bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intention to Change Careers: Determinants and Process
Authors: Rhodes Susan R. , Doering Mildred M.
Published: December 2011

Based on reasearch involving a sample of 180 school teachers, the determinants and process associated with the intention to change careers was examined using path analysis on data from public school teachers. Overall, the empirical analysis provided support for the model and its causal ordering. However, lack‐of‐fit components suggested that a more complex model with additional paths might be more appropriate. Implications of the findings for research are discussed.
Sexual Orientation as a Factor in Career Development
Authors: Belz Jeanette Richardson
Published: December 2011

As I reviewed the available case information on Allan, the concept of career development shaped my impressions of the client. “Career development is, for most people, a lifelong process of getting ready to choose, choosing, and typically, continuing to make choices from among the many occupations available in our society. Each person undertaking this process is influenced by a great number of factors, including family, personal values and aptitudes, and societal context” (Brown, Brooks, & Associates, 1990, p. xvii). As this statement suggests, career development is a holistic approach to counseling individuals. Each “factor” represents a piece of the puzzle that guides the individual through the process. Life‐style issues (i.e., family, leisure, sexual orientation, personal values, societal context), as well as interests, work values, and skills are tightly interwoven within an individual's major or career choice.
Career Development With Lesbian and Gay Clients
Authors: Elliott John E.
Published: December 2011

Trends in career counseling with lesbian and gay clients are reviewed along with discussions on considering lesbian women and gay men a different cultural minority. The role and direction of career development with lesbian and gay clients is presented based on current information regarding employment discrimination, the decision to pass as heterosexual on the job, counselor and student training issues, age‐related factors, and differences between gay men and lesbian women with respect to careers. Concrete suggestions are made to career counselors who wish to prepare themselves to work with this group or to extend their effectiveness, and suggestions for services are also presented.
Group Process in a Women's Career Intervention
Authors: Mawson Diana L. , Kahn Sharon E.
Published: December 2011

This study explored women's experiences of group process in a career planning intervention, and the relationship of those experiences to vocational maturity. We used goal instability as the dependent variable to describe the psychological states and needs of career‐undecided women (n = 99), and we used Yalom's model of group process to identify group process factors and their influence on levels of goal instability at posttest and follow‐up interviews 2 months later. Results indicated that women clients, similar to other counseling clients, highly valued both cognitive and affective components of group process in career counseling groups.
Career Decision‐Making Factors in Gifted Young Adults
Authors: Emmett Judith D. , Minor Carole W.
Published: December 2011

Past research has found that characteristics associated with giftedness make career decisions difficult for gifted youth. This study investigated the difficulties experienced by gifted youth and the factors they consider as they make career decisions. Interviews were conducted with 30 gifted adolescents at three strategic decision‐making points. A content analysis of the interview transcripts found 20 factors that gifted adolescents identified as important to their career decisions. These factors clustered into five groups: (a) sensitivity to others' expectations, (b) perfectionism, (c) developmental issues, (d) superior intelligence, and (e) multipotentiality. Sensitivity to others' expectations and perfectionism were the factors considered most frequently. Implications of the findings include preventive work with parents and teachers of gifted youth, use of career role models and exploratory work experiences, and research into the actual expectations held for gifted youth by the adults who influence them.
The Two Faces of Counseling: Or is it Three?
Authors: Super Donald E.
Published: December 2011

The nature of career counseling, counseling, and psychotherapy is considered, as is the use of the terms counseling and psychotherapy in the works of Carl Rogers as illustration of the cause of confusion in our terminology. It is suggested here that there are two kinds of counseling, situational and personal, and that these are not dichotomous but rather a continuum.
The Career‐Personal Dichotomy: Perceptual Reality, Practical Illusion, and Workplace Integration
Authors: Haverkamp Beth E. , Moore Dwight
Published: December 2011

The implicit definitions we give to career and personal counseling reflect a dichotomy between the two areas of research and practice. The field's research focus and counseling trainees' early practice experience probably reinforce the idea that career counseling is prototypically concerned with young adult career choice. A case study of targeted coaching in business is presented to illustrate how career and personal issues are intertwined in adult career adjustment.
Self‐Concept Theory in Career Development and Counseling
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the status of Super's emphasis on career development as a process of self‐concept implementation. Beginning with an overview of research and measurement issues, the article proceeds to a discussion of contemporary research programs, including those on career self‐efficacy and Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise, relating specific aspects of the self‐concept to career development. Recommendations for future theoretical developments, research, and career counseling are made.
Readiness for Career Choices: Planning, Exploring, and Deciding
Authors: Phillips Susan D. , Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

One of Super's most important contributions has been in explicating those developmental tasks that involve planning, exploring, and deciding, processes known collectively as readiness for career choices. The authors review existing means of conceptualizing and operationalizing the various aspects of readiness, as well as innovative practice applications that have emerged from this work. Next, selected elaborations and extensions of the readiness construct are described. Finally, future directions for theory and research on readiness are presented with a particular emphasis on the promise of considering contextual issues, motivational factors, and an expanded measurement perspective in subsequent inquiry and practice.
Career Adaptability in Adults: A Construct Whose Time Has Come
Authors: Goodman Jane
Published: December 2011

This article describes Donald Super's construct of adaptability and reviews research on the construct. The review is followed by a discussion of related counseling research that uses the construct, and research in the area of organizational psychology that addresses the concept but does not use the term. The author summarizes other approaches to the need for adaptability in adult career development, and finally, presents suggestions for practitioners.
Annual Review: Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—1993
Authors: Subich Linda Mezydlo
Published: December 2011

This article reviews literature published in 1993 that is of interest and use to career counselors. Topical areas include definitions of career counseling, descriptions of and outcome research on career assessment and intervention methods, career counseling issues and techniques of particular relevance to women and members of various special groups, and counseling with persons making career transitions.
1000 Years Before Parsons: Vocational Psychology in Classical Islam
Authors: Carson Andrew D. , Altai Nazar M.
Published: December 2011

One characteristic of professionals is that they reflect on the nature of their discipline; attention to the history of one's discipline is an important way of doing this. Efforts to trace the historical roots of vocational theory have been successful only as far back as late Renaissance Spain and southern Europe, notably in Chabassus and Zytowski's (1987) discussion of Sanchez de Arevalo's (1468) Speculum Vitae Humanae (Mirror of Human Life). We locate some recognizably modern concepts in a 10th‐century Iraqi text, the Rasa'il Ikhwàn al‐Safá wa‐Khillan al‐Wafa, or Treatises of the Brothers of Purity (Ikhwàn al‐Safá, 955/1928).
College Women's Career Self‐Efficacy and Educational Environments
Authors: Scheye Paula A. , Gilroy Faith D.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between the composition by sex of women's high school and college environments as well as the sex of their selected influential teachers in each of these settings and their reported self‐efficacy in careers judged traditional or nontraditional for women. Two hundred and seventy‐four junior and senior female students from both single‐sex and coeducational private liberal arts colleges served as participants. Results indicated no main effects for composition by sex of an institution, or the sex of influential teachers, nor were there any significant two‐way interactions. Two significant (p > .05) three‐way interactions did emerge, however. One indicated that nontraditional career self‐efficacy was predicted by a single‐sex high school and college environment with either no high school influential teacher or the choice of a male one. The second predicted three‐way interaction indicated increased nontraditional career self‐efficacy by students attending single‐sex high schools and colleges and choosing a male college influential teacher.
The Origins of Children's Career Aspirations: IV. Testing Hypotheses from Four Theories
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Hughes M. Amanda , Odom Catherine , Woods Kimberley , McClellan Nancy C.
Published: December 2011

In a study of 949 elementary students, mixed support was found for four theoretical positions concerning the role of childhood in career development. For Ginzberg's theory, support was found for his observation that interests play the major role in both the selection and rejection of careers throughout the period of childhood. For Roe's theory, the authors found evidence that family configuration influenced occupational choice/no choice. From Havighurst's theory, support was found for the idea that identification with a parent's work is particularly strong among younger children. A number of aspects of each of the theories failed to be confirmed.
A Values‐Based Approach to Facilitating Career Transitions
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: December 2011

This article outlines a values‐based approach to facilitating career transitions. Values provide standards of behavior. People who are unable to engage in work that they deem important violate their standards of behavior and are likely to be dissatisfied with their jobs. Moreover, workers whose values are at variance with those of their supervisors are likely to have differing views of the relative importance of various aspects of the job. If a worker emphasizes aspects of the job that he or she views as important as opposed to those seen as important by the supervisor, low performance appraisals are likely. This may lead to planned or unplanned transitions because of termination. Career counselors can use the approach discussed in this article to facilitate both types of transitions.
Career Change for Those Over 40: Critical Issues and Insights
Authors: Newman Betsy K.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the recent phenomenon of older career changers and highlights some of the strengths and proactive strategies for such people. Issues include dealing realistically with negative perceptions and stressing advantages of the mature career changer.
Adaptation to Retirement: Role Changes and Psychological Resources
Authors: Carter Mary Anne Taylor , Cook Kelli
Published: December 2011

In this review, the influence of social and work roles are incorporated into a model of retirement adjustment, along with two psychological moderators that may aid the retirement transition. These psychological resources, locus of control and retirement self‐efficacy, are those behavioral predispositions that would lead one to engage in proactive strategies for mastering the role changes inherent in the retirement transition. The implications of social and work‐related role changes and psychological resources for retirement planning and adjustment are discussed.
Influences on the Career Development of Gay Men
Authors: Prince Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2011

This article relates selected concepts from the general literature of gay and lesbian psychology to the career development of gay men. Specific concerns related to sexual identity development, the management of stigma, and psychological adjustment are reviewed, and suggestions are offered both to practitioners and to researchers.
Career Decision Making of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Authors: Chung Y. Barry
Published: December 2011

In this article, the career decision making of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals is discussed in the framework of personal (interests, values, and skills) and environmental factors and their interactive influences. Suggestions for research and practice are proposed.
Career Counseling and Possible Selves: A Case Study
Authors: Hill Alison L. , Spokane Arnold R.
Published: December 2011

Process‐oriented case analyses, which are the natural next step in understanding career interventions, are beginning to reveal subtle process changes across sessions. In this case, a 37‐year‐old physical therapist, who expressed dissatisfaction with her current position, participated in 8 sessions of individual career counseling with an experienced doctoral‐level career psychologist. The Possible Selves Questionnaire (PSQ; Markus, 1987), the Symptom 90‐R Checklist (Derogatis, 1983), and the Career Decision Scale (Osipow, 1987) were administered at pretesting, after 4 sessions, and at posttesting. Four client‐ and 2 counselor‐process measures were also administered following each session. Results revealed expected changes in traditional outcome measures, and an increase followed by a decrease in future possible selves. Anxiety and vocational information seeking followed a sine‐shaped pattern, and sleep disturbance increased at midcounseling and posttesting. Session depth and smoothness were highest when anxiety and information seeking were lowest. These findings, which coincide with other case study results, were integrated using an activation theory model of career intervention in which moderate anxiety serves as a motivator for constructive behavior change.
Person‐Environment Congruence and Coping Strategies
Authors: Eagan Amy E. , Walsh W. Bruce
Published: December 2011

This study explored the differences in coping strategies and styles between students who made congruent, incongruent, and undecided college major choices. The coping strategies were operationally defined by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ; Folkman & Lazarus, 1988) and the Coping Inventory (CI; Zeitlin, 1985). Congruent, incongruent, and undecided college major choice groups were defined operationally using the Self‐Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1985b) and the College Majors Finder (CMF; Rosen, Holmberg, & Holland, 1989). The Holland codes that resulted from the SDS and the CMF defined the congruent and incongruent students using the Iachan congruence index. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant findings for the main effect of gender on the WCQ. On the CI, the multivariate analysis of variance again revealed a main effect for gender. In general, the findings of this study suggest that male and female students report some different coping strategies and styles. Follow‐up tests further suggest a few group differences among the congruent, incongruent, and undecided students.
Career Development for At‐Risk Youth: A Program Evaluation
Authors: Loughead Teri A. , Liu Shu‐Hui , Middleton Eric B.
Published: December 2011

At‐risk populations pose a major challenge to the counseling profession. This article describes a career development program for at‐risk youth and delineates both the process and the outcomes of a combined quantitative and qualitative program evaluation. The results suggest that at‐risk youth can benefit significantly from this career development program. A combination of work and curricular experiences seemed to be effective with this population.
Parents' Perceptions of Career Information Resources
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Watts Richard E.
Published: December 2011

This study examined parents' perceptions of sources of career information for their children. A nationally representative sample of parents of high school seniors indicated that persons working in the seniors' career fields of interest, school counselors, schools, books and magazines, and vocational schools and community colleges were viewed positively as career information resources. Implications for career development professionals are discussed.
Social Cognitive Theory and the Career Development of African American Women
Authors: Hackett Gail , Byars Angela M.
Published: December 2011

No comprehensive model of the career development of racial and ethnic minorities has yet been developed; even less attention has been devoted to models of the career development of racial and ethnic minority women. One of the more promising career theories that may prove satisfactory in accounting for ethnicity in career development is Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory (Lent & Brown, 1996; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994). In this article, the authors selectively review the literature on African American women's career development to clarify how social cognitive mechanisms may be operating. The primary focus of this conceptual analysis is on the central elements of social cognitive theory, namely, self‐efficacy and outcome expectations. Implications for counseling are presented.
Applying Social Cognitive Career Theory to Training Career Counselors
Authors: O'Brien Karen M. , Heppner Mary J.
Published: December 2011

This article applies the social cognitive career theory formulated by Lent, Brown, and Hackett (1994) to training career counselors. Specifically, the authors propose extending the theory to understand and influence trainees' interest, engagement, and performance in career counseling. An initial offering of an advanced career counseling seminar is described as an example of an intervention designed to increase interest and involvement in career counseling and to improve performance among career counselors. Suggestions are made for future research and for training students to be interested, involved, and skilled in providing career counseling.
Career Development and Workforce Preparation: Educational Policy Versus School Practice
Authors: Bloch Deborah P.
Published: December 2011

A multistate survey of public high schools revealed general unfamiliarity among principals and counselors with national workforce preparation policies as represented by the SCANS Report (Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, 1991) and the National Career Development Guidelines (National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, 1989); a lack of commitment to career development program outcomes for all student groups, particularly those at risk of dropping out; uneven delivery of services, with least attention to cultural diversity outcomes; and underutilization of counselors. The article concludes with an examination of the historical and cultural forces operating for and against sustained efforts in workforce preparation programs.
Life‐Role Salience and Values: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Niles Spencer G. , Goodnough Gary E.
Published: December 2011

In this article, recent research using the Work Importance Study (WIS) instruments in English‐speaking countries is reviewed. Research results indicate several consistent trends. First, that life‐role salience and values must be viewed within specific developmental and cultural contexts. Second, in diverse settings and with different groups, there are sex differences related to the relative importance of life roles and values. Third, career counselors need consider the client's values and life‐role salience to facilitate personal development. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Longitudinal Relationships Between Part‐Time Work and Career Development in Adolescents
Authors: Skorikov Vladimir B. , Vondracek Fred W.
Published: December 2011

In discussions about the effects of part‐time work on adolescents, career development processes have received little attention. This study examined relationships between part‐time work and two components of career development (work values and career indecision) in 483 high school students. Comparisons of longitudinal and cross‐sectional data revealed that peripheral work aspects were less valued as a consequence of being involved in part‐time work; thus, the relative value placed on central work aspects increased. However, part‐time work did not affect career indecision. The decision of whether to work seemed unrelated to the preexisting career development status, except for the value placed on physical activity in boys.
Career Adaptability: An Integrative Construct for Life‐Span, Life‐Space Theory
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

The four segments in the life‐span, life‐space approach to comprehending and intervening in careers (individual differences, development, self, and context), constitute four perspectives on adaptation to life roles. Adaptation serves as a bridging construct to integrate the complexity engendered by viewing vocational behavior from four distinct vantage points. To correspond to adaptation as the core construct, career adaptability should replace career maturity as the critical construct in the developmental perspective on adaptation. Moreover, adaptability could be conceptualized using developmental dimensions similar to those used to describe career maturity, namely planning, exploring, and deciding.
Toward an Expanded Definition of Adaptive Decision Making
Authors: Phillips Susan D.
Published: December 2011

This article draws from the life‐span, life‐space model (Super, 1980, 1990) of career development to examine the definition of adaptive decision making. First, the existing definition of adaptive decision making as “rational” decision making is reviewed. Next, alternate perspectives on decision making are offered with an emphasis on the implications for deciding in a life‐span, life‐space context. Finally, suggestions are made for future directions in theory, research, and practice.
Basic Skills in Adolescents' Occupational Preparation
Authors: Bynner John M.
Published: December 2011

Occupational preparation is directed at giving young people access to continuing and rewarding employment. It attempts to impart personal qualities and competencies that will attract potential employers and provide the particular skills necessary for employment in different kinds of jobs. This article addresses the first of these two issues: what are the basic elements of employability, and how do young people acquire them?
Leisure, School, and Work Activity Preferences and Their Role in Vocational Identity Development
Authors: Vondracek Fred W. , Skorikov Vladimir B.
Published: December 2011

Elements of an expanded construct of adolescent vocational identity were examined in terms of their interrelationships with each other, as well as relationships with preferences among leisure, school, and work activities, engagement in those activities, and identity status. Investigating a sample of 660 7th through 12th graders, we found that vocational interests, occupational self‐efficacy, and occupational prestige were closely associated with each other, with school and leisure interests, and with actual engagement in corresponding (exploratory) activities. We also found that adolescents did not draw significant distinctions between leisure, school, and work activities. The role of school and vocational exploration in adolescents' self‐chosen vocational identity is discussed.
Vocational Interests: A Look at the Past 70 Years and a Glance at the Future
Authors: Betsworth Deborah G. , Fouad Nadya A.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the literature on vocational interests. Ten themes about vocational interests are discussed: development, correlates, measurement, homogeneity and differentiation, career choice, sex differences, stability, structure, career counseling, and cultural influences. These 10 themes are similar to major issues discussed by Strong (1943) in his landmark book on interests Vocational Interests of Men and Women. Directions for future research are presented.
Effects of Career Education Interventions: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Baker Stanley B. , Taylor John G.
Published: December 2011

Twelve studies published between 1983 and 1996 that met the definitions for admissible studies established by Baker and Popowicz (1983) for a meta‐analytic review of the effects of career education interventions were submitted to a similar meta‐analytic integration. Effect sizes based on Glass's (1976) formula were determined for the current sample and were combined with the Baker and Popowicz (1983) sample, providing a sample of 30 studies and an overall effect size of 0.39.
Job Satisfaction, Leisure Satisfaction, and Psychological Health
Authors: Pearson Quinn M.
Published: December 2011

Job satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and psychological health were measured for 189 adult men who were employed full time. Job satisfaction and leisure satisfaction were found to be significant positive predictors of psychological health. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that job satisfaction was the better predictor of psychological health, but leisure satisfaction added significantly to the prediction. Although job satisfaction was significantly higher for white‐collar (professional) workers than for blue‐collar workers, the prediction of psychological health by the independent variables was not affected by occupational status. Theoretical and counseling implications are discussed.
Career Maturity: The Construct's Validity, Vitality, and Viability
Authors: Raskin Patricia M.
Published: December 2011

Career maturity is a useful construct for studying adolescents, but it has limits. Professional counselors need to integrate personality and decision‐making style into research on career maturity as well as give more than a passing nod to developmental theory. They cannot study career development at the individual level alone; context matters and is an integral part of career development. The amount of variance in individual career development accounted for by context and change may be so great that longitudinal research on individuals may not be worthwhile.
The Job Search Club for International Students: An Evaluation
Authors: Bikos Lynette Heim , Furry Tinsley Smith
Published: December 2011

Job search clubs for international students were evaluated. Participants (67% women, 33% men) were 24 students, representing 7 countries and 17 graduate programs. Pre/posttest measures were completed. Significant increases were noted in 5 job search activities. Participants had greater career self‐efficacy, vocational identity, and required less information regarding their occupational choice. Overall, the program was highly rated. Content analysis of open‐ended evaluation items revealed suggestions for program improvements. It indicated (a) the importance of discussing the U.S. culture; (b) increases in confidence, skills, and progress in the job search; and (c) positive feelings about the intervention.
Influences of Ethnic and Nonethnic Variables on the Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy of College Students
Authors: Gloria Alberta M. , Hird Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2011

This study examined differences in career decision‐making self‐efficacy, trait anxiety, and ethnic identity for 687 undergraduates (589 Whites, 98 racial and ethnic minorities). Significant differences by race and major (declared, undeclared) indicated that White students had higher career decision‐making self‐efficacy and lower trait anxiety, ethnic identity, and other‐group orientation. Declared students had higher career decision‐making self‐efficacy and lower trait anxiety. Ethnic variables (ethnic identity, other‐group orientation) were more significant predictors of career decision‐making self‐efficacy and trait anxiety for racial and ethnic minorities than for Whites. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
The Career Path Tournament: Developing Awareness of Sociological Barriers to Career Advancement
Authors: Scholl Mark B.
Published: December 2011

The author of this article presents the Career Path Tournament, a game for heightening participants' awareness of sociological factors (e.g., race, gender, and discrimination in hiring) influencing career advancement and of the need to anticipate and cope with these factors. The game, which is based on Rosenbaum's (1976, 1981, 1984) Tournament Model, is intended for junior high, high school, and college students in a classroom setting. Undergraduate participants' (N = 74) quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the game are presented as evidence that the game raised awareness of sociological barriers and provided participants with helpful suggestions for adaptively coping with these barriers.
Integrating Internet‐Based Distance Guidance With Services Provided in Career Centers
Authors: Sampson James P.
Published: December 2011

The Internet has evolved so rapidly that there is little information on integrating Internet‐based distance guidance opportunities with resources and services provided by existing career centers. In this article, the author describes career centers and then explores the need for career centers in the information age, the types of Internet web sites, the functions of an integrated web site in promoting cost‐ effectiveness, options for integrating user needs, the role of instructional design in web site development, cost‐effectiveness and staff collaboration, web master responsibilities, Internet web site implementation, staff training, and ethical issues. This article is based on a paper presented at a seminar titled, “Guidance in Open Learning Environments in the Finnish Polytechnics” at Espoo‐Vantaa Polytechnic, Vantaa, Finland, 1998.
Predicting Career Indecision in College Students: The Roles of Identity Formation and Parental Relationship Factors
Authors: Guerra Antonia L. , Braungart‐Rieker Julia M.
Published: December 2011

Students' identity formation and perceptions of parental acceptance and encouragement of independence were investigated as predictors of career indecision. The Mother‐Father‐Peer Scale (Epstein, 1983), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Bennion & Adams, 1986), and Career Decision Scale (Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, & Koschier, 1976) were administered to 169 undergraduate students with a mean age of 19.68. Analysis using multiple regression indicated that career indecision was predicted by a greater degree of identity moratorium and diffusion, less maternal acceptance and fewer years in college. Suggestions for future research and counseling applications are provided.
The Transition From School to Work: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Career development theory provides a comprehensive model for conceptualizing the school‐to‐work transition. Since the 1920s, this model has guided the design of a plethora of career education methods and materials that orient, teach, coach, and rehearse students for the transition from school to work. The developmental model, methods, and materials aim to increase students' awareness of the choices to be made and the information and planning that bears on these choices.
Beyond School to Work: Continuing Contributions of Theory and Practice to Career Development of Youth
Authors: Hansen L. Sunny
Published: December 2011

This response (a) makes a few comments about the articles as a group, (b) briefly highlights the historical context of previous theory‐based models for career guidance in schools, and (c) argues that school to work (STW) is not an intellectual but an economic and a political strategy that needs to be examined carefully, especially in relation to students' career needs and theory‐based interventions of the recent past.
Theoretical Perspectives on the School‐to‐Work Transition: Reactions and Recommendations
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

Although extant career theories provide important conceptual insights into the content and process of the school‐to‐work transition, they have not addressed 2 questions that need to be considered in future theoretical and research agendas. These questions, which are addressed in this article, are (a) why are career theories not developed to account for the school‐to‐work process? and (b) are the career theories proposed here complete in their explanation of the school‐to‐work process?
A Brief History of Career Counseling in the United States
Authors: Pope Mark
Published: December 2011

The author presents the 6 stages in the development of career counseling in the United States. In the 1st stage (1890–1919), placement services were offered for an increasingly urban and industrial society. In the 2nd stage (1920–1939), educational guidance through the elementary and secondary schools became the focal point. The 3rd stage (1940–1959) saw the focus shift to colleges and universities and the training of counselors. The 4th stage (1960–1979) was the boom for counseling and the idea of work having meaning in a person's life came to the forefront; organizational career development began during this period. The 5th stage (1980–1989) saw the beginning of the transition from the industrial age to the information age and the growth of both the independent practice of career counseling and outplacement counseling. The 6th stage (1990—present), with its emphasis on technology and changing demographics, has seen an increased sophistication in the uses of technology, the internationalization of career counseling, the beginnings of multicultural career counseling, and the focus on the school‐to‐job transition.
Assessing Efficacy and Importance of Career Counseling Competencies
Authors: Perrone Kristin M. , Perrone Philip A. , Chan Fong , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined self‐efficacy and perceived importance of several career counseling competencies among counselors in school settings (N = 567). The social cognitive career theory was used as a conceptual framework. Participants completed a modified version of the Career Counseling Self‐Efficacy Scale (CCSES) that also included an importance rating. A principal components analysis was used to examine the factorial structure of the modified CCSES and to determine the generalizabilty of the original CCSES findings to practicing school counselors. In addition, counselors' importance ratings were compared to those of a panel of counselor educators and career guidance consultants.
Work‐Family Commitment and Attitudes Toward Feminism in Medical Students
Authors: Hartung Paul J. , Rogers James R.
Published: December 2011

The authors examine work—family commitment and attitudes toward feminism in a cross‐sectional, medical student sample (126 women, 145 men). Results indicated no significant gender differences in commitment levels. Third‐year students reported significantly more family commitment than did students in lower years. Women reported significantly more positive attitudes toward feminism than did men. Future research should examine commitment to work and family roles relative to participation in work and family roles and whether medical students have more conservative attitudes toward feminism than do other groups. Reframing multiple role commitments as an opportunity for role integration may help clients identify how work and family can be mutually enhancing and growth‐producing rather than conflictual.
Interaction Effects of Gender, SES, and Race‐Ethnicity on Postsecondary Educational Choices of U.S. Students
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Ng Kok‐mun , Plata Maximino
Published: December 2011

The authors present data for a subsample of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88; 1996). All participants in the study had attended a postsecondary institution within 2 years of graduation from high school and had selected a field of study. Educational choices were categorized by predominant Holland types (e.g., Realistic, Social, Conventional). There was a 3‐way Gender × SES × Race‐Ethnicity interaction. Race‐ethnicity effects were strongest for men at lower SES levels and weakest for women at high SES levels. The nature of gender and SES effects differed across racial‐ethnic groups.
A Process Perspective of International Research Collaboration
Authors: Stead Graham B. , Harrington Thomas F.
Published: December 2011

International collaboration on research projects is becoming important as countries experience similar problems that need attention. The process of such research collaboration is discussed with specific reference to initiating collaborative research, evaluating the potential of entering into a research partnership, preparing for travel, developing and completing a project, and maintaining international collaborative research relationships. Factors that enhance and diminish such relationships are also discussed.
Integrating Work, Family, and Community Through Holistic Life Planning
Authors: Hansen L. Sunny
Published: December 2011

This article provides a rationale and interdisciplinary framework for integrating work and other dimensions of life by (a) reviewing relevant changes in society and the career development and counseling profession, (b) describing one holistic career‐planning model called Integrative Life Planning (ILP), based on 6 interactive critical life tasks, and (c) discussing questions and issues surrounding narrow versus broad approaches to life planning. ILP includes a strong emphasis on career counselors as advocates and change agents. It focuses on several kinds of wholeness, integrative thinking, democratic values, and helping clients make career decisions not only for self‐satisfaction but also for the common good.
Work Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Conceptual Frameworks for Counseling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients
Authors: Chung Y. Barry
Published: December 2011

Two conceptual models are proposed in this article—one for work discrimination and the other for discrimination coping strategies pertaining to lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers. The work discrimination model includes 3 dimensions (formal vs. informal, potential vs. encountered, and perceived vs. real). The coping strategies model outlines methods that deal with potential and encountered discriminations. It includes vocational choice and work adjustment strategies; the latter are further categorized under identity management or discrimination management strategies.
Implications of Sociopolitical Context for Career Services Delivery
Authors: Santos Eduardo J. R. , Ferreira Joaquim Armando , Chaves Anna
Published: December 2011

This article analyzes the implications of sociopolitical context for career services delivery. Beginning with a reflection on the social foundations of the practice of career counseling, 4 specific Portuguese conditions are presented and discussed in light of existing knowledge in the field. The 4 underlying issues presented are (a) the impact of political changes on career services delivery, (b) the rigidity vs. flexibility of the educational system, (c) political and psychological perspectives on employment, and (d) the relationship between power and career services delivery. A research agenda founded in political anthropology is proposed that may enhance future career services delivery.
The Comparative Contributions of Congruence and Social Support in Career Outcomes
Authors: Harris J. Irene , Moritzen Sara K. , Robitschek Christine , Imhoff Anne , Lynch Jonathan L. A.
Published: December 2011

The authors assessed the relative contributions of social support and interest‐occupation congruence in job satisfaction and tenure. Congruence predicted 13% of the variance in job satisfaction for men, but it was not a significant predictor of job satisfaction for women. Social support accounted for 10% of the variance in job satisfaction for women but was not a significant predictor for men. Neither congruence nor social support predicted tenure. Implications for vocational counseling are discussed.
Client Psychological Distress: An Important Factor in Career Counseling
Authors: Multon Karen D. , Heppner Mary J. , Gysbers Norman C. , Zook Catherine , Ellis‐Kalton Carrie A.
Published: December 2011

The authors explored client psychological distress as a variable in career counseling. Forty‐two clients in a naturalistic setting were seen for a total of 290 sessions by 21 counselors‐in‐training. The results indicated that (a) 60% of the clients were psychologically distressed, (b) clients' scores decreased significantly from pretest to posttest on psychological distress variables, (c) significant linear growth occurred in the clients' perception of the working alliance across sessions, and (d) the psychological distress outcome variables were significantly related to both the first session level of the working alliance and its linear growth.
Struggling With Two Identities: The Case of Eileen
Authors: Davidson M. Meghan , Huenefeld Nancy
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors present a case example of a Chinese American lesbian woman who seeks counseling for career decision making. The client's career issues stem from cultural issues that have created a dichotomy in her life. Using an ecological model, the authors dissect the case, propose interventions, and identify potential problems that may arise.
Expanding Career Options and Optimizing Abilities: The Case of Laura
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Byars Angela , Torres Danielle M.
Published: December 2011

The authors present a case of a 15‐year‐old Mexican American adolescent girl who is uncertain about her educational and career future. The ecological model of career development (E. P. Cook, M. J. Heppner, & K. M. O'Brien, 2002) is applied to the case. The authors suggest career counseling interventions for this client and discuss potential concerns and issues that may arise in career counseling with this client.
Transcending a Double Bind: The Case of Jenna
Authors: Hook Misty K. , Ashton Kathy
Published: December 2011

Although all women's career development has been largely ignored, gifted women, in particular, have been virtually invisible within the career field. Many people assume that choosing a career should be easy for women with high intelligence and multiple gifts; however, the challenges to occupational choice for gifted women are frequently amplified because they are expected to use their talents while conforming to societal expectations of them as women. In this article, the authors seek to enhance awareness of some of these issues by first discussing one gifted woman's difficulties and then addressing treatment issues, using an ecological perspective.
Cultural Context in Career Theory and Practice: Role Salience and Values
Authors: Hartung Paul J.
Published: December 2011

Career theory and practice have long emphasized person variables (e.g., abilities, needs, interests) and have only recently begun focusing on environmental variables in addressing cultural context issues. Contemporary emphasis on contextual variables reflects notable movement toward attaining cultural relevance in career theory and practice. Role salience and values, which are central to developmental perspectives on career and have been considered in other approaches, are key contextual variables that can be examined to make additional progress toward this goal. The author argues that examining the cultural dimensions of social roles and values can enrich theory and enhance practice regarding life‐career development.
The Role of Work‐Related Skills and Career Role Models in Adolescent Career Maturity
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Buchanan Ann
Published: December 2011

The authors used data for 2,722 British adolescents, ages 14–18 years, to explore whether work‐related skills and career role models are associated with career maturity when sociodemographic characteristics (age, socioeconomic status, gender, family structure), family support (mother involvement, father involvement), and personal characteristics (self‐confidence, academic motivation) are controlled. Having work‐related skills and having a career role model were positively associated with career maturity, and having career pressure was negatively associated with career maturity. Family structure and socioeconomic status were unrelated to career maturity. Academic motivation, mother involvement, father involvement, and self‐confidence were related to career maturity at the bivariate but not at the multivariate level.
Vocational Pathways in the Early Part of a Career: An Australian Study
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: December 2011

The vocational pathways of a representative national sample of Australian school students (N = 1,201) were examined over a 7‐year period after the students left school. Results indicated that there was a disparity between the students' initial vocational interests and their occupations at the beginning of their careers. Only 21% of the students were in identical high‐point interest areas at initial assessment and 7 years later. The results suggested that there was a period of career exploration that was followed by adjustment to the labor market.
Developing Qualitative Career Assessment Processes
Authors: McMahon Mary , Patton Wendy , Watson Mark
Published: December 2011

Assessment has been integral to career counseling since the early 1900s. During that time, the greatest amount of attention was focused on quantitative assessment. Thus, there is still very little to guide the development and conduct of qualitative assessment in career counseling. The authors present an overview of qualitative career assessment and its theoretical underpinnings and propose suggestions that could guide the development of qualitative career assessment instruments.
Integrating Perspectives in Career Development Theory and Practice
Authors: Chen Charles P.
Published: December 2011

The author explores the possibility of theory integration in career development and counseling, focusing primarily on bridging the gap between objectivist/positivistic and constructivist approaches. The potentiality of combining concepts from varied theories into a preliminary framework is discussed. This framework proposes 3 possibilities: career as self‐realization, growing experiences, and context conceptualization. Because its focus is career development practice, this framework triggers some heuristic thoughts that might be seen by career counselors as applicable to their counseling interventions.
Factors That Influence Persistence in Science and Engineering Career Aspirations
Authors: Mau Wei‐Cheng
Published: December 2011

The author investigated students' persistence regarding career aspirations in science and engineering (SE) professional careers as a function of race and sex. In a nationally representative sample of 8th graders, persistent racial minority and female students were compared with nonpersistent racial minority and male students regarding their self‐concept, parental involvement, socioeconomic status, and academic achievement. Men were more likely than women to persist in SE career aspirations. Persistent students scored higher than did nonpersistent students on all of the variables studied. Academic proficiency and math self‐efficacy were 2 of the strongest predictors of persistence in SE careers.