bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Mineral Elements and Protein in Soft Rice was Determined and Analyzed by SEM-EDS Technology
Authors: Peng Bo , Ma Xiao-Rui , Cui Wen-Ting , Tian Xia-Yu , Dong Chao , Tang Cuifeng , Xiang A Xin , Yang Fang , Zhang Yan-Ming , Zheng Meng-Yang , Huang Ya-Qin , Sun Yan-Yang , Pang Rui-Hua , Wang Quan-Xiu , Zhou Wei , Yuan Hong-Yu
Published: June 2021

Soft rice is a kind of high-quality rice between glutinous rice and sticky rice. It has low amylose content, crystal clear grains, sweet taste, soft glutinous, and is suitable for cooking and porridge. Chalkiness in soft rice is a white opaque part formed by loose endosperm. It is an important character that affects the appearance quality, processing, and cooking quality of rice, and also an important limiting factor that restricts the standard rate of high-quality rice in China. The combination of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) can be used for in-depth analysis of rice, visualization, and quantitative analysis of element distribution in rice. The results showed that there were many kinds of mineral elements in soft rice seeds, among which C and O were the most abundant, followed by N and P, and Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn were less. The contents of C, N, P, and S in the non-chalky area were significantly higher than those in the chalky area. Especially N and S were the best indicators of protein, and the contents in the chalky area were higher than those in the non-chalky area. It means that the protein content in the chalky part of soft rice seed is less than that in the non-chalky part, which affects the nutritional quality of soft rice. Therefore, the results of this study laid a solid foundation for the in-depth analysis of the distribution of mineral elements and protein in soft rice and their effects on the quality of soft rice, which also provided important information for the cultivation of new high-quality rice varieties in the future.
Ekstraksi Kitosan dari Limbah Cangkang Udang sebagai Adsorben Ion Logam Cu pada Air Kolong Timah Bangka
Authors: Aldila Herman
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH pada tahap deasetilasi terhadap adsorpsi kitosan ion logam Cu pada kolong timah Bangka. Ekstraksi kitosan dilakukan dalam empat tahap yaitu deproteinisasi, demineralisasi, dekolorisasi dan deasetilasi kitin. Pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH pada proses deasetilasi dipelajari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi NaOH dari 20% menjadi 60% maka kitosan DD meningkat. Laju difusi OH- menyebabkan peningkatan serangan OH- ke gugus amino sehingga mewujudkan deasetilasi kitin yang efektif. Kadar logam Cu pada penelitian ini mencapai 0,32 ppm. Adsorpsi kitosan pada ion logam cu menurunkan kadar terlarut rata-rata 99,67% dari kadar awal. Kandungan gugus hidroksil pada kitosan menyebabkan terjadinya reaksi pembentukan senyawa hidroksida dari ion logam Cu terlarut. Senyawa Cu hidroksida secara terpisah akan membentuk dan membentuk endapan. Semakin besar nilai derajat deasetilasi menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan gugus hidroksil dan menyebabkan peningkatan adsorpsi ion logam Cu.
Identification of the Potential of Acid Rock Drainage in the Tin Mine on Bangka Island
Authors: Andini Delita Ega , Puspita Sari Fajar Indah
Published: June 2021

Bangka Belitung is one of the tin-producing areas in the world which is characterized by the large number of granite rocks in the area as the rock carrying cassiterite minerals. Granite rocks found on Bangka Island are rocks formed due to magma activity from acidic volcanic processes. The availability of acidic water is possible due to the presence of acid-carrying minerals from granite which causes acid rock drainage or acid rock water which generally occurs in mining areas, ex-mining and exploration in tin mines. Before making efforts to prevent environmental pollution, identification is needed regarding the potential acidity of the rock so that the pH and dissolved metal content that endangers survival can be prevented to a minimum.
МЕТОДИ ПРОТИДІЇ ВІРУСУ ШИФРУВАЛЬНИК В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМАХ
Authors: Штонда Роман , Куцаєв Володимир , Сівоха Олена , Артемчук Михайло
Published: June 2021

У цій статті пропонується алгоритм, яким керуються системні адміністратори для протидії несанкціонованим спробам шифрування інформації в інформаційних системах.

Факти вказують, що терміновість вжитих заходів полягає в тому, що кількість атак програм шифрування досягла 30% від загальної кількості глобальних кібератак та кіберінцидентів. Масштабні кібератаки відбуваються приблизно кожних шість місяців, а методи проникнення та алгоритми шифрування постійно вдосконалюються. Відповідно до моделі Cyber-Kill Chain, зловмисники успішно досягають поставленої мети на цільовому комп’ютері.

Метою заходів щодо усунення несанкціонованого шифрування інформації в системі є запобігання її дії на початку роботи.

Автори рекомендують заздалегідь розміщувати зразки програмного забезпечення в інформаційній системі, це дозволить своєчасно виявляти ознаки несанкціонованого шифрування інформації в системі.

Заходи включають розміщення зразка спеціального програмного забезпечення в системі якомога раніше. Зразок може реалізувати “постійний програмний моніторинг” процесу в системі, щоб зупинити процесор, коли є ознаки шифрування, тобто: коли процесор перевантажений, коли виявляються підозрілі процеси, при виявленні ознак дії алгоритму шифрування, у разі синхронізації і коли важливі файли зникають, у разі спроби перезапустити систему та інших ознак. Автори порівнюють систему мережевої безпеки із ситуацією, коли рекомендовані заходи не застосовуються. Автори вважають, що, виходячи з ефективності відповідних заходів, система захисту мережі зросте до 0,99.

Висновок цієї статті полягає в тому, що розміщення спеціального програмного забезпечення в системі дозволить протидіяти якомога швидше вірусу шифрувальнику та покращить безпеку системи.

Подальші дослідження дозволять розповсюдити рекомендовані заходи щодо усунення поведінки різних типів кібератак, які досягли цільової машини, а також виникнення кіберінцидентів відповідно до моделі Cyber-Kill Chain.
关于IPTV业务组播质量劣化问题的研究
Authors: 张 文杰
Published: June 2021

IPTV的组播业务是通过利用组播协议的特性，充分利用网络设备对数据的复制转发能力，将用户机顶盒的视频流量下沉到离用户最近的网元。相比传统的RTSP（实时流传输协议）提供客户端到服务端的实时视频传输，组播的部署能够大幅度节省平台建设及网络资源。组播卡顿问题对组播复制点下移工作中，IPTV业务直播卡顿反映较为多，看电视节目有马赛克现象或者屏幕卡顿现象。文章对组播部署过程中卡顿问题进行了分析总结，提供了通用的故障处理的方法。
公路工程施工技术要点及控制措施
Authors: 蔡 振华
Published: June 2021

我国公路工程经过多年的发展已经有着较为成熟的技术，可以说，整个公路工程的施工质量高低都受到施工技术水平的影响。为此，相关工作人员要加强当前公路施工中常见质量问题的分析，采取有效的施工技术方法，提高施工技术水平，加强质量控制，确保公路工程建设效果。
基于空频域融合的MRI重建方法分析
Authors: 曹 丁文
Published: June 2021

在MRI图像成型中，采用空频域融合的方式，对MRI模型加以重建，能够增强最终的成像效果。基于此，文章从基于空频域融合的MRI重建的合理性展开论述，详细阐述了将经典压缩感知与深度学习相结合、单域重建模块建设、双域重建模型建设这三项基于空频域融合的MRI重建方法实施步骤。
Ekososiaalinen sivistys on yhteisöllistä sivistymistä
Authors: Toiviainen Hanna , Heimo Satu , Pastuhov Annika , Wallén Björn
Published: June 2021

Sivistys liitetään teemanumerossa ekososiaalisiin kysymyksiin ja planetaarisiin haasteisiin. Onko viheliäisiin kysymyksiin mahdollista tarttua arjen pienin kestävin teoin, kehittämällä ja opettelemalla uusia toisin toimimisen taitoja? Aikuisten oppiminen ja sivistystyöhön osallistuminen voivat liittää pienet teot isoihin ratkaisupyrkimyksiin, avata näkökulmia elonyhteisöjen välisten suhteiden pohdintaan ja tarjota vaikuttamismahdollisuuksia.
Yhteisenä tehtävänä alkuperäisen maailman näkyviin saattaminen
Authors: Turunen Serja
Published: June 2021

Ranskalainen fenomenologi Maurice Merleau-Ponty vaikuttui taidemaalarin tavasta kohdata ja tuoda näkyväksi maailma sellaisena kuin se alkuperäisessä havainnossa näyttäytyy. Saman alkuperäisen maailman äärellä työskentelevät myös filosofi, opettaja ja empiristi. Nykymaailman kiireessä ryntäämme usein turhan nopeasti piirtämään ilmiöille tiukkoja ääriviivoja ja hukkaamme maailman moniulotteisuutta sekä vaihtoehtoisia perspektiivejä.
Preliminary research: Gas mixture flowrate detector based on acoustic measurement
Authors: Febrina Melany , Satria Eko , Djamal Mitra
Published: June 2021

In preliminary research, a system for detecting the flow rate of the gas mixture (N2 and CO2) has been successfully built using acoustic measurements. This detector consists of a speaker as a transmitter of ultrasonic waves, and 3 microphones as a receiver of the ultrasonic waves. The quantity measured in this detection system test is the phase difference of the ultrasonic waves captured by the left and right microphones. The flow rate of the gas mixture will affect the phase difference value between the left and right microphones. With the increase of the flow rate of the gas mixture, the phase difference between the two microphones will increase. The flowrate range tested was between 0 and 0.8 l/min, with a concentration of 20% CO2 in the gas mixture of N2 and CO2. In testing this detection system, the absolute error is 2,4 10-2 l/min.
Alat Pelacak dan Pengaman Kendaraan Bermotor dengan Kendali Pesan Singkat Berbasis Arduino dan SIM900
Authors: Harahap Al Barra
Published: June 2021

Tindak kejahatan pencurian kendaraan bermotor, khususnya roda dua termasuk dalam kategori kasus yang tinggi ditangan kepolisian, jumlah kasus juga meningkat di masa pandemi covid-19 ini. Kendaraan bermotor roda dua sendiri sangat rentan dicuri dengan merusak lubang kunci motor. Oleh sebab itu, dilakukanlah penelitian ini yang bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun alat pelacak dan pengaman kendaraan bermotor yang mudah dan murah. Alat yang dibuat berbasis mikrokontroler Arduino UNO dengan menggunakan modul SIM900 untuk komunikasi dengan pengguna. Sehingga, apabila terjadi pencurian, pengguna cukup mengirimkan SMS ke alat untuk mengaktifkan fitur GPS, alarm dan pemutusan daya listrik di kendaraan.
Avaliação da percepção de satisfação do sorriso e da influência das mídias sociais digitais na população
Authors: Braga Maria Luísa de Assis , Almeida Iândia Freitas de , Borges Faldrécya de Sousa Queiroz , Feitosa Hermógenes Albuquerque , Costa Luciana Ellen Dantas , Feitosa Faldryene de Sousa Queiroz
Published: June 2021

Introdução: A crescente participação das mídias sociais no cotidiano da população vem moldando a forma como as pessoas percebem a si mesmas. A satisfação com a própria imagem é construída pela mescla de fatores intrínsecos ao próprio ser e às influências do meio externo, e agora, pelas redes sociais. Como o brasileiro consome muito as mídias sociais digitais, essa presença exagerada “impõe” novos parâmetros de beleza. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de satisfação do sorriso sob influência das mídias sociais digitais na população. Material e método: Estudo transversal descritivo, abordagem quali-quatitativa, com aplicação de questionário online no formato Google Docs, enviado de forma aleatória aos participantes por meio de redes sociais. Os dados obtidos foram transpostos para o programa Excel e analisados através das frequências das variáveis. Resultados: Responderam ao formulário 171 pessoas. O perfil socioeconômico compõe majoritariamente mulheres (76%), residentes na região Nordeste do Brasil (96,5%), ensino superior incompleto (33,3%), faixa etária de 25 a 31 anos (48%), renda familiar mensal de 3 a 5 salários mínimos (36,8%) e que utilizam as redes sociais digitais WhatsApp e Instagram em sua maioria, por mais de 4 horas diárias (62%). A posição dos dentes foi a característica mais importante do sorriso para 83,6% (n=143) dos entrevistados; 62% (106) gostariam de realizar alguma mudança no próprio sorriso e quase metade dos entrevistados (47,4%, n=80) consideram que as mídias sociais digitais influenciam parcialmente nas respostas atribuídas ao questionário. Conclusão: Os entrevistados afirmaram que estão felizes com seus sorrisos, mas ainda desejam modificar algo. A percepção do sorriso, de um modo geral, é influenciada pela vivência dos entrevistados nas mídias sociais digitais.
Otimização de método analítico em HPLC-PDA para monitoração terapêutica do bussulfano oral em pacientes transplantados de células-tronco hematopoiéticas
Authors: Effting Cristiane , Oliveira Fernando Gomes Ferreira , Mundim Iram Moreira , Cruz Alessandro de Carvalho , Rodrigues Andryne Rego , Rodrigues Caroline Rego , Oliveira-Neto Jerônimo Raimundo de , Cunha Marianna Medeiros Barros da , Arantes Adriano de Moraes , Cunha Luiz Carlos da
Published: June 2021

Otimizou-se método para monitoração plasmática de bussulfano em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH). Utilizou-se HPLC-PDA Shimadzu, coluna C18 (150 mm x 4 mm), metanol/água/acetonitrila (65:20:15, v/v/v),  fluxo 1 mL min-1; UV  λ = 276 nm, tempo de análise de 17 min; derivatização com dietilcarbamato de sódio, extração com acetato de etila; curva de calibração linear de 200-5000  ng mL-1. A recuperação relativa dos controles foi de 89%±0,04 (CQA = 86%; CQM = 87%; CQB = 93%) e a do PI (padrão interno) foi de 74%±0,47. A recuperação absoluta dos controles foi de 114%±0,03 (CQA = 111%; CQM = 118%; CQB = 113%), e a do PI foi de 102%±2,5. Os limites inferiores de quantificação e detecção obtidos foram, respectivamente, de 200 ng mL-1 e 40 ng mL-1.  A linearidade foi analisada pela curva de calibração (200–5000 ng.mL-1) (r = 0,998). A repetibilidade (intracorrida) foi de 1,25%-11,25%, e a precisão intermediária (intercorrida), 2,17%-10,71%. A exatidão encontrada foi de 89,61%-102,18%. A estabilidade de curta duração de amostras extraídas e das soluções foi de 6,25% e 3,18% para CQB, 7,54% e 2,4% para CQA e 13,17% e 4,13% para PI, respectivamente. A estabilidade de ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento de amostras extraídas e das soluções foi de 3,64% e 2,53% para CQB, 9,09% e 5,65% para CQA e 10,32% e 4,82% para PI, respectivamente. Desta forma, foi possível validar uma técnica para determinação do bussulfano em plasma por HPLC-PDA, adequada à monitorização terapêutica de pacientes.
Efeito de fungicidas ao fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium rileyi
Authors: Pessoa Luis Gustavo Amorim , Loureiro Elisângela de Souza , Yokota Lidiane Arissa , Rocha Cristina Martins Domingos , Sales Ana Carolina , Dias Bruno Mateus Ribeiro , Pereira Filho Antonio Amorim
Published: June 2021

O fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium rileyi é conhecido como agente de controle biológico de vários lepidópteros entre eles destaca-se a família Noctuidae. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos fungicidas sobre o desenvolvimento de dois isolados de M. rileyi em condições de laboratório. Foi estudado o efeito in vitro de cinco fungicidas sobre os isolados UFMS 06 e UFMS 07 do fungo M. rileyi. Os produtos foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo o meio de cultura Batata-Dextrose-Ágar (BDA), nas concentrações recomendadas para a aplicação do produto em campo. Após ter incubado o fungo no meio de cultura as placas foram vedadas com filme de PVC e colocadas em câmara climatizada (tipo B.O.D.) a 25 ± 1 °C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10 % e fotoperíodo de 12 horas por um período de 7 dias, foram avaliados o crescimento micelial e concentração de esporos. Para quantificar a porcentagem de germinação foi utilizada uma suspensão de 1,0 × 106 con.mL-1, sendo mantida em repouso por duas horas nos diferentes fungicidas. Logo após este período foi plaqueado 1,0 mL da suspensão com o auxílio de uma pipeta graduada (1mL) em placas de Petri e espalhada com alça de Drigalsky no meio nutritivo, após a inoculação as placas foram identificadas e vedadas com filme PVC, e incubadas por 20 horas em câmara climatizadas tipo B.O.D. a 25 ± 1 °C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10 % e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Os fungicidas testados neste trabalho todos eles interferiram no crescimento vegetativo, na produção de conídios e na germinação dos dois isolados do fungo, no teste de índice biológico todos os produtos foram classificados como tóxicos.
Percepção e aceitação do uso da Caesalpinia ferrea como desinfetante
Authors: Holanda Jamile Rodrigues Cosme de , Feijó Francisco Marlon Carneiro , Alves Nilza Dutra , Rodrigues Gardênia Silvania de Oliveira , Fernandes Fernando da Costa , Santos Caio Sérgio dos
Published: June 2021

Este trabalho objetivou verificar se há a passagem, como herança cultural, do saber sobre as plantas medicinais de geração para geração nas comunidades rurais, se os moradores das comunidades do semiárido nordestino já tinham algum conhecimento sobre as propriedades do jucá (C. ferrea), e se, baseando-se nesse conhecimento prévio e cultural, eles aceitariam usar essa planta como desinfetante natural. Para tal foi realizada entrevistas em 388 residências, onde cada residência era entrevistada somente uma pessoa, no período de outubro de 2017 a setembro de 2018, realizadas em oitos comunidades tradicionais do município de Mossoró-RN (Cordão de Sombra 1 e 2, Hipólito 1 e 2, Independência, Solidão, Cabelo de Nêgo e Três Marias). Como resultados obteve-se que 54,4% (197) tinham idade superior a 50 anos, 64,1% (230) eram do sexo feminino e que 77% (278) dos entrevistados residiam na comunidade tradicional há mais de 10 anos. Quanto ao conhecimento das atividades medicinais do jucá foi observado que 81,5% (295) alegavam ter um conhecimento sobre a atividade medicinal do jucá, 53,9% (195) afirmaram já ter utilizado o jucá em pessoas como medicina alternativa e 93,3% (362) aceitariam utilizar o desinfetante a base do jucá. Desta forma, evidencia-se que o uso do jucá como desinfetante seria bem aceito e utilizado, pela população, em consequência de que já vem sendo utilizado para outros fins terapêuticos pelos moradores das comunidades tradicionais do entorno de Mossoró/RN.
Pemberdayaan Perempuan Mace Mace Papua Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Daerah Tujuan Wisata Pantai Kampung Malaumkarta Distrik Makbon Kabupaten Sorong
Authors: Purwanti Nanik , Mardliyah Uswatul , Masniar Masniar , Lestari Ana , Ichwan Saiful
Published: June 2021

Pemberdayaan Perempuan Mace Mace Papua di Kampung MalaumkartaÂ  melalui partisipasi perempuan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan ekonomi rumah tangga adalah gambaran upaya mengangkat derajat kehidupan masyarakat dari belenggu kemiskinan. Kegiatan PKM ini menggunakan metode penyuluhan kepada masyarakat, dengan melakukan observasi,wawancara dan dokumentasi. Â Partisipasi perempuan Mace Mace Papua kampung Malaumkarta di daerahÂ  tujuan wisata pantai saat ini tidak sekedar menuntut persamaan hak tetapi menyatakan bahwa mereka mampu membantu dalam memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga dan dapat berkiprah disektor publik sembari menjalankan tugas-tugas domestiknya dalam rumahtangga.
Validating the use of bulk tissue stable isotope and amino acid δ15N values measured in molted hair and epidermis of elephant seals to assess temporal foraging niche specialization
Authors: Lübcker N , Newsome SD , Bester MN , de Bruyn PJN
Published: June 2021

The degree of dietary generalization versus specialization exhibited by populations can impact their ability to respond to changing environmental conditions. Naturally shed hair and epidermis are easily collected and may provide a suitable substrate for stable isotope analysis to assess trophic niche specialization. Whether fasting influences the isotopic composition of molted tissues has not been assessed. Here, we gauged the validity of using carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis of molted hair and the outermost epidermis as proxies to study the foraging ecology of southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina at Marion Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Similarity in both bulk tissue (δ13C and δ15N) and amino acid (δ15N) isotope values of molted tissues and whiskers known to reflect fasting confirmed that physiological changes associated with fasting influenced hair and epidermis isotope values. We recommend caution when using the isotopic composition of molted hair and epidermis to make ecological inferences regarding diet and/or movement. Despite these limitations, molted hair can be used to detect extreme foraging behaviors, which we show using an extensive data set of hair sampled from marked individuals (n = 331) that hauled out on Marion Island during the 2012-2013 annual pelage molt. Other factors, such as ontogenetic shifts in diet and potential environmental (baseline) isotopic variation, also influence hair δ13C and δ15N values, which complicates the use of isotopic data from molted tissues to assess the temporal consistency of an individuals’ isotopic niche.
Bir ismin etnografisi: İmroz’dan Gökçeada’ya
Authors: MÜNÜSOĞLU Hasan
Published: June 2021

Yer adları (toponimi) hem kültürel hem politik anlamda önemlidir. Kültürel anlamda, yerli halk açısından bellek, kimlik ve aidiyet göstergesidir. Politik açıdan ise iktidarın gücünü ve ideolojisini uyguladığı alanlardır. Bu sebeple, zaman zaman farklı toponimiler karşı karşıya gelirler. Böylelikle iktidarlar, uygun görmedikleri yer adlarını değiştirirlerken, yeni isim karşısında yerel halk eski ismi kullanmaya devam ederek bir bellek alanı oluşturur. Dolayısıyla isim hatırlamanın bir öznesine dönüşür. İmroz’un hikayesi de bu duruma örnektir. Lozan Antlaşması ile Türkiye’ye dahil edilen ancak halkı nüfus mübadelesi dışında bırakılan İmroz, 1920’lerden itibaren adalı Rumları derinden etkileyen olumsuz uygulamalara maruz kalmıştır. Bunlar arasında Yunanca eğitimin kısıtlanması, kamulaştırma ve Tarım açık cezaevi açılması öne çıkan uygulamalardır. Diğer tarafta, önceden tüm halkı Rum Ortodoks olan adaya, Türkiye’nin çeşitli insanların iskân edilmesiyle, adanın demografisi değişmeye başlamıştır. Ardından adalıların da dışarıya göç etmeleriyle birlikte Rum nüfus azınlık durumuna düşmüştür. 1970 yılında ise Türk Müslüman nüfusun çoğunluk olduğu adanın adı Türkçeleştirilerek Gökçeada olarak değiştirilmiştir. Bu tarihten öncesinde hiçbir yerde “Gökçeada” ismi bulunmamaktadır. Bu ismin komşu ada “Bozcaada”nın ismiyle uyumlu olması için tercih edilmiş olması muhtemeldir. İmrozlular açısından Gökçeada, adada yaşanan olumsuzlukları çağrıştırmaktadır. Bu sebeple bu ismi kullanmamaktadırlar. İmroz ise kültürel kimliklerinin bir parçası, özel memleketlerinin adıdır. Bu çalışmada, toponimi mühendisliği ekseninde Türkiye’de uygulanan politikanın bir uzantısı olarak İmroz-Gökçeada örneği, alan araştırmasıyla elde edilen veriler çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır. Bu sayede isim, bellek ve kimlik ilişkisinin anlaşılması hedeflenmektedir.
Agrobiological Characteristics of Different Varieties of Corn and Their Role in Breeding on Wet Soils in Azerbaijan
Authors: Dunyamaliev S. , Mustafaev Z. , Aslanova F. , Gatamov Kh.
Published: June 2021

The influence of the norms of nutrients on the agrobiological characteristics of zoned varietal samples of corn in the mountain forest soils of the Zagatala region has been determined. The role of each structural indicator as a starting material in studies of the formation of productivity and selection is considered. In terms of economic significance, the varieties had different biomorphological characteristics and interactions with environmental factors. The application of organic fertilizers and 20–25 tons of sialite per hectare to maintain soil moisture and meet the moisture demand during the growing season has a positive effect on the normal development of plants under stress conditions during the summer drought.
‘Hardly gear for woman to meddle with’: Kriemhild’s Violence in Nineteenth-Century Women's Versions of the Nibelungenlied
Authors: Boyle Mary
Published: June 2021

This article examines the depiction of violence in early female-authored translations and adaptations of the Nibelungenlied. For sixty years, anglophone reception of this text, then frequently characterized as the German national epic, was the preserve of male writers, but in 1877, Auber Forestier published Echoes from Mist-Land, a free adaptation. By 1905 she had been followed by four other women. Margaret Armour and Alice Horton produced fairly close translations. Two others, Lydia Hands and Gertrude Schottenfels, adapted the material for children. All based their work on nineteenth-century German publications, and each took a different approach to the violence of the female protagonist, Kriemhild. These range from the exculpatory – a rewriting which eliminates female-authored violence; a legalistic defence of insanity; a subtle shifting of the blame on to male characters – to a moralizing rejection which emphasizes Kriemhild’s violence. The rationale for each approach is anchored in contemporary understandings of violent women.
Fabrication and Characterization of Collagen/PVA Dual-Layer Membranes for Periodontal Bone Regeneration
Authors: Zhou Tian , Chen Siwei , Ding Xinxin , Hu Zhihuan , Cen Lian , Zhang Xiaomeng
Published: June 2021

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a promising treatment for periodontal tissue defects, which generally uses a membrane to build a mechanical barrier from the gingival epithelium and hold space for the periodontal regeneration especially the tooth-supporting bone. However, existing membranes possess insufficient mechanical properties and limited bioactivity for periodontal bone regenerate. Herein, fish collagen and polyvinyl alcohol (Col/PVA) dual-layer membrane were developed via a combined freezing/thawing and layer coating method. This dual-layer membrane had a clear but contact boundary line between collagen and PVA layers, which were both hydrophilic. The dual membrane had an elongation at break of 193 ± 27% and would undergo an in vitro degradation duration of more than 17 days. Further cell experiments showed that compared with the PVA layer, the collagen layer not only presented good cytocompatibility with rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), but also promoted the osteogenic genes (RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and COL1) and protein (ALP) expression of BMSCs. Hence, the currently developed dual-layer membranes could be used as a stable barrier with a stable degradation rate and selectively favor the bone tissue to repopulate the periodontal defect. The membranes could meet the challenges encountered by GTR for superior defect repair, demonstrating great potential in clinical applications.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Biomaterial Based on Extracellular-Vesicle Functionalized Graphene Oxide
Authors: Driscoll Julia , Moirangthem Anuradha , Yan Irene K. , Patel Tushar
Published: June 2021

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived extracellular vesicles (EV) are emerging as acellular therapeutics for solid organ injury and as carriers for drug delivery. Graphene-based materials are novel two-dimensional crystal structure-based materials with unique characteristics of stiffness, strength and elasticity that are being explored for various structural and biological applications. We fabricated a biomaterial that would capture desirable properties of both graphene and stem cell derived EV. Metabolically engineered EV that express azide groups were cross-linked with alkyne-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) via a copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The crosslinking between EV and GO was accomplished without the need for ligand expression on the metal. Scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated excellent cross-linking between EV and GO. Biological effects were assessed by phagocytosis studies and cell viability studies. The uptake of GO or sonicated GO (sGO) resulted in a durable pro-inflammatory immune response. Cell studies further showed that crosslinked GO-EV scaffolds exhibited cell-type dependent cytotoxicity on liver cancer cells whereas there was minimal impact on healthy hepatocyte proliferation. In vitro, neither GO-EV nor sGO-EV induced DNA strand breaks. In vivo studies in zebrafish revealed gross developmental malformations but treatment-induced mortality was only seen with the highest doses of GO-EV and sGO-EV. With these advantages, this engineered biomaterial combining the versatility of graphene with the therapeutic effects of MSC-EV has potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
A Promising Future of Ferroptosis in Tumor Therapy
Authors: Wang Hui , Lin Danfeng , Yu Qianqian , Li Zhouqi , Lenahan Cameron , Dong Ying , Wei Qichun , Shao Anwen
Published: June 2021

Currently, mechanisms and therapeutic approaches have been thoroughly studied in various prevalent malignant tumors, such as breast and lung cancer. However, there is inevitable tumor progression and drug resistance. Uncovering novel treatment strategies to inhibit tumor development is important. Ferroptosis, a form of cell death associated with iron and lipid peroxidation, has drawn extensive attention. In this paper, we reviewed the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis (i.e., iron, glutathione, and lipid metabolism) and its role in various tumors (i.e., lung cancer, liver carcinoma, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer). Moreover, we summarized ferroptosis-related anti-tumor drugs and emphasized the potential of combined treatment of anti-tumor drugs and radiotherapy in an effort to provide novel anti-tumor treatments.
HGF and MET: From Brain Development to Neurological Disorders
Authors: Desole Claudia , Gallo Simona , Vitacolonna Annapia , Montarolo Francesca , Bertolotto Antonio , Vivien Denis , Comoglio Paolo , Crepaldi Tiziana
Published: June 2021

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, encoded by the MET cellular proto-oncogene, are expressed in the nervous system from pre-natal development to adult life, where they are involved in neuronal growth and survival. In this review, we highlight, beyond the neurotrophic action, novel roles of HGF-MET in synaptogenesis during post-natal brain development and the connection between deregulation of MET expression and developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On the pharmacology side, HGF-induced MET activation exerts beneficial neuroprotective effects also in adulthood, specifically in neurodegenerative disease, and in preclinical models of cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injuries, and neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). HGF is a key factor preventing neuronal death and promoting survival through pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that HGF acts on neural stem cells to enhance neuroregeneration. The possible therapeutic application of HGF and HGF mimetics for the treatment of neurological disorders is discussed.
Automatic Segmentation and Cardiac Mechanics Analysis of Evolving Zebrafish Using Deep Learning
Authors: Zhang Bohan , Pas Kristofor E. , Ijaseun Toluwani , Cao Hung , Fei Peng , Lee Juhyun
Published: June 2021

Background: In the study of early cardiac development, it is essential to acquire accurate volume changes of the heart chambers. Although advanced imaging techniques, such as light-sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM), provide an accurate procedure for analyzing the heart structure, rapid, and robust segmentation is required to reduce laborious time and accurately quantify developmental cardiac mechanics.

Methods: The traditional biomedical analysis involving segmentation of the intracardiac volume occurs manually, presenting bottlenecks due to enormous data volume at high axial resolution. Our advanced deep-learning techniques provide a robust method to segment the volume within a few minutes. Our U-net-based segmentation adopted manually segmented intracardiac volume changes as training data and automatically produced the other LSFM zebrafish cardiac motion images.

Results: Three cardiac cycles from 2 to 5 days postfertilization (dpf) were successfully segmented by our U-net-based network providing volume changes over time. In addition to understanding each of the two chambers' cardiac function, the ventricle and atrium were separated by 3D erode morphology methods. Therefore, cardiac mechanical properties were measured rapidly and demonstrated incremental volume changes of both chambers separately. Interestingly, stroke volume (SV) remains similar in the atrium while that of the ventricle increases SV gradually.

Conclusion: Our U-net-based segmentation provides a delicate method to segment the intricate inner volume of the zebrafish heart during development, thus providing an accurate, robust, and efficient algorithm to accelerate cardiac research by bypassing the labor-intensive task as well as improving the consistency in the results.
The Impact of Digital Therapeutics on Current Health Technology Assessment Frameworks
Authors: Yan Kevin , Balijepalli Chakrapani , Druyts Eric
Published: June 2021

Historically healthcare has been delivered offline (e.g., physician consultations, mental health counseling services). It is widely understood that healthcare lags behind other industries (e.g., financial, transportation) whom have already incorporated digital technologies in their workflow. However, this is changing with the recent emergence of digital therapeutics (DTx) helping to bring healthcare services online. To promote adoption, healthcare providers need to be educated regarding the digital therapy to allow for proper prescribing. But of equal importance is affordability and many countries rely on reimbursement support from the government and insurance agencies. Here we briefly explore how national reimbursement agencies or non-profits across six countries (Canada, United States of America, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia) handle DTx submissions and describe the potential impact of digital therapeutics on current health technology assessment (HTA) frameworks. A targeted review to identify HTA submissions and guidelines from national reimbursement agencies or non-profits was conducted. We reviewed guidelines from the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) in the USA, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) in Canada, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom (UK), the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG) in Germany, Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) in France, and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) in Australia. Our review identified one set of guidelines developed by NICE in the UK. The guidelines by NICE outlined an evidence standards framework for digital health technologies (DHT). Depending on the organizational impact, financial commitment, and economic risk for the payer, different economic analyses are required. Economic analyses levels are separated into 3 categories, basic, low financial commitment, and high financial commitment. All economic analyses levels require a budget impact analysis. A cost-utility analysis is recommended for DHTs categorized in the high financial commitment category. Whereas, for DHTs that are in the low financial commitment category, a cost-consequence analysis is typically recommended. No HTA guidelines for DTx submissions were identified for the remaining countries (Canada, USA, Germany, France, and Australia)
Evolution of Surface Characteristics of Three Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes From 1958 to 2020
Authors: Falaschi Daniel , Rivera Andrés , Lo Vecchio Repetto Andrés , Moragues Silvana , Villalba Ricardo , Rastner Philipp , Zeller Josias , Salcedo Ana Paula
Published: June 2021

A number of glaciological observations on debris-covered glaciers around the globe have shown a delayed length and mass adjustment in relation to climate variability, a behavior normally attributed to the ice insulation effect of thick debris layers. Dynamic interactions between debris cover, geometry and surface topography of debris-covered glaciers can nevertheless govern glacier velocities and mass changes over time, with many glaciers exhibiting high thinning rates in spite of thick debris cover. Such interactions are progressively being incorporated into glacier evolution research. In this paper we reconstruct changes in debris-covered area, surface velocities and surface features of three glaciers in the Patagonian Andes over the 1958–2020 period, based on satellite and aerial imagery and Digital Elevation Models. Our results show that debris cover has increased from 40 ± 0.6 to 50 ± 6.7% of the total glacier area since 1958, whilst glacier slope has slightly decreased. The gently sloping tongues have allowed surface flow velocities to remain relatively low (<60 m a−1) for the last two decades, preventing evacuation of surface debris, and contributing to the formation and rise of the ice cliff zone upper boundary. In addition, mapping of end of summer snowline altitudes for the last two decades suggests an increase in the Equilibrium Line Altitudes, which promotes earlier melt out of englacial debris and further increases debris-covered ice area. The strongly negative mass budget of the three investigated glaciers throughout the study period, together with the increases in debris cover extent and ice cliff zones up-glacier, and the low velocities, shows a strong linkage between debris cover, mass balance evolution, surface velocities and topography. Interestingly, the presence of thicker debris layers on the lowermost portions of the glaciers has not lowered thinning rates in these ice areas, indicating that the mass budget is mainly driven by climate variability and calving processes, to which the influence of enhanced thinning at ice cliff location can be added.
Experimental Study on Landslides of Loose Sediment Slope Induced by Stream Bed Incision
Authors: Huang Kehan , Xu Mengzhen , Wang Zhaoyin
Published: June 2021

Uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has resulted in rapid incision of rivers along the margin of the plateau. Landslides occur frequently as a consequence of increasing bank slope and potential landslide energy due to stream bed incision or lateral bank erosion on the concave banks at bends. The Fencha Gully is on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and is developing on a huge landslide body. Flume experiments were conducted on the base of the field investigation to study the mechanism of landslides induced by stream bed incision. The experiments were designed with a length scale ratio of 1:20. Landslides and stream bed incision with loose sediment were observed and analyzed. The results show that landslides are induced as a result of stream bed incision. The potential landslide energy is defined, which increases quickly with an effective incision depth coupling vertical incision and lateral bank erosion. The occurrence of landslides can be attributed to increasing incision depth and potential landslide energy. Results indicate that the critical effective incision depth is 4.0–6.0 m. A critical value of the potential landslide energy is found from the experiments. Landslides occur if the potential energy exceeds the critical energy, which is 2.24×104 t·m/s2 for the Fencha Gully. The incision depth and potential energy of landslides from the Fencha Gully agree well with the results.
Analysis of the Incidence of Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Comprehensive Intensive Care Units and Related Risk Factors
Authors: Guo Jianying , Hong Yanyan , Wang Zhiyong , Li Yukun
Published: June 2021

Objective

A low concentration of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) indicates euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS), which could be associated with a poor outcome in patients in intensive care units (ICUs). This study evaluated the relationship between ESS and prognostic indicators in patients admitted to an ICU and examined the free T3 (FT3) cut-off points that could be associated with 28-day mortality.

Methods

This prospective observational study included patients admitted to the ICU of The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University between February and November 2018. Baseline variables and data on the occurrence of low FT3 were collected. The patients were divided into ESS (FT3 < 3.28 pmol/L) and non-ESS groups. The relationship between ESS and prognostic indicators in patients admitted to the ICU was evaluated, and the FT3 cut-off points that could be associated with 28-day mortality were examined.

Results

Out of a total of 305 patients, 118 (38.7%) were in the ESS group. Levels of FT3 (P < 0.001) and FT4 (P = 0.001) were lower, while the 28-day mortality rate (P < 0.001) and hospitalization expenses in the ICU (P = 0.001) were higher in the ESS group. A univariable analysis identified ESS, FT3, free thyroxine (FT4)/FT3, the APACHE II score, the sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, the duration of mechanical ventilation, creatinine (CREA) levels, the oxygenation index (HGB), white blood cells, albumin (ALB) levels, age, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels as factors associated with 28-day mortality (all P < 0.05). The cut-off value of FT3 for 28-day mortality was 2.88 pmol/L, and the 28-day mortality rate and hospitalization expenses in the ICU were higher in patients with ESS. The syndrome was confirmed to be independently associated with 28-day mortality.

Conclusion

This study determined the incidence of ESS in the comprehensive ICU to be 38.7%. APACHE II, SOFA, BNP, APTT, HGB, PLT, CREA, ALB, FT4, SBP, and DBP are closely related to ESS, while BNP, PLT, and ALB are independent risk factors for the syndrome.
An Explanation of Energy Return on Investment From an Entropy Perspective
Authors: Hu Yan , Chen Yingchao , Tang Songlin , Feng Lianyong , Huang Chen
Published: June 2021

Low-carbon energy transformation is a major trend in world energy development, and measures to mitigate carbon emissions can vary substantially in terms of the energy they require. A common method of evaluating energy use in energy resource exploitation is energy return on investment (EROI). One of the criticisms of EROI concerns uncertainty regarding the input and output factors for the calculation. To make the issue clear, we interpret EROI in terms of entropy, which is the most basic concept in physics. We consider an energy resource exploitation system to be a kind of dissipative structure and construct a basic entropy analysis framework for an energy resource exploitation system. We then derive the relationship between EROI and entropy change. The theory of EROI is consistent with the basic requirement for a dissipative structure, which is that the total entropy change must be negative. EROI is a method of using entropy theory to evaluate energy resource exploitation. It is inappropriate and unnecessary to quantify all factors as energy units as the input and output factors are multidimensional while energy is a one-dimensional standard. Future development of the EROI method should be guided by entropy theory. A series of EROI related indicators will increase its application and policy significance.
Pesticide Exposure During Development Does Not Affect the Larval Pheromones, Feeding Rates, or Morphology of Adult Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Queens
Authors: Walsh Elizabeth M. , Khan Omar , Grunseich John , Helms Anjel M. , Ing Nancy H. , Rangel Juliana
Published: June 2021

Recent work demonstrated that honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens reared in pesticide-laden beeswax exhibit significant changes in the composition of the chemicals produced by their mandibular glands including those that comprise queen mandibular pheromone, which is a critical signal used in mating as well as queen tending behavior. For the present study, we hypothesized that pesticide exposure during development would alter other queen-produced chemicals, including brood pheromone in immature queens, thus resulting in differential feeding of queen larvae by nurse workers, ultimately impacting adult queen morphology. We tested these hypotheses by rearing queens in beeswax containing field-relevant concentrations of (1) a combination of tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos, (2) amitraz, or (3) a combination of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos. These pesticides are ubiquitous in most commercial beekeeping operations in North America. We observed nurse feeding rates of queen larvae grafted into pesticide-laden beeswax, analyzed the chemical composition of larval queen pheromones and measured morphological markers in adult queens. Neither the nurse feeding rates, nor the chemical profiles of immature queen pheromones, differed significantly between queens reared in pesticide-laden wax compared to queens reared in pesticide-free wax. Moreover, pesticide exposure during development did not cause virgin or mated adult queens to exhibit differences in morphological markers (i.e., body weight, head width, or thorax width). These results were unexpected given our previous research and indicate that future work is needed to fully understand how pesticide exposure during development affects honey bee queen physiology, as well as how various adult queen quality metrics relate to each other.
Antibody Responses and the Effects of Clinical Drugs in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Wei Liwen , Shang Yuqi , Liu Xi , Li Xinghua , Chen Gongqi , Liang Siping , Zou Zhengyu , Ding Tao , Hong Zhongsi , Wu Minhao , Xia Jinyu
Published: June 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged around December 2019 and have become a global epidemic disease currently. Specific antibodies against SAS-COV-2 could be detected in COVID-19 patients’ serum or plasma, but the clinical values of these antibodies as well as the effects of clinical drugs on humoral responses have not been fully demonstrated. In this study, 112 plasma samples were collected from 36 patients diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The IgG and IgM antibodies against receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike protein subunit 1 (S1) of SAS-COV-2 were detected by ELISA. We found that COVID-19 patients generated specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 after infection, and the levels of anti-RBD IgG within 2 to 3 weeks from onset were negatively associated with the time of positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Patients with severe symptoms had higher levels of anti-RBD IgG in 2 to 3 weeks from onset. The use of chloroquine did not significantly influence the patients’ antibody titer but reduced C-reaction protein (CRP) level. Using anti-viral drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol) reduced antibody titer and peripheral lymphocyte count. While glucocorticoid therapy developed lower levels of peripheral lymphocyte count and higher levels of CRP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), α-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase(α-HBDH), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL). From these results, we suggested that the anti-RBD IgG may provide an early protection of host humoral responses against SAS-COV-2 infection within 2 to 3 weeks from onset, and clinical treatment with different drugs displayed distinct roles in humoral and inflammatory responses.
The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Cockram Tom O. J. , Dundee Jacob M. , Popescu Alma S. , Brown Guy C.
Published: June 2021

Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a ‘phagocytic code’ - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don’t-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals – for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as ‘self-opsonins’, while others are ‘negative opsonins’ or ‘phagocyte suppressants’, inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease.