bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SP Theory of Intelligence: Benefits and Applications
Authors: Wolff J.
Published: December 2013

This article describes existing and expected benefits of the SP theory ofintelligence, and some potential applications. The theory aims to simplify and integrate ideasacross artificial intelligence, mainstream computing, and human perception and cognition,with information compression as a unifying theme. It combines conceptual simplicitywith descriptive and explanatory power across several areas of computing and cognition.In the SP machine—an expression of the SP theory which is currently realized in theform of a computer model—there is potential for an overall simplification of computingsystems, including software. The SP theory promises deeper insights and better solutions inseveral areas of application including, most notably, unsupervised learning, natural languageprocessing, autonomous robots, computer vision, intelligent databases, software engineering,information compression, medical diagnosis and big data. There is also potential inareas such as the semantic web, bioinformatics, structuring of documents, the detection ofcomputer viruses, data fusion, new kinds of computer, and the development of scientifictheories. The theory promises seamless integration of structures and functions within andbetween different areas of application. The potential value, worldwide, of these benefits andapplications is at least $190 billion each year. Further development would be facilitatedby the creation of a high-parallel, open-source version of the SP machine, available toresearchers everywhere.
Bacillus thuringiensis Is an Environmental Pathogen and Host-Specificity Has Developed as an Adaptation to Human-Generated Ecological Niches
Authors: Argôlo-Filho Ronaldo , Loguercio Leandro
Published: December 2013

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used successfully as a biopesticide for more than 60 years. More recently, genes encoding their toxins have been used to transform plants and other organisms. Despite the large amount of research on this bacterium, its true ecology is still a matter of debate, with two major viewpoints dominating: while some understand Bt as an insect pathogen, others see it as a saprophytic bacteria from soil. In this context, Bt’s pathogenicity to other taxa and the possibility that insects may not be the primary targets of Bt are also ideas that further complicate this scenario. The existence of conflicting research results, the difficulty in developing broader ecological and genetics studies, and the great genetic plasticity of this species has cluttered a definitive concept. In this review, we gathered information on the aspects of Bt ecology that are often ignored, in the attempt to clarify the lifestyle, mechanisms of transmission and target host range of this bacterial species. As a result, we propose an integrated view to account for Bt ecology. Although Bt is indeed a pathogenic bacterium that possesses a broad arsenal for virulence and defense mechanisms, as well as a wide range of target hosts, this seems to be an adaptation to specific ecological changes acting on a versatile and cosmopolitan environmental bacterium. Bt pathogenicity and host-specificity was favored evolutionarily by increased populations of certain insect species (or other host animals), whose availability for colonization were mostly caused by anthropogenic activities. These have generated the conditions for ecological imbalances that favored dominance of specific populations of insects, arachnids, nematodes, etc., in certain areas, with narrower genetic backgrounds. These conditions provided the selective pressure for development of new hosts for pathogenic interactions, and so, host specificity of certain strains.
Optical Sensing Using Dark Mode Excitation in an Asymmetric Dimer Metamaterial
Authors: Omaghali Ndubuisi , Tkachenko Volodymyr , Andreone Antonello , Abbate Giancarlo
Published: December 2013

We study the presence of dark and bright modes in a planar metamaterial with a double rod unit cell introducing geometric asymmetry in rod lengths. The dark mode displays a Fano-type resonance with a sharp asymmetric profile, rendering it far more sensitive than the bright mode to slight variations of the dielectric environment. This peculiar feature may envisage the possible application of the asymmetric dimer metamaterial as an optical sensor for chemical or biological analysis, provided that the effect of material losses on the dark mode quality factor is properly taken into account.
Fault Detection of Roller-Bearings Using Signal Processing and Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Kwak Dae-Ho , Lee Dong-Han , Ahn Jong-Hyo , Koh Bong-Hwan
Published: December 2013

This study presents a fault detection of roller bearings through signal processing and optimization techniques. After the occurrence of scratch-type defects on the inner race of bearings, variations of kurtosis values are investigated in terms of two different data processing techniques: minimum entropy deconvolution (MED), and the Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO). MED and the TKEO are employed to qualitatively enhance the discrimination of defect-induced repeating peaks on bearing vibration data with measurement noise. Given the perspective of the execution sequence of MED and the TKEO, the study found that the kurtosis sensitivity towards a defect on bearings could be highly improved. Also, the vibration signal from both healthy and damaged bearings is decomposed into multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), through empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The weight vectors of IMFs become design variables for a genetic algorithm (GA). The weights of each IMF can be optimized through the genetic algorithm, to enhance the sensitivity of kurtosis on damaged bearing signals. Experimental results show that the EMD-GA approach successfully improved the resolution of detectability between a roller bearing with defect, and an intact system.
Chronic Illness Associated with Mold and Mycotoxins: Is Naso-Sinus Fungal Biofilm the Culprit?
Authors: Brewer Joseph , Thrasher Jack , Hooper Dennis
Published: December 2013

It has recently been demonstrated that patients who develop chronic illness after prior exposure to water damaged buildings (WDB) and mold have the presence of mycotoxins, which can be detected in the urine. We hypothesized that the mold may be harbored internally and continue to release and/or produce mycotoxins which contribute to ongoing chronic illness. The sinuses are the most likely candidate as a site for the internal mold and mycotoxin production. In this paper, we review the literature supporting this concept.
EXISTENCE RESULTS FOR IMPULSIVE SYSTEMS WITH INITIAL NONLOCAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Bolojan-Nica Octavia , Infante Gennaro , Pietramala Paolamaria
Published: December 2013

We study the existence of solutions for nonlinear first order impulsive systems with nonlocal initial conditions. Our approach relies in the fixed point principles of Schauder and Perov, combined with a vector approach that uses matrices that converge to zero. We prove existence and uniqueness results for these systems. Some examples are presented to illustrate the theory.
ON PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF LIÉNARD TYPE EQUATIONS
Authors: Atslega Svetlana , Sadyrbaev Felix
Published: December 2013

The Liénard type equation x'' + f(x, x')x' + g(x) = 0 (i) is considered. We claim that if the associated conservative equation x'' + g(x) = 0 has period annuli then a dissipation f(x, x') exists such that a limit cycle of equation (i) exists in a selected period annulus. Moreover, it is possible to define f(x, x') so that limit cycles appear in all period annuli. Examples are given. A particular example presents two limit cycles of non-convex shape in two disjoint period annuli.
MARKETING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: MARKETING METRICS IN TURKISH FIRMS
Authors: Hacioglu Gungor , Gök Osman
Published: December 2013

This study explores which metrics are considered important in measuring marketing performance in Turkish firms. In addition, the study examines the effects of sectoral differences and market dynamism, and the relationship between the importance attached to metrics and firm performance. The data collected from a sample of 145 Turkish firms via a structured questionnaire derived from the literature reveals that the most importance is attached to consumers’ attitudes metrics. Economic value added and customer lifetime value are the least important metrics in performance evaluation. No significant relationship occurs between the importance that executives attach to metrics and firm performance. Managerial implications and future research opportunities will be presented at the end. The study is, as far as is known, the first attempt at aiming to explore marketing metrics in Turkey, and one of a limited number of studies in emerging economies.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ETHICAL CLIMATES ON ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION
Authors: Stachowicz-Stanusch Agata , Simha Aditya
Published: December 2013

This study investigates the effects of ethical climates on organizational corruption. Data from 200 employees from seven hospitals in Poland was used to test the specific relationships between the five empirically occurring ethical climate types (i.e. caring, instrumental, independence, law and code, and rules) and organizational corruption. Law and code climates were negatively associated with organizational corruption, while instrumental and caring climates were positively associated with organizational corruption.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY HARVESTING COAXIAL HELICOPTER
Authors: Singh Anvinder , Sharma Varun
Published: December 2013

With the growing need for technology, the tendency for errors has increased many times, which often results in loss of human lives. Our main aim of this paper is to show the implementation of a coaxial rotor aerial vehicle that can be controlled by a radio frequency transmitter. The helicopter is capable of manoeuvring in an area where real helicopters cannot. The area could be a flooded region, a place hit by an earthquake, or a building on fire. The main aim is to transmit video of that place to a base station by the camera attached to the helicopter. Various factors required to make a safe and successful coaxial helicopter are discussed and extensive flight testing proves that this flying machine is better in efficiency and performance than a traditional single rotor aerial vehicle. The relation of flight parameters like torque, induced power, rpm, pitch, and total power are discussed. A piezoelectric sensor is used to determine the vibrations occurring in the body so that they can be minimised. A successful attempt to convert the vibrations into a charge by piezoelectric energy harvesters is made.
APPLICATION OF A SWOT-FANP METHOD
Authors: Lee Yun-Huei
Published: December 2013

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis is an effective strategic planning tool for the development of strategy formulation, but its main weakness is being incapable of quantitatively determining the weights and effects of alternative strategic criteria. Some studies’ use of SWOT with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) would enable decision-makers to obtain-through pairwise comparisons-a relative priority of each criterion, so that the results from quantitative measures could overcome SWOT's central shortcoming. However, these studies neglect critical relationships or dependencies among SWOT factors. In this study, I propose a quantitative SWOT that rests on fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) methodology, includes possible dependencies among SWOT factors and permits the elimination of decision-makers’ uncertain and vague preferences. To this end, I chose the Taiwan biotech pharmaceutical industry as an illustrative example. This study demonstrates and validates that such an enhanced methodology is viable and highly capable of providing enriched insights regarding strategic decision-making management in complex real-world situations.
ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRICITY AND TRANSPORT SECTORS BASED ON CARBON INTENSITY AND COSTS
Authors: Štreimikienė Dalia
Published: December 2013

The aim of the paper is to address the EU policy for achieving low carbon economy by assessing energy technologies in electricity and road transport sector based on costs and impact on climate change and to indicate the most competitive electricity and transport technologies taking into account EU policy targets in GHG emission reduction, utilization of renewable and energy efficiency improvements. The main tasks of the paper are: to develop the multi-criteria framework for comparative assessment of energy technologies by applying MCDM methods for the electricity generation and transport technologies assessment. The interval TOPSIS method is employed in order to tackle the uncertain criteria. The assessment framework allows the comparison of electricity generation technologies and road transport technologies in terms of their GHG emission reduction and economic impacts and facilitates decision making process in energy sector seeking to implement EU energy policies. The main indicators selected for technologies assessment are: private costs and life cycle GHG emissions. The ranking of energy technologies based on private costs and GHG emissions allowed prioritizing these technologies taking into account the lowest GHG emission reduction costs.
THE AGE OF CLUSTERS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THEIR ACTIVITY PREFERENCES
Authors: Jirčikova Eva , Pavelkova Drahomíra , Bialic-Davendra Magdalena , Homolka Lubor
Published: December 2013

The aim of this paper is to determine whether there exist age dependent differences in the orientation of clusters’ activities. The literature depicts different approaches to the cluster evolution process, highlighting that clusters are subject to a life cycle that emphasizes different sets of activities in various stages of their development. These activities appear to follow a certain trajectory, whereby the successful completion of initial less-intensive activities stimulates a shift in focus to more demanding, long-term projects. The presented research verifies that clusters can pass through different stages of development, and examines in detail their preferences for jointly-undertaken activities. Research, conducted on a sample of clusters of different countries and ages, was carried out through the use of questionnaires and structured interviews with cluster managers. It is a sample of so-called organized clusters, which have their own internal structure and which are characterized by conscious development. The study identified common cluster activities in the following areas: networking, human resources, research and innovations, business cooperation and promotion, support activities, lobbying, etc. The preference of their implementation was also ascertained. In addition, the analyzed sample was divided into two categories according to cluster age, allowing for a comparison and differentiation of the level of implementation of joint activities between embryonic and established clusters. The evaluation of this research demonstrated that in the selected groups of activities, there was a statistically significant difference in terms of their level of implementation in clusters of various ages.
Harmonization of the Funding Mechanisms in European Universities
Authors: Dima Alina Mihaela , Cantaragiu Ramona
Published: December 2013

The chapter discusses, comparatively, funding mechanisms for universities in Europe and advances potential ways for their harmonization in the framework of their Bologna convergence. The findings of the research suggest that, while there is a European-level shift to performance-based funding and quantitative indicators tend to say that European HE funding systems are to a certain degree convergent, qualitative analysis indicates that the outcomes are still divergent and more efforts have to be put into really bringing these systems to a common ground.
Dimensions of Culture in Hospital Teamwork
Authors: Rosiek Anna , Leksowski Krzysztof
Published: December 2013

The chapter discusses, on research-based findings, the particularities of culture in hospitals, in a cross-cultural perspective with a particular focus on the Polish case. The findings of the study point to the fact that exterior factors and perceptions have a decisive impact on the patient evaluation of the hospital experience, so hospitals should dedicate some of their efforts to improving organizational culture and its perceived effects on patients.
Concept and Types of Organizational Cultures of Hospitals
Authors: Sulkowski Łukasz , Sulkowska Joanna
Published: December 2013

This chapter sets out to analyze the problem of defining the concept of organizational culture as well as models and typologies used in reference materials. It presents various issues of organizational culture: paradigms of organizational culture, definitions of organizational culture, and two-dimensional typologies of organizational culture. The single-dimensional classifications present the following dichotomies: 1) weak culture – strong culture, 2) positive culture – negative culture, 3) pragmatic culture – bureaucratic culture, 4) introvert culture – extrovert culture, 5) conservative culture – innovative culture, 6) hierarchic culture – egalitarian culture, 7) individualist culture – collectivist culture. Furthermore, this chapter includes: multidimensional typologies of organizational culture, corporate identity – alternative approach to organizational culture and relations between culture, and structure, strategy, and organization setting. Moreover, based on the quality pilot study, it strives to explain peculiarity of this concept in relation to Polish hospitals. Results of pilot studies of organizational cultures of hospitals in Poland relate to four hospitals in Lodz Province.
PTBL
Authors: Chen LieHuo , Liu Qiang , Sun XiaoGuang
Published: December 2013

With software projects are becoming increasingly complicated, soft skills such as collaboration, effective communication, rhetoric, socio-cultural, accountabilities and collision resolution in real-life software projects, as well as computer programming are badly required for team members to cooperate and finish the strenuous projects. Therefore it is fundamental for software engineering students to improve such skills, if they want to accelerate the success of teamwork. Nowadays, the ability of effective cooperation and communication is much more important than raw programming talent. Teams with average programmers who communicate well are more likely to success than those with superstars but not good at communication. At the same time, these soft skills are just difficult to teach and learn which require true collaboration and communication between students. The traditional learning activities for training soft skills are insufficient based on the facts that teachers and mentors pay too much attention on professional and technical abilities instead of soft skills. In this paper, a novel learning model called Problem and Task Based Learning is proposed which includes Problem-Based Learning, Task-Based Learning, and Web3D technologies. This new model could elevate the teamwork skills in software engineering and overcome the common limitations of the traditional course. This paper also presents two courses using this learning model-a Task-game course and a virtual 3D meeting, as well as some experimental results obtained from the students and the teachers who have participated in the two case studies. Both students and teachers are from Software Engineering Department of Tsinghua University.
B Cells Promote Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Facilitating Reactivation of T Cells in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Pierson Emily R. , Stromnes Ingunn M. , Goverman Joan M.
Published: December 2013

The efficacy of rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis has renewed interest in the role of B cells in CNS autoimmunity. In this study, we show that B cells are the predominant MHC class II+ subset in the naive CNS in mice, and they constitutively express proinflammatory cytokines. Incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by adoptive transfer was significantly reduced in C3HeB/Fej μMT (B cell–deficient) mice, suggesting an important role for CNS B cells in initiating inflammatory responses. Initial T cell infiltration of the CNS occurred normally in μMT mice; however, lack of production of T cell cytokines and other immune mediators indicated impaired T cell reactivation. Subsequent recruitment of immune cells from the periphery driven by this initial T cell reactivation did not occur in μMT mice. B cells required exogenous IL-1β to reactivate Th17 but not Th1 cells in vitro. Similarly, reactivation of Th1 cells infiltrating the CNS was selectively impaired compared with Th17 cells in μMT mice, causing an increased Th17/Th1 ratio in the CNS at experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis onset and enhanced brain inflammation. These studies reveal an important role for B cells within the CNS in reactivating T cells and influencing the clinical manifestation of disease.
Generation of Multiple Fluid-Phase C3b:Plasma Protein Complexes during Complement Activation: Possible Implications in C3 Glomerulopathies
Authors: Ramadass Mahalakshmi , Ghebrehiwet Berhane , Smith Richard J. , Kew Richard R.
Published: December 2013

The complement system is tightly regulated to safeguard against tissue damage that results from unwanted activation. The key step of C3 cleavage to C3b is regulated by multiple mechanisms that control the initiation and extent of activation. This study demonstrated that C3b:plasma protein complexes form in the fluid-phase during complement activation. Several different plasma proteins displayed a discrete high molecular SDS-resistant band when any of the three complement activating pathways were triggered in normal human serum or plasma. Serum depleted of individual complement proteins revealed that C3 and factors B and D were essential for complex formation. Inactivation of the thioester bond in C3 also prevented complex formation. In vitro, complexes could be generated using four purified proteins—C3, factor B, factor D, and target protein—and Mg2+ to allow C3 convertase formation. These studies showed that the complexes consisted of a plasma protein covalently bound to C3b in a 1:1 molar ratio; the C3b portion was rapidly degraded by factors H and I. Analysis of plasma samples from patients with dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis demonstrated that C3b:protein complexes form spontaneously in the blood of patients with dense deposit disease and, to a lesser extent, in C3 glomerulonephritis patients, but not in healthy controls. This finding supports the underlying hypothesis that these C3 glomerulopathies are diseases of fluid-phase complement dysregulation. These complexes could normally function as a passive mechanism to intercept C3b from depositing on host cells. However, excessive generation and/or defective clearance of fluid-phase C3b:protein complexes may have pathological consequences.
Imaging in Rare Disease: A Roadmap for Diagnosis
Authors: Di Salvo Giovanni , Limongelli Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

Rare diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions including genetic syndromes, inherited metabolic diseases, and neuromuscular disorders with various expression and different organ involvement. [...]
Macromycetes in the Pirin Mts (SW Bulgaria)
Authors: Denchev Cvetomir M. , Fakirova Violeta I. , Gyosheva Melania M. , Petrova Roumyana D.
Published: December 2013

This paper attempts to compile available and unpublished data on the macromycetes of the Pirin Mts. The total number of currently known species is 350, including 34 ascomycetes and 316 basidiomycetes. Among them, 60 species are reported for the first time for the Pirin Mts, including Inocybe pisciodora which is a new record for Bulgaria. The species composition, ecological-trophic structure, and economically important edible fungi are briefly discussed. A list of 25 macroscopic fungi of conservation significance for the mycota of this mountain, evaluated with the recent IUCN criteria, is given, including 4 Critically Endangered, 9 Endangered, 7 Vulnerable, and 5 Near Threatened species.
New Phoma species on Leonurus cardiaca
Authors: Zimowska Beata
Published: December 2013

Two species of Phoma obtained from motherwort Leonurus cardiaca L., during mycological analyses attendant upon three-years study connected healthiness of the plants. Isolates of Phoma capitulum were obtained from roots, whereas Phoma septicidalis from roots and leaves. Description in vitro, photos of morphological structures and distribution of Phoma spp. are given. This is the thirst report of P. capitulum and P. septicidalis on motherwort in Poland.
Yeast-like fungi isolated in students
Authors: Biedukiewicz Anna
Published: December 2013

The occurrence of yeast-like fungi in the most important infection portals of the respiratory system in 200 randomly chosen students of biology and veterinary medicine was examined. The students come into direct contact with plants and animals that may be colonised by fungi belonging to various systematic groups. Nine species of yeast-like fungi, including 7 species determined in the biologists, were recorded in the subjects. Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans were the most frequently isolated fungi. The greatest number of fungi was isolated from the oral cavity (124 isolates), fewer from the throat (79 isolates), and the smallest number from the nose (8 isolates). Fungi occurred more frequently in autumn and slightly less frequently in spring, and were isolated more frequently from women than from men.
Remarks to the ecology of the boreo-montane polypore Amylocystis lapponica based on data from the Czech Republic and Poland
Authors: Holec Jan , Kučera Tomáš
Published: December 2013

In the Czech Republic, the rare polypore Amylocystis lapponica continuously occurs in the Boubínský prales virgin forest (southern Bohemia: Šumava Mts.) where it has been documented for more than 60 years. Similarly, in Poland it has been known only from the Puszcza Białowieska virgin forest (northeastern Poland) for more than 50 years. Generally, it is considered a species of boreal coniferous forests of northern Europe (taiga) and montane coniferous forests in Central and Southern Europe. However, the data from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and western Ukraine show that it also grows in mixed montane forests composed mainly of Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Abies alba. In Poland, the locality is situated in a lowland forest consisting mostly of Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur and Tilia cordata. In Central Europe, A. lapponica occurs only in virgin forest refuges with the following habitat conditions: vegetation continuity (never cut), natural tree species composition, multi-aged structure, rich presence of dead wood in various stages of decay, relatively large area of the virgin forest surrounded by near-natural forests, stable, cold and humid meso- and microclimate. Consequently, A. lapponica may be considered an indicator of long-term vegetation continuity and stable habitat conditions.
Macromycetes in the Dendrological Park of the Warsaw Agricultural University
Authors: Szczepkowski Andrzej
Published: December 2013

A list of 79 species of macromycetes recorded in the Dendrological Park of the Warsaw Agricultural University in Warsaw between 1996 and 2005 is discussed in the paper.
New lichen records from Bukovské vrchy Mts (NE Slovakia)
Authors: Pišút Ivan , Lackovičová Anna , Guttová Anna , Palice Zdeněk
Published: December 2013

Interesting findings of 100 lichens from the Bukovské vrchy Mts (Biosphere Reserve Poloniny, Slovak part) are reported as the result of recent survey work. Two species are new for Slovakia: Fellhanera gyrophorica and Rinodina efflorescens, and 34 species are reported for the first time from the studied area. The new records for the country are shortly commented as well as ecological aspects of Agonimia repleta, Strigula stigmatella, Gyalecta ulmi and Belonia herculina.
Enzymatic activity of Phlebiopsis gigantea isolates
Authors: Żółciak Anna , Korniłłowicz-Kowalska Teresa A. , Sierota Zbigniew , Iglik Helena
Published: December 2013

Initial experiment was made in order to test wood-decomposing fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea for enzymatic activity. Laccase, peroxidase, cellulase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase were marked using different methods for P. gigantea isolates growing on Scots pine wood.
Occurrence of black truffles in Poland
Authors: Ławrynowicz Maria , Krzyszczak Tomasz , Fałdziński Marcin
Published: December 2013

Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. mesentericum Vittad. and T. bellonae Quél. have been distinguished in recent collections of hypogeous fungi in Poland. Up till now only T. mesentericum has herbarial documentation. T. aestivum was confirmed to occur in Poland. Seven localities are documented with exsiccates, but it is considered as a complex species. Some specimens have features of T. uncinatum Chat. not distinctively separated from these of T. aestivum Vittad., therefore are treated as its form. The studies based on rich material support the concept of Tuber bellonae as a separate species close to T. mesentericum.
Type study of one species described in the genus Ceracea
Authors: Malysheva Vera F.
Published: December 2013

The type revision of one species known as Ceracea aureofulva Bres. is presented. New combination Cerinomyces aureofulvus (Bres.) Malysheva is proposed. The detailed taxonomic description and illustration of the specimen are given.
European record of Subramaniula thielavioides on opium poppy
Authors: Pastirčák Martin , Pastirčáková Katarína
Published: December 2013

In the course of a study of fungal biodiversity of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) plants collected in production area of Slovakia, an ascomycete belonging to the genus Subramaniula was isolated. The fungus identified as Subramaniula thielavioides has been reported for the first time from Slovakia. This record also represents the first European locality. Brief morphological description of the fungus based on an isolate from flower petals of opium poppy is provided.
Some endophytes of Juncus trifidus from Tatra Mts. in Poland
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej
Published: December 2013

This is a first part of work devoted highland rush endophytes: Penicillium expansum, Cladosporium oxysporum, Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei and Aureobasidium pullulans. The basidiomycete strain, possibly Lagarobasidium detriticum was also isolated.
The participation of macromycetes in selected forest communities of the Masurian Landscape Park (NE Poland)
Authors: Fiedorowicz Grzegorz
Published: December 2013

Results of mycosociological studies in selected forests communities of the Masurian Landscape Park between 1997 and 2000 are discussed. Observations were conducted in 8 permanent plots and 69 supplementary plots (400 m2). Five plant associations characteristic of the Masurian Landscape Park, Peucedano-Pinetum, Serratulo-Pinetum, Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum, Tilio-Carpinetum and Fraxino-Alnetum, were examined. A total of 335 macromycete species were recorded. The greatest number of species was observed in Tilio-Carpinetum (198).
Yeast-like fungi isolated from indoor air in school buildings and the surrounding outdoor air
Authors: Ejdys Elżbieta , Michalak Joanna , Szewczyk Katarzyna M.
Published: December 2013

A total of 111 isolates of yeast-like fungi and yeasts belonging to 40 species of 19 genera were identified in indoor air and outdoor air. Only one species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, was recorded in both types of air and seasons (spring and autumn). Kluyveromyces lactis and Yarrowia lipolytica, a species having the greatest symbiotic abilities, dominated in indoor air and outdoor air, respectively. Intensely used rooms, especially those with limited access of air, have the broadest range of species of yeast-like fungi. A comparison of both habitats shows that school rooms pose a greater epidemiological risk of yeast-like infections than outdoor air. The indoor as well as outdoor mycobiota undergoes phenological changes although it is determined by other biotic and abiotic factors.
Some interesting records of Cladonia species from the Nizina Wielkopolska Lowland (W Poland)
Authors: Zarabska Daria , Dolnik Christian
Published: December 2013

The lichen genus Cladonia comprises several similar species which have hardly been recognized in Western Poland so far. We used thin layer chromatography (TLC) as a simple technique to determine diagnostic lichen substances in morphologically similar Cladonia species. During field studies in Sandr Nowotomyski (western Nizina Wielkopolska Lowland), ten interesting records of Cladonia species were made. Cladonia novochlorophaea is reported for the first time from this region. Our records supplement the knowledge about the distribution of Cladonia species both in the investigated region and in Poland. All the records are compared with existing literature data from regional floristic inventories and distribution maps from Poland.
Cladonia metacorallifera, a lichen species new to the Eastern Carpathians
Authors: Osyczka Piotr , Kościelnik Robert
Published: December 2013

A rare lichen Cladonia metacorallifera was found in the Bieszczady Mts. and this is the first report of the species from the Eastern Carpathians. In Poland, its occurrence is probably limited to small populations scattered in high mountain situations. The data of distribution of the species in Poland, ecological characterization of the new locality and some taxonomical remarks concerning the recorded specimen, as well as a photograph of its habit are provided.
Additions to the biota of lichenized fungi of Poland
Authors: Flakus Adam , Kukwa Martin
Published: December 2013

New records of five lichenized fungi from Poland are provided. Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta, Lecanora quercicola, Rhizocarpon superficiale and Strigula ziziphi are new to Poland. Of these, Strigula ziziphi is reported also as new to Central Europe and Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta as new to the Carpathians. Additionally, Thelenella muscorum var. octospora is recorded from its second locality in Poland as new to the Polish Carpathians. Hypostictic acid chemosyndrome has been noticed for the first time in European (Poland) and South American (Bolivia) populations of Rhizocarpon superficiale.
Interesting collections of phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: Wołczańska Agata
Published: December 2013

Ascochyta chaerophylli Bres. and Ramularia vallisumbrosae Cavara are reported as new in Poland. Passalora bupleuri (Pass.) U. Braun on Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. is a new fungus/host combination and ten other rare species are recorded from new localities in the country.
Zasmidium cellare in Poland
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej , Majewska Magdalena
Published: December 2013

orphology and Polish localities of Zasmidium cellare (Pers.) Fr. are presented. The appropriate name of the fungus is discussed.
Laricifomes officinalis in the Gorce Mountains (S Poland)
Authors: Wojewoda Władysław
Published: December 2013

Information about second finding of Laricifomes officinalis (Batsch) Kotl. & Pouzar (Fomitopsidaceae) in the Gorce Mountains the External Western Carpathians is given, and its legitimate and illegitimate selected synonyms are cited. This species in Poland is very rare and threatened.
Entoloma jahnii, a rare species in Europe
Authors: Nita Joanna , Stefanik Mateusz
Published: December 2013

The author describe two localities of Entoloma jahnii Wölfel & Winterh., which were found during the mycocoenological research in Pomerania and Wielkopolska Regions in the phytocoenoses of Carici elongatae-Alnetum and Galio sylvatici-Carpinetum associations. The article consists of a description of gathered specimens and some remarks concerning ecology of this rare species.
New localities of rare species of the genus Microbotryum
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej
Published: December 2013

Microbotryum bistortum, M. dianthorum, M. superbum and M. langerheimii, rare species of smut fungi are reported from new localities in Poland, mostly in protected areas. Dianthus superbus subsp. superbus is a new host for M. superbum observed. Taxonomical status of M. carthusianorum and M. superbum is discussed in the paper.
Potentially pathogenic fungi in the material collected by the Specialist Regional Hospital, Łódź
Authors: Rusicka Magdalena , Lipowczan Grażyna
Published: December 2013

The mycobiota responsible for the development of pathological changes of the skin and its adnexa in patients presenting at the Specialist Regional Hospital, Łódź, with suspected superficial mycosis between 01 May 2003 and 30 April 2005 is analyzed. In total of 2144 isolations 39.96% were dermatophytes, 39.39% were yeast-like fungi and 20.65% were moulds. Candida albicans was the most frequently diagnosed species in fallowed by Trichophyton rubrum.
How Can We Educate Customers about Plumbing System Problems?
Authors: Burlingame Gary A.
Published: December 2013

When customers don't understand where a plumbing problem originates, they expect their water utility to fix it. About 20 years ago, Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) customers having problems with particles in their water looked to the utility for help.
Estimates of net heat fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Pinker R. T. , Bentamy A. , Katsaros K. B. , Ma Y. , Li C.
Published: December 2013

Many studies have been undertaken to evaluate turbulent heat fluxes at the ocean‐atmosphere interface; less was done on the total net heat flux. We will compare heat budgets at the ocean‐atmosphere interface as derived from satellites and from blended products, compare them to in situ observations, identify the location of largest differences, and attempt to explain reasons for these differences. The results over the Atlantic Sector (50°S–50°N) for a 3 year period show that differences in the turbulent fluxes among two widely used approaches are overshadowed by differences in the radiative fluxes. While the maximum difference in sensible and latent heat fluxes can be about 30 W/m2, the mean values for latent heat fluxes are −2.27 W/m2 for January and 5.40 W/m2 for July. For sensible heat, they are 2.82 W/m2 for January and 5.64 W/m2 for July. We show that the maximum difference in net radiative fluxes can be as high as 55 W/m2, for January, the mean difference in net SW is 6.31 W/m2 and in net LW it is 12.14 W/m2. For July, the respective differences are −9.99 W/m2 for the SW and 14.31 W/m2 for the LW. Relationships between the fluxes and satellite derived surface wind speed, total precipitable water, and cloud cover provide insight on the dominant processes that control the net heat flux. This study is intended to present an estimate of uncertainties that still exist in the net heat flux at the ocean‐atmosphere interface.
Cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce overt aggression behavior in Chinese young male violent offenders
Authors: Chen Chen , Li Chun , Wang Hong , Ou Jian‐Jun , Zhou Jian‐Song , Wang Xiao‐Ping
Published: December 2013

This 9‐week study was designed to determine whether a commercial cognitive‐behavioral training program could effectively reduce overt aggression behavior in Chinese young male violent offenders. Sixty‐six participants were randomly assigned to receive routine intervention alone (control group) or routine intervention plus Williams LifeSkills Training (WLST group) in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was change scores on the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) from baseline to one week following end of training. Secondary outcomes were change scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale‐11 (BIS‐11) and Cook–Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS). There were significant between‐group differences in change of MOAS total score (P < .001) and all sub‐scores (Ps < .01) except aggression against property. Between‐group differences were also observed in change of BIS‐11 and CMHS total score (Ps < 0.05). All results favored the WLST group. These findings suggest WLST has the potential to be an effective intervention to reduce overt aggressive behavior in young male violent offenders. Aggr. Behav. 40:329–336, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variations Among Primary Care Physicians in Exercise Advice, Imaging, and Analgesics for Musculoskeletal Pain: Results From a Factorial Experiment
Authors: Maserejian Nancy N. , Fischer Michael A. , Trachtenberg Felicia L. , Yu Jing , Marceau Lisa D. , McKinlay John B. , Katz Jeffrey N.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To examine whether medical decisions regarding evaluation and management of musculoskeletal pain conditions varied systematically by characteristics of the patient or provider.

Methods

We conducted a balanced factorial experiment among primary care physicians in the US. Physicians (n = 192) viewed 2 videos of different patients (actors) presenting with pain: undiagnosed sciatica symptoms or diagnosed knee osteoarthritis. Systematic variations in patient gender, socioeconomic status, and race and physician gender and experience (<20 versus ≥20 years in practice) permitted estimation of unconfounded effects. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate associations between patient or provider attributes and clinical decisions. Quality of decisions was defined based on the current recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology, American Pain Society, and clinical expert consensus.

Results

Despite current recommendations, less than one‐third of physicians would provide exercise advice (30.2% for osteoarthritis and 32.8% for sciatica). Physicians with fewer years in practice were more likely to provide advice on lifestyle changes, particularly exercise (P ≤ 0.01), and to prescribe nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for pain relief, both of which were appropriate and consistent with current recommendations for care. Newer physicians ordered fewer tests, particularly basic laboratory investigations or urinalysis. Test ordering decreased as organizational emphasis on business or profits increased. Patient factors and physician gender had no consistent effects on pain evaluation or treatment.

Conclusion

Physician education on disease management recommendations regarding exercise and analgesics and implementation of quality measures may be useful, particularly for physicians with more years in practice.
Is Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis Common in Middle‐Aged People With Chronic Patellofemoral Pain?
Authors: Hinman Rana S. , Lentzos Jonathan , Vicenzino Bill , Crossley Kay M.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To document the prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) in the medial and lateral patellofemoral (PF) joint compartments relative to the prevalence of tibiofemoral (TF) joint OA in middle‐aged and older adults with chronic PF knee pain.

Methods

A convenience sample of 224 people who volunteered for a clinical trial underwent weight‐bearing posteroanterior and skyline knee radiographs of their most symptomatic eligible knee. Radiographic severity in the TF joint and in the medial and lateral PF joint compartments was independently graded by 2 examiners using the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grading system. K/L grades ≥2 were considered evidence of OA.

Results

OA was common in this cohort, and the most prevalent pattern was combined TF joint and PF joint OA (n = 98 [44%]), followed by isolated PF joint OA (n = 57 [25%]). Isolated TF joint OA was rare. Overall, more people demonstrated radiographic OA in the PF joint (n = 155 [69%]) than in the TF joint (n = 100 [45%]). The majority of people with PF joint OA had OA in both the medial and lateral PF joint compartments (n = 98 [63%]). Even in people ages <50 years, radiographic OA was common (isolated PF joint OA, 26% [n = 21]; combined TF joint and PF joint OA, 29% [n = 23]). The severity of PF joint OA was similar across men and women.

Conclusion

PF joint OA was highly prevalent, more so than TF joint OA, and even in individuals ages <50 years. Further research is needed to elucidate the cause and effect relationship between chronic PF pain and PF joint OA.
Evaluating Appropriate Use of Prophylactic Colchicine for Gout Flare Prevention
Authors: George Michael , Pullman‐Mooar Sally , Hussain Fauzia , Schumacher H. Ralph
Published: December 2013

Objective

American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism guidelines recommend colchicine to prevent gout flares in patients initiating and increasing uric acid–lowering therapy until serum uric acid is maintained at ≤6 mg/dl. We aimed to evaluate how well colchicine prescribing practices adhere to these guidelines and to examine factors associated with improved prescribing.

Methods

Electronic medical records were reviewed for 126 patients with active colchicine prescriptions for prophylaxis of gout flares. Colchicine prescribing was defined as inappropriate if 1) no concurrent urate‐lowering therapy was prescribed, 2) uric acid was not at goal and urate‐lowering therapy had not been increased in the past 3 months, or 3) uric acid goals were met for >1 year and flares had resolved in the absence of tophi.

Results

Colchicine use was considered inappropriate in 93 patients (73.8%). Thirty‐four were prescribed no urate‐lowering therapy, 50 were above the uric acid goal without urate‐lowering therapy increase in the prior 3 months, and 9 were at the uric acid goal for >1 year without flares or tophi. Patients appropriately prescribed colchicine were younger and were more likely to have been seen by a rheumatologist. Allopurinol dose and allergy, uric acid level, and renal function were similar in the 2 groups.

Conclusion

We found a high prevalence of what we considered inappropriate prophylactic colchicine use, driven largely by failure to prescribe concurrent urate‐lowering therapies or adequately increase these medications. Rheumatology consultation was associated with improved colchicine prescribing.
Retrospective cohort study of a microelectronics and business machine facility
Authors: Silver Sharon R. , Pinkerton Lynne E. , Fleming Donald A. , Jones James H. , Allee Steven , Luo Lian , Bertke Stephen J.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

We examined health outcomes among 34,494 workers employed at a microelectronics and business machine facility 1969–2001.

Methods

Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratios were used to evaluate health outcomes in the cohort and Cox regression modeling to evaluate relations between scores for occupational exposures and outcomes of a priori interest.

Results

Just over 17% of the cohort (5,966 people) had died through 2009. All cause, all cancer, and many cause‐specific SMRs showed statistically significant deficits. In hourly males, SMRs were significantly elevated for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and rectal cancer. Salaried males had excess testicular cancer incidence. Pleural cancer and mesothelioma excesses were observed in workers hired before 1969, but no available records substantiate use of asbestos in manufacturing processes. A positive, statistically significant relation was observed between exposure scores for tetrachloroethylene and nervous system diseases.

Conclusions

Few significant exposure–outcome relations were observed, but risks from occupational exposures cannot be ruled out due to data limitations and the relative youth of the cohort. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:412–424, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.