bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of cobalt hydroxide carbonate Co2CO3(OH)2: density functional theory and X-ray diffraction investigation
Authors: González-López Jorge , Cockcroft Jeremy K. , Fernández-González Ángeles , Jimenez Amalia , Grau-Crespo Ricardo
Published: September 2017

The cobalt carbonate hydroxide Co2CO3(OH)2is a technologically important solid which is used as a precursor for the synthesis of cobalt oxides in a wide range of applications. It also has relevance as a potential immobilizer of the toxic element cobalt in the natural environment, but its detailed crystal structure is so far unknown. The structure of Co2CO3(OH)2has now been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) simulations and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements on samples synthesizedviadeposition from aqueous solution. Two possible monoclinic phases are considered, with closely related but symmetrically different crystal structures, based on those of the minerals malachite [Cu2CO3(OH)2] and rosasite [Cu1.5Zn0.5CO3(OH)2], as well as an orthorhombic phase that can be seen as a common parent structure for the two monoclinic phases, and a triclinic phase with the structure of the mineral kolwezite [Cu1.34Co0.66CO3(OH)2]. The DFT simulations predict that the rosasite-like and malachite-like phases are two different local minima of the potential energy landscape for Co2CO3(OH)2and are practically degenerate in energy, while the orthorhombic and triclinic structures are unstable and experience barrierless transformations to the malachite phase upon relaxation. The best fit to the PXRD data is obtained using a rosasite model [monoclinic with space groupP1121/nand cell parametersa= 3.1408 (4) Å,b= 12.2914 (17) Å,c= 9.3311 (16) Å and γ = 82.299 (16)°]. However, some features of the PXRD pattern are still not well accounted for by this refinement and the residual parameters are relatively poor. The relationship between the rosasite and malachite phases of Co2CO3(OH)2is discussed and it is shown that they can be seen as polytypes. Based on the similar calculated stabilities of these two polytypes, it is speculated that some level of stacking disorder could account for the poor fit of the PXRD data. The possibility that Co2CO3(OH)2could crystallize, under different growth conditions, as either rosasite or malachite, or even as a stacking-disordered phase intermediate between the two, requires further investigation.
Effect of cationic substitution on the double-well hydrogen-bond potential in [K1−x
(NH4)
x
]3H(SO4)2 proton conductors: a single-crystal neutron diffraction study
Authors: Choudhury R. R. , Chitra R. , Selezneva E. V. , Makarova I. P.
Published: September 2017

The structure of the mixed crystal [K1−x
(NH4)
x
]3H(SO4)2 as obtained from single-crystal neutron diffraction is compared with the previously reported room-temperature neutron structure of crystalline K3H(SO4)2. The two structures are very similar, as indicated by the high value of their isostructurality index (94.8%). It was found that the replacement of even a small amount (3%) of K+ with NH4
+ has a significant influence on the short strong hydrogen bond connecting the two SO4
2− ions. Earlier optical measurements had revealed that the kinetics of the superionic transition in the solid solution [K1−x
(NH4)
x
]3H(SO4)2 are much faster than in K3H(SO4)2; this reported difference in the kinetics of the superionic phase transition in this class of crystal is explained on the basis of the difference in strength of the hydrogen-bond interactions in the two structures.
Low-temperature behaviour of K2Sc[Si2O6]F: determination of the lock-in phase and its relationships with fresnoite- and melilite-type compounds
Authors: Hejny C. , Bindi L.
Published: September 2017

K2Sc[Si2O6]F exhibits, at room temperature, a (3 + 2)-dimensional incommensurately modulated structure [a= 8.9878 (1),c= 8.2694 (2) Å,V= 668.01 (2) Å3; superspace groupP42/mnm(α,α,0)000s(−α,α,0)0000] with modulation wavevectorsq1= 0.2982 (4)(a* +b*) andq2= 0.2982 (4)(−a* +b*). Its low-temperature behaviour has been studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Down to 45 K, the irrational component α of the modulation wavevectors is quite constant varying from 0.2982 (4) (RT), through 0.2955 (8) (120 K), 0.297 (1) (90 K), 0.298 (1) (75 K), to 0.299 (1) (45 K). At 25 K it approaches the commensurate value of one-third [i.e.0.332 (3)]: thus indicating that the incommensurate–commensurate phase transition takes place between 45 K and 25 K. The commensurate lock-in phase of K2Sc[Si2O6]F has been solved and refined with a 3 × 3 × 1 supercell compared with the tetragonal incommensurately modulated structure stable at room temperature. This corresponds to a 3 × 1 × 3 supercell in the pseudo-orthorhombic monoclinic setting of the low-temperature structure, space groupP2/m, with lattice parametersa= 26.786 (3),b= 8.245 (2)c= 26.824 (3) Å, β = 90.00 (1)°. The structure is a mixed tetrahedral–octahedral framework composed of chains of [ScO4F2] octahedra that are interconnected by [Si4O12] rings with K atoms in fourfold to ninefold coordination. Distorted [ScO4F2] octahedra are connected to distorted Si tetrahedra to form octagonal arrangements closely resembling those observed in the incommensurate structure of fresnoite- and melilite-type compounds.
A critical analysis of cultural metaphors and static cultural frameworks with insight from cultural neuroscience and evolutionary biology
Authors: Nguyen-Phuong-Mai Mai
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a critical analysis to address cultural metaphors – a much overlooked aspect of cross-cultural studies. Mainstream cultural metaphors (e.g. the iceberg, the software of the mind, the onion, and the distance) are not only limited in number, but are also overwhelmingly based on the static paradigm – as opposed to the dynamic paradigm that is often sidelined in academic discourse.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper introduces the Diagram of Diversity Pathways – an interdisciplinary framework that sheds some light on how the inherent meaning and heuristic orientation of static cultural metaphors may stand at odds with evidence from the newly emerged field of neurobiology.

Findings

The implications of these metaphors are called into question, namely, culture is all about differences; values are stable; values guide behaviors; and values are seen as binaries.

Research limitations/implications

The paper suggests that theorists and practitioners should pay more attention to the contribution and scholarly work of the dynamic paradigm since there appears to be substantial compatibility between them.

Originality/value

The matching of neurobiology and dynamic paradigm brings into focus alternative metaphors which not only offer insightful perspectives but also may open doors to perceive culture in a new way. Furthermore, cultural metaphors deserve more academic scrutiny because metaphors and theory development can have a symbiotic existence.
Bank competition, government intervention and SME debt financing
Authors: Du Jianhua , Bian Chao , Gan Christopher
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the government intervention and bank competition on small and medium enterprise (SME) external debt financing in Chinese capital market.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses ordinary least squares with standard errors clustered at the firm level. In addition, the authors use the dynamic system generalized method of moments to address the possible endogeneity issue in the regressions.

Findings

Using a sample of 908 firms from 2000 to 2010, the authors found that SMEs are more likely to access bank loans only in regions with higher level of government intervention than median government intervention. Further, the result shows that the government is motivated to help SMEs to obtain more external debt in regions where the level of bank competition is lower than the median bank competition index. Last, the authors found evidence that firms with politically connected CEOs are likely to access bank loans.

Research limitations/implications

This paper highlights that government intervention enables the SMEs to secure more bank loans. Second, the authors’ results imply that the government is motivated to help SMEs to obtain more external debt in regions with low level of bank competition.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the current literature by revealing that government intervention is the driving force alleviating SMEs’ constraints in accessing external financing. Second, this study finds the evidence to supports the argument that government has a strong motive to help SMEs to secure long-term credits for political purpose (Fan et al., 2012), when the level of bank competition is low (Berger and Udell, 2006).
Key sectors in carbon footprint responsibility at the city level: a case study of Beijing
Authors: Tian Jing , Lumbreras Julio , Andrade Celio , Liao Hua
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to identify key sectors in carbon footprint responsibility, an introduced concept depicting CO2responsibilities allocated through the supply chain containing sectoral activities and interactions. In detail, various key sectors could be identified according to comparative advantages in trade, sectoral linkage and sectoral synergy within the supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

A semi-closed input–output model is used to make the household income–expenditure relationship endogenous through the supply chain where sectoral CO2emissions are calculated, and the production-based responsibility (PR) principle is evaluated. Thus, according to “carbon footprint responsibility”, modified hypothetical extraction method is applied to decompose sectoral CO2in terms of comparative advantages in trade, sectoral linkage and synergy. Finally, key sectors are identified via sectoral shares and associated decompositions in carbon footprint responsibility.

Findings

Compared to 2005, in 2012, the PR principle failed to track sectoral CO2flow, and embodied CO2in import and interprovincial export increased, with manufacturing contributing the most; manufacturing should take more carbon responsibilities in the internal linkage, and tertiary sectors in the net forward and backward linkage, with sectors enjoying low carbonization in the mixed linkage; inward net CO2flows of manufacturing and service sectors were more complicated than their outward ones in terms of involved sectors and economic drivers; and residential effects on CO2emissions of traditional sectors increased, urban effects remained larger than rural ones and manufacturing and tertiary sectors received the largest residential effects.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is as follows: the household income–expenditure relationship got endogenous in intermediate supply and demand, corresponding to the rapid urbanization in megacities; key sectors were observed to change flexibly according to real sectoral activities and interaction; and the evaluation of the PR principle was completed ahead of using a certain CO2accounting principle at the city level.
Regional response to climate change and management: an analysis of Africa’s capacity
Authors: Faiyetole Ayodele Adekunle , Adesina Francis Adeyinka
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The mainstream climate change community has primarily concerned itself with mitigation and adaptation strategies, both of which require monitoring and prediction. These four inter-connected response actions (mitigation, adaptation, monitoring and prediction) constitute the main strategies for managing climate change. This paper aims to weigh in on policies and societal coordination for effective management of the earth’s climate with respect to these four elements in Africa because of its socioeconomic peculiarities.

Design/methodology/approach

The Delphi experts’ method backed by questionnaires was used to obtain relevant data for the study. The questionnaires were distributed to professionals dealing with issues related to climate change response and sustainability in various parts of the world, with a focus on Africa.

Findings

With respect to the strategies that are most needed for effective climate change actions in Africa, government’s policies, activities and decisions rank highest at 1.20 with ap-value of < 0.001, and financing is next at 0.93, mitigation is 0.83, prediction is 0.76 and adaptation is 0.68 (p= 0.048), at the 5 per cent cutoff. Also, for the most appropriate approaches to managing climate change across Africa, regional efforts are at least 8 times more effective than country-wide approaches, followed by continental efforts at 6.51 times, international cooperation at 3.99 times and inaction at 0.00 times.

Originality/value

The paper concludes that a holistic climate change management approach is important in Africa to contain the impacts of climate change in the continent.
Experimental study of two-way post-tensioned flat slabs in fire
Authors: Zhang Li , Wei Ya , Au Francis Tat Kwong , Li Jing
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the influence of tendon layout, pre-stressing force, bond condition and concrete spalling on the structural behaviour of two-way post-tensioned flat slabs at elevated temperatures.

Design/methodology/approach

Fire tests of four scale specimens of two-way post-tensioned concrete flat slabs were performed and analysed. Three of them were provided with bonded tendons, while the other was unbonded for comparison. The fabrication of specimens, phenomena observed during testing, temperature distributions, deflections and occurrence of concrete spalling were examined.

Findings

Different degrees of concrete spalling observed at the soffit had significant effects on the temperature distribution and stress redistribution. This was the major reason for the progressive concrete spalling observed, resulting in loss of structural integrity and stiffness.

Originality/value

The structural behaviour of two-way post-tensioned concrete flat slabs at elevated temperatures is less understood compared to their one-way counterparts. Therefore, the present study has focused on the structural behaviour of two-way post-tensioned concrete flat slabs with bonded tendons in fire, a field in which relatively little information on experimental work can be found.
Autoimmune diseases involving skin and intestinal mucosa are more frequent in adolescents and young adults suffering from atopic dermatitis
Authors: Cipriani Francesca , Marzatico Alice , Ricci Giampaolo
Published: September 2017

Evidence has emerged about the relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and autoimmune diseases, but the underlying mechanism of this association is complex and still unclear. Recent epidemiological data from the published work suggest a positive correlation. The aim of this review is to analyze the frequency of co‐occurrence of AD and autoimmune diseases. Our systematic review included 22 articles from PubMed describing the reciprocal association between AD and autoimmune diseases. Although not all the studies achieved statistically significant results, patients suffering from autoimmune diseases involving skin and intestinal mucosa, such as vitiligo, alopecia areata, celiac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases, showed a higher risk to have AD as comorbidity. In contrast, patients with rheumatological autoimmune disorders did not show a significant correlation with AD. By analyzing the occurrence of autoimmune disorders in patients with AD, we confirmed a positive correlation between AD and autoimmune diseases involving skin and intestinal mucosa, but also with systemic lupus erythematosus, while the association between AD and type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis showed conflicting results. Further investigations are need to explain the mechanism underlying the observed comorbidity between AD and autoimmune diseases and to develop targeted prevention strategies and treatment.
Lipofuscin deposition causes the pigmentation of apocrine hidrocystoma
Authors: Kitamura Shinya , Yanagi Teruki , Imafuku Keisuke , Hata Hiroo , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: September 2017

Apocrine hidrocystoma (AHC) is a benign cystic lesion arising from apocrine glands and frequently presents as a blue hae with a whitish gloss. It has been reported that the amount of lipofuscin and the degree of its oxidation determines the pigmentation of AHC. However, little is known about the correlation between clinical color and lipofuscin granules. In this study, we histopathologically investigated three cases of AHC and statistically analyzed the quantitative correlation between the clinical color tone and the amount of cytoplasmic lipofuscin deposits. The color tone was quantified as the mean gray value using Image J software. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlative tendency (P = 0.09) between the color tone and the amount of lipofuscin. Our study suggests that the color tone of AHC is associated with the amount of lipofuscin.
Clade II nitrous oxide respiration of Wolinella succinogenes depends on the NosG, ‐C1, ‐C2, ‐H electron transport module, NosB and a Rieske/cytochrome bc complex
Authors: Hein Sascha , Witt Samantha , Simon Jörg
Published: September 2017

Microbial reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) is an environmentally significant process in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. However, it has been recognized only recently that the gene encoding N2O reductase (nosZ) is organized in varying genetic contexts, thereby defining clade I (or ‘typical’) and clade II (or ‘atypical’) N2O reductases and nos gene clusters. This study addresses the enzymology of the clade II Nos system from Wolinella succinogenes, a nitrate‐ammonifying and N2O‐respiring Epsilonproteobacterium that contains a cytochrome c N2O reductase (cNosZ). The characterization of single non‐polar nos gene deletion mutants demonstrated that the NosG, ‐C1, ‐C2, ‐H and ‐B proteins were essential for N2O respiration. Moreover, cells of a W. succinogenes mutant lacking a putative menaquinol‐oxidizing Rieske/cytochrome bc complex (QcrABC) were found to be incapable of N2O (and also nitrate) respiration. Proton motive menaquinol oxidation by N2O is suggested, supported by the finding that the molar yield for W. succinogenes cells grown by N2O respiration using formate as electron donor exceeded that of fumarate respiration by about 30%. The results demand revision of the electron transport chain model of clade II N2O respiration and challenge the assumption that NosGH(NapGH)‐type iron‐sulfur proteins are menaquinol‐reactive.
Trade Secrets Law and Corporate Disclosure: Causal Evidence on the Proprietary Cost Hypothesis
Authors: LI YINGHUA , LIN YUPENG , ZHANG LIANDONG
Published: September 2017

This study exploits the staggered adoption of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD) by U.S. state courts as an exogenous shock that generates variations in the proprietary costs of disclosure. We find that firms respond to IDD adoption by reducing the level of disclosure regarding their customers’ identities, supporting the proprietary cost hypothesis. Our results are stronger for firms in industries with a higher degree of entry threats, for firms in more volatile industries, and for firms with a lower degree of external financing dependence. Overall, this study represents one of the first efforts in identifying the causal effect of proprietary costs of disclosure on the supply of disclosure.
Determination of crAssphage in water samples and applicability for tracking human faecal pollution
Authors: García‐Aljaro Cristina , Ballesté Elisenda , Muniesa Maite , Jofre Juan
Published: September 2017

In recent decades, considerable effort has been devoted to finding microbial source‐tracking (MST) markers that are suitable to assess the health risks of faecally polluted waters, with no universal marker reported so far. In this study, the abundance and prevalence of a crAssphage‐derived DNA marker in wastewaters of human and animal origins were studied by a new qPCR assay with the ultimate aim of assessing its potential as an MST marker. crAssphage showed up to 106 GC/ml in the sewage samples of human origin, in both the total DNA and the viral DNA fraction. In wastewaters containing animal faecal remains, 39% of the samples were negative for the presence of the crAssphage sequence, while those showing positive results (41% of the samples) were at least 1 log10 unit lower than the samples of human origin. Noteworthy, the log10 values of the ratio (R) crAssphage (GC/ml)/Escherichia coli (CFU/ml) varied significantly depending on the human or animal origin (R > 1.5 for human samples and R < −1.5 for animal wastewater samples. This study opens the way for further research to explore if different specific animal variants of crAssphage exist and whether other zones of the crAssphage genome are better suited to source discrimination.
Dispersal and inhibitory roles of mannose, 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose and N‐acetylgalactosaminidase on the biofilm of Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Authors: Poosarla Venkata G. , Wood Thammajun L. , Zhu Lei , Miller Daniel S. , Yin Bei , Wood Thomas K.
Published: September 2017

Biofilms of sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are often the major cause of microbiologically influenced corrosion. The representative SRB Desulfovibrio vulgaris has previously been shown to have a biofilm that consists primarily of protein. In this study, by utilizing lectin staining, we identified that the biofilm of D. vulgaris also consists of the matrix components mannose, fucose and N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), with mannose predominating. Based on these results, we found that the addition of mannose and the nonmetabolizable mannose analog 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose inhibits the biofilm formation of D. vulgaris as well as that of D. desulfuricans; both compounds also dispersed the SRB biofilms. In addition, the enzyme N‐acetylgalactosaminidase, which degrades GalNAc, was effective in dispersing D. vulgaris biofilms. Therefore, by determining composition of the SRB biofilm, effective biofilm control methods may be devised.
Expression of CXCR4 and VEGF‐C is correlated with lymph node metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Bi Ming Ming , Shang Bin , Wang Zhou , Chen Gang
Published: September 2017

Background

This study investigated the correlations between CXCR4 and VEGF‐C expression and lymph node metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

Tumor specimens, lymph nodes, and normal lung tissues were obtained from 110 NSCLC patients who underwent complete resection. Quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR and immunohistochemistry assays were conducted to evaluate messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of CXCR4 and VEGF‐C. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in NSCLC.

Results

CXCR4 and VEGF‐C mRNA expression were observed in 78 (70.9%) and 64 (58.2%) lung cancer tissues, while CXCR4 and VEGF‐C protein expression were observed in 76 (69.9%) and 58 (52.7%) lung cancer tissues, respectively. The expression rates of CXCR4 and VEGF‐C mRNA in metastatic lymph nodes were 84.8% and 66.7%, which were higher than that in non‐metastatic lymph nodes (27.3% and 18.2%), respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that positive expressions of CXCR4 and VEGF‐C mRNA were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. Furthermore, combined expression of CXCR4 and VEGF‐C showed a much higher odds ratio than CXCR4 or VEGF‐C expression alone.

Conclusions

CXCR4 and VEGF‐C were highly expressed in lung cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. CXCR4 and VEGF‐C expression levels were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. CXCR4 and VEGF‐C might synergically promote lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer and might be a clinical predictor of lymph node metastasis in NSCLC patients.
Human Factors and Simulation in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Hayden Emily M. , Wong Ambrose H. , Ackerman Jeremy , Sande Margaret K. , Lei Charles , Kobayashi Leo , Cassara Michael , Cooper Dylan D. , Perry Kimberly , Lewandowski William E. , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: September 2017

This consensus group from the 2017 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference “Catalyzing System Change through Health Care Simulation: Systems, Competency, and Outcomes” held in Orlando, Florida, on May 16, 2017, focused on the use of human factors (HF) and simulation in the field of emergency medicine (EM). The HF discipline is often underutilized within EM but has significant potential in improving the interface between technologies and individuals in the field. The discussion explored the domain of HF, its benefits in medicine, how simulation can be a catalyst for HF work in EM, and how EM can collaborate with HF professionals to effect change. Implementing HF in EM through health care simulation will require a demonstration of clinical and safety outcomes, advocacy to stakeholders and administrators, and establishment of structured collaborations between HF professionals and EM, such as in this breakout group.
Identification of the trajectory of functional decline for advance care planning in a nursing home population
Authors: Lawrence Suanne , Robinson Andrew , Eagar Kathy
Published: September 2017

Objective

To identify diagnostic groups and the form of the trajectory of functional decline that has the potential to enhance advance care planning (ACP) in a nursing home (NH) population.

Methods

Retrospective, longitudinal study with dependent variable (function) derived from the Resident Classification Scale (RCS), 1997–2008. Trajectory modelling used linear and curvilinear terms.

Results

The organ failure or other residents have a linear average functional decline. The organ failure residents had an average decline of 6.5 points per year and average function score at death of 68.6, CI [62.4, 74.8]. The cancer and frailty residents had significant curvilinear terms. The frailty residents had a slower rate of decline at 9.54 points per year and were most care dependent at death, with an average function score of 77.1, CI [73.8, 80.9].

Conclusion

Functional change is a measurable variable for a predictive tool to enhance ACP for NH residents based on their diagnosis.
Effects of responsible human resource management practices on female employees’ turnover intentions
Authors: Nie Dan , Lämsä Anna‐Maija , Pučėtaitė Raminta
Published: September 2017

This study focuses on the effects of socially responsible human resource management (SR‐HRM) practices on female employees’ turnover intentions and the moderating effect of supervisor gender on this relationship. With a sample of 212 female employees from eight different industries in Finland, the results indicate that SR‐HRM practices promoting equal career opportunities and work–family integration play a significant role in reducing women's turnover intentions. The study adds to the academic discourse of corporate social responsibility by highlighting the impact of the organizational‐level HRM determinants on the individual‐level outcome. In addition, supervisor gender makes a difference in the studied relationship: female supervisors have a stronger and more significant impact on the relationship than male supervisors. Our findings suggest that organizational measures which support work–family integration should be taken seriously to decrease female employees’ turnover intentions. Male supervisors could adopt some gender‐incongruent leadership behaviors, such as individualized emotional concern and caring when dealing with female employees. In the future, other gender combinations in the supervisor–employee relationship would merit research.
Self‐Concept Predicts Academic Achievement Across Levels of the Achievement Distribution: Domain Specificity for Math and Reading
Authors: Susperreguy Maria Ines , Davis‐Kean Pamela E. , Duckworth Kathryn , Chen Meichu
Published: September 2017

This study examines whether self‐concept of ability in math and reading predicts later math and reading attainment across different levels of achievement. Data from three large‐scale longitudinal data sets, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development–Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, and Panel Study of Income Dynamics–Child Development Supplement, were used to answer this question by employing quantile regression analyses. After controlling for demographic variables, child characteristics, and early ability, the findings indicate that self‐concept of ability in math and reading predicts later achievement in each respective domain across all quantile levels of achievement. These results were replicated across the three data sets representing different populations and provide robust evidence for the role of self‐concept of ability in understanding achievement from early childhood to adolescence across the spectrum of performance (low to high).
The cost‐effectiveness of oral health interventions: A systematic review of cost‐utility analyses
Authors: Hettiarachchi Ruvini M. , Kularatna Sanjeewa , Downes Martin J. , Byrnes Joshua , Kroon Jeroen , Lalloo Ratilal , Johnson Newell W. , Scuffham Paul A.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To assess the usage of cost‐utility analysis (CUA) in oral health interventions and to evaluate the methods used and the reporting quality ofCUAin publications on oral health interventions.

Methods

A systematic review was performed on literature published between 2000 and 2016 where cost‐utility analyses of oral health interventions were included. The reporting quality of these oral healthCUAs was assessed against the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist.

Results

Of the 6637 publications identified initially, 23 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 (61%) had been published in the last 6 years. Included studies were on oral cancer (n = 6), provision of dental prosthesis (n = 6), dental caries (n = 4), periodontal diseases (n = 3), antibiotic prophylaxis (n = 2), dento‐facial anomalies (n = 1) and dental service provision (n = 1). Twenty‐one studies were able to identify the most cost‐effective intervention among the different options compared. Of the 23 studies identified, 15 (65%) used quality‐adjusted life years (QALY) as the outcome measure, and 18 (78%) reported an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. The economic perspective was clearly stated in 13 articles (57%). Twenty studies (87%) reported the discount rate, and 22 (96%) undertook sensitivity analysis. The reporting quality of studies, appraised by theCHEERSchecklist, varied from 75% to 100% (median 92%).

Conclusion

The use ofCUAs in evaluation of oral health interventions has been increasing recently, especially from 2011 to 2016. The majority ofCUAarticles were of good reporting quality as assessed by theCHEERSchecklist and were able to provide conclusions regarding the most cost‐effective intervention among the different options compared: this will assist in healthcare decision‐making and resource allocation. These positive outcomes of our study encourage wider use ofCUAs within the dental and oral health professions.
MMP‐2 and Notch signal pathway regulate migration of adipose‐derived stem cells and chondrocytes in co‐culture systems
Authors: Zhang Qi , Deng Shuwen , Sun Ke , Lin Shiyu , Lin Yunfeng , Zhu Bofeng , Cai Xiaoxiao
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The crosstalk between chondrocytes and adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) could regulate the secretion of multiple growth factors. However, it is not clear how the paracrine action in co‐culture systems affect cell migration. This study focused on the changes of cell migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes in co‐culture conditions.

Materials and methods

Primary ADSCs and chondrocytes were isolated from Sprague‐Dawley rat. Transwell co‐culture systems, inoculated with ADSCs and chondrocytes, were established in vitro. The morphology of the cells was observed 7 days post‐seeding by inverted phase‐contrast microscope. Additionally, the cytoskeleton changes were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. To detect the abundance of Vinculin, we used immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Additionally, the expression level of MMP‐2, Hey1 and Hes1 was examined to determine the mechanisms of co‐culture‐induced cell migration changes.

Results

The migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes in co‐culture conditions significantly decreased compared with that in mono‐culture groups, accompanied by the decrease of filopodia and the expression level of MMP‐2.

Conclusions

The overall study showed that the migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes differs significantly depending on culture conditions. Moreover, the Notch signalling pathway may be involved in this process. Accordingly, by studying changes in migration caused by co‐culture, we obtained new insight into the crosstalk between ADSCs and chondrocytes.
LATIN AMERICA'S DECLINING SKILL PREMIUM: A MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Guerra‐Salas Juan F.
Published: September 2017

The decline in Latin America's skill premium and income inequality during the 2000s was partly driven by an economic expansion that favored low‐skill‐intensive service sectors. Evidence shows inequality becomes countercyclical in the 2000s, and unlike previous expansions, the boom was concentrated on services while manufacturing lagged behind. I build an open economy general equilibrium model that features a low‐skill‐intensive nontradable sector. The model suggests that favorable shocks to commodity prices and international interest rate spreads, such as those that buffeted Latin America in the 2000s, account for about a fifth of the observed decline in the skill premium. (JEL D31, E32, F41, O15, O54)
A Qualitative Evaluation of a Fitness and Nutrition‐Focused Wellness Program
Authors: Andrews Deanida , Gray Virginia B. , Galvan Christine , Donlin Ayla
Published: September 2017

Nutrition education interventions have shown some effectiveness at promoting healthy diets. However, qualitative investigations might enhance understanding of factors that facilitate behavior change. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that facilitate behavior change among participants of a nutrition intervention for underserved citizens in Southern California. A focus group with eight participants suggested themes that included changes in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and skills; successful program components; and applied knowledge. Participants valued hands‐on learning and indicated use of new food selection and preparation skills outside of class. The results of this program suggest that further study of community‐based dietary interventions in varied settings and with larger samples is needed.
Experience‐dependent neural plasticity, learning, and memory in the era of epitranscriptomics
Authors: Leighton L. J. , Ke K. , Zajaczkowski E. L. , Edmunds J. , Spitale R. C. , Bredy T. W.
Published: September 2017

In this short review, we highlight recent findings in the emerging field of epitranscriptomic mechanisms and discuss their potential role in neural plasticity, learning and memory. These include the influence of RNA modifications on activity‐induced RNA structure states, RNA editing and RNA localization, and how qualitative state changes in RNA increase the functional diversity and information‐carrying capacity of RNA molecules. We predict that RNA modifications may be just as important for synaptic plasticity and memory as quantitative changes in transcript and protein abundance, but with the added advantage of not being required to signal back to the nucleus, and therefore better suited to be coordinated with the temporal dynamics of learning.
Effects of tropical legume silages on intake, digestibility and performance in large and small ruminants: A review
Authors: Castro‐Montoya J. , Dickhoefer U.
Published: September 2017

A meta‐analysis was performed to determine the effects of feeding ruminants with tropical legume silages on intake, digestibility and performance using a data set with 218 treatments (162 containing legumes, 56 without legumes) from 62 trials. First, a regression analysis was performed for diets containing legumes. Dry‐matter intake (DMI) and digestibility decreased with increasing legume proportion, with greater effects on large compared with small ruminants. Milk yield (MY) by dairy cows was not affected by legumes. Average daily gain (ADG) by cattle was maximized with legume silage inclusion between 200 and 400 g/kg DM, but no effect appeared for small ruminants. A second analysis compared diets without legumes with diets with medium (101–400 g/kg DM) and high (401–800 g/kg DM) legume inclusion. There were no differences in DMI, MY and ADG between the medium inclusion and without legumes, but all these parameters decreased with high inclusion. Digestibility was lower in diets with legume silages than in diets without legumes, regardless of the inclusion level. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was highest in diets with medium inclusion and lowest with high legume inclusion. While high legume inclusion negatively affected performance, including legume silages up to 400 g/kg DM seems to enhance or at least maintain MY, ADG and FCE, despite lower intake and digestibility. The reasons for such apparent paradox remain unclear. Well‐designed studies focusing on, e.g. microbial protein synthesis, energy metabolism, protein/carbohydrates characteristics, are required to better understand the effects of tropical legumes silages on nutrients’ utilization.
Formation of Ti3SiC2 interphase coating on SiCf/SiC composite by electrophoretic deposition
Authors: Lee Hyeon‐Geun , Kim Daejong , Park Ji Yeon , Kim Weon‐Ju
Published: September 2017

To improve the oxidation resistance of SiC composites at high temperature, the feasibility of using Ti3SiC2 coated via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a SiC fiber reinforced SiC composite interphase material was studied. Through fiber pullout, Ti3SiC2, due to its lamellar structure, has the possibility of improving the fracture toughness of SiCf/SiC composites. In this study, Ti3SiC2 coating was produced by EPD on SiC fiber; using Ti3SiC2‐coated SiC fabric, SiCf/SiC composite was fabricated by hot pressing. Platelet Ti3SiC2 powder pulverized into nanoparticles through high‐energy wet ball milling was uniformly coated on the SiC fiber in a direction in which the basal plane of the particles was parallel to the fiber. In a 3‐point bending test of the SiCf/SiC composite using Ti3SiC2‐coated SiC fabric, the SiCf/SiC composite exhibited brittle fracture behavior, but an abrupt slope change in the strength‐displacement curve was observed during loading due to the Ti3SiC2 interphase. On the fracture surface, delamination between each layer of SiC fabric was observed.
Elevated blood pressure in the developing world: a role for clinical pharmacists†
Authors: Smith Michael T , Monahan Megan P , Nelson Paige , Moruzzi Matthew , DeLucenay Alexander J , Birnie Christine R
Published: September 2017

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and patient knowledge of elevated blood pressure amongst a cross-section of patients in underserved communities in three selected low-income countries worldwide: El Salvador, India and Kenya.

Methods

Mobile medical clinics were established as part of medical mission trips in El Salvador, India and Kenya. Willing male and female patients, at least 25 years of age, who presented at each clinic were screened for elevated blood pressure, including 332 patients in El Salvador, 847 patients in India and 160 patients in Kenya. Patients were classified into Stage I or II elevated blood pressure based on modified JNCVII guidelines. A questionnaire was completed regarding their knowledge about the existence and management of their disease state.

Key findings

Of the 1339 patients screened, 368 presented with elevated blood pressure (27%). Of these patients, 147 had been previously informed of hypertension or an elevated blood pressure (39.9%), 28 reported receiving antihypertensive medication (7.6%) and 24 reported awareness of non-pharmaceutical treatment options (6.5%). In Kenya, 81 patients were screened in a rural setting and 79 in an urban setting. Patients demonstrating controlled blood pressure were 63 (78%) and 38 (48%), respectively, demonstrating a significant difference between the rural versus urban settings (P = 0.00359).

Conclusions

All regions demonstrated similar trends in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, highlighting the need for increased disease state education in these regions.
Simulations of the surfaces of soda lime aluminoborosilicate glasses exposed to water
Authors: Garofalini Stephen H. , Ha Ming Tai , Urraca Joelyn
Published: September 2017

Molecular dynamics simulations of 7 compositionally different sodium calcium alumino‐borosilicate glasses showed formation of 4B and 5Al more consistent with experimental data without compromising the other structural features that match experimental results observed in recent simulations of these glasses. Analysis of the dry surfaces of these glasses show a lack of 4B in the top 5‐6 Å of the surface in comparison to the bulk concentration for all glasses and no 5Al. Upon exposure to water, the simulations show that the 3B in the top 5‐6 Å of the glasses are preferentially attacked, decreasing the number of B bonds to O originally from the glass, indicating a change in the glass network. Inclusion of all B–O bonds in the top 5‐6 Å (i.e., including O from water) shows a decrease in 3B but an increase in 4B that is consistent with NEXAFS analysis, which the simulations show are hydroxylated. There is an increase in the concentration of 3Al in the dry surface in comparison to the bulk, but exposure to water converts almost all of these 3Al to 4Al. Hydroxyl concentrations vary from 2.6/nm2 to 4.1/nm2, with SiOH and BOH dominating these surface hydroxyls. Upon exposure to water, network linkages to B are preferentially ruptured. This, and the preferential loss of the nonbridging oxygen sites attached to Na, provide atomistic evidence of the initial stages of removal of B and Na from glass surfaces exposed to water.
Contemporary concepts in carious tissue removal: A review
Authors: Schwendicke Falk
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Based on a changed understanding of the disease caries and its pathogenesis, strategies for carious tissue removal have changed, too. This review aims to summarize these changes and to provide clinical recommendations.

Overview

Removing all carious dentin from a cavity is not needed any longer to manage caries or the carious lesion. Instead, the carious lesion should be treated in a way allowing to arrest its activity, while preserving sound tooth tissue and pulp vitality. For teeth with vital pulps, a number of removal strategies have been developed: (1) Nonselective (complete) removal, which is not recommended any longer, (2) Selective removal to firm dentin, where firm dentin is left centrally and hard dentin peripherally, allowing the placement of a long‐lasting restoration while avoiding the removal of remineralizable tissue; this is recommended for shallow or moderately deep lesions; (3) Selective removal to soft dentin, where soft or leathery dentin is left in proximity to the pulp and sealed beneath a restoration; this is recommended for deep lesions; (4) Stepwise removal; which combines different strategies and is also suitable for deep lesions, at least in adult patients. Alternatives include not removing but sealing the lesions using resins (for shallow, noncavitated lesions) or stainless steel crowns (the Hall Technique, for cavitated lesions in primary molars), or opening up the lesion and regularly cleaning it (nonrestorative cavity control, currently not supported by sufficient evidence).

Clinical significance

Dentists should tailor their carious tissue removal strategy according to tooth type and, more importantly, lesion depth.
Modification of Maternal Sleep Position to Optimise Fetal Well‐being in Late Pregnancy: A Survey in a Multicultural New Zealand Region
Authors: Cronin Robin S. , Chelimo Carol , Mitchell Edwin A. , Okesene‐Gafa Kara , Thompson John , Taylor Rennae S. , Hutchison B. Lynne , McCowan Lesley M.E.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This survey investigated late pregnancy maternal sleep practices and ability to modify sleep position in order to generate information on which to base future public health messages about optimal going‐to‐sleep position.

Research Question

What are the sleep practices of women in late pregnancy, and what are their views about changing going‐to‐sleep position if this was recommended?

Significance

Maternal sleep position in late pregnancy is a modifiable risk factor for late stillbirth. A 2011 study from Auckland, New Zealand, was the first to demonstrate a 2‐fold increased risk for women who did not go to sleep on their left side the night before the fetus was thought to have died, with the highest risk for women who settled to sleep supine. This association has since been confirmed by an Australian and Ghanaian study and a New Zealand multicentre study.

Methods

A random sample of ethnically‐representative women (N = 377), between 28 and 42 weeks’ gestation, were surveyed in 2014 in South Auckland, New Zealand, a multicultural and socioeconomically disadvantaged population with an increased risk of stillbirth. Factors independently associated with non‐left side going‐to‐sleep position in late pregnancy were identified using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Self‐reported going‐to‐sleep position in the last week was left (30%), right (22%), supine (3%), either side (39%), and other (6%). The majority (68%) had received advice about pregnancy sleep position. A non‐left position was more likely to be reported by women of Maori (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23‐5.66) or Pacific (aOR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.46‐5.78) ethnicity, and those who did not sleep on the left‐hand side of the bed (aOR, 3.29; 95% CI, 2.03‐5.32). Most (87%) non‐left sleepers reported that they would have minimal difficulty changing to going to sleep on their left side in late pregnancy if this was better for their fetus.

Discussion

The results from this survey suggest that going‐to‐sleep position in late pregnancy is likely to be readily modifiable. This suggests that a public health intervention, about the importance of optimal late pregnancy going‐to‐sleep position to optimise fetal well‐being, is likely to be feasible in similar communities with an increased risk of stillbirth.