bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of the special budget fund: the experience of Ukraine
Authors: Tokarieva Kateryna
Published: June 2021

Problem setting. The budget has a horizontal and a vertical structure. Yes, Art. 9 and 10 of the Budget Code of Ukraine stipulate that the relevant budget includes revenues and expenditures of the latter. According to Art. 13 of the same Code, the components of the budget are general and special funds, i.e. the legislator establishes the vertical structure of the budget (both state and local) [2, p. 49].
Analysis of recent research. The study of the vertical structure of the budget, components of its special fund at one time were the subject of research by such scientists as: V. Demyanyshyn, O. Dmytryk, N. Nechyporuk, V. Pihotsky and others. At the same time, at the present stage of development of budgetary legal relations in Ukraine, this issue remains out of the attention of scientists. Thus, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regulation of the elements of the special fund of the budget.
Article’s main body. The article focuses on the consideration of the components of the special budget fund. It was emphasized that now more than ten funds are allocated as part of the special fund, which include such as: the State Road Fund, the State Fund for Radioactive Waste Management, the State Fund for the Development of Water Resources, etc. The analysis of the legal regulation of each of the above funds as components of a special fund budget.
Conclusions and prospects for the development. Based on the analysis, we state that in the current conditions of development of budgetary and legal relations there is a need to make certain changes to the current budget legislation to improve its quality and unanimity of law enforcement. In particular, in the context of legal regulation of the components of the special fund of the budget it is necessary to: clearly define the procedure for selecting projects (areas) that will be financed from the relevant fund; apply measures of budgetary and legal influence for misuse of the fund, as one of the features of the elements of the special fund of the budget is the presence of a clearly defined purpose.
Methodological myth of modern actional war áctors
Authors: Kachurova Svetlana , Kachurov Eugene , Pokhodzilo Yuriy
Published: June 2021

Problem setting. The thesis that modern war is a "war of consciousness" inevitably leads science to the problems of methodology in understanding the phenomenon of consciousness. This study shows that both the authors and the followers of the concept of modern continental wars in general reproduce a thoroughly forgotten (and in the history of philosophy has been overcome for two hundred years) its interpretation as tabula rasa - a blank slate that necessarily distorts the understanding of the real state of affairs. At the same time, the methodology developed by German classical philosophy, which culminated in Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit", reveals the true essence of both modern and historical forms of national consciousness. All this makes it possible to remove some of the tension created in the social sphere by the very formulation of the thesis about the consistent nature of modern wars.

Article’s main body. In the article the authors consider modern problems of methodology in understanding the phenomenon of consciousness. It is emphasized that the very nature of consciousness is determined by the fact that it itself in its knowledge it considers true. On the basis of a thorough analysis of scientific achievements in the field of phenomenology, the authors state that the position on modern war without opponents is filled with contradictory, inconsistent grounds. The same myth of political technologists is the statement about the nature of national self-consciousness as tabula rasa.

Conclusions. Historically, it is possible to trace the "steps" of the development of such units of national self-consciousness, while in modern times their existence is possible either in the form of "fragments" or in the form of "repetitions" of these steps. The phenomenon of international law is intensifying everywhere, and the phenomena of bipatrism, feminism, LGBT, etc. are following it - this is the verdict of World History, which can be reborn only in the form of philosophy. And our contemporary is right, saying that "the world exists to enter the book" [22, p. 370].
Copyright protection for sports and robotics moves: new challenges
Authors: Shmatkov Daniil
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this article is to identify issues of copyright protection for sports and robotics moves that requires an in-depth research and a definition of its specifics. The article justifies the need to study relevant issues such as pantomime and parody as elements of sports moves, modern sports and sports for people with disabilities, moves of emerging robots in terms of copyright, and stakeholders’ awareness and willingness to commercialize copyright in the areas.
Aumento do estresse oxidativo em estudantes de medicina após consumo agudo de álcool em festas
Authors: Carlos Carla Patrícia , Capelim Fernanda Carrocini , Awada Marcela Ferraz , Ceratti Mariana Neves , Aguiar Fernanda Alcântara Nascimento , Da Silva Ronaldo Gonçalves , Fucuta Patricia Da Silva , Neto Toufic Anbar
Published: June 2021

Objetivos: Existem poucos dados sobre as alterações orgânicas após uma ingestão aguda de álcool por estudantes, de modo que o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se há alterações nas enzimas hepáticas e nos marcadores renais, assim como avaliar o estresse oxidativo após a ingestão aguda de álcool em estudantes de medicina após festas. Métodos: Duas amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e após o consumo de álcool em 74 estudantes do 1º ao 8º semestre do curso de medicina. Marcadores de estresse oxidativo TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) e TEAC (capacidade antioxidante), hepáticos (AST, ALT e GGT) e renais (creatinina e ureia) foram dosados por espectrofotometria. A ingestão média de álcool nas festas foi de 102,4 ± 70,0 g. Resultados: Não houve diferença significante nas concentrações sorológicas nos estudantes após a ingestão de álcool, quanto ao ALT, AST, GGT, creatinina e ureia. Porém, a ingestão de álcool reduziu a capacidade antioxidante no soro (p=0,042), mas não houve diferença na concentração de TBARS. Conclusões: O consumo agudo de álcool em festas não modifica parâmetros de função hepática e renal em estudantes de medicina. Entretanto, uma diminuída capacidade antioxidante é observada, o que sugere que o consumo agudo de álcool leva ao estresse oxidativo nesta população, com potencial dano hepático. Dessa forma, a longo prazo, é necessário avaliar os danos orgânicos e no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos em função desse consumo intermitente de álcool.
Study of urban shadows of Kasba Peth, Pune, India with respect to the urban dimensions and timeline study
Authors: Katdare Ninad
Published: June 2021

This paper studies urban dimensions with respect to the old city of Pune, India to analyse effect of psychological concept of Shadows by Carl Jung. This interdisciplinary research focuses on understanding timeline of the city with respect to the characteristic events happened in the city. The study starts with understanding the hamlet named Puneshwar and continues with current scenarios with respect to hidden characters of the core city. This new perspective discusses the intimate scenarios where urban dimensions got changed with respect to the incidences making a significant change in the image of Pune. Study of epicentre deals with the hidden characters and qualities of the area hidden in shadows for years. It challenges us to study hidden characters which can bring a fulfilment to the selected area with respect to current timeline. The hypothesis discusses possibilities of important socio-cultural, functional, morphological and temporal aspects.
Conserving / Not Conserving Cultural Heritage by Using
Authors: Fahriye Pehlivan Gamze
Published: June 2021

Our neglected heritage faces the risk of destruction after a while. To be able to avoid this, our cultural heritage should be dealt with the sustainable conservation approach. Today, use with new or original functions is recommended as a sustainable conservation approach. However, the use of cultural heritage should be dealt with through an approach in a way that conserves, not exploits them. The aim of the study is to explain adverse use of cultural heritage and the use of them by conserving over the examples. In the extent of the study, it is aimed to determine whether function damages the building, not whether the building provides the functional necessities. In this study from different cities three samples, which are being used with new function or original function has been chosen. The values carried by the samples and the effect of the function on these values were determined. The sample whose values are less or not affected has been used preservingly; the sample whose values were adversely affected was considered as not preserved. It is observed that two of three examples were used by conserving and the other one had problems about conservation. According to this.
Visual Character of the Area Support Corridor: Case Study of the Great Mosque of Palembang
Authors: Sri Lestari Endang
Published: June 2021

The Great Mosque of Palembang is one of the city centers, which visually is accessed by a corridor that gives value to the quality of the area, so it has the title, "Palembang City Center". By looking at the evaluation between the visual components of the mass composition in the corridor leading to an area, it can be seen the description of its character in supporting a regional center. Seeing visual signs through the arrangement and relationships between elements for each corridor, how to adjust the components of the visual system to one another, and what signs can appear in the visuals that will determine these components to be part of a system, so that they can manage character visually in support of a central area.
The Heritage and its surroundings in the face of damage
Authors: Naal Mohamad
Published: June 2021

Heritage is the rest of the past nations, the Inspirational of the present nations, and the embodiment of their values, and due to the importance of the architectural heritage in human civilizations, and due to the increasing risks that encroach on this heritage and distort its value, this study deals with the impact of these distortions, whether on the heritage building or its surroundings, indicating the importance of preserving the architectural heritage from the damages facing it, whether it is natural or manmade, by reviewing many examples of damages and infringements, discussing the weakness of regulations and procedures to preserve this heritage.
New Urban Landscapes and Urban Image
Authors: Eraydın Zeynep
Published: June 2021

Recent accounts of place branding seen to have become an important tool for the cities which eagerly demand to take place in the global competition. Within this perspective of creating a brand image, urban space has become the scene for new urban landscapes for making city attractive, yet, the existing urban image and identities of urban places have ignored. This paper intends to highlight this omission by evaluating the brand image which is created through place branding strategies from a perspective of environmental psychology, to reveal the mismatch between inhabitants’ urban image and policy makers’ brand image. Using Ankara as the case study, which has recently put the place branding on the top of urban development agenda, a survey is presented in order to figure out whether the brand image corresponds with the urban image. The findings demonstrate that new urban landscapes designed through branding strategies do not take place in accumulated urban image. Consequently, this paper puts forth inhabitants’ main concerns on urban image and identity which can potentially play a crucial role in developing urban politics.
Heritage Recognition Between Evaluation and Monitoring
Authors: Rabie Sara
Published: June 2021

The most controversial aspect in heritage conservation; is determining the values of monuments. Each value has attributes that can be shaped and consequently impact the society’s mindset and approach towards their heritage. The whole process starts with historians and conservators who can contextualize the monument and set up their conservation plans. However, this process doesn’t guarantee the recognition of real heritage values by the societies. Therefore, the after-plan phase is crucial in evaluating the conservation project’s effectiveness in various aspects. This paper questions the discipline of heritage recognition and the conservation project’s evaluation in Egypt where many conservation actions neglect their true values and alter the originality of monuments. Moreover, investigates the role of the Conservation project’s “Monitoring” as a new actor in re-establishing values to be pursued by the society through site visits to successful conservation projects in Cairo and analytical surveys regarding their performance and the social responses.
Revitalization: A Case Study of Likoni’s Urban Landscape
Authors: Murima Ayubu Jesse , Jorum Ayub Draughting
Published: June 2021

The idea of having an area undergo revitalization carries with it some hope that a newness of some sort wouldpossibly emerge if at all the end goal is attained. Observations around the world have been made on the impact thatcomes along with revitalization thus in a bid to not only partake in developing selected areas, policy makers alsowork tirelessly to bring the experience of such achievements to the locals hence sustaining the sensitivity of theflagship projects. Likoni, located in the southern region of Mombasa County, is one of the vibrant towns along theendowed Kenyan coast region. Recently, it has undergone a series of urbanization protocols although much can stillbe done to raise her status as a proper hub of urbanization. Being another town in a ‘global south’ region, it facesnumerous challenges both internally and externally hence a limiting factor to its development.
Evolution of A Type; A Case Study of Station Buildings in West Coastline, Malaysia During the British Era (1885-1957)
Authors: Hafizah Anuar Nor , Gul Akdeniz Musfika , Yilmaz Nazende
Published: June 2021

The British intervention in Malaya resulted in the development of the railways as urgency of the expanding tin and rubber industries. This paper attempted to emphasize on the evolution of the station buildings’ plan types and its train-sheds. Railways were the pioneers of modern transportation introduced by the British in 1885 in Malaya. Although the terrain was the main difficulties in railway developments, they managed to connect the lines through West Coast and East Coast lines until Singapore on the southern part and Bangkok on the northern part in the year 1931. Case studies have been conducted and the analysis on plan type evolution will be made between the station buildings in Malaysia in parallel with station buildings around the world during that time. Together with the growth of railway, the city blooms where it allows road constructions and buildings with different functions such as administrative buildings, railway station buildings and others started to fill major urban places.
Urban Renewal in Constantine between Strengthening of Local Identity and Metropolitan Standardization Case of Public Spaces in the Urban Sector SIDI RACHED
Authors: Chouabbia Khadidja , Mouhoubi Nedjima , Lazri Youcef
Published: June 2021

Urban renewal in Constantine guided by the Constantine metropolis modernization project aims to strengthen its status as a metropolis dominating eastern Algeria; through giving it the necessary attributes to establish the status of a metropolis while trying to preserve its local identity. this inevitably involves work on public spaces. The ultimate goal of this study is to analyse the unique identity of these publics spaces through their components elements and attributes while focusing on urban furniture and urban vegetation cover based on BENTELEY & Al's approach as well as that of BY DESIGN, the comparison with that of the international standards of a metropolis will allow us to identify the contrast existing between local identity and foreign metropolitan attributes.
The Impact of Ecological Factors on Tourism in Azerbaijan
Authors: Hasanli Aygul , Mirzeyev Mahir
Published: June 2021

We discuss the uniqueness of natural and geographical conditions for tourism in the Sheki-Zagatala region of Azerbaijan In this article. The role and place of tourism in the development of the national economy are considered, the tourist potential of the region is characterized, the ways of tourism development are determined. The need to develop a new strategy for the development of urban planning organization and improving the design of recreation and tourism complexes is noted. It is analyzed the opening of a new corridor linking Nakhichevan with the western regions of Azerbaijan and, accordingly, Turkey with Central Asia, which will significantly affect regional development, including opening up wide opportunities for the development of tourism in the region.
The Upper Adriatic Trans-European Transport Network along the Trieste-Koper Axis
Authors: Polverino Salvatore
Published: June 2021

This paper-Review aims to clarify the infrastructural development of the Adriatic-Ionian macro-region and its difficult cross-border vision towards the Trans European Transport Network (TEN-T). Two Port Authorities competitors, Trieste and Koper have aimed to build a secondary track system to fulfill the EU sustainability and to adhere to the silk-road model. Trieste takes advantage of Annex VI, part of the Treaty of Paris, that has guaranteed a Free Port legal regime in combination with the recent Special Economic Zone (ZES), by which a further tax relief has played a strong Key-enabler role. With the analysis of Geographic Information System, Open License Database and evaluation methods have been compared and visualized to highlight the mismatch of their Cross-border cooperation. The expressed results lead to feasibility-costs' overviews and EU finance strategies in which is highlighted the competition between the two Port Authorities, and their final horizontal (re)integration of borders.
Smart City Applications in Historical Environment: Comparison of Istanbul and European Cities
Authors: AKDEMİR Zeynep Sena , KARABEYESER Merve
Published: June 2021

Historical cities have difficulties in integrating to infrastructure problems, rapid population growth and smart technological solutions. Smart cities are suggested as solutions for these cities to be liveable and sustainable. The solutions offered to these problems in today's technology yield better results than expected. Smart solutions in the historical environment make great contributions to the cultural and historical sustainability of the city. Studies have been carried out in this context in Istanbul since 1995 and many European countries form strategies within the framework of similar historical circles. Like these cities, İstanbul has actualized similar problems with technological solutions within the scope of "Smart City". In order to provide a holistic view for smart cities in the historical environment, it is aimed to make an assessment of smart city solution in Istanbul.
Adaptive Reuse of the House of Mirza Mehdi Farrashbashi in Tabriz, Iran
Authors: Babazadeh Asbagh Narmin
Published: June 2021

Tabriz and especially the Sorkhab quarter, one of the historical quarters in Tabriz, Iran contains many valuable Qajarid houses. The current research is about studying the architectural characteristics of Qajarid houses in Tabriz to present conservation and revitalization plans for better adaptive reuse of these valued cultural heritage buildings. For this purpose, the house of Mirza Mehdi Farrashbashi who was one of the sons-in-law of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar has been chosen as a sample to be studied. Although it is important to conserve this house because of its architectural values and its beautiful ornaments, its adaptive reuse can also be useful for the preservation of the cultural heritage of East Azarbaijan, Tabriz in Iran. After studying the architectural values of this beautiful Qajarid house and its ornaments, the process of conservation and revitalization of it has been comprehensively explained throughout the current research for its adaptive reuse.
A Comprehensive View on Sustainable Housing Settlement/Neighborhood Formation and the Role of the Architect
Authors: Yarımay Özlem , Polatoğlu Çiğdem
Published: June 2021

The fact that humanity realized the damage it caused to the environment and expressed the situation in scientific meetings has led to the emphasis on the importance of sustainability and to determine the measures and targets to be taken. Considering the future, the measures to be taken and the systems to be implemented in the environment we live in to prevent environmental problems have great importance. The success of sustainability activities on a global scale is possible with the integration of sustainability studies at different scales by harmonizing with each other. The sustainability that will be provided at the residential settlement / neighborhood scale will greatly help to achieve success in urban areas too. The study will focus on examples of sustainable new settlements located outside the city, on the periphery of the city or within the city, as well as existing sustainable settlements that have been transformed and improved in the city. An evaluation will be made on the basis of which principles these settlements designed and implemented. In sustainable settlements, the role of the architect in the context of social dynamics will be questioned, inferences about where the architect is located in sustainable settlement design will be evaluated.
New Approaches in Defining the Structure of Urban Settlement Systems
Authors: Güller Cansu , Varol Çiğdem
Published: June 2021

Technological developments such as the extensive use of modern communication tools and increasing infrastructure opportunities have changed the spatial organization forms and daily life practices in cities. Previously, central place theory, which explains hierarchical urban patterns based on the minimum population size-based threshold concept and the maximum distance-based range concept has become incompetent to explain the spatial organization of today's settlements. At this point, in defining the urbanization processes and explaining the spatial organization, the search for new conceptual and methodological approaches has become important. In this study, changing urban systems are evaluated in terms of closeness centrality, attribute centrality, network centrality, and geographical centrality based on space of flows and interpreted by current parameters. It is concluded that in defining the structure and spatial organization of urban systems, the morphological and functional dimensions of urban systems should be evaluated besides the parameters of population, geographical proximity or network relations. In this context, a model proposal has been developed by using current parameters such as density, diversity, mobility, connectivity, spatial-temporal structure, and urban networks.
Structure-Function Consistency in Adaptive Reuse in Alanya Traditional Houses
Authors: YILMAZ ERKOVAN Nisa
Published: June 2021

Traditional buildings with the characteristics of a certain period are cultural assets that correlate between the past and the present. In addition to the importance of preserving and repairing these structures, cultural transfer to the future is only possible with the correct functionalization. Technological developments and the differentiation of needs make it difficult to use these structures, which are mainly used as residential buildings, with their original function. For this reason, the buildings collapse and vanish as they are not used. The correct connection of the buildings with the past, present and future is only possible with the right protection and functionality. Within the scope of the study, the focus was on the structure-function consistency of 5 buildings, of which the original use is residential and that have been restored by Alanya Municipality and functioned for different purposes. In this context, the spatial and actual requirements of the new function given to the buildings were determined by examining the buildings in terms of physical, spatial, social and cultural aspects. The level of meeting these requirements of existing spaces and structure-function consistency in re-use are discussed together with the evaluations of the users.
Spatial and Structural Analysis of Futuristic Urban Utopian Thoughts in Climate Change Dystopias
Authors: Oğuzhan Adnan , Hamamcıoğlu Cenk
Published: June 2021

It is thought that climate change will radically affect societies in the future, leading to radical changes in the structural and spatial mechanisms of cities. Today, most of the World, particularly 10% of the World's population living in settlements below the sea level are expected to be affected by extreme climatic conditions such as sea-level rise, change in ocean currents, destructive weather events and heat waves (IPCC, 2019). As discussed in the literature (see. Hjerpe & Linner, 2009; Foust, 2009), in this study, the most severe effects of climate change are described as a dystopian period. In this direction, the study aims to share and discuss the samples of futurist urban utopia thoughts for the environments such as floating, underwater/sub aqua, underground/subterranean and overhead/aerial (sky, space), which are considered as uninhabitable or difficult to live under normal conditions together with their structural and spatial properties, in order for societies to survive in the dystopia of climate change. In the context of climate change, the futurist urban utopias, which are envisaged for different environments, are analyzed through four variables; technological features, ways of obtaining resources, spatial and urban form conceptions, and their mutual evaluation determined as the method in the study.
Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM)
Authors: Kömürcü Esranur
Published: June 2021

Cultural heritage conservation and restoration work is a complex process that includes documentation, data collection, interpretation and production. By integrating the BIM (Building Information Modeling) methodology into this process, the concept of HBIM (Historic Building Information Modeling) has been formed. In this article, the progress of this process with the HBIM methodology in the restoration, protection and management studies of cultural heritage buildings and sites requiring collective and holistic work, the evaluation of access to the information obtained, and the provision of interdisciplinary information exchange were analyzed. By using the SWOT analysis method, the opportunities and threats offered by using the HBIM working methodology were evaluated and the strengths and weaknesses of the HBIM technology were determined. As a result of the SWOT analysis, it has been determined that the HBIM application will positively contribute to the heritage structures and increase in the direction of potential opportunities by eliminating the weaknesses.
ANÁLISIS ANTROPOLÓGICO DE LAS RELACIONES HUMANAS COMO REFERENTE DEL CAMBIO ORGANIZACIONAL
Authors: Tinajero Rocío
Published: June 2021

Se presenta una propuesta de Modelo de Análisis del Sistema Organizacional para el individuo encargado del talento humano en las organizaciones, a fin de delimitar los factores culturales, sociales y de adaptación que influyen para un cambio organizacional.
EL SENTIDO DE VERDAD EN LA NUEVA ESCUELA
Authors: De Alba Brenda
Published: June 2021

Se aporta elementos de análisis crítico a la evolución del modelo de la nueva escuela, se ensaya la hipótesis, según la cual, la educación, la escuela y el maestro han permanecido hasta ahora en función de la sociedad, es decir el tiempo no ha cambiado la percepción de la escuela, sino que es la sociedad la que ha modificado el papel de los roles en el fenómeno educativo.
Association of IL2-330 Gene Polymorphism with Lung Cancer
Authors: GENÇ Öyküm , AKAR Erdi , ARPACI Erkan , ENGİN Hüseyin , KARAKAŞ ÇELİK Sevim
Published: June 2021

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-bound proteins that act as mediators of intercellular signaling to regulate homeostasis of the immune system. They are produced by cells of innate and adaptive immunity in response to microbes and tumor antigens. Although there are several studies showing that IL2-330 gene polymorphism is associated with many types of cancer, as far as we know, there is a few study investigating the association between lung cancer and IL2-330 gene polymorphism. In this study, the role of IL2-330 gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of lung cancer was investigated. 96 patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer and 96 age and sex matched healthy subjects participated in the study. Genomic DNA was isolated using the blood DNA isolation kit and the IL2-330 gene polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction-confronting two pairs primer method. When analyzed for the lung cancer group and the healthy group according to IL2-330 gene polymorphism, genotype and allele frequencies were found to be similar in both groups (p>0,05). As a result; there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Considering the ethnic diversity of lung cancer, the study needs verified in other populations.
Stellar Mass Black Hole Formation and Multimessenger Signals from Three-dimensional Rotating Core-collapse Supernova Simulations
Authors: Pan 潘 Kuo-Chuan 國全 , Liebendörfer Matthias , Couch Sean M. , Thielemann Friedrich-Karl
Published: June 2021

We present self-consistent 3D core-collapse supernova simulations of a 40

M

⊙

progenitor model using the isotropic diffusion source approximation for neutrino transport and an effective general relativistic potential up to ∼0.9 s postbounce. We consider three different rotational speeds with initial angular velocities of

Ω

0

=
0

, 0.5, and 1 rad s−1 and investigate the impact of rotation on shock dynamics, black hole (BH) formation, and gravitational wave (GW) signals. The rapidly rotating model undergoes an early explosion at ∼250 ms postbounce and shows signs of the low

T

/

∣
W
∣

instability. We do not find BH formation in this model within ∼460 ms postbounce. In contrast, we find BH formation at 776 ms postbounce and 936 ms postbounce for the nonrotating and slowly rotating models, respectively. The slowly rotating model explodes at ∼650 ms postbounce, and the subsequent fallback accretion onto the proto–neutron star (PNS) results in BH formation. In addition, the standing accretion shock instability induces rotation of the PNS in the model that started with a nonrotating progenitor. Assuming conservation of specific angular momentum during BH formation, this corresponds to a BH spin parameter of a = J/M = 0.046. However, if no explosion sets in, all the angular momentum will eventually be accreted by the BH, resulting in a nonspinning BH. The successful explosion of the slowly rotating model drastically slows down the accretion onto the PNS, allowing continued cooling and contraction that results in an extremely high GW frequency (f ∼ 3000 Hz) at BH formation, while the nonrotating model generates GW signals similar to our corresponding 2D simulations.
Analyses of Laser Propagation Noises for TianQin Gravitational Wave Observatory Based on the Global Magnetosphere MHD Simulations
Authors: Su 苏 Wei 威 , Wang 王 Yan 炎 , Zhou 周 Chen 晨 , Lu Lingfeng , Zhou 周 Ze-Bing 泽兵 , Li 李 T. M. 汤姆 , Shi Tong , Hu Xin-Chun , Zhou Ming-Yue , Wang Ming , Yeh Hsien-Chi , Wang Han , Chen 陈 P. F. 鹏飞
Published: June 2021

TianQin is a proposed space-borne gravitational-wave (GW) observatory composed of three identical satellites orbiting around the geocenter with a radius of 105 km. It aims at detecting GWs in the frequency range of 0.1 mHz–1 Hz. The detection of GW relies on the high-precision measurement of optical path length at the 10−12 m level. The dispersion of space plasma can lead to the optical path difference (OPD, Δl) along the propagation of laser beams between any pair of satellites. Here, we study the OPD noises for TianQin. The Space Weather Modeling Framework is used to simulate the interaction between the Earth magnetosphere and solar wind. From the simulations, we extract the magnetic field and plasma parameters on the orbits of TianQin at four relative positions of the satellite constellation in the Earth magnetosphere. We calculate the OPD noise for single link, Michelson combination, and Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) combinations (α and X). For single link and Michelson interferometer, the maxima of ∣Δl∣ are on the order of 1 pm. For the TDI combinations, these can be suppressed to about 0.004 and 0.008 pm for α and X. The OPD noise of the Michelson combination is colored in the concerned frequency range; while the ones for the TDI combinations are approximately white. Furthermore, we calculate the ratio of the equivalent strain of the OPD noise to that of TQ, and find that the OPD noises for the TDI combinations can be neglected in the most sensitive frequency range of TQ.
Turbulent Proton Heating Rate in the Solar Wind from 5–45 R
⊙
Authors: Sasikumar Raja K. , Subramanian Prasad , Ingale Madhusudan , Ramesh R. , Maksimovic Milan
Published: June 2021

Various remote sensing observations have been used so far to probe the turbulent properties of the solar wind. Using the recently reported density modulation indices that are derived using angular broadening observations of Crab Nebula during 1952–2013, we measured the solar wind proton heating using the kinetic Alfvén wave dispersion equation. The estimated heating rates vary from ≈1.58 × 10−14 to 1.01 × 10−8 erg cm−3 s−1 in the heliocentric distance range of 5–45 R
⊙. Further, we found that heating rates vary with the solar cycle in correlation with density modulation indices. The models derived using in situ measurements (for example, electron/proton density, temperature, and magnetic field) that the recently launched Parker Solar Probe observations (planned closest perihelia 9.86 R
⊙ from the center of the Sun) are useful in the estimation of the turbulent heating rate precisely. Further, we compared our heating rate estimates with the one derived using previously reported remote sensing and in situ observations.
On the Polarized Absorption Lines in Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Afterglows
Authors: Mao J. , Britto R. J. , Buckley D. A. H. , Covino S. , D’Avanzo P. , Kuin N. P. M.
Published: June 2021

Spectropolarimetric measurements of gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical afterglows contain polarization information for both continuum and absorption lines. Based on the Zeeman effect, an absorption line in a strong magnetic field is polarized and split into a triplet. In this paper, we solve the polarization radiative transfer equations of the absorption lines, and obtain the degree of linear polarization of the absorption lines as a function of the optical depth. In order to effectively measure the degree of linear polarization for the absorption lines, a magnetic field strength of at least 103 G is required. The metal elements that produce the polarized absorption lines should be sufficiently abundant and have large oscillation strengths or Einstein absorption coefficients. We encourage both polarization measurements and high-dispersion observations of the absorption lines in order to detect the triplet structure in early GRB optical afterglows.
Numerical Simulation of Hot Accretion Flows. IV. Effects of Black Hole Spin and Magnetic Field Strength on the Wind and the Comparison between Wind and Jet Properties
Authors: Yang Hai , Yuan Feng , Yuan Ye-Fei , White Christopher J.
Published: June 2021

This is the fourth paper of our series studying winds from hot accretion flows around black holes. In the first two papers, we showed the existence of strong winds in hot accretion flows using hydrodynamical and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations. In the third paper, by using three-dimensional general relativity MHD numerical simulation data of hot accretion flows and adopting a “virtual particle trajectory” data analysis approach, we calculated the properties of wind, such as its mass flux and velocity. However, that paper focuses only on a nonspinning black hole and standard and normal accretion. In the present paper, we extend the third paper by including cases of a rapidly rotating black hole and magnetically arrested disk. We focus on investigating the effect of spin and magnetic field on the properties of the wind and jet. It is found that a larger spin and stronger magnetic field usually enhance the wind and jet. The formulae describing the mass flux, poloidal velocity, and fluxes of momentum, kinetic energy, and total energy of the wind and jet are presented. One interesting finding, among others, is that even in the case of a very rapidly spinning black hole, where the jet is supposed to be the strongest, the momentum flux of the jet is smaller than that of the wind, while the total energy flux of the jet is larger than that of the wind by at most a factor of 10. This result suggests that the wind potentially plays a more important role than the jet, at least for some problems in active galactic nucleus feedback.
Between Local Interstellar Magnetic and Dynamic Pressure Balance of Heliospheric Boundaries Measured with the IBEX Ribbon—A New Paradigm
Authors: Schwadron N. A. , McComas D. J.
Published: June 2021

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission discovered a global structure observed in energetic neutral atoms (ENA) emissions—the IBEX “ribbon.” We study the ribbon spatially retained by Alfvén waves. The IBEX ribbon width is used to derive Alfvén speeds in the modified local interstellar medium (LISM), which, averaged across the ribbon, is v

A
= 42.7 ± 3.0 km s−1. The increase of Alfvén speeds from polar regions to near the nose yields the compression ratio from the pristine LISM into the modified LISM as a function of angle from the ENA pressure maximum in the globally distributed flux. Averaged across the ribbon, the average compression ratio is r

c
= 1.63 ± 0.22. The compression ratios and Alfvén speeds across the ribbon provide for extrapolations into the pristine LISM, resulting in an average LISM Alfvén speed, v
A−LISM = 31.7 ± 3.3 km s−1. With the LISM flow speed of u
LISM = 25.82 ± 0.33 km s−1 derived from previous IBEX studies, we find that the ratio of the ram flow energy density to the magnetic energy density in the LISM is

u

LISM

2

/

v

A
−
LISM

2

=
0.66
±
0.14

. This indicates that the heliosphere is between the extremes of dynamic and magnetic pressure balance. The complex and time-varying structure of the heliosphere is strongly influenced both by interactions with the interstellar magnetic field and the interstellar flow, representing a new paradigm that will be explored as we connect IBEX observations with those made in the future by the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP).
Radiative Transfer with Opacity Distribution Functions: Application to Narrowband Filters
Authors: Anusha L. S. , Shapiro A. I. , Witzke V. , Cernetic M. , Solanki S. K. , Gizon L.
Published: June 2021

Modeling of stellar radiative intensities in various spectral passbands plays an important role in stellar physics. At the same time, direct calculation of the high-resolution spectrum and then integration of it over the given spectral passband is computationally demanding due to the vast number of atomic and molecular lines. This is particularly so when employing three-dimensional (3D) models of stellar atmospheres. To accelerate the calculations, one can employ approximate methods, e.g., the use of opacity distribution functions (ODFs). Generally, ODFs provide a good approximation of traditional spectral synthesis, i.e., computation of intensities through filters with strictly rectangular transmission functions. However, their performance strongly deteriorates when the filter transmission noticeably changes within its passband, which is the case for almost all filters routinely used in stellar physics. In this context, the aims of this paper are (a) to generalize the ODFs method for calculating intensities through filters with arbitrary transmission functions, and (b) to study the performance of the standard and generalized ODFs methods for calculating intensities emergent from 3D models of stellar atmospheres. For this purpose we use the newly developed MPS-ATLAS radiative transfer code to compute intensities emergent from 3D cubes simulated with the radiative magnetohydrodynamics code MURaM. The calculations are performed in the 1.5D regime, i.e., along many parallel rays passing through the simulated cube. We demonstrate that the generalized ODFs method allows accurate and fast syntheses of spectral intensities and their center-to-limb variations.
Mid-J CO Line Observations of Protostellar Outflows in the Orion Molecular Clouds
Authors: Kang Miju , Choi Minho , Wyrowski Friedrich , Kim Gwanjeong , Bieging John H. , Kim Mi-Ryang , Park Geumsook , Megeath S. T. , Choi Yunhee , Kang Sung-Ju , Yoo Hyunju , Manoj P.
Published: June 2021

Ten protostellar outflows in the Orion molecular clouds were mapped in the 12CO/13CO J = 6 → 5 and 12CO J = 7 → 6 lines. The maps of these mid-J CO lines have an angular resolution of about 10″ and a typical field size of about 100″. The physical parameters of the molecular outflows were derived, including mass transfer rates, kinetic luminosities, and outflow forces. The outflow sample was expanded by reanalyzing archival data of nearby low-luminosity protostars to cover a wide range of bolometric luminosities. Outflow parameters derived from other transitions of CO were compared. The mid-J (J
up ≈ 6) and low-J (J
up ≤ 3) CO line wings trace essentially the same outflow component. By contrast, the high-J (up to J
up ≈ 50) line-emission luminosity of CO shows little correlation with the kinetic luminosity from the J = 6 → 5 line, which suggests that they trace distinct components. The low-/mid-J CO line wings trace long-term outflow behaviors, while the high-J CO lines are sensitive to short-term activities. The correlations between the outflow parameters and protostellar properties are presented, which shows that the strengths of molecular outflows increase with bolometric luminosity and envelope mass.
Classification of OGLE Eclipsing Binary Stars Based on Their Morphology Type with Locally Linear Embedding
Authors: Bódi A. , Hajdu T.
Published: June 2021

The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) continuously monitors hundreds of thousands of eclipsing binaries in the Galactic bulge field and the Magellanic Clouds. These objects have been classified into major morphological subclasses, such as contact, noncontact, ellipsoidal, and cataclysmic variables, both by matching the light curves with predefined templates and by visual inspections. Here we present the result of a machine-learned automatic classification based on the morphology of light curves inspired by the classification of eclipsing binaries observed by the original Kepler mission. We similarly use a dimensionality reduction technique with locally linear embedding to map the high dimension of the data set into a low-dimensional embedding parameter space, while keeping the local geometry and the similarities of the neighboring data points. After three consecutive steps, we assign one parameter to each binary star, which scales well with the “detachness,” i.e., the sum of the relative radii of the components. This value is in good agreement with the morphology types listed in the OGLE catalog and, along with the orbital periods, can be used to filter any morphological subtypes based on the similarity of light curves. Our open-source pipeline can be applied in a fully automatic way to any other large data set to classify binary stars.
Les positivistes et la Commune de Paris
Authors: Labreure David , Petit Annie
Published: June 2021

Le positivisme, fondé par Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a toujours été attentif à la question du prolétariat et particulièrement depuis les événements révolutionnaires de 1848. En 1871, bien après la mort du philosophe, ses disciples, dissidents comme orthodoxes, se sont également distingués par leurs prises de position et avis sur l’insurrection en train de se dérouler. Certains y ont participé de plus ou moins loin, d’autres se sont montrés beaucoup plus frileux dans leur engagement. Nous verrons que les attitudes des positivistes envers la Commune, si elles ont été diverses et variées, ne sont cependant pas superposables aux différences d’interprétation ayant séparé, au sein du mouvement, dissidents et orthodoxes.
L’éducation sentimentale du peuple. Flaubert et la naissance du lyrisme démocratique
Authors: Pasteur Julien
Published: June 2021

La critique a longtemps essayé de faire droit à l’aveu de Flaubert lui-même à propos de L’éducation sentimentale  : « un livre sur rien ». Mais comment, dans ce cas, comprendre le titre – si éduquer dénote bien la possibilité d’un apprentissage ? En revenant sur le concept de peuple, tel qu’il est modifié par l’expérience révolutionnaire de 1848, cet article cherche à repérer dans le texte de Flaubert l’irruption du registre de la sentimentalité dans le champ politique. Entre la sacralité majestueuse du peuple de 1789 et le spectre de la foule, Flaubert décrit une mutation : une société moyenne, la naissance d’un art nouveau, le lyrisme démocratique.
Quand Adam bêchait et qu’Ève filait, qui était gentilhomme ? De la pauvreté franciscaine à la contestation politique
Authors: Boulnois Olivier
Published: June 2021

Au Moyen Âge, Adam et Ève servent de modèle pour le droit naturel. Les franciscains y déchiffrent un idéal de mise en commun des biens et de refus de la domination. Au xiv e  siècle, le pape Jean XXII interdit cette lecture : Adam exerçait un droit de propriété. Par la suite, l’enjeu devient celui du fondement de tout dominium dans l’Église : en combattant les franciscains, Fitzralph et Wyclif soumettent l’exercice du pouvoir et de la domination à la possession de la grâce : ils déréalisent l’institution. Et John Ball voit dans l’égalité un idéal à restaurer, fût-ce par la révolte.
Pivot and Make Better Decisions
Authors: Jones-Schenk Jan
Published: June 2021

Adam Grant's book
Think Again
challenges leaders to rethink our decisions, projects, and commitments to find a more productive path forward. During the pandemic, everyone has been challenged to rethink and reposition many longstanding beliefs. Grant posits that the factors that push us to stay the course have less to do with financial reasons and more to do with ego and image. Not being able or willing to rethink is called escalation of commitment. Avoiding escalation of commitment to a losing course of action is a critical success strategy for leaders.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2021;52(7):307–308.]