bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in total knee replacement by changing implant and preserving the infrapatella fatpad: a quality improvement project
Authors: Partridge Thomas , Carluke Ian , Emmerson Kevin , Partington Paul , Reed Mike
Published: May 2016

Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were introduced in 2009 to allow patient perspectives to potentially influence change and improvement. In collaboration with the national joint registry (NJR), PROMs data has been examined on a national basis to compare surgical factors in total knee replacement (TKR). Initial results demonstrated there were statistically significant differences in Oxford Knee Score (OKS) when using different brands of implant. Preservation of the infrapatella fatpad (IFP) has also been shown improve outcomes. This led Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust to make a mass move to the Zimmer Nexgen TKR and later change surgeons' routine practice to preserving the IFP. The PROMs were recorded pre and six months post operation to obtain improvement scores. The baseline improvement in OKS was 14.0. After changing implant to the Zimmer Nexgen in Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle 1 the average improvement score was 16.7. After implementing default preservation of the IFP in PDSA cycle 2 the average OKS improvement score was 17.3. The results from this project demonstrate a significant improvement in local services after implementing changes based on national and local evaluations. This initiative is an excellent example of improvement by evidence based practice and success of the English National Health Service PROMs scheme.
Concept of queue clearance rate for estimation of equivalency factors at priority junctions
Authors: Mohan Mithun , Chandra Satish
Published: May 2016

Traffic in developing countries is often distinguished from others for its diversity in vehicular composition and passenger car equivalents (PCE) becomes essential in such conditions for expressing traffic volume in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. The PCE estimation at two-way stop-controlled intersections in developing countries is further complicated by the lack of movement priority and lane discipline. The study introduces a method to find PCE factors based on the time taken by a queue of vehicles to completely clear the intersection and composition of the queue. The method is validated through simulations in VISSIM software and was then used to derive PCE factors for three intersections in India. Although the method is developed and tested to estimate PCE factors under highly heterogeneous traffic at priority junctions in India, it is quite general in nature and can be used in traffic conditions found in developed countries as well.
Non-defectivity of Grassmannian bundles over a curve
Authors: Choe Insong , Hitching George H.
Published: May 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be the Grassmann bundle of two-planes associated to a general bundle [Formula: see text] over a curve [Formula: see text]. We prove that an embedding of [Formula: see text] by a certain twist of the relative Plücker map is not secant defective. This yields a new and more geometric proof of the Hirschowitz-type bound on the isotropic Segre invariant for maximal isotropic sub-bundles of orthogonal bundles over [Formula: see text], analogous to those given for vector bundles and symplectic bundles in [I. Choe and G. H. Hitching, Secant varieties and Hirschowitz bound on vector bundles over a curve, Manuscripta Math. 133 (2010) 465–477, I. Choe and G. H. Hitching, Lagrangian sub-bundles of symplectic vector bundles over a curve, Math. Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 153 (2012) 193–214]. From the non-defectivity, we also deduce an interesting feature of a general orthogonal bundle of even rank over [Formula: see text], contrasting with the classical and symplectic cases: a general maximal isotropic sub-bundle of maximal degree intersects at least one other such sub-bundle in positive rank.
Disformal scalars as dark matter candidates — Branon phenomenology
Authors: Cembranos Jose A. R. , Maroto Antonio L.
Published: May 2016

Scalar particles coupled to the Standard Model fields through a disformal coupling arise in different theories, such as massive gravity or braneworld models. We will review the main phenomenology associated with such particles. Distinctive disformal signatures could be measured at colliders and with astrophysical observations. The phenomenological relevance of the disformal coupling demands the introduction of a set of symmetries, which may ensure the stability of these new degrees of freedom. In such a case, they constitute natural dark matter candidates since they are generally massive and weakly coupled. We will illustrate these ideas by paying particular attention to the branon case, since these questions arise naturally in braneworld models with low tension, where they were first discussed.
Ferrimagnetic behaviors in a transverse Ising nanoisland
Authors: Kaneyoshi T.
Published: May 2016

In this paper, the phase diagrams and magnetizations of a magnetic nanoisland described by the transverse Ising model (TIM) are investigated by the use of the effective-field theory (EFT) with correlations. A lot of characteristic behaviors observed in standard ferrimagnetic materials as well as novel phenomena have been obtained, although the system consists of two finite spin-1/2 layers coupled antiferromagnetically with a negative interlayer coupling.
Untangling trigonal diagrams
Authors: Brugallé Erwan , Koseleff Pierre-Vincent , Pecker Daniel
Published: May 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a link of Conway’s normal form [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], and let [Formula: see text] be a trigonal diagram of [Formula: see text] We show that it is possible to transform [Formula: see text] into an alternating trigonal diagram, so that all intermediate diagrams remain trigonal, and the number of crossings never increases.
MORPHOLOGY EFFECT OF Ni–Ag/CARBON NANOMATERIALS ON THEIR ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY FOR GLUCOSE OXIDATION
Authors: OUYANG RUIZHUO , LI WEIWEI , YANG YANG , ZHANG WANGYAO , FENG KAI , ZONG TIANYU , AN YARUI , ZHOU SHUANG , MIAO YUQING
Published: May 2016

We presented here three carbon-nanomaterials-based modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) with Ni–Ag nanohybrid nanoparticles (NPs) deposited upon, including single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the mesoporous carbons (MPCs), and compared their morphology effects on both Ni–Ag deposition quality and electrocatalytic performances toward Glu oxidation. After being deposited with Ni–Ag NPs, a homogenous surface with very small Ni–Ag NPs was obtained for Ni–Ag/SWCNTs/GCE, while heterogeneous, coarse surfaces with obvious embedment with large Ni–Ag particles were observed for both Ni–Ag/MWCNTs/GCE and Ni–Ag/MPC/GCE. All three modified electrodes were well characterized in terms of surface morphology, electron transfer rate, hydrophilicity, interference resistance, stability, electrocatalytic behaviors as well as practicability in real samples, based on which Ni–Ag/SWCNTs/GCE was always proved to be more advantageous over other two composite electrodes. Such advantage of Ni–Ag/SWCNTs/GCE was attributed to its desirable surface morphology good for Ni–Ag deposition and exposure of as many active sites as possible to Glu oxidation, leading to the extraordinary electrocatalytic performance.
ALGORITHMIC TRADING WITH LEARNING
Authors: CARTEA ÁLVARO , JAIMUNGAL SEBASTIAN , KINZEBULATOV DAMIR
Published: May 2016

We propose a model where an algorithmic trader takes a view on the distribution of prices at a future date and then decides how to trade in the direction of their predictions using the optimal mix of market and limit orders. As time goes by, the trader learns from changes in prices and updates their predictions to tweak their strategy. Compared to a trader who cannot learn from market dynamics or from a view of the market, the algorithmic trader’s profits are higher and more certain. Even though the trader executes a strategy based on a directional view, the sources of profits are both from making the spread as well as capital appreciation of inventories. Higher volatility of prices considerably impairs the trader’s ability to learn from price innovations, but this adverse effect can be circumvented by learning from a collection of assets that comove. Finally, we provide a proof of convergence of the numerical scheme to the viscosity solution of the dynamic programming equations which uses new results for systems of PDEs.
Some remarks on Mathieu subspaces over associative algebras
Authors: de Bondt Michiel
Published: May 2016

In [9] (which is [W. Zhao, Mathieu subspaces of associative algebras, J. Algebra 350(1) (2012) 245–272]), the author takes a closer look at algebraic elements of radicals of Mathieu subspaces (of associative algebras) over a field, and suggests to look at integral elements with rings other than fields. But it seems more useful to look at so-called co-integral elements. We generalize his theory about algebraic radicals over fields to co-integral radicals over commutative rings with unity.

Furthermore, we show that over Artin rings, the concepts of integrality and co-integrality coincide. In addition, we define so-called uniform Mathieu subspaces, inspired by the fact that Mathieu subspaces with co-integral radicals are always of this type. Besides broadening the theory of [9] by means of the new concepts co-integrality and uniformity, we generalize many of the results of [9] in other ways as well. Furthermore, we obtain several new results. In the last section, we disprove a conjecture by the author of [9] (in a version of [9] prior to finding the counterexample), by showing that so-called strongly simple algebras do not need to be fields over theirselves.
Linking Knowledge Creation and Environmental Education
Authors: Escrivão Giovana , Nagano Marcelo Seido
Published: May 2016

Although the importance of knowledge management, little is known concerning the creation process of new knowledge. This process can be applied into several contexts in order to create new knowledge and use it better; one is environmental education (EE), which regards the increasing environmental degradation. This paper analyses the knowledge creation (KC) process in EE programmes conducted by two of the largest and most prestigious universities in Brazil. This research is qualitative with a descriptive characteristic and was conducted through case studies. The data collection and analysis methods were qualitative, including interviews and content analysis. The main contribution of this paper concerns suggestions to improve the environmental programmes at universities, providing green practices around the campuses with more efficient and systematic knowledge production and dissemination related to the topic. Additionally, some evidences of the case studied motivated the authors to ask some questions about the KC theory of Nonaka.
Qualitative behavior of a discrete SIR epidemic model
Authors: Din Qamar
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we study the qualitative behavior of a discrete-time epidemic model. More precisely, we investigate equilibrium points, asymptotic stability of both disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. Furthermore, by using comparison method, we obtain the global stability of these equilibrium points under certain parametric conditions. Some illustrative examples are provided to support our theoretical discussion.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of (Lu0.95−xCe0.05)2Ca1+2xMg2Si3O12 silicate garnet phosphors and its applications
Authors: Xia Wei , Zhang Xiyan , Lu Liping
Published: May 2016

Silicate garnet phosphors (Lu[Formula: see text]Ce[Formula: see text]Ca[Formula: see text]Mg2Si3O[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 were prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction in a reducing atmosphere. The crystal structure, photoluminescence and luminescence of the phosphors were investigated. The optimum excitation peak wavelength of the phosphors ranged from 450[Formula: see text]nm to 490[Formula: see text]nm, matching the emission spectra of a blue light-emitting diode chip. The phosphors emit orange-red light after excitation that can be tuned from 589[Formula: see text]nm to 597[Formula: see text]nm by changing the concentration of calcium ions. In addition, their emission made them suitable for use in warm-white LEDs with a high-color rendering index.
One-step electrolytic preparation of Si–Fe alloys as anodes for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wang Hailong , Sun Diankun , Song Qiqi , Xie Wenqi , Jiang Xu , Zhang Bo
Published: May 2016

One-step electrolytic formation of uniform crystalline Si–Fe alloy particles was successfully demonstrated in direct electro-reduction of solid mixed oxides of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in molten CaCl2 at 900[Formula: see text]C. Upon constant voltage electrolysis of solid mixed oxides at 2.8[Formula: see text]V between solid oxide cathode and graphite anode for 5[Formula: see text]h, electrolytic Si–Fe with the same Si/Fe stoichimetry of the precursory oxides was generated. The firstly generated Fe could function as depolarizers to enhance reduction rate of SiO2, resulting in the enhanced reduction kinetics to the electrolysis of individual SiO2. When evaluated as anode for lithium ion batteries, the prepared SiFe electrode showed a reversible lithium storage capacity as high as 470[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] after 100 cycles at 200[Formula: see text]mA g[Formula: see text], promising application in high-performance lithium ion batteries.
HIT-SEDAES: An integrated software environment for simulation experiment design, analysis and evaluation
Authors: Li Wei , Lu Lingyun , Liu Zhizhao , Ma Ping , Yang Ming
Published: May 2016

Simulation is a powerful technique in evaluating and improving the performance of complex systems. In order to improve the efficiency of simulation experiment design, analysis and evaluation, auxiliary tools are required. Unfortunately, existing tools are usually not meeting the requirements of simulation. Moreover, the restricted interfaces, reusability and expandability influence their efficiency to a certain extent. In this paper, an integrated software environment, HIT-SEDAES, is designed for solving these problems. A process model of simulation experiment design, analysis and evaluation is introduced to guide the development of the software environment. And several solutions are proposed to solve key problems in this development. Finally, an application is used to illustrate how the software environment works for the problems of model validation, effectiveness evaluation and performance analysis.
Categorization of shell fragments provides a proxy for environmental energy and predation intensity
Authors: Leighton Lindsey R. , Chojnacki Nikqueta C. , Stafford Emily S. , Tyler Carrie L. , Schneider Chris L.
Published: May 2016

Shell fragments are extremely abundant in many marine environments; the origins of these fragments can largely be attributed to either crushing by predators or post-mortem processes such as transport. We present and test a new approach to identifying the origin of shell fragments in marine environments by examining modern mollusc assemblages from three wave-exposed, low-predation and three wave-sheltered, high-predation intertidal localities in Bamfield, British Columbia. We hypothesized that fragments with all-rounded edges (AR) or a combination of rounded and sharp edges (R&S) are indicative of taphonomic processes such as transport and so should occur more often in wave-exposed, low-predation localities whereas fragments with all sharp edges (AS) or a combination of intact and sharp edges (I&S), indicative of predation, should be more common in wave-sheltered, high-predation settings. In keeping with the prediction, All-Rounded (AR) and Rounded and Sharp (R&S) fragments are more abundant at the wave-exposed localities than at wave-sheltered localities whereas Intact and Sharp (I&S) and All-Sharp (AS) fragments are more abundant at high-predation localities than at low-predation localities. The two types of localities were statistically distinguishable for either gastropod or bivalve fragments. This supports the hypothesis that I&S and AS result from predation, whereas AR and R&S have a taphonomic genesis.
A 25 myr chronostratigraphy of ignimbrites in south Peru: implications for the volcanic history of the Central Andes
Authors: Thouret Jean-Claude , Jicha Brian R. , Paquette Jean-Louis , Cubukcu Evren H.
Published: May 2016

With an area exceeding 25 000 km
2
and volumes
c.
5000 km
3
, south Peru hosts the Andes’ second largest Neogene ignimbrite field. We document the extent, stratigraphy and chronology of 12 ignimbrite sheets in the Río Ocoña–Cotahuasi–Marán and Colca deep canyons. Based on 74
40
Ar/
39
Ar and U/Pb age determinations, ignimbrite-forming episodes span 25 myr. Prior to 9 Ma, eight large-volume ignimbrites were produced every 2.4 myr. After 9 Ma, average lulls between small- to moderate-volume ignimbrites decreased to 0.85 myr. The refined volcanic stratigraphy reveals three main features. (1) Larger volume ignimbrites were emplaced by punctuated flare-ups between 25 and 9 Ma during uplift of the Western Cordillera. (2) Numerous smaller ignimbrites were emplaced after 9 Ma as the ignimbrite production rate decreased threefold. This decrease may be due to the declining crustal melting rate, decreasing plate convergence rate after 9 Ma, or more magma stagnation in the shallow crust, which promoted the growth of composite cones. (3) Growth of two volcanic arcs has added twice as much volume (
c.
53 km
3
 Ma
−1
) to the Río Ocoña–Cotahuasi–Marán volcanic field than the ignimbrites after 2.27 Ma. Estimated linear arc magma output has, however, decreased twofold (0.15 – 0.08 km
3
 km
−1
 Ma
−1
) from the Early Quaternary to the Pleistocene–Holocene.

Supplementary materials:
Supplementary text, tables 1–3 and figures 1–4 are available at
http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3147100
.
Salt diapir reactivation and normal faulting in an oblique extensional system, Vulcan Sub-basin, NW Australia
Authors: Wu Long , Trudgill Bruce D. , Kluth Charles F.
Published: May 2016

Oblique extension and salt diapirism have their own distinct mechanisms that control the geometry and kinematics of structures. In this study, we document a geological phenomenon from the Vulcan Sub-basin in NW Australia that combines these processes: a salt diapir reactivated in an oblique extensional system. Detailed structural analysis of this natural example, with a focus on normal fault systems, allows characterization of the oblique extensional system and investigation of how the pre-existing structural fabrics and salt diapir control deformation, and interact with each other under oblique extension. After comparison with forward modelling results and using constraints from geological evidence, our fault strike analysis indicates that the Neogene flexural extension orientation in the oblique extensional system is around 347°, revealing a perpendicular relationship between extension direction and fault strikes from the deformation zone. The salt diapir, reactivated during Neogene extension, strongly influences local structure in the oblique extensional system by altering fault strikes, stepping patterns, deformation zone width and fault density, indicative of a ‘stress–strain concentration’ effect of the salt diapir owing to its extremely low strength. These results provide valuable insights into the understanding of oblique extensional systems, the geomechanical role of salt during extension, and the Neogene tectonic evolution of NW Australia.

Supplementary material
: Dominant seismic frequency analysis, uninterpreted seismic profiles, additional structural and isochron maps, a 3D view of fault systems, and original measurements of the fault system are available at
http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3148321
.
Crowdsourcing Without a Crowd
Authors: Siddharthan Advaith , Lambin Christopher , Robinson Anne-Marie , Sharma Nirwan , Comont Richard , O'mahony Elaine , Mellish Chris , Wal René Van Der
Published: May 2016

We present an incremental Bayesian model that resolves key issues of crowd size and data quality for consensus labeling. We evaluate our method using data collected from a real-world citizen science program, B
ee
W
atch
, which invites members of the public in the United Kingdom to classify (label) photographs of bumblebees as one of 22 possible species. The biological recording domain poses two key and hitherto unaddressed challenges for consensus models of crowdsourcing: (1) the large number of potential species makes classification difficult, and (2) this is compounded by limited crowd availability, stemming from both the inherent difficulty of the task and the lack of relevant skills among the general public. We demonstrate that consensus labels can be reliably found in such circumstances with very small crowd sizes of around three to five users (i.e., through group sourcing). Our incremental Bayesian model, which minimizes crowd size by re-evaluating the quality of the consensus label following each species identification solicited from the crowd, is competitive with a Bayesian approach that uses a larger but fixed crowd size and outperforms majority voting. These results have important ecological applicability: biological recording programs such as B
ee
W
atch
can sustain themselves when resources such as taxonomic experts to confirm identifications by photo submitters are scarce (as is typically the case), and feedback can be provided to submitters in a timely fashion. More generally, our model provides benefits to any crowdsourced consensus labeling task where there is a cost (financial or otherwise) associated with soliciting a label.
Efficient Generalized Fused Lasso and Its Applications
Authors: Xin Bo , Kawahara Yoshinobu , Wang Yizhou , Hu Lingjing , Gao Wen
Published: May 2016

Generalized fused lasso (GFL) penalizes variables with
l
1
norms based both on the variables and their pairwise differences. GFL is useful when applied to data where prior information is expressed using a graph over the variables. However, the existing GFL algorithms incur high computational costs and do not scale to high-dimensional problems. In this study, we propose a fast and scalable algorithm for GFL. Based on the fact that fusion penalty is the Lovász extension of a cut function, we show that the key building block of the optimization is equivalent to recursively solving graph-cut problems. Thus, we use a parametric flow algorithm to solve GFL in an efficient manner. Runtime comparisons demonstrate a significant speedup compared to existing GFL algorithms. Moreover, the proposed optimization framework is very general; by designing different cut functions, we also discuss the extension of GFL to directed graphs. Exploiting the scalability of the proposed algorithm, we demonstrate the applications of our algorithm to the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and video background subtraction (BS). In the AD problem, we formulated the diagnosis of AD as a GFL regularized classification. Our experimental evaluations demonstrated that the diagnosis performance was promising. We observed that the selected critical voxels were well structured, i.e., connected, consistent according to cross validation, and in agreement with prior pathological knowledge. In the BS problem, GFL naturally models arbitrary foregrounds without predefined grouping of the pixels. Even by applying simple background models, e.g., a sparse linear combination of former frames, we achieved state-of-the-art performance on several public datasets.
MRAM PUF
Authors: Das Jayita , Scott Kevin , Bhanja Sanjukta
Published: May 2016

In this work, we have studied two novel techniques to enhance the performance of existing geometry-based magnetoresistive RAM physically unclonable function (MRAM PUF). Geometry-based MRAM PUFs rely only on geometric variations in MRAM cells that generate preferred ground state in cells and form the basis of digital signature generation. Here we study two novel ways to improve the performance of the geometry-based PUF signature. First, we study how the choice between specific geometries can enhance the reliability of the digital signature. Using fabrications and simulations, we study how the rectangular shape in the PUF cells is more susceptible to lithography-based geometric variations than the elliptical shape of the same aspect ratio. The choice of rectangular over elliptical masks in the lithography process can therefore improve the reliability of the digital signature from PUF. Second, we present a MRAM PUF architecture and study how resistances in MRAM cells can be used to generate analog voltage output that are easier to detect if probed by an adversary. In the new PUF architecture, we have the choice between selection of rows and columns to generate unique and hard-to-predict analog voltage outputs. For a 64-bit response, the analog voltage output can range between 20 and 500 mV, making it tough for an adversary to guess over this wide range of voltages. This work ends with a discussion on the threat resilience ability of the new improved MRAM PUF to attacks from probing-, tampering-, reuse-, and simulation-based models.
The SCFA butyrate stimulates the epithelial production of retinoic acid via inhibition of epithelial HDAC
Authors: Schilderink Ronald , Verseijden Caroline , Seppen Jurgen , Muncan Vanesa , van den Brink Gijs R. , Lambers Tim T. , van Tol Eric A. , de Jonge Wouter J.
Published: May 2016

In the intestinal mucosa, retinoic acid (RA) is a critical signaling molecule. RA is derived from dietary vitamin A (retinol) through conversion by aldehyde dehydrogenases (aldh). Reduced levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are associated with pathological microbial dysbiosis, inflammatory disease, and allergy. We hypothesized that SCFAs contribute to mucosal homeostasis by enhancing RA production in intestinal epithelia. With the use of human and mouse epithelial cell lines and primary enteroids, we studied the effect of SCFAs on the production of RA. Functional RA conversion was analyzed by Adlefluor activity assays. Butyrate (0–20 mM), in contrast to other SCFAs, dose dependently induced aldh1a1 or aldh1a3 transcript expression and increased RA conversion in human and mouse epithelial cells. Epithelial cell line data were replicated in intestinal organoids. In these organoids, butyrate (2–5 mM) upregulated aldh1a3 expression (36-fold over control), whereas aldh1a1 was not significantly affected. Butyrate enhanced maturation markers ( Mucin-2 and villin) but did not consistently affect stemness markers or other Wnt target genes ( lgr5, olfm4, ascl2, cdkn1). In enteroids, the stimulation of RA production by SCFA was mimicked by inhibitors of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) but not by HDAC1/2 inhibitors nor by agonists of butyrate receptors G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR)43 or GPR109A, indicating that butyrate stimulates RA production via HDAC3 inhibition. We conclude that the SCFA butyrate inhibits HDAC3 and thereby supports epithelial RA production.
Challenging the Cancer Molecular Stratification Dogma: Intratumoral Heterogeneity Undermines Consensus Molecular Subtypes and Potential Diagnostic Value in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Dunne Philip D. , McArt Darragh G. , Bradley Conor A. , O'Reilly Paul G. , Barrett Helen L. , Cummins Robert , O'Grady Tony , Arthur Ken , Loughrey Maurice B. , Allen Wendy L. , McDade Simon S. , Waugh David J. , Hamilton Peter W. , Longley Daniel B. , Kay Elaine W. , Johnston Patrick G. , Lawler Mark , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Van Schaeybroeck Sandra
Published: May 2016

Purpose: A number of independent gene expression profiling studies have identified transcriptional subtypes in colorectal cancer with potential diagnostic utility, culminating in publication of a colorectal cancer Consensus Molecular Subtype classification. The worst prognostic subtype has been defined by genes associated with stem-like biology. Recently, it has been shown that the majority of genes associated with this poor prognostic group are stromal derived. We investigated the potential for tumor misclassification into multiple diagnostic subgroups based on tumoral region sampled.

Experimental Design: We performed multiregion tissue RNA extraction/transcriptomic analysis using colorectal-specific arrays on invasive front, central tumor, and lymph node regions selected from tissue samples from 25 colorectal cancer patients.

Results: We identified a consensus 30-gene list, which represents the intratumoral heterogeneity within a cohort of primary colorectal cancer tumors. Using a series of online datasets, we showed that this gene list displays prognostic potential HR = 2.914 (confidence interval 0.9286–9.162) in stage II/III colorectal cancer patients, but in addition, we demonstrated that these genes are stromal derived, challenging the assumption that poor prognosis tumors with stem-like biology have undergone a widespread epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Most importantly, we showed that patients can be simultaneously classified into multiple diagnostically relevant subgroups based purely on the tumoral region analyzed.

Conclusions: Gene expression profiles derived from the nonmalignant stromal region can influence assignment of colorectal cancer transcriptional subtypes, questioning the current molecular classification dogma and highlighting the need to consider pathology sampling region and degree of stromal infiltration when employing transcription-based classifiers to underpin clinical decision making in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4095–104. ©2016 AACR.

See related commentary by Morris and Kopetz, p. 3989
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОРУШЕНЬ КЛІТИННОЇ ЛАНКИ ІМУНІТЕТУ У ТВАРИН З ГОСТРИМ ПАРОДОНТИТОМ НА ТЛІ ГІПОТИРЕОЗУ
Authors: Dzetsiukh T. I.
Published: May 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. Моделювання гострого пародонтиту в еутиреоїдних тварин супроводжується зростанням вмісту у
крові популяції лімфоцитів CD4+ та підвищенням імунорегуляторного індексу, що відображає адекватну реакцію
клітинного імунітету на пошкодження. В умовах експериментального гіпотиреозу гострий пародонтит перебігає
на тлі суттєвого зниження вмісту в крові популяцій лімфоцитів CD4+ і супроводжується достовірним зниженням
імунорегуляторного індексу, що вказує на порушення клітинної ланки імунного захисту.

КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: гіпотиреоз, гострий пародонтит, клітинний імунітет, експеримент.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗМІН ПРОЦЕСІВ ПЕРЕКИСНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ ТА АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ В ЛЕГЕНЯХ У РАННІЙ ПЕРІОД ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ПНЕВМОНІЇ
Authors: Regeda M. S. , Furdychko L. A. , Regeda-Furdychko M. M. , Regeda S. M.
Published: May 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. У роботі показано, що експериментальна пневмонія супроводжується підвищенням показників
прооксидантної (дієнових кон'югатів і малонового діальдегіду) та антиоксидантної систем (супероксиддисмутази,
каталази, глутатіонпероксидази, глутатіонредуктази) в легенях на 4 і 8 доби цієї експериментальної моделі
хвороби.

КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: експериментальна пневмонія, антиоксидантна система, пероксидне окислення ліпідів.
Crise da água na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: a injustiça ambiental e a privatização de um bem comum
Authors: Fracalanza Ana Paula , Freire Thais Magalhães
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a água enquanto bem comum, direito de todos, e a injustiça ambiental envolvida na crise hídrica da água na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP. Conclui-se pela existência de injustiça ambiental no caso da crise hídrica na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, já que é a população de mais baixa renda e mais vulnerável dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental que apresenta maiores dificuldades de acesso à água enquanto bem comum em quantidade e qualidade para sua sobrevivência. Por outro lado, a população de mais alta renda tem maiores possibilidades de obtenção da água, de maneira privada. Isto  contribui para acentuar o crescimento da apropriação privada da água enquanto mercadoria, acentuando a privatização de um bem comum.
Sensoriamento remoto e SIG aplicados ao mapeamento geomorfológico da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Indaiá- MS
Authors: Cunha Elias Rodrigues da , Bacani Vitor Matheus
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as formas de relevo da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Indaiá localizada no município de Aquidauana-MS, cuja área é de aproximadamente 94,97km². Os procedimentos técnicos científicos empregados consistiram na aplicação da proposta metodológica de taxonomia do relevo elaborada por Ross (1992), Florenzano (2008), manual técnico de geomorfologia (IBGE, 2009) e rotinas de tratamento digital de imagem, descritas em Novo (2008). A compartimentação geomorfológica foi elaborada a partir de produtos cartográficos intermediários derivados de análises fisiográficas (imagens dos satélites LANDSAT 5-TM e GeoEye) e morfométricas apoiadas em dados do radar interferométrico SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission). A cartografação geomorfológica foi caracterizada até o 5º táxon, onde foi possível identificar as seguintes unidades de relevo e suas respectivas formas (vertentes): Planície Fluvial, Colinas convexa com declividades de até 6%, Colinas convexa com declividades entre 6% e 12%, Colinas convexa com declividades entre 12% e 20%, Morrote de topo convexo e Morro de topo convexo. Dentre as unidades mapeadas predominam relevo dissecado em colinas de vertentes convexa em aproximadamente 90% da área da bacia associadas a inclinações que não ultrapassam 20%, sustentadas sobre a Formação Furnas e Formação Aquidauana, em essência constituída por arenitos de granulação média avermelhada.
A Teoria do Equilíbrio Dinâmico em Geomorfologia
Authors: Fierz Marisa Matos
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é melhor apreender e explicar, em toda sua complexidade, a teoria do equilíbrio dinâmico, que tem sido utilizada na geografia a muitos anos. Muitas derivações são encontradas, muitas associações são feitas; entretanto, a real intenção para a qual foi criada não é mencionada, muito menos explicada de forma clara e objetiva nem mesmo pelas citações do próprio autor da teoria do equilíbrio dinâmico, Hack (1960). O que se encontram são, geralmente, subjetividades sobre as condições de equilíbrio dinâmico relacionadas às mudanças de elementos sobre a superfície, mas pouco sobre o objeto para o qual ela foi elaborada, ou seja, o relevo. Todavia, não se pretende aqui esgotar o assunto tampouco avaliar se o os termos estão corretos ou não, mas retomar uma teoria tão importante para o desenvolvimento da ciência geomorfológica.
Editorial
Authors: Antas Junior Ricardo Mendes
Published: May 2016

Crise hidrica no Estado de São Paulo
Dinâmica econômica e cidades médias: uma análise sobre a cidade de Uberaba na região Triângulo Mineiro
Authors: Gomes Maria Terezinha Serafim
Published: May 2016

Atualmente, as cidades médias vêm assumindo um papel significativo na rede urbana brasileira. Essas cidades crescem mais que as metrópoles passando, assim, a ser destino não apenas de população, mas também de novos investimentos empresariais nos setores da indústria, do comércio e dos serviços. Com o processo de desconcentração econômica e industrial a partir da metrópole de São Paulo, as empresas passam a buscar lugares mais vantajosos e sem as “deseconomias de aglomeração” presentes nos grandes centros urbanos e metrópoles. Nesse contexto, as cidades médias vêm configurando-se como “cidades emergentes” numa nova dinâmica econômica fora do espaço metropolitano. Tais cidades médias estão localizadas, sobretudo nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do país. Este texto tem o propósito de discutir a dinâmica econômica e cidades médias, tendo como referência a cidade de Uberaba, na região Triângulo Mineiro.
Inserção do estudo da dinâmica atmosférica regional na análise dos padrões de conforto térmico humano no Rio Grande do Sul: estudo de caso em Santa Maria-RS
Authors: Gobo João Paulo Assis , Galvani Emerson
Published: May 2016

A presente pesquisa avaliou as condições de conforto térmico humano no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com base na dinâmica atmosférica regional para anos-padrão classificados como mais chuvoso, menos chuvoso e habitual. Para tal, utilizou-se da base de dados climáticos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), sob a qual procedeu-se a construção do banco de dados, no qual foram atribuídos os índices de Temperatura Efetiva com Vento (TEv), para as estações de outono e inverno, e o índice de Temperatura Resultante (TR) para as estações de primavera e verão. Verificou-se que os sistemas atmosféricos atuantes no Estado, em cada uma das quatro estações do ano, só são definidores da situação de conforto térmico nos meses de inverno em função da periodicidade e intensidade dos sistemas polares que atuam na região. Nos demais meses, os fatores geográficos são os principais responsáveis pela definição das zonas de conforto.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Dependent and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Independent Mechanisms of Cyclosporin A–Induced Dyslipidemia
Authors: Kockx Maaike , Glaros Elias , Leung Betty , Ng Theodore W. , Berbée Jimmy F.P. , Deswaerte Virginie , Nawara Diana , Quinn Carmel , Rye Kerry-Anne , Jessup Wendy , Rensen Patrick C.N. , Meikle Peter J. , Kritharides Leonard
Published: May 2016

Objective—

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant commonly used to prevent organ rejection but is associated with hyperlipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although studies suggest that CsA-induced hyperlipidemia is mediated by inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)–mediated lipoprotein clearance, the data supporting this are inconclusive. We therefore sought to investigate the role of the LDLr in CsA-induced hyperlipidemia by using
Ldlr
-knockout mice (
Ldlr
−/−
).

Approach and Results—

Ldlr
−/−
and wild-type (wt) C57Bl/6 mice were treated with 20 mg/kg per d CsA for 4 weeks. On a chow diet, CsA caused marked dyslipidemia in
Ldlr
−/−
but not in wt mice. Hyperlipidemia was characterized by a prominent increase in plasma very low–density lipoprotein and intermediate-density lipoprotein/LDL with unchanged plasma high-density lipoprotein levels, thus mimicking the dyslipidemic profile observed in humans. Analysis of specific lipid species by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry suggested a predominant effect of CsA on increased very low–density lipoprotein–IDL/LDL lipoprotein number rather than composition. Mechanistic studies indicated that CsA did not alter hepatic lipoprotein production but did inhibit plasma clearance and hepatic uptake of [
14
C]cholesteryl oleate and glycerol tri[
3
H]oleate-double-labeled very low–density lipoprotein–like particles. Further studies showed that CsA inhibited plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and increased levels of apolipoprotein C-III and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9.

Conclusions—

We demonstrate that CsA does not cause hyperlipidemia via direct effects on the LDLr. Rather, LDLr deficiency plays an important permissive role for CsA-induced hyperlipidemia, which is associated with abnormal lipoprotein clearance, decreased lipoprotein lipase activity, and increased levels of apolipoprotein C-III and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Enhancing LDLr and lipoprotein lipase activity and decreasing apolipoprotein C-III and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels may therefore provide attractive treatment targets for patients with hyperlipidemia receiving CsA.
Intravenous Glucose Acutely Stimulates Intestinal Lipoprotein Secretion in Healthy Humans
Authors: Xiao Changting , Dash Satya , Morgantini Cecilia , Lewis Gary F.
Published: May 2016

Objective—

Increased production of intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) contributes to dyslipidemia and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We have previously demonstrated that enteral glucose enhances lipid-stimulated intestinal lipoprotein particle secretion. Here, we assessed whether glucose delivered systemically by intravenous infusion also enhances intestinal lipoprotein particle secretion in humans.

Approach and Results—

On 2 occasions, 4 to 6 weeks apart and in random order, 10 healthy men received a constant 15-hour intravenous infusion of either 20% glucose to induce hyperglycemia or normal saline as control. Production of TRL–apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48, primary outcomes) and apoB100 (secondary outcomes) was assessed during hourly liquid-mixed macronutrient formula ingestion with stable isotope enrichment and multicompartmental modeling, under pancreatic clamp conditions to limit perturbations in pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon) and growth hormone. Compared with saline infusion, glucose infusion induced both hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, increased plasma triglyceride levels, and increased TRL-apoB48 concentration and production rate (
P
<0.05), without affecting TRL-apoB48 fractional catabolic rate. No significant effect of hyperglycemia on TRL-apoB100 concentration and kinetic parameters was observed.

Conclusions—

Short-term intravenous infusion of glucose stimulates intestinal lipoprotein production. Hyperglycemia may contribute to intestinal lipoprotein overproduction in type 2 diabetes.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02607839.
Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and Severe Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Bangalore Sripal , Guo Yu , Samadashvili Zaza , Blecker Saul , Hannan Edward L.
Published: May 2016

Background—

Guidelines recommend coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) over percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for multivessel disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. However, CABG has not been compared with PCI in such patients in randomized trials.

Methods and Results—

Patients with multivessel disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤35%) who underwent either PCI with everolimus-eluting stent or CABG were selected from the New York State registries. The primary outcome was long-term all-cause death. Secondary outcomes were individual outcomes of myocardial infarction, stroke, and repeat revascularization. Among the 4616 patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria (1351 everolimus-eluting stent and 3265 CABG), propensity score matching identified 2126 patients with similar propensity scores. In the short term, PCI was associated with a lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.39;
P
=0.004) in comparison with CABG. At long-term follow-up (median, 2.9 years), PCI was associated with a similar risk of death (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.81–1.28;
P
=0.91), a higher risk of myocardial infarction (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.42–3.28;
P
=0.0003), a lower risk of stroke (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33–0.97;
P
=0.04), and a higher risk of repeat revascularization (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.88–3.44;
P
<0.0001). The test for interaction was significant (
P
=0.002) for completeness of revascularization, such that, in patients in whom complete revascularization was achieved with PCI, there was no difference in myocardial infarction between PCI and CABG.

Conclusions—

Among patients with multivessel disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, PCI with everolimus-eluting stent had comparable long-term survival in comparison with CABG. PCI was associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction (in those with incomplete revascularization) and repeat revascularization, and CABG was associated with higher risk of stroke.
Heart Rate Variability and Incident Stroke
Authors: Fyfe-Johnson Amber L. , Muller Clemma J. , Alonso Alvaro , Folsom Aaron R. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Whitsel Eric A. , Agarwal Sunil K. , MacLehose Richard F.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—

Low heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction, has been associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. We examined the association between reduced HRV and incident stroke in a community-based cohort.

Methods—

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study measured HRV using 2-minute ECG readings in 12 550 middle-aged adults at baseline (1987–1989). HRV indices were calculated using the SD of RR intervals (SD
NN
), the mean of all normal RR intervals (mean
NN
), the root mean square of successive differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), low (LF) and high (HF) frequency power, and the LF/HF ratio. All HRV measures were categorized into quintiles. Incident stroke was adjudicated through 2011. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with the lowest HRV quintile as the reference, with and without stratification by prevalent diabetes mellitus.

Results—

Over a median follow-up of 22 years, 816 (6.5%) participants experienced incident stroke. After covariate adjustment, there was no strong evidence of association between HRV and stroke risk. In stratified analyses, the lowest HRV quintile was associated with higher stroke risk compared with the highest quintile for SD
NN
(HR, 2.0, 95% confidence interval, 1.1–4.0), RMSSD (HR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–3.2), LF (HR, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–3.0), and HF (HR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.9–3.0) only among people with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions—

Lower HRV was associated with higher risk of incident stroke among middle-aged adults with prevalent diabetes mellitus but not among people without diabetes mellitus.
Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With a Worse 90-Day Outcome Than Other Cardioembolic Stroke Subtypes
Authors: Henninger Nils , Goddeau Richard P. , Karmarkar Ameeta , Helenius Johanna , McManus David D.
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—

Patients with a cardioembolic stroke (CES) have worse outcomes than stroke patients with other causes of stroke. Among patients with CES, atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common comorbidity. Mounting data indicate that AF may be related to stroke pathogenesis beyond acute cerebral thromboembolism. We sought to determine whether AF represents an independent risk factor for stroke severity and outcome among patients with CES.

Methods—

We retrospectively analyzed patients with acute hemispheric CES included in an academic medical center’s stroke registry. CES was determined using the Causative Classification System of ischemic stroke. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether AF was associated with 90-day outcome functional status.

Results—

Our cohort included 140 patients. Of these, 52 had prevalent AF and 28 had incident AF diagnosed during their index hospitalization or within 90 days of hospital discharge. After adjustment for potential confounders or mediators, any AF (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–6.33;
P
=0.049), infarct volume (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.06;
P
=0.005), preadmission modified Rankin Scale score (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.66–4.01;
P
<0.001), and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.28;
P
<0.001) remained associated with an unfavorable 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 2–6).

Conclusions—

AF is associated with an unfavorable 90-day outcome among patients with a CES independent of established risk factors and initial stroke severity. This suggests that AF-specific mechanisms affect CES severity and functional status after CES. If confirmed in future studies, further investigation into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may provide novel avenues to AF detection and treatment.