part of the book reviews three influential accounts of physical computation and argues that while none of these accounts is satisfactory, each of them highlights certain key features of physical computation. The final part of the book develops and argues for a semantic account of physical computation and offers a characterization of computational explanations.
The Semantic View of Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The semantic view of computation asserts that semantic properties are an essential aspect of the nature of physical computing systems. This chapter starts with an explication of the semantic view of computation: its claims, its variants, how it differs from its non-semantic counterparts, what semantics means in computational contexts, and the major arguments in its favor. Next, the chapter addresses some of the main objections to the semantic view, advanced by Frances Egan, Gualtiero Piccinini, Michael Rescorla, and others. It argues that when more refined distinctions are made, the semantic view can overcome these objections.
Computing as Modeling
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that input-output modeling is an essential element of computing, at least in current computational approaches in cognitive neuroscience. A model, in the context of this work, is a representational system that preserves patterns of relations of the target domain. A process input-output models a given target when its input-output function and some relation in the target have a shared formal structure. Finally, the chapter shows that modeling is often associated with computing, that it plays a major methodological role in discovering what function is being computed, and that it enhances a distinctive account of computational explanation.
Gendering the GOP
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N.
Published: February 2022

This book, one of the first to focus exclusively on the experiences of Republican congresswomen, uncovers some of the gendered implications of congressional polarization. Looking beyond legislative behavior, Gendering the GOP: Intraparty Politics and Republican Women’s Representation in Congress reveals changes over time in the way Republican congresswomen (1) claim to represent women and (2) work together to advance their own interests within the party. Through extensive interviews with women members of Congress and in-depth analyses of House floor speeches, the book details how women have both navigated and shaped existing gender dynamics within the House GOP conference. It demonstrates that Republican women in Congress are not merely gender-blind partisans. Rather, it complicates traditional understandings of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, showing how polarization and party competition have incentivized Republican women to organize around their partisan-gender identity—distinguishing themselves from both Democratic women and Republican men. Doing so has increased their visibility as party messengers, while simultaneously limiting their legislative power in the institution. This book shines light on the ongoing challenges Republican women face, the intricate gender dynamics they must learn to navigate in their party, and potential opportunities for change.
Introduction
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 makes the case for studying the evolution of Republican women’s congressional representation. While much of the previous literature on women in Congress has focused on their legislative impact, it is becoming necessary to more thoroughly understand how changes in the institutional environment affect the experiences and strategies of congresswomen more broadly. For example, while Republican women are no longer more ideologically moderate than men in their party, they may be invoking their gender and working together as women in new ways. The chapter synthesizes main concepts in the fields of gender and American politics and introduces readers to the concept of a partisan-gender identity.
Culturally Speaking
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 continues the analysis of partisan woman-invoked rhetoric, showing how Republican congresswomen’s rhetoric has evolved to conform to their party culture. It explores the types of claims made in woman-invoked speeches—that is, how women are invoked—and shows that Republican women are more likely than in the 1990s to speak about themselves as women and mothers. Given the GOP’s emphasis on traditional gender roles, family values, and individualism, this shift in rhetoric places Republican women in line with the cultural values of their party. Taken together, Chapters 2 and 3 highlight a shift toward the use of partisan woman-invoked rhetoric—rhetoric that aligns with the policies, messaging tactics, and culture of the party.
Conclusion
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 concludes the book with an overview of the way Republican women’s congressional representation has evolved over time. The chapter ends with several potential implications and provides a theoretical foundation for future studies of women’s representation in the modern GOP. In particular, it highlights a multidimensional paradox for Republican women’s representation in Congress as well as the potentially transformative power of a partisan-gender identity. The book makes the case throughout that gendering scholarly analyses of intraparty politics and focusing on Republican women’s representational behavior are important endeavors in order to fully understand the evolving dynamics of women’s congressional representation.
Materials for Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that, similar to other types of music teaching, technology-based music teaching requires the use of materials. It looks at examples of established criteria for selecting musical materials for various types of teaching scenarios and then suggests how those criteria might be applied to TBMI. It addresses the crossover between the music used in traditional music teaching and the music that might be used in technology-based music instruction, providing guidance for selecting and using varying types of materials for technology-based music classes. The chapter describes principles of music selection for listening and performing, and for selecting software and hardware. Suggestions are made for finding and using materials in ways that benefit both teachers and students.
Assessment and Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses ways that teachers might assess students’ work in technology-based music. Assessment of creative work can be difficult for teachers because of the open-ended nature of most assignments. Rather than thinking about assessment as the culmination of an educational cycle, teachers should embed assessment into every lesson, every activity, and their plans for everything that comes next. The chapter includes guidelines for constructing tests and quizzes, using programmed instruction, and assessing creative work with checklists, rubrics, and portfolios. Also addressed are ideas such as project sharing among peers, and ideas related to professional assessment of teachers’ work in the TBMI classroom.
Proto-State Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Proto-State Media Systems explores how militant, non-state organizations create, develop, and sustain media systems in the contemporary environment. It challenges generalized applications of dominant state-based media system models by revealing how such approaches lack full explanatory power for assessing the structures and functions of media systems of groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS. Utilizing theories of constitutive discourse and online networks, as well as revised conceptualizations of proto-states and media systems, the book explores how militant proto-states can create identity-based media systems capable of attracting and sustaining online and offline loyalties. Proto-State Media Systems begins by tracing the structural evolution of the media operations of al-Qaeda over a thirty-year period and of ISIS since it emerged around the turn of the century. It then mines recurrent transhistorical and transpatial referent points in al-Qaeda and ISIS’s Arabic and English media products to identify insightful, embedded criteria for evaluating proto-state media systems. It then identifies events—both material and symbolic—associated with heightened interest levels by online users and traditional media outlets, and explores how patterned uses of multimodal appeals function to sustain viewer interest over time. It concludes by providing an integrated model for comparing proto-state media systems.
Governing Security After War
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

This book explores the political dilemmas around security governance in war-torn countries. Security assistance has become the largest component of international peacebuilding and stabilization efforts, and a primary tool for responding to civil war and insurgency. Donors and peacekeepers not only train and equip military and police forces, they also seek to overhaul their structure, management, and oversight. As international actors have attempted to strengthen oversight and curb abuse, however, they have run into thorny political obstacles. Varied outcomes have raised questions about the value of international assistance for strengthening state institutions. This book confronts these questions by delving into the political dimensions of security governance. Shifting from the perspective of outside actors to those of leaders and officials in war-torn countries, it highlights the political challenges that arise as they seek to consolidate authority. The book shows that the extent to which state policymakers adopt changes to the management and oversight of security forces depends on internal political dynamics, specifically the degree to which leaders need to consolidate power. The political strategies leaders pursue, in turn, affect opportunities for external actors to influence institutional changes through means such as conditions on aid, norm diffusion, or day-to-day participation in decision-making. Drawing on an original dataset of security governance and field research in Liberia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Timor-Leste, as well as mini-case studies of Iraq, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Somalia, this book explains the success and failure of international security assistance and sheds light on the politics of peacebuilding. It explains why more aid does not always improve outcomes, and when political interests enable institutional change—sometimes in unintended ways. Going beyond “context matters,” it provides practical recommendations for navigating the political challenges of institutional change in conflict-affected countries.
“Hume’s Lengthy Digression”
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Hume is widely recognized as having presented the classic defense of the compatibilist position, the view that freedom and responsibility are consistent with determinism. Most of Hume’s core arguments on this issue are found in the relevant sections of his Treatise of Human Nature and his Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Although there are some significant points of difference in his arguments and presentation positions in these two works, the general position is much the same. My discussion in this essay does not concern the relationship between these two accounts but rather centers on the contrast between two alternative interpretations of Hume’s views on this subject, with particular reference to the version presented in the Treatise. It is my particular concern to explain and defend the naturalistic as against the classical incompatibilist account and to explain the general significance of the naturalistic account for the contemporary debate.
Hume on Responsibility and Punishment
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

In this essay I pursue two closely related objectives. First, I articulate and describe the nature and character of Hume’s theory of punishment. Second, in light of this account, I offer an assessment of the contemporary interest and value of Hume’s theory. Throughout my discussion I emphasize the relevance and importance of Hume’s views on moral responsibility to his account of punishment. More specifically, I argue that Hume seeks to develop an account of punishment on the foundation of a naturalistic theory of responsibility—that is, a theory which draws our attention to the role of moral sentiment in this sphere. Although this naturalistic aspect of Hume’s theory of punishment has been largely overlooked by commentators, I maintain that it is, nevertheless, precisely this aspect of Hume’s theory that is especially interesting from a contemporary perspective.
Hume’s Philosophy of Irreligion and the Myth of British Empiricism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

This chapter outlines an alternative interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, one that aims, among other things, to explain some of the most perplexing puzzles concerning the relationship between Hume’s skepticism and his naturalism. The key to solving these puzzles, it is argued, rests with recognizing Hume’s fundamental irreligious aims and objectives, beginning with his first and greatest work, A Treatise of Human Nature. The irreligious interpretation not only reconfigures our understanding of the unity and structure of Hume’s thought, it also provides a radically different picture of the way in which Hume’s philosophy is rooted in its historical context. By altering our understanding of the fundamentals of Hume’s philosophy in this way, the irreligious interpretation also challenges the adequacy of the familiar and entrenched framework of “British Empiricism.”
Understanding New Global Realities
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

To build successful national security policy, US policymakers need to take new security realities more fully into account. Four of these—declining utility of military power, rising threats from non-state actors, increasing non-military threats to security, and growing dangers from virulent militarized nationalisms—worsen all of the United States’ traditional security problems and increase the dysfunctionality of the existing international system. Three more promising changes—expanding applications of the rule of law internationally, rising potential in nonviolent direct action for advancing social justice and human rights, and increasing promise in global governance—provide new possibilities for increasing US security. These changing realities call for significant revisions in security theory, policy, and international institutions to address the most dangerous trends and take advantage of the most promising governance opportunities in order to make national government, once again, and global governance, for the first time, truly effective in serving the common good.
Conceiving a Security-Enhancing Theory
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

This book develops a theory of “empirical realism” to address unprecedented challenges to US security and utilize new opportunities for global governance. Empirical realism differs from political realism in emphasizing that anarchy in the international system can be reduced to increase US security. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the primary correlates of peace and develops a strategy to implement these. The goal is to maximize the likelihood of peace rather than primarily to maximize US military power. By addressing all nations’ security fears, increasing equity, respecting reciprocity, expanding the role of international law, and growing democratic global governance, the governability of the international system can be increased enough to manage dangers from non-state actors, non-military security threats, hyper-independent states, populists, and the violently permissive balance-of-power system. A global grand strategy for human security can succeed where a national grand strategy for US security is likely to fail.
Designing Life-Enhancing Architecture
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

Strengthening international legal processes and establishing new institutional architecture to enable and require desirable state conduct is probably the most important action that the United States can take to reduce armed conflict and foster human freedom. To design global institutions that can be built now without bringing unacceptable risks and that lead toward more far-reaching structural changes down the road can advance needed system change to achieve human security. Especially promising are opportunities to strengthen global governance with more robust lawmaking and law-enforcing institutions; to establish a more effective global system to monitor weapons of mass destruction, nations’ war-making potential, and gross violations of human rights; to create a standing, individually recruited multinational police force; to establish a world environmental council; to expand economic and educational opportunities enough to end extreme poverty; and to start a democratic global people’s assembly and regular online communication among the world’s democratically elected legislators.
Building Human Security
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

Because successful US security policies in the future will require implementing the correlates of peace rather than simply maximizing US military power, forward-looking policymakers and citizens will need to exert substantial pressures within the United States, as well as to build support from friendly transnational social movement organizations, to bring desired policies into being. To achieve change at home and to engage effectively abroad necessitates bolstering US democracy by requiring the electoral college to follow the popular vote; reducing gerrymandering; stopping voter suppression; encouraging honest public debate and civic education on global issues; countering threats to democratic integrity from officials’ dishonesty, populism, social media amplification of falsehoods, and the influence of huge monetary contributions on electoral and legislative processes; and broadening US national interests to serve the human security needs of all. Transnational networking also helps to address increasing democratic deficits that every country encounters from growing interdependence and globalization.
Where the Evidence Leads
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

This book’s synthesis of peace research and security studies shows, ironically, that US security can be better served by turning away from the national security paradigm of political realism and toward a broader human security paradigm of “empirical realism.” US security benefits are likely to be greater from maximizing the correlates of peace than from maximizing US military power. Tempering narrow nationalism with increased respect for human dignity can help implement the correlates of positive reciprocity, equity, human security, enhanced international law, and democratic global governance. Progress in these areas would enable transforming the existing militarized-balance-of-power system into a more complex global governing system that empowers transnational political, economic, environmental, religious, and other influences to move all states’ conduct toward serving the common good. A global grand strategy for human security, which would include US security within it, can succeed where a national grand strategy for US security is likely to fail.
Making Italy Anglican
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

Making Italy Anglican is a study of the Italian translations of the Book of Common Prayer undertaken between 1608 and the early twentieth century. For almost three hundred years there were those in England who believed, in different and changing ways, that the distribution of the translation of the Book of Common Prayer could trigger a radical change in the Italian political and religious landscape. The aim of the Italian translation was to present the text to the Italian religious and political elite in the belief that the English liturgy embodied the essence of the Church of England. The beauty, harmony, and simplicity of the English liturgical text rendered into Italian were intended to demonstrate that the English church came closest to the apostolic model. The leitmotif running through the various incarnations of this project, above all at the beginning of the seventeenth century and in the nineteenth century, is the idea of promoting top-down reform, according to the model of the Church of England itself. These ventures mostly had a little real impact on Italian history. The story of this fruitless encounter helps us to better understand both the changing self-perception of the international role of the Church of England and the cross-cultural and religious relations between Britain and Italy.
The Book of Common Prayer for Immigrants in London and the United States
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

This chapter reconstructs both the use of the Italian version of the Anglican liturgy in the short-lived nineteenth-century Italian congregations established in England to serve the growing number of Italian immigrants and the history of the Italian translations of the Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church of the United States of America. In 1874 and in 1876 the Italian Costantino Stauder published a partial Italian version of the American Prayer Book for the first Italian-speaking Episcopal congregation in New York. The first complete Italian edition was published in Philadelphia in 1904 by Michele Zara, minister of the Italian Episcopal Church of the Emmanuello of that city. His successor, Tommaso Edmondo della Cioppa, published in 1922 a bilingual selection of the Book of Common Prayer.