bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale among South Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chang Sun Ju , Song Misoon , Im Eun‐Ok
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale among South Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background

Self‐efficacy has been reported to be a key component of enhancing diabetes self‐management, and many healthcare providers have paid attention to the instruments to accurately measure self‐efficacy as related to diabetes self‐management.

Design

A psychometric test of an instrument measuring self‐efficacy as related to diabetes self‐management.

Methods

A total of 278 Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes were recruited in one senior centre in Seoul, South Korea. The instrument included the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale and the summary of the Diabetes Self‐care Activities. Item analyses, reliability including internal consistency and stability, and validity including exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and hypothesised relationships test were used to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale.

Results

The item‐total correlation coefficients of all items were >0·30 and ranged from 0·47–0·73. The coefficient alpha for the internal consistency was 0·89, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the stability was 0·90. Two factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis (factor 1, self‐efficacy for diet‐related self‐management behaviours; factor 2, self‐efficacy for diabetes self‐management behaviours except diet), and the two‐factor model for the confirmatory factor analysis had good fitness indices. The diabetes self‐efficacy scores were positively correlated with the level of diabetes self‐management.

Conclusions

The findings supported that the Korean version of the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale was reliable and valid in measuring self‐efficacy as related to diabetes self‐management in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Relevance to clinical practice

The Korean version of the Diabetes Self‐efficacy Scale can allow healthcare providers to effectively measure self‐efficacy related to diabetes self‐management so that they can provide the appropriate and adequate nursing care to Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.
The efficacy of diabetic foot care education
Authors: Nemcová Jana , Hlinková Edita
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To survey the efficacy of education about factors that influence the learning process and behaviour of diabetics following a nursing interventional project in diabetic foot care education.

Background

Educating diabetics can change their behaviour, which may contribute to the prevention of diabetic foot ulcer and amputation. However, there is little information on the factors that contribute to effectiveness of foot care education.

Design

Survey.

Methods

The data before education were collected by using structured assessment based on a practical reasoning scheme. The interventional diabetic foot care education project immediately followed. We used verbal and written patient education material. After education (six months), we used a questionnaire by postadministration. The data were analysed using content analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.

Results

We discovered a rise of knowledge, willingness and motivation to learn and to change the behaviour of diabetics after education. The clinical parameters (weight, Body Mass Index, blood pressure) demonstrated a statistically significant positive change six months after education.

Conclusion

The findings after education show a rise in knowledge, willingness and motivation, which are important factors that contribute to changing behaviour of diabetics in diabetic foot care. After education, we identified better results in terms of weight and blood pressure, both of which play a role in the prevention of diabetic ulcer.

Relevance to clinical practice

The education valuable tool ensures knowledge, motivation and willingness to change behaviour in order to prevent diabetic foot complications of diabetics. By using structured assessment, nurses are able to modify their educational interventions.
People's experiences of suffering a lower limb fracture and undergoing surgery
Authors: Forsberg Angelica , Söderberg Siv , Engström Åsa
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To describe people's experiences of suffering a lower limb fracture and undergoing surgery, from the time of injury through to the care given at the hospital and recovery following discharge.

Background

There is a lack of research on people's experiences of suffering a lower limb fracture and undergoing surgery – from injury to recovery.

Design

A qualitative approach was used.

Methods

Interviews with nine participants were subjected to thematic content analysis.

Results

One theme was expressed: from realising the seriousness of the injury to regaining autonomy. Participants described feelings of frustration and helplessness when realising the seriousness of their injury. The wait prior to surgery was a strain and painful experience, and participants needed orientation for the future. They expressed feelings of vulnerability about being in the hands of staff during surgery. After surgery, in the postanaesthesia unit, participants expressed a need to have control and to feel safe in their new situation. To mobilise and regain their autonomy was a struggle, and participants stated that their recovery was extended.

Conclusions and relevance to clinical practice

Participants found themselves in a new and unexpected situation and experienced pain, vulnerability and a striving for control during the process, that is, ‘from realising the seriousness of the injury to regaining autonomy’. How this is managed depends on how the patient's needs are met by nurses. The nursing care received while suffering a lower limb fracture and undergoing surgery should be situation specific as well as individual specific. The safe performance of technical interventions and the nurse's comprehensive explanations of medical terms may help the patient to feel secure during the process.
Long‐term effects of a nurse‐led group and individual patient education programme for patients with chronic inflammatory polyarthritis – a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Grønning Kjersti , Rannestad Toril , Skomsvoll Johan F , Rygg Lisbeth Ø , Steinsbekk Aslak
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To investigate the long‐term effect of a nurse‐led hospital‐based patient education programme combining group and individual education for patients with chronic inflammatory polyarthritis.

Background

Patient education interventions have shown short‐term effects, but few studies have investigated whether the effects are sustained for a longer period.

Design

Randomised controlled trial.

Methods

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and unspecified polyarthritis were randomised to the intervention group (n = 71) or a waiting list (n = 70). Primary outcomes were as follows: Global Well‐Being and the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Other Symptoms Subscale. Secondary outcomes were as follows: patient activation, physical and psychological health status, patients' educational needs and a Disease Activity Score (DAS28‐3).

Results

The intervention group had a statistically significant higher global well‐being than the controls after 12 months, mean change score 8·2 (95% CI, 1·6–14·8; p‐value = 0·015), but not in the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Other Symptoms Subscale, mean change score 2·6 (95% CI, −1·8 to 7·1; p‐value = 0·245). Within each group, analyses showed a statistically significant improvement in DAS28‐3, mean change ‐0·3 (95% CI, −0·5 to −0·1; p‐value = 0·001), in the intervention group from baseline to 12 months, but not in the controls. The controls had a statistically significant deterioration in the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Other Symptoms Subscale, mean change −5·0 (95% CI, −8·6 to −1·3; p‐value = 0·008), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales – 2 Social, mean change 0·3 (95% CI, 0·1–0·5; p‐value = 0·008), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale total, mean change 1·4 (95% CI, 0·3–2·5; p‐value = 0·013).

Conclusion

A combination of group and individual patient education has a long‐term effect on patients' global well‐being.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses should consider whether a combination of group and individual patient education for patients with chronic inflammatory polyarthritis is an alternative in their clinical practice. This combination is less time‐consuming for the patients, and it includes the benefit of group learning in addition to focusing on patient's individual educational needs.
Preventing postpartum haemorrhage: active management of the third stage of labour
Authors: de Castro Parreira Maria VB , Gomes Nádia C Ferreira
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To review scientific publications on health to identify the main practices used for the active management of the third stage of vaginal labour and to assess their effectiveness in preventing postpartum haemorrhage.

Background

According to the World Health Organization (WHO Recommendations for the Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage, 2007. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva), postpartum haemorrhage is considered to be the cause of a quarter of maternal morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. In an attempt to reduce the risk of haemorrhage, a group of interventions have been introduced into clinical practice that constitute active management conduct during the third stage of labour and are recommended by the international organisations.

Design and methods

An integrative literature review of studies on the subject in question, indexed in databases of health between the years 2006–2012, was conducted. The analysis included 13 articles, six of which were original articles and seven of which were literature reviews.

Results

Based on our data analysis, we found that most studies supported the effectiveness of active management in reducing the risk of haemorrhage, in the immediate postpartum period. Despite the fact that active management practices for the third stage of labour differ in their specific elements, in the majority of the selected studies, the interventions followed those recommended by the international organisations.

Conclusions

The results of this review of management practices supported active management of the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage, with five main forms of intervention: administration of oxytocin, delayed clamping of umbilical cord, draining of placental blood, controlled cord traction and uterine massage.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is a need to determine gaps in the clinical practices of midwives in regard to the active management of third stage of labour, to update knowledge and practices with the latest scientific evidence.
Surface Roughness of Acrylic and Silicone‐Based Soft Liners: In Vivo Study in a Rat Model
Authors: Bail Michele , Jorge Janaina Habib , Urban Vanessa Migliorini , Campanha Nara Hellen
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The aim of this in vivo animal study was to investigate changes in the surface roughness of soft liners over time.

Materials and Methods

Forty adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvergicus albinus) were fitted with acrylic custom‐made palatal plates relined by dynamic impressions and tested with the following soft liners: Dentuflex (DF), Trusoft (TS), Dentusoft (DS), and Ufi Gel P (UG). Half of the animals for each tested material had the plates fitted during the material reline procedure. Their surface roughness was read immediately (IRa group, n = 5). The other half used the palatal plates for 14 days before roughness readings were performed (FRa group, n = 5). The surface roughness (Ra) of the inner surface from the relined dentures was recorded using a Surftest SJ‐401 with eight readings per specimen, and mean values were obtained. Data (μm) were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

Results

IRa means (2.92 ± 0.87 μm) and FRa means (3.35 ± 0.65 μm) were significantly different (p = 0.016). UG showed a lower (p = 0.01) Ra mean (2.1 ± 0.52 μm) than DF (3.94 ± 0.81 μm), TS (4.12 ± 0.64 μm), and DS (3.27 ± 0.64 μm).

Conclusions

Ufi Gel P showed the smoothest surface among the materials evaluated. The period of use resulted in changes in the surface roughness of the materials tested.
Influence of Full‐Contour Zirconia Surface Roughness on Wear of Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Luangruangrong Palika , Cook N. Blaine , Sabrah Alaa H. , Hara Anderson T. , Bottino Marco C.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of full‐contour (Y‐TZP) zirconia surface roughness (glazed vs. as‐machined) on the wear behavior of glass‐ceramics.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐two full contour Y‐TZP (Diazir®) specimens (hereafter referred to as zirconia sliders) (ϕ = 2 mm, 1.5 mm in height) were fabricated using CAD/CAM and sintered according to the manufacturer's instructions. Zirconia sliders were embedded in brass holders using acrylic resin and then randomly assigned (n = 16) according to the surface treatment received, that is, as‐machined or glazed. Glass‐ceramic antagonists, Empress/EMP and e.max/EX, were cut into tabs (13 × 13 × 2 mm3), wet‐finished, and similarly embedded in brass holders. Two‐body pin‐on‐disk wear testing was performed at 1.2 Hz for 25,000 cycles under a 3 kg load. Noncontact profilometry was used to measure antagonist height (μm) and volume loss (mm3). Qualitative data of the zirconia testing surfaces and wear tracks were obtained using SEM. Statistics were performed using ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05.

Results

As‐machined yielded significantly higher mean roughness values (Ra = 0.83 μm, Rq = 1.09 μm) than glazed zirconia (Ra = 0.53 μm, Rq = 0.78 μm). Regarding glass‐ceramic antagonist loss, as‐machined zirconia caused significantly less mean height and volume loss (68.4 μm, 7.6 mm3) for EMP than the glazed group (84.9 μm, 9.9 mm3), while no significant differences were found for EX. Moreover, EMP showed significantly lower mean height and volume loss than EX (p < 0.0001). SEM revealed differences on wear characteristics between the glass‐ceramics tested.

Conclusion

e.max wear was not affected by zirconia surface roughness; however, Empress wear was greater when opposing glazed zirconia. Overall, surface glazing on full‐contour zirconia did not minimize glass‐ceramic wear when compared with as‐machined zirconia.
Reducing Inefficiency in Public Good Provision Through Linking
Authors: GALAVOTTI STEFANO
Published: July 2013

We characterize the optimal mechanism for the provision of n public goods in an economy with m agents, binary valuations. The mechanism “links” the n problems together because decisions and transfers are based on the whole vector of valuations of the agents. In particular, the decision on whether or not to provide a public good depends not only on the valuations of the agents for that good but, in some cases, also on the valuations for the other goods reported by the low‐valuation agents. For the two‐agent case, we show that the mechanism is asymptotically efficient and we provide an example that compares its relative efficiency with optimal separate provision and with another asymptotically efficient mechanism in the literature.
Dynamic Difference‐Form Contests
Authors: PELOSSE YOHAN
Published: July 2013

This study presents a multistage contest designed by an organizer who chooses the (indivisible) winner prize together with the ranking scheme. When the organizer's objective is to maximize efforts, the optimal ranking scheme that selects the prize recipient coincides with a version of the piecewise linear difference‐form success function postulated by Che and Gale (2000). Even if the organizer's objective is not necessarily to maximize agents' effort, a noisy ranking of the difference‐form remains optimal.
Project Failures Arising from Corporate Entrepreneurship: Impact of Multiple Project Failures on Employees' Accumulated Emotions, Learning, and Motivation
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Haynie J. Michael , Patzelt Holger
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we consider an organizational paradox inherent to corporate entrepreneurship; that is, the pursuit of entrepreneurial projects is necessary for organizational rejuvenation, renewal, and/or organic growth; however, the high failure rate of entrepreneurial projects likely has enduring implications for the project team members and, by extension, the organization. Drawing on the psychology and emotion literatures, we model the human capital costs of corporate entrepreneurship arising from the multiple failures of entrepreneurial projects. Specifically, we explore how and with what consequence negative emotions can accumulate across multiple failures; when this accumulation is most likely to occur; and what the nature of this accumulation is across organizational contexts, employee differences, and time. This theorizing complements extant scholarship focused on the financial benefits and costs of corporate entrepreneurship by investigating the negative impact of multiple project failures on employees.
Brand‐Specific Design Effects: Form and Function
Authors: Townsend Janell D. , Kang Wooseong , Montoya Mitzi M. , Calantone Roger J.
Published: July 2013

Product design is inherently a key component of brand strategy. Accordingly, significant resources are invested to improve product and brand performance; however, foundations for understanding the role product design plays in influencing actual consumer opinions from the marketplace have not been fully explored in the literature. This paper develops a conceptual framework illustrating how two critical design factors—form and function—impact consumer opinion and delineate brand‐specific effects. Nonmonotonic effects are identified, as well as the interaction effects of the individual factors among the dimensions. A longitudinal model based on objective measures of form and function is tested with a data set developed from models available in the U.S. automotive market from 1999–2007; it includes 16 firms, 32 brands, and 137 products. The results indicate the relationships between factors of form and function are multifarious and complex, but clearly play a significant role in forming consumer opinions, although they do exhibit diminishing returns. The findings further indicate brand‐specific effects exist, and consumer opinions vary by brand. The findings provide foundations for understanding the interplay between product development and brand management. Overall, this research supports the notion that brand strategies can be supported through the management of design dimensions.
The effects of hoarding disorder on families: an integrative review
Authors: Büscher T. P. , Dyson J. , Cowdell F.
Published: July 2013

Accessible summary

It is estimated that between 2% and 5% of the population experience symptoms of compulsive hoarding. Recent investigation into hoarding has shown that it is a problem in its own right and is therefore being added to a diagnostic manual of mental disorders.

This integrative literature review examines the impact that hoarding has on family members.

The comprehensive literature review spans a period from database inception to November 2012. A search of the databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and psycINFO, together with hand searches, was completed.

Thematic analysis revealed three overriding themes: quality of life, shattered families and rallying around. These themes illuminate the negative impact that hoarding behaviour has on families and the inadequacy of available services.

The relative lack of robust evidence about the impact of hoarding behaviour on families suggests that further research is needed in this emergent field.

Compulsive hoarding affects approximately 2–5% of the adult population. Increasing recognition has led to its inclusion as a distinct condition in forthcoming revisions to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V. Hoarding behaviour can have a detrimental effect on the health and well‐being of family members. A rigorous review of available evidence using a novel three‐stage literature search was undertaken: (1) an extensive scoping review; (2) a traditional search of databases including Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, and psycINFO using combinations of keywords; and (3) review of cited references and hand‐searching of selected journals. Evidence was selected using predefined inclusion criteria. Papers included two surveys, one qualitative study and one case study. An integrative review methodology was used to synthesize the evidence presented. Analysis revealed three overriding themes: quality of life, shattered families and rallying around. These illuminated the experiences of family members. These papers revealed families under strain and often at breaking point but with the resolve to pull together if the right support is available. This review concludes that further research is needed to investigate the effects of hoarding on family members and how these may best be met.
The effects of mysid grazing on kelp zoospore survival and settlement
Authors: VanMeter Kyle , Edwards Matthew S.
Published: July 2013

Recent studies have indicated that long‐distance dispersal by kelp zoospores may play an important role in the colonization of newly exposed rocky habitats and in the recovery of recently disturbed kelp forests. This may be facilitated by the vertical transport of zoospores into the shallower portions of the water column where they are exposed to greater alongshore currents that increase their dispersal potential. However, this vertical transport can also expose them to elevated irradiances and enhanced grazing by zooplankton, both of which negatively impact zoospore survival and settlement. In this study, we used plankton tows to show that zooplankton (mysids) were at least seven times more abundant in the surface waters than near the benthos along the edge of a large kelp forest at the time of our spring sampling. We then used feeding experiments and epifluorescence microscopy to verify that these mysids grazed on kelp zoospores. Finally, we conducted laboratory experiments to show that grazing by these mysids over a 12 h period reduced kelp zoospore settlement by at least 50% relative to treatments without grazing. Together with previous studies that have revealed the impacts of high irradiance on zoospore survival and settlement, our study indicates that the vertical transport of kelp zoospores into the shallower portions of the water can also expose them to significantly increased mortality from mysid grazing. Thus, if these patterns are consistent over broader temporal and geographic scales, vertical transport may not be a viable method for sustained long‐distance zoospore dispersal.
Three novel species in the Pseudo‐nitzschia pseudodelicatissima complex: P. batesiana sp. nov., P. lundholmiae sp. nov., and P. fukuyoi sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia
Authors: Lim Hong Chang , Teng Sing Tung , Leaw Chui Pin , Lim Po Teen
Published: July 2013

A study on the morphology and phylogeny of 18 strains of Pseudo‐nitzschia established from the Strait of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia, was undertaken. Morphological data combined with molecular evidence show that they constitute three new species, for which the names, P. batesiana sp. nov., P. lundholmiae sp. nov., and P. fukuyoi sp. nov., are proposed. The three new species closely resemble species in the P. pseudodelicatissima complex sensu lato. Morphologically, P. batesiana differs from other species in the complex by having a smaller part of cell overlapping in the chain, whereas P. lundholmiae differs by having fewer poroid sectors and P. fukuyoi by having a distinct type of poroid sectors. Nucleotide sequences of the LSU rDNA (D1–D3) of the three new species reveal significant nucleotide sequence divergence (0.1%–9.3%) from each other and from other species in the P. pseudodelicatissima complex s.l. The three species are phylogenetically closely related to species in the P. pseudodelicatissima complex, with P. batesiana appearing as a sister taxon to P. circumpora, P. caciantha, and P. subpacifica; whereas P. lundholmiae and P. fukuyoi are more closely related to P. pseudodelicatissima and P. cuspidata. The three species show 2–3 compensatory base changes (CBCs) in their ITS2 transcripts when compared to the closely related species. The ITS2 with its structural information has proven its robustness in constructing a better resolved phylogenetic framework for Pseudo‐nitzschia.
Characterization of the extracellular matrix of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae): structure, composition, and adhesive characteristics
Authors: Willis Anusuya , Chiovitti Anthony , Dugdale Tony M , Wetherbee Richard
Published: July 2013

The extracellular matrix of the ovoid and fusiform morphotypes of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin) was characterized in detail. The structural and nanophysical properties were analyzed by microscopy. Of the two morphotypes, only the ovoid form secretes adhesive mucilage; light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the mucilage was secreted from the girdle band region of the cell as cell‐substratum tethers, accumulating on the surface forming a biofilm. After 7 d, the secreted mucilage became entangled, forming adhesive strands that crisscrossed the substratum surface. In the initial secreted mucilage atomic force microscopy identified a high proportion of adhesive molecules without regular retraction curves and some modular‐like adhesive molecules, in the 7 d old biofilm, the adhesive molecules were longer with fewer adhesive events but greater adhesive strength. Chemical characterization was carried out on extracted proteins and polysaccharides. Differences in protein composition, monosaccharide composition, and linkage analysis are discussed in relation to the composition of the frustule and secreted adhesive mucilage. Polysaccharide analysis showed a broad range of monosaccharides and linkages across all fractions with idiosyncratic enrichment of particular monosaccharides and linkages in each fraction. 3‐linked Mannan was highly enriched in the cell frustule fractions indicating a major structural role, while Rhamnose and Fucose derivatives were enriched in the secreted fractions of the ovoid morphotype suggesting involvement in cell adhesion. Comparison of SDS‐PAGE of extracellular proteins showed two major bands for the ovoid morphotype and four for the fusiform morphotype of which only one appeared to be common to both morphotypes.
Impaired Endothelin Calcium Signaling Coupled to Endothelin Type B Receptors in Penile Arteries from Insulin-Resistant Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Contreras Cristina , Sánchez Ana , Martínez Pilar , Climent Belén , Benedito Sara , García-Sacristán Albino , Hernández Medardo , Prieto Dolores
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction is considered as an early sign of subclinical vascular disease and endothelial dysfunction and a highly prevalent condition in diabetic patients.

Aim

The current study assessed whether impaired vascular effects of endothelin (ET)-1 may contribute to the vascular dysfunction of penile arteries from a rat model of insulin resistance.

Methods

The effect of ETA and ETB receptor antagonists was assessed on the intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i and contractile responses to ET-1 in penile arteries from obese Zucker rats (OZR) and lean Zucker rats (LZR), and ET receptor expression in the arterial wall was assessed by immunohistochemistry.

Main Outcome Measure

Changes in ET-1 [Ca2+]i and vasoconstriction and ET receptor expression were evaluated in penile arteries from insulin-resistant rats.

Results

ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was associated with a higher increase in smooth muscle [Ca2+]i in penile arteries from OZR compared with LZR. Removal of the endothelium inhibited and enhanced contractions to the lowest and highest doses of ET-1, respectively, mainly in OZR. The selective ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123 inhibited ET-1 vasoconstriction and [Ca2+]i response in both LZR and OZR. The ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 had little effect in healthy arteries but markedly inhibited ET-1-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and vasoconstriction in arteries from OZR. ETA receptors were located on the smooth muscle and endothelium of penile arteries, whereas ETB receptors were found on the arterial endothelium in LZR and OZR, and also on the smooth muscle in OZR, immunostaining for both receptors being higher in OZR.

Conclusion

Penile arteries from OZR exhibit an impaired ET-1 Ca2+ signaling along with changes in the ET receptor profile. Thus, whereas ET-1 contraction and the associated [Ca2+]i increase are mediated by smooth muscle ETA receptors in healthy arteries, ETB receptors contribute to contraction and are coupled to the augmented ET-1 [Ca2+]i response under conditions of insulin resistance.
Prevalence of Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity in Dogs with Dysfunction of the Trigeminal Nerve: 18 Cases (2004–2013)
Authors: Kent M. , Glass E.N. , de Lahunta A. , Platt S.R. , Haley A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Animals with disorders involving the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei in the brainstem can have effusion in the tympanic cavity ipsilateral to the side of the neurological deficits. The tensor veli palatini muscle (TVP), innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, opens the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube. With denervation of the TVP, dysfunction of the auditory tube may occur, which could lead to effusion.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine the prevalence of effusion in the tympanic cavity in dogs with disorders involving the trigeminal nerve.

Animals

Eighteen client‐owned dogs were evaluated retrospectively.

Methods

Retrospective study.

Results

Diagnostic imaging databases were searched for dogs having undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation for signs referable to dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve. Signalment and neurological examination findings were recorded. The MRI study was evaluated for the presence or absence of effusion. MRI characteristics of the affected trigeminal nerve and the muscles of mastication were recorded. Based on the location of the trigeminal nerve lesion, dogs were divided into three categories: brainstem, trigeminal canal, or extracranial. Eighteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. Six of 18 dogs (33%) had effusion in the tympanic cavity ipsilateral to the affected trigeminal nerve.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

A substantial proportion of dogs with a lesion affecting the trigeminal nerve had effusion in the tympanic cavity. This finding likely represents denervation of the TVP muscle, which may have led to dysfunction of the auditory tube.
Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability ofd‐Penicillamine in Fasted and Nonfasted Dogs
Authors: Langlois D.K. , Lehner A.F. , Buchweitz J.P. , Ross D.E. , Johnson M.B. , Kruger J.M. , Bailie M.B. , Hauptman J.G , Schall W.D
Published: July 2013

Background

d‐Penicillamine is the most commonly used copper‐chelating agent in the treatment of copper‐associated hepatitis in dogs. Response to therapy can be variable, and there is a lack of pharmacokinetic information available for dogs. Coadministering the drug with food to alleviate vomiting has been recommended for dogs, which contradicts recommendations for drug administration to humans.

Hypothesis

Coadministration ofd‐penicillamine with food decreases relative bioavailability and maximum plasma drug concentrations (Cmax) in dogs.

Animals

Nine purpose‐bred dogs with a median body weight of 17.0 kg.

Methods

Dogs receivedd‐penicillamine (12.5 mg/kg PO) fasted and with food in a randomized, crossover design. Blood samples were collected before and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after dosing. Totald‐penicillamine concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each dog.

Results

Two fasted dogs (22%) vomited after receivingd‐penicillamine. MeanCmax ± standard deviation (SD) was 8.7 ± 3.1 μg/mL (fasted) and 1.9 ± 1.6 μg/mL (fed). Mean area under the plasma concentration curve ± SDwas 16.9 ± 5.9 μg/mL·h (fasted) and 4.9 ± 3.4 μg/mL·h (fed). There were significant reductions in relative bioavailability andCmaxin fed dogs (P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Coadministration ofd‐penicillamine with food significantly decreases plasma drug concentrations in dogs. Decreased drug exposure could result in decreased copper chelation efficacy, prolonged therapy, additional cost, and greater disease morbidity. Administration ofd‐penicillamine with food cannot be categorically recommended without additional studies.
Disposition of methylprednisolone acetate in plasma, urine, and synovial fluid following intra‐articular administration to exercised thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych H. K. , Harrison L. M. , Casbeer H. C. , McKemie D. S.
Published: July 2013

Methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) is commonly administered to performance horses, and therefore, establishing appropriate withdrawal times prior to performance is critical. The objectives of this study were to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics ofMPAand time‐related urine and synovial fluid concentrations following intra‐articular administration to sixteen racing fit adultThoroughbred horses. Horses received a single intra‐articular administration ofMPA(100 mg). Blood, urine, and synovial fluid samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 77 days postdrug administration and analyzed using tandem liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Maximum measured plasmaMPAconcentrations were 6.06 ± 1.57 at 0.271 days (6.5 h; range: 5.0–7.92 h) and 6.27 ± 1.29 ng/mLat 0.276 days (6.6 h; range: 4.03–12.0 h) for horses that had synovial fluid collected (group 1) and those that did not (group 2), respectively. The plasma terminal half‐life was 1.33 ± 0.80 and 0.843 ± 0.414 days for groups 1 and 2, respectively. MPA was undetectable by day 6.25 ± 2.12 (group 1) and 4.81 ± 2.56 (group 2) in plasma and day 17 (group 1) and 14 (group 2) in urine. MPA concentrations in synovial fluid remained above the limit of detection (LOD) for up to 77 days following intra‐articular administration, suggesting that plasma and urine concentrations are not a good indicator of synovial fluid concentrations.
The Privatization of Public Safety in Urban Neighborhoods: Do Business Improvement Districts Reduce Violent Crime Among Adolescents?
Authors: MacDonald John , Stokes Robert J. , Grunwald Ben , Bluthenthal Ricky
Published: July 2013

The business improvement district (BID) is a popular economic development and urban revitalization model in which local property and business owners must pay an assessment tax that funds supplementary services, including private security. BIDs constitute a controversial form of urban revitalization to some because they privatize economic development and public safety efforts in public space. This study examines whether BIDs provide tangible benefits beyond their immediate boundaries to local residents in the form of reduced violence among adolescents. The empirical analysis advances an existing literature dominated by evaluation studies by introducing a theoretically driven dataset with rich information on individual and neighborhood level variables. The analysis compares violent victimization among youths living in BID neighborhoods with those in similarly situated non-BID neighborhoods. We find no effect of BIDs on violence. However, we do find that youth violence is strongly correlated with neighborhood collective efficacy and family-related attributes of social control. In conclusion, we argue that BIDs may be an agent of crime reduction, but this benefit is likely concentrated only in their immediate boundaries and does not extend to youths living in surrounding neighborhoods.
Conceptualizing Semi-Legality in Migration Research
Authors: Kubal Agnieszka
Published: July 2013

What is semi-legality, and why does it offer a viable alternative to the legality–illegality binary divide? Semi-legality, as a heuristic device, is useful to frame the various “in-between” statuses and not resorting to illegality every time ambiguities arise as this casts the net of potential fraud far too wide. It could be viewed as a multidimensional space where migrants' formal relationships with the state interact with their various forms of agency toward the law. As a sensitizing theoretical perspective, it helps to explain why many neoliberal regimes, which claim that law and order are the main features distinguishing them from others, actually engage in perpetuating the legally ambiguous modes of incorporation. Delineating the conditions of semi-legality, I use data from 360 qualitative interviews with migrants in four European countries. I discuss: (1) “incomplete” responses to regularization programs (amnesties) – de facto fulfilling the legalization conditions, yet facing barriers to formally (de jure) corroborate this; (2) balancing between the temporality of residence in various EU countries—under-staying in some and overstaying in others; and (3) the nexus with employment—where migrants' residence in a country is lawful, but their work exceeds the restrictions permitted by their visas.
Taking Hold of the Wheel: Automobility, Social Order, and the Law in Mexico's Public Registry of Vehicles (REPUVE)
Authors: Guzik Keith
Published: July 2013

Across the globe, governments are implementing electronic vehicle registration programs capable of locating automobiles instantaneously. In order to understand the impact of such programs on contemporary governance, this article draws upon the extant literature on automobility, law and society and science and technology studies theory, and data collected from Mexico, where the government has been implementing the Public Registry of Vehicles (REPUVE). The central argument of the article rests on three concepts. First, the automobile has recurrently served as a disruptive technology in modern society, a technology whose adoption unsettles the social order by drawing users away from their usual modes of social interaction. In response, state authorities over the course of the twentieth century created a collection of legal rules, actors, and institutions designed to take hold of the wheel. By penetrating automobility with law, the state transformed the car into a legal enactment device, a technology whose operation pushes people to enact the law and, in so doing, constitutes the sociolegal order. In Mexico, a host of forces have conspired to weaken the state's hold on the wheel. The REPUVE promises to change this by “delegating” policing duties to radio-frequency identification stickers affixed to vehicles and scanners placed on roadways. Rather than enforcing the law through corruptible humans sanctioning irresponsible drivers, the REPUVE opens the possibility of doing so through a “surveillant assemblage” denying roadway access to suspicious vehicles. In the REPUVE then, the automobile passes from a legal enactment device, a technology whose operation pushes users to enact the law, to a legal prescription device, a technology whose operation requires them to do so. By demonstrating the role of vehicular regulation in the “mutual becoming” of society and technology, this study contributes to the growing research on the intersection of law and technology and provides a glimpse into the changing nature of legal power in the contemporary state.
When Do Laws Matter? National Minimum-Age-of-Marriage Laws, Child Rights, and Adolescent Fertility, 1989–2007
Authors: Kim Minzee , Longhofer Wesley , Boyle Elizabeth Heger , Brehm Hollie Nyseth
Published: July 2013

Using the case of adolescent fertility, we ask the questions of whether and when national laws have an effect on outcomes above and beyond the effects of international law and global organizing. To answer these questions, we utilize a fixed-effect time-series regression model to analyze the impact of minimum-age-of-marriage laws in 115 poor- and middle-income countries from 1989 to 2007. We find that countries with strict laws setting the minimum age of marriage at 18 experienced the most dramatic decline in rates of adolescent fertility. Trends in countries that set this age at 18 but allowed exceptions (for example, marriage with parental consent) were indistinguishable from countries that had no such minimum-age-of-marriage law. Thus, policies that adhere strictly to global norms are more likely to elicit desired outcomes. The article concludes with a discussion of what national law means in a diffuse global system where multiple actors and institutions make the independent effect of law difficult to identify.
Borrelia burgdorferi oxidative stress regulator BosR directly represses lipoproteins primarily expressed in the tick during mammalian infection
Authors: Wang Peng , Dadhwal Poonam , Cheng Zhihui , Zianni Michael R. , Rikihisa Yasuko , Liang Fang Ting , Li Xin
Published: July 2013

Differential gene expression is a key strategy adopted by the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, for adaptation and survival in the mammalian host and the tick vector. Many B. burgdorferi surface lipoproteins fall into two distinct groups according to their expression patterns: one group primarily expressed in the tick and the other group primarily expressed in the mammal. Here, we show that the Fur homologue in this bacterium, also known as Borrelia oxidative stress regulator (BosR), is required for repression of outer surface protein A (OspA) and OspD in the mammal. Furthermore, BosR binds directly to sequences upstream of the ospAB operon and the ospD gene through recognition of palindromic motifs similar to those recognized by other Fur homologues but with a 1 bp variation in the spacer length. Putative BosR binding sites have been identified upstream of 156 B. burgdorferi genes. Some of these genes share the same expression pattern as ospA and ospD. Most notably, 12 (67%) of the 18 genes previously identified in a genome‐wide microarray study to be most significantly repressed in the mammal are among the putative BosR regulon. These data indicate that BosR may directly repress transcription of many genes that are downregulated in the mammal.
Overview of lupus nephritis management guidelines and perspective from Asia
Authors: Mok Chi Chiu , Yap Desmond YH , Navarra Sandra V , Liu Zhi‐hong , Zhao Ming‐hui , Lu Liangjing , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Avihingsanon Yingyos , Yu Xue‐qing , Lapid Elizabeth A , Lugue‐Lizardo Lenrore R , Sumethkul Vasant , Shen Nan , Chen Shun‐le , Chan Tak Mao ,   Asian Lupus Nephritis Network (ALNN)
Published: July 2013

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and important manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evidence suggests higher rates of lupus renal involvement in Asian populations, and maybe more severe nephritis, compared with other racial or ethnic groups. The management of LN has evolved considerably over the past three decades, based on observations from clinical studies that investigated different immunosuppressive agents including corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid, calcineurin inhibitors and novel biologic therapies. This is accompanied by improvements in both the short‐term treatment response rate and long‐term renal function preservation. Treatment guidelines for LN have recently been issued by rheumatology and nephrology communities in U.S.A. and Europe. In view of the racial difference in disease manifestation and response to therapy, and the substantial disease burden in Asia, a panel of 15 nephrologists and rheumatologists from different Asian regions with extensive experience in lupus nephritis – the Steering Group for the Asian Lupus Nephritis Network (ALNN) – met and discussed the management of lupus nephritis in Asian patients. The group has also reviewed and deliberated on the recently published recommendations from other parts of the world. This manuscript summarizes the discussions by the group and presents consensus views on the clinical management and treatment of adult Asian patients with LN, taking into account both the available evidence and expert opinion in areas where evidence remains to be sought.
Immunohistochemical analysis of ubiquilin‐1 in the human hippocampus: Association with neurofibrillary tangle pathology
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Abrahamson Eric E. , Mi Zhiping , Ishikawa Masanori , Watanabe Kazushi , Kinoshita Setsuo , Asada Takashi , Ikonomovic Milos D.
Published: July 2013

This post mortem immunohistochemical study examined the localization and distribution of ubiquilin‐1 (UBL), a shuttle protein which interacts with ubiquitin and the proteasome, in the hippocampus from Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia cases, and age‐matched cases without dementia. In Braak stages 0–I–II cases, UBL immunoreactivity was detected in a dense fiber network in the neuropil, and in the cell cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of neurons in Cornu Ammonis (CA) fields and dentate gyrus granular neurons. In Braak stages III‐IV and V‐VI cases, UBL immunoreactivity was reduced in the neuropil and in the cytoplasm of the majority of CA1 neurons; some CA1 pyramidal neurons and the majority of CA2/3 pyramidal, CA4 multipolar, and dentate granular neurons had markedly increased UBL immunoreactivity in the nucleoplasm. Dual immunofluorescence analysis of UBL and antibody clone AT8 revealed co‐localization most frequently in CA1 pyramidal neurons in Braak stage III‐IV and V‐VI cases. Further processing using the pan‐amyloid marker X‐34 revealed prominent UBL/X‐34 dual labeling of extracellular NFT confined to the CA1/subiculum in Braak stage V‐VI cases. Our results demonstrate that in AD hippocampus, early NFT changes are associated with neuronal up‐regulation of UBL in nucleoplasm, or its translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The perseverance of UBL changes in CA2/3, CA4 and dentate gyrus, generally considered as more resistant to NFT pathology, but not in the CA1, may mark a compensatory, potentially protective response to increased tau phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons; the failure of such a response may contribute to neuronal degeneration in end‐stage AD.
Neither ‘Good’ in Terms of ‘Better’ nor ‘Better’ in Terms of ‘Good’
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, I argue against defining either of ‘good’ and ‘better’ in terms of the other. According to definitions of ‘good’ in terms of ‘better’, something is good if and only if it is better than some indifference point. Against this approach, I argue that the indifference point cannot be defined in terms of ‘better’ without ruling out some reasonable axiologies. Against defining ‘better’ in terms of ‘good’, I argue that this approach either cannot allow for the incorruptibility of intrinsic goodness or it breaks down in cases where both of the relata of ‘better’ are bad.