bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coagulase and Heat‐resistant Nuclease Producing Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains from Animals
Authors: DEVRIESE L. A. , OEDING P.
Published: March 2008

Strains isolated from the skin and the upper respiratory tract of chickens and from bovine udders showed characteristics typical for Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 2, but produced a heat‐resistant nuclease (DNase) and reacted in the tube coagulase test. The strains were physiologically, biochemically and serologically indistinguishable from Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from swine. However, in contrast to S. hyicus, they appeared to be devoid of pathogenicity when tested in colostrum deprived piglets. The poultry strains occur frequently as skin inhabitants.
Some Metabolic and Biochemical Characteristics of Representative Microbial Isolates from Vacuum‐packaged Beef
Authors: SUTHERLAND JANE P. , PATTERSON J. T. , GIBBS P. A. , MURRAY J. G.
Published: March 2008

Some of the metabolic and biochemical characteristics of 105 organisms isolated at 4° from meat matured in vacuo at 0–2° for 0–9 weeks were studied. Proteolysis was noted in Pseudomonas spp., Achromobacter spp. and Gram negative, fermentative organisms, mainly in aerobic and low oxygen environments. Fewer organisms hydrolysed beef fat than hydrolysed tributyrin. While representatives of most of the major groups of organisms dissimilated mono‐ and di‐saccharides, more complex carbohydrates were less readily attacked. Only Gram negative, fermentative organisms showed decarboxylase activity on amino acids. There is evidence that Pseudomonas spp. can survive in an anaerobic environment, although their metabolism is less vigorous.
Degradation of I‐Naphthol by a Soil Pseudomonad
Authors: WALKER N. , JANES N. F. , SPOKES J. R. , VAN BERKUM P.
Published: March 2008

A soil Pseudomonas sp. grew with 1‐naphthol as sole organic carbon source and produced a 3,4‐dihydro‐dihydroxy‐1(2H)‐naphthalenone as the main early intermediary metabolite. Washed 1‐naphthol‐grown organisms oxidized naphthalene, 1‐ or 2‐naphthol, salicylic acid and, to some extent, 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid.
The Significance of Propionibacterium Species and Micrococcus lactilyticus to the Ensiling Process
Authors: WOOLFORD M. K.
Published: March 2008

The fermentation of lactic acid by two Propionibacterium spp. and by Micrococcus lactilyticus was examined in simulated silage. Fermentation occurred in silages which achieved a low pH (<4·0) but this resulted only in a small rise in pH and a secondary clostridial fermentation did not occur. Lactic acid‐fermenting organisms resembling Propionibacterium spp. were isolated from authentic silages but not from fresh grass.
The Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in Farmed Trout Raised in Great Britain
Authors: CANN D. C. , TAYLOR LESLEY Y. , HOBBS G.
Published: March 2008

The incidence of Clostridium botulinum in farmed trout has been studied. Seventeen farms were visited; 5 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 10 in England. Fourteen hundred trout were examined and the incidence of Cl. botulinum in whole fish and viscera was 9·4 and 11·0%, respectively. The organism was demonstrated in 13 of the 17 farms examined ranging from 2·9 to 100%. Four visits to one farm showed only a slight variation in the incidence of the organism.
The Continuous Culture of Luminous Bacteria: a Luminostat
Authors: WARDLEY‐SMITH BRIDGET , WHITE D. C. , LOWE A. E.
Published: March 2008

A method has been designed for the continuous culture of luminous bacteria. The control system for the culture uses a combination of luminescence and optical density as a light signal received by a photomultiplier. This combined signal operates pumps which exchange the growth medium. Using this method, a culture of brightly luminescing bacteria was maintained for periods up to 3 weeks.
A Method of Culturing Rhizobium meliloti on Porous Granules to Form a Pre‐Inoculant for Lucerne Seed
Authors: FRASER MARGARET E.
Published: March 2008

A method for the production of a granule inoculant of Rhizobium meliloti for lucerne seed (Medicago sativa) is described. The method enables large scale production of such an inoculant to be considered and is derived from the work previously reported (Fraser, 1966). Modifications have resulted in a granule with a higher initial count of rhizobia and with better survival on storage. An inoculum ranging from 200 000 rhizobia/seed from freshly prepared granules to 2000/seed from granules stored for 6 months at room temperature is possible.
Effects of Temperature and Nutrients on Proteinase Production by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. aeruginosa in Broth and Milk
Authors: JUFFS H. S.
Published: March 2008

Temperature and the composition of the medium influenced the production of proteinase by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from raw milk. Many isolates of Ps. fluorescens digested litmus milk at 10° but not at 5° or 2°. With Ps. fluorescens proteinase production per unit of growth in a Peptone–Yeast Extract broth declined progressively as the incubation temperature was reduced from 20° to 5°. At 30° there was heavy growth in the same medium but only slight proteinase production whereas enzyme production by Ps. aeruginosa was maximal at this temperature. Proteinase production by both species in semi‐defined media was essentially a function of the organic nitrogen content of the medium; there was evidence of catabolite repression by glucose and, to a lesser extent, lactate. In milks seeded with these pseudomonads, the extent of proteolysis was either increased markedly or slightly decreased when glucose was included.
Survey of Media for the Resuscitation of Heat‐stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: BEUCHAT L. R.
Published: March 2008

Eighteen agar media were compared with Thiosulphate–Citrate–Bile salts–Sucrose agar for their ability to permit colony formation by heated and non‐heated Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Seven enrichment broths were tested for their ability to recover V. parahaemolyticus from homogenates of crab meat. Water Blue–Alizarin Yellow agar, Arabinose–Ammonium Sulphate–Cholate agar and Horie's Arabinose–Ethyl Violet broth were found to be most suitable for detecting non‐heated and heat‐stressed V. parahaemolyticus.
An Investigation of Antibiotic and Drug Residues in Fish
Authors: McCRACKEN A. , FIDGEON S. , O'BRIEN J. J. , ANDERSON and D.
Published: March 2008

The use of antibiotics and drugs in fish farming has prompted an investigation into the elimination of these residues from fish muscle. Young rainbow trout were given intraperitoneal injections of either chloramphenicol, framycetin, oxytetracycline or sulphadiazine/ trimethoprim and muscle tissue was examined by microbiological assay over a period of weeks for the presence of active residues. The effect of the method of administration of two of the drugs was also investigated and the results discussed.
Occurrence and Thermoresistance of Spores of Psychrophilic and Psychrotrophic Aerobic Sporeformers in Soil and Foods
Authors: MICHELS M. J. M. , VISSER F. M. W.
Published: March 2008

Spores of psychrotrophic (able to grow at 5°C) aerobic sporeformers occurred in soil in high numbers (2 × 103‐5 × 106/g), whereas psychrophilic (able to grow at 0°C) spores were present at significantly lower levels (500–105/g). Psychrotrophic spores were absent in herbs and spices: in pasteurized meals prepared industrially their numbers varied from <10 to 1000/g. For spores harvested from Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA), the heat resistance of the cold‐tolerant sporeformers was low with D90°C‐values from 1–11 min. The recovery of heated psychrophilic spores on this medium at 5°C was equal to their recovery at 20°C. However, the recovery of heated psychrotrophic spores was lower at 5°C than at 20°C, whereas unheated spores gave the same counts at both temperatures. The heat resistance of naturally occurring spores of cold‐tolerant sporeformers washed from soil was comparable with the resistance of spores formed on TSA.
Methods for Examining the Microflora of Mouldy Hay
Authors: LACEY J. , DUTKIEWICZ J.
Published: March 2008

A comparison of four methods of estimating the microflora of mouldy hay showed that more micro‐organisms were removed by washing samples than by blowing in a small wind tunnel. By contrast, actinomycete spores were estimated more efficiently from air using an Anderson Sampler than by plating diluted washings because fewer bacteria were blown than washed off the hay. Estimates of fungal spores were larger from counts in haemocytometer cells than by dilution plating but counts of actinomycetes and bacteria were higher by dilution plating. Fungi grew equally well from air or water suspensions and with the Cascade Impactor and Anderson Sampler their numbers were estimated with less variation than for the numbers of ‘actinomycetes and bacteria’even on improved media and after correcting for viability, clumping and interference between colonies.
An Investigation of Calf Carcass Contamination by Escherichia coli from the Gut Contents at Slaughter
Authors: HOWE KATHERINE , LINTON A. H. , OSBORNE A. D.
Published: March 2008

The degree of carcass contamination at slaughter of three groups of calves (a total of 36 animals) was studied and the O‐antigen types of Escherichia coli found on the carcass surface and in rectal contents were determined. In one‐third of the animals E. coli strains found on the surface of a carcass belonged to the same O‐serotype as those found in the rectal sample of the same calf. Nearly all the O‐serotypes found on the carcasses were also found in the rectal contents of at least one calf, showing that cross‐contamination of carcasses had occurred. The E. coli isolated from the rectal contents were all resistant to at least one antibacterial agent.
Isolation and Identification of Photosynthetic Bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae) from Antarctic Marine and Freshwater Sediments
Authors: HERBERT R. A.
Published: March 2008

Sediment samples obtained from three freshwater lakes and off‐shore coastal marine waters on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica have been inoculated into selective enrichment media for purple non‐sulphur bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae). From the freshwater sediments strains of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (1), Rhodopseudomonas palustris (1), Rhodospirillum fulvum (1), Rhodospirillum molischanum (1) and Rhodomicrobium vannielii (3) have been isolated. The only purple non‐sulphur bacteria obtained from Lake 10 (Amos lake) were strains of Rhodomicrobium vannielii which were able to tolerate hydrogen sulphide (up to 0.04% w/v) found in this lake. Growth of all the other isolates is inhibited by the presence of hydrogen sulphide. Marine sediments yielded strains of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodomicrobium vannielii. All the isolates grow optimally at temperatures between 25 and 30 °C. mean generation times vary between 8 and 10.7 h depending on species. There is no evidence of cold adaptation in any of the strains studied.
A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Proteus‐Providence Bacteria
Authors: McKELL JEAN , JONES DOROTHY
Published: March 2008

One hundred and six strains from the Proteus‐Providence group and 27 other strains from the rest of the Enterobacteriaceae were subjected to 178 morphological. physiological and biochemical tests and the results analysed by computer. Most of the Proteus‐Providence strains grouped into six main clusters; (1) Proteus mirabilis, (2) Proteus vulgaris, (3) Proteus morganii, (4) Providencia alcalifaciens, Shigella dysenteriae, (5) Proteus rettgeri, (6) Providencia stuartii. On the basis of these groupings a scheme has been drawn up for distinguishing between the different taxa in the Proteus‐Providence group.
Gradient Elution of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli Strains from a DEAE‐Cellulose Column
Authors: HALL A. N. , HOGG S. D. , PHILLIPS G. O.
Published: March 2008

A good separation of cells of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli NCIB 8134, which had been grown on nutrient agar for 18 h at 37 °C, was obtained by elution from a column of Whatman DE‐32 cellulose with a linear NaCl gradient in 0.05 M‐phosphate at pH 6.0.

2. The identity of the separated fractions was established by comparison with the elution patterns of the individual bacteria and by means of diagnostic tests.

Salmonella typhimurium cells separated into two fractions under these conditions.

The yield of cells recovered from a column was considerably increased by inclusion of 0.05% (w/v) Tween 80 in the eluant system.
The Inhibitory Effect of Arginine on Growth of Some Mycoplasmas
Authors: LEACH R. H.
Published: March 2008

Arginine was inhibitory to many mycoplasmas and, at the commonly‐used concentration of 10 g/l in broth, growth of 15 of the 41 species and subspecies tested was completely inhibited. The inhibitory effect of arginine was less pronounced in agar media. It is recommended that arginine broth for routine mycoplasma investigations should have a reduced arginine concentration of only 2 g/l.
Isolation of Actinomycetes and Fungi from Mouldy Hay using a Sedimentation Chamber
Authors: LACEY J. , DUTKIEWICZ J.
Published: March 2008

Actinomycetes and fungi causing farmers’lung and infections in man and animals were isolated preferentially using an Andersen sampler after shaking spores from mouldy hay in a sedimentation chamber.

Actinomycetes were isolated after 2 h sedimentation and Aspergillus fumigatus and Absidia spp. after 30 min.
A Simple and Sensitive Technique for Determining the Fermentation Reactions of Non‐sporing Anaerobes
Authors: PHILLIPS K. D.
Published: March 2008

A new technique is described for determining the fermentation reactions of non‐sporing anaerobes.

The fermentation reactions are carried out on horse blood agar plates to which fermentable substrates are added.

The technique is simple, sensitive and yields reproducible fermentation patterns.
The Thermal Denaturation of Partly Purified Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic Acid and its Taxonomic Applications
Authors: OWEN R. J. , LAPAGE S. P.
Published: March 2008

Partly purified DNA and the corresponding highly purified DNA was obtained from 25 strains of Gram negative, rod‐shaped bacteria.

The DNAs were examined by the thermal denaturation method and the melting temperatures of both partly and highly purified DNA samples from the same strain were in close agreement.

For all strains, the mean difference in G+C contents estimated from the melting temperatures of each partly and highly purified DNA was 0.4% G+C.

The presence of residual RNA and protein in the partly purified DNA samples contributed to variations in the total hyperchromism but did not significantly affect the accuracy of the melting temperature determination.
The Cultivation of the Rumen Ciliate Entodinium longinucleatum
Authors: OWEN R. W. , COLEMAN G. S.
Published: March 2008

Two isolates of Entodinium longinucleatum have been cultured in vitro for at least six months in the presence of bacteria on a reduced buffered salts medium with the daily addition of starch grains and ground dried grass.

Cultures of Entodinium longinucleatum were normally maintained by dilution, twice each week, with an equal volume of fresh medium, but the protozoa would also grow from a 2.5% inoculum with a mean generation time of 1.3 days.
The Application of the Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis Technique to demonstrate Antigens in Oral Vaccines
Authors: BINNIE P. W. H.
Published: March 2008

This communication describes the application of the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis technique to demonstrate the presence of antigens in oral vaccines with details of the materials and methods used.
Taurolin, a New Chemotherapeutic Agent
Authors: BROWNE M. K. , LESLIE G. B. , PFIRRMANN R. W.
Published: March 2008

Taurolin, bis‐(1,1‐dioxo‐perhydro‐1,2,4‐thiadiazinyl‐4)‐methan, is a novel, broad spectrum, non‐systemic chemotherapeutic agent. It is effective in vivo against a wide range of pathogenic organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium, and would be of particular use against antibiotic‐resistant organisms. It is based on an endogenous substance, taurine, which acts as a non‐toxic formaldehyde carrier donating methylol groups to bacterial protein and endotoxin thus causing denaturation and polycondensation of the pathogens and their pyrogens. It is anticipated that Taurolin will be of value in the treatment of faecal peritonitis.
Substrate Limitation of Bacterial Growth at Meat Surfaces
Authors: GILL C. O.
Published: March 2008

Utilization of the low molecular weight, soluble components of meat by an anaerobic and an aerobic spoilage bacterium was examined. During growth of the anaerobe in a meat juice medium, the only substance utilized in detectable amounts was glucose. The growth of the bacterium on the surface of meat was limited by the rate of diffusion of fermentable substrates from within the meat to the surface. The aerobe utilized amino acids and lactic acid when glucose was exhausted. The growth of the bacterium on the surface of meat was not limited by substrate availability or by the increased pH at the surface resulting from degradation of amino acids.
Enzymic Breakdown of Amino Acids and Related Compounds by Suspensions of Washed Mycobacteria
Authors: GRANGE J. M.
Published: March 2008

The ability of washed mycobacteria, harvested from Lowestein‐Jensen medium, to break down amino acids and related compounds was investigated. One hundred and thirty mycobacteria representing 17 species were tested against 21 compounds. Three compounds were broken down by all strains, seven were not attacked by any strain and in the remainder there was variable degradation both between and within species.
Heat Resistance Studies on Yeast spp. Causing Spoilage in Soft Drinks
Authors: Put Henriëtte M. C. , De Jong J. , Sand F. E. M. J. , Van Grinsven A. M.
Published: March 2008

A test method to investigate the heat resistance of yeasts has been developed. The method was used to study the heat resistance of 120 yeast strains, representative of the fungal flora in soft drinks and certain acid food products: 35 asporogenous yeast strains (Brettanomyces, Candida, Kloeckera, Rhodotorula and Torulopsis) and 85 ascomycetous strains (Debaryomyces, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Lodderomyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces and Saccharomycopsis) were tested. Generally, asporogenous yeasts were found to be less heat resistant than ascomycetous types. The genus Saccharomyces showed the highest heat resistance, especially strains of the species Sacch. cerevisiae and Sacch. chevalieri. For an evaluation of the practical implications of these results additional studies on environmental factors influencing the heat resistance of ascomycetous yeast species are required.
The Toxicity of Sulphur Dioxide towards Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Apple Juice
Authors: Carr J. G. , Davies Patricia A. , Sparks A. H.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a method for testing the effect of various concentrations of SO2 on lactic acid bacteria from ciders. The media and methods were devised to minimize loss of SO2 due to oxidation or binding with carbonyl compounds. Exposure of laboratory or freshly isolated strains to various concentrations of free SO2 at pH 4·0 did not readily kill them even at high concentrations of free SO2 (c. 150 p/m or 0·97 p/m molecular SO2) yet they were suppressed at low concentrations (c. 5 p/m or 0·032 p/m molecular SO2). Reducing the pH to 3·4 reaffirmed how much more effective SO2 is against lactic acid bacteria at lower pH levels because more is present as molecular SO2. As a result of this the idea of quoting SO2 values as p/m molecular SO2 is advocated. Addition of hydrogen peroxide or acetaldehyde to a test system containing 142 p/m free SO2 showed that they had a similar effect in nullifying its antimicrobial properties and allowing the test bacteria to grow. There was no indication that acetaldehyde bisulphite was toxic to the test bacteria.
Dissimilatory Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction under Aerobic Conditions by an Aerobically and Anaerobically Grown Alcaligenes sp. and by Activated Sludge
Authors: KRUL J. M.
Published: March 2008

The oxygen uptake of an Alcaligenes sp., isolated from activated sludge, was inhibited by small amounts of nitric oxide. The occurrence of this inhibition was dependent on the growth conditions and the pretreatment of the cells. Anaerobically grown cells, which had subsequently been aerated in a nitrogen‐free medium, accumulated nitric oxide, after the addition of nitrate or nitrite. When the oxygen uptake was inhibited by nitric oxide, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate and nitrite proceeded under aerobic conditions at the same rate as in the absence of oxygen. Activated sludge removed nitric oxide actively under aerobic conditions and as a consequence the oxygen uptake of the sludge was not inhibited in the presence of nitrite. The rate of nitrate reduction under aerobic conditions was about 20% of that in the absence of oxygen.
Raising Antibodies to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and B
Authors: BRADSTREET C. M. PATRICIA , DIGHERO MABEL W. , GILBERT R. J. , WIENEKE ANTONNETTE A.
Published: March 2008

A method is described for raising specific antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA) and B (SEB) by intravenous inoculation of rabbits with small doses of enterotoxin diluted in sterile physiological saline. A course of six injections over a period of two weeks was given on four occasions. After the third course, 3/5 rabbits given SEA had a titre ± 1/50 and 4/6 given SEB had a titre of 1/50. Titres were not appreciably enhanced by the fourth series of injections. Only minor non‐specific reactions which would require no absorption were found at the end of the series. It is believed that the findings in this study would be reproducible and that the method is likely to be suitable for raising antisera to other enterotoxins. Reference is also made to preliminary experiments in which latex sensitized with SEA or SEB was inoculated intravenously into rabbits.
Enrichment for Estuarine Petroleum‐Degrading Bacteria using Liquid and Solid Media
Authors: CALOMIRIS J. J. , AUSTIN B. , WALKER J. D. , COLWELL R. R.
Published: March 2008

Bacteria in oil‐contaminated and oil‐free estuarine water and sediment were isolated on solid and in liquid petroleum media. A greater variety of bacteria was noted when direct plating techniques were employed, compared with liquid enrichment. In addition, strains isolated by liquid enrichment were found more frequently to be capable of utilizing model petroleum in vitro, compared with isolates obtained by direct plating.
The Permeability of Soluble Laundry‐bag Material to Bacteria and Viruses
Authors: MCKAY‐FERGUSON E. , MORTIMER P. P.
Published: March 2008

A method is described for testing the ability of soluble laundry‐bag material to contain Escherichia coli and poliovirus. Two types of this material were tested. Only one provided a real barrier to the dissemination of pathogenic micro‐organisms.
Co‐metabolism of the Ixodicide Amitraz
Authors: BAKER PENELOPE B. , WOODS D. R.
Published: March 2008

Bacteria capable of degrading the ixodicide amitraz were isolated from cattle dipping tanks by the enrichment culture technique. The conditions for amitraz degradation were characterized and the bacteria identified as Pseudomonas and Achromobacter spp. The bacteria degraded amitraz without utilizing the ixodicide as a substrate or energy source. The degradation of amitraz by bacteria is an example of co‐metabolism with yeast extract or an ingredient of yeast extract acting as the co‐metabolite. Bacteria were unable to degrade amitraz at pH >11.5. Although bacteria can degrade amitraz, it is giving excellent tick control under practical field conditions.
The Use of the A.P.I. Lactobacillus System for the Characterization of Pediococci
Authors: DOLEZIL L. , KIRSOP B. H.
Published: March 2008

A commercially produced system for the identification of Lactobacillus, by which the reactions of concentrated cell suspensions towards 50 substrates may be determined, is useful for the characterization of strains of Pediococcus. Suitable conditions for inoculum preparation vary for slow and fast growing strains; the influence of cell concentration on the results is described. The reactions are classified in terms of their value for species characterization and the results are shown to agree well with those in other studies where classical procedures have been used.
Autotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria in Acid Tea Soils from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Authors: BHUIYA Z. H. , WALKER N.
Published: March 2008

Autotrophic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria were detected in some Bangladesh and Sri Lanka tea soils and in three other Bangladesh soils. Numbers ranged from 25 to 5500 organisms/g dry soil. Pure cultures were obtained from all the soils either by picking colonies from silica gel plates used for counts or by enrichment culture procedures. The isolates were identified as species of Nitrosolobus, Nitrosomonas and a new species of Nitrosospira.
The Inhibition of Thiaminase Type I‐Producing Bacteria by Other Bacterial Species and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: MORGAN K. T. , LAWSON G. H. K.
Published: March 2008

The growth of strains of Bacillus thiaminolyticus was found to be inhibited by many other bacteria in glucose‐containing media. The properties of the substances responsible for the inhibition were such as to suggest that they could be carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids were found to produce a similar inhibition of B. thiaminolyticus and another thiaminase type I‐producing organism, Clostridium sporogenes.
Proximate Analyses of Rumen Fluid Preparations Used in Microbiological Media
Authors: INGLEDEW W. M.
Published: March 2008

Proximate analyses of clarified rumen fluid No. 1 (CRF1) and No. 2 (CRF2). and of an aqueous extract of Escherichia coli cells are reported. Differences in the procedures for preparing CRF2 and CRF1 from the same batch of whole rumen fluid were reflected by increased levels of carbohydrate, protein and total nitrogen in CRF2. Variations in the composition of CRF2 with time after feeding are also reported. Results showed CRF2 to be an inconsistent and non‐reproducible medium supplement. The extract of E. coli cells contained very low levels of volatile fatty acids and ammonia and thus by itself could not replace CRF2 in medium for many species of rumen bacteria. It could be used as an alternative to CRF2 in media where more consistent and reproducible composition was required if the medium were supplemented with defined mixtures of nutrients known to be required by rumen bacteria.
The Effects on Temperature on Growthin vitroofPseudomonas syringaeandXanthomonas pruni
Authors: YOUNG J. M. , LUKETINA R. C. , MARSHALL A. M.
Published: March 2008

Growth ratesin vitroofPseudomonas syringaeandXanthomonas pruniwere measured over the temperature range 0–36 °C. The estimated temperature optimum forX. pruniwas 31 °C, with a doubling time of 1.53 h. The estimated temperature optimum forP. syringaewas 28 °C with a doubling time of 1.27 h, although analysis showed no significant difference in the doubling times over the range 23–33 °C, indicating an unusual plateau at the maximum rate of growth of this organism.P. syringaeand related plant pathogenicPseudomonasspp. grew well at low temperatures, butX. prunidid not. Cultures ofP. syringaeandX. prunihad a very short lag phase after their incubation temperature was changed from 4 °C to a temperature close to their optimum (29 °C). When the incubation temperature of these organisms was changed from 11.5–29 °C,X. prunigrew without a lag phase at the rate expected for the higher temperature. However, the initial growth rate ofP. syringaeat the higher temperature was significantly greater than that at which the organism subsequently developed. The ecological significance of these points is discussed. The usefulness of the Arrhenius coefficients as characteristics of these organisms is discussed.
A Comparison of pH‐controlled and Dissolved Oxygen‐controlled Nutrient Addition for the Maintenance of Steady‐state in a Mixed Continuous Culture
Authors: ROBINSON K. , FENLON D.
Published: March 2008

Controlled substrate addition was used to maintain mixed microbial cultures in fermenters at either pH 7.0 or 70% dissolved oxygen saturation. Control of pH permitted a greater volume of substrate to be processed. Ammonium nitrogen concentrations were similar for both fermenters but concentrations of oxidized nitrogen varied. Nitrification/denitrification sequences appeared to be initiated by unscheduled changes in dissolved oxygen concentration. It was possible to maintain a steady state with respect to a controlled parameter and end‐product quality but other parameters fluctuated.
Tailing of Survival Curves of Bacillus licheniformis Spores Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: CERF O. , METRO F.
Published: March 2008

An attempt has been made to rule out possible causes of artefacts in establishing survival curves of Bacillus licheniformis spores heated (30–80 °C) in 4.4 mol/l hydrogen peroxide (pH 2.0). A tailing phenomenon apparent as that of a suspension of spores produced by routine subculture was obtained with those grown‐up from a single spore selected by micromanipulation. No spore fraction differing in size or density could be separated from the whole population. The tail was not due to decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, protective effect by other spores, release of protective factors, or temperature heterogeneity during treatment. Changing from an open vessel to a closed tube did not influence the tailing. The only apparent artefact was therefore the formation of clumps under the conditions of the treatment. Since the spore catalase was demonstrated to be highly resistant, it was concluded that a spore could be protected against hydrogen peroxide by the catalase of the other spores in the clump. Conditions resembling those arising in spore suspensions could occur under industrial conditions, for example in sterilizing surfaces contaminated with aggregates of Bacillus spores.
An Immuno‐India Ink Technique for Rapid Laboratory Diagnosis of Fish Furunculosis
Authors: McCARTHY D. H. , WHITEHEAD P.
Published: March 2008

A serological method, which permits laboratory diagnosis of fish furunculosis in less than 15 min from receipt of specimen, is described.
Feasibility of Thin Layer Chromatography as an Inexpensive Alternative to Gas‐Liquid Chromatography for the Identification of Some Anaerobic Gram Positive Non‐sporing Rods
Authors: PALASUNTHERAM C. , DRUCKER D. B. , TUXFORD A. F.
Published: March 2008

Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) was employed as an alternative to gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) for the analysis of typical fermentation end‐products of anaerobic Gram positive non‐sporing bacteria. The inexpensive TLC method succeeded in differentiating Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium.

Ether extraction of supernatant was found to be unnecessary; volatile and non‐volatile acids were separated simultaneously, with consequent saving of time.
The Uptake and Utilization of Bacteria, Amino Acids and Carbohydrate by the Rumen Ciliate Entodinium longinucleatum in Relation to the Sources of Amino Acids for Protein Synthesis
Authors: OWEN R. W. , COLEMAN G. S.
Published: March 2008

Entodinium longinucleatum grown in vitro in the presence of bacteria engulfed a wide range of bacterial species at rates of 130–3400 bacteria/h/protozoon (from suspensions of 10 bacteria/ml), but showed a preference for Klebsiella aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis which occurred in the growth medium. Some of the bacteria were digested with release of soluble material into the medium. Free amino acids were incorporated by the protozoa in the presence of chloramphenicol at rates of 5·4–15·1 nmol/h/106 protozoa and approximately 40% of the amino acid‐carbon was incorporated into protein. There was no appreciable synthesis of protozoal protein from carbohydrate. Evidence was obtained that the protozoa obtained the amino acids required for growth largely from engulfed bacteria.
An Evaluation of the Nile Blue Test for Differentiating Rhizobia from Agrobacteria
Authors: SKINNER F. A.
Published: March 2008

The ability of agrobacteria to reduce Nile Blue more strongly than do rhizobia is the basis of a test for separating these two groups (Hamdi 1969). In a modified test using only 35 parts 10° of Nile Blue in the medium, 89 of 90 rhizobia (Rhizobium japonicum, R. leguminosarum, R. lupini, R. phaseoli, R. trifolii, cowpea, groundnut and Lotus rhizobia) failed to reduce the dye whereas all 24 strains of agrobacteria (Agrobacterium radiobacter var. radiobacter, A. r. var. tumefaciens and A. r. var. rhizogenes) reduced it to the colourless state. Only one Rhizobium strain formed 3‐ketolactose from lactose, but 13 agrobacteria produced it. Rhizobium meliloti strains (12) gave variable reactions in both tests. The Nile Blue Test detected rapidly, but not slowly growing, strains of agrobacteria present as contaminants of rhizobia cultures even when their initial numbers were small.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Flavobacteria and Related Gram Negative Yellow Pigmented Rods
Authors: HAYES P. R. , WILCOCK A. P. D. , PARISH J. H.
Published: March 2008

DNA base composition analyses on 35 Gram negative yellow pigmented rods indicated two distinct groups. The larger contained 29 strains with G + C contents of between 30·8 and 39·5% and comprise 19 non‐gliding, aflagellate strains and 10 gliding strains. The smaller, a heterogenous collection of six strains, had G + C contents in the 51·4–63% range.
Pyruvate Inhibition of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans Reversed by Rhodotorula Yeast
Authors: NERKAR D. P. , KUMTA U. S. , LEWIS N. F.
Published: March 2008

Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans was isolated in this laboratory from uranium ores mined at Jaduguda, Bihar. Investigations on a laboratory scale indicated that this organism could leach uranium from ores. Pyruvic acid (10‐4 M) was found to inhibit growth of F. ferrooxidans as well as leaching of uranium ore by F. ferrooxidans. However, in the presence of a red pigmented Rhodotorula yeast isolated from the same ores, the pyruvate inhibition was found to be reversed.
Observations on Pre‐enrichment for Isolating Salmonellas from Sewage Polluted Natural Water Using Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth Prepared with Fresh and Desiccated Ox Bile
Authors: HARVEY R. W. S. , PRICE T. H.
Published: March 2008

Desiccated bile (Oxoid L50) was substituted for fresh bile obtained from the abattoir in Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth. Two versions of the enrichment medium were prepared, one with desiccated bile the other with fresh bile. The efficiency of these two media was compared using 25 ml quantities of sewage polluted natural water as inocula. Direct enrichment and preenrichment techniques were used. With direct enrichment the Muller‐Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth prepared from fresh bile was more efficient for salmonella isolation. With the pre‐enrichment technique using preliminary culture of the water sample in buffered peptone water prior to enrichment, there was no significant difference between the efficiency of the two versions of tetrathionate. Comparison of direct enrichment with the pre‐enrichment method for isolating salmonellas from sewage polluted water clearly demonstrated the advantages of pre‐enrichment. This would certainly have a bearing on the quantitative estimation of salmonellas in polluted water and might increase the number of serotypes isolated from a sample divided into subsamples.
The Development of Aerobic Spoilage Flora on Meat Stored at Chill Temperatures
Authors: GILL C. O. , NEWTON K. G.
Published: March 2008

In meat juice medium, aerobic spoilage bacteria utilized the following substrates in the order shown: Pseudomonos, glucose, amino acids, lactic acid; Acinetobacter, amino acids, lactic acid: Enterobacter, glucose, glucose‐6‐phosphate, amino acids; Microbacterium thermosphactum, glucose, glutamate. All the bacteria grew at their maximum rate utilizing the first and second substrates, but the growth rates declined when these were exhausted. The growth rate of Acinetobacter was reduced at pH 5·7 and below. All other species grew at their maximum rate within the pH range 5·5–7·0. On meat pseudomonads grew faster than the other species at all temperatures between 2° and 15°C. Interactions between any two species were observed only when one organism had attained its maximum cell density. Substrate exhaustion at the meat surface did not limit bacterial growth and it is suggested that the maximum cell density of aerobic spoilage cultures is determined by oxygen limitation of growth.
Statistical Considerations in the Sampling of Escherichia coli from Intestinal Sources for Serotyping
Authors: HEDGES A. J. , HOWE KATHERINE , LINTON A. H.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical study of the expected distribution of Escherichia coli serotypes among samples randomly drawn from populations containing different numbers, ranging from 2 to 40, was compared with experimental data based on the examination of 10 and 100 coiony samples from the same specimens. From these studies it was possible to lay down guide lines for the planning of efficient sampling programmes for determining most or all serotypes present in various animal species.
The Hydrolysis of Dextran by Gram Negative Non‐sporing Anaerobic Bacilli
Authors: HOLBROOK W. P. , McMILLAN C.
Published: March 2008

The ability of Gram negative anaerobic bacilli to hydrolyse dextran was determined in liquid and solid media containing Blue Dextran 2000. Released blue chromophore in the liquid medium was detected spectrophotometrically. Results obtained with 334 strains of Bacteroidaceae grown on the solid medium indicated that most strains did not hydrolyse the substrate. Hydrolysis of Blue Dextran 2000 occurred with certain strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus, B. oralis, B. ovatus and B. ochraceus.
Attached and Free Bacteria in an Estuary with Abundant Suspended Solids
Authors: GOULDER R.
Published: March 2008

Concentrations and glucose mineralization potentials (Vmax) of attached and free bacteria in waters from the Humber estuary were determined. The waters had high concentrations of suspended solids. Most bacteria were attached to suspended solids and Vmax of attached bacteria was greater than that of free bacteria. These observations suggest that breakdown of organic matter is carried out mainly by attached bacteria. Examination of samples from other estuaries which contained less suspended solids than the Humber suggested that in these estuaries free bacteria might be more abundant than attached bacteria.
Occurrence of Glycoside Hydrolases in Plant Pathogenic and Related Bacteria
Authors: HAYWARD A. C.
Published: March 2008

One hundred and twenty‐eight isolates representing 37 species and six genera of plant pathogenic and related bacteria were tested for the presence of /3–galactosidase, glucosidase. β‐glucosidase and β‐xylosidase; using nitrophenyl glycopyranosides as substrates. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens, C. michiganense. Flavobacterium pectinovorum and Pseudomonas maltophilia showed activity on all of the four substrates. Xanthomonas albilineans and three nomenspecies of the X. campestris group had little or no o‐glucosidase activity but all other tests with Xanthomonas spp. were positive. None of the fluorescen; pseudomonads examined possessed β‐galactosidase but P. stizolobii, P. andropogonis and P. rubrisubalbicans, among the non‐fluorescent pseudomonads showed activity.
Biochemical Characteristics and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Poultry
Authors: GIBBS P. A. , PATTERSON J. T. , HARVEY J.
Published: March 2008

About half (49%) of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry were non‐typable with the international human set of phages, and 55% were biotype B according to the biochemical identification scheme of Hájek & Maršálek (1971, 1973). A furthest neighbour clustering strategy and principal coordinate analysis based on 17 biochemical tests made clear distinctions between biotype B strains and a group of biotype A and intermediate strains. Overall 62% of strains were enterotoxigenic, the majority producing enterotoxin A. Significantly fewer intermediate strains than biotype A or B strains were enterotoxigenic. Starch gel zymograms of intracellular esterases showed a general correlation with the biotyping and phage typing results.
A Model System for Testing the Microbiological Stability of Foods Processed in Laminated Flexible Pouches
Authors: RAUHALA LORRAINE M. , CLEGG L. F. L.
Published: March 2008

A suitable time temperature process for packaging small potatoes in flexible pouches is described. Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus were inoculated onto the surface of peeled potatoes in flexible pouches. These were evacuated, heat sealed and heated in a steam retort modified to allow a water cooking process with an air overpressure of ca. 68·95 kPa (10 lbf/in2). The D and z values determined in the retort were confirmed by parallel heat‐resistance tests with spores in glass ampoules held in an oil bath. Heat treatment at 121·1 °C for 20 min in the retort satisfactorily killed test inocula of spores without overcooking the potatoes. Uninoculated peeled potatoes with a natural level of contamination (ca. 4 x 103 spores/sealed pouch) were treated in the retort for different times at 121·1 °C and then incubated at 30 °C for 6 months. No pouches heated for 17–25 min showed microbial growth. This procedure may be applied to any type of food if the numbers of naturally occurring heat‐resistant contaminants can be related to the number and heat resistance of a suitable test micro‐organism.
The Development of the Anaerobic Spoilage Flora of Meat Stored at Chill Temperatures
Authors: NEWTON K. G. , GILL C. O.
Published: March 2008

In meat juice medium under anaerobic conditions, spoilage bacteria utilized the following substrates: Microbacterium thermosphactum, glucose; Enterobacter, glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate; Lactobacillus, glucose and arginine. On meat stored anaerobically. Lactobacillus grew faster than the other species at all temperatures between 2° and 15 °C. Enterobacter had a greater affinity for glucose than M. thermosphactum. As a result, high numbers of Enterobacter inhibited growth of M. thermosphactum under the glucose limiting conditions at the meat surface. High numbers of Lactobacillus inhibited growth of both competing species, apparently by producing an inhibitory substance.
The Effect of Water Activity on the Growth and Respiration of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: PRIOR B. A.
Published: March 2008

The growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens was greater and continued at lower water activity (aw) values when glycerol controlled the aw of glucose minimal medium than when the aw was controlled by NaCl and sucrose. Growth was not observed below 0·945, 0·970 and 0·964 aw when glycerol, sucrose and NaCl respectively controlled the aw. The catabolism of glucose, Na lactate and DL‐arginine as measured by respirometry was completely inhibited at aw values greater than the minimum for growth when the aw was controlled with NaCl. When the aw was controlled with glycerol, catabolism of the three substrates continued at aw values significantly below the aw for growth on glucose. Catabolism of glucose in the presence of sucrose occurred at a level below the minimum growth aw but catabolism of the other two substrates ceased at aw values greater than the minimum growth aw. Arrhenius plots between 10° and 34°C of the growth rate in glucose minimal medium at 0·98 aw showed that the order of inhibition was sucrose > NaCl > glycerol. The order of inhibition differed when Arrhenius plots of catabolism of glucose was examined between 10° and 34 °C, namely NaCl > sucrose > glycerol. The mechanism of action of solutes controlling aw is discussed.
Effect of Aldrin on Growth and Oxidative Metabolism of Rhizobia
Authors: JUNEJA SUNITA , DOGRA R. C.
Published: March 2008

At 500 μg ml−1 of aldrin, Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) and Rhizobium sp. Green gram (Vigna radiata) showed a lag of about 12 h after which the growth returned to normal. The lag period was extended at concentrations above 500 μg ml−1 of aldrin and it was more in the case of Rhizobium sp. Green gram than Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram. However, at high concentrations of aldrin, after the lag, the growth rate was very slow. On the seventh day, Rhizobium sp. Bengal gram showed 72, 81 and 84° inhibition while Rhizobium sp. Green gram exhibited 74, 85 and 88° inhibition of growth at 1000, 1500 and 2000 μg ml−1 of aldrin, respectively. In general, oxidative activity of both of the Rhizobium spp. on pentoses, hexoses and TCA cycle intermediates was more strongly inhibited in aldrin grown cells than normal cells. The inhibitory effect of aldrin on the oxidative activity of rhizobia was partially released with a high concentration of glucose.
Identification of Thermobacteria and Homofermentative, Thermophilic, Pentose‐utilizing Lactobacilli from High Temperature Fermenting Grape Musts
Authors: BARRE P.
Published: March 2008

Eight strains belonging to Thermobacterium have been isolated from high temperature (between 40° and 43°C) fermenting grape musts. They resemble Lactobacillus acidophilus very closely. Four other thermophilic homofermentative strains are somewhat different: they ferment arabinose and ribose with production of more than 90% of the end product carbon as lactate. This last result involves a metabolic pathway undescribed among lactic acid bacteria.
Bacteriology and Enzymology of Fellmongery Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: RAWLINGS D. E. , WOODS D. R.
Published: March 2008

The activities of certain hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes and the number of bacteria capable of degrading specific substrates during extended aeration of fellmongery effluent was investigated. An enzymic approach was shown to be a potentially useful method for the quantitative biological characterization of activated sludges. The bacterial population of fellmongery activated sludge mixed liquor was dominated by bacteria from the two genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.
Biotypes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Hungary
Authors: SÜLE S.
Published: March 2008

Isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from Hungary were separated into three biotypes on the basis of their physiological characters. Biotypes 1 and 2 corresponded with those of Keane et al. (1970). The most common isolates were of biotype 2. Isolates from grapevines formed a separate biotype which might be distinguished from biotype 1 by D‐(–)tartrate and malonate utilization. Many isolates with biotype‐intermediate characters were found. Isolates utilizing D‐(–)tartrate, erythritol and malonate were included into biotype 2, although many of them were 3–ketolactose positive. Biotypes were not separated geographically and biotype 1 and 2 apparently occurred together.
Glycogen‐deficient Mutants of the Yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
Authors: JENKINS P. G. , RABOIN D.
Published: March 2008

Following ultra‐violet irradiation of the hydrocarbon‐utilizing yeast, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, a number of mutant strains were isolated which failed to show the normal staining reaction with iodine. Exponential phase cells of the mutant strains were found to contain less carbohydrate and more crude protein than wild type cells in the case of both glucose‐grown and n‐alkane‐grown cultures. The difference between wild type and mutant carbohydrate levels was greater for glucose‐grown than for n‐alkane‐grown cells. Carbohydrate fractionation revealed that the mutant cells were deficient in glycogen, particularly the acid‐soluble fraction.