bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An uncommon cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in a febrile infant: Atypical Kawasaki disease
Authors: Egala Abhinavya , Hariharan Raja , Sarangarajan Sanjana , Puntambekar Anagha , Lama Madhurima V. , Ramamoorthy Jaikumar G. , Anantharaj Avinash , Selvan Tamil
Published: July 2022

Kawasaki disease after respiratory viral infections is often observed but following Human Metapneumovirus infection (HMPV) is uncommon. Pulmonary presentation of Kawasaki disease without its classical features, though uncommon, can present as bronchopneumonia refractory to routine supportive care and antibiotics treatment. Lung collapse and pneumothorax as a pulmonary presentation of atypical Kawasaki disease are described very infrequently. We report an infant with atypical Kawasaki disease secondary to Human Metapneumovirus infection where the above pulmonary complications were observed.
Polarization Electric Field in 2D Polar Monolayer Silicon Monochalcogenides SiX (X = S, Se) as Potential Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Gu Di , Chen Xingyuan , Xu Xiangfu , Qin Wen , Tao Xiaoma , Ouyang Yifang , Zhu Weiling
Published: July 2022

The polarization electric field generated by the dipole moment can swiftly separate photogenerated carriers. Herein, the first‐principles calculations to study the structural, electronic, polarization electric field, optical, and photocatalytic properties of 2D polar monolayer silicon monochalcogenide SiX (X = S, Se) are studied. The polarization electric field induced by a noncentrosymmetric structure is a direction from the X (X = S, Se) atomic surface to the Si atomic surface. The polar monolayer SiS (SiSe) is an indirect semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.997 eV (2.903 eV). The absorption coefficients of the polar monolayer SiX (X = S, Se) reach the order of 105 cm−1, and the absorption onset can be extended to the visible light region. The band alignment of the 2D polar monolayer SiX (X = S, Se) is suitable for photocatalytic water splitting. The obtained results show that the 2D polar monolayer SiX (X = S, Se) with a polarization electric field is a potential catalyst for photocatalytic water splitting.
Efficacy of polyherbal formulations for prevention of COVID‐19 infection in high‐risk subjects: A randomized open‐label controlled clinical trial
Authors: Chandra Kailash , Das Ayan Kumar , Banday Sumeera , Rana Naushad Ali , Arora Mohini , Jain Sonal , Islam Farzana , Agarwal Shashank , Kashyap Varun , Joshi Santosh , Mueed Asad , Dudeja Mridu
Published: July 2022

COVID‐19 is arguably the biggest health crisis the world has faced in the 21st century. Therefore, two of the polyherbal formulations, Infuza and Kulzam were assessed for the prevention of COVID‐19 infection as a repurposed medication. Four hundred seven high‐risk subjects were recruited in the present open‐label randomized controlled clinical trial for eligibility. After assessment for eligibility, remaining 251 subjects were randomized to the test and control groups. Further, 52 high‐risk subjects in Infuza, 51 in Kulzam, 51 in Infuza & Kulzam and 53 in control group completed the 14 days of intervention/assessment. The phenotyping of lymphocytes at baseline (0 day) and after 14 days of treatment was carried out by flow cytometry assays. A total of 15.09% high‐risk subjects in control group turned positive as compared to only 7.69% in Infuza, 3.92% in Kulzam and 1.96% in Infuza & Kulzam groups. The rate of conversion to COVID‐19 infection in Infuza & Kulzam group was minimal and statistically significant as compared to control group (p0.017). No significant changes in phenotype of lymphocytes (T, B, NK cells), absolute lymphocyte count and cytokine levels were found in study groups. However, there was a decreasing trend of hs‐CRP level in high‐risk subjects after intervention of polyherbal formulations for 14 days. The combination of Infuza and Kulzam may synergistically prevent COVID‐19 infection in high‐risk subjects of COVID‐19.
Response of surface soil nutrients and organic carbon fractions to tillage erosion vs. water erosion in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Zhao Pengzhi , Li Lu , Lin Lin , Zhai Guoqing , Cruse Richard M. , Wang Enheng
Published: July 2022

A mechanistic understanding of nutrient movement associated with the erosion process is required to formulate precision soil conservation measures. We explored the response of surface soil nutrients and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions to tillage erosion and water erosion. Tillage and water erosion rates were estimated by the directional tillage erosion model and revised universal soil loss equation, respectively. One hundred and twelve surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from a sloping farmland (3.6 ha) in the Mollisols region of China. Soils were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Results showed that no significant relation between TN and tillage or water erosion rates exists at any slope position. The TP distribution is more affected by water erosion than tillage erosion. Water erosion also played a greater role in controlling distribution of DOC than tillage erosion, whereas POC distribution was more sensitive to tillage erosion. In addition, we observed a contrasting relationship between MBC and water erosion for the mild erosion (r = −.43, P < .05) vs. intense erosion scenario (r = .38, P < .05). This shift indicates a possible dual role of microbes in SOC cycling associated with water erosion: mild erosion (averaged 17.4 t ha−1 yr−1) depletes microbial biomass and contributes to SOC mineralization, whereas intense erosion (averaged 54.6 t ha−1 yr−1) may lead to a shift in microbial structure thus promoting the dynamic replacement of SOC at eroding sites.
Soil total carbon and nitrogen as indicators of rice response to supplemental fertilizer nitrogen
Authors: Fulford Anthony M. , Roberts Trenton Lee
Published: July 2022

Supplemental fertilizer N recommendations for flood‐irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been developed with tests that quantify plant‐available N within the effective rooting depth. Alkaline hydrolyzable‐nitrogen (AH‐N) soil test methods were recently used to successfully guide supplemental fertilizer‐N management decisions of drill‐seeded, delayed‐flood rice, stimulating interest in evaluating additional indicators of N availability such as soil total carbon (STC) and soil total nitrogen (STN). Our first objective was to evaluate the relationship among STC, STN, and AH‐N to a depth of 60 cm. Our second objective was to correlate STC and STN to rice N uptake and grain yield and develop calibration regression models that identified the yield maximizing N rate (FN 95%RGY). The STC and STN were significantly and positively related to AH‐N when clayey soils were sampled to >15‐cm depth and the coefficient of determination (r2) exhibited a range of .22–.70 for STN and .26–.75 for STC. Overall, STC and STN were significantly related to rice N uptake, unfertilized grain yield (Yield0N), or relative grain yield (RGY) and r2 values tended to be greatest at a 30‐cm depth or only nominally improve when sampling depth exceeded 30 cm. Calibration of STC and STN to predict FN 95%RGY was successfully completed, but all linear regressions had r2 < .40. The influence of sampling depth on the ability of STC and STN to serve as indicators of rice response to supplemental N fertilization demonstrates the utility of sampling within the rice plant's effective rooting depth.
3D Stereophotogrammetry in Children and Adolescents with Scleroderma En Coup De Sabre/Parry-Romberg Syndrome: Description of a Novel Method for Monitoring Disease Progression
Authors: Ter Horst Rutger , Maal Thomas J. J. , de Koning Martien J. J. , Mertens Jorre S. , Schatorjé Ellen J. H. , Hoppenreijs Esther P. , Seyger Marieke M. B.
Published: July 2022

Background

The diagnosis of Scleroderma En Coup de Sabre (ECDS)/Parry Romberg Syndrome (PRS) is mainly based on characteristic clinical findings. Methods to objectively monitor the course of the disease in a standardized way are lacking.

Objectives

This descriptive, retrospective, single centre cohort study aims to describe the contribution of 3D photographs in the assessment of the degree of facial asymmetry changes over time in growing children and adolescents with ECDS and PRS.

Methods

Six patients diagnosed with ECDS/PRS, with a follow-up period of at least 24 months and at least three 3D photographs were included. Mirroring these 3D photographs was automatically performed using surface-based matching to generate a colour-coded distance map, illustrating the inter-surface distance and thereby asymmetry between the original and mirrored 3D photographs. The percentage of absolute distances between the original and mirrored 3D photograph were calculated.

Results

In two patients, impressive decreases in the percentages of absolute distance levels over time were found, whereas the other patients did not show progression of asymmetry over time.

Conclusion

This study shows the potential of 3D stereophotogrammetry as an objective tool to measure disease activity over time in patients with ECDS/PRS.
Fault‐Tolerant Characteristics Analysis of U‐Shaped Rotor Stator Excitation Generator for Vehicle Applications
Authors: Shi Liwei , Tao Xueheng , Jing Jianning , Li Lintao , Liu Kaiwen
Published: July 2022

In order to improve the reliability of the traditional doubly salient electro‐magnetic generators (DSEG) and realize the isolation of interphase magnetic circuit, a U‐shaped rotor stator excitation generator (UR‐SEG) for vehicle applications is proposed in this paper. The machine has the interphase physical isolation and short flux path structure because of the U‐shaped rotors. According to the theoretical analysis of the fault‐tolerant characteristics of this UR‐SEG, the characteristic of the phase electromotive force (EMF) of the UR‐SEG completely overlaps with the EMF of front and rear phase in the entire power generation stage is revealed. Then the flux linkage, EMF, output voltage of both normal and faulty states are comparative investigated using the two‐dimensional finite element method (FEM). The output characteristics of the normal state and four faulty states of the machine with different exciting currents are researched, and the influence rules of fault on output characteristics are obtained. Finally, the outstanding fault‐tolerant characteristics of the UR‐SEG were verified by the experimental results. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Research on Novel Space Vector Modulation Strategy Based on Quasi‐Z Source Three‐Phase Four‐Leg Matrix Converter
Authors: Guo Yougui , Long Jian
Published: July 2022

Due to the low voltage transmission (no more than 0.866) and weak anti‐interference ability of the Four‐leg Matrix Converter (4LMC), its application in grid‐connected transformation is limited. Therefore, this paper proposes a new modulation strategy of the Four‐leg Matrix Converter (4LMC) based on quasi‐Z source (QZS). Firstly, the boost principle of QZS‐4LMC and three‐dimensional space vector modulation strategy are analyzed. Secondly, on the basis of the three‐dimensional space vector modulation, the shoot‐through zero vector is inserted into the three‐dimensional space vector modulation by dividing the shoot‐through zero vector into 16 equal parts by using the shoot‐through state instead of some zero vectors, so as to obtain a new modulation strategy. Then, the simulation model of QZS‐4LMC is built in MATLAB/Simulink to analyze the control strategy. Finally, the experimental results verify the correctness and effectiveness of this new modulation strategy. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The interplay between home and host institutions on CBA ownership decision
Authors: Krug Juliano , Falaster Christian Daniel
Published: July 2022

Cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs) are one of the key strategies for internationalization. However, most of what is known about CBA strategies relies on the effects of the host country's environment or the home country's conditions. In this article, we analyze the interplay between these two important factors. We show that companies from less institutionally developed countries are more influenced by poor institutional conditions found in host countries. We analyzed a dataset of 1,390 cross‐border acquisitions performed by Latin American firms. The literature on the subject points out that less developed host environments lead to fewer shares of ownership acquired in CBAs. However, we confirmed that the quality of the home country's institutional environment positively moderates the effects of the host environment over ownership choice in the acquisition. This effect is due to companies from less developed environments being able to use their embedded capabilities to better navigate faulty institutional environments abroad.
Spatial Metrics to Validate Land Use Cover Maps
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Paegelow Martin
Published: July 2022

When validating Land Use Cover (LUC) products, pattern analysis can be used to assess the agreement between the patterns of two maps. It therefore complements other methods and techniques that focus exclusively on the quantity (proportions) and allocation agreement between the categories. Spatial metrics are the first step for any analysis of the patterns of categorical maps. With the wide range of spatial metrics available, it is possible to fully characterize the pattern of any map. It can also be characterized in greater detail using other more complex techniques, as explained in the next chapter of this book (Chap. “Advanced Pattern Analysis to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”). This chapter provides an introduction to the essentials of pattern analysis by explaining the theory behind the calculations of spatial metrics. To this end, we offer examples of how to use spatial metrics to validate LUC maps (either single maps or series) and Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) simulations from modelling exercises. We also include two example exercises illustrating how spatial metrics can be used for general purposes of pattern characterization without validation. Despite all the spatial metrics currently available, in this chapter we will be focusing exclusively on the most common and most suitable metrics for carrying out the type of analyses being performed here. Most of the spatial metrics proposed in the literature are closely related. This means that users must select the metrics that provide most information for their specific cases, so as to avoid reiteration and make sure that clear conclusions are reached. The example exercises were drawn up with maps (CORINE, SIOSE) and modelling exercises from the Asturias Central Area and Ariège Valley databases.
Global General Land Use Cover Datasets with a Time Series of Maps
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Lara Hinojosa Javier , Jurado Pérez Francisco José , Quintero Villaraso Jaime
Published: July 2022

General Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets provide a holistic picture of all the land uses and covers on Earth, without focusing specifically on any individual land use category. As opposed to the LUC maps which are only available for one date or year, reviewed in Chap. “Global General Land Use Cover Datasets with a Single Date”, the maps with time series allow users to study LUC change over time. Time series of general LUC datasets at a global scale is useful for understanding global patterns of LUC change and their relation with global processes such as climate change or the loss of biodiversity. MCD12Q1, also known as MODIS Land Cover, was the first time series of LUC maps to be produced on a global scale. When it was first launched in 2002, there were already many organizations and researchers working on accurate, detailed global LUC maps, although these were all one-off editions for single years. The MCD12Q1 dataset continues to be updated today, providing a series of maps for the period 2001–2018. Since the launch of MCD12Q1, many other historical series of LUC maps have been produced, especially in the last decade. This has resulted in the LUC map series covering a longer time period at higher spatial resolution. Recent efforts have focused on producing consistent time series of maps that can track LUC changes over time with low levels of uncertainty. GLCNMO (500 m), GlobCover (300 m) and GLC250 (250 m) provide time series of LUC maps at similar spatial resolutions to MCD12Q1 (500 m), although for fewer reference years. GLCNMO provides information for the years 2003, 2008 and 2013, GlobCover for 2005 and 2009 and GLC250 for 2001 and 2010. GLASS-GLC is the dataset with the coarsest spatial resolution of all those reviewed in this chapter (5 km), even though it was released very recently, in 2020. Map producers have focused on this dataset’s long timespan (1982–2015) rather than on its spatial detail. LC-CCI and CGLS-LC100 are the recently launched datasets providing a consistent series of LUC maps, which show LUC changes over time with lower levels of uncertainty. LC-CCI provides LUC information for one of the longest timespans reviewed here (1992–2018) at a spatial resolution of 300 m. CGLS-LC100 provides LUC information for a shorter period (2015–2019) but at a higher spatial resolution (100 m). In both cases, updates are scheduled. The datasets with the highest levels of spatial detail are FROM-GLC and GLC30. These were produced using highly detailed Landsat imagery, delivering time series of maps at 30 m. The FROM-GLC project even has a test LUC map at a spatial resolution of 10 m from Sentinel-2 imagery for the year 2017, making it the global dataset with the greatest spatial detail of all those reviewed in this book. Both FROM-GLC and GLC30 provide data for three different dates: the former for 2010, 2015 and 2017 and the latter for 2000, 2010 and 2020.
Global Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets Characterizing Artificial Covers
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Lara Hinojosa Javier , Jurado Pérez Francisco José
Published: July 2022

The mapping of artificial covers at a global scale has received increasing attention in recent years. Numerous thematic global Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets focusing on artificial surfaces have been produced at increasingly high spatial resolutions and using methods that ensure improved levels of accuracy. In fact, there are several long time series of maps showing the evolution of artificial surfaces from the 1980s to the present. Most of them allow for change detection over time, which is possible, thanks to the high level of accuracy at which artificial surfaces can be mapped and because transitions from artificial to non-artificial covers are very rare. Global thematic LUC datasets characterizing artificial covers usually map the extent or percentage of artificial or urban areas across the world. They do not provide thematic detail on the different uses or covers that make up artificial or urban surfaces. Unlike other general or thematic LUC datasets, those focusing on artificial covers make extensive use of radar data. In several cases, optical and radar imagery have been used together, as each source provides complementary information. Global Urban Expansion 1992–2016 and ISA, which were produced at a spatial resolution of 1 km, are the coarsest of the nine datasets reviewed in this chapter. ISA provides information on the percentage of impervious surface area per pixel. The GHSL edition of 2014 and the GMIS at 30 m also provide sub-pixel information, whereas all the other datasets reviewed here only map the extent of artificial/impervious/urban areas. Most of the datasets reviewed in this chapter were produced at a spatial resolution of 30 m. This is due to the extensive use of Landsat imagery in the production of these datasets. Landsat provides a long, high-resolution series of satellite imagery that enables effective mapping of the evolution of impervious surfaces at detailed scales. Of the datasets produced at 30 m, Global Urban Land maps artificial covers for seven different dates between 1980 and 2015, while GHSL does the same for five different dates between 1987 and 2016, although the map for the last date was produced at 20 m. GUB maps the extent of urban land for seven dates between 1990 and 2018 and was produced together with GAIA, which provides an annual series of maps for the period 1985–2018. HBASE, GMIS and GISM, also at 30 m, are only available for one reference year. The same is true of GUF and WSF, which were produced as part of the same effort to map global artificial surfaces as accurately as possible. They provide the most detailed datasets up to date, with spatial resolutions of 12 m (GUF) and 10 m (WSF). Future updates of WSF will produce a consistent time series of global LC maps of artificial areas from the 1980s to the present. It aims to be the longest, most detailed, most accurate dataset ever produced on this subject.
Metrics Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps
Authors: Mas Jean-François , García-Álvarez David , Paegelow Martin , Domínguez-Vera Roberto , Castillo-Santiago Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2022

The overlaying of two map layers is a standard GIS procedure. As we saw in the previous chapter, it enables us to compute the intersection between two feature classes and cross-tabulate either the area or the pixel count of the intersecting features depending on whether raster or vector data are being used. Cross-tabulation can be used to evaluate different topics depending on the nature of the input data. In this chapter, cross-tabulation is used to assess land cover changes, the spatial agreement between maps and map accuracy. In Sect. 1, Land use/cover changes (LUCC) are quantified by comparing two LUC maps, computing different indices of change and creating a change matrix. In Sect. 2, we used various metrics to evaluate the spatial agreement between two maps. This procedure was applied to compare a LUC map with a reference map, a simulated LUC map with a reference map and a simulated LUCC map with a reference map of changes. Section 3 introduces the Kappa indices, which allow us to assess the agreement between two datasets, given the agreement expected by random coincidence. We used the indices to compare observed or simulated maps with a reference map. In Sect. 4 we evaluate the agreement between maps at a global level (the entire map) by focusing on a specific feature such as a smaller area or a particular category (stratum level). Finally, in Sect. 5, the cross-tabulation between a map and reference sample data is used to assess the thematic accuracy of the map by calculating various different accuracy indices. We present examples of analyses based on cross-tabulation for four different cases: To validate a series of maps with two or more time points, to validate a map against a reference map, to validate a simulation against a reference map and to validate simulated changes against a reference map of changes. In the example exercises, we use CORINE and SIOSE maps from the Asturias Central Area and Ariège Valley datasets and maps of the Marqués de Comillas region of south-eastern Mexico (MarquesLUC dataset). The cross-tabulation techniques proposed by Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr. are applied in Chapter “Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”.
Applications to Some Standard Special Functions
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm
Published: July 2022

We now apply our results to certain multiple Γ-type functions and multiple
$$\log \Gamma $$

log
Γ
-type functions that are known to be well-studied special functions, namely: the gamma function, the digamma function, the polygamma functions, the q-gamma function, the Barnes G-function, the Hurwitz zeta function and its higher order derivatives, the generalized Stieltjes constants, and the Catalan number function. For recent background on some of these functions, see, e.g., Srivastava and Choi (Zeta andq-zeta functions and associated series and integrals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012).
Interpretations of the Asymptotic Conditions
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm
Published: July 2022

In this chapter, we study some important properties of the sets
$$\mathcal {R}^p_{\mathrm {S}}$$

ℛ

S

p

and
$$\mathcal {D}^p_{\mathrm {S}}$$

D

S

p

and provide interpretations of the asymptotic condition that defines the set
$$\mathcal {R}^p_{\mathrm {S}}$$

ℛ

S

p

.
Multiple $$\log \Gamma $$ -Type Functions
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm
Published: July 2022

In this chapter, we introduce and investigate the map, denote it by Σ, that carries any function g lying in
$$\displaystyle \bigcup _{p\geq 0}(\mathcal {D}^p\cap \mathcal {K}^p) $$

⋃

p
≥
0

(

D

p

∩

K

p

)
into the unique solution f to the equation Δf = g that arises from the existence Theorem 10.1007/978-3-030-95088-0_3#FPar6. We call these solutions multiple
$$\log \Gamma $$

log
Γ
-type functions and we investigate certain of their properties. We also discuss the search for simple conditions on the function
$$g\colon \mathbb {R}_+\to \mathbb {R}$$

g
:

ℝ

+

→
ℝ
to ensure the existence of Σg. Further important properties of these functions, including counterparts of several classical properties of the gamma function, will be investigated in the next three chapters.
Archimedes Screw—An Alternative for Safe Migration Through Turbines?
Authors: Pauwels Ine S. , Tuhtan Jeffrey , Coeck Johan , Buysse David , Baeyens Raf
Published: July 2022

Fish passing downstream through hydraulic structures and turbines may risk dying or getting injured. Archimedes screw turbines are frequently considered more “fishfriendly” than conventional turbines. However, to date only a handful of studies assess the impact of Archimedes screws. Within the FIThydro project, we investigated injury and mortality on 2700 bream, roach and eel, including passive barotrauma sensors passing a large Archimedes hydrodynamic screw (10 m head, 22 m length) on three rotational speeds of 30, 40 and 48 Hz. The sensors measured total water pressure, linear acceleration, rotation rate, magnetic field intensity and absolute orientation. They indicated that passage is a chaotic event, and that barotrauma-related injury and mortality are indeed unlikely. Nonetheless, substantial mortality of fish was observed, specifically for bream (42%) and roach (18%) but not for eel (1%). No straightforward relation was found between rotational speeds and fish injury and mortality. The study indicates generally lower mortality and injury rates compared to conventional turbine types. However, fish can still get heavily injured or die, depending on the fish species. Therefore, we stress the need for further studies on Archimedes screws to identify the causes of the observed species-specific injury and mortality rates.
Hydropeaking Impact Assessment for Iberian Cyprinids: Hydropeaking Tool Adaptation
Authors: Godinho Francisco , Charmasson Julie , Harby Atle , Pinheiro António , Boavida Isabel
Published: July 2022

Hydropeaking negatively affects fish assemblages, but knowledge gaps still constrain our ability to rank and mitigate the impacts of different hydropower operation regimes at particular power plants. This is especially relevant for species and rivers for which the effects of hydropeaking are less investigated, such as the Iberian cyprinids and Mediterranean rivers. Therefore, a recently developed hydropeaking tool to systematically assess hydropeaking impacts on salmonids has been adapted for Iberian cyprinids within the research project FIThydro. The general tool framework developed for the salmonids was kept for the cyprinids, with the combined use of factors describing the physical effects and indicators of fish vulnerability to assess hydropeaking impact. An initial set of effect and vulnerability factors was developed for Iberian cyprinids. In addition, preliminary thresholds were established for each indicator to account for different levels of impact of hydropeaking on the focus taxa. The proposed factors/indicators and thresholds were critically reviewed by experts on Iberian cyprinids ecology and Mediterranean rivers functioning, and a final set of effect and vulnerability factors was established. The final factors retained most of the ones proposed for salmon, but included new ones, particularly for vulnerability.
Attraction Flow and Migration Habitat Assessment Using an Agent-Based Model
Authors: Kopecki Ianina , Schneider Matthias , Hägele Tobias
Published: July 2022

The findability of fishpasses is one of the keys in the design of functional migration facilities. In the pre-alpine test case HPP Altusried, an agent-based model (ABM) has been used to identify preferred migration corridors of fish approaching the downstream entrance of the installed fishway. Detections of tagged barbel and grayling derived with an acoustic telemetry system, a 2D-hydrodynamic model as well as results from fuzzy rule – based habitat suitability modeling served as basis for the development of the ABM. Predicted swimming paths show high similarities with observed tracks of single individual fish and indicate that the probability to find the fishway in a short time depends on the lateral position of fish in the river section downstream of the entrance area.
Fish Guidance Structure with Wide Bar Spacing: Mechanical Behavioural Barrier
Authors: Albayrak Ismail , Boes Robert M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with wide bar spacing and focuses on Curved-Bar Rack-Bypass Systems (CBR-BS) (Beck 2020) for fish protection and fish guidance at water intakes. In: Boes RM (ed) VAW-Mitteilung, vol 257. VAW, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. https://vaw.ethz.ch/en/the-institute/publications/vaw-communications/2010-2019.html, Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:807–818, 2020a; Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:819–830, 2020b; Beck et al., Water 12:3244, 2020c). FGS with wider bar spacing are classified as mechanical behavioural barriers and designed for use mainly at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs) and water intakes with large design discharges. In the following, different types of the FGS with wide bar spacing are introduced and, fish guidance performance and design recommendations of CBR-BS are presented.
Guidelines for Application of Different Analysis Methods of Fish Passage Through Turbines—Impact Assessment of Fish Behavioural Aspects
Authors: Geiger Franz , Stoltz Ulli
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the topic of turbine passage as one aspect for downstream migration of fish at hydropower plants (HPP). To evaluate the impact of HPPs on downstream fish passage, it is important to quantify the mortality rate during turbine passage accurately. This chapter presents guidelines and recommendations using basic and more detailed methods. Furthermore, the results of their application while the FIThydro project at the Testcases of Guma, Bannwil, and Obernach, which are equipped with bulb turbines, are presented. Different methods to evaluate fish passage through turbines are discussed. These are modelling methods to assess the survival rate, sensor fish test at the Testcases to record physical data, as well as field tests at the laboratory Testcase in Obernach gaining a better understanding of the impact of fish behaviour on fish passage. The modelling methods reach from simple physical and empirical methods to determine the strike probability to enhanced methods including the physical reaction of the fish up to numerical simulations modelling the fish path and including behavioural aspects of the fish. The results of field tests at the Testcase sites help to improve and validate the methodologies and to develop guidelines for the application.
Einleitung
Authors: Heinen Andreas , Samuel Robin , Vögele Claus , Willems Helmut
Published: July 2022

Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Kindheits- und Jugendalter haben in den vergangenen Jahren in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im Vordergrund steht dabei vor allem die Erforschung der Bedingungsfaktoren für die Entwicklung eines „guten“ Wohlbefindens und einer „guten“ Gesundheit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Die verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen beschäftigen sich mit Fragen zu Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit von Jugendlichen aus ihrer jeweiligen Perspektive.
Gesundheit, die aus der Bewegung kommt: Wie körperlich aktiv sind Jugendliche in Luxemburg?
Authors: Bund Andreas , Eckelt Melanie , Steffgen Georges , Hutmacher Djenna
Published: July 2022

Die Bedeutung ausreichender und regelmäßiger Bewegung für die Gesundheit von Jugendlichen ist weitgehend unstrittig und in vielen Studien belegt. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) empfiehlt, dass sich Jugendliche täglich mindestens 60 min moderat bis intensiv bewegen. In den wohlhabenden Industrieländern erreicht aber nur jeder fünfte Jugendliche diese Vorgabe. Das Forschungsprojekt „Physical Activity Behaviour of Children and Youth in Luxembourg: The Role of Physical Education“ (PALUX) hat zum Ziel, die körperliche Aktivität von Jugendlichen in Luxemburg und deren Motivation zu erfassen. Dazu wird neben einem Fragebogen mit der Akzelerometrie erstmals eine objektive Messmethode eingesetzt. Die in zwei Wellen erhobenen Daten von knapp 1700 (Fragebogen) bzw. 150 (Akzelerometrie) Jugendlichen im Alter von 10 bis 20 Jahren zeigen, dass sich auch die Jugendlichen in Luxemburg zu wenig bewegen. Nur 41 % der Jungen und 12 % der Mädchen erreichen die Empfehlung der WHO. Etwa zwei Drittel der körperlichen Aktivität findet in der Freizeit der Jugendlichen statt, ein Drittel entfällt auf die Schulzeit sowie den Sportunterricht. Im Fragebogen geben fast alle Jugendlichen deutlich mehr Bewegungsaktivitäten an als mittels Akzelerometrie aufgezeichnet wird. Die Motivation zur körperlichen Aktivität wird von einem auf den anderen Kontext übertragen; die Förderung intrinsischer Motivation im Sportunterricht hat demnach auch einen positiven Effekt auf die Freizeitaktivitäten der Jugendlichen. Schule, Sportunterricht, aber auch kommunale Strukturen spielen deshalb eine zentrale Rolle, wenn es um die Förderung von Sport- und Bewegungsaktivitäten von Jugendlichen geht.
Geschlechterbezogene Rollen und Stereotype und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Leben Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener
Authors: Hale Miriam-Linnea , Holl Elisabeth , Melzer André
Published: July 2022

Geschlechterstereotype werden bereits im Kindesalter vor allem durch Eltern, das soziale Umfeld und die Medien vermittelt und gelernt. Klassische Medien, wie Film und Fernsehen, haben einen großen Einfluss auf diese Entwicklung. Aktuelle Studien zeigen jedoch, dass gerade für jüngere Generationen auch neuere Medien, wie soziale Medien oder Videospiele die Einstellungen in Bezug auf das Geschlecht prägen können. Über die gesamte Lebensspanne hinweg beeinflussen diese Stereotype verschiedenste Lebensbereiche, darunter die berufliche Karriere, das Selbstbild, aber auch konkrete Verhaltensweisen. Außerdem können sozial gelernte Rollenbilder und Einstellungen das Wohlbefinden junger Menschen beeinflussen. Im folgenden Kapitel werden diese Zusammenhänge genauer betrachtet sowie eine Studie zum aktuellen Stand der geschlechterbezogenen Stereotype junger Menschen in Luxemburg vorgestellt. So zeigte sich unter anderem, dass Jugendliche sich selbst in vielen Bereichen ihres Alltags signifikant durch Stereotype beeinträchtigt sehen.
Gesundheitsförderung und Wohlbefinden in der Fremdunterbringung: eine Herausforderung auf allen Ebenen für das „Institut étatique d’aide à l’enfance et à la jeunesse“ (AITIA)
Authors: Schmit René
Published: July 2022

Viele Kinder und Jugendliche, die in Institutionen der Fremdunterbringung leben, haben in ihrer Kindheit traumatische Erfahrungen gemacht. Sie brauchen Verlässlichkeit und Sicherheit als Voraussetzung, damit sie wieder tragfähige und stabile Beziehungen im Alltag aufbauen und dadurch Vertrauen zu sich selbst und zu anderen Menschen entwickeln können. Die gezielte Förderung von Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden und die Prävention von krankheitsfördernden Entwicklungen sind wichtige strategische Elemente im pädagogischen Gesamtkonzept der Institutionen der Fremdunterbringung. Ihre Umsetzung ist nur möglich, wenn sie gleichzeitig auf verschiedenen Ebenen geschieht. Es braucht Menschen, die den Jugendlichen mit Menschlichkeit, Verlässlichkeit und Fachlichkeit begegnen; klare und transparente Arbeitsprozesse; Strukturen, die Konzepte und Implementierung dieser Konzepte ermöglichen; Beteiligung der Jugendlichen und, wenn immer nur möglich, ihrer Familien am Geschehen und an allen für sie relevanten Entscheidungen; finanzielle, gerichtliche, politische Rahmenbedingungen, welche diesen Kriterien entsprechen.

Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie die Einrichtung „Staatlech Kannerheemer“ – „Institut étatique d’aide à l’enfance et à la jeunesse – AITIA“ (Vgl. Mémorial A-N°541 du12 août 2019: Loi du 1er août 2019 concernant l’Institut étatique d’aide à l’enfance et à la jeunesse. Vgl. auch Document Parlementaire n° 7189.), ihren entsprechenden Auftrag, welcher im Gesetz vom 1. August 2019 klar beschrieben wird, in Strukturen, Konzepten und Prozessen umsetzt. Er beschränkt sich aus diesem Grund lediglich auf einen Teil der Aufgabenbereiche des Instituts.
Current Findings and Policy Concepts Concerning School-Related Health and Well-Being in Finland – School Burnout and Engagement
Authors: Salmela-Aro Katariina
Published: July 2022

School burnout is a new and emerging trend that presents a risk for student learning, successful educational and occupational transitions, and overall well-being. School engagement, on the other hand, leads to positive outcomes. This paper reviews recent research conducted in Finland examining school burnout and engagement during the major educational transitions from elementary school to further educational tracks, and from high school and beyond. Of special interest are the different pathways and profiles of school burnout, and the role of various personal and contextual antecedents in both burnout and engagement The studies reviewed here show that, during these major educational transitions, the school-burnout continuum is often associated with indicators of ill-being (e.g., depressive symptoms), and negatively associated with wellbeing (e.g., life satisfaction). The conclusion drawn from the evidence is that school burnout may be detrimental to the development of adolescents in multiple ways, and it could impair their future career development.
An efficient Lorentz equivariant graph neural network for jet tagging
Authors: Gong Shiqi , Meng Qi , Zhang Jue , Qu Huilin , Li Congqiao , Qian Sitian , Du Weitao , Ma Zhi-Ming , Liu Tie-Yan
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Deep learning methods have been increasingly adopted to study jets in particle physics. Since symmetry-preserving behavior has been shown to be an important factor for improving the performance of deep learning in many applications, Lorentz group equivariance — a fundamental spacetime symmetry for elementary particles — has recently been incorporated into a deep learning model for jet tagging. However, the design is computationally costly due to the analytic construction of high-order tensors. In this article, we introduce LorentzNet, a new symmetry-preserving deep learning model for jet tagging. The message passing of LorentzNet relies on an efficient Minkowski dot product attention. Experiments on two representative jet tagging benchmarks show that LorentzNet achieves the best tagging performance and improves significantly over existing state-of-the-art algorithms. The preservation of Lorentz symmetry also greatly improves the efficiency and generalization power of the model, allowing LorentzNet to reach highly competitive performance when trained on only a few thousand jets.
Kink form factors
Authors: Evslin Jarah
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We use a recently constructed linearized soliton sector perturbation theory to calculate the form factors relevant to the elastic scattering of ultrarelativistic mesons off of nonrelativistic kinks. Both localized kink wave packets and also delocalized momentum eigenstate kinks are considered. In the delocalized case, the leading term is just the classical kink solution, as was found by Goldstone and Jackiw. The leading delocalized quantum correction agrees with that found by Gervais, Jevicki and Sakita in the ϕ4 model and Weisz in the Sine-Gordon model. In the case of localized kink wave packets, some corrections are found which scale with the wave packet width, and so will be relevant for the coherent scattering of mesons off of kink wave packets.
Malignant obstruction of the inferior vena cava: clinical experience with the self-expanding Sinus-XL stent system
Authors: Augustin Anne Marie , Lucius Leonie Johanna , Thurner Annette , Kickuth Ralph
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the technical and clinical outcome of Sinus-XL stent placement in patients with malignant obstruction syndrome of the inferior vena cava.

Methods

Between October 2010 and January 2021, 21 patients with different malignant primary disease causing inferior vena cava obstruction were treated with Sinus-XL stent implantation. Procedural data, technical and clinical outcome parameters were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Technical success was 100%. Analysis of available manometry data revealed a significant reduction of the mean translesional pressure gradient following the procedure (p = 0.008). Reintervention rate was 4.8% (1/21). The available follow-up imaging studies showed primary and primary-assisted stent patency rates of 93% (13/14) and 100% (14/14), respectively. Major complications did not occur. The clinical success regarding lower extremity edema was 82.4% (14/17) for the first and 85.7% (18/21) for the last follow-up. Longer lengths of IVC obstruction were associated with reduced clinical improvement after the procedure (p = 0.025). Improvement of intraprocedural manometry results and lower extremity edema revealed only minor correlation. Ascites and anasarca were not significantly positively affected by the procedure.

Conclusion

Sinus-XL stent placement in patients with malignant inferior vena cava obstruction showed high technical success and low complication rates. Regarding the clinical outcome, significant symptom improvement could be achieved in lower extremity edema, whereas ascites and anasarca lacked satisfying symptom relief. Based on our results, this procedure should be considered as a suitable therapy in a palliative care setting for patients with advanced malignant disease.
Foot-related/walking macro-affordances are implicitly activated and preferentially guided by the framing distance of the environmental layout
Authors: Tosoni Annalisa , Altomare Emanuele Cosimo , Perrucci Mauro Gianni , Committeri Giorgia , Di Matteo Rosalia
Published: July 2022

As classically captured in the notion of affordance, the natural environment presents animals with multiple opportunities for action and locomotion appears as the privileged form of action to cover distance in the extrapersonal space/environment. We have recently described a facilitation effect, known as “macro-affordance”, for the execution of walking-related actions in response to distant vs. near objects/locations in the extrapersonal space. However, since the manipulation of distance was coextensive to landmark-objects contained in the environment and to the environmental layout per se, the relative contribution of these two factors remains undetermined. In addition, since the effect was originally described in the context of an incidental priming paradigm, it is still unknown whether it was specifically associated with an implicit coding of environmental distance. Here, across three experiments, we examined the degree to which the “macro-affordance” effect reflects (i) the encoding of environmental vs. landmark-objects’ distance, (ii) the involvement of an implicit vs. controlled system, (iii) a foot-effector specificity. The results showed that the “macro-affordance” effect is more efficiently triggered by the framing distance of the environmental layout (far/wide/panoramic vs. near/close/restricted) rather than of isolated landmark-objects in the environment and that it only emerges when the distance dimension is implicitly processed within the incidental priming paradigm. The results additionally suggested a specificity of the effect for foot- vs. hand-related actions. The present findings suggest that macro-affordances reflect an implicit coding of spatial features of the environmental layout and viewer–environment relationships that preferentially guide a walking-related exploration of the spatial environment.
Power to the people? Food democracy initiatives’ contributions to democratic goods
Authors: Candel Jeroen J. L.
Published: July 2022

In order to foster a transition of the food system toward more sustainable outcomes, scholars have increasingly pointed at the need for organizing strengthened food democracy. By increasing the participation of citizens and food system actors, democratic innovations, such as food policy councils, are believed to promote the quality and legitimacy of food policymaking. However, the question of whether and how food democracy initiatives do indeed contribute to more democratic modes of governance largely remains unexplored. This study addresses this gap by performing a systematic literature review of the existing scholarship on food democracy, assessing democratic innovations for their contributions to four democratic goods: inclusiveness, popular control, considered judgment and transparency. The analysis shows that food democracy initiatives tend to be dominated by organized interests, have more influence on agenda-setting and implementation compared to decision-making, and generally aim for some form of deliberation or knowledge exchange. The precise selection mechanisms, processes and quality of deliberation, and transparency of democratic innovations remain important research gaps. The paper ends with a plea to better connect food democracy scholarship with the broader political sciences, as well as various suggestions for future research.
Human Capital Mediates Natural Selection in Contemporary Humans
Authors: Hugh-Jones David , Abdellaoui Abdel
Published: July 2022

Natural selection has been documented in contemporary humans, but little is known about the mechanisms behind it. We test for natural selection through the association between 33 polygenic scores and fertility, across two generations, using data from UK Biobank (N = 409,629 British subjects with European ancestry). Consistently over time, polygenic scores that predict higher earnings, education and health also predict lower fertility. Selection effects are concentrated among lower SES groups, younger parents, people with more lifetime sexual partners, and people not living with a partner. The direction of natural selection is reversed among older parents, or after controlling for age at first live birth. These patterns are in line with the economic theory of fertility, in which earnings-increasing human capital may either increase or decrease fertility via income and substitution effects in the labour market. Studying natural selection can help us understand the genetic architecture of health outcomes: we find evidence in modern day Great Britain for multiple natural selection pressures that vary between subgroups in the direction and strength of their effects, that are strongly related to the socio-economic system, and that may contribute to health inequalities across income groups.