bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change implementation in the veterinary practice
Authors: Hibbert Sarah
Published: May 2014

Change is a necessity in any business including veterinary practice and as a result of this there is no shortage of research articles, management books and continuing professional development specifically devoted to the subject. However, despite all of the resources, major change initiatives often fail to reach the required goals, objectives and expectations. Darwin said, ‘It is not the strongest of the species who survive, not the most intelligent, but those who are the most adaptive to change’. So in order to be adaptive to change, managers need to know both the theory and practical application of change management. This article attempts to facilitate this by illustrating the key steps of change implementation.
Use of canine hydrotherapy as part of a rehabilitation programme
Authors: Tomlinson Ruth
Published: May 2014

Canine hydrotherapy in the UK is typically delivered in a swimming pool or using an underwater treadmill; hydrotherapy for rehabilitation should centre on encouraging correct limb movement within the water, regardless of the modality in which it is delivered. Veterinary consent is required before starting hydrotherapy, which enables the hydrotherapist to understand the dog’s condition. The properties of water are harnessed to enable safe and comfortable exercise, and a good understanding of these properties is needed for the design and implementation of a specific programme tailored to meet the needs of an individual dog. Hydrotherapy has a role in the treatment plan for a range of conditions, including obesity, pre-operative muscle conditioning, the conservative management of developmental orthopaedic diseases, such as hip dysplasia, and post-operative recovery from orthopaedic surgery; it can also be used palliatively, for fitness and for emotional wellbeing. Contraindications include unhealed surgical incisions, skin infection, emesis and diarrhoea. Two case studies demonstrate different areas in which hydrotherapy can help dogs. The aim of this article is to increase awareness of the benefits of hydrotherapy among veterinary professionals.
Veterinary nursing research: types, importance and dissemination
Authors: Clarke Patricia
Published: May 2014

As with other practice-based professions, research is vitally important to the field of veterinary nursing. Professions have a responsibility to provide high-quality services that are beneficial to their clients, whether human or animal, based on systematic and ongoing research, providing evidence-based principles. Even though veterinary nurses work as members of a healthcare team, there are areas of their professional practice that are exclusively their domain, which warrant scientific investigation. Veterinary nursing research will not only assist veterinary patients and clients through improving nursing practices, but will also advance the development of veterinary nursing as a profession. Generating a unique body of knowledge is one of the criteria by which a profession is defined. This article examines what is research in veterinary nursing, why research is important to veterinary nursing professional practice and how scientific research can promote the development of the veterinary nursing profession.
The role of antimicrobials in wound dressings
Authors: O'Dwyer Louise
Published: May 2014

Dressings have played a vitally important role in wound management since the 1960s. More recently as we see more evidence of antimicrobial resistance, there has been in increase in the number of antimicrobial dressings available, and in use. Antimicrobials differ from antibiotics in their mode of action against bacteria; meaning bacterial resistance is less likely. The current range of antimicrobials commonly incorporated into dressings includes silver, honey and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), with iodine being less commonly used in companion animal practice.
Effects of neutering on weight and metabolism in cats
Authors: Boznay Julie , Bowlt Kelly
Published: May 2014

Obesity is the most common nutritional condition of domestic cats in the UK, and is associated with a number of detrimental effects on health. Neutering of cats, which is absolutely essential for obvious reasons of population control and animal welfare, has long been recognised as an important risk factor in its development. In this article, we will review the current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying this association between neutering and increased risk for obesity. Weight gain in neutered cats arises from metabolic changes which are induced by the falling level of estrogens; those changes include increased energy intake, decreased satiety signals, and decreased energy expenditure. In order to tackle weight gain in neutered cats, those modifications in the metabolism of neutered cats need to be explained to the owners, and addressed by appropriate weight control measures immediately after the surgery.
Ethics and the RVN - why should we be concerned?
Authors: Mann Alison
Published: May 2014

Throughout their career veterinary nurses (VNs) may experience ethical dilemmas. These can range from something minor, such as not placing cats and dogs in the same ward, to a dilemma such as knowing that a veterinary surgeon (VS) in the practice is illegally docking tails. This may become more commonplace for VNs with the accountability they now face within their job roles as a result of the VN register. This article focuses on a potential scenario that could arise - the administration of a prescription only medicine (POM) by a registered VN in an emergency situation to provide analgesia. This is an illegal act and breaks the Code of Professional Conduct (2012) set out by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) but the ethical dilemma arises as a VN may see that the right thing to do is making sure the patient is not suffering.
Sharps injuries – new healthcare regulations and potential concerns for the veterinary profession
Authors: Lines Lisa
Published: May 2014

Last month the NHS European office announced a new directive: ‘Protecting healthcare workers from sharps injuries’. Lisa Lines looks at what this means to those working in veterinary practice.
A case-based approach to professional and legal issues
Authors: Webb Joanne , Welsh Perdi , Whiting Martin
Published: May 2014

This article takes a case-based approach to a scenario in veterinary practice. The actions of the registered veterinary nurse are analysed from a legal and professional perspective, with the aim to generate recommendations to improve future practice.
Everyday parasites in companion animals
Authors: Jimenez Castro Pablo David , Fisher Maggie
Published: May 2014

Owning pets in the UK and Ireland is very beneficial for some, but does bring risks and responsibilities. Over recent years, parasites endemic to the UK have been overshadowed by exotic parasites. This article turns the reader's attention back to these ‘everyday parasites’, exploring the effects of infestation/infection, lifecycles, identification and control of fleas, ticks, mites, tapeworms and Toxocara spp. The diagnostic and control challenges faced by pet owners and veterinarians are explored from the perspective of the One Health initiative.
The road to compulsory microchipping
Authors: Walsom Celia
Published: May 2014

The countdown to compulsory microchipping has started with 2 years to go in England and just a year in Wales. This article provide an update on the upcoming microchipping laws, explaining the role of veterinary practices in ensuring a smooth transition to compulsory microchipping.
Obesity and the health and welfare of the leisure horse
Authors: Chapman Stella J
Published: May 2014

Abstract Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excess body fat and is a medical disease in which excess fat has accumulated to such an extent that it has an adverse effect on the general health of the horse. Obesity is recognised as a cause for concern with regards to the health and welfare of companion animals, with one in five horses kept for leisure purposes currently regarded as obese. While obesity is not widely regarded as a welfare issue by the general public, owners have a duty of care to prevent pain and suffering in horses, and evidence suggests that an obese horse is more at risk of developing painful conditions such as laminitis. Recognition of obesity in horses is an inherent problem, with many owners underestimating the body condition and weight of their horse; this being further complicated by the fact that with larger framed horses, or horses that are already overweight, assessing body condition is more difficult. There are a number of ways of assessing body condition, including measuring actual bodyweight, assigning a body condition score and using formulas such as the body mass index. Body condition scoring is regarded as subjective, but is the most practical means by which owners can regularly assess the body condition of their horse. As with many diseases/disorders, the cause of obesity is multifactorial; however, the most common reason for a horse to become obese is overfeeding coupled with a lack of exercise. Obesity can be addressed by client education, and the veterinary nurse can provide advice with regards to weight management programmes. However, these need to be tailored to the individual horse, and owners need to recognise that they are entering into a long-term commitment.
Prevention and Management of Scale and Polish Damage to Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Wilson Nairn HF , Lynch Christopher D
Published: May 2014

Background

The use of resin composite in the restoration of, in particular, posterior teeth is increasing. This trend is set to continue, with the momentum-gathering shift towards minimal-intervention direct approaches to the restoration of diseased, damaged and worn teeth, and subsequent to the signing of the Minamata Convention, aimed, amongst other measures, at ‘phasing down’ the use of dental amalgam.1–3 As a result, members of the dental team should, it is suggested, give consideration to the prevention and management of the damage that routine scaling and polishing may cause to the margins and surfaces of restorations of resin composite, or indeed restorations of other tooth-coloured restorative systems. Such damage may compromise the aesthetic qualities and reduce the life expectancy of tooth-coloured restorations. This article focuses on the prevention and management of scale and polish damage to resin composite restorations.
The Minimally Invasive Management of Early Occlusal Caries: A Practical Guide
Authors: Mackenzie Louis , Banerjee Avijit
Published: May 2014

Pits and fissures on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth are sites affected commonly by demineralisation caused by the caries process. Clinicians face daily challenges in detecting these lesions, accurately diagnosing their activity and choosing from a range of management options. Traditionally, the detection of an active (or potentially active) occlusal lesion invariably resulted in the preparation of a standardised occlusal cavity, often extending beyond the confines of diseased tissue, followed by the insertion of a direct restorative material, most commonly dental amalgam. The overwhelming weight of contemporary evidence now favours minimally invasive (MI) operative management when required (usually after non-operative prevention has failed), and a wide range of equipment, materials and operative techniques is available to help operators to preserve the maximum amount of healthy/repairable tooth tissue and to allow restoration with more biologically respectful, tooth-preserving materials. This paper aims to provide clinicians with practical guidance in the prevention, early detection, predictable diagnosis and minimally invasive management of early occlusal carious lesions.
Periodontal Health – Challenges in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Reeves J
Published: May 2014

As the population ages and life expectancy increases, clinicians today find themselves in the wake of an ever-growing demand for high-quality aesthetic dental treatment, by increasingly informed patients. The long-term success of both cosmetic and restorative dentistry is dependent on well designed restorations and the health of the periodontal tissues. Overhanging restorations, full crown restorations with poor marginal fit, and implant-supported prosthetics with inadequate hygiene access all increase the risk for periodontal sequelae and interproximal caries.

When planning restorative treatment, consideration should be given to the restorative design, the need for hygiene access and the location of intended implants. In addition, the patient's manual dexterity and ability to manipulate oral hygiene aids is a crucial consideration, as is adequate access for the hygienist to manually debride and maintain the restorations.
“Adonde é o aposento do pescado?”: ecozoneamento do manguezal na pesca artesanal de crustáceos da Reserva Extrativista Marinha da Baía do Iguape, Maragogipe – Bahia
Authors: Casal Francisco Santos Cousiño , Souto Francisco José Bezerra
Published: May 2014

Os crustáceos, juntamente com os moluscos e peixes, correspondem aos recursos pesqueiros mais importantespara a subsistência e renda de populações humanas em ecossistema de manguezal. Nesse ambiente, sistemas culturaistradicionais reconhecem e classificam determinadas áreas ecológicas denominadas ecozonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foicompreender como os pescadores caracterizam as áreas de pesca e como estes conhecimentos tradicionais influenciam napesca artesanal de crustáceos no ambiente de manguezal. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Extrativista Marinha da Baíado Iguape, com a comunidade de pescadores do Angolá. A amostra dos informantes foi definida a partir de indivíduosoportunisticamente encontrados e pelo critério de especialistas nativos. Realizaram-se entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadascom 42 pescadores. Também foram utilizadas técnicas de turnês guiadas e de mapeamento participativo. As principaiszonas ecológicas identificadas pela comunidade pesqueira do Angolá foram: costeiro, riacho, rio, boca de rio, enseada,canal, coroa, poço, ilha, ilhote, mangue e terra. Os pescadores do Angolá demonstraram ter um aguçado domínio daespacialidade dos sítios de pesca e suas características e uma classificação consistente das ecozonas, relacionando-as aosaspectos bioecológicos dos recursos pesqueiros explorados.
Flora da Bahia: Caryocaraceae
Authors: Perdiz Ricardo De Oliveira , São-Mateus Wallace Messias Barbosa , Amorim André Márcio
Published: May 2014

The floristic survey of the Caryocaraceae from Bahia State, Brazil, is presented. Two genera and four species were recognized: Anthodiscus amazonicus, Caryocar brasiliense, C. coriaceum, and C. edule. An identification key, descriptions and taxonomic notes for genera and species are given, in addition to illustrations and maps of species distribution in Bahia.
Flora da Bahia: Cyclanthaceae
Authors: Freitas Juliana Gomes , Leal Eduardo Silva , Giulietti Ana Maria , Oliveira Reyjane Patricia
Published: May 2014

A floristic treatment of the Cyclanthaceae from the Bahia State, Brazil, is presented. Four native species in three genera are recognized: Asplundia gardneri, A. maximiliani, Evodianthus funifer and Thoracocarpus bissectus. Carludovica palmata, an introduced species, also occurs in the State. Identification key, descriptions and general comments on taxa as well as illustrations and distribution maps of species are presented.
A substituição das técnicas tradicionais de captura do caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus) pela técnica “redinha” no estuário do rio Mamanguape, Paraíba
Authors: Do Nascimento Douglas Macêdo , Mourão José da Silva , Alves Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega
Published: May 2014

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em duas comunidades indígenas localizadas às margens do complexoestuário-manguezal do rio Mamanguape, Paraíba. O estudo identificou os motivos da rápida transição das técnicastradicionais (braceamento e tapamento) para a “redinha”. Nossos resultados mostraram que os caranguejeiros foraminfluenciados a mudar de técnica(s), principalmente pela maior produção obtida através da redinha. Além disto, fatoresrelacionados às desvantagens apresentadas pelas técnicas braceamento e tapamento, como a possibilidade maior deacidentes de trabalho e doenças adquiridas a partir da atividade de captura, reforçaram essa transição. Especificamente parao braceamento, um fator ligado a uma questão comportamental do caranguejo, de habitar galerias mais profundas, dificultaa captura através desta técnica. Essa rápida transição é preocupante do ponto de vista da conservação, porque a redinha égeradora de vários impactos ambientais, tidos como potenciais ameaças ao ecossistema manguezal e ao estoque populacionaldo caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus). Deste modo, torna-se importante realizar estudos que busquem uma saída para umproblema que é não somente ambiental, como também social, visto que as técnicas tradicionais são menos rentáveis que aredinha e que esta surgiu para facilitar o trabalho do catador e aumentar a sua renda.
Samambaias e licófitas de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica na Serra da Jiboia, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Macedo Taís Soares , Góes-Neto Aristóteles , Nonato Fabiana Regina
Published: May 2014

A floristic survey of ferns and lycophytes from an area of Atlantic Rain Forest in the semi-arid region is presented. The Serra da Jiboia is a small set of hills which hosts several vegetation types: caatinga at the base, wet forests on the slope and campos rupestres (rocky fields) on the top; this is one of the prioritary areas for biodiversity conservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Field trips to collect material were carried out monthly, between 2009 and 2010. The specimens are deposited in HUEFS. A total of 97 species, in 51 genera and 22 families, were found; Elaphoglossum iguapense, E. itatiayense e Pecluma sicca are recorded for the first time from Northeast Brazil. Identification keys to families and species, as well as comments and geographic distribution are presented.
Otra perspectiva urbana para la historia literaria del Perú: la ‘tapada’ como símbolo de la Lima colonial
Authors: Valero Juan Eva María
Published: May 2014

Durante los siglos de la Colonia, la imagen de la mujer limeña, en su atuendo de «tapada», tuvo una importancia cardinal, tanto por su construcción literaria como icono de la ciudad virreinal, como por su utilización para identificar y cohesionar en el siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX un discurso identitario que fluctuó del ámbito histórico al literario. El presente artículo analiza, a través de fragmentos literarios e históricos principales, la evolución del discurso que construyó dicha imagen, así como los derroteros de la literatura peruana visibles a través del mismo. A ello se une la necesaria reflexión sobre los modos con que la predominante voz masculina ha construido la mencionada historia.
Alonso de Ercilla y el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega: de la epopeya a la tragedia
Authors: Valero Juan Eva María
Published: May 2014

Décadas antes de que Gilberto Triviños definiera La Araucana como tragedia, en lugar de como epopeya, José Durand había lanzado su visión evolutiva de la obra completa del Inca Garcilaso desde La Florida como epopeya, los Comentarios reales como utopía y la Historia general del Perú como tragedia. Partiendo de esta coincidencia en la evolución de Ercilla y el Inca, este artículo trata de reflexionar sobre divergencias y convergencias que nos permitan, por un lado, seguir analizando estas obras en relación con el contexto ideológico de los Siglos de Oro, y, por otro, establecer los lazos necesarios para visualizar ambas obras en la controvertida evolución de las letras coloniales hispanoamericanas. Los puntos centrales de comparación conciernen, en primer lugar, a la visión que cada uno de ellos proyecta sobre el conquistador; en segundo, a la similitud en diferentes aspectos aglutinados en los ideales del humanismo que están en la base cultural de ambos autores.
Ecos antiguos en voces nuevas: pos-memorias poéticas de mujeres en Chile y Argentina
Authors: Salomone Alicia
Published: May 2014

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo hacer una lectura interpretativa de una serie de textos poéticos producidos por mujeres en Argentina y Chile durante las décadas de 1990 y 2000, desde la perspectiva de la configuración poética de post-memorias y de su articulación con la experiencia de género sexual. En cuanto a la noción de post-memoria, recurrimos a las resignificaciones que, a partir de la experiencia post-dictatorial del Cono Sur, realiza la crítica chilena Gilda Waldman de las teorizaciones propuestas por Marianne Hirsch. Las que permiten dar cuenta de cómo las generaciones de hijos/as de los/las militantes de los años sesenta y setenta en América Latina elaboran sus respectivas memorias en un contexto post-traumático. En lo que hace al trabajo con la escritura misma, lo que se busca es observar cuáles son las estrategias discursivas e ideológicas que operan en la configuración poética de dichas post-memorias.
«Mala onda», «lata» e «ironía» en Mala onda de Alberto Fuguet
Authors: Rojo Grínor
Published: May 2014

Este trabajo se ocupa de Mala onda, la Bildungsroman que Alberto Fuguet publicó en los inicios de la transición postdictatorial chilena y que ha merecido los reproches de la derecha y la izquierda críticas. La lectura que aquí se ofrece parte de la elección del autor entre las tres soluciones básicas de que dispone este tipo de relatos para resolver la encrucijada del crecimiento adolescente, y que son la de la no aceptación de lo dado (Manuel Rojas, Hijo de ladrón), la de la negociación con lo dado (Alberto Blest Gana, Martín Rivas; Antonio Skármeta, No pasó nada) y la de la aceptación de lo dado por las buenas o por las malas. Aunque es cierto que la ironía narrativa va a desarmarla en el relato, el protagonista de Mala onda va a optar por esta última opción.
El Sexto, ¿novela andina?
Authors: Órzhytskyi Ígor
Published: May 2014

El artículo propone un acercamiento a la novela de José María Arguedas, El sexto. El texto es una de sus obras menos conocida, de temática carcelaria, donde el protagonista, durante su encierro, percibe y modula su visión andina: el mundo de la cárcel está construido del mismo modo que el espacio andino en otras obras de Arguedas, a partir de la simbología de la piedra, el agua, la luz, la sangre, el baile, la música y los personajes andinos. El narrador, desde su inalterable visión de la armonía del mundo que relata, se aproxima a una realidad sinestésica, compuesta de la interacción sintáctica y semántica del agua y la voz, los sonidos y los olores, la luz y el ruido, el baile y la piedra que se verá afectada por la perspectiva carcelaria. La cuestión ya fue tratada en otros textos como la novela Hombres sin tiempo (1941) del ecuatoriano A. Pareza Diezcanseco en la que la visión indígena del mundo carcelario es de gran relevancia, influenciada, igual que en la novela de Arguedas, por la perspectiva y las raíces andinas de ambos autores.
José María Arguedas y el lenguaje de la identidad mestiza
Authors: Osorio Tejeda Nelson
Published: May 2014

El artículo vuelve sobre la reflexión identitaria que surge del estudio de la escritura de José María Arguedas, atendiendo particularmente a las peculiaridades de un escritor cuya obra es el resultado y la expresión del mundo andino. La figura literaria de Arguedas se conforma a partir de un mestizaje particular vinculado a una lengua y a una cultura ancestral, recuperada desde la mirada contemporánea de un autor en permanente conflicto entre ambas tradiciones. Arguedas se convierte, pues, en un mestizo bilingüe. En busca de una expresión para su pueblo, crea, inventa, construye un lenguaje literario que, sin desdeñar el quechua y el castellano, permita encauzar «todas las sangres» en el sueño de un mundo en el que se hagan realidades las esperanzas.
Microfinance Regulation and Market Development in Latin America
Authors: Trujillo Veronica , Rodriguez-Lopez Fernando , Muriel-Patino Victoria
Published: May 2014

The evolution and development of microfinance markets is conditioned by external factors such as macroeconomic variables, institutional country level, availability of conflict resolution mechanisms, informal sector features, and applicable regulation. A careful design of the latter aspect is needed because it can either be a tool for promotion (by facilitating and making flexible microfinance institutions activities) or a restriction to market development by setting unnecessary limits or requirements. Considering these ideas, this paper analyzes the relationship between regulatory frameworks for microfinance in 17 Latin American countries and the level of development and specific features in its corresponding microfinance markets.
Swelling of Crosslinked Polymers in Liquids and Vapors. Rational Explanation of Thermodynamic Paradoxes
Authors: Davankov Vadim A. , Pastukhov Alexander V.
Published: May 2014

Schroeder's paradox, stronger swelling of gelatin in liquid water compared to swelling in saturated water vapor, did not
receive any acceptable thermodynamic explanation for more than 100 years. By an automatic registration of the growing size of
a single polymeric sphere (of less than 1 mm in diameter) placed first into saturated vapor atmosphere and then into
corresponding liquid, we showed that the above effect is a general phenomenon characteristic of all crosslinked polymers and
all types of aqueous or organic media. Explanation of the paradox is presented in terms of higher activity and chemical
potential of the bulk liquid compared to saturated vapor over it, due to the unidirectional attraction of the surface molecules
toward the condensed liquid phase. Also, it was found that saturated vapor can exist in a prolonged equilibrium with polymer
samples which incorporate any amount of the sorbate within the broad range from the vapor-equilibrated to liquid-equilibrated
extremes. This paradox is explained by the dependence of the system of inter-chain interactions within the network on the
pre-history of the sample.
What Impact? A Framework for Measuring the Scale and Scope of Social Performance
Authors: Ebrahim Alnoor , Rangan V. Kasturi
Published: May 2014

Organizations with social missions, such as nonprofits and social enterprises, are under growing pressure to demonstrate their impacts on pressing societal problems such as global poverty. This article draws on several cases to build a performance assessment framework premised on an organization's operational mission, scale, and scope. Not all organizations should measure their long-term impact, defined as lasting changes in the lives of people and their societies. Rather, some organizations would be better off measuring shorter-term outputs or individual outcomes. Funders such as foundations and impact investors are better positioned to measure systemic impacts.
Strategic Agility in MNEs: Managing Tensions to Capture Opportunities across Emerging and Established Markets
Authors: Fourné Sebastian P.L. , Jansen Justin J.P. , Mom Tom J.M.
Published: May 2014

Traditional sources of sustainable competitive advantages are very rare in today's heterogeneous and hyper-competitive global business environment. This article identifies and illustrates three dynamic capabilities—sensing local opportunities, enacting global complementarities, and appropriating local value—by which MNEs are able to operate successfully across emerging and established markets. For MNEs in these markets, strategic agility is a meta-capability that enables them to create and deploy these three capabilities in a dynamic balance over time. Doing so demands embracing the tensions between these capabilities effectively.
Developing and Diffusing New Technologies: Strategies for Legitimization
Authors: Hall Jeremy , Bachor Vernon , Matos Stelvia
Published: May 2014

This article investigates legitimization processes and organizations' strategies for developing and diffusing new technologies. Drawing on cases in agricultural transgenic technology and genomics in forestry, the authors provide a framework to help managers develop strategies for more efficient technology development and diffusion. Strategies that fail to consider legitimization processes, especially in controversial social environments and/or varying institutional settings, could result in costly delays or promising technology left sitting on the shelf. Technology developers need to identify key technological, commercial, organizational, and societal uncertainties during the early phases of the technology's development, allowing them to shape the technology for more efficient diffusion.
Conflict as the absence of contract
Authors: Murshed Mansoob S.
Published: May 2014

Two phenomena have been recently used to explain conflict onset: Greed and grievance. The former reflects elite competition over valuable natural resource rents. The latter argues that grievance fuels conflict. Central to grievance are concepts of interethnic or horizontal inequality. Identity formation is also crucial to intrastate conflict, as it overcomes the collective action problem. Conflict can rarely be explained by greed alone. The greed explanation for conflict duration and secessionist wars works best in cross-country studies but has to make way for grievance-based arguments in quantitative country-case studies. Grievances and horizontal inequalities may be better at explaining why conflicts begin, but not necessarily why they persist. Neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak of violent conflict, something which requires the breakdown of the social contract.
Large magnetic permeability and resonant frequency of CoFe nanofilms electrodeposited via optimizing plating solution parameters based on electrochemistry mechanisms
Authors: Zong BaoYu , Wu YuPing , Phuoc Nguyen Nguyen , Ho Pin , Ma FuSheng
Published: May 2014

A simple methodology to electrodeposit thin soft CoFe films with desirable microwave properties from simple salt solutions at room temperature is demonstrated. Plating solution parameters have diverse influences on real potentials of ion reductions and deposition behavior of the FeCo crystals, consequently affecting largely the particle size, crystal structure and chemical composition of the film fabricated. This in turn determines their static magnetism and dynamic microwave properties. Through optimizing solution additive, concentration and temperature from electrodeposition mechanism, the as-prepared nanofilms possess a low coercivity of < 30 Oe, moderate anisotropy of 60-90 Oe, high crystallinity and magnetic moment of ≥ 2.0 T, and hence readily display an ultrahigh magnetic permeability (up to 1128) and resonant frequency (up to 2.1 gigahertz) simultaneously, as well as other desirable physico-chemical properties. Thus the nanofilms can be applied to high gigahertz frequency applications.
A New Transfer Technique for Graphene Deposited by CVD on Metal Thin Films
Authors: Amato G. , Simonetto E. , Croin L. , Vittone E.
Published: May 2014

Chemical Vapor Deposition of graphene on metallic substrates is one of the most attracting techniques for large area graphene production. The technique widely employed for transferring graphene to other substrates involves deposition of a polymer support with subsequent etching of the metal substrate. Here we report a safer transfer process, which requires a two-step PMMA deposition and bonding under pressure. Sheets of graphene before and after transfer have been both characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and show comparable quality, indicating that the proposed technique does not introduce additional defects in graphene.
Chloride diffusion in concrete subjected to compressive loading
Authors: Zhang Lihua , Jia Jinqing , Meng Gang , Zhu Weiqing
Published: May 2014

The influence of lateral surface microcracking on chloride diffusion in ordinary concrete (OC) and high-performance concrete (HPC) was investigated. The development of microcracks in the concretes was described by an evaluation indicator calculated from strain measurements at macroscopic level. Concrete specimens were subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading to different loading levels and then long-term chloride bulk diffusion tests were carried out on compressed specimens with only one exposed lateral surface. The effect of compressive loading on the chloride diffusion coefficient was analysed by means of the specific crack area. The results indicate that an increase in compressive loading increases the chloride diffusion coefficient and the effect is more obvious in OC than HPC. However, compared with OC, the chloride diffusion coefficient of HPC is more sensitive to microcracking in the lateral surface.
Earthquake impact on utilities: planning for recovery
Authors: Mowll Richard , Brunsdon Dave
Published: May 2014

The first step towards improving a city's resilience is to understand the hazards it faces and assess their potential impact. The Wellington Lifelines Group in New Zealand is engaged in doing this exercise for the metropolitan area of the Wellington region, New Zealand. It consists of 20 utility operators and civil defence agencies that facilitate planning for major natural hazard events. This allows utility providers to understand the risks they face, mitigate them where practical with physical upgrades, and carry out emergency planning where services are likely to be seriously disrupted. This paper describes the work of the group and its 2012 report summarising the impact of a major earthquake on energy, transport, water and telecommunications utilities within metropolitan Wellington. The report outlined emergency planning projects in progress or proposed, thereby providing a snapshot of Wellington's current and projected preparedness to restart key services after a major disaster.
A City-Based Design That Attempts to Improve National Representativeness of Asians
Authors: Pedlow Steven
Published: May 2014

This article describes a case study on the potential of using smaller geographical units in an area probability design, and reports the challenges of collecting a nationally representative sample for this hard-to-reach population. The Census Integrated Communications Program Evaluation (CICPE) was designed to evaluate the promotional campaign’s effect on Decennial Census participation for six race/ethnicity groups of interest. A nationally representative Core sample was designed to collect interviews for Hispanics, non-Hispanic African-Americans, and non- Hispanic Whites. However, it was impractical to include the rarer Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) populations in the Core design. For the Asian sample, we designed a separate area probability sample.

Traditional area probability sampling designs use counties or metropolitan areas as first-stage units, but smaller geographical units can better target hard-to-reach populations. The CICPE Asian sample used cities as the first-stage units.
Locating Longitudinal Respondents After a 50-Year Hiatus
Authors: Stone Celeste , Scott Leslie , Battle Danielle , Maher Patricia
Published: May 2014

Many longitudinal and follow-up studies face a common challenge: locating study participants. This study examines the extent to which a geographically dispersed subsample of participants can be relocated after 37 to 51 years of noncontact. Relying mostly on commercially available databases and administrative records, the 2011-12 Project Talent Follow-up Pilot Study (PTPS12) located nearly 85 percent of the original sample members, many of whom had not participated in the study since 1960. This study uses data collected in the base year to examine which subpopulations were the hardest to find after this extended hiatus. The results indicate that females were located at significantly lower rates than males. As expected, sample members with lower cognitive abilities were among the hardest-to-reach subpopulations. We next evaluate the extent to which biases introduced during the tracking phase can be minimized by using the multivariate chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) technique to calculate tracking loss adjustments. Unlike a 1995 study that found that these adjustments reduced statistical biases among its sample of located females, our results suggest that statistical adjustments were not as effective in PTPS12, where many participants had not been contacted in nearly 50 years and the tracking rates varied so greatly across subgroups.
Speciation of Cu and Zn in soil solution in a long-term fertilization experiment
Authors: Rutkowska Beata , Szulc Wiesław
Published: May 2014

The changes of the concentration of Cu and Zn in the soil solution and the percentage of particular forms of these elements in the soil solution were investigated in the long-term fertilization experiment. The soil solution was obtained following the vacuum displacement method. Speciation of copper and zinc ions was determined with MINTEQA2 for Windows software. The results of the investigation indicated that exclusive mineral fertilization (NPK) caused an increase of Cu and Zn concentration in the soil solution. Organic fertilization (FYM) resulted in a decrease of Cu and an increase of Zn concentration in the soil solution. Liming limited mobility of both analysed elements. The results of speciation analysis showed that regardless of the fertilization mode, the organo-mineral complexes are the main form of Cu occurring in soil solution. The percentage of Cu-DOC complexes ranges from 76.5 to 85.2% of the total concentration of Cu in the soil solution. The particular forms of copper can be sorted depending on the percentage in the soil solution as follows: Cu-DOC>Cu2+>Cu-CO3. The main form of Zn in the soil solution are active Zn2+ ions. The share of Zn2+ in total zinc concentration in the soil solution ranged from 76.9% to 86.4%. Forms of zinc in the soil solution can be arranged with regard to their percentage as follows: Zn2+>Zn-DOC>ZnCl+>ZnHCO3+.
Trauma and Remembering in Earnest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Pokharel Badri Prasad
Published: May 2014

Human beings have been coming across different kinds of traumatic experiences since the very beginning of the human civilization. Such experiences have become one of the issues, which can be discussed and interpreted while reading the literary texts. For example, Ernest Hemingway has produced fictional works that reveal the horrible war experiences and whose characters participate in the war, endure fatal events, and get badly victimized, having traumatic experiences. A Farewell to Arms written in 1929, one of his literary masterpieces, brings out those experiences which the main character Henry endures and is badly traumatized by the horrible consequences. The activities that he involves either in the World War I, as an ambulance driver or has a love affair with a British nurse Catherine, are all related to his traumatic experiences. As a traumatic hero of the novel, he would not have anything except remembering those horrible memories that he probably wants to forget, but as much as he tries to forget them, he remembers a lot. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10469 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 59-64
Ethnic and Racial Stereotypes: A Critical Appraisal of Identity Politics in Nepal
Authors: Paudel Ram Chandra
Published: May 2014

As per the scope of this paper, it attempts, in its first part, to offer an operational definition of the term "stereotype." Then it scrutinizes three visual images to demonstrate how racial /ethnic stereotypes are constructed. The first image is extracted from Jo Sharp's Geographies of Postcolonialism. The second image comes from Mike Chappel's The Gurkhas and the third carton sketch is taken from The Kathmandu Post. In its final part, the paper explains how some ethnocentric elites in Nepal, motivated and funded by western agencies, are attempting to homogenize /stabilize the complex social racial and ethnic texture. The paper concludes that such stereotypical and monolithic representations can provoke racial and ethnic issues resulting in disintegration, xenophobia and conflict in Nepali society. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10471 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 79-84
Suitability of Canopy Temperature Depression, Specific Leaf Area, and SPAD Chlorophyll Reading for Genotypic Comparison of Peanut Grown in a Sub-humid Environment
Authors: Singh D. , Balota M. , Isleib T. G. , Collakova E. , Welbaum G. E.
Published: May 2014

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is mostly grown under rainfed production with water deficit being the major limiting factor. Several physiological characteristics have been proposed as surrogates for yield and genotypic selection under water deficit in arid climates, but their suitability for selection under sub-humid rainfed production where water deficit can also occur is not clear. Canopy temperature depression (CTD), specific leaf area (SLA), and SPAD chlorophyll reading of eight virginia-type peanut genotypes were evaluated at three growth stages in field trials involving rainfed and irrigated plants in sub-humid environments in northeastern Virginia-Carolina (VC) region in 2011 and 2012. Significant (p≤0.05) variation in pod yield and all physiological characteristics was observed in response to water regime in both years. Rainfed plants had warmer (CTD 2.2 vs. 3.1 °C) and greener canopies in 2011 but cooler (CTD 3.9 vs. 2.2 °C) and less green canopies in 2012 than the irrigated plants. Compared to irrigated plants, rainfed plants had slightly increased SLA in 2011 (135 vs. 131 cm2 g−1), but decreased SLA in 2012 (133 vs. 144 cm2 g−1). Differences (p≤0.05) among genotypes were observed for pod yield, SLA, and SPAD chlorophyll reading, but not for CTD. Among the physiological characteristics, only SPAD chlorophyll readings were significantly correlated to pod yield in all water regimes and growth stages in 2012, but not in 2011. Based on these results, CTD, SLA, and SPAD chlorophyll reading appear to be unsuited for genotypic selection for yield and water-deficit tolerance for peanut grown in sub-humid environment of the Virginia-Carolina region in part due to unpredictable rainfall amount and distribution. For reproducible field evaluations, additional methods will have to be used such as use of rain exclusion shelters.
The skull of Chios: trepanation in Hippocratic medicine
Authors: Tsermoulas Georgios , Aidonis Asterios , Flint Graham
Published: May 2014

Cranial trepanation is the oldest neurosurgical operation and its roots date back to prehistory. For many centuries, religion and mysticism were strongly linked to the cause of diseases, and trepanation was associated with superstitions such as releasing evil spirits from inside the skull. The Hippocratic treatise “On injuries of the head” was therefore a revolutionary work, as it presented a systematic approach to the management of cranial trauma, one that was devoid of spiritual elements. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of skeletal findings that confirm that the practice of trepanation was performed as part of Hippocratic medicine. In this historical vignette, the authors present a trepanned skull that was found in Chios, Greece, as evidence of the procedure having been performed in accordance with the Hippocratic teaching. The skull bears a parietal bur hole in association with a linear fracture, and it is clear that the patient survived the procedure. In this analysis, the authors examine the application of the original Hippocratic teaching to the skull of Chios. The rationalization of trepanation was clearly a significant achievement in the evolution of neurosurgery.
Computational Mechanistic Study of the Gas Phase Oxidation of Methanol with Ozone
Authors: Shayan Kolsoom , Vahedpour Morteza
Published: May 2014

The reaction of methanol and ozone on the singlet potential energy surface has been carried out using the RMP2 theoretical approach in connection with the 6–311++G(d, p) basis set. To obtain a more reliable energy, single point calculations were performed for all species at the CCSD(T) level. One pre-reactive complex C1 is formed between the reactants. From a variety of the complexes, five types of product are obtained, of which four types have enough thermodynamic stability at the RMP2 level. In the thermodynamic approach, the most favoured route begins with the formation of a pre-reactive complex C1 and gives H2CO+H2O+3O2 as the final adducts. This process is exothermic by – 73.243 kcal mol–1 in standard enthalpy and exergonic by – 83.382 kcal mol–1.
The Effects of Cooking Process and Meat Inclusion on Pet Food Flavor and Texture Characteristics
Authors: Koppel Kadri , Gibson Michael , Alavi Sajid , Aldrich Greg
Published: May 2014

The pet food industry is an important portion of the food and feed industries in the US. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine cooking method (baking or extrusion), meat inclusion (0 or 20%), and extrusion thermal to mechanical energy ratios (low, medium, and high) effects on sensory and volatile properties of pet foods, and (2) to determine associations among sensory and volatile characteristics of baked and extruded pet foods. Descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the pet food samples. It was found that baked samples were lighter in color (2.0–2.6 baked vs. 3.5–4.3 extruded, color intensity scale 0–15), and had lower levels of attributes that indicated rancidity (i.e., fishy flavor; 0.3–0.6 baked, 0.6–1.5 extruded, scale 0–15), whereas extruded pet foods were more cohesive in mass, more friable, hard, and crisp, but less powdery than baked samples. Fresh meat inclusion tended to decrease bitterness and increase fishy flavor and cohesiveness of pet foods. High thermal to mechanical energy ratio during extrusion resulted in less musty and more porous kibbles. The main volatile compounds included aldehydes, such as hexanal and heptanal, ketones, and alcohols. Extruded samples did not contain methylpyrazine, while baked samples did not contain 2-butyl furan. Future studies should consider evaluating the relationship between sensory results and animal palatability for these types of foods.
The Impact of Economic Crisis on Chronic Patients’ Self-Rated Health, Health Expenditures and Health Services Utilization
Authors: Skroumpelos Anastasios , Pavi Elpida , Mylona Katerina , Kyriopoulos John
Published: May 2014

There is evidence that the economic crisis in Greece has substantially affected patients and health care services, with chronic patients forming a particularly vulnerable group. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and in what way the current economic environment has affected patients with selected chronic conditions. A cross sectional study was carried out with a sample size of 1200 patients suffering from hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Following a large family income decrease (35.4%) in the last 3 years, chronic patients reported decreased spending for various expenditure categories in order to maintain their ability to finance their health care needs. Among the disease groups studied, statistically significant differences were found for self-rated heath (SRH), out-of pocket health expenditures, health services utilization and the perceived need for physician services. Although need for physician visits for issues related to the chronic condition has largely been reported as met, this was achieved by increased out-of-pocket expenditures and large family budget cuts for essential household goods and services. Austerity measures and reduction of public health expenditure by the state appear to have led to high private expenditures and to de jure or de facto insurance coverage loss for primary care services.