bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translational migration of martial arts fiction East and West
Authors: Mok Olivia
Published: September 2007

This paper explores the translational phenomenon of why so little of martial arts fiction has been translated into Western languages, compared to the copious amount into other Asian languages. Investigation into the translational migration of martial arts fiction demonstrates that the “normal” position assumed by translated literature tends to be a peripheral one. However, different patterns of behaviour can be observed, depending on the hegemonic relations between source and target cultures. In the West, martial arts fiction in English translation is being relegated to an extremely peripheral position. But martial arts fiction is able to make inroads into Asian countries, to the extent of stimulating a new literary form or (re)writing martial arts fiction in some indigenous languages.
Polysystem theory
Authors: Chang Nam Fung
Published: September 2007

This article deals with three interrelated issues: first the ‘cultural turn’ of Itamar Even-Zohar in contrast to the ‘cultural turn’ in Translation Studies, then the application of an augmented version of Polysystem theory in a short case study, and finally the question of objectivity and neutrality in descriptive polysystem studies. It is argued that Polysystem theory and other cultural theories of translation, be they descriptive or politically committed, can be mutually enriching rather than incompatible, and that, with some augmentation and further development, it may serve as an adequate framework for research into the ‘external politics’ of translation.
The pitfalls of linguistic equivalence
Authors: Wai-yee Emily Poon
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the problems of legislative translation in Hong Kong through the study of the rules adopted by the Department of Justice to select equivalent lexical terms and from the examination of the sentence structure and legislative expressions in pre-modern and modern ordinances. While literal translation can be effective in achieving “equal intent” on comparison with the original text, this paper will examine supplementary approaches in an attempt to address the problems and contradictions previously experienced in legislative translation and to increase the effectiveness of the translated text.
Translating poetic songs
Authors: Low Peter
Published: September 2007

Poems have often been turned into songs, notably as GermanLieder.Classical singers use translations of these in several different ways: as cribs for themselves, in printed programmes for their audiences, as singable versions, etc. Since no single target-text is ideal for all of these purposes, the Skopostheorie of Hans J. Vermeer may help translators to match their strategy with the particularskopos(“goal or purpose”) of their translation. The author identifies five specific functions which a song-translation may serve, and proposes a range of five translation strategies intended to match these particularskopoi. A demonstration is given of how these strategies produce different English versions of a few lines from a Baudelaire poem.
Intercultural relations between Arabs and Israeli Jews as reflected in Arabic translations of modern Hebrew literature
Authors: Kayyal Mahmoud
Published: September 2007

Contacts between Arabic and Israeli Hebrew cultures have taken place in the shadow of a prolonged and violent political conflict between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East. The intercultural dialogue between them has, therefore, been antagonistic, polemical, and fraught with stereotypes and prejudices. This antagonistic dialogue is also reflected in Hebrew–Arabic translation activity, since the elements involved in this activity and the considerations which guided them both before and in the course of the translation were, first and foremost, political. The translations themselves were not accepted as literary creations, but rather as documents reflecting the culture of the other. Neither the presence of an ethnic Arab minority in Israel nor the peace agreements between Israel and certain Arab states brought about any significant change in the nature of translation activity. Clearly, therefore, in a state of violent national conflict translation activity will produce translations whose purpose is ideological rather than literary.
Latin-based terms
Authors: Zethsen Karen Korning
Published: September 2007

The concept of complete equivalence is highly questionable, yet it is still relied on, for all practical purposes, in connection with the translation of Latin-based medical terms. This practice is potentially harmful, a case in point being the translation of medical texts for laymen from English into Danish. Contrary to Danish (and German and other Scandinavian languages), everyday English (and French) avails itself of numerous Latin-based medical terms, as no non-specialized alternative exists. When these terms are directly transferred under the assumption of complete equivalence, the level of formality is drastically raised. Increased awareness of the potential danger to communication posed by Latin-based terms in texts meant for lay audiences in Scandinavia and Germany is therefore desirable.
Acquiring capabilities in translation
Authors: Thomson-Wohlgemuth Gaby , Thomson Ian
Published: September 2007

There is increasing pressure on all industries to introduce Quality Management Systems, a development which has now also found entry into the translation industry. Industrial standards like the ISO family provide the basis of many such systems; however, for several reasons, such process-based standards are regarded by many as inappropriate for translation businesses. One common factor considered in this article is their failure to emphasise the role of people both in the definition of the processes and in their implementation. The present article proposes a new model for translation businesses, accepting the importance of people in the translation industry and recognising that process-driven quality systems may be inadequate in maintaining consistent levels of quality. The model is based on identifying the capabilities that incorporate the processes of an organisation and the behaviours embodied in the people involved in these processes. In this article, the model is referred to as Acquired Capabilities for Translation Systems (ACTS).
Taking the pun by the horns
Authors: Klitgård Ida
Published: September 2007

Taking my starting-point in Maria Tymoczko’s claim (1999) that syntagmatic elements in texts present the greatest challenges to translators and readers of translations, I want to argue that literary translators and translation scholars need to pay greater attention to clusters of wordplay rather than distinguishing puns as individual, separate brain-teasers. Hence, more is at stake in the translation of wordplay than just trying to transfer the source text complexities into the target language. Historical, social and other contextual and intertextual factors must also be taken into consideration. My case in point is an examination of the transfer of highly challenging networks of puns in JamesJoyce’sUlysses(1922)into Danish and German. The theoretical frame of reference is a discussion of puns in the critical works of Dirk Delabastita, Jonathan Culler, Derek Attridge and Patricia Parker followed by a critique of translator and critic Frank Heibert’s methods of evaluating the German translations.
Brecht in dark times
Authors: Asimakoulas Dimitris
Published: September 2007

This paper will place Brecht’s published works within the socio-political context of the Greek junta (1967–1974). After preventive censorship was lifted in 1969, a massive import of Brecht’s works occurred. Brecht was immediately incorporated in the recently established tradition of serious books addressing important social issues, bringing the reader closer to modern thought and kindling the desire for democracy. Two of the most influential publishers of the time published Brecht’s works and actively subscribed to this trend of defiance against the regime in the publishing industry. The publishers’ activity as well as the content and paratextual elements of Brecht’s works they launched constituted instantiations of the discursive motif of dark times introduced by Brecht himself to describe oppression and distortion of truth.
Discourse and register functions of detached structures
Authors: Cummins Sarah
Published: September 2007

This article examines how “detached” elements (such as those at the beginning and end ofMoi aussi, j’aime beaucoup ça, le beurre de peanut) have been handled in the translation of two Quebec plays into English. In French, detachment plays an important role in discourse, marking topic, focus, or emphasis; moreover, it is a strong marker of an informal conversational register. In English, other means are typically used to mark information structure and they do not necessarily differ in conversational and written registers. The study shows that the information structure conveyed by detachment is faithfully rendered in the translations, but the register function is undertranslated. Explanations for this undertranslation are proposed.
Robert Graves’s Claudian novels
Authors: Du Pont Olaf
Published: September 2007

The article outlines the relevance of pseudotranslation for Translation Studies, using a case study of the novels I, Claudius and Claudius, the God by Robert Graves. The paper provides a list of partly overlapping motivations for adopting pseudotranslation and illustrates this motivation paradigm on the basis of particular findings in Graves’s novels: if an author wants to attribute a pseudotranslation to an existing person, the author has to account for stylistic differences between the pseudotranslation and genuine texts by that person. By claiming to translate from a different source language than the language normally used by the existing person, the author of the pseudotranslation can mask those stylistic divergences.
Language plurality as power struggle
Authors: Gagnon Chantal
Published: September 2007

For this paper, heterolingualism or language plurality will be considered as the presence in a single text or in a social environment of both French and English, Canada’s offcial languages. Language plurality will here be studied from an institutional viewpoint: the influence of the Canadian government on the translation of political speeches. The first part of this article will establish that political speeches are written in a bilingual environment where the two offcial languages are often in contact. This bilingualism, however, is often homogenised when it comes to speech delivery and publication. Therefore, the second part focuses on the speeches’ paratextual features and the third looks at the speeches’ textual features.
Language politics, translation, and American literary history
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: September 2007

The article deals with the problem of linguistic alterity in American literary histories. The debate over the ‘foreignness’ or the ‘domesticity’ of a text or translation is usually conducted in a rather polarizing fashion, as in the case of Venuti (1995). Venuti’s conceptual framework fails to provide adequate criteria for differentiating domesticating and foreignizing translation strategies, which easily results in inflated claims about the linguistic hegemony of the Anglo-American world. In reaction to this, the article reconceptualizes the two translation strategies as part of the paradoxical internal logic of culture in order to highlight how every culture is continually in the process of (re-)translating itself. Therefore, the analysis is broadened to include the domesticating aspects of the foreignizing strategy, and vice versa, the foreignizing potential of domesticating translations. The domestication of the foreign is evident in the ambiguous inclusion of non-English or bilingual texts in American literary histories. The foreignization of the domestic, by contrast, appears from a persistent tendency on the part of literary historians to describe their forerunners or competitors as excessively Anglo- or Eurocentric. Through this reflexive application of Venuti’s strategies, the article draws attention to the paradoxical togetherness of the foreign and the domestic inside American literary culture.
Causes of denominative variation in terminology
Authors: Freixa Judit
Published: September 2007

This article offers a review of the causes of denominative variation in terminology observed by different authors, based on a classification of the areas that motivate variation and illustrated by examples of the most relevant types of variation in the present context. This analysis offers a typology of the causes and sub-causes of denominative variation in terminology. It is presented in five main sections: dialectal causes, related to different origins of authors; functional causes, related to different communicative registers; discursive causes, related to different stylistic and expressive needs of authors; interlinguistic causes, related to contact between languages; and cognitive causes, related to different conceptualisations and motivations.
Meaning and anisomorphism in modern lexicography
Authors: González-Jover Adelina Gómez
Published: September 2007

The aim of this paper is to discuss two issues inherently related to terminology management and its representation in the bilingual dictionary, i.e., meaning and anisomorphism. It is universally acknowledged that one of the most slippery concepts in linguistics is meaning. Thus, its representation will always present problems and, from an operational point of view, will require the assistance of some parameters (such as definition, context, synonyms or cross-references). Anisomorphism, which roughly speaking means “asymmetry,” refers to the losses and gains that always occur in interlinguistic transfer processes, and which may be taken into account when comparing two different language systems.

The reflections contained in this paper have been tackled in the framework of several research projects carried out within the IULMA (Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages of Alicante) and supervised by Prof. Dr. Enrique Alcaraz Varó.
Fonctions lexicales pour le typage de relations syntagmatiques et paradigmatiques
Authors: Bouveret Myriam
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we present the conversion of a specialized dictionary of bioindustries by means of Lexical Functions (Mel’čuk et al. 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999 ; Mel’čuk et al. 1995). The dictionary is based on semantic derivation as described in Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology, and explores compatibilities with lexico-syntactic descriptions as in Fillmore (1977, 2003) and Levin (1993) in order to assign circumstantial Lexical Functions. We first describe semantic relations such as hyperonymy, hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy and several cases of meronymy ; subsequently, we discuss verbs and predicative relations with reference to arguments and adjuncts. Finally, we explore the possibility of pursuing the research with an additional entry for definitions.
Colex
Authors: Orliac Brigitte
Published: September 2007

We present a method for extracting verb + noun collocations from specialized corpora based on the lexical functions of the Meaning-Text Theory. Lexical functions offer a complete characterization of verbal collocations. They cover the three grammatical relations that obtain between a verb and its arguments and provide high-level semantic descriptors to represent the meanings of the common verbal collocates of terms. Our system uses morphosyntactic patterns to extract verb–argument relations from a parsed corpus of computer texts. We then apply two statistical tests to isolate the true collocations in the list of syntactically extracted combinations. While the better of the two statistical tests identifies collocations with a precision of 71 %, we argue that a semantic filtering of the combinations, based on their ability to be encoded as standard lexical functions, could achieve higher precision.
Word-initial entropy in five languages
Authors: Borgwaldt Susanne R. , Hellwig Frauke M. , de Groot Annette M.B.
Published: September 2007

Alphabetic orthographies show more or less ambiguous relations between spelling and sound patterns. In transparent orthographies, like Italian, the pronunciation can be predicted from the spelling and vice versa. Opaque orthographies, like English, often display unpredictable spelling–sound correspondences. In this paper we present a computational analysis of word-initial bi-directional spelling–sound correspondences for Dutch, English, French, German, and Hungarian, stated in entropy values for various grain sizes. This allows us to position the five languages on the continuum from opaque to transparent orthographies, both in spelling-to-sound and sound-to-spelling directions. The analysis is based on metrics derived from information theory, and therefore independent of any specific theory of visual word recognition as well as of any specific theoretical approach of orthography.
Development of rule-based verb spelling in Dutch students
Authors: Bosman Anna M.T.
Published: September 2007

Although verb spelling is rule-based, it is a relatively difficult aspect of Dutch orthography. Assink (1985) was the first to show that Dutch verb spelling is affected by two factors, namely, frequency of occurrence of the verb and the context in which the verb appears. This study is a developmental follow-up on his work, in which students of two age groups and three different levels of education, that is, students from primary school, secondary school, and university students, participated. It appeared that frequency and context already affect spelling behavior in the early stages of learning to spell. These aspects are still prominent determinants in the group of most experienced and good spellers, albeit the relative contribution of each of the determining factors changed over time. The interpretation of these findings was that verb-spelling performance in Dutch is not just the result of its inherent difficulty, it is also affected by the fact that it requires continuous active monitoring of the spelling process, while being involved in a main literacy activity.
The requirement for Phr1 in CNS axon tract formation reveals the corticostriatal boundary as a choice point for cortical axons
Authors: Bloom A. Joseph , Miller Bradley R. , Sanes Joshua R. , DiAntonio Aaron
Published: September 2007

Phr1 is the single well-conserved murine ortholog of the invertebrate ubiquitin ligase genes highwire (in Drosophila) and rpm-1 (in Caenorhabditis elegans). The function and mechanism of action of highwire and rpm-1 are similar—both cell-autonomously regulate synaptogenesis by down-regulating the ortholog of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase dual leucine zipper kinase (MAPKKK DLK). Here, using a targeted conditional mutant, we demonstrate that Phr1 also plays essential roles in mammalian neural development. As in invertebrates, Phr1 functions cell-autonomously to sculpt motor nerve terminals. In addition, Phr1 plays essential roles in the formation of major CNS axon tracts including those of the internal capsule, in part via cell-nonautonomous mechanisms, and these results reveal a choice point for cortical axons at the corticostriatal boundary. Furthermore, whereas the neurite morphology phenotypes of highwire and rpm-1 are suppressed by loss of DLK in flies and worms, Phr1-dependent CNS defects persist in Phr1, DLK double mutants. Thus, in the mammalian nervous system Phr1 is required for formation of major CNS axon tracts via a mechanism that is both cell-nonautonomous and independent of DLK.
Traherne's Praise of the Creation
Authors: BOTTRALL MARGARET
Published: September 2007

You never Enjoy the World aright, till the Sea it self floweth in your Veins, till you are Clothed with the Heavens, and Crowned with the Stars: and Perceiv your self to be the Sole Heir of the whole World: and more then so, becaus Men are in it who are evry one Sole Heirs, as well as you. Till you can Sing and Rejoyce and Delight in God, as Misers do in Gold, and Kings in Scepters, you never Enjoy the World.
Jimmy Wait and the Dance of Death: Conrad's Nigger of the Narcissus
Authors: Scrimgeour Cecil
Published: September 2007

Knowledge takes up no position, sets no store by form. It has compassion within the abyss—it is the abyss. So we reject it, firmly, and henceforth our concern shall be with beauty only. (G. Aschenbach, quoting Socrates’ words to Phaedrus, in Thomas Mann's Death in Venice.)
Waiting For The End: Current Novel Criticism
Authors: LODGE DAVID
Published: September 2007

Our journal takes its title and its justification from the amazing surge of interest in the novel since the last world war. There has been more work on fictional theory, since the last great war, than in all the novel's previous history; and more intelligent appraisals of novels have appeared than in all its history. At the same time there has been a veritable log‐jam of conflicting theories and, along with it, a disturbing increase in irrelevant criticism.
Meursault's Rhetoric
Authors: FLETCHER JOHN
Published: September 2007

It is certain any conviction gains infinitely the moment another soul will believe in it. NOVALIS, quoted by Conrad in Lord Jim.
Four bare legs in a bed
Authors: SIMPSON HELEN
Published: September 2007

When you draw the curtains in the morning you stand in front of the window like a black dog. I am brought down to earth with a bump. It isn't fair.
A kitchen in the corner of the house
Authors: LAKSHMI C. S.
Published: September 2007

It seems that Kishan's father had bought the land at the rate of eight annas per square yard and built the house upon it. A row of rooms like railway carriages. Right at the end, the kitchen, stuck on in a careless manner. Two windows. Underneath one, the tap and basin. The latter was too small to place even a single plate in it. Underneath that, the drainage area, without any ledge. As soon as the taps above were opened, the feet standing beneath would begin to tingle. Within ten minutes there would be a small flood underfoot. Soles and heels would start cracking from that constant wetness. Kishan's mother ‐ called Jiji by everyone ‐ would present a soothing ointment for chapped heels on the very first day one entered the kitchen, cooked a meal and was given the traditional gold bangle.
THE FAMILIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONGENITAL TRITANOPIA
Authors: KALMUS H.
Published: September 2007

Tritanopia was studied in forty‐seven affected individuals. Of these twenty‐two are propositi and twenty‐five relatives of propositi.

The various tests used for the diagnosis of tritanopia are described and their efficiency is discussed.

The familial incidence suggests that the bulk of congenital tritanopia is due to one or several autosomal dominant genes, with somewhat imperfect manifestation.

On a single‐gene hypothesis, the incidence of the gene in England is estimated at about 1 in 20,000.
GENETICS OF DERMAL RIDGES: PARENT‐CHILD CORRELATIONS FOR TOTAL FINGER RIDGE‐COUNT
Authors: HOLT By SARAH B.
Published: September 2007

Parent‐child correlations have been estimated for total ridge‐count using new data from 100 families with 104 sons and 91 daughters.

Parent‐child, mother‐child and father‐child correlations are not significantly different from 0·5. The interparental correlation is 0·02 ± 0·10.

The new data have been combined with the earlier data from 49 families. The parent‐child correlation estimated from this total sample is 0·50, the mother‐child correlation 0·49 ± 0·04 and the father‐child 0·50 ± 0·04. Mother‐son, mother‐daughter, father‐son and father‐daughter correlations are not significantly different from 0·5.
FERTILITY AND BLOOD GROUPS OF SOME EAST ANGLIAN BLOOD DONORS
Authors: BENNETT By J. H. , WALKER C. B. V.
Published: September 2007

A fertility survey, carried out on several thousand East Anglian blood donors, gives no indication of real differences in human fertility associated with differences in the ABO blood‐group constitution. However, the reproductive differences between individuals are much greater than those which can be attributed to chance and the data lend no support to the view, recently propounded, that the lowering of childhood mortality in modern times has resulted in a uniform fertility and the elimination of a selective differential in reproduction.

The data indicate (i) that childlessness is more frequent, though not quite significantly so, amongst married women of groups A and B than amongst those of groups O and AB, and (ii) that children of group O Rh‐positive fathers are significantly more likely to die under ten years of age than other children.

Our thanks are due to the East Anglian Regional Hospital Board for tabulating and sorting the data on Hollerith machines.
THE PATTERN OF AMINO‐ACID EXCRETION IN CYSTINURIA
Authors: HARRIS H. , MITTWOCH URSULA , ROBSON ELIZABETH B. , WARREN F. L.
Published: September 2007

1. Cystine, lysine and arginine determinations have been carried out on urines from twenty‐eight cystinuric patients and 121 of their relatives. Urines from 250 unselected individuals have also been examined. The cystine was determined polarographically and the lysine and arginine microbiologically. The urines have also been examined for amino‐acids by two‐dimensional paper chromatography and by paper ionophoresis at pH 11‐5.

2. There is a high positive correlation between the cystine and lysine contents over the whole range which extends in the case of cystine from 20 up to 800 mg/g. of creatinine and of lysine from less than 25 up to 1800 mg./g. of creatinine.

3. The arginine content of the urine remains at normal (< 25 mg./g. creatinine) or near normal values until the cystine content reaches about 250 mg./g. creatinine and the lysine reaches about 550 mg./g. creatinine. Above these values large increases in arginine excretion up to 1800 mg./g. creatinine may be observed.

4. It is suggested that there is normally a renal tubular resorptive mechanism which at one stage is common to and specific for cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine, and that this mechanism is defective in cystinuria. When the process fails completely or nearly completely the four amino‐acids appear in the urine in large amounts. When it is only partially deranged, arginine and possibly ornithine are resorbed preferentially to cystine and lysine.

The authors would like to thank Miss Barbara Warland and Miss Robin Worthington for considerable assistance with the family case work, and Mrs Ruth Jacobs and Mr B. Cohen for much help in the chemical determinations.

Miss E. B. Robson was in receipt of a research grant from the Medical Research Council.

The polarograph used in this work was purchased with a grant from the Central Research Fund of the University of London.
GENETICAL LINKAGE BETWEEN THE ABO AND NAIL‐PATELLA LOCI
Authors: RENWICK J. H. , LAWLER SYLVIA D.
Published: September 2007

Six human families exhibiting the nail‐patella syndrome have been studied to test for linkage between the nail‐patella locus and the loci of the ABO, MNS, Rhesu3, P, Lewis, Kell, Lutheran and Duffy blood groups. Five of these families have contributed information, and a linkage between the ABO and nail‐patella loci has been demonstrated with a significance level of 1 in 6 × 108. The possibility of association between one ABO blood group and the nail‐patella syndrome has been excluded. The recombination value, if homogeneity is assumed, is 10‐4%± 3‐2 % by the maximum likelihood method, and the question of homogeneity has been discussed. No linkage has been demonstrated with the other blood‐group loci, nor is there any evidence of partial sex linkage.

The full details of the families have been placed in the archives of the Galton Laboratory.
INBREEDING WITH THE HOMOZYGOTES AT A DISADVANTAGE
Authors: REEVE E. C. R.
Published: September 2007

The rate of progress towards homozygosity is calculated for various selection pressures against homozygosity at a given locus, when systematic inbreeding is carried out by selfing, sib mating, half‐sib mating in which a male is mated to two of his half‐sisters who are full sisters, and double first‐cousin mating, under the condition that selection is only allowed to act within lines, i.e. there is no tendency to replace more homozygous by less homozygous lines because of the greater fertility, etc., of the latter.

The systems of inbreeding considered require respectively 1, 2, 3 and 4 parents per generation per line. If the homozygotes aa and bb both have survival value s, compared with 1 for ah, then for all finite a homozygosity is eventually achieved, but as a is reduced there is a greater relative slowing down of progress in the milder than in the more intense forms of inbreeding, e.g. when s is reduced from 1 to 0–2 the number of generations required to make a given amount of progress is multiplied by 3–8 for selfing, by 14 for sib mating, by 30 for half‐sib mating, and by 142 for double first‐cousin mating.

The solution is also given for various survival values of aa when bb is lethal. Making bb lethal instead of equal in fitness to aa speeds up the rate of progress when the survival value of aa is greater than about 90% for sib mating, 40% for half‐sib mating and 20% for double first‐cousin mating.

In the case of sib mating, when aa and bb have survival values s1 and s2, then it appears that for any fixed Sj the rate of progress has a minimum for a value of s2 less than s1. It is assumed that the same applies to half‐sib and double first‐cousin mating.

Taken in conjunction with Hayman & Mather's analysis of the effects of inbreeding when selection against homozygosis occurs between lines as well as within lines, it appears that inbreeding to obtain homozygosity should be carried out so as to minimize selection between lines and also as intensely as possible. The latter conclusion may need qualifying if interaction between homozygous loci causes a large proportion of the possible homozygous genotypes to be in viable.
THE ESTIMATION OF LINKAGE ON AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTER
Authors: SIMPSON H. R.
Published: September 2007

A programme for analysing human linkage data from two‐generation families on an electronic computer is described. In particular the coding of the data in a suitable form and the computing time are discussed. Suggestions are made for the extension of the programme for handling data from three‐ or more generation families.
IRIS COLOUR IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: BERG J. M. , STERN J.
Published: September 2007

The iris colours of twenty‐six phenylketonurias at the Fountain Hospital were compared with those of a matched group of fifty‐two non‐phenylketonurics from the same hospital, by means of the ‘Martin Augen‐Farben Tafel’.

A similar comparison was made of twelve of these phenylketonurias, from eleven families, and twenty‐three of their unaffected sibs.

Iris colour of the phenylketonurics was found to be significantly lighter than that of the controls and unaffected sibs, although exceptions were noted in individual cases.

The observed dilution is tentatively attributed to inhibition of pigment formation by the abnormal metabolites formed in phenylketonuria.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE POSSIBLE GENETIC BASIS OF PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA
Authors: ARCHER By H. E. , DORMER A. E. , SCOWEN E. F. , WATTS R. W. E.
Published: September 2007

Primary hyperoxaluria has a characteristic natural history and is delineated biochemically by a continuous high urinary oxalate excretion. No abnormally high level of urinary oxalate has been discovered among the sibs, parents, first cousins, uncles and aunts, and more distant relatives of three proven cases of the condition. Among the deceased relatives a history suggesting primary hyperoxaluria was obtained only in the case of one sib of one of the propositi. There was no history of consanguinity in any of the families. The bearing of the findings and of the scanty relevant data in the literature on the postulated hereditary basis of the condition is briefly discussed.

We are indebted to Dr G. H. Newns for his help in tracing Family 3, and to Prof. M. L. Rosenheim and Dr R. E. Bonham‐Carter for their permission to study the family which was originally mentioned by Myers (1957). Dr H. Harris kindly read through our manuscript and made a number of valuable suggestions. We are also pleased to acknowledge the assistance of our Senior Technician, Mr. L. Rawlings.
INBREEDING WITH SELECTION AND LINKAGE II. SIB‐MATING
Authors: REEVE E. C. R. , GOWER J. C.
Published: September 2007

The generation matrix is derived for the effects of sib‐mating on two linked loci (a, b) and (A, B), when selection against homozygosity acts at the (A, B) locus so that only fractions x of A A and BB survive, but the (a, b) locus is not directly affected by selection. The matrix is of order 19 × 19. Using an electronic digital computer, the rates of inbreeding progress at the (a, b) locus have been calculated for various survival values x and recombination frequencies y, under the following types of selection:

Case I–selection acts within lines only.

Case II–selection acts equally within and between lines.

The results quoted include, for various (x, y), the final rate of change in heterozygosity λ (Table 4), the relative speed of inbreeding after 10,20 and a large number of generations (Table 5), and the number of heterozygotes per 1000 remaining after 5, 10 and 20 generations (Table 6).

Graphs illustrate the effect of changing x, when y is constant, on the relative speed of inbreeding after 20 generations (Fig. 1) and after a large number of generations when this speed has become constant (Fig. 2). At generation 20 the speed declines fairly steadily with x in case I, reaching a minimum with x between 0–1 and 0‐0, after which it rises slightly; but in case II the speed falls rapidly to a minimum with x about 0–6, and then rises slowly to the same value as in case I when x= 0.

The final speed of inbreeding for constant y does not generally fall below 100 % in case I until x is well below unity, and then falls fairly rapidly to a minimum with x close to zero. The case II lines drop below 100 % with x a little below unity, fall very rapidly to a minimum at x= 0–7633, and then rise slowly to join the case I lines at x= 0. Thus, under case II selection, inbreeding progress at a linked locus is reduced most when the selection pressure is only of moderate strength.

The 19 × 19 generation matrix contains 4 submatrices along the leading diagonal with zeros below each, so that their roots are the latent roots of the complete matrix. These matrices are A1 (both loci fixed), A2 (locus (a, b) fixed), A3 (locus (A, B) fixed) and A4 (neither locus fixed). It is shown that the final rate of change in heterozygosity (A) is the largest of the latent roots of A3 and A4 in case I, and is the ratio of the largest latent root of A3 and A4 to the largest latent root of A1 and A2 in case II, for any particular (x, y).
ON THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL AGE AND PARITY ON THE BIRTH WEIGHT OF THE OFFSPRING (INDIAN INFANTS)
Authors: NAMBOODIRI N. K. , BALAKRISHNAN V.
Published: September 2007

The influence of parity and age of mother on mean birth weight and standard deviation has been studied on the basis of an Indian sample of 12,640 babies (6448 males and 6192 females). The results presented here support in general the findings reported in previous studies regarding the influence of these two factors on the mean birth weight. A tendency for the S.D. of birth weight to increase with the mean has also been revealed.

We gratefully acknowledge the permission given by the authorities of the two hospitals to utilize the information contained in the records of the respective hospitals. We also gladly express our thanks to all those who helped us in this work, in particular to Dr P. Kallianikutty Amma and Dr M. Thangavelu for the special interest shown by them in this study and to the Professor of Statistics, University of Kerala, for the facilities afforded to us for carrying out this work.
SOME COMMENTS ON SCHÜTZENBERGER'S ANALYSIS OF DATA ON THE HUMAN SEX RATIO
Authors: EDWARDS A. W. F.
Published: September 2007

Schützenberger (1949) has found that his data on the distribution of the sexes in families cannot be explained on a simple binomial hypothesis. In order to find the cause of the anomalies he considers the hypothesis thatp, the probability of a birth being male, varies between families, which is supported by Edwards (1958). However, he rejects this owing to a faulty calculation and resorts to the hypothesis that the sexes of successive children in a family are correlated. The present author analyses the data using the rejected hypothesis and finds that in reality all the anomalies that Schützenberger notes may be explained with its aid. The mechanism by which Schützenberger postulates that the correlation operates is shown to be unacceptable.

The two theories are discussed in the light of some results of Turpin & Schützenberger (1948), which support Schützenberger's. It is argued that the acceptance of either theory in preference to the other would be premature.
SOME STATISTICAL DATA ON ATYPICAL CHOLINESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: KALOW W. , GUNN D. R.
Published: September 2007

The occurrence of atypical serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) was determined in a population which consisted of 2000 healthy persons and 2400 mental patients. The type of esterase was assessed by determining the Dibucaine Number (DN), i.e. the susceptibility of the esterase to inhibition.

The distribution of DN in the population was consistent with the assumption of two autosomal allelic genes giving rise to two types of esterase. The frequency of the gene for atypical esterase in the healthy population was estimated to be 0.019 ± 0.002.

The great majority of all investigated persons were of European extraction. There was no evidence for a different incidence of atypical esterase among Europeans, or between Europeans and North Americans, or between religious groups.

The incidence of heterozygosity did not vary with age, sex, or body weight, although these three factors were correlated with esterase levels.

There was no obvious relation between mental illness and incidence of atypical esterase but a connexion between some of the less common mental diagnoses and atypical esterase could not be excluded.
THE INCIDENCE OF ANENCEPHALY IN A POLYTYPIC POPULATION
Authors: SEARLE A. G.
Published: September 2007

1. The incidence of anencephaly in Singapore was determined from hospital records for 1953–56 inclusive. Sixty‐eight cases were found in 88,069 births, or 0.77 per thousand.

2. Analysis of data according to maternal community revealed great heterogeneity (Table 1), with frequencies ranging from 0.0 per thousand in the Hakka group of Chinese to 6.5 per thousand in Sikhs.

3. 48.4 % of anencephalics were males. This unusually high proportion may be connected with the low frequency of primiparity in Singapore and high average birth weight of affected infants, compared with records from elsewhere. Neither maternal age nor parity had a significant effect on the incidence.

4. The causes of anencephaly are discussed. It is suggested that properties of the local external environment (such as type of water supply) are of less importance than dietary and other customs peculiar to different communities, as well as genetical differences.

5. Several reasons are given why anencephaly, and other congenital malformations of the central nervous system, should be regarded as quasi‐continuous variables, due to a threshold effect. A comparison with the ‘curly‐tail’ mutant in the mouse supports this view and also emphasizes the close causal connexion between anencephaly and spina bifida.

I am very grateful to Prof. L. S. Penrose, F.R.S., for arousing my interest in this subject and for invaluable advice. I should like to thank Prof. B. H. Sheares, Head of the University of Malaya's Unit at Kandang Kerbau Hospital, and Dr A. Arulanandam, Medical Superintendent, for arranging that I should have access to hospital records. I am greatly indebted to my wife for considerable help in the task of searching through these records.
BIRTH WEIGHT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS*
Authors: HSIA DAVID YI‐YUNG
Published: September 2007

Birth weight in relation to gestation time, maternal age, parity, and survival have been studied in 123 children with cystic fibrosis and 144 unaffected sibs. These have been compared with the data of Karn & Penrose (1951) for normal infants.

It was found that the affected children were significantly fighter than their unaffected sibs. This difference did not appear to be related to differences in maternal age, parity, and gestation.

The mean birth weights of the affected children who have died are in general less than of the survivors. Similarly, the mean birth weight of those whose symptoms are primarily duodenal tends to be below average while that of those whose symptoms are primarily pulmonary tends to be above average. Among the unaffected sibs, the mean birth weight of those with sweat sodium levels of 50 m‐equiv./l. or higher was lower than for those with normal levels.

The correlation coefficients for affected sib: affected sib was 0.63, for unaffected sib: unaffected sib was 0.53, and for affected sib: unaffected sib was 0–35.

The present sample would offer further evidence of genetical factors affecting the growth of the foetus.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENETIC BASIS OF PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA
Authors: SCOWEN E. F. , WATTS R. W. E. , HALL E. G.
Published: September 2007

Five previously unreported families in which cases of primary hyperoxaluria have occurred have been investigated to determine whether an hereditary pattern is apparent in this disease. The occurrence of the condition in sibs in the absence of any detectable abnormality in the parents has been proved in two of these families, and suggests a recessive mode of inheritance. In one family out of a total of eight which have now been reported from our laboratories the parents of the propositus are first cousins. The sex‐incidence of the disease appears to be approximately equal.
The intellectual resemblance between sibs
Authors: MAXWELL JAMES , PILLINER A. E. G.
Published: September 2007

The younger sibs of a random sample of 11‐year‐old Scottish children were tested individually as they reached the age of 11 years. The average intelligence of the younger sibs is found to be lower than that of the random sample, and explanations of this difference are discussed. It is shown, however, that if one ‘average’ sib is taken for each subject, then the mean score of these ‘sibs’ is not significantly different from that of their subjects.

Some implications for the selection of samples of sibs are examined, together with the effect of incomplete families on the estimation of the relationship between intelligence test score and size of sibship. Different methods of ascertaining the correlation for i.q. among sibs are discussed, and the results presented. The correlation coefficient for I.Q. between sibs is found to be of the order of r =+ 0.5.
Ectrodactyly‐evidence in favour of a disturbed segregation in the offspring of affected males
Authors: STEVENSON A. C. , JENNINGS LESLIE M.
Published: September 2007

A pedigree of ectrodactyly, first published by Prof. Karl Pearson in 1908, is brought up‐to‐date. The excess of affected over unaffected offspring on a single dominant gene hypothesis has been maintained. This excess is apparently determined entirely by a marked preponderance of affected sons of affected fathers.

It is shown by analysis of other large pedigrees of this condition that in sum this excess of affected over unaffected sons of affected fathers is highly significant technically.

If this finding is not due to chance then the most likely explanation of the phenomenon appears to be germinal selection. Some implications of the acceptance of the validity of the data and of explaining them in this way are briefly discussed.
Familial incidence of fibrocystic disease of the pancreas
Authors: ROBERTS G. B. S.
Published: September 2007

The family histories of seventy‐three cases of proved fatal fibrocystic disease of the pancreas have been obtained. The incidence of the disease in the sibships appears too high to agree satisfactorily with the quarter ratio hypothesis.

I am grateful to Prof. S. Graham and Dr A. McDonald of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, for encouragement to pursue the present investigation and for access to their case records. I am indebted to many other clinicians and pathologists in the west of Scotland who have made their cases available. Prof. L. S. Penrose has shown a kindly interest in this investigation and his constant encouragement is greatly appreciated by me.
Haptoglobin and transferrin inheritance in northern Nigerians
Authors: BARNICOT N. A. , GARLICK J. P. , ROBERTS D. F.
Published: September 2007

1. The inheritance of haptoglobin and transferrin types has been analysed in twelve pedigrees from Habe people, collected in Katsina Province, northern Nigeria.

2. The frequency of haptoglobin‐negatives, which is high in this population, was found to be essentially the same irrespective of mating type. It is suggested that the condition is largely due, in this population, to environmental influences.

3. Some data are presented showing the segregation of the transferrin variant TfD1.

4. The age and sex distribution of haptoglobin‐negatives has been examined. The condition appears to be commoner in females than in males. No definite difference in relation to age could be established; the similar frequencies in young children and adults suggests that haemolysis due to malaria is not an important causal factor.

5. The haptoglobin and transferrin frequencies of the Habe and Fulani are compared.
Further cytogenetical observations in gonadal dysgenesis
Authors: FRACCARO M. , KAIJSER K. , LINDSTEN J.
Published: September 2007

The karyotype of two chromatin‐negative patients with Turner's syndrome has been studied in somatic cells continuously cultured in vitro. In both cases the cells displayed a complement of forty‐five chromosomes. The sex chromosomes were considered to be of the XO type.

The somatic cell karyotype of the parents of one of the patients was also studied and found to be normal.

Two other female patients with a tentative clinical diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis and with a positive sex chromatin pattern were found to have a normal female karyotype.

It is proposed to restrict the term of ‘Turner's syndrome’ to those individuals whose sex chromosome constitution is of the XO type.

We are very much indebted to Prof. B. Vahlquist, director of the Paediatric Clinic of the University Hospital, Uppsala, for permission to quote in this paper a summary of the results of the clinical examination of patients K.E. and A.H.

The skilful technical assistance of Miss E. B. Larsson with the cell culture and the photographic work is gratefully acknowledged.

This research has been aided in part by a grant from the Swedish Cancer Society.
The Lewis and secretor characters in the Fulani and Habe
Authors: LAWLER SYLVIA D. , MARSHALL RUTH , ROBERTS D. F.
Published: September 2007

The results presented are compatible with the hypothesis that Lewis (Le, le) and secretor (Se, se) are two independent loci which interact in the phenotype (Ceppellini, 1955a, b). The special feature of the Fulani and Habe is that the phenotype frequencies of non‐secretor and Le – are different from those which have been observed in other populations, and yet the independence of Lewis and secretor has again been demonstrated. Family studies in the Habe appear to be in good agreement with the hypothesis that Le – is recessive.

The field work was supported by grants to one of us (D. F. R.) from the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund, and from the Nuffield Foundation. For gifts of antisera we are indebted to Dr I. Dunsford and Dr A. E. Mourant. We are grateful to Dr J. P. Garlick for much useful information, and to Mrs K. Lele and Miss L. Gorman for technical assistance.