bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Phytosterols in Edible Oils Using APCI Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mo Shunyan , Dong Linlin , Hurst W. Jeffrey , van Breemen Richard B.
Published: July 2013

Previous methods for the quantitative analysis of phytosterols have usually used GC–MS and require elaborate sample preparation including chemical derivatization. Other common methods such as HPLC with absorbance detection do not provide information regarding the identity of the analytes. To address the need for an assay that utilizes mass selectivity while avoiding derivatization, a quantitative method based on LC–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) was developed and validated for the measurement of six abundant dietary phytosterols and structurally related triterpene alcohols including brassicasterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, β‐sitosterol, stigmasterol, and lupeol in edible oils. Samples were saponified, extracted with hexane and then analyzed using reversed phase HPLC with positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and selected reaction monitoring. The utility of the LC–MS–MS method was demonstrated by analyzing 14 edible oils. All six compounds were present in at least some of the edible oils. The most abundant phytosterol in all samples was β‐sitosterol, which was highest in corn oil at 4.35 ± 0.03 mg/g, followed by campesterol in canola oil at 1.84 ± 0.01 mg/g. The new LC–MS–MS method for the quantitative analysis of phytosterols provides a combination of speed, selectivity and sensitivity that exceed those of previous assays.
Relationship‐specific variability in adolescents' ethnic self‐labeling preferences
Authors: Kiang Lisa , Johnson Natasha C.
Published: July 2013

Consistency between adolescents' best‐fitting ethnic label and the labels uses in three different relationship contexts was compared and linked to adjustment among 154 9th‐10th graders (50% 9th; 56% female) of Asian descent. Results indicated that 57%, 61%, and 63% of adolescents reported best‐fitting labels that were inconsistent with the labels they would use with Asian, non‐Asian minority, and European American peers, respectively, and only 25% reported using the same label across all four situations. Inconsistency was not associated with gender or generation, but was linked with higher perceived discrimination. Despite its prevalence, there were few adjustment differences based on labeling inconsistency. One exception was that adolescents who reported inconsistency between best‐fitting labels and labels used with non‐Asian minority peers reported more negative emotions than those with concordant labels. Results and discussion highlight the need to continue investigating the contextual fluidity of ethnic labels, including predictors and developmental and cultural implications.
A positive role of mammalian Tip41‐like protein, TIPRL, in the amino‐acid dependent mTORC1‐signaling pathway through interaction with PP2A
Authors: Nakashima Akio , Tanimura-Ito Keiko , Oshiro Noriko , Eguchi Satoshi , Miyamoto Takafumi , Momonami Ayaka , Kamada Shinji , Yonezawa Kazuyoshi , Kikkawa Ushio
Published: July 2013

Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) has a key role in cellular regulations in response to environmental conditions. In yeast, Tip41 downregulates TORC1 signaling via activation of PP2A phosphatase. We show here that overexpression of TIPRL, a mammalian Tip41, suppressed dephosphorylation of mechanistic TORC1 (mTORC1) substrates under amino acid withdrawal, and knockdown of TIPRL conversely attenuated phosphorylation of those substrates after amino acid refeeding. TIPRL associated with the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac), which was required for the TIPRL action on mTORC1 signaling. Collectively, unlike yeast TIP41, TIPRL has a positive effect on mTORC1 signaling through the association with PP2Ac.
Experimental observation of backscattered light based on different coherence between incident laser beams
Authors: Meng Xiangfu , Wang Chen , An Honghai , Jia Guo , Zhou Huazhen , Fu Sizu
Published: July 2013

Recent experimental results on NIF revealed a much higher stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) backscatter than expected; one possible reason was due to the coherence between incident laser beams. In our research, two laser beams (${\sim }1~\mathrm{ns} $, ${\sim }250~\mathrm{J} , 527~\mathrm{nm} $ in each one) with different coherent degrees between them from the SG-II facility were employed to irradiate an Au plate target; the backscatter of SBS and SRS in the range of the given solid angle had been measured. The results showed that it could change dramatically corresponding to the difference of the coherent degree between the two laser beams, and there was usually more intense backscatter the higher the coherent degree between the incident beams.
Inclusion Through Action: A Participatory Approach to Return-to-Work Policy Change Processes in Organisations
Authors: Gensby U. , Husted M.
Published: July 2013

Many organisations strive to make disability management (DM) responses to prevent work disability and promote return-to-work (RTW). However, a deeper appreciation of methods that can ensure equitable worker participation in the development and change of RTW policy and practice is needed. Using an action research approach, this study expands the concept of participation in disability management (DM) creating new insights into the resources, dilemmas and aspirations of RTW policies in organisations. Empirical data was gathered from a development and change process conducted together with managers and workers at a large health care workplace. A series of workshops were conducted, studying the common history of RTW policy evolvement and configuration, and encouraging the creation of worker-driven proposals for alternative actions to current management. Action research protocols were used to document knowledge creation. Analysis of action research processes reveals how workers insisted on discussing their work environment as an important factor for maintenance of RTW, and how consistent participatory possibilities and team oriented RTW coordination among all levels of the organisation are perceived as critical features for supportive and sustained job retention. Participatory processes created relevant knowledge of the importance of work environments in coordination of stay at work, which may strengthen RTW capacity building and advance DM in organisations.
Spin-up of a two-component superfluid: analytic theory in arbitrary geometry
Authors: van Eysden Cornelis A. , Melatos A.
Published: July 2013

The impulsive spin-up of a two-component superfluid and its container is solved analytically for the first time in arbitrary geometry, generalizing the extensively studied case of single-fluid spin-up. The superfluid is modelled by the Hall–Vinen–Bekarevich–Khalatnikov (HVBK) two-fluid equations, neglecting non-hydrodynamic processes like vortex tension and pinning, which are weak in certain applications (e.g. neutron stars) and confined to boundary layers in the inviscid HVBK component in other applications (e.g. helium II spin-up in smooth-walled containers). Both components of the flow are found to be columnar. The spin-up time depends on the geometry, mutual friction coefficients, $B$, ${B}^{\prime } $, the Ekman number $E$, and the superfluid density fraction ${\rho }_{n} $. For $B\sim O(1)$, the inviscid component undergoes Ekman pumping due to strong coupling to the viscous component, and the azimuthal velocities are ‘locked together’ during the spin-up. For $B\lesssim {E}^{1/ 2} $, there is no Ekman pumping in the inviscid component and the inviscid azimuthal velocity spins up via mutual friction on a combination of the mutual friction and Ekman time scales. The spin-up process is studied in spheres, cylinders (with co- and counter-rotating lids), and cones, and occurs faster in spheres and cones. Ekman pumping is (anti-) clockwise adjacent to the (lower-) upper-right boundary, and mirrored about the rotation axis. The solution obtained by Reisenegger (J. Low Temp. Phys., vol. 92, 1993, p. 77) between slowly accelerating parallel plates is recovered in the associated limit. The hydrodynamic torque on the container decays dual-exponentially with time in a cylinder but not in a sphere or cone, where it is a superposition of exponentials whose time scales vary with latitude. The torque is a good diagnostic of the flow; e.g. it is steepest initially in a sphere with strong mutual friction.
Casimir cascades in two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: Bowman John C.
Published: July 2013

In addition to conserving energy and enstrophy, the nonlinear terms of the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equation are well known to conserve the global integral of any continuously differentiable function of the scalar vorticity field. However, the phenomenological role of these additional inviscid invariants, including the issue as to whether they cascade to large or small scales, is an open question. In this work, well-resolved implicitly dealiased pseudospectral simulations suggest that the fourth power of the vorticity cascades to small scales.
Beam Patterns of the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope: Optimisation
Authors: Dong B. , Han J. L.
Published: July 2013

The Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) uses adaptive spherical panels to achieve a huge collecting area for radio waves. In this paper, we try to explore the optimal parameters for the curvature radius of spherical panels and the focal distance by comparison of the calculated beam patterns. We show that to get the best beam shape and maximum gain, the optimal curvature radius of panels is around 300 m, and a small shift in the focal distance of a few cm is needed. The aperture efficiency can be improved by ~10% at 3 GHz by this small shift. We also try to optimise the panel positioning for the best beam, and find that panel shifts of a few mm can improve the beam pattern by a similar extent. Our results indicate that accurate control of the feed and panel positions to the mm level is very crucial for the stability of FAST's observational performance.
Effect of polydextrose and soluble maize fibre on energy metabolism, metabolic profile and appetite control in overweight men and women
Authors: Konings Ellen , Schoffelen Paul F. , Stegen Jos , Blaak Ellen E.
Published: July 2013

High-fibre diets offer several beneficial health effects. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether replacement of 30 % of the available carbohydrates with polydextrose (PDX) or soluble maize fibre (SCF) at breakfast and lunch would result in an increased fat oxidation rate and satiety, which may be of relevance for body weight control and diabetes prevention. In a single-blind, randomised cross-over study, eighteen overweight men and women underwent four different dietary interventions, which consisted of a PDX diet, a SCF diet and two control diets (full energetic and isoenergetic, comparable with PDX with respect to g or energy percentage of macronutrients, respectively). Glycaemic profile, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured for 24 h in a respiration chamber. Circulating insulin, NEFA and TAG concentrations were determined over a 14 h period during daytime. Appetite ratings were assessed using visual analogue scales. The replacement of available carbohydrates with PDX or SCF reduced the peak glucose response, which was accompanied by reduced postprandial insulin responses. Moreover, higher concentrations of circulating NEFA were observed after consumption of both fibre diets, which were accompanied by an increased fat oxidation over 24 h. This effect was mainly attributed to the lower energetic value of the fibre diets and not to the fibresper se. Besides increasing fat oxidation, PDX exerted a pronounced suppressive effect on appetite ratings. The replacement of available carbohydrates with PDX may be of special interest because of its beneficial effects on metabolic profile and it may affect body weight control in the long term.
Does Organizational Heritage Matter in the Development of Offshore Markets? The Case of Australian Life Insurers
Authors: Keneley Monica
Published: July 2013

The globalization of financial markets over the past decade has focused the spotlight on the responsiveness of financial firms to international pressures. Insurance markets have traditionally relied on global networks not only to expand the insurers' sphere of influence but also to support domestic business. Until relatively recently, Australian insurance companies have not played a significant role in the development of international markets. However, in the last decade of the twentieth century Australian insurers ventured overseas on a scale without precedence. This article presents an historical perspective on the internationalization of the Australian life-insurance market with a view to understanding why these firms have been classified “late starters” in the internationalization stakes. In a broader capacity it provides insights into the impediments to overseas expansion and the forces encouraging or discouraging the development of cross border networks.
Coral tissue mortality of the coral Cladocora caespitosa caused by gastropod Coralliophila meyendorffi in the Mljet National Park (eastern Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Kružić Petar , Sršen Pavica , Cetinić Katarina , Zavodnik Dušan
Published: July 2013

The corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila meyendorffi (family Coralliophilidae) is a well-known predator of the coral Cladocora caespitosa, particularly in the eastern Adriatic Sea, where population outbreaks can drastically reduce coral cover. Coralliophila meyendorffi ranges in size from 5 to 40 mm in shell total length, and smaller specimens are often found living with the coral C. caespitosa. Specimens of C. meyendorffi feed exclusively on live coral tissue, stripping it from the calcium carbonate skeleton. Recent outbreaks of the gastropod C. meyendorffi have caused considerable damage on a C. caespitosa bank in Veliko Jezero (the Mljet National Park, eastern Adriatic Sea). The bank occurs at depths between 6 and 18 m, covering a 65  m2 area. During summer of 2010, a substantial outbreak affected about 5%t of the coral colonies. The gastropods were highly aggregated in sheltered areas of the coral bank (up to 41 specimens/dm2) with smaller clusters (from 8 to 12 specimens/dm2) on coral colonies that were influenced by strong bottom currents (up to 1.23 ms−1).
Charge regulation in biomolecular solution
Authors: Lund Mikael , Jönsson Bo
Published: July 2013

Proteins and other biomolecules contain acidic and basic titratable groups that give rise to intricate charge distributions and control electrostatic interactions. ‘Charge regulation’ concerns how the proton equilibria of these sites are perturbed when approached by alien molecular matter such as other proteins, surfaces and membranes, DNA, polyelectrolytes etc. Importantly, this perturbation generates a charge response that leads to attractive intermolecular interactions that can be conveniently described by a single molecular property – the charge capacitance. The capacitance quantifies molecular charge fluctuations, i.e. it is the variance of the mean charge and is anintrinsicproperty on par with the net charge and the dipole moment. It directly enters the free energy expression for intermolecular interactions and can be obtained experimentally from the derivative of the titration curve or theoretically from simulations. In this review, we focus on the capacitance concept as a predictive parameter for charge regulation and demonstrate how it can be used to estimate the interaction of a protein with other proteins, polyelectrolytes, membranes as well as with ligands.
Predation ecology of large sympatric carnivores as influenced by available wild ungulate prey in a tropical deciduous forest of Central India
Authors: Majumder Aniruddha , Sankar Kalyanasundaram , Qureshi Qamar , Basu Santanu
Published: July 2013

Predation ecology of large sympatric carnivores, tiger, leopard and dhole, as influenced by available wild ungulates, chital, sambar, nilgai, gaur and wild pig, were studied between January 2007 and June 2010 in a tropical deciduous forest of Central India. Both line transect and vehicle transect methods were used to estimate population structure and sex ratios of wild ungulates. The observed adult sex ratio (female:male) was found to be skewed towards females for all ungulates. A total of 123 tiger kills were recorded in the cold season and 162 in the hot season, 32 leopard kills were recorded during the cold season and 48 during the hot season and 32 dhole kills were recorded in the cold season and 55 in the hot season. The age–sex class distribution of each ungulate species in the kill data was compared with the corresponding population age–sex distribution recorded from line transects and vehicle transects. All three large carnivores preferred medium-sized prey species, e.g. chital. A significant difference was observed when comparing different health conditions of prey species predated by the three large carnivores. The observed difference in prey choice as per their body size is a strategy adopted by large carnivores to partition prey resources, thus increasing the potential to avoid intra-guild competition.
Mobile Phone Use among Migrant Factory Workers in South China: Technologies of Power and Resistance
Authors: Peng Yinni , Choi Susanne Y. P.
Published: July 2013

Comparing ethnographic and interview data in three contrasting production arrangements in a labour-intensive factory in South China, this article argues that while the mobile phone constitutes a new contested terrain on the shop floor and facilitates control and resistance between capital and labour simultaneously, the dynamics of control and resistance is contingent upon the exact arrangements of production. While the management strictly prohibit line operators in the assembly line department from using their mobile phones, they turn a blind eye towards mobile phone use among workers in the hardware department, and mandate mobile workers who are not fixed at work stations in both departments to use mobile phones. Diverse managerial control tactics have generated different patterns of worker resistance. Workers in the assembly line department employ strategies to evade managerial surveillance and continue to use mobile phones at work covertly. They also contest the double standards of mobile phone use displayed by the management. Workers in the hardware department challenge the boundaries of legitimate mobile phone use, and mobile workers use tactics to escape being tracked down by the management via their mobile phones. Mobile phones also facilitate the strategy of resistance through exit among all workers.
The mystery of birefringent garnet: is the symmetry lower than cubic?
Authors: Antao Sytle M.
Published: July 2013

The cause of birefringence in several garnet-group minerals with general chemical formula, [8]X3[6]Y2[4]Z3[4]O12, which was observed over 100 years ago, is unknown, although many different reasons were proposed, including symmetry lower than cubic. In this study, electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) were obtained for a Ti-rich andradite, ideally Ca3(Fe23+)Si3O12, from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA, and the results show that the sample is inhomogeneous with two distinct compositions. The crystal structure was refined by the Rietveld method, cubic space group $Ia\overline 3 d$, and monochromatic synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data, which shows a mixture of three distinct cubic phases that are intergrown together and cause birefringence because of strain arising from small structural mismatch. This mixture of three cubic phases was not observed by any other experimental technique. These results have many implications, including garnet phase transitions from cubic to lower symmetry in the mantle, which has important geophysical consequences.
The coexistence of engineering meanings of function: Four responses and their methodological implications
Authors: Vermaas Pieter E.
Published: July 2013

In this position paper, the ambiguity of functional descriptions in engineering is considered from a methodological point of view. Four responses to this ambiguity are discussed, ranging from defining a single meaning of function and rejecting the different meanings that are currently used in engineering to accepting these meanings as coexisting in engineering and taking function as a family resemblance concept. Rejecting the different meanings is described as the straightforward response to resolving the ambiguity of functional descriptions, yet in engineering research and design methodology it rather seems to be accepted that engineers do use the coexisting meanings side by side. In this paper, explanations are given of why this practice is beneficial to engineering. Then it is explored how the particular meaning that engineers attach to function depends on the tasks for which functional descriptions are used. Finally, the methodological implications of the four responses to the ambiguity of functional descriptions are discussed.
The function analysis diagram: Intended benefits and coexistence with other functional models
Authors: Aurisicchio Marco , Bracewell Rob , Armstrong Gareth
Published: July 2013

Understanding product functions is a key aspect of the work undertaken by engineers involved in complex system design. The support offered to these engineers by existing modeling tools such as thefunction treeand thefunction structureis limited because they are not intuitive and do not scale well to deal with real-world engineering problems. A research collaboration between two universities and a major power system company in the aerospace domain has allowed the authors to further develop a method for function analysis known as function analysis diagram that was already in use by line engineers. The capability to generate and edit these diagrams was implemented in the Decision Rationale editor, a software tool for capturing design rationale. This article presents the intended benefits of the method and justifies them using an engineering case study. The results of the research have shown that the function analysis diagram method has a simple notation, permits the modeling of product functions together with structure, allows the generation of rich and accurate descriptions of product functionality, is useful to work with variant and adaptive design tasks, and can coexist with other functional modeling methods.
Longitudinal relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and child adjustment in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Merrilees Christine E. , Taylor Laura K. , Shirlow Peter , Goeke-Morey Marcie C. , Cairns Ed
Published: July 2013

Although relations between political violence and child adjustment are well documented, longitudinal research is needed to adequately address the many questions remaining about the contexts and developmental trajectories underlying the effects on children in areas of political violence. The study examined the relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and adolescent adjustment problems over 4 consecutive years. Participants included 999 mother–child dyads (482 boys, 517 girls),Mages = 12.18 (SD= 1.82), 13.24 (SD= 1.83), 13.61 (SD= 1.99), and 14.66 (SD= 1.96) years, respectively, living in socially deprived neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland, a context of historical and ongoing political violence. In examining trajectories of adjustment problems, including youth experience with both sectarian and nonsectarian antisocial behaviors, sectarian antisocial behavior significantly predicted more adjustment problems across the 4 years of the study. Experiencing sectarian antisocial behavior was related to increased adolescent adjustment problems, and this relationship was accentuated in neighborhoods characterized by higher crime rates. The discussion considers the implications for further validating the distinction between sectarian and nonsectarian violence, including consideration of neighborhood crime levels, from the child's perspective in a setting of political violence.
Predicting internalizing problems in Chinese children: The unique and interactive effects of parenting and child temperament
Authors: Muhtadie Luma , Zhou Qing , Eisenberg Nancy , Wang Yun
Published: July 2013

The additive and interactive relations of parenting styles (authoritative and authoritarian parenting) and child temperament (anger/frustration, sadness, and effortful control) to children's internalizing problems were examined in a 3.8-year longitudinal study of 425 Chinese children (aged 6–9 years) from Beijing. At Wave 1, parents self-reported on their parenting styles, and parents and teachers rated child temperament. At Wave 2, parents, teachers, and children rated children's internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling indicated that the main effect of authoritative parenting and the interactions of Authoritarian Parenting × Effortful Control and Authoritative Parenting × Anger/Frustration (parents' reports only) prospectively and uniquely predicted internalizing problems. The above results did not vary by child sex and remained significant after controlling for co-occurring externalizing problems. These findings suggest that (a) children with low effortful control may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effect of authoritarian parenting and (b) the benefit of authoritative parenting may be especially important for children with high anger/frustration.
Dynamic temporal relations between anxious and depressive symptoms across adolescence
Authors: Kouros Chrystyna D. , Quasem Susanna , Garber Judy
Published: July 2013

Symptoms of anxiety and depression are prevalent among adolescents and associated with impairment in multiple domains of functioning. Moreover, anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, with estimated comorbidity rates as high as 75%. Whereas previous research has shown that anxiety symptoms predict increased depressive symptoms over time, the relation between depressive symptoms and later anxiety symptoms has been inconsistent. The present study examined dynamic relations between anxiety and depressive symptoms across adolescence and explored whether these longitudinal relations were moderated by maternal history of anxiety, family relationship quality, or children's attributional style. Participants included 240 children (M age = 11.86 years; 53.9% female) and their mothers, who were assessed annually for 6 years. Children reported on their depressive symptoms and mothers reported on their child's anxiety symptoms. Dynamic latent change score models indicated that anxiety symptoms predicted subsequent elevations in depressive symptoms over time. Depressive symptoms predicted subsequent elevations in anxiety symptoms among children who had mothers with a history of anxiety, reported low family relationship quality, or had high levels of negative attributions. Thus, whereas anxiety symptoms were a robust predictor of later depressive symptoms during adolescence, contextual and individual factors may be important to consider when examining relations between depressive symptoms and subsequent change in anxiety symptoms.
Deconstructing the externalizing spectrum: Growth patterns of overt aggression, covert aggression, oppositional behavior, impulsivity/inattention, and emotion dysregulation between school entry and early adolescence
Authors: Olson Sheryl L. , Sameroff Arnold J. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Sexton Holly , Davis-Kean Pamela , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Dodge Kenneth A.
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine whether five subcomponents of children's externalizing behavior showed distinctive patterns of long-term growth and predictive correlates. We examined growth in teachers' ratings of overt aggression, covert aggression, oppositional defiance, impulsivity/inattention, and emotion dysregulation across three developmental periods spanning kindergarten through Grade 8 (ages 5–13 years). We also determined whether three salient background characteristics, family socioeconomic status, child ethnicity, and child gender, differentially predicted growth in discrete categories of child externalizing symptoms across development. Participants were 543 kindergarten-age children (52% male, 81% European American, 17% African American) whose problem behaviors were rated by teachers each successive year of development through Grade 8. Latent growth curve analyses were performed for each component scale, contrasting with overall externalizing, in a piecewise fashion encompassing three developmental periods: kindergarten–Grade 2, Grades 3–5, and Grades 6–8. We found that most subconstructs of externalizing behavior increased significantly across the early school age period relative to middle childhood and early adolescence. However, overt aggression did not show early positive growth, and emotion dysregulation significantly increased across middle childhood. Advantages of using subscales were most clear in relation to illustrating different growth functions between the discrete developmental periods. Moreover, growth in some discrete subcomponents was differentially associated with variations in family socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Our findings strongly affirmed the necessity of adopting a developmental approach to the analysis of growth in children's externalizing behavior and provided unique data concerning similarities and differences in growth between subconstructs of child and adolescent externalizing behavior.
Severe airway obstruction from a bronchial cast after cardiac transplantation
Authors: Parent John J. , Darragh Robert K.
Published: July 2013

Plastic bronchitis is a rare and difficult to treat disease process in patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiac transplantation has been used increasingly to reverse this process, especially in single ventricle physiology. This case report demonstrates a foreseeable complication after cardiac transplantation in such a patient.
Alternative Medicine: My Part in its Downfall
Authors: Colquhoun David
Published: July 2013

Universities in the UK have been offering ‘bachelor of science’ degrees in preposterous made-up pseudoscience. The Freedom of Information Act made it possible to winkle out some of the nonsense taught on these courses. When this was exposed on blogs and in the mainstream media, vice-chancellors were embarrassed into closing many of the courses. The fact that it had to be done this way reflects badly on the integrity of the vice-chancellors involved. And the total failure of every regulatory agency to achieve this reveals the bad value that they give.
Assisted Reproduction, the Law and Public Attitudes: A Danish Perspective
Authors: Faber Berit A.
Published: July 2013

Assisted reproduction has been carried out within the Danish health care system since the beginning of the 1980s. The first independent act on artificial reproduction was adopted in Denmark 15 years later, in 1997. The issue of assisted reproduction is still a subject of debate in Denmark. The main driving forces in Danish society when establishing legal regulation in this area are existential, social and cultural/religious. The involvement of both scientific and lay voices and the timing of the ethical debate are important factors in the creation of the Danish legislation on assisted reproduction.
What it is to be Good
Authors: Harris John
Published: July 2013

If someone says ‘I'm good thank you!’, usually in response to a polite ‘how are you,’ I am tempted, and often do, reply: ‘That's an interesting claim or hypothesis – how are we going to test it?’ This paper is about testing that hypothesis, taken literally; the hypothesis that someone is good, how such a claim might be tested and what thinking about the exercise tells us about goodness and hence of course about how to increase goodness in the world and in people.
Science, Reasons and Normativity
Authors: O'Neill Onora
Published: July 2013

Science is often seen as empirical inquiry that aims at proof or explanation, but eschews normative considerations. This, I shall argue, is inadequate. Scientific thinking and practice also depend on additional standards, including a range of norms that are not and cannot be established by empirical methods. It follows that science cannot and should not aspire to be value free.
Integrating psychopharmacology and cognitive remediation to treat cognitive dysfunction in the psychotic disorders
Authors: Medalia Alice , Opler Lewis A. , Saperstein Alice M.
Published: July 2013

Cognitive deficits are a prominent and enduring aspect of schizophrenia, which pose a significant barrier to achieving functional goals. The most promising intervention for treating cognitive impairment is cognitive remediation (CR), a behaviorally based therapy associated with medium effect sizes for cognitive and functional outcomes. However, there is a sizeable group of nonresponders whose CR outcomes become limited when the therapeutic approach fails to address individual differences in baseline cognition, motivation variables, and the extent to which CR offers opportunities for generalization. This speaks to a need to develop cognitive interventions that are both personalized and scalable. Emerging data suggest that specific pharmacological agents have the potential to enhance and accelerate behaviorally based CR effects. This article will review the rationale and preliminary evidence to support combining CR and pharmacotherapy. We will review crucial aspects of cognitive interventions that offer the most promise for improving not only cognitive outcomes, but also for enhancing improvement in real-world functioning. Finally, we will address methodological issues to be considered for future research on combined pharmacological and CR interventions.
-theory of one-dimensional rings via pro-excision
Authors: Morrow Matthew
Published: July 2013

This paper studies ‘pro-excision’ for the$K$-theory of one-dimensional, usually semi-local, rings and its various applications. In particular, we prove Geller’s conjecture for equal characteristic rings over a perfect field of finite characteristic, give results towards Geller’s conjecture in mixed characteristic, and we establish various finiteness results for the$K$-groups of singularities, covering both orders in number fields and singular curves over finite fields.
Clinical Trial Simulation to Inform Phase 2: Comparison of Concentrated vs. Distributed First‐in‐Patient Study Designs in Psoriasis
Authors: Dodds MG , Salinger DH , Mandema J , Gibbs JP , Gibbs MA
Published: July 2013

Clinical trial simulation (CTS) and model‐based meta‐analysis (MBMA) can increase our understanding of small, first‐in‐patient (FIP) trial design performance to inform Phase 2 decision making. In this work, we compared dose‐ranging designs vs. designs testing only placebo and the maximum dose for early decision making in psoriasis. Based on MBMA of monoclonal antibodies in the psoriasis space, a threshold of greater than a 50 percentage point improvement over placebo effect at the highest feasible drug dose was required for the advancement in psoriasis. Studies testing only placebo and the maximum dose made the correct advancement decision marginally more often than dose‐ranging designs in the majority of the cases. However, dose‐ranging studies in FIP trials offer important design advantages in the form of dose–response (D–R) information to inform Phase 2 dose selection. CTS can increase the efficiency and quality of drug development decision making by studying the limitations and benefits of study designs prospectively.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e58; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.32; published online 24 July 2013
The Effects of Semantic Context and the Type and Amount of Acoustic Distortion on Lexical Decision by Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Goy Huiwen , Pelletier Marianne , Coletta Marco , Pichora-Fuller M. Kathleen
Published: July 2013

Purpose

In this study, the authors investigated how acoustic distortion affected younger and older adults' use of context in a lexical decision task.

Method

The authors measured lexical decision reaction times (RTs) when intact target words followed acoustically distorted sentence contexts. Contexts were semantically congruent, neutral, or incongruent. Younger adults (
n
= 216) were tested on three distortion types: low-pass filtering, time compression, and masking by multitalker babble, using two amounts of distortion selected to control for word recognition accuracy. Older adults (
n
= 108) were tested on two amounts of time compression and one low-pass filtering condition.

Results

For both age groups, there was robust facilitation by congruent contexts but minimal inhibition by incongruent contexts. Facilitation decreased as distortion increased. Older listeners had slower RTs than younger listeners, but this difference was smaller in congruent than in neutral or incongruent conditions. After controlling for word recognition accuracy, older listeners' RTs were slower in time-compressed than in low-pass filtering conditions, but younger listeners performed similarly in both conditions.

Conclusions

These RT results highlight the interdependence between bottom-up sensory and top-down semantic processing. Consistent with previous findings based on accuracy measures, compared with younger adults, older adults were disproportionately slowed when speech was time compressed but more facilitated by congruent contexts.
The Influence of Semantic Context on the Perception of Spanish-Accented American English
Authors: Behrman Alison , Akhund Ali
Published: July 2013

Purpose

In this article, the authors examine (a) the effect of semantic context on accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility of Spanish-accented American English (AE) as judged by monolingual AE listeners and (b) the interaction of semantic context and accentedness on comprehensibility and intelligibility.

Method

Twenty adult native (L1) Spanish speakers proficient in AE and 4 L1 AE speakers (controls) read 48 statements consisting of true–false, semantically meaningful, and semantically anomalous sentences. Eighty monolingual AE listeners assessed accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility of the statements.

Results

A significant main effect was found for semantic category on all 3 dependent variables. Accents were perceived to be stronger, and both comprehensibility and intelligibility were worse, in semantically anomalous contexts. Speaker data were grouped into strong, mid-level, and mild accents. The interaction between semantic category and accent was significant for both comprehensibility and intelligibility. The effect of semantic context was strongest for strong accents. Intelligibility was excellent for speakers with mid-level accents in true–false and semantically meaningful contexts, and it was excellent for mild accents in all contexts.

Conclusions

Listeners access semantic information, in addition to phonetic and phonotactic features, in the perception of nonnative speech. Both accent level and semantic context are important in research on foreign-accented speech.
The Effect of Incremental Changes in Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density on Word Learning by Preschool Children
Authors: Storkel Holly L. , Bontempo Daniel E. , Aschenbrenner Andrew J. , Maekawa Junko , Lee Su-Yeon
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Phonotactic probability or neighborhood density has predominately been defined through the use of gross distinctions (i.e., low vs. high). In the current studies, the authors examined the influence of finer changes in probability (Experiment 1) and density (Experiment 2) on word learning.

Method

The authors examined the full range of probability or density by sampling 5 nonwords from each of 4 quartiles. Three- and 5-year-old children received training on nonword–nonobject pairs. Learning was measured in a picture-naming task immediately following training and 1 week after training. Results were analyzed through the use of multilevel modeling.

Results

A linear spline model best captured nonlinearities in phonotactic probability. Specifically, word learning improved as probability increased in the lowest quartile, worsened as probability increased in the mid-low quartile, and then remained stable and poor in the 2 highest quartiles. An ordinary linear model sufficiently described neighborhood density. Here, word learning improved as density increased across all quartiles.

Conclusion

Given these different patterns, phonotactic probability and neighborhood density appear to influence different word learning processes. Specifically, phonotactic probability may affect recognition that a sound sequence is an acceptable word in the language and is a novel word for the child, whereas neighborhood density may influence creation of a new representation in long-term memory.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170399
Assistive Technology for Cognition: Perspectives on Funding
Authors: de Domingo Kathy
Published: July 2013

Physical and occupational therapists commonly provide services that incorporate prosthetic and orthotic devices such as crutches, canes, reachers, and ankle–foot orthoses to support mobility and activities of daily living (ADLs). Likewise, speech-language pathologists provide services incorporating prosthetic devices to support communication such as an electrolarynx, microcomputers, and mobile devices and apps with voice output capability. Assistive technology for cognition (ATC) includes the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets, and smart phones — cognitive prostheses — to compensate for cognitive challenges following acquired brain injury (ABI). Whereas funding sources for devices and services that support/compensate for mobility, ADLs, and communication challenges are generally well established, funding for ATC devices and services is relatively new to the field of speech-language pathology. This article explores the funding aspect of ATC devices and services.
Energy‐harvesting system design through Bluetooth environment for smart phone
Authors: Jeong Taikyeong
Published: July 2013

Recent mobile handhelds, for example, smart‐phone, can be charged wirelessly using the traditional wireless communication technologies as well as a new energy‐harvesting circuit. In particular, Bluetooth with a charging circuit enables a short‐range wireless charging of a mobile handheld. This study presents an overview of power‐charging structures and proposes a new charging and harvesting circuit based on schottky diode with a real commercial film‐type antenna on mobile terminal. The authors’ new circuit improves the charging efficiency approximately by 160%, that is, 0.45 mA rather than 5 mA for a current Smartphone in the consumer market.
Two‐step optimal filter design for the low‐cost attitude and heading reference systems
Authors: Chou Wusheng , Fang Bin , Ding Li , Ma Xin , Guo Xiaoqi
Published: July 2013

This study presents a novel sensing methodology with two optimal condition‐based fusion algorithms for attitude estimation, using low‐cost micro‐machined gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers. The proposed methodology named two‐step optimal filter is composed of an optimal filter and fast determination algorithm. The filter is designed as sensor‐based Kalman filter, which is augmented by a fuzzy rule to adjust the parameters on line to yield optimal measurements of accelerometers and magnetometers. Then, the fast second estimator of the optimal quaternion algorithm is described to determine the orientations. Meanwhile, adaptation architecture is implemented to yield robust performance, even when the vehicle is subject to strong accelerations or ferromagnetic disturbed. The new construction of attitude estimation algorithm is easy to be implemented, the precise, robustness and efficient are compared with the common methodology. Experimental results are provided for a remotely operational vehicle test and the performance of the proposed filter is evaluated against the output from a conventional filter.
The multi-configuration self-consistent field method within a polarizable embedded framework
Authors: Hedegård Erik Donovan , List Nanna H. , Jensen Hans Jørgen Aagaard , Kongsted Jacob
Published: July 2013

We present a detailed derivation of Multi-Configuration Self-Consistent Field (MCSCF) optimization and linear response equations within the polarizable embedding scheme: PE-MCSCF. The MCSCF model enables a proper description of multiconfigurational effects in reaction paths, spin systems, excited states, and other properties which cannot be described adequately with current implementations of polarizable embedding in density functional or coupled cluster theories. In the PE-MCSCF scheme the environment surrounding the central quantum mechanical system is represented by distributed multipole moments and anisotropic dipole-dipole polarizabilities. The PE-MCSCF model has been implemented in DALTON. As a preliminary application, the low lying valence states of acetone and uracil in water has been calculated using Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field (CASSCF) wave functions. The dynamics of the water environment have been simulated using a series of snapshots generated from classical Molecular Dynamics. The calculated shifts from gas-phase to water display between good and excellent correlation with experiment and previous calculations. As an illustration of another area of potential applications we present calculations of electronic transitions in the transition metal complex, [Fe(NO)(CN)5]2 − in a micro-solvated environment. This system is highly multiconfigurational and the influence of solvation is significant.
Comment on “Experimental evidence for excess entropy discontinuities in glass-forming solutions” [J. Chem. Phys.136, 074515 (2012)]
Authors: Bogdan Anatoli , Loerting Thomas
Published: July 2013

This Comment presents thermograms which demonstrate that glass transition temperatures,Tgs, the change in heat capacity, ΔCp, and the quasi-invariant point, (C′g,T′g), of citric-acid/H2O are not consistent with those reported by Lienhard et al. This raises doubts about validity of their estimation of the excess mixing entropy difference, ΔSlmix-ΔSgmix, at the Tg.
Critical optical properties of AA-stacked multilayer graphenes
Authors: Chiu Chih-Wei , Chen Szu-Chao , Huang Yuan-Cheng , Shyu Feng-Lin , Lin Ming-Fa
Published: July 2013

The band structures and optical properties of AA-stacked multilayer graphenes are calculated by the tight-binding model and gradient approximation. For a nL-layer AA-stacked graphene, there are nL peaks at both low and middle frequencies. The threshold energy of odd-layer graphene is much lower than that of even-layer graphene for nL<10. The differences in the electronic structures and optical properties between the odd and even layers are reduced with increasing nL. When nL grows to 30 (200), the spectra of 2D graphene are almost identical to those of 3D graphite at middle (low) frequencies.
Supercriticality to subcriticality in dynamo transitions
Authors: Verma Mahendra K. , Yadav Rakesh K.
Published: July 2013

Evidence from numerical simulations suggests that the nature of dynamo transition changes from supercritical to subcritical as the magnetic Prandtl number is decreased. To explore this interesting crossover, we first use direct numerical simulations to investigate the hysteresis zone of a subcritical Taylor-Green dynamo. We establish that a well defined boundary exists in this hysteresis region which separates dynamo states from the purely hydrodynamic solution. We then propose simple dynamo models which show similar crossover from supercritical to subcritical dynamo transition as a function of the magnetic Prandtl number. Our models show that the change in the nature of dynamo transition is connected to the stabilizing or de-stabilizing influence of governing non-linearities.