bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serial high sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement in acute heart failure: insights from the RELAX‐AHF study
Authors: Felker G. Michael , Mentz Robert J. , Teerlink John R. , Voors Adriaan A. , Pang Peter S. , Ponikowski Piotr , Greenberg Barry H. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Davison Beth A. , Cotter Gad , Prescott Margaret F. , Hua Tsushung A. , Lopez‐Pintado Sara , Severin Thomas , Metra Marco
Published: September 2015

Aims

Troponin elevation is common in acute heart failure (AHF) and may be useful for prognostication; however, available data are mixed and many previous studies used older, less sensitive assays. We examined the association between serial measurements of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) and outcomes in RELAX‐AHF.

Methods and results

Hs‐cTnT was measured at baseline and days 2, 5, and 14. We assessed the relationship between baseline, peak and peak change hs‐cTnT with dyspnoea relief by visual analogue scale, cardiovascular death, or HF/renal hospitalization to 60 days and cardiovascular mortality to 180 days. Models were adjusted for clinical variables and treatment assignment. Whether baseline troponin status affected the treatment effect of serelaxin was assessed using interactions terms. In 1074 patients, the median baseline troponin was 0.033 µg/L, and 90% of patients were above the 99th upper reference limit (URL). Patients with hs‐cTnT >median were more likely to be men with ischaemic heart disease, worse renal function, and higher N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide. Higher baseline or peak hs‐cTnT and greater peak change were associated with worse outcomes independent of adjustment for covariates, but relationships were generally strongest for 180‐day cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio per doubling of baseline hs‐cTnT = 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.60). Troponin was most strongly associated with death from heart failure or from other cardiovascular causes. The treatment effect of serelaxin did not differ by baseline troponin levels.

Conclusion

Hs‐cTnT was elevated above the 99% URL in the majority of AHF patients. Baseline, peak, and peak change hs‐cTnT were associated with worse outcomes, with the strongest relationship with 180‐day cardiovascular mortality.
Fish oil extracted from fish‐fillet by‐products is weakly linked to the extraction temperatures but strongly linked to the omega‐3 content of the raw material
Authors: Honold Philipp J. , Nouard Marie‐Louise , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: September 2015

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the mainspecies produced in Danish fresh water farming. Therefore, a large amount of fileting by‐products like heads, bones, and tails (HBT) and intestines are available and can be used to produce high quality fish oil. The main aim in this study was to investigate whether different extraction temperatures (70 and 90°C) during production of crude fish oil from two fractions (HBT and intestines) separately or together affected the quality of the oil. The quality of the oil was measured by determination of peroxide value, anisidine value, volatile oxidation products, % free fatty acids as well as content of omega‐3 PUFA. Furthermore, an experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of extraction temperature on oil produced from raw materials with a different content of omega‐3 fatty acids. For this purpose filleting by‐products from conventional (low omega‐3 PUFA content) and organic (high omega‐3 PUFA content) fish farming were used. Findings showed that the natural variation between production days influenced the quality of the produced oil to a high extent. The temperature was found to play a minor role regarding oxidative quality of the produced oil. However, the omega‐3 fatty acid content of the raw material influenced the oil quality.

Practical applications: This research was done in industrial scale and shows the results as they were during daily production. Hence, this research is highly relevant for companies and academics who work with fish oil extraction.

The temperature effect on oxidative quality of crude fish oil during production from filleting by‐products was investigated in organic and conventional fish with high and low n‐3 PUFA content.
A Comparison of Explicitly‐terminated Diamond Electrodes Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Svanberg‐Larsson Johanna , Nelson Geoffrey W. , Escobar Steinvall Simon , Leo Bey F. , Brooke Emily , Payne David J. , Foord John S.
Published: September 2015

This work compares electrodeposited and drop‐cast (DC) AuNPs on oxygen and hydrogen terminated boron‐doped diamond (BDDO and BDDH). The samples were characterized using a range of electrochemical and physical surface methods and investigated as mercury sensors. Overall, AuNPs deposited by either method were found to be more electrochemically active on BDDH than BDDO, although more DC‐AuNPs were adsorbed onto BDDO than BDDH. The mercury sensing experiments, carried out using square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) showed that lower Hg concentrations were detected with AuNPs/BDDH than AuNPs/BDDO regardless of deposition method, thus demonstrating a benefit of using BDDH for electroanalysis.
Precise small volume sample handling for capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Mozafari Mona , Nachbar Markus , El Deeb Sami
Published: September 2015

CE is one of the most important analytical techniques. Although the injected sample volume in CE is only in the nanoliter range, most commercial CE instruments need approximately 50 μL of the sample in the injection vial to perform the analysis. Hence, in order to fully profit from the low injection volumes, smaller vial volumes are required. Thus experiments were performed using silicone oil, which has higher density than water (1.09 g/mL) to replace sample dead volume in the vial. The results were compared to those performed without using the silicone oil in the sample vial. As an example five standard proteins namely beta‐lactoglobulin, BSA, HSA, myoglobin, and ovalbumin, and one of the coagulation cascade involved proteins called vitonectin were investigated using CE. Mobility ratios and peak areas were compared. However, no significant changes were observed (RSDs% for mobility ratios and peak areas were better than 0.9 and 5.8%, respectively). Afterwards, an affinity CE method was used to investigate the interactions of two proteins, namely HSA and vitronectin, with three ligands namely enoxaparin sodium, unfractionated heparin, and pentosan polysulfate sodium. Mobility shift precision results showed that the employment of the filling has no noticeable effect on any of the protein–ligand interactions. Using a commercial PrinCE instrument and an autosampler the required sample volume is reduced down to 10 μL, and almost this complete volume can be subsequently injected during repeated experiments.
Enacting Feminist Alliance Principles in a Doctoral Writing Support Group
Authors: Swadener Beth Blue , Peters Lacey , Eversman Kimberly A.
Published: September 2015

This study utilizes a multivocal narrative approach to analyze the dynamics, accomplishments, and challenges of an interdisciplinary doctoral support group consisting primarily of female members. The authors raise issues of power, alliance, troubling expert‐novice models of mentoring, and the role of social justice pedagogy in the group.
Postoperative PET/CT and target delineation before adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dutta Pinaki R. , Riaz Nadeem , McBride Sean , Morris Luc G. , Patel Snehal , Ganly Ian , Wong Richard J. , Palmer Frank , Schöder Heiko , Lee Nancy
Published: September 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was for us to present our evaluation of the effectiveness of positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging in postoperative patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) before initiating adjuvant radiation therapy.

Methods

Treatment planning PET/CT scans were obtained in 44 patients with oral cavity SCC receiving adjuvant radiation. We identified target areas harboring macroscopic disease requiring higher radiation doses or additional surgery.

Results

Fourteen PET/CT scans were abnormal. Thirteen patients underwent surgery and/or biopsy, increased radiation dose, and/or addition of chemotherapy. Eleven patients received higher radiation doses. Patients undergoing imaging >8 weeks were more likely to have abnormal results (p = .01). One‐year distant metastases‐free survival was significantly worse in patients with positive PET/CT scans (61.5% vs 92.7%; p = .01). The estimated positive predictive value (PPV) was 38% for postoperative PET/CT scanning.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that 32% of patients have abnormal PET/CT scans resulting in management changes. Patients may benefit from postoperative PET/CT imaging to optimize adjuvant radiation treatment planning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1285–E1293, 2016
Self‐expression and relationship formation in high relational mobility environments: A study of dual users of American and Japanese social networking sites
Authors: Takemura Kosuke , Suzuki Satoko
Published: September 2015

This study proposes that self‐expression motivation, an aspect of independent/individualistic psychological tendencies, aids in the formation of social relationships when social relationships are open and mobile. In societies characterised by high relational mobility (e.g., North America), which creates market‐like competition in social relationships, individuals must express their uniqueness and worthiness to form new social relationships. Self‐expression motivation has a relatively weak effect on relationship formation in low relational mobility societies (e.g., Japan), where social relationships are generally predetermined. This hypothesis was examined and supported through a study on dual users of two social networking sites—Facebook and Mixi (the “Facebook of Japan”). As expected, relational mobility was higher on Facebook than on Mixi. Moreover, the association between self‐expression motivation and the number of new friends met on Facebook/Mixi was more positive for Facebook than it was for Mixi. The social functionality of independent tendencies is then discussed.
Word‐to‐picture recognition is a function of motor components mappings at the stage of retrieval
Authors: Brouillet Denis , Brouillet Thibaut , Milhau Audrey , Heurley Loïc , Vagnot Caroline , Brunel Lionel
Published: September 2015

Embodied approaches of cognition argue that retrieval involves the re‐enactment of both sensory and motor components of the desired remembering. In this study, we investigated the effect of motor action performed to produce the response in a recognition task when this action is compatible with the affordance of the objects that have to be recognised. In our experiment, participants were first asked to learn a list of words referring to graspable objects, and then told to make recognition judgements on pictures. The pictures represented objects where the graspable part was either pointing to the same or to the opposite side of the “Yes” response key. Results show a robust effect of compatibility between objects affordance and response hand. Moreover, this compatibility improves participants' ability of discrimination, suggesting that motor components are relevant cue for memory judgement at the stage of retrieval in a recognition task. More broadly, our data highlight that memory judgements are a function of motor components mappings at the stage of retrieval.
“THE MAN WHO COMMITTED A HUNDRED BURGLARIES”: MARK BENNEY'S STRANGE AND EVENTFUL SOCIOLOGICAL CAREER
Authors: Lee Raymond M.
Published: September 2015

This article examines the life and career of the sociologist Mark Benney. It describes the processes, not all of them edifying, by which he made the transition from life as a career criminal, via literature, to become a sociologist first at the London School of Economics and then at the University of Chicago. Benney's career is then used to illuminate particular episodes in the history of sociology, including the attempt to introduce into British sociology in the period after the Second World War quantitative survey techniques of the kind that were then becoming more widely used in the United States, and his work with David Riesman on the Interview Project, Riesman's attempt to develop a empirically based sociology of the interview.
Construction of Hexahydropyrido[3,2‐c]carbazole and Hexahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]carbazole Skeletons for the Synthesis of Related Indole Alkaloids
Authors: Hızlıateş Cevher Gündoğdu , Gülle Sibel
Published: September 2015

Synthesis of tetracyclic hexahydropyrido[3,2‐c]carbazoles (9a and 9b) and hexahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]carbazoles (13a and 13b) structures was achieved via a new synthetic approach for the synthesis of related indole alkaloids such as deethylaspidospermidine and deethylibophyllidine. Hexahydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]carbazole structure was constructed for the first time starting from ethyl 4‐oxo‐cyclohexanecarboxylate in seven steps. Some tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives (4, 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12) were also synthesized.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Some New 5,7‐Disubstituted[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5‐a]Pyrimidin‐6‐one Derivatives
Authors: Borthakur Susanta Kumar , Borthakur Sukanya , Goswami Debarshi , Boruah Paran , Kalita Pabitra Kumar
Published: September 2015

Synthesis of a new series of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐6‐one by [4 + 2]cycloaddition reaction of 3‐benzylidineamino[1,2,4]triazole with monophenyl ketene and diphenyl ketene generated in situ from phenylacetyl chloride and diphenylacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine is described. The newly synthesized compounds were also tested for antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma sp.
Zeolite/Fe3O4 as a new sorbent in magnetic solid‐phase extraction followed by gas chromatography for determining phthalates in aqueous samples
Authors: Mollahosseini Afsaneh , Toghroli Mina , Kamankesh Marzieh
Published: September 2015

In the present study, for the first time, we successfully employed zeolite/Fe3O4 as a new magnetic nanoparticle sorbent in magnetic solid‐phase extraction for determining phthalates in aqueous samples. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to detect the target analytes as a powerful instrumental analysis. Affecting parameters in the extraction process, including the amount of adsorbent, adsorption and desorption time, and volume of desorption solvent, were optimized using a response surface methodology based on central composite design. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range for dibutyl phthalate and bis(2‐ethylhexyl phthalate) was varied in the interval of 10–1700 and 10–1200 μg/L, respectively. Limits of detection were 2.80 μg/L for dibutyl phthalate and 3.20 μg/L for bis(2‐ethylhexyl phthalate). The recovery value for the extraction of target analytes was between 97 and 111%. The repeatability and reproducibility of the new proposed method were obtained: 10–13% and 13–13.5%, respectively. The increased sensitivity in using the proposed method has been demonstrated. Compared with previous methods, the new proposed method is an accurate, rapid, and reliable sample‐pretreatment method.
Habitat, not resource availability, limits consumer production in lake ecosystems
Authors: Craig Nicola , Jones Stuart E. , Weidel Brian C. , Solomon Christopher T.
Published: September 2015

Food web productivity in lakes can be limited by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which reduces fish production by limiting the abundance of their zoobenthic prey. We demonstrate that in a set of 10 small, north temperate lakes spanning a wide DOC gradient, these negative effects of high DOC concentrations on zoobenthos production are driven primarily by availability of warm, well‐oxygenated habitat, rather than by light limitation of benthic primary production as previously proposed. There was no significant effect of benthic primary production on zoobenthos production after controlling for oxygen, even though stable isotope analysis indicated that zoobenthos do use this resource. Mean whole‐lake zoobenthos production was lower in high‐DOC lakes with reduced availability of oxygenated habitat, as was fish biomass. These insights improve understanding of lake food webs and inform management in the face of spatial variability and ongoing temporal change in lake DOC concentrations.
Safety and efficacy of simeprevir plus sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin in patients with decompensated genotype 1 hepatitis C cirrhosis
Authors: Modi Apurva A. , Nazario Hector , Trotter James F. , Gautam Manjushree , Weinstein Jeffrey , Mantry Parvez , Barnes Maisha , Habib Adil , McAfee Jean , Teachenor Olga , Tujague Lauren , Gonzalez Stevan
Published: September 2015

Combination antiviral therapy involving sofosbuvir (SOF) and simeprevir (SIM) is a treatment option in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C; however, the safety of this regimen in patients with decompensated cirrhosis is not established. Data from a combined treatment cohort of 2 large hepatology referral centers were evaluated to assess for safety and efficacy of SIM plus SOF with or without ribavirin (RBV) in patients with Child B or C cirrhosis. All (n = 42) patients included in the analysis had Child B (n = 35) or C (n = 7) cirrhosis and received 400 mg daily of SOF plus 150 mg daily of SIM, with (n = 7) or without (n = 35) RBV, for 12 weeks. Of the 42 patients in this cohort, 31 (74%) were male, 22 (52%) had failed prior treatments, and 28 (67%) were genotype 1a. Prior decompensating events included encephalopathy (57%), fluid overload (88%), or variceal hemorrhage (24%). Median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score was 12 (range, 6‐25). Treatment was well tolerated overall with more than one‐half (57%) reporting no adverse events. In those reporting adverse events, the most common were fatigue (n = 6), insomnia (n = 4), headache (n = 5), nausea (n = 4), and grade 1 rash (n = 1). One patient developed chemical pancreatitis that did not require treatment discontinuation. Three of 7 patients who received RBV developed anemia, with 2 requiring blood transfusions and 1 requiring a dose reduction. No episodes of decompensation requiring hospitalization or deaths occurred on treatment. Of 42 patients, 38 (90%) patients had negative viral load at end of treatment (EOT), and 31 of 42 patients (74%) achieved sustained virological response 12 weeks after EOT; 10 of 10 patients (100%) with HCV genotype 1b achieved sustained virological response for 12 weeks (SVR12). In conclusion, SOF plus SIM was very well tolerated in patients with advanced Child B/C decompensated cirrhosis. Overall, 74% of patients achieved SVR12; 100% of patients with genotype 1b decompensated cirrhosis achieved SVR12. Liver Transpl 22:281‐286, 2016. © 2015 AASLD.
Mold‐Based Application of Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on Biomaterials for Nanoscale Patterning
Authors: Hendrikson Wim , Masman‐Bakker Wendy , van Bochove Bas , Skolski Johann , Eichstädt Justus , Koopman Bart , van Blitterswijk Clemens , Grijpma Dirk , Römer Gert‐willem , Moroni Lorenzo , Rouwkema Jeroen
Published: September 2015

Laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are highly regular, but at the same time contain a certain level of disorder. The application of LIPSS is a promising method to functionalize biomaterials. However, the absorption of laser energy of most polymer biomaterials is insufficient for the direct application of LIPSS. Here, we report the application of LIPSS to relevant biomaterials using a two‐step approach. First, LIPSS are fabricated on a stainless steel surface. Then, the structures are replicated onto biomaterials using the steel as a mold. Results show that LIPSS can be transferred successfully using this approach, and that human mesenchymal stromal cells respond to the transferred structures. With this approach, the range of biomaterials that can be supplied with LIPSS increases dramatically.
Increase in waist circumference over 6 years predicts subsequent cardiovascular disease and total mortality in nordic women
Authors: Klingberg Sofia , Mehlig Kirsten , Lanfer Anne , Björkelund Cecilia , Heitmann Berit L. , Lissner Lauren
Published: September 2015

Objective

Despite solid evidence of an association between centralized body fatness and subsequent disease risk, little is known about the consequences of changes in body fat distribution. Recently it was shown that large hip circumference (HC), measured once, was protective against total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in women but that gain or loss in HC was unrelated to these outcomes. This study examines whether a 6‐year change in waist circumference (WC) predicts mortality and CVD in the same study sample.

Methods

Baseline WC and 6‐year change in WC as predictors of mortality and CVD were analyzed in 2,492 women from the Danish MONICA study and the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Results

Increase in WC was significantly associated with increased subsequent mortality and CVD adjusting for BMI and other covariates, with some evidence of a J‐shaped association. Associations between increase in WC and outcomes were restricted to women with normal weight at baseline and to ever‐smokers.

Conclusions

In contrast to changes in HC which did not predict mortality and CVD, a 6‐year increase in WC is strongly predictive, particularly among initially lean women and ever‐smokers. This implies the importance of developing strategies to prevent central fat deposition.
Grafting of polymer chains on the surface of carbon nanotubes via nitroxide radical coupling reaction
Authors: Yang Chengcheng , Guenzi Monica , Cicogna Francesca , Gambarotti Cristian , Filippone Giovanni , Pinzino Calogero , Passaglia Elisa , Dintcheva Nadka Tz. , Carroccio Sabrina , Coiai Serena
Published: September 2015

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was grafted on the surface of TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy) modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via a nitroxide radical coupling reaction. TEMPO functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐g‐TEMPO) were synthesized using the Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide/alkyne click chemistry approach and the covalent bond of the nitroxide moieties onto the MWCNTs was confirmed via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The PBS grafting on the sidewalls of MWCNTs was carried out in solution via peroxide‐induced formation of macroradicals and it was confirmed by EPR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis. Preliminary rheological and calorimetric analyses revealed that the grafting improves both the quality of stress transfer across the polymer − nanotube interface and the degree of dispersion of the filler, which also exhibited a moderate nucleating action on the PBS. Overall, our results demonstrate that nitroxide radical coupling is an efficient and feasible ‘grafting to’ method to covalently bond polymer chains on MWCNTs with possible advantages in the final properties of the polymer nanocomposites. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatial analysis of the French Pleistocene permafrost by a GIS database
Authors: Andrieux Eric , Bertran Pascal , Saito Kazuyuki
Published: September 2015

GIS analysis of the French database of Pleistocene periglacial features allows an improved evaluation of the maximum extent of past permafrost. The distribution of typical ice‐wedge pseudomorphs does not extend south of 47°N and therefore suggests that widespread discontinuous permafrost did not affect the regions south of the Paris Basin. The exclusive presence of sand wedges with primary infill between 45 and 47°N, mainly in the periphery of coversand areas, suggests that thermal contraction cracking of the ground occurred together with sand drifting in a context of deep seasonal frost or sporadic discontinuous permafrost, unfavourable for the growth of significant ground‐ice bodies. The latitudinal variation of the wedge dimensions clearly shows that the sand wedges were located in the southern margin of the area affected by thermal contraction. The proposed map of Pleistocene permafrost in France partially reconciles field data with palaeoclimatic simulations. The remaining discrepancies may arise primarily from the time lag between the Last Permafrost Maximum (c. 31–24 ka) and the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon‐supported AuPt and AuPd bimetallic nanocomposites as formic acid electrooxidation catalysts
Authors: Lewis Sharlene A. , Wilburn Jeremy P. , Wellons Matthew S. , Cliffel David E. , Lukehart Charles M.
Published: September 2015

Repetitive syntheses of six AuPt/Vulcan carbon (VC) and six AuPd/VC nanocomposites by NaBH4 solution reduction of equimolar mixtures of HAuCl4 · xH2O and H2PtCl6 · 6H2O salts or HAuCl4 · xH2O and Na2PdCl4 salts gives nanocomposites having highly dispersed metal alloy nanoparticles of similar average size (4–7 ± 2 nm). Significant variation in nanocomposite physical and electrochemical properties is observed. AuM alloy stoichiometries and total metal wt% vary by as much as ±11 at% and ±5 wt%, respectively. Activities toward electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid, evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, reveal one electrochemically inactive nanocomposite, higher activities for AuPd/VC nanocomposites than for AuPt/VC nanocomposites, and a maximum mass‐specific current of 3.8 mA cm−2 per mg total metal for one AuPd/VC nancomposite.

TEM image of AuPt/Vulcan carbon (left image) and AuPd/Vulcan carbon (right image) nanocomposites. Bar represents 20 nm.
Nuclear bombs and economic sanctions
Authors: Miyagiwa Kaz , Ohno Yuka
Published: September 2015

We examine the efficacy of trade sanctions when a target's action causes an irrevocable change in the status quo; for example, sanctions to stop a target's nuclear weapons development program. We find that when a sanctioning country cannot precommit to maintain sanctions long after a target becomes a nuclear power, sanctions are not only inefficacious but they backfire, spurring a target to intensify its effort to complete the nuclear program. If the nuclear program has several stages to complete, gradually increasing sanctions as the nuclear threat becomes more imminent may also backfire even though the program is potentially stoppable when sufficient pressure is applied earlier on. We also discuss the policy implications of our analysis.
Effects of Halogen Bonding in Chemical Activity of Lead(II) Electron Pair: Sonochemical Synthesis, Structural Studies, and Thermal Analysis of Novel Lead(II) Nano Coordination Polymer
Authors: Hanifehpour Younes , Mirtamizdoust Babak , Khomami Bamin , Woo Joo Sang
Published: September 2015

The nanoflower lead(II) coordination compound {[Pb(phen)(μ‐CH3COO)][PF6]}n (1) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) was synthesized by a sonochemical method. The nanostructure was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure shows that the overall structure of 1 is a 1D coordination polymer. Complex 1 has a bridging acetate pathway. Three halogen bonds observed in the structure and the strong halogen bonding of F–Pb causes chemical activity of the lead electron pair. This is further extended into a 3D supramolecular structure by weak π–π intermolecular interactions. The coordination number of the lead(II) ions is six, resulting in PbN2O4. PbO nanoparticles were obtained by the thermolysis of 1 at 180 °C with oleic acid as a surfactant. The morphology and size of the prepared PbO nanoparticles were further observed using scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Transition Metal Complexes Containing C2‐Symmetric Bis(imidazolin‐2‐imine) Ligands Derived from a 1‐Alkyl‐3‐arylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene
Authors: Glöge Thomas , Aal Frouke , Filimon Sabina‐Alexandra , Jones Peter G. , Michaelis de Vasconcellos Janna , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Tamm Matthias
Published: September 2015

The new N‐heterocyclic carbene 1‐(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3, 4,5‐trimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IPrMe) (3) was prepared in three steps from methyl isothiocyanate and 2, 6‐diisopropylaniline, affording N‐methyl‐N′‐2, 6‐diisopropylthiourea (1). Reaction of 1 with 3‐hydroxybutanone gave the imidazolin‐2‐thione (IPrMe)S (2), which was reduced with elemental potassium to the carbene IPrMe (3). Treatment of 3 with trimethylsilyl azide (Me3SiN3) in boiling toluene, followed by desilylation in methanol, gave the imidazolin‐2‐imine (IPrMe)NH (4). The ethylene‐bridged diimine ligand N,N′‐bis[1‐(2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3, 4,5‐trimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene]‐1, 2‐ethanediamine, (IPrMe)NCH2CH2N(IPrMe) (5) was prepared by reaction of 4 with 1, 2‐ethyleneditosylate and subsequent deprotonation with KOtBu. The reaction of 5 with metal dichlorides furnished the tetrahedral complexes [(5)MCl2] [M = Fe (6), M = Ni (7), M = Zn (8)] and the square‐planar complex [(5)PdCl2] (9), as revealed by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The X‐ray crystal structures of 2, 3, and 4 were also established. Complex 8 and related zinc(II) bis(imidazolin‐2‐imine) complexes were tested in the polymerization of d, l‐lactide.
Imidazol‐2‐ylidene Reactivity towards Cyanocarbons
Authors: Arduengo III Anthony J. , Calabrese Joseph C. , Marshall William J. , Runyon Jason W. , Schiel Christian , Schinnen Christoph , Tamm Matthias , Uchiyama Yosuke
Published: September 2015

The interaction of electron rich imidazol‐2‐ylidenes with electron poor cyanocarbons is reported. Contrary to previous reports of electron transfer products from imidazol‐2‐ylidenes and tetracyanoethylene, a number of ring forming cyanocarbon ring structures are isolated and characterized. Cyanation of the imidazole ring was explored by the addition of cyanogen chloride to imidazol‐2‐ylidenes. Backbone cyanation often occurs when hydrogen atoms are in the C‐4/5 positions. When tetrasubstituted imidazol‐2‐ylidenes are employed, 2‐cyanoimidazolium halide salts can be isolated. These salts maintain an electrophilic cyano group and are precursors to thermally stable high nitrogen content imidazolium tetrazolides.
Nutrient and plant secondary compound composition and iron‐binding capacity in leaves and green stems of commonly used plant browse (Carolina willow; Salix caroliniana) fed to zoo‐managed browsing herbivores
Authors: Lavin S. R. , Sullivan K. E. , Wooley S. C. , Robinson R. , Singh S. , Stone K. , Russell S. , Valdes E. V.
Published: September 2015

Plant secondary compounds are diverse structurally, and associated biological effects can vary depending on multiple factors including chemical structure and reaction conditions. Phenolic compounds such as tannins can chelate dietary iron, and supplementation of animal species sensitive to iron overload with tannins may prevent/treat iron overload disorder. We assessed the nutrient and phenolic composition and iron‐binding capacity of Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana), a plant fed to zoo‐managed browsing herbivores. Based on studies in other plant species and the chemical structures of phenolic compounds, we hypothesized that the concentration of condensed tannins in willow would be inversely related to the concentration of phenolic glycosides and directly related to iron‐binding capacity. Our results indicated that willow nutrient composition varied by year, season, and plant part, which could be taken into consideration when formulating animal diets. We also found that the predominant plant secondary compounds were condensed tannins with minimal phenolic glycosides. Instead of binding to iron, the willow leaf extracts reduced iron from the ferric to ferrous form, which may have prooxidative effects and increase the bioavailability of iron depending on animal species, gastrointestinal conditions, and whole animal processes. We recommend identifying alternative compounds that effectively chelate iron in vitro and conducting chelation therapy trials in vivo to assess potential effects on iron balance and overall animal health. Zoo Biol. 34:565–575, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self-similarity of passive scalar flow in grid turbulence with a mean cross-stream gradient
Authors: Bahri Carla , Arwatz Gilad , George William K. , Mueller Michael E. , Hultmark Marcus
Published: September 2015

Scaling of grid turbulence with a constant mean cross-stream temperature gradient is investigated using a combination of theoretical predictions and experimental data. A novel nanoscale temperature probe (T-NSTAP) was used to acquire temperature data. Conditions for self-similarity of the governing equations and the scalar spectrum are investigated, which reveals necessary conditions for the existence of a self-similar solution. These conditions provide a theoretical framework for scaling of the temperature spectrum as well as the temperature flux spectrum. One necessary condition, predicted by the theory, is that the characteristic length scale describing the scalar spectrum must vary as $\sqrt{t}$ in the case of a zero virtual origin for a self-similar solution to exist. As predicted by the similarity analysis, the data show the variance growing as a power law with streamwise position. When scaled with the similarity variable, as found through the theoretical analysis, the temperature spectra show a good collapse over all wavenumbers. A new method to determine the quality of the scaling was developed, comparing the coefficient of variation. The minimum coefficient of variation, and thus the best scaling, for the measured spectra agrees well with the similarity requirements. The theoretical work also reveals an additional requirement related to the scaling of the scalar flux spectrum.
Regimes of tonal noise on an airfoil at moderate Reynolds number
Authors: Pröbsting S. , Scarano F. , Morris S. C.
Published: September 2015

Tonal noise generated by airfoils at low to moderate Reynolds number is relevant for applications in, for example, small-scale wind turbines, fans and unmanned aerial vehicles. Coherent and convected vortical structures scattering at the trailing edge from the pressure or suction sides of the airfoil have been identified to be responsible for such tonal noise generation. Controversy remains on the respective significance of pressure- and suction-side events, along with their interaction for tonal noise generation. The present study surveys the regimes of tonal noise generation for low to moderate chord-based Reynolds number between $\mathit{Re}_{c}=0.3\times 10^{5}$ and $2.3\times 10^{5}$ and effective angle of attack between $0^{\circ }$ and $6.3^{\circ }$ for the NACA 0012 airfoil profile. Extensive acoustic measurements with smooth surface and with transition to turbulence forced by boundary layer tripping are presented. Results show that, at non-zero angle of attack, tonal noise generation is dominated by suction-side events at low Reynolds number and by pressure-side events at high Reynolds number. At smaller angle of attack, interaction between events on the two sides becomes increasingly important. Particle image velocimetry measurements complete the information on the flow field structure in the source region around the trailing edge. The influences of both angle of attack and Reynolds number on tonal noise generation are explained by changes in the mean flow topology, namely the presence and location of reverse flow regions on the two sides. Data gathered from experimental and numerical studies in the literature are reviewed and interpreted in view of the different regimes.
Local linear stability of laminar axisymmetric plumes
Authors: Chakravarthy R. V. K. , Lesshafft L. , Huerre P.
Published: September 2015

The temporal and spatiotemporal stability of thermal plumes is investigated for laminar velocity and temperature profiles, under the Boussinesq approximation, in the far self-similar region as well as in the region close to a finite-size inlet. In the self-similar case, Prandtl and Grashof numbers are systematically varied, and azimuthal wavenumbers $m=0$, 1 and 2 are considered. In the temporal analysis, helical modes of $m=1$ are found to be dominant throughout the unstable parameter space, with few exceptions. Axisymmetric modes typically present smaller growth rates, but they may dominate at very low Prandtl and Grashof numbers. Double-helical modes of $m=2$ are unstable over a very restricted range of parameters. Only the helical $m=1$ mode is found to ever become absolutely unstable, whereas $m=0$ and $m=2$ modes are at most convectively unstable. In a temporal setting, an analysis of the perturbation energy growth identifies buoyancy- and shear-related mechanisms as the two potentially destabilizing flow ingredients. Buoyancy is demonstrated to be important at low Grashof numbers and long wavelengths, whereas classical shear mechanisms are dominant at high Grashof numbers and shorter wavelengths. The physical mechanism of destabilization through the effect of buoyancy is investigated, and an interpretation is proposed. In the near-source region, both axisymmetric and helical modes may be unstable in a temporal sense over a significant range of wavenumbers. However, absolute instability is again only found for helical $m=1$ modes.
RESOLVABILITY PROPERTIES OF SIMILAR TOPOLOGIES
Authors: LINDNER SEBASTIAN
Published: September 2015

We demonstrate that many properties of topological spaces connected with the notion of resolvability are preserved by the relation of similarity between topologies. Moreover, many of them can be characterised by the properties of the algebra of sets with nowhere dense boundary and the ideal of nowhere dense sets. We use these results to investigate whether a given pair of an algebra and an ideal is topological.
Knowledge and resilience
Authors: Lau Joe Yen-fong
Published: September 2015

Kalisch et al. regard a positive appraisal style as the mechanism for promoting resilience. I argue that knowledge can enhance resilience without affecting appraisal style. Furthermore, the relationship between positive appraisals and resilience ought to be mediated by knowledge and is not monotonic. Finally, I raise some questions about how appraisals fit into the dual-process model of the mind.
Positive appraisal style: The mental immune system?
Authors: Luyten Laura , Boddez Yannick , Hermans Dirk
Published: September 2015

Instead of converging to one, all-embracing resilience mechanism – that is, positive appraisal style – we encourage complementary research strategies, exploring both vulnerabilities and resilience factors, much like the biomedical sciences combine insights from pathophysiology and immunology. Furthermore, we argue that research with a strong focus on one central resilience mechanism may overlook or undervalue other processes that can aid in maintaining mental health.
Understanding Agent-Oriented Software Engineering methodologies
Authors: Gómez-Sanz Jorge J. , Fuentes-Fernández Rubén
Published: September 2015

For many years, the progress in agent-oriented development has focused on tools and methods for particular development phases. This has not been enough for the industry to accept agent technology as we expected. Our hypothesis is that the Agent-Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) community has not recognized the kind of development methods that industry actually demands. We propose to analyze this hypothesis starting with a more precise definition of what an AOSE methodology should be. This definition is the first step for a review of the current progress of an illustrative selection of methodologies, looking for missing elements and future lines of improvement. The result is an account of how well the AOSE community is meeting the software lifecycle needs. It can be advanced that AOSE methodologies are far from providing all the answers industry requires and that effort has grounded mainly in requirements, design, and implementation phases.
Software engineering for self-organizing systems
Authors: Parunak H. Van Dyke , Brueckner Sven A.
Published: September 2015

Self-organizing software systems are an increasingly attractive approach to highly distributed, decentralized, dynamic applications. In some domains (such as the Internet), the interaction of originally independent systems yields a self-organizing systemde facto, and engineers must take these characteristics into account to manage them. This review surveys current work in this field and outlines its main themes, identifies challenges for future research, and addresses the continuity between software engineering in general and techniques appropriate for self-organizing systems.
Towards next generation coordination infrastructures
Authors: Rodriguez-Aguilar Juan A. , Sierra Carles , Arcos Josep Ll. , Lopez-Sanchez Maite , Rodriguez Inmaculada
Published: September 2015

Coordination infrastructures play a central role in the engineering of multiagent systems. Since the advent of agent technology, research on coordination infrastructures has produced a significant number of infrastructures with varying features. In this paper, we review the the state-of-the-art coordination infrastructures with the purpose of identifying open research challenges that next generation coordination infrastructures should address. Our analysis concludes that next generation coordination infrastructures must address a number of challenges: (i) to becomesocially aware, by facilitating human interaction within a MAS; (ii) to assist agents in their decision making by providingdecision supportthat helps them reduce the scope of reasoning and facilitates the achievement of their goals; and (iii) to increaseopennessto support on-line, fully decentralised design and execution. Furthermore, we identify some promising approaches in the literature, together with the research issues worth investigating, to cope with such challenges.
Asymmetric Interest Group Mobilization and Party Coalitions in U.S. Tax Politics
Authors: Hertel-Fernandez Alexander , Skocpol Theda
Published: September 2015

Arguments about national tax policy have taken center stage in U.S. politics in recent times, creating acute dilemmas for Democrats. With Republicans locked into antitax agendas for some time, Democrats have recently begun to push back, arguing for maintaining or even increasing taxes on the very wealthy in the name of deficit reduction and the need to sustain funding for public programs. But the Democratic Party as a whole has not been able to find a consistent voice on tax issues. It experienced key defections when large, upward-tilting tax cuts were enacted under President George W. Bush, and the Democratic Party could not control the agenda on debates over continuing those tax cuts even when it enjoyed unified control in Washington, DC, in 2009 and 2010. To explain these cleavages among Democrats, we examine growing pressures from small business owners, a key antitax constituency. We show that organizations claiming to speak for small business have become more active in tax politics in recent decades, and we track the ways in which constituency pressures have been enhanced by feedbacks from federal tax rules that encourage individuals to pass high incomes through legal preferences for the self-employed. Comparing debates over the inception and renewal of the Bush tax cuts, we show how small business organizations and constituencies have divided Democrats on tax issues. Our findings pinpoint the mechanisms that have propelled tax resistance in contemporary U.S. politics, and our analysis contributes to theoretical understandings of the ways in which political parties are influenced by policy feedbacks and by coalitions of policy-driven organized economic interests.
Dual-normal logic programs – the forgotten class
Authors: FICHTE JOHANNES K. , TRUSZCZYŃSKI MIROSŁAW , WOLTRAN STEFAN
Published: September 2015

Disjunctive Answer Set Programming is a powerful declarative programming paradigm with complexity beyond NP. Identifying classes of programs for which the consistency problem is in NP is of interest from the theoretical standpoint and can potentially lead to improvements in the design of answer set programming solvers. One of such classes consists of dual-normal programs, where the number of positive body atoms in proper rules is at most one. Unlike other classes of programs, dual-normal programs have received little attention so far. In this paper we study this class. We relate dual-normal programs to propositional theories and to normal programs by presenting several inter-translations. With the translation from dual-normal to normal programs at hand, we introduce the novel class of body-cycle free programs, which are in many respects dual to head-cycle free programs. We establish the expressive power of dual-normal programs in terms of SE- and UE-models, and compare them to normal programs. We also discuss the complexity of deciding whether dual-normal programs are strongly and uniformly equivalent.
Fuzzy answer set computation via satisfiability modulo theories
Authors: ALVIANO MARIO , PEÑALOZA RAFAEL
Published: September 2015

Fuzzy answer set programming (FASP) combines two declarative frameworks, answer set programming and fuzzy logic, in order to model reasoning by default over imprecise information. Several connectives are available to combine different expressions; in particular the Gödel and Łukasiewicz fuzzy connectives are usually considered, due to their properties. Although the Gödel conjunction can be easily eliminated from rule heads, we show through complexity arguments that such a simplification is infeasible in general for all other connectives. The paper analyzes a translation of FASP programs into satisfiability modulo theories (SMT), which in general produces quantified formulas because of the minimality of the semantics. Structural properties of many FASP programs allow to eliminate the quantification, or to sensibly reduce the number of quantified variables. Indeed, integrality constraints can replace recursive rules commonly used to force Boolean interpretations, and completion subformulas can guarantee minimality for acyclic programs with atomic heads. Moreover, head cycle free rules can be replaced by shifted subprograms, whose structure depends on the eliminated head connective, so that ordered completion may replace the minimality check if also Łukasiewicz disjunction in rule bodies is acyclic. The paper also presents and evaluates a prototype system implementing these translations.
Proving correctness of imperative programs by linearizing constrained Horn clauses
Authors: DE ANGELIS EMANUELE , FIORAVANTI FABIO , PETTOROSSI ALBERTO , PROIETTI MAURIZIO
Published: September 2015

We present a method for verifying the correctness of imperative programs which is based on the automated transformation of their specifications. Given a programprog, we consider a partial correctness specification of the form {ϕ},prog{ψ}, where the assertions ϕ and ψ are predicates defined by a setSpecof possibly recursive Horn clauses with linear arithmetic (LA) constraints in their premise (also calledconstrained Horn clauses). The verification method consists in constructing a setPCof constrained Horn clauses whose satisfiability implies that {ϕ},prog, {ψ} is valid. We highlight some limitations of state-of-the-art constrained Horn clause solving methods, here calledLA-solving methods, which prove the satisfiability of the clauses by looking for linear arithmetic interpretations of the predicates. In particular, we prove that there exist some specifications that cannot be proved valid by any of thoseLA-solving methods. These specifications require the proof of satisfiability of a setPCof constrained Horn clauses that containnonlinear clauses(that is, clauses with more than one atom in their premise). Then, we present a transformation, calledlinearization, that convertsPCinto a set oflinearclauses (that is, clauses with at most one atom in their premise). We show that several specifications that could not be proved valid byLA-solving methods, can be proved valid after linearization. We also present a strategy for performing linearization in an automatic way and we report on some experimental results obtained by using a preliminary implementation of our method.