bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização químico-nutricional de um isolado protéico de soro de leite, um hidrolisado de colágeno bovino e misturas dos dois produtos
Authors: Ziegler Fabiane La Flor , Sgarbieri Valdemiro Carlos
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO:Estudar química e nutricionalmente um isolado protéico de soro de leite bovino, um hidrolisado de colágeno bovino e misturas dos dois produtos visando elevado valor nutritivo e funcional. MÉTODOS: Realizaram-se análises da composição centesimal e do perfil de aminoácidos dos dois materiais protéicos, para cálculo da melhor adequação dos aminoácidos essenciais, com base no perfil recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os índices de valor nutritivo para o isolado de soro de leite, o hidrolisado de colágeno e as misturas foram determinados em ratos, a partir de ensaios de crescimento e de balanço de nitrogênio. Os resultados dos parâmetros nutricionais foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey para a verificação de diferenças entre médias (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: O isolado protéico de soro de leite mostrou-se completo quanto aos aminoácidos essenciais pelo padrão de referência da Organização Mundial de Saúde enquanto que o hidrolisado de colágeno bovino mostrou-se deficiente em todos os aminoácidos essenciais, com agravante de completa ausência de triptofano. A caseína mostrou-se mais eficaz que o isolado de soro e as misturas quanto ao poder de promover crescimento em ratos. Não houve diferença estatística no crescimento dos ratos entre o isolado protéico de soro e a mistura 60% isolado de soro e 40% hidrolisado de colágeno. Nos demais índices de valor protéico a mistura 60% isolado de soro: 40% hidrolisado de colágeno mostrou-se igual ou superior à caseína e ao isolado (100%). CONCLUSÃO: A mistura 60% isolado de soro mais 40% hidrolisado de colágeno bovino apresentou elevado valor nutritivo e alto índice de solubilidade em água, mostrando-se promissora como ingrediente na formulação de alimentos dietéticos para idosos, inclusive pelas propriedades funcionais já descritas para essas proteínas.
Impacto de dois programas de educação nutricional sobre o risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos e com excesso de peso
Authors: Alvarez Tatiana Souza , Zanella Maria Teresa
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO:Comparar os efeitos de dois protocolos de um programa de intervenção nutricional sob o risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos e com excesso de peso em uso de medicamentos usual. Os pacientes foram acompanhados no Ambulatório de Hipertensão e Metabologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. MÉTODOS:A população do estudo foi constituída por 63 pacientes hipertensos e com excesso de peso [índice de massa corporal >27 e <39kg/m²], com a média de idade de M=55,7, DP=6,1 anos; 12 homens e 51 mulheres, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a freqüência das visitas, a cada cinco semanas (G35 n=25) ou a cada duas semanas (G14 n=38), durante 20 semanas. Os dois grupos foram submetidos a um programa de intervenção nutricional que englobou atendimentos em grupos, nos quais foram abordados conceitos de alimentação saudável. No início e no término do período do estudo, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a medidas de pressão arterial, avaliação antropométrica e avaliação laboratorial para cálculo do Risco Coronariano de Framingham. RESULTADOS:Ao término do estudo, foi observada redução no índice de massa corporal, na circunferência da cintura (M=102,9, DP=9,7cm vs M=101,8, DP=7,6cm NS), na pressão arterial sistólica (M=139,7, DP=12,4mmHg vs M=134,8, DP=8,2mmHg NS), no colesterol total sérico (M=192,9, DP=35,7mg/dL vs M=195,2, DP=37,8mg/dL NS), no consumo energético referido (M=1759,5, DP=385,8Kcal vs M=1858,7, DP=452,8kcak NS) e no RCF (M=11,1, DP=6,1 vs M=9,4, DP=3,5 NS). CONCLUSÃO:A intervenção nutricional educativa de curto prazo, se mostrou eficaz para redução do risco cardiovascular em pacientes hipertensos e com excesso de peso. Em relação a freqüência das visitas, pôde-se verificar que a visita mensal já produz resultados positivos no sentido de modificar os hábitos alimentares e reduzir o risco cardiovascular.
Formação pedagógica de professores de nutrição: uma omissão consentida?
Authors: Costa Nilce Maria da Silva Campos
Published: June 2009

Apesar dos novos papéis preconizados pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais aos profissionais de Nutrição, pouca atenção tem sido dada ao desenvolvimento docente para atuação nos novos cenários. O objetivo deste ensaio é o de discutir um dos desafios à formação do nutricionista, a prática docente e a formação pedagógica do professor da área da saúde, para pensar formas de oportunizar um ensino de melhor qualidade, com base em autores que discutem a docência universitária. Identificam-se como causas da resistência docente às mudanças, a desvalorização das atividades de ensino e a supremacia das atividades de pesquisa nas universidades. O estudo permitiu sugerir a necessidade de reflexão por parte dos professores de Nutrição sobre as questões da docência universitária e sobre o desenvolvimento docente em uma perspectiva crítica e reflexiva, que possa ancorar mudanças pedagógicas necessárias à formação de nutricionistas.
Dieta rica em proteína na redução do peso corporal
Authors: Pedrosa Rogerio Graça , Donato Junior Jose , Tirapegui Julio
Published: June 2009

A proporção ideal dos macronutrientes em dietas de emagrecimento é atualmente bastante discutida. Existem evidências de que dietas com maior proporção de proteína aumentam a perda de peso e de gordura corporal e diminuem a perda de massa corporal magra durante o emagrecimento. Todavia, os mecanismos responsáveis por estes efeitos não estão totalmente esclarecidos. Além disso, existem poucas conclusões a respeito dos possíveis efeitos colaterais dessas dietas na função renal e no estado nutricional relativo ao cálcio. Assim, este artigo objetiva trazer informações atuais sobre os efeitos de dietas ricas em proteína na perda de peso e na composição corporal e dos mecanismos envolvidos, bem como seus efeitos na função renal e no estado nutricional relativo ao cálcio.
Podometry: a critical evaluation of its use in Hansen's disease
Authors: Greve Júlia Maria D'Andréa , Leiva Tomaz Puga , Imamura Marta , Carvalho Jr. Antonio Egydio , Fernandes Túlio Diniz , Salomão Osny
Published: June 2009

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of podometry to measure the pressure developed over the feet and the value of these findings to help in the prevention of the plantar neuropathic ulcer in patients bearing Hansen's disease. We evaluated 13 patients with impaired plantar pain and touch sensations and 17 normal patients. All the patients were submitted to static evaluation using the podometer. The system employed was the "Midcapteur" commercial podometer composed of a platform for acquisition of analogic data capable of registering the segmental pressures applied to the feet. These data are read by a 386 IBM/PC compatible computer that registers the graphic patterns obtained from the pressures developed and also calculates the modes of pressure distribution in the four quadrants of the foot. These data obtained by means of static podometry were compared to the clinical evaluation of pain and touch sensation of the feet in hansenian patients. The results demonstrate that podometery is an efficient method for evaluating the pressure in impaired feet in Hansen's disease and is a progression of neuropathic ulcer; it is sensitive in the identification of the spots of increased pressure in anesthetic and anomalous areas, asymmetries and in correlating the presence of ulcers with increased pressure.
Do Estrogens improve bone mass in osteoporotic women over ten years of menopause
Authors: Szejnfeld Vera Lucia , Souen Jorge Saad , Baracat Edmund Chada , Atra Edgard , Lima Geraldo Rodrigues de
Published: June 2009

A retrospective analysis of 24 patients with established osteoporosis and with ten or more years of menopause treated with conjugated estrogen, progesterone and calcium followed for one year has been performed. Treated women received 0.625 mg/day of conjugated estrogen from day 1 to 25, 5 mg/day of medroxiprogesterone from day 13 to 25, of each cycle, plus calcium (500 - 1000 mg/day), during one year (12 cycles). As control group was used 18 age-matched that received only calcium (500 a 1000 mg/day). All patients had at least two dual-photon spine and proximal femur (neck, Ward's triangle and trocanter) densities measurements performed 12 months apart. Estrogen treatment was associated with increased bone mineral density at spine and trocanter. Control group did not present any statistically change after one year in any site studied. We concluded that women with ten or more years of menopause and established osteoporosis treated with replacement hormonal therapy and calcium results in improvement of bone mineral density. These data support that women with ten or more years of menopause respond to estrogen replacement therapy with absolute increments in bone density similar to those seen in younger women, in the early menopause.
Wertheim-Meigs radical hysterectomy
Authors: Carvalho Jesus Paula , Souen Jorge Saad , Carramão Silvia da Silva , Yeu Wang Lee , Pinotti José Aristodemo
Published: June 2009

Wertheim-Meigs hysterectomy is the treatment of choice for invasive cervix cancer stage IB and IIA at the University of São Paulo Medical School. It was performed in 168 patients between 1974 and 1993. Pelvic lymph node metastases were found in 19 patients (11.3%) and 149 were negative lymph node. The recurrence rate was 21% in the positive lymph node and 6% in the negative lymph node patients. Complications occurred in 35 patients (20.83%) and were as follows: atonic bladder in 9.52%; fistulae in 5.59%; urinary incontinence in 4.76%; ureteral stenosis in 2.97%; dehiscence in 2.38% and lymphedema in 1.19%. Intraoperative complications occurred at a rate of 4.76% and involved injuries to the bladder, ureter and great vessels.
Morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the cyclical changes of human mammary gland during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Nazário Afonso Celso Pinto , Simões Manuel de Jesus , Lima Geraldo Rodrigues de
Published: June 2009

Analyzing the morphological and ultrastructural features of the mammary gland during the menstrual cycle, the authors observed that in the proliferative phase, the mammary gland consisted of few developed lobules and presented a relative absence of mitotic figures. In this phase, the great majority of the epithelial cells contained small, dark, irregular, rich heterochromatinic nuclei. The mammary stroma showed similar findings, presenting dense connective tissue with few enhanced fibroblasts. During the secretory phase, the lobules were well developed and mitotic figures were usually observed. In this phase, the great majority of the ephitelial cells presented clear voluminous, rich euchromatinic nuclei; the stroma consisted of fibroblasts with voluminous nuclei full of euchromatin. There are evident modifications of the mammary tissue according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. The morphological and ultrastructural modifications indicate higher metabolical and mitotic activities during the secretory phase.
Criteria for indication of breast reconstruction
Authors: Mendes Flávio Henrique , Mendes Silvia Regina Ferreira , Mélega José Marcos
Published: June 2009

Breast reconstruction has been affirmed as part of the treatment for locally advanced breast tumor, and the development of new techniques has been providing better results and widening surgical indications. The objective of this work was to establish and discuss the different criteria that are related to this indication, mainly in what refers to the timing for the procedure. Oncological, clinical and psychological aspects are evaluated according to experience accumulated in recent years, with immediate and delayed reconstruction, carried out in the most diverse specialized centers. The authors conclude that, in reference to the safety and benefits of immediate reconstruction, it would be indicated for any patient who wants it and presents favorable clinical and psychological conditions, without having any absolut contraindication from the oncological point of view.
Nocturnal eating syndrome: a case report with therapeutic response to dexfenfluramine
Authors: Mancini Marcio C. , Alóe Flávio
Published: June 2009

A woman with nocturnal eating syndrome responsive to dexfenfluramine (DXF) is reported. Eating consisted of nightly ingestion of large amounts of high-calorie meals and often sloppy meal consumption or preparation. Amnesia for the episodes was total. Anorexigenic medications produced partial control of her daytime carbohydrate craving and no nocturnal eating change. DXF stopped her eating behavior completely. Nocturnal eating herein meets all 4 DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder. 5-HT role in neural process controlling sleep-wakefulness (SW) has been widely shown. A 5-HT agonist like DXF could determine changes in the SW processes producing the therapeutic outcome reported herein. However, a specific DXF effect on the behavioral control of carbohydrate ingestion can not be dismissed.
Acquired immunedeficiency syndrome in forensic autopsies
Authors: Prints Carlos Delmonte , Mello José Antonio de , Guidugli Ruggero Bernardo , Cury Conceição Gonçalves Caldeira
Published: June 2009

From May 1985 to May 1989, 126 necropsies were performed at the São Paulo City Morgue on cadavers of individuals AIDS victims whose unnatural deaths had prompted police investigations. One hundred and nineteen males and 17 females were included. Ages were most commonly in the 20-to-30 year range. Fifty four deaths occurred in penal institutions, 29 deaths resulted from suicides, 17 deaths from manslaughter, 17 deaths were considered suspicious, 5 willful murders and 4 others also considered suspicious because corpses were found in advanced stages of putrefaction. Inmates, except one man who was strangled, died as a consequence of the disease. During all autopsies, special attention was paid to the high rate of extrapulmonary Mycobacterial infections. Suicides were committed in different ways and the majority of the victims were documented to be still in the initial stages of the disease. Suspicious deaths and deteriorated corpses were the result of negligence of the subject's families. Homicidal deaths occurred in subjects in the terminal stages of the disease inside the hospital where these subjects were assisted and the immunedeficiency certainly contributed to aggravate the injuries leading to death. Attention is drawn to both legal and social issues affecting AIDS victims. The authors believe these issues may pose a hindrance for efficient control of the AIDS epidemic.
E Test: a novel technique for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Authors: Sader Helio Silva , Pignatari Antonio Carlos Campos
Published: June 2009

We describe the applicability of the E test (AB Biodisk Solna, Sweden), a new method for determining minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents against bacteria. This report is based on the literature review and on our own experience using the E test for susceptibility testing of the Xanthomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus viridans group against eight different drugs.
Limb salvage procedures in osteosarcomas around the knee joint
Authors: Merchán Emérito Carlos Rodriguez , Herrera Salvador Sánchez , Lopez Jose Manuel Gonzalez
Published: June 2009

Surgical techniques developed for restoring skeletal continuity after a local resection of a bone tumor (limb salvage procedures) revolutionized the management of the patient suffering from osteosarcomas around the knee. In this article the authors review the current status of various reconstruction procedures; they include osteoarticular allograft arthrodesis, rotation plasty, expandable prosthesis and knee arthroplasty. In summary they suggest that the knee arthrodesis is the preferred procedure for young and active patients, the rotation plasty should be recommended as the alternative to amputation for very young patients, and the customized prostheses are preferred for patients with limited longevity.
Facial bone lengthening apparatus with expander and miniplates
Authors: Viterbo Fausto , Zanini Silvio Antonio
Published: June 2009

Since 1869, bone lengthening has been pursued; when Langenbeck (13) tried growing a shortened bone extremity utilizing for this an arteriovenous fistula in the thigh. At the begining of this century, codovilla (1905) (5,14) introduced bone lenghtening methods for lower limbs.
Fontes de proteína e carboidratos para cães e gatos
Authors: Carciofi Aulus Cavalieri
Published: June 2009

O mercado de alimentos para cães e gatos absorve importante quantidade de proteínas e carboidratos, apesar disso poucos estudos existem sobre digestibilidade e energia metabolizável destes ingredientes. Arroz e milho têm sido considerados as melhores fontes de amido, mas demonstra-se que o sorgo é igualmente bem digerido por cães. Na interpretação dos estudos, deve-se distinguir os que empregaram farinhas ou amidos purificados dos que empregaram ingredientes moídos, como utilizado na fabricação de alimentos para animais de companhia. Além de sua digestibilidade e valor energético, amidos interferem na glicemia de cães, o que torna interessante se empregar, para animais em condições específicas, fontes de carboidrato que levem à menores respostas de glicose e insulina. Devido a elevada necessidade de proteína, ingredientes protéicos são importantes nas formulações. Proteínas de origem animal apresentam maior variação em composição química, qualidade e digestibilidade que as de origem vegetal. Farinhas de origem animal podem apresentar excesso de matéria mineral, limitando sua inclusão na fórmula, enquanto derivados protéicos vegetais apresentam diversos fatores anti-nutricionais que devem ser inativados durante seu processamento. Demonstra-se que proteínas vegetais apresentam boa digestibilidade e energia metabolizável para cães e gatos, sendo sua inclusão interessante para reduzir a matéria mineral da dieta, controlar o excesso de bases do alimento e manter adequada a digestibilidade do produto, neste sentido soja micronizada e o farelo de glúten de milho 60% se destacam em digestibilidade e teor de energia metabolizável. A farinha de vísceras de frango, dentre as proteínas de origem animal secas demonstra-se como a de melhor digestibilidade e energia metabolizável.
Treinamento da equipe de saúde e busca ativa na comunidade: estratégias para a detecção de casos de TB
Authors: Façanha Mônica Cardoso , Melo Marina Alves , Vasconcelos Francisca de Fátima , Sousa José Roberto Pereira de , Pinheiro Adivania de Souza , Porto Ivna Aguiar , Parente Julianne Martins
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do treinamento da equipe do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e da busca ativa domiciliar na detecção de casos de TB em uma comunidade de baixa renda de Fortaleza. MÉTODOS: Intervenção realizada na área de abrangência de um centro de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, com cinco equipes do PSF, responsáveis por cerca de 25.000 pessoas. Treinaram-se todas as equipes de saúde do centro de saúde e implantou-se a busca ativa domiciliar apenas na área de abrangência da Equipe 5. Comparou-se o número de casos detectados em cada uma das cinco áreas antes e depois da intervenção, bem como os casos na área 5 com os das outras áreas e com os casos notificados no município de Fortaleza durante o mesmo período. RESULTADOS: Observou-se um aumento no número de casos de TB detectados na área do estudo: de 1 caso em 2002 para 22 em 2004 (p < 0,005), sem diferença entre a área em que foi feita a busca domiciliar e as outras quatro (p > 0,05). Houve um aumento significativo no número de casos detectados na área do estudo em comparação com aquele no município como um todo (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento e a sensibilização da equipe de saúde da família foram capazes de promover um aumento na detecção de casos de TB em uma comunidade de baixa renda.
Guided sputum sample collection and culture contamination rates in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB
Authors: Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia , Prado Thiago Nascimento do , Peres Renata Lyrio , Palaci Moises , Johnson John L. , Dietze Reynaldo
Published: June 2009

A comparative study to evaluate contamination in cultures of morning sputum samples, comparing those collected at home under currently recommended conditions and those collected under supervision after patient orientation and education. The home and supervised collection groups produced 43 and 76 sputum samples, respectively. The contamination rate was nearly 3-times higher among samples collected at home than among those collected under supervision (37% vs. 13%, p < 0.05; OR = 0.25). The simple educational and hygiene measures described can decrease the contamination rate among sputum samples collected for diagnostic culture.
Forma pseudoneoplásica de esquistossomose pulmonar crônica sem hipertensão pulmonar
Authors: Rodrigues Gisane Cavalcanti , Lacerda Domício Carvalho , Gusmão Edson da Silva , Colares Fernando Antônio , Mota Vinícius Turano
Published: June 2009

A esquistossomose é uma doença que, no Brasil, é causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni e transmitida através da água por moluscos do gênero Biomphalaria. Essa espécie ocorre na África, nas Antilhas e na América do Sul. O parasita, ao atingir a fase adulta de seu ciclo biológico no sistema vascular do homem, alcança as veias mesentéricas. Cada fêmea põe cerca de 400 ovos por dia, e estes, a partir da submucosa, chegam à luz intestinal. Há relatos de casos a respeito de ovos de S. mansoni nos pulmões de pacientes sem evidência de fibrose hepática. Relatamos um caso dessa forma atípica de apresentação da doença. O paciente apresentava dor torácica não-ventilatóriodependente, perda ponderal significativa e tosse seca. A TC de tórax mostrou uma tumoração irregular no lobo inferior esquerdo, mas somente a biópsia pulmonar evidenciou ovos de S. mansoni degenerados. O paciente não apresentava sinais clínicos de hipertensão pulmonar ou portal, as quais tampouco foram diagnosticadas através de exames.
Peanut and Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) Response to Flumioxazin
Authors: Jordan David L. , Lancaster Sarah H. , Lanier James E. , Lassiter Bridget R. , Johnson P. Dewayne
Published: June 2009

Research was conducted in North Carolina to determine peanut response to flumioxazin as influenced by rate and timing of application and cultivar. Delaying application of flumioxazin from 1 d after planting until peanut emergence increased injury regardless of rate. The Virginia market-type cultivar ‘NC-V 11’ was injured more by flumioxazin than the cultivars ‘Gregory’ or ‘Perry’. However, pod yield was not affected by flumioxazin even though significant injury was observed early in the season regardless of flumioxazin rate, application timing, or cultivar. Diclosulam was more effective than flumioxazin in controlling eclipta when these herbicides were applied PRE with metolachlor or following pendimethalin PPI. However, control by flumioxazin prevented yield loss when compared with metolachlor alone.
Evaluation of Glyphosate-Tolerant and Conventional Alfalfa Weed Control Systems during the First Year of Establishment
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Burgener Paul A.
Published: June 2009

A field trial was conducted for 3 yr (2005 through 2007) near Scottsbluff, NE, to examine weed control, crop safety, forage production, and economics of glyphosate-tolerant and conventional alfalfa establishment systems. Glyphosate applied to alfalfa at the unifoliate growth stage provided 67% weed control and was similar to imazamox applied at the two-trifoliate leaf stage. Delaying glyphosate application until alfalfa had reached the two-trifoliate growth stage improved weed control to 83%, and weed control was similar to imazamox plus 2,4-DB and imazethapyr plus 2,4-DB. Imazamox and imazethapyr caused minor crop injury, and the addition of bromoxynil or 2,4-DB to both herbicides further decreased crop safety. Weeds were most competitive with the first forage harvest and reduced relative feed value, crude protein, and value (dollars per t) of forage compared to forage that had been treated with herbicides. The total forage yield for the season consisted of three forage harvests and was greatest when no herbicides were applied. The total forage yield of plots treated with glyphosate at the two-trifoliate growth stage was greater than that of plots treated with imazamox or imazethapyr in combination with bromoxynil. When glyphosate was applied at the two-trifoliate growth stage, seasonal forage yield was similar to forage treated with imazamox, imazethapyr, or both herbicides in combination with 2,4-DB. When herbicide was applied to alfalfa at the two-trifoliate growth stage, the net return from using glyphosate with a glyphosate-tolerant alfalfa variety or utilizing imazamox with a conventional alfalfa variety were similar at $742 and $743/ha, respectively.
Convenience Sample of On-Farm Research Cooperators Representative of Wisconsin Farmers
Authors: Luschei Edward C. , Hammond Clarissa M. , Boerboom Chris M. , Nowak Pete J.
Published: June 2009

Researchers interested in describing or understanding agroecological systems have many reasons to consider on-farm research. Yet, despite the inherent realism and pedagogical value of on-farm studies, recruiting cooperators can be difficult and this difficulty can result in so-called “convenience samples” containing a potentially large and unknown bias. There is often no formal justification for claiming that on-farm research results can be extrapolated to farms beyond those participating in the study. In some sufficiently well-understood research areas, models may be able to correct for potential bias; however, no theoretical argument is as persuasive as a direct comparison between a randomized and a convenience sample. In a 30-cooperator on-farm study investigating weed community dynamics across the state of Wisconsin, we distributed a written survey probing farmer weed management behaviors and attitudes. The survey contained 59 questions that overlapped a large, randomized survey of farmer corn pest management behavior. We compared 187 respondents from the larger survey with the 18 respondents from our on-farm study. For dichotomous response questions, we found no difference in response rate for 80% of the questions (α = 0.2, β > 0.5). Differences between the two groups were logically connected to the selection criteria used to recruit cooperators in the on-farm study. Similarly, comparisons of nondichotomous response questions did not differ for 80% of the questions (α = 0.05, β > 0.9). Exploratory multivariate analyses failed to reveal differences that might have been hidden from the marginal analyses. We argue that our findings support the notion that the convenience samples often associated with on-farm research may be representative of the more general class of farms, despite lack of bias protection provided by truly randomized designs.
Potential of Air-Propelled Abrasives for Selective Weed Control
Authors: Forcella Frank
Published: June 2009

Novel forms of selective weed control are needed by many types of growers, but especially by organic growers who are restricted from using synthetic herbicides. Abrasive grit made from corn cobs was expelled from a sand blaster at 517 kPa pressure and aimed at plants of common lambsquarters and corn positioned 300 mm distant. Most small weed plants were killed by one split-second blast of grit, but corn plants suffered little damage by the same treatment. Air-propelled grit made from agricultural residues possibly could be used for selective nonchemical weed control without the need for soil tillage.
Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy and Phytotoxicity in Grain Sorghum
Authors: Geier Patrick W. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Regehr David L. , Olson Brian L.
Published: June 2009

Field studies conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Kansas compared the effects of KIH-485 and flufenacet to acetochlor and s-metolachlor applied PRE in grain sorghum. All treatments were combined with 1.12 kg/ha of atrazine for broadleaf weed control. KIH-485 and flufenacet, each at one time (1×) and two times (2×) the labeled rates, controlled large crabgrass 55 to 76% in 2005 and 94% or more in 2006 and 2007. In 2005, all herbicides controlled shattercane less than 20%, and only KIH-485 at the 2× rate controlled shattercane more than 70% in 2006 and 2007. Averaged over herbicides, green foxtail was controlled 98% in 2005, 77% in 2006, and 79% in 2007. Most herbicides controlled foxtail 86% or more when averaged over experiments, however, s-metolachlor at 1×, flufenacet at either rate, or atrazine alone did not. Sorghum was not stunted with KIH-485 or flufenacet in two of seven experiments. However, sorghum growth was reduced 23 to 54% with the 2× rates of KIH-485, flufenacet, or acetochlor in four experiments. Compared to the weed free control, sorghum stand establishment was reduced 18% with the 2× rate of flufenacet at Colby in 2006. At Hays in 2005, stand reductions occurred with acetochlor or KIH-485 at the 2× rates and either rate of flufenacet. Averaged over experiments, grain yields were reduced 9 and 10% with KIH-485 and flufenacet at the 2× rates, respectively. Where precipitation was greatest during the 2 wk following herbicide application, weed control was the best with these herbicides, but sorghum injury was also greatest.
Five Cool-Season Annual Grass Weeds Reduce Hard Red Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Price
Authors: Fast Brandon J. , Medlin Case R. , Murray Don S.
Published: June 2009

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to quantify the wheat grain yield losses and price discounts resulting from season-long interference with cheat, feral rye, Italian ryegrass, jointed goatgrass, and wild oat. Plots were seeded to individual weeds at one of seven seeding rates, and wheat was planted in all plots at a uniform rate. Maximum weed densities were 89 (cheat), 80 (feral rye), 158 (Italian ryegrass), 170 (jointed goatgrass), and 120 plants/m2(wild oat). Wheat grain yield losses caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 19 (cheat), 55 (feral rye), 20 (Italian ryegrass), 21 (jointed goatgrass), and 28% (wild oat). Wheat grain total price discounts caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 22 (cheat), 368 (feral rye), 26 (Italian ryegrass), 36 (jointed goatgrass), and 64 cents/hectoliter (wild oat). Of the five weed species included in this research, interference from feral rye had the greatest effect on wheat grain yield and price.
Surface Applications of Dazomet Provide Nonselective Control of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Turf
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Breeden Gregory K.
Published: June 2009

Herbicide applications prior to turf renovation often fail to provide complete control of perennial warm-season turfgrass species like seashore paspalum. Surface applications of dazomet at 506 kg/ha provided > 90% POST control of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum turf in 2008. Although applications of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha or fluazifop-P-butyl at 0.42 kg/ha induced significant injury, these treatments provided < 40% POST control of SeaDwarf seashore paspalum turf 10 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in 2008. A similar response was noted following applications of glyphosate plus fluazifop-P-butyl at rates of 5.6 kg/ha and 0.42 kg/ha, respectively. POST control following applications of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha plus fluazifop-P-butyl at 0.42 kg/ha, prior to applying dazomet at 506 kg/ha, was not different from that which was observed following applications of dazomet alone at 506 kg/ha. These data suggest that granular applications of dazomet alone, at 506 kg/ha, can be used to provide effective control of SeaDwarf seashore paspalum prior to renovation.
Control of Volunteer Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean in Rice
Authors: Bond Jason A. , Walker Timothy W.
Published: June 2009

Two field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate at-planting burndown and POST herbicide applications targeting volunteer glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean in rice. In the burndown study, paraquat, glufosinate, and a thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixture were applied immediately after rice seeding. Paraquat controlled volunteer GR soybean at least 95% at all evaluations both years. Control with glufosinate was greater in 2007 than 2008 due to rainfall that occurred following application the second year. The thifensulfuron plus tribenuron mixture provided similar control in both years, but control never exceeded 71%. Additionally, a study was conducted evaluating POST-applied rice herbicides including propanil (4,480 and 2,240 g ai/ha), triclopyr (420 and 210 g ai/ha), bispyribac-sodium (38 and 19 g ai/ha), penoxsulam (40 and 20 g ai/ha), and halosulfuron (70 and 35 g ai/ha). Control across all POST herbicides and application rates was equivalent (> 95%) 28 and 56 d after application except for propanil, which controlled volunteer GR soybean less than other treatments. Volunteer GR soybean can be effectively managed in a rice production system with at-planting burndown or POST herbicide applications in rice.
Herbicidal Effects of Vinegar and a Clove Oil Product on Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Evans Glenn J. , Bellinder Robin R. , Goffinet Martin C.
Published: June 2009

Weed management can be difficult and expensive in organic agricultural systems. Because of the potentially high cost of the natural product herbicides vinegar and clove oil, their efficacy with regard to weed species growth stages needs to be determined. A further objective was to identify anatomical and morphological features of redroot pigweed and velvetleaf that influence the effectiveness of vinegar and clove oil. Research was conducted on greenhouse-grown cotyledon, two-leaf, and four-leaf redroot pigweed and velvetleaf. Dose–response treatments for vinegar included 150-, 200-, 250-, and 300-grain vinegar at 318 L/ha and at 636 L/ha. Clove oil treatments included 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8% (v/v) dilutions of a clove oil product in water (318 L/ha), and a 1.7% (v/v) dilution in 200-grain vinegar (318 L/ha). An untreated control was included. Separate plantings of velvetleaf and pigweed were treated with vinegar or clove oil and were used to study anatomical and morphological differences between the two species. Redroot pigweed was easier to control with both products than velvetleaf. Whereas 200-grain vinegar applied at 636 L/ha provided 100% control (6 d after treatment [DAT]) and mortality (9 DAT) of two-leaf redroot pigweed, this same treatment on two-leaf velvetleaf provided only 73% control and 18% mortality. The obtuse leaf blade angle in velvetleaf moved product away from the shoot tip, whereas in pigweed, the acute leaf blade angle, deep central leaf vein, and groove on the upper side of the leaf petiole facilitated product movement toward the stem axis and shoot tip. For both species, and at all application timings, 150-grain vinegar at 636 L/ha provided control equal to that of 300-grain vinegar at 318 L/ha. As growth stage advanced, control and biomass reduction decreased and survival increased. Application timing will be critical to maximizing weed control with vinegar and clove oil.
Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) Control in Florida Pastures
Authors: Rana Neha , Sellers Brent A.
Published: June 2009

Soft rush is a perennial, tussock-forming plant that often infests low-lying grazing areas in Florida. Experiments were conducted to determine the most effective herbicides for control of soft rush. Herbicide treatments included triclopyr + fluroxypyr at 0.43 + 0.15 and 0.86 + 0.30 kg/ha, 2,4-D amine at 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha, 2,4-D amine + carfentrazone at 1.12 + 0.02 and 2.24 + 0.02 kg/ha, aminopyralid at 0.12 kg/ha, and 2,4-D amine + dicamba at 1.61 + 0.56 kg/ha and were applied to soft rush with and without mowing to a 15-cm stubble height. Aminopyralid and triclopyr + fluroxypyr did not control soft rush with or without mowing 1 and 12 mo after treatment (MAT). When mowing occurred prior to application, treatments containing 2,4-D provided at least 81% control of soft rush 1 MAT. In contrast, control was no greater than 59% when treatments were applied without mowing soft rush. Mowing had no impact on soft-rush control with herbicides 12 MAT. Applications of 2.24 kg/ha 2,4-D provided at least 90% control 12 MAT, but this was not significantly different from the premix of 2,4-D + dicamba or 2.24 + 0.02 kg/ha 2,4-D + carfentrazone treatments. Therefore, effective control of soft rush can be obtained with the use of 2,4-D amine or products that contain 2,4-D amine.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Hearing Loss in a Healthy Population Sample: The HUNT Study
Authors: Helvik Anne-Sofie , Krokstad Steinar , Tambs Kristian
Published: June 2009

We assessed socioeconomic position and hearing loss in a Norwegian population of 17 593 men and women aged 30–54 years in 1984–1986 who were followed for 11 years. We used analysis of variance, logistic regression, and population-attributable fraction analyses to examine associations. Significant socioeconomic inequalities in hearing loss were found among men. Adjusted odds ratios for hearing loss were approximately 1.3 to 1.9 for semi- and unskilled manual workers compared with participants with high occupational class; the population-attributable fraction of the prevalence of hearing loss over the cutpoint in the high-frequency (3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz) range was 35%.
Noise Levels Associated With New York City's Mass Transit Systems
Authors: Neitzel Richard , Gershon Robyn R. M. , Zeltser Marina , Canton Allison , Akram Muhammad
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We measured noise levels associated with various forms of mass transit and compared them to exposure guidelines designed to protect against noise-induced hearing loss.

Methods. We used noise dosimetry to measure time-integrated noise levels in a representative sample of New York City mass transit systems (subways, buses, ferries, tramway, and commuter railways) aboard transit vehicles and at vehicle boarding platforms or terminals during June and July 2007.

Results. Of the transit types evaluated, subway cars and platforms had the highest associated equivalent continuous average (Leq) and maximum noise levels. All transit types had Leq levels appreciably above 70 A-weighted decibels, the threshold at which noise-induced hearing loss is considered possible.

Conclusions. Mass transit noise exposure has the potential to exceed limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency and thus cause noise-induced hearing loss among riders of all forms of mass transit given sufficient exposure durations. Environmental noise–control efforts in mass transit and, in cases in which controls are infeasible, the use of personal hearing protection would benefit the ridership's hearing health.
First-Trimester Working Conditions and Birthweight: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. , van der Wal Marcel F. , van Eijsden Manon , Bonsel Gouke J.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between women's first-trimester working conditions and infant birthweight.

Methods. Pregnant women (N = 8266) participating in the Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development study completed a questionnaire gathering information on employment and working conditions. After exclusions, 7135 women remained in our analyses. Low birthweight and delivery of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant were the main outcome measures.

Results. After adjustment, a workweek of 32 hours or more (mean birthweight decrease of 43 g) and high job strain (mean birthweight decrease of 72 g) were significantly associated with birthweight. Only high job strain increased the risk of delivering an SGA infant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.2). After adjustment, the combination of high job strain and a long workweek resulted in the largest birthweight reduction (150 g) and the highest risk of delivering an SGA infant (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2, 3.2).

Conclusions. High levels of job strain during early pregnancy are associated with reduced birthweight and an increased risk of delivering an SGA infant, particularly if mothers work 32 or more hours per week.
Work Injury Risk Among Young People With Learning Disabilities and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Canada
Authors: Breslin F. Curtis , Pole Jason D.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We sought to gain a better understanding of the relationship between learning disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and risk of occupational injury among young workers.

Methods. We assessed 15- to 24-year-old workers (n = 14 379) from cycle 2.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). We gathered data on demographic characteristics, work-related factors, and presence of learning disabilities or ADHD. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess occurrences of medically attended work injuries.

Results. There was an 89% adjusted increase in work injury risk among workers with self-reported dyslexia (a type of learning disability) relative to workers reporting no learning disabilities, although this result did not meet traditional statistical significance criteria. Being out of school, either with or without a high school diploma, was associated with a significantly increased risk of work injury, even after control for a number of demographic and work-related variables.

Conclusions. Our findings underscore the notion that individual differences salient in the education system (e.g., learning disabilities, school dropout) need to be integrated into conceptual models of injury risk among young workers.
Racial Targeting of Sexual Violence in Darfur
Authors: Hagan John , Rymond-Richmond Wenona , Palloni Alberto
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We used the Atrocities Documentation Survey to determine whether Sudanese government forces were involved in racially targeting sexual victimization toward ethnically African women in the Darfur region of western Sudan.

Methods. The US State Department conducted the survey by interviewing a randomized multistage probability sample of 1136 Darfur refugees at 20 sites in Chad in 2004. For a subset of 932 respondents who had fled from village clusters that accounted for 15 or more respondents per cluster, we used hierarchical linear models to analyze village-level patterns of reported sexual violence. We statistically controlled for individual sexual victimization to remove bias.

Results. Respondents reported being subjected to racial epithets associated with sexual victimization significantly more often during combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janjaweed militia forces than during separate attacks by either force.

Conclusions. Combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janjaweed militia forces led to racial epithets being used more often during sexual victimization in Darfur. Our results suggest that the Sudanese government is participating in the use of sexual assault as a racially targeted weapon against ethnically African civilians.
Sensory Impairment Among Older US Workers
Authors: Davila Evelyn P. , Caban-Martinez Alberto J. , Muennig Peter , Lee David J. , Fleming Lora E. , Ferraro Kenneth F. , LeBlanc William G. , Lam Byron L. , Arheart Kristopher L. , McCollister Kathryn E. , Zheng Diane , Christ Sharon L.
Published: June 2009

We used 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey data to evaluate the prevalence of sensory impairment among US workers 65 years and older. Hearing impairment prevalence was 3 times that of visual impairment (33.4% vs 10.2%), and 38% of older workers reported experiencing either impairment. Farm operators, mechanics, and motor vehicle operators had the highest prevalence of sensory impairment. Workplace screening and accommodations, including sensory protection devices for older workers, are warranted given the greater risk for injuries among the sensory impaired.
Using Sickness Absence Records to Predict Future Depression in a Working Population: Prospective Findings From the GAZEL Cohort
Authors: Melchior Maria , Ferrie Jane E. , Alexanderson Kristina , Goldberg Marcel , Kivimaki Mika , Singh-Manoux Archana , Vahtera Jussi , Westerlund Hugo , Zins Marie , Head Jenny
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that sickness absence from work predicts workers' risk of later depression.

Methods. Study participants (n = 7391) belonged to the French GAZEL cohort of employees of the national gas and electricity company. Sickness absence data (1996–1999) were obtained from company records. Participants' depression in 1996 and 1999 was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. The analyses were controlled for baseline age, gender, marital status, occupational grade, tobacco smoking status, alcohol consumption, subthreshold depressive symptoms, and work stress.

Results. Among workers who were free of depression in 1996, 13% had depression in 1999. Compared with workers with no sickness absence during the study period, those with sickness absence were more likely to be depressed at follow-up (for 1 period of sickness absence, fully adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28, 1.82; for 2 or more periods, fully adjusted OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.61, 2.36). Future depression was predicted both by psychiatric and nonpsychiatric sickness absence (fully adjusted OR = 3.79 [95% CI = 2.81, 5.10] and 1.41 [95% CI = 1.21, 1.65], respectively).

Conclusions. Sickness absence records may help identify workers vulnerable to future depression.
Why U.S. Financial Markets Need a Public Credit Rating Agency
Authors: Diomande M. Ahmed , Heintz James S. , Pollin Robert N.
Published: June 2009

The financial crisis reveals a need for a public credit rating agency that is not in the pay of issuers, according to M. Ahmed Diomande, James Heintz, and Robert Pollin.
Daytona Dreams Restaurant: Linking Accounting Systems with Business Valuation
Authors: Dow Kevin E. , Shea Vincent J. , Waldrup Bobby E.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: A problem encountered in accounting information systems (AIS) education is that students sometimes do not understand how organizational risks affect firm value. This case presents a privately held restaurant that is currently under acquisition consideration by a publicly traded restaurant group that follows internal control guidance as stipulated by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) guidelines. The objective of this case is to present students with a causal link among (1) internal control weaknesses of a restaurant, (2) financial statement assertions, and (3) management decisions that can impact firm value. Students must identify and translate control weaknesses into the case's business valuation decision. The case is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate AIS and audit classes.
The Effects of Expanded Independent Assurance on the Use of Firm-Initiated Disclosures by Investors with Limited Business Knowledge
Authors: Pinsker Robert , Wheeler Patrick
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: While increased disclosure is helpful in reducing information asymmetry, investors tend to discount firm-initiated disclosures due to the perception that management may be biased, resulting in lower stock prices. To reduce the perception of bias, assurances by independent auditors can be attached to firm disclosures not typically covered by the traditional audit. However, until recently, it was not technologically feasible to have independent assurances accompany all firm-initiated disclosures (i.e., expanded assurance). In an experimental study, we investigate whether having assurances accompany all firm disclosures will be perceived by nonprofessional investors with limited business knowledge as helpful in reducing investment risk. We use liberal arts students as proxies for these investors. Findings suggest that participants discount share prices for perceived bias in firm-initiated disclosures in the absence of independent assurance; however, in the presence of such assurance, participants significantly increase share prices. Mixed support is found for assurance reducing investor variation.