bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Integration in the Canadian Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Anderson M J
Published: October 2006

Over the course of the 1980s, companies attempted to develop new organisational strategies to balance competition with collaboration. Although a variety of theoretical frameworks acknowledged this development there have been very few empirical studies in which the nature and extent of this collaborative integration and the implications for industries in the 1990s have been examined. In this paper, the Canadian pharmaceutical industry is used as the empirical context for an examination of collaboration. The author focuses on the relationship between small and large firms, biotechnology-based companies, and university research and argues that these collaborative linkages need to be more firmly developed in our theoretical discussions if we are to make sense of the corporate world in the 1990s.
The Income Elasticity of Demand in a Sub-Saharan African Housing Market: Evidence from Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Arimah B C
Published: October 2006

Very little is known about the behaviour of housing demand in sub-Saharan housing markets. This ostensibly is due to the dearth of such studies in this region. In this paper the author estimates the parameters of the demand for housing, using data drawn from the city of Ibadan in Nigeria. The empirical analysis, in which housing is viewed as a composite product, reveals that the demand for housing is income inelastic. Specifically, income-elasticity estimates for renters and owners are 0.88 and 0.56, respectively. Furthermore, these income-elasticity estimates were found to be higher than those reported for other African cities.
Probability-Based Models of Spatial Search
Authors: Miller H J
Published: October 2006

The author develops and explores probability-based decision strategies for the consumer spatial search problem. These strategies extend experimental and analytical work in psychology on repeated choice among alternatives with varying reinforcement rates. Normative models postulate that the searcher attempts to maximize the frequency with which the lowest acquisition cost will be achieved over a multiple-trip horizon. A behavioral model postulates that the searcher maximizes the frequency with which the maximum utility will be achieved over a multiple-trip horizon. These models encompass a wide range of behavioral factors, including the perceived travel cost, decision foresight, learning, price motivation, and risk attitudes. Sensitivity experiments conducted with the models establish their basic characteristics and assess the influence of these behavioral factors on the spatial search process.
The Role of Performance Indicators in Housing Management: A Critique
Authors: Smith R , Walker R
Published: October 2006

In this paper an evaluation of the housing management performance indicators regime in the United Kingdom is provided. First, the context in which performance measurement in the housing service in the United Kingdom has developed is set and lessons are drawn from the use of statutory indicators following the Local Government and Housing Act 1989. By examining the performance indicator regime in Wales it is suggested that the regime is flawed because it provides information which points towards the economic efficiency of service provision rather than explaining the effectiveness of services. This is compounded by the multiple audience that the performance indicator regime is targeted at: tenants, local government, and central government. The conflict arising from the multiple target groups results in the regime being unable to serve properly its primary audience, that is, tenants. To conclude the paper, some alternatives are suggested, and the need for performance indicators to be seen as tools for evaluating the relative efficiency and effectiveness of local authority housing management over time is highlighted.
Restructuring Citizenship in Pueblo, Colorado
Authors: Staeheli L A
Published: October 2006

The terrain of local democracy in the United States is shifting. Structural changes in the economy and political institutions threaten the social rights of citizenship and the standing of individuals in the polity. In this paper, I examine political activism at the local level as a response to the changing nature of citizenship under economic and political restructuring. Interviews with residents of Pueblo, CO, are used to evaluate the ways in which citizens respond to restructuring. I argue that residents of Pueblo may be successful in the short term in using their activism to respond to the new opportunities and needs created by restructuring. However, the inability of residents to create linkages among members of social groups may ultimately limit their ability to forge a new progressive politics out of restructuring.
Taking up Space: Redefining Political Legitimacy in New York City
Authors: Clark H
Published: October 2006

In this paper the ways in which the legitimacy gained through appropriation of space, accomplished by drawing on skills learned by living at or beyond the margins of mainstream economic and political production, is being extended to redefine political involvement and change are examined. The example of neighborhood networks of residents living in limited-equity cooperatives in New York City will be examined as a new form of political practice based on the experiences of gender, race, class, and shared lifeworlds. The paper ultimately is an attempt to identify what concept of citizenship is at work for those who have survived long-term multi-leveled exclusion from the economic and political spheres and yet have created communities.
Evaluation of the Repertory Grid Method in Studies of Locals' Attitude towards Tourism Development Processes
Authors: Mansfeld Y , Ginosar O
Published: October 2006

In this paper the possibility of employing personal construct theory and the repertory grid method in studies of local attitudes towards tourism development from both a theoretical and methodological perspective is assessed. This work follows on from a critical review of the research methods used in past research works which dealt with the question of attitudes and perceptions of local communities toward tourism development in their localities. A case study of local attitudes and perceptions towards tourism development in tourist settlements, over four tourism development stages in Israel, is used to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of personal construct theory and the repertory grid method in tourist environmental cognition studies. Subsequently, methodological conclusions and suggestions about how to overcome the problems which arise in this study are drawn.
Theorising Differences in Patriarchy
Authors: Duncan S
Published: October 2006

The concept of patriarchy gives a necessary causal basis to the study of gender divisions and gender inequality. However, it has often been employed in a deterministic way, where variation is unexplained and agency is underplayed. This paper reviews Walby's reconceptualisation of six dimensions of patriarchy, based on a realist view of causation, which attempts to reintroduce empirical complexity and institutional variation into the concept.

The author suggests that this reconceptualisation does not go far enough. Similarly, models of gendered welfare states, though descriptively quite detailed, are analytically weak. It is suggested that an integration of Walby's theory of patriarchy with Scandinavian ideas of the gender contract provides the best means of conceptualising difference in gender divisions.
From State Socialism to Market Economy—Women's Employment in East Germany
Authors: Quack S , Maier F
Published: October 2006

The transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy involves a wide-ranging redistribution of paid employment, income, and individual opportunities. Men and women in the former East Germany (GDR)—who before reunification had equal roles of participation in paid labour—have been affected in different ways by the restructuring of the East German economy. Women are now more often unemployed, and for longer periods, and face greater difficulties in finding a job. In order to explain these differences between men and women, the authors investigate the economic, social, and political dimensions of the transformation process. The main argument is that economic and social disadvantages affecting East German women are not just related to the economic and political transformation as such. Rather, they are rooted in a traditional gender division of paid work in the former GDR which was reinforced by the paternalistic family and social policy developed by the East German state. At the same time, however, East German women's experiences of being fully integrated into employment, and enjoying greater economic independence, make it unlikely that they will easily accept the West German model of partial labour-market integration.
Gender Divisions of Labour in the Post-Fordist Economy: The Maintenance of Occupational Sex Segregation in the Financial Services Sector
Authors: McDowell L , Court G
Published: October 2006

The purpose in this paper is to bring together a set of arguments about the general significance of service-sector employment in advanced industrial economies, the consequences of feminisation and casualisation for the occupational structure in these societies, particularly in ‘global’ cities, and the changing nature of gender divisions of labour. After a general outline of the changing distribution of work, the example of financial services, which are of enormous significance in global cities such as London, will be taken to investigate the consequences of the coincidence of these changes for employees in professional occupations. The particular empirical illustration of the arguments is an analysis of the social division of labour in merchant banks in the City of London in the early 1990s.
The Wax and Wane of Interstate Migration Patterns in the USA in the 1980s: A Demographic Effectiveness Field Perspective
Authors: Plane D A
Published: October 2006

Demographic effectiveness (or efficiency) is a measure of the unidirectionality of migration to and from geographic areas. This author explores the structure of temporal change in the demographic effectiveness of migration in the United States during the 1980s. The analysis is based on a times series of (51×51) matrices of state-to-state movements derived from matched income tax forms. A number of hypotheses are explored about how in-migration and out-migration fields wax and wane, thereby giving rise to the overall shifts in demographic effectiveness measured over the period. The results highlight the characteristics of recent (1980–88) shifts in US internal migration patterns including net migration reversals from strong net in-migration to strong net out-migration for states with significant energy sectors, the stanching of net out-migration from many states of the American manufacturing belt, the turnaround to net in-migration for all of northern New England, and the continuance of highly effective net in-migration to the sunbelt states of Florida, Arizona, and Nevada.
The Move to Housing Ownership in Temporal and Regional Contexts
Authors: Deurloo M C , Clark W A V , Dieleman F M
Published: October 2006

A previous longitudinal study of households who make the change from renting to owning demonstrated the close connections between the tenure change and family composition. Specifically, there is a short period in which decisions with respect both to family changes and to house purchase occur. In this paper the authors extend that work and elaborate the findings by directly incorporating a measure of family composition change and analyzing its ‘triggering effect’ on the tenure change, and by enlarging the temporal and regional context analysis. Shifts from couples to families and increases in income trigger moves to ownership. Also, there are interaction effects between the regional contexts and time periods. A notable finding is that the economic climate affects some groups of households more than others. From the 1980s on, low-income households and one-earner families have been seriously affected in their ability to enter the homeowner housing market.
Bretton Woods Revisited: Hegemony, Stability, and Territory
Authors: Corbridge S
Published: October 2006

In this paper I examine the achievements and lessons of the Bretton Woods System (BWS) fifty years after its founding in 1944. I do so with particular reference to propositions associated with hegemonic stability theories. In section 2 I challenge the view that the BWS was successful because it was a unique embodiment of US ‘benign hegemony’. I join with Walter, Strange, and other revisionist historians in arguing that the BWS was less a formal monetary system than a broad set of guidelines that was adopted and adapted by member states quite flexibly. The BWS was the product of a series of compromises reached by the USA and its West European allies in the period between 1944 and 1971. The Golden Age of Capitalism that coincided with the BWS in the advanced industrial world was also the product of factors that cannot be reduced to the BWS. US hegemony in the 1950s and 1960s was most obviously embedded in its military commitments overseas. I further suggest that international economic disorder after 1971 cannot be explained with reference to the alleged disappearance of a hegemonic power in the world economy. The USA has remained broadly hegemonic since 1971, but the nature of hegemony is changing in a changing global political economy. In section 3 I consider the claim that the international economy must become more unstable in the absence of a benign hegemon. The concept of order or instability is rendered problematic, and a model of ‘ordered disorder’ is set out. I suggest that a degree of order is being maintained in a dispersed hegemonic core at the cost of increased disorder in peripheral regions and communities that cannot positively access the emerging circuits of transnational capitalism or liberalism. Section 4 concludes the paper with some reflections on the lessons of Bretton Woods in the wake of the changes described in sections 2 and 3.
Hong Kong Firms in the ASEAN Region: Transnational Corporations and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Yeung W-C H
Published: October 2006

Economic links between Hong Kong and the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) region are historically strong. In this paper, by means of extensive secondary data sources, some facets of these links in relation to the transnational operations of Hong Kong firms and their foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in ASEAN countries are examined. It is found that out of thirty leading Hong Kong transnational corporations (TNCs), nineteen have together more than forty-three operations in ASEAN. Hong Kong TNCs in the tertiary sector are particularly inclined to establish cross-border operations in the ASEAN region. Any explanation of the operations of these TNCs in ASEAN must take into consideration ongoing network relations embedded in peculiar historical contexts and geographical confines. In terms of equity capital inflows, Hong Kong FDI in the ASEAN region regained its momentum after 1985. Indonesia and Thailand are the most favoured destinations for Hong Kong FDI. In these two countries, Hong Kong FDI ranks, respectively, as the second and third largest foreign investment. Future studies need to address the issue of Hong Kong's uncertainty over the ‘1997’ question and of theory-building in international business.
Context Dependencies in Housing Choice Behavior
Authors: Timmermans H , van Noortwijk L
Published: October 2006

Existing experimentally based decompositional models of housing preferences and choice behavior do not account for possible substitution or context dependencies among choice alternatives. These authors seek to extend existing models by demonstrating how discrete choice experiments may be used to develop housing choice models that allow one to test for possible context dependencies. The design strategy and model specification are discussed. The modelling approach is illustrated in the context of simulated housing choices of divorcees. The results indicate that context dependencies play a significant role in the understanding of these people's housing preferences and choices.
Flexibility in Production through Subcontracting: The Case of the Poultry Meat Industry in Greece
Authors: Labrianidis L
Published: October 2006

The author focuses on the issue of flexibility in production using a particular historical example: that of the poultry meat industry in Greece. The case study material is presented as an example of the advantages of theoretically informed empirical research and realist methodology for studying uneven capitalist development and the enormous range of contrasting configurations of capitalist production and its spatial distribution. The poultry meat industry in Greece, although showing the characteristics of an extreme flexibility in production (which is primarily the result of an extensive subcontracting system), shows developments that cannot be interpreted within the theoretical framework of the school of flexible specialization. This allows the author to suggest that the eagerness of flexible specialization theorists (Piore and Sabel, Freeman and Perez, et al) to prescribe new technoeconomic futures hinders their appreciation of sociospatial complexity in capitalist development and encourages them to persist with models of industrial transformation of limited relevance. The points that are raised must also be seen as a reply to those in Greece—researchers and politicians—who argue in favour of a flexible specialization strategy as a means of modernizing the structure of Greek industry.
The Impact of Internationalisation and Rationalisation of Production on the Spanish Automobile Industry, 1950–90
Authors: Lagendijk A
Published: October 2006

The author examines the impact of the internationalisation of automobile production on the local production system in Spain, with emphasis on the relationship between the assembly and supply industries. After an introduction to the issue of linkage formation in the automobile industry, a historical overview of the development of the Spanish production system since the 1950s is presented. This is followed by an analysis of recent changes in the production and procurement strategies of international producers, in particular the process of rationalisation and the implementation of just-in-time supply systems. It is concluded that the process of internationalisation has brought on a radical transformation of the local production system. This has had serious consequences for the position of certain parts of the production system, notably the indigenous suppliers; such negative effects, however, should be weighed against the fact that internationalisation has also produced rapid growth and modernisation of Spanish industry in the last two decades.
Putting the 1991 Sample of Anonymised Records on Your Unix Workstation
Authors: Turton I , Openshaw S
Published: October 2006

The authors describe the development of a customised computer software package for easing the analysis of the UK 1991 Sample of Anonymised Records. The resulting USAR package is designed to be portable within the Unix environment. It offers a number of features such as interactive table design, intelligent data interpretation, and fuzzy query. An example of SAR analysis is provided.
Indexing the Census: A by-Product of the Simulation of Whole Populations by Means of SAS and SAR Data
Authors: Williamson P , Rees P , Birkin M
Published: October 2006

Amongst the new output formats adopted for the 1991 Census were the Small Area and Local Base Statistics tables and the Samples of Anonymised Records. During an attempt to combine these data sources to estimate whole populations, a need was recognised for a computer algorithm to aggregate SAR data flexibly into LBS and SAS table look-alikes. This paper is a report on progress in the development of such an algorithm, including the concomitant development of a meta-database of census tables and variables required as an input to the algorithm. Out of this work a user-friendly, freely disseminable version of the census meta-database has been created, of interest to all census users.
The Employment Structure of the Sunday Labour Market in Retailing: A Comparative Analysis of DIY and Grocery Superstores in Scotland and in England and Wales
Authors: Freathy J P , Sparks L
Published: October 2006

Sunday trading in Scotland is an established feature integral to the retail operations of many companies. This requires that a considerable number of people take up paid employment on Sunday. Illegal Sunday trading in England and Wales, particularly since Christmas 1991, has made similar demands on retail staff. In this paper Sunday employment in superstores in Scotland with its more established and legal Sunday working, is compared with England and Wales, with their more recent and illegal opening pattern. It is concluded that a number of differences do exist, particularly in grocery superstores. Key findings include the high number of Sunday-only workers and a lower proportion of workers on premium rates in Scotland. When Sunday trading is legalised and established in England and Wales it would be expected that the employment pattern would come to mirror more closely the Scottish situation. These findings are discussed in the context of employment change and spatial-legal debates.
Investigating the Impact of Air-Service Supply on Local Demand—A Causal Analysis
Authors: Ndoh N N , Caves R E
Published: October 2006

Establishing the extent to which the level of transport supply affects demand generation remains a daunting problem for the transport analyst because of reciprocal causation and dependency between supply and demand. After the US deregulation of domestic air transport, unprecedented increases in air-service supply were observed at many US airports, increases which can be considered to be clearly independent of local service requirements. The supply measures reflect improvements in service both to nearby major airports and to the United States as a whole. In this paper, a sample of three airports is examined in an attempt to establish causal relationships between local demand and several measures of air-transport supply. Causality is established by using cross-correlation-function analysis, and the impacts of supply on demand are determined by using time-series transfer-function modelling. Causality is found to be location dependent, but supply tends to affect demand with a 3–6–month lag. Supply in terms of the total number of destinations served was found to have a significant impact on demand at Syracuse, with estimated transfer-function elasticities of 0.5.
Rural Restructuring and the Regulation of Farm Pollution
Authors: Ward N , Lowe P , Seymour S , Clark J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the emergence during the 1980s of a water pollution problem associated with intensive livestock production is examined. Farm pollution is socially constructed and is shaped by rural social change. Rural areas are experiencing social and economic restructuring with a resultant shift in emphasis from production to consumption concerns. ‘New’ people are living in the countryside, with ideas about how its resources should be managed that often differ from those with traditional production interests. At the same time, the debates surrounding the privatisation of the water industry opened up the issue of water pollution in the countryside to greater critical scrutiny. It is in this context that pollution from farm ‘wastes’ (termed here ‘farm pollution’) has gone from being a ‘nonproblem’ in the 1970s to an issue of greater public and political concern and regulatory activity since the late 1980s. Based on evidence from a study of dairy farming in Devon, it is argued in this paper that the farm pollution problem and its regulation are as much a function of social change in the countryside as of environmental change in rivers.
Post-Fordism and Welfare: An Analysis of Change in the British Health Sector
Authors: Mohan J
Published: October 2006

In this paper I consider the relevance of commentaries on the transition from Fordism to post-Fordism and specifically their applicability to the welfare state. I suggest that some such commentaries have identified interesting parallels without providing much original analysis of why the putative transitions have come about. I also note various trends in the British health sector, which cannot be explained solely by reference to changes in the production process. Then, events in the British health sector since 1979 are considered in terms of the extent to which they can be interpreted in terms of a putative transition from Fordism to post-Fordism. This is divided into two sections. In the first, measures taken between 1979 and the National Health Service (NHS) reforms are examined, and it is argued that numerous measures taken prior to the NHS reforms failed to resolve some of the perceived crises of the NHS. The NHS reforms implemented from 1991 are then discussed and a number of problems are identified with these reforms, which highlight the difficulties of implementing a neoliberal reform strategy in the context of the British NHS. In particular the political conditions have yet to be established which might facilitate the wider extension of such a strategy, though this does not rule out changes that might restrict the scope of the NHS.
Diversification and Division in the English Education System: Towards a Post-Fordist Model?
Authors: Bradford M
Published: October 2006

After placing the education reforms in England in their international context, in this paper I analyse the basis of the reforms in terms of New Right thought and responses to the global economy. I identify an innovation which best typifies the particular combination of New Right thought underlying the reform, the introduction of grant-maintained (GM) schools. These form a major component of the recent diversification of educational provision. It is argued that the spatial unevenness of this diversification, represented by differential GM adoption, has replaced differences in local education authority policies and practices in forming the basis of spatial differentiation in the education service across England. It is argued that GM schools have produced political, educational, and social divisions. These have augmented the tendency for the diversification to lead to social stratification. Having analysed the restructured education system, I critically consider the degree to which it reflects a post-Fordist welfare state.
Assessing the Economic Costs of Sea Level Rise
Authors: Turner R K , Adger N , Doktor P
Published: October 2006

Sea level rise is one of the potential consequences of human induced global climate change, and coastal zones, together with their inhabitants, may be becoming more susceptible and vulnerable to such external shocks and related damage impacts. Global, regional, and national scale studies have been undertaken in an attempt to assess the future threat posed by sea level rise. To date none of these studies have fully encompassed the relationship between the physical change impacts and the socioeconomic implications. The authors utilise both a ‘GDP-at-risk’ and an economic cost—benefit approach, in combination with biophysical analysis, to model the impacts of sea level rise along the East Anglian coastline of eastern England. The economic results indicate that for most sea-level-rise predictions the protect strategy is economically justifiable on a region-wide basis. At a more localised scale a combination of response options, including ‘do nothing and retreat’, may be optimal.
Scarcity and Growth Revisited
Authors: Uri N D , Boyd R
Published: October 2006

The analysis presented in this paper is concerned with the effect of resource scarcity on economic growth. After the notion of scarcity is defined and two measures of scarcity are introduced—unit cost and relative resource price—changes in the trend in resource scarcity for lead, zinc, nickel, aluminium, silver, iron, and copper in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s are investigated. Only for silver and iron is there any indication that such a change has occurred. For silver, the change is transitory. It is believed that changes in resource scarcity have implications for future economic growth depending on the extent of the change and the degree to which resource scarcity and economic growth are interrelated. To see whether this is a relevant concern cointegration techniques are utilized to identify objectively a long-run equilibrium relationship between resource scarcity and economic growth. Only for the unit cost measure for lead and copper for one of the measures of cointegration is there a suggestion that resource scarcity has affected economic growth in the United States over the period 1889–1992.
“Girls in the Office”: Recruiting and Job Search in a Local Clerical Labor Market
Authors: England K V L
Published: October 2006

In this paper I investigate local labor-market processes which are associated with clerical employment in the financial and business services. I use a case study of Columbus, Ohio, to examine the process by which individual workplaces go about recruiting women workers and how women search for paid work. This process is viewed from the perspectives of employers and women clerical workers through the interpretation of a questionnaire survey of a sample of workplaces, and interactive interviews with personnel managers and women employed as clerical workers. I analyze the strategies that establishments utilize to recruit clerical workers and the job-search methods of the women interviewed. The results indicate that formal techniques of hiring and searching (for example, newspaper advertisements and temporary agencies) are particularly important, but informal methods (for example, personal contacts) are also very significant. The popularity of these techniques varies by location within the metropolitan area. Downtown locations for establishments and women employees are much more likely to be associated with formal methods, whereas informal methods are more popular in suburban workplaces. I argue that these processes illustrate that employers and women are enmeshed in a complex web of localized sociospatial relations and networks in their efforts to fill positions and find jobs.
Spatial Competition Amongst Hierarchically Organized Corporations: Prices, Profits, and Shipment Patterns
Authors: Plummer P
Published: October 2006

In recent years, there have been computational and theoretical advances in the analysis both of the equilibrium and of the disequilibrium properties of pricing models in which spatial markets are dominated by autonomous firms engaged in oligopolistic competition. In this paper I develop an approach to the modeling of spatial pricing that transcends the unrealistic institutional simplification that firms are autonomous and independent of corporate organizational structures. Specifically, I hypothesize that competition between corporations takes place at two spatial scales. At the intraurban scale, corporations compete for market share through their franchise sites, where market share is contingent upon the nature and degree of competition between franchises, the spatial structure of the urban market, and the costs of production to the franchise. At the intraurban scale, competition is defined in terms of the strategies of the individual corporations as they adjust their delivered prices to urban markets in response to changes in their costs of production and distribution, the interurban transportation network, and the achieved market share in each urban market. I demonstrate that, for a general corporate objective, there exists at least one spatial price equilibrium and that the stability conditions of this model are identical for two price-setting scenarios: a partial adjustment model and a Bertrand game. For the specific corporate objective of total-profit maximization, I examine the qualitative properties of the hierarchical model.
Contested Visions of a Modern City: Planning and Poetry in Postwar Glasgow
Authors: Fyfe N R
Published: October 2006

The author draws on the distinctions between representations of space and spaces of representation contained in Lefebvre's Production of Space, and examines the postwar modernisation of Glasgow. In the first part of the paper he considers the images of the city presented in the city's two postwar master plans; one drawn up by central government, the other by local government. These two very different representations of the space of Glasgow as a modern city sparked off a political struggle over the making of the built environment which has left its imprint on the city's contemporary urban landscape. In the second part of the paper he uses the work of several Glasgow poets to illuminate the consequences of the modernisation process for the lived spaces of the city—the spaces of representation. The poets' reading of the modern city vividly illustrates the effects of the colonisation of concrete space by the abstract spaces of the master plans. Weaving together these two different, but closely related, discourses about the city—planning and poetry—he provides a specific example of the significance of Lefebvre's conceptual framework for making sense of the urban landscape of the modern city.
Envisioning Urban Histories: Bristol as Palimpsest, Postcards, and Snapshots
Authors: Crang M
Published: October 2006

This paper is an attempt to juxtapose a variety of ways in which a city's history can be portrayed by working through various forms through which the history of Bristol has been envisioned. First, I hope to use the concept of the palimpsest from historical geography as a stage on which other ways of portraying the city can be interrogated. These other envisionings I subsequently stage are the visions bound up in touristic sights, that is in the pictures used in and created by heritage displays; and the ‘dispersed memory’ of archive pictures, principally the Reece Winstone archive of Bristol By studying the connections and disjunctures in this triptych I hope to suggest the importance and complexity of technologies used to envisage the city. I try to suggest that pictures of the city cannot be used as naive documents to illustrate the passage of time—despite how often they are used to do this. Different senses of historicity are manufactured through the space—times created by different processes of envisioning the city. I suggest the interlinkage of these technologies echoes through a specifically urban ‘picturesque’ photography that coalesces a sensitivity to the passage of time with a detailed cognisance of the city in visual depictions of Bristol.
In the Pursuit of Difference: Representations of Gentrification
Authors: Lees L
Published: October 2006

Since the earliest texts on gentrification appeared, the process has been represented in terms of binary oppositions, for example, inner city—suburb. I question these representations, which have been constructed as sites of difference. Some of these have become particularly prevalent if not dominant in the literature, some have become stereotypes. I illustrate these assertions through the analysis of four gentrification texts: academic, journalist, realtor, and gentrifier. I conclude that representations of gentrification and their expression through sites of difference need to be more nuanced or mobile, especially as many of these dualisms are becoming or can be displaced. A middle ground or space should be sought, for it is at the overlap and displacement of difference that the identity of gentrification is most traceable.
Immemorial Visibilities: Seeing the City's Difference
Authors: Barth L
Published: October 2006

Within urban studies, attentiveness toward social and cultural heterogeneity has come to involve a critique of metaphors of the city's visibility, on account of the association of vision with particular technologies of power and domination. This critical posture sometimes includes an overgeneralization in which the city's visibility is imagined as a screen which excludes and opposes the heterogeneity of everyday life. The resulting dualism restricts our attentiveness to difference and performatively repositions the critical subject within the same theatre of representation we had hoped to avoid. Although the work of Michel de Certeau describes the theoretical schema which devolves this danger, that of Jean-François Lyotard indicates directions by which critical urban studies might imagine the city's visibility differently, avoiding false generalization, dualism, and the presumption of a critical position. Through Lyotard, critical urban studies may grasp the paradox of an immemorial visibility, which proposes an ever-present difference within, rather than beyond, representation and visibility. The idea of the city's immemorial visibility suggests alternatives to the current tendency to canonize the investigation of everyday life, pointing instead toward formal experimentation in our representation of cities and toward the investigation of specific technologies which target our urban vision.
Planning for Women and other Disenabled Groups, with Reference to the Provision of Public Toilets in Britain
Authors: Greed C H
Published: October 2006

In this paper the reasons why it is proving so difficult to implement enabling policies to make urban space more accessible for women and other disenabled groups, with particular reference to the provision of public toilets in Britain, are investigated. Toilet provision is described, and factors are identified which have contributed to the situation, with reference to the governmental, professional, and organisational context. Alternative approaches to implementation are considered and examples are drawn from North American zoning-based systems. Although land-use zoning has a reputation for being socially divisive it is argued that zoning ordinance systems can be used constructively as a means of achieving social provision such as toilet facilities. It is concluded that, although it is important to solve existing problems by modifying existing urban structures, a more radical reconceptualisation of the city is needed to meet the needs of the majority of its users. To achieve this there is a need for a change in the subcultural values of the decisionmakers and for governmental support.
Global Localization? Japanese Research and Development Laboratories in the USA
Authors: Angel D P , Savage L A
Published: October 2006

In this paper the manufacturing strategies underlying the growing number of Japanese research and development (R&D) laboratories in the United States are examined. In particular, we assess the extent to which Japanese R&D in the United States is consistent with a model of global localization. The analysis is based upon data collected by a mailed questionnaire survey and through interviews with the directors of Japanese R&D laboratories. In its basic form, global localization is a manufacturing strategy that seeks to promote the emergence of an integrated manufacturing complex and attendant technology-development capability within North America and other major markets. In the case of Japanese automobile firms, close ties are observed between R&D and production facilities in the United States. In computers, electronics, and other industries, however, the principal linkage of R&D laboratories in the United States is to R&D laboratories in Japan. Divisional R&D laboratories in Japan remain the anchor for emerging international technology-development networks.
Using Triangular Graphs for Representing, Exploring and Analysing Electoral Change
Authors: Dorling D F L , Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Although electoral triangles have been used by several researchers to display election results in three-party contests, measures of change have not been derived from them that allow rigorous analysis of the interconstituency variations in change. We have recently derived two such measures, and in this paper subject them for the first time to analytic evaluation, and we use visualization methods to explore relationships and statistical procedures to test for them. The results shed new light on changes in the determinants of Great Britain's electoral geography between 1983 and 1987, and 1987 and 1992.
Shopping Around? Consumerism and the Use of Private Accident and Medical Clinics in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Barnett J R , Kearns R A
Published: October 2006

In this paper we review the ideology of health care service users as consumerists within the context of the market-driven health care reforms of the New Right. We localise this discussion by examining the way in which the recent (since 1991) health reforms in New Zealand have incorporated this ideology and added impetus to earlier (unsuccessful) moves to bring corporate interests into the field of primary health care. We then test the contention that patients ‘shop around’ for doctors by examining the utilisation behaviour of patients at two recently developed private accident and medical clinics in Auckland, New Zealand. Our analysis of data from a sample of 205 patients suggests that, despite some price discounting by these clinics, patients appear to ‘shop around’ only modestly and largely use clinics because they are convenient and because of the perceived ambience of these new medical environments. We conclude that for those in more desperate financial circumstances, choices for health care continue to be made on the pragmatic basis of physical access. Although ‘doctor shopping’ may exist, health care reforms based on the assumption that this is widespread behaviour will do little to improve the access to, or quality of, care for those who need it most.
The Rise of Mortgage-Backed Securities: Struggles to Reshape Access to Credit in the USA
Authors: MacDonald H
Published: October 2006

One of the most important outcomes of federal reregulation of the financial services sector since 1989 has been the completion of the shift from locally organized flows of credit to the housing sector, to a national mortgage-backed securities (MBS) market. In this paper the way in which the rise of MBSs has reshaped access to credit across social and spatial divisions is examined, and the implications of battles to shape the MBS market and of the practices of the two principal agencies in that market for the geography of financial exclusion are explored. Although the reregulation of the government-sponsored secondary markets promises to help break down entrenched patterns of financial exclusion, the government-sponsored enterprises are placed in the complex position of mediating social demands for more inclusionary credit practices and investor demands for continued high returns and low risks. It is unclear whether reform efforts will be sustained in the new political and economic environment of the mid-1990s.
Banking at the Margins: A Geography of Financial Exclusion in Los Angeles
Authors: Pollard J S
Published: October 2006

A changing regulatory environment, intensified competition, and the increasingly global and privatised nature of financial markets have taken a heavy toll on the US banking industry. In the 1980s over 1100 banks failed in the United States, more than in any decade since the 1930s. In this paper I examine the relationship between the eroding competitive position of the banking industry and an unfolding geography of financial exclusion affecting one low-income community in Los Angeles. First, I briefly outline the causes of banks' deteriorating competitive position, focusing on the mismatch between domestic financial regulation and the requirements of competition in retail markets through the 1980s. Second, I draw on research, using secondary sources and workplace-based interviews, to describe how some banks in Los Angeles are responding to these pressures by reorganising their production systems at an interregional, intermetropolitan, and intrametropolitan scale. Third, I concentrate on this intrametropolitan scale, documenting the rationalisation of branch networks and the rise of alternative financial institutions in part of South Central Los Angeles. To which communities are banks and their less regulated competitors to be held accountable? By way of conclusion, I argue that regulation needs to clarify this issue while also supporting the development of community-controlled financial institutions that can expand access to financial services in low-income neighbourhoods.
An Illusion of Spatial Hierarchy: Spatial Hierarchy in a Random Configuration
Authors: Okabe A , Sadahiro Y
Published: October 2006

In this paper we show the properties of a spatial hierarchy found in a random configuration in which points are randomly placed on a plane and ranks are randomly assigned to these points. First we show a method of detecting a spatial hierarchy in a configuration of ranked points on a plane (not necessarily the random configuration). Second, using this method we obtain the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration mentioned above, and examine its properties theoretically as well as numerically with the Monte Carlo simulation. From this examination, we find that the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration shares more or less similar properties with Christaller's spatial hierarchy. Stated explicitly, the shape of dominant regions is hexagonal on average; the areas of the same rank centers are fairly homogeneous; the K value defined by Christaller is almost constant. The constant K of the random configuration is close to seven, implying that the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration is close to Christaller's hierarchy of the administrative principle. These results explain to a certain extent why spatial hierarchies are often observed in the real world. At the same time, these results give us a warning. Even if we find a spatial hierarchy in the real world, we should question whether or not the observed hierarchy is a seeming hierarchy like the spatial hierarchy in the random configuration.
Building the Road for the BMW: Culture, Vision, and the Extended Metropolitan Region of Jakarta
Authors: Leaf M
Published: October 2006

Recent writings on Asian urbanization have stressed how the continuing outward expansion of the largest metropolitan regions has been eroding the long-standing distinction between rural and urban, particularly in terms of land use and economic structure. In this paper I examine the cultural implications of this phenomenon by looking at recent changes in the extended metropolitan region of Jakarta, Indonesia. Over the course of the 1980s, urbanization trends in Jakarta's periphery have resulted in a greatly expanded interface between urban and rural components of Indonesian society. Although this has created the opportunity for much broader popular participation in the urban economy, it may also be fostering a new perception within Indonesian society—that the primary social dichotomy lies not between the city and the countryside but between socioeconomic classes.