bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for hybrid gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant G150.3+4.5
Authors: Li Yuan , Liu Siming , Giacinti Gwenael
Published: August 2024

The supernova remnant (SNR) G150.3+4.5 was first identified in radio, exhibiting a hard GeV spectrum and a ~1.5º radius. Radio observations revealed a bright arc with an index of ~−0.40, which stands in contrast to the index of ~−0.69 for the rest. This arc is coincident with the point-like Fermi source 4FGL J0426.5+5434 and KM2A source 1LHAASO J0428+5531. The rest of the SNR has a hard GeV spectrum and a soft TeV spectrum, implying a spectral cut-off or break near 1 TeV. Since there is no X-ray counterpart and no pulse signal detected, the gamma-ray (γ-ray) emission mechanism from the SNR and the point-like source appear puzzling. In this work, we reanalyse the γ-ray emission using 14 yr data recorded by Fermi Large Area Telescope and find that the spectrum of the northern half-sphere is compatible with a broken power law with a break at 146 ± 11 eV and photon indices of ΓNorthlobe = 1.54 ± 0.04stat ± 0.07syst (2.28 ± 0.08stat ± 0.12syst) below (above) the break. In addition, the southern half-sphere can be described well with a single power law with ΓSouthlobe =1.95 ± 0.07stat ± 0.09syst. Since the southern half-sphere is well correlated with CO emission, we propose that the γ-ray emission of the northern half-sphere could be dominated by relativistic electrons via inverse-Compton processes, while the southern half-sphere is dominated by cosmic rays via hadronic processes. 4FGL J0426.5+5434 may result from the illumination of a cloud by escaping cosmic rays or recent shock-cloud interaction. Observations from LHAASO-KM2A thus favour the possibility of a cosmic-ray PeVatron candidate, however, leptonic scenarios cannot be ruled out. Further multi-wavelength observations are warranted to confirm the hadronic nature of 1LHAASO J4028+5531.
Multifrequency polarimetry of high-synchrotron peaked blazars probes the shape of their jets
Authors: Bolis F. , Sobacchi E. , Tavecchio F.
Published: August 2024

Multifrequency polarimetry is emerging as a powerful probe of blazar jets, especially with the advent of the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) space observatory. We studied the polarization of high-synchrotron peaked (HSP) blazars, for which both optical and X-ray emission can be attributed to synchrotron radiation from a population of nonthermal electrons. We adopted an axisymmetric stationary force-free jet model in which the electromagnetic fields are determined by the jet shape. When the jet is nearly parabolic, the X-ray polarization degree is ΠX ∼ 15–50%, and the optical polarization degree is ΠO ∼ 5–25%. The polarization degree is strongly chromatic: ΠX/ΠO ∼ 2–9. This chromaticity is due to the softening of the electron distribution at high energies, and is much stronger than for a uniform magnetic field. The electric vector position angle (EVPA) is aligned with the projection of the jet axis on the plane of the sky. These results compare very well with multifrequency polarimetric observations of HSP blazars. When the jet is instead nearly cylindrical, the polarization degree is large and weakly chromatic (we find ΠX ∼ 70% and ΠO ∼ 60%, close to the expected values for a uniform magnetic field). The EVPA is perpendicular to the projection of the jet axis on the plane of the sky. A cylindrical geometry is therefore practically ruled out by current observations. The polarization degree and the EVPA may be less sensitive to the specific particle acceleration process (e.g., magnetic reconnection or shocks) than previously thought.
Econometric modelling of recycling indicators of circular economy in the context of sustainable development
Authors: Trofymenko Olena , Kopishynska Kateryna , Ilyash Olha , Kovalenko Bohdan , Stets Olena
Published: August 2024

The study is devoted to the econometric modelling of indicators of the circular economy with a focus on its recycling component in the context of sustainable development. Various methods and approaches to the formation of econometric models of environmental impacts of transition to a circular economy have been investigated. A number of sets of indicators relevant to a circular economy were also analysed. Based on the analysis, the indicators for modelling were selected. The system of formed differential equations describes changes in economic development, consumption of recyclable materials, waste recycling, conservation of natural resources and environmental indicators over time. Using the curve_fit function from the scipy.optimise library of the Python programming language made it possible to determine the parameters of the system of differential equations. Based on the obtained simulation values, there were built curves of change rates for each variable using the matplotlib library. The results of calculations for Germany show stable and predictable trends in the growth of economic development and consumption of recyclable materials, as well as a possible decrease in their recycling and environmental efficiency in the medium term.
Ensuring energy security on the basis of intelligent decarbonisation and innovative economic development
Authors: Kravchenko Maryna , Trofymenko Olena , Kopishynska Kateryna , Pyshnograiev Ivan , Boiarynova Kateryna , Roshchyna Nadiia
Published: August 2024

The paper focuses on studying the key prerequisites to forming intellectual decarbonisation, taking into account the experience of European countries. Approaches to the definition of intelligent decarbonisation and the main areas of application of intelligent decarbonisation were investigated. The Energy Freedom Index was used to identify clusters of countries by energy security level to determine the prerequisites for intelligent decarbonisation in different countries. Cluster analysis was conducted for the European countries. The ratio of the Energy Freedom Index, Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Unit of GDP, and Total Financing of AI Companies in the selected countries were analysed, which allowed us to determine their potential for the development of intellectual decarbonisation, as well as to identify the most balanced countries in terms of the development of these indicators. The main government programmes of the leading countries in the field of intellectual decarbonisation were analysed to identify effective areas for its development. Strategic priorities for the development of intellectual decarbonisation have been established.
Leverages of financial and environmental management in agricultural sector of the economy
Authors: Hutsaliuk Oleksii , Havrylova Nataliia , Storozhuk Oksana , Dovhenko Yana , Kovalenko Snizhana , Navolokina Alla
Published: August 2024

The article is aimed at determining theoretical views on processes of financial and environmental management of the agricultural sector. It analyzes the financial and environmental management of the agricultural sector of the economy, including the assessment of components of air, water, forest and land resources, crop and livestock production. The authors substantiate the system of ensuring the balanced development of the agricultural sector and examine measures to motivate the organization of eco-friendly agricultural production. The analysis of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources of pollution in Ukraine for 2017-2021 showed that the largest sources of pollution into the atmosphere in Ukraine for 2017-2021 were sulfur dioxide (25.7% in 2021), carbon monoxide into the atmosphere in Ukraine for 2017-2021 (31.4% in 2021) and methane (20.3% in 2021). The article defines the ways of state support for the agricultural sector of the economy and outlines the main principles of the agricultural sector development strategy. The revealed positive impact of the agricultural sector on the environment is ensured by two factors: financial and environmental responsibility manifested through management decision-making measures and financial and environmental motivation manifested through material, social and environmental values of the agricultural producer, consumer and society as a whole.
Tigecycline Usage for Severe Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ersayoğlu İrem , Yazıcı Özkaya Pınar , Özenen Gizem Güner , Cebeci Kübra , Arı Hatice Feray , Şahbudak Bal Zümrüt , Aydemir Sabire Şöhret , Karapınar Bülent
Published: August 2024

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using tigecycline as a salvage therapy in critically ill children who did not respond to other antibiotics.

Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis that included children who received tigecycline for at least 48 hours and four doses during their pediatric intensive care unit admission. Demographic and clinical features of the subjects were evaluated through a comprehensive review of medical records. The effectiveness of tigecycline was assessed by thoroughly evaluating clinical and microbiological outcomes.

Results During the study period, 72 pediatric patients with 88 episodes of infection received tigecycline according to antimicrobial susceptibility in 62.5% of cases and empirically in 37.5%. The median duration of tigecycline therapy was 10 days (range, 2–33 days). Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 17, 30.9%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 10, 18.1%). Ventilator-associated pneumonia was the most common infection (n = 29). Of the 55 isolated pathogens, 43 were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 2 were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) gram-negative bacteria. Clinical response and microbiological clearance were achieved in 42 and 50.9% of episodes, respectively. The overall mortality was 40.9%, with an attributable mortality rate of 29.5%.

Conclusion Tigecycline could be used as a salvage therapy for critically ill pediatric patients infected with MDR or XDR pathogens in the lack of alternative treatment options.
Author correction to “Saturated cavity ring-down spectroscopy of 12C16O2 near 1.57 μm”
Authors: Jiang Shan , Tan Yan , Liu An-Wen , Zhou Xiao-Guo , Hu Shui-Ming
Published: August 2024

We regret to announce that there is an error in one of fund numbers in the acknowledgements of the paper titled “Saturated Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy of 12C16O2 near 1.57 µm” due to the author’s typing errors. The acknowledgements were published in Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 37, 17 (2024).

The corrected acknowledgements are below:

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22273096, No.41905018, and No.21903080) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2022YFF0606500).
Behavior of CuO as solid lubricant inside ZTA matrices
Authors: Singh Bipin Kumar , Kumar Amit , Cep Robert , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Ashwini , Dogra Namrata , Logesh K.
Published: August 2024

This investigation delves into the behavior of copper oxide (CuO) as a solid lubricant inside zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic composites. The investigation starts with the preparation of ZTA through co-precipitation followed by powder metallurgy to develop CuO (1.5 wt. %)/ZTA composites. In all cases, hot isotactic pressing is applied for densification. The fully densified samples are thoroughly mirror-polished to investigate the mechanical and tribological properties. A 1.8% reduction in micro-hardness and 6% improvement in fracture toughness are observed with incorporation of CuO into the ZTA matrices. The analysis reveals that the presence of ionic copper at the grain boundary leads to the formation of copper-rich phases, causing a decrease in hardness. However, the softer CuO particles contribute to crack bridging and crack deflection, enhancing fracture toughness. Subsequent investigation into the tribological properties highlights the positive influence of the softer CuO phases acting as a secondary component within the ZTA matrix. A significant enhancement of 39.34% in the Coefficient of Friction (COF) is achieved by incorporating CuO into the ZTA matrix. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a patchy layer through smearing and squeezing actions on wear debris during sliding. The uniform patchy layer results in smoother and more polished surfaces, leading to an improvement in both the COF and specific wear rate. Further wear analysis reveals various phenomena contributing to surface wear, including pullout of grain particles, micro-fracture, high abrasions, and laminar removal of grains. Overall, the introduction of CuO proves to be beneficial, showcasing improved mechanical and tribological properties in the developed composites, with application in dies, inserts, sparkplugs, etc.
Mg2+ substitution effect on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8−xMgxCo0.1Mn0.1O2 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) cathode materials for LIBs
Authors: Parajuli D. , Murali N.
Published: August 2024

To enhance the performance of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries, novel compositions and synthesis methods are continually being explored. This study focuses on the substitution of Mg into LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 to develop LiNi0.8−xMgxCo0.1Mn0.1O2 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) cathode materials using the sol–gel auto-combustion approach. The materials synthesized at 850 °C/18 h are characterized by TG/DTA, XRD, FESEM with EDS, FT-IR, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge/discharge studies. XRD confirmed the rhombohedral–hexagonal structure of the system with the space group R3̄m. Field emission scanning electron microscopy indicated a slight agglomeration morphology and size distribution from 200 to 320 nm. The initial discharge capacities are 214.84 and 233.57 mA h g−1, tested at a rate of 0.1 C in an operating voltage range of 3.0–4.6 V, and are found to be improved for the x = 0.03 material. Compared to the undoped sample, the Mg-doped LiNi0.77Mg0.03Co0.1Mn0.1O2 exhibited better retention capacity (96.48%) over five cycles. In addition, the cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated improved cycling stability and higher anodic current for the Mg-doped samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that Mg substitution reduced the transfer resistance, enhancing the material’s conductivity and overall electrochemical performance.
Theoretical and experimental study on time-domain monopole time reversal method with excluding autocorrelation
Authors: Geng Mingxin , Shen Chen , Ma Jiangang , Wei Xiaolong , Wang Lv , Zhao Yalin
Published: August 2024

Monopole time reversal is an advanced noise source localization technique, but its sidelobe level in localizing sound sources is greatly affected by noise, leading to a decrease in the accuracy of sound source localization under a low signal-to-noise ratio. To address this issue, this paper proposes a time-domain monopole time reversal technique that excludes autocorrelation to reduce the impact of noise on sound source localization results. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that, compared to conventional monopole time reversal techniques, the proposed method can effectively reduce the sidelobes in sound source localization results and achieve accurate sound source localization under −20 dB low signal-to-noise ratio conditions.
Using the Knowledge to Action framework to improve housing and support for people with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Cubis Lee , McDonald Sharyn , Dean Pamela , Ramme Robin , D’Cruz Kate , Topping Megan , Fisher Fiona , Winkler Di , Douglas Jacinta
Published: August 2024

Background People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have unique housing and support needs that are essential for maintaining independence at home; however, there is limited research to guide the design of community living options for this population. The aim of this study was to examine housing and support needs and preferences of people with MS with the intention to inform the planning of a co-designed intervention based on the study’s findings. Methods Using the Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework, quantitative (n = 79) and qualitative (n = 6) data from people with MS were extracted and integrated from projects completed by the research team that explored the housing and support needs and preferences of people with disability. Results were synthesised and presented to a reference group for validation, contextualisation, and adaptation to the Australian context. Results High physical support needs were common across participants. People most commonly required home modifications to improve accessibility, such as ramps, equipment such as heating and cooling, and assistive technology. Many people required more than 8 hours per day of paid support. Moving into individualised housing facilitated independence and community reintegration. People reported gaps between what they wanted from support workers and what they received, citing individual and systemic barriers. Conclusion People with MS have support needs that require proactive and responsive funding arrangements, housing design and support provision. In line with KTA principles, findings will inform the planning of a co-designed intervention that involves people with lived experience of MS and other stakeholders to influence policy and improve home and living outcomes for this population.
Missionary Grammars and Dictionaries of Chinese
Authors: Zwartjes Otto
Published: August 2024

This monograph aims to shed light on the linguistic endeavors and educational practices employed by 17th century Spanish Dominicans in their efforts to understand and disseminate knowledge of the Chinese language during this historical period. Ample attention is dedicated to the evolution of Chinese grammars and dictionaries by these authors. Central to the monograph is the manuscript “Marsh 696”, which comprises a Chinese-Spanish dictionary and a fragmentary Spanish grammar of Mandarin Chinese, a hitherto unknown and unpublished anonymous and undated text entitled Arte de lengua mandarina. This text is probably a fragment of the earliest grammar written by a Westerner of Mandarin Chinese (completed in Manila in c.1641), previously presumed lost. It is presented here as a facsimile, a transcription of the Spanish text and an English translation alongside a detailed linguistic analysis. The historical framework outlined in this monograph spans from the predecessors of Francisco Díaz (1606–1646) around 1620, including the Jesuit linguistic production in mainland China and Early Manila Hokkien sources, to the era wherein Antonio Díaz (1667–1715) finalized his revised version of Francisco Díaz’s dictionary. The monograph scrutinizes these texts in relation to the linguistic contributions of Francisco Varo (1627–1687). Additionally, the monograph incorporates other unpublished texts that are significant for reconstructing the educational curriculum for teaching and learning Chinese by Dominican friars during this period.
Multi-Scale X-Ray Imaging Technologies for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Xu 许 Zihan 子涵 , An 安 Hanwen 汉文 , Wang 王 Jiajun 家钧
Published: August 2024

The rapid advancement in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage technology has raised the demands placed on rechargeable batteries. It is essential to comprehend the operational principles and degradation mechanisms of batteries across multiple scales to propel the research on rechargeable batteries for the next generation forward. Microstructure, phase information, and lattice of energy materials in both two dimensions and three dimensions can be intuitively obtained through the utilization of x-ray imaging techniques. Additionally, x-ray imaging technology is increasingly gaining attention due to its non-destructive nature and high penetrative capability, enabling in situ experiments and multi-scale spatial resolution. In this review, we initially overview the basic principles and characteristics of several key x-ray imaging technologies. Each x-ray imaging technology is tailored to specific application scenarios. Furthermore, examples of multi-scale implementations of x-ray imaging technologies in the field of rechargeable batteries are discussed. This review is anticipated to augment the comprehension of readers for x-ray imaging techniques as well as to stimulate the development of novel concepts and approaches in rechargeable battery research.
Segmentation of MHD modes using Fourier transform, wavelets and computer vision algorithms
Authors: Zapata-Cornejo E d D , Zarzoso D , Pinches S D , Sharapov S E , Fitzgerald M
Published: August 2024

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity in fusion devices is typically analyzed by examining time-frequency spectrograms obtained from various diagnostics. MHD modes often co-exist with various types of noise and complex patterns generated by other events like pellet injection or active diagnostics. Traditionally, identifying MHD modes has been a manual task, making it labor-intensive. To overcome this issue, this study proposes the use of computer vision (CV) algorithms for noise removal and automatic feature extraction. First, the automatic detection of straight-line patterns is achieved by applying the Hough transform. Then, the discrete wavelet transform is proposed to break down spectrograms into sub-images of different scales, removing broadband noise and pellet injection signatures. The multiscale decomposition is subsequently extended to multiple directions using either 2D Fourier transforms or curvelets, achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio in spectrograms and eliminating undesired frequency sweeps of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes antenna. Once MHD activity is successfully enhanced, a pipeline of algorithms for ridge detection, thresholding and labeling perform a segmentation of the image, automatically labeling individual modes. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of CV algorithms for the identification of MHD modes. The use of such algorithms may potentially help in the analysis process and the creation of large databases of modes.
Impurity transport in PISCES-RF*
Authors: Dhamale G , Baldwin M J , Islam M S , Kumar A , Meyer H M , Nishijima D , Nuckols L , Patino M I , Tierens W , Tynan G R , Rapp J
Published: August 2024

Linear plasma devices (LPD) utilizing a helicon plasma source, a high density light ion source, can generate impurities due to progressive erosion of the radio frequency (RF) transmission window caused by rectified sheath voltage. These source-born impurities can entrain and be transported by the plasma toward a target, affecting plasma-material interaction studies. Earlier work on material testing in Prototype-Materials Plasma Exposure eXperiment at ORNL revealed significant source impurity deposition on downstream targets. However, using a similar RF source, no target impurity deposition is observed in Plasma Interaction Surface Component Experimental Station (PISCES)-RF despite evidence of RF window erosion in the source region, thereby motivating the present work. Experimentally, using various magnetic field configurations upstream of the PISCES-RF plasma source and seeding titanium (Ti) impurities at various axial locations, impurity transport and deposition along the machine axis were investigated. It was found that Ti deposition was localized to the side of the plasma source where the Ti impurity was seeded. In contrast, aluminum (Al) deposition, originating from the sputtering of the helicon window, occurred predominantly upstream of the plasma source, suggesting an asymmetry in the axial transport of eroded RF window material. These observations suggest a stagnation of the parallel plasma flow immediately downstream of the plasma source, with impurity ions remaining unmagnetized near the source upstream. Al deposition in magnetic field-free regions in PISCES-RF indicates that sputtered Al impurities likely remained neutral due to their large ionization mean-free path under PISCES-RF conditions. Plasma modeling and simulation supported this, indicating that Al-neutrals transport toward the helicon source upstream for low electron density cases. It was found that the Larmor radius of the Al ions was greater than the plasma radius towards the source upstream and remained weakly magnetized in PISCES-RF, meaning that plasma source-born impurities are not efficiently entrained in the plasma flow. These findings provide critical insights into impurity transport in helicon plasma-based LPDs.
The collective transportation of many self-propelled liquid metal droplets in Tesla valve
Authors: Chen Luolan , Feng Tiehong , Si Tieyan , Wu Yingjie
Published: August 2024

Gallium-based liquid metal droplet is active particle that maintains a liquid phase at room temperature and perform Self-propelled motion in electrolyte solutions. Unlike passive rigid particles, the collective transportation of swarming liquid metal droplets is strongly influenced by the surface tension, the shape deformation, the collision dynamics and the coalescence process of liquid metal droplets. We drive the swarming micron-sized Galinstan droplets to pass a Tesla microfluidic valve by applying external electric field, the diodicity of liquid metal droplet flow in Tesla valve is verified experimentally, which increases with respect to an increasing voltage. Theoretical simulations of flow field within the Tesla microfluidic valve suggested different turbulent flow field with opposite input flows. The coalescence of liquid metal droplets was enhanced when the Tesla valve blocks the flow. The collective transportation of swarming self-propelled liquid metal droplets has promising applications in biomedics, flexible electronics and swarm microrobotic technology.
Schrödinger-Hirota equation in birefringent fibers with cubic-quantic nonlinearity and multiplicative white noise in the ito sense: Nucci’s reductions and soliton solutions
Authors: Hashemi Mir Sajjad , Arnous Ahmed H , Bayram Mustafa , El Din Sayed M , Shah Nehad Ali
Published: August 2024

This paper explores innovative solutions for the Stochastic Schrödinger-Hirota equation within the context of birefringent fibers with cubic-quintic nonlinearity, emphasizing incorporating multiplicative white noise in the Itô sense. Leveraging the Nucci reduction method, the study focuses on obtaining exact solutions, shedding light on the intricate interplay between quantum mechanics and stochastic processes. The Nucci reduction method is a powerful tool to facilitate the derivation of precise solutions, showcasing its efficacy in unravelling complex mathematical structures and providing valuable insights into the behaviour of quantum systems under the influence of diverse parameters. In addition, two effective and convenient procedures are employed to extract bright, dark, and unique soliton solutions, as well as their combination. Exploring these solutions contributes to a deeper understanding of the equation’s dynamics, particularly in real-world applications such as quantum optics and condensed matter physics. Additionally, this study incorporates graphical depictions of specific solutions to demonstrate the effect of white noise on solitons visually.
Effect of humidity on atmospheric pressure humid air discharge—interpretation from the perspective of detachment reactions
Authors: Zhang Yanze , Chen Xiaoyue , Zhan Haoyu , Deng Yeqiang , Wang Yu , Lan Lei
Published: August 2024

Detachment reactions have an important influence on the decreasing trend of electron density after high-field excitation, yet existing studies on humidity’s impact on discharge have failed to address this issue. To bridge this gap, we utilize a validated global model to explore how species density changes during humid air discharge corona inception. Our results indicate that humidity influences the detachment reaction rate by altering the negative ion composition. In dry conditions, the primary species involved in detachment reactions is O− ions. However, in environments with higher water vapor density, O− ions primarily react with water molecules, depleting O− ions. This change results in H− ions becoming the main detachment negative ions during the pulse. The greater the rate of the Detachment reaction the slower the decrease in electron density, and a rise in humidity causes the Detachment reaction to peak at a higher value and have a shorter duration, thus causing the electron density to decrease more rapidly. This discovery offers fresh insights into humidity’s effect on discharges. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the average negative ion detachment reaction rate constant, denoted as k
d, to quantify the impact of detachment reactions within the three-element model.
Exploring the adsorption of 4,4’-[oxalylbis(imino)]bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid) layer at steel/biogasoline interface by the combined electrical-optical-simulation approach
Authors: Trinh Chinh Dung , Tran Y Bach Nhu , Nguyen Phuong T K , Dao Thi-Bich-Ngoc , Duong Long Ngo Kim , Nguyen-Si Vu Hoai
Published: August 2024

Reactions at the steel/biogasoline interface trigger the adsorption of 4,4’-[Oxalylbis(imino)]bis(2-hydroxybenzoic Acid) (ODA) layer on the steel surface, thereby activating a mechanism that inhibited the early reactions. Exploring the conditionally deposited ODA layer requires a combined approach, including electrical, optical, and simulation techniques to track the film development and coating characteristics over time, and with the assistance of atomic force microscopy, quantum chemistry (DFT), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal the adsorption mechanism of the ODA layer at steel/biogasoline interface. The four experimental ODA concentrations were conducted, related to the simulated un-coverage, undersaturated-, saturated-, and oversaturated-coverage model of the adsorbate on the adsorbent. The EC-RS data examines surface compositions and their distribution, coating/solution interface, and coating/substrate adhesion by, respectively, Raman spectroscopy (RS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and current density—potential (I-V) scan. Namely, RS pointed out that an organic layer was established when ODA was added to the simulated biogasoline. EIS results revealed insulator behaviors of the ODA layer at the solid–liquid interface, limiting the charge transfer between the steel substrate and the biogasoline. I-V results showed an increase in surface current density and a decrease in surface polarization resistance of the coating with the rise in ODA concentration. The AFM morphology profile verified the degradation of the sample’s surface when exposed to biogasoline and the minimization of surface damage by ODA addition through adsorption. The simulation findings revealed that the adsorption of ODA on steel preferred physisorption, reaching the most stable state at a specified temperature and ODA concentration. The adsorption mechanism follows the Generalized Langmuir isotherm. The adsorbate (ODA molecules) can produce a transition phase with the steel substrate surface, which modifies the surface thermodynamic characteristics. The combined electro-optical-simulation technique can be applied to investigate various surface phenomena (reactions, catalyzes, adsorption). It especially helps to understand the protective mechanism of inhibitors in different media.
Three-dimensional topological crystalline insulator without spin–orbit coupling in nonsymmorphic photonic metacrystal
Authors: Yu 余 Zhide 智德 , Xia 夏 Lingbo 凌波
Published: August 2024

By including certain point group symmetry in the classification of band topology, Fu proposed a class of three-dimensional topological crystalline insulators (TCIs) without spin–orbit coupling in 2011. In Fu’s model, surface states (if present) doubly degenerate at

Γ
¯

and

M
¯

when time-reversal and C
4 symmetries are preserved. The analogs of Fu’s model with surface states quadratically degenerate at

M
¯

are widely studied, while surface states with quadratic degeneracy at

Γ
¯

are rarely reported. In this study, we propose a three-dimensional TCI without spin–orbit coupling in a judiciously designed nonsymmorphic photonic metacrystal. The surface states of photonic TCIs exhibit quadratic band degeneracy in the (001) surface Brillouin zone (BZ) center (

Γ
¯

point). The gapless surface states and their quadratic dispersion are protected by C
4 and time-reversal symmetries, which correspond to the nontrivial band topology characterized by Z
2 topological invariant. Moreover, the surface states along lines from

Γ
¯

to the (001) surface BZ boundary exhibit zigzag feature, which is interpreted from symmetry perspective by building composite operators constructed by the product of glide symmetries with time-reversal symmetry. The metacrystal array surrounded with air possesses high order hinge states with electric fields highly localized at the hinge that may apply to optical sensors. The gapless surface states and hinge states reside in a clean frequency bandgap. The topological surface states emerge at the boundary of the metacrystal and perfect electric conductor (PEC), which provide a pathway for topologically manipulating light propagation in photonic devices.
Enhancing neurite growth and neural functions on polymeric nerve conduit with BMSC-derived ECM coating
Authors: Wu Miaoben , Wang Haiyang , Xu Kailei , Mei Jin , Wang Zonghuan
Published: August 2024

The therapy of large defects in peripheral nerve injury (PNI) suffers from several drawbacks, especially the lack of autologous nerve donors. Nerve conduits are considered as a solution for nerve injury treatment, but biocompatibility improvements is still required for conduits prepared with synthetic materials. Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has drawn attention due to its lower risk of immunogenic response and independence from donor availability. The goal of this study is to coat bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived ECMs on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) conduits to enhance their ability to support neural growth and neurite extensions. The ECM-coated conduits have better hydrophilic properties than the pure PLGA conduits. A marked increase on PC12 and RSC96 cells’ viability, proliferation and dorsal root ganglion neurite extension was observed. Quantitative PCR analysis exhibited a significant increase in markers for cell proliferation (GAP43), neurite extension (NF-H, MAP2, and βIII-tubulin) and neural function (TREK-1). These results show the potential of ECM-coated PLGA conduits in PNI therapy.
Preparation and antibacterial evaluation of silver-doped zirconia for enhanced dental restoration performance
Authors: Higashinakao Tadahiro , Kono Hiroshi , Itotagawa Mihiro , Sugiura Yuki , Otsuka Yuta , Kikuchi Masafumi
Published: August 2024

Because of its superior strength, esthetic properties, and excellent biocompatibility, zirconia is preferred for dental prosthetic such as crowns and bridges. However, zirconia crowns and bridges are susceptible to secondary caries owing to margin leakage. Silver is a well-known antibacterial agent, making it a desirable additive to zirconia crowns and bridges for secondary caries prevention. This study focuses on imparting zirconia composite with antibacterial properties to enhance its protective capacity in dental restorations. We used the sol–gel method to dope Ag into zirconia. Silver-doped zirconia powders were prepared at Zr:Ag molar ratios of 100:0,100:0.1, 100:0.5, 100:1, 100:3, and 100:5 (respective samples denoted as Ag-0, Ag-0.1, Ag-0.5, Ag-1, Ag-3, and Ag-5) and were subjected to firing at various temperatures (400 °C–1000 °C). We performed x-ray diffraction to investigate the crystal phase of these powders and x-ray fluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy to analyze their elemental composition and surface morphology, respectively. Moreover, we performed spectrophotometry to determine the L*a*b* color values, conducted dissolution tests, and quantified the Ag content through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. In addition, we studied the antibacterial activity of the samples. Analyses of the samples fired at ⩽600 °C revealed a predominantly white to grayish-white coloration and a tetragonal crystal phase. Firing at ⩾700 °C resulted in gray or dark gray coloration and a monoclinic crystal phase. The Ag content decreased after firing at 900 °C or 1000 °C. Ag-0.5 and above exhibited antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the minimum effective silver-doped zirconia sample was found to be Ag-0.5. This study allows the exploration of the antimicrobial potential of silver-doped zirconia materials in dental applications such as prosthdontical lining materials, promoting the development of innovative restorations with protective capacity against secondary caries.
Tissue scaffolds mimicking hierarchical bone morphology as biomaterials for oral maxillofacial surgery with augmentation: structure, properties, and performance evaluation for in vitro testing
Authors: Thonglam Jutakan , Nuntanaranont Thongchai , Kong Xiangdong , Meesane Jirut
Published: August 2024

In this study, tissue scaffolds mimicking hierarchical morphology are constructed and proposed for bone augmentation. The scaffolds are fabricated using lyophilization, before coating them with collagen (Col). Subsequently, the Col-coated scaffolds undergo a second lyophilization, followed by silk fibroin (SF) coating, and a third lyophilization. Thereafter, the scaffolds are divided into six groups with varying ratios of Col to SF: Col/SF = 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 10:0, and 0:10, with an SF scaffold serving as the control group. The scaffold morphology is examined using a scanning electron microscope, while molecular and structural formations are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. Physical and mechanical properties including swelling and compression are tested. Biological functions are assessed through in vitro osteoblast cell culturing. Biomarkers indicative of bone formation–cell viability and proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium content–are analyzed. Results demonstrate that scaffolds coated with Col and SF exhibit sub-porous formations within the main pore. The molecular formation reveals interactions between the hydrophilic groups of Col and SF. The scaffold structure contains bound water and SF formation gets disrupted by Col. Physical and mechanical properties are influenced by the Col/SF ratio and morphology due to coating. The biological functions of scaffolds with Col and SF coating show enhanced potential for promoting bone tissue formation, particularly the Col/SF (7:3) ratio, which is most suitable for bone augmentation in small defect areas.
El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole conditions simultaneously reduce the production of multiple cereals across India
Authors: Gurazada Madhulika , McDermid Sonali , DeFries Ruth , Davis Kyle F , Singh Jitendra , Singh Deepti
Published: August 2024

Natural climate phenomena like El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influence the Indian monsoon and thereby the region’s agricultural systems. Understanding their influence can provide seasonal predictability of agricultural production metrics to inform decision-making and mitigate potential food security challenges. Here, we analyze the effects of ENSO and IOD on four agricultural production metrics (production, harvested area, irrigated area, and yields) for rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet across India from 1968 to 2015. El Niños and positive-IODs are associated with simultaneous reductions in the production and yields of multiple crops. Impacts vary considerably by crop and geography. Maize and pearl millet experience large declines in both production and yields when compared to other grains in districts located in the northwest and southern peninsular regions. Associated with warmer and drier conditions during El Niño, >70% of all crop districts experience lower production and yields. Impacts of positive-IODs exhibit relatively more spatial variability. La Niña and negative-IODs are associated with simultaneous increases in all production metrics across the crops, particularly benefiting traditional grains. Variations in impacts of ENSO and IOD on different cereals depend on where they are grown and differences in their sensitivity to climate conditions. We compare production metrics for each crop relative to rice in overlapping rainfed districts to isolate the influence of climate conditions. Maize production and yields experience larger reductions relative to rice, while pearl millet production and yields also experience reductions relative to rice during El Niños and positive-IODs. However, sorghum experiences enhanced production and harvested areas, and finger millet experiences enhanced production and yields. These findings suggest that transitioning from maize and rice to these traditional cereals could lower interannual production variability associated with natural climate variations.
Impact of geothermal expansion and lithium extraction in the Salton Sea known geothermal resource area (SS-KGRA) on local water resources
Authors: Busse Margaret M , McKibben Michael A , Stringfellow William , Dobson Patrick , Stokes-Draut Jennifer R
Published: August 2024

Saline brines currently being brought to the surface to produce geothermal energy in the Salton Sea region of California contain high concentrations of lithium that could potentially be extracted before the brine is reinjected back into the geothermal reservoir. This would create a new supply chain of domestically sourced lithium for the United States to produce lithium-based batteries that will help drive the transition to a renewable-based energy grid. Plans to expand geothermal production along with lithium extraction are being considered in the Salton Sea known geothermal resource area. We discuss water availability and quality issues and potential concerns about water pollution associated with this geothermal expansion and lithium production in the context of potential future restrictions on water extractions from the Colorado River Basin. We estimate that water demand for currently proposed geothermal production and lithium extraction facilities only accounts for ∼4% of the historical water supply in the region. Regional water allocation will be more impacted by the proposed cuts to the region’s water allocation from the Colorado River between now and 2050 than by expansion of geothermal production with associated lithium extraction. Accurately planning for water needs in the future will require more specific information about water demands of the lithium extraction and refining processes.
Heterogeneous mean-field analysis of the generalized Lotka–Volterra model on a network
Authors: Aguirre-López Fabián
Published: August 2024

We study the dynamics of the generalized Lotka–Volterra model with a network structure. Performing a high connectivity expansion for graphs, we write down a mean-field dynamical theory that incorporates degree heterogeneity. This allows us to describe the fixed points of the model in terms of a few simple order parameters. We extend the analysis even for diverging abundances, using a mapping to the replicator model. With this we present a unified approach for both cooperative and competitive systems that display complementary behaviors. In particular we show the central role of an order parameter called the critical degree,

g

c

. In the competitive regime

g

c

serves to distinguish high degree nodes that are more likely to go extinct, while in the cooperative regime it has the reverse role, it will determine the low degree nodes that tend to go relatively extinct.
Hidden collective oscillations in a disordered mean-field spin model with non-reciprocal interactions
Authors: Guislain Laura , Bertin Eric
Published: August 2024

We study the effect of introducing separable quenched disorder on a non-equilibrium mean-field spin model exhibiting a phase transition to an oscillating state in the absence of disorder, due to non-reciprocal interactions. In the disordered model, the magnetisation and its time derivative no longer carry the signature of the phase transition to an oscillating state. However, thanks to the separable (Mattis-type) form of the disorder, the presence of oscillations can be revealed by introducing a specific, disorder-dependent observable. We also introduce generalised linear and non-linear susceptibilities associated either with the magnetisation or with its time derivative. While linear susceptibilities show no sign of a phase transition, the third-order susceptibilities present a clear signature of the onset of an oscillating phase. In addition, we show that the overlap distribution also provides evidence for the presence of oscillations, without explicit knowledge of the disorder.
New characterization of Robertson–Walker geometries involving a single timelike curve
Authors: Mars Marc , Vera Raül
Published: August 2024

Our aim in this paper is two-fold. We establish a novel geometric characterization of the Robertson–Walker (RW) spacetime and, along the process, we find a canonical form of the RW metric associated to an arbitrary timelike curve and an arbitrary space frame. A known characterization establishes that a spacetime foliated by constant curvature leaves whose orthogonal flow (the cosmological flow) is geodesic, shear-free, and with constant expansion on each leaf, is RW. We generalize this characterization by relaxing the condition on the expansion. We show it suffices to demand that the spatial gradient and Laplacian of the cosmological expansion on a single arbitrary timelike curve vanish. In General Relativity these local conditions are equivalent to demanding that the energy flux measured by the cosmological flow, as well as its divergence, are zero on a single arbitrary timelike curve. The proof allows us to construct canonically adapted coordinates to the arbitrary curve, thus well-fitted to an observer with an arbitrary motion with respect to the cosmological flow.
The effect of admixtures on hydration kinetics, shrinkage, and strength of HPC
Authors: Sinyakin Anatoliy , Rozmus Dmytro , Hurkalenko Vita , Kabus Oleksii , Hunyak Oleksii
Published: August 2024

The paper investigates the impact of admixtures on the properties of high-performance concrete (HPC). A series of test were conducted to evaluate the influence of the studied additives and their combinations on drying and autogenous shrinkage, thermal kinetics and strength of cement pastes, mortars and concretes. It is shown, that replacing part of the cement with silica fume has no significant impact on drying shrinkage. The study demonstrates that polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer and shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) containing neopentyl glycol enhance fresh concrete workability, produce hardened concrete with high strength and durability, and reduce early-age shrinkage in HPC by up to 3 times. The findings reveal that the use of SRA admixture provides a stable effect only at a dosage above 1 wt.% in HPC, where the amount of binder significantly affects drying shrinkage. Results indicate, that combined action of 1.5% of SRA and 0.6 kg/m3 of polypropylene microfibers allows to obtain 40% lower drying shrinkage compared to non-modified HPC.