bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking The “Local” in Labour Markets: The Consequences of Cultural Embeddedness in a Philippine Growth Zone
Authors: Kelly Philip F.
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to recent geographical studies of local labour markets in three ways. First, it highlights the distinctive labour market processes occurring in an industrialising setting in the Philippines to complement existing studies that have tended to focus on “restructuring” contexts in the west. Second, it shows how labour markets are embedded not just in processes of institutional and social regulation, but also in the transformation of the culture of work that accompanies industrialisation in an agricultural setting. Thus, while a significant feature of the local labour market in the municipality of Tanza (Province of Cavite) is a shortage of labour in the agricultural sector, this cannot be explained solely by the massive shift of a young workforce into non‐agricultural activities. It must also be understood in the context of changes found in youth culture and conceptions of work. The result is that the availability of labour for agriculture dries up even if the supply of labour, in a literal sense, is adequate for its needs. Third, a significant process operating in this “local” labour market is the extraction of labour for temporary overseas work. This suggests that local labour markets should be conceived not just on the basis of geographical contiguity, but also in the “networked space” of households functioning across very large distances.
A Biogeographer's Construction of Tropical Lands: A.R. Wallace, Biogeographical Method and The Malay Archipelago
Authors: Taylor David
Published: March 2003

Alfred Russel Wallace is closely associated with the Malay Archipelago. As a collector of biological specimens, he spent eight years in the region during the mid nineteenth‐century. Wallace became one of the foremost natural historian‐philosophers and a powerful voice in the emerging sub‐discipline of biogeography following his return to the UK. He is perhaps best remembered by the Wallace's Line, which bisects the Malay Archipelago, marking an abrupt biogeographical disjunction that is most apparent for mammals and birds. The influence of Wallace's ideas on modern constructions of the Malay Archipelago in particular and the tropical world in general has been profound. Wallace's biogeography, with its reliance on reductionism, scientific taxonomy and the identification and mapping of “native” biota, has also influenced conservation theory and practice. In this paper, I argue that preconceived notions together with predominant values of scientific endeavour during the Victorian period strongly affected Wallace's constructions. The view of tropical environments that Wallace helped to construct is at odds with modern theories of environmental change, while his biogeographical distribution maps share many weaknesses with ethnographic studies of the colonial period. In conclusion, rather than static distribution patterns, the apparently continuous re‐mixing of biota in low latitudes offers biogeographers much scope for study. The results of such studies, when combined with a greater awareness of indigenous perceptions and systems of knowledge, would appear to provide a much more secure basis upon which to found conservation thought and practice.
Globalisation and Communal Identities in the Plural Society Of Malaysia
Authors: Korff Rüdiger
Published: March 2003

Successful modernisation and global integration in Malaysia have opened up new possibilities and increased agency. At the state level, success has allowed its political leadership to act as spokesperson for the post‐colonial world. Agency for Malaysians has increased as well, but with a specific twist. Not only has individual agency increased but ‐ even more so ‐ new forms of social control have been created. From the background of a plural society, valorisations accompanying modernisation and globalisation were perceived as favouring or disadvantaging particular ethnic groups. This has lead to a politicisation of ethnicity by which the maintenance of integration has been pursued through the development of social control mechanisms that have given rise to new communal identities.

Today, social control and Islam are closely interwoven. Islam provides a meaning system that links modernity and the modern present with a Malay past. Especially in urban areas, the equation “a Malay is a Muslim” has been changed to “a Muslim in Malaysia is a Malay”. The ambivalence of referring to universals like “post‐colonialism” and “Islam” as ways of expressing Malaysian particularities is shown in the self‐description of Malaysia as a successful “globaliser” and a post‐colonial and/or Islamic country in the official mass media. Physically, this in turn is reflected in the architectural styles of mega‐projects. Elsewhere it has been argued that globalisation has the potential to fragment societies. The question is whether this potential might lead to the emergence of a fragmented plural society in Malaysia.
Transport and Housing Security in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Barter Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper explores links between transport and housing security issues for the urban poor using the example of the Klang Valley in Malaysia. The interface between these issues is identified as a gap in the literature, including policy debates, on both housing and transport. A number of linkages are shown to be important and likely to be relevant in many cities of the South, especially those with rapid motorisation and large numbers of “squatters”. A simple framework for understanding these linkages is presented. Key examples include displacement to make way for transport infrastructure and the impact on transport problems for the poor of policies affecting the location of urban poor housing, including relocation sites and transit accommodation. The case study of the Klang Valley is used to illustrate and test the relevance of a focus on this issue and the utility of the conceptual framework. Some policy implications of the investigation and case study are suggested.
“Operation Pushback”: Sangh Parivar, State, Slums And Surreptitious Bangladeshis In New Delhi
Authors: Ramachandran Sujata
Published: March 2003

The remarkable ease with which the xenophobic tenor of the Hindu Right nationalist organizations or Sangh Parivar found favour with many privileged Indians in the early 1990s cannot be easily or comfortably discounted. Indeed, it even perniciously swayed a moderate secular central government led by the long dominant Congress Party. By mid–1992, when Sangh Parivar made the manifold dangers of the unsanctioned immigration by growing numbers of poverty–stricken Bangladeshi Muslim peasants their rallying cry, the lenient attitude of the Indian state towards these immigrants had hardened with astonishing rapidity. Unsettled by this sweeping tide of Hindu chauvinism, a hurriedly enforced “Action Plan” to locate and identify these undocumented immigrants was followed by brisk efforts under “Operation Pushback” to deport them from New Delhi — India’s capital city and locus of bureaucratic, political and financial power. Haphazard and sporadic in implementation, Operation Pushback, while unmasking partisan dispositions coursing through the Indian bureaucracy, also exemplified Congress’ belated attempts at redeeming its enervated standing. It is also worth noting that the highly circumscribed material realities of the Bangladeshi immigrants residing in Delhi’s numerous slums made them easy targets of these perverse politics, and that subsequent opposition, internally and from neighbouring Bangladesh, to the gratuitous brutality displayed towards the first groups of deportees contributed to the Operation’s abrupt truncation.
Consistency and Change in Children’s Tattling on their Siblings: Children’s Perspectives on the Moral Rules and Procedures of Family Life
Authors: Ross Hildy S. , Den Bak‐Lammers Irene M.
Published: March 2003

Children’s tattling on their siblings was observed in 39 families when children were 2‐ and 4‐ and 4‐ and 6‐years of age. Tattling was more frequent among older siblings, and increased across time, despite a corresponding decrease in sibling transgressions against one another and an increase in parents’ negative reactions to tattling. Tattling was largely truthful, implicit in form, and more likely to concern transgressions of what parents also regarded as more important standards. Among 4‐ and 6‐year‐olds, tattling was related to children’s negative behaviour to one another and equally likely when children faced ongoing conflict issues and when they merely wished to inform parents of sibling wrongdoing. Parents generally allowed their children to tattle on one another, rarely reprimanded tattlers, but responded to the information contained in the tattlers’ reports. The parents’ responses were related to the quality of their children’s tattling, but the children’s tattling was unrelated to the likelihood that parents would react either positively or negatively to it. Results are discussed in terms of the place of tattling within the family system, with emphasis on the children’s understanding of the implications of their parents’ involvement in their own disputes.
Continuity in Children’s Relations with Peers
Authors: Howes Carollee , Phillipsen Leslie
Published: March 2003

Social competence with peers of 55 (27 girls) children was examined from ages one to nine. In the toddler and preschool periods, social competence with peers was observed and rated by independent observers and rated by teachers. Teachers reported on children’s social competence with peers at age nine. Children who engaged in more complex play with peers as toddlers were more prosocial, engaged in complex play, were less withdrawn as preschoolers, and were less aggressive and withdrawn as nine‐year‐olds. Children who were more aggressive and withdrawn as preschoolers were more aggressive as nine‐year‐olds.
Bullying and ‘Theory of Mind’: A Critique of the ‘Social Skills Deficit’ View of Anti‐Social Behaviour
Authors: Sutton Jon , Smith Peter K. , Swettenham John
Published: March 2003

Bullying in schools has been found to be widespread. The popular stereotype of a bully, supported by theories based on the social skills deficit model, is of a powerful but ‘oafish’ person with little understanding of others. In this article, we trace the origin of this view, and present an alternative view: that some bullies, at least, will need good social cognition and theory of mind skills in order to manipulate and organise others, inflicting suffering in subtle and damaging ways while avoiding detection themselves. Such skills, although likely to be utilised in all bullying, may be particularly useful for ringleader bullies and in the indirect forms of bullying which are more common between girls. Suggestions for further research in this area are made, and implications for anti‐bullying work briefly discussed.
Understanding Others, and Individual Differences in Friendship Interactions in Young Children
Authors: Dunn Judy , Cutting Alexandra L.
Published: March 2003

Links between individual differences in 4‐year‐olds’ social understanding, language abilities, temperament, behavioral adjustment and family background and the quality of their interaction with a close friend were investigated. 64 pairs of friends were filmed playing together on two occasions, and each child tested on a battery of assessments of theory of mind, emotion understanding and language. Teachers and mothers reported on children’s adjustment and temperament respectively. There were marked differences in children’s interactions with their friends; the sociocognitive abilities and behavioral characteristics of both child and friend contributed significantly to cooperative shared pretend, to low frequency of conflict and to successful communication between friends; behavioral adjustment and family background also contributed independently to friendship quality. The similarity between friends in behavioral adjustment and sociolinguistic skills was notable.
Reactions to Morphological Deviance: A Comparison of Japanese and American Children and Adolescents
Authors: Crystal David S. , Watanabe Hirozumi , Chen Ru San
Published: March 2003

Fifth and eleventh graders in the United States (n = 175) and Japan (n = 257) were asked to describe and explain their reactions to obesity and facial disfigurement, both as a deviant member (one having these forms of morphological deviance) and as an interactant member (a normal child interacting with the deviant peer) of a group of 5 children. In the obesity scenario, the group was going shopping for clothes. In the facial disfigurement scenario, the group was having their photographs taken for the school yearbook. In both cultures for both scenarios, negative emotions predominated when students took the deviant role. As interactants, more Japanese than American respondents expressed positive and inclusive attitudes toward the deviant child. Developmental differences varied by culture. Most notable was the tendency of Japanese eleventh graders to become similar to their American counterparts in their decreasing willingness to participate with, include, and be influenced by their peers. Results are discussed in terms of Goffman’s (1963) model of ‘stigma’ and the individualism‐collectivism paradigm.
Varieties of Childhood Bullying: Values, Emotion Processes, and Social Competence
Authors: Arsenio William F. , Lemerise Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2003

Understanding the nature of bullies and bullying is of considerable theoretical and practical importance. We offer a commentary on a recent debate on this topic between Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999a, 1999b) and Crick and Dodge (1999). In this commentary, we first summarize the main points of the debate, including alternative views of bullies as social inadequates versus Machiavellian schemers. Then we clarify some unresolved issues concerning the nature and limits of social competence and the roles of values in both social competence and in bullying. Finally, it is argued that variations in children’s emotion processes, such as emotionality and emotion regulation, also may underlie some of the individual differences that have been found in empathy, social information processing, and in reactive (‘hot‐headed’) and proactive (‘cold‐blooded’) aggressive and bullying patterns.
Bullying and Victimization Among School‐age Children: Stability and Links to Proactive and Reactive Aggression
Authors: Camodeca Marina , Goossens Frits A. , Terwogt Mark Meerum , Schuengel Carlo
Published: March 2003

The main aim of the study relates to the links between bullying and victimization on the one hand and reactive and proactive aggression on the other. In addition, we also investigated stability and incidence of bullying and victimization. At age 7, 236 children were rated on bullying and victimization using peer reports. At age 8, 242 children were rated again. Two hundred and fifteen children (114 girls and 101 boys) were present at both time points. Reactive and proactive aggression was assessed by teachers. The results showed that bullies and bully/victims were both reactively and proactively aggressive, while victims were only reactively aggressive. A moderate degree of stability of bullying and victimization was found, with bullying being more stable than victimization. Boys were more often bullies than girls and more stable than girls in victimization. Stable victims and stable bully/victims were more reactively aggressive than their unstable counterparts. The relevance of the outcomes to preventing future maladjustment and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament
Authors: Mark Ingrid L. van der , IJzendoorn Marinus H. van , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J.
Published: March 2003

The development, antecedents, and concomitants of empathic concern in the second year of life were examined. Associations with parental sensitivity, children's fearfulness and attachment security were investigated. At 16 and at 22 months, 125 firstborn girls from middle‐class families were observed in their homes and in the laboratory. Empathic concern was assessed from the girls’ responses to simulated distress in their mothers and in an unfamiliar person. Temperamental fearfulness was observed when they were confronted with potentially scary items. Attachment security was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure, and parental sensitivity was measured in problem‐solving situations both at home and in the lab. From 16 to 22 months, empathic concern for the mother's distress increased, whereas empathy for the stranger decreased. A more fearful temperament and less attachment security predicted less empathic concern for the stranger's distress. Antecedent and concurrent measures of parenting showed disappointingly weak associations with empathic concern. Empathy for strangers in distress requires the regulation of negative emotions for which fearful and insecurely attached girls seem to be less well equipped.
Bathing and the Politics of Care
Authors: Twigg Julia
Published: March 2003

Though providing baths in the community for disabled and older people has long been an area of service dispute, it has received little academic or policy attention. This is partly because bathing and washing are assumed to be common‐sense activities. This paper suggests instead that washing and bathing are far from straightforward or common‐sense and that specific meanings attach to them in ways that affect how people experience the receiving of help in these areas. It explores the history of bathing and washing and the significance of touch and nakedness in service provision. It then turns to the service providers who have traditionally undertaken such work—the community nursing and home care services—exploring the rationales that underlie such patterns and the implications of current changes in community care.
The Medical Profession and the State: GPs and the GP Contract in the 1960s and the 1990s
Authors: Lewis Jane
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the two major conflicts between general practitioners and the state in the mid‐1960s and again at the end of the 1980s. In the mid‐1960s morale in general practice was low, but GPs emerged with a strong endorsement from government for their professional autonomy. In 1990 morale was high, but government succeeded in imposing a new contract on GPs that sought to increase their accountability. GPs have always defended their status as "independent contractors". However, the paper argues that GPs saw this status as a means of protecting their professional freedom and autonomy. When the government treated them more as independent contractors in 1990 and demanded more specific terms, GPs did not like it. Furthermore, the new GPs’ contract was introduced alongside the new internal market of the NHS, which has had further implications for GPs’ status as independent contractors.
Citizenship and Consumerism in Health Care: A Critique of Citizens’ Juries
Authors: Pickard Susan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of citizens’ juries as a model for public involvement in health care. It does so through observation of two citizens’ juries run by the same Health Authority, during the summer of 1996. The framework used to evaluate the juries is that provided by IPPR in their 1997 Report, namely focusing on the themes of information, time, scrutiny, deliberation, independence and authority. Citizens' juries are compared and contrasted with other models for public involvement and linked with the broader debate on citizenship theory and practice.
Beyond the Nation State: Social Policy in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Mishra Ramesh
Published: March 2003

The paper proceeds from the assumption that globalization has placed significant constraints on the autonomy of nation states in the making of social policy. It argues that the post‐World War II welfare state represented a social system highly successful in combining economic efficiency and dynamism with equity and solidarity. This historic achievement at the nation‐state level is being undermined by economic globalization. It is both necessary and feasible to recreate and institutionalize this mixed system globally. The paper argues that the concept of social rights, which has served as the basic underpinning of the welfare state, has many weaknesses—logical as well as empirical. While the principles of civil and political rights are being consolidated and extended worldwide the principle of social rights is in decay. The paper presents the case for replacing social rights by social standards as the major concept for buttressing systems of social protection. To be applicable globally a social standard must be conceptualized as a level of social development which corresponds to an appropriate level of economic development. Finally, the paper considers the problems and prospects of developing social standards transnationally. It reviews, briefly, the nature and extent of transnational social policy‐making by inter‐governmental organizations and concludes that despite difficulties of global action advances towards global social standards remain possible.
How to Design a "Liberal" Welfare State: A Comparison of Canada and the United States
Authors: Myles John
Published: March 2003

My aim in this paper is to show how differences in the programmatic design of two otherwise "liberal" welfare regimes have generated substantially different patterns of welfare state retrenchment and distributive outcomes since the 1970s. Welfare regimes are distinguished by the principles and rules that regulate transactions between the three institutional nuclei from which individuals derive their "welfare" in modern capitalist societies—the state, the market, and the family. Liberal regimes are characterized by a preference for market solutions to welfare problems. While Canada and the United States both represent paradigmatic instances of the liberal regime type, there are long‐standing differences in methods both of financing and distributing benefits. Differences in programme design led to substantially different retrenchment strategies from the end of the 1970s, which in turn produced dramatically different distributive outcomes: rising inequality and poverty rates in the United States compared to relative stability in the distribution of income among Canadian families.
Social Exclusion in Britain 1991—1995
Authors: Burchardt Tania , Le Grand Julian , Piachaud David
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to offer a working definition of social exclusion and to operationalize it in such a way that an initial empirical analysis of social exclusion in Britain today can be undertaken. After a brief review of conceptions of social exclusion and some of the key controversies, we operationalize one definition based on the notion of participation in five types of activity—consumption, savings, production, political and social. Using the British Household Panel Survey, indicators for participation on these dimensions are developed and analysed both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally for the period 1991–5. We find strong associations between an individual’s participation (or lack of it) on the five different dimensions, and on each dimension over time. However, there is no distinct group of socially excluded individuals: few are excluded on all dimensions in any one year and even fewer experience multiple exclusion for the whole period. The results support the view that treating different dimensions of exclusion separately is preferable to thinking about social exclusion in terms of one homogeneous group.
Social Exclusion, Inequality and Social Work
Authors: Dowling Monica
Published: March 2003

This paper sets out the environment of inequality in which social work and the poor have recently operated. It explores pragmatic and idealist arguments concerning whether or not the poor need social work. Finally, policy solutions developed in consultation with social service users and carers are suggested in relation to poverty and social exclusion. Social exclusion can be linked to relative poverty as exclusion from economic and social norms. However, there is a wider brief in our own government’s publications and those of Europe, of examining how people are excluded from actions and policies of agencies who are there to support them. This paper will retain the concepts of poverty as lack of material income, and inequality as the gap between the rich and the poor, while being aware of the policy implications for social service users and carers of the more comprehensive process of being shut out partially or fully from social, economic, political and cultural systems. The debates around social work, social exclusion and inequality that follow establish: that some of the poor do need social work; that the poverty of social service users is related to policies that have restructured welfare in Britain; that the reason for individuals approaching or being referred to social services are complex but are likely to include financial deprivation as a key contributory factor; that if the poor do need social work, advocacy is essential rather than social work being seen as concerned only with social control—taking children into care, mentally ill people into hospitals, and advising the DSS on the suitability of claimants for benefits. Finally, the discussion turns to new policy agendas on social exclusion instigated by the Labour government. What positive difference can such policies make for social service users, their carers and social workers?.
Distributive Justice and Social Policy: Some Reflections on Rawls and Income Distribution
Authors: Kangas Olli
Published: March 2003

This paper adapts the Rawlsian idea of decision making behind the veil of ignorance in the realm of income transfer systems. As rational decision makers, we would plan a society where the incidence of poverty is low, differences in the level of living between life cycles are small, income differences between the rich and poor are modest, income mobility from poverty to non‐poverty is high, and where the living standard of the poor is decent. The results show that income mobility is not greater in those countries which have wide income differences, nor is the situation of the poor any better in countries with huge income disparities than in other countries. Cross‐national comparisons indicate that high poverty rates are not associated with more rapid income mobility and higher standards for the poor.
Political Interests and the Implementation of China’s Urban Health Insurance Reform
Authors: Duckett Jane
Published: March 2003

During the 1980s and 1990s China has been experimenting with reform of its health insurance system. Based on a study of experimental schemes in several cities in eastern China in the late 1990s, this paper shows that the schemes’ main problems are due to the vested interests of enterprises, hospitals, officials, and other beneficiaries of the pre‐reform system. Reform policy has been implemented slowly, and local health insurance schemes have (1) suffered from poor participation rates, and (2) had difficulties balancing contributions into local government‐run pooled funds with expenditures needed for medical treatment. These problems threaten the viability of the national programme announced in late 1998. The solution lies in improving local government capacity through effective legislation and training, but this will be difficult to achieve.
Family Support for Old People in Rural China
Authors: Xu Yuebin
Published: March 2003

In China the family is still the major welfare provider for old people in rural areas. Although the implementation of this role has varied significantly, in different historical periods, owing to social and economic changes in the rural environment, the core functions of the family have remained the same, that is, the provision of welfare for dependants, particularly for the aged. In the more traditional China, providing care for the aged was indeed assumed to be a paramount function of the family. Whereas, following the founding of the PRC in 1949, the welfare function of the family was reduced, as a result of the collectivization of the rural economy, which meant a part of family responsibilities being shared by collective organizations. However, after more than twenty years’ experience of agricultural collectivization, China embarked on a course of further rural economic reform in the early 1980s, replacing the commune system with one of private production based on the family unit. As a result, rural welfare responsibilities were shifted back from the commune to the family, which became solely responsible for providing support for its dependent members. This paper attempts to set out the real situation with regard to family support for rural old people in China. The first section offers a brief introduction to the declining family status of rural old people as a consequence of socio‐economic change. The second section reviews the implications of rural economic reform for the (declining) status of old people with regard to family support, focusing on patterns of rural old age dependency and the changing roles of family caregivers. Lastly, cases of family support disputes and community responses are presented, drawing on findings from fieldwork conducted by the author between 1995 and 1996 in three rural localities in China.
Discourses of Rurality in EU Spatial Policy: The European Spatial Development Perspective
Authors: Richardson Tim
Published: March 2003

The publication in 1999 of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is a significant step towards European spatial planning. It follows a period of intergovernmental and inter‐institutional development of a framework and policies, which raises many issues about the normative and discoursive positions and constructions which are integrated into the process. The paper reviews the emergence of the ESDP, and explores how ’rurality‘ is being contested within the new European spatial discourse it contains. The Foucauldian discourse analytic approach focuses on the articulation of a new policy discourse within the text of the adopted ESDP document, but places this analysis within a broader consideration of the contested policy process. Discussing three key policy issues peripherality, a new urban‐rural partnership, and rural restructuring, the paper argues that the emphasis on competition, and the focus on urban areas and functional regions, raise clear concerns about the treatment of rurality. Key areas for further research are identified in response to the current vacuum of academic debate over rurality in European spatial policy.
Resource, Arcadia, Lifeworld. Nature Concepts in Environmental Sociology
Authors: Van Koppen C.S.A.(Kris)
Published: March 2003

In environmental sociology three strands of nature conceptualization can be distinguished: the resource, the ‘Arcadian’ and the constructionist approach. In the resource approach, the instrumental values of nature as a sustenance base are central, and social theory focuses on the way society can be geared to the conditions of sustainability as they are determined by natural science. In the ‘Arcadian’ approach, non‐instrumental, aesthetic and ethical values are central, and social theory focuses primarily on the defense of these values.In the constructionist approach the values of nature, whether instrumental or non‐instrumental, are investigated and criticized as social constructions. The article offers a tentative framework for bridging the gap between constructionism and the other nature approaches. As far as non‐instrumental nature valuation is concerned, this framework puts an emphasis on lifeworld experiences of nature.
Synergy and Coherence through Collective Action: Some Insights from Wine Routes in Tuscany
Authors: Brunori Gianluca , Rossi Adanella
Published: March 2003

A wine route can be seen as a network established around the theme of wine. The impressive economic impact that the establishment of the Costa degli Etruschi wine route has had on the farms involved is traced back in this article to the collective action that produces synergies and coherence. Synergies can be defined as linkages between two or more entities, whose joint effort produces quantitatively and qualitatively higher effects than those produced by the efforts of the same entities alone. Coherence is a quality belonging to the elements that constitute the context of action in successful rural development practices: natural and man‐made environment, social networks, and symbolic systems. The process of creating coherence is not without conflict, and the article contends that the establishment of coherence needs a hegemonic strategy that involves all sources of empowerment and particularly cultural codes.
Revitalizing Agriculture: Farming Economically as Starting Ground for Rural Development
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Jan Douwe
Published: March 2003

Many of the attempts to construct sustainable rural livelihoods involve a shift away from agriculture’s traditional ‘core’ activities by means of a diversification with new on‐farm activities or ‘conversion’ to quality modes of production. This raises the question of how we should conceptualize the role of those enterprises that fall into the vast category of ‘main‐stream’ farms within the process of rural development. By discussing the style of ‘farming economically’ in Friesian dairy farming, this paper argues that rural development should not be seen as a contradiction between conventional and alternative farming systems. Farming economically is considered an integral part of the newly emerging model of rural development, since it entails a particular model for the mobilization, combination and utilization of resources at farm level that contrasts sharply with the modernization paradigm. At the level of the rural region, farming economically allows for higher income and employment levels, factors that are fundamental for a healthy, rural social fabric. The paper concludes that for the rural development potential of farming economically to be developed further,a favourable ‘rural district’ is needed that strengthens the innovativeness and specific developmental trajectory embedded in the practice.
Organic Farming in a Regulatory Perspective. The Danish Case
Authors: Michelsen Johannes
Published: March 2003

Organic farming aims at developing self‐regulating sustainable farming systems and seems to be an important example of environmental self‐regulation with a strong basis in values. Political acknowledgement of organic farming included the introduction of public certification, but this may disturb self‐regulation. This issue is discussed on the basis of Danish experiences, which include major increases in organic farming and domestic organic food markets. Originally public certification of organic products was introduced on the basis of close co‐operation with the organic farming movement, but the introduction of eu certification gradually undermined co‐operation, and the organic social movement has now lost control over production standards. Danish organic farmers seem on the other hand prepared to develop and use new methods of self‐regulation. The farmers accord well with the fundamental values of organic farming, they do not violate the standards, and they are interested in active use of organic farming values in farm management.
Profession and Identity. The Case of Family Farming in Spain
Authors: González Juan Jesús , Benito Cristóbal Gómez
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the possibilities and limits of agrarian professionalization in Spain from the point of view of the opinions and attitudes of the farmers for whom agriculture is their principal activity. The article permits the identification of a hard core of younger farmers with medium to large holdings and with a fruit and vegetable orientation, who identify themselves as professionals or businessmen, and who show a relative fulfillment of the professional ideal. It is, however, an incipient process which runs into all kinds of limitations, not only in attitudes but also in institutions, on one hand relating to the very nature of family farming and, on the other, relating to the absence of an adequate political‐institutional framework.
Knowing food and growing food: Beyond the production–consumption debate in the sociology of agriculture
Authors: Goodman David , DuPuis E. Melanie
Published: March 2003

What does the rise of organic food as a social phenomenon mean politically? What political impact does this form of consumption have on society? Is it a small and unimportant “blip” in the overall march of globalized, industrialized food and rationalized consumption systems. Is it even, perhaps, complicit in this process? Or is it a radical break ? The array of answers to these questions forms the “production–consumption debate” currently taking place in the examination of agro–food systems. If agro–food networks are conceptualized as interactive, socio–ecological metabolic circuits linking agricultural nature, social labor, the corporeal and the symbolic, then this paper argues that analytical concern in agrofood studies has focused overwhelmingly on the production ‘moment’ in these circuits. Despite the lessons of numerous ‘food scares’, anti–GMO movements and the mad cow disease pandemic, an asymmetry now holds sway in agro–food studies between production and consumption even though in other fields, as Jackson (1999) notes, consumption has been “duly acknowledged” (p. 95). As this asymmetry is addressed, a contemporary reformulation of the ‘agrarian question’ might investigate the potential for new forms of progressive food politics, ranging from ‘weak’ struggles over the modes of social orderings, such as knowledge systems, to more formal alliances between producers and consumers
Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks
Authors: Raynolds Laura T.
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the multifaceted connections linking consumers and producers in expanding North/South Fair Trade coffee networks. I develop a commodity network framework that builds on the commodity chain tradition, integrating insights from cultural studies, actor–network theory, and conventions approaches. This framework illuminates how material and ideological relations are negotiated across production and consumption arenas. In the case of Fair Trade, progressive ideas and practices related to trust, equality, and global responsibility are intertwined with traditional commercial and industrial conventions. As I demonstrate, the negotiation of these divergent conventions shortens the social distance between Fair Trade coffee consumers and producers. I conclude that by re–linking consumers and producers, commodity network analysis provides a robust entré for academic inquiry and engagement in alternative food politics.
3. A Generic Semantic Grammar for Quantitative Text Analysis: Applications to East and West Berlin Radio News Content from 1979
Authors: Roberts Carl W.
Published: March 2003

In a semantic text analysis the researcher begins by creating one of two types of semantic grammars, each of which provides one or more templates that specify the ways concepts (or more general themes) may be related. On the one hand, a phenomenal semantic grammar can be created to extract phenomenon-related information from a text population (e.g., “Among the population's grievances [the phenomenon of interest in this case], which were ones for the abolition of taxes?”). On the other hand, a generic semantic grammar may be developed to yield data about the text population itself (e.g., “Among all clauses in the text population, how many were grievances for the abolition of taxes?”). This paper describes a generic semantic grammar that can be used to encode themes and theme relations in every clause within randomly sampled texts. Unlike the surface-grammatical relations mapped by syntax grammars, the theme relations allowed in this grammar only permit unambiguous encoding according to the meanings that clauses were intended to convey within their social context. An application of the grammar provides a concrete illustration of its research potential
9. Dynamic Discrete-Time Duration Models: Estimation Viamarkov Chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Fahrmeir Ludwig , Knorr-Held Leonhard
Published: March 2003

Discrete-time or grouped duration data, with one or multiple types of terminating events, are often observed in social sciences or economics. In this paper we suggest and discuss dynamic models for flexible Bayesian nonparametric analysis of such data. These models allow simultaneous incorporation and estimation of baseline hazards and time-varying covariate effects, with out imposing particular parametric forms. Methods for exploring the possibility of time-varying effects, as for example the impact of nationality or unemployment insurance benefits on the probability of reemployment, have recently gained increasing interest. Our modeling and estimation approach is fully Bayesian and makes use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation techniques. A detailed analysis of unemployment duration data, with full-time job, part-time job and other causes as terminating events, illustrates our methods and shows how they can be used to obtain refined results and interpretations.
Contemporary Hospice Care: the Sequestration of the Unbounded Body and ‘Dirty Dying’
Authors: Lawton Julia
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on a 10‐month participant observation study within an inpatient hospice in Southern England. I highlight the difficulties of using homogenous categories such as ‘the dying patient’ and ‘the dying process’ in exploring the marginalisation of patients within the physical space of contemporary hospices and similar institutions. In opposition to such categories, my findings indicate the importance of focusing upon the body of the patient, and the disease processes taking place within it and upon its surfaces, in understanding why some patients are now sequestered within hospices whereas others are not. I argue that a significant proportion of patients are admitted to hospices because of the way in which their disease spread and subsequent deterioration affects the boundedness of their bodies and undermines their identities as persons. I suggest that conceptualising a hospice as a ‘no place’–i.e. a space within which the taboo processes of bodily deformation and decay are sequestered – allows it to be understood as a central part of contemporary Western culture. Setting the disintegrating body apart from mainstream society, as hospices appear to do, enables certain ideas about ‘living’, personhood and the hygienic, sanitised, bounded body to be symbolically enforced and maintained.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Depression: Artefact, Alternative Disorders, Biology or Roles?
Authors: Nazroo James Y. , Edwards Angela C. , Brown George W.
Published: March 2003

Women’s greater risk of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology. However, the explanation for this difference remains contested. Here possible explanations were tested using a sample of couples where, because they had experienced a life event that was severe for both members, both the woman and man were at risk of depression. There was no evidence to suggest that the higher range of depression among women in this sample was the result of a measurement artefact. In addition, men were not more likely to develop alternative, externalising, disorders to depression. If anything, women were more likely to experience and express anger about the life event. Consistent with an explanation based on gender differences in roles, women were only at greater risk of depression following an event involving children, housing and reproduction, and then only when there were clear gender differences in associated roles. Such a specific difference cannot be explained easily as a result of biological differences, particularly as among women rates of depression did not vary by parity. In conclusion it seems likely that women’s greater risk of depression is a consequence of gender differences in roles, which lead to differences in the experience of life events.
Family Hospitality and Ethnic Tradition Among South Asian, Italian and General Population Women in the West of Scotland
Authors: Bush Helen , Williams Rory , Bradby Hannah , Anderson Annie , Lean Michael
Published: March 2003

South Asians have a high risk of heart disease in Britain and Italians low, and there are corresponding differences in total energy and total fat intake. The present paper explores how far obligatory patterns of food intake exist in either group and are reflected in conventions of hospitality. Both groups are from peasant‐based economies, where, despite the common pattern of low fat intake, food occupies a high proportion of family income, and is correspondingly important as a part of gift exchange in marriage, and as a bearer of collective meanings.

Open‐ended questions on meals suitable for family hospitality were asked of South Asian women (63 born abroad, 56 in Britain), and Italian women (39 abroad, 51 in Britain) together with 50 women from the general population, all aged 20–40 and resident in the West of Scotland urban area. The traditional family meal of the Glasgow general population corresponds to the cooked dinner described in South Wales, and suggests a pan‐British cultural symbol. However traditional family hospitality meals play a more important part in the life of migrant South Asians and Italians than they do in the majority culture, and British‐born South Asians maintain this pattern more than British‐born Italians. This pattern of hospitality, in an economy where energy‐dense foods are readily available, may result in high energy intake and increased coronary risk. However realisation of these implications, and increased weight consciousness, can lead to restoration of the traditional cardioprotective diet.
Gender and Disadvantage in Health: Men’s Health for a Change
Authors: Cameron Elaine , Bernardes Jon
Published: March 2003

Women, typically, have been the focus for discussions of health inequalities in relation to gender. Now research on prostate illhealth turns attention to the neglected area of men’s health and to men’s disadvantage in health. Drawing on evidence of men’s experiences and perspectives of their health, the complexities of the workings of gender in relation to health are explored, using current theorising around masculinities, hegemonic masculinity, negotiated gender and the disaggregation of gender from sex. Touching also on a range of other related issues including methodological ones, the discussion offers ideas towards better understanding of gender in relation to health disadvantage. In the context of the continuing concern about health inequalities, there is scope not only for documenting ‘hidden’ health disadvantage among men, but also for reviewing how health disadvantage by gender is framed and analysed; both are useful to inform health policy and practice.