bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excitation energy transfer pathways in light‐harvesting proteins: Modeling with PyFREC
Authors: Kholod Yana , DeFilippo Michael , Reed Brittany , Valdez Danielle , Gillan Grant , Kosenkov Dmytro
Published: December 2017

Excitation energy transfer (EET) determines the fate of sunlight energy absorbed by light‐harvesting proteins in natural photosynthetic systems and photovoltaic cells. As previously reported (D. Kosenkov,J. Comput. Chem. 2016, 37(19), 1847),PyFRECsoftware enables computation of electronic couplings between organic molecules with a molecular fragmentation approach. The present work reports implementation of direct fragmentation‐based computation of the electronic couplings and EET rates in pigment–protein complexes within the Förster theory inPyFREC. The new feature enables assessment of EET pathways in a wide range of photosynthetic complexes, as well as artificial molecular architectures that include light‐harvesting proteins or tagged fluorescent biomolecules. The developed methodology has been tested analyzing EET in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) pigment–protein complex. The pathways of excitation energy transfer in FMO have been identified based on the kinetics studies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decellularized colorectal cancer matrix as bioactive microenvironment for in vitro 3D cancer research
Authors: Piccoli Martina , D'Angelo Edoardo , Crotti Sara , Sensi Francesca , Urbani Luca , Maghin Edoardo , Burns Alan , De Coppi Paolo , Fassan Matteo , Rugge Massimo , Rizzolio Flavio , Giordano Antonio , Pilati Pierluigi , Mammano Enzo , Pucciarelli Salvatore , Agostini Marco
Published: December 2017

Three‐dimensional (3D) cancer models are overlooking the scientific landscape with the primary goal of bridging the gaps between two‐dimensional (2D) cell lines, animal models and clinical research. Here, we describe an innovative tissue engineering approach applied to colorectal cancer (CRC) starting from decellularized human biopsies in order to generate an organotypic 3D‐bioactive model. This in vitro 3D system recapitulates the ultrastructural environment of native tissue as demonstrated by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Mass spectrometry of proteome and secretome confirmed a different stromal composition between decellularized healthy mucosa and CRC in terms of structural and secreted proteins. Importantly, we proved that our 3D acellular matrices retained their biological properties: using CAM assay, we observed a decreased angiogenic potential in decellularized CRC compared with healthy tissue, caused by direct effect of DEFA3. We demonstrated that following a 5 days of recellularization with HT‐29 cell line, the 3D tumor matrices induced an over‐expression of IL‐8, a DEFA3‐mediated pathway and a mandatory chemokine in cancer growth and proliferation. Given the biological activity maintained by the scaffolds after decellularization, we believe this approach is a powerful tool for future pre‐clinical research and screenings.
Iron overload induces G1 phase arrest and autophagy in murine preosteoblast cells
Authors: Cen Wan‐Jing , Feng Yi , Li Shu‐Shu , Huang Liang‐Wei , Zhang Tao , Zhang Wu , Kong Wei‐Dong , Jiang Jian‐Wei
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to investigate the cell cycle arrest and autophagy induced by iron overload in MC3T3‐E1 cells. MC3T3‐E1 cells were cultured in different concentrations of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and Perls’ Prussian blue reaction was used to detect the iron levels of the cells. CCK‐8 assays were used to detect the growth of MC3T3‐E1. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells was investigated with DCFH‐DA. PI staining was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution of MC3T3‐E1 cells. Finally, the expression levels of cell cycle related proteins, autophagy related proteins, AKT, p38 MAPK, Stat3, and their downstream proteins were detected with Western blot assays. The results showed that the iron levels of MC3T3‐E1 cells increased with increasing concentrations of FAC. High levels of ferric ion inhibited proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells and increased their ROS levels. Additionally, iron overload induced G1arrest in MC3T3‐E1 cells and down‐regulated the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, but up‐regulated p27 Kip1. In addition, the expression levels of Beclin‐1 and LC3 II increased, but that of p62 decreased. Further experiments showed that the phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream proteins p‐GSK‐3β(Ser9) and p‐mTOR (Ser2448) were decreased. The levels of p‐p38 and p53 were up‐regulated while those of cdc25A and p‐ERK 1/2 were down‐regulated. Phosphorylation of Stat3 and its downstream proteins was all decreased. These results show that iron overload generates ROS, blocks the PI3K/AKT and Jak/Stat3 signal pathways, and activates p38 MAPK, subsequently inducing G1 arrest and autophagy in MC3T3‐E1 cells.
Intra‐articular injection of autologous adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Spasovski Duško , Spasovski Vesna , Baščarević Zoran , Stojiljković Maja , Vreća Miša , Anđelković Marina , Pavlović Sonja
Published: December 2017

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease and is considered to be the fourth leading cause of disability and the second cause of inability to work in men. Recently, adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD‐MSCs) came into focus for regenerative medicine as a promising tool for the treatment of OA. The administration of stem cells into impaired joints results in pain relief and improves quality of life, accompanied by restoration of hyaline articular cartilage.

Methods

In the present study, nine patients (including two patients with bilateral symptoms) diagnosed with osteoarthritis (International Knee Documentation grade B in 5 and grade D in six knees) were treated using a single injection of AD‐MSCs at a concentration of 0.5–1.0 × 107 cells and were followed up for 18 months. During follow‐up, all the cases were evaluated clinically by Knee Society score (KSS), Hospital for Special Surgery knee score (HSS‐KS), Tegner–Lysholm (T–L) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, as well as by plain radiography and by magnetic resonance imaging visualization with 2D Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score assessment.

Results

Significant improvement of all four clinical scores was observed within the first 6 months (KSS for 41.4 points, HSS‐KS for 33.9 points, T–L score for 44.8 points, VAS of pain from 54.5 to 9.3) and improvement persisted throughout the rest of the follow‐up. MOCART score showed significant cartilage restoration (from 43 ± 7.2 to 63 ± 17.1), whereas radiography showed neither improvement, nor further joint degeneration.

Conclusions

The results obtained in the present study provide good basis for prospective randomized controlled clinical trials with respect to the use of AD‐MSCs in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Enhanced phosphorylation of sphingosine and ceramide sustains the exuberant proliferation of endothelial progenitors in Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Abdel Hadi Loubna , Calcaterra Francesca , Brambilla Lucia , Carenza Claudia , Marfia Giovanni , Della Bella Silvia , Riboni Laura
Published: December 2017

Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), a unique endothelial stem cell population, are highly increased in the blood of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) patients. KS-derived ECFCs (KS-ECFCs) are also endowed with increased proliferative and vasculogenic potential, thus suggesting that they may be precursors of KS spindle cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased proliferative activity of KS-ECFCs remain poorly understood. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are metabolically interconnected sphingoid mediators crucial to cell proliferation. Here, we investigated the metabolism, release, and proliferative effects of S1P and C1P in KS-ECFCs compared with control ECFCs (Ct-ECFCs). Metabolic studies by cell labeling, chromatographic analyses, and digital autoradiography revealed that S1P and C1P biosynthesis and S1P secretion are all efficient processes in KS-ECFCs, more efficient in KS-ECFCs than Ct-ECFCs. Quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated a significantly higher ceramide kinase and sphingosine kinase-2 expression in KS-ECFCs. Notably, also the expression of S1P1 and S1P3 receptors was augmented in KS-ECFCs. Accordingly, treatment with exogenous C1P or S1P induced a significant, concentration-dependent stimulation of KS-ECFC proliferation, but was almost completely ineffective in Ct-ECFCs. Hence, we identified C1P and S1P as autocrine/paracrine proliferative signals in KS-ECFCs. A better understanding of the mechanisms that enhance S1P/C1P formation in KS-ECFCs may yield effective therapeutic modalities.
Functional divergence and comparative in‐silico study of Cas4 proteins of DUF83 class
Authors: Kaushik Vineeta , Verma Ved Vrat , Goel Manisha
Published: December 2017

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats‐CRISPR associated (CRISPR‐Cas) systems present in genomes of bacteria and archaea have been the focus of many research studies recently. The Cas4 proteins of these systems are thought to be responsible for the adaptation step in the CRISPR mechanism. Cas4 proteins exhibit low sequence similarity among themselves and are currently classified into 2 main classes: DUF83 and DUF911. The characteristic features of Cas4 proteins belonging to DUF83 class have been elucidated by determining the structures of Cas4 protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Pyrobaculum calidifontis. Although, both Cas4 proteins characterized structurally are of same DUF83 class, these 2 proteins do exhibit significant biochemical and functional differences. The aim of the present study was to explore the structural and evolutionary features responsible for these differences. Our study predicts residues which might be responsible for such differences. Functional divergence analysis was used to predict sites exhibiting type I divergence, where certain amino acids are conserved in 1 clade whereas the same site is highly variable in the other clade. Our intra‐molecular interaction analysis reinforces the influence of such divergence sites on the other functionally important amino acids. In general, this study identifies some of the divergence hotspots that could be the focus of future experimental studies for better understanding of Cas4 enzymatic activity in CRISPR mechanism.
Full genomic analysis of G1P[8] rotavirus strains recovered from rotavirus vaccinated and non‐vaccinated children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India
Authors: Pradhan Gauri N. , Chitambar Shobha D.
Published: December 2017

G1P[8] rotaviruses are predominant in causing diarrheal infections in humans all over the world. This study reports the analysis of complete genomes of G1P[8] strains, two each recovered from Rotarix™ vaccine recipients and non‐recipients hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India. All four strains showed a genogroup‐1 backbone with intra‐genotypic diversity in the VP7 and VP4 gene segments and a homogeneous constellation of the internal gene segments. A divergence in the range of 1.4‐17.3% from Rotarix™ vaccine strain was revealed by structural and non‐structural genes of the strains at nucleotide and amino acid level. These data reflect ability of such G1P[8] strains to cause rotavirus infections in humans.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Children and Adolescents Following an Earthquake: A Latent Transition Analysis
Authors: Chen Jieling , Wu Xinchun
Published: December 2017

This study examined the transitions in classes of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth in a sample of children and adolescents (N = 757), between 8 and 20 months after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake in China. Using latent profile analysis, three classes of symptoms (resilient, thriving, and struggling) were identified at 8 and 20 months after the earthquake. Latent transition analysis indicated that the majority of survivors remained in the same class during the period, while others showed a transition between different classes over time. The transition was mainly characterized by three paths: from struggling to resilient, and from thriving to either resilient or struggling. Of the survivors who were classified as thriving at 8 months, those transitioning to the struggling class at 20 months were more likely to experience higher levels of loss and injury compared with those transitioning to the resilient class (Cohen's d = 0.72) or remaining in the thriving class (Cohen's d = 0.36) at 20 months postearthquake. Survivors who remained stable in the struggling class were older than those who remained stable in the thriving class (Cohen's d = 0.41) or those who moved from thriving at 8 months to resilient at 20 months after the earthquake (Cohen's d = 0.39). It is recommended that clinicians consider the classes of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth, and the potential development paths and associated factors, when implementing interventions for children and adolescents after a natural disaster.
A unique anomaly of the ear: Oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum or an isolated disruption?
Authors: Theunissen Eleonoor A. R. , Hoogslag Isabella C. M. , van Spronsen Erik , Oostra Roelof J. , Ebbens Fenna A.
Published: December 2017

We present a rare case of a neonate with an isolated congenital condition of his right ear involving the outer ear, middle ear, eustachian tube, and the facial nerve, with an external opening into the skull that connects to the oropharynx. Taking this bizarre aspect of the exterior lesion and the oropharyngeal communication into account, we consider the condition presented here, which to our knowledge is the first of its kind to have resulted from a vascular disruption. Laryngoscope, 1927–1931, 2018
Quality indicators of oropharyngeal cancer care in the elderly
Authors: Gourin Christine G. , Herbert Robert J. , Fakhry Carole , Quon Harry , Kang Hyunseok , Kiess Ana P. , Koch Wayne M. , Eisele David W. , Frick Kevin D.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To examine associations between quality of care, survival, and costs in elderly patients treated for oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC).

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare data.

Methods

We evaluated 666 patients diagnosed with OPSCC from 2004 to 2007 using multivariate regression and survival analysis. Using quality indicators derived from guidelines for recommended care, summary measures of quality were calculated for diagnosis, initial treatment, surveillance, treatment for recurrence, end‐of‐life care, performance, and an overall summary measure of quality.

Results

Higher‐quality care was associated with significant differences in survival for initial treatment (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.55 [0.41 to 0.73]), surveillance (HR = 0.32 [0.22 to 0.48]), treatment of recurrence (HR = 2.37 [1.56 to 3.60]), performance measures (HR = 0.50 [0.36 to 0.69]), and the overall summary measure of quality (HR = 0.53 [0.39 to 0.71]). Higher‐quality salvage surgery was associated with improved survival (HR = 0.16 [0.04 to 0.54]), whereas higher‐quality chemotherapy given for recurrence was associated with worse survival (HR = 5.70 [1.92 to 16.94]). Overall, higher‐quality care was not associated with differences in costs. Higher‐quality care was associated with significantly lower mean incremental costs for treatment of recurrence and end‐of‐life care, and higher costs for diagnosis and surveillance.

Conclusion

Higher‐quality OPSCC care in elderly patients was associated with improved survival; however, higher‐quality care was not associated with reduced costs, and higher‐quality care for treatment of recurrence was associated with poorer survival, primarily due to poorer survival in patients treated with palliative chemotherapy. These data demonstrate a complex relationship between quality and costs in elderly OPSCC patients, which can be used to frame discussions of value and guide disease‐specific quality‐measure development.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 128:2312–2319, 2018
Health‐related quality of life and economic burden of vestibular loss in older adults
Authors: Agrawal Yuri , Pineault Kevin G. , Semenov Yevgeniy R.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

Vestibular loss is a debilitating condition, and despite its high prevalence in older adults, the quality of life (QoL) burden of vestibular loss in older individuals has not been well‐studied. This report quantifies the impact on overall QoL and identifies domains of health most affected. We hypothesize vestibular loss will be associated with impairment in diverse domains of health‐related QoL.

Study Design

Prospective, case‐control study.

Methods

A convenience sample of 27 patients age ≥60 years with vestibular physiologic loss was recruited from an academic neurotology clinic. The patients did not have any identifiable cause of their vestibular loss other than aging. The convenience sample was compared to an age‐matched cross‐sectional sample of the general US population (n = 1266). The main outcome was QoL measured by the Ontario Health Utilities Index Mark III (HUI3).

Results

Compared to the general population, patients with vestibular loss had significantly lower overall unadjusted HUI3 scores (−0.32, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed vestibular loss was significantly associated with poorer performance in vision (−0.11 p < 0.0001), speech (−0.15, p < 0.0001), dexterity (−0.13, p < 0.0001), and emotion (−0.07, p = 0.0065). Adjusted aggregate HUI3 was also significantly lower for vestibular loss (−0.15, p = 0.0105). These QoL decrements resulted in an average loss of 1.30 Quality‐Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). When using a $50,000/QALY willingness‐to‐pay threshold, vestibular loss was associated with a $64,929 lifetime economic burden per affected older adult, resulting in a total lifetime societal burden of $227 billion for the US population ≥60 years of age.

Conclusions

Loss of vestibular function with aging significantly decreases quality of life across multiple domains of well‐being. These QoL reductions are responsible for heavy societal economic burdens of vestibular loss, which reveal potential benefits of prompt diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Level of Evidence

3
High‐resolution hyperpolarized metabolic imaging of the rat heart using k–t PCA and k–t SPARSE
Authors: Wespi Patrick , Steinhauser Jonas , Kwiatkowski Grzegorz , Kozerke Sebastian
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this work was to increase the resolution of hyperpolarized metabolic imaging of the rat heart with accelerated imaging using k–t principal component analysis (k–t PCA) and k–t compressed sensing (k–t SPARSE). Fully sampled in vivo datasets were acquired from six healthy rats after the injection of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate. Data were retrospectively undersampled and reconstructed with either k–t PCA or k–t SPARSE. Errors of signal–time curves of pyruvate, lactate and bicarbonate were determined to compare the two reconstruction algorithms for different undersampling factors R. Prospectively undersampled imaging at 1 × 1 × 3.5‐mm3 resolution was performed with both methods in the same animals and compared with the fully sampled acquisition. k–t SPARSE was found to perform better at R < 3, but was outperformed by k–t PCA at R ≥ 4. Prospectively undersampled data were successfully reconstructed with both k–t PCA and k–t SPARSE in all subjects. No significant difference between the undersampled and fully sampled data was found in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) performance and metabolic quantification. Accelerated imaging with both k–t PCA and k–t SPARSE allows an increase in resolution, thereby reducing the intravoxel dephasing of hyperpolarized metabolic imaging of the rat heart.
Nrf2 promotes oesophageal cancer cell proliferation via metabolic reprogramming and detoxification of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Kitano Yuki , Baba Yoshifumi , Nakagawa Shigeki , Miyake Keisuke , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Yamashita Yo‐ichi , Yoshida Naoya , Watanabe Masayuki , Nakao Mitsuyoshi , Baba Hideo
Published: December 2017

Cancer cells consume a large amount of energy and maintain high levels of anabolism to promote cell proliferation via metabolic reprogramming. Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2; NFE2L2) is a master transcription regulator of stress responses and promotes metabolic reprogramming to support cell proliferation in various types of cancer. As oesophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal cancers, we aimed to clarify the effect of Nrf2 on metabolic reprogramming in oesophageal cancer. The relationship between Nrf2 expression and clinical outcome was evaluated using a database comprising 201 oesophageal cancers. Using in vitro assays and metabolome analysis, we examined the mechanism by which Nrf2 affects malignant phenotype. High‐level immunohistochemical expression of Nrf2 was significantly associated with poor recurrence‐free survival (HR = 2.67, p = 0.0004) and overall survival (HR = 2.90, p < 0.0001) in oesophageal cancer patients. In an in vitro assay with siRNA in TE‐11 cells, which showed high Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 depletion significantly decreased cell growth and enhanced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not removed by detoxification via the Nrf2 pathway, with concomitant induction of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. The metabolome analysis showed that Nrf2 strongly promoted metabolic reprogramming to glutathione metabolism, which synthesizes the essential fuels for cancer progression. Furthermore, metabolome analysis using oesophageal cancer specimens confirmed that samples displaying high Nrf2 expression promoted glutathione synthesis. Metabolic reprogramming to glutathione metabolism, and ROS detoxification by activation of Nrf2, enhanced cancer progression and led to a poor clinical outcome in oesophageal cancer patients. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological reorganization and mechanical enhancement in multilayered polyethylene/polypropylene films by layer multiplication or mild annealing
Authors: Mauri Michele , Ponting Michael , Causin Valerio , Simonutti Roberto , Pisciotti Francesco
Published: December 2017

Shortly after processing, Polyethylene/Polypropylene (PE/PP) multilayer films demonstrate an increase in tensile modulus and other mechanical properties when the individual layer thickness is below 0.5 µm. Subsequent annealing at 60 °C for 16 h brings the properties of all other samples to similar values. WAXD characterization of the layered films identified a prevalence of mesophase in the thicker PP layers. In samples with increased layer numerosity or subjected to annealing, WAXD detected its conversion to α crystalline phase that correlates with improved mechanical properties. SSNMR and DSC detailed the defective nature of α iPP crystallites. Comonomers, detected by NMR in the commercial polymers used for the films, are the source of “tunable disorder” that dictates the formation of the PP mesophase and the low temperature of conversion to the mechanically stronger defective α phase. Soft intrafilm layer interfaces instead enable nucleation and localized polymer chain rearrangement even without annealing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 520–531
Secondary structure of cell‐penetrating peptides during interaction with fungal cells
Authors: Gong Zifan , Ikonomova Svetlana P. , Karlsson Amy J.
Published: December 2017

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are peptides that cross cell membranes, either alone or while carrying molecular cargo. Although their interactions with mammalian cells have been widely studied, much less is known about their interactions with fungal cells, particularly at the biophysical level. We analyzed the interactions of seven CPPs (penetratin, Pep‐1, MPG, pVEC, TP‐10, MAP, and cecropin B) with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans using experiments and molecular simulations. Circular dichroism (CD) of the peptides revealed a structural transition from a random coil or weak helix to an α‐helix occurs for all peptides when the solvent is changed from aqueous to hydrophobic. However, CD performed in the presence of C. albicans cells showed that proximity to the cell membrane is not necessarily sufficient to induce this structural transition, as penetratin, Pep‐1, and MPG did not display a structural shift in the presence of cells. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to further probe the molecular‐level interaction with the cell membrane, and these simulations suggested that pVEC, TP‐10, MAP, and cecropin B strongly penetrate into the hydrophobic domain of the membrane lipid bilayer, inducing a transition to an α‐helical conformation. In contrast, penetratin, Pep‐1 and MPG remained in the hydrophilic region without a shift in conformation. The experimental data and MC simulations combine to explain how peptide structure affects their interaction with cells and their mechanism of translocation into cells (direct translocation vs. endocytosis). Our work also highlights the utility of combining biophysical experiments, biological experiments, and molecular modeling to understand biological phenomena.
Validation of histone deacetylase 3 as a therapeutic target in castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: McLeod Abigail B. , Stice James P. , Wardell Suzanne E. , Alley Holly M. , Chang Ching‐yi , McDonnell Donald P.
Published: December 2017

Background

Whereas the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis remains a therapeutic target in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the emergence of AR mutations and splice variants as mechanisms underlying resistance to contemporary inhibitors of this pathway highlights the need for new therapeutic approaches to target this disease. Of significance in this regard is the considerable preclinical data, indicating that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors may have utility in the treatment of CRPC. However, the results of clinical studies using HDAC inhibitors (directed against HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8) in CRPC are equivocal, a result that some have attributed to their ability to induce an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and neuroendocrine differentiation. We posited that it might be possible to uncouple the beneficial effects of HDAC inhibitors on AR signaling from their undesired activities by targeting specific HDACs as opposed to using the pan‐inhibitor strategy that has been employed to date.

Methods

The relative abilities of pan‐ and selective‐Class I HDAC inhibitors to attenuate AR‐mediated target gene expression and proliferation were assessed in several prostate cancer cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated knockdown approaches were used to confirm the importance of of HDAC 1, 2, and 3 expression in these processes. Further, the ability of each HDAC inhibitor to induce the expression of EMT markers (RNA and protein) and EMT‐like phenotype(s) (migration) were also assessed. The anti‐tumor efficacy of a HDAC3‐selective inhibitor, RGFP966, was compared to the pan‐HDAC inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) in the 22Rv1 xenograft model.

Results

Using genetic and pharmacological approaches we demonstrated that a useful inhibition of AR transcriptional activity, absent the induction of EMT, could be achieved by specifically inhibiting HDAC3. Significantly, we also determined that HDAC3 inhibitors blocked the activity of the constitutively active AR V7‐splice variant and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors expressing this protein.

Conclusions

Our studies provide strong rationale for the near‐term development of specific HDAC3 inhibitors for the treatment of CRPC.
Deformation‐based method for the analysis of reinforced concrete‐ and fiber reinforced polymer‐jacketed columns subjected to axial compression
Authors: Várdai Attila
Published: December 2017

This paper introduces a generalized approach for the sectional analysis of jacketing, based on the compatibility of lateral deformation of a jacketed column and jacket wall. The method is suitable to determine the magnitude and distribution of confining stresses provided by reinforced concrete or fiber reinforced polymer jackets at any stress level, and to estimate the ultimate resistance of strengthened columns subjected to axial compression. After the discussion of the theoretical bases of the proposed method, a simplified application is introduced. For validation of applicability and accuracy to predict ultimate capacity, comparison with a large number of experimental results with square‐ and circular‐shaped columns is presented. According to the comparisons, the average of the absolute values of relative errors of the proposed method is 8.34%. The calculation results are evaluated qualitatively as well to highlight relevant issues for jacket detailing and to point out possible future directions of developing adequate design methods.
Onion Thrips Control, 1993
Authors: Davis M. , Grafius E. , Sirota J.
Published: December 2017

‘Spartan Banner 80’ onions were direct seeded on 13 May at the Michigan State University Muck Research Farm, Laingsburg, MI. Plots were 3 ft long non-adjacent sections of single rows (16 inch spacing between rows), separated by 8 untreated rows, with five replications in a randomized complete block arrangement. A natural population of thrips present in the field was augmented with thrips introduced on onion tops from a heavily infested commercial field. For each plot, five onion tops were inverted and placed in close contact with the hearts of the onions for 3 days and removed just prior to spray application. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a flat fan nozzle at 40 psi and 50 gal per acre on 18 Aug. Due to a rain, heavy winds and the stage of the onions, plants had begun to lay down by 26 Aug when post-treatment sampling was done. Five standing plants were randomly selected in each plot and thrips were counted. Data were log transformed before analysis.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Andover, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , dMiller Jennifer
Published: December 2017

Failure of most labeled insecticides at this location in 1992 stimulated this evaluation. The experiment was located in a commercial dry land peat soil field. Individual plots were 4 rows × 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. The grower had the entire field, including plots, treated with Guthion 3F 0.75 lb AI/ acre on 3 Jul, and again on 14 July using Thiodan 3E a 1.0 lb Al/acre. Plots were treated with a hand held CO2 spray using a 40 psi nozzle pressure. Approximately 10 gpa total material was applied to each plot on 21, 28 Jun; 7, 31 Jul and 2 Aug. Larval ratings and estimated defoliation were recorded on 29 Jun and 7, 20, 31 Jul. Plants senesced and dried naturally, and yields were measured on 9 Sept using the center two rows of each plot. Yields are reported on a cwt/acre basis.
Potato Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun and 13 and 24 Jul. In the first treatment, Asana XL was applied on 15 Jun followed by four applications of M-Trak. This treatment was designed to use a pyrethroid first at a time of the season when it is generally too cool to effectively use the Bt materials.
Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Kryocide to Control Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) in Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 15 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 10 inches with 36 inches between rows. Treatments were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using three hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Peak CPB egg hatch occurred on 17 May. Sprays were applied on 21, 31 May, 7 and 15 Jun. Cygon 400 (.25 lb Al/acre) was added to all treatments on 7 and 15 Jun to control potato leafhoppers. On 21 Jun, the entire test was sprayed out with Vydate L (2 qt product/acre) in order to prevent complete defoliation by emerging, first generation CPB adults. Rainfall from Mar until the second week in Jun resulted in a delayed planting date and difficulty in applying the critical, early season sprays. The delayed planting date and the drought from mid-Jun until harvest resulted in lower than average yields. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/ plot, defoliation ratings on 11 and 23 Jun, and yield data.
Use of Fipronil 80Wg Foliar Sprays for Insect Control in Potatoes, Spring, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 16 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 25 ft. long rows, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied beginning on 17 May through 23 Jun using a propane compressed gas back pack sprayer delivering 40 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A total of three Fipronil 80WG applications was made every two weeks, and Asana XL + PBO was applied weekly. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 randomly chosen stems/plot 3 or 4, 7, and 14 days after each Fipronil 80WG application. Aphids and leafhoppers were sampled on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot on the dates indicated, and estimates were taken on hopper burn and defoliation. The plots were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Response of Melon Aphid to Rates of Admire and CGA 215944 on Watermelon, 1993
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

‘All Sweet’ watermelon were seeded in 4-inch pots with Metro Mix® Redi Earth growing medium (40-50% peat moss; 50-60% medium vermiculite) on 18 Jun and maintained in a greenhouse at 65°F a 85°F during the trial. Plants were placed outside the greenhouse two weeks prior to treatment to allow natural colonization by melon aphids. Forty-four plants of uniform size and initial aphid numbers were selected for use in the study. Plants were transplanted into 6-inch pots and returned to the greenhouse. Peters general purpose fertilizer was applied at the recommended greenhouse rate on 22 Jul and plants were irrigated as needed by adding water to plastic trays used to hold each pot. All treatments were replicated 4 times in a RBC block design. Eleven treatments, five serial dilutions of two aphicides and an untreated control, were applied as a soil drench around the base of each plant on 27 Jul after pretreatment counts. Four oz total volume was used for each treatment and the untreated control received 4 oz of water alone. The total number of melon aphids was counted on 3 leaves per plant 6, 10, and 14 DAT. Linear regression analysis was used to determine relationships between aphicide rate and mean number of aphids per leaf. Analyses of variance were used to distinguish differences in aphid numbers and among aphicide rates. Means were separated with Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.10).
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1993
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA, on the second and third alfalfa crops. Plots of 40 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 17 Jun (1st experiment) from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 18 Jun. Alfalfa height at spraying was 4-6 inches. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 22, 25 Jun and 6, 9, and 16 Jul (i.e. 4, 7, 18, 21 and 28 DAT). Densities reported represent combined adult and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom containing 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined on 11 Jul from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Insecticide treatments in the second experiment were similarly applied on 4 Aug. Potato leafhopper density was determined from sweep samples on 3 Aug before the foliar spray was applied and thereafter on 6, 10, 18, 25 Aug and 2 Sept (i.e. 2, 6, 14, 21 and 29 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined as in experiment one on 8 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control on Spring Regrowth in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted in a 1-year-old alfalfa stand located at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots measuring 20 × 40 ft were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. A single treatment was applied 29 May using a tractor-drawn FMC sprayer with 25-ft boom, delivering 20 gpa at 40 psi. All treatments were applied between 1 100-1300 h; wind speed was ≤6 mph and ambient temperature averaged 70°F. Insect populations were monitored 1 Jun (3 DAT), 5 Jun (7 DAT) and 12 Jun (14 DAT) by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot with a 15-in diameter sweep net.
Insecticidal Control of Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Winter Canola, 1993
Authors: David Buntin G.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of CSPW in winter canola at the Bledsoe Research Farm near Griffin, GA. Canola was planted on 14 Oct in 7 inch rows with a grain drill. Treatments were applied at 50% bloom on 7 Apr and 7 d later at full bloom using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer (20 psi) equipped with 003 flatfan nozzles which delivered 27 gal/acre. Plots measured 30 × 30 ft and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. CSPW adults were sampled at 0 (pretreatment), 3, 7, 10 and 14 DAT by taking 6 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam sweep-net. The percentage of CSPW infested pods was measured by inspecting 200 pods/plot on 25 May. The center 2 drill passes were harvested on 11 Jun with a small-plot combine. Grain weight and test weight were measured, and yields were adjusted to 8% moisture content.
Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota Using Planting-Time Soil Insecticide Applications, 1993
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: December 2017

Three studies were conducted at 3 SD sites (Delmont, Garretson, and Sinai) to evaluate insecticide application rates and techniques (hand and in-furrow) for control of NCR and WCR larvae. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used in these studies. Individual treatment plots were single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were then washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1993
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Wildman L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Currie R.
Published: December 2017

Rootworm damage to corn was evaluated in plots established on 17 May in furrow irrigated corn at the Southwest Research-Extension Center, in Finney County, KS. The soil type was a Richfield silt loam with a pH of 7.5 and an organic matter content of 1.5%. Plots were 3 rows (7.5 ft) by 30 ft, arranged in a RCBD, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were either applied as a 7 inch T-band over the open seed-furrow or into the open seed-furrow with planter-mounted granule applicators. The experiment included several herbicide treatments to evaluate possible interactions between soil insecticides and post-emergence herbicides. Most of the plots received an application of Accent (0.67 oz/acre) on 15 Jun, but one set of the Counter 20CR treatments and one set of untreated plots received an application of Beacon (0.76 oz/acre). Rootworm damage was rated on 4 plants per plot on 7 Jul using the 6 point Iowa scale.
Efficacy Evaluation of Furadan 4F Applied Post-Emergence for Corn Rootworm Control, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M.
Published: December 2017

A site near Sinai, in east-central SD was chosen for an evaluation of Furadan 4F applied post-emergence to corn in comparison to at-plant applications of standard granular insecticide compounds for control of NCR and WCR larvae. Insecticide treatments included at-planting applications of Dyfonate 20GM, Furadan 15G, and Lorsban 15G applied in an 18-cm band, and Furadan 4F applied post-emergence in a broadcast, a 38.1-cm band, and an 18-cm sidedress on either side of the row, all applied at 1.0 lb [AI]/acre. Experimental design was a randomized complete block replicated 4 times. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to applications. At-plant granular treatments were banded in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre. Five roots per replicate were dug from each treatment plot. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The study site corn rootworm infestation was rather low. Below-normal temperatures and above-normal moisture prevailed throughout the growing season, which delayed planting, corn maturation, and peak larval damage. However, root evaluations were delayed for a period of ca. 3 wks to allow peak larval damage.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1993
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 27 insecticide treatments and a control, replicated 4 times. Single row plots were 50 ft in length and 30 inch spacings. Corn was planted no-till into soybean stubble on 6 May. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7 inch band with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer in 24 gal of water/acre at 30 psi. Application date was 6 Jul. Five days prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were infested in marked plants for later evaluation. On 30 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1993
Authors: Witkowski J. F.
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for 2nd generation ECB were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 12 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn hi-boy calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn hi-boy with 10 inch row banders. Twenty-four h prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate per treatment. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. On 17 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of ECB larvae recorded.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, 1993
Authors: Layton Blake , Varner Doyle
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied on 30 Jul using a COr powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The crop had been planted on rows spaced 38 inches from center to center. The plots, which were located in Tallahatchie County, were 8 rows wide × 50 ft long and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made at 4 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae. No rainfall occurred prior to the 4 DAT count, but heavy rainfall beginning 5 DAT prevented a scheduled 2nd application of the treatments. Pretreatment infestation level within the plot area was 24% eggs and 44% small larvae.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B. , Martin S.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in nonirrigated cotton planted 15 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 in centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun and 2, 6, 9, 12, 15 Jul with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 36 psi. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton squares per plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. No rainfall occurred during this test
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on May 11 at approx. 100 lb of seed/acre. Soil temperature was 74°F and the soil was moist (0.8% H.M. and 5.7 pH). Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide × 50 ft long and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Plots were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole® planter and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow application of the Orthene was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a COz sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa. Treatments, rates, and application techniques were listed. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 25 May and 1,8, 16 Jun. Twenty-five, newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.5) prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in tables.