bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BEHAVIOR OF PAIRED MONOSPOROUS MYCELIA OF FOMES ROSEUS (ALB. & SCHW.) COOKE AND FOMES SUBROSEUS (WEIR) OVERH.
Authors: Mounce Irene , Macrae Ruth
Published: April 2011

Fomes roseus and F. subroseus are heterothallic and bipolar. With one exception, complete interfertility exists between haploid mycelia derived from different sources. The exception is of particular interest since it shows that two cultures of F. roseus from widely separated sources possess one interfertility factor in common. F. roseus and F. subroseus may be differentiated on the basis of their spore characters. The failure to obtain clamp connections many of the many pairings of a haploid mycelium of F. roseus with a haploid mycelium of F. subroseus only serves to emphasize that these two fungi are distinct.
THE NEMATODE DISEASE OF BULBOUS IRIS CAUSED BY DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI (KÜHN 1858) FILIPJEV 1936, AND EXPERIMENTS ON ITS CONTROL BY BULB TREATMENT
Authors: Newton William , Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E.
Published: April 2011

The individual bulbs that arise from a nematode-infested mother bulb are seldom all infested, which is accounted for by the disappearance of the old bulb, when the daughter bulbs form, necessitating a re-entrance. The nematodes appear to attack the stem and tunics first. Normally they enter the bulb proper through the base. Tip infection occurs, but is comparatively rare. No evidence has been obtained that nematodes enter the plants above soil level.Basal discoloration, as revealed by the removal of the dry caps from the bulb bases, is suggested as a diagnostic symptom in addition to the characteristic streaks in the outer fleshy scale and the discoloration at the base of the stems.Death and chlorosis of iris plants could not be attributed to bulb nematodes in infested plantations.No evidence was obtained that the bulb nematode significantly affects the forcing capabilities of iris bulbs.Immersion in water for one hour at 44 °C. killed iris bulbs when done early in November, with or without disinfectants. Treatments of iris bulbs with cold organic mercury solutions and other solutions, increased the yield of bulbs, apparently because they controlled Penicillium sp. and other parasites rather than bulb nematodes. Fumigation with ethylene dichloride and ethyl acetate injured iris bulbs and failed to control the nematodes. Formalin as a fumigant was less injurious, but it was not effective as a nematicide.
AN INVESTIGATION OF STRAWBERRY VIRUS DISEASE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Harris R. V. , Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

Following identification in 1932 of the Yellow-edge virus disease in England on the Royal Sovereign variety, "normal" plants of this variety from a clone minutely rogued for Yellow-edge were used at St. Catharines as indicators in a further study of virus as relating to certain Ontario varieties. Observations in the field and greenhouse, confined largely to the varieties Parson's Beauty, Premier (Howard 17), Forward and Glen Mary, showed that symptoms analogous to those of Yellow-edge in England and sufficiently defined to permit of diagnosis were apparent only on Parson's Beauty and Forward, and then only for a limited period early in the growing season. In the 1933–35 transmission experiments (by runner grafting), symptoms macroscopically indistinguishable from those of typical Yellow-edge-infected plants in England were induced on Royal Sovereign from the local varieties Glen Mary, Parson's Beauty and Premier, which possess markedly the symptomless-carrier capacity. Of special interest was the deterioration of Premier components in certain graft series, the evidence suggesting reciprocal infection between test and indicator plants.Finally, parallel experiments at the East Mailing Station in 1935–36 provided supplementary data as follows: (1) Of the two parent Fragaria species common to commercial varieties in North America and in England, F. chiloensis was found to be a symptomless-carrier of Yellow-edge with a high order of resistance, and F. virginiana, in complete contrast, exhibited symptoms with extreme readiness together with high susceptibility, thus providing some explanation of the observed wide range of varietal reaction to disease of the Yellow-edge type. (2) A large proportion of the clone of Royal Sovereign plants used as "normal" indicators in the recent series of experiments, was found to be infected with a distinct virus of the "Crinkle" type, thus providing explanation of an observed reciprocal reaction in certain series with the Premier variety.
FLAX STUDIES: III. A REFRACTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF IODINE VALUE OF RAW LINSEED OIL
Authors: Lehberg F. H. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

A rapid refractometric method for the estimation of the iodine value of freshly prepared linseed oil is described. This involves expression of the oil at laboratory temperature from finely ground flaxseed, determining the refractive index at 25 °C. and converting to Wijs iodine value by means of the regression equation expressing the relation between these variables. In a study of cold pressed linseed oils prepared from 339 samples of sound Canadian flaxseed varying in Wijs iodine value from 153 to 202 units, a correlation of 0.980 between refractive index and Wijs iodine value was found which permits the estimation of iodine value with a standard error of prediction of 2.1 units.Ethyl ether extracts obtained by the usual extraction procedure for determining oil content are not recommended, owing to differences in the characteristics of the oil and a lower degree of association between refractive index and iodine value.Since the refractive index of linseed oil and its relation to iodine value are influenced by free fatty acids, oxidation and polymerization, the method is not applicable to commercially prepared oils nor to flaxseed which has heated or become musty.The method is considered sufficiently accurate for surveys of the quality of flaxseed produced in different districts and of new varieties and hybrids submitted by plant breeders. It should also prove of considerable utility to linseed crushers for securing a measure of the intrinsic drying value of their raw material.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON UREDIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CEREAL RUSTS
Authors: Johnson Thorvaldur , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

The effect of high temperatures on the development of stem rust and leaf rust on wheat seedlings and stem rust and crown rust on oats seedlings was studied in greenhouse experiments. The experimental results show that, for temperatures above the optimum for rust development, the higher the temperature the less vigorous the pustule development. Physiologic races that at ordinary temperatures produce a "4" type of infection tend to develop a "3" type or an "x" type at higher temperatures. At still higher temperatures the infection type becomes "2" or "1" or even merely necrotic flecks. Physiologic races of the same rust differ in their sensitiveness to temperature. In stem rust of wheat, races that had been inbred by repeated selfings for two or more generations, showed greater sensitiveness to temperature than races collected in the field. Leaf rust of wheat and crown rust of oats were less tolerant of high temperatures than stem rust of wheat.
STIMULATION OF CAMBIAL ACTIVITY, LOCALLY IN THE REGION OF APPLICATION AND AT A DISTANCE IN RELATION TO A WOUND, BY MEANS OF HETEROAUXIN
Authors: Brown A. B. , Cormack R. G. H.
Published: April 2011

The application of heteroauxin in lanoline (1 mg. of heteroauxin per gm. of lanoline) to the distal end of disbudded cuttings of leader shoots of balsam poplar, stimulated cambial activity for a distance of 1.0–1.5 in. below the point of application. Marked stimulation of local cambial activity, in relation to a bridged ring some considerable distance below the point of application of the heteroauxin, was also obtained. The response at the wound was distinct and separate from the response in the region of application of the heteroauxin, since in the intervening distance no cambial activity had occurred. The experiments were carried out during the winter months, so that the cambium was dormant in material as it came from the field. Cambial activity subsequent to treatment was estimated in terms of xylem formation. The structural features of this new xylem are described and discussed, with particular reference to the question as to whether heteroauxin stimulates cell division only in the cambium or, in addition, is active in differentiation of typical xylem elements.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPARASITIC FAUNA OF TRINIDAD MAMMALS: V. FURTHER PARASITES FROM THE OCELOT
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Several nematodes are recorded from the Ocelot (Felis pardalis); and the whipworm, Trichocephalus serratus, is described in detail.
CONCEPTS AND MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

The relations that exist between the helminths and their hosts cannot be divided into specific groups. Nevertheless, it is desirable that some classification of these relations, together with clear-cut definition of terms, be widely accepted in order that the subject may be discussed intelligibly. A tentative classification is suggested, which distinguishes between (i) compatibility and incompatibility, which refer only to the host environment as it exists before invasion by the parasite; (ii) resistance, of various kinds and degrees, which refers to the reaction of the environment to the presence of the helminth; and (iii) tolerance and intolerance, which refer to the reaction of the environment to the effects of the helminth.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SHEEP TAPEWORM, MONIEZIA EXPANSA BLANCHARD
Authors: Wardle Robert Arnold
Published: April 2011

The influence of saline media upon the longevity, water content and polysaccharide content of Moniezia expansa is discussed. Worms may live two or three days in balanced salines but in the majority of experiments they die between 9 and 12 hours. Addition of glucose abbreviates the longevity period in saline media. The water content is affected only slightly by balanced salines but is influenced by the concentration of sodium chloride and by the presence of sugars and amino acids; behavior in saline media cannot be correlated wholly with changes in water content. The polysaccharide content is not significantly different from mammalian glycogen, constitutes 0.35 to 5. 25% of the fresh weight, remains stable during immersion of the living worm for six hours in media that reduce muscle tonus, but decreases during immersion in media that encourage muscle tonus. Glycogen increase occurs when the medium contains glucose up to 1%, but not when the glucose content exceeds this amount or when the glucose is replaced by other sugars, by amino acids, or by glycoproteins. Saline media are adjudged unfavorable to tapeworm existence in vitro.
THE MALE GENITALIA IN THE HYMENOPTERA (INSECTA), ESPECIALLY THE FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDAE: I. COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: April 2011

The trend of specialization in the male genitalia and the adjacent sclerites is traced within the order Hymenoptera (Insecta) and the morphological problems of these parts discussed. In the Ichneumonidae, these sclerites appear to have little or no tribal or subfamily characteristics of practical value to the taxonomist, such differentiation being masked extensively by specific variation. Thirty-four tribes and ninety-six species were studied. One hundred and fifty-eight figures are shown.
A STUDY OF THE JOULE AND JOULE-THOMSON EFFECTS
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains material not treated in a previous paper on the same subject. It deals particularly with the Joule and Joule-Thomson effects at low and at high pressures and also near the critical point. These effects have been calculated by various methods from available data. The value of the internal pressure (Joule effect) has been calculated (for the first time) for the two-phase, liquid-vapor state, and compared with values obtained from the equation of state. This internal pressure is nearly a linear function of the external pressure. The values of the internal pressure have also been calculated for low pressure where values have been in doubt. The behavior of the specific heat at constant volume as a function of the temperature has also been studied and related to the behavior of the internal pressure. The inversion of the Joule and Joule-Thomson effects is examined. The internal pressure evidently rises to a maximum as the pressure is increased at constant temperature, and probably falls off to zero and becomes negative. For helium the pressure for inversion is relatively low. The inversion curve for the Joule-Thomson effect has also been studied, and it is shown that even for carbon dioxide an inversion of the effect may be expected. When the values of the two effects are small we must have recourse to experimental methods because the calculations cannot be made with accuracy. When however these values are large, calculations yield results of good accuracy, probably better than may be obtained by experiment.
NOTE ON A VACUUM TIGHT SEAL FOR ELECTRODES WITH HIGH INSULATION
Authors: Bradfield R. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
CANADIAN BENTONITES
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

A number of Canadian bentonites were investigated as refining and bleaching agents for a variety of industrially important petroleum and fatty oils including the following: lubricating oil distillates, cracked motor fuel distillates; peanut, cottonseed, coconut, and palm oils; lard and beef tallow; linseed oil; pilchard oil; used crank-case oils, insulating oils, and dry cleaning solvents. The raw materials and test methods were chosen to conform to industrial practice. Canadian clays were chiefly from the four western provinces, and comparisons are shown with the results obtained on several imported clays now in use. Several Canadian bentonites show good results in the bleaching of fatty oils and petroleum distillates. Bentonite from the Morden, Manitoba, district possesses unusually high adsorbent power, and in the activated condition its effect on all the raw materials tested is much superior, within the limits of the laboratory test methods employed, to that of all other bentonites examined in this investigation. Optimum methods of activation of these bentonites are discussed. Low silica to alumina ratio and high percentage of combined water are the outstanding characteristics of Morden bentonite, in comparison with adsorbent clays from other sources. Bentonites were not found suitable for use in the vapor phase percolation treatment of cracked distillates.
THE STRUCTURE OF DEXTRAN: NOTE ON "THE STRUCTURE OF DEXTRAN SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTERIOIDES ON SUCROSE" BY FOWLER, BUCKLAND, BRAUNS, AND HIBBERT
Authors: Brauns F. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
A STUDY OF THE IRON IN A PODSOL SOIL BY MEANS OF AN IMPROVED DIPYRIDYL METHOD
Authors: Dyer W. J. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

An accurate determination of the ferrous and ferric iron content of a colored soil extract is possible by the direct application of the dipyridyl method when an Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter and a suitable light filter are employed.It is shown that a sodium carbonate treatment of a podsol soil increases the water extractable iron and organic matter. The soluble iron is contained in the humic acid fraction. Since the iron in these extracts reacts quantitatively with αα′-dipyridyl, it is believed to be entirely combined in a manner similar to that of the soluble unionized complexes of iron with hydroxy organic acids.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Wrenshall C. L.
Published: April 2011

A sensitive and accurate method for the determination of phosphate, involving the application of the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter to the ceruleomolybdate reaction, is described. This technique makes it possible to differentiate phosphate phosphorus from other forms of phosphorus.Conditions affecting the rate and extent of color development have been studied. The results show that the maximum color intensity is developed m about five minutes after addition of the reducing agent. The determination may be made in the presence of extraneous color, and soil organic matter does not interfere with the reaction. Under the conditions specified, using light filters, Beer's law applies to the reaction in soil extracts as well as in pure solutions in the range 0.02 to 0.40 parts per million of phosphorus.
INDUCED ASYMMETRY AND OPTICAL RESOLUTION OF 2-PHENYLPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Smith O. C.
Published: April 2011

It was shown in 1927 that quinine, when combined with a diphenic acid derivative, gave a salt with an optical rotation in the opposite direction to that of the free alkaloid ("Kuhn's effect"). The present authors have prepared the salts of four of the cinchona alkaloids with 2-phenylpyridine-2′:3-dicarboxylic acid, and find similar results. In addition, a partial optical resolution of a derivative of this acid has been effected, the dextro-form of the methiodide of the dimethyl ester having been isolated.
A STUDY OF THE VISCOSITY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DAMAGE IN SILK
Authors: Tweedie Audrey S.
Published: April 2011

A method described by Trotman and Bell for the detection of damage in silk by measuring the viscosity of its solution in aqueous zinc chloride has been studied.The effect of the temperature and the time of digestion on the viscosity has been investigated, and it is shown that a higher temperature with a shorter period of digestion gives equally satisfactory results, and is more convenient for a routine test.The mechanism of the change in viscosity with time of digestion has been studied, and it is shown to be a dispersion process followed by hydrolysis of the silk.Damage to weighted silk may be determined by this method if the silk is deweighted before dispersion in the zinc chloride solution.The method has been used to determine the damage resulting from the treatment of silk with boiling dilute acid, boiling dilute alkali, light, and superheated steam. The viscosity of the damaged silk has been correlated with its tensile strength to give the viscosity method a quantitative basis. The amino nitrogen content of the silk was also determined and has been correlated with the tensile strength and viscosity. The results show that there is a difference between the hydrolysis of silk occurring in boiling dilute acid and that occurring during the corresponding alkali treatment. In the former, hydrolysis of the silk with formation of free amino groups occurs previous to dispersion, whereas in alkali it appears that the disintegration of the fibre into fibrils takes place very readily and that the fibrils are then rapidly dispersed in the alkaline solution before appreciable hydrolysis can occur. That the photochemical decomposition of silk is an oxidation process is confirmed. The action of steam appears to differ from that of acid, alkali, or light.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XVII. CORYDALIS CASEANA A. GRAY
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Miller M. R.
Published: April 2011

A chemical examination of Corydalis caseana has yielded a total of ten alkaloids. Of these, protopine, α-allocryptopine, bicuculline, corypalmine, and scoulerine are known alkaloids. The remaining five appear to be new and include: caseanine, C21H25O4N; casealutine and alkaloid F34, isomeric and represented by C20H23O4N; alkaloid F33, C19H21O4N; and alkaloid F35, C20H23O4N. The new alkaloids are phenolic except caseanine which is the monomethyl ether of casealutine and the dimethyl ether of aurotensine.
THE POLYMERIZATION OF ISOBUTENE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Shane G.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the polymerization of isobutene has been made at low temperatures and pressures, using very small percentage conversions. The reaction rate curves are pronouncedly autocatalytic in nature, and the process appears to be too complex to yield very much information concerning the kinetics of the reaction.
A SOURCE OF MERCURY RESONANCE RADIATION OF HIGH INTENSITY FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL PURPOSES
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Phillips N. W. F.
Published: April 2011

A lamp-reaction vessel system for photochemical purposes is described. This is very inexpensive and has an unusually high intensity of mercury resonance radiation (about 1.5 × 10−5 einsteins per sec).
THE HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT VOLUME OF THE SYSTEM ETHYLENE NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Authors: Pall D. B. , Broughton J. W. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heat capacity of ethylene at constant volume has been investigated through the critical range, between 6.5° and 27 °C., at an average density slightly greater than the critical. The heat capacity in the immediate neighborhood of the critical temperature is found to be a function of the previous thermal treatment of the system. The results indicate the persistence of a large amount of molecular interaction in ethylene above the critical temperature, and are in agreement with the concept that the liquid state of aggregation can persist above the temperature at which the visible meniscus disappears.
CONDUCTIVITY DATA OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND NITRIC ACID
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , MacLauchlan D. W.
Published: April 2011

Solutions of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid are unstable when the concentration of the latter is greater than 50%. The conductivities of nitric acid solutions of concentrations lower than this value in water and water-peroxide mixtures have been determined, and the results indicate the formation of one or more unstable peroxides or peracids apparently incapable of ionizing.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: II. ISOBUTANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of isobutane has been investigated over an initial pressure range of from 5 to 60 cm., and at temperatures from 522 to 582 °C. The initial first order rate constants at high pressures are given by[Formula: see text]The results are in general agreement with those obtained by previous investigators. The reaction rate falls off with diminishing pressure, and the first order rate constants in a given run diminish strongly as the reaction proceeds. This behavior is similar to that of n-butane.Analyses of the products of the reaction were made at various stages, temperatures, and initial pressures by low-temperature distillation in a still of the Podbielniak type. The initial products were found by extrapolation to be H2, 35; CH4, 14; C2H4, 0.9; C2H6, 0.9; C3H6, 14; and C4H8, 35%. The results are compared with those of other workers.
PERSISTENCE OF THE LIQUID STATE OF AGGREGATION ABOVE THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: McIntosh R. L. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The data obtained by Maass and Geddes (7) on the properties of ethylene in the critical-temperature–critical-pressure region have been substantiated although it was shown that a small correction had to be applied to their absolute values of density. It was shown that at the critical density of ethylene the difference between the densities of the medium below and above the point at which the meniscus disappeared was a maximum. The conclusion of Mayer and Harrison (made in their recent papers on statistical mechanics of condensing systems (6, 10)) that, at a temperature just above that at which the meniscus disappeared, the pressure of the system remains constant over a considerable variation of mass per volume, has been corroborated. The effect of the presence of small measured quantities of air has been examined. The phenomena observed are explained on the basis that there is a difference between the gaseous and liquid states of aggregation with a structure assigned to the latter.
THE MERCURY PHOTOSENSITIZED DECOMPOSITION OF ETHANE: II. THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND THE MECHANISM OF THE REACTION
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Phillips N. W. F.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the mercury photosensitized decomposition of ethane has been made, a continuous flow system being used. Under these circumstances, in the absence of secondary reactions, it is found that there is considerable production of hydrogen. It is therefore concluded that the primary step in the reaction is a C—H bond split.The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in detail, and it is concluded that the processes occurring, both with and without added hydrogen, are:[Formula: see text]It is also concluded from a discussion of the various steps that the reaction[Formula: see text]is somewhat faster than[Formula: see text]This necessitates a revision upwards of Steacie and Phillips' estimate of the activation energy of the latter reaction to about 9 Kcal.
EQUILIBRIA IN TWO-PHASE, GAS-LIQUID HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS: II. METHANE AND PENTANE
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A. , Piercey A. G. A.
Published: April 2011

The densities and compositions of both phases in the n-pentane–methane solubility equilibrium have been determined at 25°, 55°, and 85 °C. at total pressures from 35 to 190 atm. The critical pressures of complete miscibility were found. The properties of the system are discussed. Similar measurements a t 25 °C. and at pressures from 35 to 135 atm. were made on a system composed of a mixture of n-pentane and isopentane with methane.
A SOURCE OF CADMIUM RESONANCE RADIATION OF HIGH INTENSITY AND SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE CADMIUM PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTION OF HYDROGEN AND ETHYLENE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Potvin Roger
Published: April 2011

An inexpensive and convenient source of cadmium resonance radiation (λ 3261) of high intensity has been developed. This should make possible more extended studies of cadmium photosensitized reactions. Some preliminary results on the reaction between hydrogen and ethylene are reported.
TANNINS AND NON-TANNINS OF THE BARKS OF SOME EASTERN CANADIAN CONIFERS, PARTICULARLY WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Graham W. E. , Rose A.
Published: April 2011

The tannin content of the barks of several Eastern Canadian conifers has been determined by standard methods in an attempt to assess their value as sources of tanning extracts.A more intensive study has been made of the extractable materials of white spruce bark. The chemical reactions of the extract from this bark show that the tannins therein are typical examples of the catechol or condensed group. Comparison of the ratio of tannin to non-tannins and the buffer index of this extract with the corresponding values for several commercial extracts indicates that the spruce extract would probably be fairly astringent. The titration curves of various fractions of the extract show some indications of the character of the non-tannin constituents.
EQUILIBRIA IN TWO-PHASE, GAS-LIQUID HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS: IV. METHANE AND HEPTANE
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A. , Piercey A. G. A.
Published: April 2011

The densities and compositions of both phases in the methane-n-heptane solubility equilibrium have been determined at 25°, 55°, and 85 °C. at total pressures from 35 to 250 atm. The critical pressures of complete miscibility were found, and the properties of the system are discussed. The nitrogen-n-heptane system was investigated similarly at 100.9 atm. and temperatures from 25° to 115 °C. The system composed of Viking natural gas and impure heptanes was also investigated at 25 °C. The three systems, methane-pentane, -hexane, and -heptane are compared and discussed.
CALYCANTHINE: III. SOME DEGRADATION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The identification of 4-carboline amongst the degradation products obtained by the action of selenium on calycanthine makes it possible to account for 12 of the 22 carbon atoms of calycanthine. The fusion of calycanthine with phthalic anhydride yielded 12: 13-benzcanthin-11-one, which was also obtained from tryptamine and phthalic anhydride. On the basis of these observations a partial formula for calycanthine is suggested. The oxidation of calycanthine with mercuric acetate eliminated two hydrogen atoms, giving rise to a base which can be reduced again to calycanthine. Reduction of calycanthine with hydriodic acid and red phosphorus yielded quinoline, and methylation in the presence of air gave rise to oxygenated products containing three nitrogen atoms, and to methylamine. The phenylcarbamyl derivative of calycanthine has the same ultimate composition as, but differs from, that of N-methyltryptamine.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XVIII. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

An examination of Fumaria officinalis has disclosed the presence of seven alkaloids. Of these, only protopine (0.05%) had been previously reported. In this plant other known alkaloids are dl-tetrahydro-coptisine (2.5 p.p.m.), cryptocavine (20 p.p.m.), aurotensine (0.4 p.p.m.), and possibly sinactine (22 p.p.m.) which, however, was not conclusively identified and is referred to as alkaloid F36. The remaining two alkaloids are apparently new; F37 (26 p.p.m.), C21H23O5N, is non-phenolic and contains two methoxyl groups; F38 (3 p.p.m.) C20H19O6N, is phenolic and is probably a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid. A neutral substance, C11H16O3, was also isolated.Attention is directed to the significance of alkaloid structure in an evolutionary series of plants, and some preliminary generalizations are adumbrated.
The "BLACK-POINT" OR "KERNEL SMUDGE" DISEASE OF CEREALS
Authors: Machacek J. E. , Greaney F. J.
Published: April 2011

A seed disease of wheat, rye, and barley, characterized by a more or less conspicuous brown or black discoloration of the kernel, particularly in the region of the embryo, frequently reduces the seed value and usually the sales value of affected grain. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is given. The name "kernel smudge" is suggested for this disease. Two species of Alternaria (A. tenuis and A. Peglioni) and two of Helminthosporium (H. sativum and H. teres) are the fungi chiefly associated with it in Manitoba. The kernel smudge caused by Alternaria cannot be accurately distinguished from that caused by Helminthosporium, without a laboratory examination of the seed.Extensive trials with wheat have demonstrated that the Alternaria type of kernel smudge does not affect to any marked extent seed germination, plant emergence, intensity of root rot, and yield in the subsequent crop. It was established, however, that H. sativum does reduce germination, seedling emergence, and the yield, and at the same time causes an increased amount of root rot in this crop.Under Manitoba conditions infection of the kernels arises from air-borne spores which are usually deposited in the largest numbers at about the time the kernels are maturing. Contrary to some observations made elsewhere, the disease does not result in shrunken kernels; the largest kernels are frequently infected, and the small, shrunken ones usually free from the disease. Apparently the reason for this is that the large kernels force open their covering glumes, thus affording access to air-borne spores, whereas the glumes of small kernels remain closed and exclude such spores.The seed value of grain attacked by the virulent (H. sativum) type of kernel smudge was increased considerably when such grain was dusted with suitable organic mercury dusts (ethyl mercury phosphate or methyl mercury nitrate). Dusting with copper carbonate was relatively ineffective. The development of kernel smudge in the maturing crop was not prevented by dusting the growing plants with sulphur.
STUDIES ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN.: IV. EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON VIRULENCE
Authors: Sanford G. B.
Published: April 2011

The effects of soil temperatures between 16° and 25 °C., and of soil moisture content between 19 and 40% of the moisture-holding capacity, on the virulence and type of attack of Rhizodonia Solani on young potato sprouts, were studied under controlled conditions and the results from 13 separate tests are discussed. The comparative growth rates of the pathogen on nutrient agar and in soil are outlined.At 25 °C. the disease diminished very abruptly. Between 23° and 16 °C., the pathogen appeared equally virulent throughout the range of soil moisture mentioned. The fluctuations which occurred in separate tests were not definite or consistent enough to warrant a conclusion that the virulence is greater at 16° than at 23°, or that a dry soil is more or less favorable to it than a wet one.In a fertile, steam sterilized loam, at medium moisture content, it required about ten days for the pathogen to grow as far as it did on the surface of a nutrient medium in four days. The growth rate at either 23° or 16 °C. was slightly higher in a wet soil than in one of medium moisture content, but in a dry soil the rate was somewhat less at 23° than at 16° in a medium or wet soil. Even in a fairly dry soil (19% moisture-holding capacity) at 16° the growth of the pathogen covered a distance of 5 cm. in ten days, which would appear adequate for infection of young sprouts from a set bearing viable sclerotia.The effort of the host to recover, by means of secondary and tertiary sprouts from the attacked primary sprout, was better in a wet soil than in a dry one at both 16° and 23 °C. The best effort was in a wet soil at 23°. A distinction is made between the effects of soil moisture and temperature in stimulating growth of the host, and their effect on parasitism itself.The remarkable tendency of the secondary sprouts to escape infection, regardless of soil temperature and soil moisture, is indicated. There was evidence that certain factors other than soil temperature and moisture may play an important role in the parasitism of R. Solani.
A STUDY OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF THE MEADOW NEMATODE AND ASSOCIATED FUNGUS CYLINDROCARPON RADICICOLA WR.
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E.
Published: April 2011

The meadow nematode Pratylenchus pratensis has been isolated from root lesions of narcissus, strawberry, apple, cherry, and raspberry in British Columbia. When apparently freed from associated fungi, this species reduced the growth of potato, carrot, red clover, tomato, spinach, and violet seedlings by 50 to 75%, and oat seedlings by less than 4%. In parallel experiments, the commonly associated fungus Cylindrocarpon radicicola as a pure culture reduced growth by only 6 to 11%. The inhibition of growth by the fungus and nematode as a mixed culture was usually greater than the sum of the reductions as pure cultures.The nematodes were separated from associated fungi by planting segments of infested oat roots in plate cultures of powdered peat moistened with a 0.1% solution of malachite green. When the oats planted in this medium had germinated, the nematodes moved from the root segments through the fungicidal medium into the roots of the oat seedlings. These nematode-infested roots proved to be free from the fungi and bacteria naturally associated with the nematode in field infestations.The adult and all the larval stages of P. pratensis proved to be capable of entering the roots of oat seedlings.
CONIOSPORIUM DISEASE OF APPLES AND CRAB-APPLES
Authors: Dearness John , Foster W. R.
Published: April 2011

A new species of Coniosporium—C. Mali—parasitic on the crab-apple and several varieties of the common apple, is described. The symptoms of the disease, both on the foliage and the fruit, are similar to those produced by Fusicladium dendriticum. Therefore, Coniosporium scab is suggested as the common name.
CYTOLOGY OF POPLAR SPECIES AND NATURAL HYBRIDS
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

Complete analyses of pollen-mother-cell nuclei at first metaphase, percentage good pollen, pollen diameter and pollen-size distribution were determired for the following poplar species and natural hybrids: Populus grandidentata Michx., P. tremuloides Michx., P. eugenei Simon Louis, P. alba L., P. canescens Sm., natural hybrids of P. alba × P. grandidentata and of P. alba × P. tremuloides.Both of the P. alba and two of the four P. canescens trees examined were triploids (2n = 57) while all other trees examined were diploids (2n = 38). Meiotic observations on the natural hybrids indicated a high degree of homology between the chromosomes of P. alba and the native aspens (P. grandidentata and P. tremuloides), since 17 to 19 bivalents were usually found at first metaphase. In collections from one triploid P. canescens and two diploid alba-grandidentata hybrid trees, failure of a high proportion of the chromosomes to pair was attributed to genetic factors limiting pairing, rather than to non-homology.Pollen characters such as percentage good pollen, pollen diameter, and pollen size distribution were, in most cases, not indicative of the chromosome number or pairing relations at first metaphase. Consequently, triploids could not be detected by pollen observations under the conditions of this experiment. In spite of the lack of correlation between first metaphase and pollen observations, abnormally large pollen grains were observed in collections from several of the trees, and these were considered to contain the diploid or unreduced chromosome complement. The tendency for the poplars to produce unreduced pollen grains probably accounts for the number of triploid trees discovered in Canada and Sweden.
VARIATIONS IN GROWTH INDICES OF VENUS MERCENARIA L. FROM WIDELY SEPARATED ENVIRONMENTS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST
Authors: Newcombe Curtis L. , Thompson Sarah J. , Kessler Herman
Published: April 2011

Linear and shell-weight indices of size in Venus mercenaria from three widely separated regions of the Atlantic Coast, namely, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina have been studied. The maximum variations revealed in the "b" values for the linear dimensions of Venus from the different regions are appreciable, whereas differences in the actual widths and thicknesses of corresponding lengths are not considered significant. The shell weights of specimens collected in the northern latitude of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are heavier than those from the warmer waters of the Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina. The length–shell-weight relations for the three regions are: Gulf of St. Lawrence, Wt. = 0.00000214 L3∙003; Chesapeake Bay, Wt. = 0.00000171 L3∙032; and North Carolina, Wt. = 0.00000108 L3∙151. No significant correspondence exists between linear growth dimensional ratios and known environmental influences, whereas shell weights seem to correspond with the temperature factor, an inverse relation being the result.
CONCERNING THE USE OF INDIRECT BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC CONTAGIOUS MASTITIS
Authors: Johns C. K. , Hastings E. G.
Published: April 2011

Series of samples taken at consecutive milkings were analyzed to determine the reliability of indirect biochemical tests (chlorides, catalase and pH) for the detection of chronic contagious mastitis. It was found that infected quarters not infrequently yield normal milk while many non-infected quarters yield milk giving definitely abnormal reactions. Furthermore, the reactions to these tests frequently fluctuate widely from milking to milking for both infected and non-infected quarters.These findings suggest the need of caution in the use of these tests as the basis for diagnosing mastitis infection, especially since the proportion of apparently normal animals showing abnormalities in the secretion is probably much larger in many herds than is generally appreciated.These studies emphasize the value of examining a series of samples at consecutive milkings in order to obtain a true picture of the condition of a quarter. They also suggest that of the three tests studied, the catalase test appears to be the most sensitive indicator of infection.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BACTERIAL NUMBERS AND BIOCHEMICAL VALUES IN MILK FROM STREPTOCOCCUS-FREE QUARTERS
Authors: Johns C. K. , Hastings E. G.
Published: April 2011

An attempt has been made to determine whether abnormalities in the composition of the milk from streptococcus-free quarters are due to bacterial infection.Four normal young animals whose previous history was known in considerable detail were selected for study. Series of samples from consecutive milkings were examined at intervals over a period of several months. Unfortunately none of the quarters studied showed more than a transitory rise in the level of catalase values during these detailed studies, so that the findings reported do not settle the question. Regular rhythmic fluctuations in counts from the foremilk were again noted, extremely high counts for the morning milkings alternating with low counts for the afternoon milkings.The relation between bacterial numbers and abnormal composition of the foremilk is not a simple one. High biochemical values may accompany low count levels while extremely high counts may exert no apparent influence upon the composition of the milk at that time. Possibly a second agent in addition to bacteria is concerned.More intensive studies of a single animal yielding milk with very high counts revealed higher biochemical values for strippings than for foremilk, those for catalase being surprisingly high. Despite the unusual nature of these findings, none of the four quarters became definitely abnormal during the fourteen weeks during which this animal was under observation, but subsequent routine samplings have shown that all four quarters must now be regarded as abnormal.No one type of organism appears to be associated with changes in the composition of the secretion.
THE INTERRELATION OF LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: April 2011

A differential lipid analysis was performed by oxidative micromethods on heparinized plasma and red blood cells of 89 normal healthy rabbits and the normal means and range of blood lipid values established. Within this normal range, the amounts of all lipids in plasma were found to increase at the same relative rate, but a similar relation was found only for phospholipid and cholesterol in the red blood cells. Sex, body weight, blood hemoglobin and season were found to be without effect on the average lipid content of the blood of normal rabbits.
AN ACCOUNT OF A PARASITIC COPEPOD, SALMINCOLA SALVELINI SP. NOV., INFECTING THE SPECKLED TROUT
Authors: Richardson Laurence R.
Published: April 2011

An account and description are given of Salmincola salvelini sp. nov., a parasitic copepod (Lernaeopodidae) infesting the speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinatis Mitchill) at Gaspé, P.Q., and also taken from arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) collected at Sugluk Bay, northern Labrador. S. salvelini is found in the mouth of both hosts where it is firmly attached to the tissues of the roof and sides of the mouth and tongue. It does not occur on the gills, and in this respect is distinct from Salmincola edwardsii commonly found on speckled trout in North America. S. salvelini has a marked superficial similarity to S. gibber, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of a spine on the terminal segment and a papilla on the penultimate segment of the maxillipeds.
THE EFFECT OF DILUTION AND DENSITY ON THE FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF FOWL SPERM SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Munro S. S.
Published: April 2011

The effect of variations in dilution and numbers of fowl sperm injected into Brown Leghorn hens has been observed in a study of artificial insemination. Fertilization is influenced by the number of sperm introduced in a single injection into the vagina. The number of fertile eggs subsequently produced is affected when the number of sperm is about one hundred million or less, and none are fertile when the number falls below one million.A synthetic diluent containing sodium sulphate, glucose, and peptone supported motility in vitro, but affected the fertilizing capacity of fowl sperm in proportion to the percentage occurrence of the diluent in the suspension. Sperm serum, comprising about 75% of normal fowl semen, produces little harmful effect and appears to be a more favorable diluent. However, the development of the zygotes conceived by the sperm surviving an unfavorable medium is not impaired, and "hatchability" of the eggs remains unaffected.By comparison of Walton's data for the rabbit with those reported here for the fowl, it is shown that rabbit sperm are more highly resistant to the "toxicity" of certain types of synthetic fluids. Also, it apparently requires 100 times more sperm in the fowl than in the rabbit for conception to result; this may be related to the comparative anatomy of the reproductive tracts.
THE EGG-PRODUCING CAPACITY OF POPULATIONS OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUV. AS AFFECTED BY INTENSIVE CANNIBALISTIC EGG-CONSUMPTION
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

Experiments are described in which adults of Tribolium confusum Duv. are maintained at 27 °C., and 75% relative humidity in four different flour media: (a) ordinary whole wheat flour sifted through 76-mesh bolting cloth, (b) similar flour with from 30 to 135 Tribolium eggs per gm., (c) sifted whole wheat flour plus 3% of finely ground wheat germ and (d) flour plus germ plus eggs.It is shown that when large numbers of eggs are eaten, there is a serious decline in egg production unless wheat germ in excess is also present. This is believed to be due to a scarcity of certain accessory growth substances found in wheat germ but not to the same extent in eggs. When ground wheat germ is present, the beetles seem to do somewhat better in the presence of eggs, possibly because of a better water supply, obtained from the eggs.
BACTERICIDAL AND ANTIGENIC QUALITIES OF THE WASHINGS OF BLOWFLY MAGGOTS
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald , Fallis A. Murray
Published: April 2011

Washings of mixtures of maggots of Calliphora erythrocephala, C. latifrons, C. vomitoria nigribarda and Cynomya cadaverina, and of C. erythrocephala alone, showed bactericidal activity against Staph. aureus, Strep. mastitidis, two strains of Brucella abortus, and B. typhosus in vitro. Flies were successfully raised in the laboratory but washings from their maggots became less active with each generation. The pH value of active samples was generally greater than that of poor samples. Attempts to increase activity by rendering poor washings alkaline were unsuccessful. Diluted washings showed some bactericidal power. Keeping quality of liquid samples was poorer than that of dried ones. Washings from meat in which maggots had been grown had a definite bactericidal value, while those from control samples of meat had none. A suspension of maggots ground after washing was also inactive. Addition of Br. abortus to meat on which maggots were grown did not increase bactericidal activity against this organism. Filtration reduced bactericidal action and toxicity. Intraperitoneal injections were toxic to guinea pigs. An anti-maggot rabbit serum had good complement fixing power with an antigen of maggot washings. Intraperitoneal injections of diluted washings failed to protect guinea pigs against infection with Br. abortus, but there was some delay in development of infection, as indicated by slower appearance of agglutinins in treated animals.
THE DIFFUSION OF WATER VAPOUR THROUGH VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

A method of measuring the diffusion coefficient of water vapour through solids is outlined, and a table of the coefficients for various materials used in building construction is given. The method of employing these coefficients to calculate the vapour pressure gradient through a typical wall is shown, and this is applied to estimate the resistance to water vapour necessary to prevent condensation.
THE EFFECT OF CHROMATIC ERROR ON ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGES
Authors: Hillier James
Published: April 2011

The effect on the intensity distribution of point to point variation of the chromatic error in electron microscope images is investigated qualitatively. The intensity distribution in the image is found to possess a maximum value just outside, and a minimum value just inside, the image of the edge of the object. The deductions are verified by microphotometer traces taken across the photographic record of the image of a diatom edge. It is suggested that the intensity distribution curve may be used in the physical analysis of the object.