bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meßtechnische Probleme bei der dermatologischen Prüfung von Waschmitteln
Authors: Tronnier H.
Published: November 2006

Nach einem kurzen Eingehen auf die Problematik biologischer Untersuchungen werden die besonderen Verhältnisse an der Haut im Hinblick auf Dermatologie und Kosmetik kurz gestreift. Wichtige und in der Praxis bewährte Gesichtspunkte für die Versuche an der menschlichen Haut werden dann im Hinblick auf ihre Vor‐ und Nachteile diskutiert, ehe die speziell zur Prüfung von Waschmitteln an der Haut empfohlenen Versuchsverfahren kritisch beleuchtet werden. Es ist anzustreben, die geeigneten und aussagekräftigen Methoden zu standardisieren, um es auf diese Weise zu ermöglichen, Waschmittel und Waschmittelzusätze im Hinblick auf ihren Effekt an der menschlichen Haut umfassender als bisher zu charakterisieren, ein Vorhaben, das sich aber nur in enger Zusammenarbeit zwischen Waschmittelherstellern, Chemikern und Dermatologen lösen läßt.
Der Einfluß der kristallinen Seifenphasen auf das physikochemische Verhalten und den Gebrauchswert von Toilette‐ und Kernseifen
Authors: v. Stoesser K.
Published: November 2006

Aus der Literaturübersicht geht hervor, daß bei handelsüblichen Toilette‐ und Kernseifen zahlreiche temperaturabhängige Unstetigkeiten ihrer physikochemischen Eigenschaften erwartet und z. T. auch beobachtet werden können. Diese Unstetigkeiten werden teils durch Umwandlungen der festen kristallinen Anteile in der Seife, teils aber auch durch die Anwesenheit flüssig‐kristalliner Anteile bedingt, die im wesentlichen in Form des Natrium‐Oleats vorliegen. Bei der Aufklärung der Zusammenhänge ist bisher — nach Ansicht des Verfassers — dem Einfluß dieser flüssig‐kristallinen Anteile in festen Stückseifen zu wenig Beobachtung geschenkt worden.
Betrachtungen über Seifenphasen
Authors: Spier H. L.
Published: November 2006

Die bisherigen Untersuchen an Seifensystemen gestatten folgende Rückschlüsse: Im Bereich der flüssig‐kristallinen Gebiete, wo Gleichgewichtszustände sich eher einstellen als im festen Seifenstück, haben sich die Ansichten McBain's nicht prinzipiell geändert, Die micelläre Struktur dieser Phasen ist jedoch noch nicht eindeutig geklärt. Die Polymorphie anhydrischer Natrium‐Seifen wurde weitgehend bestätigt. Strukturbestimmungen von einigen dieser Phasen wurden bereits ausgeführt.
Farbmetrische Betrachtungen zur Vergilbung und Weißtönung
Authors: Zimmermann W.
Published: November 2006

Lichtelektrische Photometer mit Filtern zur Farbmessung nach den Normwerten der Internationalen Beleuchtungs‐Kommission dienen auch der Weißgrad‐Messung. Neben dem kurzwelligen Z‐Wert (blau) als Maß für den Gelbstich sind als Bezugswerte X (rotgelb) oder Y (grün) für die Beurteilung des Grau nahezu gleichwertig. Mit der bekannten Weißgradformel von Stephansen werden zwei vorgeschlagene Formeln jüngeren Datums verglichen, die sich als Abwandlungen der ersteren Formel mit zunehmender Ablehnung des Gelbstichs erweisen. Diese scheint mit der Wirkung der Weißtöner zusammenzuhängen, die durch Umwandlung des ultravioletten Tageslichts in blaues Fluoreszenzlicht bei Mitwirkung von Bleichmitteln den Gelbstich weit überkompensieren können.
Über trans‐Lipoide
Authors: Kaufmann E. H. H. P. , Bandyopadhyay C.
Published: November 2006

Die Vff. berichten über das natürliche Vorkommen, die Bildung und den Stoffwechsel der trans‐Fettsäuren. Aus gehärteten Fetten gingen diese bei eigenen Versuchen mit Hühnern nicht in die Lipoide des Eigelbs über. Bei Menschen und Tieren (Schweine und Rinder) bleiben die Gehirn‐Lipoide auch bei einer trans‐haltigen Diät frei von trans‐Fettsäuren. Die Herstellung von trans‐Lecithinen durch Elaidinierung mit Isoamylnitrit wird beschrieben.
Anwendung wasserlöslicher Bindemittel zur Herstellung von Elektrophorese‐Lacken
Authors: Güldenpfennig R. , Wirtz W.
Published: November 2006

Das Abscheidungsverhalten von Elektrophorese‐Lacken wird durch den Filmwiderstand des Bindemittels und die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich dieser aufbaut, entscheidend beeinflußt. Es wird am Beispiel unpigmentierter und pigmentierter Systeme auf Basis der Resydrol‐Versuchsprodukte W‐4148/75 und L‐1302 die Abhängigkeit des Abscheidungsverhaltens von dem Filmwiderstand aufgezeigt.
Pro‐ und Antioxydantien auf dem Fettgebiet XIX: Fette und Fettstoffwechsel der Winterschläfer, 2. Mitteilung: Über die Zusammensetzung der Fette des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota marmota L.)
Authors: Kaufmann E. H. H. P. , Garloff H.
Published: November 2006

Unter den gleichen Gesichtspunkten wie bei den Siebenschläfern (Glis glis L.) wurden die Lipoide des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota marmota) analysiert. Auch bei diesen treten gelbe Lipochrome und braune Verfärbungen bestimmter Gewebsteile auf. Der Vitamin E‐Gehalt entspricht dem anderer tierischer Fette, erscheint aber im Hinblick auf den stark ungesättigten Charakter der Gesamtlipoide gering. Verallgemeinerungen in bezug auf die Deutung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Schlaf und Lipoid‐Beschaffenheit sind vorerst nicht möglich.
Das Lymphgefäßsystem der Haut
Authors: Horstmann E.
Published: November 2006

Das Lymphgefäßsystem der Haut dient wie das der übrigen Organe dem Abtransport von Flüssigkeit, Stoffen und Partikeln aus dem extracellularen Raum. Die Lymphkapillaren schleusen diese Gewebsflüssigkeit in die Lymphbahn ein, die Transportgefäße leiten die so entstandene Lymphe über die Lymphknoten dem Blut wieder zu. Für die Einhaltung einer optimalen Zusammensetzung der Gewebeflüssigkeit ist der ungestörte Ablauf beider Teilfunktionen von großer Bedeutung. Was immer an Stoffen durch die Epidermis zu dringen vermag, muß auf dem Blut‐ oder Lymphwege abtransportiert werden. Der Weg der größeren Moleküle und Partikel führt über die Lymphbahn zu dem Filter der Lymphknoten und damit zu einer sehr aktiven Kontrollstation des reticuloendothelialen Systems.
Veränderungen an Fetten bei hohen Temperaturen
Authors: Werner H. , Wurziger J.
Published: November 2006

Voraussetzung für eine einheitliche Beurteilung der sowohl an tierischen als auch pflanzlichen Ölen und Fetten bei längerer Erhitzung auf Temperaturen, wie sie beim Braten und Backen erreicht werden, ablaufenden Veränderungen ist, daß die chemischen Veränderungen ausreichend analytisch ausdrückbar sind. Die Fachgruppe „Fette als Nahrungsmittel”︁ in der DGF hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, für die chemische Untersuchung von Fritürefetten geeignete Methoden auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und die damit zu gewinnenden Ergebnisse auf ihre Aussagekraft bei der lebensmittelrechtlichen Beurteilung zu überprüfen. An Beispielen werden die vorgesehenen Arbeitsmethoden — Säurezahl, Rauchpunkt, Peroxydzahl, Epoxydzahl, Farbzahlen, Aldehydzahl, oxydierte Fettsäuren und C‐Polymere — behandelt.
Die Ursachen für verschiedene Lackschäden an Neufahrzeugen und deren Verhinderung durch Konservierung vor dem Transport
Authors: Ley E.
Published: November 2006

Durch „Fall Out”︁, der aus Immissionen von Eisenpartikelchen, sauren oder alkalischen Stäuben und asphaltartigen Produkten bestehen kann, können erhebliche Schäden an der Autolackierung und an den blanken Teilen der Wagen entstehen. Um diese Einflüsse bei Neufahrzeugen vor und während des Transports zu den Händlern auszuschalten, werden die Wagen in großem Umfang konserviert, wobei vorzugsweise wachshaltige Überzüge aufgebracht werden. Die an das Konservierungsmittel zu stellenden Anforderungen sowie die Entkonservierung mit aromatenarmem Benzin warden beschrieben.
Novel Cobalt (II) Phthalocyanine‐Containing Polyimides: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal and Optical Properties
Authors: Maya Eva M. , de la Torre Gema , Lozano Angel E. , Torres Tomás , de la Campa José G. , de Abajo Javier
Published: November 2006

Summary: A novel class of polymer has been prepared by reaction of a copolyimide containing carboxylic acid groups, and a cobalt phthalocyanine peripherally substituted with a reactive hydroxyl group. The incorporation of the phthalocyanine ring was achieved by esterification of the carboxylic acid groups of the polyimide with the free hydroxyl group of the phthalocyanine. In this work, a limited number of phthalocyanine rings have been introduced in order to avoid extensive modification of the copolyimide properties. The extent of modification (percentage of esterified carboxylic groups) was estimated to be about 18%. The resulting material showed good thermal stability and a high glass transition temperature (above 300 °C). The incorporation of the bulky phthalocyanine ring brought about a light decrease of thermal properties, relative to those of the initial polyimide. The presence of phthalocyanine was confirmed by the absorption band at 670 nm showing in the visible region for the modified polyimide. The novel copolyimide also exhibited a remarkable emission peak at 430 nm, when excited at 350 nm, corresponding to the emission of the cobalt phthalocyanine moiety.

Schematic representation of the PI‐CoPc molecule and the chemical structure of the repeat unit.

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Schematic representation of the PI‐CoPc molecule and the chemical structure of the repeat unit.
Development of New Microencapsulation Techniques Useful for the Preparation of PLGA Microspheres
Authors: Sah Hongkee , Lee Beom‐Jin
Published: November 2006

Summary: Intensive efforts were made to develop an efficient, novel microencapsulation system useful to encapsulate a model drug, risperidone, to PLGA microspheres. Methyl dichloroacetate was used as a dispersed solvent for the first time, since it possessed excellent solvency power on PLGA and readily underwent ammonolysis. A dispersed phase composed of methyl dichloroacetate, risperidone, and PLGA was emulsified in an aqueous phase to form an O/W emulsion. Adding ammonia solution into the emulsion rapidly converted methyl dichloroacetate into water‐soluble dichloroacetamide and methanol. As a result, emulsion droplets were immediately transformed into hardened microspheres. The new microencapsulation system allowed us to make PLGA microspheres with a drug payload of >40 wt.‐% and attain almost complete encapsulation efficiencies. In summary, preparing an O/W emulsion and subjecting the emulsion to ammonolysis led to development of an efficient, novel microencapsulation system. It was anticipated that the new system could make it possible to load other bioactive materials into microspheres made of various types of hydrophobic polymers.

SEM micrographs of the external and internal morphology of PLGA/risperidone microspheres.

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SEM micrographs of the external and internal morphology of PLGA/risperidone microspheres.
LRRK2 G2019S founder haplotype in the Chinese population
Authors: Tan Eng‐King , Skipper Lisa , Tan Louis , Liu Jian‐Jun
Published: November 2006

The G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 (leucine‐rich repeat kinase) gene appears very rarely in the Chinese population. Among Chinese subjects who were non‐G2019S carriers, we demonstrated the frequency of the LRRK2 G2019S founder haplotype (T‐254‐A‐G‐A‐154) in Parkinson's disease and controls to be 33% and 30%. This rate is similar to the frequency in European noncarriers, indirectly supporting the association of this haplotype with G2019S carriers. The haplotype is likely to be more ancient than the G2019S mutation because it is also found in a population with a very low carrier rate. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Macromolecular Reaction Engineering, the Chain‐of‐Knowledge Approach
Authors: Lemstra Piet J.
Published: November 2006

Macromolecular Science & Engineering is the paradigm of a multi‐disciplinary area in Materials Science. The path from monomer via macromolecules into functional polymer materials and products travels through various disciplines: chemistry, catalysis, thermodynamics, macromolecular reaction engineering, rheology, physics, processing and product design. The successful development of novel and/or improved polymeric materials and products from laboratory into industrial practice requires an integrated approach and profound understanding of the various disciplines met en route, viz. the chain‐of‐knowledge approach. In the 20th Century there has been a strong chain‐of‐knowledge between academia and industry, a prime example in this respect was the development of i‐PP by Natta c.s. in Italy in close concert with Montecatini. Nowadays the gap between academic research and industrial R&D has widened to such an extent that this chain‐of‐knowledge is partly broken. The polymer‐producing industry is seemingly mature, no new plastics are envisaged anymore, and the focus is on cost reduction and corporate long term R&D is incompatible with short‐term shareholder value. The time scale of research projects in academia, typically 3–4 years for a Ph.D., is often incompatible with the time scale of R&D projects in industry. In the current academic domain, macromolecular science and engineering is becoming more and more fragmented and novel results are published in numerous non‐overlapping disciplinary journals. The question is: can we repair this broken chain‐of‐knowledge between academia and the plastics‐producing industry or will academic research make a new chain‐of‐knowledge by establishing a platform for new industrial activities, exploiting the ultimate properties of the macromolecular chain, also beyond the covalent bond, and in novel sophisticated applications?

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Thermal stability of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular architecture design by interchange of xanthates chain‐transfer agents
Authors: Legge Thomas M. , Slark Andrew T. , Perrier Sébastien
Published: November 2006

A series of chain‐transfer agents used in reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular architecture design by interchange of xanthates polymerizations were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to assess their stability to heat and to determine their degradation pathways. The effects of the chain‐transfer‐agent class and structure on the thermal stability are described. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6980–6987, 2006
Extending the validity of the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX‐PC) at the time of prostate biopsy in a racially‐mixed population
Authors: Dale William , Hemmerich Joshua , Meltzer David
Published: November 2006

The Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX‐PC) has been validated for assessing men with prostate cancer for cancer‐specific anxiety. It was originally validated in a predominantly white population. The MAX‐PC Prostate Cancer Anxiety Subscale (MAX‐PC‐PCAS) may be relevant for measuring cancer‐specific anxiety in undiagnosed men at risk for prostate cancer. We assess the validity of the MAX‐PC‐PCAS at the time of prostate biopsy (n = 178). Questions assessed socio‐demographic information, health status, patient‐estimated risk of cancer, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety Subscale (HADS‐A), and the MAX‐PC‐PCAS. The patients' most recent PSA was recorded. Cronbach's alpha, inter‐item correlations, and Pearson correlations with both the HADS‐A and clinical variables were compared with the original validation sample. Our sample was younger (63.1 vs 71.1 years), had a larger fraction of African–Americans (43 vs 10%), and had higher PSAs. Cronbach's alpha was equivalent (0.91 vs 0.90), median inter‐item correlation was equivalent (0.63 vs 0.61), and Pearson correlation with HADS‐A was higher (0.71 vs 0.57). Anxiety levels were not correlated with PSA levels, and there were minor differences in the validation findings by race. The validity of the MAX‐PC‐PCAS extends to men without cancer undergoing biopsy and to African–Americans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some experiments with different formulations of organophosphorus insecticides as seed dressings to control wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata)
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Lord K. A. , Scott G. C.
Published: November 2006

Experiments on the control of wheat bulb fly larvae by seed dressings compared four organophosphorus compounds in standard siliceous earth formulations with special formulations of the same compounds in polyvinyl acetate, polypropylene or wax. The special formulations allowed more insecticide to be placed on the seeds without affecting germination. Counting shoots damaged by wheat bulb fly larvae showed that: siliceous earth formulations of diazinon gave good control which was not improved by special formulations; control with siliceous earth formulations of dimethoate was poor and was improved only little by the special formulations; and control with siliceous earth formulations of parathion and dichlofenthion was moderate and was improved by special formulations, especially polyvinyl acetate and polypropylene. The results suggest that special formulations are of most value with compounds that are moderately effective but where the amount of insecticide in standard seed dressings cannot be increased without damaging the plants.
Effect of light environment on the activity and behaviour of diquat and paraquat in plants
Authors: Brian R. C.
Published: November 2006

The importance of controlling the light environment of experiments involving diquat and paraquat is shown in experiments where activity is markedly dependent on the light quality and intensity before treatment and on the time of day of treatment.

Activity and uptake are not directly related since treatments after low light intensities give increased activity associated with reduced uptake; following afternoon treatments, reduced activity is associated with increased uptake. Uptake increased when plants were darkened after treatment but the increase was not directly related to its duration, because after a time, uptake decreased. Three possible explanations for this decrease are considered: diquat exudation from the leaves, downward movement into the roots, and the adsorption of diquat in plant tissue. Evidence did not support exudation from leaves or downward movement into the roots.
The pyrethrins and related compounds: X.—The methylbenzyl chrysanthemates
Authors: Elliott M. , Janes N. F. , Jeffs K. A.
Published: November 2006

New or improved routes are used to prepare all the nineteen methylbenzyl chrysanthemates, including 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzyl (+) and (−)‐trans‐chrysanthemates, 2,3,4,6‐tetramethyl‐and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentamethyl‐benzyl chrysanthemates, and the chrysanthemates of the new alcohols, 2,3,5‐and 3,4,5‐trimethylbenzyl alcohols.
Effect of maleic hydrazide and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxy propionic acid on ripening and quality of mango fruit
Authors: Krishnamurthy Shantha , Subramanyam H.
Published: November 2006

Dipping in hot water accelerated the ripening process and reduced fungal spoilage in Mangifera indica cv. Pairi mangoes. Accelerated ripening was counteracted by incorporation of maleic hydrazide (MH) in the dip water, thereby extending the storage life with minimum fungal spoilage. 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid (2,4,5‐TP) also delayed the ripening process, but did not improve skin colour. Hot water treatment with or without MH and 2,4,5‐TP increased the carotene content of the flesh. These compounds did not significantly alter the chemical composition or quality of the fruit.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: XIII.—Organochlorine residues in cereals, pulses and nuts
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Hill E. G. , Fishwick F. B.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in grain, pulses and nuts sampled on arrival in Britain during the 2½ years up to June 1969. BHC was detected in nearly every sample but the general level was low, most samples containing less than 0·1 ppm. DDT was found less frequently. Very few samples contained more than 1 ppm of either insecticide. DDE in trace amounts was found in about 10% of the samples of grain and nuts and TDE was found in one sample of grain. The only other organochlorine compounds detected were aldrin in one sample of pulses and hexachlorobenzene in 7 samples of wheat.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in England and Wales, 1966–1967: IV.—Mercury content of the total diet
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Tatton J. O'G.
Published: November 2006

Results are given of determinations of the mercury content of each of the 7 composite food groups into which samples of the total diet were divided. In the very few sub‐samples in which mercury was detected, the levels found were very low and close to the limit of detection by the colorimetric method used.
Interactions between tri‐S‐butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and growth regulator herbicides: I.—A preliminary report
Authors: Turner D. J. , Loader M. C. P.
Published: November 2006

Mixtures of tri‐S‐butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) emulsion and the potassium salt of picloram were strongly synergistic when applied as foliar sprays to pot‐grown privet, poplar, guava and Eucalyptus plants. A similar but less marked effect was observed in privet, using mixtures of DEF and a water‐soluble amine formulation of 2,4,5‐T. By contrast, mixtures of an oil‐soluble ester formulation of 2,4,5‐T with DEF were antagonistic with privet.
Biochemical mode of action of the acaricide fenazaflor
Authors: Corbett J. R. , Wright B. J.
Published: November 2006

The active ingredient of ‘Lovozal’ (fenazaflor) is hydrolysed in solution to 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐benzimidazole (DTFB). Rat liver mitochondria were uncoupled by fenazaflor after a lag phase, while uncoupling by DTFB was immediate, and a similar situation occurred with mitochondria isolated from Tetranychus telarius L. (This is the first report of isolation of mite mitochondria.) Since both compounds ultimately have the same uncoupling activity, it is likely that fenazaflor exerts its effect only after hydrolysis to DTFB. Living mites showed a stimulation of respiration of 70% on addition of either fenazaflor or DTFB before death occurred, suggesting that the acaricidal effect of fenazaflor is due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation after hydrolysis to DTFB.
Phytotoxic activity of norbornane and nortricyclene lactones
Authors: Crundwell E. , Kofi‐Tsekpo W. M.
Published: November 2006

A series of bromo‐, hydroxy‐ and keto‐derivatives of norbornane‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐carboxylic acid, y‐lactone and some related compounds have been prepared and examined for phytotoxic activity. The 3‐exo‐propionyl, and 3‐exo‐5‐exo‐dibromo substituted compounds have been found to have the greatest activity.
Determination of nitroxynil residues in sheep and calves
Authors: Parnell M. J.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of nitroxynil (4‐cyano‐2‐iodo‐6‐nitrophenol) in mammalian tissues. Residues of nitroxynil in the tissues of sheep and calves after subcutaneous administration of the drug are reported.
Determination of residues of promecarb and its metabolite, 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol, in cattle
Authors: Burnett Ellen M. , Lanham A. E. L.
Published: November 2006

A procedure is described for the colorimetric determination of promecarb as 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol in tissues using 2,6‐dichlorpbenzoquinone‐4‐chlorimine as the chromogen.

Cattle were exposed to either 1, 3, 5 or 8 spray applications of a 0·2% promecarb emulsion at 3‐day intervals or were fed promecarb at 2 ppm or 20 ppm daily in the diet for 20 days. All animals were slaughtered 30 h after final exposure.

Of the animals in the spraying trial, residues in omental fat ranged from 0·9 ppm to 1·5 ppm promecarb and 0·4 ppm to 1·9 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol. Residues in perirenal fat ranged from 0·8 ppm to 1·9 ppm promecarb and 0·9 ppm to 1·6 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol. Residues in diaphragm muscle did not exceed 0·06 ppm. In the feeding trial, the maximum residues induced were 2·2 ppm promecarb and 1·4 ppm 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylphenol in omental fat of an animal fed for 20 days on a diet containing 20 ppm promecarb.
Epoxidation of aldrin by cell‐free pea root preparations
Authors: Oloffs P. C.
Published: November 2006

The epoxidation of aldrin and factors influencing this reaction were studied with buffered, aqueous, cell‐free preparations obtained from unbroken roots of laboratory‐grown peas. Aldrin was available to the epoxidising enzymes at concentrations which far exceeded its reported water solubility. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum pH for the reaction was 6·5 using 0·02M phosphate buffer. The reaction rate increased up to 35°c, and decreased with higher temperatures. Various treatments indicated that the epoxidising factor was soluble, and not dependent on the presence of intact cells or cell organelles. No need could be shown for the cofactors NADPH2 and Mg2+, which are required for animal microsomal oxidations. Inhibitor studies indicated both differences and similarities between the system studied here and animal microsomal preparations.
Comparison of the depletion rates of two chlorfenvinphos emulsifiable concentrate cattle dip formulations by a field method
Authors: Dollimore L. S. , Holmes D. L. , Fox B. P.
Published: November 2006

A field trial is described in which a spray race was used to compare the depletion rates of two chlorfenvinphos cattle dip emulsifiable concentrates under practical conditions.

The trial was designed to guard against any biases in the comparison of the concentrates, and the statistical analysis of the results showed that there was a significant difference between the depletion rates of the two formulations.
Residues of tetrachlorvinphos and its breakdown products on treated crops. II.—Residues on apples
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J.
Published: November 2006

Apples treated with tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona, trans‐isomer of dimethyl 1‐(2′,4′,5′‐trichloropheny1)‐2‐chlorovinyl phosphate) insecticide under field conditions in several countries in 1965, 1966 and 1967 have been analysed at intervals after treatment for residues of tetrachlorvinphos itself, its cis‐isomer and seven potential breakdown products. Residues of up to 10 ppm of tetrachlorvinphos were detected immediately after the last of three applications of tetrachlorvinphos (diluted to 0.16% active material). The initial half‐life of the tetrachlorvinphos was on average about 0.5 weeks under U.K. conditions and only 10% of the tetrachlorvinphos remained unchanged at 2 weeks after application. The overall chemical persistence of the wettable powder formulation was not significantly different from that of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation.

Within 8 weeks of the application the residues were mainly of tetrachlorvinphos itself, its cis‐isomer and the alcohol 1‐(2′,4′‐5′‐trichlorophenyl)ethan‐l‐ol, in free and sugar‐conjugated forms. The residues of the conjugates of this alcohol (up to 0.92 ppm) were generally present in higher concentration at 6‐8 weeks after the application than were the residues of the other components. Whilst residues of other breakdown products were detected on the apples their individual residues were below 0.05 ppm and generally below 0.01 ppm at 6 weeks or more after the last of several applications of tetrachlorvinphos.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada
Authors: Smith Dorothy C.
Published: November 2006

A total diet, representative of a Canadian's daily food intake was formulated, grouped by types of food, and prepared as for eating. Analysis of these composites for residues showed eleven organochlorine but no organophosphorus pesticides. Residues were low and would yield an average total daily intake of 24μg/person/day. The level of arsenic was determined on one‐quarter of the samples and was found to be consistently below 0.1 ppm.
Determination of malathion on tomatoes and brinjals by multiband chromatoplates
Authors: Lakshminarayana V. , Menon P. Krishna
Published: November 2006

A one step clean‐up for malathion in extracts of tomatoes and brinjals using a multiband chromatoplate and its quantitative estimation by measuring spot areas are described.
Persistence and degradation of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, fonofos and phorate in soils and their uptake by carrots
Authors: Suett D. L.
Published: November 2006

Analytical methods are described for the determination of residues of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, fonofos and phorate in soils and carrots. The insecticides, applied in June 1969 at 2 kg (a.i.)/ha, persisted longer in peaty loam than in sandy loam. After 7 months, the sandy loam contained 1% of the applied diazinon and 20–30% of the applied chlorfenvinphos, fonofos and phorate, the latter as its sulphone; the corresponding figures for the peaty loam were 10, 40–50, 40–50 and 30–40% respectively. None of the residues showed any substantial change from October to January.

Although high initial concentrations (up to 50 ppm) of the residues in carrots were diluted by plant growth, it is shown that concentrations >1 ppm could be present in marketable crops 12–14 weeks after application at recommended rates. Carrots harvested 26 weeks after sowing contained <0.2 ppm of all insecticides. In contrast, during the first 15 weeks of crop growth the weights of residues in the carrots increased and remained approximately proportional to the square root of the carrot mean weight. Rates of uptake declined as carrot growth declined and subsequently the amounts of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and fonofos residues in the carrots changed very little, while phorate sulphone steadily declined.
Vapour phase action of some foliar fungicides
Authors: Solel Z.
Published: November 2006

Benomyl, maneb, fentin acetate, thiabendazole, a dichloro derivative of thiabendazole, and thiophanate all liberated vapours inhibitory to the germination of Cercospora beticola spores. In tightly closed containesr benomyl and maneb were the most toxic materials. On sprayed leaves the vapour action diminished with time; 11 days after treatment only benomyl still exhibited extreme fungitoxic action.
Uptake of DDT and DDE by the quail embryo and chick
Authors: Cooke A. S.
Published: November 2006

Adult female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were dosed orally with pp'‐DDT in order to produce residues of pp'‐DDT and pp'‐DDE in their eggs. Eggs were incubated and insecticide uptake by the developing embryos and chicks was compared with the results of other authors, who had injected chicken eggs with insecticide solution before incubation. Rate of uptake by quail embryos increased throughout the incubation period. At hatching and 2 days after hatching, the yolk sac was estimated to contain mean amounts of 37% and 7%, respectively, of the total residues in the chick.

Quail eggs, without detectable organochlorine residues, were injected with either pp'‐DDT or pp'‐DDE in olive oil. At 6 days incubation significantly more DDE than DDT was found in the embryo, but this trend had stopped by 10 days incubation. Metabolism of pp'‐DDT to pp'DDE was first detected after 9 days incubation. Embryonic development was slower in injected eggs than in eggs from treated females.
Experiments with some of the newer systemic fungicides on apple and marrow
Authors: Doma S. , Clifford D. R. , Byrde R. J. W.
Published: November 2006

In field trials against apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha), improved control of one or other disease has been given by the newer systemic fungicides benomyl, triarimol and the thiophanates. However, in tests on apple seedlings in the greenhouse, biological evidence of translocation from individual deposits was generally limited to movement within the treated leaf.

In greenhouse tests with cucumbers and marrows, using Oidium sp., there was again little evidence for movement of toxicant from a treated leaf, although effective disease control was readily obtained by root application of several compounds at low dosage.

These results suggest that the systemic properties of the compounds evident when used as soil or seed treatments are of little account when they are applied as foliar sprays.
Increased antifungal action of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate in the presence of complex forming compounds
Authors: Matolcsy G. , Hamrán M. , Bordás B.
Published: November 2006

The antifungal action of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and of zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in the presence of the dithiocarboxylic acid derivatives I and III as well as of some known metal‐complexing agents was tested on Botrytis allii and Alternaria tenuis as test organisms. Addition of some of the investigated compounds to zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate increased its antifungal activity by several orders of magnitude against Botrytis but not against Alternaria. This action is not structure specific as it can be produced by complexing agents of various chemical structure. Under the same conditions the antifungal action of zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate could not be increased.
Insecticidal control of hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor say: Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) on wheat and barley in cyprus
Authors: Walker P. T.
Published: November 2006

Hessian fly was controlled to a maximum of 95% with organophosphate insecticides, in terms of the number of puparia and percentage tiller infestation at harvest.

Granules: phorate at 1.68 kg/ha (1 1/2 lb/acre) as 10% granules in the seed furrow was most effective on durum wheat in 1967–8, with 69–92%, control, of tillers infested. 1.12 kg/ha gave 74–89% control, 0.56 kg/ha in the seed furrow 35–54%. Seed furrow treatment was more effective than band or broadcast treatment over young plants, although granules broadcast over young barley at 1.68 kg/ha of phorate gave 74% control in 1967–8. Fonofos (Dyfonate) granules at 1.55 kg fonofos/ha were most effective on barley in 1968–9, with 66% control. After fonofos and phorate, disulfoton at 1.68 kg disulfoton/ha was next in effect, with up to 86%, control in 1967‐8 and 24% in 1968–9, but variable and not much more effective than at 0.56 kg/ha. Other insecticides were less effective.

Seed dressings: disulfoton was the most effective, giving 79% control in 1967‐8 on wheat and 77% on barley at a high rate of application that was phytotoxic in 1968–9. Diazinon, bromophos and ethion gave 15–38%, control and chlorfenvinphos and dimethoate less. Carbaryl dust at 1.12 kg carbaryl/ha gave 32% control.

Yields were poor, but grain yield was increased by up to 33% in wheat in 1967‐8, averaging about 15%. Barley yield was increased by 7% in 1967–8, and from 9–23% in 1968‐9 by fonofos and phorate granules. Insect control reduced the number of tillers, increased the number of heads and increased the grain weight per head.

In observation plots, chlormequat (CCC) spray alone at the 5‐leaf stage reduced infestation of wheat by between 22% and 43%, but CCC with fertilizer, and fertilizer alone had no conclusive effect. High fly populations are partly due to leaving crop residues in the field at harvest. When these can be ploughed in, infestation should decrease. The use of insecticides may not be economic unless more consistent increases in yield can be obtained.
Automatic recording of uptake of pesticides and related compounds by small plant parasites I. Description of the method
Authors: Haverkate F. , Brevoord J. W. , Verloop A.
Published: November 2006

A technique is described for the automatic recording of the uptake of pesticides and related compounds by viable, small organisms suspended in aqueous solution. The relation of time to uptake thus determined allows the study of the kinetics and the characterisation of the uptake processes.

The technique is based on a recycling of the incubation vessel fluid, obtained by a simple filtration process, through the flow cell of a spectrophotometer. The rate of uptake of compounds, which need to have sufficient absorption in the visible and u.v. region, is followed spectrophotometrically by repetitive measurement of spectra or of absorbance values at a single wavelength. Uptake processes are studied under controlled conditions of temperature and atmosphere. The method has proved to be applicable to yeast cells, fungal spores, nematodes, insect eggs and algae, so that it can be used to good advantage in pesticide research.

However, the technique is not suitable for very small organisms such as bacteria and for easily deformable cells, e.g. erythrocytes.

The utility of the method has been demonstrated in the uptake of 2‐chloro‐6‐phenylpyridine by nematodal larvae (Anguina tritici) which sorb the compound reversibly, and in the uptake of 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐nitrobenzonitrile by fungal spores (Fusarium culmorum) which is converted into the corresponding amino compound. These examples illustrate that the technique is very useful for the study of uptake processes which can be interpreted in terms of accumulation or conversion or both.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds V. toxicity of the methylbenzyl chrysanthemates to houseflies (Musca domestica) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae)
Authors: Elliott M. , Farnham A. W. , Ford M. G. , Janes N. F. , Needham P. H.
Published: November 2006

The insecticidal activities to houseflies and to mustard beetles of the 19 methylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemates were measured to establish the patterns of substitution that produce the greatest toxicities to these insects. The two species of insect differ in their responses to the various compounds in the series. The most active compounds to houseflies and mustard beetles are, respectively, 2,4,6‐and 2,3,6‐trimethylbenzyl (±)‐cis‐trans‐chrysanthemates.
Determination of residues in apples and pears following treatment with the acaricide fenazaflor I. Routine method for fenazaflor and major metabolites
Authors: Crofts M. , Harris R. J. , Whiteoak R. J.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of residues of fenazaflor (I), its hydrolysis product 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (II) and the metabolite 5,6‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimidazole (III) in apples and pears. These chemicals may be present in the crop as a result of the application of the acaricide fenazaflor, formulated as a wettable powder and known by the trade name ‘Lovozal’.

Total residues of I and II are determined as II, and III is determined after methylation, both by GLC with electron capture detection. The limit of detection for each compound is 0.02parts/million (based on a 50 g sample weight). Recoveries are over 80%.

Using apples sprayed with radio‐labelled fenazaflor it was shown that approximately 20% of the total radioactivity present in the fruit was not extracted by the routine method. Further investigation showed much of this to be present as trifluoroacetic acid in a tightly bound form.

No problems were encountered with interference from a number of commonly used orchard pesticides.
Determination of residues in apples and pears following treatment with the acaricide fenazaflor II. Method for individual residues of fenazaflor and its hydrolysis product
Authors: Crofts M. , Harris R. J. , Whiteoak R. J.
Published: November 2006

The occasional need for separation of residues of fenazaflor and its hydrolysis product, instead of determination of the total residue by the routine method, is satisfied by partition of the extract between hexane and acidified aqueous methanol. Both residues are subsequently determined as the hydrolysis product by GLC with electron capture detection, after hydrolysis of fenazaflor.
Direct gas chromatographic determination of methomyl (lannate®) with microcoulometric nitrogen detection
Authors: Williams I. H.
Published: November 2006

A microcoulometric method is described for the direct determination of nanogram amounts of methomyl (S‐methyl‐N‐[(methylcarbamoyl)‐oxy]thioacetimidate). An all‐glass gas chromatographic system coupled to a microcoulometer with a nitrogen‐specific cell was used. The column was packed with a mixture of 6% OV210 and 4% OV101 on Gas Chrom Q, as was the glass transfer tube which connected the chromatographic column to the pyrolysis furnace. Some loss occurred but response was linear from 125 to 20 ng and sensitivity was such that 20 ng of methomyl could be readily measured.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada II—1970
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Sandi E. , Leduc R.
Published: November 2006

Composites of food representing the Canadian diet were analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. Thirteen organochlorine and three organophosphorus pesticides were found. Residues were consistently low and would contribute to the diet approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 30 μg arsenic per person per day.
The insecticidal action of some components of wood preservatives
Authors: Baker J. M.
Published: November 2006

The use of liquid insecticide formulations for prevention and eradication of attack by common wood‐boring insects is discussed and some methods of testing and assessing effectiveness described. Gamma‐BHC and dieldrin prevent attack when present at 20 g/m3 of softwood while a number of stomach poisons are effective at from 1 to 10 kg/m3. The important part played by the organic solvent in an eradicant formulation is considered.

Anobium punctatum in confined spaces can also be controlled by annual use of plastic strips emitting dichlorvos vapour. At 0.015 to 0.05 μg/l in air, dichlorvos virtually prevents initiation or spread of attack by this insect.
The breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine in wheat and potatoes grown under indoor conditions in treated soils
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Stoydin G. , Wright A. N.
Published: November 2006

The breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine (“BLADEX”,a 2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) has been studied in spring and winter wheat and potatoes grown under indoor conditions in soils treated at planting with up to 1.5 kg/ha of the radiolabelled herbicide.

Breakdown products were mainly those formed by hydrolysis of the cyano group to give an amide (II) and an acid (III) followed by hydrolysis of the chlorine to hydroxyl (IV). De‐N‐alkylation reactions also occurred although these were less evident in soils. In wheat the chloro acid (VII) formed by the des‐ethylation of (III) was more evident than in previous studies with maize.

In all of the crops at harvest the residues were mainly of the hydroxy acids (IV) and (VIII); (IV) 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethyl‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine; (VIII) 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐amino‐1,3,5‐triazine, respectively.

In potatoes and spring wheat they were present in both free and conjugated forms whereas in winter wheat they were almost entirely in conjugated forms.

The compounds (IV) and (VIII) are of a low order of toxicity to animals and are not herbicidal. They are unlikely to present a residue hazard if present in field crops.
The fate of sodium 2‐phenylphenate and biphenyl applied to citrus fruit in wax coatings
Authors: Rajzman Anna , Heller Hana
Published: November 2006

The fate of the fungicide in stored citrus fruit treated with wax coatings containing either sodium 2‐phenylphenate (SOPP) or biphenyl was studied. The 2‐phenylphenol content of SOPP—treated fruits was virtually unchanged during storage, was localised in the peel and could not be detected in the vapour phase. The persistence of this fungicide on fruit is in accord with the satisfactory results obtained with SOPP waxes. Biphenyl volatilised from biphenyl‐waxed fruit at rates reflecting the conditions of storage. The volatilisation of biphenyl accounts for the protective action of biphenyl‐waxes and their time limited effect.
Toxicological studies with the insecticide tetrachlorvinphos
Authors: Walker A. I. T. , Brown V. K. H. , Stevenson D. E. , Thorpe E.
Published: November 2006

Acute and long‐term mammalian toxicity studies have been made with the organophosphorus insecticide tetrachlorvinphos. The acute oral LD50 values for technical material were greater than the maximum dose which could be administered to guinea‐pig and domestic fowl (5000 and 1500 mg/kg respectively). For formulations, the figures range from about 500 to >5000 mg/kg, those containing phenol having the lowest values. In 13‐week feeding studies, most changes occurred at dietary concentrations of 800 parts/million or greater with inhibition of plasma cholinesterase appearing to be the most sensitive indicator of exposure. 200 parts/million was considered to be without toxicological effect in rats and dogs after 3 months feeding. In a two‐year study in rats 125 parts/million produced no changes of toxicological significance.
Effects of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) on gooseberries
Authors: Costin J. J. , Kenny T. A.
Published: November 2006

Solutions of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) up to 480 parts/million concentration were applied as foliar sprays to gooseberries (cv. Careless). Harvesting consisted of shaking the bushes by hand and collecting the dropped fruit. With increasing CEPA level pre‐harvest fruit abscission increased and amount of fruit finally left on the bushes decreased. Splitting the application had the effect of reducing pre‐harvest abscission. Berry size and total yield were not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Taste‐panels did not detect any off‐flavours in treated fruit. At hard green fruit stage, analyses for shear value, colour, acidity and soluble solids did not show any marked treatment effects. At ripe fruit stage, softening, yellowing and decrease in acidity were significantly greater for the 480 parts/million CEPA level than for the other treatments. There were no signs of phytotoxic or carry‐over effects due to CEPA.
Factors affecting the activities of nitrophenol fungicides III. The influence of substituents on the hydrogen bonding characteristics of nitro‐ and halogeno‐phenols
Authors: Brown D. , Clifford D. R. , Watkins D. A. M.
Published: November 2006

The hydrogen bonding characteristics of alkyl, halogeno‐ and cyanonitrophenols and some halogenophenols were determined from a study of their i.r. spectra. Relative strengths of inter‐ and intramolecular bonds are quoted.
Influence of cuticular waxes on penetration of pear leaf cuticle by 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid
Authors: Norris Robert F. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: November 2006

Removal of waxes from the upper pear leaf cuticle by chloroform extraction greatly increased sorption of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) into the cuticle. Penetration of NAA through isolated upper pear leaf cuticle was likewise increased following wax removal by chloroform extraction. Plating pear leaf wax back onto dewaxed cuticle surfaces reduced sorption and penetration.
Factors affecting the performance of granular insecticides applied to field beans
Authors: Graham‐Bryce I. J. , Stevenson J. H. , Etheridge P.
Published: November 2006

Factors influencing the performance of various granular formulations of disulfoton and phorate after foliar application to field beans were investigated by bioassay in controlled environment rooms. Frequent rainfall and high temperature increased activity considerably but humidity had little effect. With disulfoton formulation on pumice rather than fuller's earth, and toxicant concentrations of 7.5% rather than 10% increased toxicity, but effects of formulation were small with phorate. The influence of rainfall and formulation were confirmed in a field experiment. There was evidence for an initial fumigant effect, particularly for phorate, in both laboratory and field experiments. The detailed effects of the various factors at different intervals after applying the granules are discussed in relation to the physical properties of the insecticides and granular carriers. It is suggested that the possibilities of controlling performance by influencing release rates from granules are limited for chemicals such as phorate and disulfoton which are appreciably adsorbed by soil.