bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trait-based modelling in ecology: lessons from two decades of research
Authors: Zakharova Liubov , Meyer Katrin M , Seifan Merav
Published: January 2019

Trait-based approaches are an alternative to species-based approaches for functionally linking individual organisms with community structure and dynamics. In the trait‑based approach, the focus is on the traits, the physiological, morphological, or life-history characteristics, of organisms rather than their species. Although used in ecological research for several decades, this approach only emerged in ecological modelling about twenty years ago. We review this rise of trait-based models and trace the occasional transfer of trait-based modelling concepts between terrestrial plant ecology, animal and microbial ecology, and aquatic ecology. Trait-based models have a variety of purposes, such as predicting changes in species distribution patterns under climate and land-use change, planning and assessing conservation management, or studying invasion processes. In modelling, trait-based approaches can reduce technical challenges such as computational limitations, scaling problems, and data scarcity. However, we note inconsistencies in the current usage of terms in trait-based approaches and these inconsistencies must be resolved if trait-based concepts are to be easily exchanged between disciplines. Specifically, future trait-based models may further benefit from incorporating intraspecific trait variability and addressing more complex species interactions. We also recommend expanding the combination of trait-based approaches with individual-based modelling to simplify the parameterization of models, to capture plant-plant interactions at the individual level, and to explain community dynamics under global change.
Multi-scale models and data for infectious diseases: A systematic review
Authors: Childs Lauren M , El Moustaid Fadoua , Gajewski Zachary , Kadelka Sarah , Nikin-Beers Ryan , Smith, Jr. John W. , Walker Melody , Johnson Leah R.
Published: January 2019

The observed dynamics of infectious diseases are driven by processes across multiple scales. First is within-host, that is how an infection progresses inside a single individual (for instance viral and immune dynamics). Second is how the infection is transmitted between multiple individuals of a host population. The dynamics of each of these may be influenced by the other, particularly across evolutionary time. Thus understanding each of these scales, and the links between them, is necessary for a wholistic understanding of the spread of infectious diseases. One approach to combining these scales is through mathematical modeling. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on multi-scale mathematical models of disease transmission to determine the extent to which mathematical models are being used to understand across-scale transmission, and the extent to which these models are being confronted with data. Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, we identified 19 of 139 qualifying papers across 30 years that include both linked models at the within and between host levels and that used data to parameterize/calibrate models. We find that the approach that incorporates both modeling with data is under-utilized, if increasing. This highlights the need for better communication and collaboration between modelers and empiricists to build well-calibrated models that both improve understanding and may be used for prediction.
Effect of the first and next calvings of cows and their milk production level on the relationship between dry period length and milk yield and its composition in the subsequent lactation
Authors: Sawa A. , Bogucki M. , Siatka K.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The effect cow age and milk production level was analized on the relationship between dry period length and milk yield and composition in the subsequent lactation. The GLM and CORR PEARSON procedures of the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. It is shown that in terms of milk yield in the subsequent lactation, a dry period of 40–60 days was the most favourable. In particular in primiparous cows it was found that in terms of milk yield, shortening the dry period is less favourable than extending it beyond the 41- to 60-day standard. A dry period of 21–40 days can be offered to multiparous cows without significant milk losses in the subsequent lactation. Eliminating or shortening the dry period should exclude cows after first calving. It seems that a dry period of 21–40 days can also be offered to high-producing cows (≥ 8 000 kg milk) because their milk yield, in relation to cows dried for 41–60 days, was lower by 3.5 %. Shortening the dry period has a positive effect on the concentration of basic milk components such as fat and protein, causing them to increase. Dry period length had no effect on milk lactose content.
Comparison of different control strategies for classical swine fever using emergency vaccination and rapid PCR testing by using a Monte-Carlo simulation model
Authors: Brosig J. , Traulsen I. , Blome S. , Depner K. , Krieter J.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Whenever an outbreak of classical swine fever has occurred in the European Union (EU), the basic control measures have usually been supplemented by preventive culling. This strategy has led to a great number of culled pigs and is discussed by general public and politics from both ethical and economic points of view. Emergency vaccination has been deemed to be an alternative control measure for some time now. PCR testing also provides a possible future strategy, since this method would allow a rapid and reliable testing of pigs in the vicinity of an outbreak farm. In this study, a spatial and temporal Monte-Carlo simulation model was used to compare alternative control strategies based upon these two measures (»Emergency Vaccination«, »Test To Slaughter«, »Test To Control« and »Vaccination in conjunction with Rapid Testing«) with the current control strategy. Two regions for investigation with different farm densities were used in the model. In a region with a low farm density, the basic EU control measures seemed to be sufficient to control an epidemic. In a region with a high farm density, additional measures would be necessary. »Emergency Vaccination« in a 3 km application zone and »Traditional Control« reached the same level of infected farms. Both »Test To Slaughter« and »Test To Control« combined with preventive culling led to a lower number of infected farms compared to the sole preventive culling strategy. The alternative control measures can reduce the number of culled farms significantly compared to »Traditional Control«.
Characterisation of carcass composition and meat quality of male suckling buffalo calves kept on natural grassland
Authors: Holló G. , Barna B. , Nuernberg K.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The aim of this observational study (field experiment) was to evaluate carcass composition and meat quality of male suckling buffalo calves. The animals were born between June and September 2011 and were kept on natural pasture in a cow/calf herd. From the end of November 2011, the suckling calves were fed only roughage as feed supplement in a feedlot until slaughter. For a generalised characterisation, the basic statistics of 18 male calves were calculated. The animals were slaughtered at an average live weight of 196.0 kg. Growth, live weight development and most carcass traits varied substantially between individual calves. The 12th rib muscle composition measured by computer tomography indicated comparable meat contents as evaluated by manual dissection of the carcass. Meat quality parameters (pH and colour) and the nutrient composition (protein, fat, ash) of longissimus muscle samples of calves were relatively similar. The intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle was low, but shows a high variation between 0.3–1.1 %.
Single cell functional genomics reveals the importance of mitochondria in cell-to-cell phenotypic variation
Authors: Dhar Riddhiman , Missarova Alsu M , Lehner Ben , Carey Lucas B
Published: January 2019

Mutations frequently have outcomes that differ across individuals, even when these individuals are genetically identical and share a common environment. Moreover, individual microbial and mammalian cells can vary substantially in their proliferation rates, stress tolerance, and drug resistance, with important implications for the treatment of infections and cancer. To investigate the causes of cell-to-cell variation in proliferation, we used a high-throughput automated microscopy assay to quantify the impact of deleting >1500 genes in yeast. Mutations affecting mitochondria were particularly variable in their outcome. In both mutant and wild-type cells mitochondrial membrane potential – but not amount – varied substantially across individual cells and predicted cell-to-cell variation in proliferation, mutation outcome, stress tolerance, and resistance to a clinically used anti-fungal drug. These results suggest an important role for cell-to-cell variation in the state of an organelle in single cell phenotypic variation.
Hedgehog signaling patterns the oral-aboral axis of the mandibular arch
Authors: Xu Jingyue , Liu Han , Lan Yu , Adam Mike , Clouthier David E , Potter Steven , Jiang Rulang
Published: January 2019

Development of vertebrate jaws involves patterning neural crest-derived mesenchyme cells into distinct subpopulations along the proximal-distal and oral-aboral axes. Although the molecular mechanisms patterning the proximal-distal axis have been well studied, little is known regarding the mechanisms patterning the oral-aboral axis. Using unbiased single-cell RNA-seq analysis followed by in situ analysis of gene expression profiles, we show that Shh and Bmp4 signaling pathways are activated in a complementary pattern along the oral-aboral axis in mouse embryonic mandibular arch. Tissue-specific inactivation of hedgehog signaling in neural crest-derived mandibular mesenchyme led to expansion of BMP signaling activity to throughout the oral-aboral axis of the distal mandibular arch and subsequently duplication of dentary bone in the oral side of the mandible at the expense of tongue formation. Further studies indicate that hedgehog signaling acts through the Foxf1/2 transcription factors to specify the oral fate and pattern the oral-aboral axis of the mandibular mesenchyme.
PARIS, an optogenetic method for functionally mapping gap junctions
Authors: Wu Ling , Dong Ao , Dong Liting , Wang Shi-Qiang , Li Yulong
Published: January 2019

Cell-cell communication via gap junctions regulates a wide range of physiological processes by enabling the direct intercellular electrical and chemical coupling. However, the in vivo distribution and function of gap junctions remain poorly understood, partly due to the lack of non-invasive tools with both cell-type specificity and high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we developed PARIS (pairing actuators and receivers to optically isolate gap junctions), a new fully genetically encoded tool for measuring the cell-specific gap junctional coupling (GJC). PARIS successfully enabled monitoring of GJC in several cultured cell lines under physiologically relevant conditions and in distinct genetically defined neurons in Drosophila brain, with ~10 s temporal resolution and sub-cellular spatial resolution. These results demonstrate that PARIS is a robust, highly sensitive tool for mapping functional gap junctions and study their regulation in both health and disease.
BATTERY PACK DESIGN PROBLEMS - INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD ON INTERNAL BATTERY RESISTANCE
Authors: Benšić Tin , Hederić Željko , Barukčić Marinko , HADŽISELIMOVIĆ MIRALEM , Cvetković Nenad , Krstić Dejan
Published: January 2019

The battery pack represents an essential part of electric vehicles (EV), so its design significantly influences the drive characteristics. The system of energy flow control in EV use high- frequency power electronic components that cause the appearance of high harmonics super-imposed on DC component of the battery current. This paper examines the influence of the distribution of the transversal magnetic field inside of the battery pack depending on battery pack design and its influence on battery parameters. DC component of the transversal magnetic field inside of battery cells cause Hall effect ions path allocation that is reflected on internal battery resistance negative change. AC component of the transversal magnetic field in electrically closed loops within battery pack induced e.m.s. that also cause negative phenomena on battery pack parameters. Key words: battery pack design, Hall effect, internal battery resistance, transversal magnetic field.
SYSTEM FOR SUPPLYING ELECTRIC ENERGY WITH ZERO CO2 EMISSIONS
Authors: ILIE SIMONA , TATAI ILDIKO , SORÂNDARU CIPRIAN , GRECONICI MARIAN , TOADER DUMITRU
Published: January 2019

In this paper we are presenting an innovative system for supplying cities and villages with electricity in a system with zero carbon dioxide emissions with solar panels with Fresnel lens and Stirling engines, into an automatized setup.

Key words:
electrical energy, thermal energy, Fresnel lens, renewable
energy, Stirling engine
MAGNETIC FIELD OF ELECTRICAL RADIANT HEATING SYSTEM
Authors: Milutinov Miodrag , Juhas Anamarija , Pekarić-Nađ Neda
Published: January 2019

In this paper magnetic field of electrical radiant heating system (ERHS) is considered. Typically, cable system of ERHS is planar, and it can be built into the floor, wall or ceiling. The magnetic field generated by ERHS depends on the intensity of the current, which in turn depends on the size of the heating area. According to our results, single wire ERHS can generate magnetic field considerably higher than the background field.

Key words: Electrical radiant heating system, magnetic field, magnetic field exposure.
Identification and characterization of capsule depolymerase Dpo48 from Acinetobacter baumannii phage IME200
Authors: Liu Yannan , Mi Zhiqiang , Mi Liyuan , Huang Yong , Li Puyuan , Liu Huiying , Yuan Xin , Niu Wenkai , Jiang Ning , Bai Changqing , Gao Zhancheng
Published: January 2019

Background

The emergence of multidrug- or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has made it difficult to treat and control infections caused by this bacterium. It is urgently necessary to search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics for control of severe A. baumannii infections. In recent years, bacteriophages and their derivatives, such as depolymerases, showed great potential as antibacterial or antivirulence agents against bacterial infections. Nonetheless, unlike broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics, phage-encoded depolymerase targets only a limited number of bacterial strains. Therefore, identification of novel depolymerases and evaluation of their ability to control A. baumannii infections is important.

Methods

A bacteriophage was isolated from hospital sewage using an extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii strain as the host bacterium, and the phage’s plaque morphology and genomic composition were studied. A polysaccharide depolymerase (Dpo48) was expressed and identified, and the effects of pH and temperature on its activity were determined. Besides, a serum killing assay was conducted, and amino acid sequences homologous to those of putative polysaccharide depolymerases were compared.

Results

Phage IME200 yielded clear plaques surrounded by enlarged halos, with polysaccharide depolymerase activity against the host bacterium. A tail fiber protein with a Pectate_lyase_3 domain was identified as Dpo48 and characterized . Dpo48 was found to degrade the capsule polysaccharide of the bacterial surface, as revealed by Alcian blue staining. Dpo48 manifested stable activity over a broad range of pH (5.0–9.0) and temperatures (20–70 °C). Results from in vitro serum killing assays indicated that 50% serum was sufficient to cause a five log reduction of overnight enzyme-treated bacteria, with serum complement playing an important role in these killing assays. Moreover, Dpo48 had a spectrum of activity exactly the same as its parental phage IME200, which was active against 10 out of 41 A. baumannii strains. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that the putative tail fiber proteins had a relatively short, highly conserved domain in their N-terminal sequences, but their amino acid sequences containing pectate lyase domains, found in the C-terminal regions, were highly diverse.

Conclusions

Phage-encoded capsule depolymerases may become promising antivirulence agents for preventing and controlling A. baumannii infections.
Worldwide co-occurrence analysis of 17 species of the genus Brachypodium using data mining
Authors: Orozco-Arias Simon , Núñez-Rincón Ana María , Tabares-Soto Reinel , López-Álvarez Diana
Published: January 2019

The co-occurrence of plant species is a fundamental aspect of plant ecology that contributes to understanding ecological processes, including the establishment of ecological communities and its applications in biological conservation. A priori algorithms can be used to measure the co-occurrence of species in a spatial distribution given by coordinates. We used 17 species of the genus Brachypodium, downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility data repository or obtained from bibliographical sources, to test an algorithm with the spatial points process technique used by Silva et al. (2016), generating association rules for co-occurrence analysis. Brachypodium spp. has emerged as an effective model for monocot species, growing in different environments, latitudes, and elevations; thereby, representing a wide range of biotic and abiotic conditions that may be associated with adaptive natural genetic variation. We created seven datasets of two, three, four, six, seven, 15, and 17 species in order to test the algorithm with four different distances (1, 5, 10, and 20 km). Several measurements (support, confidence, lift, Chi-square, and p-value) were used to evaluate the quality of the results generated by the algorithm. No negative association rules were created in the datasets, while 95 positive co-occurrences rules were found for datasets with six, seven, 15, and 17 species. Using 20 km in the dataset with 17 species, we found 16 positive co-occurrences involving five species, suggesting that these species are coexisting. These findings are corroborated by the results obtained in the dataset with 15 species, where two species with broad range distributions present in the previous dataset are eliminated, obtaining seven positive co-occurrences. We found that B. sylvaticum has co-occurrence relations with several species, such as B. pinnatum, B. rupestre, B. retusum, and B. phoenicoides, due to its wide distribution in Europe, Asia, and north of Africa. We demonstrate the utility of the algorithm implemented for the analysis of co-occurrence of 17 species of the genus Brachypodium, agreeing with distributions existing in nature. Data mining has been applied in the field of biological sciences, where a great amount of complex and noisy data of unseen proportion has been generated in recent years. Particularly, ecological data analysis represents an opportunity to explore and comprehend biological systems with data mining and bioinformatics tools.
Method for the quantitative evaluation of ecosystem services in coastal regions
Authors: Okada Tomonari , Mito Yugo , Iseri Erina , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Sugano Takanori , Akiyama Yoshihiro B. , Watanabe Kenta , Tanaya Toko , Sugino Hiroaki , Tokunaga Kanae , Kubo Takahiro , Kuwae Tomohiro
Published: January 2019

Wetlands, tidal flats, seaweed beds, and coral reefs are valuable not only as habitats for many species, but also as places where people interact with the sea. Unfortunately, these areas have declined in recent years, so environmental improvement projects to conserve and restore them are being carried out across the world. In this study, we propose a method for quantifying ecosystem services, that is, useful for the proper maintenance and management of artificial tidal flats, a type of environmental improvement project. With this method, a conceptual model of the relationship between each service and related environmental factors in natural and social systems was created, and the relationships between services and environmental factors were clarified. The state of the environmental factors affecting each service was quantified, and the state of those factors was reflected in the evaluation value of the service. As a result, the method can identify which environmental factors need to be improved and if the goal is to increase the value of the targeted tidal flat. The method demonstrates an effective approach in environmental conservation for the restoration and preservation of coastal areas.
Effect of agricultural land-use change on ant dominance hierarchy and food preferences in a temperate oak forest
Authors: Castillo-Guevara Citlalli , Cuautle Mariana , Lara Carlos , Juárez-Juárez Brenda
Published: January 2019

Background

The discovery-dominance trade-off is the inverse relationship between the ability of a species to discover resources and the species’ dominance of those resources; a paradigm used to explain species coexistence in ant communities dependent on similar resources. However, factors such as stress (e.g., temperature) or disturbance (e.g., removal of biomass) associated with the change in land use, can modify this trade-off. Here, we aimed to determine the potential effects of land use change on dominance hierarchy, food preferences and on the discovery-dominance trade-off.

Methods

An experiment with baits was used to investigate the dominance hierarchies of ant communities in a temperate mountain habitat in central Mexico. We evaluated the dominance index (DI), food preferences and discovery-dominance trade-offs of ants inhabiting two types of vegetation: a native oak forest and agricultural land resulting from agricultural land use and grazing.

Results

The ant communities in both environments were comprised of three species of ants (Monomorium minimum, Myrmica mexicana, and Camponotus picipes pilosulus), four morphospecies (Pheidole sp.1 and Pheidole sp.2, Temnothorax sp. and Lasius sp.) and one genus (Formica spp.). All Formicidae showed values of intermediate to low DI, and this factor did not seem to be influenced by the change in land use. Ants in the modified vegetation (i.e., agricultural land) were found to be numerically greater. Overall, a higher number of visits were registered to the tuna bait, although the duration of foraging events to the honey baits was longer. However, foraging times were dependent on the species considered: the generalized Myrmicinae, M. minimum, the ant species with highest DI, foraged for longer periods of time in the agricultural land and on the tuna bait. Meanwhile, the cold-climate specialist Formica spp., with a lower DI, foraged for longer periods of time in the oak (although not significant) and on the honey bait. We found little evidence of the discovery-dominance trade-off; instead, we found considerable diversity in the strategies used by the different species to access resources. This range of strategies is well represented by the generalized Myrmicinae M. minimum, the cold-climate specialists Formica spp. and Temnothorax sp., and the rare species, as the cold climate specialist Lasius sp. (insinuators).

Conclusions

Our evaluation shows that transformation of the original habitat does not appear to affect the hierarchical dominance of the ant communities, but it does affect their food preferences. Species with higher DI values such as the generalized Myrmicinae are more skilled at resource acquisition in modified habitats. Our results suggest that change in land use promotes an increase in the diversity of foraging strategies used by different ant species. This diversity may contribute to resource partitioning which favors coexistence.
COMPORTAMENTO INFORMACIONAL DE USUÁRIOS DE UM TELECENTRO
Authors: Furtado Renata Lira , Wey Berti Ilemar Christina Lansoni , Bartalo Linete , Araújo Carlos Alberto Ávila
Published: January 2019

O objeto deste estudo foi o comportamento informacional dos usuários do Telecentro da Biblioteca Pública Municipal de Londrina, programa do governo Federal para promoção da inclusão social, que tem sua importância centrada no canal gratuito de acesso à informação por meio da internet. O comportamento informacional permeia todas as atividades do ser humano, com foco na satisfação de necessidades, busca e uso da informação com o objetivo de resolver problemas do cotidiano. O Telecentro estudado recebe diariamente em média 50 pessoas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário aplicado a 30 participantes. Investigou-se o perfil dos usuários, as necessidades informacionais, a busca e o uso da informação. Foi constatado que as necessidades informacionais são reconhecidas pelos participantes e a busca de informação quase sempre se relaciona com as atividades profissionais e de estudos dos usuários. O uso das informações para os participantes serve para agregar conhecimento e tomar decisões.
DA CONCEPÇÃO AO PROJETO DE EXECUÇÃO: A GÊNESE DOCUMENTAL DOS ARQUIVOS DE ARQUITETURA
Authors: Viana Claudio Muniz
Published: January 2019

Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como tem-se comportado os principais atores no que se refere a produção, acumulação e organização dos documentos arquitetônicos no Brasil, a saber, o arquiteto e o arquivista. Descreve as questões principais que envolvem a organização dos arquivos de arquitetura e o estado da arte atual. Dentre elas, os conceitos, a natureza dos documentos de arquitetura e suas diferenças e similitudes com os documentos cartográficos. Enfoca o projeto de arquitetura como processo essencial na produção e acumulação de documentos, além de expor sua estrutura, fases e documentos gráficos típicos. Por fim, descreve as peculiaridades desses arquivos e seus impactos sobre a produção documental e tratamento arquivístico.
Imperialismo, Crise e Educação
Authors: Peixoto Elza Margarida de Mendonça
Published: January 2019

Editorial.
EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA E ESTRATÉGIAS DE SOBREVIDA DO CAPITALISMO
Authors: Melo Adriana Almeida Sales de
Published: January 2019

Na discussão do tema Imperialismo, crise e educação, o ensaio aponta aspectos da nossa totalidade histórica em relação às recentes crises pelas quais passou o capitalismo e sua relação com as mudanças nas políticas educacionais brasileiras. A educação continua no cerne dos projetos de desenvolvimento, como produtora de conhecimento, e também como fio condutor dos processos de conformação social. São também discutidas as sequelas das crises: o aumento da desigualdade social e também o aumento da exploração do trabalho. Tornar claro nosso projeto de sociedade e de educação, como resistência aos movimentos de sobrevida do capitalismo é uma necessidade nos movimentos de construção de contra-hegemonia.
EXPANSÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR PÓS-LDB DE 1996 E CONSTITUIÇÃO DE OLIGOPÓLIOS TRANSNACIONAIS NO ESTADO DO PARÁ
Authors: Tavares Pedro Henrique de Sousa , Maués Olgaises Cabral
Published: January 2019

Este Trabalho apresenta alguns Resultados de Pesquisa UMA Referente AOS Traços da Expansão da Educação Superior brasileira não PERÍODO Pós-LDB, tendão Como recorte o Estado do Pará, Tomando Como base de Aspectos concernentes de UMA Possível nova configuracao do segmento de ensino superior, o Opaco confirmação o segmento Privado Como o Eixo de Expansão, Regulado POR Meio de Reformas Educacionais, Que estavam los consonância com orientações de como Organismos Internacionais, notadamente o Banco Mundial. Mais recentemente, a Entrada do capital de NAS Internacional Instituições Privadas de Ensino Superior ea Conformação de UMA nova Regulação supranacional de Políticas Educacionais TEM apontado parágrafo um Tendência de Formação de oligopólios na Educação Superior Privado nenhum segmento, EM atendimento a reivindicações da Organização Mundial do Comércio ( MAC).
Subalternos e periferias: uma leitura a partir de Gramsci
Authors: Semeraro Giovanni
Published: January 2019

 

R e s u m o

 

Além dos temas mais conhecidos sobre hegemonia, intelectuais, partido, classe operaria e das questões sociais, culturais e políticas vinculadas à Itália e à Europa, Gramsci dedica parte considerável das suas reflexões aos “grupos sociais subalternos” e aos fermentos que ocorrem nas “periferias” do sistema. Neste texto, portanto, se procura analisar esse universo, não apenas para chamar a atenção sobre um assunto pouco considerado pelos estudiosos de Gramsci, mas principalmente para resgatar elementos de grande valor e originalidade que podem contribuir ao debate que hoje se trava em torno dos numerosos movimentos de insurgência nas periferias e do significado das prementes reivindicações que as manifestações dos “subalternos” levantam em diversas partes do mundo.

 
Sobre o método em Marx
Authors: Piccolo Gustavo Martins , Mendes Enicéia Gonçalves
Published: January 2019

Trata-se de artigo esculpido mediante processo de revisão literária cujo objetivo reside em demarcar a necessidade da apropriação do método em Marx. Parte do princípio que a realidade cotidiana, repleta de alienações e opressões dos mais variados tipos, tem dificultado a constituição do pensar crítico, sinalizando o caráter central que passa a assumir a teoria em tal contexto, a qual tem em Marx seu mais dileto artífice quando tencionamos objetivações com o intuito de projetar uma realidade outra que não a capitalista, fundamental a constituição do humano repleto em humanidade.
A FORMAÇÃO POLÍTICA DE MILITANTES DO MST: RELATOS DE PESQUISAS
Authors: Martins Suely Aparecida , Dos Santos Franciele Soares
Published: January 2019

O artigo analisa a experiência de formação política de militantes do MST, tendo como base resultados de pesquisas, realizadas no Paraná. Busca demonstrar como as diversas experiências propiciadas por este Movimento proporcionam a formação política de seus integrantes. O texto está organizado em três partes: a primeira apresenta a categoria experiência elaborada por Edward Palmer Thompson, utilizada como referência para análise; a segunda traz um breve histórico da formação política no contexto do MST, e a última destaca os resultados das pesquisas. As pesquisas foram realizadas no período entre 2006 e 2008, tiveram caráter qualitativo. Além de revisão bibliográfica, houve a leitura de documentos produzidos pelo Movimento e a realização de entrevistas com integrantes do MST.
 
Contra uma formação para uma educação em Direitos Humanos
Authors: Pimenta Alexandre Marinho
Published: January 2019

A temática dos Direitos Humanos é hoje consensal até mesmo nas aparentes contra-ideologias do mundo contemporâneo. Embasando-se sobretudo na teoria e na crítica cultural do esloveno Slavoj Zizek e na teoria marxista, a partir de uma revisão da literatura, o presente ensaio de natureza exploratória tem como objetivo central esboçar como os Direitos Humanos representam hoje um consenso liberal e ideológico de grande utilidade para a hegemonia capitalista do pós-guerra fria. Percebe-se assim o risco de advogar o eixo temático dos Direitos Humanos como fundamental para uma educação emancipadora e uma formação para a mesma.
Imperialismo, Crise e Educação
Authors: Moraes Quartim De
Published: January 2019

Em um quadro de crise estrutural – no qual os ataques aos direitos dos trabalhadores e às políticas sociais evidenciam a ferocidade com que o capital trava a luta de classes, expropriando sem limites os cofres públicos com o fim de expandir-se – urge explicar os nexos entre crise estrutural, capital especulativo, imperialismo e a expressão desta conjuntura na reestruturação do trabalho e na formação da classe trabalhadora. Para este número, Germinal elege Quartim de Moraes para nos ajudar a dar conta desta tarefa.
CATEGORIAS FUNDAMENTAIS PARA A HISTORIOGRAFIA DA EDUCAÇÃO NA SEGUNDA DÉCADA DO SÉCULO XXI
Authors: Rosar Maria de Fátima Félix
Published: January 2019

O texto apresenta breve análise da realidade produzida pelo desenvolvimento do capitalismo, na atualidade, destacando a necessidade de se recolocar no âmbito da historiografia da educação, na segunda década do século XXI, categorias fundamentais apreendidas na produção histórica do contexto nacional: Estado, Burocracia e Mercado. Evidencia estratégias do Estado capitalista no Brasil no processo de associação entre o setor público e o setor privado, para garantir a manutenção da educação sob a tutela do Estado. Faz ênfase na articulação a ser ampliada entre os educadores e pesquisadores críticos, para realizar um enfrentamento teórico-prático sistemático e intensivo, em face da investida do governo federal que tenta neutralizar a ação política das organizações sindicais dos educadores.
OS SIGNIFICADOS HISTÓRICOS DA GREVE DOS PROFESSORES NAS UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS EM 2012
Authors: Pinto João Alberto Da Costa
Published: January 2019

O artigo propõe uma reflexão historiográfica sobre a greve dos professores das universidades federais no ano de 2012. Com base na perspectiva historiográfica do marxismo de João Bernardo, serão analisados os principais impasses da política sindical (do ANDES e do PROIFES) frente ao papel central das Universidades Federais na definição macroestrutural das condições gerais de produção do capitalismo brasileiro, assim como as relações do poder institucional dos gestores-tecnocratas com as funções produtivas do trabalho docente.
Expediente
Authors: Morschbacher Marcia
Published: January 2019

Dados técnicos acerca da equipe que ajudou a construir o número.
MARXISMO, EDUCAÇÃO E EMANCIPAÇÃO HUMANA
Authors: Peixoto Elza Margarida de Mendonça
Published: January 2019

O artigo recupera no marxismo, (a) o método para a apreensão das condições objetivas para a produção da noção de liberdade em diferentes conjunturas históricas; (b) a concepção de emancipação que vai ser construída no estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas e dessa relações de produção próprias do capitalismo como modo de produção. Neste processo, recupera-se a noção de emancipação como projeto histórico possível com o fim da sociedade de classes, quando os homens atingem o reino da liberdade para autodeterminar-se conforme suas necessidades. Estabelecido um horizonte, retoma-se o papel dos professores como intelectuais orgânicos que atuam alinhados à classe trabalhadora como classe para si, por dentro da escola capitalista, resistindo e garantindo à classe trabalhadora o acesso aos conhecimentos acumulados pela humanidade, enfocados na perspectiva histórica e crítica.
DA (RE)PRODUÇÃO DE UMA CONSCIÊNCIA ALIENADA PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE UMA CONSCIÊNCIA REVOLUCIONÁRIA: O DILEMA POSTO PARA O MARXISMO NA ATUALIDADE
Authors: Tuleski Silvana Calvo , Franco Adriana De Fátima
Published: January 2019

Este texto apresenta os fundamentos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, com destaque para o caráter histórico-dialético do desenvolvimento humano e a importância de uma educação que garanta a apropriação, pelas novas gerações, dos conteúdos elaborados e sistematizados pela humanidade ao longo da história. A compreensão destes fundamentos remete à necessidade de explicitar as relações societárias que medeiam esta formação na atualidade. Neste enfoque, analisamos as relações de produção capitalistas em seu estágio atual e as características que estas imprimem na produção e socialização de bens materiais e culturais. Também analisamos como a sua apropriação pelas diversas classes sociais se refletirá nas consciências individualmente.
CRISE, IMPERIALISMO E A HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO DO CORPO NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX: O GERAL E O ESPECÍFICO NA PROPOSIÇÃO ESCOTEIRA DE ROBERT BADEN-POWELL (1857-1941).
Authors: Herold Junior Carlos
Published: January 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a educação do corpo proposta pelo escotismo como um elemento pertencente à lógica imperialista do capitalismo no início do século XX. A partir de livros redigidos por Baden-Powell, elaboramos reflexões divididas em duas partes: na primeira, mostramos a importância da educação do corpo para os discursos pedagógicos que existiram nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Na segunda parte, investigamos o pensamento de Baden-Powell para mostrar que o escotismo, ao mesmo tempo, atingiu dois objetivos: 1)atuou sobre os limites educacionais especificamente ingleses e ligados à formação do cidadão capaz de sustentar o império britânico; 2) ao mesmo tempo em que ofereceu discursos e práticas formativas que valorizaram o corpo e sua educação. Por isso, o escotismo foi aceito por sociedades muitos diferentes entre si, mas que eram conectadas pelo mesmo processo: a expansão imperialista do capital.
A FUNCIONAL CRISE DO ENSINO JURIDICO DE MATRIZ LIBERAL: DO ESCOLASTICISMO AO EFICIENTISMO – O DOUTRINAMENTO DA CRIMINOLOGIA
Authors: Silva Leal Jackson
Published: January 2019

Neste trabalho se analisa o ensino do direito, e, mais especificamente o ensino da criminologia como parte de projeto de governabilidade social, política, cultural que se manifesta com um controle que é burguês, sexista e racista e que se operacionaliza no primado do jurídico que se dá a partir do império da lei no marco do positivismo jurídico formalista. Nesta linha que se dedica atenção ao ensino da criminologia, tendo em vista que congrega dois elementos de analise interligados, o ensino do direito, que estuda como se transmite o conhecimento e que conhecimento na área do direito neste paradigma de reducionismo à esfera dos códigos, leis, funcionamento das instancias judiciais, e também, a problemática da criminologia e o ensino da criminologia, sendo a disciplina cientifica que busca a compreensão das relações entre fato definido como crime e as instâncias oficiais de criminalização, e como o contemporâneo paradigma jurídico e de ensino do direito influencia nesta disciplina, e com isso, na compreensão que se tem do crime, e do sistema. O presente trabalho é construído eminentemente a partir de referencial bibliográfico e pauta-se por uma analise permitida do acúmulo teórico-empírico da criminologia crítica.
EMPRESÁRIOS E RESPONSABILIZAÇÃO EDUCACIONAL: ENSAIO SOBRE A ATUAÇÃO DE NOVOS INTELECTUAIS COLETIVOS
Authors: Pina Leonardo Docena
Published: January 2019

O texto analisa formulações sobre responsabilização educacional das organizações empresariais “Parceiros da Educação” e “Fundação Itaú Social”. Além de discutir os limites das políticas de responsabilização defendidas por esses aparelhos privados de hegemonia da classe burguesa, o artigo reafirma que o empresariado vem atuando estrategicamente no campo educacional: construindo, organizando e difundindo os princípios da privatização, meritocracia e responsabilização como orientadores da política educacional.
Evaluating scientific research: Belief, hindsight bias, ethics, and research evaluation
Authors: Hom Harry L. , Van Nuland Abigail L.
Published: January 2019

Students may exhibit two forms of cognitive biases, belief and hindsight bias, in evaluating a scientific experiment. Counter to disagreement, they may only believe an outcome that agrees with their belief to be more predictable in hindsight than foresight. The focus of this research is on the relationship between these biases. Students were queried about their dichotomous beliefs (learned vs. genetic) about behavior for an animal experiment and then assigned randomly to a no‐outcome or genetic outcome condition. With agreement between students' belief and outcome, the findings revealed hindsight bias (foreseeability) supported by the outcomes for surprise, disappointment, ethics, and research evaluation. With disagreement, hindsight bias was trumped along with perceiving the experiment as being less ethical and scientifically sound. Regardless of the outcome, students seem to adhere to their beliefs. Hence, students may believe that the outcome is inconsequential because it is obvious or contrary to their beliefs.
Rational Design of Photoelectrodes with Rapid Charge Transport for Photoelectrochemical Applications
Authors: Sheng Xia , Xu Tao , Feng Xinjian
Published: January 2019

Photoelectrode materials are the heart of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, which hold great promise to address global energy and environmental issues by converting solar energy into electricity or chemical fuels. In recent decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to the design and construction of photoelectrodes for the efficient generation and utilization of charge carriers to boost PEC performance. Herein, insights from a literature study on the relationship between the architecture and charge dynamics of photoelectrodes are presented. After briefly introducing the fundamental theories of charge dynamics in nanostructured photoelectrodes, the development of photoelectrode design in 1D polycrystalline nanotube arrays, 1D single‐crystalline nanowire arrays, and hierarchical and mesoporous nanowire arrays is reviewed with a focus on the interplay between architecture and charge transport properties. For each design, commonly used synthetic approaches and the corresponding charge transport properties are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of these photoelectrodes in PEC systems are summarized. In conclusion, future challenges in the rational design of photoelectrode architecture are presented. The basic relationships between the architectures and charge dynamics of photoelectrode materials discussed here are expected to provide pertinent guidance and a reference for future advanced material design targeting improved light energy conversion systems.
ZnO Nanosheets Abundant in Oxygen Vacancies Derived from Metal‐Organic Frameworks for ppb‐Level Gas Sensing
Authors: Yuan Hongye , Aljneibi Saif Abdulla Ali Alateeqi , Yuan Jiaren , Wang Yuxiang , Liu Hui , Fang Jie , Tang Chunhua , Yan Xiaohong , Cai Hong , Gu Yuandong , Pennycook Stephen John , Tao Jifang , Zhao Dan
Published: January 2019

Surmounting the inhomogeniety issue of gas sensors and realizing their reproducible ppb‐level gas sensing are highly desirable for widespread deployments of sensors to build networks in applications of industrial safety and indoor/outdoor air quality monitoring. Herein, a strategy is proposed to substantially improve the surface homogeneity of sensing materials and gas sensing performance via chip‐level pyrolysis of as‐grown ZIF‐L (ZIF stands for zeolitic imidazolate framework) films to porous and hierarchical zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets. A novel approach to generate adjustable oxygen vacancies is demonstrated, through which the electronic structure of sensing materials can be fine‐tuned. Their presence is thoroughly verified by various techniques. The sensing results demonstrate that the resultant oxygen vacancy‐abundant ZnO nanosheets exhibit significantly enhanced sensitivity and shortened response time toward ppb‐level carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds encompassing 1,3‐butadiene, toluene, and tetrachloroethylene, which can be ascribed to several reasons including unpaired electrons, consequent bandgap narrowing, increased specific surface area, and hierarchical micro–mesoporous structures. This facile approach sheds light on the rational design of sensing materials via defect engineering, and can facilitate the mass production, commercialization, and large‐scale deployments of sensors with controllable morphology and superior sensing performance targeted for ultratrace gas detection.
2D Schottky Junction between Graphene Oxide and Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides: Photoresponsive Properties and Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Zhou Huawei , Guo Junxue , Wang Can , Liu Xuejing , Shi Shaozhen , Wei Jiazhen , Pu Xipeng , Li Wenzhi , Zhang Dafeng , Wang Jie , Ren Xiaozhen , Ma Huiyan , Shao Xin , Wei Xinting , Zhao Jinsheng , Yin Jie , Zhang Xianxi
Published: January 2019

2D graphene is conductor and not a semiconductor. 2D transition—metal dichalcogenides (TMD) is a semiconductor and not a conductor. Preparing 2D composite material that simultaneously possesses both advantages of graphene and TMD has proven to be challenging. In this work, both 2D‐WS2/2D‐GO and 2D‐MoS2/2D‐GO composites with few layer thickness are synthesized. The electronic structure indicates a high content of Mo4+ 3d5/2 and W4+4f7/2 with lower binding energy in the 2D composite, which is ascribed to partial loss of surface sulfur atoms in 2D composites and the newly formed heteroatomic bond of CWS and CMoS. The Schottky junction between 2D‐GO and 2D‐TMD (2D G‐T junction) is established and exhibits obvious photoelectric responses. Superior electrocatalytic properties of the two 2D‐composites are attributable to the 2D Schottky Junction between 2D‐TMDs and 2D‐GO. Interlayer electronic coupling in 2D Schottky Junction (2D G‐T junction) activates inert sites on the 2D surface of 2D‐TMDs or GO. The power conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on 2D‐WS2/2D‐GO is 9.54% under standard solar illumination intensity (AM1.5, 100 mW cm−2). The value is one of the highest reported efficiencies for DSCs based on Pt‐free counter electrodes. Finally, 2D‐WS2/2D‐GO composites exhibit excellent stability as counter electrode of DSCs.
Polymer Nanoplatforms at Work in Prostate Cancer Therapy
Authors: He Liang , Liu Jianhua , Li Shengxian , Feng Xiangru , Wang Chunxi , Zhuang Xiuli , Ding Jianxun , Chen Xuesi
Published: January 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common male urogenital malignancy worldwide. Surgery, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the main clinical management options for PCa. However, these three therapies each have limitations. For example, surgery is not suitable for the advanced PCa patients with extensive metastases, and radiotherapy causes serious side effects. Primary endocrine therapy promotes the progression of hormone‐sensitive PCa into the castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, considering these drawbacks, chemotherapy has become an effective and extensive treatment for PCa. Among the modern therapeutic strategies against advanced PCa, polymer‐nanocarrier‐incorporated formulations have gradually emerged due to their well‐controlled release profiles and improved tumor targeting abilities. The drug delivery systems based on polymer nanoplatforms passively target tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Simultaneously, stimuli‐responsive polymer nanoplatforms unload cargoes in response to certain stimuli in the tumor area. Furthermore, the active targeting ligand‐conjugated polymer nanoformulations against PCa‐specific markers have also achieved great success in PCa therapies. Herein, the advanced polymer nanoplatforms for PCa therapy are reviewed, while the future development of polymer nanoplatforms for PCa therapy is also predicted.
Multidisciplinary approach of liver metastases from colorectal cancer
Authors: Adam René , Kitano Yuki
Published: January 2019

Colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) represent most of the causes of death in patients with colorectal cancer. Surgical resection is the only treatment that can provide the possibility of prolonged survival, or even cure, for patients with CRLM. Over the last few decades, survival of these patients has improved dramatically thanks to more effective chemotherapy, extension of surgical indications, and development of new surgical procedures. In particular, patients with initially unresectable CRLM can achieve downsizing of the tumor by using various chemotherapies and the tumor can become resectable. It has been shown that such patients have a 33% 5‐year survival and a 23% 10‐year survival rate after surgery, which is a little bit lower than that of patents with resectable CRLM but significantly higher than patients without surgery. However, a decision‐making strategy for patients with CRLM is difficult because there is a wide variety of treatments and no definitive consensus. As an example, much variation among institutions exists on the resectability rate in patients with unresectable CRLM. Also, it is recommended that all patients with CRLM be managed by a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) to select the best strategy. In the future, new treatment procedures (e.g. immune checkpoint blockade, liver transplantation) may contribute to improve prognosis; hence, the necessity for MDA for the treatment of CRLM will further increase.