bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Contrasted Types of Alluvial Deposit: with an Illustration from the Rheidol Valley, Cardiganshire
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

In the lower parts of its course a river deposits material derived from the upper parts, this deposition being due to loss of velocity. As a deduction it seems to follow that this alluvial deposit (using the term “alluvial” in a rather wide sense) should occur as two strongly contrasted types as regards size of particles.
The Geological Structure of Wirral
Authors: Owen David E.
Published: May 2009

The rocks of the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire were originally described by John Cunningham in 1839, as three series, two moderately resistant to the east and the west, separated by a central region of soft sandstones and marls, dipping uniformly eastwards. G. H. Morton noted this in 1872, as a good description of the strata, ignoring faults, and pointed out the significance of the faulting. Since that date the faults have been mapped in great detail, and most of the structural features ascribed to them. G. H. Morton was particularly accurate with his mapping of faults both in Liverpool (1899), and in Storeton (G. H. Morton, 1883, and H. C. Beasley, 1914). The folding finds its first mention in the Geological Survey Memoir of 1923, two elongated synclines being mentioned, one from Heswall northwards and the other from Storeton to Prenton. The former is undoubtedly an important synclinal feature, but the latter is made up of two folds, a north to south anticline at Storeton, and an east to west syncline at Prenton. The only other records of folding in Wirral are by F. T. Maidwell in 1920 and by T. A. Jones in 1937, who mention an anticline at Ellesmere Port. This paper is therefore chiefly devoted to a description of the folding in the area.
The Monio-Cambrian Interval
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Nearly thirty-three years ago, in September, 1913, I searched the Harlech Grits for pebbles of the Mona Complex; and the search was a success: I obtained quite enough for a decisive demonstration. Still, their numbers were not great, and to obtain them had needed persistence; the search, indeed, occupied fully a fortnight. I sought a reason at the time in the horizons from which they came, for they were not from the Cambrian base. We shall presently discern a far more cogent reason: between the Cambrian and the Complex there is more than one formation. The surprise is not in their moderate numbers, but rather that there were any at all.
The Faunal Sequence in the Kent Coalfield
Authors: Stubblefield C. J. , Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

A Summary of the stratigraphy of the Coal Measures in the Kent Coalfield was given by H. G. Dines in 1933, accompanied by notes on the fossil flora by R. Crookall and on the fauna by C. J. Stubblefield. It was shown that the Coal Measures could be divided into a Lower or Shale Division, some 700 feet thick, consisting mainly of shales with some thick coals, and an Upper or Sandstone Division, about 2,100 feet thick, consisting mainly of sandstone with a few mostly impersistent coal seams, except in the highest part where again there are shales with coals (Dines, 1933, p. 22); the dividing line was taken at the base of a sandstone usually about 100 feet below the Millyard Seam. Recently the correlatable seams in the coalfield have been designated by means of numbers in downward succession and seams numbered 1–6 lie in the Sandstone Division, and numbers 7–14 in the Shale Division (Dines, 1945). R. Crookall regarded the Upper or Sandstone Division as representing the StafFordian and part of the Radstockian series, while the Shale Division he referred to the Yorkian (Text-fig. 1).
Contemporaneous Disturbances in Lacustrine Beds in Kenya
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: May 2009

In the course of an examination of Lower and Middle Pleistocene Beds at Kanam and Kanjera, on the southern shore of the Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza, exposures of strongly disturbed lacustrine beds were located. The remarkable character of the deformation, at a locality where the possibility of a compressional origin could be excluded, led Professor P. G. H. Boswell (with whom the occurrence was discovered) to suggest that a short account should be published.
Charnockitic and Related Cordierite-Bearing Rocks from Dangin, Western Australia
Authors: Prider Rex T.
Published: May 2009

VI. Summary

A series of charnockitic rocks and associated cordierite-bearing rocks from Western Australia has been described and compared with charnockitic rocks from other localities. This charnockitic suite is considered to be a series of basic intrusions into an older series of paraschists. It has, in places, been considerably contaminated by assimilation of the aluminous metasediments and in such cases is now represented by cordierite-bearing rocks. The basic charnockitic rocks and their contaminated equivalents have been subsequently invaded, under deep-seated conditions by granitic magma or emanations, and now appear as recrystallized remnants of the original masses. They have suffered extensive granitization which has yielded the acid charnockites (hypersthene-alkali felspar gneisses) in which the hypersthene is considered to have been derived from the older hypersthene-bearing basic charnockites. In view of the similarity to the Indian and Antarctic charnockites it appears possible that the charnockitic rocks of these areas are of similar origin, and that charnockite (hypersthene granite) rather than being the result of crystallization from a magma, is due to the granitization of older hypersthene-bearing rocks. If charnockite is of magmatic origin then it is most probable that this magma was of palingenetic origin and that the hypersthene is a relict from the earlier rocks and not the product of crystallization of the charnockite magma. Dunn (1942, p. 23) considers that the evidence afforded by Indian rocks is not opposed to the view that the hypersthene gneisses (charnockites) are the product of partial or complete palingenesis of very deep-seated rocks which had lost their water content.
A Note on Lemming Remains in Nottinghamshire
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

The River Erewash as it leaves the Erewash Valley Coalfield passes southwards through a gap in the Triassic scarp. On either side of the river, as it enters the gap, lie the twin settlements of Stapleford and Sandi-acre. The former spreads along the river flat at the foot of the scarp where this merges into the river bluff known as “Bob’s Rock”. At this point there is a quarry in the Bunter Sandstone situated behind St. John’s School. In the autumn of 1939 Mr. C. R. Vickers, the head master, drew my attention to the fact that the quarrymen were finding a number of bones in the sandstone. Though rather sceptical about the authenticity of such a find in the Bunter I visited the quarry. After inspecting the bones I was shown the precise spot where they occurred. This lay in the top part of the quarry face which was about 40 feet high. As looked at from the floor the sand at that spot was seen to fill a hole descending into the rock to a depth of about 7 feet and having a width, in its lower part, of about 2 feet.
On the Type-locality of Carbonicola subconstricta (J. Sowerby)
Authors: Melville R. V.
Published: May 2009

During a recent examination of some Coal Measure non-marine lamellibranchs in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), my attention was drawn to a specimen from the Sowerby Collection labelled “Unio subconstrictus J. Sow., Coal Measures, Derbyshire”. On the back of the specimen were the remains of an original label, partly defaced, which some previous worker had endeavoured to read, for the words “Chapel … Sheffiel[d]” had been neatly copied on to another label affixed to the specimen.
Hercynian Fe-Mg Metasomatism in Cornwall: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

In connection with a recent investigation of the geochemical changes leading up to granitization, the writer (Reynolds, 1946) had occasion to plot the chemical analyses of the rocks of the Kenidjack and Botallack region, Cornwall (Tilley and Flett, 1930; Tilley, 1935) on a von Wolff diagram. Since the diagram required somewhat lengthy discussion, however, it was not included in the geochemical paper. The diagram is nevertheless of interest because it presents in a new form the problem of the genetic associations of these curious rocks, characterized as they are by anthophyllite, cummingtonite, cordierite, and grunerite, and provides useful hints which might form a basis for further field investigations in Cornwall. The present paper, offering tentative interpretations of some of the Cornish rocks, is written in the hope of focusing attention on the petrogenetic significance of this region, and thus of stimulating detailed investigations, with strict correlation between field observations and chemical analyses, by which means alone the problems presented can be solved.
The Genesis of some Micro-Veinlets in Cornish Granite-Porphyry
Authors: Webb J. Stuart
Published: May 2009

While studying the Cornish mineral deposits I have examined certain thin-sections cut from granite-porphyry dykes which contain numerous quartz or felspar veinlets. The structures in these veinlets and their behaviour towards the various constituents of the host rock are, I believe, sufficiently interesting to merit detailed description. The sequence of events to be deduced from these features is not commonly recognized, and the underlying principles may have a broader application to include some of the larger mineral veins in Cornwall.
On the Relationship between “Fronts” of Regional Metamorphism and “Fronts” of Granitization
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

Two important papers, relating to “fronts” of metamorphism, appeared in theBull. Soc. Géol. Franceduring the war years, and may, in consequence, have escaped the notice of many petrologists. The contents of both papers are so closely bound up with the important subject of granitization as to render their review desirable. In the first of these papers, Perrin and Roubault (1941) describe an apparently unconformable boundary between a Triassic conglomerate and an underlying schist. The Triassic conglomerate consists of red quartzite pebbles in a sandy matrix, whilst the schist is a normal low-grade sericite-chlorite-schist of a green colour. Detailed examination of the contact, however, shows that the relations between the two rock types are by no means so straightforward as a cursory examination suggests. Although the contact between the conglomerate and the schist is generally sharp, a close scrutiny establishes the following local but remarkable apparent anomalies: (1) “Xenoliths” of the conglomerate, and isolated pebbles from it, occur within the schist. (2) “Veins” and pods of the schist occur within the Triassic conglomerate. (3) Gradational contacts are sometimes found between the schist and the Triassic sandstone, the schist facies dying out within the space of a few centimetres. On the basis of these observations Perrin and Roubault reach the inevitable conclusion that the metamorphism which gave rise to the schist actually post-dated the deposition of the conglomerate.
The Mode of Emplacement of the Post-Karagwe-Ankolean Granite of South-West Uganda
Authors: King Basil Charles
Published: May 2009

The Post-Karagwe-Ankolean Granite occupies very extensive areas in South-Western Uganda and has been emplaced within two systems of sedimentary rocks. These, in order of age, are known as the Toro System and the Karagwe-Ankolean System. In their structural relations towards the granite, the two systems show striking differences one from the other, a feature which provides interesting evidence relating to the “granite problem” on a regional scale and, in addition, throws light on certain aspects of Pre-Cambrian stratigraphy.
Gala-Tarannon Beds in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

There are three main inliers of Silurian rocks in the Pentland Hills:—

(1) Lyne Water—North Esk Reservoir Inlier, which includes the Gutterford Burn section with the well-known Eurypterid and Starfish beds and the Deerhope and North Esk sections in which there is a passage upwards into red beds often referred to as “Downtonian”.

(2) Bavelaw Castle Inlier, with beds of an age similar to those in the Gutterford Burn.

(3) Loganlee Reservoir Inlier, yielding a few graptolites in strata partly corresponding with those of the Bavelaw Castle Inlier, and with an important assemblage of Silurian corals in the overlying Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerate.
A Seismic Investigation on the Outflow of Windermere
Authors: Coster H. P. , Gerrard J. A. F.
Published: May 2009

One of the most prominent features of an ice-eroded region is the formation of a number of basins scoured out of the bedrock by the ice and rock frozen into it. When the ice has retreated these basins usually fill up with water, thus forming lakes, and Windermere appears to occupy two small basins scoured out of the floor of a valley which extends to the south as far as Cark, where it joins the coastal plain. It is, therefore, difficult to explain why the natural outflow of the lake should be through the Leven valley, a gorge extending from Newby Bridge to Haverthwaite, instead of through this broad valley which must have existed when the lake was formed (see map).
Fossils from Middle Bunter Pebbles Collected in Birmingham
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

The most representative series of fossiliferous pebbles from the Birmingham district is that in the Evans Collection, which was acquired by the National Museum of Wales in 1937 and catalogued under the numbers 37.110 GR 1–316. For the loan of this collection I am indebted to Dr. F. J. North, and material for comparison from other collections was obtained from Dr. C. J. Stubblefield, Miss J. R. Harding, and Professor L. J. Wills, who has also corrected the typescript.
A Suite of Hypersthene-bearing Plutonic Rocks in the Meru District, Kenya
Authors: Pulfrey William
Published: May 2009

A series of hypersthene-bearing rocks of plutonic aspect from an area east of Mount Kenya is described, with the assistance of modal analyses. A petrographic classification of such rocks, somewhat more detailed than is usually employed, is suggested, with provision for hornblende-rich types. Associated rocks are briefly described.
Jamoytius kerwoodi, a new Chordate from the Silurian of Lanarkshire
Authors: White Errol Ivor
Published: May 2009

In 1914 the British Museum (Natural History) acquired from William McPherson, the well-known collector, a few ostracoderms from the “Downtonian” of Lanarkshire. Among these were two specimens from Logan Water of an obviously new form, which, however, were so preserved that satisfactory identification by the methods then in use was not possible. They were tentatively labelled “allied to Lasanius” and are the “interesting though tantalizing new specimens” referred to by Smith Woodward (1921, p. 26) in his first Linnean Address. Nothing further was done with them for nearly twenty years, when the rearrangement of the collections again drew attention to these problematical fossils: and subsequent investigation has shown them to be of considerable importance.
A Method of making Thin Sections from Friable Materials and its use in the Examination of Shales from the Coal Measures
Authors: Fowler J. W. , Shirley J.
Published: May 2009

During the investigation of certain water-soluble and porous materials it was necessary to produce thin sections showing their structure and crystal composition. Using water as a lubricant during the thinning of the sections the specimens tended to break up and essential constituents were lost through solution, while paraffin had a marked solvent action on the Canada balsam cement resulting in disintegration of the thin section and contamination by particles of carborundum.
Ring Structures with Carbonate Cores in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

During an investigation of the upper part of the Sabi Valley made just before the war in company with my son, the late C. F. Mennell, two well-marked ring structures and indications of others were met with. Reference to these was made in a communication to the Rhodesia Scientific Association in 1938 before the investigation had been concluded or any of the rocks collected had been sliced. The suggestion was then made that they owed their remarkable features to the action of the enclosing granite on the limestone still forming their cores.
The Separation of the Continents by Fission.
Authors: Pickering W. H.
Published: May 2009

Since this subject is now again under discussion by geologists, it may be of interest to recall that in my original paper, published in the American Journal of Geology, 1907, vol. xv, p. 23, and republished and revised in Harper's Monthly, 1907, vol. cxv, p. 120, and in the Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1907, p. 523, this separation was attributed to the great convulsion that occurred at the time of the birth of the Moon, from the side of the Earth. This explanation of the origin of our Moon is at the present time almost universally accepted by astronomers. We see the same phenomenon occurring in many close double stars.
On the Ammonites of the Speeton Clay and the Subdivisions of the Neocomian
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

In some recent papers dealing with Tithonian ammonites, the writer included zonal schemes of the higher Jurassic, up to what he considered the topmost horizon, namely the privasensis zone. The correlation of the Mediterranean ammonites with those of the “boreal province” or Pavlow's “Aquilonian” was also discussed. Since this author had recorded “Aquilonian” Craspedites and Garniericeras from the Speeton Clay and Spilsby Sandstone, the inquiry naturally led to a revision of the ammonites of the Neocomian of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. A critical examination of the ammonite horizons at the Jurasso-Cretaceous border-line seemed specially invited because in our most recent textbooks Yorkshire strata obviously well up in the Cretaceous are still included in the Jurassic; and it was also deemed useful to link up the table of Tithonian ammonite zones, above referred to, with that of the Aptian, given by the writer in a paper on the “Ammonite Horizons of the Gault and Contiguous Formations”.
A New Miocene Echinoid from N.W. Peru
Authors: Brighton A. G.
Published: May 2009

Material—The six more or less complete specimens and twelve fragments to be described are preserved in a coarse ferruginous sandstone. They were collected by Messrs. C. Barrington Brown and R. A. Baldry, who supply the following particulars of horizon and locality, and to whom the author is indebted for the opportunity of describing this interesting echinoid.
On New Ammonites from the English Chalk
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

Ammonites are comparatively common in the Cenomanian or Lower Chalk, become rarer in the Turonian or Middle Chalk, and are very scarce in the Upper Chalk. On a former occasion, when pointing out that while ammonites were unknown from the Micraster cor-testudinarium Chalk of England, they occurred in the same Chalk in the north of France, the writer was inclined to attribute this absence or scarcity to limited horizontal distribution of the ammonites. The possibility, however, of there being gaps in the Chalk succession, for example at the horizon of Actinocamax plena, at the Chalk-Rock, in and above the cor-anguinum zone, etc., cannot be denied. The zone of Micraster cor-anguinum is not quite so barren as the zone below, but the only ammonites hitherto known from it are doubtful examples, probably referable to Parapuzosia. One impression, on an oyster, of part of the ventral area of a large specimen, possibly of P. corbarica Grossouvre sp., was collected by Mr. Dibley in the London-Portland Pit at Northfleet, Kent, and Dr. Rowe recorded probably comparable Parapuzosia (“ammonites of the leptophyllus group”) from Dorset and Yorkshire.
Orders of Validity in Geological Theory
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

All of us have read how, in the infancy of modern geology, men were exceeding liberal of theorizing; indeed, it might almost be said that their theorizing, and their confidence in it, were in inverse proportion to their knowledge. Then arose the Geological Society of London, with its appeal for “new facts” and for “investigating the mineral structure of the Earth”, in other words, for application of the inductive method, and for placing geological inductions upon as broad a basis as possible. The result of which we know; the science went forward from that hour.
The Evishanoran “Esker”, Tyrone
Authors: Charlesworth J. Kaye
Published: May 2009

In his fair and courteous paper on the Evishanoran Esker, Tyrone, which appeared in the October issue of this Magazine (p. 451), Professor J. W. Gregory finds himself unable to accept the writer's view of the origin of this glacial feature and re-states at greater length the theory he had earlier formed. Though the area under discussion is very small—only one or two of the 4,000 sq. miles described in my paper on the Glacial Geology of the north-west of Ireland—the importance of the principles involved in this disagreement of views necessitates a reply, however brief, to the criticisms of my interpretation to which I still unrepentently adhere.
Delta Formation in the English Lakes
Authors: Hay Thomas
Published: May 2009

About Easter, 1925, I noticed the curious course of the streams through the big deltas of Measand on Haweswater, and of Aira Beck on Ullswater. Both these streams, after having traversed about half the radial length of the delta, turn fairly sharply towards the head of the lake. This turn in such a pronounced degree is contrary to what one would expect.
On a Boring at Roddymoor Colliery, near Crook, Co. Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

A boring that was completed in 1921 by Messrs. Pease and Partners, at Roddymoor Colliery, near Crook, Co. Durham, about 5 miles north-west of Bishop Auckland, is of considerable importance. I had the good fortune to be consulted in connexion with the correlation of the strata in the lower part of the section, and was also allowed to make a thorough examination of the whole of the cores. The stratigraphical results are of much interest, and it is mainly with these I propose to deal in this paper. Mr. R. G. Carruthers, of H.M. Geological Survey, also examined the cores, and on his suggestion they were broken up and the fossils in them collected by Mr. Tate, of the Survey. It is hoped that when these are determined, results may be obtained which will aid the zonal classification and correlation of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the two north-eastern counties.
The Lithology of the Sodbury Section
Authors: Reynolds Sidney H.
Published: May 2009

The section of Carboniferous Limestone exposed in the railway cutting on the South Wales relief line to the west of Badminton station is a very fine one, being inferior in the Bristol district only to those of the Avon and of Burrington. There is a continuous section from high up in D1 to the top of K2.
A Boring in the Trias at Upton-on-Severn, Worcs.
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

In 1906–12 a deep boring was made at Red Hill, Upton-on-Severn, to obtain water for the town of Upton. The boring was made by Messrs. E. Timmins & Co., Ltd., of Runcorn, for the engineers, Messrs. Willcox & Raikes, of Birmingham. The particulars as to the thickness, etc., of the Triassic rocks here are of considerable interest and I am indebted to Dr. J. Selwyn Cowley, of Upton-on-Severn, for lending me Messrs.
Notes on Petrographic Methods
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

Many workers in the domain of the petrology of sedimentary rocks will welcome the article by Dr. Rastall in the Geological Magazine for January, 1923, and will appreciate the fact that certain notes therein help to make clear what may or may not reasonably be expected from this branch of geology. Judging from what has been said and written from time to time, I fear there is some amount of misconception as to what is being and has been achieved by the study of the rarer minerals and grain-size of sediments. As Dr. Rastall has paid me the compliment of referring to certain work with which I was concerned, in part during the war, it may be of interest and service if I indicate briefly the character of some of the work done and the utility of the petrographic methods adopted.
The So-called Malone Jurassic Formation in Texas
Authors: Kitchin F. L.
Published: May 2009

The known cephalopod faunas of Upper Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous age in South America were reviewed by the late Professor V. Uhlig from the standpoint of their general character and relationships. In Mexico and in Texas certain lamellibranch species occur as part of a faunal development which Uhlig regarded as having an intimate connexion with the assemblages of the South Andean Jurassic-Cretaceous province. He remarked upon the regional unity shown by the faunas of Upper Jurassic age described by C. Burckhardt from the Mazapil district in Mexico, by Castillo and Aguilera from San Luis Potosi (Mexico), and by Cragin from the Malone district in Texas. The fossils described, from San Luis Potosi and from Cragin's so-called Malone Jurassic Formation comprise some bivalve shells, particularly Trigoniae, which resemble closely certain characteristic forms found in undoubted Lower Cretaceous deposits in South America, and also in the Africano-Indian province, of Krenkel's nomenclature.
The Zonal Distribution of the Larger Foraminifera of the Eocene of Western India
Authors: Nuttall W. L. F.
Published: May 2009

An extensive collection of Eocene Foraminifera was made during a geological reconnaissance of parts of Western India undertaken on behalf of the Whitehall Petroleum Corporation by Mr. D. Dale Condit and myself. Further specimens have been lent by the Indian Geological Survey. As traced from north to south the region examined includes parts of the Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab; the Loralai District, the Bugti Hills, the Bolan Pass, Kalat and Las Bela States in Baluchistan; the Laki Range and Indus valley in Lower Sind; and Cutch State. The distance from the northernmost area examined to the southernmost is approximately 550 miles. I have already published a brief account of the stratigraphical geology with palaeontological descriptions of the species of Foraminifera encountered (3 to 8). In this paper it is proposed to summarize the results of this investigation and compare briefly the zonal distribution and evolution of the species with that of the European Eocene.
Studies in the Corallian Lamellibranch Fauna of Oxford, Berks, and Wilts
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The greatest diameter of a Pecten is nearly always the height. It is easier to visualize the size of a shell from this measurement than from the length. Consequently in tabulating the dimensions of the species the height is first given in millimetres, followed by the length as a percentage of the height. Since in the vast majority of the ordinary species the shell is, except for the auricles of the right valve, subequilateral, no obliquity measurement is necessary as with the Limidae. Another redundant measurement in dealing with Jurassic Pectinidae is the inflation. This dimension is always such a small percentage of the height that accuracy of measurement without special apparatus is a matter of difficulty unless both valves happen to be joined, closed, and free from matrix. Even such differences as do exist can rarely be detected in allied species, such as might be liable to confusion in other respects.
The Post-Glacial Deposits of Airedale, Yorkshire
Authors: Raistrick A.
Published: May 2009

During the last two years a series of deep excavations have been made in the floor of the Aire valley near Skipton (on the border of sheets 92 S.E. and 92 S.W. 1 inch to 1 mile, Geological Survey). These have brought to light a hitherto unsuspected deposit of laminated clays of great thickness, which are of considerable interest in interpreting the events of the Glacial retreat in this valley. A. Jowett and H. B. Muff in 1904 published their work on the glaciation of the Aire valley between Keighley and Bradford, in the course of which they described three terminal moraines of the Aire glacier, at Tong Park, near Baildon, at Hirst Wood, about a mile and a half west of Shipley, and at Bingley; in the course of the paper they mention without comment the fact that above the Hirst Wood and Bingley moraines there is in each case an extensive flat of alluvial material, extending far up the valley. Although these have long been tacitly regarded as lake flats, the first confirmation was received in 1920 when the excavation of a deep trench in the flat half a mile west of the Hirst Wood moraine revealed a quantity of laminated clay underlying the undoubted river gravels. The excavation was only temporary, and unfortunately no measurements or deeper trials were obtained. Recently a trench above the Bingley moraine has been cut deep enough to show the laminated clay underlying the river gravels here as at Hirst Wood, and these two exposures have directed attention to the existence during late Glacial and post-Glacial times of a series of lakes held up by the terminal moraines left by the Airedale glacier. That such lakes existed has long been the opinion of most local geologists, but they have always been regarded as of brief duration, drainage being rapidly accomplished by breaching of the moraine barrier, or, in the Hirst Wood case, by super-deepening of the cut round the north end of the moraine, a cut probably initiated in late Glacial times. The material from the Skipton excavations indicates that these lakes were of far longer duration than previously suspected.
The Avonian of Cannington Park, near Bridgwater, Somerset
Authors: Wallis F. S.
Published: May 2009

This small, though extremely interesting area of Carboniferous Limestone is situated about 4 miles north-east of Bridgwater and ¾ mile north-east of the village of Cannington.

For several reasons it has attracted a large number of workers. Fossils are scarce (at first the mass was thought to be unfossiliferous), and hence for a long time the “Devonian or Carboniferous” question of age was a bone of contention. Also, the final acceptance of its Avonian age showed that productive Coal Measures were probably deposited in the area between the Mendips and the Quantock Hills.
Notes on a New Collection of Fossil Echinoidea from Jamaica
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Shortly after the appearance of my paper on “ Some Cretaceous Echinoidea from Jamaica ” (Geol. Mag., Vol. LX, 1923, p. 199) Dr. C. T. Trechmann returned from a further visit to the Island, bringing with him a considerable collection of Echinoids. These he has entrusted to me for examination and report, possibly with the hope that the Cretaceous specimens might induce me to change my heretical opinions as to the horizon present! Once again I have to express regret that I can only repay his kindness by expressing views similar to those previously given, and this time with far greater precision than before.
On some Effects of Wind and Sun in the Desert of Tumbez, North-West Peru
Authors: Brown C. Barrington
Published: May 2009

Dr. T. O. Bosworth has described some effects of wind and sun in producing topographical forms and in modifying the shapes of stones on the surface of the deserts of Tumbez and Paita. This paper describes certain forms of rocks and stone erosion, not mentioned in his work, from an area further north than that in which his more detailed observations were made.
The Base of the Devonian
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

My attention has recently been called to some very interesting comments on the problem of the delimitation of the Silurian and Devonian systems, which were made by Dr. Elles in her Presidential address to Section C of the British Association at Liverpool. I am so heartily in agreement with all the principles of the modern classification of strata, as laid down by Dr. Elles, that it seems of advantage to recall very briefly how closely these principles are adhered to in using the Ludlow Bone-bed as the local base of the Devonian in England.
The Species-Concept in Palaeontology
Authors: Teueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

During recent years the nature of species has been frequently discussed by biologists, or, at least, by students of recent animals and plants, but much less attention has been paid to the subject by palaeontologists. Nevertheless, in palaeontology, as in neontology, as animals and plants are subjected to a more intensive study it is becoming increasingly difficult to make the concept of species fit the facts of nature.
The Occurrence of Detrital Barytes in the Permian Basal Sand at Nitticarhill.
Authors: Lewis H. P.
Published: May 2009

The Permian Basal Sands in South Yorkshire and North-East Derbyshire are very inconstant in thickness and they are often absent or unexposed over wide areas. They evidently filled eroded hollows in the Carboniferous floor and it is interesting to note that they are usually best developed where the underlying Coal Measures are soft and essentially shaly in composition. In the region under discussion some sections show the Lower Permian Limestone resting directly on the basal sand with but a slightly arenaceous base. Such is the case at the well-exposed sections east of Frickley, 15 miles north-east of Sheffield and at Harthill, 10 miles south-east of Sheffield.
The Metamorphism of the South-West Highlands.
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

Last year, I published a theory of the structure of the South-West Highlands in which was included a short statement regarding the metamorphism of the district (1922, p. 92). It seems that movement and metamorphism in this particular region have been too closely contemporaneous to allow of a tectonist deriving much assistance, in the initial stages of his work, from a study of the metamorphic condition of the various rocks with which he has to deal. There is no suggestion anywhere of contrasted metamorphisms having been brought into contact as a result of thrusting. If, as I suppose, there have been great thrust-movements, these must, for the most part, have occurred before the conclusion of the metamorphic period.
The Dykes of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down
Authors: Reynolds D. L.
Published: May 2009

The vogesites are of two distinct types, one of which will be designated type A and the other type B.
The Upper Devonian Fishes of Victoria, Australia, and their Bearing on the Stratigraphy of the State
Authors: Hills Edwin Sherbon
Published: May 2009

The recent discovery of fossil fishes in the Devonian rocks of Victoria may appear somewhat surprising in view of the fact that the general geology of the state has by now been worked out in fair detail, both by the Geological Survey and by independent investigators. Much of the detailed work has been confined, however, to the Lower Palaeozoic groups, in which the original gold deposits of the state are found, the economically less important Upper Palaeozoic rocks having been subjected to less minute examination by the Survey, especially of late years, and left in the hands of individual geologists, who often turned to the great igneous rock masses occurring in the central part of the state as constituting a congenial subject for research.
On the Relations of the Chalky Boulder Clay to the Implementiferous Beds of the Pleistocene Formation
Authors: Banton J. T.
Published: May 2009

As is well known, there is a great diversity of opinion with regard to the relationship of the implement-bearing beds of the Pleistocene formations and the Chalky Boulder Clay. Any facts which throw light on this vexed question might, I thought, be very acceptable and useful and I am endeavouring in this paper to bring forward what evidence I can bearing on this very difficult and perplexing subject.
Recent Discoveries of Dinosaurs in India
Authors: Matley C. A.
Published: May 2009

Until the last few years the Asiatic Continent has yielded remarkably few remains of Dinosaurs. The recent discoveries in Mongolia have revolutionized our knowledge of their distribution in Northern Asia, and now much new information has come to light from collections made from the Cretaceous rocks of India.
Further Observations on the Ballantrae Igneous Complex, South Ayrshire
Authors: Balsillie D.
Published: May 2009

In the southern belt of the Ballantrae serpentine, stretching south-west from Millenderdale, there occur many exposures of altered and more or less recrystallized dolerite and gabbro. Some of these rocks have afforded considerable difficulty to previous observers and they have been variously interpreted. Thus Dr. G. W. Tyrrell, in an interesting paper published twenty-five years ago (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glas., xiii, 283), regarded some of the rocks on Littleton Hill as “relics of an older mass of dolerite or gabbro” that had “become enveloped by the later serpentine”. But this expression of opinion does not appear to have been founded upon conviction, since quite recently Tyrrell states (Proc. Geol. Assoc, xliv, 59) “contact metamorphism presumably by the enveloping serpentine seems to have been developed in rocks on Littleton Hill which may originally have been spilites and diabase porphyrites”. At the time of writing a previous paper (GEOL. MAG., LXIX, 1932, 107) I hadalready inferred that the metamorphic rocks seen on Littleton Hill must have been derived from dolerites and gabbros, but the nature of their association with the serpentine was then merely a matter of surmise. In continuing field work in the province, therefore, I keptin mind the requirement to determine, if possible, the true geological relationships of these rocks, and to that end I have re-investigated carefully the whole southern outcrop of the serpentine and its accompanying metamorphic masses. A short account of the results of the field and laboratory work is given below. Firstly, however, I take leave to acknowledge the very helpful character of Mr. A. G. Macgregor's researches on felspar clouding, “a characteristic effect that is often produced in the fresh plagioclase felspars of igneous rocks by thermal metamorphism” (see Min. Mag., xxii, 524).
The Age of the Norwich Brickearth
Authors: Harrison Kenneth
Published: May 2009

Following the original suggestion of Searles Wood, the Norwich Brickearth has been referred to the same phase of glaciation as the Basement clay of Holderness, which in turn has been correlated with the Scandinavian Drift of Durham. Recent work by Stather (1929) and by Bisat (1932, 1935) shows, however, that the Basement clay of previous authors (Wood, Lamplugh, Reid, and others) may be resolved into a drift (a) of Scandinavianorigin, together with (b) deposits of separate derivation; and the time now seems appropriate for a critical examination of the position of the Norwich Brickearth in the glacial sequence.
Scottish Carboniferous Crinoids
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Geological Magazine last year (LXXIII, 385–112), it was mentioned that in my collection of Scottish Carboniferous crinoids there remained ten or eleven species to be described. In the present paper eleven species are dealt with, but I find this does not complete the list since there are still a few others, including species of Hydreionocrinus, Eupachycrinus, etc., and some very minute forms belonging to unknown genera which require further elucidation. It is my hope later on to describe these along with a revision of the Scottish Carboniferous crinoids as a whole. Meanwhile, on another page is given a list of all the species known to date so that a comparison can be made with the faunas of other regions. Here, I wish to add to the list of species already given from Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe (C1) (Geol. Mag., 1935, LXXII, p. 205), the following species: Platycrinus coronatus Goldfuss, Dichocrinus sp., Symbathocrinus conicus Phillips, and Mespilocrinus forbesianus de Koninck & Le Hon.
The Tectonics of the Purbeck and Ridgeway Faults in Dorset
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

It is now about forty years since the completion of the late Sir Aubrey Strahan's Geological Survey Memoir on the Isle of Purbeck and Weymouth, published in 1898. All those who, like the present writer, have known the Dorset coast from boyhood and have carried Strahan's maps and memoir over most of the ground many times cannot have failed to learn from them lessons of incalculable value. They will have come to regard the memoir as a model of scientific method and of lucid presentation, a classic not to be questioned save in matters of palaeontology, now necessarily out of date.
The South Hill Lamprophyre, Jersey
Authors: Smith H. G.
Published: May 2009

A Brief account of this dyke was published in 1933, but since that time further studies, with assistance from Dr. A. E. Mourant and Mr. A. J. Robinson, have been made, and the results seem to be of sufficient value to justify a return to the subject.
Evidence of a Late Glacial Episode within the Valley of the Lower Thames
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: May 2009

Since my last note appeared upon the series of deposits which fills the Ebbsfleet Channel of post-Early Mousterian (Levalloisian) age further excavations have been undertaken this year which have resulted in the complete sequence being established. It had been observed that the Trail with “ rafts ” of Coombe Rock, which overlay the flood-loam of temperate facies (deposit 8), sometimes contained in its upper portion “ rafts ” of a pale sandy brickearth; moreover, here and there, traces of this same faintly stratified brickearth occurred upon the surface of the Trail in question. In order that the true explanation of these observations might be reached, a special excavation was made at what was considered to be the most suitable spot at the site.
Notes on some Rock Fragments dredged up between Faroe Bank and Rockall by the Research Vessel S.T. “George Bligh”, of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, during April, 1921
Authors: Carruthers J. N. , Cole Grenville A. J. , Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

The rock fragments described herein were obtained during a cruise of investigation into the fishery possibilities of the Lousy Bank. This Bank, as defined by the 200 fathom line, is some 34 miles long, by 18 miles broad, and lies in a direction E.N.E.–W.S.W. (mag.), being situated between Faroe Bank and Rockall, and having its shallowest portion centred around the position, Lat. 60° 25′ N., Long. 12° 37′ W.
Notes on the Formation of Lateritoid in N. Rhodesia
Authors: Murray-Hughes R.
Published: May 2009

In this paper no new theory is offered as to the formation of those rocks, found in so many places in the Tropics, known as laterites and lateritoids. Rather is it offered as confirmatory evidence of the hypothesis, which has been put forward by several writers (5), that in general they are formed by the evaporation of iron-bearing waters as they are brought to the surface by one or more causes, such as capillarity and hydrostatic pressure. The part that animal life may play in the deposition of the iron, as well as in the solution of it, does not appear, however, to have been noted (5).
The Hirnant Beds and the Base of the Valentian
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

Recently I had an opportunity of paying a brief visit to the localities described by Miss Elles as affording a clue to the horizon of the Hirnant Beds. As I have for many years believed that the fauna of the Hirnant Beds is Ordovician, I was anxious to see upon what evidence the assignment of those beds to the Silurian was based. The Bwlch-y-groes locality was visited with Professor W. J. Pugh, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, who will shortly deal with the structure of that area. It is sufficient for the present to state that this section has been misinterpreted by Miss Elles, and so far from proving that the Hirnant Beds lie within the Valentian, shows, if anything, that they cannot possibly form part of that series, which is fully represented there and has much the same characters as throughout Central Wales. To anyone thoroughly familiar with the Ordovician-Silurian succession of Central Wales, the structure and rock-succession of the Bwlch-y-groes Pass presents no difficulty and it certainly gives no support to the idea that the Hirnant Beds are of Lower Valentian age.
The Melton Mowbray Anticline
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: May 2009

The structure of the Jurassic area of north-east Leicestershire has been discussed by several writers, and markedly different opinions have been held. In the present paper fresh informationabout the variation of the Jurassic beds is brought forward to show the true position and orientation of the fold axes active in Jurassic times, and the history of the fold is discussed in more detail than has previously been attempted.
The Formation of Laterite
Authors: Bishopp D. W.
Published: May 2009

If the term “laterite” is restricted to apply only to hydrates of iron, aluminium, or in special cases manganese, formed by katamorphic processes, then obviously a great deal of what we commonly term “laterite” is incorrectly named. I am assuming that laterite is the end or apical product of a process of rock degradation which may stop short at the formation of the hydrated silicates—clays or lithomarges—or continue right on to hydrate according to chemical and physical environment and nature of the parent rock. Harrison’s studies of deposits in British Guiana show that lithomarge and bauxite are associated with each other in all possible proportions, with or without the hydrates of iron (which does not appear to pass through a secondary hydrated silicate or “kaolin” stage), and free silica, which on one occasion has been recorded in the form of tridymite. These substances are mixed in all degrees, and can only be distinguished by laboratory tests. The point which decides whether one of such rocks should be classed as a laterite or a lithomarge seems to be quite arbitrary, unless it is agreed that a laterite should contain an excess of hydrates over hydrated silicates.
Intrusions of the Glen Falloch Area
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

Recent work in the Glen Falloch area has revealed that certain small masses shown as diorite on 1 inch Sheet 46 of the Geological Survey (Scotland) contain rocks belonging to the kentallenite and appinite suites. As these intrusions have not been previously mentioned in geological literature it has been considered worth while placing a short description on record.
On Ammonites from Spitsbergen
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

Of the rich collections of fossils made by Professors J. W. Gregory and E. J. Garwood, as members of Sir Martin Conway's expedition to Spitsbergen in 1896, only a few Labyrinthodont remains, so far, have been described; but through the kind offices of Dr. A. Smith Woodward, the writer some time ago was entrusted with the naming of the Cephalopoda in those collections. The Ammonites are of the greatest interest, both from a palæontological and a stratigraphical point of view; and in view of the impossibility of publishing, in the near future, a full description of the fauna, with the necessary number of plates, it is intended to give a short preliminary account of these Cephalopoda. It is matter for regret that other groups of invertebrate fossils, such as the Triassic Pelecypoda, or the Upper Jurassic Aucellids, could not be dealt with, and their detailed study, probably, would yield important results. Spitsbergen Vertebrata, on the other hand, always have received considerable attention.