bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personalized and cued advertising aimed at children
Authors: Daems Kristien , De Keyzer Freya , De Pelsmacker Patrick , Moons Ingrid
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of personalization of advertising and adding an advertising cue to advertisements on Facebook, on 9-to-13-year-old children’s awareness of selling intent, attitude towards the advertisement (Aad) and word-of-mouth (WOM) intention.

Design/methodology/approach

A 2 (personalized ad vs non-personalized ad) × 2 (advertising cue vs no advertising cue) between-subjects design was tested among 167 Belgian children aged 9-13 by means of an in-class online experiment.

Findings

Personalization combined with an advertising cue increases the awareness of selling intent but influences neither Aad nor WOM intention. Awareness of selling intent does not affect WOM intention. Personalization does not increase Aad. Aad has a positive effect on WOM intention.

Research limitations/implications

Implementing a clear advertising cue enhances children’s awareness of selling intent of personalized advertising but does not affect behavioral intention. Public policy, the advertising community and the educational system should take these insights into account when developing regulations, ethical advertisements and educational packages to improve children’s understanding and responses to contemporary advertising formats.

Originality/value

The study is the first one to investigate the joint effect of advertising personalization and an advertising cue on awareness of selling intent and on evaluative and behavioral responses of children. Additionally, the role of Aad and awareness of selling intent for the development of WOM intention is explored.
Extreme site fidelity as an optimal strategy in an unpredictable and homogeneous environment
Authors: Gerber Brian D. , Hooten Mevin B. , Peck Christopher P. , Rice Mindy B. , Gammonley James H. , Apa Anthony D. , Davis Amy J.
Published: June 2019

Animal site fidelity structures space use, population demography and ultimately gene flow. Understanding the adaptive selection for site fidelity patterns provides a mechanistic understanding to both spatial and population processes. This can be achieved by linking space use with environmental variability (spatial and temporal) and demographic parameters. However, rarely is the environmental context that drives the selection for site fidelity behaviour fully considered.

We use ecological theory to understand whether the spatial and temporal variability in breeding site quality can explain the site fidelity behaviour and demographic patterns of Gunnison sage‐grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We examined female site fidelity patterns across multiple spatial scales: proximity of consecutive year nest locations, space‐use overlap within and across the breeding and brooding seasons, and fidelity to a breeding patch. We also examined the spatial and temporal variability in nest, chick, juvenile and adult survival.

We found Gunnison sage‐grouse to be site faithful to their breeding patch, area of use within the patch and generally where they nest, suggesting an “Always Stay” site fidelity strategy. This is an optimal evolutionary strategy when site quality is unpredictable. Further, we found limited spatial variability in survival within age groups, suggesting little demographic benefit to moving among patches. We suggest Gunnison sage‐grouse site fidelity is driven by the unpredictability of predation in a relatively homogeneous environment, the lack of benefits and likely costs to moving across landscape patches and leaving known lek and breeding/brooding areas.

Space use and demography are commonly studied separately. More so, site fidelity patterns are rarely framed in the context of ecological theory, beyond questions related to the win‐stay:lose‐switch rule. To move beyond describing patterns and understand the adaptive selection driving species movements and their demographic consequences require integrating movement, demography and environmental variability in a synthetic framework.

Site fidelity theory provides a coherent framework to simultaneously investigate the spatial and population ecology of animal populations. Using it to frame ecological questions will lead to a more mechanistic understanding of animal movement, spatial population structuring and meta‐population dynamics.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The Outbreak of Fentanyl‐Related Deaths in Cook County, Illinois, Between October 2015 and December 2017: A Retrospective Study and a Comparison with Previous Data
Authors: Serinelli Serenella , White Steven , Arunkumar Ponni , Wang Dongliang , Gitto Lorenzo
Published: June 2019

The National Institute on Drug Abuse has observed an increase in fentanyl deaths in the United States. One epidemic related to the abuse of fentanyl happened in Cook County in 2005–2007 (350 deaths). Another outbreak of fentanyl deaths occurred in 2015–2017 in the same area. The database of the Cook County Medical Examiner's Office was searched for cases of fentanyl deaths between 2015 and 2017: 1244 deaths were found. A comparison was performed with the previous data: an increase in the number of females was observed in 2015–2017. Also, in 2005–2007, the majority of deaths occurred among African American, while in 2015–2017, Caucasians were more involved. Within our population, some drug combinations were more common in specific demographic subgroups (male/females; Caucasian/African American; and certain age groups). The epidemiology and the most significant drug associations found at the toxicology are discussed, highlighting the usefulness of the knowledge about this outbreak for public health.
Early emergence of mcr‐1‐positive Enterobacteriaceae in gulls from Spain and Portugal
Authors: Ahlstrom Christina A. , Ramey Andrew M. , Woksepp Hanna , Bonnedahl Jonas
Published: June 2019

We tested extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase producing bacteria from wild gulls (Larus spp.) sampled in 2009 for the presence of mcr‐1. We report the detection of mcr‐1 and describe genome characteristics of four Escherichia coli and one Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Spain and Portugal that also exhibited colistin resistance. Results represent the earliest evidence for colistin‐resistant bacteria in European wildlife.
The prognostic implications of EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement for the long‐term outcomes of patients with resected lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Kim Hyungjin , Lee Hyun‐Ju , Hong Hyunsook , Kim Young Jae , Kim Kwang Gi , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Kim Young Tae
Published: June 2019

Background

To investigate the prognostic impact of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement for the overall survival (OS) of patients with surgically treated lung adenocarcinomas.

Methods

A total of 689 patients with stage I–III lung adenocarcinomas (male:female = 334:355; median age, 64 years) underwent complete surgical resection between 2007 and 2013. The prognostic impact of EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement on OS was analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Certain clinicopathological prognostic factors (i.e., age, sex, smoking status, nodule type, solid portion size, pathologic stage, adenocarcinoma subtype, and history of adjuvant chemotherapy) were included for adjustments of the hazard ratio (HR).

Results

EGFR mutation was observed in 438 patients (64%) and ALK rearrangement was seen in 28 patients (4%). Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression demonstrated that the prognostic effect of EGFR mutation on OS differed by age (HR, exp.[−5.199 + 0.064*age]). The adjusted HR for EGFR mutation was 0.14 (95% CI: 0.05–0.36; P < 0.001) at 50 years, 0.26 (95% CI: 0.15–0.46; P < 0.001) at 60 years, and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.31–0.81; P = 0.005) at 70 years. However, the effect of ALK rearrangement on OS was without statistical significance (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

EGFR mutation was independently prognostic of the long‐term outcomes of patients with surgically treated lung adenocarcinomas. A more favorable prognostic effect was seen in younger than in older patients. ALK rearrangement was not associated with OS.
Minimizing the impact of biologging devices: Using computational fluid dynamics for optimizing tag design and positioning
Authors: Kay William P. , Naumann David S. , Bowen Hannah J. , Withers Simon J. , Evans Benjamin J. , Wilson Rory P. , Stringell Thomas B. , Bull James C. , Hopkins Phil W. , Börger Luca
Published: June 2019

Biologging devices are used ubiquitously across vertebrate taxa in studies of movement and behavioural ecology to record data from organisms without the need for direct observation. Despite the dramatic increase in the sophistication of this technology, progress in reducing the impact of these devices to animals is less obvious, notwithstanding the implications for animal welfare. Existing guidelines focus on tag weight (e.g. the ‘5% rule'), ignoring aero/hydrodynamic forces in aerial and aquatic organisms, which can be considerable. Designing tags to minimize such impact for animals moving in fluid environments is not trivial, as the impact depends on the position of the tag on the animal, as well as its shape and dimensions.

We demonstrate the capabilities of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling to optimize the design and positioning of biologgers on marine animals, using the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) as a model species. Specifically, we investigate the effects of (a) tag form, (b) tag size, and (c) tag position and quantify the impact under frontal hydrodynamic forces, as encountered by seals swimming at sea.

By comparing a conventional versus a streamlined tag, we show that the former can induce up to 22% larger drag for a swimming seal; to match the drag of the streamlined tag, the conventional tag would have to be reduced in size by 50%. For the conventional tag, the drag induced can differ by up to 11% depending on the position along the seal's body, whereas for the streamlined tag this difference amounts to only 5%.

We conclude by showing how the CFD simulation approach can be used to optimize tag design to reduce drag for aerial and aquatic species, including issues such as the impact of lateral currents (unexplored until now). We also provide a step‐by‐step guide to facilitate the implementation of CFD in biologging tag design.
Diet restriction‐induced healthy aging is mediated through the immune signaling component ZIP‐2 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hahm Jeong‐Hoon , Jeong ChoLong , Nam Hong Gil
Published: June 2019

Dietary restriction (DR) robustly delays the aging process in all animals tested so far. DR slows aging by negatively regulating the target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6 kinase (S6K) signaling pathway and thus inhibiting translation. Translation inhibition in C. elegans is known to activate the innate immune signal ZIP‐2. Here, we show that ZIP‐2 is activated in response to DR and in feeding‐defective eat‐2 mutants. Importantly, ZIP‐2 contributes to the improvements in longevity and healthy aging, including mitochondrial integrity and physical ability, mediated by DR in C. elegans. We further show that ZIP‐2 is activated upon inhibition of TOR/S6K signaling. However, DR‐mediated activation of ZIP‐2 does not require the TOR/S6K effector PHA‐4/FOXA. Furthermore, zip‐2 was not activated or required for longevity in daf‐2 mutants, which mimic a low nutrition status. Thus, DR appears to activate ZIP‐2 independently of PHA‐4/FOXA and DAF‐2. The link between DR, aging, and immune activation provides practical insight into the DR‐induced benefits on health span and longevity.
For a relationship perspective on geographical ethics
Authors: Blazek Matej , Askins Kye
Published: June 2019

We draw on a particular way of doing research – as volunteer practitioners based in community‐based organisations – to propose a relationship‐centred perspective on geographical ethics. Grounded in a wider rationale driven by socio‐spatial justice, politics of care, and emotional work, the paper reflects on praxes of doing geographical research as volunteer‐practitioners and considers how dimensions of relationship‐forging in community settings can translate to, and enrich, the agendas of research, teaching, impact, and collegiality in academic geography, even for those whose work does not unfold from community‐based partnerships. The paper makes a three‐fold call: for more nuanced recognition of the potential role of relationships in geographical working; for proliferation and nurturing of diverse academic outcomes; and for legitimisation of relationship praxes beyond normative forms of written outputs.
Roles of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway in bile acid‐induced cancer development
Authors: Munemoto Masayoshi , Mukaisho Ken‐ichi , Miyashita Tomoharu , Oyama Katsunobu , Haba Yusuke , Okamoto Koichi , Kinoshita Jun , Ninomiya Itasu , Fushida Sachio , Taniura Naoko , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Fujimura Takashi
Published: June 2019

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) as well as adenocarcinomas (EACs) were developed in rat duodenal contents reflux models (reflux model). The present study aimed to shed light on the mechanism by which bile acid stimulation causes cancer onset and progression. Metabolomics analyses were performed on samples of neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues from reflux models, and K14D, cultivated from a nonmetastatic, primary ESCC, and ESCC‐DR, established from a metastatic thoracic lesion. ESCC‐DRtca2M was prepared by treating ESCC‐DR cells with taurocholic acid (TCA) to accelerate cancer progression. The lines were subjected to comprehensive genomic analyses. In addition, protein expression levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) (p65) and O‐linked N‐Acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) were compared among lines. Cancers developed in the reflux models exhibited greater hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) activation compared with the nonneoplastic tissues. Expression of O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) increased considerably in both ESCC and EAC compared with nonneoplastic squamous epithelium. Conversely, cell line‐based experiments revealed the greater activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. G6PD overexpression in response to TCA exposure was observed. Both NF‐κB (p65) and O‐GlcNAc were expressed more highly in ESCC‐DRtca2M than in the other cell lines. Moreover, ESCC‐DRtca2M cells had additional chromosomal abnormalities in excess of ESCC‐DR cells. Overall, glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger NF‐κB(p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines, and the HBP was activated in the former. The cell line‐based experiments demonstrated upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger G6PD overexpression and NF‐κB (p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
Development and validation of a deep‐learning algorithm for the detection of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration from colour fundus photographs
Authors: Keel Stuart , Li Zhixi , Scheetz Jane , Robman Liubov , Phung James , Makeyeva Galina , Aung KhinZaw , Liu Chi , Yan Xixi , Meng Wei , Guymer Robyn , Chang Robert , He Mingguang
Published: June 2019

Importance

Detection of early onset neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is critical to protecting vision.

Background

To describe the development and validation of a deep‐learning algorithm (DLA) for the detection of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration.

Design

Development and validation of a DLA using retrospective datasets.

Participants

We developed and trained the DLA using 56 113 retinal images and an additional 86 162 images from an independent dataset to externally validate the DLA. All images were non‐stereoscopic and retrospectively collected.

Methods

The internal validation dataset was derived from real‐world clinical settings in China. Gold standard grading was assigned when consensus was reached by three individual ophthalmologists. The DLA classified 31 247 images as gradable and 24 866 as ungradable (poor quality or poor field definition). These ungradable images were used to create a classification model for image quality. Efficiency and diagnostic accuracy were tested using 86 162 images derived from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Neovascular AMD and/or ungradable outcome in one or both eyes was considered referable.

Main Outcome Measures

Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity.

Results

In the internal validation dataset, the AUC, sensitivity and specificity of the DLA for neovascular AMD was 0.995, 96.7%, 96.4%, respectively. Testing against the independent external dataset achieved an AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.967, 100% and 93.4%, respectively. More than 60% of false positive cases displayed other macular pathologies. Amongst the false negative cases (internal validation dataset only), over half (57.2%) proved to be undetected detachment of the neurosensory retina or RPE layer.

Conclusions and Relevance

This DLA shows robust performance for the detection of neovascular AMD amongst retinal images from a multi‐ethnic sample and under different imaging protocols. Further research is warranted to investigate where this technology could be best utilized within screening and research settings.
Foreign aid, the mining sector and democratic ownership: The case of Canadian assistance to Peru
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: June 2019

Background

As foreign aid donors are increasingly open about seeking to obtain benefits from their development assistance, new forms of donor‐driven private‐sector partnerships have proliferated. This new trend is especially controversial in the mining sector, to which Canada has become the largest aid donor among OECD‐DAC countries.

Purpose

In order to better understand this phenomenon and its implications, this article asks, first, how has aid to the mining sector evolved and what do the changes suggest about its underlying motives? Second, what are the implications regarding the “democratic ownership” of the recipients’ development agenda?

Approach and methods

The study analyses Canadian aid to the mining sector in Peru, its largest recipient of such aid, concentrating on the period since 2011, when Canadian aid took an “extractive turn.” It draws on 20 semi‐structured interviews with key players and observers in Lima and Cusco in Peru, as well as an in‐depth review of mainly secondary sources and some statistical data. Its analytical framework is based on the motives that must underpin aid, as stipulated by Canadian legislation, and the concept of “ownership,” the cornerstone of the international aid effectiveness agenda.

Findings

The extractive turn in Canadian aid reflects an increase in commercial self‐interest, at the expense of altruistic poverty reduction and contradicting core elements of the legislated mandate of Canadian aid. Extractive‐related aid to Peru now almost exclusively supports: (a) strengthening the central government’s role in promoting mining; (b) encouraging municipalities to negotiate mutually beneficial relations with Canadian mining companies; and (c) subsidizing Canadian companies’ efforts to obtain a “social licence to operate” from local communities. Canada’s assistance to the mining sector can be justified by a narrow interpretation of the concept of country “ownership.” However, its justification rests on a limited vision of ownership, based on what governments, who claim to speak on behalf of citizens, prioritize, rather than a more democratic conception that takes into account what poor people want, which may include or preclude mining activities.

Policy implications

Aid donors should focus on locally owned strategies that reflect poor people’s priorities, independently of whether they include or exclude allowing mining companies to operate on their territories. Aid may thus contribute to a donor’s commercial interests, but the latter should not be the underlying motive.
Incremental value of right parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination over the left parasternal approach in assessing ascending aorta size: Additional benefit of three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Akdogan Raziye E. , Srialluri Swetha , Abdelsalam Mahmoud G. A. , Hsiung Ming C. , Nanda Navin C. , Fadala Hanan , Yin Wei‐Hsian
Published: June 2019

Background

The ascending aorta (AA) has not been well studied using two‐dimensional right parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2DRPE).

Aim

The aim of the present study was to assess the incremental value of 2DRPE over two‐dimensional left parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2DLPE) in evaluating the size of AA in adult patients (pts) and, secondly, to determine whether live/real time three‐dimensional (3D) RPE provided any additional benefit over 2DRPE.

Materials and Methods

The AA was successfully imaged by 2DLPE, 2DRPE, and 3D RPE in 87 of 141 (61.7%) pts which comprised of two groups of consecutive pts separated by an interval of 2 weeks.

Results

The maximum length of AA visualized by 2DRPE (4.98 ± 0.89) was larger than 2DLPE in 76/87(87%) pts (P < 0.001). Both the maximum systolic AA inner luminal width and leading edge‐to‐leading edge width by 2DRPE were greater than 2DLPE (P < 0.001). Similar to other noninvasive imaging modalities where mid‐AA width is taken at level of right pulmonary artery, mid‐AA width could also be taken at this level by 2DRPE in 79/87(91%) pts since this landmark was visualized during 2DRPE. However, this vessel could be visualized in only 2/87 (2%) pts with 2DLPE. 3DRPE conferred additional benefit over 2DRPE. The maximal AA length by 3DRPE was larger than 2DRPE in 60/87(69%) pts, and the maximal inner lumen and leading edge to leading edge widths were larger in 54/87(62%) and 66/87(76%) pts, respectively.

Conclusion

Our preliminary study demonstrates significant incremental value of 2DRPE over 2DLPE in the assessment of AA. 3DRPE confers an additional advantage over 2DRPE.
The ecology and evolution of induced responses to herbivory and how plants perceive risk
Authors: Karban Richard
Published: June 2019

1. Plants perceive herbivore damage or increased risk and respond. These changes may increase plant fitness, although effects on fitness have often been assumed without supporting evidence.

2. Three models have been proposed to explain induced rather than constitutive defence. The optimal defence model posits that induction allow plants to reduce allocation costs; it predicts demonstrably lower costs when defences are not needed. The moving target model posits that induction increases spatial and temporal variability; it predicts that variability will be difficult for herbivores and will provide defence. The information transfer model posits that induced responses provide cues to other tissues on that individual plant and to other organisms in the community; it predicts that induced cues will provide systemic resistance, deter herbivores, and/or attract enemies of herbivores, thereby benefiting the induced plant.

3. All three models predict that cues must be reliable to be useful. In some cases, cues provide specific information about the damaged plant tissue and the herbivore and this specific information may allow plants to fine‐tune responses. Recent theory posits that selection should favour plants that minimise recognition errors and reduce fitness costs associated with errors.

4. Future research should focus on exploring different modalities used by plants to perceive herbivore risk, the benefits and costs of perceiving cues and inducing resistance, and the basic natural history of these phenomena. Induced responses have great unrealised potential in agriculture, and research should focus on host plant resistance rather than attempting to involve other trophic levels.
Phenotype–environment mismatch in metapopulations—Implications for the maintenance of maladaptation at the regional scale
Authors: Negrín Dastis Jorge Octavio , Milne Russell , Guichard Frédéric , Derry Alison Margaret
Published: June 2019

Maladaptation is widespread in natural populations. However, maladaptation has most often been associated with absolute population decline in local habitats rather than on a spectrum of relative fitness variation that can assist natural populations in their persistence at larger regional scales. We report results from a field experiment that tested for relative maladaptation between‐pond habitats with spatial heterogeneity and (a)symmetric selection in pH. In the experiment, we quantified relative maladaptation in a copepod metapopulation as a mismatch between the mean population phenotype and the optimal trait value that would maximize mean population fitness under either stable or fluctuating pH environmental conditions. To complement the field experiment, we constructed a metapopulation model that addressed both relative (distance from the optimum) and absolute (negative population growth) maladaptation, with the aim of forecasting maladaptation to pH at the regional scale in relation to spatial structure (environmental heterogeneity and connectivity) and temporal environmental fluctuations. The results from our experiment indicated that maladaptation to pH at the regional scale depended on the asymmetry of the fitness surface at the local level. The results from our metapopulation model revealed how dispersal and (a)symmetric selection can operate on the fitness surface to maintain maladaptive phenotype–environment mismatch at local and regional scales in a metapopulation. Environmental stochasticity resulted in the maintenance of maladaptation that was robust to dispersal, but also revealed an interaction between the asymmetry in selection and environmental correlation. Our findings emphasize the importance of maladaptation for planning conservation strategies that can support adaptive potential in fragmented and changing landscapes.
The neglected role of religion in fisheries management
Authors: Lowe Benjamin S. , Jacobson Susan K. , Anold Happiness , Mbonde Athanasio S. , Lorenzen Kai
Published: June 2019

Religion and spirituality have long played important roles in fishery systems around the world, and yet are often neglected in modern fisheries management and research. We review current literature and analyse the major small‐scale fishery on Lake Tanganyika, Africa, to highlight how religion may mediate fishing behaviours. Our study surveyed 154 fishers across 11 landing sites in Tanzania, followed by 15 semi‐structured interviews with key informants including fishery officers and local religious leaders. We identified key connections between religious beliefs/practices and fisher perceptions, behaviour and compliance with harvest restrictions and regulations. We demonstrate that better understanding and accounting for religious dimensions is critical for engaging with fishery stakeholders more effectively and managing global fisheries more sustainably.
Notch fatigue life prediction considering nonproportionality of local loading path under multiaxial cyclic loading
Authors: Tao Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Ming , Zhu Yu , Shang De‐Guang , Cai Tian , Zhang Zi‐Ling , Bai Bin
Published: June 2019

An innovative numerical methodology is presented for fatigue lifetime estimation of notched bodies experiencing multiaxial cyclic loadings. In the presented methodology, an evaluation approach of the local nonproportionality factor F for notched specimens, which defines F as the ratio of the pseudoshear strain range at 45° to the maximum shear plane and the maximum shear strain range, is proposed and discussed deeply. The proposed evaluation method is incorporated into the material cyclic stress‐strain equation for purpose of describing the nonproportional hardening behavior for some material. The comparison between multiaxial elastic‐plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and experimentally measured strains for S460N steel notched specimens shows that the proposed nonproportionality factor estimation method is effective. Subsequently, the notch stresses and strains calculated utilizing multiaxial elastic‐plastic FEA are used as input data to the critical plane‐based fatigue life prediction methodology. The prediction results are satisfactory for the 7050‐T7451 aluminum alloy and GH4169 superalloy notched specimens under multiaxial cyclic loading.
Neonatal imitation: Temporal characteristics in imitative response patterns
Authors: Heimann Mikael , Tjus Tomas
Published: June 2019

Neonatal imitation has been an area that has attracted intense attention within developmental psychology. Reported here are data from 33 newborn infants (16 girls; mean age: 47 hr) assessed for imitation of tongue protrusion (TP) and mouth opening (MO). The stimuli were presented dynamically, in three 20‐second‐long gesture modeling intervals, interwoven with three 20‐second‐long intervals in which the presenter kept a passive face. Imitation of TP emerged among a majority of the infants during the first 60 s of the experiment. In contrast, MO showed a protracted response and a majority exhibited imitation after 60 s. The individual response pattern of the participating infants varied substantially over the course of the experiment. The study provides renewed support for neonatal imitation of MO and TP, and, in addition, suggests that the temporal organization of the responses observed is an important factor to consider, which in turn has methodological and theoretical implications.
Mission to Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Kasongo Micheline Kamba
Published: June 2019

The human ego pushes some people to think that a wall of separation should be built, with the rich and the poor in their camps and the weak and the strong living separately. People with disabilities are victims of this separation, often considered as being apart, labelled as “the others.” However, the love of God pushes us to consider the others, whatever their differentiation, as the image of God created to live in relation with other humans. Thus, the mission to people with disabilities is a transformative love that releases actions of justice. This article frames the text of 1 Samuel 9, 1‐11, in Missiology Studies and Contextual Bible Studies from a disability perspective. It also re‐reads the text according to an African context, more precisely the Democratic Republic of Congo. The paper uses the “see, judge and act” approach: the author’s experience as a scholar and a woman living with disability will aid critical analysis, leading to recommendations.
Global Perspectives on Disability and Mission
Authors: Charles Anjeline Okola
Published: June 2019

This article starts by exploring what disability is and why we should not be limited by only one definition. It then reflects on challenges and possibilities of historical review as it relates to disability by key church figures. In looking at the theology of disability in the modern era, the article argues that in order to move from the margins, we need to embrace a practical theology of embodiment that goes beyond inclusion to belonging. Scholars on disability and theology are therefore called upon to embrace a practical theology of disability through incorporating people with disabilities at the centre of developing a theology.
Significance testing and genomic inflation factor using high‐density genotypes or whole‐genome sequence data
Authors: van den Berg Sanne , Vandenplas Jérémie , van Eeuwijk Fred A. , Lopes Marcos S. , Veerkamp Roel F.
Published: June 2019

Significance testing for genome‐wide association study (GWAS) with increasing SNP density up to whole‐genome sequence data (WGS) is not straightforward, because of strong LD between SNP and population stratification. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate genomic control and different significance testing procedures using data from a commercial pig breeding scheme. A GWAS was performed in GCTA with data of 4,964 Large White pigs using medium density, high density or imputed whole‐genome sequence data, fitting a genomic relationship matrix based on a leave‐one–chromosome‐out approach to account for population structure. Subsequently, genomic inflation factors were assessed on whole‐genome level and the chromosome level. To establish a significance threshold, permutation testing, Bonferroni corrections using either the total number of SNPs or the number of independent chromosome fragments, and false discovery rates (FDR) using either the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure or the Benjamini and Yekutieli procedure were evaluated. We found that genomic inflation factors did not differ between different density genotypes but do differ between chromosomes. Also, the leave‐one‐chromosome‐out approach for GWAS or using the pedigree relationships did not account appropriately for population stratification and gave strong genomic inflation. Regarding different procedures for significance testing, when the aim is to find QTL regions that are associated with a trait of interest, we recommend applying the FDR following the Benjamini and Yekutieli approach to establish a significance threshold that is adjusted for multiple testing. When the aim is to pinpoint a specific mutation, the more conservative Bonferroni correction based on the total number of SNPs is more appropriate, till an appropriate method is established to adjust for the number of independent tests.
Canada's Trade Policy Developments after NAFTA: Sources and Implications
Authors: Sahakyan Davit
Published: June 2019

This article argues that Canada's trade policy developments after NAFTA have been influenced by the stalemate in multilateral liberalization and the discriminative nature of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that have proliferated during the last 25 years. First, the impasse in the Doha Round of negotiations made Canada consider regional and bilateral options of opening up new markets as an alternative to multilateral liberalization. Second, the discriminative nature of PTAs accelerated the process of Canada's regional and bilateral liberalization, as PTAs have diverted trade away from Canada, prompting it to pursue its own preferential trade initiatives to level the playing field for Canadian businesses.
Biological factors involved in alveolar bone regeneration
Authors: Giannobile William V. , Berglundh Tord , Al‐Nawas Bilal , Araujo Mauricio , Bartold P. Mark , Bouchard Philippe , Chapple Iain , Gruber Reinhard , Lundberg Pernilla , Sculean Anton , Lang Niklaus P. , Lyngstadaas Petter , Kebschull Moritz , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Schwartz Zvi , Shapira Lior , Stavropoulos Andreas , Reseland Janne
Published: June 2019

Background and Aims

To describe the biology of alveolar bone regeneration.

Material and Methods

Four comprehensive reviews were performed on (a) mesenchymal cells and differentiation factors leading to bone formation; (b) the critical interplay between bone resorbing and formative cells; (c) the role of osteoimmunology in the formation and maintenance of alveolar bone; and (d) the self‐regenerative capacity following bone injury or tooth extraction were prepared prior to the workshop.

Results and Conclusions

This summary information adds to the fuller understanding of the alveolar bone regenerative response with implications to reconstructive procedures for patient oral rehabilitation. The group collectively formulated and addressed critical questions based on each of the reviews in this consensus report to advance the field. The report concludes with identified areas of future research.
Management of the extraction socket and timing of implant placement: Consensus report and clinical recommendations of group 3 of the XV European Workshop in Periodontology
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Jung Ronald E. , Avila‐Ortiz Gustavo , Blanco Juan , Cosyn Jan , Fickl Stefan , Figuero Elena , Goldstein Moshe , Graziani Filippo , Madianos Phoebus , Molina Ana , Nart Jose , Salvi Giovanni E. , Sanz‐Martin Ignacio , Thoma Daniel , Van Assche Nele , Vignoletti Fabio
Published: June 2019

Background

The transition from a tooth requiring extraction to its replacement (with a dental implant) requires a series of clinical decisions related to timing, approach, materials, cost‐effectiveness and the assessment of potential harm and patient preference. This workshop focused on the formulation of evidence‐based consensus statements and clinical recommendations.

Methods

Four systematic reviews covering the areas of alveolar ridge preservation/bone grafting, immediate early and delayed implant placement and alveolar bone augmentation at the time of implant placement in a healed ridge formed the basis of the deliberations. The level of evidence supporting each consensus statement and its strength was described using a modification of the GRADE tool.

Results

The evidence base for each of the relevant topics was assessed and summarized in 23 consensus statements and 12 specific clinical recommendations. The group emphasized that the evidence base mostly relates to single tooth extraction/replacement; hence, external validity/applicability to multiple extractions requires careful consideration. The group identified six considerations that should assist clinicians in clinical decision‐making: presence of infection, inability to achieve primary stability in the restoratively driven position, presence of a damaged alveolus, periodontal phenotype, aesthetic demands and systemic conditions.

Conclusions

A substantial and expanding evidence base is available to assist clinicians with clinical decision‐making related to the transition from a tooth requiring extraction to its replacement with a dental implant. More high‐quality research is needed for the development of evidence‐based clinical guidelines.
Development, growth and metabolic rate of Hermetia illucens larvae
Authors: Gligorescu Anton , Toft Søren , Hauggaard‐Nielsen Henrik , Axelsen Jørgen A. , Nielsen Søren Achim
Published: June 2019

The larvae of Hermetia illucens are known to successfully bio‐convert a vast range of organic substrates into high protein and fat biomass, but little is known about the larval instars. During this research, larval head capsules and biomass growth were measured daily and the specific metabolic rate of larger instars were considered. The head capsule measurements revealed that H. illucens pass through 6 actively feeding larval stadia before entering the last nonfeeding but migrating 7th stadium. Larval growth follows a sigmoid curve with slowly accelerating growth in the earlier stadia and decelerating growth in the latest stadia. In contrast, development was fast until reaching stadium 6 and then slowed down. Accordingly, the specific metabolic rate was high in instars 3, 4 and 5 and reduced in instars 6 and 7.
Disturbance calls of five migratory Characiformes species and advertisement choruses in Amazon spawning sites
Authors: Borie Alfredo , Hungria Diogo B. , Ali Heba , Doria Carolina R. , Fine Michael L. , Travassos Paulo E.
Published: June 2019

Species‐specific disturbance calls of five commercially‐important characiform species are described, the Curimatidae commonly called branquinhas: Potamorhina latior, Potamorhina altamazonica and Psectrogaster amazonica; Prochilodontidae: jaraquí Semaprochilodus insignis and curimatã Prochilodus nigricans. All species have a two‐chambered swimbladder and the sonic mechanism, present exclusively in males, utilises hypertrophied red muscles between ribs that adhere to the anterior chamber. The number of muscles is unusually plastic across species and varies from 1 to 4 pairs suggesting considerable evolution in an otherwise conservative system. Advertisement calls are produced in river confluences in the Madeira Basin during the high‐water mating season (January–February). Disturbance calls and sampling allowed recognition of underwater advertisement choruses from P. latior, S. insignis and P. nigricans. The advertisement calls of the first two species have largely similar characteristics and they mate in partially overlapping areas in the Guaporé River. However, P. latior sounds have a lower dominant frequency and it prefers to call from river confluences whereas S. insignis shoals occur mostly in the main river channel adjacent to the confluence. These results help identify and differentiate underwater sounds and evaluate breeding areas during the courtship of commercially important characids likely to be affected by two hydroelectric dams.
Effects of a conscious sedation dressing on pain and anxiety in pediatric burn patients
Authors: Yang Jung O. , Kim Shin‐Jeong , Cho Haeryun , Lee Kyungeun
Published: June 2019

Aim

This study examined the effects of a conscious sedation dressing on pain and anxiety in pediatric patients with burns.

Methods

This was a quasi‐experimental study, using a nonequivalent control group. Using convenience sampling, the participants were assigned to two groups, an experimental group (n = 10), which comprised children who received a conscious sedation dressing, and a control group (n = 13), which comprised children who received general dressing care. To minimize the risk of contamination between the two groups, the sampling was sequentially performed.

Results

The children in the experimental group showed significantly lower levels of pain (U = 3.29, d = 1.00, P = .003) and physiological responses, as evidenced by lower systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, pulse rates, and respiratory rates than the control group (systolic blood pressures: t = 5. 05, d = 1.22, P < .001; diastolic blood pressures: t = 2.12, d = 0.93, P = .046; pulse rates: t = 2.28, d = 1.00, P = .033; and respiratory rates: t = 2.47, d = 1.09, P = .022).

Conclusion

The application of a conscious sedation dressing may alleviate pain and anxiety for pediatric burn patients.
Evaluating Financial Capability Services Provided in a Workforce Development Program
Authors: Collins J. Michael , Nafziger Mia
Published: June 2019

This field study explores the effects of an offer of financial counseling provided to low‐income people exiting welfare assistance in a workforce development program. While only about one‐third of workers actually took part in counseling, those who did were able to reduce the amount of debt they had in collections. We did not find other statistically significant effects on financial behavior or well‐being, however. People living at or below poverty levels of income may need more intensive financial support services than counseling can provide. This study illustrates the challenge of engaging participants in financial capability services, as well as the limitation of interventions like counseling for people who have very low incomes.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Financial Coaching: Evidence from the Boston Youth Credit Building Initiative
Authors: Modestino Alicia S. , Sederberg Rachel , Tuller Liana
Published: June 2019

Since the 2008 financial crisis, there has been renewed interest in providing financial education to improve consumer financial decision making, especially among youth. Using a randomized controlled trial, we estimate the causal effects of a financial coaching program for young adults from linked individual‐level administrative credit reports and self‐reported survey responses. Within six months, the treatment group was 10 percentage points more likely to have access to credit compared to the control group. After 18 months, the average credit score was 26 points higher for the treatment group versus the control group, raising the likelihood of achieving a “good” credit rating by 8 percentage points. Consequently, the treatment group was less likely to rely on alternative financial services and paid lower interest rates on car loans. These impacts are largely driven by improvements in self‐efficacy, offering important insights for policymakers seeking to incorporate financial education into youth workforce development programs.
Pressure injury prevalence and predictors among older adults in the first 36 hours of hospitalisation
Authors: Latimer Sharon , Chaboyer Wendy , Thalib Lukman , McInnes Elizabeth , Bucknall Tracey , Gillespie Brigid M.
Published: June 2019

Aims and objective

To describe the prevalence and predictors of pressure injuries among older adults with limited mobility, within the first 36 hr of their hospital admission in Australia.

Background

Pressure injuries are significant health, safety and quality of care issues for patients and healthcare organisations. The early implementation of the recommended pressure injury prevention international clinical practice guidelines is a way to reduce hospital‐acquired pressure injuries. There is a paucity of evidence on the number of older persons who are admitted hospital with a pre‐existing pressure injury.

Design

Prospective correlational study conducted in eight tertiary referral hospitals across Australia. Our sample comprised of 1,047 participants aged ≥65 years with limited mobility, drawn from a larger Australian pragmatic cluster randomised trial.

Methods

Using the STROBE statement, observational data were collected on participants’ age, gender, presence of a pressure injury, Body Mass Index score, number of comorbidities and place of residence. These variables were analysed as potential predictors for pressure injuries within the first 36 hr of hospitalisation.

Results

From our sample, 113/1047 (10.8%) participants were observed to have a pressure injury within the first 36 hr of hospital admission. Age, multiple comorbidities and living in an aged care facility predicted the prevalence of pressure injury among older people within the first 36 hr of hospitalisation.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm that older adults, those with multiple comorbidities and individuals living in aged care facilities are more likely to come to hospital with a pre‐existing pressure injury or develop one soon after admission.

Relevance to clinical practice

Many older patients come to hospital with a community‐acquired pressure injury or develop a pressure injury soon after admission. This highlights the importance of the early detection of pressure injuries among older persons so that timely management strategies can be implemented along with the potential to reduce unnecessary financial penalties.