bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Right, left and the Banyoro
Authors: Beattie John
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The collection of republished essays entitled Right and Left: Essays in Dual Symbolic Classification, edited and with a substantial introduction by Rodney Needham (the University of Chicago Press, 1973), has been long awaited. All of the essays are of great interest, and all are concerned with the binary mode of symbolic classification, something which appears to be found, in greater or lesser degree, in all human cultures. The work will no doubt be widely reviewed in the appropriate journals. What follows is not an attempt at an over-all review. It is rather a response to, and a critical examination of, some of the arguments Needham advances in his introduction to the book. As such, I hope that it may contribute, however modestly, to our understanding of some of the problems involved in the application of the ‘binary’ mode of structural analysis to ethnographic data. The context is the symbolism of the Banyoro of western Uganda.
Some notions of ‘purity’ and ‘impurity’ among the Zulu
Authors: Ngubane Harriet
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Among the traditional patrilineal Zulu of South Africa, women are more often associated with mystical experiences than men. While on the one hand, as daughters or sisters, women may be associated with the positive mystical forces as diviners, on the other hand, as mothers or wives, women are often related to the negative polluting mystical forces. It is the logic behind these notions that I want to examine in this article.
Politics, Procedures, and Norms in Changing Chagga Law
Authors: Moore Sally Falk
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In his book on the Arusha, the agricultural Masai of Mount Meru, Professor Gulliver concludes with a general theoretical statement in which he suggests a way of classifying processes of dispute settlement. Gulliver says that there are ‘two polar types of process—judicial and political—between which there is a graduated scale where, ideally, particular systems could be placed according as to whether they were more judicial or more political in their nature’ (Gulliver, 1963, p. 297).
Kenisan: Economic and Social Ramifications of the Ghost Cult Among the So of North-Eastern Uganda
Authors: Laughlin Charles D. , Laughlin Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, an early East African explorer, was the first European to contact a small mountain group calling themselves the So (singular: Sorat) in 1902 on the upper slopes of Mount Kadam and Mount Moroto during his exploratory trip through what is now Karamoja District, Uganda (1904, pp. 305 ff.). From that time until we carried out field-work among them in 1969-70 very little has been written about the So. Today they inhabit three of the four tertiary volcanic mountains in Karamoja: Mounts Kadam, Moroto, and Napak. The approximate distances between these mountains in statute miles are: Moroto-Kadam, 40; Moroto-Napak, 38; and Napak-Kadam, 32. The So are surrounded on all sides by semi-nomadic pastoral groups including the Karamojong, Turkana, and Suk. In our census of the Lia and Naukoi valleys on the western slopes of Moroto Mountain—the area primarily covered by our study—we found approximately 1,700 So. The total population probably does not exceed 4,800 on all three mountains.
The Ashanti Rubber Trade with the Gold Coast in the Eighteen-Nineties
Authors: Arhin Kwame
Published: April 2006

Introduction

This study of the Ashanti rubber trade with the Gold Coast in the closing years of the last century explores further a theme with which I have for some time now been occupied. The theme is the nineteenth-century background to Ashanti economic development in the present century. In an earlier study of Ashanti trade with Hausa, Mande, and Mossi caravans I suggested that Ashanti experience with the kola trade provided a significant foundation for the successful introduction of cocoa cultivation early in this century, and that an adequate explanation of the latter requires a knowledge of the tools and the social framework of kola production and also of the organization of kola distribution from the areas of production to the kola markets in modern north-central Ghana in the previous century (Arhin, 1970). The rubber trade was complementary to Ashanti trade in the north, and a close look at it should throw more light on the economic outlook and organizational methods developed in the previous century which account for the eagerness with which the Ashanti took to cocoa cultivation and the success they made of its distribution before the era of the lorry. Secondly, there was an interesting link between the rubber trade and the domestic slave trade with Samory which presents the Alymany in the role of a stimulant to the Ashanti economy; one tends to think of him solely in terms of his military-politico activities. Thirdly, the Government of the Gold Coast, which took a keen interest in the rubber trade, sent officials to observe its production and sale in the interior so that written reports may be compared with oral information. After a brief note on changes in the basis of, and the personnel involved in, Ashanti trade with the European establishments on the Gold Coast in the nineteenth century, I shall examine the beginning, growth, and importance of the rubber trade; the categories of traders and the different modes of rubber collection; and lastly, the organization by which rubber reached the exporting agencies. The emphasis throughout will be on those features of the rubber trade which are significant for twentieth-century developments.
Song and spirit: The use of songs in the management of ritual contexts
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Apostolic Church of John Maranke (Vapostori or Bapostolo), an indigenous Christian church founded in Umtali, Rhodesia, now has congregations across Central Africa. For the Church's central ritual event, the Sabbath kerek, and other occasions of worship, singing constitutes the core of ritual practice and is used to invoke the presence of the Holy Spirit. These songs combine traditional Bantu rhythmic patterns with a unique Apostolic form. Often drawn from biblical themes, the songs are composed by members as spiritually inspired pieces.
Accumulation: wealth and belief in Asante history: II the twentieth century
Authors: McCaskie T. C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In Part I of this article (McCaskie, 1983a) I discussed the relationship between accumulation, wealth and belief in Asante to the close of the nineteenth century. In this concluding part I analyse these and cognate themes in the twentieth century. I remain wedded to the approach outlined in detail in Part I; an attempt to locate action and motive within a cognitive or ‘intellectualist’ framework. But this article is more episodic and less directly narrative than its predecessor. There are reasons for this change of stylistic gear.
Rank and class among the Asante and Fante in the nineteenth century
Authors: Arhin Kwame
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The starting point of this article is what I see as the contrasting contemporary Asante and Fante views about the admirable man. The Asante say of such a man that ‘ose ohene’, lit. ‘he is like a chief’; the Fante say of him that ‘oye krache dodo’, lit. ‘he is extremely well educated’. For the Asante the ‘ohene’ remains the model of social achievement, while for the Fante it is the apparently well educated who lives and behaves like a ‘gentleman’ who is the model of social excellence.

These statements about what may be called the ‘ideal’ man among the two Akan sub-groups express the actual social position of traditional rulers and educated persons among them (Sarbah, 1897,1906; Casely-Hayfordj 1903; Manoukian, 1950: 9). The Asante respect a traditional ruler, known as nana, of any rank, more than an educated person, whatever his degree of education. For the Fante it is the reverse. An Asante, however well educated or rich, aims at some kind of chiefship as the supreme index of social achievement. The Fante aims at the acquisition of repute as a highly educated man.
Rural protest, land policy and the planning process on the Bakolori Project, Nigeria
Authors: Adams W. M.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In the literature and accumulated folk wisdom of development in rural Africa there are numerous instances of government projects which are expensive, ineffective and unpopular. These include now classic failures of the past, such as the Tanganyika Groundnuts Scheme (Wood, 1950; Frankel, 1953), which are still cited as cautionary tales demonstrating the need for proper project appraisal. There are also numerous more recent examples, for the phenomenon of failure has persisted and governments and international agencies continue to implement schemes ‘little better planned than their more spectacularly misbegotten predecessors’ (Hill, 1978: 25). Among recent initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa the large-scale irrigation projects developed in northern Nigeria during the 1970s have attracted particularly extensive adverse criticism. This has focused on the social and economic impact of the introduction of irrigation and particularly on questions of land tenure (inter alia Wallace, 1979, 1980, 1981; Oculi, 1981; Adams, 1982, 1984; Palmer-Jones, 1984; Andrae and Beckman, 1985; Beckman, 1986). A number of accounts discuss technical aspects of the land survey carried out at Bakolori {Bird, 1981, 1984, 1985; Griffith, 1984), while others focus on economic problems (e.g. Etuk and Abalu, 1982). However, although economic and technical aspects of these developments have been criticised, it is the social impacts of project development and more particularly the political responses to those impacts which are of greatest interest (Wallace, 1980; Adams, 1984; Andrae and Beckman, 1985; Beckman, 1986). This paper examines the bature of the response of farmers affected by one of these schemes, the Bakolori Project in Sokoto State.
The myth of the Zulu homestead: archaeology and ethnography
Authors: Hall Martin
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

To those outside the anthropological disciplines, the Zulu are probably the best known chiefdom of southern Africa. Zulu military prowess acted as a sharp break on the process of colonial expansion in the nineteenth century and led to a series of battles which have been immortalized on celluloid and in the more popular historical accounts of the era. Despite this, the Zulu have prompted a comparatively sparse ethnography that is based largely on the work of nineteenth-century observers and is less comprehensive than the literature on some other southern African communities.
The god of smallpox: aspects of Yoruba religious knowledge
Authors: Buckley Anthony D.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The idea that the knowledge of an individual is an articulation of a culturally shared paradigmatic framework of concepts is now familiar in anthropology. It is one derived from the work of T. S. Kuhn (1962), who argued that, for natural scientists, the definitions and solutions of problems normally take place within an existing framework provided by the paradigmatic work of a great scientist. Since then several attempts have been made to indicate that, in fields other than the strictly scientific, the knowledge which people have of their physical and social environments is similarly an articulation of paradigmatic ideas (Ardener, 1971, 1978; Barnes, 1969; Buckley, 1976, 1982, 1983; Willis, 1967, 1972, 1978). This article will attempt to develop this methodology in the field of Yoruba religion. Its focus will be Sònpònnó, the Yoruba god of smallpox, a ferocious and vindictive god who not only causes smallpox, but who is also responsible for a form of madness.
Rare vascular plant species at risk: recovery by seeding?
Authors: Pegtel Dick M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Rare vascular plant species are endangered worldwide. Population losses are most commonly caused by human‐related factors. Conservation management seeks to halt this adverse trend and if possible, to enhance long‐lasting self‐sustainable populations. In general, rare species are poorly recruited from seed banks, or disperse themselves very poorly. It may be a management option to translocate such plants by seeds and/or transplants. This paper asks which problems may be faced. It is argued that translocation is only acceptable if it is based on knowledge of species biology and ecology and the size and structure of its geographic range through time. Such knowledge of rare species is often lacking. The finite management goal can only be achieved if conservationists closely cooperate with both ecologists and geneticists.
The Iubs‐Scope‐Unesco Program of Research in Biodiversity
Authors: Solbrig Otto T.
Published: April 2006

A planning workshop was called by IUBS (the International Union of Biological Sciences) at the Harvard Forest to develop an international research program in biodiversity, including the inventorying and monitoring of the world's biological diversity. Workshop participants were asked to develop research hypotheses that answer aspects of the question "What is the importance of biodiversity for the proper functioning of biological systems, from populations to ecosystems?" The hypotheses developed dealt with the changes that might be expected in biodiversity as a result of anthropogenic activity and also the complementary issue of how changes in biodiversity will affect the functioning of biological systems. Habitat fragmentation, loss and addition of species, changes in the functional and structural attributes of ecosystems, and the ability of depauperate ecosystems to respond to climatic and other changes, were addressed. Two issues emerged from the workshop as needing serious investigation. The first is the degree to which each species of plants and animals is unique. Many species are similar in appearance; many more perform similar ecological functions (primary producers, herbivores, decomposers, etc.). However, no two species are alike in their genetic structure or in all functional features. A very fundamental question for managers and decision—makers is the degree to which a species can substitute for another in an ecosystem, that is, how much is ecosystem function impaired when a species is lost or gained? Since human activities are resulting in both losses and introductions, a careful and precise answer to this question is essential. The second issue concerns habitat fragmentation. Human activity is creating an unprecedented fragmentation of natural habitats and ecosystems all over the world. Habitat fragmentation disrupts gene flow and propagule dispersal, but can result in increased speciation and differentiation of populations. Much more information is needed before it will be possible to predict the effects of habitat fragmentation. Without this information precise management of natural and artificial ecosystems is not possible. It is one of the issues tagged by the workshop as of crucial importance for future research. The workshop pointed out once more the serious problem that the decline in taxonomic activity is creating. There is a serious shortage of trained systematists all over the world, but particularly in tropical countries where most of the world's diversity is located. A strong recommendation from the workshop is that support for training and research in systematics be increased, that systematic collections be upgraded and supported, and that more employment opportunities for systematists be created.
Population Dynamics in Complex Landscapes: A Case Study
Authors: Pulliam H. Ronald , Dunning John B. , Liu Jianguo
Published: April 2006

The abundance and distribution of natural populations can be strongly influenced by the types and arrangement of habitat patches within a landscape. The impact of landscape changes on population dynamics is difficult to study using conventional population models and field techniques. Spatially explicit simulation models provide a powerful method for modelling landscape and population changes at large spatial scales and may prove useful as a management tool for mobile animal populations. As an example of this approach, we present a model designed to elucidate the effects of landscape—level variation in habitat dispersion on the size and extinction probability of avian populations in a region managed for timber production. In the model, habitat suitability and availability within the landscape change annually as a function of timber harvest and management strategies. The model incorporates life history characteristics of Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), a species of management concern in the southeastern United States, and the landscape characteristics of the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, an area managed for timber production where the sparrow is relatively common. Life history characteristics used in the model include dispersal, survivorship, and reproductive success information reported for Bachman's Sparrow at this site or elsewhere in its range. Results of the simulations suggest that variation in demographic variables affects population size more than variation in dispersal ability. Changes in adult and juvenile survivorship have especially large impacts on the probability of population extinction. The presence of habitat types that serve as permanent sources of dispersers increases the total population size in the landscape, and lowers the probability of extinction. Results of models such as BACHMAP can suggest modifications to current management plans that would increase the probability of population persistence for species of special concern in managed landscapes.
Using Search Time and Regression to Estimate Abundance of Territorial Spotted Owls
Authors: Ward James P. , Franklin Alan B. , Gutierrez R. J.
Published: April 2006

Using conventional sampling methods, unbiased, precise estimates of the number of individuals in a population can be difficult to obtain for rare, secretive species. We used a Leslie regression model (ARM) to estimate the number (N0) and the variance of the number (V[N0]) of adult and subadult Northern Spotted Owls in a territorial population from direct counts within a 292 km2 study area. Estimates of N0 from day counts were more accurate and precise and more robust to fluctuations in survey effort than estimates from night counts. ARM estimates from day counts were not significantly different from two different maximum—likelihood estimates and required 30—64% less effort. These findings suggest a less costly method for statistically comparing Spotted Owl abundance between spatial or temporal units.
Endangered at What Level?
Authors: Orians Gordon H.
Published: April 2006

The functioning of the Endangered Species Act has been less effective than expected because remedial action is not triggered until populations are in serious trouble and because of the inadequacies of a species—by—species approach. These problems have stimulated interest in expanding the Act to protect endangered habitats, communities, and ecosystems. Such a development requires the existence of a generally agreed—upon classification system for these larger ecological units. No such classification system exists, and developing one will be difficult and politically contentious.
Effects of High‐Seas Driftnet Fisheries on the Northern Right Whale Dolphin Lissodelphis Borealis
Authors: Mangel Marc
Published: April 2006

The United Nations (U.N.) resolutions concerning high—seas driftnets called for moratoria by July 1992, unless appropriate conservation measures could be enacted. The analyses presented here show that the population of northern right whale dolphin has been affected by driftnets and that no apparent conservation measures are available. A number of points emerge: (1) Simple "worst—case" estimates of depletion highlight the importance of accurate estimates of population abundance. Current abundance is 24—73% of the abundance in 1978, depending upon which estimate of current population is assumed. The enormous variability associated with the estimates of current population size will create difficulties for "statistically sound analysis" of management plans, as called for by the U.N. resolutions. In addition, depletion caused by high—seas driftnet fisheries could even be greater than the worst—case estimate reported at a scientific review in June 1991 (Anonymous 1991). (2) The catches of driftnets are highly aggregated. Reporting a kill rate of a fraction of an animal per unit of effort assumes that driftnets "cull" the population of animals and masks the more important effect of large, simultaneous kills of large fractions of pods, families, or other reproductive units. In addition, aggregated catches may lead to underestimates of the necessary level of observer effort. However, the operational characteristics of high—seas driftnet fisheries make impossible any management or conservation plan in which highly aggregated catches do not occur. (3) Any "statistically sound analysis" must include discussion of statistical power. To date, this has not been done. The importance of statistical power is that it places the burden of proof upon the fishing nations that wish to claim either no effect or a successful management plan. In summary, this study of northern right whale dolphin illustrates the following broad points concerning resource protection and conservation: abundance estimates (or trends in abundance) are key to advising on the problem, the statistical characterization of the data must take into account the observed patterns, and statistical power needs to be evaluated to clarify results.
Lotic Ecosystem Response to a Chlorine Disturbance
Authors: Steinman Alan D. , Mulholland Patrick J. , Palumbo Anthony V. , DeAngelis Donald L. , Flum Terry E.
Published: April 2006

The influence of repeated chlorine additions on the resistance and resilience of laboratory stream ecosystems was investigated. Prior to the disturbance, four treatments were imposed on eight laboratory streams in a 2 x 2 factorial design, resulting in two replicate streams per treatment. Treatments included two circulation regimes (once—through or 98% recirculated) and two levels of grazer density (1000 individuals/m2 or 0 individuals/m2, using the snail Elimia clavaeformis). Resistance of periphyton biomass to an initial set of chlorine additions was greater in once—through than recirculated streams. Periphyton resistance following a second set of chlorine additions was greater in streams without snails compared to those with snails. This appeared to be a biomass—mediated response; the greater biomass levels in no—snail streams provided a larger buffer to the oxidizing action of chlorine. Resilience of most structural parameters and area—specific carbon—fixation rates was not influenced to a significant degree either by flow regime or snail density. Resilience of chlorophyll—specific carbon fixation and exoproteolytic activity (an index of microbial activity) was greater in recirculated streams compared to once—through streams, but only when snails were present. Over the entire experimental period (15 wk), most structural parameters and area—specific carbon fixation rates were significantly greater in (1) streams without snails compared to those with them and (2) streams with once—through circulation compared to those that were recirculated, but only for those streams with snails. Our chlorine additions appeared to have relatively little influence on snails, and snail growth over the experiment was significantly greater in once—through compared to recirculated streams. These data are consistent with other findings that total residual chlorine concentrations of <1.0 mg/L can significantly affect periphyton structure and function. However, nutrient cycling rates appeared to be little affected by the chlorine perturbation, which allowed recirculated systems to recover faster than predicted. The findings from this study suggest the periphyton mat physiognomy and integrity strongly influence system resistance (due to buffering capacity) and resilience (because of nutrient cycling).
Modeling Extinction in Periodic Environments: Everglades Water Levels and Snail Kite Population Viability
Authors: Beissinger Steven R.
Published: April 2006

The effects of periodic environmental fluctuations on population viability are examined based on the use of environmental states. The approach is applied to the Florida population of the Snail Kite, an endangered wetland hawk that feeds almost solely on one species of snail. A preliminary assessment based on stochastic population fluctuations indicated that populations became viable when initial size surpassed 300 individuals. However, changes in population size between consecutive years, nesting success, and the length of the breeding season were all highly and positively related to water level and rainfall characteristics, which are highly periodic. Low water conditions cause Snail Kites to disperse and result in low recruitment, increased adult mortality, and population declines. The effects of cyclic drought were explored using stage‐based life tables for three different water conditions or environmental states (drought, lag years following drought, and high years). Population sizes predicted by the model were closely associated with actual kite population counts. Deterministic projections indicated that kite populations would increase when intervals between droughts exceeded 3.3 yr, but stochastic simulations found that populations did not become viable unless intervals exceeded 4.3 yr. The model was sensitive to estimates of survivorship. The use of the environmental state approach is compared to standard techniques for population viability analyses (PVA), and the implications of the model for Everglades water management are discussed.
Chloride Concentrations in Growth Rings of Taxodium Distichum in a Saltwater‐Intruded Estuary
Authors: Yanosky Thomas M. , Hupp Cliff R. , Hackney Courtney T.
Published: April 2006

Element analysis by proton induced X‐ray emission spectroscopy was performed on growth rings of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) growing within the Cape Fear River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Trees from estuarine reaches heavily intruded by saltwater flooding contained larger concentrations of chloride, bromide, and sodium than did trees from less intruded reaches. At three intruded sites, trees nearest open water contained larger concentrations of these elements within outermost sapwood rings than did trees farther from open water and presumably flooded less often. Chloride was translocated from outer to inner sapwood rings of saltwater‐intruded trees, resulting in larger concentrations within heartwood than within the inner sapwood. Chloride concentrations along the heartwood radius were used to estimate the position of the heartwood‐sapwood interface during the beginning stages of intrusion, thus permitting historical estimates of the local onset of intrusion. Element analysis of the wood of baldcypress may aid assessments of tree growth and mortality in regions already subjected to saline flooding, and in coastal forests at risk from predicted sea level rises.
Nitrogen Retention Capacity of a Northern Hardwood Forest Soil Under Ammonium Sulfate Additions
Authors: Christ Martin , Zhang Yimin , Likens Gene E. , Driscoll Charles T.
Published: April 2006

To determine the N‐retaining capacity of a beech‐dominated stand in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, we added (NH4)2SO4 at three levels (40, 160 and 520 kg N°ha‐1°yr‐1) to replicate plots in monthly increments for two years, and measured NH4+ and NO3‐ concentrations in monthly samples from zero‐tension lysimeters. The two lower treatment levels failed to increase N loss through the deepest soils horizon when compared to controls. Plots under the highest treatment level retained >95% of the added N; NH4+ accounted for 77% of the leaching loss. The treatments caused an accumulation of exchangeable NH4+ in the soil, but concentrations of exchangeable NO3‐ remained small, even after samples were incubated at room temperature. Leaching, uptake by plants, and the increase exchangeable NH4+ accounted for 3‐25% of the added N. Accumulation of available N without nitrification contradicts common expectations concerning N saturation. It was not clear why excess N was not nitrified.
Limited Response of Cordgrass (Spartina Foliosa) To Soil Amendments in a Constructed Marsh
Authors: Gibson Kevin D. , Zedler Joy B. , Langis Rene
Published: April 2006

Constructed marshes in San Diego Bay (California, USA) have short canopies of the cordgrass Spartina foliosa and soils that are low in organic matter and nitrogen, compared to natural salt marshes of this area. Thus, we hypothesized that organic and nitrogen amendments would accelerate plant growth and enrich soil nitrogen pools. A field experiment in a newly excavated mitigation site examined the effects of adding ammonium sulfate (N), nitrogen—rich alfalfa (with or without added N), and nitrogen—poor straw (with or without added N) prior to planting. Aboveground biomass and stem densities of cordgrass were proportional to the amount of N added, whether in the organic or inorganic form.Alfalfa decomposed more rapidly than straw, but in both cases, N was lost quickly (50—66% in 2 wk). Sediment nitrogen and carbon pools were not increased significantly by the amendments. High decomposition rates and sandy soils apparently prevented accumulation of N in the nutrient and/or organic matter pools. Less than 5% of the nitrogen potentially available for uptake was actually recovered in aerial tissue. With N—poor soil and high nutrient—loss rates, the experimental plots developed less than half the aboveground biomass found in reference natural cordgrass marshes. Amending soils prior to transplantation did not achieve the goal of functional equivalency with natural marshes, and after 2 yr there was no indication that nutrient pools or plant growth rates would achieve natural levels.
A Model for Predicting Continental‐Scale Vegetation Distribution and Water Balance
Authors: Neilson Ronald P.
Published: April 2006

A Mapped Atmosphere‐Plant‐Soil System (MAPSS) has been constructed for simulating the potential biosphere impacts and biosphere‐atmosphere feedbacks from climatic change. The system calculates the potential vegetation type and leaf area that could be supported at a site, within the constraints of the abiotic climate. Both woody vegetation and grass are supported and compete for light and water. The woody vegetation can be either trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, and needleleaved or broadleaved. A complete site water balance is calculated and integrates the vegetation leaf area and stomatal conductance in canopy transpiration and soil hydrology. The MAPSS model accurately simulates the distributions of forests, grasslands, and deserts and reproduces observed monthly runoff. The model can be used for predictions of new vegetation distribution patterns, soil moisture, and runoff patterns in alternative climates.
Parameter Estimation, Reliability, and Model Improvement for Spatially Explicit Models of Animal Populations
Authors: Conroy Michael J. , Cohen Yosef , James Frances C. , Matsinos Yiannis G. , Maurer Brian A.
Published: April 2006

We address model specification, parameter estimation, and model reliability for spatially explicit population models (SEPMs). We assume that these models have the complementary goals of understanding the processes that influence the number and distribution of animals in space and time, and forecasting the effect of management or other human activities on population abundance and distribution. Incorrect model structure, parameter estimates, or both will result in unreliable model output. Spatially explicit models require knowledge of population spatial structure, dispersal, and movement rates, in addition to the usual demographic parameters and structural assumptions such as density‐dependence, and are thus potentially very vulnerable to propagation of model uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis and validation can both be used to evaluate the reliability of SEPMs, but the level of spatiotemporal resolution at which the model should be evaluated is often not clear. Many SEPMs are very complex, and validation may only be possible or meaningful on a sub‐model basis. Forecasting, that is, prediction under a different set of conditions than that under which the model was built, will provide a stronger test of model reliability. Forecasts from SEPMs can be used to generate hypotheses that can then be tested as parts of large‐scale adaptive management experiments. In this way resource management goals can be achieved, while providing enhanced understanding of systems and improved predictability of future scenarios.
Bimodality in Size Distributions: The Red Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Franciscanus as an Example
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , Smith Barry D. , Quinn James F.
Published: April 2006

We use a model based on the size—structured von Foerster equation to describe how size—dependent growth and mortality rates, pulsed recruitment, and variability in growth affect the shape of a size distribution. The deterministic, equilibrium size distribution with constant recruitment increases with size when the difference between mortality rate and the rate at which growth rate decreases with size is positive (growth dominated), and decreases when it is negative (mortality dominated). Pulsed recruitment causes modes whose relative amplitudes are indicated by the corresponding constant recruitment case. For typical animal growth patterns, the distance between pulses decreases with age. Pulses merge and can be selectively obscured by variability in growth so that their relative amplitudes no longer correspond to the constant recruitment case. We use this information to evaluate why bimodality occurs in size distributions of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, in some habitats, but not others. The mode at larger sizes, which occurs in all habitats, arises because the distribution is mortality dominated and the final sizes of individuals vary. The upper half of a second mode at smaller sizes is caused by higher mortality rates at sizes greater than the peak of that mode. The lower half may be due either to a refuge from predation under the spine canopy of adults or to sampling selectivity.
Biodiversity and the Transformation of a Tropical Agroecosystem: Ants in Coffee Plantations
Authors: Perfecto Ivette , Snelling Roy
Published: April 2006

Studies of biological diversity have focused mainly on undisturbed ecosystems, effectively neglecting potential losses due to changes in areas already altered by human intervention. In this study we test the hypothesis that measures of biological diversity change significantly with changes in agricultural practices. In particular, we examine differences in measures of ant species diversity correlated with changes in vegetational complexity associated with the modernization of Costa Rica's coffee agroecosystem. We examine patterns of within‐habitat α and between‐habitat β diversity in the ant community. Ants were sampled in 16 coffee farms falling on a gradient of vegetational and structural complexity. Percentage of shade created by the canopy was used as an index of vegetational complexity. As a partial indicator of the food resource base, arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps. The diversity (S, H', and E) of ground‐foraging ants decreased significantly with the reduction of vegetational diversity. However, no significant changes were recorded for the diversity of the ants on the surface of coffee bushes. Similarity indices (I) showed a high degree of similarity among ant communities in coffee monocultures but a low degree of similarity among farms with high vegetational diversity. We discuss several possible mechanisms leading to reduced ant diversity.
Spatial Variation in Red Sea Urchin Reproduction and Morphology: Implications for Harvest Refugia
Authors: Rogers-Bennett Laura , Bennett William A. , Fastenau Henry C. , Dewees Christopher M.
Published: April 2006

Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus), residing in shallow habitats in Bodega Bay, California are morphologically distinct and possibly enhance recruitment by spawning larvae and sheltering juveniles. This suggests shallow beds of urchins would be ideal candidates for harvest refugia promoting the production of larvae to replenish deeper harvested habitats. Red urchins from shallow beds (5 m) had significantly heavier gonads (63 ± 30 g, N = 45, mean ± 1 SD) compared with urchins from intermediate (14 m) and deep (23 m) habitats (12 ± 8 g, N = 39, mean ± 1 SD). Gonad indices from spring, summer, and fall of 1991 and 1992 show this pattern persisted. Shallow water urchins co‐occurred at high densities (4.6 individuals/m2), with seasonally abundant drift algae and wave surge. Recruitment of juvenile urchins was examined in nine 1‐m2 quadrats randomly placed in three shallow sites with red urchins and three intermediate depth sites with red urchins in the Bodega Marine Reserve. Juvenile urchin (Strongylocentrotus spp.) recruitment (5‐50 mm) was highest in association with adults in shallow habitats over a 4‐yr period (October 1988‐October 1992). Adult red urchins in shallow habitats resided in rock bowls where they were 12 times more likely to shelter juveniles than more mobile adults in deep water. Principal component analysis identified five morphological characteristics of shallow water urchins: short spines, large gonads, thick tests, small lanterns, and small peristomial openings. External morphological characteristics (e.g., spine length) could be used to ensure the protection of reproductive urchins in shallow harvest refugia offering an alternative urchin management strategy for northern California.
Microhabitats of Merriam's Turkeys in the Black Hills, South Dakota
Authors: Rumble Mark A. , Anderson Stanley H.
Published: April 2006

Merriam's Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) are associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the western United States, but are not native to the ponderosa pine forest of the Black Hills, South Dakota. The Black Hills population was established by transplanting birds from New Mexico and Colorado between 1948 and 1951. Despite being outside its original range, this population provides a unique opportunity to assess mechanisms of habitat selection because the age of the population is known and literature indicates that it is more productive than other populations. We studied microhabitats of Merriam's Turkeys in the Black Hills, South Dakota between 1986 and 1991. We found few differences in microhabitats among diurnal time periods or between sexes. Cluster analysis of variables at turkey microhabitats indicated two groups, broadly interpreted as summer and winter microhabitats. Winter microhabitats of turkeys had less understory vegetation and more overstory cover than random sites, which in turn had less understory and more overstory cover than summer microhabitats. Both random sites and winter microhabitats had higher basal area of ponderosa pine than summer microhabitats. Summer microhabitats had trees with the largest dbh. Random sites had more small and large woody debris than sites used by turkeys. Tree density at random sites was more than two times greater than at winter microhabitats and more than three times greater than at summer microhabitats. Turkeys preferred southern exposures during winter. Production of pine seed, a major food item of turkeys, differed among years. There was a strong relationship between abundance of pine seeds and microhabitats selected by turkeys. Basal area of microhabitats between October and March was positively correlated with annual ponderosa pine seed production. Abundance of ponderosa pine seeds at turkey microhabitats during this period was at least four times the estimated average annual production. Management prescriptions for ponderosa pine of basal area ≤ 18 m2/ha will reduce winter habitat for turkeys. Summer habitats are more compatible with timber management goals for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills.
Response of Red Squirrels and Feeding Damage to Variable Stand Density in Young Lodgepole Pine Forest
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Klenner Walt , Diggle Paul K.
Published: April 2006

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large‐scale habitat alteration by stand thinning would reduce red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) populations and feeding damage in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest. An additional objective included integration of stand protection with an optimum thinning regime for growth rates of crop trees. Study areas were located near Penticton, Kamloops, and Prince George in south‐central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three stands thinned to densities of ≈ 500 (low), 1000 (medium), and 2000 (high) stems/ha, with an unthinned, juvenile pine stand and old‐growth pine stand for comparison. Squirrel populations were sampled intensively in the thinned stands from 1989 to 1991; feeding damage was assessed annually from 1989 to 1993. Five‐year diameter and height increments of crop trees were measured in the thinned stands at Penticton and Prince George, and 4‐yr increments in these stands at Kamloops. Red squirrel populations were significantly reduced in the low‐density stand compared with either the medium‐ or high‐density stands at Penticton and Prince George. Squirrels were less abundant in both the low‐ and medium‐density stands at Kamloops. Squirrel populations in the unthinned and old‐growth stands were similar or lower in abundance than those in the thinned stands. There were significantly higher numbers of red squirrel first captures in the medium‐ and high‐density stands than in the low‐density stand. There were no consistent significant differences between stands in proportion of squirrels breeding, recruitment, mean survival over summer and winter periods, or mean body mass. More trees per hectare were damaged in the high than in either low‐ or medium‐density stands at all study areas. Mean diameter increments of trees in the low‐density stands were significantly higher than those in the medium‐ and high‐density stands at all study areas. Trees grew significantly faster in height in the high‐ than in the low‐density stands at Penticton and Prince George; the converse was true at Kamloops. Manipulation of stand density on an operational basis in young lodgepole pine has clearly indicated that both stand protection from squirrel feeding damage and productivity of crop trees are enhanced by reducing the number of stems per hectare. This result has been achieved in replicated study areas covering three different forest ecological zones.
Undecidable wreath products and skew power series fields
Authors: Delon Françoise , Simonetta Patrick
Published: April 2006

We prove the undecidability of a very large class of restricted and unrestricted wreath products (Theorem 1.2), and of some skew fields of power series (Section2). Both undecidabilities are obtained by interpreting some enrichments of twisted wreath products, which are themselves proved to be undecidable (Proposition 1.1).

We consider division rings of power series in various languages:

We show (Theorem 2.8) that every power series division ring k((B)), whose field of constants k is commutative and whose ordered group of exponents is noncommutative with a convex center, is undecidable in every extension of the language of rings where the valuation and the ordered group B are definable.

For certain k and B we prove here the undecidability of the structure

where X↾k((B))xB is the restriction of the multiplication to k((B)) Χ B,and γ is a given conjugation of k((B)). This shows that we cannot hope to improve our previous result, a sort of Ax-Kochen-Ershov principle for power series division rings, which ensures that

is decidable for every decidable solvable B.
Stone Vessels from a Northeast Louisiana Site
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: April 2006

Holmes states that steatite was widely used by the Indian tribes north of Mexico for the manufacture of implements, ornaments and utensils. The manufacture of stone vessels predominated on the Pacific coast, especially in the Santa Barbara region where sites have stone vessel fragments in all strata, and along the Atlantic coast, where this trait was especially associated with the Old Algonkian culture of the North Atlantic. The use of stone vessels in the areas in which pottery was used, both in the Mississippi Valley and the Southeast, although much less common, is indicated by occasional references to vessels or fragments on various sites and by the presence of quarries such as those described by Jones3 in the Tallapoosa River region of Alabama. The comparative infrequency of these artifacts on sites in the lower Mississippi Valley inspired the preparation of this report of a large cache of fragments of stone vessels found on a site in West Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana.
The Wikiup Damsite No. I Knives
Authors: Cressman L. S.
Published: April 2006

Mr. John F. Isackson, while working for the United States Bureau of Reclamation, September 13, 1934, discovered two Indian knives or side scrapers. The Bureau of Reclamation was engaged in making a survey of the quality of the soil at this point to hold water for a storage reservoir to impound the waters of the Deschutes River. The project was known as the Wikiup Damsite No. I, Deschutes Project. The site is located in Sec. 8, R. 9E. T. 22S., Willamette Meridian. It is shown on the Maiden Peak quadrangle of the U. S. Geological Survey of Oregon. Plate I, Figure 1 shows the location of the test pits, drill holes, and trenches. The logs of these are shown in Appendix B. Pit 4 is just to the east of the concrete monument on Control Line Damsite No. I at 14, 47.8.
Plain Stamped, Shell Tempered Pottery From North Carolina
Authors: Harrington J. C.
Published: April 2006

Like good wholesome gossip, one of the things that adds spice to the archaeologist's life is to find something that just isn't supposed to be. This is apparently what happened to me, although I did not realize the import of it until Joe Caldwell of the National Museum looked at the pottery excavated at the historic site of Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. In the preliminary exploratory trenches excavated there last spring, a considerable amount of Indian pottery was found. With the exception of a few plain sherds, all of it is simple-stamped decoration, and most of it is shell tempered (Fig. 52). The shell is largely leached out, but there is little doubt that this is the tempering medium. Sherds were found near the bottom of the ditch types is not apparent from the excavating thus far, although Caldwell is of the opinion that on the basis of the decorating they may very well be contemporaneous wares.
Symmetry in Primitive Conventional Design
Authors: Brainerd George W.
Published: April 2006

Although the conventional design appearing on aboriginal American ceramics has been used successfully as a diagnostic feature in archaeological pottery classification, there has been little analytical and comparative work done on this mass of material. Much of the design, despite the simplicity and wide distribution of its elements, is complicated and richly variable. This apparent complexity has been a stumbling clock in the way of its study.

The purpose of this paper is to present a generally applicable, objective terminology for a classification of conventional design. The terminology is based on symmetry of arrangement, which we have found more useful than any other scheme in elucidating complex designs.