bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The United Arab Emirates: Statehood and Nation-Building in a Traditional Society
Authors: Heard-Bey Frauke
Published: May 2017

Nationals represent barely 20% of the population in the United Arab Emirates, but form the economically and socially privileged group of UAE citizens. The Rulers of the seven emirates were able to retain the historical loyalty of the “Emiratis” by advancing the economic
development of the individual states, while Abu Dhabi-financed federal development helped to create a viable national state. Democratization is not of the same urgency as in some neighboring Gulf countries.
The Continuing Evolution of Iran's Military Doctrine
Authors: Ward Steven R.
Published: May 2017

Iran's military has tried to develop concepts for warfighting suitable for deterring the United States while dealing with a complex security environment and numerous constraints on its military power. The military's key task has been to align doctrine with service capabilities. This
article examines the path of Iran's doctrinal developments and highlights the advantages and problems in Iran's approach and its seeming over-reliance on missile-based deterrence and the threat of unconventional and proxy war.
Negotiating Rights in Iraq: Women and the Personal Status Law
Authors: Efrati Noga
Published: May 2017

Recent attempts to abolish the Personal Status Law, in force since 1959, with the intent of placing family matters in the hands of religious authorities, caused an uproar among Iraqi women's rights activists. This article seeks to place the protest in its historical context by tracing
women's participation in shaping the Personal Status Law - touching upon both their achievements and disappointments. It highlights the threat that repealing the law would pose, not only to the advancements for which women activists have struggled long and hard, but more importantly to the
very channel which made these achievements possible. It also exposes the “hidden costs” of the protest. Activists' energies were diverted into preserving a law which left many demands unanswered, and away from promoting improved legislation.
Myths and Historiography of the 1948 Palestine War Revisited: The Case of Lydda
Authors: Kadish Alon , Sela Avraham
Published: May 2017

Arab and Israeli revisionist historiography has taken the events in the town of Lydda (Lod, al-Lud) during the 1948 Palestine War (Israeli War of Independence) as an example of Israel's premeditated expulsion of the Palestinian Arabs in 1948, coupled with a massacre of civilian Arabs
by the Israeli forces. Using newly released documents, the article explains the origins of these claims. It concludes that the expulsion was not pre-meditated but a consequence of a complex and ill-conducted battle, nor is there any direct evidence that a massacre took place.
Towards a Representative Military? The Transformation of the Lebanese Officer Corps since 1945
Authors: Barak Oren
Published: May 2017

This article discusses the transformation of the officer corps of the Lebanese Army since 1945, based on data collected on 4,453 officers who served in this institution over the years. It examines the social makeup, professional careers, and political orientation of these officers,
as well as the interplay between the transformation of the officer corps over time and broader political and socioeconomic changes in Lebanon since its independence.
Globalization, International Finance, and Political Islam in the Arab World
Authors: El-Said Hamed , Harrigan Jane
Published: May 2017

This article looks at one important aspect of globalization in the Arab World, namely the provision of international finance by the US, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank in support of economic liberalization programs. This flow of international finance has been
partly determined by geopolitical factors and in some countries has resulted in a decline in state provision of social welfare, increased poverty, and increased inequality. Not only has this form of globalization been increasingly challenged by Islamist groups, but many such groups have moved
in to provide social capital and fill the welfare gap created by the gradual withdrawal of the state from socio-economic affairs. Globalization has thus strengthened the hand of political Islam and undermined the political legitimacy of incumbent regimes.
What do Egypt's Islamists Want? Moderate Islam and the Rise of Islamic Constitutionalism
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K.
Published: May 2017

What type of political order do Egypt's Islamists seek to create? This question is examined by studying two types of sources: the theoretical works of Egypt's most prominent contemporary Islamic thinkers and the documents issued by the Muslim Brotherhood during its 2005 parliamentary
campaign. These sources indicate that a distinctively Islamic conception of constitutionalism has emerged that legitimates many of the key goals of liberal governance, including constraints on state power, governmental accountability, and protection of some civil and political rights. However,
the institutions of Islamic constitutionalism support a conception of political order that differs from liberalism in important respects. These differences are most apparent with regard to the purpose of the state, the role of the individual in politics, and the function of law.
“Don't Mention the War?” The Politics of Remembrance and Forgetfulness in Postwar Lebanon
Authors: Barak Oren
Published: May 2017

This article explores the divergent ways in which the state, the political society, and the civil society in Lebanon have addressed the Civil War (1975-90) in the postwar era. More specifically, I explore the interplay between actors operating within these spheres concerning three contentious
questions: a) Should the war be remembered and commemorated? b) Who is responsible for the war? c) How to consider Lebanon's modern history in light of the war? The discussion highlights both the possibilities and constraints of civil society groups in post-conflict settings.
China, Global Energy, and the Middle East
Authors: Yetiv Steve A. , Lu Chunlong
Published: May 2017

China has significantly enhanced its position and interest in the Persian Gulf region over the past 25 years, making it an important newcomer in regional dynamics. Evidence clearly shows that it has expanded, in some cases dramatically, its diplomatic contacts, economic ties, and arms
sales to regional states. This represents a novel development which is likely to accelerate in the future as China's dependence on Persian Gulf oil grows. China's rising position in the region has put Beijing and Washington at odds and could generate serious friction points in the future.
Policy recommendations are sketched to avoid such an outcome.
The High Water Mark of Islamist Politics? The Case of Yemen
Authors: Longley April
Published: May 2017

In Yemen, Islamists seem to have lost their edge in an area formerly considered their strength: grassroots politics. In the 2006 local council elections the Islamist party Islah suffered a resounding defeat at the hands of the ruling General People's Congress (GPC) party. The overwhelming
victory of the GPC in the local councils can be accounted for with reference to four main factors: the GPC's use of the state to advance its electoral aims; the political skill of GPC politicians; the political blunders of the Joint Meeting Parties) JMP; and finally, several political liabilities
particular to Islah, including internal fragmentation and party members' often harmful records in office. The elections show that President 'Ali 'Abdullah Salih and his supporters have developed a more nuanced semi-authoritarian framework for maintaining power. In contrast, the opposition
demonstrated political immaturity, internal weakness, and an inability to use potential grassroots support to oppose the regime. The future of accountability and competitive politics in Yemen is intimately connected to the political survival and revitalization of Islah. In the aftermath of
the elections, the opposition must conduct serious, critical self-evaluation if it intends to hold the regime accountable and to curb the ever-increasing centralization of power around the President and his family.
The X-Ray Reflection Spectrum of the Radio-loud Quasar 4C 74.26
Authors: Lohfink Anne M. , Fabian Andrew C. , Ballantyne David R. , Boggs S. E. , Boorman Peter , Christensen F. E. , Craig W. W. , Farrah Duncan , García Javier , Hailey C. J. , Harrison F. A. , Ricci Claudio , Stern Daniel , Zhang W. W.
Published: May 2017

The relativistic jets created by some active galactic nuclei are important agents of AGN feedback. In spite of this, our understanding of what produces these jets is still incomplete. X-ray observations, which can probe the processes operating in the central regions in the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black hole, the presumed jet launching point, are potentially particularly valuable in illuminating the jet formation process. Here, we present the hard X-ray NuSTAR observations of the radio-loud quasar 4C 74.26 in a joint analysis with quasi-simultaneous, soft X-ray Swift observations. Our spectral analysis reveals a high-energy cutoff of

keV and confirms the presence of ionized reflection in the source. From the average spectrum we detect that the accretion disk is mildly recessed, with an inner radius of R
in = 4–180 R
g. However, no significant evolution of the inner radius is seen during the three months covered by our NuSTAR campaign. This lack of variation could mean that the jet formation in this radio-loud quasar differs from what is observed in broad-line radio galaxies.
Chandra Observations of the Field Containing HESS J1616–508
Authors: Hare Jeremy , Kargaltsev Oleg , Pavlov George G. , Rangelov Blagoy , Volkov Igor
Published: May 2017

We report the results of three Chandra observations covering most of the extent of the TeV γ-ray source HESS J1616–508 and a search for a lower-energy counterpart to this source. We detect 56 X-ray sources, 37 of which have counterparts at lower frequencies, including a young massive star cluster, but none of them appear to be a particularly promising counterpart to the TeV source. The brightest X-ray source, CXOU J161423.4–505738, with a flux F
0.5–7 keV ≈ 5 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1, has a hard spectrum that is well fit by a power-law model with a photon index Γ = 0.2 ± 0.3 and is a likely intermediate polar CV candidate. No counterparts of this source were detected at other wavelengths. CVs are not known to produce extended TeV emission, and the source is also largely offset (19′) from HESS J1616–508, making them unlikely to be associated. We have also set an upper limit on the X-ray flux of PSR J1614–5048 in the 0.5–8 keV band (F
0.5–8 keV < 5 × 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1 at a 90% confidence level). This makes PSR J1614–5048 one of the least X-ray-efficient pulsars known, with an X-ray efficiency

. We find no evidence supporting the association between the pulsar and the TeV source. We rule out a number of X-ray sources as possible counterparts to the TeV emission and do not find a plausible counterpart among the other sources. Lastly, we discuss the possible relation of PSR J1617–5055 to HESS J1616–508 in light of the new observations.
The Hottest Hot Jupiters May Host Atmospheric Dynamos
Authors: Rogers T. M. , McElwaine J. N.
Published: May 2017

Hot Jupiters have proven themselves to be a rich class of exoplanets that test our theories of planetary evolution and atmospheric dynamics under extreme conditions. Here, we present three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations and analytic results that demonstrate that a dynamo can be maintained in the thin, stably stratified atmosphere of a hot Jupiter, independent of the presumed deep-seated dynamo. This dynamo is maintained by conductivity variations arising from strong asymmetric heating from the planets’ host star. The presence of a dynamo significantly increases the surface magnetic field strength and alters the overall planetary magnetic field geometry, possibly affecting star–planet magnetic interactions.
Rotating Starburst Cores in Massive Galaxies at z = 2.5
Authors: Tadaki Ken-ichi , Kodama Tadayuki , Nelson Erica J. , Belli Sirio , Schreiber Natascha M. Förster , Genzel Reinhard , Hayashi Masao , Herrera-Camus Rodrigo , Koyama Yusei , Lang Philipp , Lutz Dieter , Shimakawa Rhythm , Tacconi Linda J. , Übler Hannah , Wisnioski Emily , Wuyts Stijn , Hatsukade Bunyo , Lippa Magdalena , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Ikarashi Soh , Kohno Kotaro , Suzuki Tomoko L. , Tamura Yoichi , Tanaka Ichi
Published: May 2017

We present spatially resolved ALMA observations of the CO

emission line in two massive galaxies at z = 2.5 on the star-forming main sequence. Both galaxies have compact dusty star-forming cores with effective radii of

and

in the 870 μm continuum emission. The spatial extent of star-forming molecular gas is also compact with

and

, but more extended than the dust emission. Interpreting the observed position–velocity diagrams with dynamical models, we find the starburst cores to be rotation dominated with the ratio of the maximum rotation velocity to the local velocity dispersion of

(

km s−1) and

(

km s−1). Given that the descendants of these massive galaxies in the local universe are likely ellipticals with

nearly an order of magnitude lower, the rapidly rotating galaxies would lose significant net angular momentum in the intervening time. The comparisons among dynamical, stellar, gas, and dust mass suggest that the starburst CO-to-H2 conversion factor of

(K km s−1 pc−2)−1 is appropriate in the spatially resolved cores. The dense cores are likely to be formed in extreme environments similar to the central regions of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Our work also demonstrates that a combination of medium-resolution CO and high-resolution dust continuum observations is a powerful tool for characterizing the dynamical state of molecular gas in distant galaxies.
A Statistical Comparative Planetology Approach to the Hunt for Habitable Exoplanets and Life Beyond the Solar System
Authors: Bean Jacob L. , Abbot Dorian S. , Kempton Eliza M.-R.
Published: May 2017

The search for habitable exoplanets and life beyond the solar system is one of the most compelling scientific opportunities of our time. Nevertheless, the high cost of building facilities that can address this topic and the keen public interest in the results of such research requires rigorous development of experiments that can deliver a definitive advancement in our understanding. Most work to date in this area has focused on a “systems science” approach of obtaining and interpreting comprehensive data for individual planets to make statements about their habitability and the possibility that they harbor life. This strategy is challenging because of the diversity of exoplanets, both observed and expected, and the limited information that can be obtained with astronomical instruments. Here, we propose a complementary approach that is based on performing surveys of key planetary characteristics and using statistical marginalization to answer broader questions than can be addressed with a small sample of objects. The fundamental principle of this comparative planetology approach is maximizing what can be learned from each type of measurement by applying it widely rather than requiring that multiple kinds of observations be brought to bear on a single object. As a proof of concept, we outline a survey of terrestrial exoplanet atmospheric water and carbon dioxide abundances that would test the habitable zone hypothesis and lead to a deeper understanding of the frequency of habitable planets. We also discuss ideas for additional surveys that could be developed to test other foundational hypotheses in this area.
Kinetics of Phosphorus Segregation in the Grain Boundaries of VVER-1000 Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Bokstein Boris , Khodan Anatole N. , Sorokin Mikhail V. , Rodin Alexey O. , Syutkin Evgeny A. , Khvan Aleksandra V. , Maltsev Dmitry A. , Bukina Zinaida V. , Saltykov Michail A. , Gurovich Boris A. , Ryazanov Alexander I.
Published: May 2017

Methods of AES quantitative analysis were developed and applied for the determination of element concentrations at the surfaces of brittle fractures along grain boundaries. An attempt was made to take into account the presence of carbide precipitates and cleavage areas in the zone of the Auger analysis of their impact on the results of quantitative measurements. Obtained data were used for evaluation of the phosphorous segregation kinetics. The obtained results are consistent with thermodynamic modeling with CALPHAD method.Kinetics of segregation is analyzed with three models: (1) Langmuir - McLean theory; (2) model akin to kinetics of first order chemical reactions in solids; and (3) the model, which takes into account contribution of fast transport within subgrain networks and slow diffusion through the grain bulk. The two later models are in a good agreement with the experimental results.
The Investigation of Dislocation Behaviour in Molybdenum Using Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Tseplyaev Vasily , Serenko Nikita , Starikov Sergey
Published: May 2017

In this work the behaviour of edge 1/2<111>{110} and screw 1/2<111>{112} dislocations were investigated by the method of molecular dynamics. The results of calculations show that molecular dynamics with used interatimic potential are able to properly describe the dislocation behavior. Two regimes of dislocation movement in molybdenum are shown to exist: thermo-activated and viscous regimes. Obtained results of dislocation mobility was fitted using the dislocation mobility law.
Correlations for Interaction Layer Growth in U-Mo/Al Dispersion Fuels
Authors: Tarasov Boris A. , Nikitin Stepan N. , Shornikov Dmitry P. , Tarasova Maria S. , Konovalov Igor I.
Published: May 2017

Paper presents the results of the growth rate of the interaction layer of uranium-molybdenum dispersed fuel in aluminum matrix and influence of silicon alloying on it. The growth process of amorphous interaction layer depends on the radiation diffusion which is proportional to the fission rate in the power of 1⁄4. The alloying of the matrix by silicon does not lead to a change in the mechanism and kinetics of the interaction layer growth, but only slows it down.
О стабилизации к нулю решений обратной задачи для вырождающегося параболического уравнения с двумя независимыми переменными
Authors: Kamynin Vitaly Leonidovich
Published: May 2017

Доказаны теоремы о стабилизации к нулю при $t\to +\infty$
решений обратной задачи определения неизвестной правой
части в вырождающемся параболическом уравнении c одной
пространственной переменной, принадлежащей ограниченному
отрезку, при условии интегрального наблюдения. При этом
допускается неограниченность коэффициентов уравнения.
Данные теоремы позволяют дать оценку сверху скорости
стабилизации. Приведены примеры уравнений, для которых
выполняются условия доказанных теорем, а также пример,
показывающий существенность таких условий.
Библиография: 13 названий.
“Timely” Publication: The Racialized Context of Edith Wharton's “Bunner Sisters”
Authors: Li Jin
Published: May 2017

While a number of critics frequently refer to the fact that “Bunner Sisters” was written in 1892 but published in 1916, few have explored the possible reasons behind the late publication. In the class discussion of “Bunner Sisters,” my students demonstrated their interest in the tragic destiny of Ann Eliza and Evelina. Despite the fact that they were informed of the novella's publishing history and were guided to heed the negative textual representations about Herman Ramy, their course papers on “Bunner Sisters” either analyze much-researched themes, such as the inutility of self-renunciation and the Bunner sisters' confusing of Ramy's literacy with moral integrity, or justify the relevance of a critical theory (reader-response theory) to the interpreting of the novella. This article argues that an examination of the race context of the novella indicates Wharton's adherence to the dominant political sentiments of her times, and that the publication of “Bunner Sisters” in 1916 after the breakout of World War I can be viewed as a “timely” one.
Benefits of Aviation Weather Services: A Review of International Literature
Authors: Anaman Kwabena Asomanin , Quaye Ruth , Owusu-Brown Bernice
Published: May 2017

This paper presents a summary of the international literature published on the benefits of aviation weather services. Aviation operations are highly sensitive to weather conditions. Information on weather conditions helps meteorologists, pilots, navigators, airline companies and businesses to ensure safe flights and save money by reducing some of the stringent requirements related to carrying extra fuel loads. The development of constantly updated flight plans with respect to available weather information regarding changing wind and general weather conditions can enable aircraft to use fuel more efficiently and navigate their planes in safer environments that avoid turbulence and make air flights comfortable to the travelling public. The summary literature presented in this paper illustrates the importance of the work of meteorologists in the production of relevant information and data that are accessible to pilots and navigators. The pooling of meteorological information, data and other resources by member countries of the World Meteorological Organisation represents a classic case of international cooperation that has ensured relatively safe and comfortable air flights across the world since the era of international air travel in the 20th Century speeding up the process of the more historically-recent globalisation.
Saudi Female Teachers’ Perceptions of the Use of L1 in EFL Classrooms
Authors: Al-Amir Bayan Al-Hashemi
Published: May 2017

In the literature of second language teaching and learning, the use of students’ first language (L1) has been an issue of debate for many years. Despite the changing state of teaching and learning aspects over the years, the belief that L1 should not be used in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms has stood the test of time. Nevertheless, many studies have recently started to put this belief under question and to give the effectiveness of L1 use, the benefit of doubt. This paper investigates EFL teachers’ perceptions of the use of students’ first language at one of the universities in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, given the fact that those teachers speak students’ native language and have different English language proficiency levels. The data gathered through a questionnaire were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)® to find frequencies, percentages and mean scores. The overall results of the study show that the majority of teachers agree to the use of students’ first language in their EFL classrooms. Moreover, when investigating the relationship between teachers’ English language proficiency level and their perceptions of L1 use, the results suggest that there is no correlation between the two. Furthermore, the results of the study conclude that EFL teachers are selective when it comes to the areas of language teaching where L1 is used.
Sharing Economy: For an Economic Taxonomy
Authors: Bruno Bruna , Faggini Marisa
Published: May 2017

Sharing economy is an emerging phenomenon without a consolidated economic approach. We focus on main economic characteristics of sharing economy, as a category of peer-to-peer markets, which include collaborative consumption and redistribution markets. Peer-to-peer markets create a positive externality when exploiting idling capacity, adding further exchange advantages to those usually related to classical two-sided markets. Sharing economy differs from peer-to-peer redistribution markets, where a transfer of full ownership of goods occurs, because goods are used to provide services excludable but non-rivalrous. Problems arising from sharing economy growth are briefly analysed.
Økonomi og demokrati
Authors: Selvik Kjetil
Published: May 2017

En historisk analyse av de arabiske landene, Iran og Tyrkia, med vekt på hvilken innvirkning den økonomiske utviklingen har hatt på demokratiseringen.
Kirkene og Israel
Authors: Haugen Hans Morten
Published: May 2017

Pengeinnsamling til jødiske bosettere og annen støtte til Israels okkupasjon av Vestbredden, Øst-Jerusalem, Gaza og Golan har fått større oppmerksomhet i det siste. Denne virksomheten – ulovlig etter internasjonal rett – er imidlertid ingen nyhet for dem som har fulgt norske kristne israelvenner over en periode.
Palestinske holdninger til vold og kompromiss: rasjonalitet, frustrasjon og væpnet motstand
Authors: Hillesund Solveig
Published: May 2017

Hva driver palestinsk støtte til vold, ikkevold og kompromiss? Analyse av data fra Vestbredden og Gaza antyder at holdningene påvirkes av frustrasjonen som følger av økonomisk og politisk deprivasjon, men også av mer rasjonelle avveininger av voldens kostnader og effektivitet.
“Folket ønsker militsgruppenes fall"
Authors: Tuastad Dag
Published: May 2017

I nyere studier av palestinske flyktningleirer fremstilles de som unntaksområder. Staten har fratatt leirbeboerne politisk innflytelse. Men det største hinderet mot demokratisk styring av flyktningleirene kommer fra palestinerne selv – fra militsgruppenes motstand mot demokratisering.
Stat-i-staten i et fragmentert land: Den libanesiske fronten 1975–78
Authors: Dølerud Magnus
Published: May 2017

Da borgerkrig brøt ut i Libanon i 1975, var kristne ledere snare med å finne sammen i en slagkraftig politisk og militær allianse. Denne tok raskt form av en stat-i-staten, som både vikarierte for, utfordret, og til en viss grad etterlignet den sviktende sentralmakten.
Kan Hamas være en brannmur mot palestinsk jihadisme?
Authors: Tuastad Dag
Published: May 2017

Gjennom den væpnede motstandskampen har Hamas oppnådd økt respekt hos Palestinsk Islamsk Jihad og jihadistgrupper basert i palestinske flyktningleirer. Påvirkning fra Hamas har gjort gruppene mer villige til å inngå politiske kompromisser.
Hva er det med Midtøsten?
Authors: Strand Håvard , Sørli Mirjam , Gleditsch Nils Petter
Published: May 2017

Det har vært mange væpnede konflikter i Midtøsten i perioden etter annen verdenskrig. Men disse konfliktene kan langt på vei forklares av de samme generelle faktorene som disponerer for konflikt andre steder i verden. Er det noe spesielt med Midtøsten? Stort sett ikke.
Arven etter Fahd bin Abd al-Aziz al Saud - Saudi-Arabias konge 1982-2005
Authors: Stenslie Stig
Published: May 2017

Mandag 1. august ble bortgangen til Saudi-Arabias kong Fahd bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud kunngjort. Kongen ble trolig 83 år. Fahd hadde vært landets konge siden 1982. Han var den fjerde i rekken av sønnene til Ibn Saud, Saudi-Arabias grunnlegger, til å inneha kongevervet. Hva har Fahds styre og bortgang å si for Saudi-Arabias videre politiske utvikling og stabilitet?
Orhan Pamuks politisk provoserende litteratur
Authors: Ims Gunvald
Published: May 2017

Etter at den tyrkisk-armenske avisredaktøren Hrant Dink blei skutt og drept i Istanbul på høylys dag den 19. januar, kom nyheten om at Orhan Pamuk søker tilflukt i New York. Nokså motvillig er fjorårets nobelprisvinner blitt sjølve symbolet på de politiske rystelsene Tyrkia opplever idet nasjonalstaten skal eu-tilpasses. For å forstå Pamuks rolle i dette spillet, vil jeg se nærmere på hvordan han problematiserer forholdet mellom politikk og litteratur.
Shiitisk politisk idétradition
Authors: Fazlhashemi Mohammad
Published: May 2017

Shiitiska rättslärda spelar en central roll i den politiska utvecklingen i Irak efter diktatorn Saddam Husseins fall. Utvecklingen efter den USA-ledda invasionen visar att de shiitiska rättslärdas förhållningssätt till den världsliga makten kan spåras tillbaka till ett beprövat handlingsmönster i shias historia.
”han var vår lærer“: hizballah etter fadlallah
Authors: Kverme Kai
Published: May 2017

Da ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Fadlallah gikk bort i 2010, forsvant også et viktig element for Hizballahs posisjon blant libanesiske shiaer. Til tross for uenigheter med bevegelsen, var Fadlallah avgjørende for deres religiøse legitimitet. Hans død kom på et tidspunkt hvor organisasjonen allerede var under press, og resultatet kan være at Hizballahs hegemoni over libanons shiaer blir betydelig svekket.
Brutal oppmerksomhet: Al-Qaida i Irak på nett
Authors: Tønnessen Truls Hallberg
Published: May 2017

Voldelige grupperinger som al-Qaida i Irak benytter seg av internett for å få internasjonal oppmerksomhet. De er imidlertid fortsatt avhengig av en viss grad av territoriell kontroll, og det kan oppstå et motsetningsforhold mellom internasjonal oppmerksomhet og lokal tilstedeværelse.
Islam Onlines ekteskapsveiledning: før og etter krisen
Authors: Abdel-Fadil Mona
Published: May 2017

Hvordan driver et islamsk nettsted ekteskapsveiledning? Består veiledningen kun av referanser til hellige skrifter? Hva slags spørsmål stiller brukerne, og hva slags svar mottar de? Disse spørsmålene utforskes med utgangspunkt i Islam Onlines ekteskapsveiledningstjenester, og kan by på overraskelser.
Panislamsk anti-imperialisme? al-Qaeda i ord og handlinger
Authors: Martin Petersen E.
Published: May 2017

Typologier over islamistiske bevægelser anvender ofte misvisende betegnelser for al-Qaeda. Den mere specialiserede litteratur om gruppen har tendens til at bruge betegnelser, som underminerer behovet for at skelne mellem al-Qaeda og mere nationalistisksindede grupper. Hvordan løses dette problem?
De arabiske jødenes eksodus: bakgrunn og årsaker
Authors: Enstad Johannes Due
Published: May 2017

I årene etter opprettelsen av Israel utvandret et massivt antall jøder fra den arabiske verden. Hva forklarer at opp mot 900 000 arabiske jøder forlot sine hjemland til fordel for nye og fremmede samfunn i Israel, Frankrike og USA?
Islam, Assisted Reproductive Technologies, and the Middle Eastern State
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C.
Published: May 2017

Assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, have made their way to the Middle Eastern nation states. However, in the Sunni-dominant countries, third-party donation of sperm, eggs, embryos, and uteruses (as in surrogacy) is banned, leading some Sunni Muslim couples to travel to Iran and Lebanon, where Shia Muslim clergy have allowed donor technologies.
"A House where War Wages"
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Berit
Published: May 2017

Et langtrukkent ul som fra et dyr i nød flerret plutselig stillheten i kirkerommet. Alle skvatt til, urolige blikk ble vekslet, og alle – små og store – forstod straks at det hadde kommet noen som “hadde djevler”, det vil si var besatt.
Algerie: Amnesti som en vei ut av volden?
Authors: Mouhleb Naima
Published: May 2017

Mens amnestiet i Algerie har ført til en reduksjon i selve volden har det også blitt avdekket flere svakheter ved prosjektet. Disse svakhetene kan få konsekvenser for den langsiktige freden og løsningen av den politiske legitimitetskrisen.
Egypt etter Hosni Mubarak
Authors: Stenslie Stig , Haugom Lars
Published: May 2017

Hosni Mubarak har styrt Egypt siden 1981. Ikke siden Muhammed ’ Ali hersket i landet på begynnelsen av 1800-tallet har Egypt opplevd et så stabilt styre. Men Mubarak er 76 år, og et presidentskifte vil komme innen få år. Hvem etterfølger Hosni Mubarak som egyptisk president? Og hvilke følger vil et presidentskifte ha for landets innenriks- og utenrikspolitikk?
A distant genocide in Darfur
Authors: O'Fahey Sean
Published: May 2017

We are beginning to be inundated with media reports on the genocidal war in Darfur, the Sudan’ s westernmost province, an area approximately the size of France. Much is being written on what is happening on the ground (see NYT 4 and 8 May), much less about the causes. I write here as an historian of Darfur.
Menns liv i Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Walle Thomas Michael
Published: May 2017

Hva skal til for å være mann i Lahore? Mannlighet er ikke enhetlig eller konsistent, men kommer tvert imot til uttrykk gjennom motstridende og uforenlige praksiser.
Åndelig like, men sosialt ulike: koptisk-ortodokse kjønnsforestillinger
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Berit
Published: May 2017

Kopternes forestillinger om kjønn kan skjematisk oppsummeres i tre punkter: 1) Gud har skapt menn og kvinner som likeverdige, men forskjellige, og komplementære kjønnsroller er derfor det eneste naturlige. 2) I åndelig forstand er menn og kvinner like og har de samme muligheter til å oppnå frelse. 3) Kjønn kan transcenderes.
Er demokrati mulig i irak?
Authors: Schmid Søren
Published: May 2017

Mange mennesker ryster lidt på hovedet af George W. Bush’ planer om at indføre demokrati i Irak. Men ideen synes at have bidt sig fast, og nu støtter også den danske regering med sit seneste arabiske bistandsinitiativ forsøget på at omdanne de repressive stater i Mellemøsten – deriblandt Irak – til mere demokratiske politiske systemer med større respekt for menneskerettigheder.
Sa’du -dynastiets arabia: familiebedrift for fall?
Authors: Stenslie Stig
Published: May 2017

En utvikling i Saudi-Arabia som rokker ved sa’ ud-familiens politiske makt vil få betydelige regionale og globale konsekvenser. Tiden etter 11. september 2001 har tydeliggjort at Sa’ udfamilien er presset på hjemmebane. Folket krever endring. Hvor trygt sitter egentlig Saudi-Arabias kongefamilie med makten?
Menneskerettigheter og Sharia: Mojtahed Shabestaris post-islamisme
Authors: Selvik Kjetil , Shahibzadeh Yadollah
Published: May 2017

Er islam forenlig med FNs internasjonale menneskerettighetserklæring? I følge Mojtahed Shabestaris tolkning av sharia er svaret ja.
Ti år etter kvinners stemmerett i Kuwait: Quo vadis?
Authors: Maktabi Rania
Published: May 2017

16. mai 2015 var det ti år siden kvinner i Kuwait fikk stemmerett. Hvordan har de brukt sine politiske rettigheter som borgere i et av klodens rikeste og mest verdikonservative hjørner?
[59°54'49''N - 10°43'44''E] Meeting Point
Authors: M'kadmi Samir
Published: May 2017

Identitet er en sosial og politisk arena der heftige slag utkjempes. Dette gjelder i høyeste grad også samtidskunst. Utstillingen Meeting Point som nylig fant sted på Steneresenmuseet i Oslo setter denne problematikken i en global sammenheng.
Politikk og kriminalitet i det nye Tyrkia (s. 106-119)
Authors: Parslow Joakim
Published: May 2017

I løpet av AKPs ti år i regjering har tusenvis blitt fengslet for sine politiske synspunkter. opposisjonen hevder at domstolene løper AKPs ærend, mens AKP hevder de er etterlevninger av det gamle militærregimet. Begge har delvis rett.
Earthing Technology
Authors: Blok Vincent ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2017

In this article, we reflect on the conditions under which new technologies emerge in the Anthropocene and raise the question of how to conceptualize sustainable technologies therein. To this end, we explore an eco-centric approach to technology development, called biomimicry. We discuss opposing views on biomimetic technologies, ranging from a still anthropocentric orientation focusing on human management and control of Earth’s life-support systems, to a real eco-centric concept of nature, found in the responsive conativity of nature. This concept provides the ontological and the epistemological condition for an eco-centric concept of biomimetic technologies in the Anthropocene. We distinguish five principles for this concept that can guide future technological developments.
Mucoperiosteal Flap Necrosis after Primary Palatoplasty in Patients with Cleft Palate
Authors: Rossell-Perry Percy , Cotrina-Rabanal Omar , Barrenechea-Tarazona Luis , Vargas-Chanduvi Roberto , Paredes-Aponte Luis , Romero-Narvaez Carolina
Published: May 2017

Background The prevalence of flap necrosis after palatoplasty in patients with cleft palate. The prevalence of mucoperiosteal flap necrosis after palatoplasty remains unknown, and this complication is rare. This event is highly undesirable for both the patient and the surgeon. We present here a new scale to evaluate the degree of hypoplasia of the palate and identify patients with cleft palate at high risk for the development of this complication.

Methods In this case series, a 20-year retrospective analysis (1994–2014) identified patients from our records (medical records and screening day registries) with nonsyndromic cleft palate who underwent operations at 3 centers. All of these patients underwent operations using 2-flap palatoplasty and also underwent a physical examination with photographs and documentation of the presence of palatal flap necrosis after primary palatoplasty.

Results Palatal flap necrosis was observed in 4 cases out of 1,174 palatoplasties performed at these centers. The observed prevalence of palatal flap necrosis in these groups was 0.34%.

Conclusions The prevalence of flap necrosis can be reduced by careful preoperative planning, and prevention is possible. The scale proposed here may help to prevent this complication; however, further studies are necessary to validate its utility.
Validation of a Cognitive Task Simulation and Rehearsal Tool for Open Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Paro John A. M. , Luan Anna , Lee Gordon K.
Published: May 2017

Background Carpal tunnel release is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by hand surgeons. The authors created a surgical simulation of open carpal tunnel release utilizing a mobile and rehearsal platform app. This study was performed in order to validate the simulator as an effective training platform for carpal tunnel release.

Methods The simulator was evaluated using a number of metrics: construct validity (the ability to identify variability in skill levels), face validity (the perceived ability of the simulator to teach the intended material), content validity (that the simulator was an accurate representation of the intended operation), and acceptability validity (willingness of the desired user group to adopt this method of training). Novices and experts were recruited. Each group was tested, and all participants were assigned an objective score, which served as construct validation. A Likert-scale questionnaire was administered to gauge face, content, and acceptability validity.

Results Twenty novices and 10 experts were recruited for this study. The objective performance scores from the expert group were significantly higher than those of the novice group, with surgeons scoring a median of 74% and medical students scoring a median of 45%. The questionnaire responses indicated face, content, and acceptability validation.

Conclusions This mobile-based surgical simulation platform provides step-by-step instruction for a variety of surgical procedures. The findings of this study help to demonstrate its utility as a learning tool, as we confirmed construct, face, content, and acceptability validity for carpal tunnel release. This easy-to-use educational tool may help bring surgical education to a new—and highly mobile—level.
Vascular Augmentation in Renal Transplantation: Supercharging and Turbocharging
Authors: Jeong Euicheol C. , Hwang Seung Hwan , Eo Su Rak
Published: May 2017

The most common anatomic variant seen in donor kidneys for renal transplantation is the presence of multiple renal arteries, which can cause an increased risk of complications. Accessory renal arteries should be anastomosed to the proper source arteries to improve renal perfusion via the appropriate vascular reconstruction techniques. In microsurgery, 2 kinds of vascular augmentation methods, known as ‘supercharging’ and ‘turbocharging,’ have been introduced to ensure vascular perfusion in the transferred flap. Supercharging uses a distant source of the vessels, while turbocharging uses vascular sources within the same flap territory. These technical concepts can also be applied in renal transplantation, and in this report, we describe 2 patients who underwent procedures using supercharging and turbocharging. In one case, the ipsilateral deep inferior epigastric artery was transposed to the accessory renal artery (supercharging), and in the other case, the accessory renal artery was anastomosed to the corresponding main renal artery with a vascular graft (turbocharging). The transplanted kidneys showed good perfusion and proper function. No cases of renal failure, hypertension, rejection, or urologic complications were observed. These microsurgical techniques can be safely utilized for renal transplantation with donor kidneys that have multiple arteries with a lower complication rate and better outcome.
Using a Thermal Imaging Camera to Locate Perforators on the Lower Limb
Authors: Paul Sharad P.
Published: May 2017

Reconstruction of the lower limb presents a complex problem after skin cancer surgery, as proximity of skin and bone present vascular and technical challenges. Studies on vascular anatomy have confirmed that the vascular plane on the lower limb lies deep to the deep fascia. Yet, many flaps are routinely raised superficial to this plane and therefore flap failure rates in the lower limb are high. Fascio-cutaneous flaps based on perforators offer a better cosmetic alternative to skin grafts. In this paper, we detail use of a thermal imaging camera to identify perforator ‘compartments’ that can help in designing such flaps.
Urticaceae-feeders from the family Tischeriidae: descriptions of two new species and new genus Paratischeria gen. nov.
Authors: Stonis Jonas R. , Diškus Arūnas , Paulavičiūtė Brigita , Monro Alex K.
Published: May 2017

We describe a  new genus Paratischeria Diškus & Stonis, gen. nov. and present the first observations of Urticaceae-feeding Tischeriidae species in South America and two new Urticaceaefeeding species (Paratischeria fasciata sp. nov. and P. ferruginea Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. from the Andes of Bolivia and Ecuador). Together with the  African P. urticicolella (Ghesquière) (comb. nov.) from Congo, they are attributed to the newly designated ferruginea species group.
L’extrait et ses fonctions dans la presse d’Ancien Régime
Authors: Léchot Timothée
Published: May 2017

Auxxviieetxviiiesiècles, les extraits constituent le type d’article privilégié de nombreux périodiques qui, sur le modèle duJournal des savants, rendent compte des livres parus dans les différents domaines des lettres. En étudiant la manière dont les journalistes francophones définissent l’extrait et ses principales fonctions dans l’espace médiatique, nous verrons que ce genre est au centre d’un faisceau de tensions qui mobilisent une éthique de la lecture et une déontologie journalistique en plein développement. On se demande alors notamment si l’extrait doit contenir une critique impartiale, ou s’il peut servir d’instrument de promotion au libraire, voire à l’auteur de l’ouvrage recensé. De telles réflexions situent l’extrait à l’intersection de l’histoire du livre, de la presse, de la lecture et de la critique.
Le Spleen de Paris de Charles Baudelaire : des « petits genres journalistiques » aux « petits poèmes en prose »
Authors: Gouvard Jean-Michel
Published: May 2017

Les petits poèmes en prose réunis dansLe Spleen de Parisont été composés à la toute fin des années 1850 et dans la première moitié des années 1860, une période où la presse connaît un réel essor et une profonde transformation. De plus, ces textes ont été pour la plupart d’entre eux publiés dans des revues et des journaux. Or, il est possible de montrer qu’il y a eu une double influence de la presse sur la genèse des petits poèmes en prose. D’un côté, les conditions matérielles dans lesquelles travaillaient les journalistes se reflètent pour partie dans la thématique du recueil, dans la mesure où Baudelaire y puisait des représentations propres à nourrir sa réflexion sur le statut du poète et de la poésie dans la société moderne. D’un autre côté, les pratiques d’écriture et les contraintes génériques des différents genres journalistiques se retrouvent en partie dans les poèmes duSpleen de Paris, même si l’on ne saurait réduire ces textes à des articles de journaux.
De la « Chronique du lundi » (1891-1900) au Journal de Françoise (1902-1909) : hybridité des formes et des écritures dans l’oeuvre de Françoise
Authors: Rizzuto Liliana
Published: May 2017

L’oeuvre de la journaliste Françoise a été maintes fois étudiée, mais jamais sous l’angle de ses supports. De la chronique à la revue, en passant par le recueil, la somme des publications de l’écrivaine donne à voir les différentes appropriations possibles de la forme médiatique, en même temps que la problématique catégorisation des textes en fonction de leur seul mode de diffusion. Alors que la « Chronique du lundi », malgré sa mise en recueil, apparaît comme un genre dépendant du contexte journalistique, le Journal de Françoise se lit sinon comme un livre, du moins comme une anthologie. L’hybridité et les contradictions qui caractérisent les textes de Françoise dévoilent différentes facettes de l’auteure, ni journaliste littéraire, ni écrivaine journalistique, mais femme de lettres bien de son temps.
Les sillons du journal et du livre chez Albert Laberge et Damase Potvin
Authors: Biron Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Le présent article cherche à décrire les usages des supports du livre et du journal chez Albert Laberge et Damase Potvin. Il s’agit d’interroger la manière dont ces derniers ont conçu et mené la publication de leurs textes en livres et en périodiques, en fonction des contraintes éditoriales d’un milieu littéraire marqué par l’idéologie du terroir. L’article éclaire à la fois les prescriptions entourant l’objet littéraire de l’époque et les stratégies diamétralement opposées des deux écrivains-journalistes en s’attachant, d’une part, à l’influence du support journalistique dans la construction du seul roman de Laberge,La Scouine,publié en journal, puis en tirage limité de 60 exemplaires; et, d’autre part, à l’abondance de la production livresque et journalistique de Damase Potvin, partisan de la veine régionaliste. Ces aspects de leur production permettront non seulement de circonscrire les démarches inversées de Laberge et Potvin, mais également de saisir l’importance distincte de deux supports, le journal et le livre, pour la littérature de l’époque.
De l’éditeur au lecteur : De Marque et la distribution du livre numérique
Authors: Grenier Joanie
Published: May 2017

En 2008, le Québec fait son entrée dans le marché du livre numérique. Cette année-là, l’Association nationale des éditeurs de livres du Québec (ANEL) s’associe avec l’entreprise De Marque pour créer l’Entrepôt numérique (www.entrepotnumerique.com), une plateforme de distribution de livres numériques québécois. En tant que concepteur technologique et gestionnaire de cette plateforme, De Marque incarne un nouveau profil de distributeur, 100 % numérique. Mais quel est, au juste, le rôle d’un distributeur numérique? Concrètement, comment celui-ci s’assure-t-il que le fichier d’un livre numérique circule de l’éditeur qui l’a créé au lecteur qui l’achètera? Que se passe-t-il, en coulisses, lorsque l’acheteur en question clique sur le bouton « Acheter » sur le site d’un libraire? Notre article vise à répondre à ces questions qui soulèvent des concepts et des enjeux technologiques, économiques et culturels complexes. Pour y répondre, nous prendrons appui sur le cas particulier du distributeur De Marque et de la plateforme générique de distribution qu’il a développée, Cantook (ou, lorsque l’exemple québécois s’impose, l’Entrepôt numérique).