bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The comparison of Imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite swimmers
Authors: Mendes Pedro Alexandre Duarte , Marinho Daniel Almeida , Monteiro Diogo , Cid Luís , Paulo Rui , Petrica João
Published: January 2020

The ability to generate and control mental images is present in all of us, but it differs from person to person. Therefore, it is important to understand that imagery ability can be changed through training and experimentation, it is not a fixed ability (Cumming & Williams, 2012). The aim of this study is to compare imagery ability in elite, sub-elite and non-elite athletes in a sport which involves closed and continuous motor skills, such as swimming. 79 swimmers (male N = 37; female N = 42) at an average age of 17 took part in this study. In order to assess imagery ability, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3 was used, Portuguese version (Mendes et al., 2016). After analysis of the results, these show that in each and every imagery modality, the scores in the three groups differ significantly. In kinesthetic and external visual imagery the elite and sub-elite groups’ scores, although not statistically different from each other, are significantly higher than those of the non-elite group. In internal visual imagery, the differences between all the compared pairs of groups are statistically significant. The elite group got the highest scores, followed by the sub-elite group average scores and finally the non-elite group average scores. According to these results, the conclusion is that athletes with better performance show greater imagery ability and that apparently the external visual imagery proved to be the best intervention method among swimming athletes.
Análisis de las experiencias de aprendizaje de las ciencias de los/as maestros/as de Educación Infantil y Primaria en formación inicial a través de sus relatos de vida
Authors: Eugenio-Gozalbo Marcia , Aragón Núñez Lourdes , Vicente Martorell Juan José , Jiménez-Tenorio Natalia
Published: January 2020

Se presenta una investigación sobre las experiencias de aprendizaje de las ciencias de los maestros/as en formación inicial de dos universidades españolas. Se recogieron 263 relatos de vida entre estudiantes de Grado en Educación Infantil y Primaria -a partes iguales en que narraban sus vivencias en las etapas de Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria, y también en entornos no académicos. Estos relatos se analizaron cualitativamente, mediante la definición de categorías y subcategorías de contenido, y cuantitativamente, mediante el recuento de la frecuencia de aparición de fragmentos clasificados en ellas. Se presentan resultados respecto a contenidos, recursos, aproximaciones metodológicas, aspectos subjetivos y aprendizaje en entornos no académicos. Estos evidencian la necesidad de promover, desde la formación inicial de maestros/as, experiencias de aprendizaje de las ciencias enmarcadas en un modelo constructivista, que impliquen un papel protagonista del estudiante, el uso de metodologías activas y de contextos de aprendizaje distintos al aula.
Del ornamento al delito. El diseño y la mujer en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
Authors: López Lloret Jorge
Published: January 2020

La segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue decisiva para el desarrollo de la cultura del diseño de producto. Tuvo especial importancia el debate en torno al principio del revestimiento, aunque no se trataba sólo de aclarar las relaciones entre forma y función, sino de establecer la importancia antropológica y cultural de la disciplina. Se desarrolló la idea de que había claras conexiones entre la manera en la que tratábamos los objetos de uso y el cuerpo humano, especialmente el femenino. Se estudiará esto analizando la transformación conceptual de las relaciones de la cultura con la naturaleza entre el “Elogio del maquillaje” de Charles Baudelaire y “Ornamento y delito” de Adolf Loos.
[The second half of nineteenth century was decisive in the development of product design culture. It was especially important the debate about the clothing principle, although it was not only about clear up the relations between form and function but set up the discipline anthropologic and cultural relevance. It was developed the belief that there were clear connections between how we behave towards the objects of use and the human body, women’s primarily. This will be studied analysing the conceptual transformation of the relations between nature and culture from Charles Baudelaire’s “In Praise of Makeup” to Adolf Loos’ “Ornament and Crime”].
Distinguishing between Bos and Bison petrous bones. A case study: bovines from the Des-Cubierta Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid)
Authors: Galindo-Pellicena María A. , Arsuaga Juan L. , Laplana César , De Gaspar Ignacio , Álvarez-Lao Diego , Pérez-González Alfredo , Baquedano Enrique
Published: January 2020

The taxonomic identification of large bovine remains in archaeological and palaeontological sites is important in order to infer the palaeoenvironment of these sites and to know if their inhabitants were hunters of Bosor Bison. Their presence may also have biostratigraphic or archaeozoological implications. Although the petrous bone is one of the elements of the skeleton with the greatest preservation potential in prehistoric sites, due to its hardness and compactness, it is not frequently used by the palaeontologists to distinguish between Bosand Bison, the two genera commonly present at the sites during the Pleistocene. Due to the abundance of petrous bones at the Late Pleistocene layers of the Des-Cubierta cave, the aim of this work is to identify Bosand Bisonin this site through the morphological features defined by Guadelli (1999) for this bone and using morphometric geometrics with material of Bos taurus,Bos primigenius, and Bison priscusin order to identify the differences among petrous bones of these species.
Relevance of interdisciplinary approach in humanities: The Thing. Conceptual and Cultural Aspects (2018) as an example of cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural research
Authors: Cymbalista Piotr , Kallaus Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this article is to discuss the merits of interdisciplinary research in the humanities. The discussion is conducted on the example of the volume entitled The Thing. Conceptual and Cultural Aspects, edited by Teresa Dobrzyńskaand Raya Kuncheva (2018). The volume approaches the issues of perception and presence of material objects in the linguistic picture of the world, viewed from the perspective of various humanistic disciplines, such as philosophy, semiotics, linguistics and literature. This interdisciplinary research is also cross-cultural in character, being the result of the studies of Bulgarian, Polish and Slovenian scholars from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the New Bulgarian University, the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. This effective mode of research provides a common ground for discussion and opens the space for dialogue between respective scholars, the disciplines they represent and the readers, going beyond the limitations of specific research areas and producing an overall picture of the object.
Cities and Towns
Authors: McCurdy John Gilbert
Published: January 2020

This chapter enters the cities and towns where British soldiers quartered and asks how the presence of the army affected urban locales. It posits that before 1768, soldiers and civilians learned to live together in the American colonies through the careful division of urban places and the joint police efforts of civilian and military officials; however, the army dominated cities in Canada and Florida. The sharing of urban spaces ended with the garrisoning of Boston in 1768 as Bostonians refused to quarter troops. Disputes over quartering in Boston helped to discredit the Quartering Act throughout the colonies, while the violence of the Battle of Golden Hill and the Boston Massacre helped usher in a new ideal of the city as a place without military geography.
The Progressive Roots of the Instrumental University
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the godfather of the instrumental university, Charles Merriam, and traces the remarkably parallel rise of public administration, city planning, and industrial relations as inherently instrumental academic fields. It delineates contributions to that rise from several sources: progressivism and the New Deal milieu in general, early twentieth century associational movements for planning and government reform, and the nexus of Rockefeller philanthropy and the Social Science Research Council.
“Instruments of Technical Cooperation”
Authors: Schrum Ethan
Published: January 2020

Chapters 4 and 5 respectively explore the international and domestic institutional arrangements that American universities created to promote economic development around the world. Chapter 4 explains the US government’s university contracts abroad program, created in 1951 as part of the effort to implement Point Four. It also provides two case studies of university activities in Pakistan under government contracts: Penn’s attempt to create the Institute of Public and Business Administration at the University of Karachi, and the University of Southern California’s subsequent public administration program at several Pakistani institutions. The USC program self-consciously reflected on its “institution building,” and the case study traces the rise of that concept in the nationwide discussion of universities’ overseas activities that began in the mid-1950s among academic, foundation, and government officials.
Marielitos, the Criminalization of Blackness, and Constructions of Worthy Citizenship
Authors: Gosin Monika
Published: January 2020

Chapter two analyzes the coverage of the 1980 Mariel boatlift in the Spanish language El Miami Herald newspaper. Stigmatized as criminals in the mainstream press, the Marielitos were younger, poorer, and “blacker” than were Cubans from previous immigration waves. Examining the dilemmas faced by established Cuban exiles, who during the Cold War desired to both support their new compatriots and escape the Marielito stigma, the chapter argues that white dominant tropes about laziness, dependency, and criminality were utilized by Cuban voices to set themselves apart from black or “unworthy” migrants. Juxtaposing the newspaper discourse and Afro-Cuban testimonials, the chapter illustrates how racist attitudes from Cuba and the United States intersected to impact their acceptance by the local (white) Cuban community. The chapter underscores the crucial role blackness played in the Mariel stigma, and illustrates the continued utility of anti-black racializing discourses in current notions of “worthy citizenship.”
Introduction
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the core arguments and narrative of the book, and how drugs produced in Afghanistan were initially embraced by a series of Afghan rulers, legally or not, as a vehicle to grow the Afghan economy. Over time, particularly because of American influence, Afghan rulers adopted more stringent forms of drug control. This books reveals that Afghan rulers adopted the prohibition of drugs to foster better diplomatic relations with the US to help build the Afghan state, but at the expense of Afghans who were increasingly dependent on the drug trade. The illicit drug trade emerged, not simply because of a failed state, but rather, in reaction to the abandonment of the legal opium trade and the gradual adoption of more coercive forms of drug control.
Introduction
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter gives an overview of the book and explains its framework and key terms. It defines sovereignty as a state’s authority claims over activities within a given political space, and presents the cross-border mobility of Koreans as a challenge to the authority of four governments. It discusses the concept of borderland, specific characteristics of the Tumen borderland, the standardization of legal categories of subjects and aliens as a core project of the modern state, necessity of integrating Northeast Asia into global histories of migration and governance, historiography of Korean diaspora studies in the fields of Korean, Chinese, Russian, and Soviet history, and significance of transnational approaches to the study of this region. Finally, it provides a summary of the ensuing chapters.
Spaces Between
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

During an audio diary, Tomas reflects on the difficulties of occupying, in his words, “the space between.” He is talking specifically about the space between a plan and a building, the endless decisions, negotiations, problems, and reconciliations that emerge in the effort to translate a plan into a physical structure. In his account it is an anxious space but also one where profound enjoyment and reward can be found. His reflections can be generalized to a larger truth about the nature of architects’ working lives. Much of what this book explores involves architects’ efforts to occupy spaces that are, literally and conceptually, “between.”...
A Particular Kind of Practice
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Unlike the practices on which architectural critics and indeed ethnographers have tended to focus, MHW is not famous. Employing ten architects during the period I did my work, the practice is slightly smaller than the U.K. national average of just under fourteen.19 In their mid-thirties, the two directors are relatively young, as is the staff profile of the practice more generally. All are in their twenties and thirties, with the exception of David, the father of Tomas. This youth is something they often present as a virtue, making representational capital through coupling that word with others with which it is popularly associated; “dynamic,” “creative,” “innovative,” “fresh,” “original” are words that feature on their website. As a small-to-medium-size practice, MHW rarely takes on projects with budgets of less than £100,000 and is mostly focused on large domestic extensions and renovations, one-off new builds, and small public buildings. The firm’s projects involve close working relationships with individual clients, planners, builders, engineers, and other building specialists contracted as consultants when needed. Design and then construction work involves regular site visits. Involvement in these various aspects of the process of design and construction is at one level a necessity for a practice of this size. At another level they see these working practices as a virtue tying into a broader philosophy. Unlike larger practices where specialism and fragmentation are more common, the company takes pride in aiming to connect processes of design and construction, celebrates the “ownership” of projects by individual architects, and aims to keep organizational structures flat....
Openings
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

When I first started to share my writing, Tomas confessed that he found some of it hard to read. He wished he had said things more eloquently. He was sometimes aware that in putting things into words, he was not completely comfortable with his own position. Thoughtful but, in his own words, “not a theorist,” he worried about sounding naïve if his words were abstracted from the practical contexts through which they arose and were intended to make sense of. Other interviewees, reading their interview transcripts side by side, became newly aware of different perspectives on this work. Even though they expressed discomfort and sometimes harbored doubts about the possible impact on their reputations, the collective thrust of their comments was to urge me further in the direction of “truth.” David responded, having read some early drafts, that the process seemed overly sanitized: “What about all the endless doubts, the anxieties, the sleepless nights?!” he wanted to know. Realizing this more difficult content was missing, I tried to write it in....
Listen: First Impressions of the Office
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Part One Introduces the people, places and routines that constitute the everyday working lives of the nine architects on which the book focuses. The role of the author is described as researcher and interloper. It is suggested these architects' work is centrally about the difficulties and rewards of inhabiting 'spaces between': poised between competing interests, diverse social groups, and forms of knowledge, architects encounter and resolve a series of ethical conundrums, epistemic difficulties and problems from which creative possibilities also flow.
Listen: The Greedy Profession
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Laura, Megan, and Sam are talking among themselves about the job they all do. Although at slightly different stages, they are all in their twenties. Threaded through their discussion are ambivalences about the profession: Why is it so compelling? Why is it so difficult? they wonder together:...
Personal Vision
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

For some people [architecture] can be a profession. It’s not ordinary for that to be the case. I think it’s ordinary for you to think about it and to look at things in different ways, and when you’re anywhere to be thinking “oh, a building here could be really good,” or maybe “no building here could be really good.” You’re constantly forming opinions on things even without realizing it. Anyone who designs something has a constant will to design, and will continue to design when they’re asleep, awake, with friends, with partners. It doesn’t really stop....
Site Stories
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Architects’ responses to place are framed by the actions of other people, and by the legislative contexts in which they operate. Building professionals, clients, planners, and consultants are often met on-site.

Tom explains some of the background of a possible new project on the drive over. He had a call the preceding week from Michael, the father of an old school friend. They had a chat about a couple of building projects. Both sounded interesting, though it is still unclear what they would entail and whether they were likely to be feasible. There is no brief. Depending on today’s visit, there may even be no project....
Design Tools
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

There is a new work-experience student in the practice. Milo introduces her to the office and explains what normally goes without saying, how the design process works: “We have all kinds of tools available to us.” Computers are one of these tools: “There is a temptation to use them because they are easy to use and produce drawings that look like architects’ drawings.” In fact they are tools that have several tools within them. One of these is SketchUp, a 3D modeling program. Milo explains as he demonstrates, quickly drawing a series of 3D shapes that in only a couple of minutes begins to resemble a house: “It is very, very simple, which is a blessing and a curse—it’s easy to use and quick, which makes it good for working out volumes and masses.” But speed and simplicity come at the expense of precision and refinement. Milo illustrates by rendering a surface with a wood effect: “pretty rank!” he concludes with disgust. Vectorworks is another popular program. Unlike SketchUp, it’s very precise: “good for working out details.” But that can produce its own problems: “It’s easy to get buried in the detail.”...
Friends, Colleagues, Competitors
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Among these architects, the relationship between self and other is inflected by contradictory professional norms: collectively shared ideas about the importance of collegiality, camaraderie, friendship, and collaboration exist alongside ideas about skill and creativity as individual qualities of specific people.

Megan describes how close working relationships develop through the practice of design:...
Interlude: Two Kinds of Uncertainty
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In the car back to the office, Tomas is feeling, as he often remarks, “stressed.” A lot has been going on in the practice. Over the last year there has been a process of expansion, with more and bigger projects than usual. New staff have been taken on. Systems have been changed, to try to make the process more efficient. Changes have been difficult to implement, alongside the usual pressures of building and design deadlines—“like changing the engine of a car while you’re still driving,” as he puts it....
At the Limits of the Contract
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

On a site meeting at Wormwood House, the groundworks are completed and the stud walls are in construction. Edward, the builder, is unfazed by a minor amendment to the plan, resulting from a client change of mind: they want to move a window. “It might cause a small delay, but we will try to make it up.” Edward sees this as part of the “give and take” of building. Rob pushes for clarity: “It’s a design variation, so in the worst-case scenario what would it cost?” he asks. Later, in the car on the way back, he describes the balance inherent in managing interactions on-site—between what’s “contractual” and what’s “sensible and friendly.” For a project to run smoothly, it is important to cultivate good working relationships: the architect tries to accommodate and be flexible if things are built other than to the plan. In return, the builder might accommodate small changes without additional costs. “Often it works best to be friendly and a bit jokey—to keep a positive dynamic,” he tells me, recognizing the instrumental importance of ...
Everyday Possibilities
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

I have attempted to describe what happens in an architectural practice as faithfully as possible. Focusing on the transformations that take place from an idea, to a design, to a set of plans, and then to a building, my aim has been to show the complexity, difficulty, and interest of this endeavor. I hope these descriptions suggest parallels and differences: with other people, other places, other processes. I do not offer any ultimate answer to the question of how designs, ideas, inspiration, buildings, or for that matter architects are produced. There is no proposal for how architecture might be done better or differently. I want instead to highlight that even as these architects’ themselves acknowledge the problems inherent in the professional contexts they face, there are also possibilities. Focusing on these everyday practical entanglements makes this evident in ways that are less obvious in generalized accounts of the profession and discipline....
The Afterlives of the Terror
Authors: Steinberg Ronen
Published: January 2020

This book examines how those who lived through the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution struggled to come to terms with it. It shows that, contrary to claims that are made often in the literature, there were complicated, painful, and often honest debates about how to deal with the effects of mass violence on self and society after the Terror. Revolutionary leaders, relatives of victims, and ordinary citizens argued about how to hold those responsible for the violence accountable, how to offer some sort of relief to the victims, and how to commemorate this controversial episode in the politically charged climate of post-revolutionary France. Their solutions were not perfect, but their debates were innovative. The dilemmas that they struggled with, dilemmas around retribution, redress, and remembrance, derived from the democratizing impulses of the Revolution. Drawing on the concept of transitional justice and on the literature about the major traumas of the twentieth century, this book argues that the modern question of what to do with difficult pasts was born out of the social and political upheavals of the 18th century’s Age of Revolutions.
Pardoning Revolution The 1660 Act of Oblivion and Hobbes’s Recentering of Sovereignty
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: January 2020

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes turned the conception of sovereignty toward the generality of lawgiving rather than the singularity of judgment, a displacement that paved the path for the transfer of sovereignty from king to Parliament. Hobbes’s conception of equity and critique of the common law played an important role in this alteration. The Act of Oblivion passed by Parliament after the Restoration, which Hobbes himself analyzed in his Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Lawes, provides a particularly striking example of how the change unfolded on a conceptual level; in this instance, something like the pardon, which represented the act of sovereignty most closely linked with the singularity of the monarch, was itself generalized and transferred to Parliament instead of being exercised exclusively by the king.
Introduction
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the riots of August 3-5, 1934 in Constantine and their connection to the broader history of the French colonial regime in Algeria from the moment of conquest in 1830 to Algerian independence in 1962. The chapter also introduces the story of the individual who police believed at the time to be responsible for the agitation that led to the murder of Jews during the riots.
Conclusion
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes and evaluates the evidence linking Mohamed El Maadi to the the murders of August 5, 1934 and tomembers of Constantine’s settler political establishment.
Kosovo
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how Kosovo planning took shape from August 1998 through June 1999, how we performed the three postwar planning tasks, and finally, why we were able to tackle these tasks reasonably well. Of the four cases in this book, Kosovo is the only one that could arguably be called a partial success, and it shows how the U.S. can in fact get postwar planning mostly “right.” Motivated by tough lessons learned in nation-building, the Clinton administration undertook rigorous planning for Kosovo’s difficult postwar landscape. This chapter describes how the Clinton team resisted the allure of self-delusion, and crafted a realistic plan that acknowledged the difficulties ahead.
Teaching Revenge
Authors: King Emily L.
Published: January 2020

Chapter one argues that the genre of conduct literature participates in the cultural transition from private vengeance to the monarchy’s centralization of revenge by training young subjects in the principles of civil vengeance. Insofar as behavioral training instantiates a requisite split within the subject, the first chapter reads the self-estrangement demanded by conduct formation as civil vengeance. Because authors of conduct literature, which includes Erasmus, rely on and employ the aversive specter of vulgar laboring classes, it trains aspirational individuals to demonstrate their civility by repudiating incivilities as well as those who have historically displayed them, even if that includes aspirational subjects themselves. Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy advances this claim to visualize the cruel promise of social mobility and its reliance on the logic of civil vengeance.
Afterword
Authors: King Emily L.
Published: January 2020

The afterword examines the book’s distinction between civil vengeance and spectacular, or traditional revenge. Played out to its logical extreme in Thomas Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy, spectacular revenge intersects with civil vengeance and is brought under the control of civil institutions, whose sovereign agenda it has served. Yet once spectacular revenge, with its conspicuous incivility, may be traced back to civil institutions, once it can be connected to and understood as an extension of their institutions, it must be disappeared, for civility demands disavowals and lies.
Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris actively consume the sponge Chondrilla caribensis
Authors: Fitt William
Published: January 2020

The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris Linnaeus 1758) actively selects and consumes the “chicken-liver” sponge Chondrilla caribensis. Manatees ate over 10% of C. caribensis on a sample dock, mostly from pylons that received no direct sunlight. Since manatees reportedly eat mostly seagrasses and algae, it was thought that the chlorophyll-a content of the symbiotic cyanobacteria in C. caribensis might be correlated to the amount eaten; however the correlation was not significant (P > 0.05). C. caribensis has variable chemical defenses and round spherasters (spicules), but these do not appear to be effective deterrents to predation by manatees. This is the first direct evidence that manatees actively seek out and consume a sponge.
Policymaking with Sen and Ambedkar - Case of Right to Education in India
Authors: Viswanath Mamta
Published: January 2020

Sen and Ambedkar represent different times in history, but they essentially want to tackle the same problems of political economy. On one hand, Ambedkar asserted that a social and economic reform must precede political reform in British India struggling to throw the yoke of colonial rule, on the other hand, in modern India, Sen enunciates how capacity building and capabilities approach to policy making can go a long way in strengthening democracy. As concerted policies in education have failed to deliver owing to the feudal mindset and incremental planning, it is time we look at issues of social justice, especially education, objectively. This paper examines the possible ways in which the thoughts and theories of these stalwarts can shape better public policies. To this end, a comparative study of themes like justice and democracy will be undertaken. Lastly, the paper analyses whether the Right to Education in India is a just policy when looked through the discerning eyes of Sen and Ambedkar.
Application of Modified Agricultural Waste in the Adsorption of Bromocresol Green Dye
Authors: Chijioke Elijah Onu , Nonso Collins Oguanobi , Callistus Obumneme Okonkwo , Jessica Nnamdi-Bejie
Published: January 2020

Background: The adsorptive removal of anionic dye (Bromocresol green) from aqueous solution was investigated using activated carbon prepared from rice husk.

Place of Study: The research work took place at Nnamdi Azikiwe Univeristy Awka, Nigeria.

Methods: The rice husk which was obtained from rice mills in Awka was activated with tetraoxophosphoric acid and carbonized in a furnace. The adsorption process was investigated by varying the contact time, temperature, dosage, pH and initial concentration in a batch process. Five isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Halsay and Harkin-Jura) were employed in the equilibrium studies. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption were carried out.

Results: The result indicated that increase in contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature increased the percent uptake of the Bromocresol green dye. Maximum percentage adsorption of about 93% was obtained. Langmuir and Harkin-Jura isotherm models best described the equilibrium data of the adsorption process. Pseudo second-order kinetic model best correlates the kinetics of the experimental data. The thermodynamic study showed that the Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were –2.541 kJ/mol,  -7.401 kJ/mol and –15.52 kJ/mol K respectively.

Conclusion: This work has shown that activated carbon prepared from rice husk can be used in adsorptive removal of bromocresol green dye from solution and that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic.
HiGee Strategy toward Rapid Mass Production of Porous Covalent Organic Polymers with Superior Methane Deliverable Capacity
Authors: Zhang Weichao , Liu Yujia , Luo Yong , Xie Chengpeng , Xiang Zhonghua , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: January 2020

High porosity with well‐defined molecular reticulation along with strong stability is desired for natural gas delivery. The catalyzed Yamamoto‐type Ullmann cross‐coupling route with efficient terminal halogen removal capability is currently used to prepare porous organic materials with high specific surface area as well as ultrahigh hydrothermal stability. As a typical fast coupling reaction, the traditional stirred solvothermal approach shows the limitation of macroscopic reaction kinetics due to the increasing viscosity of the reaction mixture with the molecular network growth until it turns to a jelly‐like consistency. Herein, a high‐gravity chemical synthetic strategy to achieve rapid and economical preparation of a class of, but not limited to, covalent organic polymers (COPs) with high hydrothermal stability using the Ullman cross‐coupling route is described. The viscous fluid is vigorously split into homogeneous microdroplets through the rotating packed bed (RPB) under the HiGee environment. The HiGee approach shortens the traditional reaction time from 600 to 15 min as well as reduces the usage of high‐cost nickel (0) catalyst by 40 wt%. Specially, the COP‐10 obtained with the HiGee approach displays an excellent deliverable methane capacity of 415 cm3 STP g−1 at 298 K with working pressures 5–65 bar, which is higher than that of most reported porous organic materials.
Ultrasmall Pd‐Cu‐Pt Trimetallic Twin Icosahedrons Boost the Electrocatalytic Performance of Glycerol Oxidation at the Operating Temperature of Fuel Cells
Authors: Yang Fang , Ye JinYu , Yuan Qiang , Yang Xiaotong , Xie Zixuan , Zhao Fengling , Zhou Zhiyou , Gu Lin , Wang Xun
Published: January 2020

Recently, in order to improve the energy conversion efficiency of direct polyol fuel cells, the engineering of effective Pd‐ and/or Pt‐based electrocatalysts to rupture CC bonds has received increasing attention. Here, an example is shown to synthesize highly uniform sub‐10 nm Pd‐Cu‐Pt twin icosahedrons by controlling the nucleation phase. Because of the synergies of the electronic effect, synergistic effect, geometric effect, and abundant surface active sites originating from the formation of near surface alloy and special icosahedral shape, the Pd‐Cu‐Pt twin icosahedrons exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance in glycerol electrocatalysis at the operating temperature of direct alcohol fuel cells (70 °C) in KOH electrolyte. The Pd50.2Cu38.4Pt11.4 icosahedrons show mass activities of 9.7 A mg−1Pd+Pt and 13.7 A mg−1Pd. Furthermore, the Pd50.2Cu38.4Pt11.4 icosahedrons demonstrate long‐term durability in current–time test for 36 000 s and high in situ anti‐CO poisoning performance. In addition, the introduction of CO can enhance electro‐oxidation endurance on Pd50.2Cu38.4Pt11.4 icosahedrons, and the peak mass activity can reach to 14.4 A mg−1Pd+Pt. The in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra indicate that the Pd50.2Cu38.4Pt11.4 icosahedrons possess a high capacity to break CC bonds and may efficiently convert glycerol into CO2, thus improving the utilization efficiency of energy‐containing molecule glycerol.
Nanogenerators with Superwetting Surfaces for Harvesting Water/Liquid Energy
Authors: Wang Yang , Gao Shouwei , Xu Wanghuai , Wang Zuankai
Published: January 2020

Water covers about 70% of the earth's surface and contains tremendous energy that remains untapped. Despite success in harvesting hydrodynamic energy based on heavy‐weight and bulky electromagnetic generators, a great deal of water energies stored in the low‐frequency flow of water such as in the form of raindrops, river/ocean waves, and the tide, remain largely untapped. In spite of diversity in development strategies and working mechanisms, engineering efficient water energy harvesting devices, especially nanogenerators, requires the elegant control of interfacial properties of substrates for rapid liquid mass and momentum transfer and effective electron generation/transfer. In particular, inspired by various special wetting phenomena in nature, the design of superwetting surfaces offers a new dimension to fundamentally mediate the way the liquid, as well as the charge, interact with the substrate. Herein, the latest progress in the development of nanogenerators with three distinctive interface types—solid/liquid, solid/solid, and liquid/liquid interfaces—are summarized and their representative applications, challenges, and future perspectives are highlighted.
The Overlapped Electron‐Cloud Model for Electron Transfer in Contact Electrification
Authors: Lin Shiquan , Xu Cheng , Xu Liang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: January 2020

Contact electrification (CE) is one of the oldest topics in physics, which has been discussed for more than 2600 years. Recently, an overlapped electron‐cloud (OEC) model was proposed by Wang to explain all types of CE phenomena for general materials in which a deep overlapping of electron clouds belonging to two atoms results in a lowered potential barrier for electron transfer from one to the other by applying a compressive force, which is simply referred to as Wang transition for CE. Here, the degree of electron‐cloud overlap between two atoms is controlled by using tapping mode atomic force microscopy. A temperature difference and electric field are applied between atoms of two surfaces. It is found that electron transfer only occurs when the contact tip and sample interact in the repulsive‐force region, which corresponds to a strong overlap of the electron clouds. Such a fact even preserves if the tip is at a higher temperature than the sample for 120 K. Alternatively, by applying a bias, electron tunneling would occur when the tip is in the attractive‐force region within which normal electron transfer would not occur. These studies solidify the overlapped electron‐cloud model first proposed by Wang. Further, the temperature and bias effects on the CE are explained based on a modified OEC model.
Electromagnetic Shielding of Monolayer MXene Assemblies
Authors: Yun Taeyeong , Kim Hyerim , Iqbal Aamir , Cho Yong Soo , Lee Gang San , Kim Myung‐Ki , Kim Seon Joon , Kim Daesin , Gogotsi Yury , Kim Sang Ouk , Koo Chong Min
Published: January 2020

Miniaturization of electronics demands electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of nanoscale dimension. The authors report a systematic exploration of EMI shielding behavior of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene assembled films over a broad range of film thicknesses, monolayer by monolayer. Theoretical models are used to explain the shielding mechanism below skin depth, where multiple reflection becomes significant, along with the surface reflection and bulk absorption of electromagnetic radiation. While a monolayer assembled film offers ≈20% shielding of electromagnetic waves, a 24‐layer film of ≈55 nm thickness demonstrates 99% shielding (20 dB), revealing an extraordinarily large absolute shielding effectiveness (3.89 × 106 dB cm2 g−1). This remarkable performance of nanometer‐thin solution processable MXene proposes a paradigm shift in shielding of lightweight, portable, and compact next‐generation electronic devices.
Methylation Status of the Nanog Promoter Determines the Switch between Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Liu Shupeng , Cheng Kai , Zhang Hui , Kong Ruijiao , Wang Shuo , Mao Chuanbin , Liu Shanrong
Published: January 2020

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main cause of tumor development, metastasis, and relapse. CSCs are thus considered promising targets for cancer therapy. However, it is hard to eradicate CSCs due to their inherent plasticity and heterogeneity, and the underlying mechanism of the switch between non‐CSCs and CSCs remains unclear. Here, it is shown that miR‐135a combined with SMYD4 activates Nanog expression and induces the switch of non‐CSCs into CSCs. The miR‐135a level, once elevated, lowers the methylation level of the CG5 site in the Nanog promoter by directly targeting DNMT1. SMYD4 binds to the unmethylated Nanog promoter to activate Nanog expression in Nanog‐negative tumor cells. The in vivo regulation of miR‐135a levels could significantly affect both the CSCs proportion and tumor progression. These findings indicate that DNA methylation of the Nanog promoter modulates the switch of non‐CSCs into CSCs under the control of the miRNA‐135 level. In addition, the related pathways, miR‐135a/DNMT1 and SMYD4, involved in these processes are potential targets for CSC‐targeted therapy.
Solution‐Processed High‐Performance p‐Type Perovskite NdAlO3 Thin Films for Transparent Electronics
Authors: Xin Zhijie , Ding Yanan , Zhu Yixin , Fu Chuanyu , Yao Zhao , Chen Qian , Liu Guoxia , Shan Fukai
Published: January 2020

Transparent oxide semiconductors exhibit great potential as fundamental building blocks for electronic applications. However, the lack of high‐performance p‐type oxide materials limits their potential applications for transparent electronics. Ternary p‐type perovskite NdAlO3 thin films are prepared by spin coating and annealed at various temperatures. It is demonstrated that neodymium vacancies (VNd) is generated in NdAlO3 thin film, and the presence of VNd results in high hole mobility. The thin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on NdAlO3 thin film are integrated and exhibit typical p‐channel transistor behavior. The TFT based on NdAlO3 thin film annealed at 700 °C exhibits an optimized electrical performance, including a field‐effect mobility (µFE) of 0.19 cm2V−1s−1 and an on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of ≈105. When high‐k Al2O3 dielectric is integrated into the TFTs, the µFE and Ion/Ioff are further improved to 9.93 cm2V−1s−1 and ≈106, respectively. The fabrication of a p–n junction based on p‐NdAlO3/n‐In2O3 heterojunction further confirms the excellent p‐type performance of the perovskite NdAlO3 thin films. This work not only demonstrates the possibility of p‐type perovskite NdAlO3 thin films applicable for transparent electronics, but also provides guidelines for the design of novel p‐type oxide semiconductors.
Fundamentals of Organic Anti‐Ambipolar Ternary Inverters
Authors: Kim Chang‐Hyun , Hayakawa Ryoma , Wakayama Yutaka
Published: January 2020

Digital logic accommodating more than two data levels is at the forefront of future high‐information‐density electronics. The fundamental mechanisms of the organic ternary inverters relying on anti‐ambipolarity are revealed. Ideally combining the analytical and predictive capabilities of simulation, the three distinctive regimes of operation are identified, and systematic guidelines for how to balance the “0,” “1/2,” and “1” voltage levels are suggested. Most importantly, the junction energy barrier and minority carrier penetration are found to be critical to this type of inverter. In time with the increasing viability of flexible multi‐valued logic circuits, such theoretical insights are positioned to spearhead the next engineering efforts on optimized performances.
Anisotropic In‐Plane Ballistic Transport in Monolayer Black Arsenic‐Phosphorus FETs
Authors: Zhou Wenhan , Zhang Shengli , Wang Yangyang , Guo Shiying , Qu Hengze , Bai Pengxiang , Li Zhi , Zeng Haibo
Published: January 2020

The performance limits of monolayer arsenic‐phosphorus (AsP) field‐effect transistors (FETs) are explored by first‐principles simulations of ballistic transport in nanoscale devices. The monolayer AsP holds a direct bandgap of 0.92 eV with significantly anisotropic electronic properties. Transfer characteristics of n‐type and p‐type AsP FETs are thoroughly investigated by scaling channel length in the armchair and zigzag direction, respectively. The simulation results indicate that AsP FETs exhibit exceptional device characteristics, such as high on‐state current, short delay time, and low power consumption. Moreover, transfer characteristics demonstrate superior anisotropy on in‐plane electrical transport properties. In particular, in the zigzag direction, even if the channel length is scaled down to 4 nm, the device performance still can satisfy the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors high‐performance requirement. Finally, through benchmarking energy‐delay product against other typical 2D FETs, AsP FETs are revealed to be strongly competitive 2D FETs.
A Pure 2H‐MoS2 Nanosheet‐Based Memristor with Low Power Consumption and Linear Multilevel Storage for Artificial Synapse Emulator
Authors: Wang Kaiyang , Li Liteng , Zhao Rujie , Zhao Jianhui , Zhou Zhenyu , Wang Jingjuan , Wang Hong , Tang Baokun , Lu Chao , Lou Jianzhong , Chen Jingsheng , Yan Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide has attracted significant attention recently due to its unique electrical and optical properties. However, MoS2 nanosheets fabricated by traditional methods exhibit poor electrical performance due to the existence of the 1T metal phase. A solution‐processable pure 2H semiconductor phase MoS2 nanosheet for use as the functional layer of high‐performance memristors is presented. The resulting memristor based on a Ag/MoS2/Pt structure exhibits excellent resistive switching properties including high endurance and multilevel retention. Moreover, the power consumption and programming current of the SET operation can be as low as 7.35 nW and 100 nA, respectively. Interestingly, it is demonstrated that the resistance of the Ag/MoS2/Pt device can be bidirectionally modulated over a wide range (pulse number >500) with an approximately linear trend. Furthermore, the accuracy of pattern recognition with handwritten data can reach 90.37%. This work provides a simple and practical method for the realization of fabrication of pure 2H‐MoS2 and application in biological neural computing systems.
Soil carbon sequestration in bermudagrass golf course fairways in Lubbock, Texas
Authors: Gautam Prativa , Young Joseph R. , Sapkota Manish , Longing Scott , Weindorf David C.
Published: January 2020

Turfgrasses benefit the environment through conversion of CO2 into stable C stored in soils. Limited research on the sequestration potential of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) has been conducted in semiarid climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physiochemical properties of golf courses in Lubbock, TX, to determine C sequestration potential and longevity. Soil was obtained from fairways of five golf courses ranging in age from 13 to 93 yr. Shallow (0–7.5 cm) and deeper (7.5–15 cm) soil depths were tested for soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, soil organic C (SOC), inorganic C, total N, inorganic N, and texture. After ANOVA and mean separation, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to group golf courses by soil depth or age. Soil organic matter and SOC decreased with depth, but the rate of SOC accumulation (0.22 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) was lower when compared with previous studies. Maximal C (35.1 and 23.7 Mg C ha−1 in the upper and lower depths) was consistent with previous studies, indicating that C accumulated for a longer period of time. The PCA explained 52.7% of variability in soil physiochemical properties on two axes, but PCA more effectively differentiated soil sampling depth than golf course age. High variability in data among fairways at a single golf course likely resulted in limited grouping capabilities. Including a broader regional representation of golf courses or sampling golf courses between 40 and 70 yr to quantify soils near maximal accumulation would strengthen future studies.