bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Plants for Very Small Communities: Choice and Design Criteria for Five Different Processes
Authors: Boutin C. , Liénard A. , Ramain J. L. , Beyeler L.
Published: May 2018

Waste stabilization ponds and land treatment seepage, which are generally used for very small communities, are being used less frequently due to their specificity and their lack of suitability in certain cases (ground characteristics, available space, fragile receiving bodies, etc.)

This article gives the choice criteria for the proposed new series for 5 communities sized between 50 and 400 p.e. (person equivalents), together with a detailed description of the facilities:-septic tank + covered infiltration bed-horizontal settling-digestion tank + covered infiltration bed-settling-digestion tank (Imhof tank) + trickling filter + infiltration bed-pond + covered infiltration bed-reed bed filters

in addition to the design of the infiltration beds and discussion of the investment costs.

All the series had to achieve the following effluent quality levels:COD = 90 mg/l, BOD5 = 30 mg/l, TSS = 30 mg/l, N-NK = 40 mg/l

For the time being, the difficulties encountered are of a technical nature and concern the infiltration beds' feeder devices which do not produce a flat water jet that gives even spreading.
Experiences with the Norwegian Approval System for Small Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Paulsrud B. , Haraldsen S.
Published: May 2018

The Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority introduced in 1986 a system for approval of wastewater treatment plants serving less than 35 persons. This system is based upon three approval classes and includes “real life” testing of the plants for a minimum period of six months. During the test period several factors (hydraulic capacity, sludge production, effluents concentrations etc.) are examined. The six types of plant that have been approved so far are described and the test results are presented and discussed. General experiences with the approval system are summarized, including effects of the mandatory service contract between manufacturer/supplier and the houseowner.
Evaluation of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants in the County of Århus – Denmark
Authors: la Cour Jansen Jes , Mose Pedersen Bodil , Moldt Erik
Published: May 2018

Influent and effluent data from about 120 small wastewater treatment plants (100 - 2000 PE) have been collected and processed. Seven different types of plants are represented. The effluent quality and the treatment efficiency have been evaluated. The most common type of plant is mechanical/biological treatment plants. Some of them are nitrifying and some are also extended for chemical precipitation of phosphorus. Constructed wetlands and biological sandfilters are also represented among the small wastewater treatment plants.
Multilayer Intermittent Sand Filter
Authors: Latvala Arto
Published: May 2018

For developing intermittent sand filters more compact laboratory tests were arranged at Suomenoja Wastewater Research Station in Espoo, Finland. The purpose of these experiments was to develop this method to become multilayer. Multilayer means here two or three influent pipe systems in the same filter instead of one. These influents can be used simultaneously. This means that it is possible to increase the BOD-loading of the filter. However effluent quality depends on the BOD-loading of the filter. If BOD-loading is increased, then BOD of the effluent also increases in respect to BOD-load. However higher BOD-loads are more acceptable to multilayer intermittent sand filters than to conventional ones. A suggestion for construction of multilayer intermittent sand filters is presented.
The Role of Particle Characterization in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Adin Avner , Alon Giora
Published: May 2018

This article discusses the application of particle size analysis to better understanding and improved design of the direct filtration process (no chemical pretreatment) of secondary municipal effluents. Particle size distributions (PSD) of various plant effluents are described and interpreted. Results from laboratory experiments are presented, pointing out a major divergence of effluent filtration from classical water filtration theory. A mathematical model introducing the PSD function into a “classical” filtration model is presented exemplifying PSD application to improved wastewater filtration.
Planted Soil Filter – A Wastewater Treatment System for Rural Areas
Authors: Netter Robert
Published: May 2018

Three planted soil filters for wastewater treatment (constructed wetlands with subsurface water flow) were investigated over an extended period of time. Each of them was filled with different kinds of soil. The filters were planted with helophytes, and loaded with septic tank effluent, with pre-treated combined sewage respectively. The hydraulic surface loading varied from 4 to 60mm/d and the specific BOD5 mass loading from 0.9 to 8.7g per square metre per day. The purification efficiency varied between 61 and 99% with respect to BOD5 and COD. The elimination of nutrients (Ntot and Ptot) varied between 5 and almost 100%. The removal rate of the total bacterial count, conforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci was significant.
Physical Aspects of Flocculation: From Microscale to Macroscale
Authors: Lawler Desmond F.
Published: May 2018

Flocculation is described by the Smoluchowski equation. Two-particle collisions are considered to occur by Brownian motion, fluid motion (shear), and differential sedimentation. In its original form, the Smoluchowski equation incorporated a rectilinear view of collisions, i.e., a view that ignored the effects of hydrodynamics and van der Waals attraction on particle collisions. A comparison between experimental results for heterodisperse suspensions and predictions of the rectilinear model of flocculation suggests strongly that the model overpredicts the collison frequency between large and small particles. Two methods that correct this problem are explored in this paper. First, a view of collisions in turbulent flow is presented; in this view the applicable velocity gradient that influences the collision frequency for fluid motion is a decreasing function of particle size. This approach is relatively new and somewhat unproven, but does have a basis in turbulence theory. Second, a curvilinear view of collisions that does account for hydrodynamic interactions and van der Waals attraction is considered; this approach, well-founded in theory developed by others, leads to a dramatic reduction in the predicted collision frequency between large and small particles.
Wastewater Treatment by Stabilization Ponds with and without Macrophytes under Arid Climate
Authors: Mandi L. , Ouazzani N. , Bouhoum K. , Boussaid A.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a comparative study of two experimental systems, stabilization ponds without macrophytes and macrophytic ponds, to purify wastewater under arid climate of Marrakesh. Organic load (COD, TSS), bacterial load (SF, CF) and parasitical load (helminth eggs) are significantly reduced in both systems. Even though water loss was more important at the macrophytic ponds (evapotranspiration reaches 60% of influent flow), this system shows generally the best efficiency in purifying wastewater. In summer time, TSS and COD depletion is better on macrophytic ponds (TSS: 95%, COD: 87%). The stabilization ponds are more efficient to reduce nutrients: NH4+: 72%. PO4: 63% at the same period. Fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms are reduced more in stabilization ponds (CF: 99.4%, SF: 99.7%) than macrophytic ponds (CF: 96.2%, SF: 94.7%). No helminth eggs were found in the effluent from either system. The two systems ensure optimal removal of parasites allowing the eventual reuse of the treated effluents for agricultural purposes.
Development of an Improved Compact Package Plant for Small Community Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Hulsman A. , Swartz C. D.
Published: May 2018

The challenges facing the design and operation of small community wastewater treatment plants are discussed. The package plant concept is considered and the consequent development of a compact intermittently aerated activated sludge package plant is outlined. A four month trial period, comprising the first part of the evaluation, is described. Results from this trial show that the plant can serve communities of up to 300 p.e. and that treated effluent quality conforms to the General South African Standards. The compact design and unique operating regime offer reduced capital and running costs respectively.
Operation of a Two-Stage Activated Sludge Package Plant for High Efficiency Treatment
Authors: Matsché N. , Moser D.
Published: May 2018

A new two-stage package plant which is built in standard containers treats the effluents of a highway rest stop near Vienna (Austria). The plant is designed for a maximum daily flow of 110 m3 and a maximum daily load of 51 kg BOD5 in winter and 75 kg BOD5 during heavy holiday traffic in summer. The plant has been in operation for one year and was investigated during peak loading conditions in summer and under low loading conditions at very low outdoor temperatures in winter. In both cases full carbonaceous removal and complete nitrification of a high-loaded sewage was obtained. Although the nitrogen elimination amounts to 85% the nitrate concentration in the effluent can be as high as 60 mg N/l due to the high concentration in the influent. In order to improve the denitrification even further a new treatment scheme (the Hybrid process) combining (mixing) the biocenosis from both stages was applied at the plant.
Impact of Suspended Matter on Drinking Water Production: The Fes, Morocco, Case
Authors: Tabib Elmghari M. , Maachi B. , Abouzaid H.
Published: May 2018

The levels of suspended matter in the Sebou river and their impact on the water supply system for the city of Fes, Morocco, are analyzed.
Replacement of the Final Settling Basin by a Fluidized Pellet Bed Separator to Improve Efficiency of Activated Sludge System
Authors: Tambo Norihito , Ozawa Genzou , Kihara Yasuhiko , Ohba Akira
Published: May 2018

A new high rate separation technology, i.e. a fluidized pellet bed separation of activated sludge, is proposed to improve conventional activated sludge treatment system and the related dewatering process.
Liesing Creek – Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment in the Context of River Restoration in Southern Vienna, Austria
Authors: Fleckseder H. , Hausperger M. , Kadrnoska H.
Published: May 2018

Liesing Creek is situated in the south of Vienna/Austria. At present, it is a channelised Creek emerging in the mountainous Vienna woods, and as soon as it hits the Southern Vienna Plains, it also enters a densely populated urban area. There is a citizen movement to reshape Liesing Creek from its present channelised condition into a restored “near-natural” rivulet. Liesing Creek is also receiving the flow from a large WWTP (Blumental), some combined runoff (after in-line storage) as well as the surface runoff from the dominating separate sewer system.
Performance Characteristics of Methods for the Bacteriological Examination of Water
Authors: Havelaar Arie H. , Heisterkamp Siem H. , Hoekstra Janneke A. , Mooijman Kirsten A.
Published: May 2018

The general concept of measurement errors is applied to quantitative bacteriological counts on membrane filters or agar plates. The systematic errors of these methods are related to the growth characteristics of the medium (recovery of target organisms and inhibition of non-target organisms) and to its differential characteristics (sensitivity and specificity). Factors that influence the precision of microbiological counts are the variation between replicates, within samples, between operators and between laboratories. It is also affected by the linearity of the method, the verification rate and, where applicable, the number of colonies subcultured for verification. Repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) values can be calculated on the logarithmic scale.
Recovery of Poliovirus Type 1 from Experimentally Contaminated Shellfish: Evaluation of Different Methods
Authors: Croci L. , De Medici D. , Divizia M. , Gabrieli R. , Toti L. , Pana A.
Published: May 2018

Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by ingestion of contaminated shellfish are well documented. Several methods have been described for virus recovery from shellfish, but often they are complicated and time-consuming.

In this study we have compared several viral extraction-concentration methods from mussels experimentally contaminated in conditions close to those met in natural environment.

Mvtilus galloprovincialis were contaminated by 2 h immersion in artificial seawater seeded with Poliovirus type 1. After the contamination step, the mussel bodies with intervalve water were homogenized by Ultraturax blender using four different elution buffers: PBS pH9.5; 0.05M glycine pH9.5; 0.3% and 3% beef extract pH9.5. The ratio between eluants and homogenates, depending on the used method, was 1:2 or 1:10.

After the elution step, virus was concentrated comparing the following techniques: precipitation at acid pH, precipitation with PEG6000, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration with Amicon apparatus and tangential flow Minitan system.

Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA program and the results were evaluated.
Novel Methodology for the Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum: A Comparison of Cooled Charge Couple Devices (CCD) and Flow Cytometry
Authors: Campbell Andrew , Robertson Lucy , Smith Huw
Published: May 2018

Flow cytometry and CCD were assessed for their usefialness in the detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Oocysts were labelled with FITC-monoclonal antibody and with the nuclear stains 4’6-diamidino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI) before analysis by flow cytometer and CCD. Although the flow cytometer tested was able to concentrate particles and place them on a slide for subsequent viewing, readily sorting oocysts from contaminating debris, confirmation by fluoresence microscopy was still essential, even when additional parameters such as the inclusion of DAPI is used. Initial observations from the use of CCD, however, suggested that screening samples for oocysts was a possibility. Three dimensional visualisation of individual oocysts can map precisiely both the detailed morphology and the exact size of oocysts, thereby making confirmation by fluoresence microscopy unneccesary.
Giardia muris Cyst Inactivation in Anaerobic Digester Sludge
Authors: Van Praagh A. D. , Gavaghan P. D. , Sykora J. L.
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic sludge exposures conducted at 21.5°, 37°, and 50°C produced 99.9 % G. muris cyst inactivations in 15.1 days, 20.5 hrs, and 10.7 minutes, respectively. A comparison of 99.9 % G. muris cyst inactivation times with USEPA anaerobic digestion treatment standards for land applied sludges (in 40 CFR 257) indicated that compliance with the latter would readily achieve 99.9 % G. muris cyst inactivations. Percent cyst inactivation (% I) was defined in terms of cyst concentration and cyst excystation by the following equation: %I = (1- (C)EX)100, where ‘C' was the fraction of the original cyst concentration remaining after exposure and ‘EX' was the fraction of the remaining cysts that were able to excyst. The 99.9 % Giardia cyst inactivation treatment standard of the USEPA's Surface Water Treatment Rule was adopted as a Giardia-based treatment standard for land applied sludges.
Comparison of Methods for the Recovery and Quantitation of Coliphage and Indigenous Bacteriophage from Marine Waters and Sediments
Authors: Reynolds Kelly A. , Rose Joan B. , Giordano Amy T.
Published: May 2018

A variety of anthropogenic influences on marine coastal waters introduces populations of human enteric bacteria and their bacteriophage, some of which may be indicators of municipal waste contamination. This work was undertaken to examine methods for recovery and detection of coliphage in marine waters and sediments. Seeded studies were used to compare viradel and Ultrafiltration methods for the recovery and concentration of both indigenous and introduced viruses from seawater. Ultrafiltration recoveries of MS2 averaged 29.3% in artificial seawater. Viradel methods used to concentrate MD1 coliphage averaged 18.7% recovery when used with natural seawater. A variety of eluants were examined for recovery of phage from sediments. Recoveries ranged from 0.8-100% depending on the type of phage and eluant used. No eluant was capable of providing more efficient recoveries over another, however, indigenous phage #16 was isolated more efficiently than introduced tailed phages T2 and MD1. For phage quantitation, plaque assay counts were compared to particle counts using TEM. TEM counts were usually higher than PFUs in artificial seawater concentrates but lower with eluted marine sediments. Environmental surveys revealed that phage could sometimes be isolated from sediments when they could not be detected in the overlying water column. Preliminary data showed phage could be isolated from sea cucumbers and sponges at higher concentrations than in their surrounding habitats. Therefore, with the development of efficient elution and rapid quantitation techniques, sediments and sea organisms are the most appropriate sampling sites for detection of marine phage populations.
Poliovirus Recovery from Tap Water After Concentration over Glass Powder and Glass Wool
Authors: Menut C. , Beril C. , Schwartzbrod L.
Published: May 2018

Two concentration methods for recovering poliovirus from tap water are compared. Samples of tap water are artificially contaminated with poliovirus 1 Lsc 2ab and concentrated by adsorption-elution over either glass powder or glass wool. The results show that, for great viral contamination, the glass powder method provided a higher recovery yield than the glass wool method. But the glass wool method had the greater sensitivity. Viruses weredetectedin73.9% for viral contaminations of 4 to 50 PFU 20 l−1 when using the glass wool method although with the glass powder method viruses were detected in only 52.2 %.
Comparison of Cell Culture and a Poliovirus Gene Probe Assay for the Detection of Enteroviruses in Environmental Water Samples
Authors: Margolin Aaron B. , Gerba Charles P. , Richardson Kenneth J. , Naranjo Jaime E.
Published: May 2018

Nucleic acid hybridization provides a rapid non-cell culture method for the detection of enteric viruses in water. The purpose of this work was to compare the detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses by cell culture with their detection by a poliovirus gene probe in various types of water samples. Samples of activated sludge effluent, tertiary treated wastewater (activated sludge, filtration and passage through reverse osmosis), ground water, surface water and tidal river water were processed through 1 MDS Virozorb filters to concentrate any naturally occurring virus. Viruses were eluted from the filters with pH 9.5 beef extract and reduced in volume by flocculation to 20-30 ml. These concentrates were then assayed in the BGM cell line by the cytopathogenic effects (CPE) method and by a poliovirus cDNA probe (base pairs 115-7440) labeled with 32P. A total of 233 samples were assayed in this manner. In slightly more than 93% of the samples gene probe and cell culture yielded the same results. Of these samples 36 were positive by gene probe and 28 by cell culture assay. Positive samples for gene probe were confirmed by treatment with NaOH or RNAse and then reprobed. Samples demonstrating CPE upon primary passage were confirmed positive by subsequent passage of cell lysate on a new monolayer of BGM cells. Ten samples were positive by gene probe and negative by cell culture, and 4 samples were negative by gene probe and positive by cell culture.
Plaque Assay for Adenovirus Type 41 Using the PLC/PRF/5 Liver Cell Line
Authors: Grabow W. O K. , Puttergill D. L. , Bosch A.
Published: May 2018

In research on methods for the detection and enumeration of the fastidious adenovirus types 40 and 41 (Ad40/41), the PLC/PRF/5 cell line derived from a primary human hepatocellular carcinoma proved substantially more sensitive than the Graham 293 (human embryonic kidney), A549 (human lung), KB (human oral epidermoid) and Chang conjunctival cells generally used for propagation of these viruses. In comparative tests based on the detection of a cytopathic effect in microtitre plate monolayers inoculated with tenfold dilutions of virus suspensions and quantitation by most probable number calculation, the PLC/PRF/5 cell line yielded a hundred times higher count for a laboratory strain of Ad41, and ten times higher counts for a laboratory strain of Ad40 and two Ad41 stool isolates, than any of the other cells. The PLC/PRF/5 cells also retained an optimal condition for longer and displayed cytopathic effects earlier and more clearly than the other cell lines. Efforts to develop plaque assays for Ad40/41 by using various modifications of established plaque techniques were successful only for the laboratory strain and the two stool isolates of Ad41 using PLC/PRF/5 cells. The reason for the exceptional susceptibility of PLC/PRF/5 cells to Ad40/41, and the ability of these cells to plaque Ad41 but not Ad40, cannot be explained. Quantitative PLC/PRF/5 cell culture assays on viral suspensions in which numbers of viral particles were counted by electron microscopy using a calibrated colloidal gold particle suspension as reference, indicated that the minimal infective dose of Ad40/41 for humans may be in the same range as that of many other enteric viruses.
Survival of Bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1 in Ground Water
Authors: Yahya Moysar T. , Galsomies Laurence , Gerba Charles P. , Bales Roger C.
Published: May 2018

Bacteriophages are potentially useful models for studying the fate and transport of pathogenic enteric viruses and other biocoUoids through soil and ground water. To be useful for this purpose they must be capable of surviving for significant periods in ground water and demonstrate low adsorption to soil surfaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of two bacteriophages which have been shown to adsorb poorly to soils, i.e. the Escherichiacoli phages MS-2 and PRD-1 which infect Salmonellatyphimurium. Samples of ground water from various regions of North America were inoculated with the test phages and incubated at temperatures near the ambient ground water temperature of the collection site. At 7°C no significant inactivation of the phages occurred over a period of 80 days. At higher temperature (10 to 23°C) PRD-1 was far more resistant to inactivation than MS-2, persisting for periods of 7 to 10 times longer in most water samples.
Virus Removal by an On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Recycling System
Authors: Naranjo Jaime E. , Gerba Charles P. , Bradford Susan M. , Irwin John
Published: May 2018

On-site wastewater reclamation and recycling systems are a useful option in areas where moratoriums exist on sewer connections or water shortages encourage maximum use of all water resources. The Cycle-Let Recycling System is used to treat wastewater from offices, shopping centers, and commercial and public facilities. The system is designed to produce reclaimed water for toilet and urinal flushing or landscape irrigation by anoxic and aerobic biological treatment followed by ultrafiltration, passage through activated carbon, and disinfection by ultraviolet light. A full scale operating system was evaluated for its removal of the coliphage MS-2, rotavirus SA-11, poliovirus type 1 by seeding these viruses into the mixed liquor tanks before treatment. In addition, samples were collected for naturally occurring viruses after completion of the tests. Four hundred liter samples were processed and tested for the animal viruses after each of the treatment processes,No animal viruses could be detected after ultrafiltration, indicating a reduction of at least 99.9998%. MS-2 coliphage was reduced by 99.93% by the ultrafiher and more than 99.999% after disinfection. It appears that detectable levels of animal viruses are unlikely to survive this treatment process.
Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Catchment Area of Neusiedlersee/Fertö, Austria/Hungary
Authors: Emde W. v. d. , Fleckseder H. , Matsché N. , Plahl-Wabnegg F. , Spatzierer G. , Stalzer W. , Wenninger U.
Published: May 2018

Neusiedlersee (in German) / Fertö tó (in Hungarian) is a shallow lake at the Austro-Hungarian border. In the late 1970s, the question arose what to do in order to protect the lake against eutrophication. A preliminary report established the need for point-source control as well as gave first estimates for non-point source inputs. The proposed point-source control was quickly implemented, non-point sources were - among other topics - studied in detail in the period 1982 - 1986. The preliminary work had shown, based on integrated sampling and data from literature, that the aeolic input outweighed the one via water erosion (work was for totP only). In contrast to this, the 1982 - 1986 study showed that (a) water erosion by far dominates over aeolic inputs and (b) the size of nonpoint-source inputs was assessed for the largest catchment area in pronounced detail, whereas additional estimates were undertaken for smaller additional catchment areas. The methods as well as the results are presented in the following. The paper concludes with some remarks on the present management practice of nonpoint-source inputs.
Separation of Point and Diffuse Loads of Pollutants Using Monitoring Data of Rivers
Authors: Behrendt H.
Published: May 2018

The results of a new method for estimating point and diffuse loads of rivers from analysis of monitoring data are presented (immission approach). The estimated point source loads of dissolved nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the heavy metals, cadmium, lead and zinc were compared with the loads of existing inventories. The diffuse loads of these pollutants were compared with estimations calculated on the basis of area related loads of the main diffuse sources (emission approach). Reasonable agreement was obtained in these comparisons, thus demonstrating the utility of the new method as a tool for analyzing point sources and diffuse loads of pollutants to a river system from analysis of monitoring data.
Deposition of Trace Metals in Urban and Rural Areas in the Lake Michigan Basin
Authors: Pirrone Nicola , Keeler Gerald J.
Published: May 2018

Ambient concentrations measured in Chicago and in the rural area of Kankakee (Illinois) are presented for a wide range of trace metals associated with fine (<2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5-10 µm) particles. Elements typically of crustal origin in the fine fraction were detected at similar concentrations in both sites. However, crustal elements in the coarse fraction were found three to fifteen times higher than that associated with fine fraction in both sites. Elements primarily of anthropogenic origin were found in similar concentrations in Chicago and Kankakee, except for elements such as Cr which was detected at levels three to four times higher in Kankakee. Meteorological parameters, particle size distribution and surface characteristics are considered in a dynamic model for calculating the deposition velocity for each particle size. The deposition velocities for fine particles is in the range from 0.25 to 0.46 cm/s in Chicago and from 0.18 to 0.25 cm/s in Kankakee, while for coarse particles the range is from 1.47 to 2.93 cm/s in Chicago and from 0.87 to 1.71 cm/s in Kankakee. The deposition fluxes in Chicago are usually highest, except for Al which is deposited at highest rates in Kankakee in both the fine 4.6 µg/m2-h and coarse 250 µg/m2-h fraction. Finally, estimates of the total amount of trace metals accumulated on paved areas and potentially discharged into the sewer systems by storm water run-off in the urban and rural area are discussed.
Water Quality Impacts at Abandoned Hardrock Mines
Authors: Drabkowski Edwin F.
Published: May 2018

Water quality pollution from abandoned mines is becoming an issue of growing awareness and concern. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that there are countless numbers of inoperative facilities with serious environmental, safety, and health problems. Abandoned tailings piles eroding heavy metals and sediment into watercourses, flooded tunnels and open pits filled with toxic water, unmarked open shafts and adits, and rotting timbers are some of the hazards facing unsuspecting humans and wildlife.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize water quality sources at abandoned hardrock mine sites and best management practices (BMPs) used to control polluted runoff. There is a need to clearly define the best approach for controlling nonpoint pollution sources at abandoned mines. These are issues that could be addressed in reauthorization of the Clean Water Act.
Sampling of Non-Point Source Contamination in High-Capacity Wells
Authors: Zlotnik V. A. , Spalding R. F. , Exner M. E. , Burbach M. E.
Published: May 2018

In order to ascertain the variability in analytical concentrations that could occur during pumping of high-capacity irrigation wells, nitrate and atrazine concentrations were measured during prolonged pumping. Five high-capacity irrigation wells were selected in heavily irrigated areas of Nebraska with non-point source contamination. The wells were screened in different sediment types which included sands and gravels, sandstone, and fractured siltstone. Results indicated that in four of the wells random variations in the concentrations of the two analytes were dampened during the first 0.25 hr of pumping after which fluctuations in concentrations hardly exceeded the analytical method precision. Papadopulos and Cooper (1967) estimates for equilibration time between the well and aquifer best approximate the actual time necessary for the stabilization of these agrochemicals in pumped groundwater in established areas of non-point source contamination. The progressive decrease in nitrate and atrazine concentrations during the pumping of the fifth well, which is in an area of emerging non-point source contamination, reflects the radial variability in analytical concentrations in the aquifer around the well and correlates well with land use, geological conditions and well design. In this case, longer pumping times provided the data necessary for estimation of the spatial distribution of contaminants. Therefore, in the more transmissive formations, samples can be taken after 0.25 hr of pumping. Longer purge times may be necessary in emerging areas of non-point source contamination with complex lithology and short-screen wells.
Scale Effects of Sediment-Related Transport of Phosphorus
Authors: Bolton S. M. , Ward T. J.
Published: May 2018

Sediment and nutrient data from USGS gauged stream sites in New Mexico and from rainfall simulation experiments were compiled and analyzed. Above a suspended sediment concentration of about 500 mg/l, associated concentrations of total phosphorus are highest in overland flow and then progressively decrease from agricultural drains to ephemeral washes to undammed rivers. Within a stream type, sediment-related concentrations of total phosphorus typically differed between larger and smaller basins. Small rivers had higher phosphorus transport per unit of sediment load than larger rivers. Small and medium sized washes had different relationships between phosphorus and sediment than did large and very large washes.
Reducing Agricultural Sediment: An Economic Analysis of Filter Strips versus Micro-Targeting
Authors: Pritchard T. W. , Lee J. G. , Engel B. A.
Published: May 2018

This study compares the physical and economic cost effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in reducing sediment loadings in a small Indiana watershed versus micro-targeting. The cost efficiency of each program is compared. Sediment loadings are estimated for a typical midwestern watershed area using ANSWERS, an event based distributed parameter model.

The results of this analysis indicate that a filter strip program in the Finley Creek watershed reduced sediment yields by 27 percent. An equivalent micro-targeted program taking 11 percent of the most erosive cropland elements out of production would reduce sediment yields by 31 percent. The information intensive micro-targeting program reduces sediment yields by amounts only slightly higher than a filter strip program. Using a land rental rate of $85 per acre, the filter strip program costs $91 per ton of sediment abated and the micro-targeting program costs $78 per ton of sediment abated, a 17 percent difference in cost. Since identifying ephemeral and perennial channels is much easier than identifying upland acres contributing the most sediment, a filter strip program will likely have lower administrative and enforcement costs. Thus a filter strip program, which reduces sediment yields nearly as much as the micro-targeting program, may be more cost effective when considering administrative and enforcement costs of each program.
Pesticides and Nutrients In Southern U. S. Shallow Ground Water and Surface Runoff
Authors: Schreiber J. D. , Smith S. , Cullum R. F.
Published: May 2018

Nutrient and pesticide concentrations in shallow groundwater (3m) and surface runoff were determined for conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT) soybean watersheds. Groundwater NO3N concentrations were similar for both tillage systems, averaging about 7-8 ppm, but exceeded 10 ppm for some storms. Annual mean groundwater NO3N concentrations were only 0.34 ppm in a riparian zone downslope from the CT watershed. Higher nutrient concentrations in NT surface runoff reflected surface residue leaching. Runoff from both watersheds, 2 days after a broadcast application of 0-20-20, had high nutrient concentrations that decreased during subsequent storms. Pesticide concentrations in groundwater of the NT watershed were as high as 250 ppb at a depth of 1.5 m within 1 week after application (1st rainfall). Concentrations beneath the CT watershed were < 10 ppb maximum. One month after application, pesticide concentrations in groundwater beneath both watersheds had decreased to about 10% of their respective 1-week values. Similar total pesticide losses in runoff occurred for both tillage systems. NT reduced sediment loss but increased pesticide movement into the soil profile. Results of companion studies with corn at another site indicated similar trends for nutrients and pesticides in shallow groundwater. Within 11 months after application, herbicides were still detectable at very low concentrations (<1 ppb). Soil insecticides, applied at planting, were not found in groundwater. Herbicides and insecticides were detectable in both the water and sediment phases of runoff for 5 months after application. At the 1.5-m depth, the mean NO3N concentration in groundwater for conventional-, reduced-and no-till corn was 4.78 ppm compared with 6.96 ppm at the 3-m depth.
Using Gleams to Evaluate the Agricultural Waste Application Rule-Based Decision Support (AWARDS) Computer Program
Authors: Ford D. A. , Kruzic A. P. , Doneker R. L.
Published: May 2018

AWARDS is a rule-based program that uses artificial intelligence techniques. It predicts the potential for fields receiving agricultural waste applications to degrade water quality. Input data required by AWARDS include the physical features, management practices, and crop nutrient needs for all fields scheduled to receive these nutrients. Based on a series of rules AWARDS analyzes the data and categorizes each field as acceptable or unacceptable for agricultural waste applications. The acceptable fields are then ranked according to their potential for pollutant loading.

To evaluate the validity of the AWARDS field ranking system, it was compared to pollutant loading output from GLEAMS, a complex computer model. GLEAMS simulated the characteristics of each field ranked by AWARDS. Comparison of the AWARDS field ranking to the GLEAMS pollutant loading was favorable where ground water and both surface and ground water were to be protected and less favorable where surface water was to be protected. The rule base in AWARDS may need to be refined to provide more reasonable results where surface water is the resource of concern.
Aspects of a Computational Model for Salinity Variations in a Well-Mixed Tidal Reach
Authors: Reddy G. S. , Ghosh S. N.
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the development of a computational model for predicting the salinity variation in a comparatively long and narrow well-mixed tidal reach. The model is hated on the coupled numerical solution of unsteady flow hydrodynamic equations of continuity, momentum and salinity transport using implicit finite difference scheme. The computational scheme selected is the classical double sweep algorithm, for solving a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. The scheme is unconditionally stable and can be used for non-uniform space and time steps. It has also a higher order of accuracy than the existing schemes.

The software developed has been run with the available water level data in the Hooghly River system with appropriate initial and boundary conditions (Reddy et al., 1992). It is then adopted for production runs to provide information with regard to the variations of tidal levels, discharges and salinities.
The Distributed Modelling of Agricultural Nonpoint Pollution at Basin Scale: Experimental Research and Model Validation
Authors: Preti F. , Lubello C.
Published: May 2018

A basin scale analysis of pollution caused by the use of chemical substances in agriculture in some basins of Central Italy is being carried out, through modelling and experimental research. The methodology is based on a distributed parameter model that allows consideration of climatic, geomorphologic, lithologic, pedologic, anthropic characteristics and the main dynamics of transport and transformation of substances which take place in the basin. The experimental investigation is led by the Istituto di Agronomia e Coltivazioni Erbacee of the University of Bologna in collaboration with the Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile of the University of Florence as regards the modelling aspect and the extension at basin scale.
New Guidelines for Calculations on Sewer Systems in The Netherlands, Reality or Fiction?
Authors: van Mameren H. J. , van Luijtelaar H. , Ganzevles P. P. G. , van Wieringen H. S. J.
Published: May 2018

For purposes of standardisation the authors have investigated certain types of calculation methods for sewer systems. The first phase in this investigation is a feasibility study for the use of dynamic calculation methods, both practical and technical. The results of the calculations have been compared with measurement data. This has been done for calculations of sewerage systems in detail as well as for long-term series of rain data from the area in question. The measurement data of Loenen nearby Apeldoorn (The Netherlands) were used. From the results of the investigation, the conclusion can been drawn that these types of calculations are feasible, in other words real, but standardisation of methods for calculation of sewerage systems based on only the results of this phase is still fiction. However, the investigation has resulted in a clear insight how to proceed to reach the final goal: new guidelines.
Possibilities of Nitrification with Immobilized Cells in Waste-Water Treatment: Model or Practical System?
Authors: Wijffels R. H. , Leenen E. J. T. M. , Tramper J.
Published: May 2018

A dynamic model was developed to study the growth and substrate consumption of immobilized nitrifying cells. This model system was chosen in order to study the complex immobilized cell processes. It was shown that in this system high nitrification capacities could be reached. This has been the reason to consider the possibility of using immobilized cells as a practical system as well. Besides the high capacity, the process proved to be relatively insensitive to temperature changes. Application of artificially immobilized cells in waste-water treatment is an attractive alternative in case the gel material used is stable in waste-water.
Biological P-Removal: State of the Art in The Netherlands
Authors: van Starkenburg W. , Rensink J. H. , Rijs G. B. J.
Published: May 2018

In the Netherlands the effluent requirements of municipal waste water treatment plants for P will become stricter in 1995. Depending on the design capacity of the waste water treatment plant the effluent requirement will be 1 mg/l P for plants with a treatment capacity of over 100,000 p.e. and 2 mg/l for a lower capacity.

From all the P-removal techniques, such as chemical precipitation, fluid-bed pellet reactor and magnetic separation, the most promising technique in the Netherlands would seem to be biological P-removal with or without a combination of the three other techniques.

In this paper a description is given of biological P-removal, especially the principle, the factors affecting biological P-removal performance, the different modifications and an example of each system in the Netherlands.
Pilot Plant Research on Biological Phosphate and Nitrogen Removal at Seven Waste Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Leeuw Eef J. , de Jong Peter
Published: May 2018

By means of a mobile pilot plant, several technologies for enhanced biological nitrogen and phosphate removal (10 mg N-total/l and 1 mg P/l) have been tested at seven locations. The main results with respect to effluent quality, sludge characteristics, effects of peak loads and storm water flows are presented.
A Study of Fibre Media Submerged Biological Aerated Filter-Activated Sludge Process (FM-AS) for Sewage Treatment
Authors: Han-Chang Shi. , Thomas V. K.
Published: May 2018

The FM-AS process is a two-stage aerobic process consisting of a submerged biological aerated filter packed with fibre media as the first stage and activated sludge as the second stage. A separation unit working on the principle of dissolved-air flotation is needed between the two stages to remove the solids and thereby maintain a suitable sludge age for nitrification in the second stage. The FM-AS process produces effluents with good qualities. The highest removal efficiencies, obtained with a hydraulic retention time of 4.6 hrs. and an operating temperature of 16°C, for BOD5. NH3-N and SS were 95%, 95% and 90% respectively. The economic evaluation suggests that the FM-AS process can be more cost effective than the traditional activated sludge process, particularly when used for upgrading.
Remote Sensing of Water Quality in Waste-Water Reservoirs: Pilot Plant Studies
Authors: Furer O. , Dor I. , Ben-Yosef N. , Adin A.
Published: May 2018

A German-Israeli program is currently being carried out at the Hebrew University, applying infrared imaging for the monitoring of waste-water reservoirs. The images were processed together with surface sampling data, in order to develop regression equations. Limnological parameters selected for the study were related to hypertrophic conditions existing in waste-water reservoirs, such as chlorophyll concentration and water turbidity. Regression equations were established and proved reliable for pilot plant performance. Additional field work is needed in order to validate pilot plant models. The long-term goal of this project is developing on-line reservoir surveillance for the monitoring of water quality.
Periodic Processes for in Situ and On-Site Bioremediation of Leachates and Soils
Authors: Irvine Robert L. , Yocum Paul S. , Early James P. , Chozick Robert
Published: May 2018

Investigators at the University of Notre Dame's Center for Bioengineering and Pollution Control have conducted research and development studies since 1980 in the broad area of hazardous waste management. These efforts have been primarily directed at the use of periodic processes. Many of the findings have been applied to the construction and operation of full scale bioreclamation facilities.

Early research and development activities were directed at the suspended growth, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The SBR is an activated sludge-like, periodic process that has been used effectively for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters (Irvine and Busch, 1979; and Irvine and Ketchum, 1989). Due to the time-oriented nature of the SBR, simple operational modifications have allowed for nutrient removal (Alleman and Irvine, 1980a; Alleman and Irvine, 1980b; Ketchum et. al., 1987; Irvine et. al., 1979; Manning and Irvine, 1985; and Palis and Irvine, 1985) and the control of bulking sludge (Brenner et. al., 1992; Chiesa and Irvine, 1985; Chiesa et. al., 1985; and Dennis and Irvine, 1979). The SBR has been shown to be a cost effective and energy efficient means of removing hazardous organic compounds found in industrial wastes and leachates from landfills (Brenner et. al., 1992; Herzbrun et. al., 1985; Irvine et. al., 1984; Irvine and Wilderer, 1988; Smith and Wilderer, 1987; and; Ying et. al., 1987).

The Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactor (SS-SBR) described by Irvine et. al., (1993) and the Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR), a fixed film periodic system that can be used in conjunction with granular activated carbon (Chozick and Irvine, 1991), were developed in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Recent efforts have been directed at periodically operated in situ bioremediation systems. This paper provides a brief overview of how such systems can be used to bioremediate contaminated leachates and soils.
A Comparison of Balloon Soundings and Lidar Scans for Measuring the Height of the Turbulent Mixed Layer at a Coastal Site in Israel
Authors: Glaser E. , Dagan N. , Furer O. , Gamliel M. , Yogev A. , Fastig S. , Dayan U. , Benayahu Y.
Published: May 2018

A field experiment was conducted to compare the use of lidar scans and of simultaneous balloon soundings for determination of the height of the turbulent mixed layer. Lidar aerosol maps were analyzed using a simple image processing technique. Measurements from the two approaches are evaluated.
Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem
Authors: Lerman S. , Lev O. , Adin A. , Katzenelson E.
Published: May 2018

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.