bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species Identity and Water Availability Determine Establishment Success Under the Canopy of Retama sphaerocarpa Shrubs in a Dry Environment
Authors: Padilla Francisco M. , Pugnaire Francisco I.
Published: November 2008

Seedling establishment in harsh environments is often enhanced by the proximity of adult shrubs. This information has been used in restoration work by placing seedlings of species being restored under the canopy of some shrubs. However, monitoring this process is often restricted to a single species, and comparisons with practices that protect planted seedlings against harsh conditions are scant. Similarly, few studies have supplied seedlings with water in the summer to observe the effects of water availability on the interaction. We compared sapling survival of three woody species (Olea europaea, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ziziphus lotus) under the leguminous shrub Retama sphaerocarpa and in gaps covered with piled branches that mimicked a shrub canopy. After 3 years, survival of saplings planted under Retama differed depending on species identity and water supply. Survival of Olea saplings placed under Retama shrubs was twice that under piled branches if not watered (35 ± 8 vs. 17 ± 2 %, respectively), whereas survival of saplings under Retama, if watered, was less (48 ± 11 vs. 68 ± 8%, respectively). Retama shrubs had a negative effect on Ziziphus; most saplings died under its canopy, whereas survival in piled branches ranged 10–54%. Pistacia was neither facilitated nor outcompeted by Retama. Facilitation of Olea by Retama shrubs was more apparent under dry conditions where watering increased competition and decreased facilitation. Overall, we conclude that Retama shrubs can help dry land restoration to a greater extent than artificial shade for Olea when not watered. The critical role played by water supply in determining nursing success rates warrants further study.
A Novel Technique for the Reattachment of Large Coral Reef Sponges
Authors: McMurray Steven E. , Pawlik Joseph R.
Published: November 2008

Sponges are dominant components of coral reef ecosystems, often exceeding reef‐building corals in abundance. Large sponges, often more than 1 m in diameter, may be hundreds to thousands of years old. When damaged or dislodged, large sponges usually die because they are unable to reattach to the reef substratum. Because suitable methods for reattaching dislodged sponges are lacking, they are typically excluded from coral reef restoration efforts. Here we present a novel technique for the reattachment of large sponges that was tested using the Caribbean Giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta. Transplants of X. muta were conducted at 15‐ and 30‐m depth off Key Largo, Florida. Despite the active hurricane season of 2005, 90% of deep and 35% of shallow transplants survived, with nearly 80% reattaching to the substratum and growing after 2.3–3 years. This technique may be generally adapted for securing large sponges in coral reef restoration efforts.
Adolescents' Emotional Experiences of Mother–Adolescent Conflict Predict Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms
Authors: Gunlicks‐Stoessel Meredith L. , Powers Sally I.
Published: November 2008

Research on adolescent emotion has generally focused on expressions of emotion; however, there are reasons to believe that adolescents' experiences of emotion may be related to adolescent development in unique and important ways. This study examined the relation of adolescents' emotional experiences of conflict with their mothers to their internalizing and externalizing symptoms at three time points, each a year apart. After participating in videotaped conflict negotiation tasks with their mothers, adolescents (N=80) watched the videotape of their interactions and used a joystick to make continuous ratings of how negative, positive, or neutral they felt during the discussions. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to assess relations among their continuous emotion ratings and their internalizing and externalizing symptoms 1 year before the interaction task, at the time of the interaction task, and 1 year later. Adolescents' externalizing symptoms at the time of the conflict task were associated with negative emotion that decreased across the conflict discussion. Relations between emotional experience and internalizing symptoms a year later were moderated by adolescent gender, revealing that a tolerance for increasing negative emotion predicts fewer future internalizing symptoms for girls. The importance of adolescents' ability to tolerate negative emotion during normal developmental conflicts is discussed.
Goal Engagement During the School–Work Transition: Beneficial for All, Particularly for Girls
Authors: Haase Claudia M. , Heckhausen Jutta , Köller Olaf
Published: November 2008

The school‐to‐work transition presents a substantial regulatory challenge for youth in modern societies. Based on the action‐phase model of developmental regulation, we investigated the effects of goal engagement on transition outcomes in a high‐density longitudinal study of noncollege‐bound German adolescents (N=362). Career‐related goal engagement was important for attaining a desired career goal (i.e., apprenticeship) for girls who generally faced unfavorable employment opportunities. For boys, goal engagement did not predict the attainment of an apprenticeship. Goal engagement was nonetheless beneficial for well‐being, predicting positive affect for both girls and boys. This effect was not mediated by attainment of an apprenticeship. The findings elucidate the role of goal engagement under structural and temporal constraints and suggest possible avenues for intervention.
Transparent Nd:YAG Ceramics Fabricated Using Nanosized γ‐Alumina and Yttria Powders
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Li Ji‐Guang , Xiu Zhimeng , Huo Di , Sun Xudong
Published: November 2008

Neodymium (Nd):Y3Al5O12 (YAG) ceramics of excellent transparency have been fabricated by solid‐reactive sintering, using nanosized γ‐Al2O3 and Y2O3 powders as the starting materials. Reaction sequences and sintering behaviors of the powder mixture were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry and dilatometry. One feature of the solid reactions involving γ‐Al2O3 is the occurrence of hexagonal YAlO3, which is unstable and transforms to perovskite YAlO3 (YAP) upon further heating. Because of the high reactivities of the starting nanopowders, a complete conversion of the powder mixture to YAG has been achieved by heating at 1300°C for 4 h, via Y4Al2O9, hexagonal YAlO3, and YAP phases. In‐line transmittances of the 1.5 at.% Nd:YAG ceramics (doped with 0.5 wt% of tetraethyl orthosilicate) at 700 nm are 81.0% and 65.7% after vacuum sintering at 1700° and 1600°C for 5 h, respectively.
Do marine birds use environmental cues to optimize egg production? An experimental test based on relaying propensity
Authors: Mark Hipfner J. , McFarlane‐Tranquilla Laura A. , Addison BriAnne
Published: November 2008

According to the environmental cues hypothesis, female birds use information available to them in the early‐season environment to fine‐tune egg production annually. However, support for the hypothesis derives largely from correlational studies. In each year from 2002 to 2006, which spanned a period of extreme variation in environmental conditions, we removed eggs from early‐laying rhinoceros auklets Cerorhinca monocerata, burrow‐nesting seabirds that lay a single‐egg clutch. We then measured their relaying rates, relaying intervals, and breeding success. We also monitored the timing and success of breeding in control pairs, and control chick diets. If the experimental females base their relaying decision on early‐season cues, then we predict that few will relay in years in which early‐laying control birds breed unsuccessfully, and in which a preferred prey species, Pacific sandlance Ammodytes hexapterus, is in short supply in nestling diets. Results matched neither prediction. In each year, almost all (88–90%) of the experimental females relaid, despite that the control pairs’ breeding success (32–87% fledged chicks), and their chicks’ diets (twofold variation in proportion of sandlance), varied markedly. We conclude that female rhinoceros auklets did not modify their relaying decision in response to variation in environmental conditions, although relaying intervals and their own breeding success (0–78%) covaried negatively. Our results may have important implications related to using seabirds as monitors of the marine environment.
The onset of spring and timing of migration in two arctic nesting goose populations: the pink‐footed goose Anser bachyrhynchus and the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis
Authors: Tombre Ingunn M. , Høgda Kjell A. , Madsen Jesper , Griffin Larry R. , Kuijken Eckhart , Shimmings Paul , Rees Eileen , Verscheure Christine
Published: November 2008

An earlier onset of spring has been recorded for many parts of Eurasia in recent decades. This has consequences for migratory species, both in changing the conditions encountered by individuals on reaching migratory sites and in affecting cues regulating the timing of migration where decisions to migrate are influenced by local environmental variables. Here we examine the timing of spring migration for two arctic goose populations, the pink‐footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus (during 1990–2003) and barnacle goose Branta leucopsis (during 1982–2003), which both breed on Svalbard. The satellite‐derived Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to express the onset of spring at their wintering and spring staging sites. Pink‐footed geese use several sites during spring migration, ranging from the southernmost wintering areas in Belgium to two spring staging areas in Norway, and distances between sites used along the flyway are relatively short. There was a positive correlation in the onset of spring between neighbouring sites, and the geese migrated earlier in early springs. Barnacle geese, on the other hand, have a long overseas crossing from their wintering grounds in Britain to spring staging areas in Norway. Although spring advanced in both regions, there was no corresponding correlation in the timing of onset of spring between their wintering and spring staging sites, and little evidence for barnacle geese migrating earlier over the whole study period. Hence, where geese can use spring conditions at one site as an indicator of the conditions they might encounter at the next, they have responded quickly to the advancement of spring, whereas in a situation where they cannot predict, they have not yet responded, despite the advancement of spring in the spring staging area.
Characterizing the nutritional strategy of incubating king eiders Somateria spectabilis in northern Alaska
Authors: Bentzen Rebecca L. , Powell Abby N. , Williams Tony D. , Kitaysky Alexander S.
Published: November 2008

We measured plasma concentrations of variables associated with lipid metabolism (free fatty acids, glycerol, triglyceride, and β‐hydroxybutyrate), protein metabolism (uric acid), and baseline corticosterone to characterize the nutritional state of incubating king eiders Somateria spectabilis and relate this to incubation constancy at two sites, Kuparuk and Teshekpuk, in northern Alaska. King eiders at both sites appeared to employ a partial‐income incubation strategy, relying on both endogenous and exogenous energy resources. Females maintained high invariant levels of free fatty acids, β‐hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol throughout incubation, indicating that fat reserves were a major energy source, and not completely depleted during incubation. Similarly, uric acid did not increase, suggesting effective protein sparing or protein ingestion and adequate lipid reserves throughout incubation. Baseline corticosterone and triglyceride levels increased during incubation, indicative of an increase in foraging during late stages of incubation. Incubating females at Kuparuk had higher triglyceride concentrations but also had higher β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations than females at Teshekpuk. This dichotomy may reflect a short‐term signal of feeding overlaying the longer‐term signal of reliance on endogenous lipid reserves due to higher food intake yet higher metabolic costs at Kuparuk because of its colder environment. Incubation constancy was not correlated with plasma concentrations of lipid or protein metabolites.
Wear of feldspathic ceramic, nano‐filled composite resin and acrylic resin artificial teeth when opposed to different antagonists
Authors: Ghazal Muhamad , Hedderich Jürgen , Kern Matthias
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the wear of denture teeth and their antagonists produced by two‐body and three‐body wear tests. Three types of denture teeth, namely feldspathic ceramic (FC), nano‐filled composite resin (NCR), and experimental acrylic resin teeth (AR), were tested. For each type two groups of eight upper premolars each were prepared. The first group was tested against cusps from the same material and the second group was tested against human enamel cusps. Each group was loaded with a total of 200,000 chewing cycles (two‐body wear 100,000 cycles and three‐body wear 100,000 cycles). Wear was analyzed by measuring the maximum depth and volume loss of the denture teeth using a laser scanner and by measuring the vertical loss of the antagonists using an optical macroscope. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the following combinations: FC–FC and NCR–NCR regarding the vertical and volume loss; and FC–enamel and NCR–enamel regarding the total vertical substance loss. The combinations AR–AR and AR–enamel showed higher wear values than the other combinations. For complete dentures, composite resin and ceramic teeth showed similar vertical and volume loss, whereas composite resin teeth seemed to be more suitable for partial dentures opposing natural teeth in terms of wear of teeth and antagonists.
Understanding Men’s Prenatal Experience and the Father Involvement Connection: Assessing Baby Steps
Authors: Marsiglio William
Published: November 2008

Cabrera, Fagan, and Farrie’s research provides a useful springboard to encourage scholars to think broadly and productively about theoretical, substantive, methodological, and social intervention issues related to men’s prenatal experiences, transitional life course events, and subsequent engagement with their young children. To their credit, the authors have taken valuable “baby steps” on the path to building a more nuanced understanding of the conditions and processes comprising this complex matrix of phenomena. The authors make a unique contribution to the literature by using panel data to examine how three factors, defined as “life transitions” (father identity salience, fathers’ relationship quality and residential status with the child’s mother, fathers’ employment status), might mediate the link between unmarried prospective fathers’ prenatal and postnatal experiences. In the spirit of advancing a research agenda in this area, I stress the merits and limitations of the data Cabrera and her colleagues use while elaborating conceptual and methodological themes to guide future research.
Men’s Aggression Toward Women: A 10‐Year Panel Study
Authors: Kim Hyoun K , Laurent Heidemarie K. , Capaldi Deborah M. , Feingold Alan
Published: November 2008

The present study examined the longitudinal course of men’s physical and psychological aggression toward a partner across 10 years, using a community sample of young couples (N= 194) from at‐risk backgrounds. Findings indicated that men’s aggression decreased over time and that women’s antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms predicted changes in men’s aggression. This suggests the importance of studying social processes within the dyad to have a better understanding of men’s aggression toward a partner.
The Timing of Family Instability and Children’s Social Development
Authors: Cavanagh Shannon E. , Huston Aletha C.
Published: November 2008

This study extends the growing literature of family instability by investigating the significance of its timing for children’s social adjustment. We find that more than a third of the 1,364 elementary school children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development experienced some family structure change. Their cumulative level of family instability was associated with multiple indicators of social development at the end of elementary school, associations that were especially strong for boys. These associations were driven largely by the lasting effect of family change in early childhood, demonstrating the significance of early family instability for children’s later social development.
Keeping the Bar Low: Why Russia’s Nonresident Fathers Accept Narrow Fatherhood Ideals
Authors: Utrata Jennifer
Published: November 2008

Although most Russian nonresident fathers feel torn between old and new ideals of fatherhood, they end up accepting older, narrow ideals. Fathers reproduce the dominant gender discourse, which deems men irresponsible and infantile and diminishes the importance of fathers. On the basis of extensive fieldwork, including in‐depth interviews (N = 21) and observational data, I argue that men reproduce minimalist standards of fatherhood because, in part, keeping the bar low enables them to still consider themselves decent fathers. In addition, fathers’ beliefs about the inherent deficiencies of nonresident fatherhood and the increased socioeconomic pressures and loosened constraints surrounding fatherhood in post‐Soviet Russia converge to push fathers to settle for the status quo of detached fatherhood.
Processes Linking Social Class and Racial Socialization in African American Dual‐Earner Families
Authors: Crouter Ann C. , Baril Megan E. , Davis Kelly D. , McHale Susan M.
Published: November 2008

We examined the links between social class, occupational self‐direction, self‐efficacy, and racial socialization in a sample of 128 two‐parent African American couples raising adolescents. A series of multivariate, multilevel models revealed that mothers’ SES was connected to self‐efficacy via its association with occupational self‐direction; in turn, self‐efficacy partially explained the association between occupational self‐direction and racial socialization. The link between maternal self‐efficacy and racial socialization depended on whether or not children had experienced discrimination. For fathers, a strong link between SES and occupational self‐direction emerged, but significant associations were not found between occupational self‐direction and self‐efficacy, or self‐efficacy and racial socialization. The discussion focuses on mother‐father differences and the role of child effects in racial socialization.
Why Precedent in Law (and Elsewhere) is Not Totally (or Even Substantially) About Analogy
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: November 2008

Cognitive scientists who conduct research on analogical reasoning often claim that precedent in law is an application of reasoning by analogy. In fact, however, law's principle of precedent, as well as the use of precedent in ordinary argument, is quite different. The typical use of analogy in law, including analogies to earlier decisions, involves retrieval of a source analog (or exemplar) from multiple candidates in order to help make the best decision now. But the legal principle of precedent requires that a prior decision be treated as binding even if the current decision maker disagrees with that decision. When the identity between a prior decision and the current question is obvious and inescapable, precedent thus imposes a constraint different from the effect of a typical argument by analogy. The importance of distinguishing analogy from precedent is not so much in showing that a common claim in the psychological literature is mistaken, but that making decisions under the constraints of binding precedent is an important form of decision deserving to be researched in its own right and that it has been ignored because of the erroneous conflation of constraint by precedent with reasoning by analogy.
A Reply to Two Stylish Critiques: Response to Hunt (2008) and Mayer (2008)
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Grigorenko Elena L. , Zhang Li-fang
Published: November 2008

We reply to helpful critiques by Mayer (2008, this issue) and Hunt (2008, this issue) of our article on the role of styles of learning and thinking in instruction and assessment. We deal with issues of aptitude—treatment interaction, the range of variables important in instruction and assessment, the originality of our theories, overlap of our constructs with constructs in other theories, ethnic-group differences, and new data reported.
Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question
Authors: Johnson Wendy , Carothers Andrew , Deary Ian J.
Published: November 2008

The idea that general intelligence may be more variable in males than in females has a long history. In recent years it has been presented as a reason that there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, yet males tend to be overrepresented at both the top and bottom ends of its overall, presumably normal, distribution. Clear analysis of the actual distribution of general intelligence based on large and appropriately population-representative samples is rare, however. Using two population-wide surveys of general intelligence in 11-year-olds in Scotland, we showed that there were substantial departures from normality in the distribution, with less variability in the higher range than in the lower. Despite mean IQ-scale scores of 100, modal scores were about 105. Even above modal level, males showed more variability than females. This is consistent with a model of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two essentially normal distributions, one reflecting normal variation in general intelligence and one refecting normal variation in effects of genetic and environmental conditions involving mental retardation. Though present at the high end of the distribution, sex differences in variability did not appear to account for sex differences in high-level achievement.
Enacting the “Incomprehensible China”: Modern European Jurisprudence and the Japanese Reconstruction of Qing Political Law
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Yi
Published: November 2008

The great ambition of Japanese colonialism, from the time of its debut at the end of the nineteenth century, was the reformulation of Chinese law and politics. One of the most extraordinary examples of this ambition isThe Administrative Law of the Qing Empire [Shinkoku Gyōseihō],a monumental enterprise undertaken by the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan intended not only to facilitate Japanese colonial administration of Taiwan but also to reorder the entire politico‐juridical order of China along the lines of modern rational law. This article examines the legal analysis embraced inThe Administrative Law of the Qing Empireand recounts its attempt to reconstruct the Qing's “political law”(seihō)by a strange, ambiguous, and hybrid resort to “authenticity.” The strangeness of this Japanese colonial production comes from Japan's dual position as both colonizer of Taiwan and simultaneously itself colonized by “modern European jurisprudence”(kinsei hōri). In uncovering the effects of modern European jurisprudence on the Japanese enterprise, we will discover Japan's pursuit of its own cultural subjectivity embedded inThe Administrative Law of the Qing Empire,epitomizing the campaign of national identities observable in the process of East Asian legal modernization.
Probing Ground‐state Hole Transfer Between Equivalent, Electrochemically Inaccessible States in Multiporphyrin Arrays Using Time‐resolved Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Song Hee‐eun , Taniguchi Masahiko , Kirmaier Christine , Bocian David F. , Lindsey Jonathan S. , Holten Dewey
Published: November 2008

A new strategy is described and implemented for determining the rates of hole‐transfer between equivalent porphyrins in multiporphyrin architectures. The approach allows access to these rates between sites that are not the most easily oxidized components of the array. The specific architectures investigated with this new strategy are triads consisting of one zinc porphyrin (Zn) and two free base porphyrins (Fb). The triads employ a diphenylethyne linker (ZnFbFbU) and a phenylene linker (ZnFbFbΦ). The zinc porphyrin is selectively oxidized to produce Zn+FbFb, the free base porphyrins are excited to produce the excited‐state mixture Zn+Fb*Fb and Zn+FbFb*, and the subsequent dynamics are monitored by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy. The system evolves by a combination of energy‐ and hole‐transfer processes involving (adjacent and nonadjacent) zinc and free base porphyrin constituents that are complete within 100 ps of excitation; the rate constants of many of these processes are derived from prior studies of the oxidized forms of the benchmark dyads (ZnFbU and ZnFbΦ). One of the excited‐state decay channels produces the metastable state ZnFbFb+ that decays to a second metastable state ZnFb+Fb by the target hole‐transfer process, followed by rapid hole transfer to produce the Zn+FbFb thermodynamic ground state of the system. The rate constant for hole transfer between the free base porphyrins in the oxidized ZnFbFb triads is found to be (0.5 ns)−1 and (0.6 ns)−1 across phenylene and diphenylethyne linkers, respectively. These rate constants are comparable to those recently measured, using a related but distinct strategy, for ground‐state hole transfer between zinc porphyrins in oxidized ZnZnFb triads. The two complementary strategies provide unique approaches for probing hole transfer between equivalent sites in multiporphyrin arrays, with the choice of method being guided by the particular target process and the ease of synthesis of the necessary architectures.
Oral cobalamin (vitamin B12) treatment. An update
Authors: ANDRÈS E. , DALI‐YOUCEF N. , VOGEL T. , SERRAJ K. , ZIMMER J.
Published: November 2008

The objective of this review was to evaluate oral cobalamin (vitamin B12) therapy in adult and elderly patients, from the perspective of a hematologist. PubMed was systematically searched for English and French articles published from January 1990 to January 2007. Data from our working group, the ‘Groupe d’étude des carences en vitamine B12des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg’, have also been included. Several prospective studies in well‐determined population (n = 4), prospective randomized studies (n = 3) and a systematic review by the Cochrane group (n = 1) provide evidence that oral cobalamin therapy may adequately treat cobalamin deficiency, particularly hematological abnormalities or manifestations. These studies suggest that at least 1000 μg/day of oral cyanocobalmin are needed for pernicious anemia and a mean daily dose of 250 μg for food‐cobalamin malabsorption. This present review confirms the previously reported efficacy of oral cobalamin treatment in adult and elderly patients.
Modified ELISPOT assay may predict T‐cell hyporesponsiveness to non‐inherited maternal antigens
Authors: TANIGUCHI K. , SHIMAZAKI C. , OCHIAI N. , MARUYA E. , AKATSUKA Y. , ASHIHARA E. , MAEKAWA T. , TANIWAKI M. , SAJI H.
Published: November 2008

Clinical reports have suggested the existence of immunological tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA) in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT). We studied the T‐cell reactivity using IFN‐γ enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in three HLA fully matched allo‐SCT cases and one healthy volunteer family case. In HLA fully matched allo‐SCT cases, ELISPOT assay could detect the hyporesponsiveness of T cells from donors to the B cells from recipients. Moreover, ELISPOT assay showed that the T cells from an individual responded to B cell from his mother significantly weakly than those from an unrelated HLA‐haploidentical individual. These observations suggest that our IFN‐γ ELISPOT assay‐based method may predict the presence of immunological tolerance to NIMA.
The oral health status of patients on oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis
Authors: Kunchur R , Goss AN
Published: November 2008

Background:  The oral health status of patients on bisphosphonates is the key to the patient’s ongoing health and well‐being. If they are orally healthy, invasive bone procedures, particularly extractions can be avoided, then the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is low.

Methods:  The records of 49 consecutive patients on oral bisphosphonates, referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit (OMSU) for an oral health check and probable extractions, were retrospectively reviewed. The DMFT, periodontal and pathologic state were calculated from the OPG radiographs. An age and gender matched control group, from patients referred to the OMSU but who were not on oral bisphosphonates, were similarly assessed. Community data were also obtained.

Results:  The DMFT score for the oral bisphosphonate group was 29: Decayed 3, Missing 10, Filled 16. The control group DMFT score was 24: Decayed 5, Missing 11, Filled 8. Both groups had advanced periodontal disease (over 95 per cent) and were medically compromised (over 90 per cent). The DMFT for general community data for age matched government pensioners was 19.1: Decayed 0.8, Missing 10.4, Filled 7.9. With severe periodontal disease 23 per cent. Thus, the oral health of the oral bisphosphonate group was similar to the control group and both had more decayed teeth and periodontal disease than community values.

Conclusions:  This study confirms that one cannot assume that a patient on an oral bisphosphonate for osteoporosis has a healthy mouth. It supports the view that all patients on bisphosphonates need to be seen by a dentist either before or soon after commencement of bisphosphonate therapy.
The Spreading of Disorder
Authors: Keizer Kees , Lindenberg Siegwart , Steg Linda
Published: November 2008

Imagine that the neighborhood you are living in is covered with graffiti, litter, and unreturned shopping carts. Would this reality cause you to litter more, trespass, or even steal? A thesis known as the broken windows theory suggests that signs of disorderly and petty criminal behavior trigger more disorderly and petty criminal behavior, thus causing the behavior to spread. This may cause neighborhoods to decay and the quality of life of its inhabitants to deteriorate. For a city government, this may be a vital policy issue. But does disorder really spread in neighborhoods? So far there has not been strong empirical support, and it is not clear what constitutes disorder and what may make it spread. We generated hypotheses about the spread of disorder and tested them in six field experiments. We found that, when people observe that others violated a certain social norm or legitimate rule, they are more likely to violate other norms or rules, which causes disorder to spread.
Real-Time DNA Sequencing from Single Polymerase Molecules
Authors: Eid John , Fehr Adrian , Gray Jeremy , Luong Khai , Lyle John , Otto Geoff , Peluso Paul , Rank David , Baybayan Primo , Bettman Brad , Bibillo Arkadiusz , Bjornson Keith , Chaudhuri Bidhan , Christians Frederick , Cicero Ronald , Clark Sonya , Dalal Ravindra , deWinter Alex , Dixon John , Foquet Mathieu , Gaertner Alfred , Hardenbol Paul , Heiner Cheryl , Hester Kevin , Holden David , Kearns Gregory , Kong Xiangxu , Kuse Ronald , Lacroix Yves , Lin Steven , Lundquist Paul , Ma Congcong , Marks Patrick , Maxham Mark , Murphy Devon , Park Insil , Pham Thang , Phillips Michael , Roy Joy , Sebra Robert , Shen Gene , Sorenson Jon , Tomaney Austin , Travers Kevin , Trulson Mark , Vieceli John , Wegener Jeffrey , Wu Dawn , Yang Alicia , Zaccarin Denis , Zhao Peter , Zhong Frank , Korlach Jonas , Turner Stephen
Published: November 2008

We present single-molecule, real-time sequencing data obtained from a DNA polymerase performing uninterrupted template-directed synthesis using four distinguishable fluorescently labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). We detected the temporal order of their enzymatic incorporation into a growing DNA strand with zero-mode waveguide nanostructure arrays, which provide optical observation volume confinement and enable parallel, simultaneous detection of thousands of single-molecule sequencing reactions. Conjugation of fluorophores to the terminal phosphate moiety of the dNTPs allows continuous observation of DNA synthesis over thousands of bases without steric hindrance. The data report directly on polymerase dynamics, revealing distinct polymerization states and pause sites corresponding to DNA secondary structure. Sequence data were aligned with the known reference sequence to assay biophysical parameters of polymerization for each template position. Consensus sequences were generated from the single-molecule reads at 15-fold coverage, showing a median accuracy of 99.3%, with no systematic error beyond fluorophore-dependent error rates.
Broadband Invisibility by Non-Euclidean Cloaking
Authors: Leonhardt Ulf , Tyc Tomáš
Published: November 2008

Invisibility and negative refraction are both applications of transformation optics where the material of a device performs a coordinate transformation for electromagnetic fields. The device creates the illusion that light propagates through empty flat space, whereas in physical space, light is bent around a hidden interior or seems to run backward in space or time. All of the previous proposals for invisibility require materials with extreme properties. Here we show that transformation optics of a curved, non-Euclidean space (such as the surface of a virtual sphere) relax these requirements and can lead to invisibility in a broad band of the spectrum.
Comparative Population Characteristics of Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), Northern Pike (E. lucius), and Their Hybrid (E. masquinongy × E. lucius)
Authors: Wahl David H. , Stein Roy A.
Published: November 2008

We compared growth, survival, diet, and angler catch of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), northern pike (E. lucius), and tiger muskellunge (E. masquinongy × E. lucius) through 5 yr after their introduction into three Ohio reservoirs. Muskellunge grew slower than northern pike and tiger muskellunge through the first year but faster than northern pike in subsequent years. Large stocked esocids (180–205 mm) survived better than small ones (145 mm). Survival patterns established through the first fall were maintained through age 5; northern pike survived best, followed by muskellunge and tiger muskellunge. Angler catch reflected differences in survival as well as catchability among taxa. Northern pike were caught at smaller sizes and younger ages than other taxa. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) dominated esocid diets for all taxa and age classes, followed by centrarchids and cyprinids. Prey length consumed increased linearly with esocid length; northern pike selected larger gizzard shad than either muskellunge or tiger muskellunge. These differences in population characteristics among esocids should influence mangement and stocking programs. Whereas northern pike maximize angling opportunities, muskellunge probably will provide trophy fisheries. Although tiger muskellunge can be reared inexpensively, they appear to provide little recreational fishing in return.
Nonthermalized excited states in Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes probed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with high photon energy excitation
Authors: McFarland Sherri A , Cheng Karen AWY , Lee Felix S , Cozens Frances L , Schepp Norman P
Published: November 2008

The picosecond excited state dynamics of a series of homoleptic Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes (where LL = bpy, dmb, dmeob, dfmb, or dttb) have been investigated in aqueous solution at room temperature using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with high photon energy excitation. All of the complexes studied produced similar spectroscopic signatures: a near-instantaneous bleach centered at 470–500 nm corresponding to the static absorption spectrum, as well as an intense absorption (475–650 nm) that decayed within the instrument response function (IRF) to form a broad, low-level absorption extending from 500–650 nm. Detailed analyses of both kinetic and spectral parameters by singular value decomposition (SVD) indicate that the excited state difference spectra contain contributions from at least three distinguishable species that have been assigned as ligand-based π* ← π* and ligand-to-metal-charge-transfer (LMCT) transitions concomitant with the loss of the ground state metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) transition. Kinetic information extracted at 530 nm (an optical marker for the fully intraligand-delocalized 3MLCT state) or 660 nm (LMCT transitions) appear to be biphasic in some cases with the amplitude of the IRF-limited component becoming larger with shorter wavelength excitation. Further, rise dynamics were observed at redder probe wavelengths for Ru(bpy)32+ and Ru(dttb)32+. These observations are different from those obtained using lower photon energy excitation and show that excitation wavelength strongly influences the early photophysical events in these Ru(II) complexes.Key words: ruthenium, photophysics, lasers, transient absorption spectroscopy, excited states, singular value decomposition (SVD).
ENTROPY EXCHANGE AND CORRELATION IN u(2) ALGEBRAIC MODEL
Authors: HOU XI-WEN , WAN MING-FANG , MA ZHONG-QI
Published: November 2008

The dynamics of entropy exchange and correlation in u(2) algebraic model for two stretches of H2O and SO2is studied in terms of the linear entropy with diagonal approximation, where various initial states are respectively taken to be the product of thermal states and squeezed states on each mode. It is shown that with a suitable parameter in initial states, the entropies in each stretch are positively correlated or anticorrelated, which depend on initial states and a molecule. The entropy correlation is also studied in terms of a correlation index. It is demonstrated that the correlation index and the sum of linear entropies in each stretch are identical in oscillation. The differences in the linear entropy in each stretch and the correlation index of the thermal states and the squeezed states between H2O and SO2are noticed. These may be useful for quantum computing and quantum information processing based on two stretching modes in both molecules.
THE WEALTH DISTRIBUTION MODEL WITH THE KICKBACK RATE
Authors: ZHANG YUJIE , HE MINGFENG
Published: November 2008

We define an asset exchange model by adding the kickback rate to the trade, and discuss the Gini index with different kickback rates. It is found that for every kickback rate, the related Gini index tends to be steady; thus, the kickback rate — Gini index curve may be obtained. Furthermore, it is shown that the Gini index decreases when the kickback rate increases, so that the fair degree of social wealth distribution gets better. The Gini index reaches a minimum when the kickback rate is 0.58, and then it increases, as the accretion of the kickback rate destroys the fair degree of social wealth distribution. However, in all situations, the Gini index with kickback rate is less than the one without kickback. This means that the introduction of kickback rate is favorable to the raising of the fair degree of wealth distribution. We also define a moral index similar to the Gini index to weigh the differences of social moral level, and find that the differences of social moral level increase with time for the model with kickback rate.
PATH INTEGRAL QUANTIZATION OF THE CHIRAL SCHWINGER MODEL IN BOSONIZED FORM
Authors: BRACKEN PAUL
Published: November 2008

The development of the Wess–Zumino action or one-cycle is reviewed from the path integral approach. This is related to the occurrence of anomalies in the theory, and generally signifies a breakdown of gauge invariance. The Jackiw–Rajaraman version of the chiral Schwinger model is studied by means of path integrals. It is shown how the model can be made gauge invariant by using a Wess–Zumino term to write a gauge invariant Lagrangian. The model is considered only in bosonized form without any reference to fermions. The constraints are determined. These components are then used to write a path integral quantization for the bosonized form of the model. Some physical quantities and information, in particular, propagators are derived from the path integral.
EXCITATION SPECTRUM AT THE YANG–LEE EDGE SINGULARITY OF 2D ISING MODEL ON THE STRIP
Authors: BALASKA SMAIN , MCCABE JOHN F. , WYDRO TOMASZ
Published: November 2008

At the Yang–Lee edge singularity, finite-size scaling behavior is used to measure the low-lying excitation spectrum of the Ising quantum spin chain for free boundary conditions. The measured spectrum is used to identify the conformal field theory that describes the Yang–Lee edge singularity of the 2D Ising model for free boundary conditions.
INTERSECTION COMPUTATION IN PROJECTIVE SPACE USING HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATES
Authors: SKALA VACLAV
Published: November 2008

There are many algorithms based on computation of intersection of lines, planes etc. Those algorithms are based on representation in the Euclidean space. Sometimes, very complex mathematical notations are used to express simple mathematical solutions. This paper presents solutions of some selected problems that can be easily solved by the projective space representation. Sometimes, if the principle of duality is used, quite surprising solutions can be found and new useful theorems can be generated as well. It will be shown that it is not necessary to solve linear system of equations to find the intersection of two lines in the case of E2 or the intersection of three planes in the case of E3. Plücker coordinates and principle of duality are used to derive an equation of a parametric line in E3 as an intersection of two planes. This new formulation avoids division operations and increases the robustness of computation. The presented approach for intersection computation is well suited especially for applications where robustness is required, e.g. large GIS/CAD/CAM systems etc.
A MAXENT MODEL FOR MACROSCENARIO ANALYSIS
Authors: LANDINI SIMONE , DI GUILMI CORRADO , GALLEGATI MAURO
Published: November 2008

In this paper, starting from Jaynes' MaxEnt methodology [10, 11], we follow the original idea of Aoki [1] to implement a canonical MaxEnt inference model for the replication of industrial firms' dynamics over a space of economic states. We develop an aggregate model to infer the distributions of agents at meso level using representative states. In particular, we estimate the access probability for agents in different states consistently with macroscopic economic constraints. The model is calibrated on the basis of a sample of firms, drawn from the AMADEUS database, within the manufacturing industry made up of nine sectors of economic activity from 1995 to 2004, and results come to experimental proof at aggregate macroscopic level.
Early to middle Proterozoic dykes in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen area of the Napier Complex, East Antarctica: tectonic implications as deduced from geochemical studies
Authors: Suzuki Satoko , Ishizuka Hideo , Kagami Hiroo
Published: November 2008

NE–SW- and north–south-striking dykes were emplaced into ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulites apparently after UHT metamorphism in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen area of the Archaean Napier Complex, East Antarctica, of which the north–south-striking dykes interrupt the NE–SW-striking ones. The NE–SW-striking dykes are tholeiite basalt (THB) and high-magnesian andesite (HMA) in composition. The THB dykes display relict doleritic textures, whereas the HMA dykes shows blastoporphyritic textures characterized by phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and plagioclase. Both sets of dykes exhibit large ion lithophile element and light rare earth element enrichment and negative anomalies of Nb, Ti and/or P in a spider diagram normalized to primitive mantle, which is reminiscent of modern subduction-related arc volcanism or continental flood volcanism. The isotope ratios of the THB dykes define isochron ages of 2.0–1.9 Ga: 1979±80 Ma in the Rb–Sr system (initial ratio (
I
0
): 0.70239±0.00035) and 2078±104 Ma in the Sm–Nd system (
I
0
: 0.50964±0.00012). Such moderate
87
Sr/
86
Sr and low
143
Nd/
144
Nd initial ratios may represent source materials closely related to the mantle wedge of a subduction zone. The north–south-striking dykes are compositionally divided into two basalt types. One is an alkaline basalt (AL) showing intergranular texture and characterized by high concentrations of incompatible elements, similar to those of ocean island basalt. They yield an isochron age of
c.
1.2 Ga: 1161±238 Ma in the Rb–Sr system (
I
0
: 0.7047±0.0012). The other type (THB-m) is doleritic (ophitic) in texture, and has a tholeiitic affinity with a flat chondrite-normalized REE pattern, which is comparable with that of enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt. A comparison with dykes reported from other areas of the Napier Complex suggests that the north–south-striking dykes occur in restricted areas, whereas the NE–SW-striking dykes are more regional in occurrence. The 2.0–1.9 Ga magmatism of the NE–SW-striking dykes may have been related to the formation of continental crust of the Rayner Complex.
Magmatic evolution and tectonic setting of metabasites from Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica
Authors: Suda Yoshimitsu , Kawano Yoshinobu , Yaxley Greg , Korenaga Hiroshi , Hiroi Yoshikuni
Published: November 2008

Metabasites from the Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica, are the equivalent of metamorphosed ultramafic and mafic rocks with ultrabasic to intermediate compositions, which occur as layers and blocks in the quartzo-feldspathic or metasedimentary gneisses. Field occurrences and whole-rock geochemistry suggest that the ultramafic rocks are all cumulitic protoliths, whereas the mafic rocks are mostly basaltic protoliths including some cumulates. Moreover, in a regional context, the geochemistry of metabasites shifts from island arc to ocean-floor affinities in a southwesterly direction from the Prince Olav Coast to the Lützow-Holm Bay area. Neodymium isotopic data suggest that the metamorphic rocks from the Prince Olav Coast and the northern Lützow-Holm Bay areas were derived from immature continental crust formed by active Mesoproterozoic crustal growth, whereas those from the southern Lützow-Holm Bay area were derived from mature continental crust and oceanic crust of older age. Thus, these results suggest that the Lützow-Holm Complex includes lithological units with various origins and ages that were amalgamated by multiple subduction, and underwent high-grade metamorphism as a result of the final collision of East and West Gondwana during the Pan-African orogeny.