bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Care Costs for Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Treatment and Adverse Events
Authors: Krahn M.D. , Bremner K.E. , Luo J. , Alibhai S.M.H.
Published: June 2014

Background: Serious adverse events have been associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa), but few studies address the costs of those events. Methods: All PCa patients (ICD-9-CM 185) in Ontario who started 90 days or more of ADT or had orchiectomy at the age of 66 or older during 1995–2005 (n = 26,809) were identified using the Ontario Cancer Registry and drug and hospital data. Diagnosis dates of adverse events—myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, stroke, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, any diabetes, and fracture or osteoporosis—before and after ADT initiation were determined from administrative data. We excluded patients with the same diagnosis before and after ADT, and we allocated each patient’s time from ADT initiation to death or December 31, 2007, into health states: ADT (no adverse event), ADT-AE (specified single adverse event), Multiple (>1 event), and Final (≤180 days before death). We used methods for Canadian health administrative data to estimate annual total health care costs during each state, and we examined monthly trends. Results: Approximately 50% of 21,811 patients with no preADT adverse event developed 1 or more events after ADT. The costliest adverse event state was stroke ($26,432/year). Multiple was the most frequent (n = 2,336) and the second most costly health state ($24,374/year). Costs were highest in the first month after diagnosis (from $1,714 for diabetes to $14,068 for myocardial infarction). Costs declined within 18 months, ranging from $784 per 30 days (diabetes) to $1,852 per 30 days (stroke). Adverse events increased the costs of ADT by 100% to 265%. Conclusions: The economic burden of adverse events is relevant to programs and policies from clinic to government, and that burden merits consideration in the risks and benefits of ADT.
THE FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPECIFICALLY BINDING PEPTIDE TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: Guo Yonge , Ma Caixia , Nie Guochao , Li Chunyan , Wu Jinling , Han Juanjuan , Lin Fenghuei , Tseng How , Chen Wei , Liang Weijiang , Hou Yingchun
Published: June 2014

Previously, we reported a novel 12-mer peptide binding to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells specifically and sensitively, and it was screened by using a phage displayed peptide library. To identify the potential of this peptide to be used to the early diagnosis and drug delivery of HCC clinic, the synthesized peptide probe was further characterized by using the assays of cell immunofluorescence and tissue chip. The results of cultured cell immunofluorescence assay show that the peptide probe binds to HCC cells with satisfactory specificity and sensitivity. The results of tissue chip show that the peptide probe can bind to the most common types of HCC tissues, especially to the HCC tissues differentiated at grade II. All further characterized results indicate that this peptide is of the great potential to be used as a HCC targeting candidate for the early molecular imaging diagnosis and targeting nanoparticle or drug delivery in HCC clinic practice.
An Analysis of Device-Free and Device-Based WiFi-Localization Systems
Authors: Aly Heba , Youssef Moustafa
Published: June 2014

WiFi-based localization became one of the main indoor localization techniques due to the ubiquity of WiFi connectivity. However, indoor environments exhibit complex wireless propagation characteristics. Typically, these characteristics are captured by constructing a fingerprint map for the different locations in the area of interest. This finger print requires significant overhead in manual construction, and thus has been one of the major drawbacks of WiFi-based localization. In this paper, the authors present an automated tool for finger print constructions and leverage it to study novel scenarios for device-based and device-free WiFi-based localization that are difficult to evaluate in a real environment. In a particular, the authors examine the effect of changing the access points (AP) mounting location, AP technology upgrade, crowd effect on calibration and operation, among others; on the accuracy of the localization system. The authors present the analysis for the two classes of WiFi-based localization: device-based and device-free. The authors analysis highlights factors affecting the localization system accuracy, how to tune it for better localization, and provides insights for both researchers and practitioners.
Who Trusts Who?
Authors: Seppänen Risto
Published: June 2014

Previous research on the nature of trust in an organizational context provided somewhat controversial and ambiguous results. There are both conceptual and operational difficulties in exploring this intuitively individual-level phenomenon at organizational and inter-organizational levels. The fundamental question of where trust resides in inter-organizational relationships remains unresolved. This qualitative study focuses on inter-organizational trust in dyadic business relationships. The phenomenon is approached both from the concept of the trustor and the trustee. The results suggest that the trusting party is not the organization itself, but the individuals who constitute it. Instead, the ultimate object of trust in inter-organizational settings is both individual boundary-spanners, and the organization.
On the Support of Mobility in ORDBMS
Authors: Pelekis Nikos , Frentzos Elias , Giatrakos Nikos , Theodoridis Yannis
Published: June 2014

Composition of space and mobility in a unified data framework results into Moving Object Databases (MOD). MOD management systems support storage and query processing of non-static spatial objects and provide essential operations for higher level analysis of movement data. The goal of this paper is to present Hermes MOD engine that supports the aforementioned functionality through appropriate data types and methods in Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS) environments. In particular, Hermes exploits on the extensibility interface of ORDBMS that already have extensions for static spatial data types and methods that follow the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard, and extends the ORDBMS by supporting time-varying geometries that change their position and/or extent in space and time dimensions, either discretely or continuously. It further extends the data definition and manipulation language of the ORDBMS with spatio-temporal semantics and functionality.
Embedding Learning within the Processes of Organizations
Authors: Salisbury Mark
Published: June 2014

This article describes how to embed learning within the processes of organizations. It begins by discussing traditional training and educational course development and the delivery of courses within an organizational context. It next describes how to embed learning within an organizational context – and how it differs with a traditional approach. This is followed by a description of the theoretical foundation for embedding learning within the processes of an organization. It addresses the underlying performance objectives of work and the cognitive needs of learners in an organization. Next, a section describing how to deploy supportive technology for embedding learning within the processes of organizations is presented. Finally, the implication of embedding learning within the processes of organizations is discussed.
A Fuzzy Approach Using Euclidean Geometrical Formulation for Classifying SAR Images
Authors: Cammaroto Biagio , Cacciola Matteo , Versaci Mario
Published: June 2014

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a good tool to investigate problems in many geophysical application as classification of ground terrain types and coastal protection. In scientific literature, many analytical and/or numerical techniques have been taken into account to solve the classification problem at hand, especially in all of applications in which it is necessary to classify portion of images with uncertainty and imprecision. In fact, according to the conventional classification approaches, the assignment of a class to each portion of an image could be particularly inadequate for all those portions that span more than a class (for example the coastal areas of the shoreline). This article is devoted to present a fuzzy-geometric approach based on fuzzy subsethood operator to classify SAR images for coastal protection applications. The obtained results were compared, in terms of accuracy, with standard techniques of classification.
An Invariant-Based Approach for Detecting Attacks Against Data in Web Applications
Authors: Ludinard Romaric , Totel Éric , Tronel Frédéric , Nicomette Vincent , Kaâniche Mohamed , Alata Éric , Akrout Rim , Bachy Yann
Published: June 2014

RRABIDS (Ruby on Rails Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System) is an application level intrusion detection system (IDS) for applications implemented with the Ruby on Rails framework. The goal of this intrusion detection system is to detect attacks against data in the context of web applications. This anomaly based IDS focuses on the modelling of the normal application profile using invariants. These invariants are discovered during a learning phase. Then, they are used to instrument the web application at source code level, so that a deviation from the normal profile can be detected at run-time. This paper illustrates on simple examples how the approach detects well-known categories of web attacks that involve a state violation of the application, such as SQL injections. Finally, an assessment phase is performed to evaluate the accuracy of the detection provided by the proposed approach.
Data Analysis for Dynamic Pricing in Airline
Authors: Bhaskar Rahul
Published: June 2014

The competitors in the airline industry often rely on pricing strategy to capture more sales as a main mean of competition. Thus, dynamic pricing is often utilized to maximize profit while allowing better pricing against competition at the same time. In order for dynamic pricing to be effective, airline company has to take in consideration both internal and external information. Tactical pricing is an important component for airline, for it provides both short term and long term strategies to ticket pricing. The case is an exemplification of how tactical pricing plays an important role in the decision making process of an airline company.
Community Issues in American Metropolitan Cities
Authors: Sullivan Brooke , Mitra Sinjini
Published: June 2014

The city of San Francisco in California has 826,000 residents and is growing slowly compared to other large cities in the western United States, facing concerns such as an aging population and flight of families to nearby suburbs. This case study investigates the social and demographic factors that are causing this phenomenon based on data that were collected by San Francisco's city controller's office in its annual survey to residents. By using data analytics, we can predict which residents are likely to move away, and this help us infer which factors of city life and city services contribute to a resident's decision to leave the city. Results of this research indicate that factors like public transportation services, public schools, and personal finances are significant in this regard, which can potentially help the city of San Francisco to prioritize its resources in order to better retain its locals.
Spatial Analytics for Rancho Cucamonga
Authors: Alrwais Omer A. , Hilton Brian N.
Published: June 2014

Managing a city with its different departments, resources and assets can be a challenging problem especially when considering the dynamic events (fire, traffic accidents, 911 calls, road closures, etc. …) that take place each day. The overall performance of how a city is performing depends on the efficiency of different departments. Taking into account that the needed information resides in the silos of different departments, there is a need to connect the dots to see the overall picture. The operational period of the city of Rancho Cucamonga starts at 8:00 AM and ends at 4:00 PM. During that period, the city manager and other department directors need to track incidents and events happing in the city in order to respond effectively and in a timely matter. This case shows how a city has used location analytics in an innovative way to provide the capability for city management to monitor daily incidents using a single dashboard screen.
Weight Loss Intervention in Survivors of ER/PR-negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Vitolins Mara Z. , Milliron Brandy-Joe , Hopkins Judith O. , Fulmer Artie , Lawrence Julia , Melin Susan , Case Douglas
Published: June 2014

Numerous studies have found that increased body size (weight or body mass index) is a risk factor for breast cancer development, recurrence, and death. The detrimental relationship between body size and breast cancer recurrence may be more pronounced among women with estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-negative breast cancer. Considering the limited availability of treatments, and the association between body size and recurrence, alternative treatments are needed for ER/PR-negative breast cancer survivors, particularly overweight survivors. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of a 12-week, multi-component meal-replacement weight loss intervention among overweight or obese ER/PR-negative breast cancer survivors; and to obtain preliminary data on changes in anthropometrics, biomarkers, and health-related quality of life (QOL). The 12-week intervention included a portion-controlled diet (including meal replacements) and a multi-component intervention (including behavioral techniques, diet modification, physical activity, and social support). The goal of the intervention was to help participants lose 5% or more of their initial weight by reducing their caloric intake and increasing their physical activity (to at least 15 minutes each day). Paired t-tests assessed changes in continuous measures. Body weight was measured weekly and mixed-model regression analysis assessed change in weight over time. Nineteen ER/PR-negative breast cancer survivors with a mean age of 59 years participated in the study. All but two of the participants completed the 12-week intervention. Women lost an average of 6.3 ± 4.9 kg ( P < 0.001), equivalent to 7.5% of their baseline weight. There were significant reductions in waist circumference ( P = 0.001), percent fat mass ( P < 0.001), total cholesterol ( P = 0.026), and triglycerides ( P = 0.002); and improvements in health-related QOL ( P = 0.017). Findings suggested that a meal-replacement weight loss approach among ER/PR-negative breast cancer survivors was feasible and was well received.
Chemistry and mineralogy of clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dusts and the implications for iron availability
Authors: Jeong G. Y. , Achterberg E. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Mineral dust supplied to remote ocean regions stimulates phytoplankton growth through delivery of micronutrients, notably iron (Fe). Although attention is usually paid to Fe (hydr)oxides as major sources of available Fe, Fe-bearing clay minerals are typically the dominant phase in mineral dust. The mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in dust particles, however, are largely unknown. We conducted microscopic identification and chemical analysis of the clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dust particles. Cross-sectional slices of dust particles were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). TEM images of FIB slices revealed that clay minerals occurred as either nano-thin platelets or relatively thick plates. The nano-thin platelets included illite, smectite, illite–smectite mixed layers and their nanoscale mixtures (illite–smectite series clay minerals, ISCMs) which could not be resolved with an electron microbeam. EDXS chemical analysis of the clay mineral grains revealed that the average Fe content was 5.8% in nano-thin ISCM platelets assuming 14% H2O, while the Fe content of illite and chlorite was 2.8 and 14.8%, respectively. In addition, TEM and EDXS analyses were performed on clay mineral grains dispersed and loaded on microgrids. The average Fe content of clay mineral grains was 6.7 and 5.4% in Asian and Saharan dusts, respectively. A comparative X-ray diffraction analysis of bulk dusts showed that Saharan dust was more enriched in clay minerals than in Asian dust, while Asian dust was more enriched in chlorite. The average Fe / Si, Al / Si and Fe / Al molar ratios of the clay minerals, compared to previously reported chemistries of mineral dusts and leached solutions, indicated that dissolved Fe originated from clay minerals. Clay minerals, in particular nanocrystalline ISCMs and Fe-rich chlorite are important sources of available Fe in remote marine ecosystems. Further detailed analyses of the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in global aerosols are required to determine the inputs of Fe available to surface ocean microbial communities.
Kerb and urban increment of highly time-resolved trace elements in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 winter aerosol in London during ClearfLo 2012
Authors: Visser S. , Slowik J. G. , Furger M. , Zotter P. , Bukowiecki N. , Dressler R. , Flechsig U. , Appel K. , Green D. C. , Tremper A. H. , Young D. E. , Williams P. I. , Allan J. D. , Herndon S. C. , Williams L. R. , Mohr C. , Xu L. , Ng N. L. , Detournay A. , Barlow J. F. , Halios C. H. , Fleming Z. L. , Baltensperger U. , Prévôt A. S. H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Ambient concentrations of trace elements with 2 h time resolution were measured in PM10−2.5, PM2.5−1.0 and PM1.0−0.3 size ranges at kerbside, urban background and rural sites in London during winter 2012. Samples were collected using rotating drum impactors (RDIs) and subsequently analysed with synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SR-XRF). Quantification of kerb and urban increments (defined as kerb-to-urban and urban-to-rural concentration ratios, respectively), and assessment of diurnal and weekly variability provided insight into sources governing urban air quality and the effects of urban micro-environments on human exposure. Traffic-related elements yielded the highest kerb increments, with values in the range of 11.6 to 18.5 for SW winds (3.6–9.4 for NE) observed for elements influenced by brake wear (e.g. Cu, Sb, Ba) and 5.6 to 8.0 for SW (2.6–6.5 for NE) for other traffic-related processes (e.g. Cr, Fe, Zn). Kerb increments for these elements were highest in the PM10−2.5 mass fraction, roughly 3 times that of the PM1.0−0.3 fraction. These elements also showed the highest urban increments (∼3.0), although no difference was observed between brake wear and other traffic-related elements. Traffic-related elements exhibited higher concentrations during morning and evening rush hour, and on weekdays compared to weekends, with the strongest trends observed at the kerbside site, and additionally enhanced by winds coming directly from the road, consistent with street canyon effects. Elements related to mineral dust (e.g. Al, Ca, Sr) showed significant influences from traffic-induced resuspension, as evidenced by moderate kerb (2.0–4.1 for SW, 1.4–2.1 for NE) and urban (1.7–2.3) increments and increased concentrations during peak traffic flow. Elements related to regional transport showed no significant enhancement at kerb or urban sites, with the exception of PM10−2.5 sea salt (factor of 1.5–2.0), which may be influenced by traffic-induced resuspension of sea and/or road salt. Heavy duty vehicles appeared to have a larger effect than passenger vehicles on the concentrations of all elements influenced by resuspension (including sea salt) and wearing processes. Trace element concentrations in London were influenced by both local and regional sources, with coarse and intermediate fractions dominated by traffic-induced resuspension and wearing processes and fine particles influenced by regional transport.
A high-resolution oxygen A-band spectrometer (HABS) and its radiation closure
Authors: Min Q. , Yin B. , Li S. , Berndt J. , Harrison L. , Joseph E. , Duan M. , Kiedron P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Various studies indicate that high-resolution oxygen A-band spectrum has the capability to retrieve the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud properties. To improve the understanding of oxygen A-band inversions and utility, we developed a high-resolution oxygen A-band spectrometer (HABS), and deployed it at Howard University Beltsville site during the NASA Discover Air-Quality Field Campaign in July, 2011. By using a single telescope, the HABS instrument measures the direct solar and the zenith diffuse radiation subsequently. HABS exhibits excellent performance: stable spectral response ratio, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high-spectrum resolution (0.016 nm), and high out-of-band rejection (10−5). For the spectral retrievals of HABS measurements, a simulator is developed by combining a discrete ordinates radiative transfer code (DISORT) with the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) database HITRAN2008. The simulator uses a double-k approach to reduce the computational cost. The HABS-measured spectra are consistent with the related simulated spectra. For direct-beam spectra, the discrepancies between measurements and simulations, indicated by confidence intervals (95%) of relative difference, are (−0.06, 0.05) and (−0.08, 0.09) for solar zenith angles of 27 and 72°, respectively. For zenith diffuse spectra, the related discrepancies between measurements and simulations are (−0.06, 0.05) and (−0.08, 0.07) for solar zenith angles of 27 and 72°, respectively. The main discrepancies between measurements and simulations occur at or near the strong oxygen absorption line centers. They are mainly due to two kinds of causes: (1) measurement errors associated with the noise/spikes of HABS-measured spectra, as a result of combined effects of weak signal, low SNR, and errors in wavelength registration; (2) modeling errors in the simulation, including the error of model parameters setting (e.g., oxygen absorption line parameters, vertical profiles of temperature and pressure) and the lack of treatment of the rotational Raman scattering. The high-resolution oxygen A-band measurements from HABS can constrain the active radar retrievals for more accurate cloud optical properties (e.g., cloud optical depth, effective radius), particularly for multi-layer clouds and for mixed-phase clouds.
Aerosol profile information from high resolution oxygen A-Band measurements from space
Authors: Geddes A. , Bösch H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Aerosols are an important factor of the Earth climatic system and they play a key role for air quality and public health. Observations of the oxygen A-Band at 760 nm can provide information on the vertical distribution of aerosols from passive satellite sensors, that can be of great interest for operational monitoring applications with high coverage if the aerosol information is obtained with sufficient precision, accuracy and vertical resolution. To address this issue, retrieval simulations of the aerosol vertical profile retrieval from O2 A Band observations by GOSAT, the upcoming OCO-2 and Sentinel 5-P mission and the proposed CarbonSat mission have been carried out. Precise retrievals of AOD within the boundary layer were found to favour low resolution, high SNR instruments such as Sentinel-5 P, whereas higher resolution instruments such as OCO-2 showed greater performance at higher altitudes and in information content above the boundary layer. Accurate retrievals of the AOD in the 0–2 km range appears difficult from all studied instruments and the retrieval errors typically exceed a value of 0.05. Constraining the surface albedo is a promising and effective way of improving the retrieval of aerosol, but the required level of a priori knowledge is very high. Due to the limited information content of the aerosol profile retrieval, the use of a parameterised aerosol distribution has been assessed and we show that the AOD and height of an aerosol layer can be retrieved well if the aerosol layer is uplifted to the free troposphere but errors are often large for aerosol layers in the boundary layer. Additional errors will be introduced by incorrect assumptions on surface pressure and aerosol type which can both bias retrieved AOD and height by up to 40%. We conclude the aerosol profile retrievals from O2 A Band using existing or upcoming satellite sensors will only provide limited information on aerosols in the boundary layer but such observations can be of great value for observing and mapping aerosol plumes in the free troposphere.
An inverse modeling approach for tree-ring-based climate reconstructions under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Authors: Boucher É. , Guiot J. , Hatté C. , Daux V. , Danis P.-A. , Dussouillez P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Over the last decades, dendroclimatologists have relied upon linear transfer functions to reconstruct historical climate. Transfer functions need to be calibrated using recent data from periods where CO2 concentrations reached unprecedented levels (near 400 ppm – parts per million). Based on these transfer functions, dendroclimatologists must then reconstruct a different past, a past where CO2 concentrations were far below 300 ppm. However, relying upon transfer functions calibrated in this way may introduce an unanticipated bias in the reconstruction of past climate, particularly if CO2 has had a noticeable impact on tree growth and water use efficiency since the beginning of the industrial era. As an alternative to the transfer function approach, we run the MAIDENiso ecophysiological model in an inverse mode to link together climatic variables, atmospheric CO2 concentrations and tree growth parameters. Our approach endeavors to find the optimal combination of meteorological conditions that best simulate observed tree ring patterns. We test our approach in the Fontainebleau Forest (France). By comparing two different CO2 scenarios, we present evidence that increasing CO2 concentrations have had a slight, yet significant, effect on the reconstruction results. We demonstrate that realistic CO2 concentrations need to be inputted in the inversion so that observed increasing trends in summer temperature are adequately reconstructed. Fixing CO2 concentrations at preindustrial levels (280 ppm) results in undesirable compensation effects that force the inversion algorithm to propose climatic values that lie outside from the bounds of observed climatic variability. Ultimately, the inversion approach has several advantages over traditional transfer function approaches, most notably its ability to separate climatic effects from CO2 imprints on tree growth. Therefore, our method produces reconstructions that are less biased by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that are based on sound ecophysiological knowledge.
Climate impacts research: beyond patchwork
Authors: Huber V. , Schellnhuber H. J. , Arnell N. W. , Frieler K. , Friend A. D. , Gerten D. , Haddeland I. , Kabat P. , Lotze-Campen H. , Lucht W. , Parry M. , Piontek F. , Rosenzweig C. , Schewe J. , Warszawski L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Despite significant progress in climate impacts research, the narratives that science can presently piece together of a 2, 3, 4, or 5 degree warmer world remain fragmentary. Here we briefly review past undertakings to comprehensively characterize and quantify climate impacts based on multi-model approaches. We then report on the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), a community-driven effort to systematically compare impacts models across sectors and scales, and to quantify the uncertainties along the chain from greenhouse gas emissions and climate input data to the modelling of climate impacts themselves. We show how ISI-MIP and similar efforts can substantially advance the science relevant to impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, and we outline the steps that need to be taken in order to make the most of available modelling tools. We discuss pertinent limitations of these methods and how they could be tackled. We argue that it is time to consolidate the current patchwork of impacts knowledge through integrated cross-sectoral assessments, and that the climate impacts community is now in a favourable position to do so.
Development of a tangent linear model (version 1.0) for the High-Order Method Modeling Environment dynamical core
Authors: Kim S. , Jung B.-J. , Jo Y.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We describe development and validation of a tangent linear model for the High-Order Method Modeling Environment, the default dynamical core in the Community Atmosphere Model and the Community Earth System Model that solves a primitive hydrostatic equation using a spectral element method. A tangent linear model is primarily intended to approximate the evolution of perturbations generated by a nonlinear model, provides a computationally efficient way to calculate a nonlinear model trajectory for a short time range, and serves as an intermediate step to write and test adjoint models, as the forward model in the incremental approach to four-dimensional variational data assimilation, and as a tool for stability analysis. Each module in the tangent linear model (version 1.0) is linearized by hands-on derivations, and is validated by the Taylor–Lagrange formula. The linearity checks confirm all modules correctly developed, and the field results of the tangent linear modules converge to the difference field of two nonlinear modules as the magnitude of the initial perturbation is sequentially reduced. Also, experiments for stable integration of the tangent linear model (version 1.0) show that the linear model is also suitable with an extended time step size compared to the time step of the nonlinear model without reducing spatial resolution, or increasing further computational cost. Although the scope of the current implementation leaves room for a set of natural extensions, the results and diagnostic tools presented here should provide guidance for further development of the next generation of the tangent linear model, the corresponding adjoint model, and four-dimensional variational data assimilation, with respect to resolution changes and improvements in linearized physics and dynamics.
An optimisation approach for shallow lake restoration through macrophyte management
Authors: Xu Z. H. , Yin X. A. , Yang Z. F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Lake eutrophication is a serious global environmental issue. Phytoremediation is a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for water quality restoration. However, besides nutrient removal, macrophytes also deeply affect the hydrologic cycle of a lake system through evapotranspiration. Changes in hydrologic cycle caused by macrophytes have a great influence on lake water quality restoration. As a result of the two opposite effects of macrophytes on water quality restoration (i.e. an increase in macrophytes can increase nutrient removal and improve water quality while also increasing evapotranspiration, reducing water volume and consequently decreasing water quality), rational macrophyte control through planting and harvest is very important. In this study, a new approach is proposed to optimise the initial planting area and monthly harvest scheme of macrophytes for water quality restoration. The month-by-month effects of macrophyte management on lake water quality are considered. Baiyangdian Lake serves as a case study, using the common reed. It was found that water quality was closest to Grade III on the Chinese water quality scale when the reed planting area was 123 km2 (40% of the lake surface area) and most reeds would be harvested at the end of June. The optimisation approach proposed in this study will be a useful reference for lake restoration.
Dissolved and particulate nutrient transport dynamics of a small Irish catchment: the River Owenabue
Authors: Harrington S. T. , Harrington J. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between water and sediment discharge on the transport of nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus. Water discharge, suspended sediment concentration and dissolved and particulate forms of nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored on the 105 km2 River Owenabue catchment in Ireland. Water discharge was found to have an influence on both particulate and dissolved nutrient transport, but more so for particulate nutrients. The particulate portion of N and P in collected samples was found to be 24 and 39%, respectively. Increased particulate nitrogen concentrations were found at the onset of high discharge events, but did not correlate well to discharge. High concentrations of phosphorus were associated with increased discharge rates and the coefficient of determination (r2) between most forms of phosphorus and both discharge and suspended sediment concentrations were observed to be greater than 0.5. The mean TN yield is 4004 kg km−2 yr−1 for the full 29-month monitoring period with a mean PN yield of 982 kg km−2 yr−1, 25% of the TN yield with the contribution to the yield of PN and PP estimated to be 25 and 53% respectively. These yields represent a PN and PP contribution to the suspended sediment load of 5.6 and 0.28% respectively for the monitoring period. While total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels were similar to other European catchments, levels of bio-available phosphorus were elevated indicating a potential risk of eutrophication within the river.
Estimates of the climatological land surface energy and water balance derived from maximum convective power
Authors: Kleidon A. , Renner M. , Porada P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The land surface energy and water balances are tightly coupled by the partitioning of absorbed solar radiation into terrestrial radiation and the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, as well as the partitioning of precipitation into evaporation and runoff. Evaporation forms the critical link between these two balances. Its rate is strongly affected by turbulent exchange as it provides the means to efficiently exchange moisture between the heated, moist surface and the cooled, dry atmosphere. Here, we use the constraint that this mass exchange operates at the thermodynamic limit of maximum power to derive analytical expressions for the partitioning of the surface energy and water balances on land. We use satellite-derived forcing of absorbed solar radiation, surface temperature and precipitation to derive simple spatial estimates for the annual mean fluxes of sensible and latent heat and evaluate these estimates with the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set and observations of the discharge of large river basins. Given the extremely simple approach, we find that our estimates explain the climatic mean variations in net radiation, evaporation, and river discharge reasonably well. We conclude that our analytical, minimum approach provides adequate first order estimates of the surface energy and water balance on land and that the thermodynamic limit of maximum power provides a useful closure assumption to constrain the energy partitioning at the land surface.
Contamination in Organic Residue Analysis
Authors: Mazow Laura , Grieve Susanne , Kennedy Anthony
Published: June 2014

The excitement of finding ceramic materials on an excavation often leads to questions of function and use that can affect the final interpretation of a site. Organic residue analysis (ORA) is commonly used in determining artifact function. ORA requires collaboration between an archaeologist and chemist in the analysis of the materials. But, the significance of sampling methods is often understated. In addition, the various instruments used to perform the analysis are often seen by the archaeologist as infallible and the data believed to be easily interpretable. This article presents a case study that highlights the role of selectivity in ORA and cautions the reader against generalized interpretations that can provide false positives.
Satellite-Based Monitoring of Looting and Damage to Archaeological Sites in Syria
Authors: Casana Jesse , Panahipour Mitra
Published: June 2014

This article presents analysis of recent, high-resolution satellite imagery to document looting and damage to archaeological sites in Syria that have taken place as a consequence of the ongoing civil war. The effort relies on 2012 and 2013 GeoEye and WorldView imagery covering 30 key sites, alongside freely available imagery served on Google Earth and Bing Maps. Results reveal widespread damage to archaeological sites across the country, caused both by looting and military activities. Ongoing satellite-based monitoring provides a powerful method to document looting and destruction, and will ultimately prove helpful in structuring post-war damage assessment and reconstruction in Syria.
The Image of the Byzantines in Early Medieval South Italy: The Viewpoint of the Chroniclers of the Lombards (9th–10th centuries) and Normans (11th century)
Authors: Berto Luigi Andrea
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes how the neighbors of the Byzantines, the Lombards (who occupied a portion of southern Italy), and the Normans (who put an end to Byzantine rule in southern Italy in 1071), described their common adversary. The examination of the features that the chroniclers living in early medieval southern Italy attributed to the Byzantines demonstrates that, at least for this part of Europe, there is evidence of strong hostility to Byzantium before the twelfth century, a period traditionally perceived as crucial for the deterioration of relations between Westerners and Constantinople.
Adam Smith on Power and Maritime Trade
Authors: Martins Nuno Ornelas
Published: June 2014

Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is often interpreted as an explanation of the self-regulating nature of the market system, where an “invisible hand” leads to a harmonious coordination of different economic agents' pursuit of self-interest, so that economic development is brought about naturally through the division of labor. However, a closer reading of Smith's contribution shows that he saw the expansion of the market as a process typically driven by military and political power. For Smith, cases of a natural and spontaneous growth of industry occur only due to exceptional circumstances.
Market Reaction to Bidder Announcements of Horizontal Mergers in an Oligopolistic Industry: Evidence from the US Airline Industry
Authors: Jackson Leonard A.
Published: June 2014

Mergers among US domiciled airlines have increased in recent years. These mergers are attempts by airlines to assuage operational and financial challenges and to obtain actual or ostensible benefits, including efficiency and market power gains, and improve competitive position. This study investigates the market reaction to merger announcements by bidder firms in the US airline industry, an oligopolistic industry, during the period 1985–2013. Results of the analysis show significant positive reaction to the announcements. The findings suggest that the market perceives these merger transactions as value-relevant events for bidders. In addition, the findings are consistent with the semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.
On the (In)compatibility of Driving and Phoning
Authors: Van Den Eede Yoni ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

In this paper I comment on the arguments put forth by Robert Rosenberger and Galit Wellner on the issue of using a mobile phone while driving a car, and I do this by way of a detour through the work of Kevin Kelly and Marshall McLuhan. While Rosenberger and Wellner focus first and foremost on the possibilities and impossibilities within the human organism, I seek to add to the debate the however experimental standpoint of the technologies “themselves.”
SCALE-FREE NETWORK THEORY IN STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF THE ROAD NETWORK IN POLAND
Authors: KOCUR-BERA Katarzyna
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses the issue of statistical analysis of traffic flow in different regions of Poland. Such analysis allows us to identify “valuable (sensitive) areas” whose damage or blockage may provoke considerable disturbances or even a stoppage of traffic flow in the examined road network. The results of the studies indicate that the road network in Poland has the properties of a scale-free network. The distribution of the examined variables does not have a normal character, whereas the relationship between the number of nodes and the number of connections is a power-law feature.
Adolescent Sexual Development: An Overview of Recent Research
Authors: Scott Susan M. , Walsh Anne Marie
Published: June 2014

An overview of recent research describing adolescent sexual development is presented, including research examining puberty, sexual attitudes and behaviours, and LGBTQ youth and stigma. This overview is placed within the context of the healthy sexual development framework and the four domains of development (physical, social, cognitive, and emotional) incorporated in the Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services’ youth policy framework. Finally, recommendations are made for future community mental health research and policy.
Electrophysiological Studies of Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channels Using QPatch HT, an Automated Patch‐Clamp System
Authors: Liu Yi
Published: June 2014

Voltage‐gated sodium (Nav) channels are highly sensitive to membrane potential and have fast gating kinetics. Patch clamp electrophysiology has long been the gold standard for studying these channels. Combining high throughput with high information content/accuracy, automated patch clamp technologies have emerged as critical tools in ion channel drug discovery. Described in this unit is the use of QPatch, one of the automated patch clamp systems, to study Nav channel function and pharmacology. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 65:11.14.1‐11.14.45. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stratospheric ozone response to a solar irradiance reduction in a quadrupled CO2 environment
Authors: Jackman Charles H. , Fleming Eric L.
Published: June 2014

We used the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) global two‐dimensional (2D) atmospheric model to investigate the stratospheric ozone response to a proposed geoengineering activity wherein a reduced top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) solar irradiance is imposed to help counteract a quadrupled CO2 atmosphere. This study is similar to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Experiment G1. Three primary simulations were completed with the GSFC 2D model to examine this possibility: (A) a pre‐industrial atmosphere with a boundary condition of 285 ppmv CO2 (piControl); (B) a base future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO2 (abrupt4xCO2); and (C) a perturbed future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO2 and a 4% reduction in the TOA total solar irradiance (G1). We found huge ozone enhancements throughout most of the stratosphere (up to 40%) as a result of a large computed temperature decrease (up to 18 K) when CO2 was quadrupled (compare simulation abrupt4xCO2 to piControl). Further, we found that ozone will additionally increase (up to 5%) throughout most of the stratosphere with total ozone increases of 1–2.5% as a result of a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance (compare simulation G1 to abrupt4xCO2). Decreases of atomic oxygen and temperature are the main drivers of this computed ozone enhancement from a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance.
Atmospheric tides link stratosphere and ionosphere changes
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2014

The connection between sudden warming events in the stratosphere and changes in the density of electrons in the ionosphere has been established observationally for decades, but the physical mechanisms linking the stratosphere and the ionosphere are less well studied.
Rupture process of the 2010 Mw 7.8 Mentawai tsunami earthquake from joint inversion of near‐field hr‐GPS and teleseismic body wave recordings constrained by tsunami observations
Authors: Yue Han , Lay Thorne , Rivera Luis , Bai Yefei , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Hill Emma M. , Sieh Kerry , Kongko Widjo , Muhari Abdul
Published: June 2014

The 25 October 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake (Mw 7.8) ruptured the shallow portion of the Sunda megathrust seaward of the Mentawai Islands, offshore of Sumatra, Indonesia, generating a strong tsunami that took 509 lives. The rupture zone was updip of those of the 12 September 2007 Mw 8.5 and 7.9 underthrusting earthquakes. High‐rate (1 s sampling) GPS instruments of the Sumatra GPS Array network deployed on the Mentawai Islands and Sumatra mainland recorded time‐varying and static ground displacements at epicentral distances from 49 to 322 km. Azimuthally distributed tsunami recordings from two deepwater sensors and two tide gauges that have local high‐resolution bathymetric information provide additional constraints on the source process. Finite‐fault rupture models, obtained by joint inversion of the high‐rate (hr)‐GPS time series and numerous teleseismic broadband P and S wave seismograms together with iterative forward modeling of the tsunami recordings, indicate rupture propagation ~50 km up dip and ~100 km northwest along strike from the hypocenter, with a rupture velocity of ~1.8 km/s. Subregions with large slip extend from 7 to 10 km depth ~80 km northwest from the hypocenter with a maximum slip of 8 m and from ~5 km depth to beneath thin horizontal sedimentary layers beyond the prism deformation front for ~100 km along strike, with a localized region having >15 m of slip. The seismic moment is 7.2 × 1020 N m. The rupture model indicates that local heterogeneities in the shallow megathrust can accumulate strain that allows some regions near the toe of accretionary prisms to fail in tsunami earthquakes.
Synthesis of Microcrystals of the [Fe(L)(bipy)] Spin Crossover Coordination Polymer in a Poly‐4‐vinylpyridine Matrix
Authors: Göbel Christoph , Palamarciuc Tatiana , Lochenie Charles , Weber Birgit
Published: June 2014

Microcrystals of the spin‐crossover coordination polymer [FeL(bipy)] (L=[3,3′]‐[1,2‐phenylenebis(iminoethylidyne)]bis‐(2,4‐pentanedionato)(2‐), bipy=4,4′‐bipyridine) have been prepared in a poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) matrix. This was done by sequential addition of the iron(II) precursor complex and the bridging ligand bipy to a P4VP matrix, and by repetition of this cycle. The obtained composite material was characterized using TEM, SEM, XRPD, and SQUID measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. With repeating cycles, the size of the [FeL(bipy)] crystals in the P4VP matrix increases from submicrometer to micrometer dimensions. A strong dependence on the number of cycles is observed. Above a critical size and concentration, the microcrystals show the same cooperative spin transition as the bulk material. No indication for a gradual spin transition is observed, but the remaining iron centers are either high‐spin or low‐spin depending on the coordination environment.
Catalytic Intermolecular Alkene Oxyamination with Nitrenes
Authors: Dequirez Geoffroy , Ciesielski Jennifer , Retailleau Pascal , Dauban Philippe
Published: June 2014

The RhII‐catalyzed intermolecular addition of nitrenes to aromatic and aliphatic alkenes provides vicinal amino alcohols with yields of up to 95 % and complete regioselectivity. This 1,2‐oxyamination reaction involves the formation of an aziridine intermediate that undergoes in situ ring opening. The latter is induced by the Rh‐bound nitrene that behaves as a Lewis acid.