bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women’s preferences for information and complication seriousness ratings related to elective medical procedures
Authors: Coleman P K , Reardon D C , Lee M B
Published: July 2006

Objective:To study the preferences of patients for information related to elective procedures.

Methods:A survey was carried out using a sample of 187 women. The majority of whom were on a low-income, who obtained obstetric or gynaecological services at St Joseph Regional Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, while they were in a waiting room.

Results:Many of the complications, including those that are uncommon and less serious, were considered to be relevant to the medical decisions of most patients. Average seriousness ratings associated with complications of various elective procedures were in the range of moderate to high. A frequency of complications of 1:100 or higher would factor into most women’s elective treatment decisions. Women indicated a preference for receiving as much or more information pertaining to complications associated with particular elective obstetric or gynaecological procedures as other elective procedures.

Conclusion:Most women wish to be informed of risks and treatment alternatives, rate many complications as serious, and are likely to use information provided to make elective treatment decisions.
Nuclear translocation of EndoG at the initiation of disuse muscle atrophy and apoptosis is specific to myonuclei
Authors: Dupont-Versteegden Esther E. , Strotman Beau A. , Gurley Cathy M. , Gaddy Dana , Knox Micheal , Fluckey James D. , Peterson Charlotte A.
Published: July 2006

Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with an increase in apoptosis, and we showed previously that endonuclease G (EndoG) is localized to nuclei following unloading. The goal of this study was to determine whether the onset of apoptosis in response to disuse was consistent with the hypothesis that EndoG is involved in myofiber nuclear loss. Atrophy was induced by hindlimb suspension for 12 h or 1, 2, 4 and 7 days in 6-mo-old rats. Soleus myofiber cross-sectional area decreased significantly by 2 days, whereas muscle mass and muscle-to-body mass ratio decreased by 4 and 7 days, respectively. By contrast, a significant increase in apoptosis, evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive nuclei, occurred as early as 12 h after suspension, preceding the elevation in muscle atrophy F-box gene expression. The early increase in apoptosis appeared to be specific to myofiber nuclei, whereas TUNEL-positive interstitial cells did not become significantly elevated until 2 days after suspension. Furthermore, TUNEL-positive myofiber nuclei colocalized with EndoG as early as 12 h after suspension, and no such localization was observed in interstitial cells. Although no significant change in total activated caspase-3, -7, or -12 protein abundance was apparent, activated caspase-3 was expressed in interstitial cells undergoing apoptosis, some of which were endothelial cells. These data indicate that apoptosis is an early, and therefore possibly causative, event in the process of muscle atrophy, and that EndoG nuclear translocation is specific for myofiber nuclear apoptosis, whereas interstitial cells may undergo apoptosis via a more classical, caspase-dependent pathway.
Specific Mutations in ABCA1 Have Discrete Effects on ABCA1 Function and Lipid Phenotypes Both In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Singaraja Roshni R. , Visscher Henk , James Erick R. , Chroni Angeliki , Coutinho Jonathan M. , Brunham Liam R. , Kang Martin H. , Zannis Vassilis I. , Chimini Giovanna , Hayden Michael R.
Published: July 2006

Mutations in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (
ABCA1
) cause Tangier disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, resulting in low to absent plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, wide variations in clinical lipid phenotypes are observed in patients with mutations in
ABCA1
. We hypothesized that the various lipid phenotypes would be the direct result of discrete and differing effects of the mutations on ABCA1 function. To determine whether there is a correlation between the mutations and the resulting phenotypes, we generated in vitro 15 missense mutations that have been described in patients with Tangier disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Using localization of ABCA1, its ability to induce cell surface binding of apolipoprotein A-I, and its ability to elicit efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I we determined that the phenotypes of patients correlate with the severity and nature of defects in ABCA1 function.
Impaired Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor-Mediated Dilations and Increased Blood Pressure in Mice Deficient of the Intermediate-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+Channel
Authors: Si Han , Heyken Willm-Thomas , Wölfle Stephanie E. , Tysiac Marcin , Schubert Rudolf , Grgic Ivica , Vilianovich Larisa , Giebing Günter , Maier Tanja , Gross Volkmar , Bader Michael , de Wit Cor , Hoyer Joachim , Köhler Ralf
Published: July 2006

The endothelium plays a key role in the control of vascular tone and alteration in endothelial cell function contributes to several cardiovascular disease states. Endothelium-dependent dilation is mediated by NO, prostacyclin, and an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). EDHF signaling is thought to be initiated by activation of endothelial Ca2+-activated K+channels (KCa), leading to hyperpolarization of the endothelium and subsequently to hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. In the present study, we tested the functional role of the endothelial intermediate-conductance KCa(IKCa/KCa3.1) in endothelial hyperpolarization, in EDHF-mediated dilation, and in the control of arterial pressure by targeted deletion of KCa3.1. KCa3.1-deficient mice (KCa3.1−/−) were generated by conventional gene-targeting strategies. Endothelial KCacurrents and EDHF-mediated dilations were characterized by patch-clamp analysis, myography and intravital microscopy. Disruption of the KCa3.1 gene abolished endothelial KCa3.1 currents and significantly diminished overall current through KCachannels. As a consequence, endothelial and smooth muscle hyperpolarization in response to acetylcholine was reduced in KCa3.1−/−mice. Acetylcholine-induced dilations were impaired in the carotid artery and in resistance vessels because of a substantial reduction of EDHF-mediated dilation in KCa3.1−/−mice. Moreover, the loss of KCa3.1 led to a significant increase in arterial blood pressure and to mild left ventricular hypertrophy. These results indicate that the endothelial KCa3.1 is a fundamental determinant of endothelial hyperpolarization and EDHF signaling and, thereby, a crucial determinant in the control of vascular tone and overall circulatory regulation.
Intracerebral Infusion of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Striatal Neurogenesis After Stroke in Adult Rats
Authors: Kobayashi Tohru , Ahlenius Henrik , Thored Pär , Kobayashi Rina , Kokaia Zaal , Lindvall Olle
Published: July 2006

Background and Purpose—

Stroke triggers increased progenitor proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the generation of medium spiny neurons in the damaged striatum of rodents. We explored whether intrastriatal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes neurogenesis after stroke.

Methods—

Adult rats were subjected to 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). GDNF was infused into the ischemic striatum either during the first week after MCAO, with the animals being killed directly thereafter, or during the third and fourth weeks, with the rats being killed 1 week later. New cells were labeled with 5′-bromo-2′deoxyuridine (BrdU) on day 7 or during the second week, respectively. Neurogenesis was assessed immunocytochemically with antibodies against BrdU and neuronal, glial, or progenitor markers. GDNF receptor expression was analyzed in SVZ tissue and neurospheres by reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry.

Results—

GDNF infusion increased cell proliferation in the ipsilateral SVZ and the recruitment of new neuroblasts into the striatum after MCAO and improved survival of new mature neurons. The GDNF receptor GFRα1 was upregulated in the SVZ 1 week after MCAO and was coexpressed with markers of dividing progenitor cells.

Conclusions—

Intrastriatal infusion of GDNF in the postischemic period promotes several steps of striatal neurogenesis after stroke, partly through direct action on SVZ progenitors. Because delivery of GDNF has biological effects in the human brain, our data suggest that administration of this factor may promote neuroregenerative responses in stroke patients.
Arterioles of the Lenticular Nucleus in CADASIL
Authors: Miao Qing , Paloneva Timo , Tuisku Seppo , Roine Susanna , Poyhonen Minna , Viitanen Matti , Kalimo Hannu
Published: July 2006

Background and Purpose—

In cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) the arteriopathy leads to recurrent infarcts in cerebral white matter (WM) and deep gray matter (GM), whereas cortex is spared. To assess the pathogenesis of deep GM infarcts, we analyzed structural changes in arterioles of the lenticular nucleus (LN) in 6 CADASIL patients.

Methods—

Five elderly and one 32-year-old deceased CADASIL patients were studied. Seven elderly and 4 young deceased persons without cerebrovascular diseases served as controls. In addition to immunohistochemical analysis the external and luminal diameters of arterioles in the LN, cerebral cortex and WM were measured. The thickness of arteriolar wall and sclerotic index were calculated.

Results—

In CADASIL patients, LN arterioles were immunoreactive for the extracellular domain of Notch3 and collagen I, whereas α-smooth muscle actin staining was irregular or negative. No major leakage of plasma fibrinogen or fibronectin was observed. Although in patients the walls of LN arterioles were significantly thicker than in controls, definite stenosis was not observed. Arteriolar lumina in the LN were not only significantly larger than in the WM, where most lacunar infarcts in CADASIL occur, but also larger than in cortical GM, where infarcts virtually never exist.

Conclusions—

Fibrotic thickening of the arteriolar walls without consequent stenosis occurs in the LN of CADASIL patients. The pathogenesis of lacunar infarcts in the WM and LN seem to be different, stenosis in the former and probably hemodynamic disturbances in the latter.
The Return of Lockouts Down Under in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Briggs Chris
Published: July 2006

Virtually unheard of since the Great Depression, lockouts have reemerged strongly in Australia and New Zealand just as they have all but disappeared in Germany. The decline of lockouts in Germany is convincingly attributed to the enhanced vulnerability of firms to stoppages in certain circumstances amid globalization, but the small, open economies of Australia and New Zealand are equally subject to these pressures. Using macro-and micro-level data, this article illustrates that neoliberal legislative reforms and institutional change have reconfigured the risks, costs, and payoffs associated with lockouts amid globalization. In doing so, some flaws in the varieties of capitalism/dual convergence literature are highlighted. In particular, the post hoc classification of the antipodes as liberal market economies bypasses the role of legislative reform in reconstituting employer interests and the differences in electoral, party, and state structures that impeded/facilitated the rise of neoliberal reformers in Germany and the antipodes.
Differentiating Mixed-Member Electoral Systems
Authors: Thames Frank C. , Edwards Martin S.
Published: July 2006

The increasing use of mixed-member electoral systems has led to an explosion of research attempting to specify their effects. Yet there has been no work on the economic policy effects of such systems, even though this has been a significant subject of debate for scholars analyzing other electoral systems. An analysis of mixed-member system policy effects is problematic, given the wide variation in institutional rules among different systems. This article attempts to determine whether the institutional differences between mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) and mixed-member proportional (MMP) systems lead to differences in policy outputs. The political economy literature finds that government expenditures are positively correlated with electoral system proportionality. Our statistical analysis of government expenditures in 17 mixed-member systems between 1990 and 2000 shows that MMP systems, which are more proportional than MMM systems, are correlated with higher levels of government spending. Thus the MMM-MMP distinction produces significant policy differences.
Space, Choice and Control, and Quality of Life in Care Settings for Older People
Authors: Barnes Sarah
Published: July 2006

This cross-sectional study aims to establish whether gradation of space and daytime location are associated with quality of life in care home residents, irrespective of dependency. Thirty-eight homes and 452 residents are recruited. Quality of life measures used are as follows: observation of the time residents spent in active behavior and observation of well-being, both derived from Dementia Care Mapping, and a measure of environmental control. Residents in homes providing more gradation of space have higher observed well-being and environmental control, and those spending the day located in their own rooms have higher observed active behavior and environmental control. Higher dependency residents are more likely to be located in lounges. Gradation of space is associated with resident quality of life, highlighting the necessity for design guidance to emphasize a variety of spaces. However, well-designed buildings with a variety of spaces can offer little choice to residents if access to different daytime locations is restricted.
The Process of Soil Excavation in a Community
Authors: Vandermoere Frédéric
Published: July 2006

This study examines the psychosocial impact of the process of soil excavation in a Belgian community after the initial responses to the announcement of the contamination. Qualitative and quantitative data are connected to predict the stress experience of the residents. Halfway through the excavation of the community, structured questionnaires were collected ( N = 98) that included questions about stressors related to the risks of the physical environment and to the process of soil excavation. The results show that neither risk assessments nor risk perceptions about the contaminated sources significantly contribute to the explanation of variance. The stress perception is best predicted by the need for additional information about the risks, the decontamination stage, and the extent of site-specific concerns. However, concerns related to the process of soil excavation seemed to have an effect on the experience of stress only if inhabitants had started with the recovery of the excavation.
Assessing Public Service Performance in Local Authorities Through CPA - A Research Note on Deprivation
Authors: Haubrich Dirk , McLean Iain S
Published: July 2006

The UK Government places ever-greater weight on performance assessment of local public bodies through comprehensive performance assessments (CPA). However, the CPA assessment framework has been criticised for its disregard of local factors that are beyond the control of local authorities but that affect their performance. In this article, the assessment framework is described and three different studies are appraised that have investigated the link between deprivation, as one of these external constraints, and CPA performance. Suggestions are developed as to how the analysis can be improved, by extending the choice of dependent variables and explanatory variables so as to be able to use panel data as the investigative method.
Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Dissociation of H2 on (100) 2H-MoS2 Surfaces: A Key Step in the Hydroprocessing of Crude Oil
Authors: Todorova Teodora , Alexiev Valentin , Weber Thomas
Published: July 2006

Hydrogen activation on the (100) surface of MoS2 structures was investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. Linear and quadratic synchronous transit methods with a conjugate gradient refinement of the saddle point were used to localize transition states. The calculations include heterolytic and homolytic dissociation of hydrogen; that is, an H2 molecule dissociates on an MoS2 catalyst surface into two hydrogen atoms, which react further with the catalyst surface under formation of either one Mo-H and one S-H (heterolytic) or of two S-H surface groups (homolytic). Our results favor the heterolytic adsorption of hydrogen. Ni- and Co-promoted MoS2 have been considered to investigate the secondary promotional effect on the H2 dissociation. The authors observed a negative secondary promotional influence on the H2 dissociation in the case of Ni-promoted MoS2, whereas Co shows a positive effect.
The Role of Innovation Regimes and Policy for Creating Radical Innovations: Comparing Some Aspects of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology Development With the Development of Internet and GSM
Authors: Godoe Helge
Published: July 2006

Telegraphy, the distant ancestor of Internet and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), was invented by Samuel Morse in 1838. One year later, William Grove invented the fuel cell. Although numerous highly successful innovations stemming from telegraphy may be observed, the development of fuel cells has been insignificant, slow, and erratic and has not yet resulted in notable positive socioeconomic effects. By comparing the modern development of fuel cells and hydrogen technology, that is, a potential radical innovation in energy generation, with some aspects related to the evolution of two highly successful radical innovations, Internet and GSM, the author focuses on the role of innovation regimes and policy in a sectorial system of innovations perspective. In the slow pace in fuel cells and hydrogen technology development, two factors seem to interact negatively: weak and fragmented innovation regimes in the energy sector and the current hegemony of market-oriented R&D policies.
A Technical and Economic Review of Solar Hydrogen Production Technologies
Authors: Wilhelm Erik , Fowler Michael
Published: July 2006

Hydrogen energy systems are being developed to replace fossil fuels–based systems for transportation and stationary application. One of the challenges facing the widespread adoption of hydrogen as an energy vector is the lack of an efficient, economical, and sustainable method of hydrogen production. In the short term, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels will facilitate a transition to the hydrogen economy. In the long term, renewable hydrogen production methods will have to be adopted as resources become scarce, causing the price of fossil fuels to rise. In this work, a number of methods have been considered for the renewable production of solar hydrogen, and thermochemical sulphur-iodine cycles proved to be the most promising. The sulphur-iodine cycles have the highest efficiencies and use widely available reactants with relatively straightforward reaction mechanisms, which make them the most economical and technically feasible option for renewable hydrogen production.
Enviro-Friendly Hydrogen Generation From Steel Mill-Scale via Metal-Steam Reforming
Authors: Azad Abdul-Majeed , Kesavan Sathees
Published: July 2006

An economically viable and environmental friendly method of generating hydrogen for fuel cells is by the reaction of certain metals with steam, called metalsteam reforming (MSR). This technique does not generate any toxic by-products nor contributes to the undesirable greenhouse effect. From the standpoint of favorable thermodynamics, total environmental benignity, and attractive economics, iron appears to be the metal of choice for such a process. An inexpensive source of iron for the MSR is the steel industry's mill-scale waste via hydrogen and carbothermic reduction, both of which are energy-intensive processes. These have been eliminated by a novel, solution-based room temperature technique producing nanoscale iron, thus obviating the sintering of iron or iron oxide and deactivation during the cyclic operation of MSR. Some preliminary results are presented of an investigation aimed at converting the mill-scale waste into nanoscale iron, which was subsequently used in generating hydrogen for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
The Measurement of Efficiency in Portuguese Hotels Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Barros Carlos Alberto Pestana , Santos Carla Almeida
Published: July 2006

In this study, the economic efficiency of a sample of Portuguese hotels for the period 1998-2002 is analyzed with data envelopment analysis. The efficiency scores of the hotels analyzed are decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency by using outputs, inputs, and input prices. A range of managerial and economic implications arising from the study is proposed.
The Sources and Consequences of Political Mistrust among African Americans
Authors: Avery James M.
Published: July 2006

This study calls into question the current wisdom in the political trust literature maintaining that trust in government, for all citizens, represents satisfaction with short-term political and policy performance and does not affect political participation. I argue, first, that the sources of political trust among African Americans are distinct from those of Whites: Trust among African Americans follows more from racial group consciousness than from short-term political and policy evaluations. Second, I argue that lack of trust among African Americans is associated with a greater propensity to engage in protest types of participation. The findings support these hypotheses and suggest that lack of trust among Blacks represents displeasure with the political system.
On the Margins of Democratic Life
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J. , Crittenden Jack
Published: July 2006

The authors surveyed Anglo, African American, Latino, and Native American eighth-grade students in six middle schools from one U.S. county in 2003 and 2004. The goal of the project was to compare the attitudes of young people about politics and government at an early age to determine whether differences existed before high school. The authors found that minority and Anglo children differ dramatically in their skills and information levels about politics and government. Anglo adolescents are more likely to have rudimentary information about politics and government, practice democratic skills in school and at home, and hold positive attitudes toward politics and government. Among minority students, Native Americans have the least information, fewest opportunities to practice democratic skills, and most negative attitudes toward the political system. The authors also found that children's political experiences, captured by their ethnicity and race, affect their levels of political information and attitudes about government, after controlling for students' family and school resources.
Multidirectional interactions are bridging human NK cells with plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells during innate immune responses
Authors: Chiesa Mariella Della , Romagnani Chiara , Thiel Andreas , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro
Published: July 2006

During innate immune responses, natural killer (NK) cells may interact with both plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). We show that freshly isolated NK cells promote the release by pDCs of IFN-α, in a CpG-dependent manner, whereas they induce IL-6 production in a CpG-independent manner. In turn pDC-derived IFN-α up-regulates NK-mediated killing, whereas IL-6 could promote B-cell differentiation. We also show that exposure to exogenous IL-12 or coculture with maturing MDDCs up-regulates the NK-cell–dependent IFN-α production by pDCs. On the other hand, NK cells cocultured with pDCs acquire the ability to kill immature MDDCs, thus favoring their editing process. Finally, we show that activated NK cells are unable to lyse pDCs because these cells display an intrinsic resistance to lysis. The exposure of pDCs to IL-3 increased their susceptibility to NK-cell cytotoxicity resulting from a de novo expression of ligands for activating NK-cell receptors, such as the DNAM-1 ligand nectin-2. Thus, different cell-to-cell interactions and various cytokines appear to control a multidirectional network between NK cells, MDDCs, and pDCs that is likely to play an important role during the early phase of innate immune responses to viral infections and to tumors.
Phagocyte cell migration is mediated by phospholipases PLD1 and PLD2
Authors: Lehman Nicholas , Di Fulvio Mauricio , McCray Nicholas , Campos Isabel , Tabatabaian Farnaz , Gomez-Cambronero Julian
Published: July 2006

We have investigated whether the signaling protein phospholipase D is implicated in leukocyte cell motility. Treating differentiated HL-60 cells with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to deplete endogenous expression of the PLD1 isoform, led to an abolishment of basal chemokinesis that could not be rescued with chemoattractants ENA-78, FMLP, and IL-8. Transient overexpression of PLD1 increased both chemokinesis and chemotaxis toward IL-8 and FMLP but not toward ENA-78. Chemokinesis was not mediated by the enzymatic activity of PLD1, but the chemotactic response was, because a lipase-inactive mutant (PLD1-K830R) negated all chemokine-induced potentiating actions and because IL-8 and FMLP increased activity in vitro. Gene expression silencing of the other mammalian isoform, PLD2, also led to cell migration arrest, whereas ENA-78 selectively increased endogenous PLD2 activity and chemotaxis of HL-60 cells overexpressing a myc-pcDNA-PLD2 construct. Thus, PLD1 is differentially activated by CXCR-1, whereas CXCR-2 (and possibly CXCR-1) mediates PLD2 activation. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that both isoforms were associated with cell polarity and directionality concomitantly with adhesion and F-actin polymerization in response to IL-8. These data represent the first demonstration of the involvement of PLD and its enzymatic activity toward chemokines in the key physiologic process of leukocyte migration.
NUP214-ABL1 in adult T-ALL: the GMALL study group experience
Authors: Burmeister Thomas , Gökbuget Nicola , Reinhardt Richard , Rieder Harald , Hoelzer Dieter , Schwartz Stefan
Published: July 2006

The NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has recently been identified as a possible target for imatinib and related tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but exact data regarding the prognostic impact and frequency of the several putative NUP214-ABL1 mRNA transcripts are still missing. We investigated 279 adult patients with T-ALL treated within the framework of the GMALL 5/93 and 6/99 therapy trials for NUP214-ABL1 by using a novel multiplex real-time, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eleven (3.9%) patients were NUP214-ABL1 positive, and 5 different transcripts were observed; 8 patients had a thymic immunophenotype, 1 had an early T-cell immunophenotype, and 2 had a mature T-cell immunophenotype. NUP214-ABL1-positive and -negative patients did not differ significantly in their major clinical features. In contrast to previous reports suggesting an adverse clinical course for NUP214-ABL1-positive patients, no significant difference in overall survival was observed. Based on the results, we have established and tested a novel PCR method for simplified detection of the NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in seronegative infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers
Authors: Pérez JA Vázquez , Sigales MC Basualdo , G Reyes-Terán , Rosales JC Gudiño , Claudín C Soler
Published: July 2006

Background

Some individuals repeatedly exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus do not seroconvert and are resistant to HIV infection. Here, in a pediatric cohort of HIV seronegative infants born of HIV-infected mothers, we have studied eight non-breastfed children in whom viral DNA was detected in their PBMC. Our objective was to assess whether silent infection in these children can be explained by the presence of integrated viral DNA.

Methods

The presence of viral DNA was corroborated by nested PCR with primers for gag and the nef/LTR regions of HIV-1. Integration of HIV DNA into the host genome was assessed by an Alu-LTR PCR. Amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analyzes were done.

Results

HIV-1 DNA was detected in the earliest available PBMC sample from all eight infants, and two of them tested positive for HIV DNA at 2 years of age. Nested PCR resulted in the amplification of gag, nef/LTR and Alu-LTR fragments, which demostrated that HIV-1 DNA was integrated in the host cell genome. Each individual has a characteristic sequence pattern and is different from the LTR sequence of HXB2 prototype virus and other Mexican isolates.

Conclusion

HIV-1 DNA was observed in PBMC from HIV exposed seronegative children in this pediatric cohort.
Phase II Trial of Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Etoposide in Advanced Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network Study
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Spigel David R. , Litchy Sharlene , Greco F. Anthony
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy with paclitaxel, carboplatin, and etoposide in advanced adult poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Patients and Methods

Patients eligible for this multicenter, phase II trial had metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma and had received no previous treatment. Patients with a variety of known primary sites (excepting small-cell lung cancer) and patients with unknown primary site were eligible. Patients received four courses of chemotherapy with paclitaxel, carboplatin, and etoposide, administered at 3-week intervals. After completing four courses of treatment, patients with objective response or stable disease received three courses (24 weeks) of weekly paclitaxel.

Results

Seventy-eight patients were treated; 62% had unknown primary site. Forty-one patients (53%) had major responses (complete response rate, 15%), and five patients remain disease free from 18 to 66 months after therapy. Response rates were similar regardless of histology (small-cell v poorly differentiated carcinoma) or primary site. The median, 2-year, and 3-year survivals for the entire group were 14.5 months, 33%, and 24%, respectively. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity, as has been reported previously with this regimen.

Conclusion

This prospective phase II trial provides additional evidence that this family of relatively uncommon carcinomas is initially chemosensitive, with a high overall response rate to combination chemotherapy and a minority of complete responses. The three-drug regimen evaluated in this trial is moderately toxic, and has no obvious efficacy advantages when compared with standard platinum/etoposide regimens. Treatment for advanced poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma should parallel treatments used for small-cell lung cancer.
The Impact of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Menopausal Symptoms in Younger High-Risk Women After Prophylactic Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Authors: Madalinska Joanna B. , van Beurden Marc , Bleiker Eveline M.A. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. , Hollenstein Judith , Massuger Leon F. , Gaarenstroom Katja N. , Mourits Marian J.E. , Verheijen René H.M. , van Dorst Eleonora B.L. , van der Putten Hans , van der Velden Ko , Boonstra Henk , Aaronson Neil K.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Preventive health strategies for women at increased hereditary risk of ovarian cancer include gynecologic screening (GS) and/or prophylactic oophorectomy (PBSO). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often prescribed to compensate for postsurgical endocrine deficiencies. This study examined the impact of HRT use on levels of endocrine symptoms and sexual functioning among premenopausal women who have undergone PBSO. Comparisons were made with similar women undergoing GS.

Patients and Methods

Questionnaire data on endocrine symptoms and sexual functioning were obtained from 450 premenopausal, high-risk women who had participated in this nationwide, cross-sectional, observational study.

Results

Thirty-six percent of women had undergone PBSO and 64% had opted for GS. In the PBSO group, 47% of the women were current HRT users. They reported significantly fewer vasomotor symptoms than nonusers (P < .05). However, compared with premenopausal women undergoing GS, oophorectomized HRT users were more likely to report vasomotor symptoms (P < .01). HRT users and nonusers reported comparable levels of sexual functioning. Compared with women in the GS group, oophorectomized HRT users reported significantly more sexual discomfort due to vaginal dryness and dyspareunia (P < .01).

Conclusion

Although HRT has a positive impact on surgically induced vasomotor symptoms, it may be less effective than is often assumed. Symptom levels remain well above those of premenopausal women undergoing screening, and sexual discomfort is not alleviated by HRT. Physicians need to provide younger high-risk women considering PBSO with realistic information about both benefits and drawbacks of this preventive strategy, including information about premature menopause and HRT.
Phase II Study of Recombinant Human Endostatin in Patients With Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Kulke Matthew H. , Bergsland Emily K. , Ryan David P. , Enzinger Peter C. , Lynch Thomas J. , Zhu Andrew X. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Heymach John V. , Fogler William E. , Sidor Carolyn , Michelini Ann , Kinsella Kate , Venook Alan P. , Fuchs Charles S.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Endostatin is a 20-kd proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII that, in preclinical studies, has been shown to have antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. Both preclinical and human phase I studies of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin) suggested activity in neuroendocrine tumors, which are known to be hypervascular. We therefore performed a multicenter phase II study of rhEndostatin in patients with carcinoid or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Patients and Methods

Forty-two patients with advanced pancreatic endocrine tumors or carcinoid tumors were treated with rhEndostatin administered as a bid subcutaneous injection at a starting dose of 60 mg/m2/d. Steady-state trough levels were obtained after 6 weeks of therapy; patients who did not achieve a target therapeutic level of 300 ng/mL underwent dose escalation to 90 mg/m2/d. Patients were observed for evidence of toxicity, response, and survival.

Results

rhEndostatin was associated with minimal toxicity. However, among 40 patients assessable for radiologic response, none experienced partial response to therapy, as defined by WHO criteria. The median steady-state trough level achieved after dose escalation was 331 ng/mL, within the postulated therapeutic range.

Conclusion

Treatment with rhEndostatin did not result in significant tumor regression in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors.
Long-Term and Immediate Effect of Testosterone on Single T-Type Calcium Channel in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Michels Guido , Er Fikret , Eicks Michael , Herzig Stefan , Hoppe Uta C.
Published: July 2006

In the cardiovascular system, T-type calcium channels play an important role for the intracellular calcium homeostasis and spontaneous pacemaker activity and are involved in the progression of structural heart diseases. Androgens influence the cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, their effect on native T-type calcium currents (ICa,T) remains unclear. To test the chronic effect of testosterone on the cardiac ICa,T, cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were treated with testosterone (1 nm-10 μm) for 24–30 h. Current measurements were performed after testosterone washout to exclude any acute testosterone effects. Testosterone (100 nm) pretreatment significantly increased whole-cell ICa,T density from 1.26 ± 0.48 pA/pF (n = 8) to 5.06 ± 1.75 pA/pF (n = 7; P < 0.05) and accelerated beating rate. This was attributed to both increased expression levels of the pore-forming subunits Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 and increased T-type single-channel activity. On single-channel level, the increase of the ensemble average current by testosterone vs. time-matched controls was due to an increased availability (58.1 ± 4.2 vs. 21.5 ± 4.0%, P < 0.01) and open probability (2.78 ± 0.29 vs. 0.85 ± 0.23%, P < 0.01). Cotreatment with the selective testosterone receptor antagonist flutamide (10 μm) prevented these chronic testosterone-induced effects. Conversely, acute application of testosterone (10 μm) decreased T-type single-channel activity in testosterone pretreated cells by reducing the open probability (0.78 ± 0.13 vs. 2.91 ± 0.38%, P < 0.01), availability (23.6 ± 3.3 vs. 57.6 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01), and peak current (−20 ± 4 vs. −58 ± 4 fA, P < 0.01). Flutamide (10 μm) did not abolish the testosterone-induced acute block of T-type calcium channels. Our results indicate that long-term testosterone treatment increases, whereas acute testosterone decreases neonatal rat T-type calcium currents. These effects seem to be mediated by a genomic chronic stimulation and a nongenomic acute inhibitory action.
Melatonin Regulates Type 2 Deiodinase Gene Expression in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Revel Florent G. , Saboureau Michel , Pévet Paul , Mikkelsen Jens D. , Simonneaux Valérie
Published: July 2006

In seasonal species, photoperiod organizes various physiological processes, including reproduction. Recent data indicate that the expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) is modulated by photoperiod in the mediobasal hypothalamus of some seasonal species. Dio2 is believed to control the local synthesis of bioactive T3 to regulate gonadal response. Here we used in situ hybridization to study Dio2 expression in the hypothalamus of a photoperiodic rodent, the Syrian hamster. Dio2 was highly expressed in reproductively active hamsters in long day, whereas it was dramatically reduced in sexually inhibited hamsters maintained in short day. This contrasted with the laboratory rat, a nonphotoperiodic species, in which no evidence for Dio2 photoperiodic modulation was seen. We also demonstrate that photoperiodic variations of Dio2 expression in hamsters are independent from secondary changes in gonadal steroids. Studies in pinealectomized hamsters showed that the photoperiodic variation of Dio2 expression is melatonin dependent, and injections of long day hamsters with melatonin for only 7 d were sufficient to inhibit Dio2 expression to that of short day levels. Finally, because in some seasonal species thyroid hormones are involved in photorefractoriness, we examined Dio2 expression in short day-refractory hamsters and found that Dio2 mRNA levels remained low despite full reproductive recrudescence. Altogether, these results demonstrate that in the Syrian hamster Dio2 is photoperiodically modulated via a melatonin-dependent process. Furthermore, refractoriness to photoperiod in hamsters appears to occur independently of Dio2. These results raise new perspectives for understanding how thyroid hormones are involved in the control of photoperiodic neuroendocrine processes.
Reduction in the Number of Astrocytes and Their Projections Is Associated with Increased Synaptic Protein Density in the Hypothalamus of Poorly Controlled Diabetic Rats
Authors: Lechuga-Sancho Alfonso M. , Arroba Ana I. , Frago Laura M. , García-Cáceres Cristina , de Célix Arancha Delgado-Rubín , Argente Jesús , Chowen Julie A.
Published: July 2006

Processes under hypothalamic control, such as thermogenesis, feeding behavior, and pituitary hormone secretion, are disrupted in poorly controlled diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Because glial cells regulate neurosecretory neurons through modulation of synaptic inputs and function, we investigated the changes in hypothalamic glia in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Hypothalamic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels decreased significantly 6 wk after diabetes onset. This was coincident with decreased GFAP immunoreactive surface area, astrocyte number, and the extension of GFAP immunoreactive processes/astrocyte in the arcuate nucleus. Cell death, analyzed by terminal deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling and ELISA, increased significantly at 4 wk of diabetes. Proliferation, measured by Western blot for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and immunostaining for phosphorylated histone H-3, decreased in the hypothalamus of diabetic rats throughout the study, becoming significantly reduced by 8 wk. Both proliferation and death affected astroctyes because both phosphorylated histone H-3- and terminal deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling-labeled cells were GFAP positive. Western blot analysis revealed that postsynaptic density protein 95 and the presynaptic proteins synapsin I and synaptotagmin increased significantly at 8 wk of diabetes, suggesting increased hypothalamic synaptic density. Thus, in poorly controlled diabetic rats, there is a decrease in the number of hypothalamic astrocytes that is correlated with modifications in synaptic proteins and possibly synaptic inputs. These morphological changes in the arcuate nucleus could be involved in neurosecretory and metabolic changes seen in diabetic animals.
Metal Removal Rate of the Electrochemical Mechanical Polishing Technology for Stainless Steel - The Electrochemical Characteristics
Authors: Lee Shuo-Jen , Lee Yu-Ming , Chung Ming-Yu
Published: July 2006

Electrochemical mechanical polishing technology was studied in this research in order to investigate the effects of electrochemical parameters such as the electrolyte, pH values, and operating potential on the metal removal rate of polishing AISI 316L stainless steel (SS316L).

The dynamic polarization curve method was employed to evaluate the effects of the compositions of electrolyte (phosphoric acid and H2O2) and electrochemical parameters (pH values, H2O2 concentration, and operating potential) on the metal removal rate of SS316L.

The results showed that SS316L, in the lower-pH-value electrolyte solution, will have a shorter passive region and higher current densities of both passive and trans-passive regions. The concentration of hydrogen ions was higher at lower pH values, resulting in damage of the passive film. The H2O2 additive will also release hydrogen ions which will accelerate the reaction. Thus, the passive region was severely shortened. However, the H2O2 will also release OH− ions. Therefore, the pH value of the electrolyte will increase slightly, and the current density in the trans-passive region decrease slightly.

The electrochemical reactions were strong (higher metallic dissolution rate) at pH 2 solution. Therefore, the metal removal rate was higher. An appropriate amount of H2O2 additive (6 vol %) may also improve the electrochemical reactions and increase the polishing efficiency.
Characteristics of Titanium Parts Produced by Powder Injection Moulding
Authors: Galio A F , Schaeffer L
Published: July 2006

The production and characteristics of a part produced from titanium hydride (TiH2) powder using the powder injection moulding (PIM) method are described. Use of hydrogen as a temporary alloying element in titanium alloys is an attractive approach to enhance processability including sintering, compacting, etc., and also to improve final mechanical properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties are presented, based mainly on the uniaxial compression resistance of sintering parts. The PIM parts were formed using three different sintering temperatures to verify the influence of dehydrogenated processes on final mechanical properties.
Review of Geometric Solutions for Milling Burr Prediction and Minimization
Authors: Tripathi S , Dornfeld D A
Published: July 2006

In this paper a review of various methodologies for burr prediction and minimization in face milling is presented. In particular, the authors look into the geometric solutions employed, which typically consist of understanding and modifying tool engagement conditions. The extent of applicability of various approaches is discussed and the possible direction for future research is indicated.
Experimental Investigation of Burr Formation in the Surface Grinding of Tool Steel
Authors: Aurich J C , Sudermann H , Braun O
Published: July 2006

Increasing industrial requirements concerning the precision of edge geometry lead to the investigation of burr formation, particularly in finishing operations such as grinding. In the present paper, a fundamental investigation of burr formation in the flat surface grinding of tempered tool steel (90MnCrV8) is presented. Conventional and superabrasive grinding wheels with different grain sizes and materials are used under varying cutting conditions. In addition, a ‘hybrid grinding wheel’, which essentially is the wheel hub of a superabrasive wheel with an aluminium oxide abrasive layer, is used in order to isolate the influence of the abrasive material. The geometry of the generated exit burrs at the workpiece edge is investigated. The geometrical burr parameters are measured using optical microscopy. Furthermore, measured grinding forces and temperatures are correlated with the burr parameters. In addition, the microstructure of the burr material is analysed by metallographic sections. As a result of the experimental investigations, an approach to describing burr formation mechanisms in grinding as well as the influences of grinding wheel and cutting parameters on burr shape and size is obtained.
Part Selection and Operation-Machine Assignment in a Flexible Manufacturing System Environment: A Genetic Algorithm with Chromosome Differentiation-Based Methodology
Authors: Choudhary A K , Tiwari M K , Harding J A
Published: July 2006

Production planning of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is plagued by two interrelated problems, i.e. part type selection and operation allocation on machines. The combination of these problems is termed the machine-loading problem, which is a well-known complex puzzle and treated as a strongly NP-hard problem. In this research, a machine-loading problem has been modelled, taking into consideration several technological constraints related to the flexibility of machines, availability of machining time, tool slots, etc., while aiming to satisfy the objectives of minimizing the system unbalance, maximizing throughput, and achieving very good overall FMS utilization. The solution of such problems, even for moderate numbers of part types and machines, is marked by excessive computation complexities and therefore advanced random search and optimization techniques are needed to resolve them. In this paper, a new kind of genetic algorithm, termed a genetic algorithm with chromosome differentiation, has been used to address a well-known machine-loading problem. The proposed algorithm overcomes the drawbacks of the simple genetic algorithm and the methodology reported here is capable of achieving a better balance between exploration and exploitation and of escaping from local minima. The proposed algorithm has been tested on ten standard test problems adopted from literature and extensive computational experiments have revealed its superiority over earlier approaches.
Clamp Shimming Optimization for Minimizing Sheet-Metal Assembly Deformation
Authors: Liao G Y
Published: July 2006

Clamps are the major fixturing devices that constrain workpieces to perform manufacturing operations. As gaps exist between the clamp and workpiece, these gaps are forced to close during the clamping action and accordingly undesirable structural deformation results. This is especially true for sheet-metal assembly processes. One way to reduce clamping deformation in an assembly process is to apply clamp shimming, which slightly changes the normal clamping position of a part. However, it is generally very time-consuming to determine the optimal shim size for each clamp. An algorithm for clamp shimming optimization is proposed in this paper. Application results of two industrial parts demonstrated that the proposed algorithm effectively achieve the objective.