bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking human activity and ecosystem condition to inform marine ecosystem based management
Authors: Menzel Susanne , Kappel Carrie V. , Broitman Bernardo R. , Micheli Fiorenza , Rosenberg Andrew A.
Published: May 2013

There is growing consensus that integrated marine management is needed. However, implementation of ecosystem‐based management (EBM) faces major operational challenges, including accurately delineating the links between ecosystem components and benefits to humans, and quantifying trade‐offs associated with different management decisions.

It is suggested using human activity level as an indicator of the benefit provided by marine ecosystems at a certain location in comparison with other locations and establishing links between human activity levels and ecological conditions.

This approach allows for the determination of what ecological conditions may provide the greatest human benefits and thus may be targets for management action.

This approach is used to investigate the link between scuba diving in the Monterey Bay area, California, USA, and different ecological characteristics of kelp forests. Diving intensity levels correlate with kelp persistence, suggesting that kelp persistence may be used as an indicator of benefits from diving and for evaluating the impact of potentially competing activities through their effects on kelp.

Overall, an operational definition of marine ecosystem services is provided and it is suggested that this method could be extended to a suite of different activities and systems and thus may become useful in considering trade‐offs among different activities that depend upon the same ecosystem.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microgravity and Ground‐penetrating Radar Investigations of Subsurface Features at the St Catherine's Monastery, Slovakia
Authors: Panisova Jaroslava , Fraštia Marek , Wunderlich Tina , Pašteka Roman , Kušnirák David
Published: May 2013

The ruins of the St Catherine's monastery complex, the largest sacral ruins in Slovakia, are an important example of Slovak cultural heritage. The Franciscan monastery was a famous site of religious significance due to the legends describing the apparitions of St Catherine. The preservation project of the monastery remains started in 1994. As a part of this project, complex historical, archaeological, anthropological and geophysical research has been conducted at the site since 1997. Microgravity and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out in the nave of the former church in order to reveal the position of three aristocratic crypts that served as burial places for the members or higher society in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the microgravity data processing, a novel method for the calculation of the building correction was employed, where the gravitational effect of the church is calculated using a polyhedral model of the building created from photographs with a special photogrammetric software. Several gravity anomalies were found in the residual Bouguer anomaly map. Semi‐automated interpretation techniques including the Euler deconvolution and harmonic inversion have been used to investigate the depth and size of anomalous sources. Results from 36 GPR profiles obtained by a 400 MHz antenna were visualized in the form of horizontal time‐slices and vertical time‐sections. These images indicate anomalous reflections suggesting potential archaeological targets. Integrated interpretation of results from both geophysical methods has confirmed the presence of a known aristocratic crypt excavated in 2001, as well as two other crypts predicted from historical archives. The combination of microgravity and GPR surveys has proved to be a very effective and non‐destructive tool for archaeological research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The place of surface anatomy in the medical literature and undergraduate anatomy textbooks
Authors: Azer Samy A.
Published: May 2013

The aims of this review were to examine the place of surface anatomy in the medical literature, particularly the methods and approaches used in teaching surface and living anatomy and assess commonly used anatomy textbooks in regard to their surface anatomy contents. PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched using the following keywords “surface anatomy,” “living anatomy,” “teaching surface anatomy,” “bony landmarks,” “peer examination” and “dermatomes”. The percentage of pages covering surface anatomy in each textbook was calculated as well as the number of images covering surface anatomy. Clarity, quality and adequacy of surface anatomy contents was also examined. The search identified 22 research papers addressing methods used in teaching surface anatomy, 31 papers that can help in the improvement of surface anatomy curriculum, and 12 anatomy textbooks. These teaching methods included: body painting, peer volunteer surface anatomy, use of a living anatomy model, real time ultrasound, virtual (visible) human dissector (VHD), full body digital x‐ray of cadavers (Lodox® Statscan® images) combined with palpating landmarks on peers and the cadaver, as well as the use of collaborative, contextual and self‐directed learning. Nineteen of these studies were published in the period from 2006 to 2013. The 31 papers covered evidence‐based and clinically‐applied surface anatomy. The percentage of surface anatomy in textbooks' contents ranged from 0 to 6.2 with an average of 3.4%. The number of medical illustrations on surface anatomy varied from 0 to 135. In conclusion, although there has been a progressive increase in publications addressing methods used in teaching surface anatomy over the last six to seven years, most anatomy textbooks do not provide students with adequate information about surface anatomy. Only three textbooks provided a solid explanation and foundation of understanding surface anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 6: 415–432. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Morphometric evaluation of proximal femur in patients with unilateral total hip prosthesis
Authors: İyem Cİhan , Güvençer Mustafa , Karatosun Vasfİ , Ünver Bayram
Published: May 2013

It is important to know the morphometric characteristics of the proximal femur. This is necessary to reduce the risk of complications related to surgical procedures performed in the area due to vascular, metabolic, or traumatic causes. It is of importance for achieving the alignment of the prosthesis to be implanted as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the proximal femur and to establish a database for making and performing total hip prosthesis. Anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs of 162 cases, with a mean age of 65.6 years, who had undergone unilateral total hip arthroplasty were used in this study. Femoral head diameter (FHD), femoral neck width (FNW), femoral neck length (FNL), femoral neck axis length (FNAL), intertrochanteric line length (ILL), and neck‐shaft angle (NSA) were measured on radiographs obtained digitally using setrapacs media. FHD was found to be 48.1 ± 3.7 mm, FNW 35.4 ± 4.2 mm, FNL 30.8 ± 6.1 mm, FNAL 98.6 ± 9.4 mm, ILL 81.1 ± 7.9 mm, and NSA 130.4 ± 5.1° on average. The comparison of the mean values for females and males revealed a statistically significant difference between the FHD, FNW, FNL, FNAL, and ILL (P = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference in NSA between males and females (P = 0.356). A weak correlation was found between age and parameter values using correlation analysis (r < 0.24, P > 0.05). In morphometric assessment of the proximal femur, taking into consideration regional and sexual differences is of importance for prosthesis design and surgical success. Clin. Anat. 27:478–488, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Innervation pattern of the suprascapular nerve within supraspinatus: A three‐dimensional computer modeling study
Authors: Hermenegildo J.A. , Roberts S.L. , Kim S.Y.
Published: May 2013

The relationship between the innervation pattern of the suprascapular nerve (SSN) and the muscle architecture of supraspinatus has not been thoroughly investigated. The supraspinatus is composed of two architecturally distinct regions: anterior and posterior. Each of these regions is further subdivided into three parts: superficial, middle and deep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the course of the SSN throughout the volume of supraspinatus and to relate the intramuscular branches to the distinct regions and parts of the supraspinatus. The SSN was dissected in thirty formalin embalmed cadaveric specimens and digitized throughout the muscle volume in six of those specimens. The digitized data were modeled using Autodesk® Maya® 2011. The three‐dimensional (3D) models were used to relate the intramuscular innervation pattern to the muscle and tendon architecture defined by Kim et al. (2007, Clin Anat 20:648–655). The SSN bifurcated into two main trunks: medial and lateral. All parts of the anterior region were predominantly innervated by the medial trunk and its proximal and medial branches, whereas all parts of the posterior region predominantly by the lateral trunk and its posterolateral and/or posteromedial branches. The posterior region also received innervation from the proximal branch of the medial trunk in half of the specimens. These findings provide evidence that the anterior and posterior regions are distinct with respect to their innervation. The 3D map of the innervation pattern will aid in planning future clinical studies investigating muscle activation patterns and provide insight into possible injury of the nerve with supraspinatus pathology and surgical techniques. Clin. Anat. 622–630, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective effects of lipoic acid and mesna on cyclophosphamide‐induced haemorrhagic cystitis in mice
Authors: Song Jianbo , Liu Lichao , Li Lingrui , Liu Jing , Song Erqun , Song Yang
Published: May 2013

The protective roles of lipoic acid (LA)/vitamin C (VC) and mesna on preventing cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) were investigated. Swiss mice were divided into five groups randomly. HC was induced by a single dose of CYP injection (150‐mg kg−1 bodyweight). Group I was injected with saline (four times in total) throughout as control group. Group II received CYP and three equal doses of saline. Group III received CYP and three doses of mesna, whereas Group IV (or Group V) received CYP, mesna + two doses of VC (or LA). All injections were performed intraperitoneally. After 24 h of cystitis induction, the bladders were collected for all the experiments. Histological characterization showed that CYP injection resulted in severe HC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances' levels were increased in CYP group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S‐transferase and glutathione peroxidase, were inhibited significantly in CYP groups, respectively. In addition, activation of c‐jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) may be involved in the mechanism of CYP‐induced HC but not extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK). Significant suppression of p38 phosphorylation on Group V suggests that LA and mesna may have synergistic beneficial effect. In Groups III–V, all the parameters of HC and oxidative stress were inhibited significantly. Taking together, we found that these results illustrated that ROS play an important role on CYP‐induced HC and the administration of LA/VC with mesna may have therapeutic potential against CYP‐induced bladder HC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 Crystals as Models for the Methanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Process: Bridging the Gap between Single‐Particle Examination and Bulk Catalyst Analysis
Authors: Hofmann Jan P. , Mores Davide , Aramburo Luis R. , Teketel Shewangizaw , Rohnke Marcus , Janek Jürgen , Olsbye Unni , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: May 2013

The catalytic, deactivation, and regeneration characteristics of large coffin‐shaped H‐ZSM‐5 crystals were investigated during the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction at 350 and 500 °C. Online gas‐phase effluent analysis and examination of retained material thereof were used to explore the bulk properties of large coffin‐shaped zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 crystals in a fixed‐bed reactor to introduce them as model catalysts for the MTH reaction. These findings were related to observations made at the individual particle level by using polarization‐dependent UV‐visible microspectroscopy and mass spectrometric techniques after reaction in an in situ microspectroscopy reaction cell. Excellent agreement between the spectroscopic measurements and the analysis of hydrocarbon deposits by means of retained hydrocarbon analysis and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry of spent catalyst materials was observed. The obtained data reveal a shift towards more condensed coke deposits on the outer zeolite surface at higher reaction temperatures. Zeolites in the fixed‐bed reactor setup underwent more coke deposition than those reacted in the in situ microspectroscopy reaction cell. Regeneration studies of the large zeolite crystals were performed by oxidation in O2/inert gas mixtures at 550 °C. UV‐visible microspectroscopic measurements using the oligomerization of styrene derivatives as probe reaction indicated that the fraction of strong acid sites decreased during regeneration. This change was accompanied by a slight decrease in the initial conversion obtained after regeneration. H‐ZSM‐5 deactivated more rapidly at higher reaction temperature.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Supermicroporous Iron(III) Phosphonate Nanoparticles as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biofuels
Authors: Pramanik Malay , Bhaumik Asim
Published: May 2013

Here we report a novel family of crystalline, supermicroporous iron(III) phosphonate nanomaterials (HFeP‐1‐3, HFeP‐1‐2, and HFeP‐1‐4) with different FeIII‐to‐organophosphonate ligand mole ratios. The materials were synthesized by using a hydrothermal reaction between benzene‐1,3,5‐triphosphonic acid and iron(III) chloride under acidic conditions (pH≈4.0). Powder X‐ray diffraction, N2 sorption, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) image analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA), and FTIR spectroscopic tools were used to characterize the materials. The triclinic crystal phase [P(2) space group] of the hybrid iron phosphonate was established by a Rietveld refinement of the PXRD analysis of HFeP‐1‐3 by using the MAUD program. The unit cell parameters are a=8.749(1), b=8.578(1), c=17.725(3) Å; α=104.47(3), β=97.64(1), γ=113.56(3)°; and V=1013.41 Å3. With these crystal parameters, we proposed an 24‐membered‐ring open framework structure for HFeP‐1. Compound HFeP‐1‐3, with an starting Fe/ligand molar ratio of 3.0, shows the highest Brunauer–Emmett–Telller (BET) surface area of 556 m2g−1 and uniform supermicropores of approximately 1.1 nm. The acidic surface of the porous iron(III) phosphonate nanoparticles was used in a highly efficient and recyclable catalytic transesterification reaction for the synthesis of biofuels under mild reaction conditions.
Thiol–Yne Click Reactions on Alkynyl–Dopamine‐Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Kaminska Izabela , Qi Wang , Barras Alexandre , Sobczak Janusz , Niedziolka‐Jonsson Joanna , Woisel Patrice , Lyskawa Joel , Laure William , Opallo Marcin , Li Musen , Boukherroub Rabah , Szunerits Sabine
Published: May 2013

The large‐scale preparation of graphene is of great importance due to its potential applications in various fields. We report herein a simple method for the simultaneous exfoliation and reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced GO (rGO) by using alkynyl‐terminated dopamine as the reducing agent. The reaction was performed under mild conditions to yield rGO functionalized with the dopamine derivative. The chemical reactivity of the alkynyl function was demonstrated by post‐functionalization with two thiolated precursors, namely 6‐(ferrocenyl)hexanethiol and 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecanethiol. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, Raman spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the resulting surfaces.
Total Syntheses of (±)‐Fawcettimine, (±)‐Fawcettidine, (±)‐Lycoflexine, and (±)‐Lycoposerramine‐Q
Authors: Itoh Naoya , Iwata Takashi , Sugihara Hiromi , Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Mukai Chisato
Published: May 2013

The total syntheses of four fawcettimine‐related Lycopodium alkaloids, (±)‐fawcettimine, (±)‐fawcettidine, (±)‐lycoposerramine‐Q, and (±)‐lycoflexine, were completed in a highly stereoselective manner. The Pauson–Khand reaction of 4‐methylidene‐6‐siloxyoct‐1‐en‐7‐yne followed by regio‐ and stereoselective hydrogenation led to the short‐step preparation of the bicyclo[4.3.0]nonenone intermediate bearing a methyl group with the required stereochemistry. The subsequent chemical manipulation of the bicyclic compound afforded the 6‐5‐9‐membered tricyclic dioxo compound, which was then transformed into the four targeted alkaloids in an alternative and more efficient fashion.
Three‐Dimensional Architectures Incorporating Stereoregular Donor–Acceptor Stacks
Authors: Cao Dennis , Juríček Michal , Brown Zachary J. , Sue Andrew C.‐H. , Liu Zhichang , Lei Juying , Blackburn Anthea K. , Grunder Sergio , Sarjeant Amy A. , Coskun Ali , Wang Cheng , Farha Omar K. , Hupp Joseph T. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: May 2013

We report the synthesis of two [2]catenane‐containing struts that are composed of a tetracationic cyclophane (TC4+) encircling a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP)‐based crown ether, which bears two terphenylene arms. The TC4+ rings comprise either 1) two bipyridinium (BIPY2+) units or 2) a BIPY2+ and a diazapyrenium (DAP2+) unit. These degenerate and nondegenerate catenanes were reacted in the presence of Cu(NO3)2⋅2.5 H2O to yield Cu‐paddlewheel‐based MOF‐1050 and MOF‐1051. The solid‐state structures of these MOFs reveal that the metal clusters serve to join the heptaphenylene struts into grid‐like 2D networks. These 2D sheets are then held together by infinite donor–acceptor stacks involving the [2]catenanes to produce interpenetrated 3D architectures. As a consequence of the planar chirality associated with both the DNP and hydroquinone (HQ) units present in the crown ether, each catenane can exist as four stereoisomers. In the case of the nondegenerate (bistable) catenane, the situation is further complicated by the presence of translational isomers. Upon crystallization, however, only two of the four possible stereoisomers—namely, the enantiomeric RR and SS forms—are observed in the crystals. An additional element of co‐conformational selectivity is present in MOF‐1051 as a consequence of the substitution of one of the BIPY2+ units by a DAP2+ unit: only the translational isomer in which the DAP2+ unit is encircled by the crown ether is observed. The overall topologies of MOF‐1050 and MOF‐1051, and the selective formation of stereoisomers and translational isomers during the kinetically driven crystallization, provide evidence that weak noncovalent bonding interactions play a significant role in the assembly of these extended (super)structures.
Highly Efficient Fine Dust Deposition from Small‐Scale Heating Systems with a Baghouse Filter
Authors: Schiller Sascha , Schmidt Hans‐Joachim
Published: May 2013

Zur Erfüllung der Anforderungen der novellierten ersten Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (1. BImSchV: Verordnung über kleine und mittlere Feuerungsanlagen) wurde ein Schlauchfiltersystem für den Gebrauch in kleinen und mittleren Feuerungsanlagen entwickelt. Ein zur Filtration benötigtes Filterhilfsmittel wird vollautomatisch portioniert, dispergiert und dem Prozess zugeführt. Mit dieser Technik ist es möglich, den Feinstaubgehalt im Abgas auf unter 1 mg m–3 i.N. zu senken und damit die geforderten Grenzwerte weit zu unterschreiten.
Optical Multimode Online Probe: Detection and Analysis of Particle Collectives
Authors: Mickler Matthias , Bart Hans‐Jörg
Published: May 2013

Die vorgestellte Optical Multimode Online Probe verwendet telezentrische Beleuchtung mittels Hochleistungs‐Mikro‐LED (493 lm) und ein objektseitig‐telezentrisches Objektiv zur Online‐Analyse von Tropfenkollektiven. Es entstehen relative Messfehler von < 2 – 5 % (Durchlicht) bzw. <60; 12 % (Auflicht) bezogen auf die Partikeldurchmesser. Aufbauend auf der Distanztransformation zur Analyse der Durchlichtabbildungen wird ein adaptiver Vorsegmentierungsansatz auf Basis des Random Forest Classifiers vorgestellt. Die Abweichungen bezogen auf die Pixelzahl liegen bei 1 bis 6 %, nach Auswertung der Kreise bei 12,9 % bezogen auf den mittleren Partikeldurchmesser.
Current Developments in Cellulase Engineering
Authors: Rentmeister Andrea
Published: May 2013

Die Hydrolyse von Cellulose aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen, die nicht als Nahrungsmittel dienen, stellt einen Schlüsselschritt für die effiziente Gewinnung von Biokraftstoffen wie Ethanol oder Butanol dar. Die Verbesserung von Cellulasen könnte den Gesamtprozess kosteneffizienter machen und wird mittels verschiedener Strategien verfolgt. Neue Zusammenstellungen von Cellulasen zielen langfristig darauf ab, eine Gesamtbioprozessierung zu erreichen. Hierfür wurden Designer‐Cellulosomen konstruiert und gut fermentierende Organismen mit Cellulaseaktivität versehen. Außerdem werden Cellulasen mit verbesserter Thermostabilität und Aktivität benötigt. Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bereich Cellulase‐Engineering werden zusammengefasst und die Erfolge und Limitierungen herausgestellt.
Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia After Out‐Of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Complicating ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Long‐term Results in Clinical Practice
Authors: Zimmermann Stefan , Flachskampf Frank A. , Schneider Reinhard , Dechant Katharina , Alff Anna , Klinghammer Lutz , Rittger Harald , Achenbach Stephan
Published: May 2013

Background

Recently, mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) has been integrated into the European resuscitation guidelines to improve outcomes after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Data on long‐term results are limited, especially in patients with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Hypothesis

Invasive MTH influences long‐term prognosis after OHCA due to STEMI.

Methods

We analyzed 48 patients who underwent emergency coronary angiography for STEMI after witnessed OHCA. In 24 consecutive patients, MTH was performed via intravascular cooling (CoolGard System, 34°C maintained for 24 hours) after initialization by rapid infusion of cold saline. Clinical, procedural, and mortality data were compared to 24 historical controls. Neurological recovery was assessed using the Cerebral Performance Category score (CPC) at 30‐day and 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

Median time delay until arrival of emergency medical service was 6 minutes (MTH group) vs 6.5 minutes (controls) (P = 0.16). Initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation in 75% vs 66.7% (P = 0.75). There were no differences regarding baseline characteristics, angiographic findings, and success of cardiac catheterization procedures. MTH was not associated with a higher frequency of bleeding complications or of pneumonia. Thirty‐day mortality was 33.3% in both groups. One‐year mortality was 37.5% (MTH group) vs 50% (controls) (P = 0.56). At 1 year, favorable neurological outcome (CPC ≤2) was significantly more frequent in the MTH group (58.3% vs 20.8%, P = 0.017). Multivariate analysis identified MTH as independent predictor of favorable neurological outcome (P < 0.02, odds ratio: 12.73).

Conclusions

MTH via intravascular cooling improves neurological long‐term prognosis after OHCA due to STEMI and is safe in clinical practice.
Homogeneous Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Elliptic Equations in Four Dimensions
Authors: Nadirashvili Nikolai , Vlăduţ Serge
Published: May 2013

We prove that there is no nontrivial homogeneous order 2 analytic outside zero solutions of fully nonlinear, uniformly elliptic equations in ℝ. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Deposition Technique for Metal Films Containing Inorganic Fullerene‐Like (IF) Nanoparticles
Authors: Goldbart Ohad , Yoffe Alexander , Cohen Sidney R. , Rosentsveig Rita , Feldman Yishay , Rapoport Lev , Tenne Reshef
Published: May 2013

This study describes a new method for fabrication of thin composite films using physical vapor deposition (PVD). Titanium (Ti) and hybrid films of titanium containing tungsten disulphide nanoparticles with inorganic fullerene‐like structure (Ti/IF‐WS2) were fabricated with a modified PVD machine. The evaporation process includes the pulsed deposition of IF‐WS2 by a sprayer head. This process results in IF‐WS2 nanoparticles embedded in a Ti matrix. The layers were characterized by various techniques, which confirm the composition and structure of the hybrid film. The Ti/IF‐WS2 shows better wear resistance and a lower friction coefficient when compared to the Ti layer or Ti substrate. The Ti/IF films show very good antireflective properties in the visible and near‐IR region. Such films may find numerous applications, for example, in the aerospace and medical technology.
Protein Resistance of Surfaces Modified with Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Aryl Diazonium Derivatives
Authors: Fairman Callie , Ginges Joshua Z. , Lowe Stuart B. , Gooding J. Justin
Published: May 2013

Anti‐fouling surfaces are of great importance for reducing background interference in biosensor signals. Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) moieties are commonly used to confer protein resistance on gold, silicon and carbon surfaces. Herein, we report the modification of surfaces using electrochemical deposition of OEG aryl diazonium salts. Using electrochemical and contact angle measurements, the ligand packing density is found to be loose, which supports the findings of the fluorescent protein labelling that aryl diazonium OEGs confer resistance to nonspecific adsorption of proteins albeit lower than alkane thiol‐terminated OEGs. In addition to protein resistance, aryl diazonium attachment chemistry results in stable modification. In common with OEG species on gold electrodes, OEGs with distal hydroxyl moieties do confer superior protein resistance to those with a distal methoxy group. This is especially the case for longer derivatives where superior coiling of the OEG chains is possible.
Viscosity Mixing Rules for Binary Systems Containing One Ionic Liquid
Authors: Tariq Mohammed , Altamash Tausif , Salavera Daniel , Coronas Alberto , Rebelo Luis P. N. , Lopes Jose N. Canongia
Published: May 2013

In this work the applicability of four of the most commonly used viscosity mixing rules to [ionic liquid (IL)+molecular solvent (MS)] systems is assessed. More than one hundred (IL+MS) binary mixtures were selected from the literature to test the viscosity mixing rules proposed by 1) Hind (Hi), 2) Grunberg and Nissan (G–N), 3) Herric (He) and 4) Katti and Chaudhri (K–C). The analyses were performed by estimating the average (absolute or relative) deviations, AADs and ARDs, between the available experimental data and the predicted ideal mixture viscosity values obtained by means of each rule. The interaction terms corresponding to the adjustable parameters inherent to each rule were also calculated and their trends discussed.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring: 40 Years, What We′ve Learned and What’s Next
Authors: Gifford Raeann
Published: May 2013

After 40 years of research and development, today continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is demonstrating the benefit it provides for millions with diabetes. To provide in vivo accuracy, new permselective membranes and mediated systems have been developed to prevent enzyme saturation and to minimize interference signals. Early in vivo implanted sensor research clearly showed that the foreign body response was a more difficult issue to overcome. Understanding the biological interface and circumventing the inflammatory response continue to drive development of a CGM sensor with accuracy and reliability performance suitable in a closed‐loop artificial pancreas. Along with biocompatible polymer development, other complimentary algorithm and data analysis techniques have improved the performance of commercial systems significantly. For example, the mean average relative difference of Dexcom’s CGM system improved from 26 to 14 % and its use‐life was extended from 3 to 7 d. Significant gains in usability, including size, flexibility, insertion, calibration, and data interface, have been incorporated into new generations of commercial CGM systems. Besides Medtronic, Dexcom, and Abbott, other major players are also investing in CGM. Becton Dickinson is conducting clinical trials with an optical galactose glucose binding system. Development of fully implanted sensor systems fulfills the desire for a discreet, reliable CGM system. Research continues to find innovative ways to help make living with diabetes easier and more normal, and new segments are being pursued (intensive care unit, surgery, behavior modification) in which CGM is being utilized.
Probing the γ‐Turn in a Short Proline Dipeptide Chain
Authors: Cabezas Carlos , Varela Marcelino , Alonso José L.
Published: May 2013

The small peptide derived from proline, N‐acetyl‐prolinamide (Ac‐Pro‐NH2), has been investigated using a combination of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy with laser ablation. Spectral signatures belonging to only one conformer have been detected in the supersonic expansion. Rotational constants and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the two 14N nuclei have been used in the characterization of a γ‐turn structure in the gas phase, which is stabilized by a CO⋅⋅⋅HN intramolecular hydrogen bond closing a seven‐membered ring. A methyl group internal rotation barrier of 354 cm−1 has been determined from the analysis of the A–E splittings.
Silver‐Containing Ionic Liquids with Alkylamine Ligands
Authors: Depuydt Daphne , Brooks Neil R. , Schaltin Stijn , Van Meervelt Luc , Fransaer Jan , Binnemans Koen
Published: May 2013

The synthesis, structure and electrochemical properties of several silver‐containing liquid metal salts have been investigated. These ionic liquids comprise of a silver‐containing cation with a silver centre coordinated by two or more alkylamine ligands and a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf2N) anion. With the monodentate amines tert‐butylamine (tBuAm), iso‐butylamine (iso‐BuAm), sec‐butylamine (sec‐BuAm), 2‐ethylhexylamine (2‐EtHexAm), di(2‐ethylhexyl)amine and piperidine (pip), compounds with the formula [Ag(L)2][Tf2N] are formed, several of which are room‐temperature ionic liquids and all melt at or below 100 °C. In the case of [Ag(L)2][Tf2N] (L=tBuAm, iso‐BuAm and pip), single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction shows that, in the solid state, the silver centres are two‐fold coordinated by two amine ligands and the anion and cation exist as separated ion pairs. With ethylenediamine (en), two different compounds were formed, depending on the silver‐to‐ligand ratio and their structures were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction. [Ag(en)][Tf2N] has a very high melting point and is polymeric in the solid state, with en ligands coordinated to different silver(I) centres, creating one‐dimensional chains. [Ag(en)2][Tf2N], on the other hand, is a room‐temperature ionic liquid, with four‐coordinate silver(I) centres, but is actually polymeric in the solid state. The electrodeposition behaviour of [Ag(2‐EtHexAm)2][Tf2N] and [Ag(en)2][Tf2N] was investigated both at room temperature and at 90 °C and it was possible to achieve very high current densities in unstirred solutions and to electrodeposit closed, crack‐free, silver coatings. A crystal of [Ag2(en)Cl2] was obtained from a solution of [Ag(en)][Tf2N] in deuterochloroform and its structure is described.
Standard fluorescent imaging of live cells is highly genotoxic
Authors: Ge Jing , Wood David K. , Weingeist David M. , Prasongtanakij Somsak , Navasumrit Panida , Ruchirawat Mathuros , Engelward Bevin P.
Published: May 2013

Fluorescence microscopy is commonly used for imaging live mammalian cells. Here, we describe studies aimed at revealing the potential genotoxic effects of standard fluorescence microscopy. To assess DNA damage, a high throughput platform for single cell gel electrophoresis is used (e.g., the CometChip). Light emitted by three standard filters was studied: (a) violet light [340–380 nm], used to excite DAPI and other blue fluorophores, (b) blue light [460–500 nm] commonly used to image green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Calcein AM, and (c) green light [528–553 nm], useful for imaging red fluorophores. Results show that exposure of samples to light during imaging is indeed genotoxic even when the selected wavelengths are outside the range known to induce significant damage levels. Shorter excitation wavelengths and longer irradiation times lead to higher levels of DNA damage. We have also measured DNA damage in cells expressing enhanced GFP or stained with Calcein AM, a widely used green fluorophore. Data show that Calcein AM leads to a synergistic increase in the levels of DNA damage and that even cells that are not being directly imaged sustain significant DNA damage from exposure to indirect light. The nature of light‐induced DNA damage during imaging was assessed using the Fpg glycosylase, an enzyme that enables quantification of oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative damage was evident in cells exposed to violet light. Furthermore, the Fpg glycosylase revealed the presence of oxidative DNA damage in blue‐light exposed cells for which DNA damage was not detected using standard analysis conditions. Taken together, the results of these studies call attention to the potential confounding effects of DNA damage induced by standard imaging conditions, and identify wavelength, exposure time, and fluorophore as parameters that can be modulated to reduce light‐induced DNA damage. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Calibration procedures for the quantitative determination of membrane potential in human cells using anionic dyes
Authors: Klapperstück Thomas , Glanz Dagobert , Hanitsch Stefan , Klapperstück Manuela , Markwardt Fritz , Wohlrab Johannes
Published: May 2013

Quantitative determinations of the cell membrane potential of lymphocytes (Wilson et al., J Cell Physiol 1985;125:72–81) and thymocytes (Krasznai et al., J Photochem Photobiol B 1995;28:93–99) using the anionic dye DiBAC4(3) proved that dye depletion in the extracellular medium as a result of cellular uptake can be negligible over a wide range of cell densities. In contrast, most flow cytometric studies have not verified this condition but rather assumed it from the start. Consequently, the initially prepared extracellular dye concentration has usually been used for the calculation of the Nernst potential of the dye. In this study, however, external dye depletion could be observed in both large IGR‐1 and small LCL‐HO cells under experimental conditions, which have often been applied routinely in spectrofluorimetry and flow cytometry. The maximum cell density at which dye depletion could be virtually avoided was dependent on cell size and membrane potential and definitely needed to be taken into account to ensure reliable results. In addition, accepted calibration procedures based on the partition of sodium and potassium (Goldman‐Hodgkin‐Katz equation) or potassium alone (Nernst equation) were performed by flow cytometry on cell suspensions with an appropriately low cell density. The observed extensive lack of concordance between the correspondingly calculated membrane potential and the equilibrium potential of DiBAC4(3) revealed that these methods require the additional measurement of cation parameters (membrane permeability and/or intracellular concentration). In contrast, due to the linear relation between fluorescence and low DiBAC4(3) concentrations, the Nernst potential of the dye for totally depolarized cells can be reliably used for calibration with an essentially lower effort and expense. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
B‐Mercaptocarboranes: A New Synthetic Route
Authors: Kabytaev Kuanysh Z. , Everett Thomas A. , Safronov Alexander V. , Sevryugina Yulia V. , Jalisatgi Satish S. , Hawthorne M. Frederick
Published: May 2013

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of M. Frederick Hawthorne at the University of Missouri. The cover image shows a novel route for synthesis of 3‐SH‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane through Pd‐catalyzed iodine exchange with the sulfur nucleophile TIPS?SH in ortho‐carborane. The thiolated borane clusters can be applied in thiol‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on surfaces such as gold.
Copper‐Mediated Cyanation of Aryl Halides by Activation of Benzyl Cyanide as the Cyanide Source
Authors: Wen Qiaodong , Jin Jisong , Mei Yuncai , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: May 2013

Aryl nitriles were efficiently synthesized through copper‐mediated cyanation of aryl halides using benzyl cyanide as the cyanide source. Aryl halides with various substituents on the aromatic ring afforded the corresponding aryl nitriles in 32–97 % yields (25 examples). This reaction could also be carried on a gram scale by using commercially available reagents. Additionally, a C–H bond oxidation and a C–CN cleavage are proposed to be involved in this cascade process.
Utilization of Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Voltammetric Determination of Chlortoluron
Authors: Dejmkova Hana , Houskova Lucie , Barek Jiri , Zima Jiri
Published: May 2013

Conventional (CPE) and miniaturized (m‐CPE) carbon paste electrodes consisting of a carbon paste filled capillary were used for differential pulse voltammetric determination of chlortoluron in samples of river water and soil, in the latter case after the extraction by methanol. Britton‐Robinson buffer pH 3 with low content of methanol was found to be optimal for the determination. The achieved determination limits were 2.8 µmol L−1 and 0.34 µmol L−1 in river water, and 3.1 and 4.3 µg g−1 in soil, using CPE and m‐CPE, respectively.
Direct Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Simultaneous Determination of 5‐Methylcytosine and Cytosine at Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxia , Wang Lishi
Published: May 2013

Direct electrocatalytic oxidation and simultaneous determination of 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC) and cytosine(C) were realized in alkaline solutions by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) based on an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (er‐GO) modified glassy carbon electrode (er‐GO/GCE). The as‐prepared er‐GO/GCE exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of 5‐mC and C. Under optimum conditions, the er‐GO/GCE was applied to the simultaneous determination of 5‐mC and C with a significantly improved peak potential resolution (about 150 mV), and a linear relationship can be obtained in the range of 6–200.0 µmol/L and 8–250.0 µmol/L, respectively. In addition, the proposed method was further successfully applied to the analysis of methylation status in short CpG oligonucleotides with satisfactory results.
Structure and physicochemical properties of starches in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) rhizome
Authors: Yu Huaguang , Cheng Libao , Yin Jingjing , Yan Shunjun , Liu Kejun , Zhang Fengmin , Xu Bin , Li Liangjun
Published: May 2013

The type and content of starch are believed to be the most critical factors in determining the storage and processing quality of lotus rhizome species, and the intention of this study is to survey the structure and properties of starches isolated from rhizomes of two lotus cultivars using X‐ray powder diffraction, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, and rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA). Starch in rhizome of cultivar Meirenhong exhibited C‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, while starch in rhizome of cultivar Wawalian showed A‐type pattern. 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP‐MAS NMR) also confirmed the polymorphs. The relative crystallinity of two starches was quantitatively estimated from two methods and compared. Attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) results indicated that the external regions of the starch granules had a great level of ordered structure. Starch granules in Meirenhong showed oval‐shaped granules, while starch granules in Wawalian were elongated and oval in shape with relatively large size. Gelatinization temperatures of starch in Meirenhong and Wawalian were 330.5 and 342.4 K, respectively, and the gelatinization temperature range of Meirenhong was significantly wider than that of Wawalian. Starch in rhizome of cultivar Meirenhong showed lower pasting temperature, lower hot and cool viscosities, lower setback, and higher peak viscosity and breakdown than those of Wawalian in RVA pasting profiles at 6% starch concentration.
Reconstructing lava flow emplacement processes at the hot spot‐affected Galápagos Spreading Center, 95°W and 92°W
Authors: McClinton Tim , White Scott M. , Colman Alice , Sinton John M.
Published: May 2013

Volcanic eruptions at mid‐ocean ridges (MORs) control the permeability, internal structure, and architecture of oceanic crust, thus establishing the foundation for the evolution of the ocean basins. To better understand the emplacement of submarine lava flows at MORs, we have integrated submersible‐based geologic mapping with remote sensing techniques to characterize the lava flow morphology within previously mapped lava flow fields produced during single eruptive episodes at the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC). Detailed attributes describing the surface geometry and texture of the lava flows have been extracted from high‐resolution sonar data and combined with georeferenced visual observations from submersible dives and camera tows; based on signatures contained in these data, a fuzzy logic‐based classification algorithm categorized lava flow morphology as pillows, lobates, or sheets. The resulting digital thematic maps offer an unprecedented view of GSC lava morphology, collectively covering 77 km2 of ridge axis terrain at a resolution of 2 m × 2 m. Error assessments with independent visual reference data indicate approximately 90% agreement, comparable to subaerial classification studies. The digital lava morphology maps enable quantitative, spatially comprehensive measurements of the abundance and distribution of lava morphologies over large areas of seafloor and within individual eruptive units. A comparison of lava flow fields mapped at lower‐ and higher‐magma‐supply settings (95° and 92°W, respectively) indicates that effusion rates increase along with magma supply and independent of spreading rate at the GSC, although a complete range of eruptive behavior exists at each setting.
Eddy‐induced variability of the meridional overturning circulation in a model of the North Atlantic
Authors: Thomas M. D. , Zhai X.
Published: May 2013

Observations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) show that it varies on all timescales. Here we isolate the contribution of eddies to AMOC variability using an eddy‐permitting model of the North Atlantic driven by climatological and steady forcing. The eddy‐induced AMOC variability is found to be ubiquitous and significant at all latitudes, with a magnitude comparable to the seasonal cycle in the subtropics. Furthermore, the eddy‐induced AMOC variability is manifested not only at high frequencies but also at interannual and longer timescales. These results imply that a significant fraction of the AMOC variability is inherently unpredictable at seasonal to interannual timescales.
Dynamics and distribution of nano‐dust particles in the inner solar system
Authors: Juhász A. , Horányi M.
Published: May 2013

Dust particles in the approximate mass range of 10−22<m<10−20 kg produced near the Sun, due to collisions and breakup of larger interplanetary dust particles, have been shown to become entrained in the solar wind plasma flow. When these so‐called nano‐dust particles (NDPs) impact a spacecraft, they have been suggested to produce sufficiently large plasma clouds to cause a detectable signal in the onboard electric antennas. NDPs have been identified on the twin STEREO spacecraft, and the observed intermittent nature of their fluxes were suggested to represent the stochastic nature of their sources near the Sun. Here we show that even if the generation of NDPs remains a constant in time, their detectability near the ecliptic plane becomes intermittent due their interaction with the interplanetary magnetic fields.
Modelling the benefits of early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using a biomarker signature
Authors: Ghatnekar Ola , Andersson Roland , Svensson Marianne , Persson Ulf , Ringdahl Ulrika , Zeilon Paula , Borrebaeck Carl A.K.
Published: May 2013

Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5‐year survival of 3–4%. This is mainly due to late diagnosis because of diffuse symptoms, where 80–85% of the patients are inoperable. Consequently, early diagnosis would be of significant benefit, resulting in a potential 5‐year survival of 30–40%. However, new technologies must be carefully evaluated concerning effectiveness and healthcare costs. We have developed a framework for modelling cost and health effects from early detection of PC, which for the first time allowed us to analyse its cost‐effectiveness. A probabilistic cohort model for estimating costs and quality adjusted life‐years (QALY) arising from screening for PC, compared to a “wait‐and‐see”‐approach, was designed. The test accuracy, Swedish survival and costs by tumour stage, expected life gain from early detection and pretest probabilities in risk groups, were retrieved from previous investigations. In a cohort of newly diagnosed diabetic patient (incidence 0.71%) the incremental cost per QALY gained (ICER) was €13,500, which is considered cost‐effective in Europe. Results were mainly sensitive to the incidence with the ICER ranging from €315 to €204,000 (familial PC 35% and general population 0.046%, respectively). This is the first study focusing on clinical implementation of advanced testing and what is required for novel technologies in cancer care to be cost‐effective. The model clearly demonstrated the potential of multiplexed proteomic‐testing of PC and also identified the requirements for test accuracy. Consequently, it can serve as a model for assessing the possibilities to introduce advanced test platforms also for other cancer indications.
Decadal variations in the global atmospheric land temperatures
Authors: Muller Richard A. , Curry Judith , Groom Donald , Jacobsen Robert , Perlmutter Saul , Rohde Robert , Rosenfeld Arthur , Wickham Charlotte , Wurtele Jonathan
Published: May 2013

Interannual to decadal variations in Earth global temperature estimates have often been identified with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. However, we show that variability on time scales of 2–15 years in mean annual global land surface temperature anomalies Tavg are more closely correlated with variability in sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic. In particular, the cross‐correlation of annually averaged values of Tavg with annual values of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index is much stronger than that of Tavg with ENSO. The pattern of fluctuations in Tavg from 1950 to 2010 reflects true climate variability and is not an artifact of station sampling. A world map of temperature correlations shows that the association with AMO is broadly distributed and unidirectional. The effect of El Niño on temperature is locally stronger, but can be of either sign, leading to less impact on the global average. We identify one strong narrow spectral peak in the AMO at period 9.1 ± 0.4 years and p value of 1.7% (confidence level, 98.3%). Variations in the flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation may be responsible for some of the 2–15 year variability observed in global land temperatures.