bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: Potassium-Dependent Action on Vascular Smooth Muscle Membrane Potential
Authors: Somlyo Avril V. , Haeusler G. , Somlyo A. P.
Published: October 2006

Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and theophylline hyperpolarize smooth muscle of rabbit main pulmonary artery in low concentrations of potassium (1 millimole per liter) but do not have a significant effect on the membrane potential in the presence of high concentrations of potassium (10 millimoles per liter). The dependence of the hyperpolarizing effect on a low external concentration of potassium is similar to that observed with isoproterenol. Prior treatment with theophylline potentiated the hyperpolarizing action of isoproterenol. These findings are compatible with the assumption that potassium-dependent, beta-adrenergic hyperpolarization is mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
Immunoglobulin M Heavy Chain Disease: Intracellular Origin of the Mu Chain Fragment
Authors: Buxbaum Joel , Franklin Edward C. , Scharff Matthew D.
Published: October 2006

Cells obtained from a patient with mu heavy chain disease synthesize a mu heavy chain fragment with a molecular weight of 55,000. The fragment is detected intracellularly after short labeling times and then is assembled inside the cell and secreted as a disulfide-linked polymer.
Sintered Diamond: A Synthetic Carbonado
Authors: Hall H. Tracy
Published: October 2006

Diamond powder is rapidly sintered into molded shapes at a pressure of about 65 kilobars and a temperature of 2500° Kelvin. Other conditions of pressure and temperature are also suitable. The product compares favorably with natural carbonado in its properties.
Hemolysis Near a Transversely Oscillating Wire
Authors: Williams A. R. , Hughes D. E. , Nyborg W. L.
Published: October 2006

Erythrocyte suspensions were subjected to hydrodynamic forces generated by a partially submerged tungsten wire set into transverse oscillation at 20 kilohertz. Free hemoglobin appears in solution when the oscillation amplitude exceeds a critical threshold value. The hemolysis probably results from stresses exerted on cell by a microstreaming field established near the wire.
Homologous Viral Interference: Induction by RNA from Defective Particles of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Sreevalsan T.
Published: October 2006

The viral RNA isolated from the defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus was capable of interfering with the replication of this virus in chick embryo cells. The data indicate that the interfering ability of the defective particles of this virus is due to their nucleic acid component.
Indole Metabolism in the Pineal Gland: A Circadian Rhythm in
N
-Acetyltransferase
Authors: Klein David C. , Weller Joan L.
Published: October 2006

The activity of
N
-acetyltransferase in the rat pineal gland is more than 15 times higher at night than during the day. This circadian rhythm persists in complete darkness, or in blinded animals, and is suppressed in constant lighting. The
N
-acetyltransferase rhythm is 180° out of phase with the serotonin rhythm and is similar to the norepinephrine and melatonin rhythms. Experiments in vitro indicate that norepinephrine, not serotonin, regulates the activity of
N
-acetyltransferase through a highly specific receptor.
Enzyme Inactivation with Ultraviolet Laser Energy (2650 Angstroms)
Authors: Berns Michael W. , Matsui Sei-ichi , Olson Robert S. , Rounds Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Inactivation of rat heart lactate dehydrogenase was accomplished by irradiation of the enzyme in solution with a frequency quadrupled neodymium glass laser.
PECAM-1 (CD31) Cloning and Relation to Adhesion Molecules of the Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily
Authors: Newman Peter J. , Berndt Michael C. , Gorski Jack , White Gilbert C. , Lyman Suzanne , Paddock Cathy , Muller William A.
Published: October 2006

An antibody to a platelet integral membrane glycoprotein was found to cross-react with the previously identified CD31 myelomonocytic differentiation antigen and with hec7, an endothelial cell protein that is enriched at intercellular junctions. This antibody identified a complementary DNA clone from an endothelial cell library. The 130-kilodalton translated sequence contained six extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and was most similar to the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) subgroup of the Ig superfamily. This is the only known member of the CAM family on platelets. Its cell surface distribution suggests participation in cellular recognition events.
Inhibition of FKBP Rotamase Activity by Immunosuppressant FK506: Twisted Amide Surrogate
Authors: Rosen MK , Standaert RF , Galat A , Nakatsuka M , Schreiber SL
Published: October 2006

The immunosuppressive agents cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibit the transcription of early T cell activation genes. The binding proteins for cyclosporin A and FK506, cyclophilin and FKBP, respectively, are peptidyl-prolyl-
cis
-
trans
isomerases, or rotamases. One proposed mechanism for rotamase catalysis by cyclophilin involves a tetrahedral adduct of an amide carbonyl and an enzyme-bound nucleophile. The potent FKBP rotamase inhibitor FK506 has a highly electrophilic carbonyl that is adjacent to an acyl-pipicolinyl (homoprolyl) amide bond. Such a functional group would be expected to form a stabilized, enzyme-bound tetrahedral adduct. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence reveals that the drug interacts noncovalently with its receptor, suggesting that the α-keto amide of FK506 serves as a surrogate for the twisted amide of a bound peptide substrate.
Diurnal Variation of Spontaneous Uterine Activity in Nonpregnant Primates (
Macaca mulatta
)
Authors: Harbert Guy M. , Cornell George W. , Thornton W. Norman
Published: October 2006

Diurnal variations in the average intrauterine pressure and in the average frequency of contraction were demonstrated in four nonpregnant rhesus monkeys. Uterine activity is lowest between 0400 and 0700 hours and highest between 1400 and 1700 hours. There is statistically significant correlation between uterine activity and diurnal variation in core temperature.
Peptides with Juvenile Hormone Activity
Authors: Zaoral M. , Sláma K.
Published: October 2006

Peptide derivatives of juvenile hormone analogs which show substantial hormonal activity for certain insects were prepared. The most active compound, L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-
p
-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, was up to twice as active as juvabione. Like juvabione, the peptide analog showed selective action on pyrrhocorid bugs.
Thermal Conductivity of Lunar and Terrestrial Igneous Rocks in Their Melting Range
Authors: Murase Tsutomu , McBirney Alexander R.
Published: October 2006

The thermal conductivity of a synthetic lunar rock in its melting range is about half that of a terrestrial basalt. The low conductivity and increased efficiency of insulating crusts on lunar lavas will enable flows to cover great distances without being quenched by high radiant heat losses from the surface. For a given rate of heat production, the thermal gradient of the moon would be significantly steeper than that of the earth.
Plasticizers from Plastic Devices: Extraction, Metabolism, and Accumulation by Biological Systems
Authors: Jaeger Rudolph J. , Rubin Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Phthalate ester plasticizers were found to be extracted by blood from plastic tubing and from plastic bags used for blood storage. One such plasticizer was metabolized by the isolated perfused rat liver while another was found to be accumulated in the liver unchanged. In addition, this latter plasticizer was identified in samples of human tissue taken from patients who had received transfusions of blood stored in plastic bags. The biological implications of these observations are considered.
Climatic Anomaly over the United States during the 1960's
Authors: Namias Jerome
Published: October 2006

The past cool decade over the eastern United States is attributed to increased deployment of polar air masses set in motion by responses of the upper-air wind circulation of the Northern Hemisphere to large-scale air-sea coupling over the North Pacific.
Hyalinea baltica
and the Plio-Pleistocene Boundary in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Bock Wayne D.
Published: October 2006

The foraminifer
Hyalinea baltica is found for the first time in sedi
ments from the western Caribbean Sea. Its relationship to the Plio-Pleistocene boundary and to other criteria used to define this boundary is examined, with the result that a strict adherence to the classical definition is urged.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis and in Meteorites
Authors: Lancet Michael S. , Anders Edward
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide and organic compounds made by a Fischer-Tropsch reaction at 400°K show a kinetic isotope fractionation of 50 to 100 per mil, similar to that observed in carbonaceous chondrites. This result supports the view that organic compounds in meteorites were produced by catalytic reactions between carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the solar nebula.
Policy Framework for Educational Research
Authors: Gideonse Hendrik D.
Published: October 2006

A policy framework for analyzing educational research and development has been proposed. The framework consists of five primary elements focusing on the contexts in which educational R & D operates, its goals, its characteristics, its manpower, and its decision structures. These five primary elements interact to produce two secondary elements concerned with priorities and objectives, and strategies and tactics. The framework was applied to three current policy proposals in educational R & D including directed R & D programming in the U.S. Office of Education, the request for funds for experimental schools, and the proposed National Institute of Education. Rigorous application of the framework to major policy questions such as these three can help us examine issues before they arise. It can help prevent errors. Its application can provide greater assurance that primary, secondary, and tertiary consequences—those that arise from the interaction of the consequences we most directly perceive—will receive examination. This kind of consideration can help produce the desirable and intended effects and avoid the detrimental consequences of unanticipated impacts in unintended areas.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Amino Terminal Sequences of Kappa Chains from Genetically Similar Mice (BALB/c)
Authors: Hood Leroy E. , Potter Michael , McKean David J.
Published: October 2006

The amino terminal portion of 20 kappa chains from the highly inbred BALB/c mouse has been examined on an automatic protein sequencer. These proteins can be divided into at least nine groups (subgroups) based on sequence patterns which are so distinct that each subgroup is probably encoded by at least one germ-line gene. The subgroups of mouse kappa chains are generally quite different from those of human kappa chains.
Genital Herpesvirus Hominis Type 2 Infection: An Experimental Model in Cebus Monkeys
Authors: Nahmias A. J. , London W. T. , Catalano L. W. , Fuccillo D. A. , Sever J. L. , Graham C.
Published: October 2006

Genital infection with herpesvirus hominis type 2 was established in ten female cebus monkeys. Clinical and laboratory findings in the cebus mimic closely those observed in humans, thus providing an experimental model which may be used in the study of the possible role of genital herpetic infection in cervical cancer and in perinatal and chronic neurological diseases.
Favism: Association with Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase Phenotype
Authors: Bottini Egidio , Lucarelli Paola , Agostino Rocco , Palmarino Ricciotti , Businco Luisa , Antognoni Giuseppina
Published: October 2006

The frequency of carriers of the
P
a
and
P
c
alleles of the gene for acid phosphatase in the erythrocyte is significantly higher in male subjects deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and having hemolytic clinical favism than it is in the general population. This observation seems to indicate that alleles (
P
a
and
P
c
) of a gene polymorphic in all human populations affect the fitness of the involved phenotypes in special genotypic and nongenotypic conditions.
Genetic Restriction of Energy Conservation in
Schizophyllum
Authors: Hoffman Robert M. , Raper John R.
Published: October 2006

A genetically determined malfunction of energy conservation reduces assimilation of substrate to half or less its normal level while leaving oxidative processes apparently unchanged. This metabolic defect, which differs in many ways from any previously described, is related to the function of the
B
incompatibility factor and occurs both in the common
A
heterokaryon (
A
=
B
≠)—in which two compatible, wild
B
factors interact—and in mutant -
B
homokaryons.
Urea-Inorganic Phosphate Mixtures as Prebiotic Phosphorylating Agents
Authors: Lohrmann R. , Orgel L. E.
Published: October 2006

Previous attempts to phosphorylate nucleosides by heating with inorganic phosphate succeeded only when acid phosphates such as Ca(HPO
4
)
2
were used. The addition of urea and ammonium chloride to the reaction mixture permits phosphorylation in high yield with neutral or basic phosphates at temperatures in the range of 65° to 100°C. Since the abundant mineral, hydroxylapatite, is a satisfactory substrate for this reaction, we believe that this procedure provides a plausible model for prebiotic phosphorylation.
Specialization of Rabbit Reticulocyte Transfer RNA Content for Hemoglobin Synthesis
Authors: Smith David W. E. , McNamara Anne L.
Published: October 2006

The amount of acceptance of each amino acid per absorbancy unit of rabbit reticulocyte transfer RNA was determined. The results were compared with the amino acid composition of rabbit hemoglobin and with a similar determination of the transfer RNA content of rabbit liver. The histidine and isoleucine transfer RNA content of reticulocytes is specialized for the synthesis of hemoglobin, in which histidine is unusually common and isoleucine unusually scarce compared to most proteins.
Kinetic Differences in Unresponsiveness of Thymus and Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Chiller Jacques M. , Habicht Gail S. , Weigle William O.
Published: October 2006

Both thymus and bone marrow cells of adult mice can be made specifically unresponsive to human gamma globulin, but each cell population displays a distinct kinetic pattern for both the induction and spontaneous loss of the unresponsive state. These kinetics appear to be much slower in the bone marrow cells than in the thymus cells. In addition, the dose of deaggregated human gamma globulin needed to induce unresponsiveness in bone marrow cells is much greater than that needed to induce unresponsiveness in thymus cells. Apparently, unresponsiveness in only one cell type is sufficient for the tolerant state to be exhibited by the intact animal.
Cell-Free Protein Synthesizing System from Yeast Mitochondria
Authors: Scragg Alan H. , Morimoto Hideo , Villa Vincente , Nekhorocheff John , Halvorson Harlyn O.
Published: October 2006

An active, cell-free protein synthesizing system has been obtained from yeast mitochondria. The system is stimulated by both polyuridylate and R17 RNA and is sensitive to inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesizing systems. A comparison is made between this system and that found in the cytoplasm of yeast.
Extracellular Recordings from Human Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Weinstein George W. , Hobson Robert R. , Baker Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Ganglion cells were studied in the isolated retina, with extracellular recordings. Activity was found similar to that seen in the retinas of other animal species.
Photoperiod Evidence in the Introduction of
Xanthium
(Cocklebur) to Australia
Authors: McMillan Calvin
Published: October 2006

North American populations of cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium
L. are diverse in form and show critical dark periods ranging from 7.75 to 10.75 hours (critical photoperiods of 13.25 to 16.25 hours). South American cockleburs also are diverse in form and response. American cockleburs are adapted to diverse ecosystems, which suggests that they are indigenous. In contrast, the widespread Australian populations known as Noogoora Burr are all of the
chinense
morphological complex and respond uniformly to photoperiod. Plants from southern Louisiana and Australia are nearly identical in external form and in critical dark period of 10.5 hours. Probably the Australian Noogoora Burr and the Indian monsoon form arrived in their present countries after 1800 as contaminants in cottonseed from the Mississippi Delta region.
Homing in the Harvester Ant
Pogonomyrmex badius
Authors: Hölldobler Bert
Published: October 2006

During homing, the harvester ant
Pogonomyrmex badius
orients both to the sun and to chemical cues. Visual patterns are generally the less important. Trails laid from the secretion of Dufour's gland comprise the main chemical homing signal. This orientation mechanism assists foraging workers to return precisely to their own nests even when the nest populations are dense.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Owl Monkeys Inoculated with
Herpesvirus saimiri
Authors: Meléndez L. V. , Hunt R. D. , Daniel M. D. , Blake B. Joan , Garcia F. G.
Published: October 2006

Our study demonstrates for the first time that
Herpesvirus saimiri
can induce acute lymphocytic leukemia in owl monkeys (
Aotus trivirgatus
) and that malignant lymphoma can be induced in this species of nonhuman primates by the inoculation of the virus by various routes (intravenous, subcutaneous, and intradermal).
Solar-Climate Relationships in the Post-Pleistocene
Authors: Bray J. Roger
Published: October 2006

The most conspicuous climatic aberration of the past two millennia was the temperature decline and glacial advance of the A.D. 1550 to 1900 period. This temperature decline has been correlated with an interval of lower solar activity and there is evidence from both the post-Pleistocene glacial record and from oxygen-18 analysis that such an interval has recurred at cyclic periods of around 2400 to 2600 years.
Targets for Cell Cycle Arrest by the Immunosuppressant Rapamycin in Yeast
Authors: Heitman Joseph , Movva N. Rao , Hall Michael N.
Published: October 2006

FK506 and rapamycin are related immunosuppressive compounds that block helper T cell activation by interfering with signal transduction. In vitro, both drugs bind and inhibit the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) proline rotamase.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells treated with rapamycin irreversibly arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. An FKBP-rapamycin complex is concluded to be the toxic agent because (i) strains that lack FKBP proline rotamase, encoded by
FPR1
, were viable and fully resistant to rapamycin and (ii) FK506 antagonized rapamycin toxicity in vivo. Mutations that conferred rapamycin resistance altered conserved residues in FKBP that are critical for drug binding. Two genes other than
FPR1
, named
TOR1
and
TOR2
, that participate in rapamycin toxicity were identified. Nonallelic noncomplementation between
FPR1
,
TOR1
, and
TOR2
alleles suggests that the products of these genes may interact as subunits of a protein complex. Such a complex may mediate nuclear entry of signals required for progression through the cell cycle.
Polywater or Sodium Acetate?
Authors: Madigosky W. M.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the infrared spectrum of sodium acetate suggest that high concentrations of this impurity may account for the unique spectrum of anomalous water.
Immunoglobulin Production by Human Lymphocytoid Lines and Clones: Absence of Genic Exclusion
Authors: Bloom Arthur D. , Choi Kyoo W. , Lamb Barbara J.
Published: October 2006

Immunoglobulin production was studied in established lines of normal human lymphocytes. Three lines which produced both immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M were cloned. Among the 25 immunoglobulin-producing clones, 23 produced both classes of immunoglobulins. These findings suggest that the phenomenon of genic exclusion does not hold for immunoglobulin production in lymphocytoid cells in culture.
Preganglionic Stimulation Increases Calcium Uptake by Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Blaustein M. P.
Published: October 2006

Isolated superior cervical ganglia of rats accumulate more calcium during preganglionic stimulation than do unstimulated controls; uptake of calcium-45 is approximately doubled by stimulation of 12 impulses per second. The extra uptake is markedly reduced by a high concentration of magnesium, but not by mecamylamine hydrochloride or tetraethylammonium chloride, although all three agents eliminate the postsynaptic action potential. Uptake of calcium-45 is also greatly increased by a high external concentration of potassium.
A Mechanism for Producing Magnetic Remanence in Meteorites and Lunar Samples by Cosmic-Ray Exposure
Authors: Butler Robert F. , Cox Allan V.
Published: October 2006

An irradiation of 3 × 10
17
neutrons per square centimeter in a reactor core produced an increase in the coercive force of iron and kamacite of 16 to 21 percent. The alternating-current demagnetization spectrum of saturation isothermal remanence was shifted toward higher coercive forces. Similar neutron fluences produced by cosmic-ray exposure may be capable of converting soft isothermal remanence in meteorites and lunar samples to remanence with a higher coercive force.
Periodical Cicada: Mechanism of Sound Production
Authors: Reid Kenneth H.
Published: October 2006

The species
Magicicada septendecim
and
Magicicada cassini
of the 17-year cicada produce sound by sequentially buckling a series of stiff ribs embedded in a flexible tymbal. Each such collapse excites a damped oscillation in a resonant cavity. By this means the cavity (an abdominal air sac) is excited 10 to 12 times per muscle contraction, which permits a normal muscle to perform a task requiring very rapid repetitive activity.
Fossil Fuels as a Source of Mercury Pollution
Authors: Joensuu Oiva I.
Published: October 2006

The upper limit of the quantity of mercury released by weathering processes is approximately 230 metric tons per year. The quantity of mercury released by burning of coal is estimated to be of the order of 3000 tons per year, a quantity comparable to that emitted as waste from industrial processes.
Lead Suppression of Mouse Resistance to
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Hemphill F. E. , Kaeberle M. L. , Buck W. B.
Published: October 2006

Mice were treated with subclinical doses of lead nitrate for 30 days. Lead-treated mice showed greater susceptibility to challenge with
Salmonella typhimurium
than controls which received no lead. This result confirms the hypothesis that treatment with lead reduces the resistance of mice to bacterial infection.
Hycanthone Resistance: Development in
Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Rogers Steffen H. , Bueding Ernest
Published: October 2006

Following the administration of relatively high doses of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone to mice and hamsters infected with
Schistosoma mansoni
, a number of the worms survived. After a period of 6 to 12 months these parasites resumed production of viable eggs that gave rise to schistosomes that proved resistant to hycanthone and to two other related antischistosomal compounds. This drug resistance has remained stable for three subsequent generations of worms.
Transport of Nitrogen Mustard on the Transport-Carrier for Choline in L5178Y Lymphoblasts
Authors: Goldenberg Gerald J. , Vanstone Candice L. , Bihler Ivan
Published: October 2006

The uptake of choline by L5178Y lymphoblasts occurs by a carrier mechanism and is an active process. Transport of nitrogen mustard and its hydrolyzed derivative is mediated by this same carrier. This finding is an example of drug transport by a carrier whose primary function is transport of a naturally occurring substrate.
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol: Identification of the Proposed Active Form of Vitamin D
3
in the Intestine
Authors: Norman Anthony W. , Myrtle James F. , Miogett Ronald J. , Nowicki Henry G. , Williams Vincent , Popjaák G.
Published: October 2006

The major polar metabolite of cholecalciferol (vitamin D
3
) present in chick intestinal mucosa has been chemically characterized by mass spectrometric analysis to have a molecular formula of C
27
H
44
O
3
and a structure of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. This compound, which is produced in the kidney from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, has been previously shown to be from 4 to 13 times as active as cholecalciferol in stimulating intestinal calcium transport. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (previously designated metabolite 4B in this laboratory) probably represents the biologically active form of cholecalciferol in the intestine.
Fossil Fuel Combustion and the Major Sedimentary Cycle
Authors: Bertine K. K. , Goldberg Edward D.
Published: October 2006

The combustion of the fossil fuels coal, oil, and lignite potentially can mobilize many elements into the atmosphere at rates, in general, less than but comparable to their rates of flow through natural waters during the weathering cycle. Since the principal sites of fossil fuel combustion are in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, changes in the composition of natural waters and air, as a consequence of this activity, will be most evident at these latitudes.
Cerumen Genetics and Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L.
Published: October 2006

International mortality and frequency rates for breast cancer seem to be associated with the frequency of the allele for wet-type cerumen. A preliminary retrospective case-control study in California indicates that phenotypically wet-type cerumen is found in Japanese women with breast cancer more often than in healthy Japanese women. Findings support the hypothesis that the apocrine system's genetically determined variation may influence susceptibility to breast cancer.
Geologic Setting of the Apollo 14 Samples
Authors: Swann G. A. , Trask N. J. , Hait M. H. , Sutton R. L.
Published: October 2006

The Apollo 14 lunar module landed in a region of the lunar highlands that is part of a widespread blanket of ejecta surrounding the Mare Imbrium basin. Samples were collected from the regolith developed on a nearly level plain, a ridge 100 meters high, and a blocky ejecta deposit around a young crater. Large boulders in the vicinity of the landing site are coherent fragmental rocks as are some of the returned samples.
Collagen Polypeptides: Normal Release from Polysomes in the Absence of Proline Hydroxylation
Authors: Lazarides Elias , Lukens Lewis N.
Published: October 2006

It is not necessary that proline be hydroxylated for the completion and release of nascent collagen chains from polysomes. Hydroxylation of collagen proline in vivo normally takes place predominantly on nascent polypeptides; however, in the presence of an inhibitor of hydroxylation, unhydroxylated chains are released. These chains may subsequently be hydroxylated when the inhibition is removed. The results clarify a controversy over the site of proline hydroxylation.
Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure through Operant Conditioning Techniques in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Benson Herbert , Shapiro David , Tursky Bernard , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: October 2006

Operant conditioning-feedback techniques were employed to lower systolic blood pressure in seven patients with essential hypertension. In five of the patients, meaningful decreases of systolic blood pressure were obtained in the laboratory, ranging from 16 to 34 millimeters of mercury. The therapeutic value of such techniques remains to be established.
Suppression of Food Intake with Intragastric Loading: Relation to Natural Feeding Cycle
Authors: Quartermain David , Kissileff Harry , Shapiro Ralph , Miller Neal E.
Published: October 2006

Rats were infused through chronically implanted intragastric tubes with 100 percent of their normal total daily food intake. The infusion was given either continuously over 24 hours or divided into discrete meals programed to simulate the rats' natural eating pattern. The same diet was also available for consumption by mouth. In neither case did the animals completely stop eating. During slow infusions excessive consumption ranged from 30 to 50 percent. During simulated meal infusion of the same total quantity of diet, they compensated far better, overeating by only 2 to 18 percent. Periodic filling of the stomach between scheduled meals was no more effective than a continuous slow infusion. Therefore, factors related to the natural feeding cycle make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of food in maintaining satiety and controlling food intake.
Chemical Wastes in the Sea: New Forms of Marine Pollution
Authors: Greve P. A.
Published: October 2006

Drums containing chemical wastes have been found in and along the North Sea. The wastes were analyzed and were found to include lower chlorinated aliphatic compounds, vinyl esters, chlorinated aromatic amines and nitrocompounds, and the insecticide endosulfan. Because dropping these drums into the sea endangers the environment and results in damage to fishing operations, measures should be taken to stop this practice.
Physiological Role of Pleasure
Authors: Cabanac Michel
Published: October 2006

A given stimulus can induce a pleasant or unpleasant sensation depending on the subject's internal state. The word alliesthesia is proposed to describe this phenomenon. It is, in itself, an adequate motivation for behavior such as food intake or thermoregulation. Therefore, negative regulatory feedback systems, based upon oropharingeal or cutaneous thermal signals are peripheral only in appearance, since the motivational component of the sensation is of internal origin. The internal signals seem to be complex and related to the set points of some regulated variables of the "milieu interieur," like set internal temperature in the case of thermal sensation. Alliesthesia can therefore explain the adaptation of these behaviors to their goals. Only three sensations have been studied— thermal, gustatory, and olfactory, but it is probable that alliesthesia also exists in such simple ways as in bringing a signal, usually ignored, to the subject's attention. For example, gastric contractions, not normally perceived, are felt in the state of hunger. Since alliesthesia relies on an internal input, it is possible that alliesthesia exists only with sensations related to some constants of the "milieu interieur" and therefore would not exist in visual or auditory sensations. As a matter of fact, luminous or auditory stimuli can be pleasing or displeasing in themselves, but there seems to be little variation of pleasure in these sensations, that is, no alliesthesia. There may be some esthetic value linked to these stimuli but it is a striking coincidence that they are in themselves rather neutral and that it is difficult to imagine a constant of the "milieu interieur" which could be possibly modified by a visual or an auditive stimulus—such as light of a certain wavelength or sound of a given frequency.

In the light of this theory, it is possible to reconsider the nature of the whole conscious experience. The existence of alliesthesia implies the presence of internal signals modifying the conscious sensations aroused from peripheral receptors. It is therefore necessary to question the existence of sensations aroused by direct stimulation of central receptors, such as hypothalamic temperature detectors, osmoreceptors, and others. Does their excitation arouse sensations of their own, or does the sensation have to pass through peripheral senses? Only human experimentation could answer this question. In the same way, it is possible that self-stimulation of the brain is pleasant, not by giving a sensation in itself, but because the electrical stimulus, renders peripheral stimuli pleasant.
Depth Habitats of Growth Stages of Pelagic Foraminifera
Authors: Emiliani Cesare
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotopic analysis of different size groups of shells of pelagic foraminiferal species shows that some species deposit their shells at constant depths while others deposit them at increasing or decreasing depths. These patterns show regional variations.
Globigerinoides rubra
and
Globigerinoides sacculifera
remain the most convenient species for oxygen isotopic determination of the past surface temperatures of the ocean.
Thyroxine: Conversion to Triiodothyronine by Isolated Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Rabinowitz Joseph L. , Hercker Eileen S.
Published: October 2006

Thyroxine labeled with carbon-14 and iodine-125 was perfused through surviving rat hearts. Only when unlabeled triiodothyronine was added as a carrier could the newly formed doubly labeled triiodothyronine be isolated. The fact that this triiodothyronine was labeled with the correct ratio of carbon-14 to iodine-125 indicated that it originated from thyroxine. Approximately 5 percent of the initial carbon-14 radioactivity was found in the recovered triiodothyronine.
Working Memory
Authors: Baddeley Alan
Published: October 2006

The term working memory refers to a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning. This definition has evolved from the concept of a unitary short-term memory system. Working memory has been found to require the simultaneous storage and processing of information. It can be divided into the following three subcomponents: (i) the central executive, which is assumed to be an attentional-controlling system, is important in skills such as chess playing and is particularly susceptible to the effects of Alzheimer's disease; and two slave systems, namely (ii) the visuospatial sketch pad, which manipulates visual images and (iii) the phonological loop, which stores and rehearses speech-based information and is necessary for the acquisition of both native and second-language vocabulary.
Ruckelshaus on Accountability
Authors: Ruckelshaus William D.
Published: October 2006

In an address to the American Chemical Society on 13 September, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus said that "Decisions such as the fate of DDT are not decisions solely within the purview of the scientist to make in his laboratory. Rather they are basic societal decisions about what kind of a life people want and about what risks they are willing to accept to achieve it." He went on to discuss in the following passage his own conception of the accountability of himself and of scientists to the public:
L-Asparaginase Induced Immunosuppression: Inhibition of Bone Marrow Derived Antibody Precursor Cells
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: October 2006

The cooperation between bone marrow and thymus cells in restoring the hemolytic antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in immunosuppressed recipients was markedly inhibited when donor mice were treated with L-asparaginase, a known inhibitor of lymphocyte function. The marrow cell population was shown to be a major target for the immunosuppressive activity of asparaginase, since thymus cells from enzyme-treated animals interacted with marrow cells from normal animals to generate immunocompetent cells.
A Model for Plate Tectonic Evolution of Mantle Layers
Authors: Dickinson W. R. , Luth W. C.
Published: October 2006

In plate tectonic theory, lithosphere that descends into the mantle has a largely derivative composition, because it is produced as a refractory residue by partial melting, and cannot be resorbed readily by the parent mantle. We suggest that lithosphere sinks through the asthenosphere, or outer mantle, and accumulates progressively beneath to form an accretionary mesosphere, or inner mantle. According to this model, there is an irreversible physicochemical evolution of the mantle and its layers. We make the key assumption that the rate at which mass has been transferred from the lithosphere to the mesosphere is proportional to the rate of radiogenic heat production. Calculations of mass transfer with time demonstrate that the entire mass of the present mesosphere could have been produced in geologically reasonable times (3 × 10
9
to 4.5 × 10
9
years). The model is consistent with the generation of the continental crust during the last 3 × 10
9
years and predicts an end to plate tectonic behavior within the next 10
9
years.
Disposition of Morphine in Man
Authors: Spector Sydney , Vesell Elliott S.
Published: October 2006

The disposition of morphine was investigated by means of radioimmunoassay after a single intravenous dose (10 milligrams per 70 kilograms) was administered to 10 adult normal male subjects who had not received other drugs for 2 weeks preceding the study. A multiphasic decline in serum concentrations of morphine occurred. Detectable blood concentrations of morphine, or of a metabolite, or of both persisted for 48 hours after a single intravenous dose.
Chondrules: First Occurrence in an Iron Meteorite
Authors: Olsen Edward , Jarosewich Eugene
Published: October 2006

Complete chondrules and fragments of chondrules have been found within silicate inclusions from the octahedrite iron meteorite Netschaevo. The bulk chemical composition, mineralogy, and mineral chemistry indicate that this chondritic material has properties intermediate between those of the H-group chondrites and those of the enstatite chondrites.
Calcium Carbonate Concretions: Cyclic Occurrence in the Hamster Vagina
Authors: Alleva John J. , Alleva Frederic R. , Fry Bert E. , Eanes Edward D.
Published: October 2006

Three crystalline forms of calcium carbonate were identified in washings of the hamster vagina. Spherical concretions of vaterite and hexagonal concretions of calcite predominate on days 3 and 4 of the 4-day estrous cycle. Dumbbell-like concretions of aragonite predominate during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. Each polymorph is associated with an acid-insoluble matrix. Concretions disappear after ovariectomy and reappear during daily injections of estrogen and progesterone.
Anemic Stress as a Trigger of Myelogenous Leukemia in Rats Rendered Leukemia-Prone by X-ray
Authors: Gong Joseph K.
Published: October 2006

All of the 128 Sprague-Dawley female rats bled two-thirds of the blood volume at 1, 2, or 3 months after irradiation (50, 170, or 350 roentgens) succumbed to leukemia by 16 months after bleeding. Some nonbled irradiated rats developed leukemia possibly as a result of triggering by a radiation-induced anemia. The threshold leukemogenic x-ray dose is probably below 25 roentgens. Elevated levels of basophils, neutrophils containing the "pseudo-Pelger" type nuclear anomaly, and myeloblasts exhibiting Auer rods seen in these animals were generally not found in earlier models of rat myelogenous leukemia.
Artificial Microfossils: Experimental Studies of Permineralization of Blue-Green Algae in Silica
Authors: Oehler John H. , Schopf J. William
Published: October 2006

A technique has been developed to artificially fossilize microscopic algae in crystalline silica under conditions of moderately elevated temperature and pressure. The technique is designed to simulate geochemical processes thought to have resulted in the preservation of organic microfossils in Precambrian bedded cherts. In degree of preservation and mineralogic setting, the artificially permineralized microorganisms are comparable to naturally occurring fossil algae.
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Formation of Urethan in Treated Beverages
Authors: Löfroth G. , Gejvall T.
Published: October 2006

Isotope dilution analyses with tritium-labeled diethyl pyrocarbonate show that the carcinogen urethan is formed in orange juice, white wine, and beer. Commercial use of the antimicrobial food additive diethyl pyrocarbonate can result in urethan concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 milligram per liter in orange juice and of the order of 1 milligram per liter in white wine and beer.
Stereochemistry of Hemes and Other Metalloporphyrins
Authors: Hoard J. L.
Published: October 2006

Metalloporphyrins, most notably the iron porphyrins, observe clearly defined, internally consistent, structural principles that promise to be fully applicable to the hemes in the several families of the hemoproteins.
Atmospheric Oxygen: Isotopic Composition and Solubility Fractionation
Authors: Kroopnick P. , Craig H.
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric oxygen has been found to be enriched in oxygen-18 by 23.5 ± 0.3 per mil relative to average ocean water (SMOW). Oxygen dissolved in seawater is further enriched in oxygen-18 by 0.85 per mil at 0°C. The temperature dependence of the solubility enrichment is given by ε (per mil) = 0.85— 0.010
t
(°C). This result is in good agreement with earlier measurements of the solubility effect in distilled water.
Thyroid State: Effects on Pre-and Postsynaptic Central Noradrenergic Mechanisms
Authors: Emlen Woodruff , Segal David S. , Mandell Arnold J.
Published: October 2006

For hypothyroid rats, spontaneous motor activity was less than that in matched normal controls, and the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain was significantly greater than that in controls. Rats made hyperthyroid with thyroxine became hyperactive and showed increased sensitivity to the behaviorally activating effects of norepinephrine administered intraventricularly. In hyperthyroid rats, the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain remained within the normal range. These results are consonant with studies that suggested both receptor "tuning" and feedback regulation of activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of presynaptic neurotransmitter as methods of regulation of the central catecholamine synapse. These results may also help explain the reported potentiation by thyroid hormone of the antidepressant effects of imipramine.
Air Quality of American Homes
Authors: Schaefer V. J. , Mohnen V. A. , Veirs V. R.
Published: October 2006

In a survey of particulate fallout in homes it was found that there is a relation between pollution inside and outside a home. The level inside the home also depends on the location of the home (urban, suburban, or rural). Bathrooms and kitchens show heavier particle fallout than living rooms or bedrooms.
Radiation Carcinogenesis at Low Doses
Authors: Rossi Harald H. , Kellerer Albrecht M.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of experimental findings indicates that the induction of a mammary neoplasm in the Sprague-Dawley rat is dependent on the action of radiation on more than one cell. Although a linear relation between incidence and x-ray dose might be consistent with available data, such a relation would be fortuitous and linear extrapolation to lower doses is unjustified.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Evidence for Thyroid Response to Intravenous Injection in Man
Authors: Hollander Charles S. , Mitsuma Terunori , Shenkman Louis , Woolf Paul , Gershengorn Marvin C.
Published: October 2006

Administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone to normal subjects causes a prompt rise in plasma thyrotropin concentration, followed by a significant increase in circulating plasma triiodothyronine. These observations may prove to be of value in simultaneously assessing the ability of the pituitary and thyroid glands to respond to their trophic hormones.
Sperm Flagella: Autonomous Oscillations of the Contractile System
Authors: Lindemann Charles B. , Rikmenspoel Robert
Published: October 2006

Bull sperm are deactivated, losing all motility, when they are impaled or dissected with a microprobe. Loss of activity is due to the creation of a hole or break in the cell membrane. Uncoordinated contractile activity is retained if external adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate are present. When these substances are in the medium, coordinated wave motion can be initiated in impaled or dissected sperm by bending a segment of the flagellum.
The Apollo 15 Lunar Samples: A Preliminary Description
Authors:   Apollo 15 Preliminary Examination Team
Published: October 2006

Samples returned from the Apollo 15 site consist of mare basalts and breccias with a variety of premare igneous rocks. The mare basalts are from at least two different lava flows. The bulk chemical compositions and textures of these rocks confirm the previous conclusion that the lunar maria consist of a series of extrusive volcanic rocks that are rich in iron and poor in sodium. The breccias contain abundant clasts of anorthositic fragments along with clasts of basaltic rocks much richer in plagioclase than the mare basalts. These two rock types also occur as common components in soil samples from this site. The rocks and soils from both the front and mare region exhibit a variety of shock characteristics that can best be ascribed to ray material from the craters Aristillus or Autolycus.
Prostaglandins in the Preparation of Blood Components
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Zaroulis C. G. , Rogers J. C. , Handin R. I. , Marchionni L. D.
Published: October 2006

Prostaglandin E
1
significantly improved the separation of blood components in blood bags. The recovery in vivo and the life-span values of the platelets were not altered. The hemostatic effectiveness of platelets treated with prostaglandin was shown to be normal in man.
Lateral Interactions at Inner Plexiform Layer of Vertebrate Retina: Antagonistic Responses to Change
Authors: Werblin Frank S.
Published: October 2006

Lateral interactions at the inner plexiform layer of the retina of the mudpuppy were studied intracellularly after they were isolated from interactions at the outer plexiform layer with a special stimulus. The isolation was confirmed by recording no surround effect at bipolar cells under conditions that elicited a strong surround effect at ganglion cells. It appears that amacrine cells, which respond to spatiotemporal change at one retinal region, inhibit the response to change in on-off ganglion cells at adjacent sites.
Mapping of Interactions in the Pitch Memory Store
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: October 2006

A technique obtaining a precise mapping of interactive effects in the pitch memory store is described. Subjects were required to compare two tones for pitch when these were separated by a 5-second interval during which six other tones were played. In the second serial position of the intervening sequence there was placed a tone whose pitch bore a critical relationship to the pitch of the first test tone. When the critical intervening tone was identical in pitch to the first test tone, memory facilitation was produced. As the separation in pitch between these two tones increased, errors rose progressively, peaked at a separation of 2/3 tone, and declined roughly to baseline at a whole tone separation. It is concluded that the pitch memory store is arranged logarithmically in a highly ordered and specific fashion.
Osmiophilic Polymer Generation: Catalysis by Transition Metal Compounds in Ultrastructural Cytochemistry
Authors: Hanker Jacob S. , Anderson Winston A. , Bloom Floyd E.
Published: October 2006

A transition metal compound that is bound in tissues by any appropriate cytochemical reaction may catalyze the generation of an insoluble osmiophilic polymer from organic monomers such as 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. When the polymers are treated with osmium tetroxide, electron-opaque, insoluble osmium blacks (coordination polymers of osmium) are formed at the sites of the particular macromolecule or enzyme permitting its light, and electron, microscopic localization. This approach represents a distinct advantage over earlier cytochemical methods because the shorter incubation time needed here results in less artifactual deposition of metal ions, and less tendency to crystallize the reaction product. In addition, the shorter incubation times permit longer fixation of tissues and hence less artifact due to enzyme diffusion.
No Desynchronization among Four Circadian Rhythms in the Unicellular Alga,
Gonyaulax polyedra
Authors: McMurry Laura , Hastings J. W.
Published: October 2006

The phase relationships among several circadian rhythms in the unicellular alga
Gonyaulax polyedra
remained unchanged during several weeks under constant conditions. A 6-hour exposure to darkness shifted the phase of all rhythms similarly. The Q
10
for the frequency of three of these rhythms had been shown previously to be approximately the same and furthermore less than 1. These facts may mean that all these rhythms are the outputs of a single "master oscillator."