bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggregate index of systemic inflammation: A novel systemic inflammatory index for prediction of neonatal outcomes and chorioamnionitis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Tokalioglu Eda Ozden , Tanacan Atakan , Agaoglu Merve Ozturk , Özbebek Ülkü Gürbüz , Okutucu Gülcan , Kayaalp Hüseyin , Uzuner Petek , Sahin Dilek
Published: August 2024

Objective

To determine the value of the Aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) in predicting admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and chorioamnionitis.

Methods

The present retrospective cohort study with pregnant women who were diagnosed with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in the Department of Perinatology, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital between January 1, 2021, and June 1, 2023 (n = 357). The patients were categorized into subgroups: (1) cases with (n = 27) or without (n = 330) chorioamnionitis, (2) admission (n = 182) or no admission (n = 175) to NICU; (3) gestational age at birth <28 weeks or 28 weeks or longer; and (4) gestational age at birth <34 weeks or 34 weeks or longer. AISI values were compared between the subgroups, and cut‐off values for AISI were determined to predict adverse outcomes.

Results

AISI values were significantly higher in the admission to NICU group compared with the no admission to NICU group (707.0 vs 551.2) (P < 0.05). AISI values were also significantly higher in the chorioamnionitis group compared with those without chorioamnionitis (850.3 vs 609.4) (P < 0.05). AISI levels were significantly higher in cases delivered before 28 weeks of gestation compared with the cases delivered at 28 weeks of gestation or later (945.6 vs 604.9) (P < 0.05), and were also significantly higher in cases delivered before 34 weeks of gestation compared with the cases delivered at 34 weeks of gestation or later (715.5 vs 550.1) (P < 0.05). Optimal cut‐off values of AISI were found to be 626.19 (74.1% sensitivity, 52.8% specificity), 506.09 (68.9% sensitivity and, 47.7% specificity), and 555.1 (69.8% sensitivity, 48.1% specificity) in predicting NICU admission, chorioamnionitis, and delivery before 28 weeks, respectively.

Conclusion

The novel inflammatory marker AISI may be used in the prediction of chorioamnionitis and NICU admission in PPROM cases.

Synopsis

Aggregate index of systemic inflammation may be used as a novel marker in predicting high‐risk for chorioamnionitis and neonatal intensive care unit admission in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes.
The term structure of Japanese Government bonds in the super long term under different aspects of yield curve control
Authors: Ito Takayasu
Published: August 2024

Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs) increased in volatility after the Bank of Japan (BOJ) expanded the upper limit of the yield curve control (YCC) from .2% to .25% on March 19, 2021. The entire sample period is divided in half. The JGB yield curve from 20 to 40 years is driven by three common trends in the first half of the YCC. On the other hand, the JGB yield curve from 20 to 40 years is driven by two common trends in the second half. JGBs in the maturities of 20, 30, and 40 years move independently in the first half. On the other hand, the JGBs of 30 and 40 years move together in the second half. The maturities of 20, 30, and 40 years are segmented in the first half, but those of 30 and 40 years are integrated in the second half. The JGBs in the super long term began to recover their market function after the BOJ decided to move the upper limit of the YCC to .5%. The decision made by the BOJ contributed to rectifying the malfunctioning JGB market.
Clinical course of atypical parathyroid neoplasm with soft tissue extension
Authors: Feldman Hope A. , Busaidy Naifa L. , Tame‐Elorduy Andres , Silva Angelica Kika , Halfteck Gili , Merriman Kelly , Waguespack Steven G. , Graham Paul H. , Williams Michelle D. , Perrier Nancy D.
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system defines atypical parathyroid neoplasia (APN) as tumor in situ (Tis) and reserves the definition of parathyroid carcinoma (PC) to parathyroid tumor with invasion into surrounding structures. Because the parathyroid gland has no true capsule, “extension” with APN versus microscopic “invasion” of surrounding soft tissue can be difficult and confusing for clinicians. We aimed to determine the clinical course of atypical parathyroid neoplasm with and without soft tissue extension and parathyroid carcinoma with only soft tissue invasion (pT1) and to report the outcomes.

Methods

Following an IRB‐approved protocol, we identified all patients treated for parathyroid neoplasm or cancer at our single tertiary care cancer center from 1990 to 2021. We excluded all patients with evidence of clinical or pathologic gross invasion into surrounding structures (pT2 or higher), lymph node involvement, or metastatic disease. By definition, this excluded all cases where the distinction was clinically evident to the surgeon at the time of the operation based on finding a hard, firm, sticky, or discolored parathyroid gland. Only patients with pathologic T1 (pT1) parathyroid carcinoma or APN were included. All pathologic examinations were independently re‐reviewed by a single designated expert senior endocrine pathologist. The definition of APN strictly followed the WHO definition of a clinically worrisome lesion having features including fibrous bands or increased mitotic rate, necrosis, or trabecular growth that did not meet robust criteria for frank invasion. Pathologic T1 disease was defined as invasion limited to soft tissue. Analyses were performed using R version 4.0.2 and Jamovi.

Results

Of all PC patients at our institution, only 71 met the strict inclusion criteria of APN or pT1. Forty‐four patients had pT1 disease and 27 had APN: 12 of the APN had soft tissue extension, and 15 had no soft tissue extension. The groups were similar with regard to age at diagnosis (p = 0.328). The average follow‐up duration was 84 months from initial surgical intervention. Of the 12 with APN, one patient (1/12; 8%) with soft tissue extension recurred, developed distant metastases, and subsequently died during follow up. Of the 44 patients with pT1 PC, six developed distant metastases and 13 (13/44; 30%) died during the follow‐up period. One patient with APN and soft tissue extension recurred and died and no patient with APN and no soft tissue extension died.

Conclusions

Patients with APN and extension into soft tissue have a clinical course similar to that of APN without soft tissue extension. APN with soft tissue extension is a different disease from pT1 disease with invasion of soft tissue. The pTis classification appears justified for APN with and without soft tissue extension.
Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomatosis in Denmark from 1994 to 2021: A Nationwide Register Study
Authors: Nielsen Ulrik Steen , Rasmussen Eva R. , Rosenørn Marie R. , Schjellerup Jørkov Andreas P , Homøe Preben
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study is to describe the incidence and demographics of laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) in Denmark, including sex and age distribution, recurrence rates, and HPV subtypes, using a new method of register identification.

Methods

The data were extracted from the Danish Pathology Data Bank using SNOMED codes instead of the usual method using ICD codes from the Danish National Health Register. The derived pathology records were manually verified by three medical doctors. The study period was 1994–2021. Patients were categorized according to age as either juvenile‐onset RRP (JoRRP) if <18 years or adult‐onset RRP (AoRRP) if 18 years or older.

Results

We identified 1819 RRP patients (JoRRP: 56; AoRRP:1763). The overall incidence per 100,000 inhabitants were 0.17 for JoRRP and 1.45 for AoRRP. The vast majority (72%) of the patients were male, but there was no significant difference in age at onset of RRP or recurrence rates between the sexes. Children below 3 years of age had the highest recurrence probability. Extracting data using SNOMED codes resulted in a positive predictive value of 99% regarding total number of biopsies and 98% regarding individuals. The incidence decreased throughout the study period.

Conclusion

Comparable incidence and recurrence rates of RRP were found between Denmark and Norway. In this study, the Danish Pathology Register was found to be a highly valuable method for identifying LP patients. The effect of the nationwide HPV vaccination program can be evaluated using this method as the vaccinated cohort is starting to grow older and reproduce.

Level of Evidence

Retrospective registry‐based national cohort study, 3 Laryngoscope, 134:5047–5053, 2024
Quantification of Automatic Speech Recognition System Performance on d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Speech
Authors: Zhao Robin , Choi Anna S.G. , Koenecke Allison , Rameau Anaïs
Published: August 2024

Objective

To evaluate the performance of commercial automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems on d/Deaf and hard‐of‐hearing (d/Dhh) speech.

Methods

A corpus containing 850 audio files of d/Dhh and normal hearing (NH) speech from the University of Memphis Speech Perception Assessment Laboratory was tested on four speech‐to‐text application program interfaces (APIs): Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Chirp, and OpenAI Whisper. We quantified the Word Error Rate (WER) of API transcriptions for 24 d/Dhh and nine NH participants and performed subgroup analysis by speech intelligibility classification (SIC), hearing loss (HL) onset, and primary communication mode.

Results

Mean WER averaged across APIs was 10 times higher for the d/Dhh group (52.6%) than the NH group (5.0%). APIs performed significantly worse for “low” and “medium” SIC (85.9% and 46.6% WER, respectively) as compared to “high” SIC group (9.5% WER, comparable to NH group). APIs performed significantly worse for speakers with prelingual HL relative to postlingual HL (80.5% and 37.1% WER, respectively). APIs performed significantly worse for speakers primarily communicating with sign language (70.2% WER) relative to speakers with both oral and sign language communication (51.5%) or oral communication only (19.7%).

Conclusion

Commercial ASR systems underperform for d/Dhh individuals, especially those with “low” and “medium” SIC, prelingual onset of HL, and sign language as primary communication mode. This contrasts with Big Tech companies' promises of accessibility, indicating the need for ASR systems ethically trained on heterogeneous d/Dhh speech data.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 2024
Orientation of Chitin Nanofibers Dispersed in a Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Through Dry Thermal Stretching
Authors: Katsuragawa Tetsuya , Yokoi Morihiko , Kobe Ryosuke , Teramoto Yoshikuni
Published: August 2024

Nanostructures derived from structural polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin, are notable for their sustainability, lightweight properties, and superior mechanical attributes. The macroscopic performance of these materials largely depends on the orientation of nanostructures. This study explores the preferential orientation of chitinous nanofibers (NFs) within a thermoplastic polymer matrix (PM) comprising poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) and glycerol, achieved through dry thermal stretching techniques. Altering the PM composition enables the modulation of the system's glass transition temperature (Tg). Chitin NFs are effectively dispersed within the PM, with their orientation enhanced by stretching at temperatures ≈30 °C above the Tg of the composites, resulting in an elongation at rupture (ε) of 105%. Under similar temperature conditions, composites with chitosan NFs show strong interactions with the PM, hindering the stretching process (ε = 10%). In contrast, composites with acetylated chitin NFs demonstrate increased stretchability (ε = 170%) but have insufficient interactions to stabilize their orientation. These interactions, identified as hydrogen bonds through FTIR, vary significantly based on the functional groups present on the NF surfaces. This variation is supported by DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis. Oriented ChNFs hold potential for bioactive applications.
Manufacturer's cooperative recycling strategies considering the negative externality of unrecycled products: Non‐cooperative, fund‐cooperative, or labour‐cooperative
Authors: Liu Shan , Duan Caiquan , Qiao Jinyou , Sun Yan
Published: August 2024

This paper proposes a new objective function for manufacturer considering the negative externality of unrecycled products (NEUP), and develops three cooperative recycling modes: non‐cooperative, fund‐cooperative and labour‐cooperative. Results indicate that compared to non‐cooperative, while fund‐cooperative can enhance the recycling rate, it hurts the system's profitability. In contrast, labour‐cooperative can achieve a win–win situation for both. Moreover, considering NEUP expands the dominant space of fund‐cooperative in recycling rate, but weakens its advantage in market demand. Notably, considering NEUP may render cooperative recycling ineffective in improving profit, which largely depends on the degree of considering NEUP and recycling cost coefficient ratio.
Comparative analysis of satellite and reanalysis data with ground‐based observations in Northern Ghana
Authors: Katsekpor Josephine Thywill , Greve Klaus , Yamba Edmund Ilimoan , Amoah Ebenezer Gyampoh
Published: August 2024

Accurate predictions of streamflow and flood events are contingent upon the availability of reliable hydrometeorological data. In regions characterized by scarcity of ground‐based hydrometeorological observations, satellite and reanalysis data assume prominence as alternative predictors. Floods and droughts have emerged as a significant concern in Northern Ghana, yet the scarcity of ground‐based hydrometeorological data impedes effective prediction of these hydrological events. Consequently, the identification of suitable surrogate hydrometeorological data holds paramount importance in addressing these challenges. This study, therefore, assessed the accuracy of satellite and reanalysis data against ground‐based data in Northern Ghana. Rainfall and mean temperature spanning from 1998 to 2019 and soil moisture datasets from 2019 to 2022 were collected from GMet, ISMN (ground‐based), CHIRPS, PERSIANN‐CDR, ERA5, ARC2, MERRA‐2, TRMM and CFSR (satellite and reanalysis). Employing rigorous statistical measures, namely standard deviation, mean absolute error (MAE) and mean bias error (MBE), the accuracy of these datasets was thoroughly evaluated. The results revealed that CHIRPS and PERSIANN‐CDR exhibited superior accuracy in rainfall simulation, with CHIRPS demonstrating particularly consistent congruence with observed data. In terms of mean temperature prediction, ERA5 surpassed MERRA‐2 and CFSR. Regarding soil moisture assessments, both ERA5 and CFSR offered satisfactory simulations. Hence, our findings advocate for the preference of CHIRPS (for rainfall data), ERA5 (for temperature data) and a combination of CFSR/ERA5 (for soil moisture data) as dependable primary data sources for streamflow modelling, drought analysis, flood prediction and water resource management in the context of Northern Ghana.
Non‐isometric deformation in double curvature and symmetric composite laminates due to shrinkage
Authors: Harsha N. R. Sree , Chinwicharnam Kwanchai , Doty Vaughan , Pipes R. Byron
Published: August 2024

Application of the global Gauss–Bonnet theorem for the prediction of changes in Gaussian curvature for double curvature laminate geometries due to shrinkage is developed for non‐isometric deformation states where in surface area change accompanies changes in curvature. The transition between isometric and non‐isometric deformation is strongly influenced by the ratio of the principal radii of curvature of the double curved surface and a relationship is proposed by the authors to accommodate the transition. Examples for the radii of curvature ratios of 2, 3, and 4 are compared to results from finite‐element simulations and the developed relationship is shown to be accurate within 0.55%. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that isometric deformation state can be taken as an adequate representation for double curvature toroidal laminate geometries of >10 and the class of materials studied in this work.

Highlights

Shrinkage induced deformation in multi‐curvature composite laminates is a recurring issue in polymer composite manufacturing.

Thermal, crystallization and cure shrinkage are the dominant sources of shrinkage deformation in polymer composite systems.

Isometric deformation of multi‐curvature, symmetric laminates composite is defined by the absence of membrane strain.

The Gauss–Bonnet theorem provides a platform for determining radii of curvature changes in multi‐curvature symmetric laminates,

Non‐isometric deformation of symmetric laminates can be treated by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem for radii of curvature ratios that correspond to geometric self‐constraint.

The above highlights yield insight into the anticipated geometric distortions due to shrinkage in polymer composites.
Mechanisms Affecting the Anomalous Responsivity of Back‐Illuminated p–i–n AlGaN Solar‐Blind Photodetectors
Authors: Sun Zhaolan , Yang Jing , Liu Bing , Liu Zongshun , Duan Lihong , Liang Feng , Zheng Fu , Liu Xuefeng , Zhao Degang
Published: August 2024

A study on the bias‐dependent spectral responsivity of back‐illuminated p–i–n AlGaN UV photodetectors with different p‐AlGaN layer thicknesses is investigated. The results reveal an anomalous reduction in peak responsivity under zero bias when the p‐AlGaN layer thickness is relatively thin. Further investigations indicate that this anomaly can be attributed to the additional Schottky junction formed between the p‐AlGaN layer and metal. The quality and thickness design of the p‐AlGaN layer play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of back‐illuminated p–i–n AlGaN solar‐blind photodetectors.
Accelerating Discovery of Water Stable Metal−Organic Frameworks by Machine Learning
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Pan Fusheng , Mohamed Saad Aldin , Ji Chengxin , Zhang Kang , Jiang Jianwen , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: August 2024

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) provide an extensive design landscape for nanoporous materials that drive innovation across energy and environmental fields. However, their practical applications are often hindered by water stability challenges. In this study, a machine learning (ML) approach is proposed to accelerate the discovery of water stable MOFs and validated through experimental test. First, the largest database currently available that contains water stability information of 1133 synthesized MOFs is constructed and categorized according to experimental stability. Then, structural and chemical descriptors are applied at various fragmental levels to develop ML classifiers for predicting the water stability of MOFs. The ML classifiers achieve high prediction accuracy and excellent transferability on out‐of‐sample validation. Next, two MOFs are experimentally synthesized with their water stability tested to validate ML predictions. Finally, the ML classifiers are applied to discover water stable MOFs in the ab initio REPEAT charge MOF (ARC−MOF) database. Among ≈280 000 candidates, ≈130 000 (47%) MOFs are predicted to be water stable; furthermore, through multi‐stability analysis, 461 (0.16%) MOFs are identified as not only water stable but also thermal and activation stable. The ML approach is anticipated to serve as a prerequisite filtering tool to streamline the exploration of water stable MOFs for important practical applications.
Highly tough, crack‐resistant and self‐healable piezo‐ionic skin enabled by dynamic hard domains with mechanosensitive ionic channel
Authors: Wang XueBin , Liu Tong , Sun FuYao , Zhang Jingyi , Yao BoWen , Xu JianHua , Fu JiaJun
Published: August 2024

Robust and reliable piezo‐ionic materials that are both crack resistant and self‐healable like biological skin hold great promise for applications inflexible electronics and intelligent systems with prolonged service lives. However, such a combination of high toughness, superior crack resistance, autonomous self‐healing and effective control of ion dynamics is rarely seen in artificial iontronic skin because these features are seemingly incompatible in materials design. Here, we resolve this perennial mismatch through a molecularly engineered strategy of implanting carboxyl‐functionalized groups into the dynamic hard domain structure of synthesized poly(urethane‐urea). This design provides an ultra‐high fracture energy of 211.27 kJ m−2 that is over 123.54 times that of tough human skin, while maintaining skin‐like stretchability, elasticity, and autonomous self‐healing with a 96.40% healing efficiency. Moreover, the carboxyl anion group allows the dynamic confinement of ionic fluids though electrostatic interaction, thereby ensuring a remarkable pressure sensitivity of 7.03 kPa−1 for the tactile sensors. As such, we successfully demonstrated the enormous potential ability of this skin‐like piezo‐ionic sensor for biomedical monitoring and robotic item identification, which indicates promising future uses in flexible electronics and human–machine interactions.
Modeling of Arcing, Scrap Melting, and Temperature Evolution in the Refractory of a Lab‐Scale Direct Current‐Electric Arc Furnace
Authors: Nath Dinesh , Maji Sumanta , Singh Amarendra K.
Published: August 2024

Refractory linings of electric arc furnaces are subjected to intense thermal loads, leading to occasional failure of the insulating bricks. A numerical model that simulates the phenomena of arcing, scrap melting, and the transient thermal evolution in the refractory lining of a laboratory‐scale direct current‐electric arc furnace (DC‐EAF) is developed. The rise in the temperature of the refractory lining depends on many factors, including the duration of the melting operation, the intensity and duration of arcing, the design of the furnace, thermophysical properties, and the thickness of the lining. Continuum formulation‐based equations for the transport of momentum, energy, and species, auxiliary models of phase changes associated with scrap melting and evaporation of metal under the arc and Maxwell's equations are solved in a conjugate domain to model the progress of the melting of the scarp and temperature evolution in the refractory lining. Combining experimental data from lab‐scale DC‐EAF, the model is enhanced to represent the laboratory experiment. Scrap with high porosity needs more time for melting, and thermal damage of refractory lining is linked to prolonged arcing coupled with the poor quality of refractory materials.
Aqueous‐Phase Preparation of Core–Shell Perovskite Nanorods Encapsulated in Polydopamine with Ultrahigh Water Stability
Authors: Li Qile , Fan Shuochen , Luan Xiaodong , Xu Ke , Wei Xianqi , Shao Qinlin , Peng Huaping , Shi Linxing
Published: August 2024

All‐inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 (CPB) nanocrystals (NCs) are not widely applied in aqueous environments due to their readily decomposable nature. Therefore, the aqueous‐phase preparation of CPB NCs has been a considerable challenge. In this work, a feasible method is proposed for preparing aqueous‐phase core–shell CPB nanorods (NRs) encapsulated with polydopamine (PDA) by employing a multifunctional additive cesium trifluoroacetate (Cs‐TFA). Highly luminescent TFA‐CPB NRs are obtained via a chemical transformation of Cs4PbBr6 NCs in water. Subsequently, PDA constitutes a robust shell on the surface of TFA‐CPB NRs through the covalent oxidative polymerization, which effectively reduces the original dynamic properties of surface ligands, retards the decomposition of ligands and inhibits the leakage of Pb2+ ions. The results demonstrate that the fluorescence intensity of TFA‐CPB@PDA NRs maintains 49.3% of the initial intensity after 136 days. Meanwhile, the NRs exhibit low cytotoxicity, and the cell viability remains at 80% when the concentration of the NRs is 200 μg mL−1. The reliable preparation of aqueous‐phase core–shell perovskite NRs (PNRs) will facilitate their development in many fields, such as materials science, biology, medicine, and their applications in aqueous environments.
Out‐of‐plane response of prefabricated concrete shear walls connected via grouted sleeves
Authors: Xue Weichen , Huang Qian , Xu Zhijun , Yu Jiayin , Li Ya
Published: August 2024

The out‐of‐plane response of prefabricated (precast) concrete shear walls (PWs) are usually neglected in the structural designs. However, because of the relatively low stiffness and inevitable deformation of slabs, the out‐of‐plane behavior of PWs could influence the in‐plane response by causing premature failure or stability problems and affect the overall structural performance. This issue becomes significant when single‐row connections are employed because the neutral axial is shifted toward the compression side and the out‐of‐plane capacity is altered accordingly. In this study, PWs with grouted steel sleeve splices were tested under reciprocating cyclic loading. Both single‐row and paired connections were considered in test program. It was shown that all PWs suffered bending failure dominated by yielding of reinforcement at the bottom, and their load‐carrying capacity, stiffness degeneration trends were similar to the monolithic (cast‐in‐place) reference walls. Under the normalized compression of 0.12, the ductility of the prefabricated walls was 2.62 and 3.07, which was comparable to that of the reference cast‐in‐place wall (2.72). For the case that axial compression was not applied, the hysteresis curve of the PW with single‐row connection exhibited significant pinching. Nonetheless, the load‐carrying capacity of these walls did not exhibit significant drop at the end of the tests due to the lower axial compression, exhibiting high level of deformability. For both load cases, PWs with paired connection exhibited higher energy dissipation than the single‐row connected specimens.
The genus problem – Eucalyptus as a model system for minimising taxonomic disruption
Authors: Nicolle Dean , Ritter Matt K. , Jones Rebecca C. , Phillips Gavin P. , French Malcolm E. , Cumming Russell , Bell Stephen A.J.
Published: August 2024

The ongoing reclassification of higher plant genera (their division, combining and recircumscription) is the cause of extensive modifications to binomials. Many genus reclassifications have been far more taxonomically disruptive than necessary to achieve monophyletic genera. We suggest six rules that should be followed when considering genus reclassifications to minimise any taxonomic disruption and maintain the stability of genus‐species binomials without compromising their scientific validity. Here, we apply these rules to the eucalypts (Myrtaceae), a well‐known group of 840 tree and shrub species that dominate the Australian continent and have worldwide economic importance. Traditionally, most eucalypts have been placed in the genus Eucalyptus. However, the genus‐level classification of the eucalypts has been in a state of flux since 1995, when the segregate genus Corymbia was described, resulting in new binomials for over 100 species, including a number of well‐known species. More recently, the segregate genus Blakella has been described, again resulting in numerous new binomials, and again including a number of well‐known and widely grown species. Here, we demonstrate that the genus‐level classification of Brooker provided far less taxonomic disruption compared to the three‐genus classification of Hill and Johnson and the four‐genus classification of Crisp & al., while still achieving genus‐level monophyly (as understood at the time). We also demonstrate that a one‐genus classification will minimise any future genus‐level taxonomic disruption that would otherwise occur and provides the greatest taxonomic utility for the range of users dealing with this important group of plants as we continue to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between taxa.
Kampo diagnostic ability is specific in post‐clinical clerkship objective structured clinical examination: An observational study
Authors: Mihara Hiroshi , Watari Hidetoshi , Fujimoto Makoto , Kainuma Mosaburo , Takamura Akiteru
Published: August 2024

Background

The Japanese medical educational model core curriculum requires an understanding of the characteristics of Kampo medicine. However, there are few reports on the methods of evaluating the skill levels of Kampo medicine practitioners.

Objective

This study investigated the utility of objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for evaluating the skills of Kampo medicine practitioners, exploring its relationship with other medical skills.

Methods

The 2022 post‐clinical clerkship OSCE assessed the accuracy of Kampo‐related tasks, specifically abdominal examinations. In addition, correlation coefficients and factor analysis were used to analyze the relationship of Kampo tasks with other tasks (three clinical‐reasoning tasks, electrocardiogram attachment task, joint examination task).

Results

Medical students showed significant variation in their ability to accurately assess different abdominal regions. The epigastric region had the highest accuracy (92.0%), while the para‐umbilical region had the lowest (45.1%). Correlation analysis between Kampo tasks and other clinical tasks (clinical reasoning, electrocardiogram attachment, joint examination) yielded coefficients ranging from 0.10 to 0.19, suggesting a low relationship. Factor analysis confirmed the independence of Kampo skills from other assessed medical skills across four distinct factors.

Conclusions

Since Kampo diagnostic skills are highly unique, it is possible that Western medicine OSCE tasks alone may not sufficiently assess competency in Kampo medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to consider incorporating Kampo tasks into the OSCE.
Enhanced forward osmosis desalination of brackish water using phase‐separating ternary organic draw solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose and propylene glycol propyl ether
Authors: Ruzvidzo Kudzai Hamish , Kaur Raminder , Jain Manish
Published: August 2024

This study introduces draw solutions for application in forward osmosis (FO) processes, combining mono propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE) with the cellulose derivative hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). A total of 16 unique single‐solute and ternary organic draw solutions were prepared and evaluated, leading to the selection of three promising solutions for further investigation. Notably, eight of the initial organic draw solutions demonstrated osmotic pressures exceeding 2.4 MPa. The dynamic viscosities of all draw solutions exhibited a significant reduction with increasing temperature. Among the investigated solutions, the 0.25HPC‐3.75PGPE demonstrated the most favorable FO performance, achieving average experimental water fluxes of 11.062 and 9.852 Lm−2 h−1 (LMH) against a 1 g/L NaCl brackish feed solution across two FO runs.

Practitioner Points

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, MW ~100,000) was mixed with propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE) as draw solutes for FO processes.

Seven combinations of HPC and PGPE produced osmolalities greater than 1000 mOsm/kg.

0.5HPC‐7.5PGPE ternary draw solution achieved experimental water fluxes of 11.062 and 9.852 LMH against 1 g/L NaCl brackish feed solution.

Leveraging the LCSTs of these ternary organic solutions holds promise for improved separation and regeneration processes.
Advancements in Q‐learning meta‐heuristic optimization algorithms: A survey
Authors: Yang Yang , Gao Yuchao , Ding Zhe , Wu Jinran , Zhang Shaotong , Han Feifei , Qiu Xuelan , Gao Shangce , Wang You‐Gan
Published: August 2024

This paper reviews the integration of Q‐learning with meta‐heuristic algorithms (QLMA) over the last 20 years, highlighting its success in solving complex optimization problems. We focus on key aspects of QLMA, including parameter adaptation, operator selection, and balancing global exploration with local exploitation. QLMA has become a leading solution in industries like energy, power systems, and engineering, addressing a range of mathematical challenges. Looking forward, we suggest further exploration of meta‐heuristic integration, transfer learning strategies, and techniques to reduce state space.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Computational Intelligence

Technologies > Artificial Intelligence
Exploring the convergence of Metaverse, Blockchain, and AI: A comprehensive survey of enabling technologies, applications, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Uddin Mueen , Obaidat Muath , Manickam Selvakumar , Laghari Shams Ul Arfeen , Dandoush Abdulhalim , Ullah Hidayat , Ullah Syed Sajid
Published: August 2024

The Metaverse, distinguished by its capacity to integrate the physical and digital realms seamlessly, presents a dynamic virtual environment offering diverse opportunities for engagement across innovation, entertainment, socialization, and commercial endeavors. However, the Metaverse is poised for a transformative evolution through the convergence of contemporary technological advancements, including artificial intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Robotics, augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality. This convergence is anticipated to revolutionize the global digital landscape, introducing novel social, economic, and operational paradigms for organizations and communities. To comprehensively elucidate the future potential of this technological fusion and its implications for digital innovation, this research endeavors to undertake a thorough analysis of scholarly discourse and research pertaining to the Metaverse, AI, Blockchain, and associated technologies. This survey delves into various critical facets of the Metaverse ecosystem, encompassing component analysis, exploration of digital currencies, assessment of AI utilization in virtual environments, and examination of Blockchain's role in enhancing digital content and data security. Leveraging articles retrieved from esteemed digital repositories including ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, Springer Nature, Google Scholar, and ACM, published between 2017 and 2023, this study adopts an analytical approach to engage with these materials. Through rigorous examination and discourse, this research aims to provide insights into the emerging trends, challenges, and future directions in the convergence of the Metaverse, Blockchain, and AI.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Industry Specific Applications
A case study of economic development through sanitation interventions in African countries
Authors: Abdou Doaa Salman , Moussa Mona Naguib , Samy Abanoub Samir
Published: August 2024

The novelty of the study is based on the empirical examination of the impact of water and sanitation improvements on economic development outcomes in selected African countries. While previous research has primarily focused on the macroeconomic effects of water resources or broad development indicators, this study takes a more granular and comprehensive approach to unpack the nuanced relationship between various water and sanitation variables and a range of economic development outcomes. This study's aim is threefold: first to examine the influence of different dimensions of water and sanitation improvements (e.g., access, quality, reliability) on economic development; second; focus on the potential mediating factors that water and sanitation interventions affect economic development; finally, propose policy implications for designing sustainable water and sanitation programs to promote inclusive and resilient economic growth in less developed countries. By addressing these questions, the findings of this research paper contribute significantly to the academic understanding of the water‐sanitation‐economic development nexus, particularly in the understudied African context. The study provides valuable, context‐specific insights that can inform policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking evidence‐based strategies to foster sustainable development through targeted water and sanitation interventions. This research highlights the positive association between water and sanitation improvements and a range of economic development outcomes, including GDP, employment, foreign investment, and tourism. The results underscore the substantial potential economic benefits of investing in sanitary infrastructure and reliable sanitation systems, making a stronger case for prioritizing water and sanitation as key drivers of sustainable development in less developed countries. Overall, this research paper fills an important gap in the literature and offers crucial insights to promote inclusive and resilient economic growth through water and sanitation interventions in Africa and beyond.
Pati-Salam models with A4 modular symmetry
Authors: Ding Gui-Jun , Jiang Si-Yi , King Stephen F. , Lu Jun-Nan , Qu Bu-Yao
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The flavor structure of quarks and leptons and quark-lepton unification are studied in the framework of Pati-Salam models with A4 modular symmetry. The three generations of the left-handed and right-handed fermions are assigned to be triplet or singlets of A4. The light neutrino masses are generated through the type-I seesaw mechanism. We perform a systematic classification of Pati-Salam models according to the transformations of matter fields under the A4 modular symmetry, and the general form of the fermion mass matrix is given. We present four phenomenologically viable benchmark models which provide excellent descriptions of masses and flavor mixing of quarks and leptons, including neutrinos. In such models we find that the normal ordered neutrino mass spectrum is preferred over the inverted case, with neutrinoless double beta decay predicted to be too small to be observed by the next generation of experiments.
Non-holomorphic modular flavor symmetry
Authors: Qu Bu-Yao , Ding Gui-Jun
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The formalism of non-holomorphic modular flavor symmetry is developed, and the Yukawa couplings are level N polyharmonic Maaß forms satisfying the Laplacian condition. We find that the integer (even) weight polyharmonic Maaß forms of level N can be decomposed into multiplets of the finite modular group $$ {\Gamma}_N^{\prime } $$

Γ
N
′

(ΓN). The original modular invariance approach is extended by the presence of negative weight polyharmonic Maaß forms. The non-holomorphic modular flavor symmetry can be consistently combined with the generalized CP symmetry. We present three example models for lepton sector based on the Γ3 ≅ A4 modular symmetry, the charged lepton masses and the neutrino oscillation data can be accommodated very well, and the predictions for the leptonic CP violation phases and the effective Majorana neutrino mass are studied.
Fine mapping of stem rust resistance derived from soft red winter wheat cultivar AGS2000 to an NLR gene cluster on chromosome 6D
Authors: Rivera-Burgos L. , VanGessel C. , Guedira M. , Smith J. , Marshall D. , Jin Y. , Rouse M. , Brown-Guedira G.
Published: August 2024

The Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) Ug99-emerging virulent races present a major challenge to global wheat production. To meet present and future needs, new sources of resistance must be found. Identification of markers that allow tracking of resistance genes is needed for deployment strategies to combat highly virulent pathogen races. Field evaluation of a DH population located a QTL for stem rust (Sr) resistance, QSr.nc-6D from the breeding line MD01W28-08-11 to the distal region of chromosome arm 6DS where Sr resistance genes Sr42, SrCad, and SrTmp have been identified. A locus for seedling resistance to Pgt race TTKSK was identified in a DH population and an RIL population derived from the cross AGS2000 × LA95135. The resistant cultivar AGS2000 is in the pedigree of MD01W28-08-11 and our results suggest that it is the source of Sr resistance in this breeding line. We exploited published markers and exome capture data to enrich marker density in a 10 Mb region flanking QSr.nc-6D. Our fine mapping in heterozygous inbred families identified three markers co-segregating with resistance and delimited QSr.nc-6D to a 1.3 Mb region. We further exploited information from other genome assemblies and identified collinear regions of 6DS harboring clusters of NLR genes. Evaluation of KASP assays corresponding to our co-segregating SNP suggests that they can be used to track this Sr resistance in breeding programs. However, our results also underscore the challenges posed in identifying genes underlying resistance in such complex regions in the absence of genome sequence from the resistant genotypes.
The KIND Challenge community intervention to reduce loneliness and social isolation, improve mental health, and neighbourhood relationships: an international randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lim Michelle H. , Hennessey Alexandra , Qualter Pamela , Smith Ben J. , Thurston Lily , Eres Robert , Holt-Lunstad Julianne
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Loneliness and social isolation are risk factors for poor health, but few effective interventions are deployable at scale. This study was conducted to determine whether acts of kindness can reduce loneliness and social isolation, improve mental health, and neighbourhood social cohesion.

Method

Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted in the USA, UK, and Australia, involving a total of 4284 individuals aged 18–90 years old, randomized to the KIND challenge intervention or a waitlist control group. Participants allocated to the intervention were asked to do at least one act of kindness per week within a four-week period. The primary outcome was loneliness and secondary outcomes included measures of social isolation, mental health, and neighbourhood social cohesion.

Results

There was a significant, albeit small, intervention effect after four weeks for reduced loneliness in the USA and the UK, but not for Australia. Relative to controls, KIND challenge participants also showed significantly reduced social isolation and social anxiety in the USA, and reduced stress in Australia. There was also reduced neighbourhood conflict in the USA, increased number of neighbourhood contacts in the USA and Australia, greater neighbourhood stability and feelings of neighbourhood importance in the UK, and better neighbourhood social relationships in Australia.

Conclusion

Promoting the provision of social support through small acts of kindness to neighbours has the potential to reduce loneliness, social isolation and social anxiety, and promote neighbourhood relationships, suggesting a potential strategy for public health campaigns.

Trial registration

Clinical Trials Registry. NCT04398472. Registered 21st May 2020.
Addressing dermatologic concerns and teledermatology in undomiciled and sheltered populations
Authors: Gallagher Kennedy , Talasila Sahithi , Bistline Anna , Krain Rebecca , Ramani Leena , Jones Elizabeth
Published: August 2024

Homelessness in the United States is a significant public health issue, with dermatologic disease being the most prevalent health concern among the undomiciled and sheltered populations. Despite a growing need for dermatologic care, the supply of dermatologists remains insufficient, contributing to disparities in healthcare access for this vulnerable group. This review aims to detail the spectrum of dermatologic conditions experienced by homeless individuals, identify barriers to adequate care, and explore teledermatology as a potential solution to bridge these gaps. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies and reports on dermatologic issues prevalent among the homeless population and the efficacy of teledermatology in addressing these concerns. Homeless individuals face a wide range of dermatologic problems, from common conditions like acne and eczema to severe issues such as cellulitis, leg ulcers, and skin cancer. Drug abuse, domestic and sexual abuse, and parasitic infestations further complicate the dermatologic health of this population. Teledermatology has emerged as a promising tool to enhance access to dermatologic care, showing significant improvements in clinical outcomes and accessibility, especially in underserved urban settings. However, challenges remain, such as the digital divide affecting the elderly and low-income populations, which could potentially exacerbate disparities. Addressing the dermatologic needs of the homeless population requires a multifaceted approach. Teledermatology offers a viable solution to improve care access and efficiency, but additional efforts are necessary to ensure inclusivity and avoid further marginalization. Volunteer-driven multidisciplinary clinics also play a crucial role in providing care, though they face challenges in continuity and resource availability. Future strategies should focus on integrating teledermatology with other supportive services to create a comprehensive care model for this underserved population.
Financial scarcity and financial avoidance: an eye-tracking and behavioral experiment
Authors: Hilbert Leon P. , Noordewier Marret K. , Seck Lisa , van Dijk Wilco W.
Published: August 2024

When having less money than needed, people experience financial scarcity. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate whether financial scarcity increases financial avoidance – the tendency to avoid dealing with ones finances. Participants completed an incentivized task where they managed the finances of a household by earning income and paying expenses across multiple rounds. We manipulated participants’ financial situation such that they either had sufficient (financial abundance) or insufficient (financial scarcity) financial resources. At the end of each round, participants received an additional expense in the form of a letter. To measure financial avoidance in the form of attentional disengagement, we used an eye-tracker and assessed whether participants in the financial scarcity condition avoided looking at the expense letters. As a behavioral measure of financial avoidance, participants had the option to delay the payment of these expenses until the end of the experiment at no additional cost. Results showed no effect of financial scarcity on the eye-tracking measure, but there was an effect on the behavioral measure: Participants that experienced financial scarcity were more likely to delay payments. The behavioral finding corroborates the notion that financial scarcity can lead to financial avoidance. We explore potential reasons for the null-effect on the eye-tracking measure and discuss how future research can build upon our findings.
Are firms (getting) ready for the corporate sustainability reporting directive?
Authors: Kosi Urska , Relard Paula
Published: August 2024

The study examines whether the announcement and passing of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) impacts the sustainability reporting of German firms. It sheds light on the interdependence of various actors, sectors and policy levels by examining how regulatory changes at the policy level affect the reporting practices of firms across multiple sectors. On the one hand, the scope of the CSRD is being extended, so that new firms falling within its scope may increase their voluntary sustainability reporting as part of the preparation process. On the other hand, the reporting requirements will be more stringent, so that firms currently under the mandate of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) may enhance their sustainability reporting disclosure practices in preparation for the CSRD. First, we find no increase in voluntary sustainability reporting by firms that are not under the scope of the NFRD but will be under the scope of the CSRD. Second, we find enhanced sustainability reporting practices by firms that are subject to the NFRD after the CSRD’s announcement and passing. This finding suggests that these firms begin to implement the new reporting requirements before the first reports are published in 2025. We illuminate the preparation for extensive reporting changes through sustainability reporting disclosure practices as an outcome of the preparation process. These changes may represent a high burden, particularly for firms with no previous experience of sustainability reporting.