bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold trap dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer characterized by SOWER chilled-mirror hygrometer network data in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Hasebe F. , Inai Y. , Shiotani M. , Fujiwara M. , Vömel H. , Nishi N. , Ogino S.-Y. , Shibata T. , Iwasaki S. , Komala N. , Peter T. , Oltmans S. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A network of balloon-born radiosonde observations employing chilled-mirror hygrometers for water and electrochemical concentration cells for ozone has been operated since late 1990s in the Tropical Pacific trying to capture the progress of dehydration for the air parcels advected horizontally in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). The analyses of this dataset are made on isentropes taking advantage of the conservative properties of tracers in adiabatic motion. The existence of ice particles is diagnosed by lidars simultaneously operated with sonde flights. Characteristics of the TTL dehydration are presented on the basis of individual soundings and statistical features. Supersaturations close to 80% in the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) have been observed in subvisible cirrus clouds located near the cold point tropopause at extremely low temperatures around 180 K. Further observational evidence is needed to confirm the credibility of such high values of RHice. The progress of TTL dehydration is reflected in isentropic scatter plots between the sonde-observed mixing ratio (OMR) and the minimum saturation mixing ratio (SMRmin) along the back trajectories associated with the observed air mass. The supersaturation exceeding the critical value of the homogeneous ice nucleation (OMR > 1.6 × SMRmin) is frequently observed on 360 and 365 K surfaces indicating that the cold trap dehydration is under progress in the TTL. The near correspondence between the two (OMR ~ SMRmin) on 380 K on the other hand implies that this surface is not significantly cold for the advected air parcels to be dehydrated. Above 380 K, the cold trap dehydration would scarcely function while some moistening in turn occurs before the air parcels reach the lowermost stratosphere at around 400 K where OMR is generally smaller than SMRmin.
Fucus and Ascophyllum seaweeds are significant contributors to coastal iodine emissions
Authors: Huang R.-J. , Thorenz U. R. , Kundel M. , Venables D. S. , Ceburnis D. , Chen J. , Vogel A. L. , Küpper F. C. , Smyth P. P. A. , Berresheim H. , O'Dowd C. D. , Hoffmann T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Based on the results of a pilot study in 2007, which found high mixing ratios of molecular iodine (I2) above the intertidal macroalgae (seaweed) beds at Mweenish Bay (Ireland), we extended the study to nine different locations in the vicinity of Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the west coast of Ireland during a field campaign in 2009. I2 mixing ratios from 104 to 393 ppt were found above the macroalgae beds, implying a high source strength of I2. Such mixing ratios are sufficient to result in photochemically-driven coastal new-particle formation events. Mixing ratios above the Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus beds increased with exposure time – after 6 h exposure to ambient air the mixing ratios were one order of magnitude higher than those initially present. This contrasts with the emission characteristics of Laminaria digitata, where most I2 was emitted within the first half hour of exposure. Discrete in situ measurements (off-line) of I2 emission from ambient air-exposed chamber experiments of L. digitata, A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus substantially supported the field observations. Further online and time-resolved measurements of the I2 emission from O3-exposed macroalgal experiments in chamber confirmed the distinct I2 emission characteristics of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus compared to that of L. digitata. The emission rates of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus were comparable to or even higher than L. digitata after the initial exposure period of ~20–30 min. We suggest that A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus may provide an unaccounted and important source of photolabile iodine in the coastal boundary layer and that their impact on photochemistry and coastal new particle formation should be reevaluated in light of their longer exposure at low-tide and their widespread distribution.
Observation of a tropopause fold by MARA VHF wind-profiler radar and ozonesonde at Wasa, Antarctica: comparison with ECMWF analysis and a WRF model simulation
Authors: Mihalikova M. , Kirkwood S. , Arnault J. , Mikhaylova D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Tropopause folds are one of the mechanisms of stratosphere–troposphere exchange, which can bring ozone rich stratospheric air to low altitudes in the extra-tropical regions. They have been widely studied at northern mid- or high latitudes, but so far almost no studies have been made at mid- or high southern latitudes. The Moveable Atmospheric Radar for Antarctica (MARA), a 54.5 MHz wind-profiler radar, has operated at the Swedish summer station Wasa, Antarctica (73° S, 13.5° W) during austral summer seasons from 2007 to 2011 and has observed on several occasions signatures similar to those caused by tropopause folds at comparable Arctic latitudes. Here a case study is presented of one of these events when an ozonesonde successfully sampled the fold. Analysis from European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) is used to study the circumstances surrounding the event, and as boundary conditions for a mesoscale simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The fold is well resolved by the WRF simulation, and occurs on the poleward side of the polar jet stream. However, MARA resolves fine-scale layering associated with the fold better than the WRF simulation.
Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Preparation of Aromatic Polyamides Containing Phthalazinone Moiety
Authors: Zahmatkesh Saeed
Published: September 2012

An unsymmetrical heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid monomer, 4-[4-(4-carboxy phenoxy)-naphthyl]-2-(4-carboxyphenyl) phthalazin-1-one (1) was successfully prepared. A series of polyamides containing phthalazinone were prepared from the prepared dicarboxylic acid with various aromatic diamines in an ionic liquid (IL) as a green, safe, and eco-friendly medium and also reactions catalysis agent. Evaluation of data shows that IL is the better polyamidation medium than the reported method and the catalysis stands on the higher inherent viscosities and yields of the obtained PAs and the rate of polymerizations beyond the greener reaction conditions and deletion of some essential reagents in conventional manner. Characterization was performed by means of 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetric techniques. Molecular weights of the obtained polyamides were evaluated viscometrically, and the measured inherent viscosities were in the range of 0.46–0.71 dL/g. These polyamides were readily soluble in many organic solvents. These polymers still keep good thermal stability with high glass transition temperatures in the range of 310–345∘C and the decomposition temperature under the nitrogen atmosphere for 10% weight-loss temperatures in excess of 488∘C.
High-Frequency Sections of Active Filters of Mixed-Signal
SoC Based on Current Amplifiers
Authors: Krutchinsky Sergei , Prokopenko Nikolai
Published: September 2012

The sufficient conditions for the efficient use of active elements are formulated by analyzing the basic structure of second-order unit. The expediency of current amplifiers usage in HF and SHF filters is shown. The examples of a methodical nature are given and conclusions of application importance are formulated.
Models, Regulations, and Functions of Microtubule Severing by Katanin
Authors: Ghosh Debasish Kumar , Dasgupta Debdeep , Guha Abhishek
Published: September 2012

Regulation of microtubule dynamics depends on stochastic balance between polymerization and severing process which lead to differential spatiotemporal abundance and distribution of microtubules during cell development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Microtubule severing by a conserved AAA family protein Katanin has emerged as an important microtubule architecture modulating process in cellular functions like division, migration, shaping and so on. Regulated by several factors, Katanin manifests connective crosstalks in network motifs in regulation of anisotropic severing pattern of microtubule protofilaments in cell type and stage dependent way. Mechanisms of structural disintegration of microtubules by Katanin involve heterogeneous mechanochemical processes and sensitivity of microtubules to Katanin plays significant roles in mitosis/meiosis, neurogenesis, cilia/flagella formation, cell wall development and so on. Deregulated and uncoordinated expression of Katanin has been shown to have implications in pathophysiological conditions. In this paper, we highlight mechanistic models and regulations of microtubule severing by Katanin in context of structure and various functions of Katanin in different organisms.
Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated with Worse Prognosis Than Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Naess Halvor , Waje-Andreassen Ulrike , Thomassen Lars
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose. We hypothesized that patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) suffer from more severe cerebral infarction than patients with paroxysmal AF due to differences in clot structure and volume. Methods. This study includes consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction and persistent or paroxysmal AF documented by ECG any time prior to stroke onset. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity on admission. Short-term outcome was determined by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score, Barthel index, and NIHSS score 7 days after stroke onset. Risk factors were registered on admission. Eligible patients were treated with thrombolysis. Results. In total, 141 (52%) patients had paroxysmal AF, and 129 (48%) patients had persistent AF. NIHSS score on admission, mRS score at day 7, and mortality were significantly higher among patients with persistent AF. Thrombolysis was less effective in patients with persistent AF. Conclusions. Our study shows that patients with persistent AF and acute cerebral infarction have poorer short-term outcome than patients with paroxysmal AF. Differences in clot structure or clot volume may explain this.
Measuring Corneal Thickness with SOCT, the Scheimpflug System, and Ultrasound Pachymetry
Authors: Piotrowiak Ilona , Soldanska Beata , Burduk Mateusz , Kaluzny Bartlomiej J. , Kaluzny Jozef
Published: September 2012

Background and Objective. Evaluation of agreement, repeatability, and reproducibility of central and minimal corneal thickness (CCT and MCT) measurements obtained by SOCT, the Scheimpflug system, and ultrasound pachymetry. Materials and Methods. 28 eyes of healthy patients were enrolled. Pachymetry measurements were performed with SOCT, the Scheimpflug system, and ultrasound instrument. Each measurement was taken by 3 operators on 3 devices providing a total of 2100 measurements. Results. The mean CCT for SOCT, Scheimpflug system, and ultrasound instrument was 537.92, 545.94, and 555.74 μm, respectively, (). The respective mean coefficients of repeatability for CCT were 0.61, 0.82 and 0.80, whereas mean coefficients of interoperator reproducibility for CCT were 0.91, 1.11, and 1.25. Conclusions. CCT and MCT measurements show moderate agreement between instruments. The repeatability and interoperator reproducibility of the results obtained by SOCT are somewhat higher. The operator's impact on CCT and MCT measurements is insignificant in all devices.
Pathologic Quantification of Connective Tissue Disease–Associated Versus Idiopathic Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Cipriani Nicole A. , Strek Mary , Noth Imre , Gordon Ilyssa O. , Charbeneau Jeff , Krishnan Jerry A. , Krausz Thomas , Husain Aliya N.
Published: September 2012

Context.—Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a common chronic interstitial pneumonitis. It can occur idiopathically (I-UIP) or in the setting of systemic connective tissue disease (CTD-UIP). Some studies suggest that CTD-UIP has a better prognosis than I-UIP. The histologic differences between CTD-UIP and I-UIP are not clearly defined.

Objective.—The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologic criteria that may differentiate CTD-UIP from I-UIP, including fibroblastic foci (FFs), lymphoid aggregates (LAs), and the presence of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern.

Design.—Thirty-five patients with histologic diagnoses of UIP were identified (27 biopsies [77%]; 8 explants [23%]). Biopsy slides were scanned and analyzed quantitatively for FF size, FF area, LA size, and LA area. Biopsy and explant slides were examined qualitatively for the presence of a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern in areas away from UIP fibrosis.

Results.—Of 27 biopsies, the number and size of FFs in CTD-UIP were smaller than they were in I-UIP. The number and size of LAs were larger in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than they were in patients with I-UIP. There was no interobserver variability among 3 pathologists using this quantitative system. Of 35 biopsies and explants, there was a higher prevalence of the nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern among patients with CTD-UIP than there was among patients with I-UIP (P = .005).

Conclusions.—Patients with CTD-UIP had fewer, smaller FFs than did patients with I-UIP, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis-UIP had more, larger LAs than did patients with I-UIP. Of importance, the coexistence of UIP and the nonspecific interstitial pneumonia patterns was one of the most salient features in distinguishing CTD-UIP from I-UIP because CTD-UIP demonstrated an increased prevalence of multilobar, cellular, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia patterns in areas away from the UIP fibrosis.
Advancing Personalized Cancer Medicine in Lung Cancer
Authors: MacConaill Laura E.
Published: September 2012

Although improvements in genomic technologies during the past decade have greatly advanced our understanding of the genomic alterations that contribute to lung cancer, and the disease has (to a degree) become a paradigm for individualized cancer treatment in solid tumors, additional challenges must be addressed before the goal of personalized cancer therapy can become a reality for lung cancer patients.
Pleuropulmonary Pathology in Patients With Rheumatic Disease
Authors: Schneider Frank , Gruden James , Tazelaar Henry D. , Leslie Kevin O.
Published: September 2012

Thoracic manifestations of rheumatic disease (RD) are increasingly recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rheumatologic underpinnings have been identified in a significant proportion of patients with interstitial lung disease. The 5 RDs most frequently associated with pleuropulmonary disease are (1) rheumatoid arthritis, (2) systemic lupus erythematosus, (3) progressive systemic sclerosis, (4) polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and (5) Sjögren syndrome. The onset of thoracic involvement in these diseases is variable. In some patients, it precedes the systemic disease or is its only manifestation. Moreover, there is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from subclinical abnormalities to acute respiratory failure. Histopathologically, the hallmark features of thoracic involvement by RD are inflammatory, targeting one or more lung compartments. The reactions range from acute to chronic, with remodeling by fibrosis being a common result. Although the inflammatory findings are often nonspecific, certain reactions or anatomic distributions may favor one RD over another, and occasionally, a distinctive histopathology may be present (eg, rheumatoid nodules). Three diagnostic dilemmas are encountered in patients with RD who develop diffuse lung disease: 1) opportunistic infection in the immunocompromised host, 2) drug toxicity related to the medications used to treat the systemic disease, and 3) manifestations of the patient's known systemic disease in lung and pleura. To confidently address the latter, the 5 major RDs are presented here, with their most common pleuropulmonary pathologic manifestations, accompanied by brief clinical and radiologic correlations.
Molecular Diagnostics of Lung Cancers at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Technology in Rapid Evolution
Authors: Lindeman Neal
Published: September 2012

The past 9 years have seen a remarkable shift in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to lung carcinomas, beginning with the discovery of EGFR mutations and their role in directing management with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This special review recounts the experiences at one molecular diagnostic testing center, the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, from the initial research observations in 2003 to the development of multigene next-generation sequencing in 2012. Throughout this time, the activities in the molecular diagnostics laboratory have been in a state of rapid flux, responding to changes in clinical needs and scientific discoveries.
Dilemmas in Lung Cancer Staging
Authors: Dacic Sanja
Published: September 2012

The TNM staging system is the most important prognostic factor for lung cancer. The most encountered difficulties in pathologic staging of lung cancer include assessment of pleural invasion, synchronous tumor nodules, and lymph node sampling.
Teaching Absolute Value Meaningfully
Authors: Wade Angela
Published: September 2012

What is the meaning of absolute value? And why do we teach students how to solve absolute value equations? Absolute value is a concept introduced in first-year algebra and then reinforced in later courses. Various authors have suggested instructional methods for teaching absolute value to high school students (Wei 2005; Stallings-Roberts 1991; Friedlander and Hadas 1988), but here we focus on an investigation that will help students make meaning of the absolute value equation in the context of a practical situation. We connect absolute value to the concepts of rate, time, distance, and slope.
Decennial Redistricting: Rich Mathematics in Context
Authors: Rubel Laurie H. , Driskill Michael , Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: September 2012

Redistricting can provide a real-world application for use in a wide range of mathematics classrooms.
Le plan de Jacques Gréber pour la capitale nationale : un héritage urbanistique décrié
Authors: Benali Kenza , Ramirez Caroline
Published: September 2012

Jacques Gréber, architecte-urbaniste français connu pour ses réalisations en Amérique du Nord, a véritablement été l’architecte des villes d’Ottawa et Hull lorsqu’il réalisa, en 1950, le Plan de la capitale nationale. Jusqu’à cette date, Ottawa et Hull, villes industrielles se faisant face sur les rives de la rivière des Outaouais, avaient connu une croissance spontanée et incontrôlée. Soucieuses d’embellir et d’articuler les deux villes pour en faire un seul district fédéral, ses réalisations bénéficiaient à l’époque d’un certain engouement. Il faudra en fait attendre le tournant du XXIe siècle, lorsque ce plan sera réalisé en grande partie et qu’il sera réactualisé partiellement par les instances publiques pour les futurs aménagements de la capitale, pour assister à toute une polémique sur l’héritage de Jacques Gréber. Notre article propose donc, après un survol des réalisations de cet urbaniste, une analyse des critiques adressées à cet héritage urbanistique.
Urbain, rural et milieux transitionnels : les catégories géographiques de la ville diffuse
Authors: Simard Martin
Published: September 2012

Ville, campagne, urbain, rural, banlieue, tous ces mots font partie du vocabulaire courant de notre époque. Mais que signifient-ils réellement ? Les difficultés traditionnelles de définition et de délimitation des catégories d’espaces géographiques prennent une dimension nouvelle dans le contexte de la mondialisation et de la métropolisation. La montée de l’économie de l’information et la popularisation d’Internet sonnent-ils le glas des territoires tels que nous les avons connus ? Nous tenterons de faire le point sur la nomenclature en études urbaines. Nous nous intéresserons également aux nouvelles formes d’urbanisation diffuse que nous qualifions de milieux transitionnels. On peut définir ces milieux comme des territoires qui s’écartent des idéaux-types du rural et de l’urbain. Ces espaces hétérogènes reflètent la complexité de l’écoumène issu de la ville diffuse. Leur nature hétéroclite ne serait pas temporaire, mais appelée à rester hétéroclite. Ils constituent le produit d’une société urbaine métropolisée et ils soulèvent différents défis en matière de pédagogie, de vie en société et de développement durable.
Ville et campagne : deux concepts à l’épreuve de l’étalement urbain
Authors: Mercier Guy , Côté Michel
Published: September 2012

Malgré la forte critique qu’il essuie et les mesures prises à son encontre, l’étalement urbain se poursuit. Il y a là un paradoxe qui pourrait signifier que l’étalement urbain tire avantage des moyens adoptés pour le contrer. L’hypothèse, qui n’a rien d’ironique, force la réflexion sur les catégories conceptuelles (ville, campagne, urbain, rural) qui fondent notre compréhension du phénomène. En suivant cette piste, on remarque, à partir du cas québécois, que la critique de l’étalement urbain propage une conception dichotomique de la ville et de la campagne, alors que les moyens mis en oeuvre pour le contrer agissent selon d’autres critères, autorisant ce qu’on peut appeler une « urbanisation de la campagne ». Ce constat pousse à s’interroger sur le caractère intrinsèquement urbain de cette dernière. L’idée qui s’en dégage est que la ville et la campagne seraient deux entités partageant un champ où se déploient et se combinent, selon des modalités propres à chacune, des caractères à la fois urbains et ruraux. Dans ce contexte, le défi ne serait donc pas simplement d’empêcher l’étalement urbain, mais d’assurer la meilleure urbanisation possible de la campagne.
Penser la ruralité et son développement au GRIDEQ entre 1970 et 2000
Authors: Fournis Yann
Published: September 2012

Au Québec comme ailleurs, la ruralité est un objet difficile à analyser : elle suscite souvent une conclusion désenchantée, comme si la période historique récente conduisait à sa dissolution. À partir des travaux de Hugues Dionne, cet article se propose de rappeler l’actualité de certaines contributions du GRIDEQ, proches d’une sociologie critique, à ce débat. Ces travaux illustrent une évolution lourde de certaines études régionales québécoises qui, d’abord tournées vers les mouvements sociaux et les lieux de vie, connaissent un tournant dans les années 1990 : elles élargissent le regard à d’autres logiques spatiales et valorisent plus nettement une mobilisation locale qui transmue les lieux de vie en territoires, dans un rapport de coopération conflictuelle avec l’État. Cette redéfinition des rapports entre localisation et territorialisation conduit à une conception forte de la communauté qui, entendue comme « recherche de globalité », confère au local une forme de cohérence symbolique et sociale.
Gouvernance et concertation métropolitaines à Ottawa-Gatineau : la planification et l’aménagement du territoire en contexte interprovincial
Authors: Roy-Baillargeon Olivier , Gauthier Mario
Published: September 2012

Cet article s’intéresse au renouvellement des pratiques en matière de planification et d’aménagement du territoire dans la région métropolitaine interprovinciale d’Ottawa-Gatineau, où le développement urbain durable et la concertation à l’échelle métropolitaine sont récemment devenus des objectifs officiels de l’action publique. Les auteurs formulent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le manque de concertation des intervenants responsables de l’aménagement du territoire d’Ottawa-Gatineau est principalement attribuable à la complexité de la gouvernance métropolitaine ainsi qu’à leurs importantes divergences d’intérêts politiques, économiques et sociaux, ce qui constitue le principal obstacle à la coordination des transports et de l’urbanisme dans une perspective de développement durable à l’échelle métropolitaine. Ils démontrent que la concertation municipale y est en cours de généralisation, mais qu’elle présente encore des défaillances procédurales majeures et que la concertation interprovinciale y est amorcée depuis longtemps, mais ne figure toujours pas au sommet des priorités des organisations publiques.
Défis et enjeux de la revitalisation intégrée dans les villes moyennes : le cas des arrondissements de Chicoutimi, Jonquière et Alma
Authors: Tremblay Suzanne , Tremblay Pierre-André
Published: September 2012

Cet article traite des difficultés de mobilisation des groupes communautaires en lien avec la revitalisation intégrée et les dimensions sociospatiales de trois centres urbains de villes moyennes situées au Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean. Le texte tente d’expliquer ces difficultés, mais il montre aussi que certaines expériences de revitalisation intégrée sont en émergence, notamment au centre-ville de l’arrondissement de Chicoutimi. Ces expériences nouvelles se développent à la suite de celles qui sont mises en oeuvre dans plusieurs autres villes moyennes du Québec.
Normas para autores
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Published: September 2012

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Adaptive state feedback actuator nonlinearity compensation for multivariable systems
Authors: Tao Gang , Burkholder Jason O. , Guo Jiaxing
Published: September 2012

This paper addresses the problem of adaptive compensation of actuator nonlinearities with unknown parameters, for state feedback control of unknown multi‐input multi‐output (multivariable) linear time‐invariant dynamic systems. A new controller parametrization is derived to deal with bilinear parameters that resulted from the two sets of the actuator nonlinearity parameters and the dynamic system parameters. To overcome the difficulty caused by a nondiagonal high‐frequency gain matrix and a special actuator nonlinearity parameter structure, the new controller structure is parametrized on the basis of the high‐frequency gain matrix LDU or SDU decomposition, leading to a linear parametrization coordinating the actuator nonlinearity parameters. The developed control scheme is a model reference adaptive control based design, employing an adaptive state feedback control law combined with an adaptive inverse, to deal with uncertain parameters in the system dynamics and actuator nonlinearities. To ensure the robustness with respect to actuator nonlinearity parametrization errors and the nonsingularity of the adaptive inverse, the parameter estimates are updated with an adaptive law using a combined switching‐ σ and parameter projection modification. An application is studied for adaptive aircraft flight control with synthetic jet actuators, which have nonlinear characteristics to be compensated. Simulation results show the desired adaptive control system performance.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the Reactions of Acetylenic Aldehydes with Dimethyl Phosphite in Basic Media: Phosphonate‐Phosphate Rearrangement versus 5‐exo‐dig Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Cikotiene Inga , Buksnaitiene Rita
Published: September 2012

Tandem reactions of various acetylenic aldehydes with dimethyl phosphite in basic media were investigated. It was shown that in the case of a non‐activated triple bond of the starting materials, the well‐known Pudovik reaction followed by a subsequent phosphonate‐phosphate rearrangement took place. On the other hand when the triple bond of the starting materials is activated by electron‐withdrawing heterocycles, a smooth and regioselective tandem 5‐exo‐dig cyclization reactions becomes possible.
Microwave‐Promoted Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Imidazolylsulfonates in Water
Authors: Cívicos José F. , Alonso Diego A. , Nájera Carmen
Published: September 2012

Aryl imidazol‐1‐ylsulfonates are efficiently cross‐coupled with potassium aryl‐ and alkenyltrifluoroborates in neat water under microwave heating (40 W, 110 °C) using 0.5 mol% of oxime palladacycle 1a, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as additive, and triethylamine as base. Under these simple phosphane‐free reaction conditions a wide array of biaryl, stilbene and styrene derivatives has been prepared in good to high yields and with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivities in only 30 min.
General, Green, and Scalable Synthesis of Imines from Alcohols and Amines by a Mild and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Reaction in Open Air at Room Temperature
Authors: Tian Haiwen , Yu Xiaochun , Li Qiang , Wang Jianxin , Xu Qing
Published: September 2012

A general, green, and scalable synthesis of the useful imines and α,β‐unsaturated imines is successfully achieved by a low‐loading and powerful, mild and efficient copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative reaction of alcohols and amines in the open air at room temperature under base‐ and dehydrating reagent‐free conditions. This practical reaction can use air as the economic and green oxidant, tolerates a wide range of substrates, can afford high yields of the target imines on a large scale, and produces water as the only by‐product, and thus being the best imination method as yet using alcohols and amines directly.
Three‐dimensional flow measurements in a static mixer
Authors: Jilisen R. T. M. , Bloemen P. R. , Speetjens M. F. M.
Published: September 2012

Laminar heat and mass transfer are central to a wide range of industrial processes, encompassing (thermal) processing of viscous fluids, compact equipment for process intensification, and emerging microfluidic devices. Many of these applications incorporate the “static‐mixing principle” (stirring of a throughflow by internal elements) for mixing and heat‐transfer enhancement. Investigations on static mixers primarily concern numerical simulations. Experimental studies, on the other hand, are relatively rare and to date restricted to visualization of mixing patterns or integral quantities as for example, pressure drop and heat‐transfer coefficients. The present study expands on this by quantitative experimental analysis of three‐dimensional (3‐D) flow fields and streamline patterns in a representative static mixer using 3‐D particle‐tracking velocimetry. This necessitates tackling of (internal) refractions and reflections caused by the complex mixer geometry. Comparison of experimental results with numerical predictions reveals a good agreement. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1746–1761, 2013
Agricultural work and chronic musculoskeletal pain among latino farm workers: The MICASA study
Authors: Xiao Hong , McCurdy Stephen A. , Stoecklin‐Marois Maria T. , Li Chin‐Shang , Schenker Marc B.
Published: September 2012

Background

Agriculture poses varied dangers to hired farm workers in the U.S., but little information exists on occupational risks for chronic musculoskeletal pain. We examined common work positions, such as kneeling, carrying heavy loads, and repetitive motion that may increase the risk for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Methods

MICASA is a population‐based study of occupational exposures and health in hired farm workers in California. This analysis includes 759 participants, 18–55 years old, engaged in farm work and residing in Mendota, CA. Chronic pain was defined as pain lasting 6 weeks or longer at specific body sites (back, knee, hip, etc.) over the entire farm work career.

Results

Mean age was 37.9 years. Sixty‐five percent participants were born in Mexico, 27.7% were born in El Salvador, and 4.2% were U.S‐born. Chronic pain was associated with older age and female sex. After adjustment for age, years working in agriculture, and smoking, stooping/bending >30 hr/week among both men (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.03–5.99) and women (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.04–4.46) was associated with chronic hip pain. Driving tractors or other heavy farm equipment >60 hr/week was associated with increased odds of chronic hip pain (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.02–4.54) among men. We also observed significant associations with kneeling or crawling >35 hr/week among women for both chronic back pain (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.27–6.93) and knee pain (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.07–8.50), respectively.

Conclusions

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is prevalent among farm workers and is associated with common work positions. Further research should focus on developing preventive interventions for tasks associated with increased pain risk. These interventions should be targeted to specific types of agricultural tasks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:216–225, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Job insecurity, work‐family imbalance, and hostile work environment: Prevalence data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Alterman Toni , Luckhaupt Sara E. , Dahlhamer James M. , Ward Brian W. , Calvert Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2012

Background

Little nationally representative information on job insecurity, work‐family imbalance, and hostile work environments experienced by workers in the US is available.

Methods

Prevalence rates from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were calculated for three workplace psychosocial factors (job insecurity, work‐family imbalance, bullying/harassment) using SUDAAN to account for the complex NHIS sample design.

Results

Data were available for 17,524 adults who worked in the 12 months that preceded the interview. Overall prevalence rates were 31.7% for job insecurity, 16.3% for work‐family imbalance, and 7.8% for hostile work environment (being bullied or harassed). The highest prevalence rate of job insecurity was found for construction and extraction occupations. Workers in legal occupations had the highest prevalence rate of work‐family imbalance. Workers in protective service occupations had the highest prevalence rate of hostile work environment.

Conclusions

We identified demographic characteristics along with industries and occupations with the highest prevalence rates for three adverse workplace psychosocial factors. These data can be used for benchmarking and identification of targets for investigation and intervention activities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:660–669, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meier–Gorlin syndrome: Growth and secondary sexual development of a microcephalic primordial dwarfism disorder
Authors: de Munnik Sonja A. , Otten Barto J. , Schoots Jeroen , Bicknell Louise S. , Aftimos Salim , Al‐Aama Jumana Y. , van Bever Yolande , Bober Michael B. , Borm George F. , Clayton‐Smith Jill , Deal Cheri L. , Edrees Alaa Y. , Feingold Murray , Fryer Alan , van Hagen Johanna M. , Hennekam Raoul C. , Jansweijer Maaike C.E. , Johnson Diana , Kant Sarina G. , Opitz John M. , Ramadevi A. Radha , Reardon Willie , Ross Alison , Sarda Pierre , Schrander‐Stumpel Constance T.R.M. , Sluiter A. Erik , Temple I. Karen , Terhal Paulien A. , Toutain Annick , Wise Carol A. , Wright Michael , Skidmore David L. , Samuels Mark E. , Hoefsloot Lies H. , Knoers Nine V.A.M. , Brunner Han G. , Jackson Andrew P. , Bongers Ernie M.H.F.
Published: September 2012

Meier–Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by primordial dwarfism, microtia, and patellar aplasia/hypoplasia. Recently, mutations in the ORC1, ORC4, ORC6, CDT1, and CDC6 genes, encoding components of the pre‐replication complex, have been identified. This complex is essential for DNA replication and therefore mutations are expected to impair cell proliferation and consequently could globally reduce growth. However, detailed growth characteristics of MGS patients have not been reported, and so this is addressed here through study of 45 MGS patients, the largest cohort worldwide. Here, we report that growth velocity (length) is impaired in MGS during pregnancy and first year of life, but, thereafter, height increases in paralleled normal reference centiles, resulting in a mean adult height of −4.5 standard deviations (SD). Height is dependent on ethnic background and underlying molecular cause, with ORC1 and ORC4 mutations causing more severe short stature and microcephaly. Growth hormone therapy (n = 9) was generally ineffective, though in two patients with significantly reduced IGF1 levels, growth was substantially improved by GH treatment, with 2SD and 3.8 SD improvement in height. Growth parameters for monitoring growth in future MGS patients are provided and as well we highlight that growth is disproportionately affected in certain structures, with growth related minor genital abnormalities (42%) and mammary hypoplasia (100%) frequently present, in addition to established effects on ears and patellar growth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new technique for generating regularly spaced crazes to facilitate piece dyeing of polypropylene filaments
Authors: Takeno Akiyoshi , Miwa Minoru , Yokoi Teruyuki , Naito Keishi , Merati Ali Akbar
Published: September 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate crazing that generates regular crazes in polymeric fibers. For carrying out this study, we designed and fabricated an experimental apparatus for generating crazes on polypropylene (PP) filaments. By an optical micrograph and a laser scanning micrograph of the surface and cross‐section of the filaments, it was confirmed that the crazes were generated on the surface of the filaments. Optical microscopes and measurements of the craze morphology on the filaments showed that approximately 30–50% of the contact area was crazed. As the crazing tension increased, the interval between the crazes increased, but the width of the crazes did not change significantly. Moreover, it was confirmed that the filaments had a homogenous crazed structure and pores were formed in their structure. The crazing process did not affect the strength of the crazed filaments significantly; the crazing process decreased the light transmittance of the filaments. The acid dyeing was adsorbed onto crazed region of PP filaments. These crazes in the filaments have the potential to lead to new methods for dyeing PP fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparison of oxygen plasma and cutinase effect on polyethylene terephthalate surface
Authors: Tkavc Tina , Vesel Alenka , Acero Enrique Herrero , Fras Zemljič Lidija
Published: September 2012

The aim of the study is to activate inert PET surface in order to introduce the carboxyl groups and to obtain its hydrophilic character. Two advanced and environmentally friendly techniques were used for these purposes: i) oxygen plasma activation; ii) enzymatic treatment by cutinase. Differently treated PET foils were studied in terms of carboxylic group content (non‐aqueous potentiometric titrations, XPS) and hydrophobic/hydrophilic character (goniometry). Moreover, the influence of both activation procedures onto chitosan adsorption was examined by XPS, zeta potential measurements and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. Obtained results show that plasma activation gives for around 19% higher amount of carboxylic groups than cutinase treatment and is during the storage less stable. Results clearly show that the use of both surfaces activation processes increases the ability of PET foils for chitosan adsorption. Due to the fact that chitosan is an antimicrobial agent, obtained materials may be applied as an active packaging system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Study on interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/vinyl ester composites: Resin manipulation on vinyl ester system
Authors: Huo Shanshan , Chevali Venkata S. , Ulven Chad A.
Published: September 2012

Flax fibers are widely used as reinforcements in bio‐based polymer matrix composites. This study investigated the hydrophilic nature and surface purity of flax fiber that affects fiber/matrix adhesion in combination with hydrophobic structural polymers via matrix modification and the utilization of fiber treatment, specifically in a flax/vinyl ester (VE) composite. A new method to manipulate the vinyl ester system with acrylic resin (AR) was developed to produce flax reinforced. On the other hand, different types of chemical and physical treatments were applied on the flax fiber. FTIR was applied to evaluate the effects of surface treatments. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to analyze the unmodified and modified VE resin system. The surface of untreated and treated flax fibers and their composites were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Sodium ethoxide‐treated flax/VE with 1% (wt) AR caused the best mechanical performance among all the flax/VE composites evaluated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology study of immiscible polymer blends in a vane extruder
Authors: Qu Jin‐Ping , Chen Hui‐Zhuo , Liu Shu‐Rong , Tan Bin , Liu Li‐Ming , Yin Xiao‐Chun , Liu Quan‐Jin , Guo Rui‐Biao
Published: September 2012

This study reports the morphology development of polymer blends in a novel vane extruder in which polymer mainly suffers from elongational deformation field. Rapidly cooled samples of polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) are collected in the vane extruder after stable extrusion. Furthermore, the shape and size of the dispersed phase from initial to final stages are analyzed. In addition, in order to compare the final size of the dispersed phase, different immiscible blends, including polypropylene/polyamide and PP/PS, are prepared by vane extruder and twin‐screw extruder, respectively. The results show that the dispersed phase is made to change rapidly from stretched striations to droplets under the strong elongational deformation field in the vane extruder. Furthermore, the droplet size of dispersed phase of blends prepared by vane extruder is much smaller than that prepared by twin‐screw extruder, indicating that the vane extruder is more efficient in mixing for immiscible polymer blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Brief Report: Amelioration of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice by lentivirus‐mediated silencing of microRNA‐223
Authors: Li Yuan‐Tsung , Chen Shih‐Yao , Wang Chrong‐Reen , Liu Ming‐Fei , Lin Chi‐Chen , Jou I‐Ming , Shiau Ai‐Li , Wu Chao‐Liang
Published: September 2012

Objective

MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a role in autoimmune diseases. MiRNA‐223 (miR‐223) is up‐regulated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is involved in osteoclastogenesis, which contributes to erosive disease. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using lentiviral vectors expressing the miR‐223 target sequence (miR‐223T) to suppress miR‐223 activity as a therapeutic strategy in a mouse model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

Levels of miR‐223 in the synovial tissue of patients with RA or osteoarthritis (OA), as well as in the ankle joints of mice with CIA, were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Lentiviral vectors expressing miR‐223T (LVmiR‐223T) or luciferase short hairpin RNA (LVshLuc) as a control vector were injected intraperitoneally into mice with CIA. Treatment responses and disease‐related bone mineral density were monitored. Levels of nuclear factor 1A (NF‐1A), a direct target of miR‐223, and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor receptor (M‐CSFR), which is critical for osteoclastogenesis, were measured by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT‐PCR. Osteoclasts were assessed by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining.

Results

MiR‐223 expression was significantly higher in the synovium of RA patients and in the ankle joints of mice with CIA as compared to OA patients and normal mice. LVmiR‐223T treatment reduced the arthritis score, histologic score, miR‐223 expression, osteoclastogenesis, and bone erosion in mice with CIA. Down‐regulation of miR‐223 with concomitant increases in NF‐1A levels and decreases in M‐CSFR levels was detected in the synovium of LVmiR‐223T–treated mice.

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate that lentivirus‐mediated silencing of miR‐223 can reduce disease severity of experimental arthritis. Furthermore, our results indicate that inhibition of miR‐223 activity should be further explored as a therapeutic strategy in RA.
Anti–tumor necrosis factor α treatment of interferon‐α–induced murine lupus nephritis reduces the renal macrophage response but does not alter glomerular immune complex formation
Authors: Bethunaickan Ramalingam , Sahu Ranjit , Liu Zheng , Tang Yi Ting , Huang Weiqing , Edegbe Osarieman , Tao Haiou , Ramanujam Meera , Madaio Michael P. , Davidson Anne
Published: September 2012

Objective

To analyze the mechanism for the therapeutic effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibition in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods

We used the (NZB × NZW)F1 (NZB/NZW) mouse model of interferon‐α–induced lupus nephritis and treated mice with TNF receptor type II (TNFRII) Ig after TNFα expression was detected in the kidneys. Autoantibodies were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and autoantibody‐ forming cells were determined using an enzyme‐linked immunospot assay. Activation of splenocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. Kidneys were harvested and analyzed using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western blotting, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

TNFRII Ig treatment stabilized nephritis and markedly prolonged survival. Autoantibody production and systemic immune activation were not inhibited, but the renal response to glomerular immune complex deposition was attenuated. This was associated with decreases in renal production of chemokines, renal endothelial cell activation, interstitial F4/80high macrophage accumulation, tubular damage, and oxidative stress. In contrast, perivascular lymphoid aggregates containing B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells accumulated unabated.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that TNFα is a critical cytokine that amplifies the response of the nephron to immune complex deposition, but that it has less influence on the response of the systemic vasculature to inflammation.
Histamine contributes to increased RANKL to osteoprotegerin ratio through altered nuclear receptor 4A activity in human chondrocytes
Authors: Marzaioli Viviana , McMorrow Jason P. , Angerer Hannes , Gilmore Alyssa , Crean Daniel , Zocco Davide , Rooney Peadar , Veale Douglas , Fearon Ursula , Gogarty Martina , McEvoy Alice N. , Stradner Martin H. , Murphy Evelyn P.
Published: September 2012

Objective

To elucidate histamine receptor–mediated signaling pathways, transcriptional events, and target gene expression in human cartilage.

Methods

Histamine modulation of cartilage destruction was assessed by Safranin O staining and proteoglycan release. H1, H2, H3, and H4 histamine receptor–dependent regulation of transcription factors (nuclear receptor 4A1 [NR4A1], NR4A2, and NR4A3), RANKL, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured in primary and SW‐1353 chondrocyte cells using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and selective histamine receptor antagonists. Soluble RANKL and OPG protein levels were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. NR4A protein levels and transactivity were evaluated by Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and luciferase reporter assays. Stable depletion of NR4A1–3 was achieved by lentiviral transduction of NR4A short hairpin RNA.

Results

Primary human chondrocyte cells expressed differential steady‐state levels of H1–H4 histamine receptor mRNA. In combination with tumor necrosis factor α, histamine significantly promoted cartilage proteoglycan depletion and release. Histamine modulated the expression of NR4A1–3 orphan receptors in primary and immortalized human chondrocyte cells in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Histamine selectively signaled through H1 and H2 histamine receptors in chondrocytes to modulate RANKL and NR4A2 expression. The temporal effects of histamine on NR4A2 gene transcription were reduced in cells pretreated with inhibitors directed against protein kinase A, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathways. Histamine modulated the expression of RANKL with modest effects on OPG levels, leading to increased RANKL:OPG mRNA and protein ratios. Stable knockdown of NR4A1–3 expression resulted in reduced endogenous OPG levels and the loss of histamine‐dependent regulation of RANKL expression.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that histamine, via H1 and H2 histamine receptors, contributes to joint disease by enhancing the ratio of RANKL to OPG expression through altered NR4A activity in human chondrocyte cells.