bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 6‐O‐Arylpropargyl‐9‐oxime‐11,12‐carbamate Ketolides.
Authors: Beebe Xenia , Yang Fan , Bui Mai H. , Mitten Michael J. , Ma Zhenkun , Nilius Angela M. , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chromanones and Dihydrocoumarins from Calophyllum blancoi.
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , Wang Li‐Tang , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Kuo Yao‐Haur
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
5‐Demethoxyfumagillol, a Potent Angiogenesis Inhibitor Isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus.
Authors: Kim Deukjoon , Min Jaeki , Ahn Soon Kil , Lee Hong Woo , Choi Nam Song , Moon Seung Kee
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioactive Marine Metabolites. Part 127. Three New Cyclostellettamines, which Inhibit Histone Deacetylase, from a Marine Sponge of the Genus Xestospongia
Authors: Oku Naoya , Nagai Koji , Shindoh Nobuaki , Terada Yoh , van Soest Rob W. M. , Matsunaga Shigeki , Fusetani Nobuhiro
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Statin‐Derived 1,3‐Oxazinan‐2‐ones as Submicromolar Inhibitors of LFA‐1/ICAM‐1 Interaction: Stabilization of the Metabolically Labile Vanillyl Side Chain.
Authors: Ullrich Thomas , Baumann Karl , Welzenbach Karl , Schmutz Simone , Camenisch Gian , Meingassner Josef G. , Weitz‐Schmidt Gabriele
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photocatalytically Active γ‐WO3 Films from the Atmospheric Pressure CVD of WOCl4 with Ethyl Acetate or Ethanol.
Authors: O'Neill Shane , Parkin Ivan P. , Clark Robin J. H. , Mills Andrew , Elliott Nickolas
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thalidomide as a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor and Its Structural Development.
Authors: Shimazawa Rumiko , Sano Hiroko , Tanatani Aya , Miyachi Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Yuichi
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of Monophasic and Diphasic Mullite Precursors by Solid State Reaction Study
Authors: Chakraborty A. K.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Physico‐Chemical Properties of Novel Nanocrystalline Ruthenium Based Chalcogenide Materials
Authors: Alonso‐Vante Nicolas
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetostrictive Nanomaterials for Sensors
Authors: Ong Keat G. , Grimes Craig A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Boron
Authors: Weller A. S.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Paramagnetic Molecular Clusters
Authors: Laye Rebecca H. , McInnes Eric J. L.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Cronin Leroy
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Chemistry of Bi‐ and Polynuclear Complexes
Authors: Low Paul J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Glycosylation of Steroids
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bismuth(III) Triflate in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Gaspard‐Iloughmane Hafida , Le Roux Christophe
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Shellfish Toxins — Chemical Studies on Northern Adriatic Mussels
Authors: Ciminiello Patrizia , Fattorusso Ernesto
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Supported Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Chemistry and Biology of Rhizoxins, Novel Antitumor Macrolides from Rhizopus chinensis
Authors: Hong Jian , White James D.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemoselectivity in Reactions of Esterification
Authors: Nahmany Moshe , Melman Artem
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Fluorination as a Tool for Preparing Perfluoro Compounds: An Overview of the Liquid‐Phase Direct Fluorination
Authors: Ono Taizo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Peroxides as Antimalarials
Authors: Tang Yuanqing , Dong Yuxiang , Vennerstrom Jonathan L.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure—Activity Relationship Studies on Cyclic RGD Peptides Utilizing Novel Alkene Dipeptide Isosteres
Authors: Oishi Shinya
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DNA Minor Groove Binders as Potential Antitumor and Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Baraldi Pier Giovanni , Bovero Andrea , Fruttarolo Francesca , Preti Delia , Tabrizi Mojgan Aghazadeh , Pavani Maria Giovanna , Romagnoli Romeo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitors
Authors: Nussbaumer Peter , Billich Andreas
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantiomerically Pure Carbocyclic Derivatives from Sugar Allyltins
Authors: Jarosz S.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tin‐Free Radical Chemistry Using the Persistent Radical Effect: Alkoxyamine Isomerization, Addition Reactions and Polymerizations
Authors: Studer Armido
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Ordered Structures of Peptides by Using Molecular Scaffolds
Authors: Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cooperative Multi‐Catalyst Systems for One‐Pot Organic Transformations
Authors: Lee Ji Min , Na Youngim , Han Hoon , Chang Sukbok
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Syntheses and Catalytic Applications of Unsymmetrical Ferrocene Ligands
Authors: Alkinson Robert C. J. , Gibson Vernon C. , Long Nicholas J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quinquevalent Phosphorus Acids
Authors: Walker B. J.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studying the Dynamics of Microbial Populations During Food Fermentation
Authors: Giraffa Giorgio
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Automation in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Reader John C.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Principles of Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism. A Supramolecular Perspective
Authors: Rodriguez‐Spong Barbara , Price Christopher P. , Jayasankar Adivaraha , Matzger Adam J. , Rodriguez‐Hornedo Nair
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Methods for the Determination of Solvent Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Poole Colin F.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Insights into the Mechanism of Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation
Authors: Krska Shane W. , Hughes David L. , Reamer Robert A. , Mathre David J. , Palucki Michael , Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Sun Yongkui , Trost Barry M.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical mass balance when an unknown source exists
Authors: Kashiwagi Nobuhisa
Published: August 2004

A chemical mass balance method is proposed for the case where the existence of an unknown source is suspected. In general, when the existence of an unknown source is assumed in statistical receptor modeling, unknown quantities such as the composition of an unknown source and the contributions of assumed sources become unidentifiable. To estimate these unknown quantities avoiding the identification problem, a Bayes model for chemical mass balance is constructed in the form of composition without using prior knowledge on the unknown quantities except for natural constraints. The covariance of ambient observations given in the form of composition is defined in several ways. Markov chain Monte Carlo is used for evaluating the posterior means and variances of the unknown quantities as well as the likelihood for the proposed model. The likelihood is used for selecting the best fit covariance model. A simulation study is carried out to check the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allowing for redundancy and environmental effects in estimates of home range utilization distributions
Authors: Hines W. G. S. , O'Hara Hines R. J. , Pond B. , Obbard M. E.
Published: August 2004

Real location data for radio tagged animals can be challenging to analyze. They can be somewhat redundant, since successive observations of an animal slowly wandering through its environment may well show very similar locations. The data set can possess trends over time or be irregularly timed, and they can report locations in environments with features that should be incorporated to some degree. Also, the periods of observation may be too short to provide reliable estimates of characteristics such as inter‐observation correlation levels that can be used in conventional time‐series analyses. Moreover, stationarity (in the sense of the data being generated by a source that provides observations of constant mean, variance and correlation structure) may not be present. This article considers an adaptation of the kernel density estimator for estimating home ranges, an adaptation which allows for these various complications and which works well in the absence of exact (or precise) information about correlation structure and parameters. Modifications to allow for irregularly timed observations, non‐stationarity and heterogeneous environments are discussed and illustrated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived fairness of web‐based applicant screening procedures: Weighing the rules of justice and the role of individual differences
Authors: Dineen Brian R. , Noe Raymond A. , Wang Chongwei
Published: August 2004

Four previously established characteristics of procedural justice (consistency, opportunity to perform, reconsideration opportunity, and feedback timeliness) and one additional characteristic (automated versus human decision agent) were manipulated in a policy‐capturing design to examine their relative importance in predicting fairness perceptions in a Web‐based applicant‐screening context. Results showed that all five justice characteristics influenced fairness perceptions and that a hierarchy of importance among the characteristics existed, with consistency weighted most heavily, followed by opportunity to perform. Gender, conscientiousness, and job application experience moderated the effects of several of these characteristics in predicting fairness perceptions. Implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing e‐learning: Research‐based guidelines for learner‐controlled training
Authors: DeRouin Renée E. , Fritzsche Barbara A. , Salas Eduardo
Published: August 2004

The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their workforces. With e‐learning methods, learning can take place on‐demand, and trainees can be given greater control over their learning than ever before. This increased control has the potential to improve training effectiveness. However, the failure of many e‐learning programs suggests that organizations would benefit from a set of research‐based principles on providing learner control in e‐learning. In this article, we offer guidelines for preparing trainees for learner‐led instruction, the design of learner‐controlled training, and the creation of workplace conditions that facilitate successful learner‐led training. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technology‐assisted supplemental work: Construct definition and a research framework
Authors: Fenner Grant H. , Renn Robert W.
Published: August 2004

Extending the workday to the home into the night and weekends is nothing new; however, the wide array of technological tools that facilitate an anytime‐anywhere connectedness of employees to their employers is a recent phenomenon. Technology‐assisted supplemental work (TASW) is the practice of lengthening working time by remaining connected to work, coworkers, supervisors, and other organizational stakeholders from home via advanced digital information technology (i.e., personal and handheld computers, cellular phones, or pagers). Although previous research offers insight into some aspects of this work form (Venkatesh & Vitalari, 1992), we present a new, broader theoretical framework that explains how organizational climate and employee characteristics promote the performance of TASW, and how both perceived usefulness of technology and satisfaction with adopted technology affect the strength of these relationships. We also explain the linkages among TASW and job performance, career success, and work‐to‐family conflict and incorporate media richness and time and boundary management as moderators of these relationships. We present propositions, offer a general research strategy, and discuss the framework's theoretical and managerial implications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of an automated employment recruiting and screening system for temporary professional employees: A case study
Authors: Buckley Patrick , Minette Kathleen , Joy Dennis , Michaels Jeff
Published: August 2004

Many human resource systems are presently being modified so they can be administered using various forms of computer technology. These technological advances are being driven primarily by strong demands from human resource professionals for enhancements in speed, effectiveness, and cost containment. This case study presents results obtained by an educational publisher from use of an automated recruiting and screening system. The system allowed for recruiting and the automated administration of professionally developed, job‐related questions aimed at deciphering whether an applicant meets the job requirements. The analyses showed conservative savings due to reduced employee turnover, reduced staffing costs, and increased hiring‐process efficiencies. These cumulative savings yielded a return on investment of 6.0 to 1, or a return of $6.00 for every $1.00 invested in the program. When these savings were adjusted to reflect increased hiring trends, more pronounced savings were evident. The current system coupled with the addition of planned enhancements should increase future hiring efficiency, employee quality, and resulting financial savings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work‐nonwork conflict and job stress among virtual workers
Authors: Raghuram Sumita , Wiesenfeld Batia
Published: August 2004

A primary objective of organizational virtual work programs (e.g., providing the option to employees to work from home) is the reduction of employees'work‐nonwork conflict and job stress. In this study, we find some preliminary evidence suggesting that virtual work is negatively related to work‐nonwork conflict and job stress. We identify the work factors (clarity of appraisal criteria, interpersonal trust, and organizational connectedness) and individual factors (self‐efficacy and ability to structure the workday) associated with work‐nonwork conflict and find that these associations are moderated by the extent of virtual work. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supraglottic and glottic carcinomas: Epidemiologically distinct entities?
Authors: De Stefani Eduardo , Boffetta Paolo , Deneo‐Pellegrini Hugo , Brennan Paul , Correa Pelayo , Oreggia Fernando , Ronco Alvaro L. , Mendilaharsu María
Published: August 2004

In the time period 1988–2000, a case‐control study on laryngeal cancer was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay. Four‐hundred eighty‐one (481) cases newly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed as squamous cell carcinomas were included. These cases were frequency matched with 481 nonneoplastic controls, admitted to the same hospitals as the cases. The purpose of our study was to compare odds ratios (ORs) by laryngeal subsite (supraglottis and glottis). ORs of supraglottic cancers displayed much higher risks than glottic carcinomas for most tobacco variables and for red wine intake. The differences between subsites were statistically significant, displaying heterogeneity between both subsites. Moreover, whereas black tobacco smokers displayed a significant increased risk of 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.5) compared to smokers of blond (flue‐cured) tobacco among supraglottic tumors, no effect of this type of tobacco was observed in glottic lesions. It could be suggested that concerning tobacco and alcohol effects, supraglottic and glottic squamous cell cancers are probably distinct epidemiologic entities. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcitriol‐induced prostate‐derived factor: Autocrine control of prostate cancer cell growth
Authors: Nazarova Nadja , Qiao Shengjun , Golovko Olga , Lou Yan‐Ru , Tuohimaa Pentti
Published: August 2004

Calcitriol (1α,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol) seems to play an important role in the complex control of prostate cell growth. It inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of calcitriol are not completely understood. The expression of prostate‐derived factor (PDF), a member of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily, has been shown to be associated with proapoptotic and antimitotic activities. We show that calcitriol induces PDF expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. In LNCaP cells, the suppression of cell growth by calcitriol is accompanied by stimulation of PDF mRNA and protein synthesis. Human recombinant PDF inhibits LNCaP cell growth. We do not detect any effect of PDF‐specific antibody on the basal growth of LNCaP cells, but this antibody partially reverses the suppression of LNCaP cell growth by calcitriol, suggesting that the effect of calcitriol on cell growth is at least partially mediated by PDF. In PC‐3 cells, which are less responsive to the growth‐inhibitory effect of calcitriol, it has no effect on PDF expression. We do not detect an effect of recombinant PDF on SMAD phosphorylation in LNCaP cells, but ERK1/2 kinases are transiently phosphorylated in response to PDF, which suggests that in LNCaP cells PDF may exert its action through pathway alternative to the classical TGF‐β signaling pathway. The present study describes the regulation of PDF, the proapoptotic protein of the TGF‐β superfamily, by calcitriol in androgen‐responsive prostate cancer cells. This is a new link between calcitriol and growth factors of TGF‐β superfamily in the control of prostate cell growth. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival of in situ carcinoma of cervix uteri: A 50‐year follow‐up in Finland
Authors: Hakama Matti , Luostarinen Tapio , Hakulinen Timo
Published: August 2004

Preinvasive lesions of cervix uteri are regarded a curable disease despite some progression to invasive cancer. The ultimate outcome is not known. We estimated the 45‐year survival of 12,655 patients with carcinoma in situ lesions diagnosed in 1953–2000 and reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry. Up to 30 years of follow‐up there was about 1% decrease in cumulative relative survival per 5 years of follow‐up. After that the excess mortality increased and the survival at 45 years was 84%. The 15‐year survival was 100% in the patients under 30 at diagnosis and became the poorer the older the patient. Survival was 89% in the patients 60–74 at diagnosis. Women with carcinoma in situ are at substantial increased risk of death (>10%) only at high ages and independent of age at diagnosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RLIP76 (RALBP1)‐mediated transport of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in cancer cells: Implications in drug resistance
Authors: Sharma Rajendra , Singhal Sharad S. , Wickramarachchi Dilki , Awasthi Yogesh C. , Awasthi Sanjay
Published: August 2004

Increased active transport of LTC4 observed frequently in multidrug‐resistant cancer cells have been attributed to ABC‐transporter proteins particularly, MRP1. We have demonstrated recently that a novel non‐ABC transporter, RLIP76 (RALBP1) can also mediate ATP‐dependent transport of GSH‐conjugates (GS‐E) as well as doxorubicin (DOX). We demonstrate RLIP76 reconstituted in artificial liposomes can catalyze ATP‐dependent transport of LTC4, which can be modulated by PKC‐α. The ATPase activity of E. coli expressed homogenous RLIP76 was stimulated in a saturable fashion by LTC4 with half maximal stimulation at 130 nM. Proteoliposomes reconstituted with RLIP76 catalyzed temperature and osmolar sensitive ATP‐dependent transport of LTC4 with Km values of 5.1 mM and 210 nM for ATP and LTC4, respectively. Vmax for transport was found to be 3.2 nmol/min/mg. Colchicine inhibited LTC4 transport to 50% at 5.8 μM. PKC‐α catalyzed phosphorylation of RLIP76 and increased its transport activity by 2–3‐fold. Membrane vesicles prepared from the small (SCLC) and non‐small (NSCLC) lung cancer cell lines as well as HL‐60 (leukemia) and U937 (lymphoma) cell lines exhibited ATP‐dependent transport of LTC4, which was inhibited by anti‐RLIP76 antibodies. The rate of transport of LTC4 in SCLC (H69, H378) was half of that observed in NSCLC cell lines but after transfection with RLIP76, the transport rate of LTC4 in H69 became comparable to that in NSCLC cell lines. Anti‐RLIP76 antibodies inhibited LTC4 transport by 67–81% in all 8 cell lines examined, whereas N‐19 anti‐MRP1 antibodies inhibited transport of LTC4 by only 11–26%. These results suggest that RLIP76 is the major LTC4 transporter in cancer cells and that its transport activity is regulated by PKC‐α‐mediated phosphorylation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological identification of TROP2 by recombinant cDNA expression cloning using sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nakashima Kazue , Shimada Hideaki , Ochiai Takenori , Kuboshima Mari , Kuroiwa Namiko , Okazumi Shinichi , Matsubara Hisahiro , Nomura Fumio , Takiguchi Masaki , Hiwasa Takaki
Published: August 2004

We applied serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) to cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to identify tumor antigens. One of the clones identified was TROP2, which is known as calcium signal transducer. To evaluate the clinical significance of serum anti‐TROP2 antibodies (s‐TROP2‐Abs) in patients with esophageal SCC, the presence of s‐TROP2‐Abs was analyzed by Western blotting using bacterially expressed TROP2 protein. We found that 23 of 75 (31%) patients were positive for s‐TROP2‐Abs. Positivity in terms of s‐TROP2‐Abs showed a significant association with tumor size but not with other clinicopathological features. The protein expression levels of TROP2 were much higher in esophageal SCC cell lines as compared to those in normal esophageal mucosa and its immortalized cells although the mRNA expression levels were not necessarily elevated in malignant cell lines and tissues. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the expression of TROP2 protein in esophageal SCC specimens was noticeably higher than that found in mild hyperplasia of esophageal mucosae. Thus, s‐TROP2‐Abs seemed useful in the diagnosis of SCC and may be a candidate for serum tumor markers. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan
Authors: Koizumi Yayoi , Tsubono Yoshitaka , Nakaya Naoki , Kuriyama Shinichi , Shibuya Daisuke , Matsuoka Hiroo , Tsuji Ichiro
Published: August 2004

To examine the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of gastric cancer, we conducted a pooled analysis of 2 population‐based prospective cohort studies in rural northern Japan. Cohort 1 included 9,980 men (≥40 years old) and Cohort 2 included 19,412 men (40–64 years old). The subjects completed a self‐administered questionnaire on cigarette smoking and other health habits. We identified 228 cases of gastric cancer among Cohort 1 subjects (9 years of follow‐up with 74,073 person‐years) and 223 among Cohort 2 subjects (7 years of follow‐up with 141,675 person‐years). From each cohort, we computed the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of gastric cancer associated with smoking using a Cox regression analysis and pooled these estimates to obtain summary measures. The pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) for current smokers and past smokers compared to subjects who had never smoked were 1.84 (1.39–2.43) and 1.77 (1.29–2.43), respectively. The higher number of cigarettes smoked per day among current smokers was associated with a linear increase in risk (trend p < 0.05). The significant increase in risk for past smokers remained for up to 14 years after cessation. An increased risk was noted for cancer of the antrum but not for cardia or body lesions. The risk was increased for both differentiated and nondifferentiated histologic subtypes. Our findings support the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for gastric cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic inactivation of SOCS‐1 by CpG island hypermethylation in human gastric carcinoma
Authors: Oshimo Yasuhiro , Kuraoka Kazuya , Nakayama Hirofumi , Kitadai Yasuhiko , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Chayama Kazuaki , Yasui Wataru
Published: August 2004

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)‐1 inhibits signaling of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway by several cytokines and has tumor suppressor activity. Methylation of the SOCS‐1 CpG island has been shown to inactivate the SOCS‐1 gene in certain human cancers. In our study, we investigated methylation status of the SOCS‐1 gene by methylation‐specific PCR in 75 gastric carcinoma (GC) tissues, 25 corresponding nonneoplastic mucosae and 10 normal gastric mucosae from healthy young individuals. We also performed bisulfite sequencing of DNAs from 2 GC tissues. In addition, SOCS‐1 mRNA levels were examined in 50 GCs by quantitative RT‐PCR. Hypermethylation of the SOCS‐1 gene was detected in 33 (44%) of 75 GC tissues and in 3 (12%) of 25 corresponding nonneoplastic mucosae; the incidence was significantly different (p = 0.004). None of the 10 normal gastric tissues from healthy individuals showed hypermethylation. Methylation of the SOCS‐1 gene was associated with lymph node metastasis, advanced tumor stage and reduced expression of SOCS‐1 in GC tissues (p = 0.009, 0.034 and 0.002, respectively). Reduced expression of SOCS‐1 in GC tissues was associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor stage (p = 0.013 and 0.002, respectively). Our results suggest that transcriptional inactivation of the SOCS‐1 gene by hypermethylation may be involved in development, progression and metastasis of GC. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and characterization of a canine oral mucosa equivalent in a serum‐free environment
Authors: Song Junhui , Izumi Kenji , Lanigan Thomas , Feinberg Stephen E.
Published: August 2004

The objectives of this study were to develop a serum‐free system for culturing canine oral keratinocytes, the construction and characterization of a canine ex vivo produced oral mucosa equivalent (EVPOME), and transduction green fluorescent protein (GFP) into keratinocytes as a post‐grafting tracking marker. Dissociated canine buccal mucosa keratinocytes were cultured in a chemically defined serum‐free medium, Epilife™. First‐passage keratinocytes were transfected with the GFP gene using a lentiviral vector, sorted by flow cytometer and seeded onto a dermal equivalent, AlloDerm® to form EVPOMEs. The EVPOME was characterized by histology and immunohistochemistry, for p63, Ki‐67, and involucrin. Laser confocal microscopy was used to locate GFP‐transfected keratinocytes within the EVPOME. Cultured canine oral keratinocytes grew rapidly over the first three passages and then the proliferative rate decreased. The canine EVPOME formed a well‐stratified epithelial layer. The majority of p63 and Ki‐67 immunopositive cells were located in the basal layer whereas cytoplasmic involucrin expression was seen in the suprabasal layers, similar to native canine buccal mucosa. Under laser confocal microscopy, significant green fluorescence was observed throughout the EVPOME. In conclusion, canine EVPOMEs were successfully fabricated in a defined serum‐free system with similar characteristics to native buccal mucosa. GFP‐transfected canine oral keratinocytes could be identified within the EVPOME. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 143–153, 2004
Designing scaffolds for valvular interstitial cells: Cell adhesion and function on naturally derived materials
Authors: Masters Kristyn S. , Shah Darshita N. , Walker Gennyne , Leinwand Leslie A. , Anseth Kristi S.
Published: August 2004

Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) possess many properties that make them attractive for use in the construction of a tissue‐engineered valve; however, we have found that the surfaces to which VICs will adhere and spread are limited. For example, VICs adhere and spread on collagen and laminin‐coated surfaces, but display altered morphology and do not proliferate. Interestingly, fibronectin (FN) was one adhesion protein that facilitated VIC adhesion and proliferation. Yet VICs did not spread on surfaces modified with RGD, a ubiquitous cell‐adhesive peptide, nor with other FN‐specific peptide sequences such as EILDV and PHSRN. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a highly elastic polysaccharide that is involved in natural valve morphogenesis and possesses binding interactions with FN. Hyaluronic acid was modified to form photopolymerizable hydrogels, and VICs were found to spread and proliferate on HA‐based gels, forming a confluent monolayer on the gels within 4 days. Modified HA retained its ability to specifically bind FN, allowing for the formation of gels containing both HA and FN. Valvular interstital cells cultured on HA surfaces displayed significantly increased production of extracellular matrix proteins, indicating that HA‐based scaffolds may provide useful biological cues to stimulate heart valve tissue formation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 172–180, 2004
Carrier dependent cell differentiation of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 induced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis during the early implantation stage in rats
Authors: Takita H. , Vehof J. W. M. , Jansen J. A. , Yamamoto M. , Tabata Y. , Tamura M. , Kuboki Y.
Published: August 2004

To evaluate the osteoinductive effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)‐2 during the early stages of rat ectopic bone formation, we prepared two distinct carriers. Two carriers, insoluble bone matrix (IBM) and fibrous glass membrane (FGM) were combined with rhBMP‐2 and implanted into the backs of rats to evaluate the osteoinductive effects of the two rhBMP‐2 carrier systems. Insoluble bone matrix particle size was 320 to 620 μm. Fibrous glass membrane was constructed from unwoven glass fibers 1 μm in diameter. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and type II collagen were detected in IBM/rhBMP‐2 at 5 days postimplantation. Calcium (Ca) was also detected in IBM/rhBMP‐2 at 7 and 9 days postimplantation. In contrast, ALP and type II collagen were detected in FGM/rhBMP‐2 at 7 days. Calcium was undetected, indicating that the bone formation in IBM/rhBMP‐2 proceeded faster than in FGM/rhBMP‐2 during the early stage of BMP‐induced osteogenesis. In addition, mRNA expression level of KDR, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor, was also increased in IBM/rhBMP‐2. To investigate the in vivo release profile of rhBMP‐2, iodine 125 (125I)‐labeled BMP‐2–incorporating IBM and FGM implants were inserted into the back subcutis of mice. More than 60% of the rhBMP‐2 was released from the IBM/rhBMP‐2 carrier within 1 day after implantation, whereas 50% of the rhBMP‐2 was released from the FGM/rhBMP‐2 10 days postimplantation. These results indicated that osteo‐ and chondrogenesis depends highly upon the geometry of the carrier and the in situ retention of rhBMP‐2 during the early stage of rhBMP‐2 induced bone formation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 181–189, 2004
On the complexity of the circular chromatic number
Authors: Hatami H. , Tusserkani R.
Published: August 2004

Circular chromatic number, χcis a natural generalization of chromatic number. It is known that it isNP‐hard to determine whether or not an arbitrary graphGsatisfies χ(G)=χc(G). In this paper we prove that this problem isNP‐hard even if the chromatic number of the graph is known. This answers a question of Xuding Zhu. Also we prove that for all positive integersk ≥ 2 andn ≥ 3, for a given graphGwith χ(G) = n, it isNP‐complete to verify if$\chi _c(G) \le n- {1\over k}$. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 226–230, 2004
Pancyclicity of 3‐connected graphs: Pairs of forbidden subgraphs
Authors: Gould Ronald J. , Łuczak Tomasz , Pfender Florian
Published: August 2004

We characterize all pairs of connected graphs {X, Y} such that each 3‐connected {X, Y}‐free graph is pancyclic. In particular, we show that if each of the graphs in such a pair {X, Y} has at least four vertices, then one of them is the claw K1,3, while the other is a subgraph of one of six specified graphs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 183–202, 2004
Uncatalyzed microwave deuterium exchange labeling of bleomycin A2
Authors: de Keczer Steve A. , Lane Tim S. , Masjedizadeh Mohammad R.
Published: August 2004

Bleomycin sulfate in D2O was deuterated using microwave irradiation under catalyst free conditions. Following the removal of labile deuterium and purification, bleomycin A2 with mass M + 1 to M + 7 was obtained. Successful selective uncatalyzed microwave deuterium exchange reactions on examples from the following classes of heterocycles are also described: imidazole, thiazole, indole, purine, and quinazoline. The described method was used as a test for non‐labile active protons. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled EM‐800 (SCH 57050) and EM‐652·HCl (SCH 57068·HCl, acolbifene), pure selective estrogen receptor modulators
Authors: Sancéau Jean‐Yves , Labrie Fernand , Gauthier Sylvain
Published: August 2004

EM‐800 (SCH 57050) and EM‐652·HCl (SCH 57068·HCl, acolbifene) are orally active pure selective estrogen receptor modulators. The corresponding 14C2‐radiolabelled compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized for metabolic studies with uniform labelling of two carbons within the benzene ring of the 2H‐1‐benzopyran moiety by optical resolution of racemic (±)‐[14C2]EM‐343 4. This pivotal intermediate amine was prepared in 6 steps with 38% yield from commercially available [U‐14C2]resorcinol (3). Resolution by selective crystallization of the diastereomeric mixture of (S)‐(+)‐camphorsulfonates salts gave the desired (+)‐[14C2]EM‐652·(+)‐CSA 13. Moreover, the racemic amine 4 was recovered from mother liquors by basic treatment, and resolved again. We obtained salt 13, at a 52% yield with 97% diastereomeric excess by repeating the resolution–racemization process. Finally, the corresponding dipivaloate (+)‐[14C2]EM‐800 1 and hydrochloride salt (+)‐[14C2]EM‐652·HCl 2 were prepared at respective specific activities of 19.7 and 24.5 µCi/mg with 96.3% radiochemical purity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a radiopharmaceutical for the palliation of painful bone metastases: rhenium‐186‐labeled bisphosphonate derivative
Authors: Ogawa Kazuma , Mukai Takahiro , Arano Yasushi , Hanaoka Hirofumi , Hashimoto Kazuyuki , Nishimura Hiroshi , Saji Hideo
Published: August 2004

To develop a radiopharmaceutical for the palliation of painful bone metastases based on the concept of bifunctional radiopharmaceuticals, we designed a bisphosphonate derivative attached to a stable 186Re‐monoaminemonoamidedithiol (MAMA) chelate (186Re‐MAMA‐BP) to improve the instability of 186Re‐HEDP. The precursor (Tr‐MAMA‐BP) of 186Re‐MAMA‐BP was synthesized by coupling the carboxyl group of the Tr‐MAMA derivative with the amino group of the bisphosphonate derivative. This 186Re‐labeled compound was prepared by a ligand exchange reaction using 186Re‐glucoheptonate with a radiochemical yield of 32.0 ± 4.1%. In the incubation study in buffered solution (pH 7.0), 186Re‐MAMA‐BP was more stable than 186Re‐HEDP. This suggests that 186Re‐MAMA‐BP is a potential radiopharmaceutical for the palliation of painful bone metastases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrum of movement disorders in neuroferritinopathy
Authors: Crompton Douglas E. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Bates David , Walls Timothy J. , Jackson Margaret J. , Curtis Andrew J. , Burn John
Published: August 2004

Neuroferritinopathy is a recently recognized, dominantly inherited movement disorder caused by a mutation of the ferritin light chain gene. We present video case reports of 4 individuals with neuroferritinopathy chosen to illustrate how this disorder can present and subsequently progress clinically. The clinical phenotype of this disorder is highly variable with symptoms beginning in the third to sixth decades. Chorea, dystonia, or an akinetic‐rigid syndrome can predominate in different individuals. Neuroferritinopathy is not restricted to the UK and it has been described in apparently sporadic cases. The diagnosis should therefore be considered in patients with a wide variety of different movement disorders. Characteristic neuroimaging assists in identifying affected individuals. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Clinical utility of electrodiagnostic consultation in suspected polyneuropathy
Authors: Cho S. Charles , Siao‐Tick‐Chong Peter , So Yuen T.
Published: August 2004

Although paresthesias of the distal lower limbs are characteristic features of polyneuropathy, they may also herald the presence of a focal neuropathy, polyradiculopathy, or myelopathy. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS) are widely used in the evaluation of such symptoms, but their utility has not been subjected to vigorous scrutiny. We investigated the clinical impact of the electrodiagnostic consultation in assessing suspected polyneuropathy. When compared with the clinical impression, the result of the electrodiagnostic consultation was confirmatory in only 39% of all patients, and changed the diagnosis or uncovered an additional diagnosis in 43%. An alternative diagnosis was likely when either weakness was present (75%) or the Achilles stretch reflex was preserved (48%). These data support the use of EMG/NCS in the diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with distal paresthesias, especially in those with preserved Achilles reflexes or motor deficits. Muscle Nerve 2004
Nuclear envelope alterations in fibroblasts from patients with muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and partial lipodystrophy carrying lamin A/C gene mutations
Authors: Muchir A. , Medioni J. , Laluc M. , Massart C. , Arimura T. , Kooi A. J. Van Der , Desguerre I. , Mayer M. , Ferrer X. , Briault S. , Hirano M. , Worman H. J. , Mallet A. , Wehnert M. , Schwartz K. , Bonne G.
Published: August 2004

Mutations in LMNA, the gene that encodes nuclear lamins A and C, cause up to eight different diseases collectively referred to as “laminopathies.” These diseases affect striated muscle, adipose tissue, peripheral nerve, and bone, or cause features of premature aging. We investigated the consequences of LMNA mutations on nuclear architecture in skin fibroblasts from 13 patients with different laminopathies. Western‐blotting showed that none of the mutations examined led to a decrease in cellular levels of lamin A or C. Regardless of the disease, we observed honeycomb nuclear structures and nuclear envelope blebs in cells examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Concentrated foci of lamin A/C in the nucleoplasm were also observed. Only mutations in the head and tail domains of lamins A and C significantly altered the nuclear architecture of patient fibroblasts. These results confirm that mutations in lamins A and C may lead to a weakening of a structural support network in the nuclear envelope in fibroblasts and that nuclear architecture changes depend upon the location of the mutation in different domains of lamin A/C. Muscle Nerve 30: 444–450, 2004
Influence of body mass index on median nerve function, carpal canal pressure, and cross‐sectional area of the median nerve
Authors: Werner Robert A. , Jacobson Jon A. , Jamadar David A.
Published: August 2004

Obese individuals have slowed conduction in the median nerve across the wrist, but the mechanism for this is not established. This case‐control study of 27 obese subjects and 16 thin subjects was designed to test the hypothesis that obese individuals have higher carpal canal pressures and more median nerve swelling than thin individuals. All subjects were asymptomatic for hand symptoms, and had measurements of median and ulnar sensory nerve conduction in the nondominant hand, ultrasound measurement of the median nerve cross‐sectional area proximal to the carpal canal, and carpal canal pressure measurement. There was no difference in age or gender ratio between the obese and thin groups. The median nerve cross‐sectional area was equal in the obese and thin groups (9.3 mm2 vs. 9.4 mm2), as was the carpal canal pressure (16.2 mmHg vs. 15.5 mmHg, respectively). There was a strong correlation between median nerve conduction slowing across the wrist and median nerve cross‐sectional area at the wrist (r = 0.55, P = 0.002). Obesity does not influence carpal canal pressure or the size of the median nerve at the wrist. However, there is a strong association between slowed median nerve conduction and increased nerve size which suggests endoneurial edema as a metabolic mechanism; the conduction slowing does not appear to be related to mechanical stress. Muscle Nerve 30: 481–485 2004
Distribution and morphometry of skeletal muscle fibers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic hypoxemia
Authors: Pereira Mônica C. , Isayama Ricardo N. , Seabra José C. , Campos Gerson E. R. , Paschoal Ilma A.
Published: August 2004

This study was designed to assess the size and distribution of muscle fiber types in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stable chronic hypoxemia. Brachial biceps biopsies were performed in 8 patients and 12 controls. Histochemistry was used to count and determine the cross‐sectional area of the various fiber‐types (1, 2a, and 2b). A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the proportion of type 2a fibers and an increase in the proportion and cross‐sectional area of type 2b fibers were seen in hypoxemic patients. These findings suggest an adaptation of the muscle fibers to a low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. Muscle Nerve 2004
Myofiber adaptational response to exercise in a mouse model of nemaline myopathy
Authors: Nair‐Shalliker Visalini , Kee Anthony J. , Joya Josephine E. , Lucas Christina A. , Hoh Joseph F. , Hardeman Edna C.
Published: August 2004

In some muscle diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, exercise can increase muscle damage and alter myofiber adaptation. We determined whether this is also true for the congenital muscle disease nemaline myopathy using our mouse model of this disease. Nemaline mice expressing a mutant α‐tropomyosinslow protein [α‐Tmslow(Met9Arg)] in skeletal muscle underwent 4 weeks of treadmill exercise. Exercise increased slow/oxidative myofibers, but different fibers were involved in these transformations in nemaline mice. Despite similar expression of the mutant α‐Tmslow protein in muscles of the nemaline mouse, muscles responded in a unique manner that did not reflect fiber‐type composition. For example, the particular fibers involved in fast‐to‐slow transformation were specific for each muscle examined. In contrast to the muscular dystrophies, exercise did not result in muscle damage nor did it cause an increase in rod‐containing fibers; however, the fiber‐type distribution of rod‐containing fibers was altered in a muscle‐specific fashion. That exercise did not exacerbate the pathology (i.e., nemaline rod formation) supports its use in nemaline myopathy patients. This study shows that fibers of a similar type respond to increased activity differently in different muscles and suggests that fibers of similar type may be functionally distinct in different muscles. Muscle Nerve 30: 470–480, 2004
Reversible inflammatory and vacuolar myopathy with vitamin E deficiency in celiac disease
Authors: Kleopa Kleopas A. , Kyriacou Kyriacos , Zamba‐Papanicolaou Eleni , Kyriakides Theodoros
Published: August 2004

We report a patient with late‐onset celiac disease and neurological manifestations including myopathy, polyneuropathy, and ataxia. Laboratory investigations showed anti‐gliadin antibodies and severe vitamin E deficiency. Muscle biopsy revealed inflammatory infiltrates and rimmed vacuoles, similar to those found in inclusion‐body myositis. A gluten‐free diet and vitamin E supplementation reversed both the clinical neurological manifestations and the abnormalities in the muscle biopsy. Anti‐gliadin antibodies were no longer present. This case illustrates the spectrum of neurological complications of celiac disease and documents the occurrence of reversible pathology resembling inclusion‐body myopathy in the muscle. Muscle Nerve 2004
Accurate numerical simulation of radiative heat transfer with application to crystal growth
Authors: Ern Alexandre , Guermond Jean‐Luc
Published: August 2004

We present an accurate and cost‐effective numerical method to investigate thermomagnetic problems arising in crystal growth applications. The governing equations are the quasi‐static, time‐harmonic, axisymmetric Maxwell equations coupled with an energy conservation equation. Radiant energy transfer is modeled by an integral equation yielding a strongly nonlinear and non‐local problem. Conformal finite elements are used to discretize the partial differential equations and a discontinuous Galerkin method to discretize the integral equation. A key aspect of the present methodology is to introduce an appropriate renormalization of the view factor matrix so that singularities near re‐entrant corners are resolved and optimal convergence rates are recovered. In addition, this renormalization guarantees, under some assumptions, that the discrete problem is well‐posed. Computational aspects related to the evaluation of view factors in axisymmetric enclosures are also addressed. We consider a ray‐search method involving an initial bracketing of the view angle interval followed by local azimuthal refinement near shadowing obstacles. The impact of renormalization on solution accuracy is assessed on reactors with convex and non‐convex enclosures. Numerical results are also compared with previous work. Finally, we consider an industrial prototype reactor involving several non‐convex radiating surfaces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.