bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afanasii Nikitin: An Orthodox Russian's Spiritual Voyage in the Dar al-Islam, 1468-1475
Authors: Maxwell Mary Jane
Published: January 2007

Recent scholarship on premodern religious conversion emphasizes the political, social, and economic incentives for the mass conversion of whole societies. Such investigations tend to neglect individual accounts that typically offer a personal and spiritual explanation for conversion. The travel account of Afanasii Nikitin, a Russian merchant who ventured through Persia and India from 1468 to 1475, presents an opportunity to examine the spiritual considerations that influenced one individual's experience. Nikitin's narrative is significant because it brings focus to secular and spiritual motivations for conversion.
Paying for the Privilege: The Management of Public Order and Religious Pluralism in Two Early Modern Societies
Authors: Parker Charles H.
Published: January 2007

A cross-cultural analysis of the management of religious pluralism in the early modern era can serve to contextualize and relativize our understanding of toleration in the Western world. To that end, this article compares policies and practices employed by governments in the Protestant Dutch Republic concerning Roman Catholics with those used by Sunni Ottoman authorities toward Christians, Jews, and Shi'ites in Arabic-speaking provinces. Despite important differences in approach, authorities in both societies managed their pluralistic environments by marginalizing minorities in various ways. Their practice served to protect the public religious order while also according minorities the privilege of private worship.
"Pleasing Appearance. . . Only Adds to the Danger": The 1930 Insanity Hearing of Violet Hypatia Bowyer
Authors: Backhouse Constance
Published: January 2007

The state's legal authority to detain individuals within insane asylums in early twentieth-century Canada was deeply influenced by factors of gender, class, and race. Violet Hypatia Bowyer, a working-class, white woman who was just twenty-two years old in 1928, was initially incarcerated in Ontario for leading a "dissolute" life. Wrongly diagnosed as "insane" by prison officials, she tried valiantly, but failed, to secure her release through legal challenge. The expert testimony of the prison officials, the psychiatric "experts," and the decision of the court all testify to the terrifying coerciveness of law in Canadian history.
siècle au Canada, le pouvoir légal permettant à l'État de détenir des personnes dans des asiles d'aliéné-es était profondément influencé par les facteurs du genre, de la classe et de la race. Violet Hypatia Bowyer, une femme blanche de classe ouvrière, n'avait que vingt-deux ans en 1928, au moment où elle a été incarcérée pour la première fois en Ontario parce qu'elle vivait une vie « de débauche ». Les autorités carcérales l'ayant faussement diagnostiquée comme « aliénée », elle a tenté avec courage, bien que sans succès, d'obtenir sa liberté par la contestation judiciaire. Le témoignage expert des autorités carcérales, des psychiatres et la décision du tribunal révèlent la coercition terrifiante du droit dans l'histoire du Canada.
Les femmes juges feront-elles veritablement une difference? Reflexions sur leur presence depuis vingt ans a la Cour supreme du Canada
Authors: Belleau Marie-Claire , Johnson Rebecca
Published: January 2007

Les auteures reprennent la célèbre question de Madame la juge Bertha Wilson « Est-ce que les femmes juges feront une différence? » afin de présenter quelques pistes de réflexion au sujet de la répartition des opinions judiciaires des femmes qui siègent à la Cour suprême depuis les vingt dernières années. Premièrement, elles analysent des statistiques afin de démontrer que celles qui portent le titre de juge ont occupé une position unique au sein de la plus haute instance judiciaire du Canada en écrivant une très large proportion des opinions dissidentes. En second lieu, elles posent une série de questions afin de guider une étude plus approfondie permettant d'indiquer plus précisément la nature véritable de la « différence » des femmes juges et, potentiellement, d'autres groupes sociaux historiquement sous-représentés au sein du corps judiciaire canadien.
The authors ask the notorious question posed by Justice Bertha Wilson "will women judges make a difference?" to present some reflections about the judicial voting patterns of the women who sat at the Supreme Court of Canada in the last twenty years. First, they analyze the statistics to demonstrate that women judges have occupied a unique position within the highest judicial institution of Canada by writing a very large proportion of dissenting opinions. Second, they ask a number of questions to guide a deeper study about the true nature of the "difference" that women judges make and, potentially, of members of groups historically underrepresented among the Canadian judiciary.
Sommes-nous dignes? L'egalite et l'arret Gosselin
Authors: Jackman Martha
Published: January 2007

The author examines the Supreme Court of Canada's judgment in Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General) and considers to what extent this decision represents a step backwards for women's equality in the poverty context. She concludes that the Gosselin case demonstrates yet again that the feminist critique of the Law test and its emphasis on human dignity, is well founded. In this 20th anniversary year of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms equality rights provisions, she underlines the importance of continuing to insist that governments recognize and implement the guarantees set out under section 15, and that courts interpret and enforce these rights in a manner consistent with their original objectives.
anniversaire de l'article 15 de la Charte canadienne, l'auteure souligne l'importance de continuer à insister pour que les gouvernements reconnaissent et appliquent les garanties d'égalité prévues à l'article 15 et pour que les tribunaux interprètent ces dispositions et veillent à leur mise en œuvre en conformité avec l'intention qui initialement a motivé l'enchâssement de cet article.
Troubling the Definition of Pornography: Little Sisters, a New Defining Moment in Feminists' Engagement with the Law?
Authors: Karaian Lara
Published: January 2007

This article explores feminism's relationship to the legal regulation of pornography. Of particular interest to the author is how the defining moment of the Butler decision has been opened up to contestation and complication by Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium et. al. v. Minister of Justice et al., a recent Supreme Court of Canada decision regarding Canada Customs violations of the free expression and equality rights of a Vancouver-based gay and lesbian bookstore. The focus of the article is on the role that the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) played in both Butler and Little Sisters. The author contends that while much has changed for the better since Butler, problematic legal strategies continue to be reproduced by LEAF. While LEAF has to some extent nuanced its arguments with regard to pornography's relationship to harm, the author argues that neither LEAF's Butler nor its Little Sisters facta work to destabilize the relationship of sex, gender, and sexual orientation identity and their complicated relationship with pornography.
Le présent article analyse la relation entre le féminisme et les dispositions juridiques réglementant la pornographie. L'auteure s'intéresse particulièrement au point tournant survenu lorsque l'arrêt Butler aété contesté et complexifié par l'arrêt Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium et. al. c. Ministre de la Justice et al.,décision rendue par la Cour suprême du Canada. Ce dernier arrêt porte sur des atteintes par Douanes Canada à la liberté d'expression et au droit à l'égalité d'une librairie s'adressant particulièrement à une clientèle gaie et lesbienne, librairie situéeà Vancouver. L'article s'attarde au rôle joué par le Fonds d'action et d'éducation juridiques pour les femmes (le « FAEJ ») dans les deux causes Butler et Little Sisters. L'auteure affirme que le FAEJ continue à adopter des stratégies juridiques problématiques, bien qu'il y ait eu des améliorations sensibles depuis l'affaire Butler. Le FAEJ a nuancé, dans une certaine mesure, ses arguments touchant la relation entre la pornographie et le préjudice, mais l'auteure soutient néanmoins que les mémoires du FAEJ dans
Priggish, Pitiless, and Punitive or Proud, Passionate, and Purposeful? Dichotomies, Sexual Harassment, and "Victim-Feminism"
Authors: Morgan Jenny
Published: January 2007

Australia's version of the popular genre of the "victim-feminism" debate played out via a case of sexual harassment in a university college, in which two young women alleged that they had been sexually harassed by the master [chief executive officer] of their college. This event became much more than a matter of parochial interest when one of Australia's best-known novelists decided to write a book about it. The book generated enormous media attention, though this was often very polarized and not very useful in furthering our understanding of sexual harassment. However, there was some interesting debate in the wake of the book that did manage to transcend the dichotomy of "power" versus "powerlessness."
La version australienne du débat populaire du « féminisme de victimisation » s'est déroulée par le biais d'un cas de harcèlement sexuel dans un collège universitaire, dans lequel deux jeunes femmes ont allégué avoir été harcelées sexuellement par le maître [p. d.g.] de leur collège. Cet événement a eu une portée qui déborde largement son lieu d'origine lorsque l'une des romancières les plus connues en Australie a décidé d'écrire un livre à ce sujet. Le livre a été trèsmédiatisé, bien que les reportages aient été souvent très polarisés et sans grande utilité pour approfondir notre compréhension du harcèlement sexuel. Il y a eu, néanmoins, dans la foulée de la publication du livre, un débat intéressant qui a réussi à transcender la dichotomie du « pouvoir » face à « l'impuissance ».
Defining Moments for Women as Lawyers: Reflections on Numerical Gender Equality
Authors: Mossman Mary Jane
Published: January 2007

Twenty years after the launching of the Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, this comment focuses on the first continuing education workshop offered by the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1985 on the topic of women lawyers. The comment reflects on the aspirations and expectations of women lawyers in the mid-1980s, a time of many significant changes for law and for women's lives in Canada. In particular, the comment explains how the 1980s represented the first decade in which the numbers of women in law rapidly increased and how this demographic change fuelled expectations that increasing numbers of women practitioners would "make a difference" to the practice of law. In reflecting on the experiences of women lawyers in the two decades since the Journal first appeared, however, the comment suggests a need to re-imagine how women in law can "make a difference."
Rédigé vingt ans après le lancement de la Revue Femmes et Droit, le présent commentaire traite du premier atelier de l'éducation permanente du Barreau du Haut-Canada offert en 1985 et ayant pour sujet les avocates. Ce commentaire porte sur les aspirations et les attentes des avocates au milieu des années 1980, une époque où se produisaient des changements marquants en droit et dans la vie des femmes au Canada. Le commentaire explique particulièrement comment les années 1980 ont représenté la première décennie durant laquelle le nombre de femmes en droit a augmenté rapidement et comment ce changement démographique a alimenté les attentes que l'augmentation du nombre de femmes pratiquant le droit « ferait une différence ».Enréfléchissant sur les expériences des avocates dans les deux décennies depuis la publication du premier numéro de la Revue, le commentaire suggère qu'il est temps de reconceptualiser la facçon dont les femmes en droit peuvent « faire une différence ».
Through My Eyes: Lessons on Life in Law School
Authors: Poitras Marilyn
Published: January 2007

This article depicts the journey of a student who wants a law degree to make a difference in the world but finds the study of law to be a very sterile and institutional process. It takes a seasoned professor and activist to add the human element back into her legal analysis and refocus her vision.
Le présent article décrit le parcours d'une étudiante qui veut obtenir un diplôme en droit afin de changer le monde, mais qui découvre que l'étude du droit est un processus très stérile et institutionnalisé. Il lui a fallu une professeure chevronnée et militante pour rajouter l'élément humain à son analyse juridique et pour remettre en perspective sa vision du monde.
An Island's Place in History: Tsushima in Japan and in ChosÅn, 1392-1592
Authors: Robinson Kenneth R
Published: January 2007

The proximity of the Japanese island of Tsushima to the Korean peninsula made plausible
the views among Korean elites in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that the island
had been Korean territory in the historical past. The Chosŏn court expressed historical
and contemporary possession of Tsushima/Taema-do through assertions of the
island's Korean history, dispatch of officials bearing domestic administration posts, and
cartography. The court's claims neither challenged the Muromachi bakufu nor threatened
the authority of the governor of Tsushima, who encouraged treatment of the island
as Korean territory as well as Japanese territory. The incomplete insertion of royal power
into the island highlights different forms of sovereignty. In the early Chosŏn period, the
area was encompassed within the king's territorial sovereignty. The jurisdictional Chosŏn
composed a different space than the territorial. Within this gap between the two Chosŏns
can be seen underappreciated features of Korean history and Chosŏn society.
Economic Growth in P'yÅngan Province and the Development of Pyongyang in the Late ChosÅn Period
Authors: O Su-ch'ang
Published: January 2007

Pyongyang, one Korea's oldest cities, was considered an important defense site during
the Koryŏ dynasty, but did not develop significantly until the Chosŏn dynasty in the seventeenth
century. This was partly because of its border location and unsuitability for farming
but most of all because of discrimination by the central government. After the eighteenth
century, however, Pyongyang led in the social development of Chosŏn. With
stability in the relationship with Qing China, the area was free from the threat of war.
The accumulated money and grains were used to entertain foreign diplomats and prepare
for war while also providing commercial capital. The fact that the traditional ruling
order and ideology were not strong was an advantage for the development of commerce.
On the other hand, the government tried to induce Pyongyang's development
within the system, as by, for example, holding a special civil service examination and
recruiting members for the Royal Guard. During that time, Pyongyang progressed and
continued to develop as the new urban cultural center of the region.
Observation: A Complex Research Method
Authors: Baker Lynda
Published: January 2007

As an ethnographic research method, observation has a long history. The value of observation is that it permits researchers to study people in their native environment in order to understand "things" from their perspective. Observation requires the researcher to spend considerable time in the field with the possibility of adopting various roles in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the people being studied. A variety of techniques are used to collect data. Gaining access to the group and leaving the field are two important factors that need consideration. Other areas of concern involve ethical problems, as well as validity and reliability issues. Until recently, few library and information science (LIS) studies have included this method; however, observation is gaining favor as LIS researchers seek to understand better the role of information in people's everyday lives.
Evaluation Research: An Overview
Authors: Powell Ronald R
Published: January 2007

Evaluation research can be defined as a type of study that uses standard social research methods for evaluative purposes, as a specific research methodology, and as an assessment process that employs special techniques unique to the evaluation of social programs. After the reasons for conducting evaluation research are discussed, the general principles and types are reviewed. Several evaluation methods are then presented, including input measurement, output/performance measurement, impact/outcomes assessment, service quality assessment, process evaluation, benchmarking, standards, quantitative methods, qualitative methods, cost analysis, organizational effectiveness, program evaluation methods, and LIS-centered methods. Other aspects of evaluation research considered are the steps of planning and conducting an evaluation study and the measurement process, including the gathering of statistics and the use of data collection techniques. The process of data analysis and the evaluation report are also given attention. It is concluded that evaluation research should be a rigorous, systematic process that involves collecting data about organizations, processes, programs, services, and/or resources. Evaluation research should enhance knowledge and decision making and lead to practical applications.
Libraries as Distributors of Geospatial Data: Data Management Policies as Tools for Managing Partnerships
Authors: Steinhart Gail
Published: January 2007

Libraries can bring substantial expertise to bear on the collection, curation, and distribution of digital geospatial information, making them trusted and competent partners for organizations that wish to distribute geospatial data. By developing a well-thought-out data management and distribution policy, libraries can define the parameters of a data distribution partnership and reinforce a data provider's confidence in the library's role as a data custodian and distributor. In developing a policy, data distributors are advised to consider such issues as intellectual property rights, liability issues, distribution methods and services, data and metadata management practices, security risks posed by geospatial data, and user limitations. This article describes the most common elements of data sharing and distribution agreements and describes the development of a data management policy for the Cornell University Geospatial Information Repository (CUGIR).
Rewriting Hesiod, Revisioning Korea:Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictee as a Subversive Hesiodic Catalogue of Women
Authors: Lee Kun Jong
Published: January 2007

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictee is a subversive Hesiodic Catalogue of Women. Whereas the poets of the Catalogue of Women repeated and perpetuated Hesiod's masculinist prejudices encoded in the Theogony, Cha with her portraits of "un-Hesiodic" women takes issue with Hesiod on the Greek poet's patriarchal, androcentric, and misogynist ideologies. More significant, Cha negotiates with the classical Greek texts from her multiple positionalities as a postcolonial Korean American feminist writer. In other words, she reworks Hesiod and his tradition in order to (re)inscribe the lives of Korean (American) women and (re)vision Korean history and culture with a postcolonial feminist perspective. This essay studies Cha's revisioning of Korean texts—historical records on Queen Min and Yu Guan Soon, biographical fragments of Hyung Soon Cha, and a cultural narrative on Princess Pari—as well as her rewriting of the epic genre, patriarchal linearity, and representation of Demeter in the Theogony.
Loose Memory in Toni Morrison's Paradise and Zoe Wicomb's David's Story
Authors: Robolin Stephane Pierre Raymond
Published: January 2007

This essay compares Morrison's Paradise and Wicomb's David's Story to explore corresponding machinations of memory operating in both novels' featured communities of resistance. Tracing the ways in which women and memory figure as potential threats to stabilized order and established truth, this essay argues that the management of collective memory peculiarly resembles the containment of women in racialized societies, the United States and South Africa. This observation about what is called "loose memory" alerts us to the dangers of foundationalist regimes of Truth and Reality. It also points to alternative, "loosening" narrative strategies that Morrison's and Wicomb's novels model.
Modern Greek Studies in the United Kingdom: Suggestions for the Future
Authors: Beaton Roderick
Published: January 2007

The future for Modern Greek Studies, with particular reference to the UK, lies in the potential for Neohellenists to position themselves and their subject in relation to the wider intellectual context, both inside and outside the "academy." In this, their US-based colleagues have often proved more adaptable, while usually lacking, on the other hand, the departmental base and developed graduate programs that are the norm in the UK. Contemporary fields of enquiry to which the specialist knowledge and skills of the Neohellenist ought to make a significant contribution include: classical tradition; study of nations and nationalism; modern Balkan history; comparative/world literature; translation studies; historical linguistics and socio-linguistics; film and gender studies. In contexts such as these, Modern Greek Studies can expect to come out of the "ghetto" and achieve both visibility and academic integration, without diluting the discipline-based rigor that has a long tradition in British universities.
Aesthetic Perversion: Octave Mirbeau's Le Jardin des supplices
Authors: Chabrier Christina Ferree
Published: January 2007

Octave Mirbeau's novel, Le Jardin des supplices (1899), is often analyzed with regard to the author's social and political involvement. Another perspective useful for understanding the novel is that of Mirbeau's aesthetics, influenced by his love of visual art and his work as an art critic. Following the lead of writers such as Thomas De Quincey and Charles Baudelaire, Mirbeau inscribes into his novel an aestheticization of torture, inviting the treatment of torture as an art and of Clara as the figure of the art critic. As such, the novel may be read as a commentary on the art world. (cfc)
Stendhal's Mina de Vanghel and the Question of Feminism
Authors: Garnier Lucy
Published: January 2007

This article focuses on Stendhal's Mina de Vanghel, examining the text in light of the question of feminism. Mina can, on the one hand, be seen as a strong female character embodying a reversal of traditional gender roles. On the other hand, her eventual demise has prompted critics to suggest she is one of many female protagonists whom Stendhal relegates to passivity or punishment. The article argues that, on the contrary, Stendhal is not condemning his heroine to immorality because she is a woman and can have no sanctioned freedom; he is demonstrating how society condemns those who have the courage of their convictions, be they male or female. Stendhal's work reflects a social reality that is patriarchal and misogynist, and his heroines suffer the consequences. Just as Octave, Julien, Lucien and Fabrice suffer the constraints of their social or moral difference, Mina and her counterparts suffer the consequences of their sexual difference. (lg)
Du monstre au surhomme. Le Roman frenetique de la Restauration
Authors: Glinoer Anthony
Published: January 2007

Roman populaire avant la lettre, le roman fr�n�tique a connu en France un grand engouement sous la Restauration. Il reprend g�n�ralement les formes st�r�otyp�es du m�lodrame, mais s'en d�marque par la puissance excessive, fantastique, de son protagoniste. � l'instar des mod�les gothiques anglais, Melmoth ou Lord Ruthwen, les monstres fr�n�tiques ont perdu de leur humanit�; certains vivent un grave conflit int�rieur pour la recouvrer, d'autres jouissent de leur nature mal�fique, mais tous sont investis d'une �nergie extraordinaire, qui fait d'eux des �tres surnaturels. Cet article examine les implications politico-litt�raires de cette mise hors-la-loi divine et l'influence de cette figure monstrueuse sur le roman romantique. (In French) (ag)
Deipnomachy, or Cooking with Zola
Authors: Schehr Lawrence R
Published: January 2007

Ãmile Zola's Germinal presents a struggle between the rich and the poor figured rhetorically in part by a focus on food. The food of the poor, when it exists, can be stretched out so far that the nutritional value is lost. When there is an abundance of food, such as at the ducasse, its excess is not a bounty but a detraction. Maigrat's death moves the motif of the cuisine du pauvre into the realm of the unspeakable and inedible. Zola presents a poetics of the cuisine du pauvre structured around emptiness and hunger, rather than fulfillment. (ls)
A Private Drama of Sexual Identity: Balzac's Le Medecin de campagne
Authors: Tilby Michael
Published: January 2007

Balzac's novel of 1833 is structured by a hitherto unacknowledged preoccupation with sexual identity. A bond between Benassis and Genestas is created by their respective stories. The valorisation of the masculine is emphasized throughout, particularly in depictions of the male body and male physiognomies. Especially revealing are the two stories recounted by Genestas, the second of which constitutes a self-reflexive illustration of the passage from the autobiographical to the novelistic. A link with Balzac's own sexuality is tempting but elusive. The evocation of uncertain sexual identity is essentially a privileged example of the suggestive ambiguity of the Balzacian text. (mt)
Fabricating Ecocentric Discourse in the American Poem (and Elsewhere)
Authors: Kern Robert
Published: January 2007

"The impossible task of the ecopoet," Jonathan Bate starkly asserts in The Song of the Earth, "is to speak the silence of the place," although in making this claim he simultaneously allows for some flexibility in his position by offering Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" as an example of a text that comes as "close as any poem has ever reached to such a speaking" (151). My own example of such a text, which I discuss in detail at the outset of my essay, is Wallace Stevens's "The Snow Man," a poem in which, as I see it, Stevens speaks the silence of the snow man and its place precisely by acknowledging, in his language, the impossibility of doing so. My essay's overall aim, then, is to consider the ways in which Bate's "impossible task" is brought to consciousness, expressed, and overcome or otherwise dealt with, in the work of a number of 19th and 20th century American poets and nature writers (including Emerson, Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Whitman, Richard Wilbur, Edward Abbey, and Wendell Berry), and I am particularly interested in the textual means by which the paradoxical notion of what I call "ecocentric discourse" is constructed or fabricated (as it must be) in the work of writers who intuitively realize that speaking silence demands a movement beyond the norms of conventional speech.
Shakespeare and the Idea of the Modern
Authors: Van Oort Richard
Published: January 2007

Since the late eighteenth century, Shakespeare's plays—and above all Hamlet—have been regarded as indispensable proof texts for testing ideas of the emergence of the modern. In the postwar era, however, there has been a waning of this ambition. Most recently, for example, the new historicism has emphasized Shakespeare's ties to the past and in particular to the ritual culture of the medieval period. This turn to religion suggests a renewed interest in the anthropological underpinnings of Shakespeare's plays. It also suggests a new approach to the idea of the modern in literary history. By situating Shakespeare's plays in the context of an older ritual culture, the new historicism forces us to reflect more rigorously on the difference between aesthetic and sacred representations. More precisely, it encourages us to rethink this difference in terms of a minimal anthropology.
A Promise (Over)Heard in Lyric
Authors: Wong Lisa Lai-ming
Published: January 2007

This paper attempts to revise the received definition that lyric is "an utterance overheard" by exploring the dual meaning of the prefix "over." More than an eavesdropper, the reader who is assumed to hear nothing but having heard too much of the speaker's monologue, is also expected to be hearing his words over and over again. One prominent subject matter in lyric that actually stands the test of repeated hearing is the pledge taken by the speaker. In such situations, a lyric poem is in fact presenting a triangular or quadriangular communication circuit where an addressee and other witness-participants are present. The reader is invited to play one of these creatively determinant roles in the speech act of a promise. By a comparative study of lyric poetry, the discussion will show that it is the performative aspects of lyric that explain the intense engaging power of the genre across cultures.
"Thy Life to Mend, This Book Attend": Reading and Healing in the Arc of Children's Literature
Authors: Lerer Seth
Published: January 2007

Reading and healing come together in the traditions of children's literature as ways of locating the child's imaginative world in bed. In the American Puritan tradition, in particular, acts of reading and forms of healing give voice to a distinctively inward looking sense of youthful spirituality — a kind of antitheatrical conception of childhood. And in a range of works responding to that Puritan tradition (Hawthorne's exemplary biographies for children; Margaret Wise Brown's classic *Goodnight Moon*), the acts of reading together constitute acts of making both the child and the family whole.
Meditation and the Inner Voice
Authors: Lyons John D.
Published: January 2007

The relationship between murmuring and meditation, described by Stock, points to the role of voice (and hence breath) and repetition in meditative practice, seen as an effort to transcend two dichotomies: between mind and body and between present and future. The study of repetitive voicing—whether purely internal or physically enacted—establishes a historic sequence that links Biblical, Greco-Roman, medieval and early-modern wisdom literature. It sheds new light on both reading practices and rhetorical teaching, as for instance in the case of prosopopeia and illuminates therapeutic approaches based on long-term wellness or wisdom as contrasted with the acute intervention that typifies much traditional medicine. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (a period in which medical practitioners were often scorned) saw a revival of meditation in the work of such writers as Montaigne, Descartes, de Sales, and Pascal, each of whom propose ways to create new perceptions of the physical world through a reprogramming of the relationship between mind and body.
Reading Medicine: Mind, Body, and Meditation in One Interpretive Community
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl
Published: January 2007

This essay challenges the common conception that biomedicine operates by separating the mind from the body, and by attending to the biological rather than spiritual. In actual practice, there are practical and strategic concerns that bring the spiritual into play. This is because, at least in the case of chronic illnesses, clinicians cannot simply fix bodies; they must create partnerships with patients and family caregivers who also assume responsibilities in providing clinical care and making medical decisions about course of treatment. Drawing from a longitudinal ethnographic study of African American families who have children with serious chronic medical conditions, I examine how these families bring spiritual practices and spiritual ways of "reading the body" directly into the clinical encounter. Patients and family members creatively remake or reinterpret the oral and written words of clinicians and incorporate them within their own narratives of miraculous recoveries, the power of faith, and the centrality of meditative prayer. In doing so, they unite spiritual with physical healing in ways not dissimilar to the pre-modern practices Brian Stock describes. For these families, such meditative practices are often part of life-long journeys, connecting practices of healing to a general philosophy of life well understood by the ancients.
Reading Is Always Biocultural
Authors: Morris David B
Published: January 2007

A biocultural approach seeks to combine detailed histories and sociologies of reading with the new neuroscience of literacy played out across languages from Chinese to Navajo. Literary theorists tend to dismiss as obvious or irrelevant the ability to read. Reading is mostly employed as a synonym for interpretation and remains invisible unless (as in reception history) it bears a hermeneutic payoff. Reading, however, like writing, holds a distinctive place among the practices that help constitute modern human consciousness. The aim of this essay is to explore the implications of an understanding in which reading is always both cultural and biological.
Praxiteles and the Shapes of Grief
Authors: Orr Gregory
Published: January 2007

The article considers a two line epigram from the Greek Anthology: Niobe From a person, the gods turned me to stone. From a stone, Praxiteles gave me life again. The epigram is discussed in terms of traumatic metamorphosis/petrifaction of the body and the redemptive efficacy of art. Although sculpture is the ostensibly-lauded power, in fact the primary resurrection is accomplished through lyric poetry. This essay considers the formal and psychological dynamics of such "healing" through lyric.
Minds, Bodies, Readers: I. Healing, Meditation, and the History of Reading
Authors: Stock Brian
Published: January 2007

Rosenbach Lectures, University of Pennsylvania, 1999; reprinted as delivered, with small additions to the bibliography. The theme of the lectures is the historical relationship between mind-body healing and meditative reading in Western culture between Late Antiquity and the present. In the first lecture, the author traces the connection between healing, reading, and meditation in Western and non-Western cultures, arguing that the subject has been inadequately discussed in the history of medicine and religion. The second lecture, which is also historical in focus, compares the functions of meditation in healing and in reading, drawing attention to both continuities and discontinuities in comparative development. The third lecture focuses on the clinical use of meditation in medicine and the relations between reading, meditation, and the narrative of disease.
Grammatically Marked Ideophones in Numbami and Jabem
Authors: Bradshaw Joel
Published: January 2007

Numbami and Jabêm, two Austronesian languages of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, share a trait rarely recorded for Oceanic languages: they each have a rich class of morphologically marked ideophones. In Numbami, the marker is a suffix -a(n)dala unique to ideophones, but clearly related to NUM andalowa 'path, way, road' and Proto-Oceanic *jalan. In Jabêm, the marker varies depending on the length of the ideophone itself, just as it does on other classes of adverbs. The shortest forms are usually followed by tageŋ 'one, at once, only', longer forms take the regular adverbial enclitic -geŋ, and fully reduplicated forms are usually left unmarked.
Coronals and Velars: Support for Blust
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: January 2007

Robert Blust raises the issue of the *t > k change that is widely attested in Austronesian languages, but infrequently in other language families. He offers both structural and perceptual explanations for the "naturalness" of this change, but admits that the data raise more questions than can be answered. I offer support for the view that this change is not unnatural, based on the distribution of stop types cross-linguistically, and the patterns that are found. I introduce another kind of argumentation, that of typologically determined systemic naturalness, in the spirit of Evolutionary Phonology.
The Phoneme Inventory of the Aita Dialect of Rotokas
Authors: Robinson Stuart
Published: January 2007

Rotokas is famous for possessing one of the world's smallest phoneme inventories. According to one source, the Central dialect of Rotokas possesses only 11 segmental phonemes (five vowels and six consonants) and lacks nasals while the Aita dialect possesses a similar-sized inventory in which nasals replace voiced stops. However, recent fieldwork reveals that the Aita dialect has, in fact, both voiced and nasal stops, making for an inventory of 14 segmental phonemes (five vowels and nine consonants). The correspondences between Central and Aita Rotokas suggest that the former is innovative with respect to its consonant inventory and the latter conservative, and that the small inventory of Central Rotokas arose by collapsing the distinction between voiced and nasal stops.
"Aequanimitas" Redux: William Osler on detached concern versus humanistic empathy
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: January 2007

Recent critics make William Osler "the father of cool detachment" in medicine, largely because of his "Aequanimitas" address emphasizing objectivity and imperturbability. Closer analysis suggests that Osler's aequanimitas resembles more nearly the metriopatheia of later Stoic philosophy than the apatheia of the early Stoics. A previously unpublished memoir clarifies at least in part Osler's motive for teaching control of the "medullary centres" to minimize facial expression: he did not want to frighten patients, who typically had serious illnesses for which he lacked effective therapy. Twenty-first century challenges to medicine as a profession differ substantially from those of Osler's era. Physicians and educators must focus more closely on the tension between detached concern ("competence") and humanistic empathy ("caring") if medicine is to thrive as a learned profession as opposed to a technical service, a commodity to be bought and sold like any other.
Environment, Population, and Biology: a short history of modern epidemiology
Authors: Parodi Alessandra , Neasham David , Vineis Paolo
Published: January 2007

Since its origin in the 19th century, epidemiology has faced an internal tension between an approach oriented toward biology and the study of mechanisms, and an approach oriented toward populations and their interactions with the environment. Initially, this tension took the form of an opposition between microbiology and statistics. We describe the early roots of the quantitative approach to health and disease and several historical examples of the above tension. The search for the causes of pellagra exemplifies our thesis. In Italy, where pellagra was endemic, contrasting opinions coexisted between the hypothesis of contaminated maize, supported by Cesare Lombroso, and the hypothesis of a prevailing role of poverty and poor nutrition. In the United States, Joseph Goldberger found no evidence for the hypothesis of contaminated maize or for a microbiological agent, but recognized the central role of nutrition. The "cure" Goldberger proposed was land reform, but he continued studying the disease from a mechanistic point of view; shortly after his death, niacin deficiency was identified as the cause of pellagra. The tension between mechanistic and population-based studies is still present within epidemiology and is in fact essential for the success of the discipline.
Science, Medicine, and Intercessory Prayer
Authors: Sloan Richard P , Ramakrishnan Rajasekhar
Published: January 2007

Among the many recent attempts to demonstrate the medical benefits of religious activity, the methodologically strongest seem to be studies of the effects of distant intercessory prayer (IP). In these studies, patients are randomly assigned to receive standard care or standard care plus the prayers or "healing intentions" of distant intercessors. Most of the scientific community has dismissed such research, but cavalier rejection of studies of IP is unwise, because IP studies appear to conform to the standards of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and, as such, would have a significant advantage over observational investigations of associations between religious variables and health outcomes. As we demonstrate, however, studies of IP fail to meet the standards of RCTs in several critical respects. They fail to adequately measure and control exposure to prayer from others, which is likely to exceed IP and to vary widely from subject to subject, and whose magnitude is unknown. This supplemental prayer so greatly attenuates the differences between the treatment and control groups that sample sizes are too large to justify studies of IP. Further, IP studies generally do not specify the outcome variables, raising problems of multiple comparisons and Type 1 errors. Finally, these studies claim findings incompatible with current views of the physical universe and consciousness. Unless these problems are solved, studies of IP should not be conducted.
How Successful Are Recent Immigrants to the United States and Their Children?
Authors: Allen James Paul
Published: January 2007

Recent immigrants and their children are a growing component of the United States population, but how well they are adjusting is not well known. In this article I synthesize research regarding the main features of the immigrants' economic status and, because most of their U.S.-born children are still in school, those children's educational status. Immigrants themselves take various paths toward economic advancement, including opening businesses or working in particular occupations or niches found useful by their ethnic group. Better-educated immigrants tend to have higher incomes, but after a 10- or 20-year adjustment period most immigrants attain economic success. The children of immigrants become proficient in English by late in high school and are generally successful in school. They do better in school when their U.S. education builds upon their ethnic heritage and when they avoid detrimental aspects of American culture, but students who do not complete high school run a much greater risk of spending time in jail or prison. I explain how educational achievement varies by ethnic group, gender, race identity, and neighborhood character; the low percentage of college graduates among Mexican-Americans is an especially significant and not easily explained finding.
An Examination of Wetland Diversity in Ventura County, California
Authors: Dark Shawna , Maas Regan , Mejia Jason D , Belliappa Namrata
Published: January 2007

Despite the importance of documenting wetlands for legislative and conservation purposes, little work has been done to provide a regional inventory of wetlands in southern California. In this paper, we begin the process of documenting the diversity and distribution of wetlands in southern California and provide an analysis of the spatial distribution of wetlands relative to potential human impact. Using photointerpretation and classification techniques from the National Wetlands Inventory, we determined that in our Ventura County study area there were a total of 166 unique wetland classifications and 8,805 wetland polygons inventoried. The Palustrine wetland classification represented the greatest amount of wetlands, followed by Riverine and Lacustrine systems. Nineteen percent of the wetland areas inventoried were given special modifiers indicating they were either modified or human-made. A total 19,916 acres of wetland area were found to be in places facing significant human impact and therefore determined to be a conservation priority. Although 90 percent of original wetland area in California has been lost, Ventura County continues to display a wealth of diversity in wetland type. Contrary to common belief, as evidenced by this Ventura County project, southern California is characterized by significant wetland diversity.
Gila Bend, Arizona: On the Road Somewhere Else
Authors: Romig Kevin
Published: January 2007

Gila Bend, Arizona, is a locale abounding with dichotomies: lying on a well-defined transportation corridor, it has rarely been a destination; it is a complex place as it continually redefines itself through time due to large economic swings, but its residents extol a grounded vision of quick fixes; the town is located in Maricopa County, which is rapidly growing in both population and economic output, but the town has been plagued by population stagnation and economic decline; it is situated in the midst of the arid Sonoran Desert, yet by regional standards, it has plenty of water. While this town may seem to be bypassed on many different levels within a region of intense growth, this is a place that uses its derelict landscape and poor economy in a strategic way. Gila Bend accepts the unwanted economic activities that bolster the growth in the region. Whether it is power generation, hazardous waste recycling, or a large prison population, Gila Bend's backyard is open for business.
Mapping Race and Ethnicity: The Influence of James Allen
Authors: Skop Emily
Published: January 2007

The theme of mapping race and ethnicity has been carried forward by many geographers, most by analyzing patterns to understand residential geographies and exploring processes of spatial assimilation of various racial and ethnic groups. James Allen's work is considered by many to be among the finest, and most classic, examples of this type of research. Through the eyes of a young scholar, this paper discusses the influence of James Allen's work on my own explorations in racial and ethnic geography. The paper outlines the themes and principal geographic concerns of James Allen's research and suggests how his work continues to inspire new racial and ethnic "mappings" and geographies.
Heidegger's Comportment Toward East-West Dialogue
Authors: Ma Lin , Brakel J. van (Jaap)
Published: January 2007

The primary purpose here is to ascertain what Heidegger's comportment
toward East-West dialogue is most plausibly like in the light of his
philosophical concerns and orientations. Considering that one should not
uncritically take at face value occasional remarks by Heidegger that seem to
suggest that he is preparing an East-West dialogue, we will proceed from
Heidegger's own path of thinking and bring to light fundamental
presuppositions in his thought and the response he may accordingly give to
the issue of East-West dialogue.
Hans Sachs's Reception of the Medieval Heroic Tradition: Social Criticism in the Cloak of Nibelungenlied Source Material
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: January 2007

Research on modern medievalism has recognized that nineteenth- and twentieth-century authors and artists often resorted to medieval themes and topics for political purposes concerning their own times. Analysis of Hans Sachs's play Der huernen Sewfrid (1557) demonstrates how much this Nuremberg poet also relied on a medieval work for contemporary social criticisms, cloaking them in a tragedy predicated on the famous medieval heroic epic Nibelungenlied to subvert public censorship. This makes Sachs an early forerunner of modern medievalism, insofar as his tragedy indicates the extent to which medieval literary Stoffe were readily available for him to address political and social issues of his own times.
Fashioning Christine de Pizan in Tudor Defences of Women
Authors: Downes Stephanie
Published: January 2007

Early modern England is an increasingly important milieu in which to discern the textual presence of Christine de Pizan. Scholarly preoccupation with the 'regendering' of Christine's Livre de la cité des dames in early English translation, however, has complicated the recognition of her influence in this period. To seek Christine's literary legacy in England beyond direct citation, as embedded in the strategies used by male authors in the defence of women genre, is to reveal textual appropriations of Christine's work which are refashioned and regendered, but unmistakably present. Christine emerges as an important literary precedent in the English version of the querelle des femmes, whose presence in these male-authored defences restores a female voice to the male-dominated debate about women in Tudor England.