bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chefs and Occupational Culture in a Hotel Chain: A Grid-Group Analysis
Authors: Cameron Derek
Published: November 2015

A fierce recession in the UK between 1991 and 1995 led the hotel group Forte, like most companies, to initiate urgent turnaround and survival policies. This paper reports on a study of chefs' behaviour within Forte Crest Hotels, London, the strain placed on their occupation during this recession and the aftermath of Forte's levered corporate change policies in 1994–95. The enquiry was carried out before the hostile take-over of Forte by Granada in January 1996. Using grid-group analysis, a qualitative study based on structured interviews was undertaken. These interviews were analysed for commonalities and differences within a grid-group analysis framework, which addresses organisational, individual and group behavioural phenomena in a given social context. The findings reveal behavioural insights into the occupational identity of chefs and the allegiance they give to their occupation when faced with a programme of radical change initiated by management.
The Show Must Not Go on
Authors: Poria Yaniv
Published: November 2015

When considering tourism as a way to build a culture of peace, there is a need to know how to deal with the presentation of the past.

The Middle East is presently engaged in an ongoing political process for peace. Peace would allow the opportunity for people who were injured (physically and/or emotionally) during the past conflicts to visit sites of the former enemies. The question that should be asked is how to present this shared heritage?

At present the use of heritage in tourism is a sensitive and dynamic area of development, and there is a critical need to know how to manage this phenomenon, especially in the context of communities which have moved from war to non-war and were involved in violent conflicts. In order to clarify and discuss the re-use of heritage in this context, there is first a need to understand the nature of heritage and heritage tourism (Poria et al., 2000), and then to clarify its relationship with the fact that the enemy of yesterday may be today's neighbour/tourist.

This paper contributes to this debate by clarifying heritage tourism, and emphasising different characteristics of heritage that are essential for the management (marketing, production, reuse etc) of heritage attractions, especially in the context of tourists visiting common areas of prior conflicts.

The paper presents different definitions and descriptions of the concept of heritage. Following this, issues relevant to the understanding of the nature of heritage and its characteristics are classified. In the second part of the paper, heritage is explored in the context of tourism. Finally, implications are suggested for sites presenting different aspects of a common previously violent heritage.

This paper is based on PhD research dealing with tourists' behaviour in heritage sites.
Modelling Determinants of Tourism Demand as a Five-Stage Process: A Discrete Choice Methodological Approach
Authors: Eugenio-Martin Juan L.
Published: November 2015

In the tourists' destination choice there are multiple factors involved in their decision. Individuals or families with exactly the same socio-economic and demographic characteristics may choose very different destinations. The paper deals with this heterogeneity problem, recognising that there are taste differences among tourists and that final destination choice is not an independent decision, but the last decision of a set of choices that are determining it. In this sense, it is argued that tourists face a five-stage decision process. First of all, people have to decide whether or not to travel within a period of time. Secondly, those who expect to travel need to estimate a budget for tourism expenses. Thirdly, given the budget, they need to determine the frequency and length of stay of their trip. Fourthly, once a date and the length of stay are proposed, tourists need to choose which kind of tourist destination to visit. Finally, from among all the available destinations that satisfy a tourist's conditions, final destination and mode of transportation are chosen. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a methodological framework for modelling each of these stages and their relationship.
Augmenting the Range of Hotel Selection Attributes: Perceptions of Managers and Customers of Three- to Five-Star UK Hotels Compared
Authors: Callan Roger J.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents the findings of two surveys of the views of UK hotel managers and customers of three- to five-star UK hotels when identifying the perceived importance of hotel selection and quality assessment attributes. The important and unimportant attributes are compared and contrasted, the former in functional categories. In order to highlight the relevance of the findings, the data are compared with six other attribute studies. The results indicate some general agreement but the current work examines a much higher number of attributes than other studies, making direct comparisons more difficult particularly in the areas of bedroom tangibles and the service provider.
The Photographic Representation of Street Lighting Installations
Authors: Hopkinson R. G.
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the problem of street lighting photography in detail. A system of representation, derived from first principles, is given, enabling the photographer to produce a qualitative record of engineering value. Full theoretical treatment is given and concise instructions for the practical application of the system are incorporated in the paper.
An Analysis of Their Essential Qualities
Authors: Jesty L. C. , Winch G. T.
Published: November 2015

The subject is introduced by a brief reference to the general principles of television, and the work which has already been done in the photographic and cinematographic field to establish the requirements of a “good picture.”

The main treatment deals with the practical limitations to the realisation of the ideal picture imposed by the characteristics of the television system. Picture contrast, range, brightness, definition, size, presentation, colour or tint, and flicker are dealt with. New and accurate methods of measurement of these characteristics are described, and results given.

Cathode ray tube receivers are generally dealt with, but the results are considered to be applicable to other methods of Television reception.

Finally reference is made to possible future developments in television picture reproduction.
Discomfort Glare in Lighted Streets
Authors: Hopkinson R. G.
Published: November 2015

Glare which affects comfort or causes distraction is distinguished from glare which affects the ability to see. The results of an investigation to determine the factors which cause discomfort glare in lighted streets are summarised, and the influence of these factors on problems of street lighting design is studied.

Discomfort glare was found to be influenced by the general brightness of the scene, by the angle between the direction of a glare source with the line of sight, and, under street lighting conditions, by both the intensity and intrinsic brightness of the source. The glaring effects of a number of sources were found to be additive. No difference in the glaring effects of yellowish, bluish, and white light could be detected.

It has been found possible to express the results in a form easily applicable to problems of street lighting design.
The Recognition of Coloured Light Signals
Authors: Holmes J. G.
Published: November 2015

Part I describes the construction and calibration of a laboratory apparatus which combines light beams transmitted through colour filters in such proportions as to reproduce the intensity and energy distribution of all the coloured light signals generally used in practice.

Part 2 discusses the technique of signal colour recognition and gives the results of over 40,000 observations in the form of charts on which are drawn contours of the frequency of recognition of the simple colours under different conditions of illumination, range of possible colours, etc. The significance of these contours is briefly discussed, with a view to stating physical limits within which signal colours should lie.
Population Density and the Heights of Buildings
Authors: Beckett H. E.
Published: November 2015

Although it is nowadays generally accepted that, for a given population density, rehousing in higher and more widely spaced buildings is likely to result in improved natural lighting conditions, ideas have hitherto remained somewhat vague.

In the present paper the truth of the above statement, for the special case of tenement blocks arranged in parallel rows, is established by a simple mathematical analysis. It is shown that, except in very open developments such as are rarely encountered in towns, an increase in the height of the buildings will, for a given population density, always improve the lighting conditions; or, less desirably, that more people can by this means be housed on a given site without making the lighting conditions worse. In the latter case it can frequently happen that the increase in population density is accompanied by an increase in the amount of open space per person.

The analysis rests on the assumption that, for a given orientation of the blocks, the lighting conditions are defined by the angle of obstruction (determined by its tangent, h/w) at the ground-floor windows. The latter part of the note is concerned with an examination of the amounts of daylight and sunshine which can be received with various values of h/w.
Applications of Low Pressure Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Stevens W. R.
Published: November 2015

The paper is concerned particularly with the 5 ft. fluorescent lamp which was evolved from the high-voltage fluorescent discharge lamps developed in England before the war. The design of fittings, particularly the diffusing trough, is described as a natural outcome of war-time restrictions and requirements. The results of some experiments to determine the optimum sizes of diffusing fittings are given and multi-lamp fittings are briefly considered. Specular reflectors are discussed to show some of the limitations of design imposed by the size and brightness of the source.

Installations of 5 ft. fluorescent lamps are illustrated to show the trend of modern good practice and some of the more important points are examined. Some possible future applications of the lamps are noted particularly their likely effect on building design in providing artificial daylight.
Photometry and Colorimetry of Fluorescent and other Electric Discharge Lamps
Authors: Winch G. T.
Published: November 2015

After reviewing the progress from visual to photoelectric heterochromatic photometric techniques which are in accordance with C.I.E. recommendations, a fairly detailed description is given of the design and performance of a new dispersion and mask type of photoelectric C.I.E. average eye, colorimeter, and spectral band apparatus. Reference is also made to liquid filters for use with photocells to give approximations to C.I.E. average eye response and to a new design of universal photoelectric photometer for use with them. Methods are described of ensuring accurate electrical measurements when setting up tubular fluorescent lamps in photometers, together with details of the precautions which must be taken because of their characteristics and as the result of the special photometric integration problems which they introduce. Finally, mention is made of the precautions which must be taken when measuring with photoelectric illumination meters the illumination from such lamps at low mounting heights, and reasons for deprecating the practice of specifying the colour of these lamps in terms of colour temperature.
Studies of Lighting and Vision in Schools
Authors: Hopkinson R. G.
Published: November 2015

An investigation into the problem of school lighting and vision has been made, in four stages:—

(a) A study was made of the distribution of visual acuity in a random sample of London school children, in relation to the influence of illumination level and chalkboard reflection factor. The distribution was found to agree with a distribution measured in 1928 on a similar sample. Increased illumination was found to provide the greatest benefit to those children with indifferent visual acuity. (b) More detailed studies of the effect of illumination and contrast on visual acuity and on ease and speed of reading, were made on a selection of adults with visual acuity varying from very good (Snellen 6/4.5) to poor (Snellen 6/60). (c) The factors which influence glare have been investigated. (d) An analysis of visual tasks in schools was made by the M.R.C. investigators under the direction of Mr. H. C. Weston, and this analysis (of size, contrast, etc., of lettering on chalkboards) has been drawn upon, with Mr. Weston's kind permission.

The present standard of illumination prescribed by the Ministry of Education (10-ft.c., that is, 10 lumens/sq. ft.) is found to be an adequate minimum standard provided chalkboard letters are large and children sit near the chalkboard. Improvements in ease of reading result from increased illumination levels, but these increases must be substantial. Under some average conditions the improvement in ease of reading which results from the child moving four feet nearer the chalkboard is matched only by an increase of 30: 1 in illumination level. The results of the experiment throw into sharp relief the need for the integration of the lighting with the design of school classrooms.

The paper is a study of visual conditions associated mainly with formal teaching from fixed chalkboards. Educationists are, however, advocating the replacement of such methods, in infants' schools, by informal teaching in groups, using mobile chalkboards distributed round the room. In secondary schools the present methods will probably continue for some time. The studies reported in the paper are, of course, applicable to this new approach by educationists, but further work directly concerned with group teaching may be of value at a later stage.
On Age and Illumination in Relation to Visual Performance
Authors: Weston H. C.
Published: November 2015

A number of male subjects whose age distribution was within the range 19–47 years, and who were all able to read J.I., were given tasks visually comparable to various practical forms of “close work.” The performances recorded at different illuminations, ranging from 0.5 1m./ft.2 to 512 lm./ft.2, are analysed to show the effect of advancing age. It is shown that performances of each of the visual tasks declines from early adulthood, whatever the illumination. The effect of varying illumination over the range studied increases as age does, and also as the size of detail and the contrast in the work is reduced. It appears that equal performance by the youngest and oldest subjects is possible only if the young are handicapped by low illumination. The decline observed is discussed with reference to other findings for persons of similar age distribution. The paper shows the importance of providing high illumination for “middle-aged” persons doing fine work, but attention is also drawn to the apparently greater effectiveness of suitable optical aids.
Air-Cooled High Intensity High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps
Authors: Francis V. J.
Published: November 2015

During and since the war there have been important developments in high pressure mercury vapour lamps. As a result much more is now known of the properties of lamps with high power loading per centimetre of arc than was the case ten years ago. As well as significant progress with small source high brightness lamps proper, there has emerged intermediate between these and the older tubular lamps a design of lamp with luminous efficiencies greater than those previously obtainable. Useful progress has been made also with the colour rendering properties and new applications are in consequence being found.
Specification and Testing of Fluorescent Lighting Fittings and Components
Authors: Fahey G. , Waigh D. T. , Bloxsidge W. R.
Published: November 2015

A specification for equipment ensures a certain performance. Its preparation requires a knowledge of the equipment and the factors which affect its performance. These problems are discussed for the mains voltage fluorescent lamp, control gear and fitting, and methods of test are described.

It is suggested that tests should be made both in “free air” and “in fitting,” and that limiting conditions for satisfactory operation of lamps, control gear and fitting should be specified for both circumstances, assuming that control gear and fitting are designed to lamp requirements.

A term to denote the “complete lighting unit” is recommended.
A Reflector Contour for Use with Tubular Light Sources
Authors: Stevens R. W.
Published: November 2015

Street lighting lanterns incorporating tubular fluorescent lamps often have a reflector system whose design is derived from the properties of the parabola. Because of the large angle subtended by the lamp at the surface of the reflector, the provision of a peak luminous intensity in a direction 70–80 deg. from the vertical generally results in a large amount of light being reflected above the horizontal.

An alternative to the parabola as a basis for a reflector system is described which avoids this difficulty. A differential equation defining suitable contours is derived and a solution to this equation is given.

The application of curves defined by these equations to practical reflector systems is then discussed.
A Survey of Vehicle Headlights
Authors: Jehu V. J.
Published: November 2015

A survey of the condition of vehicle headlights was made in the spring of 1952 on a sample of cars and commercial vehicles. Both the alignment and the intensity of the light beams were examined. The results are given, and their bearing on the problem of dazzle is discussed.
The “Reflected Component” in Daylighting Design
Authors: Dresler A.
Published: November 2015

Present-day methods of designing natural lighting in buildings are still semi-empirical. Usually the light reaching the working plane directly from the sky is the only component considered, whilst all additional light that actually becomes available through reflections and interreflections taking place outside the window and inside the room is neglected. Several attempts have been made in the past, the latest just a few months ago, to develop a more rational approach to the problem. These attempts are reviewed, and it is shown that the first element of the problem, i.e., the determination of the amount of reflected light available in any particular situation, can be solved either on a purely mathematical basis or with the help of suitable model measurements. However, because of the many variables involved, the mathematical solution is necessarily somewhat complicated if it is to yield sufficiently accurate results, whereas experimental investigations tend to deal only with a limited aspect of the whole problem. Moreover, the results obtained by either method will not be of much practical value unless they can be presented in the form of convenient tables or diagrams. Various ingenious suggestions have been made in this respect, but the method recently indicated by Biesele, Arner and Conover appears so far to be the only one which is generally applicable and sufficiently accurate, yet simple and practicable.
The Design and Application of Flameproof Lighting Equipment
Authors: Strachan D. A.
Published: November 2015

In industries where there are explosive or inflammable hazards, it is required that the lighting system should preclude the possibility of explosion or fire as a result of accidental sparking or damage to the equipment.

Explosion hazards may be divided into two main groups:— (i) Hazards in buildings or parts thereof where gases, vapours or volatile liquids are present and may form an explosive mixture with air, either at room temperature or at some higher temperature; (ii) Hazards where dusts may be in an explosive mixture with air.

In general, one of two systems of lighting may be employed where an explosive or inflammable hazard exists:— (i) By an external lighting system whereby the light sources are placed outside the building and arranged to project light through “windows”; (ii) By an internal lighting system:— (a) In which flameproof lighting equipment must be employed throughout owing to the nature and extent of the hazard, or (b) In which flameproof equipment is required only for specific areas where a “local” hazard may exist, e.g., in paint spraying booths.

This paper relates solely to flameproof lighting equipment for use in hazardous situations, and docs not include reference to external lighting systems or to the installation of heavy-duty dustproof fittings which may be acceptable for some locations where certain dusts may be in an explosive mixture with air. Furthermore, the paper is concerned primarily with features of mechanical design, although reference is made to the factors which influence the lighting result.
The Decorative Approach to Commercial Lighting
Authors: Claude André
Published: November 2015

Fluorescent light sources, by their characteristics, have completely upset the classical lighting techniques previously in use and have set new problems in the decorative quality of commercial lighting installations. No decorative lighting for commercial purposes and no luminous sign can be truly satisfactory unless the scheme that is to be carried out by the lighting engineer has in the first place been conceived by an artist pursuing an aesthetic conception regardless of the ultimate purpose of the installation.

The author recommends that fluorescent light sources used in such installations should have a predominantly red spectral emission. Incandescent sources can be usefully combined with fluorescent sources. The completed lighting scheme should include one or more spots of colour, either light sources or lighted surfaces, which serve as tonal points of reference by which the colour value of the general lighting can be located.
The Lighting of Hazardous and Corrosive Locations in Industrial Plants
Authors: Palmer A. G. , Harper W. E.
Published: November 2015

At the twelfth session of the C.I.E. a committee was formed to study the lighting of hazardous and corrosive locations. This paper, by reviewing British practice in some detail, amplifies the report prepared by Great Britain as secretariat country. The nature of lire, explosion and corrosion hazards in industry are discussed in relation to lighting practice, the regulations are summarised and examples are given of modern practice.
Surface Distribution Factors and the Inter-Reflection Method
Authors: Croft Ronald
Published: November 2015

The inter-reflection method of lighting design has been available since 1946, but its value has been reduced, due to the difficulty in separating the total flux from the luminaires into wall, ceiling and floor components. Methods so far suggested involve either the use of non-standard photometric data or the approximation of the intensity distribution to one of the few distributions for which tables have been subsequently calculated. The paper develops a method based on a simple analysis of the polar diagram.

The distribution of flux over the room surfaces is related to “surface distribution factors,” which are calculated and given in graphical form for an extended range of standard distributions similar to those used by Harrison and Anderson in the calculation of coefficients of utilisation. The factors are related to the positions of the luminaires with respect to the surface to which they refer and this relationship is summed up in the form of a “surface coefficient.”

Various methods of calculating distribution factors are mentioned, and an example of lighting design using the factors is given and discussed.

The advantages of the inter-reflection method and the degree of accuracy to be expected are also discussed.

Appendices, aimed at increasing the usefulness of the paper, are given, including definitions of new terms and an analysis of published performance data for a wide variety of luminaires (lighting fittings). These analysed data are given in a form suitable for use in the method described in this paper
Symposium on Screen Viewing
Authors: Knopp Leslie
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses the viewing of screens in commercial cinemas where the screens are of the reflective type and the light sources are carbon arcs.
Relative Brightness of Coloured Light Sources
Authors: Ferguson H. M. , Stevens W. R.
Published: November 2015

Experiments in the laboratory to compare the apparent brightness of mercury and sodium light sources of high luminance show that most observers do not judge brightness on the ordinary photometric scale. In some circumstances the mercury luminance must be reduced to one third that of the sodium before observers, on balance, judge them to be equally bright.

Similar, but less marked, results were found in a formal street lighting test, a mercury installation being judged more glaring than a sodium. This, however, did not produce a marked preference for the sodium installation.

The commonly expressed preference for sodium street lighting may be partly explained by the reduced glare from sodium sources as compared with mercury but, it appears, is largely due to the characteristics of lanterns and installations now in use.
Some Practical Considerations in the Design and Manufacture of Neon Signs
Authors: Urquhart A.
Published: November 2015

The neon sign (a generic term embracing all high voltage illuminated signs and displays) is assuming an important place in the urban scene by night. The manufacture and application of neon signs involve the architect, the lighting engineer and the signmaker. New materials mean added scope for all three, and also added need for consultation in design.

The paper presents the signmaker's view, his needs and his difficulties, his technical contributions, and the factors influencing his designers. The function and scope of the neon sign, the association of architectural themes and local atmosphere, the suitability and legibility of letter styles, the legal requirements, and the conformity with I.E.E. Regulations and British Standards in design, manufacture and installation, are discussed and illustrated.
A Simplified Procedure for the Routine Calculation of Coefficients of Utilisation Based on the Jones-Neidhart Data
Authors: Simons R. H.
Published: November 2015

The preparation of tables of coefficients of utilisation from the Jones-Neidhart data is a much more lengthy process than from the Harrison-Anderson data. The method given in this paper is based on the Jones-Neidhart data, but the work involved in applying it is about the same as that for the Harrison-Anderson method. It also provides sufficient information for brightness calculations to be carried out.
Rationally Recommended Illumination Levels
Authors: Weston H. C.
Published: November 2015

Some of the visual objectives for which different levels of illumination are, or may be, recommended are considered and mention is made of the kind of experimental data available for the development of illumination prescription systems. Such experimental data underlie the recent Russian and American recommendations which are discussed briefly. It is taken as always desirable that lighting installations in regularly occupied interiors should provide sufficient illumination to create an agreeable environmental or ambient luminance, irrespective of the specific visual tasks occupants may be required to do: hence, what illumination may be recommended reasonably for securing this basic amenity luminance in places of work is considered. The existing British analytic method of finding basic values of illumination for various definite visual tasks is examined and a modification is proposed to simplify practical use of the method. In view of this, a new definition of the visual performance criterion is proposed and a general, although moderate, increase in recommended levels of illumination is likely to be consistent with this.
Floodlighting of Pedestrian Crossings
Authors: Giovanelli R. G. , Blevin W. R. , Wright K. A.
Published: November 2015

It is proposed that pedestrian crossings which require supplementary lighting be floodlit from the direction of the oncoming traffic, so that motorists see the pedestrians illuminated directly. Glare can be avoided by using a light beam of sharp cut-off, and by shielding the primary light source. An experimental installation has proven very effective, even under adverse weather conditions. A crossing on a 60 ft wide two-way street can be lit acceptably using two 500 W lamps.
Luminous Ceilings
Authors: Tate R. L. C.
Published: November 2015

The paper deals with the two component parts of a luminous ceiling: the luminous membrane, with reference to degrees of diffusion, transmission and reflection of light; the cavity above it, and the effects of reflectance and obstructions, and the disposition of lamps and gear within the cavity. A section deals with the calculation of illumination by the British Zonal Method, with special reference to the effect of the direct light component in louvered ceilings; this is followed by a short section on glare, and a discussion of maintenance. The fire regulations of the LCC and other authorities are described, and also the requirements of Insurance Companies for sprinkler installations. The effect of space-heating is discussed, and the paper concludes with a review of standard types of luminous ceilings available in this country and the USA.
The Effect of Glare from Street Lighting Lanterns on the Vision of Drivers of Different Ages
Authors: Christie A. W. , Fisher A. J.
Published: November 2015

Although methods of evaluating the effect of glare on the ability of an observer to detect objects in terms of an equivalent veiling luminance (e.v.l.) were developed by Holladay and Stiles prior to 1930 their results have usually been interpreted in Britain as indicating that disability glare is negligible in lighted streets. A re-examination of this question indicates that disability glare is important and that erroneous conclusions may be reached if disability glare is neglected when calculating revealing power. For example the revealing power of non-cut-off lighting installations may be rated higher than that of cut-off installations, though the opposite is usually the case in the critical darker regions of the installations.

New work has shown that the e.v.l. is markedly dependent on the age of the observer, and has indicated a need for further work to obtain more precise knowledge of the way the e.v.l. varies with changes in the position of the glare source in relation to the observer's point of regard over the range of conditions important in the street lighting problem.
Scales of Apparent Brightness
Authors: Padgham C. A. , Saunders J. E.
Published: November 2015

The historical background of the subject is given, together with a discussion of the types of scales with which attempts have been made to measure subjective brightness. The apparatus used for direct estimation experiments is described, and the method of direct estimation is explained in detail. In this method the observer is presented with a series of test fields in random order of luminance and asked to grade them by directly estimating the magnitude of their apparent brightness. The method was exhaustively explored and the effects were found of different groups of observers, the size of luminance step, the order of presentation of the luminances, field size, foveal and extra foveal viewing, and the colour of the test field. Scaling is discussed, and statistical evidence showing that the directly estimated brightnesses are on a ratio scale is given. Field work confirmed that the apparent brightness data obtained with laboratory apparatus is applicable to practical situations. The effect of the adaptation field is discussed. Binocular matching experiments were used to relate more accurately apparent brightness data to different adaptation levels. Apparent brightness scales for light different adaptation levels are given which can be used for the luminance design of interiors.
Metals in Lighting Fittings
Authors: Stephens D. M. , Jenkins I.
Published: November 2015

The choice of commercially available metals and alloys which have the necessary characteristics for lighting fittings is extremely broad but in practice the range of alloys actually used is small. The primary characteristics include adequate mechanical strength and ductility; a relatively high strength-to-weight ratio; corrosion resistance in a wide variety of environments; the ability to be formed or cast into complex shapes; and the ability to acquire a surface finish which is either technically or aesthetically desirable. The reasons for the restriction on the range of alloys which are used are discussed and the limitations of the available materials are considered.

Trends in the development of new metallic materials which are likely to be of interest to the lighting engineer are described. The significance of current investigations on new processes for both the primary and secondary fabrication of metals are also considered in relation not only to the production of complex forms but also to their possible effects upon the overall cost of finished parts.
Lighting in Relation to other Components of the Total Environment
Authors: Manning Peter
Published: November 2015

In the past environmental studies have tended to concentrate upon one topic at a time. Matters that are often interrelated, like aspects of lighting, heating and acoustics, have been treated as though they were isolated and each has been studied from a different viewpoint and to a different depth.

Such an approach may have been difficult to avoid if knowledge was to be advanced but one major practical consequence has been that, in spite of a vast accumulation of knowledge of individual subjects, the everyday design of the built environment has continued to be a largely intuitive activity concerned with 'one-off' situations. This has happened because design decisions have to be made so that their effects upon many different factors achieve the best overall solution in a particular context. There is no point, for example, in achieving an exceptionally good visual environment if, as a result, the thermal environment is unacceptable, the return on the investment uneconomic or the working organisation unsatisfactory. Since such side-effects of environmental decision-making are rarely considered in research literature designers are often unable to use the researchers results and so find themselves thrown back upon their own resources.

This paper provides a background for a report upon a series of studies of the 'total environment' in factories, offices and schools made by the former Pilkington Research Unit (PRU) of Liverpool University. The interaction of the visual environment within buildings with such components as the thermal, aural and spatial environments, and their consequences for individuals and social groups will be discussed as will the evaluation of total environments on the bases of annual costs, user-response and subjective appraisal.
The Development of Knowledge and Skill Statements for Teachers of Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan
Published: November 2015

This article describes DCCD's involvement in a project to develop a list of knowledge and skills for all beginning teachers of students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (D/HH). The list is designed to function as a resource to CEC's Professional Standards and Practices Committee (PSPC), the Council on Education of the Deaf (CED) and other national organizations concerned with improving education of students who are D/HH through teacher credentialing. Representatives from various national organizations concerned with the education of students who are D/HH collaborated with the Division to generate statements; survey a wider pool of professionals, teacher trainers, administrators and consumers; and finalize the list of statements for review by CEC committees. This article provides some historical background to DCCD's involvement in the project, and describes the process by which it developed its list of knowledge and skill statements. Essential knowledge and skill statements are included. Implications for their use are discussed.
Performing the Canadian West
Authors: Polić Vanja
Published: November 2015

This article’s analysis will revolve around the contemporary literary reconfigurations of the myth of the old West with special attention to the Wild West as a performed space and a performed narrative. Attention will be paid to the reconfiguration of the myth by focusing, in turn, on chuckwagon races as “a synecdoche of the West” (van Herk) and their carnivalesque quality; the myth versus reality debate always accompanying the myth of the Wild West as well as the narrativization of the West; female characters who claim the spotlight of the new West; the ironic treatment of the traditional cowboy icon; and the front stage–back stage relations that contribute to the Wild West’s performativity and the ultimate survival in the postmodern world. The strategies of the myth’s dis- and re-membering as represented in two texts by Aritha van Herk—the short story “Leading the Parade” and the performance piece “Shooting a Saskatoon (Whatever Happened to the Marlboro Man?)”—will be examined to reveal an emergent new Canadian West.
Maintenance of Oral Production in Agrammatic Aphasia: Verb Tense Morphology Training
Authors: Boser Katharina I. , Weinrich Michael , McCall Denise
Published: November 2015

We used a single-subject research design to examine long-term maintenance of treatment gains in a severely aphasic patient. We used a well-defined therapy protocol [i.e., Computerized Visual Communication System (C-VIC) training] to target production of tense morphology and an assessment specifically designed to measure improvements in the targeted behavior. We first trained Subject #1, a 65-year-old man with a severe nonfluent aphasia, to produce simple subject-verb-object sentences, then tense-marked sentences. Remarkable improvement was shown and was maintained five months after training was terminated. Sixteen months later, he maintained only the ability to produce trained root verb forms. A second training was initiated to examine the parameters of training that affect maintenance. Maintenance was demonstrated up to a year after termination of treatment. We attribute Subject #1's maintained performance to his continued involvement in general C-VIC sentence level therapy following tense training.
Controlling an Artificial Arm with Foot Movements
Authors: Luzzio Christopher C.
Published: November 2015

A history of prosthesis control techniques is outlined. An alternative approach to hand and arm prosthesis control is proposed, and a working-prototype model is described. Commercial artificial limbs have function limited by a small number of user-interface control channels, and they are awkward to operate because joints are turned on and off in a serial fashion and not in parallel. Because of natural anatomic and physiologic similarities between the upper and lower extremities, the foot and leg is an ideal control interface. A stocking laced with multiple sensors can provide input on multiple joint positions, and this information used to control homologous movements in a prosthetic upper extremity. One significant advantage of this form of control is simultaneous activation of multiple joints.
An Update on Functional Electrical Stimulation after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Gorman Peter H.
Published: November 2015

Recent advances in biomedical engineering as applied to neurologic rehabilitation have finally borne clinically relevant fruit. Nowhere is this more evident than in the field of functional electrical stimulation (FES). This article highlights the remarkable clinical progress that has been made in the use of electrical stimulation for restoring movement and function in individuals with spinal cord injury. Specific attention is given to respiratory-assist devices, hand-grasp systems, standing and walking, and bladder control. This review article features discussion of eight devices that have gone through the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory approval process.
Stimulus- and Frequency-Specific Oscillatory Mass Responses to Visual Stimulation in Man
Authors: DeCarli Fabrizio , Narici Livio , Canovaro Paola , Carozzo Simone , Agazzi Emanuela , Sannita Walter G.
Published: November 2015

Oscillatory mass responses centered at about 20–35 Hz or 100–120 Hz occur (after contrast or luminance visual stimulation, respectively) in the retina and cortex of animals and man and are recorded by electrical or magnetic methods. These oscillatory events reflect stimulus-related uni/multicellular oscillations of the firing rate/membrane potential and result from synchronization of neuronal assemblies selectively responding to the stimulus characteristics. Methodological problems in the study of these events derive from the contiguity in frequency between the ERG or VEP and the oscillatory responses and from the need to reliably define oscillatory events in time and frequency. Two methods (time-frequency analysis by matching pursuit and locking index) have been implemented to approach this issue. Theory and application are reviewed.
Epileptic Nystagmus and its Possible Relationship with PGO Spikes
Authors: Hughes John R. , Fino John J.
Published: November 2015

A simultaneous video-EEG on a waking 6-year-old male revealed rapid horizontal and then vertical eye movements and 10 sec later showed ictal rhythms maximal on the occipital areas, quickly spreading to all other areas. A second ictal event during wakefulness was very similar to the first. During sleep interictal discharges were seen from the right frontal-temporal area and one more ictal event was noted. This latter seizure in the NREM sleep record did not show any eye movements, but showed ictal activity on the right frontal-temporal area, which later became generalized. We propose that the interictal discharges on the right frontal-temporal area likely arose from the amygdala, which activated the pontine nuclei responsible for PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spikes and the rapid eye movements seen in our patient. The PGO spikes activated the occipital areas, which then showed clear ictal rhythms to complete the sequence of events. This case demonstrates a sequence of rapid eye movements without ictal patterns, followed by seizure rhythms, but may still be an example of “epileptic nystagmus,” assuming that the eye movements arose from an ictal activation of the deep subcortical portion of the PGO system.
EEG and Behavioral Changes following Neurofeedback Treatment in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Fernández T. , Herrera W. , Harmony T. , Díaz-Comas L , Santiago E. , Sánchez L , Bosch J. , Fernández-Bouzas A. , Otero G. , Ricardo-Garcell J. , Barraza C. , Aubert E. , Galán L. , Valdés P.
Published: November 2015

Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning procedure, by which the subject learns to control his/her EEG activity. On one hand, Learning Disabled (LD) children have higher values of theta EEG absolute and relative power than normal children, and on the other hand, it has been shown that minimum alpha absolute power is necessary for adequate performance. Ten LD children were selected with higher than normal ratios of theta to alpha absolute power (theta/alpha). The Test Of Variables of Attention (TOVA) was applied. Children were divided into two groups in order to maintain similar IQ values, TOVA values, socioeconomical status, and gender for each group. In the experimental group, NFB was applied in the region with highest ratio, triggering a sound each time the ratio fell below a threshold value. Noncontingent reinforcement was given to the other group. Twenty half-hour sessions were applied, at a rate of 2 per week. At the end of the 20 sessions, TOVA, WISC and EEG were obtained. There was significant improvement in WISC performance in the experimental group that was not observed in the control group. EEG absolute power decreased in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands in the experimental group. Control children only showed a decrease in relative power in the delta band. All changes observed in the experimental group and not observed in the control group indicate better cognitive performance and the presence of greater EEG maturation in the experimental group, which suggests that changes were due not only to development but also to NFB treatment.
Attentional Distraction of CNV Depending on the Spatial Focus
Authors: Hiruma Tomiharu , Sato Yasuharu , Yabe Hirooki , Shinozaki Naoko , Sutoh Takeyuki , Matuoka Takashi , Nashida Tadayoshi , Asai Ren , Kaneko Sunao
Published: November 2015

To investigate the distraction of spatial attention to the task-irrelevant visual stimuli, contingent negative variation (CNV) was measured by using a forewarned reaction time task in 20 healthy subjects. The lasting emission of light, irrelevant to the CNV task, at each perimetric angle of 15°, 30° or 45° to the fixated point was presented to the subjects. The amplitude of early CNV was small only under the light-emission at the angle of 30°. Our results indicate that attention is distracted even by the lasting, task-irrelevant stimuli and that distraction is dependent on the focusing function of attention.
Factors in the Interictal Record Predicting an Ictal Episode: A Case Study
Authors: Hughes John R. , Fino John J. , Patel Ketan , Domarad William
Published: November 2015

This report deals with a patient with intractable seizures, who had 64 subdural electrodes implanted onto the left frontal and temporal cerebral cortex in anticipation of probable seizure surgery. One specific region on the left frontal lobe proved to be the focus for both the interictal spikes and also for the ictal activity. Our goal was to determine what electrical characteristics in the interictal record predicted the ictal episodes. The number of interictal spikes and also the amount of fast activity (15–128/sec) progressively increased before each of the 5 ictal episodes; an analysis showed that the number of spikes and their frequency proved the more significant variable. One other characteristic that changed before the ictal episodes was a great decrease in the interval between spikes as an example of a diminishing variability or increasing periodicity. Thus, the important factors in the interictal record that lead to an ictal event are the number of spikes, the amount of fast activity and the decreasing variability between the spikes.
EEG in Seizure Prognosis: Association of Slow Wave Activity and other Factors in Patients with Apparent Misleading Epileptiform Findings
Authors: Hughes John R. , Fino John J.
Published: November 2015

Our previous study showed that patients with many spikes in their EEGs generally have uncontrolled seizures and those with no or rare spikes have controlled attacks. However, exceptions do exist, and this study was designed to determine what other aspects in the EEG could lead to the proper prognosis with these exceptions, rather than to an incorrect one. Two groups were assembled: 150 patients with 674 EEGs with controlled seizures and 150 patients with 804 EEGs with uncontrolled attacks. Our data showed that the presence or absence of a slow wave abnormality usually led to a proper prognosis in these exceptional cases. The absence of any slow wave abnormality, but with many spikes was usually associated with controlled attacks and the presence of slowing, especially with delta slow waves, but without spikes, was more often seen in patients with uncontrolled attacks. The change in the number of spikes over time also led to a more accurate prognosis.