bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approach to Definition of Education Indicators for Sustainable Development
Authors: ���������  , Zakhlebnyy A. , �����������  , Dzyatkovskaya Elena , ��������  , Gneusheva T.
Published: May 2016

The article presents an approach to the development of international indicators of education for sustainable development. It could aff ord to increase the

comparability of the results of the global monitoring in diff erent countries. The problem of comparability of the results of national monitoring systems

requires coordination of a number of indicators at the global level.

However, some indicators are understood quite clearly, others are far from global comparability. There is no universal language of general scientifi c categories

of sustainable development. It is not clear what skills for sustainable development are equally important for people all over the world. Reaching a

global consensus on these issues is hampered by diff erences in the curriculum of diff erent countries and national cultures.

We discuss the use of the universal fl exible modules in global tracking that can be used in diff erent ways in diff erent countries. The feasibility of building

monitoring �bottom-up� is justifi ed. The need for using specifi c cultural concepts of ESD in diff erent countries (groups of) is discussed. This may contribute

to make a global semantic fi eld of sustainable development ideas in variety forms of their metaphorical representation. It is proposed to supplement the

subject of the global monitoring with dynamics of everyday concepts of sustainable development.
The Role of Theoretical Knowledge in the Development of Bioethical Views of Students in Medical University
Authors: ����������  , Svetlichnaya T. , ���������  , Vasileva E.
Published: May 2016

The article shows the results of the study of the role of theoretical knowledge in the development of bioethical views of students on the 1-2 courses of the medical faculty of the Northern State Medical University (Arkhangelsk) when studying discipline �Bioethics�. The subject of medical and sociological research was the dynamics of bioethical views of students and their attitude towards biomedical technologies related to start, extension and termination of human life, as well as their knowledge of the limits of medical interventions in the natural processes of birth and death, set before and after mastering the discipline �Bioethics�. The analysis of results of examination of the primary attitude of students towards biomedical technologies showed its wide variability. The nature of the attitude varied from positive (33.7%) and neutral (32.6%) to negative (20.9%) and even the missing (12.8%). After mastering the discipline the structure of common bioethical views of students, refl ecting their attitude towards biomedical technologies, remained virtually unchanged (32.9%, 31.4%, 24.4% and 11.3%, respectively). But private attitudes have undergone a very signifi cant transformation. Its essence was the positive dynamics of the original submissions on all seven analyzed �open� issues of bioethics. Bioethical views of students have become academic, system, complete, critical and meaningful. The positive dynamics of the bioethical views of students which took place during the development of training material for discipline �Bioethics� shows, that theoretical knowledge infl uence on their development.
Professional Competence of the Higher School Teacher: Empirical Study�s Results
Authors: ����������  , Danyushenkov Viktor , ���������  , Korshunova Olga
Published: May 2016

The article presents the results of the empirical study of higher school teachers� and masters� of �Pedagogical education� perception of such components

of the professional competence of the higher school teacher, as a professional orientation of the personality, teaching and research components. A

signifi cant role is given to the analysis of didactic and psychological components of the culture of the teacher as a main parts of his/her professional

competence.
The history of microchips and how legislation has progressed
Authors: Walsom Celia
Published: May 2016

Since microchipping was first introduced over 30 years ago much has progressed with respect to owner education and legislation, and earlier this year microchipping became compulsory for all dogs in the UK. Celia Walsom looks back over the history of the microchip from the time its importance in identification was first recognised to the present day.
Pengaruh Rapat Arus Terhadap Ketebalan Dan Struktur Kristal Lapisan Nikel pada Tembaga
Authors: S Setyowati , Iriani Y , Ramelan A H
Published: May 2016

The effect of current density on thickness and crystal structures of the coatings in the electroplating of nickel on copper has been investigated. The electroplating of nickel was conducted at a voltage of 0.5 V for 10 minutes with varied current densities of 0.3 mA/cm2; 0.6 mA/cm2; 0.9 mA/cm2; and 1 mA/cm2. The nickel coatings werw tested by thickness measurement and crystal structures determination. The experimental results showed that the thickness of the nickel coatings increased as the current density increased. The XRD characterization of the nickel coatings revealed the diffraction patterns for cubic structures with orientation of (111) and (200). As the current density increases, the crystal with (111) and (200) orientation tends to be formed more lagely.
Dinamika Pertukaran Partikel Pada Interaksi Nukleon-Nukleon Dalam Potensial Lokal
Authors: Aprian Sari R Yosi , S Supardi , BSU Agung , Hermanto Arief
Published: May 2016

The interaction of two nucleons in the form of protons and neutrons as a bound system in the local potential, known as the deuteron, has been investigated. Two-nucleon interaction potential field through the core will produce a nuclear force where the force between nucleons is generated by the exchange of mesons. One of the members of the group of meson particles is pion. Pion can be chargedπ + ,π -or neutral,π 0. Interaction potential form of the simplest is the exchange of one pion potential (OPEP), V OPEP , which has a radially independent of Yukawa potential. In this study, the first step taken is to perform discretization of the OPEP potential expression coupled with the equation of the boundary conditions due to the influence of interaction distances. The next step is to implement a programming technique to obtain the value associated with the potential influence of OPEP in the deuteron, the magnitudes of the static deuteron, such as a pion distance exchange, and mass estimates pion involved in this interaction.
Model Laboratorium Lapangan Identifikasi Limbah Cair Menggunakan Metode Cross-Hole Geolistrik Resistivitas
Authors: Devianta Reza , Legowo Budi , Purwanto Hery
Published: May 2016

It has been done a cross-hole method of field laboratory geoelectrical resistivity to identify the wastewater in Grogol, Gatak, Delanggu, Jawa Tengah. Measurements were performed using McOHM 2119C-EL OYO Resistivity meter. The Anomaly of the object that has given of this research is wastewater. The data acquisition of cross-hole model use dipole-dipole geoelectrical configuration. The distance between the two boreholes is 3 m and spaced electrodes that used are 0,1 m; 0,2 m; 0,3 m and 0,4 m. The Data will be taken from the movement of saline water anomaly that mobiles on the ground and each taking every 4 days for 5 times of the data acquisition. A description of the result of the anomaly will be reviewed using RES2DINV 3.56
software. The visualization of the movement of wastewater model on day 4th is at a depth of 0,4 m – 0,6 m at a distance x = 0,5 m - 2,5 m with resistivity 10 - 10,8 Ωm. On day 8th is located at a depth x = 0,5 m – 0,8 m, x = 0,5 m – 2,5 m with resistivity 10 - 14 Ωm. And on day 12th is located at a depth of 0,8 m – 1,2 m at a distance x = 0 m – 0,5 m, x = 2,5 m - 3,0 m and x =1,5
m - 2,5 m with a resistivity of 12,4 - 15 Ωm.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Latihan Inkuiri untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Lisan dan Hasil Belajar dalam Pembelajaran Fisika Pada Siswa Kelas VII SMPN 2 Pandak Bantul
Authors: W Widodo , Nursati Dwi
Published: May 2016

Based on the observations in SMP Negeri 2 Pandak, it was found that the activity and spirit of students in learning activities were low. The student oral was low and the quality of student learning was under the minimal completeness criteria. The aims of this research were to improve students learning outcomes of cognitive aspects, affective aspects of students and
psychomotor aspects of students after attending a t inquiry practice learning model. Design research is a classroom action research (CAR), which consists of 3 cycles. Subjects in this study are students of class VII-D SMP Negeri 2 Pandak, Bantul. The research instrument that was used consisted of the lesson plan, student worksheets, observation sheet to observe the implementation of inquiry practice learning model, students orally activities, affective aspects
of students, and psychomotor aspects of the student, while the tests was used to measured cognitive aspects of students. The results showed that there were an increase in oral activity ofstudents, learning outcomes of cognitive aspects, affective aspects, and psychomotor aspects of students.
Structural Analysis of Nanoceria Powder Precipitated in Different pH
Authors: Nurhasanah Iis , Puspaningrum Nurul Wahyu , Nursati Ida
Published: May 2016

Nanoceria has been proposed as inorganic material for sunscreen product because of its excellent UV absorpsition ability. Fine particle nanoceria and non-aglomeration determines comport and covering capability on human skin. Particle size and aglomeration could be controlled by parameters and medium synthesis. In the present work, nanoceria powders were synthesized using precipitation method in different pH of 7 and 10. Precipitation was caried
out in water/isopropanol mixed solvent. Cerium nitrate and amonium hydroxide was used as source of cerium and precipitation agent, respectively. Crystal structure of nanoceria was examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe morphology of nanoceria. Diffraction pattern analysis shows that the precipitates were single phase of nanoceria with cubic fluorite structure and lattice contants of 0.5429 nm
and 0.5419 nm. Crystallite size and lattice strain were obtained from Williamson-Hall method. Precipitation in pH of 7 resulted in smaller crystallite size which correlated to the larger lattice strain and lattice constant. SEM image shows spherical morphology with less agglomeration occuring for nanoceria precipitated in pH 10.
Analisis AVO untuk Mengetahui Penyebaran Hidrokarbon Berdasarkan Faktor Fluida (Studi Kasus Lapangan “H” Formasi Talang Akar Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara)
Authors: Handoyo Muhammad Nur , Setyawan Agus , Muhammad Mualimin
Published: May 2016

Amplitude versus offset (AVO) inversion analysis can be used to determine the spread of hydrocarbons on seismic data. In this study we conducted AVO on reservoir layer Talang Akar’s formation (TAF). AVO inversion results are angle stack, normal incident reflectivity (intercept), gradient and fluid factor. Angle stack attribute analysis showed an AVO anomaly in the reservoir TAF layer, amplitude has increased negative value from near angle stack to far angle stack. The result of crossplot normal incident reflectivity (intercept) with gradient indicates reservoir TAF layer including Class III AVO anomaly. While the analysis of fluid factor attribute has a negative value thus reservoir TAF layer indicates a potential hydrocarbon.
The Usefulness Of Narrow Band Imaging Endoscopy For The Real Time Characterization Of Colonic Lesions
Authors: Boeriu Alina , Pascarenco Ofelia , Brusnic Olga , Onisor Danusia , Boeriu Cristian , Dobru Daniela
Published: May 2016

Narrow band imaging represents a promising endoscopic technique which allows real time characterization of colonic lesions by assessment of mucosal and vascular patterns. Due to the ability to make an optical biopsy, NBI could become a useful tool in clinical decisions regarding therapy and surveillance. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge on the optical diagnosis of colonic lesions by using NBI endoscopy. We reviewed research articles, reviews and meta-analyses from the PubMed and MEDLINE containing relevant data in this field. The validity of endoscopic criteria for the differentiation of adenoma and hyperplastic polyps, as well as of invasive cancer, has been evaluated in recent studies. Based on the prediction of polyp histology, new potential cost saving strategies have been proposed. Many reports are focused on the accuracy of optical biopsy by using NBI for predicting colonoscopy surveillance intervals and adenomatous histology in diminutive polyps, according to the Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations statement. Optical diagnosis is still under evaluation, and cannot yet be endorsed in routine practice. The high level of performance achieved by expert endoscopists needs to be replicated in the community utilizing reliable and standardized endoscopic criteria.
Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Early or Delayed Weight-Bearing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hidi Margit , Gergely Istvan , Pop Tudor Sorin , Russu Octav , Zuh Sandor , Nagy Elod
Published: May 2016

Objectives. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of immediate weight-bearing versus two weeks delayed weight-bearing following anterior cruciate reconstruction.

Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study on the efficiency of immediate or delayed weight-bearing following anterior cruciate reconstruction. 30 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were included in the study. The patients in the first group were allowed the maximum endurance level of weight-bearing on the operated leg from the first postoperative day, resuming normal walking as soon as possible. Patients in group II were barely allowed the loading of the affected limb after 2 weeks postoperatively. Patient assessment was performed preoperatively, immediately after the procedure and postoperatively at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months.

Results. The average pre- and postoperative values of the arthometric assessment show a statistically significant improvement of joint stability in both groups of patients. There were no significant differences in the development of joint mobility averages between the two groups. Following the evolution of functional test average values, there is a gradual function improvement in both groups of patients. The assessment results at 6 weeks and three months postoperatively shows that patients in the first group are significantly better in comparison with the results of patients in group II. The final evaluation showed no significant differences between the two groups of patients.

Conclusions. The final assessment revealed no statistically significant difference in reported or objectively measured function. We believe that the weight-bearing exercises and the non–weight-bearing exercises are equally effective and safe in the post-ligamentoplasty recovery.
Cytomegalovirus Infection and Pre-Eclampsia
Authors: Rădulescu Carmen , Huţanu Adina , Gabor Rozalia , Şincu Nina
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease characterized by hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation and proteinuria. It is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is not completely understood. In our study we investigated if there is a potential link between cytomegalovirus infection and pre-eclampsia and if cytomegalovirus infection is the triggering factor of pre-eclampsia.

Material and methods: This study was carried out in a secondary care hospital between January 2014 and July 2015. We included two groups of pregnant women: 66 with pre-eclampsia and 62 without pre-eclampsia. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was performed to detect cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G levels in maternal serum.

Results: The p-value between median values of positive cytomegalovirus IgG in pre-eclamptic women and in controls was not significant (p:0.867). Odds ratio for cytomegalovirus IgG in pre-eclamptic group (OR:0.967; 95%CI:0.535-1.748) do not differ greatly from the value recorded in the control group (OR:1.036; 95%CI:0.571-1.880). The risk for preterm birth in pre-eclamptic women with cytomegalovirus IgG positive values (OR:1.009; 95%CI:0.329-3.090) was greater than those which had term delivery (OR:0.994; 95%CI:0.472-2.095) but the two values are not very high. We found a positive correlation coefficient (0.217) at a “p” value of 0.08 between white blood cells, but a negative correlation coefficient between the percentage of neutrophils and cytomegalovirus infection.

Conclusion: Cytomegalovirus infection may be associated with pre-eclampsia but it is unlikely to be the triggering factor of pre-eclampsia.
Leaching test for calcined kaolinite and kaolinite/TiO2 photoactive composite
Authors: Tokarčíková Michaela , Kutláková Kateřina Mamulová , Seidlerová Jana
Published: May 2016

Kaolinite is a suitable material for fixing TiO
ROSE – the learning health care system in the Osnabrück-Emsland / ROSE – das lernende Gesundheitssystem in der Region Osnabrück-Emsland
Authors: Hübner Ursula , Babitsch Birgit , Kortekamp Stefanie , Egbert Nicole , Braun von Reinersdorff Andrea
Published: May 2016

The University Osnabrück and the University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück and regional partners recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding to establish a Healthcare Campus. The aim of the Healthcare Campus is to develop innovative concepts for delivering patient care in the Osnabrück region. It brings together academia, networks, enterprises, healthcare providers and local authorities. Financed by the State of Lower Saxony, the project „The Learning Healthcare System in the Region Osnabrück Emsland (ROSE)” is a central activity within the Healthcare Campus. This project makes use of the learning paradigm. Providing feedback is the driving mechanism to achieve progress. Research provides the feedback to the healthcare providers and local authorities, in order to optimise the current practice in urban and rural areas of the region. The feedback mechanism is based on data from practice, which play the central role in turning evidence-based-practice into practice-based-evidence and putting translation at the start, not at the end of the project. Both universities coordinate their activities within the ROSE project to attain the goals of the Healthcare Campus Osnabrück. The model with five measures for the implementation is presented. It builds upon the wealth of existing bachelor and masters programs in healthcare and unites research, PhD programs and translation of scientific results into practice.
HLA Genotyping using Next Generation Sequencing
Authors: Lucan C. , Pop Laura-Ancuta , Florian A. , Pileczki Valentina , Petrushev B. , Dima Delia , Frinc Ioana , Berindan-Neagoe Ioana , Irimie A. , Berce C. , Florian I.-S. , Bojan Anca , Tomuleasa C.
Published: May 2016

From an oncological perspective, the second most common malignancies in children are brain tumors. Despite the recent therapeutic breakthroughs in this field, concerning surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy alike, some cases still have poor outcomes in curability. This is especially the case in patients with high-risk histological types of tumors, and those suffering from residual, remitting and disseminated diseases. Due to the unique neuroanatomical emplacement of brain tumors and their aggressive infiltrative behavior, their total removal remains a demanding task. This can be perceived in the high rates of failure treatment and disease recurrence. Furthermore, the adjacent healthy brain tissue is inevitably damaged in the surgical process of effectively removing these tumors. Thus, stem cell transplantation may be a viable solution for the clinical management of these malignancies, as proven by various recent breakthroughs. In the current concise review, we present the role of next generation sequencing in HLA typing for stem cell transplantation in primary CNS pediatric malignancies.
Die Technik der verlorenen Briefe – Ein neues Instrument verhaltensbezogener Einstellungsmessung? / Lost-Letter-Technique – A New Instrument of Measuring Attitudes Towards Behavior?
Authors: Lück Helmut E. , Manz Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Among the recent so-called non-reactive measures the lost-letter technique has gained particular popularity. In this comprehensive summary the technique itself, the independent, dependent and intervening variables are presented and methodological weaknesses of published studies are discussed. By several studies of the authors it is shown, which bias factors may be effective when using the technique.
Die Bedeutung von Experimentalregeln für die Wissenschaft / Rules for experimentation. Their meaning – cognitive and social
Authors: Böhme Gemot
Published: May 2016

According to TH. KUHN is should be possible to describe a scientific community or specialty by a set of disciplinary commitments. Whilst KUHN spoke of technical-methodological rules and norms only as something shared by the members of a scientific community, this paper intends to make explicit their social function. By rules for experimentation the identity of the object of inquiry is warranted within a scientific community.

A survey of the general rules for experimentation is given in so far as they have been made explicit by the philosophy of science. After this the disciplinary significance of rules for experimentation is studied within a special case: the controversy within experimental psychology concerning simple reactions (TITCHENER/BALDWIN). There is found a strong connection between the orientation of research, the constitution of the object by rules for experimentation, and the formation of scientific schools.
Migrationsbedingter Wandel von Arbeitsmotiven / Migration as a cause of the social change of work motivation
Authors: Hagen Eckehart , Walter-Busch Emil
Published: May 2016

Interviews with 204 highly resp. weakly integrated immigrant workers, Swiss workers, and their Swiss managers had mainly the following results (these are not represented in the form of generalizing hypotheses, but only as a contribution to a better knowledge of the motivation to work of immigrant and native workers in Switzerland today): 1. In their general attitudes towards work, the native Swiss workers and their Italian colleagues are clearly different. The more the Italian immigrants are integrated into the lower classes of Swiss society, however, the more similar at least some of their attitudes become. On the other side, especially the general work ethics of Italian immigrants does not change towards the typically Swiss values of native workers. - 2. In contrast to these findings, the concrete work-related needs among Swiss and Italian workers are not very different. - 3. The empathy of Swiss managers with workers is generally not very good, and clearly worse with Italian than with Swiss workers.
Diskurs und Herrschaft – Überlegungen zu Habermas’ Legitimationslogik / Discourse and domination – Reflections on the logic of legitimization in the work of Habermas
Authors: Fach Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

The central thesis of J. HABERMAS’ logic of legitimization is the following: Legitimate social norms can be justified by argumentation independent from their psychological efficacy. ‘Justified by argumentation’ means that - under the condition of unconstrained communication - the underlying interest can in each case be proved to be a general one. Two objections can be raised against this construction: (1) Its own functional conditions are the reason for its failure and its ending up in a paradoxy: Legitimacy established by communication presupposes a society free from domination; such a society, however, can do without the whole process. (2) Several arguments suggest that HABERMAS’ universalist argumentation only rationalizes a particular interest previously set.
Organisation und Legitimation / Organization and Legitimization
Authors: Gabriel Karl
Published: May 2016

As contrusted with a, in the sociology of organizations actually prevailing restrictive systems approached a more enlarged frame of reference for the specifically sociological analysis of organizations is discussed which also includes the problem of legitimization as well as the stock of action governing and legitimating knowledge. In an evolutionary approach of organizations and systems of legitimization considerations are concerned with a dilemma of formal organizations, therein consisting, that formal organizations out of the logic of increase of their own capacity of self-regulation tend to an instrumental destruction of their motivating and legitimating meaning structures for the purpose of adjustment to a complex environment, without on the other hand being able to construct equivalent meaning structures by themselves.

Departing from the problem of acquiring legitimization, different organizational strategies will be identified to escape the dilemma of loss of legitimization going along with an increasing degree of formal organization.
Probleme der Wissenschaftstheorie in der Methodenlehre empirischer Sozialforschung / Problems of the theory of science in the methodology of social research
Authors: Walter-Busch Emil
Published: May 2016

Mutual understanding between the theorists of science and social research workersis usually not very good. By showing up some theoretically relevant problems in the methodology of social research, this article tries to bridge the unfortunate gap between the two fields of investigation. Some difficulties of planning and executing social research are described at first (section 3). Then, two central problems of empirical investigations in the social sciences are analyzed: the unavoidable one-sidedness of all empirical measures for the historically changing and always ambigous meaning of social concepts (section 4); and the barriers that obstruct the winning of law-like statements that are both generally valid and substantial. The main strategies for winning such statements seem to have serious disadvantages (section 6). But the deficiency of substantial social laws does not mean that the social sciences are not worth being further developed in a systematic way. Certainly, the explanatory power of all known generalizations in the social sciences is very restricted and cannot at all be compared with the explanatory power of real natural laws. The functions of the social sciences, however, are not the same as those of the natural sciences. The empirical generalizations and theoretical models of social scientists fulfill always very important ideological functions, even where they are supposed to be „value-free“ and „scientific“ (section 7). Acknowledging this often neglected fact could change the self-image of many social research workers as well as the unrealistic goals that the theorists of science are usually setting to a „strictly scientific“ methodology of social research.
A Graph-Theoretical Approach to the Structure of Local Elites / Ein graphentheoretischer Ansatz zur Erfassung der Struktur lokaler Eliten
Authors: Felling Albert J. A.
Published: May 2016

Der Beitrag versucht, die Entsprechung aufzuzeigen, die zwischen graphentheoretischen Begriffen und solchen gegeben ist, die die Beschreibung jeweiliger empirischer Gestaltaspekte tragen. Wenn es möglich sein soll, eine Darstellung lokaler Macht auf der Ebene eines empirischen Beziehungssystems auf ein formales graphentheoretisches System zu übertragen, dann müssen umgekehrt die Digraphentheoreme selbst, wie hier behauptet wird, in Aussagen über die betreffende lokale Machtstruktur übersetzt werden können.
Metrische multidimensionale Skalierung und ein „inhaltliches“ Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Achsen / Metric multidimensional scaling and a “substantiated” method in constructing the axes
Authors: Holtmann Dieter
Published: May 2016

In an analysis of “sympathy for political parties” by multidimensional scaling it is shown that the stronger assumption of metric data (instead of non-metric) is worth considering for it yields decisively stronger results. The main problem of interpretation of axes is attacked by determining axes based on external criteria with regard to the contents.
Toward a Science Policy for the Social Welfare Field / Sozialpolitik – Plädoyer für eine wissenschaftliche Strategie
Authors: Blume Stuart S.
Published: May 2016

Die Arbeit versucht, auf die Notwendigkeit und die wichtigsten Merkmale aufmerksam zu machen, die eine institutionell verankerte, wissenschaftlich-innovatorische Anleitung der Sozialpolitik betreffen. Daß Anleitung dieser Art „notwendig“ ist, folgt aus dem Umstand, daß die Mittel, die die Regierungen für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung und technologische Entwicklung aufwenden, zunehmend steigen, die Ergebnisse aber, die sie bewirken, bisher - wie etwa auf dem Gebiet der Erziehungsforschung - sehr bescheiden geblieben sind.

Folgende Distinktionen, bezogen einerseits auf den akademischen, andererseits den Diskussionsstand der Praxis werden vorgenommen: Was den akademischen Bereich betrifft, kann man zwischen einer soziologischen Debatte (die Mängel von Wohlfahrtsmaßnahmen auf organisatorische oder konzeptuelle Schwächen, sei es auf politischer, sei es auf berufspraktisch-professioneller Ebene, zurückführt) und einer Debatte zwischen Wissenschaftlern und Technologen unterscheiden, die Mängel von unangemessener „hardware“ her erklärt und versucht, das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Technologie zu „reorientieren“. Bezogen auf den Praxisbereich kann zwischen Politik (und ihrer Veränderung) und Berufspraxis (und ihrem Wandel) unterschieden werden. Die genannten Unterscheidungen stehen insofern in Zusammenhang, als technologische Innovationen hier, soziale Reorganisation dort für Problemlösungen jeweils Alternativen darstellen: Alternativen freilich, die sehr verschiedene Werte - resp. Problemdefinitionen - zur Voraussetzung haben. Für eine sei es politisch, sei es professionell ausgerichtete Gruppe, die diese Werte und Grundannahmen teilt, kann jede dieser Alternativen, Kombinationen nicht ausgeschlossen, anziehend sein.

Wenn man fragt, auf welche Weise Politik auf dem hier relevanten Gebiet verbessert werden kann („Metapolitik“), ist es notwendig, sich klar zu machen, wieviel Gewicht den genannten Machtrelationen auf dieser oder jener Seite jeweils zugemessen werden soll. Die Arbeit schließt mit der Aufzählung der wahrscheinlichen, politisch kurzfristig wirkenden Verbesserungen, die aus der Neuverteilung von Forschungsmitte in folgen können, geht auf Forschungsschwerpunkte ein, empfiehlt neue Wege der Forschungsorganisation und nennt die Möglichkeiten, die Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik politisch nutzen kann.
Differenzierung und Integration sozialer Systeme als Voraussetzungen der Umfrageforschung / Differentiation and integration in social systems as prerequisites of survey research
Authors: Esser Hartmut
Published: May 2016

The methodology of survey research in the social sciences is based a good deal on social preconditions, which are let for the most part implicit. From the explication of methodological requirements for behavior and skills of the partners‘ interaction at interviews, it is to be deduced, that these social preconditions of interviewing are closefitting to the structural elements of functional differentiated, but at the same time integrated social systems: structural differentiation, a universal value system, generalized media of communication and empathic individuality (on the level of the personality system). In such systems on the other hand, not only the institutional preconditions of survey research (bureaucratization, professionalization, (social)sciences) are developed, but there also exists an administrative demand for sociographic data. Survey research thus can be seen as a genuin functional element of complex-integrated, „modernized“ social systems. A short historic abstract of the development of survey research, above all its parallelism to the development of mass suffrage, proves the result of the analysis.
Einige Erfahrungen und Gedanken über Hochschuldidaktik an der Massenuniversität / Some remarks and observation on teaching methods at university with mass student attendence
Authors: Hagemann-White Carol
Published: May 2016

The author reports her experience of and observations on the teaching of sociology at the Free University of Berlin. She examines the teaching behavior of the instructors, the relationship between colleagues, and those between teachers and students. Certain tendencies in the practice of teaching are viewed as expressing a form of coping by projection with the failures experienced in trying to reform studies, failures that are in fact caused by the unfavorable real conditions at the university. A tendency to make university teaching more like schooling is observed; reasons for this are found in the effects of pressure towards professional competition, which prevents both fruitful cooperation between instructors and genuine communication with students. The additional difficulties experienced by women in teaching are described. In the final section conclusions are drawn in the form of practical suggestions which take account of the actual possibilities of a university with very large numbers of students.
Industrieller Ballungsraum. Zur sozial- und politikwissenschaftlichen Problematisierung /
Authors: Lück Volker , Nokielski Hans , Pankoke Eckart , Rohe Karl
Published: May 2016

By analysing the chances which social problems in industrial agglomeration areas have of being considered it has been argued that territorially based social needs and ecological interests can only be formulated and represented in a distorted and incomplete manner. This holds partly because in industrial agglomeration areas people’s interests are typically oriented towards the spheres of production and consumption. Another significant factor which helps to explain this phenomenon is the fact that socio-economic interests are strongly and effectively organized. Thus given the political structures of industrial agglomeration areas which put characteristically a very high premium on organization, non-economic interests are bound to be overlooked and weakly represented. Reflecting possibilities of “political counter-steering” (politische Gegensteuerung) it appears that traditional structures and orientations which, very loosely, could be called parochial, may well qualify as nuclei for the promotion of non-economic interests. However, the lack of parochial orientations and the unlikeliness of developing equivalent orientations seems to be a typical feature of industrial agglomeration areas.
Koalitionstendenzen in der Tetrade / Coalition tendencies in the tetrad
Authors: Schneider Hans-Dieter
Published: May 2016

The study examines several well-known and some newly proposed theories of coalition formation by asking subjects to imagine themselves in circumscribed situations and - knowing all resources - to choose one or several coalition partners in the tetrad.

The coalition tendencies are not predicted by one unique theory but by a bundle of theories in which the sometimes competing detail theories have their specific range of application. The findings corroborate the partial value of the theory of minimal resources (GAMSON), of maximal resources (new), of anticompetitiveness (VINACKE), of alliance of the similar (new). Secondorder theories like the thesis of preponderance of two-way coalitions (WILLIS) and the thesis of topic-dependent coalition behavior (new) are influencing the first-order tendencies. The theory of maximal control (CAPLOW) and the theory of rational behavior (VINACKE) on the other hand are less well confirmed.
Studentischer Radikalismus: Politische Sozialisation oder Generationskonflikt? / Student Radicalism: Political Socialization or Conflict of Generations? Vorschlag zur Relativierung der Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung über studentischen Protest aufgrund einer Sekundäranalyse / Proposal to relativize the results of a study on student protest due to a secondary analysis
Authors: Sahner Heinz
Published: May 2016

According to a widespread understanding of science, theories cannot be empirically founded, but rather require methodologically regulated social decisions which should be confronted with continuous criticism (critical rationalism). In the field of the empirically-oriented social sciences, the validity of theories is not determined within a competitive „scientific community“ but rather on an highly individual basis. One possibility to satisfy the meta-theoretical postulate of intersubjective control, that is to intensify criticism and to come to social decisions about theories, is seen in the method of secondary analysis. An attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach shall be made in a critical discussion of several hypotheses presented by Klaus Allerbeck in his study „Zur Soziologie radikaler Studentenbewegungen“. The results of (a) an immanent critique and (b) a secondary analysis lead to a reformulation of Allerbeck’s conclusions. Finally the uncritical reception of Allerbeck’s study is discussed and an attempt is made to integrate the seemingly conflicting results.
Rangkorrelation bei soziologischen Normaldaten - Ein Ansatz zur Überwindung der Schwächen von Tau und Gamma / Rank correlation of typical sociological data – Proposals for an improvement of tau and gamma
Authors: Schulze Gerhard
Published: May 2016

Usually, rank correlation is measured by tau-b, tau-c, or gamma. However, these coefficients are not fully adequate to most types of sociological data. Tau-b and tau-c cannot reach the extreme values of +1 and -1, given the marginal distribution of the variables, whereas gamma tends to overestimate weak associations. The coefficient „m“, as it is presented in this paper, measures the correlation between ordinal variables without such deficiencies.
The Holocaust – Anomic Hobbesian “State of Nature”
Authors: Baum Rainer C.
Published: May 2016

Angeleitet von HANNAH ARENDT, die in der Massenvernichtung von Juden im NS-Regime die „Banalität des Bösen“ erkannte, belegt die Arbeit erneut, daß die Beteiligten an diesem Mord „normale“, gewöhnliche Menschen waren, und interpretiert diesen Befund ergänzend im Sinne der These einer „Identifikation mit dem Opfer“. Als Hauptursache, die zur Massenvernichtung führte, wird moralische Indifferenz indiziert; sie bestimmte die Haltung insbesondere der deutschen Eliten und ging zurück auf Wertedissens, eine Herrschaftsordnung, die auf bloßen Interessenkonstellationen beruhte, die Entschichtung der Eliten überhaupt, schließlich aber den Verlust der sozialen und, verbunden damit, die Entgesellschaftlichung der personalen Identität.
Differenzierung der Wissenschaft / Differentiation of Science
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf
Published: May 2016

The article tries to make use of the sociological concepts of “differentiation” and “integration” for the analysis of the social system of science in modern societies. It studies (1) the applicability of the classical concepts of the theory of structural differentiation in doing research on disciplinary differentiation in science; tries (2) to identify several integrative mechanisms which are operative in science and discusses (3) some patterns of interrelation between “cognitive innovations” and “structural differentiation” in science.
Literaturbericht. Formale Methoden zur Analyse der Organisation von Regierung und Verwaltung
Authors: Schunck Hermann
Published: May 2016

Es wird versucht, einen Überblick über die Verwendung formaler Verfahren zur Analyse und zum Entwurf von Planungsorganisationen zu geben. Insbesondere wird dabei untersucht, inwieweit koordinierungsminimierende Aufbaustrukturen mit Hilfe formaler Methoden realisiert werden können. Es werden dazu Probleme der Datenerhebung und Datenanalyse in Organisationen diskutiert sowie die Darstellung von Organisationen durch verschiedene Modelle vor allem aus dem Umkreis der Graphentheorie beschrieben. Durch den aus der Informationstheorie entlehnten Begriff der Varietät wird ein Maß für die innere Vielfalt einer Organisation angegeben sowie für die Beziehungen einer Organisation mit ihrer Umwelt. Schließlich werden statistische Verfahren auf ihre Eignung zum Entwurf von Organisationen untersucht.
Anomie und Prozesse der Kriminalitätsentwicklung im sozialen Kontext. Vorschläge für die Weiterentwicklung und Formalisierung der Anomietheorie
Authors: Diekmann Andreas , Opp Karl-Dieter
Published: May 2016

Analysiert man die zentralen Schriften zur Anomietheorie, so können die drei folgenden Versionen unterschieden werden: Erstens eine reine Mikrotheorie, die nur Variablen auf der individuellen Ebene wie die perzipierten Ziele, die internalisierten Normen und die perzipierten Möglichkeiten enthält; zweitens eine Mikrotheorie mit Kontexteffekten, die zusätzlich Merkmale des sozialen Kontextes berücksichtigt. Dazu zählen die in einem sozialen Kollektiv vorherrschenden Ziele, die „Gelegenheitsstrukturen“ und die von den Interaktionspartnern vertretenen Normen. Drittens wird die Anomietheorie häufig als Makrotheorie formuliert, die nur Aussagen über Merkmalsbeziehungen auf der kollektiven Ebene macht. Die Vor- und Nachteile dieser drei Versionen werden diskutiert. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen wird ein Kausalmodell vorgeschlagen, in dem Variablen verschiedener kriminologischer Traditionen berücksichtigt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Modell zu einer integrierten Theorie abweichenden Verhaltens ausgebaut werden kann. Eine vereinfachte Fassung der Theorie wird auf der Makroebene mit linearen Differentialgleichungen formalisiert. Dabei wird das dynamische Verhalten des Modells untersucht, wobei insbesondere die Stabilitätsbedingungen und der Gleichgewichtspunkt von Interesse sind. Abschließend werden einige Aggregationsprobleme angesprochen.
Commitments: Medienkomponente einer ökonomischen Kulturtheorie?
Authors: Jensen Stefan , Naumann Jens
Published: May 2016

In diesem Beitrag wird der Vorschlag von Parsons aufgenommen, „Commitments“ als soziales Steuerungsmedium im kulturellen Bereich zu behandeln. Dabei wird versucht, bestimmte Analogien zur Zirkulation des Mediums Geld im wirtschaftlichen Bereich zu verdeutlichen. Als besonders schwierig erweist sich eine Analogiebildung zum ökonomischen Konzept der Kapitalbildung und Investition.
Stein Rokkans Beitrag zur vergleichenden Strukturforschung Westeuropas
Authors: Lepsius M. Raineir
Published: May 2016

Stein Rokkans Beitrag für die vergleichende Strukturforschung Westeuropas liegt in der von ihm geleisteten Arbeit zur Entwicklung einer Infrastruktur der Forschung in Europa und in den von ihm entworfenen Modellen für eine historische, desaggregierte und empirische Entwicklungsanalyse der in Westeuropa bestehenden Formenvielfalt politischer, sozialer und kultureller Konfigurationen. Sein früher Tod hinterläßt uns ein Legat, dessen Aufnahme und Weiterführung sowohl theoretisch wie praktisch für die Sozialwissenschaften von großer Dringlichkeit und Bedeutung ist.
Weltpolitische und ökonomische Determinanten einer ungleichen Einkommensverteilung: Eine international vergleichende Studie
Authors: Jagodzinski Wolfgang , Weede Erich
Published: May 2016

In diesem Aufsatz werden zwei Erklärungsansätze für das unterschiedliche Ausmaß der Ungleichheit der Einkommensverteilung in Gesellschaften betrachtet. Nach Kuznets ist die Einkommensverteilung sowohl auf sehr niedrigem als auch bei hohem Wohlstands- bzw. Modernisierungsniveau relativ egalitär, bei mittlerem Niveau aber besonders inegalitär. Nach Andreski steigt die Gleichheit der Einkommensverteilung mit der weltpolitischen Gefährdung einer Gesellschaft bzw. mit der daraus resultierenden militärischen Nützlichkeit des gemeinen Mannes. Beide Hypothesen werden mit international vergleichenden Daten aus den 60er Jahren von bis zu 61 Gesellschaften geprüft. Kuznets’ Hypothese wird dabei besser als diejenige Andreskis gestützt. Stichproben-, Meß- und Spezifikationsprobleme erzwingen allerdings eine vorsichtige Beurteilung unserer Studie wie auch anderer Studien zum gleichen Thema.
Organisationale Zielkonflikte im Resozialisierungsbereich: Jugendstrafvollzug und Öffentliche Erziehung
Authors: Klingemann Harald
Published: May 2016

Die Annahme dysfunktionaler Zielkonflikte in Resozialisationseinrichtungen dient häufig als nicht weiter hinterfragtes Interpretationsschema. Nach einem Vergleich objektiver und subjektiver Methoden der Erfassung organisatorischer Ziele wird die Strukturiertheit beruflicher Überzeugungssysteme bei Beamten im Jugend- und Erziehungsvollzug analysiert: kustodiale und behandlungsorientierte Situationsdefinitionen werden bei unterschiedlichen Anstaltstypen insgesamt als miteinander vereinbar angesehen. Die individuelle Sicherheitsorientierung ist weniger von individuellen als vielmehr von organisatorischen Faktoren abhängig. Von Bedeutung sind insbesondere das institutionelle Konfliktniveau und die Einflußverteilung. Relevant für die Reformdiskussion erscheint eine „kontrollierte“ Rollendiffusion, die die Umsetzung therapeutischer Techniken durch den allgemeinen Vollzugsdienst von strukturellen Voraussetzungen abhängig macht.
Zum Stand der gegenwärtigen arabischen Soziologie
Authors: Irabi Abdulkader
Published: May 2016

Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der gegenwärtigen arabischen Soziologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Probleme und zukünftigen Aufgaben. Ihre Hauptrichtungen, die als eine akademische, eine empirische, eine sozialanthropologische und eine politische Soziologie bezeichnet werden können, werden dargestellt. Alle diese Richtungen sind an westlichen soziologischen Theorien orientiert; die Entwicklung einer arabischen Soziologie mit eigenen Theorien und Methoden hat bis auf wenige Ansätze bisher nicht stattgefunden. Der Charakter der gegenwärtigen arabischen Soziologie wird eher von sozialtechnologischen als von kritischen Aspekten bestimmt. Sie hat ihre Aufgabe, die arabische Gesellschaft kritisch zu analysieren, bislang nicht wahrgenommen, da sie sich aus der Abhängigkeit von der europäischen Sozialwissen Schaft und von staatlicher Bevormundung nicht befreien konnte.
Zur Mikroanalyse universitärer Sozialisation im Medizinstudium: Eine Anwendung der Methode der objektiv-hermeneutischen Textinterpretation
Authors: Burkart Günter
Published: May 2016

Im Zentrum des Aufsatzes steht die ausführliche Analyse einer Textsequenz aus einer chirurgischen Lehrveranstaltung nach der Interpretationsmethode der „objektiven Hermeneutik“. Sie wird eingerahmt durch vorbereitende theoretische Überlegungen zur professionellen Sozialisation von Medizinstudenten, Erörterungen zur Reichweite solcher Interpretationen sowie einiger Konsequenzen für universitäre Sozialisation. Ein Hauptergebnis ist, daß der universitäre Kompetenzerwerb eine Form der „impliziten Didaktik“ erfordert, die durch Bürokratisierung der Universität ebenso erschwert wird wie durch gewisse Formen von Studienplanung und Hochschuldidaktik.
Symposium. Grenzen der Gleichheit: Bemerkungen über Fred Hirsch
Authors: Dahrendorf Ralf
Published: May 2016

Fred Hirschs Analyse der „sozialen Grenze des Wachstums“ könnte man eine politische Ökonomie der Frustration nennen. Hirsch war nach Temperament und Überzeugung Sozialdemokrat; ihn schmerzte die Entdeckung, daß die Mittel des politischen Wandels, an die er geglaubt hatte, die von ihm gewollten Ergebnisse - mehr Gleichheit - am Ende nicht bewirken würden. Der Schmerz mag ihn weiter auf den Pfad der Frustration geführt haben, als nötig war. Hirschs Auffassung, daß positionelle Differenzen nicht verschwinden werden, ist zuzustimmen. Dahinter steht die Notwendigkeit von Herrschaft. Wo es Herrschaft gibt, gibt es Ungleichheit. Allerdings unterschätzt Hirsch die Bedeutung von Wandlungen der positionellen Ökonomie und damit der Formen sozialer Ungleichheit. So kann eine Veränderung des Systems der sozialen Schichtung oder der sozialen Mobilität die Ungleichheit zwar nicht abschaffen, wohl aber abmildern und erträglicher machen.