bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerosol Transmission of Filoviruses
Authors: Mekibib Berhanu , Ariën Kevin
Published: May 2016

Filoviruses have become a worldwide public health concern because of their potential for introductions into non-endemic countries through international travel and the international transport of infected animals or animal products. Since it was first identified in 1976, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) and Sudan, the 2013–2015 western African Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the largest, both by number of cases and geographical extension, and deadliest, recorded so far in medical history. The source of ebolaviruses for human index case(s) in most outbreaks is presumptively associated with handling of bush meat or contact with fruit bats. Transmission among humans occurs easily when a person comes in contact with contaminated body fluids of patients, but our understanding of other transmission routes is still fragmentary. This review deals with the controversial issue of aerosol transmission of filoviruses.
Frequency Analysis of High Flow Extremes in the Yingluoxia Watershed in Northwest China
Authors: Li Zhanling , Wang Yuehua , Zhao Wei , Xu Zongxue , Li Zhanjie
Published: May 2016

Statistical modeling of hydrological extremes is significant to the construction of hydraulic engineering. This paper, taking the Yingluoxia watershed as the study area, compares the annual maximum (AM) series and the peaks over a threshold (POT) series in order to study the hydrological extremes, examines the stationarity and independence assumptions for the two series, and discusses the estimations and uncertainties of return levels from the two series using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) models. For comparison, the return levels from all threshold excesses with considering the extremal index are also estimated. For the POT series, the threshold is selected by examining the mean excess plot and the stability of the parameter estimates and by using common-sense. The serial correlation is reduced by filtering out a set of dependent threshold excesses. Results show that both series are approximately stationary and independent. The GEV model fits the AM series well and the GPD model fits the POT series well. The estimated return levels are fairly comparable for the AM series, the POT series, and all threshold excesses with considering the extremal index, with the difference being less than 10% for return periods longer than 10 years. The uncertainties of the estimated return levels are the highest for the AM series, and next for the POT series and then for all threshold excesses series in turn.
La construction d’un système national d’innovation en Algerie : institutions et politique d’innovation
Authors: Amdaoud Mounir
Published: May 2016

Cet article se propose d’analyser les capacités de production de connaissances technologiques ainsi qu’un examen de la politique de recherche scientifique et technologique en Algérie. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons le concept de Système National d’Innovation (SNI) - malgré les limites d’application - du fait, qu’il permet, d’une part, de mieux saisir le processus et les interventions des acteurs à l’origine du progrès technique, et d’autre part, d’éclairer les stratégies de développement économique des pays. Les premiers résultats obtenus dans notre étude montrent que le dispositif juridique et la structure institutionnelle en matière de recherche et de recherche et développement (R&D) ne sont pas éloignés de ceux des économies avancées. Cependant dans les faits, cette tendance ne semble pas se refléter dans les indicateurs de performance technologique et scientifique en Algérie. Classification JEL : O31, O32, O38
Le financement par le capital risque en Tunisie : réalités et contraintes
Authors: Zouari Ezzeddine , Haddad Samia
Published: May 2016

Présentant un savoir-faire à fort contenu scientifique, des investissements en R&D relativement très importants, sources d’une grande capacité d’innovation, et caractérisées par une structure organisationnelle souple, les entreprises innovantes jouent un rôle crucial dans le processus de transformation des connaissances scientifiques en innovations industrielles. Néanmoins, il semble que la croissance, voire la survie de ces organisations industrielles innovantes soient entravées par un certain nombre de difficultés, notamment par des problèmes de financement. Face à ce constat, le capital-risque se présente comme un procédé de financement en fonds propres le plus approprié pour soutenir les entreprises à fort potentiel de croissance, qui présentent parallèlement un risque de défaillance relativement important. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les mécanismes financiers du marché du Capital-Risque en Tunisie, en mettant l’accent sur le rôle de ses acteurs, notamment des Sociétés d’Investissements dans le Capital Risque (SICAR) appliqué au contexte tunisien, leurs logiques de fonctionnement, ainsi que la spécificité des problèmes qu’ils rencontrent lors des différentes phases d’investissement des projets innovants. Classification JEL  : G24, M13.
Les dirigeants des PME face au défi de l’intelligence économique : cas de trois entreprises marocaines
Authors: Sliman Mounia
Published: May 2016

Aujourd’hui, la compétitivité et la survie des PME sont essentiellement liées à la capacité de leurs dirigeants à se doter d’outils capables de surveiller l’environnement interne et externe et de s’adapter très vite aux changements du marché. Le présent papier s’inscrit dans une démarche exploratoire et tente d’approfondir la compréhension du processus d’intelligence économique au sein des PME, en examinant sa relation avec le profil du dirigeant. Les résultats d’entretiens menés auprès de trois dirigeants de PME marocaines confirment le caractère passif de la pratique d’intelligence économique au sein des PME. Ce résultat est particulièrement original et novateur mais ne peut se généraliser à l’ensemble des PME. En revanche, il pourrait contribuer à d’autres recherches s’inscrivant dans la même thématique. Classification JEL  : M21
La sagesse du droit : mort naturelle, mort violente, mort suspecte
Authors: Taussig Sylvie
Published: May 2016

Mort naturelle et mort violente : ces catégories fondamentales en justice sont-elles fondées philosophiquement ? La mort, violente par essence, n’est-elle pas aussi bien toujours d’une certaine façon naturelle ? L’irruption du concept de mort non motivée apporte-t-il un peu de clarté dans le débat ? Cette réflexion s’impose dans une société qui fait du déni du vieillissement et de la mort un des fondements de sa culture, à un moment où la violence meurtrière occupe le devant de la scène médiatique, avec les massacres perpétrés récemment.
Influence of Surface Coating on Metal Ion Release: Evaluation in Patients With Metal Allergy
Authors: Thomas Peter , Weik Thomas , Roider Gabriele , Summer Burkhard , Thomsen Marc
Published: May 2016

Nickel, chromium, and cobalt in stainless steel and Cobalt-chrome-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys may induce allergy. The objectives of this study were to evaluate surface coating regarding ion release, patch test reactivity, and arthroplasty performance. Materials and methods included patch test in 31 patients with metal allergy and 30 patients with no allergy to stainless steel and CoCrMo disks that are uncoated or coated by titanium nitride/zirconium nitride (TiN/ZrN). Assessment include atomic absorption spectrometry of released nickel, cobalt, and chromium from the disks after exposure to distilled water, artificial sweat and culture medium. Results showed that both coatings reduced the nickel and chromium release from stainless steel and CoCrMo disks and mostly the cobalt release from the disks (maximally 11.755 µg/cm
2
/5 d to 1.624 by Ti-N and to 0.442 by ZrN). Six of the 31 patients with metal allergy reacted to uncoated disks, but none reacted to the coated disks. The current authors report on exemplary patients with metal allergy who had symptom relief by revision with surface-coated arthroplasty. The authors concluded that the surface coating may prevent cutaneous and peri-implant allergic reactions. [
Orthopedics
. 2016; 39(3):S24–S30.]
10-Year Survival of Navigated Versus Conventional TKAs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Baumbach Jana Aleska , Willburger Roland , Haaker Rolf , Dittrich Marcus , Kohler Steffen
Published: May 2016

The computer-assisted navigation of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) offers a radiologically demonstrated higher precision of implantation than conventional implantation in relation to the axis alignment. The impact on long-term clinical outcomes is currently unknown. In 1999, 217 consecutive TKAs were performed in a total of 213 patients (113 navigated and 104 conventional). After 10 years, it was possible to follow up on 94 patients with 96 TKAs, of which 46 were conventional and 50 were navigated. The radiographs were evaluated using the Knee Society protocol. In addition to the Hospital for Special Surgery Score and Knee Society Score, the current authors also used the patient-focused 36-item Short Form Health Survery. After 10 years, 8 TKAs were revised because of aseptic loosening, 7 in the conventional group and 1 in navigated group. This equates to an 87% survival rate for conventional and 98% for navigated implantation. This difference was statistically significant (
P
<.05). After conclusion of the follow-up, 17% of the conventional and 9.8% of the navigated TKAs were found to have undergone aseptic loosening. All of the TKAs subject to aseptic loosening presented a mechanical femorotibial angle outside the optimal zone of ±3° around neutral axis. The study indicates a clinically significant advantage of the navigation technique compared with the conventional procedure. [
Orthopedics
. 2016; 39(3):S72–S76.]
An Extended Acceptance Model for Augmented Reality Educational Applications
Authors: Balog Alexandru , Pribeanu Costin
Published: May 2016

Augmented Reality (AR) combines 3D visualization, multimodal interaction, animation and direct manipulation in a hands-on learning experience that is able to enhance the students' motivation to learn. Designers and educators need a deeper understanding of the key factors that drive learners' acceptance and continuing interaction with an AR-based educational system. A concern for educators is to understand how these factors interact and to what extent each factor contributes to the acceptance of the AR technology. This work further extends the technology acceptance model by included three additional constructs that point to the ease of learning how to use an AR-based application (learnability), perceived efficiency, and cognitive absorption. The results show that the perceived enjoyment is the main determinant of the intention to use having a greater positive influence than the perceived usefulness. The perceived efficiency and perceived cognitive absorption have only indirect effects on the intention to use, which are mediated by the perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment.
A Three-Dimensional Environment of Personalized Recommendation of Learning Objects to Support Ubiquitous Learning
Authors: Frade Rodrigo Valença Cavalcante , Neto Francisco Milton Mendes , Castro de Souza Rafael
Published: May 2016

The advancement of technological resources has provided new possibilities in teaching and learning processes. This progress resulted in an improvement to the Distance Education (DE). However, this type of education still faces the serious problem of circumvention having as a major cause, lack of motivation among students. Thus, the use of new technological trends has been increasingly common with the purpose to provide greater attractiveness for student participation in distance learning courses. Thus, this study aims to propose a multiagent virtual environment in three dimensions to support the recommendation of learning objects in order to improve the teaching and learning processes in DE.
Leaders' Emotional Intelligence in the Chaos and Complexity Situations of Educational Organizations
Authors: Erçetin Şefika Şule , Eriçok Barış , Eranıl Anıl Kadir
Published: May 2016

This study examines that in what aspects the levels of leaders' emotional intelligence in chaos and complexity situations can affect the organizations. Also, in this study the dimensions of emotional intelligence which are closely related to social life and organizational systems will be considered in terms of chaos and complexity theories. At the same time in this study, how a situation that appears to be complex but has an order inside and has the potential to be directed with small interventions can be handled by a leader that has a high capacity of using his/her emotional intelligence will be scrutinised. Additionally, this study will present the advantages of some leader capabilities (such as personal and interpersonal relationships, stress management, adaptability, general mood, empathy, motivation and self-awareness) in the management of the organizations in the context of chaos and complexity theories. Last but not least, the effect of emotional intelligence level in the rising of new leaders will be mentioned in this study.
Value of Dural Patches in Obliteration of Cranio-Ethmoidal Traumatic CSF Fistulas
Authors: Mohan Aurel , Săceleanu Vincentiu , Mohan Dumitru , Ciurea Alexandru Vlad
Published: May 2016

During traumatic events or neurosurgical interventions abnormal communications between the CSF-containing subarachnoid space and other extradural spaces may occur and CSF fistulas may develop. As non-traumatic lesions, CSF fistulas are some of the most severe complications of spinal (LDH, extradural and intradural tumors, intramedular tumors) and cranial (cranio-durocerebral tumors, intracranial meningioma, cerebral tumors, vascular malformations of the brain) neurosurgery. There are four types of materials used for dural defects repair: autogenic (from the same patient`s body, usually the fascia lata, periosteum, temporalis fascia or the gales are preferred for cosmetic and morbidity reasons), allogenic (the graft originates from another human), xenogenic (the graft originates from a different species like bovines or pigs) or alloplastic (the graft is inorganic). Biomaterials used as dural substitutes are used to prevent CSF leaks and fistulas and allow the surgeon to make openings in the dura which will heal postoperatively. Dural substitutes can be either biological or synthetic, and are applied just by simple positioning or by suturing them to the defect. The authors consider that prevention of CSF fistulas by using biomaterials similar to the structure of the meninges should be used more frequently and widely, as soon as possible, due to their impact on limiting complications in neurosurgery.
Percutaneous Transpedicular Vertebroplasty versus Conservative Management in Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures
Authors: Popa Iulian , Matusz Petre , Andrei Diana , Mardare Mihai , Poenaru Dan V.
Published: May 2016

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures can lead to late collapse which often cause kyphotic spinal deformity, persistent back pain, decreased lung capacity, increased fracture risk and increased mortality. The purpose of our study is to compare the efficacy and safety of vertebroplasty against conservative management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures without neurologic symptoms. A total of 66 patients with recent OVF on MRI examination were included in the study. All patients were admitted from September 2009 to September 2012. The cohort was divided in two groups: first study group consisted of 33 prospectively followed consecutive patients who suffered 40 vertebral osteoporotic fractures treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty (Group 1), and the control group consisted of 33 patients who suffered 41 vertebral osteoporotic fractures treated conservatory because they reffused vertebroplasty (Group 2). Vertebroplasty with PMMA was performed in 30 patients on 39 VBs, including four thoracic vertebras, 27 vertebras of the thoracolumbar jonction and 8 lumbar vertebras. In the Group 2 were included 30 patients with 39 OVFs (four thoracic vertebras, 23 vertebras of the thoracolumbar junction and 11 lumbar vertebras). In our study on OVF, vertebroplasty delivered superior clinical and radiological outcomes over the first year from intervention when compared to consevative treatment of patients with osteoporotic compression fractures without neurological deficit.
Chemical Crosslinking of Silk Fibroin, Chitosan and Gelatin Blend Nanofiber Mats
Authors: Siridamrong Pornpen , Phrotjanatharee Penchom , Thamronganaskul Niyom
Published: May 2016

Silk fibroin (SF), chitosan (C), and gelatin (G) blend composition in formic acid have been manufactured by using electrospinning technique in our previous work. The SF: G: C at weight ratios of 10: 20: 1 and 20: 10: 1 (%wt: %wt: ml) were used for crosslinking testing. Glutaraldehyde (GA), and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) cabodiimide (EDC) / N-hydroxy succcinimide (NHS) (EDC/NHS) were chose as crosslinking agents. All samples were treated in such agents by fumigation for 72 hours followed by dipping for 10 minutes. Then those samples were washed in distill water for 3 times (1 time per 10 minutes) and dried in desiccator at room temperature. GA caused immediately shrink in both nanofiber mats and became clearly visible yellowish. However, a little shrinkage occurred after dipping in EDC/NHS. It possibly concluded that the EDC / NHS appropriated for SF: G: C blend nanofiber mats.
Toxicity of Dental Amalgams vs Composite Resins
Authors: Tig Ioan Andrei , Fratila Anca Maria , Popovici Ramona Amina , Porumb Anca
Published: May 2016

Ideal qualities of dental materials should include, in terms of biocompatibility, passivity towards oral tissues, so the material should not contain any leachable toxic and diffusible substances, neither release any harmful substance that can cause in time side effects, locally or generally. Even if amalgams are a group of dental materials with a long recorded history, many practitioners blame them, in contradiction with composite resins, especially for releasing free mercury into the body. On the other side, composite resins have reached great biocompatibility specifications, but also have many qualities that need more research, especially long term type.
Factors affecting integration of midwifery nursing science theory with clinical practice in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province as perceived by professional midwives
Authors: Malwela Thivhulawi , Maputle Sonto M. , Lebese Rachel T.
Published: May 2016

Background: Professional midwives have an important role to play in midwifery training to produce a competent midwife. According to the social learning theory, professional midwives act as role models for students. When allocated for clinical learning experiences in the training hospitals, students will have the opportunity to observe the well-trained, skilled, and experienced professional midwives. The whole process will enable students to integrate theory with practice and they will become competent.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting integration of midwifery nursing science theory with clinical practice as perceived by midwives.Setting: The study was conducted at the training hospitals in Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. These hospitals were: Donald Fraser, Siloam, and Tshidzini.Methods: A qualitative explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used. A Nonprobability, convenient sampling method was used to select 11 midwives from the following hospitals: Donald Fraser, Siloam, and Tshidzini, in Vhembe district. In-depth individual interviews were conducted. Data were analysed through open coding method.Result: One theme and five sub-themes emerged from the analysed data, namely: shortage of midwives, attitudes towards student midwives, reluctance to perform teaching functions, language barriers, and declining midwifery practice standards.Conclusion: Shortage of midwives in the clinical areas led to fewer numbers of mentors whom the students could observe and imitate to acquire clinical skills. Some of the midwives were reluctant to teach students. Recommendations were made for both training institutions and hospitals to employ preceptors for students in the clinical practical.
Inequalities in the Impact of National Reimbursement of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy and the Influence of Injunctive Norms: An Explorative Study
Authors: Benson Fiona E. , Nagelhout Gera E. , Nierkens Vera , Willemsen Marc C. , Stronks Karien
Published: May 2016

In 2011, the Dutch government reimbursed smoking cessation pharmacotherapy with behavioral therapy for quitting smokers. We investigate whether inequalities in the use of pharmacotherapy change and, if not, whether this is due to a relatively positive injunctive norm in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. A total of 75,415 participants aged ≥15 years from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits, 2009–2012, were considered with the following measures: SES (education/income), injunctive norm (mostly acceptable/neutral/mostly unacceptable), period (2011/all other years), and pharmacotherapy use (yes/no). The proportion of low SES smokers compared with high SES smokers making quit attempts with pharmacotherapy did not differ significantly. The injunctive norm of low SES smokers differed significantly from high SES smokers and nonsmokers of all SES levels. Low income smokers with mostly acceptable injunctive norms were significantly less likely to make quit attempts using pharmacotherapy than those with a neutral or less accepting injunctive norm. The significantly lower use of pharmacotherapy in quit attempts in low income smokers with a positive injunctive norm toward smoking may partly underlie the lack of uptake of reimbursed pharmacotherapy in low SES smokers.
Subsidized Sachet Water to Reduce Diarrheal Disease in Young Children: A Feasibility Study in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Wright James , Dzodzomenyo Mawuli , Fink Günther , Wardrop Nicola A. , Aryeetey Genevieve C. , Adanu Richard M. , Hill Allan G.
Published: May 2016

Use of drinking water sold in plastic bags (sachet water) is growing rapidly in west Africa. The impact on water consumption and child health remains unclear, and a debate on the taxation and regulation of sachet water is ongoing. This study assessed the feasibility of providing subsidized sachet water to low-income urban households in Accra and measured the resultant changes in water consumption. A total of 86 children, 6–36 months of age in neighborhoods lacking indoor piped water, were randomized to three study arms. The control group received education about diarrhea. The second arm received vouchers for 15 L/week/child of free water sachets (value: $0.63/week) plus education. The third arm received vouchers for the same water sachet volume at half price plus education. Water consumption was measured at baseline and followed for 4 months thereafter. At baseline, 66 of 81 children (82%) drank only sachet water. When given one voucher/child/week, households redeemed an average 0.94 vouchers/week/child in the free-sachet-voucher arm and 0.82 vouchers/week/child in the half-price arm. No change in water consumption was observed in the half-price arm, although the study was not powered to detect such differences. In the free-sachet-voucher arm, estimated sachet water consumption increased by 0.27 L/child/day (P = 0.03). The increase in sachet water consumption by children in the free-sachet-voucher arm shows that provision of fully subsidized water sachets might improve the quality of drinking water consumed by children. Further research is needed to quantify this and any related child health impacts.
Toward a Broader Role for Occupational Therapy in Supportive Oncology Care
Authors: Sleight Alix G. , Duker Leah I. Stein
Published: May 2016

Supportive care in oncology helps people cope with cancer and its psychological, physical, and emotional side effects. However, cancer survivors report dissatisfaction with supportive care and a need for more psychosocial and self-management services. Occupational therapy practitioners represent an integral part of the supportive care team because their scope of practice emphasizes function. Through a focus on function, practitioners address the full spectrum of physical and psychosocial care. Currently, conceptualizations of occupational therapy for cancer survivors often focus solely on physical interventions and, therefore, do not represent the unique involvement of the profession in supportive oncology care. We advocate for a focused framework for occupational therapy practitioners in oncology as experts in function and providers of both physical and psychosocial treatments. Barriers to a focus on function are identified, and strategies are suggested for expanding involvement for the profession in supportive oncology care.
Applied Behavior Analysis, Autism, and Occupational Therapy: A Search for Understanding
Authors: Welch Christie D. , Polatajko H. J.
Published: May 2016

Occupational therapists strive to be mindful, competent practitioners and continuously look for ways to improve practice. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has strong evidence of effectiveness in helping people with autism achieve goals, yet it does not seem to be implemented in occupational therapy practice. To better understand whether ABA could be an evidence-based option to expand occupational therapy practice, the authors conducted an iterative, multiphase investigation of relevant literature. Findings suggest that occupational therapists apply developmental and sensory approaches to autism treatment. The occupational therapy literature does not reflect any use of ABA despite its strong evidence base. Occupational therapists may currently avoid using ABA principles because of a perception that ABA is not client centered. ABA principles and occupational therapy are compatible, and the two could work synergistically.
What effect does VOC sampling time have on derived OH reactivity?
Authors: Sonderfeld Hannah , White Iain R. , Goodall Iain C. A. , Hopkins James R. , Lewis Alastair C. , Koppmann Ralf , Monks Paul S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. State-of-the-art techniques allow for rapid measurements of total OH reactivity. Unknown sinks of OH and oxidation processes in the atmosphere have been attributed to what has been termed “missing” OH reactivity. Often overlooked are the differences in timescales over which the diverse measurement techniques operate. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acting as sinks of OH are often measured by gas chromatography (GC) methods which provide low-frequency measurements on a timescale of hours, while sampling times are generally only a few minutes. Here, the effect of the sampling time and thus the contribution of unmeasured VOC variability on OH reactivity is investigated. Measurements of VOC mixing ratios by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) conducted during two field campaigns (ClearfLo and PARADE) in an urban and a semi-rural environment were used to calculate OH reactivity. VOCs were selected to represent variability for different compound classes. Data were averaged over different time intervals to simulate lower time resolutions and were then compared to the mean hourly OH reactivity. The results show deviations in the range of 1 to 25 %. The observed impact of VOC variability is found to be greater for the semi-rural site.The selected compounds were scaled by the contribution of their compound class to the total OH reactivity from VOCs based on concurrent gas chromatography measurements conducted during the ClearfLo campaign. Prior to being scaled, the variable signal of aromatic compounds results in larger deviations in OH reactivity for short sampling intervals compared to oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). However, once scaled with their lower share during the ClearfLo campaign, this effect was reduced. No seasonal effect on the OH reactivity distribution across different VOCs was observed at the urban site.
Will a perfect model agree with perfect observations? The impact of spatial sampling
Authors: Schutgens Nick A. J. , Gryspeerdt Edward , Weigum Natalie , Tsyro Svetlana , Goto Daisuke , Schulz Michael , Stier Philip
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The spatial resolution of global climate models with interactive aerosol and the observations used to evaluate them is very different. Current models use grid spacings of  ∼ 200 km, while satellite observations of aerosol use so-called pixels of  ∼ 10 km. Ground site or airborne observations relate to even smaller spatial scales. We study the errors incurred due to different resolutions by aggregating high-resolution simulations (10 km grid spacing) over either the large areas of global model grid boxes ("perfect" model data) or small areas corresponding to the pixels of satellite measurements or the field of view of ground sites ("perfect" observations). Our analysis suggests that instantaneous root-mean-square (RMS) differences of perfect observations from perfect global models can easily amount to 30–160 %, for a range of observables like AOT (aerosol optical thickness), extinction, black carbon mass concentrations, PM2.5, number densities and CCN (cloud condensation nuclei). These differences, due entirely to different spatial sampling of models and observations, are often larger than measurement errors in real observations. Temporal averaging over a month of data reduces these differences more strongly for some observables (e.g. a threefold reduction for AOT), than for others (e.g. a twofold reduction for surface black carbon concentrations), but significant RMS differences remain (10–75 %). Note that this study ignores the issue of temporal sampling of real observations, which is likely to affect our present monthly error estimates. We examine several other strategies (e.g. spatial aggregation of observations, interpolation of model data) for reducing these differences and show their effectiveness. Finally, we examine consequences for the use of flight campaign data in global model evaluation and show that significant biases may be introduced depending on the flight strategy used.
Formation of reactive nitrogen oxides from urban grime photochemistry
Authors: Baergen Alyson M. , Donaldson D. James
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Impervious surfaces are ubiquitous in urban environments and constitute a substrate onto which atmospheric constituents can deposit and undergo photochemical and oxidative processing, giving rise to “urban grime” films. HNO3 and N2O5 are important sinks for NOx in the lower atmosphere and may be deposited onto these films, forming nitrate through surface hydrolysis. Although such deposition has been considered as a net loss of NOx from the atmosphere, there is increasing evidence that surface-associated nitrate undergoes further reaction. Here, we examine the gas phase products of the photochemistry of real, field-collected urban grime using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS). Gas phase nitrogen oxides are emitted upon illumination of grime samples and their production increases with ambient relative humidity (RH) up to 35 % after which the production becomes independent of RH. These results are discussed in the context of water uptake onto and evaporation from grime films.
Comprehensive characterization of humic-like substances in smoke PM2.5 emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and fossil fuels
Authors: Fan Xingjun , Wei Siye , Zhu Mengbo , Song Jianzhong , Peng Ping'an
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in smoke PM2.5 emitted from the combustion of biomass materials (rice straw, corn straw, and pine branch) and fossil fuels (lignite coal and diesel fuel) were comprehensively studied in this work. The HULIS fractions were first isolated with a one-step solid phase extraction method and were then investigated with a series of analytical techniques: elemental analysis, total organic carbon analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, excitation–emission matrix (EEM) ﬂuorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that HULIS accounted for a significant proportion of the particle matter, total carbon (TC), and water soluble organic carbon in smoke PM2.5 emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal. This suggests that biomass burning and coal combustion are both important sources of HULIS in atmospheric aerosols. However, HULIS in diesel soot only accounted for ~ 0.8 % of the soot particles, suggesting that vehicular exhaust may not be a significant primary source of HULIS. Primary HULIS and atmospheric HULIS display many similar chemical characteristics, as indicated by the instrumental analytical characterization, while some distinct features were also apparent. A high spectral absorbance in the UV-vis spectra, a distinct band at λex / λem ≈ 280 / 350 nm in EEM spectra, lower H / C and O / C molar ratios, and a high content of [Ar–H] were observed for primary HULIS. These results suggest that primary HULIS contains more aromatic structures, and a lower content of aliphatic and oxygen-containing groups than atmospheric HULIS. Among the four primary sources of HULIS, HULIS from BB had the highest O / C molar ratios (0.43–0.54) and [H–C–O] content (10 %–50 %), indicating that HULIS from this source mainly consisted of carbohydrate and phenolic like structures. HULIS from coal combustion had a lower O / C molar ratio (0.27), and a higher content of [H–C–C=] (40 %) and [Ar–H] (31 %), suggesting that aromatic compounds were extremely abundant in HULIS from this source.
Distribution and Sources of Air pollutants in the North China Plain Based on On-Road Mobile Measurements
Authors: Zhu Yi , Zhang Jiping , Wang Junxia , Chen Wenyuan , Han Yiqun , Ye Chunxiang , Li Yingruo , Liu Jun , Zeng Limin , Wu Yusheng , Wang Xinfeng , Wang Wenxing , Chen Jianmin , Zhu Tong
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The North China Plain (NCP) has been experiencing severe air pollution problems with rapid economic growth and urbanisation. Many field and model studies have examined the distribution of air pollutants in the NCP, but convincing results have not been achieved mainly due to a lack of direct measurements of pollutants over large areas. Here, we employed a mobile laboratory to observe the main air pollutants in a large part of the NCP from June 11 to July 15, 2013. High median concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) (12 ppb), nitrogen oxides (NOx) (NO + NO2; 452 ppb), carbon monoxide (CO) (956 ppb), black carbon (BC; 5.5 μg m−3) and ultrafine particles (28 350 cm−3) were measured. Most of the high values, i.e., 95 percentile concentrations, were distributed near large cities, suggesting the influence of local emissions. In addition, we analysed the regional transport of SO2 and CO, relatively long-lived pollutants, based on our mobile observations together with wind field and satellite data analyses. Our results suggested that, for border areas of the NCP, wind from outside would have a diluting effect on pollutants, while south winds would bring in pollutants accumulated during transport through other parts of the NCP. For the central NCP, the concentrations of pollutants were likely to remain at high levels, partly due to the influence of regional transport by prevalent south–north winds over the NCP and partly by local emissions.
Atmospheric mercury measurements onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft
Authors: Slemr Franz , Weigelt Andreas , Ebinghaus Ralf , Kock Hans H. , Bödewadt Jan , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Rauthe-Schöch Armin , Weber Stefan , Hermann Markus , Becker Julia , Zahn Andreas , Martinsson Bengt
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Goal of the project CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container) is to carry out regular and detailed observations of atmospheric composition (particles and gases) at cruising altitudes of passenger aircraft, i.e. at 9–12 km. Mercury has been measured since May 2005 by a modified Tekran instrument (Tekran Model 2537 A analyser, Tekran Inc., Toronto, Canada) during monthly intercontinental flights between Europe and South and North America, Africa, and Asia. Here we describe the instrument modifications, the post-flight processing of the raw instrument signal, and the fractionation experiments.
Technical note: Estimating unbiased transfer-function performances in spatially structured environments
Authors: Trachsel Mathias , Telford Richard J.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Conventional cross validation schemes for assessing transfer-function performance assume that observations are independent. In spatially structured environments this assumption is violated, resulting in over-optimistic estimates of transfer-function performance. H-block cross validation, where all samples within h kilometres of the test samples are omitted, is a method for obtaining unbiased transfer-function performance estimates. In this study, we assess three methods for determining the optimal h. Using simulated data, we find that all three methods result in comparable values of h. Applying the three methods to published transfer functions, we find they yield similar values for h. Some transfer functions perform notably worse when h-block cross validation is used.
Accounting for model error in air-quality forecasts: an application of 4DEnVar to the assimilation of atmospheric composition using QG-Chem 1.0
Authors: Emili Emanuele , Gürol Selime , Cariolle Daniel
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Model errors play a significant role in air-quality forecasts. Accounting for them in the data assimilation (DA) procedures is decisive to obtain improved forecasts. We address this issue using a reduced-order chemical transport model based on quasi-geostrophic dynamics and a detailed tropospheric chemistry mechanism, which we name QG-Chem. This model has been coupled to a generic software library for data assimilation and used to assess the potential of the 4DEnVar algorithm for air-quality analyses and forecasts. Among the assets of 4DEnVar, we reckon the possibility to deal with multivariate aspects of atmospheric chemistry and to account for model errors of generic type. A simple diagnostic procedure for detecting model errors is proposed, based on the 4DEnVar analysis and one additional model forecast. A large number of idealized data assimilation experiments are shown for several chemical species of relevance for air-quality forecasts (O3, NOx, CO and CO2), with very different atmospheric life-times and chemical couplings. Experiments are done both under a perfect model hypothesis and including model error through perturbation of surface chemical emissions, for two meteorological and chemical regimes. Some key elements of the 4DEnVar algorithm such as the ensemble size and localization are also discussed. A comparison with results of 3D-Var, widely used in operational centers, shows that, for some species, analyses and next day forecast errors can be halved when model error is taken in account. This result was obtained using a small ensemble size, which remain affordable for most operational centers. We conclude that 4DEnVar has a promising potential for operational air-quality models. We finally highlight areas that deserve further research for applying 4DEnVar to large scale chemistry models, i.e. localization techniques, propagation of analysis covariance between DA cycles and treatment for chemical non-linearities. QG-Chem provides a useful tool in this regard.
Basement structure of the Hontomín CO2 storage site (Spain) determined by integration of microgravity and 3-D seismic data
Authors: Andrés Juvenal , Alcalde Juan , Ayarza Puy , Saura Eduard , Marzán Ignacio , Martí David , Martínez Catalán José Ramón , Carbonell Ramón , Pérez-Estaún Andrés , García-Lobón José Luis , Rubio Félix Manuel
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A multidisciplinary study has been carried out in Hontomín (Spain) to determine the basement structural setting, its geometry and the geometry of the sedimentary succession of an area aimed to be the first Spanish pilot plant for CO2 storage. An integration of coincident 3-D seismic results, borehole data and unpublished microgravity data were used to reproduce the deep structure and topography of the basement and to quantify the thickness of the Triassic Keuper evaporites. The subsurface structure is characterized by a half-graben setting filled with Keuper evaporites (up to 2000 m thick), forming an extensional forced fold. All data sets clearly identify two main fault systems, compartmentalizing the main structural domain into three differentiated blocks. These faults have been interpreted to be reactivated normal faults that have led to the formation of the Hontomín dome.
Using Experimental Survey Designs to Support Pricing Decisions
Authors: Krämer Andreas
Published: May 2016

Due to a changing marketing environment (more volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous framework, digitization) and the lack of a consistent pricing approach (challenge to harmonize neoclassical and behavioral elements), managers are increasingly questioning established ways to determine price levels and display price structures. Experimental testing represents a possibility to provide a decision support to pricing managers in the short run. The article presents three different projects, which quantitatively examine key elements of behavioral pricing: (1) the “Center-stage Effect” (electricity contract), (2) the impact of context on price perception (promotional campaigns for train tickets) and (3) offering of price guarantees as a means for improving the overall image as well as customer loyalty of the supplier (gas station). The results are partly unexpected as they contradict often-cited rules of thumb in behavioral pricing. Hence, it can be shown that experimental testing based on online surveys is a valuable and cost-efficient method to optimize price structures, price levels as well as price communication.
High Copy Number of Mitochondrial DNA Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Stage Colon Cancer
Authors: Wang Yun , He Shuixiang , Zhu Xingmei , Qiao Wei , Zhang Juan
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in colon cancer were associated with clinicopathological parameters and postsurgical outcome.

Methods

By quantitative real-time PCR assay, the mtDNA copy number was detected in a cohort of colon cancer and matched adjacent colon tissues (n = 162).

Results

The majority of patients had higher mtDNA content in colon cancer tissues than matched adjacent colon tissues. Moreover, high mtDNA content in tumor tissues was associated with larger tumor size, higher serum CEA level, advanced TNM stage, vascular emboli, and liver metastases. Further survival curve analysis showed that high mtDNA content was related to the worst survival in patients with colon cancer at advanced TNM stage.

Conclusions

High mtDNA content is a potential effective factor of poor prognosis in patients with advanced stage colon cancer.
Transthoracically or Transabdominally: How to Approach Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Esophagus and Cardia. A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Aurello Paolo , Magistri Paolo , Berardi Giammauro , Petrucciani Niccolò , Sirimarco Dario , Antolino Laura , Nigri Giuseppe , D'Angelo Francesco , Ramacciato Giovanni
Published: May 2016

Esophageal carcinoma is the eighth most frequent cancer worldwide and the sixth cancer-related cause of death. Here we propose a new meta-analysis to identify the most appropriate approach for resectable adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and cardia (Siewert 1-2). A systematic literature search was performed independently by 2 of the manuscript's authors using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library Central. The following criteria were set for inclusion in this meta-analysis: 1) studies comparing transthoracic esophagectomy and transhiatal esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; 2) studies reporting at least 1 perioperative outcome; and 3) if more than 1 study was reported by the same institute, only the most recent or the highest quality study was included. A total of 6 articles dated between 1996 and 2012 fulfilled the selection criteria and were therefore included in this meta-analysis; this pool of articles consisted of 2 prospective and 4 retrospective studies. A statistically significant difference favoring the transthoracic procedure was noted regarding the number of retrieved lymph nodes, 5-year disease-free survival rate and 5-year overall survival rate (p = 0.001, p = 0.05 and p = 0.03, respectively). In conclusion, transthoracic esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and esophagogastric junction (Siewert 1-2) appears to be superior to the transhiatal approach in terms of oncological outcomes.
DOENÇA INTERSTICIAL FIBROGÊNICA ASSOCIADA A NITROFURANTOÍNA
Authors: Lechinewski Luka David , Borges Luiza De Martino Cruvinel , Bordignon Jociel , Alves Ricardo , Possebom Ana Carolina , Shwetz Ana Claudia Athanasio
Published: May 2016

A Nitrofurantoina quando utilizado continuamente como profilático para infecções do trato urinário recorrentes expõe o paciente a efeitos adversos, entre eles encontra-se a toxicidade pulmonar. O uso de medicamentos para o tratamento de patologias corriqueiras da prática clínica deve ser sempre tendo em mente os efeitos adversos da medicação. Relata-se o caso de um paciente com doença intersticial fibrogênica associada ao uso de nitrofurantoína.
INFECÇÃO E COLONIZAÇÃO POR BACTÉRIA PRODUTORA DE CARBAPENEMASE EM PACIENTES DE UM HOSPITAL TERCIÁRIO: CARACTERIZAÇÃO CLÍNICA E EPIDEMIOLÓGICA
Authors: Resende Jéssica P. , Paganini Maria Cristina , Veroneze Izelandia , Burgardt Célia Inês , Da Silva Mônica M. Gomes
Published: May 2016

Introdução: Com o surgimento das bactérias produtoras de carbapenemase (BPC), o tratamento das infecções adquiridas no ambiente hospitalar se tornou ainda mais desafiador, com consequente escassez de opções terapêuticas. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica e epidemiologicamente pacientes em que foram isoladas bactérias BPC. Métodos: Pacientes que apresentaram cultura positiva para BPC em culturas de vigilância ou amostra clínica, no período de janeiro a julho/2014. Diversas variáveis foram analisadas a fim de se detectar as mais frequentemente encontradas. Resultados: Um total de 63 pacientes foram avaliados, com faixa etária média de 52 anos. Quarenta e quatro pacientes internaram por síndrome não infecciosa, sendo doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes mellitus as mais frequentes. Trinta e sete (58,7%) pacientes haviam passado por outro serviço de saúde. A detecção da BPC ocorreu em pacientes procedentes das unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos (66,7%), clínica médica (11%), cirurgia geral (6,3%), unidade de terapia intensiva cardiológica (3,2%) e transplante de medula óssea (3,2%). Das amostras isoladas, 12 (19%) pacientes apresentavam detecção de BPC em amostras clínicas. Quanto ao tempo de internamento, somente 12 (19%) apresentaram detecção após 30 dias de internamento. Quatro (6,3%) pacientes foram a óbito. Conclusões: Em um hospital terciário, a grande maioria dos isolamentos por BPC ocorreu em unidades de cuidados intensivos e antes de 30 dias de internação. Muitos pacientes já eram procedentes de serviços de saúde e tinham doenças crônicas prévias. Nenhum óbito foi relacionado à infecção de BPC.
ODINOFAGIA EM PACIENTE HIV
Authors: Sperandio Rubens Copia , Moreira Eduardo Martelli , Seganfredo Juliane Carla , Konaka Marcelo Fiji , Teixeira Sandra , França João Beenke
Published: May 2016

Caso Clínico: Homem, 39 anos, com diagnóstico recente de infecção pelo vírus da imunideficiência humana (HIV), com CD4 de 112 células/mm3, em uso de tenofovir, lamivudina e efavirenz, foi admitido no Hospital de Clínicas por insuficiência renal aguda provavelmente relacionada a antirretroviral. Durante internamento, queixava-se de odinofagia, febre noturna, linfonodomegalia generalizada, pancitopenia, e lesões violáceas em membros inferiores, além de relatos de perda de peso. Feito um curso de 7 dias de fluconazol, sem melhora clínica. Realizado então endoscopia digestiva alta, que mostrou a seguinte imagem.