Black Choke Disease Caused by an Ephelis sp. on Purple Fountain Grass in Maryland
Authors: Lewis Roberts E. , White J. F. 
Published: May 2007

Purple fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides) is indigenous to Asia, prized for its foxtail-like purple flowers, and widely used as an ornamental. During October 1999, black choke disease was found on P. alopecuroides cv. Hameln (L.) Spreng at a plant nursery in Maryland. Disease symptoms include mummification of inflorescences by black conidial stromata, distorted leaf tissue, and a dense layer of white epiphytic mycelium on the adaxial leaves and culms. Stromata were initially white but became black with age. Microscopic analysis of the isolated fungus indicated that the causal organism was an Ephelis sp., American Type Culture Collection No. MYA-3317. The ephelidial conidia developed in sporodochia on stromata and were hyaline, filiform to acicular, and 18 to 21 × 1 μm. Cultures on potato dextrose agar were off-white and 50 mm in diameter after 14 days at 23°C. Analysis of herbarium specimens of several Balansia spp. revealed that the Ephelis sp. isolate bears morphological resemblance to Asian and not American Balansieae. In fact, the infection observed on Pennisetum sp. forms similarly to Ephelis sp. infection on Oryza sativa L. (Asian) that also results in development of stromata on panicles and a mycelial network enclosing the panicles, preventing maturation and expansion. On both plants, the infected inflorescence becomes black with age and appears mummified as pseudosclerotia form. Furthermore, flag leaves and tillers of both plants appear slightly distorted and silver due to the epibiotic mycelia. The causal agent of black choke disease on rice is Ephelis oryzae Syd. (teleomorph = Balansia oryzae-sativae Hashioka). The mature stroma of E. oryzae forms on the inflorescence and is embedded with a layer of ovate perithecia. Immature stromata bear conidiomata that are cupulate to cushion shaped and black, producing hyaline, branched conidiophores that terminate in phialides. Conidia are ephelidial, filiform to acicular, hyaline, and 18 to 22 × 1.5 μm (2). To determine the phylogenetic relationship between other balansioid fungi and the Ephelis sp. isolate, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region was amplified with primers ITS4 and ITS5 (3). Maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS1 sequences showed that the Ephelis sp. infecting P. alopecuroides cv. Hameln grouped (100% bootstrap support) in a clade with Ephelis oryzae, Balansia sclerotica, Balansia andropogonis, and Balansia sp.; all endemic to Asia and tightly groups with the Asian rice pathogen Ephelis oryzae (100% bootstrap support). Further phylogenetic analysis using topological constraints indicated that Ephelis sp. is not appropriately grouped with American balansioid species. Since P. alopecuroides is often imported to North America from Asia (1), it is likely that Ephelis sp. on P. alopecuroides is endemic to Asia and perhaps was transported along with its host to North America. The disease ontogeny, morphology, and sequence similarities between the Ephelis sp. isolated from Pennisetum sp. and E. oryzae suggests that these fungi are evolutionarily close, sibling species, or conspecific. To our knowledge, this is the first report of choke disease on P. alopecuroides in the United States.

References: (1) A. S. Hitchcock. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. A. Chase, ed. U.S. Government Print Office, Washington DC, 1951 (2) F. N. Lee and P. S. Gunnell. Udbatta. Page 29 in: Compendium of Rice Diseases. R. K. Webster and P. S. Gunnell, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN, 1992. (3) J. F. White Jr. et al. Mycologia 89:408, 1997.