bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceiving and misperceiving degraded speech: Evidence from homophonically transformed sentences
Authors: Tolkacheva Valeriya , Brownsett Sonia , McMahon Katie Louise , de Zubicaray Greig Ian
Published: October 2023

Listeners are able to use previously acquired knowledge to predict the content of upcoming speech when the latter signal is distorted or degraded. The present study investigated this perceptual “pop-out” phenomenon. Previous research has shown that misperceptions (i.e., prediction errors) of single words can occur when there is near-identical overlap in phonological onset (cohort) and offset (rhyme) between prior knowledge and distorted speech with relative preservation of the temporal envelope. Here we investigated whether misperceptions during pop-out can also occur at the sentence level with spectrotemporally degraded speech that drastically reduces phoneme recognition and removes prosodic features of the acoustic-phonetic signal such as intonation and lexical tone. In a series of experiments using a probe-prime-probe design with congruent, incongruent, and neutral conditions, we presented participants with three different types of spectrotemporally degraded probe sentences: real English, nonsense (containing phonological neighbour words but semantically empty), and pseudo sentences (containing nonwords). In the nonsense and pseudo-sentence experiments, words and nonwords were phonotactically matched to the reference words using homophonic transformation. For real sentences, we observed accuracy rates of 95% in the congruent condition. Crucially, “accuracy” rates for congruent nonsense and pseudo-sentences were also high (70% and 74%, respectively), indicating participants were able to assemble lexical information from the context of the prime sentence producing ‘misperceptions’ of the probe sentence. These findings show that prior knowledge of sublexical information is largely responsible for listeners being able to predict the content of spectrotemporally degraded speech.
Evidence of Active-Forgetting Mechanisms? Blocking Arachidonic Acid Release May Slow Forgetting of Sensitization in Aplysia
Authors: Calin-Jageman Robert , Delgadillo Bryan Gonzalez , Gamino Elise , Juarez Zayra , Kurkowski Anna , Musajeva Nelly , Valdez Leslie , Wittrock Diana , Wilsterman Theresa , Torres Jashui Zarate , Calin-Jageman Irina
Published: October 2023

Long-term sensitization in Aplysia is accompanied by a persistent up-regulation of mRNA encoding the peptide neurotransmitter Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFa), a neuromodulator that opposes the expression of sensitization through activation of the arachidonic-acid second-messenger pathway. We completed a pre-registered test of the hypothesis that FMRFa plays a critical role in the forgetting of sensitization. Aplysia received long-term sensitization training and were then given whole-body injections of vehicle (N = 27), FMRFa (N = 26), or 4-bromophenacylbromide (4-BPB; N = 31), a phospholipase inhibitor that prevents the release of arachidonic acid. FMRFa produced no changes in forgetting. 4-BPB decreased forgetting measured 6 days after training (ds = 0.55 95% CI[0.01, 1.09]), though the estimated effect size is uncertain. Our results provide preliminary evidence that forgetting of sensitization may be a regulated, active process in Aplysia. s
The Nonlinear and Heterogeneous Effects of Parental Income on Children's Educational Attainment
Authors: Lundberg Ian , Brand Jennie E.
Published: October 2023

College enrollment rates are highly disparate by family income. Motivated by this fact, we consider the causal effect of family income on college enrollment in the potential outcomes framework. In contrast to a standard regression framework, we begin from a default assumption that the causal effect of parental income is nonlinear and heterogeneous. In contrast to most work using the potential outcomes framework, we consider income as a continuous treatment condition. The relevant questions are what levels of income are helpful and for whom. In adopting this framework, we demonstrate an extrapolation problem: in some population subgroups, high incomes are never observed, and counterfactual outcomes at those income values can be studied only by extrapolation. We avoid extrapolation by studying an additive shift estimand: would a child have enrolled in college if their family income were counterfactually $10,000 higher? Using additive shift estimands, we provide evidence that college enrollment is more responsive to family income for low-income students and those whose parents did not complete college. Our framework provides an approach to many open questions about the heterogeneous causal effects of continuous treatments in social stratification research.
Inequality in History: A Long-Run View
Authors: Alfani Guido
Published: October 2023

This article provides an overview of long-term trends in income and wealth inequality, from ca. 1300 until today. It discusses recent acquisitions in terms of inequality measurement, building upon earlier research and systematically connecting preindustrial, industrial and post-industrial tendencies. It shows that in the last seven centuries or so, inequality of both income and wealth had tended to grow continuously, with two exceptions: the century or so following the Black Death pandemic of 1347-52, and the period from the beginning of World War I until the mid-1970s. It discusses recent encompassing hypotheses about the factors leading to long-run inequality change, highlighting their relative merits and faults and arguing for the need to pay close attention to the historical context. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)
Pengaruh Komposisi Foto De Tjolomadoe Melalui Instagram @detjolomadoe_official
Authors: Izzati Hanifa , Kurniawan Harry
Published: October 2023

The De Tjolomadoe Museum was originally a sugar factory which later underwent a revitalization after being neglected for 20 years by carrying out the concept of adaptive reuse. After the revitalization was completed, the building was reopened as a museum along with various other supporting functions. The widespread use of social media such as Instagram among the public, the De Tjolomadoe Museum also uses Instagram as a medium to interact and attract the attention of the wider community to visit this museum. As a result, many people are interested in visiting and documenting it through photos which are then uploaded to social media and uploaded by tagging the official Instagram account @detjolomadoe_official. This study aims to find the effect of photo composition on the architecture of the De Tjolomadoe Museum by uploading the Instagram photo tag @detjolomadoe_official. This research focuses on the exterior of the museum through photos tagged on the Instagram account @detjolomadoe_official. Photos are taken via screenshots which are then processed by classifying them based on the composition used. The research is continued with analysis and discussion in accordance with related theories. The discussion starts with photo composition preferences, layers in photos, and building elements that appear in photos. The photos obtained were able to strengthen the character of the De Tjolomadoe Museum into a monumental building because of its compositional arrangement.
URGENSI PEMBERIAN DURASI WAKTU PADA TAHAP PENYIDIKAN DALAM PROSES PERADILAN PIDANA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Hanifa Fitriana
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengetahui  urgensi  pemberian durasi waktu tahap penyidikan dalam proses peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat ketentuan khusus yang mengatur mengenai batas waktu penetapan status tersangka. Status tersangka tergantung pada proses penyidikan. Tidak adanya batas waktu dalam penetapan tersangka menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum yang dijamin dalam Pasal 28D dan 281 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Penelitian ini memberikan saran yakni mengatur ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pemberian batas waktu penetapan status tersangka dalam proses penyidikan di kepolisian, sebagai upaya memberikan kepastian hukum bagi terduga pelaku atau terduga tersangka
Canabidiol para o controle da dor em pequenos animais: Revisão
Authors: Sousa Laura Toledo Novellino , Daibert Ana Paula Falci , Dias Anna Marcella Neves
Published: October 2023

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, unique to each individual, being influenced by biological and psychological factors. Due to the fact that pain is modulated by the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids have been shown to be very efficient in its control and, with that, the interest in their use has increased a lot. To approach the therapeutic use of the compound cannabidiol originating from the plant of the Cannabaceae family for the control of pain in dogs and cats. The present work referred to a literature review and critical analysis of works searched electronically through databases such as Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar, Usp.delalus.br, in textbooks and dissertations. It is the duty of the Veterinarian to alleviate the suffering of animals, taking away the sensation of pain, guaranteeing their comfort, well-being and quality of life. Pain can be classified according to its neurophysiology (nociceptive pain, non-nociceptive pain and cancer pain) and its duration (acute pain and chronic pain). Cannabidiol is a medication that can be used in different ways to control pain according to the needs of each patient. To understand how cannabis-based medications work, it is necessary to understand the endocannabinoid system and the constituents of cannabis. The SEC works only when needed and is composed of receptors, the endocannabinoids, which are synthesizer and degradative enzymes that, when they interact, trigger a series of chain reactions that can generate inhibitory and excitatory responses. Cannabis is made up of phytocannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids. The phytocannabinoids THC and CBD are the main drivers of the effects of Cannabis and the best known. The wide range of action of these compounds in the body shows how they can act effectively in a patient with pain. Pain is an experience that causes several physical and psychological problems to an individual, thus requiring the introduction of a treatment for its control. Cannabinoids are great when used to control it and can be used individually in the treatment or as a synergist with some medication or therapy, thus being a medication of great importance in Veterinary Medicine.
Ozonioterapia no tratamento de mastite clínica e subclínica em bovinos de leite
Authors: Oliveira Joyce Machado , Costa Maycon Douglas de Matos , Lopes Joyce Caroliny dos Santos , Brito Giovane Fernandes
Published: October 2023

Brazil has an average milk production of 25 billion liters per year, with dairy farming being of great importance for the country's GDP, its products and derivatives, and job creation. Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland that presents pathological changes in the glandular tissue and physicochemical changes in the milk. Among treatments, ozone therapy has been explored more and more with great results. Ozone is a gas formed by three atoms of oxygen, presenting a series of curative, preventive and immuno-stimulating benefits due to its oxygenating, catalytic and germicidal properties, being capable of acting against bacteria, fungi and viruses. This work was carried out at the Chácara Nossa Senhora de Aparecida ranch property, located in Palmas, Tocantins (Brazil), from the 1st to the 12th of February, 2023. The property has a herd of 30 dairy cows of the Gir, Girolando and Holstein breeds. They were selected using the CMT (California Mastit Test) exam and the dark bottom mug test. Cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis were selected, this being the criterion for choosing the animals – animals that tested negative for the examinations were discarded from the treatment. 500mL of an ozonized saline solution were administered in each udder quarter, with a 10min acting period, and milking was then performed. After that, the affected udder quarter was inflated with ozone gas with a device calibrated at 40 µg/mg x 0.5mg/min for 5 minutes in each udder quarter. In monitoring, 24 hours after the first cessation of ozone therapy, the cows with CMT++ subclinical mastitis (animals 2 and 3) showed significant improvement, did not present redness, edema, pain, or minimal alterations in the CMT examination. The cow with subclinical mastitis CMT+ (Animal 5) showed no clinical change and was not reactive to CMT examination, while cows with clinical mastitis reduced inflammation to subclinical CMT+ (Animal 1 and 4).
Intoxicação acidental por ureia em novilha: Relato de caso
Authors: Veloso Izadora Mazagão , Rodrigues Milenna Karoline Fernandes , De Moura Maria Ivete , Júnior Arthur Francisco , Costa Gustavo Lage , Costa Filho Alessandro Rodrigues
Published: October 2023

The production of cattle in Brazil in an extensive system promoted an increase in the use of dietary urea, due to low protein levels and less degradability of pastures in the dry season. This strategy consists of supplying non-protein nitrogen with a protein equivalence of 281% and a low acquisition value. The production of microbial protein and ruminal degradation has synergy with the amount of protein substrate and carbon chain coming from the diet. However, in large quantities, urea is harmful to the animal’s metabolism due to high concentrations of ammonia, increasing the pH of the rumen. The clinical signs of poisoning vary; in acute cases, the animal dies. This work reports an accidental poisoning by urea. A heifer was treated at the Clinic School of the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, presenting nervous symptoms with myoclonus, tetany, spasms, prostration and ataxia followed by falling to the ground and convulsive crises. During anamnesis, the erroneous administration of a diet containing urea was reported; finally, ruminal content was collected, showing a pH of approximately 9 through measurement using a colorimetric tape. The diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical signs and the results of the pH analysis, resulting in alkalosis due to urea poisoning. The proposed treatment contained vinegar (acetic acid), lactated Ringer’s solution, and calcium and magnesium gluconate. After treatment, clinical signs reduced and the animal was able to position itself in sternal recumbency. On the following day, clinical signs were not observed, demonstrating effective treatment. Providing urea is a good nutritional strategy for supplementation, but adaptation to the diet must be carried out as urea becomes ammonia in the rumen and, in high concentrations, is toxic to ruminants.
Agenesia congênita de corpo de útero em cadela: Relato de caso
Authors: Araujo Giliene Costa Monteiro , Lacerda Marcel Bezerra de , Tanikawa  Atticus , Santos  José Rômulo Soares dos , Souza Josefa Patrícia Cândido de , Cordão Maiza Araújo
Published: October 2023

Congenital agenesis of the uterine body is a rare pathology in female dogs and consists of the absence of the uterine body due to a failure in the paramesonephric duct during the embryonic formation phase. This article reports a case of congenital agenesis of the uterine body in a female poodle, seen at a veterinary clinic in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba (Brazil), addressing aspects such as clinical history, method of diagnosis and treatment. The dog was seen at the veterinary clinic with clinical signs of hemoparasitosis (ehrlichiosis), confirmed by laboratory tests. However, during the physical examination of the dog, distension and pain upon abdominal palpation were observed, which in the ultrasound examination were justified by the increase in volume of the uterine horns, suggestive of another concomitant pathology. Given the clinical signs and complementary exams, the indicated treatment was surgery, namely ovariohysterectomy. During surgery, the absence of the uterine body was noted. The uterine horns were bilaterally distended and ended in blind sacs, with no communication between them, nor between the uterus and vagina. The uterine horns and ovaries were sent for histopathological analysis; however, no changes were observed in the ovaries, and the content of the uterine horns was compatible with hydrometra. Based on the clinical history and macro- and microscopic findings, we can state that this is a case of congenital agenesis of the uterine body. Reports like this are important to draw an epidemiological profile and collaborate in choosing the best diagnostic and therapeutic approach for this pathology.
Yeni nesil çizim teknolojilerinin tasarım alanına katkısı: Procreate örneği
Authors: Yurdakul İncilay , Çavdar Gülçin , Ünay Çubukcu Nilüfer , Sunerli Topan Esra
Published: October 2023

Tasarım ve çizim programları, bilgisayar veya mobil çizim araçlarıyla tasarım, grafik oluşturma ve düzenleme işlemlerini hızlı ve verimli bir şekilde yapmak için kullanılan yazılımlardır. Bu yazılımlar, kullanıcıların çizim, tasarım ve düzenleme işlemlerini dijital olarak yapmalarına olanak tanır. Çizim araçlarının, tabletlerin ve uygulamalarının geleneksel yöntemlere göre üstünlüğü, yüzey tasarımı geliştirme süreçlerinde pratik çözümler sunması, iş akışında hız avantajı sağlaması ve düzenleme aşamalarında kolaylık sağlamasıyla ilgilidir. Çizim tabletleri ve programları dijitalleşme ile ortaya çıkan önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu süreçler kullanım alanını genişletmekte ve tasarımcıların yaratıcılığını beslemektedir. Ayrıca, bu teknolojilerin üretim süreçlerine kolay adaptasyonu, kullanıcılara avantaj sağlamaktadır. Endüstriyel akımlarla yaygınlaşan çizim programları içerisinde, online çalışma platformunda aktif bir çizim programı olan Procreate, iOS tabanlı cihazlarda kullanılabilen bir uygulamadır. IPad ile uyumlu çalışır ve Apple Pencil gibi basınca duyarlı bir kalemle birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu, kullanıcılara doğal bir çizim deneyimi sunar ve geleneksel çizim araçlarına benzer bir his yaratır. Yapılan çalışma içeriğinde, Procreate özelinde yeni nesil çizim teknolojilerinin tasarım alanına katkısı, çizim yöntemleri ve kullanıcı kolaylığı anlatılmaktadır.
Dijital Moda: Endüstri 4.0 çağında kimlik, beden ve kıyafet etkileşimindeki dönüşüm ve kültürel devrim
Authors: Dündar Sadi Kerim
Published: October 2023

Endüstri 4.0 ile başlayan yeni çağda, bir paradigma değişimi yaşanmıştır. Sosyo-kültürel yaşantımızın temel dinamikleri, bu yeni paradigmanın ekosisteminde köklü dönüşümler geçirmektedir. Moda; kimlik, beden ve kıyafet arasındaki etkileşimle somutlaşan sosyo-kültürel bir fenomen olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dijital Devrim’in moda endüstrisinde yarattığı teknolojik dönüşüm, “Dijital Moda” adı verilen ve kendi alanında kültürel devrim yaratan yeni bir kavramı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dijital Moda’nın, Endüstri 4.0 ile başlayan yeni paradigmanın ortaya çıkardığı kavramlar, değerler, algılar, pratikler ve gerçeklik vizyonu ekosisteminde, toplumun davranışsal refleksleri ile şekillenerek yeni bir kültür oluşturması, akademik platformda tartışılması gereken yeni bir alanı temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusunu fenomenin dönüşümü “gerçeklik algısı”, “değer yargısı”, “kimlik”, “beden” ve “kıyafet-zanaat” kavramları açısından incelenmektedir. Özellikle, gelişmekte olan genişletilmiş gerçeklik (XR) teknolojilerinin sunduğu mekân-zamansal yeni gerçeklik koşulları altında, kimlik beden ve kıyafet etkileşiminin nasıl dönüştüğü ele alınmaktadır. Dijital Moda, yalnızca geleneksel kıyafet tasarımı ve üretimi tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi veya alışveriş deneyiminin artırılması ile sınırlı kalmayıp, aynı zamanda yeni bir kimlik, beden ve kıyafet anlayışını temsil etmektedir.
Yerli sinema ve endüstri ilişkileri bağlamında dağıtım-gösterim ağlarında yoğunlaşma: CGV Mars Entertainment Group vakası
Authors: Karabağ Çağla , Bugey Ezgi
Published: October 2023

Bu makalede öncelikle yapım, dağıtım ve gösterim ağları ekseninde Türkiye sinemasına ilişkin genel bir çerçeve çizilmekte, ardından 2000’lerdeki durum değerlendirilmektedir. Özellikle dağıtım ve gösterim ağlarındaki yoğunlaşma CGV Mars Entertainment Group vakası çerçevesinde irdelenmekte, “patlamış mısır krizi” ve sonraki gelişmeler ele alınmaktadır. Bu sayede alana ilişkin düzenlemelerin ve kültür politikalarının önemini vurgulama imkânı doğmaktadır.
Sinema sektöründeki gerilimler, Aralık 2018’de Cem Yılmaz’ın sosyal paylaşım sitesi Twitter üzerinden yaptığı açıklamayla tartışmaya dönüşmüştür. Kamuoyunda “patlamış mısır krizi” olarak bilinen tartışma, salon işletmecilerinin patlamış mısır ve içecek satışları aracılığıyla bilet fiyatlarında indirim yaparak haksız kazanç elde ettikleri iddiasına dayanmaktadır. 2019 yılında 5224 Sayılı “Sinema Filmlerinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Sınıflandırılması ile Desteklenmesi Hakkındaki Kanun”da yapılan düzenlemelerle sektördeki sorunlara ilişkin çözümler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Fakat yasadaki değişiklikler mevcut sorunlara köklü çözümler üretmediği gibi bağımsız filmlerin desteklenmesi konusunda bir gerilemeye yol açabilecek niteliktedir, ayrıca denetim ve sansür mekanizmalarının işleyeceğine dair bazı endişeler de uyandırmıştır.
Covid-19 Pandemisinin hayatın pek çok alanında olduğu gibi sinema endüstrisinde de yıkıcı etkileri olmuş; dijitalleşme ve izleme pratiklerinin dönüşümü ivme kazanmıştır. Yatay ve dikey tekelleşmenin önüne geçen köklü çözümler üretilmesine ve Türkiye sinemasına uluslararası alanda bilinirlik kazandıran ana akım sinema dışındaki filmlerin örtük biçimde denetim mekanizmaları işletilmeksizin desteklenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
Editorial Response to Issue 32(1) on Materialities of Age & Ageing
Authors: Criado Tomás Sánchez
Published: October 2023

Ageing is not what it used to be. Even if this is a world-wide trend (Lamb 2015), in what might be called Euro-America – a conceptual project, beyond a peculiar set of infrastructural modes of sociality, engaged in a developmentalist drive – the processes of growing old have indeed turned in the last decades into (i) the object of scrutiny of new health disciplines: dissecting and intervening the phenomenon of ageing; (ii) the target of a ‘grey’ market segment developing a wide variety of services and products, as well as into (iii) matters of concern and policy-making, developing these health and market agendas further by promoting fit lifestyles according to ‘active ageing’ agendas, producing interesting governmental subdivisions (‘young old’, ‘old old’, ‘third age’ or ‘fourth age’) having both embodied and economic effects (Lassen and Moreira 2014).
Eudaimonic Responses to Wide-Gamut Color Footage
Authors: Shafer Daniel M. , Carbonara Corey P. , Korpi Michael F. , Mandle Gary
Published: October 2023

The study reported herein investigated the possible affective and cognitive impact of presenting viewers with video footage processed for a prototype multi-primary (4P) display vs a traditional 3P, RGB display. Specifically, differences in feelings of awe were assessed via a within-and- between-subjects experimental design. Participants viewed NASA footage of Earth from the International Space Station on 3P and 4P displays. Feelings of awe were assessed after each video presentation. Results indicated that the 4P footage inspired greater feelings of awe than the standard 3P footage, indicating that wide-gamut video on multi-primary displays may be more affectively powerful than traditional RGB video.
“Abhorrent Zionism, Israel are not the Solution”: Dialectics of the Soviet and the National in Ego-Documents of the 1970s–80s
Authors: Zelenina Galina
Published: October 2023

Drawing on late-Soviet Jewish ego-documents: memoirs, diaries and letters, primarily on a corpus of (auto)biographical essays on the life of a Leningrad journalist, the author explores her protagonists' obsessive reflections on anti-Semitism and Zionism, evoked by the acute dissonance between their sincerely internalised communist ideology of internationalism and the widespread practice of anti-Semitism, as well as between Soviet patriotism and Jewish memory, Jewish solidarity and the temptation of emigration to Israel. The study of “ordinary” people’s ego-documents not intended for publication enables one to penetrate into their inner world and to extrapolate the obtained observations onto Soviet Jewish majority; in addition, it allows to explain the position of prominent Soviet authors of Jewish origin, such as playwright and publicist Tsezar Solodar, poet and editor-in-chief of Sovetisch Heymland Aron Vergelis, author of critical popular books on Judaism Moisei Belenkii, and others, who stigmatised Judaism and Zionism. Ego-documents allow for tracing not only Soviet, but also Jewish origins of late-Soviet anti-Zionism, which went back to the position of the poor strata of shtetl society, who, while leaning towards socialism, associated Zionism with the hostile bourgeoisie. The paper partly polemicises, partly complements the existing historiography on late Soviet Jewish identity, which is based mainly on post-Soviet interviews or the émigrés’ experience and therefore tends to simplify the picture, reducing the diversity of identities, attitudes and behaviours to two binaries, either to “thin culture”/“symbolic ethnicity”, or to hidden emigration aspirations presented as natural and self-evident.
Making of the Science of Public Law in Europe
Authors: Zanin Sergey
Published: October 2023

In contrast to the approaches widely accepted in historiography, in this article the author analyses the content of the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” developed by representatives of the “school of natural law” (Grotius, Pufendorf, Burlamaqui, Barbeyrac), as well as their followers (Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau). After Grotius, the individualistic concept of “natural law” emerges in the writings of Pufendorf, which led the representatives of the “school” to look for the form of the social contract in the private legal agreements of the people with the bearer of sovereign power. The author demonstrates that Rousseau, developing his criticism of these ideas, created a new concept of a public law contract in which the “sovereign” is not a party to the agreement, and the people do not alienate supreme power in his favour, remaining its bearer and its only source. At the same time, he did not raise the question of the real “origins of sovereignty”, which the representatives of the “school’ and their followers focused a lot of attention on, since Rousseau's social contract is not a historical fact. Thus, the formation of the science of public law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reflects the transition from the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” based on fact to the concepts based on law.
The Monroe Doctrine and Anglo-American Rivalry in Latin America, 19th – early 20th centuries
Authors: Ivanov Nikolai
Published: October 2023

In the article, the author analyses the issues related to the US adoption of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 in the context of Anglo-American confrontation and rivalry in Latin America. The author examines the relations between the USA and Great Britain during the Spanish American wars of independence, the main aspects of the policy of “neutrality”, the actual support of Latin American patriots in their struggle against the Spanish metropole. Despite the common interest in preventing European competitors from entering South America, the Americans did not sign a joint document with the British, despite repeated proposals from London. The Doctrine was put into effect under conditions unfavourable to the US, characterised by Britain's unchallenged world domination in military and economic power. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the situation changed dramatically in favour of the USA. The author analyses the content of the Doctrine (“America for the Americans”), its adjustment in the course of the rivalry between the USA and Great Britain in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the concessions made by the UK in its rivalry with its strategic competitor. In all events related to the Anglo-American rivalry in Latin America, the Monroe Doctrine was the “starting point’ for the actions and statements of American politicians, and it is not by chance that President Woodrow Wilson stated at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference that the doctrine should be extended to the whole world.
Jean-Lambert Tallien and his Political Path
Authors: Zaytseva Daria
Published: October 2023

Jean-Lamber Tallien (1767–1820) was a controversial figure of the era of the French Revolution, who rose from the lower classes, quickly made a successful political career, and just as quickly lost it. He encountered the Revolution at the age of twenty-two and became enthusiastically involved in the unfolding events, perfectly navigating the ever-changing environment. Tallien Tallien joined the Jacobin Club, organised a society for political education, began publishing his own newspaper, and was soon elected to the National Convention, becoming one of the youngest deputies in the new legislature. This was followed by a succession of assignments as a representative on mission to different regions of France, an escalation of the conflict with Robespierre, and the Thermidorian Reaction, which was truly Tallien's finest hour. However, after the overthrow of Robespierre, his career suffered a serious setback. Some facts of his biography, such as his participation in the September Massacres, his too soft policy in rebellious Bordeaux, his relationship with the Spanish Thérésa Cabarrus, gave his political opponents, and later historians, reason to accuse Tallien of bloodthirstiness, corruption, and royalism, which led to the permanent loss of his influence and credibility. His last attempt to reverse his fortunes was Bonaparte's Egyptian expedition, which, however, ended miserably not only for Tallien, but also for the great majority of its participants. The author highlights the main milestones of Tallien's biography, as well as summarises the reasons for and the essence of the “black legend” about him that has developed in historiography.
Why There Is No Socialism in the USA
Authors: Sogrin Vladimir
Published: October 2023

Why there is no socialism in the USA? The author tries to answer this question and identifies two main reasons of that. The first lies in the nature of American civilization. The second is in the politics of the ruling class. Violence was used. But there was also what modern political scientists call “soft power”. The first one, as a rule, was used by conservatism, and the second one by liberalism. At the present stage, these are, respectively, the Republican and the Democratic Parties. In the USA itself, the classic explanation is the work of L. Hartz, who explained the absence of socialism by the absence of feudalism. But is the rooting of socialism due to capitalism not to feudalism? The colonists attributed their departure from England either to the desire for enrichment, or to a religious reason. Protestant ethics, most fully embodied in Puritanism and placing on the individual all responsibility for his successes and failures, initially became the civilizational basis of North America, and then the United States. Another civilizational factor that pushed Puritanism was national consumerism, which has been forming since the 1920s. Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump are examples of Republican presidents. Presidents from the Democratic Party who relied on “soft power” (social reforms) in the fight against socialism in the article are Franklin Delano Roosevelt, John Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Barack Obama.
Northeastern Syria (Jazeera) in the Colonial Policy of France in 1936-1938.
Authors: Fomin Alexander
Published: October 2023

The article deals with the French policy towards Syria, its mandated territory, in the second half of the 1930s. In the fall of 1936, the French Popular Front government concluded the Franco-Syrian treaty, which implied the imminent termination of the Mandate and independence of Syria. It was an obvious departure from France's traditional policy of supporting national and religious minorities against the Arab national movement. For two years (1937-1938) Syria became a practically autonomous state, the role of Mandate authorities was reduced to a minimum. The discontent soon arose in areas densely populated by minorities. It threatened the unity of Syrian state and gave the French opponents of the Treaty excellent "trump cards". The "colonial party" sought at least to revise, and at the most - to cancel it. The author focuses on the situation in Jazeera, the northeastern region of Syria with especially complicated ethno-confessional situation. In summer of 1937, the “separatist” movement against the Syrian authorities led to a political crisis and bloody clashes. The "colonial party" used it in a propaganda campaign against the Treaty "concluded by the Marxists", which culminated in the pompous visit of the Syro-Catholic prelate Cardinal Tappouni to Paris in November 1937. The Mandate authorities tried to exert a deterrent effect on the "separatists", ostensibly adhering to the letter and spirit of the Treaty. The new French government used the “separatist” factor to make the Syrians renegotiate the terms of the Treaty, easily sacrificing this “card” to make deals on other issues.
"Years of Hunger" in the Orix Nome: on the Egyptian Arable Farming in the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom
Authors: Demidchik Arkadiy
Published: October 2023

Throughout the Egyptian history of the III–II millennium BC, most of written mentions of famines occurs from the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, and such really happened then more often than usual. The article points out some of the reasons for this and the grounds for the food security restoration in the XII dynasty.
The newest data proves some deterioration of ecological conditions, to which arable farming was unable to adapt after the collapse of the Old Kingdom legal and economic order. For “private farms” that figure in the First Intermediate Period inscriptions, it was often difficult to formalize their rights to fertile lands and to gather seed grain, livestock, workers in the necessary short time. In the absence of an established grain market, but with prevalence of violence and robbery, even strong households often avoided expanding their plowing. Detrimental to arable farming was a flow of workers to other sectors of economy and the depopulation of the Middle Egypt.
The cessation of the famines was caused not only by environmental improvement, but also by the restoration of peace and order in the country, and above all the implementation of the state economic regulation, including spreading and support of arable farming. Even in the times of crop failures, it preserved tillage wherever possible and quickly re-introduced it to the lands with restored fertility
Evolution of Assessment of the Oslo Agreements in the Modern International Relations
Authors: Morozov Vladimir
Published: October 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of assessments of the Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations in the period from 1993 to 2000, known as the Oslo process. The dynamics of the conflict itself, the emergence of new data, as well as the development of new theoretical concepts in the study of international negotiations and conflict resolution have determined the constant change in the general academic assessment of the designated stage in Western literature. The main trends of modern research can be considered the predominance of opinion about the unlikely resumption of the Palestinian-Israeli peace track in the near future, as well as an increase in the number of interdisciplinary studies and an increase in the depth of analysis.
A Russian protectorate for the Boer republics. A rejected idea for countering British imperialism
Authors: Gorelik Boris M.
Published: October 2023

The South African War, also known as the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, was one of the most important armed conflicts of the age of imperialism. The war evoked an immense public response in Russia; not even the power circles remained unmoved. Russian public opinion supported the struggle for the independence of the Boer republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. For their part, the governments of the two republics convinced their fellow citizens that the Russian Empire, as the initiator of the Hague Peace Conference and the only great power that never had colonies in Africa, would be able to unite other states of Europe and the United States to help the Boers in countering British imperialism.
By June 1900, it had become clear that the Great Powers would not take military action in defence of the South African republics. Moreover, they were unable to overlook their geopolitical differences in order to offer collective mediation or good offices to the belligerents. On behalf of the official Boer delegation, who was visiting the United States, the Transvaal envoy conveyed to the foreign offices of Russia and its ally France a request for a joint protectorate over the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
Documentary evidence of this demarche, which has not yet received sufficient coverage in historiography, has been preserved in the archive of the Transvaal envoy Leyds, as well as in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire.
Appealing to Russia and France, the Boer delegates assumed that these powers, for humanitarian reasons, would provide friendly guardianship to the two republics in South Africa. However, the European governments of the period understood protectorate as a form of colonial dependence. Besides, Russia and France did not want a military confrontation with the mighty British Empire for the sake of the Boer states that were outside the sphere of their political and colonial interests. The attempt of the representatives of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State to secure a Russo-French protectorate for their republics was predestined to fail.
Europeans and Tippu Tip: Accounts of African Encounters Based on European Memoirs and Swahili Autobiography
Authors: Bryndina Valentina
Published: October 2023

The article is focused on the clash of two civilizations as a “clash of two colonizations” in East Africa: the centuries-old commercial Arab colonization, which produced a synthesis of cultures and population of mixed origin, and European one that came to the region with the aim of its exploration and further partition. This article analyses accounts of encounters between European explorers and colonial officials of the last third of the 19th century and Hamed bin Mohammed al-Murjabi, better known as Tippu Tip (1837–1905), a representative of the Arab-Swahili elite and the most influential merchant in Central and East Africaof that time. Remarkably, these encounters are reflected both in his Swahili autobiography and in European travelogues and memories. The European views of the Arabs in general and Tippu Tip are of particular interest as they touch upon the racial discourse of that time, the problem of the formation and functioning of group representations and the perception of “the others” as underdeveloped ones: very often this is the view of the “civilizing enlighteners” on the “backward slave traders”. For Tippu Tip, as a bearer of the Arab-Swahili culture, there is no Eurocentric and racial hierarchies. For him, Europeans are strangers, their racial, religious and ethnic identities do not fit into any hierarchy. The article also examines the conflict between Henry M. Stanley and Tippu Tip, which arose during the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, since each of them, as well as the other participants of the Expedition, presents his own version of events.
The Political Struggle and Succession in the Mamluk Sultanate during the Reign of al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy and al-Ẓāhir Tamurbughā (1467–1468)
Authors: Iliushina Milana
Published: October 2023

The reign of al-Ẓāhir Barqūq (1382–1389; 1390–1399), the first sultane of the Circassian sultanate (1382–1517), marked the transition from dynastic to non-dynastic principle of succession in the Mamluk State (1250–1517). The Circassian sultans did not create a dynasty in the full sense of the word. Most of them tried to hand the power over to their sons, but the rule of such heirs tended to be nominal and short-lived. Those Circassian sultans who did manage to remain in power generally were not lineal descendants of their predecessors. By the beginning of the third decade of the 15th century the non-dynastic system of succession acquired a stable character, and the short-term rule of the heir sultan began to play the role of a transitional period, during which the amirs united in coalitions and determined the candidacy of the next sultan. The failure of this new system of succession, which had been working properly for more than forty years, occurred after the death of the sultan al-Ẓāhir Khushqadam (1461–1467). This article unravels the complex events of the political crisis in Cairo in 1467–1468 to identify a set of factors that determined the level of stability of the political system based on non-dynastic succession.
In order to examine the political upheaval during the reign of al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy and al-Ẓāhir Tamurbughā this paper deals with the conception of the Mamluk Sultanate by A. Levanoni and some modern scholarly approaches to the transformation of Syro-Egyptian political organization, discussed in recent publications of J. Van Steenbergen.
Сhina and the states of the Korean peninsula in 2022 – before and after Yoon Seok Yeol
Authors: Asmolov Konstantin
Published: October 2023

China’s relations with the DPRK have been steadily developing since 2018: at every opportunity, PRC & DPRK emphasize the unbreakable friendship based on an alliance of socialist parties. North Korean diplomats and the media constantly speak out in support of Beijing’s course, criticizing the US’ accusations, and China calls for taking into account the North Korean position on the nuclear issue. Conducting a nuclear test may cool down the relations between the two countries, but Beijing’s specific reaction will depend on the foreign policy situation and will not necessarily be reduced to condemnation, similar to the situation in 2017.
Relations between China and the Republic of Korea have not yet undergone any significant changes, despite the change of power in Seoul. China is the country’s leading economic partner, but the United States remains the main security ally and ideological sovereign, which forces the Republic of Korea to maneuver. President Yoon Suk-yeol, representing the conservatives, despite his pro-American rhetoric, is trying to continue the policy of “balancing” and avoid spoiling relations with Beijing, except for the separation on the issue of so-called “three NO’s” (no additional deployment of THAAD in South Korea beyond the existing one, no participation in the US regional missile defense system and no participation in a trilateral military alliance with the US and Japan).
However, President Yoon is under strong political pressure, both internal & external, and against the backdrop of increased confrontation between the United States and China, his reversal from China seems quite inevitable in the medium term.
Shadows in the Garden: Women Agents Underground and Communist Activism in Mid-20th Century Iran Part II
Authors: Ravandi-Fadai Lana M.
Published: October 2023

The second part of this article on the clandestine activities of Iranian female communists explores the case of Zuleykha Asadi, a young woman who earned a medical degree in Moscow just before the start of the Second World War. Her story can be told with unusual immediacy thanks to the preservation of her correspondence in the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, published here for the first time. Zuleykha’s father’s letters to her in Moscow chart the difficulties and decisions his daughter faced and are suffused with a parent’s anxious concern for his daughter and a deep belief in the Soviet Union and its mission. Upon returning to Iran, ostensibly to practice medicine, Zuleykha also acted as a Soviet operative, keeping her handlers in Moscow apprised of her activities in letters that are a striking mix of ciphered intelligence reporting and emotional frankness about her personal life and experiences, such as her feelings for her newborn daughter and absent husband. She gathered intelligence about the wartime mood, conditions and activity of Nazi agents in the country, liaised with Iranian communists, and planned to set up a safe house. Within two years, for reasons unstated, Moscow decided to cut her loose. The case file of this idealistic young woman is emblematic of the magnetic pull of Communist ideals for many in the working class of Iran in the first half of the 20th Century.
Narratives by the “Father of Muslim Historiography” aṭ-Ṭabarī (839–923) about the Uprising of the Christian Princes and Muslim Emirs of Armīnīya under Chaliph al-Mutawakkil (847–861)
Authors: Shahinyan Arsen
Published: October 2023

This publication presents the materials extracted from the multivolume “History of the Prophets and Kings” (Ta’rīḫ ar-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk) by “the father of the Muslim historiography”, an Arabic spoken Iranian Muḥammad b. Ǧarīr (Djarir) aṭ-Ṭabarī (839–923), whichoutlines the general history from the Creation to 302 AH (914/5). These are absolutely all the materials that are devoted to the last uprising against the power of the ‘Abbasids (750–1258) in the Arab vilayet of Arminiya, which consisted of the Greater-Armenian, and South Caucasian Lands occupied by the Muslims. We are talking about the uprising of 850–855, in which both the leaders of the autonomous Armenian and Albanian principalities, as well as the Arab emirates created in Arminiya at the beginning of the 9th C., took part.
These passages were extracted from the classic critical edition carried out in three series and 15 volumes in Leiden (1879–1901), edited by the famous Dutch Arabist Michael Jan de Goeje (1836–1909).The selected passages are translated by Arsen K. Shahinyan from Classical Arabic into Russian for the first time in Oriental science. The introductory article, detailed text notes and scholarly comments based on the historical and geographical narratives of the Antiquity, and in the languages of the peoples of the Christian and Muslim Orient are attached by the author of the publication to his translated materials as well. Preparing these notes and comments, he also took into account the data that are reflected in the leading scientific, reference (encyclopedic) and educational publications of the world.
From Eunuchs to Transgenders: the Issue of “Third Gender” Terminology in Pakistan
Authors: Filimonova Alina L.
Published: October 2023

The research focuses on the specifics of defining and classifying individuals with non-binary gender identity in Pakistan. On the one hand, within Muslim society which is oriented toward traditional values such persons are largely marginalized and perceived as a wholesomely negative phenomenon, scrutinizing which is reprehensible per se. However, we have determined a considerable number of terms which are applied to “third gender” (and applied rather randomly, due to the disparaging attitude to such people). The main reason behind existing terminological variety is that the “third gender” is traditionally viewed in Pakistan through the prism of hijra – unique South Asian communities that include those who, while not being biological females, are unwilling or unable to act according to societal expectations from the male gender. Thus, the unsystematic character of contemporary approach to non-binary gender discourse in Pakistan is predetermined by deep historical roots of this phenomenon and its autonomous development in the region. Upon analyzing a broad range of sources, we classified their suggested terms for “third gender” in the light of theoretical works on gender. It allowed us to establish five discourses (physiological, psychological, Islamic, colonial, legal) with their own specific nomenclature, the practical applicability of which was assessed in this article. Comparative analysis of existing classifications demonstrates that various nomenclatures exist autonomously, which considerably hinders the unification of terminology. This situation can be regarded as an instance of a larger problem within Pakistani society – namely, incoordination of different societal fields and mechanisms of political and legal action.