bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supply, Liquidity and Credit: a New Version of the Institute's Domestic Econometric Macromodel
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon
Published: March 2007

The forecast presented in chapter 1 was produced with a new version of the Institute's UK econometric model. Model 11 contains a number of new features. The largest number of innovations occur on the ‘supply side’ of the model, including new equations for manufacturing employment, investment, exports, imports prices and average earnings. Two equally important developments involve the interaction between company sector liquidity and decisions about real variables, and between the flow of consumer credit and personal consumption. There are new equations for the exchange rate, unemployment and a host of more minor variables. In all about half of the model's equations have been re-estimated, and 30 new variables added to the model. These changes constitute the largest and most significant development of the Institute's UK model since the introduction of rational expectations with Model 8. This note summarises these changes, and discusses their implications for various standard policy simulations. A full model listing is also published by the Institute.
The World Economy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Pain Nigel , Morgan Julian
Published: March 2007

Output growth throughout the OECD has been rising this year, and several economies including the US, Canada and the UK look as if are reaching their cyclical peak. Other economies, such as France, Italy and Spain, are still operating below capacity, but have been growing rapidly enough to prevent output gaps widening. Output gaps in Europe appear to be small, and Barrell and Sefton (below) calculate they could be approaching zero. This upturn in activity has been unlike most in the post-Bretton Woods era, as inflation has not, until recently, begun to rise. Inflation in the US was, it appears, lower in 1994 than in the previous four years, despite a strong output recovery. The appreciation of the yen, and the subsequent recession have, of course, kept Japanese inflation low. However, exchange-rate movements are part of a process of ‘sharing’ world inflation, and over the past three years there has been little to share. For example, inflation in Europe has been lower than we anticipated 18 months ago, even though a slowdown in activity was already apparent then.
The UK Economy
Authors: Young Garry
Published: March 2007

The sterling exchange rate was unusually stable in the two years following its departure from the ERM in September 1992. In effective terms it fluctuated within a fairly narrow range around an average of about 89 on the new effective exchange rate index and this was approximately the level at which it ended 1994. Since then it has depreciated by over 5 per cent and at the time of writing (11 May) there is some uncertainty as to whether it will fall further. This largely unexpected depreciation is of sufficient size to influence the development of the UK economy and in particular to increase the amount of inflationary pressure at a time when there are doubts about whether monetary policy has been tightened enough to deal with that which already exists.
Liberal Strategies of Exclusion
Authors: Mehta Uday S.
Published: March 2007

Pure insight, however is in the first instance without any content; it is the sheer disappearance of content; but by its negative attitude towards what it excludes it will make itself real and give itself a content.—Hegel, Phenomenology of Mind
Simulation in the Service of Society
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette
Published: March 2007

Herewith our edited version of material which appeared in OPTIONS, published by the International Institute forApplied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. The articles concern work by participants in IIASA's Young Scientists' Summer Program on problems of river water quality management. The research built on, and contributed to, an ongoing study by IIASA's Water Resources project on Water Quality Management of Degraded River Basins in Central and Eastern Europe. - JM
Simulation = $uccess
Authors: Clarke Fred R.
Published: March 2007

Our Senior Managers were dead serious. The project schedule was backed against the start of summer brewing.

Molson Breweries in Barrie, Ontario, Canada replaced an obsolete control system and instrumentation wiring with a state of the art PLC/ DMAC's control system. The project team faced the normal constraint of a fixed budget; the challenge was that wiring conversion and start-up had to completed within four weeks.

This paper details one of the factors, simulation, contributing to this project's overwhelming success; some of the others included an integrated project team, an innovative schedule and the use of an integrated set of real-time dynamic modelling tools, and their subsequent use in exercising and testing the DMACS operator interface, P.L.C. logic, new operating procedures and extensive operator and technician training. Conversion took three weeks and the Brewhouse achieved full production in its first week of operation.
Pressure And Flow Transient Response Prediction For Power Plant Piping Networks
Authors: Kohlenberg M.W. , Wood R.K.
Published: March 2007

A dynamic mathematical model of a heating plant steam distribution system is developed and implemented in a simulator for use in the prediction of pressure and flow transient responses in the network Five boilers are available to supply steam to the network which contains nine pressure reducing valves and four desuperheaters to provide operating pressures of 6205, 2760, and 1035 kPa. The network, which distributes steam to a district heating system at two entry points, contains piping that ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 meters in diameter with equivalent lengths up to 290 meters. Only steady state operating data and plant specifications were employed in developing the dynamic model. The reliability of the model and numerical solution procedures are demonstrated by a comparison of predicted responses with transient data collected from a shutdown of a 145,000 kg/h boiler during commissioning.
Simulation of Future Natural Gas Production and Exploration
Authors: Conner Stephen L. , Lee Jim , Okoye Christian
Published: March 2007

A simulation model is developed in this paper to estimate the number and timing of the exploratory attempts required to fulfill a company's long term gas commitment. The model simulates that company's production, exploration, and discovery in the given sedimentary basin. It also considers exploration by other companies in the same area, and uses a field distribution to determine the size of the discovery. A number of simulation experiments were performed to illustrate the use of this model and to study the importance of several system parameters. Analysis of the experiment results showed that the amount of gas committed and the production profile and acceleration of production have the most effect upon the level of exploratory and discovery effort required to fulfill the long term gas commitment. The experiments also showed that the factor over which an operator has the least control, the exploration rate in the basin, is relatively insignificant at the levels tested.
Neural-Network Control of a Free-Flying Space Robot
Authors: Wilson Edward , Rock Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Two recent developments in neural- network control are presented. First, a "Fully-Connected Architecture" (FCA) is developed for use with backpropagation (BP). This FCA has functionality beyond that of a layered network, and these capabilities are shown to be particularly beneficial for control tasks. A complexity control method is applied successfully to manage the extra connections provided, and prevent over-fitting. Second, a technique that extends BP learning to discrete-valued functions (DVFs) is presented. This algorithm is applicable whenever a gradient-based optimization is used for systems with DVFs. The modification to BP is very small, simply requiring replacement of the DVFs with continuous approximations and injection of noise on the forward sweep.

The viability of both of these neural- network developments is demonstrated by applying them to a thruster-mapping problem characteristic of space robots. Real-world applicability is shown via an experimental demonstration on a 2-D laboratory model of a free-flying space robot.
2-D Shape Representation and Averaging Using Normalized Wavelet Descriptors
Authors: Kashi Ramanujan S. , Bhoj-Kavde Pratima , Nowakowski Richard S. , Papathomas Thomas V.
Published: March 2007

A method has been developed for characterizing and averaging shape from a set of two-dimensional (2-D) instances of a population of objects. The algorithm is based on a novel approach for shape description of 2-D contours. This approach uses a unique combination of Fourier and wavelet decomposition to obtain normalized wavelet descriptors (NWD) which characterize shape. The NWD exploits the global signal characterization of a Fourier decomposition to normalize contours for a standard position, starting point, and rotation, while the local properties of the wavelet transform provide for a means of accurate shape description. The mean and standard error of the normalized wavelet descriptors are obtained and the average shape is reconstructed from these averaged descriptors. Because the shape descriptors that we use are reversible, the average shape produced is visualizable and, in addition, includes confidence intervals which describe the location and extent of variation within the set of objects. Results from the method as applied to shape representation and averaging for biological objects are presented, along with its applications to contour data compression.
Robot Colony Simulator: A Research Tool For Studying Colonies of Intelligent Robots
Authors: Agah Arvin , Bekey George A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the design and implementation of an animated computer program for simulating the behavior and task performance of a number of robots in an artificial world. The study of the robot societies requires a simulation environment that facilitates the setup and running of experiments, including a graphical user interface, an animated display of the tests, and the accumulation and report of the results. The structure of the artificial world and the entities which populate it (robots, objects to be gathered, obstacles and predators) are described. The simulator must also enforce the realities (rules) of the world. Dynamic changes in the world resulting from actions of the entities within it are tracked and displayed. The results of a number of experiments are presented, showing the effects of certain environmental features on colony performance, in terms of numbers of objects gathered and energy consumed.
Optimal Capacity of GI/G/1/K Queues Under Different Operational Policies Using Simulation
Authors: Shahkar G.H. , Tareghian H.R.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we determine and compare the optimal capacity (K) of a GI/G/1/K queuing system under social and individual optimization.

It is shown by simulation that irrespective of the traffic intensity, p, and arrival and service time distributions, the K obtained from social optimization of the system is always equal to or less than the K obtained from its individual optimization.
Study on Dead-Reckoning Translation in High-Level Architecture
Authors: Lin Kuo-Chi , Blair Jesse L. , Woodyard John M.
Published: March 2007

In HLA, the concept of dead reckoning (DR) is extended to attribute extrapolation. The federation can use any formula that is agreed upon by the participating federates. If a non-DIS-standard DR algorithm is chosen, a DIS-compatible simulator has to modify its software to join the federation. The cost can be significant for this kind of modification. This paper suggests the use of dead-reckoning translators to solve this problem. To assist the study, a software tool, Dead Reckoning Translator Simulation Program (DRTSP), was designed and developed. It is a MATLAB-based program using the Graphic User Interface to provide a user-friendly environment. A sample flight trajectory recorded from a flight simulator is used to test the algorithms. The output of the program is the number of PDUs (updates) and the errors of each dead- reckoning algorithm. Conclusions, drawn from the results of the numerical experi ments, show translators lead to better results, especially using SIMNET DR.
AdEPar Integrated Simulation and Implementation Environment for DSP
Authors: Gümüşkaya Halûk , Örencik Bülent
Published: March 2007

The AdEPar (Advanced Educational Parallel) integrated simulation and implementation environment for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) has been designed and implemented to serve as a test-bed for various scheduling, simulation, and code generation problems as well as a real-time implementation tool for DSP algorithms that could be mapped onto the proposed parallel pipelined architecture. The integrated environment fully exploits all types of concurrency present in DSP algor ithms and addresses practical issues such as processor and memory constraints, architec tural features of DSP processors in the target architectures, debugging of parallel programs, and development of high-level programming environments. The AdEPar software DSP environment is based on object-oriented programming techniques. Because DSP computation objects and graphics objects of AdEPar are separated from each other carefully, the software system portability is guaranteed. This programming approach saves time and effort to develop an environ ment based on a graphical user interface.
Generating Matrix Exponential Random Variates
Authors: Brown E. , Place J. , Van de Liefvoort A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present a technique for generating random variates from an empirical distribution using the matrix exponential representation of the distribution. In our experience, a matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution produces random variates with an excellent fit with the empirical distribution. This technique is particularly important when the empirical data is very bursty, i.e., has a high variance. In this paper we discuss how to find the matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution and we present our technique for generating random variates from the empirical distribution using its matrix exponential representation. We show how the matrix exponential representation of an empirical distribution is found through an example and then we show that matrix exponential random variates are an excellent fit with the empirical data through an χ2 goodness-of-fit test.
OOPM: An Object-Oriented Multimodeling and Simulation Application Framework
Authors: Cubert Robert M. , Fishwick Paul A.
Published: March 2007

OOPM, or Object-Oriented Physical Multi modeling, is an application framework for mod eling and simulation under development at the University of Florida. It extends object-oriented program design with visualization and a defini tion of system modeling that reinforces the rela tionship of model to program. Model authors interact with OOPM via graphical user inter face, which captures model design, translates models to simulation programs, controls model execution and provides output visualization. Distributed Model Repository facilitates collabo rative and distributed model definitions and model reuse. Translator converts model defini tion to a simulation program in C++, then com piles and links this simulation program, adding run-time support and creating an executable which runs under control of Scenario to provide output visualization using Virtual Reality Modeling Language. A variety of model types may be freely combined through heterogeneous multimodeling, which is the basis for geometry and dynamic behavior models.
Simulating Speech Coders Using Neural Networks
Authors: Al-Akaidi Marwan
Published: March 2007

Speech coding algorithms are developed and optimised to satisfy many applications' specific requirements. By using these requirements to analyse different types of speech coders operat ing at various bit rates, the most efficient speech coding scheme for a particular applica tion can be selected. Analysing speech coders is a time-consuming, expensive process because many of the tests are based on human percep tion of the reconstructed speech. An efficient, cost-effective method of performing this analy sis is to use a neural network. After a neural network is trained using characteristic param eters of the reconstructed speech signal, it can be used to classify a speech coder's performance in terms of its application requirements. This greatly simplifies the process of selecting a speech coder for a particular application. This paper shows how a neural network can be used to identify the speech quality and signal-to- noise ratio of a speech waveform produced by a speech coder, and how it can be used to deter mine if a speech coder is suitable for a particu lar application.
Using Simulation to Solve a Conveyor System Controller Design Problem
Authors: Hultquist Paul F. , Mahoney William R.
Published: March 2007

A conveyor belt system consisting of a dozen inserters ("hoppers") placed one item in each belt "slot" to produce batches of fixed length and order. Because there were usually more hoppers than item types, production could be speeded by loading more than one item per slot, with the constraint that at the end of the belt, the slot contents would stack in proper order. This led to a conceptually difficult design problem for the controller, which was solved by simulating an idealized machine that produced the desired results. A further improvement in throughput was obtained by using a simple random optimization scheme to find near optimum ordering of hopper contents.
A Modelling and Simulation Methodology for Managing the Riga Harbour Container Terminal
Authors: Merkuryev Yuri , Tolujew Juri , Blümel Eberhard , Novitsky Leonid , Ginters Egils , Viktorova Elena , Merkuryeva Galina , Pronins Jurijs
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses the key issues of the application of modelling and simulation for management of the Riga Harbour Container Terminal (RHCT), which have been explored within the concerted action project, "Appli cation of Modern Concepts in the Automated Information Management in Harbours by Using Advanced IT-Solutions." The project was financed by the European Commission in 1995-1997 under the COPERNICUS-1994 Programme. It was aimed at improving logistics processes at RHCT, the largest container terminal on the Baltic Sea, playing an important role in the transit transport chain between western European countries and eastern countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, etc.). The problems considered and approaches to solve them are not unique for RHCT, but are typical for growing harbours. Therefore, the results obtained could be used as a guideline for solving analogous problems at other harbours.
Le rôle des groupes de reference dans l'intégration des attitudes religieuses
Authors: Carrier Hervé
Published: March 2007

A clear trend which marked the sociology of religion during the last few years has been its effort to push on its studies beyond sociography to the domain of social psychology.

In this paper the Author takes social integration in the small group as the starting point for a discussion on how far attitudes of the spirit are influenced by the groups themselves.

These attitudes are defined as the structurization of personal dynamism which positively or negatively orient behaviour in the face of a psycho-social object. Their two springs arc individual psychology and the social milieu.

Attitudes are influenced by the groups to which the individual persons belong. The first achievement of sociology was to free itself from simplicist determin ism. The second one consisted in an effort to examine the influence of the family, union, party and other groups to which people belonged. The third step was an examination of the reference groups, that is, the groups to which people did not necessarely belong but to which they ware psychologically linked.

These two ideas can be applied to the sociology of religion. The Author applies them to the religious sentiment of young people (attached or otherwise to the Church groups), to the attitudes of the modal Catholic (i.e. in relation to the parochial group) and to the institutional points of reference of religious conversion (i.e. between the Church and the convert).
Sociographie des Conciles Oecuméniques dans I'Eglise Catholique Romaine
Authors: Delobelle André
Published: March 2007

It is remarkably difficult to form an overall assessment of the results of the ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church. The enormous signif icance to the life of the Church of these gatherings calls for penetrating sociological analysis for which specialized study is imperative. It is this that this study attempts to do. The varying types of ecumenical council, the result of recurring structural changes in the Church over the cen turies, can here be recognised.
The meaning of money in an Anglican diocese of East Africa: Masasi
Authors: Barrett D.B.
Published: March 2007

L'introduction du mode d'administration ecclésiastique du christianisme occidental, basé sur une économie monétaire, a déséquilibré un certain nombre d'économies de subsistance dans l'Afrique rurale, car on y a copié ce modèle sans le transformer. Cela met les Eglises rurales dans des difficultés très sérieuses et provoque des conflits, en particulier entre les ministres et les communautés.

Lorsque le modèle occidental de support financier est introduit, le résul tat est généralement négatif et la réaction du clergé se base sur un jugement moral. Au contraire, les Eglises indépendantes africaines, qui se multiplient, adoptent un modèle africain et n'ont aucune difficulté à résoudre ce problème.

Le diocèse de Masasi en Tanzanie est très pauvre. Il tente une expérience basée sur l'approche africaine vis-à-vis de l'argent. L'enquête a porté sur des chefs de famille chrétiens de 347 villages. Dans cet article, l'auteur décrit d'abord le diocèse, les villages enquêtés et les caractéristi ques des familles interviewées: sociales, économiques, religieuses. L'en quête établit quelle est la contribution de ces families à l'Eglise. Sur cette base elle étudie l'attitude face à l'argent en général et celle envers les finances de l'Eglise en particulier.

En conclusion, l'enquête montre que ce n'est pas par manque de discipline ecclésiastique que les fidèles ne contribuent pas plus à leur Eglise, mais bien parce que les solidarités familiales ont une force supérieure aux obligations ecclésiales. Les premières s'expriment concrètement et les secondes paraîssent abstraites. C'est seulement en les rendant concrètes aussi qu'une solution pourra être trouvée.
Croyances religieuses en milieu urbain : Ouagadougou
Authors: Deniel R.
Published: March 2007

The author gives the provisional results of a survey carried out in Ouagadougou, the capital of Upper Volta. Using the degree of religious culture as the basic variable, it can be seen that the attitude of the young people differs considerably from that of the adults. The adults appear more concerned about death and a future life, while the characteristic note of the young people is that of a certain rebellion against religious precepts of Christianity and Mohammedanism. The adults' socio-economic values are centred on children and security; the young people, on the other hand, seem more interested in their profession and their personal development.

There is little connection between these notions and religion as a whole. However, religion gives the adults a certain feeling of security. For the young people it often tends to be a moral frame or a help for some immediate problem (examinations), which very often leads them to a radical questioning of all belief.

The role of religion in development is seen, above all, as a contribution to the fields of literacy and health, as well as being a means of social cohesion among its adherents. Because the majority of the 'elite' are Christians, one must not overlook the unfavorable situation of the ani mists and the Moslems. The author concludes with a warning against a possible oversimplification with regard to the role of religion in devel opment.
Recherches sur le prêtre: Problèmes méthodologiques
Authors: Verscheure J.
Published: March 2007

Since the end of 1965 the Regional Center of Socio-Religious Studies devoted the major part of its activity to research on the priest. Several opinion polls have been done permitting the interrogation of about 7.500 persons in order to reveal the existing image of the priest.

Three surveys have been conducted in the three dioceses of Lille, Cam brai and Arras, utilizing representative samples of the adult population. Other surveys have been conducted in particular groups: working youth and students, militant adults of specialized Catholic Action, seminarians. The article does not seek to summarize the results which have been published elsewhere, but to evoke the principal methodological problems with which the Center has been confronted. It emphasizes in particular the method by which the topics of each survey have been selected, the evolution o f the various hypotheses, the difficulties of sampling and of interviewing, the technical problems of the questionnaires and of pro cessing as also the problems of publication and the popularization of the results.

These problems concerning all research have sometimes been better resolved in the course of these 4 year surveys, but it is particularly dif ficult to gauge what eventual distortions will be obtained in the results by concentrating, as was the case, the questionnaires on exclusively re ligious topics.
Communes, Hippies et Religion sécularisées
Authors: Rigby Andrew , Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

A number of political commentators in the nineteenth century ptedicted the complete secularization of Btitain. It is paradoxical that the very institutional decline of traditional Christianity created new quests for religious significance out side the established frameworks of belief, symbol and practice. In particular, popular religion (including hippies, commune and youth movements) attempted to close the gap between the objective social structure and the subjective need for meaning. Two dominant features of popular religion are first ly the diversity and complexity of its sources and themes ; secondly, its main cultural carrier as drawn from the unem ployed, middle class youth. These two aspects of popular religion are illustrated by an examination of two contemporary British communes.
Organizational Behavior, Career Orientations, and the Propensity to Move among Professionals
Authors: Kirschenbaum Alan B. , Goldberg Albert I.
Published: March 2007

Organizational environment and career motivations are examined in order to understand a professional's propensity to move. Four major groups of variabieU are examined: situational, professional-bureaucratic, occupational values, and career cycle/mobility orientations. The results of a step-wise regression suggest two major orientations associated with the propensity to move: the "career mobile cosmopolitan "and the "career mobile local. "A noted exception is when a lack of congruence between rewards and organizational commitment for the 7areer mobile local leads to an increased propensity to move. Similarly, the data suggest the existence of the "misfit" in which conflicting personal and occupational values rather than career orientations positively influence the propensity to move. We conclude that a positive and negative propensity to move among professionals reflects the dual nature of professional values and career orientations which in turn have consequences for professional and organizational frameworks.
Creating a Company of Unequals
Authors: Lorber Judith , Satow Roberta
Published: March 2007

This study of a hospital-based community mental health center in an urban ghetto found that the dominance of the psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists and residents over the social workers and paraprofessionals was the result of and was maintained by both negotiative processes and traditional role structures, backed up by bureaucratic rules. The psychiatrists and residents got the best cases, the social workers the average cases, and the minimally trained paraprofessionals the problem cases. The results of this stratification system on therapists and patients are described, and the authors conclude that autonomous clinics are necessary if professionals are to be rewarded for developing modes of treatment appropriate to ghetto patients. However, it is predicted that after the role negotiation process settles down, new stratification systems will emerge.
Female Identity and Career Pathways
Authors: Lewin Ellen , Damrell Joseph
Published: March 2007

Qualitative interviews with 17 postbaccalaureate nurses are analyzed with special attention to their management of conflicting commitments in the personal and occupational domains. Problems are seen as arising not only from organizational difficulties associated with parallel involvement with a profession and with the traditional domestic-maternal role, but from cultural categories that reflect sexual asymmetry. The paper discusses the strategies respondents use to minimize these contradictions, showing that these generally operate either to enhance harmony between the two domains or to accentuate their separateness from each other.
A Technique for Generating Random Fiber Diameter Profiles Using a Constrained Random Walk
Authors: Glass M.
Published: March 2007

A random walk technique, using appropriate statistical properties of adjacent points in along-fiber diameter profiles in conjunction with a constrained walk deviation, is devel oped for generating random along-fiber, wool snippet diameter profiles. The technique can be used in Monte Carlo simulations where the variation in diameter along fibers plays a significant role in properties of interest.
Related Strength Properties of 3D Fabrics
Authors: Yang Caiyun , Kim Yong K. , Qidwai Uvais A. , Wilson Alton R.
Published: March 2007

We investigate the related strength properties of 3D solid orthogonal fabric panels under conditions of low strain, then analyzes the response of these fabrics to low tensile loads. We also determine how it is possible to deduce the tensile properties of 3D solid orthogonal fabrics panels from the known properties of their constituent yams and the fabric's structural geometry when fabrics suffer from low strain (less than 10%). The experiments indicate that the relationship between stress and strain for 3D solid orthog onal fabric panels is parabolic (see Equations 12, 13, 14, and 15), and the relationship between fabric strain and yam strain is linear (see Equations 8, 9, 10, and 11). In addition, yam strain is much less than fabric strain.
Relation of Color Perception to Chemical Structure: A Critical Bibliography
Authors: Godlove I.H.
Published: March 2007

Certain specialized bibliographies have appeared in previous issues of TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL.† These were prepared in accordance with a pattern estab lished by the JOURNAL and each is intended to serve as a reference list of books and other primary referencés in a restricted field of inquiry.

In this paper we have departed somewhat from our established pattern because of the fact that, as Dr. Godlove explains in his introductory discussion, so few books or summary reports exist in this field. Much of the information is available only in the periodical literature.

It is believed that this critical bibliography represents a distinct service to our readers and will be of great help to anyone who wishes to pursue the subject thor oughly.
Structure of Cotton Linters
Authors: Hock Charles W.
Published: March 2007

The microscopic structure of cotton linters fibers is similar in many respects to that of staple (lint) cotton. There are no pronounced differences between these two types, although in general linters fibers are darker, shorter, more nearly cylindrical, and have thicker walls and narrower central canals than the staple cotton. The thin primary wall, which covers the surface of the fibers, consists largely of waxy and pectic materials. The thick secondary wall is arranged in layers. In some linters fibers this layered pattern is due to the alternation of layers of cellulose which differ in porosity and density, and in others to the alternation of layers of cellulose with layers of noncellulosic material. The width of individual layers varies roughly between 0.1 and 0.4 micron in unswollen fibers. The cellulosic layers are further subdivided into fine threadlike fibrils which make an acute angle with respect to the long axis of the fiber. The orientation of the fibrils is not the same in all layers and may even reverse its direction of spiral in a single layer. These structural characteristics influence the manner of swelling.
The Effect of Short Fibers in a Cotton on its Processing Efficiency and Product Quality
Authors: Tallant John D. , Fiori Louis A. , Landstreet Charles B.
Published: March 2007

The conclusions reached by means of miniature spinning techniques with very small samples of cotton were similar to those obtained in Part I : changes in short fiber con tent do not affect the twist required for maximum strength hut do lower strength some what more than 1% for each 1% increase in short fiber content.

These samples covered an exceptionally wide range of short fiber contents, from less than 1% to almost 20% by weight of fibers 3 in. and shorter. The very low short fiber content cottons were produced hy careful hand ginning techniques while the re mainder were obtained by differential ginning techniques.
The Heat Treatment of Orlon Acrylic Fiber to Render it Fireproof
Authors: Vosburgh W.G.
Published: March 2007

A Method for preparing a black, fireproof textile fiber candidate (called Fiber AF) from Orlon1is described. Fiber AF is prepared by heat treating fibers or fabrics of Orlon, preferably the latter, in air at temperatures in excess of 160° C. The logarithm of the reaction time is inversely proportional to the heating temperature. The important variables found in the process were heating time and temperature, fabric construction, and heating atmosphere.

Fiber AF is fireproof and has an unusually high resistance to destruction upon short- time thermal irradiation. Fiber AF can resist thermal irradiation over 100-fold higher than ordinary clothing fabrics. Upon continued exposure to high temperatures, Fiber AF gradually loses its tensile properties. At 900° C., it is completely consumed in 3 hr. While Fiber AF has fair tensile properties, its transverse properties are poor, excluding its possible utility in various types of fireproof garments where good abrasion resistance is required.
Shrinkproofing of Wool with Polyglycine from the Polymerization of Anhydrocarboxyglycine
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Shaw D.C.
Published: March 2007

Shrinkproofing of wool with anhydrocarboxyglycine is not possible from aqueous solution but can be achieved using 2% anhydrocarboxyglycine on the weight of the wool at 50° for 1 hr. in water-washed white spirit or trichloroethylene. Treatments at room temperature require a minimum time of 7 hr. The polymerization, initiated by water present in the wool, produces polyglycine with a degree of polymerization (DPn) about 30. Descaling of treated fibers shows that all the polyglycine is located in the outside 10% by weight of the fiber; a surface layer can be seen by Sellotape microscopy and electron microscopy. It is this surface layer which is responsible for the large increase in the frictional coefficients μ1and μ2and decrease in ( μ1- μ2) which in turn effects shrinkproofing. At levels of treatment ⋞ 0.39% polyglycine, partial shrink proofing is produced by small spots of polyglycine distributed at random over the fiber with no appreciable amount of masking of the scale edges.
Power Consumption of a Terg-O-Tometer
Authors: Tuzson John , Short Brant A.
Published: March 2007

One of the most convenient means of running small-scale tests on washing or rinsing equipment is through the use of a commercially available test fixture called a Terg-O- Tometer. Unfortunately, however, this test fixture does not provide for measurement of the net power transmitted to the liquid bath. Since information on power input is vital to the proper evaluation of a cleaning process, a means was devised to directly measure this power input.

The power input, characterized by the power number, was obtained for various Rey nolds number values, where the Reynolds number was used as a measure of the speed and stroke angle variations. Information on power input versus water level variation and varying cloth load quantities was also obtained. In general, net power input in creases with increasing water bath volume and increasing cloth-to-water ratio.
Effects of Preconditioning Humidity on the Equilibrium Regain of Various Fibers, in the Standard Atmosphere for Testing
Authors: Scroggie A.G. , Mereness H.A. , Cooper W.P. , Crary J.S.
Published: March 2007

The range of relative humidity from 5% to 25% has been found satisfactory for preconditioning cotton, wool, rayon, and nylon prior to bringing specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere. The data were obtained for ASTM Committee D-13 on textiles. Part of the data reported here was used by the American delegates at the meeting of the ISO Technical Committee 38 on Textiles in London, Eng land, May 1960. Based in part on the data presented, ISO/TC 38 has now recommended preconditioning in an atmosphere of 10% to 25% RH [3], in place of the earlier recom mendation, viz., an atmosphere having a relative humidity below 10%. Preconditioning is carried out at temperatures below 50° C in both cases.
Reaction of Aryl Isocyanates with Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Ellzey S.E. , Mack Charles H.
Published: March 2007

The effects of time, temperature, concentration, solvent, and catalyst in the reaction between cotton fabric and phenyl isocyanate in organic solvents have been studied. The swelling power of the solvent for the modified cotton has been found to be quite important. Under the conditions used, the reaction lacks reproducibility, probably because of traces of moisture in the reaction system. Di- n-butyltin diacetate has been shown to increase substantially the rate of reaction of the isocyanate with cotton.
Non-Aqueous Ester Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Allen T.C.
Published: March 2007

A new method for determining the extent of cross-linking in cotton has been investi gated. This method involves non-aqueous esterification with succmic anhydride to pro duce simple monomolecular cross-links without polymer formation. Analytical methods for the quantitative determination of the ester cross-links and the substituted cellulose byproducts of the esterification reaction have been developed. Two solvent systems. pyridine and an acetic acid-acetic anhydride mixture, have been investigated. The effect of variations in the concentrations of reactants and catalysts in the esterification reaction on crease recovery, tear strength, and the degree of cross-linking has been determined. A non-linear relationship between degree of cross-linking and crease re covery angle has been shown to exist, but this relationship changes with reaction conditions.
Measurement of Fabric Aesthetics
Authors: Brand R.H.
Published: March 2007

Effective research on the aesthetic characteristies of fabries is difficult because ex plicit definitions are lacking in this field. The most reliable tool is subjective evalua tion: therefore, words ( loft, clammy, hard, etc.) become important research tools. Special meanings of these words become clear if they are logically arranged according to textile frames of reference.

Fabric aesthetic character is defined as a relationship among a minimum of six concepts: STYIE, BODY, COVER, SURFACE TEXIURF, DRAPE, and RESILIENCEE. These con cepts can be described by how they are subjectively perceived, by possible subconcepts (e.g., COVFR can be partitioned into BOTTOM and TOP COVFR). by objective tests when available, and by common word pairs used to communicate their values (e.g., thick-thin, rough-smooth, etc.). To illustrate application of principles, subjective scales, identified by common words, were used for analyzing the COVFR concept in commercial, men's suiting fabries. These were then mathematically related to the aesthetic concept of COVER for specific fabrics.
A New Laboratory Apparatus for Use in the Chemical Modification of Packaged Cellutosic Yarns
Authors: Stanonis David J. , King Walter D. , Esposito Charles R.
Published: March 2007

A new apparatus for the chemical reaction of cotton and other cellulosic yarns with organic reagents at elevated temperatures has been constructed and tested. The device, made entirely' of chemically resistant materials, supports a loosely wound yarn package while reagents are pumped through it. A key feature of the apparatus is a special Tefion tube which supports the yarn and which can contract substantially during the reaction. The tube allows for contraction of the yarn, better permeability of reagents, and uni formity of substitution. Use of the apparatus yields yarn that is in a form suitable for textile evaluation.
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Inglis A.S. , Lennox F.G.
Published: March 2007

Equipment is described which is suitable for irradiating small samples of fabric or solution with high-intensity uv light of known wavelength. A 1000-watt mercury vapor lamp and a 1600-watt xenon arc have been used in such equipment to irradiate fine wool fabric with consecutive 20 m μ bands covering the wavelength range 250-410 m μ. With both sources the "yellowness index" and "apparent thiol" concentration were found to increase with decrease in wavelength, while the concentrations of cystine and trypto phan decreased. In experiments with the xenon arc, tyrosine and, to a lesser extent, methionine and histidine were also partly destroyed. Doubling the exposure signifi cantly increased the destruction of cystine but not yellowing or destruction of other amino acids.

The changes in amino acid concentration were relatively slight compared with yellowing of the fabric, and it is suggested that the effects may have been restricted mainly to the surface layers of the exposed fibers.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C. , Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

Creep measurements during fatiguing by cyclic tension have been made on an acrylic fiber and two types of Dacron,2 at various strokes and frequencies. The curves for creep extension vs fatiguing time in cycles for the acrylic sample were found to be concave downward, whereas those for the Dacron fibers are concave upward, suggesting basic differences in the original structures and the structural changes occurring during fatiguing. The results indicate that there exists an inverse relationship between the number of cycles to failure and the minimum creep rate in the case of acrylic fibers. Creep extension at break, in a number of fiber samples, was found to decrease as the average lifetime increases as a rsult of reductions in stroke, and also, in the acrylic sample, as a result of increases in cyclic frequency. Simultaneous measurements of creep and force in a number of samples indicate that most of the changes in the geometry and dynamic properties of the fiber specimens occur in a very short initial interval of the fatiguing period. These data are taken to indicate that creep is only an accon ni ment of fatiguing by cyclic tension, and not the immediate cause of final rupture, which is believed to be the result of crack propagation.
Performance Characteristics of Whipcord of Wools versus Blends of Wools with Viscose Rayon or Nylon
Authors: Dowlen Rowena P.
Published: March 2007

Six worsted whipcords were manufactured with the following fiber content: all fine wool (considered standard), all medium wool, medium wool-viscose rayon or -nylon, and coarse wool-viscose rayon or -nylon. The comparative performance was evaluated from physical properties of new fabric, swatches of unused fabric drycleaned (20 or' 60 times) ; and fabric from trousers worn by lotal delivery truck drivers for 20 and 60 weeks, re spectively (weekly drycleanings). liven though there were slight differences in vautes for air permeability, stiffness, crease recovery, abrasion resistance, breaking strength. elongation, and toughness, from a practical standpoint the coarser 56-58's wool could be substituted for fine 64's wool. Although not quite as good as the all-wool, the 3 4 wool-1 4, viscose rayon blends, were acceptable substitutes; and the blends containing 1/4 nylon were more durable than wool-viscose rayon or al-wool. Failing of fabrics was due to service wear, not to drycleaning.
Vapor Phase Reactions on Cotton
Authors: Gagliardi D.D. , Jutras W.J. , Shippee F.B.
Published: March 2007

The reaction of cotton fabrics with reagents in the vapor phase has been studied as a means of producing new functional properties not readily obtainable by the conven tional finishing methods. Five classes of reactions, with several examples in each have been examined. These include vapor-phase cross-linking, poymer formation in and on fibers, grafting reaction, esterification, and alkylation. Activation of the cotton fibers by special reagents, moisture, or catalysts has been found to be very important in obtaining high reaction yields. The present paper of this series discusses some general considera tions of vapor phase reactions, reactor designs for special cases, and results obtained. Among the important results found to date are the following: high wet and dry crease resistance in cross-linked cotton, high flex abrasion resistance, highly durable water repellency from chlorfisilane vapor treatments, improved soil repellency in acrylate and perfluoroacrylate grafts, and high degree of mildew and bacterial resistance in esterified or metallized cotton. A common theme is proposed that most vapor-phase reactions studied are practical and yield improved cotton modification over conventional methods. Moreover, most of these could be reduced to commercial practice by readily engineered machinery designs. Detailed reporting of studies of each vapor phase chemical class is planned for future papers in this series.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Michie R.I.C. , Stevenson P.J.
Published: March 2007

Several commercial nonwoven fabrics have been stretched to varying extents, allowed to relax, and selected physical properties determined. In all cases, stretching beyond a threshold value of apprpximately 3 percent caused a decrease in initial modulus, shear modulus, bending length, and drape coefficient. The rupture stress showed a slight tendency to decrease,, while the breaking strain and the elastic recovery were sensibly unaffected. The relative change in initial modulus was found to be determined only by the amount of stretch applied, irrespective of the fabric construction. Shear modulus was approximately proportional to the initial modulus obtained from the stress-strain curve, which accords with the law of elastic distortion, although the derived value of Poisson's ratio was much higher than the measured value. It appears that bending length is the important factor in determining drape coefficient, since a unique relationship exists between these two parameters but not between shear modulus and drape coefficient. The improvement in drape obtained with the more extensible fabrics is significant but, for the majority of textile purposes, probably insufficient.