bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmentalism as a Disciplinary Strategy in Bangladesh
Authors: AHMED BHUIYAN ABUL HOSSAIN , FARAIZI AMINUL HAQUE , McALLISTER JIM
Published: April 2005

This article focuses on the working of developmentalism as a disciplinary strategy in Bangladesh. The formation of groups or cooperatives of traditional agriculturists/peasants may be seen as the first attempt in establishing the ‘development gaze’ over the peasants of Bangladesh. An examination of various techniques used in the cooperative formation process reveals that they are clearly interventionist in nature and are based on the modernist approach to development. Development deployed in the rural villages in Bangladesh resembles the deployment that took place in European societies when what Foucault (1991a) refers to as ‘disciplinary power’ was established.
Haumeni, Not Many: Renewed Plunder and Mismanagement in the Timorese Sandalwood Industry
Authors: McWILLIAM ANDREW
Published: April 2005

There have been numerous occasions throughout history where the exploitation of a single commodity has transformed the fortunes of institutions, communities and even nations that have sought to benefit from its control. Middle Eastern oil, rubber from the former Belgian Congo or gold in South America provide a few striking case studies. For the eastern Indonesian island of Timor, the long-term struggle for the control and trade of high quality white sandalwood (Santalum album L) holds this pre-eminent position. The history of Timor, for perhaps the last millennium, has been intimately linked to the shifting fortunes of sandalwood production and trade. Over the centuries, the attraction of sandalwood and the fine scented oil produced from its heartwood, has encouraged an extraordinary array of diverse trading interests that jostled and warred for influence and a share of the lucrative profits from its exploitation and sale across Asia. For indigenous Timorese too, participation in sandalwood politics frequently lay at the heart of endemic struggles for power and wealth. The capacity to exert control over sandalwood production and trade from the interior of the island was a direct measure of political authority and standing among rival Timorese indigenous domains. To control the production and trade in sandalwood was to control the polity, at least to the extent that the situation remained uncontested. The converse also held true; namely that the holders of effective political power within Timorese domains were well placed to monopolise available sandalwood stocks. Thus to a significant degree the fortunes of Timorese society are mirrored in the history of sandalwood politics.
J. S. Furnivall and Fabianism: Reinterpreting the ‘Plural Society’ in Burma
Authors: PHAM JULIE
Published: April 2005

Buried in an obscure journal published in Burma is a letter addressed to its readers commemorating the tenth anniversary of the publication. The editor had asked one of the publication's founders, a well-known former Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer turned progres-sive reformer, to pen a few lines. Years later, the writer achieved acclaim as an ardent supporter of Burmese nationalism and independence and one of the founding scholars of Burma and Southeast Asia studies. These were his words of inspiration to an audience that comprised mostly educated Burmese:

Burma did not lose its independence because the rulers of Burma came into conflict with the British Empire, but because they had not sufficient wisdom to preserve their country; they did not know enough of Burma or of the outside world. And it will not again be capable of independence until Burmans know enough of Burma and of the outside world to guide its destinies.

In essence, the Burmese were responsible for their own colonisation because they lacked ‘wisdom’ and only through gaining this elusive knowledge could they be free. This opinion was based on nearly three decades worth of first-hand observation of Burmese society. The author was J. S. Furnivall.
Managing the marine aquarium trade: is eco-certification the answer?
Authors: SHUMAN CRAIG S. , HODGSON GREGOR , AMBROSE RICHARD F.
Published: April 2005

Global trade in marine ornamental species includes numerous countries; however, 80% of the trade involves exports from the Philippines and Indonesia to the USA. The worldwide import value of marine ornamentals is estimated at US$ 200–330 million annually. Recent concern regarding sustainability and environmental impacts on coral reefs where collection occurs has spurred debate as to how best to monitor, manage and regulate the industry. A certification programme proposed by the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) has the potential to manage the trade efficiently by minimizing environmental impacts, thus continuing this important source of income for impoverished coastal villagers. The MAC Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM) Standard was established to protect fish stocks from overexploitation and will be the most difficult component of the certification programme to implement. Prerequisites for successful EFM in developing nations are local control over fisheries and accurate records to monitor catch. Collector logs were found to be a useful tool to monitor both catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition from collection areas in the Philippines. Comparison of catch composition in two distinct regions of the Philippines indicated that one site was severely overfished while the other was moderately overfished. The Collection Area Management Plan required by the MAC certification programme, combined with the current legal framework in the Philippines allowing for local jurisdiction of reef resources, has the potential to prevent further overfishing in the latter region. Until sufficient ecological data can be obtained, CPUE can provide an effective means to monitor and manage the fishery within the framework of the MAC certification programme. Despite effective management plans in source nations, legislation in receiving nations may be required to help stimulate a strong market demand for certified ornamentals if the MAC certification programme is to be successful.
Dynamics of periodic instabilities during stretching of the continental lithosphere: View from centrifuge models and comparison with natural examples
Authors: Corti Giacomo
Published: April 2005

Analogue models are used to investigate the development of periodic instabilities during a wide rifting mode of continental extension. The results of modeling support that unstable lithospheric extension is accompanied by development of regularly spaced structures at two characteristics wavelengths: a crustal (shorter) wavelength and mantle (longer) wavelength. Both wavelengths are dependent on the brittle/ductile decoupling (i.e., dominance of the brittle rheology of the upper crust over the ductile behavior), as an increase in the brittle layer thickness and a decrease in the extension velocity (decreasing the ductile resistance) lead to an increase in both crustal and mantle wavelengths. The characteristic wavelengths also increase with increasing the amount of total extension, whereas variations in the thickness of the ductile lower crust have minor effects on the spacing of structures. These results are similar to previous analytical models and match well the wavelength of structures in regions undergoing wide rifting, as the Basin and Range, the Aegean, the West Antarctic Rift System and examples from the extensional systems of the China‐Mongolia regions.
VEGF Protects Brain against Focal Ischemia without Increasing Blood–Brain Permeability When Administered Intracerebroventricularly
Authors: Kaya Dilaver , Gürsoy-Özdemir Yasemin , Yemisci Muge , Tuncer Neşe , Aktan Sevinç , Dalkara Turgay
Published: April 2005

Delayed administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. However, early intravenous injection of VEGF increases blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage, hemorrhagic transformation and infarct volume whereas its application to cortical surface is neuroprotective. We have investigated whether or not early intracerebroventricular administration of VEGF could replicate the neuroprotective effect observed with topical application and the mechanism of action of this protection. Mice were subjected to 90 mins middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (8 ng, intracerebroventricular) was administered 1 or 3 h after reperfusion. Compared with the vehicle-treated (intracerebroventricular) group, VEGF decreased the infarct volume along with BBB leakage in both treatment groups. Neurologic disability scores improved in parallel to the changes in infarct volume. Independently of the decrease in infarct size, VEGF also reduced the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic neurons. Phospo-Akt levels were significantly higher in ischemic hemispheres of the VEGF-treated mice. Contrary to intracerebroventricular route, intravenous administration of VEGF (15 μg/kg) enhanced the infarct volume as previously reported for the rat. In conclusion, single intracerebroventricular injection of VEGF protects brain against ischemia without adversely affecting BBB permeability, and has a relatively long therapeutic time window. This early neuroprotective action, observed well before recovery-promoting actions such as angiogenesis, possibly involves activation of the PI-3-Akt pathway.
Inhibition of Angiogenic Properties of Brain Endothelial Cells by Platelet-Derived Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
Authors: Pilorget Anthony , Annabi Borhane , Bouzeghrane Fatiha , Marvaldi Jacques , Luis José , Béliveau Richard
Published: April 2005

The platelet-derived lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is present in blood plasma and is one of the most potent growth factors displaying proangiogenic activity towards endothelial cells (EC) derived from various tissues. The paracrine regulation of brain angiogenesis by platelet-derived growth factors is, however, poorly understood. In the present study, we assessed the role of S1P on brain EC migration and tubulogenesis, using rat brain-derived (RBE4) EC as an in vitro model. We show that S1P inhibits brain EC migration and tubulogenesis, while it displays proangiogenic activity towards noncerebral EC. Overexpression of the S1P receptor S1P-1 in RBE4 cells potentiated all of the S1P-mediated events. We also show that the lack of expression of MT1-MMP, a membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase that is thought to cooperate with S1P in tubulogenic processes, may explain the antiangiogenic activity of S1P on brain vasculature. Altogether our results support the hypothesis of a tissue-specific, antiangiogenic role of S1P in the brain, which may help to stabilize the cerebral vasculature and thus have crucial impact on the setting and regulation of normal brain vascularization.
Noradrenergic Agonists and Antagonists Influence Migration of Cortical Spreading Depression in Rat—a Possible Mechanism of Migraine Prophylaxis and Prevention of Postischemic Neuronal Damage
Authors: Richter Frank , Mikulik Oskar , Ebersberger Andrea , Schaible Hans-Georg
Published: April 2005

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is thought to be a neuronal mechanism that expands the penumbra zone after focal brain ischemia and that causes migraine aura. Both adrenergic agonists and antagonists significantly influence the size of the penumbra zone and decline the frequency of migraine. To study whether these compounds act by influencing CSD, we applied different drugs topically to an area of the exposed cortex of anesthetized adult rats and observed the migration of CSD-related DC potential deflections across the treated area. The adrenergic agonist norepinephrine (1 mmol/L) and the α2-agonist clonidine (0.56 mmol/L) blocked reversibly the migration of CSD. The β-blocker propranolol (250 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L) dose-dependently diminished migration velocity or even blocked migration of CSD. The CSD blockade by the α2-antagonist yohimbine (1.75 mmol/L) was because of its action on inhibitory 5-HT1A receptors. None of the substances in the concentrations used had influence on regional cerebral blood flow or on systemic arterial blood pressure. The data suggest that the interference of these compounds with CSD may contribute to their beneficial therapeutic effect. The effect of β-receptor antagonists in human migraine needs further exploration, since these drugs also work in migraine without aura.
Superoxide Dismutase 1 Overexpression Reduces MCP-1 and MIP-1α Expression after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Nishi Tatsuro , Maier Carolina M , Hayashi Takeshi , Saito Atsushi , Chan Pak H
Published: April 2005

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are quickly upregulated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the relationship between I/R-induced oxidative stress and cytokine/chemokine expression has not been elucidated. We investigated the temporal profile of cytokine and chemokine gene expression in transient focal cerebral ischemia using complementary DNA array technology. Among 96 genes studied, 10, 4, 11, and 5 genes were increased at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h of reperfusion, respectively, whereas, 4, 11, 8, and 21 genes, respectively, were decreased. To clarify the relationship between chemokines and oxidative stress, we compared the gene and protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) in wild-type (WT) mice and copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) transgenic (Tg) mice. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and MIP-1α mRNA were significantly upregulated at 6 to 12 h of reperfusion. In the SOD1 Tg mice, however, MCP-1 and MIP-1α mRNA expression was significantly decreased 12 h postinsult. In the WT mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1α protein expression peaked 24 h after onset of reperfusion determined by immunohistochemistry. In the SOD1 Tg mice, MCP-1 and MIP-1α immunopositive cells were reduced, as were concentrations of these proteins (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at 24 h of reperfusion. Our results suggest that MCP-1 and MIP-1α expression is influenced by I/R-induced oxidative stress after transient focal stroke.
Steadily translating vortices near step topography
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Hinds A. K. , McDonald N. R.
Published: April 2005

A family of finite area translating monopolar vortices which propagate steadily without change of shape (V states) is found for shallow flow near a finite step change in depth. Solutions are obtained numerically and are unique for a given volume and center of vorticity. Time-dependent integrations show that these vortices are robust: flows initialized with a V state remain close to the V state and flows initialized with a circular vortex shed vorticity to approach a V state. The translational velocity of the vortices is shown to be finite and, unlike that of a singular line vortex, not to increase without limit as the center of vorticity approaches the escarpment.
Quantum-cascade lasers without injector regions operating above room temperature
Authors: Friedrich Andrea , Boehm Gerhard , Amann Markus Christian , Scarpa Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

We present above-room-temperature operation of an injectorless quantum-cascade (QC) laser. The active region is designed as a four-level staircase and has been realized in the strain-compensated material system Ga0.4In0.6As∕Al0.56In0.44As based on InP. In pulsed operation the lasers work up to a heat-sink temperature of 340K, the highest temperature achieved so far with injectorless QC lasers. A large wavelength shift is observed for higher bias fields and (therefore) at high temperatures (10μm at 77K and 8.4μm at 300K).
Charging efficiency and lifetime of image-bound electrons on a dielectric surface
Authors: Biasini M. , Gann R. D. , Yarmoff J. A. , Mills A. P. , Pfeiffer L. N. , West K. W. , Gao X. P. A. , Williams B. C. D.
Published: April 2005

The surface charge generated on an Al0.24Ga0.76As∕GaAs quantum well sample by electron bombardment was monitored by measuring the change in the conductivity of the channel. Upon turning off the electron bombardment the surface charge on adsorbed layers of xenon and water at 8K decays in room temperature darkness with a lifetime τ=0.30±0.02s. The average charging efficiency, μ0, defined as the ratio of the charge collected by the surface to the beam current times the charging time, is μ0≃0.001. Surface charging proves to be an effective method for contactless gating of field effect devices.
Room-temperature quantum effect in silicon nanoparticles obtained by low-energy ion implantation and embedded in a nanometer scale capacitor
Authors: Shalchian M. , Grisolia J. , Assayag G. Ben , Coffin H. , Atarodi S. M. , Claverie A.
Published: April 2005

In this article, we present the room-temperature current-voltage characteristics of a nanometer scale (100×100nm2) metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor containing few (less than 100) silicon nanoparticles. The layer of silicon nanoparticles is synthesized within the oxide of this capacitor by ultra low-energy ion implantation and annealing. Current fluctuations in the form of discrete current steps and sharp peaks appeared in the static and dynamic I(V) characteristics of the capacitor. These features have been associated to quantized charging and discharging of the nanoparticles and the resulting Coulomb interaction to the tunneling current.
Application-rate-dependent impacts of a fire retardant on zooplankton community structure of temporary ponds
Authors: Angeler David G. , Martín Silvia , Rodríguez Marta , Moreno José M.
Published: April 2005

In the present study, we employed dry sediments in a temporary-pond microcosm experiment to evaluate the response of the zooplankton community after exposure to different application rates of the commercially available fire retardant, Fire-Trol 934. Application rates were selected to reflect ranges used during fire control/prevention operations in grasslands and shrublands in Mediterranean areas. Results show loss of water quality in terms of increased nutrient (total phosphorus and total nitrogen) concentrations, electrical conductivity and water colour. The magnitude of water-quality impact depended on FRC application rate and was most severe in the highest application rate treatment. The zooplankton community was significantly affected by the FRC treatments. In the control, a diverse assemblage of cladocerans, rotifers and ostracods developed, whereas the zooplankton community in all FRC treatments was depauperate, consisting only of a few species of rotifers. The lack of cladocerans, which are effective grazers of phytoplankton, could negatively affect ecosystem functioning and foster eutrophication effects through excessive algal growth, at least during the first weeks after temporary ponds fill with winter rains.
Direct detection of digestive enzymes in planktonic rotifers using enzyme-labelled fluorescence (ELF)
Authors: Štrojsová M. , Vrba J.
Published: April 2005

A novel enzyme-labelled-fluorescence (ELF) method was applied to natural populations of planktonic rotifers from a eutrophic reservoir. Direct visualisation of rotifers by this new method provided new information about enzymatic activities in situ, including detection and location of enzyme activities. Three fluorogenic substrates were used for the enzyme assay in concentrated (20–60×) samples of the rotifers. After a short (1–3 h) incubation in test tubes, samples were filtered and the rotifers on polycarbonate filters were examined using an epifluorescence microscope. Activity of phosphatases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases and lipases were detected in some species that were regularly inspected during two seasons – most frequently in the stomach area, at the corona and, less often, in the mastax area. The results suggest that most of the detected enzymes are connected with the digestive tracts of rotifers. Also, autofluorescence of chlorophyll a enabled visualisation of the digestive tracts of the rotifers and provided additional information on the food (phytoplankton). Enzyme expression did not show any clear seasonal trend. Detection of specific enzymes varied considerably between species of rotifers and between individuals. This variability could be a result of change of feeding behaviour of rotifers in the concentrated samples and also could reflect individual differences among the rotifers in a population, such as feeding activity, age or life stage.
Conidium and appressorium variation in Australian isolates of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides group and closely related species
Authors: Cox ML , Irwin JAG
Published: April 2005

Australian collections of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides group and closely related species were studied to assess the suitability of existing taxonomic criteria and to examine the possibility of using alternative characters in the delimitation of taxa within the group. Conidia produced on free hyphae in slide cultures were consistently more variable than those produced in conidiomata in pure culture. Because of this, only dimensions of conidia from conidiomata should be used in taxonomic work. Appressorium morphology but not size was a useful addition to existing taxonomic criteria, with some isolates producing only unlobed or slightly lobed appressoria and others deeply lobed appressoria. On the basis of dimensions of conidia produced in conidiomata and appressorium morphology three biological groups emerge: isolates with mean conidial widths between 3.0 and 4.2 µm, with either unlobed or slightly lobed appressoria; isolates with mean conidial widths between 4.5 and 5.5 µm, with unlobed or slightly lobed appressoria; and isolates with conidial widths between 4.5 and 5.5 µm, with obviously lobed appressoria. Hyphal conidiogenesis appears to be useful in delimiting taxa only in C. crassipes where hyphal conidia were borne on branched conidiophores that were relatively short and stout. All other collections examined produced hyphal conidia on long, unbranched conidiophores, indistinguishable from normal hyphae.
Early tertiary Tmesipteris (Psilotaceae) macrofossil from Tasmania
Authors: Carpenter RJ
Published: April 2005

The discovery of a fossil Tmesipteris specimen from the Late Eocene–Oligocene Cethana deposit is the first macrofossil record of the Psilotaceae. The specimen is represented by a portion of an areial shoot and is assigned to the new species, T. tasmanica. Extant species are virtually confined to ever-wet temperature and tropical montane rainforests of Australiasia, eastern Malesia and islands of the Pacific. The discovery therefore provides an identification that the Cethana deposit was surrounded by vegetation which grew in cool and humid conditions.
A new lichenised species of Arthonia from south-western Tasmania
Authors: Kantvilas G , Vezda A
Published: April 2005

A new lichen, Arthonia apteropteridis, is described from south-western Tasmania. The new species grows upon the living fronds of the endemic Tasmanian fern, Apteropteris applanata A. M. Gray & R. G. Williams (Hymenophyllaceae).
The taxonomic postition of the Australian endemic Durringtonia (Rubiacese)
Authors: Puff C , Robbrecht E
Published: April 2005

Evidence is presented that the monotypic Australian genus Durringtonia R. Henderson & Guymer should be placed in the Rubiaceae tribe Anthospermeae subtribe Cosrosminar rather than in a tribe of its own. The relationship if Durringtonia to other members of the Anthospermeae are discussed.
A revision of Enneapogon (Poaceae, Pappophoreae) in Australia
Authors: Kakudidi EKZ , Lazarides M , Carnahan JA
Published: April 2005

This revision Enneapogon Desv. Ex. P. Beauv. Includes significant taxonomic data on three new taxa (E. decipiens, Kakudidi, E. eremophilus Kakudidi, E. caerulescens var occidentalis Kakudidi) Also, E. truncates Kakudidi is proposed for the species previously known as E. flavescens (Lindl.) N. Burb., as the latter's nomenclatural type belongs to E. nigricans (R. Br.) P. Beauv. New synonyms included E. glaber N. Burb. and E. planiforlius N. Burb. of E. purpurascens (R.Br.) Domin, and E. pallidus var. breviseta N. Burb. of E. lindleyanus (Domin) C.E. Hubb. A previous synonym of E. gracilis (R.Br.) P. Beauv. has been segregated as an independent species (E. virens (Lindl.) Kakudidi). The varietal synonyms, Pappophorum avenaceum var nanum Domin and P. nigricans var barbinode Domin, previously identified as E. polyphyllus and E. polyphyllus nad E. oblongus respectively, are referred to E. avenaceus and E. caerulescens var. caerulescens.
Apostates (Asteraceae, Astereae), a new genus from the south-eastern Polynesian island of Rapa
Authors: Lander NS
Published: April 2005

A new monotypic genus endemic to the south-eastern Polynesian island of Rapa, Apostates, is described to accommodate a species formerly known as Olearia rapae F. Brown. Its obscure position in the tribe Astereae is noted. A comprehensive description of the species A. rapae, an illustration and notes on its conservation status are provided.
Fossil imbricate-leaved Podocarpaceae from tertiary sediments in Tasmania
Authors: Wells PM , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

Fifteen new species belonging to five genera (one, Mesibovia, newly described) of the Podocarpaceae with imbricate leaves are described from Oligocene–Early Miocene localities in Tasmania. Nine of these species belong to Dacrycarpus, which is now extinct in Australia, and their living affinities are widespread in latitude and altitude from New Zealand to New Guinea. Three species of Dacrydium s. str. demonstrate that this genus was diverse in Tasmania in the Tertiary, although it is now extinct in Australia. A species of Microstrobos, which is very similar to the extant alpine/subalpine Tasmanian endemic M. niphophilus, occurs in both high- and low-altitude sites, and suggests that this type was once more widespread. The Oligocene Lagarostrobos marginata is intermediate between the two extant species of Lagarostrobos, and suggests a closer relationship between them than do other lines of evidence. Mesibovia rhomboideu, recovered from three localities, shares features with several extant genera, and is of importance in understanding evolution within this group. The significance of the fossils for climatic and vegetation reconstruction is discussed.
A protein sequence study of the dicotyledons and its relevance to the evolution of the legumes and nitrogen fixation
Authors: Martin PG , Dowd JM
Published: April 2005

The data were the N-terminal 40 amino acids of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco-SSU) from 310 dicotyledons covering about half the families and most orders. The strategy used to build an overall phylogenetic tree is described; a maximum parsimony program, reliable for up to 17 taxa, has been used. The first step was to use four modern phylogenies to divide 101 of the families into 25 Groups of uneven size leaving 20 families with controversial affinities. Ancestral sequences were derived for each group and these were built into an overall tree in five stages that included testing the reality of the original Groups and re-defining a third of them to include most of the families of controversial affinities. The high degree of taxonomically 'correct' clustering of taxa into families suggested reliability at that level, but reliability probably diminished at higher levels that are separated by shorter distances. The results should be regarded as working hypotheses for future investigations, not as firm conclusions. Evidence is presented that, of the three leguminous families, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae are closest and that Caesalpiniaceae is very close to Rosaceae. Families in which nitrogen fixation is known appear to associate in three clusters comprising one, three and eight families.
Extranuclear DNA and its use in systematics
Authors: Timmis JN , Ayliffe MA
Published: April 2005

Higher plant cells contain three genetic compartments which separately transcribe DNA and translate messenger (m)RNA into polypeptides. Most plant proteins derive from nuclear genes and their mRNAs are translated on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Many fewer genes are located within mitochondrial (mt) or plastid (including chloroplast (cp)) DNA, and mRNAs from these genomes are translated on separate populations of ribosomes within the particular organelles. The cytoplasmic genomes are much smaller than that of the nucleus and they are present in multiple copies in each organelle. As there are many chloroplasts and mitochondria in each cell, these genomes may contribute a large proportion of total cellular DNA. Chloroplast DNA, in particular, has been extensively used to study plant phylogeny. The reasons why it is useful and some of the possible problems associated with its use in taxonomy are discussed.
Morphological variation in the mangrove genus Avicennia in Australasia: Systematic and ecological considerations*
Authors: Duke NC
Published: April 2005

Morphological variation in flowers, fruit and leaves of five Australasian species of Avicennia was assessed using multivariate techniques. Groupings based on 184 herbarium specimens gathered throughout the region showed no intermediates or potential hybrids between species, A. alba, A. integra, A. rumphiana (= A. lanata), A. marina (= A. eucalyptifolia; = A. balanophora) and A. officinalis. The most common and systematically troublesome species, A. marina, was considered further in a regional litter fall survey of 25 Australian sites, and in a detailed field study of eight locations within one estuary. In both studies, morphological variation correlated with environmental factors including air temperature, rainfall, intertidal position and upriver location. Major differences were also observed within individuals, as shown in sun and shade leaves. These observations suggested that many attributes, especially of leaves, were influenced by environmental factors, demonstrating their unsuitability in earlier systematic treatments. Other attributes reflecting putative subspecific genetic variation, included bark character, extent of pubescence on calyx lobes, and stigma position in relation to anthers. These characterise three groupings of A. marina sites, related to major biogeographic zones within this region: southeastern Australia and New Zealand; northern and north-eastern Australia and southern Papua New Guinea; and south-western Australia.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 489.
The morphology of Catenellopsis (Catenellopsidaceae, fam. nov.; Rhodophycota)
Authors: Robbins PA
Published: April 2005

Catenellopsis oligarthra, a small caespitose red alga endemic to New Zealand, is currently classified with the Gymnophloeaceae (Gigartinales), but it exhibits patterns of vegetative and reproductive morphology previously unknown in the Rhodophycota that suggest the removal of Catenellopsis to a new monotypic family. The plants originate from a basal pulvinus that includes rhizoidal and other secondary filaments. Numerous erect triaxial reproductive branches that lack any capacity for secondary development arise from individual filaments of the pulvinus. Gametophytic branches develop a single constriction, within which superficial cells fuse to form a reticulum that gives rise to an external annulus composed of catenate sporangia. Cruciate tetrasporangia are transformed from terminal cells throughout the cortex of unconstricted tetrasporophytes.
A monograph of Entodon (Entodontaceae) in Australia, eastern Melanesia and southern Oceania
Authors: Buck WR
Published: April 2005

The moss genus Entodon C. Müll. (Entodontaceae) is revised for Australia, eastern Melanesia (New Caledonia and Fiji) and the South Pacific islands. The nine validly described species and 10 nomina nuda are reduced to two species, E. mackaviensis C. Müll. and E. plicatus C. Müll. Entodon mackaviensis, with terete branches and extensive alar development is confined to the region treated. Entodon plicatus, with complanate branches and significantly fewer alar cells, ranges from India to the far reaches of the South Pacific basin, and from Tasmania to the Philippines. Both species are described and illustrated. Some extra-limital synonymy is provided.
Transcending the Wallace line: do the western edges of the Australina region and the Australian plate coincide?
Authors: Vane-Wright RI
Published: April 2005

The island of Sulawesi (Celebes), which lies at the heart of the Malay Archipelago, occurs in a region of exceptional tectonic complexity. Since Wallace first drew attention to the anomalous fauna of the island, debate has continued regarding the biogeography and geology of the area. Through an analysis of the distribution of the 183 genera and 470 species of butterflies known from Sulawesi (of which more than 200 species are regional endemics), two classes of biotic patterns linking the island to surrounding regions can be demonstrated. All, or virtually all of the genera on Sulawesi are Asian, but with no special link to Borneo. A set of younger patterns, derived from analysing species' distributions, links Sulawesi to the Moluccas, Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Islands, in addition to Asia. Of these younger patterns, the link between Sulawesi and the Moluccas is most pronounced . This is interpreted to suggest that current geological models, in which Sulawesi consists of at least two terranes, one Asian and one Australian in origin, are consistent with butterfly biogeography only if certain assumptions or constraints are imposed. Firstly, it must be assumed that Sulawesi has had a long independent history from Borneo; it seems most unlikely that Sulawesi and Borneo could have been contiguous 2 mya, as one geological theory has suggested. Secondly, before collision of the Asian and Australian plates about 15 mya, the advancing edge of the Australian plate must have been submerged during most if not all of the approach phase. If the collision has created new land by uplift in the eastern Sulawesi, Banggai and Sula region, then the strong species-level link between Sulawesi and the Moluccas is explicable by local dispersion over the last 15 mya. It is concluded that there is no sharp distinction, at least within Wallacea, between the Asian and Australian biota, as Wallace originally tried to demonstrate and as geological theories might predict: the western edges of the Australian biogeographic area and the Australian tectonic plate do not coincide.
Indo-Pacific coral biogeography: a case study from the Acropora selago group
Authors: Wallace CC , Pandolfi JM , Young A , Wolstenholme J
Published: April 2005

We develop species-level biogeographic hypotheses for Acropora, the largest extant coral genus and the dominant scleractinian coral of Indo-Pacific reefs, based on morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of the Acropora selago group. Fourteen morphometric characters differentiated species from this group with an accuracy of 95%. When the Tukey test was administered, 11 of these characters displayed nonoverlapping subsets. The most resolved phylogenetic tree resulted from an analysis based on both morphometric and qualitative characters. Cladistic-biogeographic analysis using this tree and areas derived from species-distribution patterns showed that species with the greatest degree of endemism within the A. selago group possess the most derived character states, while the most primitive species (A. yongei) is the most widespread. Within the range of the group, four areas are recognised: (1) the Red Sea, (2) western to central Indian Ocean, (3) eastern Indian Ocean and (4) western to central Pacific Ocean. Species ranges overlap in a stepwise fashion from west to east. Areas adjacent to one another are biogeographically more closely related than non-adjacent areas. Whilst we offer a scenario for the history of distribution patterns of the A. selago group, we propose that biogeographical hypotheses based on Acropora be tested using a number of different species-groups. Similar distributional ranges for other Acropora species-groups, as well as separate distributional ranges for further groups, suggest that Acropora will provide an appropriate taxon to examine the biogeography of the tropical marine realm.
The New Zealand species of Amanita (Fungi: Agaricales)
Authors: Ridley GS
Published: April 2005

The genus Amanita in New Zealand is reviewed. Fourteen species are accepted of which 10 are endemic to New Zealand. Seven new species are described: Amanita taiepa, A, nehuta, A. pekeoides, A. karea, A. mumura, A. pumatona and A. pareparina. The endemic species are placed in the Amanita sections Amanita, Vaginatae, Validae and Lepidella.
Bivallum gen. nov. (Rhytismataceae) on southern hemisphere Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae
Authors: Johnston PR
Published: April 2005

Bivallum gen. nov. is described with the type species B. zelandicum sp, nov. and five other species: B. diselmatis sp. nov.; B. heterosporum (Butin), comb. nov.; B. microstrobi sp. nov.; B. pilgerodendri (Butin), comb. nov.; B. podocarpi (Butin), comb. nov. The genus is southern hemisphere is distribution, being found on Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae in Chile, New Zealand and Tasmania.
Morphological variation within Eucalyptus nitens s. lat. and recognition of a new species, E. denticulata
Authors: Cook IO , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

The complete geographic range of Eucalyptus nitens s. lat. (shining gum) was sampled to determine the pattern of variation in adult and seedling morphology. Analyses of the different data sets indicated the presence of two distinct taxa: one, characterised by denticulate adult leaf margins, is described as E. denticulata sp. nov.; the other, characterised by entire leaf margins, is E. nitens s. str. Many other characters distinguish the two taxa. Mature trees of E. denticulata have leaves with higher oil gland density, longer peduncles, more cup-shaped rather than barrel-shaped fruit, more frequently exserted valves, and rounded and longer flower buds compared with E. nitens s. str. Seedlings of the two species can be distinguished mainly on the basis that those of E. denticulata have longer internodes and leaves which clasp the stem to a lesser extent. The major occurrence of E. denticulata is on the Errinundra Plateau, East Gippsland, with limited occurrences in the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria. Eucalyptus nitens s. str. is found in isolated stands in New South Wales and Victoria. The two species are allopatric, with the exception of the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria where some stands are mixed. Eucalyptus nitens s. str. is also geographically variable, comprising three distinct geographic races: northern and central New South Wales, southern New South Wales, and the Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands of Victoria.
Clausospicula, a new Australian genus of grasses (Poaceae, Andropogoneae)
Authors: Lazarides M , Lenz J , Watson L
Published: April 2005

Clausospicula, a new monotypic genus from the Darwin and Gulf District, Northern Territory, Australia, is described and illustrated. Its diagnostic characters include cleistogamous spikelets, reduced panicles, racemes and spikelets, and pedicelled spikelets which are poorly developed and deciduous, or suppressed. Also, the glumes of the bisexual spikelet are awned and slightly keeled or without keels. A prominent feature is the extension of the peduncle into an appendage to which the callus of the bisexual spikelet is attached. The epidermis is notable for its distinct costal and intercostal zones, rectangular intercostal long-cells with tessellated, pitted cell walls, stomata inserted beneath the overlapping interstomatals and arranged in definite rows bordering the costal zones, the presence of macrohairs, narrow microhairs 39–46.5 µm long, silica-celllcork-cell pairs with dumbbell-shaped silica bodies costally and butterfly-shaped silica bodies intercostally. The transverse section shows a distinct midrib with the vascular bundles arranged in a conventional arc abaxially and colourless tissue adaxially, and a symmetrically ordered lamina. The primary vascular bundles are accompanied by sclerenchyma as girders abaxially and adaxially; the adaxial epidermis is extensively bulliform and the abaxial epidermis is of bulliform-like cells.
The embryology and relationships of Gyrostemonaceae*
Authors: Tobe H , Raven PH
Published: April 2005

On the basis of studies of Codonocalpus and Gyrostemon, this is the first report on the embryology of the Gyrostemonaceae, one of 15 glucosinolate-producing families. The embryology of Gyrostemonaceae was studied in an effort to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of those families that have been the subject of some dispute. Embryologically, Gyrostemonaceae possess distinctive features in integuments, seeds and seed coats. These include: the outer integument (or testa), non-multiplicative (i.e. two-cell-layered) and non-vascularised; seeds reniform and albuminous; the seed coat 'exotegmic', with exotegmic cells fibrous and all other tegmic cells crushed. Nearly all of these features are common to Capparaceae and Resedaceae (glucosinolate-producing families of Capparales), but are not found in Sapindaceae (a non-glucosinolateproducing family of Sapindales), both of which have recently been considered to be close allies of Gyrostemonaceae. Shared embryological features suggest strongly that Gyrostemonaceae are closely related to Capparaceae and Resedaceae and should be placed near them within Capparales. Available embryological evidence neither supports close relationships between Gyrostemonaceae and Bataceae nor one linking Gyrosternonaceae with Sapindaceae.* Dedicated to Professor G. B. Marini Bettolo, on the occasion of his 75th birthday in 1990, and his retirement from the Università Degli Studi di Roma.
Leaves of Eucryphia (Eucryphiaceae) from tertiary sediments in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Hill RS
Published: April 2005

Eucryphia leaves recovered from Tertiary sediments in south-eastern Australia are assigned to three new species, E. falcata (Late Palaeocene, Lake Bungarby), E. microstoma (Early Eocene, Regatta Point) and E. aberensis (Middle to Late Eocene, Loch Aber). Leaves from Early Pleistocene sediments at Regatta Point are re-examined and are considered to be closely related to the extant species, E. lucida and E. milliganii. An examination of the leaf morphology of the fossil and extant species suggests that evolution has taken place, resulting in smaller leaves at higher latitudes and/or altitudes probably in response to climatic change. There is also evidence for an increase in the size and complexity of peltiform cuticular extensions on the abaxial leaf surface from the Early Tertiary to the present, which may be a response to lower water availability or increasing occurrence of frost.
A new species of Calytrix (Myrtaceae, Chamelauieae) from northern Australia
Authors: Craven LA
Published: April 2005

Calytrix inopinata is described from the Northern Territory and its relationships within the genus discussed.
A taxonomic revision of Cryptostegia R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Periplocoideae)
Authors: Marohasy J , Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Cvptostegia R. Br. comprises two species, both of which are endemic to Madagascar. One species, C. grandiflora Roxb. ex R. Br., is widely naturalised in tropical regions of the world. The other species, C. madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne., comprises three varieties, of which C. madagascariensis var. glaberrima (Hochreutiner) J. Marohasy & P. Forster is a new combination, and C. madagascariensis var. septentrionalis J. Marohasy & P. Forster is newly described. Interspecific hybrids occur in a narrow zone where the two species are sympatric.
Acacia tessellata, A. cangaiensis and A. dangarensis (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), Three new species from northern New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Tindale MD , Kodela PG
Published: April 2005

Three new species of Acacia from northern New South Wales are described, mapped and illustrated. Acacia tessellata is a member of sect. Plurinerves, whereas A. cangaiensis and A. dangarensis belong to sect. Botiycephalae. Their affinities are discussed. All three species have restricted distributions and should be considered in the management of the forests in which they occur.
Studies in Euphorbiaceae A.L.Juss., sens. lat. I.* A revision of Amperea Adr. Juss. (Acalyphoideae Ascherson, Amphereae Muell. Arg.)
Authors: Henderson RJF
Published: April 2005

The genus Amperea Adr. Juss. contains eight species, six of which are confined to the south-west of Western Australia. The seventh occurs only in central Australia while the eighth ranges from central Queensland to Tasmania and extends to the south-east of South Australia. A. simulans, from Western Australia, is described as new, and A. xiphoclada var. papillata and A. xiphoclada var. pedicellata from New South Wales are recognised as new varieties; A. xiphoclada var. pedicellata is probably now extinct. Lectotypes are chosen for A. micrantha and A. volubilis. All species are described in detail and a key to identify them is provided. The diagnostic relevance of a range of attributes of the genus is reviewed as is its classificatory history.* The first of a projected series of revisions of genera traditionally included in Stenolobeae Benth., and others related to them, which are intended to form the basis of future Flora of Australia accounts.
Leaf and shoot morphology of extant Afrocarpus, Nageia and Retrophyllum (Podocarpaceae) species, and species with similar leaf arrangement, from tertiary sediments in Australia
Authors: Hill RS , Pole MS
Published: April 2005

A cuticular micromorphological study confirms the separate generic status of Afrocarpus, Nageia and Retrophyllum and increases the number of available diagnostic characters. A re-investigation of fossil species previously assigned to this complex demonstrates that in all cases the generic designation was incorrect. Decussocarpus maslinensis from Eocene sediments at Mash Bay is transferred to the new genus Willungia; specimens from Eocene sediments at Anglesea referred to Decussocarpus brownei are transferred to Smithtonia victoriensis; Prumnopitys lanceolata and specimens assigned to P. aff. tasmanica from Anglesea are combined and transferred to Smithtonia. Previously undescribed fossil specimens from Oligocene sediments in Tasmania are assigned to Smithtonia jonesii and Willungia oppositifolia. Specimens of Retrophyllum are reported from Oligocene sediments in Western Australia and Miocene sediments in the South Island of New Zealand. These new fossil genera and species demonstrate that foliage characters which are now unique to Retrophyllum among the Podocarpaceae were once more widespread, providing further evidence for the hypothesis that many podocarpaceous taxa converged towards the production of flattened short shoots to increase photosynthetic efficiency.
A taxonomic review of Pachynema (Dilleniaceae)
Authors: Craven LA , Dunlop CR
Published: April 2005

In this revision of the endemic Australian genus, Pachynema R. Br. ex DC., seven species are recognised, three of which are newly described: P. diffusum, P. hooglandii and P. praestans. Pachynema species exhibit more diverse life forms than were recorded previously for the genus. Well developed, functional leaves are reported for the first time. The aerial stems are interpreted as elaborate inflorescences which, secondarily, may be modified into non-flowering, 'vegetative' stems.
New chromosome numbers for rutaceae
Authors: Stace HM , Armstrong JA
Published: April 2005

Chromosome counts for 30 taxa, representing five genera, are reported for Rutaceae subfamily Rutoideae, mostly in the Australasian tribe Boronieae. We found n = 10 for Boronia algida which is previously unreported in the genus, and a sterile triploid taxon in Zieria. Generic chromosome numbers of n = 18 in Zieria, n = 16 in Phebalium and n = 14 in Eriostemon sens. lat. occur, while Boronia shows cytoevolution on n = 18, 11, 10, 9. Pollen sterility and possible apomixis is indicated in some species. Some taxonomic implications of cytological data in the tribe Boronieae are discussed.