bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Pd/C‐Catalyzed (Retro‐)Michael Addition Reaction of Activated Methylene Compounds to Electron‐Poor Styrenes
Authors: Nikishkin Nicolai I. , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem
Published: October 2010

Palladium on carbon (10 % Pd/C) efficiently catalyzes the (retro‐)Michael addition of activated methylene compounds 2a–d, such as malononitrile (2b), to mono‐ and doubly activated styrenes 1a–h to give the adducts 3a–l. The scope and limitations are described. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and 2b or ethyl cyanoacetate (2c) is also catalyzed by 10 % Pd/C. In these cases the Michael adducts can even be prepared in a three‐component reaction. A mechanism, with as first step the oxidative addition of 2a–d to Pd0, is proposed.
Copper Iodide as a Recyclable Catalyst for BuchwaldN‐Arylation
Authors: Swapna Kokkirala , Murthy Sabbavarapu Narayana , Nageswar Yadavalli Venkata Durga
Published: October 2010

An experimentally simple, efficient, and inexpensive catalyst system was developed for theN‐arylation of indole, substituted indoles, pyrazole, imidazole, benzamide, morpholine, benzimidazole, thiobenzamide, aniline, benzylaniline, octylaniline, heptylaniline, and cyclohexylaniline with aryl iodides and bromides by using CuI as catalyst,trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (L1) as ligand, K2CO3as base, and water as solvent at 80 °C. The yields were excellent, and the catalytic system was recyclable up to four times without loss of catalytic activity.
Free‐solution interaction assay of carbonic anhydrase to its inhibitors using back‐scattering interferometry
Authors: Morcos Ereny F. , Kussrow Amanda , Enders Carolyn , Bornhop Darryl
Published: October 2010

Back‐scattering interferometry (BSI) is a label‐free, free‐solution, small‐volume technique used for characterizing binding interactions, which is also relevant to a growing number of biosensing applications including drug discovery. Here, we use BSI to characterize the interaction of carbonic anhydrase enzyme II with five well‐known carbonic anhydrase enzyme II inhibitors (±sulpiride, sulfanilamide, benzene sulfonamide, dansylamide, and acetazolamide) in the presence of DMSO. Dissociation constants calculated for each interaction were consistent with literature values previously obtained using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence‐based competition assays. Results demonstrate the potential of BSI as a drug‐screening tool which is fully compatible with DMSO and does not require immobilization or labeling, therefore allowing binding interactions to be characterized in the native state. BSI has the potential for reducing labor costs, sample consumption, and assay time while providing enhanced reliability over existing techniques.
Persistent aromatic pollutants removal using a combined process of electrochemical treatment and reverse osmosis/nanofiltration
Authors: Diogo João C. , Morão António , Lopes Ana
Published: October 2010

The application of a combined electrochemical/membrane filtration process for treatment of wastewaters containing persistent pollutants was investigated. Phenol and an azo dye (Acid Orange 7, AO7) were used as model pollutants. A boron doped diamond electrode, the state‐of‐the‐art in electrode material, was used as anode in the electrochemical treatment, following previous excellent results obtained with this kind of electrodes in the removal of soluble organic compounds from aqueous solutions. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes were used in the concentration step of a two‐stage combined process.

The experimental conditions were selected in order to test the applicability of a model developed here, which predicts the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the electrochemical treatment. The model was applied to estimate the COD evolution in the electrochemical reactor along a certain number of cycles of combined electrochemical/membrane filtration treatment using experimental data of observed rejections of the pollutants.

In terms of the overall efficiency of the treatment, the results show that very high COD removal values can be obtained in both the cases of phenol and AO7, above 95%, when comparing the COD of the membrane permeates which constitute the treated effluent, with the feeding solutions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
A firsthand comparison of a system office to a college office
Authors: Hom Willard C.
Published: October 2010

A veteran researcher offers his observations about the similarities and differences between a system office and a college office for institutional research.
The benefits of a comprehensive, integrated, and granular data system for community and technical college institutional research
Authors: Schoenecker Craig
Published: October 2010

A comprehensive, integrated, and granular data system provides significant benefits for a state system institutional research office.
Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF)
Authors: Lamers Sanne M.A. , Westerhof Gerben J. , Bohlmeijer Ernst T. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Keyes Corey L.M.
Published: October 2010

There is a growing consensus that mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness, but it also includes the presence of positive feelings (emotional well‐being) and positive functioning in individual life (psychological well‐being) and community life (social well‐being). We examined the structure, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF), a new self‐report questionnaire for positive mental health assessment. We expected that the MHC‐SF is reliable and valid, and that mental health and mental illness are 2 related but distinct continua. This article draws on data of the LISS panel of CentERdata, a representative panel for Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (N = 1,662). Results revealed high internal and moderate test‐retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 3‐factor structure in emotional, psychological, and social well‐being. These subscales correlated well with corresponding aspects of well‐being and functioning, showing convergent validity. CFA supported the hypothesis of 2 separate yet related factors for mental health and mental illness, showing discriminant validity. Although related to mental illness, positive mental health is a distinct indicator of mental well‐being that is reliably assessed with the MHC‐SF. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–12, 2010.
Evolution and phylogenetic signal of growth trajectories: the case of chelid turtles
Authors: Wilson Laura A.B. , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: October 2010

Morphological and molecular data yield incongruent hypotheses concerning the interrelationships of chelid side‐necked turtles, neither of which is widely accepted. Molecular studies recognize monophyletic South American and Australasian clades, whereas morphological characters distinguish a long‐necked clade and a short‐necked clade. We take a developmental approach to exploring chelid interrelationships. None of the nine species studied have the same growth pattern for all measurements examined, indicating changes in ontogenetic scaling of cranial characters was common during chelid evolution. The variability in scaling relationships precludes overwhelming support for either hypothesis. Scaling patterns are most similar between the geographically separate clades promoted by molecular analyses, and hence our data favor an independent origin of the long neck in South American and Australasian species. A close relationship betweenHydromedusaandChelus, rather thanChelodina, is supported by scaling patterns associated with a relative widening of the cranium. Our study exemplifies the utility of comparative ontogenetic trajectory data to test phylogenetic hypotheses.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:50–60, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naked DNA delivery to whole pig cardiac tissue by coronary sinus retrograde injection employing non‐invasive catheterization
Authors: Aliño Salvador F. , José Herrero María , Bodi Vicente , Noguera Inmaculada , Mainar Luis , Dasí Francisco , Sempere Alejo , Sánchez María , Díaz Ana , Sabater Luis , Lledó Salvador
Published: October 2010

Background

Hydrodynamic injection has demonstrated to be very efficient in the liver of small animals, although this procedure must be translated to the clinical practice in a milder but no less efficient way. The present study evaluates the capacity of non‐invasive interventional catheterization as a procedure for naked DNA delivery to the heart in large animals.

Methods

Two catheters were placed in the coronary sinus: one of them to block blood circulation and the other to retrogradely inject 50 ml of a saline solution of DNA (20 µg/ml) containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene, at a flow rate of 5 ml/s.

Results

The results obtained show that EGFP protein, identified by immunohistochemistry, was present and widely distributed throughout the atrial and ventricular cardiac tissue. This observation agrees with the efficiency of EGFP gene delivery resulting in 1–200 EGFP gene copies per endogenous haploid genome. However, the transcription efficiency of the exogenous EGFP gene was at a ratio of 0.2–10 copies with respect to the endogenous GAPDH gene, suggesting that optimized gene constructs for expression in cardiac tissue could increase the final efficacy of gene transfer.

Conclusions

We conclude that the retrovenous injection of naked DNA in the coronary sinus employing the catheterization technique is an easy and probably safe method for whole cardiac gene transfer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of comprehensive on‐line liquid chromatography thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for characterization of sulfonated lignins
Authors: Brudin Stella , Kaal Erwin , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Schoenmakers Peter
Published: October 2010

Sulfonated lignins, used as dispersants in agrochemical formulations, have been characterized by hyphenation of ion‐pair RPLC and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation–GC–MC (THM‐GC‐MS). The chemical structure of a series of selected lignins was evaluated, both in terms of overall composition and in terms of composition as a function of molecular size. Some sulfonated lignins give rise to unstable formulations. In the compositional analysis, these samples were found to yield additional fragments. A newly developed comprehensive method made it possible to monitor the occurrence of these fragments as a function of molecular size. In addition to differences in the molecular size between “good” and “bad” batches, clear differences in chemical composition were established.
Separation of water‐soluble polymers using capillary‐channeled polymer fiber stationary phases
Authors: Hilbert Katie J. , Marcus Richard Kenneth
Published: October 2010

Chromatographic separations of synthetic and natural polymers are usually affected by a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mechanism. Although SEC is a proven method of separation based on hydrodynamic size, a chromatographic method based solely on chemical interactions would present certain advantages. This laboratory has been investigating the use of capillary‐channeled polymer (C‐CP) fibers as stationary phases in HPLC for the separation of biomacromolecules. C‐CP fibers allow highly efficient fluid transport and an amorphous surface structure, minimizing mass transfer effects commonly associated with porous, packed‐bed technologies. Choice of the base fiber identity allows flexibility in the potential types of solute–surface interactions. Two water‐soluble polymers, glycolic acid ethoxylate 4‐nonylphenyl ether, and poly(4‐vinylpyridine hydrochloride), were used as test solutes because of their similarities to polymers of interest in the consumer products industry. SEC separation of this pair was not possible due to the similarities in hydrodynamic size. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyester and nylon‐6 C‐CP fibers were evaluated as stationary phase materials. The former was found to offer superior chromatographic separations and recoveries when operating under what would be considered to be typical RP separation conditions: a flow rate of 1 mL/min and gradient of 0–100% H2O/ACN with 0.06% TFA over 5 min.
Alte und neue Endothelin‐Rezeptor‐Antagonisten. PAH und viele andere Indikationen
Authors: Schmitz Jens , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: October 2010

Robert Furchgott fand bereits in den frühen 1980er Jahren heraus, dass Endothelzellen Substanzen produzieren, die den Tonus der Gefäßmuskulatur des kardiovaskulären Systems regulieren. Die Identifizierung des Peptids Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) als wichtigsten Mediator des Endothelin‐Systems durch Yanagisawa 1988 und kurz darauf die Aufklärung der physiologischen Rolle der Endotheline führte zu dem pharmakologischen Ansatz, die selektive Blockade der Endothelinrezeptoren therapeutisch bei der Pulmonalen Arteriellen Hypertonie (PAH) auszunutzen.
Bosentan in der Pädiatrie. Die ideale Arzneiform in der klinischen Studie
Authors: Ramusovic Sergej , Läer Stephanie , Breitkreutz Jörg
Published: October 2010

Die pulmonale arterielle Hypertonie (PAH) ist bei Kindern ein seltenes Krankheitsbild. Aus der Gruppe der Endothelin‐Antagonisten ist nur Bosentan für die Behandlung der PAH bei pädiatrischen Patienten indiziert. Das 2009 zugelassene Produkt “Tracleer® 32 mg Tabletten zur Herstellung einer Suspension zum Einnehmen” wird in einer speziellen Zubereitung für die pädiatrische Verwendung angeboten.
Einfluss von grünem Tee auf die Bildung von Endothelin‐1. Inhaltsstoffe mit vasodilatatorischem Effekt
Authors: Unger Matthias
Published: October 2010

In‐vitro‐Daten deuten darauf hin, dass durch den Konsum von grünem Tee in Endothelzellen von Blutgefäßen nicht nur die Bildung von NO gesteigert, sondern auch die Entstehung und Sekretion von vasokonstriktorisch aktivem Endothelin‐1 vermindert wird. Die verminderte Bildung und Sekretion von Endothelin‐1 dürfte mitverantwortlich sein für die bei häufigem Genuss von grünem Tee beobachtete Reduktion der kardiovaskulären Morbidität und Mortalität. Obwohl die Bioverfügbarkeit von Polyphenolen im allgemein eher gering ist, sprechen die sehr hohen EGCG‐Gehalte in grünem Tee (ca. 100 bis 200 mg/Tasse) für eine blutdrucksenkende Wirkung. Diese muss allerdings in klinischen Studien erst noch gezeigt werden.
Rückkehr in das Vor‐Semmelweis‐Zeitalter – MRSA, NDM‐1 und was kommt noch?
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: October 2010

An die immer schnellere Verbreitung von Methicillin‐resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sowohl in Krankenhäusern als auch außerhalb haben wir uns in den letzten Jahren gewöhnt, obgleich die Behandlung bei Infektion mit diesem gram‐positiven Bakterium eine besondere Herausforderung für den Kliniker ist. In den USA erkranken z.B. ca. 94.000 Menschen jährlich an MRSA‐Infektionen, 19.000 Patienten überleben die Infektion nicht! Allerdings sind in den letzten Jahren einige Antibiotika auf den Markt gekommen, wie Linezolid oder Tigecylin, bzw. in der Pipeline, die helfen können, dass MRSA nicht an Oberhand gewinnt.
Therapie einer Ebola‐Infektion mit siRNA
Authors: Winckler Thomas
Published: October 2010

Das Ebola‐Virus gehört zweifelsohne zu den gefährlichsten Viren der Welt. Impfschutz oder antivirale Therapien gibt es nicht, die Infektion endet in 50 bis 90 % der Fälle tödlich. Ein neuer therapeutischer Ansatz nutzt einen siRNA‐Wirkstoff.
Copoly(p‐phenylene)s containing bipolar triphenylamine and 1,2,4‐triazole groups: Synthesis, optoelectronic properties, and applications
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shing , Chen Yun
Published: October 2010

Two novel copoly(p‐phenylene)s (P1–P2) containing bipolar groups (12.8 and 6.8 mol %, respectively), directly linked hole transporting triphenylamine and electron transporting aromatic 1,2,4‐triazole, were synthesized to enhance electroluminescence (EL) of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives. The bipolar groups not only enhance thermal stability but also promote electron affinity and hole affinity of the resulting copoly(p‐phenylene)s. Blending the bipolar copoly‐(p‐phenylene)s (P1–P2) with PPV derivatives (d6‐PPV) as an emitting layer effectively improve the emission efficiency of its electroluminescent devices [indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/polymer blend/Ca (50 nm)/Al (100 nm)]. The maximum luminance and maximum luminance efficiency were significantly enhanced from 310 cd m−2 and 0.03 cd A−1 (d6‐PPV‐based device) to 1450 cd m−2 and 0.20 cd A−1 (blend device with d6‐PPV/P1 = 96/4 containing ∼0.5 wt % of bipolar groups), respectively. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the copoly(p‐phenylene)s with bipolar groups in enhancing EL of PPV derivatives. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis of polycarbosilanes by A2 + Bn (n = 2, 3, and 4) type hydrosilylation reaction and evaluation of their refractive index properties
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Fujiwara Yusuke , Miyasaka Makoto , Nishikubo Tadatomi
Published: October 2010

Polycarbosilanes were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction of A2 monomer containing bis SiH moieties and Bn (n = 2, 3, and 4) monomers containing di‐, tri‐, and tetra‐vinyl groups in the presence of Karstedt's catalyst. The corresponding linear polycarbosilanes (LPC) and hyperbranched polycarbosilanes (HBPC) having Mn 2200–51,500 were obtained in 34–94% yield, without any gel product. The values of refractive index (nD) of the synthesized LPC and HBPC were in the range from 1.460 to 1.711, and were consistent with the structures of the synthesized products. In the case of HBPC, the values of nD increased with increase of number‐average molecular weight (Mn), molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn), and glass transition temperature (Tg), apparently because of increased density due to the presence of microgels, that is, high refractive index hyperbranched carbosilanes could be synthesized by A2 + Bn (n = 3 and 4) method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
The development of a comprehensive needs assessment tool for cancer‐caregivers in patient–caregiver dyads
Authors: Shin Dong Wook , Park Jong‐Hyock , Shim Eun‐Jung , Park Jae‐Hyun , Choi Jin‐Young , Kim Sung Gyeong , Park Eun‐Cheol
Published: October 2010

Objective: The assessment of a caregiver's needs is a critical step for determining appropriate support services, providing high quality care, and achieving caregiver satisfaction. However, a systematic assessment of family caregiver's needs is rarely practiced. This study reports the development and validation of a comprehensive needs assessment tool for cancer caregivers (CNAT‐C).

Methods: Items of CNAT‐C were generated through literature review and refined through expert consultation and caregiver interview, and pilot test. Final 41‐item needs assessment tool for cancer was developed and validated in a large‐scale multi‐center survey involving 600 cancer patients‐family caregiver dyads in 10 cancer centers fairly distributed throughout Korea.

Results: The content validity of CNAT‐C was established throughout the development process. Principal component analysis resulted in a seven‐factor structure explaining 66.4% of the total variance: (1) health and psychological problems (6 items), (2) family/social support (5 items), (3) health‐care staff (8 items), (4) information (8 items), (5) religious/spiritual support (2 items), (6) hospital facilities and services (6 items), and (7) practical support (6 items). The Cronbach alpha was 0.96 for the total scale, and those for the subscales ranged from 0.79 to 0.95. Caregiver needs were not highly correlated with patient needs when compared domain‐by‐domain. Known‐group validity was also supported by the tool's ability to detect significant differences according to various patient and caregiver characteristics.

Conclusions: The CNAT‐C appears to be a valid and reliable measure to assess comprehensive and multidimensional needs in caregivers of cancer patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and cough in children with chronic unexplained cough using combined impedance–pH–manometry recordings
Authors: Blondeau K. , Mertens V. , Dupont L. , Pauwels A. , Farré R. , Malfroot A. , De Wachter E. , De Schutter I. , Hauser B. , Vandenplas Y. , Sifrim D.
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Assessment of the reflux–cough association in children is challenging. Esophageal (impedance) pH recording is sensitive to recognize reflux. However, cough recorded by an event marker, possibly lacks accuracy. We aimed to study the exact time relationship between reflux and cough in children with chronic cough.

Methods

Twenty‐six children (12 boys; 1–10.5 years) with chronic unexplained cough underwent ambulatory impedance–pH–manometry recordings. Manometry was used for precise cough recognition. Reflux was assessed with impedance‐pH monitoring and defined as acid (pH <4), weakly acidic (WA) (pH 4–7), weakly alkaline (WALK) (pH ≥7), or acid only (pH <4 for ≥4 sec without impedance pattern). Cough was considered “induced by” reflux, if it started ≤2 min after reflux. The Symptom Association Probability (SAP) was calculated and considered positive if >95%. Cough‐induced reflux if it occurred 30 sec before the reflux event.

Results

Impedance‐pH detected 30 (21–52) reflux episodes/patient (55.2% acid, 41.5% WA, and 3.3% WALK). Additionally 59 acid only events were identified [1 (0–21)/patient]. Manometry detected 47 (5–203) cough bursts/patient. Reflux–cough was found in 22/26 patients. Ten patients had a +SAP for reflux–cough (one acid, six WA, and three acid + WA gastroesophageal reflux [GER]), of which nine had a normal acid exposure. Six out of 10 patients with +SAP using manometry had a +SAP using the event marker. Cough–reflux was detected in 19 patients [3 (0–7)/patient]. Only a small fraction of the esophageal acid exposure [9.6 (0.4–31.8%)] was secondary to cough.

Conclusion

Both acid and WA GER may precede cough in children with unexplained cough, but cough does not induce GER. Objective cough recording improves symptom association analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:286–294. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional variational data assimilation of ozone and fine particulate matter observations: some results using the Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry model and Grid‐point Statistical Interpolation
Authors: Pagowski M. , Grell G. A. , McKeen S. A. , Peckham S. E. , Devenyi D.
Published: October 2010

In operational air‐quality forecasting, initial concentrations of chemical species are often obtained using previous‐day forecasts with limited or no account for the observations. In this article we assess the role that assimilation of surface measurements of ozone and fine aerosols can play in improving the skill of air‐quality forecasts. An assimilation experiment is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting—Chemistry model and Grid‐point Statistical Interpolation, a three‐dimensional variational assimilation tool. The modelling domain covers the northeastern region of North America. The measurements come from the United States Environmental Protection Agency AIRNow network and are available hourly. Background error covariance statistics are derived from forecasts in July 2004. Comparison of forecasts issued in August and September 2006 and initialized with and without the assimilation follows. Results show that forecasts of ozone and fine aerosol concentrations benefit from the assimilation in terms of standard verification scores for a period of at least 24 hours. However, significant reduction of errors as a consequence of the assimilation is accompanied by fast model error growth in the early forecast hours. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A graphical representation for a statistical test of average equivalence and variance comparison with process data
Authors: Burdick Richard K. , Pferdeort Valerie , Sidor Leslie , Tholudur Arun
Published: October 2010

This paper provides a graphical approach for presenting results of a statistical test of average equivalence with process data. In addition, a graphical representation of process change in variance is presented. An example from the biopharmaceutical industry is provided to illustrate the information contained in the chart. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal scaling for risk assessment: merging of operational and financial data
Authors: Figini, Silvia , Kenett Ron S. , Salini Silvia
Published: October 2010

The focus of the paper is the use of optimal scaling techniques to reduce the dimensionality of ordinal variables describing the quality of services to a continuous score interpretable as a measure of operational risk. This new score of operational risk is merged with a financial risk score in order to obtain an integrated measure of risk. The proposed integration methodology is a generalization of the merging model suggested in Fagini and Giudici (J. Oper. Res. Soc. 2010; in press) for a hierarchical data structure. In order to demonstrate the methodology, we use real data from a telecommunication company providing services to enterprises in different business lines and geographical locations. For each enterprise, we have collected information about operational and financial performance. The approach demonstrated in this case study can be generalized to general service providers who are concerned by both the quality of service and the financial solvency of their customers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The exponent 3/2 at pyramidal nanoindentations
Authors: Kaupp G. , Naimi‐Jamal M. R.
Published: October 2010

The analysis of published loading curves reveals the exponent 3/2 to the depth for nanoindentations with sharp pyramidal or conical tips. This has geometric reasons, as it occurs independent on the bonding states and indentation mechanisms. Nevertheless, most mathematical deductions and finite element simulations of nanomechanical parameters in the literature continue using the experimentally not supported Hertzian exponent 2. Therefore, numerous published loading curves of various authors are plotted using the experimental exponent 3/2 to present unbiased proof for its generality with metals, oxides, semiconductors, biomaterials, polymers, and organics. Linearity is independent of equipment and valid for load controlled, or depth controlled, or continuous stiffness, or AFM force measurements. The linearity with exponent 3/2 often extends from the nano‐ into the microindentation ranges. The tip rounding and taper influence of the “geometrical similar” indenters are discussed. When kinks occur in such linear plots through the origin, these indicate change of the materials' mechanical properties under pressure by phase transition. These events are discussed for nanoindentations with respect to the known hydrostatic transformation pressures that are, of course, always higher than the necessary indentation mean pressure. Numerous Raman, as well as X‐ray and electron diffraction results from the literature support the phase transitions that are now easily detected. Nanoporous materials first fill the pores upon indentation. Published loading curves exhibit more information than hitherto assumed. SCANNING 32: 265–281, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sox1 Maintains the Undifferentiated State of Cortical Neural Progenitor Cells via the Suppression of Prox1-Mediated Cell Cycle Exit and Neurogenesis
Authors: Elkouris Maximilianos , Balaskas Nikos , Poulou Maria , Politis Panagiotis K. , Panayiotou Elena , Malas Stavros , Thomaidou Dimitra , Remboutsika Eumorphia
Published: October 2010

Neural stem/progenitor cells maintain their identity via continuous self-renewal and suppression of differentiation. Gain-of-function experiments in the chick revealed an involvement for Sox1-3 transcription factors in the maintenance of the undifferentiated neural progenitor (NP) identity. However, the mechanism(s) employed by each factor has not been resolved. Here, we derived cortical neural/stem progenitor cells from wild-type and Sox1-null mouse embryos and found that Sox1 plays a key role in the suppression of neurogenic cell divisions. Loss of Sox1 leads to progressive depletion of self-renewing cells, elongation of the cell cycle of proliferating cells, and significant increase in the number of cells exiting the cell cycle. In proliferating NP cells, Sox1 acts via a prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1)-mediated pathway to block cell cycle exit that leads to neuronal differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results demonstrate that Sox1 regulates the size of the cortical NP pool via suppression of Prox1-mediated neurogenic cell divisions.
A‐type K+ current dominates somatic excitability of delayed firing neurons in rat substantia gelatinosa
Authors: Melnick Igor V.
Published: October 2010

Substantia gelatinosa neurons display three main types of intrinsic firing behavior: tonic, adapting, and delayed onset. Here, voltage‐gated currents expressed by delayed firing neurons were studied in nucleated patches obtained in spinal cord slices of 3–5 weeks‐old rats. Inward Na+ current was negligible under these conditions and was usually occluded by superposition of much larger outward currents. Two kinds of outward currents were found, an A‐type (KA) and delayed rectifier (KDR) potassium currents. KA activated rapidly (<1.5 ms at >−20 mV) and operated at subthreshold membrane potentials; voltages of steady‐state half‐maximal activation and inactivation were −38.7 and −87.2 mV, respectively. Inactivation was biexponential with a dominant fast component (∼90%, time constant ∼8 ms). KDR activated more slowly (<8 ms at >−20 mV), half‐maximal activation was −23.6 mV, and decayed mono‐exponentially with a time constant 70–110 ms. Maximal amplitudes of KA were almost 10‐times larger than those of KDR, their respective densities were 8.5 and 0.97 μS μm−2. Tetraethylammonium, 5 mM, blocked KDR but not KA, whereas both currents were depressed by 5 mM 4‐aminopyridine. In current‐clamp recordings, 4‐action potential but not tetraethylammonium abolished firing delay suggesting the causative role of KA. Thus, the predominance of fast KA over other somatic currents is a distinctive feature of delayed firing neurons among all other types of substantia gelatinosa neurons and likely explains the appearance of their typical firing delay. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Powerful learning with public purpose
Authors: Cervone Barbara
Published: October 2010

Boredom and failure combine in a toxic brew that propels too many young people off the graduation path. Research shows that engaged students are more likely to perform well academically, that students who are challenged are less likely to be bored and disengaged, and that high‐quality instruction and meaningful activities are key factors in promoting a culture of engagement and achievement in and outside the classroom. With data and real‐world examples, the author shows how students and their communities are benefiting from collaborative student‐led projects. These projects stem from What Kids Can Do, a program that advocates for learning that engages students as knowledge creators and that promotes young people as valued resources and critical voices in policy debates about school, society, and world affairs.
Joining forces: The benefits of integrating schools and community providers
Authors: Bathgate Kelly , Silva Elena
Published: October 2010

Reforms aimed at expanding learning for low‐income children must do more than add hours and days to the school year; they must push beyond the traditional boundaries of school‐based learning and find ways to maximize and integrate the assets that cities, districts, and communities can offer. This article reviews research on how schools are using extended learning time to promote student engagement and achievement. A key finding is that successful efforts use partnerships with outside organizations to provide academic support and enrichment activities that build students' skills and connections with an expanded network of supportive adults. The challenge is to ensure that these partnerships are not mere add‐ons, designed only to plug extracurricular holes and seen as peripheral to the core academic work of schools. They must be part of a larger system that integrates in‐school and out‐of‐school learning and improves outcomes for youth.
College knowledge: A critical component of college and career readiness
Authors: Hooker Sarah , Brand Betsy
Published: October 2010

Policy has traditionally emphasized the completion of academic requirements as the gateway to postsecondary education. There is, however, growing understanding that youth need to develop a wide range of knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal resources for career success, civic engagement, and lifelong learning. It also is necessary to address the social, informational, and financial barriers to college that many first‐generation and low‐income youth come up against. Allowing youth to participate in programs that provide access to college campuses and classes, through dual or concurrent enrollment, early college models, or expanded learning opportunities, is an effective way to help students gain college knowledge and see themselves as college students. This article offers an expanded definition of college and career readiness and profiles three programs drawn from a larger review of twenty‐three programs designed to support college and career success for students from underrepresented groups.
Expanding the pathway to postsecondary success: How recuperative back‐on‐track schools are making a difference
Authors: Steinberg Adria , Almeida Cheryl A.
Published: October 2010

Districts and states that have begun to get traction in improving their graduation rates are pursuing a reform agenda that includes both the redesign of failing high schools and the development of multiple alternative pathways that help young people get back on track to graduation and to postsecondary education. Unlike traditional alternative education, new back‐on‐track models assume that challenge, not remediation, will make the most difference, especially for youth who are over age for grade and far behind in accumulating the credits they need. The goal is for students to make up for lost time by accelerating their learning so that they can complete high school and move successfully to postsecondary education and careers. Although these small schools do not in themselves constitute a replacement or transformation strategy for large low‐performing high schools, they are a necessary part of a comprehensive approach to turning such schools around.
Risk Factors and Outcomes for Anastomotic Leakage in Colorectal Surgery: A Single‐Institution Analysis of 1576 Patients
Authors: Boccola Mark A. , Buettner Petra G. , Rozen Warren M. , Siu Simon K. , Stevenson Andrew R. L. , Stitz Russell , Ho Yik‐Hong
Published: October 2010

Background

Anastomotic leakage is associated with high mortality, high reoperation rate, and increased hospital length of stay. Although many studies have examined the risk factors for anastomotic leak, large prospective series that report on long‐term survival rates are lacking.

Methods

Data of 1576 patients who underwent primary resection and anastomosis for colorectal adenocarcinoma at a single institution from 1984 to 2004 were prospectively collected. Anastomotic leaks (LEK) were classified as radiological (RAD), local (LOC), or generalised (GEN). Logistic regression analysis of 21 variables was undertaken. Overall survival, cancer‐related survival, and disease‐free survival were analysed using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

Mean age of the patients was 67 years (SD = 12.5) and 834 (52.9%) were male. An LEK was more likely when relatively major gynaecological (tubo‐oophorectomy, P = 0.004; hysterectomy, P = 0.006) or urological (total cystectomy, P = 0.014) procedures were performed during the same operative session. Other significant factors were anterior resection (P < 0.001), anastomosis using an intraluminal stapling device (P = 0.005), abdominal drain via laparoscopic port (P = 0.024), postoperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001), primary cancer site at the rectum (P = 0.016), and TNM stage of T2 or higher (P = 0.026). Having an LEK showed significant impact on overall (P = 0.021), cancer‐related (P = 0.006), and disease‐free (P = 0.001) survival.

Conclusion

In this prospective study, advanced tumour stage, distal site, and need for postoperative blood transfusion were associated with increased rates of anastomotic leakage. In addition to their high risk of immediate postoperative morbidity and mortality, both localized and generalized leaks had similarly negative impacts on overall, cancer‐related, and disease‐free survival.
Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Extracts of Piper chaba Hunter Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Rahman Atiqur , Al‐Reza Sharif M. , Kang Sun Chul
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of the essential oil and various leaf extracts of Piper chaba Hunter was evaluated for controlling the growth of some important phytopathogenic fungi. The hydrodistilled essential oil was analysed by GC–MS. Fifty‐three compounds representing 95.1% of the total oil were identified, of which α‐humulene (16.4%), caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), viridiflorol (8.1%), globulol (7.4%), β‐selinene (7.1%), spathulenol (6.2%), (E)‐nerolidol (5.1%), linalool (4.5%) and 3‐pentanol (3.5%) were the major compounds. The oil (1,000 ppm) and organic extracts (1,500 ppm) of P. chaba Hunter displayed a great potential of antifungal activity as a growth inhibition against the tested phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum KACC 41083, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40157, Colletotrichum capsici KACC 410978, Fusarium solani KACC 41092 and Rhizoctonia solani KACC 40111 in the range of 55.1–70.3% and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 125 to 500 μg/ml. The oil had also a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested fungi along with concentration as well as time‐dependent kinetic inhibition of P. capsici. The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of new antifungal agents to protect crops from fungal diseases.
Creationism and the Teaching of Evolution in Poland
Authors: Borczyk Bartosz
Published: October 2010

For many years, the creationist movement in Poland was so marginal that the term “creationism” and its foundations were largely unknown within society. Nevertheless, at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, the country underwent rapid political, economic, and sociological transformation. As part of the reaction, many ideas previously censored by the Communist regime became fashionable. This was also partly true for the creationist movement. However, creationism did not gain high acceptance within society, partly because Poland is predominantly a Catholic country, and Catholic doctrine does not support literal understanding of the Bible. At the moment, Intelligent Design creationists are emerging in Poland, and numerous creationist organizations are increasing their activity. This goes together with the weakening of evolutionary teaching in Polish schools.
CYP1A1 polymorphism in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Akgül Sinem , Derman Orhan , Alikaşifoğlu Mehmet , Aktaş Dilek
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate the rates of the CYP1A1 Ile/Val polymorphism in Turkish adolescent females.

Methods

The CYP1A1 Ile/Val polymorphism was analyzed by collecting DNA samples from 44 adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)—according to the Rotterdam criteria—and 120 healthy female controls aged 13–18 years in Ankara, Turkey.

Results

There was a 2.5‐fold increase in the frequency of the CYP1A1 Ile/Val genotype in adolescents with PCOS compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR] 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.143–5.637; P < 0.001), in addition to a 2.4‐fold increase in the frequency of the Val allele (OR 2.43; 95% CI, 1.099–5.397; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The data show an association between CYP1A1 and PCOS, indicating that variant alleles of the gene may affect the metabolic and transport pathway of estrogens, thus causing PCOS.
Reliability and Agreement of Hip Range of Motion and Provocative Physical Examination Tests in Asymptomatic Volunteers
Authors: Prather Heidi , Harris‐Hayes Marcie , Hunt Devyani M. , Steger‐May Karen , Mathew Vinta , Clohisy John C.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To: (1) report passive hip range of motion (ROM) in asymptomatic young adults, (2) report the intratester and intertester reliability of hip ROM measurements among testers of multiple disciplines, and (3) report the results of provocative hip tests and tester agreement.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

Tertiary university.

Participants

Twenty‐eight young adult volunteers without musculoskeletal symptoms, history of disorder, or surgery involving the lumbar spine or lower extremities were enrolled and completed the study.

Methods

Asymptomatic young adult volunteers completed questionnaires and were examined by 2 blinded examiners during a single session. The testers were physical therapists and physicians. Hip ROM and provocative tests were completed by both examiners on each hip.

Main Outcome Measurements

Inter‐rater and intrarater reliability for ROM and agreement for provocative tests were determined.

Results

Twenty‐eight asymptomatic adults, mean age 31 years (range, 18‐51 years), with a mean modified Harris Hip Score of 99.5 ± 1.5 and UCLA activity score of 8.8 ± 1.2 completed the study. Intrarater agreement was excellent for all hip ROM measurements, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.76 to 0.97, with similar agreement if the examiner was a physical therapist or a physician. Excellent inter‐rater reliability was found for hip flexion ICC 0.87 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78‐0.92), supine internal rotation ICC 0.75 (95% CI 0.60‐0.84), and prone internal rotation ICC 0.79 (95% CI 0.66‐0.87). The least reliable measurements were supine hip abduction (ICC 0.34) and supine external rotation (ICC 0.18). Agreement between examiners ranged from 96% to 100% for provocative hip tests, which included the hip impingement, resisted straight leg raise, Flexion Abduction External Rotation/Patrick, and log roll tests.

Conclusions

Specific hip ROM measures show excellent inter‐rater reliability, and provocative hip tests show good agreement among multiple examiners and medical disciplines. Further studies are needed to assess the use of these measurements and tests as a part of a hip screening examination to assess for young adults at risk for intra‐articular hip disorders before the onset of degenerative changes.
Race, Ethnicity, and Employment Outcomes 1, 5, and 10 Years After Spinal Cord Injury: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Arango‐Lasprilla Juan Carlos , Ketchum Jessica M. , Francis Kathryn , Lewis Allen , Premuda Paola , Wehman Paul , Kreutzer Jeffrey
Published: October 2010

Objectives

(1) To compare the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment among a group of white, African American, and Hispanic persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) at 1, 5, and 10 years after injury; (2) to examine the changes in the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment over time within each racial/ethnic group, and (3) to compare the changes in the odds of competitive employment versus not competitive employment over time between the racial/ethnic groups.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Model SCI systems.

Participants

A total of 11,090 persons with SCI (7735 whites, 2381 African Americans, and 974 Hispanics), between ages 18 and 55 years, enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center database.

Main Outcome Measure

Employment status dichotomized as competitively employed versus not competitively employed.

Results

The odds of being competitively employed at 1, 5, and 10 years after injury were 1.58, 2.55, and 3.02, times greater for whites than African Americans and 1.71, 1.86, and 1.71, respectively, times greater for whites than Hispanics. At 10 years after injury, the odds of being competitively employed were 1.77 times greater for Hispanics than for African Americans. Persons of all races/ethnicities and with SCI showed significantly greater increases in the odds of being competitively employed versus not competitively employed over time (1‐5 years, 1‐10 years, 5‐10 years after injury); however, whites and Hispanics had greater increases in the odds of competitive employment over time compared with African Americans.

Conclusions

Regardless of race, short‐ and long‐term employment outcomes were not favorable for persons with SCI; however, African Americans and Hispanics fared worse in employment outcomes compared with whites. Rehabilitation professionals should work to improve employment outcomes for all individuals with SCI, with special emphasis on addressing specific needs of African Americans and Hispanics.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Falling in the Postoperative Lower Limb Amputee While on the Surgical Ward
Authors: Yu Jaime C. , Lam Kenneth , Nettel‐Aguirre Alberto , Donald Maoliosa , Dukelow Sean
Published: October 2010

Objective

To determine the incidence and risk factors of falling among amputees during the postoperative time on the surgical ward.

Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Three tertiary acute care hospitals.

Patients

Subjects aged 18 years or older undergoing either a primary or revision amputation at the transtibial, knee disarticulation, or transfemoral levels. Subjects were excluded if they underwent bilateral amputations. A total of 466 charts were identified, and 370 subjects were included in the analysis.

Main Outcome Measurements

All outcome measurements were devised before data collection. The primary outcome variable was the presence of at least one fall. Details regarding falls, including the date, time, and location of the first fall, were recorded. In addition, the total number of falls and any associated injuries were documented. Secondary outcome variables included type and number of medical comorbidities, cognitive deficits, and regular use of specific medications.

Results

Sixty‐one of 370 subjects fell at least once, giving an incidence of 16.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 12.7%‐20.3%). No difference was noted between the fall and no fall groups for gender, mean age, number of regular medications, and number of medical comorbidities. The fall group demonstrated a significantly longer length of stay (difference of means 32.5 days, 95% CI 17.4‐47.5, P < .001). Injuries were sustained in 60.7% of those who fell. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the major risk factors for falling as dysvascular etiology (odds ratio [OR] 2.418, 95% CI 1.043‐5.606), transtibial level (OR 2.127, 95% CI 1.050‐4.309), and right‐sided amputation (OR 1.933, 95% CI 1.073‐3.483).

Conclusions

Falls and associated injuries occur commonly in the postoperative lower limb amputee on the surgical ward. Risk factors for falling include dysvascular etiology, transtibial level, and right‐sided amputation. Further studies are required to characterize the mechanisms of falling in this patient population and to develop appropriate fall‐prevention strategies.
Transcriptomics and Proteomics in the Study of H1N1 2009
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Zhang Xiaojun , Ma Qing , Ma Fang , Zhou Honghao
Published: October 2010

Influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A virus, has been spread worldwidely and caused great public fear. High-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics methods are now being used to identify H1N1 and H1N1-host interaction. This article reviews recent transcriptomics and proteomics research in H1N1 diagnosis, treatment, and H1N1 virus-host interaction, to offer some help for further understanding the infection mechanism and controlling H1N1 transmission.