bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the transnational networks of ʿulama with respect to Shiʿa theology and polity. The chapter uncovers the various positions toward the Shiʿa advocated by the ʿulama who operate as transnational actors, fostering anti-Shiʿa narratives in the name of preserving Sunni solidarity. The chapter looks into the dynamics of the networks of the ʿulama on the Shiʿa question while examining how local, regional, and global circumstances influence the intensity and frequency of the anti-Shiʿa positions. It analyzes the cooperation between the ʿulama in the promotion of their interpretations of Shiʿa theology and activities. The chapter questions whether the haraki/quietist dichotomy is relevant to understanding the positions of the Salafi ʿulama on sectarian matters.
Lesbos and Limbo
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter initiates a detailed account of Les Fleurs du Mal by first examining the two groupings of poems—provisionally entitled Les Lesbiennes and Les Limbes—out of which the collection eventually grew. After preliminary discussion of the thematic interrelationships between women, wine, and flowers, it proposes that in focusing on Lesbos Baudelaire is principally concerned with the melancholy of sexual desire (whatever its orientation). It further shows how he takes the poet Sappho and her female companions as representatives of a moral code radically different from the Christian doctrine of sin. Following analysis of the ‘innocent martyrdom’ of lust depicted in ‘Lesbos’ and other, associated poems later included in the section entitled ‘Fleurs du Mal’, it discusses those poems that Baudelaire subsequently intended to publish together as Les Limbes and in which melancholy is figured as a world of ‘non-difference’ and human life as a form of death.
Melancholy and the Poetic Act
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter prepares for later discussion (in Part IV) of Les Fleurs du Mal as a poetic performance by examining how for Baudelaire poetry offers a palliative to melancholy through the creativity inherent in the poetic act itself. It offers a reading of ‘Une charogne’ as a form of ars poetica in which the very process of decomposition is perceived as essential to that of (re)composition. It then discusses the four ‘Spleen’ poems as illustrations of the nothingness of melancholy being transformed by the poetic act into a plenitude of activity and spectacle: a redemption, or buying back, of life from decay, entropy, and death. For the melancholic the world is a place of contingency and clutter, whereas the poet as alternative lawgiver reassembles the familiar and proposes new patterns of significance within which to situate the mess—or ‘le Mal’—of the human condition.
The Government of the Imagination
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses the Salon de 1859, in which Baudelaire asserts the power of the imagination to ‘govern’ our world and promotes the poet-artist’s secular role as alternative lawgiver. In a godless universe without intrinsic meaning, only through imagination can we make sense of the world—and thus ‘create’ it—and only through imagination can we properly establish the laws whereby to live out these understandings. The poet-artist can change the way we experience the world, and in particular our experience of melancholy. Where melancholy derives from a perception of contingency, the effect of beauty springs from a sense of connection and meaningfulness, of justice, and a sense—such as even the stubbornly material medium of sculpture can inspire—that other things are possible. Art, not religion, best speaks to our human awareness of ontological mystery, and imagination constitutes our most effective form of progressive thinking.
The Poetry of Passion
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

Part IV resumes focus on Les Fleurs du Mal, now from the perspective of Baudelaire’s newly considered emphasis on the creative imagination and the redemptive function of the poetic act. It examines his poetry in verse now less as an account of melancholy than as evidence of how melancholy is transformed into beauty. This chapter describes how in ‘Spleen et idéal’ the multiple emotions associated with sexual passion—from bliss to purest hatred—turn the poet-lover into the poet-artist, provoking him into poetic performance. It provides a close reading of ‘La Chevelure’ as a paradigm of such performance and then analyses the move from sexual passion to the pursuit of beauty in ‘Un fantôme’ (38). It closes by discussing poems 24–7 and offering a close reading of ‘Le Serpent qui danse’ (28) in which the poet demonstrates his skill as a jongleur by turning his lover into a poem.
How Conversation Works
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter notes the importance of a sound grasp in analyzing how conversation works. It examines conversation as a joint, highly organised, here-and-now, goal-orientated activity in which participants use two channels of communication to relate to each other as people and to exchange information. There are basic dimensions of relating in conversation. Whatever the relationship signalled by one participant to another, social norms govern and create expectations, in respect of the control of a conversation. In the speaking turn, a participant exercises greater control over the course and content of exchange, when in the listening role much less. The participant's concern — whether they consider it important to take into account the other's perspective or feelings — constitutes a conversational mindset. This mindset determines whether the participant's conversational style — actual behaviour when speaking and listening — is expedient or principled, with major implications in the investigative context. The chapter addresses how much most people use verbal and non-verbal behaviour to regulate the course and content of conversation.
Memory
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter begins by outlining the process of how interviewees disclosed their remembrance of a happening. It then explains the meaning of happenings, episodes, and circumstances in relation to a person's memory. The chapter discusses how the interviewee pointed towards remembering what happened within a time frame, which the chapter considers material — with a potential bearing upon the commission of an offence. An offence may take place within a single material time frame (MTF). Other offending may involve more than one MTF. Remembering a happening is no mean task. It requires interviewees to search their memories, to locate their remembrance of, and find the words to describe, a happening that confronted them with a stream of sensory information. To a greater or lesser extent, the interviewees attended to this stream, perhaps specifically focusing upon some of it. With a varying degree of success, they made sense of the happening and responded to it. The chapter looks into the process of remembering: how we all engage in this process, and many forms of vulnerability can impair an individual's performance.
Asking Questions
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter recalls how improper questioning induces to confess and shapes the responses of witnesses. It recounts how suggestive questions operate as post-event information (PEI) and influence the content of an individual's recall. The chapter considers what fundamentally makes a question, what constitutes the good question, and the many ways of asking a question classifiable as productive, counterproductive, or risky. It raises the issues of mental demand and latitude of response before systematically considering productive, counterproductive, and risky questions. Having addressed the issues of set induction, pausing and pacing, the chapter looks at ways of triggering — and responding to — initial spontaneous disclosure before considering the task of probing and accessing non-verbal experience. It covers the tasks of questioning about same and similar events, and investigatively important information, as well as how to respond to admissions and confessions. Ultimately, the chapter addresses the complexity of questioning, from its core ingredients, through the dangers of theoretical and simplistic classification, to how it operates in real life.
Interviewing the Suspect Who Answers Questions
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews the key stages in the effective, ethical, and professional conversation management of an interview where the suspect answers questions and provides an account. It starts by analyzing the reasons for their decision and then explores the phases of the interview. First, how to initiate an initial account and then how to develop that account covering all interview objectives — adapting technique to the level of detail provided by the suspect. The chapter then outlines how to deal with discrepancy between the account offered and other evidence, through a process called the FAIR review. Ultimately, the chapter offers guidance in interviewing the suspect who answers questions. It argues that answering questions is the riskiest option because the suspect cannot anticipate what you will say and does not know what you know.
‘A Profit to People’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

The Introduction sets out the main focal points of the book and situates these in their critical and theoretical contexts before providing a brief overview of the chapters that follow. This study aims to demonstrate the many ways that the medieval book functions in the real world in the past and in the present: as an object to be used and venerated, engaged with, collected, traded, and fragmented. The book centres on the idea that at all times in its long life, a book can be thought of as ‘whole’, and that it is only through observing and analysing this wholeness that readers and scholars can hope to access the full interpretative potential of the medieval book as a significant witness to the human experience.
‘Fingers Folded Me’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

The second chapter brings to life the short Old English Riddle 26, which is traditionally regarded as an animated textual revelation of the process of producing an early medieval manuscript. In this case, the Riddle is solved as ‘Gospel-book’, an object designed to offer salvation for its readers and users. Through a close and detailed reading of the poem, including analysis of poetic techniques, it is clear that the poet had an expert knowledge of the methods and sensory effects of book manufacture and a keen perception of what a book could mean to those who enjoyed it. The Riddle suggests not only how readers might benefit from appreciating their reading as spiritual nourishment, but also provides evidence for thinking metaphorically of the book as an ‘edifice of letters’. Old English vocabulary for books reinforces the sense of the materiality of the object.
‘My Name Is Famous’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

Chapter 5 builds on the discussion of marginalia in Gospel-books to describe and evaluate the importance of words written into blank spaces in manuscripts throughout the period. Challenging the assumption that names and other short notes are just doodles or pen-trials, this study shows the spiritual and personal significance of writing one’s name deliberately and carefully into a book: not to mention the skill, time, and tools required to do this. The famous colophon and English gloss of the Lindisfarne Gospels is read as transforming that book’s form and function. Spaces in manuscripts are shown to be invitations to interaction from readers and passers-by, and to give literal room to conversations between scribe and constructed audiences. Being attentive to filled blankness allows new voices and scribes to be identified, including one of the earliest vernacular bird fables.
‘In Spirit the Wiser’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

This chapter develops the concept of holy writing by examining letters delivered from heaven, gold writing, and the sanctity of inscription. From the New Minster Charter to the Eadwine Psalter, Chapter 6 asks how modern readers can trace the inherent spirituality and joy of medieval manuscripts—their methods of production, appearance, and use. Close examination of the post-Conquest story of St Wulfstan’s youthful delight in manuscripts reveals the importance for medieval readers of the oculi mentis, the ‘eyes of the mind’—a perceptive form of reading that made spiritual writings accessible and wondrously so. Accessing the potential of holy texts and connecting with them also meant having oneself set into manuscripts, like Books of Hours, or envisioning the potentiality of space for the demonstration of delight through vibrant display of skilful writing.
‘Cut by the Edge of the Knife’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

Chapter 8 explores what happens when the medieval book ceases to be regarded as a whole, united through its quires and binding at any point in its history. The chapter follows textual objects that have been deliberately fragmented and sold for profit a folio at a time. Putting this phenomenon into the context of the UNESCO 1970 Convention, the chapter reflects on the practice of book-breaking with its long and complex history, from the Middle Ages onwards. It demonstrates some dealers’ disregard for manuscripts, characterized by the lack of care and expertise shown in many online descriptions of folios and books in their listings. Book-breaking for profit in initiatives like the Society of Foliophiles is a salutary warning that the preservation of manuscripts should be a topmost consideration to ensure these unique historical items have a future.
‘More True and Better’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

Chapter 9 moves from the physical dismemberment of manuscripts to the imagistic fragmentation of the digital display of books folio by folio. The chapter calls for a more coherent effort to provide interpretative frameworks and explanatory material for the tens of thousands of manuscripts now digitized in online repositories, or statically displayed in cases. Noting how much reparative work can be completed through the digital realm, this investigation also shows how easy it is to dupe the onlooker through the splicing of images that are not contiguous, or the presentation of over-specialized information. While fully cognizant of the potential of the digital aspect, this chapter offers an urgent call for responsible and thoughtful frameworks of interpretation that emphasize the materiality of the manuscripts, and provide some elements of training to enhance the legibility of the images.
Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

This book, based on laboratory, teaching and field experience, has a strong focus towards hard rocks and magmatic rocks, from both the continental crust worldwide, where quartz and granites are dominant, and the mantle dominated by olivine in peridotites. With more than 250 figures, most of them original, the book develops, in addition to classical structural geology objects, the fundamentals of brittle fracturing of materials, plastic deformation of ice, quartz and olivine, and fabric acquisition in rocks and magmas. Measurement and orientation of stress axes, bases of neotectonics and geophysics, and practical tools such as magnetic fabrics not commonly treated in geological books, are also provided. Emblematic tectonic and geodynamic sites are presented, both from the oceanic and continental crust, for instance the Oman ophiolites, and the India-Eurasia collision and its associated shear zones. Since the targeted readers are present-day young students, a few structural geology exercises are also included in order to improve their abilities.
Collective Understanding, Radicalism, and Literary History, 1645-1742
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

Collective Understanding, Radicalism, and Literary History reaches back to the English civil wars (1642–1646, 1648) when a distinctive and anti-authoritarian hermeneutic emerged from the dissident community known as the Levellers. Active between 1645 and 1653, the Levellers argued that a more just political order required that knowledge, previously structured by the epistemology of singularity upon which sovereignty had built its authority, be reorganized around the interpretive principles and practices of affiliation and collectivity. Defined by the century’s central ideological conflict between sovereignty’s epistemology of singularity and the civil war era plebeian “hermeneutics of collectivity,” the book contends that late Stuart and eighteenth-century literature played a central role in marginalizing the non-elite methods of interpretation and knowledge production that had emerged in the 1640s.
Coda—Out of Time
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: October 2021

The Coda addresses my decision to locate this project, both thematically and textually, during a particular and somewhat localized expanse of time, and to justify that choice by arguing for the value of reconfiguring the way we think about and investigate the past. Because of this decision, it will be tempting for readers to see Collective Understanding as part of the ongoing debates in literary studies about the relative merits of formalism(s) and historicism(s). In recent years, this debate has taken on a renewed sense of urgency as critics, weary of politics, suspicion, and critique, have contended that scholars have strayed too far from the proper focus of disciplinary attention; they no longer talk about literature, aesthetics, or form. Only by rejecting these former focal points, the argument goes, and returning to our disciplinary roots, can we hope to salvage the discipline as both a way of knowing and an institutional presence. It is the Coda’s contention, however, that the current iteration of this dispute does more to distract from the urgent socio-epistemological issues that literary studies faces than it does to help move us towards a meaningful resolution. Rather than rehearsing the dispute between formalism and historicism, the chapter talks about time as a vector that not only resists the process of being “dynamized into a force of history itself,” it organizes the interpretive and cognitive possibilities of hermeneutic movement.
Custom, Law, and Monarchy
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

Ancien régime France did not have a unified law. Legal relations of the people were governed by a disorganized amalgam of norms, including provincial and local customs (coutumes), elements of Roman law and canon law that together formed jus commune, royal edicts and ordinances, and judicial decisions, all coexisting with little apparent internal coherence. The multiplicity of laws and the fragmentation of jurisdiction were the defining features of the monarchical era. A key subject in European legal history is the metamorphosis of popular customs into customary law, which covered a broad spectrum of what we call today private law. This book sets forth the evolution of law in late medieval and early modern France, from the thirteenth through the end of the eighteenth century, with particular emphasis on the royal campaigns to record and reform customs in the sixteenth century. The codification of customs in the name of the king solidified the legislative authority of the crown, the essential element of the absolute monarchy. Achievements of French legal humanism brought French custom and Roman law together to lay the foundation for the French law. The Civil Code of 1804 was the culmination of these centuries of work. Juristic, political, and constitutional approaches to the early modern state allow an understanding of French history in a continuum.
The Idea of “Our French Law”
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

This chapter looks at how doctrinal and jurisprudential developments systematized and consolidated the legal hierarchy of the state. Reduced to written texts and published as law by the parlements, customary norms became fixed, immutable rules. Scholars eagerly commented on customs, and jurisprudence filled silences and inadequacies in them. Legal humanists challenged the conception of Roman law as jus commune and postulated custom as the common law of France. The effort to reconfigure customary law as a method and learning, commensurate with the science of Roman law, raised the expectation for bringing unity in French law. François Hotman propagated the idea that French law could be gathered and organized into a unified code on the Roman model.
Conclusion
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

Legal reforms in early modern France marked a confluence of the crown’s judicial and legislative agenda, aimed at achieving what can be called in modern times judicial economy. They attested to the old-fashioned idea that the law, reinforced by royal authority, afforded better protection for the less-than-mighty subjects. Success in making the kingdom’s laws more systematic and equitable vindicates an important aspect of the meaning that historians and theorists have attached to the idea of a monarchie absolue. Early modern legal history has shown that a robust expression of sovereignty was intrinsically tied with the control of the sources of law. The historical forces behind the French law, long in the making, shed critical light on European legal tradition and jus commune.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

The conclusion draws together, in a schematic way, the central claims that have been made across the various chapters, and how the feeling-towards-value view has been developed and qualified. It also considers a specific extension of the view to moods, as affective experiences, and makes some final remarks on the epistemology of emotion and evaluative understanding.
Egyptian Connections and the Nationalist Press
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

The chapter narrates the context Fawwaz entered in Egypt, the final third of the nineteenth century, a time of nationalist ferment before and in the wake of the British occupation (1882). It focuses on the little-studied figure of Hasan Husni al-Tuwayrani, who published many of Fawwaz’s essays in his newspaper al-Nil. The chapter considers the gender politics of al-Nil and the more prominent newspapers al-Mu’ayyad and Lisan al-hal in which Fawwaz also published, asking why she might have chosen to publish a majority of her essays in al-Nil, in the period 1892‒4. One likely factor was al-Tuwayrani’s adherence to the long-attested, rule-governed debate genre of munazara, explored here. The chapter also considers the reception through newspaper announcements of Fawwaz’s writings.
Theatre and Morality, Passion and Fidelity (1893)
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses Fawwaz’s one play, which as far as we know was never performed. As her first published work, and as an intervention on the question of young people’s rights over their own futures, it intersected with her essays and many profiles in her biographical dictionary. The chapter contextualizes Fawwaz’s play by thinking through the history of theatre in nineteenth-century Egypt in gendered terms, including reformist enthusiasm for theatre as a public ‘school’, a theme Fawwaz exploited in introducing her play and writing on theatre. It considers press coverage of theatre at the time and compares Fawwaz’s approach to that of her mentor al-Tuwayrani’s, and also returns to her debate with him on ‘love’ as a commentary paralleling the approach to marriage as a social institution that she follows in the play.
External Relations of the European Union: The Constitutional Framework for International Action
Authors: Cremona Marise
Published: October 2021

This chapter on the external relations of the European Union (EU) examines the evolutionary development of EU’s constitutional framework for international action. It argues that the role of law has been to establish this framework and to order the institutional space within which external policy is made, rather than defining policy content. The chapter traces the role of law in defining the principles and rules governing the EU’s express and implied competences, exclusive competence, and the evolving practice in managing shared competence including through mixed agreements. Underpinning this, the law has been instrumental in developing conceptions of the unity of the EU legal order and the autonomy of the Union as necessary components of its status as an international actor.
The Evolution of European Data Law
Authors: Streinz Thomas
Published: October 2021

This new chapter for Paul Craig and Gráinne de Búrca’s Evolution of EU Law conceptualizes European data law as an area of EU law that gravitates around but transcends data protection law. It traces the origins of the GDPR and stresses the significance of the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights and the role of data protection institutions. It then contrasts the law on personal data with the law on non-personal data and scrutinizes two other domains of European data law that intersect with data protection law: data ownership laws and access to data laws. It shows how European data protection law has been globally diffused through extraterritorial application, conditionalities for transfers of personal data, international agreements, and the ‘Brussels Effect’.
Introduction
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

The Introduction gives some details about Origen’s life and works and establishes the research question: how do notions of future-telling, of prophetic moral leadership, and of mystical revelation all fit together in a single word ‘prophecy’ (προφητεία‎)? It begins the process of setting Origen both in his 3rd century context and in his context within scholarship in Early Christian Studies and beyond.
Ecstasy, Virtue, and Authority
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

Although Origen’s contemporaries are concerned with rejecting ecstatic-prophetic movements like the Phrygian (Montanist) movement in Anatolia, Origen rarely mentions prophetic ecstasy. This chapter considers why. It examines in particular a strand of thinking focused not on ecstasy per se, but on the personal virtue and authority of the prophet. This model draws on Plato, but also develops in several thinkers around the turn of the millennium and into the first and second centuries AD. While, from Plato onwards, some thinkers embrace the idea of prophetic ecstasy, others (including Philo and Plutarch) deny it, claiming instead that the prophet is rationally and intellectually engaged while prophesying. This chapter argues that their way of viewing the subject paved the way for a new model of prophets who were more like sages. These prophet-sages made claims not only—as prophets of all periods do—to knowledge outside the normal human remit, but also to extraordinary virtue. Texts about prophet-sages from Philo’s period onwards often draw explicit links between prophets’ unusual knowledge and their personal virtue; in many cases, writers claim that because prophets are virtuous, they are able to access knowledge that others cannot. This chapter shows that Origen’s models for talking about inspiration and authority in the prophets came not so much from contemporary movements like the Phrygian movement, but from Jewish and pagan textual models, developed over the preceding centuries.
Scripture, Prophecy, and Knowledge of Christ in Origen
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines why Origen focuses closely on Christ and what it means for understanding prophecy. It argues that Origen’s focus on Christ can be understood as a response to the challenges of Marcionism. Earlier chapters examined somatic prophecy: that is to say, predictions of the future. Early Christian writers interpreted Old Testament prophecies as predictions of Christ, and doing so was an important anti-Marcionite strategy. However, christological prophecies were not only read in a somatic sense, that is, as predictions of Christ’s incarnate life. Many verses in the Bible were also read as pneumatic prophecies of Christ not as an incarnate human in time, but as the second person of the Trinity, outside time. As Origen claims, prophecies of this kind can ‘teach much theology’, functioning as pneumatic revelations of Christ as Logos and of God’s triune being. In answering the Marcionites’ claims that Old Testament prophecies were unreliable, Origen had to formulate positions on scripture’s epistemological status and also on how scripture relates to knowledge of God. This chapter therefore examines both Origen’s explicit response to the Marcionites, but also his notions of time, inspiration, and revelation, and examines a case study of John the Baptist as a prophet who unites the three senses of prophecy. It concludes that Christ is at the centre of Origen’s thought about prophecy, as the ultimate content of all somatic, psychic, and pneumatic prophecy.
Economic Clusters and Emerging Players
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

For more than two decades the interconnected nature of global economics has been recognized by investors as they have observed the emerging influence and potential return from new economies. The face of these emerging economic markets continues to evolve. China and India along with other countries continue to grow at a rate better than developed economies. These nations are at different stages of economic growth and industrialization. Their political systems and philosophies are different. Grouping them together does not provide a guarantee for future returns. However, they do represent 40 per cent of the world’s population with over 3 billion people along with their increasing spending power and role in international affairs. This group of more than twenty nations with recognized potential for huge growth are the focus of much speculation. Some of these economies have become important contributors to global GDP and are emerging as leading economic powers.
Tool-Box for Change
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: October 2021

Leaders are the primary element in navigating the complexities of the constantly changing technological and global world. They must possess or develop some unique tools and characteristics that facilitate the change journey. This chapter examines some interesting examples of the implementation of this new style and its impact framing the value of leadership’s role in the new world. Understanding the shift to technology, the nature of change, strategies, and pitfalls, is essential for success
Brexit and the Crisis of the Transatlantic Relationship
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: October 2021

This chapter maps the changing transatlantic relations and underlines how this impacts Brexit and EU-UK relations. It points out that the view of the US government remains influential in European affairs, despite claims about transatlantic divergence. It also mentions the endorsement and encouragement of the Trump Administration of the Brexit project, while the new Biden Administration remain unwavering in its commitment in favour of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland. The chapter suggests that Brexit should not just be regarded as a UK-European affair but one of the biggest geopolitical shifts since the Second World War. It discusses the Trump phenomenon and why it represented a threat to both the transatlantic relationship and the European project.
Brexit and the Implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement
Authors: Schiek Dagmar
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses the implementation of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) of January 2020 (Withdrawal Agreement—WA) during the transition period in 2020 up to the first quarter of 2021. While formally transitory, the WA governs continuing bonds which will endure for decades. The chapter focuses on two fields in which this particularly prevalent, Part Two of the WA and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland. Both manage permanent situations, the need to protect the reliance of EU citizens on the durability of their rights after moving to the UK or from the UK into the EU, and the need to manage the hybridity of Northern Ireland between Ireland and the UK. Implementing those remnants of EU membership constitutes a permanent struggle. This chapter elaborates the ensuing difficulties and concludes with practical proposals for how to alleviate negative repercussion.
Financial Services
Authors: Moloney Niamh
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the implications of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) for financial services. It outlines the major features of the TCA as regards financial services and considers the limitations of the TCA as regards securing access by UK financial services firms to the EU financial market. Given these limitations, the chapter reviews the major access routes to the EU financial market which EU law makes available for UK financial services firms and addresses the future for the ‘equivalence’ regime.
Data Protection
Authors: Celeste Edoardo
Published: October 2021

This chapter delves into data protection, which is considered a cross-cutting issue and relevant for bilateral economic and security relations. It examines the ad hoc transitional solution set in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) that secures the continuing transfer of data between the UK and the EU. It also assesses the Commission adequacy decision that is designed to regulate commercial data transfers from June 2021 onwards. The chapter discusses the fate of the new EU-UK data protection framework, which is dependent on action by the EU Court of Justice (ECJ). It aims to reconstruct how the UK data protection framework has evolved in the last four years, from the time of the Brexit referendum to the conclusion of the TCA.
Electronic Structure and Magnetism
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

The fundamental magnetic properties of iron, cobalt, and nickel are the center of interest, beginning with historical attempts and Stoner’s theory. Stoner susceptibility is derived in a modern way by Janak finding that only those three carry a magnetic moment in elementary metals. The energy-band structures of all transition elements are connected with their repective phase stability which is obtained by means of density-functional calculations. The band structure of the ferromagnetic metals is obtained and compared with angle-resolved photoemission data. The electronic structure of the antiferromagnetic metals, Cr, Mn, and fcc Fe is clarified. Next, the magnetic moments of transition-metal compounds are classified by means of the Slater–Pauling curve and a large number of compounds are half-metallic supplying spin-polarized transport. Multilayers realize oscillatory exchange and show unusual electronic properties such as giant magnetoresistance which is discussed in detail. Tunnel junctions supply spin valves. Relativistic effects in solids are of importance for magnetocrystalline anisotropy and spectroscopic effects. Kubo theory supplies the basic understanding of the magneto-optical Kerr effect for which a number of examples are given. Noncollinear magnetic order reveals novel interaction mechanisms, such as the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction. The Berry phase explains the anomalous Hall effect as well as the Nernst effect and leads to the field of topology in the solid state. Weyl fermions are also explored.
Introduction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

Proof theory arose as a mathematical solution to a problem in the philosophy of mathematics. In the first third of the twentieth century, debates raged among philosophers and mathematicians about the safety of mathematical reasoning. David Hilbert proposed to safeguard classical mathematics by formalizing it using the then-new tools of symbolic logic, and using philosophically uncontentious methods to prove that these formal systems are free from contradiction, i.e., consistent. To carry out this project, Gerhard Gentzen developed a number of formal systems in the 1930s, and proved the consistency of elementary number theory. The chapter surveys the historical background of the development of proof theory arising out of the foundational debate and Hilbert’s program, discusses the significance of Gentzen’s work, and outlines some developments in proof theory after Gentzen.
Normal deductions
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

The concept of a normal deduction is introduced as a way to capture the notion of a “direct” proof, i.e., one that makes no detours. The latter happens, e.g., when a formula is introduced first by a rule of introduction (say, starting from A and B to introduce the conjunction A ∧ B) and is followed immediately by an elimination of the same connective (yielding, for instance, A). A normalization theorem proves that if one has a proof with detours then there is a proof without detours. Proving such more advanced results in proof theory requires more complex proof methods than simple induction. A first step to more complex proofs is the use of double induction. A first application of double induction is the proof of normalization for a fragment of minimal logic containing conjunction, implication, negation, and the universal quantifier. The result is extended to full intuitionistic logic, followed by a discussion of the structure of normal deductions. Normal deductions have the sub-formula property, and so cannot be proofs of contradictions. This shows that natural deduction is consistent. Normalization can also be used to show that certain formulas cannot be proved, e.g., that the principle of excluded middle cannot be proved in intuitionistic logic. Finally, a full proof of normalization for full classical logic is given.
Regime Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the process of deinstitutionalisation and the dynamics of dismissals and rotations in the inner circle of the Russian regime. The existence of institutions designed to manage the intra-elite conflict, such as the United Russia party, alongside extensive patronage networks poses a puzzle as to the extent that the regime is deinstitutionalised. As a result of the dominance of Putin's patron-client network across state institutions, the regime has become more deinstitutionalised, wherein the personal attributes of officeholders, such as their informal connections, become more important than the formal power of their office. Drawing from an expert survey and original data on the careers of individual members of the political elite, and using a novel empirical measure, the zeta-ratio, this chapter estimates the relative importance of office versus officeholder within the ranks of the Russian political elite. It finds that regime deinstitutionalisation has gradually increased from 1999 to 2011. However, there are visible signs of a reversal from 2012 onwards as the president began to replace his old supporters and rely less on informal networks for governance. This chapter argues that the increase in the rate of reshuffles, firing and hiring, as well as replacement of the key members of Putin’s inner circle was an expected development given the stage of regime personalisation after 2012, when no political actor but the ruler was indispensable.
Tandemology
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter explains the process of elite management during Medvedev's presidency, and discusses the logic of Putin's return in 2012 from the perspective of regime personalisation. To become a focal point of elite coordination, the ruler’s authority must be perceived as permanent. The game of musical chairs played by presidents Putin and Medvedev in 2008--12, that resembles the so-called politique de doublure (Chehabi and Linz 1998, 17), represents a crucial test of whether the Russian regime has become personalised. To put it simply, if the regime is sufficiently personalised, the de facto leader is able to maintain control even from a nominally subordinate position. This chapter looks at data from political speeches to evaluate the level of personalisation. It argues that we can infer the distribution of power and the position of the de facto, effective leader, by examining the reaction of various followers – the members of the ruling coalition – to rhetorical signals by Putin and Medvedev. This chapter relies on policy positions revealed in regional legislative addresses to gauge how elites perceived the distribution of power in Moscow. It finds that governors moved from a neutral position in 2009 to a clearly pro-Putin one in 2011, and that policy initiatives advocated by Medvedev all but evaporated from the rhetoric of governors in 2012--13. It also shows that the very weak personal patronage network upon which he could rely largely negated Medvedev's strong presidential powers.
John Trevisa's Information Age
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

What would medieval English literature look like if we viewed it through the lens of the compendium? In that case, Chaucer’s contemporary, John Trevisa, might come into focus as the major author of the fourteenth century. Trevisa (d. 1402) made a career of translating big informational Latin texts into English prose, supported by the patronage of the baron Thomas de Berkeley (1352–1417). These included Ranulph Higden’s Polychronicon, an enormous universal history with continuations to the present; Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s well-known natural encyclopedia De proprietatibus rerum; and Giles of Rome’s beloved advice-for-princes manual, De regimine principum. These were shrewd choices, accessible and on trend: De proprietatibus rerum and De regimine principum had already been translated into French and copied in deluxe manuscripts for the French and English nobility, and the Polychronicon had been circulating England for several decades. This book argues that John Trevisa’s translations of compendious texts disclose an alternative literary history by way of medieval information culture. Modern readers typically encounter medieval English literature through Trevisa’s contemporaries, Chaucer, Gower, and Langland, a triumvirate representing a range of literary styles and languages formative to English letters. How might the nature of this encounter change if Trevisa was in the mix? Can big informational genres give us a purchase on medieval English poetry and prose? And how might Trevisa’s oeuvre enable us to envision a new literary history rooted in the compilation and translation of compendious information alongside texts traditionally labeled as literary?
The Septuagint and the Issue of the Canon
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

According to John Grabe (1715), at the beginning of Christianity, the canon of the Diaspora Jews, particularly in Alexandria, was more extensive than the canon in Jerusalem. But this hypothesis is inadequate since other wider collections of ‘inspired books’ were present in Qumran and elsewhere. All the deuterocanonical books, which are outside the Masoretic Bible, have a Jewish origin. The comparison between rabbinic and patristic data suggest that, sometime before the Christian era, there existed in Judaism a category of books which were recommended for private reading but could not be read publicly. There are also Septuagint supplements to the shared books, in Daniel, Esther, Jeremiah, Job, and Psalms. All of them are the product of Jewish writers, except Psalm 13:3c–j which comes from Paul. Other Christian data about the number of the Biblical books and the subdivision of the Bible are analysed, but none of them come from Jewish sources. One must stress the paradox of the books specific to the Septuagint: even if they are preserved by means of the Christian Old Testament, they are all Jewish and are of most importance for a better knowledge of ancient Judaism.
Is the Septuagint the Old Testament of the Church Fathers?
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

A distinction must be drawn between the Syriac area and the other parts of the Mediterranean Basin. In the Syriac area, the Old Testament was the so-called Peshitta, translated from Hebrew, but it included the deuterocanonical books, translated from the Greek. The Peshitta came to be influenced by the Septuagint as other Syriac translations were produced, among them the Syro-Hexaplar, which was translated from the Septuagint at the beginning of the seventh century. In contrast, other parts of the Mediterranean Basin made use of the Septuagint or of one of its translations. In the Latin-speaking world, the Vetus Latina was the Old Testament of all the Church Fathers up to Augustine. From the fifth century onwards, the Vetus Latina was superseded by Jerome’s version translated from Hebrew. The Church Fathers knew their Bible was a translation. During the first two centuries, they were convinced that the Septuagint offered the correct biblical text, and the Jews had changed the text of their Bible in order to remove the clear references to Jesus; so, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion had no value. Nonetheless, a more nuanced opinion is attested. For Origen, there are mistakes in the manuscripts of the Septuagint, which have to be corrected thanks to the Hebrew or the Jewish versions. Eusebius explains that Symmachus is often clearer than the Septuagint. Diodorus made frequent use of the Hebrew Bible and approved Symmachus for his translations. Theodoret recognized that there are some mistakes in the text of the inspired Septuagint due to the carelessness of the scribes. Occasionally he made use of the Hebrew and he quoted the Jewish versions, not to correct the Greek text, but to highlight its meaning. Among the Fathers who considered the value of the witness of the Hebrew text, the idea that the Septuagint had become corrupt during its transmission became important. This idea allowed the Fathers to hold that the Old Greek was a translation of the uncorrupted Hebrew text. Therefore, in order to restore the uncorrupted Old Greek, the Jewish versions translated from the Hebrew must be consulted. Another striking feature must be highlighted. Textual plurality does not bother the Fathers: they rather saw it as a richness and commented on the various textual forms.
The Vocabulary of the Septuagint and the Church Fathers
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

The role of the Septuagint in the building of the Christian identity during the first Christian centuries is more important than it is generally said. The word ‘testament’ or ‘covenant’, for example, comes from the Septuagint, via the New Testament. The Greek and Latin liturgies are filled with references to the Septuagint. The same is true in the case of the Christian spirituality: for instance, the concept of the Christian life as a migration comes from the Septuagint. The Christian hermeneutics is indebted to the Greek Bible: even if knowledge of the allegorical method comes from the Greek philosophers (and Philo), support could be found for it in the verses of the Greek Bible. Finally, the theological vocabulary of the Christians was founded upon the Greek Bible. For instance, in the case of the doctrine of the Trinity, the word ‘person’ comes from the Septuagint. Furthermore, some passages of the Greek translation gave rise to theological interpretations which are not possible on the grounds of the Hebrew text. In Gen 1:2, the Septuagint reads ‘the earth was invisible and unorganized’ and this came to be quoted both in support of the creation of matter ex nihilo. In Exod 17:16, where the Hebrew has a difficult hapax legomenon, the Greek speaks about the ‘hidden hand’ with which the Lord makes war against Amalek; this ‘hidden hand’ played a role in the Christian doctrine of the Logos, which is hidden in the Old Testament.