bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spearcons for Patient Monitoring: Laboratory Investigation Comparing Earcons and Spearcons
Authors: Li Simon Y. W. , Tang Tsz-Lok , Hickling Anna , Yau Szeyuen , Brecknell Birgit , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: June 2017

Objective

We compared the effectiveness of single-tone earcons versus spearcons in conveying information about two commonly monitored vital signs: oxygen saturation and heart rate.

Background

The uninformative nature of many medical alarms—and clinicians’ lack of response to alarms—is a widespread problem that can compromise patient safety. Auditory displays, such as earcons and spearcons (speech-based earcons), may help clinicians maintain awareness of patients’ well-being and reduce their reliance on alarms. Earcons are short abstract sounds whose properties represent different types and levels of information, whereas spearcons are time-compressed spoken phrases that directly state their meaning. Listeners might identify patient vital signs more accurately with spearcons than with earcons.

Method

In Experiment 1 we compared how accurately 40 nonclinician participants using either (a) single-tone earcons differentiated by timbre and tremolo or (b) Cantonese spearcons recorded using a female Cantonese voice could identify both oxygen saturation and heart rate levels. In Experiment 2 we tested the identification performance of six further nonclinician participants with spearcons recorded using a male Cantonese voice.

Results

In Experiment 1, participants using spearcons identified both vital signs together more accurately than did participants using earcons. Participants using Cantonese spearcons also learned faster, completed trials faster, identified individual vital signs more accurately, and felt greater ease and more confident when identifying oxygen saturation levels. Experiment 2 verified the previous findings with male-voice Cantonese spearcons.

Conclusion

Participants identified vital signs more accurately using spearcons than with the single-tone earcons.

Application

Spearcons may be useful for patient monitoring in situations in which intermittently presented information is desirable.
Clientelism as Civil Society? Unpacking the Relationship between Clientelism and Democracy at the Local Level in South Africa
Authors: Anciano Fiona
Published: June 2017

This article, building on analyses from the global south, attempts to reframe democratic expectations by considering where previously maligned practices such as clientelism may hold moments of democracy. It does so by comparing the theory of civil society with that of clientelism, and its African counterpart neo-patrimonialism. It argues that clientelism as civil society may fulfil democratic tasks such as holding the (local) state accountable, strengthening civil and political liberties and providing channels of access for previously marginalised groups. Clientelism is not necessarily a reflection of imposed power relations but, at times, can demonstrate a conscious political strategy, to generate development, on the part of its protagonists.
Victimization of Children Left Behind in Rural China
Authors: Chen Xiaojin , Liang Ningxin , Ostertag Stephen F.
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

Examine the relationship between parental rural-to-urban migration, caretaking arrangement, and left-behind children’s self-reported victimization in rural China. The direct effect of parental migration on children’s victimization as well as the indirect effect through positive caretaking and children’s delinquent/problem behavior involvement is explored.

Methods:

The study uses data from the Parental Migration and Children’s Well-being Survey, which collected information on parental migration and children’s experience of victimization from a probability sample of 800 middle school students in southern China. Structural equation modeling is used to evaluate hypothesized models by simultaneously assessing direct and indirect effects.

Results:

Compared with children living with both parents in rural China, children left behind by their fathers have an elevated level of victimization. In addition, the chronic absence of fathers leads to a higher level of delinquent and problem behavior among left-behind children, which in turn leads to further victimization.

Conclusion:

Left-behind children living with mothers, grandparents, or other relatives are an “at-risk” population for victimization. Local programs such as parenting lessons for left-behind parents and grandparents are needed. In addition, the importance of father’s chronic absence on left-behind children’s healthy physical and mental development needs to be further examined.
Design of a robust H∞ preview controller for a class of uncertain discrete-time systems
Authors: Li Li , Liao Fucheng
Published: June 2017

The robust preview tracking control problem of uncertain discrete-time systems satisfying matching conditions is considered. First, we use the difference between a system state and its steady-state value, instead of the usual difference between system states, to derive an augmented error system that includes the future information on the reference signal and disturbance signal to transform the tracking problem into a regulator problem. Then, a robust preview controller of the augmented error system is proposed by integrating Lyapunov stability theory and LMI approach. Research shows that the preview controller gain matrix can be determined by solving a LMI. The proposed robust preview controller in this paper cannot only guarantee the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system, but also enhance the interference rejection properties. An integrator is applied to make sure that the output tracks the reference signal with no static error. The numerical simulation example also illustrates the effectiveness of the results presented in the paper.
An enhanced backstepping approach for motion control of underactuated autonomous surface vessels with input constraints
Authors: Dehghani Reza , Abedi Esmaeil
Published: June 2017

This paper focuses on the motion control of an underactuated autonomous surface vessel (UASV). A robust adaptive approach is proposed to control the UASV in spite of existence of uncertainties in the dynamic model and the external disturbances by integrating the backstepping method with input constraints, functional approximate technique (FAT) and projection operator. In the proposed controller, it is not required to compute the complex functions and their derivatives appearing in the traditional backstepping methods. The motion control strategy of the UASV is first derived based on the backstepping method. Then, the complex functions, appearing in the controller, are estimated by the FAT and Lyapunov based adaptive laws. This causes the inherent complexity of the backstepping technique, numerical derivatives of virtual inputs, is to be overcome. Moreover, the input limitations are considered by an auxiliary system. Stability analysis of system is performed by Lyapunov’s direct method. Several numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Advancing Theory by Assessing Boundary Conditions With Metaregression: A Critical Review and Best-Practice Recommendations
Authors: Gonzalez-Mulé Erik , Aguinis Herman
Published: June 2017

Understanding boundary conditions, or situations when relations between variables change depending on values of other variables, is critical for theory advancement and for providing guidance for practice. Metaregression is ideally suited to investigate boundary conditions because it provides information on the presence and strength of such conditions. In spite of its potential, results of our review of 63 metaregression articles published in the Journal of Management, Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Journal of Management, Academy of Management Journal, and Strategic Management Journal uncovered a surprising lack of transparency, frequently implemented erroneous practices, and a lack of attention to important methodological choices. Results also suggest that many substantive conclusions are ambiguous at best and, unbeknownst to authors and readers, potentially misleading. Drawing from our review of the substantive literature as well as the latest statistical and methodological research, we offer evidence-based best-practice recommendations on how to conduct and report the results of a metaregression study. We offer recommendations on calculating statistical power and heterogeneity, choosing an appropriate model, testing boundary condition hypotheses, adjusting R2 for known variance, explaining methodological choices, and reporting and interpreting model coefficients and other results. Also, we conducted two illustrative metaregression studies that incorporate all of our recommendations with accompanying syntax and data. Our recommendations can be used by authors, readers, journal editors, and reviewers wishing to conduct and evaluate metaregression studies, as well as practitioners interested in understanding conditions under which organizational practices are more or less likely to be effective.
Types of Family Caregiving and Daily Experiences in Midlife and Late Adulthood: The Moderating Influences of Marital Status and Age
Authors: Wong Jen D. , Shobo Yetunde
Published: June 2017

Guided by the life-course perspective, this study contributes to the family caregiving, aging, and disability literature by examining the daily experiences of three types of family caregivers in midlife and late adulthood. A sample of 162 caregivers from the National Survey of Midlife in the United States study completed interviews, questionnaires, and a Daily Diary Study. Multilevel models showed the patterns of daily time use did not differ by caregiver types. Caregivers of sons/daughters with developmental disabilities (DD) experienced more daily stressors than caregivers of parents with health conditions (HC) and caregivers of spouses with HC. Unmarried caregivers of sons/daughters with DD reported spending more time on daily leisure activities and exhibited greater daily stressor exposure than other family caregivers. Age did not moderate the associations between caregiver types and daily experiences. Findings highlight the important consideration of the caregivers’ characteristics to better determine the quality of their daily experiences in midlife and late adulthood.
Determination of intraparticle diffusivity and fluid-to-solid mass transfer coefficient from single concentration history curve in circulated-type fixed-bed reactor
Authors: Sonetaka Noriyoshi , Seida Yoshimi , Nakano Takuto , Furuya Eiji
Published: June 2017

In this study, a simple analytical procedure for determining the adsorption kinetic parameters Ds and kF from a single concentration history (decay curve) in circulate-type fixed-bed reactor test method was investigated. A simple and reliable method to obtain the parameters Ds and kF from the decay curve of circulate-type fixed-bed reactor was developed based on an advanced analytical method for the completely mixed batch reactor test method. The experimental conditions in the circulate-type fixed-bed reactor method that meet the application criteria of the advanced analytical method for the completely mixed batch reactor test method were investigated based on the theoretical decay curves of the test methods. Experimental conditions, such as large liquid–solid ratio Zϕ, short contact time z/u, and small bed height Z, which make the decay behaviors in the circulate-type fixed-bed reactor close to those of the completely mixed batch reactor, were evaluated quantitatively on theoretical basis. Furthermore, the reliability of the adsorption kinetic parameters obtained in this study was verified by comparing the kF values with those from a reported empirical correlation equation for kF.
Viva La Revolución? Reassessing Hobsbawm on peasants
Authors: Brass Tom
Published: June 2017

Examined critically here are the writings by Hobsbawm on peasants in Latin America. Eschewing participant/observation, his analyses missed crucial aspects of rural society in Peru during the pre-reform era, a consequence being the mistaken belief that production relations on latifundia were obstacles to economic growth and would therefore vanish once landlords were expropriated. Because they are compatible with capitalist development, however, these same unfree work arrangements continued into the post-reform era, but used now by rich peasant beneficiaries of the agrarian reform programmes carried out by the state.
Recurrent administration of the nitric oxide donor, isosorbide dinitrate, induces a persistent cephalic cutaneous hypersensitivity: A model for migraine progression
Authors: Dallel Radhouane , Descheemaeker Amélie , Luccarini Philippe
Published: June 2017

Background

A subgroup of migraineurs experience an increase in attack frequency leading to chronic migraine.

Methods

We assessed in rats the roles of dose and repeat administration of systemic isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), a nitric oxide donor, on the occurrence and development of cephalic/face and extracephalic/hindpaw mechanical allodynia as a surrogate of migraine pain, and the effect of acute systemic sumatriptan and olcegepant and chronic systemic propranolol on these behavioral changes.

Results

A single high (H-ISDN) but not low (L-ISDN) dose of ISDN induces a reversible cephalic and extracephalic mechanical allodynia. However, with repeat administration, L-ISDN produces reversible cephalic but never extracephalic allodynia, whereas H-ISDN induces cephalic and extracephalic allodynia that are both potentiated. H-ISDN-induced cephalic allodynia thus gains persistency. Sumatriptan and olcegepant block single H-ISDN-induced behavioral changes, but only olcegepant reduces these acute changes when potentiated by repeat administration. Neither sumatriptan nor olcegepant prevent chronic cephalic hypersensitivity. Conversely, propranolol blocks repeat H-ISDN-induced chronic, but not acute, behavioral changes.

Conclusions

Repeated ISDN administration appears to be a naturalistic rat model for migraine progression, suitable for screening acute and preventive migraine therapies. It suggests frequent and severe migraine attacks associated with allodynia may be a risk factor for disease progression.
Social Origins of Scientific Deviance: Examining Creationism and Global Warming Skepticism
Authors: Tom Joshua C.
Published: June 2017

Scientific communities maintain respected authority on matters related to the natural world; however, there are instances where significant portions of the population hold beliefs contrary to the scientific consensus. These beliefs have generally been studied as the product of scientific illiteracy. This project reframes the issue as one of social deviance from the consensus of scientific communities. Using young-earth creationism and global warming skepticism as case studies, I suggest that consensus perception in light of public scientific deviance is a valuable dialectical framework, and demonstrate its utility using logistic regression analyses of the 2006 Pew Religion and Public Life Survey. Believing there is no scientific consensus is one of the most important factors in predicting scientifically deviant beliefs, along with political and religious effects, eclipsing education. The inability of consensus perception to explain all variation in scientific deviance lends further credence to the framework, suggesting future directions in the study of this phenomenon.
A Pilot Study of the Use of Dexmedetomidine for the Control of Delirium by Reducing the Serum Concentrations of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuron-Specific Enolase, and S100B in Polytrauma Patients
Authors: Li Yong , Yu Zhi-Xin , Ji Mu-Sen , Yan Jun , Cai Yan , Liu Jing , Yang Hong-Feng , Jin Zhao-Chen
Published: June 2017

Background:

Delirium is very common among patients with polytrauma, although no suitable means exist to feasibly reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in these patients. Recent reports have suggested that continuous intravenous (IV) infusions of dexmedetomidine, rather than benzodiazepine, be administered for sedation to reduce the duration of delirium in this population. However, serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have not yet been investigated in polytrauma patients who received sedation with dexmedetomidine rather than other conventional sedatives. The aim of this study was to assess the association of blood BDNF, NSE, and S100B with the occurrence of delirium among polytrauma patients who had been sedated with dexmedetomidine.

Materials and Methods:

Consecutive patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment study groups, namely the “dexmedetomidine group” or the “common group.” This case–control study included 18 patients with delirium and 34 matched controls in a 63-bed general intensive care unit (ICU). Blood samples were collected from all patients upon ICU admission, on the day when delirium was diagnosed, and on days 3 and 5 following diagnosis. The serum levels of S100B, BDNF, and NSE were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The sedation levels and delirium were assessed using the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale and the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU.

Results:

The median BDNF, NSE, and S100B concentrations were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the common group on the day when delirium was diagnosed and on the third day after delirium was diagnosed. The rate of delirium was significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the common group. There were clear differences in the BDNF, NSE, and S100B levels between the 2 groups on the fifth day after delirium was diagnosed.

Conclusions:

Our randomized controlled study suggests that the sedation of polytrauma patients with dexmedetomidine could help reduce the serum BDNF, S100B, and NSE levels, which appear to be associated with the occurrence of delirium in the dexmedetomidine group.
Hispanics’ Retirement Transitions and Differences by Nativity
Authors: Johnson Richard W. , Mudrazija Stipica , Wang Claire Xiaozhi
Published: June 2017

Objective: This study examines differences in retirement decisions between older Hispanics and non-Hispanics, with a special focus on the role of nativity. Methods: We use 1998-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimate survival models of retirement and compare retirement transitions for U.S.-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics, non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. Results: Foreign-born Hispanics retire significantly later than other racial and ethnic groups. Controlling for personal characteristics, their risk of retirement is 39% lower compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Retirement transitions do not differ significantly between U.S.-born Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Discussion: Difference in retirement timing between U.S.- and foreign-born Hispanics may partly be due to lower incomes and wealth accumulation of foreign-born Hispanics. Workforce development initiatives, policy initiatives promoting retirement savings, and Social Security reforms could improve future retirement security for older Hispanics, and make retirement a viable option for more foreign-born Hispanics.
Policy design: Its enduring appeal in a complex world and how to think it differently
Authors: Turnbull Nick
Published: June 2017

Policy design has re-appeared on the scholarly agenda. This special issue investigates the assumptions of the policy design concept, questioning its theoretical coherence and relevance for practitioners. The conventional idea of policy design implies an instrumental-rational theoretical model which is out of place in contemporary governance arrangements. While the concept appeals to academic sensibilities, it has less utility in practice. It can also become caught up in the political aspect of policymaking by being used to generate legitimacy for the actions of public managers via rationalising accounts. Contributors to this issue argue that the design idea should be reconsidered from the ground up. An alternative orientation is put forward, which regards policy design as something that emerges from policymaking practice.
Dying Is Unexpectedly Positive
Authors: Goranson Amelia , Ritter Ryan S. , Waytz Adam , Norton Michael I. , Gray Kurt
Published: June 2017

In people’s imagination, dying seems dreadful; however, these perceptions may not reflect reality. In two studies, we compared the affective experience of people facing imminent death with that of people imagining imminent death. Study 1 revealed that blog posts of near-death patients with cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were more positive and less negative than the simulated blog posts of nonpatients—and also that the patients’ blog posts became more positive as death neared. Study 2 revealed that the last words of death-row inmates were more positive and less negative than the simulated last words of noninmates—and also that these last words were less negative than poetry written by death-row inmates. Together, these results suggest that the experience of dying—even because of terminal illness or execution—may be more pleasant than one imagines.
Online cubature Kalman filter Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoothing for indoor inertial navigation system/ultrawideband integrated pedestrian navigation
Authors: Xu Yuan , Chen Xiyuan
Published: June 2017

Accurate position information of the pedestrians is required in many applications such as healthcare, entertainment industries, and military field. In this work, an online Cubature Kalman filter Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoothing algorithm for people’s location in indoor environment is proposed using inertial navigation system techniques with ultrawideband technology. In this algorithm, Cubature Kalman filter is employed to improve the filtering output accuracy; then, the Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoothing is used between the ultrawideband measurements updates; finally, the average value of the corrected inertial navigation system error estimation is output to compensate the inertial navigation system position error. Moreover, a real indoor test has been done for assessing the performance of the proposed model and algorithm. Test results show that the proposed model is able to reduce the sum of the absolute position error between the east direction and the north direction by about 32% compared with only the ultrawideband model, and the performance of the online Cubature Kalman filter Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoothing algorithm is slightly better than the off-line mode.
Questions of corporate responsibility: Can Hannah Arendt's ‘thoughtlessness’ apply to companies and their actors?
Authors: Scobie William
Published: June 2017

This article explores the moral issues underlying abuses of company law. The author uses Hannah Arendt’s concept of ‘thoughtlessness’ and explores moral theories justifying our company laws. The contradictions of corporate personality are examined with reference to domestic and international case studies.
Community housing emerges from the shadowlands: Property rights and the implications of a national regulatory framework under the Community Housing National Law
Authors: Nancarrow Michael R
Published: June 2017

This article discusses community housing and the legal and funding arrangements that have evolved for this sector. The author examines the nature of community housing and explains how it has emerged out of public housing policy. In particular, there is a focus on property rights especially from the perspective of community housing providers both in relation to head leasing and tenancy agreements. The article reviews the Community Housing Providers’ National Law especially in relation to the innovations in ‘statutory’ contracts and the vesting of land title in registered providers in New South Wales. The author argues that evolving trust in community organisations underscores these reforms, but that the project is far from finished. Housing providers must evolve to face the challenges that lie ahead.
Legal practice on time: The ethical risk and inefficiency of the six-minute unit
Authors: James Colin
Published: June 2017

Many law firms use time billing for client work with the ‘six-minute unit’ as the standard measure combined with billing ‘targets’ for employed lawyers, sometimes set at more than three times their salary. Time billing is designed to maximize the productivity of lawyers and provide a quantifiable rationale for billing clients, but is often used to control staff and identify ‘non-performers’. This paper critiques time billing and draws on its history and recent research to argue the practice not only motivates inefficiency, it increases the risk of ethical breaches, enables bullying by supervisors, may cause anxiety and mental health issues among employed lawyers, and contributes to the loss of good lawyers especially of women from the profession. The paper presents alternatives to time billing and suggests leading firms will recognise the advantages of adopting them ahead of professional regulators mandating change.
Animal welfare and the economy of kindness
Authors: Crowe Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This article explores the natural and cultural limits on human kindness towards strangers and non-human animals. I suggest that humans have a deep natural capacity for kindness. However, the duties imposed by this capacity are highly demanding, so we use techniques of ethical avoidance to limit our responsibilities. These techniques play a central role in enabling humans to avoid confronting the suffering caused by practices such as factory farming.
Neoliberal Policies and Human Trafficking for Labor: Free Markets, Unfree Workers?
Authors: Peksen Dursun , Blanton Shannon Lindsey , Blanton Robert G.
Published: June 2017

While the economic benefits of neoliberalism are widely noted, its impact upon human security is contentious, particularly in the area of equity and economic rights. In this article, we examine the impact of free-market policies upon a particularly egregious abuse of human and labor rights, trafficking in forced and child labor. Drawing from relevant scholarship on market liberalization and human trafficking, we posit that policies that promote market deregulation, reduced state size, and global economic openness are positively related to trafficking of child and forced labor. To test these claims, we combine data on three main facets of pro-market policies—a “business-friendly” regulatory environment, reduced state size, and policies favoring global economic openness—with data on human trafficking for forced and child labor. We find that economic liberalization in general significantly increases the likelihood of human trafficking for labor purposes. Our results further suggest that among the three facets of neoliberal policies, a market-friendly regulatory environment has the most significant impact upon labor trafficking. Overall, our results point to a conflict between the universally professed aversion to human trafficking and the dominant neoliberal approach to economic policy.
Dynamic analysis of a rectangular porous plate resting on an elastic foundation using high-order shear deformation theory
Authors: Ghorbanpour Arani A , Khani M , Khoddami Maraghi Z
Published: June 2017

This research deals with the dynamic analysis of a rectangular plate made of porous materials. The porous plate is subjected to a dynamic transverse load and is resting on a Pasternak foundation. Linear poroelasticity theory is used to obtain the Biot formulation of the constitutive equations for the porous material. Also, the Young modulus and density of the porous plate vary in the transverse direction versus the porosity of the plate. Tennessee marble is the porous material that used in this paper. Reddy’s third-order shear deformation theory with five unknowns, the energy method, and Hamilton’s principle are applied to derive the equations of motion of the porous plate. These equations are solved by a differential quadrature method as a numerical method due to five coupled large equations. A detailed numerical study indicates the significant effects of aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions, elastic medium, load intensity, and porosity on deflection of the porous plate. Results of this study can be useful to design of pneumatic conveying, handling, and control systems.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of two buprenorphine formulations after buccal administration in healthy male cats
Authors: Gulledge Brett M , Messenger Kristen M , Cornell Karen K , Lindell Heather , Schmiedt Chad W
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of compounded and commercially available aqueous formulations of buprenorphine after a single buccal dose to healthy cats and to evaluate the concentrations of a compounded buprenorphine solution over 21 days when stored at room temperature (RT; 22–24°C) with exposure to light or when refrigerated at 4°C while protected from light.

Methods

Six young healthy male cats were administered single buccal doses of compounded and commercially available formulations of buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) using a randomized, blinded, two-period crossover design. Blood samples were obtained over a 24 h period and plasma buprenorphine concentrations were determined using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Three batches of the compounded formulation were stored at RT or 4°C and aliquots were evaluated over 21 days for buprenorphine concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Results

Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were above the limit of quantification up to 6 h in some cats and up to 3 h in all cats. The area under the curve was significantly less for the compounded formulation ( P = 0.004). A significant difference was not detected between formulations for time to maximum concentration ( P = 0.11), maximum concentration ( P = 0.06), half-life ( P = 0.88) and mean residence time ( P = 0.57). Buprenorphine concentration in the compounded formulation was not affected by storage condition or time and remained between 90% and 110% of the target concentration at all time points.

Conclusions and relevance

A buprenorphine solution prepared from sublingual tablets is absorbed after buccal administration in healthy cats. The extent of absorption is significantly less than that of the commercially available formulation. The compounded solution maintains an acceptable buprenorphine concentration for at least 21 days when stored at RT or refrigerated.
Developing a Dust Emission Procedure for Central Asia
Authors: Li Longlei , Sokolik Irina N
Published: June 2017

Airborne mineral dust is thought to have a significant influence on the climate through absorbing and scattering both shortwave and longwave radiations and affecting cloud microphysical processes. However, a knowledge of long-term dust emissions is limited from both temporal and spatial perspectives. Here, we have developed a quantitative climatology: the column-integrated mass of the dust aerosol loading in Central Asia by incorporating the dust module (DuMo) into the Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model and accounting for regional climate and Land-Cover and Land-Use Changes for the 1950-2010 period in April. This data set is lowly to moderately correlated (0.22-0.48) with the satellite Aerosol Optical Depth in April of the 2000s and lowly correlated (0.02-0.11) with the Absorbing Aerosol Index in April of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The total dust loading is approximately 207.85 Mton per month in April during the recent decade (2000-2014) over dust source regions. Although only the month of April was simulated, results suggest that trends and magnitudes are captured well, using the WRF-Chem-DuMo.
Book review: Mirumachi, Naho. 2015: Transboundary Water Politics in the Developing World
Authors: Chokkakula Srinivas
Published: June 2017

Mirumachi, Naho. 2015: Transboundary Water Politics in the Developing World. Oxon: Routledge. 190 pp. £85.00 (Hardcover). ISBN: 9780415812955.
Principals’ configuration of a bundle of human resource practices. Does it make a difference for the relationship between teachers’ fit, job satisfaction and intention to move to another school?
Authors: Vekeman Eva , Devos Geert , Valcke Martin , Rosseel Yves
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore whether the relationship between teachers’ person–organisation (P-O) fit, job satisfaction and intention to move to another school varies depending on the way a bundle of human resource (HR) practices is configured in education. Drawing on strategic human resource management literature, a strategic and human resource orientation is considered to provide insight into the configuration of HR practices. A mixed methods design was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from principals and teachers in 56 Flemish primary schools. The qualitative data, which provides insight into principals’ configuration of HR practices, were converted into numerical scores and analysed, together with the quantitative teacher data, using multiple group path analysis. The key findings show that the relation between P-O fit and intention to move operates differently depending on the HR orientation of the teacher’s principal but not on their strategic orientation. This finding supports the need for closer attention to be given to the investment of new teachers and the impact this has on the direct and indirect effect of teachers’ P-O fit on teachers’ intention to move.
Distributed Leadership and bureaucracy
Authors: Lumby Jacky
Published: June 2017

This article considers distributed leadership in the context of the extensive literature on post-bureaucratic organisations. It suggests that both distributed leadership and bureaucracy are ideal types. It outlines the development of bureaucracy as an organisational form, challenges the often-stereotypical criticisms that have damned the theory and questions the withdrawal of the field of educational leadership from constructive engagement. It explores the notion that bureaucracy is conceived as a means of shaping and containing power in a way that is sophisticated and has developed considerably since Weber’s original idea. The article also outlines the development of distributed leadership and critiques the assertion that it offers a means of redistributing power, arguing that there is little evidence that this happens in any reliable way. It suggests that such reliance is often based on a limited zero-sum concept of power and a sanitised view of staff and organisations. It concludes that bureaucracy offers a more realistic and deeper engagement with issues of power, and that its rejection, except as a butt of criticism, deliberately ignores an enduring and important aspect of leading organisations. It concludes that educational leaders need to engage positively with bureaucracy if they are to transform education.
GABAB receptors-mediated tonic inhibition of glutamate release from Aβ fibers in rat laminae III/IV of the spinal cord dorsal horn
Authors: Salio Chiara , Merighi Adalberto , Bardoni Rita
Published: June 2017

Presynaptic GABAB receptors (GABABRs) are highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and spinal cord dorsal horn. GABABRs located in superficial dorsal horn play an important antinociceptive role, by acting at both pre- and postsynaptic sites. GABABRs expressed in deep dorsal horn could be involved in the processing of touch sensation and possibly in the generation of tactile allodynia in chronic pain. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and functional properties of GABABRs expressed on Aβ fibers projecting to lamina III/IV and to understand their role in modulating excitatory synaptic transmission. We performed high-resolution electron microscopic analysis, showing that GABAB2 subunit is expressed on 71.9% of terminals in rat lamina III-IV. These terminals were engaged in axodendritic synapses and, for the 46%, also expressed glutamate immunoreactivity. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents, evoked by Aβ fiber stimulation and recorded from lamina III/IV neurons in spinal cord slices, were strongly depressed by application of baclofen (0.1–2.5 µM), acting as a presynaptic modulator. Application of the GABABR antagonist CGP 55845 caused, in a subpopulation of neurons, the potentiation of the first of two excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded with the paired-pulse protocol, showing that GABABRs are endogenously activated. A decrease in the paired-pulse ratio accompanied the effect of CGP 55845, implying the involvement of presynaptic GABABRs. CGP 55845 facilitated only the first excitatory postsynaptic current also during a train of four consecutive stimuli applied to Aβ fibers. These results suggest that GABABRs tonically inhibit glutamate release from Aβ fibers at a subset of synapses in deep dorsal horn. This modulation specifically affects only the early phase of synaptic excitation in lamina III-IV neurons.
The Creation and Reproduction of Headquarters-Subsidiary Interdependence
Authors: Geifman-Broder Anat , Zaidman Nurit
Published: June 2017

The aim of this article is to analyze headquarters (HQ)-subsidiary relationships in the domain of knowledge transfer based on the perspectives of power and control and the social embeddedness of firms in different institutional contexts. Data were collected from an Israeli multinational company. The analysis included various qualitative analyses of 64 interviews with employees of HQ and the South Pacific subsidiaries and of documents and observations. HQ-subsidiary relations in the domain of knowledge transfer are based on interdependence with limited cooperation, where power is not placed within one actor or location but rather is situated on both sides. This type of relationship is maintained and reproduced via tactics of knowledge transfer and control which are applied by both sides. A main cause of such relationships is the subsidiaries’ dual identification. On the one hand, Asian subsidiaries are loyal to some extent to the HQ, but on the other hand, they are loyal to their customers. The originality and value of this study is that first it presents an initial step in the development of a classification of interdependent HQ-subsidiary relationships. Second, this study shows which factors generate these relationships and how these relationships are reproduced, demonstrating that in the analysis of HQ-subsidiary relations, issues of power cannot be disconnected from the multinational context. Third, this study views organizational knowledge transfer as a form of business communication situated in broader cultural contexts. It contributes to the limited research that analyzes the coexisting of diverse organizing practices, and forms of business communication, which became prevalent in our global society.
Spiritualising Marginality: Sufi Concepts and the Politics of Identity in Pakistan
Authors: Jaffer Amen
Published: June 2017

Similar to many parts of South Asia, hijras in Pakistan define themselves as a distinctive gender that is neither men nor women. This article explores hijra identity in Pakistan by focusing on the creative appropriation of Sufi discourses, practices and organisational forms by hijras to construct a spiritual gender identity for themselves. The political significance of this Sufi-informed identity can be located at two different levels. One is the level of the self. I argue in this article that engagement with Sufi concepts, such as faqiri and mast, is central to the construction of a dignified and powerful image of the hijra self that challenges the marginalised status assigned to hijras. The second level of analysis is concerned with the hijra community’s connection with Sufi networks. My argument here is that basing their community, which is cut-off from society and rejects the blood-ties based model of the family, on the model of Sufi groups allows hijras to legitimise their alternative social organisation. However, even though, Sufism offers hijras a possibility to access power, this does not mean that their spiritual claims are always recognised or that a spiritual gender identity does not have its own limitations.
Evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing sediments below the conventional bottom-simulating reflection on the northern slope of the South China Sea
Authors: Liang Jinqiang , Zhang Zijian , Su Pibo , Sha Zhibin , Yang Shengxiong
Published: June 2017

The continuous bottom-simulating reflection (BSR) is commonly considered to mark the base of gas hydrate stability zone. Below this depth, gas hydrate gives away to free gas or water filling with pore spaces of sediments. We integrated and analyzed seismic data collected in 2008, and logging-while-drilling (LWD) data and coring results acquired by the Fugro Voyager in 2015 in the Shenhu area on the northern slope of the South China Sea. Based on seismic and well-log correlation, a BSR with typical characteristics of gas hydrates and free gas was identified at 237 m, below the mudline (BML). However, LWD data reveal a 63 m thick hydrate layer from 205 to 268 m BML. Increases in resistivity and velocity at 262 m BML indicate that gas hydrate is likely presented below the BSR. The observed pore-water freshening with depth and infrared image of core samples are consistent with geophysical interpretation. Seismic and well interpretations reveal continuous, discontinuous, and pluming BSRs in the Shenhu area. The continuous BSR indicates the base of the methane gas hydrate stability zone, and structure II gas hydrate is likely presented below the BSR. Deep thermogenic fluid locally entrapped within shallow-buried sediments may reinforce gas-hydrate accumulations near the discontinuous and pluming BSRs. We conclude that seismic responses of structure II gas hydrate can be distinct from structure I gas hydrate. Understanding the seismic characterizations of structures I and II will help in the evaluation of gas-hydrate reservoirs and inferring the presence of deep thermogenic reservoirs.
Velocity-model estimation with NIP-wave tomography inversion – A real data example
Authors: Shahsavani Hashem
Published: June 2017

The common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack in addition to high signal-to-noise ratio stacked sections creates the curvature and local dip of a reflector. With this information, so-called kinematic wavefield attributes, it is possible to obtain a subsurface velocity model for laterally inhomogeneous media using normal-incidence-point (NIP) wave inversion. The result of CRS provides some location points on the stacked section as input for the inversion. In each iteration, dynamic ray tracing is applied along the central ray according to an input data point. With this technique, the parameter needed for forward modeling will be obtained. By updating the velocity model and minimizing the misfit between input data and the forward model parameter, it is possible to achieve a final velocity model consistent with input data. In this paper, we applied the CRS method on complex structure in the northeast of Iran, and then we performed the NIP-wave tomography inversion on this data set by means of CRS attributes. The result clearly shows the ability of NIP-wave tomography in velocity-model inversion.
URTeC 2017 to focus on cross-disciplinary collaboration
Authors: Maxwell Shawn
Published: June 2017

Preparations are well under way for the 2017 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC), which will take place 24–26 July in Austin, Texas. URTeC is focused on the latest science and technology applied to exploration, appraisal, analysis, and development of unconventional resources. As with previous URTeC meetings, a strong technical program has been compiled and is complemented by a plenary session, core exhibits, networking receptions, eight short courses, nine topical breakfasts and luncheons, and a technical exhibition.
Suicide is a complex problem that requires a range of prevention initiatives and methods of evaluation
Authors: Hawton Keith , Pirkis Jane
Published: June 2017

A range of factors can contribute to suicide, which means that a multifactorial approach to suicide prevention is necessary. Whereas randomised controlled trials may be suitable for evaluation of some interventions, others require different approaches for assessment of their impact. Also, suicide itself will not always be the most feasible outcome measure.
An analysis of whether a working-age ward-based liaison psychiatry service requires the input of a liaison psychiatrist
Authors: Guthrie Elspeth A. , McMeekin Aaron T. , Khan Sylvia , Makin Sally , Shaw Ben , Longson Damien
Published: June 2017

Aims and method

This article presents a 12-month case series to determine the fraction of ward referrals of adults of working age who needed a liaison psychiatrist in a busy tertiary referral teaching hospital.

Results

The service received 344 referrals resulting in 1259 face-to-face contacts. Depression accounted for the most face-to-face contacts. We deemed the involvement of a liaison psychiatrist necessary in 241 (70.1%) referrals, with medication management as the most common reason.

Clinical implications

A substantial amount of liaison ward work involves the treatment and management of severe and complex mental health problems. Our analysis suggests that in the majority of cases the input of a liaison psychiatrist is required.
Personalisation and social care assessment – the Care Act 2014
Authors: Barnes Deb , Boland Billy , Linhart Kathryn , Wilson Katherine
Published: June 2017

The Care Act 2014 represents a significant change in legislation in England. For the first time it brings together various aspects of adult social care into a single statute succeeding earlier acts and policy. Given its importance to the lives of service users and carers, clinicians need to have a clear understanding of its implications. We provide an overview of why it was developed, its underlying principles and international comparisons, as well as implications for assessments, interventions and outcomes. The impact on the lives of patients and carers is discussed, as well as dilemmas and challenges the Act presents. While it addresses other important aspects of social care, including safeguarding, Mental Health Act section 117 aftercare and duty of candour, we focus on personalisation because of the opportunities it provides to enhance management plans for people experiencing mental health problems.
Big data in mental health research – do the ns justify the means? Using large data-sets of electronic health records for mental health research
Authors: Schofield Peter
Published: June 2017

Advances in information technology and data storage, so-called ‘big data’, have the potential to dramatically change the way we do research. We are presented with the possibility of whole-population data, collected over multiple time points and including detailed demographic information usually only available in expensive and labour-intensive surveys, but at a fraction of the cost and effort. Typically, accounts highlight the sheer volume of data available in terms of terabytes (1012) and petabytes (1015) of data while charting the exponential growth in computing power we can use to make sense of this. Presented with resources of such dizzying magnitude it is easy to lose sight of the potential limitations when the amount of data itself appears unlimited. In this short account I look at some recent advances in electronic health data that are relevant for mental health research while highlighting some of the potential pitfalls.