bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development, Characterization and bioavailability enhancement of oral floating sustained release beads containing Indomethacin
Authors: Sharma Rajesh Kumar , Kalra Naresh , Dwivedi Jayesh , Jeyabalan G. , Singh Gurpreet
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this research was to prepare and evaluate floating gastroretentive beads of Indomethacin an Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent for increased drug bioavailability. Floating beads were prepared by dripping Method using different polymers in varying ratios. The formulations were optimized on the basis of floating ability and in-vitro drug release. The floating beads were evaluated for micromeritic properties, entrapment efficiency, as well as in-vitro buoyancy study and drug release. Indomethacin was estimated in the formulation by using UV/Visible spectrophotometer (Shimazdu UV-1800) at 321 nm. The floating beads shows drug entrapment efficiency, buoyancy and yield the 72.55%, 60.2 and 74.3%respectively. In vitro drug release study confirms formulation I4 was the best formulation as it releases 99.28 % of Indomethacin at the end of 24 hrs in controlled manner.
Carum Carvi- An Updated Review
Authors: Goyal Munish , Gupta Vivek Kumar , Singh Navjeet , . Mrinal
Published: June 2020

Carum carvi (Caraway) is a biennial plant (Family Apiaceae), native to western Asia, Europe and North Africa. It is reputed and extensively ayurvedic plant used for various therapeutic purposes. It contained a wide range of chemical constituents like essential oils, volatile oils, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements. The previous studies showed that its chemical constituents exerted anti-diabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, Insecticidal, diuretic, analgesic, renoprotective, molluscicidal, endocrine, anti-cholinesterases, Immunomodulatory properties. This review is a step to open insight for therapeutic efficacy of Carum carvi.
Pharmacological Review on Uricosuric activity
Authors: Somasekhar Bandi , Vanaja Kaipa , Anjali Veeram
Published: June 2020

The naturally available uricosuric agents are Tinospora cardifolia, Allium sepa, Cajanus Cajan, Piper nigrum etc., Natural medicinal plants having no side effects are more preferred when compared to synthetic medications. Uricosuric agents increase the urinary excretion of uric acid hence the natural uricosuric agent is preferred to prevent many diseases like gout, arthritis, kidney stones etc., without side effect. Uricosuric medications are the substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma. Prolonged and untreated hyperuricemia results into gout, a severe inflammatory condition. Sustain hyperuricemia leads to impaired blood pressure control, renal impairment and nephropathy. The common factors for deposition of uric acid in blood are drinking alcohol and taking high purine diet. The various screening methods for the uricosuric activity are uricosuric activity in mice, Potassium oxonate induced activity, and Phenol red excretion methods are explained in this review.
Development of new Nanocomposite by using bagasse dust and polyaniline for removal of heavy metal ions from Pharma industry effluent
Authors: Singh Ajay , Singh Gurmeet , Gupta Asheesh Kumar
Published: June 2020

Nanotechnology has given the opportunity to the researcher for developing new nano-composites in all field including, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, electronics and other fields. In this study agriculture waste material like bagasse dust has been combined with polyaniline to prepare new Nano composites. So formed Nano composite was characterised by using XRD, FTIR and SEM. SEM confirmed the Nanocomposite formation with size in the range of 100-130 nm. Such nanocomposites were used in the removal of dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluent. About 80-99% heavy metals could be removed through adsorption successfully.
Investigate of Haemostatic and Fibrinolytic System Parameters among Sickle Cell Anaemia Patients in the Khartoum State
Authors: Elnaim Elteleb G. , Ibrahim Samar , Ahmed Duaa , Aldaw Rayan , Salih Nagwa , Musa Muna , Yosuif Esraa , Ali Samah A. , Hamed Hassan Abdallah Abdalrahim , Mohammed Enaam H. , Bilal Naser Eldin
Published: June 2020

Introduction: A sickle cell anaemia one of a haemoglobinopathy, which constituted as a model for genetically inherited disorders, the course of the disease involves may crises, the investigation of hemostatic components as fibrinogen and fibrinolysis as D-dimer, reflect the overall hemostatic status in the sickle cell anaemia patients. Aim: To investigates hemostatic and fibrinolytic system parameters among sickle cell anaemia patients in the Khartoum state. Methods: The study was conducted in Khartoum state, in JafarIbn Auf Reference Hospital for children as descriptive case-control, a laboratory-based study from 2017-18, specimens were collected randomly of the study population with irrespective to age and gender, blood draw in tri-sodium citrate container, the ethical and consent were obtained. The fibrinogen level was estimated by CA51 semi-automated coagulation analyzer optically based, and the D-dimer were assayed by MISPA-i2, a nephelometric based, the results for each parameter were recorded and using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software for analysis by independent T-test and the statistical significance > 0.05. Results: A hundred participants fifty as study group (HbSS) sickle cell anemic Sudanese child clinically and laboratory-confirmed and fifty healthy as the control group, in comparing a mean of fibrinogen show statistically insignificant (P value 0.645) study group 291.1 ± 107.8 mg/dL and control group 283.4 ± 49.1 mg/dL, but there was a significant difference in comparing a mean of D-dimer in study group 0.56 ± 0.33 μg/mL and control group 0.33 ± 0.14 the P. value 0.00015. Conclusion: The level of D-dimer may be used as a hypercoagulability biomarker in comparison to the level of fibrinogen level for sickle cell anaemia Sudanese child.
Functions of Language Game in Perfumery Discourse
Authors: Marinchenko Irina Aleksandrovna , Vasil'eva Elena Vasil'evna
Published: June 2020

The article considers language game in perfume lovers’ Internet commentaries as a form of linguistic creativity in the thematic discourse. The research objective includes identifying specificity of using language game techniques in this genre of perfumery discourse. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that functions of language game are analysed from the viewpoint of their role in achieving authors’ basic communicative purposes: to transfer olfactory impressions and to express personal attitude to an aroma. The research findings are as follows: the authors identify the basic and additional functions of language game in the perfumery discourse, describe means and techniques for their realization in the sphere of Internet communication.
Linguocultural Concept PROHIBITION in the Tuvan Heroic Tales
Authors: Khertek Lidia Kendenovna
Published: June 2020

The research aims to determine national specifics in the structure of the PROHIBITION concept and to identify peculiarities of its representation in the Tuvan heroic tales. The study of the notional potential of the PROHIBITION concept is conducted within the epic discourse using ethnographic and culturological materials. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the chosen object of the study, since the PROHIBITION concept is for the first time identified and substantiated within the Tuvan epic tradition, which greatly furthers the Tuvan linguocultural conceptology. As a result of the study, the role of the concept in the epic world-modelling is identified, specifics of the epic PROHIBITION concept in regard to the initial invariant notion of prohibition is studied, the nature of its epic discursive actualisation is determined.
Analysis of the Russian Translation of Pierre Lemaitre’s Novel “Au revoir là-haut” (“The Great Swindle”)
Authors: Skorobogatova Taisiya Ivanovna , Suraleva Ol'ga Yur'evna
Published: June 2020

The article analyses the Russian translation of Pierre Lemaitre’s novel “Au revoir là-haut” (“The Great Swindle”) executed by Darya Mudrolyubova. One of the basic criteria of literary translation quality is the level of adequacy of aesthetic impact of the original and the translated text. The authors conclude that equivalence and adequacy of the translation are not achieved because the translator has a tendency to excessive expressive concretization, which resulted in transformation of situational and emotive scenario of Pierre Lemaitre’s novel.
Precedent Phenomena with Sphere Source “Literature” in M. Stepnova’s Artistic Discourse
Authors: Volkova Roza Aleksandrovna
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to studying the precedence phenomenon in artistic discourse. The research objective includes identifying specificity of the precedent phenomena functioning in the modern literary text. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that precedent phenomena with the sphere source “Literature” are examined for the first time by the material of M. Stepnova’s stories. The findings indicate that precedent names and precedent statements are among the most frequent types of precedent phenomena. Special role of domestic literature as a source of precedence is emphasized, peculiarities of the precedent phenomena functioning in M. Stepnova’s artistic discourse are revealed.
Conditions of Text Interpretation (by the Material of the French Language)
Authors: Voskoboinikova Lyudmila Petrovna
Published: June 2020

The aim of the article is to identify conditions essential to comprehensive understanding of literary text as a complex multi-coded entity. As such conditions the author considers a reader’s encyclopaedic knowledge, social-ideolectal attitudes and different interpretation strategies dependent on the knowledge systems engaged in the analysis, as well as various changes in the semantics of lexical units influenced by the context of a literary work. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the chosen approach to the analysis, namely in comprehensive consideration of the aforementioned conditions. The attained results have demonstrated that the meaning of literary text is not pre-determined by default, one must take into account a full spectrum of factors while deducting it.
Representation of Communicative-Pragmatic Frame “Intellect” in the English and Russian Paroemiological Worldviews
Authors: Shaimardanova Milyausha Ravilevna , Zorina Anna Viktorona
Published: June 2020

The research objective includes analysing representation of the communicative-pragmatic frame “intellect” in the English and Russian proverbs, which are considered as phraseological means expressing national stereotypes and ethnical worldview. Scientific originality of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of the English and Russian paroemias evaluating intellectual abilities of an individual as a representative of a certain community. The research material includes the English and Russian paroemias containing the component “wit - foolishness”. The research findings are as follows: the authors identify universal and nationally specific conceptions of the value of knowledge, intellect; show interrelation between the level of an individual’s intelligence and his behaviour, luckiness; reveal correlation of the notions “intelligence” and “alcohol”, “age”, ”wealth”, “happiness”.
The Lady Vanishes: The Death of Anastasiia and Ivan’s Regression to Ancestral Evil
Authors: Boeck Brian J.
Published: June 2020

Though Nikolai Karamzin has been credited with developing the ‘Two Ivans’ paradigm, which emphasizes Anastasiia’s death as the clear, unequivocal dividing line between the good Ivan and the evil Groznyi, he did not invent it. He derived the notion from the only major Russian text about Ivan the Terrible that is still unpublished.
Ivan the Terrible and Philip the Prudent
Authors: Bogatyrev Sergei
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses the comparative aspect of Charles Halperin’s biography of Ivan the Terrible. In his book, Halperin reassesses Michael Cherniavsky’s view of Ivan the Terrible as a Renaissance prince by noting that Cherniavsky overestimated the importance of Moscow-the Third Rome theory and used unreliable later sources. In Russian scholarship, according to Halperin, comparative works on Ivan iv have been marred with nationalism. One should also add here the negative impact of vulgar Marxism on Soviet comparative studies of Ivan iv. Nevertheless, a comparative approach to Ivan the Terrible is still viable because, as Halperin astutely notes, the first Russian tsar “resembled his contemporaries among foreign rulers more than he did his Muscovite predecessors or successors.” In this article I apply Halperin’s comparative methodology to Ivan iv the Terrible and Philip ii the Prudent of Spain. What Ivan and Philip had in common was not Renaissance ideas but intensive religious beliefs. The paper examines the foreign and domestic policies of both monarchs, as well as their contemporary visual representations from the perspectives of their religious views. Ivan’s and Philip’s preoccupation with their countryside residences, Aleksandrovskaia Sloboda and the Escorial respectively, is also discussed in the context of the rulers’ intensive religiosity. Despite their different confessions, Ivan iv and Philip ii were driven by aspirations for what they saw as original, simple, correct Christianity.
Halperin’s Heraclean Feat: Navigating the ‘Reliable Sources’ Challenge en route to Crafting a Book ‘for all Seasons’ and Modifying the ‘Renaissance Prince’ Paradigm
Authors: Goldfrank David
Published: June 2020

Halperin’s extensively researched, methodically logical and thought out, and clearly written, if perforce selective study of Ivan iv and his reign scrupulously devotes attention to the reliability of the available sources. The author’s leitmotif here is that diplomatic papers and chronicles, as well as polemical literature, à la the disputed Ivan iv-Kurbskii epistolary exchange, as well as the History attributed to the latter and also foreigners’ reports, can simultaneously be authentic, authorial works and factually unreliable. Halperin flags in such sources numerous statements which stand either uncorroborated by other sources, some surely not credible, such as the young Ivan as a “monster in training,” or contradicted by them, for example, that oprichnina members were totally separated from the rest of Russian society. Halperin also modifies Michael Cherniavsky’s “Renaissance Prince” paradigm for Ivan iv with an emphasis on the explosive social tensions seen for this era and the dynamics of the domestic terror which the tsar unleashed, as well as his personal religious sensitivities and political ideology. Herein Halperin perceptively grasps the anomaly of Ivan’s repudiating the lasting, state-strengthening reforms of the 1550s. This reviewer takes partial responsibility for where Halperin was misled by the ‘Kurbskii’ History regarding Trans-Volgan hermitages.
“S” is for “Seriously?” The Staritskii Plots as “Disorienting Defense”
Authors: Kleimola A. M.
Published: June 2020

The role of the succession question in court politics during the reign of Ivan iv has been a recurrent theme in Muscovite historiography, with particular focus on the “dynastic crisis” of 1553 as the first in a series of plots by Ivan’s cousin Vladimir Staritskii to gain the throne. But the true instigator, according to our sole source (interpolations in the Tsarstvennaia kniga segment of the Illuminated Chronicle), was Vladimir’s mother Evfrosin’ia. Somehow she was behind all the treasonous plots involving her son, and indirectly a guiding force behind all Ivan’s problems with disloyalty among the Muscovite elite. How she managed this is not at all clear, given the circumscribed role of women in Muscovy and her own absence from the capital. But the internal logic of the narrative clearly had a powerful appeal, and her image as the wicked witch of Muscovite domestic politics became the basis of “alternative facts” that have deflected historians from considering other explanations of Ivan’s dealings with his court.
The Oprichnina as a Carnival of Violence: Ivan the Terrible and Muscovite Popular Culture
Authors: Perrie Maureen
Published: June 2020

This essay takes issue with Charles Halperin’s assertion, in his book on Ivan the Terrible, that the state terror imposed by the tsar in the period of the oprichnina bore no relation to the concept of carnival employed by Mikhail Bakhtin. The reviewer argues that, on the contrary, Ivan’s behaviour was heavily influenced by aspects of the “comic world” of early Rus’ identified by D.S. Likhachev and A.M. Panchenko as the Muscovite equivalent of the Western European “carnivalesque”. She examines the deposition and ritual humiliation of Metropolitan Filipp of Moscow and Archbishops Pimen and Leonid of Novgorod, and the murder of the boyar I.P. Fedorov-Cheliadnin, and shows that these had much in common with forms of popular culture. Similarly, the oprichniki themselves in some respects resembled mummers, and their monastery at Aleksandrovskaia Sloboda was carnivalesque. The oprichnina terror displayed some of the gruesome rituals of retribution found in popular uprisings of the period: this suggests that the tsar had internalized much of the imagery of popular culture; and his appropriation of its idioms may have helped to gain popular support for his public executions.
A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma: Ivan the Terrible
Authors: Halperin Charles J.
Published: June 2020

Nine of the ten articles in this Forum critique and/or expand upon themes, conclusions, or interpretations in Charles J. Halperin’s Ivan the Terrible: Free to Reward and Free to Punish (2019), albeit in greatly varying proportion. The tenth addresses how to teach from the book. The quality of the articles speaks for itself. The range of the themes addressed speaks to the scope of Ivan’s reign. All the contributions to the Forum constitute valuable contributions to scholarship on Ivan, but to further discussion the remarks below concentrate on areas of disagreement. Much research remains to be done, but it is doubtful that historians will ever fully understand Ivan the Terrible and his reign. Ivan will always remain “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma,” and consensus among historians will forever remain an elusive dream.
Defects of Russian Elections and Ways to Overcome Them
Authors: Lyubarev Arkadii E.
Published: June 2020

The article discusses defects of Russian elections, with emphasis on the fact that the electoral systems being used favour the regime. The system used for registration of candidates and party lists allows the state to deny access to strong candidates whose election would inconvenience the state bureaucracy. Pro-government candidates are advantaged during election campaigns, as segments of the population that are dependent upon the state find themselves pressured to participate, sometimes including outright control of their vote. Furthermore, many regions experience large-scale electoral fraud. The article suggests means to overcome these defects, including a comprehensive revision of electoral legislation.
Comparison of quality of anardana (dried arils) prepared in mechanical cabinet and solar tunnel drier from wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits procured from different locations of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Thakur Abhimanyu , Thakur N. S. , Hamid  , Chauhan Monika , Sharma Chetna
Published: June 2020

The dried arils (anardana) prepared from wild pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum L.) are widely used as an acidulant in culinary purposes and in formulations of various ayurvedic medicines which are helpful in curing a number of ailments. As there is a wide variation among the quality of fruits which is due to geographic conditions, climatic factors and genetic variability so anardana was prepared from the fruits of different locations under different drying modes. The prepared product was further compared for its physico-chemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics. Anardana prepared under mechanical cabinet drier and solar tunnel drier was comparable in terms of its various quality characteristics. While comparing the locations for the procurement of raw material, best quality anardana in terms of various quality attributes like colour, TSS [(total soluble solids) (40.35 oB)], total sugars (26.15 %), anthocyanins (37.97 mg/100 g), total phenols (176.46 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (39.45 mg QuE/100 g), antioxidant activity (59.53 %), starch (2.87 %) and sensory characteristics was prepared from the fruits of Karsog location (1265 meters above mean sea level) of Himachal Pradesh, India.
Comparative efficacy of few disinfectants against bacterial load in pig facilities at livestock farm complex, Chennai
Authors: Divyalakshmi D. , Kumaravelu N. , Samuel Masilamoni Ronald B. , Thamil Vanan Thanga. , Tensingh Gnanaraj P.
Published: June 2020

Disinfection of animal shed means making them free from disease producing organisms. An attempt has been made to assess the efficacy of disinfectants. The study was carried out in three different seasons of the year during 2017-18 in pig fattener facilities and farrowing pen at Livestock Farm Complex, Madhavaram, Chennai. Four disinfectants namely, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite and cow urine based disinfectant were used. The efficacy of the disinfectants was found out by dilution method. In pig fattener sty the efficacy of disinfectants in descending order were chlorine dioxide (1.77x108 ±1.10), sodium hypochlorite (2.57x1011±1.15), cow urine based disinfectant (1.68x1011±1.12) and calcium hypochlorite (7.73x1011±1.06) in all the seasons of the year. In farrowing pen the order of efficacy of disinfectants were chlorine dioxide (1.82x108±1.17), sodium hypochlorite (2.71x1011±1.15), calcium hypochlorite (2.66x1011±1.17) and cow urine based disinfectant (3.15x1011 ±1.07) in all the seasons of the year. Hence, spraying with chlorine dioxide in pig facilities was found to be effective in all seasons of the year.
Trayectorias sanitarias de mujeres consumidoras de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en La Pampa, Argentina
Authors: Villarreal Marina , Belmonte Valeria , Olivares Jorge Luis , Abdala Agustina
Published: June 2020

Introducción: el consumo de cocaína y cannabis durante el embarazo constituye un problema en ascenso, de importancia para la Salud Pública mundial. Las mujeres consumidoras pueden presentar un amplio rango de complicaciones durante el embarazo y perinatales, pero los conocimientos sobre su evolución posterior son escasos. Objetivos: describir las trayectorias sanitarias durante 4 años de mujeres consumidoras de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo, y compararlas con mujeres no consumidoras. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con grupo de comparación doble. Las mujeres consumidoras fueron detectadas en el Servicio de Neonatología de un Hospital público con prueba en orina posparto positivo para cocaína y/o cannabis, entre 2009 y 2013. Resultados: se evaluaron 29 mujeres consumidoras, y 58 no consumidoras. En el primer grupo, el 93% eran policonsumidoras. Las mujeres consumidoras presentaron mayor frecuencia de: antecedente de violencia en sus infancias (p<0,001), enfermedades previas (p<0,0045) y adquiridas (p<0,0007), consultas médicas (p<0,0001) y odontológicas (p=0,0002) de emergencia, internaciones (p<0,0001) y muertes familiares violentas, comparando con no consumidoras.

Conclusión: las mujeres consumidoras de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo presentaron mayores antecedentes de violencia y enfermedad, de consultas médicas y odontológicas de emergencia, de internación y muertes violentas en el grupo familiar, que las no consumidoras. Los traumatismos constituyeron la principal causa de consulta e internación. En las variables evaluadas, las diferencias entre consumidoras y no consumidoras del embarazo fueron significativas.
Cambios perceptuales del tinnitus post- estapedectomia. Experiencia de un Hospital universitario
Authors: Moyano Maria Laura , Zernotti Mario Emilio
Published: June 2020

INTRODUCCION: La otosclerosis es un trastorno de remodelación ósea caracterizada por disminución de la movilidad del estribo, lo que se traduce en una pérdida auditiva y tinnitus. El tratamiento mas comúnmente utilizado y mas eficaz es la cirugía. El objetivo principal es una mejora significativa en la pérdida auditiva, pero la reducción del tinnitus es un beneficio adicional. OBJETIVOS: Determinar los cambios en la sensación del tinnitus después de la estapedectomía en pacientes con otosclerosis operados en nuestro medio; así también como los factores que podrían asociarse con dichos cambios. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, observacional, analítico y longitudinal, en el que se incluyeron 15 pacientes con otosclerosis operados en el Sanatorio que se sometieron a un examen completo con Audiometría, Acúfenometría y Tomografía computada; se recopilaron datos mediante la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global y el Indice Funcional del Tinnitus, al momento previo a la cirugía y a los tres meses de intervenidos. Se utilizó el Soft R- medic e Infostat para analizar las variables y graficar los resultados. RESULTADOS: Las diferencias entre el estado de audición pre y postoperatoria fueron estadisticamente significativas (p<<0.001). Se comprobó además, diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la percepción del tinnitus antes y despues de la cirugía (p<<0.001). Y que dicha diferencia se relaciona estadíticamente con la mejoría de la audición (p=0.01). DISCUSION- CONCLUSION: La mayoría de los pacientes refirieron una mejoría en el estado de percepción del acúfeno; además de la mejoría en su audición; resultando en asociación significativa ambas variables.
Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Two Motor Fuels
Authors: Kuna R. A. , Ulrich C. E.
Published: June 2020

Rats and monkeys were exposed to 1552 and 384 ppm unleaded gasoline vapor or 374 and 103 ppm leaded gasoline vapor 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 90 days. No remarkable changes were found during the experimental period. Specific parameters investigated included body weight, hematology, CNS response, pulmonary function tests, urinalysis, deposition of IgG in the renal glomerulus, lead levels in blood, urine, and tissue, organ weights, organ to body weight ratios, and histopathology. Despite sporadic statistically significant changes in some of the above parameters, no patterns suggesting biological significance were established. However, upon subsequent reevaluation of the kidney histopathology, male rats exposed to 1552 ppm unleaded gasoline displayed regenerative epithelium and dilated tubules in the kidneys. The significance of this observation is not yet understood.
A Chronic Inhalation Study with Unleaded Gasoline Vapor
Authors: MacFarland H. N. , Ulrich C. E. , Holdsworth C. E. , Kitchen D. N. , Halliwell W. H. , Blum S. C.
Published: June 2020

A chronic inhalation study of unleaded gasoline vapor was conducted in mice and rats. The gasoline employed was typical of gasoline used in the US and contained 2% benzene. Groups of both sexes of B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats were exposed to three concentrations of vapor, 67, 292, and 2056 ppm. Exposures were for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for periods ranging from 103 to 113 weeks. Interim sacrifices were conducted at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Laboratory studies, including hematological and biochemical determinations, were performed on rats at the interim sacrifices and at termination. Histopathological studies were conducted on both species at every interval.

No consistent compound-related changes were seen in pharmacotoxic signs, mortality, hematological, or biochemical indices in either species. Significant depression of body weight gain was seen in both sexes of rats and male mice exposed to the highest level of gasoline vapor. On gross necropsy, a compound-related increase in liver nodules and masses was seen in female mice exposed to the high level.

The most interesting observations were made on histopathological examination of the rats' tissues, and, of these, pathological changes in the kidneys were the most striking. Renal carcinomas or sarcomas, in the cortex or near the renal poles, were seen in the male rats at all dose levels, with some evidence of a dose-response relationship. One female rat in the intermediate dose group exhibited a renal sarcoma. Two mice had renal tumors, considered to be spontaneous neoplasms. Mention is made of new studies that have been prompted by the present findings.
Birthweight Depression in Male Rats Contiguous to Male Siblings in Utero Exposed to High Doses of 1,3-Butanediol during Organogenesis
Authors: Mankes R. F. , Renak V. , Fieseher J. , Lefevre R.
Published: June 2020

The embryotoxic effects of high doses of the narcotizing ethanol dimer 1,3-butanediol were evaluated in pregnant Long-Evans rats during the “critical period” of organogenesis. Butanediol was given by gavage at levels of 0,7060,4236, or 706 mg/kg per day (24,14.4, or 2.4% of the acute oral LD50 value for rats). Maternal sedation was observed at 7060 and 4236 mg/kg, but feed consumptions and maternal body weights were unaffected. Butanediol caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease in offspring birthweights. At the highest butanediol dose, birthweights were preferentially and significantly decreased in male pups not contiguous in utero to female siblings. Other group I1 offspring were not affected and did not differ significantly from controls. As butanediol was given prior to the period of greatest fetal growth and fetal sex steroidogenests, it is concluded that intra-uterine levels of female sex steroids (estradiol) enhance fetal repair of cellular damage (restitution ad integrum), whereas testosterone inhibits fetal repair or exacerbates previous embryonic damage by some unknown mechanism. Such interaction furthers the concept that intrauterine position affects the endpoints of developmental toxicity, as expressed at partuition.
Differential Effects of Carcinogens on Hepatic Cytosolic Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Activity
Authors: Timchalk C. , Charles A. K.
Published: June 2020

Differential effects of epigenetic tumor promoters and a genotoxic carcinogen on hepatic cytosolic cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (CAMP-PK) were studied in vitro, since this enzyme is one of the major mediators of cell membrane permeability. Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuto[cd]pentalene), like phorbol ester TPA (12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetste), caused significant inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio, whereas DDT [p, p′-trichlorobis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] produced concentration-dependent changes. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and phenobarbitol (PB), however, showed a significant enhancement of the activity ratio. Interestingly, combinations of mirex, DDT with PB or DEN resulted in the potentiation of CAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in contrast to their effects when used separately. The results suggest that the influences of mirex and TPA in vitro on CAMP-PK are different from those observed in other cell and intact animal systems.
Understanding Attention as a Brain Process Using Biased Competition Model and Visual Psychophysics
Authors: Hossain Soaad
Published: June 2020

No data was used for the manuscript. However, Structured Mind by Sebastian Watzl was notably used for the manuscript.
Spin hair quantum gravity
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: June 2020

Spin hair quantum gravity
Computational modelling predicts that Dengue virus antibodies can bind to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding sites: Is pre-exposure to dengue virus protective against COVID-19 severity?
Authors: Nath Himadri , Mallick Abinash , Roy Subrata , Sukla Soumi , Biswas Subhajit
Published: June 2020

The world is going through the scourge of COVID-19 pandemic since last several months. The pandemic appears to be less severe in highly Dengue endemic countries. Furthermore, COVID-19 in two elderly patients (with no evidence of Dengue virus (DV) infection) elicited antibodies that gave false-positive results in DV serological tests. We anticipated that SARS-CoV-2 and DV share antigenic similarity and performed molecular docking studies. Our computational modelling studies predicted that human anti-DV antibodies can indeed, bind to RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Some of these interactions can also potentially intercept human ACE2 receptor binding to RBM. Our computational analysis showed that m396 Ab (against SARS-CoV-1) did not dock with RBM of SARS-CoV-2, a fact already proven experimentally. This confirmed reliability and robustness of our approach. So, immunological memory to DV in endemic countries is thwarting COVID-19. Available Dengue vaccines can be repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 in DV non-endemic countries until approved vaccines/ antivirals become available against COVID-19. Based on the observations that COVID-19 and Dengue severity maps do not tend to overlap and the fact that serological cross-reactivity has been reported for COVID-19 antibodies with Dengue antigen (s), together with results from our computational studies, it is imperative that serology-based diagnosis should be complemented with NAT/virus antigen detection-based tests for definitive diagnosis of either disease in regions where both of these viruses are now co-existent. Furthermore, we still do not know whether antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 will hinder/ameliorate DV infections by binding to DV particles and reduce dengue incidences in the future or, augment DV infection and severity by means of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Pungutan Liar
Authors: Mubin Fatkhul , Jamil Khoiruddin
Published: June 2020

Ir. Joko Widodo, presiden Indonesia ke-tujuh menandatangani Perpres No. 87Tahun 2016 tentang Satuan Tugas Sapu Bersih Pungutan Liar. Di hari yang sama,Menteri Hukum dan HAM Yasonna H. Laoly juga membuat undang-undang yangsama mengenai hal tersebut (Yozami, 2016: p.1). Keinginan pak presiden untukmempermudah masyarakat dalam mengurus segala sesuatu, dapat dilihat dariterbentuknya satgas yang dapat membantu masyarakat dalam permasalahan yangterjadi, misalnya saja masalah pungli (sapu bersih pungli, 2016: p.5). Satgas yangdibentuk adalah Menko Polhukam Wiranto sebagai penanggung jawab, IrwasumPolri Dwi Priyatno sebagai Ketua Pelaksana dan Irjen Kemendagri Sri Wahyuningsihyang menjadi Wakil Ketua Pelaksana I, lalu Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan sebagaiWakil Ketua Pelaksana II, dilanjutkan Staf Ahli di lingkungan Kemenko Polhukamsebagai Sekretarisnya dan anggotanya Polri, Kejaksaan Agung, Kementerian DalamNegeri, Kementerian Hukum dan HAM, Pusat Pelaporan Analisis TransaksiKeuangan (PPATK), Ombudsman Republik Indonesia, Badan Intelijen Negara(BIN), dan Polisi Militer TNI (Yozami, 2016: p.3). ternyata, negara Indonesia sedangberperang secara besar-besaran melawan pungli.
Pengaruh Promosi, Atribut Toko (Store Attributes), dan Inovasi Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Ulang pada Nick Coffe di Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Khomilah Munifah
Published: June 2020

This study aims to determine the effects of Promotions, Store Attributes, andProduct Innovations on Repurchase Decisions on Nick Coffe in Bengkulu City.This research is a quantitative study with a sample of 96 respondents, usingaccidental sampling techniques. collection techniques using observation andquestionnaires. Data analysis techniques using the classic assumption test,multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination (R2) and hypothesistesting. The results of this study can be seen from the multiple linear regressiontests using SPSS namely Y = 2.063 + 0.192X1 + 0.036X2 + 0.713X3. From theresults of hypothesis testing that Promotion (X1) has a positive effect onRepurchase Decisions on Nick Coffe in Bengkulu City, with T test resultsshowing a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, Store Attribute (X2) has a positiveeffect on Repurchase Decisions on Nick Coffe in Bengkulu City, with T testresults showing a significance value of 0.037 <0.05, Product Innovation (X3) hasa positive effect on Repurchase Decisions on Nick Coffe in Bengkulu City, with Ttest results showing a significance value of 0,000 < 0.05, Hypothesis testing of theT test and F test shows that Promotion, Store Attributes, and Product Innovationhave a significant effect on Repurchase Decisions with a significance level <0.05.This means that Ho was refused Ha was accepted. In other words Promotions,Store Attributes, and Product Innovations have a significant effect both partiallyand simultaneously on Repurchase Decisions on Nick Coffe Customers. This isevidenced by the F test showing a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. Keywords: Promotion, Store Attributes, and Product Innovation and RepurchaseDecisions
Realitas Guru Honorer
Authors: Mubin Fatkhul , Masruri Ahmad
Published: June 2020

Dewasa ini, guru sering mendapat sorotan dalam berbagai macam media terlebih dizaman digital dan atau zaman now. Guru adalah orang yang memberikan ilmupengetahuan kepada anak didiknya. Guru dalam pandangan masyarakat adalah orang yangmelaksanakan pendidikan ditempat-tempat tertentu, tidak mesti dilembaga pendidikan formaltetapi bisa juga di lembaga pendidikan nonformal seperti mesjid, surau, dirumah dansebagainya. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mampu menjelaskanpengertian dan menganalisia realitas guru honorer zaman now. Jenis penelitian di dalammakalah ini merupakan penelitian literatur juga sering disebut dengan istilah penelitiankepustakaan (library research) yaitu dengan melalui tinjauan kepustakaan dari beberapasumber rujukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian adalah mengetahui fenomenafenomena realitas guru honorer zaman now.
Nonlinear stochastic dissipation in turbulent geophysical flows
Authors: Brankart Jean-Michel
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study is to further investigate the assumption that geophysical flows can be described and simulated by direct sampling from a dynamically constrained probability distribution, with a reversible formulation of dissipation. This is done by making the probability of the flow decrease with the deviation of entropy with respect to local equilibrium, and by assuming that this deviation can be computed from the local structure of the macroscopic flow. It is shown that this formalism can reproduce a wide variety of linear dissipation behaviours by adjusting appropriately the spectrum of the stochastic fluctuations in the macroscopic flow, and that it can be easily extended to include nonlinear dissipation in the probability distribution. This reversible, stochastic and nonlinear formulation of dissipation is then applied to the simulation of turbulent geophysical flows, using the lowest-order nonlinear term, with constant parameters. Results obtained for the turbulent boundary layer (in canal flows) show that the main observed characteristics of the flow can be quite faithfully reproduced. In particular, far enough from the boundary conditions, the universal logarithmic velocity profile is an analytic solution of the governing equation, and the behaviour of the friction coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number is correctly simulated by this single model, across the viscous and turbulent regimes. Unlike linear dissipation, the nonlinear dissipation term is specific to the reversible formulation of the problem, and has no equivalent as a forward-in-time diffusion equation. On the other hand, results obtained with a shallow-water model suggest that the same approach can be applied to more complex flows, and that it might become applicable to produce a probabilistic forecast of geophysical flows. More generally, this study suggests that it is possible to construct a reversible probabilistic dynamics that connects observations across time, at a macroscopic level, without explicitly resolving the finest structures of the system.
Paleoenvironmental changes in the Hiwegi Formation (lower Miocene) of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Baumgartner Aly , Peppe Daniel J.
Published: June 2020

The Early Miocene of Rusinga Island (Lake Victoria, Kenya) is best known for its vertebrate fossil assemblage—particularly of early hominoids and catarrhines—but the multiple stratigraphic intervals with well-preserved fossil leaves have received much less attention. The Hiwegi Formation has three fossil leaf-rich intervals: Kiahera Hill, R5, and R3. Here, we made new fossil collections from Kiahera Hill and R3 and compared these floras to previous work from R5 as well as modern African floras. The Kiahera Hill flora was most similar to a modern tropical rainforest or tropical seasonal forest and was a warm and wet, closed forest. This was followed by a relatively dry and open environment at R5, and R3, which was most similar to a modern tropical seasonal forest, was a warm and wet spatially heterogenous forest. Floral composition of these floras differed dramatically but Kiahera Hill and R3 were more similar to each other than either flora was to R5. The Kiahera Hill flora had few monocots or herbaceous taxa and was dominated by large leaves and had a higher species richness and greater evenness than the R3 flora. Our work, coupled with previous studies, suggests that R3 had a landscape of both closed forest and more open areas with seasonal ponding. The absence of morphotypes from the R5 flora that were present in the Kiahera Hill and R3 floras provides evidence for local expatriation during the R5 time interval. These results demonstrate that there was a considerable change in both climate and vegetation over an ~500 kyr interval of the Kiahera Hill, R5, and R3 floras. Thus, this work suggests that the Hiwegi Formation on Rusinga Island samples multiple environments in the Early Miocene and provides important context for the evolution and habitat preference of early apes.
Neurocognitive Empowerment for Addiction Treatment (NEAT): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ekhtiari Hamed , Rezapour Tara , Sawyer Brionne , Yeh Henry , Kuplicki Rayus , Tarrasch Mimi , Paulus Martin P , Aupperle Robin
Published: June 2020

Background: Neurocognitive deficits (NCDs) and associated meta-cognition difficulties associated with chronic substance use often delay the learning and change process necessary for addiction recovery and relapse prevention. However, very few cognitive remediation programs have been developed to target NCDs and meta-cognition for substance users. The study described herein aims to investigate the efficacy of a multi-component neurocognitive rehabilitation and awareness program termed ‘Neurocognitive Empowerment for Addiction Treatment’(NEAT). NEAT is a fully manualized, cartoon-based intervention involving psychoeducation, cognitive practice, and compensatory strategies relevant across 10 major cognitive domains, including aspects of attention, memory, executive functions, and decision-making.Method/design: In a single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT), 80 female opioid and/or methamphetamine users will be recruited from an addiction recovery program providing an alternative to incarceration for women with substance use related offenses. Eight groups of 9-12 participants will be randomized into NEAT or treatment-as-usual (TAU). NEAT involves 14 90-min sessions, delivered twice weekly. The primary outcome is change in self-reported drug craving from before to after intervention using obsessive compulsive drug use scale. Secondary and exploratory outcomes include additional psychological, neurocognitive and structural and functional neuroimaging measures. Clinical measures will be performed at five time points (pre- and post- intervention, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up); neuroimaging measures will be completed at pre- and post-intervention.Discussion: The present RCT is the first study to examine the efficacy of an adjunctive neurocognitive rehabilitation and awareness program for addiction. Results from this study will provide initial information concerning potential clinical efficacy of the treatment, as well as delineate neural mechanisms potentially targeted by this novel intervention. Trial registration: This trial was registered in clinicaltrials.gov on 22 April 2019 with NCT03922646 as clinicalTrials.gov identifier.
Spacing, Feedback, and Testing Boost Vocabulary Learning in a Web Application
Authors: Belardi Angelo , Pedrett Salome , Rothen Nicolas , Reber Thomas Peter
Published: June 2020

Information and communication technology (ICT) becomes more prevalent in education its efficacy in general and that of specific learning applications in particular has not been fully established yet. One way to further improve learning applications could be to use insights from fundamental memory research. We here assess whether four established learning principles (spacing, feedback, testing, and multimodality) can be translated into an applied ICT context to facilitate vocabulary learning in a self-developed web application. Effects on the amount of newly learned vocabulary were assessed in a mixed factorial design (3×2×2×2) with the independent variables Spacing (between-subjects; one, two, or four sessions), Feedback (within-subjects; with or without), Testing (within-subjects, 70% or 30% retrieval trials), and Multimodality (within-subjects; unimodal or multimodal). Data from 79 participants was analyzed and revealed significant main effects for Spacing (F[2, 76] = 8.51, p = 0.0005, partial eta^2= 0.18) and Feedback (F[1, 76] = 21.38, p<0.001, partial eta^2= 0.22), and a significant interaction between Feedback and Testing (F[1, 76] = 14.12, p = 0.0003, partial eta^2= 0.16). Optimal Spacing and the presence of corrective Feedback in combination with Testing together boost learning by 29% as compared to non-optimal realizations (massed learning, testing with lack of corrective feedback). Our findings indicate that established learning principles derived from basic memory research can successfully be implemented in web applications to optimize vocabulary learning.
The Evolutionary Law of Information in the Material World： Five Elements Theory
Authors: zhu ruiyu
Published: June 2020

The Five Elements theory (Wuxing) is the philosophical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine and culture. ‘Metal’, ‘Water’, ‘Wood’, ‘Fire’, and ‘Earth’ are the five basic elements of the Five Elements theory. However, due to its complexity, people’s understanding of the theory has remained superficial, giving rise to great differences in understanding. Scientists often regard the Five Elements theory as unscientific. At the same time, enthusiasts of traditional Chinese culture often overuse it and reach specious conclusions, posing a challenge to rational understanding by the public. This study proposes that in nature—a dynamic and complex system—evolution determines the existence of the law of matter, and the law of matter exists to better perform evolution. Yinyang and Wuxing are the laws of evolution. Using scientific logic, it is also shown that Wuxing is the most basic movement mode of complex dynamic systems, reflecting the basic dynamic mechanism of complex systems’ responses to environmental information. This study further proposes that ‘Metal’ is the control center of the entire system and represents the response, processing, and distribution of internal information commands. ‘Water’ represents the process of internalizing energy and the inflow of basic materials. ‘Wood’ represents the process of forming a high-level substance based on information. ‘Fire’ represents the realization of the function of advanced matter and satisfying the information needs. Finally, ‘Earth’ represents the process of returning advanced substances to basic substances and the feedback from material world to the original information. In fact, any complex phenomenon is nothing but the evolution of information in the material world, revealing the scientific nature of the Five Elements can provide new ideas for the human cognition of complex phenomena and provide a new perspective for solving complex system problems.