bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognosis of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Postoperative Recurrence to the Central Neck
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira
Published: December 2010

Background

The prognosis and prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma have been intensively investigated. However, details of patient prognosis after the detection of recurrence remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prognosis of papillary carcinoma patients after showing recurrence in the central neck.

Methods

We enrolled 403 patients who underwent initial, locally curative surgery for papillary carcinoma in Kuma Hospital between 1987 and 2004 and then showed recurrence in the central neck during follow‐up.

Results

The 5‐ and 10‐year cause‐specific survival (CSS) rates for patients after initial recurrence to the lymph node were 95 and 88%, respectively. Age >45 years at recurrence and some clinicopathologic features at the initial surgery—aggressive histology, tumor >4 cm, lymph node metastasis >3 cm, significant extrathyroid extension—affected the CSS of patients. Except for extrathyroidal extension, these features were independent prognostic factors on a multivariate analysis. Patients initially showing recurrence to subcutaneous tissue suspected of needle tract implantation during fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and those showing recurrence to the remnant thyroid demonstrated an excellent prognosis; none of these patients died of carcinoma during follow‐up. The prognosis of patients showing initial recurrence to the thyroid bed or perithyroid tissue was significantly worse than that of those with initial recurrence to the lymph node; their 5‐ and 10‐year CSS rates were 88 and 79%, respectively.

Conclusions

Aggressive histology, the size of the primary lesion and of the lymph node metastasis, and age at recurrence independently affected the prognosis of patients showing initial recurrence to the lymph node. Prognoses of patients with recurrence to the subcutaneous tissue or remnant thyroid were excellent. However, patients initially showing recurrence to the thyroid bed or perithyroid tissue exhibited a worse prognosis; and careful second surgery and subsequent follow‐up are thus mandatory.
Understanding Choice-Goal Compatibility, Dissonance and Decision Satisfaction
Authors: Shao Wei , Shao Guanglin
Published: December 2010

Choices can be difficult and emotion-laden when decision making involves trade-offs between valued goals ( Luce et al., 1997 ). This research examines dejection and agitation emotions aroused subsequent to choices. The rationale of this research is that if the choices people make fit in with their goals, they will be more satisfied than if the choices do not fit in with their goals. This research aims to investigate relationships between choice-goal compatibility, post-choice dissonance and decision satisfaction. We used an experimental survey design in the context of Chinese consumers. We found that choice-goal compatibility reduced post-choice dissonance which, in turn, enhanced decision satisfaction. The research reported here has important implications. For example, marketers often use dissonance reduction strategies to enhance customer satisfaction. In doing so, marketers should first know which type of negative emotions they are coping with, agitation or dejection. More importantly, marketers need to consider goal attainment in pre-choice, choice and post-choice stages of consumption.
Praxisrelevanz–berechnet oder bedacht?
Authors: Albrecht Anne-Grit , Deller Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Bedeutsamkeit der Messung von Praxisrelevanz wissenschaftlicher Publikationen in der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie zu diskutieren. Einzelne, von Maier und Antoni (2009) eingebrachte Vorschläge werden erwidert. Die Autoren vertreten die Meinung, für den Austausch von Forschung und Praxis im selben Feld seien andere Aspekte wesentlicher: beispielsweise zu verstehen, welche Bedingungen den Transfer begünstigen oder behindern, sowie Publikationskanäle auszuweiten. Das gegenwärtige Verhältnis arbeits- und organisationspsychologischer Forschung und Praxis wird von den Autoren weniger positiv eingeschätzt als von Maier und Antoni.
Bidirectional and unidirectional fracture growth during hydrofracturing: Role of driving stress gradients
Authors: Dahm Torsten , Hainzl Sebastian , Fischer Tomas
Published: December 2010

An unexpected observation from induced seismicity during stimulation experiments was the identification of asymmetric bidirectional and unidirectional growth of the seismic front and back front, indicating asymmetric growth of the hydrofracture itself. We develop and analyze a new analytical hydrofracture model that considers for the first time the effect of stress and pore pressure gradients on growth. It is based on plane strain linear elastic fracture mechanics and further considers 1‐D laminar flow, the opening shape of the fracture, and a Griffith fracture criterion. The model explains asymmetric bidirectional growth during the injection and bidirectional and unidirectional growth during the postinjection phase. Analytical relations are derived for both cases to estimate the front and back front of the seismicity as a function of injection pressure, volume rate, stress gradients, viscosity, and elastic modules of the rock. Interestingly, the postinjection phase can be described by self‐similar solutions, which depend only on the stress gradient and the injection pressure and which predict a parameter‐independent length increase of the fracture after the injection stops. We use the theoretical opening shape of the fracture to calculate time‐ and space‐dependent Coulomb stress changes in the rock in order to predict the patterns of induced seismicity in the neighborhood of the fracture. The model explains in detail the patterns of earthquakes induced during hydrofracturing stimulation experiments in a low‐permeable gas field sandstone in west Texas, and we estimate a lateral stress or pore pressure gradient of more than 0.8 MPa km−1. If the downhole net pressure during the experiments was 1 MPa, the gradient is constrained at about 10 MPa km−1.
Saturn's internal planetary magnetic field
Authors: Burton M. E. , Dougherty M. K. , Russell C. T.
Published: December 2010

A model of Saturn's internal planetary magnetic field based on data from the Cassini prime mission has been derived. In the absence of a determination of the rotation rate, the model is constrained to be axisymmetric. Non‐axisymmetric models for a range of plausible planetary rotation periods have also been derived and we evaluate upper limits on the asymmetry of the internal magnetic field based on those models. We investigate whether a maximum in the non‐axisymmetric magnetic field can be identified at a particular rotation rate thus providing insight into the rotation rate of the planet's interior. No such peak can unambiguously be identified. An axisymmetric octupole model is adequate to fit the data and addition of higher order terms does not improve the goodness of fit. The largest value of the dipole tilt obtained from non‐axisymmetric models (<0.1°) confirm the high degree of symmetry of Saturn's magnetic field.
Reconstruction of solar spectral irradiance since the Maunder minimum
Authors: Krivova N. A. , Vieira L. E. A. , Solanki S. K.
Published: December 2010

Solar irradiance is the main external driver of the Earth's climate. Whereas the total solar irradiance is the main source of energy input into the climate system, solar UV irradiance exerts control over chemical and physical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere. The time series of accurate irradiance measurements are, however, relatively short and limit the assessment of the solar contribution to the climate change. Here we reconstruct solar total and spectral irradiance in the range 115–160,000 nm since 1610. The evolution of the solar photospheric magnetic flux, which is a central input to the model, is appraised from the historical record of the sunspot number using a simple but consistent physical model. The model predicts an increase of 1.25 W/m2, or about 0.09%, in the 11‐year averaged solar total irradiance since the Maunder minimum. Also, irradiance in individual spectral intervals has generally increased during the past four centuries, the magnitude of the trend being higher toward shorter wavelengths. In particular, the 11‐year averaged Ly‐α irradiance has increased by almost 50%. An exception is the spectral interval between about 1500 and 2500 nm, where irradiance has slightly decreased (by about 0.02%).
Validation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder temperature and moisture profiles over tropical oceans and their impact on numerical simulations of tropical cyclones
Authors: Pu Zhaoxia , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2010

The quality of the retrieved temperature and moisture profiles acquired from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard the NASA Aqua spacecraft was evaluated by comparing the data with dropsonde observations obtained from NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA 2006) and international THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T‐PARC 2008) field programs. Results indicate that the AIRS retrieved temperature profiles are in good agreement with dropsonde observations. However, the AIRS retrieved moisture profiles show a larger bias compared with the dropsondes over the tropical oceans where tropical cyclones developed. A series of data assimilation experiments is then performed with an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its three‐dimensional variational data assimilation system. Results show that the assimilation of the AIRS retrieved temperature and moisture profiles has a significant impact on the numerical simulations of tropical cyclones. However, the overall impacts of the data assimilation on numerical simulations of tropical cyclones are very sensitive to the bias corrections of the data. Specifically, the dry biases of moisture profiles cause the decay of Tropical Storm Debby (2006) in the numerical simulations. Only with bias correction can data assimilation result in a reasonable portrayal of storm development. Compared with the moisture profiles, temperature profiles show a larger impact on the track forecasting. Assimilation of the temperature profiles resulted in significant improvements in the track forecasts for both Debby (2006) and Typhoon Jangmi (2008).
Sensitivity of a subregional scale atmospheric inverse CO2modeling framework to boundary conditions
Authors: Göckede Mathias , Turner David P. , Michalak Anna M. , Vickers Dean , Law Beverly E.
Published: December 2010

We present an atmospheric inverse modeling framework to constrain terrestrial biosphere CO2exchange processes at subregional scales. The model is operated at very high spatial and temporal resolution, using the state of Oregon in the northwestern United States as the model domain. The modeling framework includes mesoscale atmospheric simulations coupled to Lagrangian transport, a biosphere flux model that considers, e.g., the effects of drought stress and disturbance on photosynthesis and respiration CO2fluxes, and a Bayesian optimization approach. This study focuses on the impact of uncertainties in advected background mixing ratios and fossil fuel emissions on simulated flux fields, both taken from external data sets. We found the simulations to be highly sensitive to systematic changes in advected background CO2, while shifts in fossil fuel emissions played a minor role. Correcting for offsets in the background mixing ratios shifted annual CO2budgets by about 47% and improved the correspondence with the output produced by bottom‐up modeling frameworks. Inversion results were robust against shifts in fossil fuel emissions, which is likely a consequence of relatively low emission rates in Oregon.
Simultaneous airglow, lidar, and radar measurements of mesospheric gravity waves over Japan
Authors: Suzuki S. , Nakamura T. , Ejiri M. K. , Tsutsumi M. , Shiokawa K. , Kawahara T. D.
Published: December 2010

To investigate gravity wave dynamics in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, we conducted coordinated observations of mesospheric gravity waves over Japan during the Aeronomy and Dynamics Observation campaign. Two all‐sky airglow imagers were used in this campaign to derive a two‐dimensional structure of the gravity waves; these imagers were installed at the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) observatory in Shigaraki (34.9°N, 136.1°E) and at the Dynic Astropark Observatory in Taga (35.2°N, 136.3°E). Simultaneous measurements of the horizontal winds and the temperature in the MLT region were provided by the meteor‐mode observations of the MU radar at Shigaraki and by a sodium temperature lidar at Uji (34.9°N, 135.8°E), respectively. On 2 October 2008, gravity waves having a horizontal wavelength of ∼170 km, wave period of ∼1 h, and propagating northeastward at ∼50 m s−1 were observed in the airglow keograms. Similar wave structures were observed in the time series of the meteor wind and lidar temperature data; the polarity of these waves varied consistently with the airglow intensity variations according to the linear theory of gravity waves. The phase speeds and momentum fluxes of the gravity waves, estimated from the wind and temperature observations, were also in good agreement with those obtained from the airglow measurements. These results demonstrate, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that an identical gravity wave structure was detected in all the airglow intensities, radar winds, and lidar temperature.
Equatorial waves in High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) data
Authors: Alexander M. J. , Ortland D. A.
Published: December 2010

We examine equatorial wave structure in temperature measurements from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) on the Aura satellite. Waves with periods longer than 1 day and zonal wave numbers up to 8 (depending on frequency) are derived from an asynoptic Fourier transform analysis. HIRDLS measurement sampling and resolution afford unprecedented views of the latitude‐height structure of equatorial Rossby wave, mixed Rossby‐gravity wave, and Kelvin wave modes at altitudes above cloud tops in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere. Wave modes with vertical wavelength as short as 4 km can be clearly seen in the data. Kelvin waves comprise a dominant signal throughout the 3 years of HIRDLS measurements, and we further examine time, height, and longitude variations observed in the Kelvin waves. An annual cycle of Kelvin wave temperature amplitudes near the tropopause is observed that may have implications for annual variations in wave‐cirrus formation in the tropics. This annual variation can be largely explained by effects of the background wind and stability on Kelvin wave propagation and potential energy in the tropical tropopause layer. At altitudes 20 km and above, the annual cycle gives way to an interannual cycle in Kelvin wave amplitudes that is related to the quasi‐biennial oscillation in stratospheric winds. This interannual variation is a signature of Kelvin wave forcing of the descent of westerly winds in the oscillation, and we compute the Kelvin wave fractional contribution to the forcing.
Anaerobic Function of CNS White Matter Declines with Age
Authors: Hamner Margaret A , Möller Thomas , Ransom Bruce R
Published: December 2010

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally believed to be completely dependent on the presence of oxygen (O2) to maintain energy levels necessary for excitability. However, previous studies on CNS white matter (WM) have shown that a large subset of CNS-myelinated axons of mice aged 4 to 6 weeks remains excitable in the absence of O2. We investigated whether this surprising WM tolerance to anoxia varied with age. Acutely isolated mouse optic nerve (MON), a purely myelinated WM tract, was studied electrophysiologically. Excitability in the MONs from 1-month-, 4-month-, and 8-month-old mice was assessed quantitatively as the area under the supramaximal compound action potential (CAP). Anoxia-resistant WM function declined with age. After 60 minutes of anoxia, ∼23% of the CAP remained in 1-month-old mice, 8% in 4-month-old mice, and ∼0 in the 8-month-old group. Our results indicated that although some CNS axons function anaerobically in young adult animals, they lose this ability in later adulthood. This finding may help explain the clinical impression that favorable outcome after stroke and other brain injuries declines with age.
Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Specificity of Arterial and Venous Blood Volume Changes during Visual Stimulation: Implication for Bold Quantification
Authors: Kim Tae , Kim Seong-Gi
Published: December 2010

Determination of compartment-specific cerebral blood volume ( CBV) changes is important for understanding neurovascular physiology and quantifying blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In isoflurane-anesthetized cats, we measured the spatiotemporal responses of arterial CBV ( CBVa) and total CBV ( CBVt) induced by a 40-second visual stimulation, using magnetization transfer (MT)-varied BOLD and contrast-agent fMRI techniques at 9.4 T. To determine the venous CBV ( CBVv) change, we calculated the difference between CBVt and CBVa changes. The dynamic response of CBVa was an order of magnitude faster than that of CBVv, while the magnitude of change under steady-state conditions was similar between the two. Following stimulation offset, Δ CBVa showed small poststimulus undershoots, while Δ CBVv slowly returned to baseline. The largest CBVa and CBVt response occurred after 10 seconds of simulation in cortical layer 4, which we identified as the stripe of Gennari by T1-weighted MRI. The CBVv response, however, was not specific across the cortical layers during the entire stimulation period. Our data indicate that rapid, more-specific arterial vasodilation is followed by slow, less-specific venous dilation. Our finding implies that the contribution of CBVv changes to BOLD signals is significant for long, but not short, stimulation periods.
Supercritical Fluid Pasteurization and Food Safety
Authors: Spilimbergo Sara , Matthews Michael A. , Cinquemani Claudio
Published: December 2010

Supercritical fluid pasteurization has been studied for over 20 years and the state of science and technology is such that it is now a viable and economical alternative to thermal pasteurization for a number of food products. The manufacture and distribution of food faces increasingly strict demands in terms of both safety and quality. Traditional thermal pasteurization is both effective and well-accepted by the public for milk and other products. However, thermal treatment is less effective and sometimes infeasible for certain products, such as fruit juices, seafoods and fresh vegetables. This is particularly true when the food products are packaged and shipped long distances. Supercritical fluid technology, a non-thermal, low temperature process, has been shown to reduce the viability of a number of pathogenic organisms important to the food industry. In addition, supercritical fluids, particularly CO2, have promise in deactivating subcellular pathogens such as prions and viruses. Numerous basic science investigations reveal the mechanism of supercritical fluid pasteurization and how it differs from thermal methods. Several commercial companies have issued patents and built demonstration plants based on the technology. In addition, certain supercritical fluids may provide additional benefits for food processors. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both science and technology of supercritical fluid technology as applied to foods.
Ohmic Heating of Foods
Authors: Lyng James G. , McKenna Brian M.
Published: December 2010

This chapter reviews all aspects of ohmic heating and considers the process as a green process from two points of view. Firstly, the very rapid heating process minimizes the time available for heat loss from the product and the equipment. Secondly, the direct application of electrical energy to the food ensures that the inefficiencies in energy transfer at each transformation stage in a conventional process are absent.

The mechanism of ohmic heating is considered in some detail together with the factors effecting heating rate. There are also some general treatments on the changes induced in a food during ohmic heating (both physical and biochemical) as well as the mechanisms of microbial destruction that may occur during the ohmic process as opposed to the well know thermal destruction.

Three sections cover the three main ohmic heating processes, namely, non-preserving heating, ohmic sterilization and ohmic dehydration. This is followed by a lengthy section in which all of the main food categories are assessed from the aspect of ohmic treatment.

Finally, there are three further sections that consider the process economics, process control strategies and a review of the extensive work on modeling of ohmic heating.
High-intensity Pulsed Light Food Processing
Authors: Moraru Carmen I.
Published: December 2010

Pulsed Light (PL) technology is an alternative to thermal treatment for killing pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses. The key component of a Pulsed Light unit is a flash lamp filled with an inert gas, such as Xenon, which emits radiation that ranges from UV (200 nm) to NIR (1100 nm). A high-voltage, high-current electrical pulse is applied to the inert gas in the lamp. The strong collision between electrons and gas molecules cause excitation of electrons, which then emit an intense, very short light pulse (1 μs to 0.1 s). The exact mechanisms by which PL causes cell death are not yet fully understood, but it is generally accepted that UV plays a critical role in microbial inactivation. Survival curves for the PL treatment display a nonlinear decline. In clear liquid substrates, PL inactivation is accurately described by the Weibull model. The effectiveness of PL is strongly influenced by the interaction of the substrate with the incident light. Therefore, the treatment is most effective on smooth, non-reflecting surfaces or in clear liquids. Overall, PL treatment brings exciting new opportunities to the Food Industry, ranging from water disinfection to the manufacture of safe, non-heat treated fruit juices, surface treatment of foods and food contact materials, or the terminal antimicrobial treatment of foods packaged in UV transparent materials. This technology could be used as a means to increase the safety and shelf life of foods, with no detrimental effects on their quality and sensory properties.
Polymerization of substituted acetylenes and features of the formed polymers
Authors: Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: December 2010

This review summarizes the recent advances of substituted polyacetylene chemistry, including new polymerization catalysts and the properties and functions of the polymers.
Long range dipole–dipole correlations in nitrobenzene–benzene solutions
Authors: Shelton David P.
Published: December 2010

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) from liquid nitrobenzene-benzene solutions with nitrobenzene mole fraction in the range 0.001 < $x_{NB}$xNB < 1 was measured for several combinations of linear polarized incident and scattered light, for scattering angles near 90°. Polar collective modes are identified by their distinctive HRS polarization dependence. At all concentrations the nitrobenzene HRS intensity is dominated by the transverse polar collective mode contribution and the longitudinal collective mode contribution is near zero. The transverse polar mode HRS is due to long range dipole-dipole orientation correlations between the nitrobenzene molecules, such that the molecular dipoles are oriented transverse to the wave vector for each spatial Fourier component of the orientation distribution.
Is there a conflict between cetacean conservation and marine renewable-energy developments?
Authors: Simmonds Mark Peter , Brown Vicki C.
Published: December 2010

There is currently an unprecedented expansion of marine renewable-energy developments, particularly in UK waters. Marine renewable-energy plants are also being developed in many other countries across Europe and in the wider world, including in the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Large-scale developments, in UK waters, covering thousands of square kilometres are now planned; however, data on the likely impact of this expansion on the 28 cetacean species found in UK waters are lacking, or at best limited. However, the available information, including inferences drawn from the impact of other human activities in the marine environment, indicates a significant risk of negative consequences, with the noise from pile driving highlighted as a major concern. The marine renewable-energy industry will also deploy some novel technologies, such as large submerged turbines, with unknown consequences for marine wildlife. Further research is urgently required, including distributional and behavioural studies, to establish baselines against which any changes may be measured. Precautionary actions, particularly with respect to pile driving, are advocated to minimise impacts on cetaceans.
Utility of livestock-protection dogs for deterring wildlife from cattle farms
Authors: Gehring Thomas M. , VerCauteren Kurt C. , Provost Megan L. , Cellar Anna C.
Published: December 2010

Context. Livestock producers worldwide are negatively affected by livestock losses because of predators and wildlife-transmitted diseases. In the western Great Lakes Region of the United States, this conflict has increased as grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations have recovered and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have served as a wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (Myobacterium bovis). Aims. We conducted field experiments on cattle farms to evaluate the effectiveness of livestock-protection dogs (LPDs) for excluding wolves, coyotes (C. latrans), white-tailed deer and mesopredators from livestock pastures. Methods. We integrated LPDs on six cattle farms (treatment) and monitored wildlife use with tracking swaths on these farms, concurrent with three control cattle farms during 2005–2008. The amount of time deer spent in livestock pastures was recorded using direct observation. Key results. Livestock pastures protected by LPDs had reduced use by these wildlife compared with control pastures not protected by LPDs. White-tailed deer spent less time in livestock pastures protected by LPDs compared with control pastures not protected by LPDs. Conclusions. Our research supports the theory that LPDs can be an effective management tool for reducing predation and disease transmission. We also demonstrate that LPDs are not limited to being used only with sheep and goats; they can also be used to protect cattle. Implications. On the basis of our findings, we support the use of LPDs as a proactive management tool that producers can implement to minimise the threat of livestock depredations and transmission of disease from wildlife to livestock. LPDs should be investigated further as a more general conservation tool for protecting valuable wildlife, such as ground-nesting birds, that use livestock pastures and are affected by predators that use these pastures.
Conservation and human behaviour: lessons from social psychology
Authors: St John Freya A. V. , Edwards-Jones Gareth , Jones Julia P. G.
Published: December 2010

Despite increased effort from non-governmental organisations, academics and governments over recent decades, several threats continue to cause species declines and even extinctions. Resource use by a growing human population is a significant driver of biodiversity loss, so conservation scientists need to be interested in the factors that motivate human behaviour. Economic models have been applied to human decision making for many years; however, humans are not financially rational beings and other characteristics of the decision maker (including attitude) and the pressure that people perceive to behave in a certain way (subjective norms) may influence decision making; these are characteristics considered by social psychologists interested in human decision making. We review social-psychology theories of behaviour and how they have been used in the context of conservation and natural-resource management. Many studies focus on general attitudes towards conservation rather than attitudes towards specific behaviours of relevance to conservation and thus have limited value in designing interventions to change specific behaviours (e.g. reduce hunting of a threatened species). By more specifically defining the behaviour of interest, and investigating attitude in the context of other social-psychological predictors of behaviour (e.g. subjective norms, the presence of facilitating factors and moral obligation), behaviours that have an impact on conservation goals will be better understood, allowing for the improved design of interventions to influence them.
FTY720 (fingolimod) efficacy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis requires astrocyte sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P
1
) modulation
Authors: Choi Ji Woong , Gardell Shannon E. , Herr Deron R. , Rivera Richard , Lee Chang-Wook , Noguchi Kyoko , Teo Siew Teng , Yung Yun C. , Lu Melissa , Kennedy Grace , Chun Jerold
Published: December 2010

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a lysophospholipid, has gained relevance to multiple sclerosis through the discovery of FTY720 (fingolimod), recently approved as an oral treatment for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Its mechanism of action is thought to be immunological through an active phosphorylated metabolite, FTY720-P, that resembles S1P and alters lymphocyte trafficking through receptor subtype S1P
1
. However, previously reported expression and in vitro studies of S1P receptors suggested that direct CNS effects of FTY720 might theoretically occur through receptor modulation on neurons and glia. To identify CNS cells functionally contributing to FTY720 activity, genetic approaches were combined with cellular and molecular analyses. These studies relied on the functional assessment, based on clinical score, of conditional null mouse mutants lacking S1P
1
in CNS cell lineages and challenged by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. All conditional null mutants displayed WT lymphocyte trafficking that responded normally to FTY720. In marked contrast, EAE was attenuated and FTY720 efficacy was lost in CNS mutants lacking S1P
1
on GFAP-expressing astrocytes but not on neurons. In situ hybridization studies confirmed that astrocyte loss of S1P
1
was the key alteration in functionally affected mutants. Reductions in EAE clinical scores were paralleled by reductions in demyelination, axonal loss, and astrogliosis. Receptor rescue and pharmacological experiments supported the loss of S1P
1
on astrocytes through functional antagonism by FTY720-P as a primary FTY720 mechanism. These data identify nonimmunological CNS mechanisms of FTY720 efficacy and implicate S1P signaling pathways within the CNS as targets for multiple sclerosis therapies.
The Hybrid Production System and the Birth of the Japanese Specialized Industry: Watch Production at Hattori & Co. (1900–1960)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2010

This paper analyzes the emergence of Japanese specialized industry, taking the production of Seiko watches at Hattori & Co. in the first half of the twentieth century as an example. It shows that the competitiveness of this industry, which established itself on the world market during the 1960s, was due to a process of technological hybridization between the American mass production system and the Swiss specialized production system. Starting in the 1910s and 1920s, Hattori selected a few high-precision Swiss watches and set itself the goal of producing them in mass using imported machine tools. Yet this hybrid production system ran into problems because parts were not interchangeable, as a result of which assembly continued along traditional lines until the end of the Second World War. It was only when the company hired many production engineers who had graduated from Japanese engineering faculties and when it began to work with outside research institutions, such as the Department of Precision Engineering of the University of Tokyo, that Hattori was able to implement fully a hybrid production system in the 1950s.
Early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1) is required for new and reactivated fear memories in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Maddox Stephanie A. , Monsey Melissa S. , Schafe Glenn E.
Published: December 2010

The immediate-early gene early growth response gene-1 (EGR-1, zif-268) has been extensively studied in synaptic plasticity and memory formation in a variety of memory systems. However, a convincing role for EGR-1 in amygdala-dependent memory consolidation processes has yet to emerge. In the present study, we have examined the role of EGR-1 in the consolidation and reconsolidation of amygdala-dependent auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning. In our first series of experiments, we show that EGR-1 is regulated following auditory fear conditioning in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA). Next, we use antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) knockdown of EGR-1 in the LA to show that training-induced expression of EGR-1 is required for memory consolidation of auditory fear conditioning; that is, long-term memory (LTM) is significantly impaired while acquisition and short-term memory (STM) are intact. In a second set of experiments, we show that EGR-1 is regulated in the LA by retrieval of an auditory fear memory. We then show that retrieval-induced expression of EGR-1 in the LA is required for memory reconsolidation of auditory fear conditioning; that is, post-retrieval (PR)-LTM is significantly impaired while memory retrieval and PR-STM are intact. Additional experiments show these effects to be restricted to the LA, to be temporally graded, and unlikely to be due to nonspecific toxicity within the LA. Collectively, our findings strongly implicate a role for EGR-1 in both the initial consolidation and in the reconsolidation of auditory fear memories in the LA.
Key points in dermoscopy for diagnosis of melanomas, including difficult to diagnose melanomas, on the trunk and extremities
Authors: NEILA Jose , SOYER H. Peter
Published: December 2010

Early diagnosis and prompt surgical excision are the most important aims in the secondary prevention of cutaneous melanoma. Dermoscopy has increased the accuracy in the detection of melanoma because of dermoscopic‐specific features that can be easily detected by trained dermoscopists. However, the classical melanoma‐specific criteria such as multicomponent pattern, atypical pigmented network, irregular dots/globules, irregular streaks, multiple colors, blue‐whitish veil or regression structures may not be present in all of these lesions. For some early melanomas change, as evidenced by sequential dermoscopic monitoring, may be the only feature suggesting malignancy. At present, even with dermoscopy, the diagnosis of these early melanomas remains to be a challenge for dermatologist. Patient education, digital dermoscopic follow up and consensus diagnosis have been proposed to overcome this problem.
Development of genetic markers in abalone through construction of a SNP database
Authors: Kang J.‐H. , Appleyard S. A. , Elliott N. G. , Jee Y.‐J. , Lee J. B. , Kang S. W. , Baek M. K. , Han Y. S. , Choi T.‐J. , Lee Y. S.
Published: December 2010

In the absence of a reference genome, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) discovery in a group of abalone species was undertaken by random sequence assembly. A web‐based interface was constructed, and 11 932 DNA sequences from the genusHaliotiswere assembled, with 1321 contigs built. Of these, 118 contigs that consisted of at least ten annotation groups were selected. The 1577 putative SNPs were identified from the 118 contigs, with SNPs in severalHSP70gene contigs confirmed by PCR amplification of an 809‐bp DNA fragment. SNPs in theHSP70gene were compared across eight abalone species. A total of 129 polymorphic sites, including heterozygote sites within and among species, were observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the partialHSP70gene region showed separation of the tested abalone into two groups, one reflecting the southern hemisphere species and the other the northern hemisphere species. Interestingly,Haliotis irisfrom New Zealand showed a closer relationship to species distributed in the northern Pacific region. Although HSP genes are known to be highly conserved among taxa, the validation of polymorphic SNPs fromHSP70in this mollusc demonstrates the applicability of cross‐species SNP markers in abalone and the first step towards universal nuclear markers inHaliotis.
Expansion of regulatory CD8+CD25+ T cells after neonatal alloimmunization
Authors: Adams B , Dubois A , Delbauve S , Debock I , Lhommé F , Goldman M , Flamand V
Published: December 2010

Transplantation tolerance induced by neonatal injection of semi-allogeneic spleen cells is associated with a pathological syndrome caused by T helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation of donor-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. We have shown previously that this Th2-biased response is inhibited by host CD8+ T cells. Herein, we demonstrate that upon neonatal immunization with (A/J × BALB/c)F1 spleen cells, BALB/c mice expand a population of CD8+ T cells expressing both CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) markers. In this setting, CD8+CD25+ T cells predominantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 and are efficient in controlling IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production by donor-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro. CD8+FoxP3- T cells are single producers of IFN-γ or IL-10, whereas CD8+FoxP3+ T cells are double producers of IFN-γ and IL-10. We further demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-10 are two major cytokines produced by CD8+ T cells involved in the in vivo regulation of Th2-type pathology. In this setting, we conclude that neonatal alloimmunization induces the expansion of several regulatory CD8+ T cells which may control Th2 activities via IFN-γ and IL-10.
Habitat area, quality and connectivity: striking the balance for efficient conservation
Authors: Hodgson Jenny A. , Moilanen Atte , Wintle Brendan A. , Thomas Chris D.
Published: December 2010

1. Population viability can depend on habitat area, habitat quality, the spatial arrangement of habitats (aggregations and connections) and the properties of the intervening non‐breeding (matrix) land. Hodgsonet al.[Journal of Applied Ecology46(2009) 964] and Doerr, Barrett & Doerr (Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011) disagree on the relative importance of these landscape attributes in enabling species to persist and change their distributions in response to climate change.

2. A brief review of published evidence suggests that variations in habitat area and quality have bigger effects than variations in spatial arrangement of habitats or properties of the intervening land. Even if structural features in the matrix have a measurable effect on dispersal rates, this does not necessarily lead to significant increases in population viability.

3. Large and high‐quality habitats provide source populations and locations for colonisation, so they are the main determinants of the capacity of species to shift their distributions in response to climate change because populations must be established successively in each new region.

4. Synthesis and applications. Retaining as much high quality natural and semi‐natural habitat as possible should remain the key focus for conservation, especially during a period of climate change.
Plant‐mediated effects of soil invertebrates and summer drought on above‐ground multitrophic interactions
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Staley Joanna T. , McLeod Fraser A. L. , Hartley Susan E.
Published: December 2010

1.We conducted a large‐scale field study to determine how the interactive effects of earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) and summer drought affected plant communities containing barley (Hordeum vulgare), shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa‐pastoris) and common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), and how such effects then influenced populations of the aphidRhopalosiphum padiand its parasitoid,Aphidius ervi.

2.Total biomass of plant communities decreased by around 25% with summer drought, but was increased by the presence of earthworms by over 11%. The effects of drought and earthworms onH. vulgarediffered in monocultures and mixed plant communities. In monocultures, earthworms had the biggest impact, increasing plant biomass, but drought had the biggest effect in multi‐species communities, causing a decrease in biomass.

3.Drought had an extremely negative impact onS. vulgarisshoot and root biomass, but this was ameliorated in the roots when earthworms were present.Capsella bursa‐pastoriswas not significantly affected by drought or earthworms. Drought caused a significant increase in shoot nitrogen concentrations in all plants, includingH. vulgare(from 19.2 to 23.8 mg g−1).

4.In total, 35 234 aphids were recorded, of which 3936 were parasitized. Drought conditions reduced aphid abundance by over 50%. The interaction was moderated by earthworms, which caused further declines inR. padipopulations under drought conditions, most notably in monocultures.

5.The plant‐mediated effects of drought and earthworms (negative and positive, respectively) onR. padihad cascading effects on the parasitoid,Aphidius ervi, which declined in abundance with reduced numbers ofR. padi. In addition, drought had a negative impact onA. erviabundance beyond its impacts on aphid density, suggesting reduced prey quality as well as quantity.

6.Synthesis. This study demonstrated the effect of predicted climate change (i.e. reduced summer rainfall) on plant‐mediated interactions between earthworms and above‐ground multitrophic groups. These effects were seen to differ between monocultures and multi‐species plant communities, suggesting that changes in above‐ground–below‐ground linkages in response to drought may influence plant communities in the future.
Plant defence theory re‐examined: nonlinear expectations based on the costs and benefits of resource mutualisms
Authors: Vannette Rachel L. , Hunter Mark D.
Published: December 2010

1. General theories of plant defence often fail to account for complex interactions between the resources required for defence expression. For example, the carbon that is used for carbon‐based defence is acquired using nutrient‐rich photosynthetic pigments, while nutrient gain itself requires substantial carbon allocation belowground. We should therefore expect the expression of plant defence to reflect the tight linkage between carbon and nutrient gain, yet mechanistic studies linking resource gain with plant defence theory have been slow to emerge.

2. The overwhelming majority of plants participate in nutrition mutualisms with fungal or bacterial symbionts. We propose the resource exchange model of plant defence (REMPD) in which the costs and benefits associated with nutrition mutualisms affect plant resource status and allocation to growth and defence. The model predicts quadratic relationships between mutualist abundance and expression of defence. Within plant genotypes, both plant biomass and defence expression are maximized at optimal nutrient exchange among mutualistic partners, and as a consequence, the two are positively associated.

3. We tested the model by growing Asclepias syriaca, the common milkweed, with two mycorrhizal fungal species in nine fungal abundance treatments. Plant growth and defence traits and mycorrhizal colonization were quantified after 14 weeks of plant growth. Linear, quadratic, saturating and exponential decay models were fit to curves relating the proportion of root colonized by mycorrhizal fungi to plant traits, and compared using AICc.

4. As predicted by our model, increasing colonization by Scutellospora pellucida produced quadratic responses in plant growth, latex exudation and cardenolide production. In contrast, Glomus etunicatum appeared to act as a parasite of A. syriaca, causing exponential decline in both plant growth and latex exudation. As predicted by our model, plant growth was positively correlated with all defences quantified.

5. Synthesis. The REMPD combines cost–benefit analysis of mutualisms with plant resource acquisition strategies to predict the expression of plant defence. The effects of S. pellucida and G. etunicatum on defence expression differ; however, both provide support for the model and suggest that resource mutualisms affect the expression of defence in a predictable nonlinear fashion.
Biological Flora of the British Isles*: Euonymus europaeus L.
Authors: Thomas Peter A. , El‐Barghathi M. , Polwart A.
Published: December 2010

1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Euonymus europaeus that are relevant to understand its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.

2.
Euonymus europaeus (Spindle tree) is a native gynodioecious deciduous shrub whose distribution is mostly associated with fertile soil at higher pH values. It is frequently found in hedgerows and woodland edges but also in woodland as an understorey shrub, often with Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre and Quercus species, and in open scrub over limestone with Cornus sanguinea. Its seed is widely dispersed by birds and rodents.

3.
Euonymus europaeus is winter hardy and shade tolerant and, when young, its green shoots with stomata fix c. 15% of its CO2. The aril is eaten by a range of animals but the seeds are poisonous and the whole plant contains compounds of medicinal and veterinary value.

4.
Euonymus europaeus acts as the winter host to two important crop pests: the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) which feeds on field beans (Vicia faba) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and the peach potato aphid/green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) a widespread pest of a large number of crops. Despite removal of E. europaeus from hedgerows and woodlands in the past, its present populations appear stable.