bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in adolescent mental health during economic upturns and downturns: a multilevel analysis of Swedish data 1988-2008
Authors: Kim Yunhwan , Hagquist Curt
Published: December 2017

Background

A long-term trend of increasing mental health problems among adolescents in many Western countries indicates a great need to investigate if and how societal changes have contributed to the reported increase. Using seven waves of repeated cross-sectional data collected between 1988 and 2008 in Sweden, the current study examined if economic factors at the societal level (municipality unemployment rate) and at the individual level (worry about family finances), and their interaction could explain a secular trend in mental health problems.

Methods

Participants were 17 533 students of age 15–16 years (49.3% girls), from 14 municipalities in a county of Sweden. Data on adolescents’ mental health (psychosomatic problems) and worry about family finances were obtained using a self-report questionnaire. A series of multilevel regression analyses were conducted in order to explain the trends in adolescents’ mental health.

Results

The results indicated that the individual-level predictor (worry about family finances) significantly explained the increasing rates of adolescents’ psychosomatic problems. This was particularly the case during the mid-1990s, which was characterised by a severe recession in Sweden with high unemployment rates. For example, after accounting for adolescents’ worry, a significant increase in psychosomatic symptoms between 1988 and 1998 among girls (b=0.112, P<0.05) disappeared (b=0.018, P>0.05) and a non-significant decrease between 1988 and 1995 among boys (b=−0.017, P>0.05) became significant (b=−0.142, P<0.05). Neither municipality unemployment rate nor its interaction with adolescents’ worry explained psychosomatic problems.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate the effects of adolescents’ worry about family finances on a secular trend in mental health problems during an economically bleak period of time. The study highlights the need for repeated measurements including a large number of time points over a long time period in order to analyse time-specific putative explanatory factors for trends in adolescent mental health problems.
HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 epidemiological synergy: misguided observational evidence? A modelling study
Authors: Omori Ryosuke , Nagelkerke Nico , Abu-Raddad Laith J
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To investigate whether observational studies of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections have the capacity to assess the HIV/HSV-2 epidemiological synergy.

Methods

An individual-based Monte Carlo model was used to simulate HIV/HSV-2 epidemics in two scenarios: no HIV/HSV-2 biological interaction and HSV-2 seropositivity enhancing HIV acquisition. Cross-sectional observational studies were simulated by sampling individuals from the population to assess resulting crude and adjusted ORs of the HIV/HSV-2 association. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled mean ORs. Impact of under-reporting of sexual behaviour and miscapture of high-risk individuals was assessed through sensitivity analyses.

Results

Assuming no HIV/HSV-2 biological interaction, the crude HIV/HSV-2 OR ranged between 1.38 and 9.93, with a pooled mean of 6.45 (95% CI 5.81 to 7.17). Adjustment for the number of sexual partners over last year, over lifetime and for both partner numbers simultaneously reduced the mean OR to 5.45 (95% CI 4.90 to 6.06), 3.70 (95% CI 3.32 to 4.12) and 3.54 (95% CI 3.17 to 3.94), respectively. Assuming HIV/HSV-2 biological interaction, the crude OR ranged between 3.44 and 9.95, with a pooled mean of 8.05 (95% CI 7.14 to 9.07). The adjustments reduced the mean OR to 7.00 (95% CI 6.21 to 7.90), 3.76 (95% CI 3.32 to 4.25) and 3.68 (95% CI 3.25 to 4.17), respectively. Under-reporting of partners reduced the confounder-adjustment effects. Miscapture of high-risk individuals considerably lowered the estimated ORs.

Conclusions

It is difficult to control for sexual-behaviour confounding in observational studies. The observed HIV/HSV-2 association appears more consistent with two infections sharing the same mode of transmission, rather than with HSV-2 enhancing HIV acquisition.
Levels of circulating cortisol and cytokines in members of the Canadian Armed Forces: associations with age, sex, and anthropometry
Authors: Tingelstad Hans Christian , Filion Lionel G. , Martin Julie , Spivock Michael , Tang Vera , Haman François
Published: December 2017

This study assessed blood levels of cortisol and cytokines (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) in members of the regular Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), and examined the associations between sex, age, and adiposity and circulating levels of cortisol as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. As part of a larger ranging project, 331 blood samples were collected from a representative population of the total CAF, which included officers and noncommissioned women and men from the Air Force, Navy, and Army. The blood samples were analyzed for levels of cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, and 20 cytokines (which included interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors). Higher levels of adiponectin were found in women compared with men (median and interquartile range; 16.71 (7.68–25.32) vs 5.81 (3.52–13.19) μg/mL), and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-18 in men compared with women (89.25 (84.03–94.48) vs 75.91 (69.70–82.13) pg/mL). An association between age and levels of stress and inflammatory cytokines was observed, with CRP, IL-18, IL-2 and adiponectin all increasing with increasing age. However, contrary to trends seen in the general population, cortisol levels decreased with increasing age. Levels of CRP and IL-18 increased with an increase in adiposity, while adiponectin levels decreased. Most importantly, at the entire cohort level, a low detection rate for most of the cytokines was observed with 17 out of 22 cytokines having a detection below 10%. In conclusion: In this CAF population, although an association between age and inflammatory cytokines was observed, both sex and adiposity had a small impact on levels of cortisol and cytokines.
Chemistry at Dalhousie circa 1868
Authors: Grossert J. Stuart , White Robert L. , Ramaley Louis
Published: December 2017

This article describes details of classes at Dalhousie University in 1868–1869, of the life of George Lawson, the first Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, and of the wide range of chemical concepts known at that time. A comprehensive set of lecture notes from Lawson’s chemistry course, written by a student, Alexander Russell, and held in the Dalhousie University Archives, offers a wonderful insight into the state of chemical knowledge and how it was taught at that time. Lawson began with general chemical principles followed by a detailed discussion of the nonmetals. The second half of the class covered a range of metals followed by a small section on mineralogy and a large section on organic and biological chemistry. Lawson used an older set of atomic masses in which many, but not all, of the elements had masses one-half of the accepted values today. When corrected for these errors, Lawson’s formulae, even for complex molecules such as morphine, mostly agreed with contemporary usage. Examples of nomenclature, chemical formulae, preparations, processes, and properties are presented. A few examination questions are given also. Even though the concepts involved in understanding chemical structure were just being developed, the breadth and depth of descriptive chemical knowledge at that time was remarkable.
Host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mixed pine–oak woodlands
Authors: Rasmussen Ann L. , Busby Ryan R. , Hoeksema Jason D.
Published: December 2017

Many ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are generalists, but most plant genera that form ectomycorrhizas have at least some fungal partners that are specific to that host genus. Because shared mycorrhizal fungi mediate plant community interactions, host preference has implications for plant succession and competition. We studied the EMF of oaks (Quercus spp.) and pines (Pinus spp.) in a forest in northern Florida, USA, focusing on symbionts shared with longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). Longleaf pine is an important species in the southeastern USA, both for timber plantations and for restoring savanna and woodland habitat. However, we found no research on the composition of naturally occurring EMF on longleaf pine roots. A lower proportion of EMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found colonizing both oaks and pines than expected, providing evidence of host preference within the community. Although most EMF were detected only on either oaks or pines, the OTUs found on both tended to be frequently occurring and abundant. Cenococcum OTUs were found to be significantly associated with oaks, an unexpected finding as this genus is widespread, with a broad host range. These results suggest that host preference of EMF may structure EMF communities and therefore influence ecosystem effects of mycorrhizal networks.
PARALLEL STUDIES OF COMPLEMENT AND COAGULATION IV. EFFECT OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Boulanger Paul , Plummer P. J. G.
Published: December 2017

To determine whether liver injury would result in a parallel decline in the complement titer and coagulative properties of the blood, groups of guinea pigs were given series of injections of the liver poison, carbon tetrachloride. Marked fatty degeneration of the liver, a decline in total serum protein and albumin, a decrease in complement activity, and a prolongation of coagulation time was observed in the treated animals. A general relationship was noted between the albumin-globulin ratio and the complement titer of the serum and between the complement titer and the coagulation time of the plasma.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CASEIN AND RENNIN
Authors: McKerns Kenneth W.
Published: December 2017

Purified rennins of very high activity were prepared. The amino acid com position of the hydrolyzates of these preparations was studied by paper chromato graphy. Several fractions were obtained from the purified rennins by paper chromatography showing strong enzyme activity which was comparable to the density of their color development with a benzidine reagent. Whether these fractions represent distinct molecular species is not known as yet. The active enzyme was separated from the inert material of a crude commercial rennet powder by chromatography. The action of rennin on milk and casein was also studied by chromatographic techniques. It would appear that rennin causes an unfolding and breaking of the alpha casein molecule with the appearance of several large polypeptides. No free amino acids were detected after rennin action on casein.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RATES OF GASTRIC SECRETION AND EMPTYING
Authors: Hildes J. A. , Dunlop D. L.
Published: December 2017

The dilution indicator, phenol red, was used to measure rates of gastric secretion and emptying. A test meal containing 2.5 mgm. phenol red was introduced into the stomach through a tube, the stomach contents mixed, and a sample aspirated. The volume of stomach contents was calculated from the immediate dilution of the phenol red. At the end of a 20 min. test period the stomach volume was again estimated by sampling before and after the addition of 1.0 mgm. phenol red. From the known volume of gastric contents and the known concentration of phenol red the rates of gastric secretion and emptying were calculated from the equations

(1) [Formula: see text], (2) [Formula: see text].

Q0 and Q are the quantities of dye at the beginning and end of a test period of t minutes' duration; V0 and V are volumes of stomach contents at these times and A and B are the rates of secretion and emptying respectively. The results of 10 experiments are presented.
CIRCULATION PÉRIPHÉRIQUE ET TENEUR DES SURRÉNALES EN ADRÉNALINE ET EN ARTÉRÉNOL (NORADRÉNALINE) CHEZ LE RAT BLANC EXPOSÉ AU FROID
Authors: DesMarais André , Dugal L.-Paul
Published: December 2017

Experiments made on white rats exposed to cold disclosed the following facts:

(1). During the period of resistance and acclimatization to cold, the peripheral circulation shows alternate phases of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, with prevalance of the latter.

(2). Complete adaptation to cold is accompanied by the establishment of a new rate of peripheral circulation, which is a light vasodilation.

(3). Peripheral circulatory changes which occur during the period of resistance and acclimatization to cold are not accompanied with parallel fluctuations of the adrenaline and arterenol content of the adrenal medulla, but exposure to cold seems to increase gradually the adrenal content in both hormones until adaptation is reached.
INFLUENCE DE L’ADMINISTRATION D’ADRÉNALINE ET D’ARTÉRÉNOL SUR L’HYPERTROPHIE DE LA SURRÉNALE AU FROID
Authors: DesMarais André , Dugal L.-Paul
Published: December 2017

By experiments made on white rats of the Wistar strain, it was shown that:

(1). Injection of either pure adrenaline or pure arterenol has no effect on the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex during exposure to cold.

(2). Injection of adrenaline lowers the adrenal content of this hormone, with out influencing the level of the other hormone, arterenol, in the adrenal medulla.

(3). Injection of arterenol is followed by a drop of this substance in the adrenal medulla, while the adrenaline content remains unchanged.

(4). Injection of adrenaline in rats exposed to a cold environment seems to enhance their survival.
A STUDY, BY MEANS OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE GROWTH STIMULATING PROPERTIES OF LIVER EXTRACT, YEAST SOLUBLES, AND TRYPSIN DIGEST OF CASEIN FOR LACTOBACILLUS CASEI
Authors: Coleman Ivan W.
Published: December 2017

Transverse sections of linear partition chromatograms on filter paper when eluted with basal medium for Lactobacillus casei showed Wilson Liver Fraction L to contain at least two growth stimulating factors for this organism. Three growth stimulating factors were demonstrable by this technique in trypsin digest of casein in contrast to dried yeast solubles which contained but one such factor. The growth stimulating factor from yeast was separated and partially purified. Treatment with strong acid suggested the peptide nature of this material. Chromatographic evidence of the presence of glycine, leucine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid was obtained from the acid hydrolyzate of the yeast factor.
ENZYMES OF GRAY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER OF DOG BRAIN
Authors: McNabb A. R.
Published: December 2017

Observations were made on the activity of the cholinesterases (hydrolysis of acetylcholine, acetyl-β-methyIcholine, and benzoylcholine), common esterase (hydrolysis of tributyrin in the presence of 10-5 M eserine), acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases (hydrolysis of disodium phenyl phosphate at pH 4.9 and pH 9.9-10), amylase (hydrolysis of soluble starch and glycogen) and β-glucu ronidase (hydrolysis of phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronide) in the gray matter and the white matter of the brains of a series of dogs. With the exception of the β-glucuronidase, the concentration of each of these enzymes, when expressed on a wet weight basis, was greater in the gray matter than in the white matter, although the relative concentrations differed for each enzyme.
POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS
Authors: Clark Eina M. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: December 2017

This paper describes further laboratory studies undertaken to investigate the immunological aspects of the outbreak of poliomyelitis in the Canadian Eastern Arctic in the winter of 1948-1949. No evidence was found that any of three strains of virus recovered from Eskimos was pathogenic for cotton rats or mice. No strains of Coxsackie virus were recovered. Main attention is directed to the examination of 51 sera from 40 persons (34 Eskimos) involved in the outbreak for the presence of neutralizing antibody to Lansing poliomyelitis virus. Antibody was found in the acute phase serum of two of three patients, and in the con valescent phase serum of about half of those tested. The serum of six of eight healthy Eskimos and five of six white contacts contained antibody. It seemed that antibody started to appear in the serum from the age of 10 onwards, the serum of most adults proving positive. It is concluded that the presence of Lansing antibody in the serum of the Eskimos was the result of previous exposure to Lansing virus and was unrelated to the current epidemic. The world-wide prevalence of Lansing antibody and by inference of Lansing virus is evident.
THE TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PLASMA FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Pagé Edouard , Michaud Loraine
Published: December 2017

A method is described for the determination of total fatty acids in small amounts of blood plasma. The plasma lipids are extracted in an alcohol–acetone mixture. Following saponification and hydrolysis, the fatty acids from an aliquot of their benzene solution are dissolved in alcoholic thymol blue and titrated with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide as recommended by Schmidt–Nielsen. The method is applicable to the study of alimentary hyperlipemia in rats.
DIAGNOSTIC CULTURES OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN MODIFIED DUBOS’ MEDIUM
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack , Reed G. B.
Published: December 2017

Comparative series of cultures from tuberculous sputum in Lowenstein's solid and Dubos' fluid medium indicate that growth of tubercle bacilli may be detected much earlier in Dubos' fluid than in any presently known solid medium. A primary difficulty with sputum cultures in Dubos's medium is contamination with nonacid-fast bacteria. It is shown in this paper that contamination may be largely overcome by adding 1-1,000,000 gentian violet to the medium. It is shown that the dye does not inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli. As the prepara tion of inocula for solid and fluid media is the same it is proposed that diagnostic cultures should be put up in Dubos's gentian violet and conventional solid media from the one preparation. Tentative conclusions may be drawn from microscopic examination of fluid media cultures after 7 to 10 days' incubation and confirmatory evidence obtained from solid media at a later date.
THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY ACID PHOSPHATASES
Authors: Delory G. E. , Hetherington Merle
Published: December 2017

The effect of dilution on the apparent acid phosphatase activity of undialyzed and dialyzed urine has been studied. In the former case, the apparent activity increases with dilution but this anomaly is removed by a preliminary dialysis. A convenient method for the determination of acid phosphatase based on this observation is described.
THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THE WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL AND ASCORBIC ACID OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Perry William F.
Published: December 2017

The effect on the rat adrenal gland of massive doses of propylthiouracil over a three-week period has been studied. Care was taken to have any body weight changes of the treated animals paralleled by similar changes in the control, animals. Under these circumstances it was found that on a gland weight basis no atrophy of the adrenal glands occurred. There were however alterations in the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations, there being an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter and further these changes were not dependent upon any hypometabolism induced by the thiouracil. The level of the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations measured three hours after injection of ACTH and of epinephrine indicated that the adrenal cortex was responsive to its trophic hormone and that the pituitary–adrenal axis was intact, the degree of response being similar in both treated and control animals.
THE TYPE SPECIFIC CAPSULAR ANTIGEN OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Authors: Carter G. R.
Published: December 2017

It has been demonstrated by means of two precipitation techniques and a capsular swelling test that Pasteurella multocida possesses a type specific capsular antigen presumably polysaccharide in nature. The antigens employed in the precipitation tests were recovered from virulent cultures by two techniques. In the first the capsular antigen was released by organisms suspended in normal saline and in the second the specific antigen was recovered by an extraction method. Antisera were produced in rabbits and chickens by the inoculation of formolized culture suspensions. On the basis of the type specific capsular antigen, three distinct serological types of P. multocida have been identified.
THE NATURE OF THE CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF UNDISSOCIATED IODOACETIC ACID IN YEAST CELLS
Authors: Aldous J. G.
Published: December 2017

In order to determine the mechanism of the inhibition produced by undis sociated iodoacetic acid, intact cells of baker’s yeast were exposed to a 1.5 × 10−3 M solution of the inhibitor at pH 4.5. After washing and drying the cells, various enzyme solutions were prepared from them and their activities determined. Zymase, carboxylase, and catalase, as well as lactic and alcohol dehydrogenases were almost totally inactivated by exposure to the inhibitor. Evidence, at least with respect to zymase, indicates that the inhibition arises as a result of an inactivation of the protein components of the system. Thus the mechanism of action of undissociated iodoacetic acid appears to differ in several respects from that characteristic of the iodoacetyl ion whereas the ionic form of the acid produces an inhibition which is freely reversible and is more specifically associated with an inactivation of sulphohydryl groups, the inhibition resulting from the action of the molecular species is irreversible and nonspecific in nature.
NICOTINAMIDE HAEMOCHROME* AS A DERIVATIVE FOR THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL HAEM PIGMENTS IN BLOOD
Authors: White F. D. , Delory G. E. , Christie K. A. , Dudley E. A.
Published: December 2017

When nicotinamide is added to a solution of blood in N/10 sodium hydroxide, and the mixture reduced with sodium dithionite, a haemochrome is formed with two well marked absorption bands. This observation forms the basis of a simple colorimetric method for the determination of the total haem pigments in blood. This method, utilizing the innocuous nicotinamide in place of either cyanide or pyridine, has been shown to be precise and to give results whose accuracy has been confirmed by iron analysis.
PRODUCTION EN SAC DE CELLOPHANE DÉ TOXINES TÉTANIQUES RENFERMANT AU MOINS 600,000 DOSES MORTELLES (COBAYE) PAR MILLILITRE
Authors: Fredette Par V. , Vinet G.
Published: December 2017

By cultivating the Pasteur Institute strain of Clostridium tetani in cellophane bags immersed in Weinberg’s Vf broth, toxins containing from 600,000 to 1,200,000 guinea pig minimum lethal doses per milliliter have been obtained. Without the cellophane, the same strain and the same medium gave not more than 100,000 guinea pig M.L.D. per milliliter.
WALLERIAN DEGENERATION IN THE RAT A CHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: Mannell W. A.
Published: December 2017

The wet weight of the sciatic nerve of the rat increased as the nerve degenerated after nerve section. At the same time the concentration of nucleic acid increased and the concentration of total phospholipid, sphingomyelin (phosphosphingoside), and free cholesterol decreased. Cholesterol ester, absent from intact nerves, appeared during the degeneration. These findings are in agreement with those previously reported for the sciatic nerve of the cat (3, 5), with the exception that all the changes took place more rapidly in the rat than in the cat. It would thus appear that the changes previously described for the cat are general in nature and not merely characteristic of one particular species. These experiments indicate that the rat is a suitable experimental animal for the study of the effect of dietary and other factors on Wallerian degeneration.
NUCLEODEPOLYMERASE ACTIVITY IN REGENERATING RAT LIVER
Authors: Daoust Roger , de Lamirande Gaston , Cantero Antonio
Published: December 2017

The desoxyribonucleodepolymerase and ribonucleodepolymerase activity has been estimated in rat liver at various time intervals following partial hepatectomy. When expressed per a constant amount of nitrogen of the tissue, as routinely done, the activity of these enzymes shows significant variations in regenerating rat liver. However, these variations are no longer evident when the enzymatic activity is recalculated “per cell” and it is concluded that they do not reflect actual variations of enzymatic activity in the average cell of the regenerating rat liver. Presumably, the increase in activity of the two nucleode-polymerases, previously observed in liver of rats fed p-dimethylaminoazobenzene, should be attributed to the liver injury by the azo dye rather than to the ensuing regeneration with ultimate hepatoma formation.
CULTIVATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Thicke Joan C. , Duncan Darline , Wood William , Franklin A. E. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: December 2017

This paper presents observations on the growth of Lansing poliomyelitis virus in fluid cultures of various human embryonic and adult tissues. The evidence suggests that viral multiplication has occurred in cultures of monkey testis, human embryonic kidney, and mixtures of brain and cord. Satisfactory virus growth has been obtained particularly in cultures containing human embryonic brain and cord. Virus is present in tissue culture fluids in which the original inoculum has been diluted 10−33.3 by subcultivation. Preliminary observations suggest that a synthetic medium (Mixture 199) devised by Morgan, Morton, and Parker is superior to Hanks–Simms solution as a nutritive medium in such cultures. The cytopathogenic effect of the virus, as revealed by pH determinations and cell morphology, has been noted, although a characteristic pH differential between virus infected and control flasks was not commonly observed. Attempts to grow the virus on a larger scale in Kolle flasks are described.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM IN SERUM
Authors: Suderman H. J. , Delory G. E.
Published: December 2017

A colorimetric method for the determination of serum sodium is described in which sodium is precipitated from the deproteinized serum by uranyl zinc acetate under conditions chosen to minimize the time required. After washing, the precipitate is taken up in water and the amount of color developed on the addition of sodium salicylate is measured.
CARDIOTONIC ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN STEROIDS AND BILE SALTS
Authors: Loynes J. S. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: December 2017

The effects of 23 plant and animal steroids, steroid hormones, and bile acids, and nine of their salts or soluble conjugates, have been investigated in isolated frog hearts. All but five of the compounds produced significant augmentation of frog hearts made hypodynamic by prolonged perfusion. The augmentation was not usually accompanied by changes in heart rate, and no steroid caused systolic arrest. Eight water-soluble steroid salts were perfused through isolated rabbit hearts when they had become hypodynamic by prolonged perfusion. In each case the coronary flow increased significantly whether the heart rate and force of contraction increased or not. Thus, when cardiotonic activity was observed, it appeared to be a direct effect and not secondary to the increased coronary flow. It would seem that the lactone ring of the cardiac glycoside molecule is responsible for the development of systolic arrest, and that the cardiotonic action is, at least partly, a function of the cyclopentenophenanthrene nucleus.
GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN BLOOD CELLS SURVIVING STORAGE AT −79° C.
Authors: Blanchaer M. C. , Mayman C. I.
Published: December 2017

Human venous blood was mixed with an equal volume of 40% glycerol in 0.85% saline, equilibrated for 1.5 hr. at 5° C. and then frozen at −79° C. in a solid carbon dioxide – alcohol bath. At various intervals specimens were rapidly thawed and the major portion of the glycerol removed from the cells by diffusion during the logarithmic addition of 79 volumes of 1.0% saline. The cumulative erythrocyte loss by hemolysis during this procedure varied from 4 to 15%, depending upon the length of storage at −79° C. The rate of glycolysis in cells surviving one to four weeks at −79° C. was similar to that reported in fresh erythrocytes and greater than that in cells stored for comparable periods at 5° C. in the common blood preservative, acid citrate – dextrose.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY FACTORS TO RAT SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Tuba Jules , Jelinek Bohdan , Shaw Ridley K. , Madsen Neil B.
Published: December 2017

Weanling rats were fed dietary concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 30%, and 91% casein. Complete absence of dietary protein resulted in death of the young animals within five weeks. Activity of serum alkaline phosphatase was at starvation levels during this period. Optimal growth was obtained at 30% dietary level of casein, and alkaline phosphatase activity was in the normal range. No effect on the enzyme could be attributed to the protein. There is a highly significant correlation between daily food consumption and serum phosphatase activity, which is attributed to the fat component of the various diets.

Adult male rats were subjected to a three-week period of protein depletion, which was followed by a two-week period of protein repletion. The protein was supplied in the following forms: casein, dried brewer’s yeast, wheat gluten, casein plus wheat gluten, and dried brewer’s yeast plus gluten. Enzyme values at the end of the experiment were typical for the high fat diet (26%) which these animals were receiving. Once more there is a significant correlation between serum alkaline phosphatase activity and daily consumption of fat, whereas the protein component of the diet is without effect on the enzyme.
POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS
Authors: Clark E. M. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: December 2017

Studies of the basic immunology of poliomyelitis in Canadian Eskimos have been continued. The sera of 24 Eskimos living at Lake Harbour and of 99 at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, have been tested for poliomyelitis antibody by means of the Lansing virus neutralization test. Poliomyelitis occurred in Lake Harbour in 1943 but has not been recorded in Pangnirtung. Eighteen of the 24 sera from Lake Harbour contained antibody, but only 10 from the 99 Pangnirtung residents. The positive sera from Pangnirtung were all in persons aged 18 and over. These results are compared with those previously reported by the authors with the sera of Eskimos at Chesterfield Inlet, and with those reported by Paul with the sera of North Alaskan Eskimos. The evidence suggests that poliomyelitis virus is world-wide in distribution.
FILTER PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS OF PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Poulik M. D.
Published: December 2017

When purified diphtheria toxoid was subjected to filter paper electrophoresis a separation was achieved under certain conditions. The flocculating activity of the toxoid would appear to be localized in only one of the four fractions obtained. This fraction represented about one-third of the material used (0.05 ml.), thus indicating the relative impurity of a highly purified material.
ON RAT SERUM LIPASE
Authors: Taylor Jack D. , Tuba Jules
Published: December 2017

Several dietary fats were tested for their effect on the serum tributyrinase activity of adult male rats. Enzyme levels were significantly higher in rats subsisting on diets containing 23% of any of the fats which were tested, when compared with values for animals which were given a dietary concentration of 8% of the same fat. At the 8% level there were significant differences in tributyrinase activity which appeared to be associated with the fatty acid composition of the lipid. In order of decreasing effect on the serum enzyme at the 8% dietary test level the fats are listed as follows: Crisco, butter, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, corn oil, and olive oil. At the 23% dietary level there are fewer significant effects on the enzyme which could be due to the fatty acid content of the various lipids.
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND OTHER PROTEIN-BOUND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS OF CAT BRAIN
Authors: Strickland K. P.
Published: December 2017

Methods have been investigated for purifying the phosphorus compounds of brain for the determination of specific activities after the administration of radioactive phosphate. The specific activities of the nucleic acids obtained by the method of Hammarsten (8) were much lower than those obtained by the Schmidt and Thannhauser procedure (18). There was a considerable incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the phosphorous compounds of cat brain following an intracisternal injection of P32. The determination of the relative specific activities for a number of phosphorus fractions showed that the incorporation was most rapid into the acid-soluble phosphorus followed, in descending order, by “phosphoprotein”, “diphosphoinositide”, pentosenucleic acid, acid-insoluble residue, phospholipid, and desoxypentosenucleic acid.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY FACTORS TO RAT SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Tuba Jules , Siluch Kazie A. , Robinson Margaret I. , Madsen Neil B.
Published: December 2017

Increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase were produced in growing rats by diets low in calcium or by the addition of sodium oxalate or rhubarb to diets containing adequate amounts of calcium. In addition, variations from normal in levels of serum phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, as well as the ash of the tibiae, indicate that the animals were rachitic. The amount of calcium retained in the bodies of animals maintained on a diet containing rhubarb, which has a high oxalate content, were very much lower than in growing rats fed a normal calcium diet.
A PRELIMINARY COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TEST ANTIGENS PREPARED FROM ADULT AND LARVAL FORMS OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
Authors: Ross Winifred M.
Published: December 2017

Test antigens prepared respectively from adult and from larval Trichina were compared by means of the complement fixation test on serum from rabbits infected experimentally with varying numbers of Trichinae. While significant levels of reactivity with “adult” antigen were shown to occur, it had no apparent advantage over the “larval” antigen in the early detection of antibodies.
PHOTOMETRIC STUDIES ON THE DIAZO REACTION FOR SERUM BILIRUBIN
Authors: White F. D. , Duncan Dorothea
Published: December 2017

Photometric studies on the Malloy-Evelyn procedure for the determination of serum bilirubin have shown that the azobilirubin color intensity obtained when the diazo reagent acts for 30 min. upon a known amount of bilirubin added to serum in the form of the sodium salt is less than when the reaction takes place with the same amount of bilirubin in chloroform-alcohol solution. This suggests that the usual calibration curve prepared from bilirubin in chloroform-alcohol solution, when used as standard for serum bilirubin determinations, may give values which are about 10% less than the true bilirubin content of the serum. It has also been shown that with the 1 : 10 dilution of the Malloy-Evelyn procedure the azobilirubin from icteric sera does not obey Beer’s law beyond a serum bilirubin content of 15 mgm. per 100 ml. Evidence is submitted that the rate of azobilirubin color formation can be markedly accelerated by increasing the strength of the diazo reagent, and a new reagent is proposed by the use of which the time of color development can be reduced from 30 min. to 5 min.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE ON LEVELS OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE FECES OF THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Harper Alfred E. , Katayama Mitsuru C. , Jelinek Bohdan
Published: December 2017

The effect of various carbohydrates on the levels of amino acids excreted in the feces of rats has been studied. Potato starch, autoclaved potato starch, or dextrin each induced much greater levels of amino acids in the feces than either sucrose or glucose. The amino acids appear to be derived mainly from endogenous nitrogen. However, when rats were fed rations containing unmodified potato starch, undigested dietary protein apparently contributed a significant amount of the amino acids found in the feces. The inclusion of 10% lactose in a ration containing sucrose as the source of carbohydrate caused a statistically significant increase in the levels of lysine and histidine in the feces. The influence of lactose may be related to changes in the intestinal flora. The incorporation of ammonium salts into 9% casein diets had no significant effect on the amounts of amino acids in the feces.
THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN SODIUM RETENTION FOLLOWING ACUTE VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Nakashima Miyoshi , Friedman Constance L.
Published: December 2017

An acute reduction in sodium excretion was observed to follow the obstruction of the renal vein or inferior vena cava above the entrance of the renal vein in the rat, whether or not the venous effluent from the adrenal gland was involved. Similar reductions in sodium excretion occurred in the adrenalectomized animal. Surprisingly, a moderate reduction in sodium excretion also occurred on partial obstruction of the inferior vena cava below the renal veins.
THE RESPONSE OF CIRCULATING EOSINOPHILE CELLS TO MORPHINE AND RELATED SUBSTANCES
Authors: Szerb J. C.
Published: December 2017

In order to investigate the possibility of adrenocorticoid hormones being released by narcotic drugs, the action of morphine, meperidine, and codeine on the number of circulating eosinophile cells was determined. In mice 10 mgm. per kgm. of morphine caused a significantly greater drop in the number of eosinophiles two hours after the injection than did 20 mgm. per kgm. of histamine. Adrenalectomy prevented the decrease following the injection of morphine and histamine. The comparison of the action of 10 mgm. per kgm. of morphine, 20 mgm. per kgm. of meperidine, and 30 mgm. per kgm. of codeine showed the greatest decrease in the number of eosinophiles after meperidine and the smallest after codeine. In humans 10 mgm. of morphine caused the largest (about 50%) decrease in the circulating eosinophiles followed by 50 mgm. of meperidine and 30 mgm. of codeine. The maximal fall occurred two hours after the injection. The possible mechanism of the action of narcotic drugs on the pituitary-adrenocortical system is discussed.
LIVER GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY OF RATS IN VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL STATES
Authors: Tuba Jules
Published: December 2017

Liver glucuronidase activity was studied in male and female rats with regard to the effect of a number of experimental factors. Virgin female and breeder female rats had significantly higher levels of the liver enzyme than males. Breeding and lactation stimulated production of liver glucuronidase and activity fell towards male values in females which had passed the breeding age. Castration of males or females had no significant effect on the enzyme. A highly significant elevation of liver glucuronidase resulted from injection of oestradiol dipropionate into castrate male rats, while testosterone dipropionate had no effect. Neither hormone affected activity of the enzyme when injected into normal male or female rats. Levels of liver glucuronidase in diabetic male rats were elevated about 50% above normal, and these statistically significant increases are assumed to be related to some hormonal imbalance
CULTIVATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE V. OBSERVATIONS ON VIRUS PROPAGATION IN CERTAIN ANIMAL TISSUES WITH A SYNTHETIC NUTRIENT MEDIUM
Authors: Duncan D. , Franklin A. E. , Wood W. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: December 2017

Further observations have been made on the propagation of Lansing poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. It has been observed that tissues derived from several organs of rhesus monkeys will support virus growth in tissue cultures in Erlenmeyer flasks with a synthetic medium as the source of nutrient. Cultures of tissues from monkey testis, lung, kidney, and gut have survived for long periods, and virus has been regularly recovered even from fluids removed from cultures after as late as 125 days. Cultures of tissues from monkey brain and cord, and muscle, did not survive as long, and less virus was demonstrated in the supernatant fluids. Muscle from the diaphragm did not appear to support growth. Cultures of tissues from the brain, kidney, and lung of beef embryos survived for long periods, but no virus was found in any of the culture fluids.
THE LIPIDE COMPOSITION DURING STORAGE OF HUMAN PLASMA, POOLED, IRRADIATED, AND DRIED
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the total lipide, neutral fat, total fatty acid, total cholesterol, ester cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipide content, estimated by oxidative micromethods, of human plasma, pooled, irradiated, and dried, as collected by the Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and processed at the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories. Determinations were made before and after storage as dried plasma for six months in the dark at temperatures of −40° C., 4° C., 20° C., and 40° C. All lipides present in this dry powdered plasma were found to be completely taken up in the distilled water used for its reconstitution to liquid plasma. The reconstituted liquid plasma contained approximately one-half the concentration of lipides present in fresh normal human plasma, the difference being due entirely to dilution during preparation and processing, except in the instances of both free and esterified cholesterol, of which approximately one-fifth the amount present in fresh normal human plasma was found to be missing in the final product. No statistically significant loss of lipides in dried plasma occurred after storage at −40° C., 4° C., or 20° C.; at 40° C. there was a statistically significant loss of approximately one-fifth of practically all lipides. Ultraviolet irradiation during processing did not affect the lipide composition of dried plasma determined before and after storage at 4° C.
SEX DIFFERENCE IN RESISTANCE OF RATS TO THYROID HORMONE
Authors: Prueter R. D. , Warson M. D. , Ferguson J. K. W.
Published: December 2017

Two series of experiments were performed to compare the metabolic responses of male and female rats to thyroid hormone. In the first series dried thyroid was fed in the diet at a concentration of 1.5 gm. per kgm. of chow. Initial body weights ranged from 130 to 160 gm. Oxygen consumption was measured with the rats lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. In the second series, sodium thyroxine was injected subcutaneously once a day for five days and oxygen consumption was measured without anaesthetic. Initial body weights averaged 147 gm. for males and 137 gm. for females. Two doses of sodium thyroxine were used, 0.1 and 0.5 mgm. per kgm. per day. In both series the increase in oxygen consumption following the administration of thyroid or thyroxine was much less for female rats than for the males. In Series I, half the animals were castrated. The castrated females responded to thyroid in the same way as the normal and castrated males. The castrated females were then given stilboestrol (5 mgm. per liter in drinking water) for three weeks while they were kept on the same diet containing thyroid. Their metabolic rate returned to the levels of unoperated females. Light anaesthesia during the measurement of oxygen consumption reduced the variance within groups with high rates of oxygen consumption but not in groups with normal rates.
FURTHER STUDIES ON A PITUITARY FACTOR WITH SPECIFIC INFLUENCE ON METABOLISM
Authors: Derrick J. B. , Collip J. B.
Published: December 2017

Pituitary preparations from which known metabolic hormones have been eliminated contain a factor specifically concerned with metabolism. During a six-hour period immediately following the subcutaneous injection of such preparations into fasting rabbits a significant rise in the respiratory quotient (R.Q.) values occurs. The R.Q. values of normally fed rabbits are lowered by similar treatment. These changes are usually, but not necessarily, accompanied by an increase in the metabolic rate. Purified melanophore hormone preparations exert substantially similar effects. Control preparations of liver and muscle tissue have no significant effect on the R.Q. values of fed or fasted rabbits and have a variable effect on the oxygen consumption of these animals.
SOME EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B12 IN WEANLING RATS CONSUMING HYPOLIPOTROPIC DIETS
Authors: Best C. H. , Lucas C. C. , Patterson Jean M. , Ridout Jessie H.
Published: December 2017

Kidney lesions may develop and death ensue in very young rats consuming hypolipotropic diets in the presence of vitamin B12 even when subprotective amounts of choline are available unless the diet contains sufficient methionine. The necessity is established for a careful adjustment of the dietary concentrations of both choline and methionine before the protective effect of vitamin B12 on kidney lesions may be elicited.
THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT, IN THE VISIBLE AND ULTRAVIOLET, BY CERTAIN STEROIDS IN SULPHURIC ACID AND ETHANOL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Linford J. H. , Jacqueline Fleming O.
Published: December 2017

The absorption spectra in the visible and ultraviolet regions of 17 steroids in sulphuric acid solutions have now been measured. The results in the visible region obtained on a further 10 steroids, listed in the present paper, confirm that colored compounds are formed in concentrated sulphuric acid at 57° C. only if an −OH group is present. Ketone groups contribute to the absorption only in the presence of an −OH group. Progressiveaddition of ethanol to the concentrated acid solutions of the steroids studied reveals a correlation of the visible absorption peaks with chemical groupings within the steroid molecule as follows: 255 × 102 cm.−1, 240 × 102 cm.−1, and 205 × 102 cm.−1 to 210 × 102 cm.−1 indicate an alcoholic C3−OH; 220 × 102cm.−1 and 195 × 102cm.−1 indicate a phenolic C3−OH; 220 × 102cm.−1 and 167 × 102cm.−1 to 175 × 102cm.−1 indicate ketone groups; and there is some evidence that 230 × 102 cm.−1 and 205 × 102 cm.−1 indicate an alcoholic group at the C17 position or in the C17 side chain. The inverse is not generally true because in several cases groups were not indicated by the absorption measurements; in the case of the estrogenic steroids estrone, estriol, and α-estradiol the absorption is characteristic of one grouping only. The absorption maxima in the ultraviolet region are not associated with particular chemical groups, but are a property of the steroid molecule. When certain maxima are arranged in a sequence of increasing wave numbers, the steroids fall into a chemical sequence.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: Zamenhof Stephen , Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace
Published: December 2017

The biological activities of the pentose (PNA) and desoxypentose nucleic acids (DNA) are discussed. Bacterial PNA inhibit certain streptococcal desoxyribonucleases. Bacterial DNA are known to act as transforming principles or heredity determinants. Methods are described for the isolation and purification of DNA from Hemophilus influenzae active as transforming principles in concentrations 3 × 10−4/γcc. The inactivation by heat, changes of pH and ionic strength, desoxyribonuclease, and formaldehyde is studied.
THE VIRUSES AS NUCLEOPROTEINS
Authors: Graham A. F.
Published: December 2017

A review of work in the bacteriophage field is presented. The discussion is concerned mainly with biochemical aspects of the problem but some reference is also made to genetic studies.