bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Students’ Achievement Motivation
Authors: Athman Julie , Monroe Martha C.
Published: September 2020

This mixed-methodology study examined the relationship between environment-based education and high school students’ achievement motivation. Four hundred 9th- and 12th-grade students from 11 Florida high schools participated in the study. A Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design (9th grade) and a Posttest Only Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design (12th grade) were used in the study. Interviews of students and teachers were used to support and explain the quantitative data. Data collection took place over the 2001–2002 school year. When controlling for pretest score, GPA, gender, and ethnicity, environment-based programs had a positive effect on 9th grade students’ achievement motivation. When controlling for GPA, gender, and ethnicity, environment-based programs had a positive effect on 12th-grade students’ achievement motivation. The results of this study support the use of environment-based education for improving achievement motivation and can be used to guide future program implementation. Implications for formal educators, environmental educators, and interpreters are discussed.
Motivations of Volunteer Interpreters in Taiwan: A Survey of Natural Trails Society Volunteers
Authors: Tung Yi-Fan , Zinn Harry C.
Published: September 2020

We surveyed volunteer interpreters in the Natural Trails Society of Taiwan, an environmental education organization. Seventy-four of the 104 interpreters returned questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 71%. We compared the importance of different motivations, tested for relationships between motivations and volunteer characteristics, and evaluated motivation items developed specifically for environmental education volunteers. On average, volunteers attached most importance to enjoying nature, followed by learning, doing something to benefit nature and society, religious-spiritual reasons, social contact, achievement, teaching-leading-sharing, filling an empty nest, and fulfilling social obligations. Volunteers with lower household incomes attached more importance than others to enjoying nature. Achievement was more important to those without a college degree than to those with college degrees. Teaching-leading-sharing was most important to those who were younger, single, and without children at home. Filling an empty nest was most important to those without a college degree. Fulfilling social obligations was more important to males than females. Both learning and teaching-leading-sharing were more important to those who had been volunteering for two years or less than to those who had been volunteering longer. The patterns of motivations we found suggest strategies managers can use to recruit and retain volunteers. Additional research will be needed to explain why motivations differ between subgroups, compare motivations across organizations and cultures, and further develop and refine motivation scales for environmental education volunteers.
A Formative Evaluation of the Prairie Science Class
Authors: Ernst Julie (Athman)
Published: September 2020

The Prairie Science Class is a formal partnership between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Prairie Wetlands Learning Center and the Fergus Falls Independent School District 544. Its mission is to use the local prairie wetlands ecosystem as an integrating and motivating context to engage fifth-grade students in science, math, and writing through real world, field-based learning experiences. A formative program evaluation was conducted during the first year of its implementation to document program outcomes and areas for program improvement. A variety of quantitative and qualitative evaluation tools were used. The results of this evaluation suggest positive cognitive and affective outcomes, including concept attainment and skill development in science and writing; perceived learning in math; perceived skill growth in problem solving, technology, and working and communicating with others; and positive influences on students’ motivation toward learning, attitudes toward the prairie wetlands environment, and stewardship ethic.
Can Interpretive Messages Change Park Visitors’ Views on Wildland Fire?
Authors: Wiles Rebecca , Hall Troy E.
Published: September 2020

This study evaluated the effect of differently formulated interpretive messages embedded in a 90-minute guided tour on Mesa Verde National Park visitors’ knowledge and attitudes about wildland fire. Using a Solomon four-group experimental design, 31 different groups of visitors ( N=496) received affective arguments, cognitive arguments, a combination of arguments, or no persuasive argument. All persuasive programs led to significant increases (one to two points) on a five-question knowledge scale and two attitude scales, although the three treatments did not differ in their effects. Attitudes became slightly more positive about the ecological role of fire and less negative about the destructive nature of fire. A slight priming effect of the pre-test was found for one measure but there were no effects on other measures, supporting the external validity of study findings. Attitude and knowledge changes related to fire were greater for those who had weaker prior attitudes or lower prior levels of knowledge. Counter to hypotheses, the personal relevance of fire and need for cognition did not exhibit a significant relationship to knowledge gain or attitude change.
The Voice of a Child Archaeological Limitations in Interpretive Stories
Authors: Jewell Bronwyn A.
Published: September 2020

In the archaeological record, it seems children are rarely seen. If they are, children are referred to, to explain symbolism, rituals, past lifeways, and behavior of a society or culture rather than the past lifeways of children and their relationship to family and society. This lack of investigation suffers in all forms of archaeological research. However, this bias appears to be unconscious rather than intentionally applied. Archaeology, generally, involves the nameless and faceless rather than the individual. The archaeological signature of children appears minimal. It is adults, or more succinctly, society that generates material remains. This paper discusses interpretation of sites within the context of different archaeologies, thereby providing researchers with information that may not usually be considered when approaching interpretation of sites to visitors.
The Impact of Normative Message Types on Off-Trail Hiking
Authors: Winter Patricia L.
Published: September 2020

Depreciative activities and high annual visitation levels threaten the health and sustainability of the giant Sequoia. Signage is one route to managing visitor behavior. Research suggests a two-by-two conceptualization of normative messages in signs. Messages may present the “ought” (injunctive) or the “is” (descriptive) of behavior and may be stated positively (prescriptive) or negatively (proscriptive). This paper summarizes findings from an experiment testing normative messages and presents evidence for injunctive-proscriptive messages as the most effective route in gaining desired behavior. Under this condition off-trail hiking was less likely to occur, compared to the incidence of off-trail hiking under four other conditions (including a control under which no additional sign was posted). In contrast, the incidence of off-trail hiking was greatest when the descriptive-proscriptive message was used (when compared to three other message types). The injunctive-proscriptive message is most appropriate when a behavior is desired shortly after exposure to a message and may not be most effective when longer-term maintenance of actions is desired.
A Public's Awareness of Regional Parks and Park Management Agencies with Implications for Management-oriented Interpretation
Authors: Vadala Carin E. , Bixler Robert D. , Hammitt William E.
Published: September 2020

South Florida summer residents (n=1806) from five counties (Broward, Collier, Lee, Miami-Dade, and Monroe Counties) were asked to recall the names of two units of the National Park Service and, when prompted, to recognize each of the four national park units located in south Florida. Only 8.4% of respondents could name two units of the National Park Service, yet when prompted many more stated that they had at least heard of the national parks in south Florida. Interpreters may be able to help raise visitor awareness of resource management issues by including information about the role of the agency in their talks or as part of their interpretive theme. Suggestions for further research and evaluation strategies are provided.
An Action Research Appraisal of Visitor Center Interpretation and Change
Authors: Pearce Philip L. , Moscardo Gianna
Published: September 2020

This study uses an action research framework to evaluate changes to the visitor center-based interpretation of a natural environment. The context for the study is Australia's Flinders Chase National Park, located in an isolated tourism region, namely Kangaroo Island in the state of South Australia. The island and the park are best known for the opportunities visitors have to see many forms of Australian wildlife. Surveys of over 700 visitors were conducted in 1999 and these results were used to inform the design of interpretation in a new and much larger visitor center. In 2004 further survey work with 450 visitors was conducted. The second study specifically reported on the overall effectiveness of the new center in influencing visitors’ satisfaction with the interpretation. The results demonstrate the value of action research in shaping interpretive practice.
Isolating the Role of On-site Interpretation in a Satisfying Experience
Authors: Ham Sam H. , Weiler Betty
Published: September 2020

The role of interpretation in tourist experience is widely acknowledged. However, little research has been conducted to directly document or precisely quantify the influence that the interpretive dimensions of experience have on tourist satisfaction. A purpose of this study was to determine whether these dimensions could be isolated and quantified in the experiences of 727 national and international tourists in the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW). Results revealed that the global satisfaction of PCW tourists was due primarily to their satisfaction with the interpretive dimensions of their visit, as opposed to other services and setting attributes. Respondents’ satisfaction with five interpretive services correlated more highly with a global satisfaction measure than did any of six non-interpretive services and explained nearly half the variance in global satisfaction. Respondents’ satisfaction with non-interpretive services explained only 23% of the variance. These findings suggest that the interpretive dimensions of tourist experience can exert a positive influence on global satisfaction. This relationship was especially strong for visitors traveling as part of a guided tour. Factor and reliability analyses confirmed validation of a single “interpretive satisfaction” construct, providing evidence that an interpretive dimension of tourist satisfaction can be empirically isolated. Practical implications and suggestions for further research are offered.
Australian Postgraduate Theses in Interpretation, Tour Guiding, and Environmental Education
Authors: Weiler Betty , Black Rosemary , Ballantyne Roy
Published: September 2020

This research note presents a summary of a project that reviewed Australian postgraduate theses/dissertations completed to date on interpretation, tour guiding, and environmental education in Australia as one indicator of the state of research in these fields and as a basis for comparison with other countries. An inventory of 120 doctoral and masters-level theses completed in these three general topic areas found that nearly three-quarters were in environmental education, with two Australian states and two universities responsible for a disproportionate number of these. Projects relating to high school environmental education and studies of specific countries were prominent, while specific parks and nature-based settings dominated interpretation research. Australian social, political, and environmental factors help to explain the decline in masters and growth in doctoral research, and the shifts in topical focus over the 30-year period. Implications for both research and professional practice in interpretation are presented.
What Information Do Zoo & Aquarium Visitors Want on Animal Identification Labels?
Authors: Fraser John , Bicknell Jessica , Sickler Jessica , Taylor Anthony
Published: September 2020

Identification labels remain an important aspect of interpretation in zoos and aquariums, and although studies exist documenting results of specific exhibit labels, the field lacked a formal, general, multi-institutional study on visitor preference regarding label content. Researchers conducted a survey across five institutions (two aquariums, three zoos) to determine what kinds of information visitors thought was most interesting or important to include on exhibit signs using both closed-ended (N=367) and open-ended (N=372) instruments. Researchers found that visitor preferences for kinds of information were generally consistent regardless of animal type and institution. Overall, visitors preferred to see the following kinds of information on an exhibit label: odd facts/behaviors, endangered status of the animal, where they live in the world, and the number of years they live. Participants expressed the least interest in the animal's scientific name, length of pregnancy, and phylogeny.
Improving the Efficacy of Visitor Education in Haleakalā National Park Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Reigner Nathan , Lawson Steven R.
Published: September 2020

Degradation of resource and experiential quality from recreational use at the Pools of ‘Ohe'o in Haleakalā National Park has led officials to discourage visitor use of the area. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examines relationships among visitors’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control regarding exploration of the pools, their intentions to explore and their actual behaviors at pools. Further, the study examines the influence of persuasive messages on visitors’ behavior at the pools. TPB is found to be an effective model for understanding visitor behavior at ‘Ohe'o's Pools, revealing a desire among visitors to act in accordance with National Park Service wishes. Results indicate that attitudes and subjective norms are influenced by exposure to the persuasive messages. Additionally, messages emphasizing the resource impacts of exploring the pools are found to more effective at influencing visitor attitudes than messages emphasizing the dangers of exploring the pools.
Comparative Evaluation of the Attention Capture and Holding Power of Novel Signs Aimed at Park Visitors
Authors: Hall Troy E. , Ham Sam H. , Lackey Brenda K.
Published: September 2020

Communication theories guided the development of messages to increase attention paid to signs in Yosemite National Park regarding food storage in bear country. Four experimental signs (moral appeal, humorous appeal, narrative story, and telegraphic title) were tested against a standard park message at three locations in the park. Hypotheses that the experimental signs would outperform the standard sign were only partially supported. In most cases, more than 50% of visitors at least glanced at the signs, although few paid sufficient attention to fully process the message. The most effective sign overall was the narrative format. However, observations of 963 people indicated that the effect of signs on reading behavior is highly variable and depends often on the location of the sign. Interviews with 163 visitors in two locations showed that visitors recognized certain signs as highly familiar and tended not to like traditional formats as much as the novel designs. The empathetic and narrative messages received the most positive response. The highly variable attracting power and holding times for the different messages across locations suggests park managers need to attend closely to audience and site characteristics if they expect to communicate effectively with signs. Implications for understanding message vividness are developed.
Environmental Socialization Incidents with Implications for the Expanded Role of Interpretive Naturalists in Providing Natural History Experiences
Authors: Bixler Robert D. , James J. Joy , Vadala Carin E.
Published: September 2020

Natural history has all but disappeared from formal education in the United States. This places the responsibility of introducing people to natural history within nonformal educational settings, with interpretive naturalists taking a leading role. This qualitative study of the life histories of 51 natural history-oriented professionals establishes additional roles for interpretive naturalists interacting with and programming for people with an emerging interest in natural history. Young adults with a strong interest in competency in natural history topics were characterized by having access to a variety of natural environments, social support, opportunities to develop environmental competencies, and accumulation of many and varied environmental experiences that resulted in creation of robust personal and social identities around natural history. Findings suggest that the work of interpretive naturalists is part of an amorphous web of people, places, institutions, and personal experiences that foster an interest in natural history. Of particular importance for interpreters is planning and presenting program-to–program transitions (PTPT) for visitors.
Visitor Responses to Interpretation at Historic Kingsley Plantation
Authors: Clark Carol , Williams Pat Stephens , Legg Michael , Darville Ray
Published: September 2020

A visitor survey was conducted at Kingsley Plantation to establish a baseline on visitor response to interpretation pertaining to slavery, the facilities available, and to determine the demographics of the visitors. A response rate of 71 percent indicated that walking about the site was the most preferred activity, and life stories of the people of the plantation were of most interest. Approximately 70 percent of respondents experienced intellectual and emotional responses to the park and its resources, and 90 percent found relevance in the topics presented at the park. Differences in results were most commonly based on race or age. White/Caucasian and Black/African-American visitors came to the park in different group types, and had different goals and responses than other racial groups to the site and its resources. The study and results provide opportunities for managers of similar sites dealing with uncomfortable issues to apply what was learned here.
The Effect of Tour Type on Visitors’ Perceived Cognitive Load and Learning
Authors: Van Winkle Christine M.
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the effect of audio versus guided tours on visitors’ cognitive load at a national historic site. As more sites employ digital media devices to engage visitors, a better understanding of the impact of these devices on visitors’ experiences at sites is needed. This research took place during the summer of 2008 at a Canadian national historic site and examined how tour type (audio or guided) impacted the visitor's learning process (cognitive load) and outcomes (learning transfer). The contextual model of learning, cognitive load theory, and learning transfer research were used as foundations to examine free-choice learning and the visitor's experience. The results show that the type of tour taken does affect the learning experience. Specifically, audio tour participants indicated greater cognitive load than guided tour participants. Participants’ ability to transfer learning was not affected by tour type. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed and directions for future research are identified.
Factors Influencing Behavioral Intentions for Leave No Trace Behavior in National Parks
Authors: Lawhon Ben , Newman Peter , Taff Derrick , Vaske Jerry , Vagias Wade , Lawson Steve , Monz Christopher
Published: September 2020

Resource degradation resulting from visitor behavior continues to be a significant concern for land managers, and effective educational messages such as those promoted through Leave No Trace, which target depreciative behaviors, are imperative. This study examined psychological and knowledge variables that were hypothesized to influence future Leave No Trace behavioral intent of visitors in Rocky Mountain National Park. Data were obtained from an on-site survey administered to individuals ( n = 390, response rate 74%) in the Bear Lake corridor of the park. Results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that perceived effectiveness of Leave No Trace practices is a significant predictor of future behavioral intent (β > .21, p < .001, in all cases). Frontcountry visitors like those at Bear Lake are more likely to practice Leave No Trace if they perceive the practices to be effective at reducing impacts.
Impact of Inquiry Stations on Visitor Time
Authors: Gill Sarena Randall
Published: September 2020

Children are encouraged to spend more time outdoors and zoos provide a safe natural environment. Interactive opportunities for learning engage zoo visitors. This study seeks to determine whether the presence of four self-led temporary inquiry stations significantly increases the time visitors spend on a loop trail. Group composition, the mixture of adults and children, was also measured, evaluating significance of time spent on the trail. It was found that there was no significant difference in time spent on the inquiry trail, but there was a significant time difference based on group composition for both the inquiry and non-inquiry trail. The addition of permanent or staffed inquiry stations may encourage visitors to spend more time on the trail.
The Understanding and Implementation of Key Best Practices in National Park Service Education Programs
Authors: “Kale” Bowling Kristin A.
Published: September 2020

U.S. national parks provide excellent venues for learning experiences in history and the sciences with tangible, primary resources. However, best practices associated with experiential and inquiry-based learning targeted specifically toward students, as opposed to interpretive practices for the general public, must be both well understood and well implemented to be effective. This action research study was undertaken in order to identify where and why gaps in the understanding and implementation of these best practices exist. A survey of 25 NPS educators revealed that they are being implemented approximately half of the time. Significant gaps exist between staff with academic training and/or prior work experience in education and those without this background. Follow-up interviews suggested that changes in the recruitment of new educators and the increased availability of training, networking, and coaching may increase the prevalence of experiential and inquiry based practices. Efforts that leverage education professionals outside the agency, the expertise of more successful park education programs, and the common concepts between education and interpretation may be particularly effective. Other agencies and organizations that conduct both interpretation and education may also benefit from similar actions.
Communication Strategies to Promote Health Sun Safety in Outdoor Recreation Settings
Authors: Beck Larry , Walkosz Barbara , Andersen Peter , Abbott Allison , Buller David , Scott Michael , Eye Rachel
Published: September 2020

The field of interpretation is increasingly acknowledging the potential for strategic health promotion. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Go Sun Smart (GSS) Resorts, a sun safety program directed to guests recreating outdoors at destination resorts and parks in the United States and Canada. This paper aims to present a sun safety intervention that was designed to promote advanced sun safety practices to the field of interpretation. With a foundation in Diffusion of Innovations Theory and Transportation Theory this paper will present the intervention materials and strategies developed by GSS to showcase the potential to promote health behaviors. Intervention materials that were developed include posters, tip cards, a Public Service Announcement (PSA) video, additional electronic and print materials, employee trainings, GSS certification, and an interpretive script for use prior to various outdoor activities.
Hot Interpretation of Controversial Topics at Batoche National Historic Site, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Hvenegaard Glen T. , Marshall Heather J. , Lemelin Raynald
Published: September 2020

Historic sites can facilitate public interaction with controversial topics through “hot interpretation” that promotes affective responses. The goal of this article is to critically analyze the evolution of interpretive messaging of the armed resistance of 1885 at Batoche National Historic Site, Canada, through the lens of hot interpretation. Based on a literature review, interpretation evaluations, and site visits, the authors examine how collaborative management approaches have fostered an evolution in interpretation from the one-truth, to parallel narratives, and finally to the “many voices” approach within the hot interpretation framework. This overview suggest how collaborative management approaches and progressive interpretation strategies can heal the hurt of the past, validate various depictions of history, provide venues for democratic discourse about contested issues, generate new thinking, and support resilient communities.
On the Need to Interpret Insects: An Always Small but Gargantuan Opportunity
Authors: Shipley Nathan J. , Bixler Robert D.
Published: September 2020

This position paper makes explicit what can be gained by increasing interpretive naturalists’ focus on interpreting insects and their close relatives, particularly in local and regional settings. Insects are widely loathed because a few species are highly irritating. Helping people become aware and observant of the overwhelming percentage of insects that stay hidden and are not bothersome, yet exhibit a wide range of intriguing shapes, adaptations, and behaviors can increase people's comfort in the outdoors. Environmental benefits include increased informal monitoring for invasive species and reduced irrational pesticide use. Understanding of how people are socialized into an interest in nature and natural history suggests a need for frequent and recurring experiences with nature over many years. Engaging with insects costs little and their ever-presence makes seeking these frequent formative experiences with nature readily available. Because interpretive naturalists interpret nature in situ, they are ideally skilled to facilitate human-insect experiences.
Interpretive Accommodations for National Park Service Visitors who are d/Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Hansen Elsa , Ernst Julie , Washburn Julia
Published: September 2020

Interpretation plays a critical role in fulfilling the mission of the National Park Service (NPS). This study used survey research to describe the interpretive accommodations currently provided to NPS visitors who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing (HoH). Results show that most park units have completed accessibility assessments and provide some form of interpretive accommodations for visitors who are d/Deaf or HoH. However, many park units perceived their unit was not sufficiently meeting the needs of visitors who are d/Deaf or HoH, and felt that their unit should be doing more. Perceived barriers to providing interpretive accommodations included budget and staffing constraints, lack of familiarity with possible services used by visitors who are d/Deaf or HoH, and limited knowledge of legal responsibilities or guidelines pertaining to visitors who are d/Deaf or HoH. Recommendations stemming from this study include the following: staff training; incorporation of the Principles of Universal Design; inclusion of individuals who are d/ Deaf or HoH in planning and evaluation of interpretive services; regular assessments for accessibility; personal and agency-level commitment toward equitable service; use of websites as source of information regarding interpretive accommodations; development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for accommodative services; creation of a collateral duty for general accessibility; and additional research regarding what services visitors who are d/Deaf or HoH would find most useful to prioritize limited time and budget.
Interpreting Terrorism: Learning from Children's Visitor Comments
Authors: Kerr Mary Margaret , Price Rebecca H. , Savine Constance Demore , Ifft Kari , McMullen Mary Anne
Published: September 2020

Thousands of children visit memorials and other dark heritage sites each year, yet researchers have rarely studied their experiences. Faced with limited prior research, interpreters at terrorism-related sites grapple with especially serious and unanswered questions about how best to engage young visitors. To address these concerns, the staff of the Flight 93 National Memorial, erected at the crash site of an airline hijacked on September 11, 2001, partnered with an interdisciplinary team of researchers. The team studied children's post-visit comments at the Memorial, adapting the content analysis methods of prior researchers who studied visitor comments, logs, and books. Children exhibited patriotism, grateful remembrance, emotional realizations, and a sense of place as they struggled to make meaning of the events. These findings led to relevant and understandable interpretive activities, which now comprise the Junior Ranger program for young visitors. The paper suggests implications for future research on interpreting terrorism-related events.
Learning in the HJ Andrews Forest: Experiences and Outcomes at a Science Education Event
Authors: Remenick Lauren
Published: September 2020

Understanding best practices in various interpretive settings and contexts may help event planners to implement successful educational programs in which participants are satisfied with their experience and learning outcomes. With this in mind, we sought to examine participants’ perceptions and outcomes of a science education event in Oregon's HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, HJA Day. Data from 76 participants were quantitatively analyzed to understand how participants’ satisfaction with the field trip elements related to their perceived outcomes. Most participants were very satisfied with the field trip elements. Participants perceived overall satisfaction to be their greatest outcome, followed by overall appreciation, knowledge gain, and then change in thinking. All main outcomes positively and significantly correlated except for overall satisfaction and change in thinking. These findings may inform program planners of the experiences and outcomes that result from a field-based learning setting, thus allowing insight and preparation for similar programs in the future.
Effectiveness of Interpreter Training in the Japanese Interpretive Context and Opportunities for Improving Interpretation: An Impact Assessment of a Training Program in Japan
Authors: Yamada Naoko , Skibins Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2020

This exploratory research examined a four-day interpreter training program in Japan for impacts on participants’ self-reported increases in knowledge and skills. Pre-, during-, and post-training open-ended questionnaires were administered to all 17 participants. Results showed the training program was effective at increasing knowledge of interpretation's definitions, principles, and goals. Participants indicated extended opportunities for understanding the profession as a whole, as well as how to operationalize interpretation and develop strategic outcomes would increase the overall effectiveness of trainings. Future training programs could use a strategic reflection process to emphasize skill development in the design and delivery of interpretation. Results derived from this empirical research provide a guideline for developing a training framework contextualized to the practice of interpretation in Japan.
Contested Terrain: Attitudes of Lakota People towards Interpretation at Wind Cave National Park
Authors: Smaldone Dave , Rossi Adam
Published: September 2020

Wind Cave National Park (NP) in South Dakota has a long and complex history with local indigenous peoples, including the Lakotas. Wind Cave is the location of the Lakotas’ traditional origin story, and is now protected by a park representing a federal government that many indigenous peoples view negatively. The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand the attitudes of Lakotas toward Wind Cave NP and the interpretive stories it shares with visitors. Seventeen in-person interviews were conducted with Lakota people to understand their thoughts and feelings. Content analysis was used to uncover positive and negative themes about the park and various forms of interpretation. Findings indicate that park interpretation should include more Native perspectives, and recommendations are noted. The park should attempt to work more closely with Lakota and other local tribes, and can follow the examples of other National Park Service sites to accomplish these changes.
Activating and Aligning two Kinds of Norms in Persuasive Communications
Authors: Cialdini Robert B.
Published: September 2020

Communicators often try to reduce undesirable behavior in an audience by warning that the behavior is alarmingly prevalent. However, in the process of pointing out the regrettable frequency of the unwanted action, such warnings may send a mixed motivational message to the audience by simultaneously engaging the action of two types of social norms: injunctive norms, which can suppress undesirable action by describing what most people disapprove, and descriptive norms, which can stimulate undesirable action by describing what most people do. In one study, individuals whose attention was drawn to the widespread littering of others littered more, not less, as a consequence.
The Relative Effectiveness of Interpretive Programs Directed by Youth and Adult Naturalists in a National Forest
Authors: Morgan J. Mark , Absher James , Loudon Bob , Sutherland Dave
Published: September 2020

A field experiment was designed to measure effectiveness of interpretive programming at the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. The focus of this experiment was to evaluate a newly created youth naturalist program designed by the U.S. Forest Service. During the summer of 1996, 439 visitors completed questionnaires at either a campfire talk or a trail hike. The questionnaires measured their knowledge, attitudes, and/or feelings about how the programs were delivered. Results indicated that interpreters at the campfire talk and the trail hike were successful in accomplishing the stated objectives of knowledge and attitude change. Youth naturalists were equally effective as adults on several, but not all, performance measures.
Ecology versus Issue Interpretation: The Analysis of two Different Messages
Authors: Knapp Doug , Barrie Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

An important goal for environmental interpretation is to attempt to change a constituent's knowledge, attitude, and/or behavior toward the park site and beyond. This study evaluated the impact of two different interpretive experiences on elementary students’ environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Each program represented a major variable associated with the attitude/behavior change goals supported by interpreters. These programs were administered and evaluated during the 1995–96 school year at the Paul H. Douglas Environmental Education Center at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The first interpretive experience, offered during the fall, was dedicated to ecological information, whereas the second program was conducted in the spring and was based on environmental issues associated with the site. Results of this quantitative analysis show significant gains in knowledge and little impact on attitude/behavior. The authors recommend multiple research methods to better evaluate effect and behavior changes following an interpretive experience.
An Analysis of Normative Messages in Signs at Recreation Settings
Authors: Winter Patricia L. , Cialdini Robert B. , Bator Renee J. , Rhoads Kelton , Sagarin Brad J.
Published: September 2020

The reliance on signs as a mode of agency communication with visitors requires an examination of message presentation and content in order to evaluate message impact and effectiveness. This paper reports on a systematic evaluation of signs and messages at 42 recreation areas in California and Arizona. A number of factors, including type of site, managing agency, density of message locales, sign attributes, and message content, were examined. Messages addressing depreciative activities, and how those messages were framed, were of particular interest. The vast majority of messages presented behavioral commands (injunctive norms) and were negatively worded (proscriptive). This striking imbalance points to concerns in visitor information and education, allowing room for adjustments based on social-psychological principles of communication.
Interpretation at Wetland Sites in the Sydney Region
Authors: Chadhokar Yojana , McLaughlin Lynette C.
Published: September 2020

Interpretation of wetland issues and values for the broader community, as well as for students, is regarded as an important strategy toward achieving better wetland management, reversing past degradation, and halting wetland loss along the east coast of Australia, where population pressure has heavily affected these systems. This paper presents the results of a review of interpretive and educational facilities and programs at five wetland sites across the Sydney region to gain a regional perspective on the provision of wetland education and interpretation of wetland ecology and conservation. This review considered goals, range of facilities and programs, wetland themes covered for the general public and in formal educational programs, and evaluation methods. The results are discussed in light of the overall goal of wetland conservation and more detailed goals at individual sites. Goals were found to focus primarily on “public awareness” of wetlands, a goal inadequate to meet the broader goal of long-term protection and conservation. At sites most accessible to the majority of the Sydney population, a considerable discrepancy existed between the aspects of wetland ecology and management presented to school groups and those presented to the general public, making it difficult to meet even the goal of public awareness.
Comparison of viscoelastic test results from blood collected near simultaneously from the jugular and saphenous veins in cats
Authors: Fudge James Mack , Cano Katherine S , Page Bernie , Jeffery Unity
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare viscoelastic test results from samples collected from a jugular vein using a 20 G needle and a medial saphenous vein using a 22 G needle in cats presenting for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE) or castration.

Methods

Forty apparently healthy cats (20 males and 20 females) presenting for elective OHE or castration were included in a prospective study observing viscoelastic test results from central and peripherally collected whole blood. Cats were anesthetized during blood collection with a standardized protocol including buprenorphine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane. Blood samples from jugular and saphenous veins were collected near simultaneously. Viscoelastic evaluations of whole blood were performed using a point-of-care device measuring clot time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), alpha angle (α), maximum clot formation (MCF), and amplitude at 10 and 20 mins (A10 and A20, respectively). Viscoelastometry continued post-clot time to determine a lysis index at 30 and 45 mins (LI30 and LI45, respectively) to assess fibrinolysis.

Results

Studied cats had a median age of 18 months (range 5 months to 5 years) and a median weight of 3.6 kg (range 2.7–5.9 kg). A total of 80 samples were available for analysis. While lysis indices were not different, viscoelastic measures of coagulation differed between sampling sites (CT, P <0.005; CFT, P = 0.01; α, P <0.05; MCF, P <0.0005; A10, P <0.0005; A20, P <0.0005).

Conclusions and relevance

Viscoelastic results from jugular venous blood samples appear to be more hypercoagulable than those collected from the medial saphenous vein, suggesting that the same site should be used consistently for serial monitoring or for collecting study data.
Comparison between different techniques for treatment of submacular haemorrhage due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Kishikova Lyudmila , Saad Ahmed Abdelwahab A , Vaideanu-Collins Daniela , Isac Marco , Hamada Dina , El-Haig Wael M
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

To compare the outcome of vitrectomy, subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), and gas with and without subretinal air versus Intravitreal TPA and gas in the treatment of submacular haemorrhage (SMH) due to Neovascular age related macular degeneration.

Methods:

We analysed the notes of 29 cases presented with SMH in the period between 01/2016 and 09/2018 at James Cook University Hospital. Presenting visual acuity (BCVA), size and location of SMH, Procedure done, final BCVA at 6 months and any surgical complications were recorded. 11 Cases (Group 1) received intravitreal TPA (50 µg in 0.1 ML), 0.3 ml of pure sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). 18 cases (Group 2) received 23 G Pars Plana vitrectomy, Subretinal TPA injection (25 µg in 0.1 ml), and 20% SF6 gas filling. Group 2 was further divided into 2A (10 patients) who received only subretinal TPA and group 2B (8 patients) who received additional 0.1 ml subretinal air.

Results:

The mean BCVA at presentation was 0.0068 in group 1 and 0.0067 in group 2 ( p = 0.8734). The mean postoperative BCVA at 6 months was 0.31 in group 1 and 0.58 in group 2 ( p = 0.0015). Subgroup analysis of group 2 didn’t show statistically significant difference in outcome when adding subretinal air to the vitrectomy procedure ( p = 0.7009).

Conclusion:

Vitrectomy, gas and subretinal TPA has more successful displacement rate and better visual outcome than Intravitreal TPA & Gas alone in treating SMH involving the fovea in age-related macular degeneration. Additional subretinal air doesn’t seem to improve the outcome in cases having vitrectomy.
Xen Gel Stent as a minimally invasive option for intraocular pressure control after DSAEK: A case study
Authors: Lippera Myrta , Lippera Stefano , Ferroni Piero , Pallotta Giuseppe , Morodei Sabrina , Iannone Alessia , Cagini Carlo
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

This case study describes the implantation of a Xen45 Gel Stent in a patient that had previously undergone Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Glaucoma might worsen after corneal transplant, and while medical treatment is the first-line therapy to achieve intraocular pressure (IOP) control, a surgical approach is required when medication does not reach the target IOP.

Methods:

In 2017, the patient underwent treatment in both eyes with ocular hypotensive eye drops for pseudoexfoliative (PXF) glaucoma. In May 2017, DSAEK was performed on the right eye because of the presence of a pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. An increase in IOP, resistant to medical treatment, was observed after the corneal transplant. In November 2017, a Xen45 Gel Stent was implanted.

Results:

The patient had a positive outcome with a Xen45 Gel Stent implant in surgical glaucoma treatment after DSAEK. The case demonstrated excellent postoperative IOP control, stable vision and a healthy ocular graft at short-term and long-term follow-ups.

Conclusion:

Studies with larger numbers of patients in this particular form of therapy are required. Nevertheless, Xen45 Gel Stent implantation appears to be a promising option in preventing or limiting glaucoma in patients who have previously undergone DSAEK. It is a brief, minimally invasive procedure with reduced postoperative inflammation, faster visual recovery and a lower risk of graft damage or hypotony, even in the case of PXF glaucoma.
A modified laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis insertion technique, the ‘one scar technique’ can minimise short and long term complications: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Musbahi Aya , Kanakala Venkatesh
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Peritoneal dialysis is a renal replacement therapy that has advanced in technique over the last few decades. In this study, we describe a novel method for laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and fixation and compare its outcome to standard laparoscopic insertion technique with better cosmetic outcome.

Method:

Peri-operative and follow up data was collected retrospectively for 184 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion from September 2012 to September 2018.

Results:

The post-modification technique showed no difference in catheter blockage rates, incisional hernia or catheter replacement rates. A significant difference was found in catheter migration rate and exit site infections and overall complication rates, found to be lower using the new technique.

Conclusion:

A modification of the laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis technique is superior to standard laparoscopic insertion with a cosmetically more appealing outcome due to one visible.
Dislocated dialogue: An anthropological investigation of digitisation among professionals in fire safety
Authors: Karsten Mette Marie Vad
Published: September 2020

Like many other industries worldwide, the Danish architecture, engineering and construction industry is currently undergoing digitisation of knowledge, processes and standards. While digitisation promises great improvements in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, not everyone is convinced that digitisation will always lead to the hoped for benefits. In this article, I explore a number of prominent concerns that Danish fire safety professionals have raised with regards to ongoing efforts to digitise their knowledge and expertise. The focus on digitisation is deliberate, as I suggest that scrutinising the implications and concerns raised by professionals in digitisation can help us foresee unintended, potentially dangerous, consequences, of digitalisation. In building on anthropological fieldwork, I argue that professionals are concerned about digitising fire safety, and its potentially dark results, because they worry that digitisation may dislocate ‘mētis’ from ‘techne’, and that digital outputs may be misunderstood or not applied correctly. Such a turn of events could lead not just to material losses (e.g. destroyed buildings), but to the loss of human lives too. This ‘ concern’ with life and death thus appears to underpin the fire safety professionals’ belief in the importance of dialogue in organizationally complex circumstances, and their hesitance to engage with digitisation. On this basis, I propose that by shifting from a resistance and apprehension framework to a concern and dialogue framework, we may be able to foster more empathetic, productive and understanding collaborations within and across organisations during both digitisation and digitalisation.