bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Greek Teachers' Views on Parental Involvement in Education
Authors: Koutrouba Konstantina , Antonopoulou Ekaterini , Tsitsas Georgios , Zenakou Eleni
Published: June 2009

Parents' involvement in their children's education has been shown to have positive results in various aspects of child development such as behaviour, social-emotional development and academic performance. This article focuses on teachers' views of the major problems affecting home-school partnership and possible solutions to improve communication between school and family. It examines teachers' accounts of the components of parental participation in the process of pupil learning and evaluates teachers' suggestions for improving teacher-parent collaboration in Greek schools. The results show that Greek secondary school teachers have a positive attitude towards parental involvement in school but find that in fact parental involvement in Greek schooling is poor and infrequent. Most teachers ascribe poor parent-school relationship to factors such as parental unwillingness to respond to school initiated partnership schemes and to the parents' educational and social background. Generally speaking, Greek teachers appear to be in favour of an active collaboration with parents which will benefit schools, families and pupils.
The Emplantation of Christianity: An Anthropological Examination of the Korean Church
Authors: Grayson James H.
Published: June 2009

The 'Model for the Emplantation of Religions' can be a useful tool for both the historian and the missioner. Focussed on Korea, this study explains how Christianity became rooted there in a relatively short period of time. Overcoming a significant conflict of core values between Confucianism and Christianity, the Protestant and Catholic churches in Korea have experienced greater and more rapid growth than any other national church in East Asia during the twentieth century. The author identifies three phases in this process of emplantation: 'Contact and Explication', 'Penetration', and 'Growth and Contention'. The continued explanation of belief and teaching is essential for the spread and maintenance of Christianity.
Prospective Comparative Study of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Double-Bundle and Single-Bundle Techniques
Authors: Song Eun Kyoo , Oh Luke S. , Gill Thomas J. , Li Guoan , Gadikota Hemanth R. , Seon Jong Keun
Published: June 2009

Background

The intent of double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is to reproduce the normal anterior cruciate ligament anatomy and improve knee joint rotational stability. However, no consensus has been reached on the advantages of this technique over the single-bundle technique.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction could provide better intraoperative stability and clinical outcome than single-bundle reconstruction. Type of study: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

Forty patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury in one knee were recruited; 20 were allocated to a double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group and 20 to a single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group. Intraoperative stabilities at 30° of knee flexion were compared between the 2 groups using a navigation system. Clinical outcomes including Lysholm knee scores, Tegner activity scores, Lachman and pivot-shift test results, and radiographic stabilities were also compared between the 2 groups after a minimum of 2 years of follow-up.

Results

Intraoperative anterior and rotational stabilities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the double-bundle group were significantly better than those in single-bundle group (P = .020 and P < .001, respectively). Nineteen patients (95%) in each group were available at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Clinical outcomes including Lysholm knee and Tegner activity scores were similar in the 2 groups at 2-year follow-up (P > .05). Furthermore, stability results of the Lachman and pivot-shift tests, and radiologic findings at 2-year follow-up failed to reveal any significant intergroup differences (P > .05).

Conclusion

Although double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction produces better intraoperative stabilities than single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the 2 modalities were found to be similar in terms of clinical outcomes and postoperative stabilities after a minimum of 2 years of follow-up.
Alcohol Use Risk Levels Among Older Patients Screened in Emergency Departments in Southern California
Authors: Woodruff Susan I. , Clapp John D. , Sisneros Daniela , Clapp Elizabeth , McCabe Cameron , DiCiccio Raymond
Published: June 2009

More information is needed about the spectrum of alcohol use among older individuals, and correlates of problem drinking. This study described the alcohol use risk levels of a large convenience sample of patients 65 years and older visiting two large California hospital emergency departments (EDs). A personal interview, administered in the ED by a trained health educator, collected sociodemographic information and alcohol use using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test instrument. A total of 476 older patients provided complete interviews. This group equally comprised of men and women. Fifty-four percent were White non-Hispanic, 28% were Hispanic, 11% were African American, and 6% Other/Unknown. About 14% were at risk or above for alcohol misuse. No differences in risk-level distribution were found for young-old (65-74 years of age) and old-old (75+) groups. Higher alcohol risk was associated with male gender and higher income. Results are discussed in terms of intervention approaches for older people.
Efficacy of Sumatriptan in Two Pediatric Cases With Abdominal Pain-Related Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Does the Mechanism Overlap That of Migraine?
Authors: Kakisaka Yosuke , Wakusawa Keisuke , Haginoya Kazuhiro , Saito Akiko , Uematsu Mitsugu , Yokoyama Hiroyuki , Sato Tetsuo , Tsuchiya Shigeru
Published: June 2009

We successfully treated 2 pediatric cases of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorder with sumatriptan. When 9 years old, patient 1 developed periodic abdominal pain that was intractable to medication and remitted spontaneously. She was diagnosed with abdominal migraine, categorized as H2c in the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders. At age 12, intranasal sumatriptan relieved her pain, and her attacks halted 2 years later. Patient 2 was a 9-year-old girl diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), who began to have intermittent abdominal pain of variable severity, which sometimes restricted daily activity. She was diagnosed with childhood functional abdominal pain syndrome, categorized as H2d1 using the Rome III criteria. Intranasal sumatriptan also relieved her pain. These cases suggest that the mechanism of pain in abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders is similar to that of migraine, with probable central hypersensitivity, at least in a subset of cases.
Creation of Social Order in Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Nakao Keisuke
Published: June 2009

This article develops a model of random matching with costly monitoring to demonstrate that the threat of ethnic conflict can function to create an in-group policing mechanism which helps enforce inter-ethnic social order. Instead of regarding ethnic conflict as a form of collective penalty on an unidentified wrongdoer and his ethnic brethren (Fearon and Laitin, 1996), we argue that ethnic conflict is triggered by a wrongdoing because avengers seek to take advantage of in-group networks for detecting and punishing the culprit. Our theory predicts that the success of inter-ethnic cooperation hinges on the quality of in-group policing. As a consequence, a group with lower-quality policing tends to have more frequent and longer disputes with other groups.
`ADHD patient' or `illicit drug user'? Managing medico-moral membership categories in drug dependence services
Authors: Schubert Sarah J. , Hansen Susan , Dyer Kyle R. , Rapley Mark
Published: June 2009

Amphetamine-dependent patients seeking treatment are diagnosed with ADHD at a significantly higher rate than members of the general population. To study this relationship as it is constructed in everyday life, we draw on membership categorization analysis to examine how individuals account for their candidate memberships in two social categories — `illicit amphetamine user' and `ADHD patient'. We analyse interviews with four drug-dependent individuals, diagnosed with adult ADHD, undergoing detoxification treatment in Perth, Western Australia. Participants formulated their problematic behaviour via membership in the morally neutral category `ADHD patient' and methodically constructed symptoms as predicates of this category, despite the availability of the equally valid alternative category `illicit amphetamine user'. The category `ADHD patient' is shown to be functional: it absolves drug users from responsibility for troublesome conduct, and provides continued access to amphetamines as `medication'. In such cases, the diagnosis of ADHD arguably affords the conditions of possibility for an iatrogenic disorder in that the prescription of ATS medication provides for a morally and legally sanctioned form of drug dependence.
Agency-Based View of Learning within the Multinational Corporation
Authors: Saka-Helmhout Ayse
Published: June 2009

Organizational learning within the international management field is commonly understood as knowledge transfer. Context-based and actor-centred investigations into the aspects of the social system that shape the learning process have received less attention. This study highlights the role of agency as embedded in MNC coordination networks where knowledge is distributed across a social system to account for non-isomorphic patterns of learning. It points to the social dimension of MNC learning by explicating actors' responses to acquired knowledge. The study is based on case studies that systematically compare the ways in which parent company knowledge diffuses to subsidiaries in the European chemical industry. It concludes that learning within multinational corporations is shaped by actors' orientation to drawing on the past, the present, and the future to inform their current practice beyond knowledge transfer.
What if We Shifted the Basis of Consulting from Knowledge to Knowing?
Authors: Hicks Jeff , Nair Padmakumar , Wilderom Celeste P. M.
Published: June 2009

In this article, we argue that a focus on the debunking of consulting knowledge has led to a disconnect between the research and the practice of management consulting. A renewed focus on consulting practice, that is, the doing of consultancy itself, affords an opportunity for bringing clients, practitioners and researchers of consulting closer together. We sketch an outline of an alternative approach to consulting practice, based not on knowledge, but on knowing, the socially situated activity whereby knowledge is applied and created. Borrowing from the practice-based theories of organizational knowledge and knowing, we explore how key aspects of consulting practice—problem solving, participation and knowledge transfer—might be handled differently when we give primacy to practice. We discuss the viability of this alternative approach, and argue that despite established relations of power and politics, the dynamic and indeterminate nature of practice environments does afford some space for this and other alternative forms of consulting practice to take hold.
Social Functioning Difficulties in ADHD: Association with PDD Risk
Authors: Carpenter Rich Erika , Loo Sandra K. , Yang May , Dang Jeff , Smalley Susan L.
Published: June 2009

Although social difficulties are a common feature of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), little is known about the diversity of social problems, their etiology, or their relationship to disorders of social behavior, such as autism or Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). In 379 children and adolescents with ADHD, social functioning was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991). Factor analysis and structural equation modeling revealed two factors that we labeled Peer Rejection and Social Immaturity. A factor reflecting `PDD risk' was defined from eight items of a separate screening instrument for PDD and examined for its association with these two social factors. There was a significant association with both factors, but the association was much stronger for the Social Immaturity (Standardized Beta [β ] = .51) than Peer Rejection (β = .29) factors. Social Immaturity was also associated with a greater number of hyperactive symptoms while high Peer Rejection was associated with increased aggression and lower IQ in the ADHD children.
Measurement of Posttraumatic Growth in Young People: A Review
Authors: Clay Rebecca , Knibbs Jacky , Joseph Stephen
Published: June 2009

The potential of the positive psychology perspective to change the focus of clinical research and practice has become increasingly recognized. A variety of new psychometric instruments informed by positive psychology are now available to mental health clinicians, providing them with tools to assess change across the spectrum of human functioning. One area of research and practice in which this is evident is in posttrauma work, where it is becoming more common to assess posttraumatic growth alongside posttraumatic stress. The majority of work on posttraumatic growth has been with adults, but the last few years have also seen a new body of research with children and adolescents. The aim is to review literature relating to the measurement of growth. It is concluded that several measures with acceptable psychometric properties now exist for the assessment of posttraumatic growth in children and adolescents.
Complex Trauma, Impact on Development and Possible Solutions on an Adolescent Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Jonsson Pall Vidalin
Published: June 2009

In order for us to begin to understand the effect of abusive experiences in childhood on young people's personality development and symptomatology, we have to draw upon a number of theories. The most important of these relate to attachment, mentalization, dissociation, trauma, and how abusive experiences affect the development of the individual and their developing brain. In this article I will share with you my attempts to understand the young people that come to stay on our intensive care unit and consider how these theories inform our understanding of them and the treatment approach that we try to provide.
Racism and Inequalities in Health: Notes towards an Agenda for Critical Health Psychology
Authors: Stephens Christine
Published: June 2009

Estacio (this issue) has provided a moving demonstration of the way in which racism impacts on health at interpersonal, societal and global levels and how the discourses that create and sustain unequal treatment may be identified in everyday mediated talk, including the use of humour. In this commentary I develop Estacio's discussion of the importance of racism in regard to health inequalities. Using her structure, I briefly suggest additional ways in which critical health psychologists may approach these issues by drawing on work from psychology and other disciplines to develop just approaches to health research and practice.
Participant Experiences of a Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy Group for Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Griffiths K. , Camic P.M. , Hutton J.M.
Published: June 2009

Recently there has been a growth of interest in mindfulness-based psychotherapeutic approaches across a range of medical problems. Cardiac rehabilitation patients often suffer from stress, worry, anxiety and depression, all of which can lead to poor prognosis and worsening of cardiac symptoms. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) of participant experiences, this study reports on the first known Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy group adapted for cardiac rehabilitation. Analysis identified the development of awareness, commitment, within group experiences, relating to the material and acceptance as central experiential themes. The use of the approach was supported for this population.
A Personal Projects Analysis: Examining Adaptation to Low Back Pain
Authors: Vroman Kerryellen , Chamberlain Kerry , Warner Rebecca
Published: June 2009

Personal Projects Analysis (PPA) offers an alternative approach to studying adaptation to illnesses. This study investigated adaptation to low back pain using PPA to examine the relationship between participants' perceptions of pain, and their functioning and well-being. Participants appraised their five most important projects on 26 dimensions, such as project value, success and difficulty. Factor analyses of the project ratings yielded five dispositions (Integrity, Personal Agency, Social Visibility, Pain Salience and Stressfulness). In regression analysis all five dispositions significantly predicted Physical and Social Function, Disruption of Roles, and Well-being. `Pain Salience' was the strongest predictor of functional outcomes, and `Stressfulness' was the best predictor of well-being.
Smoke Flow in Chinese Kangs
Authors: Zhi Zhuang  , Yuguo Li  , Bin Chen
Published: June 2009

Chinese kangs are widely used today, in nearly 85% of rural homes by 175 million people in Northern China. While Chinese kangs are a potentially energy sustainable solution for home heating, existing systems are characterized by their poor energy efficiency and significant concerns about the impact of indoor air pollution in homes caused by smoke backflow or smoke leakages. Existing kang designs are based on the intuition and historical accumulation of past craftsmanship experiences. As the first attempt, a macroscopic thermal-fluid approach is used to model the airflow and heat transfer process of an elevated kang with a focus on smoke flow. This model considers nonlinear interaction of thermal buoyancy force, wind force and heat transfer from kang plates and chimney walls. Five parameter groups are identified for characterizing the kang systems to guide the kang smoke flow design. Our work has explained the so-called smoke backflow phenomenon that can lead to serious indoor air quality problems in rural homes and based on the results, we have provided some design recommendations for avoiding smoke backflowand for enhancing energy efficiency by increasing the heat utilization of the kang body.
Investigation of Mold Growth in Indoor School Buildings by Monitoring Outgassed Methyl Benzoate as a MVOC Biomarker
Authors: Parkinson Don-Roger , Churchill Tonia J. , Wady Loay , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: June 2009

An investigation of 16 classrooms in 4 randomly selected schools (children age 6—12) and 7 different places at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada and 4 locations at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, MUN, Corner Brook, NL, Canada were conducted to quantify emitted methyl benzoate concentrations. Methyl benzoate — as a metabolic biomarker of mold growth — has potential as an indicator for other volatile organic compound emissions outgassed by bacteria and molds. A variety of solid and indoor air grab samples were taken from the selected locations and were immediately analyzed by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. By this rapid method, methyl benzoate concentrations in solid samples were found to range: 5—69 and 6—22 ppb for schoolrooms and university rooms, respectively. For air samples, methyl benzoate (quantitation limit 2 ppb) was not detected in the schools, however at the universities; concentrations were as high as 25 ppb. This study supports that methyl benzoate may have use, as an indicator of mold growth, in indoor air research.
The Theo-Logic of Paul's Ethics in Recent Research: Crosscurrents and Future Directions in Scholarship in the Last Forty Years
Authors: Gupta Nijay K.
Published: June 2009

This essay presents a survey of scholarship on the theology or logic (hence `theo-logic') of Paul's ethics in the last forty years. Exploring the work of such prominent Pauline scholars as V.P. Furnish, P. Sampley, W. Schrage, R. Hays and D. Horrell, attention will be drawn to their contributions as well as future desiderata in this field. An important conclusion drawn from this study is that Furnish's work is a milestone in Paul's theo-logic of ethics especially with regard to eschatological, Christological and sociological dimensions, and subsequent Pauline interpreters have largely expanded on his work. Such elaborations, though, have often been necessary and welcome as new trends in scholarship have yielded great insights not possible in the late 1960s when Furnish penned his tome.
Recent Trends in the Study of Early Jewish Wisdom Literature: The Contribution of 4QInstruction and Other Qumran Texts
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: June 2009

This essay reviews major trends in the study of the Qumran texts commonly identified as wisdom literature. Among these texts, 4QInstruction and the so-called book of Mysteries have received the most attention. These compositions are making a significant contribution to our understanding of the Jewish wisdom tradition during the late Second Temple period. A key achievement of recent scholarship on the Qumran wisdom literature is the recognition that Early Jewish sapiential texts could draw on traditions that have little to do with the older wisdom of Proverbs, including in particular apocalypticism and the Torah. The Dead Sea Scrolls illustrate that there is a wide range of diversity among the Early Jewish wisdom texts.
Advanced Message Routing for Scalable Distributed Simulations
Authors: Gottschalk Thomas D. , Amburn Philip , Davis Dan M.
Published: June 2009

On large Linux clusters, scalability is the ability of the program to utilize additional processors in a way that provides a near-linear increase in computational capacity for each node employed. Without scalability, the cluster may cease to be useful after adding a very small number of nodes. The Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) Experimentation Directorate (J9) has recently been engaged in Joint Urban Operations (JUO) experiments and counter mortar analyses. Both required scalable codes to simulate over 1 million SAF clutter entities, using hundreds of CPUs. The JSAF application suite, utilizing the redesigned RTI-s communications system, provides the ability to run distributed simulations with sites located across the United States, from Norfolk, Virginia, to Maui, Hawaii. Interest-aware routers are essential for scalable communications in the large, distributed environments, and the RTI-s framework, currently in use by JFCOM, provides such routers connected in a basic tree topology. This approach is successful for small to medium sized simulations, but faces a number of constraining limitations precluding very large simulations.

To resolve these issues, the work described herein utilizes a new software router infrastructure to accommodate more sophisticated, general topologies, including both the existing tree framework and a new generalization of the fully connected mesh topologies. The latter were first used in the SF Express ModSAF simulations of 100,000 fully interacting vehicles. The new software router objects incorporate an augmented set of the scalable features of the SF Express design, while optionally using low-level RTI-s objects to perform actual site-to-site communications. The limitations of the original MeshRouter formalism have been eliminated, allowing fully dynamic operations. The mesh topology capabilities allow aggregate bandwidth and site-to-site latencies to match actual network performance. The heavy resource load at the root node now can be distributed across routers at the participating sites. Most significantly, realizable point-to-point bandwidths remain stable as the underlying problem size increases, sustaining scalability claims.
Risk Reduction as the Product of Model Assessed Reliability, Confidence, and Consequence
Authors: Logan Roger W. , Nitta Cynthia K. , Chidester Steven K.
Published: June 2009

This paper presents our methodology for verification and validation (V&V) of models, coupled to quantification of risk and risk reduction, and the use of risk, quantified as a dollar value, in the value-engineering and decision trade-off process. We begin by defining a simple measure of quantified risk, as the numerical product of three basic terms: the lower-bound model assessment of a product's reliability, multiplied by the confidence level used in the assessment, multiplied by the actuarial consequence value of the risk or risk reduction. We discuss our process for obtaining each of these three terms, and of other terms needed to complete the quantification process. An explosives impact test example is used to show the effects of model choice, data, and uncertainty methods on the resulting quantified risk reduction value. We then show how we use the quantified risk reduction value in a benefit/cost ranking method of value engineering. In this way, we can follow the simulation results from our explosive impact model all the way from V&V to risk to the investment trade-off decision process. Naturally, the nature of most such methodologies is still evolving, and this work represents the views of the authors and not necessarily the views of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
The Use of M&S VV&A as a Risk Mitigation Strategy in Defense Acquisition
Authors: Kilikauskas Michelle , Hall David H.
Published: June 2009

We describe verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) activities as components of risk assessment and risk mitigation in the defense systems acquisition process. We review risk assessment methodologies, application of those methodologies to models and simulations (M&S), and how this application relates to the overall risk mitigation process for the systems acquisition process.
An Analysis of Engagement Algorithms for Real-Time Weapons Effects
Authors: Mann John , Fisher David , Kraus Matt , Lowndes Erik , York Allen
Published: June 2009

Performance and fidelity requirements are the main drivers when selecting algorithms for real-time weapons effects. In many cases, look-up tables are the method of choice for real-time applications. Look-up tables have had wide-spread use in trade studies, planning tools, training simulations, and other applications and have proven to be both extremely valuable for real-time casualty assessment and at times misunderstood in what capabilities they provide. Look-up tables facilitate fast retrieval of vulnerability data, with measurable trade-offs between memory requirements, computation requirements, and fidelity. As processing power has increased, higher-fidelity algorithms of casualty assessment have gained wider use, suggesting that look-up tables may eventually become obsolete. This paper describes the casualty assessment modeling spectrum from low fidelity to high fidelity, including look-up tables, curve fits, physics-based models, and finite element codes. Each type of model is examined, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Guidelines for how to determine what model type to select and what factors should be considered when selecting a model are discussed. Principles outlined in this paper are being used to support model selection for the OneTESS program, the Army's next generation tactical engagement simulation system.
Using Context-Based Neural Networks to Maintain Coherence Among Entities' States in a Distributed Simulation
Authors: Gonzalez Avelino J. , Georgiopoulos Michael , DeMara Ronald F.
Published: June 2009

For entities to interact meaningfully in a distributed simulation environment, coherence among the entities' states must be maintained. Because continuous state updates for all entities in the simulation normally require large amounts of network bandwidth, motion equations (i.e., dead-reckoning models) are frequently used to reduce the number of communications updates. However, even with the use of such dead-reckoning models, networking and communications limitations still exist in currently fielded systems. An effective approach to reducing the communications requirements is achieved by replacing these predictive dead-reckoning models with neural networks. This paper presents the background and motivation for the research, the architecture and training algorithms of the networks, and the integration of the networks into a large-scale simulation environment. Quantitative measures from the experiments reveal that the use of neural networks can effectively reduce the number of communication updates required to maintain entity-state coherence. However, the neural networks may also be more difficult to scale than the currently used dead-reckoning algorithms.
Towards A Multi-FPGA Infrared Simulator
Authors: Sriram Vinay , Kearney David
Published: June 2009

High speed infrared (IR) scene simulation is used extensively in defense and homeland security to test sensitivity of IR cameras and accuracy of IR threat detection and tracking algorithms used commonly in IR missile approach warning systems (MAWS). A typical MAWS requires an input scene rate of over 100 scenes/second. Infrared scene simulations typically take 32 minutes to simulate a single IR scene that accounts for effects of atmospheric turbulence, refraction, optical blurring and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera electronic noise on a Pentium 4 (2.8GHz) dual core processor [7]. Thus, in IR scene simulation, the processing power of modern computers is a limiting factor. In this paper we report our research to accelerate IR scene simulation using high performance reconfigurable computing. We constructed a multi Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware acceleration platform and accelerated a key computationally intensive IR algorithm over the hardware acceleration platform. We were successful in reducing the computation time of IR scene simulation by over 36%. This research acts as a unique case study for accelerating large scale defense simulations using a high performance multi-FPGA reconfigurable computer.
The Logic of Emotional Experience: Noninferentiality and the Problem of Conflict Without Contradiction
Authors: Döring Sabine A.
Published: June 2009

Almost all contemporary philosophers on the subject agree that emotions play an indispensable role in the justification (as opposed to the mere causation) of other mental states and actions. However, how this role is to be understood is still an open question. At the core of the debate is the phenomenon of conflict without contradiction: why is it that an emotion need not be revised in the light of better judgment and knowledge? Conflict without contradiction has been explained either by difference in content between emotion and judgment, or by a difference in the respective attitude towards content. I argue that conflict without contradiction is due to both differences, where difference in content is prior to difference in attitude.
Emotions as Evaluative Feelings
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: June 2009

The phenomenology of emotions has traditionally been understood in terms of the bodily sensations they involve. This is a mistake. We should instead understand their phenomenology in terms of their distinctively evaluative intentionality. Emotions are essentially affective modes of response to the ways our circumstances come to matter to us, and so they are ways of being pleased or pained by those circumstances. Making sense of the intentionality and phenomenology of emotions in this way requires rejecting traditional understandings of intentionality and coming to see emotions as a distinctive and irreducible class of mental states lying at the intersection of intentionality, phenomenology, and motivation.
Mood Experience: Implications of a Dispositional Theory of Moods
Authors: Siemer Matthias
Published: June 2009

The core feature that distinguishes moods from emotions is that moods, in contrast to emotions, are diffuse and global. This article outlines a dispositional theory of moods (DTM) that accounts for this and other features of mood experience. DTM holds that moods are temporary dispositions to have or to generate particular kinds of emotion-relevant appraisals. Furthermore, DTM assumes that the cognitions and appraisals one is disposed to have in a given mood partly constitute the experience of mood. This article outlines a number of implications of DTM (e.g., regarding the noncognitive causation and rationality of moods) and summarizes empirical results supporting the theory.
Emotion Experience, Rational Action, and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Lambie John A.
Published: June 2009

This article examines the role of emotion experience in both rational action and self-knowledge. A key distinction is made between emotion experiences of which we are unaware, and those of which we are aware. The former motivate action and color our view of the world, but they do not do so in a rational way, and their nonreflective nature obscures self-understanding. The article provides arguments and evidence to support the view that emotion experiences contribute to rational action only if one is appropriately aware of them (because only then does one have the capacity to inhibit one's emotional reactions). Furthermore, it is argued that awareness of emotion increases self-knowledge because it is a source of information about our biases.
Missile System Modeling in a Distributed Virtual Environment
Authors: Tackett Greg , McKelvy Tim , Greenleaf William
Published: June 2009

In April 2003, The U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM) conducted an experiment called the First Application (1stApp), using a distributed virtual environment across a wide area network. The two objectives of this HLA-based distributed simulation were to establish a modeling and simulation cost/schedule/performance baseline for the development of a target distributed virtual environment for Future Force technical experimentation and to match tactics to physics to produce realistic expectations of the technical performance of networked fires for the U.S. Army Future Combat Systems (FCS). The core set of models and simulations for this event was developed and provided by the networked fires using Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) Science and Technology Objective (STO). In particular, NLOS-LS developed models and virtual simulations of the NLOS-LS missiles and Mission Management Application (MMA), including modeling of the LADAR seeker on the Loitering Attack Missile (LAM) and the man-machine interfaces to display and utilize LADAR imagery in the battlefield context.

This paper describes the LADAR models, missile flight models, MMA virtual simulations, LADAR visualization, and networked fires context that was used to represent NLOS LS in the 1stApp event. It also describes the distributed virtual environment and the simulation architecture that was used to represent the networked fires functionality, through the integration of simulations from a variety of organizations within the RDE Command.
Technology Disruption in the Simulation Industry
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: June 2009

The military simulation industry has been transformed by technological advances multiple times in its history. In some cases those changes have come from within the industry, and in others they have been introduced from outside of the mainstream and have disrupted the established status quo. These external disruptions have traditionally made significant contributions to the state of the art in the field. However, in doing so they have negated millions of dollars in government funding that could have been more valuably applied had the sponsors understood the disruptive forces that were at work. These events have also overturned a number of leading companies in the field and replaced them with upstarts whose technology contained the seeds for future advances.

In this paper, we explore the impact that computer game technologies are having on the simulation industry. These technologies initially provided low-end capabilities for a small niche of the industry. However, over time they have improved to the point that they are more powerful than many of the established tools in the field. This disruption is following the well-established innovation model that was put forward by Harvard professor Clayton Christensen. Game technologies entered the industry as a “toy” application, but they now offer the foundation upon which the next generation of successful systems will be built. PC game technologies are just one of the waves of disruption that are entering and will permanently change the simulation industry. Future disruptions will arise from game consoles, web-based 3-D environments, and wireless technologies. These disruptions will spur the growth of new types of companies and threaten the positions of established companies in the industry. There are technological and economical forces at work in the gaming and military simulation markets that will create a wave of change throughout the industry. This wave will spread cheaper, more powerful, and more accessible simulations and simulators across the modern military.
The Importance of Fiction to the Raffles Library, Singapore, During the Long Nineteenth-Century
Authors: Luyt Brendan
Published: June 2009

One of the main controversies in the world of librarianship in the latter half of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century was the role of fiction in the public libraries of North America and United Kingdom. To what extent was this concern translated to other parts of the English-speaking world? This article explores, from the available evidence, the attitudes towards fiction held by officials of the Raffles Library, Singapore. It suggests the library tended to be very liberal in its views. To understand why this was the case, the article argues, involves an understanding of the notion, commonly held at the time, of human degeneration from prolonged exposure to tropical environments, and the colonialist reaction to this predicament.
Social Memory in the Public Historical Sphere: Henry Savery's The Hermit in Van Diemen's Land and the Tasmanian Public Library
Authors: Gaunt Heather
Published: June 2009

Although public libraries have been generally characterized as 'repositories of public memory' or 'memory institutions', along with museums and archives, little specific work has been undertaken in Australia into how the public library performs this role: how a public library responds to the development of historical consciousness within its particular community, to the vicissitudes of public remembering, and also public forgetting. This article considers these questions through a case study of the Tasmanian Public Library in Hobart, Tasmania, and its changing responses to a particular text, convict author Henry Savery's The Hermit in Van Diemen's Land: from the Colonial Times (1829), one of the first books printed in the Colony. This article will suggest that the book The Hermit in Van Diemen's Land played a role as a lieu de mémoire within the Tasmanian community, the nature of that role changing as a consequence of a variety of factors over more than a century. The circumstances surrounding the acquisition and subsequent disposal of a copy of The Hermit by the Tasmanian Public Library are examined, in the context of the contested and changing value placed on the text by the institution and members of the community. Such an analysis of the manifestation of social memory in the context of the public library enriches our understanding of the ways in which a small interpretative community negotiated its difficult history.
2-phenylacetylenesulfonamide (PAS) induces p53-independent apoptotic killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells
Authors: Steele Andrew J. , Prentice Archibald G. , Hoffbrand A. Victor , Yogashangary Birunthini C. , Hart Stephen M. , Lowdell Mark W. , Samuel Edward R. , North Janet M. , Nacheva Elisabeth P. , Chanalaris Anastasios , Kottaridis Panagiotis , Cwynarski Kate , Wickremasinghe R. Gitendra
Published: June 2009

We studied the actions of 2-phenylacetylenesulfonamide (PAS) on B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. PAS (5-20 μM) initiated apoptosis within 24 hours, with maximal death at 48 hours asassessed by morphology, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 3 activation, and annexin V staining. PAS treatment induced Bax proapoptotic conformational change, Bax movement from the cytosol to the mitochondria, and cytochrome c release, indicating that PAS induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. PAS induced approximately 3-fold up-regulation of proapoptotic Noxa protein and mRNA levels. In addition, Noxa was found unexpectedly to be bound to Bcl-2 in PAS-treated cells. PAS treatment of CLL cells failed to up-regulate p53, suggesting that PAS induced apoptosis independently of p53. Furthermore, PAS induced apoptosis in CLL isolates with p53 gene deletion in more than 97% of cells. Normal B lymphocytes were as sensitive to PAS-induced Noxa up-regulation and apoptosis as were CLL cells. However, both T lymphocytes and bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells were relatively resistant to PAS. Our data suggest that PAS may represent a novel class of drug that induces apoptosis in CLL cells independently of p53 status by a mechanism involving Noxa up-regulation.
TIPT2 and geminin interact with basal transcription factors to synergize in transcriptional regulation
Authors: Pitulescu Mara E , Teichmann Martin , Luo Lingfei , Kessel Michael
Published: June 2009

Background

The re-replication inhibitor Geminin binds to several transcription factors including homeodomain proteins, and to members of the polycomb and the SWI/SNF complexes.

Results

Here we describe the TATA-binding protein-like factor-interacting protein (TIPT) isoform 2, as a strong binding partner of Geminin. TIPT2 is widely expressed in mouse embryonic and adult tissues, residing both in cyto- and nucleoplasma, and enriched in the nucleolus. Like Geminin, also TIPT2 interacts with several polycomb factors, with the general transcription factor TBP (TATA box binding protein), and with the related protein TBPL1 (TRF2). TIPT2 synergizes with geminin and TBP in the activation of TATA box-containing promoters, and with TBPL1 and geminin in the activation of the TATA-less NF1 promoter. Geminin and TIPT2 were detected in the chromatin near TBP/TBPL1 binding sites.

Conclusion

Together, our study introduces a novel transcriptional regulator and its function in cooperation with chromatin associated factors and the basal transcription machinery.
"PolyMin": software for identification of the minimum number of polymorphisms required for haplotype and genotype differentiation
Authors: Frei Ursula K , Wollenweber Bernd , Lübberstedt Thomas
Published: June 2009

Background

Analysis of allelic variation for relevant genes and monitoring chromosome segment transmission during selection are important approaches in plant breeding and ecology. To minimize the number of required molecular markers for this purpose is crucial due to cost and time constraints. To date, software for identification of the minimum number of required markers has been optimized for human genetics and is only partly matching the needs of plant scientists and breeders. In addition, different software packages with insufficient interoperability need to be combined to extract this information from available allele sequence data, resulting in an error-prone multi-step process of data handling.

Results

PolyMin, a computer program combining the detection of a minimum set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and/or insertions/deletions (INDELs) necessary for allele differentiation with the subsequent genotype differentiation in plant populations has been developed. Its efficiency in finding minimum sets of polymorphisms is comparable to other available program packages.

Conclusion

A computer program detecting the minimum number of SNPs for haplotype discrimination and subsequent genotype differentiation has been developed, and its performance compared to other relevant software. The main advantages of PolyMin, especially for plant scientists, is the integration of procedures from sequence analysis to polymorphism selection within a single program, including both haplotype and genotype differentiation.
High-content live cell imaging with RNA probes: advancements in high-throughput antimalarial drug discovery
Authors: Cervantes Serena , Prudhomme Jacques , Carter David , Gopi Krishna G , Li Qian , Chang Young-Tae , Le Roch Karine G
Published: June 2009

Background

Malaria, a major public health issue in developing nations, is responsible for more than one million deaths a year. The most lethal species, Plasmodium falciparum, causes up to 90% of fatalities. Drug resistant strains to common therapies have emerged worldwide and recent artemisinin-based combination therapy failures hasten the need for new antimalarial drugs. Discovering novel compounds to be used as antimalarials is expedited by the use of a high-throughput screen (HTS) to detect parasite growth and proliferation. Fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA have replaced expensive traditional radioisotope incorporation for HTS growth assays, but do not give additional information regarding the parasite stage affected by the drug and a better indication of the drug's mode of action. Live cell imaging with RNA dyes, which correlates with cell growth and proliferation, has been limited by the availability of successful commercial dyes.

Results

After screening a library of newly synthesized stryrl dyes, we discovered three RNA binding dyes that provide morphological details of live parasites. Utilizing an inverted confocal imaging platform, live cell imaging of parasites increases parasite detection, improves the spatial and temporal resolution of the parasite under drug treatments, and can resolve morphological changes in individual cells.

Conclusion

This simple one-step technique is suitable for automation in a microplate format for novel antimalarial compound HTS. We have developed a new P. falciparum RNA high-content imaging growth inhibition assay that is robust with time and energy efficiency.
A mitotic recombination map proximal to the APC locus on chromosome 5q and assessment of influences on colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Howarth Kimberley , Ranta Susanna , Winter Eitan , Teixeira Ana , Schaschl Helmut , Harvey John J , Rowan Andrew , Jones Angela , Spain Sarah , Clark Susan , Guenther Thomas , Stewart Aengus , Silver Andrew , Tomlinson Ian
Published: June 2009

Background

Mitotic recombination is important for inactivating tumour suppressor genes by copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Although meiotic recombination maps are plentiful, little is known about mitotic recombination. The APC gene (chr5q21) is mutated in most colorectal tumours and its usual mode of LOH is mitotic recombination.

Methods

We mapped mitotic recombination boundaries ("breakpoints") between the centromere (~50 Mb) and APC (~112 Mb) in early colorectal tumours.

Results

Breakpoints were non-random, with the highest frequency between 65 Mb and 75 Mb, close to a low copy number repeat region (68–71 Mb). There were, surprisingly, few breakpoints close to APC, contrary to expectations were there constraints on tumorigenesis caused by uncovering recessive lethal alleles or if mitotic recombination were mechanistically favoured by a longer residual chromosome arm. The locations of mitotic and meiotic recombination breakpoints were correlated, suggesting that the two types of recombination are influenced by similar processes, whether mutational or selective in origin. Breakpoints were also associated with higher local G+C content. The recombination and gain/deletion breakpoint maps on 5q were not, however, associated, perhaps owing to selective constraints on APC dosage in early colorectal tumours. Since polymorphisms within the region of frequent mitotic recombination on 5q might influence the frequency of LOH, we tested the 68–71 Mb low copy number repeat and nearby tagSNPs, but no associations with colorectal cancer risk were found.

Conclusion

LOH on 5q is non-random, but local factors do not greatly influence the rate of LOH at APC or explain inter differential susceptibility to colorectal tumours.