bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missing the Target? Policing Strategies in the Period of Economic Reform
Authors: Dutton Michael , Tianfu Lee
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, the People's Republic of China experienced a significant rise in crime as well as an accompanying increase in the fear of crime in the general population. This article documents how the Chinese government leadership initially responded to this situation through mass campaigns. The adoption of this campaign style of policing foreshadowed a more fundamental change in the nature of policing in China. The authors show how specialized policing with selective targeting replaced the all round policing of the past. The article documents the emergence of specialized forms of policing for special professions, special populations, and key areas. The authors posit that this form of policing grew out of the demands for security in the economic reform period, but ultimately threatens the reform program by instituting extralegal forms of control.
Ceremonial Justice, Loose Coupling, and the War on Drugs in Texas, 1980-1989
Authors: Marquart James W. , Bodapati Madhava , Cuvelier Steven J. , Carroll Leo
Published: March 2007

The degree to which the criminal justice system operates as an integrated network of agencies has not been systematically examined. This article illustrates how the police, courts, and corrections systems in Texas adapted to the conflicting demands to increase enforcement of drug laws and punish offenders, on the one hand, and complied with a prison population cap, on the other. Results show that drug arrests remained a small proportion of total law enforcement efforts. The drug war was waged in the courts. Convictions resulted in the incarceration of more offenders. Inmates were released early to maintain compliance with population caps.
Community Policing Grows in Brooklyn: An Inside View of the New York City Police Department's Model Precinct
Authors: Pate Antony M. , Shtull Penny
Published: March 2007

In 1990 the New York City Police Department committed itself to implementing community-oriented policing throughout the city. They selected the 72nd precinct in Brooklyn to test a comprehensive police model with full staffing and resources. The Police Foundation, with funding from the National Institute of Justice, conducted a process evaluation of the program, which among other things, examined its effects on the structure and operations of police activities. Results showed that officers had favorable impressions of community policing and that they were able to identify residents' concerns and develop effective methods for solving neighborhood problems.
Refining the Risk Concept: Decision Context as a Factor Mediating the Relation Between Risk and Program Effectiveness
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: March 2007

In meta-analyses of the rehabilitation literature, reoffending risk has been identified as a primary variable influencing program effectiveness. However, it is by no means clear to practitioners how this broad finding ought to be interpreted and what priority risk ought to be given among the range of considerations facing decision makers located at different points in the criminal justice system. This article uses data from a national random sample of New Zealand offenders to test the utility of the risk principle. The decision context chosen for this evaluation is the allocation of prisoners to programs at the point of release from custody. Findings indicate that while risk is closely associated with patterns of reoffending, other context-specific variables, such as the timing of release from custody, appear to interact with or mediate the effects of risk. Implications for practitioners wishing to utilize findings from the research literature are discussed.
Getting Tough on Prisoners: Results from the National Corrections Executive Survey, 1995
Authors: Johnson W. Wesley , Bennett Katherine , Flanagan Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

Prison reform has shifted from focusing on length of confinement to emphasis on conditions in prisons. “No-frills” prisons are being championed as more effective deterrents, more economical, and more powerful symbols of retribution. However, this argument has generally been void of substantive information from wardens, those most directly responsible for managing inmates. This article reports on correctional administrators' assessments of the importance and impact of prison programs and services, drawing on the results from the 1995 National Corrections Executive Survey. A Support for Reduction of Prison Amenities Index (SRPAI) was used in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Implications for correctional policy and administration are discussed.
Social Control and Dogs: A Sociohistorical Analysis
Authors: Lilly J. Robert , Puckett Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Between the 1991 Gulf War and the 1996 bombing at the Atlanta Olympics Centennial Park, the public is becoming increasingly aware of the potential dangers of public spaces at home and abroad. Federal efforts designed to deal with the threat of terrorism and to quell fear have included the 1996 Anti-Terrorism Act with its provisions for severe penalties for terrorism along with funds for the increased use of high-tech surveillance equipment. At the local level including courts, hospitals, and schools, physical barriers and bomb- and weapon-detecting monitors have become commonplace. Dogs often are overlooked in the efforts to protect public space. This article addresses the history of dogs as an agent of social control and offers suggestions for further research.
Predictors of Juvenile Court Actions and Recidivism
Authors: Minor Kevin I. , Hartmann David J. , Terry Sue
Published: March 2007

Variables related to court decision making and recidivism over a two-year follow-up were studied in a group of 475 first-time referrals to a juvenile court. Recidivism was associated with extralegal factors more consistently than were court actions except on the age variable. Court actions were more strongly related to legally relevant factors and, like the referral offense variable, failed to predict recidivism. The court's extensive and repeated reliance on diversion (vs. formal petitioning of cases) did not generate high recidivism levels, implying a need to reconsider the recent “get tough” orientation of juvenile justice policy.
Gang Suppression Through Saturation Patrol, Aggressive Curfew, and Truancy Enforcement: A Quasi-Experimental Test of the Dallas Anti-Gang Initiative
Authors: Fritsch Eric J. , Caeti Tory J. , Taylor Robert W.
Published: March 2007

In 1996, the Dallas Police Department began an anti-gang initiative that was designed to reduce gang violence. Five defined target areas that were home to seven of the city's most violent gangs received overtime-funded officers to implement several different enforcement strategies. The strategies included saturation patrol and aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement. Control areas were selected, and preintervention and postintervention measures of gang violence and offenses that were reported to the police were analyzed. The findings indicated that aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement led to significant reductions in gang violence, whereas simple saturation patrol did not. In addition, there were no significant reductions in offenses reported to the police. The significance of these findings and policy implications is discussed.
Strange Bedfellows: Is Sex Offender Notification a Form of Community Justice?
Authors: Presser Lois , Gunnison Elaine
Published: March 2007

Nationwide legislation requires that the names of convicted sex offenders living in communities be made public. The social movement that drives sex offender notification uses the rhetoric of community justice. The authors consider whether notification is truly a community justice initiative. The logic of notification is compared with that of restorative community justice. Implicit and explicit understandings of community, victims, offenders, and social control are examined. The article concludes that the principles of notification are largely inconsistent with those of community justice. The success of the notification movement highlights the urgent need for effective interventions that address sexual violence.
Altruism and Intergenerational Relations among Muslims in Britain
Authors: Zokaei Saeed , Phillips David
Published: March 2007

Altruism, as a moral and social value demanding responsibility, caring, attachment and a concern for the benefit of the larger society, is a neglected area of sociology. It directly involves individuals' collective identity and affects their behaviour within the context of family and community. Drawing on 75 in-depth interviews with leaders and other members of the British Muslim community, the article addresses the nature, extent and variation of altruistic values among different generations in the British Muslim population both within and outside the family. The research findings suggest that despite the generally strong representation of altruism within Muslim families, the kind of altruism generally found outside the family was often particularistic and directed towards small groups. Among some second- and third-generation Muslims, however, a more transcendental adherence to Islamic identity promises a more universalistic intercommunity approach. In addition, exposure to more liberal and individualistic western values has affected younger generations of Muslims and put some strains on relation-ships with their parents.
Reflexivity, Risk and Collective Action Over Waste Management: A Constructive Proposal
Authors: Laraña Enrique
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on central assumptions in the literature on reflexive modernization and the notions of `risk society' and `modernization risks' in order to verify their utility for analysing current environmental conflicts. The article examines this in the light of the information gathered in a research on recent controversies and mobilizations over environmental policies which the author coordinated in Spain and England over a three-year period with the support of the Research Directorate General of the European Commission. It deals with the attempt of these theories to contribute to a theory of modern society grounded on a new typology of societies and on a very broad and ambitious notion of `reflexivity'. The article suggests a constructionist approach to this notion based on the analysis of environmental organizations and private companies striving to promote different collective definitions on the effects of policies of waste management by use of incineration. This allows for a more contextualized perspective of the processes leading to risk perception, the roles played by contending organizations and by the popular forms of knowledge on which alternative definitions of these issues are based.
The Return of the Future and Questions about Knowledge
Authors: Quijano Aníbal
Published: March 2007

In this article the author reflects on the relationship between the historical-critical imaginary and historical-critical knowledge. The concept of the imaginary in this text refers specifically to the idea of a future horizon reflecting a new time for social existence and therefore a bearer of certain promises and of a new meaning for history, which is historically embodied in modernity, rationality, liberalism, nationalism and socialism. The author describes an itinerary of the struggle - its hopes, its victories, its defeats - for the inauguration of that future horizon and its implications for the production of critical knowledge and social action. He concludes by saying that, after the defeat of the critical imaginary and world revolutionary movement by the two powers represented by private capitalism and bureaucratic despotism in the social camp, at the end of the 1990s, new forms of world resistance may imply the revival of a critical imaginary and a future horizon whose images can only begin to be visualized.
Inhabiting Technology: The Global Lifeform of Financial Markets
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr , Bruegger Urs
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on institutional currency transactions as a global lifeform that inhabits technology during waking hours, is distributed across the three major time zones, and is nonetheless centered in and on itself - the lifeform constituted by the respective markets and participants in them. We argue that distribution and centering are not at odds with each other in the lifeform of these markets; that notions of interactions and networks embracing all social domains give short shrift to the actual realization of the networks - as centered post-network spheres at odds with the idea of distantiated units or nodes connected only by business linkages and social relationships. The paper also submits that the notion of technology as an external artifact or infrastructure carrying information flows distracts from the world-constitutive role of a particular component of this technology, the screen, and `appresentational' work of traders and a secondary information supply economy that create this world.
Surname Endogamy among the Brahmin of India
Authors: Bhatnagar Suhasini , Agrawal Suraksha
Published: March 2007

Endogamy has been a strong influence on Hindu society over the centuries and most of the 75,000 subcastes or subgroups of India's complex social stratification system practise endogamy, while the further divisions within these subcastes, called gotras, are required to marry exogamously. The present study focuses on three socioculturally isolated, highly endogamous groups, to study the effect of endogamy on genetic microdifferentiation. The groups are all subdivisions or classes of the Brahmin or priest caste, namely Bhargavas and Chaturvedis and Kanyakubja and Sanadhaya Brahmin, and all groups practise patrilineal surname endogamy. Two-generation pedigrees were drawn up and microdifferentiation was estimated using parameters like mean concordance, i.e. within- gotra marriages in Bhargavas and Chaturvedis, FIT (the inbreeding coefficient or inbreeding-like effect due to endogamy), FST (within-group a priori kinship) and RST (reduced variance of the mean value of within-group a priori kinship). Our results indicate that there is an increase in same- gotra marriage showing that these groups are in fact not following the strict rule of exogamy. This is highest among Chaturvedis (17.1 percent) as compared to Bhargavas (11.2 percent), Kanykubja Brahmins (13.4 percent) and Sanadhaya Brahmin (16.92 percent). The FST is almost the same in all the populations over two generations; however, it is slightly lower among Bhargavas and highest in Brahmin indicating that although these populations follow endogamy at surname level they are exogamous at gotra/kuldevi level. The same is indicated by FIS, which shows that in spite of strict endogamy there is no inbreeding-like effect in these populations. RST measures variance among populations and our results reveal that these populations are distinct from one another.
The Heritage of Sociology, the Promise of Social Science Presidential Address, XIVth World Congress of Sociology, Montreal, 26 July 1998
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: March 2007

There exists a culture of sociology, created in the period 1945-70, and based on three simple axioms, derived respectively from Durkheim, Marx and Weber. This culture has been subject in the last 25 years to six major challenges coming from within and without the cultural community: doubts about the concept of formal rationality; a civilizational challenge; the concept of multiple social times; the sciences of complexity and the end of certainties; gender as a structuring variable even in the sciences; and the view that modernity has never existed. Can sociology deal adequately with these challenges?
What Should Our Public Choose?
Authors: Harris J. John , Ford Donna Y. , Wilson Patricia I. , Sandidge Rosetta F.
Published: March 2007

In 1990, 36 governorships, 6,257 other state offices, 34 Senate seats, and every seat in the U.S. House of Representatives are up for election. The officials who are up for election will be making decisions critical to the child care, health, child welfare, education, and safety of children in every state and nationality. No other decisions are more important to the American future.
A Test of the Research and Development Model of Change
Authors: House Ernest R. , Kerins Thomas , Steele Joe M.
Published: March 2007

This study questions the basic educational change strategy employed by the Office of Education and other top policy groups for the last several years. The implication is that educational change is more dependent on the internal workings of the school district than on feeding carefully engineered products to practitioners.
Behavioral Outcomes for Administrative Internships: Schools Principals
Authors: Barrilleaux Louis
Published: March 2007

This study proposes a design based on a systematic statement of behavioral objectives for the operation of administrative internships. Cyclic processes are presented as a suggestive guide to others planning such programs. Evaluative problems are examined including that of differential perception among groups of observers.
Questionnaires and the Dissertation in Educational Administration
Authors: Haller Emil J.
Published: March 2007

This study tests a model intended to help account for the prevalence of questionnaire methodologies among doctoral students in educational administration. Weaknesses of such methodologies for research on administrative phenomena are discussed, and several attributes of students and their doctoral programs are advanced as promoting these methods.
The Paradox of Professional Community: Tales from Two High Schools
Authors: Scribner Jay Paredes , Hager Douglas R. , Warne Tara R.
Published: March 2007

This comparative case study of two urban high schools surfaced a critical paradox of professional community heretofore obscured in the literature. Although extant literature has focused on school structures, values, and beliefs that engender collective identity, this study brings into focus the importance of both professional autonomy (“I-ness”) and shared identity (“we-ness”) in professional community. Examining the findings through two lenses—professional community and micropolitics—this study explores how, paradoxically, professional autonomy and attention to individual needs are necessary and salient conditions of strong professional communities. Furthermore, this study focuses on the important role that principals play in balancing individual and organizational needs and fostering professional community. Finally, the study reinterprets professional community to include a micropolitical dimension, thus enhancing its conceptual and practical utility.
Motivation in Educational Organizations
Authors: Miskel Cecil G.
Published: March 2007

During the past twenty years substantial progress has been made in understanding work motivation. However, the knowledge has not been adequately transferred to the study of educational administration. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and assess critically a number of models of work motivation and related research which have implications for educational organizations.
On Studying Administrators at Work
Authors: Gronn Peter C.
Published: March 2007

This is a reply to D. J. Willower's piece, "Analogies Gone Awry: Replies to Hills and Gronn. "In addition to reaffirming the Tayloristic basis of structured observation, it suggests an alternativeframework for the study of administrative work in addition to the ethnographic and ethnomethodological bases already suggested by the author in a previous article. This second approach is a psycho-social one in which, using the concept of work style, it is possible not merely to describe observed patterns of administrative work but as well to explain differences in work performance and trace the organizational consequences of those variations.
The Superintendency: Characteristics of Access for Men and Women
Authors: Maienza Janice Grow
Published: March 2007

Access to the superintendency was examined for 10 men and 10 women who are or have been school superintendents in metropolitanarea school districts with pupil enrollments of 1,000 to 7,000. The qualitative investigation addressed the subjects' background characteristics and early socialization, and the elements in organizational structures related to their access to management positions. The purpose of the inquiry was to determine some predictors of access to the school superintendency for men and women, with particular emphasis on predictors of access for women. Based on the developmental theory of status attainment and Kanter's ideas on organizational structure, the study has implications for those interested in the career mobility of groups in the workforce ordinarily constrained from upward mobility.
Sexual Abuse in Schools: Reported Court Cases from 1987-1990
Authors: Sorenson Gail Paulus
Published: March 2007

An analysis of a 4-year sample of reported cases dealing with the actual or alleged sexual abuse of students by teachers, administrators, and other school employees shows that a wide variety of legal issues tended to appear in the various decisions. A majority of the claims in the 5I cases coalesced in the areas of tort law, criminal law, and constitutional law, with a substantial number of claims arising in the areas of teacher dismissal and insurance law. Apart from policy concerns related to individual and/or school district liability under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, among the most important public policy considerations were those derived from issues surrounding state freedom of information and child abuse reporting statutes. The study also compared suggestive case-based incidence data with survey and study data from other contexts, concluding that enlightened educational policy will best be effected when more is known about the incidence, causes, and outcomes of school-based abuse. All types of social science research, including legal research, are necessary to better insure that the type of abuse documented in this study is prevented
Teacher Absenteeism in Secondary Education
Authors: Scott K. Dow , Wimbush James C.
Published: March 2007

Teacher absenteeism is a serious problem for school systems. Using an existing model of attendance behavior as a guide, attitudinal, demographic and absenteeism data from 265 secondary teachers were examined. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that absenteeism among teachers was significantly related to distance to work, gender, job involvement, and overall job satisfaction.
Urban Principals: A Critical Perspective on the Context of Minority Student Dropout
Authors: Reyes Pedro , Capper Colleen A.
Published: March 2007

This research builds on the school effects literature concerning student dropout and critically examines the views of urban principals on student dropout. This study explores three interrelated questions: How do principals define the problem of student dropout? What are their current practices and proposed solutions to address student dropout? and How does the perceived context of the dropout problem inform these practices and solutions? Using a combination of theoretical perspectives, the authors analyzed principal interviews and questionnaire data in eight racially diverse secondary schools. The findings suggest that principals' perceptions and accompanying silence or actions may perpetuate relationships that contribute to student dropout and unequal power relations in society.
40 Years of Change in Schools: Some Personal Reflections
Authors: Miles Matthew B.
Published: March 2007

This text was originally delivered as an invited address to Division A (Administration) at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association held in San Francisco in April 1992. The author discusses 10 major school change strategies, beginning with training in group dynamics in the early 1950s through today's emphasis on school restructuring. Minor editing of the original text was done with the author's permission.
Organizations or Communities? Changing the Metaphor Changes the Theory
Authors: Sergiovanni Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Educational administration must develop an identity of its own The basic theories and root metaphors of the field center on organization, whose assumptions include legitimacy, hierarchy, and self-interest. This conceptualization makes great demands on management and leadership for teachers and principals. Families, communities, and friendship networks are examples of collections of people which are different from those of organization. If educational administration were to understand schools as communities, it would need to address new questions, such as different ties for connecting staff students, and families. Our understanding of authority and leadership would also shift; in communities the sources of authority for leadership are embedded in shared ideas. Finally, a new theory of school as community and new conceptions of administration are preferable to theoretical pluralism.
The Neoliberal Value Shift and its Implications for Federal Education Policy Under Clinton
Authors: Fowler Frances C.
Published: March 2007

With Clinton's election to the presidency, the neoliberal wing of the Democratic party came to power. This change has important implications for education policy. This study, based on a content analysis of neoliberal political communication, concludes that the policy values most emphasized by neoliberals are economic growth and community. Equity, with a focus on class issues, is also an important neoliberal value. An analysis of the Clinton administration's education policy in 1993 and early 1994 suggests that it generally reflects these neoliberal values. This represents a shift away from both the recent conservative emphasis on efficiency and liberty and the earlier emphasis on equality which characterized the liberalism of the 1960s and early 1970s.
The Cycle of Student Labels in Education: The Cases of Culturally Deprivedl Disadvantaged and at Risk
Authors: Placier Margaret
Published: March 2007

This study examines replacement of labels for stigmatized students, using the cases of culturally deprived/disadvantaged (CD terms) and at-risk It questions whether at-risk merely replaced the CD terms, and thus did not represent any substantive change among policymakers and educators. A theoretical framework for understanding label replacement is synthesized from the sociolinguistics and policy analysis literature and then applied to the two cases. A review of education titles from 1961 to 1994 suggests a pattern of replacement, with a wave of CD titles in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a wave of at-risk titles in the 1980s and 1990s. The two labels did apply to the same categories of students. However, analysis suggests that label replacement is not a simple process. Educational administrators must be skeptical of each new labeling trend and its effects on educational funding and programs.
To Group or Not to Group Academically Talented or Gifted Students?
Authors: Shields Carolyn M.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies administrative implications of the findings from the first year of a longitudinal study that compares the performance and attitudes of academically talented or gifted fifth grade students in homogeneous classes with gifted students in heterogeneous classes. Data regarding school-level differences and teachers' instructional strategies provide contextual information. At the beginning of the fifth grade, no statistically significant differences were found on student attitudes and perceptions measured by the Educational Process Questionnaire. By the end of the year, five statistically significant differences were found-all in favor of the homogeneously grouped students: academic self-concept, independent development, self-acceptance, perceptions of the degree to which teachers reinforce student self-concept, and peer relations. Student interview data supported these findings and suggested additional differences in understanding intelligence, reading, cognition, and metacognition.
Toward an Explanation of Variation in Teachers' Perceptions of Transformational School Leadership
Authors: Jantzi Doris , Leithwood Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This study has two purposes: to develop a theoretical account of how teachers'perceptions of transformational school leadership are formed and to provide an initial, empirical test of the theory. The theory, developed from cognitive science views of human thought and perception, explains the formation of teachers' leader perceptions as a function of both alterable conditions found in the school context and unalterable characteristics of both leaders and followers. Survey evidence from a sample of 423 elementary and secondary schools about their principals suggests that alterable school conditions explain most of the variation in teachers' leader perceptions.
Quasi-Markets and Curriculum Control: Making Sense of Recent Education Reform in England and Wales
Authors: Whitty Geoff , Power Sally
Published: March 2007

This final article reviews the whole package of school reforms introduced by the Thatcher and Major governments in Britain. It locates the peculiar combination of policies of centralization and decentralization within the broader political project of the New Right. It concludes from the research evidence so far available that these policies are likely to exacerbate existing inequalities in educational provision rather than overcome them Finally, it suggests that there is an urgent need to find new ways of making education a collective responsibility, rather than a private good.
Is the Land of Oz an Alien Nation? A Sociopolitical Study of School Community Conflict
Authors: Larson Colleen L.
Published: March 2007

This interpretive case study examines the political thinking underpinning the strategies and counterstrategies used by administrators and Black leaders engaged in a political struggle over the fate of seven Black youths who protested against unfair treatment in their suburban high school. Using the framework of political analysis developed by Bacharach and Mundell, this case study reveals the opposing logics of action, or underlying belief systems, that informed both administrative and community responses throughout this protest. This case study reveals that midlevel administrators acting out of an allegiance to, and belief in, orthodox images of administration face a paradox in diverse and changing school communities; the more these administrators aligned with images of effective administration as bureaucratic control, the more ineffective they became in interpreting and responding to a politically savvy interest group not subject to administrative authority.
A Cognitive Perspective on the Role of the Local Educational Agency in Implementing Instructional Policy: Accounting for Local Variability
Authors: Spillane James P.
Published: March 2007

Through case studies of two school districts, this article examines local variability in the implementation of state policy. In adopting a cognitive perspective on the role of the local educational agency in policy implementation, the author argues that the diVerse ideas about reforming instruction that different local policy makers come to know and understand from state reform initiatives help account for the variation in the local educational agency's response to external policy. Diverse local interpretations of reform proposals contribute to substantial local variability in policy implementation. The author suggests that local policy makers' diverse understanding of reform proposals were affected by the interaction of (a) their beliefs about reading instruction, (b) the situations in which they apprehend the reforms, and (c) the particular sources of infomation pertaining to the reforms to which they attend.
Educational Administration as a Disciplinary Practice: Appropriating Foucault's View of Power, Discourse, and Method
Authors: Anderson Gary L. , Grinberg Jaime
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the relevance of Foucault's work to the field of educational administration. It argues for Foucault's concept of disciplinary practice as a powerful new generative metaphor for the field. A major implication of Foucault's view of power is that educational practices that may appear more democratic, participatory, or progressive may in fact constitute forms of disciplinary power and thus result in more effective technologies of control. The authors argue that regardless of which techniques of administration are used, the effects of disciplinary power cannot be escaped. No educational practices are inherently more empowering than others. They further discuss how disciplinary power operates through discourse practices, which, according to Foucault, link knowledge and power Discourses shape administrative practices, and administrative practices produce discourses. Finally, the authors discuss how Foucault's methodology (genealogy) can be used to determine why some discourses have prevailed over others in the field of educational administration.
Teacher Empowerment and the Capacity for Organizational Learning
Authors: Marks Helen M. , Louis Karen Seashore
Published: March 2007

Teacher empowerment has been the subject of considerable educational research in recent years, but the capacity of schools for organizational learning has received limited empirical attention. This study links these two research streams and identifies those dimensions of the capacity for organizational learning that are also the themes of school restructuring. Data for the study come from 24 site-managed public schools engaged in significant restructuring activities, 8 at each of three grade levels (elementary, middle, and high). Multilevel analyses demonstrate a strong and consistent relationship between organizational learning and teacher empowerment, measured both as a school organizational characteristic and as an experience of individual teachers. The relationship is particularly strong for empowerment in the domains of teacher work life and student school experience.
A Study of the Validity of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests
Authors: Lewis John
Published: March 2007

This was a validity study for the Metropolitan Readiness Test. The subjects were 40 pupils who had just completed the kindergarten. The criteria were Lee-Clark scores and teacher ratings. These criteria measures were obtained following completion of the first grade. The validity coefficient was .67 with Lee-Clark scores and .61 with teacher ratings.
The Goodness of Fit of the Maximum-Likelihood Estimation Procedure in Factor Analysis
Authors: Montanelli Richard G.
Published: March 2007

Several goodness of fit measures for factor analysis were applied to the results of maximum-likelihood factor analyses of data with known factors. Results showed that p was a fairly good measure of the degree to which the factor analytic model held in the population, although some values were large for smaller sample sizes. Two measures, c and r, were used to compare the obtained sample factors with the population factors. These measures could be used in confirmatory studies, when an hypothesized factor matrix could be written down. They showed that fairly good agreement with an hypothesis can be obtained, even when the factor analytic model does not exactly hold in the population. This would require that the investigator have a large sample size, variables with high communalities, and a low ratio of number of factors to number of variables.
The Equivalence of Semantic and Figural Presentation of the Same Test Items
Authors: Tinsley Howard E.A. , Dawis René V.
Published: March 2007

A 30-item multiple choice word analogy test and a corresponding 30-item picture analogy test (in which the pictures corresponded to the words in the word analogy test) were administered to 289 civil service clerical employees. The equivalence of semantic (word) and figural (picture) presentation of the same item was determined by comparing the responses of each subject on each item pair. The proportion of correspondent responses (both items answered correctly or both items answered incorrectly) ranged from .69 to .91 with a median of .84. The proportion of correspondent responses significantly exceeded the expected chance proportion on 27 of the 30 item pairs. The correlation between scores on the two test forms was .86. Over 84% of the respondents gave correspondent responses with greater than chance frequency. Score distributions were practically identical. It was concluded that semantic and figural parallel test forms can be constructed.
The Relationship of the Graduate Record Examination to Grade Point Average and Success in Graduate School
Authors: Thacker Andrew J. , Williams Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Because of the wide usage of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) as a selection instrument and the general acceptance of its predictive ability, a review was made of recently published research articles concerning the predictive validity of the scores on the GRE relative to the criteria of grade point average and general success in graduate school. The data from the articles reviewed were reported, and the weight of the evidence suggests that this wide usage of the GRE as a selection instrument must be questioned. These data also illustrate the need for additional predictive studies in this area as none of the results were found to be conclusive.
The Application of Discriminant Function Analysis to Correlated Samples
Authors: Lawlis G. Frank , Sweney Arthur B.
Published: March 2007

A method of applying the discriminant function to correlated samples was discussed for the researcher interested in utilizing multivariate statistics to pre-post data. By finding the linear combination that maximizes differences in the groups, the t-statistic can be computed for correlated samples.
The Content and Construct Validity of the Barth Scale: Assumptions of Open Education 1
Authors: Coletta Anthony J. , Gable Robert K.
Published: March 2007

Latent partition analysis was used to generate content categories from judgmental data gathered on Barth Scale items from 23 open education experts. Principal component analysis was employed to examine constructs derived from response data gathered from 78 open and 113 traditional teachers. Alpha internal consistency reliabilities were developed for item clusters defining each dimension. Relationships between the judgmental categories and response dimensions facilitated naming the derived dimensions. Evidence of content and construct validity and of internal consistency reliability indicate appropriate scoring and interpretation for Barth Scale items.
Educ1 Library: a Description of Fortran Iv Computer Programs for the IBM Systems 3/10
Authors: Baldauf Richard B.
Published: March 2007

A library of 20 FORTRAN computer programs has been compiled, modified, and edited to provide in a single source a series of test scoring, data reduction, and evaluation programs for educators having access to small business-oriented computers. Summary details are provided for each program.
Highest Entry Hierarchical Clustering
Authors: McQuitty Louis L. , Koch Valerie L.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops and illustrates the most rapid method yet reported for hierarchically clustering the n objects of a matrix which portrays the interrelation of every object to every other object, where n equals any number up to 1000 and even larger. Results compare favorably with those from other excellent methods.
Relationships of Selected Nonacademic and Academic Variables To the Grade Point Average of Black Students
Authors: Wen Shih-Sung , Mccoy Rose E.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of correlations of the data mainly from 164 male and 202 female black undergraduate students indicated that (a) a weighted set of measures of manifest needs (Edwards Personal Preference Schedule) correlated significantly with the grade point average (GPA) for the males ( R = .53, df = 15/148, F = 3.84, p < .001) but not for the females ( R = .30, df = 15/186, F = 1.20, ns), (b) a weighted composite of measures of personal problems (Mooney Problem Check List) correlated significantly with the GPA for both the males ( R = .47, df = 11 / 152, F = 3.86, p < .001) and the females ( R = .36, df = 11/190, F = 2.48, p < .005), (c) manifest anxiety (Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale) correlated significantly with the GPA for the male students only ( r = -.22, df = 162, p < .005), and (d) the scholastic aptitudes (American College Testing) correlated significantly with the GPA for both male ( R = .48, df = 5/108, F = 6.40, p < .001) and female students ( R = .50, df = 5/139, F = 9.34, p < .001).
Use of Selected Factors as Predictors of Success in Completing a Secondary Teacher Preparation Program
Authors: Belcastro Frank P.
Published: March 2007

A multiple regression analysis was performed on all EPPS and SVIB scales to determine those scales which could be used to predict success in a secondary teacher preparation program for 207 females and 88 males. Significant discriminant function equations for fourteen male predictor variables and for eight female predictor variables were obtained. Thus, for both males and females it was possible to discriminate between those who had completed the teacher preparation program and those who had not; for applicants it was possible to classify them as likely or unlikely to complete the teacher preparation program. Cross-validation studies, however, with larger samples would be needed to establish generalizable equations that would permit realization of a comparatively high degree of accuracy of classification of applicant members in new samples.
Interval Estimation of Correlation Coefficients Corrected for Restriction of Range
Authors: Gullickson Arlen , Hopkins Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Two objectives guided the present study: (1) to provide a suitable test for the hypothesis rho = 0, and (2) to establish nomograms by which general users of R can set confidence intervals on rho. The first objective was approached by testing several possible solutions similar to the procedure followed by Forsyth. The second objective was pursued via a combination of a general analytical procedure (Mood and Graybill, 1963) together with computer simulation techniques and a curve fitting technique (Usow, 1970). Procedures for achieving both objectives required the use of R distributions. The method used to obtain the necessary r distributions and the two procedures and their results are described.
The Use of Multiple Regression Analysis to Generate Conditional Probabilities About the Occurrence of Events
Authors: Haase Richard F.
Published: March 2007

The use of Multiple Regression Analysis to compute a wide variety of statistics (ANOVA, Covariance, X2, etc.) is becoming increasingly popular. An MR procedure for computing conditional probabilities of the type, P( A/ B) = P( B/ A) P( A)/ P( B), is reviewed. While it has not received wide attention in the psychological and educational literature, it has seen considerable application in the economic literature. The present paper emphasizes its potential usefulness in other areas of the behavioral sciences.
The Analysis of Pairwise Data
Authors: Dickinson Terry L.
Published: March 2007

Linear models are available for describing dominance and composition judgments. These models include parameters for the scale values of the stimuli, response order bias, and interaction between stimuli, all of which may be evaluated with ANOVA procedures.
The Development and Preliminary Validation of Three Forms of a Self-Concept Measure Emphasizing School-Related Activities
Authors: Michael William B. , Smith Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Subsequent to the presentation of a simple rationale for construction of a self-concept measure emphasizing five school-related constructs, the development and internal validation of three forms of the instrument entitled Dimensions of Self-Concept (DOSC) are described. For three samples of 479 elementary school pupils, 478 junior high school students, and 469 senior high school students in a large metropolitan school district, item-analysis data and factor-analytic information are presented for the three forms designed for students at three different educational levels. Intercorrelations of the scales and split-half reliability estimates are also cited. Covering hypothesized dimensions of level of aspiration, anxiety, academic interest and satisfaction, leadership and initiative, and identification vs. alienation, the three forms of the DOSC appear to offer considerable promise in providing information that would be useful to teachers and counselors in helping students in their cognitive and affective development.
A Simple Technique for Estimating Latent Trait Mental Test Parameters
Authors: Jensema Carl
Published: March 2007

A very simple and economical method for estimating initial parameter values for the normal ogive or logistic latent trait mental test model is outlined. The accuracy of the method in comparison with maximum likelihood estimation is investigated through the use of Monte-Carlo data. The study yields a number of observations concerning how sample size and true item parameter values of the data influence both estimation methods.
Comparison of the Culture Bias of the Kit : Exp with the Wisc Using Spanish Surname Children Differing in Language Spoken
Authors: Lopez Rincon Erminia
Published: March 2007

The Kahn Intelligence Test, Experimental Form (KIT:EXP) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) were administered to three groups (English dominant, Bilingual, and Spanish dominant) of Spanish surname children to determine whether the KIT:EXP was freer of culture bias than was the WISC. Significance for the language and test factors was obtained, F (2,18) = 4.02, p < .05 and F (2,36) = 3.84, p < .05. A Newman-Keuls a posteriori test on means indicated that the English and the Bilingual groups differed significantly from the Spanish dominant group but did not differ significantly from each other (p < .05). The absence of an interaction effect suggested that the tests are not different in their culture bias.
FORTRAN IV Program for Analysis of Covariance With a Priori or a Posteriori Mean Comparisons
Authors: Fordyce Michael W.
Published: March 2007

A flexible FORTRAN IV program for computing a complete analysis of covariance is described. Requiring minimal core space (16K), the program provides all group and overall summary statistics for the analysis, a test of the homogeniety of regression, and all post-test mean comparisons for a priori or a posteriori testing. As many as 20 variables and 5 groups can be studied.
Program for Administration and Interpretation of the Interpersonal Check List
Authors: Krus Patricia H. , Krus David J.
Published: March 2007

Presented is a FORTRAN program that administers, scores, and interprets the Interpersonal Check List. Included in the program are directions for administration, test items, scoring of the protocols according to a 16 octant profile, immediate printing of an individually-tailored interpretation of results, and a pictorial plot describing the characteristic interpersonal behavior in terms of two orthogonal axes: power (dominance versus submission) and affiliation (love versus hate).
A Computer Program to Test for a Mixture of two Normal Distributions
Authors: Schafer William D.
Published: March 2007

This program generates maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of a mixture of two normal distributions and tests the significance of the mixture hypothesis against that of a single normal distribution.