bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation and assessment of a self‐ and community‐based rehabilitation programme in patients with haemophilia from Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Lobet Sébastien , Meité N’Dogomo , Koninckx Marie‐Inès , Van Overstraeten Antoine , Kamagate Amed Mama , Hermans Cédric , Lambert Catherine
Published: August 2019

Introduction

In resource‐constrained countries, few patients with haemophilia (PWH) have access to clotting factor concentrates (CFC), with increased musculoskeletal (MSK) complications. Physiotherapy actively contributes to preventing MSK complications, minimizing joint damage and reducing pain.

Aim

To assess the impact of a 20‐week self‐ and community‐based rehabilitation (CBR) programme in Ivorian PWH.

Methods

Fifty participants underwent a clinical and functional baseline assessment with identification of joints' functional defects and initiation of an individualized exercise programme comprising exercises to improve strength, joint mobility and proprioception. Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS), 2‐minute walking test (2MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), goniometry and maximal isometric voluntary contractions using the MicroFET2 were performed at baseline (T1) and at Week 20 (T2).

Results

At T2, there was a significant improvement in both the 2MWT and TUG tests. The HJHS total score decreased significantly from 23.6 ± 14.2 at T1 to 20.4 ± 13 at T2. A significant improvement in joint health was found in the left elbow, right knee and right ankle, with elements correlating with joint function responsible for these improvements. A strong programme adherence was observed, with 94% of participants reporting regular exercise performance and a high degree of satisfaction.

Conclusion

The programme with its encouraging results is meant to be the first step towards a more ambitious project. Self‐based and CBR programmes are inexpensive and efficient treatment options designed to minimize the detrimental effects of joint and muscle bleedings, and to increase the functional independence and quality of life of PWH with limited access to CFC and physiotherapy.
Effects of oral health programmes on xerostomia in community‐dwelling elderly: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Seo Kyoungsan , Kim Han‐Na
Published: August 2019

Objectives

While common in the elderly, dry mouth can negatively affect their oral health and nutritional status. Self‐administered oral care by the elderly can improve their oral health and prevent oral diseases. This study aimed to identify the content of oral health promotion programmes for community‐dwelling elderly and to determine which programmes are effective in improving oral health decreasing xerostomia in these populations.

Methods

A systematic literature search and meta‐analysis was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. All available papers published in English or Korean were searched between 1 June and 13 June 2018. The relevant databases in PubMed Central, MEDLINE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and Embase, as well as open dissertation and academic searches, were performed. Data were extracted from the selected studies based on PICOS, and the health outcomes of the elderly were subjected to meta‐analysis categorized by salivary secretion rates and oral health‐related quality of life (OHQoL).

Results

A total of nine studies had sufficient data for a systematic review and meta‐analysis. The intervention programmes consisted mainly of oral health promotion programmes, mouth exercises, toothbrushing and salivary massage. The meta‐analysis indicated that elderly participating in oral health programmes had significantly increased oral salivary secretion rates and OHQoL (effect sizes of 0.63 and 0.80, respectively).

Conclusions

Oral health promotion programmes in the elderly provide the positive effects of relieving dry mouth and improving OHQoL. This systematic review confirmed the contents and effects of the oral health promotion programmes provided to community‐dwelling elderly.
Theory and practice of rapid and safe thermal debinding in ceramic injection molding
Authors: Xie Hehan , Jiang Jie , Yang Xianfeng , He Qinglong , Zhou Zhe , Xu Xiewen , Zhang Li
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the dynamic process of thermal debinding was analyzed. The critical thickness of debinding was defined as the thickness at which the steps to control dynamics change from diffusion of gas products in liquid binder to diffusion or permeation in pores. Subsequently, the equation of critical thickness was deduced. The results show that the critical thickness of debinding is independent of the thickness of the green body, but mainly depends on the particle size, solid content, and binder composition. Moreover, larger particle diameter and higher solid loading will contribute to a greater critical thickness, which means that higher heating rate can be used in the initial stage of debinding. The prediction is in agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the effect of binder composition on the formation of cracks during thermal debinding was investigated by thermogravimetry combined with FTIR spectrometry (TG‐FTIR) analysis of binders and thermogravimetric curves of feedstocks. It suggests that the feedstock containing polystyrene and acrylic resin is helpful for rapid and safe thermal debinding.
Madin‐Darby canine kidney cell sialic acid receptor modulation induced by culture medium conditions: Implications for the isolation of influenza A virus
Authors: Nelson Sarah W. , Lorbach Joshua N. , Nolting Jacqueline M. , Stull Jason W. , Jackwood Daral J. , Davis Ian C. , Bowman Andrew S.
Published: August 2019

Background

The influenza A virus (IAV) binds to α‐2,3‐ and α‐2,6‐linked sialic acid (SA) receptors expressed by Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The receptor distribution may therefore be important in regulating IAV propagation. Serum‐free medium (SFM) avoids variability in conventional culture medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS), which can have variable composition and may contain endotoxins. However, little is known about the distribution of SA receptors on cells maintained in SFM.

Objectives

We assessed the influence of culture media on MDCK cell SA receptor distribution along with the effect of SA receptor distribution on IAV recovery. We hypothesized that SFM would increase the proportion of α‐2,6‐linked SA receptors present and alter isolate recovery.

Methods

Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells were cultured in medium containing FBS and two SFMs. Cell surface distribution of α‐2,6‐ and α‐2,3‐linked receptors was determined using flow cytometry. Recovery of swine‐ and avian‐lineage IAVs from MDCK cells maintained in each medium was quantified as TCID50.

Results

Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells cultured in UltraMDCK SFM expressed both SA receptors and supported the growth of both swine‐ and avian‐lineage IAVs. Cells maintained in other medium inconsistently expressed each receptor and the avian IAV grew to lower titers in cells cultured with FBS.

Conclusions

Medium conditions altered the distribution of SA receptors present on MDCK cells and affected IAV recovery. Culture in UltraMDCK SFM resulted in cells expressing both receptors and IAVs grew to higher titers than in the other culture condition, indicating that this medium may be useful for culturing IAV from multiple species.
From uncertain boundaries to uncertain identity: Effects of entitativity threat on identity–uncertainty and emigration
Authors: Jung Jiin , Hogg Michael A. , Livingstone Andrew G. , Choi Hoon‐Seok
Published: August 2019

When people feel uncertain about their national identity, they may want to emigrate from their nation. This uncertainty can arise when people are exposed to an alternative historical narrative about their own national (ingroup) origins promoted by a neighboring nation (outgroup). Drawing on uncertainty–identity theory we propose that the conditions that promote this process would include when: (a) a revised history threatens the entitativity of national identity, (b) people identify strongly with their nation, (c) a neighboring nation is numerically large enough to transform its own view into a new shared reality, and (d) a new interpretation of history is considered credible. We conducted an experiment in the context of historical disputes between China (outgroup) and Korea (ingroup) (N = 160). We measured Korean identification and manipulated a type of identity threat (valence threat vs. entitativity threat), relative group size (not salient vs. salient), and source credibility (low vs. high). Then, we measured identity–uncertainty and emigration as dependent variables. As predicted, hierarchical regression analyses yielded a significant four‐way interaction on identity–uncertainty. Simple slopes analyses revealed that entitativity (vs. valence) threat significantly increased identity–uncertainty among high identifiers when the outgroup's relative size was salient and its view was credible. Further, the elevated identity–uncertainty strengthened intentions to emigrate from the ingroup. Implications for intergroup communications and identity validation are discussed.
Co‐mutational assessment of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) during osimertinib treatment for T790M mutant lung cancer
Authors: Xing Puyuan , Han Xiaohong , Wang Sha , Liu Yutao , Yang Sheng , Hao Xuezhi , Wang Yan , Liu Peng , Li Junling , Wang Lin , Chang Lianpeng , Guan Yanfang , Zhang Zhishang , Wu Di , Yao Jiarui , Yi Xin , Shi Yuankai
Published: August 2019

Osimertinib is designed to target the secondary resistant EGFR T790M mutant and has shown outstanding clinical efficacy. However, the prognostic prediction of osimertinib patients is a big problem in clinical practice. The resistance mechanism of osimertinib is also not fully understood. NGS and a 1021 gene capture panel were used to analyse the somatic mutation profile of thirty‐six lung adenocarcinoma patients' serial ctDNA samples. Progression‐free survival of subgroup patients is analysed. Patients harbour TP53 mutations and patients with higher TMB value in pre‐treatment samples showed a shorter PFS. Moreover, compared to CT evaluation, ctDNA changes generally correlated with treatment responses in most patients. Novel resistance mechanisms are discovered including EGFR mutations and alternative activation pathway. Our results implied a broad potential of ctDNA as an adjuvant tool in practical clinical management of NSCLC patients. ctDNA could help with clinical practice during osimertinib treatment, regarding monitoring tumour response, detecting development of heterogeneity, identifying potential resistance mechanisms, predicting treatment efficacy and patient outcome.
Theaflavin‐3,3´‐digallate increases the antibacterial activity of β‐lactam antibiotics by inhibiting metallo‐β‐lactamase activity
Authors: Teng Zihao , Guo Yan , Liu Xingqi , Zhang Jian , Niu Xiaodi , Yu Qinlei , Deng Xuming , Wang Jianfeng
Published: August 2019

Metallo‐β‐lactamases (MBLs) are some of the best known β‐lactamases produced by common Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative pathogens and are crucial factors in the rise of bacterial resistance against β‐lactam antibiotics. Although many types of β‐lactamase inhibitors have been successfully developed and used in clinical settings, no MBL inhibitors have been identified to date. Nitrocefin, checkerboard and time‐kill assays were used to examine the enzyme behaviour in vitro. Molecular docking calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, calculation of the binding free energy and ligand‐residue interaction decomposition were used for mechanistic research. The behaviour of the enzymes in vivo was investigated by a mouse infection experiment. We showed that theaflavin‐3,3´‐digallate (TFDG), a natural compound lacking antibacterial activities, can inhibit the hydrolysis of MBLs. In the checkerboard and time‐kill assays, we observed a synergistic effect of TFDG with β‐lactam antibiotics against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus BAA1717. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to identify the mechanism of the inhibition of MBLs by TFDG, and we observed that the hydrolysis activity of the MBLs was restricted by the binding of TFDG to Gln242 and Ser369. Furthermore, the combination of TFDG with β‐lactam antibiotics showed effective protection in a mouse Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia model. These findings suggest that TFDG can effectively inhibit the hydrolysis activity of MBLs and enhance the antibacterial activity of β‐lactam antibiotics against pathogens in vitro and in vivo.
Peer‐adult network structure and suicide attempts in 38 high schools: implications for network‐informed suicide prevention
Authors: Wyman Peter A. , Pickering Trevor A. , Pisani Anthony R. , Rulison Kelly , Schmeelk‐Cone Karen , Hartley Chelsey , Gould Madelyn , Caine Eric D. , LoMurray Mark , Brown Charles Hendricks , Valente Thomas W.
Published: August 2019

Background

Strengthening social integration could prevent suicidal behavior. However, minimal research has examined social integration through relationship network structure. To address this important gap, we tested whether structural characteristics of school networks predict school rates of ideation and attempts.

Methods

In 38 US high schools, 10,291 students nominated close friends and trusted adults to construct social networks. We used mixed‐effects logistic regression models to test individual student networks and likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA); and linear regression models to estimate associations between school network characteristics and school rates of SI, SA, and SA among all with ideation.

Results

Lower peer network integration and cohesion increased likelihood of SI and SA across individual and school‐level models. Two factors increased SA: student isolation from adults and suicidal students’ popularity and clustering. A multivariable model identified higher SA in schools where youth–adult relationships were concentrated in fewer students (B = 4.95 [1.46, 8.44]) and suicidal students had higher relative popularity versus nonsuicidal peers (B = 0.93 [0.10, 1.77]). Schools had lower SA rates when more students named the same trusted adults named by friends and many students named the same trusted adults. When adjusting for depression, violence victimization and bullying, estimates for adult network characteristics were substantially unchanged whereas some peer effects decreased.

Conclusions

Schoolwide peer and youth–adult relationship patterns influence SA rates beyond individual student connections. Network characteristics associated with suicide attempts map onto three theory‐informed domains: social integration versus thwarted relational needs, group cohesion, and suicidal students’ social influence. Network interventions addressing these processes, such as maximizing youth–adult connections schoolwide and heightening influence of youth with healthy coping, could create more protective schools. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to determine how schools differentiate in network structure and clarify reciprocal dynamics between network characteristics and suicidal behavior.
Photodynamic therapy for the prevention and treatment of actinic keratosis/squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liew Y.C.C. , De Souza N.N.A. , Sultana R.G. , Oh C.C.
Published: August 2019

Solid organ transplant recipients (sOTR) are at an increased risk of developing cutaneous cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the prevention and treatment of actinic keratosis (AK)/SCC in sOTR is increasingly prescribed given the increase in solid organ transplantations performed worldwide. PDT has added advantages of superior cosmetic outcomes and good safety profile compared to conventional surgical methods and other topical therapies. We aim to evaluate the role of PDT in the prevention and treatment of AK/SCC in sOTRs. The Cochrane Library, PubMed and EMBASE database were searched. Articles reporting PDT outcomes amongst sOTR with or without AK/SCC at baseline were selected. We classified the studies into two categories: (i) PDT as prevention measure and (ii) treatment of AK/SCC in sOTR. Primary outcome for the prevention category was 3‐year incidence of AK/SCC and complete response (CR) of lesions after PDT exposure in the treatment category. Secondary outcomes were cosmesis and adverse reaction in both categories. Pooled results were expressed as risk difference (RD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Twelve out of 641 articles met our eligibility criteria, out of which four RCTs reported the preventive effect of AK/SCC and another five RCTs reported the treatment effect of PDT in sOTR. One RCT did not report absolute number of lesions at baseline/end of study for results to be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The remaining three studies were cohort studies reporting treatment and preventive effect of PDT in sOTR. PDT group had a lower incidence as a preventive measure with pooled RD of 0.14 (95% CI 0.08–0.19). The CR in PDT was higher in the treatment group with a pooled RD of 0.77 (95% CI 0.6–0.94) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.22–0.79) in predivided lesional areas and number of lesions, respectively. In conclusion, PDT is efficacious for prevention and treatment of AK/SCC in sOTRs.
These are not the trends you are looking for: poorly calibrated single‐pass electrofishing data can bias estimates of trends in fish abundance
Authors: Glover Ross S. , Fryer Robert J. , Soulsby Chris , Malcolm Iain A.
Published: August 2019

There is increasing interest in the potential of single‐pass and timed electrofishing to assess status and trends in fish populations. However, where capture probability varies over time, there is a risk that uncalibrated electrofishing data could fail to detect, or provide biased estimates of trends. This study analysed a long‐term electrofishing dataset collected over 50 years in an intensively studied catchment where egg deposition and emigrant production declined by c. 82% and 35% over the same time. The electrofishing data were used to illustrate the effects of changing capture probability on estimated trends in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar abundance. Temporal variability in capture probability was modelled. Trends in abundance were then estimated from uncalibrated single‐pass electrofishing count data and compared with estimates from data calibrated for capture probability. The calibrated data revealed significant declines in S. salar fry (age 0) and parr (age ≥ 1) abundance. However, the trend estimates from the uncalibrated data were positively biased and not significant. Exploration of alternative (realistic) scenarios with different trends in true abundance and capture probability suggests that uncalibrated electrofishing data can provide very misleading estimates of trends. The problem is exacerbated in data where capture probability is low. It is recommended that single‐pass and timed electrofishing methods should not be used to assess trends in fish populations without regular (annual) calibration.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors‐induced neuromuscular toxicity: From pathogenesis to treatment
Authors: Psimaras Dimitri , Velasco Roser , Birzu Cristina , Tamburin Stefano , Lustberg Maryam , Bruna Jordi , Argyriou Andreas A.
Published: August 2019

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used and are becoming the standard of care in the treatment of various tumor types. Despite the favorable results in terms of oncological outcomes, these treatments have been associated with a variety of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). Neurological irAEs are rare but potentially severe. Neuromuscular disorders represent the most common neurological irAEs following anti‐PD‐1, anti‐PD‐L1, and anti‐CTLA‐4 treatment, and include myositis, myasthenia gravis, and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Instrumental findings may differ from typical neuromuscular disorders occurring outside ICIs treatment. Despite initial severity, neurological irAEs often respond to immune‐modulating therapies. Prompt irAEs diagnosis, ICIs discontinuation, and early treatment with corticosteroids, together with patient education and a multi‐disciplinary approach, are important for optimizing clinical outcomes. Intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, and other immune‐modulating treatments should be considered in more severe cases. Consideration of re‐challenging with the same immunotherapy drug may be given in some cases, based on clinical picture and initial severity of irAEs.
A REVIEW OF STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE METHODS FOR POVERTY ANALYSIS
Authors: García‐Gómez César , Pérez Ana , Prieto‐Alaiz Mercedes
Published: August 2019

Stochastic dominance techniques have been mainly employed in poverty analyses to overcome what it is called the multiplicity of poverty indices problem. Moreover, in the multidimensional context, stochastic dominance techniques capture the possible relationships between the dimensions of poverty as they rely upon their joint distribution, unlike most multidimensional poverty indices, which are only based on marginal distributions. In this paper, we first review the general definition of unidimensional stochastic dominance and its relationship with poverty orderings. Then we focus on the conditions of multivariate stochastic dominance and their relationship with multidimensional poverty orderings, highlighting the additional difficulties that the multivariate setting involves. In both cases, we focus our discussion on first‐ and second‐order dominance, though some guidelines on higher order dominance are also mentioned. We also present an overview of some relevant empirical applications of these methods that can be found in the literature in both univariate and multivariate contexts.
Thinking about Prices versus Thinking about Returns in Financial Markets
Authors: GLASER MARKUS , ILIEWA ZWETELINA , WEBER MARTIN
Published: August 2019

Prices and returns are alternative ways to present information and to elicit expectations in financial markets. But do investors think of prices and returns in the same way? We present three studies in which subjects differ in the level of expertise, amount of information, and type of incentive scheme. The results are consistent across all studies: asking subjects to forecast returns as opposed to prices results in higher expectations, whereas showing them return charts rather than price charts results in lower expectations. Experience is not a useful remedy but cognitive reflection mitigates the impact of format changes.
D‐dimer levels and risk of recurrence following provoked venous thromboembolism: findings from the RIETE registry
Authors: Avnery O. , Martin M. , Bura‐Riviere A. , Barillari G. , Mazzolai L. , Mahé I. , Marchena P.J. , Verhamme P. , Monreal M. , Ellis M.H. ,   the RIETE Investigators
Published: August 2019

Background

Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) secondary to transient risk factors may develop VTE recurrences after discontinuing anticoagulation. Identifying at‐risk patients could help to guide the duration of therapy.

Methods

We used the RIETE database to assess the prognostic value of d‐dimer testing after discontinuing anticoagulation to identify patients at increased risk for recurrences. Transient risk factors were classified as major (postoperative) or minor (pregnancy, oestrogen use, immobilization or recent travel).

Results

In December 2018, 1655 VTE patients with transient risk factors (major 460, minor 1195) underwent d‐dimer measurements after discontinuing anticoagulation. Amongst patients with major risk factors, the recurrence rate was 5.74 (95% CI: 3.19–9.57) events per 100 patient‐years in those with raised d‐dimer levels and 2.68 (95% CI: 1.45–4.56) in those with normal levels. Amongst patients with minor risk factors, the rates were 7.79 (95% CI: 5.71–10.4) and 3.34 (95% CI: 2.39–4.53), respectively. Patients with major risk factors and raised d‐dimer levels (n = 171) had a nonsignificantly higher rate of recurrences (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.14; 95% CI: 0.96–4.79) than those with normal levels. Patients with minor risk factors and raised d‐dimer levels (n = 382) had a higher rate of recurrences (HR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.51–3.63) than those with normal levels. On multivariate analysis, raised d‐dimers (HR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.09–2.77) were associated with an increased risk for recurrences in patients with minor risk factors, not in those with major risk factors.

Conclusions

Patients with raised d‐dimer levels after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for VTE provoked by a minor transient risk factor were at an increased risk for recurrences.
Tactile trigeminal region acuity in temporomandibular disorders: A reliability and cross‐sectional study
Authors: La Touche Roy , Cuenca‐Martínez Ferran , Suso‐Martí Luis , García‐Vicente Ana , Navarro‐Morales Beatriz , Paris‐Alemany Alba
Published: August 2019

Background

Two‐point discrimination (2‐PD) is a valuable test for measuring tactile acuity that provides relevant information about cortical reorganisation and somatosensory function.

Objectives

The main objectives of the present study were to assess intra‐ and interexaminer reliability of the 2‐PD test in the trigeminal region in asymptomatic individuals and only intra‐examiner reliability in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The secondary objective was to observe the correlations of the 2‐PD test with regard to pain intensity and psychological and disability variables.

Methods

Intra‐ and interexaminer reliability of 2‐PD in the trigeminal region was assessed in 40 asymptomatic individuals and 54 patients with TMD. Each clinician received training in the assessment of 2‐PD using an esthesiometer and following a standardised protocol for the three branches of trigeminal nerve.

Results

In the asymptomatic participants, interexaminer (intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC .64‐.88) and test‐retest (ICC .70‐.87) values were obtained. Given similar test‐retest values were shown in the group of patients with TMD (ICC .72‐.86), the reliability were considered good‐moderate. Statistically significant differences (P < .001) were obtained between the asymptomatic participants and the patients with TMD regarding the mean values from trials of the three trigeminal branch measurements, with a large effect size.

Conclusion

Reliability of the 2‐PD test was considered good‐moderate. Patients with TMD showed greater distances in the 2‐PD test, suggesting that tactile acuity in the trigeminal region is impaired in patients with TMD. Assessment of tactile acuity with 2‐PD test in patients with TMD should be considered clinically.
A new marine prasinophyte genus alternates between a flagellate and a dominant benthic stage with microrhizoids for adhesion
Authors: Wetherbee Richard , Rossetto Marcelino Vanessa , Costa Joana F. , Grant Brenna , Crawford Simon , Waller Ross F. , Andersen Robert A. , Berry Drew , McFadden Geoffrey I. , Verbruggen Heroen
Published: August 2019

Prasinophytes (Chlorophyta) are a diverse, paraphyletic group of planktonic microalgae for which benthic species are largely unknown. Here, we report a sand‐dwelling, marine prasinophyte with several novel features observed in clonal cultures established from numerous locations around Australia. The new genus and species, which we name Microrhizoidea pickettheapsiorum (Mamiellophyceae), alternates between a benthic palmelloid colony, where cell division occurs, and a planktonic flagellate. Flagellates are short lived, settle and quickly resorb their flagella, the basal bodies then nucleate novel tubular appendages, termed “microrhizoids”, that lack an axoneme and function to anchor benthic cells to the substratum. To our knowledge, microrhizoids have not been observed in any other green alga or protist, are slightly smaller in diameter than flagella, generally contain nine microtubules, are long (3–5 times the length of flagella) and are not encased in scales. Following settlement, cell divisions result in a loose, palmelloid colony, each cell connected to the substratum by two microrhizoids. Flagellates are round to bean‐shaped with two long, slightly uneven flagella. Both benthic cells and flagellates, along with their flagella, are encased in thin scales. Phylogenies based on the complete chloroplast genome of Microrhizoidea show that it is clearly a member of the Mamiellophyceae, most closely related to Dolichomastix tenuilepsis. More taxon‐rich phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene, including metabarcodes from the Tara Oceans and Ocean Sampling Day projects, confidently show the distinctive nature of Microrhizoidea, and that the described biodiversity of the Mamiellophyceae is a fraction of its real biodiversity. The discovery of a largely benthic prasinophyte changes our perspective on this group of algae and, along with the observation of other potential benthic lineages in environmental sequences, illustrates that benthic habitats can be a rich ground for algal biodiscovery.
The proteasome regulator PTRE1 contributes to the turnover of SNC1 immune receptor
Authors: Thulasi Devendrakumar Karen , Copeland Charles , Li Xin
Published: August 2019

Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system in order to recognize and respond to microbes in their environments. Nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) proteins detect the presence of specific effector molecules delivered into host cells by pathogens and activate strong defence responses. However, as excessive accumulation of NLRs can result in inappropriate immune responses, their abundance must be tightly regulated. Targeted degradation of NLRs through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is an important mechanism to limit NLR accumulation. Mutations that perturb NLR degradation can cause autoimmune phenotypes. In this study, we show that the proteasome regulator PTRE1 also contributes to NLR degradation. ptre1 mutant plants exhibit increased defence marker gene expression and enhanced disease resistance against virulent pathogens. The stability of the NLR, SUPPRESSOR OF npr1‐1 CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) is also increased in the ptre1 mutant. Although the mouse homologue of PTRE1 was reported to interact with a Cell Division Control protein 48 (CDC48) homologue in vitro (Clemen et al., 2015), we only observed interaction between PTRE1 and AtCDC48A in a split luciferase assay, but not in co‐immunoprecipitation. In addition, a related Arabidopsis protein PTRE1h shares partial redundancy with PTRE1. Together, PTRE1 acts as a negative regulator of plant immunity partly by facilitating the degradation of immune receptors such as SNC1.
Comparative sensitivity of 1,3 beta‐D‐glucan for common causes of candidaemia in South Africa
Authors: Chibabhai Vindana , Fadana Vuyolwethu , Bosman Norma , Nana Trusha
Published: August 2019

Culture‐based diagnosis of candidaemia suffers poor sensitivity and prolonged turnaround time. The 1,3‐beta‐D‐glucan (BDG) assay is a non‐culture‐based broad fungal antigen with rapid turnaround time. To assess overall, species‐specific and population‐specific sensitivity of the BDG assay for candidaemia, to determine if the BDG assay is able to detect candidaemia prior to blood culture collection, and to evaluate the performance of the assay for the detection of Candida auris candidaemia. A retrospective review of all blood cultures (BC) with C albicans, C parapsilosis, C glabrata, C krusei and C auris was performed. A corresponding BDG result (Fungitell®) within 10 days of the BC was sought on the laboratory information system. Overall sensitivity of the assay was 79% (95% CI 73‐85; 173/218). Per species sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 72‐90; 66/81) for C albicans, 72% (61‐83; 60/83) for C parapsilosis, 90% (95% CI 79‐100; 27/30) for C glabrata, 71% (95% CI 43‐99; 10/14) C auris and 100% (10/10) for C krusei. No statistically significant difference in sensitivity between species was noted (P = .093). The assay demonstrated 92% (59/64) sensitivity in neonatal ICU (P = .047) compared to 94% (15/16) in surgery, 81% (59/73) in adult ICUs and 71% (15/21) in Oncology. BDG results were positive up to 10 days prior to blood culture collection with no significant difference in detection rate (P = .563). BDG results were positive up to 10 days prior to blood culture collection. BDG when collected a mean of 2.5 days (range 1‐10 days) prior to blood culture collection were positive.
A Japanese patient with a VCP mutation c.290G > A (p.G97E) presenting a rapid progressive respiratory failure
Authors: Nomura Emi , Ohta Yasuyuki , Sato Kota , Kawahara Yuko , Takemoto Mami , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Namiko , Yunoki Taijun , Yamashita Toru , Hishikawa Nozomi , Nishino Ichizo , Abe Koji
Published: August 2019

Inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the valosin‐containing protein (VCP) gene. IBMPFD usually presents progressive limb muscle weakness resulting in wheelchaired after mean course of 9 years with myopathy, and Paget's osteolytic lesions and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) rarely present respiratory failure. Different from previous reports, we reported a Japanese IBMPFD patient with a VCP mutation c.290G > A (p.G97E), presenting a progressive respiratory failure accompanied by wheelchaired in only 6 years after myopathy onset, suggesting unique relationship between clinical severity and c.290G > A (p.G97E) mutation of VCP gene in Japanese.
A revolution of culture
Authors: Siamdoust Nahid
Published: August 2019

How music and culture have been shaped by politics in Iran
Adaptive introgression as a driver of local adaptation to climate in European white oaks
Authors: Leroy Thibault , Louvet Jean‐Marc , Lalanne Céline , Le Provost Grégoire , Labadie Karine , Aury Jean‐Marc , Delzon Sylvain , Plomion Christophe , Kremer Antoine
Published: August 2019

Latitudinal and elevational gradients provide valuable experimental settings for studies of the potential impact of global warming on forest tree species. The availability of long‐term phenological surveys in common garden experiments for traits associated with climate, such as bud flushing for sessile oaks (Quercus petraea), provide an ideal opportunity to investigate this impact.

We sequenced 18 sessile oak populations and used available sequencing data for three other closely related European white oak species (Quercus pyrenaica, Quercus pubescens, and Quercus robur) to explore the evolutionary processes responsible for shaping the genetic variation across latitudinal and elevational gradients in extant sessile oaks. We used phenotypic surveys in common garden experiments and climatic data for the population of origin to perform genome‐wide scans for population differentiation and genotype–environment and genotype–phenotype associations.

The inferred historical relationships between Q. petraea populations suggest that interspecific gene flow occurred between Q. robur and Q. petraea populations from cooler or wetter areas. A genome‐wide scan of differentiation between Q. petraea populations identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) displaying strong interspecific relative divergence between these two species. These SNPs followed genetic clines along climatic or phenotypic gradients, providing further support for the likely contribution of introgression to the adaptive divergence of Q. petraea populations.

Overall, the results indicate that outliers and associated SNPs are Q. robur ancestry‐informative. We discuss the results of this study in the framework of the postglacial colonization scenario, in which introgression and diversifying selection have been proposed as essential drivers of Q. petraea microevolution.
Impact of the spatial uncertainty of seed dispersal on tree colonization dynamics in a temperate forest
Authors: Masaki Takashi , Nakashizuka Tohru , Niiyama Kaoru , Tanaka Hiroshi , Iida Shigeo , Bullock James M. , Naoe Shoji
Published: August 2019

An aggregated distribution of dispersed seeds may influence the colonization process in tree communities via inflated spatial uncertainty. To evaluate this possibility, we studied 10 tree species in a temperate forest: one primarily barochorous, six anemochorous and two endozoochorous species. A statistical model was developed by combining an empirical seed dispersal kernel with a gamma distribution of seedfall density, with parameters that vary with distance. In the probability density, the fitted models showed that seeds of Fagaceae (primarily barochorous) and Betulaceae (anemochorous) were disseminated locally (i.e. within 60 m of a mother tree), whereas seeds of Acer (anemochorous) and endozoochorous species were transported farther. Greater fecundity compensated for the lower probability of seed dispersal over long distances for some species. Spatial uncertainty in seedfall density was much greater within 60 m of a mother tree than farther away, irrespective of dispersal mode, suggesting that seed dispersal is particularly aggregated in the vicinity of mother trees. Simulation results suggested that such seed dispersal patterns could lead to sites in the vicinity of a tree being occupied by other species that disperse seeds from far away. We speculate that this process could promote coexistence by making the colonization rates of the species more similar on average and equalizing species fitness in this temperate forest community.
Comprehensive construction strategy of bidirectional green tissue‐specific synthetic promoters
Authors: Bai Jiuyuan , Wang Xin , Wu Hao , Ling Fei , Zhao Yun , Lin Yongjun , Wang Rui
Published: August 2019

Bidirectional green tissue‐specific promoters have important application prospects in genetic engineering and crop genetic improvement. However, there is no report on the application of them, mainly due to undiscovered natural bidirectional green tissue‐specific promoters and the lack of a comprehensive approach for the synthesis of these promoters. In order to compensate for this vacancy, the present study reports a novel strategy for the expression regulatory sequence selection and the bidirectional green tissue‐specific synthetic promoter construction. Based on this strategy, seven promoters were synthesized and introduced into rice by agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. The functional identification of these synthetic promoters was performed by the expression pattern of GFP and GUS reporter genes in two reverse directions in transgenic rice. The results indicated that all the synthetic promoters possessed bidirectional expression activities in transgenic rice, and four synthetic promoters (BiGSSP2, BiGSSP3, BiGSSP6, BiGSSP7) showed highly bidirectional expression efficiencies specifically in green tissues (leaf, sheath, panicle, stem), which could be widely applied to agricultural biotechnology. Our study provided a feasible strategy for the construction of synthetic promoters, and we successfully created four bidirectional green tissue‐specific synthetic promoters. It is the first report on bidirectional green tissue‐specific promoters that could be efficiently applied in genetic engineering.
Combination therapy with traditional medicines for perianal abscess in children
Authors: Sueyoshi Ryo , Lane Geoffrey J. , Kusafuka Junichi , Yamataka Atsuyuki , Doi Takashi
Published: August 2019

Background

Combination therapy with two different traditional medicine formulations called hainosankyuto and juzentaihoto (TJ‐122 and TJ‐48; Tsumura & Co, Tokyo, Japan) may be effective for perianal abscess (PA), but their effectiveness has not been established. The present study investigated the effectiveness of combination therapy with TJ‐122 and TJ‐48 as the most effective conservative treatment for PA.

Methods

We identified 69 patients with PA under 2 years of age and divided them into four groups according to the formulations used: group 1, TJ‐122 (n = 17); group 2, TJ‐48 (n = 14); group 3, TJ‐122 and TJ‐48 (n = 19); and group 4, no traditional medicines (n = 19). Treatment was continued for 3–6 months after resolution of the PA in groups 1 and 2, and for 1 year in group 3. Age at presentation, duration of purulent discharge (PD), frequency of surgical intervention (incision and drainage [ID]; fistulotomy/fistulectomy), and recurrence rates were statistically analyzed.

Results

Mean age (months) was 8.6 ± 9.2, 6.9 ± 7.3, 5.2 ± 4.7, and 3.8 ± 3.1 in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = n.s.). Mean PD (weeks) was 2.5 ± 2.2, 7.1 ± 10.8, 2.0 ± 0.0, and 2.7 ± 1.0, respectively. Duration of PD was significantly longer in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). Mean number of ID procedures was 1.0 ± 0.2, 2.3 ± 0.5, 0, and 1.6 ± 0.2, respectively. Group 1 had significantly less ID than group 2 (P < 0.01). Recurrence rates were 6%, 36%, 0%, and 32%, respectively. Groups 1 and 3 had significantly less recurrence than group 2 (P < 0.05), and group 3 had significantly less recurrence than group 4 (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Combination therapy with TJ‐122 and TJ‐48 decreased recurrence and surgical intervention to zero in this study, demonstrating high effectiveness for treating PA in children.
Unrestricted Quantification and the Structure of Type Theory
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Jones Nicholas K.
Published: August 2019

Semantic theories based on a hierarchy of types have prominently been used to defend the possibility of unrestricted quantification. However, they also pose aprima facieproblem for it: each quantifier ranges over at most one level of the hierarchy and is therefore not unrestricted. It is difficult to evaluate this problem without a principled account of what it is for a quantifier to be unrestricted. Drawing on an insight of Russell's about the relationship between quantification and the structure of predication, we offer such an account. We use this account to examine the problem in three different type‐theoretic settings, which are increasingly permissive with respect to predication. We conclude that unrestricted quantification is available in all but the most permissive kind of type theory.
The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia
Authors: Liu Bing , Talukder Muhamed Jamal Hosen , Terhonen Eeva , Lampela Maija , Vasander Harry , Sun Hui , Asiegbu Fred
Published: August 2019

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases
U‐Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks from the Nordbreen Nappe of Svalbard’s Ny‐Friesland suggests their affinity to Northeast Greenland
Authors: Bazarnik Jakub , Majka Jarosław , McClelland William C. , Strauss Justin V. , Kośmińska Karolina , Piepjohn Karsten , Elvevold Synnøve , Czupyt Zbigniew , Mikuš Tomáš
Published: August 2019

SIMS U‐Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks of the Nordbreen Nappe from the West Ny‐Friesland terrane (Eastern Basement Province of Svalbard) yields crystallization ages of 1,761 ± 4 Ma for a felsic metatuff and 1,373 ± 4 Ma for a metagabbro dyke. The Palaeoproterozoic age of the metatuff is similar to previously obtained ages for various felsic rocks from the study area, whereas the Mesoproterozoic age of the metagabbro has not been thus far documented on Svalbard. However, a similar age pattern has been reported from Northeast Greenland. Therefore, we conclude that the West Ny‐Friesland terrane can be correlated with age equivalent units of Northeast Greenland. We also explore similarities and dissimilarities between the study area and other terranes of Svalbard and speculate on regional‐scale correlations. Together, the presented new ages provide critical piercing points in palaeogeographic reconstructions of the relatively poorly understood circum‐Arctic region.
Toxoplasma gondii–induced brachial plexus neuropathy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: De Clercq Jozefien , Crevits Ilse , Reynders Marijke , Deeren Dries
Published: August 2019

Brachial plexus neuropathy is a rare, but underdiagnosed condition, characterized by intense analgesic‐resistant shoulder pain, followed by brachial plexus paresis and sensory symptoms. We present a case of brachial plexus neuropathy, induced by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) 17 days after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. The diagnosis was made based on the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brachial plexus, and positive T. gondii polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and levofolinic acid during 6 weeks, with a positive outcome.
Automated typing of red blood cell and platelet antigens from whole exome sequences
Authors: Lane William J. , Vege Sunitha , Mah Helen H. , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Aguad Maria , Smeland‐Wagman Robin , Koch Christopher , Killian Jacqueline M. , Gardner Cubby L. , De Castro Mauricio , Lebo Matthew S. , Kaufman Richard M. , Green Robert C. , Westhoff Connie M. ,   for the MilSeq Project
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Genotyping has expanded the number red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) antigens that can readily be typed, but often represents an additional testing cost. The analysis of existing genomic data offers a cost‐effective approach. We recently developed automated software (bloodTyper) for determination of RBC and PLT antigens from whole genome sequencing. Here we extend the algorithm to whole exome sequencing (WES).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Whole exome sequencing was performed on samples from 75 individuals. WES‐based bloodTyper RBC and PLT typing was compared to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)RHDzygosity testing and serologic and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing for 38 RBC antigens in 12 systems (17 serologic and 35 SNPs) and 22 PLT antigens (22 SNPs). Samples from the first 20 individuals were used to modify bloodTyper to interpret WES followed by blinded typing of 55 samples.

RESULTS

Over the first 20 samples, discordances were noted for C, M, and N antigens, which were due to WES‐specific biases. After modification, bloodTyper was 100% accurate on blinded evaluation of the last 55 samples and outperformed both serologic (99.67% accurate) and SNP typing (99.97% accurate) reflected by two Fyband one N serologic typing errors and one undetected SNP encoding a Jknullphenotype.RHDzygosity testing by bloodTyper was 100% concordant with a combination of hybrid Rhesus box PCR and PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism for all samples.

CONCLUSION

The automated bloodTyper software was modified for WES biases to allow for accurate RBC and PLT antigen typing. Such analysis could become a routing part of future WES efforts.