bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Product Development and Pricing Strategy for Information Goods Under Heterogeneous Outside Opportunities
Authors: Chen Ying-Ju , Seshadri Sridhar
Published: June 2007

This paper considers a two-stage development problem for information goods with costless quality degradation. In our model, a seller of information goods faces customers that are heterogeneous with regard to both the marginal willingness to pay for quality and the outside opportunity. In the development stage, the seller determines the quality limit of the product. In the second stage, the seller’s problem is to design the price schedule corresponding to different quality levels, taking into account production and distribution costs.

We show that versioning is optimal for the seller when customers have multiple outside options or, more generally, convex reservation utilities. In addition, we show that in the optimal solution the seller discards both low-end and high-end customers. Among those that are served, the seller offers a continuum of (inferior) versions to customers with relatively low willingness to pay, and extracts full information rent from each of them. A common version with the quality limit is offered to the rest.

We further prove that the seller should offer a single version when reservation utilities are either concave or linear. Through numerical experiments, we study the sensitivity of our results to changes in the cost structure and customer utilities.
Research Note—Comparing IT Workers’ Compensation Across Country Contexts: Demographic, Human Capital, and Institutional Factors
Authors: Levina Natalia , Xin Mingdi
Published: June 2007

As the IT workforce becomes global, it is increasingly important to understand the factors affecting IT workers’ compensation in labor markets distributed across the globe. Ang et al. (2002) published the first in-depth analysis of compensation for IT professionals juxtaposing human capital endowment (education and experience) and institutional determinants (firm’s size, industry, and sector) of compensation in the Singaporean economy. In this paper, we explore the influence of particular national economies on IT workers’ compensation. We draw on research into the roots of wage differentials in labor economics and build on the Ang et al. research to present a multilevel analysis of IT workers’ compensation in the United States, analyzing the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey (CPS) data for 1997, 2001, and 2003.

We find that, while institutional differences in Singapore mattered only in conjunction with individual factors, in the U.S. institutional differences had a direct effect on IT workers’ wages. As tightness of IT labor supply decreased in the United States in the early 2000s, the influence of a firm’s size on wages became more pronounced. Also, female IT workers and workers without a college degree fared worse than their male and college-educated counterparts as the IT job market slowed down.

We suggest that factors such as presence of job search friction, diversity in the educational system, geographical differences in cost of living, labor mobility, and shortages in IT labor supply vis-à-vis demand help explain the differences among countries. We conclude by outlining the implications of these findings for IT workers, firms, and policy makers.
Issues and Opinions—Information Technologies in Business: A Blueprint for Education and Research
Authors: Dhar Vasant , Sundararajan Arun
Published: June 2007

How are business schools thinking about developing leaders for the emerging digital economy? Is there a set of core principles we can apply to thinking about the enabling potential of information technologies and their consequences for business and society? We present a business-centric framework and a technology-centric framework that together form a blueprint for answering these questions. The business-centric framework articulates three compelling reasons why information technology (IT) matters in business: (1) IT continually transform industry and society, (2) executive decisions about IT investments, governance, and strategy are critical to organizational success, and (3) deriving value from increasingly available data trails defines effective decision making in the digital economy. However, our conversations with the leadership of 45 business schools and our subsequent data indicate that business schools are challenged by effectively training future executives to think about these reasons and act on them as part of a forward-looking program of business education that is grounded in stable concepts. In response, the technology-centric framework provides a set of grounding concepts and stable principles about IT that have emerged over the last four decades, and leads to a natural set of consequences that can inform thinking about IT in business. We illustrate how these complementary frameworks—business and technology—can be combined to frame an educational program by outlining a set of key questions, by placing these questions in the context suggested by our frameworks, and by providing guidelines toward answering them. These questions also define a natural path for future research about IT in business and society that will lead to stronger intellectual foundations for the field and define future education that is better grounded in concepts and theories that emerge from academic research.
Editorial Notes
Authors: Sambamurthy Vallabh
Published: June 2007

Two “Issues and Opinions” articles are being published in this issue to stimulate communitywide reflection on enhancing our teaching offerings. Further, the journal also announces a new special issue on digital systems and competition.
Characterizing the motivational orientation of students in higher education: A naturalistic study in three Hong Kong universities
Authors: Kember David. , Hong Celina. , Ho Amber.
Published: June 2007

Background. Consideration of motivation in higher education has often been drawn upon theories and research that were based upon school or workplace studies.

Aims. This paper reports an open naturalistic study to better characterize the motivational orientation of students in higher education.

Method. Open semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with 36 students from three universities in Hong Kong. The analysis used an exploratory grounded theory approach.

Results. Motivation was characterized as a framework with six continua with positive and negative poles. On enrolment, students had positions on the six facets of motivation, which shifted as they progressed through their degree, according to perceptions of their teaching and learning environment. The positive poles of the six continua were given labels: compliance, individual goal setting, interest, career, sense of belonging and university lifestyle.

Conclusion. The formulation of motivational orientation is consistent with contemporary social cognitive theories of motivation in that it has been characterized as a multifaceted phenomenon, with students expressing context‐dependent multiple motives.
Early Intervention and Recovery Among Children With Failure to Thrive: Follow-up at Age 8
Authors: Black Maureen M. , Dubowitz Howard , Krishnakumar Ambika , Starr Raymond H.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES. We sought to examine the impact of a randomized, controlled trial of home visiting among infants with failure to thrive on growth, academic/cognitive performance, and home/classroom behavior at age 8.

METHODS. Infants with failure to thrive (N = 130) or adequate growth (N = 119) were recruited from pediatric primary care clinics serving low-income, urban communities. Eligibility criteria included age <25 months, gestational age >36 weeks, birth weight >2500 g, and no significant medical conditions. Evaluation included anthropometries, Bayley scales, maternal anthropometries, demographics, negative affect, IQ, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scale. Infants with failure to thrive were treated in an interdisciplinary growth and nutrition clinic and randomized into clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention or clinical-care-only groups. The home-visiting curriculum promoted maternal sensitivity, parent-infant relationships, and child development. Follow-up visits were conducted by evaluators who were unaware of the children's growth or intervention history. At age 8, the evaluation included anthropometries, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, and the Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised. Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and teachers completed the Teacher Report Form.

ANALYSIS. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to examine differences in growth, cognitive/academic performance, and home/school behavior, adjusted by maternal education, public assistance, and, when appropriate, infant Bayley score, maternal BMI, height, negative affect, IQ, and Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment scores.

RESULTS. Retention was 74% to 78%. Children in the adequate-growth group were significantly taller, heavier, and had better arithmetic scores than the clinical-intervention-only group, with the clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention group intermediate. There were no group differences in IQ, reading, or mother-reported behavior problems. Children in the clinical-intervention-plus-home-intervention group had fewer teacher-reported internalizing problems and better work habits than the clinical-intervention-only group.

CONCLUSIONS. Early failure to thrive increased children's vulnerability to short stature, poor arithmetic performance, and poor work habits. Home visiting attenuated some of the negative effects of early failure to thrive, possibly by promoting maternal sensitivity and helping children build strong work habits that enabled them to benefit from school. Findings provide evidence for early intervention programs for vulnerable infants.
THE EFFECTS OF PROVIDING ACCESS TO STIMULI FOLLOWING CHOICE MAKING DURING VOCAL PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Tessing Jennifer L. , Napolitano Deborah A. , McAdam David B. , DiCesare Anthony , Axelrod Saul
Published: July 2007

Two variations of a vocal paired‐stimulus preference assessment were evaluated to determine whether the verbal reports of preference, given by individuals with developmental disabilities when no access to the activity was given, matched their verbal reports when access to the activity was given contingent on their choice. The results indicated different outcomes between the two methods for 6 of the 7 participants. Subsequent reinforcer assessments, conducted for 2 participants, showed that activities identified in the preference assessments that provided access contingent on selection resulted in more responding than did activities identified in the preference assessment that did not include access to items following their selection.
Digital Elevation Accuracy and Grid Cell Size: Effects on Estimated Terrain Attributes
Authors: Erskine Robert H. , Green Timothy R. , Ramirez Jorge A. , MacDonald Lee H.
Published: June 2007

Terrain attributes are commonly used to explain the spatial variability of agronomic, pedologic, and hydrologic variables. The terrain attributes studied here (elevation, slope, aspect, and curvature) are estimated readily from digital elevation models (DEMs), but questions remain about how the accuracy and sample spacing of the elevation data affect the estimated attributes. The main objective of this study was to quantify differences in each terrain attribute due to factors affecting DEM accuracy and grid cell size. Three data sources were compared: (i) real‐time kinematic global positioning system (RTKGPS); (ii) satellite‐differentially corrected global positioning system (DGPS); and (iii) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 30‐m DEMs. The GPS data from three undulating agricultural fields in northeastern Colorado were interpolated onto 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐m grid DEMs. The DGPS and USGS DEMs produced similar elevation differences relative to RTKGPS DEMs, but elevation differences in USGS DEMs were more spatially correlated. Estimates of curvature were highly sensitive to DEM differences and the sensitivity of slope, aspect, and curvature estimates decreased as grid cell size increased. The impacts of DEM accuracy and grid cell size were investigated using correlations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields and estimated terrain attributes. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained using RTKGPS data, and decreasing the sample spacing or grid cell size below 30 m did not consistently improve the correlations. These analyses on agricultural lands indicate the importance of accurate elevation data for detailed terrain analyses on grid cell sizes of 30 m or less.
Major Biogeochemical Processes in Soils‐A Microcosm Incubation from Reducing to Oxidizing Conditions
Authors: Yu Kewei , Böhme Frank , Rinklebe Jörg , Neue Heinz-Ulrich , DeLaune Ronald D.
Published: June 2007

Six soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production were incubated using an automatic microcosm system. Production of trace gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and transformation of N, S, and metals (Fe and Mn) were studied in soil suspensions incubated from reducing to oxidizing conditions. Results show that soil pH variation was inversely correlated to soil redox potential (EH) change (P < 0.01). Soil CO2 production exponentially increased with soil EH increase. In contrast, soil CH4 production and DOC showed an exponential decrease with soil EH increase. Without the presence of soil oxidants, methanogenesis occurred across the entire EH range, with probable H2–supported methanogenesis at higher soil EH conditions constituting up to 200f total CH4 production. The CH4 compensation point, where CH4 concentration became constant due to equilibrium between CH4 production and consumption, exponentially decreased with soil EH increase. At pH 7, the critical EH above which soils consumed atmospheric CH4 varied among the soils, but was generally >400 mV. Significant N2O production was observed between 200 and 500 mV. Nitrification could also contribute to N2O production when EH is >500 mV, a possible critical EH for the initiation of nitrification. The critical EH for substantial immobilization of Fe and Mn was estimated to be around 50 and 250 mV, respectively. The intermediate EH range (approximately −150 to 180 mV) provided optimum conditions for minimizing cumulative global warming potential resulting from CO2, CH4, and N2O production in soils. Our results have implications in interpreting the overall benefits of soil C sequestration efforts.
Soil/Landscape Relationships in a Mesotidal Maine Estuary
Authors: Osher L. J. , Flannagan C. T.
Published: June 2007

Submerged sediments represent an important component of near‐shore coastal systems. Soil scientists have begun to study subaqueous soils from a pedological perspective, and conceptualize these soils as organic or mineral materials, having the ability to support rooted plants, which are submerged by estuarine, marine, or lacustrine water for a period of time such that their pedogenesis reflects an environment dominated by submergence. The objective of this study was to describe and classify subaqueous soils of a shallow, mesotidal, Maine estuary and identify the relationship between soil properties and landscape position. A detailed bathymetric map was created for the study site using a fathometer, Global Positioning System (GPS), tide gauges, surveying equipment, and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The bathymetric map was used to identify the slope for each landscape unit and the mean water depth above each landscape unit. Slopes in the study range from 1 to >25%. Water depths above the soil surfaces are between 0.1 and 21.0 m at mean sea level (MSL). Soil samples were collected to depths between 1.0 and 5.5 m below the soil surface using a bucket auger, McCauley peat auger, or vibracoring device. Seven soil landscape units and 10 soil map units were differentiated from one another according slope class, geomorphic position, depositional environment, and soil characteristics. Most of the soil parent materials in the estuary are fine‐textured sediments. This work is the first estuary soil survey completed in Northern New England.
Soil Profile Nitrate Response to Nitrogen Fertilization of Winter Triticale
Authors: Nance Carasella D. , Gibson Lance R. , Karlen Douglas L.
Published: June 2007

Growing triticale (×TriticosecaleWittmack) as a winter crop has the potential to utilize residual NO3–N from previous crops, thus reducing its availability for leaching. Our objectives were to quantify N capture and changes in soil NO3–N levels in response to N fertilization of triticale grown following either silage corn (Zea maysL.) or soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Field studies were conducted in 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 near Ames and Lewis, IA. Soil samples to a depth of 120 cm were collected after the corn and soybean were harvested and again after growing triticale with four rates of N fertilizer (0, 33, 66, and 99 kg N ha−1). Partial N budgets were computed using profile NO3–N before triticale planting, N fertilizer applications, plant uptake, and profile NO3–N after triticale harvest. Nitrogen capture by triticale at physiological maturity was 44 to 93 kg N ha−1when no N was applied and was as high as 164 kg N ha−1with addition of 99 kg N ha−1Growing winter triticale reduced profile NO3–N by an average of 33 to 53 kg ha−1at Ames and 46 to 53 kg ha−1at Lewis. Winter triticale dry matter and grain yields were maximized while simultaneously capturing and efficiently utilizing soil N left from previous silage corn and soybean crops.
Glomalin in Ecosystems
Authors: Treseder Kathleen K. , Turner Katie M.
Published: June 2007

Glomalin is an abundant soil glycoprotein that could sequester substantial amounts of C and N on a global scale. Nevertheless, major controls over the distribution of this compound in ecosystems are little understood. We reviewed shifts in the production, decomposition, and standing stocks of soil glomalin in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) communities, plant dynamics, inorganic resources (e.g., N, P, and atmospheric CO2), and land use regimes. We also conducted a literature survey of glomalin concentrations from 22 ecosystems to test for relationships between standing stocks of glomalin and net primary productivity (NPP) and AM abundance. Globally, glomalin stocks were positively correlated with NPP but not with AM abundance. Rates of NPP may impose an upper bound for C available to AM fungi for glomalin construction. Availability of C to AM fungi appears to consistently influence glomalin dynamics in individual studies as well. Glomalin stocks are often greater where AM host plants are more abundant or are more effective hosts for the fungi (implying that more C is allocated to the fungi). In addition, elevated CO2 frequently increases glomalin concentrations in soil. Other inorganic resources and land use change produce inconsistent effects on glomalin stocks. Overall, glomalin dynamics appear to be linked to C dynamics, and this relationship may allow us to better predict the contribution of glomalin to ecosystem feedbacks on global change.
Importance of Cryoturbation in Redistributing Organic Carbon in Permafrost‐Affected Soils
Authors: Bockheim J. G.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) incorporated by cryoturbation into the active layer and near‐surface permafrost of Turbels from northern Alaska. An analysis of 21 pedons revealed that an average of 55% of the SOC density of the active layer and near‐surface permafrost could be attributed to redistribution from cryoturbation. Cryoturbation occurs most strongly under conditions of poor drainage, where the parent materials are enriched in silt, and where frost boils are present. Based on published radiocarbon dates of buried SOC, cryoturbation was particularly important during periods of the mid‐Holocene when the arctic underwent warming. These results suggest that continued warming of the arctic could accelerate cryoturbation and enable the soil to store more SOC than at present, thereby mitigating some of the loss of CO2 to the atmosphere from increased soil respiration.
Modeling Competitive Arsenate‐Phosphate Retention and Transport in Soils: A Multi‐Component Multi‐Reaction Approach
Authors: Zhang Hua , Selim H. M.
Published: June 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the kinetics of arsenate [As(V)]‐phosphate [P] competitive retention during transport in soils. Time‐dependent batch experiments were performed to describe competitive As(V)‐P sorption kinetics in Olivier (fine‐silty, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Fraglossudalfs) and Windsor (mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments) soils. Miscible‐displacement experiments were also performed to quantify As(V)‐P competition when anion pulses were introduced simultaneously or consecutively into water‐saturated soil columns. The results demonstrated that the rates and amounts of As(V) sorption are significantly reduced by increasing addition of P. Due to competitive sorption, the presence of P resulted in increased mobility of As(V) in the soil columns. Flow interruptions indicated the dominance of time‐dependent sorption during As(V) and P transport in soils. We extended the equilibrium‐kinetic multireaction model (MRM) to simulate competitive retention kinetics of multiple chemical species in soils. Competitive coefficients from Sheindorf–Rebhun–Sheintuch (SRS) equation were adopted to describe the extent of As(V)‐P competition. A multi‐component multireaction model (MCMRM) was coupled with the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) to describe breakthrough curves (BTCs) of As(V) and P simultaneously. Model predictions of measured BTCs for competitive As(V)‐P transport were achieved using rate coefficients based on inverse modeling.
Characterization of protection against systemic infection and disease from experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 infection by use of a modified-live noncytopathic type 1 vaccine in calves
Authors: Kelling Clayton L. , Hunsaker Breck D. , Steffen David J. , Topliff Christina L. , Eskridge Kent M.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To evaluate protection resulting from use of a modified-live noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine against systemic infection and clinical disease in calves challenged with type 2 BVDV.

Animals—10 calves, 5 to 7 months of age.

Procedures—Calves were allocated (n = 5/group) to be nonvaccinated or vaccinated SC on day 0 with BVDV 1 (WRL strain). Calves in both groups were challenged intranasally with BVDV type 2 isolate 890 on day 21. Rectal temperatures and clinical signs of disease were recorded daily, and total and differential WBC and platelet counts were performed. Histologic examinations and immunohistochemical analyses to detect lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively, were performed.

Results—After challenge exposure to BVDV type 2, nonvaccinated calves developed high rectal temperatures, increased respiratory rates, viremia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and infection of the thymus. Vaccinated calves did not develop high rectal temperatures or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Vaccinated calves appeared to be protected against systemic replication of virus in that they did not develop leukopenia, lymphopenia, viremia, or infection of target organs, and infectious virus was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or the thymus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The modified-live BVDV type 1 vaccine protected against systemic infection and disease after experimental challenge exposure with BVDV type 2. The vaccine protected calves against infection and viremia and prevented infection of target lymphoid cells.
Matrix realization of dual quaternionic electromagnetism
Authors: Demir Süleyman
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a new representational model based on dual quaternionic matrices is proposed for classical electromagnetism. After demonstrating the isomorphic matrix representations of dual quaternions, Maxwell’s equations and the constitutive relations for electromagnetism are expressed in terms of dual quaternionic matrices. For this purpose, new 8 × 8 matrices connected with quaternion basis elements have been introduced.
Automated literature alerting system
Authors: Brannon Pam Barney , Burnham Donald F. , James Richard M. , Bertram Lee Ann
Published: June 2007

The Automated Literature Alerting System (ALAS) was developed at Eli Lilly and Company and implemented in January 1967 as a successor to the Chemical Titles tape program. The magnetic tapes received weekly from the Institute for Scientific Information contain title information from about 1800 journals which produce an average of 5600 article titles per week. However, during processing, about 600 non‐pertinent journals are deleted.

The program began with an initial group of 58 CT subscribers, and new users are continually being added. Each user has been receiving from 0 to 400 citation cards per week, depending upon his profile of key words. The median is about 70 to 80.

The system consists of eleven programs for profile and key word generation and maintenance, indexing, searching, and printing, and uses an average of 3.2 hours of machine time a week on an IBM S/360 F30. With 82 users currently in the system, this amounts to about 2.3 minutes of computer time per user per week. Searching is based on a key word system which allows the use of words, authors, prefixes, and suffixes, and employs AND, OR, and NOT logic.
A comparison between manual and automatic indexing methods
Authors: Salton Gerard
Published: June 2007

The effectiveness of conventional document indexing is compared with that achievable by fully automatic text processing methods. Evaluation results are given for a comparison between the MEDLARS search system used at the National Library of Medicine and the experimental SMART system, and conclusions are reached concerning the design of future automatic information systems.
A study of indexer consistency
Authors: Hurwitz Frances I.
Published: June 2007

The study attempts to compare the indexing terms assigned by two different indexers to the same documents, as well as those assigned by the same indexer to the same documents at different points in time. The indexing system under study is a coordinate system using a subject heading list to index monographs on a chapter by chapter basis. A controlled list of subheadings is used in conjunction with the main list. In studying self‐consistency, chapters of certain monographs were selected for re‐indexing by the same indexer four to six months after the entire book originally was handled. Inter‐indexer consistency is determined by re‐indexing chapters of a book completed by another indexer with similar subject background and indexing experience. Degree of consistency is determined by totalling the number of identical terms assigned to a document at each indexing, as compared to the total number of terms assigned to that document.
Computerized numeric proofreading for a linofilm phototypesetter
Authors: Taylor Leonard B. , Johnson Gerald G.
Published: June 2007

A specific application of computerized numeric proofreading applied to the third edition of Crystal Data is discussed. The four phases of the program are covered, along with results and conclusions. The study concludes that the merging of the character processing ability of computers and automatic typesetters will result in increased reliability and accuracy of technical publications.
Managerial cost accounting for a technical information center
Authors: Helmkamp John G.
Published: June 2007

Technical information centers have been established in recent years to cope with the “information explosion” problem which confronts the scientific community. These operations are highly analogous to a typical manufacturing firm with functions such as purchasing, production, service, finance, administration, and distribution.

Management of a center encounters cost information requirements similar to those found in other enterprises for planning, control, and decision‐making purposes. Yet, research indicates that few tangible cost‐accounting applications have been attempted in information centers.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a technical information center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically‐sound managerial cost‐accounting system can be designed to meet the specific characteristics of a technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by other enterprises. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for a three‐month period to test this hypothesis. The results of the study indicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for a technical information center. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to measure the operating performance of the center's production process. A summary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented in this paper.
Vocabulary building and control techniques
Authors: Wall Eugene
Published: June 2007

The rationale is given for creation and maintainance by an information center of a controlled indexing and retrieval vocabulary. Basic vocabulary principles are (1) use of natural language, (2) development of hospitality to new concepts, (3) provision of adequate cross‐referencing, and (4) formatting for easy use. Terminological conventions necessary for development and control of a useful vocabulary are summarized, and the techniques for applying these conventions to construct a thesaurus are described. Computerized editing techniques and updating techniques are briefly set forth.
Use of an on‐line, video‐display computer system in medical research
Authors: Worley William E.
Published: June 2007

Although batch processing may be adequate for some computer applications such as the preparation of scheduled reports, an on‐line computer system is needed to enable the research physician or medical scientist to readily interrogate, edit, and reorganize his data. In such a computer system, the man‐machine interface may best be provided by an input‐output device such as a teletypewriter or video‐display terminal.
A benchmark calculation for retrieval by confluence of binary attributes in a random‐access computer
Authors: Manacher Glenn K.
Published: June 2007

It is imagined that items are stored in a random‐access memory along with binary‐valued attributes. The problem of looking up all items having at least a particular subset of attributes is attacked by representing the attributes in a bit vector, then “or‐merging” bit vectors pairwise into a binary tree. The efficiency of this method increases with the size of the lookup subset. However, the increase is disappointingly slow, and the overall efficiency is about equal to that associated with a conventional inverted file.
Stability in the growth of knowledge
Authors: Kochen Manfred
Published: June 2007

Merely more documents, more specialties, and more people who use or add to growing knowledge do not constitute an explosive situation: what is critical is whether or not the growth remains stable in the sense that cumulated knowledge relates to real life. Two developments which can be anticipated during the next few decades are computer‐aided bibliographic control and computer aids to individual decision‐making. The first will give us greater options for tracing and detecting aggregations of bibliographic items which “belong together” through a network of interrelated (e.g., biographic and bibliographic) elements. The second will enrich our capabilities for posing and solving real‐life problems. Underlying the development of technologies and their use in well‐engineered information systems such as these two is an emerging new scholarly discipline. This paper outlines some of the concepts, methods, and problems in this field. Priority is given to evaluation and synthesis above access. The main idea behind the proposed logical structuring of this field is that the “growing literature” organizes knowledge analogously to the way a learner, by creating models of his relevant environment, is able to take increasingly effective actions.
Computer selection of keywords using word‐frequency analysis
Authors: Carroll John M. , Roeloffs Robert
Published: June 2007

A statistically based method for automatically identifying keywords in machine‐readable text has been developed which produces keyword lists that agree better with composite lists produced by panels of human indexers than do lists produced by five statistical criteria previously suggested, and also better than lists produced by most of the individual panel members. The method makes use of both the in‐document word‐occurrence frequency and the in‐corpus relative occurrence frequency as measures of word importance. Each statistical criterion was compared with the performance of human indexers by the use of rank correlation statistics. The simple word count was found to be superior to the other four previously suggested criteria—all of which made use of the in‐corpus relative occurrence frequency. The tests were conducted over 19 documents dealing with the subject of Information Science, a total of over 66,000 word occurrences. Seventeen indexers representing eight different information centers participated in experiments.
A general method for matching arbitrary logical statements in mechanized retrieval systems
Authors: Uhlmann Wolfram
Published: June 2007

A general method for matching specifications in mechanized retrieval systems is presented. It is based on the principle that, with the initiation of the matching operation, to each characteristic or descriptor a unique code consisting of a power of two in binary notation is assigned. These codes may, if so desired, be interpreted as implicit weight coefficients of the descriptors. They are used in matching operations between sets of characteristics. The matching process produces during its progress criteria as to the relations between involved sets, i.e., a numerical critèrion of relevance of the answer to the query, which may be utilized to control the course of the operation. In a second step, new secondary codes are derived mechanically from those assigned initially. The function of the secondary codes is to transform the original statement into the second canonical form, consisting of the disjunction of mutually exclusive basic conjunctions or propositions. These secondary codes are employed to generate by logical multiplication, addition, and negation unique code representations for arbitrary compound statements or propositions, which representations in their turn are employed for matching the statements. The process generates criteria in analogy to those obtained in the first step of matching sets of characteristics which now permit the control of the matching operations between arbitrary propositions. It should be mentioned that no significance is assigned a priori to the codes. Their relative significance is restricted entirely to the matching operation actually in progress.
User‐oriented information systems
Authors: Swanson Rowena W.
Published: June 2007

This communication summarizes experience reported at the Second Regional Technology Transfer Seminar sponsored by the Office of State Technical Services on the development of information systems and services specially oriented to the needs of small‐industry users. The range of requirements of users and the range of services being provided are outlined. Comments are included on measuring the value and effectiveness of information systems.
The conference theme
Authors: Belzer Jack
Published: June 2007

The educational objectives in information science should focus on (1) theory concerning information, its environment and its relationship to information systems; (2) information systems; (3) information services and their administration. The program must be sufficiently flexible to allow students to specialize in areas of their personal interest or in the choice of their careers. A common core, if it exists, must transcend all professional interest in information science. Such a core would relate to those elements which are common to information irrespective of their environment.
The relationship of information science to librarianship—problems and scientific training
Authors: Giuliano Vincent E.
Published: June 2007

Professional librarianship if compared to medicine would have Schools of Hospitalitarianship where eventually the administrators, the professional staff as well as the nonprofessionals would become hospitalitarians. It is suggested that rather than associating the profession with the institution of the library, that it define its function as that of knowledge transfer. The analogy is to an M.D., whose function is to prevent disease and cure people.
Part II papers generated by the conference on the methodology of curricular studies
Authors: Slamecka Vladimir
Published: June 2007

An indicative discussion of methods of curriculum study having as their objective the development of (1) design guidelines, and (2) evaluation measures for academic programs is given.
Information science: Some questions and answers
Authors: Schlueter R. A.
Published: June 2007

The basic opinion voiced in this paper is that an information scientist, in the all‐round sense of the word, is an individual who is capable of dealing with information problems wherever they occur. Libraries make up only one of hundreds of environments in which an information scientist should be able to work intelligently on problems, and library science is only one part of the much broader field of information science. In the University, the logical organization for training information scientists would be in a Department of Information Science which would grant a degree in information science. It would also grant a degree in library science as a highly specialized degree within the information science field. The total number of courses to prepare a student for work in all fields of information science is too large to be incorporated into the one‐year‐plus‐one‐summer period which is presently allotted to earning a master's degree in library science. The information science sequence should start in the freshman year and result in the traditional bachelor's (after 4 years), master's (after 1 or 2 additional years) and doctor's (after at least 3 years beyond the master's) degree. As the student progresses through the various degrees, increasing specialization takes place, and increasing emphasis would be placed on research.
Information science: Toward the development of a true scientific discipline
Authors: Yovits M. C.
Published: June 2007

It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a “true” science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and analytical expressions which apply to the flow of information in a general way. Such expressions should be relatively independent of the particular context or application under consideration. Definitions of a rigorous nature for the fundamental quantities involved must be established. These must have general applicability and must be related to other known and measurable quantities. It is desirable also that they be capable of quantification. In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model of a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal applicability. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of its applicability. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in a way which allows for quantification. It is pointed out in this paper that this model can be the basis for the development of a “true” science of information with all of the necessary requirements for a science. By the use of this model and the definition of a “true” science, the goals and requirements for a curriculum in information science are thus established. Various applications of information science must then exist in much the same way that many applications of physics exist. In the latter case, the applications usually give rise to various branches of engineering. In the case of information science, one of the applications is librarianship–although many others exist as well. Some of these are referred to in the paper. In particular, science information as a subset of information science is discussed. Within this context, information is defined as data of value in decision making. Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to specific observable actions which can be measured physically.
Computer based serials control system, biomedical library, ucla
Authors: Fayollat James , Luck Don
Published: June 2007

The following is a brief account of progress and future plans of the University of California at Los Angeles Biomedical Library serials control system.
The “half‐life” of some scientific and technical literatures
Authors: Burton R. E. , Kebler R. W.
Published: June 2007

A consideration of the analogy between the half‐life of radioactive substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature. The validity of this analogy suggests the possibility of more accurate prognostications concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may be used and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and technical information services.
Speed words
Authors: Speedie Gordon Alexander
Published: June 2007

“Speed Words” uses an analogy between the psychomotive force of the dialectic field and the electromotive force of the magnetic field to formulate a conjecture which might be the subject of investigation.

Using the term, “meaning time,” which is explained, the paper introduces the time dimension as a function of word value. Accepted laws of an electric system are used to suggest parallel laws for the dialectic system. As a result, understanding speed of words is expressed by an equation WS = MT x WF, where WS is the relative speed of a word in terms of its understandability, MT is the meaning time in years of word use, and WF is the word frequency per million words used by a stated audience.

Experimental use of this equation and method suggests that there may be as much meaning in a few dozen stable words, of greater meaning age than numbers, as there is in a few dozen digits in the decimal system — used as the basis of science and mathematics.

This could lead to revealing an even more basic or universal language. If these points can be stressed, speed words are then only part of a larger concept. There could be a field of thought above, and yet related, to known physical fields. If such a field is postulated and searched for its analogical equivalents, language could, in a mean sense, become the thought field constant, the relationship of ideas, field units; time, the field denominator.
The Marlis a multi‐aspect relevance linkage information system. — Present position and future needs.
Authors: Vickery B. C.
Published: June 2007

A detailed description of a multi‐aspect relevance linkage information system, the MARLIS, with which the author has had considerable experience. The system is important for the light that it throws upon the relations between the aspects of which every document is composed and those which are implicit in every search question. Relevance, therefore, is the link, or bridge, between the content of a document, or collection of documents, and the question in the mind of the searcher. The author is of the opinion that MARLIS has achieved some degree of success in strengthening this linkage, and the ways in which this is accomplished are the chief concerns of this paper.
Machine translation in the U.S.S.R. — a brief survey
Authors: Machelson Sonya G.
Published: June 2007

The first Soviet tests of machine translation were conducted in 1955. An English text was translated into Russian. At present, experiments are being conducted on machine translation from 20 languages, including Chinese and Japanese. Research is being done on the development of special small‐size machine‐translators. It is expected that by 1961 these machines will serve as translators in many scientific institutions.
The automatic retrieval of technical information
Authors: Leslie W. H. P.
Published: June 2007

A description of a system using punched paper tape for the retrieval of documents, by author, title, place and date of publication, and subject employed at the Fluid Mechanics Division of the National Engineering Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Much attention is given to the construction of the codes employed in the system.
The next twenty years in information retrieval; some goals and predictions
Authors: Mooers Calvin N.
Published: June 2007

Some of the history of retrieval machine development during the past 20 years is sketched as background. At present, there still are no completely satisfactory machines for retrieval from large collections. Solution of the language problem in retrieval is currently somewhat ahead of machine development.

Future developments are sketched. Work is already underway on the use of machines for the assignment of descriptors to the text, which is a crude kind of mechanical translation. Retrieval machines will soon be called upon to assist the customer in using a retrieval system by helping him to formulate his search requests. This assistance amounts to education of the customer. The notion of education by machine is extended to machine assistance in helping the customer to read the documents uncovered. It is shown how this process, when combined with work on mechanical translation, will lead to machines which can provide essays on any given subject upon request. Machines will become archival devices to store facts, not texts. Human‐to‐machine and machine‐to‐human communication will become very important. Information machines can be expected to become as numerous as computers now are.
A successful application of punched cards in subject indexing
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami
Published: June 2007

A description is given of the successful application of punched‐card technique in the rapid preparation of a subject index to a voluminous technical work. The use of punched cards permitted rapid and inexpensive preparation of numerous preliminary and partial drafts of the index which greatly facilitated the tasks of coordination and editing.
The metabolism of new scientific information: A preliminary report
Authors: Orr Richard H.
Published: June 2007

TO INVESTIGATE the metabolism of new scientific information, questionnaires were sent to the authors of 463 papers presented or “read by title” at two important meetings for cardiovascular and endocrine research workers. The preliminary findings indicate that, of the approximately 60% of authors responding, about one‐third submitted their papers for publication before, or within 6 months after, the meeting. The interval between submission and publication was around 6 months. Less than 60% of the papers on which the follow‐up is complete were published within 2 years. The study is continuing and a sample of the authors will be interviewed before a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the data can be made. However, the major tentative conclusions are: 1. The factors determining whether and how soon an oral report is published after a meeting are related more to the personal characteristics and working conditions of the author than to the quality of work or to selection and publication delay by journals. 2. The similarity of findings in this study of biological research reports with available data on similar reports in the physical sciences indicates important common features in the metabolism of all new scientific information. 3. The technique of using oral research reports as tracers to study the flow of scientific information is practical and useful.