bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical and optical properties of single As-doped ZnO nanowire field effect transistors
Authors: Zhang Jun-Yan  , Deng Tian-Song  , Shen Xin  , Zhu Kong-Tao  , Zhang Qi-Feng  , Wu Jin-Lei  ,   北京大学电子学系，纳米器件物理与化学教育部重点实验室，北京  100871
Published: December 2020

ZnO nanowires with the average diameter of 20 nm and the length of longer than 10 μm were synthesized on GaAs substrate by chemical vapor deposition（CVD）. As-doped ZnO nanowires were obtained by annealing the samples at 600 ℃ for 30 min in oxygen. Single ZnO nanowire field effect transistors（FET） were fabricated by electron beam exposure and magnetron sputtering deposition and Ti/Au deposited as ohmic-contact electrodes. Based on the electrical properties of the single ZnO nanowire FET before and after annealing, we verified that p-type ZnO nanowire can be obtained by As doping effectively. The parameters of the single As doped ZnO nanowire FET were as follows: the transconductance was 35 nA/V, the hole density was 1.4×1018 cm-3, and the mobility was 6.0 cm2/V·s. We also obtained the photoluminescence spectrum of single As-doped ZnO nanowire: strong ultraviolet light at 383 nm, weaker yellow-green light, and red light due to the existence of AsZn-2VZn shallow acceptors.
Drag-reduction property of composite structure surface with planar quasicrystal
Authors: Gao Peng  , Geng Xing-Guo  , Ou Xiu-Long  , Xue Wen-Hui  ,   西北工业大学理学院，西安  710072
Published: December 2020

We built the quasicrystal structures which are five-fold，eight-fold，ten-fold and twelve-fold rotational symmetric artificially，and measured their drag-reduction in the mixed solution of water and glycerin by viscometer. We found the twelvefold symmetric structure has a drag-reduction of 15%—9% when shear rate is 200—2000s-1. The drag-reduction can be much greater when the structure is compounded with rough surface consisting of micro/nano-structures.
Characteristics of electron emission from La-doped Pb（Zr,Sn,Ti）O3 antiferroelectric cathode under negative triggering pulse
Authors: Zhang Lin-Li  , Xu Zhuo  , Feng Yu-Jun  , Sheng Zhao-Xuan  ,   (1)西安建筑科技大学物理系，西安  710055；西安交通大学电子材料与器件教育部重点实验室，西安  710049; (2)西安交通大学电子材料与器件教育部重点实验室，西安  710049
Published: December 2020

An antiferroelectric cathode material, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate （PLZST） located in the vicinity of antiferro-ferroelectric phase boundary, was prepared by solid state calcination method. The electron emission property of the novel antiferroelectric cathode under the negative triggering voltage pulses was investigated. The emission threshold value voltage from PLZST with 0.5 mm width under negative triggering pulses was 500 V. For negative triggering voltage of 500 V and extraction voltage of 3.5 kV, a large emission current of 690 A was obtained. It was indicated that the emission threshold value voltage was low and the emission current was large. Even when the triggering voltage was lower than the positive switch electric field, strong emission current can be obtained from PLZST. Finally, the mechanism of electron emission of PLZST under negative triggering pulses was discussed.
Experimental investigation on formation of Al-Si clusters and nanocrystals in the segregation of ion-implanted Al on Si(100)
Authors: Gao Hao  , Liao Long-Zhong  , Zhang Zhao-Hui  ,   北京大学物理学院，人工微结构与介观物理国家重点实验室，北京  100871
Published: December 2020

By high-temperature annealing of Si(100) samples containing ion-implanted Al atoms，thermodynamic behaviors of the segregated Al atoms on the surfaces have been investigated. Experiments of annealing the samples at 900℃ show that Al and Si atoms conbine to form Al-Si clusters with size of 2—3nm，while segregated Al atoms form epitaxial Al film and islands on Si(100) surfaces. Further annealing at 1200℃ indicates that rapid cooling of samples leads to formation of cubic Al4Si grains of 20—30nm size. The Al-Si clusters seem to be independent of the substrate structure and tend to come together，which are probably the precursor of the Al-Si alloy formed in the process of the high-temperature annealing and rapid cooling.
Enhancement of internal stochastic resonance in Neurospora circadian clock system：Multiplicative and additive noises effects
Authors: Shi Jian-Cheng  , Lang Xiu-Feng  ,   (1)北京航空航天大学理学院，北京  100083; (2)广西师范学院化学系,南宁  530001
Published: December 2020

The effects of multiplicative noise on additive noise-induced internal signal stochastic resonance（ISR）are studied in a Neurospora circadian clock system driven by external signal or not. Two cases are investigated: multiplicative noise and additive noise are independent or correlated. The results show that in the two cases, there exists a critical intensity of multiplicative noise for the additive noise-induced ISR in the system without the external signal. When a multiplicative noise with intensity smaller than the critical level is introduced，the strength of ISR can be significantly reinforced; while the ISR behaviors cannot be further enhanced when the noise with the intensity larger than the critical level is introduced. The latter implies that the Neurospora system might be robust to environmental noise and sustain the intrinsic circadian rhythms. When the external signal is injected into the system, for the case of without correlation between two noises, there exists an optimal frequency （0003 Hz） of the signal for the ISR information amplification, but for the case of with correlation between the two noises, the ISR is suppressed by the signal with any frequency. In addition, the correlation’s intensity between the two noises can also control the ISR, and there exists a proper range of correlation’s intensity for the ISR amplification.
Ocean duct inversion from radar clutter using Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo method
Authors: Sheng Zheng  , Huang Si-Xun  , Zeng Guo-Dong  ,   解放军理工大学气象学院，南京  211101
Published: December 2020

Using the Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo （MCMC） method, based on the measurement information of radar clutter（electromagnetic propagation loss）,we obtain the posterior probability density of the duct parameter by describing the prior information of the duct parameter as the prior probability density. And then, Gibbs sampler of the MCMC method is used to sample the posterior probability density. The sample maximal likelihood is regarded as an evaluation of the duct parameter distribution. The results of simulation experiment show that this set of methods make good use of the prior information and the inversion precise is better than the genetic algorithm. In addition, it is capable of describing （definite or indefinite） prior information in a convenient and controllable way, as well as capable of giving the complete solutions, which is very important to practical applications.
Generation and circuit implementation of a large range hyper-chaotic system
Authors: Jia Hong-Yan  , Chen Zeng-Qiang  , Yuan Zhu-Zhi  ,   (1)南开大学自动化系，天津  300071; (2)南开大学自动化系，天津  300071；天津科技大学自动化系，天津  300222
Published: December 2020

The paper presents a new four-dimensional autonomous hyper-chaotic system by introducing a state variable into the three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system based on studying and analyzing some hyper-chaos. Compared with other hyper-chaotic systems，the bigger positive Lyapunov exponent of the new system is bigger, and the range of hyper-chaos is also wider when the parameter varies. Numerical simulations and bifurcation analysis are done in this paper, and an analog electronic circuit is designed to verify the new system. The experiment results show that various attractors of the hyper-chaotic circuit, including periodic attractor, quasi-periodic attractor，chaotic attractor，hyper-chaotic attractor，are well agree with the simulation results.
Study of the grade roundabout crossing
Authors: Bai Ke-Zhao  , Chen Rui-Xiong  , Liu Mu-Ren  , Kong Ling-Jiang  , Zheng Rong-Sen  ,   (1)广西师范大学物理与电子工程学院，桂林  541004; (2)玉林师范学院物理与信息科学系，玉林  537000
Published: December 2020

In this paper，a cellular automaton model is proposed to describe the traffic flow at the grade roundabout crossing with the inner roundabout lane and the outer roundabout lane. Simulation results show that the traffic jam appears evidently at the intersection of the inner roundabout lane and the entering lane. The effect of the nonlinear reciprocity of the vehicle in the inner roundabout lane increases and the flux decreases with the increase of the deceleration probability. The flux of the system is improved by the increase of the turning probability.
Study on the energy consumption using the cellular automaton mixed traffic model
Authors: Tian Huan-Huan  , Xue Yu  , Kang San-Jun  , Liang Yu-Juan  ,   (1)广西大学物理科学与工程技术学院，南宁  530004; (2)广西大学物理科学与工程技术学院，南宁  530004；河池学院物理与电子工程系，河池  546300; (3)广西大学物理科学与工程技术学院，南宁  530004；上海市应用数学与力学研究所，上海大学，上海  200072
Published: December 2020

Based on NaSch model, energy consumption in the mixed traffic flow was investigated. The formula of energy consumption was presented. There are three factors of mixed traffic flow to be studied, which are the maximum velocity, length of vehicle, and the ratio of the mixed traffic flow （Cn）, respectively. Simulation and analysis indicated that the energy consumption of the mixed traffic flow consisting of vehicles of the same length but different maximum velocity is associated with the lowest maximum velocity and its ratio. The slower the maximum velocity and its fraction, the more energy consumed. Moreover, for the mixed traffic flow consisting of vehicles with the same maximum velocity bot different length, the energy consumption is related to the ratio Cn of mixed vehicles. Longer vehicles lead to more energy consumption. For the mixed traffic flow involing vehicles of different maximum velocity and lengths, its energy consumption is determined by the ratio Cn of the mixed vehicles and delay probability p, the more the short and fast vehicles（Cn→0）, the less energy consumed, and vice versa.
An experimental study on the growth process of dendritic fractal
Authors: Su Ya-Feng  , Li Pu-Xuan  , Chen Peng  , Xu Zhong-Feng  , Zhang Xiao-Lin  ,   西安交通大学理学院,西安  710049
Published: December 2020

In this paper the temporal evolution processes of large numbers of metallic balls under high voltage were observed using a PC-camera. The fractal dimensions of the stable agglomerates of metallic balls were calculated by means of the sandbox method. Also, the relationship between the fractal dimension and the voltage were studied. The result showed that the stable agglomerates of metallic balls can have dendritic fractal structures through a self-organization evolution process and the fractal dimension decreases with the increasing of voltage. The results are of value for the growth mechanism and morphology study of dissipative structure.
Evolution of the yrast-band structure in 76 Sr nuclei within microscopic theory
Authors: Shi Zhu-Yi  , Tong Hong  , Zhang Huan  , Wang Hong  , Lei Yu-Xi  , Zhao Xing-Zhi  , Ni Shao-Yong  ,   (1)北方民族大学基础部,银川  750021; (2)贵州民族学院物理系,贵阳  550025; (3)贵州民族学院物理系,贵阳  550025；北方民族大学基础部,银川  750021
Published: December 2020

A new viewpoint is proposed for understanding the quantum phase transition from a higher-ordered excitation model to other lower-ordered one, which suggests that a nucleus populated at high-momentum state decouples firstly to the yrast-band with the E2-trasitions mode, and then to the coexist region, wherein the structure-energy is released, the change in the nucleon coupling intensity ensues, finally the basic state of the lower-ordered excitation model is reconstructed, the evolution of basic states structure is accomplished. Therefore this is a smooth and calm transition. Using an example of the 76 Sr nucleus, the problem is discussed carefully.
Multiple ionization of diethyl ether cluster by nanosecond laser: generation of multiply charged ions and the electron energy distribution
Authors: Zhang Na-Zhen  , Cang Huai-Wen  , Wang Wei-Guo  , Miao Shu-Yi  , Jin Feng  , Wu Qing-Hao  , Hua Lei  , Li Hai-Yang  ,   (1)中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，分子反应动力学国家重点实验室，大连  116023; (2)中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，分子反应动力学国家重点实验室，大连  116023；中国科学院研究生院，北京  100049
Published: December 2020

The interaction of diethyl ether clusters and laser was studied at laser intensity of 1011 W/cm2 using 5 ns, 1064 nm laser pulses. Multiply charged ions O6+ and C4+ were observed and the ratio of O6+/C4+ nearly kept constant in the range of laser intensity studied. The energy distribution of electrons ejected was measured via retarding potential method. At the laser intensity of 4.0×1011 W/cm2, the mean electron energy of 56eV and the maximum electron energy of 102eV were observed. It indicates that the multiply charged ions are mainly produced from energetic electron impact ionization. In addition, our calculated results show that the screening effect inside cluster can significantly decrease the ionization potentials of multiply charged ions, thus facilitating the ionization especially at low laser intensity. The above results further support our three stage model of “multiphoton ionization ignition-inverse bremsstrahlung heating-electron impact ionization”.
Influence of the virtual photon field on the squeezing properties of light field in the system of binomial state field interacting with atomic Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors: Zhao Jian-Gang  , Sun Chang-Yong  , Liang Bao-Long  , Su Jie  ,   聊城大学物理科学与信息工程学院,聊城  252059
Published: December 2020

The squeezing properties of binomial state field interacting with Bose-Einstein condensate of two-level atoms are investigated within and without rotating-wave approximation by means of quantum theory. The influences of atomic eigenfrequency, the coupling constant between light field and atoms，the parameter of light field and the virtual photon field on squeezing properties have been discussed. The results show that two quadrature components can be squeezed periodically, and the duration of squeezing light has something to do with atomic eigenfrequency ω, and the degree of squeezing with the parameter of the binomial states field η and the virtual photon field. The frequency of light fluctuations collapse and revival is determined by the coupling constant between light field and atoms.
Theoretical analysis of spectral properties of parametric fluorescence via spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Authors: Lu Zong-Gui  , Liu Hong-Jun  , Jing Feng  , Zhao Wei  , Wang Yi-Shan  , Peng Zhi-Tao  ,   (1)中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心,绵阳  621900; (2)中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所瞬态光学与光子技术国家重点实验室,西安  710119; (3)中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所瞬态光学与光子技术国家重点实验室,西安  710119；中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心,绵阳  621900；中国科学院研究生院,北京  100049
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we use the amplification transfer function （ATF） to numerically calculate and analyze the spectral properties of parametric fluorescence （PF） via spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The results show that the output angle of single-wavelength PF which is nondegenerate is amplified and the whole spectrum of PF gradually becomes weak and has a continuous distribution. About the dense distribution of the broadband spectrum constituents near the degenerate state, we select two different pump pulses to numerically calculate it. With respect to the sensitive character of the phase-matching angle near the degenerate state, we use ATF and the spectrum probability distribution function （SPDC） to calculate and analysis it individually, the two results are consistent with each other.
Microscopic mechanism of void coalescence under shock loading
Authors: Deng Xiao-Liang  , Zhu Wen-Jun  , Song Zhen-Fei  , He Hong-Liang  , Jing Fu-Qian  ,   (1)中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所冲击波物理与爆轰物理重点实验室，绵阳  621900; (2)中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所冲击波物理与爆轰物理重点实验室，绵阳  621900；四川大学物理科学与技术学院，成都  610064
Published: December 2020

The influence of void configuration on void coalescence in single crystal copper under shock loading along ［100］ direction has been investigated with molecular dynamics （MD） simulation. The results reveal that the voids collapse and grow by means of emission of shear dislocation loops. In the tension stage, the voids first grow independently, then the plastic zone around the voids begin to interact and overlap, leading to the void coalescence. The pattern of void coalescence observed in our simulations coincides with the microscopic experimental results. We calculated for four different configurations, characterized by the angle （θ） formed by shock direction and the line connecting the two centers of voids, and found that among the four configurations，the coalescence of the voids prefers to occur where θ is 60°. Based on the resolved shear stress model around the void, we can clearly explain the simulation results.
Molecular dynamics simulation of structures and melting behaviours of iridium clusters with different potentials
Authors: Liu Jian-Ting  , Duan Hai-Ming  ,   新疆大学物理科学与技术学院，乌鲁木齐  830046
Published: December 2020

The molecular dynamics method and quenching technique combined with the Gupta potential and the Sutton-Chen potential are used to study the melting properties of Irn （n=13, 14, 55, 56, 147 and 148） clusters. Our results show that the structures and melting behaviors of these clusters described by both potentials are generally in agreement with each other: the same ground state geometrical structure and the same trend of variation of the melting point and the pre-melting interval with cluster size are obtained for both potentials, and for the small Irn （n=13,14） clusters, the peak value of heat capacity is delayed from the saturation value of Lindemann index. While, for each of these iridium clusters, the melting point from the Gupta potential is higher than that from the Sutton-Chen potential, and we attribute the main reason to the higher energy gaps between the ground state and the first excited state of these iridium clusters from the Gupta potential than those from the Sutton-Chen potential.
Generating isolated broadband attosecond pulses with stable pulse duration in a non-colinear polarized two-color field
Authors: Hong Wei-Yi  , Yang Zhen-Yu  , Lan Peng-Fei  , Zhang Qing-Bin  , Li Qian-Guang  , Lu Pei-Xiang  ,   武汉光电国家实验室，华中科技大学，武汉  430074
Published: December 2020

A new method to generate isolated broadband attosecond pulses with stable pulse duration is proposed. By adopting a few-cycle driving pulse combined with its second harmonic field, of which the polarization angle is π/3 to the driving pulse, the short path is well selected and a smooth supercontinuum with the bandwidth of about 50 eV is observed. For the intensity of the second harmonic field higher than 1014 W/cm2, the intensity variation of the second harmonic field can hardly affect the location and the bandwidth of the generated supercontinuum. Pure isolated attosecond pulses with the duration of about 100 as can be generated by directly filtering out a supercontinuum from 85—125 eV, which facilitates the experimental implement for the isolated attosecond pulse generation.
The threshold voltage of SiC Schottky barrier source/drain MOSFET
Authors: Tang Xiao-Yan  , Zhang Yi-Men  , Zhang Yu-Ming  ,   宽禁带半导体材料与器件教育部重点实验室，西安电子科技大学微电子学院，西安  710071
Published: December 2020

Threshold voltage of SiC Schottky barrier source/drain MOSFET (SBSD MOSFETs) is different from the threshold voltage of traditional MOSFETs. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the operational mechanism，the threshold voltage of SBSD MOSFET is extracted and analyzed with 2-D simulator ISE. The threshold voltage of the device is defined as the gate voltage at which carriers from the source contact enter the channel by field emission while the channel is strongly inverted.
Study of the characteristics of organic thin film transistors with phenyltrimethoxysilane buffer under low gate modulation voltage
Authors: Yuan Guang-Cai  , Xu Zheng  , Zhao Su-Ling  , Zhang Fu-Jun  , Xu Na  , Sun Qin-Jun  , Xu Xu-Rong  ,   (1)北京交通大学光电子技术研究所，北京  100044；北京交通大学发光与光信息技术教育部重点实验室,北京  100044; (2)北京交通大学理学院,北京  100044
Published: December 2020

We have fabricated the top-contact organic thin film transistors （OTFTs） with, a 60 nm thick pentacene films as active layer and a 120 nm thermal growth SiO2 as gate insulator. Through using different self-assembled monolayers ,such as octadecyltrichlorosilane （OTS） and phenyltrimethoxysilane （PhTMS）, as a buffer between the organic semiconductor active layer and gate insulator, we studied the effect of different buffers on the performance of OTFTs device. At the same time, we also investigated the field-effect behavior and carrier transport mechanism of OTFTs device with PhTMS buffer under low gate modulation voltage. When |VGS|IDS of OTFTs device keeping balance. But the OTFT device still has good output characteristics, with the field-effect mobility （μEF） of 3.22×10-3 cm2/Vs, （on/off） current ratio of 1.43×102, and threshold voltage （VTH） of -0.66 V.
Design of new nano anti-reflection coating for space silicon solar cells
Authors: Liu Yong-Sheng  , Yang Wen-Hua  , Zhu Yan-Yan  , Chen Jing  , Yang Zheng-Long  , Yang Jin-Huan  ,   (1)合肥工业大学应用物理系，合肥  230009; (2)上海电力学院太阳能研究所，上海  200090; (3)同济大学功能高分子材料研究所，上海  200092
Published: December 2020

According to refractive indexes of nanomaterials （less than 1.4） and the AM0 solar spectrum, antireflection coatings of space Si solar cells are designed and analyzed. For double-layer and tri-layer antireflection coatings fabricated by normal and nanometer materials, the optimal parameters of coatings and reflection coefficient curves are obtained. The double-layer and tri-layer new nano antireflection coatings are optimized, and have better antireflection compared with those fabricated using the normal materials. It is interesting that, after optimizing, the minimal weighted reflectance of the new nano antireflection coatings is 15% and 24.5% less than that of the normal antireflection coatings for the double-layers and the tri-layers, respectively.
Incoherent scatter spectrum of a collisional plasma
Authors: Xu Bin  , Wu Zhen-Sen  , Wu Jian  , Xue Kun  ,   (1)西安电子科技大学理学院,西安  710071; (2)中国电波传播研究所电波环境特性及模化技术国家重点实验室，北京  102206
Published: December 2020

Incoherent scattering spectrum of a collisional plasma with an arbitrary velocity distribution function is presented in this paper. Two integrals with complex singular points have been solved in order to obtain the results. The incoherent scatter spectrum during HF heating in low ionosphere region is computed. The effect of collision frequency, non-Maxwellian index, electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature on power spectrum is discussed. Under the action of collision frequency and non-Maxwellian factor, the original relationship between ionospheric parameters and the characteristics of spectral shape is invalid, which will bring about a large error in the inversion of ionosphere parameters, thus the original theoretical model must be revised.
Degradation under high-field stress and gate stress of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Gu Wen-Ping  , Hao Yue  , Zhang Jin-Cheng  , Wang Chong  , Feng Qian  , Ma Xiao-Hua  ,   西安电子科技大学微电子学院，西安  710071；宽禁带半导体材料与器件教育部重点实验室，西安  710071
Published: December 2020

After subjecting to different high-field stress and gate stress，a recoverable degradation has been found，consisting of the decrease of saturation drain current IDsat and maximal transconductance gm，and the positive shift of threshold voltage VTH. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs were degradated more with the high-field strss voltage and the stress time increasing. Relatively，under gate pulse stress and on-state gate stress，the degradation was more obvious than under off-state gate stress. By analyzing the shift of primary parameters，we found that the hot carriers generated by impact ionization and trapped by traps in AlGaN barrier layer，and the emission of electrons from gate electrode filling in surface states at high gate-to-drian electric fileds, were the primary reasons causing device degradation after different stress. Off-state stress，on-state stress and pulse-state stress measurements reveal that the passivation treatment just changes short-time current collapse into long-time degradation，which dose not solve the reliability problem of AlGaN/GaN.
Cognitive radio decision engine based on binary particle swarm optimization
Authors: Zhao Zhi-Jin  , Xu Shi-Yu  , Zheng Shi-Lian  , Yang Xiao-Niu  ,   (1)杭州电子科技大学通信工程学院，杭州  310018; (2)中国电子科技集团公司第36研究所，嘉兴  314033
Published: December 2020

Cognitive radio decision engine based on particle swarm optimization is proposed. A population adaptive particle swarm optimization is also proposed to improve the convergence rate. Particle swarm optimization and population adaptive particle swarm optimization are used to adapt radio parameters respectively, and multi-carrier system is used for the performance analysis. Results show that cognitive decision engine based on binary particle swarm optimization has better convergence, precision and stability than the classic genetic algorithm, and population adaptive particle swarm optimization can further improve the performance at the initial stage of the search to meet real time requirement of cognitive radio.
Analysis and calculation of radar cross section in passive RFID systems
Authors: Tang Zhi-Jun  , He Yi-Gang  ,   湖南大学电气与信息工程学院，长沙  410082
Published: December 2020

Based on the theory of passive RFID technology and antenna scattering, some computation methods for radar cross-section of tag antennas with different loads are derived, and by integrating the radar cross-section with electromagnetic propagation environment, the identification range of passive radio frequency identification is theoretically analyzed. Furthermore, by measuring backscattered power in the case of different loads, and then combined with the calculating methods, radar cross-section of the tag is also found. Theoretical analysis results are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The results obtained are useful for optimizing tag performance in passive RFID systems.
A multi-scale model with GENERIC structure of polymeric melt with fiber suspensions
Authors: Zhang Hong-Ping  , Ouyang Jie  , Ruan Chun-Lei  ,   西北工业大学应用数学系，西安  710072
Published: December 2020

Based on elastic dumbbell model of polymer melt and tensor description of fiber orientation, a mathematic multi-scale model with a general equation for the non-equilibrium reversible-irreversible coupling (GENERIC) of polymeric melt with fiber suspensions is presented by the coupling of reversible and irreversible thermodynamics. And the model provides a general framework with homogeneous GENERIC structure for the multi-scale governing equations. Through analyzing the components of GENERIC structure, stress contributions from information on different scales can be achieved.
A novel method for simulating source-field distribution of diode laser
Authors: Xiong Ling-Ling  , Li Jian-Long  , Lü Bai-Da  ,   四川大学激光物理与化学研究所，成都  610064
Published: December 2020

Based on the non-paraxial diffraction theory and experimental results of the far-field distributions of diode lasers and by means of the amplitude-phase retrieval algorithm，a novel method for simulating source-field distribution of the diode laser is proposed. The simulation procedure is described and illustrated by the example of a double-heterostructure diode. It is shown that this method is precise enough so long as acurate experimental data are available，and would find some practical applications.
Commercial Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction versus Periodic Acid–Schiff Testing for the Diagnosis of Onychomycosis
Authors: Caldwell Bryan , Uchmanowicz Karen , Kawalec Jill S. , Petrofski Stephanie , Kurzel Carl
Published: December 2020

Background

Diagnosis of onychomycosis using the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) test for sensitive identification of hyphae and fungal culture for identification of species has become the mainstay for many clinical practices. With the advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, physicians can identify a fungal toenail infection quickly with the added benefit of species identification. We compared PAS testing with multiplex PCR testing from a clinical perspective.

Methods

A total of 209 patients with clinically diagnosed onychomycosis were recruited. A high-resolution picture was taken of the affected hallux nail, and the nail was graded using the Onychomycosis Severity Index. A proximal sample of the affected toenail and subungual debris were obtained and split into two equal samples. One sample was sent for multiplex PCR testing and the other for PAS testing. The results were analyzed and compared.

Results

Six patients were excluded due to insufficient sample size for PCR testing. Of the remaining 203 patients, 109 (53.7%) tested positive with PAS, 77 (37.9%) tested positive with PCR. Forty-one patients tested positive with PAS but negative with PCR, and nine tested positive with PCR but negative with PAS.

Conclusions

Physicians should continue the practice of using PAS biopsy staining for confirmation of a fungal toenail infection before using oral antifungal therapy. Because multiplex PCR allows species identification, some physicians may elect to perform both tests.
Attitudes and Knowledge Regarding Pain Management and Addiction in Massachusetts: A Mixed Methods Study on Podiatric Residents
Authors: Sundling Rebecca A.
Published: December 2020

Background

The opioid epidemic has hit disastrous levels across the United States. Many attempts have been made to counteract this, including policy changes and modification of provider and patient behavior. The purpose of this study was to understand the current state of podiatric residents' knowledge regarding pain management and addiction.

Methods

This study used mixed quantitative-qualitative methods. Two focus groups were conducted with two podiatric residency programs to understand current issues and inform the creation of a survey. A 30-question survey was created and peer reviewed to assess general pain management knowledge, levels of confidence in pain management and addiction, and areas for improvement.

Results

Pain management education in podiatry is mainly focused on opioids. These concepts are often taught in a nonstandardized method, which does not often include nonopioid alternatives. Knowledge of risk factors for addiction was lacking, whereas knowledge of behaviors concerning for addiction was more bountiful. Thirty-three surveys were completed of a possible 39. A knowledge score was created from eight survey questions for a total of 10 points, with an average score of 4.61. There was no statistical difference between those with and without a pain management rotation. Nearly all residents felt comfortable managing surgical pain. The residents are “never” or “only occasionally” inquiring about risk factors for addiction. Questions asked also suggest that the residents are not thinking about their role within the opioid epidemic.

Conclusions

As the opioid epidemic grows, it is imperative to examine the causes and solutions to the problem. Focusing efforts on educating resident physicians is one method to address the issue. The results of this study show that pain management basics need to be reinforced and more time must be spent emphasizing the importance of thorough patient histories and educating patients when prescribing pain medication.
Ultrasound-Guided Decompression of the Intermetatarsal Nerve for Morton's Neuroma: A Novel Closed Surgical Technique
Authors: Iborra-Marcos Alvaro , Villanueva-Martinez Manuel , Barrett Stephen L. , Sanz-Ruiz Pablo
Published: December 2020

Background

This study describes the technique for decompression of the intermetatarsal nerve in Morton's neuroma by ultrasound-guided surgical resection of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament. This technique is based on the premise that Morton's neuroma is primarily a nerve entrapment disease. As with other ultrasound-guided procedures, we believe that this technique is less traumatic, allowing earlier return to normal activity, with less patient discomfort than with traditional surgical techniques.

Methods

We performed a pilot study on 20 cadavers to ensure that the technique was safe and effective. No neurovascular damage was observed in any of the specimens. In the second phase, ultrasound-guided release of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament was performed on 56 patients through one small (1- to 2-mm) portal using local anesthesia and outpatient surgery.

Results

Of the 56 participants, 54 showed significant improvement and two did not improve, requiring further surgery (neurectomy). The postoperative wound was very small (1–2 mm). There were no cases of anesthesia of the interdigital space, and there were no infections.

Conclusions

The ultrasound-guided decompression of intermetatarsal nerve technique for Morton's neuroma by releasing the transverse intermetatarsal ligament is a safe, simple method with minimal morbidity, rapid recovery, and potential advantages over other surgical techniques. Surgical complications are minimal, but it is essential to establish a good indication because other biomechanical alterations to the foot can influence the functional outcome.
Atypical Presentation of a Glomus Tumor in the Rearfoot: A Case Report
Authors: Kunz Erin M. , Ram Bebu
Published: December 2020

Glomus tumors are rare and benign vascular soft-tissue masses commonly found subungually in the foot. A glomus tumor typically manifests with a classic triad of pain, point tenderness, and cold sensitivity. This case report describes an atypical presentation of a glomus tumor in the soft tissue of the rearfoot in a 77-year-old man in the setting of urosepsis. The mass had enlarged progressively for 6 months. Originally misdiagnosed as a hemangioma based on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical appearance, an excisional biopsy was performed. The lesion was subsequently diagnosed histopathologically as a glomus tumor. This article discusses the statistics of glomus tumor and discusses the importance of the need to recognize the symptoms and clinical findings of both typical and atypical presentation of this abnormality in differentiation and differential treatment and risk management of benign and malignant soft-tissue masses.
Is the One Ray Normal or Are the Rest Shorter?: Brachymetapody—A Case Report
Authors: Ekinci Yakup , Gürbüz Kaan , Arık Mustafa , Batın Sabri
Published: December 2020

In this case report, we present the case of a 20-year-old male patient who suffered from pain in walking clinically, and in whom an extremely rare type of brachymetatarsia was diagnosed. Although distorted body image is the main reason for consulting a specialist, the patient presented because he was unable to find a proper shoe. The patient had no familial history of brachydactyly, trauma, or a genetic disorder. In this extremely rare case, the decision was made to perform shortening of the normal foot ray with a double osteotomy to the metatarsal and proximal phalanx. At the end of the follow-up period, the patient was walking pain-free and had no limitation in shoe choice.
Control and synchronization of fractional‐order chaotic satellite systems using feedback and adaptive control techniques
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Matouk Ahmed E. , Chaudhary Harindri , Kant Shashi
Published: December 2020

In this article, we present the basic concepts of fractional calculus and control and synchronization of fractional‐order chaotic satellite system . Existence and uniqueness solutions of fractional‐order satellite system are discussed and local stability of the system at the equilibrium points are studied. The lowest dimension of chaotic attractor of satellite system is 2.88 which is obtained through utilization of the fractional dynamics and computational simulation. Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams are drawn to measure the existence of chaos in the system. Feedback control method for chaos control in the fractional‐order satellite system is achieved. Synchronization of two identical noninteger order chaotic satellite systems are achieved through adaptive control methodology.
Thermoelectric Properties of Novel Semimetals: A Case Study of YbMnSb2
Authors: Pan Yu , Fan Feng‐Ren , Hong Xiaochen , He Bin , Le Congcong , Schnelle Walter , He Yangkun , Imasato Kazuki , Borrmann Horst , Hess Christian , Büchner Bernd , Sun Yan , Fu Chenguang , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Felser Claudia
Published: December 2020

The emerging class of topological materials provides a platform to engineer exotic electronic structures for a variety of applications. As complex band structures and Fermi surfaces can directly benefit thermoelectric performance it is important to identify the role of featured topological bands in thermoelectrics particularly when there are coexisting classic regular bands. In this work, the contribution of Dirac bands to thermoelectric performance and their ability to concurrently achieve large thermopower and low resistivity in novel semimetals is investigated. By examining the YbMnSb2 nodal line semimetal as an example, the Dirac bands appear to provide a low resistivity along the direction in which they are highly dispersive. Moreover, because of the regular‐band‐provided density of states, a large Seebeck coefficient over 160 µV K−1 at 300 K is achieved in both directions, which is very high for a semimetal with high carrier concentration. The combined highly dispersive Dirac and regular bands lead to ten times increase in power factor, reaching a value of 2.1 mW m−1 K−2 at 300 K. The present work highlights the potential of such novel semimetals for unusual electronic transport properties and guides strategies towards high thermoelectric performance.
Extracellular‐Matrix‐Reinforced Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Human Tissue
Authors: De Santis Martina M. , Alsafadi Hani N. , Tas Sinem , Bölükbas Deniz A. , Prithiviraj Sujeethkumar , Da Silva Iran A. N. , Mittendorfer Margareta , Ota Chiharu , Stegmayr John , Daoud Fatima , Königshoff Melanie , Swärd Karl , Wood Jeffery A. , Tassieri Manlio , Bourgine Paul E. , Lindstedt Sandra , Mohlin Sofie , Wagner Darcy E.
Published: December 2020

Recent advances in 3D bioprinting allow for generating intricate structures with dimensions relevant for human tissue, but suitable bioinks for producing translationally relevant tissue with complex geometries remain unidentified. Here, a tissue‐specific hybrid bioink is described, composed of a natural polymer, alginate, reinforced with extracellular matrix derived from decellularized tissue (rECM). rECM has rheological and gelation properties beneficial for 3D bioprinting while retaining biologically inductive properties supporting tissue maturation ex vivo and in vivo. These bioinks are shear thinning, resist cell sedimentation, improve viability of multiple cell types, and enhance mechanical stability in hydrogels derived from them. 3D printed constructs generated from rECM bioinks suppress the foreign body response, are pro‐angiogenic and support recipient‐derived de novo blood vessel formation across the entire graft thickness in a murine model of transplant immunosuppression. Their proof‐of‐principle for generating human tissue is demonstrated by 3D bioprinting human airways composed of regionally specified primary human airway epithelial progenitor and smooth muscle cells. Airway lumens remained patent with viable cells for one month in vitro with evidence of differentiation into mature epithelial cell types found in native human airways. rECM bioinks are a promising new approach for generating functional human tissue using 3D bioprinting.
Multifunctional Vortex Beam Generation by a Dynamic Reflective Metasurface
Authors: Liu Baiyang , He Yejun , Wong Sai‐Wai , Li Yin
Published: December 2020

In recent decades, metasurfaces have attracted considerable interest to generate vortex beams, that is, orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying beams. However, the existing OAM metasurfaces are mostly fixed‐mode or with single function. Here a concept of multifunctional vortex beam generation is proposed, and is realized by a dynamic reflective metasurface which is capable of controlling the vortex beam spatiotemporally. The proposed metasurface has the ability to control OAM mode and to observe rotational Doppler effect. As proof of concept, it is presented that the proposed metasurface can generate an l = −1 or l = +1 OAM mode reconfigurable beam, and an l = +1 spinning OAM beam with rotational Doppler effect. Both simulated and measured results show the effectiveness of the proposed multifunctional OAM metasurface which has two different functionalities. The proposed multifunctional OAM metasurface may have potential applications in OAM multiplexing communications and harmonics manipulation by rotational Doppler effect.
Sulfoximines with α‐Ketoester Functionalities at Nitrogen from Cyanoacetates and Air
Authors: Wang Chenyang , Wang Han , Bolm Carsten
Published: December 2020

Sulfoximines with nitrogen‐bound α‐ketoester units are efficiently prepared by an operationally simple one‐pot reaction sequence in air starting from methoxy(mesyloxy)iodobenzene, NH‐sulfoximines, and cyanoacetates. Key of the process is the in‐situ formation of hypervalent iodine reagents, which serve as electrophilic sulfoximidoyl sources.

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Clinical and molecular analysis of 26 individuals with Noonan syndrome in a reference institution in Colombia
Authors: Lores Juliana , Prada Carlos E. , Ramírez‐Montaño Diana , Nastasi‐Catanese José A. , Pachajoa Harry
Published: December 2020

Our aim was to characterize the phenotype and genotype of individuals with Noonan syndrome in Colombia. There are published cohorts of Noonan individuals from several countries in Latin America including Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, but none from Colombia. We described 26 individuals with NS from a single large referral center in the South West of Colombia using an established database in the genetics department and hospital records search using ICD‐10 codes. All patients included in this study were evaluated by a medical geneticist and have molecular confirmation of NS diagnosis. The median age at referral was 3.5 years (range, 0–39), and at molecular diagnosis was 5 years (range, 0–40). Patients mostly originated from the southwest region of Colombia (19/26, 73%). Pathogenic variants in PTPN11 are the most common cause of NS in Colombian individuals followed by SHOC2 and SOS1 variants. The prevalence of cardiomyopathy was low in this population compared to other populations. Further research is needed with a larger sample size and including different regions of Colombia to correlate our findings. This study provides new information about time to diagnosis of NS in Colombia, genotypes, and provides important information to help develop guidelines for diagnosis and management of this disease in the region.
Superenhanced Removal of Fungal Biofilms by Protease‐Functionalized Amphotericin B Nanocarriers
Authors: Weldrick Paul J. , Hardman Matthew J. , Paunov Vesselin N.
Published: December 2020

A strong enhancement in the antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AmpB) encapsulated into shellac nanoparticles (NPs) surface functionalized with protease is reported. These AmpB‐loaded shellac NPs are fabricated by pH‐induced nucleation of aqueous solutions of shellac and AmpB in the presence of Poloxamer 407 (P407) as a steric stabilizer. The AmpB‐loaded shellac NPs are surface coated with the cationic protease Alcalase 2.4L FG. The performance of the AmpB‐encapsulated NPs against Candida albicans is evaluated. The AmpB‐loaded shellac NPs show a remarkable boost of their antifungal action compared to free AmpB when applied to C. albicans in both planktonic and biofilm forms. The surface functionalization with a cationic protease allows the NPs to adhere to the fungal cell walls, delivering AmpB directly to their membranes. Additionally, the hydrolyzing activity of the protease coating degrades the biofilm matrix, thus increasing the effectiveness of the encapsulated AmpB compared to free AmpB at the same concentration. The protease‐coated AmpB‐loaded shellac NPs show no greater toxicity to human adult keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) compared to the free AmpB. These AmpB nanocarriers demonstrat increased efficacy against C. albicans and can be potentially used to treat fungal biofilm infection in the clinic, for example, in recalcitrant chronic wounds.
Genuine Quadripartite Continuous‐Variable Entanglement in Symmetric Cascaded Four‐Wave Mixing Process
Authors: Zhang Da , Ahmed Irfan , Li Changbiao , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: December 2020

The symmetric cascaded four‐wave mixing process is a phase‐insensitive and easy‐to‐implement technology to prepare quadripartite entanglement. However, it has not yet been discussed whether the state generated by this method is genuinely entangled. Here, it is shown that the genuine quadripartite entanglement criteria previously derived are not applicable to the symmetric cascaded scheme. Thus some more effective sufficient conditions are derived for detecting genuine entanglement in this work. The existence of genuine quadripartite entanglement is then confirmed through different entanglement witnesses. Under the premise that the quadripartite state is genuinely entangled, the quantum gain of the first‐stage determines the optimal range of the quantum gain of second‐stage. Finally, it is show that the four output modes are genuinely entangled within the appropriate quantum gain ranges when the optical loss of each step of the cascaded system is less than 10%. The results pave the way for the experimental generation of genuine quadripartite entanglement in symmetric cascaded scheme.
Simultaneous Dual‐Gene Diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 Based on CRISPR/Cas9‐Mediated Lateral Flow Assay
Authors: Xiong Erhu , Jiang Ling , Tian Tian , Hu Menglu , Yue Huahua , Huang Mengqi , Lin Wei , Jiang Yongzhong , Zhu Debin , Zhou Xiaoming
Published: December 2020

Few methods for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 currently have the capability to simultaneously detect two genes in a single test, which is a key measure to improve detection accuracy, as adopted by the gold standard RT‐qPCR method. Developed here is a CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated triple‐line lateral flow assay (TL‐LFA) combined with multiplex reverse transcription‐recombinase polymerase amplification (RT‐RPA) for rapid and simultaneous dual‐gene detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a single strip test. This assay is characterized by the detection of envelope (E) and open reading frame 1ab (Orf1ab) genes from cell‐cultured SARS‐CoV‐2 and SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA standards, showing a sensitivity of 100 RNA copies per reaction (25 μL). Furthermore, dual‐gene analysis of 64 nasopharyngeal swab samples showed 100 % negative predictive agreement and 97.14 % positive predictive agreement. This platform will provide a more accurate and convenient pathway for diagnosis of COVID‐19 or other infectious diseases in low‐resource regions.
Three‐Component Alkene Difunctionalization by Direct and Selective Activation of Aliphatic C−H Bonds
Authors: Xu Sheng , Chen Herong , Zhou Zhijun , Kong Wangqing
Published: December 2020

Catalytic alkene difunctionalization is a powerful strategy for the rapid assembly of complex molecules and has wide range of applications in synthetic chemistry. Despite significant progress, a compelling challenge that still needs to be solved is the installation of highly functionalized C(sp3)‐hybridized centers without requiring pre‐activated substrates. We herein report that inexpensive and easy‐to‐synthesize decatungstate photo‐HAT, in combination with nickel catalysis, provides a versatile platform for three‐component alkene difunctionalization through direct and selective activation of aliphatic C−H bonds. Compared with previous studies, the significant advantages of this strategy are that the most abundant hydrocarbons are used as feedstocks, and various highly functionalized tertiary, secondary, and primary C(sp3)‐hybrid centers can be easily installed. The practicability of this strategy is demonstrated in the selective late‐stage functionalization of natural products and the concise synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules including Piragliatin.