bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projection of Future Fire Emissions Over the Contiguous US Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence and CMIP6 Models
Authors: Wang Sally S.‐C. , Leung L. Ruby , Qian Yun
Published: July 2023

Increasing temperature and water cycle changes due to warming climate may increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires. Fire emission projections are useful for informing strategies for adaptation and mitigation of fire impacts on societies and ecosystems. Here, we construct a neural network (NN) model explained by the Shapley Additive explanation to predict fire PM2.5 emissions change and understand their drivers over the contiguous US (CONUS) in the mid‐21st century under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SSP5‐8.5). Using future meteorology and leaf area index (LAI) simulated by eight global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, future population density, and present‐day land use and land cover (LULC) as input to the NN model, the total fire PM2.5 emissions over CONUS are projected to increase by 4%–75% (model spread). Among different regions, fire emissions in the western US are projected to increase more significantly in June‐July‐August than in other seasons and regions, with the median ratios of future to present‐day fire emissions ranging from 1.67 to 2.86. The increases in fire emissions are mainly driven by increasing normalized temperature (23%–29%) and decreasing soil moisture (2%–10%) in the future. When future LULC change is considered, the projected fire emissions further increase by 58%–83% over the western US compared to projections without LULC change because of future increases in vegetation fraction. The results highlight the important role of warmer temperature, decreasing soil moisture, and LULC change in increasing fire emissions in the future.
Influence of the Late Ordovician‐Early Silurian Paleoenvironment and Related Geological Processes on the Organic Matter Accumulation and Carbon Isotope Excursion
Authors: Zhang Pengyuan , Wang Yongli , Wei Zhifu , Wang Gen , Zhang Ting , He Wei , Ma Xueyun , Ma He , Wei Jingyi , Zhu Chenxi
Published: July 2023

Although previous studies have shown that the paleoenvironment and geological processes contributed to the organic matter accumulation (OMA) and carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) during the late Ordovician–early Silurian, the dominated controlling factor for the OMA and the origins of CIEs still remains unclear due to complex interaction between various paleoenvironmental factors and geological processes. Therefore, based on the elemental geochemistry of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation shales in the upper Yangtze Platform, we analyzed the late Ordovician–early Silurian paleoenvironment and related geological processes, and further explored the origin of the OMA and CIEs. As a result, the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation shale was divided into four stages. During Stage 1 (late Katian, ∼447.62–444.50 Ma), local tectonic and volcanic activities controlled the paleoproductivity and redox conditions, facilitating the OMA. By contrast, the productivity of the surface water and the anoxic bottom water were mainly controlled by the global climate after the Hirnantian glaciation, which contributed to the OMA during Stage 2 (early Rhuddanian, ∼444.50–441.00 Ma). The decreasing sea level and rapid uplifting of Xuefeng and Qianzhong Uplifts resulted in the organic matter depletion during Stages 3 (late Rhuddanian, ∼441.00–440.80 Ma) and 4 (Aeronian, ∼440.80–439.21 Ma). Besides, the release of 12C–enriched carbon reservoirs triggered by volcanic activities and 13C–enrichment caused by the OMA regulated the carbon cycling: the negative CIE may be the result of light carbon emissions, such as the reactivated organic matter and mantle derived carbon, and the Hirnantian CIE event is jointly controlled by the weakened carbon emission effect and the OMA.
Changes and protections of urban habitat quality in Shanghai of China
Authors: Xie Zi-Xia , Zhang Biao , Shi Yun-Ting , Zhang Xiu-Yu , Sun Zi-Xin
Published: July 2023

Habitat quality has been widely used as an important indicator in the evaluation of regional ecological security and ecosystem services. Previous studies have focused on the influences of urbanization on habitat quality, but the protection measures about how to respond to the dynamic changes of habitat quality patterns are still unclear. This study investigated the habitat quality in the metropolitan region of China (Shanghai) by using InVEST model, and analyzed its dynamic changes from 2000 to 2017 for the sake of providing different protection objects and measures for Shanghai. The results showed that the habitat quality index (HQI) in 2017 was 0.42, and the accumulated area percentages of less than 0.4 in HQI reached 46%, whereas the habitat quality in Chongming district was the highest. The HQI and habitat protected index (HPI) showed an obvious decline tendency from suburban area to downtown area. The HQI in Shanghai gradually declined from 0.56 in 2000 to 0.42 in 2017, and the deterioration area in habitat quality nearly covered 33% between 2000 and 2017. Additionally, the area proportion of the median habitat quality (0.4 < HQI ≤ 0.6) drastically dropped, but the areas of the low (HQI ≤ 0.2) and the high (HQI > 0.8) in habitat simultaneously expanded. Therefore, the valuable habitat in the western and southern coastal wetlands, Dianshan lake and Chongming district in Shanghai should be strictly protected, which covered 30% of the metropolitan area in Shanghai, and about 17% of the region located in the inner coastal zones and northern of Chongming Island was in urgent need of habitat restoration. Our results provide vital references for the maintenance and sustainable management of urban habitats in the metropolitan region.
Antihypertensive, antioxidant, and renal protective impact of integrated GJD with captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Mohammed Shadi A. D. , Liu Hanxing , Baldi Salem , Wang Yu , Chen Pingping , Lu Fang , Liu Shumin
Published: July 2023

Hypertension is the most prevalent chronic disease World-wide, and the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Few patients accomplish the objective of decreasing blood pressure and avoiding hypertensive target organ damage after treatments with antihypertensive agents which opens the door for other treatments, such as herbal-and antihypertensive combination therapy. Captopril (CAP), as a-pril which inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme has long been used in the management of hypertension and CVD. Gedan Jiangya Decoction (GJD) is known for antihypertensive effects in prior studies. The research is aimed to determine whether GJD in combination with captopril has antihypertensive, kidney protective, antioxidant, and vasoactive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Regular measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and body weight were monitored weekly. H&E staining was utilized to examine histopathology. The combined effects were studied using ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR. Significant reductions in SBP, DBP, aortic wall thickness, and improvement in renal tissue were observed following GJD + CAP treatment, with increased serum levels of NO, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT and decreases in Ang II, ET-1, and MDA. Similarly, GJD + CAP treatment of SHR's significantly decreased ET-1 and AGTR1 mRNA and protein expression while increasing eNOS mRNA and protein expression in thoracic aorta and kidney tissue. In conclusion, the present investigation found that GJD + CAP treatment decreases SHR blood pressure, improves aorta remodeling and renal protection, and that this effect could be attributable, in part, due to antioxidant and vascular tone improvement.
Progesterone-mediated reversal of mifepristone-induced pregnancy termination in a rat model: an exploratory investigation
Authors: Camilleri Christina , Sammut Stephen
Published: July 2023

Globally, a substantial proportion of pregnancies end in induced (particularly medication) abortion. However, data also indicates a percentage of women who seek assistance in potentially reversing the medication abortion process. While previous literature has suggested the potential for progesterone-mediated reversal of mifepristone-induced abortion, this process has not been effectively investigated pre-clinically. Our study explored the potential reversal of mifepristone-induced pregnancy termination using progesterone in a rat model, following a clear initiation of pregnancy termination. Female Long–Evans rats were divided into three groups (n = 10–16/group): Pregnant control (M−P−), mifepristone-only/pregnancy termination (M+P−) and mifepristone + progesterone (M+P+). Drug/vehicle administration occurred on day 12 of gestation (first-trimester human equivalent). Rat weight was measured throughout gestation. Uterine blood, collected post-drug/vehicle administration, was analyzed spectrophotometrically to measure blood loss. Additionally, at the end of gestation (day 21), ultrasound was utilized to confirm pregnancy and measure fetal heart rate. Number of gestational sacs, uterine weights and diameters were obtained following tissue collection. Our results indicate that progesterone administration following initiation of mifepristone-induced pregnancy termination (indicated by weight loss and uterine bleeding) reversed the process in 81% of rats in the M+P+ group. Following the initial weight loss, these rats proceeded to gain weight at a similar rate to the M−P− group, in contrast to the continued decrease displayed by the M+P− group (and unsuccessful reversals). Moreover, while uterine blood loss was similar to that of the M+P− group (confirming pregnancy termination initiation), number of gestational sacs, uterine weights, diameters, approximate fetal weights and fetal heart rates were similar to the M−P− group. Thus, our results indicate a clear progesterone-mediated reversal of an initiated mifepristone-induced pregnancy termination in a rat model at first-trimester human equivalent, with resultant fully developed living fetuses at the end of gestation, clearly indicating the necessity for further pre-clinical investigation to assist in better informing the scientific/medical communities of the potential implications in humans.
Tandem ring-opening and formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones
Authors: Huang Li , Han Ying , Sun Jing , Sun Qiu , Yan Chao-Guo
Published: July 2023

Synthetic protocols access to complex dispiro[indene-2,3′-cyclopentane-1′,5′′-pyrimidines], dispiro[indoline-3,3′-cyclopentane-1′,5′′-pyrimidines] and spiro[cyclopenta[c]indeno[1,2-b]chromene-3,5′-pyrimidines] in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity was developed.
Self-healing, self-adhesive, stretchable and flexible conductive hydrogels for high-performance strain sensors
Authors: Li Ruirui , Ren Jie , Li Meng , Zhang Minmin , Li Yan , Yang Wu
Published: July 2023

Conductive hydrogels have been widely studied for their potential application as wearable sensors due to their flexibility and biocompatibility.
Structure and dynamics of an active polymer chain inside a nanochannel grafted with polymers
Authors: Sahoo Rajiblochan , Chakrabarti Rajarshi
Published: July 2023

We use computer simulations to investigate the complex dynamics of a polymer, made of active Brownian particles, inside a channel grafted internally with passive polymer chains.
Dark dust
Authors: Siebenmorgen R. , Smoker J. , Krełowski J. , Gordon Karl , Chini Rolf
Published: July 2023

The nature of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium can be best investigated by means of reddening curves where only a single interstellar cloud lies between the observer and the background source. Published reddening curves often suffer from various systematic uncertainties. We merged a sample of 820 reddening curves of stars for which both FORS2 polarization spectra and UVES highresolution spectra are available. The resulting 111 sightlines towards OB-type stars have 175 reddening curves. For these stars, we derived their spectral-type from the UVES high-resolution spectroscopy. To obtain high-quality reddening curves, we excluded stars with composite spectra in the IUE/FUSE data due to multiple stellar systems. Likewise, we omitted stars that have uncertain spectral-type designations or stars with photometric variability. We neglected stars that show inconsistent parallaxes when comparing data releases two and three from Gaia. Finally, we identified stars that show differences in the space- and ground-based-derived reddening curves between 0.28 µm and the U band or in RV. In total, we find 53 stars with one or more reddening curves passing the rejection criteria. This provides the highest-quality Milky Way reddening curve sample available today. Averaging the curves from our high-quality sample, we find RV = 3.1 ± 0.4, confirming previous estimates. A future paper in this series will use the current sample of precise reddening curves and combine them with polarization data to study the properties of dark dust.
Propagation of a dome-shaped, large-scale extreme-ultraviolet wave in the solar corona
Authors: Mann Gottfried , Veronig Astrid M.
Published: July 2023

Context. The first observation of a dome-shaped extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wave was recorded by the EUVI instrument on board the STEREO-B spacecraft on January 17, 2010. This observation has allowed us to study the three-dimensional propagation of a large-scale EUV wave in the solar corona, which is considered to be a manifestation of a large-amplitude magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave.

Aims. These unique observations by EUVI offer the opportunity to compare the theory of large-amplitude MHD waves with observations.

Methods. Nonlinear MHD equations were employed for describing large-amplitude fast magnetosonic waves in terms of so-called simple waves.

Results. Measuring the velocity of the EUV wave across the solar surface allows us to determine the quiet Sun’s magnetic field to be ≈3.2 G. This magnetic field can be extrapolated to the corona by means of magnetic flux conservation. Then, the height dependence of the Alfvén velocity can be calculated, adopting an isothermal, gravitationally stratified density model with a temperature of 1.4 MK for the quiet corona. The Alfvén velocity has a local maximum of ≈680 km s−1 at a height of ≈1030 Mm above the photosphere. The observations show that the EUV wave initially steepens and subsequently decays during its further evolution along the solar surface. This behavior can be aptly explained in terms of simple MHD waves. Initially, the wave front steepens due to nonlinear effects. Since the EUV waves are circularly or spherically propagating waves in the corona, their amplitudes are decreasing during the evolution. Hence, the wave steepening vanishes at the final state of the evolution of the EUV wave, which is consistent with the observations. In reality, the nature of the considered EUV wave is a combination of that of a circular and a spherical wave in the corona.

Conclusions. The propagation of this dome-shaped EUV wave can be well described by the theory of large amplitude (simple) MHD waves.
Multiwavelength observations of PSR J2021+4026 across a mode change reveal a phase shift in its X-ray emission
Authors: Razzano M. , Fiori A. , Saz Parkinson P. M. , Mignani R. P. , De Luca A. , Harding A. K. , Kerr M. , Marelli M. , Testa V.
Published: July 2023

Context. We have investigated the multiwavelength emission of PSR J2021+4026, the only isolated γ-ray pulsar known to be variable, which in October 2011 underwent a simultaneous change in γ-ray flux and spin-down rate, followed by a second mode change in February 2018. Multiwavelength monitoring is crucial to understand the physics behind these events and how they may have affected the structure of the magnetosphere.

Aims. The monitoring of pulse profile alignment is a powerful diagnostic tool for constraining magnetospheric reconfiguration. We aim to investigate timing or flux changes related to the variability of PSR J2021+4026 via multiwavelength observations, including γ-ray observations from Fermi-LAT, X-ray observations from XMM-Newton, and a deep optical observation with the Gran Telescopio Canarias.

Methods. We performed a detailed comparison of the timing features of the pulsar in γ and X-rays and searched for any change in phase lag between the phaseogram peaks in these two energy bands. Although previous observations did not detect a counterpart in visible light, we also searched for optical emission that might have increased due to the mode change, making this pulsar detectable in the optical.

Results. We have found a change in the γ-to X-ray pulse profile alignment by 0.21 ± 0.02 in phase, which indicates that the first mode change affected different regions of the pulsar magnetosphere. No optical counterpart was detected down to g′ = 26.1 and r′ = 25.3.

Conclusions. We suggest that the observed phase shift could be related to a reconfiguration of the connection between the quadrupole magnetic field near the stellar surface and the dipole field that dominates at larger distances. This is consistent with the picture of X-ray emission coming from the heated polar cap and with the simultaneous flux and frequency derivative change observed during the mode changes.
Le concept de traumatisme et ses conséquences théoriques et cliniques
Authors: Fossati Philippe
Published: July 2023

Le traumatisme, conçu comme un choc violent, imprévu et qui expose l’individu à sa propre mort, est pourvoyeur de nombreuses pathologies. Dans ce travail, nous discutons principalement le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT), ses spécificités cliniques en fonction du type de traumatisme ainsi que son rapport étroit avec la notion de dissociation. Le traumatisme, par sa violence, bouleverse totalement les croyances fondamentales de l’individu sur les autres, le monde et son rapport à la mort.
Plongée avec Françoise Dieterlen dans l’origine des cellules souches hématopoïétiques
Authors: Jaffredo Thierry
Published: July 2023

Cet article récapitule les principales découvertes scientifiques réalisées par Françoise Dieterlen sur le système hématopoïétique et endothélial au cours de sa carrière qui s’est déroulée sur plus de 40  années. Ses contributions, toutes majeures, portent notamment sur la démonstration d’une source intra-embryonnaire de cellules souches hématopoïetiques impliquant la polarisation de l’aorte et la formation d’un endothélium homogénique, la mise en évidence de l’allantoïde comme organe d’amplification hématopoïétique chez l’embryon de souris et la démonstration de l’existence d’un endothélium hémogénique capable de générer des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la moelle osseuse de l’embryon de poulet et de souris. Cette dernière découverte, bien que n’ayant pas été réalisée directement par Françoise Dieterlen, a été inspirée par les nombreuses discussions que j’ai pu avoir avec elle et les enseignements qu’elle m’a prodigués au début de ma carrière. Les avancées remarquables accomplies par Françoise Dieterlen dans le champ du développement hématopoïétique sont unanimement reconnues par tous les spécialistes pour qui elle reste à jamais l’une des fondatrices de ce domaine de recherche.
Les altérations de la mémoire dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique
Authors: Da Costa Silva Lucie , Laisney Mickaël , Charretier Laura , Eustache Francis , Quinette Peggy
Published: July 2023

Le Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT) est une pathologie qui se développe chez une personne qui a fait l’expérience d’un événement hautement stressant impliquant une confrontation à la mort ou à une menace de mort, à une blessure grave ou à des violences sexuelles. Ce trouble se caractérise par plusieurs symptômes dont les intrusions, l’évitement et l’hypervigilance. Le TSPT est associé à un déséquilibre entre une mémorisation exacerbée des aspects émotionnels et sensoriels de l’événement traumatique et un défaut de mémorisation des aspects contextuels. En conséquence, le TSPT est aujourd’hui considéré comme un trouble de la mémoire dont les retentissements s’étendent à plusieurs de ses composantes. Cet article expose les conséquences du TSPT sur la mémoire à long terme et met la focale sur deux mécanismes : l’encodage partiel de l’événement traumatique en mémoire épisodique et l’influence de cette expérience traumatique sur les souvenirs personnels en mémoire autobiographique. L’article aborde en première partie les difficultés d’encodage de certains éléments de l’événement traumatique et leurs conséquences, comprenant les reviviscences ainsi que la persistance et la généralisation de la peur à d’autres contextes plus ou moins liés à l’événement traumatique. La deuxième partie aborde la façon dont le trouble affecte la mémoire autobiographique et l’identité en occasionnant une réduction de la précision des événements du passé, des altérations de la capacité à se projeter dans des événements futurs et un encodage incomplet de nouveaux événements.
Les sciences des réseaux appliquées à l’étude du Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique
Authors: Corredor David , Vallet Anais , Riou Maëlle , Eustache Francis , Guillery-Girard Bérengère
Published: July 2023

Cet article expose la manière dont les sciences des réseaux peuvent contribuer à la compréhension du Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT). Nous soulignons l’intérêt de concevoir le cerveau comme un système complexe et dynamique pour affiner la description et la prédiction des réponses cérébrales après exposition à un évènement traumatique. À partir des modèles de résilience au stress et sous le prisme des sciences des réseaux, nous proposons une ligne temporelle du TSPT, partant des facteurs de résilience intrinsèques au réseau, présents avant l’évènement traumatique, jusqu’à la réponse cérébrale ayant lieu après l’évènement traumatique. Dans ce cadre, il est essentiel de considérer la topologie du cerveau et les dynamiques cérébrales dans des processus permettant d’utiliser ces facteurs de résilience. Ainsi, nous proposons un cadre concret, autorisant la formulation d’hypothèses explicites sur des aspects potentiellement critiques de l’organisation et des dynamiques des réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans le TSPT.
Les modèles animaux du traumatisme et du trouble de stress post-traumatique
Authors: Benchenane Karim
Published: July 2023

Le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) est généralement associé à menace vitale et est parfois considéré comme une condition spécifiquement humaine. Cependant de nombreuses études ont montré qu’il pouvait être observé chez des animaux en milieu sauvage et pouvait être induit en laboratoire chez des rongeurs. Cet article vise à présenter et discuter l’évolution et la pertinence des modèles animaux dans l’étude du TSPT. Les études de LeDoux, Davis et McGaugh sur la peur et le conditionnement aversif pavlovien chez le rongeur ont apporté une immense contribution à la compréhension du TSPT. Initialement, il a été proposé que le TSPT résulterait d’un apprentissage aversif trop efficace, impliquant en particulier l’amygdale. Néanmoins, de nombreuses études ont révélé que cette hypothèse n’était pas suffisante pour expliquer la complexité des processus mis en jeu dans le TSPT. Les théories actuelles suggèrent plutôt des déficits dans la capacité à maintenir l’extinction, la perception des signaux de sécurité ou la régulation émotionnelle. Nous examinerons plus précisément les modèles animaux qui se rapprochent le plus du TSPT humain et nous discuterons des raisons pour lesquelles leur utilisation reste limitée. En effet, la plupart des études chez l’animal continuent de s’appuyer majoritairement sur des protocoles classiques de conditionnement pavlovien. Enfin, cette revue mettra en lumière de nouvelles études expérimentales permettant d’aborder des questions auparavant difficiles à étudier chez l’animal. Nous examinerons notamment les liens entre respiration et maintien des états de peur, offrant une explication potentielle à l’efficacité des techniques de méditation et de contrôle de la respiration dans la régulation des émotions. De plus, nous présenterons des résultats récents sur le décodage de l’activité neuronale liée aux représentations internes chez l’animal, offrant ainsi la possibilité d’étudier les ruminations, symptômes caractéristiques du TSPT qui étaient auparavant inaccessibles à l’expérimentation animale.
The Impact of Clinical Decision Support on Health Disparities and the Digital Divide
Authors: Douthit Brian J. , McCoy Allison B. , Nelson Scott D.
Published: July 2023

Objectives: This literature review summarizes relevant studies from the last three years (2020-2022) related to clinical decision support (CDS) and CDS impact on health disparities and the digital divide. This survey identifies current trends and synthesizes evidence-based recommendations and considerations for future development and implementation of CDS tools.

Methods: We conducted a search in PubMed for literature published between 2020 and 2022. Our search strategy was constructed as a combination of the MEDLINE®/PubMed® Health Disparities and Minority Health Search Strategy and relevant CDS MeSH terms and phrases. We then extracted relevant data from the studies, including priority population when applicable, domain of influence on the disparity being addressed, and the type of CDS being used. We also made note of when a study discussed the digital divide in some capacity and organized the comments into general themes through group discussion.

Results: Our search yielded 520 studies, with 45 included at the conclusion of screening. The most frequent CDS type in this review was point-of-care alerts/reminders (33.3%). Health Care System was the most frequent domain of influence (71.1%), and Blacks/African Americans were the most frequently included priority population (42.2%). Throughout the literature, we found four general themes related to the technology divide: inaccessibility of technology, access to care, trust of technology, and technology literacy.

This survey revealed the diversity of CDS being used to address health disparities and several barriers which may make CDS less effective or potentially harmful to certain populations. Regular examinations of literature that feature CDS and address health disparities can help to reveal new strategies and patterns for improving healthcare.
Integrated Management Systems (IMS) to Support and Sustain Quality One Health Services: International Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic by the IMIA Primary Care Working Group
Authors: Jonnagaddala Jitendra , Hoang Uy , Wensaas Knut-Arne , Tu Karen , Ortigoza Angela , Silva-Valencia Javier , Cuba-Fuentes María Sofía , Godinho Myron Anthony , de Lusignan Simon , Liaw Siaw-Teng
Published: July 2023

Objectives: One Health considers human, animal and environment health as a continuum. The COVID-19 pandemic started with the leap of a virus from animals to humans. Integrated management systems (IMS) should provide a coherent management framework, to meet reporting requirements and support care delivery. We report IMS deployment during, and retention post the COVID-19 pandemic, and exemplar One Health use cases.

Methods: Six volunteer members of the International Medical Association’s (IMIA) Primary Care Working Group provided data about any IMS and One Health use to support the COVID-19 pandemic initiatives. We explored how IMS were: (1) Integrated with organisational strategy; (2) Utilised standardised processes, and (3) Met reporting requirements, including public health. Selected contributors provided Unified Modelling Language (UML) use case diagram for a One Health exemplar.

Results: There was weak evidence of synergy between IMS and health system strategy to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there were rapid pragmatic responses to COVID-19, not citing IMS. All health systems implemented IMS to link COVID test results, vaccine uptake and outcomes, particularly mortality and to provide patients access to test results and vaccination certification. Neither proportion of gross domestic product alone, nor vaccine uptake determined outcome. One Health exemplars demonstrated that animal, human and environmental specialists could collaborate.

Conclusions: IMS use improved the pandemic response. However, IMS use was pragmatic rather than utilising an international standard, with some of their benefits lost post-pandemic. Health systems should incorporate IMS that enables One Health approaches as part of their post COVID-19 pandemic preparedness.
Daridorexant, a Recently Approved Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists (DORA) in Treatment of Insomnia
Authors: Sarathi Chakraborty Dwaipayan , Choudhury Shouvik , Lahiry Sandeep
Published: July 2023

Insomnia is one of the major challenges in medical science nowadays as it leads to great socio-economic burden by impairing daytime function as well as the development of exhaustion, depression, and memory disturbance in affected individuals. Several important classes of drugs have been tried, including the BZDs and non-BZD hypnotics. Available drugs to combat this disease have the limitations of abuse potential, tolerance, and cognitive impairment. In some instances, withdrawal symptoms have been observed upon the abrupt cessation of those drugs. The Orexin system has been very recently targeted as a therapeutic option to overcome those limitations. Treatment of insomnia with Daridorexant as a Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist (DORA) has been evaluated in several preclinical and clinical studies. Available information obtained from those studies has shown a promising future for this drug in the management of insomnia. Beyond its effectiveness in insomnia, it has been successfully used in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic obstructed airway disease (COAD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders. Larger studies need to address the safety issues as well as obtain robust pharmacovigilance information to safeguard the risk-benefit aspect of this drug in insomniac adults.
Including Men in a Female Financial Model: An Analysis of Informal Grassroots Financial Associations
Authors: Nakato Linda
Published: July 2023

There is an increasing push among development actors to engage men in gender-focused development efforts. This is also observed in initiatives organizing economically poor individuals into groups where members save and borrow among each other. This study investigates the influence of male membership on the savings group’s profit-generating capacity. Further, the study aims to understand if this relationship is moderated by the level of gender equality in the country where the group is located. Drawing on random effects regression analysis on a sample of data on 81,853 savings groups from 30 African countries covering the period 2010 to 2017, the results show that the group’s profit-generating capacity reduces as the percentage of male members increases. Further, gender inequality in the countries where these groups are located worsens the observed negative relation. The findings highlight the need to thoroughly evaluate policy initiatives aimed at such savings groups to avoid harming core group functions.
Memory-based parameterization with differentiable solver: Application to Lorenz ’96
Authors: Bhouri Mohamed Aziz , Gentine Pierre
Published: July 2023

Physical parameterizations (or closures) are used as representations of unresolved subgrid processes within weather and global climate models or coarse-scale turbulent models, whose resolutions are too coarse to resolve small-scale processes. These parameterizations are typically grounded on physically based, yet empirical, representations of the underlying small-scale processes. Machine learning-based parameterizations have recently been proposed as an alternative solution and have shown great promise to reduce uncertainties associated with the parameterization of small-scale processes. Yet, those approaches still show some important mismatches that are often attributed to the stochasticity of the considered process. This stochasticity can be due to coarse temporal resolution, unresolved variables, or simply to the inherent chaotic nature of the process. To address these issues, we propose a new type of parameterization (closure), which is built using memory-based neural networks, to account for the non-instantaneous response of the closure and to enhance its stability and prediction accuracy. We apply the proposed memory-based parameterization, with differentiable solver, to the Lorenz ’96 model in the presence of a coarse temporal resolution and show its capacity to predict skillful forecasts over a long time horizon of the resolved variables compared to instantaneous parameterizations. This approach paves the way for the use of memory-based parameterizations for closure problems.
Machine learning-augmented fluid dynamics simulations for micromixer educational module
Authors: Birtek Mehmet Tugrul , Alseed M. Munzer , Sarabi Misagh Rezapour , Ahmadpour Abdollah , Yetisen Ali K. , Tasoglu Savas
Published: July 2023

Micromixers play an imperative role in chemical and biomedical systems. Designing compact micromixers for laminar flows owning a low Reynolds number is more challenging than flows with higher turbulence. Machine learning models can enable the optimization of the designs and capabilities of microfluidic systems by receiving input from a training library and producing algorithms that can predict the outcomes prior to the fabrication process to minimize development cost and time. Here, an educational interactive microfluidic module is developed to enable the design of compact and efficient micromixers at low Reynolds regimes for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The optimization of Newtonian fluids designs was based on a machine learning model, which was trained by simulating and calculating the mixing index of 1890 different micromixer designs. This approach utilized a combination of six design parameters and the results as an input data set to a two-layer deep neural network with 100 nodes in each hidden layer. A trained model was achieved with R2 = 0.9543 that can be used to predict the mixing index and find the optimal parameters needed to design micromixers. Non-Newtonian fluid cases were also optimized using 56700 simulated designs with eight varying input parameters, reduced to 1890 designs, and then trained using the same deep neural network used for Newtonian fluids to obtain R2 = 0.9063. The framework was subsequently used as an interactive educational module, demonstrating a well-structured integration of technology-based modules such as using artificial intelligence in the engineering curriculum, which can highly contribute to engineering education.
Liquid helium-cooled high-purity copper coil for generation of long pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Kohama Yoshimitsu , Ihara Yoshihiko , Yang Zhuo , Matsui Kazuki , Kindo Koichi
Published: July 2023

To generate long-duration pulsed magnetic fields with low energy consumption, we present a practical setup that implements an electromagnet made of high-purity copper (99.9999%). The resistance of the high-purity copper coil decreases from 171 mΩ (300 K) to 19.3 mΩ (77.3 K) and to below ∼0.15 mΩ (4.2 K), indicating a high residual resistance ratio of 1140 and a substantial reduction in Joule loss at low temperature. Using a 157.5 F electric-double-layer-capacitor bank with a charged voltage of 100 V, a pulsed magnetic field of 19.8 T with a total field duration of more than 1 s is generated. The field strength of the liquid helium-cooled high-purity copper coil is approximately double that of a liquid nitrogen-cooled one. The low resistance of the coil and the resultant low Joule heating effect explain the improvements in accessible field strength. The low electric energy used for field generation warrants further investigation on low-impedance pulsed magnets consisting of high-purity metals.
Revealing foam stability for cationic and zwitterionic triethylsilyl-containing surfactants
Authors: Brown James R. , Madsen Margaret D. , Ateş Ayşenur , Islam Rezawana , Agbo Benjamin , Nikoo Kamyar Karimi , Lattimer Brian Y. , Long Timothy E.
Published: July 2023

A fundamental understanding of surfactant structure–property–performance relationships will inform the design of next-generation alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foams. This manuscript describes the synthesis, solution properties, and foam stability of novel triethylsilyl-containing surfactants, which elucidated the influence of the hydrophilic head group on critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, and foam stability. Photocatalyzed hydrosilylation of triethylsilane and N,N-dimethyl allylamine yielded N,N-dimethyl-3-(triethylsilyl)propane-1-amine. Subsequent functionalization with either propane sultone or bromoethane afforded zwitterionic sulfobetaine surfactant, 3-(dimethyl(3-(triethylsilyl)propyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (TESDMAPS) and cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant, and N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-(triethylsilyl)propane-1-ammonium bromide (TESDMABr), respectively. Dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized micelle size and shape in solutions above the CMC. Surface tensiometer analysis determined minimum TESDMAPS and TESDMABr solution surface tensions of 37.7 and 35.9 mN/m, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations related this decrease in surface tension to a larger average interfacial area of 88 Å2 per TESDMABr molecule compared to 66 Å2 per TESDMAPS molecule. Steady-shear rheological measurements showed consistent exponential viscosity-scaling relationships between TESDMAPS and TESDMABr solutions ≤ 30 wt. %. Above this concentration, TESDMAPS displayed solution viscosities greater than TESDMABr, and a mixture of surfactants provided an intermediate concentration dependent viscosity scaling. Dynamic foam analysis revealed TESDMABr foams displayed longer 25% foam drainage times than TESDMAPS. The oscillatory rheology of TESDMABr solutions demonstrated solid-like solution behavior at low shear rates. Finally, polarized light-imaging rheology highlighted the formation of birefringent structures in TESDMABr solutions under shear. For the first time, this work relates solution viscoelasticity from shear-induced surfactant assembly to foam stability with implications on fluorine-free, next-generation, fire-fighting foams.
Stochastic dynamics and first passage analysis of iced transmission lines via path integration method
Authors: Bai Yuanyuan , Xu Wei , Wei Wei , Zhang Zhonghua
Published: July 2023

The mechanism of stochastic factors in wind load on iced transmission line galloping has attracted widespread attention. In this paper, the random part of wind load is simulated by Gaussian white noise, and a galloping model of the iced transmission line excited by stochastic wind is established. The path integration method based on the Gauss–Legendre formula and short-time approximation is used to solve the steady-state probability density function of the system and the evolution of the transient probability density. The resonance response of the system is considered when the fluctuating wind acts. Meanwhile, through path integration, the stability of galloping motion is evaluated based on the first passage theory. Comparing with the Monte Carlo simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. It turns out that the large external excitation intensity and the small natural frequency are not conducive to the stability of iced transmission line galloping.
Multi-species prey–predator dynamics during a multi-strain pandemic
Authors: Alexi Ariel , Rosenfeld Ariel , Lazebnik Teddy
Published: July 2023

Small and large scale pandemics are a natural phenomenon repeatably appearing throughout history, causing ecological and biological shifts in ecosystems and a wide range of their habitats. These pandemics usually start with a single strain but shortly become multi-strain due to a mutation process of the pathogen causing the epidemic. In this study, we propose a novel eco-epidemiological model that captures multi-species prey–predator dynamics with a multi-strain pandemic. The proposed model extends and combines the Lotka–Volterra prey–predator model and the Susceptible–Infectious–Recovered epidemiological model. We investigate the ecosystem’s sensitivity and stability during such a multi-strain pandemic through extensive simulation relying on both synthetic cases as well as two real-world configurations. Our results are aligned with known ecological and epidemiological findings, thus supporting the adequacy of the proposed model in realistically capturing the complex eco-epidemiological properties of the multi-species multi-strain pandemic dynamics.
Development of a scale-up strategy for an aerated coaxial mixer containing a non-Newtonian fluid: A mass transfer approach
Authors: Rahimzadeh Ali , Ein-Mozaffari Farhad , Lohi Ali
Published: July 2023

Coaxial mixers have been shown to be effective in enhancing the hydrodynamic stress and shear environment inside the aerated systems. However, the scale-up study of the aerated coaxial mixing reactors based on a constant mass transfer coefficient has never been reported in the literature. In this study, for the first time, a practical technique is suggested to evaluate the scalability of these systems in terms of a constant mass transfer coefficient. The effects of impeller speed, impeller type, aeration rate, and pumping direction on the mass transfer, power consumption, gas holdup profile, fluid hydrodynamics, and energy dissipation rate were explored for gas dispersion in non-Newtonian fluids inside coaxial mixers through tomography, dynamic gassing-in, and computational fluid dynamics. It was found that a practical approach to preserve the mass transfer coefficient of the large-scale coaxial mixer the same as its small-scale counterpart was to maintain the volumetric aeration rate per working fluid volume constant.
Characterization of particle removal in an airlift pump with a U-bend
Authors: Nigardsøy Bjørg Synnøve , Nilsen Vegard , Karlsen Tom A. , Mossige Endre Joachim Lerheim
Published: July 2023

This paper investigates the self-cleansing performance of an airlift pump with a U-bend. For this purpose, an experimental setup is used to assess the effect of air flow on the pump's ability to lift water and remove particles under different submergence ratios and particle concentrations. In addition, a simple yet accurate fluid mechanical model is used to interpret the experiments with individual particles and to predict the critical water velocity required for particle removal from the pipe bend.
Role of viral suppression in HIV treatment and prevention and its potential in addressing harmful laws and discrimination
Authors: Seale Andy , Baggaley Rachel , Vojnov Lara , Doherty Meg
Published: July 2023

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) global public health mandate includes a focus on expanding access to HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment monitoring to improve the clinical management of HIV, achieve sustained viral suppression, and prevent HIV-related incidence, morbidity, and mortality. This article documents key moments in research and WHO policies that have informed how ART is applied within HIV programs, including as a prevention tool with the potential to support efforts to address HIV-related discrimination. For more than 20 years, WHO has promoted the benefits of HIV treatment including as part of the approach to prevent the mother-to-child transmission (vertical transmission) of HIV. WHO guidance has followed, and continues to follow, the evolving evidence. In 2023, WHO continues to clarify that there is zero risk of sexual HIV transmission when a person living with HIV has an undetectable viral load and an almost zero or negligible risk of sexual transmission when a person living with HIV has a viral load of ≤1000 copies/mL – helping to evolve the focus of community campaigns and health worker training to include a focus on ‘virally suppressed’ while also continuing to emphasise the ultimate goal of achieving an undetectable viral load. This evolution does two things: first, it strongly reasserts the evidence around there being no chance of transmission if a person has an undetectable viral load; and second, it provides an extremely strong degree of confidence that, similarly, individuals who are virally suppressed will not pass on the virus sexually. WHO is now encouraging positive and clear messaging to highlight that the consistent use of ART prevents onwards HIV transmission.
Chinese audiovisual translation
Authors: Mehdizadkhani Milad , Chen Luyu
Published: July 2023

The increasing use of multilingualism in audiovisual products, especially feature films, has attracted attention from audiovisual translation (AVT) scholars; however, such research is missing in the Chinese AVT context. This paper strived to fill this niche by exploring the common methods of the rendition of a third language (L3) in Chinese dubbing, subtitling, and fansubbing. The corpus of the study comprised six English-speaking feature films alongside their fan and professional-created Chinese subtitles and dubs available online, and its contents was mainly selected based on two criteria: (i) the L3s used, for example, French, Indian, Swahili, Xhosa, and Russian, and (ii) the availability of fan and pro-produced Chinese subtitles and dubs. For dubbing, the analysis of the corpus revealed that the Chinese professional dubbing team marked the L3s in a few cases but applied translational patterns inconsistently. the comparison of the pro- and fansubs demonstrated that both did not mark the L3s in their translations and that professional subtitlers performed better than the fansubbers in the rendition of multilingualism in terms of graphic codes and the original films’ storytelling.
Visual images and image-text relations in ELT textbooks for young learners
Authors: Zhu Yan , Yang Nana
Published: July 2023

A noteworthy change in China’s newly released national English language curriculum standards is the inclusion of
‘viewing’ ability, i.e., the skill of acquiring information conveyed in multimodal discourses like graphics, photos and animation
(MOE, 2022a). To investigate how ELT textbooks are compiled to foster learners’
viewing ability, we conducted a descriptive content analysis of two ELT textbook series (N1 = 12,
N2 = 6) for young learners. Informed by Fingeret’s classification of graphics (2012) and Martinec and
Salway’s framework of image-text relations (2005), we coded a total of 7182 visual
images to examine how different types of visual images and image-text relations were utilised in terms of frequency and
distribution in the two textbook series. Results show that both textbook series feature the use of diverse visual images and the
Chinese ELT textbook series exclusively uses cartoons, whereas the global ELT textbooks use photos in addition to cartoons.
Regarding image-text status relations, equal relations constitute a larger percentage than unequal relations, and the expansion
logico-sematic relations appear much more frequently than the projection relations. Implications for dealing with visual images
and image-text relations in ELT textbooks for young learners are suggested in the conclusion section.