bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of atoms and fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes. I. Acceptance and suction energies
Authors: Cox Barry J , Thamwattana Ngamta , Hill James M
Published: October 2006

Owing to their unusual properties, carbon nanostructures such as nanotubes and fullerenes have caused many new nanomechanical devices to be proposed. One such application is that of nanoscale oscillators which operate in the gigahertz range, the so-called gigahertz oscillators. Such devices have potential applications as ultrafast optical filters and nano-antennae. While there are difficulties in producing micromechanical oscillators which operate in the gigahertz range, molecular dynamical simulations indicate that nanoscale devices constructed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes or single-walled carbon nanotubes and C
60
fullerenes could feasibly operate at these high frequencies. This paper investigates the suction force experienced by either an atom or a C
60
fullerene molecule located in the vicinity of an open end of a single-walled carbon nanotube. The atom is modelled as a point mass, the fullerene as an averaged atomic mass distributed over the surface of a sphere. In both cases, the carbon nanotube is modelled as an averaged atomic mass distributed over the surface of an open semi-infinite cylinder. In both cases, the particle being introduced is assumed to be located on the axis of the cylinder. Using the Lennard-Jones potential, the van der Waals interaction force between the atom or C
60
fullerene and the carbon nanotube can be obtained analytically. Furthermore, by integrating the force, an explicit analytic expression for the work done by van der Waals forces is determined and used to derive an acceptance condition, that is whether the particle will be completely sucked into the carbon nanotube by virtue of van der Waals interactions alone, and a suction energy which is imparted to the introduced particle in the form of an increased velocity. The results of the acceptance condition and the calculated suction energy are shown to be in good agreement with the published molecular dynamical simulations. In part II of the paper, a new model is proposed to describe the oscillatory motion adopted by atoms and fullerenes that are sucked into carbon nanotubes.
The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic–phylogenetic species concept
Authors: Staley James T
Published: October 2006

The number of species of Bacteria and Archaea (
ca
5000) is surprisingly small considering their early evolution, genetic diversity and residence in all ecosystems. The bacterial species definition accounts in part for the small number of named species. The primary procedures required to identify new species of Bacteria and Archaea are DNA–DNA hybridization and phenotypic characterization. Recently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been applied to bacterial taxonomy. Although 16S phylogeny is arguably excellent for classification of Bacteria and Archaea from the Domain level down to the family or genus, it lacks resolution below that level. Newer approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, and genome sequence and microarray analyses, promise to provide necessary information to better understand bacterial speciation. Indeed, recent data using these approaches, while meagre, support the view that speciation processes may occur at the subspecies level within ecological niches (ecovars) and owing to biogeography (geovars). A major dilemma for bacterial taxonomists is how to incorporate this new information into the present hierarchical system for classification of Bacteria and Archaea without causing undesirable confusion and contention. This author proposes the genomic–phylogenetic species concept (GPSC) for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. The aim is twofold. First, the GPSC would provide a conceptual and testable framework for bacterial taxonomy. Second, the GPSC would replace the burdensome requirement for DNA hybridization presently needed to describe new species. Furthermore, the GPSC is consistent with the present treatment at higher taxonomic levels.
Deletion analysis of the p16 tumour suppressor gene in phaeochromocytomas
Authors: Aguiar Ricardo C. T. , Dahia Patricia L. M. , Sill Heinz , Toledo Sergio P. A. , Goldman John M. , Cross Nicholas C. P.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The molecular pathogenesis of phaeochromocytoma has not yet been fully established. The p16 turnour suppressor gene is often inactivated in a wide variety of primary human malignancies, including tumours of ectodermal origin. We have therefore examined the status of the p16 gene in a series of phaeochromocytomas.

DESIGN We studied tumour and constitutive DNA from 26 phaeochromocytoma patients. Twenty‐two cases were of sporadic tumours whereas four patients had a hereditary form of the disease. Four tumours were malignant. We performed a semiquantitative multiplex PCR in which the p16 gene was coamplified with an unrelated sequence as an internal control. Standards were constructed by mixing DNA from cell lines with a known p16 status to simulate various degrees of p16 loss. Deletion of the p16 gene was determined by densitometry, measuring the ratio of intensity of the two resulting bands as an indication of the relative abundance of the two templates in the sample.

RESULTS No homozygous deletion of the p16 tumour suppressor gene was found in any of the phaeochromocytoma samples.

CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the p16 gene is not deleted in sporadic, hereditary, malignant or benign forms of phaeochromocytomas, and therefore probably does not play a role in the pathogenesis of this tumour. However, because of the small number of malignant cases analysed, we cannot exclude a low frequency of p16 deletions in this subset of tumours.
Cardiomyopathy associated with Graves' disease
Authors: Koshiyama Hiroyuki , Sellittl Donald F. , Akamizu Takashi , Doi Sonia Q. , Takeuchi Yuzou , Lnoue Dalsuke , Sakaguchl Hiromi , Takemura Genzou , Sato Yuklhlto , Takatsun Yoshiki , Nakao Kazuwa
Published: October 2006

Cardiovascular changes associated with Graves' disease are generally considered to be secondary to the increased levels Of thyroid hormone. We describe a case of Graves' disease in a 25‐year‐old man, who developed cardiomyopathy with severe heart failure. Pathological examination of the myocardial biopsies showed fibroblast infiltration and degenerative changes. After the cardiomyopathy subsided the patient developed a goitre and signs of hyperthyroidism, followed by Graves' ophthalmopathy, which was treated successfully with a combination of high‐dose corticosterolds and orbital radiotherapy. These findings suggested a common pathogenesis for the cardiomyopathy and ophthalmopathy, and prompted us to investigate the expression of TSH receptor (TSH‐R) in human heart. TSH‐R mRNA was identified in human heart using the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and DNA sequencing. Taken together, these data suggest that autoimmunity against the TSH‐R mlght contribute to both the cardiomyopathy and ophthalmopathy in similar cases of Graves' disease.
Prolactinoma presenting in identical twins with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Flanagan D. E. H. , Armitage M. , Clein G. P. , Thakker R. V.
Published: October 2006

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type one (MEN 1) is characterized by tumours of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cells and the anterior pituitary and follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. We report identical twins born to a family known to have the MEN 1 syndrome. The twins were identical until puberty. The first twin underwent puberty normally; the second, however, suffered an early pubertal arrest and was subsequently found to have a prolactinoma. Both were also subsequently shown to have primary hyperparathyroldism. Genetic studies have since confirmed the twins identical for the affected haplotype and show that this is inherited from the father who also has MEN 1. The gene for MEN 1 has now been localized to the long arm of chromosome 11. The current hypothesis is that expression of the syndrome involves two separate genetic mutations. The first mutation is inherited and thus present in all cells but the tumour manifests itself in the endocrine tissue only after a second mutation that represents ellmination of the normal allele. In the case described the twins are proven genetically identical. The marked phenotypic difference between the two must, by inference, represent a second somatic mutation and is further supportive evidence of the two‐mutation model of tumour expression.
Wolbachia in wasps parasitic on filth flies with emphasis on Spalangia cameroni
Authors: Kyei‐Poku G. K. , Giladi M. , Coghlin P. , Mokady O. , Zchori‐Fein E. , Floate K. D.
Published: October 2006

The house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are cosmopolitan pests parasitized by a guild of more than two dozen species of wasps. Several species of these wasps have been commercialized as biocontrol agents or are being studied for this purpose. Wolbachia bacteria are known to infect at least some of these wasps and are of interest because infections can dramatically affect insect reproduction. A survey in this parasitoid–fly system detected Wolbachia in 15 of 21 species of wasps and in three of nine species of flies parasitized by these wasps. Phylogenetic analyses using wsp gene sequences identified single isolate infections in most cases. Infections of two and four isolates were detected in Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) and Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), respectively. Laboratory experiments showed infections in S. cameroni to cause an incomplete form of female‐mortality (FM) type cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Crosses between uninfected female and infected male partners (♀×♂w) produced fewer progeny, which had a strong male‐biased sex ratio. Crosses between ♀×♂, ♀w×♂w, and ♀w×♂ produced more progeny, which had a female‐biased sex ratio. Developmental times of progeny were increased when the paternal parent was infected with Wolbachia, regardless of whether the maternal parent was infected or whether offspring developed from fertilized eggs. This result may reflect the action of Wolbachia on components of the seminal fluid that then affect the development of offspring from inseminated females. It is hoped that future studies of Wolbachia in this guild will facilitate the rearing and application of these wasps as biocontrol agents of house fly and stable fly.
Genotypic Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Associated with Reduced Susceptibility and Virologic Response to the Protease Inhibitor Tipranavir
Authors: Baxter John D. , Schapiro Jonathan M. , Boucher Charles A. B. , Kohlbrenner Veronika M. , Hall David B. , Scherer Joseph R. , Mayers Douglas L.
Published: October 2006

Tipranavir is a novel, nonpeptidic protease inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with activity against clinical HIV-1 isolates from treatment-experienced patients. HIV-1 genotypic and phenotypic data from phase II and III clinical trials of tipranavir with protease inhibitor-experienced patients were analyzed to determine the association of protease mutations with reduced susceptibility and virologic response to tipranavir. Specific protease mutations were identified based on stepwise multiple-regression analyses of phase II study data sets. Validation included analyses of phase III study data sets to determine if the same mutations would be selected and to assess how these mutations contribute to multiple-regression models of tipranavir-related phenotype and of virologic response. A tipranavir mutation score was developed from these analyses, which consisted of a unique string of 16 protease positions and 21 mutations (10V, 13V, 20M/R/V, 33F, 35G, 36I, 43T, 46L, 47V, 54A/M/V, 58E, 69K, 74P, 82L/T, 83D, and 84V). HIV-1 isolates displaying an increasing number of these tipranavir resistance-associated mutations had a reduced phenotypic susceptibility and virologic response to tipranavir. Regression models for predicting virologic response in phase III trials revealed that each point in the tipranavir score was associated with a 0.16-log
10
copies/ml-lower virologic response to tipranavir at week 24 of treatment. A lower number of points in the tipranavir score and a greater number of active drugs in the background regimen were predictive of virologic success. These analyses demonstrate that the tipranavir mutation score is a potentially valuable tool for predicting the virologic response to tipranavir in protease inhibitor-experienced patients.
Removal of Divalent Cations Induces Structural Transitions in
Red Clover Necrotic Mosaic Virus
, Revealing a Potential Mechanism for RNA Release
Authors: Sherman Michael B. , Guenther Richard H. , Tama Florence , Sit Tim L. , Brooks Charles L. , Mikhailov Albert M. , Orlova Elena V. , Baker Timothy S. , Lommel Steven A.
Published: October 2006

The structure of
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus
(RCNMV), an icosahedral plant virus, was resolved to 8.5 Å by cryoelectron microscopy. The virion capsid has prominent surface protrusions and subunits with a clearly defined shell and protruding domains. The structures of both the individual capsid protein (CP) subunits and the entire virion capsid are consistent with other species in the
Tombusviridae
family. Within the RCNMV capsid, there is a clearly defined inner cage formed by complexes of genomic RNA and the amino termini of CP subunits. An RCNMV virion has approximately 390 ± 30 Ca
2+
ions bound to the capsid and 420 ± 25 Mg
2+
ions thought to be in the interior of the capsid. Depletion of both Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions from RCNMV leads to significant structural changes, including (i) formation of 11- to 13-Å-diameter channels that extend through the capsid and (ii) significant reorganization within the interior of the capsid. Genomic RNA within native capsids containing both Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions is extremely resistant to nucleases, but depletion of both of these cations results in nuclease sensitivity, as measured by a significant reduction in RCNMV infectivity. These results indicate that divalent cations play a central role in capsid dynamics and suggest a mechanism for the release of viral RNA in low-divalent-cation environments such as those found within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Fiber and Penton Base Capsid Modifications Yield Diminished Adenovirus Type 5 Transduction and Proinflammatory Gene Expression with Retention of Antigen-Specific Humoral Immunity
Authors: Schoggins John W. , Falck-Pedersen Erik
Published: October 2006

Fiber and penton base capsid proteins of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) mediate a well-characterized two-step entry pathway in permissive tissue culture cell lines. Fiber binds with high affinity to the cell surface coxsackievirus-and-adenovirus receptor (CAR), and penton base facilitates viral internalization by binding αv integrins through an RGD motif. In vivo, the entry pathway is complicated by interactions of capsid proteins with additional cell surface molecules and blood factors. When administered systemically in mice, adenovirus vectors (Adv) localize primarily to hepatic tissue, resulting in efficient gene transduction and potent activation of the host antiviral immune response. The goal of the present study was to detarget Adv uptake through fiber and penton base capsid protein manipulations and determine how detargeted vectors influence transduction efficiency, inflammatory activation, and activation of the adaptive arm of the immune system. By manipulating fiber and the penton base, we have generated highly detargeted vectors (up to 1,200-fold reduction in transgene expression in vivo) with reduced macrophage stimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo. In spite of the diminished transduction and macrophage activation, the detargeted vectors induce strong neutralizing immunity as well as efficient antitransgene antibody. Three of the modified vectors produce antitransgene humoral immunity at levels that exceed or are equal to that seen with an unmodified Ad5-based vector. The fiber-pseudotyped and penton base constructs with RGD deleted have attributes that could be important enhancements in a number of vaccine applications.
Role of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Entry of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Krey Thomas , Moussay Etienne , Thiel Heinz-Jürgen , Rümenapf Till
Published: October 2006

Among several proposed cellular receptors for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is of special interest because it is also considered a receptor for the related hepatitis C virus. It has been reported that an anti-LDL receptor monoclonal antibody blocked the infection of bovine cells by BVDV and that the resistance of bovine CRIB cells (cells resistant to infection with BVDV) (E. F. Flores and R. O. Donis, Virology 208:565-575, 1995) to BVDV infection was due to a lack of the LDL receptor (V. Agnello et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12766-12771, 1999). In connection with our studies on BVDV entry, we reevaluated the putative role of the LDL receptor as a cellular receptor for BVDV. It was first clearly demonstrated that neither of two monoclonal antibodies against the LDL receptor inhibited BVDV infection of two bovine cell lines. Furthermore, the LDL receptor was detected on the surface of CRIB cells. The functionality of the LDL receptor on CRIB cells was demonstrated by the internalization of fluorescently labeled LDL. In conclusion, at present no experimental evidence supports an involvement of the LDL receptor in BVDV invasion.
Heart slice NMR
Authors: Uetani Tadayuki , Yamashita Daisuke , Shimizu Juichiro , Misawa Hiromi , Tatematsu Yasushi , Hamaguchi Yukihisa , Miyasaka Takehiro , Katanosaka Yuki , Kato Toshiaki , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Furukawa Koichi , Murohara Toyoaki , Takaki Miyako , Nakayama Shinsuke
Published: October 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the heart is normally carried out using whole heart preparations under coronary perfusion. In such preparations, either radical changes in ionic composition of the perfusate or applications of numerous drugs would affect coronary microcirculation. This report communicates the first31P NMR spectroscopy study using a heart slice preparation (left ventricular slices) superfused with extracellular medium. The ratio of phosphocreatine concentration to ATP concentration was ∼2.1. Also, intracellular pH and Mg2+concentration ([Mg2+]i), estimated from the chemical shifts of inorganic phosphate and ATP, were comparable with those under retrograde perfusion. [Mg2+]iwas significantly increased by the removal of extracellular Na+, supporting the essential role of Na+-coupled Mg2+transport in Mg2+homeostasis of the heart. Heart slice preparation could also be used to evaluate the potency of cardiac drugs, regardless of their possible effects on coronary microcirculation.
The reverse mode of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger provides a source of Ca2+ for store refilling following agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization
Authors: Hirota Simon , Pertens Evi , Janssen Luke J.
Published: October 2006

Agonist-induced contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM) can be triggered by an elevation in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, primarily through the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The refilling of the SR is integral for subsequent contractions. It has been suggested that Ca2+ entry via store-operated cation (SOC) and receptor-operated cation channels may facilitate refilling of the SR. Indeed, depletion of the SR activates substantial inward SOC currents in ASM that are composed of both Ca2+ and Na+. Accumulation of Na+ within the cell may regulate Ca2+ handling in ASM by forcing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) into the reverse mode, leading to the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular domain. Since depletion of the SR activates substantial inward Na+ current, it is conceivable that the reverse mode of the NCX may contribute to the intracellular Ca2+ pool from which the SR is refilled. Indeed, successive contractions of bovine ASM, evoked by various agonists (ACh, histamine, 5-HT, caffeine) were significantly reduced upon removal of extracellular Na+; whereas contractions evoked by KCl were unchanged by Na+ depletion. Ouabain, a selective inhibitor of the Na+/K+ pump, had no effect on the reductions observed under normal and zero-Na+ conditions. KB-R7943, a selective inhibitor of the reverse mode of the NCX, significantly reduced successive contractions induced by all agonists without altering KCl responses. Furthermore, KB-R7943 abolished successive caffeine-induced Ca2+ transients in single ASM cells. Together, these data suggest a role for the reverse mode of the NCX in refilling the SR in ASM following Ca2+ mobilization.
Adenocarcinoma of the caecum metastatic to the bladder: an unusual cause of haematuria
Authors: Grey Benjamin R , Clarke Laurence , Maddineni Satish B , Hunt Roger , Brough Richard J
Published: October 2006

Background

Primary malignancies of colorectal origin can metastasise to the bladder. Reports are however extremely rare, particularly from the caecum.

Case report

The report describes the case of a 45-year old male with Duke's B caecal carcinoma treated with a laparoscopically-assisted right hemicolectomy and adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy. Subsequently, a metastatic lesion to the bladder was demonstrated and successfully excised by partial cystectomy.

Conclusion

In order that optimal therapeutic options can be determined, it is important for clinicians to distinguish between primary disease of the bladder and other causes of haematuria. Various immunohistochemical techniques attempt to differentiate primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder from secondary colorectal adenocarcinoma. Suspicion of metastatic disease must be raised when histologically unusual bladder tumours are identified.
On the Sensitivity of the Atmosphere to the Doubling of the Carbon Dioxide Concentration and on Water Vapour Feedback
Authors: Barrett Jack , Bellamy David , Hug Heinz
Published: October 2006

This paper represents a criticism of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) use of the value 0.5 K (W m−2)−1 for the climate sensitivity parameter, λ. A simple model is introduced which shows that the non-radiative effect of water vapour is a negative feedback ensuring that the Earth's surface temperature is cooler by some 17°C than if it did not participate in the energy budget.
Rethinking Smart Architecture: Some Strategic Design Frameworks
Authors: Senagala Mahesh
Published: October 2006

The paper is an attempt to provide a comprehensive re-definition and a complex-adaptive framework for strategic understanding of smart architecture. The paper rethinks smart architecture's strategic and conceptual frameworks. A complex-adaptive and systems approach has been forwarded as an alternative. Comprehensive definition of smart architecture has been provided. Disparate yet related camps of responsive architecture, adaptive architecture, intelligent buildings, kinetic architecture have been brought under the umbrella of smart architecture. The role of users in smart architectural schemata has been explored. Examples of a few recent architectural projects have been used to illustrate the emerging directions in smart architecture.
Visualizing the Operative and Analytic: Representing the Digital Fabrication Feedback Loop and Managing the Digital Exchange
Authors: Klinger Kevin R. , Vermillion Joshua
Published: October 2006

Digital architecture is process-based and reliant upon a conversation between digital visualization, analysis, and production. With the complexity of information generated in process-based digital practices, we need to effectively manage and exchange the information. Feedback loops are integral to this process/product, and thus require extensive management of complex versions of visual and data related information. Quite a lot of scholarly attention has been focused upon highlighting innovative projects using digital fabrication and serial customization. However, there is a scarcity of scholarly work about innovations in visualizing and representing the design data integral in this feedback loop. This paper will examine innovative representational devices such as the matrix, sectioning, layering, bracketing, nesting, and other new forms of organizing, visualizing, analyzing, and simulating complex data, intent upon communicating multiple levels of operations during the design and fabrication process. With a rigorous taxonomy of operative and analytic devices for process-based digital design development, we can begin to outline a trajectory for future evolutions in practice. This writing is an attempt to make a few steps in this direction, and demonstrate some of these new representational ideas in practice.
An OSCE as part of the first-year SpR assessmentinent in ENT
Authors: Drake-Lee A , Skinner D , Reid A
Published: October 2006

The structure of postgraduate hospital training in the UK has changed in the last 20 years: the Calman report brought training in line with European law and the SpR post was created out of the registrar and senior registrar posts. Implementation of the new training was staggered across specialties. ENT was included in the second wave of implementation in October 1995. At the same time, consultant expansion was envisaged.
Online Database for Documenting Clinical Pathology Resident Education
Authors: Hoofnagle Andrew N , Chou David , Astion Michael L
Published: October 2006

Background: Training of clinical pathologists is evolving and must now address the 6 core competencies described by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), which include patient care. A substantial portion of the patient care performed by the clinical pathology resident takes place while the resident is on call for the laboratory, a practice that provides the resident with clinical experience and assists the laboratory in providing quality service to clinicians in the hospital and surrounding community. Documenting the educational value of these on-call experiences and providing evidence of competence is difficult for residency directors. An online database of these calls, entered by residents and reviewed by faculty, would provide a mechanism for documenting and improving the education of clinical pathology residents.

Methods: With Microsoft Access we developed an online database that uses active server pages and secure sockets layer encryption to document calls to the clinical pathology resident. Using the data collected, we evaluated the efficacy of 3 interventions aimed at improving resident education.

Results: The database facilitated the documentation of more than 4 700 calls in the first 21 months it was online, provided archived resident-generated data to assist in serving clients, and demonstrated that 2 interventions aimed at improving resident education were successful.

Conclusions: We have developed a secure online database, accessible from any computer with Internet access, that can be used to easily document clinical pathology resident education and competency.
Decision support system for agricultural land use and fertilisation optimisation: a case study on barley production in Estonia
Authors: ASTOVER A. , ROOSTALU H. , MÕTTE M.
Published: October 2006

The success of the decision support systems, developed within GIS with application of different models, depends on the quality of initial data and the models themselves as well as on the possibilities of their linking. The aim of the present study was to analyse the application of different agro-economic models in a computer-based decision support system, developed for optimisation of agricultural land use and fertilisation, on the example of barley production of Kullamaa rural municipality in Estonia. The algorithms used in the agronomical models were obtained from the regression analysis of numerous field experiments. The calculated new agronomical values serve as a basis for the application of economic models. GIS and modelling remain as two separate systems with the capacity for information exchange between them. Profitability of barley cultivation varied in a very broad range in the study area. The optimal fertiliser amounts established for each field allow increasing crop productivity in the region and at the same time preventing environmental pollution due to production intensification. The proposed decision support system can be further supplemented by several agro-economic models and implemented throughout Estonia.;
Pflanzenchemie und Pflanzenverwandtschaft
Authors: Hänsel R.
Published: October 2006

Die Pharmakognosie ist eine angewandte Wissenschaft. Sie beruht im wesentlichen auf der systematischen Botanik und der Phytochemie. Die Inhaltsstoffe sind es, deretwegen die Arzneipflanzen und Drogen therapeutisch verwendet werden. Pflanzenmorphologie einerseits und Chemie andererseits haben jedoch keine unmittelbaren Beziehungen zueinander; das erschwert eine Gesamtschau des pharmakognostischen Tatsachenmaterials von allgemeinen Gesichtspunkten aus. Der Pharmakognost muß also in besonderem Maße aufgeschlossen sein gegenüber Gedanken, welche diese beiden Wissenschaftszweige zu verknüpfen suchen; durch eine Synthese beider müßte die Pharmakognose an wissenschaftlicher Tiefe gewinnen. Ich habe mir daher heute kein spezielles Thema‐meines Faches zum Vortrag gewählt, vielmehr berichte ich über einige Versuche zu dieser Synthese.
Über das Vorkommen von Ergothionein im Schopftintling, Coprinus comatus
Authors: List Paul Heinz
Published: October 2006

Das 1909 von C. Tanret1 aus dem Mutterkorn erstmalig isolierte Ergothionein, das dann 17 Jahre später von S. R. Benedict, E. B. Newton und I. A. Behre2) im Blut nachgewiesen wurde, konnte nun auch im Schopftintling, Coprinus comatus, aufgefunden werden.
Acylierung von Homophthalsäureanhydrid mit Kohlensäureäthylesterchlorid. 4. Mitt. über Acylderivate methylenaktiver Dicarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Schnekenburger J.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Umsetzung von Homophthalsäureanhydrid (I) mit Kohlensäureäthylesterchlorid (II) wird in Gegenwart von N,N‐Dimethylanilin (DMA) ein „Enolester”︁ (III) von I, in Gegenwart von Pyridin die C‐Acylverbindung IV gebildet. IV kann auch während der Reaktion durch Acylumlagerung von primär gebildetem III entstanden sein, denn III wird bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von Pyridin bei Anwesenheit einer katalytischen Menge von I nach Art der Claisen‐Haase‐Umlagerung in IV umgelagert.
Zum Chemismus der Farbreaktionen des Typs Aldehyd‐Aromat‐Säure
Authors: Brieskorn C. H. , Reiners W. , Kiderlen H.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Modell‐Reaktion zwischen Formaldehyd, Diphenyl und Schwefelsäure entsteht intermediär Phenylbenzylalkohol, der unter dem Einfluß der Schwefelsäure das Phenyl‐benzyl‐carboniumion bildet, das die farbgebende Komponente darstellt. Einer großen Zahl bekannter Farbreaktionen liegt ein analoger Chemismus zugrunde, was an einigen Beispielen näher erläutert wird.
Ludwig Boltzmann als evolutionistischer Philosoph
Authors: Broda Engelbert
Published: October 2006

The contributions of the great physicist Ludwig Boltzmann to philosophy and biology are not known sufficiently. In philosophy, he was a realist, and much opposed to his colleague's, Mach's, positivism, but also to Berkeley's, Kant's, Hegel's and Schopenhauer's idealisms. In biology, Boltzmann was a passionate Darwinist and tried to explain on the basis of evolution the meaning of photosynthesis as well as the origin of life and of the mind. Boltzmann argued for evolutionary epistemology. Opposing Kant, he derived the fundamental ideas of space, time and causality from the experience of mankind and its ancestors. The laws of thought were acquired in evolution. While they must be broadly true they need not be faultless. Antinomies arise when thought overshoots the mark,i. e.exceeds the limits of the area for which it evolved. As for Boltzmann the experience of the organism in the course of evolution is the only and exclusive source of knowledge, he may be called an absolute Darwinist. A short account of Boltzmann's Darwinian ideas on the origin of morality, on the sense of beauty and on happiness is also given.
Nuclear Physicists in a New World. The Émigrés of the 1930s in America
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: October 2006

Kernphysiker in einer neuen Welt: Die Emigranten der dreißiger Jahre in Amerika. ‐ Unter der großen Anzahl derjenigen, die durch Nationalsozialismus zur Emigration gezwungen wurden und zwischen 1933 und 1941 in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika einwanderten, befanden sich auch mehr als hundert Physiker, und unter ihnen einige der genialsten Kernphysiker der Welt. Die Physik in Amerika hatte damals den Status einer voll ausgereiften Wissenschaft erreicht, und so kam es zu einem bedeutsamen und facettenreichen Zusammenwirken zwischen den emigrierten und den einheimischen Kernphysikern, zumal sie die verschiedenen Forschungsgebiete vertraten, die sich durch die Entdeckungen und Erfindungen des Jahres 1932 (Neutron, Deuterium, Positron, Cockcroft‐Walton‐Beschleuniger, Zyklotron) aufgetan hatten. Von besonderer Bedeutung Für die Konsolidierung und Entwicklung der gesamten Kernphysik war dabei die Veröffentlichung von drei Artikeln in denReviews of Modern Physicsvon 1936 und 1937, bekannt als die „Bethe‐Bibel”︁. Nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung von 1938 und dem Ausbruch des Krieges 1939 in Europa wirkte die Befürchtung, daß Hitler eine Atomwaffe erhalten könnte, als mächtige, Emigranten und Nicht‐Emigranten gleichermaßen erfassende einigende Kraft unter den Atomphysikern in Amerika, und die meisten von ihnen stellten ihre Fähigkeiten in den Dienst der US‐Regierung und arbeiteten am Manhatten‐Projekt und an anderen militärischen Forschungsvorhaben mit. Bei Kriegsende waren die in den dreißiger Jahren emigrierten Kernphysiker wie so viele Flüchtlinge vor ihnen Amerikaner geworden, und keiner von ihnen kehrte in sein Geburtsland zurück.

Among the large number of refugees from Nazism and Fascism entering the United States between 1933 and 1941 were more than 100 physicists, including some of the most gifted nuclear physicists in the world. By that time physics in America had come of age, and a remarkable and multifaceted symbiosis occurred between the émigré and native‐born nuclear physicists as they pursued the many avenues of research opened up by the discoveries and inventions of 1932 (neutron, deuterium, positron, Cockcroft‐Walton accelerator, cyclotron). Of particular importance for the consolidation and development of the entire field of nuclear physics was the publication in 1936–37 of the three articles in theRevieus of Modern Physicsknown as the „Bethe Bible”︁. With the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 and the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, the fear that a nuclear weapon might fall into Hitler's hands served as a powerful unifying force among nuclear physicists in Amerika, émigrés and non‐émigrés alike, and most placed their talents in the service of the United States Government working on the Manhattan Project and other wartime research. By the end of the war, like so many refugees before them, the émigré nuclear physicists of the 1930s had become Americans, and not one of them returned to the country of his birth.
Von der „fides historica”︁ zur „historischen Religion”︁ Die Zweideutigkeit des Geschichtsbewußtseins der theologischen Aufklärung
Authors: Sparn Walter
Published: October 2006

From the outset Protestant theology was conscious that its scientific objects were in one respect historical phenomena. In the 18th century, however, and against the background of its growing knowledge of history, theology had to renounce its traditional distinction of divine “dogma” and human “history”. Even the eclectic method, developped around 1700 (in order to relieve historical research of dogmatical claims but to leave dogma unquestioned in its own field:J. F. Buddeus, Chr. M. Pfaff, L. von Mosheim), became insufficient when dogmatic interest itself began to move away from traditional dogma. A new mentality which saw itself as both religious and enlightened, demanded a historical criticism of dogmatic tradition; a criticism which would consequently reach the Bible, making the revealed canon a historical source (the “neologists”, e. g. J. J. Spalding, J. W. F. Jerusalem, J. S. Semler, also G. E. Lessing). In this critical “history of dogma” and “history of the Old and New Testament” theology handed over its traditional role as the basic science (Leitwissenschaft) to philosophy and became itself a positive discipline.

The measure of its criticism, however, was admittedly only religious subjectivity, grounding itself on the dogmatic construction of an “essence of Christianity” and in the historical construction of a divine “education of mankind”, and trying to prove the “perfectibility of Christianity” in the course of human history. Founded only on subjectivity, the historical consciousness of enlightened theology was therefore ambiguous; it was continually forced to ignore its own historical (and social) determination. Only the realization of the historicity also of the subjective principle of theology resolved this ambiguity (J. G. Herder, F. Schleiermacher); that meant that the theological enlightenment in the first sense had been overcome.
Der Beitrag medizinischer Konzepte zur Prägung sozialer Rollen und zur Abdrängung gesellschaftlicher Randgruppen in Deutschland während des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Bericht über eine internationale Arbeitstagung im Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung der Universität Bielefeld, 22.–24. Mai 1985
Authors: Wandel Medizin und Sozialer
Published: October 2006

The question, if and to what extent the development of medicine is influenced by social development, has been discussed fairly often. The opposite problem, the influence of medicine in shaping and changing the system of social roles, has rarely been raised. Under the broader heading of “Medicine and social change” the focus of an international conference at the “Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung”/Bielefeld (FRG) was: what does medicine (the theory and practice of medicine, the system of medical care, health policies, professional policies [e.g. against ‘quacks’], medical ethics etc.) contribute to shaping and enforcing social roles (e.g. of nurses, women, children, the elderly, prostitutes, homosexuals etc.).
Elektrotechnik ‐ Entstehung einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin1
Authors: König Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

The scientific institutionalization of electrical engineering took place in the 1880's; however, the science of electricity did not yet furnish proof of its practical efficiency. The founding of chairs in electrical engineering at this time was connected with the rise of heavy current industry, whereas weak current developments, as for instance telegraphy and telephony, played virtually no role. The principal connections of the discipline of electrical engineering shifted in the following years from physics to mechanical engineering, before electrical engineering became an independent discipline. The author gives an account of this development and presents theses for it, as well as shows a research program of the history of electrical engineering between 1880 and the First World War.
Die Zeitschrift The English Historical Review und die Entwicklung der Geschichtswissenschaft in England
Authors: Kleinschmidt Harald
Published: October 2006

The Journal The English Historical Review and the Development of historical science in England. ‐ The organisational aspect of the history of historical writing and of historical scholarship has, for its largest part, been a neglected field of study, the history of history having essentially been the history of ideas. This study, by making use of the concept of professionalisation as developed by Felix Gilbert (1965) and Doris Goldstein (1982) for the description and explanation of the foundation and the early history of the English Historical Review, is designed to reveal organsational features in the history of historical scholarschip in late 19th century Britain. Because of the lack of institutional affiliation of British historical studies in the Victorian age, the editorial board of the English Historical Review formed the base from which scholarly done historical research and teaching ‐ following the models provided in France and Germany ‐ could emerge.
„Siege der Freiheit, welche die Menschen durch die Erforschung des Grundes der Dinge errangen”︁ Wandlungen im politischen Selbstverständnis deutscher Naturwissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Bayertz Kurt
Published: October 2006

“Victories of Freedom which Humans Achieved by Research in the Foundation of Things”. ‐ This article analyzes the political self‐conception of leading representatives of the natural sciences in 19th century Germany. It is argued that the main feature of this self‐conception which remained constant over the time consisted in a strong “rationalization‐imperative”, i.e. the postulate that state and society have to be reshaped on the basis of natural science. On the other hand, this imperative was put forward in very different forms and with different political content: it shifted from revolutionary aspirations in the period of 1848 to moderate and sometimes even reactionary positions in the last decades of the century.
Synthesis of 14c‐labeled 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid
Authors: Tanaka F. S. , Wien R. G.
Published: October 2006

A widely used herbicide, 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), was synthesized with 14C‐labeling in the C‐1 or C‐2 positions. The carboxyl labeled material was prepared in 55% yield by carbonation of 1,1‐dichloro‐ethyllithium at approximately −104°. Starting with trichloroacetic acid, the C‐2 labeled product was prepared in an overall yield of 39% by means of a 4‐step reaction sequence which involved the removal of a chlorine atom and the addition of a methyl group.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Acetic‐1‐13C,‐2‐13C,‐13C2, and ‐12C2 acids
Authors: Ott Donald G. , Kerr Vernon N.
Published: October 2006

Rhodium‐catalyzed carbonylation of methanol at mild temperature and pressure has been developed for small‐ and large‐scale preparations of the carbon isotope isomers of acetic acid.
Labelled polypeptides. v. synthesis of α‐melanotropin labelled with tritium on the tyrosine residue, via the dibromo intermediate
Authors: Nikolics K. , Teplán I. , Medzihradszky K.
Published: October 2006

A novel synthesis of α‐melanotropin labelled with tritium on the tyrosine residue ([Tyr‐3, 5‐3H2] ‐α‐melanotropin) is described. First, a precursor peptide, containing 3,5‐di‐bromotyrosine in position 2 ([Dbt2]‐α‐melanotropin) is prepared, which can be converted into the labelled hormone by catalytic tritiation in the last step of the synthesis. By this procedure the tedious work with highly active labelled intermediates, and the storage of the tritiated compound. usually accompanied by significant autoradiolysis, can be avoided.
Thermal transcarboxylation reactions VIII. A study on the process of anomalous carboxyl group – CO2 exchange
Authors: Szammer J. , Szabolcs A.
Published: October 2006

The anomalous course of 14CO2 incorporation observed in the thermal transformation of disodium adipate was studied. It has been established that the thermal transformation of butane‐1,1,4‐tricarboxylic acid trisodium salt is accompanied by intramolecular 1‐4 transfer of carboxyl groups. The results of 14C incorporation and carboxyl group exchange suggest that disodium adipate α‐carbanion is present and participates in the reaction in cyclic form.
Tritium nuclear magnetic resonance. Part V.1 distribution of tritium in labelled polycyclic hydrocarbons
Authors: Al‐Rawi Jasim M. A. , Bloxsidge James P. , Elvidge John A. , Jones John R. , Chambers Victor M. A. , Evans E. Anthony
Published: October 2006

The positions and extent of tritium labelling in carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons are rapidly and conveniently revealed by 3H n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Synthesis of [γ‐14C]‐γ‐oxo‐2‐dibenzofuranbutanoic acid (furobufen) and 2‐dibenzofuranacetic[carboxy‐14C] acid
Authors: Ferdinandi E. S.
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of [γ‐14C]‐γ‐oxo‐2‐dibenzofuranbutanoic acid (furobufen) 7 and 2‐dibenzofuranacetic[carboxy‐14C] acid 3b, a major metabolite of furobufen, are described. A by‐product, the dialkylated malonate 6 obtained in the synthesis of 7, was isolated and characterized.
The preparation of [14C]‐labelled 16‐aryloxy prostaglandin f2α analogues. [I.C.I. 81,008 and I.C.I. 80,996]
Authors: White D. F.
Published: October 2006

The preparations of [14C]‐labelled racemic (95,11R,15R)‐9, 11,15‐trihydroxy‐16‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor‐5‐cis,13‐trans‐prostadienoic acid [I.C.I. 81,008] from chloro[1‐14C]acetic acid and potassium[14C]cyanide, and [14C]‐labelled racemic (95,11R,15R)‐16‐(3‐chlorophenoxy)‐9,11,15‐trihydroxy‐17,18,19,20‐tetranor‐5‐cis,13‐trans‐prostadienoic acid [I.C.I. 80,996] from chloro[1‐14C]acetic acid and potassium[14C] cyanide are described.
The synthesis of two 14C‐labelled hypoglycemic benzenesulphonylurea derivatives
Authors: Elsom L. F. , Hawkins D. R. , Christensen H. , Grønvald F. C.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of two carbon‐14 labelled oral hypoglycemic benzo(b)furansulphonylureas is deseribed. The starting materials 2,3 ‐dihydrobenzo (b)furan ‐7 ‐carboxylic acid and 5 methyl–2, 3‐dihydrobenzo (b)furan‐7‐14C‐carboxylic acid were prepared in high yield by carbonation of appropriate Grignard reagents. The final products were obtained with specific activities of 49 and 44 mCi/mmole and radiochemical purities of greater than 99%.
Synthesis of multilabeled histidine
Authors: Soohoo Caroline , Lawson John A. , Degraw Joseph I.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of tetralabeled histidine 15 described. Glycine‐15N was converted essentially by literature procedures to 4‐chloromethylimidazole‐3‐15N‐2,5‐2H2. Alkylation of ethyl acetamidocyanoacetate‐2‐13C, followed by acid hydrolysis and decarboxylation yielded DL‐histidine‐α‐ 13C‐3‐15N‐2,5‐2H2. The compound is useful as a mass spectrometric standard for the measurement of histidine and metabolites in biological media.
Preparation of high specific activity all trans‐α‐retinyl‐11‐3H acetate
Authors: Hale Ronnie L. , Burger Walter , Perry Clark W. , Liebman Arnold A.
Published: October 2006

Lithium borotritide reduction of α‐ionylidene‐acetaldehyde (5) followed by manganese dioxide oxidation provided the tritiated aldehyde (9) which retainad over 95% of the label. On treatment with the ylide derived from ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐methylcrotonate, ethyl α‐retinoate‐11‐3H (14) was obtained which, after purification, was hydrolyzed to α‐retinoic‐11‐3H acid (15). Conversion to the methyl ester (16) followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction yielded all trans‐ α‐retinol (17) which was isolated as the acetate derivative (18).
Synthesis of cysteine‐35S‐sulfate
Authors: Misra Chandra H. , Olney John W.
Published: October 2006

A short and very convenient method is described for the preparation of cysteine‐35S‐sulfate using unlabeled cysteine ‐S‐sulfate and L‐cysteine‐35S. This method provides an 80% yield and can be used for microquantity synthesis.
The synthesis of N‐deuteromethylated desipramine and imipramine
Authors: Shaw G. J. , Markey S. P.
Published: October 2006

Desipramine‐d3 (5‐[3‐(methyl‐d3‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine), imipramine‐d3(5‐[3‐methylmethyl‐d3‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine and imipramine‐d6 (5‐[3‐(dimethyl‐d6‐amino)propyl]‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[b,f] azepine)have been synthesised for use as internal standards in mass spectrometric determinations. The mass spectra of these compounds is reported.