bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principal Components Analysis of the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory and Associations with Measures of Personality, Cognitive Style and Analogue Symptoms in a Student Sample
Authors: Dodd Alyson L. , Mansell Warren , Sadhnani Vaneeta , Morrison Anthony P. , Tai Sara
Published: October 2009

Background: An integrative cognitive model proposed that ascribing extreme personal appraisals to changes in internal state is key to the development of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory (HAPPI) was developed to measure these appraisals. Aims: The aim of the current study was to validate an expanded 61-item version of the HAPPI. Method: In a largely female student sample (N = 134), principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the HAPPI. Associations between the HAPPI and analogue bipolar symptoms after 3 months were examined. Results: PCA of the HAPPI revealed six categories of belief: Self Activation, Self-and-Other Critical, Catastrophic, Extreme Appraisals of Social Approval, Appraisals of Extreme Agitation, and Loss of Control. The HAPPI predicted all analogue measures of hypomanic symptoms after 3 months when controlling for baseline symptoms. In a more stringent test incorporating other psychological measures, the HAPPI was independently associated only with activation (e.g. thoughts racing) at 3 months. Dependent dysfunctional attitudes predicted greater conflict (e.g. irritability), depression and reduced well-being, hypomanic personality predicted self-reported diagnostic bipolar symptoms, and behavioural dysregulation predicted depression. Conclusions: Extreme beliefs about internal states show a modest independent association with prospective analogue bipolar symptoms, alongside other psychological factors. Further work will be required to improve the factor structure of the HAPPI and study its validity in clinical samples.
From Colonialism to Communion
Authors: Doe Michael
Published: October 2009

This article reflects not only on the 2008 Lambeth Conference itself, but also on some of the deeper issues that were both revealed and concealed there and at the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) meeting that preceded it. I do this as the General Secretary of one of the Communion’s oldest mission agencies, finding common ground between the challenges we face and those that confront the Communion, in three respects. First, the need to move beyond the colonial inheritance to recognize both the independence of partners and the need for new patterns of inter-dependence. Secondly, the challenge to traditional understandings of belonging from a more self-select culture, most obvious in the consumerism of the North but also increasingly in global relationships. Thirdly, the danger of new colonialisms, in the kind of partnerships favoured by non-governmental organizations, from both conservatives and liberals in North America, but also emerging from some newly found powers in the South.
Extratropical forcing of Sahel aridity during Heinrich stadials
Authors: Niedermeyer E. M. , Prange Matthias , Mulitza Stefan , Mollenhauer Gesine , Schefuß Enno , Schulz Michael
Published: October 2009

In order to investigate a possible link between tropical Northeast (NE) Atlantic sea‐surface temperature (SST), Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and drought in the Sahel during the past 44 thousand years (kyr) we used alkenone paleothermometry and δ13C of C. wuellerstorfi of a marine sediment core from the continental slope off Senegal. Our data show periods of low SST and reduced AMOC that coincided with drought in the Sahel during North Atlantic Heinrich stadials (HS). The coldest period was HS1 (ca. 15–18 kyr before present, BP) when SST decreased by more than 2°C. Moreover, the SST off Senegal lagged variations in Sahel aridity, which is in agreement with results from a freshwater hosing experiment. We conclude that variations in tropical NE Atlantic SST were not the initial trigger of millennial‐scale Sahel droughts of the past 44 kyr. Instead, it is thought that these droughts were induced by substantial coolings of the extratropical North Atlantic.
Anthropogenic forcing dominates sea level rise since 1850
Authors: Jevrejeva S. , Grinsted A. , Moore J. C.
Published: October 2009

The rate of sea level rise and its causes are topics of active debate. Here we use a delayed response statistical model to attribute the past 1000 years of sea level variability to various natural (volcanic and solar radiative) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gases and aerosols) forcings. We show that until 1800 the main drivers of sea level change are volcanic and solar radiative forcings. For the past 200 years sea level rise is mostly associated with anthropogenic factors. Only 4 ± 1.5 cm (25% of total sea level rise) during the 20th century is attributed to natural forcings, the remaining 14 ± 1.5 cm are due to a rapid increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
Did the Zipingpu Reservoir trigger the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake?
Authors: Ge Shemin , Liu Mian , Lu Ning , Godt Jonathan W. , Luo Gang
Published: October 2009

The devastating May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) resulted from thrust of the Tibet Plateau on the Longmen Shan fault zone, a consequence of the Indo‐Asian continental collision. Many have speculated on the role played by the Zipingpu Reservoir, impounded in 2005 near the epicenter, in triggering the earthquake. This study evaluates the stress changes in response to the impoundment of the Zipingpu Reservoir and assesses their impact on the Wenchuan earthquake. We show that the impoundment could have changed the Coulomb stress by −0.01 to 0.05 MPa at locations and depth consistent with reported hypocenter positions. This level of stress change has been shown to be significant in triggering earthquakes on critically stressed faults. Because the loading rate on the Longmen Shan fault is <0.005 MPa/yr, we thus suggest that the Zipingpu Reservoir potentially hastened the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake by tens to hundreds of years.
Ion temperature drop and quasi‐electrostatic electric field at the current sheet boundary minutes prior to the local current disruption
Authors: Liang Jun , Liu W. W. , Donovan E. F.
Published: October 2009

From a survey of the cross‐tail current disruption (CD) events in the near‐Earth plasma sheet collected from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission, we identify a highly repeatable class of event occurring at the current sheet boundary in a few minutes before the local CD onset. Salient features of this class of event include (1) a precipitous drop of the ion temperature, (2) concurrent growth of a neutral sheet‐pointing electric field, and (3) ULF wave activations at Pi1/Pi2 bands. We interpret the ion temperature drop as a manifestation of the extremely thinning of the local current sheet prior to its disruption. This thinning process is inferred as nonadiabatic by nature. Particularly, when the current sheet thickness is down to ion kinetic scales, the ions are demagnetized, and a quasi‐electrostatic neutral sheet‐pointing electric field emerges owing to the charge separation. The ULF fluctuations of electric/magnetic field have a two‐band structure. The lower‐frequency band with a period of 50 to 80 s is interpreted as an Alfvenic mode coupled from other preonset wave modes excited at the equatorial plasma sheet such as the ballooning. The higher‐frequency wave at 10‐ to 20‐s periods is attributed to some instability mode, directly leading to the disruption of the thin current sheet (TCS). We suggest that an extremely thinned non‐Harris TCS and the emergence of quasi‐electrostatic field constitute the conducive conditions for a local CD to occur. A companion paper by Liu et al. (2009) covers some theoretical aspects of this study.
Surface effect on domain wall width in ferroelectrics
Authors: Eliseev Eugene A. , Morozovska Anna N. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Li Yulan , Shen Jie , Glinchuk Maya D. , Chen Long-Qing , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: October 2009

We study the effect of the depolarization field on a domain wall structure near the surface of a ferroelectric. Since in real situation bound and screening charges form an electric double layer, the breaking of this layer by the domain wall induces stray depolarization field, which in turn changes the domain wall structure. Power law decay of the stray field results in the power law of polarization saturation near the surface, as compared to exponential saturation in the bulk. Obtained results predict that the surface broadening of ferroelectric domain walls appeared near Curie temperature as well as describe domain wall depth profile in weak ferroelectrics. We qualitatively describe extra-broad domain walls near LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 surfaces observed experimentally at room temperature, which probably originate at high temperatures but did not fully relax their width with temperature decrease allowing for lattice pinning and defect centers. Thus results have broad implication for fundamental issues such as maximal information storage density in ferroelectric data storage, domain wall pinning mechanisms at surfaces and interfaces, and nucleation dynamics.
Invited Review Article: Review of centrifugal microfluidic and bio-optical disks
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: October 2009

Spinning biodisks have advantages that make them attractive for specialized biochip applications. The two main classes of spinning biodisks are microfluidic disks and bio-optical compact disks (BioCD). Microfluidic biodisks take advantage of noninertial pumping for lab-on-a-chip devices using noninertial valves and switches under centrifugal and Coriolis forces to distribute fluids about the disks. BioCDs use spinning-disk interferometry, under the condition of common-path phase quadrature, to perform interferometric label-free detection of molecular recognition and binding. The optical detection of bound molecules on a disk is facilitated by rapid spinning that enables high-speed repetitive sampling to eliminate 1/f noise through common-mode rejection of intensity fluctuations and extensive signal averaging. Multiple quadrature classes have been developed, such as microdiffraction, in-line, phase contrast, and holographic adaptive optics. Thin molecular films are detected through the surface dipole density with a surface height sensitivity for the detection of protein spots that is approximately 1 pm. This sensitivity easily resolves a submonolayer of solid-support immobilized antibodies and their antigen targets. Fluorescence and light scattering provide additional optical detection techniques on spinning disks. Immunoassays have been applied to haptoglobin using protein A/G immobilization of antibodies and to prostate specific antigen. Small protein spots enable scalability to many spots per disk for high-throughput and highly multiplexed immonoassays.
Otto-coupled surface plasmons in a liquid crystal cell
Authors: Ruan Lizhen , Yang Fuzi , Sambles J. R.
Published: October 2009

Surface plasmons on silver in the visible domain are excited using a several micron thick layer of liquid crystal as the optical tunnel barrier. This thickness is possible when the orientation of the director in the liquid crystal varies from homeotropic at the entrance surface (against the coupling prism) to homogeneous on the thick silver layer at the other side of the cell, with the director tilting in a plane normal to the plane of incidence. This geometry also allows the excitation of guided modes, which mixes with the surface plasmon resonance. Both types of mode are then explored as a function of applied voltage.
Computing the viscosity of supercooled liquids. II. Silica and strong-fragile crossover behavior
Authors: Kushima Akihiro , Lin Xi , Li Ju , Qian Xiaofeng , Eapen Jacob , Mauro John C. , Diep Phong , Yip Sidney
Published: October 2009

A recently developed atomistic method capable of calculating the fragile (non-Arrhenius) temperature behavior of highly viscous liquids is further tested by studying a model of SiO2, a glass former well known for its Arrhenius temperature behavior (strong). The method predicts an Arrhenius temperature variation, in agreement with experiments, the origin of which is revealed by both quantitative and qualitative results on transition state pathways, activation barrier analysis, energy landscape connectivity, and atomistic activation mechanisms. Also predicted is a transition from fragile to strong behavior at a lower viscosity, below the range of measurements, which had been previously suggested on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations. By systematically comparing our findings with corresponding results on the binary Lennard-Jones system (fragile) we gain new insights into the topographical features of the potential energy landscape, characteristics that distinguish strong from fragile glassy systems. We interpret fragility as a universal manifestation of slowing of dynamics when the system becomes trapped in deep energy basins. As a consequence, all glass-forming systems, when cooled from their normal liquid state, should exhibit two transitions in temperature scaling of the viscosity, a strong-to-fragile crossover followed by a second transition reverting back to strong behavior.
Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers
Authors: Streit-Nierobisch S. , Stickler D. , Gutt C. , Stadler L.-M. , Stillrich H. , Menk C. , Frömter R. , Tieg C. , Leupold O. , Oepen H. P. , Grübel G.
Published: October 2009

We report on Fourier transform holography (FTH) experiments on nanostructured Co/Pt multilayer films with 40 nm spatial imaging resolution. The films have been nanostructured by means of focused ion beam (FIB) milling. Applying the ion beam through the supporting membrane with controlled and homogeneous dosing allows for higher resolution magnetic structuring of the ion-sensitive film compared to direct FIB patterning. Nanostructured samples with magnetic stripes exposed to different ion doses and magnetic arrays with 200 nm lattice constant were successfully prepared and imaged by FTH. We present image-processing routines for artifact-free image reconstruction. With this, we could investigate the FIB-induced anisotropy modulation and the perpendicular domain structure in the nanostructured samples, showing how to control the domain size and configuration by applying the appropriate ion dose either homogeneously or concentrated in single spots.
Controlling microstructure and magnetization process of FePd (001) films by staged thermal modification
Authors: Wei D. H. , Yao Y. D.
Published: October 2009

Staged thermal modifications on the microstructure and magnetic characterizations of epitaxial FePd films have been investigated, while the optimum composition for FePd (001) films with the highest ordering degree was Fe52Pd48. For the FePd films directly grown at the low temperature of 400 °C, the isolated islandlike morphology was observed and displayed a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with the coercivity value of 8000 Oe. On the other hand, the FePd films grown at 100 °C and then postannealed at 400 °C showed continuous surface and with a lower remanence corresponded to the alternate up and down orientations of the magnetization due to stripe domains formation. The significant distinction in magnetic exhibition of the FePd (001) films was due to the marked change in magnetic domain structures and surface morphology caused by varied interfacial energy during staged thermal modifications.
Magnetic field and electromagnetic wave properties of carbon monoxide with high-pressure disproportionation single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tooski S. B.
Published: October 2009

A double-fluid theory is used to find the electromagnetic wave absorption of carbon monoxide with iron-catalyzed high-pressure disproportionation (HiPco)-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The electromagnetic wave absorption of carbon monoxide with HiPco SWNTs is obtained and is studied numerically. The absorption is then deduced and their functional dependence on the number density, collision frequency, cyclotron frequency, and angle of propagation is studied. The double-fluid theory predicts that there is an electromagnetic frequency dependency on the energy absorption properties of the system under investigation. The calculation results show that effects of magnetic field strength and the angle of microwave propagation on the absorption coefficient as well as the frequency band of resonant absorption are very significant.
Equation of state for aluminum containing helium bubbles
Authors: Raicher Erez , Glam Benny , Henis Zohar , Pecker Sharon , Eliezer Shalom , Moreno Daniel
Published: October 2009

A theoretical model for equation of state (EOS) of aluminum with helium bubbles is presented. Based on this EOS, the influence of helium bubbles on shock loading is examined. The Hugoniot curve (temperature versus pressure as well as shock velocity versus particle velocity) for aluminum containing bubbles is calculated for various bubbles mass, bubbles percentage, and helium EOS models. The bubble mass and concentration seem to affect the measurably Hugoniot curve. The EOS model, implied for the helium in the bubbles, has minor significance, which means our model is not sensitive to the details of the helium EOS. Our findings are consistent with experiments available in the literature.
Analysis of the high-frequency performance of InGaAs∕InAlAs nanojunctions using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulator
Authors: Sadi Toufik , Thobel Jean-Luc
Published: October 2009

We report results from the investigation of the intrinsic high-frequency (HF) behavior of three-terminal junctions based on InGaAs∕InAlAs heterostructures, using a well-calibrated three-dimensional semiclassical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation model. The simulator incorporates a more realistic surface charge model, designed specifically for HF simulations. A full analysis of the dynamics of electron transport in the devices is performed and a prediction of its intrinsic HF performance is presented. Simulation results demonstrate how these devices may be suitable for applications in the terahertz frequency range. Most importantly, we illustrate the important role played by surface charge effects in this frequency regime. The necessity of considering these effects as a key design factor for the development of future nanojunction structures operating in the terahertz regime is therefore discussed.
Excited-state absorption in erbium-doped silica fiber with simultaneous excitation at 977 and 1531 nm
Authors: Barmenkov Yu. O. , Kir’yanov A. V. , Guzmán-Chávez A. D. , Cruz José-Luis , Andrés Miguel V.
Published: October 2009

We report a study of the excited-state absorption (ESA) in erbium-doped silica fiber (EDF) pumped at 977 nm, when the fiber is simultaneously excited by signal radiation at 1531 nm. We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that ESA efficiency at 977 nm gets strongly enhanced only in the presence of signal power. Experimentally, this conclusion is supported through the detection of upconversion emission, a “fingerprint” of the ESA process, and through the measurements of the EDF nonlinear transmission coefficient for the pump wavelength, which is sensitive to the ESA value. It is shown that the experimental data are precisely modeled with an advanced five-level Er3+ model developed for the EDF.
Size and spatial homogeneity of SiGe quantum dots in amorphous silica matrix
Authors: Buljan Maja , Pinto Sara R. C. , Kashtiban Reza J. , Rolo Anabela G. , Chahboun Adil , Bangert Ursel , Levichev Sergey , Holý Václav , Gomes Maria J. M.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we present a study of structural properties of SiGe quantum dots formed in amorphous silica matrix by magnetron sputtering technique. We investigate deposition conditions leading to the formation of dense and uniformly sized quantum dots, distributed homogeneously in the matrix. X-ray and Raman spectroscopy were used to estimate the Si content. A detailed analysis based on grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering revealed the influence of the deposition conditions on quantum dot sizes, size distributions, spatial arrangement, and concentration of quantum dots in the matrix, as well as the Si:Ge content.
Molecular alignment using coherent resonant excitation: A new proposal for stereodynamic control of chemical reactions
Authors: Mukherjee Nandini
Published: October 2009

For the mode-selective control of chemical reaction, we present a new approach of molecular alignment using coherent resonant interaction with low intensity midinfrared optical pulses. Under coherent excitation, the alignment of vibrationally excited molecules becomes a function of the optical pulse area. Depending on the type of transition, with certain values of the pulse areas, a narrow group of magnetic substates are selectively excited, which results in aligning the rotational axis of the molecular ensemble. It is shown that for a P-type transition, significant alignment in the excited vibrational state can be realized using a resonant midinfrared pulse of area ≈2π. Under the steady state excitation (pulse duration longer than the vibrational relaxation time), the molecular alignment is destroyed due to saturation. We design a polarization spectroscopy experiment to coherently excite and probe the molecular alignment in real time.
Impact of high-order surface plasmon modes of metal nanoparticles on enhancement of optical emission
Authors: Sun G. , Khurgin J. B. , Yang C. C.
Published: October 2009

We consider the impact of high-order surface plasmon modes supported by the metal nanoparticles on the efficiency enhancement of optical emission. Using the example of Au nanosphere embedded in the GaN dielectric, we show that for an emitter with certain original radiative efficiency, placing the emitter too close to the metal sphere does not always produce additional enhancement. Thus our model provides analytical treatment of the luminescence quenching and can be used to optimize both nanoparticle size and its separation from the emitter to yield maximum enhancement.
Switchable fluorescent liquid crystals
Authors: Salamonczyk M. , Kovarova A. , Svoboda J. , Pociecha D. , Gorecka E.
Published: October 2009

Properties of new fluorescent, mesogenic compounds bearing [2]benzothiophene moiety are presented. Materials show strong fluorescence of green or red light with quantum yield up to 30%, in liquid crystalline phases the emitted light is strongly polarized. For material forming ferroelectric liquid crystal or doped into polar smectic matrix, the possibility of controlling fluorescence light intensity through the application of electric field is shown.
Comment on “Existence and regularity for an energy maximization problem in two dimensions” [S. Kamvissis and E. A. Rakhmanov, J. Math. Phys. 46, 083505 (2005)]
Authors: Kamvissis Spyridon
Published: October 2009

A revision of the last appendix of the paper “Existence and regularity for an energy maximization problem in two dimensions” by S. Kamvissis and E. A. Rakhmanov [J. Math. Phys. 46, 083505 (2005)].
Kinetics of collision-induced reactions between hard-sphere reactants
Authors: Kim Ji-Hyun , Lee Sangyun , Lee Jinuk , Lee Sangyoub
Published: October 2009

We investigate the reaction kinetics of hard-sphere reactants that undergo reaction upon collision. When the reaction probability at a given collision is unity, the Noyes rate theory provides an exact expression of the rate coefficient. For the general case with the reaction probability less than unity, Noyes assumed that successive recollision times between a tagged pair of reactants are decorrelated. We show that with this renewal assumption, the rate theory of Wilemski and Fixman yields the same rate coefficient expression as the Noyes theory. To evaluate the validity of the renewal assumption, we carry out molecular dynamics simulations. Contrary to the usual expectation, we find that the renewal assumption works better at higher particle densities. The present study shows that the rate coefficient for collision-induced hard-sphere reactions can be estimated with great accuracy by using the first recollision time distribution alone, regardless of the magnitude of the reaction probability at a given collision.
Liquid polymorphism, order-disorder transitions and anomalous behavior: A Monte Carlo study of the Bell–Lavis model for water
Authors: Fiore Carlos E. , Szortyka Marcia M. , Barbosa Marcia C. , Henriques Vera B.
Published: October 2009

The Bell–Lavis model for liquid water is investigated through numerical simulations. The lattice-gas model on a triangular lattice presents orientational states and is known to present a highly bonded low density phase and a loosely bonded high density phase. We show that the model liquid-liquid transition is continuous, in contradiction with mean-field results on the Husimi cactus and from the cluster variational method. We define an order parameter which allows interpretation of the transition as an order-disorder transition of the bond network. Our results indicate that the order-disorder transition is in the Ising universality class. Previous proposal of an Ehrenfest second order transition is discarded. A detailed investigation of anomalous properties has also been undertaken. The line of density maxima in the HDL phase is stabilized by fluctuations, absent in the mean-field solution.
Kirkwood–Buff theory of molecular and protein association, aggregation, and cellular crowding
Authors: Gee Moon Bae , Smith Paul E.
Published: October 2009

An analysis of the effect of a cosolvent on the association of a solute in solution using the Kirkwood–Buff theory of solutions is presented. The approach builds on the previous results of Ben-Naim by extending the range of applicability to include any number of components at finite concentrations in both closed and semiopen systems. The derived expressions, which are exact, provide a foundation for the analysis and rationalization of cosolvent effects on molecular and biomolecular equilibria including protein association, aggregation, and cellular crowding. A slightly different view of cellular crowding is subsequently obtained. In particular, it is observed that the addition of large cosolvents still favors the associated form even when traditional excluded volume effects are absent.
Coulomb repulsion effect in two-electron nonadiabatic tunneling through a one-level redox molecule
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander M. , Medvedev Igor G. , Ulstrup Jens
Published: October 2009

We investigated Coulomb repulsion effects in nonadiabatic (diabatic) two-electron tunneling through a redox molecule with a single electronic level in a symmetric electrochemical contact under ambient conditions, i.e., room temperature and condensed matter environment. The electrochemical contact is representative of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy or a pair of electrochemical nanoscale electrodes. The two-electron transfer molecular system also represents redox molecules with three electrochemically accessible oxidation states, rather than only two states such as comprehensively studied. It is shown that depending on the effective Coulomb repulsion energy, the current/overpotential relation at fixed bias voltage shows two narrow (∼kBT) peaks in the limit of strong electron-phonon coupling to the solvent environment. The system also displays current/bias voltage rectification. The differential conductance/bias voltage correlation can have up to four peaks even for a single-level redox molecule. The peak position, height, and width are determined by the oxidized and reduced states of both the ionization and affinity levels of the molecule and depend crucially on the Debye screening of the electric field in the tunneling gap.
Electrical spin injection into Si(001) through a SiO2 tunnel barrier
Authors: Li C. H. , Kioseoglou G. , van ‘t Erve O. M. J. , Thompson P. E. , Jonker B. T.
Published: October 2009

We demonstrate spin polarized tunneling from Fe through a SiO2 tunnel barrier into a Si n-i-p heterostructure. Transport measurements indicate that single step tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism. The circular polarization Pcirc of the electroluminescence shows that the tunneling spin polarization reflects Fe majority spin. Pcirc tracks the Fe magnetization, confirming that the spin-polarized electrons radiatively recombining in the Si originate from the Fe. A rate equation analysis provides a lower bound of 30% for the electron spin polarization in the Si at 5 K.
Thermal annealing induced bicontinuous networks in bulk heterojunction solar cells and bipolar field-effect transistors
Authors: Kong Hoyoul , Moon Ji Sun , Cho Nam Sung , Jung In Hwan , Park Moo-Jin , Park Jong-Hwa , Cho Shinuk , Shim Hong-Ku
Published: October 2009

Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated from poly(2,5-bis(3′-dodecyl-2,2′-bithiophen-5-yl)-3,6-dimethylthieno [3,2-b] thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butric acid methyl ester (1:1, w/w) blend showed significantly improved power conversion efficiency (PCE), from 0.96% to 2.32%, with post-thermal annealing at 140 °C. Charge transport properties obtained from bipolar field-effect transistors indicated that post-thermal annealing induced the assembly of significantly improved bicontinuous networks and excellently balanced hole (7.2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) and electron (5.8×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) mobilities (due, particularly, to improved electron mobility), thereby improving PCE.
Enhanced slip on a patterned substrate due to depinning of contact line
Authors: Gao Peng , Feng James J.
Published: October 2009

We perform numerical simulations of a shear flow over a periodically patterned substrate with entrapped gas bubbles. A diffuse-interface model is employed to handle the liquid-gas interface deformation and the three-phase contact line. Depending on the shear rate and the pattern geometry, four flow regimes are observed. The contact lines can be pinned, depinned, or eliminated depending on the competition between the shear force and the surface tension. The effective slip length is found to be dependent on the morphology of the menisci and hence on the shear rate. In particular, the bubbles are transformed into a continuous gas film when the shear rate is larger than a critical value, resulting in a significantly enhanced slip length proportional to the liquid-gas viscosity ratio. The present results have interesting implications for effective slip on superhydrophobic surfaces.
Grand potential in thermodynamics of solid bodies and surfaces
Authors: Rusanov A. I. , Shchekin A. K. , Tatyanenko D. V.
Published: October 2009

Using the chemical potential of a solid in a dissolved state or the corresponding component of the chemical potential tensor at equilibrium with the solution, a new concept of grand thermodynamic potential for solids has been suggested. This allows generalizing the definition of Gibbs’ quantity σ (surface work often called the solid-fluid interfacial free energy) at a planar surface as an excess grand thermodynamic potential per unit surface area that (1) does not depend on the dividing surface location and (2) is common for fluids and solids.
Enhanced room-temperature quantum-dot effects in modulation-doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Jang Y. D. , Park J. , Lee D. , Mowbray D. J. , Skolnick M. S. , Liu H. Y. , Hopkinson M. , Hogg R. A.
Published: October 2009

Modulation-doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) show bright photoluminescence (PL) at 300 K, linear increase of PL intensity on excitation at 300 K and rather temperature insensitive PL intensity and carrier lifetime, in contrast to undoped QDs. Systematic analyses indicate that those advantageous behaviors come from the enhanced Coulomb attraction due to excess carriers in doped QDs. The stronger Coulomb interaction increases the thermal activation energy, keeps more carriers in QDs, and provides enhanced QD characteristics at room temperature.
Hydrophobic effects on multivalent-salt-induced self-condensation of DNA
Authors: Sumi Tomonari , Suzuki Chiaki , Sekino Hideo
Published: October 2009

Hydrophobic effects on multivalent-salt-induced self-condensation of a single polyelectrolyte chain such as DNA are investigated through a multiscale coarse-grained simulation based on density functional theory. We show that the water-mediated hydrophobic effect that was enhanced by hydration of multivalent salts plays an essential role in self-condensation of DNA. The self-condensation is interpreted as an entropy-driven compaction due to the hydration entropy gain.
The effect of UV ozone treatment on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)
Authors: Helander M. G. , Wang Z. B. , Greiner M. T. , Liu Z. W. , Lian K. , Lu Z. H.
Published: October 2009

The interface between ultraviolet (UV) ozone treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-1-1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD) was investigated using single carrier hole-only devices and in situ ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the implications for device applications. It is found that although the work function of PEDOT:PSS is increased by UV ozone treatment, the injection barrier to α-NPD is in fact increased, resulting in lower current density in devices. The apparent increase in work function is attributed to a metastable surface dipole as a result of UV ozone treatment, which does not significantly influence the energy-level alignment.
Ubiquitous T-shaped isomers of OCS-hydrocarbon van der Waals complexes
Authors: Norooz Oliaee J. , Dehghany M. , Afshari Mahin , Moazzen-Ahmadi N. , McKellar A. R. W.
Published: October 2009

Many weakly bound OCS-hydrocarbon complexes exhibit a relatively simple rotation-vibration band, characteristic of a T-shaped structure, which is redshifted (by 5–12 cm−1) from the OCS monomer ν1 frequency. Spectra of OCS with seven chain and ring hydrocarbons are described here. They allow a straightforward comparison of intermolecular force effects (vibrational shift and intermolecular separation) over a range of molecules, which could be extended to other hydrocarbons and other probes such as CO2 and N2O.
Enacting State Restructuring: NGOs as ‘Translation Mechanisms’
Authors: Trudeau Dan , Veronis Luisa
Published: October 2009

In this paper we argue that nonprofit, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) constitute crucial sites at which welfare state restructuring and neoliberalism are enacted and materialised in everyday life practices. This paper responds to recent calls from geographers to move to finer scales of analysis that enrich our understanding about the geographies of welfare state restructuring and neoliberalism. Our response is based on case-study research of NGOs that provide social services to migrants in Minneapolis-St Paul, USA, and Toronto, Canada. We draw on the concept of ‘translation’ to show the agency of NGOs in articulating macroscale programmes of governance into concrete regulations that govern the conduct of everyday life. The case studies demonstrate the usefulness of seeing NGOs as translation mechanisms to current debates about the role of NGOs amidst welfare state restructuring and the rise of neoliberalism.
Estimation of fire severity using pre- and post-fire LiDAR data in sagebrush steppe rangelands
Authors: Wang Cheng , Glenn Nancy F.
Published: October 2009

Reflectance-based indices derived from remote-sensing data have been widely used for detecting fire severity in forested areas. Rangeland ecosystems, such as sparsely vegetated shrub-steppe, have unique spectral reflectance differences before and after fire events that may not make reflectance-based indices appropriate for fire severity estimation. As an alternative, average vegetation height change (
dh
) derived from pre- and post-fire Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data were used in this study for fire severity estimation. Theoretical deductions were conducted to demonstrate that LiDAR-derived
dh
is related to biomass combustion and thus can be used for fire severity estimation in rangeland areas. The Jeffreys–Matusita (JM) distance was calculated to evaluate the separability for each pair of fire severity classes, with an average JM distance of 1.14. Thresholds for classifying the level of fire severity were determined according to the mean and standard deviation of each class. A fire-severity classification map with 84% overall accuracy was obtained from the LiDAR
dh
method. Importantly, this method was sensitive to the difference between the moderate and high fire-severity classes.
Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole-rat
Authors: Seluanov Andrei , Hine Christopher , Azpurua Jorge , Feigenson Marina , Bozzella Michael , Mao Zhiyong , Catania Kenneth C. , Gorbunova Vera
Published: October 2009

The naked mole-rat is the longest living rodent with a maximum lifespan exceeding 28 years. In addition to its longevity, naked mole-rats have an extraordinary resistance to cancer as tumors have never been observed in these rodents. Furthermore, we show that a combination of activated Ras and SV40 LT fails to induce robust anchorage-independent growth in naked mole-rat cells, while it readily transforms mouse fibroblasts. The mechanisms responsible for the cancer resistance of naked mole-rats were unknown. Here we show that naked mole-rat fibroblasts display hypersensitivity to contact inhibition, a phenomenon we termed “early contact inhibition.” Contact inhibition is a key anticancer mechanism that arrests cell division when cells reach a high density. In cell culture, naked mole-rat fibroblasts arrest at a much lower density than those from a mouse. We demonstrate that early contact inhibition requires the activity of p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways. Inactivation of both p53 and pRb attenuates early contact inhibition. Contact inhibition in human and mouse is triggered by the induction of p27
Kip1
. In contrast, early contact inhibition in naked mole-rat is associated with the induction of p16
Ink4a
. Furthermore, we show that the roles of p16
Ink4a
and p27
Kip1
in the control of contact inhibition became temporally separated in this species: the early contact inhibition is controlled by p16
Ink4a
, and regular contact inhibition is controlled by p27
Kip1
. We propose that the additional layer of protection conferred by two-tiered contact inhibition contributes to the remarkable tumor resistance of the naked mole-rat.
Migratory double breeding in Neotropical migrant birds
Authors: Rohwer Sievert , Hobson Keith A. , Rohwer Vanya G.
Published: October 2009

Neotropical migratory songbirds typically breed in temperate regions and then travel long distances to spend the majority of the annual cycle in tropical wintering areas. Using stable-isotope methodology, we provide quantitative evidence of dual breeding ranges for 5 species of Neotropical migrants. Each is well known to have a Neotropical winter range and a breeding range in the United States and Canada. However, after their first bout of breeding in the north, many individuals migrate hundreds to thousands of kilometers south in midsummer to breed a second time during the same summer in coastal west Mexico or Baja California Sur. They then migrate further south to their final wintering areas in the Neotropics. Our discovery of dual breeding ranges in Neotropical migrants reveals a hitherto unrealized flexibility in life-history strategies for these species and underscores that demographic models and conservation plans must consider dual breeding for these migrants.
p21
CIP1
attenuates Ras- and c-Myc-dependent breast tumor epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like gene expression in vivo
Authors: Liu Manran , Casimiro Mathew C. , Wang Chenguang , Shirley L. Andrew , Jiao Xuanmao , Katiyar Sanjay , Ju Xiaoming , Li Zhiping , Yu Zuoren , Zhou Jie , Johnson Michael , Fortina Paolo , Hyslop Terry , Windle Jolene J. , Pestell Richard G.
Published: October 2009

p21
CIP1/WAF1
is a downstream effector of tumor suppressors and functions as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor to block cellular proliferation. Breast tumors may derive from self-renewing tumor-initiating cells (BT-ICs), which contribute to tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. The role of p21
CIP1
in regulating features of tumor stem cells in vivo is unknown. Herein, deletion of

p21
CIP1

, which enhanced the rate of tumorigenesis induced by mammary-targeted Ha-Ras or c-Myc, enhanced gene expression profiles and immunohistochemical features of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and putative cancer stem cells in vivo. Silencing of p21
CIP1
enhanced, and expression of p21
CIP1
repressed, features of EMT in transformed immortal human MEC lines. p21
CIP1
attenuated oncogene-induced BT-IC and mammosphere formation. Thus, the in vitro cell culture assays reflect the changes observed in vivo in transgenic mice. These findings establish a link between the loss of

p21
CIP1

and the acquisition of breast cancer EMT and stem cell properties in vivo.
The lung vascular filter as a site of immune induction for T cell responses to large embolic antigen
Authors: Willart Monique A.M. , Jan de Heer Hendrik , Hammad Hamida , Soullié Thomas , Deswarte Kim , Clausen Björn E. , Boon Louis , Hoogsteden Henk C. , Lambrecht Bart N.
Published: October 2009

The bloodstream is an important route of dissemination of invading pathogens. Most of the small bloodborne pathogens, like bacteria or viruses, are filtered by the spleen or liver sinusoids and presented to the immune system by dendritic cells (DCs) that probe these filters for the presence of foreign antigen (Ag). However, larger pathogens, like helminths or infectious emboli, that exceed 20 µm are mostly trapped in the vasculature of the lung. To determine if Ag trapped here can be presented to cells of the immune system, we used a model of venous embolism of large particulate Ag (in the form of ovalbumin [OVA]-coated Sepharose beads) in the lung vascular bed. We found that large Ags were presented and cross-presented to CD4 and CD8 T cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) but not in the spleen or liver-draining LNs. Dividing T cells returned to the lungs, and a short-lived infiltrate consisting of T cells and DCs formed around trapped Ag. This infiltrate was increased when the Toll-like receptor 4 was stimulated and full DC maturation was induced by CD40 triggering. Under these conditions, OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, as well as humoral immunity, were induced. The T cell response to embolic Ag was severely reduced in mice depleted of CD11chi cells or Ly6C/G+ cells but restored upon adoptive transfer of Ly6Chi monocytes. We conclude that the lung vascular filter represents a largely unexplored site of immune induction that traps large bloodborne Ags for presentation by monocyte-derived DCs.
Capture by aerogel—characterization of mobile dust in tokamak scrape-off layer plasmas
Authors: Ratynskaia S. , Bergsåker H. , Emmoth B. , Litnovsky A. , Kreter A. , Philipps V.
Published: October 2009

The aim of this letter is to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the novel in situ dust diagnostic method—capture by aerogel targets. Aerogel, a highly porous material with a density of a few tens of kg m−3, allows capturing of dust particles present during the discharge without destroying them. The first exposures in the TEXTOR scrape-off layer plasma showed that such targets are able to capture both slow and fast particles with sizes in the range from submicrometre to ∼100 µm. The technique provides information on dust velocity and size distribution as well as dust flux estimates. The composition and texture of the captured dust can also be studied in detail to shed light on dust formation processes.
Structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of artisanal fisheries around a Mediterranean marine protected area
Authors: Forcada Aitor , Valle Carlos , Sánchez-Lizaso José L. , Bayle-Sempere Just T. , Corsi Fabio
Published: October 2009

Forcada, A., Valle, C., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Bayle-Sempere, J. T., and Corsi, F. 2010. Structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of artisanal fisheries around a Mediterranean marine protected area. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 191–203. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed and established throughout the world, but few studies have adequately assessed the spatial adaptations of fishers to the limitations imposed by their placement. The main objectives of this work were to identify and describe the characteristics of the artisanal fisheries around Tabarca Marine Reserve (western Mediterranean Sea) and to define their activity in space and time. Data were collected through questionnaires to fishers and onboard sampling. The artisanal fisheries were complex owing to the multispecific nature of the landings, the variety of gears involved, and their marked seasonality. All boats of the three harbours around the MPA were assessed, for a total of 32 boats. The fishers exploit 18 fishing grounds with eight gear types, for a total of 17 métiers. Mullus trammelnet, Sepia trammelnet, and sparid longline are the most frequently used métiers. The main factors determining the spatial distribution of the fishing effort are proximity to home harbour, habitat heterogeneity, and closeness to the MPA. Total fishing effort appeared slightly concentrated around the MPA, but each métier showed different patterns of effort distribution. Although the sparid gillnet and the sparid longline concentrated along MPA boundaries, the Sepia trammelnet and the Mullus trammelnet did not.
EMMPRIN (CD147) expression and differentiation of papillary thyroid carcinoma: implications for immunocytochemistry in FNA cytology
Authors: Aratake Y. , Marutsuka K. , Kiyoyama K. , Kuribayashi T. , Miyamoto T. , Yakushiji K. , Ohno S. , Miyake Y. , Sakaguchi T. , Kobayashi T. K. , Okayama A. , Tamura K. , Ohno E.
Published: October 2009

Y. Aratake, K. Marutsuka, K. Kiyoyama, T. Kuribayashi, T. Miyamoto, K. Yakushiji, S. Ohno, Y. Miyake, T. Sakaguchi, T. K. Kobayashi, A. Okayama, K. Tamura and E. Ohno EMMPRIN (CD147) expression and differentiation of papillary thyroid carcinoma: implications for immunocytochemistry in FNA cytology

Objective:  Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and its induced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in tumour progression, invasion and metastasis. EMMPRIN expression has been demonstrated in several tumours, but its expression profile in thyroid cancer remains unclear.

Methods:  We evaluated the expression profile of EMMPRIN at various stages of differentiation of thyroid carcinoma, including 20 cases of well‐differentiated papillary carcinoma (WDPC), 15 cases of papillary carcinoma with a poorly differentiated carcinoma component (PC/PDC) and four cases with an undifferentiated carcinoma (UDC) component, using paraffin‐embedded sections for immunohistochemical stains. Also, we used 32 fine needle aspiration cytology and imprint smears from the same cases for immunocytochemical stains. The staining results were evaluated with a scoring system.

Results:  Immunohistochemical staining showed that EMMPRIN expression was absent or weak in almost all WDPC specimens, whereas it was moderate or strong in PDC and UDC components. In tumours that showed a gradual morphological transformation from WDPC to PDC components, the expression of EMMPRIN was progressively stronger from the areas of WDPC to those of PDC. WDPC, PC/PDC and UDC had expression scores of 4.9, 45.0 and 245.7, respectively. Results of immunocytochemical staining showed almost the same staining profile as those of immunohistochemical staining. The cytological atypia of EMMPRIN‐positive cells was greater than that of negative cells.

Conclusion:  These results indicated that EMMPRIN expression correlates significantly with the degree of dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma. This study demonstrates the feasibility of expression of EMMPRIN using fine needle aspiration samples. Therefore, immunocytochemical analysis of EMMPRIN may be a novel aid to evaluate the differentiation of thyroid carcinoma.