bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancient dominance of theQuercus calliprinos ‐ Pistacia palaestinaassociation in mediterranean Israel
Authors: Liphschitz Nili , Biger Gideon
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The natural Mediterranean maquis and forest vegetation of Israel is commonly considered to be composed mainly of four, roughly equal components:Pinus halepensis, deciduous oak, evergreen oak, andCeratonia ‐ Pistaciacommunities. They represent the past climax and subclimax of this region. Evidence accumulated from pollen analysis and wood remnant research in geological and archaeological excavations, as well as from written historical sources, shows that this view is wrong: the ancient vegetation in this area was dominated byQuercus calliprinos.
The Mixed Blessings of Graduate School
Authors: Pitney John J.
Published: April 2006

Many political scientists wonder why so few people in our discipline play key roles in presidential campaigns. After all, we have much to offer. In graduate school, we learn about statistics, policy analysis, voting behavior, and other topics with practical applications. During my own political experience—with the New York Legislature, the U.S. Congress, the Bush campaigns and other political organizations—I have often used my formal training in political science.

The problem is that graduate school supplies only part of what political activists need. And in some ways, it can actually be a handicap.
Musical Creativity of Hausa Children
Authors: Rhodes Willard
Published: April 2006

The process and act of artistic creation has engaged psychologists and philosophers in an attempt to explain its mystery in rational terms. If the meaning of art is to be found in significant form as maintained by aestheticians, Clive Bell (1914) and Roger Fry (1925), the investigator's approach must be made in terms of the media in which the artist is working. Painting, sculpture, architecture, and the plastic arts may be regarded as static, spatial arts. Even poetry, though written to be read aloud, exists in printed media, and it is generally communicated in that form. Music, on the other hand, is a temporal art and exists only in time. Music is what we hear. The music score is nothing more than a prescriptive record of the composer's intentions directed to the musicians who will realize the work in living form. Unlike the spatial arts which are composed of familiar symbols that have meaning within the culture which produces them, music exists in abstraction and is composed of tones that have no symbolic meaning or significance until they are organized horizontally or vertically into patterns in which time plays an important role.
Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre: Seven Canadian Versions of a French Folksong
Authors: Kolinski Mieczyslaw
Published: April 2006

In 1968, the Folklore Division (now Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies), National Museum of Man, Ottawa, invited me to carry out a research project based on some of its field recordings. As a result, I transcribed and analysed 117 French-Canadian folksongs and song versions. I wish to acknowledge the release of this material by the Museum for publication.
Javanese Pélog Tunings Reconsidered
Authors: Rahn Jay
Published: April 2006

The fixed pitch instruments of Java are justly famous for the flexibility of their tuning. The absolute pitches of various ensembles differ substantially, and within an ensemble, tones of a given name vary greatly in pitch when produced on different instruments. Causes for these differences include the gradual changes which occur in the metals used in the instruments’ manufacture, and the high value placed on the production of acoustical beats among the instruments of a single ensemble (Kunst 1973:251; Hood 1966:31–33). Concordant with this diversity is the practice of assigning proper names, such as “Venerable Dark Cloud”, to individual gamelans.
The Akyns Sing of Lenin
Authors: Vinogradov V.
Published: April 2006

Except for a few casual remarks in the specialized works of historians, linguists, travelers, and ethnographers, the musical folklore of Kirghizia received virtually no attention in pre-Revolutionary publications. But, even though the scattered observations of pre-Revolutionary nonmusician scholars failed to convey a comprehensive idea of this folklore, they continue to provide valuable source material in terms of vivid first impressions of the people's musical life. All of the reports refer to improvisational song-creation as the most typical characteristic. And all remark upon its popular nature, traditionalism, and ties with the soil.
New Idioms of Music-Drama among the Yoruba: An Introductory Study
Authors: Euba Akin
Published: April 2006

Traditional music in Yoruba society may to a considerable degree be regarded as music-drama. The dramatic element of this music is given its highest expression in situations of a ceremonial nature in which music, dance, speech, physical movement, costume, and art objects all combine to constitute the complete performance. Music in the context of traditional dance, even when the dance is not connected with ceremonial functions, illustrates another aspect of the dramatic use of music; for Yoruba dance, like much African dance, is akin to dance-drama.
Ndebele-Soli Bi-musicality in Zambia
Authors: Mensah Atta Annan
Published: April 2006

Investigations made in the Soli area of Zambia during 1968 yielded songs in a number of different languages. There were songs in Soli, songs in Lenje, songs in a mixture of these two languages, songs in Karanga (one of the Shona group of languages of Rhodesia), and songs in Ndebele (one of the Zulu group of languages found in Rhodesia and South Africa).
Chansons D'epire Du Nord Et Du Pont
Authors: Baud-Bovy Samuel
Published: April 2006

Des provinces de Grèce où cohabitent des populations bilingues, il en est deux qui présentent un intèrět particulier: l'Epire du Nord, où coexistent le grec et l'albanais, le Pont, où l'on parle, du moins où l'on parlait, aussi bien le grec que le turc.
Supplementary Syllables in Anglo-Irish Folk Singing
Authors: Shields Hugh
Published: April 2006

Frequent use of supplementary syllables distinguishes the singing from the speech of many Irish folk singers. These syllables are formed in the meaningful text by recourse to various procedures which have their basis in the spoken language; but the lengthening of speech in song greatly enlarges their scope. It is true that the extra syllables are weakly stressed ones; nevertheless, their number can be so great that their presence becomes quite obtrusive. They obtruded forcefully on the ear of an Anglo-Irish poet of the nineteenth century, William Allingham, as he listened to a fair-day ballad-seller singing a long Anglo-Irish song; and he took the opportunity to amuse his Victorian public by printing one of its stanzas in mock phonetic spelling:

This pay-air discoo-ooeyoor-cèrced with sich foo-oocy-oorce o’ ray-ayizin,

Ther may-aynin they ay-apee-ayx-esprayss'd so-hoo-o-o clearrrr,

That fau-hor to lae—ssen too-oo ther caw-aw-he-on-vairsay-ay-ashin,

My ehe-ee-in-clinay-aheeay-ashin was for too-oo-hoo-hoo

draw-aw-haw-ee-aw-a-neerrrrr.

after which he gave the orthographical text as follows:

This pair discoursed with such force of raysoning,

Their meaning they expressed so clear,

That for to listen to their conversation,

My inclination was for to draw near
Shoden: A Study in Tokyo Festival Music. When is Variation an Improvisation?
Authors: Malm William P.
Published: April 2006

Survey courses in world musics survive on aphorisms, and one of the favorite characteristics appended to Asian music in such studies is its great interest in improvisation. The major problem with this saying is that it is not true. While it may apply to certain forms of South Asian music and be a part of the Southeast Asian polyphonic stratification structures, it is a rare thing in the music of East Asia. Thus, when I was asked to speak on Japanese music for a symposium on improvisation held by the University of Chicago, I was genuinely hesitant, because I simply could not think of examples upon which to base such a discussion. This study is the result of my search.
La survivance du Romanceiro dans les chants de fauchage du Tras-os-Montes (Portugal)
Authors: Caufriez Anne
Published: April 2006

Au cours de l'été 1978, nous avons mené, pendant plusieurs semaines, des investigations en milieu rural portugais. C'est la province Nord-Est du Portugal, le Tras-os-Montes, que nous avons choisie comme aire de prospection. Notre mission avait pour but de rechercher le degré de survivance de très anciennes formes poétiques du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance que l'on appelle les romances. Certains auteurs situent la naissance de ces romances avant le 15ème siècle.
On the Acoustics and the Systematic Classification of the Jaw's Harp.
Authors: Ledang Ola Kai
Published: April 2006

Numerous theories of the sound producing mechanism of the jaw's harp have been put forward, none of which appears quite convincing or appropriate. The main reason for this seems to be that certain essentials of the making of and playing on this instrument have been neglected, underestimated or simply overlooked by the investigators. This paper represents an attempt to show some weak points of the existing theories, to describe an empiric investigation by means of electronic sound spectrographs, and finally, to establish a new general outlook on the acoustical and musical properties of the jaw's harp.
The Traditional Folk Music of Spain: Explorations and Perspectives
Authors: Katz Israel J.
Published: April 2006

Within the next decade, we may hope to see the publication of a definitive study of the traditional folk music of Spain. The scope and direction of such a project, whether left entirely to an individual or carried out by a team of specialists, will require painstaking considerations in the formation of its basic outline. A procedure should be established which takes into consideration the categorization of materials, such ascancioneros(‘anthologies of songs’) dating from the thirteenth through the seventeenth centuries, on the one hand, and the folkloristic/anthropological and ethnomusicological collections, on the other. The integration of these diverse materials would provide the core for such an undertaking.
Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Activity of a New Pyrazole Derivative Designated 4‐[2‐(1‐(Ethylamino)‐2‐methyl‐ propyl)phenyl]‐3‐(4‐methyphenyl)‐1‐phenylpyrazole
Authors: Dardari Zainaba , Lemrani Meryem , Sebban Abdelfatah , Bahloul Abdelmejid , Hassar Mohammed , Kitane Said , Berrada Mohammed , Boudouma Mohammed
Published: April 2006

Here, we report for the first time the synthesis and the antileishmanial activity of a new pyrazole derivative, namely 4‐[2‐(1‐(ethylamino)‐2‐methylpropyl)phenyl]‐3‐(4‐methyphenyl)‐1‐phenylpyrazole). Micromolar concentrations of this compound were found to inhibit the in vitro multiplication of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, and Leishmania infantum, three species causing different forms of leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for the compound are only slightly higher than those of amphotericin B, one of the most active antileishmanial agents used as a satisfactory substitute in cases not responding to pentostam. The IC50 values after 48 h for L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum promastigote growth were 0.48 μg/mL, 0.63 μg/mL and 0.40 μg/mL, respectively for the compound, while they were 0.23 μg/mL, 0.29 μg/mL and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively for amphotericin B. We also tested this compound for its antibacterial activity against several bacteria. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed against Entrococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 μg/mL.
Investigation of the Early Multiplication Processes of the Glow Discharge Formation in Neon Filled Diode at 1.33 mbar Pressure
Authors: Mitić S. D. , Maluckov Č. A. , Radović M. K.
Published: April 2006

The results of the investigation of the glow discharge time and space development in the neon‐filled diode at 1.33 mbar are presented. The glow is of the diffusion type with saturation current value of 0.2 mA. The temporal development of the light intensity, emitted perpendicularly on the diode axis from many different parts of the diode, is registered. Using this temporal development, the spatial development of the emitted light is examined. Electrically registered (by the oscilloscope) the total current through the diode reaches the saturation for 1.5 ms, which corresponds to the classical presumption of the formative time delay. The prebreakdown current is registered measuring the emitted light from diode gap. The investigation of light shows the increase of excitation in the gap at least 3 ms before any significant current has been registered (I < 1 µA). The negative glow appears in the diode gap near the anode and in the next a few milliseconds covers the cathode indicating the presence of the multiplication processes in the diode. The stationary regime in the diode is established for about 10 ms. Using this detection method, three stages of the discharge formation can be easily distinguished. These results indicate that the prebreakdown processes in the diode gap can be associated with the first stage of the breakdown formation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antioxidant activity of tea extracts in lipids and correlation with polyphenol content
Authors: Gramza Anna , Khokhar Santosh , Yoko Shihikura , Gliszczynska‐Swiglo Anna , Hes Marzanna , Korczak Jozef
Published: April 2006

The present study examined the antioxidative activity of water and ethanol extracts of green and black tea leaves against the oxidation of heated sunflower oil and lard. Oxidation was conducted at 110 °C in the Rancimat test. Total polyphenols and catechin contents in tea extracts were measured. The research showed that the total polyphenol content in green and black tea leaves was 205.2 and 148.7 mg/g, respectively. In tea leaves extracts, it ranged between 245.9 mg/g and 837.7 mg/g and depended on the extraction solvent and the kind of tea used (p <0.001). The highest polyphenol content was observed in samples extracted with 95% ethanol, lower contents were found with the use of water. Results showed that the highest antioxidant activity, measured as an induction period, with 1000 ppm green tea ethanol extract, was comparable to á‐tocopherol activity in sunflower oil. In lard, the longest induction period was measured with 500 and 1000 ppm of green tea ethanol extract. Other tea extract concentrations were significantly less active. Statistical analysis of the tea extract antioxidant activity in lipids in the Rancimat test showed an essential influence of the catechin contents. Further statistical analysis also showed an influence of (−)‐epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)‐epicatechin (EC), and (+)‐catechin (C) contents in the tea extracts on the antioxidant activity in lipids. It was stated that the antioxidant activity was higher in tea extracts containing high levels of ECG, EC, and C.
EJLST and the lipids, fats and oils agenda
Authors: Spener Friedrich
Published: April 2006

No abstracts.
Interaction Between Polymer Chains Covalently Fixed to Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kitano Hiromi , Tachimoto Kazutaka , Gemmei‐Ide Makoto , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: April 2006

Summary: A single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), which had been oxidized with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to afford polar groups at its ends, was incubated with an azo‐type macroinitiator carrying dextran (DEX), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains at 70 °C. Similarly, the oxidized SWNT was incubated with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile and acrylic acid (HAA) or N‐vinylpyrrolidone at 70 °C. Due to the large radical trapping ability of SWNT, the polymer chains corresponding to the cloven macroinitiator (PEG, DEX or PVPy) and the propagating polymer chains (poly(acrylic acid) (HPAA) or PVPy) were covalently fixed to the surface of the SWNTs. The hydrophilic polymer‐modified SWNTs could be stably dispersed in water. Furthermore, the SWNTs modified with PEG and DEX sedimented in the presence of free DEX and PEG, respectively, whereas there was no precipitation of the PEG‐ and DEX‐modified SWNTs in the presence of the same kind of free polymer. This seemed to be related to the phase separation phenomena in water soluble DEX and PEG systems induced by the repulsive interaction between PEG and DEX molecules. However, the mixture of two kinds of polymer‐modified SWNTs (PEG‐SWNT and DEX‐SWNT) did not show noticeable phase separation, probably due to steric hindrance for the efficient repulsive polymer‐polymer interaction by fixation to the gigantic SWNTs. Furthermore, upon mixing the dispersions of HPAA‐SWNT and PEG‐SWNT or PVPy‐SWNT, the turbidity of the dispersions gradually increased, while no increase in turbidity of the dispersion mixture was observed in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating hydrogen bonding between the HPAA and PEG or PVPy chains on the surface of the SWNTs. The modification methods examined in this work would be promising to give various functions to SWNT.

Susceptible processes of radical trap on SWNT surface.

image

Susceptible processes of radical trap on SWNT surface.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 8/2006
Authors: Müller Kevin , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus
Published: April 2006

Cover: A nonaqueous emulsion system suitable for the synthesis of conjugated polymer nanoparticles, i.e. poly(acetylene) and poly(3,4‐dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is illustrated. A scheme of the emulsion procedure using acetonitrile nanoreactors dispersed in cyclohexane and a SEM image of the obtained PEDOT particles are shown on the cover. Further details can be found in the article by K. Müller, M. Klapper,* and K. Müllen* on page 586.
Self‐Assembled Nanofibrillar Aggregates with Amphiphilic and Lipophilic Molecules
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Chowdhury Saleh , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: April 2006

Summary: This article gives a review on self‐assembled nanofibrillar aggregates such as helical, twisted ribbon‐like and tubular forms, those are produced in aqueous bilayer membrane and organogel systems. Two common features necessary for the chemical structure that yields special morphology are a chiral carbon atom and moieties feasible for intermolecular interactions although there are some exceptions. In aqueous systems, a hydrophobic effect is also an essential driving force for molecular aggregates in aqueous solution systems but almost disappear in organic media. More positive intermolecular interactions play an important role in molecular aggregation in organic media. Hydrogen bonding interaction is especially effective and many organogelators are classified into this category. Some lipophilic peptides have been investigated not only as organogelators but also with respect to their self‐assembling behaviors. This latter property gives them distinct advantages compared with conventional gel systems because the gels include highly‐ordered structures supramolecular functions like aqueous lipid membranes through molecular orientation. This article also introduces applicability of the organogel system.
ZnO nanorod synthesis from Zn‐based II–VI semiconductors
Authors: Choy W. C. H. , Guo C. F. , Pang K. H. , Leung Y. P.
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanorods on in‐situ grown ZnSe grains by using the simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and elementary sources of Zn and Se. To our best knowledge, there is no report of growing other Zn‐based nanostructures on in‐situ synthesized ZnSe. The ZnO–ZnSe system has the advantage of carrier transfer between the two binary II–VI semiconductors with different energy levels for device applications [1], which cannot be achieved in the single‐compound semiconductor nanostructures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micromanipulation of organic nanofibers for blue light emitting microstructures
Authors: Kjelstrup‐Hansen J. , Bøggild P. , Hvam J. , Majcher A. , Rubahn H.‐G.
Published: April 2006

Controlled movement of blue light emitting organic nanofibers on dedicated substrates by micron‐scaled translators and by atomic force microscopy tips is demonstrated. Successive movement of several nanofibers allows the generation of highly polarized, light emitting letters and artificial patterns with aniso‐ tropic emission characteristics. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulatory effects of several herbal extracts on avian peripheral blood cell immune responses
Authors: Dorhoi A. , Dobrean V. , Zăhan M. , Virag P.
Published: April 2006

Standardized ethanol extracts of Allium sativum (garlic), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Plantago major (plantain) and Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) were assessed for their effects on cellular immunity in laying hens. Birds (n = 25) had blood samples taken and both specific and non‐specific immune cell responsiveness were evaluated by a leukocyte proliferation assay, carbon clearance test and SRBC phagocytosis in monocyte‐derived macrophage cultures. Licorice and sea buckthorn (50 µg/mL) clearly enhanced the macrophage membrane function (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Dual effects on circulating phagocytes were revealed for plantain and sea buckthorn, while garlic at 200 µg/mL impaired the phagocytic capacity of blood cells. None of the tested extracts showed mitogenic properties, but high concentrations of sea buckthorn (400 µg/mL) inhibited leukocyte proliferation. Small concentrations (20 µg/mL) of licorice proved the co‐mitogenic potential for both T and B avian lymphocytes (p < 0.05). Certain extracts definitely enhanced the fowl innate and/or specific cell immunity and may therefore improve host resistance in poultry. Considering the chicken as an important non‐mammalian model that also serves as an available laboratory approach for some human diseases, herbs exerting immunomodulatory properties may find relevant clinical applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on Cell‐mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer
Authors: Kormosh N. , Laktionov K. , Antoshechkina M.
Published: April 2006

The influence of a plant preparation AdMax (Nulab Inc., Clearwater, FL, USA) on immunity in ovarian cancer patients was studied. The preparation is a combination of dried ethanol/water extracts from roots of Leuzea carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus and fruits of Schizandra chinensis. Twenty eight patients with stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer were treated once with 75 mg/m2 cisplatin and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood was collected 4 weeks after the chemotherapy. Subclasses of T, B and NK lymphocytes were tested for in the blood samples: CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD11B, CD16, CD20, CD25, CD38, CD45RA, CD50, CD71 and CD95. Immunoglobulin G, A and M concentrations were also determined. Changes were observed in the following T cell subclasses: CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD8. In patients who took AdMax (270 mg a day) for 4 weeks following the chemotherapy, the mean numbers of the four T cell subclasses were increased in comparison with the mean numbers of the T cell subclasses in patients who did not take AdMax. In patients who took AdMax, the mean amounts of IgG and IgM were also increased. The obtained results suggest that the combination of extracts from adaptogenic plants may boost the suppressed immunity in ovarian cancer patients who are subject to chemotherapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Philology in Viet Nam and its Impact on Southeast Asian Cultural History
Authors: THOMAS RICHARD G.
Published: April 2006

The current paper is part of an interdisciplinary project focusing on the intellectual dimensions of the French colonial experience in colonial Viet Nam, particularly in relation to the archaeology of Southeast Asia. As such, the work presented here is intended as a follow-up to the recently published exploration of intellectual movements under colonialism in French-ruled Viet Nam produced by Susan Bayly. Its wider aim is to contextualise the work of the Ecole Française d'Extrême Orient in order to better understand why its product, the cultural history of Viet Nam, is now so far out of step with the rest of mainland Southeast Asia that despite more than thirty years of post-colonial fieldwork by Vietnamese scholars, and more than fifteen years of collaboration with Western institutions, our understanding of Vietnamese protohistory has advanced little since, in a now famous review of the then current state of Vietnamese archaeology, Jeremy Davidson opined that ‘our knowledge of Champa remains so fragmentary, vague and inaccurate that the whole subject must be reworked’. The current work has many points of concordance with Bayly's interdisciplinary study. Here too it is argued that the distinctive understandings of race, culture and polity brought to the colony by French scientists, profoundly affected the thought and actions of Vietnamese as well as Europeans, and that the effects of their work were felt both within and beyond the French empire.
Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, 1867–1905,
Authors: GUPTA SWARUPA
Published: April 2006

This paper explores and re-defines notions of nationhood as reflected in the Bengali literati's expressions of an empowered identity in tracts, pamphlets and articles in periodicals during the late colonial period. It shifts the focus from existing assumptions of the nation as an artefact of modernity by demonstrating that though ideas about nationhood acquired a coherent and articulated form in the late nineteenth century, its roots are to be traced back to the pre-modern era. By interrogating the relatively unexplored conceptual category of samaj (social collectivity) deployed by the literati, this essay demonstrates how a connection was forged between the modern nation and the historical community from whence it emerged. Ideas about nationhood articulated by the literati had indigenous origins, which were oriented to a tradition of a shared world of values and conduct. In highlighting such origins I seek to qualify existing academic models that regard colonial nationalisms as ‘borrowed’ or ‘derivative’, and stress the tremendous difficulty in transcending western paradigms. The notion of a nation in colonial Bengal was produced through a complex interaction between re-orientations of indigenous ideas of past unities and the historical circumstances of the modern period. The latter included influences emanating from the late colonial situation, specifically the development of print technologies and the emergence of a civil society in India after 1800.
RUSHING TO REVOLUTION? A SECOND LOOK AT GLOBALIZATION AND JUSTICE
Authors: REIDY DAVID A.
Published: April 2006

In Globalization and Justice, Kai Nielsen brings his distinctive and passionate voice and considerable philosophical abilities to one of the pressing issues of our time: Is justice possible in our increasingly globalized world? Nielsen argues that it is, though the demands of justice are great, the challenges substantial, and the odds very long. Without a clear philosophical understanding of justice and a firm and focused political will, Nielsen maintains, we are likely to have globalization without justice. This is surely correct.
Introducing the International Theory of Carl Schmitt: International Law, International Relations, and the Present Global Predicament(s)
Authors: ODYSSEOS LOUIZA , PETITO FABIO
Published: April 2006

In this piece we introduce and contextualize the contributions to the special focus on the international theory of Carl Schmitt, and argue that Carl Schmitt's much neglected international thought can provide scholars of both international relations and international law with a new common multidisciplinary research platform pivotal in thinking about the present international predicaments of crisis in international order and legitimacy, of contested liberal hegemony, and of the issue of unipolarity and the emergence of new forms of warfare, such as terrorism and the ‘global war on terror’.
Technological Innovations and Intervention Practices for Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Ertmer David J.
Published: April 2006

This clinical forum has addressed many of the challenges associated with serving children who have cochlear implants. These include determining who may be a candidate for implantation; optimizing parent-child interactions for oral communication; developing comprehensive preschool programs; assessing and maximizing opportunities to communicate and learn in regular classrooms; making choices in communication modalities; providing effective intervention; and serving as a liaison for parents, school personnel, and medical professionals. In response to these challenges, the forum has provided the technical information needed to understand how a cochlear implant works, important research findings regarding choices in communication modalities, and ideas for assessing and serving children with implants. This information can provide speech, language, and hearing professionals with a base for developing their skills in the role of "local experts" for children who have cochlear implants. Filling this role also requires continuing education to keep up with innovations in technology and advancements in clinical practice. It is hoped that this forum has provided an impetus for further learning in a rapidly emerging and fascinating area of our profession.
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Dworkin James Paul , Marunick Mark T. , Krouse John H.
Published: April 2006

This tutorial addresses the complex pathophysiology; various structural and neurologic causes; methods of clinical appraisal; and alternative behavioral, prosthetic, and medicosurgical treatments of velopharyngeal dysfunction. To balance the primary focus of this review on hypernasal resonance and articulation disorders, discussions concerning hyponasal speech characteristics and underlying etiologies are also rendered.
Evaluating Articulation and Phonological Disorders When the Clock Is Running
Authors: Bleile Ken
Published: April 2006

The clinical evaluation of communication is a key element in the therapeutic process. This paper describes an approach to an initial clinical evaluation of a preschool-aged child referred to a clinic for problems in communication. Topics addressed in the evaluation include: What is the purpose of the evaluation? In which setting should the evaluation be held? What aspects of the client's background may contribute to his or her possible communication disorder? How are speech and language assessed in only 60 to 90 minutes? How is hearing assessed? What information should be conveyed to the client's family? The author's general approach to clinical evaluation emphasizes the importance of nonstandardized assessment procedures for obtaining the case history and for collecting and analyzing speech and language samples. The author focuses on linguistic-motor aspects of articulation and phonology disorders and emphasizes the importance of evaluating both the child's major speech errors as well as his or her better speech-making abilities.
The Importance of Sound Identification Training in Phonological Intervention
Authors: Wolfe Virginia , Presley Cynthia , Mesaris Jennifer
Published: April 2006

Little is known about the relevance of sound identification training in phonological intervention. Some treatment approaches incorporate sound identification training; others do not. The purpose of the present study was to compare articulatory improvement following treatment with and without sound identification training. Nine preschool children with severe phonological disorders were randomly assigned to 2 groups for the treatment of stimulable sound errors: (a) mixed training with concurrent production and sound identification training and (b) production-only training. Articulatory improvement was evaluated as a function of treatment type and pretraining sound identification scores. No overall difference was found between the 2 treatment types except for sounds that had been poorly identified. Articulatory errors with low identification scores made greater progress after receiving mixed training with both production and sound identification training. For error sounds receiving production training, significant relationships were found between both pre- and posttraining identification scores and articulatory improvement, suggesting (a) that perception of error sounds prior to treatment may affect degree of improvement and (b) that production training may improve perception of error sounds. Different views exist with regard to the targeting of stimulable error sounds for treatment. Results of the present study suggest that sound identification in addition to stimulability may be an important consideration in target selection as well as treatment mode.
Self-Rating of Stuttering Severity as a Clinical Tool
Authors: O'Brian Sue , Packman Ann , Onslow Mark
Published: April 2006

Scaling is a convenient and equipment-free means for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and clients to evaluate stuttering severity in everyday situations. This study investigated the extent to which the severity ratings of 10 adult stuttering speakers, made immediately after speaking and again from recordings 6 months later, agreed with ratings made by an SLP. For 9 of the 10 speakers, there was good agreement between their initial ratings and those of the SLP. For 8 of the 10 speakers, there was also good agreement between their initial ratings and those made from recordings 6 months later, indicating that the severity ratings made at the time of speaking were reliable. These findings support the use of the 9-point scale as a clinical measurement procedure.
Changing Perspectives for Practice in Stuttering
Authors: Leahy Margaret M.
Published: April 2006

Changing perspectives for practice in stuttering therapy are informed by the changes in knowledge, social values, and belief systems of a society. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; World Health Organization, 2001) has a sociological emphasis with a focus on the ability and functioning of the person, and it is currently fostering changes in perspectives for working with those who stutter. These perspectives are reflected in Irish social mores in the 7th and 8th centuries, when social and legal codes enshrined the rights of people with speech disabilities in law and recognized the dignity and integrity of people with such disabilities. The society of the time showed awareness and acceptance of people with disabilities, and it provided the supports to enable their participation in society. To a large extent, these principles contrast with the predominantly impairment-based focus that has been the heritage of the speech-language pathology profession in the 20th century. In order to review changing emphases in stuttering therapy and to consider applications of a sociological approach to stuttering, an outline of historical perspectives of the profession of speech-language pathology is presented. The evolution of the ICF is also outlined, moving from an impairment-based focus to a more sociological perspective. Both perspectives provide a historical context for consideration of approaches to working with stuttering, reflecting the ICF and echoing principles that were practiced in an ancient Celtic society.
A Simplified Method for Calibrating a Sound-Level Meter for Use With a Brüel & Kjær Artificial Mastoid
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Chanaud Robert C.
Published: April 2006

The standard method for calibrating a sound-level meter for use with the Brüel & Kjær Artificial Mastoid for bone vibrator tests entails the use of a signal generator, a precision voltmeter, and possibly a frequency counter. This equipment should be certified annually and traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and its use generally restricts calibration to a laboratory environment and requires a considerable amount of time. We have developed a simplified method for calibrating the sound-level meter by using a sound-level calibrator and microphone. Using the known sensitivities of the microphone and the artificial mastoid, the sound-level calibrator used for calibration of the microphone may also be used for calibration of the sound-level meter to measure force levels with the artificial mastoid.
Practical Considerations of Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference Measures in Infants
Authors: Tharpe Anne Marie , Sladen Douglas , Huta Holly M. , Rothpletz Ann McKinley
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the practical issues surrounding the use of the real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measure in infants in clinical settings. Twenty-two newborns were seen once a month during their first year of life for the purpose of obtaining RECD measurements. Two methods for obtaining the RECD were examined: the commonly used constant insertion depth method and the acoustic method. Differences between the results of the two methods were examined as well as test-retest reliability for each. Findings suggest that no compelling evidence exists to support the use of one of these methods over the other. Use of either method resulted in good test-retest reliability in the midfrequency range of the RECD, with poorer reliability on both ends of the frequency spectrum. Test-retest reliability decreased with increasing age for both methods. In addition, reliability of between-ear RECD values was examined. Between-ear measurements were most reliable in the midfrequency range, and reliability decreased slightly with increasing age.
The Relative Importance of Amplitude, Temporal, and Spectral Cues for Cochlear Implant Processor Design
Authors: Shannon Robert V.
Published: April 2006

Speech understanding with cochlear implants has improved steadily over the last 25 years, and the success of implants has provided a powerful tool for understanding speech recognition in general. Comparing speech recognition in normal-hearing listeners and in cochlear-implant listeners has revealed many important lessons about the types of information necessary for good speech recognition—and some of the lessons are surprising. This paper presents a summary of speech perception research over the last 25 years with cochlear-implant and normal-hearing listeners. As long as the speech is audible, even the relatively severe amplitude distortion has only a mild effect on intelligibility. Temporal cues appear to be useful for speech intelligibility only up to about 20 Hz. Whereas temporal information above 20 Hz may contribute to improved quality, it contributes little to speech understanding. In contrast, the quantity and quality of spectral information appear to be critical for speech understanding. Only four spectral "channels" of information can produce good speech understanding, but more channels are required for difficult listening situations. Speech understanding is sensitive to the placement of spectral information along the cochlea. In prosthetic devices, in which the spectral information can be delivered to any cochlear location, it is critical to present spectral information to the normal acoustic tonotopic location for that information. If there is a shift or distortion of 2 to 3 mm between frequency and cochlear place, speech recognition is decreased dramatically.
Medical and Surgical Considerations for Implantable Hearing Prosthetic Devices
Authors: Weber Peter C.
Published: April 2006

Today, technology allows us the opportunity to make a substantial difference in the quality of life for individuals who have been unsuccessful with traditional amplification. This article examines the medical and surgical aspects of four types of implantable hearing devices: bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA), middle ear implants, cochlear implants, and auditory brainstem implants.
The University of Louisville
Authors: Windmill Ian M. , Cunningham David R. , Preminger Jill E.
Published: April 2006

The audiology program at the University of Louisville is located in the city's medical complex, which houses the university's health-related programs, 5 acute care hospitals, and 1 rehabilitation hospital. The audiology program has a variety of clinical sites that expose students to broad-based clinical environments, patient populations, and instructional opportunities. The presence of university faculty and staff within these clinics assures that students have consistent educational development. The expanding research program complements the clinical activities. The hospital and faculty-owned private practice locations provide important opportunities to learn the business aspects of audiology.
"A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside an Enigma"
Authors: Rosen Stuart
Published: April 2006

A. T. Cacace and D. J. McFarland (2005) define central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) as a "
modality-specific perceptual dysfunction
that is not due to peripheral hearing loss" and that "should be distinguishable from cognitive, language-based, and/or supramodal attentional problems" (p. 113). Although agreeing with the general thrust of their attempts to exclude supramodal causes of impaired auditory performance as being labeled CAPD, I argue that this definition suffers from a number of serious deficiencies. It is both too loose and too restrictive, excluding what might be low-level deficits that occur in more than one modality, at the same time including at least one form of modality-specific linguistic processing. I argue that any useful definition of CAPD must not only exclude supramodal causes of auditory deficits, but must be based on the notion of impaired brain function demonstrable for nonspeech sounds.
Adults' Judgments of Fictional Story Quality
Authors: Schneider Phyllis , Winship Stephanie
Published: April 2006

Narratives are commonly used for research and clinical purposes, but the ecological validity of our analyses needs verification. Do our macrostructural and microstructural narrative analysis methods give us an accurate picture of what would generally be considered "story quality"?

We addressed this question by using 39 untrained adult judges who were presented with sets of brief stories, each set constructed to vary on a single story aspect (story grammar elements, story grammar structural pattern, referring expressions, or connectives). Judges ranked the stories in each set from best to worst. Results indicate that judges were generally sensitive to story features commonly used in narrative analyses, including characters' thoughts and feelings, goal-directedness, adequacy of referent introductions, and connectedness of clauses. However, they failed to make distinctions between stories that differed in types of connectives or referring expressions and had mixed reactions to description in stories.
Methods for Characterizing Participants' Nonmainstream Dialect Use in Child Language Research
Authors: Oetting Janna B. , McDonald Janet L.
Published: April 2006

Three different approaches to the characterization of research participants' nonmainstream dialect use can be found in the literature. They include listener judgment ratings, type-based counts of nonmainstream pattern use, and tokenbased counts. In this paper, we examined these three approaches, as well as shortcuts to these methods, using language samples from 93 children previously described in J. Oetting and J. McDonald (2001). Nonmainstream dialects represented in the samples included rural Louisiana versions of Southern White English (SWE) and Southern African American English (SAAE).

Depending on the method and shortcut used, correct dialect classifications (SWE or SAAE) were made for 88% to 97% of the participants; however, regression algorithms had to be applied to the type- and token-based results to achieve these outcomes. For characterizing the rate at which the participants produced the nonmainstream patterns, the token-based methods were found to be superior to the others, but estimates from all approaches were moderately to highly correlated with each other. When type- and/or token-based methods were used to characterize participants' dialect type and rate, the number of patterns included in the analyses could be substantially reduced without significantly affecting the validity of the outcomes. These findings have important implications for future child language studies that are done within the context of dialect diversity.
Obituary for Robert C. Bilger, Former Editor of
JSHR
and Chair, ASHA Publications Board
Authors: Formby Craig
Published: April 2006

The editor has elected to take this opportunity to publish an obituary for Dr. Robert C. Bilger, who was the Editor of the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research from 1971 to 1974 and Chair of the Publications Board from 1984 to 1987. We wish to acknowledge Dr. Bilger’s contributions to this journal and to the ASHA Journals Program as a whole. This obituary was written and submitted by Dr. John H. Mills, Medical University of South Carolina.
Frequency Discrimination Deficits in People With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: McArthur G. M. , Bishop D. V. M.
Published: April 2006

The reliability and validity of a frequency discrimination (FD) task were tested in 16 people with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 people with normal spoken language (controls). The FD thresholds of the 2 groups indicated that FD thresholds for 25-ms and 250-ms tones were remarkably stable across 18 months. The FD thresholds were lower for control listeners than for listeners with SLI for both duration conditions, and the FD thresholds for both groups of listeners were lower for 250-ms tones than for 25-ms tones. Moreover, the FD thresholds were influenced little by nonperceptual, task-related abilities (e.g., paired-associative learning, memory for temporal order, sustained attention, and control of attention) of the listener groups. The significant group difference between the mean FD thresholds of the SLI and control groups was explained by a subgroup of people with SLI who had particularly poor thresholds compared with those of controls and the majority of the SLI group. This subgroup did not differ from the remainder of the SLI sample in terms of age or nonverbal ability but was characterized by very poor reading that was associated with poor phonemic awareness.
Processing of Written Words by Individuals With Prelingual Deafness
Authors: Miller Paul
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to elucidate how prelingual deafness affects the ability to process written words. An experiment designed to reveal possible differences in the word-processing strategies and efficiency of a sample of prelingually deafened students (
n
= 18; mean grade = 5.1) and a task-matched hearing control group (
n
= 28; mean grade = 4.9) was conducted. The experiment was based on a research paradigm demanding the same/different categorization of physically (perceptually) or conventionally identical word pairs. To elucidate the nature of the word-processing strategy adopted by each group, word pairs varying within their phonological information (monosyllabic, bisyllabic) were used for stimulation. Unexpectedly, findings revealed that the abilities of the 2 participant groups to process written words were remarkably similar. This was true whether or not the processing of the word pairs required the referencing of linguistic knowledge for the mediation of their identicalness. Furthermore, there was no evidence that either of the 2 participant groups relied on phonological information for processing the stimuli. In general, the findings support a conclusion that the difficulties of prelingually deafened individuals with reading are not rooted in a deficient ability to process written words per se but reflect the absence of crucial (probably general as well as linguistic) knowledge as the basis for their final interpretation. The results further suggest that the phonological decoding of written words may not be a prerequisite for their efficient processing in working memory.