bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left Ventricular Mechanics in Untreated Normotensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Two‐ and Three‐dimensional Speckle Tracking Study
Authors: Tadic Marijana , Ilic Sanja , Cuspidi Cesare , Stojcevski Biljana , Ivanovic Branislava , Bukarica Ljiljana , Jozika Ljilja , Celic Vera
Published: October 2014

Background

Our aim was to investigate left ventricular (LV) mechanics estimated by two‐ (2DE) and three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) strains in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 50 untreated normotensive DM subjects and 50 healthy controls similar by sex and age. All the subjects underwent adequate laboratory analyses and complete 2DE and 3DE examination.

Results

Left ventricular mechanics, assessed by 2DE, was impaired in all three directions. Global longitudinal 3DE strain was significantly decreased in the DM group in comparison with the controls (−17.8 ± 2.5 vs. −19.1 ± 2.7%, P = 0.014). Similar results were found for 3DE global circumferential strain (−18.9 ± 2.9 vs. −20.4 ± 3.2%, P = 0.01), 3DE global radial strain (40.3 ± 6.9 vs. 43.1 ± 7.3%, P = 0.035), and 3DE global area strain (−29.2 ± 3.7 vs. −31 ± 4%, P = 0.024). LV torsion was similar between the DM patients and the controls (2.1 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.5 °/cm, P = 0.073); whereas LV untwisting rate was significantly increased in the DM subjects (−114 ± 26 vs. ‐96 ±23 °/s, P < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that 3DE global longitudinal and area myocardial functions were associated with HbA1c independently of 3DE LV mass index.

Conclusion

Left ventricular deformation obtained by 3DE is significantly impaired in the type 2 DM patients. HbA1c is independently associated with LV mechanics that implies that early anti‐diabetic therapy and normalization of the fasting glucose level and HbA1c could impede further cardiac damage.
Human Capital and Entrepreneurship Research: A Critical Review and Future Directions
Authors: Marvel Matthew R. , Davis Justin L. , Sproul Curtis R.
Published: October 2014

Human capital has emerged as a highly utilized theoretical lens through which scholars can better understand entrepreneurship. To synthesize the progress of this stream and promote its use, we review 109 articles in leading management and entrepreneurship journals over two decades. We organize our discussion in terms of multi–theory approaches, methods and analyses, constructs, and study focus. A number of research gaps and promising areas for inquiry are put forward. We develop a typology of human capital and discuss how future investigations of types of human capital related to the entrepreneurship process can benefit research and practice.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the efficacy of furosemide for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage inThoroughbred andStandardbred racehorses
Authors: Sullivan S. L. , Whittem T. , Morley P. S. , Hinchcliff K. W.
Published: October 2014

Reasons for performing study

Furosemide is the most commonly used medication for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH); however, critical evaluation of the strength of evidence for efficacy of furosemide is lacking and is warranted so that evidence‐based treatment decisions can be made.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of furosemide to reduce the severity or frequency of detection ofEIPHin Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses.

Study design

Systematic review with meta‐analyses.

Methods

Primary studies were identified via searches of electronic databases, relevant texts and reference lists of published articles. Studies were not restricted by date or publication status. Only studies published in English were eligible for inclusion. Searches were performed using a predetermined search string. Randomised controlled trials, nonrandomised trials and observational studies were included. Three authors independently assessed each study using theCochrane collaboration guidelines andGrading ofRecommendationsAssessment,Development andEvaluation recommendations for rating quality of evidence. Meta‐analysis of studies was performed with pooled data to determine whether furosemide reduced the frequency of detection ofEIPH(yes or no) as evaluated by tracheobronchoscopy or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid red blood cell number, or if furosemide reduced the severity ofEIPHby at least one tracheobronchoscopic grade.

Results

Seventeen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The relative risk of detecting anyEIPHby tracheobronchoscopy after administration of furosemide was 0.88 (pooled data from 11 studies, n = 5780; 95% confidence interval 0.79–0.97, P = 0.01). When data from only high‐quality randomised controlled trials (2 studies, n = 405) were used, the relative risk of detecting endoscopically evidentEIPHwas 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.58–0.79, P<0.001). The proportion of horses previously diagnosed withEIPHhaving a reduction of at least oneEIPHgrade after furosemide was 68% (2 studies, n = 405; 95% confidence interval 61–78%).

Conclusions

There is high‐quality evidence, albeit limited, that administration of furosemide reduces the incidence and severity ofEIPHin Thoroughbred or Standardbred racehorses.
Afadin requirement for cytokine expressions in keratinocytes during chemically induced inflammation in mice
Authors: Yoshida Toshiyuki , Iwata Takanori , Takai Yoshimi , Birchmeier Walter , Yamato Masayuki , Okano Teruo
Published: October 2014

Afadin is a filamentous actin‐binding protein and a mediator of nectin signaling. Nectins are Ig‐like cell adhesion molecules, and the nectin family is composed of four members, nectin‐1 to nectin‐4. Nectins show homophilic and heterophilic interactions with other nectins or proteins on adjacent cells. Nectin signaling induces formation of cell–cell junctions and is required for the development of epithelial tissues, including skin. This study investigated the role of afadin in epithelial tissue development and established epithelium‐specific afadin‐deficient (CKO) mice. Although showing no obvious abnormality in the skin development and homeostasis, the mice showed the reduced neutrophil infiltration into the epidermis during chemical‐induced inflammation with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA). Immunohistochemical and quantitative real‐time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of cytokines including Cxcl2, Il‐1β and Tnf‐α were reduced in CKO keratinocytes compared with control keratinocytes during TPA‐induced inflammation. Primary‐cultured skin keratinocytes from CKO mice also showed reduced expression of these cytokines and weak activation of Rap1 compared with those from control mice after the TPA treatment. These results suggested a remarkable function of afadin, which was able to enhance cytokine expression through Rap1 activation in keratinocytes during inflammation.
ClpB chaperone passively threads soluble denatured proteins through its central pore
Authors: Nakazaki Yosuke , Watanabe Yo‐Hei
Published: October 2014

ClpB disaggregase forms a ring‐shaped hexamer that threads substrate proteins through the central pore using energy from ATP. The ClpB protomer consists of an N‐terminal domain, a middle domain, and two AAA+ modules. These two AAA+ modules bind and hydrolyze ATP and construct the core of the hexameric ring. Here, we investigated the roles of the two AAA+ modules in substrate threading. BAP is an engineered ClpB that can bind ClpP proteolytic chamber; substrates threaded by BAP are degraded by ClpP. We combined BAP with conserved motif mutations in two AAA+ modules and measured the steady‐state rates of threading of soluble denatured proteins by these mutants over a range of substrate concentrations. By fitting the data to the Michaelis‐Menten equation, kcat and Km values were determined. We found that the kinetic parameters of the substrate threading correlate with the type of mutation introduced rather than the ATPase activity of the mutant. Moreover, some mutants having no or marginal ATPase activity could thread denatured proteins significantly. These results indicate that ClpB can passively thread soluble denatured proteins.
Creativity, Art and Learning: A Psycho‐Social Exploration of Uncertainty
Authors: Carabine Jean
Published: October 2014

What makes it possible for artists to stay with the anxieties and uncertainties of the creative process? This aspect of an artist's development is rarely theorised or addressed despite it being an essential aspect of creative practice. It is a capacity, similar to tacit knowing, that is gradually acquired and learnt, and cultivated over time as part of the process of practising art and being an artist. The role of tacit knowledge as a key aspect of fine art education is well documented and is a learning experience that artists are familiar with. However, what tends to get focused on in discussions about tacit knowing are the practical, usually physical and technical, aspects of learning from experience to the exclusion of a range of mental or psychological capacities that are also a fundamental part of the tacit knowing process and vital to the learning necessary to be an artist. These mental capacities, which include being able to tolerate high levels of excitability, periods of nothingness, chaos, uncertainty and not‐knowing, are also, I suggest, passed between tutor and student as a form of tacit knowledge. This article draws on the experience of one artist, both as a learner and as an emergent practising artist, in developing this ability. The role played by art tutors in supporting student artists to develop a capacity to stay with the anxieties of the creative process is also explored.
Ultrasound Guided Transarterial Coil Placement in the Internal and External Carotid Artery in Horses
Authors: Muñoz Juan , Iglesias Manuel , Chao Eduardo Lloret , Bussy Christian
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To assess ultrasound guided transarterial coil placement (UGTACP) for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) in horses.

Study Design

Cadaveric and in vivo study.

Animals

Cadaveric horses (n = 10), healthy horses (3), and 1 clinical case.

Methods

Cadaveric and in vivo (healthy horses): UGTACP was performed in the caudal part of the ICA and ECA. Coil placement in the rostral part of the ICA was performed blindly and controlled by conventional radiography. No coils were placed in the rostral part of the ECA. Clinical case: UGTACP of the ICA was in a horse with guttural pouch mycosis of the left guttural pouch.

Results

Accurate ultrasound‐guided catheterization of the ICA and ECA was performed in all specimens. Ultrasound‐guided coil placement was successfully performed in all cases except 1. No complications occurred in the in vivo study. The clinical case fully recovered and returned to its intended use.

Conclusions

Based on our study, UGTACP of the ICA and ECA caudal part is a feasible alternative to fluoroscopy. An advantage of this technique is the accuracy with which you can catheterize both ICA and ECA and the ability to identify unusual branching at the origin of the ICA. Regarding the rostral part of the ICA, angiographic catheter guidance in this region is probably more precise using fluoroscopy as it is performed blindly. In a clinical situation, combination of US and fluoroscopy guidance can result in reduction of radiation exposure time.
Systematic review of fall risk screening tools for older patients in acute hospitals
Authors: Matarese Maria , Ivziku Dhurata , Bartolozzi Francesco , Piredda Michela , De Marinis Maria Grazia
Published: October 2014

Aims

To determine the most accurate fall risk screening tools for predicting falls among patients aged 65 years or older admitted to acute care hospitals.

Background

Falls represent a serious problem in older inpatients due to the potential physical, social, psychological and economic consequences. Older inpatients present with risk factors associated with age‐related physiological and psychological changes as well as multiple morbidities. Thus, fall risk screening tools for older adults should include these specific risk factors. There are no published recommendations addressing what tools are appropriate for older hospitalized adults.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane electronic databases were searched between January 1981–April 2013. Only prospective validation studies reporting sensitivity and specificity values were included.

Review methods

Recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews have been followed.

Results

Three fall risk assessment tools were evaluated in seven articles. Due to the limited number of studies, meta‐analysis was carried out only for the STRATIFY and Hendrich Fall Risk Model II. In the combined analysis, the Hendrich Fall Risk Model II demonstrated higher sensitivity than STRATIFY, while the STRATIFY showed higher specificity. In both tools, the Youden index showed low prognostic accuracy.

Conclusion

The identified tools do not demonstrate predictive values as high as needed for identifying older inpatients at risk for falls. For this reason, no tool can be recommended for fall detection. More research is needed to evaluate fall risk screening tools for older inpatients.
Effective responder communication, perceived responder legitimacy, and group identification predict public cooperation and compliance in a mass decontamination visualization experiment
Authors: Carter Holly , Drury John , Amlôt Richard , Rubin G. James , Williams Richard
Published: October 2014

This article describes a visualization experiment that tests hypotheses based on the social identity approach about effectiveness of communication strategies during mass decontamination. Specifically, the mediating role of social identity processes between effective responder communication and relevant outcome variables (e.g., public compliance), is examined. After visualizing that they had been involved in a hypothetical incident involving decontamination, participants (N = 129) received one of three different communication strategies: (1) health‐focused information about decontamination, sufficient practical information; (2) no health‐focused information, sufficient practical information; and (3) no health‐focused information, low practical information. The communication strategy perceived as most effective included health‐focused information and practical information; this resulted in the highest levels of expected compliance, mediated by social identity variables. Implications for management of mass decontamination are discussed.
Protein kinase D1 regulates ERα‐positive breast cancer cell growth response to 17β‐estradiol and contributes to poor prognosis in patients
Authors: Karam Manale , Bièche Ivan , Legay Christine , Vacher Sophie , Auclair Christian , Ricort Jean‐Marc
Published: October 2014

About 70% of human breast cancers express and are dependent for growth on estrogen receptor α (ERα), and therefore are sensitive to antiestrogen therapies. However, progression to an advanced, more aggressive phenotype is associated with acquisition of resistance to antiestrogens and/or invasive potential. In this study, we highlight the role of the serine/threonine‐protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in ERα‐positive breast cancers. Growth of ERα‐positive MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐415 human breast cancer cells was assayed in adherent or anchorage‐independent conditions in cells overexpressing or depleted for PKD1. PKD1 induces cell growth through both an ERα‐dependent manner, by increasing ERα expression and cell sensitivity to 17β‐estradiol, and an ERα‐independent manner, by reducing cell dependence to estrogens and conferring partial resistance to antiestrogen ICI 182,780. PKD1 knockdown in MDA‐MB‐415 cells strongly reduced estrogen‐dependent and independent invasion. Quantification of PKD1 mRNA levels in 38 cancerous and non‐cancerous breast cell lines and in 152 ERα‐positive breast tumours from patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen showed an association between PKD1 and ERα expression in 76.3% (29/38) of the breast cell lines tested and a strong correlation between PKD1 expression and invasiveness (P < 0.0001). In tamoxifen‐treated patients, tumours with high PKD1 mRNA levels (n = 77, 50.66%) were significantly associated with less metastasis‐free survival than tumours with low PKD1 mRNA expression (n = 75, 49.34%; P = 0.031). Moreover, PKD1 mRNA levels are strongly positively associated with EGFR and vimentin levels (P < 0.0000001). Thus, our study defines PKD1 as a novel attractive prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
BMP‐9 regulates the osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through an ALK1 mediated pathway
Authors: Zhu Dongxing , Mackenzie Neil Charles Wallace , Shanahan Catherine M. , Shroff Rukshana C. , Farquharson Colin , MacRae Vicky Elizabeth
Published: October 2014

The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of physiological skeletal mineralization, and involves the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in arteries. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible have yet to be fully explained. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP‐9) has been shown to exert direct effects on both bone development and vascular function. In the present study, we have investigated the role of BMP‐9 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. Vessel calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) begins pre‐dialysis, with factors specific to the dialysis milieu triggering accelerated calcification. Intriguingly, BMP‐9 was markedly elevated in serum from CKD children on dialysis. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that BMP‐9 treatment causes a significant increase in VSMC calcium content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers. BMP‐9‐induced calcium deposition was significantly reduced following treatment with the ALP inhibitor 2,5‐Dimethoxy‐N‐(quinolin‐3‐yl) benzenesulfonamide confirming the mediatory role of ALP in this process. The inhibition of ALK1 signalling using a soluble chimeric protein significantly reduced calcium deposition and ALP activity, confirming that BMP‐9 is a physiological ALK1 ligand. Signal transduction studies revealed that BMP‐9 induced Smad2, Smad3 and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. As these Smad proteins directly bind to Smad4 to activate target genes, siRNA studies were subsequently undertaken to examine the functional role of Smad4 in VSMC calcification. Smad4‐siRNA transfection induced a significant reduction in ALP activity and calcium deposition. These novel data demonstrate that BMP‐9 induces VSMC osteogenic differentiation and calcification via ALK1, Smad and ALP dependent mechanisms. This may identify new potential therapeutic strategies for clinical intervention.
Erythema elevatum diutinum: a review of presentation and treatment
Authors: Momen S.E. , Jorizzo J. , Al‐Niaimi F.
Published: October 2014

Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a rare, chronic and treatable skin condition. It has many histological mimics and is often associated with a variety of underlying systemic diseases, when these are present the management and prognosis dictates the course of the EED. This review aims to highlight the differential diagnosis, clinical manifestations of EED and the possible underlying systemic disease. It is important for clinicians to be aware that EED may predate underlying conditions and the presence of lesions may indicate underlying disease activity. In some cases one may need ‘search’ for underlying disease. Treatment of these lesions is notoriously difficult. Dapsone is used as the mainstay of treatment, however other options exist. We have highlighted different treatment options and suggested a treatment algorithm. In some cases, treatment may need to be targeted at underlying disease.
Dermatological consultations in an observation unit of an emergency department in Italy
Authors: Drago F. , Gasparini G. , Signori A. , Campisi C. , Cozzani E. , Parodi A.
Published: October 2014

Background

Dermatological emergencies exist and should not be underestimated. On the other hand, many accesses to the emergency department (ED) of patients with dermatological conditions are unjustified.

Objective

Our main objective is to describe dermatological conditions seen in an ED observation unit (EDOU). Secondly, our aim is to identify alarm symptoms and signs of ‘true emergencies’.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study, including dermatological patients admitted to EDOU of the University Hospital of San Martino, Genoa, Italy, in 3 years.

Results

Overall 372 patients were studied. The most common condition seen was infection (41.67%) (mainly bacterial), followed by atypical exanthem (13.98%) and vasculitis (11.29%). The highest rate of cases peaked in May (13%); infectious diseases showed two peaks (spring and autumn).

Conclusion

Given constraints involved in health care today, it is crucial to understand which dermatological presentations are ‘true emergencies’. In such a scenario knowing the epidemiology of dermatological emergencies and the alarming skin signs and symptoms might be useful.
Individual Differences in the Context‐Dependent Recruitment of Cognitive Control: Evidence From Action Versus State Orientation
Authors: Fischer Rico , Plessow Franziska , Dreisbach Gesine , Goschke Thomas
Published: October 2014

The ability to flexibly adapt to deviations from optimal performance is an important aspect of self‐control. In the present study, the authors present first evidence that the personality trait action versus state orientation (Kuhl, 2000) modulates the ability of adaptive control adjustments in response to experienced conflicts. Sixty‐two German individuals with extreme scores on the action‐state dimension performed a response interference task, that is, 31 extreme action‐oriented individuals (30 females; Mage = 20.35 years) and 31 extreme state‐oriented individuals (20 females; Mage = 23.23 years), respectively. Action‐oriented individuals displayed a stronger conflict adaptation effect as evidenced by a stronger reduction of interference on trials following conflict. These results were further corroborated by a correlational analysis including a sample of 105 participants: the higher the score on the action‐state dimension, the lower the interference effect following conflict (i.e., stronger conflict adaptation). The results provide evidence that even low‐level, bottom‐up‐driven processes of self‐control such as conflict adaptation are systematically moderated by individual differences in control modes and provide insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying action versus state orientation.
Emotion Identification Skill and Social Support During Adolescence: A Three‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Rowsell H. Claire , Ciarrochi Joseph , Deane Frank P. , Heaven Patrick C. L.
Published: October 2014

Emotion identification skill (EIS) has been correlated with social support, but little research has examined the extent that EIS is a developmental precursor to supportive relationships. The present study investigated the longitudinal relationships between EIS and social support in adolescence. Participants were 903 (464 males; 439 females) Australian high school students, with 314 participating in all four waves. Students completed questionnaires annually from Grade 9 to Grade 12, including self‐report measures of (1) EIS, (2) social support network size, and (3) quality of social support. Cross‐lagged structural equation modeling supported a reciprocal influence model, with social support and EIS mutually influencing each other's development. We discuss the implications of this finding for the positive development of EIS and social support.
Sensory Characteristics ofSeolgitteok(Korean Rice Cake) in Relation to the Added Levels of Brown Rice Flour and Sugar
Authors: Cho Sungeun , Yoon Suk Hoo , Min Jieun , Lee Suji , Tokar Tonya , Lee Sun‐Ok , Seo Han‐Seok
Published: October 2014

There are growing interests for both ethnic and healthy foods in theU.S.A.Rapidly increasing attention has also been paid to the development of gluten‐free or dietary fiber‐rich products.Seolgitteok(Korean traditional rice cake) is prepared mainly with sugar, salt, water and white rice flour containing no gluten, by steaming. Based on two points that (1) brown rice, relative to white rice, retains more nutritional values and (2) NorthAmericans, in comparison to EastAsians, tend to prefer stronger sweetness, this study preparedSeolgitteokwith varying added levels of brown rice flour and sugar. Following theSpectrum method, 9 trained panelists evaluated 15Seolgitteoksamples for 12 flavor‐related and 15 texture‐related attributes. The intensities of sensory attributes significantly varied in relation to the added levels of brown rice flour and sugar inSeolgitteok. Especially, flavor‐ and texture‐related attributes were more associated with the added amounts of brown rice flour and sugar, respectively.

Practical Applications

This study provides how sensory characteristics ofSeolgitteokcan vary by added levels of brown rice flour and sugar. Our findings can assist product developers and sensory professionals in understanding sensory characteristics ofSeolgitteok, which may be applicable for patients with celiac diseases as it is made with rice flour containing no gluten. Finally, it is worth noting that a list of sensory terms, developed by NorthAmerican trained panel in theU.S.A., may facilitate its usage and application inEnglish‐speaking countries.
Suspending Mammalian LHRHa‐injected Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Individual Soft Mesh Bags Reduces Stress and Improves Reproductive Performance
Authors: Chatakondi Nagaraj G.
Published: October 2014

Hormone‐induced spawning of channel catfish held communally in tanks is a reliable method to produce channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ♀ × blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus ♂, F1 hybrid catfish fry. However, mature catfish are crowded, and repeatedly handled during the process of induced ovulation. Repeated handling of gravid females is stressful and may impair ovulation, egg quality, and reproductive performance. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of two methods of confining post‐hormone‐injected female channel catfish on stress response (cortisol concentrations) and reproductive performance: fish were either held individually while suspended in soft, nylon‐mesh bags or communally in a concrete tank. Percent of females ovulated to hormone treatment, relative fecundity, percent egg viability, and latency of channel catfish did not differ for fish in the two treatments. However, percent hatch and fry/kg of females was higher (P < 0.05) for fish held in bags that for fish held communally in tanks. Mean plasma cortisol response immediately prior to the first hormone injection (0 h) did not differ among fish groups in the two treatments. However, mean plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for fish in the bag treatment at 16 and 36 h compared to fish held communally in tanks. Plasma estradiol levels (measure of oocyte maturation) were assessed at 0, 16, and 36 h after hormone injection; concentrations were (P < 0.05) higher at 16 h compared to 0 and 36 h; however, estradiol concentrations did not differ for fish held in the two treatments (P > 0.05). Suspending hormone‐injected broodfish individually in soft bags reduced stress response, improved egg hatching rate, and increased hybrid fry produced per kg weight of female broodfish. Using this simple technology, farmers can improve the efficiency of hatcheries producing hybrid catfish fry.
Production Comparison of Three Genetic Strains of Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Raised Under Two Pond Management Technologies
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Odeyemi Oluwapelumi O. , Coyle Shawn D. , Schneider Kyle J. , Bright Leigh A.
Published: October 2014

Three genetic strains (Texas [cultured], Hawaii [cultured], and Myanmar [wild]) of freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were characterized and compared under two pond grow‐out management technologies using a 3 × 2 factorial design. Juvenile prawns (45 d nursed juveniles) from each strain were stocked at individual average weights of 0.4 ± 0.3 g (Texas), 0.3 ± 0.2 g (Hawaii), and 0.3 ± 0.2 g (Myanmar). The low input management technology prawns were stocked at 24,700 /ha with no added substrate. The high input management technology prawns were stocked at 74,100 /ha with the addition of artificial substrate. Each of the six treatment combinations were replicated in three, 0.04 ha earthen ponds (total of 18 ponds). Prawns were fed a sinking pellet (32% protein) once daily at a standardized rate. After 112 d, prawns were harvested, bulk weighed, and counted. Survival of Texas strain (95%) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than Myanmar strain (77–80%) under both management technologies with survival of Hawaii strain (86–91%) intermediate and not significantly different (P > 0.05) from other strains. Under both management technologies, average weight, total production, and marketable percentage (>20 g) was significantly better (P ≤ 0.05) in Texas and Hawaii strains in comparison to the Myanmar strain. These data appear to indicate that the cultured strains evaluated in this study demonstrate positive impacts of domestication and do not indicate inbreeding depression.
Interactional Competence and the Development of Alignment Activity
Authors: Dings Abby
Published: October 2014

Based on qualitative analysis of conversational interactions collected over the course of a Spanish language learner's academic year abroad, this article explores the development of interactional resources related to alignment activity in the learner's conversational participation. Alignment activity refers to the means interlocutors use to demonstrate their intersubjectivity. Alignment moves such as assessments, collaborative contributions, and collaborative completions index shared understanding, the ability to adopt the other's point of view, and the ability to speak in the other's voice. Analysis of the learner's alignment activity over the course of the year abroad reveals changes in participation that allowed the learner to play a more active role in the co‐construction of communication as her time abroad progressed. The findings in this study contribute to the operationalization of the concept of interactional competence (IC) and to our understanding of its development over time. This study proposes the inclusion of alignment activity as another important grouping of interactional resources relevant to models of IC (He & Young, 1998; Young, 2008, 2011).
How I See What You're Saying: The Role of Gestures in Native and Foreign Language Listening Comprehension
Authors: Dahl Tove Irene , Ludvigsen Susanne
Published: October 2014

In what ways do native language (NL) speakers and foreign language (FL) learners differ in understanding the same messages delivered with or without gestures? To answer this question, seventh‐ and eighth‐grade NL and FL learners of English in the United States and Norway were shown a video of a speaker describing, in English, a cartoon image that the viewers could not see. For half the viewers, the speaker's gestures were visible; for the others they were not. Participants drew a picture of each description, which was later coded for recall of explicit information, comprehension of logically implied information, and distortions. Overall, NL listeners produced the most accurate drawings; the presence of gestures did not appreciably facilitate NL comprehension. In contrast, the availability of gestures had a measurable effect on FL listener performance: It enabled them to produce drawings within native‐like range. However, lack of gestures negatively impacted FL listener comprehension and recall. Regardless of condition, distortions in FL responses were significantly more frequent than in NL responses. All participants reported valuing visual cues in communication, yet their understanding of their value for their actual drawing performance was inconsistent, suggesting a difference between visual cue preference and visual cue dependence.
Emerging molecular mechanism for cerebral small vessel disease: Lessons from hereditary small vessel disease
Authors: Onodera Osamu , Sekine Yumi , Kato Taisuke , Koyama Akihide , Nozaki Hiroaki , Nishizawa Masatoyo
Published: October 2014

Cerebral small vessel disease is a common disorder in the elderly. The findings of hereditary small vessel disease studies clearly show that small vessel diseases have a distinct molecular pathway that is different from that in large vessels. However, the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of the cerebral small vessel system makes it difficult to understand the concept and molecular mechanism for small vessel disease. The purpose of this review is to explain the heterogeneity of small vessels and the importance of the components of the capillary system in the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease. Although traditional investigations have focused more attention on the arteriole, the most functional part of small arteries is the capillary. Therefore, the capillary might play an important role in the pathogenesis of small vessel disease. In the capillary, pericytes and astrocytes are unique components with marked diversity. However, the molecular signature and function of pericytes remain unknown. Furthermore, the morphology and molecular signature of astrocytes in the cortex and white matter are quite different. Therefore, the mechanism of small vessel disease is not simple, and must be investigated considering the diversities of small vessels. In the capillary, cross‐talk between cell components exists. Among these cell signaling pathways, recent findings on the gene responsible for hereditary small vessel disease show that transforming growth factor‐β and platelet‐derived growth factor‐β could contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of small vessel disease. These findings provide useful information for the development of a new therapeutic strategy for small vessel disease.
Convergent innovation for sustainable economic growth and affordable universal health care: innovating the way we innovate
Authors: Dubé Laurette , Jha Srivardhini , Faber Aida , Struben Jeroen , London Ted , Mohapatra Archisman , Drager Nick , Lannon Chris , Joshi P. K. , McDermott John
Published: October 2014

This paper introduces convergent innovation (CI) as a form ofmeta‐innovation—an innovation in the way we innovate. CI integrates human and economic development outcomes, through behavioral and ecosystem transformation at scale, for sustainable prosperity and affordable universal health care within a whole‐of‐society paradigm. To this end, CI combines technological and social innovation (including organizational, social process, financial, and institutional), with a special focus on the most underserved populations. CI takes a modular approach that convenes around roadmaps for real world change—a portfolio of loosely coupled complementary partners from the business community, civil society, and the public sector. Roadmaps serve as collaborative platforms for focused, achievable, and time‐bound projects to provide scalable, sustainable, and resilient solutions to complex challenges, with benefits both to participating partners and to society. In this paper, we first briefly review the literature on technological innovation that sets the foundations of CI and motivates its feasibility. We then describe CI, its building blocks, and enabling conditions for deployment and scaling up, illustrating its operational forms through examples of existing CI‐sensitive innovation.
Contribution of trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress tolerance of Capparis ovata Desf
Authors: Ilhan S. , Ozdemir F. , Bor M.
Published: October 2014

Trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway are important contributors and regulators of stress responses in plants. Among recent findings for trehalose and its metabolism, the role of signalling in the regulation of growth and development and its potential for use as a storage energy source can be listed. The xerophytic plant Capparis ovata (caper) is well adapted to drought and high temperature stress in arid and semi‐arid regions of the Mediterranean. The contribution of trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway to drought stress responses and tolerance in C. ovata are not known. We investigated the effects of PEG‐mediated drought stress in caper plants and analysed physiological parameters and trehalose biosynthetic pathway components, trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS), trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase (TPP), trehalase activity, trehalose and proline content in drought stress‐treated and untreated plants. Our results indicated that trehalose and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway contributed to drought stress tolerance of C. ovata. Overall growth and leaf water status were not dramatically affected by drought, as both high relative growth rate and relative water content were recorded even after 14 days of drought stress. Trehalose accumulation increased in parallel to induced TPS and TPP activities and decreased trehalase activity in caper plants on day 14. Constitutive trehalose levels were 28.75 to 74.75 μg·g·FW−1, and drought stress significantly induced trehalose accumulation (385.25 μg·g·FW−1 on day 14) in leaves of caper. On day 14 of drought, proline levels were lower than on day 7. Under drought stress the discrepancy between trehalose and proline accumulation trends might result from the mode of action of these osmoprotectant molecules in C. ovata.
Endogenous Home Bias in Portfolio Diversification and Firms’ Entry
Authors: Arespa Marta
Published: October 2014

The home bias in portfolios is considered a main puzzle in international macroeconomics. This paper provides a new benchmark for its analysis in a tractable new open economy macroeconomic model, where the home‐biased position is an optimal allocation. An equilibrium model of perfect risk‐sharing is specified, with endogenous portfolios and firm entry. Unlike in previous work, the international portfolio diversification is driven by home bias in capital goods—independently of home bias in consumption when countries are of equal size. The model explains the recent patterns of portfolio allocations in developed economies. Most important, optimal portfolio shares are independent of market dynamics.
Moduli of surfaces with an anti-canonical cycle
Authors: Gross Mark , Hacking Paul , Keel Sean
Published: October 2014

We prove a global Torelli theorem for pairs$(Y,D)$where$Y$is a smooth projective rational surface and$D\in |-K_{Y}|$is a cycle of rational curves, as conjectured by Friedman in 1984. In addition, we construct natural universal families for such pairs.
Physics‐based shape matching for intraoperative image guidance
Authors: Suwelack Stefan , Röhl Sebastian , Bodenstedt Sebastian , Reichard Daniel , Dillmann Rüdiger , dos Santos Thiago , Maier‐Hein Lena , Wagner Martin , Wünscher Josephine , Kenngott Hannes , Müller Beat P. , Speidel Stefanie
Published: October 2014

Purpose:

Soft‐tissue deformations can severely degrade the validity of preoperative planning data during computer assisted interventions. Intraoperative imaging such as stereo endoscopic, time‐of‐flight or, laser range scanner data can be used to compensate these movements. In this context, the intraoperative surface has to be matched to the preoperative model. The shape matching is especially challenging in the intraoperative setting due to noisy sensor data, only partially visible surfaces, ambiguous shape descriptors, and real‐time requirements.

Methods:

A novel physics‐based shape matching (PBSM) approach to register intraoperatively acquired surface meshes to preoperative planning data is proposed. The key idea of the method is to describe the nonrigid registration process as an electrostatic–elastic problem, where an elastic body (preoperative model) that is electrically charged slides into an oppositely charged rigid shape (intraoperative surface). It is shown that the corresponding energy functional can be efficiently solved using the finite element (FE) method. It is also demonstrated how PBSM can be combined with rigid registration schemes for robust nonrigid registration of arbitrarily aligned surfaces. Furthermore, it is shown how the approach can be combined with landmark based methods and outline its application to image guidance in laparoscopic interventions.

Results:

A profound analysis of the PBSM scheme based on in silico and phantom data is presented. Simulation studies on several liver models show that the approach is robust to the initial rigid registration and to parameter variations. The studies also reveal that the method achieves submillimeter registration accuracy (mean error between 0.32 and 0.46 mm). An unoptimized, single core implementation of the approach achieves near real‐time performance (2 TPS, 7–19 s total registration time). It outperforms established methods in terms of speed and accuracy. Furthermore, it is shown that the method is able to accurately match partial surfaces. Finally, a phantom experiment demonstrates how the method can be combined with stereo endoscopic imaging to provide nonrigid registration during laparoscopic interventions.

Conclusions:

The PBSM approach for surface matching is fast, robust, and accurate. As the technique is based on a preoperative volumetric FE model, it naturally recovers the position of volumetric structures (e.g., tumors and vessels). It cannot only be used to recover soft‐tissue deformations from intraoperative surface models but can also be combined with landmark data from volumetric imaging. In addition to applications in laparoscopic surgery, the method might prove useful in other areas that require soft‐tissue registration from sparse intraoperative sensor data (e.g., radiation therapy).
Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions
Authors: Munro James B. , Gorman Jason , Ma Xiaochu , Zhou Zhou , Arthos James , Burton Dennis R. , Koff Wayne C. , Courter Joel R. , Smith Amos B. , Kwong Peter D. , Blanchard Scott C. , Mothes Walther
Published: October 2014

HIV's shape-shifting envelope protein

HIV's envelope protein (Env) coats virus particles and allows HIV to enter host cells. HIV entry is highly dynamic. Env proteins work in groups of three (called trimers), which bind to the viral receptor and co-receptor, both expressed by host cells. Viral receptor binding causes a structural rearrangement in the trimer that allows for co-receptor binding and finally, viral entry. To visualize dynamic changes in Env conformation during viral entry, Munro
et al.
added differently colored fluorescent tags to two different regions of individual HIV trimers. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance entry transfer revealed three distinct Env conformations before cell entry. Occupation of particular conformations depended on host receptor binding.

Science
, this issue p.
759
Intratumor heterogeneity in localized lung adenocarcinomas delineated by multiregion sequencing
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Fujimoto Junya , Zhang Jianhua , Wedge David C. , Song Xingzhi , Zhang Jiexin , Seth Sahil , Chow Chi-Wan , Cao Yu , Gumbs Curtis , Gold Kathryn A. , Kalhor Neda , Little Latasha , Mahadeshwar Harshad , Moran Cesar , Protopopov Alexei , Sun Huandong , Tang Jiabin , Wu Xifeng , Ye Yuanqing , William William N. , Lee J. Jack , Heymach John V. , Hong Waun Ki , Swisher Stephen , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Futreal P. Andrew
Published: October 2014

Cancers are composed of populations of cells with distinct molecular and phenotypic features, a phenomenon termed intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). ITH in lung cancers has not been well studied. We applied multiregion whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 11 localized lung adenocarcinomas. All tumors showed clear evidence of ITH. On average, 76% of all mutations and 20 out of 21 known cancer gene mutations were identified in all regions of individual tumors, which suggested that single-region sequencing may be adequate to identify the majority of known cancer gene mutations in localized lung adenocarcinomas. With a median follow-up of 21 months after surgery, three patients have relapsed, and all three patients had significantly larger fractions of subclonal mutations in their primary tumors than patients without relapse. These data indicate that a larger subclonal mutation fraction may be associated with increased likelihood of postsurgical relapse in patients with localized lung adenocarcinomas.
Amplify scientific discovery with artificial intelligence
Authors: Gil Yolanda , Greaves Mark , Hendler James , Hirsh Haym
Published: October 2014

Many human activities are a bottleneck in progress
Attack of the clones
Authors: Govindan Ramaswamy
Published: October 2014

What makes lung cancer so resilient?

[Also see Reports by

de Bruin
et al.

and

Zhang
et al.

]
Adjusting to the fertility bust
Authors: Smeeding Timothy M.
Published: October 2014

What is the best response to declining populations?

[Also see Reports by

Lee
et al.

and

Gerland
et al.

]
Imagining Ebola's next move
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: October 2014

As containment efforts fall short, scientists look beyond the models to envision how the epidemic might unfold.
The accidental roboticist
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: October 2014

John Long wondered how life developed the capacity to evolve—so he unloosed a fleet of robot tadpoles.
A latent neurogenic program in astrocytes regulated by Notch signaling in the mouse
Authors: Magnusson Jens P. , Göritz Christian , Tatarishvili Jemal , Dias David O. , Smith Emma M. K. , Lindvall Olle , Kokaia Zaal , Frisén Jonas
Published: October 2014

Neurogenesis is restricted in the adult mammalian brain; most neurons are neither exchanged during normal life nor replaced in pathological situations. We report that stroke elicits a latent neurogenic program in striatal astrocytes in mice. Notch1 signaling is reduced in astrocytes after stroke, and attenuated Notch1 signaling is necessary for neurogenesis by striatal astrocytes. Blocking Notch signaling triggers astrocytes in the striatum and the medial cortex to enter a neurogenic program, even in the absence of stroke, resulting in 850 ± 210 (mean ± SEM) new neurons in a mouse striatum. Thus, under Notch signaling regulation, astrocytes in the adult mouse brain parenchyma carry a latent neurogenic program that may potentially be useful for neuronal replacement strategies.
Degeneration Without Demyelination
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: October 2014

Schwann cell metabolism affects the axon maintenance independently of myelination.
Chemoresistance Mediated by the Endothelium
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: October 2014

Blocking the production of prosurvival cytokines from endothelial cells confers sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy on tumors.