bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mécanismes d’échappement des filovirus à l’immunité innée
Authors: Martin Baptiste , Decroly Étienne
Published: September 2018

Le virus Ébola est un pathogène émergent important en Afrique où il a été responsable de plusieurs épidémies de fièvres hémorragiques associées à un taux de mortalité extrêmement élevée (jusqu’à 90 %). La pathogenèse des filovirus est, entre autres, liée à une réponse antivirale inadaptée. Cette famille de virus a en effet développé des stratégies d’échappement aux mécanismes précoces de l’immunité innée. Il en résulte une réplication virale massive qui induit une réponse immunitaire inappropriée à l’origine d’une réaction inflammatoire aiguë associée au syndrome hémorragique. Dans cette revue, nous décrivons les mécanismes utilisés par les filovirus, tels que le virus Ébola, pour échapper à la réponse immunitaire innée.
Restauration des voies corticales lésées par greffe de neurones
Authors: Ballout Nissrine , Péron Sophie , Gaillard Afsaneh
Published: September 2018

Le cortex moteur joue un rôle central dans le contrôle, la planification et l’exécution des commandes motrices volontaires chez les mammifères et la perte de neurones corticaux est une caractéristique commune à de nombreuses conditions neuropathologiques, comme les lésions traumatiques, ischémiques ou certaines maladies neurodégénératives. Afin de pallier les capacités limitées de régénération spontanée des neurones du système nerveux central adulte, des stratégies de remplacement cellulaire, par transplantation de tissu immature, présentent un potentiel prometteur. Dans cette revue, nous présenterons un rappel historique de la transplantation au niveau du cerveau et l’état actuel de la recherche dans le domaine de la transplantation corticale.
P-TEFb et Brd4
Authors: Furlan Alessandro , Agbazahou Florence , Henry Mélanie , Gonzalez-Pisfil Mariano , Le Nézet Corentin , Champelovier Dorian , Fournier Marie , Vandenbunder Bernard , Bidaux Gabriel , Héliot Laurent
Published: September 2018

La physiologie d’une cellule est dictée par l’intégration des signaux qu’elle reçoit et la mise en place de réponses adaptées par le biais, entre autres, de programmes transcriptionnels adéquats. Pour assurer un contrôle optimal de ces réponses, des mécanismes de régulation ont été sélectionnés, dont un processus de pause transcriptionnelle et de levée de cette pause par P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor) et Brd4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4). Le dérèglement de ce processus peut conduire à l’apparition de pathologies. P-TEFb et Brd4 ont ainsi émergé au cours des dernières années comme des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le cadre des cancers et du syndrome d‘immunodéficience acquise (sida) notamment.
Une anthropologie biologique de la disparition de l’homme de Néandertal : données récentes
Authors: Charlier Philippe , Coppens Yves , Héry-Arnaud Geneviève , Hassin Jacques
Published: September 2018

Quelles ont pu être les causes de la disparition de l’homme de Néandertal ? On tentera ici de faire une synthèse entre l’un des questionnements fondamentaux de l’anthropologie biologique relatifs à l’évolution humaine (hypothèses sur les causes de l’extinction des Néandertaliens) et des concepts bio-médicaux évolutionnistes, dont certains ont été récemment reformulés grâce aux progrès de la paléogénomique (héritages ancestraux du système immunitaire humain actuel, paléo-microbiologie, relation hôte-pathogène, etc.).
MR Pelvimetry for Breech Presentation at Term– Interobserver Reliability, Incidental Findings and Reference Values
Authors: von Bismarck Amanda , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Stöcklein Sophia , Schöppe Franziska , Hübener Christoph , Hertlein Linda , Baron-Tomlinson Dominique , Mahner Sven , Delius Maria , Hasbargen Uwe , Franz Marie
Published: September 2018

Purpose Antepartal MR pelvimetry is used to assess the viability of vaginal breech delivery. We evaluated the reliability of MR pelvimetric measurements as well as incidental findings noted by different clinicians and assessed potential reference values.

Methods In this monocentric study, the radiologic database was searched for obstetric MR pelvimetries with singleton breech pregnancies between 1999 and 2016. 99 consecutive MR pelvimetries were included. A structured, independent review was performed by six observers with three clinical experience levels (attending, fellow, junior resident from the departments of radiology and obstetrics). Image analysis entailed the quantitative assessment of conjugata vera (CV) and diameter transversalis (DT), image quality and incidental findings. Obstetric data was retrieved from the obstetric database for reference value assessment.

Results Interobserver agreement was strong throughout (mean intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.889 – 0.968). The individual measuring biases ranged between 0 – 2 mm, and the average limits of agreement were ± 3 mm. Regarding the mode of delivery, the recommended cesarean section (rCS) group showed significantly smaller CV measurements (CV: 11.37 ± 0.73, p-value < 0.0001) than any other delivery group. No statistical difference in CV between the vaginal delivery and unplanned cesarean section groups was found (p-value 0.902). DT measurements only showed a significant difference between rCS and elective cesarean section (p-value 0.039). 134 incidental findings were noted.

Conclusion Strong interobserver agreement irrespective of the reader’s experience level supports MR pelvimetry as a reliable method for identifying women with fetopelvic disproportion in breech presentation. For a comprehensive appraisal of incidental findings, radiologic expertise is vital.

Key points: 

Citation Format
Fortschritte in der Hämatologie
Authors: Haas Rainer
Published: September 2018

Dieser Band des „klinikarzt“ ist dem Schwerpunktthema „Hämatologie“ gewidmet und umfasst 4 Übersichtsartikel zu Erkrankungen des lympho-hämatopoietischen Systems,
die nicht nur wegen ihrer Häufigkeit von Relevanz sind, sondern auch weil an diesen Entitäten der diagnostische und therapeutische Fortschritt deutlich wird, den
wir dem immer besser werdenden Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Pathophysiologie verdanken.
Linear Neutral Receptors for Anions: Synthesis, Structure and Applications
Authors: Jurczak Janusz , Cholewiak Agnieszka , Stepniak Pawel
Published: September 2018

A selective digest of linear anion receptors based on different aromatic skeletons is presented. Since the structures of anions vary from one to another, different strategies have been developed over recent years in order to bind anions efficiently and selectively. Rigidity, number of hydrogen bond donors, steric hindrance, and special preorganization of linear receptors are analyzed to shed light on the rational design of anion receptors.

1 Introduction

2 1,3- and 1,2-Benzene Derivatives

3 1,3- and 5,7-Azulene Derivatives

4 1,8-Naphthalene Derivatives

5 1,8-Anthracene Derivatives

6 2,6-Pyridine Derivatives

7 2,5-Pyrrole Derivatives

8 Diamidoarenodipyrrole Derivatives

9 Carbazole Derivatives

10 DITIPIRAM Derivatives

11 Conclusion
Vesicouterine Fistula (Youssef Syndrome): Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Machado Junior Reynaldo Augusto , Machado Junior Luís Carlos , Lourenço Lúcio Lourenço e
Published: September 2018

Objective To describe a case of vesicouterine fistula and to review the literature related to this condition.

Methods For the review, we accessed the MEDLINE, BIREME and LILACS databases; the references of the searched articles were also reviewed.

Results A 38-year-old woman, in the 1st day after her 3rd cesarean, presented heavy hematuria, which was considered secondary to a difficult dissection of the bladder. A total of 6 months after delivery, she failed to resume her regular menstrual cycles and presented cyclic menouria and amenorrhea. At this time, she had two episodes of urethral obstruction by blood clots. She remained without a correct diagnosis until about two years postdelivery, when a vesicouterine fistula was confirmed through cystoscopy. A surgical correction through open abdominal route, coupled with hysterectomy, was performed. After the surgery, the symptoms disappeared. The review showed a tendency of change in the relative frequency of the different types of genitourinary fistulae. Vesicovaginal fistulae, usually caused by inadequate care during labor, are becoming less frequent than those secondary to medical procedures, such as vesicouterine fistulae. The most common cause of this latter kind of fistula is cesarean section, especially repeated cesarean sections. The diagnosis is confirmed through one or more imaging exams, or through cystoscopy. The most common treatment is surgical, and the routes are: open abdominal, laparoscopic, vaginal or robotic. There are some reports of success with the conservative treatment.

Conclusion Vesicouterine fistulae are becoming more common because of the increase in the performance of cesarean sections, and the condition must be considered a possible complication thereof.
Risk Assessment for Preterm Delivery using the Fetal Fibronectin Test Associated with the Measurement of Uterine Cervix Length in Symptomatic Pregnant Women
Authors: Pinheiro Filho Tadeu Rodriguez de Carvalho , Pessoa Vanessa Rocha , Lima Thaisa de Sousa , Castro Marcela Melo de , Linhares José Juvenal
Published: September 2018

Objective To analyze the use of the measurement of uterine cervix length (MUCL) and the fetal fibronectin (fFN) rapid test as predictors of preterm delivery (PTD) in symptomatic pregnant women assisted at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral Maternity Hospital.

Methods This was a prospective and analytic study involving 53 parturients assisted between September of 2015 and July of 2016; the participants were between 24 and 34 weeks of gestational age (GA) and presented complaints related to preterm labor (PTL) prodromes. Vaginal secretion was collected for fFN testing, and the MUCL was obtained via transvaginal ultrasonography.

Results A total of 58.49% of the subjects showed MUCL < 25 mm, and 41.51% were positive in the fFN rapid test. A total of 48 patients were followed-up until their delivery date, and 54.17% resulted in PTL. The relative risk (RR) for PTD in patients with MUCL < 25 mm was 1.83 (p = 0.09, 0.99–3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]), with a mean time before delivery of 2.98 weeks. Based on fFN positive results, the RR was 3.50 (p = 0.002, 1.39–8.79, 95%CI) and the mean time until delivery was 1.94 weeks. The RR was 2.70 (p = 0.002, 1.08–6.72, 95%CI) when both tests were used. The RR of PTD within 48 hours, and 7 and 14 days were, respectively, 1.30 (p = 0.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.67), 1.43 (p = 0.12, 95% CI % 0.99–2.06), and 2.03 (p = 0.008, 95% CI 1.26–3.27), when based on the MUCL, and 1.75 (p = 0.0006, 95% CI 1.20–2.53), 2.88 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI, 1.57–5.31), and 3.57 (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 1.63–7.81) when based on positive fFN results. The RR at 48 hours and 7 and 14 days considering both tests was 1.74 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 1.14–2.64), 2.22 (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 1.22–4.04), and 2.76 (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 1.27–5.96), respectively.

Conclusion In symptomatic pregnant women, we concluded that the MUCL < 25 mm associated with positive fFN rapid test indicate increased the risk for PTD. Further studies with larger sample sizes could contribute in supporting the results presented in the current study.
Understanding emotion processing in schizophrenia
Authors: Keutmann M. K. , Gur R. E. , Gur R. C.
Published: September 2018

Impaired emotional functioning is a prominent feature of schizophrenia. Although positive symptoms have traditionally attracted more attention and targeted treatment, negative symptoms, including flat affect, are increasingly recognized as the more debilitating and resistant to intervention. We describe studies examining affect processing in schizophrenia, focusing on facial affect with initial findings in vocal affect, or prosody. Deficits in schizophrenia are pronounced, and studies with functional neuroimaging indicate that the neural substrates for these deficits center on the amygdala and its projections. The abnormalities are highly correlated with symptom severity and functional outcome. While there is quite extensive work on affect recognition abnormalities, deficits have also been documented in the ability to express affect on the face and in voice, and perhaps to a lesser extent in the experience of emotion. These abnormalities can be better studied when methods for quantitative analysis of emotional expression are available. Recognizing the existence of such deficits and their neural substrates will lead to improved approaches to pharmacological and behavioral treatment.
Sexually Transmitted Infections Detected by Multiplex Real Time PCR in Asymptomatic Women and Association with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Lima Luiza de Miranda , Hoelzle Carolina René , Simões Renata Toscano , Lima Maria Inês de Miranda , Fradico Jordana Rodrigues Barbosa , Mateo Elvis Cristian Cueva , Zauli Danielle Alves Gomes , Melo Victor Hugo
Published: September 2018

Objective To determine the frequency of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in asymptomatic women and the association of STIs with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Methods A cross-sectional study was performed, enrolling women examined in a general gynecology clinic and in a colposcopy referral center from October 2014 to October 2015. The colposcopy group consisted of 71 women, and the general gynecology group consisted of 55 women. Cervical samples were collected for cervical cytology and a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) and the STIs caused by the following microorganisms: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression, considering the significance level of 0.05.

Results The general frequency of STIs was: 46.8% (HPV); 27.8% (C. trachomatis); 28.6% (M. genitalium); 0.8% (M. hominis); 4.8% (U. urealyticum); and 4.8% (N. gonorrhoeae). The significant risk factors for CIN were: HPV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 2.53; p = 0.024); C. trachomatis (OR = 3.04; p = 0.009); M. genitalium (OR = 2.37; p = 0.04); and HPV and C. trachomatis coinfection (OR = 3.11; p = 0.023). After the multivariate analysis, a significant association was found between HPV and CIN (OR = 2.48; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.04–5.92; p = 0.04); and between C. trachomatis and CIN (OR = 2.69; 95%CI: 1.11–6.53; p = 0.028).

Conclusion The frequency of STIs was high in asymptomatic patients. Infections by HPV and C. trachomatis were independently associated with the presence of CIN. The high frequency of STIs in asymptomatic women suggests the need for routine screening of these infections.
Friendship Quality, Friendship Quantity, and Social Participation in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mutlu Bilge , Duff Melissa , Turkstra Lyn , Flynn Margaret
Published: September 2018

Adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often report reduced social participation and loss of friends, but little is known about quality of friendship after TBI. Our objective was to characterize social participation, friendship quantity, and friendship quality of adults with TBI and a comparison group of uninjured adults. Participants included 18 adults with moderate to severe TBI and 16 of their informant friends; and 18 uninjured adults and 11 of their informant friends. The main measures used were the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective, the Social Network Questionnaire, and the McGill Friendship Questionnaire. Participants with TBI reported significantly less social participation and had fewer total friends, although this difference was not statistically significant. Adults with TBI differed from their friends on one measure of friendship quality, but reports for friendship quality were high in both groups. Adults with TBI reported overall high levels of friendship quality despite having lower levels of social participation compared with uninjured adults. Future research should investigate how the balance of quantity and quality of friendships relates to satisfaction with social participation and overall quality of life.
Prenatal Prediction of Difficult Intubation in Periviable Neonates Using Standard Fetal Biometric Parameters
Authors: Lynch Tara , Glantz J. , Drennan Kathryn
Published: September 2018

Objective To assess whether standard fetal biometric parameters can be used to predict difficult intubations in periviable neonates undergoing resuscitation.

Study Design This is a retrospective case–control study of periviable neonates delivered at 23 to 256/7 weeks at an academic hospital during a 5-year period in whom intubation was attempted. Standard fetal biometric measurements were included if they were taken within 7 days of delivery. Primary outcome was intubation in one attempt and was compared with more than one attempt. Data were also collected for fetal gestational age at delivery, neonatal birth weight, estimated fetal weight, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and abdominal circumference. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests used p < 0.05 as significant.

Results In total, 93 neonates met the inclusion criteria. The mean estimated fetal weight was 675 g (standard deviation [SD] ± 140), and the mean neonatal birth weight was 706 g (SD ± 151). The median interval between fetal ultrasound and delivery was 3 days (range: 0–7 days). A total of 45 neonates (48.3%) required more than one intubation attempt. The median number of intubation attempts was 1 (range: 1–10). There was no association between intubation difficulty and fetal abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter, head circumference, gestational age, estimated fetal weight, and neonatal birth weight (all p > 0.05).

Conclusion Standard biometry in periviable neonates does not predict intubation difficulty.
Junge Psychiater auf der Suche nach der Identität ihres Faches
Authors: Calliess I. T. , Finger M. , Treichel K. , Gerber S. I.
Published: September 2018

Der Wandel im Gesundheitssystem, die Errungenschaften aus Bildgebung und Genetik sowie die internationale Klassifizierbarkeit psychischer Störungen haben das Selbstverständnis des Psychiaters stark verändert. Zudem haben Abgrenzungsprobleme des Facharztes für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie von den Neurowissenschaften und der Psychosomatik in den letzten Jahren zu einer Identitätskrise unseres Faches beigetragen. Dies führt zu der Notwendigkeit, das Profil des Facharztes für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie kritisch zu reflektieren und neu zu schärfen. Die veränderten gesundheitspolitischen und -ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen führen zu der Erkenntnis, dass der wesentliche existenzgefährdende Faktor für die Kliniken die Verknappung des ärztlichen Nachwuchses ist. Zur Gewährleistung von befriedigenden Rahmenbedingungen in der Medizin ist jedoch ein Umdenken erforderlich, wenn man bedenkt, dass die Rekrutierung und Weiterbildung des ärztlichen Nachwuchses die Achillesferse zunehmend privat wirtschaftender Kliniken sein wird. Im Rahmen der European Psychiatric Association (EPA) als auch der World Psychiatric Association (WPA) sind Komitees für Assistenten und junge Fachärzte gegründet worden und haben sich als Young Psychiatrists Programs auf den entsprechenden Kongressen etabliert. Es hat sich der Gedanke durchgesetzt, dass der Nachwuchsproblematik im Bereich der Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie nur durch eine gezielte Nachwuchsförderung begegnet werden kann. Das Referat „Young Psychiatrists“ möchte für diesen Diskurs als Forum der deutschen Fachgesellschaft dienen, damit das Fach Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie als Weiterbildungsoption weiterhin eine attraktive Alternative darstellt.
Hormonersatztherapie des Mannes
Authors: Zitzmann Michael
Published: September 2018

Testosterone is a natural hormone which is essential to maintain physical and emotional wellbeing in men. Male hypogonadism is an endocrine condition of testosterone deficiency with the potential to cause multiple morbidities and psychosocial complaints. The condition can be of primary (testicular), secondary (hypothalamic-pituitary) or so-called functional origin (as a result of inflammatory conditions, obesity or chronic illness). Testosterone deficiency can cause symptoms of sexual nature, insulin resistance, osteoporosis, anemia among others. A replacement of testosterone should not be initiated in case of desired paternity, unclear processes of the prostate, mammary gland, or high hematocrit. Diagnosis and treatment as well as surveillance of the therapy of hypogonadism are clearly regulated by international guidelines and replacement therapy is proven to be effective to ameliorate the above-named complaints when performed according to these guidelines.
Raman and Brillouin scattering instabilities of transverse electromagnetic waves in degenerate electron-ion plasmas
Authors: Rozina Ch. , Ali S. , Maryam N. , Tsintsadze N. L.
Published: September 2018

By applying the Maxwell and quantum hydrodynamic equations, we have studied the parametric instabilities of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in an unmagnetized electron-ion quantum plasma. In this context, we have derived the nonlinear dispersion relations of the large-amplitude electromagnetic (EM) waves, the electrostatic electron plasma waves, and the ion-acoustic waves. The nonlinear evolution equations are then solved by utilizing the Fourier transform to obtain expressions for the three-wave decay and modulational instabilities with quantum corrections. It is found that the growth rate of the instabilities is a strong function of large-amplitude EM waves, and quantum effects due to Fermi pressure and quantum correlations stabilize both SRS and SBS instabilities. Expressions for the maximum growth rates attributed to SRS and SBS instabilities are also derived by ignoring the nonlinear correction shift on the frequency of EM waves. The relevance of nonlinear interaction of EM waves with a quantum dense astrophysical plasma is highlighted in the perspective of electron Fermi pressure and exchange-correlation effects, where the plasma density is high enough.
Impact mechanism and spatial effects of urbanization on carbon emissions in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Wang Shijin , Li Cunfang , Ma Yanyan
Published: September 2018

Based on panel data concerning urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions in the period 2000–2014, this study analyzes the effects of the spatial interaction between population urbanization and carbon emissions in Jiangsu province using Moran's global and local space autocorrelation index, and his scatter diagram. The results show a significant spatial interregional dependence. To test the spatial interaction of carbon emissions, this study constructs four spatial econometric models—a static panel model, a spatial lag model, a spatial autocorrelation model, and a dynamic spatial panel model—from both static and dynamic perspectives. The main factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions, such as the population, industry, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), environment, and living standards, are analyzed according to the impact mechanism. Empirical results show a significant spatial spread effect and interaction effect among regions. Population urbanization, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita, and the environment were found to be the most important factors affecting carbon emissions. In response, regions with high carbon emissions should make full use of this spread effect to correct imbalances in regional development so that the goals of urbanization and carbon emission reduction can be pursued and coordinated to promote a low-carbon economy.
Examining tunnel current responses to acoustic excitation for STMs in gaseous environments
Authors: Myers William , Bowling Mark , Bickel Jessica E.
Published: September 2018

Scanning tunneling microscopes are used to examine surfaces and surface properties with sub-nanometer precision. However, this high precision means these microscopes are extremely sensitive to vibration. A large body of work has examined vibration isolation systems that damp any vibration mechanically transmitted from the environment to the microscope through solid material. Less work has examined the effect of acoustic vibrations transmitted from the environment to the microscope through a gaseous atmosphere. For STMs housed in gaseous environments, such as gloveboxes, an understanding of how acoustic noise manifests within the tunneling current is essential to effectively isolate the microscope. In this paper, we examine an acoustic noise signal of a single frequency in order to clearly identify the presence or absence of the peak in the FFT of the STM tunneling current. We demonstrate that during imaging, even though the acoustic noise can significantly degrade the image, the frequency peak of the acoustic noise signal does not clearly appear in the FFT of the tunneling current. Thus, the best way to identify acoustic noise and isolate scanning tunneling microscopes it is while the tips are engaged but not scanning. Further, we achieve atomic resolution on HOPG in a glovebox with the pumps running, demonstrating that acoustic noise can be mitigated using a homemade, foam-lined acoustic shell.
Stimulated Raman near-backscattering with a pulse-front-tilted pump
Authors: Chen Q. , Wu Z. , Morozov A. , Suckewer S.
Published: September 2018

A new type of Raman plasma amplifier has been proposed using a stimulated Raman near-backscattering scheme with a pulse-front-tilted pump. In order for the seed to overlap spatiotemporally with the pump, the propagation angle of the pump with respect to the seed path is set at twice the angle of the pulse-front tilt. The length of the pump passing each point of a plasma is dependent on the angle of the tilt. As a result, the tilt angle can be tuned to control the plasma temperature as well as the Raman spontaneous radiation growth length, which can be optimized for the seed amplification and significantly suppress the precursors growing from the plasma noise.
Apex perturbations on slender wings cause spatial instabilities leading to vortex flow asymmetry
Authors: Cockbill Louisa
Published: September 2018

Studies of the physical nature of vortex flow asymmetries around supersonic aircraft wings inform new suggestions for controlling flow, thereby improving plane aerodynamic characteristics.
Occluding junctions as novel regulators of tissue mechanics during wound repair
Authors: Carvalho Lara , Patricio Pedro , Ponte Susana , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp , Almeida Luis , Nunes André S. , Araújo Nuno A.M. , Jacinto Antonio
Published: September 2018

In epithelial tissues, cells tightly connect to each other through cell–cell junctions, but they also present the remarkable capacity of reorganizing themselves without compromising tissue integrity. Upon injury, simple epithelia efficiently resolve small lesions through the action of actin cytoskeleton contractile structures at the wound edge and cellular rearrangements. However, the underlying mechanisms and how they cooperate are still poorly understood. In this study, we combine live imaging and theoretical modeling to reveal a novel and indispensable role for occluding junctions (OJs) in this process. We demonstrate that OJ loss of function leads to defects in wound-closure dynamics: instead of contracting, wounds dramatically increase their area. OJ mutants exhibit phenotypes in cell shape, cellular rearrangements, and mechanical properties as well as in actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the wound edge. We propose that OJs are essential for wound closure by impacting on epithelial mechanics at the tissue level, which in turn is crucial for correct regulation of the cellular events occurring at the wound edge.
Center conditions: Pull-back of differential equations
Authors: Zare Yadollah
Published: September 2018

The space of polynomial differential equations of a fixed degree with a center singularity has many irreducible components. We prove that pull-back differential equations form an irreducible component of such a space. The method used in this article is inspired by Ilyashenko and Movasati’s method. The main concepts are the Picard-Lefschetz theory of a polynomial in two variables with complex coefficients, the Dynkin diagram of the polynomial, and the iterated integral.
Intracellular mechanism by which genotoxic stress activates yeast SAPK Mpk1
Authors: Liu Li , Levin David E.
Published: September 2018

Stress-activated MAP kinases (SAPKs) respond to a wide variety of stressors. In most cases, the pathways through which specific stress signals are transmitted to the SAPKs are not known. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAPK Mpk1 (Slt2) is a well-characterized component of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway, which responds to physical and chemical challenges to the cell wall. However, Mpk1 is also activated in response to genotoxic stress through an unknown pathway. We show that, in contrast to cell-wall stress, the pathway for Mpk1 activation by genotoxic stress does not involve the stimulation of the MAP kinase kinases (MEKs) that function immediately upstream of Mpk1. Instead, DNA damage activates Mpk1 through induction of proteasomal degradation of Msg5, the dual-specificity protein phosphatase principally responsible for maintaining Mpk1 in a low-activity state in the absence of stress. Blocking Msg5 degradation in response to genotoxic stress prevented Mpk1 activation. This work raises the possibility that other Mpk1-activating stressors act intracellularly at different points along the canonical Mpk1 activation pathway.
Sounds fully simplified
Authors: Leddington Jason P
Published: September 2018

In ‘The Ockhamization of the event sources of sound’, Casati et al. (2013) argue that ‘ockhamizing’ Casey O’Callaghan’s account of sounds as proper parts of their event sources yields their preferred view: that sounds are identical with their event sources. This article argues that the considerations Casati et al. marshal in favour of their view are actually stronger considerations in favour of a quite different view: a variant on the Lockean conception of sounds as ‘sensible qualities’ that treats sounds as audible properties of their event sources.
The Onto-Epistemologies of New Materialism: Implications for Applied Linguistics Pedagogies and Research
Authors: Toohey Kelleen
Published: September 2018

The Douglas Fir Group (2016) argued that applied linguistics needed new interdisciplinary perspectives, and I suggest here that the concepts provided by new materialism might aid in gaining such perspectives. New materialism foregrounds the material nature of humans, discourses, machines, other objects, other species, and the natural environment, as well as constant change, non-binary thinking, and the porosity of boundaries; it also asks for the posing of new problems and new concepts to ‘bring forth a world distinct from what we already are’ (Colebrook and Weinstein 2017: 4). Refusing the central binaries and hierarchies of Cartesian thinking, new materialism’s relational ontology stresses becoming; people, discourses, practices, and things are continually in relation and becoming different from what they were before. New materialist conceptions of knowledge/knowing and language/languaging are also relational, processual, and entangled. I review recent new materialist educational research and present two descriptions of events in my own research to show what pedagogical and research-oriented questions might be stimulated from this perspective.
Sparse Representation in Awake Auditory Cortex: Cell-type Dependence, Synaptic Mechanisms, Developmental Emergence, and Modulation
Authors: Liang Feixue , Li Haifu , Chou Xiao-lin , Zhou Mu , Zhang Nicole K , Xiao Zhongju , Zhang Ke K , Tao Huizhong W , Zhang Li I
Published: September 2018

Sparse representation is considered an important coding strategy for cortical processing in various sensory modalities. It remains unclear how cortical sparseness arises and is being regulated. Here, unbiased recordings from primary auditory cortex of awake adult mice revealed salient sparseness in layer (L)2/3, with a majority of excitatory neurons exhibiting no increased spiking in response to each of sound types tested. Sparse representation was not observed in parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory neurons. The nonresponding neurons did receive auditory-evoked synaptic inputs, marked by weaker excitation and lower excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratios than responding cells. Sparse representation arises during development in an experience-dependent manner, accompanied by differential changes of excitatory input strength and a transition from unimodal to bimodal distribution of E/I ratios. Sparseness level could be reduced by suppressing PV or L1 inhibitory neurons. Thus, sparse representation may be dynamically regulated via modulating E/I balance, optimizing cortical representation of the external sensory world.
Male and Female Partner-Caregivers’ Burden: Does It Get Worse Over Time?
Authors: Swinkels Joukje C , Broese van Groenou Marjolein I , de Boer Alice , Tilburg Theo G van
Published: September 2018

Background and Objectives

The general view is that partner-caregiver burden increases over time but findings are inconsistent. Moreover, the pathways underlying caregiver burden may differ between men and women. This study examines to what degree and why partner-caregiver burden changes over time. It adopts Pearlin’s Caregiver Stress Process Model, as it is expected that higher primary and secondary stressors will increase burden and larger amounts of resources will lower burden. Yet, the impact of stressors and resources may change over time. The wear-and-tear model predicts an increase of burden due to a stronger impact of stressors and lower impact of resources over time. Alternatively, the adaptation model predicts a decrease of burden due to a lower impact of stressors and higher impact of resources over time.

Research Design and Methods

We used 2 observations with a 1-year interval of 279 male and 443 female partner-caregivers, derived from the Netherlands Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey Minimum Data Set. We applied multilevel regression analysis, stratified by gender.

Results

Adjusted for all predictors, caregiver burden increased over time for both men and women. For female caregivers, the impact of poor spousal health on burden increased and the impact of fulfillment decreased over time. Among male caregivers, the impact of predictors did not change over time.

Discussion and Implications

The increase of burden over time supports the wear-and-tear model, in particular for women. This study highlights the need for gender-specific interventions that are focused on enabling older partners to be better prepared for long-term partner-care.
Influence of Nonpolio Enteroviruses and the Bacterial Gut Microbiota on Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Response: A Study from South India
Authors: Praharaj Ira , Parker Edward P K , Giri Sidhartha , Allen David J , Silas Sophia , Revathi R , Kaliappan Saravanakumar Puthupalayam , John Jacob , Prasad Jasmine Helan , Kampmann Beate , Iturriza-Gómara Miren , Grassly Nicholas C , Kang Gagandeep
Published: September 2018

Background

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is less immunogenic in low- or middle-income than in high-income countries. We tested whether bacterial and viral components of the intestinal microbiota are associated with this phenomenon.

Methods

We assessed the prevalence of enteropathogens using TaqMan array cards 14 days before and at vaccination in 704 Indian infants (aged 6–11 months) receiving monovalent type 3 OPV (CTRI/2014/05/004588). Nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) serotypes were identified by means of VP1 sequencing. In 120 infants, the prevaccination bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.

Results

We detected 56 NPEV serotypes on the day of vaccination. Concurrent NPEVs were associated with a reduction in OPV seroconversion, consistent across species (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.57 [.36–.90], 0.61 [.43–.86], and 0.69 [.41–1.16] for species A, B, and C, respectively). Recently acquired enterovirus infections, detected at vaccination but not 14 days earlier, had a greater interfering effect on monovalent type 3 OPV seroresponse than did persistent infections, with enterovirus detected at both time points (seroconversion in 44 of 127 infants [35%] vs 63 of 129 [49%]; P = .02). The abundance of specific bacterial taxa did not differ significantly according to OPV response, although the microbiota was more diverse in nonresponders at the time of vaccination.

Conclusion

Enteric viruses have a greater impact on OPV response than the bacterial microbiota, with recent enterovirus infections having a greater inhibitory effect than persistent infections.
“If the Problem Persists, Come Back To See Me … .”—An Empirical Study of Clinical Negligence Cases Against General Practitioners
Authors: Heywood Rob
Published: September 2018

The law of negligence, as it applies to General Practitioners (GPs), is underexplored in the literature. There has been no substantial research undertaken that has penetrated deeper into claims that have actually reached court in order to analyse judicial reasoning pertaining to both breach of duty and causation. Given the increased pressures that GPs now face, these are important questions to consider. It is against this backdrop that this article seeks to present the findings of an empirical investigation into a number of reported clinical negligence claims brought against GPs. This analysis provides an original contribution to the developing academic discussion surrounding the changing nature of the doctor–patient relationship, and how it has come to be viewed in the eyes of the law. It also assesses the extent to which judges have become more receptive to protecting patient rights through the law of negligence, engaging in the expanding discourse concerning judicial deference to medical decision-making. It is argued that judges should sometimes show a greater propensity to question expert medical testimony in support of GPs, because some of the issues GPs typically face are less complex than in other clinical negligence cases involving technical areas of medicine, and that causation does not appear to be such a key factor in defeating patient claims. The work also provides useful guidance for GPs and their advisers in respect of where liability is most likely to be founded and how behaviour can be modified accordingly to reduce the chances of being sued.
NGC 1052-DF2 and modified gravity (MOG) without dark matter
Authors: Moffat J W , Toth V T
Published: September 2018

We model the velocity dispersion of the ultradiffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2 using Newtonian gravity and modified gravity (MOG). The velocity dispersion predicted by MOG is higher than the Newtonian gravity prediction, but it is fully consistent with the observed velocity dispersion that is obtained from the motion of 10 globular clusters (GCs).
Price and Size Discovery in Financial Markets: Evidence from the U.S. Treasury Securities Market
Authors: Fleming Michael J , Nguyen Giang
Published: September 2018

We study the workup protocol, an important size discovery mechanism in the U.S. Treasury market. We find that workup order flow shocks explain 6%–8% of the variation of returns on benchmark notes and, across maturities, 10% of the variation of the yield curve level factor. Information related to proprietary client order flow is more likely to show up in workup trades, whereas information derived from public announcements tends to come through preworkup trades. Our findings highlight how the nature of information affects the trade-off between speed and execution price when informed traders choose between the lit and workup channels.

Received May 3, 2017; Editorial decision August 1, 2018 by Editor Thierry Foucault. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. Internet Appendix tables are numbered with “IA” prefix.
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: The Effect of Passive Investors on Activism
Authors: Appel Ian R , Gormley Todd A , Keim Donald B
Published: September 2018

We analyze whether the growing importance of passive investors has influenced the campaigns, tactics, and successes of activists. We find activists are more likely to seek board representation when a larger share of the target company’s stock is held by passively managed mutual funds. Furthermore, higher passive ownership is associated with increased use of proxy fights, settlements, and a higher likelihood the activist achieves board representation or the sale of the targeted company. Our findings suggest that the recent growth of passive institutional investors mitigates free-rider problems and facilitates activists’ ability to engage in costly, value-enhancing forms of monitoring.

Received September 28, 2016; editorial decision August 18, 2018 by Editor Andrew Karolyi.
AN ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE DOSES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION BASED ON ANGIOGRAPHIC RECORDS
Authors: Maghbool M , Hosseini M A
Published: September 2018

The stochastic and non-stochastic (deterministic) effects of radiation dose in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) have been investigated using data recorded by an angiographic monitoring system. A total of 132 patients with acute myocardial infarction referred to the angiography department of Vali-Asr hospital, Fasa, Iran, during the second half of 2016 were recruited. Quantities like dose–area product (DAP), total air kerma (Ka,r) and fluoroscopy time (FT) were calculated and converted into effective dose (ED) and peak skin dose (PSD). The values for Ka,r, DAP and FT equaled 80 399.20 ± 63 312 mGy cm2, 1392.80 ± 1155.373 mGy and 524.11 ± 423.057 s, respectively, which were within the ranges reported in previous studies. After considering standard dose thresholds for Ka,r and PSD, it was revealed that only a small portion of patients had reached these thresholds and exceeded them (<3%). Moreover, ED < 20 mSv for the majority of patients was fairly consistent with results from a recent research in eight Belgian hospitals. It was shown that angiographic records are reliable for assessing radiation dose in patients.
Twenty years of ‘Law and Finance’: time to take law seriously
Authors: Schnyder Gerhard , Siems Mathias , Aguilera Ruth V
Published: September 2018

This ‘state of the art’ essay provides a comprehensive discussion of the Law and Finance School (LFS) literature. We show that the first two decades of the LFS have focused on empirically investigating the question ‘does law matter?’ Yet, despite the centrality of law to the LFS, it is based on an incoherent theory of law, which leads to shortcomings in the conceptualization and empirical testing of its hypotheses. We also observe that, rather than addressing this deficiency, the LFS has moved its focus to the contentious concept of ‘legal origin’. We argue that the LFS needs to take law more seriously by returning to its initial focus on the substance of legal rules and by addressing the theoretical question ‘how does law matter?’ We propose venues for future research to develop a solid theoretical framework that would put the empirical investigation of law’s impact on economic outcomes on a more solid footing.
Imaging and analysis of a three-dimensional spider web architecture
Authors: Su Isabelle , Qin Zhao , Saraceno Tomás , Krell Adrian , Mühlethaler Roland , Bisshop Ally , Buehler Markus J.
Published: September 2018

Spiders are abundantly found in nature and most ecosystems, making up more than 47 000 species. This ecological success is in part due to the exceptional mechanics of the spider web, with its strength, toughness, elasticity and robustness, which originate from its hierarchical structures all the way from sequence design to web architecture. It is a unique example in nature of high-performance material design. In particular, to survive in different environments, spiders have optimized and adapted their web architecture by providing housing, protection, and an efficient tool for catching prey. The most studied web in literature is the two-dimensional (2D) orb web, which is composed of radial and spiral threads. However, only 10% of spider species are orb-web weavers, and three-dimensional (3D) webs, such as funnel, sheet or cobwebs, are much more abundant in nature. The complex spatial network and microscale size of silk fibres are significant challenges towards determining the topology of 3D webs, and only a limited number of previous studies have attempted to quantify their structure and properties. Here, we focus on developing an innovative experimental method to directly capture the complete digital 3D spider web architecture with micron scale resolution. We built an automatic segmentation and scanning platform to obtain high-resolution 2D images of individual cross-sections of the web that were illuminated by a sheet laser. We then developed image processing algorithms to reconstruct the digital 3D fibrous network by analysing the 2D images. This digital network provides a model that contains all of the structural and topological features of the porous regions of a 3D web with high fidelity, and when combined with a mechanical model of silk materials, will allow us to directly simulate and predict the mechanical response of a realistic 3D web under mechanical loads. Our work provides a practical tool to capture the architecture of sophisticated 3D webs, and could lead to studies of the relation between architecture, material and biological functions for numerous 3D spider web applications.
Intercellular adhesion promotes clonal mixing in growing bacterial populations
Authors: Kan Anton , Del Valle Ilenne , Rudge Tim , Federici Fernán , Haseloff Jim
Published: September 2018

Dense bacterial communities, known as biofilms, can have functional spatial organization driven by self-organizing chemical and physical interactions between cells, and their environment. In this work, we investigated intercellular adhesion, a pervasive property of bacteria in biofilms, to identify effects on the internal structure of bacterial colonies. We expressed the self-recognizing
ag43
adhesin protein in
Escherichia coli
to generate adhesion between cells, which caused aggregation in liquid culture and altered microcolony morphology on solid media. We combined the adhesive phenotype with an artificial colony patterning system based on plasmid segregation, which marked clonal lineage domains in colonies grown from single cells. Engineered
E. coli
were grown to colonies containing domains with varying adhesive properties, and investigated with microscopy, image processing and computational modelling techniques. We found that intercellular adhesion elongated the fractal-like boundary between cell lineages only when both domains within the colony were adhesive, by increasing the rotational motion during colony growth. Our work demonstrates that adhesive intercellular interactions can have significant effects on the spatial organization of bacterial populations, which can be exploited for biofilm engineering. Furthermore, our approach provides a robust platform to study the influence of intercellular interactions on spatial structure in bacterial populations.