bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Solutions and Conservation Laws of a Coupled Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation
Authors: Khalique Chaudry Masood
Published: February 2013

A coupled Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which arises in various problems in many scientific applications, is studied. Exact solutions are obtained using the simplest equation method. The solutions obtained are travelling wave solutions. In addition, we also derive the conservation laws for the coupled Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation.
A Chaos-Based Secure Direct-Sequence/Spread-Spectrum Communication System
Authors: Xuan Quyen Nguyen , Van Yem Vu , Manh Hoang Thang
Published: February 2013

This paper proposes a chaos-based secure direct-sequence/spread-spectrum (DS/SS) communication system which is based on a novel combination of the conventional DS/SS and chaos techniques. In the proposed system, bit duration is varied according to a chaotic behavior but is always equal to a multiple of the fixed chip duration in the communication process. Data bits with variable duration are spectrum-spread by multiplying directly with a pseudonoise (PN) sequence and then modulated onto a sinusoidal carrier by means of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). To recover exactly the data bits, the receiver needs an identical regeneration of not only the PN sequence but also the chaotic behavior, and hence data security is improved significantly. Structure and operation of the proposed system are analyzed in detail. Theoretical evaluation of bit-error rate (BER) performance in presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is provided. Parameter choice for different cases of simulation is also considered. Simulation and theoretical results are shown to verify the reliability and feasibility of the proposed system. Security of the proposed system is also discussed.
Dynamic Route Guidance Using Improved Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Yu Zhanke , Ni Mingfang , Wang Zeyan , Zhang Yanhua
Published: February 2013

This paper presents an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) for dynamic route guidance algorithm. The proposed IGA design a vicinity crossover technique and a greedy backward mutation technique to increase the population diversity and strengthen local search ability. The steady-state reproduction is introduced to protect the optimized genetic individuals. Furthermore the junction delay is introduced to the fitness function. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Understanding the Formation of the Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Copper Nanoparticles by Surfactant: A Molecular Velcro
Authors: Bortoleto-Bugs Raquel Kely , Mazon Talita , Tarozzo Biasoli Márcio , Pavani Filho Aristides , Willibrordus Swart Jacobus , Roque Bugs Milton
Published: February 2013

Self‐assembly procedure is employed to synthesize colloidal copper nanoparticles (ccNPs) with cationic surfactant in an environmentally friendly method. Scanning electron microscopy images provide a clear view of the ccNPs formed having an approximate size of 15 nm. The X‐ray diffraction reveals that the ccNPs have the two types of copper oxide as well as the metallic copper. The new procedure shows that the cationic surfactant CTAB plays an important role in the understanding and development of self‐assembly. There is a strong relationship between the ccNPs formation with the critical micelle concentration of the CTAB which influences both shape and size. The outcomes allowed the development of a molecular model for the ccNPs synthesis showing that the CTAB monomer on the surface has the function of a molecular velcro making the linkage of ccNPs to form an agglomerate with size around 600 nm. Finally, with the emerging new technologies, the synthesis of copper oxide takes a new perspective for their applicability in diverse integrated areas such as the flexible electronics and energy.
Preemptive Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Maltepe Caroline , Koren Gideon
Published: February 2013

Objectives. To determine whether the initiation of treatment (preemptive treatment) before the symptoms of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) versus when the symptoms begin can improve the outcome in patients at a high risk for recurrence of severe NVP.Study Design. Prospective, randomized controlled trial.Results. Preemptive therapy conferred a significant reduction in HG as compared to the previous pregnancy (P=0.047). In the preemptive arm, there were 2.5-fold fewer cases of moderate-severe cases of NVP than those in the control group (15.4% versus 39.13%) in the first 3 weeks of NVP (P=0.05). In the preemptive group, significantly more women had their NVP resolved before giving birth (78.2% versus 50%) (P<0.002).Conclusions. Preemptive treatment with antiemetics is superior to the treatment that starts only when the symptoms have already occurred in decreasing the risk of severe forms of NVP.
Lobar Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Ipsilateral Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis Treated with Yttrium-90 Glass Microsphere Radioembolization: Preliminary Results
Authors: Pracht M. , Edeline J. , Lenoir L. , Latournerie M. , Mesbah H. , Audrain O. , Rolland Y. , Clément B. , Raoul J. L. , Garin E. , Boucher E.
Published: February 2013

Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is a common complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has a negative impact on prognosis. This characteristic feature led to the rationale of the present trial designed to assess the efficacy and the safety of yttrium-90 glass-microsphere treatment for advanced-stage lobar HCC with ipsilateral PVTT. 18 patients with unresectable lobar HCC and ipsilateral PVTT were treated in our institution with90Y-microS radioembolization. Patients were evaluated every 3 to 6 months for response, survival, and toxicity. Mean follow-up was 13.0 months (2.2–50.6). Outcomes were: complete response (n=2), partial response (n=13), stable disease (n=1), and progressive disease (n=2) giving a disease control rate of 88.9%. Four patients were downstaged. Treating lobar hepatocellular carcinoma with ipsilateral portal vein thrombosis with yttrium-90 glass-microsphere radioembolization is safe and efficacious. Further clinical trials are warranted to confirm these results and to compare90Y-microS with sorafenib, taking into account not only survival but also the possibility of secondary surgery for putative curative intention after downstaging.
Rethinking Rights and Interests of Local Communities in REDD+ Designs: Lessons Learnt from Current Forest Tenure Systems in Cameroon
Authors: Ngendakumana S. , Bachange E. G. , Van Damme P. , Speelman S. , Foundjem-Tita D. , Tchoundjeu Z. , Kalinganire A. , Bandiaky S. B.
Published: February 2013

It is increasingly becoming clear that reforms based on the claims of local forest communities regarding the right to natural resources will be needed to adequately address issues of sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The current institutional and policy frameworks of Cameroon and other SSA countries have bestowed exclusive land tenure rights to the State, while curtailing access of local farmers to forest and forest-based resources on which they depend for a living. It is therefore unlikely that successful forest conservation and implementation of REDD+ can be possible without recognition and enforcement of customary tenure. This paper aimed to sense smallholders' perceptions on rights and risks in the current forestry policy arena linked with the climate change debate in Cameroon. Using semistructured questionnaires and focus group discussions about 7 key informants and 66 community forest users were investigated about the current tenure systems and the risks of related conflicts. Findings from the field provide empirical evidence on the sources of conflict. Based on failures and positive elements of community forestry, the lessons learnt could enrich the on-going REDD safeguard debates and serve as guiding milestones towards the effectiveness of this initiative across the country and the continent.
Internal Fixation of Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Clinical Comparison of Two Implant Designs
Authors: Tao Ran , Lu Yue , Xu Hua , Zhou Zhen-Yu , Wang You-Hua , Liu Fan
Published: February 2013

Objective. To compare two internal fixation devices clinically in stabilisation of intertrochanteric femur fractures. Methods. Eighty‐seven patients were randomised upon their admission to the hospital using a sealed envelope method. Forty‐five were treated with proximal femur nail antirotation (PFNA) and 42 with reverse less invasive stabilisation system (LISS). The perioperative data were recorded and compared in relation to fracture type. Results. In each type of fractures, no significant differences were found with respect to the blood loss, the quality of reduction, the time to bony healing, and the Harris hip score between the 2 groups. The mean duration of surgery was significantly longer in reverse LISS group than in PFNA group. Conclusion. Both the PFNA and the reversed LISS are effective in the treatment of different types of intertrochanteric femur fractures. PFNA is superior to reverse LISS in terms of surgical time, weight‐bearing, and perhaps fluoroscopy time.
Reduction of Oxygen Impurity in Multicrystalline Silicon Production
Authors: Gao Bing , Nakano Satoshi , Kakimoto Koichi
Published: February 2013

Effective control of oxygen impurity in multicrystalline silicon is required for the production of a high-quality crystal. The basic principle and some techniques for reducing oxygen impurity in multicrystalline silicon during the unidirectional solidification process are described in this paper. The oxygen impurity in multicrystalline silicon mainly originates from the silica crucible. To effectively reduce the oxygen impurity, it is essential to reduce the oxygen generation and enhance oxygen evaporation. For reduction of oxygen generation, it is necessary to prevent or weaken any chemical reaction with the crucible, and for the enhancement of oxygen evaporation, it is necessary to control convection direction of the melt and strengthen gas flow above the melt. Global numerical simulation, which includes heat transfer in global furnace, argon gas convection inside furnace, and impurity transport in both melt and gas regions, has been implemented to validate the above methods.
The Polymer Effect on Nonlinear Processes in Decaying Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence
Authors: Cai Wei-Hua , Li Feng-Chen , Zhang Hong-Na , Wang Yue , Wang Lu
Published: February 2013

In order to study the polymer effect on the behavior of nonlinearities in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (DHIT), direct numerical simulations were carried out for DHIT with and without polymers. We investigate the nonlinear processes, such as enstrophy production, strain production, polymer effect, the curvature of vortex line, and many others. The analysis results show that the nonlinear processes like enstrophy production (and many others) are strongly depressed in regions dominated by enstrophy as compared to those dominated by strain either in the Newtonian fluid case or in polymer solution case. Polymers only decrease the values of these parameters in the strongest enstrophy and strain regions. In addition, polymer additive has a negative effect on enstrophy and strain production, that is, depression of nonlinearity in DHIT with polymers.
Kinematic Measures during a Clinical Diagnostic Technique for Human Neck Disorder: Inter- and Intraexaminer Comparisons
Authors: Vorro Joseph , Bush Tamara R. , Rutledge Brad , Li Mingfei
Published: February 2013

Diagnoses of human musculoskeletal dysfunction of the cervical spine are indicated by palpable clues of a patient’s structural compliance/noncompliance as this body segment responds to diagnostic motion demands applied by a clinician. This process includes assessments of motion range, motion performance, and changes in tissue responses. However, biomechanical quantification of these diagnostic actions and their reproducible components is lacking. As a result, this study sought to use objective kinematic measures to capture aspects of the diagnostic process to compare inter- and intraexaminer motion behaviors when performing a specific clinical diagnostic protocol. Pain-free volunteers and a group determined to be symptomatic based on a psychometric pain score were examined by two clinicians while three-dimensional kinematic data were collected. Intraexaminer diagnostic motion ranges of cervical lateral flexion and secondary rotations were consistent for each examiner and for each subject group. However, interexaminer comparisons for motion range, secondary rotations, and average velocities yielded consistently larger measures for one examiner for both subject groups (P<0.05). This research demonstrates that fundamental aspects of the clinical diagnostic process for human neck disorders can be identified and measured using kinematic parameters. Further, these objective data have the potential to be linked to clinical decision making.
Empetrum nigrumvar.japonicumExtract Suppresses Ultraviolet B-Induced Cell Damage via Absorption of Radiation and Inhibition of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kim Ki Cheon , Kim Daeshin , Kim Sang Cheol , Jung Eunsun , Park Deokhoon , Hyun Jin Won
Published: February 2013

This study focused on the protective actions ofEmpetrum nigrumagainst ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in human HaCaT keratinocytes. An ethyl acetate extract ofE. nigrum(ENE) increased cell viability decreased by exposure to UVB rays. ENE also absorbed UVB radiation and scavenged UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, ENE shielded HaCaT keratinocytes from damage to cellular components (e.g., peroxidation of lipids, modification of proteins, and breakage of DNA strands) following UVB irradiation. Furthermore, ENE protected against UVB-induced apoptotic cell death, as determined by a reduction in the numbers of apoptotic bodies and sub-G1hypodiploid cells, as well as by the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of the current study therefore suggest that ENE safeguards human keratinocytes against UVB-induced cellular damage via the absorption of UVB ray and scavenging of UVB-generated ROS.
The Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflict: Legal Obligations in the Absence of Specific Rules
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: February 2013

While a general rule of ‘eco-protection’ in armed conflict may be derived from the basic principles of distinction, proportionality, avoidance of unnecessary suffering and humanity, international humanitarian law provides little by way of more specific rules for the protection of the natural environment except for in extreme situations that can rarely be expected to occur. Nevertheless, opinio juris has changed since the adoption of pertinent instruments in 1977. This development needs to be balanced against a still prevailing general reluctance to accept specific ecological obligations and procedures in military operations. Thus a detailed evaluation of planning and decision-making processes appears necessary. Revisiting the San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea and the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law, this article argues that certain qualifications made in these documents relating to requirements of ‘imperative military necessity’ are to be assessed in the light of their specific implications and should be used with caution. Furthermore, it is suggested that pertinent consequences of the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties deserve further study. To this end, interdisciplinary case studies should be conducted to support fact-oriented evaluations of military requirements, ecological assessments and political effects post-conflict, rather than insisting on thresholds for legal regulation that already appeared to be escapist decades ago and which may prove counter-productive in the years to come. New activities aimed at protecting the natural environment in armed conflict should focus on a reaffirmation of existing rules and their effective implementation.
The Role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Armed Conflict: ‘Green-keeping’ in Virunga Park. Applying the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in the Armed Conflict of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Sjöstedt Britta
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the application of the 1972 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention (the WHC) in the context of the armed conflicts that have taken place in the Virunga National Park (the Park), a natural world heritage site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC). Instead of addressing wartime environmental damage under the law of armed conflict, this article seeks to establish how such damage can be addressed using multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). MEAs often consist of general principles and vague obligations and their relevance or applicability during situations of armed conflict may be questioned. However, a number of MEAs, including the WHC, authorise their convention bodies to develop detailed and substantive obligations applicable to their parties. Thus, the decisions and recommendations adopted by the World Heritage Committee, a body established under the WHC, provide substantive content to the provisions of the WHC. These decisions and recommendations may, however, run counter to the requirements of military necessity thereby affecting the application of the law of armed conflict. While the position adopted by the World Heritage Committee does not inevitably imply a clash between the obligations in the WHC and the law of armed conflict, it does raise the question of whether the outstanding values of world heritage should trump the rules of military necessity and other pressing concerns during armed conflict. On an informal basis, the World Heritage Committee and the UN peacekeeping forces deployed in the DRC have agreed to perform operations that jointly address the interconnected concerns of security and conservation of natural resources in the region of the Park. This cooperative ‘green-keeping’ operation represents a useful approach to regime interaction and the harmonisation of obligations set out in different legal regimes that are applicable to the same subject matter.
Explaining the Robustness and Longevity of the Åland Example in Comparison with Other Autonomy Solutions
Authors: Suksi Markku
Published: February 2013

The Åland Islands Settlement of 1921 before the League of Nations confirmed the domestic autonomy arrangement of 1920 in a conflict resolution context and at the same time added some special rights that the inhabitants of the Åland Islands would be allowed to enjoy. The international guarantees for the Swedish character of the islands have been changed in several respects over the years, either by the legislative assembly of the Åland Islands or by the Parliament of Finland with the consent of the legislative assembly of Åland. Although the international guarantee through the League of Nations disappeared through the dissolution of the organisation, the protection afforded by the international guarantee has actually continued. The autonomy of Åland can be placed in a group of autonomies together with a relatively large number of other similar entities, distinguishable from federal forms of organisation. The autonomy of Åland is strong because there is a clear distribution of competence between the national law-maker and the law-maker of Åland and because national law does not preempt or supersede legislation of the Åland Islands. The fact that this autonomy arrangement has existed in a national democratic environment that takes seriously not only its international commitments but also its own domestic commitments is probably a factor that strongly contributes to the robustness and longevity of the autonomy arrangement.
The Proliferation of Status Proposals for Abkhazia – Distinct Concepts or Mere Labels?
Authors: Stephan Sarah
Published: February 2013

In the conflict between Georgia and the breakaway region of Abkhazia, status talks have not been successful. Yet, between 1989 and 2008 a number of proposals for Abkhazia’s status have surfaced which can be situated along a wide spectrum of concepts, from cultural autonomy to confederalism to independence. The example of Georgia/Abkhazia serves well to outline the extent to which desired status can been formulated, re-formulated and possibly misformulated in the context of an ethno-political conflict. This is especially illustrative when contrasted with the ‘Åland Example’. The mere labels given to self-government arrangements can play an important role in status negotiations, as these might render the arrangements proposed more or less vulnerable to rejection, e.g. due to historic experiences. The aim of this article is to highlight such complexities as pertinent in the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict.
Internal Classification of the Alor-Pantar Language Family Using Computational Methods Applied to the Lexicon
Authors: Robinson Laura C. , Holton Gary
Published: February 2013

The non-Austronesian languages of Alor and Pantar in eastern Indonesia have been shown to be genetically related using the comparative method, but the identified phonological innovations are typologically common and do not delineate neat subgroups. We apply computational methods to recently collected lexical data and are able to identify subgroups based on the lexicon. Crucially, the lexical data are coded for cognacy based on identified phonological innovations. This methodology can succeed even where phonological innovations themselves fail to identify subgroups, showing that computational methods using lexical data can be a powerful tool supplementing the comparative method.
Preimaginal stages of Triplectides misionensis Holzenthal and Triplectides gracilis (Burmeister) (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae: Triplectidinae), with notes on the cases occupied by these species
Authors: SGANGA JULIETA V. , ANGRISANO ELISA B. , ASAROFF PABLO E.
Published: February 2013

The larvae, pupae and cases of Triplectides misionensis Holzenthal and T. gracilis (Burmeister) are described from spec-imens collected in protected areas from northeastern Argentina. The larvae are easily differentiated by the coloration of the cephalic capsule, shape of the ventral apotome and submentum, anterior border of the pronotum, and coloration of the legs, among other characters, while the pupae can be recognized by the chaetotaxy of the head. The larvae occupy empty cases of Grumicha grumicha Valot and Nectopsyche gemma (Müller), as well as hollow twigs. Triplectides misionensis is found almost exclusively in cases of G. grumicha while T. gracilis prefers twigs of different sizes.
Contribution to the knowledge on the Oriental genus Perittopus Fieber, 1861 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) with descriptions of four new species from China and Thailand
Authors: YE ZHEN , CHEN PINGPING , BU WENJUN
Published: February 2013

Five species of the genus Perittopus Fieber, 1861 from China and Thailand are treated in this paper including four new species: P. crinalis sp. nov., P. falciformis sp. nov., and P. yunnanensis sp. nov. are from Yunnan Province, China; and P. zhengi sp. nov. from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The morphological descriptions are given for all the treated species. The photographs and the drawings of female habitus and male and female diagnostics are provided. A key to these five species is provided. The discussion on the identity of P. asiaticus Zettel, 2001 is given.
Notes on southern Africa Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Sia)
Authors: WEISSMAN DAVID B. , BAZELET CORINNA S.
Published: February 2013

The Old World Jerusalem cricket (JC) subfamily Siinae contains one genus, Sia, with two subgenera: Sia (Sia) with two fully winged species from southeast Asia, and Sia (Maxentius) with four wingless species from southern Africa. Because there is a dearth of published data about the behavior and biology of these insects, we present new field and laboratory research on southern African Sia (Maxentius), gather museum and literature information, and present guidelines for collecting and rearing specimens. While we make no taxonomic decisions, this review should be useful for future studies, including a needed taxonomic revision.  We also compare results from these southern African JCs with recent investigations on relatedNew Worldtaxa, where fascinating biological traits and extensive cryptic biodiversity have been uncovered. DNA analysis reveals that these Old and New World JCs are polyphyletic.
A new species of the genus Gracixalus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Southern Guangxi, China
Authors: MO YUNMING , ZHANG WEI , LUO YU , ZHOU SHICHU , CHEN WEICAI
Published: February 2013

A new species of the genus Gracixalus is described from Nonggang National Nature Reserve, based on eleven specimens from evergreen karst forests in Sino-Vietnamese border region of southern China. The new species, Gracixalus nonggan-gensis sp. nov., is medium sized species of Gracixalus that can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: SVL ranging from 29.9–35.3 mm in males and 33.6–38.0 mm in females; vomerine teeth absent; distinct tympanum as wide as the disc of finger III; the lower part of the tympanum with many small tubercles; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout; dorsum smooth yellowish-olive in life with a wide, dark-green irregular mark; throat, chest and belly white with light grey-blue tint and brown marbling; broad, dark olive, transverse stripes on limbs; finger webbing absent, toes one-third webbed; male with internal subgular vocal sac. Based on a 16S ribosomal RNA mi-tochondrial gene fragment, G. nonggangensis sp. nov. forms a monophyletic group embedded within the genus Gracixalus.
Phenotypic variation of Leptodactylus cupreus Caramaschi, São-Pedro and Feio, 2008 (Anura, Leptodactylidae)
Authors: CASSINI CARLA S. , ORRICO VICTOR G. D. , DIAS IURI RIBEIRO , SOLÉ MIRCO , HADDAD CÉLIO F. B.
Published: February 2013

This study describes for the first time the female of Leptodactylus cupreus and provides new information concerning its geographical distribution, male’s morphology and bioacustics. Leptodactylus cupreus, a poorly known species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was originally allocated in the L. mystaceus complex of the L. fuscus species group. Based on morphological observations, we infer that L. cupreus should be in fact related to L. mystacinus, a species that, although assigned to the L. fuscus species group, is not assigned to the L. mystaceus complex. Therefore, we comment the phylo-genetic relationships concerning L. cupreus, L. mystaceus and L. mystacinus.
Molecular characterization of Haemoproteus sacharovi (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), a common parasite of columbiform birds, with remarks on classification of haemoproteids of doves and pigeons
Authors: KRIŽANAUSKIENĖ ASTA , IEZHOVA TATJANA A. , SEHGAL RAVINDER N. M. , CARLSON JENNY S. , PALINAUSKAS VAIDAS , BENSCH STAFFAN , VALKIŪNAS GEDIMINAS
Published: February 2013

Haemoproteus (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) is the largest genus of avian haemosporidian parasites, some species of which cause lethal diseases in birds. Subgenera Parahaemoproteus and Haemoproteus are usually accepted in this genus; these parasites are transmitted by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and hippoboscid flies (Hippoboscidae), respectively. As of yet, species of Parahaemoproteus have not been reported to infect doves and pigeons (Columbiformes), parasites of these birds have not been reported to be transmitted by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Applying microscopy and PCR based methods, we identified mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences of Haemoproteus sacharovi, a wide-spread parasite of doves and pigeons. Phylogenetic relationships of dove haemoproteids, which traditionally have been classified in the subgenus Haemoproteus, showed that H. sacharovi and H. turtur, common parasites of doves, branch in the clade with Parahaemoproteus species, indicating that these haemoproteids may belong to this subgenus and are likely transmitted by biting midges. This study provides barcodes for H. sacharovi, clarifies the taxonomic positions of H. sa-charovi and H. turtur, and indicates directions for development of classification of avian haemoproteid species. Our anal-ysis shows that the current subgeneric classification of avian haemoproteids is generally effective, but the position of some species may need to be revised.
Miyakella nom. nov., a replacement name for Miyakea Manning, 1995, (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Squillidae), preoccupied by Miyakea Marumo, 1933 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: AHYONG SHANE T. , LOW MARTYN E. Y.
Published: February 2013

Manning (1995: 213), in a monograph of the stomatopod crustaceans of Vietnam, proposed the name Miyakea for a genus of Indo-West Pacific stomatopods corresponding to the nepa group of species in Oratosquilla Manning, 1968: Squilla nepa “Latreille, 1828” (type species), and Squilla holoschista Kemp, 1911 (Manning 1971: 2–4, 7, 8; Ahyong 2001: 278; Ahyong et al. 2008: 137). Squilla nepa has long been attributed to “Latreille, 1828” but should be correctly attributed to “Latreille, in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828”, as Low & Ng (2012: 49) argued for the identical case of the name Cardiosoma in the same publication of Latreille (in Latreille et al. 1828).
When is a Program Ready for Rigorous Impact Evaluation? The Role of a Falsifiable Logic Model
Authors: Epstein Diana , Klerman Jacob Alex
Published: February 2013

Background:

Recent reviews suggest that many plausible programs are found to have at best small impacts not commensurate with their cost, and often have no detectable positive impacts at all. Even programs with initial rigorous impact evaluation (RIE) that show them to be effective often fail a second test with an expanded population or at multiple sites.

Objective:

This article argues that more rapid movement to RIE is a partial cause of the low success rate of RIE and proposes a constructive response: process evaluations that compare program intermediate outcomes—in the treatment group, during the operation of the program—against a more falsifiable extension of the conventional logic model.

Conclusion:

Our examples suggest that such process evaluations would allow funders to deem many programs unlikely to show impacts and therefore not ready for random assignment evaluation—without the high cost and long time lines of an RIE. The article then develops the broader implications of such a process analysis step for broader evaluation strategy.
Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors as Predictors of Sexual Onset in Early Adolescence
Authors: Boislard Marie-Aude P. , Dussault Frédéric , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank
Published: February 2013

This study had three goals: (a) assessing the predictive association of externalizing and internalizing behaviors during childhood with sexual onset during early adolescence; (b) examining the interactive link of externalizing and internalizing behaviors with early sexual onset; and (c) investigating the moderating effect of gender in this context. A sample of 343 French-Canadian participants (140 girls) was followed annually from kindergarten until age 15. Externalizing and internalizing behaviors during childhood were reported by teachers, whereas early sexual onset was self-reported from age 13 to 15. Controlling for sociofamily risk, pubertal status, social preference and sexual abuse, results showed a significant interactive link between externalizing and internalizing behaviors with early sexual onset, albeit only among boys. Specifically, boys high on externalizing and low on internalizing problems in childhood were at increased risk of early sexual onset in early adolescence, whereas externalizing boys with high levels of internalizing problems were not. Externalizing and internalizing problems did not predict early sexual onset for girls. The developmental and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Low-Income Women’s Economic Well-Being
Authors: Adams Adrienne E. , Tolman Richard M. , Bybee Deborah , Sullivan Cris M. , Kennedy Angie C.
Published: February 2013

This study sought to extend our understanding of the mechanisms by which intimate partner violence (IPV) harms women economically. We examined the mediating role of job instability on the IPV–economic well-being relationship among 503 welfare recipients. IPV had significant negative effects on women’s job stability and economic well-being. Job stability was at least partly responsible for the deleterious economic consequences of IPV, and the effects lasted up to three years after the IPV ended. This study demonstrates the need for services and policies that address barriers to employment as a means of improving the economic well-being of low-income women with abusive partners.
The Complexity of Victim-Questioning Attitudes by Rape Victim Advocates
Authors: Maier Shana L.
Published: February 2013

Despite efforts to educate and create community awareness, rape myths and victim-blaming attitudes persist in society. This research explores whether advocates express victim-questioning attitudes or questions, negative judgment, or frustration regarding victims’ behavior or choices. Data from interviews with 58 advocates reveal that the majority (76%) of advocates never expressed any victim-questioning attitudes during the interview. However, responses from 14 advocates (24%) show that victim-questioning has evolved into a much more complex, subtle form than historical victim blaming or acceptance of rape myths.
Intimate Partner Stalking Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Post-Abuse Women
Authors: Fleming Kimberly N. , Newton Tamara L. , Fernandez-Botran Rafael , Miller James J. , Burns Vicki Ellison
Published: February 2013

This study aimed to further understanding of intimate partner stalking victimization in post-abuse women, with particular attention to the definition of stalking (with or without fear and threat) most predictive of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. In community midlife women with histories of divorce ( N = 192), a history of stalking victimization accompanied by fear and threat was positively correlated with PTS symptom severity, after accounting for other partner abuse. The presence, compared with absence, of fear-and-threat stalking history doubled the odds of symptomatic levels of hyperarousal. Greater physical assault and injury chronicity differentiated fear-and-threat stalked women from other stalked women. Stalking contributed to a fuller understanding of PTS symptoms in women, showing particular relevance for hyperarousal.
What is in a Name? The Hermeneutics of Authorship Analysis Concerning Colossians
Authors: Gupta Nijay
Published: February 2013

Pauline scholars, especially in the last century, have been almost evenly divided on whether they consider Colossians to be genuinely written by Paul or by someone else in his name. Through an exploration of the commentaries of eight key scholars on Colossians, this study examines the hermeneutics of authorship analysis in order to determine the key factors involved and how they are weighed. For the study of the authorship of Colossians to move forward in a productive way, a number of yet-understudied issues must be addressed and closely researched. In the meantime, tentativeness in conclusions is the most reliable stance.
Converted Imaginations? The Reception of Richard Hays’s Intertextual Method
Authors: Shaw David A.
Published: February 2013

Richard Hays’s 1989 work Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul defined the terms and established a method for the study of Pauline intertextuality. Neither the method (Hays’s well-known sevenfold criteria for identifying intertextual allusions) nor the terms (‘echo’ and ‘allusion’) have proved uncontroversial, however, and so this article surveys their reception, outlining and critiquing the major attempts to amend, replace or overthrow them. Concerns relating to the stability of the criteria themselves or to the theoretical framework in which they operate do not nullify their usefulness. Criticisms of Hays’s terms, and the inconsistency with which they are deployed, are, on the other hand, more easily sustained, and so rival taxonomies are reviewed and recommended.
Current Viewpoints on Ancient Jewish Coinage: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Hendin David
Published: February 2013

This article presents a survey of recent research in pre-coinage currency of Judaea, coins of the Persian period (Philistia, Edom, Samaria, and Judaea), the Hasmonean dynasty, the Herodian dynasty, the Jewish War against Rome and the Bar Kokhba revolt. Books, articles, presentations and dissertations have added significantly to the literature; it is the author’s goal to assist the non-specialist in keeping up with the latest information and opinions.
New Testament Exegesis as an Academic Discipline with Relevance for Other Disciplines
Authors: Kelhoffer James A.
Published: February 2013

This English translation of a lecture delivered in November 2011 on the occasion of the author’s installation as Professor of New Testament at Uppsala University ( Kelhoffer 2012 ) addresses several conceptual and methodological questions about New Testament Exegesis, including: ‘What is New Testament Exegesis?’, ‘What does it mean to call New Testament Exegesis an academic discipline?’ and ‘How can this discipline be relevant for other disciplines?’ A central argument is that the current balkanization of biblical studies is undesirable and that scholars who use more traditional or newer methods should engage, rather than talk past, each other. It could help to foster that process if we attend to a misconception of the ‘historical-critical method’ as a single method. Additionally, ‘the linguistic turn’ holds promise for future discussions.
Promotion of Sun-Protective Behaviors
Authors: Johnston Craig A.
Published: February 2013

Promoting sun-protective behaviors is important because decreased exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reduces the risk of skin cancer. However, many individuals deliberately engage in overexposure to UVR for cosmetic purposes. Due to this and other factors, the need for prevention programs is clear. Several efficacious prevention strategies have been developed for the health care setting.
Isolation and genomic characterization of SfI, a serotype-converting bacteriophage of Shigella flexneri
Authors: Sun Qiangzheng , Lan Ruiting , Wang Yiting , Wang Jianping , Wang Yan , Li Peijing , Du Pengcheng , Xu Jianguo
Published: February 2013

Background

All Shigella flexneri serotypes except serotype 6 share a common O-antigen tetrasaccharide backbone and nearly all variations between serotypes are due to glucosyl and/or O-acetyl modifications of the common O unit mediated by glycosyltransferases encoded by serotype-converting bacteriophages. Several S. flexneri serotype-converting phages including SfV, SfX, Sf6 and SfII have been isolated and characterized. However, S. flexneri serotype-converting phage SfI which encodes a type I modification of serotype 1 (1a, 1b, 1c and 1d) had not yet been characterized.

Results

The SfI phage was induced and purified from a S. flexneri serotype 1a clinical strain 019. Electron microscopy showed that the SfI phage has a hexagonal head and a long contractile tail, characteristic of the members of Myoviridae family. SfI can convert serotype Y to serotype 1a and serotype X to serotype 1d, but cannot convert 10 other S. flexneri serotypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, Xv) tested, suggesting that SfI has a narrow host range. Similar to other S. flexneri serotype-converting phages, SfI integrates into the tRNA-thrW gene adjacent to proA of the host chromosome when lysogenized. The complete sequence of the SfI genome was 38,389 bp, encoding 66 open reading frames and two tRNA genes. Phage SfI shares significant homology with S. flexneri phage SfV, Escherichia coli prophage e14 and lambda, and is classified into the lambdoid phage family. SfI was found to use a cos mechanism for DNA packaging similar to that of phage SfV.

Conclusions

SfI contains features of lambdoid phages and is closely related to S. flexneri phage SfV, E. coli prophage e14 and lambda. The characterization of SfI enhances our understanding of serotype conversion of S. flexneri.
Discovery and characterization of a highly efficient enantioselective mandelonitrile hydrolase from Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 by phylogeny-based enzymatic substrate specificity prediction
Authors: Wang Hualei , Sun Huihui , Wei Dongzhi
Published: February 2013

Background

A nitrilase-mediated pathway has significant advantages in the production of optically pure (R)-(−)-mandelic acid. However, unwanted byproduct, low enantioselectivity, and specific activity reduce its value in practical applications. An ideal nitrilase that can efficiently hydrolyze mandelonitrile to optically pure (R)-(−)-mandelic acid without the unwanted byproduct is needed.

Results

A novel nitrilase (BCJ2315) was discovered from Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 through phylogeny-based enzymatic substrate specificity prediction (PESSP). This nitrilase is a mandelonitrile hydrolase that could efficiently hydrolyze mandelonitrile to (R)-(−)-mandelic acid, with a high enantiomeric excess of 98.4%. No byproduct was observed in this hydrolysis process. BCJ2315 showed the highest identity of 71% compared with other nitrilases in the amino acid sequence. BCJ2315 possessed the highest activity toward mandelonitrile and took mandelonitrile as the optimal substrate based on the analysis of substrate specificity. The kinetic parameters V
max, K
m, K
cat, and K
cat/K
m toward mandelonitrile were 45.4 μmol/min/mg, 0.14 mM, 15.4 s-1, and 1.1×105 M-1s-1, respectively. The recombinant Escherichia coli M15/BCJ2315 had a strong substrate tolerance and could completely hydrolyze mandelonitrile (100 mM) with fewer amounts of wet cells (10 mg/ml) within 1 h.

Conclusions

PESSP is an efficient method for discovering an ideal mandelonitrile hydrolase. BCJ2315 has high affinity and catalytic efficiency toward mandelonitrile. This nitrilase has great advantages in the production of optically pure (R)-(−)-mandelic acid because of its high activity and enantioselectivity, strong substrate tolerance, and having no unwanted byproduct. Thus, BCJ2315 has great potential in the practical production of optically pure (R)-(−)-mandelic acid in the industry.
Feather keratin hydrolysates obtained from microbial keratinases: effect on hair fiber
Authors: Villa Ana Lúcia Vazquez , Aragão Márcia Regina Senrra , dos Santos Elisabete Pereira , Mazotto Ana Maria , Zingali Russolina B , de Souza Edilma Paraguai , Vermelho Alane Beatriz
Published: February 2013

Background

Hair is composed mainly of keratin protein and a small amount of lipid. Protein hydrolysates, in particular those with low molecular weight distribution have been known to protect hair against chemical and environmental damage. Many types of protein hydrolysates from plants and animals have been used in hair and personal care such as keratin hydrolysates obtained from nails, horns and wool. Most of these hydrolysates are obtained by chemical hydrolysis and hydrothermal methods, but recently hydrolyzed hair keratin, feather keratin peptides, and feather meal peptides have been obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus spp in submerged fermentation.

Results

Keratin peptides were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of keratinases using Bacillus subtilis AMR. The microorganism was grown on a feather medium, pH 8.0 (1% feathers) and supplemented with 0.01% of yeast extract, for 5 days, at 28°C with agitation. The supernatant containing the hydrolysates was colleted by centrifugation and ultra filtered in an AMICON system using nano–membranes (Millipore – YC05). The Proteins and peptides were analyzed using HPTLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. Commercial preparations of keratin hydrolysates were used as a comparative standard. After five days the feather had been degraded (90-95%) by the peptidases and keratinases of the microorganism. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed multiple peaks that correspond to peptides in the range of 800 to 1079 Daltons and the commercial hydrolysate was in the range of 900 to 1400 Da. HPTLC showed lower molecular mass peptides and amino acids in the enzymatic hydrolysate when compared with the commercial hydrolysate . A mild shampoo and a rinse off conditioner were formulated with the enzymatic hydrolysate and applied to hair fibers to evaluate the hydration, with and without heat, using a Corneometer® CM 825. The hydration was more efficient with heat, suggesting a more complete incorporation of hydrolysates into the fibers. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed deposits of organic matter in the junction of the cuticles that probably collaborates to the sealing of the cuticles, increasing the brightness and softness.

Conclusions

These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- friendly method with a great potential in the cosmetic industry.
Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: a prospective study
Authors: Rodgers Rachel F , Paxton Susan J , Massey Robin , Campbell Karen J , Wertheim Eleanor H , Skouteris Helen , Gibbons Kay
Published: February 2013

Background

Maternal feeding practices have been proposed to play an important role in early child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors. However, to date longitudinal investigations in young children exploring these relationships have been lacking. The aim of the present study was to explore prospective relationships between maternal feeding practices, child weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in 2-year-old children. The competing hypothesis that child eating behaviors predict changes in maternal feeding practices was also examined.

Methods

A sample of 323 mother (mean age = 35 years, ± 0.37) and child dyads (mean age = 2.03 years, ± 0.37 at recruitment) were participants. Mothers completed a questionnaire assessing parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors at baseline and again one year later. Child BMI (predominantly objectively measured) was obtained at both time points.

Results

Increases in child BMIz-scores over the follow-up period were predicted by maternal instrumental feeding practices. Furthermore, restriction, emotional feeding, encouragement to eat, weight-based restriction and fat restriction were associated prospectively with the development of obesogenic eating behaviors in children including emotional eating, tendency to overeat and food approach behaviors (such as enjoyment of food and good appetite). Maternal monitoring, however, predicted decreases in food approach eating behaviors. Partial support was also observed for child eating behaviors predicting maternal feeding practices.

Conclusions

Maternal feeding practices play an important role in the development of weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children and are potential targets for effective prevention interventions aiming to decrease child obesity.