bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Shellless Supernova Remnant B0532–67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Li 李 Chuan-Jui 傳睿 , Chu 朱 You-Hua 有花 , Chuang 莊 Chen-Yu 鎮宇 , Li 李 Guan-Hong 冠宏
Published: December 2021

The supernova remnant (SNR) B0532−67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) was first diagnosed by its nonthermal radio emission, and its SNR nature was confirmed by the observation of diffuse X-ray emission; however, no optical SNR shell is detected. The OB association LH75, or NGC 2011, is projected within the boundary of this SNR. We have analyzed the massive star population in and around SNR B0532−67.5 using optical photometric data to construct color–magnitude diagrams, using stellar evolutionary tracks to estimate stellar masses, and using isochrones to assess the stellar ages. From these analyses, we find a 20–25 Myr population in LH75 and a younger population less than 10 Myr old to the southwest of LH75. The center of SNR B0532−67.5 is located closer to the core of LH75 than to the massive stars to its southwest. We conclude that the supernova progenitor was probably a member of LH75 with an initial mass of ∼15 M
⊙. The supernova exploded in an H i cavity excavated by the energy feedback of LH75. The low density of the ambient medium prohibits the formation of a visible nebular shell. Despite the low density in the ambient medium, physical properties of the hot gas within the SNR interior do not differ from SNRs with a visible shell by more than a factor of 2–3. The large-scale H i map shows that SNR B0532−67.5 is projected in a cavity that appears to be connected with the much larger cavity of the supergiant shell LMC-4.
Low-frequency Waves due to Newborn Interstellar Pickup He+ Observed by the Ulysses Spacecraft
Authors: Marchuk Anastasia V. , Smith Charles W. , Watson Abigale S. , Argall Matthew R. , Joyce Colin J. , Isenberg Philip A. , Vasquez Bernard J. , Schwadron Nathan A. , Bzowski Maciej , Kubiak Marzena A. , Murphy Neil
Published: December 2021

We have surveyed magnetic field data from the Ulysses spacecraft and found examples of magnetic waves with the expected characteristics that point to excitation by newborn pickup He+. With interstellar neutrals as the likely source for the pickup ions, we have modeled the ion production rates and used them to produce wave excitation rates that we compare to the background turbulence rates. The source ions are thought to be always present, but the waves are seen when growth rates are comparable to or exceed the turbulence rates. With the exception of the fast latitude scans, and unlike the waves excited by newborn interstellar pickup H+, the waves are seen throughout the Ulysses orbit.
Stars Crushed by Black Holes. I. On the Energy Distribution of Stellar Debris in Tidal Disruption Events
Authors: Norman S. M. J. , Nixon C. J. , Coughlin Eric R.
Published: December 2021

The distribution of orbital energies imparted into stellar debris following the close encounter of a star with a supermassive black hole is the principal factor in determining the rate of return of debris to the black hole, and thus in determining the properties of the resulting lightcurves from such events. We present simulations of tidal disruption events for a range of β ≡ r
t/r
p where r
p is the pericenter distance and r
t the tidal radius. We perform these simulations at different spatial resolutions to determine the numerical convergence of our models. We compare simulations in which the heating due to shocks is included or excluded from the dynamics. For β ≲ 8, the simulation results are well-converged at sufficiently moderate-to-high spatial resolution, while for β ≳ 8, the breadth of the energy distribution can be grossly exaggerated by insufficient spatial resolution. We find that shock heating plays a non-negligible role only for β ≳ 4, and that typically the effect of shock heating is mild. We show that self-gravity can modify the energy distribution over time after the debris has receded to large distances for all β. Primarily, our results show that across a range of impact parameters, while the shape of the energy distribution varies with β, the width of the energy spread imparted to the bulk of the debris is closely matched to the canonical spread,

Δ
E
=

GM

•

R

⋆

/

r

t

2

, for the range of β we have simulated.
Improved Constraints on the Initial-to-final Mass Relation of White Dwarfs Using Wide Binaries
Authors: Barrientos Manuel , Chanamé Julio
Published: December 2021

We present observational constraints for the initial-to-final mass relation (IFMR) derived from 11 white dwarfs (WDs) in wide binaries (WBs) that contain a turnoff/subgiant primary. Because the components of WBs are coeval to a good approximation, the age of the WD progenitor can be determined from the study of its wide companion. However, previous works that used WBs to constrain the IFMR suffered from large uncertainties in the initial masses because their main-sequence primaries are difficult to age-date with good precision. Our selection of WBs with slightly evolved primaries avoids this problem by restricting to a region of parameter space where isochrone ages are significantly easier to determine with precision. The WDs of two of our originally selected binaries were found to be close double degenerates and are not used in the IFMR analysis. We obtained more precise constraints than existing ones in the mass range 1–2 M
⊙, corresponding to a previously poorly constrained region of the IFMR. Having introduced the use of turnoff/subgiant–WD binaries, the study of the IFMR is not limited anymore by the precision in initial mass, but now the pressure is on final mass, i.e., the mass of the WD today. Looking at the full data set, our results would suggest a relatively large dispersion in the IFMR at low initial masses. More precise determinations of the mass of the WD components of our targets are necessary for settling this question.
Tables Eugubines ombriennes et Livre de lin étrusque
Authors: Belfiore Valentina
Published: December 2021

L’article propose une comparaison entre cérémonies ombriennes, étrusques et osques à propos des actions rituelles qui doivent avoir lieu à proximité d’un autel. Il semble que dans les rituels ombriens l’autel ait la fonction d’un lieu où placer le feu rituel ; sur lui ou près de lui les offrandes sont exhibées et les victimes tuées et enterrées. Dans les cérémonies étrusques l’autel sert à la présentation des offrandes, qui doivent apparentement être placées au-dessus de lui. Dans la table d’Agnone les autels sont appelés purasias ( ignariae ) et sont liés à des sacrifices spécifiques, mais l’interprétation de la table est encore discutée : l’opposition entre ces autels et d’autres types d’autels, ainsi que leur position spatiale dans un endroit défini, qu’on doit consacrer et redélimiter chaque année, notamment, doivent encore être clarifiées. Dans l’article sont pris en compte aussi les termes qui concernent les lieux rituels proches des autels ( peřum, ereçlum , uerfale en ombrien, rinuθ , caveθ , ramueθ en étrusque), qui d’une certaine façon sont en relation avec les mêmes cérémonies.
La protohistoire de la France
Authors: Brun Patrice , Chaume Bruno
Published: December 2021

L’émergence des éphémères principautés celtiques du premier âge du Fer est l’un des phénomènes sociaux les plus spectaculaires de la Protohistoire. Sur une vaste zone couvrant le Plateau suisse, le quart sud-ouest de l’Allemagne et le quart nord-est de la France, de puissantes entités politiques ont été très près d’adopter une forme d’organisation urbaine entre 580 et 450 BCE, mais se sont subitement désintégrées avant d’y parvenir. Le « modèle princier » nord-alpin théorisé par W. Kimmig (1969) puis enrichi de l’outil théorique du « système-monde » permet de conceptualiser l’ensemble des interrelations entre des sociétés de niveaux de développement différents sur de très longues distances. Si les élites hallstattiennes, et par voie de conséquence leurs sociétés, étaient dépendantes des sociétés méditerranéennes, cette forme de dépendance ne pouvait en aucun cas se comparer à une situation coloniale. Le modèle qui prévaut pour les premières est celui de l’échange selon le principe de la redistribution sur une place centrale ; il a été théorisé par C. Renfrew et P. Bahn (1991). Dans les relations entre les cités-États étrusques et grecques d’une part, et les entités nord-alpines politiquement autonomes de l’autre, la formule du don et du contre-don offre un cadre explicatif solide et cohérent des relations d’interdépendances dans la sphère aristocratique mais elle ne peut rendre compte à elle seule des interactions transculturelles qui ne se réduisaient à la seule économie des biens de prestige. Les produits méditerranéens importés, retrouvés en fouille, aussi spectaculaires soient-ils, n’étaient sans doute pas susceptibles à eux seuls de décider les souverains nord-alpins à fournir les ressources espérées. Il fallait qu’ils vissent dans ces relations un intérêt bien supérieur. Le contact avec des sociétés plus développées a offert aux élites hallstattiennes l’opportunité d’acquérir des connaissances, des savoir-faire plus performants dans divers domaines d’activité, mais aussi de percevoir un monde beaucoup plus vaste, divers, inattendu et ouvrant, par conséquent, sur des rêves d’exploration, de conquête, et de dépassement de soi.
La protohistoire de la France
Authors: Reddé Michel
Published: December 2021

L’histoire de la conquête de la Gaule, commencée dans le dernier quart du ii e  siècle avant notre ère comprend deux étapes : la première touche d’abord le sud du pays ; la seconde, menée de 58 à 50 avant notre ère par Jules César, concerne tout le Nord, jusqu’au Rhin. Dans les deux cas notre connaissance des événements grâce aux sources classiques permet d’écrire une trame historique que l’archéologie ne perçoit pas bien, malgré des progrès récents. Dans les faits, les traces de cette conquête sont limitées à des vestiges ponctuels de matériels et de structures militaires. La recherche de terrain permet en revanche de mettre en évidence, sur le temps long, des évolutions du paysage et de l’occupation du sol. La conquête ne marque pas de rupture culturelle et le monde issu de la Gaule indépendante poursuit longtemps son existence sous la domination romaine.
Les Italiens des autres (1525-1529). Ludovico di Canossa et Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara
Authors: Alonge Guillaume
Published: December 2021

Dans l’Europe de la Renaissance, trois Italie s’opposent : une Italie du Pape, une Italie de l’Empereur, et une Italie du Très Chrétien. Ayant perdu son autonomie politique, la noblesse de la péninsule tente de jouer encore un rôle politique au sein de ces superpuissances voulant exercer leur domination au sud des Alpes. L’article s’intéresse à deux trajectoires paradigmatiques, celle du Véronais Ludovico di Canossa, ambassadeur du roi de France à Venise, et celle du Piémontais Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara, chancelier de l’empereur. En dépit de leur appartenance à deux camps opposés, les deux Italiens semblent poursuivre un même objectif : créer les conditions pour un entre-deux politique entre Valois et Habsbourg qui rende possible une forme d’autonomie de la péninsule malgré la faiblesse de ses structures étatiques, et, pour un entre-deux religieux, à mi-chemin entre Rome et Wittenberg.
Ludovico da Canossa : entre lettres et armes
Authors: Chionna Francesca
Published: December 2021

La correspondance inédite de Ludovico da Canossa (1475-1532) constitue un témoignage direct de la diplomatie italienne au début de l’époque moderne. Canossa fut employé à plusieurs reprises comme négociateur par Louis XII et François I er . Grâce à son intervention, ainsi qu’à celles de Gian Matteo Giberti et de Guichardin, le pape Clément VII se laissa convaincre qu’il était nécessaire de créer la ligue de Cognac (1526) pour s’opposer à Charles Quint. La correspondance entre le lieutenant pontifical Guichardin, le dataire Giberti, l’ambassadeur en France Acciaiuoli, Averoldi, envoyé par le pape à Venise, et Gambara, nonce apostolique en Angleterre, est abondante pendant les années 1525-1527. Elle témoigne de la construction d’un réseau épistolaire, qui est culturel avant d’être politique. Ces hommes nourrissaient sans doute l’espoir – qui pour Canossa, après le sac de Rome, devient «  chimera  » – qu’il restait de la place pour un éclair de vitalité, à l’aide d’un réveil non seulement des lettres et des arts, mais aussi des armes. En d’autres termes, cette renovatio fut stimulée par des intellectuels humanistes qui voyaient dans l’héritage classique un instrument pour ranimer l’ancienne « vertu italique ».
Héritières de la Révolution scientifique : d’autres figures et manières de faire science
Authors: Zitouni Benedikte
Published: December 2021

L’article traite d’une figure du patriarcat qu’est le gentleman savant, neutre et non impliqué, née de la Révolution scientifique (XVI e -XVII e  siècles), dont l’idéal persiste encore aujourd’hui au sein des milieux académiques, quels que soient le sexe des chercheur·e·s et les disciplines concernées. Critiquer cette figure n’équivaut pas à se détourner des sciences, mais à s’y impliquer pour y faire entrer d’autres figures du savoir ; c’est ce que l’auteure démontre en mobilisant les travaux de Vinciane Despret, Donna Haraway et Isabelle Stengers, ainsi que, plus ponctuellement, d’autres auteur·e·s féministes des sciences. En effet, ces trois philosophes qui se disent héritières de la Révolution scientifique n’ont cessé de mettre à mal la figure de l’autorité scientifique désengagée, en inventant des contre-figures du savoir. En explorant celles-ci, l’article veut contribuer à une meilleure prise en compte des idéaux et des manières de faire science, dont le caractère patriarcal est encore trop souvent ignoré.
A lower bound for the spectral gap of the conjugate Kac process with 3 interacting particles
Authors: Ferreira Luís Simão
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we proceed as suggested in the final section of [2] and prove a lower bound for the spectral gap of the conjugate Kac process with 3 interacting particles. This bound turns out to be around \begin{document}$ 0.02 $\end{document}, which is already physically meaningful, and we perform Monte Carlo simulations to provide a better empirical estimate for this value via entropy production inequalities. This finishes a complete quantitative estimate of the spectral gap of the Kac process.
Some new Jensen, Schur and Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for log convex fuzzy interval-valued functions
Authors: Bilal Khan Muhammad ,   Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan, Srivastava Hari Mohan , Mohammed Pshtiwan Othman , Nonlaopon Kamsing , Hamed Y. S. ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada,   Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan,   Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Azerbaijan University, 71 Jeyhun Hajibeyli Street, AZ1007 Baku, Azerbaijan,   Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, I-00186 Rome, Italy,   Department of Mathematics, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq,   Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
Published: December 2021

The inclusion relation and the order relation are two distinct ideas in interval analysis. Convexity and nonconvexity create a significant link with different sorts of inequalities under the inclusion relation. For many classes of convex and nonconvex functions, many works have been devoted to constructing and refining classical inequalities. However, it is generally known that log-convex functions play a significant role in convex theory since they allow us to deduce more precise inequalities than convex functions. Because the idea of log convexity is so important, we used fuzzy order relation $\left(\preceq \right)$ to establish various discrete Jensen and Schur, and Hermite-Hadamard (H-H) integral inequality for log convex fuzzy interval-valued functions (L-convex F-I-V-Fs). Some nontrivial instances are also offered to bolster our findings. Furthermore, we show that our conclusions include as special instances some of the well-known inequalities for L-convex F-I-V-Fs and their variant forms. Furthermore, we show that our conclusions include as special instances some of the well-known inequalities for L-convex F-I-V-Fs and their variant forms. These results and different approaches may open new directions for fuzzy optimization problems, modeling, and interval-valued functions.
Synchronization of the neurons coupled with sequential developing electrical and chemical synapses
Authors: Wang Zhen ,   Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China, Ramamoorthy Ramesh , Xi Xiaojian , Namazi Hamidreza ,   Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Applied Technology of Controllable Neutron Source School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China,   Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Chennai Institute of technology, Chennai, India,   School of Engineering, Monash University, Selangor, Malaysia,   College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Published: December 2021

There is some evidence representing the sequential formation and elimination of electrical and chemical synapses in particular brain regions. Relying on this feature, this paper presents a purely mathematical modeling study on the synchronization among neurons connected by transient electrical synapses transformed to chemical synapses over time. This deletion and development of synapses are considered consecutive. The results represent that the transient synapses lead to burst synchronization of the neurons while the neurons are resting when both synapses exist constantly. The period of the transitions and also the time of presence of electrical synapses to chemical ones are effective on the synchronization. The larger synchronization error is obtained by increasing the transition period and the time of chemical synapses' existence.
Multistage classification of oral histopathological images using improved residual network
Authors: Panigrahi Santisudha ,   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SOA Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India, Bhuyan Ruchi , Kumar Kundan , Nayak Janmenjoy , Swarnkar Tripti ,   Oral Pathology and Microbiology, IMS, SUM Hospital, SOA Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India,   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SOA Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India,   Dept. of CSE, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management, Andhra Pradesh-532201, India,   Department of Computer Application, SOA Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India
Published: December 2021

Oral cancer is a prevalent disease happening in the head and neck region. Due to the high occurrence rate and serious consequences of oral cancer, an accurate diagnosis of malignant oral tumors is a major priority. Thus, early diagnosis is very effective to give the patient a prompt response to treatment. The most efficient way for diagnosing oral cancer is from histopathological imaging, which provides a detailed view of inside cells. Accurate and automatic classification of oral histopathological images remains a difficult task due to the complex nature of cell images, staining methods, and imaging conditions. The use of deep learning in imaging techniques and computational diagnostics can assist doctors and physicians in automatically analysing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma biopsy images in a timely and efficient manner. Thus, it reduces the operational workload of the pathologist and enhance patient management. Training deeper neural networks takes considerable time and requires a lot of computing resources, due to the complexity of the network and the gradient diffusion problem. With this motivation and inspired by ResNet's significant successes to handle the gradient diffusion problem, in this study we suggest the novel improved ResNet-based model for the automated multistage classification of oral histopathology images. Three prospective candidate model blocks are presented, analyzed, and the best candidate model is chosen as the optimal one which can efficiently classify the oral lesions into well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated in significantly reduced time, with 97.59% accuracy.
Modeling of Pedagogical Patterns in an E-learning System
Authors: Hadzhikolev Emil , Hadzhikoleva Stanka , Hristov Hristo , Yonchev Emil , Tsvetkov Vladimir
Published: December 2021

Pedagogical patterns describe teaching ideas that can be applied in different ways in teaching in different disciplines, and for different types of students. They are a tool for sharing experience and good practices between teachers. The use of pedagogical patterns in online learning is a challenge that can be met by using an appropriate software system for learning management. The article proposes a model of educational objects, suitable for software imple-mentation, which we call pedagogical pattern instances, or for short - in-stances. One instance combines specific learning content with additional fea-tures. Learning content can have different “views” that present knowledge in different ways, for example, through text files of presentations, audio or video content, interactive content, etc. Logical categories of characteristics and activities form the “aspects” of the instance, such as methodology, adap-tivity, assessment, etc. The proposed pattern instance model is flexible. It can be expanded with new features and adapted to specific goals and designs. The paper also outlines a conceptual framework of an e-learning software system using the presented model of a pattern instance.
Detecting Credit Card Fraud using Machine Learning
Authors: Almuteer Arjwan H. , Aloufi Asma A. , Alrashidi Wurud O. , Alshobaili Jowharah F. , Ibrahim Dina M.
Published: December 2021

Credit card is getting increasingly more famous in budgetary exchanges, simultaneously frauds are likewise expanding. Customary techniques use rule-based master frameworks to identify fraud practices, ignoring assorted circumstances, the outrageous lopsidedness of positive and negative examples. In this paper, we propose a CNN-based fraud detection system, to catch the natural examples of fraud practices gained from named information. Bountiful exchange information is spoken to by an element lattice, on which a convolutional neural organization is applied to recognize a bunch of idle examples for each example. Trials on true monstrous exchanges of a significant business bank show its boss presentation contrasted and some best-in-class strategies. The aim of this paper is to merge between Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), and Auto-encoder (AE) to increase credit card fraud detection and enhance the performance of the previous models. By using these four models; CNN, AE, LSTM, and AE&LSTM. each of these models is trained by different parameter values highest accuracy has been achieved where the AE model has accuracy =0.99, the CNN model has accuracy =0.85, the accuracy of the LSTM model is 0.85, and finally, the AE&LSTM model obtained an accuracy of 0.32 by 400 epoch. It is concluded that the AE classifies the best result between these models.
Global Health Crisis
Authors: Lawal-Adebowale Okanlade Adesokan
Published: December 2021

The emergence and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with its attendant coronavirus disease in late 2019 (COVID-19) have brought untold social and economic hardships on the global society but with severe impacts on the sub-Saharan African households. The social and economic impacts were severe given that lifestyle in Africa is largely characterised by poor infrastructure development and social amenities. This situation increased food insecurity arising from complete loss or temporary halt of means of livelihood of the continent's households. Alongside this is loss of social security with resultant psychological stress and anxieties. This notwithstanding, developed resilience and social protection support have strengthened the African households to cope and possibly recover from the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nocturnal polyuria in men performing uroflowmetry for lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Rubilotta Emanuele , Castellani Daniele , Gubbiotti Marilena , Balzarro Matteo , Pirola Giacomo Maria , Righetti Rita , Curti Pierpaolo , Giannantoni Antonella , Cerruto Maria Angela , Antonelli Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of nocturnal polyuria (NP) in males performing uroflowmetry (UF) for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the impact of NP on UF outcomes, and bladder emptying, the association between NP and LUTS. Materials and methods: Men scheduled for UF were recruited in two Centres. Data collected were medical history, IPSS, UF, post-void residual urine volume (PVR), 3-day frequency-volume charts (FVC). The NP index was used to assess NP with a threshold of ≥ 33%. The relationship between NP and patient’s aging was assessed. Results: 162 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 70.95 ± 8.04 years. The prevalence of NP was 54.9% (89/162). 110 (68%) patients reported nocturia, and among these, NP was documented in 76 (69%). Nocturia was found in 85% (76/89) of the population with NP. Total IPSS score, IPSS items #1, #2 and #7 showed a significant difference in men with NP compared with those without. Maximum flow rate and PVR did not significantly change comparing men with or without NP. Mean voiding volume (VV) of the night-time micturitions was significantly higher in men with NP compared to those without NP (532.1 ± 275.6 ml vs 175 ± 168.7 ml respectively, p < 0001), while mean VV day-time micturitions and mean VV at UF did not change between groups.Conclusions: NP had a high prevalence in men with LUTS performing UF. Aged males were more commonly affected by NP. Data demonstrated a strong relationship between NP and nocturia and increased urinary frequency while voiding symptoms were poorly related to NP.
Pre-hospital emergency care system: Utilization of ambulance services in Nairobi county
Authors: Musyoka Felistus Ndanu , Kioko Abdushakur Ndolo
Published: December 2021

Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is the system that organizes all aspects of medical care provided to patients in the pre-hospital environment and emergency department within hospitals. It comprises agencies and organizations (both private and public), communication and transportation networks, hospitals, highly trained professionals and a public aware on how to respond in emergencies. Kenya needs robust EMS due to the high prevalence of acute medical events such as COVID-19, natural and man-made disasters. The objective of this study was to assess utilization of ambulance services in Nairobi County. The study design was descriptive cross-sectional, using quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data was collected using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires and key in-depth interviews from 14 ambulance services, 19 Emergency Care Centers (ECC), and community. Thirty-nine key informants were sampled using purposive sampling technique and 101 community members sampled using simple random sampling technique from 10 sub-counties. Data tools were pretested at Mukuru Kwa Njenga, a populous slum in Nairobi County. Approval to carry out the study was granted by the Ministry of Health, Kenya. Qualitative data was analyzed using NVIVO12 and quantitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics by use of SPSS vs 25 software. Findings are represented as frequencies and percentages. There were 14 ambulance service providers in the Nairobi Metropolitan Services area with a total of 42 ambulances. Forty-one ambulances were facility-based ambulances. All ambulance services had emergency numbers, and only 3 had short-toll free ambulance access numbers. There were 9 different ambulance dispatch centers in the county. Five ambulance services did not have a dispatch Centre. Public members were the first to assist in in 79% emergencies. There was low public awareness on available pre-hospital emergency care services and tollfree lines for emergency services. Ambulances utilization was also low.
The pain in the Emergency Department: Choosing and treating wisely before and during the COVID-19 era
Authors: Poggiali Erika , De Iaco Fabio
Published: December 2021

Pain is a frequent reason for referral to the Emergency Department (ED). Adequate management of pain is a moral and ethical imperative. If not correctly treated, acute pain can cause physical and psychological complications, and become chronic with severe consequences such as anxiety, depression, and social isolation. As consequence, emergency clinicians should treat pain as soon as possible, avoiding delays even in case of acute abdominal pain. Pain management is particularly complex in the elderly and emergency clinicians should always consider AGS Beers criteria ® to avoid inappropriate medications, severe side-effects, and drug-drug interactions. Pain is also a common cause of delirium in older patients. The SARS CoV-2 infection not only can cause acute pain, but also exacerbate chronic pain, particularly in the elderly, who are at high risk to be infected. Looking at all this evidence, emergency clinicians should treat pain with different strategies according to their experience and cultural background, making the right choice for each patient. This work is a critical review of the pain management in the ED, with a particular attention on the effects of COVID-19 in the EDs. We conducted a systematic search of the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Medline from 2000 to 2020, using the keywords of “pain”, “emergency”, “COVID19”, “elderly”, “palliative care”, “ketamine”, “dexmedetomidine”, and “post-traumatic stress disorder”. The aim of this review is to help emergency clinicians to correctly manage pain in the ED with a new point of view regarding the pain management in COVID-19 patients.
A re-consideration of interpretation. A relational approach
Authors: Knight Zelda G.
Published: December 2021

This paper is a discussion paper and it seeks to re-consider the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of interpretation within the relational approach to psychoanalysis. As such, it aims to argue the Freudian approach to interpretation is rejected because it is not relational but involves only the analyst as interpreter of the patient’s experience. Instead, within the relational approach, it is suggested that if interpretation, as a process of making meaning of experiences, is re-considered as the outcome of the intersubjective relationship in which the process of making-meaning is essentially a co-creational process of the patient’s experience of the analyst in the here-and-now, interpretation can potentially be an agent of change. The clinical implication is that interpretation must be the construction of the patient’s meaning of his experience but within the relational context. A clinical verbatim transcript is documented as it illustrates this relational process in interpretation.
Comparison of water chemistry of hydraulic-fracturing flowback water from two geological locations at the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Reid M S , Wang X , Utting N , Jiang C
Published: December 2021

We analyzed and compared the water chemistry between 17 Fox Creek region samples, each from a different well, and 23 Three Hills region samples from a single well. Overall, the two regions were similar in chemical composition but showed small differences in some
lower abundance dissolved elements. Additionally, we investigated changes in water chemistry of FPW over time from a single well. The majority of water quality parameters and water chemistry remained constant over the 7-month sampling time. Major ion chemistry showed increasing concentrations of Ca
and Mg, and a decreasing concentration of SO4. Several trace elements also showed small trends of both increasing and decreasing concentrations over time. There was a strong correlation between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the Fox Creek region samples and Three Hills region samples, which is an
indication of the mixing of formation water. However, the correlation between B and Sr was different among two region samples, which is likely due to the delayed mixing of formation water with the fracturing fluids during the flowback at different time periods of post fracturing. Likewise, Fox Creek
region samples showed correlations between concentrations of Cl and Ca, Na and Ca, and Na and Mg, but these correlations were not seen in the Three Hills region samples. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that there are potential scales formed in the flowback water, but most of the minerals are still
in the dissolution state in the formation. Stable isotopic analysis confirmed the mixing of injection water and the formation water.
Effect of citric acid at different pH on the survival of Escherichia coli
Authors: Mahe A. , Sabiu B. , Adam A.A. , Abdullahi, U.Z.
Published: December 2021

Microorganisms are included among the major spoilers of food, they achieve this by using the nutrients present in food material. Susceptibility of microorganisms to the most currently used preservatives has been decreasing. Organic acids have been considered as valuable food preservatives. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determine the effect of citric acid at different pH levels on the survival of E. coli. The E. coli was isolated and a pure culture was obtained after series of sub-ulturing on Eosine Methylene Blue agar. The biochemical tests known as IMViC were performed to confirm the presence of the organism. The organism was also identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in which the DNA was extracted, amplified and viewed by gel electrophoresis. The organism was then inoculated in nutrient broth containing citric acid at pH levels of 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 in different test tubes. Negative controls were included. Results were analyzed using one way ANOVA to compare the means obtained. Results obtained was positive for indole and methyl red tests but negative for VogesProskauer and citrate tests which confirmed the organism. After 24 hours of inoculation, the results of spectrophotometry showed that at pH level of 3.0, the absorbance was lower than the results obtained at pH level of 4.5 and 6.0. This is an indication of higher reduction in the count of the organism at pH of 3.0. There was significant difference between the control and the test groups (p<0.05) but the difference obtained between the test groups were not significant (p>0.05). Results from this study showed that citric acid could not eliminate the whole organism but was effective in inhibiting the growth of the organism dependent on pH level. This indicates that a pH dependent citric acid can be used as a good preservative.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals from pesticides use in Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Bawa U. , Ahmad A. , Ahmad J.N. , Ezra A. G.
Published: December 2021

Heavy metals bioaccumulation in agricultural crops fumigated with pesticides has growninto a major concern globally. This study assessed heavy metals concentrations (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn) in commonly consumed crops and their corresponding soil from agricultural farm lands in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the studied crops ranged from 0.17-100.75, 0.17-54.33, 0.83-28.75, 0.17-5.50, 0.5-0.5mg/kg for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd respectively. The trend of heavy metals in the crops were in decreasing order of Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd and their concentrations varied in different parts of the crops. The mean concentration of Cd, Pb, and Cr in the studiedcrops were above the WHO, (2019) permissible limits and therefore a call for concern. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the soil varied from 0.5-0.5, 2.50-13.83, 3.67-5.75, 11.83-26.33, and 41-89.50 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn respectively and were below the UNEP, (2013) permissible limits for agricultural soil. The result showed that Pb had the highest transfer factor (1.91) in (Capsicum annuum) and Zn had theleast. Similarly, the result revealed high Pollution index value for Pb compared to other metals. Hazard quotient and Hazard index of all the crops were less than 1; thus the consumption of these crops is unlikely to pose health risks to the target population. However, the result showed health risk from daily intake of some of the studied crops for Pb ((Brassica oleracea, Lactucasativus, Zea mays, Spinaciaoleracea, and Capsicum annuum). Hence, regular monitoring and screening of pesticides for heavy metals should be employed by government agencies.
Assessment of selected heavy metals concentrations in Mairua Reservoir, Funtua, Katsina State, Nigeria for fishing purposes
Authors: Karkarna M.Z. , Dabo Z.M.
Published: December 2021

An assessment of selected heavy metal concentrations for fishing purposes was conducted at Mairua Reservoir, Funtua, Katsina State, Nigeria. This study aimed at assessing the selected heavy metal concentrations to enable the and sustainable use of the reservoir. Fishing is the major activity of the dwellers throughout the year, but there is less attention in considering the water quality in the reservoir. Eating fish harvested from polluted aquatic habitats could endanger the health Eating fish harvested from polluted aquatic habitats could endanger the health of the consumer. As such, there is the need of this research now if not continuously.Water samples were taken in five sampling points and the procedural plan was the monthly sampling of the water from February-April and June-August 2020. The heavy metals include Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb). Laboratory procedures include sample digestions in preparation for spectrophotometric analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS).  Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test and related with FAO standard for fishing. The finding shows that most of the parameters like Cd, Zn and Pb are more in concentration at SPIII (downstream), i.e. the outlet of the water in the reservoir. It can also be seen that two parameters Fe and Ni are more concentrated at SPIV (middle towards east) and only Mn is higher at SPI (upstream). Furthermore, the analysis of variance revealed no significant difference (p >0.05) in the values of all the parameters across the five sampled collection points. The results of this study show that with the exception of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), the heavy metal concentrations in water did not exceed FAO (2006) standards. However, Cd and Pb exceeded the FAO standard.  The level of heavy metal concentrations was compared based on seasons (wet and dry) using independent t-test at the 0.05 level of significance. The result shows no significant difference at 0.05 between the wet and dry season values of Fe (P value 0.106), Cd (P value 0.614) Zn (P value 0.700), Mn (P value 0.950), and Ni (P value 0.937). Study on Pb concentrations revealed that the metal was affected by seasonal variation (P value 0.047). Dumping waste very close to the reservoir should be discouraged. Farmers around the reservoir should be enlightened on the negative effects of their activities into the body of the water. More studies should be carried out on physico-chemical, microbial and other heavy metal concentrations in order to provide baseline information on the ecological status of the reservoir. In line with the finding, it is recommended that for effective fishing activities in the reservoir, the use of agrochemicals and dumping municipal waste very close to the reservoir, which could be the possible sources of Cd and Pb, should be discouraged.
Historia zabudowań zajezdni przy ulicy Łazienkowskiej 8 w latach 1920–1975
Authors: Dziubiński Marcin
Published: December 2021

The History of the Depot Buildings at 8 Łazienkowska Street (Warsaw) in the Years 1920–1975

As a result of World War I, the Polish lands were severely destroyed, and the population was poor. The widespread poverty, supply problems, and high prices led to the establishment of the Warsaw Municipal Supply Facilities (Miejskie Zakłady Zaopatrzenia Warszawy/MZZW). The task of the MZZW fleet was to ensure the supply of food and essential goods to the poorest social groups. Thus, the municipality bypassed intermediaries and their high margins. The articles were distributed through a network of municipal stores.

The article describes the history of the buildings at 8 Łazienkowska Street, erected over a hundred years ago, now no longer extant. It was one of the first facilities built by the Capital City of Warsaw shortly after regaining independence. The described complex of buildings was designed from scratch, as the first such facility in Warsaw, meant only for trucks and not for horse traction vehicles. The second owner of the described development was the Municipal Tram and Bus Company, which took over the depot along with the rolling stock. The change of ownership was caused by the seemingly unrelated crash of the New York Stock Exchange. Before the war, Warsaw buses were parked there, the fleet of which was growing rapidly. The defensive war in September 1939 and the occupation removed buses from the streets of Warsaw. After the war, the depot – destroyed in 45% during the Warsaw Uprising – was rebuilt, becoming a symbol of the new socialist Poland. Following the example of the cities of Soviet Russia, with the help of their specialists and trolleybuses, the same service was launched in Warsaw. The depot became the first public transport base to be rebuilt after the war. A trolleybus network plan for the city of Lublin was created within its walls. Before the buildings were demolished, it was once again briefly a bus depot, and, in the end, it played a somewhat important role in the construction of the Łazienkowska Route, becoming the construction base No. 5 for the aforementioned investment.
Porównanie samobójczych zatruć substancjami chemicznymi i lekami w latach 1930–1939 oraz 2010–2019 w materiale Zakładu Medycyny Sądowej w Krakowie
Authors: Koziołek Wojciech , Komisarz Maria , Szypuła Gabriela , Szczepaniak Patrycja , Konopka Tomasz , Kanclerz Gabriela , Hapkiewicz Kamil
Published: December 2021

Comparison of Suicidal Poisonings with Chemicals and Drugs in the Years 1930–1939 and 2010–2019 in the Materials of the Forensic Medicine Institute in Krakow

The study aims to compare suicide poisoning and poisons used to commit suicide in the 1930s and today. The focus is on autopsy protocols from 1930–1939 and 2010–2019 collected at the Forensic Medicine Institute in Krakow. In the years 1930–1939, there were 184 cases, 65 of which were among men and 119 among women. The most common poisons were corrosives, accounting for 69 cases, 43 were carbon monoxide, 24 were drugs and narcotics, 17 were heavy metals, and the remaining 31 were other substances. Of the 138 suicide poisonings in modern times, 96 were committed by men and 42 by women. The most common poisoning was multi-drug poisoning – 62 cases. Opioids, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics and antidepressants were the most frequently chosen substances today. Fatal intoxications with drugs/new psychoactive substances (NCAs) were observed in 28 cases, while other substances were used in the remaining 17. The conducted analysis showed a significant decrease in suicidal poisoning with the use of corrosive substances and gases, while the percentage of drug overdoses is systematically growing. Poisons used for suicide purposes in the 1930s left macroscopic changes that could be instantly noticed during the autopsy. The fact that drugs that are currently used most often do not leave such changes may justify the dynamic development of forensic toxicology.
Dochody organizacji pożytku publicznego z 1% podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych w okresie pandemii COVID-19
Authors: Jasiniak Magdalena
Published: December 2021

Organizacje pozarządowe stanowią istotny element gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest próba oszacowania wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na zmianę dochodu organizacji pożytku publicznego z 1% podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Prezentowany jest możliwy scenariusz wraz z sugestiami przeciwdziałania negatywnym tendencjom. Incomes of non-profit organizations from 1% of personal income tax during the COVID-19 pandemic NGOs are an important part of the economy. The purpose of this article is an attempt to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-profit organizations incomes from 1% of personal income tax. A possible scenario is presented along with suggestions to counteract negative tendencies.
„Dla was jest pismo nasze”. O periodyku Głos Siemianowicki (1936–1937)
Authors: Dobrzycki Jarosław
Published: December 2021

“Our periodical is for you”. About the journal Głos Siemianowicki (1936–1937)

The article aims to present a short history of the magazine Głos Siemianowicki. It was a local newspaper published in Siemianowice Śląskie in the years 1936–1937. On its pages, attempts were made to combat the discrimination of the inhabitants of Siemianowice or the harassment of people of Silesian origin. In addition to local topics, the periodical also provided information about important events, both domestic and foreign. The research method used in this article is the analysis of sources, based on a comprehensive study of the available material.

STRESZCZENIE

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie krótkiej historii pisma Głos Siemianowicki. Była to gazeta lokalna wydawana na terenie Siemianowic Śląskich w latach 1936–1937. Na jej łamach starano się walczyć z przejawami dyskryminacji mieszkańców Siemianowic czy szykanowania ludzi pochodzenia śląskiego. Oprócz tematyki lokalnej periodyk dostarczał także informacji o ważnych wydarzeniach w kraju i za granicą. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą w niniejszym artykule jest analiza źródeł, oparta na całościowym przestudiowaniu dostępnego materiału.
Obraz kobiet w polskich serialach
Authors: Dumalewska Anna
Published: December 2021

Radosław Sojak, Andrzej Meler, Beata Królicka: Stereotypowe czy nietypowe? Wizerunek kobiet w polskich serialach – sposób prezentacji, obecność, konteksty. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 2020, s. 172.
PkM UJI KOMPETENSI KEAHLIAN SISWA JURUSAN TEKNIK OTOMOTIF ALAT BERAT DI SMK RIGOMASI BONTANG
Authors: Yani Ahmad
Published: December 2021

Expertise Competency Test (UKK) is part of government intervention in ensuring the quality of education in Vocational High School education units. One of the government's efforts to improve students' knowledge and skills, especially for Vocational High Schools, is by holding a skill competency test that determines student graduation. Competency testing is needed to determine a person's ability or competence according to professional standards. To be accepted to work in the world of work, a person must be competent, which is evidenced by, among other things, a competency certificate through a competency test. A person is said to have the competence (competent) in a particular field if he has the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to complete the job correctly by the demands of professionalism. The purpose of implementing this UKK is to measure the competency attainment of Rigomasi Vocational High School students at a certain level according to the expertise of heavy equipment automation engineering majors taken during the learning period at school