bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rivalry Demands Rules
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Harvard alleges Princeton’s 1889 football team includes professional players, paid for playing baseball in the summer. Camp proposes the first eligibility provision in the Intercollegiate Football Association constitution, barring professionals (paid for any sport, not only football) from IFA teams, and the Graduate Advisory Committee approves the provision. Later, by a 3–2 vote, the GAC refuses to apply the provision against Princeton because Harvard’s action was filed too late for Princeton to prepare a defense. Harvard leaves the IFA, and some supporters of both Harvard and Yale promote a “dual league” limited to those two schools; negotiations proceed but do not result in an agreement, and Camp says it was never contemplated that the schools would limit their contests to only one another.
Author for an Expanding Game
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In 1891 Camp is the author of the first book-length text on American football. Titled American Football, it is a kind of instructional guide for players and coaches, providing practical information on the functions and techniques of the various positions on a team. Also included are guides for conditioning and training and an outline of signals for coordinating team efforts. The book is reprinted in 1974.
“What Does Walter Think?”
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Over a two- or three-year period, sports equipment manufacturer and retailer A. G. Spalding & Bros. replaces Wright and Ditson as publisher of American football’s rules and in 1891 begins a new publication called Spalding’s Official Football Guide, with Camp as editor and writer. Though possibly wanting to stay above the fray, Camp becomes embroiled in a conflict over the eligibility of graduate players, especially at Pennsylvania, which uses a high percentage of graduate school players. With Penn’s increasing success, students and alumni from Yale and other schools in 1892 and 1893 press the Intercollegiate Football Association to ban graduate school players. As president of the IFA, Yale’s captain, McCormick, leads passage of such a ban. Camp supports McCormick’s action but also suggests a one-year-residency requirement as another way to limit transfer of students just to play football. Pennsylvania and Wesleyan resign from the IFA in November 1893, leaving only Princeton and Yale as members.
The End of Student Rule Making
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

With the Intercollegiate Football Association disrupted by the resignation of Pennsylvania and Wesleyan, a new category of rules committee is created under the auspices of the University Athletic Club in New York City. The new rules committee comprises five older, more experienced men representing Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Yale, and the U.S. Navy with Paul Dashiell; all are graduates with responsible jobs. The IFA is left inactive, thus effectively ending student rule making. Rules are passed to limit momentum plays by allowing only three players to be in motion forward before the ball is snapped. A “linesman” is added as a third game official.
New Voices
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In 1893, for the first time, major books on American football are published by authors beside Camp. Camp worries that one book, by Yale-trained Alonzo Stagg and Harry Williams, discloses Yale proprietary information, but Stagg and Williams publish over his objections (first self-publish and later by Appleton, publishing under various titles). Spalding suggests Camp write a booklet on football to be published by Spalding contemporaneously with Stagg-Williams and “to a certain extent kill” Stagg-Williams sales. Camp prepares the requested booklet, titled How to Play Football, but invites other American football players to write major parts of the booklet. Spalding goes on to publish annual versions of the booklet, and other writers are routinely included, with Camp both editor and writer. A similar procedure is used with Spalding’s Official Football Guide. Other books published in 1893 are James R. Church, ed., University Football, and Walter Camp’s Book of College Sports.
The Future Foreseen
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In 1895 a group of midwestern college presidents agree to cooperate in overseeing intercollegiate athletics at their schools. Subsequent meetings of their designees further establish a de facto interinstitutional organization known variously as the “Big Seven,” the Western Conference, and today as the Big Ten. Colleges of the South also agree to cooperate through a meeting of faculty members in December 1894 and form the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The major eastern universities, undoubtedly with Camp support, resist such an organization.
Pax Intercollegiata
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Camp and Harvard’s W. A. Brooks negotiate an agreement finally completed in February 1897 that reinstates Harvard-Yale athletic relations. Separately, the University Athletic Club in 1896 helps lead a reconstitution of the 1894 rules committee with Cornell added and Dashiell from Navy included later. In making rules for 1896, the new rules committee bars momentum plays (only one man on offense can be in motion, and he must be moving toward his own goal line) and restricts mass play (by requiring five men on the line at snapback).
“The Game I Have Worked So Hard For”
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

With a public clamor growing against mass play in American football, Camp proposes to force more open play by requiring an advance of ten yards instead of five yards in three downs. Other rules-committee members argue additional game methodology is needed to make ten yards more attainable, such as weakening the defense by requiring defensive ends to be five yards back of the line at snapback, which Camp rejects as artificial and ineffective. Others suggest forward passing, which Camp also opposes. With unanimity required by the rules committee in its rules decisions, meaningful committee action is prevented, and the committee is severely criticized. At Harvard, in an effort to keep football alive in spite of new Eliot criticisms, a special committee is formed to propose rule changes.
A President Involved
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In response to a public perception of brutality and dishonest play in American football, President Theodore Roosevelt is persuaded to intervene, and he invites coaches and graduate leaders from the Big Three of Harvard, Princeton, and Yale (including Camp) to meet with him at the White House on October 9, 1905. After the meeting, Camp and the other two graduate leaders draft a pledge at Roosevelt’s request, promising responsive action by their schools. Violations of the pledge occur quickly in the 1905 Harvard-Pennsylvania and Harvard-Yale games, and Roosevelt requests visits from a representative of Pennsylvania and separately from Harvard. President Eliot writes Roosevelt, criticizing the Harvard-Yale game umpire, Navy professor Paul Dashiell, whereupon Roosevelt writes Dashiell and criticizes him; Dashiell replies with a strong defense that persuades Roosevelt. Roosevelt continues to correspond with Camp in a complimentary manner.
Football as We Know It
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

In 1910 proponents of forward passing again face strong resistance. Camp continues to resist and the vote is close, but the rules committee approves forward passes if completed within twenty yards of the line of scrimmage. Other 1910 changes: anywhere on the field, the offense must have seven men on the line at snapback; pushing or pulling of a runner by offense is no longer allowed; a fourth down is added, as advocated by Camp, making the downs-and-distance rule “ten yards in four downs.” In 1912 additional basic changes are made: The field is reconfigured to be one hundred yards long between goal lines, with ten-yard-long end zones added beyond the goal lines. Passes can be completed across the goal line in the end zones. The twenty-yard maximum on passes is removed. Specifications are enacted for the ball.
Unrecognized Legacy
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Camp semiretires from the NHCC in 1923, relinquishing the presidency and general management to younger men and becoming chairman of the board. The change comes after the company experiences strong sales through the war and through 1920, then endures a difficult countrywide recession in 1921 and 1922, before beginning a good recovery in late 1922 and into 1923. Camp dies March 14, 1925, from a sudden heart attack during the night between two sessions of a New York rules-committee meeting. As a Camp memorial, Yale Field is renamed Walter Camp Field, and a large colonnaded gateway is erected at the entrance to the field, paid for by substantial contributions from the Yale community as well as from colleges, universities, and preparatory schools and high schools around the country. Contributions come from 224 colleges and universities. But the finest memorial could be the game itself, testifying to Camp contributions that still define and benefit the game, worthy of an occasional remembrance of the game’s “father” and most prominent contributor.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: January 2019

Participants in the discourse on AMBS are best situated to assess their own and others’ experiential claims within a specific place and as part of a particular process of educational advocacy. The former is comprised of barber shops, laundromats, libraries, and other accessible, decentralized, community-based arenas that have a history of incubating anti-racist and other politics of resistance. The latter emphasizes the importance of public schools while challenging the quality of such schools available to black children. Such advocacy is ultimately successful when it abides by the two-fold norm that good public schools foster black self-determination in the face of intersecting oppression and also prepare black children of all genders to continually evaluate what life in a democratic polity looks like.
Andreas Eschbach’s Futures and Germany’s Past
Authors: Petersen Vibeke Rützou
Published: January 2019

Die Haarteppichknüpfer [The carpet makers; 1995], Jesus Video (1998), Quest (2001), Der Letzte seiner Art [The last of his kind; 2003], and Herr aller Dinge [The master of all things; 2011] all won the Kurd Lasswitz Prize for science fiction. This chapter offers comprehensive analyses of the novels, exploring how Andreas Eschbach, as an author of contemporary popular genre fiction, deals with the German past. It contextualizes Eschbach’s writing in his own cultural-historical environment, points out some culturally specific tropes, and situates his novels in both German and international science-fiction traditions. The overall aim of this examination is to make the case for Andreas Eschbach’s importance in the larger arena of Western science fiction.
Gendering Everyday Violence and Seguridad across Spaces
Authors: Alcalde M. Cristina
Published: January 2019

In this chapter is not the political violence and economic insecurity in the 1980s and 1990s in Peru that motivated many to leave that receives sustained attention but the more mundane forms of verbal violence, street sexual harassment, and everyday anxieties that shape interactions with partners and children among return migrants that is central. The chapter explores relationships within the family as well as migrants’ behaviors and experiences in public spaces as these are informed by concerns about violence and security. We read about the ways in which safety is gendered, and a major concern for return migrants.
Ugliness, Underground, Queer Difference
Authors: Howard Yetta
Published: January 2019

The introductory chapter of Ugly Differences provides a theoretical overview of the book and its central interventions on the concepts of ugliness and the underground. It turns to early-twentieth-century examples by Gertrude Stein and Claude McKay to frame genealogical connections between ugliness and queer female difference. This literary history highlights the roles that avant-garde, experimental, primitivist, and vernacular approaches to cultural production play in reflecting nondominant subjects whose differences are routed through de-privileged sites of the aesthetic.
The Erotics of Artificiality
Authors: Howard Yetta
Published: January 2019

This chapter theorizes the figure of the mannequin and noise as modes of erotic investment in artificiality and unnaturalness. Routing sexual libertinism through the body of difference, ugliness is conspicuous as mannequin fetish, noise music, and disabled performance. After offering a critical genealogy that rethinks the mannequin’s association with beauty, this chapter shows how the figure of the mannequin becomes an emblem of nonnormative desires and fetishistic impulses, championing forms of the erotic that reflect artificiality in material and auditory contexts. Calling into question both the artificial object and objectification, it explores the sonic textures of Narcissister and A. L. Steiner’s experimental art-film Winter/Spring Collection (2013) whose “semi-live nude mannequin” functions as a radical critique of dominant sexual embodiment via the oppositional backdrop of noise.
Cuba, Qué Linda es Cuba
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

In 1906 the Romero family moved from Gilbraltar to Cuba in search of greater opportunities. This chapter traces their activities in Cienfuegos, where Celedonio was born in 1913 and where his father worked as a building contractor and architect. Provides insights into life in Cuba only a few years after it was taken over by the U.S. as a result of its 1898 war with Spain.
Encore
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: January 2019

The Romeros have had an enormous impact on the world of the guitar and of classical music in general. Their spiritual views do not fit into conventional categories, though they feel comfortable with a blend of Eastern and Western traditions, especially Buddhism and Catholicism. The saga of their family is a remarkable one, and their road to success has featured many unexpected twists and turns. Along the way, their music has touched the lives of countless thousands of people, and their legacy endures.
Domesticating the Ozarks
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 analyzes the taming or domesticating of the wilderness Ozarks by Anglo-American pioneers in the decades before the Civil War. This chapter discusses the effects of human habitation on the environment and on the region’s wildlife. It also covers such topics as hunting and trapping, log construction and material culture, rural folkways and foodways. A particular focus of the chapter is the introduction of an “extensive” style of agriculture in the Ozarks, one characterized by the raising of hogs and cattle on the open range and the growing of small patches of corn. By the end of the antebellum period, all but the most rugged and inaccessible areas of the Ozarks had undergone some degree of domestication.
Black Opera across the Atlantic
Authors: André Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the participation of black people in opera in the United States and South Africa. Themes include the practice and legacy of minstrelsy in both countries. For the United States, the focus explores the creation of an American operatic tradition outside Europe and one that features black composers and singers. For South Africa, the focus explores the experiences of Angelo Gobbato who worked in opera through the last decades of apartheid and into the new millennium with integrated casts and Neo Muyanga (Soweto-born composer) who was educated in Europe during the last decades of apartheid and has become a leading voice in the post-apartheid black opera scene. This chapter also discusses black opera singers and the Isango Ensemble.
Winnie, Opera, and South African Artistic Nationhood
Authors: André Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter places Winnie: The Opera (Bongani Ndodana-Breen, Warren Wilensky, and Mfundi Vundla, 2011) in a larger comparative framework that includes the Western opera tradition, opera in the United States, and the representation of blackness in opera more generally. With a reading of postcolonial and post-apartheid theorists (for example, Homi Bhabha and the “unhomely,” Karin Barber and entextualization, and Sarah Nuttal’s entanglement), this chapter also draws upon the Global South (and global studies) along with transnationalism. This chapter examines events from the opera in Winnie Mandela’s life (torture, the Mandela United Football Club, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission) as they are characterized musically and in the drama.
Alien Encounters
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

While fascinated by aliens, this chapter explains, Clarke only occasionally depicts alien encounters, which are unlikely due to the universe’s size and age. Instead, science fiction stories involve humans discovering evidence of ancient aliens or signs of emerging alien intelligences. Clarke avoids engaging in world building, preferring planets investigated by scientists as settings, and his aliens typically are genuinely alien in both their physiology and psychology. In Clarke’s major novels about aliens they remain unseen. In 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and its sequels, aliens made of energy initially seem omnipotent, though sequels increasingly emphasize their flaws and limitations. The aliens of Rendezvous with Rama (1973) are even more mysterious and defy human efforts to understand their enormous space habitat and the purpose for its visit.
Future Faiths
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter first notes that the atheist Clarke often criticizes religion in his science fiction: religions are false and illogical, based on imaginary events; deities are ineffectual; and doctrines can lead to evil or misguided acts. For these reasons he regularly describes future humans who abandoned religion. Yet Clarke simultaneously acknowledges that some old and new faiths still have adherents, indicating they may be valuable in helping to preserve and expand human knowledge, providing peace of mind, and inspiring beneficial actions. Buddhism is particularly praised for its benign, tolerant attitudes. Clarke’s major novel involving religion, The Songs of Distant Earth (1986), describes an apparent utopia resulting from a future decision to eliminate all religious beliefs, yet there are still signs that some religions may endure.
Physical Environment and Cultural Ecology
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan , Umaña Federico Paredes
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 defines the physical environment and cultural geography of Chocolá and the econiches it occupies. The major flora and fauna are described, as are the soils, the extraordinary volcanoes and other plate tectonics of Chocolá’s geological setting, and the similarly extraordinary water resources of Chocolá’s piedmont rainforest—the highest rainfall in Central America, two rivers, several streams, and at least nine natural springs.
Ethnohistory and History of the Southern Maya Region, Suchitepéquez, and Chocolá
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan , Umaña Federico Paredes
Published: January 2019

For the first time, the ethnohistory of Chocolá and the Guatemalan piedmont—from the Conquest to the colonial period to the postcolonial present day—is provided in some detail, shedding light on the modern factors that impacted the site and led to the gigantic modern-epoch coffee farm at Chocolá and the village of the Maya (primarily K’iche’- and Kaqchikel-speaking) workers attracted, or coerced, to labor on the farm.
Archaeological Operations
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan , Umaña Federico Paredes
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 abstracts and summarizes the very copious field data from the three lengthy field seasons at Chocolá, including the specific evidence obtained about the very extensive water control system that was discovered. Intensive grid excavations were undertaken in five operations: Mound 15, the northernmost part of the elite north sector, Mounds 6 and 7, in the southern part of the north sector, Mound 2, in the central administrative sector, and Mound 5, in the south sector. Accordingly, our three field seasons provide the specific evidence and artifacts we have been able to use to understand the clearly hierarchical structure of the ancient society and city. Of particular importance for a better understanding of the material underpinnings of Chocolá is our research at Mound 5, in the south, where we believe cacao arboriculture was developed for long-distance trade in the Preclassic period.
The Monuments of Chocolá and Nearby Sites
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan , Umaña Federico Paredes
Published: January 2019

Chapter 6 provides the first catalog of a corpus of sculpture hitherto limited to one (a fragment of the magnificent stela, Chocolá Monument One) and expands it to more than thirty. Also discussed is the diaspora of probably many other carved monuments from Chocolá. As with Chocolá’s near neighbor city and polity, Takalik Abaj, both Olmec or Olmecoid and clearly Maya sculptures and motifs, such as Kaminaljuyu Stela 10, are represented in Chocolá’s corpus. As a result of what the research project has recovered and from information about other monuments, additions now to the corpus include another well-carved stela, Monument 22, a potbelly monument, and a “capture” monument, as well as many examples of pedestal monuments and “cupule” altars, whose function may be related to water worship. Also, the likelihood that the extraordinary circular monument known as the “Shook Altar” was carved at Chocolá is explained.
Biocultural and Bioarchaeological Approaches to Infant and Young Child Feeding in the Past
Authors: Moffat Tina , Prowse Tracy
Published: January 2019

Understanding infant and child feeding and its relationship to child health is a key part of bioarchaeological investigations into children and childhood in the past. Aside from old age, infancy and childhood is the most vulnerable and dependent period of the life course. Infant and child feeding practices—including breastfeeding, non-breast milk substitutes, and weaning—can profoundly affect child growth and development and may have life or death consequences. Studies of infant and child feeding, moreover, give us a view to cross-cultural and temporal variation in practices and attitudes towards children. This chapter reviews anthropological studies of infant–child feeding and health from both past and present. Despite the evolutionary and biological underpinnings of infant and child feeding, the influence of environmental, social, and cultural factors on its diversity underscores the importance of using a biocultural framework.
Coda
Authors: Salius Erin Michael
Published: January 2019

Sacraments of Memory’s conclusion affirms the contention that Catholicism operates as a site of oppositional discourse in contemporary narratives of slavery, wherein alterative ways of remembering the past are realized. It reminds the reader, however, that these “sacraments of memory” should never be considered unproblematic or pure modes of dissent. Rather, they remain deeply conflicted discursive strategies.
At Fault
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 argues that the university is in crisis, hamstrung by fear of corporate liability, the loss of due process, and the rise of optics over truth as a university value. The students are the victims of an educational environment that has no tolerance for error. The modern university is “At Fault”: at a fault line, where the principles of empathy and understanding are at war with the principles of institutional cowardice.
Death by Gramophone
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

Modernism grew up with the gramophone and came to fear its mechanization as a threat to the lost aurality of a pre-war world. For many modernists, Joyce among them, the gramophone brought death, as the opposite of what they were writing for and a direct threat to their writing lives. Joyce’s gramophone recordings are paired with T. S. Eliot’s writings on the music-hall, and particularly the vaudeville performer Marie Lloyd, to show the humanity of live performance against the soullessness of art in a box. Other modernist works, from To the Lighthouse to As I Lay Dying to Krapp’s Last Tape to Brighton Rock, make an appearance in this wide-ranging study.
Performing Issy
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D.G.
Published: January 2019

The pedagogy of “outlaw teaching” is presented as a way of bringing risk into the classroom, as Joyce encourages us to do. Reading Ulysses aloud is one way of getting students to become familiar with risk-taking, and some tongue-in-cheek guidelines for such a reading are presented. An extended example of the benefits of such an approach is given with a reading of the “Night Lessons” chapter of Finnegans Wake, as a baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the St. Louis Cardinals, sometime prior to the selling of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees. Issy, the writer of the footnotes in this chapter, is rearticulated through narrative voicing as a baseball announcer, and the section takes on new life through the admittedly strained analogy of an inning-by-inning analysis of 20 pages of Finnegans Wake. The value of the enterprise is in its method: the author is modeling an approach to centrifugal reading that transforms the Wake into a reading game.
Virginia Woolf, the War Without, the War Within
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Virginia Woolf, The War Without, The War Within completes Lounsberry’s trilogy on Virginia Woolf’s luminous diary and the diaries she read. It offers the first treatment of Woolf’s final diary stage (1929–1941), in which she turned more to her diary—and to others' diaries—as the war pressures of the unfurling 1930s grew. It reveals her artistic wars within as the encroaching outer war (World War II) approached. For the first time, this book will explore each of Woolf’s 12 final diary books in depth and trace her final flowering as a diarist. We watch as Woolf increases her number of diary entries in the 1930s and uses her diary more and more as a morning prop (as well as a post-tea-time act). We see her wish to write a “meatier” diary in 1940: an “evening” diary for “Old Virginia.” Interwoven into her own diary as it unfolds are the 18 key diaries that helped shape both her semi-private diary style and her public prose, including the diaries of Leo and Countess Tolstoy, Dorothy Wordsworth, Guy de Maupassant, Alice James, and André Gide. This book functions as a new Woolf biography, marking her life through her diaries from age forty-seven to four days before her suicide in 1941. Additionally, a new reading of Woolf’s suicide is offered—one based on her diaries.
The March of Headlines
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Virginia Woolf's “curious props”—including her diary and others’ diaries—ably support her across 1931. She shows, in fact, such sure life command that she mocks the outer political scene in September of 1931. Meanwhile, she continues to add newspaper headlines to her 1930–1931 diary, and her inner wars persist. This chapter shows how Woolf used her 1930–1931 diary as a practice field for The Waves. Other diaries also aid her. In December 1930, she makes double use of The Journal of a Somerset Rector, with its tale of a country suicide. First, she summarizes John Skinner's Journal in her diary to test her ability to write and then she revises the diary entry for her Second Common Reader essay “The Rev. John Skinner” (1932). She finds James Woodforde's Diary of a Country Parson further proof of life deathless in a diary and pairs him with John Skinner in the Second Common Reader. In May 1931, The Private Diaries of Princess Daisy of Pless—Vita Sackville-West's distant relative—offers Woolf rich matter for future works: for Flush,
The Years, and Three Guineas.
Warnings
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

“By the summer of 1934,” Hermione Lee writes, Hitler's “ambitions and his methods were fully apparent.” In the mid-1930s, Nazis issue regulations to eliminate women doctors and lawyers in Germany. German universities reduce the female quota of students to just ten percent. On October 28, 1934, Oswald Mosley stages a vicious attack on Jews during a British Union of Fascists rally at the Royal Albert Hall. Beyond these alarming national and international threats, Woolf faces inner personal (and artistic) loss and outer public attack, as she writes in her diary. She starts to speak of “warnings” in this journal. However, André Gide’s Pages de Journal, 1929–32 give her new direction in August 1934. In September, Guy de Maupassant's travel diary Sur l’eau (Afloat) particularly helps her to navigate through Roger Fry's unexpected death. She both enters its words in her diary and uses Afloat for a key moment in her novel The Years. In October, Alice James's Journal helps Woolf calibrate British women's social and sexual lives in the first decades of The Years and shows her—as do Gide's and Maupassant's diaries—a fierce fight, both without and within, between constraint and freedom.
Misguided General
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Hitler takes his first prize, the Rhineland, unopposed in March 1936. Meanwhile, Virginia Woolf fights her own dramatic inner war across that year. Her 1936 diary reveals, more clearly than any other of her diaries, the diary's foundational role in Woolf's artistic renewal—a role she does not fully understand. With great clarity, we also see the role of other diaries in her renewals in 1936. In August 1936, amid a dangerous illness, Woolf reads the diaries of Bertrand Russell's parents, Lord and Lady Amberley. She lives again in their world and takes direction for Three Guineas. In early November, she reads Ellen Weeton's Journal of a Governess, and, in December, the diaries of Stephen MacKenna, who translated the Greek philosopher Plotinus into a melodious English. She also makes use of these diaries as she writes Three Guineas.
Epilogue
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

Virginia Woolf's third and final diary stage records the ever-nearing wars without that assailed her (and finally surrounded her) and her (artistic) wars within as she sought to address the outer world’s state in a constructive and creative way. In her last dozen years, Woolf's diaries served as a vital tool in her fight against fascism, its tyranny and wars. To understand this is to probe the political implications of genre. A diary's very “ordinariness” works to counter fascism's false, hysterical melodrama. A diary's “prosaic discontinuities” both deflate and defuse the dictators' pumped-up play. Her complex diary portraits further challenge the fascist fantasy of villains and heroes. Woolf's diary is her last major work to reach the public. In this book, I have sought to reveal the foundational role this semi-private diary served for Woolf's public works and for her artistic renewal. Indeed, I believe that her published fiction and nonfiction would not exist without her diary. Among voracious readers, Woolf may be unique in her appreciation of the treasures hidden in diaries. In others' diaries, Woolf sought not only the natural human voice but also the life traces beyond her own, especially ones that she could transform into art. In the end, a diary becomes a perfect image for Virginia Woolf: fragile yet resilient, it is always subject to movement, is rich in renewal, and is inevitably subject to death—and yet, it is deathless as well.
Introduction
Authors: Lounsberry Barbara
Published: January 2019

The introduction presents the book’s main argument: the new view that Woolf enters a third stage as a diarist (after her first experimental stage and her second, lean modernist diary stage). In Woolf's last dozen years, we see the final flowering of her diary, when she not only turns more often to her own diary than she did in the 1920s but also turns more to others' diaries as well. I suggest that Woolf seems to need diaries more in her final years as a counter to the hysteric drumbeat of war. I argue that Woolf's final diaries should be read as part of her inter-related and multiform battle against tyranny and war across the 1930s. I also call for Woolf's final diaries to be recognized as key texts in the current reassessment of the literary merits of the 1930s. This Introduction previews the book’s second major insight: the heretofore-unexplored role of other diaries in Woolf’s final writing, both fiction and nonfiction.
Afterword
Authors: Lear Ashley Andrews
Published: January 2019

The afterword is an overview of the unique and supportive friendship between Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Ellen Glasgow. When Rawlings befriended Glasgow, she found inspiration in their paralleled experiences with the writing process and those “wells” of creativity they constantly needed to refill through introspection and periods of rest or distraction. Their relationship was not the only one of its kind, but it was one of the great literary friendships in the South, and it needs to be recognized and studied for its influential mark on both women and on their writing.
“Vagrant Negroes”
Authors: O’Brassill-Kulfan Kristin
Published: January 2019

Laws regulating the movement, residence, employment, and labor of the poor, and especially of poor African Americans in states with burgeoning free populations, demonstrate how mobility, when enacted by the poor and by non-whites, was classified as a criminal action in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century United States. In the Upper South especially, these laws had the express goal of attaching to all people of color the potential consequences of enslavement. This essay will link these ideas by tracing mobility and its construction as a classed and raced activity, as threats to existing labor regimes and social systems. This was most commonly and notoriously done through the policing of vagrancy, which allowed authorities to punish the poor, most punitively, in the South, African Americans, for unemployment or a reluctance to enter into a particular labor contract. This essay argues that the power dynamics of the South can be read clearly in the classed and raced regulation of vagrancy and geographical mobility in the antebellum era.
Haskins v. Royster and the Liberty to Be Unfree
Authors: Tvrdy Linda A.
Published: January 2019

Slavery was not only a system of oppression. It was a system of labor supported by a thick tapestry of common law principles that had developed over hundreds of years. One of the most important and difficult problems that emancipation presented was how to disentangle laws designed to support a system of slave labor and reconstruct them on the basis of freedom. In the 1874 case Haskins v. Royster, the North Carolina Supreme Court had its first opportunity to articulate the law and policy that would govern labor in the state in the postwar era. Haskins v. Royster presented the North Carolina Supreme Court with the opportunity to reconstruct its law to promote an egalitarian system of labor, one that distributed power and economic advantage more evenly between employers and employees. Instead, the court’s majority opinion resorted to long-standing ideas and practices embedded in local culture to preserve a hierarchical labor system with the propertied, white male continuing to occupy the seat of authority and power.
Southern Labor and the Lure of Populism
Authors: Beckel Deborah
Published: January 2019

In this chapter Deborah Beckel reconsiders historians' analyses of the Knights of Labor in Gilded Age North Carolina. Based on new research, it reframes interpretations of labor's role in the rise of Populism. Reevaluating race, class, gender, and power relations within and among the Knights of Labor, Farmers' Alliance, and People's Party movements, it shows how black and white men and women, including Ellen Williams, shaped interracial, cross-class, and cross-gender activism. It reexamines the ways that grassroots African-American leaders communicated with state and national leaders, including Marion Butler, Elias Carr, and John Hayes. The chapter rethinks the roles of the Knights of Labor and the Republican Party in North Carolina's fusion coalition. It reassesses the meanings of the Republican-Populist political victories of the 1890s.
Rooted
Authors: Case Theresa A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter establishes the importance of African American shop workers to Texas railroad hubs such as Marshall, Texas, and explores black responses to the 1922 National Railroad Shopmen’s Strike. Newspaper sources reveal that, while some Texas black and white shopmen cooperated in the 1922 walkout, 216 black shopmen in Marshall dramatically broke with the town’s white strikers and the mass of white citizens who supported them: the 216 petitioned the US government and the Texas & Pacific Railway for protection of their return to work against pro-strike violence and intimidation. The chapter contends that the Marshall petitioners found encouragement not only in WWI-era federal policies and civil rights activism but also in the opportunities for black education and stable family life in Marshall. In addition, an earlier rejection of interracial labor solidarity by Marshall’s white shopmen may have played a role. How, in the aftermath of the strike’s defeat, black shopmen and their families related to each other, and to the town’s developing civil rights movement, is a question ripe for investigation.
“A Threshold Moment”
Authors: Hower Joseph E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reframes the 1968 Memphis sanitation strike by placing it at the intersection of a long civil rights movement and a burgeoning public sector labor movement. In the decade that followed, AFSCME carved out significant strongholds in Florida and Louisiana and made inroads into anti-union bulwarks like Arkansas and North Carolina by drawing on the same potent combination of black public workers and a community-oriented civil rights unionism. These victories set the stage for explosive standoffs with the new generation of black political leaders that came to power in the mid-1970s and provide a crucial thread of continuity between the classic era of black protest and more recent manifestations of civil rights unionism.
From “the Chosen” to the Precariat
Authors: Anderson David M. , McKevitt Andrew C.
Published: January 2019

Beginning in the 1970s, local boosters in the U.S. South offered lucrative incentives to attract foreign manufacturing firms, who, in turn, promised to uplift working-class southerners’ lives and modernize benighted rural areas with state-of-the-art “greenfield” plants and cutting-edge production techniques. Led by Japanese and German automotive companies, such as Nissan Motors in Smyrna, Tennessee, these “transplants” initially recruited a select group of “chosen” workers, most of whom saw themselves as middle-class “technicians” rather than as proletarianized factory workers. Despite subjecting their assembly-line workers to physically demanding conditions, the transplants’ strategy of hiring “chosen” workers thwarted organized labor’s attempts to unionize their plants. By the twenty-first century, however, foreign-owned transplants have increasingly filled positions with lower-paid temporary workers hired from third-party contractors. These “permatemps” regularly face deteriorating work conditions while lacking the employment security, benefits, and job stability enjoyed by the “chosen” workers. In effect, the South’s foreign-owned transplants have created a three-tiered industrial workforce, with “chosen” workers at the top, followed by a frustrated pro-union proletariat in the middle, and a “precariat” composed of temporary workers at the bottom.
The Historiographies of the Labor and Civil Rights Movements
Authors: Draper Alan
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the historiographies of the labor movement and civil rights movement have proceeded on similar tracks: national, organization histories have been succeeded by more local, bottom-up approaches. This has simply replaced old orthodoxies with new ones. Second-generation labor history and civil rights history reflects the views of activists who were radicalized by their experiences and whose goals became more ambitious over time, as opposed to the views of ordinary workers and blacks that these historians claim to offer. This has led historians to adopt activists’ unrealistic standards in assessing the success of these movements as opposed to the more sober benchmarks that workers and blacks applied to measure the impact of these movements on their lives.
So Goes the Nation
Authors: Moreton Bethany
Published: January 2019

This brief and synthetic epilogue argues that the South’s history lays bare the ways that antidemocratic governance has been used in this country to protect unfree labor arrangements and to blunt collective decision-making about the conditions of wealth production and distribution of wealth. That history helps sharpen our analysis of the current concern over the future of work. More than half a century ago, labor and black freedom advocates teamed up with analysts of the cybernetics revolution to ask “Are there other proper claims on goods and services besides a job?” The epilogue argues that the question is as pertinent now as when it was formulated, and that the South is where it will have to be answered.
Understanding the Ick Factor
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

An important question to address is why insects are not commonly consumed in Western culture. This chapter investigates global patterns of insect consumption, the psychology of disgust, and the physiological mechanisms of tastes, and determines that there is nothing inherent about insects that make them disgusting. Instead, the presence or absence of edible insects in a culture is best understood as a combination of factors including environment and colonial history.
Ethnographic Examples of Insect Foraging
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

Ethnographic examples of entomophagy focus on populations of interest to human behavioral ecologists such that the environment plays a major role in food availability and ultimately reproduction and fitness. Patterns of insect foraging in hunter-gatherer populations and horticulturalists suggest that women tend to forage and eat insects more than men.
Reconstructing the Role of Insects in the Diets of Early Hominins
Authors: Lesnik Julie J.
Published: January 2019

Ultimately the goal of the book is to reconstruct the role of insects over the course of human evolution. The aforementioned behavioral accounts will be combined with fossil evidence to reconstruct past diets and determine the role fulfilled by edible insects. This first paleoanthropology chapter focuses on australopithecines, our early ancestors on the hominin lineage. For these reconstructions, the data presented in the chapter on primates are especially enlightening. Chimpanzees as well as other apes tend to specialize in social insects such as termites and ants, making it likely that our earliest ancestors benefited from this behavior as well.
Paleogeography and Sea Level Positions on the Southeastern U.S. Continental Margin Since the LGM
Authors: Harris M. Scott
Published: January 2019

Southeastern U.S. sea level curves are presented, showing that at LGM there was an increase of 25% to 50% more Coastal Plain exposed than there was available for Paleoamericans. Using GIA-corrected bathymetry from 26KA to present, including shorelines from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, this chapter demonstrates that Clovis and Pre-Clovis populations could have lived on the edge of the continental shelf, including Bull Scarp, except for the west coast of Florida.
Paleoindians in the South Carolina Coastal Plain
Authors: Smallwood Ashley M. , Goodyear Albert C. , Jennings Thomas A. , Sain Douglas A.
Published: January 2019

The state of South Carolina is examined by the physiographic provinces of Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain using established Paleoindian projectile point types and their geographic distributions by raw materials. Foraging ranges are reconstructed. There is a substantial drop in post-Clovis point frequencies, as seen elsewhere in the Southeast, with a great increase by Dalton times. Younger Dryas age environmental changes are reviewed, with late Pleistocene flora and fauna changes noted. Starting in Dalton times, sea level rise appears to have affected settlement strategies due to the inundation of the primary resource habitats of the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont Transhumance hypothesis is offered as an explanation of these changes.
New Centers Emerge (Phase 4)
Authors: Pluckhahn Thomas J. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: January 2019

Phase 4, the final phase of occupation at Crystal River and Roberts Island, started sometime between around AD 780 and 870 and ended between 900 and 980, spanning the transition between the Late Woodland period and Mississippian period, and the beginning of the Medieval Warm period. Occupation at the former site waned during this interval, while Roberts Island emerged as a major ceremonial center that included three small platform mounds tightly clustered around a small plaza. The pattern is reminiscent of earlier spatial layouts at Crystal River, but other features--such as linear ridges of shell and a water court--suggest greater influence from the Caloosahatchee tradition to the south. Isotopic studies of oyster shells from Roberts Island display less variability in habitat relative to those from earlier contexts, perhaps consistent with ownership of particular resource locations. Possibly, larger corporate groups (such as matrilineages) began working cooperatively to target specific resource locales that they owned and managed for themselves, to the exclusion of other such groups.
The Political Impact of Migrants in Mexico
Authors: Jiménez Luis F.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 uses the theory laid out in the chapter 2 to test the Mexican case. It begins by noting the particular nature of Mexican migration, its destination, and its recent history. Using quantitative methods, the chapter find that communities in Mexico that have more migrants were more likely to have higher levels of political participation and higher levels of electoral competitiveness and were more likely to vote for the person that became president in 2006 and 2012 among other results.
The Political Impact of Migrants in Mexico
Authors: Jiménez Luis F.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 presents the field work carried out in Mexico in the summer of 2007 in the states of Zacatecas, Puebla, and Jalisco. It first describes how the author outlined those particular sites in the different parts of the country. It then presents some data from the interviews conducted with mayors and other local officials. This chapter shows the multiple ways in which authorities believe that migrants are causing change in the way that their communities behave, whether politically or in other socially relevant ways.
The Political Impact of Migrants in Colombia
Authors: Jiménez Luis F.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 uses the theory laid in chapter 2 to test the Colombian case. It begins by documenting the particular nature of Colombian migration, specifically how it differs from both Mexican and Ecuadorian migration. The chapter find that communities with higher levels of migrants are more likely to have increased electoral competitiveness, more political participation at the local level, and vote for a more varied number of parties at the national level. It also shows that these localities played a key role in the election of Juan Manuel Santos and the success of the 2016 peace referendum.