bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal Germinal Matrix and Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Morioka Takato , Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Nagata Shinji , Miyagi Yasushi , Mihara Futoshi , Hikino Shunji , Tsukimori Kiyomi , Sasaki Tomio
Published: October 2006

Subependymal germinal matrix with intraventricular hemorrhage (GMIVH) is a common complication associated with delivery in preterm neonates but has rarely been observed in the fetus. Clinical and neuroradiological findings of 5 patients who were diagnosed as having fetal GMIVH with prenatal ultrasonographic examinations (US) and MRI, and postnatal MRI were reviewed retrospectively. During a seemingly uneventful pregnancy, fetal GMIVH occurred at approximately 30–33 weeks of gestation, with the absence of any known factor predisposing to fetal hemorrhage. Routine obstetric US revealed an intraventricular lesion in the enlarged ventricles. Prenatal MRI clearly demonstrated parenchymal change such as intracerebral hematoma adjacent to the subependymal and intraventricular hematoma, and periventricular leukomalacia as well as GMIVH. Although patients without parenchymal destruction (hemosiderin deposit alone) had a favorable neurodevelopmental outcome, encephalomalacia and periventricular leukomalacia contributed to long-term neurodevelopmental deficits. Evaluating parenchymal damage with prenatal MRI can therefore help to predict neurodevelopmental prognosis of the fetus with GMIVH.
Primary Spinal Anaplastic Ganglioglioma
Authors: Karabekir H. Selim , Balci Canan , Tokyol Cigdem
Published: October 2006

Gangliogliomas of the spinal cord are very unusual and the anaplastic variant of these tumors is extremely rare. In spinal anaplastic gangliogliomas, malignant changes (hypercellularity, vascular proliferation, necrosis, high numbers of mitotic figures) are typically evident in the glial element of the tumor. Gangliogliomas can arise in any part of the central nervous system and the features of adult and pediatric cases differ significantly. We describe the case of a pediatric patient who had a spinal anaplastic ganglioglioma extending from the T9 to the L3 level. The signs at presentation were bilateral knee flexion (quadriceps weakness) while walking and intermittent urinary incontinence. The tumor was partially resected with an ultrasonic aspirator, but the patient’s neurological status deteriorated as a result and adjuvant radiotherapy did not resolve the deficit.
An Ecological Study on the Association of Public Dental Health Activities and Sociodemographic Characteristics with Caries Prevalence in Japanese 3-Year-Old Children
Authors: Aida J. , Ando Y. , Aoyama H. , Tango T. , Morita M.
Published: October 2006

The aim of this ecological study was to determine the association of the frequency of dental health activities conducted as public health service and sociodemographic characteristics with caries prevalence in Japanese 3-year-old children using data for each municipality as one unit. Data on caries prevalence in 3-year-old children in 2000 were obtained from 3,251 municipalities (almost all municipalities in Japan). Caries prevalence for each municipality was recalculated using the empirical Bayes estimation model to make adjustments for variations in municipalities with small numbers of children. Explanatory factors included annual frequency of dental health activities such as dental health education and topical fluoride application programs and various sociodemographic characteristics. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to examine the associations between caries prevalence and annual frequency of dental health activities with adjustment of other sociodemographic variables. Variations in caries prevalence in municipalities with small populations became smaller after being adjusted by the empirical Bayes estimation model. Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant associations of caries prevalence with sociodemographic characteristics such as the proportion of residents with university degrees, total fertility rate, and the proportion of workers in the manufacturing industry (p < 0.001). Annual frequency of topical fluoride application showed a significant but relatively weak association with caries prevalence (p < 0.001), explaining only 0.8% of the total variation in caries prevalence, whereas no correlation was found between caries prevalence and annual frequency of dental health education. It was concluded that the effect of the fluoride application service on caries prevalence in 3-year-old children, although statistically significant, was of far lower clinical significance than sociodemographic characteristics.
The Effect of Fluoride at Plaque Fluid Concentrations on Enamel De- and Remineralisation at Low pH
Authors: Lynch R.J.M. , Mony U. , ten Cate J.M.
Published: October 2006

The aim was to study the effect of fluoride, at concentrations typical of plaque fluid, on de- and remineralisation of subsurface lesions at low pH. Artificial lesions in human enamel were microradiographed to quantify mineral loss and placed in acid-gel systems at pH 4.8, 5.0 and 5.2. Calcium and phosphate were added to give initial Ca and Pi concentrations of either 4.1 and 8.0 mM, or 4.7 and 9.7 mM, at each pH value. Further, at each pH and combination of Ca and Pi, fluoride was added to the gels to give initial concentrations of 1, 2 or 5 ppm, with a non-fluoride control group. The lesions were removed after 10 days and change in mineral content quantified. Those in the non-fluoride control groups had demineralised further. Those exposed to fluoride had remineralised, the amount increasing with increasing fluoride concentration, up to a maximum value of approximately 75%. Calcium activity in the gels was reduced significantly, to levels similar to those reported for plaque fluid at low pH. Fluoride activity was also reduced, though to a lesser extent. These findings contrast with those from studies which have simulated conditions on smooth surface sites and which used experimental solutions composed to reflect salivary fluoride concentrations, where net demineralisation was observed at low pH. This reflects the need for further study of de- and remineralisation under plaque-fluid conditions. In conclusion, subsurface lesions were remineralised at low pH by fluoride at concentrations found in plaque fluid during a cariogenic challenge.
The Effects of Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate, Cholera Toxin, Prostaglandin E2 and Norepinephrine on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in C6 Cells
Authors: Seo Young-Jun , Kwon Min-Soo , Shim Eon-Jeong , Lee Jin-Young , Suh Hong-Won
Published: October 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of the central nervous system including inflammatory, ischemic and traumatic injuries. We demonstrated the possible involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) as well as protein kinase A (PKA) in the regulation of NO synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. In this study, the role of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), cholera toxin (CTX), pertussis toxin (PTX), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and norepinephrine (NE) in the regulation of NO synthesis was examined in C6 glioma cells. Stimulation with LPS (1 µg/ml) evoked increases in NO production in C6 glioma cells. LPS-induced NO production was enhanced by pretreatment with PMA, CTX and PGE2. PTX pretreatment had no effect on NO production induced by LPS. In addition, NE inhibited NO production elicited by LPS treatment. These results suggest that NO production induced by LPS in C6 glioma cells is regulated by several kinds of pathways in which CTX-specific G protein, PKC, prostanoid EP4 receptorand adrenergic receptor may play important roles.
The Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on the Urinary Excretion of NTproBNP in Male Volunteers
Authors: Heringlake Matthias , Will Barbara , Klaus Stephan , Heinze Hermann , Wagner Klaus , Pagel Horst , Wergeland Ragnhild , Bahlmann Ludger
Published: October 2006

Aims: This study was designed to test if the renal excretion of the N-terminal prohormone of the B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) is modulated by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I). Methods: Following 7 days on a sodium-enriched diet and an induction period of 4 days with incremental dosages of enalapril (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg) or placebo, 10 healthy subjects underwent crossover and double-blind treatment with 20 mg enalapril sodium or placebo at 8:00 h. After 4 h (at 12:00 h), 20 ml·kg–1 NaCl 0.9% was infused over 60 min. Hemodynamics were determined and blood and urine were sampled at 8:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00, 16:00, and 18:00 h. Angiotensin II (AII), NTproANP, and NTproBNP were determined by radio- and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Results: In the whole group, ACE-I led to a lower arterial blood pressure during the fourth day of induction and during the time from 8:00 to 16:00 h, a decrease in AII levels from 8:00 to 14:00 h (p < 0.05), and to a higher cumulative urine output (p < 0.05) in comparison with control. Neither cumulative sodium nor urinary NTproBNP/creatinine excretion were significantly increased after ACE-I. However, a subgroup of 6 volunteers – showing an increase in sodium excretion after ACE-I – also demonstrated lower AII levels at 13:00 h, a higher cumulative urine flow, and a higher urinary NTproBNP/creatinine excretion in comparison with control (all: p < 0.05). Conclusions: This suggests that the renal excretion of NTproBNP is modified by enalapril. However, it remains to be determined if this is a direct effect of ACE-I, the decrease in arterial blood pressure, or other potentially confounding variables like bradykinin or endopeptidase activity.
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Nimkarn Saroj , New Maria I.
Published: October 2006

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of inherited disorders caused by an enzyme deficiency in steroid biosynthesis. The most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which in its severe form can cause genital ambiguity in females. Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be diagnosed in utero through molecular genetic analysis of fetal DNA. Prenatal treatment successfully reduces genital ambiguity, and the subsequent problems of sex misassignment and gender confusion. Data from current studies show that prenatal diagnosis and treatment are safe for the mother and the fetus. The evidence also suggests that it is safe over the long term, but all subjects exposed to dexamethasone treatment during embryonic and fetal life should have their physical, cognitive and emotional developments recorded.
Differences in Temperament, Character and Psychopathology among Subjects with Different Patterns of Cannabis Use
Authors: Spalletta Gianfranco , Bria Pietro , Caltagirone Carlo
Published: October 2006

Background: Patients who use illicit drugs and suffer from comorbid psychiatric illnesses have worse outcomes than drug users without a dual diagnosis. For this reason we aimed at identifying predictors of cannabis use severity using a multivariate model in which different clinical and socio-demographic variables were included. Sampling and Methods: We administered the Temperament and Character Inventory, SCID-P, SCID-II, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Of the 84 subjects included, 25 were occasional users, 37 were abusers, and 22 were dependent on cannabis. Results: A stepwise multiple regression analysis identified increased self-transcendence scores and state anxiety severity as the only predictors of a increased cannabis use severity (F = 6.635; d.f. = 2, 81; p = 0.0021). In particular, in a further multivariate analysis of variance, the transpersonal identification issue of self-transcendence was associated significantly (F = 4.267; d.f. = 2, 81; p = 0.017) with greater severity of cannabis use. Conclusions: Character dimension of self-transcendence and symptoms of state anxiety should be taken into consideration during the assessment procedure of patients with cannabis use as they may be helpful in the discrimination of cannabis use severity.
Validation of the SWAP-200 for Diagnosing Psychostructural Organization in Personality Disorders
Authors: Löffler-Stastka H. , Ponocny-Seliger E. , Fischer-Kern M. , Rössler-Schülein H. , Leithner-Dziubas K. , Schuster P.
Published: October 2006

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the validity of the prototype-matching, empirically based 200-item Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) and its clinical utility for describing underlying dimensions of psychostructural organization and functioning. Sampling and Methods: Patients (n = 306) from two psychoanalytic out-patient departments were included. Replicatory and exploratory factor analysis, correlation and discriminant validity statistics, and canonical correlation analysis were performed. Results: Replicatory factor analysis failed to reproduce the identical original factorial structure. Standard factor analysis revealed an eight-factor solution displaying a dimensional description of psychostructural personality organization (high functioning – neurotic/inhibited – borderline/emotionally dysregulated – psychotic/dissocial). Discriminant validity exists across the sample owing to high/poor psychological functioning. Canonical correlation analysis does not support the replacement of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, but provides relevant implications for refining DSM-IV axis II. Conclusions: Support is given for the SWAP instrument in describing dimensional higher-order personality organization and psychostructural functioning.
Gluten-Free Diet Impact on Leptin Levels in Asymptomatic Coeliac Adolescents: One Year of Follow-Up
Authors: Maggio M.C. , Corsello G. , Iacono G. , Teresi S. , Guicciardino E. , Terrana S. , Liotta A.
Published: October 2006

Coeliac disease, daily more frequently diagnosed in our population, involves many organs also in oligosymptomatic patients and with an adequate nutritional regime. Possible endocrine implications include failure to thrive, pubertal delay and reproduction diseases due to deregulation of GH, FSH and LH secretion. Leptin, an adipose tissue hormone, can be decreased as well and its deficiency could be related to growth and puberty anomalies. We studied 14 asymptomatic coeliac patients in peripubertal age (7.5–13.8 years) and tested their leptin levels in order to correlate them with endocrine and anthropometric data. Before the diet was started leptinaemia (M±DS) was: 4.94 ± 5.53 ng/ml. In 10/14 patients (71%) leptinaemia was ≤2 DS for gender and age. In all the patients, after a period of 6–12 months of gluten-free diet, Leptin levels appreciably raised to 10.8 ± 7.9 ng/ml, with a significant correlation to the time of the diet. Leptinaemia was actually lower in patients with a severe mucosal atrophy, and in these patients it increased more significantly after the diet was started. The removal of gluten itself may reduce immunological hit to adipose tissue and the ‘malnutrition’ of adipocytes: leptin can hence increase despite no significant increase of body mass index occurs. This study could partially explain the correlation between body mass index, Coeliac disease and the deregulation of puberty and fertility, mainly in patients who started the diet late. It could also explain the reversibility of this alteration if the cause is removed.
Effect of Neonatal Sepsis on the Development of Allergies and Asthma in Later Childhood
Authors: Cetinkaya Feyzullah , Uslu Hasan Sinan , Nuhoğlu Asiye
Published: October 2006

Background: Exposure to large amounts of endotoxins and other bacterial products in early childhood may protect against the development of allergic diseases later in childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of neonatal sepsis on subsequent development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in children. Methods: We recruited 85 children (mean age 48.67 ± 12.88 months) who had been hospitalized for sepsis in their neonatal period and their siblings (n = 85) as controls (mean age 61.81 ± 21.34 months) to investigate the prevalences of asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. After asking the questions in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) questionnaires to the parents, total IgE levels in sera were measured and skin prick tests were performed. Results: Children with neonatal sepsis had lower total IgE levels and less sensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus than controls (25.9 vs. 9.4%, p = 0.003). In addition, wheeze ever, wheeze in the last 12 months, physician-diagnosed asthma, and use of asthma drugs were less common in these subjects. Prevalences of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were equal in both groups. Conclusion: Exposure to severe infections such as sepsis in the neonatal period may decrease sensitization to environmental allergens and prevalence of asthma in later childhood.
Vesicovaginal Fistula Associated with Cytomegalovirus Infection in an HIV-Infected Patient
Authors: Awonuga Awoniyi , Greenbaum Laura , Merhi Zaher , Levgur Michael , Minkoff Howard
Published: October 2006

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause multisystem disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. An association with a vesicovaginal fistula has not previously been reported. Case: An HIV-infected African-American female presented with back pain, swelling and paralysis of her lower extremities and continuous leakage of urine. Fundoscopic examination was typical of CMV retinitis. Doppler and CT studies showed bilateral deep vein thrombosis and bilateral pulmonary emboli, respectively. Anticoagulant therapy was started, and a Greenfield filter was placed. An examination under anesthesia and cystoscopy showed extensive vulvar and rectal condylomata, a large, necrotic, anterior vaginal mass, and a large vesicovaginal fistula. All necrotic tissue was resected and the biopsies taken identified CMV cytopathic effect. Conclusion: Vesicovaginal fistula in an immunocompromised individual may be a local manifestation of systemic CMV disease.
The Brain Reserve Hypothesis, Brain Atrophy and Aging
Authors: Christensen Helen , Anstey Kaarin J. , Parslow Ruth A. , Maller Jerome , Mackinnon Andrew , Sachdev Perminder
Published: October 2006

Background: Researchers have used the concept of brain reserve to explain the dissociation between pathological brain damage and cognitive and functional performance. A variety of brain reserve hypotheses exist, and different empirical strategies have been employed to investigate these variants. Objective: The study investigates (i) the relationship between measures of brain burden (atrophy, white matter hyperintensities (WMH)) and measures of reserve (education, creativity, and intelligence); (ii) the relationship between cognitive decline and reserve; (iii) whether measures of reserve mediate the effect of atrophy on estimated cognitive change, and (iv) the association between brain risk factors, education and atrophy. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a sample of 446 individuals 60–64 years of age who underwent MRI scans as part of a large epidemiological study. Measures were taken of education, intelligence, creativity, cognitive speed, brain volume, WMH, estimated cognitive decline from earlier in life and brain atrophy. Results: No association was found between estimated cognitive decline and brain burden (atrophy, WMH). Risk factors for brain insult were not associated with greater brain atrophy in the less well educated. Neither education, nor any other measure including intelligence or creativity, provided a buffer for cognitive decline in individuals with high levels of brain atrophy. Conclusion: Little support was found for the brain reserve hypothesis.
Post-Transplant Headache: Benefit from Riboflavin
Authors: Stracciari Andrea , D’Alessandro Roberto , Baldin Elisa , Guarino Maria
Published: October 2006

Post-transplant headache is a recognized complication of organ transplantation. Its treatment can sometimes be problematic given the status of the patient and the risk of drug interference. Six organ-transplanted patients (5 liver and 1 heart) experiencing post-transplant headache were successfully treated with riboflavin 200 mg daily. The drug proved safe and well tolerated and its properties are unlikely to produce clinically relevant drug interactions in the transplant recipient. Awaiting specific trials, riboflavin is proposed as an option for the preventive treatment of post-transplant headache.
Mild Left Ventricular Dysfunction Is Associated with Thrombogenicity in Cardioembolic Stroke
Authors: Kwon Hyung-Min , Park Jong-Ho , Kim Jeong-Min , Yoon Byung-Woo
Published: October 2006

Background: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been recognized as a valuable tool for identifying the left cardiac thrombus (LCT) or spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC). We aimed to identify risk groups where TEE should be performed in patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke according to magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Methods: One hundred and forty-six patients (mean age 64.7 ± 11.8 years, 101 males) with suspected cardioembolic stroke were analyzed. We used TEE for the presence of LCT and/or SEC as indication of thrombogenicity. We evaluated the association between thrombogenicity and demographic features, stroke risk factors and echocardiographic variables. Results: The study included 40 patients (27.3%) who showed thrombogenicity (10 LCT and 30 SEC). The independent echocardiographic variables of thrombogenicity were atrial fibrillation (OR 7.14; 95% CI 2.62–19.48; p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50% (OR 4.01; 95% CI 1.40–11.49; p = 0.01). Conclusion: We recommend that TEE should be considered in patients with mildly reduced left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction ≤50%) after suspected cardioembolic stroke.
Smoking-Induced Monocyte Dysfunction Is Reversed by Vitamin C Supplementation In Vivo
Authors: Stadler Nadina , Eggermann Juliane , Vöö Stefan , Kranz Andrea , Waltenberger Johannes
Published: October 2006

Objective—

The role of antioxidants in preventing vascular disease remains controversial. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is important for endothelial and monocyte function. This study investigated the negative effects of smoking on monocyte migratory responsiveness to VEGF-A and the usefulness of vitamin C to prevent smoking-induced monocyte dysfunction.

Methods and Results—

The chemotactic response of isolated monocytes from a cohort of 17 non-smokers and 10 smokers toward VEGF-A was assessed. VEGF-A significantly stimulated the migration of monocytes in non-smokers; the monocytes from smokers failed to respond to VEGF-A. Repeated analysis after 2 weeks of vitamin C intake (2g/d) showed a fully restored VEGF-A-induced monocyte migration in smokers. VEGF-A serum levels were not altered by vitamin C. VEGF-A-inducible kinase activity was intact in monocytes from smokers as assessed by in vitro kinase assay. Monocyte dysfunction can be mimicked in vitro by challenging monocytes with a range of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Conclusions—

Stimulation of monocyte migration by VEGF-A was severely attenuated in smokers, and the deficit observed was surmounted by vitamin C supplementation. The negative effects of smoking on monocyte function may translate into adverse impacts on VEGF-A-dependent repair processes such as arteriogenesis. These results propose a causative role of oxidative stress in smoking-induced monocyte dysfunction.
Fcγ Receptor Deficiency Confers Protection Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice
Authors: Hernández-Vargas Purificación , Ortiz-Muñoz Guadalupe , López-Franco Oscar , Suzuki Yusuke , Gallego-Delgado Julio , Sanjuán Guillermo , Lázaro Alberto , López-Parra Virginia , Ortega Luis , Egido Jesús , Gómez-Guerrero Carmen
Published: October 2006

IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) play a role in activating the immune system and in maintaining peripheral tolerance, but their role in atherosclerosis is unknown. We generated double-knockout (DKO) mice by crossing apolipoprotein E–deficient mice (apoE
−/−
) with FcγR γ chain–deficient mice (γ
−/−
). The size of atherosclerotic lesions along the aorta was approximately 50% lower in DKO compared with apoE
−/−
control mice, without differences in serum lipid levels. The macrophage and T-cell content of lesions in the DKO were reduced by 49±6% and 56±8%, respectively, compared with the content in apoE
−/−
lesions. Furthermore, the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES (
R
egulated on
A
ctivated
N
ormal
T
-cell
E
xpressed and
S
ecreted), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were significantly reduced in aortic lesions from DKO mice. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from both γ
−/−
and DKO mice failed to respond to immune complexes, as shown by impaired chemokine expression and NF-κB activation. ApoE
−/−
mice have higher levels of activating FcγRI and FcγRIIIA, and inhibitory FcγRIIB, compared with wild-type mice. The DKO mice express only the inhibitory FcγRIIB receptor. We conclude that FcγR deficiency limits development and progression of atherosclerosis. In addition to leukocytes, FcγR activation in VSMCs contributes to the inflammatory process, in part, by regulating chemokine expression and leukocyte invasion of the vessel wall. These results underscore the critical role of FcγRs in atherogenesis and support the use of immunotherapy in the treatment of this disease.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Modulates Apolipoprotein A-I Transcytosis Through Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Cavelier Clara , Rohrer Lucia , von Eckardstein Arnold
Published: October 2006

High-density lipoproteins and their major protein constituent apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) possess diverse atheroprotective properties. Most of them must be exerted within the arterial wall. Actually, high-density lipoproteins are the most abundant lipoproteins within the arterial intima. We have recently reported that apoA-I is transcytosed through aortic endothelial cells. In the present study, we evaluate the role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) in this process. Using pharmacological interventions and RNA interference, we investigated whether ABCA1 and SR-BI modulate apoA-I binding, internalization and transcytosis in endothelial cells. Upregulation of ABCA1 with oxysterols increased apoA-I binding and internalization. Trapping ABCA1 on the cell surface with cyclosporin A enhanced apoA-I binding but decreased its internalization and transcytosis. In addition, apoA-I binding, internalization, and transcytosis were reduced by at least 50% after silencing ABCA1 but not after knocking down SR-BI. The integrity of the endothelial cell monolayer was affected neither by cyclosporin A treatment nor by ABCA1 silencing, as controlled by measuring inulin permeability. Finally, in ABCA1-GFP–expressing cells, fluorescently labeled apoA-I colocalized intracellularly with ABCA1-GFP. However, apoA-I–containing vesicles did not colocalize with the late endosome marker LAMP-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein-1). In conclusion, ABCA1, but not SR-BI, modulates the transcytosis of apoA-I through endothelial cells.
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Gralla Jan , Schroth Gerhard , Remonda Luca , Nedeltchev Krassen , Slotboom Johannes , Brekenfeld Caspar
Published: October 2006

Background and Purpose—

Mechanical thrombectomy is a promising new modality of interventional stroke treatment. The various devices differ with regard to where they apply force on the thrombus, taking a proximal approach such as aspiration devices or a distal approach such as basket-like devices. The study compares the in vivo effectiveness and thrombus–device interaction of these 2 approaches.

Methods—

Angiography and embolization with a radioopaque whole blood thrombus was performed in 10 swine. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed in 20 cranial vessels using a proximal aspiration device (Vasco35) and a distal basket-like device (Catch) with and without proximal balloon occlusion. Fifty-six retrieval attempts were made.

Results—

The proximal device allowed fast repeated application with a low risk of thromboembolic events (3%) and vasospasm, but it had a significantly lower success rate (39.4%) in retrieving thrombotic material than the distal device (DD) (82.6%; odds ratio, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.0 to 26.4). The compaction of the thrombus during retrieval with DD increased the risk of vessel wall irritation significantly (
P
<0.01) and complicated retrieval into the guiding catheter. The number of embolic events was significantly higher with DD (26%; odds ratio, 11.3; 95% CI, 1.35 to 101.6) unless proximal balloon occlusion was used.

Conclusions—

The proximal and the distal approaches to mechanical thrombectomy proved to be effective at achieving recanalization of cranial vessels. The proximal device is faster in application and allowed repeated attempts with a low complication rate. The DD is more successful at removing thrombotic material, but its method of application and attendant thrombus compaction increase the risk of thromboembolic events and vasospasms.
Long-Term Survival After Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Stenosis
Authors: Kragsterman Björn , Björck Martin , Lindbäck Johan , Bergqvist David , Pärsson Håkan
Published: October 2006

Background and Purpose—

Large randomized trials have demonstrated a net benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis compared with best medical treatment. However, it takes years to overcome the perioperative risk and gain the reduction in stroke or death risk. Long-term survival after CEA for asymptomatic stenosis may be an important consideration in deciding on this prophylactic procedure, but is not well documented. The aim was to analyze long-term survival after CEA for asymptomatic stenosis and the impact of risk factors in a population-based study.

Methods—

The Swedish vascular registry (Swedvasc) covers all centers performing CEA. Data on all registered CEAs during 1994 to 2003 were retrieved. All patients were cross-matched with the Population-Registry for accurate data on mortality (date of death). Analyses with Kaplan-Meier curves for survival and relative odds ratio (OR) for predictors of survival were performed.

Results—

A total of 6169 CEAs in 5808 patients were registered, with a median time at risk of 5.1 (range, 0.1 to 11.8) years. The indication for CEA was asymptomatic stenosis in 10.8% of the patients. Survival after CEA for asymptomatic stenosis was 78.2% after 5 and 45.5% after 10 years. Previous vascular surgery (OR, 1.8; 1.1 to 3.0), cardiac disease (OR, 1.7; 1.0 to 2.8), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.3; 1.3 to 4.1), and age (OR, 1.5; 1.1 to 2.1 per 10 years) were predictors of decreased 5-year survival.

Conclusions—

In this population-based study of patients operated on for asymptomatic stenosis, a substantial reduction in long-term survival was observed. Predictors of decreased longevity were age at operation, diabetes, cardiac disease, and previous vascular surgery.
Baicalein and 12/15-Lipoxygenase in the Ischemic Brain
Authors: van Leyen Klaus , Kim Hahn Young , Lee Seong-Ryong , Jin Guang , Arai Ken , Lo Eng H.
Published: October 2006

Background and Purpose—

The natural product baicalein is a specific inhibitor of 12/15-lipoxygenase, but it also has antioxidant properties. The current study was designed to test if the neuroprotective properties of baicalein are related to its lipoxygenase inhibition.

Methods—

The presence of 12/15-lipoxygenase in the ischemic mouse brain was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. A mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was used to study lipoxygenase-dependent protection of the ischemic brain by baicalein. Rat primary neurons were subjected to oxidative stress in the presence or absence of baicalein.

Results—

In a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, 12/15-lipoxygenase is increased in the peri-infarct area surrounding the primary infarction, predominantly in neurons. Oxidative toxicity in primary rat neurons is reduced by baicalein. C57Bl6J mice are protected against transient focal ischemia by intraperitoneal injection of baicalein, and a similar degree of protection is seen in 12/15-lipoxygenase knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, the 12/15-LOX knockout mice are not further protected by baicalein.

Conclusion—

Baicalein protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway to neuronal cell death.
Validation of the ABCD Score in Identifying Individuals at High Early Risk of Stroke After a Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Spengos Konstantinos , Manta Panagiota , Karandreas Nikolaos , Zambelis Thomas , Zakopoulos Nikolaos , Vassilopoulos Demetrios
Published: October 2006

Background and Purpose—

A simple score derived in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (ABCD score) was able to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) both in a population-based and a hospital-referred clinic cohort. We aimed to further validate the former score in a cohort of hospitalized TIA patients.

Methods—

We retrospectively reviewed the emergency room and hospital records of consecutive patients hospitalized in our neurological department with a definite TIA according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria during a 5-year period. The 6-point ABCD score (age [<60 years=0, ≥60 years=1]; blood pressure [systolic ≤140 mm Hg and diastolic ≤90 mm Hg=0, systolic >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg=1]; clinical features [unilateral weakness=2, speech disturbance without weakness=1, other symptom=0]; duration of symptoms [<10 minutes=0, 10 to 59 minutes=1, ≥60 minutes=2]) was used to stratify the 30-day stroke risk.

Results—

The 30-day risk of stroke in the present case series (n=226) was 9.7% (95% CI, 5.8% to 13.6%). The ABCD score was highly predictive of 30-day risk of stroke (ABCD=0 to 2: 0%, ABCD=3: 3.5% [95% CI, 0% to 8.2%], ABCD=4: 7.6% [95% CI, 1.2% to 14.0%], ABCD=5: 21.3% [95% CI, 10.4% to 33.0%], ABCD=6: 31.3% [95% CI, 8.6% to 54.0%]; log-rank test=23.09; df=6;
P
=0.0008;
P
for linear trend across the ABCD score levels <0.00001). After adjustment for stroke risk factors, history of previous TIA, medication use before the index TIA, and secondary prevention treatment strategies, an ABCD score of 5 to 6 was independently (
P
<0.001) associated with an 8-fold greater 30-day risk of stroke (hazard ratio, 8.01; 95% CI, 3.21 to 19.98).

Conclusions—

Our findings validate the predictive value of the ABCD score in identifying hospitalized TIA patients with a high risk of early stroke and provide further evidence for its potential applicability in clinical practice.
On the Use of Analytical Expressions for the Voltage Distribution to Analyze Intracellular Recordings
Authors: Rudolph Michelle , Destexhe Alain
Published: October 2006

Different analytical expressions for the membrane potential distribution of membranes subject to synaptic noise have been proposed and can be very helpful in analyzing experimental data. However, all of these expressions are either approximations or limit cases, and it is not clear how they compare and which expression should be used in a given situation. In this note, we provide a comparison of the different approximations available, with an aim of delineating which expression is most suitable for analyzing experimental data.
A Distributed Computing Tool for Generating Neural Simulation Databases
Authors: Calin-Jageman Robert J. , Katz Paul S.
Published: October 2006

After developing a model neuron or network, it is important to systematically explore its behavior across a wide range of parameter values or experimental conditions, or both. However, compiling a very large set of simulation runs is challenging because it typically requires both access to and expertise with high-performance computing facilities. To lower the barrier for large-scale model analysis, we have developed NeuronPM, a client/server application that creates a “screen-saver” cluster for running simulations in NEURON (Hines & Carnevale, 1997). NeuronPM provides a user-friendly way to use existing computing resources to catalog the performance of a neural simulation across a wide range of parameter values and experimental conditions. The NeuronPM client is a Windows-based screen saver, and the NeuronPM server can be hosted on any Apache/PHP/MySQL server. During idle time, the client retrieves model files and work assignments from the server, invokes NEURON to run the simulation, and returns results to the server. Administrative panels make it simple to upload model files, define the parameters and conditions to vary, and then monitor client status and work progress. NeuronPM is open-source freeware and is available for download at http://neuronpm.homeip.net . It is a useful entry-level tool for systematically analyzing complex neuron and network simulations.
A Unifying View of Wiener and Volterra Theory and Polynomial Kernel Regression
Authors: Franz Matthias O. , Schölkopf Bernhard
Published: October 2006

Volterra and Wiener series are perhaps the best-understood nonlinear system representations in signal processing. Although both approaches have enjoyed a certain popularity in the past, their application has been limited to rather low-dimensional and weakly nonlinear systems due to the exponential growth of the number of terms that have to be estimated. We show that Volterra and Wiener series can be represented implicitly as elements of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space by using polynomial kernels. The estimation complexity of the implicit representation is linear in the input dimensionality and independent of the degree of nonlinearity. Experiments show performance advantages in terms of convergence, interpretability, and system sizes that can be handled.
Preparing Highly Qualified Teacher Candidates for Urban Schools
Authors: Talbert-Johnson Carolyn
Published: October 2006

Teacher education programs are at a critical link for the preparation of teachers who possess an ethical stance regarding the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required to intervene effectively with all students. Therefore, teacher education is taking center stage in the discussion relevant to teacher quality and its effectiveness on the achievement of diverse students in urban settings. Learning climates and expectations must be created where self-reflection and critical cultural consciousness are part of the routine, normative demands of teacher education if systemic change is to occur. The author contends that it is essential that candidates possess more than pedagogical knowledge but also the essential dispositions to affirm and embrace all students. Therefore, agendas should be espoused that promote educational equity for all students, while ensuring that indeed no child is left behind.
Psychosocial Correlates of Adolescent Drug Dealing in the Inner City
Authors: Little Michelle , Steinberg Laurence
Published: October 2006

This study examined a model of the simultaneous and interactive influence of social context, psychosocial attitudes, and individual maturity on the prediction of urban adolescent drug dealing. Five factors were found to significantly increase adolescents' opportunity for drug selling: low parental monitoring, poor neighborhood conditions, low neighborhood job opportunity, parental substance use or abuse, and high levels of peer group deviance. The relation between drug-selling opportunity and adolescents' frequency of drug selling was partially mediated by adolescents' alienation from conventional goals and from commitment to school. With the effect of drug-dealing opportunity controlled, adolescents' temperance was associated with a lower frequency of drug selling. Youths with greater resistance to peer influence reported a higher frequency of nonmarijuana drug dealing. Adolescent autonomy also predicted adolescents' nonmarijuana dealing in conditions of low drug-selling opportunity. The results are discussed with respect to the social service needs of serious juvenile offenders.
Off the Beaten Track
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A.
Published: October 2006

Aiming to uncover the socially integrating functions of parenthood, this study focused on differences in network size between older adults with and without children, using survey data from Amsterdam ( n = 661) and Berlin ( n = 516). Explicit attention was paid to diversity among the childless and to their biographical pasts. The pattern of results was similar for both countries. Those who never had children had smaller networks in old age than parents, a finding partially attributable to a more limited supply of kin. There was no evidence for a competing hypothesis, namely, that childlessness is a means for greater sociability. Contrary to expectations, those who had outlived their children were not more socially isolated than those who had never had children. Neither was there support for the expectation that parenthood-history differences would be greater among women than men. Last, the findings showed that parenthood contributes to social integration independently of marriage and employment.
Long-Standing Nonkin Relationships of Older Adults in the Netherlands and the United States
Authors: de Jong Gierveld Jenny , Perlman Daniel
Published: October 2006

The main research questions of this study were (1) How long have adults in the Netherlands and the United States known members of their nonkin networks? (2) What are the predictors of long-standing nonkin relationships? and (3) Which predictors are recognizable in both societies? The data came from the NESTOR-LSN survey (3,229 adults aged 55 to 89 years in the Netherlands) and from the Northern California Community Study ( n = 1,050, with 225 respondents aged 55 to 91 years in the United States). In both countries, the duration of nonkin relationships was related to the absence of network-disturbing variables (e.g., the number of years since the last move), network-sustaining variables (e.g., distance to nonkin), and other network properties (e.g., homogeneity). Nationally based differences were also observed (e.g., having a car was related to stable relationships only in the United States, and the special integrative functions of exclusive friendships were elicited only in Europe).
Emotions Involved in College Students’ Sexual Encounters
Authors: von Sadovszky Victoria , Vahey Doris C. , McKinney Kristan , Keller Mary L.
Published: October 2006

The number of sexually transmitted infections continues to rise among late adolescents and young adults. One possible explanation is that an important variable, emotion, is missing from theories and programs promoting safer practices. This study performed a thorough examination of emotions involved during and after sexual encounters and how these related to risk and planning of the sexual encounter. Eighty-two college students were given recall instructions and a questionnaire designed to elicit detailed information about their recent or most memorable sexual encounter. Using content analysis, open-ended questions concerning emotions and thoughts about the sexual partner, the participant in the situation, the place of the encounter, and feelings after the encounter were analyzed. Major findings included individuals who experienced negative or mixed emotions expected certain sexual behaviors less than those who had positive emotions. Unlike previous studies, there were no differences in emotions and planning of the sexual encounter, type of partner, and sexual risk.
The effect of chronic antipsychotic treatment on sexual behaviour, hormones and organ size in the male rat
Authors: Zhang Xiangrong , Zhang Zhijun , Cheng Weirong , Mou Xiaodong , Reynolds Gavin P.
Published: October 2006

Antipsychotic drug-induced sexual dysfunction is an important and problematic side effect. We have investigated the effect of chronic antipsychotic treatment on sexual behaviour, sex hormones and genital organ size in the male rat. The following sexual functions were significantly impaired in both risperidone (2 mg/kg) and haloperidol (2 mg/kg) groups at 3 weeks: Libido (assessed in mounting frequency and intromission), sexual arousability/motivation (in terms of Latencies for mounting and intromission) and orgasm (in terms of Latency for ejaculation). At 6 weeks, haLoperidol also suppressed the `hit ratio' (intromissions/mounts) as well as the above-mentioned parameters indicating erectile dysfunction. Risperidone had no significant effect on sexual function at 6 weeks. Compared with the control group, haLoperidol and risperidone decreased the serum Level of testosterone after 6 weeks but not after 3 weeks. The two drugs did not influence the serum Level of Leutenizing hormone (LH). At 3 weeks, the epididymis was significantly decreased beLow controls in both risperidone and haloperidol groups. At 6 weeks, the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate weights were significantLy reduced in the haLoperidol group, but not in the risperidone group. The serum concentration of testosterone significantly correLated with sex organ weight, but not with sexual behaviours. These results suggest that sexual function, testosterone Levels and genital tissue size in male rats were affected to different degrees by risperidone and haloperidol. These findings contribute to our understanding of antispsychotic drug-induced male sexual dysfunction.
PTPN11 is the first identified proto-oncogene that encodes a tyrosine phosphatase
Authors: Chan Rebecca J. , Feng Gen-Sheng
Published: October 2006

Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis has benefited tremendously from the identification and characterization of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. One new advance in this field is the identification of PTPN11 as the first proto-oncogene that encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase with 2 Src-homology 2 (SH2) domains (Shp2). This tyrosine phosphatase was previously shown to play an essential role in normal hematopoiesis. More recently, somatic missense PTPN11 gain-of-function mutations have been detected in leukemias and rarely in solid tumors, and have been found to induce aberrant hyperactivation of the Ras-Erk pathway. This progress represents another milestone in the leukemia/cancer research field and provides a fresh view on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell transformation.
Correlation between antiphospholipid antibodies that recognize domain I of β2-glycoprotein I and a reduction in the anticoagulant activity of annexin A5
Authors: de Laat Bas , Wu Xiao-Xuan , van Lummel Menno , Derksen Ronald H. W. M. , de Groot Philip G. , Rand Jacob H.
Published: October 2006

The paradoxical correlation between thrombosis and the lupus anticoagulant (LAC) effect is an enigmatic feature of the antiphospholipid (aPL) syndrome. The Dutch authors previously reported that thrombosis-related anti–β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) antibodies recognize domain I and cause LAC. The American authors reported that aPLs disrupt an anticoagulant annexin A5 (AnxA5) crystal shield. We investigated whether antidomain I antibodies correlate with disruption of AnxA5-anticoagulant activity. We studied a well-characterized group of 33 patients including subgroups with β2GPI-dependent LAC that recognize domain I (n = 11), with β2GPI-independent LAC (n = 12), and lacking LAC (n = 10). The effects on AnxA5-anticoagulant activity were determined with an AnxA5 resistance assay that measures coagulation times with and without AnxA5. Patients with β2GPI-dependent LAC (group A, all with thrombosis) had significantly lower AnxA5-anticoagulant ratios than those with β2GPI-independent LAC (group B, thrombosis n = 4; 157.8% versus 235.6%, P < .001) and those without LAC (group C, thrombosis n = 2; 157.8% versus 232.5%, P < .001). There was no difference in the ratios between groups B and C (P = .92). Plasmas with β2GPI-dependent LAC that recognize domain I displayed significantly increased AnxA5 resistance, suggesting that specifically anti-β2GPI antibodies compete with AnxA5 for anionic phospholipids. These results are consistent with a model in which aPL antibodies may promote thrombosis by interfering with the anticoagulant activity of AnxA5.