bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mechanism of light output from a phosphor thin film at low voltage
Authors: Gibbons C. S. , Nicholas D. M. , Morton D. , Vecht A. , Smith D. W.
Published: January 2005

Studies of the cathodoluminescent light output of phosphor thin films excited by a low energy electron beam, of the order of 1keV, show that the light output is distributed throughout the film thickness of up to 2μm. It is concluded that the origin of the light cannot be directly related to the loss of energy of the incident electrons but must arise from some secondary process.
Title: A new, low‐cost process for fabricating plasma display back panel
Authors: Jang Woo‐Sung , Kim J. S. , Ryu B. G. , Ahn D. H. , Park M. H. , Sreeram A. N. , Palit K. , Hozer L. , Prabhu A.
Published: January 2005

Many processes are being currently explored to fabricate the back panel of PDP. This paper presents a unique process for fabricating plasma display back panel, called “Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramic on Metal (LTCC‐M)” back panel which is very simple and most cost‐effective approach to color PDP manufacturing as compared to other processes. By eliminating the complicated processes and replacing the base glass plate with thin metal sheet for barrier rib fabrication, this process will provide the lowest cost. This back panel has weight of less than one third and thickness of one fourth of conventional glass panel. Furthermore this back panel has a base metal plate and thus provides many advantages such as excellent thermal dissipation, no thermal distortion and ease of handling due to its flexibility and robustness.
New Process of Barrier‐Rib Formation for AC PDPs
Authors: Kuromitsu Yoshirou , Toriumi Makoto , Toyoda Seiji , Kanda Yoshio
Published: January 2005

A new barrier‐rib formation process called the blade‐deforming process (BD process) has been developed for AC plasma display panels (PDPs) to reduce the manufacturing cost. It is a very simple and inexpensive method consisting of printing, blade‐deforming, and firing. This process can make desired barrier‐rib shapes with a high aspect ratio.
Photopatternable Conductor Tapes for PDP Applications
Authors: Drozdyk L. P. , Choi J. H. , Tsuchiya M.
Published: January 2005

DuPont has developed photopatternable Fodel® Tape‐on‐Substrate™ (TOS) materials, combining the process and cost benefits of a tape with resolution capabilities of photolithography, for PDP conductor applications. The single‐layer (silver) and two‐layer (silver and black) tape materials are described in terms of circuit processing and performance characteristics.
A novel PC‐Based Automatic Aging System for Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Wang Shun‐Chung , Chen Chern‐Lin , Lo Shin‐Tai , Tseng Ching‐Te
Published: January 2005

A novel PC‐based automatic aging system (AAS) is presented to automatically age plasma display panel (PDP). The AAS has been built for Acer Display Technology, Inc., Taiwan. The experimental and practical tests give satisfactory results and illustrate that the PC‐based aging system has been effective in reducing the available manpower as well as cost, and increasing the quality, efficiency, and repeatability of the aging job.
The Dawn of Terrestrial Digital Television Broadcasting in the United States
Authors: Lechner Bernard J.
Published: January 2005

With over 50 digital television stations on the air and thousands of digital TV receivers sold, the dawn of terrestrial digital broadcasting has finally arrived. It is now almost 12 full years since the FCC issued its Notice of Inquiry concerning Advanced Television, and it is almost 4 years since the ATSC Digital Television Standard was published. But at long last the implementation of this very flexible standard is underway. The standard supports both high definition and standard definition video and surround‐sound. It will soon be supplemented by other ATSC standards that will enable pay‐TV and data broadcasting to be implemented. By the end of 1999 there will be over 120 digital TV stations on the air and, according to some estimates, nearly 200,000 digital receivers in use.
Achromatic Wide‐Angle CLC‐Based Broadband Polarizer
Authors: Galabova H. G. , Jiang Y. , Li L. , Vartak S. , Faris S. M.
Published: January 2005

The angular polarization behavior, polarization efficiency, and brightness enhancement capabilities of reflective CLC‐based broadband polarizers have been studied. New methods for compensating the angular dependence of spectral characteristics for incident angles of up to 70 degrees are reported.
Single Layer Reflective Polarizers with Electrically Controlled Spectrum
Authors: Li Jian‐feng , Fan B. , Li Le
Published: January 2005

For the first time, two types of single layer broadband reflective polarizers having electrically adjustable spectra are reported. In each case, the polarization efficiency as well as the reflection bandwidth are electrically controllable. The first type of polarizer can be electrically switched from broadband to narrow band; while the second polarizer can be changed from narrow band to broadband. These electrically switchable polarizers present the opportunity to expand market horizons in display technologies, smart windows, optical components, and many others.
Retarder Stack Technology for Color Manipulation
Authors: Sharp G. D. , Birge J. R.
Published: January 2005

A technology for manipulating color is presented which utilizes polarization, rather than thin‐film interference or absorption effects. Retarder stack technology produces high performance filtering, color separation/combining, and chromatic polarization control operations. These structures are light efficient and provide saturated colors when used in sequential and subtractive (stacked‐panel) display modes.
Optimised Light Sources for Projection Displays
Authors: Mönch Holger , Derra Günther , Fischer Ernst
Published: January 2005

The fast developments in projection display technology require a corresponding development of short arc lamps. Arc length and high luminance determine light collection rather than lamp power. The new UHP lamps combine highest brightness, extremely long life and system compactness.
High Brightness Electrodeless Lamp for Projection Display
Authors: Kipling Kent , Turner Brian , Steiner Paul
Published: January 2005

The Bytelight™ is a bright, stable and ultra long life source of full‐spectrum visible light. RF energy excites a plasma that is contained within a small, sealed transparent or translucent bulb. Simple bulb fill chemistries and low internal pressure minimize stress on the bulb envelope. The RF field is applied external to the bulb. There are no electrodes, glass‐to‐metal seals or other metallic structures within the bulb. This construction maximizes the life of the lamp while virtually eliminating the color shift and lumen loss which characterize short arc, metal halide lamps.
16‐cm Large Neck Projection CRT for HDTV Display
Authors: Kilton J. , Hirota K. , Asano T. , Tanaka Y. , Watanabe T. , Ogasawara T. , Gokita K.
Published: January 2005

A 16‐cm, large neck (36.5mm neck diameter) projection CRT having a Hi‐UPF electron gun has been developed. The deflection sensitivity, dynamic focus voltage and velocity modulation coil sensitivity, which were drawbacks of previous large neck designs, were made nearly equal to 29.1mm neck CRT. The large neck allowed increasing the effective focusing lens diameter of the electron gun to 21mm. This resulted in a 5% beam spot size of 0.18mm and 0.28mm at a cathode current of 2.0mA and 6.0mA, respectively. This CRT will provide the enhanced image quality required for HDTV projection displays.
11.2: Digital Television Signal Processing and Display Technology
Authors: Eccles David A. , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2005

Sony introduced a new HDTV television set into the market in November 1998. There are some advances in display technology that set it apart from other products which are being introduced. The flat screen “FD Trinitron” is a 34V 36 inch CRT in which the front surface is completely flat. The picture is therefore free from geometric distortions that other CRT's exhibit. The DRC Digital Reality Creator circuit transforms analog NTSC signals into high definition TV video by not only doubling the horizontal lines, but by increasing the horizontal resolution as well. This gives the viewer an almost HDTV quality picture from a standard NTSC video source. The MID Multi‐Image Driver takes images of any scan format and displays them together on the television screen. The images can be real‐time scaled to different sizes.
53.2: Field‐Sequential‐Color LCD Using Switched Organic EL Backlighting
Authors: Ogawa N. , Miyashita T. , Uchida T. , Kosugi M. , Kawahashi A.
Published: January 2005

A new field sequential full‐color display composed of an optical compensated birefringent (OCB) LCD and a multicolored organic electro luminescent device (OEL) is proposed. In this display system, each merits of the LC device with high resolution capability and the OEL device with high‐speed response are combined. We fabricated a trial panel and confirmed its promising characteristics as a field sequential full‐color display in the next generation. Furthermore we suggest an advanced driving method. In this system, certain areas of stripe R, G or B phosphors are flashed sequentially by synchronizing with addressing LCD. This system can make the load of TFT decrease and get high intensity.
53.3: Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Rewritable Sheet
Authors: Kawai H. , Kanae N.
Published: January 2005

An electrophoretic rewritable sheet using microencapsulated suspension (MC‐EPS) and means of imaging, on it are discussed. An experimental prototype MC‐EPS was fabricated and evaluated by printing images on with a photoconductive drum of a commercially available laser printer. In the experiment, good qualities of printing and grayscale (expressiveness were obtained. As a result, the feasibility of the MC‐EPS as a practical rewritable medium was ascertained.
Technical Advances in Microstructured Plastic Optics for Display Applications
Authors: Foley M.
Published: January 2005

This paper will present recent technological advances in the field of replicated, microstructured plastic optics, and their applications in display optics. A number of technology areas will be discussed, including moth‐eye Antireflective Microstructure™, High Precision Molding (HPM), high temperature polymers, and one‐piece, diffusive imaging screens. Applications discussed will include field lenses, condenser lenses, microlens arrays, and light integrators for LCD Projection systems, specialized optics for microdisplay applications, and imaging screens for photographic and rear projection systems.
Low‐Voltage Interface Technology for CGS TFT‐LCD with Low Power Consumption
Authors: Kubota Y. , Washio H. , Maeda K. , Hijikigawa M. , Yamazaki S.
Published: January 2005

A low‐voltage interface is essential for AMLCDs with integrated drivers in order to achieve a simple, low‐power interface between the panel and the peripherals. In this paper, we propose an architecture for a low‐voltage interface together with circuit embodiments which are well suited to implementation in CGS technology. The new circuitry has much lower power consumption than conventional methods.
Optical Interface for Digital Display
Authors: Shin H. K. , Jung W. S. , Kim B. S. , Lee S. I. , Kim I. I. , Yun E. Y. , Joung Y. , Yoon M. Y. , Koh B. C.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new digital display interface with optical interconnection technology. Using vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL) and large core optical fiber, the low cost and high performance interface solution is realized. The details of each part constructing this optical interface solution including TX and RX chip set, connectors, opto‐electronic devices and optical fiber are described. We applied this technology to the long distance connection between PC and LCD monitor.
Vision with Shielding
Authors: Dent Michael
Published: January 2005

As the result of an extensive development and testing programmed, Optical Filters have developed a mesh specifically designed for emi shielded windows. This new proprietary mesh design offers an optimum level of light transmittance (75+%) and shielding performance, whilst eliminating the optical distractions and distortion patterns often associated with existing emi windows.
L2.1: Late‐News Paper: A 4.5‐in. Fully Sealed Carbon Nanotube‐Based Field‐Emission Flat‐Panel Display
Authors: Choi W. B. , Chung D. S. , Park S. H. , Kim J. M.
Published: January 2005

A 4.5‐inch fully sealed flat panel display has been fabricated using a carbon nanotube‐organic vehicle composite. The turn‐on field of 1 V/μm and field emission current of 1.5mA at 3 V/μm were observed (J = 4.3 mA/cm2). Field emission uniformity has been measured with the phosphor on ITO glass as an anode. Brightness of 450 cd/m2 at 3.7 V/μm was observed. The fluctuation of the current was found to be less than 7% over a 4.5‐inch cathode area on 132 lines addressable diode type display.
High‐Luminance Blue‐Emitting CaS:Pb Electroluminescent Devices Fabricated Using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Yun Sun Jin , Kim Yong Shin , Kang Jung‐Sook , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Cho Kyoung‐Ik , Ma Dong‐Sung
Published: January 2005

High‐luminance blue light‐emitting CaS:Pb electroluminescent devices were fabricated using atomic layer deposition technique. The luminance, L25, exceeds 80cd/m2 at the driving frequency of 60Hz. The CIE color coordinate ranging from (0.14, 0.07) to (0.15, 0.15) is almost identical to that of the blue of cathode ray tube.
A 1‐bit serial transceiver chip set for full‐color XGA pictures
Authors: Kikuchi Hidekazu , Suzuki Norihito , IIzuka Hiroshi , Takesita Tohru
Published: January 2005

A 1‐bit serial transceiver chip set for the full‐color moving picture was developed. It introduced a new data coding for the serial transmission and novel circuits to realize high frequency operation with low power consumption. It was able to transmit the XGA picture with 480mW.
DVI: A Standard for the Digital Monitor Interface
Authors: Sung Baegin , Hwang Seung Ho , Da Costa Victor
Published: January 2005

The use of digital interfaces for monitors, in particular LCD displays, has expanded tremendously in the past year. While the progress has been dramatic, it has been restrained by the perception that there are competing standards. This paper describes the work of the Digital Display Working Group, DDWG, comprised of major companies in the display and systems industries. The output of the DDWG is a new specification, the Digital Visual Interface, or DVI. This paper describes the structure and scope of this standard, contrasts it with existing digital standards, and it will highlight some of its salient technical points.
14.2: New Drive System for PDPs with Improved Image Quality: Plasma Al
Authors: Kasahara M. , Ishikawa M. , Morita T. , Inohara S.
Published: January 2005

A novel driving system for PDPs called the “PLASMA AI” has been developed achieving more than a 50% increase in peak brightness of the image reproduced while maintaining the power consumption almost unchanged. The image quality is so improved that the PDP monitor is now applicable for the use in large‐screen home TV.
Reduction of Data Pulse Voltage to 20V by Using Address‐while‐Display Scheme for AC‐PDPs
Authors: Ishii M. , Igarashi K. , Mikoshiba S. , Asai H. , Sago S.
Published: January 2005

Data pulse voltage for the 3‐electrode, surface‐discharge AC‐PDP is reduced to less than 20V by using Address‐while‐Display scheme which is capable of attaining 96% light‐emission duty. Metastable atoms created in each sub‐field play the key role to the voltage reduction.
Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFT Technology
Authors: Ibaraki N.
Published: January 2005

This paper focuses on Excimer laser crystallized poly‐Si TFT technologies for obtaining high performance note‐book‐size displays with high pixel density. Topics included are TFT structures for C‐MOS circuits and their process integration, threshold voltage control, and reliability of TFT characteristics. These technologies have been applied to 8.4‐inch SVGA, 10.4‐inch XGA and 12.1‐inch XGA displays.
15.2: A 10.4‐in. XGA Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD for Mobile PC Applications
Authors: Aoki Y. , IIzuka T. , Sagi S. , Karube M. , Tsunashima T. , Ishizawa S. , Ando K. , Sakurai H. , Ejiri T. , Nakazono T. , Kobayashi M. , Sato H. , Ibaraki N. , Sasaki M. , Harada N.
Published: January 2005

A 10.4‐inch TFT‐LCD with XGA resolution has been developed using low‐temperature poly‐Si technology. We have newly developed a circuit construction and a driving method for this LCD. Positive and negative video signals are separately applied to video buslines from two D‐A conversion ICS. The integrated data‐line driver circuits operate with four multiplexing‐blocks and eight‐phase parallel video inputs. The integrated scan‐line driver circuits have shift registers operating at 10V voltage with redundancy function. High aperture ratio of 61% was realized. These result in small data‐line driver circuit width of 3.7mm, low module power consumption of 2.3W, and high reliability.
4.4: A Novel Air‐Bridge‐Type Gate‐Data‐Line Crossover to Reduce Signal Delay for Large AMLCDS
Authors: Park C.‐M. , Kang J.‐H. , Han M.‐K.
Published: January 2005

A new TFT‐LCD panel with an air‐bridge type gate to data line inter‐crossing has been proposed and its characteristics have been measured. The proposed structure has air‐gap between gate and data line intercrossing. The new panel structure achieves 9 times faster signal delay compared with conventional panel. We have examined thermal and mechanical durability of new panel to verify capability for commercial AMLCD application.
16.1: Influence of lonsin LCMaterials on Optical Threshold Voltage of Passively Addressed LCDS
Authors: Sawada A. , Sato H. , Nakazono Y. , Naemura S. , Manabe A.
Published: January 2005

Frequency dependence of the optical threshold voltage of LCDS is successfully explained by considering the microscopic internal‐field, induced by ions distributed in a LC layer. The effective‐voltage is calculated from the local internal‐field, and is found to agree fairly well with experimental results. This study enables to develop cross‐talk free LC materials for use in passively addressed LCDS.
New method of designing LCD with optimal optical properties
Authors: Tang S. T. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

Mueller calculus is employed to find the conditions that govern linear polarization preservation and the linear to circular polarization transformation in a general twisted nematic LC cell. The results are applied to the design of both transmittive and reflective twisted nematic LCDs. New optimized optical modes are reported. This method provides a clear physical interpretation of all LCD modes.
Electronic Cinema — The REALLY Big Picture
Authors: Morley Steven A.
Published: January 2005

Recent developments in large screen projection displays and image compression technology have brought the film‐less electronic cinema theatre closer to reality. This paper discusses technical requirements and alternative design approaches for an all‐digital electronic means for distribution and exhibition of motion pictures and other related programming. A cost‐effective complete system solution for processing, distributing and presenting cinema‐quality electronic programs originating as motion pictures is described.
Mapping Physical Correction Parameters to the Image Raster in a Dynamic CRT Error Correction Scheme
Authors: Krah Chris
Published: January 2005

A circuit has been developed that enables the automatic mapping of physical correction parameters to the image raster. The mapping scheme works independent of raster size, raster shift or image format and is used as part of a dynamic CRT error correction scheme.
Recent Advances in Deflection Yoke Design
Authors: Dasgupta B.
Published: January 2005

Advances in deflection yoke design in recent years are reviewed with emphasis on yokes for color monitors, yokes for CRTs with flat panels and some developmental works with promise. The future of yoke technology is speculated from both technical and business points of view.
Development of Ultra‐high Resolution 17″/21″ CRT
Authors: Okano N. , Maeda M. , Saita K. , Horiuchi Y.
Published: January 2005

17″/21″ ultra‐high resolution CRTs have been developed. These CRTs respectively have the ability to display 2500 dots and 2800 dots in horizontal. The aperture grille pitch at the screen center of the both CRTs measures 0.126mm, approximately half of the current fine pitch CRTs. This report describes the concepts of CRT development and designing as well as future subjects of these CRTs.
High Luminance and High Definition 50‐in. Diagonal co‐planar Color PDPs with T‐Shaped Electrodes
Authors: Nishio T. , Amemiya K.
Published: January 2005

“T” shaped electrodes, which are independently patterned in each discharge cell, were developed for high luminous efficiency and high definition co‐planar type AC‐PDPs. A 1.0 lm/W of luminous efficiency in a 50‐inch diagonal XGA/wide panel with 0.286 mm of sub‐pixel pitch and 768V×1,260H of total pixels were achieved. With this panel structure, the maximum tolerance of the alignment error between the “T” shaped electrode and barrier rib was made clear to be 0.03 mm by the investigation of display voltage margin. This structure allows us to improve the luminous efficiency by a novel approach, i.e. improvement of Vacuum Ultra Violet VUV emission efficiency, different from the general way to improve the transmission efficiency of visible emission. These technologies have been applied to our products successfully.
Development of a 42‐inch High‐Definition Plasma Addressed LCD
Authors: Hayashi Masatake , Yamada Nobuaki , Sastra Budi
Published: January 2005

A 42 inch High‐Definition Plasma Addressed LC display, using 960 × 1920 color pixels with a new plasma technology was developed. Twice the vertical resolution was realized while maintaining the VGA‐pitch plasma structure. The key feature of this technology is the precise control of local plasma conductivity.
20.5L: Late‐News Paper: Effects of Barrier Ribs on Discharge Characteristics of Surface‐Discharge ac Plasma Displays by Direct Observation of Vaccum Ultraviolet Rays
Authors: Sawa M. , Tsutsumi T. , Yoshida K. , Uchiike H.
Published: January 2005

From the direct observation of 147 nm and 173 nm vacuum ultraviolet rays for the surface‐discharge ac PDPs with barrier ribs, the influences of discharge characteristics are discussed concerning the barrier ribs.
Effect of Ambient on p‐Si TFT Performance Using Single‐Area ELA Technology
Authors: Voutsas A. T. , Zahorski D. , Janicot S.
Published: January 2005

The performance of p‐Si TFTs fabricated using Single‐Area ELA technology SA‐ELA has been investigated as a function of the annealing ambient and other process parameters. Practically identical TFT performance was obtained for p‐Si films annealed by ELA in vacuum or inert ambient. In contrast, inferior performance was observed for ELA in air. However, when the number of shots on a given area increased to 2–10 shots, a dramatic improvement in the TFT performance was observed, despite of the fact that the ELA process took place in air. These results indicate that adoption of an inert gas purge, in conjunction to 2–3 shots per annealed area, may be a very effective way to boost TFT performance without compromising the simplicity of SA‐ELA.
High Power Excimer Laser for Low Temperature Poly‐Si Annealing
Authors: Kauf Michael , Endert Heinrich , Basting Dirk
Published: January 2005

Poly‐silicon TFT panels for active matrix LCD displays can be manufactured cost effectively and with high quality by low temperature excimer laser annealing. While display manufacturers are adopting this process for mass production, the demands for the laser properties, such as homogeneity, pulse‐to‐pulse stability and reliability are further extended. To meet these demands there are ongoing improvements of the laser source and the optical system. This paper presents latest optimization results of the LAMBDA excimer laser and the MICROLAS Line Beam Optics for large area panel manufacturing.
1 Hz / 15 Joules‐excimer‐laser development for flat panel display applications
Authors: Prat C. , Stehlé M. , Zahorski D.
Published: January 2005

On the way toward the cost reduction of TFT‐LCD's manufacturing, Low Temperature Poly‐Silicon appears as one of the most promising technology. In the present paper, a new approach for laser annealing of amorphous silicon for AMLCD application is introduced. As a laser source, SOPRA developed a XeCl laser λ: 308 nm able to deliver up to 15 Joules per pulse onto the panel to be treated, at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. Moreover the long pulse duration of 200 ns is known to lead to a low cooling rate of the melted silicon, which promotes the growth of big grains and then improve the performances of the TFT's.
A Fresnel Phase Zone Plate of Polymer‐Network Stabilized Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ren H. W. , Ling Z. H. , Huang X. M.
Published: January 2005

A simple structure for a Fresnel phase zone plate is proposed using the techniques of polymer‐network stabilized liquid crystals. This kind of structure can give a high value of diffraction efficiency and the diffraction light intensities can be controlled electrically. The detail fabrication process and experimental results will be given.
Model of the Fast‐Switching, Polymer‐Stabilized IPS Configuration
Authors: Escuti M. J. , Bowley C. C. , Zumer S. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

A significant improvement in the dynamic response times of IPS mode LCDs is achieved through polymer‐stabilization. The improvement is a result of the introduction of a low‐density, stabilizing polymer network that causes the LC director to favor the zero‐field orientation. We report on the effect of the polymer concentration and network orientation on the electro‐optic performance of our novel polymer‐stabilized IPS mode cells. Furthermore, we present a detailed model derived using elastic continuum theory to explain our observations.
23.3: Wide Temperature Operation STN LCDs Addressed by MLA for Automobile Applications
Authors: Kawaguchi K. , Takano T. , Unayama S. , Nagai M. , Kitamura M. , Hirai Y. , Matsuoka S. , Natsume D. , Araki H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new color STN LCD suitable for automobile applications. It provides fast response time, high contrast ratio and 32 gray shades in the wide range of the operation temperature −30°C to 80°C. The operation temperature has been extended by utilizing the MLA Multi Line Addressing technology and the panel technology with a new optical design. The new gray shading technique appropriate for MLA has been realized with the combination of the PWM Pulse Width Modulation and FRC Frame Rate Control gray shading.
Resolution and Legibility: Acomparison of TFTLCDs and CRTs
Authors: Wright Steven L. , Bailey Ian L. , Tuan Kuang‐Mon , Wacker Richard T.
Published: January 2005

The visual performance of TFTLCD and CRT displays with different pixel densities were measured using task‐oriented tests and subjective measures of visual comfort and preferences. The effect of resolution on displayed letter legibility was measured. The legibility of letters increases with increasing pixel resolution. At a viewing distance of 50 cm, no significant differences were obtained in letter‐counting rate of capital letters 24 arcmin high, or reading rate of mixed case letters with 16 arcmin x‐height. At 50 cm viewing distance, some subject preference and improved visual comfort was obtained for the high resolution TFTLCD.
Trends in the Global CRT Market
Authors: Castellano Joseph A.
Published: January 2005

The worldwide CRT market continues to grow despite the pressure from flat panel displays, which has resulted in declining prices for CRT‐based desktop color monitors for computers. The worldwide CRT market, led by color TV and desktop personal computer monitor applications, will grow from 264 million units valued at $23 billion in 1998 to 339 million units valued at $26 billion in 2004. The largest electronic display industry segment in terms of value continues to be the CRT market. The combination of declining prices and consumer demand for larger screen sizes will stimulate sales of color television sets in the 27‐inch diagonal sizes and above. The price/performance ratio of the CRT continues to be its main strength, while it is a major weakness for all of the challenging flat panel technologies, with the price component of the equation being the largest shortcoming.
25.2 Invited Paper: Recent Trends in CRT Cathodes
Authors: Saito Masato , Teramoto Hiroyuki , Ohira Takuya
Published: January 2005

Image quality of CRTs has been improved by applying new technologies of electron gun, cathodes and image screen. Recently, new types of cathodes with higher current density have been developed, and have contributed higher definition and higher brightness of CRTs. This paper reviews of the recent technical progress in CRT cathodes, which are classified into thermionic cathodes and cold cathodes. Recently studies concerned with cold cathode for CRT application has been also reported, but this review focuses on thermionic cathodes which consist of Oxide‐coated cathodes and Impregnated cathodes.
26.3: Multicolor Pixel Patterning of Light‐Emitting Polymers by Ink‐Jet Printing
Authors: Shimoda T. , Kanbe S. , Kobayashi H. , Seki S. , Kiguchi H. , Yudasaka I. , Kimura M. , Miyashita S. , Friend R. H. , Burroughes J. H. , Towns C. R.
Published: January 2005

In order to realize a multicolor display, we tried to pattern three different colors to make pixels by using ink‐jet technology. Light emitting polymer, poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV), was successfully formulated into inks for ink‐jet printing. Those inks showed a good ink‐jetting behavior and became a good light emitting film. By combining the ink‐jet printing with the self‐patterning ability of the substrate, in which the hydrophilic and hydrophobic region is alternately constructed, an ink droplet can be patterned into the narrow pixel gap of 10 μm with precision of 1 μm order. We developed stacked structures combining PPV with Polyfluorene. It was confirmed that energy conversion from the wider gap layer to the smaller one occurred. As a result, we demonstrated the three color electroluminescence from the small pixels. This is the first demonstration of the fine pixel patterning of the multicolor light emitting polymers by ink‐jet technology.
27.1: Excimer‐Laser Recrystallization of Poly‐Si Using Nucleation Seeds
Authors: Jeon J.‐H. , Yoo J.‐S. , Park C.‐M. , Lee M.‐C. , Han M.‐K.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new excimer laser annealing method with the artificial formation of nucleation seed. For the nucleation seed, we employed Si component incorporated in conventional sputter Al(aluminum) source target. By our method, the poly‐Si grains were considerably enlarged up to five times and the electrical characteristics were much improved.
27.2: Offset Metal‐Induced Unilaterally Crystallized Poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Meng Z. , Wang M. , Kwok H. S. , Wong M.
Published: January 2005

While low‐temperature thin film transistor with metal‐induced‐laterally‐crystallized (MILC) channels are better than their solid‐phase‐crystallized (SPC) counterparts in many device performance measures, they suffer from higher off‐state leakage current and lower drain breakdown voltage because of the self‐aligned metal‐induction‐crystallized (MIC) source and drain regions. A new technology that enables the removal of all major grain boundaries transverse to the drain current flow is presently proposed, resulting in devices with higher field‐effect mobility and significantly reduced leakage current, as well as much improved spatial uniformity of device parameters.
6.1: Invited Paper: The Market for Business and Professional Electronic Projectors
Authors: Mentley D. E.
Published: January 2005

New projector technologies are evolving and in this multibillion‐dollar market. As early product designs are retired and replaced by more efficient and less costly technology, users are benefiting greatly, but manufacturers and distributors are struggling in an increasingly competitive market. This paper will explore the professional nonconsumer electronic projector market in terms of technology/application matches, market growth, and features.
Molecular Motion in A Smectic Liquid Crystal Showing V‐shaped Switching As Studied by Optical Second‐harmonic Generation
Authors: Park Byoungchoo , Nakata Michi , Ogasawara Toyokazu , Takanishi Yoichi , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo
Published: January 2005

The molecular motion during the V‐shaped switching in a homogeneously aligned smectic C*‐like liquid crystal (LC) cell has been investigated by measuring second‐harmonic generation (SHG) interferometry. It was shown that observed SHG behaviors were successfully explained using the collective model and that azimuthal rotation of LC molecules is limited within half a cone and that LC molecules undergo counter azimuthal rotations between the top and bottom halves of the LC chevron layer structure. Possible molecular orientation within a layer was also discussed using the 4 × 4 matrix method.
Unraveling the Mystery of “Thresholdless Antiferroelectricity”: High Contrast Analog Electro‐Optics in Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Rudquist P. , Shao R. F. , Coleman D. , Bardon S. , Link D. R. , Bellini T. , Maclennan J. E. , Chen X. H. , Walba D. M. , Lagerwall J. P. F. , Buivydas M. , Gouda F. , Lagerwall S. T. , Clark N. A.
Published: January 2005

A liquid crystal mixture reported to exhibit “thresholdless antiferroelectricity” has been studied in experiments employing freely suspended liquid crystal films, bookshelf cell electro‐optics, total internal reflection from bookshelf cell solid‐liquid crystal interfaces, and computer simulation. The results show that the so‐called “V‐shaped” analog electro‐optic response is due to the field‐induced switching of a twisted smectic C* structure, stabilized by strong polar surface interactions and having the twist confined to thin surface regions by polarization space charge effects. This leaves the bulk of the cell uniform, which gives good extinction at zero field.
29.1:Invited Paper:21st Century Aerospace Defense Displays
Authors: Hopper D. G.
Published: January 2005

Aerospace and defense during the next few years will be dominated by the active matrix liquid crystal display, which became the preferred avionics displays technology in 1992. The trend just begun to replace electromechanical and cathode ray tube technologies with newer flat panel displays will accelerate in the 2000–2010 period as the commercial market continues its move towards digital flat television. Beyond 2010 high definition displays will begin to have a significant impact on fielded air fleets, with ultrahigh definition and even true three‐D displays beyond 2020. By 2050 filly immersive cockpits may be anticipated for air and space vehicles and their simulators.
Organic LED Full Color Passive‐Matrix Display
Authors: Fukuda Yoshinori , Miyaguchi Satoshi , Ishizuka Shinichi , Wakimoto Takeo , Funaki Jun , Kubota Hirofumi , Watanabe Teruichi , Ochi Hideo , Sakamoto Tsuyoshi , Tsuchida Masami , Ohshita Isamu , Nakada Hitoshi , Tohma Teruo
Published: January 2005

A full color 5.2 inch 1/4VGA passive‐matrix organic LED display has been developed adopting selective deposition for the different emitting materials. The display features 320 (× 3) × 240 pixels with an equivalent pixel size of 0.33 × 0.33 mm2 white peak luminance of over 150 cd/m2 and power consumption of 6 W.
Simple Structure for Blue Organic Electroluminescent Device
Authors: Nakamura H. , Ikeda H. , Kawamura H. , Higashi H. , Tokailin H. , Fukuoka K. , Hosokawa C. , Kusumoto T.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new type of an organic EL device of which structure is simpler than those of conventional blue organic EL devices. We succeeded in eliminating an organic electron‐transporting layer. Low driving voltage and long lifetime were realized by doping low work function metals into an emitting layer within the narrow region of the emitting layer/cathode interface.
Investigation of Relationship between Hot Carrier Degradation and Kink Effect in Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

The hot carrier degradation and kink effect in low temperature poly‐Si TFTs were investigated. This was done by measuring the energies and intensities of emitted light from TFTs under bias using emission light microscopy. It was found that the hot carrier degradation is caused by high energy of the carriers whereas the kink effect is caused by large number of the carriers.
P‐2: Back‐Channel Effects on the Threshold Voltage of Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si TFTs with SiNx/SiO2 Dual Under Layer
Authors: Kawamura S. , Nishibe T. , Ibaraki N. , Hiramatsu M.
Published: January 2005

The fixed charges in the SiO2 underlying the poly‐Si active layer was shown to have a significant effect on Vth low temperature poly‐Si TFT with SiNx/SiO2 dual under layer deposited by Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). This effect is comparable to that of the charges in the gate dielectric layer. Impurities of nitrogen in the SiO2 cause the charges. The reduction of the nitrogen can stabilize Vth affected by fluctuations of deposition conditions.
Correlation of measurable characteristics and display «viewability»
Authors: Litvak Igor I.
Published: January 2005

We propose the test method of displays permitting to combine the objective metrics with the evaluation of quality of perception of the information by humans and to set ranges of values of visual parameters, in which the displays viewability is ensured. For this purpose we developed the appropriate hardware and software. The application of this method is stipulated by the new standards of Russia.
P‐13: Improvement in the Life Characteristics of Anti‐Doming‐Material‐Coated Shadow‐Mask CRTs
Authors: Koitabashi M. , Yamamoto M. , Kimura H.
Published: January 2005

The lifetime of the CRT with electron reflecting coating is mainly determined by the amount of carbonate in the coating. The carbonate is formed by the reaction of water glass and CO2 in air. Its amount is affected by the moisture in air during the process of making the coating, low moisture reduces the amount of carbonate formation, and a good quality CRT are realized both in life and landing characteristics.
Invited Paper: Video Format Conversion
Authors: de Haan Gerard
Published: January 2005

High quality video format converters apply motion estimation and motion compensation to prevent judder, resulting from picture rate conversion, and alias, due to de‐interlacing, in sequences with motion. Although initially considered being too expensive, high quality conversion is now economically feasible, and since 1995 available in consumer television ICs. This paper addresses the issues in format conversion and shows recent progress, introducing a new high quality video format conversion IC for consumer applications.
Kinetic and Cell‐Geometry Effects in AC‐PDP Simulation
Authors: Shin Y. K. , Shon C. H. , Lee H. S. , Kim W. , Lee J. K.
Published: January 2005

A hollow‐cathode with the electrodes embedded into the barrier rib and dielectric ditched surface discharge are simulated and compared with a coplanar geometry. The kinetic simulation for the hollow‐cathode and ion energy distribution near the sheath is discussed.
Low Cost and Fast Driving LSIs for High‐Resolution and Large‐Size AC plasma Display Panels
Authors: Kwon O. K. , Lee M. Y. , Yang I. S. , Choi J. H. , Shim S. S. , Lee C. J. , Lee N. K. , Kang S. H.
Published: January 2005

Both scan and data driver LSIs for high‐resolution and large‐size ac PDPs are developed using high performance Extended Drain MOSFET (EDMOSFET) and dielectric isolation (DI) technology. The data driver LSI with the maximum driving voltage of 120V, the maximum driving current of 50mA and 60 output channels can be applied to large‐size PDP systems with fast addressing time of 0.7μsec. The scan driver LSI for large‐size ac PDPs has the maximum driving voltage of 210V and the maximum driving current of 500mA for both of the source and sink. The chip sizes of those LSIs are 25–30% smaller than conventional LSIs. The applied results of those LSIs on 40‐in color ac PDP are presented.
Blue electroluminescence from polymer light‐emitting diode
Authors: Lee J. H. , Yu H. S. , Kwon S. K.
Published: January 2005

We fabricated the conjugated polymer light emitting diode that emits blue (460 nm) electroluminescence. For this we used the derivative of conjugated biphenylene vinylene polymer and we called it “Polymer Beta”. The EL efficiency of ITO/Polymer Beta/Al:Li diode was increased by the blending with hole‐transporting Poly(9‐vinyl carbazole)(PVK) and the insertion of electrontransporting Alq3 layer; the diode ITO/Polymer >Beta:PVK(3:7)/Alq3 /Al:Li turned on at 8.6 V (4.5 mA/cm2), its luminous efficiency was 0.13 lm/W and its maximum brightness was 1500 cd/m2.
Influence of Minority Carrier Mobility on Organic Electroluminescent Device Characteristics
Authors: Chen B. J. , Lai W. Y. , Gao Z. Q. , Lee C. S. , Lee S. T. , Webb D. P. , Chan Y. C. , Gambling W. A.
Published: January 2005

The drift mobility of electron in thin films of tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum (Alq) deposited at different rates (0.2 nm/s, 0.4 nm/s and 0.7 nm/s) on silicon has been determined by the time‐of‐flight (TOF) technique. It has been found that the drift mobility of electron in Alq increased for about two orders of magnitude as the deposition rate decreased from 0.7 to 0.2 nm/s. Further, the electron drift mobility in all Alq samples increased linearly with the square root of the applied electric field. Electroluminescent devices with a structure of ITO / NPB(90 nm) / Alq(90 nm) / Mg:Ag were fabricated at different Alq deposition rates. The device efficiency was found to increase with increasing electron mobility in Alq. As electron is the minority carrier of the present device, an increase in electron mobility in Alq would thus lead to an increase in device efficiency.
New Dielectric Material on Front‐Panel of PDP
Authors: Fujimine S. , Aoki Y. , Manabe T. , Nakao Y.
Published: January 2005

We developed a new transparent dielectric material on the front‐panel of Plasma Display Panel (PDP). We found that a glass composition named YPT124 exhibited not only excellent dielectric properties but also were high transparency. The relative dielectric constant of the bulk glass is 8.3 and the transmittance of 20mm thick fired film with 2.8mm thick substrate is 83%. The relative dielectric constant and transmittance of this new material is 30% lower and 10% higher than the present commercial material respectively.
Characterization of Tubeless Packaged FED by Glass‐to‐glass Anodic Bonding Method
Authors: Lee D. J. , Ju B. K. , Oh M. H. , Lee N. Y. , Jung S. J. , Kim K. S. , Han J. I. , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we suggest the FED packaging technology, having 4mm thickness, using anodic bonding. In this method, we could achieve more 153 times increased conductance and 200 times increased vacuum efficiency than conventional tube packaging method. The vacuum level in panel, by SRG test, was maintained about low 10−4Torr during above one month. And, the light emission was observed to 0.7‐inch tubeless packaged FED. Emission stability was constantly measured for 240 hours.
Influences of ambient gases upon emission characteristics of Mo‐FEAs during frit sealing cycle
Authors: Lee N. Y. , Kim B. C. , Jung J. H. , Kang M. S. , Kim H. , Ju B. K. , Lee Y. H. , Oh M. H. , Jang J. , Ahn Saeyung
Published: January 2005

A 3.5‐inch full‐color field emission display (FED) has been developed for the applications of flat panel display. The Spindt tip array with a pixelated anode produces uniform and clean image. Changes of electron emission characteristics between before and after frit sealing cycle were measured on the same FEAs. and properties of thin Mo‐films which frit‐sealing cycle was being done in various gaseous ambient were estimated by AFM, AES, SIMS, XPS. Possibility of applying Ar as an ambient gas to frit‐sealing cycle for vacuum packaging of field emission displays (FEDs) was reported. A set of uniquely printed spacers with the high aspect ratio is fabricated on ITO coated glass for high vacuum packaging. The low voltage phosphor is tested at anode voltage of 300V. Finally, full color images of 64 gray scale will be demonstrated.
Aging Effects in a 0.7″ FED Panel System Build‐Up
Authors: Lee Jong Duk , Oh Chang Woo , Kwon Sang Jik , Hong Kun Jo , Cho Tea Hee , Lee Neung Hun , Yoo Jae Soo , Cho Sung Hee
Published: January 2005

FED panel system was successfully built up through the integration of a 0.7″ diagonal Si‐based Mo‐tip FEA with 25×25 pixels, Y2O3:Eu or ZnO:Zn phosphor screen, and vacuum sealing through an exhausting glass tube, including a getter. The panel system was driven by an external driver circuit having PWM driving scheme. Before character imaging, it was stabilized through tip aging by increasing slowly a pulse‐mode emission current and phosphor aging by a coulombic charging process. After aging, luminescent characteristics such as emission uniformity, charging and arcing phenomena were shown to be improved significantly.
An Analysis of Field Dependent Capture of Electrons by Ionized Activators and their Effects on Luminance in SrS Based Blue Emitting ACTFEL Display Devices
Authors: Aguilera A. , Singh V. P. , Garcia A. , Morton D. C.
Published: January 2005

A new model for understanding luminance‐time characteristics of blue‐emitting SrS based a.c. thin film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) display devices was developed. It included (a) field‐dependence of the capture of conduction electrons by ionized activators and (b) field‐dependence of the relaxation of activators. Experiments involving a “dented” voltage waveforms were performed to evaluate the theoretical model.
P‐37: Electron‐Beam Mirror Projector
Authors: Dabbaj R. H.
Published: January 2005

The Electron‐Beam Mirror “EBM” projector is an electron‐beam addressed light valve modulator. It used a light‐modulating and supporting layers inside a small CRT, and a schlieren optical system. The EBM has the highest known diffraction efficiency among light‐valves, produced 15 um resolution and around 1E‐8 C/sq. cm sensitivity, and can be made into large‐area modulator. Among EBM% potential applications include high resolution single‐modulator auto‐convergent simultaneous‐colour projectors, and large areas LV modulators.
3‐Dimensional Modeling of Ridge‐Fringe Field LCDs
Authors: Anderson J. E. , Bos P. J. , Cai C. , Lien A.
Published: January 2005

One technique to achieve a multi‐domain structure in Vertically‐Aligned Liquid Crystal Displays is the Ridge‐Fringe Field (RFF) method. In this paper, we show calculated 3‐dimensional director configurations for RFF type LCDs using the vector approach. The on‐axis transmission and viewing angle are compared for four different pixel structures.
Dynamics of the Chiral‐Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Chen L. Y. , Chen S. H.
Published: January 2005

The dynamic response of the chiral‐homeotropic liquid crystal cell has been investigated. The well‐known optical bounce which was originally found in the TN cell also appears in the chiral‐homeotropic cell. We have examined this bounce phenomenon both in experiments and performing computer simulations.
Improvement of the Switching Parameters of Addressable Bistable Type PDLC Displays with Dual Frequency Driven Liquid Crystal
Authors: Ohyama J. , Matsuda H. , Eguchi K.
Published: January 2005

Improvement of switching parameters is reported of bistable polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) with dual frequency driven liquid crystal in an acrylate polymer matrix. Low frequency voltage pulses result in the transparent state while high frequency pulses return to the opaque state; which is a time useful for practical applications, e.g. still pictures. Both states are maintained even when removing the applied voltage. Repeatedly applying of high frequency voltage pulses recover the device to the initial scattering state with high reproducibility. Polymer content and surface treatment of substrates drastically affect the PDLC droplet formation and also bistability as a result.