bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA microarray analyses of melanoma gene expression: a decade in the mines
Authors: Hoek Keith S.
Published: September 2007

Gene expression profiling in melanoma is an exercise in prospecting for fundamental molecular biologies useful for formulating hypotheses to explain disease characteristics. Over the last 10 years DNA microarray technologies have been employed in scores of such melanoma studies. As soon as the technology became available, researchers grasped the new tool and began to hammer away at melanoma’s molecular strata. A small army of data miners toiled into the dross, believing that glittering seams of relevance had been struck and from great slag heaps of data they would extract biological gold. What exactly has a decade of ceaseless sappering brought us, what can be profitably refined from what has already been extracted and what remains undiscovered? This review is a critical analysis of the multiple research programs, which have attempted to define and contextualize broad transcriptional changes relevant to melanoma biology.
Chronic and acute melatonin effects in gerbil global forebrain ischemia: long‐term neural and behavioral outcome
Authors: Rennie Kerry , De Butte Maxine , Fréchette Mylène , Pappas Bruce A.
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Melatonin attenuates the short‐term consequences of brain ischemia in several animal models. However, there is scant information regarding its efficacy for improving the long‐term outcome. To further address that issue, we subjected gerbils to 5‐min bilateral carotid occlusion. Some gerbils received acute peri‐surgical administration of melatonin while others received continuous melatonin in their water. The gerbils’ brains were histologically assessed at 20 wk postsurgery. Chronic but not acute melatonin attenuated ischemia‐induced hyperactivity at 3 days postsurgery. Twenty weeks postsurgery, the ischemic gerbils showed varying degrees of bilateral loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and elevation of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity there. Both the cell loss and the immunoreactivity were markedly asymmetrical for some gerbils. Neither acute nor chronic melatonin altered this pattern of CA1 cell loss and glial immunoreactivity increase. Ischemia increased the number of CA1 cells that were immunoreactive for doublecortin (DCX), a marker for newborn neurons. This increase in CA1 DCX expression was not affected by either melatonin treatment. However, both acute and chronic melatonin reduced the number of DCX immunoreactive neurons in the dentate gyrus. Thus, neither acute nor chronic melatonin altered the long‐term neural outcome of forebrain ischemia, although chronic administration seemed to attenuate the short‐term behavioral effect. It is suggested that persistently high brain levels of melatonin may be essential for long‐term neuroprotection against ischemia. The possibility that melatonin may modulate hippocampal neurogenesis merits further exploration both in normal animals and in models of brain insult.
Melatonin protects from the long‐term consequences of a neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in rats
Authors: Carloni Silvia , Perrone Serafina , Buonocore Giuseppe , Longini Mariangela , Proietti Fabrizio , Balduini Walter
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Among the main factors responsible for perinatal brain injury, inflammation, hypoxia‐ischemia and formation of free radicals (FR) appear to play key roles. Melatonin, an endogenously produced indoleamine formed in higher amounts in adults than in neonates, is a potent FR scavenger as well as an indirect antioxidant. Herein, we examined whether melatonin provides significant protection against brain damage and its long‐term consequences in a neonatal model of hypoxia‐ischemia (HI). Seven day‐old rats were subjected to permanent legation of the right common carotid artery followed to 2.5 hrs hypoxia 3 hrs later (HI). The neuroprotective effect of melatonin was evaluated 7 days after HI, or when rats reached adulthood, using behavioral and histological analyses. A beneficial effect was observed with 5 mg/kg melatonin administered before HI. The same dose repeated three times reduced further injury. A significant protective effect was found when 15 mg/kg melatonin was given 30 min before HI or when the same dose was given after HI and administration repeated after 24 and 48 hrs. The latter schedule of administration was used to assess the long‐term protective effects. Melatonin did not affect growth rate and behavior at adulthood, but significantly improved the behavioral asymmetry and learning deficits induced by HI. Consistently, brain injury was significantly attenuated in the melatonin‐treated ischemic group. The present study demonstrates that melatonin administration before or after HI in immature rats has an excellent and long‐lasting benefit on ischemic outcomes suggesting that the drug could represent a potentially safe approach to perinatal brain damage in humans.
Melatonin mitigates oxidative damage and apoptosis in mouse cerebellum induced by high‐LET56Fe particle irradiation
Authors: Manda Kailash , Ueno Megumi , Anzai Kazunori
Published: September 2007

Abstract: Cerebellum is a vital organ responsible for the motor coordination and recently it has been reported to be involved in cognitive function. Reactive oxygen species are implicated in neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders because of higher vulnerability of neuronal tissues. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the role of melatonin against high‐LET (linear energy transfer)56Fe particle irradiation‐induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the mouse cerebellum. Radiation‐induced oxidative damage was examined using a neuronal‐specific terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated nick end‐labeling (TUNEL), quantitative histopathology, DNA damage (comet assay), carbonyl content and 4‐HAE + MDA (4‐hydroxyalkenal + malondialdehyde) status of the cerebellum. Radiation exposure augmented the number of TUNEL positive cell, DNA migration in the comet tail and carbonyl and 4‐HAE + MDA level in the cerebellum. Melatonin pretreatment significantly inhibited the oxidative damage to biomolecules as well as cerebellar apoptosis. Melatonin‐treated irradiated mice showed higher counts of intact Purkinje cells as compared to vehicle‐treated irradiated mice. In addition, radiation induced augmentation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and a decline in the total antioxidant capacity in serum; these changes were also ameliorated by melatonin pretreatment. The present results provide evidence supporting the antioxidant and neuroprotective function of melatonin.
Association of the Kinesin‐Binding Domain of RanBP2 to KIF5B and KIF5C Determines Mitochondria Localization and Function
Authors: Cho Kyoung‐in , Cai Yunfei , Yi Haiqing , Yeh Andrew , Aslanukov Azamat , Ferreira Paulo A.
Published: September 2007

The Ran‐binding protein 2 (RanBP2) is a large mosaic protein with a pleiotropic role in cell function. Although the contribution of each partner and domain of RanBP2 to its biological functions are not understood, physiological deficits of RanBP2 downregulate glucose catabolism and energy homeostasis and lead to delocalization of mitochondria components in photosensory neurons. The kinesin‐binding domain (KBD) of RanBP2 associates selectively in the central nervous system (CNS), and directly, with the ubiquitous and CNS‐specific kinesins, KIF5B and KIF5C, respectively, but not with the highly homologous KIF5A. Here, we determine the molecular and biological bases of the selective interaction between RanBP2 and KIF5B/KIF5C. This interaction is conferred by a ∼100‐residue segment, comprising a portion of the coiled‐coil and globular tail cargo‐binding domains of KIF5B/KIF5C. A single residue conserved in KIF5B and KIF5C, but not KIF5A, confers KIF5‐isotype‐specific association with RanBP2. This interaction is also mediated by a conserved leucine‐like heptad motif present in KIF5s and KBD of RanBP2. Selective inhibition of the interaction between KBD of RanBP2 and KIF5B/KIF5C in cell lines causes perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, but not of lysosomes, deficits in mitochondrial membrane potential and ultimately, cell shrinkage. Collectively, the data provide a rationale of the KIF5 subtype‐specific interaction with RanBP2 and support a novel kinesin‐dependent role of RanBP2 in mitochondria transport and function. The data also strengthen a model whereby the selection of a large array of cargoes for transport by a restricted number of motor proteins is mediated by adaptor proteins such as RanBP2.
Mechanical removal of necrotic periodontal ligament by either Robinson bristle brush with pumice or scalpel blade. Histomorphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Esper Helen Ramon , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Poi Wilson Roberto , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Casatti Cláudio Aparecido
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  One of the important factors accounting for successful delayed replantation of avulsed teeth is seemingly the type of root surface treatment. Removal of necrotic cemental periodontal ligament remnants may prevent the occurrence of external root resorption, which is the major cause of loss of teeth replanted in such conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two mechanical techniques for removal of root‐adhered periodontal ligament. Preservation or removal of the cementum layer concomitantly with these procedures was also assessed. Forty‐five roots of healthy premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected. After extraction, the teeth were kept dry at room temperature for 1 h and then immersed in saline for rehydration for an additional 10 min. Thereafter, the roots were assigned to three groups, as follows: group 1 (control) ‐ the cemental periodontal ligament was preserved; group 2 ‐ removal of the periodontal ligament by scraping root surface with a scalpel blade (SBS); group 3 ‐ periodontal ligament remnants were removed using a Robinson bristle brush at low‐speed with pumice/water slurry (RBP). The specimens were analysed histomorphometrically and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the results showed that the RBP technique was significantly more effective than the SBS technique for removal of the periodontal ligament remnants adhered to root surface. Both techniques preserved the cementum layer.
Dental and oral trauma during childhood and adolescence in Israel: occurrence, causes, and outcomes
Authors: Levin Liran , Samorodnitzky Gili R. , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah , Geiger Selly B.
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  The occurrence and causes of oral and dental injuries in a young Israeli population during childhood and adolescence were evaluated, as well as participants’ awareness of using protective devices, such as mouth guards, during sporting activities. The survey consisted of 427 young adults, aged 18–21 years. A questionnaire was distributed relating to past oral and dental injuries over their lifetime; type of sporting activity practiced, specifying time, place and cause of injury; and use and awareness of protective devices. Participants who reported to be injured were asked to report the type of their injury, treatment provided, and satisfaction with the results. The total number of dental and oral injuries was 133, affecting 31.1% of the participants, in which 72 (16.9%) suffered dental injuries, mostly because of falls (64%), followed by sporting activities (23.2%), street‐fights (7.2%), and car accidents (5.6%). Injuries occurred at school in 36.5% of cases and at home in 23.8% of cases. The most frequently reported injury was laceration (47.3%) followed by tooth fracture (41.9%). Of the 427 participants, 239 (56%) were active in at least one type of sport. Only 22.6% were aware of protective devices, e.g. mouth guards, and only 2.8% actually used these devices. These results show the high risk of potential dental and oral injury during childhood and adolescence, a lack of knowledge regarding the benefits of mouth guards and their limited use. Increased awareness of protective measures and devices, and their actual use should be encouraged with public health education.
Tooth displacement and root dilaceration after trauma to primary predecessor: an evaluation by computed tomography
Authors: Andrade Miguel Gustavo Setúbal , Weissman Ruben , Oliveira Marília Gerhardt , Heitz Cláiton
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  This case report illustrates the relationship between trauma to a deciduous tooth and the consequences to the permanent dentition. The patient suffered an injury to the central incisors at the age of four with resultant pulpal necrosis. The permanent dentition was affected by displacement from its original position and a severe dilaceration at the crown/root junction.
Treatment of traumatized primary teeth: a conservative approach
Authors: Cunha Robson Frederico , Pugliesi Daniela Maria Carvalho , Percinoto Célio
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  This retrospective study examined some different types of treatment to primary teeth. The aim of this study was to assess the treatment of traumatized primary teeth and the importance of a long‐term follow up. Brazilian children in the age group of 1–4 years from a baby clinic took part in the study. Three hundred and fifteen patients suffered some type of traumatic injury, a total of 338 affected teeth. Data were registered in specific records and submitted to statistic analysis. The most prevalent type of treatment was monitor only (85%) followed by tooth extraction and endodontic procedure. Invasive treatments were performed in case of severe traumas, usually 6 months after the injury. We verified that a careful follow up might be the preferential choice to the treatment of traumatic primary teeth even in some severe cases.
Predictable esthetic treatment of fractured anterior teeth: a clinical report
Authors: Sakai Vivien Thiemy , Anzai Andrea , Silva Salete Moura Bonifácio , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Machado Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  Dental fractures of the permanent maxillary anterior teeth are relatively frequent accidents during childhood. Placement of direct composite restorations allows clinicians a conservative method of restoring fractured anterior teeth to the original shape and color. A methodical protocol for the restoration of a fractured maxillary left central incisor of a 7‐year‐old girl is presented. As a temporary treatment, pulpal protection and the use of an acetate crown with glass–ionomer cement were performed. As a definitive treatment, diagnostic waxing and a silicone matrix formed the basis for successful reconstruction of the fractured tooth with composite resin. After finishing and polishing, an esthetic and natural‐looking restoration was achieved, which completely satisfied the functional and esthetic expectation of the patient and dental team.
Nail sampling in onychomycosis: comparative study of curettage from three sites of the infected nail
Authors: Shemer Avner , Trau Henri , Davidovici Batya , Grunwald Marcelo H. , Amichai Boaz
Published: September 2007

Background: Onychomycosis is a common problem.Obtaining accurate laboratory test results before treatment is important in clinical practice since the treatment of onychomycosis requires expensive oral antifungal therapy with potentially serious side‐effects. The purpose of this study was to compare results of curettage technique of nail sampling in the diagnosis of onychomycosis from three different sites of the affected nail to establish the best location of sampling.

Patients and Methods: We evaluated 194 patients suffering from distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) and lateral subungual onychomycosis (LSO) using curettage technique. KOH examination and fungal culture were used for detection and identification of fungal infection.

Results: The culture sensitivity improves significantly as the location of the sample is more proximal. Trichophyton rubrum was by far the most common pathogen detected from all sampling sites.

Conclusions: We found that the culture sensitivity improved as the location of the sample was more proximal. More types of pathogens were detected in samples taken from proximal parts of the affected nails.
Extracorporeal photopheresis with permanent subcutaneous right atrial catheters
Authors: Ständer Hartmut , Neugebauer Frank , Schneider Stefan W. , Luger Thomas A. , Schiller Meinhard
Published: September 2007

Background: Adequate peripheral venous access is crucial for successful extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP). As this approach is not always feasible in older patients and patients with graft‐versus‐host disease, central venous catheters play an increasing role in providing long‐term vascular access for ECP.However, not all catheters are able to deliver the minimum flow rate of 7 ml/min for ECP.

Patients and Methods: Eight different permanent subcutaneous right atrial catheters were connected in vitro to the UVAR®‐XTS™ photopheresis system and median flow rates were determined. In addition, in vivo flow rates of patients who received ECP, using either peripheral or central venous access, were determined.

Results: Hemodialysis catheters with an internal diameter of 2.0 or 1.5 × 3.5 mm and a length up to 48 cm provided in vitro flow rates of 27–28 ml/min, almost identical to a peripheral access needle. Central venous catheters with a length of over 90 cm reached flow rates below 7 ml/min and are impractical for ECP. The analysis of 308 ECP collection cycles with peripheral vascular access revealed an average flow rate of 31.5 ± 6.4 ml/min. Only permanent subcutaneous right atrial catheters made for hemodialysis provided similar flow rates (Quinton PermCath Dual Lumen) (33.7 ± 4.7 ml/min, n = 198).

Conclusions: Permanent subcutaneous hemodialysis catheters with a length of maximally 48 cm achieve optimal flow rates for ECP. They represent therefore the central venous access of choice in patients with inadequate peripheral vascular access.
Neonatal characteristics and risk of atopic asthma in schoolchildren: results from a large prospective birth‐cohort study
Authors: Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer Ursula , Horak Elisabeth , Mueller Wilfried , Strobl Robert , Haberland Claudia , Fink Franz‐Martin , Schwaiger Michaela , Gutenberger Karl‐Heinz , Reich Hannes , Meraner Dagmar , Kiechl Stefan
Published: September 2007

Aim: Asthma is among the most common chronic diseases in childhood and steadily increasing in prevalence. Identification of risk predictors for a hospitalization for atopic asthma in childhood may help design prevention programmes and improve our understanding of disease pathobiology.

Methods: An ongoing birth‐cohort study prospectively enrolled all liveborn infants in Tyrol. Between 1994 and 1999 baseline data were collected for 33 808 infants. From 2000 to 2005, all children hospitalized for atopic asthma at an age of 6 years or over (n = 305) were identified in a careful search of hospital databases. Disease status was ascertained from the typical medical history, a thorough examination and proof of atopy.

Results: Male sex (relative risk 2.11, 95% CI 1.65–2.70), urban living environment (vs. rural) (1.93, 1.47–2.54), neonatal admission to hospital (1.70, 1.20–2.40), lack of breastfeeding (1.32, 1.02–1.70), postnatal smoking (1.31, 1.00–1.72) and low birth weight (1.45, 0.94–2.23) all emerged as adverse risk predictors for hospitalization for atopic asthma whereas a low risk was found among children living on a farm (0.22, 0.05–0.87) and children with two to three siblings (vs. no or one sibling) (0.71, 0.51–0.97).

Conclusion: In this study a number of neonatal characteristics and environmental exposures were associated with hospitalization for atopic asthma in childhood, suggesting that early life is crucial for disease determination and lending further indirect support to the hygiene hypothesis.
Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain
Authors: Diego Miguel A , Field Tiffany , Hernandez‐Reif Maria , Deeds Osvelia , Ascencio Angela , Begert Gisela
Published: September 2007

Aim: To determine whether preterm infant massage leads to consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility and whether these increases are associated with greater weight gain.

Methods: EKG and EGG were recorded in 80 preterm infants randomly assigned to a moderate pressure massage therapy group or to a standard care control group to assess vagal activity and gastric motility responses to massage therapy.

Results: Massaged infants exhibited consistent short‐term increases in vagal activity and gastric motility on both the first and the last days of the 5‐day study that were associated with weight gain during the 5‐day treatment period. No changes in basal vagal activity or gastric motility were noted across the 5‐day treatment period.

Conclusion: Preterm infant massage is consistently associated with increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that may underlie the effects of massage therapy on preterm infant weight gain.
Acquired aplastic anaemia in seven children with severe hepatitis with or without liver failure
Authors: Honkaniemi Emma , Gustafsson Britt , Fischler Björn , Nemeth Antal , Frost Britt‐Marie , Papadogiannakis Nikos , Winiarski Jacek
Published: September 2007

Aim: Aplastic anaemia following hepatitis may develop in as many as 1 of 3 patients with non‐A, non‐B and non‐C hepatitis. Several causative factors have been discussed, such as viral infections and autoimmunity. Here we describe the natural history of this condition in 7 children and investigate possible hepatitis‐causing agents.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records, bone marrow and liver biopsies of 7 children with severe hepatitis, with or without liver failure, who subsequently had developed aplastic anaemia.

Results: The median time from onset of hepatic symptoms until diagnosed onset of aplasia was 54 days. No associated viral infections could be identified. On liver biopsy, a majority had lobular inflammation but lacked signs of autoimmune hepatitis, findings compatible with a viral aetiology. Three of 6 children had low reticulocyte counts already at onset of hepatitis. All, but one patient is alive at median follow‐up of 8 years.

Conclusion: The unknown pathogenetic mechanism appears to target liver and bone marrow simultaneously, because half of the children concomitantly had low reticulocyte counts and severe liver failure.
Active and total ghrelin concentrations increase in breast milk during lactation
Authors: Ilcol Yesim Ozarda , Hizli Banu
Published: September 2007

Aim: To assess ghrelin status in breast milk and maternal serum for up to 180 days during lactation and to determine relationships between the concentrations of ghrelin in mother's milk and in serum of breastfed infants.

Methods: Blood and breast milk samples were collected from 159 breastfeeding women enrolled either in the first 3 days, or in days 4–14, 15–30, 31–90 and 91–180 postpartum. Blood samples were also collected from 49 breastfed infants at 4–30 days of age. Milk and serum active and total ghrelin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results: Active and total ghrelin concentrations in breast milk were lowest (450 ± 25 and 880 ± 80 pg/mL, respectively) at 0–3 days, whereas they increased progressively during 180 days of lactation period to 801 ± 43 and 3250 ± 380 pg/mL at 91–180 days postpartum. Milk total ghrelin concentrations correlated with serum concentrations of active (r = 0.503; p < 0.001) and total ghrelin (r = 0.331; p < 0.05) in breastfed infants at 4–30 days of age. In breastfeeding women, serum total ghrelin concentrations increased whereas serum active ghrelin concentrations decreased significantly during the next 4–180 days.

Conclusion: Active and total ghrelin concentrations in breast milk increase with time during lactation and show significant relations with serum ghrelin concentrations in breastfed infants.
Prevalence of neonatal ultrasound brain lesions in premature infants with and without intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Padilla‐Gomes Nelly F , Enríquez Goya , Acosta‐Rojas Ruthy , Perapoch Josep , Hernandez‐Andrade Edgar , Gratacos Eduard
Published: September 2007

Aim: To compare the prevalence of transient periventricular echodensities (TPE), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and haemorrhagic brain lesions (HBL) in singleton intrauterine growth‐restricted (IUGR) infants and in those appropriate for gestational age (AGA).

Methods: Thirty‐five IUGR and 35 AGA singleton infants born between 24‐ and 34‐week gestational age were studied. The presence of TPE, PVL and HBL was assessed with ultrasound (US) at day 3 (US‐I), 2 weeks (US‐II) after delivery and at term‐equivalent age (US‐III).

Results: IUGR neonates had an increased prevalence of TPE at US‐I (18/35 vs. 8/35, p= 0.02) and an increased prevalence of PVL at US‐II (8/32 vs. 1/31, p = 0.03) and US‐III (8/29 vs. 1/29, p = 0.02). No significant differences in the prevalence of HBL were found between the two groups.

Conclusions: IUGR is associated with an increased prevalence of white matter damage on US brain scans in preterm neonates.
Small bowel intussusceptions: issues and controversies related to pneumatic reduction and surgical approach
Authors: Saxena AK , Seebacher U , Bernhardt C , Höllwarth ME
Published: September 2007

Aim: This study aims to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, management and outcome of small bowel intussusceptions (SBI) in the paediatric population managed at our centre.

Methods: Hospital charts of SBI patients from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. The data collected involved the clinical presentation, diagnostic examinations, management strategy as well as outcome.

Results: Ileocecal intussusceptions were documented in 83 patients (74.8%) and SBI in 28 (25.2%). The median age of patients with SBI was 2.5 years (range 9 weeks to 16 years). In 18/28 patients SBI reduced spontaneously. Ileoileal SBI had an incidence of 80% in the 10/28 cases requiring intervention. In seven patients, pneumatic reductions were successful in 6/7 ileoileal intussusceptions, but unsuccessful in 1/7 where the level of intussusception (jejunojejunal intraoperative findings) could not be determined by ultrasound. Surgical intervention was required in four patients with bowel resection in three cases.

Conclusion: Pneumatic reduction is successful in ileoileal intussusceptions with signs of bowel viability. It should be attempted with caution in patients with jejunojejunal or ileoileal SBI with pathologic lead points or bowel ischaemia. Accurate interpretation of ultrasound along with judicious implementation of pneumatic reduction or surgical options can reduce morbidity. Early diagnosis is associated with better outcomes using non‐surgical reduction techniques.
Childhood Weber–Christian disease: clinical investigation and virus detection
Authors: Wu Fang , Zou Chao Chun
Published: September 2007

Objective: To investigate clinical features of childhood Weber–Christian disease (WCD) and the relationship between WCD and virus.

Methods: The clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, therapy and clinical course of nine patients were reviewed and the viral antigens (EBV, CMV, HSV1 and HSV2) were detected.

Results: They were six males and three females with a median age of 9 years. They included four simple and five systemic WCD, and all presented fever and tender subcutaneous nodules. Other clinical features included hepatomegaly in nine patients, splenomegaly in two, lymphadenhypertrophy in six, respiratory system involved in two, gastrointestinal tract involved in two and convulsion and bleeding in one. Anaemia was noted in seven patients, raised ALT in three, hypergammaglobulnaemia in three, proteinuria in one and three of six patients positive of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). No viral antigens were found. Corticosteroids therapy was administrated for all patients, immunoglobulin for two, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents for three and cyclophosphamide for one. Five patients released after therapy and three patients died.

Conclusions: WCD is a severe disease characterized by relapsing, febrile subcutaneous nodules and biopsy is needed for early diagnosis. The viral infection may not be associated with WCD.
Early hypoadrenalism in premature infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death
Authors: Nykänen Päivi , Anttila Eija , Heinonen Kirsti , Hallman Mikko , Voutilainen Raimo
Published: September 2007

Aim: To study the relationship between serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) concentrations and death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age in preterm infants.

Methods: Prospective measurement of cord, day of birth (D0) and day 4 (D4) serum cortisol and DHEAS concentrations and performance of low‐dose (LD) ACTH tests in 89 preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks at birth and in need of mechanical ventilation.

Results: Serum DHEAS levels correlated negatively with gestational age. At all sampling times, basal serum cortisol levels correlated positively with gestation‐adjusted DHEAS levels (r = 0.39–0.46, p = 0.0032–<0.0001). The mean cord, D0 basal and stimulated cortisol, and cord and D0 DHEAS adjusted for gestational age were lower in the poor than good outcome infants (p < 0.02 for all). In the multiple logistic regression analyses, gestational age was the most significant factor affecting outcome, but low cord and D0 basal and stimulated cortisol and gestation‐adjusted DHEAS levels also predicted poor outcome (OR 5.7–22; p = 0.049–0.014).

Conclusions: Low cord and first day serum cortisol and DHEAS levels associated with poor outcome in preterm infants, which suggests general relative adrenocortical insufficiency in some premature newborns.
Cord blood bilirubin level in relation to bilirubin UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase gene missense allele in Chinese neonates
Authors: Sun Ge , Wu Mingyuan , Cao Jiang , Du Lizhong
Published: September 2007

Aim: To investigate bilirubin UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) gene allele in healthy Chinese neonates, their cord bilirubin level and the subsequent hyperbilirubinemia to determine relationships among them.

Methods: Cord blood of 48 neonates was obtained to determine the exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene, total serum bilirubin, albumin, glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Neonatal jaundice was assessed by measurement of transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) and serum bilirubin. Neonates were divided into two groups according to mutant or normal allele to compare the variables.

Results: Nineteen infants had the nucleotide 211 G→A allele, 3 had the heterozygous variation (686C→A, 845 A→T, 231G→A). In the 211 A allele group, cord bilirubin was significantly higher than in the 211 G allele group (p = 0.034), but there were no differences in albumin (p = 0.678), GPT (p = 0.460), GOT (p = 0.440) and Hb (p = 0.886). The TCB (at 48, 96 h), the frequency of the hyperbilirubinemia and prolonged jaundice were also significantly higher in the 211 A allele group.

Conclusions: The UGT1A1 gene codon G71R allele is a risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in the Chinese population. Its effect on bilirubin metabolism may present early on, as well as late in foetal life.
Severe bacteria‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an extremely premature infant
Authors: Edner Josefine , Rudd Eva , Zheng Chengyun , Dahlander Andreas , Eksborg Staffan , Schneider E Marion , Edner Ann , Henter Jan‐Inge
Published: September 2007

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare condition with high mortality. We report an extremely premature girl, born in the 24th gestational week (BW 732 g), that during her second month developed a severe HLH subsequent to a Serratia marcescens septicemia, with hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, hyperbilirubinemia (mostly conjugated, total bilirubin 916 μmol/L), hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hyperferritinemia (21266 μg/L), and elevated sIL‐2 receptor levels. Genetic analysis revealed no PRF1, STX11 or UNC13D gene mutations. Treatment was provided according to the HLH‐2004 protocol with etoposide, dexamethasone, and immunoglobulin, but no cyclosporin because of immature kidneys. She recovered fully from the HLH but developed a severe retinopathy as well as green teeth secondary to the hyperbilirubinemia. We conclude that secondary, bacteria‐associated HLH can develop in premature infants, and that HLH can be treated with cytotoxic therapy also in premature infants. It is important to be aware of HLH in premature infants, since it is treatable.
Prenatal alcohol exposure and cryptorchidism
Authors: Jensen M S , Bonde J P , Olsen J
Published: September 2007

Aim: A recently published study reported markedly increased risk of cryptorchidism among boys whose mothers had an average gestational alcohol intake of five or more drinks per week. The aim of this study is to follow up on this finding by estimating the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and persistent cryptorchidism.

Methods: We used prospectively collected information on prenatal exposures and obstetric information on the birth of 5716 boys, collected from 1984 to 1987. During the 16–19 years of follow‐up in a nationwide patient register, 270 cases of cryptorchidism were diagnosed and 185 of these boys underwent orchiopexy.

Results: No positive association between the mothers' average weekly alcohol consumption and persistent cryptorchidism was observed. Binge drinking was nonsignificantly associated with an excess risk of orchiopexy (adjusted RR = 1.4; 95% CI 0.9–2.1), but not with having a diagnosis of cryptorchidism without orchiopexy.

Conclusions: Mothers' average weekly alcohol intake was not associated with persistent cryptorchidism, but binge drinking may be a risk factor.
Development of parapneumonic empyema in children
Authors: Lahti Elina , Peltola Ville , Virkki Raimo , Alanen Markku , Ruuskanen Olli
Published: September 2007

Aim: The aim of the study was to find clinical predictors for parapneumonic empyema in children.

Methods: Thirty‐seven children treated for parapneumonic empyema at the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, were retrospectively evaluated. Two distinct comparison groups of children with uncomplicated community‐acquired pneumonia with alveolar consolidation (n = 37 in both groups) were included. Clinical and laboratory data on admission as well as fever kinetics and inflammatory markers during hospitalization were analyzed.

Results: In a multivariate analysis, a history of prolonged fever, tachypnoea and pain on abdominal palpation on admission were the most significant clinical predictors for empyema. On admission, serum C‐reactive protein levels were higher among children with empyema than among those with uncomplicated pneumonia (means, 234 mg/L vs. 178 mg/L; p = 0.037). During hospitalization, prolonged fever and persistence of high serum C‐reactive protein levels were associated with empyema. At the initial evaluation, pleural fluid was not reported in 35% of children with empyema.

Conclusions: Early recognition of developing empyema is challenging. Children with pneumonia presenting with prolonged fever, tachypnoea, pain on abdominal palpation and high serum C‐reactive protein levels are at risk for parapneumonic empyema.
The characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine use by parents of asthmatic children in Southern Israel
Authors: Singer Lilach , Karakis Isabella , Ivri Lital , Gross Michal , Bolotin Arkady , Gazala Eli
Published: September 2007

Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the rate and describe the characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by children with asthma in a paediatric primary care clinic in southern Israel.

Method: A cross‐sectional study including 252 asthmatic children aged 2–12‐years was conducted. Socio‐demographic data and asthma history were collected using a telephone questionnaire. Computerized medical records were used to complete the data.

Results: Sixteen percent (95% CI 11.5–20.5) of the asthmatic children participating in this study used CAM; most popular were homeopathy (36.6%) and reflexology (14.6%). According to multivariate model, CAM use was more prevalent in families in which fathers had professional training (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.82–13.02, p = 0.002), mothers were employed (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.018–16.1, p = 0.047), and origin of maternal grandfathers was European (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.86–11.8, p = 0.001). Families who used CAM, also more frequently sought rabbinical advice (OR = 11.9, 95% CI 2.94–47.7, p = 0.001).

Conclusions: The prevalence of CAM use found in this study is lower than seen in other Western countries. The ‘average family’ using CAM to treat its asthmatic child includes an educated father, an employed mother and maternal grandfather from Europe, and would more often seek rabbi's advice.
Let's Get Physical: Bibliography, Codicology, and Seventeenth‐Century Women's Manuscripts
Authors: Burke Victoria E.
Published: September 2007

The last twenty years have seen a growing interest in manuscript studies of the early modern period. The recovery of a large amount of women's writing from libraries and archives has expanded our picture of how seventeenth‐century women participated in manuscript culture. This paper argues that attention to the material characteristics of that writing is essential in order to fully understand the varied ways in which manuscripts functioned: how they were produced, circulated, and read. The study of aspects of codicology (watermarks, collation, binding), paleography, transcription practices (such as layout), attribution, provenance, transmission, and the mutual interplay of manuscript and print, among other topics in bibliography, needs to be foregrounded. With reference to a number of works of women's writing this paper argues that the content of a text must not be severed from its physical presentation.
Personal Grief and Public Statement: Felicia Hemans's The Siege of Valencia and Records of Woman
Authors: Kim Benjamin
Published: September 2007

Considerations of canonization have led to the reading of Hemans's ambivalence toward the suffering caused by conflict as an indictment of gender relations and national identity: the greater ambivalence, the greater the protest. This reading runs into the problem of the differences between her early period and her middle period. The middle period, more focused on individual suffering, is highly influenced by personal events, and is in many ways detached from historical context, defying the necessary connection between suffering and political subversion. Furthermore, the equation reduces the complexity of the connection in Hemans's work between domestic loss and national sacrifice.

Reading the relation between maternal love and romantic love in The Siege of Valencia and Records of Woman, I argue that Hemans reacts to domestic trauma by deferring to national trauma. While Hemans is usually seen as the poet who examines domestic trauma caused by the political world, it is the latter that is a reaction to the former. Her valorization of death and sacrifice does not simply bolster nationalism; it reflects a desire to turn personal grief into national sacrifice. Domestic grief exists prior to national demands.
Dutch Influences on English Literary Culture in the Early Renaissance, 1470–1650
Authors: Parsons Ben
Published: September 2007

During the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Low Countries made a series of important contributions to English literature. Through such agents as the printers of Antwerp and Amsterdam, and the movements of Dutch scholars and Calvinist refugees, the Low Countries exerted a continuous impact on the literary culture of England. This article examines the scope of Dutch influence during the English Renaissance, indicates some of its key effects, and provides an overview of existing scholarship on the subject.
Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Encoding for Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes in Human Female Genital Tissues
Authors: Uckert Stefan , Ellinghaus Peter , Albrecht Knut , Jonas Udo , Oelke Matthias
Published: September 2007

Objectives

The use of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) has been suggested to treat symptoms of female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Nonetheless, there has been a relatively low success rate of PDE5 inhibitors in FSD in comparison with male erectile dysfunction. The elevated expression of PDE5 in the human penile erectile tissue is considered the reason for the high clinical efficacy of PDE5 inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of male erectile dysfunction.

Aim

To evaluate by means of molecular biology the expression of messenger ribonucleic acid expression (mRNA) encoding for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP PDE isoenzymes in female genital tissues.

Main Outcome Measures

The amount of mRNA transcripts specifically encoding for cyclic AMP- and/or cyclic GMP-degrading PDE isoenzymes was determined.

Methods

Human clitoral, labial, and vaginal tissue was obtained from four female cadavers (age at death: 18–42 years). The expression of mRNA specifically encoding for PDE1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 4A, 5A, 10A, and 11A was elucidated by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis (TaqMan). Human penile erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum [HCC]) was used as a reference tissue.

Results

mRNA encoding for all PDE isoforms mentioned above is expressed in the female genital tissues. Different magnitudes of mRNA expression were observed: a predominant expression of mRNA encoding for PDE1A but only insignificant amounts of PDE1B, 1C, 4A, 10, and 11A mRNA were registered. With PDE1A being the only exception, the mRNA expression was always higher in the HCC than in the female genital tissues. Especially, the expression of mRNA encoding for PDE5 was several-fold higher in the HCC.

Conclusion

On the mRNA level, various PDE isoforms are expressed in the clitoris, labia, and vagina. It remains to be established as to whether the low expression of PDE5 in female genital tissue might be a negative predictor for the success of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of FSD.
Sexual Dysfunctions in Urban China: A Population-Based National Survey of Men and Women
Authors: Parish William L. , Laumann Edward O. , Pan Suiming , Hao Yanni
Published: September 2007

Introduction

While sexual dysfunctions are closely related to overall well-being, epidemiological data based on population-based surveys remain scant.

Aim

To investigate the prevalence and correlates for sexual dysfunctions in urban China.

Methods

Of the 4,157 urbanites sampled nationally, 3,159 participants completed the interview, giving a response rate of 76%. The focus was on 78% of these participants (2,478 adults aged 20–64) who were sexually active within a stable sexual relationship, typically with the spouse.

Main Outcome Measure

Prevalence and correlates for sexual dysfunctions.

Results

Fully 35% of women and 21% of men had at least one persistent sexual dysfunction. Prevalence by age was similar to the results from Western developed countries. With sharp differences for men and women, the correlates for distress in China were multiple, with aging and physical issues accounting for only a portion of the total set of mental health, stress, relationship, and values and knowledge issues related to reports of sexual dysfunctions.

Conclusions

Both the prevalence and correlates for sexual dysfunctions in urban China were similar to those in other societies. Mental distress, age, and poor communication (producing the report that “my partner does not understand my sexual needs”) were the correlates shared by both men and women. Other correlates were more distinct by gender. The multiplicity of correlates for men and women suggests a need for a holistic approach to sexual dysfunctions.
Effects of ACE Inhibition and Beta-Blockade on Female Genital Structures in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Toblli Jorge E. , Cao Gabriel , Casabé Adolfo R. , Bechara Amado J.
Published: September 2007

Introduction and Aim

This study evaluated the possible differences between an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and a beta-blocker concerning their potential protective role on female external genitalia in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Main Outcome Measures

Morphological changes in the clitoris after antihypertensive treatments.

Methods

For 6 months, SHR received no treatment; SHR+ramipril (RAM), SHR+atenolol (AT), and control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats received no treatment. Clitorises were processed for immunohistochemistry using anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), anti-collagen I and III, anti-transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and anti-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) antibodies.

Results

SHR+RAM and SHR+AT presented significantly lower blood pressure in both groups vs. untreated SHR. Compared with WKY, α-SMA was increased in the arteries and in the cavernous spaces of the clitoris together with a marked increase in wall/lumen ratio in clitoral vessels in untreated SHR. All these alterations were diminished in SHR+AT (P <0.01). SHR+RAM presented differences with respect to SHR+AT in the reduction of these variables. TGFβ1 expression in the vessel wall from the clitoris and collagen I and III deposition in the interstitium from the clitoris in untreated SHR were significantly more (P <0.01) than in WKY. While SHR+AT showed a mild decrease in these variables, SHR+RAM presented a significant reduction (P <0.01) in TGFβ1 expression interstitial fibrosis and in both types of collagens. Positive immunostaining of eNOS in the sinusoidal endothelium from the clitoris was less (P <0.01) in untreated SHR (3.4 ± 1.3%) and SHR+AT (5.1 ± 1.2%) than in SHR+RAM (17.2 ± 1.6%) and WKY (15.9 ± 1.7%). Untreated SHR and SHR+AT presented more surrounding connective tissue at the perineurium in the clitoris (P <0.01) than SHR+RAM.

Conclusion

ACE inhibition provided a considerable protective role on the female external genitalia structures in SHR by a mechanism that may be, at least in part, independent of the degree of blood pressure lowering.
Premature and Delayed Ejaculation: Genetic and Environmental Effects in a Population-Based Sample of Finnish Twins
Authors: Jern Patrick , Santtila Pekka , Witting Katarina , Alanko Katarina , Harlaar Nicole , Johansson Ada , Von Der Pahlen Bettina , Varjonen Markus , Vikström Nina , Ålgars Monica , Sandnabba Kenneth
Published: September 2007

Introduction

A number of different theoretical approaches to understanding the etiology of ejaculatory dysfunction have been proposed, but no behavior genetic study has yet, to our knowledge, been conducted to explore the genetic and environmental influences on ejaculatory dysfunction.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to explore the genetic and environmental effects on premature (PE) and delayed (DE) ejaculation in a population-based sample.

Methods

The genetic and environmental influences on PE and DE were investigated in a population-based sample of 1,196 Finnish male twins, age 33–43 years, with 91 identical and 110 complete twin pairs. Several different aspects of ejaculatory function were measured by a self-report questionnaire (e.g., latency time, subjective experience of ejaculatory control). Factor analyses distinguished two subcomponents of ejaculatory function, and subsequently, composite variables measuring PE and DE were created. Structural equation modeling was performed on the composite variables.

Main Outcome Measures

Measurement of genetic and environmental effects on PE and DE.

Results

The results suggested moderate genetic influence (28%) on PE, but not on DE (0%). There was a moderate familial effect on DE with shared environmental effects accounting for 24% of the variance. However, omission of the shared environmental component did not directly result in a significantly decreased model fit for DE, and omission of the additive genetic component did not directly result in a significantly decreased fit for the PE model.

Conclusions

The findings from the present study provide useful information regarding the etiology and understanding of ejaculatory dysfunction.