bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Performance of High-Speed Railway Bridge Using Regression Neural Network Approach
Authors: Kim Young Chan , Kaloop Mosbeh R. , Hu Jong Wan
Published: November 2017

The performance prediction of High-speed railway bridges (HSRB) is vital to detect the behavior of bridges under different train’s speeds. This study aims to design a prediction model using the artificial neural network (ANN) to assess the performance of Yonjung high-speed bridge. A short-term health monitoring system is used to collect the behavior of bridge with different high-speed train’s speeds. The statistical analysis is utilized to evaluate the bridge under speeds 165 to 403 Km/h. The evaluation of bridge and prediction model showing that the bridge is safe, and the ANN is shown a good tool can be used to estimate a prediction model for the displacement of bridge girder.
Round Shape Rib Forming by Roll Forming Process
Authors: Jung Dong Won
Published: November 2017

Roll forming process, due to increased product performance, higher quality, and lower cost with other advantages, has been made suitable process to form any shapes in the sheets. In this paper stress, strain and thickness distribution in the steel galvanized hot coil commercial (SGHC) sheet with Round shape ribs formed by roll forming process was investigated by a Finite Element code, ABAQUS software. The stress and strain distributions are considered during forming. Since in round shape ribs the flow of material is easier than quadrilateral one, the Stress distribution was more uniformand thinning strain was concentrated in the ribs with maximum value of 14.5% while this value in quadrilateral shape rib forming is 15.5%. The results show that this method is applicable in reducing the thickness strain.
A New Engineering Technique in Roller Design to Prevent Thinning of Sheet in Roll Forming Process
Authors: Jung Dong Won
Published: November 2017

These days sheet metal forming is a widely used in different industrial fields with large production volumes. Formability of metal sheets is limited by localized necking and plastic instability. In sheet metal forming processes like drawing and stamping the main challenge is thinning of the metal sheet in some regions. To reduce thinning of the sheet product, roll forming has been suggested instead of stamping process. Thinning strain can cause necking, tearing or wrinkling which are failure of the metal sheet. In this study a new engineering technique is proposed in order to prevent thinning of the steel galvanized hot coil commercial (SGHC) in roll forming process. An explicit finite element code, ABAQUS software, was used to simulate the roll forming process. The results show that the proposed technique has an important effect on thinning of the sheet and can reduce it significantly. Investigation on the second and third and fourth rollers show the effect of modified roller dimension as on reducing the thickness. These reductions in second, third and fourth rollers are from 4 percent to 0.5 percent, 2.8 to 1.4 percent and from 1.4 to 0.7 percent respectively. The reasons of the new techniques effect were also discussed.
Polishing of Large-Sized Spiral Bevel Gears Using Radial Bristle Brush
Authors: Kawasaki Kazumasa , Tsuji Isamu
Published: November 2017

A machining method of large-sized spiral bevel gears in cyclo-palloid system has been developed using a computer numerical control (CNC) machining center. As a result of trial machining, the tooth surfaces were rough and leprous tool mark occurred. Therefore, the tooth surfaces were polished using a poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) elastic grindstone after machining in order to improve the surface roughness and the occurrence of leprous tool mark. However, the wear and clogging of the elastic grindstone occurred after polishing. In this paper, the tooth surfaces of the large-sized spiral bevel gears are polished using a radial bristle brush instead of a PVA elastic grindstone. The swarf cutting that was machined by the side of a tool was carried out in polishing in order to make the life of the radial bristle brush. After polishing, the tooth surface was observed and the surface roughness was measured. Afterwards, the surface roughness and the occurrence of leprous tool mark before and after polishing were compared. As a result, the surface roughness and the occurrence of leprous tool mark were improved.
Plastic Strain Ratio of Warm and Hot Asymmetrically Rolled AA6061 Al Sheet
Authors: Kim In Soo , Nam Su Kwon , Lee Dong Nyung
Published: November 2017

AA6061 Al alloy sheet was prepared by warm and hot asymmetric rolling at the temperature from 200 to 600°C. Pole figures of warm and hot asymmetric rolled AA6061 Al sheets were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Orientation distribution function (ODF) and the plastic strain ratio (R-value) were calculated. The calculated plastic strain ratio of starting sample was compared with those of different temperature warm and hot asymmetrically rolled samples. The plastic strain ratios of warm and hot asymmetrically rolled under different temperature and subsequently heat treated AA6061 Al sheets were shown higher than that of starting sample, but ΔRvalues expect 600°C were lower than that of starting sample.
A Design-Variable-Based Computational Study on the Unsteady Internal-Flow Characteristics of the Urea-SCR Injector for Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Kim Chang Su , Park Sung Young
Published: November 2017

This study conducted a computational analysis on the characteristics of the unsteady internal flow of the Urea-SCR injector using reverse engineering. The flow coefficient that changed according to time was calculated, and the flow-coefficient data from the injector-needle movement were secured. To objectively compare the responsiveness of the injector, the time taken by the flow-coefficient number to change in the injector-needle rise interval and to reach 80 % of the mean flow coefficient was indexed. The design variables of the injector, nozzle angles, and the number of nozzles were selected to analyze the effect on the mean flow coefficient and the total injection quantity. The study results indicate that the effect of the nozzle angles on the total injection quantity per time is insignificant, but when the number of nozzles was excessively increased, the total injection quantity per time was decreased. The characteristic changes of the initial flow coefficient of the increased needle regarding the injector-nozzle angle and the nozzle number were analyzed as the characteristics of the injector responsiveness. This analytic result is used as the basic material for the design of the injector.
A Mathematical Formulation for Calculating Temperature Dependent Friction Coefficient Values: Application in Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
Authors: Meyghani Bahman , Awang Mokhtar , Emamian Sattar
Published: November 2017

High rotational motion from the welding tool generates a significant amount of the heat during friction stir welding (FSW). Basically, during FSW the heat is mostly coming from the frictional force between the tool shoulder and the plates. Therefore, a precise calculation of the friction coefficient can increase the accuracy of the finite element analysis (FEA) of the process. However, researchers have applied constant values, and that causes a gap between the reality and the simulated model especially after the welding plunging step. In this study, a mathematical formulation is proposed in order to calculate the temperature dependent values of the friction coefficient and also to explore the influence of the temperature in the friction coefficient. To solve the governing equations of the process, the MATLAB® software is used. The results indicate that, from 25°C to the AA 6061-T6 melting point (580°C), the values of the friction coefficient fall steadily in a range of 0.207089 to 0.000582. Furthermore, the material shear stress and the material yield stress decrease consistently as the temperature rises. Consequently, the influence of the temperature in the contact input parameters and the material properties are discussed in detail and a good correlation with the published results is achieved.
A Deep Insight to Secondary Flows
Authors: Ilieva Ilieva Galina
Published: November 2017

Flow through turbine stages is three-dimensional and highly complex due to secondary flows, axial and tip clearances, 3D blades, rotational effects, varying fluid properties, turbulence effects, boundary layer development, etc. Secondary flows presence in turbines is identified as one of the main reason for losses and less efficiency performance. Hence in turbines, the need for understanding of secondary flows mechanisms and application of methods for their reduction is significant. This study is targeted to the discussion of secondary flows, аs follows: analysis of reasons for their development in turbine stages; influence on flow parameters distribution, efficiency of energy conversion and the overall aerodynamic performance of the turbo aggregate and ways to reduce their presence in the flow structure. As a result of the fulfilled intensive research works, a methodology for numerical modeling and mechanisms identification of secondary flows, through turbine channels, is attained also. Flow structures, specifics in aerodynamics, flow parameters distribution; interaction effects among vortices, core flow, endwalls and tip leaks, and many other flow features are discussed. An innovative approach to overcome reasons for secondary flows to appear and how to increase efficiency, have been studied and discussed.
Structural Analysis of Prosthetic Coatings Elaborated by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Alaoui Selsouli Yousra , Damene Mohammed Bey , Benmarouane Abdelilah , Simescu-Lazar Florica , Faure Joël , Benhayoune Hicham
Published: November 2017

In this study, phosphocalcic coatings on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V substrate are elaborated using Electrodeposition (ELD) by adding optimized amount of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 into the electrolyte. Structural analysis is performed by X Rays Diffraction and the data are treated using the RIETVELD method. The characterization of the coatings elaborated by ELD showed that the H2O2 amount variation has an influence on the morphology, the crystal size and the chemical composition (monophasic or biphasic) of the coatings.
Development of Controllable Simvastatin-Releasing PLGA/β-TCP Composite Microspheres Sintered Scaffolds as Synthetic Bone Substitutes
Authors: Terukina Takayuki , Numaguchi Takanori , Hattori Yusuke , Otsuka Makoto
Published: November 2017

The bone remodeling process plays an essential part of the calcium homeostatic system and provides a crucial mechanism for adaptation to physical stress, the repair of damaged bone and the removal of old bone. We reported previously that sustainable release of simvastatin (SIM) from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) formulations could induce bone formation. The aim of this study was to develop a simvastatin-releasing PLGA/β-TCP composite microspheres (β-SPMs) sintered scaffolds (β-SPMSS) as a synthetic bone substitute, and investigate the influence of the dissolution medium on the drug release capabilities of these device based on a physicochemical model for bone remodeling. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) results showed β-TCP and SIM could be encapsulated into the PLGA microspheres. The β-SPMs and the β-SPMSS were able to produce sustained release of SIM for 1 month in simulated body fluid (SBF), whereas these composites released SIM for 10 days in acetate buffer (AB). The release rate of SIM from β-SPMSS in AB was faster than in SBF, indicating that the β-SPMSS could control drug release with bone cells activity response, and could be used as a scaffold in bone remodeling area. These results suggested that the β-SPMSS could release SIM sustainably, with bone cells activity response, and could be used as a scaffold in bone remodeling area.
Conversion of Calcified Algae (Halimeda sp) and Hard Coral (Porites sp) to Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Choi Gina , Karacan Ipek , Cazalbou Sophie , Evans Louise , Sinutok Sutinee , Ben-Nissan Besim
Published: November 2017

Calcium phosphate materials can be produced using a number of wet methods that are based on hydrothermal or co-precipitation methods that might use acidic or basic chemical environments. In our previously published works, we have investigated calcium phosphates such as monetite, hydroxyapatite, and whitlockite which were successfully produced by mechano-chemical methods and/or hydrothermal treatments from a range of marine shells and corals which were obtained from the Great Barrier Reef. The aim of the current work was to analyze and compare the mechanisms of conversion of one hard coral species and one calcified algae species from the Great Barrier Reef.
Effect of Isoelectric Point on Enzyme Immobilization Property of Magnetic Apatite Microcapsules Encapsulating Maghemite
Authors: Yamamoto Masaya , Yabutsuka Takeshi , Takai Shigeomi , Yao Takeshi
Published: November 2017

It is well-known that apatite has high affinity to many kinds of biomolecules. In this study, the authors aimed to develop the apatite microcapsules with both enzyme immobilization property by the bioaffinity of apatite and magnetism of core materials. The authors encapsulated maghemite particles, possesing ferrimagnetism, with apatite by attaching Apatite Nuclei on the surfaces of maghemite particles and subsequently immersing them in SBF. To evaluate performance of the microcapsules as enzyme immobilization carriers, the authors investigated enzyme immobilization property of the microcapsules fabricated by biomimetic method using Apatite Nuclei and SBF from the viewpoint of the difference of isoelectric point of the three-types of enzymes.
Thermokinetic Investigation of the Drying Conditions on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Brangule Agnese , Avotiņa Līga , Zariņš Artūrs , Haļitovs Mihails , Gross Kārlis Agris , Ķizāne Gunta
Published: November 2017

The present work investigated dried calcium phosphate powders which still retain an amorphous or poorly crystalline structure under a variety of conditions. In previous studies, freeze-drying was found to be the optimum drying condition. However, several publications, as well as our previous studies, have shown that calcium phosphate amorphous, or a poorly crystalline structure, can retain their structure even if the samples are dried immediately after synthesis up to 200°C. In our study, we used the thermokinetic studies FTIR and XRD and showed that the samples are amorphous, or poorly crystalline, but were unable to answer the questions: Is there a difference between the differently dried amorphous calcium phosphates? What are the optimum drying conditions under which the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) structure loses the physically bounded water, but still retains the chemically bounded water?
Ceramic Roles in Aseptic Loosening: In Vivo Macro- and Microscopic Histological Evaluation
Authors: D'Adamio Stefano , Maccauro G. , Malerba Giuseppe , Piconi Corrado
Published: November 2017

Prosthetic loosening in absence of infection (aseptic loosening) is the most common reason for revision of Total Hip Replacements (THR) Alumina and/or zirconia-based ceramic materials generally displayed high wear resistance and are considered suitable for load bearing application. To characterize the possible chronic cellular reactions to ceramic debris is then relevant in view of their long-term implantation. Low density ceramic pellets obtained by alumina and zirconia (Y-TZP) medical-grade precursors, were sintered at intermediate density and implanted in the patellar tendon of 24 NZW adult rabbits (group A). In this way the progressive release into the joint space of grains detached from surface of the pellets by the motion of the joint. Other 24 NZW rabbits (group B) received 5mg of powders injected in the articular capsule. Animals were killed at different intervals (1,3,6,12 months). Retrieved knee joints underwent X-Ray, histological and ultrastructural analysis. Peripheral organs (liver, kidney, lung, spleen, brain) were collected at same time. For, histologic analysis of tissue specimens collected in revision surgeries were fixed in 10% formalin, then decalcified ethylendiamintetracetic acid (EDTA), dehydrated and embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histologic reaction was similar for the two ceramics and independent of the physical form (powders or pellets). Ceramic particulate was observed in the periprosthetic tissue membrane, the smaller inside mononuclear histiocyte-like cells in granuloma-like tissue, while the largest were in a synovial-like membrane inside a stroma poor in vessel containing mononuclear cells and rarely giant cells. No toxic nor carcinogenic effects were observed in peripheral organs retrieved at different time intervals. Although the ankyloses of the joints is a limiting factor for the duration of the test, this method may be a useful tool to evaluate the reactions to wear debris, and may result suitable also to evaluate the chronic response to metals or polymers of clinical interest.
Effect of a Rapidly Resorbable Calcium Alkali Phosphate Bone Grafting Material on Osteogenesis after Sinus Floor Augmentation in Humans
Authors: Knabe Christine , Knauf Tom , Adel-Khattab Doaa , Peleska Barbara , Hübner Wolf Dietrich , Peters Fabian , Rack Alexander , Gildenhaar Renate , Berger Georg , Günster Jens , Houshmand Alireza , Stiller Michael
Published: November 2017

Sinus floor augmentation (SFA) has become a well-established pre-implantology procedure for alveolar ridge augmentation of the posterior maxilla. Using bioceramic bone substitutes avoids second-site surgery for autograft harvesting. Compared to the bone substitutes which are currently clinically available, there is a significant need for bone substitutes which degrade more rapidly, but still stimulate osteogenesis at the same time. This has led to the development of bioactive, rapidly resorbable calcium alkali orthophosphate (CAOP) materials, which have a greater solubility than tricalcium phosphate. In this study the biodegradability and effect of a silica containing CAOP (Si-CAOP) on osteogenesis was evaluated in human biopsies sampled 6 months after SFA and compared to that of TCP utilizing hard tissue histology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemical analysis of osteogenic marker expression. Both materials facilitated bone formation and matrix mineralization, which were still actively progressing from the sinus floor in an apical direction 6 months after SFA. With the Si-CAOP grafting material however, bone formation, the bone-biomaterial-contact, i.e. bone-bonding, and particle degradation were significantly greater compared to TCP in the apical region of the biopsies, i.e. at the largest distance from the native bone of the sinus floor. This was accompanied by greater expression of Col I, BSP and OC in the newly formed bone tissue in the Si-CAP samples compared to TCP. Six months after implantation Si-CAOP facilitated greater bone formation and biodegradability than the TCP graft material, whose excellent osteoconductive properties have been widely documented. Consequently, Si-CAOP can be regarded as excellent grafting material for SFA in a clinical setting.
Locally Inhibition of Orthodontic Relapse by Injection of Carbonated Hydroxy Apatite-Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Alhasyimi Ananto Ali , Pudyani Pinandi Sri , Asmara Widya , Ana Ika Dewi
Published: November 2017

Relapse is considered a significant failure after orthodontic treatment. In response to relapse, RANKL expressions will increase, while OPG expressions will decrease. CHA is thought to be one of an ideal candidate for enhancing bone formation. Moreover, a-PRF is a source high levels of growth factors that play a central role in the bone remodeling. This research was intended to investigate the effect of hydrogel CHA-aPRF in preventing relapse. Hydrogel-CHA was initially designed, with its degradation profile and FTIR (Fourie’s Transform Infrared) spectra were investigated as the basis to find out optimum formulation before incorporated with aPRF. Hydrogel-CHA microspheres were prepared in 3 different compositions: those were encoded 30-CHA, 40-CHA, and 50-CHA. After the hydrogel formulation and characterization were completed, 10 mL blood samples were collected, then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 14 min. At the end of the centrifugation process, the aPRF clot was isolated and then pressed to obtain their releasate. The releasate aPRF was then loaded into the best formulation candidate of hydrogel CHA. The hydrogel incorporated aPRF was then gently injected on the mesial side of incisor gingival sulcus of the rabbit after orthodontic tooth movement. The FTIR analysis showed that carbonated apatite was successfully developed during the fabrication process of hydrogel-CHA microspheres. It was also known that degradation profile of 30-CHA was considered ideal compared to the other compositions. The application of CHA-aPRF (group C) was proven to significantly prevent relapse, indicated by lowest percentage of relapse 21 days after debonding (29.95±3.91%) compared to control group. Furthermore, it has been found that expressions of RANKL were significantly lowest (p<0.05) in group C on day 0, 3, and 7, while OPG expressions showed significantly highest (p<0.05) in group C on day 14 and 21 after debonding. These results indicate that incorporation of hydrogel-CHA has potential effect to enhance alveolar bone remodeling and prevent orthodontic relapse by stimulates OPG expression and suppresses RANKL expression.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel SCPC-CO3Ap Cement for Pulp Capping Application in Dentistry
Authors: Cahyanto Arief , Rezano Andri , Zakaria Myrna Nurlatifah , El-Ghannam Ahmed
Published: November 2017

Silica-calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) and carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) have several superior properties as they are bioactive, bioresorbable and elicit excellent tissue response. The CO3Ap surface layer and hydrated silica developed on the surface of the SCPC may be a key factor for achieving dentin regeneration. On the other hand, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] have antibacterial properties and biocompatible to dental tissue. Therefore, the combination of CO3Ap, SCPC, and Ca(OH)2 in a bone cement may be favorable as a pulp capping agent that enhances pulp tissue formation and dentin regeneration. The aim of the present study is to synthesize and characterize a novel SCPC-CO3Ap cement for pulp capping application in dentistry. The cement is composed of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), vaterite, Ca(OH)2 and SCPC. The set cement was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The microstructure of set cement was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mechanical strength was evaluated by diametral tensile strength (DTS). The FT-IR analyses revealed that the additional bands of carbonate were detected in each sample. The SEM samples of set cement showing more compact surface microstructure of group II compared to other groups. Furthermore, the combination of 5% SCPC and 5% Ca(OH)2 in the cement facilitated a compact structure with superior mechanical strength. The novel SCPC-CO3Ap cement has great potential to be used for pulp capping to facilitate dentin regeneration.
Adhesive Evaluation by Brushing Tests for Hydroxyapatite Films Fabricated on Dentins Using a Water Mist Assisted Er:YAG Laser Deposition Method
Authors: Yamamoto Ei , Kato Nobuhiro , Hontsu Shigeki
Published: November 2017

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the main structural components in tooth. Therefore, the HAp is an ideal material to repair tooth substances. However, it has not yet been realized that tooth enamel and dentin are artificially repaired using the HAp in operative dentistry. We have proposed and developed a tooth restoration technique with intraoral laser ablation using an Er:YAG (Erbium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet) laser in order to fabricate HAp films on tooth surfaces in the atmosphere at room temperature. Although HAp thin films were formed on dentin surfaces using the Er:YAG laser deposition method, it has still been unclear how is the mechanical durability of the HAp film on tooth substances. In the present study, we conducted brushing tests to evaluate the durability of adhesion between the HAp film and dentin. To form HAp layers on dentin surfaces, an ablation phenomenon was induced by the Er:YAG laser irradiated to the target of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) under humid conditions. The deposited layers were hydrolyzed by dripping artificial saliva on the surface at 37 degrees Celsius for 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 hours to create HAp films. The films hydrolyzed for more than 48 hours were attached on the dentin surface after the brushing tests. This result indicates that the α-TCP layer deposited on the dentin surface changes into a crystallized HAp material by the hydrolyzation for more than 48 hours. The crystallization of the film possibly contributes to the high adhesive durability of the HAp film deposited on the dentin.
IL-1β Induces Pathologically Activated Osteoclasts Bearing Extremely High Levels of Resorbing Activity: A Possible Pathological Subpopulation of Osteoclasts, Accompanied by Suppressed Expression of Kindlin-3 and Talin-1
Authors: Shiratori Takuma , Kyumoto-Nakamura Yukari , Kukita Akiko , Uehara Norihisa , Zhang Jingqi , Koda Kinuko , Kamiya Mako , Badawy Tamer , Tomoda Erika , Xu Xianghe , Yamaza Takayoshi , Urano Yasuteru , Koyano Kiyoshi , Kukita Toshio
Published: November 2017

As osteoclasts have the central roles in normal bone remodeling, it is ideal to regulate only the osteoclasts performing pathological bone destruction without affecting normal osteoclasts. Based on a hypothesis that pathological osteoclasts form under the pathological microenvironment of the bone tissues, we here set up optimum culture conditions to examine the entity of pathologically activated osteoclasts (PAOCs). Through searching various inflammatory cytokines and their combinations, we found the highest resorbing activity of osteoclasts when osteoclasts were formed in the presence of M-CSF, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, and IL-1β. We have postulated that these osteoclasts are PAOCs. Analysis using confocal laser microscopy revealed that PAOCs showed extremely high proton secretion detected by the acid-sensitive fluorescence probe Rh-PM and bone resorption activity compared with normal osteoclasts. PAOCs showed unique morphology bearing high thickness and high motility with motile cellular processes in comparison with normal osteoclasts. We further examined the expression of Kindlin-3 and Talin-1, essential molecules for activating integrin β-chains. Although normal osteoclasts express high levels of Kindlin-3 and Talin-1, expression of these molecules was markedly suppressed in PAOCs, suggesting the abnormality in the adhesion property. When whole membrane surface of mature osteoclasts was biotinylated and analyzed, the IL-1β–induced cell surface protein was detected. PAOCs could form a subpopulation of osteoclasts possibly different from normal osteoclasts. PAOC-specific molecules could be an ideal target for regulating pathological bone destruction.
A Clinical and Electrophysiological Study of Peripheral Neuropathies in Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Relation of Severity of Peripheral Neuropathy with Degree of Renal Failure
Authors: Jasti Dushyanth Babu , Mallipeddi Sarat , Apparao A. , Vengamma B. , Sivakumar V. , Kolli Satyarao
Published: November 2017

Objective: To study the prevalence, clinical features, electrophysiological features, and severity of peripheral neuropathy in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with respect to severity of renal failure and presence of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: Between May 2015 and December 2016, 200 predialysis CKD patients were assessed prospectively. Results: The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in predialysis CKD patients in the present study was 45% based on clinical symptoms and 90% electrophysiologically. Mean age of 200 predialysis CKD patients who participated in the study was 53.2 ± 13.2 years. One hundred and thirty-six (68%) patients were male and 64 (32%) patients were female. Mean duration of disease was 2.2 ± 1.6 years. Nearly 45% patients of patients had asymptomatic peripheral neuropathy in the present study, which was more common in mild-to-moderate renal failure group. One hundred twenty-six patients (63%) had definite damage and 54 patients (27%) had early damage. In mild-to-moderate renal failure (n = 100) and severe renal failure patients (n = 100), 88% and 92% had significant peripheral neuropathy, respectively. Most common nerves involved were sural nerve, median sensory nerve, and ulnar sensory nerve. Diabetic patients (97%) showed more severe and high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy when compared to nondiabetic patients (83%). Most common patterns were pure axonal sensorimotor neuropathy and mixed sensorimotor neuropathy. Conclusion: Peripheral neuropathy is common in predialysis patients, prevalence and severity of which increases as renal failure worsens. Predialysis patients with diabetes show higher prevalence and severity of peripheral neuropathy when compared with nondiabetics.
Impact of Road Traffic Injury to Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in Southern Thailand
Authors: Tunthanathip Thara , Phuenpathom Nakornchai
Published: November 2017

Background: Motor vehicle is a major transportation in Southern Thailand as the result of road traffic injury and death. Consequently, severe disability and mortality in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) were observed from traffic accident, particularly motorcycle accident. To identify the risk of intracranial injury in children, the association of treatment outcome with various factors including mechanisms of injury, clinical characteristics, and intracranial pathology can be assessed. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted on children, who were younger than 15 years old with TBI and were enrolled from 2004 to 2015. Several clinically relevant issues were reviewed and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 948 casualties were enrolled. Compared with falling down, the motorcycle accident was significantly associated with intracranial injury (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–2.76). Other factors associated with intracranial injury were hemiparesis (odds ratio 5.69, 95% CI 1.44–22.36), positive of basal skull fracture signs (odds ratio 15.66, 95% CI 3.44-71.28), and fixed reaction to light of both pupils (odds ratio 5.74, 95% CI 1.71–19.23). Mortality found in thirty cases (3.2%). Furthermore, the risk of death correlated with motorcycle accident (P = 0.02) and severe head injury (P < 0.001). Neurosurgical intervention was not associated with outcome, but severe head injury, hemorrhagic shock, epidural, and subdural hematoma were impact factors. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate road traffic injury, especially motorcycle accident leading to brain injury and death. Prevention program is a necessary key to decrease mortality and disability in pediatric TBI.
Progesterone and Estrogen Receptors in Neurofibromas of Patients with NF1
Authors: Geller Mauro , Mezitis Spyros G.E. , Nunes Fabio Pereira , Ribeiro Marcia G. , Araújo Alexandra Prufer de Q.C. , Bronstein Marcello D. , Siqueira-Batista Rodrigo , Gomes Andréia Patrícia , Oliveira Lisa , Cunha Karin Soares Gonçalves
Published: November 2017

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or von Recklinghausen disease is a genetic disorder affecting the growth of cells in nervous system. One of the most remarkable characteristics of this disease is the development of benign tumors of the nervous system (neurofibromas).

The purpose of this study was to test tissue samples taken from neurofibromas and plexiform neurofibromas of NF1 patients for the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. We used previously collected samples from patients registered in the database of the Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose (CNNF-Brazil). Samples from twenty-five patients in the database presenting plexiform neurofibromas (N1 group) and 25 samples from the same database from patients presenting neurofibromas (N2 group) were tested.

We observed positive staining for progesterone receptors in 13 of the neurofibroma samples and 19 of the plexiform neurofibroma samples. Among the neurofibroma samples, we observed one sample with positive estrogen receptor staining, but none of the plexiform neurofibroma samples showed positive staining. We suggest further studies to investigate in greater depth possible hormonal influences on the development and growth of neurofibromas and plexiform neurofibromas in NF1.
Tumorigenic Effects of Tamoxifen on the Female Genital Tract
Authors: Nasu Kaei , Takai Noriyuki , Nishida Masakazu , Narahara Hisashi
Published: November 2017

Tamoxifen is widely used for endocrine treatment and breast cancer prevention. It acts as both an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue and an estrogen agonist in the female lower genital tract. Tamoxifen causes severe gynecologic side effects, such as endometrial cancer. This review focuses on the effects of prolonged tamoxifen treatment on the human female genital tract and considers its tumorigenicity in the gynecologic organs through clinical data analysis. Tamoxifen is associated with an increased incidence of benign endometrial lesions such as polyps and hyperplasia and a two- to four-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients. Moreover, the incidence of functional ovarian cysts is significantly high in premenopausal tamoxifen users. To prevent tamoxifen from having severe side effects in gynecologic organs, frequent gynecological examination should be performed for both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who are treated with this drug.
P16/Ki-67 Immunostaining is Useful in Stratification of Atypical Metaplastic Epithelium of the Cervix
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Bose Shikha
Published: November 2017

Cervical metaplastic squamous epithelium exhibiting atypia insufficient for a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is usually reported as “atypical squamous metaplasia” (ASM). Stratification impacts treatment since the differential is often between reactive and high grade CIN (CIN II, III). Diagnosis with H&E is associated with low intra/interobserver concurrence. P16/Ki-67 immunostains are helpful to assess cervical biopsies for HPV-associated lesions but staining in metaplastic squamous epithelium has received little attention. This study aims to establish staining characteristics of metaplastic squamous epithelium and determine if p16/Ki-67 is useful in ASM stratification. 80 cervical biopsies containing morphologically normal and dysplastic squamous metaplasia were retrieved to determine the staining characteristics of metaplastic epithelium utilizing p16/Ki-67 immunostains. These included 21 benign squamous metaplasia (BSM) from benign cervices, 15 BSM present adjacent to HPV/CIN lesions, and 44 CIN involving squamous metaplasia. Serial sections with controls were stained for p16 and Ki-67 and in-situ hybridization (ISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV was performed. P16 was recorded as negative, spotty, or band-like. Ki-67 was recorded as positive when present in >50% of lesional nuclei. Results were correlated with H&E diagnosis. 95% of the BSMs, whether from normal cervices or adjacent to HPV/CIN were p16/Ki-67 negative. 81% HG CINs involving squamous metaplasia were p16 band/Ki-67 positive. Low grade CIN (CIN I) involving metaplastic epithelium showed a broad distribution of p16/Ki-67 staining patterns. Based on these criteria, 20 ASM were evaluated. 10% of the ASM cases were p16 band/Ki-67 positive indicating HG CIN. 60% of the ASMs were p16/Ki-67 negative indicating reactive change (all with the exception of one case being HPV negative). The remaining 30% of the ASM cases showed variable positivity for p16 and Ki-67 and could not be stratified into the two categories. Thus p16/Ki-67 staining is helpful in stratification of ASM as reactive or CIN.
Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Visceral Leishmaniasis—Current Scenario
Authors: Pandey Krishna , Sinha Prabhat Kumar , Das Vidyanand Ravi , Bimal Sanjiva , Singh Shubhankar K. , Das Pradeep
Published: November 2017

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a protozoal disease, which was previously regarded as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Management of this disease is quite difficult, because it is said to affect the poorest of the poor. Previously Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG) was regarded as the gold standard treatment for VL. But due to the increasing unresponsiveness, to this drug various other drugs were tried and are still being tried. Pentamidine is very toxic and has been discarded of late. Amphotericin B and its lipid formulations are very effective but require hospital admission and monitoring. Oral drugs like Miltefosine have already been launched. An amino glycoside Paromomycin and another oral drug Sitamaquine are in the pipe line. Interferon gamma has been used with discouraging results.
Pathology-Dependent Histological Changes of the Left Stellate Ganglia: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Docimo Salvatore , Piccolo Carmen , Van Arsdale Daniel , Elkowitz David E.
Published: November 2017

Sympathetic hyperinnervation due to nerve sprouting generated by the left stellate ganglion has been noted following cardiopulmonary disease processes. Sympathetic hyperinnervation seems to be limited to cardiopulmonary diseases in the experimental and clinical settings. However, histological changes of the left stellate ganglion following cardiopulmonary diseases in humans have yet to be observed. This study intends to investigate the histological changes of cadaveric sympathetic nervous tissue of left stellate ganglia (n = 32) and their relationship to noted pathology. Our study found fibrotic changes of the left stellate ganglion are not significantly dependent upon pathological processes, however, changes in the number of nerve cell bodies seems to be pathology dependent A relationship between respiratory (mean = 33.3; P = 0.023) and cardiovascular pathologies (mean = 29.6; P = 0.199) and an increase in nerve cell bodies of the left stellate ganglion was noted when compared to other pathologies (mean = 25.7). The link between cardiopulmonary disease and sympathetic hyperinnervation may be the increase in the number of nerve cell bodies of the left stellate ganglion. Our results are clinically significant considering sympathetic hyperinnervation is associated with arrythmogenesis and an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary disease. Such findings may warrant investigation into the use of ganglion blockade in cardiopulmonary diseases.
The Physiological Action of Picolinic Acid in the Human Brain
Authors: Grant R.S. , Coggan S.E. , Smythe G.A.
Published: November 2017

Picolinic Acid is an endogenous metabolite of L-tryptophan (TRP) that has been reported to possess a wide range of neuroprotective, immunological, and anti-proliferative affects within the body. However the salient physiological function of this molecule is yet to be established. The synthesis of picolinic acid as a product of the kynurenine pathway (KP) suggests that, similar to other KP metabolites, picolinic acid may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders within the CNS and possibly other organs.

In this paper we review the limited body of literature dealing with the physiological actions of picolinic acid in the CNS and its associated synthesis via the kynurenine pathway in health and disease. Discrepancies and gaps in our current knowledge of picolinic acid are identified highlighting areas of research to promote a more complete understanding of its endogenous function in the brain.
Progesterone Alters Kynurenine Pathway Activation in IFN-γ-Activated Macrophages – Relevance for Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Authors: de Bie J. , Lim C. K. , Guillemin G. J.
Published: November 2017

We have previously demonstrated that the kynurenine pathway (KP), the major biochemical pathway for tryptophan metabolism, is dysregulated in many inflammatory disorders that are often associated with sexual dimorphisms. We aimed to identify a potential functional interaction between the KP and gonadal hormones. We have treated primary human macrophages with progesterone in the presence and absence of inflammatory cytokine interferongamma (interferon-γ) that is known to be a potent inducer of regulating the KP enzyme. We found that progesterone attenuates interferon-γ-induced KP activity, decreases the levels of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid, and increases the neuroprotective kynurenic acid levels. We also showed that progesterone was able to reduce the inflammatory marker neopterin. These results may shed light on the gender disparity in response to inflammation.
H-measures and propagation effects
Authors: Tartar Luc
Published: November 2017

The notion of H-measures, introduced by the author and applied to propagation effects for wave equations is recalled, and extended to similar questions for linearized elasticity.
Well-posedness for multi-dimensional junction problems with Kirchoff-type conditions
Authors: Lions Pierre-Louis , Souganidis Panagiotis E.
Published: November 2017

We consider multi-dimensional junction problems for first- and second-order pde with Kirchoff-type Neumann boundary conditions and we show that their generalized viscosity solutions are unique. It follows that any viscosity-type approximation of the junction problem converges to a unique limit. The results here are the first of this kind and extend previous work by the authors for one-dimensional junctions. The proofs are based on a careful analysis of the behavior of the viscosity solutions near the junction, including a blow-up argument that reduces the general problem to a one-dimensional one. As in our previous note, no convexity assumptions and control theoretic interpretation of the solutions are needed.
Elliptic equations involving the 1-Laplacian and a total variation term with $L^{N,\infty}$-data
Authors: Latorre Marta , Segura de León Sergio
Published: November 2017

In this paper we study, in an open bounded set with Lipschitz boundary, the Dirichlet problem for a nonlinear singular elliptic equation involving the 1-Laplacian and a total variation term, that is, the inhomogeneous case of the equation appearing in the level set formulation of the inverse mean curvature flow. Our aim is twofold. On the one hand, we consider data belonging to the Marcinkiewicz space with a critical exponent, which leads to unbounded solutions. So, we have to begin introducing the suitable notion of unbounded solution to this problem. Moreover, examples of explicit solutions are shown. On the other hand, this equation allows us to deal with many related problems having a di¤erent gradient term which depend on a function

g

(see (1) below). It is known that the total variation term induces a regularizing effect on existence, uniqueness and regularity. We focus on analyzing whether those features remain true when general gradient terms are taken. Roughly speaking, the bigger

g

, the better the properties of the solution.
Centro de Control de Tierra para Colaboración de Vehículos Autónomos Marinos
Authors: Bonache Seco J.A. , Dormido Canto J. , Montalvo Martinez M. , López-Orozco J.A. , Besada Portas E. , De la Cruz Garcia J.M.
Published: November 2017

El Centro de Control de Tierra (CCT) es uno de los elementos imprescindibles para la supervisión y control de vehículos autónomos que realizan misiones complejas. En la actualidad cada vez hay más aplicaciones donde se utilizan múltiples vehículos autónomos y el tradicional Centro de Control está evolucionando para ser capaz de gestionar diversos vehículos y operadores. Este artículo presenta las características más relevantes de un CCT adaptable y versátil, especialmente diseñado para que un equipo heterogéneo de operadores puedan monitorizar y supervisar el funcionamiento colaborativo de un conjunto heterogéneo de vehículos autónomos. Entre estas características destacan la posibilidad de, según las necesidades de los operadores y de la misión, 1) reconfigurar cuál (y cómo) es la información que se muestra de cada vehículo a cada operador, 2) definir alarmas que atraigan la atención de los operadores ante determinados eventos (y liberen su carga de trabajo mientras estos no se den) y 3) re-asignar en tiempo real la gestión de los vehículos a los diferentes operadores. Para alcanzarlas, se ha realizado un cuidadoso diseño de la arquitectura software del CCT, que se detalla en el artículo y que se encuentra formada por: un módulo de comunicaciones; un módulo planificador de alto nivel; un módulo (replicable en tantos equipos como se desee) de monitorización y supervisión de vehículos; y tantos módulos comandadores como vehículos diferentes existan en la misión. Este CCT ha sido desarrollado dentro del proyecto de investigación SALACOM (Sistema Autónomo de Localización y Actuación ante Contaminantes en el Mar), en el que dos barcos autónomos maniobran de forma colaborativa para desplegar una barrera para la contención de un vertido contaminante en el mar y
donde la incorporación del operador en la supervisión y control de las maniobras de los vehículos es un requisito imprescindible para dar seguridad y confianza a la operación realizada. Finalmente, se presenta un caso de uso del Centro de Control de Tierra donde se realiza una maniobra de seguimiento entre dos vehículos autónomos de superficie.
Evaluación Neurofisiológica del Entrenamiento de la Imaginación Motora con Realidad Virtual en Pacientes Pediátricos con Parálisis Cerebral
Authors: Del Castillo M.D. , Serrano J.I. , Lerma S. , Martínez I. , Rocon E
Published: November 2017

Existen diversas evidencias que indican que los déficits motores en los pacientes de parálisis cerebral se asocian con problemas en la planificación motora que, a su vez, apuntan a una mermada capacidad para imaginar movimientos. La imaginación motora se ha revelado como una herramienta efectiva en el aprendizaje y la adquisición de habilidades motoras ya que comparte estructuras neuronales similares con la ejecución motora. En este trabajo se presenta un paradigma basado en un juego de realidad virtual para guiar la actividad mental del paciente que sirve a dos fines: estudiar su capacidad de imaginar movimientos e implicar y motivar al paciente en el entrenamiento de dicha capacidad. El estudio ha involucrado cuatro niños con parálisis cerebral espástica (edad media = 13.25 años, DS = 1.5) con lesión cerebral bilateral. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de su actividad electroencefalográfica muestran que estos pacientes son capaces de emplear la imaginación motora en una tarea de marcha, indicada por la presencia del fenómeno ERD (Event Related Desynchronization) en zonas corticales motoras, independientemente de su nivel funcional y de los miembros afectados.
Análisis Cinemático de Robots Manipuladores Redundantes: Aplicación a los Robots Kuka LWR 4+ y ABB Yumi
Authors: Zaplana Isiah , Claret Josep Arnau , Basanez Luis
Published: November 2017

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis cinemático aplicado a dos manipuladores serie redundantes: el Kuka LWR 4+ y el ABB Yumi. En particular se deriva la cinemática directa para ambos manipuladores y se resuelve el problema de la cinemática inversa. Para el Kuka LWR 4+ dicha solución se obtiene en forma analítica, mientras que para el ABB Yumi se sigue un enfoque analítico y numérico. Además, se calculan simbólicamente tanto las singularidades del Kuka LWR 4+ como las direcciones singulares asociadas a estas. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento cinemático de dos manipuladores redundantes de gran actualidad e interés para la comunidad robótica, y proporciona información útil para el diseño de diferentes algoritmos y leyes de control.