bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Roflumilast in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Neville Kathleen A. , Szefler Stanley J. , Abdel‐Rahman Susan M. , Lahu Gezim , Zech Karl , Herzog Rolf , Bethke Thomas D. , Gleason Melanie C. , Kearns Gregory L.
Published: May 2008

Roflumilast is an orally administered phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that has potential for use in pediatric patients with asthma. The pharmacokinetics of roflumilast and roflumilast N‐oxide were examined in adolescents and children with stable mild to moderate asthma in an open‐label crossover study with age‐stratification and 2 treatment periods (100‐μg dose in period 1, 250‐μg dose in period 2) separated by a washout period. Plasma concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using standard noncompartmental methods and compared between study groups and within the entire cohort. Roflumilast was well tolerated. Linear relationships were evident for dose and area under the plasma drug concentration‐time curve extrapolated to infinity for both roflumilast (r2= 0.36,P< .01) and roflumilast N‐oxide (r2= 0.39,P< .01). With the exception of dose‐normalized maximum plasma concentration (mean 1.1 and 0.8 μg/L per 1 μg/kg dose for adolescents and children, respectively), pharmacokinetic parameters for roflumilast and roflumilast N‐oxide were not different between age groups and were similar to adults.
Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Tolerability of Eslicarbazepine Acetate in Children and Adolescents With Epilepsy
Authors: Almeida Luis , Minciu Ioana , Nunes Teresa , Butoianu Nicolina , Falcão Amilcar , Magureanu Sandra‐Adriana , Soares‐da‐Silva Patrício
Published: May 2008

This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), a new voltage‐gated sodium channel blocker, in epileptic children aged 2 to 7 years (n = 11) and 7 to 11 years (n = 8) and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 10). The study explores ESL efficacy and tolerability. Patients were treated with ESL once‐daily doses of 5 mg/kg/day on weeks 1 to 4, 15 mg/kg/day on weeks 5 to 8, and 30 mg/kg/day (or 1800 mg/day, whichever was less) on weeks 9 to 12. At the end of each 4‐week period, a 24‐hour pharmacokinetic profiling was performed. Similar to adults, ESL was rapidly metabolized to eslicarbazepine. In all age groups, eslicarbazepine peak concentrations were reached 0.5 hour to 3 hours after ESL dosing, and Cmax and AUC0–24 were dose proportional. Eslicarbazepine Cmax was similar between age groups following administration of identical ESL dose/kg, but AUC0–24 depended on age due to a faster plasma clearance of eslicarbazepine in younger children compared with adolescents. R‐licarbazepine and oxcarbazepine were minor metabolites. A dose‐dependent decrease in seizure frequency was observed in children aged 2 to 7 years and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years but not in children aged 7 to 11 years. One patient in each group became seizure free. ESL was generally well tolerated.
Absolute Oral Bioavailability and Disposition of Deferasirox in Healthy Human Subjects
Authors: Séchaud Romain , Robeva Anna , Belleli Rossella , Balez Sebastien
Published: May 2008

Deferasirox is a novel iron chelator formulated as tablets for dispersion (suspension) for once‐a‐day oral administration. The current study evaluated the absolute bioavailability of a single 375‐mg oral dose of deferasirox administered in the form of tablets compared with a 130‐mg intravenous infusion of deferasirox. Since this was a first‐in‐man study using the deferasirox intravenous (IV) formulation, the safety and tolerability of the IV formulation was evaluated in a pilot phase with a lower dose (65 mg) in 3 subjects prior to the main phase. The main study phase consisted of 17 healthy male volunteers. Plasma concentrations of deferasirox were measured following each treatment, and pharmacokinetic parameters including absolute oral bioavailability were determined. Absolute oral bioavailability of the deferasirox tablets was 70% (90% confidence interval, 62%‐80%). Deferasirox was characterized as having a low plasma clearance of 3.53 (± 0.87) L/h. A small volume of distribution of deferasirox at steady state (Vss) of 14.37 (±2.69 L) was determined, indicating a low tissue distribution.
Strategic Human Resource Practices and Product Innovation
Authors: Beugelsdijk Sjoerd
Published: May 2008

Using creativity theory as a heuristic device, I develop hypotheses on the relation between strategic human resource practices and a firm's capability to generate product innovations. My empirical tests in a sample of 988 Dutch firms indicate the importance of task autonomy, training and performance-based pay for generating incremental innovations. Regarding radical innovations, the results point to the importance of task autonomy and flexible working hours. The use of standby contracts is associated with significantly lower levels of innovativeness. We also find interaction effects between individual HR practices, between HR practices and firm size, and between HR practices and R&D intensity.
Building Evaluation Capacity in Spain
Authors: Díaz-Puente José M. , Yagüe José L. , Afonso Ana
Published: May 2008

The development of European Community administrative authority has greatly influenced the development of an evaluation culture among the southern and central member states of the European Union. The present case study from Spain provides an example of this diffusion through the use of an empowerment evaluation approach to build evaluation capacity within the context of rural development. The study focuses on the evaluation process over a 10-year period of three local development programs run by three local partnerships created in the rural areas of the Madrid region through the European LEADER initiative. Critical components of empowerment evaluation are discussed, as well as the impact, limitations, difficulties, and applicability of the approach to rural development in the European Union. Conclusions are presented concerning evaluation capacity building and the development of an evaluation culture.
Promoting language and literacy skills in the early years: lessons from interdisciplinary teaching and learning
Authors: Wright Jannet A. , Stackhouse Joy , Wood Janet
Published: May 2008

The recent focus on joint training programmes to support the development of interagency/interdisciplinary collaboration places considerable emphasis on interprofessional education at undergraduate and postgraduate level. It is therefore important to ensure that interprofessional learning is embedded in Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and that professionals across health and education who work together to support children with communication problems can develop a better understanding and appreciation of each other's roles (Wright et al., 2004). This paper presents the findings from a study of interdisciplinary training for early years practitioners aimed at improving identification, understanding and practical support for children at risk of language and literacy difficulties (Wood, Wright and Stackhouse, 2000). Specific activities designed to facilitate interdisciplinary learning are presented and what the practitioners on the courses took away in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude is discussed.
Other ways of seeing; other ways of being: imagination as a tool for developing multiprofessional practice for children with communication needs
Authors: Jarvis Joy , Trodd Lyn
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this discussion paper is to explore ways in which professionals working in multi-professional settings can develop their understanding of the different perspectives and knowledge bases of team members in order to build new working practices together. The importance of exploring professional identity in professional development programmes for new teams is emphasized. The authors draw on their own experience of leading professional development to suggest the use of imagination as a key tool that can enable professionals to develop new ways of understanding the perspectives of others and to forge new identities for themselves in multi-professional teams. On foundations of mutual understanding professionals can begin to develop effective multi-professional working to meet the needs of children with communication difficulties.
A prospective randomized controlled study of the role of botulinum toxin in whiplash-associated disorder
Authors: Carroll Áine , Barnes Mike , Comiskey Catherine
Published: May 2008

Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in preventing the development of chronic whiplash-associated disorder.

Design: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study.

Setting: Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Centre with participants being at home.

Subjects: Thirty-seven patients with whiplash-associated disorder who remained symptomatic two months after injury.

Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive either 250 units botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) or placebo (normal saline). Four trigger points were injected with 0.625 mL of injectant.

Outcome measures: Tenderness to palpation scores, visual analogue pain scale, Vernon—Mior Neck Pain and Disability Index and cervical range of motion. Follow-up assessments were carried out at four weeks and three months after treatment.

Results: Twenty participants received botulinum toxin and 17 received placebo. Both groups showed a tendency towards improvement in pain scores, Vernon—Mior Index and range of motion at four weeks and three months, with the changes being more pronounced in the toxin group. The change in Vernon—Mior Index in the toxin group was both statistically and clinically significant (i.e. a change of score of ≥5 from baseline to follow-up). Group comparisons did not meet statistical significance.

Conclusion: The improvements in outcome measures suggest that botulinum toxin type A may have a role to play in the management of whiplash-associated disorder but larger studies are required to clarify the situation.
Effectiveness of corticosteroid injection in adhesive capsulitis
Authors: Bal Ajda , Eksioglu Emel , Gulec Berna , Aydog Ece , Gurcay Eda , Cakci Aytul
Published: May 2008

Objective: To assess whether intraarticular corticosteroids improve the outcome of a comprehensive home exercise programme in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

Setting: The study was undertaken in the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department of a Ministry of Health hospital in Turkey.

Subjects: Eighty patients with adhesive capsulitis were enrolled in the study.

Interventions: The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 patients were given intraarticular corticosteroid (1 mL, 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate) followed by a 12-week comprehensive home exercise programme. Group 2 patients were given intraarticular serum physiologic (1 mL solution of 0.9% sodium chloride) followed by a 12-week comprehensive home exercise programme.

Main measures: The outcome parameters were Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and University of California-Los Angeles end-result scores, night pain and shoulder passive range of motion.

Results: Mean actual changes in abduction range of motion, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index—total score and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index—pain score were statistically different between the two groups at the second week, with the better scores determined in group 1. However, there were no significant differences between the groups at the 12th week. Medians of University of California-Los Angeles scores in the second week were significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.02), with better scores in group 1; however, the difference in 12th week scores was insignificant.

Conclusions: Intraarticular corticosteroids have the additive effect of providing rapid pain relief, mainly in the first weeks of the exercise treatment period. In patients with adhesive capsulitis who have pain symptom predominantly, intraarticular corticosteroid therapy could be advised concomitantly with exercise.
The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists: psychometric properties of the German version
Authors: LE Laekeman Maria-Anna , Sitter Helmut , Basler Heinz Dieter
Published: May 2008

Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the German version of the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT-G). The original Dutch version is a 36-item self-report scale discriminating between a biomedical and a biopsychosocial orientation of therapists with regard to low back pain management.

Methods: The German version was generated by use of a forward—backward translation procedure. In a cross-sectional study with a repeated measurement after five weeks, a total of 424 physiotherapists got a questionnaire package with the PABS-PT-G as well as the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and patient vignettes. Item and factor analyses served to determine the psychometric properties of the scale.

Results: A total of 280 physiotherapists (response rate 79%) completed the questionnaires and a principal component analysis confirmed the two subscales of the original Dutch version. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the items belonging to the biomedical factor amounted to 0.77 and to 0.58 for the items of the biopsychosocial factor respectively. Retest reliability showed a coefficient of 0.83 for the biomedical scale and of 0.70 for the biopsychosocial scale. Validity of both subscales of the PABS-PT-G was supported by statistically significant (P<0.01) and substantial correlations with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and with attitudes of the physiotherapists measured by patient vignettes (r between 0.37 and 0.72).

Conclusion: The PABS-PT-G appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, which is equivalent to the original Dutch version. Further research is proposed to improve the reliability of the biopsychosocial subscale.
Efficiencies of Balance
Authors: Alexander Jennifer
Published: May 2008

Arbitrary measures of efficiency unsettle the dichotomy between engineering efficiency and efficiency in more popular forms: this dichotomy runs through the literature on the progressive era USA. Arbitrary efficiency standards were developed late in the progressive era for use in cases where ideal or theoretical efficiency could not be calculated. Arbitrary standards mediated between technical efficiency and efficiency's other forms, and illustrate important similarities between them. Examples of technical efficiency from Engineering Magazine, a prominent engineering journal, and of personal efficiency from the Independent, a prominent general interest journal of reform, reveal a common emphasis on efficiency as a tool of balance. In both, efficiency was a tool to help guarantee regularity, stability, and reliability, and used similar techniques of control, including continual surveillance and adjustment and deference to outside authority. Arbitrary measures of efficiency crossed the boundaries between the technical and personal, and underscore a shared foundation in their reliance on expertise.
The Standardization of Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical Science Editorials and UK Biobanks
Authors: Smart Andrew , Tutton Richard , Martin Paul , Ellison George T.H. , Ashcroft Richard
Published: May 2008

As the search for human genetic variation has become a priority for biomedical science, debates have resurfaced about the use of race and ethnicity as scientific classifications. In this paper we consider the relationship between race, ethnicity and genetics, using insights from science and technology studies (STS) about processes of classification and standardization. We examine how leading biomedical science journals attempted to standardize the classifications of race and ethnicity, and analyse how a sample of UK genetic scientists used the concepts in their research. Our content analysis of 11 editorials and related guidelines reveals variations in the guidance on offer, and it appears that there has been a shift from defining the concepts to prescribing methodological processes for classification. In qualitative interviews with 17 scientists, the majority reported that they had adopted socio-political classification schemes from state bureaucracy (for example, the UK Census) for practical reasons, although some scientists used alternative classifications that they justified on apparently methodological grounds. The different responses evident in the editorials and interviews can be understood as reflecting the balance of flexibility and stability that motivate standardization processes. We argue that, although a genetic concept of race and ethnicity is unlikely to wholly supplant a socio-political one, the adoption of census classifications into biomedical research is an alignment of state bureaucracy and science that could have significant consequences.
Counting Corncrakes
Authors: Lorimer Jamie
Published: May 2008

This paper traces the efforts of a small number of ornithologists and bird surveyors to design and implement a national census for the corncrake ( Crex crex), a rare migratory bird, in north-west Scotland. Drawing on concepts and methodologies from the sociology of science and the recent ethological turn in social theory, it follows corncrake scientists as they tune in to the bird's ecology and behaviour and devise and distribute a standardized set of methods for a national census. It examines how these methods were implemented in practice in the field and explores the embodied skills and emotions involved in counting corncrakes. Finally, it follows how, as the outcome of the census, the corncrake was framed for the first time as a dynamic population and given voice through a representing assemblage. The paper concludes with some more general observations about the benefits of understanding the field sciences as affective practices and draws attention to the importance of embodied skill, emotion and an ethical sensibility in the generation of scientific representations.
Outcome of Single-Bundle versus Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Meredick Richard B. , Vance Kennan J. , Appleby David , Lubowitz James H.
Published: May 2008

Background

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has 2 anatomic bundles. Standard ACL reconstruction is with a single-bundle graft, but double-bundle reconstruction may better control knee rotational torque, a potential cause of failure after single-bundle reconstruction. The authors investigated outcomes of single-bundle versus double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Hypothesis

There is no difference in outcomes of single-bundle versus double-bundle reconstruction.

Study Design

Meta-analysis.

Methods

The authors systematically identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single-bundle versus double-bundle ACL reconstruction (secondary analysis includes nonrandomized trials). Outcomes reported in a majority of included trials were meta-analyzed.

Results

Four RCTs were included (secondary analysis including 5 additional trials yielded reassuringly similar results). Two outcome measures were reported (in a manner permitting meta-analysis) in at least 3 of 4 trials: KT-1000 arthrometer and pivot-shift testing. On average, KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference was 0.52 mm closer to normal in patients treated with double-bundle reconstruction. This difference is demonstrated to be clinically insignificant. In addition, there was no statistical difference in the odds of having a normal or nearly normal pivot-shift result in patients treated with double-bundle versus single-bundle reconstruction.

Conclusion

Double-bundle reconstruction does not result in clinically significant differences in KT-1000 arthrometer or pivot-shift testing. The pivot-shift results have particular clinical relevance because the test is designed to evaluate knee rotational instability; the results do not support the theory that double-bundle reconstruction better controls knee rotation. Improved quality of future RCTs would allow meta-analysis of a greater number of outcome measures including measures of symptoms and disabilities most important to patients.
Bispectral Index Monitoring Documents Burst Suppression During Pentobarbital Coma
Authors: Tobias Joseph D.
Published: May 2008

During pentobarbital coma, electroencephalographic monitoring is used to document burst suppression (3-5 episodes of electrical activity/min). The current study evaluates the association of the bispectral index number and suppression ratio with a burst suppression pattern on electroencephalograph. The records of 7 patients (aged 2.9-14 years) who received pentobarbital for elevated intracranial pressure were retrospectively reviewed. The bispectral index number was 7 ± 5, 14 ± 3, and 37 ± 12, whereas the suppression ratio was 93 ± 7%, 75 ± 6%, and 29 ± 18% when the electroencephalograph showed ≤ 2, 3-5, and ≥ 6 bursts/min, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a bispectral index value of 10 to 20 were 96% and 92%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of a suppression ratio of 65% to 85% were 89% and 88%, respectively, in demonstrating the presence of 3 to 5 bursts/min. Bispectral index monitoring may be easier to perform and may require less technical expertise to interpret.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Chlorine Inhalation During a Swimming Pool Accident: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Babu Rajesh V. , Cardenas Victor , Sharma Gulshan
Published: May 2008

Chlorine inhalation can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The most common clinical ramification is mucosal irritation. Rarely, depending upon the degree of exposure, patients can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. Management is usually supportive with an unproven role for inhaled or systemic corticosteroids. A case of a young woman who developed respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome from accidental exposure to chlorine fumes at a community swimming pool is described. The patient suffered a prolonged hospitalization with the need for mechanical ventilation. Despite limited data to support the decision, the patient was started on treatment with corticosteroids. She recovered completely from her illness and was discharged home without supplemental oxygen. A concise discussion of chlorine inhalation injury and a literature review on the utility of inhaled and/or systemic corticosteroids for this clinical entity is presented.
The Structure of Political Attitudes in Hungary and Serbia
Authors: Todosijević Bojan
Published: May 2008

The article presents a comparative examination of the structure of political ideology in two post-communist countries, Serbia and Hungary. A broad set of indicators of specific political attitudes is reduced to a smaller number of latent ideological dimensions via factor analysis. The precise meaning of the dimensions is determined after the analysis of their relationships with authoritarianism, out-group sympathy, prejudices, ideological self-identification, party-preference, and socio-demographic variables. Hungarian mass attitudes vary along dimensions of (1) alienation—socialism and (2) nationalist—antisocialism. Results for Serbia revealed the convergence of nationalist and pro-communist attitudes into a single dimension while another factor joined egalitarianism with social alienation. In both countries, authoritarianism is an important determinant of ideological dimensions, especially of pro-communist nationalism in Serbia and alienation— socialism in Hungary. Socio-demographic background variables are weaker determinants of ideological dimensions in Serbia compared with Hungary. In both countries, attitudinal factors differentiate supporters of the main political parties.
A Home Away From Home?
Authors: Simpson Ken , Tan Weihua (Steven)
Published: May 2008

As the education of international students has developed into a key component of the economic mix for many Western democracies, approaches to the evaluation of success or failure have become increasingly based on the type of buyer—seller relationship that features strongly in the management and marketing literature. As a result, an activity that has historically been assessed in terms of its contribution to the public good is now more likely to be measured through application of the language of business. This article analyzes the comments of 160 Chinese students attending courses at a New Zealand institution and suggests that the criteria that contribute to a positive experience evaluation, when viewed through the eyes of students, may not entirely coincide with the “business language” criteria that education providers believe to be critical. The article concludes that significant changes in institutional philosophy are necessary if the true value of providing tertiary education to international students is to be optimally realized.
The Impact of Anticipated Consequences, Respondent Group, and Strength of Affirmative Action Plan on Affirmative Action Attitudes
Authors: Kravitz David A. , Bludau Tiffany M. , Klineberg Stephen L.
Published: May 2008

Two experiments found that affirmative action attitudes varied with the respondent's racioethnic group, strength of affirmative action plan (AAP), anticipated consequences of the AAP, and interactions of racioethnic group with the other variables. AAP strength had a monotonic negative effect on attitudes for some groups, but an inverse-U effect for others. Attitudes were most strongly associated with the anticipated impact of the AAP on company performance; they were also related to the expected effects on collective self-interest, target group representation, and target group stigmatization. The positive relation between the anticipated impact on company performance and support for the AAP was stronger among Whites than U.S.-born Hispanics; the negative relation between anticipated stigmatization and AAP support was stronger among Whites than African-Americans. The effect of AAP strength on attitudes was partially mediated by the anticipated consequences among Whites and African-Americans, but not among Hispanics and Asians.
Plasmablastic Lymphoma Affecting the Lung and Bone Marrow With CD10 Expression and t(8;14)(q24;q32) Translocation
Authors: Khoon Leong Chuah  , Siok Bian Ng  , Poon Limei , Wai Ming Yap
Published: May 2008

Plasmablastic lymphoma is a rare variant of a diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma, which typically presents in the oral cavity in immunocompromised patients. In HIV positive patients, this tumor has a tendency to manifest in extramedullary sites. In this report, we document a rare instance in which this neoplasm besides affecting the bone marrow also involved the lung. In addition, the lymphoma in our case disclosed CD10 positivity on immunohistochemistry and t(8;14)(q24;q34) translocation on cytogenetic analysis, mimicking a Burkitt/atypical Burkitt lymphoma. The problems in diagnosis are discussed.
Malakoplakia of the Spleen: A Case Report
Authors: Greaves Wesley O. , Wang Li J.
Published: May 2008

Malakoplakia is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disorder, which is characterized by the presence of histiocytes containing concentric concretions known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies in a background of mixed inflammation. The urinary tract is the most commonly involved site. However, malakoplakia can be found in a wide range of other organs throughout the body. Its occurrence has been attributed to a defect in the bactericidal capacity of phagocytic cells, and it is usually seen in patients with some degree of immunologic compromise. A case of malakoplakia of the spleen in a patient with Crohn’s disease is reported in this article.
Del(5q) Is Associated With Clinical and Histological Parameters in Small Cell Neuroendocrine Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Hartel Paul H. , Shackelford Amy L. , Hartel James V. , Wenger Sharon L.
Published: May 2008

To elucidate the relationship between del(5q) and the clinical and histological features of small cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma, 33 tissue samples from patients with this tumor were evaluated. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization, del(5q) was identified in almost 50% of cases (15/33, 45%). Clinically, patients with tumors showing del(5q) were older (mean age = 71 years) with a correspondingly greater pack-year smoking history (mean = 61) than patients with tumors (mean age = 59 years, mean pack-years = 44) without del(5q). Histologically, tumors with del(5q) had a greater frequency of spindle cell morphology (11/14 [79%] vs 6/16 [38%], P < .025) than those without del(5q). This is the first study to find an association between del(5q) and tumor histology in small cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma.
The Effects of Decision-Making Style and Cognitive Thought Patterns on Negative Career Thoughts
Authors: Paivandy Sheba , Bullock Emily E. , Reardon Robert C. , Kelly F. Donald
Published: May 2008

People's thoughts and beliefs about themselves and their career options affect their ability to make decisions. Career counselors would benefit from knowing the factors that contribute to negative career thoughts. This study examined two unexplored factors that may affect the development and maintenance of negative career thoughts, decision-making styles and a ruminative thought pattern. Pearson product correlations and a multiple regression were used to determine the extent to which maximizing and rumination predicted negative career thoughts. Results suggested that maximizing and rumination are moderately correlated with negative career thoughts. Together they account for 14% of the explained variance of negative career thoughts. Implications of findings on practice and research are discussed. The cognitive information processing theory is also presented as a method by which to conceptualize a client's maximizing decision-making style and ruminating thought patterns.
Out There . . . Out There in the Distance
Authors: Minocha Sonal
Published: May 2008

This article documents the author's own embeddedness of experience emerging from her interest with dance, dance as a form of embodied art, a form of expression, a metaphor, and ontology. Dance is a way of “showing and telling” stories through steps and choreography and rhythm and embodiment. It is both a ritual and a reality in different contexts. It is both a situation and a totality. Writing as an agent provocateur in this article, the author attempts to bridge the divide between poetry and prose, arguing for dance to become a natural future avenue for theorizing the art of and in management.
Comparing Number Lines and Touch Points to Teach Addition Facts to Students With Autism
Authors: Cihak David F. , Foust Jennifer L.
Published: May 2008

Three elementary students with autism were taught single-digit addition problem-solving skills using number and touch-point strategies. Prior to the study, all students were unable to correctly calculate single-digit addition problems. An alternating-treatments design was used to compare the acquisition performance of single-digit addition problem-solving skills. The results indicated that the touch-point strategy was more effective in teaching single-digit addition skills. The touch-point strategy was then replicated using the nonpreferred strategy's content, improving all students' addition skills.
Imitating Incas and becoming llama
Authors: Scorer James
Published: May 2008

This article revisits Tintin's adventures in Latin America, not only tracing the themes of colonialism and the ethnographic present in the works but also reconsidering the traditional reading of The Adventures of Tintin as simply a patronizing vision of the Latin American other. The article draws on fluid notions of latinidad to highlight how Tintin and friends are sometimes (unwittingly) able to `act Latin' — at least until Tintin becomes weary of his adventures and, in so doing, loses his own sacred nature.
The repressed memory of Brazilian slavery
Authors: Sepúlveda Dos Santos Myrian
Published: May 2008

This article investigates the over-exposure in Brazilian narratives and images of the suffering and humiliation of the black population during the slavery era. It argues that the emphasis placed on the painful memories of slavery still has the power to undermine the self-esteem of the Brazilian population. Seventy-five per cent of the slaves who were brought to Brazil died within the first three years. Undoubtedly the slavery trade and the humiliation and torture suffered by the black population were traumatic events that left their marks on the victimised individuals. We find images of slaves being tortured and beaten in all the nation's major educational and cultural institutions. However, when history is a product of traumatic situations, it unfolds as though without witnesses. Because slaves were unable to transmit the full horror of their experiences to subsequent generations, our partial representations of the past fail to promote social justice for present-day Afro-descendants.
`Riveting and real — a family in the raw'
Authors: Holmes Su
Published: May 2008

Paul Watson's 12-part documentary serial, The Family (BBC, 1974), focused on the lives of the working-class Wilkins family from Reading. Along with An American Family (PBS, 1973), The Family has been positioned as a landmark precursor to reality TV. Yet it has largely been referred to rather than analysed, and the potential relationship at work between `then' and `now' is often obscured. In seeking to (re)construct the popular reception of The Family, this article argues that it is particularly productive to `revisit' the Wilkinses right now, precisely because the growth of reality TV has led to an `opening up' of the traditional terrain of documentary studies. Drawing on new archival research, this article examines how discussion of the programme generated an expansive extratextual framework. This framework turned The Family into a cultural event, and it represents a crucial site for accessing its historical circulation — particularly with regard to discourses on `ordinary' people as television performers, and `ordinary' people turned television `stars'.
`Prospecting an encounter' as a communicative event
Authors: Orr Winnie W.F.
Published: May 2008

As basic units of communication recognized by speakers themselves, communicative events have always been assumed to have clearly definable boundaries and characterizable joint activity for content. This, however, is not always the case. In this article, I argue for a communicative event I term ` prospecting an encounter' which typically occurs between shoppers and salespersons in Chinese local markets. `Prospecting' opens in a deliberately ambiguous way and ends when it either develops into a fully ratified encounter or dissolves into mere unfocused interaction or even cessation of co-presence. The joint activity that occurs within its boundaries has an equivocal status as engagement. Close analysis of interactional data reveals how `prospecting' events are jointly accomplished by speakers through the strategic withholding of glances and the extensive use of silence.
Persuasive presuppositions in OECD and EU higher education policy documents
Authors: Saarinen Taina
Published: May 2008

The article analyses presuppositions in higher education policy documents of the OECD and the European Union from the point of view of their persuasiveness. Presuppositions set the assumed common ground, which in turn sets the frame of interpretation of texts. However, by presenting something as common ground, presuppositions also shape our views of the reality. Used in this way, presuppositions can be used to present contested views, which would be open to criticism if they were asserted explicitly. The analysis does not evaluate the actual success of persuasion, but rather how policy documents are construed in a persuasive way.
Participation, procedure and accountability: `you said' speech markers in negotiating reports of ambiguous phenomena
Authors: Wooffitt Robin , Allistone Simon
Published: May 2008

In this article we study how reported speech markers are used as procedural resources in a laboratory based parapsychology experiment to investigate forms of anomalous communication, such as extrasensory perception. In particular, we focus on how specific activities in a key part of the experiment are mediated by the use of `you said' formulations which project that whatever is said next is a paraphrase or a verbatim report of what the recipient had said earlier. We identify two uses of reported speech markers. First, they are used in utterances that initiate some form of repair, such as correction or clarification. Second, they cluster in sequential locations that mark, after a temporary suspension, the resumption of key activities in the experiment. In this we hope to contribute to the study of the institutional properties of reported speech. We conclude by discussing the ways in which broader cultural understandings of the inferential force of `you said' formulations inform their use in this institutional setting, and reflecting on the significance of these findings for parapsychological investigation of anomalous communication in this setting.
Buses in Bongoland
Authors: Sanders Todd
Published: May 2008

It is now common for anthropologists to argue that the occult is adequately explained as an oblique, metaphysical critique of the now, the new, the neoliberal. Indeed, such understandings have come to form a deep-seated anthropological analytic. Yet while this analytic has proved productive, the explanations it invites often hinge more on theoretical expectation than empirical demonstration. This may disable the very politics and ethics anthropologists seek to engage, insofar as it renders redundant the real-world inequalities and forms of exploitation they seek to understand. This article considers this analytic in relation to Tanzanian buses and the devils alleged to inhabit them. To re-engage anthropology's critical politics and ethics, the article suggests that anthropologists pay sustained attention to historical processes, particularly, continuities. This requires we reconfigure some longstanding theoretical frameworks, lexicons, explanations and pre-theoretical commitments. The article concludes by providing some conceptual signposts to re-orientate projects on the occult.
Value and virtue
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: May 2008

This article offers suggestions for situating value in the liberal economic sense with respect to values understood in a broader, ethical sense. It is a conceptual exercise in bringing together ideas about value, which pertain largely to objects, with ethical ideas of virtue, which concern acts and character. I argue that economic value and ethical value are incommensurable insofar as the former deals with ostensibly relative, commensurable values and the latter with ostensibly absolute and incommensurable ones. The articulation of incommensurable values is better expressed as acts or practices of judgment rather than of choice. I suggest that sacrifice may be a site where meta-value is established.
Devoted to development
Authors: Pandian Anand
Published: May 2008

The article presents rural citizens in postcolonial India as subjects of development: individuals who must submit themselves to an order of power identifying their own nature as a problem, and demanding that they work to develop themselves in order to overcome the limits of this nature. I discuss three dimensions of such subjection to development: development as a normative order of moral imperatives, as a domain of ethical engagement with oneself, and as a relation to others — state officials, teachers, missionaries, and even deities — with whom the ultimate responsibility for one's progress is invested. Focusing on the colonial experience and postcolonial condition of a particular south Indian community classified as a `criminal tribe' in the early 20th century, I confront toil as virtue with toil as fate, juxtaposing the moral horizons of state intervention with the cosmological orientations of ordinary cultivators.
Fire and identity as matters of concern in Corsica
Authors: Candea Matei
Published: May 2008

This article connects the recent anthropological interest in human/non-human assemblages with one of the hoariest problems to haunt anthropologists of identity and nationalism: the question of the link between people and land. Drawing on elements of a Latourian `sociology of associations' and on theories of distributed cognition, the article unpacks divergent ways of watching forest fires on the French island of Corsica. In Corsica, fires are often treated as revelatory of the real differences between insiders who love the land and outsiders who merely `visit'. The article argues that unpacking the multiple connections between people and things which are made and remade in the process of watching fires can get us beyond the classic anthropological analysis of such claims as `rhetorical', `metaphorical' or `imaginative', without however falling into the trap of radical alterity — a false alternative which has too often dogged the anthropological study of identity.
Factors Associated With Hospital Retention of RNs in the New York City Metropolitan Area
Authors: Rosenfeld Peri , Adams Richard E.
Published: May 2008

The nursing shortage is well documented, and government estimates indicate that shortfalls will worsen in the future. As the largest employer of registered nurses (RNs), hospitals are the most seriously affected by shortages, as they compete with other employment settings for limited nursing resources. Recruitment remains the primary avenue for ensuring staffing levels, but retention is increasingly important as applicant pools shrink because of demographic and employment trends. Effective retention strategies must address the factors that contribute to exodus of RNs from hospitals, as well as isolating the factors that enable RNs to remain in hospital employment. This secondary analysis of the 1996, 2000, and 2004 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses examines the demographic, employment, and educational factors associated with working in hospitals, having full-time status, and holding patient care positions. The findings suggest that hospitals must address nonwork issues to retain nursing personnel. Relevant policy issues are examined and strategies for effective retention are offered.
Pharmacotherapy for Inappropriate Sexual Behaviors in Dementia: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Ozkan Banu , Wilkins Kirsten , Muralee Sunanda , Tampi Rajesh R.
Published: May 2008

The aim of this study is to systematically review the published literature on pharmacotherapy for inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia. Literature search of the 5 databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and COCHRANE collaboration) and the analysis of the data available for the pharmacotherapeutic treatments of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia were carried out.There are no published randomized controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia, but available data from uncontrolled trials, case series, and individual case reports suggest efficacy for antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, hormonal agents, cimetidine, and pindolol for the treatment of these behaviors. Although there are no controlled data for the treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia, available data suggest efficacy for some commonly used pharmacotherapeutic agents.
Law and the Evidential Image
Authors: Haldar Piyel
Published: May 2008

Courts make use of a range of images as proof objects. This paper highlights the doctrinal assumptions that the image is a clear and perspicacious representation of a (probable) truth and that the ideal image would be the result of an acheiropoietic process. In contrast to judicially defined doctrine, evidential practices of looking at images tend to surrender to a clutter of detail and impurities. Images are rather examined and scrutinized with meticulous precision. The works of Ravit Reichman, Carlo Ginzburg, and Jacques Derrida have already done much to radicalize and re-house the concept of the detail. The argument here will be that an understanding of “detailism” as it reveals itself in the evidential practice of looking at images might help provide an alternative understanding of how the trial operates.
Institutionalizing Ensembles: Thinking Theatre, Performance, and “the Law”
Authors: Nielsen Lara D.
Published: May 2008

Prior to recent U.S.-based work about the performance rituals of state killing and “the NEA 4,” Theatre and Performance research demonstrates extensive negotiations with and about “law as a preservative of terror” that in 1966 Theodor Adorno calls “the primal phenomenon of irrational rationality.” Currently, the field shows active interest in three inter-related arenas invoking the practices of “the law's” authorizations. The first involves performances of everyday events, and the complex social spaces in which people test the limits of “the legal subject” in relation to the norms of, for example, national, cultural, and global citizenship. If cultural events, practices, and artifacts of the world provide crucial research materials in theatre and performance projects, the deployment of methodologies in archival documentation collating “the world” and “the past” with the everyday also reach into the rhetorics of evidence. Hence the second, correlating, area of contemporary theatre and performance research concerned with law and the state has to do with “archive fever:” creative methodologies deploying, broadly speaking, the evidences of archival and documentary research. Finally, the third arena takes up questions of the arts, human rights, and cultural policy, with particular focus on the current era of neoliberal governmentality.
Legal Performance Good and Bad
Authors: Peters Julie Stone
Published: May 2008

“Performance” and “performativity” have become central terms in the discussion of legal identity over the past decade or two, and “performance” and “theatricality” figure in a number of theoretical writings on law. This essay reviews these discussions, looking at the ways in which they construe legal performance and assessing what they have to say about its nature, meaning, and consequences for the law. Diagnosing a split in the critical literature between a vision of legal theatricality endemically complicit with the law's authoritarian control of the subject and a vision of it as an agent of liberation from authoritarian subjugation, I identity this split with a longer history of ambivalence about the theatricality of the law. On the one hand, this essay is simply a map of what has been said in the past few decades about legal performance. On the other, it serves as a critical introduction to a longer-term study of the role of legal performance (as both instrument and concept) in the historical production and reception of the law.
Success and Failure in Northern California
Authors: Camillo Angelo A. , Connolly Daniel J. , Woo Gon Kim
Published: May 2008

This study examines the success factors for independent restaurant operators in the San Francisco Bay Area. Through interviews and questionnaires, the cases of nine successful restaurants and nine failed restaurants were studied from 2003 to 2007. The findings reinforce past studies by emphasizing the internal factors, such as overconfidence and emotional unfitness, that led to failure. Augmenting an earlier model, this study seeks to help future entrepreneurs and those who invest in restaurants.