bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Bildgebung der Lunge
Authors: Prayer F. , Röhrich S. , Pan J. , Hofmanninger J. , Langs G. , Prosch H.
Published: November 2019

Klinisches/methodisches Problem

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) hat das Potenzial, durch automatisierte Detektion, Quantifizierung, Klassifikation und Verlaufsprädiktion die Diagnostik und Behandlung von Patienten mit Lungenerkrankungen zu verbessern.

Radiologische Standardverfahren

Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen stellen aufgrund unspezifischer Symptomatik, geringer Anzahl visuell erfassbarer computertomographischer Erkrankungsmuster sowie der potenziell schwerwiegenden Prognose einen Forschungsschwerpunkt für KI dar.

Methodische Innovationen

Durch überwachtes und unüberwachtes maschinelles Lernen können Erkrankungsmuster in der CT anhand von Merkmalen identifiziert und Zusammenhänge mit bestimmten Erkrankungen und deren Verlauf analysiert werden.

Leistungsfähigkeit

Maschinelles Lernen verbessert einerseits die automatisierte Detektion pulmonaler Rundherde. Andererseits bietet es die Möglichkeit, diese Rundherde zu charakterisieren, was besonders im Hinblick auf Lungenkrebs-Screening-Programme Ressourceneffizienz verspricht.

Bewertung

Neben der Notwendigkeit leistungsstarker Algorithmen stellen die Daten, anhand welcher die KI Erkrankungsmuster lernt, eine Herausforderung dar. Notwendig sind aufwändige Expertenannotation sowie eine ausreichende Größe der Trainingsdatensätze, um physiologische und pathologische Diversität abzubilden. Aufgrund der noch fehlenden Standardisierung in diesem jungen Forschungsfeld stellen sich Fragen der Vergleich- und Reproduzierbarkeit.

Empfehlung für die Praxis

Dieser Übersichtartikel beschäftigt sich mit dem State of the Art und den Herausforderungen von KI in der Bildgebund der Lunge unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen und der Detektion und Beurteilung von Lungenrundherden.
Modeling clinical assessor intervariability using deep hypersphere encoder–decoder networks
Authors: van der Putten Joost , van der Sommen Fons , de Groof Jeroen , Struyvenberg Maarten , Zinger Svitlana , Curvers Wouter , Schoon Erik , Bergman Jacques , de With Peter H. N.
Published: November 2019

In medical imaging, a proper gold-standard ground truth as, e.g., annotated segmentations by assessors or experts is lacking or only scarcely available and suffers from large intervariability in those segmentations. Most state-of-the-art segmentation models do not take inter-observer variability into account and are fully deterministic in nature. In this work, we propose hypersphere encoder–decoder networks in combination with dynamic leaky ReLUs, as a new method to explicitly incorporate inter-observer variability into a segmentation model. With this model, we can then generate multiple proposals based on the inter-observer agreement. As a result, the output segmentations of the proposed model can be tuned to typical margins inherent to the ambiguity in the data. For experimental validation, we provide a proof of concept on a toy data set as well as show improved segmentation results on two medical data sets. The proposed method has several advantages over current state-of-the-art segmentation models such as interpretability in the uncertainty of segmentation borders. Experiments with a medical localization problem show that it offers improved biopsy localizations, which are on average 12% closer to the optimal biopsy location.
Deployment of an aerial platform system for rapid restoration of communications links after a disaster: a machine learning approach
Authors: Almalki Faris A. , Angelides Marios C.
Published: November 2019

Having reliable telecommunication systems in the immediate aftermath of a catastrophic event makes a huge difference in the combined effort by local authorities, local fire and police departments, and rescue teams to save lives. This paper proposes a physical model that links base stations that are still operational with aerial platforms and then uses a machine learning framework to evolve ground-to-air propagation model for such an ad hoc network. Such a physical model is quick and easy to deploy and the underlying air-to-ground (ATG) propagation models are both resilient and scalable and may use a wide range of link budget, grade of service (GoS), and quality of service (QoS) parameters to optimise their performance and in turn the effectiveness of the physical model. The prediction results of a simulated deployment of such a physical model and the evolved propagation model in an ad hoc network offers much promise in restoring communication links during emergency relief operations.
After you, please: browser extensions order attacks and countermeasures
Authors: Picazo-Sanchez Pablo , Tapiador Juan , Schneider Gerardo
Published: November 2019

Browser extensions are small applications executed in the browser context that provide additional capabilities and enrich the user experience while surfing the web. The acceptance of extensions in current browsers is unquestionable. For instance, Chrome’s official extension repository has more than 63,000 extensions, with some of them having more than 10M users. When installed, extensions are pushed into an internal queue within the browser. The order in which each extension executes depends on a number of factors, including their relative installation times. In this paper, we demonstrate how this order can be exploited by an unprivileged malicious extension (i.e., one with no more permissions than those already assigned when accessing web content) to get access to any private information that other extensions have previously introduced. We propose a solution that does not require modifying the core browser engine, since it is implemented as another browser extension. We prove that our approach effectively protects the user against usual attackers (i.e., any other installed extension) as well as against strong attackers having access to the effects of all installed extensions (i.e., knowing who did what). We also prove soundness and robustness of our approach under reasonable assumptions.
Enabling decisions that make a difference: guidance for improving access to and analysis of invasive species information
Authors: Wallace Rebekah D. , Bargeron Charles T. , Reaser Jamie K.
Published: November 2019

The issue of how to detect and rapidly respond to invasive species before it is economically infeasible to control them is one of urgency and importance at international, national, and subnational scales. Barriers to sharing invasive species data—whether in the form of policy, culture, technology, or operational logistics—need to be addressed and overcome at all levels. We propose guiding principles for following standards, formats, and protocols to improve information sharing among US invasive species information systems and conclude that existing invasive species information standards are adequate for the facilitation of data sharing among all sectors. Rather than creating a single information-sharing system, there is a need to promote interfaces among existing information systems that will enable them to become inter-operable, to foster simultaneous access, and to deliver any and all relevant information to a particular user or application in a seamless fashion. The actions we propose include implementing a national campaign to mobilize invasive species occurrence data into publicly available information systems; maintaining a current list of invasive species data integrators/clearinghouses; establishing an agreement for sharing data among the primary US invasive species information systems; enhancing the Integrated Taxonomic Information System to fully cover taxonomic groups not yet complete; further developing and hosting data standards for critical aspects of invasive species biology; supporting and maintaining the North American Invasive Species Management Association’s mapping standards; identifying standard metrics for capturing the environmental and socio-economic impact of invasive species, including impacts and management options; continuing to support US engagement in international invasive species data sharing platforms; and continuing US membership in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
The incident command system: a framework for rapid response to biological invasion
Authors: Burgiel Stanley W.
Published: November 2019

The incident command system (ICS) is a framework for organizing and directing on-site, tactical responses to a particular event or series of events. ICS provides a command structure for coordination, information flow, analysis, decision-making, communications, and implementation in an authoritative and standardized manner. The ICS framework has been used for emergency response in a variety of situations where the environment, human health, or other resources are at risk, including wildfires, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, oil and chemical spills, infectious disease outbreaks, and invasive species. This paper outlines the key components of ICS, as well as major elements for building ICS capacity. It concludes with a list of considerations for applying ICS in the invasive species context.
Using FluoZin-3 and fura-2 to monitor acute accumulation of free intracellular Cd2+ in a pancreatic beta cell line
Authors: Malaiyandi Latha M. , Sharthiya Harsh , Barakat Ameir N. , Edwards Joshua R. , Dineley Kirk E.
Published: November 2019

The understanding of cellular Cd2+accumulation and toxicity is hampered by a lack of fluorescent indicators selective for intracellular free Cd2+([Cd2+]i). In this study, we used depolarized MIN6 mouse pancreatic beta cells as a model for evaluating [Cd2+]idetection with commercially available fluorescent probes, most of which have been traditionally used to visualize [Ca2+]iand [Zn2+]i. We trialed a panel of 12 probes including fura-2, FluoZin-3, Leadmium Green, Rhod-5N, indo-1, Fluo-5N, and others. We found that the [Zn2+]iprobe FluoZin-3 and the traditional [Ca2+]iprobe fura-2 responded most consistently and robustly to [Cd2+]iaccumulation mediated by voltage-gated calcium channels. While selective detection of [Cd2+]iby fura-2 required the omission of Ca2+from extracellular buffers, FluoZin-3 responded to [Cd2+]isimilarly in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, we showed that FluoZin-3 and fura-2 can be used together for simultaneous monitoring of [Ca2+]iand [Cd2+]iin the same cells. None of the other fluorophores tested were effective [Cd2+]idetectors in this model.
Population and landscape genetic analysis of the Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus
Authors: Kunde Miriam N. , Martins Renata F. , Premier Joe , Fickel Joerns , Förster Daniel W.
Published: November 2019

Conservation genetics can provide data needed by conservation practitioners for their decisions regarding the management of vulnerable or endangered species, such as the sun bearHelarctos malayanus. Throughout its range, the sun bear is threatened by loss and fragmentation of its habitat and the illegal trade of both live bears and bear parts. Sharply declining population numbers and population sizes, and a lack of natural dispersal between populations all threaten the genetic diversity of the remaining populations of this species. In this first population genetics study of sun bears using microsatellite markers, we analyzed 68 sun bear samples from Cambodia to investigate population structure and genetic diversity. We found evidence for two genetically distinct populations in the West and East of Cambodia. Ongoing or recent gene flow between these populations does not appear sufficient to alleviate loss of diversity in these populations, one of which (West Cambodia) is characterized by significant inbreeding. We were able to assign 85% of sun bears of unknown origin to one of the two populations with high confidence (assignment probability ≥ 85%), providing valuable information for future bear reintroduction programs. Further, our results suggest that developed land (mostly agricultural mosaics) acts as a barrier to gene flow for sun bears in Cambodia. We highlight that regional sun bear conservation action plans should consider promoting population connectivity and enforcing wildlife protection of this threatened species.
Learning by coding: A sociocultural approach to teaching web development in higher education
Authors: Faraon Montathar , Rönkkö Kari , Wiberg Mikael , Ramberg Robert
Published: November 2019

As information technology continues to evolve rapidly in society, coding skills become increasingly essential to develop. The purpose of this article is to examine differences between the learner-centered and sociocultural approaches when teaching and learning coding in higher education. A quasi-experiment was applied over six academic semesters evaluating the mentioned approaches in terms of students’ explicit attitudes, grades, and course evaluations. The findings indicated that the sociocultural approach may be a viable alternative to the learner-centered approach. More specifically, students indicated a preference for the sociocultural approach over the learner-centered approach, a greater number of students who passed the courses were educated via the sociocultural approach, and overall satisfaction was significantly higher for this approach as well. While the sociocultural approach has demonstrated to be advantageous, its integration in courses must concurrently be carefully balanced against constraints that teachers continuously experience in higher education, such as time and resources, which presents a challenge to the design of courses and to academia at large.
Matching self-reports with electrodermal activity data: Investigating temporal changes in self-regulated learning
Authors: Dindar Muhterem , Malmberg Jonna , Järvelä Sanna , Haataja Eetu , Kirschner Paul A.
Published: November 2019

This study investigated the interplay of temporal changes in self-regulated learning processes (i.e., behavioral, cognitive, motivational and emotional) and their relationship with academic achievement in computer-supported collaborative learning. The study employed electrodermal activity and self-report data to capture the dynamicity of self-regulated learning processes during 15 sessions of collaborative learning activities. Our findings revealed that the changes in motivational regulation was related to academic achievement. However, academic achievement was not related to behavioral regulation, cognitive regulation or emotional regulation. Physiological synchrony among the collaborating students was found to be related only to cognitive regulation. The results also showed that the concordance of self-report data among the collaborating students was related to higher physiological synchrony among them in the behavioral, cognitive, and motivational dimensions of self-regulated learning. The findings reflect the complexity of the relationships between self-regulated learning constructs and demonstrates the potential value of physiological measures in self-regulated learning research.
Esophageal cooling for protection during left atrial ablation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Leung Lisa WM , Gallagher Mark M , Santangeli Pasquale , Tschabrunn Cory , Guerra Jose M , Campos Bieito , Hayat Jamal , Atem Folefac , Mickelsen Steven , Kulstad Erik
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Thermal damage to the esophagus is a risk from radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the left atrium for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). The most extreme type of thermal injury results in atrio-esophageal fistula (AEF) and a correspondingly high mortality rate. Various strategies for reducing esophageal injury have been developed, including power reduction, esophageal deviation, and esophageal cooling. One method of esophageal cooling involves the direct instillation of cold water or saline into the esophagus during RF ablation. Although this method provides limited heat-extraction capacity, studies of it have suggested potential benefit. We sought to perform a meta-analysis of published studies evaluating the use of esophageal cooling via direct liquid instillation for the reduction of thermal injury during RF ablation.

Methods

We searched PubMed for studies that used esophageal cooling to protect the esophagus from thermal injury during RF ablation. We then performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model to calculate estimated effect size with 95% confidence intervals, with an outcome of esophageal lesions stratified by severity, as determined by post-procedure endoscopy.

Results

A total of 9 studies were identified and reviewed. After excluding preclinical and mathematical model studies, 3 were included in the meta-analysis, totaling 494 patients. Esophageal cooling showed a tendency to shift lesion severity downward, such that total lesions did not show a statistically significant change (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.38). For high-grade lesions, a significant OR of 0.39 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.89) in favor of esophageal cooling was found, suggesting that esophageal cooling, even with a low-capacity thermal extraction technique, reduces the severity of lesions resulting from RF ablation.

Conclusions

Esophageal cooling reduces the severity of the lesions that may result from RF ablation, even when relatively low heat extraction methods are used, such as the direct instillation of small volumes of cold liquid. Further investigation of this approach is warranted, particularly with higher heat extraction capacity techniques.
The Helical Structure of Diallylamine in the Solid State
Authors: Pugh Chloe J. , Robertson Craig M. , Steiner Alexander
Published: November 2019

In the solid state diallylamine forms supramolecular helices with four molecules per pitch that are held together by hydrogen bonding. The helical structure is the result of competing length scales at which hydrogen bonding and second-neighbour Van-der-Waals interactions occur. The structure features two crystallographically independent helices and four unique molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 4). The high Z′ value is partly a consequence of the centrosymmetric pseudo-hexagonal packing of helical columns, which is incompatible with helical spacegroup symmetries.

Graphic Abstract
Delineation of management zones with spatial data fusion and belief theory
Authors: Vallentin Claudia , Dobers Eike Stefan , Itzerott Sibylle , Kleinschmit Birgit , Spengler Daniel
Published: November 2019

Precision agriculture, as part of modern agriculture, thrives on an enormously growing amount of information and data for processing and application. The spatial data used for yield forecasting or the delimitation of management zones are very diverse, often of different quality and in different units to each other. For various reasons, approaches to combining geodata are complex, but necessary if all relevant information is to be taken into account. Data fusion with belief structures offers the possibility to link geodata with expert knowledge, to include experiences and beliefs in the process and to maintain the comprehensibility of the framework in contrast to other “black box” models. This study shows the possibility of dividing agricultural land into management zones by combining soil information, relief structures and multi-temporal satellite data using the transferable belief model. It is able to bring in the knowledge and experience of farmers with their fields and can thus offer practical assistance in management measures without taking decisions out of hand. At the same time, the method provides a solution to combine all the valuable spatial data that correlate with crop vitality and yield. For the development of the method, eleven data sets in each possible combination and different model parameters were fused. The most relevant results for the practice and the comprehensibility of the model are presented in this study. The aim of the method is a zoned field map with three classes: “low yield”, “medium yield” and “high yield”. It is shown that not all data are equally relevant for the modelling of yield classes and that the phenology of the plant is of particular importance for the selection of satellite images. The results were validated with yield data and show promising potential for use in precision agriculture.
Analysis of polling models with a self-ruling server
Authors: van Ommeren Jan-Kees , Al Hanbali Ahmad , Boucherie Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Polling systems are systems consisting of multiple queues served by a single server. In this paper, we analyze polling systems with a server that is self-ruling, i.e., the server can decide to leave a queue, independent of the queue length and the number of served customers, or stay longer at a queue even if there is no customer waiting in the queue. The server decides during a service whether this is the last service of the visit and to leave the queue afterward, or it is a regular service followed, possibly, by other services. The characteristics of the last service may be different from the other services. For these polling systems, we derive a relation between the joint probability generating functions of the number of customers at the start of a server visit and, respectively, at the end of a server visit. We use these key relations to derive the joint probability generating function of the number of customers and the Laplace transform of the workload in the queues at an arbitrary time. Our analysis in this paper is a generalization of several models including the exponential time-limited model with preemptive-repeat-random service, the exponential time-limited model with non-preemptive service, the gated time-limited model, the Bernoulli time-limited model, the 1-limited discipline, the binomial gated discipline, and the binomial exhaustive discipline. Finally, we apply our results on an example of a new polling discipline, called the 1 + 1 self-ruling server, with Poisson batch arrivals. For this example, we compute numerically the expected sojourn time of an arbitrary customer in the queues.
Sagittal Tibiotalar Alignment May Not Affect Functional Outcomes in Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Replacement: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Nielsen Natalie M. , Saito Guilherme H. , Sanders Austin E. , Ellis Scott J. , Sofka Carolyn M. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A.
Published: November 2019

Background

In total ankle replacement (TAR), correct positioning of the implant is crucial. Malposition of the components may increase contact pressures and diminish prosthesis survival. The effect of sagittal tibiotalar alignment on functional outcomes after fixed-bearing TAR remains unclear, however, and no studies have compared fixed-bearing implants with respect to the anteroposterior (AP) position of the talar component.

Questions/Purpose

The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of sagittal tibiotalar alignment on functional outcomes in fixed-bearing TAR and (2) to compare post-operative sagittal tibiotalar alignment in two types of fixed-bearing implants.

Methods

In a retrospective analysis of 71 primary TARs performed at a single center, we studied the INBONE™ II Total Ankle System and the Salto Talaris® Ankle. Radiographic measurements of the tibial axis–talus (T-T) ratio and the AP offset ratio were performed before and after surgery, respectively, and we evaluated Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOSs) and the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) scales pre-operatively and at 2 years after surgery. The Pearson correlation and independent-samples t test were used to evaluate differences in FAOSs, SF-12 MCS scores, and SF-12 PCS scores regarding post-operative sagittal alignment.

Results

Post-operative sagittal tibiotalar alignment was neutral in 39 ankles and anterior in 32 ankles. We observed no significant between-group differences in clinical outcome scores. Patients with a Salto Talaris Ankle prosthesis had a greater AP offset ratio (0.12) than patients with an INBONE II implant (0.05). However, the greater translation did not correlate with outcome scores.

Conclusion

At the 2-year follow-up, no correlation between the post-operative AP offset ratio and functional outcome scores was observed between the two fixed-bearing-implant groups. Further studies with longer follow-up are needed to determine whether the difference in sagittal alignment has an effect on functional outcomes in the long term.
Following the Evidence Practice: An Analysis of Evaluation Studies on EU Railway Policy
Authors: De Francesco Fabrizio
Published: November 2019

Since the end of the 1990s, scholars have been paying particular attention to the link between evidence and policy because of the rise of evidence-based policy making and better regulation in the European Union political agenda. Documents such as evaluation studies are material traces of professional practice and the knowledge production process. Through the analytical perspective of evaluation practice, this contribution has two purposes. First, it differentiates three modes of evaluation theory and practice. Second, through a systematic content analysis of 52 evaluation studies of EU railway policy, it presents an overview of general patterns in the use of evaluative theories and practice. Besides contributing to the literature of evidence and policy practice, the article provides recommendations for EU evaluation and better regulation guidelines.
A Single Prior Injection of Methamphetamine Enhances Methamphetamine Self-Administration (SA) and Blocks SA-Induced Changes in DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression of Potassium Channels in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Jayanthi Subramaniam , Torres Oscar V. , Ladenheim Bruce , Cadet Jean Lud
Published: November 2019

The transition from occasional to escalated psychostimulant use is accelerated by prior drug exposure. These behavioral observations may be related to long-lasting transcriptional and/or epigenetic changes induced by the drug pre-exposure. Herein, we investigated if a single methamphetamine (METH) injection would enhance METH self-administration (SA) and impact any METH SA-induced epigenetic or transcriptional alterations. We thus injected a single METH dose (10 mg/kg) or saline to rats before training them to self-administer METH or saline. There were three experimental groups in SA experiments: (1) a single saline injection followed by saline SA (SS); (2) a single saline injection followed by METH SA (SM); and (3) a single METH injection followed by METH SA (MM). METH-pretreated rats escalated METH SA earlier and took more METH than saline-pretreated animals. Both groups showed similar incubation of cue-induced METH craving. Because compulsive METH takers and METH-abstinent rats show differences in potassium (K+) channel mRNA levels in their nucleus accumbens (NAc), we wondered if K+ channel expression might also help to distinguish between SM and MM groups. We found increases in mRNA and protein expression of shaker-related voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv1: Kcna1, Kcna3, and Kcna6) and calcium-activated K+ channels (Kcnn1) in the SM compared to MM rats. SM rats also showed decreased DNA methylation at the CpG-rich sites near the promoter region of Kcna1, Kcna3 and Kcnn1 genes in comparison to MM rats. Together, these results provide additional evidence for potentially using K+ channels as therapeutic targets against METH use disorder.
Conditional survival analysis for concrete bridge decks
Authors: Nabizadeh Azam , Tabatabai Habib , Tabatabai Mohammad A.
Published: November 2019

Bridge decks are a significant factor in the deterioration of bridges, and substantially affect long-term bridge maintenance decisions. In this study, conditional survival (reliability) analysis techniques are applied to bridge decks to evaluate the age at the end of service life using the National Bridge Inventory records. As bridge decks age, the probability of survival and the expected service life would change. The additional knowledge gained from the fact that a bridge deck has already survived a specific number of years alters (increases) the original probability of survival at subsequent years based on the conditional probability theory. The conditional expected service life of a bridge deck can be estimated using the original and conditional survival functions. The effects of average daily traffic and deck surface area are considered in the survival calculations. Using Wisconsin data, relationships are provided to calculate the probability of survival of bridge decks as well as expected service life at various ages. The concept of survival dividend is presented and the age when rapid deterioration begins is defined.
Early intervention services for psychosis in Ireland: are we there yet?
Authors: Power P.
Published: November 2019

Early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services are now a priority for Ireland’s Health Service Executive (HSE). A Model of Care for EIP services has been completed after wide consultation. It has just been launched by the Minister for Mental Health and the aim now is to roll out EIP services throughout the country. The Model of Care outlines the rational, configuration, resources, governance, and quality assurance required to operate EIP services. Two models are recommended. The first is a Hub & Spoke service model for rural and smaller urban areas. The second is a Stand-Alone service model for large urban and metropolitan areas. Introducing EIP services is going to be a challenge but there are plenty of good examples overseas. They have been shown to greatly enhance local services’ ability to meet the needs of people developing psychotic disorders. They bring with them better outcomes, service satisfaction and cost savings.
The relationship between workplace incivility and depersonalization towards co-workers: Roles of job-related anxiety, gender, and education
Authors: De Clercq Dirk , Haq Inam Ul , Azeem Muhammad Umer
Published: November 2019

This study contributes to management scholarship by unpacking the relationship between employees' exposure to workplace incivility and their exhibition of depersonalization towards co-workers, according to the mediating effect of job-related anxiety and the moderating effects of gender and education. Time-lagged data from employees in Pakistani organizations show that an important reason workplace incivility enhances depersonalization towards co-workers is that employees feel anxious about their jobs. This mediating role of job-related anxiety is particularly salient among male and higher-educated employees, possibly because they suffer from resource losses in the form of dignity threats when they are treated with disrespect. For organizations, this study accordingly pinpoints a key mechanism by which disrespectful workplace treatment can escalate into depersonalization towards co-workers (enhanced job-related feelings of anxiety), as well as how the strength of this mechanism might depend on individual factors.
Dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex structural changes relative to suicidal ideation in patients with depression
Authors: Zhang Ran , Wei Shengnan , Chang Miao , Jiang Xiaowei , Tang Yanqing , Wang Fei
Published: November 2019

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is enormously important in suicide and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little is known about the structural alterations in the brains of people with MDD and suicidal ideation. We examined the gray matter volume (GMV) of the PFC of individuals with MDD and suicidal ideation to determine if PFC volumetric differences contribute to suicidal ideation in patients with MDD. Thirty-five subjects with MDD and suicidal ideation, 38 subjects with MDD but without suicidal ideation, and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy control (HC) subjects underwent T1-weighted imaging. A voxel-based morphometric analysis was conducted to compare the PFC GMVs of the three groups. Further GMV reductions in the left and right dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and right ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) were detected in the MDD with suicidal ideation group compared with those in the HC group and the MDD without suicidal ideation group, whereas the MDD without suicidal ideation group only exhibited significant differences in the left DLPFC relative to the HC group. Our findings demonstrated that left DLPFC reductions were associated with MDD and suicidal ideation, and diminished GMV reductions in the right DLPFC and right VLPFC were only associated with suicidal ideation. These results help us better understand the neuropathological changes in MDD with suicidal ideation.
Reliability of relational event model estimates under sampling: How to fit a relational event model to 360 million dyadic events
Authors: Lerner Jürgen , Lomi Alessandro
Published: November 2019

We assess the reliability of relational event model (REM) parameters estimated under two sampling schemes: (1) uniform sampling from the observed events and (2) case–control sampling which samples nonevents, or null dyads (“controls”), from a suitably defined risk set. We experimentally determine the variability of estimated parameters as a function of the number of sampled events and controls per event, respectively. Results suggest that REMs can be reliably fitted to networks with more than 12 million nodes connected by more than 360 million dyadic events by analyzing a sample of some tens of thousands of events and a small number of controls per event. Using the data that we collected on the Wikipedia editing network, we illustrate how network effects commonly included in empirical studies based on REMs need widely different sample sizes to be reliably estimated. For our analysis we use an open-source software which implements the two sampling schemes, allowing analysts to fit and analyze REMs to the same or other data that may be collected in different empirical settings, varying sample parameters or model specification.
ON THE CROSSING NUMBER OF THE JOIN OF THE WHEEL ON FIVE VERTICES WITH THE DISCRETE GRAPH
Authors: STAŠ MICHAL
Published: November 2019

We give the crossing number of the join product$W_{4}+D_{n}$, where$W_{4}$is the wheel on five vertices and$D_{n}$consists of$n$isolated vertices. The proof is based on calculating the minimum number of crossings between two different subgraphs from the set of subgraphs which do not cross the edges of the graph$W_{4}$and from the set of subgraphs which cross the edges of$W_{4}$exactly once.
Atonement: response to critics
Authors: STUMP ELEONORE
Published: November 2019

In this article, I respond to articles by Faith Pawl, Anne Jeffrey, and Kathryn Pogin that raise issues related to my book Atonement. The topics covered include the suffering of beasts, the necessity of Christ's atonement, the relationship of my interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement and that of Thomas Aquinas, and social and communal guilt and shame.
Graduate Qualitative Methods Training in Political Science: A Disciplinary Crisis
Authors: Emmons Cassandra V. , Moravcsik Andrew M.
Published: November 2019

Most political scientists conduct and publish qualitative research, but what training in qualitative methods do political science doctoral programs offer? Do scholarly views converge on the proper content of such training? Analysis of methods curricula and syllabi from 25 leading US political science doctoral programs reveals a troubling gap: only 60% of top departments offer any dedicated graduate training in qualitative methods. Departments can remedy this disjuncture between scholarship and training by enhancing their basic qualitative methods curricula. Our research shows that scholars agree broadly on the content of such training, effective pedagogical practices, major alternatives for curriculum design, and a menu of focused topics. Graduate programs that aspire to train professionally competent qualitative and multi-method researchers now can orient their reform efforts on shared disciplinary standards for qualitative methods training.
Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority	Groups
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Yogeeswaran Kumar
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.
The 2007 Ning'er Mw 6.1 Earthquake: A Shallow Rupture in Southwest China Revealed by InSAR Measurements
Authors: Chen Wei , Qiao Xuejun , Xiong Wei , Yu Pengfei , Nie Zhaosheng
Published: November 2019

The Ning'er Mw 6.1 earthquake on 3 June 2007 occurred in the southwest to the Sichuan‐Yunnan rhombic block with complicated seismic structures. The focal depth determined by the U.S. Geological Survey is only 5 km, but the field investigation did not find obvious surface ruptures in the epicenter area. The magnitude obtained by inverting the broadband waveforms is Mw 6.4 that is much larger than the Mw 6.1 calculated by U.S. Geological Survey, indicating this event is complicated. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is used to study the fault geometry, coseismic slip model, and Coulomb stress changes around the seismic region. It shows that this event is mainly dominated by a right‐lateral strike‐slip fault with a slight thrust component. The fault plane is 28‐km long along the strike and 14‐km wide along the dip. The maximum slip is up to 1.02 m at a depth of 3.6 km and the released moment is 2.57 × 1018 Nm, corresponding to a magnitude of Mw 6.25. The shallow source of this event is related to inelastic off‐fault deformations along the fault or magma chamber. The lack of obvious surface ruptures indicates the strain is not completely released. The coseismic Coulomb stress changes suggest this earthquake has enhanced the stress on the Puwen fault and Mohei fault. The future seismic risks of these two faults and its adjacent regions cannot be ignored since aftershocks are fewer and the residual strain unreleased by the Ning'er event.
Winter Weather Whiplash: Impacts of Meteorological Events Misaligned With Natural and Human Systems in Seasonally Snow‐Covered Regions
Authors: Casson N. J. , Contosta A. R. , Burakowski E. A. , Campbell J. L. , Crandall M. S. , Creed I. F. , Eimers M. C. , Garlick S. , Lutz D. A. , Morison M. Q. , Morzillo A. T. , Nelson S. J.
Published: November 2019

“Weather whiplash” is a colloquial phrase for describing an extreme event that includes shifts between two opposing weather conditions. Prior media coverage and research on these types of extremes have largely ignored winter weather events. However, rapid swings in winter weather can result in crossing from frozen to unfrozen conditions, or vice versa; thus, the potential impact of these types of events on coupled human and natural systems may be large. Given rapidly changing winter conditions in seasonally snow‐covered regions, there is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of such events and the extent of their impacts to minimize their risks. Here we introduce the concept of winter weather whiplash, defined as a class of extreme event in which a collision of unexpected conditions produces a forceful, rapid, back‐and‐forth change in winter weather that induces an outsized impact on coupled human and natural systems. Using a series of case studies, we demonstrate that the effects of winter weather whiplash events depend on the natural and human context in which they occur, and discuss how these events may result in the restructuring of social and ecological systems. We use the long‐term hydrometeorological record at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA to demonstrate quantitative methods for delineating winter weather whiplash events and their biophysical impacts. Ultimately, we argue that robust conceptual and quantitative frameworks for understanding winter weather whiplash events will contribute to the ways in which we mitigate and adapt to winter climate change in vulnerable regions.
Submesoscale and Mesoscale Eddies in the Florida Straits: Observations from Satellite Ocean Color Measurements
Authors: Zhang Yingjun , Hu Chuanmin , Liu Yonggang , Weisberg Robert H. , Kourafalou Vassiliki H.
Published: November 2019

Despite their well‐recognized importance in driving ocean physics and biology, submesoscale (diameter < Rossby radius of deformation) eddies have been extremely difficult to observe due to technical difficulties from both field and remote platforms. Here using novel satellite ocean color data products and modified algorithms, we address this challenge for the Florida Straits (22–28°N, 78–85°W). Between 2002 and 2018, while mesoscale eddies (radius >15 km) show strong seasonality with occurrence frequency decreasing from Lower Keys to Upper Keys, submesoscale eddies show little or no seasonality with high occurrence frequency restricted to 30–200‐m isobaths. The number of mesoscale eddies decreases exponentially in size, but submesoscale eddies show a normal distribution in size. These findings are significant in filling our knowledge gap in submesoscale eddies in this physically and ecologically important region as it encompasses world‐renowned coral reefs, seagrasses, and fisheries.
Realistic Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation Variability in Historical and Decadal Hindcast Simulations Using CMIP6 Forcing
Authors: Pohlmann Holger , Müller Wolfgang A. , Bittner Matthias , Hettrich Sebastian , Modali Kameswarrao , Pankatz Klaus , Marotzke Jochem
Published: November 2019

We analyze the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) variability of historical and decadal hindcast simulations of the MiKlip (Mittelfristige Klimavorhersagen) decadal prediction system using the higher resolved version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. We find a realistic variability of the QBO in historical simulations when changing from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) external forcing. This agreement between the simulated and the observed QBO is improved by the initialization of decadal hindcast simulations with CMIP6 forcing in the first three lead years. In the decadal hindcast simulations, the agreement is similar to a persistence forecast in the first five lead years and higher than the persistence forecast in the later lead years. We find a strong relation between the QBO and the ozone variability in the stratosphere and conclude that the change of the ozone data from CMIP5 to CMIP6 leads to the improved QBO variability and prediction skill in our simulations.
N2(A) in the Terrestrial Thermosphere
Authors: Yonker Justin D. , Bailey Scott M.
Published: November 2019

Recent work has indicated the presence of a nitric oxide (NO) product channel in the reaction between the higher vibrational levels of the first electronically excited state of molecular nitrogen, N2(A
), and atomic oxygen. A steady‐state model for the N2(A) vibrational distribution in the terrestrial thermosphere is here described and validated by comparison with N2 A‐X, Vegard‐Kaplan dayglow spectra from the Ionospheric Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Chemistry spectrograph. A computationally cheaper method is needed for implementation of the N2(A) chemistry into time‐dependent thermospheric models. It is shown that by scaling the photoelectron impact production of ionized N2 by a Gaussian centered near 100 km, the level‐specific N2(A) production rates between 100 and 200 km can be reproduced to within an average of 5%. This scaling, and thus the N2 electron impact ionization/excitation ratio, is nearly independent of existing uncertainties in the 2–20 nm solar soft X‐ray irradiance. To investigate this independence, the N2 electron‐impact excitation cross sections in the GLOW photoelectron model are replaced with the results of Johnson et al. (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011295) and the multipart work of Malone et al. (2009 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032704) (Malone, Johnson, Young, et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/42/22/225202; Malone, Johnson, Kanik, et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032705; Malone et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032704), together denoted J05M09. Upon updating these cross sections it is found that (1) the total N2 triplet excitation rate remains nearly constant; (2) the steady state N2(A) vibrational distribution is shifted to higher levels; (3) the total N2 singlet excitation rate responsible for the Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield emission is reduced by 33%. It is argued that adopting the J05M09 cross sections supports (1) the larger X‐ray fluxes measured by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) and (2) a temperature‐independent N2(A)+O reaction rate coefficient.
Estimation of the Occurrence Probability of Extreme Geomagnetic Storms by Applying Extreme Value Theory to Aa Index
Authors: Chen Si , Chai Lihui , Xu Kaihua , Wei Yong , Rong Zhaojin , Wan Weixing
Published: November 2019

In this work, the occurrence probability of extreme geomagnetic storms is estimated by applying extreme value theory to the geomagnetic activity Aa index. The Aa index has 172 years observation time span, which is much longer than other geomagnetic indices, and thus is more suitable for analysis for rarely occurred extreme geomagnetic storms. We use two newly developed extreme value theory methods, block maxima method and peak over threshold, and find that the extreme geomagnetic storm that happened in March 1989 may happen once per century. This result implies that we should pay more attention to such extreme geomagnetic storms that can cause space weather hazards.
Survey of Jupiter's Dawn Magnetosheath Using Juno
Authors: Ranquist D. A. , Bagenal F. , Wilson R. J. , Hospodarsky G. , Ebert R. W. , Allegrini F. , Valek P. , McComas D. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Kurth W. S. , Bolton S. J.
Published: November 2019

The Juno spacecraft crossed Jupiter's bow shock and into the magnetosheath on 24 June 2016. It then went into 53‐day polar orbits with its apojoves at 113 Jovian radii on Jupiter's dawn side. These orbits have given us a unique opportunity to survey Jupiter's dawn magnetosheath. Using data from the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment, the Magnetic Field Investigation, and the Waves Investigation, we have identified 91 magnetosheath crossings for a total of 48.2 days of data. We present the statistical properties of the magnetosheath plasma, including density, velocity, magnetic field strength, temperature, plasma beta, pressures, and Mach numbers. We then show correlations between these various parameters. We confirm the rotation of the magnetic field to align with Jupiter's spin axis and find that this rotation correlates with several of the plasma properties, including magnetic field strength and plasma flow velocity. Finally, we discuss how these results can affect magnetic reconnection and the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at Jupiter's dawn magnetopause boundary.
The Permeability of Columnar Jointed Lava
Authors: Vasseur Jérémie , Wadsworth Fabian B.
Published: November 2019

Columnar jointed lava is an important facies in many geothermal reservoir systems. The permeability of jointed lavas is dominated by the contribution from fracture networks. We use a scaling for the permeability of a set of fractures in a solid or porous mass and extend this to arrays of hexagonal intercolumn fractures. To validate our analytical results, we create numerical domains with relevant geometries and extract system‐scale permeability using the LBflow lattice‐Boltzmann fluid flow simulation tool. Finally, we model the cooling contraction of columns to extend our results so that they predict the permeability with time after lava emplacement. Importantly, we use these results to estimate the range of permeabilities typical of columnar joints that form during cooling from high temperature and are preserved in the crust at moderate to low temperatures.