bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of vibegron, a novel β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist, for lower urinary tract dysfunction in mice with spinal cord injury
Authors: Shimizu Nobutaka , Gotoh Daisuke , Nishimoto Mitsuhisa , Hashimoto Mamoru , Saito Tetsuichi , Fujita Kazutoshi , Hirayama Akihide , Yoshimura Naoki , Uemura Hirotsugu
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To investigate the effect of vibegron, a new clinically approved β3‐adrenoceptor agonist in lower urinary tract dysfunction in mice with spinal cord injury.

Methods

Investigators performed cystometry under awake conditions in 4‐week spinal cord injury female mice. Two weeks after spinal cord injury, saline or vibegron (30 mg/kg) was orally administered for 2 weeks prior to the urodynamic study. Investigators removed L6‐S1 dorsal root ganglia from the saline‐ or vibegron‐treated spinal cord injury mice as well as from saline‐treated normal (spinal intact) mice to evaluate the levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1, activating transcription factor 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase transcripts using real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

In vibegron‐treated spinal cord injury mice, nonvoiding contractions during bladder filling, which were increased in spinal cord injury compared to spinal intact mice, were significantly decreased. Micturition pressure or voiding efficiency was not significantly increased in comparison to measurements in saline‐treated spinal cord injury mice. The expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1, activating transcription factor 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA was increased in spinal cord injury mice compared to spinal intact mice, but significantly decreased after vibegron treatment.

Conclusions

Vibegron improves spinal cord injury‐induced detrusor overactivity in addition to significantly reducing C‐fiber afferent receptors such as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1, and inflammatory cytokines/markers, such as activating transcription factor 3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in spinal cord injury mice. Thus, vibegron might be effective in the treatment of storage lower urinary tract dysfunction induced by C‐fiber afferent activation after spinal cord injury.
THE IDENTITY OF THE SPECIES COMMONLY KNOWN IN AUSTRALIA AS NABIS CAPSIFORMIS GERMAR (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE)
Authors: Woodward T. E.
Published: July 2021

There is no evidence that Nabis capsiformis occurs in Australia or New Zealand. Tropiconabis nigrolineatus (Distant) is a common species in these countries and many other parts of the Pacific, where it has usually been misidentified as N. capsiformis. The literature most relevant to this situation is reviewed and the generic placement of these species is discussed. A key to the genera of Australian Nabidae is provided.
Preparing Li‐garnet electrodes with engineered structures by phase inversion and high shear compaction processes
Authors: Shen Fengyu , Jonson Robert A. , Parkinson Dilworth Y. , Tucker Michael C.
Published: July 2021

Solid‐state lithium batteries are promising for safety and energy density compared with traditional lithium‐ion batteries. However, the large interfacial resistance between the electrode and electrolyte is a bottleneck to achieving high‐performance solid‐state batteries. Engineered electrode structures with a porous scaffold of the solid electrolyte material are promising to lower the interfacial resistance and provide a mechanical support for a thin solid electrolyte layer. In this work, two ceramic processing techniques are used to fabricate porous/dense bilayer architectures based on a Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Li‐garnet material. Finger‐like vertically aligned pores are created by the phase inversion (PI) process. A water bath presaturated with Li salt prevents Li loss during the PI solvent exchange step. Pore size and porosity can be optimized by adjusting the bath temperature. The high shear compaction process was used to prepare LLZO tapes with 40, 60, and 80 vol% poreformer. The porosity of the tapes after sintering is 39.5%, 58.4%, and 75.4%, respectively. Microtomography exhibits the porosity, pore shape, and pore distribution of the tapes. A typical cathode material LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) is filled into the pores via vacuum infiltration, and a dense cathode layer is formed within the garnet scaffold.
Structure and properties of La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6‐ZrB2, a directionally solidified eutectic with different growth rates
Authors: Shi Feng , Liu Danmin , Wang Yan , Liu Linlin , Xiao Weiqiang , Liu Cuixiu , Yang Xinyu , Zhang Jiuxing
Published: July 2021

La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6‐ZrB2, a directionally solidified eutectic (DSE), is a material with a high‐performance thermionic emission with great application prospects. The influence of the growth rates of this DSE on the microstructure, growth direction, two phases orientation relationship, mechanical properties, and thermionic emission properties was investigated. The experimental results show that the microstructure and growth direction of the two phases varied with the growth rate of the eutectic: the faster the growth rate, the lower the uniformity of the ZrB2 phase became, and the growth directions of the La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6 matrix and the ZrB2 phase were also altered accordingly. In the La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6‐ZrB2 DSE with a growth rate of 100 mm/h, the two phases have a unique growth direction and a crystallographic orientation relationship. The fracture toughness of the La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6‐ZrB2 DSE is at least 50% higher than that of the single crystal La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6, and the fracture toughness of the DSEs formed at different growth rates also differed.
Fermi level pinning in Co‐doped BaTiO3: Part I. DC and AC electrical conductivities and degradation behavior
Authors: Ryu Gyung Hyun , Bowes Preston C. , McGarrahan John R. , Irving Douglas L. , Dickey Elizabeth C.
Published: July 2021

We explore the synergistic effects of co‐doping BaTiO3 with a judicious combination of acceptors and donors to control the point defect chemistry and electrical properties, with the goal of simultaneously limiting the electronic and ionic conductivities over broad temperature and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) ranges. Specifically, we compare the temperature‐ and pO2‐dependent electrical properties of BaTiO3 ceramics acceptor‐doped with either Mn or Mg and co‐doped with a Y donor. This study, which is the first of a two‐part series, presents the electrical properties as a function of pO2, temperature, and time, focusing on the grain‐interior electrical response. The DC and AC electrical conductivity measurements reveal that co‐doping with Mn and Y can result in (1) increased electrical resistivity over a broad temperature range, (2) pO2‐independent electrical conductivity in oxidizing conditions, and (3) improved time‐dependent dielectric degradation resistance. These behaviors are attributed to a Fermi level pinning effect, as is explained in the companion paper, which presents complementary density functional theory (DFT)‐based grand‐canonical defect chemistry models. The collective experimental and computational studies demonstrate that the pO2‐independent electrical conductivity in the Mn and Y co‐doped BaTiO3 is attributed to a Fermi level pinning mechanism arising from the multivalent Mn dopant, and the background reservoir of positive charge provided by the predominant substitution of Y on the Ba sites. The enhanced degradation resistance is attributed to a reduced oxygen vacancy concentration relative to the other doping chemistries.
Deaths of people with intellectual disabilities: Analysis of deaths in England fromCOVID‐19 and other causes
Authors: Heslop Pauline , Byrne Victoria , Calkin Rachel , Huxor Avon , Sadoo Annie , Sullivan Brian
Published: July 2021

Background

People with intellectual disabilities experience significant health inequities. The aim of this report is to understand the circumstances leading to death from COVID‐19 in people with intellectual disabilities.

Method

Local areas in England prioritised reviewing 200 deaths of adults with intellectual disabilities. Of these, approximately 80% were required to be deaths from suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 as this was the focus of the study; the remainder from other causes. All deaths occurred between 2 March2020 and 9 June 2020.

Results

People with intellectual disabilities differed from the general population in their symptoms of COVID‐19 and age at death. The overall quality of care was rated similar to other deaths of people with intellectual disabilities. Concerns were raised relating to recognising acute deterioration and do not attempt cardio‐pulmonary resuscitation decisions.

Conclusions

Service improvements are indicated in the ways in which people with intellectual disabilities encounter COVID‐19 and experience the disease.
Efficacy and safety of mogamulizumab by patient baseline blood tumour burden: a post hoc analysis of the MAVORIC trial
Authors: Cowan R.A. , Scarisbrick J.J. , Zinzani P.L. , Nicolay J.P. , Sokol L. , Pinter‐Brown L. , Quaglino P. , Iversen L. , Dummer R. , Musiek A. , Foss F. , Ito T. , Rosen J‐P. , Medley M.C.
Published: July 2021

Background

Mogamulizumab was compared with vorinostat in the phase 3 MAVORIC trial (NCT01728805) in 372 patients with relapsed/refractory mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) who had failed ≥1 prior systemic therapy. Mogamulizumab significantly prolonged progression‐free survival (PFS), with a superior objective response rate (ORR) vs. vorinostat.

Objectives

This post hoc analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of baseline blood tumour burden on patient response to mogamulizumab.

Methods

PFS, ORR, time to next treatment (TTNT), skin response (modified Severity‐Weighted Assessment Tool [mSWAT]) and safety were assessed in patients stratified by blood classification (B0 [n = 126], B1 [n = 62], or B2 [n = 184], indicating increasing blood involvement).

Results

Investigator‐assessed PFS was longer for mogamulizumab versus vorinostat across all blood classes, significantly so for B1 and B2 patients. ORR was higher with mogamulizumab than with vorinostat in all blood classification groups and more markedly so with escalating B class (B0: 15.6% vs. 6.5%, P = 0.0549; B1: 25.8% vs. 6.5%, P = 0.2758; B2: 37.4% vs. 3.2%, P < 0.0001). TTNT was significantly longer for patients treated with mogamulizumab versus vorinostat with B1 (12.63 vs. 3.07 months; HR 0.32 [95% CI 0.16–0.67]; P = 0.0018) and B2 (13.07 vs. 3.53 months; HR 0.30 [95% CI 0.21–0.43]; P < 0.0001) blood involvement. In the mogamulizumab arm, 81 patients (43.5%) had ≥50% change in the mSWAT vs. 41 patients (22.0%) with vorinostat; mSWAT improvements with mogamulizumab occurred most often in B1 and B2 patients. Rapid, sustained reductions were seen in CD4+CD26‐ cell counts and CD4:CD8 ratios in mogamulizumab patients for all B classes. Treatment‐emergent adverse events were less frequent overall with mogamulizumab and similar in frequency regardless of B class.

Conclusions

This post hoc analysis indicates greater clinical benefit with mogamulizumab vs. vorinostat in patients with MF and SS classified as having B1 and B2 blood involvement.
High rate of self‐improving phenotypes in children with non‐syndromic congenital ichthyosis: case series from south‐western Germany
Authors: Frommherz L. , Krause A. , Kopp J. , Hotz A. , Hübner S. , Reimer‐Taschenbrecker A. , Casetti F. , Zirn B. , Fischer J. , Has C.
Published: July 2021

Background

Non‐syndromic congenital ichthyosis describes a heterogeneous group of hereditary skin disorders associated with erythroderma and scaling at birth. Although both severe and mild courses are known, the prediction of the natural history in clinical practice may be challenging.

Objectives

To determine clinical course and genotype‐phenotype correlations in children affected by non‐syndromic congenital ichthyosis in a case series from south‐western Germany.

Methods

We performed a retrospective observational study of 32 children affected by non‐syndromic congenital ichthyoses seen in our genodermatosis clinic between 2011 and 2020. Follow‐ups included assessment of weight and severity of skin involvement utilizing a modified Ichthyosis Area Severity Index (mIASI). mIASI was calculated as a sum comprising the previously published IASI score and an additional novel score to evaluate palmoplantar involvement. Linear regression was assessed using Pearson correlation, and statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test.

Results

This study included 23 patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, seven with keratinopathic ichthyosis and two with harlequin ichthyosis. Cutaneous manifestations improved in more than 70% of the children during the follow‐up. Especially in patients with mutations in ALOXE3 and ALOX12B, mIASI scores dropped significantly. The most common phenotype observed in this study was designated ′mild fine scaling ichthyosis′. Severe palmoplantar involvement occurred in patients with KRT1 and ABCA12 mutations; most patients demonstrated hyperlinearity as a sign of dryness and scaling. Weight was mainly in the normal range and negatively correlated with the severity of skin involvement.

Conclusions

Congenital ichthyosis that self‐improves and evolves with mild fine scaling ichthyosis was the most common phenotype observed in our patients. This type might be underdiagnosed if the genetic diagnosis is not performed in the first year of life. mIASI is an easy and fast instrument for scoring disease severity and adding additional points for palmoplantar involvement might be valuable.
Multi‐stage metamorphic history of the Oki gneisses in Japan: Implications for Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and tectonic correlations in northeastern Asia
Authors: Kawabata Ryoichi , Imayama Takeshi , Kato Takenori , Oh Chang‐Whan , Horie Kenji , Takehara Mami
Published: July 2021

MetamorphicP–Tconditions, monazite chemical ages and zircon U–Pb ages from the gneisses exposed in the Oki belt, Japan, were integrated to unravel the multi‐stage metamorphic history of the belt. Microstructural observations combined with obtainedP–Tconditions and metamorphic ages reveal three distinct stages of metamorphism: M1, M2 and M3. The M1 stage occurredc. 1.85 Ga with high‐Tgranulite‐facies metamorphism (793–803°C and 9.8–12.3 kbar and 738–755°C and 9.1–12.0 kbar in the southwestern and southeastern Oki gneisses, respectively). The age of the M1 stage is well recorded in monazites included in large garnet porphyroblasts and low Th/U metamorphic rims in zircons from the Oki gneisses. The M1 metamorphism was overprinted byc. 230 Ma metamorphism (M2), which occurred at granulite‐facies conditions (817–829°C and 9.0–10.3 kbar) in the southwestern Oki gneisses and at upper amphibolite‐facies conditions (693°C and 5.3 kbar) in the southeastern Oki gneisses. Monazites in small garnets, euhedral zircons and outermost rims of zircons crystallized during this stage. The final metamorphism occurred as retrograde amphibolite‐facies recrystallization (M3) at conditions of 558–638°C and 3.7–4.8 kbar. The inherited cores in zircons yield ages from Paleoarchean to Paleoproterozoic but lack Palaeozoic ages. The detrital zircon distribution and the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic event in the Oki belt support the idea that the Oki gneisses are fragments of a Precambrian terrane rather than Palaeozoic sediments derived from the terrane. Combined with previous studies, we concluded that thec. 1.85 Ga M1 high‐Tgranulite‐facies metamorphism in the Oki belt could be related to that of the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji belt in the eastern North China block via the northern Gyeonggi and Nangrim Massifs on the Korean Peninsula, whereas thec. 250–230 Ma M2 stage could be associated with collision between the North and South China blocks. The Oki belt geologically corresponds to the northern Gyeonggi Massif in South Korea due to their similar Paleoproterozoic and Triassic tectonothermal events.
Basal forebrain cholinergic system in the dementias: Vulnerability, resilience, and resistance
Authors: Geula Changiz , Dunlop Sara R. , Ayala Ivan , Kawles Allegra S. , Flanagan Margaret E. , Gefen Tamar , Mesulam Marek‐Marsel
Published: July 2021

The basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) provide the primary source of cholinergic innervation of the human cerebral cortex. They are involved in the cognitive processes of learning, memory, and attention. These neurons are differentially vulnerable in various neuropathologic entities that cause dementia. This review summarizes the relevance to BFCN of neuropathologic markers associated with dementias, including the plaques and tangles of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the Lewy bodies of diffuse Lewy body disease, the tauopathy of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐TAU) and the TDP‐43 proteinopathy of FTLD‐TDP. Each of these proteinopathies has a different relationship to BFCN and their corticofugal axons. Available evidence points to early and substantial degeneration of the BFCN in AD and diffuse Lewy body disease. In AD, the major neurodegenerative correlate is accumulation of phosphotau in neurofibrillary tangles. However, these neurons are less vulnerable to the tauopathy of FTLD. An intriguing finding is that the intracellular tau of AD causes destruction of the BFCN, whereas that of FTLD does not. This observation has profound implications for exploring the impact of different species of tauopathy on neuronal survival. The proteinopathy of FTLD‐TDP shows virtually no abnormal inclusions within the BFCN. Thus, the BFCN are highly vulnerable to the neurodegenerative effects of tauopathy in AD, resilient to the neurodegenerative effect of tauopathy in FTLD and apparently resistant to the emergence of proteinopathy in FTLD‐TDP and perhaps also in Pick's disease. Investigations are beginning to shed light on the potential mechanisms of this differential vulnerability and their implications for therapeutic intervention.

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Need of support perceived by patients primarily curatively treated for breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer and close to discharge from hospital—A qualitative study
Authors: Hajdarevic Senada , Fallbjörk Ulrika , Fransson Per , Åström Sture
Published: July 2021

Aim

To describe perceived needs of support among patients close to discharge from the hospital and at the end of primary curative radiotherapy for breast, colorectal or prostate cancer.

Background

Few studies have specifically explored patients’ early support needs when ending primary curative treatment.

Design

Qualitative interview study design.

Methods

A purposive sample of 27 participants with breast, colorectal or prostate cancer aged 33–88 years. The interviews were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Reporting followed the COREQ guidelines.

Results

Personal support to reach a sense of control and Social support for personal growth were two main themes, highlighting that people required adapted support from health care since needs of support could change over time. This support from health care was also relying on that trust‐based relationships were developed. Through mutuality with others and engagement in meaningful activities people became enabled and felt further supported. Personal support from health care seems specifically important for the patients’ feelings of control and could be a facilitator for patients to identify further support for personal growth in how to manage, on the one hand, illness and insecurity, and on the other, their well‐being and everyday life with cancer.

Conclusion

To empower patients who are ending primary treatment and being close to discharge from hospital, healthcare professionals should recognise patients’ shifting needs and adapt the support. Adapted support is significant for patients’ sense of safety. Biomedical information is not sufficient to fully support patients.

Relevance to clinical practice

Offering easy access to supportive care when primary treatment is finished could diminish people's stress, insecurity and avoidable use of healthcare services. Even after discharge, nurses preferably should adapt and offer support tailored to patients’ needs. Such support may improve patients’ sense of control and safety, trust in health care, feelings of community and encourage personal growth.
Organizational Demographic Faultlines: Their Impact on Collective Organizational Identification, Firm Performance, and Firm Innovation
Authors: Leicht‐Deobald Ulrich , Huettermann Hendrik , Bruch Heike , Lawrence Barbara S.
Published: July 2021

In this study, we seek to understand the consequences of demographic faultlines at the organizational level. Drawing from the faultline and cross‐categorization literature, we suggest that organizational demographic faultlines (based on age and gender) have the potential to either reduce or enhance employees’ collective organizational identification and, thereby, indirectly influence firm performance and innovation. Whether organizational demographic faultlines have detrimental or beneficial effects depends on the functional heterogeneity within faultline‐based demographic subgroups, where heterogeneity is defined as the extent to which subgroup members belong to different functional departments. We theorize that this functional heterogeneity alters the degree of social integration between demographic subgroups. Results from a multisource field study of demographic faultlines among 5,495 employees in 82 small and medium‐sized firms (<250 employees) support our model. We demonstrate that organizational demographic faultlines have important consequences, and we show that functional heterogeneity changes whether these consequences are negative or positive.
The work‐habits intervention model: A 12‐month study to change work‐email habits
Authors: Russell Emma , Daniels Kevin , Jackson Thomas W. , Fullman Marc
Published: July 2021

We present a Work‐habit Intervention Model (WhIM) to explain and predict how to change work‐habits to be more effective. Habit change has primarily been researched within the health domain. The WhIM contributes a unique theoretical perspective by: (i) suggesting that work‐habit change requires a two‐stage process of exposure to regular rationalized plans and a stated intention to use these plans; and, (ii) defining effective work‐habit change in terms of improvements to both goal attainment and well‐being over time. Self‐regulatory resources are included as potential moderators of habit change. This approach implies that work‐habits (unlike health‐habits) are seldom constitutionally ‘good’ or ‘bad’, which means that change requires a clear rationale in terms of improving goal attainment and well‐being. The WhIM was evaluated in a 12‐month wait‐list intervention study designed to improve work‐email habits for workers in a UK organization (N = 127 T1; N = 58 T3; N = 46 all data). Findings were that the two‐stage process changed work‐email habits for those with higher levels of self‐efficacy, which predicted well‐being in terms of reduced negative affect (via perceived goal attainment). We outline theoretical and practical implications and encourage future research to refine the WhIM across a range of other work contexts.

Practitioner points

Workers need to regularly engage with rationalized plans of action and state their intention to use these, in order to change work‐email habits.

Organizations should consider training workers to enhance their self‐efficacy prior to implementing a work‐email habit change intervention.

Providing regular feedback about the impact of work‐email habit change on well‐being and goal attainment is likely to make the change sustainable in the long‐term.
Identification of the calpain‐generated toxic fragment of ataxin‐3 protein provides new avenues for therapy of Machado–Joseph disease| Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Authors: Simões Ana Teresa , Carmona Vítor , Duarte‐Neves Joana , Cunha‐Santos Janete , Pereira de Almeida Luís
Published: July 2021

Aims

Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) is the most frequent dominantly inherited cerebellar ataxia worldwide. Expansion of a CAG trinucleotide in theMJD1gene translates into a polyglutamine tract within ataxin‐3, which upon proteolysis may lead to MJD. The aim of this work was to understand the in vivo contribution of calpain proteases to the pathogenesis of MJD. Therefore, we investigated (a) the calpain cleavage sites in ataxin‐3 protein, (b) the most toxic ataxin‐3 fragment generated by calpain cleavage and (c) whether targeting calpain cleavage sites of mutant ataxin‐3 could be a therapeutic strategy for MJD.

Methods

We generated truncated and calpain‐resistant constructs at the predicted cleavage sites of ataxin‐3 using inverse PCR mutagenesis. Lentiviral vectors encoding these constructs were transduced in the adult mouse brain prior to western blot and immunohistochemical analysis 5 and 8 weeks later.

Results

We identified the putative calpain cleavage sites for both wild‐type and mutant ataxin‐3 proteins. The mutation of these sites eliminated the formation of the toxic fragments, namely, the 26‐kDa fragment, the major contributor for striatal degeneration. Nonetheless, reducing the formation of both the 26‐ and 34‐kDa fragments was required to preclude the intranuclear localisation of ataxin‐3. A neuroprotective effect was observed upon mutagenesis of calpain cleavage sites within mutant ataxin‐3 protein.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the calpain system should be considered a target for MJD therapy. The identified calpain cleavage sites will contribute to the design of targeted drugs and genome editing systems for those specific locations.
SIMP1 modulates salt tolerance by elevating ERAD efficiency through UMP1A‐mediated proteasome maturation in plants
Authors: He Jiaxian , Zhuang Yufen , Li Chuan , Sun Xia , Zhao Shuangshuang , Ma Changle , Lin Honghui , Zhou Huapeng
Published: July 2021

Salt stress significantly induces accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in plants. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated protein degradation (ERAD) and other degradative machineries function in the degradation of these abnormal proteins, leading to enhanced salt tolerance in plants.

Here we characterise that a novel receptor‐like kinase, Salt‐Induced Malectin‐like domain‐containing Protein1 (SIMP1), elevates ERAD efficiency during salt stress through UMP1A, a putative proteasome maturation factor in Arabidopsis.

SIMP1 loss‐of‐function caused a salt‐hypersensitive phenotype. SIMP1 interacts and phosphorylates UMP1A, and the protein stability of UMP1A is positively regulated by SIMP1. SIMP1 modulates the 26S proteasome maturation possibly through enhancing the recruitment of specific β subunits of the core catalytic particle to UMP1A. Functionally, the SIMP1–UMP1A module plays a positive role in ERAD efficiency in Arabidopsis. The degradation of misfolded/unfolded proteins was impaired in both simp1 and ump1a mutants during salt stress. Consistently, both simp1 and ump1a plants exhibited reduced ER stress tolerance. Phenotypic analysis revealed that SIMP1 regulates salt tolerance through UMP1A at least in part.

Taken together, our work demonstrated that SIMP1 modulates plant salt tolerance by promoting proteasome maturation via UMP1A, therefore mitigating ER stress through enhanced ERAD efficiency under saline conditions.
Oceanic versus terrestrial origin of El Niño Southern Oscillation–associated continental precipitation anomalies
Authors: Sorí Rogert , Nieto Raquel , Liberato Margarida L. R. , Gimeno Luis
Published: July 2021

Precipitation is significantly influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is considered to be the most important factor that brings about climate variability. In this study, the asymmetry of the origin of continental precipitation anomalies during El Niño and La Niña events was investigated. An already validated Lagrangian approach was used to determine the proportion of the total Lagrangian precipitation that is of oceanic and terrestrial origin. Further, the role of these components of the Lagrangian precipitation in regions with significant precipitation anomalies during the ENSO was investigated. A two‐phase asymmetric behavior of precipitation, particularly in tropical regions, was obtained. For some of these regions, precipitation anomalies based on other datasets were also calculated to confirm the observed changes, and for these regions, it was observed that in all cases, the calculated anomaly of Lagrangian precipitation agreed with the precipitation change. The percentage of precipitation of oceanic origin was higher in most of these regions. However, it was observed that an increase in the percentage of precipitation of oceanic origin did not bring about a general increase in precipitation for all the regions, revealing the importance of precipitation of terrestrial origin during both phases of the ENSO.
Pediatric morphea state‐of‐the‐art literature review: Reframing morphea as a systemic disease
Authors: Sink Jacquelyn R. , Chiu Yvonne E.
Published: July 2021

Pediatric morphea is an inflammatory, fibrosing dermatologic disorder. Although morphea may be localized to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, differentiating it from systemic sclerosis, there is increasing evidence that morphea is a manifestation of a systemic inflammatory process, with the potential to involve many organ systems. Given the potential risk for irreversible sequelae, pediatric morphea should be treated early and aggressively. Long‐term disease monitoring is essential.
Topical corticosteroids for noninvasive treatment of pyogenic granulomas
Authors: Moustafa Danna , Neale Holly , Ostrowski Stephen M. , Gellis Stephen E. , Hawryluk Elena B.
Published: July 2021

Pyogenic granulomas are benign vascular proliferations of the skin and mucous membranes that tend to bleed easily. They typically require procedural treatments that can be difficult for patients with intellectual disabilities or behavioral concerns to tolerate. In our practice, we have found the use of topical clobetasol to be effective to induce regression of cutaneous pyogenic granulomas. We present here a case of an adolescent patient with autism and two bleeding pyogenic granulomas who poorly tolerated a biopsy of the first lesion and could not tolerate subsequent procedures. Topical therapy with clobetasol effectively managed the second pyogenic granuloma, an approach representative of a noninvasive practice utilized in our clinic.
A severe presentation of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with non‐infectious circulatory shock in an adolescent
Authors: O’Brian Madeleine , Kolitz Elysha , Jeong Haneol S. , Cao Lauren , Vandergriff Travis , Glass Donald A. , Dominguez Arturo R.
Published: July 2021

We present a severe case of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) secondary to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole complicated by non‐infectious circulatory shock in a 16‐year‐old boy. Hemodynamic instability has been reported as a complication of AGEP in adults, but is rarely observed in pediatric patients. The patient we present demonstrated characteristic cutaneous findings of AGEP including isolated non‐follicular, sterile pustules on a background of erythema with involvement at intertriginous areas and subsequently developed non‐infectious circulatory shock. This case expands the spectrum of possible clinical presentations for AGEP in pediatric patients.
The scope of health insurance coverage of vitiligo treatments in the United States: Implications for health care outcomes and disparities in children of color
Authors: Blundell Andrew , Sachar Moniyka , Gabel Colleen K. , Bercovitch Lionel G.
Published: July 2021

Background

Patients of color are disproportionately impacted by vitiligo. Access to treatment depends greatly on insurance coverage. We, therefore, assessed current vitiligo treatment coverage policies across major United States health insurers to determine current patterns and coverage gaps for vitiligo.

Methods

The study surveyed 15 commercial health care insurers, 50 BlueCross BlueShield (BCBS) plans, Medicare, Medicaid, and Veterans Affairs. Information on treatment coverage for vitiligo, specifically pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, excimer laser therapy, PUVA, and narrow‐band (nb)UVB, was collected via an online review of insurance policy documents, confirmed with phone calls to organization representatives, or via a survey of Medicaid providers, and state Medicaid directors.

Results

Of 17 organizations with regional or national coverage policies, 12% did not cover topical calcineurin inhibitors, 56% did not cover nbUVB phototherapy, 53% did not cover PUVA phototherapy, and 41% did not cover laser therapy. For BCBS, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus were not covered in 39% and 35% of states, respectively. NbUVB and PUVA therapy were not covered in 20% and 10% of states, respectively. Excimer laser therapy was not covered in 82% of states. Out of 32 states with accessible Medicaid information, 11 did not cover topicals, 5 did not cover nbUVB, 4 did not cover PUVA, and 7 did not cover laser. Two commonly cited reasons for coverage denial were that the treatment indication was considered cosmetic, and certain therapies are not FDA‐approved.

Conclusions

There is inequity in the distribution of health among vitiligo patients given current patterns of insurance coverage for treatment, which may have disproportionate impact on patients of color.
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: King David , Roberts Kristen , Stenton Sophie , Jenkins Anna
Published: July 2021

Hodgkin's lymphoma accounts for approximately 40% of all lymphomas presenting in childhood and can be associated with a variety of dermatologic manifestations. Here, we describe a case of Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of this association, especially if no alterative trigger for Stevens‐Johnson syndrome can be identified.
Remarks on “Network Structure and Its Impact on Commodity Markets”
Authors: Fleten Stein‐Erik
Published: July 2021

This commentary provides my remarks on “Network Structure and Its Impact on Commodity Markets” by John Birge.
The physiological acclimation and growth response of Populus trichocarpa to warming
Authors: Hogan J. Aaron , Baraloto Christopher , Ficken Cari , Clark Miranda D. , Weston David J. , Warren Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2021

Plant metabolic acclimation to thermal stress remains underrepresented in current global climate models. Gaps exist in our understanding of how metabolic processes (i.e., photosynthesis, respiration) acclimate over time and how aboveground versus belowground acclimation differs. We measured the thermal acclimation of Populus trichocarpa, comparing aboveground versus belowground physiology over time. Ninety genetically identical ramets were propagated in mesocosms that separated root and microbial components. After establishment at 25°C for 6 weeks, 60 clones were warmed +4 or +8°C and monitored for 10 weeks, measuring photosynthesis (A), leaf respiration (R), soil respiration (Rs), root plus soil respiration (Rs+r), and root respiration (Rr). We observed thermal acclimation in both A and R, with rates initially increasing, then declining as the thermal photosynthetic optimum (Topt) and the temperature‐sensitivity (Q10) of respiration adjusted to warmer conditions. Photosynthetic acclimation was constructive, based on an increase in both Topt and peak A. Belowground, Rs+r decreased linearly with warming, while Rs rates declined abruptly, then remained constant with additional warming. Plant biomass was greatest at +4°C, with 30% allocated belowground. Rates of mass‐based Rr were similar among treatments; however, root nitrogen declined at +8°C leading to less mass nitrogen‐based Rr in that treatment. The Q10‐temperature relationship of Rr was affected by warming, leading to differing values among treatments. Aboveground acclimation exceeded belowground acclimation, and plant nitrogen‐use mediated the acclimatory response. Results suggest that moderate climate warming (+4°C) may lead to acclimation and increased plant biomass production but increases in production could be limited with severe warming (+8°C).
The Law: Government Transparency and Public Access
Authors: Johnson Gbemende E.
Published: July 2021

National governments regularly balance concerns of transparency and access to information against the need for information security and confidentiality. Increased government transparency can inform the public of the reasons underlying government decisions and can promote the participation of outside parties and actors. However, increased transparency can uncover wrongdoing that can lead to embarrassment or legal action against government actors. This project explores the implementation of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and analyzes how politicization affects aggregate federal executive branch transparency. Utilizing FOIA initial disposition data across the Bush II and Obama administrations, I find a complex relationship between politicization, as indicated by aggregate appointee presence within an agency, and FOIA requests outcomes. I find that increased politicization is associated with a higher proportion of responses, noting that agencies were not able to locate responsive FOIA records. However, I find less evidence that politicization affects the aggregate amount of information released to requesters from retrieved records.
The role of the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Authors: Lv Jiaqi , Ji Xiaoxiao , Li Zhen , Hao Huiqin
Published: July 2021

The cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)—the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve—and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti‐inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.
Local regulation of auxin transport in root‐apex transition zone mediates aluminium‐induced Arabidopsis root‐growth inhibition
Authors: Li Cuiling , Liu Guangchao , Geng Xiaoyu , He Chunmei , Quan Taiyong , Hayashi Ken‐Ichiro , De Smet Ive , Robert Hélène S. , Ding Zhaojun , Yang Zhong‐Bao
Published: July 2021

Aluminium (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for worldwide crop production in acid soils. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the TAA1‐dependent local auxin biosynthesis in the root‐apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for Al toxicity, is crucial for the Al‐induced root‐growth inhibition, while the mechanism underlying Al‐regulated auxin accumulation in the TZ is not fully understood. In the present study, the role of auxin transport in Al‐induced local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition was investigated. Our results showed that PIN‐FORMED (PIN) proteins such as PIN1, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 and AUX1/LAX proteins such as AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2 were all ectopically up‐regulated in the root‐apex TZ in response to Al stress and coordinately regulated local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition. The ectopic up‐regulation of PIN1 in the TZ under Al stress was regulated by both ethylene and auxin, with auxin signalling acting downstream of ethylene. Al‐induced PIN1 up‐regulation and auxin accumulation in the root‐apex TZ was also regulated by the calossin‐like protein BIG. Together, our results provide insight into how Al stress induces local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition through the local regulation of auxin transport.
Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments of the cervical articular process joints in three horses
Authors: Schulze Nicole , Ehrle Anna , Beckmann Ina , Lischer Christoph
Published: July 2021

Objective

To report arthroscopic osteochondral fragment removal from the equine cervical spine articular process joints (APJs) including long‐term follow‐up.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Three Warmblood horses with forelimb lameness and/or reduced range of motion of the cervical spine with osteochondral fragments between the cervical vertebrae C5/C6or C6/C7.

Method

Arthroscopy of the APJs of C5/C6and C6/C7was performed under general anesthesia. Following endoscopic evaluation of the joints, osteochondral fragments were removed using a rongeur.

Results

All horses recovered from anesthesia with no anesthetic or minor postanesthetic complications. One horse needed a second procedure for fragment removal. Fourteen to 31 months post‐surgery the horses were sound for their intended use and neurological examination revealed no abnormalities.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments can be performed safely in the equine cervical APJs of C5/C6and C6/C7resulting in a favorable long‐term outcome.

Clinical Significance

Arthroscopic removal is a valid option for horses showing clinical signs that can be attributed to osteochondral fragments in the APJs of the neck.
Monocyte M1/M2 profile is altered in paediatric burn patients with hypertrophic scarring
Authors: Williams Helen , Suda Sasithorn , Dervish Suat , Yap Yen Tien , Holland Andrew J. A. , Medbury Heather J.
Published: July 2021

Hypertrophic scars (HTS) remain a common outcome of burn injury, particularly in children. They can arise from variations in the wound healing stages, such as an excessive inflammatory response or inefficient remodelling. Of the cells contributing to these healing stages, macrophages and fibrocytes are crucial. Specifically, the inflammatory phase is dominated by M1 macrophages, the proliferation/remodelling stages by M2 macrophages, and scar tissue contains numerous fibrocytes. As the progenitors to these cells, monocytes, can also exhibit M1‐ and M2‐skewing, we proposed that their profile, or circulating fibrocyte counts, could be used to predict poor healing outcomes. To investigate this, we obtained blood samples from paediatric controls and burns patients, which were then divided into HTS and NoHTS groups upon scar assessment at 12 months. The samples were assessed by whole blood flow cytometry to quantify fibrocytes and monocyte subset proportions and to determine monocyte levels of M1 (CD86, CD120b, CD319) and M2 (CD93, CD163, CD200R) markers. Both burns groups had higher proportions of classical monocytes compared to controls, indicating increased cell turnover and/or entry of other subsets into the wound. In burns patients who took more than 21 days to heal, the HTS group had lower M2 (CD200R) expression with the ratio of M1/M2 (CD86/CD200R) being significantly higher. These results suggest an elevated early inflammatory monocyte response contributes to development of HTS. Correlations of marker expression with remaining healing time revealed a significant positive correlation with M1 (CD120b) and M1/M2 (CD120b/CD200R), suggesting a potential role for CD120b as an indicator of healing delay. Fibrocytes did not significantly differ between the groups. In conclusion, increased monocyte inflammation likely contributes to slower healing and development of scarring, but further studies are needed to determine the predictive power of monocyte inflammatory profile.
The Sampling Conundrum in Qualitative Research: Can Saturation Help Alleviate the Controversy and Alleged Subjectivity in Sampling?
Authors: Sebele-Mpofu Favourate Y
Published: July 2021

Sampling is one of the most controversial matters in qualitative research. Qualitative researchers have often been denounced for not giving adequate rationalisations for their sample size resolutions. This study aimed to provide an extensive review of sampling methods used in qualitative research and discuss the extent to which saturation might help alleviate the issues concerning these methods, sample size sufficiency and when to sample. The study specifically honed on the sampling adequacy (how big or how small should a sample be), the sampling techniques used and whether sample sizes should be delineated a priori, posteriori or during analysis. Having highlighted, the paradoxically nature of these aspects, through an overview of the sampling process, the researcher explored saturation as a tool to alleviate the challenges and the lack of objectivity in sampling in qualitative research. The overall findings were that, saturation does provide same degree of transparency and quality in sampling, but the concept is not immune to controversy, guidelines on how to apply it or achieve it remain foggy and contestable among researchers. Discussions are in most cases oversimplified and comparatively unknowledgeable. The answer to the research question, was that, what really constitutes an adequate sample size is only answerable within the context of the study, scientific paradigm, epistemological stance, ontological and methodological assumptions of the research conducted. Contextualisation of the mode of saturation adopted, clear articulation of the research methodology and transparent reporting of the whole process is key to enhance the role of saturation in alleviating subjectivity in sampling. This paper sought to make a contribution to the on-going methodological discourse on how qualitative researchers can justify their sampling decisions.
Nonlinear Vibrations in Homogeneous Nonprismatic Timoshenko Cantilevers
Authors: Navadeh Navid , Sareh Pooya , Basovsky Volodymyr , Gorban Irina , Fallah Arash S.
Published: July 2021

Deep cantilever beams, modeled using Timoshenko beam kinematics, have numerous applications in engineering. This study deals with the nonlinear dynamic response in a nonprismatic Timoshenko beam characterized by considering the deformed configuration of the axis. The mathematical model is derived using the extended Hamilton’s principle under the condition of finite deflections and angles of rotation. The discrete model of the beam motion is constructed based on the finite difference method (FDM), whose validity is examined by comparing the results for a special case with the corresponding data obtained by commercial finite element (FE) software abaqus 2019. The natural frequencies and vibration modes of the beam are computed. These results demonstrate decreasing eigenfrequency in the beam with increasing amplitudes of nonlinear oscillations. The numerical analyses of forced vibrations of the beam show that its points oscillate in different manners depending on their relative position along the beam. Points close to the free end of the beam are subject to almost harmonic oscillations, and the free end vibrates with a frequency equal to that of the external force. When a point approaches the clamped end of the beam, it oscillates in two-frequency mode and lags in phase from the oscillations of the free end. The analytical model allows for the study of the influence of each parameter on the eigenfrequency and the dynamic response. In all cases, a strong correlation exists between the results obtained by the analytical model and ABAQUS; nonetheless, the analytical model is computationally less expensive.