bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Phase Propagation During Lithiation in Carbon‐Free Li4Ti5O12 Battery Electrodes
Authors: Kim Chunjoong , Norberg Nick S. , Alexander Caleb T. , Kostecki Robert , Cabana Jordi
Published: October 2012

Functional electrodes for batteries share a common design rule by which high electronic and ionic conductivity pathways must exist throughout the electrode in its pristine state. Notable amounts of conductive carbon additive in the composite electrode are usually included to form an electronically conductive matrix. However, excellent high rate cycling performance has been achieved in electrodes composed of the insulating Li4Ti5O12 without any conductive additives. This behavior opens the possibility of a new paradigm for designing functional electrodes by which high electronic conductivity in the pristine electrode is not required. The mechanism of operation that enables such unexpected electrochemical behavior is evaluated and discussed. Electronically conductive pathways due to the reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ form and percolate throughout the Li4Ti5O12 electrode in the early stage of Li insertion, eliminating the need for conductive additives. This work highlights the importance of the mass and charge transport properties of the intermediate states during cycling and of good interparticle ohmic contact in the electrode. This physical behavior can lead to novel system designs with improved battery utilization and energy density.
The essential role of hydrogen‐bonding interaction in the extractive separation of phenolic compounds by ionic liquid
Authors: Yang Qiwei , Xing Huabin , Su Baogen , Bao Zongbi , Wang Jun , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong
Published: October 2012

Separating phenols or even their homologs is an important process in environmental conservation and biomass utilization, and it has become one fascinating application of ionic liquids (ILs). Nevertheless, its underlying mechanism still needs to be elucidated at the molecular level. This work conducted a theoretical study on the interaction between ILs and phenols by quantum chemical calculations, using tocopherols as model compounds. Calculation results from geometry, electrostatic potential, natural bond orbital, atoms in molecules and energy analyses and their accordance with extraction experiments indicated the essential role of hydrogen‐bonding interaction in extracting tocopherols and distinguishing the homologs by IL. The polarizable continuum model and conductor‐like screening model for real solvents studies showed that the mechanism still holds when considering the solvation effect. Furthermore, with the aid of theoretical calculation, more efficient extractants, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolikum glycinate ([emim]Gly) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolikum alaninate ([emim]Ala), were developed for the separation of tocopherol homologs. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1657–1667, 2013
Evaluation of domestic and Yucatan swine nasal sinus anatomy as models for future sinonasal research of medications delivered by standard instruments used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Wang Jay Ching Chieh , Hathorn Iain , Habib Al‐Rahim , Chang Estelle , Javer Amin R.
Published: October 2012

Background

There is a need to find an animal model to study new medications to improve mucosal wound healing after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Current literature suggests swine as a potential candidate. The lack of information correlating swine computer tomography (CT) and endoscopic sinonasal anatomy prompted us to investigate them in the domestic and Yucatan swine to determine their feasibility as models to test new medications and drug‐embedded stents applied using FESS techniques.

Methods

Two domestic pig heads and 2 Yucatan pig heads were imaged using helical thin slice (1 mm) CT. Two rhinologists analyzed the images and performed endoscopy on the swine. Particular attention was given to accessing the frontal sinus and suturing stents to the nasal septum using standard endoscopic instruments.

Results

CT confirmed that swine sinonasal anatomy is largely similar to human, with all major sinuses present. The middle and inferior turbinates of swine arise from a single uniturbinate. The superior turbinates contain large concha bullosa. Unlike human, swine nasal septum is bone anteriorly and cartilage posteriorly. The frontal sinus ostia, regardless of head size, were consistently around 10 cm from the nasal aperture. On endoscopy, domestic swine frontal sinus ostia were easily accessible for topical medication deposition. Silastic splints can be sutured to the domestic swine septum through the posterior cartilaginous portion, allowing for studies involving medication‐eluting material. The narrower nasal cavity of Yucatan pigs prohibited endoscopic maneuvers.

Conclusion

Domestic swine, but not Yucatan, are a feasible model for future sinonasal research using standard FESS instruments.
The presentation and clinical significance of sinonasal respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH)
Authors: Hawley Karen A. , Pabon Sheila , Hoschar Aaron P. , Sindwani Raj
Published: October 2012

Background

Sinonasal respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) is a benign glandular proliferation with ciliated epithelium. Little is known about REAH, with only a few published case reports appearing since its original description in 1995. Classically described as an isolated polypoid lesion arising from the nasal septum, more recent descriptions also suggest that REAH can occur among nasal polyps. We report the largest experience with REAH to date, and aim to better understand and characterize this unique entity.

Methods

In this case series, all cases of REAH diagnosed between 2006 and 2011 were reviewed. Clinical presentation, histologic and radiographic features, and operative findings were examined.

Results

There were 45 patients 19 females and 26 males, with a mean age of 55.9 years (range, 23–83). Most cases of REAH (33/45, 73%) were found in association with another pathologic process (sinonasal polyposis, adenoiditis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia [HHT], inverted papilloma [IP], or malignancy). Of these, REAH occurring among diffuse polyposis (79% of cases) represented the large majority. The average Harvard computed tomography (CT) stage for this cohort was 3.1. The other presentation of REAH (12/45, 27%) was an isolated sinonasal mass. In cases of isolated REAH, the majority of lesions (75%) were noted to be originating in the olfactory clefts.

Conclusion

Isolated REAH, which may mimic a neoplasm, appears to be a different clinical entity than the more common form encountered in association with nasal polyps and inflammation. Further investigation into the etiology and clinical significance is needed.
Maximal medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis: a survey of otolaryngology consultants in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sylvester Deborah Claire , Carr Simon , Nix Paul
Published: October 2012

Background

The management of chronic rhinosinusitis is based on a trial of “maximal medical therapy” before surgery is considered. Ear‐Nose‐Throat (ENT) UK consultant members were surveyed to determine the role and variability of UK‐wide practices.

Methods

A survey was posted to all ENT UK consultant members (n = 603). This assessed the frequency of prescription, duration, and type of oral antibiotics, steroids, and antihistamines for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Results

A total of 158 questionnaires (26.3%) were returned. Of these, 61% were primarily rhinologists. The use of decongestants, antifungals, and immunotherapy was generally limited. Oral antibiotics were often used, with clarithromycin of <5 weeks duration being the preferred choice. Sixty‐one percent of consultants always prescribe a steroid spray, most commonly mometasone furoate (75%).

Conclusion

Although most respondents use triple therapy of oral antibiotics, steroid nasal spray, and saline douching to some extent, “maximal medical therapy” for chronic rhinosinusitis seems to vary greatly among consultants and frequently does not reflect recent guidelines.
Triple‐layer reconstruction technique for large cribriform defects after endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior skull base tumors
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Patel Smruti K. , Shukla Pratik A. , Smith Mickey L. , Choudhry Osamah J. , Liu James K.
Published: October 2012

Background

Endoscopic endonasal transcribriform (EET) resection of anterior skull base (ASB) tumors results in large defects that may extend the entirety of the cribriform plate. Endoscopic repair of these cribriform defects can often be challenging. We describe our reconstruction technique for large ASB defects after EET resection of ASB tumors. This triple‐layer technique is comprised of autologous fascia lata, acellular dermal allograft, and a vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNSF). The technique is described and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rate is evaluated.

Methods

Retrospective review over a 2‐year period identified 10 patients who underwent a purely EET approach for resection of ASB tumors. Patients who underwent combined cranionasal approaches and those treated for ASB encephaloceles were excluded from this study. After tumor resection, patients underwent triple‐layer reconstruction using autologous fascia lata inlay, acellular dermal allograft inlay/overlay, followed by a PNSF to reconstruct the cribriform defect. No postoperative lumbar drainage was used.

Results

The average cribriform defect size was 9.1 (range, 5.0–13.8) cm2. All 10 patients underwent successful reconstruction with a postoperative CSF leak rate of 0% without the use of postoperative lumbar drainage. The mean follow‐up period was 7.4 (range, 2–17) months. The mean age was 45.8 (range, 15–81) years with 30% of the patients being females.

Conclusion

The triple‐layer reconstruction technique is effective in reconstructing large ASB defects after endoscopic resection of the cribriform plate. We feel that the use of postoperative lumbar drainage is not necessary when using this repair technique.
Synthesis and application of palladium stearates as precursors for the preparation of palladium nanoparticles
Authors: Yen Clive H. , Wei Hui‐Hsien , Lin Hsin‐Wei , Tan Chung‐Sung
Published: October 2012

This report successfully demonstrates the synthesis and application of palladium stearates. It was found that the branching of the carboxylate anion of metal precursors could influence the size and shape of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). Worm‐like nanowires were formed when using the branched isomer palladium isostearate (PdISt2), while triangular nanoparticles were produced in a majority when using the normal form: palladium stearate (PdSt2). Furthermore, when applying CO2 to the system, both types of PdNPs transformed into more spherical shapes with smaller sizes. The formation of carbamates from the amine stabilizer with CO2 could prevent the further growth and aggregation of PdNPs. The PdNPs were tested as catalysts for the hydrogenation of styrene, and higher catalytic activities were achieved with PdNPs that were prepared with the assistance of CO2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a new palladium salt using N‐benzyl DABCO chloride and its application in Suzuki reaction
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Dehbane Ifa Mahboobi , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: October 2012

A palladium catalyst was synthesized using N‐benzyl DABCO chloride and palladium chloride. The structure of this catalyst was characterized and then the catalyst was used in Suzuki cross‐ coupling reaction of different aryl halides with arylboronic acids. All substrates afforded the corresponding products in good to high yields in the presence of low amounts of the catalyst. Under the heating conditions employed, cheaper and more available aryl chlorides gave relatively high yields in the Suzuki reaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotoxicology of common metal oxide based nanomaterials: their ROS‐y and non‐ROS‐y consequences
Authors: Setyawati Magdiel Inggrid , Fang Wanru , Chia Sing Ling , Leong David Tai
Published: October 2012

Inorganic nanomaterials form the bulk of the nanomaterials (NMs) found in consumer products that can easily enter into the food chain, biosystems and environment. Because of their sizes and associated material characteristics, many studies have shown a fair degree of toxicity associated with these NMs. This review consolidates and discusses the nanotoxicity of three commonly found inorganic oxide NMs, namely titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide. Because oxidative stress in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major mediator of nanotoxicity, we have centered much of our discussion on mechanisms before and after ROS production due to these common NMs. These NMs do exhibit non‐ROS effects, not as well characterized but still biologically important. The physiological transport of NMs and how they intersect with biological mechanisms that finally brought about cell death gave some insights of how these NMs might behave in biological systems and thus illustrate the impact of this new class of materials on human health. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence by Using Open‐ and Closed‐Type Binaphthyl Derivatives with the Same Axial Chirality
Authors: Kimoto Takaya , Tajima Nobuo , Fujiki Michiya , Imai Yoshitane
Published: October 2012

The solution‐dispersed‐state and polymer‐dispersed‐state circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties of chiral binaphthyl fluorophores could be controlled by the choice of open‐ or closed‐type substituents on the binaphthyl units and by the axial chirality of the binaphthyls.
Comparison of Linear Quadratic Controllers with Stability Analysis for DC‐DC Boost Converters Under Large Load Range
Authors: Dupont F. H. , Montagner V. F. , Pinheiro J. R. , Pinheiro H. , Oliveira S. V. G. , Péres A.
Published: October 2012

This paper presents four different control design strategies for linear quadratic regulators applied to DC‐DC boost converters operating under large load range, pointing out advantages and drawbacks by means of a performance comparison. Two of the strategies are based on single controllers and the other two use a set of local controllers to cope with the entire load range. The robust stability of the closed‐loop linearized system with the four control strategies is investigated via the existence of a common Lyapunov function, obtained in a fast and efficient way by the solution of linear matrix inequality conditions.
The functional epistasis of 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met on emotion processing: a preliminary study
Authors: Outhred Tim , Das Pritha , Dobson‐Stone Carol , Griffiths Kristi , Felmingham Kim L. , Bryant Richard A. , Malhi Gin , Kemp Andrew H.
Published: October 2012

An epistatic interaction of 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms has been implicated in the structure of rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and amygdala (AMY): key regions associated with emotion processing. However, a functional epistasis of 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met on overt emotion processing has yet to be determined. Twenty‐eight healthy, Caucasian female participants provided saliva samples for genotyping and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which an emotion processing protocol were presented. Confirming the validity of this protocol, we observed blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) activity consistent with fMRI meta‐analyses on emotion processing. Region‐of‐interest analysis of the rACC and AMY revealed main effects of 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met, and an interaction of 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met. The effect of the BDNF Met66 allele was dependent on 5‐HTTLPR alleles, such that participants with S and Met alleles had the greatest rACC and AMY activation during the presentation of emotional images relative to other genetic groupings. Increased activity in these regions was interpreted as increased reactivity to emotional stimuli, suggesting that those with S and Met alleles are more reactive to emotional stimuli relative to other groups. Although limited by a small sample, this study contributes novel and preliminary findings relating to a functional epistasis of the 5‐HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met genes in emotion processing and provides guidance on appropriate methods to determine genetic epistasis in fMRI.
A historical perspective: Infection from cadaveric dissection from the 18th to 20th centuries
Authors: Shoja Mohammadali M. , Benninger Brion , Agutter Paul , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: October 2012

Today, the study of human anatomy utilizing the ultimate study guide, the cadaver, is relatively safe. In the past, however, human dissection was dangerous. Prior to the germ theory, antibiotics, and the use of gloves, cadavers were often life threatening to dissectors including both the teacher and the student. Medical students who graduated in the United States before 1880 were unlikely to practice antisepsis in the dissecting room. In the present article, we review human cadaveric dissection in Europe and the United States primarily from the 1700s to the early 1900s in regard to its potential for transmission of infection to the dissector. A brief account of the infectious hazards of human cadavers in general and those of cadavers used for dissection in particular is given. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Release of Gas‐Phase O2 from Ilmenite during Chemical‐Looping Combustion Experiments
Authors: Rydén M. , Linderholm C. , Markström P. , Lyngfelt A.
Published: October 2012

A concentrate of the naturally occurring mineral ilmenite has been found to release small amounts of gas‐phase O2 during chemical‐looping combustion experiments at temperatures in the order of 950 °C. This is unexpected, but the effect has been verified by experiments in two different fluidized‐bed reactor systems. The O2 release is small, resulting in approximately 0.1 vol % O2 in the gas passing through the reactor beds. However, due to the presence of steam as combustion product and as fluidization medium for fuel reactor and loop seals during solid fuel experiments, considerable O2 concentrations could be obtained if analyzed on dry basis. It is suggested that the reason for the experienced O2 release could be the presence of small amounts of manganese in the sample or interactions between said impurities and iron or titanium oxides.
Revealing Non‐covalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals through Their Experimental Electron Densities
Authors: Saleh Gabriele , Gatti Carlo , Lo Presti Leonardo , Contreras‐García Julia
Published: October 2012

Non‐covalent interactions (NCI) define the rules underlying crystallisation, self‐assembly and drug–receptor docking processes. A novel NCI descriptor, based on the reduced electron density gradient (RDG), that enables easy visualisation of the zones of the electron density (ED) involved in either the supposedly attractive (dispersive, hydrogen bonding) or allegedly repulsive (steric) intermolecular interactions, was recently developed by Johnson et al. Here, it is applied for the first time to EDs derived from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. A computer code handling both experimental and ab initio EDs in the RDG‐NCI perspective was purposely written. Three cases spanning a wide range of NCI classes were analysed: 1) benzene, as the prototype of stacking and weak CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions; 2) austdiol, a heavily functionalised fungal metabolite with a complex hydrogen‐bonding network; 3) two polymorphs of the heteroatom‐rich anti‐ulcer drug famotidine, with van der Waals and hydrogen‐bond contacts between N‐ and S‐containing groups. Even when applied to experimental EDs, the RDG index is a valuable NCI descriptor that can highlight their different nature and strength and provide results of comparable quality to ab initio approaches. Combining the RDG‐NCI study with Bader’s ED approach was a key step forward, as the RDG index can depict inherently delocalised interactions in terms of extended and flat RDG isosurfaces, in contrast to the bond path analysis, which is often bounded to a too localised and possibly discontinuous (yes/no) description. Conversely, the topological tool can provide quantitative insight into the simple, qualitative NCI picture offered by the RDG index. Hopefully, this study may pave the way to a deeper analysis of weak interactions in proteins using structural and ED information from experiment.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Properties of the Ru2Ni2Sb12 Ternary Skutterudite.
Authors: Navratil Jiri , Laufek Frantisek , Plechacek Tomas , Drasar Cestmir
Published: October 2012

The compounds Ru2‐xNi2+xSb12 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) are synthesized by solid state reaction of the elements (1050 °C for 48 h and 500 °C for 240 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Diarylating Carbocyclization of Enynes.
Authors: Jiang Min , Jiang Tuo , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2012

A number of O‐tethered 1,6‐ and 1,7‐enynes undergoes efficient oxidative diarylating cyclization to afford tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilized Metalloporphyrins on 3‐Aminopropyl‐Functionalized Silica Support as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Rahimi Rahmatollah , Ghoreishi Seyyedeh Zahra , Dekamin Mohammad G.
Published: October 2012

Fe(III), Mn(III) and Co(II) metalloporphyrins immobilized onto 3‐aminopropyl‐functionalized silica are synthesized and evaluated for their catalytic activity in the biomimetic oxidation of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols to corresponding carbonyl compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Substitution of Hydroxy Group of π‐Activated Alcohols with Electron‐Deficient Amines Using Re2O7 Catalyst.
Authors: Das Braja Gopal , Nallagonda Rajender , Ghorai Prasanta
Published: October 2012

The title dehydrative coupling method can be applied to allylic, benzylic, and propargylic alcohols under open flask conditions to give the corresponding amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutral Nazarov‐Type Cyclization Catalyzed by Palladium(0).
Authors: Shimada Naoyuki , Stewart Craig , Bow William F. , Jolit Anais , Wong Kahoano , Zhou Zhe , Tius Marcus A.
Published: October 2012

The first Pd(0)‐catalyzed Nazarov‐type cyclization of diketoesters is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Phenylethynylphthalic Anhydride, a Useful End‐Capping Agent for Polyimides.
Authors: Yang Mei‐Jia , Shao Tao , Men Jian , Gao Guo‐Wei , Chen Hua
Published: October 2012

A new and improved method for the synthesis of title compound (IV) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐one Derivatives via Ni‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroacylation.
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Tienan , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2012

A convenient procedure is developed for the preparation of the target compounds with complete (E) selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI/N,N‐Dimethylglycine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Aryloxazolidinones from Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Li Jiaojiao , Zhang Yihua , Jiang Yongwen , Ma Dawei
Published: October 2012

The catalytic system is optimal for the arylation with bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Benzisothiazolin‐3‐ones by Ring Transformation of 1,3‐Benzoxathiin‐4‐one 1‐Oxides.
Authors: Shimizu Masao , Shimazaki Teruaki , Yoshida Tetsuya , Ando Wataru , Konakahara Takeo
Published: October 2012

A convenient, environmentally benign, and inexpensive method for the synthesis of the title compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Supramolecular Catalysis: A Bio‐Inspired Tool for the High Asymmetric Induction in the Enamine‐Based Michael Reactions.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Sakthidevi Rajasekar , Shruthi Kodambahalli S.
Published: October 2012

The Michael addition of cyclohexanone with nitrovinylphenols to afford enantiomerically pure hexahydroxanthenes proceeds via supramolecular catalysis by D‐proline and quinine‐NH‐thiourea followed by reductive etherification.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Click‐Multicomponent Reaction: One‐Pot Synthesis of Triazolyl Methoxy‐Phenyl Indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐trione Derivatives.
Authors: Salehi Peyman , MaGee David I. , Dabiri Minoo , Torkian Laleh , Donahue Jordan
Published: October 2012

One C—C and four C—N bonds together with two heterocyclic scaffolds are formed in a highly selective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Lanthanides
Authors: Gorller‐Walrand Christiane , Fluyt Linda
Published: October 2012

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetoelectric Interactions in Lead‐Based and Lead‐Free Composites
Authors: Bichurin Mirza , Petrov Vladimir , Zakharov Anatoly , Kovalenko Denis , Yang Su Chul , Maurya Deepam , Bedekar Vishwas , Priya Shashank
Published: October 2012

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Using CO2 as Carboxylative Reagent
Authors: Zhang Wenzhen , Lu Xiaobing
Published: October 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Chaetocin and Its Derivatives
Authors: Sodeoka Mikiko , Dodo Kosuke , Teng Yuou , Iuchi Katsuya , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Iwasa Eriko , Fujishiro Shinya
Published: October 2012

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Manjolinho Filipe , Arndt Matthias , Goossen Kaethe , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: October 2012

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of SmI2—H2O
Authors: Sautier Brice , Procter David J.
Published: October 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sample Preparation of Plant Material
Authors: Oniszczuk Anna , Hawryl Anna
Published: October 2012

Review: 198 refs.
Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers as Tools for Pharmacoepidemiology of Severe Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Stankov Karmen , Sabo Ana , Mikov Momir
Published: October 2012

Preclinical Research

The development of new genomic technologies has led to an exponential increase in the number of biomarkers for drug safety and efficacy. Pharmacogenomics has the potential to impact clinically relevant outcomes in drug dosing, efficacy, toxicity, and prediction of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Genotype‐based prescribing is anticipated to improve the overall efficacy rates and minimize ADRs, making personalized medicine a reality. Genome‐wide association studies have been increasingly applied to pharmacogenetics. Severe ADRs are a major issue for drug therapy because they can cause serious disorders and can be life threatening. For severe ADRs, significant associations have been reported for drug‐induced liver injury, statin‐induced myopathy, increased risk of hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant use, drug‐induced torsade de pointes, drug‐induced long QT, and severe cutaneous ADRs. This review summarizes the current position concerning the clinical and pharmacoepidemiological relevance of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in ADR prediction and prevention, with an emphasis on genetic risk factors and biomarkers for three specific severe ADRs.
Comparison of specialist and nonspecialist care pathways for adolescents with anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders
Authors: House Jennifer , Schmidt Ulrike , Craig Meghan , Landau Sabine , Simic Mima , Nicholls Dasha , Hugo Pippa , Berelowitz Mark , Eisler Ivan
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To explore the role of specialist outpatient eating disorders services and investigate how direct access to these affects rates of referral, admissions for inpatient treatment, and continuity of care.

Method:

Services beyond primary care in Greater London retrospectively identified adolescents who presented with an eating disorder over a 2‐year period. Data concerning service use were collected from clinical casenotes.

Results:

In areas where specialist outpatient services were available, 2–3 times more cases were identified than in areas without such services. Where initial outpatient treatment was in specialist rather than nonspecialist services, there was a significantly lower rate of admission for inpatient treatment and considerably higher consistency of care.

Discussion:

Developing specialist outpatient services with direct access from primary care is likely to lead to improvements in treatment and reduce overall costs. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
One‐, Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional 3d‐4f Heterometal Complexes Constructed from Pyridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Peng Hui‐Min , Jin Hong‐Guang , Gu Zhi‐Gang , Hong Xu‐Jia , Wang Ming‐Fang , Jia Hong‐Yang , Xu Shi‐Hai , Cai Yue‐Peng
Published: October 2012

The reaction of pyridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (2,3‐pydcH2) with CuI and Ln2O3 under hydrothermal conditions generated a series of new one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional coordination polymers, namely, {[Cu3Ln2(2,3‐pydc)6(H2O)12]·12H2O}n [Ln = La(1), Nd(2)], {[Cu3Ln2(2,3‐pydc)6(H2O)8]·6H2O}n [Ln = Sm(3), Gd(4)], and {[Cu3Ln2(2,3‐pydc)6(H2O)10]·10H2O}n [Ln = Tb(5), Ho(6), Er(7), Yb(8), Lu(9)]. The results show that compounds 1 and 2 (type I structure) are 1‐D Cu‐4f rhombic lattice chains that are formed through assembly of two building block units Cu3(pydc)6 and Ln(H2O)6. Compounds 3–4 (type II structure) are 2‐D layers that are constructed from building block units [Cu(pydc)2(H2O)2] μ2‐bridging adjacent 1‐D rhombic lattice chains –[(Cu2(pydc)4)‐(La(H2O)4)]n–. Complexes 5–9 (type III structure) are also isomorphous and have the same 3‐D network structures with 1‐D channels along the c axis, and are formed by assembly of building block units Cu3(pydc)6 with Ln(H2O)5. The progressive structural variation from the 1‐D chains 1–2 to 2‐D layers 3–4 and to 3‐D frameworks 5–9 is attributed to the lanthanide contraction effect and to the different coordination modes of 2,3‐pydc2–. The N2 gas adsorption and fluorescent properties of the partial complexes were also investigated.
Evaluation of the use of surfactants as additives in enzymatic glycerolysis reactions
Authors: Camino Feltes Maria Manuela , Villeneuve Pierre , Baréa Bruno , de Oliveira Débora , Ninow Jorge Luiz
Published: October 2012

MAGs and DAGs are widely used as emulsifiers in many industries. During glycerolysis reactions for their production, the immiscibility of the glycerol and the oil phases is an important drawback for practical purposes. For overcoming this problem, the use of a food grade surfactant can be an important alternative to improve system homogeneity, leading to high TAGs conversion in short reaction times. On the other hand, food grade surfactants have bonds that could be modified by lipases. The main interest of this work was to qualitatively verify the reactivity of different Tween and soy lecithin used as additives in glycerolysis reactions in the presence of Candida antarctica B lipase. The biocatalyst had activity toward all tested surfactants in the experimental conditions chosen for the tested reactions. Despite this, MAG and DAG could be produced when using Tween 85 as additive in the enzymatic glycerolysis of fish oil. Our results therefore suggest that tested Tween and soy lecithin can be used as surfactants in glycerolysis reactions, but one has to consider their reactivity in the presence of lipases.

Practical applications: This work investigates the reactivity of synthetic (Tween) and natural (soy lecithin) surfactants in the presence of lipase during glycerolysis reactions. Tween 85 was further applied in different reaction media for a better understanding of the modifications it was undergoing. The biocatalyst had activity toward almost all tested surfactants in the experimental conditions chosen for the preliminary assays herein performed, as qualitatively verified by thin‐layer chromatography. This result suggests that the use of phosphatides and polyoxyethylene esters as additives in glycerolysis systems has to be well evaluated as their enzymatic modification may generate problems during downstream processes for the recovery of the desirable products. The present report is part of a broader project aiming at building a platform to allow developing new processes for the production of emulsifiers through enzyme‐catalyzed glycerolysis reaction.
Effect of classic sterilization on lipid oxidation in model liquid milk‐based infant and follow‐on formulas
Authors: García‐Martínez Carmen , Holgado Francisca , Velasco Joaquín , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of classic sterilization on lipid oxidation of liquid infant and follow‐on formulas by analyzing formation of oxidized and dimeric TAGs. Model systems containing similar components and proportions to those normally found in manufactured samples and a mixture of high‐oleic sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and fish oil were used to obtain a fatty acid composition profile in accordance with the EU regulations. For comparative purposes, some samples were prepared with high‐oleic sunflower or fish oil and others without the protein components and added Tween‐20. Quantification of total oxidized TAGs provided complete information of the oxidation state and showed clear advantages versus the other methods used, i.e., loss of PUFA and peroxide value. The results showed that the heat treatment used for sterilization did not lead to significant lipid oxidation, but the tocopherol concentration decreased significantly. The marked tocoherol losses found in protein‐free formulas together with the significantly lower tocopherol concentrations in infant formulas (80% whey in protein fraction) compared to follow‐on formulas (80% caseinate in protein ratio) showed the protective effect of the protein fraction, specially sodium caseinate.

Practical applications: This study provides useful information on the utility of different methods used to evaluate oxidation in infant and follow‐on formulas. Quantification of total oxidized TAGs standed out because it is a direct and sensitive method and provides complete information at any stage of the oxidative process. Also, this study shows that important decreases of tocopherols may occur during formula processing and special cautions should therefore be taken during storage and commercialization to avoid additional antioxidant losses.
Changes of lipids in insect (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) during cooking and storage
Authors: Tiencheu Bernard , Womeni Hilaire Macaire , Linder Michel , Mbiapo Félicité Tchouanguep , Villeneuve Pierre , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel
Published: October 2012

Lipid stability of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (RP) larvae extract (edible oil) was evaluated, including the usual analytical indices and analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at different periods of freezing, refrigeration storage conditions and cooking methods. A study of the quality of oil obtained showed that boiling before smoking reduced the acidity of the oil. Boiling, refrigeration for 3 days or more, freezing, sun drying, and electrical drying increased the acidity of the oil. Culinary and dehydration methods significantly increased the peroxide value, especially when boiling preceded dehydration. Cool storage had protective effects on lipid oxidation of RP larvae. Smoking methods produced good quality products.
Synthesis and Characterization of Monosaccharide Derivatives and Application of Sugar‐Based Prolinamides in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Agarwal Jyoti , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: October 2012

For the first time, the β‐anomer of N‐acetylglucosamine derivative methyl 2‐acetamido‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (9b) was synthesized, isolated, and used in the synthesis of sugar‐based primary amine 4b. Sugar‐based primary amine 5a, an anomeric pair of monosaccharide derivatives 6a and 6b, and precursors to all these compounds were also synthesized, isolated, and well studied by standard spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR spectroscopy experiments such as 1H–1H COSY and HSQC. Then sugar‐based primary amines 4a, 5a, 6a, and 6b were converted into the corresponding prolinamide organocatalysts (i.e., 1a, 2a, 3a, and 3b) in high yields. The catalytic activity of these sugar‐based prolinamide organocatalysts was demonstrated in asymmetric aldol reactions in various solvents and at different temperatures. The oraganocatalyst 3a was shown to be an efficient and powerful organocatalyst for the enantioselective aldol reaction of various cyclic or acyclic ketones with aromatic aldehydes in a mild and facile reaction, which gave the corresponding aldol adducts with high levels of diastereoselectivity (up to 99:1) and enantioselectivity (up to >99 %) in almost all cases.
Methylation and microsatellite status and recurrence following adjuvant FOLFOX in colorectal cancer
Authors: Han Sae‐Won , Lee Hyun‐Jung , Bae Jeong Mo , Cho Nam‐Yun , Lee Kyung‐Hun , Kim Tae‐Yong , Oh Do‐Youn , Im Seock‐Ah , Bang Yung‐Jue , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Park Kyu Joo , Park Jae‐Gahb , Kang Gyeong Hoon , Kim Tae‐You
Published: October 2012

The prognostic impact of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and microsatellite instability (MSI) on the treatment outcome of colon cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin/oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) is unclear. We investigated CIMP and MSI status in colorectal cancer patients treated with adjuvant FOLFOX. Stages II and III sporadic colorectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant FOLFOX were included. Eight CpG island loci (CACNA1G, CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, CDKN2A (p16), RUNX3 and SOCS1) and five microsatellite markers were examined. Disease‐free survival (DFS) was analyzed according to CIMP and MSI status. A total of 322 patients were included: male/female 192/130, median age 61 years (range 30–78), proximal/distal location 118/204 and Stages II/III 43/279. CIMP status was high in 25 patients (7.8%) and 21 patients (6.5%) had MSI‐high tumor. CIMP/MSI status was not significantly associated with DFS: 3‐year DFS 100% in CIMP(−)/MSI(+), 84% in CIMP(−)/MSI(−), 82% in CIMP(+)/MSI(−) and 75% in CIMP(+)/MSI(+) (p = 0.33). Results of exploratory analysis showed that concurrent methylation at NEUROG1 and CDKN2A (p16) was associated with shorter DFS: 3‐year DFS 69% in NEUROG1(+)/CDKN2A (p16)(+) versus 87% in NEUROG1(−)/CDKN2A (p16)(−) (p = 0.006). In conclusion, concurrent methylation of NEUROG1 and CDKN2A (p16) is associated with recurrence following adjuvant FOLFOX in Stages II/III colorectal cancer.
Influence of radiotherapy for the first tumor on aggressiveness of contralateral breast cancer
Authors: Sandberg Maria E.C. , Alkner Sara , Hartman Mikael , Eloranta Sandra , Rydén Lisa , Ploner Alexander , Adami Hans‐Olov , Hall Per , Czene Kamila
Published: October 2012

We aimed to investigate if characteristics of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) are influenced by adjuvant radiotherapy for the first breast cancer. Using information from population‐based registers and medical records, we analyzed two cohorts comprising all women with CBC diagnosed >3 months after their first cancer (809 patients in Stockholm 1976–2005 and 750 patients in South Sweden 1977–2005). We used Poisson regression to calculate risk of distant metastasis after CBC, comparing patients treated and not treated with radiotherapy for the first cancer. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) of more aggressive tumor characteristics in the second cancer, compared to the first. For patients with CBC in Stockholm with <5 years between the cancers radiotherapy for the first cancer conferred a nearly doubled risk of distant metastasis [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–2.88], compared to those not treated with radiotherapy. This was replicated in the South Swedish cohort [IRR = 2.12 (95% CI: 1.40–3.23)]. In Stockholm, we found an increased odds that, following radiotherapy, a second cancer was of more advanced TNM‐stage [OR 2.16 (95% CI 1.13–4.11)] and higher histological grade [OR = 2.00 (95% CI 1.08–3.72)] compared to the first, for patients with CBC with <5 years between the cancers. No effect on any of the investigated outcomes was seen for patients diagnosed with CBC >5 years from the first cancer. In conclusion, patients diagnosed with CBC within 5 years had worse prognosis and more aggressive tumor characteristics of the second cancer, if they had received radiotherapy for their first cancer, compared to no radiotherapy.
Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital human papillomavirus types and three subtypes
Authors: Schmitt Markus , Depuydt Christophe , Benoy Ina , Bogers Johannes , Antoine Jerome , Arbyn Marc , Pawlita Michael ,   on behalf of the VALGENT Study Group
Published: October 2012

Of the 120 known human papillomaviruses (HPV), 51 HPV types infect the genital mucosa. Very little is known about the prevalence and viral load of the majority of these low‐risk (Lr‐) HPV types in screening populations. We determined the prevalence of 51 HPV types and three subtypes in 999 consecutive BD‐SurePath™ liquid‐based cervical cytology samples collected during routine gynecological health checks from Belgian women. This series of screening samples was enriched with ASC‐US (n = 100), low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion LSIL (n = 100) and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (n = 97) and analyzed by BSGP5+/6+‐PCR/MPG assay for 51 HPV types and three subtypes. In consecutive screening samples, any of the 54 genital HPV (sub)types was found in 37.1%; Hr‐HPV types were detected more frequently (26.8%) than the 31 Lr‐HPV types (16.4%) and the six possibly high‐risk types (6.6%). High viral load infections were present in 17.0% of the screening population. Among the women with cytological abnormalities, the prevalence of high viral loads of Hr‐HPV types increased from negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NIL/M) over ASC‐US, LSIL to HSIL (5.3, 47.1, 84.2 and 91.8%, respectively). The prevalence of possibly Hr and Lr‐HPV types increased from NIL/M to LSIL but declined to HSIL. From NIL/M to HSIL, Hr‐HPV infections showed an increasing frequency of high viral loads compared to total DNA positivity, but the increase between LSIL and HSIL was small. Type‐specific analyses revealed substantial differences between individual HPV types in these groups. Our study provides quantitative data for the whole spectrum of genital HPV in a Belgian screening population and in a representative set of women with cervical abnormalities.
A SIMPLE MODEL OF FUZZY IRRIGATION DEPTH CONTROL: AN APPLICATION OF AN INTELLIGENT STATE DROPPING (ISD) MECHANISM
Authors: Ganji A. , Shekarrizfard M.
Published: October 2012

Irrigation scheduling is still a serious issue for water managers to achieve efficient water utilization. The dynamic nature of rainfall occurrence may lead to deep percolation, runoff and/or crop water stress, when the saturation allowance is not precisely determined for irrigation scheduling. In this paper, it was proposed to eliminate the fixed maximum allowable soil moisture from simulation‐based irrigation scheduling modeling and replace it with dynamic dependent values calculated by a fuzzy inference engine. In this case, the maximum allowable irrigation depth was not controlled by the field capacity level of soil moisture, and the saturation allowance is considered to store rain in the crop root zone. For this purpose, a classical simulation‐based irrigation scheduling model is modified based on an intelligent state dropping (ISD) mechanism. The theoretical basis of the ISD mechanism was previously developed by Ganji and Pouyan (2011). Application of the ISD mechanism considers water balance uncertainty by determining the maximum weekly allowable soil moisture (the level of saturation allowance). The proposed model is used to calculate a real case study of irrigation depth control of winter wheat, and the results are compared with classical irrigation depth control that considers a fixed level of saturation allowance. The results showed that the newly developed model of irrigation control depth effectively improves the results of classical models. As a result of 60 years of simulation, water loss and required irrigation depth were equal to (76.6, 1890) and (155, 2370) for the fuzzy and classical models, respectively. These results show a reduction in water loss of around 49%. It was also shown that although the total irrigation depth has been decreased for the fuzzy irrigation control model, the maximum crop water demand was supplied by the proposed fuzzy model completely. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Between Episodic and Dispositional Forgiveness, Psychosocial Development, and Counseling
Authors: Poston John M. , Hanson William E. , Schwiebert Valerie
Published: October 2012

The relationship between episodic and dispositional forgiveness and the resolution of Erikson's (1963) psychosocial crises were explored in this study. Participants (N = 66) completed the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (Enright & Rique, 2004), Tendency to Forgive Scale (Brown, 2003), and Measures of Psychosocial Development (Hawley, 1988). Results are consistent with forgiveness and Eriksonian theories. Episodic forgiveness and dispositional forgiveness accounted for 8% and 10%, respectively, of the variance in global resolution of psychosocial crises. The most pronounced relationship was between both forgiveness types and Erikson's crises related to basic trust and ego integrity. Implications for counseling research, practice, and training are discussed.
Psychological Care Provided by the Church: Perceptions of Christian Church Members
Authors: Bornsheuer Jennifer N. , Henriksen Richard C. , Irby Beverly J.
Published: October 2012

Spirituality and religion are integral parts of a person's belief system and support network. Although there are many avenues a person can take when seeking mental health care, conservative Protestant clients have a tendency to seek assistance through their church. There is a paucity of literature about conservative Protestant church members’ perceptions of mental health care. The authors used phenomenology to understand participants’ perceptions of mental health care provided by the church. Themes found within participants’ stories included the importance of the relationship when seeking care, the use of knowledgeable practitioners, and the use of religious practices in counseling.
Spirituality and Loss: Approaches for Counseling Grieving Adolescents
Authors: Muselman Dannette M. , Wiggins Marsha I.
Published: October 2012

The death of a loved one has serious implications for adolescent growth and development. The authors review relevant research on the grief process and spirituality in adolescence, and they give a rationale for integrating spirituality into adolescent grief work. By way of a case illustration, they draw implications for counselors’ use of spirituality in addressing adolescent grief.
Review of the Proposed DSM‐5 Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Jones K. Dayle , Gill Carman , Ray Shannon
Published: October 2012

The DSM‐5 Task Force has recommended a new substance use disorder to replace substance abuse and dependence. This article provides an overview of substance abuse and dependence, a description of the DSM‐5 substance use disorder, and implications and potential consequences of this change.