bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First direct measurements of formaldehyde flux via eddy covariance: implications for missing in-canopy formaldehyde sources
Authors: DiGangi J. P. , Boyle E. S. , Karl T. , Harley P. , Turnipseed A. , Kim S. , Cantrell C. , Maudlin III R. L. , Zheng W. , Flocke F. , Hall S. R. , Ullmann K. , Nakashima Y. , Paul J. B. , Wolfe G. M. , Desai A. R. , Kajii Y. , Guenther A. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We report the first observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) flux measured via eddy covariance, as well as HCHO concentrations and gradients, as observed by the Madison Fiber Laser-Induced Fluorescence Instrument during the BEACHON-ROCS 2010 campaign in a rural, Ponderosa Pine forest northwest of Colorado Springs, CO. A median noon upward flux of ~80 μg m−2 h−1 (~24 pptv m s−1) was observed with a noon range of 37 to 131μg m−2 h−1. Enclosure experiments were performed to determine the HCHO branch (3.5μg m−2 h−1) and soil (7.3 μg m−2 h−1) direct emission rates in the canopy. A zero-dimensional canopy box model, used to determine the apportionment of HCHO source and sink contributions to the flux, underpredicts the observed HCHO flux by a factor of 6. Simulated increases in concentrations of species similar to monoterpenes resulted in poor agreement with measurements, while simulated increases in direct HCHO emissions and/or concentrations of species similar to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol best improve model/measurement agreement. Given the typical diurnal variability of these BVOC emissions and direct HCHO emissions, this suggests that the source of the missing flux is a process with both a strong temperature and radiation dependence.
Long-term tropospheric trend of octafluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8 or PFC-318)
Authors: Oram D. E. , Mani F. S. , Laube J. C. , Newland M. J. , Reeves C. E. , Sturges W. T. , Penkett S. A. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Röckmann T. , Fraser P. J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania between 1978 and 2008 and during a series of more recent aircraft sampling programmes have been analysed to determine the atmospheric abundance and trend of octafluorocyclobutane (-C4F8 or PFC-318). c-C4F8 has an atmospheric lifetime in excess of 3000 yr and a global warming potential (GWP) of 10 300 (100 yr time horizon), making it one of the most potent greenhouse gases detected in the atmosphere to date. The abundance of c-C4F8 in the Southern Hemisphere has risen from 0.35 ppt in 1978 to 1.2 ppt in 2010, and is currently increasing at a rate of around 0.03 ppt yr−1. It is the third most abundant perfluorocarbon (PFC) in the present day atmosphere, behind CF4 (~75 ppt) and C2F6 (~4 ppt). The origin of c-C4F8 is unclear. Using a 2-D global model to derive top-down global emissions based on the Cape Grim measurements yields a recent (2007) emission rate of around 1.1 Gg yr−1 and a cumulative emission up to and including 2007 of 38.1 Gg. Emissions reported on the EDGAR emissions database for the period 1986–2005 represent less than 1 % of the top-down emissions for the same period, which suggests there is a large unaccounted for source of this compound. It is also apparent that the magnitude of this source has varied considerably over the past 30 yr, declining sharply in the late 1980s before increasing again in the mid-1990s.
NASA A-Train and Terra observations of the 2010 Russian wildfires
Authors: Witte J. C. , Douglass A. R. , da Silva A. , Torres O. , Levy R. C. , Duncan B. N.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Wildfires raged throughout western Russia and parts of Eastern Europe during a persistent heat wave in the summer of 2010. Anomalously high surface temperatures (35–41 °C) and low relative humidity (9–25 %) from mid-June to mid-August 2010 shown by analysis of radiosonde data from multiple sites in western Russia were ideal conditions for the wildfires to thrive. Measurements of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) over western Russian indicate persistent subsidence during the heat wave. Daily three-day back-trajectories initiated over Moscow reveal a persistent anti-cyclonic circulation for 18 days in August, coincident with the most intense period of fire activity observed by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This unfortunate meteorological coincidence allowed transport of polluted air from the region of intense fires to Moscow and the surrounding area. We demonstrate that the 2010 Russian wildfires are unique in the record of observations obtained by remote-sensing instruments on-board NASA satellites: Aura and Aqua (part of the A-Train Constellation) and Terra. Analysis of the distribution of MODIS fire products and aerosol optical thickness (AOT), UV aerosol index (AI) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) from Aura's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and total column carbon monoxide (CO) from Aqua's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) show that the region in the center of western Russia surrounding Moscow (52°–58° N, 33°–43° E) is most severely impacted by wildfire emissions. Over this area, AIRS CO, OMI AI, and MODIS AOT are significantly enhanced relative to the historical satellite record during the first 18 days in August when the anti-cyclonic circulation persisted. By mid-August, the anti-cyclonic circulation was replaced with westerly transport over Moscow and vicinity. The heat wave ended as anomalies of surface temperature and relative humidity, and OLR disappeared. After 18 August the fire activity greatly diminished over western Russia and levels of the satellite smoke tracers returned to values typical of previous years.
BrO vertical distributions from SCIAMACHY limb measurements: comparison of algorithms and retrieval results
Authors: Rozanov A. , Kühl S. , Doicu A. , McLinden C. , Puķīte J. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P. , Deutschmann T. , Dorf M. , Goutail F. , Grunow K. , Hendrick F. , von Hobe M. , Hrechanyy S. , Lichtenberg G. , Pfeilsticker K. , Pommereau J. P. , Van Roozendael M. , Stroh F. , Wagner T.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. This study presents two scientific and one operational retrieval algorithms used to obtain vertical distributions of bromine monoxide (BrO) from observations of the scattered solar light performed by the SCIAMACHY instrument in limb viewing geometry. The study begins with a discussion of the theoretical basis of all algorithms followed by an investigation of the retrieval sensitivity. Simulations with three different radiative transfer models allow us to analyze influence of the forward model implementation upon the retrieval results. By means of synthetic retrievals we analyze major sources of uncertainties in the resulting BrO profiles such as different BrO cross sections, their temperature dependence, and stratospheric aerosols. Finally, the reliability of SCIAMACHY BrO profile retrievals is demonstrated comparing results from different algorithms to each other and to balloon-borne observations.
Meteor head echo polarization at 930 MHz studied with the EISCAT UHF HPLA radar
Authors: Wannberg G. , Westman A. , Pellinen-Wannberg A.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The polarization characteristics of 930-MHz meteor head echoes have been studied for the first time, using data obtained in a series of radar measurements carried out with the tristatic EISCAT UHF high power, large aperture (HPLA) radar system in October 2009. An analysis of 44 tri-static head echo events shows that the polarization of the echo signal recorded by the Kiruna receiver often fluctuates strongly on time scales of tens of microseconds, illustrating that the scattering process is essentially stochastic. On longer timescales (> milliseconds), more than 90 % of the recorded events show an average polarization signature that is independent of meteor direction of arrival and echo strength and equal to that of an incoherent-scatter return from underdense plasma filling the tristatic observation volume. This shows that the head echo plasma targets scatter isotropically, which in turn implies that they are much smaller than the 33-cm wavelength and close to spherically symmetric, in very good agreement with results from a previous EISCAT UHF study of the head echo RCS/meteor angle-of-incidence relationship. Significant polarization is present in only three events with unique target trajectories. These all show a larger effective target cross section transverse to the trajectory than parallel to it. We propose that the observed polarization may be a signature of a transverse charge separation plasma resonance in the region immediately behind the meteor head, similar to the resonance effects previously discussed in connection with meteor trail echoes by Herlofson, Billam and Browne, Jones and Jones and others.
Seasonal variation in marine C:N:P stoichiometry: can the composition of seston explain stable Redfield ratios?
Authors: Frigstad H. , Andersen T. , Hessen D. O. , Naustvoll L.-J. , Johnsen T. M. , Bellerby R. G. J.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Seston is suspended particulate organic matter, comprising a mixture of autotrophic, heterotrophic and detrital material. Despite variable proportions of these components, marine seston often exhibit relatively small deviations from the Redfield ratio (C:N:P = 106:16:1). Two time-series from the Norwegian shelf in Skagerrak are used to identify drivers of the seasonal variation in seston elemental ratios. An ordination identified water mass characteristics and bloom dynamics as the most important drivers for determining C:N, while changes in nutrient concentrations and biomass were most important for the C:P and N:P relationships. A generalized linear model was used to differentiate between the live autotrophic and non-autotrophic sestonic fractions, and for both stations the non-autotrophic fractions dominated with respective annual means of 24 and 45 % live autotrophs. The autotrophic percentage calculated from the statistical model was compared with estimated phytoplankton carbon, and the two independent estimates of autotrophic percentage were comparable with similar seasonal cycles. The estimated C:nutrient ratios of live autotrophs were in general lower than Redfield, while the non-autotrophic C:nutrient ratios were higher than the live autotrophic ratios and above or close to the Redfield ratio. This is due to preferential remineralization of nutrients (especially phosphorus), while carbon gradually builds up in the detritus pool. Despite the seasonal variability in seston composition and the generally low contribution of autotrophic biomass, the variation observed in the total seston ratios was low compared to the variation found in dissolved and particulate pools. This study shows that sestonic Redfield ratios cannot automatically be interpreted as phytoplankton with "balanced growth", but could instead reflect varying contributions of sestonic compartments that sum up to an elemental ratio close to Redfield.
Climate patterns in north central China during the last 1800 yr and their possible driving force
Authors: Tan L. , Cai Y. , An Z. , Yi L. , Zhang H. , Qin S.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We synthesized high-resolution precisely-dated stalagmite records and historical document records from north central China to reconstruct a decadal resolution precipitation record during the last 1800 years (190–1980 AD). The synthesized precipitation record shows coincident variations and significant positive correlations with the temperature reconstructions on centennial- to multidecadal-scale, suggesting warm-humid/cool-dry was the main climate pattern in north central China over the past 1800 years. Solar activity may be the dominant force that drove the same-phase variations of the temperature and precipitation in north central China.
High-latitude obliquity forcing drives the agulhas leakage
Authors: Caley T. , Kim J.-H. , Malaizé B. , Giraudeau J. , Laepple T. , Caillon N. , Charlier K. , Rebaubier H. , Rossignol L. , Castañeda I. S. , Schouten S. , Damsté J. S. S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The Agulhas Current (AC) transport of heat and salt from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic around South Africa (Agulhas leakage), has a profound role in the decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which influences global climate. On glacial-interglacial timescales, paleostudies postulate that Agulhas leakage plays a decisive role for AMOC resumption during terminations (glacial-interglacial transitions). However, efforts to elucidate forcing mechanisms connecting Agulhas leakage with glacial-interglacial AMOC variability have been hampered due to a lack of climate records extracted from the area where the AC originates. Here we present 800-kyr sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) records from the "precursor" region of the AC. These records contain strong obliquity-driven 41-kyr cycles, nearly in phase with changes in annual mean insolation and air temperature at high southern latitudes. In contrast, precession-driven cycles were negligible in our SST records, which is surprising given the low-latitude location of the Agulhas leakage. Together, this suggests that long-term Agulhas leakage dynamics are associated with a high latitude rather than a tropical climate forcing mechanism, probably by varying the position of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical convergence (STC) and its associated westerlies. We argue that during terminations stronger Agulhas leakage was triggered by increased obliquity exerting a positive feedback on the global climate system through modulating long-term AMOC variations.
Prediction of future hydrological regimes in poorly gauged high altitude basins: the case study of the upper Indus, Pakistan
Authors: Bocchiola D. , Diolaiuti G. , Soncini A. , Mihalcea C. , D'Agata C. , Mayer C. , Lambrecht A. , Rosso R. , Smiraglia C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. In the mountain regions of the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) the "third polar ice cap" of our planet, glaciers play the role of "water towers" by providing significant amount of melt water, especially in the dry season, essential for agriculture, drinking purposes, and hydropower production. Recently, most glaciers in the HKH have been retreating and losing mass, mainly due to significant regional warming, thus calling for assessment of future water resources availability for populations down slope. However, hydrology of these high altitude catchments is poorly studied and little understood. Most such catchments are poorly gauged, thus posing major issues in flow prediction therein, and representing in fact typical grounds of application of PUB concepts, where simple and portable hydrological modeling based upon scarce data amount is necessary for water budget estimation, and prediction under climate change conditions. In this preliminarily study, future (2060) hydrological flows in a particular watershed (Shigar river at Shigar, ca. 7000 km2), nested within the upper Indus basin and fed by seasonal melt from major glaciers, are investigated. The study is carried out under the umbrella of the SHARE-Paprika project, aiming at evaluating the impact of climate change upon hydrology of the upper Indus river. We set up a minimal hydrological model, tuned against a short series of observed ground climatic data from a number of stations in the area, in situ measured ice ablation data, and remotely sensed snow cover data. The future, locally adjusted, precipitation and temperature fields for the reference decade 2050–2059 from CCSM3 model, available within the IPCC's panel, are then fed to the hydrological model. We adopt four different glaciers' cover scenarios, to test sensitivity to decreased glacierized areas. The projected flow duration curves, and some selected flow descriptors are evaluated. The uncertainty of the results is then addressed, and use of the model for nearby catchments discussed. The proposed approach is valuable as a tool to investigate the hydrology of poorly gauged high altitude areas, and to project forward their hydrological behavior pending climate change.
A comparison of glacier melt on debris-covered glaciers in the northern and southern Caucasus
Authors: Lambrecht A. , Mayer C. , Hagg W. , Popovnin V. , Rezepkin A. , Lomidze N. , Svanadze D.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The glacier coverage in the Caucasus Mountains underwent considerable changes during the last decades. In some regions, the observed reduction in glacier area is comparable to those in the European Alps and the extent of supra-glacial debris increased on many glaciers. Only a few glaciers in the Caucasus are monitored on a regular basis, while for most areas no continuous field measurements are available. In this study, regional differences of the conditions for glacier melt with a special focus on debris covered glacier tongues in the well-studied Adyl-su basin on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains (Russia) is compared with the Zopkhito basin which has similar characteristics but is located on the southern slope in Georgia. The paper focuses on the effect of supra-glacial debris cover on glacier summer melt. There are systematic differences in the distribution and increase of the debris cover on the glaciers of the two basins. In the Adyl-su basin an extensive debris cover on the glacier tongues is common, however, only those glacier tongues that are positioned at the lowest elevations in the Zopkhito basin show a considerable extent of supra-glacial debris. The observed increase in debris cover is considerably stronger in the north. Field experiments show that thermal resistance of the debris cover in both basins is somewhat higher than in other glaciated regions of the world, but there is also a significant difference between the two regions. A simple ablation model accounting for the effect of debris cover on ice melt shows that melt rates are considerably higher in the northern basin despite a wider debris distribution. This difference between the two regions can be attributed to different meteorological conditions which are characterised by more frequent cloud cover and precipitation in the south. Furthermore ablation is strongly influenced by the occurrence of supra-glacial debris cover in both basins, reducing the total amount of melt on the studied glaciers by about 25 %. This effect mitigates glacier retreat in the lower sectors of the ablation zones considerably. The sensitivity to moderate changes in the debris cover, however, is rather small which implies only gradual changes of the melt regime due to debris cover dynamics during the near future.
Creating a Bridge between Industry and Higher Education through an Operations Consultancy Module
Authors: Bak Ozlem
Published: July 2011

This paper explores the challenges and use of a postgraduate consultancy module in teaching operations management. The consultancy module extends the traditional learning boundaries between students and lecturers to a tripartite grouping of students, university and industry. The interaction within this group may be influenced by students' skills and their level of understanding and the needs of the particular industry. The consultancy module and the students' solutions are thus influenced by cooperation and teamwork and the autonomy, skills and training of the students as part of the application of operations management theory. The paper also presents an evaluation of the perceived gap between teaching operations management theory in higher education and its application in practice (in industry). It is argued that providing an operations consultancy module as a strategic teaching tool encourages postgraduate students, lecturers and industry to build a bridge between the relatively distinct worlds of academia and industry. The research is intended to help operations management educators to identify and deal with the challenges of setting up a consultancy module in higher education.
Mandatory Online Training: Transmissive Learning, Issues of Abuse and Hidden Agendas
Authors: Barratt-Pugh Llandis , Bahn Susanne , Scholz Alex
Published: July 2011

This paper is based on two studies of mandatory online learning which although unrelated and conducted eight years apart nevertheless provide an illuminating comparison of mandatory training delivered online. The first study was carried out in 2002 in a state government department and the second in 2010 with the commercial construction industry, both in Western Australia. The key findings from both studies are that learning outcomes mirror the learning goals that are imposed and legitimized by the organization or industry. Mandatory learning is often transmissive learning that may not have transformative effects and online training may be open to abuse because it lacks the controls necessary to ensure that those registering actually are the ones that complete the training.
Shrinking Projection Method for Fixed Point Problems of an Infinite Family of Strictly Pseudocontractive Mappings and the System of Cocoercive Quasivariational Inclusions Problems in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Tianchai Pattanapong
Published: June 2011

This paper is concerned with a common element of the set of common fixed points
for an infinite family of strictly pseudocontractive mappings and the set of solutions of a system of cocoercive quasivariational inclusions problems in Hilbert spaces. The strong convergence
theorem for the above two sets is obtained by a general iterative scheme based on the shrinking
projection method, and the applicability of the results is shown to extend and improve some well-known results existing in the current literature.
Using Nodal Ratios to Predict Risk of Regional Recurrences in Patients Treated with Breast Conservation Therapy with 4 or More Positive Lymph Nodes
Authors: Castrucci William , Lannin Donald , Haffty Bruce G. , Higgins Susan A. , Moran Meena S.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The value of nodal ratios (NRs) as a prognostic variable in breast cancer is continually being demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to use NR in patients with ≥4+ nodes to assess a correlation of NR with regional (lymph node) recurrence. Methods. Inclusion criteria was ≥8 nodes dissected with ≥4+ nodes after breast conservation therapy. Of 1060 patients treated from 1975 to 2003 who had a minimum of 8 nodes dissected, 273 were node+; 56 patients had ≥4+ involved nodes and were the focus of this study. Nodal ratios were calculated for each patient and grouped into 3 categories: high (≥70%), intermediate (40%–69%) and low (<40%). Each nodal ratio was correlated with patterns of local, regional, and distant failures and OS. Results. Outcomes for the entire cohort were BRFS-83%, NRFS-93%, DMFS-61%, and OS 63% at 10 yrs. The OS, DMFS, and NRFS correlated with N2 (4–9 nodes+) versus N3 (≥10+) status but did not correlate with BRFS, as expected. When evaluating NR, 18 pts had high NR (>70%). Only 3 patients experienced nodal recurrences, all within previously radiated supraclavicular fields. All 3 in-field regional failures occurred in the N3 group of patients with NR >70%. All were treated with a single AP field prescribed to a dose of 46 Gy at a standard depth of 3 cm. Conclusions. In this group of N2/N3 patients treated with BCT, we were able to identify patients at high risk for regional failures as those with high NR of >70% and ≥10+ nodes. While these findings need to be reproduced in larger datasets, this group of patients with NR of >70% in 4 or more positive axillary lymph nodes may benefit from meticulous targeting of regional nodes, dose escalation, and/or more intensive systemic therapies.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Adherence for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Somers Melissa L. , Peterson Ed , Sharma Saurabh , Yaremchuk Kathleen
Published: June 2011

Objective. To determine predictors of patient adherence to CPAP. Design. A retrospective chart review identified patients with AHI values greater than 15 who were recommended to receive CPAP. Compliance was measured at a 1-to 4-month interval and at 1 year. Results. There were 106 of 368 (29%) patients who received CPAP therapy that were compliant with CPAP use at 1 to 4 months. Forty-six patients (12%) were using CPAP at one year. For the male group at one year, the model demonstrated the AHI value (P  value=.026) as a predictor of compliance if greater than 27.3 and a significant two-way interaction between age and AHI (P=.023). Increased length of time from the initial visit and receiving the CPAP machine was associated with poorer compliance (P=.002). Those living in areas with higher incomes and with a higher percentage of non-high-school graduates were more likely to be compliant (P=.01 and P=.044). Conclusion. Older male patients with higher AHI values were noted to be more adherent to CPAP. Efforts should be made to try to minimize the length of time between the initial visit and the time to receive CPAP to improve compliance.
Barriers to Emergency Obstetric Care Services in Perinatal Deaths in Rural Gambia: A Qualitative In-Depth Interview Study
Authors: Jammeh Abdou , Sundby Johanne , Vangen Siri
Published: June 2011

Objective. The Gambia has one of the world's highest perinatal mortality rates. We explored barriers of timely access to emergency obstetric care services resulting in perinatal deaths and in survivors of severe obstetric complications in rural Gambia.Method. We applied the “three delays” model as a framework for assessing contributing factors to perinatal deaths and obstetric complications. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 survivors of severe obstetric complications at home settings within three to four weeks after hospital discharge. Family members and traditional birth attendants were also interviewed. The interviews were translated into English and transcribed verbatim. We used content analysis to identify barriers of care.Results. Transport/cost-related delays are the major contributors of perinatal deaths in this study. A delay in recognising danger signs of pregnancy/labour or decision to seek care outside the home was the second important contributor of perinatal deaths. Decision to seek care may be timely, but impaired access precluded utilization of EmOC services. Obtaining blood for transfusion was also identified as a deterrent to appropriate care.Conclusion. Delays in accessing EmOC are critical in perinatal deaths. Thus, timely availability of emergency transport services and prompt decision-making are warranted for improved perinatal outcomes in rural Gambia.
Da estrutura morfossintática dos tipos penais
Authors: Vianna Túlio Lima
Published: June 2011

A análise da estrutura gramatical dos tipos penais é o objeto deste trabalho. Por meio de um estudo sistemático dos tipos do Código Penal, procurou-se traçar um paralelo entre conceitos da teoria do delito (conduta, elementos descritivos e normativos, sujeito ativo e passivo etc) e conceitos gramaticais tanto da morfologia (verbo, adjunto adverbial etc.) quanto da sintaxe (sujeito, predicado, orações coordenadas e subordinadas etc.).
O pensamento político de Kant à luz de Hobbes e Rousseau
Authors: Baptista Ligia Pavan
Published: June 2011

Idealista, contratualista e pessimista em relação à natureza humana, Kant sobrepõe a ética à política e introduz no pensamento político um novo ponto de partida, que situa o Estado e não o indivíduo como centro da análise. Nosso objetivo será demonstrar de que maneira o pensamento político de Kant é herdeiro não somente do pensamento político de Rousseau, como muitas pesquisas apontam, mas também de Hobbes, cuja
influência, não tão óbvia, sobre o pensamento do autor prussiano na área da moral, do direito e da política, revela-se uma fonte importante ainda pouco explorada.
Retórica e metáforas
Authors: Rossetti Regina
Published: June 2011

A retórica, para construir argumentos e possibilitar a comunicação entre os interlocutores do diálogo, utiliza-se tanto de conceitos quanto de metáforas como recursos lingüísticos. Apontar as diferenças entre conceitos e metáforas, destacando os limites da linguagem conceitual e indicando a superação desses limites pelo uso de metáforas, além de tratar da retórica em seu desenvolvimento histórico e indicar como ela poderia fazer uso desses recursos lingüísticos para tornar seu discurso mais persuasivo e convincente são nossos objetivos neste artigo.
A formação da lei: do geral ao particular
Authors: Alvim Joaquim Leonel de Rezende , Filho Roberto Fragale
Published: June 2011

A dimensão social do processo normativo é imprescindível para a construção de uma vontade coletiva, expressa por meio de representantes, cuja atuação legitima a formação de uma lei geral. Esse processo parece agora, dois séculos mais tarde, refazer o mesmo itinerário, mas em sentido contrário. Do geral, voltamos ao particular. Compreender esse percurso é o que desejamos fazer em dois momentos distintos, examinando, inicialmente, (I) o processo de construção de uma lei “generalizável” à comunidade de cidadãos e, em seguida, (II) o retorno às tentativas de elaboração de uma lei “particularizável” a diferentes grupos sociais.
Os custos de transação e a penhorabilidade do bem de família do fi ador
Authors: Pessôa Leonel Cesarino
Published: June 2011

Neste artigo, examinam-se, na perspectiva da nova economia institucional, as controvérsias que envolvem o julgamento recente do Supremo Tribunal Federal que decidiu pela penhorabilidade do bem de família do fiador.
Setenta anos após 1937: Francisco Campos, o Estado Novo e o pensamento jurídico autoritário
Authors: Fernandes Pádua
Published: June 2011

Nesse artigo busca-se avaliar o pensamento de Francisco Campos, contrário à democracia, em seu livro O Estado Nacional e na sua defesa à Constituição de 1937, encomendada por Getúlio Vargas para a legitimação jurídica da ditadura do Estado Novo no Brasil. Verifica-se, nesse estudo, o grande débito desse autor com Carl Schmitt. Avaliase também o legado desse jurista na criação dos Atos Institucionais da ditadura militar brasileira.
A interpretação da norma de revisão contratual do Código de Defesa do Consumidor
Authors: De Lacerda Heloísa Camargo
Published: June 2011

Neste trabalho, procura-se demonstrar a importância da interpretação para a aplicação do Direito. Para tanto, analisam-se os conceitos de indeterminação da norma e da própria linguagem. A seguir, discorre-se sobre o objetivo da interpretação e seus limites e acerca da distinção entre a interpretação científica e a judicial. Passa-se a listar os critérios de interpretação, a saber, o literal, o contexto significativo da lei, a vontade do legislador, o teleológico-objetivo e o constitucional. Por fim, traça-se a moldura interpretativa da norma de revisão contratual de consumo, com base nos critérios interpretativos apresentados e conclui-se, pela interpretação branda da significação dos termos onerosidade excessiva, como sendo a adequada diante do sistema normativo e dos princípios éticos-jurídicos, em especial os constitucionais. Destarte, salienta-se a importância de fixação da moldura interpretativa da norma de revisão para a eficácia do direito e para o desenvolvimento nacional.
O ordenamento moral e o ius naturae em Duns Scotus
Authors: Culleton Alfredo Santiago
Published: June 2011

A problemática da lei natural e do direito natural, como um imperativo que não esteja fundado numa autoridade ou lei positiva, tem merecido crescente interesse da parte de pesquisadores especialmente nas áreas do direito, filosofia do direito, direitos humanos, bioética, filosofia prática e história da filosofia. Neste artigo, oferecemos a original contribuição que Duns Scotus traz para discussão acerca da lei natural desenvolvida por ele no Ordinatio, aplicada ao âmbito da moral, por meio da análise dos mandamentos, e da política, pelo estudo dos conceitos de dominium e ius naturae.
Améry e Primo Levi: a experiência do intelectual no Lager e o dever de dar testemunho
Authors: Rodrigues Panarra Pedro Miguel
Published: June 2011

Neste artigo, pretende-se compreender a concepção da figura do intelectual no pensamento de Jean Améry e de Primo Levi e sua relação com a ideia da necessidade de testemunhar a experiência inominável da vida no “campo”. Os dois têm concepções diferentes sobre o alcance e o porte do testemunho, em razão também das diferentes relações que estabelecem com o espaço público. As ideias discutidas neste artigo dizem respeito exclusivamente à concepção dos dois intelectuais, resultante da experiência de ambos, no que se refere aos limites da condição humana no Lager, os confins do espírito, como Améry designa essa terra de ninguém em que o sentido se perde. Não têm pretensão de validade para nenhum tipo de intervenção no espaço público.
O paradigma ecossocial e a emergência de nova racionalidade
Authors: Prestupa Maria Fernanda Segantin
Published: June 2011

Neste artigo, os potenciais da teoria crítica da sociedade são articulados por meio de elementos que buscam demonstrar a emergência paradigmática da racionalidade comunicacional. Por meio dessa racionalidade, os tópicos do texto enfrentam os problemas normativos do Direito Ambiental, especificamente, o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. Deste Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) emergem conflitos entre economia, proteção ambiental e os diversos segmentos da sociedade, os quais dinamizam a racionalidade instrumental, retratando o défice político-social e o fortalecimento da dimensão econômica. Entrementes, a exploração do texto, por outro lado, também destacou as possibilidades dialógicas, como as concretizadas nas audiências públicas, que além de possibilitar a democratização das informações propõe a abertura de espaço para a democratização dos aparelhos institucionais, não obstante os desafios de relações sociais num contexto de profunda desigualdade.
Antes de que anochezca: derechos humanos y clases medias en la Argentina antes y en los inicios del golpe de Estado de 1976
Authors: Carassai Sebastián
Published: June 2011

En este trabajo analizo la cuestión de los derechos humanos en Argentina antes y durante el comienzo del Golpe de Estado de 1976 (1970-1977). Argumento que la inexistencia de una conciencia social sobre los derechos humanos en la primera mitad de la década y el temprano y extentido consenso en torno a lo que más tarde se llamará “teoría de los dos demonios” son dos elementos fundamentales a la hora de explicar la actitud de los sectores medios no radicalizados políticamente ante el surgimiento del discurso de los derechos humanos en la Argentina.
Os nomes da crise: Luhmann, Habermas e fatalismo na abertura do direito
Authors: Oliveira Leonardo D'Avila
Published: June 2011

O direito deixa de ser visto como sistema fechado para dar lugar a elementos externos a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Neste contexto, teorias sociológicas e pragmáticas tendem a ser preponderantes, principalmente no que tange a dar uma resposta ao problema da complexidade das sociedades contemporâneas. O presente artigo tem por foco a apresentação dos modelos teóricos de Luhmann e Habermas e uma posterior evidenciação do emprego que se faz de tais teorias. Sustenta-se que em nome de crises, geradas pela incapacidade do direito de dar conta da complexidade, fundamenta-se um direito de emergência, mas que, ainda assim, não diz respeito necessariamente a alguma decadência do direito ou do Estado.
Brevíssimo ensaio sobre as origens históricas da boa-fé e sua intercessão com o Direito Público
Authors: Saldanha Daniel Cabaleiro
Published: June 2011

Este ensaio aborda as origens históricas do conceito de boa-fé, buscando evidenciar as bases romanísticas em que se assenta. Neste passo, percorre-se seus primórdios, desde sua conformação no direito quiritário, ainda em estreita conexão com a moral, até a formação da bonae fidei iudicia, já no período do processo formulário. O propósito é demonstrar que a boa-fé, como valor fundante do direito ocidental, embora originalmente ligada à disciplina das relações privadas, encontra fértil campo de aplicação no direito público, como exigência racional de sua evolução. Na conclusão, busca-se demonstrar que o movimento de substituição do unilateral imposto pelo bilateral negociado reclama a tutela da boa-fé, como regra garantidora do bem proceder do Estado.
Palavras-chave: Boa-fé; Direito público; Direito romano.
O direito civil constitucional: em busca de uma eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais
Authors: Duarte Hugo Garcez
Published: June 2011

Aborda-se, por meio desse artigo, o Direito Civil Constitucional, com vistas a uma eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais. Para tal, analisamos algumas questões concernentes ao Direito Público e ao Direito Privado, da Idade Média aos dias atuais, perpassando as dicotomias inerentes a cada época. Chegamos à conclusão que o Estado Democrático de Direito impõe um novo paradigma, em que a Constituição protagoniza o cenário jurídico, elevando a pessoa ao centro de todas as atenções. Nesse quadro, asseveramos que o direito civil deva ser aplicado para dar uma eficácia horizontal aos direitos fundamentais guarnecidos pela Constituição da República de 1988, pois é ela quem fundamenta todo o ordenamento jurídico, inclusive os estatutos civis. Procuramos demonstrar ainda, que ao aplicador do direito é reservado um papel de busca da justiça, sendo certo que, diante de todo e qualquer caso, o estudo da melhor maneira de sua resolução consubstanciar-se-á numa leitura eminentemente constitucional, com vistas à garantia e efetividade dos direitos fundamentais.
Palavras-chave: Constituição; Direito civil; Efetividade dos direitos fundamentais.
Improved Efficiency in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Using Host Materials of Lower Triplet Energy than the Phosphorescent Blue Emitter
Authors: Swensen James S. , Polikarpov Evgueni , Von Ruden Amber , Wang Liang , Sapochak Linda S. , Padmaperuma Asanga B.
Published: July 2011

Data from a series of phosphorescent blue organic light‐emitting devices with emissive layers consisting of either 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,2′‐biphenyl (CBP):6% bis[(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrpic) or bis(9‐carbazolyl)benzene (mCP):6% FIrpic show that the triplet energy of the hole and electron transport layers can have a larger influence on the external quantum efficiency of an operating device than the triplet energy of the host material. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 14% was obtained for CBP:6% FIrpic devices which is nearly double all other published CBP:6% FIrpic results. A new host material, 4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐N,N‐di‐p‐tolylaniline (DHM‐A2), which has a triplet energy lower than that of FIrpic is also reported. Devices fabricated using DHM‐A2 show improved performance (lower drive voltage and higher external quantum efficiency) over devices using 4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐N,N‐diphenylaniline (HM‐A1), a high performance ambipolar DHM‐A2 analogue with a triplet energy greater than FIrpic. Nearly 18% external quantum efficiency was obtained for the DHM‐A2:5% FIrpic devices. The results suggest modified design rules for the development of high performance host materials: more focus can be placed on molecular structures that provide good charge transport (ambipolarity for charge balance) and good molecular stability (for long lifetimes) rather than first focusing on the triplet energy of the host material.
Nanoparticle/Dye Interface Optimization in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Bazzan Giorgio , Deneault James R. , Kang Tae‐Sik , Taylor Barney E. , Durstock Michael F.
Published: July 2011

A critical component in the development of highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells is the interface between the ruthenium bipyridyl complex dye and the surface of the mesoporous titanium dioxide film. In spite of many studies aimed at examining the detailed anchoring mechanism of the dye on the titania surface, there is as yet no commonly accepted understanding. Furthermore, it is generally believed that a single monolayer of strongly attached molecules is required in order to maximize the efficiency of electron injection into the semiconductor. In this study, the amount of adsorbed dye on the mesoporous film is maximised, which in turn increases the light absorption and decreases carrier recombination, resulting in improved device performance. A process that increases the surface concentration of the dye molecules adsorbed on the TiO2 surface by up to 20% is developed. This process is based on partial desorption of the dye after the initial adsorption, followed by readsorption. This desorption/adsorption cycling process can be repeated multiple times and yields a continual increase in dye uptake, up to a saturation limit. The effect on device performance is directly related and a 23% increase in power conversion efficiency is observed. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance analysis were used to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms behind this observation.
Solid Free‐Form Fabrication of Tissue‐Engineering Scaffolds with a Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Grafted Hyaluronic Acid Conjugate Encapsulating an Intact Bone Morphogenetic Protein–2/Poly(ethylene glycol) Complex
Authors: Park Jung Kyu , Shim Jin‐Hyung , Kang Kyung Shin , Yeom Junseok , Jung Ho Sang , Kim Jong Young , Lee Keum Hong , Kim Tae‐Ho , Kim Shin‐Yoon , Cho Dong‐Woo , Hahn Sei Kwang
Published: July 2011

Despite wide applications of bone morphogenetic protein–2 (BMP‐2), there are few methods to incorporate BPM‐2 within polymeric scaffolds while maintaining biological activity. Solid free‐form fabrication (SFF) of tissue‐engineering scaffold is successfully carried out with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) grafted hyaluronic acid (HA‐PLGA) encapsulating intact BMP‐2/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) complex. HA‐PLGA conjugate is synthesized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by the conjugation reaction of adipic acid dihydrazide modified HA (HA‐ADH) and PLGA activated with N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). BMP‐2 is complexed with PEG, which is encapsulated within the PLGA domain of the HA‐PLGA conjugate by SFF to prepare tissue‐engineering scaffolds. In vitro release tests confirm the sustained release of intact BMP‐2 from the scaffolds for up to a month. After confirmation of the enhanced osteoblast cell growth, and high gene‐expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and osterix (OSX) in the cells, the HA‐PLGA/PEG/BMP‐2 scaffolds are implanted into calvarial bone defects of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histological analyses with Masson's trichrome, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining reveal effective bone regeneration on the scaffolds of HA‐PLGA/PEG/BMP‐2 blends.
Estimation and numerical simulation of atmospheric surface layer parameters at Mangalore, west coast of India
Authors: Hegde A. K. , Venkatesan R. , Srinivas C. V. , Balakrishna K. M.
Published: July 2011

Atmospheric surface layer meteorological observations obtained from 20 m height meteorological tower at Mangalore University campus, situated along the west coast of India, are used to estimate the surface layer scaling parameters of roughness length (zo) and drag coefficient (CD) and the surface layer fluxes of sensible heat and momentum. These parameters are computed using the simple flux‐profile relationships under the framework of Monin–Obukhov (M–O) similarity theory. The estimated values of zo are higher (1.35–1.54 m) than the reported values in the literature (>0.4–0.9 m), probably due to the undulating topography surrounding the location. The magnitude of CD is high for low wind speed (<1.5 m/s) and found to be in the range of 0.005–0.03. The variations of sensible heat fluxes (SHFs) and momentum fluxes (MFs) are also discussed. Relatively high fluxes of heat and momentum are observed during typical days on 26–27 February 2004 and 10–11 April 2004, due to the daytime unstable atmospheric conditions. Stable or near neutral conditions prevail after 1700 h IST with negative SHF. A mesoscale model PSU/NCAR MM5 is run using a high‐resolution (1 km) grid over the study region to examine the influence of complex topography on the surface layer parameters and the simulated fluxes are compared with the estimated values. Spatial variations of the friction velocity (u*), CD, surface fluxes, planetary boundary layer(PBL) height and surface winds are observed according to the topographic variations in the simulation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Umschnürungswirkung textilbewehrter Verstärkungen im Lasteinleitungsbereich von Stützen in Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie
Authors: Ortlepp Regine , Lorenz Andy , Curbach Manfred
Published: July 2011

Die Tragfähigkeitserhöhung von Stützen, die mit textilbewehrtem Beton (TRC) verstärkt wurden, wird zum einen durch den zusätzlichen Betonmantel erreicht. Zum anderen wird sie aber entscheidend durch die Umschnürungswirkung der textilen Bewehrung bewirkt, was insbesondere im Lasteinleitungsbereich von Stützen von großer Bedeutung ist. Die Umschnürung erzeugt dabei einen günstig wirkenden dreiaxialen Spannungszustand im Kern der Stütze. Die Wirksamkeit einer solchen Umschnürung ist insbesondere abhängig von der Geometrie der zu verstärkenden Betonstütze. Mit Hilfe von Versuchen an Stützenköpfen mit Querschnitten vom Quadrat bis hin zum Kreis mit unterschiedlichen Ausrundungsradien wird der Einfluss des Ausrundungsradius auf die Wirksamkeit der Bewehrungstextilien erfasst. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Fasermaterialien und Bewehrungsgrade der TRC‐Verstärkungsschicht untersucht und mit üblichen CFK‐Sheet‐Verstärkungen verglichen. Ein Berechnungsmodell für die Traglaststeigerung durch die TRC‐Verstärkung wird vorgestellt.

Confinement Effect of Textile Reinforced Strengthening in the Support Region Subject to the Geometry

The increase of the load carrying capacity of columns being reinforced with Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) is partly achieved by the additional concrete cover. But then it is also decisively caused by the confinement effect of the textile reinforcement, which is particularly in the support region of great importance. The confinement is thereby producing a three axial state of stress within the concrete core of the column. The effectiveness of such a confinement is especially dependent on the geometry of the concrete column to be strengthened. With the help of experiments on column heads with all possible cross sections from square to circle with different transition radiuses the influence of the transition radius onto the local bearing capacity of the reinforcing textile was recorded. Furthermore the impact of different fibre materials and reinforcement degrees of the TRC strengthening layer have been examined and compared with usual CFKSheet strengthenings. A computation model for the load increase by the TRC strengthening is introduced.
Die Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung
Authors: Keßler Sylvia , Gehlen Christoph , Ebell Gino , Burkert Andreas
Published: July 2011

Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein Standardverfahren zur Zustandserfassung von Stahlbetonbauwerken. Sie dient der zerstörungsfreien Detektion von aktiv korrodierenden Bereichen. Die Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung ist von großer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung, da deren Messergebnisse eine wichtige Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Erarbeitung von Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen bilden. Zur Ermittlung der Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung wird ein numerisches Verfahren vorgestellt. Die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen auf die Potentialfeldmessung wie Anodengröße, Elektrolytwiderstand und Messraster wurden im Hinblick auf die Aussagegenauigkeit ausgewertet.

Potential mapping and its probability of detection

Potential mapping is a feasible non‐destructive method to detect actively corroding areas in reinforced concrete structures. The probability of detection of potential mapping has a high economical impact, because the test results of this method are the basis for maintenance and repair schedules. A numerical approach is presented to evaluate the probability of detection. The probability of detection of potential mapping has been evaluated regarding the most influencing parameters like anode area, concrete resistivity and grid size.