bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social–Emotional Expertise (SEE) Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Authors: McBrien Ashley , Wild Marcus , Bachorowski Jo-Anne
Published: August 2018

Social–emotional expertise (SEE) represents a synthesis of specific cognitive abilities related to social interactions, and emphasizes the timing and synchrony of behaviors that contribute to overall social–emotional ability. As a step toward SEE construct validation, we conducted three experiments to develop a self-report measure that captured key elements of our conceptualization of SEE. In Experiment 1, we generated and tested 76 items for a measure of SEE. The resultant 25-item scale is reliable, test–retest: r(80) = .82, p < .001, and internally consistent (Cronbach’s α = .90). Experiments 2 and 3 examined the relationships between the SEE Scale and related constructs. Convergent constructs, such as emotional intelligence, r(885) = .62, p < .01, and social anxiety, r(885) = −.59, p < .01, and discriminant constructs, such as social desirability, r(885) = .19, p < .01, and self-monitoring, r(885) = .28, p < .01, were found to be related in the expected directions. Additionally, two factors were statistically identified: Adaptability and Expressivity. The items contributing to each factor describe the ability to successfully navigate social environments and the ability to successfully convey affect and ideas to other people, respectively. These factors correlate with related constructs in distinct and theoretically relevant ways.
Breast Reconstruction and Radiation Therapy
Authors: Yun Johanna H. , Diaz Roberto , Orman Amber G.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The optimal approach to the integration of postmastectomy reconstruction and radiation therapy is not well-established. This review will summarize current literature pertaining to the most common types of reconstruction in the setting of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT).

Data Sources:

Literature from PubMed was reviewed from 2000 to 2016.

Study Selection:

Studies were selected with relevance to “postmastectomy breast reconstruction,” “breast reconstruction,” and “breast reconstructive methods and PMRT.” Surgical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness were examined.

Data Extraction:

Data from publications was extracted, summarized, and converted to a table.

Results of Data Synthesis:

Implant-based techniques are on the rise, in the setting of PMRT. Implant-based methods are more affordable in the short term and result in immediate breast-mound formation compared to autologous methods. When compared to implant-based reconstruction with PMRT, autologous reconstruction with PMRT results in better quality of life (QoL) and sensory recovery as well as fewer complications and failures. Among autologous flaps, deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps are considered superior to transverse rectus abdominal muscle (TRAM) pedicled flaps and may be more suitable for PMRT. Latissimus dorsi and muscle-sparing free TRAM flaps are also viable options. In delayed autologous, which may be advantageous for high-risk patients, the optimal timing to delay surgery after radiation therapy is unknown. Reconstruction with a 2-stage tissue expander-implant technique offers good to excellent cosmetic outcomes in the setting of PMRT, although there may be complications in this 2-stage process.

Conclusion:

Surgical, cosmetic, quality of life, and life expectancy must be taken into account when selecting the way to integrate breast reconstruction and PMRT.
Outcomes of ADHD Symptoms in Late Adolescence: Are Developmental Subtypes Important?
Authors: Murray Aja Louise , Booth Tom , Auyeung Bonnie , Eisner Manuel , Ribeaud Denis , Obsuth Ingrid
Published: August 2018

Objective: Substantial individual variation exists in the age of onset and course of ADHD symptoms over development. We evaluated whether, within this variation, meaningful developmental subtypes can be defined. Method: Using growth mixture modeling in a community-based sample ( N = 1,571), we analyzed ADHD symptom trajectories based on measures taken at ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15 years. We evaluated whether those showing developmental trajectories characterized by later onsets versus early onsets differed in terms of mental health and behavioral outcomes in late adolescence (age 17 years). Result: The late onset category was best conceptualized as a milder subtype than early onset. The former was, however, more similar in outcomes to the latter than to the unaffected category, suggesting that later onsets are still associated with impairment. Conclusion: Considering diagnoses for those affected by ADHD symptoms but who do not meet current age of onset criteria may be important for ensuring that they receive appropriate support.
Comparison of clinical and imaging findings in cats with single and mixed lungworm infection
Authors: Febo Elettra , Crisi Paolo Emidio , Traversa Donato , Luciani Alessia , Di Tommaso Morena , Pantaleo Stefania , Santori Domenico , Di Cesare Angela , Boari Andrea , Terragni Rossella , Vignoli Massimo
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This study has compared clinical and imaging features in 52 cats naturally infected by respiratory nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila, and in both monospecific and mixed infections.

Methods

Medical records of cats with a lungworm disease were retrospectively reviewed. Cats with clinical examination findings, haematobiochemical analysis and thoracic radiography were included in the study and clinical and radiographic scores were assigned. For eight cats CT of the thorax was also available and analysed. A statistical analysis was performed to investigate the potential correlation between clinical and radiographic score, and to evaluate the effect of age, sex and infection on clinical and radiographic severity.

Results

Monospecific infections by A abstrusus (32/52), T brevior (6/52) and C aerophila (5/52) and coinfections by T brevior/ A abstrusus (7/52), T brevior/ C aerophila (1/52) and A abstrusus/ C aerophila (1/52) were diagnosed. Cats with mixed infections showed higher clinical scores compared with cats with monospecific parasitoses ( P <0.05), while no differences were observed for radiographic scores. No correlation between clinical and radiographic scores was found (rs = 0.50), and these scores were not affected by patient age or sex. CT, performed on cats infected with A abstrusus, T brevior or A abstrusus/T brevior, provided additional information in cats with mild radiographic signs.

Conclusions and relevance

This study indicates that clinical parameters may be more severe in mixed infections than in monospecific parasitoses. A significant correlation between clinical and radiographic score was not detected, while several subclinically infected cats showed radiographic changes. In cats with mild-to-moderate lung patterns, the ventrodorsal/dorsoventral projection showed lesions that are not visible in the lateral projections, especially in the caudal lobes.
Size-dependent bending behavior of three-layered doubly curved shells: Modified couple stress formulation
Authors: Arefi Mohammad
Published: August 2018

In this paper, modified couple stress formulation of a small scale doubly curved piezoelectric shell resting on Pasternak's foundation is presented based on first-order shear deformation theory. Size-dependent electro-elastic results of doubly curved shell are presented based on an analytical approach. The doubly curved piezoelectric shell is subjected to uniform transverse loads and applied voltage. To account the size dependency, modified couple stress theory is employed in conjunction with principle of virtual work. The numerical results are presented in both tabular and graphical forms to show the influence of small scale parameter, applied voltage, geometries and two parameters of Pasternak's foundation on the electro-elastic results of size-dependent doubly curved piezoelectric shell.
Review of acoustic comfort evaluation in dwellings: Part III—airborne sound data associated with subjective responses in laboratory tests
Authors: Vardaxis Nikolaos-Georgios , Bard Delphine
Published: August 2018

Acoustic comfort has been used in engineering to refer to conditions of low noise levels or annoyance, while current standardized methods for airborne and impact sound reduction are used to assess acoustic comfort in dwellings. However, the results and descriptors acquired from acoustic measurements do not represent the human perception of sound or comfort levels. This article is a review of laboratory studies concerning airborne sound in dwellings. Specifically, this review presents studies that approach acoustic comfort via the association of objective and subjective data in laboratory listening tests, combining airborne sound acoustic data, and subjective ratings. The presented studies are tabulated and evaluated using Bradford Hill’s criteria. Many of them attempt to predict subjective noise annoyance and find the best single number quantity for that reason. The results indicate that subjective response to airborne sound is complicated and varies according to different sound stimuli. It can be associated sufficiently with airborne sound in general but different descriptors relate best to music sounds or speech stimuli. The inclusion of low frequencies down to 50 Hz in the measurements seems to weaken the association of self-reported responses to airborne sound types except for the cases of music stimuli.
The use of numerical models on service equipment noise prediction in heavyweight and lightweight timber buildings
Authors: Caniato Marco , Bettarello Federica , Schmid Chiara , Fausti Patrizio
Published: August 2018

In modern constructions, service equipment is the most used and complex technology. Air and liquid flow inside piping or conduit provides conditioning, well-being and comfort within buildings. Nevertheless, fluid movements inject both structure-borne and airborne noise, causing annoyance on people living inside edifices. In order to avoid this issue, the model provided by ISO 12354-5 standard could be used. Unfortunately, the standard describes very well the process in order to calculate the resulting noise caused by air flow service equipment, but it does not offer clear definitions of parameters related to waste water installations. As a consequence, very few researches and studies are available at present because of the difficulty on initial data set and on interpretation of requested parameters. In this article, the ISO 12354-5 method for waste water pipe source is critically analysed, modified and then applied to real case studies. Considerations on coupling terms are proposed, discussed and used in the standard equations, calculating the theoretical values and providing possible solutions for all missing data; results demonstrate how the suggested modified models matched very well measurements outcomes.
Change in mental health symptoms in families with nonresponding children referred to inpatient family units
Authors: Rimehaug Tormod
Published: August 2018

Aims:

To examine changes in child mental health symptoms following inpatient family unit treatment after long-term unsuccessful treatment in community and child psychiatry outpatient services. Follow-up from referral and admission to 3 and 12 months.

Methods:

Standardized questionnaires measuring the child mental health symptoms and parental anxiety and depression converted to standardized scores and compared to each child’s clinical diagnosis.

Results:

Significant group mean improvement on almost all problem scales at the 3-month follow-up (T2) remaining through 12-month follow-up (T3) relative to admission (T1). Aggression showed the highest levels and largest improvements. Statistically significant improvements were widespread, whereas clinically significant improvements were found for some diagnostic groups on diagnosis-related problems and secondary problems. Improvement in child symptoms were partly correlated with improvement in parental anxiety symptoms.

Implications:

Even previously nonresponding children may benefit from broad tailored interventions including parents and the wider system. Development of systematic component approaches is needed.
Leisure participation and satisfaction in autistic adults and neurotypical adults
Authors: Stacey Taylor-Leigh , Froude Elspeth H , Trollor Julian , Foley Kitty-Rose
Published: August 2018

Leisure participation is important for well-being and has been attributed to improved quality of life for autistic individuals. Rigorous studies exploring the leisure participation of autistic adults are sparse. This study aimed to compare the type of leisure activity and frequency of participation between autistic adults and neurotypical adults as well as compare and identify factors associated with their leisure satisfaction. Data for 145 autistic and 104 neurotypical adults were obtained from time point one of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Adults with Autism. The primary outcome measure used was the Leisure Satisfaction Scale. Autistic adults were less satisfied with their leisure overall (mean = 3.29, standard deviation = 0.75) compared with neurotypical adults (mean = 3.69, standard deviation = 0.55). Multiple linear regression revealed being younger and reporting less depressive symptoms were significantly associated with higher leisure satisfaction in autistic but not neurotypical adults. Engagement in solitary leisure activities was comparable across participants, but socialising in person was predominated by neurotypical adults. Leisure activity preferences of autistic adults’ and the frequency of their leisure participation are important factors for clinicians to understand when working with this population and tailoring well-being interventions.
Punitive turn and justice cascade: Mutual inspiration from Punishment and Society and human rights literatures
Authors: Savelsberg Joachim J
Published: August 2018

This essay compares punishment and society scholarship, especially on the punitive turn of recent decades, with work on the punishment of grave offenses against human rights norms, especially the justice cascade. It compares trends and literatures along six analytic dimensions: offending, group conflict and power asymmetries, penal entrepreneurs, cultural receptivity, institutional constraints, and feedback loops from punishment to structure and culture. While indicating how both sides can benefit from overcoming the current disconnect, this article focuses on potential inspiration for punishment and society scholarship.
Digital degradation: Stigma management in the internet age
Authors: Lageson Sarah E , Maruna Shadd
Published: August 2018

The concept of stigma and labeling has been central to the sociology of punishment since at least the writings of Durkheim and Mead. However, the vast transformations brought on by the expansion of the internet over the past 20 years suggest the need for revisiting the dynamics of labeling. While the power to apply extralegal criminal labels is now in the hands of many, stigma in the form of a digital footprint is arguably more difficult than ever to escape. This paper draws on two small studies to better understand these new dynamics of labeling: a discourse analysis of the motivations of online labelers and interviews with individuals struggling to cope with online labels. This evidence describes how the internet has become a fertile space for the expression of public anxieties about social problems and a digital prison that can discourage the labeled from engaging with the processes of reintegration.
Theoretical and empirical limits of Scandinavian Exceptionalism: Isolation and normalization in Danish prisons
Authors: Reiter Keramet , Sexton Lori , Sumner Jennifer
Published: August 2018

Drawing on interviews with 76 prisoners, 47 prison staff, and 14 experts, we document lived experiences of punishment in the Danish prison context. We argue that, regardless of “humanizing” elements of normalization and humanity, prisoners and staff may experience the power of the carceral state in Denmark in ways similar to those under more obviously harsh confinement regimes, as exist in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in the United Kingdom. Ultimately, macro-level theories like Scandinavian Exceptionalism serve as a rhetorical tool, implying that harsher prison systems are fixable, but fail to reflect the micro-level realities of incarceration.
Risky business, risk assessment, and other heteronormative misnomers in women’s community corrections and reentry planning
Authors: Kerrison Erin M
Published: August 2018

This article uses ethnographic and interview data to explore how halfway house and community corrections staff in a women’s halfway house in the northeastern region of the U.S. police women’s sexuality and the ensuing complications of being queer and under supervision. In this setting, women are required to create a Reentry Home Plan that is approved by Community Corrections Officers, putting into tension some women’s newly emerging queer identity and/or nonnormative relationship schema that they see as “healthier” and more stable than heterosexual relationships, with Probation or Parole Officers’ heteronormative ideals that disapprove nontraditional home plans. This study shows how these women negotiate a marginalized sexual identity and resist biased forms of heteronormative surveillance that extend beyond the legislative parameters of community corrections supervision. It also illustrates the tensions between correctional staff, who view residents’ nonnormative relationships as potential sources of risk, and the supervised women, as they develop community release plans.
Reimagining the sociology of punishment through the global-south: postcolonial social control and modernization discontents
Authors: Fonseca David S
Published: August 2018

Traditional theoretical accounts in the sociology of punishment largely overlook the situation of crime control and mass incarceration outside Western democracies. In this sense, their explanatory power has a limited reach. It is fundamental to engage with different contexts for expanding the scope of this transdisciplinary field, while also rethinking its foundational canons. By thinking through the global-south, the present argument advocates the development of a decentred perspective to punishment and crime control. In a two-pronged approach, the article argues that peripheral countries have attempted to modernize their criminal justice apparatuses, while social control in Western democracies has increasingly adopted postcolonial features. The aim is not only to expand this scholarship by encompassing more diversity, but also to refine existing accounts through insights from other realities.
Communal Salafi learning and Islamic selfhood: Examining religious boundaries through ethnographic encounters in Indonesia
Authors: Chaplin Chris
Published: August 2018

Over the past 30 years, the translocal Salafi movement has expanded rapidly across Indonesia. Propagating a strict ‘literal’ interpretation of Islam, Salafis place strong emphasis on separating themselves from un-Islamic (non-Salafi) society. However, the daily implementation of such rigid boundaries remains rife with tension, depending less on Islamic scripture and more upon how adherents interpret it in a given time and place. A reflexive approach to ethnography provides a unique tool to examine and make visible these anxieties, placing the ethnographer at a vantage point to observe the communal interactions through which religious ethics are given meaning. By reflecting upon my study of the al-Hasanah mosque in Yogyakarta, I describe the ways my informants and I negotiated each other’s presence and how this illuminated the struggles to create a Salafi selfhood and modern religious ethic.
My Life is but a weaving: embroidering geographies of faith and place
Authors: Dwyer Claire , Beinart Katy , Ahmed Nazneen
Published: August 2018

This article reflects on creative arts practice as a means to research the interrelationships of creativity and faith through discussion of a textile-based arts project undertaken with women of diverse religious backgrounds in West London. Building on research on the significance of vernacular religious textiles in community space and in domestic religious practice, the arts project developed a collective embroidery installation exploring the theme of prayer and its intersections with embodied practices of creativity and biographical narratives of faith, migration and home.
Institutionalising Kant’s political philosophy: Foregrounding cosmopolitan right
Authors: Ulaş Luke
Published: August 2018

There exists a longstanding debate over the global institutional implications of Immanuel Kant's political philosophy: does such a philosophy entail a federal world government, or instead only a confederal ‘league of nations’? However, while the systematic nature of Kant's tripartite ‘doctrine of right' is well recognised, this debate has been conducted with all but exclusive focus on ‘international right' in particular. This article, by contrast, brings ‘cosmopolitan right' firmly into view. It proceeds by way of engagement with the two Kantian arguments made in defence of a ‘league of nations’ in discussion of international right, each of which appeals to aspects of states’ supposed ‘personhood’: the first appeals to states’ distinctive moral personality; the second to states’ physical manifestation. The article considers what happens when we assess these arguments not just in light of the demands of international right, but also in light of cosmopolitan right, and thus in light of public right more comprehensively. The answer is that such arguments cannot succeed as full defences of a league of nations. Indeed, when we assess such arguments with cosmopolitan right in view, they point instead – either tentatively or definitively – in the direction of world government.
Impaired vasocontractile responses to adenosine in chorionic vessels of human term placenta from pregnant women with pre-existing and gestational diabetes
Authors: Razak Azlina A , Leach Lopa , Ralevic Vera
Published: August 2018

Background:

There is clinical and experimental evidence for altered adenosine signalling in the fetoplacental circulation in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, leading to adenosine accumulation in the placenta. However, the consequence for fetoplacental vasocontractility is unclear. This study examined contractility to adenosine of chorionic vessels from type 1 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus and normal pregnancies.

Methods:

Chorionic arteries and veins were isolated from human placenta from normal, gestational diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus pregnancies. Isometric tension recording measured responses to adenosine and the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 (thromboxane A2 mediates fetoplacental vasoconstriction to adenosine). Adenosine and thromboxane prostanoid receptor protein expression was determined by immunoblotting.

Results:

Adenosine elicited contractions in chorionic arteries and veins which were impaired in both gestational diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Contractions to potassium chloride were unchanged. Adenosine A2A and A2B receptor protein levels were not different in gestational diabetes mellitus and normal pregnancies. Contractions to U46619 were unaltered in gestational diabetes mellitus arteries and increased in type 1 diabetes mellitus arteries. Overnight storage of vessels restored contractility to adenosine in gestational diabetes mellitus arteries and normalized contraction to U46619 in type 1 diabetes mellitus arteries.

Conclusion:

These data are consistent with the concept of aberrant adenosine signalling in diabetes; they show for the first time that this involves impaired adenosine contractility of the fetoplacental vasculature.
Building Advocacy Capacity and Skills Through a Statehouse Advocacy Day: Indiana SOPHE Experience
Authors: Carson Any’e , Hancher-Rauch Heidi L. , Gebru Yordanos
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this article is to provide public health organizations and practitioners a guide for organizing an advocacy summit to develop and practice advocacy skills. Further development of advocacy skills in current and prospective public health practitioners is vital in improving health outcomes among communities creating sustainable change. Though many approaches are available to help students and professionals acquire advocacy skills, an engaging real-life event such as the advocacy summit described within this commentary can be highly beneficial for both novice and seasoned advocates. The feedback obtained from summit participants showed that participants are interested in similar opportunities and believe that such events help further hone their advocacy skills. The essential steps to plan a successful advocacy summit are provided in the article, as well as a sample planning timeline, making it easier for public health advocates in other states to successfully plan similar events.
Fiscal Accountability in Gubernatorial Elections
Authors: Cummins Jeff , Holyoke Thomas T.
Published: August 2018

Although significant research has been conducted on economic voting in gubernatorial elections, very few explore the impact of state fiscal conditions in these elections. The little that has been done yields conflicting results regarding the effects of state spending and found that governors are not held responsible for a state's overall fiscal health. Our study examines the impact of spending and fiscal health on gubernatorial elections from 1982 to 2013. We find evidence that voters reward incumbent parties for fiscal health and spending growth and that unified government and stronger executive budget powers enhance fiscal accountability for these outcomes. These findings contradict previous research that suggests voters punish one or both parties for higher spending. We conclude by discussing the implications of this research for the debate about the balance of powers between the executive and legislative branches.
Maternal PTSD and Behavioral Parent Training Treatment for a Girl With Conduct Disorder and Callous–Unemotional Traits
Authors: Mills Sara L. , Babinski Dara E. , Waschbusch Daniel A.
Published: August 2018

Very little is known about the impact of parental psychopathology on treatment outcome for youth with conduct problems (CPs) and callous–unemotional (CU) traits. This case study describes behavioral parent training (BPT) for “Amy,” an 11-year-old girl presenting with CP/CU traits who had a mother diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Maternal and paternal reports of child behavior problems and impairments were collected to assess treatment outcome. Weekly ratings of maternal PTSD were also collected to examine changes in maternal psychopathology over the course of BPT. Parent ratings showed that treatment was associated with reductions in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and impairment, and with improvements in treatment goal progress. However, the frequency of negative behaviors remained high throughout treatment. Maternal PTSD symptoms remained in the clinical range throughout BPT, but there was some evidence of synchrony between maternal PTSD symptoms and child negative behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of examining parental psychopathology in understanding BPT outcomes for children with CP/CU traits and call for greater attention to addressing child and parent difficulties that may impede improvement in treatment for youth with CP/CU traits.
Making the Shift to a Co-Teaching Model of Instruction: Considering Relational Trust as a Precursor to Collaboration
Authors: Vostal Meg , LaVenia Kristina N. , Horner Christy Galletta
Published: August 2018

Collaboration among teachers is necessary for school improvement efforts. In the case below, a high school shifts its instructional model to include students with disabilities in general education classes. The school needs to raise state test scores for students with disabilities and hopes this instructional change will help. To implement a full-inclusion model, general education and special education teachers will be assigned to teach classes together as co-teachers. Co-teaching, however, is a collaborative model that requires relational trust among colleagues. Leaders are encouraged to consider how developing trust for collaboration may be difficult during times of school improvement.
Male Partners of Infertile Couples With Seminal Positivity for Markers of Bacterial Vaginosis Have Impaired Fertility
Authors: Damke Edilson , Kurscheidt Fábio A. , Irie Mary M.T. , Gimenes Fabrícia , Consolaro Marcia E. L.
Published: August 2018

To access the possibility that key markers of bacterial vaginosis (KM-BV) could affect seminal parameters and thus fertility a prospective cohort study was designed (a) to develop rapid and sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assays to screen 13 key markers of bacterial vaginosis (KM-BV) in semen specimens, (b) to determine the prevalence of KM-BV in semen from randomized male partners of couples seeking fertility evaluation. A total of 229 semen samples were included in the study from males who visited the Sperm Analysis Section of Brazil between October 2015 and March 2016. Eligible men were 18 years or older and had a semen analysis due fertility evaluation (after failing to conceive with their partner after 1 year of unprotected intercourse). Basic seminal parameters were analyzed, and KM-BV was detected by M-PCR assays. M-PCR assays clearly distinguished 13 KM-BV in 146 semen samples (63.8%), mainly Gardnerella vaginalis (50.7%). Some important associations occurred between the presence of KM-BV in semen and changes in seminal parameters. KM-BV is commonly present in the semen of males seeking fertility evaluation and could potentially play significant roles in male subfertility and/or infertility.
Doubly Engaged Ethnography
Authors: Pacheco-Vega Raul , Parizeau Kate
Published: August 2018

Understanding the unique challenges facing vulnerable communities necessitates a scholarly approach that is profoundly embedded in the ethnographic tradition. Undertaking ethnographies of communities and populations facing huge degrees of inequality and abject poverty asks of the researcher to be able to think hard about issues of positionality (what are our multiple subjectivities as insider/outsider, knowledge holder/learner, and so on when interacting with vulnerable subjects, and how does this influence the research?), issues of engagement versus exploitation (how can we meaningfully incentivize participation in our studies without being coercive/extractive, and can we expect vulnerable subjects to become deeply in research design/data collection, and so on when they are so overburdened already?), and representation (what are the ethics of representing violence, racism, and sexism as expressed by vulnerable respondents? What about the pictures we take and the stories we tell?). Through the discussion of our research on the behavioral patterns, socialization strategies, and garbage processing methods of informal waste pickers in Argentina and Mexico, we ask ourselves, and through this exercise, seek to shed light on the broader questions of how can we engage in ethnographies of vulnerable communities while maintaining a sense of objectivity and protecting our informants? Rather than attempting to provide a definite answer, we provide a starting point for scholars of resource governance interested in using ethnographic methods for their research. We highlight the challenges we’ve faced in studying cartoneros in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and pepenadores in León (Mexico) and engage in a self-reflective discussion of what can be learned from our struggle to provide meaningful, engaged scholarship while retaining and ensuring respect and care for the communities we study.
The Learning Pathways Grid
Authors: Lane Andrew Stuart , Roberts Chris
Published: August 2018

The interview is an important data-gathering tool in qualitative research, since it allows researchers to gain insight into a person’s knowledge, understandings, perceptions, interpretations, and experiences. There are many definitions of reflexivity in qualitative research, one such definition being “Reflexivity is an attitude of attending systematically to the context of knowledge construction, especially to the effect of the researcher, at every step of the research processes.” The learning pathways grid (LPG) is a visual template used to assist analysis and interpretation of conversations, allowing educators, learners, and researchers, to discover links from cognition to action, usually in a retrospective manner. It is often used in simulation educational research, with a focus on understanding how learners access their cognitive frames and underlying beliefs. In this article, we describe the use of the LPG as a prospective adjunct to data collection for interviews and focus groups. We contextualize it within a study among medical interns and medical students who were engaged in high-fidelity simulation exploring open disclosure after a medication error. The LPG allowed future optimization of data collection and interpretation by ensuring reflexivity within the researchers, a vital part of research conduct. We conclude by suggesting the use of the LPG has a reasonable fit when taking a social constructivist approach and using qualitative analysis methods that make reflexivity explicit and visible, therefore ensuring it is truly considered, understood, and demonstrated by researchers.
Design of a gate system and riser optimization for turbine housing and the experimentation and simulation of a sand casting process
Authors: Seo Hyung-Yoon , Jin Chul-Kyu , Kang Chung-Gil
Published: August 2018

The optimum gating system for manufacturing turbine housing is designed in this study, and a heater as heat source is provided to the riser, attempting to reduce its size. In the case where the runner is divided into two branches, a symmetrical gating system is adopted so that the two products could be produced in one process. Furthermore, cross-sectional shapes of the sprue, runner, and gate are designed by setting the sprue:runner:gate ratio at 1:0.9:0.6. A casting analysis is then conducted to investigate the effects of shape of the riser, sleeve material, temperature of the heater, and provision of insulation material at the top of the riser. The conditions obtained from the analysis are applied to the experiment. Hot spot defects calculated by casting simulation are reduced when sand sleeve material, straight type riser, open top sleeve, and more than 600°C of heater temperature are used. It is possible to produce a casting with almost no surface defects by adopting a riser with a size of 10–20 mm and a heater of 600°C–700°C. A casting recovery rate of 80% is achieved and, regarding mechanical properties, its tensile strength is 534 MPa, its elongation rate is 9%, and its Brinell hardness is 170 HB.
Vigilance all the way down: Vigilance decrement in jumping spiders resembles that of humans
Authors: Melrose Amber , Nelson Ximena J , Dolev Yinnon , Helton William S
Published: August 2018

The inability to maintain signal detection performance with time on task, or vigilance decrement, is widely studied in people. Despite suggestions that limitations in sustained attention may be a fundamental characteristic of animal cognition, there has been limited research on the vigilance decrement in other animals. We conducted two experiments to explore vigilance in jumping spiders. Our first experiment established that the vigilance decrement, decline in signal detections with time on task, occurs in these spiders in laboratory settings. Our second experiment tested whether this phenomenon was simply the result of habituation of sensory receptors by employing two dishabituation manipulations. Neither dishabituation manipulation appeared to have an effect. Thus, the vigilance decrement in spiders appears to be due to something more than simply peripheral sensory habituation. We suggest that limitations in sustained attention may be a widespread phenomenon among animals that needs addressing when theorising about the vigilance decrement.
The effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation on path trajectory during a path integration task
Authors: Karn Tanya , Cinelli Michael E
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on path trajectory and body rotation during a triangle completion task. Participants ( N = 17, female, 18-30 years) completed the triangle completion task in virtual reality using two different size triangles. GVS was delivered at three times each participant’s threshold in either the left or right direction prior to the final leg of the triangle and continued until the participant reached their final position. Whole body kinematics were collected using an NDI Optotrak motion tracking system. Results revealed a significant main effect of GVS on arrival error such that no GVS (NGVS) had significantly smaller arrival errors than when GVS was administered. There was also a significant main effect of GVS on angular error such that NGVS had significantly smaller error than GVSaway and GVStowards. There was no significant difference between GVS trials in path variability during the final leg on route to the final position. These results demonstrate that vestibular perturbation reduced the accuracy of the triangle completion task, affecting path trajectory and body position during a path integration task in the absence of visual cues.
Carotid revascularization and medical management for asymptomatic carotid stenosis – Hemodynamics (CREST-H): Study design and rationale
Authors: Marshall Randolph S , Lazar Ronald M , Liebeskind David S , Connolly E Sander , Howard George , Lal Brajesh K , Huston John , Meschia James F , Brott Thomas G
Published: August 2018

Rationale

For patients with asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis, clinical investigations have focused on preventing cerebral infarction, yet stenosis that reduces cerebral blood flow may independently impair cognition. Whether revascularization of a hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis can alter the course of cognitive decline has never been investigated in the context of a randomized clinical trial.

Hypothesis

Among patients randomized in the Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CREST-2) trials, the magnitude of treatment differences (revascularization versus medical management alone) with regard to cognition will differ between those with flow impairment compared to those without flow impairment.

Sample size

We will enroll approximately 500 patients from CREST-2, of which we anticipate 100 will have hemodynamic impairment. We estimate 93% power to detect a clinically meaningful treatment difference of 0.5 SD.

Methods and design

We will use perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to stratify by hemodynamic status. Linear regression will compare treatment differences, controlling for baseline cognitive status, age, depression, prior cerebral infarcts, silent infarction, white matter hyperintensity volume, and cerebral microbleeds.

Study outcomes

The primary outcome is change in cognition at one year. Secondary outcomes include silent infarction, change in white matter hyperintensity volume, number of cerebral microbleeds, and cortical thickness over one year.

Discussion

If cognitive impairment can be shown to be reversible by revascularization, then we can redefine “symptomatic carotid stenosis” to include cognitive impairment and identify a new population of patients likely to benefit from revascularization.

Trial Registration

US National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinicaltrials.gov NCT03121209
Leadership of elite coaches: The relationship among philosophy, practice, and effectiveness criteria
Authors: Gomes A. Rui , Araújo Vasco , Resende Rui , Ramalho Vera
Published: August 2018

Coaching philosophy is an important topic in both coaching literature and education. However, there is little research regarding the way that coaches’ philosophies translate into their practices. Additionally, there is very little information about the specific effectiveness criteria coaches use to evaluate their philosophies and practice. This study addresses the complex set of relationships among coaches’ philosophies, perceptions of their practice, and effectiveness criteria. Ten elite coaches were selected for the study (nine males; one female), all of whom had successful careers in their respective sports. The coaches responded to an interview guide that addressed the topics of philosophy, practice, and effectiveness criteria. Deductive and inductive data analysis procedures were used to organize the collected information. The results indicated four main themes: (a) the importance of athlete motivation, (b) the importance of building a relationship with athletes based on personal respect, (c) the presence of high levels of cohesion among the team, and (d) the need for formal and informal rules that regulate the team’s functioning. There were several areas in which coaches did not establish a relationship linking philosophy, practice, and effectiveness criteria. The results suggest the need to educate coaches regarding methods of establishing a relationship among their philosophies, their practices, and the effectiveness criteria they use to evaluate their performance as coaches.
Some generalized Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic Bonferroni mean operators in multiple attribute decision making
Authors: Tang Xiyue , Wei Guiwu
Published: August 2018

Green supply chain management is a strategy which strengthens and integrates environmental consideration into whole supply chain. The green strategic supplier plays an important role in the implementation of green supply chain strategy. In the selection methodology of a strategic green supplier, some special requirements are needed which are different from the traditional supplier selection practices. In this paper, we combine the generalized weighted BM operator with Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic numbers to propose the generalized Pythagorean 2-tuple linguistic-weighted Bonferroni mean operator, and then the multiple attribute decision-making methods are developed based on this operator. Finally, we use an example for green supplier selection to illustrate the multiple attribute decision-making process of the proposed methods.
From Wary Wearers to d-Embracers: Personas of Readiness to Use Diabetes Devices
Authors: Tanenbaum Molly L. , Adams Rebecca N. , Iturralde Esti , Hanes Sarah J. , Barley Regan C. , Naranjo Diana , Hood Korey K.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Diabetes devices such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are associated with improved health and quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, uptake remains low. The aim of this study was to develop different “personas” of adults with T1D in relation to readiness to adopt new diabetes technology.

Methods:

Participants were 1498 T1D Exchange participants who completed surveys on barriers to uptake, technology attitudes, and other psychosocial variables. HbA1c data was available from the T1D Exchange for 30% of the sample. K-means cluster analyses grouped the sample by device barriers and attitudes. The authors assigned descriptive labels based on cluster characteristics. ANOVAs and chi-square tests assessed group differences by demographic and psychosocial variables (eg, diabetes duration, diabetes distress).

Results:

Analyses yielded five distinct personas. The d-Embracers (54% of participants) endorsed few barriers to device use and had the highest rates of device use, lowest HbA1c, and were the least distressed. The Free Rangers (23%) had the most negative technology attitudes. The Data Minimalists (10%) used pumps but had lower CGM use and did not want more diabetes information. The Wary Wearers (11%) had lower overall device use, were younger, more distressed, endorsed many barriers, and had higher HbA1c. The High Distress (3%) group members were the youngest, had the shortest diabetes duration, reported the most barriers, and were the most distressed.

Conclusion:

These clinically meaningful personas of device readiness can inform tailored interventions targeting barriers and psychosocial needs to increase device uptake.
Are We Ready to Treat Our Diabetes Patients Using Social Media? Yes, We Are
Authors: Petrovski Goran , Zivkovic Marija
Published: August 2018

Aims:

The aim of the study was to evaluate Facebook group as possible communication tool to improve glucose control in adolescents and young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods:

This retrospective and cross-sectional study included 728 T1D patients (age 11-25) on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections (MDI) treated at the center for insulin pump and glucose sensor in Skopje from January 2012 to December 2017. Data were collected through the electronic medical record system and cross-sectional analysis (telephone, social media (Facebook and Viber) or email). Patients were analyzed in two groups: (a) non-Internet group, with 398 patients treated using standard medical protocol with regular clinic visits; (b) Internet group, with 330 patients who, besides standard medical protocol, were active members of a national closed Facebook group on diabetes. Both the non-Internet and Internet groups had regular visits every 2-3 months. Patients from the Internet group were members of the closed Facebook group “Diabetes Macedonia” and had an opportunity to interact with questions, answers, and comments on diabetes care. An additional analysis was performed of the Internet group on combined use of Facebook and Viber. Average HbA1c levels were compared in both groups.

Results:

Each patient from the Facebook group had 1.5 ± 3.5 posts per day. Hba1c was significantly lower in patients from the Internet group (7.1 ± 3.2%; 54 ± 35 mmol/mol) compared to patients from the non-Internet group (7.6 ± 2.8%; 60 ± 31 mmol/mol).

Conclusions:

Social media like Facebook and Viber can be additional communication tool in adolescents and young people with T1D and can significantly lower HbA1c compared to patients without social media use. CSII patients are more likely to use both social media (Facebook and Viber) compared with MDI patients (Facebook only).
Hemiarthroplasty Versus Total Joint Arthroplasty for Hallux Rigidus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Stibolt Robert D. , Patel Harshadkumar A. , Lehtonen Eva J. , DeBell Henry A. , Moon Andrew S. , Naranje Sameer , Shah Ashish
Published: August 2018

Background: When surgery is indicated for hallux rigidus, toe arthroplasty is an alternative procedure to arthrodesis for patients who wish to preserve toe range of motion. Our study investigated midterm outcomes of first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthroplasty in an effort to discern whether or not partial or total joint replacement confers benefit in these patients. Methods: A systematic review of MTPJ arthroplasty was performed for the years 2000 to 2017. A Forest plot was created comparing preoperative and postoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and range of motion (ROM) results for both hemitoe and total-toe arthroplasty. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: Mean postoperative AOFAS scores in patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty improved by 50.7 points (95% CI = 48.5, 52.8), whereas the mean AOFAS score improvement in total joint arthroplasty patients was 40.6 points (95% CI = 38.5, 42.8). VAS outcomes were comparable. Mean postoperative MTPJ ROM improved by 43.0° (95% CI = 39.3°, 46.6°) in hemitoe patients, which exceeded the mean ROM improvement of 32.5° (95% CI = 29.9°, 35.1°) found in total joint arthroplasty cases. A meta-analysis revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: Hemisurface implants in MTPJ arthroplasty may improve postoperative AOFAS and ROM results to a greater extent than total-toe devices.

Level of Evidence: Level IV: Systematic review