bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Six-Dimensional Lorentz Category
Authors: Lambek Joachim
Published: January 2018

Joachim Lambek had a longstanding interest in the use of quaternions as a tool for explaining fundamental aspects of special relativity, dating from his days as a doctoral student to the end of his career. It is known (since the beginning of the twentieth century) that many areas of theoretical physics may be represented by quaternions with complex coefficients (so called “biquaternions”). This posthumous chapter illustrates how time may (or even should) be represented by three dimensions, so that space–time is represented by a six-dimensional Lorentz category (three space coordinates and three temporal coordinates).
Consciousness
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

Two accounts of consciousness collide in the work of the fifth-century Buddhist philosopher Buddhaghosa, where they co-exist incompletely integrated and perhaps incompatibly with one another. They apparently represent two substantively different pictures of the nature of mind. Did Buddhaghosa see a tension? If so, how did he try to resolve it? What does the confrontation between these two ways of understanding consciousness in his writings enable us to learn about the nature of consciousness itself? The first of the two accounts is that there are certain ‘concomitants’ (cetasika) always accompanying every moment of worldly experience (citta). Consciousness is never barely consciousness-of; it is always consciousness-with. What the second account states is that consciousness arises at the end of a series of cognitive activities, each member a condition for the next.
Thought and World
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

That the two kinds of description are distinct is evident. There is no obvious way to translate the terms of either account into those of the other or in any other way to achieve a nomological reduction of one account to the other. The ambitions of the two accounts are different: one seeks to describe what consciousness must be if mind is able intentionally to ‘bend onto’ world; the other attempts to describe how the mind departs from its natural state of rest and instead consciously to take up some aspect of the world about it. A distinction popular in cognitive science, the endogenous/exogenous distinction, is rejected. A conception of reality is defended according to which the world is not normatively inert.
Orienting Attention
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

A puzzle about attention with a long history is addressed, the puzzle that attention can be captured by events and in such cases does not appear to be required for conscious experience. One might argue that there is still conscious attention in such cases, though of a global sort; but the view this chapter defends is rather that attention has a subliminal as well as a conscious form. Subliminally attention is the mode of activity of cognitive modules which are responsible for the orienting towards and processing of stimuli and their deliverance into awareness, as well as their crossmodal interconnections.
The Disunity of Mind
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

The term ‘mind’ (mano) is used in a confused range of different and contradictory senses in the early Pāli canon. Buddhaghosa will impose order by distinguishing distinct cognitive modules, each with its proper domain of cognitive work. Early perception, the subliminal orienting, and initial reception of a stimulus into the perceptual process, is the function of ‘mind-element’ (mano-dhātu), a low-level cognitive system. Late perception and working memory is the function of a high-level cognitive system, ‘mind-discrimination-element’ (mano-viññāṇa-dhātu). In deference to ancient Buddhist tradition, Buddhaghosa refers to six sense-modalities, the sixth being called ‘mind’ (mano). Just as each of the five types of sensory datum enters perceptual processing though a proprietary sense-door, so the objects of mind enter through a ‘mind-door’. However, this is not a sixth channel, a window onto a proprietary sort of mental object, but is nothing other than the door gating projection into short-term working memory.
Varieties of Attention
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: January 2018

It is a fundamental feature of the account to be developed in this chapter that there are many different kinds of conscious attention. A basic (that is to say, irreducible) kind of attention is intention, when one sets oneself to act, a straining or exertion that fills the ‘psychic space’ with resolution. The chapter argues that other basic kinds of attention are introspection, a distinctive manner of attending to the world and not quasi-percepual awareness of one’s inner life, and mindful attention, a kind of rehearsing or retentive attention. It will transpire that some of the most important aspects of conscious mindedness are attentional phenomena.
The evolutionary history and molecular systematics of the Musteloidea
Authors: Koepfli Klaus-Peter , Dragoo Jerry W. , Wang Xiaoming
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a review of the evolutionary and taxonomic history of the Musteloidea, which is the most species-rich superfamily of the Carnivora, containing approximately 30% of the extant species in the order. An up-to-date summary of knowledge on the evolutionary and taxonomic history and phylogenetic relationships of the Mephitidae, Ailuridae, Procyonidae and Mustelidae is provided. Multilocus DNA sequences have made a large impact on the understanding of phylogenetic relationships among the Musteloidea. Molecular data have revealed distinct families (Ailuridae and Mephitidae) within the Musteloidea and have illuminated new relationships based on tempo and patterns of evolution within the Procyonidae. Morphological data in conjunction with molecular data have been used to elucidate species boundaries within certain musteloid genera and have led to the discovery of a new species. Research studies published during the last 30 years have enriched and transformed our understanding of the evolution of musteloid biodiversity.
The population dynamics of bite-sized predators: prey dependence, territoriality, and mobility
Authors: Lambin Xavier
Published: January 2018

The dependency of mustelid demographic rates on prey abundance has the potential to cause a strong coupling between predator-prey populations. Data on mustelid dynamics show that such strong reciprocal interactions only materialise in some restricted conditions. Bite-size mustelid predators searching for scarce, depleted prey expose themselves to increased risk of predation by larger predators of small mammal that are themselves searching for similar prey species. As voles or muskrats become scarcer, weasels and mink searching for prey over larger areas become increasingly exposed to intra-guild predation, unless they operate in a habitat refuge such as the sub-nivean space. Where larger predators are sufficiently abundant or exert year-round predation pressure on small mustelids, their impact on mustelids may impose biological barrier to dispersal that are sufficient to weaken the coupling between small mustelids and their rodent prey, and thus impose a degree of top down limitation on mustelids.
Microbial, microalgal and planktonic reef life
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Microbes, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoans and microalgae, are the most abundant and arguably the most important members of coral reef communities. They occur in the water column and sediment, and in association with other reef organisms. This chapter describes the abundance, diversity, function and productivity of microbes, with an emphasis on free-living types. They are key to recycling and retention of organic matter via the ‘microbial loop’, and are an important food source for larger reef organisms. The metazoan zooplankton are also described, including larvae of most reef invertebrates and fish. They are described in terms of their duration in the plankton, their settlement behaviour (e.g. that of coral larvae), their daily migration patterns and their role as a food source for larger organisms. Their importance for inter-reef connectivity is discussed.
Reef fish
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses factors that have led to reef fish diversity. Geographic drivers for fish diversity, ranging from global historical events to local-scale drivers, are examined. Age and growth in reef fish are explored, followed by larval fish ecology. Colour diversity in modern reef fish is examined, along with mechanisms that have developed to enhance feeding success or predation avoidance. Different ecological feeding niches of coral reef fish are described and examples are given to illustrate the wide range of feeding mechanisms. The science around the abundance, biomass and trophic interactions of reef fish assemblages is examined. The range of fish feeding habits is detailed and functional roles of fish explored. Finally, the implications of changes in the reef fish community through fishing and habitat degradation are examined, highlighting the cascade effect of impacts on reefs, and how the influences of different disturbances interact to influence coral reef fish.
Coral reefs in the modern world
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: January 2018

Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, industrial pollution, landfill, coral diseases and diseases of other important groups of organisms, as well as over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of over one-third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably causing a sea temperature rise, which in turn has led to coral bleaching and the death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In the future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and severity of storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.
Ars Venandi
Authors: Tsaknaki Christina
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores thematic affinities between Grattius and Ovid’s Ars Amatoria, focusing on the connection between lover and hunter, the importance of mental skill as a complement to pure physical exertion, and the art of hunting as a civilizing force. It is argued, moreover, that the interplay between brawn and brains, articulated in Grattius as a contrast between arma and ars, allows him to engage with the ‘Callimachean’ aesthetic literary debate as played out in Augustan poetry and in Ovid in particular: Grattius’ opening sections on thinly wrought nets and deceptive snares can be seen to offer significant potential for metapoetic readings.
Basic Rights
Authors: Schupmann Benjamin A.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 analyzes how Schmitt applied his state and constitutional theory to Weimar. It shows Schmitt theorized a “counter-constitution” that entrenched liberal basic rights absolutely against democratic amendment procedures. It challenges the belief that Schmitt was a “relentlessly” illiberal thinker. This chapter analyzes how Schmitt applied his thought to Weimar in opposition to the prevailing positivist interpretation of the constitution, which held that it committed above all to democratic equal chance. Schmitt argued that the “absolute” commitments of a liberal democratic constitution like Weimar’s could only be coherently located in basic liberty rights. This chapter also analyzes the institutions and mechanisms Schmitt theorized to guarantee these basic liberty rights, especially against democratic subversion. They include entrenchment of basic constitutional commitments, party bans, a “positive” vote of no confidence, and a stronger federal state. It concludes by analyzing Schmitt’s reflections on the improvements the Bonn Grundgesetz made to the Weimar Constitution.
Superfluidity and Superconductivity
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 13 addresses Bose condensation in superfluids (and superconductors), which involves the field operator ψ having a c-number component (<ψ(x,t)>≠0), challenging number conservation. The nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived for this condensate wave function  <ψ>=ψ−ψ˜, facilitating identification of the coherence length and the core region of vortex motion. The noncondensate Green’s function G˜1(1,1′)=−i<(ψ˜(1)ψ˜+(1′))+> and the nonvanishing anomalous correlation function F˜∗(2,1′)=−i<(ψ˜+(2)ψ˜+(1′))+> describe the dynamics and elementary excitations of the non-condensate states and are discussed in conjunction with Landau’s criterion for viscosity. Associated concepts of off-diagonal long-range order and the interpretation of <ψ> as a superfluid order parameter are also introduced. Anderson’s Bose-condensed state, as a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of number states, resolves issues of number conservation. Superconductivity involves bound Cooper pairs of electrons capable of Bose condensation and superfluid behavior. Correspondingly, the two-particle Green’s function has a term involving a product of anomalous bound-Cooper-pair condensate wave functions of the type F(1,2)=−i<(ψ(1)ψ(2))+>≠0, such that G2(1,2;1′,2′)=F(1,2)F+(1′,2′)+G˜2(1,2;1′,2′). Here, G˜2 describes the dynamics/excitations of the non-superfluid-condensate states, while nonvanishing F,F+ represent a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of Cooper-pair number states and off-diagonal long range order. Employing this form of G2 in the G1-equation couples the condensed state with the non-condensate excitations. Taken jointly with the dynamical equation for F(1,2), this leads to the Gorkov equations, encompassing the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) energy gap, critical temperature, and Bogoliubov-de Gennes eigenfunction Bogoliubons. Superconductor thermodynamics and critical magnetic field are discussed. For a weak magnetic field, the Gorkov-equations lead to Ginzburg–Landau theory and a nonlinear Schrödinger-like equation for the pair wave function and the associated supercurrent, along with identification of the Cooper pair density. Furthermore, Chapter 13 addresses the apparent lack of gauge invariance of London theory with an elegant variational analysis involving re-gauging the potentials, yielding a manifestly gauge invariant generalization of the London equation. Consistency with the equation of continuity implies the existence of Anderson’s acoustic normal mode, which is supplanted by the plasmon for Coulomb interaction. Type II superconductors and the penetration (and interaction) of quantized magnetic flux lines are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses Josephson tunneling between superconductors.
Paradoxes of Freedom I
Authors: Wasserman Ryan
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 is the first of two chapters on the paradoxes of freedom. Section 1 introduces the most famous paradox of this kind—the grandfather paradox—and relates it to other puzzles of “self-defeat.” Section 2 introduces a more general category of puzzles called the paradoxes of past-alteration. Section 3 then discusses one of the most common strategies for dealing with these problems—namely, the branching timeline model of time travel. Section 4 addresses a related view according to which time travel involves movement across more than one dimension of time. Finally, section 5 develops a new picture of time travel and past-alteration called the “A-model.”
Paradoxes of Identity
Authors: Wasserman Ryan
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 looks at some of the puzzles that arise in cases where time travelers visit their former (or future) selves. Section 1 presents the main paradox of self-visitation and draws a guiding analogy to the traditional problem of change. Section 2 introduces the perdurantist theories of persistence and change, and develops a corresponding account of self-visitation. Section 3 explains the endurantist views of persistence and change, and explores the implications of these views for self-visitation. Section 4 discusses a mereological argument against endurantism from Nikk Effingham and Jon Robson. Section 5 looks at an argument from Cody Gilmore against the perdurantist account of self-visitation.
In or Out?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces a benchmark theory of public opinion towards European integration. Rather than relying on generic labels like support or scepticism, the chapter suggests that public opinion towards the EU is both multidimensional and multilevel in nature. People’s attitudes towards Europe are essentially based on a comparison between the benefits of the status quo of membership and those associated with an alternative state, namely one’s country being outside the EU. This comparison is coined the ‘EU differential’. When comparing these benefits, people rely on both their evaluations of the outcomes (policy evaluations) and the system that produces them (regime evaluations). This chapter presents a fine-grained conceptualization of what it means to be an EU supporter or Eurosceptic; it also designs a careful empirical measurement strategy to capture variation, both cross-nationally and over time. The chapter cross-validates these measures against a variety of existing and newly developed data sources.
Kicking Up a Fuss?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates that public opinion towards the EU is highly responsive to changes in real-world conditions and moves in predictable ways. The analysis in the chapter combines natural experimental evidence with uniquely designed survey experimental evidence to show that support and scepticism react both to national and European events. This underlines the importance of the benchmark theory of European public opinion that this book presents. Moreover, the findings reported in this chapter support the intuition outlined in Chapter 2 that people are able to distinguish the policies a system provides from the way the system operates. Finally, the chapter shows that the public is responsive to changes in real-world conditions regardless of the level of political sophistication that individuals exhibit.
A Divided Public?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces a novel typology of support and scepticism that captures public opinion towards European integration in its full complexity. Four ideal types of public opinion are proposed: exit scepticism, regime scepticism, policy scepticism, and loyal support. These types are based on people’s evaluations of the regime and policy benefits associated with the status quo of EU membership and the alternative state, i.e. being outside the EU. The typology suggests that people may either be ambivalent about the EU because they simultaneously like and dislike certain aspects of it, or either fully embrace or reject the EU (both in terms of its regime and policies). The distinction between ambivalent and unified attitudes is important, for the discussion in Chapters 6 and 7 will show that people who hold more ambivalent attitudes are less likely to act on these preferences compared to those who hold more unified attitudes.
Change or Die?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines public support for different EU reform proposals. Based on a novel experimental approach to survey research, conjoint experiments, it examines the trade-offs that people make when considering reform proposals. In addition, it delves deeper into people’s preferences for reform by means of a novel survey about reform of the Eurozone. The results suggest that, on average, people prefer a Union that is cheaper, takes key decisions via citizen referendums, and focuses on issues relating to peace and security next to economic growth. Important differences exist between different types of support and scepticism, especially in how people want the EU to be governed and what policy objectives should be pursued. When it comes to reform of the Eurozone, unified sceptics and supporters agree that member states in financial trouble should receive tough treatment from the EU, while ambivalent sceptics wish to see more financial assistance for struggling member states.
Introduction
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2018

Most people interested in Shakespeare have wondered about his originality. Is it true that his plays were adapted from other authors’ plays, poems, and romances? Are his best-known speeches really lifted out of Montaigne and Plutarch? If so—and it is far from entirely so—does it matter, any more than it does when a classic movie is based on a novel? What distinctions and relationships hold between originality, collaboration, and adaptation? To think adequately about such questions requires a lot of information-gathering and sifting, but the effort is worthwhile because it helps us identify creative decisions made by Shakespeare in the process of composition while it also shows him participating in a larger culture of play-making. We equip ourselves to characterize the techniques by which he managed to achieve the types of originality available during his lifetime....
Upstarts and Much Ado
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2018

Starting from a discussion of imitation and parody in Cervantes’ Don Quixote, this chapter moves through Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote to her compilation of sources, Shakespear Illustrated (1753–4). Objections to Shakespeare’s derivativeness, of the kind advanced by Lennox, go back to Robert Greene’s pamphlet Greenes Groatsworth of Witte (1592), where the dramatist is denounced as an ‘vpstart Crow, beautified with our feathers’. To reconstruct the methods of Elizabethan playmaking is to find that the recycling of plays, poems, and prose romances on stage was standard. Competitiveness among players and playwrights led to accusations of plagiarism. What gives an edge to the accusation that Shakespeare is a crow in borrowed plumage is the notion of him as an upstart. Drawing on texts about acting, fashion in hair and dress, and the fashioning of plays, discussion moves from the Groatsworth to Much Ado as a comedy about upstarts that turns on borrowed attire.
Random matrix approaches to open quantum systems
Authors: Schomerus Henning
Published: January 2018

Over the past decades, a great body of theoretical and mathematical work has been devoted to random-matrix descriptions of open quantum systems. This chapter reviews the physical origins and mathematical structures of the underlying models, and collects key predictions which give insight into the typical system behaviour. In particular, the aim is to give an idea how the different features are interlinked. The chapter mainly focuses on elastic scattering but also includes a short detour to interacting systems, which are motivated by the overarching question of ergodicity. The first sections introduce general notions from random matrix theory, such as the 10 universality classes and ensembles of Hermitian, unitary, positive-definite, and non-Hermitian matrices. The following sections then review microscopic scattering models that form the basis for statistical descriptions, and consider signatures of random scattering in decay, dynamics, and transport. The last section touches on Anderson localization and localization in interacting systems.
Quantum spin chains and classical integrable systems
Authors: Zabrodin Anton
Published: January 2018

This chapter is a review of the recently established quantum-classical correspondence for integrable systems based on the construction of the master T-operator. For integrable inhomogeneous quantum spin chains with gl(N)-invariant R-matrices in finite-dimensional representations, the master T-operator is a sort of generating function for the family of commuting quantum transfer matrices depending on an infinite number of parameters. Any eigenvalue of the master T-operator is the tau-function of the classical modified KP hierarchy. It is a polynomial in the spectral parameter which is identified with the 0th time of the hierarchy. This implies a remarkable relation between the quantum spin chains and classical many-body integrable systems of particles of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider type. As an outcome, a system of algebraic equations can be obtained for the spectrum of the spin chain Hamiltonians.
Advance care planning for an ageing population
Authors: Vernon Martin J.
Published: January 2018

Population ageing is driven by declining fertility and improved life expectancy. As people survive to later life with multiple long-term conditions, advance care planning ACP) is of increasing importance to those wishing to retain control over their end-of-life care. Understanding disability trajectories for people can assist with advance care planning, mindful that older people living with frailty have increased risk of acute and unexpected health decline. Routine frailty identification by severity in older people can prompt care planning in anticipation of health decline and imminent lost capacity to make important decisions. Recognizing potential professional and organizational barriers to advance carer planning for older people could also improve its uptake. Guided serious illness conversations could assist this process over time for older people and those important to them. In care homes and among people with dementia ACP is also likely to be beneficial.
Advance care planning in the UK: update on policy and practice
Authors: Henry Claire , Thomas Keri
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to and national context for the importance of advance care planning (ACP) in the Department of Health End of Life Care Strategy in England. It also presents background publications which have highlighted the need for ACP, issues surrounding ACP, resources to support the process of ACP, the practicalities of implementation, and further developments. ACP is delivered as a process of discussion between an individual and their care provider, irrespective of discipline, with or without their carer/family involvement. Outputs may include a statement of wishes and preferences, decisions to refuse treatment, and/or Lasting Power of Attorney. Meanwhile, guidance from Health and Social Care Staff has been published. Further work is underway in areas of education, communication, and information transfer.
The implications of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 for advance care planning and decision making
Authors: Chapman Simon , Lobo Ben
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the MCA’s impact on end-of-life care. It situates the MCA in the current context of policy and practice. It describes how the MCA can be used to improve care, enable people to express and protect choices, and empower and enable the professional and/or the proxy decision maker. It also presents an introduction and explanation of the role of the IMCA and how it might apply to advance care planning (ACP) and end of life decision making, and an explanation of the legal and ethical process involved in reaching best interest decisions, especially for potentially vulnerable people in care homes and other settings.
Advance care planning in the community
Authors: Nightingale Peter , Murray Scott , Absolon Chris
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) is becoming more widely used as part of a drive to improve personalized care planning, but there is still more work to be done. Electronic Palliative Care Co-ordination systems (EPaCCs) have proved to be very effective in some areas but there are many barriers to be overcome before they are universally available. This chapter covers recent developments leading to the wider integration of ACP into primary care. These include policy initiatives, educational opportunities, information technology (IT), professional quality control and regulation, financial and business incentives, and the Compassionate Community movement. The chapter includes an overview of issues surrounding ACP in primary care and in the community.
Advance care planning in an Asian country
Authors: Clement Irwin , Wai Alphonsus , Chung Hoong
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) was introduced to Singapore in the late 2000s in the form of local projects that encouraged conversations on end-of-life concerns, beginning first with residents in several nursing homes. High patient receptivity to the concept of planning ahead for care and death was encouraging, which prompted Ministry of Health to approve an S$18.1m effort to develop and promote ACP nationally in 2011. Since then, the practice of ACP has gradually spread throughout the country’s public acute care hospitals, most community hospitals, and all nursing homes, as well as a handful of eldercare providers, with close to 5,000 plans lodged electronically, 2,000 ACP conversation facilitators trained across the health and social care continuum and more than 1,000 community ACP advocates activated.
Whose Mistake? The Errors of Friendship in Cicero, La Boétie, and Montaigne
Authors: Bizer Marc
Published: January 2018

Focusing on Montaigne’s adaptation of Cicero’s De amicitia within his own essay “On Friendship,” this chapter reveals Montaigne’s complex reception of the “Roman error” of putting friendship before the needs of the state. Drawn to such matters in part by his friendship with Étienne de La Boétie, Montaigne, in effect, disagrees with Cicero over how to react to this error. Cicero (through his Laelius) opts to condemn it, while Montaigne finds in it support for his view of friendship, one that in turn sustains Montaigne’s moderation amid the political extremism of the French Wars of Religion. Montaigne’s rejection of Roman friendship as error on the one hand reflects his questioning of the value of ancient models for understanding the present. On the other hand, however, his characterization of ideal friendship as autotelic and autonomous can also be seen as a tacit acknowledgment that friendship among the elite is inherently political.
Friends, Romans, Errors
Authors: Williams Craig
Published: January 2018

From Montaigne’s essay “On Friendship” to popular philosophy of the mid twentieth and early twenty-first centuries (C.S. Lewis’ The Four Loves and Joseph Epstein’s Friendship: An Exposé) to scholarship of the past few decades, this chapter shows how such texts rely to varying degrees upon the binarisms true/false, correct/incorrect, right/wrong in their descriptions and evaluations of Roman friendship. This chapter asks not whether this or that modern text gets ancient Rome wrong, but rather how Rome, evaluated as right or wrong, functions as a vehicle for these texts’ meanings, and also what might be some of the implications for a topic so freighted with larger social, cultural, and political significance over the course of its centuries-long reception. Finally, although its readings of amicitia avoid applying evaluative labels, this chapter asks to what extent its readings of later readings of Roman friendship do (must?) nonetheless appeal to some concept of error.
Receptions of Rome in Debates on Slavery in the U.S.A.
Authors: Malamud Margaret
Published: January 2018

American abolitionists not only invoked the Roman allusions and comparisons employed by the revolutionary generation’s fight for liberty from the British crown, but also adapted or subverted them in service of the black struggle for freedom. Rather than rejecting Roman society outright because it was a slaveholding society—the primal “Roman error” from their perspective—many abolitionists instead deployed figures and images from Roman antiquity in their own struggles against the despotism of chattel slavery. Supporters of emancipation and black civil rights, this chapter shows, thus engaged in an intense debate over the correct reception of ancient Rome with proslavery Southerners, who argued that slavery in both Rome and America enabled liberty and civilization. Bringing the discussion into the present day, this chapter offers a contemporary example of arguments over the correct reception of ancient Rome in relation to American slavery and the American Civil War.
‘Good paragraphing. Unusual content’
Authors: Griem Julika
Published: January 2018

Many of the essays in this volume challenge the idea that literature should be valued chiefly as a useful supplement to philosophy. But there is a possibility that even approaching literature with philosophical concerns in mind might deflect us from what is most distinctive about it. In Chapter 5, Julika Griem draws attention to the complex aesthetics and textuality of The Childhood of Jesus and The Schooldays of Jesus, especially to the many levels of metafictional playfulness in these fictions. What if, Griem asks, these texts work in a way that is radically other to the forms of philosophical reasoning they invoke? What would it be like to read them as if the experience they offer of making, commenting upon, and metafictionally unmaking an experienced ‘world’ for the reader to become immersed in was—more than the engagement with philosophical themes—actually the most important thing about them?
‘A Yes without a No’
Authors: Attridge Derek
Published: January 2018

Derek Attridge’s chapter takes Coetzee’s short story, ‘The Old Woman and the Cats’ (2013), as the starting point for an exploration of the divergence between rational accounts of the good, and the ways in which literary experience can expose the reader to non-rational forms of evaluation and decision-making, which are more akin to conversion experiences. Attridge shows that Coetzee does not shy away from the unsettling implication that Socrates also feared: namely, the potential of literary texts to be morally harmful. In exploring this non-rational attunement to alterity as ‘the ethical’ in itself, and examining the kinds of conversion it can involve, Attridge’s chapter positions Coetzee’s fiction as radically at odds with normative ways of understanding of the good and the true.
Beyond Realism
Authors: Woessner Martin
Published: January 2018

Martin Woessner places ideas about literary and philosophical realism in tension with what he takes to be Coetzee’s aims as a post-secular writer. In Woessner’s argument, Coetzee’s fiction exhibits a ‘yearning for transcendence’ that invites readers to participate in states that are ‘beyond realism’. Situating Coetzee in relation to a range of post-secular thinkers, Woessner focuses on his handling of several religious concepts, including redemption, salvation, and grace. He argues that Coetzee should be understood as an author who provides a space for the transcendental imagination, in a way that affirms Richard Rorty’s claim that the ‘search for redemption’ lives on in our secular age in ‘novels, plays, and poems’.
Dance as Method and Experience: Emotional and Epistemic Aspects of Dance
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This chapter elucidates philosophical and religious aspects of ancient dance discourse. It traces novel connections from the poetic and philosophical motif of the dance of the stars to later ancient dance discourse. A link is found in the genre of exhortations (protreptics) to philosophy, which influenced Lucian’s On Dancing, and in the philosophical ideal of heavenly contemplation. The latter yields a particularly interesting variation by Augustine, who finds in dance spectacles an occasion to know things through themselves. The remainder of the chapter discusses the evidence for the role of dancing in ancient mystery cults and argues that in this context dance represents a way to attain cognition through sensory and emotional experience. This path is pursued further with an examination of the early Christian dance ritual depicted in the apocryphal Acts of John.
Dance and Interpretation in Longus and Apuleius
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on dance scenes from two ancient novels which are both informed by Platonism. It argues that dance, which is dynamic and involves human protagonists, raises with particular insistence the (Platonic) question of how the work of art interferes with the real world. It discusses first how the dance in Book 2 of Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe prepares the way for the mythical pattern of male predominance to shape the protagonists’ relationship in their real lives. Turning to Apuleius’ pantomime of the Judgement of Paris (Met. 10.29–34), the chapter explores the spectator’s display of connoisseurship and aesthetic distance, which eventually collapse when he proceeds to a moralizing interpretation. A glance at a short dance scene in Book 1 and a discussion of the mechanisms that trigger the spectator’s curiosity conclude the chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

The fact that a number of aspects of maritime blockade law are not settled in customary law infers that any state that engages in blockade operations risks the possibility that its actions will be found to have been unlawful. Because the consequences of a blockade can be so deleterious to vulnerable civilian populations, it is necessary that a legal framework for maritime blockade be established. At the core of any such framework must be the requirement to address humanitarian issues and concerns. Without such initiatives, the law of blockade will remain mired in the early twentieth century, and states engaging in this method of warfare will do so under a cloud of legal ambiguity.
Introduction
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This introduction makes the case for ‘modern baroque’, arguing that ‘modernism’ is, in effect, a modern version of classicism, analytic and theory-led. It argues that despite the modernists’ attempts to control and define ‘culture’, the overall context of the interwar period is one in which black, female, working-class and/or homosexual people acquired the ability to generate their own strands within the culture, due to the proliferation of media able to cater for plural audiences (books, but also film, radio, and live performance). Modernism thus existed in dialectic with a modern baroque, but less theoretical, which is why it has not been recognized as such, and more inclusive, more eclectic, much more in dialogue with the past, unafraid of the grotesque or surreal. Insofar as modern baroque has a theoretical basis, it is provided by surrealism.
Modern Times
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines city life, mass culture, and the ways that cities were a challenge to modernism in that they were theatres of memory, both individual and collective: it is no accident that modernism was best received in those cities so damaged by the First World War that many links with the past were broken, which was not the case in Paris or London. It argues the importance of Charlie Chaplin, whose art descended from the commedia dell’arte via the slapstick tradition of British harlequinade (loved by the Sitwells), and also examines the popular surrealism of some early cartoons (notably Felix, Krazy Kat, and Betty Boop). Ideas cycled back and forth between high and low, expanding the basis of modernism’s audience. Both cubism and surrealism were interpreted as styles, while artists, poets, and ballet designers drew on popular culture, quoting and reinterpreting.
Streams of Consciousness
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

A number of modernist writers are profoundly engaged with the classical tradition (or traditions) and the relevance of the past to the present. Writers singled out include Djuna Barnes, expressing a modern sensibility through a fantastical neo-Elizabethan prose style, and the way Woolf in Orlando also patched the Elizabethan era onto the present: in both cases, the obliquity of their narrative relates to the problem of expressing a lesbian viewpoint without provoking censorship. The chapter examines the camp streak in interwar literature and its debt to Saki and Ronald Firbank. Also explored is the importance of fantasy: not just Tolkien together with his friends C. S. Lewis and Charles Williams, a nexus of mutually connected writers who reacted to modernity by going somewhere else entirely, but the writers of many contemporary bestsellers and critically successful books.
Chinese Wallpaper
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

In England modern taste was more often expressed by decorators than by architects. Thus interior decoration is the context in which new trends in art are absorbed and understood. A difficult concept which is visually expressed (this includes cubism, abstraction, and surrealism) can be and, if it is genuinely expressive of the moment, will be, reinterpreted as fashion and decor. The interface between interior decoration and fine art is further complicated between the wars by the number of artists who worked as designers. Women who needed to earn money tended to practise the applied and decorative arts, out of genuine affinity, or realism, or a combination of both. Undiluted modernism was very rare in England. Smart style was eclectic: baroque elements (e.g. Venetian mirrors, blackamoor torchères) were put together with eighteenth-century furniture and modern pictures.
White and Gold
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

The question whether there were modern ways of being religious, or religious ways of being modern, was significant to a variety of writers and artists. Homosexuals were particularly drawn to Catholicism, which is strongly associated with both sacerdotalism and aesthetically rich forms of worship (though baroque and modernist tendencies do not divide straightforwardly down confessional lines). Maurice Child’s Society of Saints Peter and Paul was the principal theorist of baroque Anglicanism, Martin Travers its most distinguished practical exponent. Among Catholics, the most significant in the creation of a modern baroque aesthetic are Canon John Grey, priest and former fin-de-siècle poet, and Fr Martin D’Arcy, who persuaded Lutyens to build Campion Hall as a Jesuit house of study in Oxford and filled it with an astonishingly eclectic accumulation of art.
Self-Fashioning
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Gertrude Stein wrote, ‘Fashion is the real thing in abstraction.’ What she seems to mean is that fashion reflected the revolutionary ideas and excitement of modernity without troubling itself with theory. Fashion, and the new fashion for make-up, gave women new kinds of opportunity: in terms of clothes, modernism and modern baroque are represented by Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli respectively, but other women, notably Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden, were among the creators of a massive new cosmetics industry. The era is also remarkable for its passion for fancy dress; and for people who used outré clothes to make a personal statement, such as Edith Sitwell and Ottoline Morrell.
Masks
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Masks were a feature of interwar culture in various contexts. African and Oceanic masks were admired and were powerfully influential on modern art. Masks were extensively used in theatre and ballet, and their popularity was such that they were also used for home decoration. The use of cosmetics became part of mainstream culture; this may relate to the increasing tendency for young women to work outside the home.
Introduction
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

Though weakened by recent scholarship, the paradigm of “absolutist state-building” remains embedded in the thinking about Habsburg history from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The “emasculation” of traditional elite groups such as the Estates by the reforming “state” of the eighteenth century is an especially tenacious assumption. The present study utilizes recent concepts for large, compound political entities in an international context including “fiscal-military state” and “composite monarchy” to throw light on the relationship of government and society over time. It anatomizes the impact of fiscal-military exigency on the relationship between the rulers in Vienna and the Estates of the archduchy below the river Enns (Lower Austria), which geographically, politically, and financially was one of the central Habsburg lands. The thesis is posited that the Habsburg monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Estates constituted an increasingly vital, if changing, element of Habsburg international success and resilience.
Choice
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘choice’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Not
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘not’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Droit Politique
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the contribution French jurists have made to the development of political jurisprudence. It argues that that contribution can most concisely be presented by examining the manner in which a distinctive concept of droit politique has been devised and how its meaning has evolved within French legal and political thought. The chapter first assesses the pioneering contributions of Bodin, Montesquieu, and Rousseau, and then examines the ole that the concept performed during the revolutionary debates of the 1790s. It then proceeds to explain its subsequent development through the nineteenth century debates triggered by the rise of positivist thought and on to the rejuvenation of concepts of right in contemporary times.
Barriers to Entry and Implications for Competition Policy
Authors: Roberts Simon
Published: January 2018

Competition requires rivals. While this rivalry may come from imports, the development of local capabilities and productive capacity for rivalry, including by black industrialists in the South African context, means understanding the barriers to entry that local producers must overcome. Barriers to entry are also critical for the correct balance between the risks of over- and under-enforcement and are one reason why it has been recommended that countries should adopt different standards for competition evaluation. This chapter draws on studies of barriers to entry in different markets in South Africa to consider the nature and extent of these barriers and the implications for competition policy. It highlights issues related to regulatory barriers, consumer switching costs and branding, routes to market, and vertical integration, as well as economies of scale and access to finance.
Some Key Issues Concerning Further Development of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Xianlin Wang
Published: January 2018

Since the Anti-Monopoly Law was enforced in China more than eight years ago, important achievements have occurred, as well as challenges for further development. In addition to challenges relating to amending legislation, strengthening enforcement, improving the judicial process, and ensuring strict compliance, etc, there are four issues that will be focused on here, namely: taking monopoly industries as a breakthrough to further promote the enforcement of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (both administrative and civil antitrust enforcement should focus on prominent monopolistic conducts in typical monopoly industries); properly handling the coordination between industrial policy and competition policy; promoting the cooperation between the Anti-Monopoly Law and intellectual property law; and cultivating China’s competition culture.