bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low dark current long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb superlattice detectors
Authors: Nguyen Jean , Soibel Alexander , Ting David Z.-Y. , Hill Cory J. , Lee Mike C. , Gunapala Sarath D.
Published: August 2010

Surface leakage reduction has been achieved using BCl3/Cl2/CH4/H2/Ar inductively coupled plasma dry etching for pixel isolation of high performance long-wave infrared superlattice detectors. The leakage has been minimized by effectively increasing the surface resistivity by more than 7.4 times and decreasing the surface state density by more than 3.8 times. Through altering the etch mechanism, the dark current density was reduced by more than two orders of magnitude where a dark current of 1.01×10−5 A/cm2 at 200 mV was achieved at T=77 K for a 10.3 μm detector with a peak quantum efficiency value of 30% (without antireflection coating).
Resolving the spatial distribution of the true electrical conductivity with depth using EM38 and EM31 signal data and a laterally constrained inversion model
Authors: Triantafilis J. , Santos F. A. Monteiro
Published: August 2010

The ability to map the spatial distribution of average soil property values using geophysical methods at the field and district level has been well described. This includes the use of electromagnetic (EM) instruments which measure bulk soil electrical conductivity (σa). However, soil is a 3-dimensional medium. In order to better represent the spatial distribution of soil properties with depth, various methods of inverting EM instrument data have been attempted and include Tikhonov regularisation and layered earth models. In this paper we employ a 1-D inversion algorithm with 2-D smoothness constraints to predict the true electrical conductivity (σ) using σa data collected along a transect in an irrigated cotton field in the lower Namoi valley. The primary σa data include the root-zone measuring EM38 and the vadose-zone sensing EM31, in the vertical (v) and horizontal (h) dipole modes and at heights of 0.2 and 1.0 m, respectively. In addition, we collected σa with the EM38 at heights of 0.4 and 0.6 m. In order to compare and contrast the value of the various σa data we carry out individual inversions of EM38v and EM38h collected at heights of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m, and EM31v and EM31h at 1.0 m. In addition, we conduct joint inversions of various combinations of EM38 σa data available at various heights (e.g. 0.2 and 0.4 m). Last we conduct joint inversions of the EM38v and EM38h σa data at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m with the EM31v and EM31h at 1.0 m. We find that the values of σ achieved along the transect studied represent the duplex nature of the soil. In general, the EM38v and EM38h collected at a height of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m assist in resolving solum and root-zone variability of the cation exchange capacity (cmol(+)/kg of soil solids) and the electrical conductivity of a saturated soil paste extract (ECe, dS/m), while the use of the EM31v and EM31h at 1.0 m assists in characterising the vadose zone and the likely location of a shallow perched-water table. In terms of identifying an optimal set of EM σa data for inversion we found that a joint inversion of the EM38 at a height of 0.6 m and EM31 signal data provided the best correlation with electrical conductivity of a saturated soil paste (ECp, dS/m) and ECe (respectively, 0.81 and 0.77) closely followed by a joint inversion of all the EM38 and EM31 σa data available (0.77 and 0.56).
Net exchange of greenhouse gases from soils in an unimproved pasture and regenerating indigenous Kunzea ericoides shrubland in New Zealand
Authors: Price Sally , Whitehead David , Sherlock Robert , McSeveny Tony , Rogers Graeme
Published: August 2010

Monthly measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were made at 3 sites along a sequence of naturally regenerating Kunzea ericoides shrubland in New Zealand, consisting of unimproved pasture (UP), young (8–12 years) Kunzea trees (YK), and old (80 years) Kunzea trees (OK). The CO2 flux at a base temperature of 10°C was highest at the OK site (0.51 g CO2/m2.h) and lowest at the UP site (0.26 g CO2/m2.h). Values of CO2 flux were regulated by soil temperature (Ts) throughout the year, and water availability modified the response to Ts when root-zone water content, (θ), fell below 0.27–0.29 m3/m3 in spring and summer. The soils were mostly CH4 sinks, although there were net CH4 emissions during wet periods at the YK site. The maximum CH4 flux at the YK site was –49.7 μg CH4/m2.h compared with –33.4 μg CH4/m2.h for the UP (and –90.4 μg CH4/m2.h for OK), indicating the potential for rapid recovery of methanotrophic populations in the YK shrubland over 8–12 years. However, on an annual basis our data suggest that CH4 oxidation rates decrease as land reverts from unimproved pasture to shrubland. Methane oxidation rates were strongly dependent on θ and only weakly dependent on Ts. Measurements of N2O fluxes were below the minimum detectable limit throughout the year at the UP and YK sites, and low but dependent on both Ts and θ at the OK site. Annual estimates of soil CO2 flux were 39.9, 23.3, and 21.9 × 103 kg CO2/ha.year at the OK, YK, and UP sites, respectively. All 3 sites were a net sink for CH4, with the highest oxidation rate of –5.1 kg CH4/ha.year at the OK site compared with –1.52 kg CH4/ha.year at the UP site. On a CO2-equivalent basis, the OK site was a greater CH4 sink (–127.3 kg CO2-e/ha.year) than a N2O source (77.5 kg CO2-e/ha.year), demonstrating the potential for soils to oxidise CH4 with forest succession as a possible mitigation strategy for land managers to reduce net emissions.
Effects of galU Mutation on Pseudomonas syringae–Plant Interactions
Authors: Deng Wen-Ling , Lin Yuan-Chun , Lin Rong-Hwa , Wei Chia-Fong , Huang Yi-Chiao , Peng Hwei-Ling , Huang Hsiou-Chen
Published: August 2010

Bacterial galU coding for a uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase plays an important role in carbohydrates biosynthesis, including synthesis of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), membrane-derived oligosaccharides, and capsular polysaccharides. In this study, we characterized the galU mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 (Psy61), a necrotizing plant pathogen whose pathogenicity depends on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), and showed that the Psy61 galU mutant had reduced biofilm formation ability, was nonmotile, and had an assembled T3SS structure but failed to elicit hypersensitive response in resistant plants and necrotic lesions in susceptible plants. Moreover, the defective LPS and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of the Psy61 galU mutant were capable of inducing PAMP-triggered immunity, which severely compromised the ability of the Psy61 galU mutant to survive in planta. Our results demonstrated that the complete LPS protected plant-pathogenic bacteria from host innate immunity, similar to what was found in animal pathogens, prior to the translocation of T3S effectors and bacterial multiplication.
Estimating the age of fire in the Cape flora of South Africa from an orchid phylogeny
Authors: Bytebier Benny , Antonelli Alexandre , Bellstedt Dirk U. , Linder H. Peter
Published: August 2010

Fire may have been a crucial component in the evolution of the Cape flora of South Africa, a region characterized by outstanding levels of species richness and endemism. However, there is, to date, no critical assessment of the age of the modern fire regime in this biome. Here, we exploit the presence of two obligate post-fire flowering clades in the orchid genus
Disa
, in conjunction with a robust, well-sampled and dated molecular phylogeny, to estimate the age by which fire must have been present. Our results indicate that summer drought (winter rainfall), the fire regime and the fynbos vegetation are several million years older than currently suggested. Summer drought and the fynbos vegetation are estimated to date back to at least the Early Miocene (
ca
19.5 Ma). The current fire regime may have been established during a period of global cooling that followed the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (
ca
15 Ma), which led to the expansion of open habitats and increased aridification. The first appearance of
Disa
species in the grassland biome, as well as in the subalpine habitat, is in striking agreement with reliable geological and palaeontological evidence of the age of these ecosystems, thus corroborating the efficacy of our methods. These results change our understanding of the historical mechanisms underlying botanical evolution in southern Africa, and confirm the potential of using molecular phylogenies to date events for which other information is lacking or inconclusive.
Application of a multiplex PCR to cervical cells collected by a paper smear for the simultaneous detection of all mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and typing of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18
Authors: Shukla Shirish , Bharti Alok C. , Mahata Sutapa , Hussain Showket , Hedau Suresh , Sharma Rajyashri , Pillai M. Radhakrishna , Krishna Sudhir , Chiplunkar Shubhada , Tongaonkar Hemant , Das Bhudev C.
Published: August 2010

A simple paper smear (PS) method for dry collection and storage of cervical specimens was employed to develop an easy multiplex (MPX) PCR for simultaneous detection of generic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) as well as typing of the high-risk HPV-16 and -18, the two clinically most important HPV genotypes, which are responsible for more than 80 % of cervical cancers. Multiplexing was performed with a small amount of DNA eluted by boiling from a single PS punch in a single tube and using a mixture of four pairs of primers specific for the HPV L1 consensus sequence, HPV-16, HPV-18 and theβ-globin gene. Sixty HPV-positive biopsies and corresponding PS specimens from cervical cancer patients as well as cervical smears from 100 healthy women with or without abnormal cytology were collected both as PSs and in PBS. Detection of HPV DNA from cervical biopsies collected in PBS and corresponding cervical scrapes on a PS or in PBS by conventional and MPX-PCR showed a concordance of 100 % and adequacy of 93 %. A similar comparative study in cervical scrapes from normal women also revealed 100 % concordance. The technique was validated in a multicentric study at four different national laboratories. PSs collected by different centres showed variable adequacy (73–82 %) but the use of multiple PS discs for DNA extraction significantly increased the adequacy. Integration of PSs with MPX-PCR for the detection and typing of HPVs is a highly convenient, efficient, simple and cost-effective method for large-scale clinico-epidemiological studies and is also suitable for HPV vaccine monitoring programmes in resource-poor settings.
Relationship between oral status and prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria on the tongues of elderly individuals
Authors: Kishi Mitsuo , Ohara-Nemoto Yuko , Takahashi Masahiro , Kishi Kayo , Kimura Shigenobu , Yonemitsu Masami
Published: August 2010

Colonization of periodontopathic bacteria is associated with increased risk of systemic diseases. However, few studies have investigated the relationships between oral status factors and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) and the prevalence of such bacteria in elderly individuals. This study investigated the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia in 165 community-dwelling functionally independent 85-year-old Japanese individuals (93 dentate, 72 edentulous) and the relationship to oral status, including oral malodour and HR-QOL. All four of the studied periodontopathic bacteria were found more frequently in tongue coating samples from dentate than edentulous subjects, and the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola was significantly related to the number of teeth with a periodontal pocket depth ≥4 mm. These results suggest the existence of a stable circulation of periodontopathic bacteria between the gingival sulcus and tongue coating over time with teeth. In addition, the presence of teeth with a deep pocket and colonization of Treponema denticola were positively related to the level of CH3SH, whilst the number of present teeth contributed positively to HR-QOL, especially with regard to mental health. In conclusion, as the dentate state can retain colonization of periodontopathic pathogens in the oral cavity, both periodontal treatment and tongue care are important for maintaining a healthy oral status in the elderly, and possibly result in avoidance of risk for tooth loss and decline in HR-QOL, as well as protecting from systemic diseases.
Deletion of the Candida albicans histidine kinase gene CHK1 improves recognition by phagocytes through an increased exposure of cell wall β-1,3-glucans
Authors: Klippel Nina , Cui Shuna , Groebe Lothar , Bilitewski Ursula
Published: August 2010

The pathogenic fungusCandida albicansis able to cover its most potent proinflammatory cell wall molecules, theβ-glucans, underneath a dense mannan layer, so that the pathogen becomes partly invisible for immune cells such as phagocytes. As theC. albicanshistidine kinases Chk1p, Cos1p and CaSln1p had been reported to be involved in virulence and cell wall biosynthesis, we investigated whether deletion of the respective genes influences the activity of phagocytes againstC. albicans. We found that among all histidine kinase genes,CHK1plays a prominent role in phagocyte activation. Uptake of the deletion mutant Δchk1as well as the acidification of Δchk1-carrying phagosomes was significantly increased compared with the parental strain. These improved activities could be correlated with an enhanced accessibility of the mutantβ-1,3-glucans for immunolabelling. In addition, any inhibition ofβ-1,3-glucan-mediated phagocytosis resulted in a reduced uptake of Δchk1, while ingestion of the parental strain was hardly affected. Moreover, deletion ofCHK1caused an enhanced release of interleukins 6 and 10, indicating a stronger activation of theβ-1,3-glucan receptor dectin-1. In conclusion, the Chk1p protein is likely to be involved in maskingβ-1,3-glucans from immune recognition. As there are no homologues of fungal histidine kinases in mammals, Chk1p has to be considered as a promising target for new antifungal agents.
Interaction of colicin E7 with the major coat protein (g8p) may confer limited protection on colicinogenic Escherichia coli against M13 bacteriophage infection
Authors: Chen Yuh-Ren , Yang Tsung-Yeh , Lei Guang-Sheng , Liao Chen-Chung , Chak Kin-Fu
Published: August 2010

Colicin release provides producer strains with a competitive advantage under certain circumstances. We found that propagation of M13 bacteriophage in cells producing colicin E7 is impaired, without alteration in the efficiency of bacteriophage adsorption, as compared with non-producing cells. In contrast to the protective effect of the colicin against M13 bacteriophage infection, the endogenously expressed colicin does not confer limited protection against transfection with M13 bacteriophage DNA. Furthermore, it was found that the translocation-receptor-binding domain and toxicity domain of the colicin are able to interact with the M13 major coat protein, g8p, during bacteriophage infection. Based on these observations, we propose that interaction between colicin E7 and g8p during infection interferes with g8p depolymerizing into the cytoplasmic membrane during bacteriophage DNA penetration, thus resulting in the limited protection against M13 bacteriophage infection.
Light Quality-Mediated Petiole Elongation in Arabidopsis during Shade Avoidance Involves Cell Wall Modification by Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolases
Authors: Sasidharan Rashmi , Chinnappa C.C. , Staal Marten , Elzenga J. Theo M. , Yokoyama Ryusuke , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Voesenek Laurentius A.C.J. , Pierik Ronald
Published: August 2010

Some plants can avoid shaded conditions via rapid shoot elongation, thus growing into better lit areas in a canopy. Cell wall-modifying mechanisms promoting this elongation response, therefore, are important regulatory points during shade avoidance. Two major cell wall-modifying protein families are expansins and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). The role of these proteins during shade avoidance was studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In response to two shade cues, low red to far-red light (implying neighbor proximity) and green shade (mimicking dense canopy conditions), Arabidopsis showed classic shade avoidance features: petiole elongation and leaf hyponasty. Measurement of the apoplastic proton flux in green shade-treated petioles revealed a rapid efflux of protons into the apoplast within minutes, unlike white light controls. This apoplastic acidification probably provides the acidic pH required for the optimal activity of cell wall-modifying proteins like expansins and XTHs. Acid-induced extension, expansin susceptibility, and extractable expansin activity were similar in petioles from white light- and shade-treated plants. XTH activity, however, was high in petioles exposed to shade treatments. Five XTH genes (XTH9, -15, -16, -17, and -19) were positively regulated by low red to far-red light conditions, while the latter four and XTH22 showed a significant up-regulation also in response to green shade. Consistently, knockout mutants for two of these XTH genes also had reduced or absent shade avoidance responses to these light signals. These results point toward the cell wall as a vital regulatory point during shade avoidance.
Research, ideology and practice—a discontinuity
Authors: HAZELL TONY
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper is concerned essentially with the influence of professional ideology on practice in the field of public child care. In recent years I have become increasingly aware of a discontinuity in the developing theoretical basis for such practice arising from research, and the actual outcomes of such practice as demonstrated by the same research. Whilst acknowledging that there will be an inevitable time lag in implementing some of those research findings, I am concerned that those of us involved in the public care of children, and particularly in the training of the carers, have not yet adjusted our ideological base to take account of the evidence and of certain important principles. By identifying the changing nature of research and examining some of the findings as they relate to factors such as the social context of child care, and the nature of agency policy and practice, I attempt to demonstrate the centrality of concepts such as partnership, consumerism and power sharing. However, I conclude that professional ideologies appear to experience great difficulty in encompassing such concepts
Physically disabled pupils in mainstream schools
Authors: BAILEY JOHN F.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. In this article the author suggests that the most appropriate way to integrate physically disabled pupils into mainstream schools is on an individual basis as opposed to designating particular schools to take ail disabled pupils, or by building special units attached to mainstream schools. Several reasons are presented and discussed to support this point of view. It is suggested that there is a clear need in this field of ‘special education’ for adequate resourcing and advice to be made available to schools and teachers working with the disabled. This resourcing must be made available at local authority level. Some of the many problems encountered in mainstreaming on an individual basis are then highlighted. The author concludes that there are risks to be taken and that these must be accepted within the educational system
Records of pupil achievement
Authors: JONES GARETH LLOYD
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. A school curriculum which exhibits variety of process as well as breadth of content helps to make learning more effective and to gain the commitment of the learner. On‐going assessment takes into account a wider range of work and gives credit to more varied skills and competences than traditional examinations. A. record compiled in consultation with the pupil can be a formative instrument, giving opportunity for counselling and encouragement. The Welsh Joint Education Committee has explored regional models which conform to a range of criteria
Coming to terms with sexual abuse: a day care perspective
Authors: GILKES JULIA
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Pre‐five establishments are increasingly identifying or having to admit children who have suffered from sexual abuse. The feelings that sexual abuse arouse in staff., their need for support and praise in managing the children's needs, the angry and abusive parents and families, and the conflict between the various agencies in child protection requires some consideration. This article offers an insight into a group of nursery workers' efforts to come to terms with identifying abuse, understanding their right to express feelings and acknowledge anger and disgust and their attempt to integrate a preventive approach in the nursery curriculum
The case for the Unified Family Court
Authors: STEINBEKG DAVID
Published: August 2010

SUMMAR. Arguments for a court dealing extensively with family matters have been gaining ground in many countries. Some judicial systems have advanced more than others and in this article the background and development of a Unified Family Court in Hamilton, Ontario are described. The author argues strongly for an extension of this approach as a means of providing speedy and sensitive justice to children and families in dispute.
Community care for young adults with disability: issues for social services departments
Authors: MADDEN PHILIP
Published: August 2010

This paper was read by Alan Long, Devon Social Services, in Philip Madden's absence due to illness
Childcare and childhood
Authors: MAYALL BERRY
Published: August 2010

This paper draws on data from a recent study of parents' and health staff views on child health care. The study found that mothers and health visitors held broadly different views on good childcare. In this paper it is argued that these reflect different models of childhood and motherhood

Findings about background were reported and discussed in CHILDREN & SOCIETY 4(2). The study was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and carried out by Berry May all and Marie‐Claude Foster at the Thomas Coram Research Unit
Parental involvement in reading: the influence of socio‐economic status and supportive home visiting
Authors: TOPPING KJ. , LINDSAY G.A.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: This paper describes the deployment of the technique for non‐professional tutoring of reading known as ‘paired reading’ on a large scale in the Kirklees Local Education Authority. From the very large amount of data generated in multi‐site field trials, particular attention is focused on the relationship between supportive home visiting (if any), an index of the socioeconomic disadvantage of the catchment area of each participating school, and outcomes in term of gains on norm‐referenced tests of reading. Some surprising conclusions emerge.
Northern Ireland children and cross‐community holiday projects
Authors: ROBINSON ALAN , BROWN JIM
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: Holiday projects have made a contribution to cross‐community relations in Northern Ireland for 20 years. During that troubled time they have evolved approaches which have increasingly featured contact between the children involved. This paper. bared largely on interviews with organisers and children on holiday projects visiting America in 1989, concentrates upon the essential follow‐up component arranged back in the Province. While some emphasis is made on the application of the so‐called ‘contact hypothesis’ to this area within the voluntary sector, the study reveals the challenge that holiday projects must now face in raising and handling controversial issues among children from different cultural backgrounds in a conflict society.
Parental Involvement in Playgroups
Authors: Moss Peter , Brophy Julia , Statham June
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper reports results from a study of playgroups in three areas of England. It describes the extent and nature of parent involvement in the study playgroups, and how far this involvement included fathers as well as mothers; examines the relationship between involvement and various socio‐economic characteristics of the parents, to see whether certain groups were more or less likely to be involved in their children's playgroups; and considers attitudes to parent involvement among both mothers and playgroup leaders, and playgroup leaders' experience of involvement, in particular whether they experienced any difficulties in getting or maintaining involvement.
Equity Challenges for the Early Childhood Curriculum
Authors: Naughton Glenda Mac
Published: August 2010

Curriculum documents from the USA, UK and Australia show remarkable harmony on the need for a developmentally‐based curriculum in producing quality early childhood programmes. This paper uses a detailed discussion of a grass roots level research project in Australia to explore the contention that a curriculum built solely on these principles and the practices that develop from them is likely to be sexist. Several aspects of the curriculum that need rethinking in relation to gender equity goals are identified.
Thirty Years of Change: Children with Special Educational Needs
Authors: Wolfendale Sheila
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. With reference to reports and educational legislation as key markers, the article traces developments in special educational needs over 30 years. The terms special educational needs and needs are critically appraised, the effects and impact of reports is examined and two notably significant areas are singled out to chart change over time, namely, working with parents and integration. Finally the notion of shared responsibility is outlined as a formula for ensuring policy and maintaining provision for special educational needs.
From Prevention to Partnership: Child Welfare Services Across Three Decades
Authors: Packman Jean
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Throughout the lifetime of the NCB there have been significant changes of emphasis and direction in child welfare services in Britain, which are often reflected in the Bureau's own history. The priority given to the related spheres of child‐care, child protection, delinquency control and preventive work with vulnerable families has shifted over the three decades and changed priorities have contributed to a changing service ethos. The new Children Act aims at balance and a fresh synthesis, centred on partnership; a concept which promises much but has yet to be fully tried and tested.
Maternal and Paternal Drug Misuse and Outcomes for Children: Identifying Risk and Protective Factors
Authors: Scaife Victoria H.
Published: August 2010

There are estimated to be 250 000–350 000 children of problem drug users in the UK. The Government's Every Child Matters Programme seeks to ensure that vulnerable children affected by parental drug misuse are enabled to achieve their full potential in life. This article critically reviews recent national and international research examining the impact of parental drug misuse on children; focusing on the extent to which within‐family risk and protective factors are related to parental gender. The article calls for greater research focus on paternal drug‐misusers parenting strategies and makes recommendations.
Evaluating Area‐based Interventions: The Case of ‘Communities for Children’
Authors: Cortis Natasha
Published: August 2010

Increasingly, governments in wealthy countries are designing early intervention initiatives around principles of ‘community regeneration’ or ‘place management’. Because these initiatives are multi‐site, aimed at long‐term systemic change, and implemented amidst a range of other initiatives, assessing their quality and outcomes demands departure from conventional programme evaluation approaches. This article analyses the challenges of evaluating area‐based interventions in the child welfare field, and shows how the National Evaluation of Australia's ‘Communities for Children’ initiative seeks to overcome these through its mixed method design and the longitudinal Stronger Families in Australia study.
The genetic control of arylesterase activity in pig serum
Authors: Gahne B.
Published: August 2010

Esterase activity was determined in 723 pig‐serum samples with a‐naphthyl acetate as substrate, and in 591 samples with β‐naphthyl acetate. The activities showed a wide range and were distributed in groups. β‐naphthyl acetate gave a specific reaction to arylesterase and spread the activities in at least 17 groups. Yorkshire pigs had in general a higher level of arylesterase activity than Swedish Landrace pigs. The results were in agreement with the theory of multiple alleles controlling the arylesterase activities (Augustinsson and Olsson, 1961). In addition, the cholinesterase activity showed a systematic variation. No differences in the migration rates of the arylesterase zones could be detected in starch‐gel electrophoresis.
Db ‐ next blood group factor of the D system in pigs
Authors: Hradecky J. , Linhart J.
Published: August 2010

A new blood group factor in pigs was found and designated Db. This factor is contrasting to factor Da with which it forms a closed genetical system.
Haemolytic factor in bovine seminal vesicle fluid
Authors: Matoušek J.
Published: August 2010

Seminal vesicle fluid of bulls contains a haemolytic factor towards which cattle erythrocytes react with different sensitivities. According to the degree of sensitivity, cattle were divided into three groups. The first and most numerous group (R) comprised animals with resistant erythrocytes, in the second, least numerous group there were animals (S) with very sensitive erythrocytes and finally, the third group of animals (RS) was between the very resistant and very sensitive groups.

The haemolytic factor was thermostable, inhibited by egg yolk, homologous and heterologous spermatozoa and testicle tissues and could not be blocked or inhibited by immune antibodies.
An estimation of dominance at the locus controlling blood potassium in sheep
Authors: Eagleton G. E. , Hall J. G. , Russell W. S.
Published: August 2010

1. Potassium concentrations in erythrocytes and plasma were influenced by Ka genotype and breed.

2. Dominance at the Ka locus controlling red cell potassium concentration was incomplete.

3. The lower limit of the difference between heterozygous and homozygous low phenotypes was 4.1 meq per litre.

4. Sheep of the Finnish Landrace breed had relatively high potassium concentrations and the highest gene frequency of the recessive allele, of those examined.
Immunological and chemical studies on porcine submaxillary mucins
Authors: Payza N. , Martinez L. , Pigman W.
Published: August 2010

Porcine submaxillary mucins (PSM) were classified as A, H, AH, and — types according to their ability to inhibit the hemagglutination of human blood group systems. Of 210 glands examined, the following blood group distribution was observed: 35% A, 35% H, 1% AH, and 29%—. The A‐type mucin was an effective inhibitor at microgram concentrations, whereas the H‐types showed considerably weaker hemagglutination inhibition.

Rabbit antisera to the A and H mucins could be used for typing of human blood groups A and H; no cross‐reactivity was observed with the other types. The A‐type PSM antisera were adsorbed by human red blood cells of the A type only. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic studies of rabbit antisera to crude mucins revealed many antigenic components, but antisera to purified mucin preparations usually developed only two precipitin bands, one of which showed up only after staining for proteins.

PSM was prepared from individual glands of known blood group types by a slight modification of a previously described method. Chemical analyses showed that the variation in composition of individual glands within a given blood group type was larger than could be attributable to experimental error. In addition, chemical variations were also observed among mucins of A, H, and — blood group types.
The M‐L blood group system and active potassium transport in sheep reticulocytes
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth M. , Ellory J. C.
Published: August 2010

Immature and mature red cells from anaemic homozygous and heterozygous low potassium (LK) type sheep were tested for the presence of the L antigen and for active potassium uptake. Evidence was obtained for the presence of L antigen on immature as well as mature cells, but immature cells had a higher intracellular potassium concentration and increased rate of active potassium transport which was only slightly enhanced after sensitization with L antiserum. The red cells which entered the circulation in the later phases of recovery from anaemia were not haemolysed by anti‐L as readily as normal cells, but showed normal haemolytic reactions with other blood typing reagents.

It is suggested that, if the L antigen is directly concerned with suppressing part of the potassium pump in mature LK erythrocytes, its effect must be mediated by changes which occur during the final maturation processes of the red cell.
Lymphocyte typing in pigs: evidence for antigen L 1
Authors: Simon M. , Hruban V.
Published: August 2010

Absorption studies of cytotoxic sera which had been obtained after immunizing pigs with lymphocytes from lymph nodes or blood with the leucocyte component retained, showed that one of 18 investigated sera was ‘operationally’ monospecific. The lymphocyte antigen detected by this reagent was designated L 1. Family studies proved that the antigen is inherited as a dominant mendelian trait.
Catalase polymorphism in the red cells of horses*
Authors: Kelly Eamonn P. , Stormont Clyde , Suzuki Yoshiko
Published: August 2010

Catalase zymograms performed on hemolysates of horse red cells revealed three phenotypes each composed of a single zone of activity designated F, M and S in decreasing order of migration towards the anode. It is proposed that these phenotypes are controlled by a pair of alleles, CatF and CatS, such that the genotypes CatFCatF, CatFCatS and CatSCatS give rise respectively to phenotypes F, M and S. The effects of storage, heat, UV light and selected reagents on these phenotypes are discussed.
Studies on bovine transferrin; isolation and partial characterization
Authors: Efremov G. D. , Smith Linda L. , Barton Betty P. , Huisman T. H. J.
Published: August 2010

Bovine serum transferrin (type Tf‐A) was isolated by a series of four techniques; (a) precipitation with Rivanol; (b) chromatography of the soluble protein fraction on a column of Sephadex G‐150; (c) chromatography of the transferrin containing protein zone on a column of DEAE‐Sephadex; and (d) chromatography on a column of DEAE‐Sephadex after transferrin was treated with neuraminidase.

It was found that an unidentified protein binds firmly to transferrin, and its removal is only possible after the release of the sialic acid residues with neuraminidase. It is possible that this protein is hemopexin. The occurrence of multiple transferrin components is, in part, dependent on the number of sialic acid residues; possible differences in molecular weight or size seem not to be a factor. The amino acid composition of bovine transferrin, and that of each of three subfractions, resembles that of human transferrin. The calculated mol. wt. of bovine transferrin was found to be 67,000 from sedimentation and viscosity data and 72,400 from sedimentation and diffusion measurements. Sedimentation and viscosity data in concentrated urea suggest that bovine transferrin is composed of two subunits, an observation which is in contrast to data from studies which suggest that human transferrin is composed of a single polypeptide chain.
Iso‐antibodies to red cell antigens in pigs' sera. 2. The incidence of iso‐antibodies to red cell antigens in the sera of adult pigs
Authors: Linklater K. A.
Published: August 2010

On examining the sera from 80 sows and 67 boars in the routine typing service carried out by the Blood Group Research Unit, no antibodies other than anti‐A were found in the boars' sera while, in 26% of the sows' sera, other anti‐red‐cell antibodies were also found as well as anti‐A. All these sows were bred to boars of the same breed as themselves. The sera of 50% of 24 sows which had produced litters affected with thrombocytopenic purpura and which were mainly bred to boars of different breeds than themselves also contained iso‐antibodies.

Of these iso‐antibodies, anti‐Ea and anti‐Eb were the most frequent and were also present at the highest titres. Anti‐Ee, anti‐Fa, anti‐Ka, anti‐Kb, anti‐Kd, anti‐La and anti‐Lg were also found but usually at only low titres.
Lm, a new blood group factor of the L system in pigs
Authors: Linhart J.
Published: August 2010

A new blood group factor was found and designated Lm. Its genetic classification widens the so far known allele Lagi to Lagim.
Naturally occurring antibody in bovine fetal serum: reactivity against homologous and heterologous species erythrocytes*
Authors: Miller W. J. , Hubbert W. T.
Published: August 2010

Agglutinins that reacted with red cells from members of a different species (hetero‐agglutinins) were detected in the serum of bovine fetuses beginning with about 5% in the fifth month of gestation, with the frequency of reactive sera increasing to about 50 % near term. The sera were able to agglutinate red cells from an increasing number of species as fetal age increased, but only exceptionally equalled the number agglutinated by sera from the dams.

Antibodies that reacted with bovine red cells (isoantibodies) were detected in bovine fetal sera (anti‐L agglutinin, anti‐K hemolysin). However, no fetal serum was found that agglutinated the red cells of the respective dam.

All fetal isoantibodies were inactivated by heat (56°C/30 min) and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol (2‐ME) treatment, whereas some heteroagglutinins in serum from one fetus were resistant to inactivation by these methods. This suggests that most of the fetal antibodies were other than IgG.
El‐Em, the fourth closed E subsystem of blood groups in pigs
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

Another factor, the twelfth in number, has been detected in the E blood group system of pigs. It has been named Em and constitutes with factor El a genetically closed subsystem. A new allele Eedgkl has been found in the Black and White‐Přeštice breed.
Iso‐antibodies to red cell antigens in pigs' sera 3. The effect of maternal red cell iso‐antibodies on the red cells of piglets
Authors: Linklater K. A.
Published: August 2010

The effect of the red cell antibody, anti‐Ea, on the red cells of piglets in four litters was studied. Although the antibody was absorbed from the colostrum by all the piglets, it had little effect on their packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red cell counts, and no differences were noted between Ea‐positive and Ea‐negative piglets in the same litter, despite the fact that red cells of the former were positive for the direct Coomb's test for up to a week after birth.

Anti‐Ea was not detected in the serum of Ea‐positive piglets, all of it apparently being taken up by their red cells, unlike the Ea‐negative ones, in whose serum anti‐Ea could be detected for up to fifteen weeks of age.
Alloantigens common to erythrocytes and leucocytes in pigs
Authors: Hruban V. , Simon M. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

The presence of pig blood group antigens Ea, Ed, Ef, El and Gb has been demonstrated on pig lymphocytes by the cytotoxic test. The typing of standard blood group reagents in an erythrocyte panel and cytotoxic antisera in a lymphocyte panel (from the same individuals as the erythrocytes) showed that the reactions of some sera with cytotoxic activity corresponded to the distribution of the given erythrocyte antigens.
Serum post‐albumins and fertility in dairy cattle
Authors: Ashton G. C.
Published: August 2010

Blood samples from 180 Guernsey cows and 599 Holstein cows were typed for post‐albumins (Poa). The genotypes were compared for breeding efficiency, mean return interval, anestrus interval, service interval, gestation length and lactation length. Poa SF cows had a significantly shorter (P < 0.01) mean return interval than SS cows. The effect is associated with order of insemination, but is independent of lactation number. None of the other parameters showed genotypic differences.
Genetic relationships between Lipizzan horses, Haflinger, Noriker and Austrian Trotters1
Authors: Schleger W. , Mayrhofer G.
Published: August 2010

The gene frequency differences of 18 alleles at five biochemical polymorphism loci were used in a 6‐breed comparison test between the Lipizzans from Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, Haflinger, Noriker and Trotters, in an effort to establish their relationships. Phylogenetic analysis as proposed by Cavalli‐Sforza and Edwards was employed. The constructed clusters appeared to be in good agreement with the historical and geographical facts, reflecting, for example, the separation existing since over thirty years between the three Lipizzan breeds in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria. The position of Haflinger and Noriker also conforms approximately with the historical dates of breed origins. In contrast, the positioning of the Trotters, which have a high percentage of French parentage, meets with some difficulties. The addition of two other loci with four alleles, applied to animals from three breeds, does not give any information beyond that of the first clusters.
Blood group and biochemical polymorphism studies in Bos bubalus
Authors: Granciu I. , Duică S. , Cureu I. , Milovan Eugenia
Published: August 2010

Cattle reagents were used to blood type 158 water buffalo originating from Central Romania.

Out of 36 cattle blood group factors which could be identified with the available reagents only 13 were present in the buffalo.

Three genotypes at the Tf locus in buffaloes were identified by starch gel electrophoresis: TfBB, Tf BC and TfCC. At the Hb locus, only one phenotype Hb A was identified in all samples showing two bands a fast and a slow one.

These data indicate a certain homology between cattle and water buffalo.
Enzyme polymorphisms in the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L.
Authors: Wilkins N. P. , Mathers N. F.
Published: August 2010

Extracts of the digestive diverticula of more than 300 individuals from four geographically separated populations of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. have been examined by electrophoresis for esterase and phosphoglucose isomerase polymorphisms. Three regions of esterase variability have been detected in the electrophoretograms. It is inferred that the variants in two of these regions are governed by two co‐dominant alleles at each of two loci. Two phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase, which is inferred to be a dimeric enzyme encoded by two alleles at a single locus, have been observed. Allele frequencies and phenotype distributions are compared in the four populations. It is concluded that the populations differ genetically at the loci investigated, the magnitude of the differences being generally greatest between different ‘physiological races’.
Determination of amylase activity in bovine serum and its association with the Ami and Amll loci
Authors: Mazumder N. K. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

Amylase activity has been estimated in the sera of 213 cattle by an amyloclastic method with potato amylose as the substrate with the addition of CaCl2. The method has been developed from that of Street and Close to overcome the problems of the high colour of bovine serum which would otherwise interfere with the assay. A relationship has been found between the serum amylase genotype detected on starch‐gel and the total enzyme activity. The enzymes AmI‐B and AmII‐B in homozygous combinations have been found to have the highest activities. Age of animal has no significant effect on the total enzyme activity. Activity has been investigated in sera from three separate cattle populations and it has been found to be a highly heritable character. Heritability estimates of 49 % and 39 % by sib analysis and 75 % by the twin method have been obtained.
The distribution of immunoglobulin allotypes in rabbit populations in Australia and on Macquarie Island
Authors: Curtain C. C. , Wood D. H. , Sobey W. R.
Published: August 2010

Wild rabbit populations from several parts of south‐eastern Australia and from Tasmania and Macquarie Island were tested for the As1, As2, As3 (a locus) and the As4, As5, As6, As9 (b locus) allotypic IgG markers. All markers except As6 were present in the Australian mainland and Tasmanian populations, and there appeared to be a significant increase in As1 frequency with decreasing rainfall. On the other hand the Macquarie Island samples were virtually all homozygous As1 at the a locus and lacked As6 and As9 at the b locus.

These results are discussed against the background of the known history of the introduction of the rabbit into the areas studied. It was felt that ‘founder effect’ could account for the observed distribution on Macquarie Island. However, the As1 cline in Australia warrants further study, particularly in relation to possible selective effects.
Erythrocyte enzymes and glycolytic intermediates of high‐ and low‐glutathione sheep1
Authors: Agar N. S. , Smith J. E.
Published: August 2010

Levels of 18 different enzymes and 16 glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides were measured in the erythrocytes of high‐glutathione and low‐glutathione type sheep; they were found to be similar in the two groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was, however, significantly higher in the erythrocytes of high‐glutathione than in low‐glutathione sheep. Our results indicated no apparent differences in most of the biochemical and/or physiological characteristics of the erythrocytes of sheep with different glutathione types.
A study of gene differences between some breeds of sheep
Authors: Ananthakrishnan R.
Published: August 2010

With nine genetic markers of the blood, genetic distances between eight breeds of sheep was estimated after the method of Nei & Roychoudury (1972). The largest distance was found between Dorset Horn and Merino and the smallest between Navajo and Suffolk. Also the average proportion of polymorphic loci in the eight breeds of sheep was estimated. The results are discussed.
Two new sheep transferrin variants and the effect of neuraminidase
Authors: Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Transferrin phenotypes were determined in six breeds of sheep by starch gel electrophoresis. Two new variants, Tf HCzech and Tf KCzech, were found and some evidence of their genetic control was obtained. Tf HCzeeh was detected only in Sumava sheep; it has an intermediate mobility between Tf A and Tf B. Tf KCzech was found only in Tsigais; it was localized between Tf B and Tf C. The frequencies of corresponding alleles were very low.

Individual transferrin variants (I, A, HCzech, B, Kczech, C, D, E, and P) were treated with neuraminidase. Electrophoretic mobility of the strong band was decreased by two steps in each case. It suggests that in the strong Tf band two sialic acid residues are accessible to the enzyme.
Polymorphism of mannose‐6‐phosphate isomerase in cattle
Authors: Ansay M. , Hanset R.
Published: August 2010

Enzymo‐electrophoresis and enzymo‐electrofocusing of white cells and of muscular extracts of cattle has revealed four kinds of phenotypic patterns. Evidence presented here indicates that three of these phenotypes are controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles, MPIB and MPIC. The allele MPIC occurs with a frequency of about 0.10 in most of the breeds studied and of about 0.03 in the Charolais breed. The fourth, very rare, two‐banded phenotype, encountered mostly in purebred and crossbred Charolais, is believed to be under the dependence of a third allele MPIA but the breeding tests are lacking.