bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POTENSI DAN KOMPATIBILITAS MIKORIZA VESIKULAR ARBUSKULAR (MVA) DENGAN BIBIT TANAMAN KARET (Hevea brasiliensis MUELL Arg.) KLON PB 260
Authors: Hanafiah Asmarlaili Sahar , Dalimunthe Afifudin , Rahmawati Nini
Published: October 2016

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menguji potensi dan kompatibilitas Mikoriza Vesikular Arbuskular (MVA) dengan bibit karet (Hevea brasiliensis MUELL Arg.) stump klon PB 260 yang masih mempunyai daun payung dua, berasal dari Balai Penelitian Sungei Putih di rumah kasa.  Uji potensi dan kompatibilitas dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) non faktorial dengan tiga ulangan, dan delapan perlakuan MVA yaitu dua isolat MVA indigenous karet, lima isolat MVA koleksi laboratorium Biologi Tanah FP USU dan tanpa MVA (kontrol).  Diinnokulasikan spora MVA sesuai perlakuan dilakukan dengan memberikan sebanyak 20 spora per polybag disekitar perakaran bibit tanaman karet. Pengamatan dilakukan setelah terbentuk daun payung tiga. Variabel yang diamati meliputi derajat infeksi akar oleh mikoriza, serapan hara P, dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari beberapa isolat yang diujikan ternyata isolat Acaulospora sp 1 (kuning besar) dan isolat Acaulospora sp 2 (kuning kecil) mempunyai kemampuan beradaptasi yang tinggi dengan bibit tanaman karet yang diujikan, ditunjukkan oleh derajat infeksi akar yang tinggi yaitu 55% dan 48% yang berbeda sangat nyata dari perlakuan lain.  Untuk serapan unsur hara P, tanaman yang diinokulasi dengan  kedua isolat ini mempunyai kandungan P yang tertinggi, masing masing 34 mg P dan 35 mg P.  Kedua isolat ini adalah isolat koleksi Laboratorium FP USU.  Masa penelitian uji potensi ini hanya 7 minggu menyebabkan perlakuan terhadap beberapa variabel yang diamati  tidak berpengaruh nyata.  Diterima : 18 Oktober 2013; Direvisi : 8 November 2013; Disetujui : 12 Desember 2013 How to Cite : Hanafiah, A. S., Dalimunthe, A., & Rahmawati, N. (2014). Potensi dan kompatibilitas mikoriza vesikular arbuskular (MVA) dengan bibit tanaman karet (hevea brasiliensis muell arg.) klon PB 260. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 32(1), 31-36. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/148
KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas L) EPOKSI MURNI SEBAGAI PELUNAK VULKANISAT KARET NBR
Authors: Kinasih Norma Arisanti , Cifriadi Adi
Published: October 2016

Penggunaan bahan pelunak kelompok ftalat pada karet NBR seperti dioktil ftalat (DOP), diisononil ftalat (DINP) dan diisodecil ftalat (DIDP) mulai dibatasi, karena merusak lingkungan dan kesehatan. Salah satu bahan pelunak alternatif yang digunakan adalah minyak jarak pagar epoksi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemurnian minyak jarak pagar epoksi terhadap karakteristik vulkanisat karet NBR. Penggunaan minyak jarak pagar epoksi murni akan dibandingkan dengan minyak jarak pagar epoksi sebelum pemurnian dan DOP pada pembuatan kompon karet NBR. Karakteristik minyak jarak pagar epoksi murni dianalisa secara kuantitatif (nilai oksiran dan % terepoksidasi) dan kualitatif (FTIR). Karakterisasi vulkanisat karet NBR ditunjukkan melalui hasil pengujian sifat fisiknya. Hasil uji sifat fisika vulkanisat karet NBR menunjukkan bahwa minyak jarak pagar epoksi murni dapat menggantikan DOP sebagai pelunak karet NBR.     Diterima : 9 Mei 2014; Direvisi : 11 Juni 2014; Disetujui : 19 Juli 2014  How to Cite : Kinasih, N. A., & Cifriadi, A. (2014). Karakteristik minyak jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L) epoksi murni sebagai pelunak vulkanisat karet NBR. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 32(2), 198-205. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/165
SIFAT MEKANIK VULKANISAT CAMPURAN KARET ALAM-KARET POLIBUTADIEN DENGAN BAHAN PENGISI ORGANOBENTONIT TEREKSPANSI
Authors: Faturrohman Muhammad Irfan , Ramadhan Arief
Published: October 2016

Komposit campuran karet alam (NR) dan karet polibutadien (BR) dengan bahan pengisi organobentonit terekspansi dibuat dengan cara pelelehan kompon di dalam open mill. Karakteristik pematangan dan sifat mekanik vulkanisat campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi organobentonit terekspansi (OBT) dibandingkan dengan vulkanisat campuran NR-BR (60:40) dengan bahan pengisi carbon black (CB) dan silika (Si) dalam jumlah yang sama. Organobentonit terekspansi dihasilkan dari interkalasi asam stearat ke dalam organobentonit sehingga didapatkan organobentonit dengan basal spasi yang cukup besar agar karet mudah masuk ke dalam galeri organobentonit. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa torsi maksimum dari kompon campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi OBT lebih kecil bila dibandingkan dengan kompon campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi CB dan Si. Namun, DS, t90 dan ts2 relatif sama. Sifat mekanik dari vulkanisat campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi OBT lebih baik dibandingkan dengan vulkanisat campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi CB. Kuat tarik, perpanjangan putus, kekuatan sobek, dan ketahanan kikis dari vulkanisat campuran NR-BR dengan bahan pengisi OBT masing-masing sebesar 12,57 MPa, 530%, 1,86 N/mm2, dan 148,91 mm3/40 m.  Berdasarkan hasil sifat mekanik, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa organobentonit terekspansi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi yang bersifat menguatkan pada vulkanisat campuran NR-BR. Diterima : 14 November 2014; Direvsi : 4 Januari 2015; Disetujui : 10 Maret 2015  How to Cite : Faturrohman, M., & Ramadhan, A. (2015). Sifat mekanik vulkanisat campuran karet alam-karet polibutadien dengan bahan pengisi organobentonit terekspansi. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 33(1), 65-74. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/172
SINTESIS ASAM DIMER DARI MINYAK BUNGA MATAHARI DENGAN REAKSI DIELS-ALDER UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BAHAN BAKU SELF-HEALING RUBBER
Authors: Purbaya Mili , Nor Hussin Moh , Suwardin Didin
Published: October 2016

Sintesis asam dimer yang bersumber dari minyak bunga matahari telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan reaksi Diels-Alder. Reaksi ini dilakukan dengan mereaksikan asam  linoleat yang terkandung di dalam minyak bunga matahari dengan asam akrilat. Hasil reaksi diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk sintesis self healing rubber. Karet ini memiliki kemampuan untuk dapat tersambung kembali setelah diputuskan menjadi beberapa bagian. Reaksi Diels-Alder dikonfirmasi dengan melakukan analisis nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) dan infra merah spektroskopi. Hasil reaksi menunjukkan bahwa ikatan rangkap karbon di dalam asam linoleat bereaksi dengan asam akrilat untuk menghasilkan asam dimer. Reaksi ini dikonfirmasi dengan munculnya sebuah puncak infra merah yang cukup luas pada kisaran 3600 – 2300 cm-1.  Puncak ini mewakili ikatan hidrogen yang terbentuk dalam asam dimer. Hasil analisis karbon NMR juga menunjukkan pembentukan asam dimer pada puncak 173,2 ppm. Puncak NMR ini mewakili karbon yang berada di dalam gugus fungsional asam karboksilat (- COOH). Diterima : 24 Desember 2014; Direvisi : 15 Februari 2015; Disetujui : 10 April 2015 How to Cite : Purbaya, M., Nor, H., & Suwardin, D. (2015). Sintesis asam dimer dari minyak bunga matahari dengan reaksi diels-alder untuk menghasilkan bahan baku self-healing rubber. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 33(1), 83-90. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/174
Sampul Belakang 33 1 2015
Authors: Puspitasari Santi
Published: October 2016

Sampul Belakang 33 1 2015
KARAKTERISASI KONDISI PENGGUMPALAN DAN MUTU KARET YANG DIGUMPALKAN DENGAN KOAGULAN DEORUB FORMULA BARU
Authors: Vachlepi Afrizal , Suwardin Didin , Purbaya Mili
Published: October 2016

Penggunaan koagulan menentukan kondisi penggumpalan dan mutu karet yang akan dihasilkan. Koagulan anjuran, asam format dan asap cair murni, masih belum digunakan secara luas oleh petani karet. Asam format menghasilkan bokar berbau busuk, berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungan serta harganya mahal. Sedangkan asap cair murni memerlukan konsentrasi dan dosis yang lebih banyak sehingga kurang ekonomis. Sekarang ini sudah dikembangkan koagulan Deorub formula baru yang memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan kedua koagulan anjuran tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari karakteristik kondisi penggumpalan dan mutu karet yang digumpalkan dengan koagulan Deorub formula baru. Parameter yang diamati terdiri atas kondisi penggumpalan, kadar karet kering koagulum, karakteristik karet mentah, mutu teknis, karateristik vulkanisasi, dan sifat fisik vulkanisat karet yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu, pH penggumpalan, mutu teknis, modulus torsi, dan sifat fisik vulkanisat karet yang digumpalkan dengan koagulan Deorub formula baru tidak berbeda dibandingkan asam format dan lebih baik dari Deorub K. Koagulum yang digumpalkan dengan Deorub formula baru ini mempunyai warna coklat muda dan bau asap ringan dengan kadar karet kering lebih tinggi. Mutu teknis karet dari kedua koagulan juga tidak berbeda nyata. Diterima : 15 April 2015; Direvisi : 30 Juni 2015; Disetujui : 3 Agustus 2015  How to Cite : Vachlepi, A., Suwardin, D., & Purbaya, M. (2015). Karakterisasi kondisi penggumpalan dan mutu karet yang digumpalkan dengan koagulan deorub formula baru. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 33(2), 175-182. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/182
REDISTILAT ASAP CAIR DARI CANGKANG KELAPA SAWT DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI KOAGULAN KARET ALAM
Authors: Achmadi Suminar Setiati , Cifriadi Adi , Hidayah Muhana Nurul
Published: October 2016

Jumlah limbah cangkang kelapa sawit yang setiap tahunnya terus bertambah akibat peningkatan produksi minyak sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan asap cair. Kandungan asam dalam asap cair berpotensi sebagai koagulan karet alam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendistilasi ulang asap cair pada suhu 80, 90, and 100ºCdan menguji sifat koagulasi  redistilat dibandingkan dengan asam format sebagai koagulan komersial. Dari proses redistilasi di setiap suhu, 2 tampungan redistilat terkumpul. Tampungan pertama dikumpulkan pada 5 menit pertama dan tampungan kedua dikumpulkan pada 5 menit berikutnya. Sebanyak 5 L redistilat diperoleh dari tiap tampungan. Uji sifat fisik pada lembaran karet menunjukkan bahwa redistilat 100ºC dari tampungan kedua disarankan untuk digunakan sebagai koagulan karet alam karena menghasilkan nilai plastisitas Wallace yang memenuhi standar dan memiliki nilai indeks retensi plastisitas yang memenuhi persyaratan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Redistilat tidak terbukti dapat mencegah proses pengerasan karet selama penyimpanan. Diterima : 28 April 2015; Direvisi : 6 Juli 2015; Disetujui : 3 Agustus 2015  How to Cite : Achmadi, S., Cifriadi, A., & Hidayah, M. N. (2015). Redistilat asap cair dari cangkang kelapa sawt dan aplikasinya sebagai koagulan karet alam. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 33(2), 183-192. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/183
Sampul Belakang 33 2 2015
Authors: Puspitasari Santi
Published: October 2016

Sampul Belakang 33 2 2015
KAJIAN PROSPEK USAHA PEMBIBITAN KARET DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Agustina Dwi Shinta , Syarifa Lina Fatayati , Nancy Cicilia
Published: October 2016

Meningkatnya harga karet sejak tahun 2002 telah memotivasi petani untuk menanam karet dan mendorong tumbuhnya usaha pembibitan karet oleh penangkar. Namun turunnya harga karet yang terjadi sejak tahun 2013 sampai saat ini turut mempengaruhi kondisi usaha pembibitan di tingkat penangkar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data perkembangan supply dan demand bibit karet di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan seiring dengan turunnya harga karet yang terjadi saat ini. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2014 dengan metode survei di beberapa sentra pembibitan karet di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan yaitu Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, Kota Lubuk Linggau, Kota Prabumulih, dan Kabupaten Banyuasin. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan penangkar benih, petani karet, dan perusahaan perkebunan. Data sekunder diperoleh dari Dinas Perkebunan dan Balai Pengawasan Sertifikasi Benih Tanaman Perkebunan (BPSBTP). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Dari hasil survei diketahui bahwa usaha pembibitan masih prospektif untuk dikembangkan. Potensi bibit yang tersedia di tingkat penangkar cukup besar mengingat perluasan lahan untuk kebun pembibitan masih terus dilakukan oleh penangkar. Permintaan bibit oleh petani sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor musim dan harga karet. Turunnya harga karet menyebabkan jumlah permintaan bibit dari petani juga menurun. Usaha pembibitan di tingkat penangkar dengan skala besar pada saat harga karet rendah masih terbantu oleh permintaan dari proyek pemerintah.
EKSPLORASI BAKTERI ENDOFITIK DAN POTENSINYA DALAM PENGHAMBATAN JAMUR AKAR PUTIH (RIGIDOPORUS MICROPORUS)
Authors: Setyawan Budi , Berlian Intan , Prasetyo Nur Eko
Published: October 2016

Salah satu cara pengendalian jamur akar putih (JAP) yang memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan dimasa mendatang adalah secara biologi dengan memanfaatkan mikroba antagonis. Pada berbagai komoditas termasuk tanaman karet, bakteri endofitik antagonis telah dimanfaatkan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan patogen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi, mengidentifikasi bakteri endofitik dari tanaman karet serta menguji potensinya sebagai antagonis terhadap Rigidoporus microporus. Lima isolat berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman sehat di areal endemik JAP (isolat A10, A14, A16) dan areal non endemik JAP (isolat GN1, GN2). Uji oposisi langsung menunjukkan isolat A10 memiliki zona penghambatan terbesar (0,3 cm) pada 4 hari setelah inokulasi dibandingkan isolat lainnya. Identifikasi secara molekuler berdasarkan sekuens gen parsial 16S rRNA dan gen gyrase subunit B terhadap isolat A10 adalah Bacillus cereus. Aktivitas enzim protease ditunjukkan oleh isolat A10 pada medium skim milk dan kemampuannya mencairkan gelatin pada hari keenam setelah inokulasi. Kemampuan menghambat filtrat ekstraseluler yang diuji dengan metode paper disk belum menunjukkan zona penghambatan yang konsisten pada tiap konsentrasi filtrat ekstraseluler yang diberikan. Pada hari ketiga setelah inokulasi (HSI) tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata antar perlakuan. Pengujian lebih lanjut terhadap B. cereus isolat A10 perlu dipertimbangkan kembali karena potensi antagonismenya yang masih lemah terhadap R. microporus dan adanya potensi lain sebagai penyebab penyakit bagi manusia.
Type 1 Diabetes Prevention: A Goal Dependent on Accepting a Diagnosis of an Asymptomatic Disease
Authors: Ziegler Anette-G. , Bonifacio Ezio , Powers Alvin C. , Todd John A. , Harrison Leonard C. , Atkinson Mark A.
Published: October 2016

Type 1 diabetes, a disease defined by absolute insulin deficiency, is considered a chronic autoimmune disorder resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. The incidence of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes has been increasing at a rate of 3%–5% per year globally. Despite the introduction of an impressive array of therapies aimed at improving disease management, no means for a practical “cure” exist. This said, hope remains high that any of a number of emerging technologies (e.g., continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps, smart algorithms), alongside advances in stem cell biology, cell encapsulation methodologies, and immunotherapy, will eventually impact the lives of those with recently diagnosed or established type 1 diabetes. However, efforts aimed at reversing insulin dependence do not address the obvious benefits of disease prevention. Hence, key “stretch goals” for type 1 diabetes research include identifying improved and increasingly practical means for diagnosing the disease at earlier stages in its natural history (i.e., early, presymptomatic diagnosis), undertaking such efforts in the population at large to optimally identify those with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes, and introducing safe and effective therapeutic options for prevention.
Type 2 Diabetes: The Pathologic Basis of Reversible β-Cell Dysfunction
Authors: White Michael G. , Shaw James A.M. , Taylor Roy
Published: October 2016

The reversible nature of early type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated in in vivo human studies. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies of β-cell biology have established that the β-cell loses differentiated characteristics, including glucose-mediated insulin secretion, under metabolic stress. Critically, the β-cell dedifferentiation produced by long-term excess nutrient supply is reversible. Weight loss in humans permits restoration of first-phase insulin secretion associated with the return to normal of the elevated intrapancreatic triglyceride content. However, in type 2 diabetes of duration greater than 10 years, the cellular changes appear to pass a point of no return. This review summarizes the evidence that early type 2 diabetes can be regarded as a reversible β-cell response to chronic positive calorie balance.
Assessment of Gene-Xpert MTB RIF Program Implementation and the Challenges For Enhanced Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Nigeria
Authors: Mustapha G , Jumoke O , Nwadike P , Emeka E , Akang G , Eneogu R , Chukwueme N , Aliyu G , Bhatta G K
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Gene-Xpert MTBRIF, rapid tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance diagnostic technology is implemented in Nigeria to enhance public health response to tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV patients with presumed tuberculosis (TB), and presumed cases of drug resistant TB. The aim of the paper is to share experience on programmatic issues on Xpert MTB RIF roll-out.Methodology: Program implementation data from 22 Xpert laboratories for period between September 2011 and December 2013 were analyzed to evaluate outcomes and identify challenges and opportunities for strengthening tuberculosis detection in Nigeria.Results: A total of 12249 patients received single gene-Xpert test at 10 secondary (S), 10 Tertiary (T) and 2 private (P) health facilities over 25 months. The tests were valid in 10948 patients, and 3669/10948 (33.5%) were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In 815/3669 (22.2%) of the MTB cases, the bacteria were resistant to rifampicin. Rifampicin resistance was inconclusive (indeterminate) in 509/12249 (4.2%) while the test failed in 792/12249 (6.5%). The program was noticeably limited to health facilities above primary centers; there were prolonged delays in the diagnosis and treatment with limited on-site synergy between TB/HIV services. Reducing diagnostic delays and integrating TB/HIV services into the gene-Xpert program will enhance early case detection and enrollment for care in Nigeria.Conclusion: The model Gene-Xpert MTBRIF program implemented in Nigeria targets specific risk groups with high number of cases detected. Diagnoses of tuberculosis and resistance to rifampicin could be enhanced by offering integrated TB/HIV services; improving patient and sample flow/referral; proper documentation of test outcomes and alignment with DR-TB management.SAARC J TUBER LUNG DIS HIV/AIDS, 2015 XII (2), page: 1-7
Teaching Tip—Studying to Become a Veterinarian: A Course for Student Support
Authors: Ruohoniemi Mirja , Mikkonen Johanna , Salomäki Riitta , Hänninen Laura , Heikkilä Annamari , Ryhänen Sanna
Published: October 2016

During the last decade, concerns over veterinary students' stress have been expressed in several studies, and the need for student support has become evident. In addition, the importance of professional and personal identity development in veterinary curricula has been widely recognized. There is a need to integrate academic and professional skills instruction with training in personal-life balance. Even though tools for student support and stress management exist within universities, reports on active and creative practices in veterinary education are scarce. We report here a course that has been organized twice as an optional part of veterinary studies to provide students with tools for everyday life and personal development toward a future veterinary career. Students defined their own learning objectives in this course, and they reported having received tools and knowledge especially for time management and stress control. The course gave the students an opportunity to step back from their busy schedules, think over their lives and actions, and even take concrete actions that have a positive effect on their well-being. The rich qualitative material collected during the pilot course has been used not only for developing the course further but also for development of the mandatory curriculum.
Impact of Checklist Use on Wellness and Post-Elective Surgery Appointments in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Authors: Ruch-Gallie Rebecca , Weir Heather , Kogan Lori R.
Published: October 2016

Cognitive functioning is often compromised with increasing levels of stress and fatigue, both of which are often experienced by veterinarians. Many high-stress fields have implemented checklists to reduce human error. The use of these checklists has been shown to improve the quality of medical care, including adherence to evidence-based best practices and improvement of patient safety. Although it has been recognized that veterinary medicine would likely demonstrate similar benefits, there have been no published studies to date evaluating the use of checklists for improving quality of care in veterinary medicine. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of checklists during wellness and post-elective surgery appointments conducted by fourth-year veterinary students within their Community Practice rotation at a US veterinary teaching hospital. Students were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those who were specifically asked to use the provided checklists during appointments, and those who were not asked to use the checklists but had them available. Two individuals blinded to the study reviewed the tapes of all appointments in each study group to determine the amount and type of medical information offered by veterinary students. Students who were specifically asked to use the checklists provided significantly more information to owners, with the exception of keeping the incision clean. Results indicate the use of checklists helps students provide more complete information to their clients, thereby potentially enhancing animal care.
A Green, One-Pot Formation of Imidazolone and Pyrimidinone Derivatives Containing a Sulfonyl Group
Authors: Nematpour Manijeh , Koohi Samira Rasouli , Abedi Elahe , Lotfi Mahbob
Published: October 2016

The synthesis of sulfonyl-imidazolone derivatives via a four-component reaction between sodium arylsulfinates, trichloroacetonitrile, benzylamines and acetylenedicarboxylates in H2O at room temperature is described. When alkyl propiolate was used instead of acetylenedicarboxylates, sulfonyl-pyrimidinone was obtained.
Mauveine and the Mauve Shade Six Pence Stamp
Authors: Plater M. John , Raab Andrea
Published: October 2016

British Victorian six pence lilac stamps (plates 5, 6, 8, and 9) have been analysed for mauveine: six pence stamps (no hyphen and plates 8 or 9) were dyed with mauveine, six-pence stamps with the hyphen (plate 5) were not dyed with mauveine, about half of the six-pence stamps with the hyphen (plate 6) were dyed with mauveine and one six-pence stamp with the hyphen (plate 6) was analysed as being dyed with Caro's mauveine. Plate numbers are from Vol. 1 Queen Victoria, Stanley Gibbons Great Britain specialised stamp catalogue, 9th edn. Stanley Gibbons Publications, London, 1989.
Synthesis of Allenes through Triazole Gold(III) Catalysed Rearrangement of Propargyl Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wang Dawei , Yang Yongchun , Huang Ronghui , Wang Likui , Wan Huida
Published: October 2016

An efficient and simple method to the synthesis of allene derivatives was developed through pyridyltriazole gold(III) catalysed rearrangement of propargyl vinyl ethers with moderate to good yields. It was found that the pyridyltriazole gold(III) complex is a good chemoselective catalyst in selective activation of alkynes and allenes. Compared to gold(I) catalysts, the pyridyltriazole gold(III) shows much better substrate tolerance and much higher air and moisture stability.
Water Soluble Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes of Mangiferin: Synthesis, Antitumour Activity and DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Qin Jiao-Lan , Deng Sheng-Ping , Zhang Yun-Liang , Yuan Tao , Li Ying-Bo , Han Hong-Hua , Liu Yan-Cheng , Chen Zhen-Feng
Published: October 2016

The reactions of mangiferin (H-MF) with Cu(II) and Zn(II) yielded [Cu(MF)(OH)(H2O)]x5H2O and [Zn(MF)(OH)(H2O)]x4H2O. The MTT assay against four tumour cell lines revealed that the Cu complex generally showed higher in vitro cytotoxicity vs. free H-MF than the Zn complex, which may be due to the different bioactivities of Cu(II) and Zn(II). DNA binding studies of both complexes vs. H-MF indicated that they tended to bind intercalatively with DNA. Both complexes also exhibited topoisomerase I inhibition at 100 μM, which could be due to their DNA binding affinities.
A Facile and Practical Synthesis of (-)-tasimelteon
Authors: Mi Senyang , Sun Xinzhe , Wu Chaogang , Zhang Xingxian
Published: October 2016

An efficient and practical route for the synthesis of (-)-tasimelteon from 2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol has been developed. The product was prepared in seven steps in overall 16.4% yield using highly stereoselective cyclopropanation reaction of the intermediate as the key step.
Synthesis of Novel Antiproliferative 1,2,3-triazole Hybrids Using the Molecular Hybridisation Approach
Authors: Fu Dong-Jun , Song Jian , Zhao Ruo-Han , Liu Ying-Chao , Zhang Yan-Bing , Liu Hong-Min
Published: October 2016

A series of nine novel 1,2,3-triazole-chalcone derivatives were designed using the molecular hybridisation approach and synthesised by click chemistry. Most of the synthesised compounds exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity against oesophagus, gastric and neuroendocrine cancer cell lines, but a compound containing a p-bromo group in the A ring and a [(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl group attached at the 4-position of a p-[3-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propyloxy] group in the B ring showed the highest activity with an IC50 value of 8.16 μM against neuroendocrine cancer cells. The structure activity relationships of all nine compounds were discussed.
Effects of Rhodium Doping on the Microstructures and Photocatalytic Performances of TiO2 Powders
Authors: Xiu-hua Liu , Dan Meng , Yi Deng
Published: October 2016

Rh-doped TiO2 powder was synthesised by the sol-gel method, and its structure and performance were characterised using a variety of techniques. When calcined between 673 K and 873 K, the TiO2 in the 1 at% Rh/TiO2 powders was mainly present as the anatase form. In contrast, at calcination temperatures of 973 K, most of the TiO2 existed in the rutile structure. At a given calcination temperature, increasing the doping amounts of Rh decreases the anatase content and cell volume but increases the crystal size. Compared with pure TiO2 powders synthesised under the same conditions, the temperature for the phase transition of TiO2 from the anatase structure to the rutile structure was lower by 146.8 K in the Rh/TiO2 powders; however, the excitation wavelength of the Rh/TiO2 powders was broadened to the visible light region. Unfortunately, the particles of the Rh/TiO2 powders aggregated resulting in reduced Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, and a decrease in the photocatalytic activity.
Palladium-Catalysed and Phosphine-Promoted Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers through Self-Coupling
Authors: Wang Dawei , Xu Zhaojun , Yu Xiaoli , Li Yongliang , Wan Huida
Published: October 2016

An efficient, palladium acetate-catalysed, tributylphosphine-promoted direct synthesis of symmetrical diaryl ethers through the self-coupling of aryl fluorides has been developed with K2CO3/ZrO2 as a base. This provides an alternative method to prepare aromatic polymers, important synthetic intermediates and natural products for use in the field of pharmaceuticals and industrial materials.
Down-regulation of CYP27B1 gene expression in Iranian patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rezaie Zahra , Taheri Mohammad , Kohan Leila , Sayad Arezou
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) as a complex neurological disease can be due to vitamin D deficiency. CYP27B1 is referred to as a vitamin D metabolizing enzyme.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This study compared the expression level of CYP27B1 in Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) patients with normal individuals in Iran. The RNA was extracted from 50 RRMS patients and 50 normal controls. Quantitative RT-PCR was adopted to measure the expression level of CYP27B1 gene.

RESULTS:

The expression level of CYP27B1gene was significantly lower in the RRMS patients than their normal counterparts (P value = 0.04). Also, the RRMS females participating had a significant reduction in CYP27B1 gene expression compared to normal females (P-Value = 0.01). In addition, the correlation between CYP27B1 expression level, and the risk of Expanded Disability Status Scale of Kurtzke (EDSS) was not linear. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between expression status of CYP27B1gene and duration of the disease.

CONCLUSION:

A significant decrease in the expression level of CYP27A1 in female patients could indicate their greater vulnerability to MS than the male patients.
Numerical modeling of bubble dynamics in liquid metal exposed to electromagnetic fields for hydrogen production
Authors: Fehling T. , Steinberg T. , Baake E.
Published: October 2016

In our modern society hydrogen is an important alternative energy source for current and future applications in fuel cells as well as coolants or hydrogenation of coal. To achieve an environmentally compatible production of hydrogen, another method of thermal decomposition, is discovered. In this process methane is injected with an orifice at the bottom of an bubble column reactor that is filled with liquid tin. While rising up in the reactor, the methane bubbles do a chemical decomposition reaction into hydrogen and carbon, which is depending on the tin temperature. In this article a numerical model for the methane bubble flow inside the tin melt is described. For that case residence times and flow structures are discovered depending on different heating systems of the melt - heating coil and electromagnetic field. In the following studies different inlets types as well as installations like packed beds are discovered to view their influence on higher residence times and efficiency of the reaction.
New process for continuous melting and pouring of oxides with skull melting crucible
Authors: Kichigin V. , Nacke B. , Poznyak I.
Published: October 2016

A distinctive feature of induction furnaces with cold crucible is the skull melting without introducing any impurities in the melt and overheating of the melt over 3000°C at air. Therefore the technology of induction melting in cold crucible is suitable for high temperature synthesis of oxide materials. This paper describes a new technology for continuous melting and pouring of oxide melts. A new type of cold crucible with two chambers is used for this application. In the first chamber the charged oxide is melted and transferred via a barrier to the second chamber where the oxide is superheated before pouring over a discharging hole. During the transfer of the melted oxide from the melting zone into the superheating zone the transport of non-melted oxide particles has to be avoided. This transport is mainly influenced by the hydrodynamics of the melt flow and the temperature field during melting and pouring. Numerical simulation is used to investigate the heat and mass transfer during the melting and pouring processes in the cold crucible furnace. Both forced and free convections are taken into account in the simulation. Apart from the melt flow inside the cold crucible special attention is also paid to the behavior of the pouring stream. The numerical results are compared with experimental data of melting and pouring experiments in the skull melting installation at the Institute of Electrotechnology. The paper presents a description of the cold crucible setup, the results of the numerical simulation and comparison of them with experimental data.
Continuing education requirements among State Occupational Therapy Regulatory Boards in the United States of America
Authors: Hall Savannah R. , Crifasi Kristen A. , Marinelli Christina M. , Yuen Hon K.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the contents of each state’s occupational therapy (OT) regulatory board requirements regarding licensees’ acquisition of continuing education units in the United States of America. Methods: Data related to continuing education requirements from each OT regulatory board of all 50 states and the District of Columbia in the United States were reviewed and categorized by two reviewers. Analysis was conducted based on the categorization of the continuing education requirements and activities required, allowed, and not allowed/not mentioned for continuing education units. Results: Findings revealed non-uniformity and inconsistency of continuing education requirements for licensure renewal between OT regulatory boards and was coupled with lack of specific criteria for various continuing education activities. Continuing education requirements were not tailored to meet the needs of individual licensee’s current and anticipated professional role and job responsibilities, with a negative bias towards presentation and publication allowed for continuing education units. Few boards mandated continuing education topics on ethics related to OT practice within each renewal cycle. Conclusion: OT regulatory boards should move towards unifying the reporting format of continuing education requirements across all states to reduce ambiguity and to ensure licensees are equipped to provide ethical and competent practice. Efforts could be made to enact continuing education requirements specific to the primary role of a particular licensee. Finally, assigning the amount of continuing education credits to be awarded for different activities should be based on research evidence rather than arbitrary determination.
From Exilic to Mobile Identities: Colum McCann's Let the Great World Spin and the Cosmopolitanization of Contemporary Ireland
Authors: Llena Carmen Zamorano
Published: October 2016

The theme of displacement and a view of exile that differs from traditional definitions of the concept and its associations with feelings of loss and nostalgia are a constant in Colum McCann's oeuvre. Images of flight and fleeing are recurrent in his work and underscore the centrality that mobility occupies in his fictional world, in which these flights are, not infrequently, a metaphorical act of escapism from material reality and physical conditioning. However, mobility in Let the Great World Spin is articulated as a characteristically twenty-first century phenomenon in its emphasis on how interconnectivity beyond differences, especially in the form of transnational exchanges, characterizes contemporary societies and shapes individual realities and identities. This essay contends that this transnational interconnectivity is not only foregrounded at the narrative level, thematically and in terms of narrative structure; McCann's tangentially framing of this novel within American post-9/11 fiction, while formally echoing an Irish literature of exile and thematically relating to an Irish literature of migration and fictions of the global, suggests the process in which new imaginative realities and identities are shaped from a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes the synergetic dialogue between national and transnational differences in the creation of a cosmopolitanized reality.
Copywriting Gertrude Stein: Advertising, Anonymity, Autobiography
Authors: Rosenquist Rod
Published: October 2016

This article traces the parallel, though in some ways inverted, early careers of Gertrude Stein and Helen Woodward: one a celebrated but little-read modernist author and the other a widely-read but largely anonymous copywriter. The first section draws comparisons between early twentieth-century changes in advertising copy and Stein's literary innovations, focusing on the techniques used by Stein and copywriters like Woodward to direct attention to ordinary objects or promote branded products by appealing to the individual reader's experience and subjectivity. The second section goes on to consider the contrasting definitions and public expectations of the author within the contexts of high modernism and modern advertising, respectively. The article concludes with brief analysis of the techniques of attribution, promotion and anonymity within the autobiographies of these two writers, suggesting that the contrast in approaches to life writing were largely due to how creative and corporate authors held highly contrasting public positions in early twentieth-century America.
‘Old-fashioned modern’: Claude Flight's Lino-Cuts and Public Taste in the Interwar Period
Authors: Leaper Hana
Published: October 2016

In 1927, Claude Flight proposed that the linocut, a comparatively new art form, could create a new relationship between the modern public and modern art. It was, he theorised, ideally suited for the mass market as it was relatively small, it was relatively cheap, and its directness accorded with the spirit of the modern age. Many works by Flight and other artists of the Grosvenor School, at which Flight taught from 1926 to 1930, democratically aligned artist, subject, and viewer and focused on scenes of contemporary public life, from manual labour to recreational sports, mass spectator events to commuter experience. This article investigates the ambiguous middlebrow position of the Grosvenor School linocuts, which never achieved the widespread popularity that Flight anticipated or cultivated the broad, aspirational audience he envisioned for these works. It poses that Flight's utopian vision for mass modernism was frustrated by his limited comprehension of the ‘average man’ his linocuts sought to address, and the absence of suitable critical and commercial apparatus to enable the public to meet him on the terms he desired.
‘A True Magic Chamber’: The Public Face of the Modernist Bookshop
Authors: Thacker Andrew
Published: October 2016

This article explores the role of bookshops in the construction of a public for modernism and analyses a number of bookshops committed to promoting modernist culture, such as those run by Sylvia Beach (Shakespeare and Company), Adrienne Monnier (La Maison des Amis des Livres), and Frances Steloff (Gotham Book Mart). It also considers how the bookshop is a fulcrum between commerce and culture, a key issue for contemporary modernist studies, and discusses aspects of bookshop culture that seem to operate ‘beyond’ the market. One example is that of We Moderns, a catalogue issued by the Gotham Book Mart in 1940 and which represents a fascinating example of the print culture of the modernist bookshop. Drawing upon the work of Mark Morrisson and Lawrence Rainey, the article also evaluates the position of the bookshop within debates around modernism and the public sphere.
The Effect of Pet Remedy on the Behaviour of the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Taylor Sienna , Madden Joah
Published: October 2016

Stress-affected behaviour in companion animals can have an adverse effect on animal health and welfare and their relationships with humans. This stress can be addressed using chemical treatments, often in conjunction with behavioural therapies. Here, we investigated the efficacy of one commercial pharmacological intervention, Pet Remedy, advertised as a natural stress relief product for mammals. We aimed to see whether the product lowered stress-affected behaviour in dogs placed in a non-familiar environment. Behavioural responses of 28 dogs were video recorded using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and counterbalanced repeated measures design. Dogs were exposed to both a placebo and Pet Remedy plug-in diffuser for 30 min with an intervening period of approximately 7 days between conditions. Multivariate regression analysis identified no significant differences in behaviour in either the Pet Remedy or placebo condition. In conclusion, in the current study, Pet Remedy did not reduce behavioural indicators indicative of a stress response. To determine the effects of Pet Remedy, future research using a larger sample size and controlling for breed would be beneficial.
Continuous Reusability using Immobilized HasApf in Chemoenzymatic Deracemization: A New Heterogeneous Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: Nagaoka Hiroyuki
Published: October 2016

This study found that the calibration curve of heme acquisition system A (HasA, a new reactive active species) immobilized by a porous ceramic particle (ImHApf; immobilized HasA from Pseudomonas fluorescens) can be constructed in the range of 1750–1450 cm−1 using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and evaluated its catalytic efficiency. In the asymmetric oxidation of rac-1-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethanol (rac-1: a naproxen precursor), a product ketone from the (R)-isomer is desymmetrized using NaBH4 and continuously reused even if treated with an organic solvent in 50 mM glycine–NaOH buffer at 40 °C in the absence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)), leading to >99% enantiomeric excess and >90% chemical yield; the activity was calculated at 0.74 ± 0.03 mU/(mg·min) and the turnover number was determined to be approximately 2 × 106. It was confirmed that the other sec-alcohols such as rac-1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol (rac-2) and m- and p-substituted rac-1-phenyl ethanols (rac-3ab–6ab) using ImHApf can also yield a single stereoisomer from a racemate. Therefore, HasA immobilization can be expected to become an important tool for building an environmentally friendly system that promotes industrial sustainability.
Identifying Cancer Driver Genes Using Replication-Incompetent Retroviral Vectors
Authors: Bii Victor , Trobridge Grant
Published: October 2016

Identifying novel genes that drive tumor metastasis and drug resistance has significant potential to improve patient outcomes. High-throughput sequencing approaches have identified cancer genes, but distinguishing driver genes from passengers remains challenging. Insertional mutagenesis screens using replication-incompetent retroviral vectors have emerged as a powerful tool to identify cancer genes. Unlike replicating retroviruses and transposons, replication-incompetent retroviral vectors lack additional mutagenesis events that can complicate the identification of driver mutations from passenger mutations. They can also be used for almost any human cancer due to the broad tropism of the vectors. Replication-incompetent retroviral vectors have the ability to dysregulate nearby cancer genes via several mechanisms including enhancer-mediated activation of gene promoters. The integrated provirus acts as a unique molecular tag for nearby candidate driver genes which can be rapidly identified using well established methods that utilize next generation sequencing and bioinformatics programs. Recently, retroviral vector screens have been used to efficiently identify candidate driver genes in prostate, breast, liver and pancreatic cancers. Validated driver genes can be potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. In this review, we describe the emergence of retroviral insertional mutagenesis screens using replication-incompetent retroviral vectors as a novel tool to identify cancer driver genes in different cancer types.
Self-Organization of Stem Cell Colonies and of Early Mammalian Embryos: Recent Experiments Shed New Light on the Role of Autonomy vs. External Instructions in Basic Body Plan Development
Authors: Denker Hans-Werner
Published: October 2016

“Organoids”, i.e., complex structures that can develop when pluripotent or multipotent stem cells are maintained in three-dimensional cultures, have become a new area of interest in stem cell research. Hopes have grown that when focussing experimentally on the mechanisms behind this type of in vitro morphogenesis, research aiming at tissue and organ replacements can be boosted. Processes leading to the formation of organoids in vitro are now often addressed as self-organization, a term referring to the formation of complex tissue architecture in groups of cells without depending on specific instruction provided by other cells or tissues. The present article focuses on recent reports using the term self-organization in the context of studies on embryogenesis, specifically addressing pattern formation processes in human blastocysts attaching in vitro, or in colonies of pluripotent stem cells (“gastruloids”). These morphogenetic processes are of particular interest because, during development in vivo, they lead to basic body plan formation and individuation. Since improved methodologies like those employed by the cited authors became available, early embryonic pattern formation/self-organization appears to evolve now as a research topic of its own. This review discusses concepts concerning the involved mechanisms, focussing on autonomy of basic body plan development vs. dependence on external signals, as possibly provided by implantation in the uterus, and it addresses biological differences between an early mammalian embryo, e.g., a morula, and a cluster of pluripotent stem cells. It is concluded that, apart from being of considerable biological interest, the described type of research needs to be contemplated carefully with regard to ethical implications when performed with human cells.
Low Noise Low Power CMOS Telescopic-OTA for Bio-Medical Applications
Authors: Saidulu Bellamkonda , Manoharan Arun , Sundaram Kumaravel
Published: October 2016

The preamplifier block is crucial in bio-medical signal processing. The power intensive Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is considered, and the performance of preamplifier is studied. A low noise and low power telescopic OTA is proposed in this work. To reduce the noise contribution in the active load transistors, source degeneration technique is incorporated in the current stealing branch of the OTA. The OTA design optimization is achieved by g m / I d methodology, which helps to determine the device geometrical parameters (W/L ratio). The proposed design was implemented in CMOS 90 nm with bias current and supply voltage of 1.6 µA and 1.2 V, respectively. The post layout simulation results of the proposed amplifier gave a gain of 62 dB with phase margin 57°, CMRR 78 dB, input referred noise 3.2 µVrms, Noise Efficiency Factor (NEF) 1.86 and power consumption of 1.92 µW.
The Geometry of Signal Detection with Applications to Radar Signal Processing
Authors: Cheng Yongqiang , Hua Xiaoqiang , Wang Hongqiang , Qin Yuliang , Li Xiang
Published: October 2016

The problem of hypothesis testing in the Neyman–Pearson formulation is considered from a geometric viewpoint. In particular, a concise geometric interpretation of deterministic and random signal detection in the philosophy of information geometry is presented. In such a framework, both hypotheses and detectors can be treated as geometrical objects on the statistical manifold of a parameterized family of probability distributions. Both the detector and detection performance are geometrically elucidated in terms of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. Compared to the likelihood ratio test, the geometric interpretation provides a consistent but more comprehensive means to understand and deal with signal detection problems in a rather convenient manner. Example of the geometry based detector in radar constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection is presented, which shows its advantage over the classical processing method.