bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La fortificación medieval en el Campo de Montiel (ss. VIII-XVI). Análisis de su secuencia histórica y constructiva
Authors: Gallego Valle David
Published: June 2016

El Campo de Montiel (Ciudad Real) es un espacio histórico situado en una zona limítrofe entre tierras manchegas y la Alta Andalucía. En este territorio existe una considerable densidad de fortificaciones de época medieval, en las que hasta la fecha no se había realizado un estudio de conjunto que permitiera identificar su secuencia evolutiva. Nuestra investigación se basa en el estudio estratigráfico de los paramentos de estos edificios, combinándolo con otros métodos arqueológicos como la prospección a diversa escala y el apoyo de las fuentes documentales para los periodos en que es posible. En este trabajo presentamos los primeros resultados de nuestra investigación que nos han permitido documentar las distintas fases de los recintos militares, lo que nos ayuda a identificar sus funciones en cada momento, permitiéndonos reconstruir la dinámica histórica de este espacio y su relación con los territorios adyacentes, encajándolo dentro de los grandes procesos históricos de la Edad Media.The Campo de Montiel (Ciudad Real) is a historical territory located in a border region between La Mancha and the northern part of Andalusia. In this area there is a considerable number of medieval fortifications which to date have not been studied as a whole in order to identify their evolutionary sequence. Our research is based on a stratigraphic study of the walls of these buildings, combined with other archaeological methods such as prospection at different scales and the support of documentary sources for certain periods when possible. In this article, we present the first results of our research that have allowed us to document the different phases of construction of the military buildings. This has helped us identify the purpose of these buildings at each moment, allowing us to reconstruct the historical dynamics of this area and its relationship to adjacent territories, linking them with the main historical currents of the Middle Ages.
Research Commentary: The Promise of Qualitative Metasynthesis for Mathematics Education
Authors: Thunder Kateri , Berry Robert Q.
Published: June 2016

Mathematics education has benefited from qualitative methodological approaches over the past 40 years across diverse topics. Although the number, type, and quality of qualitative research studies in mathematics education has changed, little is known about how a collective body of qualitative research findings contributes to our understanding of a particular topic within the field. Through a process of qualitative research metasynthesis, our knowledge base can be broadened to provide insights into attitudes, perceptions, interactions, structures, and behaviors relevant for mathematics teaching and learning. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a rationale, definition, and procedure to conduct qualitative metasynthesis as a means of synthesizing and interpreting qualitative studies in the field of mathematics education.
Adapting Preclinical Benchmarks for First-in-Human Trials of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Therapies
Authors: Barazzetti Gaia , Hurst Samia A. , Mauron Alexandre
Published: June 2016

As research on human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapies is moving from the laboratory to the clinic, there is an urgent need to assess when it can be ethically justified to make the step from preclinical studies to the first protocols involving human subjects. We examined existing regulatory frameworks stating preclinical requirements relevant to the move to first-in-human (FIH) trials and assessed how they may be applied in the context of hESC-based interventions to best protect research participants. Our findings show that some preclinical benchmarks require rethinking (i.e., identity, purity), while others need to be specified (i.e., potency, viability), owing to the distinctive dynamic heterogeneity of hESC-based products, which increases uncertainty and persistence of safety risks and allows for limited predictions of effects in vivo. Rethinking or adaptation of how to apply preclinical benchmarks in specific cases will be required repeatedly for different hESC-based products. This process would benefit from mutual learning if researchers included these components in the description of their methods in publications.

Significance

To design translational research with an eye to protecting human participants in early trials, researchers and regulators need to start their efforts at the preclinical stage. Existing regulatory frameworks for preclinical research, however, are not really adapted to this in the case of stem cell translational medicine. This article reviews existing regulatory frameworks for preclinical requirements and assesses how their underlying principles may best be applied in the context of human embryonic stem cell-based interventions for the therapy of Parkinson's disease. This research will help to address the question of when it is ethically justified to start first-in-human trials in stem cell translational medicine.
Use of Stand-Biased Desks to Reduce Sedentary Time in High School Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Pickens Adam W. , Benden Mark E. , Schneider Drew E. , Zhao Hongwei
Published: June 2016

Background: The purpose of this pilot study was to identify differences between sitting and standing time in high school students’ pre and post stand-biased desk intervention.
Methods: ActivPal3™ activity monitors were affixed to 25 Bryan Collegiate High School students’ to monitor their standing time and activity levels. Data were collected at the beginning of the school year (fall) in traditional seated desks and in the spring in stand-biased desks. After attrition, 18 of the original 25 students were included in the final analysis. The physical activity data (steps) as well as standing and sitting time data provided by the monitors was used for within subject intervention analyses.
Results: Descriptive statistics and a two-sided t-test were used to analyse differences between pre and post intervention sitting and standing times. Analysis indicated a significant reduction of sitting time post stand-biased desk intervention (p<0.0001) and a significant increase in standing time, post stand-biased desk intervention (p<0.0001). Analysis also revealed a non-statistically significant (p < 0.0619) average increase of 2,286 steps per school day when comparing mean steps pre-intervention (6,612) and post-intervention (8,898).
Conclusions: Standing desks have the potential to reduce sedentary behavior and increase light to moderate physical activity for high school students during the school day.
Importance de mieux connaître les mécanismes de transport des métaux pour la prédiction de l’accumulation et de la toxicité des métaux dissous chez le phytoplancton : récentes avancées et défis pour le développement du modèle du ligand biotique
Authors: Lavoie Michel , Campbell Peter G.C. , Fortin Claude
Published: June 2016

L’accumulation et la toxicité (aigüe) des métaux dissous chez plusieurs organismes aquatiques peuvent être prédites adéquatement à l’aide du modèle du ligand biotique (MLB), même si quelques exceptions existent. Lors d’expositions chroniques aux métaux, des interactions physiologiques complexes entre les organismes et les métaux essentiels et non essentiels modulent le taux de transport des métaux et leur toxicité. La présente revue de littérature aborde les récentes avancées en chimie de l’environnement, en biologie moléculaire et en physiologie cellulaire touchant aux mécanismes de régulation du transport membranaire des métaux essentiels chez le phytoplancton eucaryote et leurs impacts sur l’accumulation et la toxicité d’un métal habituellement non essentiel, le cadmium. Cette revue évalue finalement la possibilité d’inclure des éléments de physiologie algale dans la présente version du MLB afin d’améliorer le potentiel de ce modèle à prédire l’accumulation et la toxicité des métaux pour des expositions chroniques. Les résultats disponibles dans la littérature suggèrent que l’inclusion des rétroactions négatives et positives des métaux sur les paramètres cinétiques (Vmax : vitesse maximale de transport transmembranaire; KM : affinité des transporteurs pour le métal) des multiples systèmes de transport membranaire des métaux a le potentiel d’améliorer les prédictions de l’accumulation et de la toxicité des métaux à long terme chez le phytoplancton. Le développement d’un MLB capable de prédire adéquatement la toxicité chronique des métaux dans des conditions physicochimiques variables représentatives de celles retrouvées en milieu naturel bénéficiera des avancées récentes et futures en toxicologie, biologie et chimie de l’environnement. Ces connaissances pourraient permettre à long terme d’atteindre l’objectif ambitieux d’un MLB capable de réaliser des prédictions fiables à l’intérieur de milieux naturels complexes de différentes compositions chimiques.
Mesure de la perspective d’avenir des étudiants : adaptation française et validation d’un instrument de mesure de la perspective d’avenir d’étudiants de l’enseignement postsecondaire
Authors: Dubeau Annie , Plante Isabelle , Frenay Mariane
Published: June 2016

Cet article expose les qualités psychométriques de l’instrument de mesure de la perspective d’avenir des étudiants, une version française adaptée de laFuture Time Perspective Student Scale(Husman & Shell, 2008). Conformément à l’instrument original, la version française de l’échelle adaptée est composée de quatre sous-échelles (intégration, valeur, extension et vitesse), dont la validation a été réalisée auprès de 693 étudiants issus de la formation collégiale préuniversitaire ou technique. Les résultats ont montré que les sous-échelles d’intégration, de valeur et d’extension adaptées en français offrent une bonne consistance interne. De plus, des analyses factorielles exploratoire et confirmatoire ont révélé une structure reflétant ces trois sous-échelles et procurant de bons indices d’ajustement aux données. Toutefois, les données n’ont pas permis de soutenir la valeur psychométrique de la sous-échelle de vitesse. Les résultats sont interprétés et discutés en regard de la perspective d’avenir et de la motivation scolaire des étudiants.
Le réalisme avec degrés de certitude
Authors: Prosperi Oliver
Published: June 2016

Dans le contexte de l’utilisation des degrés de certitude avec des QCM (questions à choix multiples), l’évaluateur désire mesurer l’adéquation entre la façon dont les personnes évaluées (souvent les étudiants) utilisent les degrés de certitude et les instructions fournies pour les utiliser. Cette mesure est appelée « réalisme du sujet ». Actuellement, le calcul du réalisme, quoiqu’élémentaire, présente quelques inconvénients de types calculatoire, conceptuel ou probabiliste. Une nouvelle approche de type probabiliste correspondant mieux à la définition des degrés de certitude et à la façon avec laquelle les étudiants doivent les utiliser est décrite ici. Cette approche aboutira à de nouvelles définitions et méthodes de calcul du réalisme basées sur des arguments statistiquement justifiés. Cette nouvelle définition est plus précise que la précédente, et décrit mieux la capacité de s’autoévaluer et d’utiliser correctement les degrés de certitude. Enfin, elle permettra d’améliorer la fiabilité des indices de qualité liés aux questions utilisant le réalisme, par exemple le rpbisSCT de Gilles (2002).
Problématiques et enjeux du tourisme de chasse
Authors: Leclerc Vincent , Vachon Marc-Antoine
Published: June 2016

La chasse est une activité importante tant au niveau économique que pour la conservation de la faune. À partir d’une revue extensive de la littérature, cet article documente cinq problématiques majeures entourant le tourisme de chasse : les conflits entre usagers, l’image négative de la chasse, la méconnaissance du marché, les difficultés de promotion de la chasse et le manque de relève. Afin d’assurer la présence d’un bassin suffisant de chasseurs touristiques, l’article propose de concentrer les efforts dans l’amélioration de la connaissance du marché, ce qui aura un effet direct ou indirect sur les autres problématiques. Les auteurs concluent avec des suggestions d’axes de recherches appliquées afin de remédier aux cinq problématiques majeures. L’article vise à aider les gestionnaires privés, publics, associatifs et les citoyens dans leurs efforts pour assurer la pérennité du tourisme de chasse dans un esprit de développement durable.
Des représentations aux incidences socio-spatiales du tourisme de routard
Authors: Delmas Antoine
Published: June 2016

À travers l’exemple du Groenland, cet article propose d’explorer toute la complexité des relations qui existent entre les expériences touristiques traditionnelles et routardes. L’appréhension conjointe de ces deux formes de tourisme dévoile des singularités mais révèle aussi de nombreux points communs. L’article invite alors à repenser la distinction usuelle qui oppose ces expériences. Outre la compréhension des comportements du routard et de ses motivations, le parti pris scientifique de cet article est également de révéler les incidences spatiales de cette expérience touristique. En raison de la marginalité des flux, l’analyse des effets spatiaux a souvent été délaissée. À partir d’une étude de cas sur le tourisme de routard au Groenland, l’article montre comment cette clientèle représente la fréquentation historique et comment elle joue un rôle déclencheur dans la dynamique de mise en tourisme. Encore aujourd’hui, elle est la principale instigatrice du processus de touristification et ouvre la voie à un tourisme plus conventionnel.
Backpackers et carnets de voyage, récit biographique d’une expérience itinérante
Authors: Courant Stéphane
Published: June 2016

Travaillant depuis plusieurs années sur les écritures de voyage, je propose dans cet article une analyse transversale des carnets tenus par des backpackers. Objet polymorphe, à la fois écritures ordinaires du voyage et écritures laissant entrevoir une intimité du voyageur, le carnet de voyage nécessite la mise en place d’une méthodologie spécifique –– observation participante — pour son obtention ou tout simplement pour sa consultation. Au-delà des caractéristiques significatives de la population témoin et du corpus constitué, j’aborderai succinctement la question de la matérialité de l’objet pour laisser une place significative au contenu du carnet. Ainsi, je soulignerai les thématiques que l’on trouve dans l’ensemble de la production et porterai une attention toute particulière à la question du « je » dans ce corpus. Ainsi, feront jour des interrogations, des affirmations du voyageur que seul le carnet de voyage peut révéler. À travers cette production témoignant d’une expérience quotidienne d’itinérance d’une population difficilement saisissable pour l’anthropologue, ce n’est plus une seule présentation d’un pays qui sera dévoilée, mais un ensemble d’éléments construisant une identité narrative. Le carnet apparaîtra alors comme une trace de voyageur, une trace biographique faisant récit et donnant la pleine mesure de la dimension anthropologique du voyage.
Auto-efficacité des enseignants : quels outils d’évaluation utiliser ?
Authors: Valls Marjorie , Bonvin Patrick
Published: June 2016

L’auto-efficacité des enseignants est largement étudiée, mais certaines questions persistent quant à son évaluation, notamment en raison de l’existence d’un nombre important d’échelles. L’objectif de cette revue de la littérature est de réaliser un recensement des instruments de mesure quantitatifs permettant d’évaluer l’auto-efficacité des enseignants et d’observer leur fréquence d’utilisation. Des échelles ont été recensées dans 247 articles publiés entre janvier 2000 et juin 2015. Sur les cinq échelles analysées, la Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) apparaît comme étant la plus fréquemment utilisée puisqu’elle a été recensée dans 143 études. Elle se centre sur les capacités perçues à réaliser certaines actions dans le contexte de la classe et a fait l’objet d’études dans différents pays. Disponible en version courte à 12 items, cet outil d’évaluation est facile à remplir et permet d’évaluer l’auto-efficacité perçue en matière d’engagement des élèves, de stratégies d’enseignement et de gestion de la classe.
Les exigences linguistiques de quelques systèmes scolaires : une comparaison internationale
Authors: Lefrançois Pascale , Brissaud Catherine
Published: June 2016

Cet article a pour objectif de comparer les exigences linguistiques de différents systèmes scolaires francophones (Québec, Ontario, Nouveau-Brunswick, France, Belgique, canton de Vaud) et anglophones (Québec, Ontario, Nouveau-Brunswick), à trois moments clés de la scolarité des élèves, soit les 6e, 8eet 11eannées. Pour ce faire, l’analyse de 213 documents ministériels a permis de comparer les tâches utilisées pour évaluer la maîtrise de la langue, les critères d’évaluation, le type de jugement porté sur ces critères et les conséquences de la non-atteinte du niveau de performance linguistique jugé acceptable. Le niveau d’exigences linguistiques des différents systèmes scolaires sera discuté en conclusion.
Application de l’indice lz pour l’élimination de données de recherche en langues
Authors: Pichette François , Béland Sébastien , Raîche Gilles
Published: June 2016

L’indice de détection de patrons de réponses inappropriés lz (Drasgow, Levine & Williams, 1985) a été appliqué à un test d’habileté en lecture en langue seconde de 64 items soumis à 171 étudiants universitaires. L’objectif était de confronter un rejet intuitif de données de recherche à une élimination suggérée par lz. En outre, lz a été mis à l’épreuve pour détecter 12 participants additionnels ayant répondu par pseudo-hasard. Les résultats suggèrent que, bien que lz détecte efficacement des patrons de réponses aberrants pour de grands groupes et qu’il soit préférable à l’élimination intuitive, cet indice présente des limites pour l’analyse de plus petites matrices de données.
Analyse d’un outil d’évaluation en mathématiques : entre une logique de compétences et une logique de contenu
Authors: Demonty Isabelle , Fagnant Annick , Dupont Virginie
Published: June 2016

La Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles met à la disposition des enseignants des outils d’évaluation susceptibles de diagnostiquer la capacité des élèves à mobiliser et à combiner, en situation inédite, un ensemble de procédures apprises. Si plusieurs chercheurs se sont investis dans la réflexion scientifique autour de ces outils et de leur pouvoir diagnostique, la question de l’impact des contenus spécifiques évalués par ceux-ci est peu envisagée. En analysant un outil centré sur l’algèbre élémentaire, cet article a pour ambition de rendre compte de la plus-value apportée par un regard alimenté par les recherches menées dans la discipline ciblée. Dépassant les constats généraux posés par la passation de l’outil telle que prévue par les auteurs dans une logique de compétences, les résultats mettent en perspective les démarches mises en oeuvre par les élèves devant les différentes tâches proposées. Au-delà des constats spécifiques à la tâche analysée, cet article montre l’importance de regards croisés sur la question de l’évaluation des compétences.
L’évaluation des compétences professionnelles : apports croisés de la littérature en évaluation, en éducation et en psychologie du travail
Authors: Tourmen Claire
Published: June 2016

Cette recension propose de synthétiser les apports croisés de la littérature en évaluation, en éducation et en psychologie du travail sur la question de l’évaluation des compétences professionnelles en formation. En effet, s’il s’agit d’une question nouvelle et d’actualité dans le champ de la formation, nous verrons que des auteurs ont proposé des définitions et des cadres pour modéliser des compétences, tandis que d’autres ont fait avancer la connaissance de l’activité des évaluateurs dans ces situations, ce qui permet d’en tirer certains enseignements. D’autres encore ont étudié les effets positifs mais aussi pervers de ces pratiques. Tout ceci constituera une revue de littérature qui pourra intéresser les praticiens, les enseignants et les formateurs professionnels désireux de connaître les avancées de la recherche sur ces questions.
La comparación jurídica en el estudio de las migraciones. En busca de un mayor equilibrio reflexivo || The role of comparative law in migration studies. Looking for a more reflective equilibrium
Authors: La Spina Encarnación
Published: June 2016

Resumen: Aunque la funcionalidad y versatilidad de la perspectiva comparada es una cuestión prioritaria para una total optimización del análisis de las migraciones internacionales. No toda perspectiva o metodología de investigación comparada puede ser considerada comparación jurídica. Este artículo no pretende ser ni recoger un compendio de virtudes y defectos atribuibles a la investigación jurídica comparada en el ámbito concreto de la inmigración. Más bien, revisando algunas publicaciones, se propone reconsiderar críticamente cual es el rol de la comparación jurídica en el estudio interdisciplinar de la inmigración. A tal efecto, a modo ilustrativo se han valorado los puntos débiles y fuertes de algunos ejemplos de análisis comparados sobre la inmigración y la integración a nivel europeo.Abstract: Currently, despite the functionality and versatility of the comparative approach are priority questions for the full optimization of the international immigration framework’s analysis. All kinds of comparative research method could not be peacefully considered stricto sensu a comparative law. This article does not pretend to be a compendium of attributable virtues and defects to legal comparative research on the specific field of migration. Rather, reviewing some publications, I propose to reconsider critically what is or should be the role of comparative law in the interdisciplinary study of migration. Consequently, the strengths and weaknesses of some comparative analysis regarding immigrant integration at European level have been illustratively valued.
Ciudadanía y vida social bajo el velo integral || Citizenship and social life under the burka
Authors: García Pascual Cristina
Published: June 2016

RESUMEN: El debate sobre el velo islámico, en sus múltiples formas, se mantiene en Europa desde hace décadas y parece estar lejos de poder darse por concluido. Sobre el modo en que van vestidas algunas mujeres musulmanas se extrae una consecuencia clara: una mujer velada es una mujer sometida, sumisa y controlada en el marco de un modelo patriarcal especialmente duro. Pero ¿es esto así? ¿la indumentaria de las mujeres nos ofrece toda esa información? o más aun ¿nos indica sin lugar a dudas una situación de sometimiento tal que justifique la intervención del legislador, que exija prohibiciones y sanciones, o incluso que los más altos tribunales europeos sienten jurisprudencia sobre esas formas de vestir? Responder a estás preguntas es el objetivo de este artículo. ABSTRACT The debate on the Islamic headscarf, in its many forms, has been an on-going source of controversy in Europe and will continue to be so for many years to come. The inevitable conclusion to which one comes on the subject of Muslim women’s attire is somehow that she must be submissive and under the control of a particularly harsh patriarchal model. But is this so? Is women’s choice of clothing so enlightening and self-explanatory so as to give us all this information?         Moreover, is it really an undeniable indicator of subordination? If it were, would it justify a legal interference, that is to say the enforcement of prohibitions and sanctions, and to what degree? Do the highest European courts have legitimacy in order to dictate jurisprudence on the matter? Answering these questions is the essential aim of this article.
Italien bei zwei Mittelalterlichen Autoren des Westens
Authors: Petalas Dimitri
Published: June 2016

Die Untersuchung behandelt die von zwei mittelalterlichen Chronisten des 9. und 10. Jhdts. (Regino von Prüm und Widukind von Corvey) berichtete Geschichte Italiens. In ReginosChronica wird Italien von deutschen und byzantinischen Kaisern, lokalen Feudalherren und Kleinkönigen beansprucht, ebenso von sarazenischen und ungarischen Eindringlingen. In seinen Res gestae Saxonicae (Die Geschichte der Sachsen) erwähnt Widukind nur pauschal Ottos des Großen Feldzüge in Italien, das er schließlich unterwarf und seinem Reich eingliederte; er verschweigt die Tatsache, dass ihn Papst Johannes XII in Rom zum Kaiser krönte (962). Dagegen preist er Ottos Gefechte gegen die Ungarn und seinen überwältigenden Sieg über sie auf dem Lechfeld (955). Widukind scheint deshalb die Unzufriedenheit des sächsischen Adels zu bekunden, welcher der Meinung war, Ottos langer Aufenthalt in Italien habe Sachsen, das Kernland des Reiches, den Raubzügen der Ungarn, Slawen und Dänen preisgegeben.
Set1/COMPASS and Mediator are repurposed to promote epigenetic transcriptional memory
Authors: D'Urso Agustina , Takahashi Yoh-hei , Xiong Bin , Marone Jessica , Coukos Robert , Randise-Hinchliff Carlo , Wang Ji-Ping , Shilatifard Ali , Brickner Jason H
Published: June 2016

In yeast and humans, previous experiences can lead to epigenetic transcriptional memory: repressed genes that exhibit mitotically heritable changes in chromatin structure and promoter recruitment of poised RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (RNAPII PIC), which enhances future reactivation. Here, we show that INO1 memory in yeast is initiated by binding of the Sfl1 transcription factor to the cis-acting Memory Recruitment Sequence, targeting INO1 to the nuclear periphery. Memory requires a remodeled form of the Set1/COMPASS methyltransferase lacking Spp1, which dimethylates histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2). H3K4me2 recruits the SET3C complex, which plays an essential role in maintaining this mark. Finally, while active INO1 is associated with Cdk8- Mediator, during memory, Cdk8+ Mediator recruits poised RNAPII PIC lacking the Kin28 CTD kinase. Aspects of this mechanism are generalizable to yeast and conserved in human cells. Thus, COMPASS and Mediator are repurposed to promote epigenetic transcriptional poising by a highly conserved mechanism.
Optical waveguides in Er3+/Yb3+-codoped silicate glasses fabricated by proton implantation
Authors: Liu Chun-Xiao , Fu Li-Li , Zhu Xu-Feng , Guo Hai-Tao , Li Wei-Nan , Lin She-Bao , Wei Wei
Published: June 2016

In this work, a planar waveguide was fabricated by proton implantation in Er3+/Yb3+-codoped silicate glasses with energies of (500 + 550) keV and fluences of (1 + 2) × 1016 ions/cm2. The end-face coupling method was employed to determine whether the light could be confined in the waveguide or not. The prism coupling technique was applied to measure the guided mode spectrum and the intensity calculation method was used to construct the refractive index profile. With the profile, a near-field intensity distribution was calculated by the finite difference beam propagation method. The obtained results may be helpful in developing integrated optical devices.
Basic investigation on acoustic velocity change imaging method for quantitative assessment of fat content in human liver
Authors: Mano Kazune , Tanigawa Shohei , Hori Makoto , Yokota Daiki , Wada Kenji , Matsunaka Toshiyuki , Morikawa Hiroyasu , Horinaka Hiromichi
Published: June 2016

Fatty liver is a disease caused by the excess accumulation of fat in the human liver. The early diagnosis of fatty liver is very important, because fatty liver is the major marker linked to metabolic syndrome. We already proposed the ultrasonic velocity change imaging method to diagnose fatty liver by using the fact that the temperature dependence of ultrasonic velocity is different in water and in fat. For the diagonosis of a fatty liver stage, we attempted a feasibility study of the quantitative assessment of the fat content in the human liver using our ultrasonic velocity change imaging method. Experimental results showed that the fat content in the tissue mimic phantom containing lard was determined by its ultrasonic velocity change in the flat temperature region formed by a circular warming ultrasonic transducer with an acoustic lens having an appropriate focal length. By considering the results of our simulation using a thermal diffusion equation, we determined whether this method could be applied to fatty liver assessment under the condition that the tissue had the thermal relaxation effect caused by blood flow.
Sustainable Development Indicators in the Indus Basin Regions: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Manhas Parikshat Singh , Bhagat Akshi
Published: June 2016

The regions of the Indus basin face extreme water challenges due to population growth, increased urbanisation and industrialisation, environmental degradation, unregulated use of resources, inefficient water utilisation and poverty, all of which are further aggravated by changes in the climate. The Indus basin is shared by four countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. Changes in the climate have increased water availability here which warrants further analyses. The analysis on the human aspects of sustainable development in the Indus basin regions has been largely ignored due to lack of appropriate methods. The lack of advancement in major comparative data has been a stumbling block in substantiating the main position of the Indus basin societies within nation-states. There is a need for more research using comparative approaches in line with the International Year of Indus Basin region. This paper introduces an approach that implements widely known human sustainable development indicators to different regional levels. In analysing the outcomes and interpreting the dimensions of these indicators, major research hurdles as well as areas for further investigation in the Indus Basin region are revealed. In addition, the sustainability of resources and environmental preservation in the Indus Basin is increasingly becoming a global concern.

This review hopes to shed light on the application of indicators and highlight their conceptual limitations in the hope of elucidating the appropriate strategies for security enhancement in the Indus basin regions.
Factores asociados con la anemia en niños menores de tres años en Perú: análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar, 2007-2013
Authors: Velásquez-Hurtado José Enrique , Rodríguez Yuleika , Gonzáles Marco , Astete-Robilliard Laura , Loyola-Romaní Jessica , Vigo Walter Eduardo , Rosas-Aguirre Ángel Martín
Published: June 2016

Introducción. A pesar de la disminución de la pobreza en Perú, la prevalencia de la anemia infantil en el país continúa siendo alta.
Objetivo. Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y las características del cuidado materno-infantil asociadas con la anemia en niños de seis a 35 meses de edad en Perú.
Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional que incluyó los datos sobre hemoglobina sanguínea registrados en la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), 2007-2013, en niños entre los seis y los 35 meses de edad. Mediante un análisis multivariado de regresión logística, se identificaron los factores asociados con la anemia, definida como una hemoglobina corregida por altitud, menor de 11 mg/dl.
Resultados. La prevalencia de anemia fue alta (47,9 %). Se identificaron doce factores asociados con la anemia: factores sociodemográficos como vivir fuera de Lima y Callao; en un hogar con bajo nivel socioeconómico; tener una madre adolescente y con bajo nivel educativo; ser de sexo masculino con edad menor de 24 meses y antecedentes de fiebre reciente, y factores relacionados con el cuidado materno-infantil como la falta de control prenatal en el primer trimestre, la falta de suplemento de hierro durante el embarazo o administrado durante un periodo breve, parto en el domicilio, diagnóstico de anemia en la madre en el momento de la encuesta y ausencia de tratamiento antiparasitario preventivo en el niño.
Conclusiones. La ENDES proporcionó información valiosa sobre los factores asociados con la anemia en niños de seis a 35 meses, cuyo conocimiento debe mejorar la cobertura y la efectividad de prácticas adecuadas de cuidado materno-infantil.
Potential ecosystem service delivery by endemic plants in New Zealand vineyards: successes and prospects
Authors: Shields Morgan W. , Tompkins Jean-Marie , Saville David J. , Meurk Colin D. , Wratten Stephen
Published: June 2016

Vineyards worldwide occupy over 7 million hectares and are typically virtual monocultures, with high and costly inputs of water and agro-chemicals. Understanding and enhancing ecosystem services can reduce inputs and their costs and help satisfy market demands for evidence of more sustainable practices. In this New Zealand work, low-growing, endemic plant species were evaluated for their potential benefits as Service Providing Units (SPUs) or Ecosystem Service Providers (ESPs). The services provided were weed suppression, conservation of beneficial invertebrates, soil moisture retention and microbial activity. The potential Ecosystem Dis-services (EDS) from the selected plant species by hosting the larvae of a key vine moth pest, the light-brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), was also quantified. Questionnaires were used to evaluate winegrowers’ perceptions of the value of and problems associated with such endemic plant species in their vineyards. Growth and survival rates of the 14 plant species, in eight families, were evaluated, withLeptinella dioica(Asteraceae) andAcaena inermis‘purpurea’ (Rosaceae) having the highest growth rates in terms of area covered and the highest survival rate after 12 months. All 14 plant species suppressed weeds, withLeptinella squalida, Geranium sessiliforum(Geraniaceae),Hebe chathamica(Plantaginaceae),Scleranthus uniflorus(Caryophyllaceae) andL. dioica, each reducing weed cover by >95%. Plant species also differed in the diversity of arthropods that they supported, with the Shannon Wiener diversity index (H′) for these taxa ranging from 0 to 1.3.G. sessiliforumandMuehlenbeckia axillaris(Polygonaceae) had the highest invertebrate diversity. Density of spiders was correlated with arthropod diversity andG. sessiliflorumandH. chathamicahad the highest densities of these arthropods. Several plant species associated with higher soil moisture content than in control plots. The best performing species in this context wereA. inermis‘purpurea’ andLobelia angulata(Lobeliaceae). Soil beneath all plant species had a higher microbial activity than in control plots, withL. dioicabeing highest in this respect. Survival proportion to the adult stage of the moth pest,E. postvittana, on all plant species was poor (<0.3). When judged by a ranking combining multiple criteria, the most promising plant species were (in decreasing order)G. sessiliflorum, A. inermis‘purpurea’,H. chathamica, M. axillaris, L. dioica, L. angulata, L. squalidaandS. uniflorus. Winegrowers surveyed said that they probably would deploy endemic plants around their vines. This research demonstrates that enhancing plant diversity in vineyards can deliver SPUs, harbour ESPs and therefore deliver ES. The data also shows that growers are willing to follow these protocols, with appropriate advice founded on sound research.
Effectiveness of Sonography in Detecting Clinically Occult Femoral Hernias
Authors: Gupta Harun , Subedi Nawaraj , Robinson Philip
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of sonography for femoral hernia diagnosis in patients with suspected hernias that were not evident on clinical examination.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for 39 consecutive patients with 40 clinically suspected but occult femoral hernias and subsequent positive sonographic findings for femoral hernias. Clinical records for all patients were reviewed for surgical outcomes and clinical follow‐up. Surgical findings of a femoral hernia sac or widened femoral canal requiring repair, with symptomatic relief after the procedure, were considered positive for a femoral hernia.

Results

Among the 40 femoral hernias examined by sonography, 33 of 40 groins underwent surgical exploration, with 32 true‐positive findings and 1 false‐positive finding on sonography. The false‐positive case was an inguinal hernia at surgery. The accuracy of sonography was 96.9% for those with surgical correlations. The remaining 7 patients did not undergo surgery but had clinical follow‐up.

Conclusions

This study confirms high diagnostic accuracy of sonography for nonpalpable femoral hernias in symptomatic groins compared to surgical findings.
Effect of Uterine Cavity Sonographic Measurements on Medical Management Failure in Women With Early Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Lavecchia Melissa , Klam Stephanie , Abenhaim Haim Arie
Published: June 2016

Objectives

Medical management is commonly used among women with early pregnancy failure. The purpose of our study was to evaluate uterine content sonographic measurements for predicting medical management failure in early pregnancy loss.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a university‐affiliated hospital center including all women discharged from the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of early pregnancy failure who had medical management with misoprostol between 2011 and 2013. Only women with sonograms available for review were included in our study. All images were reviewed and the following cavity measurements, excluding the endometrial lining, were measured: cavity anteroposterior distance, cavity longitudinal distance, cavity transverse distance, and cavity volume. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify measurements that were independently associated with a subsequent need for dilation and curettage (D&C) and an unplanned return to the ED.

Results

Among 823 women presenting to the ED with first‐trimester bleeding, 227 met inclusion criteria. Of all measurements evaluated, the cavity anteroposterior distance was found to be independently associated with D&C and an unplanned return to the ED. When a cavity anteroposterior distance cutoff of 15 mm was used, women were more likely to require D&C (adjusted odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–5.36; P< .01) and to have an unplanned return to the ED (adjusted odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.41–4.79; P < .01). In women with a cavity anteroposterior distance of less than 15 mm, 87.1% had successful medical management of early pregnancy loss, and 80.0% did not require an unplanned return to the ED.

Conclusions

Although there is a need for further validation, patients identified as having a cavity anteroposterior distance of less than 15 mm should be considered good candidates for successful medical management.
Establishing Immediate Reliability of Sonographic Measurements of the Transversus Abdominis in Asymptomatic Adults Performing Upright Loaded Functional Tasks in a Clinical Context Without Delayed Recorded Measurement
Authors: McPherson Sue , Watson Todd , Pate Lindsey
Published: June 2016

Objectives

This study examined the reliability of sonographic measurements of the transversus abdominis of adults without low back pain during upright loaded functional tasks in real time, without relying on delayed recorded images.

Methods

A single‐group repeated‐measures reliability study was conducted on 12 healthy participants without low back pain. Six of these adults reported a prior history of abdominal drawing‐in maneuver training without sonographic measurement. The participants performed 3 trials of neutral standing, a loaded forward reach, and a loaded box lift under rest and with abdominal drawing‐in maneuver instructions; task order was randomized. Transversus abdominis thickness measurements were obtained by an experienced rater using B‐mode sonography in real‐time via electronic calipers twice on the same static image during all trials by a rater. The rater was masked to group assignment and on‐screen measurement output and required to respond to trivia questions between repeated measurements.

Results

The participants included 6 male and 6 female adults with a mean age ± SD of 26.3 ± 3.7 years. Intra‐rater intraclass correlation coefficients (2,3) were high and precise for the rater's first and second measurements for all tasks and instruction conditions for mean transversus abdominis thickness and percent change in thickness measurements (eg, ranges were 0.968–0.997 for intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.01–0.21 mm for standard errors of the measurement, and 0.01–0.58 mm for minimal detectable changes). Calipers cleared by the rater or a research assistant produced similar findings of excellent reliability and precision.

Conclusions

High intra‐rater reliability and precision of transversus abdominis thickness measurements were obtained by a physical therapist in real time from asymptomatic adults performing upright loaded functional tasks under rest and with abdominal drawing‐in maneuver instructions.
MARCADORES CONVERSACIONAIS E DIALETOLOGIA: UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE OS GÊNEROS
Authors: Zamariano Marcia , Ananias Anna Carolina Chierotti Dos Santos
Published: June 2016

RESUMO: Os Marcadores Conversacionais (MCs), característicos à Língua Falada (LF), possuem fundamental importância no que se refere à conversação, pois são também responsáveis pela interação e compreensão por parte dos interlocutores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar e comparar as divergências na utilização dos MCs entre um indivíduo do sexo masculino e outro do sexo feminino, em duas entrevistas realizadas pelo projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (AliB). A análise comparativa aponta considerável diferença na quantidade e nos tipos de MCs utilizados pelos informantes.
DO OBJETIVISMO À CONCEPTUALIZAÇÃO SOCIOCOGNITIVA: HISTÓRICO E PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE O ESTUDO DO SIGNIFICADO
Authors: Dos Santos Aline Nardes , Chishman Rove Luiza de Oliveira
Published: June 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a noção de significado em uma perspectiva ampla, abrangendo concepções filosóficas, linguísticas e culturais. Para isso, contrasta-se a visão tradicional ou objetivista do significado com a visão experiencialista, na qual se insere o paradigma da Linguística Cognitiva e sua proposta de estudo do significado como conceptualização. Verifica-se que, conforme o objetivismo, a produção de significado está totalmente dissociada de características sociais, culturais e subjetivas dos falantes. Já o experiencialismo coloca em evidência os processos cognitivos, imaginativos e intersubjetivos que permeiam o significado. Em vista disso, conclui-se que a agenda dos estudos do significado na atualidade, no que se refere a abordagens experiencialistas e sociocognitivas, têm valorizado cada vez mais os processos de significação em seus contextos sociais, culturais e interacionais.
O FEMININO EM MIA COUTO: O PRAZER NO SILÊNCIO
Authors: Benatti Andre Rezende , Andrade Carina De Souza
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho destina-se a analisar o conto A Saia Almarrotada de Mia Couto, autor moçambicano, que está inserido no livro O Fio das Missangas, pelo viés do feminino, este que por sua vez, a muito tem sua essência deixada a margem, seus direitos renegados para supremacia masculina. O que também ocorre em Moçambique, uma sociedade patriarcal. Toda essa marginalização do feminino fica bastante evidente na obra de Mia Couto. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, são abordados temas como a evolução do conto até chegarmos nas atuais estórias existentes em Moçambique, e do feminino como objeto do vazio, da incompletude do silencio, o qual adquire voz através do autor. A personagem de A Saia Almarrotada, sem nome, sem amor e sem vontade de viver, foi criada para servir aos homens da família, tem sua vida totalmente anulada. A passividade representada na personagem a insere como exemplo de figura do feminino.
Região de heterocromatina constitutiva em Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy e Gaimard,1824)(Perciformes: Cichlidae) do sistema lacustre do médio rio Doce (MG). DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.20
Authors: Silva Ana Paula A. , Dergam Jorge Abdala
Published: June 2016

A família Cichlidae pertence à ordem Perciformes, uma das famílias com maior riqueza de espécies entre os vertebrados. Geophagus brasiliensis é o ciclídeo com maior distribuição nas lagoas do médio rio Doce. Estudos citogenéticos sugerem que esse sistema de lagoas favoreceu a diferenciação citogenética de varias espécies de peixes, num intervalo de tempo relativamente curto. O cariótipo dessa espécie é caracterizado por 2n=48 com blocos de heterocromatinas nas regiões centroméricas em quase todos os cromossomos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a população do médio rio Doce a partir do bandeamento de heterocromatinas. Foram coletados 18 espécimes de G. brasiliensis em três lagoas. O resultado da Banda C apresentou marcações nas regiões centroméricas de quase todos os cromossomos. No braço menor de um cromossomo submetacêntrico observou-se uma marcação apenas nos indivíduos do sexo masculino. Marcações na região intersticial foram encontradas nessa população, sendo essa uma característica exclusiva desse sistema lacustre.
Variabilidade morfológica e estruturação populacional de lambaris do grupo “Astyanax aff. bimaculatus” (Teleostei, Characiformes). DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.29
Authors: Desordi Rodrigo , Reis Denis Glauber da Silva , Kavalco Karine Frehner , Pazza Rubens
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho buscou analisar duas espécies do grupo Astyanax aff. bimaculatus com relação a seus dados morfométricos. Os exemplares foram capturados em rios dos sistemas hidrográficos do Paraguai e São Franscico, no território brasileiro,  e analisados com o auxílio de um paquímetro digital, tomando-se várias medidas corporais. Os dados foram submetidos a uma normalização para eliminar as variações de tamanho intrapopulacionais (Size-free) e posteriormente analisados utilizando-se PCA (Análise de Componentes Principais) e UPGMA (Dendograma de Similaridade Genética). Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o software PAST v2.0. Os resultados mostraram uma sobreposição de três populações, dentre elas uma de Astyanax lacustris e duas de Astyanax asuncionensis, indicando semelhança entre os indivíduos de bacias hidrográficas distantes. Estes dados podem ser reflexos de  convergência morfológica, ou homoplasia. As demais populações se mostraram bem estruturadas,  indicando que as medidas corporais tomadas podem ser importantes na  adaptação a ambientes específicos, ou que estas conservaram as simplesiomorfias observadas nos grupos de difícil identificação.
A cachoeira do padre como divisor da biodiversidade da ictiofauna do rio Claro, Minas Gerais, Brasil. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v3i2.2
Authors: Moreira Fernandes Caroliny Helena , Belei Frederico , Sampaio Wagner Martins Santana , Giongo Patrícia , Ferreira Frederico Fernandes
Published: June 2016

O presente estudo busca fornecer dados sobre a ictiofauna do baixo curso do rio Claro, na região da Cachoeira do Padre e teve por objetivo investigar se a cachoeira do Padre atua como barreira geográfica para as populações de peixes do rio Claro. Para a realização do inventário foram utilizados métodos de coletas quantitativos e qualitativos. Foram levantadas 26 espécies e pertencentes a nove famílias. Entre as espécies capturadas não foram encontradas espécies ameaçadas de extinção, porém espécies de importância econômica foram registradas. A estrutura da assembleia de peixes local encontra se relativamente estável com espécies representativas de todas as categorias tróficas. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a cachoeira do Padre funciona como uma barreira natural para os peixes do rio Claro.