bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive Delivery Microcarriers for Tissue Defects Repair
Authors: Zhao Xin , Liu Yuxiao , Shao Changmin , Nie Min , Huang Qian , Li Jieshou , Sun Lingyun , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: August 2019

Intelligent responsive microcarriers have emerged as a promising class of biomaterials for therapeutic delivery and tissue regeneration, since they can respond to external stimuli and release the loaded drugs in an active manner. Among various available stimuli, near‐infrared (NIR) light is particularly attractive because it can penetrate biotic tissues with sufficient intensity and minimal damage. In this work, a kind of photoresponsive delivery microcarriers (PDMs) is developed using microfluidics. The microcarriers consist of NIR‐absorbing graphene oxide, thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), and biocompatible gelatin methacrylate. Under NIR light, the PDMs exhibit an evident volume shrinkage and effectively trigger the drug release. After the NIR light is switched off, the shrunken microcarriers return to their original size. This reversible process can be stably repeated for many cycles. An in vitro experiment demonstrates that the NIR‐radiated PDMs can actively release vascular endothelial growth factors and improve the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results from the in vivo experiment also show an obvious photothermal effect and superior therapeutic efficacy of these PDMs in a rat model of tissue defects. These features make the PDMs an excellent drug delivery system and represent a great potential for clinical applications in tissue repair.
Construction of CoP/NiCoP Nanotadpoles Heterojunction Interface for Wide pH Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis and Supercapacitor
Authors: Lin Yan , Sun Kaian , Liu Shoujie , Chen Xiaomeng , Cheng Yuansheng , Cheong Weng‐Chon , Chen Zheng , Zheng Lirong , Zhang Jun , Li Xiyou , Pan Yuan , Chen Chen
Published: August 2019

Constructing well defined nanostructures is promising but still challenging for high‐efficiency catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and energy storage. Herein, utilizing the differences in surface energies between (111) facets of CoP and NiCoP, a novel CoP/NiCoP heterojunction is designed and synthesized with a nanotadpoles (NTs)‐like morphology via a solid‐state phase transformation strategy. By effective interface construction, the disorder in terms of electronic structure and coordination environment at the interface in CoP/NiCoP NTs is created, which leads to dramatically elevated HER performance within a wide pH range. Theoretical calculations prove that an optimized proton chemisorption and H2O dissociation are achieved by an optimized phosphide polymorph at the interface, accelerating the HER reaction. The CoP/NiCoP NTs are also proved to be excellent candidates for use in supercapacitors (SCs) with a high specific capacitance (1106.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and good cycling stability (nearly 100% initial capacity retention after 1000 cycles). An asymmetric supercapacitor shows a high energy density (145 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and good cycling stability (capacitance retention is 95% after 3200 cycles). This work provides new insights into the catalyst design for electrocatalytic and energy storage applications.
Emerging Micro/Nanomotor‐Based Platforms for Biomedical Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhen , Tu Yingfeng , Chen Yongming , Peng Fei
Published: August 2019

Highly efficient and versatile natural motors play a pivotal role in biological processes. Inspired by these biological motors, researchers developed their synthetic counterparts that can convert various energies into locomotion. With the potential to revolutionize the biomedical treatment process, these micro/nanomotors have been attracting a booming research enthusiasm since the birth of the first micro/nanomotor 15 years ago (since 2004). First, typical motion mechanisms are elucidated and a detailed comparison is provided regarding their efficiency in a biological context. Next, cutting‐edge proof‐of‐concept biomedical applications of the motors are overviewed, including on‐demand drug dispensing, cell transporting, and precise microsurgery. Current achievements and remaining bottlenecks are discussed, to spur more collaboration among chemistry, nanoengineering, and the biomedical fields. With increasing attention and continuing innovation of the field, clinical translation of micro/nanomotors is possible in the next 15 years.
Escalation in mucus cystatin 2, pappalysin‐A, and periostin levels over time predict need for recurrent surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Mueller Sarina K. , Wendler Olaf , Nocera Angela , Grundtner Philipp , Schlegel Patrick , Agaimy Abbas , Iro Heinrich , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: August 2019

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is treated using oral/topical steroids and surgery. Despite maximal medical therapy, some patients remain recalcitrant. Mucus cystatin 2, pappalysin‐A, and periostin can predict the presence of CRSwNP and correlate with disease severity. This study was designed to determine whether prospective sampling of these mucus proteins could predict medical failure and the need for revision surgery.

Methods

This investigation was an institutional review board‒approved, prospective study of 66 patients with CRSwNP. All patients underwent surgery, administration of topical/oral steroids, and outpatient mucus sampling at 10 time‐points over 2 years. Five proteins, including cystatin 2 (CST2), pappalysin‐A (PAPP‐A), and periostin (PST), were analyzed and correlated with subjective parameters (including scores on the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test [SNOT‐22]). Variables were then analyzed and compared between those requiring revision surgery within 2 years (n = 5) and those with stable disease (n = 61).

Results

All patients demonstrated a significant decline in CST2, PAPP‐A, and periostin after their initial surgery. The recalcitrant group demonstrated escalations in all proteins despite steroids, with levels higher than those of the stable group at 1 year (CST2: 258.1 ± 205.2 pg/mL vs 235.3 ± 275.7 pg/mL, p = 0.86; PAPP‐A: 170.3 ± 150.4 pg/mL vs 74.6 ± 106.7 pg/mL, p < 0.05; periostin: 188.8 ± 192.4 ng/mL vs 54.5 ± 47.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Escalation in all proteins correlated significantly with worsening SNOT‐22 score at each time‐point (domain 1: 8.2 ± 1.3 vs 5.5 ± 1.1; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Early recurrences and medical recalcitrance in CRSwNP may be predicted noninvasively through the serial, prospective sampling of mucus CST2, PAPP‐A, and periostin levels. These biosignatures may help to predict disease course and guide individualized therapy.
Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy by a Cascade of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Drug Release
Authors: Wang Sheng , Yu Guocan , Wang Zhantong , Jacobson Orit , Lin Li‐Sen , Yang Weijing , Deng Hongzhang , He Zhimei , Liu Yuan , Chen Zhi‐Yi , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: August 2019

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be used not only as a therapeutic agent for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), but also as a stimulus to activate release of antitumor drugs, achieving enhanced efficacy through the combination of CDT and chemotherapy. Here we report a pH/ROS dual‐responsive nanomedicine consisting of β‐lapachone (Lap), a pH‐responsive polymer, and a ROS‐responsive polyprodrug. In the intracellular acidic environment, the nanomedicine can realize pH‐triggered disassembly. The released Lap can efficiently generate hydrogen peroxide, which will be further converted into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. Subsequently, through ROS‐induced cleavage of thioketal linker, doxorubicin is released from the polyprodrug. In vivo results indicate that the cascade of ROS generation and antitumor‐drug release can effectively inhibit tumor growth. This design of nanomedicine with cascade reactions offers a promising strategy to enhance antitumor efficacy.
Charging OBO‐Fused Double [5]Helicene with Electrons
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Wang Xiao‐Ye , Wei Zheng , Müllen Klaus , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: August 2019

Chemical reduction of OBO‐fused double[5]helicene with Group 1 metals (Na and K) has been investigated for the first time. Two doubly‐reduced products have been isolated and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, revealing a solvent‐separated ion triplet (SSIT) with Na+ions and a contact‐ion pair (CIP) with K+ion. As the key structural outcome, the X‐ray crystallographic analysis discloses the consequences of adding two electrons to the double helicene core in the SSIT without metal binding and reveals the preferential binding site in the CIP with K+counterions. In both products, an increase in the twisting of the double helicene core upon charging was observed. The negative charge localization at the central core has been identified by theoretical calculations, which are in full agreement with X‐ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic results. Notably, it was confirmed that the two‐electron reduction of OBO‐fused double[5]helicene is reversible.
UAV survey at archaeological earthwork sites in the Brazilian state of Acre, southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Saunaluoma Sanna , Anttiroiko Niko , Moat Justin
Published: August 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used for many scientific applications, including archaeological surveys. We test the suitability and practicability of UAV surveying in the tropical lowlands of Brazil and techniques for visualizing the resulting digital elevation models, specifically the Red Relief Image Map (RRIM). We present the results of UAV surveys conducted at four diverse archaeological earthwork sites situated in interfluvial southwestern Amazonia, in the state of Acre. The elevation models produced from UAV derived point clouds display clear patterns in the site layouts and reveal subtle intra‐site earthwork features that are not easily discernible on the ground. Our study demonstrates that UAVs are cost efficient and give highly detailed results for topographic mapping and visualization of archaeological features when vegetation cover is sufficiently low and sparse. The rapid data capture and lack of spatial sampling bias of the UAV data collection is a significant advantage compared to conventional mapping methods. Furthermore, UAV surveying and UAV derived data processing do not require expensive technologies or specialized user expertise, since open‐source software and easy‐to‐use toolkits are readily available.
Catalyst‐Free and Solvent‐Free Facile Hydroboration of Imines
Authors: Pandey Vipin K. , Donthireddy Siva Nagendra Reddy , Rit Arnab
Published: August 2019

A facile process for the catalyst‐free and solvent‐free hydroboration of aromatic as well as heteroaromatic imines is reported. This atom‐economic methodology is scalable, compatible with sterically and electronically diverse imines, displaying excellent tolerance towards various functional groups, and works efficiently at ambient temperature in most of the cases, affording secondary amines in good to excellent yield after hydrolysis.
Habituation Is More Than Learning to Ignore: Multiple Mechanisms Serve to Facilitate Shifts in Behavioral Strategy
Authors: McDiarmid Troy A. , Yu Alex J. , Rankin Catharine H.
Published: August 2019

Recent work indicates that there are distinct response habituation mechanisms that can be recruited by different stimulation rates and that can underlie different components (e.g., the duration or speed) of a single behavioral response. These findings raise the question: why is “the simplest form of learning” so complicated mechanistically? Beyond evolutionary selection for robustness of plasticity in learning to ignore, it is proposed in this article that multiple mechanisms of habituation have evolved to streamline shifts in ongoing behavioral strategy. Then, speculations are offered regarding the implications of this reconceptualization of habituation for approaching the analysis of mechanisms of more complex forms of learning and memory.
Proline‐containing peptides—New insight and implications: A Review
Authors: Misiura Magdalena , Miltyk Wojciech
Published: August 2019

The family of regulatory proline‐containing peptides (PCPs), also known as glyprolines, exhibit significant biological activity. The group of glyprolines includes Gly‐Pro (GP), Pro‐Gly‐Pro (PGP), cyclic Gly‐Pro (cGP), as well as PGP derivatives, for example, N‐acetylated PGP (N‐a‐PGP) and N‐methylated PGP (N‐m‐PGP). PCPs are engaged in various biological processes including the proinflammatory neutrophil chemoattraction in lung diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases or ischemic stroke. Glyprolines have been also postulated to play an important role as atheroprotective and anticoagulant agents, exhibit neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease, as well as regulate insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) homeostasis. It was also noticed that PCPs inhibit proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in wound healing, protection of the gastric mucosa and stimulation of its regeneration. The regulatory glyprolines are derived from endogenous and exogenous sources. Most PCPs are derived from collagen or diet protein degradation. Recently, great interest is concentrated on short proline‐rich oligopeptides derived from IGF‐1 degradation. The mechanism of PCPs biological activity is not fully explained. It involves receptor‐mediated mechanisms, for example, N‐a‐PGP acts as CXCR1/2 receptor ligand, whereas cGP regulates IGF‐1 bioavailability by modifying the IGF‐1 binding to the IGF‐1 binding protein‐3. PGP has been observed to interact with collagen‐specific receptors. The data suggest a promising role of PGP as a target of various diseases therapy. This review is focused on the effect of PCPs on metabolic processes in different tissues and the molecular mechanism of their action as an approach to pharmacotherapy of PCPs‐dependent diseases.
Direct electrical stimulation enhances osteogenesis by inducing Bmp2 and Spp1 expressions from macrophages and preosteoblasts
Authors: Srirussamee Kasama , Mobini Sahba , Cassidy Nigel J. , Cartmell Sarah H.
Published: August 2019

The capability of electrical stimulation (ES) in promoting bone regeneration has already been addressed in clinical studies. However, its mechanism is still being investigated and discussed. This study aims to investigate the responses of macrophages (J774A.1) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1) to ES and the faradic by‐products from ES. It is found that pH of the culture media was not significantly changed, whereas the average hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased by 3.6 and 5.4 µM after 1 and 2 hr of ES, respectively. The upregulation of Bmp2 and Spp1 messenger RNAs was observed after 3 days of stimulation, which is consistent among two cell types. It is also found that Spp1 expression of macrophages was partially enhanced by faradic by‐products. Osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts was not observed during the early stage of ES as the level of Runx2 expression remains unchanged. However, cell proliferation was impaired by the excessive current density from the electrodes, and also faradic by‐products in the case of macrophages. This study shows that macrophages could respond to ES and potentially contribute to the bone formation alongside preosteoblasts. The upregulation of Bmp2 and Spp1 expressions induced by ES could be one of the mechanisms behind the electrically stimulated osteogenesis.
Development of an Argon Gas Cluster Ion Beam for ToF‐SIMS Analysis
Authors: Lee Sang Ju , Choi Chang Min , Min Boo Ki , Baek Ji Young , Eo Jae Yeong , Choi Myoung Choul
Published: August 2019

Argon gas cluster ion beams (Ar‐GCIBs) are widely used as a sputter and primary beam for analyzing soft materials such as organic and biological samples in secondary ion mass spectrometry. We designed a novel ionization source using Simion simulation to improve the beam generation efficiency, and compared with the experimental results. Simulation results of different operation voltages, which are acceleration and extraction from the ionization source were in good agreement with the experimental results. At Ar pressure of 25 bar, total ion beam currents from the ionization source reached 80 μA. The highest current of cluster in the ion beam was found at cluster sizes of 1400. Simple linear time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer was constructed and then a secondary ion mass spectrum signal of Rhodamine 6G was obtained by using a Ar1400+ (@10 keV) cluster ion beam.
Lethal combinations: A conjunctive analysis of crime scene behavior associated with sexual homicide
Authors: Chopin Julien , Beauregard Eric
Published: August 2019

This research investigates violent stranger rapes and the factors leading these cases to sexual homicides. Variables relating to modus operandi characteristics on one part and offender behavior on the other part are examined using conjunctive analysis of cases configuration to identify the different combinations leading to a lethal outcome. Using a French sample of 1263 cases of violent rapes and 303 cases of sexual homicides involving female adult victims, we find that blows given by offenders and information about physical resistance of victims are strongly associated intentional and non‐intentional sexual homicides. Psychoactive substance consumption by offenders as well associal isolation are in a lesser extend also associated with the lethal outcome.
Mechanistic Insight into the Photodynamic Effect Mediated by Neutral Red and a New Azine Compound in Staphylococcus aureus Cells
Authors: Urrutia María Noel , Ortiz Cristina S. , Alovero Fabiana L.
Published: August 2019

The photodynamic activity of Neutral Red and the new monobrominated Neutral Red was studied in suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of mannitol and sodium azide in the presence of 25 μm photosensitizer on lethal photosensitization were investigated. The results of the mechanistic evaluation of Neutral Red showed that both mannitol and sodium azide produced a completed protective effect after irradiation without significant differences between them. The evaluation of monobrominated Neutral Red also showed a protective effect of microorganisms with the addition of mannitol. Although sodium azide produced a protective effect of the photoinactivation, it was incomplete and less than that exhibited by mannitol. The results indicate that the starting reagent, Neutral Red, is a producer of radical species, acting through a type I mechanism, whereas the halogenated derivative of Neutral Red produced reactive oxygen species and a contribution of singlet molecular oxygen cannot be discarded in the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus cells. These results, analyzed together with the previously evaluated properties of the dyes, allow us to explain the differences observed in the photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus mediated by both azine photosensitizers.
Technical success and long‐term outcomes after anomalous right coronary artery stenting with cardiac computed tomography angiography correlation
Authors: Darki Amir , Motiwala Afaq , Bakhos Lara , Lewis Bruce E. , Lopez John J. , Steen Lowell H. , Mathew Verghese , Leya Ferdinand S.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries has been observed in about 0.35–2.10% of the population. Patients with anomalous right coronary artery (ARCA) may present with significant symptoms, arrhythmias or ACS, and at times sudden death. Traditionally, surgical correction has been the recommended treatment. However, these may be technically challenging, and bypass grafting for such anomalies has the potential for graft failure because of competitive flow. We sought to determine the intermediate and long‐term outcomes of drug‐eluting stent placement for patients with symptomatic ARCA. We also looked at angiographic findings suggestive of interarterial course as confirmed by subsequent computed tomography (CT) findings.

Methods

Between January 2005 and December 2012, we enrolled 11 patients for elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of ARCA in a single center, prospective, nonrandomized fashion. Patients were followed up in clinic at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, and then annually or more frequently if needed. All patients underwent a cardiac CT, as well as functional stress testing when needed to assess for recurrence of disease.

Results

All 11 of our patients, who presented with significant symptomatic stenosis with an ARCA, were successfully treated with PCI. Mean follow‐up duration was 8.5 years. The only two deaths during follow‐up were related to noncardiac causes (sepsis), with a mortality rate of 18.2%. Two patients had a positive functional study and on subsequent coronary angiography, one of them had significant in‐stent restenosis (target lesion revascularization of 9.1%) and one distal to the stent (target vessel revascularization 9.1%). We found the observation of a “slit‐like lesion” on angiography to have a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86% for the diagnosis of interarterial course of the anomalous vessel seen on subsequent CT.

Conclusions

Our study results suggest that PCI of ARCA is an effective and low‐risk alternative to surgical correction, with good procedural success and long‐term outcomes. It can provide symptomatic relief in such patients and may reduce the risk of sudden death in younger patients, without the inherent risks associated with surgical repair.
Noninvasive treatment for chronic sialadenitis: Case report
Authors: Razmara Farnoosh , Mahmoudi Xaniar
Published: August 2019

This reporter expresses a patient with a history of tender neck swelling. After clinical and graphical examinations, the patient was diagnosed with submandibular sialolithiasis. Instead of invasive removal of the gland, a more conservative treatment was used. Eventually, after a 1‐year‐long follow‐up, the patient's conditions were found to be acceptable.
A smartphone, a slit lamp, and an ophthalmology consult
Authors: Dubbs Sarah B. , Blosser Kelly M. , Richardson Adam C.
Published: August 2019

Clinicians should always consider capturing images with their phone when possible so that key clinical findings seen in the real‐time physical examination can be memorialized in the electronic medical record.
A case of extreme hyponatremia without neurologic symptoms
Authors: Zhou Na , Yang Chang
Published: August 2019

Our case report highlights that profound hyponatremia with sodium level 101 mmol/L could have no CNS symptoms, and drugs and endocrine disorders are relatively common causes and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia. Standard dose trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole‐induced hyponatremia is rare but still worth close attention in clinical practice.
Successful endovascular repair of a ruptured isolated iliac artery aneurysm: A case report
Authors: Kimura Fumiaki , Ookubo Ryo , Kobayashi Daita , Harada Hideyuki , Baba Toshio
Published: August 2019

While isolated iliac artery aneurysm is rare, its rupture can lead to complete circulatory collapse and possibly death. Herein, we report a case of rupture of a large isolated aneurysm of the right common iliac artery that led to circulatory collapse and rapid endovascular repair saved the patient's life.
Pool Evaporation – Experimental Data Collection and Modeling
Authors: Habib Abdelkarim , Schalau Bernd
Published: August 2019

When handling flammable or toxic liquids or liquefied gases, the occurrence of a leakage and formation of a liquid pool is a scenario to be considered for risk assessment. Several models are available for estimating the evaporating mass flow, but only few experimental data exist for validation purposes. Evaporation experiments, with vapor pressures up to 0.94 bar and with different substances in basins of varying diameter, were carried out, mainly on open‐air test sites with different topographies, but also in enclosed spaces. Based on these new data, a validation of existing pool evaporation models was carried out and eventually led to the new formulation of an evaporation model, which is also presented here.
A Facile Method for the Synthesis of a MoS2/g‐C3N4 Photocatalyst
Authors: Truong Duy Huong , Vo Vien , Van Gerven Tom , Leblebici Mumin Enis
Published: August 2019

A MoS2/g‐C3N4 composite was synthesized by a significantly simple method using Na2MoO4 and thiourea as precursors, without the need for a hydrothermal or an ultrasound step. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized material was evaluated by the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution under blue light. The composites with low content of MoS2 performed better than pure g‐C3N4. Using a low‐power light‐emitting diode light source, an improvement of two orders of magnitude in the photochemical space‐time yield was achieved, proving enhanced energy efficiency and productivity compared to earlier studies. The degradation pathway of organic pollutants was confirmed by the effects of selective scavengers.
Origin of High Interfacial Resistances in Solid‐State Batteries: Interdiffusion and Amorphous Film Formation in Li0.33La0.57TiO3/LiMn2O4 Half Cells
Authors: Xu Pengyu , Rheinheimer Wolfgang , Shuvo Shoumya Nandy , Qi Zhimin , Levit Or , Wang Haiyan , Ein‐Eli Yair , Stanciu Lia A.
Published: August 2019

The large interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrodes poses a significant roadblock for the application of all‐solid‐state batteries. The formation of interfacial phases (interphases) has been identified as one of the most significant sources for such high resistance. Therefore, studying the mechanism of interphase formation, along with investigating its effect on ionic conductivity, could lead to the discovery of avenues towards designing high‐performance all‐solid‐state batteries. In this work, we studied the interphase formation in the perovskite electrolyte Li0.33La0.57TiO3 (LLTO) and spinel cathode LiMn2O4 (LMO) pair by co‐sintering experiments via spark plasma sintering (SPS), as well as conventional sintering. Although the processing method has an influence on the electrode/electrolyte contact, the formation of an interphase could not be avoided. At the LLTO/ LMO interface, we observed both an interphase formed by interdiffusion, as well as a complexion‐like amorphous layer. We directly characterized the complexion layer morphology by using HRTEM. Analytical TEM and SEM were used to reveal the elemental composition of the interphase and the interdiffusion layer. Furthermore, we used impedance spectroscopy to measure the electrical properties of the LLTO/LMO interphase and identified the interfacial resistance from the interdiffusion induced interphase to be larger than the individual phases by a factor of 40, whereas the amorphous layer was not visible in the impedance.
Acene‐Modified Small‐Molecule Donors for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Sung Min Jae , Hong Jisu , Cha Hyojung , Jiang Yifei , Park Chan Eon , Durrant James R. , An Tae Kyu , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Yun‐Hi
Published: August 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Tae Kyu An at the Korea National University of Transportation, Soon‐Ki Kwon and Yun‐Hi Kim at the Gyeongsang National University. The image depicts organic photovoltaics, in which fused acene cores have been used to modulate the conjugation lengths and the bulk heterojunction morphologies. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201902177.
Spirobifluorene Metallaaromatics
Authors: Arias‐Coronado Vanessa C. , Pereira‐Cameselle Raquel , Ozcelik Ani , Talavera Maria , Peña‐Gallego Ángeles , Alonso‐Gómez J. Lorenzo , Bolaño Sandra
Published: August 2019

Spirobifluorene derivatives find use in many end‐user applications. Therefore, further expansion of their scope is the focus of many research studies. However, although the optical properties of spirobifluorenes can be greatly tuned through incorporation of metal complexes, to date, spirobifluorene metallaaromatics remain unknown. Taking advantage of the versatility of our methodology for the synthesis of metallaaromatic systems, this work reports the first metallaaromatic spirobifluorene compound. The presence of an Ir atom was found to redshift the absorption maximum by ca. 1.1 eV compared to bare spirobifluorene. Additionally, X‐ray analysis as well as anisotropy of the current‐induced density calculations revealed this compound to be of aromatic nature. The high stability in solution, solid state, under air, and at high temperature, as well as distinct optical properties of this new class of compounds are expected to open new frontiers for chiroptical and optoelectronic applications.
A Versatile Boc Solid Phase Synthesis of Daptomycin and Analogues Using Site Specific, On‐Resin Ozonolysis to Install the Kynurenine Residue
Authors: Xu Buzhe , Hermant Yann , Yang Sung‐Hyun , Harris Paul W. R. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: August 2019

A de novo solid‐phase synthesis of the cyclic lipodepsipeptide daptomycin via Boc chemistry was achieved. The challenging ester bond formation between the nonproteinogenic amino acid kynurenine was achieved by esterification of a threonine residue with a protected tryptophan. Subsequent late‐stage on‐resin ozonolysis, inspired by the biomimetic pathway, afforded the kynurenine residue directly. Synthetic daptomycin possessed potent antimicrobial activity (MIC100=1.0 μg mL−1) against S. aureus, while five other daptomycin analogues containing (2R,3R)‐3‐methylglutamic acid, (2S,4S)‐4‐methylglutamic acid or canonical glutamic acid at position twelve prepared using this new methodology were all inactive, clearly establishing that the (2S,3R)‐3‐methylglutamic acid plays a key role in the antimicrobial activity of daptomycin.
Ab Initio Cyclic Voltammetry on Cu(111), Cu(100) and Cu(110) in Acidic, Neutral and Alkaline Solutions
Authors: Bagger Alexander , Arán‐Ais Rosa M. , Halldin Stenlid Joakim , Campos dos Santos Egon , Arnarson Logi , Degn Jensen Kim , Escudero‐Escribano María , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz , Rossmeisl Jan
Published: August 2019

Electrochemical reactions depend on the electrochemical interface between the electrode surfaces and the electrolytes. To control and advance electrochemical reactions there is a need to develop realistic simulation models of the electrochemical interface to understand the interface from an atomistic point‐of‐view. Here we present a method for obtaining thermodynamic realistic interface structures, a procedure we use to derive specific coverages and to obtain ab initio simulated cyclic voltammograms. As a case study, the method and procedure is applied in a matrix study of three Cu facets in three different electrolytes. The results have been validated by direct comparison to experimental cyclic voltammograms. The alkaline (NaOH) cyclic voltammograms are described by H* and OH*, while in neutral medium (KHCO3) the CO
species are dominating and in acidic (KCl) the Cl* species prevail. An almost one‐to‐one mapping is observed from simulation to experiments giving an atomistic understanding of the interface structure of the Cu facets. Atomistic understanding of the interface at relevant eletrolyte conditions will further allow realistic modelling of electrochemical reactions of importance for future eletrocatalytic studies.
Mixed‐Surfactant‐Assisted Synthesis of Dual‐Phase Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2 Hierarchical Microspheres as High‐Performance Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Da , Zhao Wei , Cao Lei , Gao Yiying , Liu Yahui , Wang Weijing , Qi Tao
Published: August 2019

A mixed‐surfactant‐assisted method was developed to synthesize dual‐phase Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2 hierarchical microspheres. The ratio of anionic/cationic surfactant could regulate the primary structure morphology and the dual‐phase ratio of the final product, in which the primary structure morphology could be stacked nanosheets, small nanoparticles, or large nanoparticles. The sample with a primary structure morphology of small nanoparticles had the highest specific surface area of 79.38 m2 g−1 and the best electrochemical performance because of its high Li+ migration rate, low polarization, and appropriate TiO2 content. Its capacity reached 153.5 mA h g−1 at a current rate of 40 C, and it retained nearly 100 % of its capacity after 100 cycles. A self‐assembly mechanism of the mixed surfactant was highlighted to explain the formation of hierarchical microspheres. The physical and electrochemical properties of obtained material were correlated effectively.
Improving aftercare with technology for anorexia nervosa after intensive inpatient treatment: A pilot randomized controlled trial with a therapist‐guided smartphone app
Authors: Neumayr Christina , Voderholzer Ulrich , Tregarthen Jenna , Schlegl Sandra
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an innovative therapist‐guided smartphone‐based aftercare intervention following inpatient treatment of patients with severe anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Forty female patients with AN (ICD‐10: F50.0/F50.1) (aged: 15–36 years) were randomized either to an 8‐week smartphone‐based aftercare intervention (German version of “Recovery Record”) with therapist feedback as an adjunct to treatment as usual (intervention group [IG]) or to treatment as usual alone (control group [CG]). Body mass index (BMI) and eating disorder (ED) symptoms were assessed at discharge (baseline), postintervention (after 8 weeks), and at 6‐month follow‐up. Additionally, patients' satisfaction, adherence to the smartphone‐based intervention, and postdischarge health care utilization were evaluated.

Results

Patients showed a high level of adherence and reported a very high acceptance of the app and the aftercare intervention. We found at postintervention nonsignificant small to moderate between‐group effect sizes favoring the IG regarding BMI (d = −0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.90, 0.41]) and ED symptoms (Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire global: d = 0.56; 95% CI [−0.10, 1.22]). At 6‐month follow‐up, effects wore off and no significant differences between the IG and CG were evident.

Discussion

This was the first study to evaluate a therapist‐guided smartphone‐based aftercare intervention for discharged inpatients with AN. Results suggest that such an intervention is highly accepted by patients and that it could support symptom stabilization or continued improvement as an add‐on therapy to treatment as usual. A larger scale randomized controlled trial is now planned to further evaluate the efficacy of this aftercare intervention for patients with AN.
Chinese media coverage of eating disorders: Disorder representations and patient profiles
Authors: Sun Shaojing , He Jinbo , Fan Xitao , Chen Yibei , Lu Xueke
Published: August 2019

Objective

Eating disorders (EDs) are becoming more prevalent in China; however, no studies have been conducted to explore how Chinese media represented EDs, and how media representation of ED impacted public understanding of EDs. The aim of this study was to analyze articles about EDs in Chinese newspapers, and to identify any potential inaccuracies about EDs as represented in the media.

Method

Content analysis was employed to analyze a total number of 292 news articles over the span of two decades (1998–2019). Intercoder reliability was satisfactory for all the coded categories. The analysis was conducted on two different dimensions: for individual news article and for individual patient profile.

Results

The bulk of news reporting on EDs was about anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A majority of individual patient profiles focused on young women. Anorexia nervosa was mentioned and discussed more frequently than bulimia nervosa. Chinese newspapers generally presented correct information concerning anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but conveyed shallow information about the etiology and treatment. There were also misconceptions of EDs as reported in Chinese media.

Discussion

EDs have not received sufficient attention in Chinese media, as shown by the media coverage on EDs over the last two decades. Considering the increasing prevalence of EDs in China with its large population base, effective communication strategies are needed to call public attention to this health issue, and to galvanize the medical community and the society to devote more resources to improve the prevention and treatment of EDs in China.
Geographic variation of reproductive traits and competition for pollinators in a bird‐pollinated plant
Authors: Theron Genevieve L. , de Waal Caroli , Barrett Spencer C. H. , Anderson Bruce
Published: August 2019

Geographic variation in the reproductive traits of animal‐pollinated plants can be shaped by spatially variable selection imposed by differences in the local pollination environment. We investigated this process inBabiana ringens(Iridaceae), an enigmatic species from the Western Cape region of South Africa.B. ringenshas evolved a specialized perch facilitating cross‐pollination by sunbirds and displays striking geographic variation in perch size and floral traits. Here, we investigate whether this variation can be explained by geographic differences in the pollinator communities. We measured floral and inflorescence traits, and abiotic variables (N, P, C, and rainfall) and made observations of sunbirds in populations spanning the range ofB. ringens. In each population, we recorded sunbird species identity and measured visitation rates, interfloral pollen transfer, and whether the seed set of flowers was pollen limited. To evaluate whether competition from co‐occurring sunbird‐pollinated species might reduce visitation, we quantified nectar rewards inB. ringensand of other co‐flowering bird‐pollinated species in local communities in which populations occurred. Variation in abiotic variables was not associated with geographical variation of traits inB. ringens. Malachite sunbirds were the dominant visitor (97% of visits) and populations with larger‐sized traits exhibited higher visitation rates, more between‐flower pollen transfer and set more seed. No sunbirds were observed in four populations, all with smaller‐sized traits. Sunbird visitation toB. ringenswas not associated with local sunbird activity in communities, but sunbird visitation was negatively associated with the amount ofB. ringenssugar relative to the availability of alternative nectar sources. Our study provides evidence thatB. ringenspopulations with larger floral traits are visited more frequently by sunbirds, and we propose that visitation rates toB. ringensmay be influenced, in part, by competition with other sunbird‐pollinated species.
Bird species diversity in Altai riparian landscapes: Wood cover plays a key role for avian abundance
Authors: Li Na , Sun Yuehua , Chu Hongjun , Qi Yingjie , Zhu Lan , Ping Xiaoge , Li Chunwang , Jiang Zhigang
Published: August 2019

Aims

We aim to understand bird richness and variation in species composition (beta diversity) along a 630 km riparian landscape in the Altai Mountains of China and to test whether vegetation cover is the main explanation of species diversity.

Methods

We selected nine regions along a gradient of natural vegetation change. Bird surveys and environmental measurements were conducted at 10 points in each of the nine regions. We collected environmental land cover variables such as wood cover (area proportion of trees and shrubs with saplings in habitats; here trees are woody plant with a single trunk and higher than 3 m, shrubs and saplings are distinguished from trees by their multiple trunks and shorter height) and tree cover, and two climate factors which were Annual Mean Temperature (AMT) and Annual Precipitation (AP). We used Liner Regression Models to explore the correlation between bird species richness and environmental variables. We used Sørensen's dissimilarity index to measure birds' beta diversity, and quantified the contribution of environmental variables to this pattern using a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA).

Results

Wood cover was the strongest predictor of overall, insectivore, and omnivore bird richness. Regions with wood cover contained more bird species. Beta diversity was overall high in the studied regions, and turnover components occupied a major part of beta diversity. Wood cover and AP were significant predictors of bird species composition explaining 33.24% of bird beta diversity together.

Conclusions

Wood vegetation including trees, shrubs, and saplings, rather than only trees, contains high bird richness. High beta diversity suggests that expansion of the existing nature reserves is needed in the riparian landscapes to capture the variation in bird species composition. Thus all wood cover in the overall riparian landscapes of Altai Mountains should be protected from farming and grazing to improve bird conservation outcomes.

OPEN RESEARCH BADGES

This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at Raw bird data in this study: osf.io/78qcw; Raw environment data: osf.io/qr5cw.
Functional divergence of the bitter receptor TAS2R38 in Sulawesi macaques
Authors: Widayati Kanthi Arum , Yan Xiaochan , Suzuki‐Hashido Nami , Itoigawa Akihiro , Purba Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari , Fahri Fahri , Terai Yohey , Suryobroto Bambang , Imai Hiroo
Published: August 2019

Bitter perception is mediated by G protein‐coupled receptors TAS2Rs and plays an important role in avoiding the ingestion of toxins by inducing innate avoidance behavior in mammals. One of the best‐studied TAS2Rs is TAS2R38, which mediates the perception of the bitterness of synthetic phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Previous studies of TAS2R38 have suggested that geographical separation enabled the independent divergence of bitter taste perception. The functional divergence of TAS2R38 in allopatric species has not been evaluated. We characterized the function of TAS2R38 in four allopatric species of Sulawesi macaques on Sulawesi Island. We found variation in PTC taste perception both within and across species. In most cases, TAS2R38 was sensitive to PTC, with functional divergence among species. We observed different truncated TAS2R38s that were not responsive to PTC in each species of Macaca nigra and M. nigrescens due to premature stop codons. Some variants of intact TAS2R38 with an amino acid substitution showed low sensitivity to PTC in M. tonkeana. Similarly, this intact TAS2R38 with PTC‐low sensitivity has also been found in humans. We detected a shared haplotype in all four Sulawesi macaques, which may be the ancestral haplotype of Sulawesi macaques. In addition to shared haplotypes among Sulawesi macaques, other TAS2R38 haplotypes were species‐specific. These results implied that the variation in TAS2R38 might be shaped by geographical patterns and local adaptation.

OPEN RESEARCH BADGES

This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.908jf3r.
Reproductive isolation due to prezygotic isolation and postzygotic cytoplasmic incompatibility in parasitoid wasps
Authors: König Kerstin , Zundel Petra , Krimmer Elena , König Christian , Pollmann Marie , Gottlieb Yuval , Steidle Johannes L. M.
Published: August 2019

The reproductive barriers that prevent gene flow between closely related species are a major topic in evolutionary research. Insect clades with parasitoid lifestyle are among the most species‐rich insects and new species are constantly described, indicating that speciation occurs frequently in this group. However, there are only very few studies on speciation in parasitoids. We studied reproductive barriers in two lineages of Lariophagus distinguendus (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera), a parasitoid wasp of pest beetle larvae that occur in human environments. One of the two lineages occurs in households preferably attacking larvae of the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum (“DB‐lineage”), the other in grain stores with larvae of the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius as main host (“GW‐lineage”). Between two populations of the DB‐lineage, we identified slight sexual isolation as intraspecific barrier. Between populations from both lineages, we found almost complete sexual isolation caused by female mate choice, and postzygotic isolation, which is partially caused by cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by so far undescribed endosymbionts which are not Wolbachia or Cardinium. Because separation between the two lineages is almost complete, they should be considered as separate species according to the biological species concept. This demonstrates that cryptic species within parasitoid Hymenoptera also occur in Central Europe in close contact to humans.
Interaction of Carboxyl Groups with Rare Metal Ions on the Surface of Detonation Nanodiamonds
Authors: Yudina Elena B. , Aleksenskii Alexander E. , Fomina Irina G. , Shvidchenko Alexander V. , Danilovich Dmitry P. , Eremenko Igor L. , Vul Alexander Ya.
Published: August 2019

This paper reports on the grafting of rare‐earth metal ions onto particles of 4–5 nm carboxylated detonation nanodiamond (DND‐COOH). Aqueous solutions of acetates and nitrates (Ln(OOCCH3)3·4H2O or Ln(NO3)3·6H2O, Ln = Eu, Gd) were used for the grafting. The ion exchange reaction between rare metal ions and protons of surface carboxyl groups was first detected by conductometry and electrokinetic potential measurements. The equivalence point corresponds to the bond between Ln3+ and the three carboxylate anions of DND‐COOH. Thus, we have demonstrated an easy synthetic approach for obtaining nanodiamond particles DND‐COOH with surface grafted with a controlled amount of any rare‐earth metal ions (DND‐COO‐ {Ln}, Ln = Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Tm). The resulting hybrid material DND‐COO‐{Eu} exhibits photoluminescence properties arising from f‐f transitions of Eu3+ ion.
Influence of salt and acetonitrile on the capillary zone electrophoresis analysis of imatinib in plasma samples
Authors: Ahmed Omar S. , Malý Michal , Ladner Yoann , Philibert Laurent , Dubský Pavel , Perrin Catherine
Published: August 2019

A simple, sensitive, specific, and cost‐effective analytical methodology was developed for the analysis of human plasma samples spiked with imatinib by CZE with on‐line UV detection in the context of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Several analytical conditions such as the ionic strength (I) and the pH of the BGE composed of citric acid and ε‐amino caproic acid were studied in regards of the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) in plasma samples (1% m/v). Computer simulations (Simul software) were used to confirm the experimental results and to understand imatinib electrophoretic behavior in the presence of NaCl. Furthermore, the advantages of adding ACN to the sample containing NaCl to combine efficient protein precipitation and on‐line CZE stacking of imatinib were demonstrated. LOD and LOQ values of 48 and 191 ng/mL were obtained from plasma sample supernatant after protein precipitation with ACN, which is much lower than mean imatinib plasma level observed for patients treated by imatinib mesylate (about 1000 ng/mL). Good linearity was obtained in the concentration range 191–5000 ng/mL (R2 > 0.997). RSD of less than 1.68% and 2.60% (n = 6) for migration times and corrected peak areas, respectively, were observed at the LOQ.