bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles
Authors: Quazi Sameer , Rodrigo Sawani , Fatima Zarish , Prakash Aman
Published: February 2023

Nanomaterials are molecules with their size lying basically in nano range that are usually synthesized by proper arrangement of nanoparticles. These particles are basically solid phase materials with average size range 1 to 100 nm. They have gained prominent importance in technological development because of their biological and physiochemical properties. They are usually classified or characterized on the basis of size, shape, origin, and composition. The chapter reviews nanoparticles, their detailed classification, and commercialized products from nanoparticles. Because of enhanced production of nanomaterials and their increased applications in biological and industrial fields, the issues related to toxicity or contamination are inevitable. The differences between engineered nanoparticles and natural nanoparticles have been described along with their sources.
International Migration and the Rights of Migrants Guaranteed by the Legislation of Georgia and Their Implementation
Authors: Kartozia Maka
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the private law rights of migrants and how they are protected in Georgia. There are different forms of migration in the world and people move both outside and within the country. For internally displaced persons who are simultaneously citizens of Georgia, the legal framework regulating their rights, including private rights, is the same, as Georgian laws apply to the entire territory of the Georgian state. Different rules apply to migrants who are citizens or stateless persons of another country and choose Georgia as their place of residence, temporarily or permanently.
Strategy of Sustainable Health in Migration
Authors: Çağatay Altuğ
Published: February 2023

Today, people have to migrate to other lands, mainly due to war, lack of food, difficulties in finding work and employment, financial concerns, political conflicts, climate, geographical conditions, obtaining health services, and better fulfillment of needs. Developed countries want more skilled and useful immigrants to come to their country of origin. Therefore, these immigration-receiving nations, which have a high-level policy of balance, seek a continuous policy regarding factors such as foundations, associations, communities, laws, border security, and where and how these people will be accommodated to keep the migration movements in balance. The strategic policies produced by the states and local governments based on the target human populations they will reach statistically in the future are turned upside down by the sudden immigration wave.
Meaningful Engagement in E-Learning Through the Integration of Mobile Learning Tools
Authors: Gikandi Joyce Wangui , Keengwe Jared
Published: February 2023

Despite the ubiquitous and potential of mobile technology in education, there is limited consideration for mobile-supported learning environments (M-learning) within the learning management systems (LMS) in many institutions of higher education in developing countries. Beyond the limitations of accessibility and flexibility, it is crucial to reconsider how to sustain learners' active engagement through integration of e-portfolios and M-learning. This chapter explores how such an integrative approach can be operationalized to facilitate effective e-learning. Further, the implementation of e-portfolios within M-learning contexts from situated and authentic learning theoretical perspectives is examined with suggestions to promote active engagement and meaningful learning.
Facilitating Blended Learning in Underprivileged Contexts
Authors: Verster Maria Charlotte , Laubscher Dorothy Joy , Bosch Chantelle
Published: February 2023

The process of enacting the intended curriculum is especially challenging in an underprivileged educational context. Blended learning has proved to be an essential component of the 21st century and the dynamic nature of blended learning requires educators to be more self-directed to deal with changes in the field. The theory of structural functionalism underpins the educational context that the authors discuss in this chapter. It further suggests that curriculum implementation can be augmented by implementing both self-directed curriculum as praxis as well as an integrated framework of blended learning. This framework is composed of the integration of the ‘technological pedagogical content knowledge' and ‘communities of inquiry' frameworks. The authors argue that SDL is fundamental for educators in curriculum enactment and to support curriculum as praxis. By scrutinizing the way in which the structure and functions interact with each other in the underprivileged context, the authors suggest multiple guidelines for educators in curriculum implementation in a blended learning environment.
Learning Engagement Activities in Promoting Student Interactions and Perceived Online Learning Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Wong Evelyn Mei Ling
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the use of different synchronous and asynchronous learning engagement support activities to promote student interactions (student-student interaction; student-instructor interaction; and student-content interaction) and provide a better learning experience in an online classroom. These activities included live consultations, online discussion forums, and online formative follow-up quizzes. The findings in this chapter revealed that a well-designed and carefully crafted online course with different types of support activities using different platforms, perhaps will create a holistic environment in which the students can excel as if they are taking the course in a face-to-face classroom. The learning engagement activities that promote students' interactions are important to ensure students have a satisfying and positive online learning experience.
The Role of Social Media Technologies in E-Learning
Authors: Gikandi Joyce Wangui , Njuguna Alice M.
Published: February 2023

Researchers and educators continue to seek a better understanding on how rapidly evolving mobile technologies can be productively integrated into today's classroom. This chapter examines how social media technologies can be used by both students and faculty to enhance interactivity in blended and online settings. The chapter advances the viewpoint that grounding the use of social media on congruent theoretical perspectives will harness the power of social media as a productive e-learning tool. The chapter offers insights on effective use of social media as a strategy for promoting interactivity and collaborative engagement in blended and online environments.
Using Film as an Active Instructional Tool in Teaching and Learning in Kenyan Secondary Schools
Authors: Kebaya Charles , Mokaya Gloria Kemunto
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the use of film as a tool for instruction using a constructivism inquiry paradigm and action research. It also describes didactic modes of using film in active learning and teaching literature in Kenyan secondary schools. Students' responses to adapted films of the approved set books were the source of data. Deductive and inductive thematic methods were used in data analysis. The findings how film provides an edifying experience to diverse groups of learners, thereby improving their comprehension, concentration, and retention abilities. It also reveals how film helps learners to develop various skills such as cognitive, critical thinking, creative thinking, social, and cultural that are tenets of the competency based curriculum.
Graduate Teacher Trainee Acquisition of 21st Century Competencies in the Context of Competence-Based Curriculum
Authors: Kariuki Damaris Wakigondi , Muthima Purity Watetu , Otieno Daniel Oketch
Published: February 2023

Global reforms in the educational sector have laid critical emphasis on acquisition of relevant skills for individual and society development in the 21st century and beyond. Kenya rolled out the competency-based curriculum in 2018, which focuses on identifying and gauging specific learning competencies that are required for real world practice. Kenyatta University has begun to train graduate teacher trainees under the competency-based curriculum. The study sought to explore the level of graduate teacher trainee acquisition and utilization of 21st century competencies while undertaking the novel research methods unit offered to 2nd year undergraduate students. The results showed that students acquired and utilized digital literacy and collaboration while undertaking the course. The study provides critical and useful information that would assist in designing interactive online course units and activities hence enhancing learner engagement, acquisition, and utilization of 21st competencies and skills.
Speech Rate and Speaking Performance in Picture-Description Speaking Task
Authors: Ngoc Thanh Trinh
Published: February 2023

This chapter reconsiders the evaluation of speech rate in identifying features of speaking performance in picture-description speaking task. On the specific case of Taiwanese EFL learners, speech rate is examined from two angles: (a) the classification of numerical value in the unit of words per second (WPS) for the two variables time (T) and speech rate (SR), and (b) the analysis of speech content from data transcription for factors causing variation in speaking performance. Findings revealed there was an interaction between T and SR, indicating that an increase in T would decrease the value of SR. Meanwhile, the analysis of speech content pointed out the impacts of information structure and previous experience on speaking performance, considering the combination with speaking topics and degree of familiarity.
Integration of Information, Media and Digital Technologies Into Curriculum Implementation in Kenyan Universities
Authors: Begi Nyakwara , Magoma Charles , Mwololo Josephat Nzika
Published: February 2023

In developing countries, there is a growing trend towards integration of technology in curriculum implementation in higher education institutions. This chapter focuses on integration of information, media, and digital technologies in universities in Kenya. It sheds light on the different technology resources available for use in instruction, with a range of competencies needed by teachers and students for them to succeed in the 21st century, and challenges encountered in the integration of technologies in curriculum implementation. Further, the chapter discusses core competencies needed for universities to produce graduates who are likely to succeed in a technology-based global economy.
WhatsApp and Educational Continuity in Africa in the Era of COVID-19
Authors: Béché Emmanuel
Published: February 2023

The need to keep educational links going during the COVID-19 lockdown has prompted African education stakeholders to use various methods, including those not initially intended for education, such as the use of “WhatsApp,” as a tool for distance learning platforms. This chapter analyses how this instant messaging platform has been misused and displaced and translates these into a path for developing its educational version. The authors used data from online documentary exploration, direct observation of digital traces of teaching and learning, and interviews with teachers and students. The content analysis of collected data reveals original practices of pedagogical use of WhatsApp, whose benefits in terms of densification of interactions, learners' autonomy and security, pedagogical socialization, and continuity of learning led to the design of “WhatsApp Ed.,” which is incredibly pedagogical and profoundly social and relational.
Critical Issues Surrounding Competency-Based Education in the Digital Age
Authors: Wabwire Jonai
Published: February 2023

Competency-based education and life in post-2022 Africa will involve dealing with very complex problematic issues described by various scholars as “wicked problems.” Examples of “wicked problem” policy issues include climate change, health issues, environment degradation, and sustainable development. This chapter explores the characteristics of wicked issues and the challenges they pose for competency-based education approaches. The first part of the chapter introduces the concepts of competency-based education and the “wicked problems.” The second part discusses the properties of wicked problems in the context of competency-based education. The third part suggests possible strategies for taming wicked problems, and the last section draws the conclusions.
Professional Practices and Classroom Engagement in Online and Blended Teacher Training Environments
Authors: Chui Mary Mugwe
Published: February 2023

Blended learning, a combination of the conventional physical learning in classrooms with online instructions, has become a significant approach in online teaching and learning, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. While various schools have succeeded in this pedagogical practice, challenges have been inevitable. This chapter intends to address the significance of online and blended learning in teacher professional development and its desirable attributes. The content presented in this chapter is helpful to both pre-service and in-service teachers in the relevant professional development, as well as overcoming the myths and challenges of blended learning.
Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum in Higher Education Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Mulwa Janet K. , Mwanza Rose K. , Kasivu Gideon M.
Published: February 2023

The growing global economy has brought about new challenges and requirements. This calls for reforms in the education sector. This chapter sought to investigate preparedness of higher institutions of learning on implementation of competency-based curriculum (CBC) in Kenya. The primary objectives were to establish the level of training of academic staff and availability of teaching learning resources for competency-based curriculum implementation in higher institutions of learning. The study established that universities in Kenya will receive the first competency-based curriculum cohort in the year 2029, and preparations for the implementation of the new curriculum are ongoing.
Online Teaching Competencies for Efficacious Competency-Based Implementation in Higher Education
Authors: Ngwacho George Areba
Published: February 2023

Global education systems that are academic and examination oriented are facing three primary challenges: (a) Disconnect between school content and the world of work; (b) Disconnect in realizing the national goals of education; and (c) Disconnect with the demands of the twenty-first century, which has been dubbed as a knowledge and skill age that needs a new set of competencies. Many countries have identified the need to transform education systems towards mitigating the three challenges through entrenching competency-based curriculum (CBC). This chapter explores the skills and competencies required for efficacious delivery of CBC on online platform in higher education.
Strategies for Student Engagement and Motivation Factors in Online Learning
Authors: Kamande Mercyline W. , Mungara Maria W.
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines techniques and strategies that promote student engagement in an online environment while contrasting the traditional face-to-face strategies with the online instruction strategies. Many of the theories reviewed in this chapter suggest that student engagement is a multidimensional construct and is related to student motivation and ultimately impacts learning positively. The chapter also discusses different tools that can be used to measure student engagement. The role of a conducive learning environment, professionalism and availability of instructors, collaboration with peers, well designed content have been found to be central in supporting quality online experience and maximizing student engagement.
Importance of Battery Pack Design and Battery Management Systems in Electric Vehicles
Authors: S. Hemavathi , Srinivas Srirama , Prakash A. S.
Published: February 2023

From consumer electronics to transportation, lithium-ion batteries are popular due to their low weight, high energy density, and long lifespan. These batteries must be safe, reliable, and long-lasting, particularly in industries such as transportation that require durability and safety. The design, installation, and management of battery cells (BMS) have a significant impact on battery safety and reliability by protecting the pack against damaging events such as over-charges and under-charges. They can also identify potentially dangerous conditions within the battery pack, which are vital in ensuring the reliability and longevity of systems utilizing lithium-ion batteries. This Lecture presents information on the role of battery pack design and battery management systems in Electric vehicles and discusses the methodologies, features, and functions of the battery pack with BMS in protecting and preserving the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.
Battery Monitoring System and SOC Enhancement Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: K. Mohana Sundaram , B. Kavya Santhoshi , S. Chandrika V.
Published: February 2023

A battery energy storage system (BESS) is generally used for storing the excess power produced from the solar PV panel and supplying the stored electrical energy whenever it is needed. The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is considered to be very essential for proper power management and reliable operation of the battery. SOC monitoring system for BESS based on probabilistic neural network (PNN) approach is proposed. The PV panel output voltage is enhanced and made distortion free by single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) with the assistance of PNN controller. The output thus obtained from the converter is used for many DC applications. The performance of the proposed battery monitoring model is evaluated by using MATLAB simulation.
Control of Cell Voltage Difference Balancing in Battery Management System Charging Circuits in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Thiagarajan Kripalakshmi , Marabathina Mahadeedhar , D. Maladhi , K. Selvasundar , T. Deepa , S. angalaeswari , D. Subbulekshmi
Published: February 2023

The growing development of battery technologies for the transposition of use of fuel in electric vehicles leads to the competent Battery Management System (BMS) design implementation. The chapter focuses on how the voltage difference perturbs the battery pack's performance by using an optimized control strategy. It helps in battery operated vehicles to charge and work efficiently. The control strategy involves the proper switching of the resistors connected to the charging circuit. The thermal balance of the resistors is balanced using the thermal power dissipation modelling in simulation. The models are tested under variable cell voltage conditions in MATLAB Simulink. The technique for voltage error balancing is termed passive cell balancing in BMS for the arrangement of a multiplicity of cells in stacks. The major issue of the passive cell balancing arises due to the State of Charge (SoC) imbalance in the batteries. The charging conditions of the battery are taken into the parameter estimation for the control technique of the balancing technique.
Design and Evaluation of Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications With Harris Hawk Optimized Algorithm (HHOA) Based on Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Vonteddu Shanmukha Naga Raju , Kollu Ravindra , Nunna Prasanthi Kumari
Published: February 2023

Utilizing electric vehicles (EVs) that don't pollute the atmosphere is one way to solve environmental pollution. This chapter as per the author proposes Harris Hawk optimized algorithm (HHOA) based on fuzzy logic controller with battery management system in electric vehicles. The suggested system is made to alter and regulate the current values of battery characteristics like battery voltage, current, power usage, and state of charge (SOC). To estimate the model temperature dependency, at various temperatures, the heat parameters can be found. Then, these temperature-dependent parameters are extracted for model decoupling. With offline data, the provided model is verified to attain good reliability over a wide range of temperatures and charge states. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used to monitor and control BMS operation.
Modelling and Simulation of E-Bikes Driven by BLDC Motors
Authors: D. Maladhi , K, Selvasundar , Marabathina Maheedhar , T. Kripalakshmi , T. Deepa , S. angalaeswari , D. Subbulekshmi
Published: February 2023

Recent advancements in e-vehicle technology are becoming an emerging area of research in electrical and chemical engineering. Many studies are going on in the field of battery technology and charging stations, which will take the country to the next level of its infrastructure. Locomotives operated through these technologies offer efficiency and a pollution free environment. An e-bike is an electric bicycle incorporated with an electric motor. Though renovations in the battery technology are a prime factor, usage of appropriate electric motor is yet another important aspect for wider and smoother speed operations. This work discusses the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, which is used for propulsion. This work presents an e-bike model developed in Simulink/Simscape. The performance of the vehicle at different conditions is observed and studied through simulation. The variations in parameters like speed of vehicle, current drawn by motor, modulated current, and voltage waveforms at different conditions are discussed in this work.
Enhancement of Suspension Performance of the Vehicle Model Using Sliding Mode Controllers
Authors: T Yuvapriya , P Lakshmi
Published: February 2023

In commercial vehicles, seat suspension plays a pivotal role since it provides ride comfort and safety for the driver. This chapter presents the design of terminal-based sliding mode controller (TSMC) and fractional order plus terminal-based SMC (FOTSMC) for a full car with driver seat (FCD) vehicle active suspension system. The FCD model considered in this chapter is eight degree of freedom (DOF) linear vehicle model, which is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The vehicle model is excited under bumpy road and random road disturbance (ISO8608), which represents actual roads in real time. Time domain analysis is carried out for seat acceleration (SA) and the percentage of reduction of SA root mean square (RMS) values by the action of the controller. The performance criteria analysed are ride comfort analysis (ISO2631 standards), power spectral density (PSD) analysis, and stability analysis. These performance analysis and simulation results prove that FOTSMC gives better results when compared to TSMC for a FCD suspension system.
Active Suspension Control of Full Car Model Using Bat Optimized PID Controller
Authors: T Yuvapriya , P Lakshmi
Published: February 2023

Long drives on bumpy roads and configuration issues like discomfort in seating arrangements have a harmful impact on the human body. The passengers experience severe health problems and stress-related issues. The full car model (FCM) with seven degrees of freedom (DOF) is considered for vibration control analysis. The aim of this work is to optimize the parameters of proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller by grey wolf optimization (GWO) and bat algorithm for betterment in the ride comfort of the passengers. A comparative analysis between the most commonly used PID controller and proposed optimized PID controller was executed over bump input (BI), ISO standard random input (RI), and sinusoidal input (SI) road profiles in MATLAB. Simulation results demonstrate that bat tuned PID (Bat-PID) controller enhances the ride comfort by decreasing the root mean square (RMS), frequency weighted RMS (FWRMS), and vibration dose values (VDV) of the body acceleration (BA) of the vehicle passing over BI, RI, and SI road profiles, which ensures the stability of the vehicle.
Intelligent Demand and Supply of Electrical Vehicles
Authors: Rao B. V. A. N. S. S. Prabhakar , Singh Rabindra Kumar
Published: February 2023

Today, it is impossible for a being to fathom living without a vehicle for transportation of any kind. All governments have put into place numerous regulations on the use of well-maintained vehicles to stop this, but there are always exceptions. The world is transitioning to an automated system that requires little human interaction as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This intelligent system involves identifying the predicting trends in the market analysis based on the expenses and revenues patterns of a particular group of people in a city or location. This the system needs to offer the insight into the direction for decision making of the market on demand of vehicle as per the supply with respect to the type of roads, season, and gender and age group patterns. Apart from this, the tax rules make a huge difference in this context. In some zones, many governments encourage by giving lots of subsidies or give tax relaxations to certain cc vehicles. In the future, based on the distance travelled, the system can impose tax fair or toll plaza fee.
Data Analytics in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Sihare Shyam
Published: February 2023

Data analytics techniques are used to process the massive amounts of data produced by smart grid and electric vehicle technologies. Electric vehicles collect data from various sources, including sensors and trip records. Big data techniques can be used to analyze this immense quantity of data, which can then be used to implement rules for charging station placing, creating smart charging algorithms, addressing energy efficiency issues, evaluating the competence of power distribution systems to handle supplementary charging loads, and finally, forecasting the market effectiveness of the assets supplied by powered mobility. This chapter's data analytics landscape assessment addresses the incorporation of electric vehicles with green, smart urban environments. It serves as a blueprint for the objectives and alternatives for the incorporation of electric vehicles into smart future cities.
Vehicle-to-Grid and Electric Vehicle-Integrated Demand Response Management
Authors: Hanna Bavly
Published: February 2023

The safe and efficient functioning of microgrids (MGs) has always depended on the best scheduling of MGs with renewable uncertainty. Electric vehicles (EVs) can back-feed power to the electrical grid to provide a variety of ancillary services, including demand response (DR), peak-load management, voltage support, and frequency regulation. This technology also enables EV holders to reduce their energy costs and make money through price arbitrage. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is developing quickly, and research is being done to improve its usability and use. The benefits of V2G include ancillary services, active power support, reactive power compensation, and promoting the use of renewable energy sources. In contrast, the challenges of V2G include battery degradation, effects on distribution equipment, elevated investment cost, and social obstacles.There are three main algorithms to optimize EV DR management: the artificial neural network, machine learning, and nature-inspired algorithm. The successful V2G-based DR strategies for energy management are covered in this chapter.
Hybrid Optimization Based on Genetic Routing and Scheduling Scheme With Secure Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: P. Kavipriya , M. R. Ebenezar Jebarani , S. Lakshmi , Jegan G.
Published: February 2023

Nodes in networks have limited power for their important tasks because node energy exhaustion reduces network connection. Power-related node failures create system failures, reducing network connection. Furthermore, node mobility and congestion generate frequent connection failures and packet losses, affecting the QoS performance of the protocol. The authors used a hybrid optimization system (HOS) in this research to improve wireless network routing and transmission. To maintain network lifetime and consistent communication, wireless sensor networks need an energy-efficient protocol. This may be accomplished by using a high-quality routing approach.
Thermal Management System for Batteries in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Subramani Saravanan , J. Sivaramapandian , A. Ranjith Raj
Published: February 2023

The rapid advances in battery packs and improved charging infrastructure have attracted customers to electric vehicles (EVs). Reduced energy dependence on other nations and eco-friendliness are the two major advantages of adopting EVs. Electric vehicles require batteries with a high energy density to provide a large driving range. In addition, long cycle life is important to guarantee a large total driving distance. Currently, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in EVs due to their safety concerns, high stability, and energy density properties. The performance of the batteries depends on their thermal characteristics and thermal management systems. Hence, a thermal management system is necessary to sustain the performance of electric vehicles. In this chapter, the effect of temperature rise and self-discharge of the battery packs are discussed. The techniques followed to manage the thermal characteristics of batteries are described with advantages and disadvantages. The chapter is concluded by a future outlook.
Digital Twins-Enabling Technologies Including AI, Sensors, Cloud, and Edge Computing
Authors: Chandhana Tumburu , Balija Anuhya , Kumaran Siva R R , Singh Brijendra
Published: February 2023

Digital twin technology is starting to receive interest in the industry and, more recently, in academics. The digital twin is best described as the seamless integration of data between a physical and virtual system in either direction. The internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, edge computing, digital twins, and artificial intelligence all bring challenges, applications, and enabling technologies. Despite the fact that the idea of the “digital twin” has been well established over the past few years, there are still many different interpretations that result from varied professional viewpoints. The digital twin is primarily introduced in this chapter, along with its advantages and practical applications in different sectors. The authors have presented a detailed review of the artificial intelligence-driven digital twin, sensor-driven digital twin, cloud-driven digital twin, and edge computing-driven digital twin. It looks at the architectures, enabling technologies, potential obstacles, and challenges of current research on digital twins.
Peak Load Reduction via Electric Car Batteries
Authors: Coban Hasan Huseyin
Published: February 2023

The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) continues to increase in Turkey as well as in the world. In smart grids, mobile battery systems in EVs can also be used as energy storage and auxiliary services. The importance given to energy efficiency and the development of smart grid systems has accelerated the development of distributed energy generation systems. It has been determined EVs can make various contributions to the energy market thanks to their bidirectional energy transfer capabilities. This study investigates how a future fleet of EVs could affect the local grid of Kirsehir province, Turkey. A model was created in Excel that aims to test three different scenarios with the power data of a winter week, which should sample extreme conditions for the electricity grid. The results show that some form of governance will be needed to deal with the consequences of uncontrolled charging with a fleet of EVs, and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) could be an alternative. If load balancing is done with V2G, it can lead to a financial profit for the grid company. This could enable network operators to offer incentives to EV owners to use V2G.
Swappable Battery Data Management System
Authors: Bhagavath Prahal , N. Avinash , Solanki Mahipal , Nayak Pritish , Ramachandran Vijayapriya
Published: February 2023

Battery swapping is a popular alternative to the conventional battery charging, which involves removing a drained EV battery and replacing it with a fully charged one. EV users can swap batteries on the go at any battery charging station. A robust data management system facilitates this exchange by providing an interface and platform to locate new batteries. Using data analytics to quantify the voltage and temperature of the battery, the health of the battery is estimated and is displayed to the user. In comparison to the conventional charging procedure at a battery station, which can take hours, this service is less time consuming and easy to adopt in urban environments. This paper describes an IoT based real time monitoring system for these swappable batteries that enables customers to search for nearby battery swapping stations, while also transmitting each station's battery SOC and health. The system also communicates the station's operational status as well the health of the batteries to the manager of the station, easing the arduous task of monitoring them manually.
A Deep Learning Approach for Predicting the Remaining Useful Lifetime of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using 1-D Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: R. Jothi , Rao Ummity Srinivasa
Published: February 2023

Lithium-ion batteries, among many energy storage systems, offer high energy density, low voltage dips, long lifespan, and wide working temperatures. They have been widely adopted in a variety of applications, including as electric vehicles, aerospace, energy management systems, etc. Accurate prediction of remaining useful lifetime (RUL) and health status of lithium-ion batteries have received lot of attention in the recent years. Machine learning approaches have recently gained popularity as a means of empirically learning and predicting battery behaviour. However, the complex and nonlinear behaviour of lithium-ion batteries pose challenges for traditional machine learning approaches. This paper investigates the application of two non-linear machine learning models, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and 1-D Convolution Neural Network (1-D CNN), for predicting the RUL. NASA prognostics battery dataset is utilized for the present study. Experimental results indicate that the 1-D CNN achieves better prediction accuracy as compared to ANN and other traditional machine learning.
Wireless Power Transfer for High End and Low End EV Cars
Authors: N. Raghu , M. Balamurugan , V. N. Trupti , Badachi Chandrashekhar , S. Shriram , Balaji R. Harish , Kannanugo Niranjan
Published: February 2023

In recent years, resonant inductive power transfer is also being used in wireless power systems for portable computers, phones, and other electronics. Wireless charging uses WPT technology, which has the benefits of safe operation, reduced emissions, and cheap maintenance costs. In recent years, resonant inductive power transfer is also being used in wireless power systems for portable computers, phones, and other electronics. Wireless charging uses WPT technology, which has the benefits of safe operation, reduced emissions, and cheap maintenance costs. In practicality there are different types of vehicles used in day-to-day life. Four wheelers especially can mainly be divided into hatchback and sport utility vehicle (SUV). For SUV's, bottom end WPT, and hatchback (small end cars) back end WPT, can be implemented as its ground clearance varies from vehicle to vehicle. This chapter describes how to create a wireless battery charging system for electric vehicles using the inductive coupling technique for both the bottom-end and back-end models.
RE-Based Multilevel Inverter for EV Charging
Authors: Gnanasekaran Pradeepa , Venugopal Gomathi , Khan Farose
Published: February 2023

To have a sustainable mobility, a robust charging infrastructure will play an important role with the growing number of electric vehicles (EV). They are dubbed as the electric mobility revolution to reduce carbon emission and to limit global warming. The hybrid energy conversion system (wind & solar) is individually connected to an isolated DC link of the cascaded H bridge multi-level inverter, through their respective DC to DC converter based maximum power point tracking system. The hybrid energy conversion system suffers the voltage imbalance as two distinct sources are augmented among isolated DC links, which affects the grid stability. The system is designed to impart maximum power extraction from RE and inject into grid. The test system has been considered and analysed in MATLAB Simulink environment.
Software Communication Interface for OCPP-Based DC Fast Charging Stations
Authors: Nambiar Nikhil Sunilkumar , Jadhav Sadhana V. , Ekande Purushottam Balkrishna
Published: February 2023

With increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road and many automotive companies pledging to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles to go completely electric, there is need for investments in EV Charging infrastructure to ensure that there are enough charging facilities to address a consumer's concern of reliable charging access irrespective of location and distance. With the rise in innovation in the EV charging infrastructure, there is also a need to ensure the interoperability between various components within the charging infrastructure. This paper proposes an open charge point protocol (OCPP) compliant software communication interface component for a DC fast charging station that establishes a communication between the electric vehicle (EV), electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and the central management system (CMS) using shared memory approach of inter process communication. This interface also ensures simultaneous charging for two vehicles.
Renewable Energy Resources and Their Types
Authors: K. A. Naveen Kumar , A. Vigneshwaran
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, the authors have to see how the renewable energy resources are nature's recycling energy processes. Today, due to the high energy requirements, the conversation process is continuous. Traditional energy sources are limited and subject to depletion. There are many types of energy sources, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, and wave energy. Solar energy is extracted from the sun and converted into electricity. It is one of the most common energy resources. Geothermal energy is the formation of planets from the radioactive decay of matter in the Earth's crust. The Greek words for geothermal are earth and heat. 8.3% of the world's geothermal resources are used. Hydropower is one of the world's largest renewable energy resources. Hydroelectric power is a type of energy that is converted into electricity in water. Hydropower accounts for 18% of the world's energy resources. Tidal energy is a type of renewable energy that can be harnessed from the motion of waves. Wave energy is high energy.
A Deep Learning-Based Solar Photovoltaic Emulator
Authors: Swaminathan Gurunandh V. , Periasamy Somasundaram
Published: February 2023

With solar photovoltaic (PV)-based power generation becoming popular, research is being carried out in multiple facets of the PV system. The electrical aspect is one such area where objectives are extracting maximum power, developing power management strategies, etc. Hence, while experimenting with new strategies it is desirable to have controllable irradiation and temperature conditions. This ensures that external factors are constant for comparing the effectiveness of different strategies. Thus, PV emulators are a suitable solution to this. A deep learning-based PV emulator is proposed where the proposed PV emulator is capable of emulating a PV panel under uniform and non-uniform irradiance conditions. A deep learning network is modeled with irradiance, temperature, ratio of partial shading, PV current as inputs, & PV voltage as output. Then, a buck converter is controlled to follow the reference voltage, thereby mimicking the desired I-V characteristics. The deep learning model was trained and built in Python, and simulations to validate the performance were carried out in Simulink.
IoT-Based Smart Solar Energy Monitoring System
Authors: Gupta Annika , Panda Tatwamashi , Peddada Pranavi H. S. , Arun P. Sriramalakshmi
Published: February 2023

This book chapter focuses the research on the implementation of a unique IoT-based technique for remotely monitoring and analyzing the performance of a solar photovoltaic plant. This paper will put in use of the ThingSpeak cloud services to monitor the output data from anywhere in the globe. Using the ESP8266 NodeMCU open source IoT platform, the panel's output voltage, current, and power are monitored. Solar energy is at the forefront of renewable energy because it is the simplest and most commercially feasible method of generating electricity from the sun's power. This necessitates the use of a real time monitoring system. In order to enhance the circuit's safety, measurement of the panel temperature, output voltage, and current is done.
Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Energy Integration and Application
Authors: Chandel Tarana Afrin
Published: February 2023

Energy storage has an important role in integration and application of upcoming micro and smart grid network. The various environmental issues are directly related to energy generations. With the growing environmental affects, engineers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers are transforming towards energy storage solution. Hybrid energy systems carry distinct generation technology along with storage on a single system, upgrading all the benefits in contrast to a system that is dependent on a single source. The storage of energy is necessary to fulfil the demand of the consumers, thus enhancing the storage technology at distribution section of power supply. This chapter also throws deep light on different types of storage systems and their hopeful market areas. The study also aims to identifying the technical challenges facing the formation of storage systems globally. It also focuses on typical HESS-utility, energy storage integral designing, concept of energy management system and an ideal proposal for the power flow based on maximal clipping.
Artificial Intelligence-Based Approaches in Vehicular Power Energy Application
Authors: Bhuyan Bikram Pratim
Published: February 2023

According to government officials, automakers, and academics, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) may be an effective tool for improving safety and efficiency on the road. For safety-related information to be disseminated, VANET uses cars and infrastructure nodes to interact with each other. Over the years, interest in vehicular communications has developed and is now acknowledged as a pillar of the intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). Nodes in vehicular networks have a lot of electricity and computational power (storage and processing) as a requirement. Electrification and renewable energy initiatives are relocating workforces. Controlling and regulating power flow from several sources and converters to various vehicle loads is critical in electric vehicle technology (EVT) and VANET. In this chapter, the authors put forward an extensive study over the power controllers and the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in this field. Neural network systems for power optimization are explored. Intelligent power management systems developed are also a part of the focus.
Environmental Economic Load Dispatch Considering Demand Response Using a New Heuristic Optimization Algorithm
Authors: N. Karthik , Rajagopalan Arul , R. Prakash V. , Montoya Oscar Danilo , U. Sowmmiya , R. Kanimozhi
Published: February 2023

The aim of demand response concept is to mitigate the consumption of electric utility consumers to a reasonable consumption level so as to balance the demand-supply requirements. In this current research paper, demand response is considered as a multi-objective optimal economic emission dispatch issue to be addressed. The authors propose a novel nature-inspired optimization algorithm in the name of improved circle search algorithm (ICSA) to find the optimum combination between two generations, such as traditional generators, and demand response as a demand resource. The proposed ICSA was incorporated in MATLAB environment whereas the proposed optimization algorithm was evaluated using two standard test systems such as IEEE-30 bus system and 6-bus system. The optimization results substantiate that the proposed optimization algorithm is capable of mitigating both operation costs as well as test system emissions in a significant manner, while it was also achieving these results overcoming the specified constraints.
Implementation of AI Techniques for Tuning of Controller Parameters in a Nonlinear System
Authors: B. Hemamalini , P. Lakshmi , S. Navabharathi
Published: February 2023

The advancement of an optimization technique to regulate the liquid level in a nonlinear system is the main topic of this chapter. There are numerous optimization methods available that are utilised to effectively adjust the controller's parameters. According to the literature, the recently developed crow search optimization (CSO) technique finds the best answer to a variety of optimization issues in control engineering. The Ziegler Nichols (ZN) approach, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and crow search optimization (CSO) techniques are used to adjust the PI controller parameters in this. By generating servo and regulatory disturbances in both simulation and real-time study, the reliability of the controllers is confirmed. The suggested CSO based PI controller for the non-linear system is validated by the real-time results.
Contributions of Anchor Borrowers Programme to Rice Farmers’ Productivity in Ekiti State
Authors: Akinbile Luqman A. , Akingbade Mubarak , Salaudeen Abdulrahman O.
Published: February 2023

Contributions of Anchor Borrowers Programme to rice farmers’ productivity were investigated in Ekiti state. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 173 respondents and a structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on farmers’ level of productivity before and during ABP. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, PPMC, paired t-test at α0.05 and Linear regression. The average farm size cultivated for rice was 3.22±1.4 ha, and the majority (98.8%) used a combination of mechanical and manual methods to cultivate rice before and during ABP. Timely paddy off-take was 13.3% before and 62.4% during ABP. Land fragmentation and tenure system (M=1.91) and high cost of labour (M=1.86) were major constraints faced by the respondents. Farmers’ rice productivity increased from 1.67 to 2.65 under ABP. Incentives provided during ABP that contributed significantly to rice farmers’ productivity were rice seed use and timely use of herbicides and insecticides. The ABP contributed significantly to rice farmers’ productivity in Ekiti state. Problems associated with extension contact and quality of extension delivery would be effectively addressed with the deployment of e-agricultural extension to improve farmers' productivity.