bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERMITTENT PASSAGE OF LOCKE'S SOLUTION INTO LIVING SKIN
Authors: McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Minute amounts of Locke's or Tyrode's solution have been brought into contact with the interstitial connective tissue of the skin of the living mouse, at atmospheric pressure, in such a manner that the blood or lymphatic vessels are not entered directly. Under such circumstances these absorbable fluids enter the tissue spontaneously. Entrance is strikingly intermittent, not continuous, and so too when very slight pressures are brought to bear on the fluids (1).

Hyperemia of the tissues, with accompanying dilatation of the blood vessels, increases the entrance of fluids at atmospheric pressure but it is still intermittent. By contrast, venous obstruction leads to intermittent backflow into the apparatus, but reflex hyperemia, following release of the obstruction, is attended by an increase of flow into the tissues in spite of the great reactive dilatation of vessels. The inflow is also intermittent.

If the skin is deprived of circulation, fluid does not enter it at all at atmospheric pressure, though it moves in regularly and continuously if slight pressure is put upon it. Edema-forming fluids, described in the text, also enter in a continuous manner when forced into the skin of either living or dead animals. So too do serum and sperm oil.

The findings indicate that the passage of interstitial fluid into the blood vessels may be intermittent under normal circumstances and its escape from them as well. The observed occurrence of intermittent flow in the blood vessels of several tissues (9, 15–25) will go far to account for the intermittent entrance of fluid into the skin.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for isolating a protein commonly present in the blood of patients during the acute phase of various infections which, unlike the normal serum proteins, is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of Pneumococcus.

The reactive protein is present in the fraction of serum albumin precipitated by either ammonium or sodium sulfate between 50 and 75 per cent saturation. From this fraction the reactive protein separates out on dialysis against tap water.

Following removal of the alcohol-ether-soluble lipids from acute phase serum the reactive protein becomes soluble in tap water, and is no longer precipitable by traces of calcium but still retains its precipitability with the C polysaccharide.
STUDIES ON PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES
Authors: Smetana Hans , Shemin David
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative precipitin studies indicate that progressive photo-oxidation progressively destroys the antigenic function of egg albumin.

2. Quantitative precipitin reactions of antisera (anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and antipneumococcus Type I horse serum) demonstrate that progressive photo-oxidation causes progressive lowering of the potency of the sera.

3. Quantitative precipitin reactions of the photo-oxidized globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and of Felton solution of antipneumococcus Type I horse serum show that these specific antibody fractions behave similarly to antibodies in whole sera.

4. Egg albumin whose precipitin reaction is destroyed by photo-oxidation no longer causes anaphylaxis in guinea pigs and does not produce precipitins in rabbits.

5. Chemical studies of progressively photo-oxidized egg albumin show a progressive destruction of tryptophane and histidine while tyrosine remains intact and cystine is reversibly oxidized. Sulfhydryl groups can no longer be demonstrated in photo-oxidized egg albumin whose antigenic characteristics are greatly weakened.

6. Similar studies on the globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and on Felton solution show no diminution of these amino acids in photo-oxidized material whose antigenic properties are destroyed.

7. The non-coagulable nitrogen and the amino nitrogen of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show but an insignificant increase during photo-oxidation, indicating that the loss of the precipitin reaction is not due to splitting of the respective protein molecules.

8. Electrophoretic studies of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show that photo-oxidation causes a marked alteration of the pattern of these substrates.

9. Photo-oxidation of proteins causes the formation of aggregates, indicating denaturation.

10. Hematoporphyrin migrates with the albumin fraction of unaltered as well as the photo-oxidized anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and pneumococcus Type I horse serum; in isolated proteins such as egg albumin, globulin gamma, or Felton solution, etc., the dye moves independently of the protein; after progressive photo-oxidation Hp becomes progressively fixed to the protein. Eosin behaves similarly to hematoporphyrin.
THE ORIGIN OF PLATELETS
Authors: Fidlar E. , Waters E. T.
Published: June 2004

1. In heart-lung preparations perfused with heparinized blood, clumping of platelets and a sharp fall in the platelet count occurred in the first 5 to 15 minutes after the external circuit was established.

2. In 10 such preparations surviving from 1 to 4 hours, only one showed a return of the platelet count to the level existing before operation.

3. When platelets were reduced in numbers before the blood was used for perfusion, the count tended to level off after a small recovery, if any.

4. An estimate of clumping showed it to bear an inverse relationship to the platelet recovery.

5. No satisfactory evidence of platelet production in the lungs has been obtained in these studies with heart-lung preparations.

6. The possibility of special factors which may influence platelet formation is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TYROSINASE ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Adams Mark H.
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of tyrosinase, a phenolic oxidase obtained from mushrooms, consistently lowers the blood pressure of rats made hypertensive by three different methods, while on the average not affecting the blood pressure of normal animals.

2. The intravenous and intramuscular injection of tyrosinase lowers blood pressure in dogs made hypertensive by the method of Goldblatt, while affecting that of normal ones to a less extent.

3. Tyrosinase inactivates renin, angiotonin, Victor's pressor substance, adrenalin, and tyramine in vitro, and alters the response of the blood pressure to these substances in rats and dogs.

4. Renal function of hypertensive dogs is not depressed when the blood pressure is lowered by tyrosinase.

5. Tyrosinase is an effective substance for combating experimental arterial hypertension. It is probable that some phenolic substance present in hypertension is altered.
ORGAN SPECIFICITY OF TISSUES OF THE DOG AND MAN AS SHOWN BY PASSIVE ANAPHYLAXIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Bailey G. Howard , Raffel Sidney
Published: June 2004

The immunization of rabbits for periods of 6 to 8 weeks with sedimented, heat-killed vaccines of Pasteurella boviseptica grown in infusion broths made from six different tissues of the dog and seven tissues of man, caused the production of sera containing antibodies for the broths as well as for the bacteria. The broth made from human fibromyoma of the uterus was the least antigenic of all, as indicated by passive anaphylactic tests in guinea pigs. When these animals were prepared by intraabdominal injection with the rabbit antisera and tested 48 hours later by intravenous injection with autoclaved aqueous extracts of a large number of organs of the dog and man, the guinea pigs were found to be passively sensitized so that severe or fatal anaphylaxis was generally obtained with broths made from the homologous organ and in some instances with those prepared from heterologous organs of the same species. In most instances, the injection of broths from heterologous tissues did not desensitize to later injections of that from the homologous tissue. The most organ-specific antisera were those for striated muscle, small intestine (ileum), kidney, placenta, and fibromyoma, and the least so those for whole blood, liver, and lung. The cross-reactions of the antiserum for blood were mostly with extracts of tissues which normally contain large amounts of blood. The presence of Forssman antigen in the tissues of the dog did not interfere with the demonstration of organ specificity by the methods used. In general, the results indicate that the various tissues of man and the dog contain thermostable, water-soluble, organ-specific substances which can be demonstrated by passive anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. The chemical nature of these substances has not been definitely determined, although there are some indications that they are protein split-products, probably proteoses.
INHERITANCE IN GUINEA PIGS OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SKIN SENSITIZATION WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Chase Merrill W.
Published: June 2004

It has proved possible to set up lines of guinea pigs of significantly different susceptibilities towards a compound of simple structure, namely 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene. This provides direct evidence that the type of sensitization under discussion is influenced by heredity.
CASEIN DIGESTS PARENTERALLY UTILIZED TO FORM BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Madden S. C. , Zeldis L. J. , Hengerer A. D. , Miller L. L. , Rowe A. P. , Turner A. P. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet limited in protein. Such dogs are clinically normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and certain intoxications.

Casein digests given by vein or subcutaneously to such plasma depleted dogs are effective in promoting abundant new plasma protein production. Casein digest L by vein is equivalent to whole liver of like protein equivalence by mouth. The ratio of new plasma protein production to protein intake is 20 to 25 per cent in both instances.

Casein digest L by vein gives the same response in plasma protein output as the same digest by mouth. Protein digest X by vein requires addition of tryptophane and cysteine to be effective in plasma protein production. The added cysteine sulfur is more than 95 per cent retained by the dog.

The speed of digest injection has no effect on its utilization, within the range tested.

Casein digest L given by vein to non-depleted dogs is less well utilized than in dogs depleted of plasma protein.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING OVARIECTOMY IN MICE
Authors: Fekete Elizabeth , Woolley George , Little C. C.
Published: June 2004

1. In dba mice ovariectomized at birth the vagina, uterus, and mammary glands showed a gradual recovery from the castrate state, and finally reached the stage which they presumably can attain only under the influence of estrogenic hormones. Tumors of the mammary glands developed in 37 animals, of 75 examined, between the ages of 14 and 28 months (3 adenomas and 34 carcinomas).

2. As ovarian regeneration had not taken place the probability that estrogen originated in some other organ in the absence of the ovaries is suggested.

3. The consistent nodular hyperplasia of the suprarenal cortex and close morphological similarity of cells of these nodules to lutein-like cells of the ovaries points to the abnormal suprarenals as possible sources of the estrogenic hormones.
INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE TO EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Morgan Isabel M.
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in this paper were carried out with the Rockefeller Institute strain of albino mice and with the Eastern strain of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis.

1. The observation was confirmed that with increasing age of mice there occurred a decrease in susceptibility to intraperitoneal injection of active virus; also, the length of incubation period of those which succumbed increased with age.

2. The mice of various age groups which survived an intraperitoneal injection of active virus were indistinguishable in their antibody response.

3. Young mice, vaccinated with formalin-inactivated. virus when 2, 5, and 7 days old, gave an immune response to such a degree that they showed (a) measurable peritoneal immunity which increased with small increments of age, (b) no cerebral resistance, and (c) detectable amounts of neutralizing antibody in their sera which paralleled, though at a considerably lower level, their peritoneal resistance.

4. The peritoneal resistance induced as a result of vaccination was shown to be not local, but a general, systemic immunity, specific for the Eastern strain. Such a peritoneal resistance was demonstrable by the 4th day after beginning of vaccination of 10-days-old mice.

5. After intraperitoneal injection of active virus, large amounts of virus were recoverable from the blood of non-vaccinated young mice; none was found in the blood of vaccinated young mice; a minimal amount was detectable in the blood of non-vaccinated adult mice.

6. The bearing of age on the degree of immune response of which mice are capable and on their susceptibility to the virus has been discussed.
THE CAPACITY OF THE CORONARY BED IN CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Dock William
Published: June 2004

After eliminating vascular rigor, perfusing human hearts with kerosene under pressure postmortem gives values for coronary flow which seem an index of the maximum possible flow during life. This is 3.1 cc. per gm. per minute at 100 mm. Hg in normal men under 40. It is 35 per cent lower in the hearts of those 60 to 80 years old, and also falls in hypertrophied hearts. In old people it is 30 per cent lower in hearts over 600 gm. than in those under 350; in patients 40 to 60 years old it is 37 per cent less in hearts over 600 as compared with those under 350 gm.

In discussion it is brought out that while the decrease in coronary capacity associated with age or hypertrophy may play a part in predisposing some hearts to congestive failure, there is no evidence that the hypertrophied heart has an inadequate oxygen supply or that its fibers are too thick for adequate oxygen diffusion. Congestive failure cannot be ascribed to anoxia except in the presence of severe anemia, coronary occlusion, or tachycardia with low blood pressure. Decrease in perfusibility with age and growth may be a perfectly normal adaptation to the needs of the tissue; the perfusibility of the heart of the young adult is about half that of an infant at 2 years.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Fowl pox virus from active skin lesions was established in the upper respiratory tract of normal chickens by nasal instillation and maintained for 12 successive passages. The nasal infection was not communicable by direct contact but did afford protection, for at least 6 weeks, against subsequent development of the virus in the skin.

Multiplication of the virus in the nasal passages was only irregularly attended by specific mucosal changes and was not accompanied by the vigorous counter-reaction engendered by the causal agents of roup.

The same strain of virus on propagation in embryonated eggs also survived and multiplied in the nasal tract but with somewhat reduced activity, the 34th egg transfer failing to afford complete protection. Nasal instillation in mice was followed only by a reaction in the lung from which the virus was recoverable through the 7th day.
IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF MATERIAL SEDIMENTABLE AT HIGH SPEED PRESENT IN NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUES
Authors: Furth Jacob , Kabat Elvin A. ,   With the Assistance of Jean Brundage and Mary C. Boon
Published: June 2004

Materials sedimentable at high speed (approximately 27,000 R.P.M.) were found in all normal and neoplastic tissues studied. They are carriers of the Forssman antigen and of the Wassermann hapten.

These heavy materials exhibit species, organ, and individual specificity and produce several antibodies which can be demonstrated by absorption tests. Heavy materials from chicken sarcoma and chicken spleen could not be distinguished by complement fixation tests.
NEUTRALIZATION OF THE AGENT CAUSING LEUKOSIS AND SARCOMA OF FOWLS BY RABBIT ANTISERA
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Furth Jacob
Published: June 2004

Neutralizing antibodies against fowl tumor agents can be produced in rabbits by injection of heavy materials obtained from chicken tumor. Similar sediments from normal chicken spleen produce no neutralizing antibodies. The complement-fixing antibodies produced by both materials are unrelated to the neutralizing antibodies.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE INFECTIOUS UNIT OF VACCINIA
Authors: Parker R. F. , Bronson L. H. , Green R. H.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the comparative virulence of several strains of vaccine virus for a number of hosts, and wide variation in animal susceptibility has been demonstrated. The results obtained in experiments with a chick-embryo-adapted strain are interpreted as indicating that the particles of virus are of essentially uniform virulence. Results of statistical analyses are presented which indicate that as the virulence of a strain of virus increases the number of elementary bodies per infectious unit approaches 1, and at that limit the chance of infection is governed primarily by the presence or absence of virus in the inoculum. With lower virulence the chance of a lesion following inoculation of virus is still described by the binomial theorem, but the actual distribution is primarily of susceptible cells not of viral particles. It is postulated that with regard to the proportion of cells available for parasitism, differences exist between different animals of a species, and that this distribution is of a normal character.
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE SURGICALLY REDUCED PANCREAS
Authors: Houssay B. A. , Foglia V. G. , Smyth F. S.
Published: June 2004

The pancreas reduced to 4 or 10 gm. weeks or months previously by partial resection, is able to maintain a normal glycemic level in dogs of about 10 kilos in good condition. When the pancreas is reduced to 4 gm. the capacity for secreting insulin under certain conditions of strain is diminished whereas a pancreas reduced to 10 gm. may have a normal or decreased capacity. This decreased functional capacity is shown: (1) by a longer hyperglycemic curve after the intravenous injection of 1 gm. of glucose per kilo; (2) by the requirement of smaller doses of extract of anterior hypophysis to produce diabetes; and (3) by the longer time required to correct the diabetic hyperglycemia if reduced pancreas is grafted in the neck of pancreatectomized animals. The time to recover is in inverse ratio to the weight of the transplanted pancreatic tissue.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Rocha e Silva M. , Mayer Manfred
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative data are given on the effect of variations in the time of contact and the proportions of the reactants on the quantity of complement combining component nitrogen (C'1 N) found in active guinea pig serum.

2. C'1 N was the same when determined with precipitates containing excess antibody or excess antigen.

3. Finely divided specific precipitates took up the complement combining component (C'1) from subsequently added guinea pig serum almost as well as specific precipitates formed in the presence of complement.
THE INACTIVATING EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE ON THE LEUKOTOXIC ACTION OF BENZENE
Authors: McCarty Maclyn , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits receiving subcutaneous injections of benzene, the simultaneous administration of sulfapyridine, per os, prevented the development of leukopenia. The sparing effect of sulfapyridine on the intoxication of the leukopoietic tissue by benzene was demonstrated not only by the range of daily leukocyte counts but also by microscopic examination of the bone marrow of treated animals.

2. The administration of para-aminobenzoic acid failed to inhibit the leukotoxic action of benzene.

3. The administration of sulfapyridine alone to rabbits was followed by daily variation in the number of leukocytes in the circulating blood but persistent leukocytosis was not observed. The inhibiting action of sulfapyridine was not found to be referable to the development of an overcompensating leukocytosis.

4. In preliminary experiments, the excretion of phenols by rabbits receiving sulfapyridine together with benzene differed from that observed in animals receiving benzene alone. In the former group, the rise in the excretion of total phenols was not so high as in the latter group, but the percentage of combined phenols was greater. The possible significance of the findings has been discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE SCARLET FEVER TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION REACTION
Authors: Hottle George A. , Pappenheimer A. M.
Published: June 2004

1. Highly purified scarlet fever toxin has been prepared from culture filtrates of two scarlatinal strains (NY5 and 594B) of hemolytic streptococcus grown on a medium of defined composition.

2. The flocculation reaction of Rane and Wyman has been studied quantitatively and has been shown specific for scarlet fever toxin and antitoxin.

3. Scarlet fever toxin from strains NY5 and 594B are quantitatively identical in their immunological behavior.

4. Pure scarlet fever toxin contains 0.00023 mg. nitrogen per flocculating unit and close to 1.3 x 108 skin test doses per mg. nitrogen as calculated from the immunological data. Both the immunological and the analytical data suggest that scarlet fever toxin is a protein. Similar calculations indicate that scarlet fever antitoxin contains 0.00093 mg. nitrogen per unit.

5. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin complex is readily dissociated in dilute solutions. In this respect the scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin system contrasts sharply with the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system.

6. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin reaction is discussed in relation to other flocculation reactions.
CAPACITY OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE MICROORGANISMS TO GROW ON CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES
Authors: Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Among eight strains or variants, included in four different immunological types of pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms, all grew on chorioallantoic membranes; those belonging to Klieneberger's Type L5 (Sabin Type A) grew very poorly; and those included in three other types grew with varying degrees of vigor.

2. In all instances, strains of pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms tested grew better on dead sterile chorioallantoic membranes than on living membranes.

3. None of the strains tested was in itself lethal for chick embryos.

4. No constant macroscopic lesion developed as a result of inoculating chorioallantoic membranes with pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH PROTEIN DIETS ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Philipsborn H. , Katz L. N. , Rodbard S.
Published: June 2004

The effect of high and low protein diets were studied on fourteen dogs in twenty-four different experiments. In only two of these animals, both with moderate renal excretory failure, was a reversible rise in blood pressure elicited by a high protein diet.

The possible mechanisms involved in meeting an increased excretory load are discussed.
PERIODIC EXAMINATION OF SEWAGE FOR THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John T. Riordan
Published: June 2004

From a series of tests covering 15 months, another instance is recorded of the detection of the virus of poliomyelitis in urban sewage.

It has not yet been possible to detect the virus of poliomyelitis in sewage during non-epidemic periods.

It is likely that the periodic sampling of sewage for pathogenic viruses or bacteria may be a method of epidemiological value.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE VIRUSES OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS AND LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Martin Walter P. , Beck M. Dorthy
Published: June 2004

Animals recovered from infection with the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum, meningopneumonitis, and psittacosis, were reinoculated in crossimmunity tests with these viruses.

In mice immunized by intracerebral or intranasal inoculation a reciprocal partial cross-immunity between the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis was demonstrated. In preliminary experiments, similar cross-immunity between the agents of lymphogranuloma venereum and psittacosis was not definitely demonstrated.

Hamsters, white rats, and kangaroo rats recovered from intracerebral or intranasal infection with the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum were more resistant than normal controls to inoculation with the virus of meningopneumonitis.

Sera of animals immunized with the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis showed cross-reactions by complement fixation with antigens of these viruses.

The results indicate an antigenic relationship between the viruses of lymphogranuloma venereum and meningopneumonitis.
THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

1. The agglutination titer for chicken red cells of freshly prepared or carefully stored suspensions of PR8 influenza virus, that is to say virus of maximum pathogenicity, was found to be proportional to the mouse lethal titer of the same preparations.

2. The agglutination titer of infected allantoic fluid procured in a standard way is relatively constant, regardless of the influenza strain used and its pathogenicity for mice.

3. Virus preparations inactivated by heat or storage may retain their agglutinating power.

4. Certain animal sera contain a partially heat-labile factor which, in low dilution, inhibits the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza A and influenza B viruses.

5. The agglutination inhibition test, using ferret and human sera, gives qualitative data regarding influenza antibodies which are similar to the information obtained on the same sera by means of the virus neutralization test.

6. There is a definite relationship between the agglutination inhibition titer and the virus neutralization titer of a serum. On a logarithmic scale of both variables, this relationship is essentially linear within the range investigated.

7. The agglutination inhibition titer of immune ferret serum is inversely proportional to the amount of virus used in the test.
DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FOR BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Authors: Howe Calderon
Published: June 2004

1. Methods of preparing a satisfactory antigen having been developed, a technique for performing an agglutination test with B. bacilliformis is made available.

2. As a result of repeated intravenous injection of living cultures of B. bacilliformis at short intervals, rabbits have been found to produce a high titre of specific agglutinins which, under the conditions obtaining in the present series of experiments, begins to decline after about one month following the last inoculation.

3. Sera from six cases of bartonellosis in different stages of its several manifestations have been shown by the agglutination test to contain a low but definite titre of circulating antibody.

4. Several of these same sera have been shown to contain as well a significantly high titre of agglutinins for three strains of Proteus. No definite conclusions can be drawn from this phenomenon since the case histories had not been probed for the possibility of typhus fever; and since the relatively high titres obtained with a few of the present sera may very well fall within the extremes of normal serum titres.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Mayer Manfred
Published: June 2004

1. A modified method is given for the titration of human complement so that C'1 titers are measured, as in guinea pig serum, instead of the C'2 titers yielded by the usual titration.

2. The measurement of complement combining component or components in weight units, instead of relative terms, is carried out as in guinea pig serum and leads to similar values, 0.03 to 0.05 mg. of C' N per ml. of human serum.

3. Other similarities in human and guinea pig complements are noted and discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Austrian Robert
Published: June 2004

1. In cultures of Staphylococus aureus in a synthetic medium nicotinamide and cozymase were shown to block the bacteriostatic action of chemically unrelated sulfonamide drugs as well as the chemically related compound sulfapyridine. The antibacterial properties of organic dyes totally unrelated to the sulfonamide compounds (methylene blue and thionine) were also nullified by the addition of cozymase to the culture medium.

2. The antagonistic action of the pyridine-containing coenzyme, cozymase, was found, by quantitative study, to be no greater against sulfapyridine than against other structurally dissimilar sulfonamide compounds.

3. The antidrug effects of nicotinamide and cozymase in staphylococcus cultures were observed to be directly proportional to their ability to stimulate the growth of the organism in the synthetic medium. When tested in cultures of B. coli in which they failed to accelerate bacterial growth, these same substances failed to influence the bacteriostatic action of the sulfonamide drugs.

4. The in vitro action of the coenzyme, cocarboxylase, as measured in the Warburg respirometer, was shown to be unaffected by the chemically related drug, sulfathiazole, even when the latter was present in great excess.

The above observations fail to support the theory that sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine prevent bacterial growth by interfering with the functioning of the chemically related coenzymes, cozymase, and cocarboxylase. The mode of action of sulfanilamide and its more common derivatives is discussed in the light of these observations, and a tentative theory is offered to explain the differences in bacteriostatic potency exhibited by the various sulfonamide compounds.
STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Loring Hubert S. , Schwerdt C. E.
Published: June 2004

Results of experiments on the preparation of high molecular weight constituents from normal and poliomyelitis-infected medullae-cords are presented. Relatively large yields were obtained from glycerolated normal or infected tissues or from tissues that had been stored at –10°C. for a few days. When the frozen tissues were stored for several weeks, the amount of sedimentable nitrogen isolated from the normal cords decreased and became almost negligible. Under these same conditions small but definite amounts of a high molecular weight material were isolated from the infectious extracts. This material regularly produced poliomyelitis when 1 ml. containing 5 x 10–9 gm. of nitrogen was injected intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys. The purified virus sediment contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbohydrate, it gives the Millon's test for protein, and is precipitated by one-third saturation with ammonium sulfate. Results of ultracentrifugal analyses show that a relatively homogeneous component with SW20° = 62 x 10–13 is present.
THE LOCALIZED ACTION ON THE SPINAL CORD OF INTRAMUSCULARLY INJECTED TETANUS TOXIN
Authors: Acheson George H. , Ratnoff Oscar D. , Schoenbach Emanuel B.
Published: June 2004

Local tetanus limited to one leg was studied in cats after intramuscular injection of tetanus toxin.

1. The electric and mechanical response of the affected muscle after a single stimulus to the intact sensory-motor nerve is greater in amplitude and duration than the response of the corresponding muscle of the unaffected leg (Fig. 1).

2. This augmented response of the muscle is associated with an augmented response arising from the ipsilateral portion of the spinal cord, while the contralateral part of the cord is unaffected, as demonstrated by electrographic records from the motor nerves (Figs. 2 to 5).

3. The augmented muscular response is abolished when the reflex arc is broken, but the augmented response in the spinal cord is independent of changes in the muscle, the neuromuscular junction, the afferent and efferent peripheral nerves, and the dorsal root ganglia.

4. The augmented spinal response develops in the absence of the peripheral signs of local tetanus. Hence the pathogenesis of the altered state in the spinal cord is independent of the peripheral effects of the toxin.

5. In local tetanus, therefore, the toxin injected intramuscularly acts selectively upon the segments of the spinal cord which supply the innervation of the injected area.

6. The augmented spinal response may be prevented by section of the nerve trunks supplying the area of injection prior to the injection of the toxin.

7. It is concluded that in local tetanus the toxin is carried to the spinal cord by way of peripheral nerves.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN BEINGS FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Hirst G. K. , Rickard E. R. , Whitman Loring , Horsfall F. L.
Published: June 2004

Eleven different preparations of influenza virus were used to vaccinate large groups of human beings. The antibody response to these vaccines was measured by means of the in vitro agglutination inhibition test, and the geometric mean titers of sera taken 2 weeks after vaccination were compared. From these comparisons the following conclusions were drawn:

1. There was a wide individual variation in the antibody response of human beings to the same preparation of influenza virus administrated subcutaneously. The amount of antibody produced by a group with a low prevaccination antibody level was very nearly the same as the amount produced by groups that had higher initial levels.

2. The use of the X strain of distemper virus in the preparation of an influenza vaccine did not enhance the antigenicity of the influenza virus present.

3. Within certain limits the mean antibody response of human beings increased as the amount of virus injected was increased. When large amounts of influenza A virus were given, the antibody response was of the same order of magnitude as that which occurred following actual infection by this virus.

4. When the vaccine was prepared from allantoic fluid, there was no significant difference in the antibody response of human beings given active virus, formalin-inactivated virus, heat-inactivated virus, or virus inactivated by the drying process.

5. Ground infected chick embryos, when diluted with infected allantoic fluid, gave a greater antibody response than allantoic fluid alone (when the virus remained active). The antigenicity of such a preparation was diminished when the virus was inactivated by formalin.

6. Antibody levels 6 and 9 weeks after vaccination showed a marked drop from the 2-week postvaccination levels. In a small group the antibody levels at 5 months were still further reduced. Those individuals who possessed the higher titers tended to lose their antibodies faster than did those at a lower level.
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Schroeder Henry A.
Published: June 2004

Normal standards for the blood pressure of rats under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia have been ascertained. Arterial hypertension did not consistently follow the injection of estradiol and pitressin in adult rats, and only transient hypertension occurred after the injection of dihydroxyphenylalanine. The injection of adrenalin in oil, however, was followed by cardiac hypertrophy, and it also resulted from (a) partial constriction of one renal artery, (b) the production of unilateral hydronephrosis, (c) traumatic injury to one kidney, (d) inducing unilateral perinephritis with a cellophane membrane. The blood pressure in many of the animals became elevated.

In rats the weight of the heart is probably a more reliable index of the presence of the hypertensive state than is one measurement, or two, of blood pressure under anesthesia. The latter is extremely variable, both in normal and in hypertensive animals. Rats are, however, liable to hypertension under natural circumstances, and it can be easily induced in a number of ways. The weight of the heart may then become rapidly increased. To judge from the findings in this species, rats are very susceptible to the production of the hypertensive state, in comparison with other animals.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray , Feiner Rose R.
Published: June 2004

1. SK murine virus maintained over more than 200 serial mouse passages increased in virulence for mice from an initial intracerebral titer of about 1:1 million to a maximum titer of not less than 1:1 billion dilution activity.

2. Following intracerebral injection with murine virus of remote mouse passages, 5 of 13 rhesus monkeys developed a characteristic encephalitic syndrome. Repeated intravenous injection of massive doses of virus caused localized flaccid paralysis in 2 of 14 monkeys.

3. Intracerebral injection of graded doses of murine virus into mice of different age groups caused fatal paralysis in young and old animals alike. Infection with small doses of virus by peripheral routes, while uniformly fatal to young mice, was followed by survival of almost half of the old mice.

4. The incubation period of the disease in young mice infected intracerebrally with a standard dose of murine virus, when studied throughout the period of 1 year, was found considerably lengthened during the summer months.

5. Cross neutralization tests furnished no evidence for any serological relationship between SK murine virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Theiler's virus was found to be neutralizable by antimurine horse serum and, to a lesser extent, by concentrated antipoliomyelitis horse serum; however, such inactivation, in both cases, was distinctly inferior to that occurring with SK murine virus. On the other hand, no neutralization whatsoever was obtained between SK murine virus and normal adult mouse serum, whereas the same serum completely neutralized Theiler's virus. Mice surviving infection with Theiler's virus, though acquiring immunity to this virus, remained fully susceptible to reinfection with SK murine virus.

6. Neutralization tests with SK murine virus against poliomyelitis-convalescent monkey sera gave irregular results, but neutralization of murine virus occurred regularly with a hyperimmune antipoliomyelitis horse serum. Hyperimmune antimurine horse and rabbit sera, on the other hand, failed to inactivate three strains of monkey poliomyelitis virus (SK, RMV, Aycock) by intracerebral tests in monkeys. The same sera inactivated murine virus in mice by intraperitoneal, but not by intracerebral injection of virus-serum mixtures.

7. The identity of SK murine virus and its relation to other rodent strains of poliomyelitis virus is discussed on the basis of the available data.
THE EFFECTS OF RENAL HYPERTENSION ON THE VESSELS OF THE EARS OF RABBITS
Authors: Abell R. G. , Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. The present experiments demonstrate by direct observation that peripheral arterioles in moat chambers in rabbits' ears constrict during the development of renal hypertension, and that they remain persistently constricted, although not sufficiently to interrupt the blood supply to the tissues. The arteriolar constriction in the hypertensive animals was not dependent upon nerves, since it occurred in newly formed arterioles which had probably never been supplied with nerves, as well as in older arterioles with a functional nerve supply.

2. No capillary constriction was observed during or following the development of hypertension, although the walls of the capillaries could be very clearly seen. Persistent hypertension was associated in two examples with increased sticking of leukocytes to the walls of the capillaries and venules, some emigration of leukocytes, and a few small hemorrhages.

3. During development of hypertension, new arteriovenous anastomoses were observed to appear in the chambers.

4. No evidence of change was noted in the viscosity of the blood or in the appearance of the blood corpuscles in the hypertensive rabbits.

5. The constriction of the arterioles during and following the development of hypertension closely resembled that produced by intravenous injections of angiotonin.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Wolf Abner
Published: June 2004

A description has been given of the lesions produced in mice and guinea pigs by inoculation of the Jungeblut-Sanders virus. The histopathological findings, although in themselves not conclusive, would tend to support the opinion that Jungeblut and Sanders have transmitted the SK poliomyelitis virus to mouse and guinea pig. In mice the virus apparently retains its affinity for the anterior horns of the spinal cord, but in a moderate degree. Associated with a marked increase in virulence of the virus, a strong affinity for the cerebral tissues, more particularly the olfactory centers, develops. On transmitting this murine variant of the virus to guinea pigs, however, the original character of the virus is again revealed. There is a reversion to a predominant affinity for the nerve cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS OF COMPLEMENT IN IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter S. , Chu Fey , Ecker E. E.
Published: June 2004

1. At a temperature of 1°C., C'2, C'4, and C'1 combine with sensitized sheep erythrocytes, while C'3 does not combine.

2. C'1, although combining with sensitized cells in the absence of C'4, is hemolytically inert unless C'4 combines previous to, or simultaneously with it.

3. C'4 does not combine in the absence of C'1.

4. Although C'3 is not fixed by antibody-sheep cell aggregates, it is essential for hemolysis, operating on the sensitized red cell after the fixation of C'4, C'2, and C'1 and behaving as if it were a catalyst.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray
Published: June 2004

1. The murine strain of SK poliomyelitis virus interferes with the propagation in rhesus monkeys of SK, Aycock, and RMV poliomyelitis monkey virus.

2. This interference is demonstrable by intracerebral injection of mixtures of murine and monkey virus prepared in vitro as well as by separate injection of the two viruses by diverse routes.

3. Mixture tests carried out with graded doses of murine and monkey virus show that 0.5 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension prepared from the brains of paralyzed mice is capable of counteracting at least 100 minimal paralyzing doses of two strains of monkey virus.

4. No interference was demonstrable with suspensions of brains infected with murine virus which had been inactivated by heating for ½ hour at 75°C., or with suspensions prepared from normal mice, or with brain suspensions prepared from mice infected with herpes virus.

5. When murine virus is introduced into monkeys by the intravenous route, before or after intracerebral infection with monkey virus, distinct prophylactic or therapeutic results may be obtained.

6. Analysis of the figures shows that the success of interference depends upon (a) the size of the infecting dose of monkey virus, (b) the amount of murine virus injected, and (c) the choice of proper intervals between the injection of monkey and murine virus.

7. The mechanism of the interference phenomenon here described is discussed in the light of the available data.
HEPATIC VITAMIN A IN THE RAT AS AFFECTED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIBENZANTHRACENE
Authors: Abels Jules C. , Gorham Alice T. , Eberlin Shirley L. , Halter Robert , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. The decreased concentrations of vitamin A in the livers of rats given dibenzanthracene probably are due to a particular effect of the carcinogen on the ability of the liver to store the vitamin and not to the production of general hepatic dysfunction.

2. The administration of dibenzanthracene to normal rats does not (a) increase significantly their hepatic content of total fat nor decrease that of phospholipid; (b) impair the ability of their livers to fabricate serum albumin; (c) impair the capacity of their livers to esterify cholesterol or phenol; (d) interfere with the hepatic synthesis and conjugation of glucuronic acid; or (e) interfere with the hepatic storage of riboflavin.

3. The simultaneous ingestion of yeast by the dibenzanthracene-treated rats further depletes their hepatic stores of vitamin A. This depletion conceivably is due to the fact that yeast alone also might deplete the liver of its vitamin A and thus a summation of two similar effects is attained.

4. The results suggest a competition between vitamin A and dibenzanthracene for some substance, possibly a protein, to which vitamin A may be bound in the liver.
A NON-VIRULENT, SINGLE-DOSE RABIES VACCINE FOR PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION OF DOGS
Authors: Webster L. T. , Casals J.
Published: June 2004

Our studies on rabies vaccines thus far have led us to the view that in order to develop and test vaccines, quantitative methods are necessary, and that such quantitative methods may be exploited to greatest advantage by using mice, preferably W-Swiss, as the test animal. Dogs, due to their variability and susceptibility to intercurrent infections when kept under experimental conditions, are useful chiefly to check whether or not a vaccine produces a high grade of immunity; they remain of limited value in testing the comparative potencies of weak vaccines. A second point is that the Pasteur strain of virus has proved as potent as any tested for the preparation of vaccines. Another point is that virus material for preparing vaccines must titre at least 330,000 mouse doses per cc. to be effective. This requirement has eliminated all culture vaccines thus far reported, with the possible exception of Plotz's (7) and leaves virus-containing brain tissue as the sole potent source of vaccine.

In summary, we believe that a single injection of non-virulent irradiated vaccine, prepared as herein described, immunizes mice and dogs effectively against a subsequent test inoculation of virulent rabies virus and does so to a greater degree than do other vaccines now obtainable. It is easily and quickly prepared, keeps well, and has a low nitrogen content.
THE MANUFACTURE OF ANTIBODIES IN VITRO
Authors: Pauling Linus , Campbell Dan H.
Published: June 2004

A protein solution with the properties of a specific antiserum to the triphenylmethane dye methyl blue has been made by treating a solution of bovine γ-globulin and the dye with alkali and then slowly neutralizing the alkali. Some success has been obtained also in the formation of antibodies from other serum proteins and by other denaturation-renaturation procedures.

By heating solutions of γ-globulin and antigen to 57°C. for several days antisera homologous to the antigens have been prepared. This method has been used successfully with the azodye 1,3-dihydroxy-2,4,6-tri(p-azophenyl-arsonic acid) benzene and with pneumococcus polysaccharide Type III. The antipneumococcus sera were found to precipitate the polysaccharide of Type III but not those of Types I and VIII and to agglutinate pneumococci of Type III but not those of Types I and II.