bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of norms and social identities on children's responses to bullying
Authors: Jones Siân E. , Bombieri Lucia , Livingstone Andrew G. , Manstead Antony S. R
Published: February 2011

Background. Research on bullying increasingly focuses on social processes, showing that group membership affects children's responses to bullying scenarios. Additionally, correlational research has shown links between norms of cooperation and prosocial behaviour, and between competition and more aggressive forms of behaviour.

Aims. This paper focuses on how children's peer group membership affects their group‐based emotions in response to an intergroup bullying incident, and the action tendencies that these emotions predict, in the context of different background norms (for competitive or cooperative behaviour).

Sample. Italian schoolchildren, 10–13 years old (N= 128, 65 males) took part in this study.

Methods. Participants were randomly assigned to the group of a perpetrator, target, or third‐party group member described in a scenario. Next, they played a game designed to induce a cooperative, competitive, or neutral norm, and read the scenario. They then answered a questionnaire measuring their group‐based emotions.

Results. Results underscored the role of norms and group processes in responses to bullying. In particular, children exposed to a cooperative norm expressed less pride and more regret and anger about the bullying than those in other conditions.

Conclusions. This study indicates that the influence peer groups have on bullying may be tempered by the introduction of a cooperative normative context to the school setting.
Lifetime of an ocean island volcano feeder zone: constraints from U–Pb dating on coexisting zircon and baddeleyite, and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations, Fuerteventura, Canary IslandsThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Allibon James , Ovtcharova Maria , Bussy François , Cosca Michael , Schaltegger Urs , Bussien Denise , Lewin Éric
Published: February 2011

High-precision isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) U–Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages from the PX1 vertically layered mafic intrusion Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, indicate initiation of magma crystallization at 22.10 ± 0.07 Ma. The magmatic activity lasted a minimum of 0.52 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar amphibole dating yielded ages from 21.9 ± 0.6 to 21.8 ± 0.3, identical within errors to the U–Pb ages, despite the expected 1% theoretical bias between 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb dates. This overlap could result from (i) rapid cooling of the intrusion (i.e., less than the 0.3 to 0.6 Ma 40Ar/39Ar age uncertainties) from closure temperatures (Tc) of zircon (699–988 °C) to amphibole (500–600 °C); (ii) lead loss affecting the youngest zircons; or (iii) excess argon shifting the plateau ages towards older values. The combination of the 40Ar/39Ar and U/Pb datasets implies that the maximum amount of time PX1 intrusion took to cool below amphibole Tc is 0.8 Ma, suggesting PX1 lifetime of 520 000 to 800 000 Ma. Age disparities among coexisting baddeleyite and zircon (22.10 ± 0.07/0.08/0.15 Ma and 21.58 ± 0.15/0.16/0.31 Ma) in a gabbro sample from the pluton margin suggest complex genetic relationships between phases. Baddeleyite is found preserved in plagioclase cores and crystallized early from low silica activity magma. Zircon crystallized later in a higher silica activity environment and is found in secondary scapolite and is found close to calcite veins, in secondary scapolite that recrystallised from plagioclase. close to calcite veins. Oxygen isotope δ18O values of altered plagioclase are high (+7.7), indicating interaction with fluids derived from host-rock carbonatites. The coexistence of baddeleyite and zircon is ascribed to interaction of the PX1 gabbro with CO2-rich carbonatite-derived fluids released during contact metamorphism.
High-precision U–Pb zircon ID–TIMS dating of two regionally extensive bentonites: Cenomanian Stage, Western Canada Foreland BasinThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme ofGeochronologyin honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Barker Ivan R. , Moser Desmond E. , Kamo Sandra L. , Plint A. Guy
Published: February 2011

The stratigraphy of Cretaceous rocks in the Western Canada Foreland Basin is well constrained by dense borehole data that allow three-dimensional mapping of transgressive–regressive events, paleogeography, and subsidence patterns. However, it is difficult to estimate rates of change or to place events in a precise temporal framework because very few of the many bentonite beds have been dated using modern techniques. In this study, two bentonites, of at least regional extent, were dated using isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) U–Pb methods on chemically abraded zircon crystals. The older bentonite correlates with the “X” bentonite of the late middle Cenomanian and yields an age of 95.87 ± 0.10 Ma. The Bighorn River Bentonite, which lies just below the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, yields an age of 94.29 ± 0.13 Ma and is interpreted to equate with the “B” bentonite and bed 80 at Pueblo, Colorado. Both bentonites dated here are older than the previously reported40Ar/39Ar ages from correlative United States samples, supporting the observation that40Ar/39Ar ages may systematically underestimate ages of Cretaceous bentonites by ∼1%, as suggested by other recent studies. The X bentonite immediately precedes a major late middle Cenomanian eustatic transgression that inundated the Dunvegan delta complex. The new ages for the X and Bighorn River bentonites indicate an average minimum subsidence rate of ∼0.27 mm/year in the most proximal part of the Cenomanian foredeep in northeast British Columbia during this time. The new age of the Bighorn River Bentonite, coupled with the orbitally tuned time scale of Sageman et al. (2006) , suggests a Cenomanian–Turonian boundary age of 94.12 ± 0.13 Ma.
Detrital zircon geochronology and provenance of Devono-Mississippian strata in the northern Canadian Cordilleran miogeoclineThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.Northwest Territories Geoscience Office Contribution 0047. Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100432.
Authors: Lemieux Yvon , Hadlari Thomas , Simonetti Antonio
Published: February 2011

U–Pb ages have been determined on detrital zircons from the Upper Devonian Imperial Formation and Upper Devonian – Lower Carboniferous Tuttle Formation of the northern Canadian Cordilleran miogeocline using laser ablation – multicollector – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. The results provide insights into mid-Paleozoic sediment dispersal in, and paleogeography of, the northern Canadian Cordillera. The Imperial Formation yielded a wide range of detrital zircon dates; one sample yielded dominant peaks at 1130, 1660, and 1860 Ma, with smaller mid-Paleozoic (∼430 Ma), Neoproterozoic, and Archean populations. The easternmost Imperial Formation sample yielded predominantly late Neoproterozoic – Cambrian zircons between 500 and 700 Ma, with lesser Mesoproterozoic and older populations. The age spectra suggest that the samples were largely derived from an extensive region of northwestern Laurentia, including the Canadian Shield, igneous and sedimentary provinces of Canada’s Arctic Islands, and possibly the northern Yukon. The presence of late Neoproterozoic – Cambrian zircon, absent from the Laurentian magmatic record, indicate that a number of grains were likely derived from an exotic source region, possibly including Baltica, Siberia, or Arctic Alaska – Chukotka. In contrast, zircon grains from the Tuttle Formation show a well-defined middle Paleoproterozoic population with dominant relative probability peaks between 1850 and 1950 Ma. Additional populations in the Tuttle Formation are mid-Paleozoic (∼430 Ma), Mesoproterozoic (1000–1600 Ma), and earlier Paleoproterozoic and Archean ages (>2000 Ma). These data lend support to the hypothesis that the influx of sediments of northerly derivation that supplied the northern miogeocline in Late Devonian time underwent an abrupt shift to a source of predominantly Laurentian affinity by the Mississippian.
Harvey-Cardiff domain and its relationship to the Composite Arc Belt, Grenville Province: insights from U–Pb geochronology and geochemistryThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Easton R. M. , Kamo S. L.
Published: February 2011

Combined mapping, U–Pb isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) geochronology and geochemical studies in Harvey-Cardiff domain in the western Composite Arc Belt reveal the presence of a long-lived magmatic–metamorphic history between 1290 and 1030 Ma. Following intrusion of gneissic tonalite of the Anstruther and Burleigh gneiss complexes at ca. 1290 Ma, diorite of the Salmon Burn intrusive complex was emplaced at 1242.1 ± 1.1 Ma. A potassium-feldspar megacrystic monzogranite in the Salerno Creek deformation zone that forms the boundary between Harvey-Cardiff domain and Bancroft terrane was emplaced at 1211.3 ± 1.5 Ma, similar to the 1220 ± 1.6 Ma old Junction pluton and a previously reported age of ca. 1229 Ma from another Methuen suite granite in the domain. All three ages are 20 to 30 million years younger than Methuen suite ages elsewhere in the Composite Arc Belt (1250–1240 Ma). Deformation along the Salerno Creek deformation zone is constrained between 1211 Ma, the age of the megacrystic monzogranite, and 1050 Ma, the age of titanite grains from the Salmon Burn intrusive complex and a late alkalic dike. A monzogranite of the newly recognized Catchacoma granite suite yielded an age of 1067 ± 3.7 Ma, similar to the 1059.2 ± 1.6 Ma age obtained from the Cavendish pegmatite vein. These ages suggest a temporal link between late granite and pegmatite emplacement in Harvey-Cardiff domain. Metamorphic zircon, monazite, and titanite ages fall into three clusters (1082–1070, 1063–1045, and 1037–1030 Ma) and may represent a protracted metamorphic event or reflect distinct pulses during the Ottawan orogeny.
Neoarchean high-potassium granites of the Boothia mainland area, Rae domain, Churchill Province: U–Pb zircon and Sm–Nd whole rock isotopic constraintsThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Hinchey Alana M. , Davis William J. , Ryan James J. , Nadeau Léopold
Published: February 2011

The Boothia mainland region of the north-central Rae domain is underlain by remnants of a Neoarchean volcano sedimentary sequence dismembered by two regionally extensive Neoarchean high-potassium granitoid suites with rare occurrences of a structurally interleaved, Paleoproterozoic sedimentary cover sequence. The granitoids and their gneissic equivalents are dominated by variably deformed and metamorphosed I-type, metaluminous, polyphase, commonly porphyritic to augen, biotite ± hornblende monzogranite, and subordinate granodiorite, with rare tonalite. New geochronological results, the first for this area, demonstrate that the widespread Neoarchean granitoid plutonism is dominantly 2.61–2.59 Ga, with a less prominent 2.66 Ga plutonic event. The age of zircon recrystallization suggests that ca. 2.60 Ga Archean metamorphism and fabric development (S1) affected the 2.66 Ga plutons prior to or contemporaneously with intrusion of the voluminous ca. 2.6 Ga suite. εNd(t) for the ca. 2.61–2.59 Ga suite range from 1.4 to –1.9, overlapping with the ca. 2.66 Ga suite that range from 1.4 to 1.5. The Nd isotopic data, coupled with the presence of inherited ca. 2.65, 2.70, and 2.85–2.90 Ga zircon, suggests recycling of older, Neoarchean to Mesoarchean crust in the formation of these suites. Metaplutonic rocks preserve Paleoproterozoic deformation (F4 and F5) and amphibolite-facies metamorphism, sporadically recorded in zircon rims that formed at 1.81 Ga. This event strongly reoriented the Neoarchean fabrics in metaplutonic rocks, generally without the development of a new coaxial Paleoproterozoic fabric, and we attribute this strain and metamorphism to the Hudsonian orogeny.
U–Pb zircon geochronology of eclogites from the Scandian Orogen, northern Western Gneiss Region, Norway: 14–20 million years between eclogite crystallization and return to amphibolite-facies conditionsThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Krogh Thomas E. , Kamo Sandra L. , Robinson Peter , Terry Michael P. , Kwok Kim
Published: February 2011

Reconstructing tectonic histories involving continental collision, subduction, and exhumation at plate-tectonic rates of ∼1 cm/year, requires precise U–Pb zircon geochronology. The Western Gneiss Region has exceptional exposures of high-pressure (HP) and ultra-high-pressure (UHP) rocks. The strategy adopted here involved sampling eclogite and associated late unstrained pegmatites to acquire the time of eclogite crystallization and subsequent exhumation, respectively. The oldest eclogite sampled is 415 ± 1 Ma from layered, probably UHP eclogite at Tevik, Averøya, also with a garnet–hornblende assemblage at 410 ± 1 Ma. The Flem Gabbro eclogite margin, with implied UHP conditions, is 410 ± 2 Ma. Hornblende eclogite at Seth, Lepsøya, never at UHP, is 412 ± 2 Ma. These compare to Devonian ages of 401 ± 1 Ma for overgrowths on Proterozoic baddeleyite in Selnes Gabbro, 402 ± 2 Ma for coesite eclogite at Hareidlandet, 405–400 Ma for coesite eclogite at Flatraket, and 405 ± 2 Ma for near-UHP eclogite at Hjelmelandsdalen. The 415 Ma eclogite at Tevik compares to granitic pegmatite in the same outcrop at 395.2 ± 1.3 Ma and to pegmatite in eclogite at Aspøya at 395.3 ± 2 Ma. The 410 Ma age at Flem compares to nearby pegmatite in eclogite at 396 ± 4 Ma. Collectively, these results imply 14–20 million years between deep eclogite crystallization at ∼130 km and return to amphibolite-facies conditions at ∼30 km, with crystallization of locally derived granitoid melts. Nearby garnet-pyroxenite records older ages (∼430) and greater depths (∼200 km), but on similar exhumation paths at ∼0.4–0.7 cm/year.
Timing of Paleoproterozoic granitoid magmatism along the northwestern Superior Province margin: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Thompson Nickel BeltThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Machado N. , Heaman L. M. , Krogh T. E. , Weber W. , Corkery M. T.
Published: February 2011

The U–Pb geochronology of three granitoid plutons and three granitic pegmatite dykes, largely from the Thompson Nickel Belt located along the northwestern Superior craton margin, was investigated to place constraints on the timing of felsic magmatism associated with closure of the Manikewan Ocean and final continent–continent collision to form the Trans-Hudson Orogen. These data indicate that 1840–1820 Ma granite magmatism along the Superior margin was more active than previously thought and that some magmatism extended beyond the Thompson Nickel Belt sensu stricto, including the 1836 ± 3 Ma Mystery Lake granodiorite, 1822 ± 5 Ma Wintering Lake granodiorite, and the 1825 ± 8 Ma Fox Lake granite located in the Split Lake Block. Granitic pegmatites within the Thompson Nickel Belt were emplaced late in the collisional history in the period 1.79–1.75 Ga and include a 1770 ± 2 Ma dyke exposed at the Thompson pit, a 1767 ± 6 Ma dyke at the Pipe Pit, and a 1786 ± 2 Ma dyke located at Paint Lake. The final stage of crustal amalgamation in the eastern Trans-Hudson Orogen involved Superior Province crustal thickening and partial melting forming 1.84–1.82 Ga granite magmas and then final collision at ∼1.8 Ga between the Superior Province and a continental block to the west consisting of the previously amalgamated Sask and Hearne cratons. Heating of the Superior craton margin and granitic magmatism continued past peak metamorphism (1790–1750 Ma); this thermal event is represented by the emplacement of numerous late pegmatite dykes and evidenced by cooling dates recorded by metamorphic minerals (e.g., titanite) in reworked Archean gneisses and Proterozoic intrusions.
The Krogh revolution: advances in the measurement of timeThis article is the Introduction to a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Kamo Sandra L. , Corfu Fernando , Heaman Larry M. , Moser Desmond E.
Published: February 2011

Tom Krogh revolutionized the field of precise U–Pb geochronology through a series of ground-breaking technical advances in the 1970s and 1980s that changed our investigative approach to understanding geologic processes. Earth scientists around the world have used his dating methods for more than 30 years to produce high-precision ages that have advanced our knowledge of Earth’s evolution through time. Tom applied these techniques to investigate the formation of ancient crust in the Superior and Grenville provinces, and other orogens, and the timing of terrestrial impacts. His legacy is built upon these scientific contributions, the many people he trained and inspired, and the global distribution of laboratories that use his methods.
New zircon shock phenomena and their use for dating and reconstruction of large impact structures revealed by electron nanobeam (EBSD, CL, EDS) and isotopic U–Pb and (U–Th)/He analysis of the Vredefort domeThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Moser D. E. , Cupelli C. L. , Barker I. R. , Flowers R. M. , Bowman J. R. , Wooden J. , Hart J.R.
Published: February 2011

Integrated electron nanobeam (EBSD, CL, EDS) and isotopic measurements (U–Pb, (U–Th)/He) of zircon from the collar and centre of the 80 km wide central uplift of the 2020 ± 3 Ma Vredefort impact structure reveal new shock features in a microstructural progression related to impact basin formation and degree of U–Pb age resetting: (1) planar fractures in {1K0} and {1K2} orientation during initial shock wave compression; (2) curviplanar fractures in {1K1} orientation, now annealed, which host glassy inclusions of partial melt of the host rock; (3) microtwin lamellae in an orientation of 65° about [110], attributed to shock wave rarefaction; (4) nucleation of impact-age crystallites, possibly on microtwins, during post-shock heating by impact melt; and (5) crystal-plastic deformation linked to crater modification of the core of the central uplift. Planar fracturing and microtwinning ≥20 GPa in “cold shock” zircon in granitoid at a radial distance of 25 km failed to reset zircon age. Single-grain ID–TIMS data extend between pre-impact age of 2077 ± 11 Ma and a secondary Pb-loss event at ca. 1.0 Ga — the latter reflecting Kibaran igneous activity between 1.110 and 1.021 Ga. Age resetting by the impact event operated in an ∼15 km wide “hot shock” zone of impact-elevated temperatures ≥700 °C at the core of the central uplift. Mechanisms include internal recrystallization, defect-accelerated Pb diffusion via shock microstructures and melt films, and late crystal-plastic deformation. Igneous zircons from a 2019 ± 2 Ma foliated norite impact melt yield a mean (U–Th)/He date of 923 ± 61 Ma, indicating exposure of the present surface after this time.
Recruitment Patterns in Northwest Atlantic Fish Stocks
Authors: Koslow J. Anthony
Published: February 2011

By analysing recruitment time series for 14 stocks of northwest Atlantic fish, I have found consistent positive correlations in recruitment among stocks within such species as cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and herring (Clupea harengus). Significant positive correlations are also often found in recruitment among demersal, offshore-spawning species (cod, haddock, and redfish (Sebastes spp.)), and recruitment in these groups tends to be negatively correlated with that of pelagic species, which spawn inshore (herring) or in restricted waters (mackerel (Scomber scombrus)). These patterns emerge as well from a principal component (PC) analysis of the recruitment data. Three dominant patterns (PC 1–3) explain 78% of the variance of the data set. I suggest that the spatial extent of these patterns, which span the region from west Greenland to Georges Bank, indicates that large-scale physical forcing, rather than local biological interactions, predominantly regulates recruitment to northwest Atlantic fisheries.
Variability of Chlorophyll a off Southwestern Nova Scotia in Late Fall and Its Relationship to Water Column Stability
Authors: Fournier R. O. , Ernst R. , Hargreaves N. B. , Det M. Van , Douglas D.
Published: February 2011

Chlorophyll a, nitrate, and physical variables collected during December 1978 and November 1979 off southwest Nova Scotia show two distinct patterns in phytoplankton abundance. In December 1978, conditions were similar to those expected in late fall over temperate North American shelves. The water was well mixed and chlorophyll was at background level (~0.5 mg/m3). By contrast, in November 1979, both inshore and offshore regions were stratified, and chlorophyll levels were, in some places, 5 times above background. Two explanations are offered for this bimodal chlorophyll distribution. Offshore, temporary stratification resulted from the intrusion of warm saline water from either the slope or the Gulf of Maine. This may be a temporary condition that eventually deteriorates with seasonal cooling and convective mixing. Inshore, stratification results from the influx of a shallow layer of relatively low-salinity water carried by the Nova Scotia current. The onset and seasonal vagaries of this current help to explain differences observed in 1978 and 1979.
Toxicity of Nitrite to Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Tilapia (Tilapia aurea), and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides): Evidence for a Nitrite Exclusion Mechanism
Authors: Palachek R. M. , Tomasso J. R.
Published: February 2011

The 96-h median lethal concentrations of nitrite to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), tilapia (Tilapia aurea), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under similar water quality conditions were 7.1 ± 1.9, 16.2 ± 2.3, and 140.2 ± 8.1 mg NO2-N/L (mean ± SE), respectively (pH 7.7–8.2; temperature 23 °C). During 24-h sublethal exposures to nitrite, methemoglobin concentrations in the blood of all three species generally increased with increasing nitrite concentrations. Channel catfish and tilapia concentrated nitrite in their blood above environmental levels and generated higher methemoglobin concentrations than largemouth bass at all nitrite concentrations tested. Largemouth bass did not develop elevated methemoglobin concentrations until NO2-N concentrations reached 48.7 mg/L, and plasma nitrite concentrations in largemouth bass were never observed higher than environmental concentrations. These data indicate that differences in resistance to nitrite among species may be partially due to a differential ability of some species to prevent the concentration of nitrite in the plasma.
Effects of Perfusate HCO3−andPco2on Chloride Uptake in Perfused Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Perry S. F. , Payan P. , Girard J. P.
Published: February 2011

Experiments were conducted using a saline-perfused trout (Salmo gairdneri) head preparation in an attempt to determine the origin of HCO3−involved in gill apical Cl−/HCO3−exchange, the possibilities being plasma CO2or HCO3−. Initial results showed that branchial Cl−influx was stimulated both by increased perfusate [HCO3−] and Pco2. Subsequent experiments employing the chloride transport inhibitors, SITS and thiocyanate, indicated that stimulation of Cl−influx by HCO3−probably was due to gill hemodynamic alterations and not to increased entry of HCO3−into the gill epithelium. We conclude that CO2entry into the gill epithelium from plasma and its subsequent hydration to HCO3−and H+, by carbonic anhydrase, is a major pathway by which HCQ3−for Cl−/HCO3−exchange is generated.
Postglacial Dispersal of Freshwater Fishes in the Québec Peninsula
Authors: Legendre Pierre , Legendre Vianney
Published: February 2011

The possible postglacial dispersal of freshwater fishes in the Québec peninsula is described. We tested the hypothesis that fish dispersal was controlled more efficiently by movements of the earth crust and by morphological peculiarities of the peninsula than by upland divides presently found between river basins. Based on the actual distributions of 109 species of freshwater fishes, the presence and absence of these species was noted for each of 289 one-degree-square pixels of the peninsula. A geographical intermediate-linkage clustering was run with a spatial constraint, that is, only neighbouring pixels were allowed to cluster. Five main ichthyogeographic regions and 21 subregions were thus defined. The regional limits seem to be highly correlated with climatic, vegetational, and geomorphological limits or gradients. Knowing the fish species present in each subregion made it possible to deduce their pattern of postglacial dispersal, after computing a coefficient of dispersal direction between neighbouring subregions. The pattern of fish dispersal so derived assumes that the stenohaline species have crossed the centre of the peninsula. This can be explained by the isobasic movements since the end of the Wisconsin Ice Age, and also by a network of river headwater interconnections still extant today.
Cross Correlations Between Reconstructed Ocean Abundances of Bristol Bay and British Columbia Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Peterman Randall M. , Wong Fred Y. C
Published: February 2011

Anecdotal reports of a tendency for British Columbia sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to be low when Bristol Bay, Alaska, returns are high prompted a reconstruction of minimum abundances of sockeye resident in the Gulf of Alaska each year from the early 1950s to mid-1970s. This backwards reconstruction using Fry's virtual population analysis was done by using catch, escapement, and age structure data for each area in British Columbia and Bristol Bay. Use of more sophisticated backwards reconstruction methods was precluded by lack of age-specific annual survival rates by stock. Ocean abundances of British Columbia and Bristol Bay sockeye show significant autocorrelations at periods consistent with the cyclic dominant patterns of their largest stocks. Cross correlations at lag 0 between ocean abundances of various ages of fish from these two regions show one case of a significant inverse relation in abundances. In addition, there are significant cross correlations between British Columbia and Bristol Bay ocean abundances at various time lags, showing that cycles in their abundances are out of synchrony. This lack of synchrony persisted longer than would be expected from cyclic dominance patterns and age at maturity of British Columbia and Bristol Bay sockeye, and several alternative explanations of this asynchrony are discussed.
Electrophoretic Identification of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown Trout (S. trutta), and Their Hybrids
Authors: Vuorinen Jukka , Piironen Jorma
Published: February 2011

We studied 14 enzyme systems of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (S. trutta), and their F1 hybrids. Five enzymes, namely glucosephosphate isomerase, malic enzyme, phosphoglucomutase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine dehydrogenase, were diagnostic in providing reliable separation of the species and their hybrids. The most anodal locus of glucosephosphate isomerase exhibited adequate activity also in adipose fin biopsies, thus allowing the identification of live fish.
Diel Vertical Migration and Feeding Behavior of a Demersal Hydromedusan (Polyorchis penicillatus)
Authors: Arkett S. A.
Published: February 2011

The hydromedusan Polyorchis penicillatus makes a small amplitude diel vertical migration. During the day, over 85% of the individuals were observed within 1 m of the bottom, while at night, medusae diffused several metres up into the water column. This movement occurred concomitantly with the emergence of many of the major taxa of demersal Zooplankton whose activity was quantified by emergence traps. Food boli contents collected from Polyorchis showed some selectivity for large, fast-moving demersal plankters and low capture and utilization of invertebrate larvae. Diel shifts in feeding behavior and water column position enable Polyorchis to feed efficiently on high densities of demersal plankters at all times. Medusae may be exempt from migration constraints imposed by visual predators and are thus able to move into areas of high prey density to supply energetic requirements. Hydromedusae, such as Polyorchis, are shown to utilize a variety of factors, such as tentacle position and swimming speed, in an "ambush" strategy to optimize prey encounters.
Mortality Estimation: Biased Results from Unbiased Ages
Authors: Barlow Jay
Published: February 2011

Estimates of mortality rates from age distributions are biased by imprecision in age estimation, even if age estimates are unbiased. I have derived a method for predicting the magnitude of this bias from information on the precision of age determination. Monte Carlo simulations show that bias can be accurately predicted. The commonly used Chapman–Robson mortality estimator is shown to be robust to imprecision in age determination if all age-classes are included. Errors are likely, however, if one or more age-classes are excluded or if other mortality estimators are used. Biases can be corrected if the distribution of age-estimation errors is known.
Predation by Rock Crabs (Cancer irroratus) on Diseased Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Scheibling Robert E.
Published: February 2011

Predation of morbid sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) by rock crabs (Cancer irroratus) and other predators was observed using SCUBA during an outbreak of disease in southwestern Nova Scotia in August 1983. Disease increases susceptibility of sea urchins to predation by precluding natural defensive behaviors including spine projection, strong attachment to the substratum, and aggregation. In laboratory feeding experiments, rock crabs preferred diseased or narcotized sea urchins over healthy ones and fed upon them at a much higher rate than crabs given only healthy sea urchins as prey. Rock crabs showed no significant preference between diseased and narcotized sea urchins. Rock crabs clearly preferred mussels over healthy or diseased sea urchins. Although rock crabs do not appear to be important predators of healthy sea urchins, from field and laboratory findings I conclude that they contribute to mass mortality of sea urchins by preying upon morbid individuals during outbreaks of disease.
Role of Fish in Regulation of Plant and Animal Communities in Eutrophic Ponds
Authors: Spencer Craig N. , King Darren L.
Published: February 2011

Alteration of fish communities resulted in marked changes in the Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and benthic plant communities in nutrient-rich ponds. In ponds containing dense populations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans), intense fish predation resulted in sparse cladoceran zooplankton populations and turbid water dominated by dense blue-green algal blooms. In ponds containing no fish, or dense populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), abundant Cladocera reduced phytoplankton densities through heavy grazing, and these ponds were characterized by clear water and dense growths of Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton spp., and Cladophora sp. Manipulation of fish populations to control unwanted algal blooms in shallow eutrophic lakes may yield dense growths of equally undesirable macrophytes and periphyton.
La gestion territoriale basée sur l’approche systémique de la gestion dynamique des déchets (GDD)
Authors: Rojo Gabriel , Glaus Mathias , Hausler Robert , Laforest Valérie , Bourgois Jacques
Published: February 2011

Les systèmes de gestion des déchets étant en constante évolution, chacune des décisions prises aujourd’hui aura une influence sur les actions futures. Parmi les difficultés rencontrées, la sélection d’un site pour l’implantation de nouvelles installations, quelle que soit leur nature, représente un enjeu majeur en raison des contraintes sociales, économiques et environnementales qui s’y rattachent. En conséquence, les décideurs réclament de nouveaux outils qui leur permettront de comparer les différentes options qui s’offrent à eux et d’en évaluer les impacts sur le système. Actuellement, les approches mathématiques utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes de localisation sur un territoire sont inadéquates pour la gestion des déchets. Notamment, ces approches ne permettent pas de considérer l’ensemble des impacts attribués à la gestion des déchets ainsi que les particularités associées aux trajets (longueur, contraintes de circulation, capacité). Dans le but de corriger ces lacunes, le présent article porte sur l’utilisation de la gestion dynamique des déchets (GDD) comme outil d’aide à la décision pour la gestion territoriale, et plus particulièrement pour les problèmes de localisation. Afin de démontrer les avantages de l’approche proposée, deux études de cas sont également présentées.
Experimental investigation on the effect of longitudinal reinforcement on shear strength of fibre reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Alam M.S. , Hussein A.
Published: February 2011

The shear design equation of CSA S806-02 does not consider the effect of the axial stiffness of the reinforcing bars for beams with effective depth greater than 300 mm. This paper examines the shear strength of such beams without stirrups. A total of 16 beams reinforced with GFRP, CFRP, and steel bars were tested under four-point monotonic loading. The test results were analyzed and compared with the predictions of CSA S806-02 shear design equation. It was observed that the conservatism of CSA S806-02 prediction, for beams with effective depth greater than 300 mm, increased with the increase in the axial stiffness of the reinforcing bars. Based on the test results, a modification to the CSA S806-02 shear design equation is proposed. The proposed modification was found to be consistent for predicting the shear strength of beams with different axial stiffness of the reinforcing bars.
Multiple optimization and segmentation technique (MOST) for large-scale bilevel life cycle optimization
Authors: Hegazy Tarek , Elhakeem Ahmed
Published: February 2011

This paper introduces a new formulation for large-scale combinatorial bilevel optimization problems that involve integer, discrete, two-level decisions. The most vivid example where the new technique most applies is the life cycle optimization needed to allocate repair types and repair timings to a number of infrastructure assets (e.g., building components). Combining these decisions into a single optimization for hundreds of assets simultaneously makes the optimization problem complex and prohibitive. For such a large-scale problem, a multiple optimization and segmentation technique (MOST) is proposed to handle the optimization one level at a time through a series of small-size optimizations that can be solved easily. The performance of MOST has been validated on various problem sizes and proved to be innovative and can handle thousands of variables simultaneously.
Critical superposition instant of surge waves in surge tank with long headrace tunnel
Authors: Yu XiaoDong , Zhang Jian , Hazrati Arash
Published: February 2011

Superposed mass oscillation that often occurs in a throttled surge tank with a long headrace tunnel is studied. The instant of the worst superposition of mass oscillation in a surge tank is analysed. The analytical formula predicting the worst superposition instant is derived exactly and verified (1) with a numerical solution to the fundamental equations for the surge tank and (2) with a numerical simulation of hydraulic transients in an actual hydropower station. It is shown that the superposed oscillation provides the highest upsurge at the instant that the initial flow rate in the headrace tunnel and initial water level in the surge tank satisfy the judgement formula. The conclusion provides a theoretical and computational basis for the numerical simulation of maximum upsurge in a surge tank.
Effect of a temperature gradient on Sphagnum fallax and its associated living microbial communities: a study under controlled conditions
Authors: Jassey Vincent E.J. , Gilbert Daniel , Binet Philippe , Toussaint Marie-Laure , Chiapusio Geneviève
Published: February 2011

Microbial communities living in Sphagnum are known to constitute early indicators of ecosystem disturbances, but little is known about their response (including their trophic relationships) to climate change. A microcosm experiment was designed to test the effects of a temperature gradient (15, 20, and 25 °C) on microbial communities including different trophic groups (primary producers, decomposers, and unicellular predators) in Sphagnum segments (0–3 cm and 3–6 cm of the capitulum). Relationships between microbial communities and abiotic factors (pH, conductivity, temperature, and polyphenols) were also studied. The density and the biomass of testate amoebae in Sphagnum upper segments increased and their community structure changed in heated treatments. The biomass of testate amoebae was linked to the biomass of bacteria and to the total biomass of other groups added and, thus, suggests that indirect effects on the food web structure occurred. Redundancy analysis revealed that microbial assemblages differed strongly in Sphagnum upper segments along a temperature gradient in relation to abiotic factors. The sensitivity of these assemblages made them interesting indicators of climate change. Phenolic compounds represented an important explicative factor in microbial assemblages and outlined the potential direct and (or) indirect effects of phenolics on microbial communities.
Swarming motility by Photorhabdus temperata is influenced by environmental conditions and uses the same flagella as that used in swimming motilityThis is scientific contribution No. 2431 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.
Authors: Michaels Brandye , Tisa Louis S.
Published: February 2011

Photorhabdus temperata , an insect pathogen and nematode symbiont, is motile in liquid medium by swimming. We found that P. temperata was capable of surface movement, termed swarming behavior. Several lines of evidence indicate that P. temperata use the same flagella for both swimming and swarming motility. Both motility types required additional NaCl or KCl in the medium and had peritrichous flagella, which were composed of the same flagellin as detected by immunoblotting experiments. Mutants defective in flagellar structural proteins were nonmotile for both motility types. Unlike swimming, we observed swarming behavior to be a social form of movement in which the cells coordinately formed intricate channels covering a surface. The constituents of the swarm media affected motility. Swarming was optimal on low agar concentrations; as agar concentrations increased, swarm ring diameters decreased.
IMPACTS OF ADVENTURE-BASED COUNSELING TRAINING ON THE YOUNG OLDS
Authors: LEE FRANCIS. W. L. , CHOI J. K. Y.
Published: February 2011

It is commonly believed that Adventure-based Counseling (ABC) training is intended for young people who are active and energetic. The St. James' Settlement (an NGO) in Hong Kong, however, believes that such training can also have positive effects on the young olds (individuals aged 50–65). A group of young old trainees was recruited from the community to help implement related activities to elderly members of this NGO. Their general health condition, levels of life satisfaction, optimism, and self-efficacy were measured before and after the training, and a control group was also recruited. The results show that the ABC training had significant impacts on the life satisfaction, optimism, and self-efficacy levels of the young old trainees. Recommendations are made at the end of the paper.
ENTANGLEMENT AND PHOTON DYNAMICS IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO QUANTIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND 3-LEVEL ATOMS
Authors: VASEGHI B. , REZAEI G. , KHORDAD R. , ZADEH A. FALLAH
Published: February 2011

We study in this paper the dynamics of two electromagnetic (EM) fields and their entanglement in the interaction with a 3-level atom (Λ-configuration). We investigate the interaction when initially one of the fields is in a single mode coherent state, and the other one is in a Fock(number) state. We have calculated the mean photon numbers of the fields and their entanglement by means of the fields entropy as a measure of it. The results show the synchronization between entanglement beats and collapses-revivals of the fields, which cause the field in the Fock state (noncoherent) to behave coherently during the interaction. Also the results offer a way to generate coherent fields and achieve any desired degree of entanglement with specified dynamics via controlling the parameters of the atomic system.
COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL OF ATOMIC ENTANGLEMENT IN AN INTENSITY DEPENDENT JAYNES–CUMMINGS INTERACTION
Authors: SAHA P. , MAJUMDAR A. S. , SINGH S. , NAYAK N.
Published: February 2011

The evolution of entanglement of a bipartite spin-1/2 system coupled to a micromaser cavity field in an intensity-dependent Jaynes–Cummings model is studied in this paper. The dynamical process of the entanglement is investigated for different cavity fields. We find that the interactions lead to a phenomenon of periodic entanglement and disentanglement between the qubits. Effects such as the growth of the magnitude of atomic entanglement with the increase of the cavity photon number, arising out of the intensity-dependent atom-cavity coupling lead to interesting dissimilarities from the case of entanglement generated by the standard Jaynes–Cummings interaction.
Effect of Pad Surface Micro-Texture on Coefficient of Friction and Removal Rate during Copper CMP Process
Authors: Liao X. , Zhuang Y. , Borucki L. J. , Theng S. , Wei X. , Ashizawa T. , Philipossian A.
Published: February 2011

In this study, 200-mm blanket copper wafers were polished on an IC1010 M-groove pad, which was conditioned by a 3M A2810 disc and Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (MMC) TRD disc. Pad surface contact area and topography were analyzed using laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The MMC TRD disc generated a lot of large near contact areas corresponding to fractured and collapsed pore walls. The fractured and collapsed pore walls partly covered the adjacent pores, making the pad surface more lubricated during wafer polishing and rendering significantly lower coefficient of friction and removal rate than the 3M A2810 disc.
Amino acid absorption and homeostasis in mice lacking the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1
Authors: Nässl Anna-Maria , Rubio-Aliaga Isabel , Fenselau Henning , Marth Mena Katharina , Kottra Gabor , Daniel Hannelore
Published: February 2011

The intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1 mediates the uptake of di- and tripeptides derived from dietary protein breakdown into epithelial cells. Whereas the transporter appears to be essential to compensate for the reduced amino acid delivery in patients with mutations in amino acid transporter genes, such as in cystinuria or Hartnup disease, its physiological role in overall amino acid absorption is still not known. To assess the quantitative importance of PEPT1 in overall amino acid absorption and metabolism, PEPT1-deficient mice were studied by using brush border membrane vesicles, everted gut sacs, and Ussing chambers, as well as by transcriptome and proteome analysis of intestinal tissue samples. Neither gene expression nor proteome profiling nor functional analysis revealed evidence for any compensatory changes in the levels and/or function of transporters for free amino acids in the intestine. However, most plasma amino acid levels were increased in Pept1−/−compared with Pept1+/+animals, suggesting that amino acid handling is altered. Plasma appearance rates of15N-labeled amino acids determined after intragastric administration of a low dose of protein remained unchanged, whereas administration of a large protein load via gavage revealed marked differences in plasma appearance of selected amino acids. PEPT1 seems, therefore, important for overall amino acid absorption only after high dietary protein intake when amino acid transport processes are saturated and PEPT1 can provide additional absorption capacity. Since renal amino acid excretion remained unchanged, elevated basal concentrations of plasma amino acids in PEPT1-deficient animals seem to arise mainly from alterations in hepatic amino acid metabolism.
Chronic ethanol feeding causes depression of mitochondrial elongation factor Tu in the rat liver: implications for the mitochondrial ribosome
Authors: Weiser Brian , Gonye Gregory , Sykora Peter , Crumm Sara , Cahill Alan
Published: February 2011

Chronic ethanol feeding is known to negatively impact hepatic energy metabolism. Previous studies have indicated that the underlying lesion responsible for this may lie at the level of the mitoribosome. The aim of this study was to characterize the structure of the hepatic mitoribosome in alcoholic male rats and their isocalorically paired controls. Our experiments revealed that chronic ethanol feeding resulted in a significant depletion of both structural (death-associated protein 3) and functional [elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu)] mitoribosomal proteins. In addition, significant increases were found in nucleotide elongation factor thermo stable (EF-Ts) and structural mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12 (MRPL12). The increase in MRPL12 was found to correlate with an increase in the levels of the 39S large mitoribosomal subunit. These changes were accompanied by decreased levels of nuclear- and mitochondrially encoded respiratory subunits, decreased amounts of intact respiratory complexes, decreased hepatic ATP levels, and depressed mitochondrial translation. Mathematical modeling of ethanol-mediated changes in EF-Tu and EF-Ts using prederived kinetic data predicted that the ethanol-mediated decrease in EF-Tu levels could completely account for the impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis. In conclusion, chronic ethanol feeding results in a depletion of mitochondrial EF-Tu levels within the liver that is mathematically predicted to be responsible for the impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis seen in alcoholic animals.