bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug overdose deaths at work, 2011–2016
Authors: Tiesman Hope M , Konda Srinivas , Cimineri Lauren , Castillo Dawn N
Published: April 2019

Drug overdose fatalities have risen sharply and the impact on US workplaces has not been described. This paper describes US workplace overdose deaths between 2011 and 2016. Drug overdose deaths were identified from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and fatality rates calculated using denominators from the Current Population Survey. Fatality rates were compared among demographic groups and industries. Negative binomial regression was used to analyse trends. Between 2011 and 2016, 760 workplace drug overdoses occurred for a fatality rate of 0.9 per 1 000 000 full-time equivalents (FTEs). Workplace overdose fatality rates significantly increased 24% annually. Workplace overdose fatality rates were highest in transportation and mining industries (3.0 and 2.6 per 1 000 000 FTEs, respectively). One-third of workplace overdose fatalities occurred in workplaces with fewer than 10 employees. Heroin was the single most frequent drug documented in workplace overdose deaths (17%). Workplace overdose deaths were low, but increased considerably over the six-year period. Workplaces are impacted by the national opioid overdose epidemic.
Association of binge drinking in adolescence and early adulthood with high blood pressure: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994–2008)
Authors: Hayibor Lisa Ama , Zhang Jianrong , Duncan Alexis
Published: April 2019

Background

An investigation of the risk of high blood pressure (HBP) associated with heavy alcohol consumption in adolescence and early adulthood is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between binge drinking from adolescence to early adulthood and the risk of HBP in early adulthood.

Methods

We applied logistic regression to publicly available, population-representative data from waves I (1994–1995; ages 12–18) and IV (2007–2008; ages 24–32) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n=5114) to determine whether past 12-month binge drinking in adolescence (wave I) and early adulthood (wave IV) was associated with HBP in early adulthood after adjusting for covariates, including smoking and body mass index. HBP was defined according to both the former and new classifications.

Results

HBP was significantly, positively associated with infrequent binge drinking (less than once a week) in adolescence based on the new classification (overall: OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.49; male: OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.81) and frequent binge drinking (heavy consumption) in adolescence based on the former classification (overall: OR= 1.64, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.22; male: OR= 1.79, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.60). The risk of HBP was high when participants engaged in frequent binge drinking in both adolescence and early adulthood, especially based on the former classification (overall: OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.13 to 5.20; female: OR 5.81, 95% CI 2.26 to 14.93).

Conclusion

Binge drinking in adolescence may increase risk of HBP in early adulthood. This association is independent of other important risk factors for HPB, such as smoking and obesity.
Stentriever salvage after failed manual aspiration thrombectomy
Authors: Tonetti Daniel A , Desai Shashvat M , Casillo Stephanie , Zussman Benjamin M , Jadhav Ashutosh , Jankowitz Brian Thomas , Jovin Tudor G , Gross Bradley A
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) and stent retriever mediated aspiration thrombectomy (SMAT) are well described reperfusion strategies for large vessel occlusions. This study aims to identify predictors of successful crossover to SMAT after failed first pass MAT.

Methods

Prospectively collected data for patients with acute large vessel occlusions undergoing thrombectomy over a 23 month period at a comprehensive stroke center were reviewed. The primary outcome was successful removal of the index clot with resultant Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2b or greater reperfusion at any point after a failed initial MAT attempt, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of successful crossover to SMAT.

Results

Of 433 large vessel thrombectomies, 319 underwent first pass MAT, and 113 patients required a repeated pass for the index thrombus. Second pass MAT was performed in 77% of cases and was successful in 54%; second pass SMAT was performed in 23% of cases and was successful in 73% (P=0.11). Third pass MAT was employed in 45% of cases and was successful in 43% while SMAT was performed in 55% of cases and was successful in 77% (P=0.03). Overall, 12% of patients undergoing MAT on the first pass crossed over to successful SMAT. Predictors of successful crossover were internal carotid artery (ICA) location and higher presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score.

Conclusion

After failed first pass MAT, subsequent passes with SMAT had higher rates of successful index clot removal; patients with a higher initial NIHSS score and ICA clot location should be considered for early crossover or even initial SMAT for their clots.
MiR-4458 inhibits breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasiveness by targeting CPSF4
Authors: Wu Jianrong , Miao Juan , Ding Ye , Zhang Yayun , Huang Xiaohao , Zhou Xue , Tang Ranran
Published: April 2019

Numerous studies have reported that CPSF4 is over-expressed in a large percentage of human lung cancers, and CPSF4 has been identified as a potential oncogene of human lung tumor. Downregulation of CPSF4 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. A previous study by our group also found overexpression of CPSF4 in breast cancer (BC), and was closely associated with a poor prognosis for the patient. This study investigates microRNAs (miRNAs) that target CPSF4 to modulate BC cell proliferation. We found that miR-4458 was noticeably reduced in BC tissues and cells. Using a miR-4458 mimic, we found that cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness were suppressed by miR-4458 overexpression, and were enhanced by reducing the expression of miR-4458. Moreover, the results from bioinformatics analyses suggest a putative target site in the CPSF4 3′-UTR. Furthermore, using luciferase reporter assays and Western blotting, we verified that miR-4458 directly targets the 3′-UTR of CPSF4 and downregulates COX-2 and h-TERT, which are downstream target genes of CPSF4. Additionally, PI3K/AKT and ERK were shown to be inhibited by miR-4458 overexpression in BC cells. Moreover, miR-4458 suppresses BC cell growth in vivo. Consequently, these results suggest that the miR-4458–CPSF4–COX-2–hTERT axis might serve as a potential target for the treatment of BC patients.
Improved understanding of geogrid response to pullout loading: insights from three-dimensional finite-element analysis
Authors: Hussein Mahmoud G. , Meguid Mohamed A.
Published: April 2019

Soil reinforcement has rapidly become one of the most common soil improvement techniques used in geotechnical engineering. Understanding the behavior of a geogrid under pullout loading is essential for the analysis and design of reinforced soil systems. The overall behavior of reinforced soils is generally dependent on the properties of the geogrid material, the backfill soil, and the interface condition. Modeling the three-dimensional aspects of soil–geogrid interaction under pullout loading condition is numerically challenging and requires special consideration of the different modes of resistance that contribute to the pullout capacity of the geogrid reinforcement. This study describes the results of a three-dimensional finite-element analysis that has been developed to investigate the behavior of a biaxial geogrid embedded in granular backfill material and subjected to pullout loading. The modeling approach considers the noncontinuous nature of the geogrid geometry and the elastoplastic response of the geogrid material. Model validation is performed by simulating laboratory-size pullout test and comparing the experimental data with the analytical as well as numerically calculated results. The detailed behavior of the geogrid and the surrounding backfill is investigated using the proposed numerical approach. Conclusions are made to highlight the suitability of this technique for analyzing similar soil–structure interaction problems.
Analysis of material motion characteristics of vertical nonlinear synchronous vibration dryer
Authors: Li Xiaohao , Gao Rui , Shen Tao
Published: April 2019

The nonlinear characteristics of a vertical dryer prototype under the synchronous excitation of vibration motors were analyzed. The vibration synchronization conditions of the two excitation motors of the vertical dryer were pursued. The analysis of motion characteristics of the material granules on the vertical dryer was conducted. The relationship between the structure parameters of the vertical dryer powered by two excitation motors and the motion characteristics of the material granules were discussed. Experimental results and discussion were used to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. This research demonstrated that the displacement of the material granules in the moving direction increased as the installment angle of the two excitation motors increased. This can improve the production efficiency; however, too large an installment angle destabilized the response of the dryer, no longer satisfying the design and use requirements. The research methods and conclusions presented in this paper can provide theoretical support and experimental basis for future development of a vibration dryer powered by two excitation motors.
Finite irreducible modules of Lie conformal algebras 𝒲(a,b) and some Schrödinger–Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras
Authors: Luo Lipeng , Hong Yanyong , Wu Zhixiang
Published: April 2019

Lie conformal algebras [Formula: see text] are the semi-direct sums of Virasoro Lie conformal algebra and its nontrivial conformal modules of rank one. In this paper, we first give a complete classification of all finite nontrivial irreducible conformal modules of [Formula: see text]. It is shown that all such modules are of rank one. Moreover, with a similar method, all finite nontrivial irreducible conformal modules of Schrödinger–Virasoro type Lie conformal algebras [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are characterized.
A Systematic Review of Neuroprotective Efficacy and Safety of DL-3-N-Butylphthalide in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Xu Zhe-Qi , Zhou Yi , Shao Bo-Zong , Zhang Jing-Jing , Liu Chong
Published: April 2019

DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is widely used as a neuroprotective drug for ischemic stroke in China. There is, however, no established evidence on its efficacy and safety for patients with ischemic stroke. We, therefore, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Major databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy and safety of NBP on ischemic stroke, reporting outcomes among patients treated with NBP alone or combined with standard anti-ischemic stroke drugs vs. standard anti-ischemic stroke drugs. Continuous data were validated, extracted and synthesized of standardized mean differences (SMDs) by random effects models, while dichotomous data were validated, extracted and synthesized of relative risk (RR) by random effects models. Twelve randomized controlled trials involving 1160 patients were identified. Results suggested that NBP monotherapy is not superior to standard anti-ischemic stroke drugs based on the Barthel Index (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI [Formula: see text]0.14 to 0.63; [Formula: see text]) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (SMD, 0.73; 95% CI [Formula: see text]0.14 to 1.59; [Formula: see text]). In contrast, the combination of NBP and standard anti-ischemic stroke drugs appears to be superior to standard drugs alone, again based on both the Barthel index (SMD, 1.65; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.04; [Formula: see text]) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (SMD, 1.40; 95% CI 0.72 to 2.09; [Formula: see text]). However, the use of NBP may cause adverse event on the function of the liver (RR, 3.55; 95% CI 1.19 to 10.56; [Formula: see text]). The combination use of NBP and standard anti-ischemic stroke drugs is more effective than standard drugs. However, more attention should be payed to the adverse effects on liver function. Our findings provided an established evidence of NBP as a neuroprotective drug, which may improve the current guideline for treatment of ischemic stroke.
Luteolin: A Natural Flavonoid Enhances the Survival of HUVECs against Oxidative Stress by Modulating AMPK/PKC Pathway
Authors: Ou Hsiu-Chung , Pandey Sudhir , Hung Meng-Yu , Huang Su-Hua , Hsu Pei-Tz , Day Cecilia-Hsuan , Pai Peiying , Viswanadha Vijaya Padma , Kuo Wei-Wen , Huang Chih-Yang
Published: April 2019

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Dietary supplementation of anti-oxidants has been reported to have beneficial effects on the prevention of atherogenic diseases. Luteolin (a natural flavonoid) has been shown to possess antimutagenic, antitumorigenic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of luteolin on cardiovascular systems are poorly explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test whether luteolin could protect against oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pre-treated with luteolin followed by hydrogen peroxide induction (H2O2). Our results showed that luteolin protected against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and ameliorated ROS and superoxide generation. In addition, we found that luteolin treatment inhibited the H2O2-induced membrane assembly of NADPH oxidase subunits, which was further confirmed by specifically inhibiting NADPH oxidase using DPI treatment. Furthermore, pAMPK protein expression was enhanced and p-PKC isoforms were significantly down-regulated by luteolin treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and a similar effect was observed upon DPI treatment. However, co-treatment with the specific inhibitor of AMPK (Compound C) restored p-PKC levels suggesting the role of AMPK signaling in regulating p-PKC expression under oxidative stress condition in HUVECs. Finally, we confirmed using siRNAs and specific inhibitor and/or activator of AMPK (AICAR) that luteolin treatment induced AMPK is a key player and regulator of activated expression of PKC isoforms and thereby confers protection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs.
Aloin Reduces HMGB1-Mediated Septic Responses and Improves Survival in Septic Mice by Activation of the SIRT1 and PI3K/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Axis
Authors: Yang Sumin , Lee Wonhwa , Lee Bong-Seon , Lee Changhun , Park Eui Kyun , Ku Sae-Kwang , Bae Jong-Sup
Published: April 2019

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is recognized as a late mediator of sepsis, and the inhibition of HMGB1 release and recovery of vascular barrier integrity have emerged as attractive therapeutic strategies for the management of sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that aloin induces sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1, which inhibit HMGB1 release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells, thereby inhibiting HMGB1-induced hyperpermeability and increasing the survival of septic mice. Aloin was administered after LPS or HMGB1 challenge, and the antiseptic activity of aloin was determined from measurements of permeability, activation of pro-inflammatory proteins and production of markers for tissue injury in HMGB1-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis mouse model. Aloin significantly reduced HMGB1 release in LPS-activated HUVECs via SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation and the PI3K/Nrf2/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 signaling axis. Aloin also suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text] and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-[Formula: see text]B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) by HMGB1. Moreover, aloin restored HMGB1-mediated vascular disruption and inhibited vascular hyperpermeability in mice. In addition, treatment with aloin reduced the CLP-induced release of HMGB1, sepsis-related mortality and tissue injury in vivo. Our results suggest that aloin reduces HMGB1 release and sepsis-related mortality by activating SIRT1 and PI3K/Nrf2/HO-1 signals, indicating that aloin has potential for the treatment of sepsis.
β-Pentagalloyl-Glucose Sabotages Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Ameliorates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Yang Jing , Wang Feng , Chen Xijuan , Qiu Shuai , Cui Lihua , Hu Lijuan
Published: April 2019

Pancreatic cancer cells overexpress the insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R). Activating these receptors, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increase the growth and glycolysis of pancreatic cancer cells. The high glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells increases whole-body energy expenditure and is therefore involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. The antagonism of IR and IGF1R may sabotage pancreatic cancer cells and attenuate cancer cachexia. Previous studies have shown that the intracellular regulating system of IR/IGF1R may be functionally interrelated to another intracellular system whose master regulator is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). In this study, we investigated how the IR/IGF1R and HIF-1 systems are interrelated in pancreatic cancer cells. We also investigated whether a phytochemical, penta-O-galloyl-[Formula: see text]-D-glucose ([Formula: see text]-PGG), antagonizes IR/IGF1R, sabotages pancreatic cancer cells and alleviates cancer cachexia. We found in MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells that IR/IGF1R activation increased both the [Formula: see text]-subunit of HIF-1 and caveolin-1. This result suggests that IR/IGF1R, HIF-1[Formula: see text], and caveolin-1 may constitute a feed-forward loop to mediate the effect of IR/IGF1R activation. [Formula: see text]-PGG inhibited IR/IGF1R activity and decreased glycolytic enzymes in MiaPaCa2 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells. When MiaPaCa2 cells were transplanted in athymic mice, their growth was inhibited by [Formula: see text]-PGG or by a HIF-1[Formula: see text] inhibitor, rhein. [Formula: see text]-PGG and rhein also decreased glycolytic enzymes in the tumor grafts and reduced liver gluconeogenesis, skeletal-muscle proteolysis and fat lipolysis in the tumor carriers. Cancer-induced body-weight loss, however, was prevented by [Formula: see text]-PGG but not rhein. In conclusion, [Formula: see text]-PGG combats pancreatic cancer cells and cures cancer cachexia.
Effect of carbonization on mechanical properties of halloysite nanotube-FRP nanocomposites with different morphological structures
Authors: Kim Yun-Hae , Choi Ji-Su , Park Soo-Jeong
Published: April 2019

In this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), an environmentally friendly inorganic nanomaterial, was added to epoxy matrix glass and basalt fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP and BFRP) by heat treatment of HNTs with crystalline and amorphous structure at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Their interfacial bonding strength and effect of HNTs before and after carbonization by flame were analyzed. We found that the HNT/epoxy formed a physical barrier on the surface because of the char generated by carbonization. The barrier showed excellent thermal stability and limiting oxygen index in BFRP. The flexural strength after carbonization was low in the amorphous 1000HTHNT-BFRP with strong interfacial bonding. In other words, the morphological structure of the HNTs helped the improvement of the interfacial bonding strength; hence, the reinforcing effect of the HNTs on the thermal stability and mechanical strength before and after carbonization can be controlled.
Compact Design of High-Speed Low-Error Four-Quadrant Current Multiplier with Reduced Power Dissipation
Authors: Maryan Mohammad Moradinezhad , Azhari Seyed Javad , Ayat Mehdi , Siahrood Reza Rezaei
Published: April 2019

In this paper, a compact low-power, high-speed, low-error four-quadrant analog multiplier is proposed using a new simple current squarer circuit. The new squarer circuit consists of an NMOS transistor, which operates in saturation region, plus a resistor. The proposed multiplier has a balanced structure composed of four squarer cells and a simple current mirror. This multiplier also has the important property of not using bias currents which results in greatly reduced power. The performance of the proposed design (for passive and active realization of the resistors) has been simulated using HSPICE software in 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m TSMC (level-49) CMOS technology. Simulation results with [Formula: see text]-V DC supply voltages show (for passive realization) that the maximum linearity error is 0.35%, the [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB bandwidth (BW) is 903[Formula: see text]MHz, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is 0.3% (at 1[Formula: see text]MHz), and the maximum and static power consumption are [Formula: see text]W and [Formula: see text]W, respectively. Also, post-layout simulation results are extracted, which give the maximum linearity error as 0.4%, the [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB BW as 657[Formula: see text]MHz and the THD as 0.35%, as well. Moreover, Monte Carlo analysis are performed to verify the satisfactory robustness and reliability of the proposed work’s performance.
An entropy minimization approach to second-order variational mean-field games
Authors: Benamou Jean-David , Carlier Guillaume , Di Marino Simone , Nenna Luca
Published: April 2019

We propose an entropy minimization viewpoint on variational mean-field games with diffusion and quadratic Hamiltonian. We carefully analyze the time discretization of such problems, establish [Formula: see text]-convergence results as the time step vanishes and propose an efficient algorithm relying on this entropic interpretation as well as on the Sinkhorn scaling algorithm.
Minimal coloring number for ℤ-colorable links II
Authors: Matsudo Eri
Published: April 2019

The minimal coloring number of a [Formula: see text]-colorable link is defined as the minimum number of colors for nontrivial [Formula: see text]-colorings on diagrams of the link. In this paper, we show that the minimal coloring number of any nonsplittable [Formula: see text]-colorable links is four.
The Alexander polynomial of links in lens spaces
Authors: Horvat E. , Gabrovšek Boštjan
Published: April 2019

We show how the Alexander polynomial of links in lens spaces is related to the classical Alexander polynomial of a link in the 3-sphere, obtained by cutting out the exceptional lens space fiber. It follows from this relationship that a certain normalization of the Alexander polynomial satisfies a skein relation in lens spaces.
In-Plane Free Vibration of Uniform Circular Arches Made of Axially Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Lee Joon Kyu , Lee Byoung Koo
Published: April 2019

This study focused on the in-plane free vibration of uniform circular arches made of axially functionally graded (AFG) materials. Based on the dynamic equilibrium of an arch element, the governing equations for the free vibration of an AFG arch are derived in this study, where arbitrary functions for the Young’s modulus and mass density are acceptable. For the purpose of numerical analysis, quadratic polynomials for the Young’s modulus and mass density are considered. To calculate the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes, the governing equations are solved using the direct integral method enhanced by the trial eigenvalue method. For verification purposes, the predicted frequencies are compared to those obtained by the general purpose software ADINA. A parametric study of the end constraint, rotatory inertia, modular ratio, radius parameter, and subtended angle for the natural frequencies is conducted and the corresponding mode shapes are reported.
Assessment of Arms Import Policies Using a Hierarchical Decision Model and Expert Judgments: Case Study of South Korean Arms Procurement Organizations
Authors: Kim Sung Jin , Sheikh Nasir Jamil , Stokes Gerald
Published: April 2019

Arms import decisions have a significant impact on certain nations. Priorities based on diverse policies are a major cause of conflict and dissent among policy decision makers and practitioners. This is because there are many competing qualitative and quantitative decision elements from varying perspectives. Hence, it has been difficult to compare them and rank their contributions to the final decision. Instead, a common approach has been to make decisions reacting to the situation at hand and on a case by case basis. Another approach is to use a rational decision model and expert judgments to assess arms import policies. For this, a hierarchical decision model (HDM) is used to identify the decision elements. Once a model framework is established many aspects of the results can be studied. In this research, a decision model based on technology, economics, politics, industry, and military (TEPIM) perspectives is developed for assessment of arms import policies. The case of the Republic of Korea is considered. The perspectives and their composite criteria are then ranked using the consensus of panels of experts and decision makers. An important aspect of expert judgment consensus is the management and analysis of disagreements. This study includes hierarchical cluster analyses and MANOVA of the disagreements between the decision makers and practitioners. We have confirmed that the stakeholder arms procurement organizations are guided by their organizational mission and this has an impact on their policy priorities and hence can result in disagreements.
Linear representations of random groups
Authors: Kozma Gady , Lubotzky Alexander
Published: April 2019

We show that for a fixed [Formula: see text], Gromov random groups with any density [Formula: see text] have no nontrivial degree [Formula: see text] representations over any field, a.a.s. This is especially interesting in light of the results of Agol, Ollivier and Wise that when [Formula: see text] such groups have a faithful linear representation over [Formula: see text], a.a.s.
Julia Robinson numbers
Authors: Gillibert Pierre , Ranieri Gabriele
Published: April 2019

We construct an infinite family of totally real algebraic extensions of [Formula: see text] whose ring of integers has a Julia Robinson number distinct from [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In fact, the set of Julia Robinson numbers obtained is unbounded. This gives new examples of algebraic extensions of [Formula: see text] of infinite degree whose ring of integers has undecidable first-order theory.
Finite orbit points for sets of quadratic polynomials
Authors: Hindes Wade
Published: April 2019

Let [Formula: see text] be a set of quadratic polynomials with rational coefficients, and let [Formula: see text] be a rational basepoint. We classify the pairs [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text] has finite orbit for [Formula: see text], assuming that the maximum period length for each individual polynomial is at most three (conjectured by Poonen). In particular, under these hypotheses we prove that if [Formula: see text], then there are no points [Formula: see text] with finite orbit for [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we use this perspective to formulate an analog of the Morton–Silverman Conjecture for sets of rational functions.
A comparative study of optimization algorithms for wavefront shaping
Authors: Fayyaz Zahra , Mohammadian Nafiseh , Reza Rahimi Tabar M. , Manwar Rayyan , Avanaki Kamran
Published: April 2019

By manipulating the phase map of a wavefront of light using a spatial light modulator, the scattered light can be sharply focused on a specific target. Several iterative optimization algorithms for obtaining the optimum phase map have been explored. However, there has not been a comparative study on the performance of these algorithms. In this paper, six optimization algorithms for wavefront shaping including continuous sequential, partitioning algorithm, transmission matrix estimation method, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm (GA), and simulated annealing (SA) are discussed and compared based on their efficiency when introduced with various measurement noise levels.
Dielectric spectroscopy and hydrogen bonding studies of 1-chloropropane–ethanol mixture using TDR technique
Authors: Shinde Ravindra V. , Deshmukh Avadhut R. , Ingole Shital A. , Kumbharkhane Ashok C.
Published: April 2019

The time-domain reflectometry technique was exercised to assess the complex permittivities of 1-chloropropane and ethanol along with their binary mixture in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz–50[Formula: see text]GHz and in the temperature range of 10–[Formula: see text]C. Dielectric parameters like static dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text] and relaxation time ([Formula: see text] have been acquired by the least-square-fit method. The obtained assessments of static permittivity and relaxation time were used to compute various dielectric parameters like excess dielectric constant, excess relaxation time, Kirkwood correlation factor and thermodynamic parameters. The experimental outcome illustrates the nonlinear variations in dielectric permittivity, relaxation time and authenticates the structural formation due to intermolecular interaction between 1-chloropropane and ethanol. Molecular rotary motion and dipole reorientation movements of these complex systems are presented in agreement with the molar entropy and enthalpy.
Toward Universal Spatialization Through Wikipedia-Based Semantic Enhancement
Authors: Sen Shilad , Swoap Anja Beth , Li Qisheng , Dippenaar Ilse , Ngo Monica , Pujol Sarah , Gold Rebecca , Boatman Brooke , Hecht Brent , Jackson Bret
Published: April 2019

This article introduces Cartograph, a visualization system that harnesses the vast world knowledge encoded within Wikipedia to create thematic maps of almost any data. Cartograph extends previous systems that visualize non-spatial data using geographic approaches. Although these systems required data with an existing semantic structure, Cartograph unlocks spatial visualization for a much larger variety of datasets by enhancing input datasets with semantic information extracted from Wikipedia. Cartograph’s map embeddings use neural networks trained on Wikipedia article content and user navigation behavior. Using these embeddings, the system can reveal connections between points that are unrelated in the original datasets but are related in meaning and therefore embedded close together on the map. We describe the design of the system and key challenges we encountered. We present findings from two user studies exploring design choices and use of the system.
Software-defined Networking-based DDoS Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Swami Rochak , Dave Mayank , Ranga Virender
Published: April 2019

Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDoS) is recognized to be one of the most catastrophic attacks against various digital communication entities. Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging technology for computer networks that uses open protocols for controlling switches and routers placed at the network edges by using specialized open programmable interfaces. In this article, a detailed study on DDoS threats prevalent in SDN is presented. First, SDN features are examined from the perspective of security, and then a discussion on SDN security features is done. Further, two viewpoints on protecting networks against DDoS attacks are presented. In the first view, SDN utilizes its abilities to secure conventional networks. In the second view, SDN may become a victim of the threat itself because of the centralized control mechanism. The main focus of this research work is on discovering critical security implications in SDN while reviewing the current ongoing research studies. By emphasizing the available state-of-the-art techniques, an extensive review of the advancement of SDN security is provided to the research and IT communities.
Cooperative Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Systems
Authors: Rizk Yara , Awad Mariette , Tunstel Edward W.
Published: April 2019

The emergence of the Internet of things and the widespread deployment of diverse computing systems have led to the formation of heterogeneous multi-agent systems (MAS) to complete a variety of tasks. Motivated to highlight the state of the art on existing MAS while identifying their limitations, remaining challenges, and possible future directions, we survey recent contributions to the field. We focus on robot agents and emphasize the challenges of MAS sub-fields including task decomposition, coalition formation, task allocation, perception, and multi-agent planning and control. While some components have seen more advancements than others, more research is required before effective autonomous MAS can be deployed in real smart city settings that are less restrictive than the assumed validation environments of MAS. Specifically, more autonomous end-to-end solutions need to be experimentally tested and developed while incorporating natural language ontology and dictionaries to automate complex task decomposition and leveraging big data advancements to improve perception algorithms for robotics.
Explaining explainable AI
Authors: Hind Michael
Published: April 2019

How good are you at explaining your decisions? Are you better than a machine? Today, AI systems are being asked to explain their decisions. This article explores the challenges in solving this problem and approaches researchers are pursuing.
Non-coding RNAs in kidney injury and repair
Authors: Liu Zhiwen , Wang Ying , Shu Shaoqun , Cai Juan , Tang Chengyuan , Dong Zheng
Published: April 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major kidney disease featured by a rapid decline of renal function. Pathologically, AKI is characterized by tubular epithelial cell injury and death. Besides its acute consequence, AKI contributes critically to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). After AKI, surviving tubular cells regenerate to repair. Normal repair restores tubular integrity, while maladaptive or incomplete repair results in renal fibrosis and eventually CKD. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins, which mainly include microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and tRNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests that ncRNAs play important roles in kidney injury and repair. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the roles of ncRNAs, especially miRNAs and lncRNAs in kidney injury and repair, discuss the potential application of ncRNAs as biomarkers of AKI as well as therapeutic targets for treating AKI and impeding AKI-CKD transition, and highlight the future research directions of ncRNAs in kidney injury and repair.
Contractile benefits of doublet-initiated low-frequency stimulation in rat extensor digitorum longus muscle exposed to high extracellular [K+] or fatiguing contractions
Authors: Pedersen Katja Krustrup , Nielsen Ole Bækgaard , Overgaard Kristian
Published: April 2019

During dynamic contractions, high-frequency muscle activation is needed to achieve optimal power. This must be balanced against an increased excitation-induced accumulation of extracellular K+, which can reduce excitability and ultimately may prevent adequate responses to high-frequency activation. Mean activation frequencies in vivo are often low (subtetanic), but activation patterns contain bursts of high (supratetanic) frequencies known as doublets, which enhance dynamic contraction in rested muscles at normal extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o). Here, we examine how dynamic contractions in fast-twitch fibers stimulated by high frequency/doublets are affected during exposure to 11 mM [K+]o and during fatigue. Dynamic contractions were elicited by electrical stimulation in isolated rat extensor digitorum longus muscles incubated at 4 or 11 mM K+. When stimulation frequency was maintained constant, an increase from 150 to 300 Hz enhanced maximal power (Pmax), maximal velocity ( Vmax), and rate of force development (RFD) at 4 mM K+ but only Vmax at 11 mM K+. With the use of subtetanic frequency trains (50 Hz) with or without an initiating doublet (300 Hz), the addition of a doublet increased maximal force, Pmax, Vmax, and RFD at both 4 and 11 mM K+. Furthermore, a work-matched fatiguing protocol was performed comparing a doublet-initiated subtetanic train (DT) of 60 Hz with a constant-frequency train (CFT) of 71 Hz during 100 dynamic contractions. We found that DT produced higher power, velocity, and RFD than CFT throughout the fatiguing protocol. The results indicate that doublets enhance dynamic contraction in fast-twitch muscles stimulated at subtetanic frequency during both normal and fatiguing conditions.
Differential thermostability and response to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators of human and mouse F508del-CFTR
Authors: Bose Samuel J. , Bijvelds Marcel J. C. , Wang Yiting , Liu Jia , Cai Zhiwei , Bot Alice G. M. , de Jonge Hugo R. , Sheppard David N.
Published: April 2019

Cross-species comparative studies have highlighted differences between human and mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the epithelial Cl−channel defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we compare the impact of the most common CF mutation F508del on the function of human and mouse CFTR heterologously expressed in mammalian cells and their response to CFTR modulators using the iodide efflux and patch-clamp techniques. Once delivered to the plasma membrane, human F508del-CFTR exhibited a severe gating defect characterized by infrequent channel openings and was thermally unstable, deactivating within minutes at 37°C. By contrast, the F508del mutation was without effect on the gating pattern of mouse CFTR, and channel activity demonstrated thermostability at 37°C. Strikingly, at all concentrations tested, the clinically approved CFTR potentiator ivacaftor was without effect on the mouse F508del-CFTR Cl−channel. Moreover, eight CFTR potentiators, including ivacaftor, failed to generate CFTR-mediated iodide efflux from CHO cells expressing mouse F508del-CFTR. However, they all produced CFTR-mediated iodide efflux with human F508del-CFTR-expressing CHO cells, while fifteen CFTR correctors rescued the plasma membrane expression of both human and mouse F508del-CFTR. Interestingly, the CFTR potentiator genistein enhanced CFTR-mediated iodide efflux from CHO cells expressing either human or mouse F508del-CFTR, whereas it only potentiated human F508del-CFTR Cl−channels in cell-free membrane patches, suggesting that its action on mouse F508del-CFTR is indirect. Thus, the F508del mutation has distinct effects on human and mouse CFTR Cl−channels.
TGF-β activation impairs fibroblast ability to support adult lung epithelial progenitor cell organoid formation
Authors: Ng-Blichfeldt John-Poul , de Jong Tristan , Kortekaas Rosa K. , Wu Xinhui , Lindner Michael , Guryev Victor , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Stolk Jan , Königshoff Melanie , Gosens Reinoud
Published: April 2019

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation contributes to remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but whether this impacts the ability of fibroblasts to support lung epithelial repair remains little explored. We pretreated human lung fibroblasts [primary (phFB) or MRC5 cells] with recombinant human TGF-β to induce myofibroblast differentiation, then cocultured them with adult mouse lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cells (EpCAM+) to investigate their capacity to support epithelial organoid formation in vitro. While control phFB and MRC5 lung fibroblasts supported organoid formation of mouse EpCAM+cells, TGF-β pretreatment of both phFB and MRC5 impaired organoid-supporting ability. We performed RNA sequencing of TGF-β-treated phFB, which revealed altered expression of key Wnt signaling pathway components and Wnt/β-catenin target genes, and modulated expression of secreted factors involved in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling. TGF-β profoundly skewed the transcriptional program induced by the Wnt/β-catenin activator CHIR99021. Supplementing organoid culture media recombinant hepatocyte growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 7 promoted organoid formation when using TGF-β pretreated fibroblasts. In conclusion, TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation results in Wnt/β-catenin pathway skewing and impairs fibroblast ability to support epithelial repair likely through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of secreted growth factors.
Shifts in metabolic fuel use coincide with maximal rates of ventilation and body surface rewarming in an arousing hibernator
Authors: Regan Matthew D. , Chiang Edna , Martin Sandra L. , Porter Warren P. , Assadi-Porter Fariba M. , Carey Hannah V.
Published: April 2019

It is well established that hibernating mammals rely predominantly on lipid stores to fuel metabolism throughout the hibernation season. However, it is unclear if other endogenous fuels contribute to the rapid, ~400-fold increase in metabolic rate during the early phase of arousal from torpor. To investigate this issue, we used cavity ring-down spectroscopy, a technique that provides a real-time indication of fuel use by measuring the ratio of13C to12C in the exhaled CO2of arousing 13-lined ground squirrels ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). We used infrared thermography to simultaneously measure ventilation and surface temperature change in various body regions, and we interpreted these data in light of changing plasma metabolite abundances at multiple stages of arousal from torpor. We found that hibernating squirrels use a combination of lipids and, likely, carbohydrates to fuel the initial ~60 min of arousal before switching to predominantly lipid oxidation. This fuel switch coincided with times of maximal rates of ventilation and rewarming of different body surface regions, including brown adipose tissue. Infrared thermography revealed zonal rewarming, whereby the brown adipose tissue region was the first to warm, followed by the thoracic and head regions and, finally, the posterior half of the body. Consistent with the results from cavity ring-down spectroscopy, plasma metabolite dynamics during early arousal suggested a large reliance on fatty acids, with a contribution from carbohydrates and glycerol. Because of their high oxidative flux rates and efficient O2use, carbohydrates might be an advantageous metabolic fuel during the early phase of arousal, when metabolic demands are high but ventilation rates and, thus, O2supply are relatively low.
Glycolysis inhibitors suppress renal interstitial fibrosis via divergent effects on fibroblasts and tubular cells
Authors: Wei Qingqing , Su Jennifer , Dong Guie , Zhang Ming , Huo Yuqing , Dong Zheng
Published: April 2019

Renal interstitial fibrosis is a common pathological feature of chronic kidney disease that may involve changes of metabolism in kidney cells. In the present study, we first showed that blockade of glycolysis with either dichloroacetate (DCA) or shikonin to target different glycolytic enzymes reduced renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Both inhibitors evidently suppressed the induction of fibronectin and collagen type I in obstructed kidneys, with DCA also showing inhibitory effects on collagen type IV and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Histological examination also confirmed less collagen deposition in DCA-treated kidneys. Both DCA and shikonin significantly inhibited renal tubular apoptosis but not interstitial apoptosis in UUO. Macrophage infiltration after UUO injury was also suppressed. Shikonin, but not DCA, caused obvious animal weight loss during UUO. To determine whether shikonin and DCA worked on tubular cells and/or fibroblasts, we tested their effects on cultured renal proximal tubular BUMPT cells and renal NRK-49F fibroblasts during hypoxia or transforming growth factor-β1 treatment. Although both inhibitors reduced fibronectin and α-SMA production in NRK-49F cells during hypoxia or transforming growth factor-β1 treatment, they did not suppress fibronectin and α-SMA expression in BUMPT cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of glycolysis inhibitors on renal interstitial fibrosis. In this regard, DCA is more potent for fibrosis inhibition and less toxic to animals than shikonin.
MST3 is involved in ENaC-mediated hypertension
Authors: Lu Te-Jung , Kan Wei-Chih , Yang Sung-Sen , Jiang Si-Tse , Wu Sheng-Nan , Ling Pin , Bao Bo-Ying , Lin Chia-Yu , Yang Zin-Ya , Weng Yui-Ping , Chan Chee-Hong , Lu Te Ling
Published: April 2019

Liddle syndrome is an inherited form of human hypertension caused by increasing epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) expression. Increased Na+ retention through ENaC with subsequent volume expansion causes hypertension. In addition to ENaC, the Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+-Cl− symporter (NCC) are responsible for Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys. Several Na+ transporters are evolutionarily regulated by the Ste20 kinase family. Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 phosphorylate downstream NKCC2 and NCC to maintain Na+ and blood pressure (BP) homeostasis. Mammalian Ste20 kinase 3 (MST3) is another member of the Ste20 family. We previously reported that reduced MST3 levels were found in the kidneys in spontaneously hypertensive rats and that MST3 was involved in Na+ regulation. To determine whether MST3 is involved in BP stability through Na+ regulation, we generated a MST3 hypomorphic mutation and designated MST3+/− and MST3−/− mice to examine BP and serum Na+ and K+ concentrations. MST3−/− mice exhibited hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hypertension. The increased ENaC in the kidney played roles in hypernatremia. The reabsorption of more Na+ promoted more K+ secretion in the kidney and caused hypokalemia. The hypernatremia and hypokalemia in MST3−/− mice were significantly reversed by the ENaC inhibitor amiloride, indicating that MST3−/− mice reabsorbed more Na+ through ENaC. Furthermore, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably expressing kinase-dead MST3 displayed elevated ENaC currents. Both the in vivo and in vitro results indicated that MST3 maintained Na+ homeostasis through ENaC regulation. We are the first to report that MST3 maintains BP stability through ENaC regulation.