bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Names on Perception of Intelligence, Popularity, and Competence
Authors: Young Robert K. , Kennedy Ana H. , Newhouse Ann , Browne Pam , Thiessen Del
Published: August 2006

Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of first names on judgments of intelligence, popularity, and competence. In Experiment 1, first names that were used more often in the past than they are now (called Older Generation names) were rated by a sample of college‐aged judges as less popular and less intelligent than were first names that are used more often now than in the past (called Younger Generation names). In addition, male first names tended to have higher ratings of these same qualities than did female first names. In Experiments 2 and 3, either resumes or personal ads were used to provide additional information to the raters. Results similar to those found in Experiment 1 were obtained. In general the present experiment used groups of names rather than individual names so as to control for possible irrelevant and idiosyncratic differences that might be found among individual names. Relevance to research in which men and women are compared was discussed.
Explaining Delay in Care Seeking for Breast Cancer Symptoms1
Authors: Lauver Diane , HO Chiang‐Hong
Published: August 2006

From a theory of care‐seeking behavior, this study answered two questions: Do psychosocial variables (anxiety, utility, norm, and habit) and objective, facilitating conditions (e. g., regular practitioner) influence care‐seeking delay with a breast symptom directly, or are psychosocial influences moderated by facilitating conditions? Do demographic or clinical factors explain delay, controlling for psychosocial variables and facilitating conditions? Women with breast cancer symptoms (N= 106) completed questionnaire measures. Delay was measured by the days between symptom detection and first contact with the health system. Norm and having a regular practitioner were related inversely to delay. The influence of anxiety was moderated by having a regular practitioner. Among women lacking a practitioner, anxiety was related inversely to delay; among women with a practitioner, anxiety was not related to delay. Controlling for psychosocial variables and facilitating conditions, women of color delayed longer than did Caucasians. Findings can guide research and theory about care seeking.
College Students’ Racial Attitudes
Authors: Brigham John C.
Published: August 2006

Factor analyses of responses from white (N= 260) and black (N= 81) college students in two neighboring universities were utilized to develop contemporary measures of racial attitudes and of the degree of interracial contact experienced by blacks and by whites. Two sets of 112 attitudinal statements were utilized for the initial factor analyses, one set for black respondents and one for whites. About 60% of the items in the two sets were identical or the same except that the racial designations were reversed. Two 20‐item racial attitude scales were derived from the factor analyses, one for blacks and one for whites. For students of each race, scores on the attitude measure showed a weak but significant relationship with a 16‐item self‐report scale of amount of interracial contact experienced, past and present. The relationship of these scales to earlier racial attitude measures (symbolic racism, modern racism, the MRAI, value rankings) were assessed. Second‐order factor analyses suggested that the black students’ racial attitudes were more heterogeneous than were the white students’ racial attitudes. In general, black respondents tended to show more support than whites for programs designed to increase opportunities for, and recognition of, blacks. Black students also tended to endorse a greater degree of social distance between the races than white students did. The pattern of relationships between racial attitudes and sociopolitical issues differed for whites and blacks.
Understanding Occupational Stress in Child‐Welfare Supervisors1
Authors: Norvell N. , Walden K. , Gettelman T. , Murrin M.
Published: August 2006

The consequences of occupational stress include not only physical and psychological illnesses, but also a variety of employment problems. The current study examined stress and physical symptoms reported by a sample of child‐welfare supervisors at a state human‐services agency. Results indicated that a tendency to suppress angry feelings was related to an increased level of perceived stress and a greater number of physical symptoms. Suppressed anger was also related to dissatisfaction with co‐workers. Finally, results did not suggest any significant relationships between type of managerial style typically employed and job satisfaction, perceived stress, anger, or physical symptoms. Results of the present study highlight the importance of focusing on anger expression in interventions developed to address occupational stress.
When Job Candidates Are “Hard‐” Versus “Easy‐to‐Get”: Effects of Candidate Availability on Employment Decisions1
Authors: Williams Karen B. , Radefeld Paula S. , Binning John F. , Sudak Jillr
Published: August 2006

Research on interpersonal attraction suggests that being elusive or “playing hard‐to‐get” is effective for increasing one's desirability and the likelihood of being selected as a dating partner. The following two studies explored the effects of this hard‐to‐get phenomenon in an employment decision setting. Both college students (Experiment 1) and professional recruiters (Experiment 2) reviewed application materials that conveyed that a candidate was either hard‐ (e. g., considering other job opportunities) or easy‐to‐get (e. g., not considering other opportunities) and then indicated their evaluations of these candidates. In both studies, being hard‐to‐get affected the interviewers’ judgments. However, this effect was moderated by the type of rationale given for being hard‐ or easy‐to‐get, as well as the objective qualifications (GPA) information. In addition, recruiter sex and candidate gender differences were explored. Male recruiters’ evaluations of application materials were more lenient than were females’ evaluations.
Needy or Greedy? The Social Psychology of Individuals Who Fraudulently Claim Unemployment Benefits1
Authors: Hessing D. J. , Elffers H. , Robben H. S. J. , Webley P.
Published: August 2006

This study explored the relationships between diverse social psychological and economic variables and self‐reported and officially documented unemployment benefit fraud. Two groups receiving unemployment benefit were studied; a fraudulent group of 45 individuals and an honest group of 51 individuals. Interview measures of financial strain, social norms, opportunity for fraud, social controls, personal strain, personal orientation, perceived risk of punishment, and intolerance of fraud were obtained. The results of univariate and regression analyses revealed that although financial strain and social norms did not differ between the two groups, the fraudulent group had more opportunity, were less well educated, were more alienated and inclined to take risks, and had more positive attitudes toward a variety of kinds of fraud.
Situational and Dispositional Predictors of Performance: A Test of the Hypothesized Machiavellianism Structure Interaction Among Sales Persons1
Authors: Shultz Clifford J.
Published: August 2006

The hypothesized interaction found in laboratory studies between situational structure and Machiavellianism was tested on working samples of sales representatives. The results suggested that success or failure of Machiavellian tactics used in sales organizations appears to depend on the organization's structure: In loosely structured sales organizations high Machiavellians significantly outperformed low Machiavellians, but in tightly structured sales organizations, high Machiavellians failed to outperform low Machiavellians. These results and implications for future research are discussed.
The Effect of Strong Versus Weak Evidence on the Assessment of Race Stereotypic and Race Nonstereotypic Crimes1
Authors: Gordon Randall A.
Published: August 2006

The effects of defendant race, type of crime, and strength of evidence on the perception and evaluation of criminal offenses were examined. Consistent with past research, defendants accused of race stereotypic crimes were more likely to be perceived as guilty and as more typical offenders than were defendants accused of race nonstereotypic crimes. The strength of evidence supplied to subjects did moderate the interaction between defendant race and type of crime on some of the punishment items. These findings and their implications for future related research are discussed.
Measuring Leader Behavior: Moderators of Discrepant Self and Subordinate Descriptions
Authors: Baril Galen L. , Ayman Roya , Palmiter David J.
Published: August 2006

In line with previous research and our prediction, self‐ and subordinate descriptions of the behavior of 92 supervisors are only weakly related. Also, congruence between these two descriptions is positively related to three measures of situational control. These findings are congruent with Fiedler's view that leaders describe themselves as they are in high‐control situations.
Category‐Based and Feature‐Based Cognitive Processes: The Role of Unfavorable Information1
Authors: Kulik Carol T. , Clark Sue Campbell
Published: August 2006

Recent research on selection decisions suggests that favorable features (e.g., attractive physical features or positively‐evaluated personality traits) can enhance ratings of applicant suitability, but little research has examined the impact of unfavorable features. Theories of person perception distinguish between two information processing strategies: category‐based and feature‐based. We predicted that unfavorable features would influence selection decisions only when raters used feature‐based processing strategies. Results suggest that applicant features' prototypicality and favorability can compensate for one another, with applicants' negative features resulting in a disadvantage only when the applicant is perceived as nonprototypical.
Availability, Similarity, and Gender as Determinants of Adolescent Peer Acceptance1
Authors: Eshel Yohanan , Kurman Jenny
Published: August 2006

Attributes of accepted classmates were investigated as a function of (a) respondent‐target similarity, (b) availability of desirable peers, (c) gender of respondent and accepted peers, and (d) level of intimacy of the social contact. It was assumed that availability would play a greater role than was previously recognized, in determining attributes of accepted peers in casual as well as intimate contacts, and same‐gender and opposite‐gender acceptance of males and females would be affected differentially by availability and similarity. Seven hundred and fitly‐five 6th, 7th. and 8th grade male and female students indicated their readiness to engage in closer or more casual contacts with each of their classmates, using the Interpersonal Relationship Assessment Technique. It was found that in more superficial relations attributes of accepted peers tended to reflect availability of desirable peers (mean level of desirable student attributes in class), but not respondent‐peer similarity; whereas readiness to maintain more intimate contacts with peers was significantly associated with similarity between respondent and accepted peers, as well as availability of desirable peers. It was found further that availability and similarity play different roles in determining acceptance of same‐gender or opposite‐gender peers by boys and by girls. These results were replicated over four levels of intimacy and four different student attributes.
The Role of Self‐Esteem in the Stress Process: Empirical Results From Job Hunting1
Authors: Jalajas David S.
Published: August 2006

A longitudinal field study of 205 students interviewing for jobs tested self‐esteem as a mediator and a moderator in the stress process. Support was found for the mediating role of self‐esteem. Perceived success in the job hunt was positively related to self‐esteem, and self‐esteem was positively related to well‐being. The direct relationship between job hunt success and well‐being was not significant. Furthermore, no support was found for a moderating effect of the self‐esteem variable. The results extend Steele's (1988) theory of self‐affirmation.
I am not a Crook: Effects of Denials on Perceptions of a Defendant's Guilt, Personality, and Motives
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas , Grayer Alan R.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of a defendant's overinformative denials (i.e., denials not prompted by an accusation or specific request) in a courtroom trial. Subjects read the testimony of a defendant who either did or did not deny several negative propositions (Study I) or whose denials either were or were not in response to the prosecutor's questions (Study 2). The denials had little effect on subjects' beliefs regarding the denied propositions. However, the defendant who provided the overinformative denials was perceived as being less trustworthy, more nervous, more concerned with presenting a positive image, and more likely to believe that others believed the negative propositions. Subjects who read the testimony of this defendant also generated more negative and fewer positive thoughts, and they perceived the defendant as being more guilty. The results illustrate the importance of the conversational context for determining the pragmatic meaning of a speaker's remarks.
Parental Goal Orientations and Beliefs About the Competitive‐Sport Experience of Their Child1
Authors: Roberts Glyn c. , Treasure Darren C. , Hall Howard K.
Published: August 2006

We examined the achievement goals of parents' in relation to their interpretation of their child's sporting behavior, preference for certain types of performance feedback about their child, the types of tasks they prefer their child to engage in, and their beliefs about the cause of their child's performance. The sample consisted of 96 parents whose children were in the first year (mean age 11.3) at a large comprehensive school in a major city in the United Kingdom. Parents' dispositional achievement goal orientations were differentiated by their responses to the Perception of Success Questionnaire (Roberts & Balague, 1989, 1991). Whereas differences in task orientation appear to be critical in the education setting (Ames & Archer, 1988), the findings of this study suggest that individual differences in ego orientation may be more significant in the competitive sport context.
Alcohol Expectancies and Workplace Drinking1
Authors: Grube Joel W. , Ames Genevieve M. , Delaney William
Published: August 2006

The relationship between alcohol expectancies and work‐related drinking was investigated in a survey of 984 employees from a large unionized manufacturing plant. Respondents were asked about their drinking at work, just prior to work, and in other contexts. Alcohol expectancies were measured by asking how likely or unlikely it was that work‐related drinking would lead to 13 personal consequences. The items for this scale were derived from ethnographic interviews and observations in the plant and from a review of the workplace literature. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the expectancy items formed two scales representing positive and negative consequences. These scales predicted work‐related drinking in a simultaneous equations path analysis, even when general drinking practices and background variables were controlled. The analysis also indicated that workers who were younger, Caucasian, hourly, on evening or night shifts, and frequent or heavy drinkers outside of work may be at risk for work‐related drinking because of their alcohol expectancies.
The Effect of Information Format and Performance Pattern on Performance Appraisal Judgments in a Computerized Performance Monitoring Context1
Authors: Ambrose Maureen L. , Kulik Carol T.
Published: August 2006

This paper examines how the presentation of computer‐monitored performance information affects performance judgments. Two factors were examined: the performance pattern and the information format. In a computer simulation, subjects were responsible for evaluating the performance of a computer‐monitored typist. They were assigned to one of three format conditions: a periodic, delayed, or summarized format. The pattern of the typist's performance was also varied: It either improved, worsened, or remained about the same during the simulation. Results indicate that performance pattern affected subjects' ratings of overall performance, performance quality, and performance consistency. Both factors influenced ratings of future performance and recall of specific performance information. Implications of these results for performance appraisals and computerized performance monitoring systems are discussed.
Patterns of Adjustment to the Career/Family Conflict of Technically Trained Women in the United States and Israel1
Authors: Etzion Dalia , Bailyn Lotte
Published: August 2006

The number of women in technical/scientific careers is still very small worldwide. The aim of the present paper is to understand how women who are already pursuing technical careers experience and reconcile the demands of their professional and private lives in two different national contexts. Participants in the study were 453 women in two countries with different socioeconomic, political, and cultural backgrounds: the United States and Israel. The cross‐cultural perspective is employed here in order to better understand the universal aspects of the phenomenon, as opposed to those that are tied to a particular situational or cultural context. Women in both countries face a practical dilemma in combining career and family as well as a femininity dilemma related to their identity as women. These dilemmas differ according to the life stage of the women, but the effects vary by national culture.
Toward a Sustainable Society: Waste Minimization Through Environmentally Conscious Consuming1
Authors: Linn Nancy , Vining Joanne , Feeley Patricia Ann
Published: August 2006

The experiment was an educational intervention that promoted and described an ongoing environmental tagging program located in a chain of three local grocery stores. Model Community, a nonprofit community organization, originated the environmental product tagging program that was present throughout the experimental educational intervention and was also responsible for sponsoring educational efforts in the local elementary schools and in the media. Over the period of a year, the experimental intervention was expected to stimulate self‐reported environmentally conscious consuming above the level generated by the tagging program alone and above the levels reported by shoppers who did not shop at the experimental stores. Environmentally conscious consuming or precycling implies buying products packaged in recyclable materials, buying least waste packaged (bulk or minimally packaged) products, and buying “safer earth” (nontoxic or alternatives to harsh chemicals) products. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant interaction effect of year (preintervention vs. postintervention) and group (experimental store vs. control group) on self‐reported environmentally friendly consuming, implying that the experimental educational intervention did not have an effect. An investigation of the significant main effect of shopping at the environmentally tagged stores showed a significant positive effect on purchasing less toxic products, knowledge about Model Community, and awareness of the environmental tagging program. An examination of more aggressive educational campaigns in future studies is warranted because of more overall positive (although not significant) environmental shopping behaviors reported in 1990, when there was an active education program for Model Community, than in 1991, when the program ceased.
Returning to Work Following Childbirth: The Relationship Between Intentions and Behavior
Authors: Granrose Cherlyn Skromme , Kaplan Eileen
Published: August 2006

College women's intentions to return to work following childbirth were compared to behavior 10 years later. Using an Ajzen‐Fishbein model, college intentions were significantly related to how soon a mother returned to work after the birth of her first child. The amount of variance explained was significant for intentions and behavior. College intentions were influenced by perceived consequences, approval of significant referents, and personal control. Return to work was predicted by intention to do so, even though the behavior occurred an average of seven years after the intention was declared. This behavior was more likely to occur among those who had a sense of personal control.
Nurses' Anxieties about Biohazards as a Function of Context and Knowledge1
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Cox Tom , Farnsworth William , Irving Kirstin , Leiter Michael
Published: August 2006

Final‐year nursing students (N= 96) described their anxieties about biohazards, not only in relation to the occupational context of a hospital ward, but also in relation to their general life context. These contexts were reported to vary in the extent to which they permitted control over exposure to the two particular biohazards chosen for study: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The data showed that nurses' anxiety about contracting HIV infection varied significantly across the two contexts, while anxiety about contracting HBV infection did not. In the general life context, anxiety about HIV was greater than anxiety about HBV for all subjects. This difference was significantly greater for those with incorrect knowledge about objective HIV seroconversion rates than for those with correct knowledge.
Two Types of Competitiveness: Their Impact on the Perceived Interpersonal Attractiveness of Women and Men1
Authors: Morey Nadege , Gerber Gwendolyn L.
Published: August 2006

Previous research by Riskind and Wilson (1982) found that competitiveness in men was associated with perceptions of enhanced interpersonal attractiveness. This research used a single, global definition of competitiveness. The present study extended this earlier research by using two types of competitiveness, goal and interpersonal competitiveness, and by examining the perceived interpersonal attractiveness of competitive women as well as men. It was found that these two types of competitiveness generally have opposite effects. Goal competitiveness, in which one desires to attain a goal and to do one's best, was primarily perceived as enhancing interpersonal attractiveness. By contrast, interpersonal competitiveness, in which one desires to do better than others and to win over other people, showed fewer effects, but was primarily perceived as detracting from interpersonal attractiveness.
Observer Perceptions of Low Back Pain: Effects of Pain Report and Other Contextual Factors1
Authors: Chibnall John T. , Tait Raymond C.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the impact of reported pain level (low vs. high) and three other contextual factors on observers' perceptions of the symptoms and personality of persons with chronic low back pain. In addition to pain level, the availability of medical evidence, the valence of the relationship between the observer and the person in pain, and the amount of control the person in pain had over circumstances of pain onset were varied in a 2 × (2 × 2 × 2) mixed experimental design. Eighty undergraduate subjects read descriptions of hypothetical persons with chronic low back pain and then estimated the amount of pain, disability, and emotional distress they would expect the person to manifest. Subjects also described the target person's personality using 10 semantic differential scales. Significant main effects for medical evidence, relationship valence, and control emerged for personality ratings of adjustment, character, and judgment. Main effects emerged for medical evidence, relationship valence, and pain level on ratings of pain, disability, and distress. Significant two‐way, three‐way, and four‐way interactions also were found for symptom ratings. The results indicate that perceptions of chronic pain are sensitive to contextual factors, potentially biasing the assessment of persons with pain as a primary complaint.
A Comparison of Two Teaching Modules for Reducing Homophobia in Young Offenders1
Authors: Ven Paul Van de
Published: August 2006

The outcomes for young offenders (N= 37) of two teaching modules for reducing homophobia were evaluated using a multigroup pretest‐posttest design. Dependent variables were cognitive, affective, and behavioral self‐report measures, as well as short‐story responses. Cognition was assessed by the Modified Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (Price, 1982). Affects of homophobic guilt, homophobic anger, and delight were measured by the Affective Reactions to Homosexuality Scale (Van de Ven, Bornholt, & Bailey, in press). Behavioral intentions were assessed by the Homophobic Behavior of Students Scale (Van de Ven et al., in press). Interventions took two forms: a New South Wales Department of School Education module and a Community Care Schools module. The latter, which specifically addressed maintenance factors of juvenile offender homophobia, was anticipated to result in better outcomes. ANCOVAs and a difference of proportions test revealed that the Community Care Schools module was superior in terms of producing less commitment to homophobic behavior (p < .005), more positive written responses (p < .001), and more positive delight scores (p < .05). Implications for further interventions and research are discussed.
Including Moral Dimensions of Choice Within the Structure of the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Raats Monique M. , Shepherd Richard , Sparks Paul
Published: August 2006

There have been a number of recommendations for reducing fat in the diet, of which consuming milk of a lower fat content is one of the most popular. In the reported study, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was applied to attitudes towards the consumption of milks of differing fat contents. Subjects (N= 257) completed a mail questionnaire in which the basic components of the model were assessed. A measure of perceived moral obligation for family's health was also included since it was predicted that this would constitute an influence not only on intentions, but also on attitudes. The findings largely support the predictive effect of the inclusion of the measure of perceived moral obligation. Differential attitudes and the use of alternative outcome evaluation scales are also examined. The findings are discussed in relation to possible extensions to the model.
Waiters, Customers, and Service: Some Tips About Tipping1
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2006

In order to investigate factors that influence the size of tips given in restaurants, 107 waiters (Study 1) and 137 customers (Study 2) were asked various questions about tipping. The findings confirmed a number of hypotheses. Respondents said that they themselves tip more than most people. Waiters indicated that they were more generous tippers and were more accurate in their estimate of 15% of the bill than customers.

Tip size was reportedly increased by friendly service, good suggestions, excellent food, prompt delivery of the main course and check, a self‐introduction by the waiter, and receiving separate checks. The tip was decreased by waiting a long time for a beverage and being seated in a bad location. Waiters identified more variables than did customers as being significantly associated with tip size, and they felt that excellent food, being in an expensive restaurant, and being seated in a bad location had greater effects on tipping than did customers.

When asked about characteristics of waiters who receive large or small tips, most waiters and customers mentioned the waiter's attitude and quality of service. There was much less consensus on the characteristics of high and low tippers. Gender was not significantly related to any responses. In general, although waiters and customers share many beliefs about tipping, waiters may be more aware than customers of the relevant characteristics of the situation and of the individuals involved.
Are Costs Beneficial for Motivating Individuals to Volunteer?1
Authors: Waiters Barbara L.
Published: August 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that costs would be more effective than benefits in recruiting individuals for volunteer community service. College students listened to volunteer recruiting messages that emphasized benefits, or combined benefits and costs. Subsequently, took information sheets about volunteer activities and/or signed lists to receive phone calls from volunteer agencies. Students hearing the costs only message or the combined message signed more lists and took more information sheets than those who heard the benefits only message. Results were consistent with past research on overjustification and effort justification. Implications for volunteer recruitment are discussed.
The Effects of Street Noise and Field Independency on Police Officers' Shooting Behavior
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Van Der Steen Jaap , Koppelaar Leendert
Published: August 2006

Two studies examining the effects of street noise on police officers' emotion, perception, and performance in simulated shooting events are discussed. Compared to previous research, our studies had a higher ecological validity. In our studies, “relevant” noise was introduced, the subjects were police officers instead of students, and the behavior we examined was police behavior in simulated firearms incidents. Results revealed that noise resulted in increased emotion, a narrowed perception, and an impairment in performance on secondary tasks. In Study 2, the effects of field independency on emotion, perception, and performance were examined. The outcomes showed that high field‐independent subjects compared to low field independent subjects obtained better results regarding perception and performance. Finally, some implications are discussed.
Examination of the Relationship Between Self‐Efficacy and Affect at Varying Levels of Aerobic Exercise Intensity
Authors: Tate Andrew K. , Petruzzello Steven J. , Lox Curt L.
Published: August 2006

Although proposed as an explanation for increases in positive and decreases in negative affect, little evidence supports the notion of a stronger efficacy‐affect relationship as acute aerobic exercise intensity increases. Relationships between self‐efficacy (SE), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were examined with respect to 3 randomly assigned conditions: (a) no exercise (control), (b) cycling at 55% VO2max, and (c) cycling at 70% VO2max. Twenty subjects (age = 22.6 years; M VO2max= 47.8 ml · kg−1· min−1) participated in each. Preexercise SE predicted in‐task NA and postexercise PA in the 55% condition and postexercise PA in the 70% condition (ps < .05). Although SE significantly increased from pre‐ to postexercise, in‐task affect failed to predict these increases in SE. These data suggest that in a fit college‐aged population, a stronger reciprocal relationship between preexercise SE, in‐task affect, and postexercise SE does not exist with increasing levels of exercise intensity. Contrary to self‐efficacy theory, no evidence was found for a reciprocal relationship. However, the relationship between efficacy and affect was such that when collapsed across conditions and time, subjects with higher SE scores reported lower NA (p < .05).
Ethnic and Gender Variations in the Sources of Information Used to Evaluate Performance in the Exercise Setting1
Authors: Herrald Mary M. , Lucker G. William
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify ethnic and gender differences in the types of information Anglo and Hispanic exercisers use in self‐evaluation. University students in exercise classes rated the importance of norm‐referenced and self‐referenced sources used in self‐evaluation of performance. Results showed that males rated norm‐referenced sources as more important to self‐evaluation, while females rated self‐referenced sources as most important. A gender by ethnicity interaction showed that Anglos, especially Anglo males, preferred norm‐referenced sources, while Hispanics preferred self‐referenced sources. Provided with this information, instructors could more effectively motivate exercise participants.
Self‐Serving Evaluations of Conflict Behavior and Escalation of the Dispute1
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Nauta Aukje , Van de Vliert Evert
Published: August 2006

There is good evidence that people generally tend to evaluate behaviors, contributions, and outcomes in terms favorable to the self. The present series of studies expands this finding by showing that professional negotiators (Study 1), governmental decision makers (Study 2), and organizational consultants (Study 3) make self‐serving evaluations of conflict behavior: They view their own conflict behaviors as more constructive and as less destructive than those of their opponents. In addition, results revealed that self‐serving evaluation of conflict behavior is associated with increased frustration, with reduced problem solving, and with enhanced likelihood of future conflict. It is argued that these findings expand the conflict literature in that they provide better insight into the motivational‐cognitive antecedents and consequences of conflict escalation.
Beliefs About the Effects of Alcohol on Involvement in Coercive and Consenting Sexual Activities1
Authors: Fromme Kim , Wendel Julie
Published: August 2006

This study examined how an alcohol instructional set (intoxicated or sober) and gender affected subjects' b]eliefs about the negative and positive consequences of engaging in coercive and consenting sexual behaviors, as well as subjects' e]xpressed likelihood of involvement in these activities. Participants who responded to an intoxicated set believed they were more likely to be involved in coercive sexual behaviors than those who responded to sober instructions. Males with an intoxicated set also expected fewer negative and more positive consequences from coercive sex than did other participants. For consenting sexual activities, males (regardless of set) rated negative consequences lower, positive consequences higher, and expressed a stronger likelihood of involvement than did females. Efforts to prevent sexual coercion might be enhanced by including a focus on how beliefs about alcohol may affect the expected consequences and occurrence of these acts.
Focus of Attention and Employee Reactions to Job Change1
Authors: Siegall Marc , McDonald Tracy
Published: August 2006

Two hundred and five telecommunications field‐service technicians underwent a job change and responded to our questionnaire. The amount of time since experiencing the job change was measured for each technician. We found support for the hypothesis that the more an employee focuses on his or her job, the stronger that employee will react to a job change. Technicians who focused highly on their jobs reported fewer excused absences and were more job involved as time passed after the change, compared to technicians who focused little on their jobs. Moreover, high off‐job focused technicians became less committed, less job involved, less satisfied, and more likely to leave over time. Focus also was related to perceptions of job complexity, and moderated the relationship between complexity and employee responses. These findings provide further support for hypotheses posited by Gardner, Dunham, Cummings, and Pierce (1987a, 1989) regarding employee focus of attention.
Selective Evaluation and Coping With Stress: Making One's Situation Cognitively More Livable
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Ybema Jan F.
Published: August 2006

Selective evaluation processes were examined in a study involving 167 individuals receiving payments under the Disablement Insurance Act in the Netherlands. A factor analysis showed 6 strategies of selective evaluation: emphasizing benefits, downward comparison, devaluing former dimensions, imaging “worse worlds,” positive framing, and creating new dimensions. Although emphasizing benefits was relatively less common among those under stress, downward comparisons and the imaging of “worse worlds” were clearly more prevalent among individuals experiencing stress. A regression analysis showed that, independent of the degree of stress, selective evaluation techniques (in particular, emphasizing benefits and imagining of “worse worlds”) contributed positively to the way respondents evaluated their situation. Moreover, when controlling for the evaluation of one's situation and stress at Time 1, selective evaluation techniques, and especially imagining of “worse worlds,” and creating new dimensions, were positively related to the evaluation of one's situation at Time 2 (1 year after Time 1). The results are interpreted as support for the Taylor, Wood, and Lichtman (1983) model of selective evaluation, and for Wills' (1987) downward comparison theory.
Mediation Tactics: A Comparison of Field and Laboratory Research1
Authors: Esser James K. , Marriott Richard G.
Published: August 2006

This article responds to a concern that laboratory experiments, relative to field research, are poorly suited for the study of mediation. An overview of the study of mediation is presented. Methods of field and laboratory research on mediation are described. Then the issue of the generalizability of laboratory research to field settings is discussed. Finally, the results of field and laboratory research on mediation tactics are compared. Most research on when mediators choose to use specific tactics has been field research, but the few laboratory studies have provided comparable results. Both laboratory and field research have been employed to determine the effectiveness of mediation tactics in helping the parties to settle the dispute and fairly consistent results have been obtained across these settings. We conclude that laboratory experiments on mediation should not be considered inferior to field research methods, but rather should be considered complementary.
Nonfinancial Motives and Bargain Hunting1
Authors: Darke Peter R. , Freedman Jonathan L.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments investigated financial and nonfmancial motives involved in bargain hunting. Subjects read scenarios that described the purchase of a television set. Scenarios differed in terms of whether a bargain was received, whether there was personal financial gain, and whether the sale was acquired through skill or luck. The results suggest that subjects generally enjoyed bargains regardless of any financial gain, thereby implying that nonfmancial motives might also be involved. Surprisingly, bargains acquired skillfully were not enjoyed more than lucky bargains. Thus, achievement motives could not explain why subjects enjoyed bargains when there was no associated financial gain. Instead, it seemed that acquiring a bargain was primarily considered a matter of luck.
The Effectiveness of Different Recruitment Sources: A Mediating Variable Analysis
Authors: Werbel James D. , Landau Jacqueline
Published: August 2006

Previous research suggests that one or more of three mediating variables account for the relationships between recruiting sources and applicant effectiveness. This paper offers a critical test of the three mediating variables: demographic characteristics, realistic expectations, and perceived person‐job fit. Using a sample of 242 newly hired marketing representatives, the study found that employees recruited through college placement offices had better initial levels of performance than did employees recruited through newspaper advertisements. While all of the proposed mediating variables were associated with some recruitment sources, none of them mediated the effects of recruitment sources on performance or turnover. This paper suggests that there may be complex contingency relationships between recruitment sources and employee performance and turnover.
Reactions to Social Categorization: Evaluating One Argument Against Affirmative Action1
Authors: Clayton Susan
Published: August 2006

One argument made against affirmative action is that it is undesirable or inappropriate to treat people on the basis of their group membership. The present study attempts to evaluate college students' opinions about this type of social categorization. Two variables were manipulated: type of social group (i.e., one based on race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or college major), and the purpose of the categorization (to identify, to form a social group, to form a political group, or for affirmative action purposes). Results indicated that students were, in general, opposed to such social categorizations. The presence of interaction effects, however, suggests that opposition to affirmative action is not uniform across different target groups and is not based solely on objections to social categorization. Implications are discussed.
Selecting Job‐Content Versus Job‐Context Information: A Field Study of the Roles of Need for Closure and Prior Preferences
Authors: Ellis Shmuel
Published: August 2006

A field study was conducted in a job‐interview setting among female secretarial job applicants with previously expressed preferences for receiving information either about job content or about job context. The results showed that (a) under high as opposed to low need for closure, job applicants requested more job information, whether for job content or job context; (b) across experimental conditions, subjects preferred job‐context information; (c) high need for closure selectively reduced the job‐context information requested by applicants who had expressed a preference for job‐content characteristics as compared with subjects who had expressed a preference for job‐context characteristics, but it did not reduce the need for job‐content information of applicants with a job‐context preference; and (d) under high need for closure, job applicants who had previously expressed a preference for job‐content characteristics did, in fact, perceive job‐content information as more important than job‐context information, and subjects who had expressed a preference for job‐context type of characteristics perceived job‐context characteristics as more important.
Body Language of Women and Judgments of Vulnerability to Sexual Assault
Authors: Murzynski Jennifer , Degelman Douglas
Published: August 2006

The present study experimentally examined the effects of body language on judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault by strangers. Four features of body language (stride length, weight shift, body‐limb movement, and foot movement) were manipulated to create 2 typical victim profiles and 1 typical nonvictim profile. Short videotapes of 3 adult female models walking alone in each of the 3 body language profiles were filmed. Forty‐one college students and 33 police officers individually viewed 3 videotapes (each showing a different model and a different body language profile) and made judgments for each about the woman's confidence level and vulnerability to sexual assault. As predicted, women in the 2 victim profiles were judged to be significantly more vulnerable to sexual assault and significantly less confident than women in the nonvictim profile. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Dual Strategies Applied to AIDS Prevention: Influence on Attitudes
Authors: Masson‐Maret Héléne
Published: August 2006

This article approches the problem of organizing an effective AIDS prevention campaign through the establishing of a dual‐strategies technique based on persuasive and behavioral stategies that integrate the research into commitment psychology. The dual‐strategies technique was tested in an actual environment within the campaign for the prevention of AIDS involving 17 and 18 years old subjects. A Likert‐type attitude scale was created to measure the results of the campaign. The experimental plan permitted the verification of the effects of this strategy on attitudes by the comparison between the various groups that were subjected to different strategies and the control group. As we expected, the pupils who were the object of these strategies showed more favorable attitudes towards AIDS prevention in the post experimental phase than those who were not (control condition).
How Does Waiting Duration Information Influence Customers' Reactions to Waiting for Services?1
Authors: Hui Michael K. , Zhou Lianxi
Published: August 2006

Waiting duration information (i.e., how long customers are expected to wait) is commonly provided by service organizations as a means to reduce customers' dissatisfaction with waiting. Results obtained from an experimental study indicate that the information has no effect on perceived waiting duration (how long subjects believe they have waited). On the other hand, with the information, subjects appear to maintain a sense of control during the wait, which in turn affects service quality judgment directly or indirectly through acceptability of perceived waiting duration.
Causal Models of Physical Exercise Participation: Testing the Predictive Power of the Construct “Pressure to Change”
Authors: Fuchs Reinhard
Published: August 2006

This study examines 2 different causal models to predict physical exercise motivation and behavior under a longitudinal perspective. The first model includes 5 latent variables that were hypothesized to have an impact on exercise intention and behavior: behavior‐specific social support, exercise self‐efficacy, perceived health benefits, perceived barriers, and subjective vulnerability to cardiovascular disease. The second model was based on all variables of the first model, but additionally included the new variable “pressure to change.” Pressure to change was defined as the extent to which a person feels the necessity that specific personal life circumstances (e.g., health status, social relations) may not remain as they are and ought to be changed. It was hypothesized that the inclusion of health‐related pressure to change would result in a better prediction of exercise intention. The proposed causal models were tested separately at the stages of exercise adoption and maintenance. Covariance structure analyses (LISREL) confirmed that pressure to change may be an important factor in the motivational process that leads to the adoption of regular physical exercise. Adding this latent variable to the basic model improved the amount of explained variance in exercise intention by 6%. Furthermore, the results did not support the assumption that cognitive control is critical especially during the acquisition of exercise behaviors, but may be less influential once the behavioral routines have been established. Our data rather indicate that regular physical exercise, even if performed on a regular basis for years, always remains a behavior that requires a high level of cognitive guidance.
Can You Say Condom?: It Makes a Difference in Fear‐Arousing AIDS Prevention Public Service Announcements1
Authors: Struckman‐Johnson David , Struckman‐Johnson Cindy
Published: August 2006

The study investigated the effect of adding a recommendation to use condoms to fear‐arousing AIDS public service announcements (PSAs) on subjects’ intentions to use condoms and taking of free condoms. Sexual content of the AIDS PSA and subject gender were also varied. A sample of 112 men and 107 women rated the effectiveness of 1 of 8 fear‐arousing AIDS PSAs. Four PSAs ended with a message to “Use condoms to reduce the risk. For more information call_____.” An identical set of PSAs ended with only the telephone number for more information. Results showed that the recommendation had no effect on intentions to use condoms. However, men exposed to a fear‐arousing PSA with the recommendation took significantly more condoms than men in the no‐recommendation condition. Men also took significantly more condoms than women in the recommendation condition. The results are interpreted in terms of the AIDS risk reduction model (Catania, Kegeles, & Coates, 1990).