bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(E)-2-Benzoyl-3-[1-phenyl-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]acrylonitrile
Authors: El-Hiti Gamal A. , Abdel-Wahab Bakr F. , Alotaibi Mohammad Hayal , Hegazy Amany S. , Kariuki Benson M.
Published: January 2018

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H15N3OS, consists of two crystallographically independent molecules, which are related by a pseudo-inversion centre. In one molecule, the pyrazolyl ring makes dihedral angles of 35.7 (4), 19.1 (1) and 47.3 (1)°, respectively, with the thiophenyl ring, the attached phenyl ring and the phenyl ring of the benzoyl group. In the second molecule, the corresponding values are 37.4 (1), 16.1 (1) and 48.2 (1)°, respectively. In the crystal, the two independent molecules are linked to each otherviaa π–π interaction between the pyrazolyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.578 (12) Å]. Weak intermolecular C—H...O interactions are also observed. The thiophenyl ring of one molecule is disordered over two orientations, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.768 (3):0.232 (3).
SPOKEdb: open-source information management system for oral history
Authors: Weig Eric C. , Slone MLE
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how an open-source information management system was developed to manage a collection of more than 10,000 oral history interviews at the University of Kentucky Libraries’ Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History.

Design/methodology/approach

Digital library architects at the University of Kentucky Libraries built an open-source information management system for oral history using the open-source tools Omeka and Blacklight. Additional open-source code was developed to facilitate interaction between these tools.

Findings

Information management systems that address needs of libraries and archives can be built by combining existing open-source tools in complementary ways.

Originality/value

This work at the University of Kentucky Libraries serves as a proof of concept for other institutions to examine as a potential model to follow or adapt for their own local needs. The SPOKEdb framework can be replicated elsewhere, as the major and minor components are open-source. SPOKEdb at its conceptual level is a unique information management system based on its tailored approach to serving the needs of oral history management at various user levels including both administrative and public.
Knowledge hiding and team creativity: the contingent role of task interdependence
Authors: Fong Patrick S.W. , Men Chenghao , Luo Jinlian , Jia Ruiqian
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Creativity and innovation are crucial in improving the organizational performance and sustaining competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between knowledge hiding and team creativity.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors tested the hypotheses with a sample of 87 knowledge worker teams involving 393 employees and employers in China.

Findings

Knowledge hiding is negatively related to team creativity, fully mediated by absorptive capacity. In addition, the negative relationship between knowledge hiding and absorptive capacity would be weakened by task interdependence.

Practical implications

Team managers should take measures to avoid the development of knowledge hiding, which is indirectly related to team creativity via absorptive capacity within a team, and motivate team members to share more knowledge by training to improve their feelings of accountability, responsibility, and duty. In addition, managers can decrease knowledge hiding by strengthening within-team task interdependence.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to investigate the relationship between knowledge hiding and team creativity and the moderating role of task interdependence in the relationship between knowledge hiding and absorptive capacity.
An adaptive free‐surface expression for three‐dimensional finite‐difference frequency‐domain modelling of elastic wave
Authors: Cao Jian , Chen Jing‐Bo , Dai Meng‐Xue
Published: January 2018

Finite‐difference frequency‐domain modelling of seismic wave propagation is attractive for its efficient solution of multisource problems, and this is crucial for full‐waveform inversion and seismic imaging, especially in the three‐dimensional seismic problem. However, implementing the free surface in the finite‐difference method is nontrivial. Based on an average medium method and the limit theorem, we present an adaptive free‐surface expression to describe the behaviour of wavefields at the free surface, and no extra work for the free‐surface boundary condition is needed. Essentially, the proposed free‐surface expression is a modification of density and constitutive relation at the free surface. In comparison with a direct difference approximate method of the free‐surface boundary condition, this adaptive free‐surface expression can produce more accurate and stable results for a broad range of Poisson's ratio. In addition, this expression has a good performance in handling the lateral variation of Poisson's ratio adaptively and without instability.
Accelerating the T‐matrix approach to seismic full‐waveform inversion by domain decomposition
Authors: Jakobsen Morten , Wu Ru‐Shan
Published: January 2018

A seismic variant of the distorted Born iterative inversion method, which is commonly used in electromagnetic and acoustic (medical) imaging, has been recently developed on the basis of the T‐matrix approach of multiple scattering theory. The distorted Born iterative method is consistent with the Gauss–Newton method, but its implementation is different, and there are potentially significant computational advantages of using the T‐matrix approach in this context. It has been shown that the computational cost associated with the updating of the background medium Green functions after each iteration can be reduced via the use of various linearisation or quasi‐linearisation techniques. However, these techniques for reducing the computational cost may not work well in the presence of strong contrasts. To deal with this, we have now developed a domain decomposition method, which allows one to decompose the seismic velocity model into an arbitrary number of heterogeneous domains that can be treated separately and in parallel. The new domain decomposition method is based on the concept of a scattering‐path matrix, which is well known in solid‐state physics. If the seismic model consists of different domains that are well separated (e.g., different reservoirs within a sedimentary basin), then the scattering‐path matrix formulation can be used to derive approximations that are sufficiently accurate but far more speedy and much less memory demanding because they ignore the interaction between different domains. However, we show here that one can also use the scattering‐path matrix formulation to calculate the overall T‐matrix for a large model exactly without any approximations at a computational cost that is significantly smaller than the cost associated with an exact formal matrix inversion solution. This is because we have derived exact analytical results for the special case of two interacting domains and combined them with Strassen's formulas for fast recursive matrix inversion. To illustrate the fact that we have accelerated the T‐matrix approach to full‐waveform inversion by domain decomposition, we perform a series of numerical experiments based on synthetic data associated with a complex salt model and a simpler two‐dimensional model that can be naturally decomposed into separate upper and lower domains. If the domain decomposition method is combined with an additional layer of multi‐scale regularisation (based on spatial smoothing of the sensitivity matrix and the data residual vector along the receiver line) beyond standard sequential frequency inversion, then one apparently can also obtain stable inversion results in the absence of ultra‐low frequencies and reduced computation times.
Foundation for an evidence‐informed algorithm for treating pelvic floor mesh complications: a review
Authors: Cundiff GW , Quinlan DJ , van Rensburg JA , Slack M
Published: January 2018

To address evidence gaps on the management of complications related to mesh in pelvic floor surgery, we created an evidence‐based algorithm that includes defining evidence gaps. We utilized the Delphi method within a panel of surgeons treating mesh complications to define a treatment strategy. The first round provided a list of clinically based postulates that informed a review expanding postulates to recommendations and included grading of the quality of evidence. A second round informed the final algorithm. While the quality of the available evidence is low, it provides a framework for planning diagnosis and management of mesh‐related complications.

Tweetable abstract

Removal of mesh must balance resolution of complications with the risk of removal and recurrence of pelvic floor symptoms.
A systematic review of self‐regulation strategies to improve academic outcomes of students with EBD
Authors: Popham Michelle , Counts Jennifer , Ryan Joseph B. , Katsiyannis Antonis
Published: January 2018

Self‐regulatory interventions have demonstrated numerous benefits for helping improve the academic performance of students. The purpose of this review was to report on the effectiveness and focus of academic self‐regulation interventions for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders. Thirty‐six studies published in 35 papers and involving 189 participants met inclusionary criteria. Overall, self‐regulation interventions showed moderate/medium effect size gains [percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND) 75%; standard mean difference (SMD) 2.27; Tau‐U 0.81] across academic subject areas. When assessing the effectiveness of self‐regulation interventions for addressing specific academic content areas, the largest ES gains were observed in reading (PND 93%; SMD 2.13; Tau‐U 0.94), although medium/moderate ES gains were observed in math (PND 71%; SMD 2.08; Tau‐U 0.70) and writing (PND 83%; SMD 2.57; Tau‐U 0.91). Self‐regulated strategy development, self‐monitoring interventions and strategy instruction were the predominant types of self‐regulation techniques implemented by researchers. There was evidence to support a claim of the generalisation and maintenance of findings. Implications, limitations and areas for future research are discussed.
Limited association between markers of stress during pregnancy and fetal growth in ‘Born into Life’, a new prospective birth cohort
Authors: Smew Awad I. , Hedman Anna M. , Chiesa Flaminia , Ullemar Vilhelmina , Andolf Ellika , Pershagen Göran , Almqvist Catarina
Published: January 2018

Aims

We aimed to investigate the associations between perceived maternal stress or salivary cortisol levels during pregnancy and birthweight.

Methods

In 2010–2012, we recruited 92 women living in Stockholm, Sweden, and followed them from before conception and through pregnancy and childbirth. Their Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores and salivary cortisol levels were collected at 26–28 gestational weeks. Birthweight was collected from medical records. Linear regression analyses and Pearson correlations were performed between the PSS scores or cortisol levels and birthweight, respectively, adjusted for gestational age.

Results

No significant associations were found between PSS scores or cortisol levels and birthweight. There was a trend towards higher salivary cortisol levels among infants with lower birthweights, and this effect was attenuated after adjusting for gestational age. Morning cortisol levels (r = −0.31, p = 0.01), the decline in cortisol levels (r = −0.26, p = 0.03) and evening cortisol levels (r = −0.21, p = 0.09) were negatively correlated with PSS scores.

Conclusion

Maternal stress during pregnancy was not associated with birthweight. The inverse correlation between PSS scores and cortisol levels may indicate other mechanisms for maternal stress on child outcomes than the previous explanation of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity.
Retrospective observational study indicates that the paediatric assessment triangle may suggest the severity of Kawasaki disease
Authors: Kawai Reiko , Nomura Osamu , Tomobe Yutaro , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Miyata Koichi , Sakakibara Hiroshi , Miura Masaru
Published: January 2018

Aim

We examined whether the paediatric assessment triangle (PAT) could predict the severity of Kawasaki disease.

Methods

We enroled patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease between July 2012 and June 2016 at the emergency department of Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center in Tokyo, Japan. Triage nurses assigned participants to unstable or stable PAT groups. We compared the incidence of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), the Kobayashi score, which measures resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, and the incidence of initial treatment resistance.

Results

Of the 420 participants, who were aged 0‐145 months with a mean age of 31.2 ± 23.9 months, 66 (16%) were assigned to the unstable PAT group. The incidence of CAA was similar between the two groups. The percentage of unstable PAT group participants with a Kobayashi score of at least five points (39 versus 18%, p < 0.001) and initial treatment resistance (25 versus 15%, p = 0.047) were significantly higher than in the stable PAT group. Unstable PAT was an independent risk factor for initial treatment resistance (odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.05‐3.90, p = 0.035).

Conclusion

An unstable PAT was able to predict the severity of Kawasaki disease when measured by a higher rate of initial treatment resistance.
The effect of a practical nutrition education programme on feeding skills of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy at Muhimbili National Hospital, in Tanzania
Authors: Mlinda S. J. , Leyna G. H. , Massawe A.
Published: January 2018

Background

Feeding children with cerebral palsy (CP) is challenging and can lead to poor health outcomes. Using a facility‐based intervention, we assessed the effect of a practical nutrition programme on feeding skills in caregivers of children with CP attending a pediatric clinic in urban Tanzania.

Methods

A randomized‐controlled intervention study, involving 2‐block stratified sample of under‐5 CP children attending a specialized pediatric clinic at the Muhimbili National Hospital was done. One hundred ten moderate‐to‐severe, new and follow‐up cases of children with CP were randomly allocated to the intervention (N = 63) and control groups (N = 47). A short nutrition education on feeding and positioning skills was provided to caregivers and occupational therapy sessions to CP children. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of collected data were done. Statistical significance was assessed at p < .05.

Findings

The intervention significantly improved feeding skills of caregiver in the select indicators assessed. More caregivers appropriately positioned the children (AOR = 5.29; 95% CI: 2.00–13.96), fed children slowly (AOR: 5.17, 95% CI: 1.99–13.44), and involved the child during the feeding process (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI: 1.42–8.44). During feeding, caregiver's reported being less stressed (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.04–6.13) and the child's mood was more likely to be reported as improved (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.33–7.474). Although changes were observed in oral motor feeding skills (AOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 0.72–3.91) and functional feeding skills (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 0.86–6.06), they did not reach statistical significance in the multivariable models.

Conclusion

Strengthening nutrition education and services for caregivers of children with CP has great value in the care of children with special needs and may improve the health outcomes of children as well as reduce stress among parents/caregivers.
Effects of crowding and host plant quality on morph determination in the soybean aphid,Aphis glycines
Authors: Ríos Martínez A. F. , Costamagna A. C.
Published: January 2018

Polyphenism constitutes a key example of the adaptability of a genotype to a shifting environment. In aphids, the relative production of apterous and alate individuals is influenced by cues resulting from increases in population density, changes in plant quality, and natural enemies. The ability to respond to multiple environmental cues offers aphids an effective way to optimize their fitness. Understanding the mechanisms behind alate morph production is particularly important in aphid species that are agricultural pests. We tested the effects of crowding and host plant quality cues on morph determination inAphis glycinesMatsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We exposedA. glycinesto pre‐natal and post‐natal crowding under laboratory conditions. In the field, we reared nymphs ofA. glycinesat high‐density vs. low‐density conditions in clip cages set on the top vs. bottom nodes of infested and uninfested soybean plants,Glycine max(L.) Merrill (Fabaceae). Apterous adult body size was used as an estimate of aphid performance, and the proportion of morphs developing under each condition was determined. Both pre‐ and post‐natal crowding induced the production of asexual alate individuals byA. glycines. In the field, we observed additive negative effects of lower overall plant quality (infested vs. uninfested plants), within‐plant differences in nutritional quality (bottom vs. top nodes), and high vs. low levels of crowding on aphid size. These three factors also interacted to increase the proportionA. glycinesnymphs that developed wings. Our results suggest two levels in the production of asexual alate individuals byA. glycines: (1) a moderate level in response to aggregation, triggered by crowding cues, and (2) a high level in response to plant quality deterioration, triggered by both plant quality and crowding cues. These two processes ensure a flexible production of asexual alate individuals, allowing aphids to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Maternal rearing condition and age affect progeny fitness in the parasitoid waspLysiphlebus fabarum
Authors: Najafpour Pegah , Rasekh Arash , Esfandiari Mehdi
Published: January 2018

Maternal rearing conditions are expected to affect fitness components of progeny so that maternal effects effectively protect offspring from environmental stressors. The objective of this study was to elucidate the interaction between maternal rearing condition, age, and offspring rearing condition in the parasitoid waspLysiphlebus fabarum(Marshall) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae,Aphidiinae). The effects of maternal age, body size, and host instar used for development on fitness components of progeny were evaluated. Host was the black bean aphid,Aphis fabaeScopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Results indicated that small and young mothers (developing in first‐instar hosts) produced progeny with a longer developmental time compared to large and old mothers (developing in second‐instar hosts). Progeny that hatched from larger eggs also had a larger body size. There were, however, no significant differences in the size of progeny that developed in different host instars. Progeny that hatched from large eggs had a higher initial egg load, and progeny produced by younger mothers had larger eggs. These differences were significant only when progeny developed in the first host instar, whereas in the second and fourth instar no differences were observed. Our findings indicate that progeny with larger size at the egg stage had superior fitness. Age‐specific maternal effects were not as strong as the effect of the mother's body size. Although the interaction between host instar of progeny development and maternal rearing condition was not statistically significant, developing in suboptimal instars led to trade‐offs between fitness components in progeny. The ecological significance of these findings is discussed.
MLL‐rearranged acute myeloid leukemia: Influence of the genetic partner in allo‐HSCT response and prognostic factor of MLL 3′ region mRNA expression
Authors: Burillo‐Sanz Sergio , Morales‐Camacho Rosario M. , Caballero‐Velázquez Teresa , Carrillo Estrella , Sánchez Javier , Pérez‐López Olga , Pérez de Soto Inmaculada , González Campos José , Prats‐Martín Concepción , Bernal Ricardo , Vargas María Teresa
Published: January 2018

Objective

MLL gene is involved in more than 80 known genetic fusions in acute leukemia. To study the relevance of MLL partner gene and selected gene's expression, in this work, we have studied a cohort of 20 MLL‐rearranged acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Methods

Twenty MLL‐rearranged AML patients along with a control cohort of 138 AML patients are included in this work. By RT‐PCR and sequencing, MLL genetic fusion was characterized, and relative gene expression quantification was carried out for EVI1, MEIS1, MLL‐3′, RUNX1, SETBP1, HOXA5, and FLT3 genes. Risk stratification and association of MLL genetic partner and gene expression to overall survival, in the context of received therapy, were performed.

Results

MLLr cohort showed to have an OS more similar to intermediate‐risk AML. Type of MLL genetic partner showed to be relevant in allo‐HSCT response; having MLLT1 and MLLT3, a better benefit from it. Expression of MLL‐3′ region, EVI1 and FLT3, showed association with OS in patients undergoing allo‐HSCT.

Conclusion

We show that the MLL genetic partner could have implications in allo‐HSCT response, and we propose three genes whose expression could be useful for the prognosis of this leukemia in patients undergoing allo‐HSCT: 3′ region of MLL, EVI1, and FLT3.
Circadian expression and functional characterization of PEA‐15 within the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Wheaton Kelin , Aten Sydney , Queiroz Lucas Sales , Sullivan Kyle , Oberdick John , Hoyt Kari R. , Obrietan Karl
Published: January 2018

The circadian timing system influences the functional properties of most, if not all, physiological processes. Central to the mammalian timing system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN functions as a ‘master clock’ that sets the phasing of ancillary circadian oscillator populations found throughout the body. Further, via an entraining input from the retina, the SCN ensures that the clock oscillators are synchronized to the daily light/dark cycle. A critical component of the SCN timing and entrainment systems is the p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. Here, we examined the expression and function of phosphoprotein‐enriched in astrocytes (PEA‐15), an ERK scaffold protein that serves as a key regulator of MAPK signaling. A combination of immunolabeling and Western blotting approaches revealed high levels of PEA‐15 within the SCN. PEA‐15 expression was enriched in distinct subpopulations of SCN neurons, including arginine vasopressin (AVP)‐positive neurons of the SCN shell region. Further, expression profiling detected a significant circadian oscillation in PEA‐15 expression within the SCN. Brief photic stimulation during the early subjective night led to a significant increase in PEA‐15 phosphorylation, an event that can trigger ERK/PEA‐15 dissociation. Consistent with this, co‐immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PEA‐15 is directly bound to ERK in the SCN and that photic stimulation leads to their dissociation. Finally, we show that PEA‐15 regulates ERK/MAPK‐dependent activation of the core clock gene period1. Together, these data raise the prospect that PEA‐15 functions as a key regulator of the SCN timing system.
Socioeconomic disparities in clinical trials on Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review
Authors: Canevelli M. , Bruno G. , Vico C. , Zaccaria V. , Lacorte E. , Iavicoli I. , Vanacore N. , Cesari M.
Published: January 2018

Background and purpose

There is now a wide consensus at recognizing social and economic circumstances as main determinants of an individual's health status. Nevertheless, characteristics relating to socioeconomic status (SES) are poorly described in research reports. The aim of the present review was to verify whether the SES of participants is adequately reported in interventional studies targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to explore the impact of SES proxy measures on the efficacy of the considered medications.

Methods

A systematic review of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the currently marketed drugs for AD (i.e. cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine) was conducted by performing a structured search on PubMed and the Cochrane databases. The following indicators of SES were considered in the retained studies: (i) educational level, (ii) lifetime job category, (iii) income and (iv) wealth. The study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials.

Results

A total of 48 articles were finally selected. Overall, only eight RCTs reported data concerning the four considered SES indicators. Indeed, only information pertaining to the educational level of participants was provided. Only one RCT (n = 60) performed ad hoc, secondary analyses accounting for the SES of participating subjects.

Conclusions

The research and clinical relevance of SES has mistakenly been overlooked by the vast majority of RCTs on AD. A greater effort should be made to collect and report data on those SES indicators that may significantly affect the clinical manifestations and trajectories of patients with cognitive disturbances.
Cognitive deficits and increases in creatine precursors in a brain‐specific knockout of the creatine transporter gene Slc6a8
Authors: Udobi K. C. , Kokenge A. N. , Hautman E. R. , Ullio G. , Coene J. , Williams M. T. , Vorhees C. V. , Mabondzo A. , Skelton M. R.
Published: January 2018

Creatine transporter (CrT; SLC6A8) deficiency (CTD) is an X‐linked disorder characterized by severe cognitive deficits, impairments in language and an absence of brain creatine (Cr). In a previous study, we generated floxed Slc6a8 (Slc6a8
flox) mice to create ubiquitous Slc6a8 knockout (Slc6a8−/y) mice. Slc6a8−/y mice lacked whole body Cr and exhibited cognitive deficits. While Slc6a8−/y mice have a similar biochemical phenotype to CTD patients, they also showed a reduction in size and reductions in swim speed that may have contributed to the observed deficits. To address this, we created brain‐specific Slc6a8 knockout (bKO) mice by crossing Slc6a8flox mice with Nestin‐cre mice. bKO mice had reduced cerebral Cr levels while maintaining normal Cr levels in peripheral tissue. Interestingly, brain concentrations of the Cr synthesis precursor guanidinoacetic acid were increased in bKO mice. bKO mice had longer latencies and path lengths in the Morris water maze, without reductions in swim speed. In accordance with data from Slc6a8
−/y mice, bKO mice showed deficits in novel object recognition as well as contextual and cued fear conditioning. bKO mice were also hyperactive, in contrast with data from the Slc6a8
−/y mice. The results show that the loss of cerebral Cr is responsible for the learning and memory deficits seen in ubiquitous Slc6a8−/y mice.
Long‐term terrestrial carbon dynamics in the Midwestern United States during 1850–2015: Roles of land use and cover change and agricultural management
Authors: Yu Zhen , Lu Chaoqun , Cao Peiyu , Tian Hanqin
Published: January 2018

To meet the increasing food and biofuel demand, the Midwestern United States has become one of the most intensively human‐disturbed hotspots, characterized by widespread cropland expansion and various management practices. However, the role of human activities in the carbon (C) cycling across managed landscape remains far from certain. In this study, based on state‐ and national census, field experiments, and model simulation, we comprehensively examined long‐term carbon storage change in response to land use and cover change (LUCC) and agricultural management in the Midwest from 1850 to 2015. We also quantified estimation uncertainties related to key parameter values. Model estimation showed LUCC led to a reduction of 1.35 Pg (with a range of 1.3–1.4 Pg) in vegetation C pool of the Midwest, yet agricultural management barely affected vegetation C change. In comparison, LUCC reduced SOC by 4.5 Pg (3.1 to 6.2 Pg), while agricultural management practices increased SOC stock by 0.9 Pg. Moreover, we found 45% of the study area was characterized by continuously decreasing SOC caused by LUCC, and SOC in 13% and 31% of the area was fully and partially recovered, respectively, since 1850. Agricultural management was estimated to increase the area of full recovery and partial recovery by 8.5% and 1.1%. Our results imply that LUCC plays an essential role in regional C balance, and more importantly, sustainable land management can be beneficial for strengthening C sequestration of the agroecosystems in the Midwestern US, which may serve as an important contributor to C sinks in the US.
Substrate and structure of ground nests have fitness consequences for an alpine songbird
Authors: de Zwaan Devin R. , Martin Kathy
Published: January 2018

Songbird nests are an important life‐history component with multiple functions, including the creation of a suitable microclimate for offspring development. Thus, functional nest characteristics may influence fitness correlates, such as nestling size traits, and may co‐vary with prevailing environmental conditions. We investigated among‐ and within‐female variation in nest substrate, lining and decoration structures with associated fitness consequences (hatching success, nestling size traits, nest survival) across two breeding seasons for an alpine population of Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris. We combined these observations with explicit measures of nest temperature to address the influence of nest characteristics on microclimate. Nests in heather substrate had the coldest microclimates compared with grass and bare‐ground substrate, but also the greatest nest survival rates (68% versus 37–44% in other substrates), indicating the potential for substrate use decisions to reflect a trade‐off between microclimate and nest survival in response to prevailing weather and predation risk conditions. Furthermore, nest lining and nest decoration patterns indicated some support for a thermoregulatory function. Nests that were lined with willow (Salix sp.) seed‐down were associated with larger, heavier nestlings and the use of down lining decreased in frequency as the season warmed up. Nest decoration placed in front of the nest (e.g. stones or dirt clumps varying in mass from 5.3 to 186.6 g) was positively associated with warmer nest microclimates. Females demonstrated high phenotypic flexibility, as 61–94% of the observed variance in nest characteristics was explained by within‐female rather than among‐female differences. Such flexible nesting behaviour suggests the capacity to adjust to changing environmental conditions to maintain vital fitness correlates such as nest survival and nestling size development.
Limits on Composition of Conceptual Operations in 9‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Piantadosi Steven T. , Palmeri Holly , Aslin Richard
Published: January 2018

Complex systems are often built from a relatively small set of basic features or operations that can be combined in myriad ways. We investigated the developmental origins of this compositional architecture in 9‐month‐old infants, extending recent work that demonstrated rudimentary compositional abilities in preschoolers. Infants viewed two separate object‐occlusion events that depicted a single‐feature‐change operation. They were then tested with a combined operation to determine whether they expected the outcome of the two feature changes, even though this combination was unfamiliar. In contrast to preschoolers, infants did not appear to predictively compose these simple feature‐change operations. A second experiment demonstrated the ability of infants to track two operations when not combined. The failure to compose basic operations is consistent with limitations on object tracking and early numerical cognition (Feigenson & Yamaguchi, Infancy, 2009, 14, 244). We suggest that these results can be unified via a general principle: Infants have difficulty with multiple updates to a representation of an unobservable.
Improving the effectiveness of English vocabulary review by integrating ARCS with mobile game‐based learning
Authors: Wu Ting‐Ting
Published: January 2018

Memorizing English vocabulary is often considered uninteresting, and a lack of motivation exists during learning activities. Moreover, most vocabulary practice systems automatically select words from articles and do not provide integrated model methods for students. Therefore, this study constructed a mobile game‐based English vocabulary practice system, which imitates the popular block elimination game and combines test items of article, difficulty, and teacher model in accordance with curriculum objectives and demands. The participants were first‐year students and classified into traditional group (Group T) and game‐based group (Group G), and learning effectiveness and motivation were analysed in this study. According to statistical analysis results, students who used the game‐based vocabulary practice system, which could captivate their attention and interest, had higher learning effectiveness and provided positive feedback of learning motivation. Furthermore, English teachers could select teaching materials that are consistent with the features, knowledge, and cultural background of learners to improve the relevance dimension of learning motivation.
Cross‐sectional association between oral health and retinal microcirculation
Authors: Samietz Stefanie , Jürgens Clemens , Ittermann Till , Holtfreter Birte , Pink Christiane , Schipf Sabine , Biffar Reiner , Völzke Henry , Kocher Thomas , Tost Frank
Published: January 2018

Aim

To investigate the relation between oral health status and microcirculation, we analysed the association between periodontitis and number of teeth with retinal vessel diameters in a population‐based study.

Methods

We analysed data from the Study of Health in Pomerania‐TREND (SHIP‐TREND). All subjects (3,183 for number of teeth, 3,013 for mean probing depth and 2,894 for mean attachment level) underwent nonmydriatic funduscopy and dental examination. We measured central retinal arteriolar (CRAE), venular (CRVE) vessel diameters and calculated arterio‐venous ratio (AVR) from static vessel analysis (SVA). Periodontal status was assessed using the case definition of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP). Data were analysed by linear (CRAE, CRVE, AVR) and logistic regression (AVR < 0.8) adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hsCRP and type‐2‐diabetes mellitus.

Results

Only in men, significant associations were found between periodontal and retinal conditions. Severe periodontitis [β = −0.0120 (−0.0218; −0.0007 95%‐CI)] and mean probing depth [β = −0.0054 (−0.0105; −0.0002 95%‐CI)] were inversely associated with AVR; severe periodontitis [β = 3.80 (0.61; 6.98 95%‐CI)], mean probing depth [β = 1.86 (0.23; 3.49 95%‐CI)] and mean attachment level [β = 1.31 (0.34; 2.27 95%‐CI)] with CRVE and mean attachment level with CRAE [β = 0.91 (0.14; 1.69 95%‐CI)].

Conclusions

Our results point towards an association between periodontal conditions and AVR in men. Periodontitis may impact microvascular endothelium function. Improving oral health to reduce periodontitis might lead to reduced risk for other age‐related diseases.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes associate with periodontal and coronary artery disease status
Authors: Pietiäinen Milla , Kopra K. A. Elisa , Vuorenkoski Juha , Salminen Aino , Paju Susanna , Mäntylä Päivi , Buhlin Kåre , Liljestrand John M. , Nieminen Markku S. , Sinisalo Juha , Hyvärinen Kati , Pussinen Pirkko J.
Published: January 2018

Aim

We investigated the association between the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, periodontal status and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Materials and methods

The study population included 497 patients who underwent coronary angiography, and clinical oral examination. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were designed to identify the serotypes from saliva samples.

Results

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype frequencies were as follows: serotype “c” 35.7%, “b” 28.6%, “a” 26.2%, “e” 7.1%, “d” 2.4% and “f” 0%. The subjects with a detectable serotype had less teeth and higher bleeding on probing than those with no serotype. Serotypes “b” and “c” associated with periodontal probing depths and periodontal inflammatory burden. The saliva and subgingival bacterium quantities and serum antibody levels against A. actinomycetemcomitans were highest in patients harbouring serotype “c.” Serotypes “b” and “c” were most frequent (59.3%) in patients with CAD (p = .040), and they associated with the risk of stable CAD with an odds ratio of 2.67 (95% confidence interval 1.06–7.44). Also, the severity of CAD (p = .018) associated with serotypes “b” and “c.”

Conclusions

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes “b” and “c” associate with both periodontal and CAD status. Detectable serotypes associate with the quantity and the serology of the bacterium emphasizing both local and systemic effect of the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes.
Evaluating periodontal disease misclassification mechanisms under partial‐mouth recording protocols
Authors: Heaton Brenda , Sharma Praveen , Garcia Raul I. , Dietrich Thomas
Published: January 2018

Aim

To evaluate the assumptions underlying the use of partial‐mouth recording (PMR) protocols and the associated mechanisms of potential misclassification of periodontal disease.

Methods

Using data from 640 participants in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study, we compared tooth‐specific and site‐specific clinical measures and calculated sensitivity and specificity of different PMR protocols by applying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology definitions for periodontitis as the full‐mouth reference standard. Additionally, we evaluated alternative case definitions for PMR protocols that accounted for the reduction in numbers of teeth under observation.

Results

In this cohort, periodontitis presented as a generalized condition in that measures of clinical severity did not differ meaningfully according to site measured, oral quadrant or jaw. Sensitivity of disease classification under PMR protocols was a function of the number of teeth and sites under observation and the case definition applied. Sensitivity increased when case definitions were modified to account for the smaller number of teeth under observation with PMR protocols. However, specificity was reduced.

Conclusions

Misclassification of periodontal disease by PMR protocols is not random, even if sites under observation are randomly selected. PMR protocols can be selected/modified to maximize sensitivity, but they do so at the expense of bias in mean measures of severity.
Caterpillar‐induced plant volatiles attract conspecific herbivores and a generalist predator
Authors: El‐Sayed A. M. , Knight A. L. , Basoalto E. , Suckling D. M.
Published: January 2018

Plants release volatiles in response to caterpillar feeding that attracts natural enemies of the herbivores, a tritrophic interaction which has been considered to be an indirect plant defence against herbivores. On the other hand, the caterpillar‐induced plant volatiles have been reported to either repel or attract conspecific adult herbivores. This work was undertaken to investigate the response of both herbivores and natural enemies to caterpillar‐induced plant volatiles in apple orchards. We sampled volatile compounds emitted from uninfested apple trees, and apple trees infested with generalist herbivore the pandemis leafroller moth,Pandemis pyrusana(Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) larvae using headspace collection and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infested apple trees uniquely release six compounds (benzyl alcohol, phenylacetonitrile, phenylacetaldehyde, 2‐phenylethanol, indole and (E)‐nerolidol). These compounds were tested on two species of herbivores and one predator in apple orchards. Binary blends of phenylacetonitrile + acetic acid or 2‐phenylethanol + acetic acid attracted a large number of conspecific male and female adult herbivores. The response of pandemis leafroller to herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) was so pronounced that over one thousand and seven hundred conspecific male and female adult herbivores were caught in traps baited withHIPVs in three‐day trapping period. In addition, significantly higher number of male and female obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana(Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), was caught in traps baited a binary blend of 2‐phenylethanol + acetic acid, or a ternary blend contains 2‐phenylethanol and phenylacetonitrile + acetic acid. This result challenges the current paradigm hypothesized thatHIPVs repel herbivores and question the indirect defensive function proposed for these compounds. On the other hand, a ternary blend of phenylacetonitrile and 2‐phenylethanol + acetic acid attracted the largest numbers of the general predator, the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla plorabunda. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the direct attraction of conspecific adult herbivores as well as a predator to the caterpillar‐induced plant volatiles in the field.
Shift work with and without night work as a risk factor for fatigue and changes in sleep length: A cohort study with linkage to records on daily working hours
Authors: Härmä Mikko , Karhula Kati , Puttonen Sampsa , Ropponen Annina , Koskinen Aki , Ojajärvi Anneli , Kivimäki Mika
Published: January 2018

We examined shift work with or without night work as a risk factor for fatigue and short or long sleep. In a prospective cohort study with 4‐ and 6‐year follow‐ups (the Finnish Public Sector study), we linked survey responses of 3,679 full‐time hospital employees on sleep duration and fatigue to records on daily working hours in 2008 (baseline), 2012 and 2014. We used logistic regression to estimate risk ratios and their confidence intervals to examine whether continuous exposure to shift work or changes between shift work and day work were associated with short (≤6.5 hr) or long (≥9.0 hr) sleep over 24 hr and fatigue at work and during free days. Compared with continuous day work and adjusting for age, gender, education and fatigue/sleep duration at baseline, continuous shift work with night shifts was associated with increased fatigue during free days (risk ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.63) and long sleep (risk ratio = 8.04, 95% confidence interval 2.88–22.5, without adjustment for education) after 6‐year follow‐up. Exposure to shift work without night shifts increased only long sleep after 6 years (risk ratio = 5.87, 95% confidence interval 1.94–17.8). A change from day work to shift work with or without night shifts was associated with an increased risk for long sleep, and a change from shift work to day work with a decreased risk for long sleep and fatigue. This study suggests that irregular shift work is a modifiable risk factor for long sleep and increased fatigue, probably reflecting a higher need for recovery.
Law School Climates: Job Satisfaction Among Tenured US Law Professors
Authors: Barnes Katherine Y. , Mertz Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

In this article, we combine quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate why post-tenure law professors of color and women professors within the US legal academy are differentially dissatisfied with their work lives. Previous social science research has indicated lingering difficulties for professionals from traditionally marginalized groups as they advance to higher levels. Post-tenure law professors have been understudied relative to similar senior-level professionals. Mixed methods allow us to isolate institutional structure and implicit cultural bias as key mediators of this dissatisfaction, converging on issues of respect, voice, and collegiality as crucial. We use the example of the legal academy to show how empirical research can shed important light on the realities of legal professionals—here, the faculty who are training the next generation of US attorneys. Following in the new legal realist tradition, we demonstrate the power of mixed empirical methodologies for grasping social realities pertinent to law.
Trophic structure of frugivorous bats in the Neotropics: emergent patterns in evolutionary history
Authors: Sánchez Mariano Sebastián , Giannini Norberto Pedro
Published: January 2018

Knowing the relative importance of phylogeny in dietary specialisation in frugivorous bats is key to understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that drove their diversification and to elucidating the mechanisms allowing their coexistence in multispecific assemblages.

We evaluate the trophic structure of frugivorous phyllostomids using multiple data sets collected throughout the Neotropics. Then, we investigate the relationship between trophic and phylogenetic structure of phyllostomids, and evaluate the evolutionary mechanisms driving current resource partitioning in phyllostomid assemblages.

We compiled a data set of 14500 dietary records from 24 well‐studied bat communities in the Neotropics. We recoded data at the plant genus level and composed two new data sets including tropical sites only, and tropical and subtropical sites pooled (i.e. including sites where diversity is significantly reduced). We performed multivariate analyses on both data sets and estimated phylogenetic effects on the dietary patterns.

Dietary structure in both data sets indicated that bat species remained faithful to their core plant taxa. A phylogenetic comparative method selected only a few basal clades from the entire phyllostomid tree that significantly explained the impact of evolutionary history on the observed multivariate patterns. These clades were dated to the middle Miocene, a period of particularly intense geological and environmental changes in the Neotropics. These clades were always younger than the core plant taxa with which they were strongly associated.

Accordingly, the core diet of phyllostomid bats has remained remarkably stable since at least the past 15 My (million years), suggesting a bottom‐up control of the evolution of the bat‐plant interactions in the Neotropics.
Detecting the genomic signal of polygenic adaptation and the role of epistasis in evolution
Authors: Csilléry Katalin , Rodríguez‐Verdugo Alejandra , Rellstab Christian , Guillaume Frédéric
Published: January 2018

Over the last decade, the genomic revolution has offered the possibility to generate tremendous amounts of data that contain valuable information on the genetic basis of phenotypic traits, such as those linked to human diseases or those that allow for species to adapt to a changing environment. Most ecologically relevant traits are controlled by a large number of genes with small individual effects on trait variation, but that are connected with one another through complex developmental, metabolic and biochemical networks. As a result, it has recently been suggested that most adaptation events in natural populations are reached via correlated changes at multiple genes at a time, for which the name polygenic adaptation has been coined. The current challenge is to develop methods to extract the relevant information from genomic data to detect the signature of polygenic evolutionary change. The symposium entitled “Detecting the Genomic Signal of Polygenic Adaptation and the Role of Epistasis in Evolution” held in 2017 at the University of Zürich aimed at reviewing our current state of knowledge. In this review, we use the talks of the invited speakers to summarize some of the most recent developments in this field.