bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presentación del dossier Género y Cultura Colonial
Authors: Ruiz Tresgallo Silvia
Published: October 2021

Este dossier forma parte del proyecto de investigación “Voces silenciadas por la historia: la mujer en la literatura y la producción cultural del barroco americano” registrado para el periodo 2019-2021 en la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (México), cuenta con el apoyo externo del Prodep y fue dirigido por Silvia Ruiz Tresgallo. Dentro de las labores de revisión de los artículos incluidos en este dossier han participado las estudiantes María Valentina Díaz Herrera (Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas Inglés, UAQ) y Mayra Hernández Ávila (Maestría en la Enseñanza de los Estudios Literarios, UAQ).
Gobernanza participativa, la experiencia de Barcelona
Authors: Flores Lucero María de Lourdes
Published: October 2021

El Gobierno de Barcelona cuenta desde hace más de tres décadas con experiencia en participación social para el mejoramiento de la ciudad, situándola como una de las ciudades vanguardistas en materia de gobernanza participativa (GP). No obstante, a pesar de que Barcelona cuenta con un marco reglamentario, metodologías, espacios para la participación y acciones gubernamentales para promover la participación social, alcanzar una participación colectiva significativa todavía se vislumbra como una meta distante. El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar a la reflexión sobre el desarrollo de condiciones que impulsan la participación social desde las instituciones, para fortalecer la GP, a través de la experiencia en Barcelona. Aquí se destaca la necesidad de mejorar los canales e instrumentos oficiales para aumentar la influencia de la participación social en la decisión política y asegurar el involucramiento de los sectores más vulnerables. La metodología es cualitativa y está basada en el enfoque teórico sobre gobernanza participativa y gobierno abierto, y utiliza las técnicas de entrevistas semidirigidas, el análisis documental y los recorridos de campo.
Lifetime Estimation Method of Polyethylene Pipe Based on the Full Notch Creep Test
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Yang Bo , Li Maodong , Xu Xianshun , Li Yue
Published: October 2021

The Creep Crack Growth (CCG) of polyethylene pipe directly limits its long-term lifetime. The long-term lifetime estimation of polyethylene pipe was proposed by combining the crack kinetics and Paris-Erdogan crack growth model. According the Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) to measure the relationship between the crack opening displacement COD and the test time ti of the preformed PE ring notch specimens during creep tension, and the crack growth rate da/dt, stress intensity factor KI can be calculated, then the inherent parameters A, m of PE materials can be obtained through the Paris-Erdogan crack growth model. Finally, the relationship between the crack depth af and the crack growth time tCCG of polyethylene pipes in the long-term use process can be extrapolated. The test result shown that, when the specification of PE pipes were dn110-sdr11, if there was an initial crack with a depth of aini = 0.4mm on the outer wall of the pipe, and under the continuous action of pipe pressure with p = 0.4 MPa, when the depth crack of PE1 and PE2 pipes expanded to 0.8mm, it needed to maintain or replace the defective pipe section, and the lifetime of the pipes were 22.89 and 20.03 years. Respectively, if the pipes were not maintained and replaced in time, and it will exist medium leakage only takes 14.13 and 12.44 years.
A Fatigue Crack Growth Model for Type 304 Austenitic Stainless Steels In a Pressurized Water Reactor Environment
Authors: Barron Kathleen C. , Paraventi Denise J.
Published: October 2021

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XI utilizes reference fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) curves for flaw evaluations. Code Case N-809 describes a reference curve currently used in flaw evaluations of austenitic stainless steels exposed to a pressurized water reactor (PWR) environment in accordance with ASME, Section XI. Recently, an extensive database of Type 304, Type 304L, and Type 304/304L dual-certified stainless steels and the corresponding weld metal in PWR environments was assessed and an updated FCGR model generated. This database includes previously unreported FCGR data in 100°C PWR environments at an R-ratio of 0.7 and a rise time of either 51 sec or 510 sec. The results of this lower temperature testing are reported here and do not support the non-Arrhenius temperature relation in Code Case N-809, which predicts an increase in FCGRs with decreasing temperature below a temperature of 150°C. The updated model more accurately describes the FCGR behavior in the near-threshold, low ΔK regime. Additionally, the updated model eliminates the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the Code Case N-809 reference curves for temperatures below 150°C and replaces it with a single Arrhenius temperature dependence between 100°C and 338°C. Similar to the Code Case N-809 reference curve, this model does not describe the severely retarded FCGR behavior that has been observed to occur for austenitic stainless steel under certain conditions, nor does it attempt to predict the conditions under which severe retardation is likely to occur.
Nonlinear regime for enhanced performance of an Aharonov–Bohm heat engine
Authors: Haack Géraldine , Giazotto Francesco
Published: October 2021

Thermal transport and quantum thermodynamics at the nanoscale are nowadays garnering increasing attention, in particular, in the context of quantum technologies. Experiments relevant for quantum technology are expected to be performed in the nonlinear regime. In this work, we build on previous results derived in the linear response regime for the performance of an Aharonov–Bohm (AB) interferometer operated as a heat engine. In the nonlinear regime, we demonstrate the tunability, large efficiency, and thermopower that this mesoscopic quantum machine can achieve, confirming the exciting perspectives that this AB ring offers for developing efficient thermal machines in the fully quantum regime.
Elucidating interactions of the epoxide ring on Pt(111) by comparing reaction pathways of propylene oxide and 1-epoxy-3-butene
Authors: Porter William N. , Lin Zhexi , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: October 2021

Propylene oxide (PO) and 1-epoxy-3-butene (EpB) were used as probe molecules to study the interaction between the epoxide ring and the Pt(111) surface with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The effect of the C=C bond on the adsorption and reaction of the epoxide was investigated by comparing PO and EpB. For both molecules, the pathways of deoxygenation and decomposition were observed in TPD with EpB being more reactive than PO on Pt(111) due to the presence of the C=C bond. This was supported by HREELS measurements, which indicated strong interactions between the C=C bond and the Pt(111) surface, with the decomposition of EpB happening more readily at relatively low temperatures. In addition, PO and EpB were found to be less reactive on oxygen-modified Pt(111) than on clean Pt(111). These results provide insight into the reactivity of PO and EpB on Pt(111), including how the presence of the C=C bond and the modification with surface oxygen affect the interaction of the epoxide ring with the Pt(111) surface.
Intracranial lateralization bias observed in the presence of symmetrical hearing thresholds
Authors: Goupell Matthew J. , Best Virginia , Colburn H. Steven
Published: October 2021

It is generally assumed that listeners with normal audiograms have relatively symmetric hearing, and more specifically that diotic stimuli (having zero interaural differences) are heard as centered in the head. While measuring intracranial lateralization with a visual pointing task for tones and 50-Hz-wide narrowband noises from 300 to 700 Hz, examples of systematic and large (>50% from midline to the ear) lateralization biases were found. In a group of ten listeners, five showed consistent lateralization bias to the right or left side at all or a subset of frequencies. Asymmetries in hearing, not apparent in audiometric thresholds, may explain these lateralization biases.
Who's Afraid of Peer Review?
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: October 2021

A spoof paper concocted by
Science
reveals little or no scrutiny at many open-access journals.
Modulation of tactile feedback for the execution of dexterous movement
Authors: Conner James M. , Bohannon Andrew , Igarashi Masakazu , Taniguchi James , Baltar Nicholas , Azim Eiman
Published: October 2021

Sensory signals to fine-tune hand movement

Skilled hand movements are modulated not only by signals from the motor system but also by sensory feedback. However, little is known about the circuits that regulate these feedback signals and how such regulation might influence movement. Conner
et al
. combined molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches in the mouse to identify and characterize inhibitory circuits in the brainstem cuneate nucleus. These circuits can enhance or suppress the transmission of tactile information, thereby affecting behaviors that require dexterous movement of the hand. In addition, there are descending cortical inputs that can inhibit or excite the cuneate nucleus. These findings indicate a new anatomical and functional circuit architecture for the adjustment of tactile feedback. —PRS
Replication and single-cycle delivery of SARS-CoV-2 replicons
Authors: Ricardo-Lax Inna , Luna Joseph M. , Thao Tran Thi Nhu , Le Pen Jérémie , Yu Yingpu , Hoffmann H.-Heinrich , Schneider William M. , Razooky Brandon S. , Fernandez-Martinez Javier , Schmidt Fabian , Weisblum Yiska , Trüeb Bettina Salome , Berenguer Veiga Inês , Schmied Kimberly , Ebert Nadine , Michailidis Eleftherios , Peace Avery , Sánchez-Rivera Francisco J. , Lowe Scott W. , Rout Michael P. , Hatziioannou Theodora , Bieniasz Paul D. , Poirier John T. , MacDonald Margaret R. , Thiel Volker , Rice Charles M.
Published: October 2021

A tool to study SARS-CoV-2

Work with infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires high-level biocontainment facilities, making it important to develop safer molecular tools that can potentially be used under less stringent conditions. Self-replicating RNAs known as replicons have long been used to study pathogenic RNA viruses; however, developing replicons to study SARS-SoV-2 has been challenging because of its large genome. Ricardo-Lax
et al
. used a yeast-based system to construct SARS-CoV-2 replicons that cannot assemble infectious virus because they lack the spike protein required for host cell entry. Transfecting cells with a spike-expressing plasmid and separately with the replicon generates replicon delivery particles (RDPs) that are only capable of one cycle of infection. The replicons and the RDPs can be used in different contexts for drug screening, and viral assays. —VV
Rapid Proliferation of Pandemic Research: Implications for Dual-Use Risks
Authors: Musunuri Sriharshita , Sandbrink Jonas B. , Monrad Joshua Teperowski , Palmer Megan J. , Koblentz Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the world’s vulnerability to biological catastrophe and elicited unprecedented scientific efforts. Some of this work and its derivatives, however, present dual-use risks (i.e., potential harm from misapplication of beneficial research) that have largely gone unaddressed.
Adenylyl Cyclase and Protein Kinase A Play Redundant and Distinct Roles in Growth, Differentiation, Antifungal Drug Resistance, and Pathogenicity of
Candida auris
Authors: Kim Ji-Seok , Lee Kyung-Tae , Lee Myung Ha , Cheong Eunji , Bahn Yong-Sun
Published: October 2021

Despite the recently growing concern of pan-resistant
Candida auris
infection, the pathogenicity of this ascomycetous fungal pathogen and the signaling circuitries governing its resistance to antifungal drugs are largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the pathobiological functions of cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in
C. auris
, which plays conserved roles in the growth and virulence of fungal pathogens.
Non-allergic benign infantile proctocolitis: a neglected nosographic entity
Authors: Gelsomino Mariannita , Sinatti Dario , Miceli Sopo Stefano
Published: October 2021

The presence of rectal bleeding in the first months of life is very often diagnosed as food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP). The symptoms typically start in infancy, and most cases resolve by age 12 months. Infants with FPIAP usually present bloody stools mixed with mucus, with or without reduced stool consistency. Most affected infants are generally healthy-appearing. We used the story of an infant with rectal bleeding as a reminder that there is also the possibility of a form of benign non-allergic proctocolitis that is not usually included in the differential diagnosis. In the absence of warning signs and in case of infant well-being, it should be the first clinical entity to suspect. Therefore, we suggest we should wait at least 2 months before starting to eliminate cow milk or other foods from the diet.
Eosinophilic bronchiolitis successfully treated with benralizumab
Authors: Sugino Keishi , Ono Hirotaka , Hebisawa Akira , Tsuboi Eiyasu
Published: October 2021

A 53-year-old non-smoking Japanese woman was admitted to our hospital with a 20-year history of wet cough and dyspnoea on exertion. Bronchial asthma (BA) had been diagnosed 20 years earlier. Although she has been treated with high-dose inhaled corticosteroid, she had experienced frequent exacerbation of BA, and short-term oral corticosteroid bursts were occasionally administered. High-resolution CT of the chest revealed diffuse centrilobular nodules with bronchial wall thickening and patchy ground-glass opacities in both lungs. Lung biopsy specimens showed widespread cellular bronchiolitis with follicle formations in the membranous and respiratory bronchioles, accompanied by marked infiltration of plasma cells and eosinophils. In addition, immunohistochemical immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) staining revealed many IgG4-positive plasma cells, and the ratio of IgG4-positive cells to IgG-positive cells exceeded 40%. The final diagnosis was eosinophilic bronchiolitis with marked IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in association with BA. With benralizumab therapy, her clinical condition dramatically improved.
Accidentally lodged airgun pellet in maxilla during childhood play retrieved surgically after a decade
Authors: Gupta Monika , Kumar Yajas , Rizvi Aliza , Vig Harshita
Published: October 2021

Non-powder firearm-related injuries to the head and neck carry the potential risk of significant morbidity and mortality. Such penetrating injuries tend to be under-reported and trivialised especially in children. Air gun pellet injury may cause damage to both soft tissue and bone. Some metals, when embedded in body tissue, can evoke a foreign body reaction or release toxins over time. It therefore becomes imperative to retrieve these pellets. We present one such case of accidental lodgement of airgun pellet in the right maxilla of a 12-year-old boy during childhood play with an airgun which went unnoticed at that time and was surgically retrieved after a decade. The patient had not suffered from any neurosensory deficit.
Phase II multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial of ustekinumab in adolescents with new-onset type 1 diabetes (USTEK1D): trial protocol
Authors: Gregory John W , Carter Kymberley , Cheung Wai Yee , Holland Gail , Bowen-Morris Jane , Luzio Stephen , Dunseath Gareth , Tree Timothy , Yang Jennie Hsiu Mien , Marwaha Ashish , Ali Mohammad Alhadj , Bashir Nadim , Hutchings Hayley Anne , Fegan Greg W , Stenson Rachel , Hiles Stephen , Marques-Jones Susie , Brown Amy , Tatovic Danijela , Dayan Colin
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Most individuals newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have 10%–20% of beta-cell function remaining at the time of diagnosis. Preservation of residual beta-cell function at diagnosis may improve glycaemic control and reduce longer-term complications.

Immunotherapy has the potential to preserve endogenous beta-cell function and thereby improve metabolic control even in poorly compliant individuals. We propose to test ustekinumab (STELARA), a targeted and well-tolerated therapy that may halt T-cell and cytokine-mediated destruction of beta-cells in the pancreas at the time of diagnosis.

Methods and analysis

This is a double-blind phase II study to assess the safety and efficacy of ustekinumab in 72 children and adolescents aged 12–18 with new-onset T1D.

Participants should have evidence of residual functioning beta-cells (serum C-peptide level >0.2nmol/L in the mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) and be positive for at least one islet autoantibody (GAD, IA-2, ZnT8) to be eligible.

Participants will be given ustekinumab/placebo subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4 and 12, 20, 28, 36 and 44 in a dose depending on the body weight and will be followed for 12 months after dose 1.

MMTTs will be used to measure the efficacy of ustekinumab for preserving C-peptide area under the curve at week 52 compared with placebo. Secondary objectives include further investigations into the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, patient and parent questionnaires, alternative methods for measuring insulin production and exploratory mechanistic work.

Ethics and dissemination

This trial received research ethics approval from the Wales Research Ethics Committee 3 in September 2018 and began recruiting in December 2018.

The results will be disseminated using highly accessed, peer-reviewed medical journals and presented at conferences.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN14274380.
Association of changes in lifestyle with changes in sleep difficulties: an analysis of 38 400 participants over a 16-year follow-up
Authors: Saltychev Mikhail , Juhola Juhani , Ervasti Jenni , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Myllyntausta Saana , Vahtera Jussi
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To investigate the association between changes in lifestyle risk factors and changes is sleep difficulties.

Design

Longitudinal repeated measures cohort study.

Setting

University and national institute of occupational health.

Participants

Participants of the Finnish Public Sector study with information on sleep and lifestyle-related risk factors collected in five repeat surveys with 4‐year intervals from 2000 to 2017. The participants were those, who had responded at least twice and had a change in sleep difficulties (having sleep difficulties vs not) (142 969 observations from 38 400 respondents (mean age 45.5 (SD 9.2) years, 83% women).

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Changes in sleep quality over time. Longitudinal fixed effects analysis, a method that accounts for time-invariant confounders by design, was used.

Results

At first available response, sleep difficulties were experienced by 13 998 (36%) of the respondents. Respectively, the mean age was 44.3 (10.0) years, 7526 (20%) were obese, 13 487 (35%) reported low physical activity, 3338 (9%) extensively drinking and 6547 (17%) were smoking. Except for smoking, the changes in the studied modifiable risks were associated with changes in sleep difficulties. The ORs for having sleep difficulties were 1.41 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.48) for obesity, 1.10 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.13) for low physical activity and 1.43 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.51) for heavy drinking. For smoking, the association was negative with OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.86). Including all four modifiable risks into model changed the estimates only little.

Conclusions

The results of this longitudinal study suggest that changes in sleep quality are interconnected with changes in lifestyle.
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in healthcare workers of a teaching hospital in a highly endemic region in the Netherlands after the first wave: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bouwman Maud , van Osch Frits , Crijns Francy , Trienekens Thera , Mehagnoul-Schipper Jannet , van den Bergh Joop P , de Vries Janneke
Published: October 2021

Objective

To study the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among hospital healthcare workers after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide more knowledge in the understanding of the relationship between infection, symptomatology and source of infection.

Design

A cross-sectional study in healthcare workers.

Setting

Northern Limburg, the Netherlands.

Participants

All employees of VieCuri Medical Center (n=3300) were invited to enrol in current study. In total 2507 healthcare workers participated.

Intervention

Between 22 June 2020 and 3 July 2020, participants provided venous blood samples voluntarily, which were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with the Wantai SARS-CoV-2 Ig total ELISA test. Work characteristics, exposure risks and prior symptoms consistent with COVID-19 were gathered through a survey.

Main outcome measure

Proportion of healthcare workers with positive SARS-CoV-2 serology.

Results

The overall seroprevalence was 21.1% (n=530/2507). Healthcare workers between 17 and 30 years were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with participants >30 years. The probability of having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was comparable for healthcare workers with and without direct patient (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.34) and COVID-19 patient contact (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.80 to 3.33). On the contrary, exposure to COVID-19 positive coworkers (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.93) and household members (OR 6.09, 95% CI 2.23 to 16.64) was associated with seropositivity. Of those healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, 16% (n=85/530) had not experienced any prior COVID-19-related symptoms. Only fever and anosmia were associated with seropositivity (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.55 and OR 10.51, 95% CI 7.86 to 14.07).

Conclusions

Healthcare workers caring for hospitalised COVID-19 patients were not at an increased risk of infection, most likely as a result of taking standard infection control measures into consideration. These data show that compliance with infection control measures is essential to control secondary transmission and constrain the spread of the virus.
Two-field non-mydriatic fundus photography for diabetic retinopathy screening: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Dongjing , Dou Xiaoyan , Chen Jiao , Lu Ying , Ye Baikang , Wu Xiaojun , Wu Zijing , Li Qi , Tian Xiaohe , Zhou Bo , Deng Ying , Li Wei , Hu Xinglin , Mou Lisha , Pu Zuhui
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Guidelines for DR screening in different countries vary greatly, including fundus photography, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), OCT-A and Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA). Two-field non-mydriatic fundus photography (NMFP) is an effective screening method due to its low cost and less time-consuming process. However, it is controversial due to the sensitivity and specificity of two-field NMFP. This review intends to evaluate the performance of the two-field NMFP in diagnosing DR and helps clinicians determine the most optimal screening method.

Methods and analysis

Two reviewers will independently search on the Medline, Embase, Cochrane databases, ProQuest, Opengrey, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, ISRCTN, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP to identify relevant studies. There is no restriction posed on the language of the study. Included studies focus on the performance of two-field NMFP in detecting DR in diabetes patients. Analysis and evaluation of the studies will be examined by two reviewers independently using the Quality Assessment for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool and later evaluated using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design criteria. A random-effect model will calculate the diagnostic indicators, including the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic OR, area under the curve and 95% CIs. We will also develop a summary receiver operating characteristic curve. We anticipate analysing subgroups according to the factors, which may lead to heterogeneity, including DR levels of patients, the reference standards, camera models, the interpretation criteria. The data will be analysed by STATA software. This study was registered with PROSPERO.

Ethics and dissemination

This review will analyse the published data. Patients/the public were not involved in this research. The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020203608.
Relationship between serum uric acid, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Xue Xue , Lu Chun-Li , Jin Xin-Yan , Liu Xue-Han , Yang Min , Wang Xiao-Qin , Cheng Hong , Yuan Jun , Liu Qiang , Zheng Ruo-Xiang , Robinson Nicola , Liu Jian-Ping
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To analyse the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA), all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients to inform clinical practice and future research.

Design

A systematic review of observational studies.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and Wan Fang databases were searched from their inception to January 2021 for cohort and case–control studies reporting SUA and mortality in patients with PD.

Methods

The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to appraise quality of cohort and case–control studies. Effect estimates were presented as HRs with 95% CIs in a meta-analysis using STATA V.16.0. Data not suitable for pooling were synthesised qualitatively.

Results

Fourteen cohort studies with 24 022 patients were included. No case–control studies were identified. For prospective cohort studies, pooled results for the highest SUA category were significantly greater than the lowest for all-cause (one study; 1278participants; HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.75) and CV mortality (one study; 1278 participants; HR 2.63; 1.62–4.27). An increase of 1 mg/dL in SUA level was associated with a 16% increased risk of all-cause mortality (one study; 1278 participants; HR 1.16; 1.03–1.32) and 34% increased CV mortality risk (one study; 1278 participants; HR 1.34; 1.16–1.55). For retrospective cohort studies, the highest SUA category did not demonstrate an elevated all-cause (five studies; 4570 participants; HR 1.09; 0.70–1.70) or CV mortality (three studies; 3748 participants; HR 1.00; 0.44–2.31) compared with the lowest SUA category. Additionally, there was no increase in all-cause (eight studies; 11 541 participants; HR 0.94; 0.88–1.02) or CV mortality (three studies; 7427 participants; HR 0.90; 0.76–1.06) for every 1 mg/dL increase in SUA level.

Conclusions

Results of prospective and retrospective cohort studies were inconsistent. Consequently, prospective, multicentre, long-term follow-up studies are required to confirm the relationship between SUA and mortality in patients with PD.
Healthcare resource utilisation and costs associated with a heart failure diagnosis: a retrospective, population-based cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Boman Kurt , Lindmark Krister , Stålhammar Jan , Olofsson Mona , Costa-Scharplatz Madlaina , Fonseca Ana Filipa , Johansson Stina , Heller Vincent , Törnblom Michael , Wikström Gerhard
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To examine healthcare resource use (HRU) and costs among heart failure (HF) patients using population data from Sweden.

Design

Retrospective, non-interventional cohort study.

Setting

Two cohorts were identified from linked national health registers (cohort 1, 2005–2014) and electronic medical records (cohort 2, 2010–2012; primary/secondary care patients from Uppsala and Västerbotten).

Participants

Patients (aged ≥18 years) with primary or secondary diagnoses of HF (≥2 International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision classification) during the identification period of January 2005 to March 2015 were included.

Outcome measures

HRU across the HF phenotypes was assessed with logistic regression. Costs were estimated based on diagnosis-related group codes and general price lists.

Results

Total annual costs of secondary care of prevalent HF increased from SEK 6.23 (€0.60) to 8.86 (€0.85) billion between 2005 and 2014. Of 4648 incident patients, HF phenotype was known for 1715: reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): 64.5%, preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): 35.5%. Within 1 year of HF diagnosis, the proportion of patients hospitalised was only marginally higher for HFrEF versus HFpEF (all-cause (95% CI): 64.7% (60.8 to 68.4) vs 63.7% (60.8 to 66.5), HR 0.91, p=0.14; cardiovascular disease related (95% CI): 61.1% (57.1 to 64.8) vs 60.9% (58.0 to 63.7), HR 0.93, p=0.28). Frequency of hospitalisations and outpatient visits per patient declined after the first year. All-cause secondary care costs in the first year were SEK 122 758 (€12 890)/patient/year, with HF-specific care accounting for 69% of the costs. Overall, 10% of the most expensive population (younger; predominantly male; more likely to have comorbidities) incurred ~40% of total secondary care costs.

Conclusions

HF-associated costs and HRU are high, especially during the first year of diagnosis. This is driven by high hospitalisations rates. Understanding the profile of resource-intensive patients being at younger age, male sex and high Charlson comorbidity index scores at the time of the HF diagnosis is most likely a sign of more severe disease.
Vertical transmission and clinical outcome of the neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers: a tertiary care hospital-based observational study
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Fadila  , Prasad Arun , Akhtar Ambrin , Chaudhary Bhabesh Kant , Tiwari Lokesh Kumar , Chaudhry Neha
Published: October 2021

Background

Neonatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from positive mothers to their babies has been a real concern, opening the arena of research in this area.

Objective

To detect the possibility of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19-positive mothers to their neonates and the clinicopathological outcome in them.

Design

A single-centre, prospective, observational study involving 47 COVID-19-positive mothers and their neonates.

Setting

A tertiary care hospital in Eastern India.

Participants

Neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers.

Main outcome measures

We investigated the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) done twice (on admission and after 24 hours of admission) in neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers, who tested RT-PCR positive for this virus in their nasopharyngeal swab. Clinical outcome was also assessed in these neonates during their hospital stay.

Results

Out of 47 neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers, four were SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR. All the neonates in our study were discharged home in stable condition after management of acute complications. None of them required readmission.

Conclusion

Vertical transmission occurs in neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers; however, the risk is small. Majority of the neonates remain asymptomatic with good clinical outcome.
Naval Party 1036: Its role in the Gulf Conflict
Authors: Adley R.
Published: October 2021

With the escalation of the Gulf Conflict in December 1990, there was a greater requirement for medics to support the land forces. In war, BMH Hannover becomes 32 Field Hospital RAMC, a 200 bed third line medical facility. This account describes the contribution made by Naval Party 1036 when it augmented 32 Field Hospital in Saudi Arabia in early 1991 during Operation Granby.
Cardiac diseases of young people. I: Longterm management of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Authors: Fitchet A. , Cowley M. L.
Published: October 2021

When symptoms occur in the presence of ventricular pre-excitation careful consideration should be given to the patient’s long term management. Bypass tract radiofrequency ablation may be offered as a potential cure for patients with intractable symptoms or in those at high risk of life threatening arrhythmias. In certain cases, ablation may be justified even when symptoms are minor and there are no adverse prognostic factors. Options for treatment are discussed and illustrated by two cases.
Care of World War II convoy casualties in the Kola area of North Russia. Part 2 – The Royal Naval Auxiliary Hospital, Vaenga
Authors: G H G McMillan
Published: October 2021

The Royal Naval Auxiliary Hospital at Vaenga, North Russia was operational from October 1942 to July 1945. Care and treatment were provided to 752 male and one female in-patients from Arctic convoy merchant ships and their escorts and Allied personnel who became sick or injured while in the Kola area. One hundred and forty nine of the men were casualties of enemy action. An account is given of the hospital’s structure, staff, organisation and work.
Defining adverse events during trauma resuscitation: a modified RAND Delphi study
Authors: Nolan Brodie , Petrosoniak Andrew , Hicks Christopher M , Cripps Michael W , Dumas Ryan P
Published: October 2021

Background

The majority of preventable adverse event (AEs) in trauma care occur during the initial phase of resuscitation, often within the trauma bay. However, there is significant heterogeneity in reporting these AEs that limits performance comparisons between hospitals and trauma systems. The objective of this study was to create a taxonomy of AEs that occur during trauma resuscitation and a corresponding classification system to assign a degree of harm.

Methods

This study used a modified RAND Delphi methodology to establish a taxonomy of AEs in trauma and a degree of harm classification system. A systematic review informed the preliminary list of AEs. An interdisciplinary panel of 22 trauma experts rated these AEs through two rounds of online surveys and a final consensus meeting. Consensus was defined as 80% for each AE and the final checklist.

Results

The Delphi panel consisted of 22 multidisciplinary trauma experts. A list of 57 evidence-informed AEs was revised and expanded during the modified Delphi process into a finalized list of 67 AEs. Each AE was classified based on degree of harm on a scale from I (no harm) to V (death).

Discussion

This study developed a taxonomy of 67 AEs that occur during the initial phases of a trauma resuscitation with a corresponding degree of harm classification. This taxonomy serves to support a standardized evaluation of trauma care between centers and regions.

Level of evidence

Level 5.
Morphological differences in skulls and feeding apparatuses between Antarctic (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and common (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) minke whales, and the implication for their feeding ecology
Authors: Nishimura F. , Kim Y. , Bando T. , Fujise Y. , Nakamura G. , Murase H. , Kato H.
Published: October 2021

The differences in rorqual feeding ecology have been linked to the presence of different morphological markers. The Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867) and the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804) are closely related species, but their morphological differences have not been fully investigated. In this study, we compared 21 skull and 11 feeding apparatus (baleen and mouth-related parts) measurement points between these two species using hundreds of individuals covering a wide range of body lengths in both sexes. Their engulfment capacities were estimated using these measurements. Our results show that Antarctic minke whales have (i) proportionally larger skulls to the body length, (ii) more dorsoventrally and laterally curved rostra, (iii) proportionally larger feeding apparatuses to the condylobasal length, and (iv) significantly larger engulfment capacity than common minke whales. These differences could indicate that Antarctic minke whales have developed a feeding strategy suitable for feeding on krill, which forms large schools. In contrast, common minke whales have adapted to prey on small pelagic fishes that are agile and form small schools.
Speech Emotion Recognition on Small Sample Learning by Hybrid WGAN-LSTM Networks
Authors: Sun Cunwei , Ji Luping , Zhong Hailing
Published: October 2021

The speech emotion recognition based on the deep networks on small samples is often a very challenging problem in natural language processing. The massive parameters of a deep network are much difficult to be trained reliably on small-quantity speech samples. Aiming at this problem, we propose a new method through the systematical cooperation of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). In this method, it utilizes the adversarial training of GAN’s generator and discriminator on speech spectrogram images to implement sufficient sample augmentation. A six-layer convolution neural network (CNN), followed in series by a two-layer LSTM, is designed to extract features from speech spectrograms. For accelerating the training of networks, the parameters of discriminator are transferred to our feature extractor. By the sample augmentation, a well-trained feature extraction network and an efficient classifier could be achieved. The tests and comparisons on two publicly available datasets, i.e., EMO-DB and IEMOCAP, show that our new method is effective, and it is often superior to some state-of-the-art methods.
Injective semimodules-revisited
Authors: Abuhlail Jawad , Noegraha Rangga Ganzar
Published: October 2021

Injective modules play an important role in characterizing different classes of rings (e.g. Noetherian rings, semisimple rings). Some semirings have no nonzero injective semimodules (e.g. the semiring of non-negative integers). In this paper, we study some of the basic properties of the so-called e-injective semimodules introduced by the first author using a new notion of exact sequences of semimodules. We clarify the relationships between the injective semimodules, the [Formula: see text]-injective semimodule, and the [Formula: see text]-injective semimodules through several implications, examples and counter examples. Moreover, we show that every semimodule over an arbitrary semiring can be embedded in a [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-injective semimodule.
On reduced rings with prime factors simple
Authors: Lee Pjek-Hwee , Puczyłowski Edmund R.
Published: October 2021

We obtain a common generalization of the results by Wong and Birkenmeier-Kim-Park, respectively, which say that a reduced ring with unity is strongly (respectively, weakly) regular if and only if all of its prime homomorphic images are division rings (respectively, simple domains). Our arguments are different from those in the known proofs and are quite simple. They also give a characterization of weakly regular reduced rings without unity. This characterization implies in particular that the class of weakly regular reduced rings forms a radical class. However, even if a weakly regular reduced ring has no unity, its prime homomorphic images must be simple domains with unity. In the second part of the paper, we study reduced rings whose prime homomorphic images are simple domains (not necessarily with unity).
Understanding Human-side Impact of Sampling Image Batches in Subjective Attribute Labeling
Authors: Chung Chaeyeon , Lee Jungsoo , Park Kyungmin , Lee Junsoo , Kim Minjae , Song Mookyung , Kim Yeonwoo , Choo Jaegul , Hong Sungsoo Ray
Published: October 2021

Capturing human annotators' subjective responses in image annotation has become crucial as vision-based classifiers expand the range of application areas. While there has been significant progress in image annotation interface design in general, relatively little research has been conducted to understand how to elicit reliable and cost-efficient human annotation when the nature of the task includes a certain level of subjectivity. To bridge this gap, we aim to understand how different sampling methods in image batch labeling, a design that allows human annotators to label a batch of images simultaneously, can impact human annotation performances. In particular, we developed three different strategies in forming image batches: (1) uncertainty-based labeling (UL) that prioritizes images that a classifier predicts with the highest uncertainty, (2) certainty-based labeling (CL), a reverse strategy of UL, and (3) random, a baseline approach that randomly selects images. Although UL and CL solely select images to be labeled from a classifier's point of view, we hypothesized that human-side perception and labeling performance may also vary depending on the different sampling strategies. In our study, we observed that participants were able to recognize a different level of perceived cognitive load across three conditions (CL the easiest while UL the most difficult). We also observed a trade-off between annotation task effectiveness (CL and UL more reliable than random) and task efficiency (UL the most efficient while CL the least efficient). Based on the results, we discuss the implications of design and possible future research directions of image batch labeling.
A Human-Centered Systematic Literature Review of Cyberbullying Detection Algorithms
Authors: Kim Seunghyun , Razi Afsaneh , Stringhini Gianluca , Wisniewski Pamela J. , De Choudhury Munmun
Published: October 2021

Cyberbullying is a growing problem across social media platforms, inflicting short and long-lasting effects on victims. To mitigate this problem, research has looked into building automated systems, powered by machine learning, to detect cyberbullying incidents, or the involved actors like victims and perpetrators. In the past, systematic reviews have examined the approaches within this growing body of work, but with a focus on the computational aspects of the technical innovation, feature engineering, or performance optimization, without centering around the roles, beliefs, desires, or expectations of humans. In this paper, we present a human-centered systematic literature review of the past 10 years of research on automated cyberbullying detection. We analyzed 56 papers based on a three-prong human-centeredness algorithm design framework - spanning theoretical, participatory, and speculative design. We found that the past literature fell short of incorporating human-centeredness across multiple aspects, ranging from defining cyberbullying, establishing the ground truth in data annotation, evaluating the performance of the detection models, to speculating the usage and users of the models, including potential harms and negative consequences. Given the sensitivities of the cyberbullying experience and the deep ramifications cyberbullying incidents bear on the involved actors, we discuss takeaways on how incorporating human-centeredness in future research can aid with developing detection systems that are more practical, useful, and tuned to the diverse needs and contexts of the stakeholders.
Computer-Mediated Peer Support Needs of Home Care Workers: Emotional Labor & the Politics of Professionalism
Authors: Poon Anthony , Hussain Vaidehi , Loughman Julia , Avgar Ariel C. , Sterling Madeline , Dell Nicola
Published: October 2021

Home care workers (HCWs) are increasingly central to post-acute and long-term health services in the United States. Despite being a critical component of the day-to-day care of home-dwelling adults, these workers often feel underappreciated and isolated on the job and come from low-income and marginalized backgrounds. Leveraging the support of peers is one potential way to empower HCWs, but peer support encompasses a broad range of activities and aspects. Traditional conceptions of workplace support may not be appropriate to the home care context, as HCWs are a distributed workforce who have few opportunities to interact with each other. In this study, we explore how HCWs value and conceptualize peer support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of peer support in performing the emotional labor of home care work and ongoing attempts to strategically frame the home care profession as essential and medical in nature. Our results ground design implications for technology-enabled peer support based on the power dynamics of our participants' context and allow us to engage with issues where technology design for empowerment intersects with exploitation in distributed or crowd work, emotional labor, and tacit knowledge.
Investigating Technostress Among Teachers in Low-Income Indian Schools
Authors: Varanasi Rama Adithya , Vashistha Aditya , Kizilcec Rene F. , Dell Nicola
Published: October 2021

Smartphones play an increasingly large role in the professional lives of teachers in low-income contexts, creating an urgent need to better understand the role of technology-related stress (technostress) in teachers' smartphone use for work. We contribute a mixed methods study analyzing the impact of smartphone use on teachers' work lives in low-income Indian schools. Findings from 70 interviews and 1,361 survey responses suggest that although smartphones aid teaching and administrative functions, smartphone use also significantly predicts burnout among teachers, with technostress providing a major explanation for this relationship. We reveal how teachers' work is constantly surveilled and monitored via technology and how teachers' personal smartphones were controlled and repurposed through socio-technical structures by the higher management to serve management's goals, substantially increasing the work teachers were required to perform outside of work hours. Our work extends technostress research to HCI4D contexts and highlights the need to develop better support structures for teachers and rethink how smartphones are used in their work.
A Framework of High-Stakes Algorithmic Decision-Making for the Public Sector Developed through a Case Study of Child-Welfare
Authors: Saxena Devansh , Badillo-Urquiola Karla , Wisniewski Pamela J. , Guha Shion
Published: October 2021

Algorithms have permeated throughout civil government and society, where they are being used to make high-stakes decisions about human lives. In this paper, we first develop a cohesive framework of algorithmic decision-making adapted for the public sector (ADMAPS) that reflects the complex socio-technical interactions between human discretion, bureaucratic processes, and algorithmic decision-making by synthesizing disparate bodies of work in the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Science and Technology Studies (STS), and Public Administration (PA). We then applied the ADMAPS framework to conduct a qualitative analysis of an in-depth, eight-month ethnographic case study of algorithms in daily use within a child-welfare agency that serves approximately 900 families and 1300 children in the mid-western United States. Overall, we found that there is a need to focus on strength-based algorithmic outcomes centered in social ecological frameworks. In addition, algorithmic systems need to support existing bureaucratic processes and augment human discretion, rather than replace it. Finally, collective buy-in in algorithmic systems requires trust in the target outcomes at both the practitioner and bureaucratic levels. As a result of our study, we propose guidelines for the design of high-stakes algorithmic decision-making tools in the child-welfare system, and more generally, in the public sector. We empirically validate the theoretically derived ADMAPS framework to demonstrate how it can be useful for systematically making pragmatic decisions about the design of algorithms for the public sector.