bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Brushing and Aging on the Staining and Smoothness of Resin Composites
Authors: Mozzaquatro Lisandra R. , Rodrigues Camila S. , Kaizer Marina R. , Lago Maristela , Mallmann André , Jacques Letícia B.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the staining and smoothness of resin composites undergoing aging in water or red wine and simulated brushing with or without dentifrice.

Methods

The resin composites (Z250 microfilled and Z350XT nanofilled) were tested according to aging media (deionized water or red wine) and surface treatment (no brushing, brushed with water, or brushed with dentifrice). Specimens (n = 10) were subjected to three aging cycles (5 days) of continuous immersion in the aging media; each followed by simulated brushing (585 strokes). Color coordinates (CIEL*a*b*) were measured with a spectrophotometer (SP60, EX‐Rite) and roughness (Ra) measured with a contact profilometer (Surftest SJ‐201P, Mitutoyo), in five time points across the experiment. Surface morphology was analyzed using AFM (SPM‐9600, Shimadzu) at the end of the experiment. Data for color change (ΔE00) and Ra were analyzed by two‐way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Results

Color change was observed for all groups, and it was always greater for Z350. Surface treatment did not influence the ΔE00 values for the groups aged in water. However, brushing decreased ΔE00 for the groups aged in red wine. In general, ΔE00 increased with time. Little to no differences in smoothness were observed with aging and brushing. The surface morphology analyses showed exposed/lost filler particles for brushed Z250. Such observations were not so clear for Z350.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the present experiment, short‐time simulated toothbrushing with soft‐bristle toothbrush and low abrasive dentifrice did not increase roughness and reduced staining for both nanofilled and microfilled materials.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Staining and surface degradation of the resin composites was reduced, but not prevented by brushing alone. Thus, minimizing the restoration exposure to staining substances is important for maintaining the aesthetic appearance of the restoration. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:E44–E55, 2017)
Determination of the potential economic flood damages in Medzev, Slovakia
Authors: Zeleňáková M. , Gaňová L. , Purcz P. , Horský M. , Satrapa L.
Published: February 2017

It is important to remember that a flood in a modern economy is expected to bring about a whole gamut of consequences. The costs of damage caused by extreme weather events (among which floods are a major category) have shown a rapid upward trend globally. The scope and extremity of flood episodes point to the need to design and build a comprehensive system of flood protection measures in potential flood areas. The main goal of this study is the proposal of a process of the assessment of flood risk with the aim of reducing adverse consequences on the economic activities associated with floods. The consequences of flooding can take many forms, whether material damage, injury, deaths, environmental contamination, and so forth. Potential flood damage is related to movable and immovable property and variously defined natural and landscape values in inundated areas. In this study, the process for determining the potential flood damage to property (economic damage) is applied with the aim of effective flood protection in the area.
Violence against women: knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of nurses and midwives
Authors: Di Giacomo Patrizia , Cavallo Alessandra , Bagnasco AnnaMaria , Sartini Marina , Sasso Loredana
Published: February 2017

Aims and objectives

To describe the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of nurses and midwives who have attended to women who suffered violence. This study further analyses the possible changes of attitude that have occurred over the past five years.

Background

Gender violence or violence against women is the largest problem with regard to public health and violated human rights all over the world. In Italy, it is estimated that 31·5% of women suffer physical or sexual violence during their life. Healthcare operators play a crucial role in recognising the signs of the violence suffered when taking care of victims.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted.

Methods

A questionnaire was administered; this was used in a previous survey of a convenience sample of 51 nurses and midwives who work in an emergency room or in an obstetrics emergency room and gynaecological ward.

Results

Of the respondents, 51 (80·4%) have taken care of women who suffered violence, and 25 (49%) believe they can detect violence. The relational/communicative approach presents the most difficulty, and all the operators believe they need more knowledge. The number of operators who suggest women be observed in an emergency room and file a complaint or who primarily consider listening to women has decreased. A tendency to ‘blame’ women, although decreasing, persists; it is higher among male nurses and, in general, among male operators.

Conclusion

Knowledge of this issue has not been completely recognised among operators despite training and the emergence of the phenomenon in the mass media. Difficulties in receiving and in relational procedures continue to exist, in addition to ‘blaming’ the woman.

Relevance to clinical practice

Awareness paths and cultural changes regarding the phenomenon of violence need to be developed, as does a specific training programme on the approach to and assessment of the abused woman.
Management of pulmonary vasodilator therapy in three pregnancies with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Daimon Atsushi , Kamiya Chizuko A. , Iwanaga Naoko , Ikeda Tomoaki , Nakanishi Norifumi , Yoshimatsu Jun
Published: February 2017

Pregnancy with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has a significantly high risk of maternal death and women with PAH are basically advised to avoid pregnancy. Recently, several reports have described pregnant women with PAH who were treated with pulmonary vasodilators during pregnancy and delivered safely. However, the efficacy of this treatment during pregnancy is still not clear. Here we report on the short‐term outcomes of three primiparous women with PAH who were prescribed pulmonary vasodilator therapy during their pregnancies. All women delivered preterm due to cardiac and/or obstetric reasons and were discharged without any complication. Pulmonary vasodilator therapy can be used safely during the pregnancies of PAH patients and may contribute to improved maternal and fetal prognoses.
Imaging of the Vasa Nervorum Using Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Saleem Muhammad A. , Ahrar Asad , Raja Faisal
Published: February 2017

INTRODUCTION

We describe the use of intravenous contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography to study vasa nervorum using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound.

METHODS

We imaged the median, femoral, or sciatic nerves in 4 patients in longitudinal plane using high‐resolution ultrasound after intravenous bolus of activated Perflutren lipid microspheres. The images were acquired as photopic images (in brown color) in real time using 2‐dimensional B‐Flow mode scan within a selected region of interest.

RESULTS

The vasa nervorum was seen as focal ovoid enhancement along either the superior and inferior aspects of the nerve most pronounced during arterial phase (peak enhancement) in all 4 patients. The fluctuating intensity of enchancement during cardiac cycle confirmed the arterial origin of enhacement. Punctate, linear, or diffuse enhancement was also seen along the trunk of the nerve.

CONCLUSIONS

We were able to identify the vasa nervorum along the outer aspect of the studied nerves using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound.
Comparing Two Processing Pipelines to Measure Subcortical and Cortical Volumes in Patients with and without Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Reid Matthew W. , Hannemann Nathan P. , York Gerald E. , Ritter John L. , Kini Jonathan A. , Lewis Jeffrey D. , Sherman Paul M. , Velez Carmen S. , Drennon Ann Marie , Bolzenius Jacob D. , Tate David F.
Published: February 2017

PURPOSE

To compare volumetric results from NeuroQuant® and FreeSurfer in a service member setting. Since the advent of medical imaging, quantification of brain anatomy has been a major research and clinical effort. Rapid advancement of methods to automate quantification and to deploy this information into clinical practice has surfaced in recent years. NeuroQuant® is one such tool that has recently been used in clinical settings. Accurate volumetric data are useful in many clinical indications; therefore, it is important to assess the intermethod reliability and concurrent validity of similar volume quantifying tools.

METHODS

Volumetric data from 148 U.S. service members across three different experimental groups participating in a study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were examined. Groups included mTBI (n = 71), posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 22), or a noncranial orthopedic injury (n = 55). Correlation coefficients and nonparametric group mean comparisons were used to assess reliability and concurrent validity, respectively.

RESULTS

Comparison of these methods across our entire sample demonstrates generally fair to excellent reliability as evidenced by large intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = .4 to .99), but little concurrent validity as evidenced by significantly different Mann‐Whitney U comparisons for 26 of 30 brain structures measured.

CONCLUSION

While reliability between the two segmenting tools is fair to excellent, volumetric outcomes are statistically different between the two methods. As suggested by both developers, structure segmentation should be visually verified prior to clinical use and rigor should be used when interpreting results generated by either method.
Effect of head lift exercise on kinematic motion of the hyolaryngeal complex and aspiration in patients with dysphagic stroke
Authors: Park J. S. , Hwang N. K. , Oh D. H. , Chang M. Y.
Published: February 2017

The head lift exercise (HLE) is a head‐raising workout performed in a supine position. This exercise facilitates activation of the submental muscles located above the hyoid bone in front of the neck. HLE is a potential method to improve the movement of the hyolaryngeal movement and swallowing functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HLE on the hyolaryngeal movement and aspiration in patients with dysphagic stroke. A total of 27 patients with stroke were randomly assigned either into the experimental (n = 13) or the control group (n = 14). The experimental group performed HLE 5 days a week for 4 weeks (a total of 20 sessions). Both groups received the same conventional dysphagia therapy. Two‐dimensional analysis of the hyolaryngeal movement was carried out using Image J program based on a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Penetration–aspiration was assessed using Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS). The experimental group showed a significant increase in the only superior movements of the hyoid bone compared with the control group (P = 0·033). Aspiration in liquid also exhibited a significant decrease in the experimental group compared with the control group (P = 0·044). Findings from this study confirmed that HLE is an effective intervention to improve hyoid movement and decrease aspiration.
Carbon fibre versus metal framework in full‐arch immediate loading rehabilitations of the maxilla – a cohort clinical study
Authors: Pera F. , Pesce P. , Solimano F. , Tealdo T. , Pera P. , Menini M.
Published: February 2017

Frameworks made of carbon fibre‐reinforced composites (CFRC) seem to be a viable alternative to traditional metal frameworks in implant prosthodontics. CFRC provide stiffness, rigidity and optimal biocompatibility. The aim of the present prospective study was to compare carbon fibre frameworks versus metal frameworks used to rigidly splint implants in full‐arch immediate loading rehabilitations. Forty‐two patients (test group) were rehabilitated with full‐arch immediate loading rehabilitations of the upper jaw (total: 170 implants) following the Columbus Bridge Protocol with four to six implants with distal tilted implants. All patients were treated with resin screw‐retained full‐arch prostheses endowed with carbon fibre frameworks. The mean follow‐up was 22 months (range: 18–24). Differences in the absolute change of bone resorption over time between the two implant sides (mesial and distal) were assessed performing a Mann–Whitney U‐test. The outcomes were statistically compared with those of patients rehabilitated following the same protocol but using metal frameworks (control group: 34 patients with 163 implants – data reported in Tealdo, Menini, Bevilacqua, Pera, Pesce, Signori, Pera, Int J Prosthodont, 27, 2014, 207). Ten implants failed in the control group (6·1%); none failed in the test group (P = 0·002). A statistically significant difference in the absolute change of bone resorption around the implants was found between the two groups (P = 0·004), with greater mean peri‐implant bone resorption in the control group (1 mm) compared to the test group (0·8 mm). Carbon fibre frameworks may be considered as a viable alternative to the metal ones and showed less marginal bone loss around implants and a greater implant survival rate during the observation period.
Pott's puffy tumour
Authors: Brown Tara R , Campbell Anita J , Blyth Christopher C , Bowen Asha C
Published: February 2017

See Answer
Midlittoral polychaete communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: new information from the implementation of the Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) protocol and comparisons at local and regional scales
Authors: Chatzigeorgiou Georgios , Keklikoglou Kleoniki , Faulwetter Sarah , Badalamenti Fabio , Kitsos Miltiadis‐Spyridon , Arvanitidis Christos
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to attempt to fill current knowledge gaps on midlittoral Mediterranean biodiversity at local and regional scales, by using benthic polychaetes as a model taxon. Two different data sets were analysed: (i) a quantitative data set from the two Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) study sites in Crete and (ii) a qualitative data set from multiple sites across the Mediterranean. At the local scale, the results provide evidence that (i) discrete species communities are formed in midlittoral Mediterranean habitats, which vary by geographical location and year, depending on the scale of observation; (ii) macrophyte coverage and Chl‐a are the only environmental variables associated, albeit weakly, with the above pattern; (iii) although naturally disturbed, the Cretan NaGISA sites do not seem to experience any anthropogenic stress; (iv) environmental heterogeneity and history seem to be much less important in shaping the polychaete communities than inter‐specific interactions; however, it is not possible to specify at this stage whether local or regional processes or even their interactions may shape the polychaete communities. At the regional scale, the results indicate that (i) the only factor that seems to be involved in the regional pattern is the identity of the study providing the data sets, which implies variability and bias in how research projects are carried out, from the sampling design through to data collection and analysis; (ii) the Cretan NaGISA sites may be considered as representative of the habitat in the Mediterranean, under certain conditions.
Phylogeny and phylogeography of the land hermit crab Coenobita purpureus (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) in the Northwestern Pacific Region
Authors: Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Iizuka Chikako , Sanda Tetsuya , Imai Hideyuki , Kitada Shuichi
Published: February 2017

Hermit crabs of the family Coenobitidae comprise the land hermit crabs, with 16 Coenobita species, and the coconut crab Birgus latro. They are terrestrial but spend their marine life as planktonic larvae. Some coenobitid crabs are widely distributed in the Indo‐West Pacific region, and some species occupy narrower ranges. To improve our knowledge of coenobitid crab speciation and geographical distribution patterns, we examined the phylogenetic relationship between Coenobita purpureus, which has a narrow distribution in the Northwestern Pacific, and its more widely distributed coenobitids including B. latro, Coenobita brevimanus, Coenobita cavipes, Coenobita perlatus, Coenobita rugosus and Coenobita violascens based on the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA genes. We also assessed the phylogeography of Co. purpureus populations based on the COI gene. Our phylogenetic and phylogeographical analyses revealed that (i) Co. purpureus clustered with Co. rugosus and (ii) the Co. purpureus population in the Ogasawara Islands was genetically distinct from those in other regions, which showed genetic panmixia. It has been hypothesized that Co. purpureus evolved in the isolated landmasses of the Ryukyu region during the Pliocene, and that its population expanded and colonized the Ogasawara Islands in the late Pleistocene. Further phylogeographical studies on Coenobita species with relatively narrow distributions coupled with characterization of their phylogenetic relationships with widely distributed congeners will advance our knowledge of the speciation and geographical distribution history of coenobitid crabs.
Temporal variability in predator presence around a fin fish farm in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Díaz López Bruno
Published: February 2017

Recently, aquaculture has generated worldwide interest as a result of the overexploitation of wild stocks combined with a growing international demand for fish and seafood products. Wild fish attracted to the marine fish farms, together with the presence of the farmed fish, are powerful attractants to predators that normally feed on similar or identical fish stocks in nature. This 9‐year study describes for the first time in Mediterranean waters the temporal variability of mammalian and avian predators in a coastal fin fish farm. In all, 99 months (1062 days during 36 consecutive seasons) were spent in the field. By examining the results of this study, it is clear that species as seagulls, shags, bottlenose dolphins and grey herons (considered to cause economic loss in aquaculture owing to direct predation) interact regularly with the fish farm. Although bottlenose dolphins and grey herons were not the most important of all predator species, predatory interactions with the fish farm occurred with what seems to be increasing regularity. Another result observed is the possible bottlenose dolphins’ attraction caused by the harvesting operations in the fish farm. The fish farm offers an alternative food source for predators; hunting at fish farms usually requires less effort on the part of the predator, and becomes a more attractive option than hunting wild fish over wide ranges. During the period of this study, individually identified dolphins feeding were regularly observed feeding on discarded fish from fish farm workers during harvesting operations, supporting the possibility that some individuals are habituated to this food supply. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it is recommended that strategies for the management of both the aquaculture industry and marine mammal populations should take the results of this study into consideration.
Mechanisms of ringwoodite formation in shocked meteorites: Evidence from L5 chondrite Dhofar 1970
Authors: Walton Erin L. , McCarthy Sabrina
Published: February 2017

The formation of the high‐pressure compositional equivalents of olivine and pyroxene has been well‐documented within and surrounding shock‐induced veins in chondritic meteorites, formed by crystallization from a liquid‐ or solid‐state phase transformation. Typically polycrystalline ringwoodite grains have a narrow range of compositions that overlap with those of their olivine precursors, whereas the formation of iron‐enriched ringwoodite has been documented from only a handful of meteorites. Here, we report backscattered electron images, quantitative wavelength‐dispersive spectrometry (WDS) analyses, qualitative WDS elemental X‐ray maps, and micro‐Raman spectra that reveal the presence of Fe‐rich ringwoodite (Fa44‐63) as fine‐grained (500 nm), polycrystalline rims on olivine (Fa24‐25) wall rock and as clasts engulfed by shock melt in a previously unstudied L5 chondrite, Dhofar 1970. Crystallization of majorite + magnesiowüstite in the vein interior and metastable mineral assemblages within 35 μm of the vein margin attest to rapid crystallization of a superheated shock melt (>2300 K) from 20─25 GPa to ambient pressure and temperature. The texture and composition of bright polycrystalline ringwoodite rims (Fa44‐63; MnO 0.01─0.08 wt%) surrounding dark polycrystalline olivine (Fa8‐14; MnO 0.56─0.65 wt%) implies a solid‐state transformation mechanism in which Fe was preferentially partitioned to ringwoodite. The spatial association between ringwoodite and shock melt suggests that the rapidly fluctuating thermal regimes experienced by chondritic minerals in contact with shock melt are necessary to both drive phase transformation but also to prevent back‐transformation.
Composition and origin of holotype Al‐Cu‐Zn minerals in relation to quasicrystals in the Khatyrka meteorite
Authors: Ivanova Marina A. , Lorenz Cyril A. , Borisovskiy Sergey E. , Burmistrov Andrey A. , Korost Dmitriy V. , Korochantsev Alexander V. , Logunova Maria N. , Shornikov Sergei I. , Petaev Michail I.
Published: February 2017

We investigated the khatyrkite–cupalite holotype sample, 1.2 × 0.5 mm across. It consists of khatyrkite (Cu,Zn)Al2, cupalite (Cu,Zn)Al, and interstitial material with approximate composition (Zn,Cu)Al3. All mineral phases of the holotype sample contain Zn and lack Fe that distinguishes them from khatyrkite and cupalite in the Khatyrka meteorite particles (Bindi et al. , , , ; MacPherson et al. ; Hollister et al. ). Neither highly fractionated natural systems nor geo‐ or cosmochemical processes capable of forming the holotype sample are known so far. The bulk chemistry and thermal history of khatyrkite–cupalite assemblage in the holotype sample hint for its possible industrial origin. Likewise, the aluminides in the Khatyrka meteorite particles may also be derived from industrial materials and mixed with extraterrestrial matter during gold prospecting in the Listvenitovy Stream valley.
Evolved distal tail carbohydrate binding modules of Lactobacillus phage J‐1: a novel type of anti‐receptor widespread among lactic acid bacteria phages
Authors: Dieterle Maria‐Eugenia , Spinelli Silvia , Sadovskaya Irina , Piuri Mariana , Cambillau Christian
Published: February 2017

Bacteriophage replication requires specific host‐recognition. Some siphophages harbour a large complex, the baseplate, at the tip of their non‐contractile tail. This baseplate holds receptor binding proteins (RBPs) that can recognize the host cell‐wall polysaccharide (CWPS) and specifically attach the phage to its host. While most phages possess a dedicated RBP, the phage J‐1 that infects Lactobacillus casei seemed to lack one. It has been shown that the phage J‐1 distal tail protein (Dit) plays a role in host recognition and that its sequence comprises two inserted modules compared with ‘classical’ Dits. The first insertion is similar to carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs), whereas the second insertion remains undocumented. Here, we determined the structure of the second insertion and found it also similar to several CBMs. Expressed insertion CBM2, but not CBM1, binds to L. casei cells and neutralize phage attachment to the bacterial cell wall and the isolated and purified CWPS of L. casei BL23 prevents CBM2 attachment to the host. Electron microscopy single particle reconstruction of the J‐1 virion baseplate revealed that CBM2 is projected at the periphery of Dit to optimally bind the CWPS receptor. Taken together, these results identify J‐1 evolved Dit as the phage RBP.
Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PLANT U‐BOX13 (PUB13) regulates chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5) protein abundance
Authors: Liao Dehua , Cao Yangrong , Sun Xun , Espinoza Catherine , Nguyen Cuong T. , Liang Yan , Stacey Gary
Published: February 2017

Long‐chain chitooligosaccharides are fungal microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are recognized by LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5), inducing the formation of a complex with CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1). Formation of this complex leads to activation of the CERK1 intracellular kinase domain and induction of plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis.

We found that addition of chitooctaose induced LYK5 protein accumulation as a result of de novo gene expression and the inhibition of LYK5 protein degradation. Screening the putative E3 ligases for interaction with LYK5 identified PLANT U‐BOX13 (PUB13), which complexed with LYK5, but this complex dissociated upon addition of chitooctaose. Consistent with these results, LYK5 protein abundance was higher in pub13 mutants compared with the wild type without chitooctaose treatment, while similar abundance was detected with the addition of chitooctaose.

The pub13 mutants showed hypersensitivity to chitooctaose‐induced rapid responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, but exhibited normal responses to subsequent long‐term chitooctaose treatment, such as gene expression and callose deposition. In addition, PUB13 could ubiquitinate the LYK5 kinase domain in vitro.

Taken together, our results suggest an important regulatory function for the turnover of LYK5 mediated by the E3 ligase PUB13.
Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles and tritrophic interactions across spatial scales
Authors: Aartsma Yavanna , Bianchi Felix J. J. A. , van der Werf Wopke , Poelman Erik H. , Dicke Marcel
Published: February 2017

Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are an important cue used in herbivore location by carnivorous arthropods such as parasitoids. The effects of plant volatiles on parasitoids have been well characterised at small spatial scales, but little research has been done on their effects at larger spatial scales. The spatial matrix of volatiles (‘volatile mosaic’) within which parasitoids locate their hosts is dynamic and heterogeneous. It is shaped by the spatial pattern of HIPV‐emitting plants, the concentration, chemical composition and breakdown of the emitted HIPV blends, and by environmental factors such as wind, turbulence and vegetation that affect transport and mixing of odour plumes. The volatile mosaic may be exploited differentially by different parasitoid species, in relation to species traits such as sensory ability to perceive volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source. Understanding how HIPVs influence parasitoids at larger spatial scales is crucial for our understanding of tritrophic interactions and sustainable pest management in agriculture. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge on how volatiles influence the process of host location by parasitoids at the landscape scale. Future studies should bridge the gap between the chemical and behavioural ecology of tritrophic interactions and landscape ecology.
Effects of reproductive strategies on pollutant concentrations in pinnipeds: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Hitchcock Daniel J. , Varpe Øystein , Andersen Tom , Borgå Katrine
Published: February 2017

In marine mammals such as pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses), reproductive strategies reveal how species acquire, store and allocate energy to offspring. During lactation, females can allocate energy acquired from concurrent resources (income breeding); or utilize energy stored prior to reproduction (capital breeding). Mothers transfer a large proportion of energy to their pups via lipid rich milk, meaning that pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg) will also transfer, raising concern for negative health effects. To quantify the effect of reproductive strategy on maternal pollutant transfer in pinnipeds, we developed a proxy for income and capital breeding by focusing on the lactational component of reproduction, and arranged species along this gradient. We found a strong positive relationship between lipid content in milk and degree of capital breeding. We tested this gradient against maternal pollutant transfer expressed as a concentration ratio by meta‐analysis. In mother‐pup pairs, the concentration ratio of PCBs was one order of magnitude higher than for mercury. PCB concentrations in pups and juveniles were similar to adult females, but mercury was always lower in young offspring than in females. We found no effect of reproductive strategy between studies investigating mother‐pup pairs and non‐related females and juveniles (< 1 year old), however data were strongly biased towards capital breeders. Our results suggest that either: 1) reproductive strategy does not affect pollutant bioaccumulation; or 2) a lack of income breeder data prevents us from testing the overall effect of reproductive strategy on maternal pollutant transfer. The finding that PCB concentrations in juveniles are similar to females is of concern due to early life stage exposure. We recommend data collection from income breeding species such as the sea lions to elucidate whether reproductive strategy, and potentially other life history traits, has an overall effect on maternal pollutant transfer.
Psoralen with ultraviolet A‐induced apoptosis of cutaneous lymphoma cell lines is augmented by type I interferons via the JAK1–STAT1 pathway
Authors: Liszewski Walter , Naym David Gram , Biskup Edyta , Gniadecki Robert
Published: February 2017

Background

Photochemotherapy with psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA), with or without adjuvant interferon‐α (IFN‐α), is a first‐line therapy for early‐stage mycosis fungoides and other forms of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, the mechanism by which PUVA with IFN‐α work in CTCL is poorly understood.

Purpose

To develop a model to investigate the mechanisms of PUVA and PUVA with IFN‐α in CTCL cells.

Methods

An in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms of PUVA was created using two different CTCL cell lines, MyLa, which has functional p53, and HuT‐78, in which p53 is inactivated due to a homozygous nonsense mutation.

Results

PUVA caused G2/M cell cycle block and apoptosis of MyLa and HuT‐78 accompanied by increase in the expression of the mitochondrial pro‐apoptotic genes Bax, BAK, and PUMA and a downregulation in anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2. p53 was induced and c‐Myc was repressed by PUVA, but neither were essential for PUVA‐induced apoptosis. IFN‐α augmented PUVA‐induced apoptosis via the JAK1 pathway, and this activity could be inhibited by ruxolitinib.

Conclusion

PUVA induces p53‐independent apoptosis in CTCL cell lines, and this process is augmented by type I interferons via the JAK1 pathway.
Social Construction and Grounding
Authors: Griffith Aaron M.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this paper is to bring recent work on metaphysical grounding to bear on the phenomenon of social construction. It is argued that grounding can be used to analyze social construction and that the grounding framework is helpful for articulating various claims and commitments of social constructionists, especially about social identities, e.g., gender and race. The paper also responds to a number of objections that have been (or could be) leveled against the application of grounding to social construction from Elizabeth Barnes (2014), Mari Mikkola (2015), and Jessica Wilson (2014).
Diversity of winter photoinhibitory responses: a case study in co‐occurring lichens, mosses, herbs and woody plants from subalpine environments
Authors: Míguez Fátima , Fernández‐Marín Beatriz , Becerril José‐María , García‐Plazaola José‐Ignacio
Published: February 2017

Winter evergreens living in mountainous areas have to withstand a harsh combination of high light levels and low temperatures in wintertime. In response, evergreens can activate a photoprotective process that consists of the downregulation of photosynthetic efficiency, referred to as winter photoinhibition (WPI). WPI has been studied mainly in woody evergreens and crops even when, in many instances, other functional groups such as lichens or bryophytes dominate in alpine and boreal habitats. Thus, we aimed to (1) assess the occurrence of WPI within overwintering evergreens comprising woody species, herbs, mosses and lichens, (2) compare the recovery kinetics among those groups and (3) clarify the role of thylakoid proteins and pigments in both processes: WPI and recovery. With this aim, WPI was analyzed in 50 species in the field and recovery kineticcs were studied in one model species from each functional group. Results showed that high levels of WPI are much more frequent among woody plants than in any other group, but are also present in some herbs, lichens and mosses. Winter conditions almost always led to the de‐epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle. Nevertheless, changes in the de‐epoxidation level were not associated with the activation/deactivation of WPI in the field and did not match changes in photochemical efficiency during recovery treatments. Seasonal changes in thylakoid proteins [mainly D1 (photosystem II core complex protein) and PsbS (essential protein for thermal dissipation)] were dependent on the functional group. The results highlight the diversity of physiological solutions and suggest a physical–mechanical reason for the more conservative strategy of woody species compared with other groups.
Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police‐Involved Homicides of Black Citizens
Authors: Nicholson‐Crotty Sean , Nicholson‐Crotty Jill , Fernandez Sergio
Published: February 2017

In response to police‐involved homicides of black citizens in Ferguson, Missouri, and elsewhere, some have suggested that more black police officers could reduce the number of these events. The authors offer an empirical test of this assertion. The literature offers conflicting expectations: some studies suggest that increased representation reduces discrimination, while others suggest that it increases discrimination. The authors reconcile these perspectives using the concept of critical mass, which leads to the expectation that an increase in black officers will reduce the number of black citizens killed in encounters with police, but only once the proportion of black officers is sufficiently large. We test this expectation in analyses of recently compiled data on police‐involved homicides in 2014 and 2015 in large U.S. cities.
Geometry‐Related Children's Literature Improves the Geometry Achievement and Attitudes of Second‐Grade Students
Authors: McAndrew Erica M. , Morris Wendy L. , Fennell Francis (Skip)
Published: February 2017

Use of mathematics‐related literature can engage students' interest and increase their understanding of mathematical concepts. A quasi‐experimental study of two second‐grade classrooms assessed whether daily inclusion of geometry‐related literature in the classroom improved attitudes toward geometry and achievement in geometry. Consistent with the hypothesis, only the students in the classroom with a strong emphasis on geometry‐related children's literature showed a significant improvement in their attitudes about geometry over time. While both classes improved their geometry performance over the 4 weeks of the study, the class with a strong emphasis on geometry‐related literature improved significantly more (51.2%) than the control class (33.47%). Children's literature can provide a useful and interesting context in which students can develop their understanding of geometry.
An Examination of Teacher Understanding of Project Based Science as a Result of Participating in an Extended Professional Development Program: Implications for Implementation
Authors: Mentzer Gale A. , Czerniak Charlene M. , Brooks Lisa
Published: February 2017

Project‐based science (PBS) aligns with national standards that assert children should learn science by actively engaging in the practices of science. Understanding and implementing PBS requires a shift in teaching practices away from one that covers primarily content to one that prompts children to conduct investigations. A common challenge to PBS implementation is a misunderstanding of the elements of PBS. Identification of these misunderstandings as well as implementation challenges could inform professional development. This case study examined 24 teachers’ understanding and implementation of PBS during participation in a consecutive three‐year, comprehensive professional development program. Results provide insight as to the process they followed in the transition to implementing PBS. Measures included classroom observations, reflective interviews, and attitudinal surveys. Results showed that teachers developed the knowledge, confidence, and understanding to implement PBS but in most cases it took at least two to three years for positive results to become evident. Teachers struggled to develop adequate driving questions that provided project‐focused lessons. Other obstacles included teacher resistance to student‐directed instruction, confusing inquiry‐based instruction with hands‐on activities, and inability to motivate students to work in collaborative teams. While challenging, over time the teachers developed the knowledge, desire, and skills to implement PBS.
Started from the Bottom Now We're Where? African‐American and Latino Niching in Gulf Coast Metros
Authors: Gleave Sara
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Labor market concentration, or niching, is a process by which individuals are concentrated in particular sectors often by racial or ethnic group, gender, or economic standing. Niching limits economic upward mobility for certain groups, particularly African Americans and Latinos, and processes encouraging niching may change over time.

Methods

This study examines African‐American and Latino occupational niching in New Orleans and Houston in 2000 and 2008–2012 using confidential microdata and in relation to both individual and neighborhood characteristics.

Results

Individual and local human capital levels are found to play important roles in niching likelihood, in addition to other individual characteristics, such as foreign‐born status and neighborhood conditions, specifically local co‐racial and co‐ethnic population percentages.

Conclusions

Results overall highlight the importance of place‐ and group‐specific approaches to both policy and research related to improving economic outcomes for racial and ethnic groups. These customized efforts are particularly important in metropolitan areas undergoing rapid economic, social, and demographic growth and restructuring such as New Orleans and Houston.
The terpene synthase gene family in Tripterygium wilfordii harbors a labdane‐type diterpene synthase among the monoterpene synthase TPS‐b subfamily
Authors: Hansen Nikolaj L. , Heskes Allison M. , Hamberger Britta , Olsen Carl E. , Hallström Björn M. , Andersen‐Ranberg Johan , Hamberger Björn
Published: February 2017

Tripterygium wilfordii (Celastraceae) is a medicinal plant with anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Identification of a vast array of unusual sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids in T. wilfordii has spurred investigations of their pharmacological properties. The tri‐epoxide lactone triptolide was the first of many diterpenoids identified, attracting interest due to the spectrum of bioactivities. To probe the genetic underpinning of diterpenoid diversity, an expansion of the class II diterpene synthase (diTPS) family was recently identified in a leaf transcriptome. Following detection of triptolide and simple diterpene scaffolds in the root, we sequenced and mined the root transcriptome. This allowed identification of the root‐specific complement of TPSs and an expansion in the class I diTPS family. Functional characterization of the class II diTPSs established their activities in the formation of four C‐20 diphosphate intermediates, precursors of both generalized and specialized metabolism and a novel scaffold for Celastraceae. Functional pairs of the class I and II enzymes resulted in formation of three scaffolds, accounting for some of the terpenoid diversity found in T. wilfordii. The absence of activity‐forming abietane‐type diterpenes encouraged further testing of TPSs outside the canonical class I diTPS family. TwTPS27, close relative of mono‐TPSs, was found to couple with TwTPS9, converting normal‐copalyl diphosphate to miltiradiene. The phylogenetic distance to established diTPSs indicates neo‐functionalization of TwTPS27 into a diTPS, a function not previously observed in the TPS‐b subfamily. This example of evolutionary convergence expands the functionality of TPSs in the TPS‐b family and may contribute miltiradiene to the diterpenoids of T. wilfordii.
Mutations of the KLF1 gene detected in Japanese with the In(Lu) phenotype
Authors: Kawai Miho , Obara Kumi , Onodera Takayuki , Enomoto Takayuki , Ogasawara Kenichi , Tsuneyama Hatsue , Uchikawa Makoto , Inaba Shoichi
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

In(Lu) is characterized by a reduced expression of antigens in the Lutheran blood group system as well as other blood group antigens. Mutations of the erythroid transcription factor, KLF1, have been reported to cause the In(Lu) phenotype, and we investigated Japanese In(Lu) to estimate the prevalence of the phenotype and KLF1 polymorphism.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Blood samples were screened by monoclonal anti‐CD44 and the In(Lu) phenotype was confirmed by tube tests including adsorption and elution tests using anti‐Lua and anti‐Lub. KLF1, LU, and A4GALT genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.

RESULTS

We identified 100 of 481,322 blood donors (0.02%), and the previously characterized 20 donors, who had the In(Lu) phenotype with the LUB/LUB genotype. A total of 100 of the 120 In(Lu) individuals had mutant KLF1 alleles, and we identified 13 known and 21 novel alleles. The mutant KLF1 alleles with c.947G>A (p.Cys316Tyr), c.862A>G (p.Lys288Glu), or c.968C>G (p.Ser323Trp) were major in the In(Lu) individuals. The P1 antigen of 29 In(Lu) (two P1/P1, 27 P1/P2) showed significantly weakened expression by hemagglutination.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of the In(Lu) phenotype in the Japanese population was 0.02%, and we identified 13 known and 21 novel KLF1 alleles. The KLF1 mutations cause the reduced expression of the P1 antigen.
The association of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels with hepatitis E virus infections among blood donors in China
Authors: Wang Meiyu , He Miao , Wu Binting , Ke Ling , Han Tingting , Wang Jingxing , Shan Hua , Ness Paul , Guo Nan , Liu Yu , Nelson Kenrad E.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Transfusion transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging health risk, yet blood donors are rarely screened for this pathogen. Many blood centers instituted screening of blood donors for elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels to prevent hepatitis C virus, which has continued in China. We evaluated whether elevated ALT levels were associated with HEV among blood donors in China.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected from 9069 qualified volunteer blood donors from four blood centers in China. A total of 5023 had elevated ALT levels, that is, more than 40 IU/L, and 4046 samples had normal ALT. We tested all the 9069 samples for anti‐HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)M, anti‐HEV IgG, and HEV antigen. Those who were positive for anti‐HEV IgM or HEV antigen were tested individually for HEV RNA by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG in donors with elevated ALT levels (33.3%) was higher than those with normal ALT (24.9%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti‐HEV IgM was similar in donations with increased ALT (1.41%) and normal ALT (1.46%). More ALT‐elevated donations were HEV antigen positive, 62 of 5023 (1.23%), than were ALT‐normal donations, seven of 4046 (0.17%; p < 0.01). Six donors with elevated ALT levels and acute HEV infection markers (anti‐HEV IgM or HEV antigen) were HEV RNA positive.

CONCLUSION

Markers of active infection including HEV antigen and HEV RNA are significantly more common among donors with elevated ALT levels in China. These data support the fact that ALT testing of donors to HEV antigen or HEV RNA would have greater specificity and exclude fewer acceptable donors.
Furosemide for prevention of cyclophosphamide‐associated sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving metronomic low‐dose oral cyclophosphamide
Authors: Setyo L. , Ma M. , Bunn T. , Wyatt K. , Wang P.
Published: February 2017

Sterile haemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) is a known risk of cyclophosphamide treatment. Diuresis using furosemide is effective in canines when maximally tolerated dosed cyclophosphamide is administered. This retrospective study aimed to determine whether orally administered furosemide decreased the incidence ofSHC. Secondary aims were to identify predisposing factors forSHC. One‐hundred and fifteen dogs treated with metronomic cyclophosphamide were analysed retrospectively. Populations were not randomized. 25 dogs (21.7%) developedSHC. Furosemide administration significantly reduced the likelihood ofSHCdevelopment (P = 0.010, whereSHCwas diagnosed in 30.3% of dogs administered cyclophosphamide without furosemide, and 10.2% of dogs administered cyclophosphamide with furosemide). Age, gender, breed, bodyweight, number of cyclophosphamide treatments, piroxicam use and previous or pre‐existing disease were not found to be associated withSHCdevelopment. This study demonstrates furosemide is effective in the prevention ofSHCand its use may be considered when implementing metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy.
Photosynthetic response of mountain grassland species to drought stress is affected by UV-induced accumulation of epidermal flavonols
Authors: Rapantová Barbora , Klem Karel , Holub Petr , Novotná Kateřina , Urban Otmar
Published: February 2017

Interactive effects of drought and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on CO2 assimilation rate and accumulation of epidermal flavonols were studied in two herbs (Hypericum maculatum and Rumex obtusifolius) and two grasses (Agrostis capillaris and Holcus mollis) under field conditions of Beskydy Mts. The main objective of this study was to evaluate a protective role of epidermal flavonols against drought stress. Experimental shelters were used to manipulate amount of incident precipitation and UV radiation intensity for 12 weeks (May–July). The light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) and the content of epidermal flavonols were regularly measured at intervals of 2–3 weeks during the entire period. Drought-induced reduction of Amax was enhanced by high UV intensity in R. obtusifolius, whereas in other species UV radiation reduced a negative effect of drought. Generally, drought increased flavonol content in leaves as compared to non-stressed plants. Similarly, high UV intensities increased the flavonol content in control plants, but not in drought-stressed ones. Regression analysis between the flavonol content and Amax revealed a positive correlation especially for A. capillaris and R. obtusifolius. In both species, a separation of these relationships was observed as the result of water availability. Thus lower Amax were observed at the same flavonol content in drought-stressed plants when compared to control, well-watered counterparts. We conclude that UV-induced accumulation of epidermal flavonols can alleviate negative impacts of summer drought on photosynthesis, particularly in species with slower ontogeny like H. maculatum and A. capillaris.
Introduction
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Parody Grimm Fairy Tales
1. Parody
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Parody Grimm Fairy Tales
4.3 Joachim Ringelnatz: 'Kuttel Daddeldu erzählt seinen Kindern das Märchen vom Rotkäppchen'
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Parody Grimm Ringelnatz Rotkäppchen
Abkürzungen
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Abkürzungen
'Das Wunder der Verwandlung'. Die jüdischen Mitglieder im George-Kreis zwischen Jahrhundertwende, Nationalsozialismus und Exil
Authors: Groppe Carola
Published: February 2017

George-Kreis
In der "Wahlheimat". Karl Wolfskehls italienisches Exil 1933-1938
Authors: Voigt Klaus
Published: February 2017

Wolfskehl