bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dynamical framework for the origin of the diagonal South Pacific and South Atlantic Convergence Zones
Authors: van der Wiel Karin , Matthews Adrian J. , Stevens David P. , Joshi Manoj M.
Published: December 2014

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) are diagonal bands of precipitation that extend from the Equator southeastward into the Southern Hemisphere over the western Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, respectively. With mean precipitation rates over 5 mm day−1, they are a major component of the tropical and global climate in austral summer. However, their basic formation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, a conceptual framework for the diagonal convergence zones is developed, based on calculations of the vorticity budget from reanalysis and Rossby wave theory.

Wave trains propagate eastward along the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet, with initially quasi‐circular vorticity centres. In the zonally sheared environment on the equatorward flank of the jet, these vorticity centres become elongated and develop a northwest–southeast tilt. Ray‐tracing diagnostics in a non‐divergent, barotropic Rossby wave framework then explain the observed equatorward propagation of these diagonal vorticity structures toward the westerly ducts over the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic. The baroclinic component of these circulations leads to destabilisation and ascent ahead of the cyclonic vorticity anomaly in the wave, triggering deep convection because of the high sea surface temperatures in this region. Latent heat release then forces additional ascent and strong upper‐tropospheric divergence, with an associated anticyclonic vorticity tendency. A vorticity budget shows that this cancels out the advective cyclonic vorticity tendency in the wave train over the SPCZ, and dissipates the wave within a day. The mean SPCZ is consequently comprised of the sum of these pulses of diagonal bands of precipitation.

Similar mechanisms also operate in the SACZ. However, the vorticity anomalies in the wave trains are stronger, and the precipitation and negative feedback from the divergence and anticyclonic vorticity tendency are weaker, resulting in continued propagation of the wave and a more diffuse diagonal convergence zone.
Validation of [11C]ORM‐13070 as a PET tracer for alpha2c‐adrenoceptors in the human brain
Authors: Lehto Jussi , Hirvonen Mika M. , Johansson Jarkko , Kemppainen Jukka , Luoto Pauliina , Naukkarinen Tarja , Oikonen Vesa , Arponen Eveliina , Rouru Juha , Sallinen Jukka , Scheinin Harry , Vuorilehto Lauri , Finnema Sjoerd J. , Halldin Christer , Rinne Juha O. , Scheinin Mika
Published: December 2014

This study explored the use of the α2C‐adrenoceptor PET tracer [11C]ORM‐13070 to monitor α2C‐AR occupancy in the human brain. The subtype‐nonselective α2‐AR antagonist atipamezole was administered to eight healthy volunteer subjects to determine its efficacy and potency (Emax and EC50) at inhibiting tracer uptake. We also explored whether the tracer could reveal changes in the synaptic concentrations of endogenous noradrenaline in the brain, in response to several pharmacological and sensory challenge conditions. We assessed occupancy from the bound‐to‐free ratio measured during 5–30 min post injection. Based on extrapolation of one‐site binding, the maximal extent of inhibition of striatal [11C]ORM‐13070 uptake (Emax) achievable by atipamezole was 78% (95% CI 69–87%) in the caudate nucleus and 65% (53–77%) in the putamen. The EC50 estimates of atipamezole (1.6 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively) were in agreement with the drug's affinity to α2C‐ARs. These findings represent clear support for the use of [11C]ORM‐13070 for monitoring drug occupancy of α2C‐ARs in the living human brain. Three of the employed noradrenaline challenges were associated with small, approximately 10–16% average reductions in tracer uptake in the dorsal striatum (atomoxetine, ketamine, and the cold pressor test; P < 0.05 for all), but insulin‐induced hypoglycemia did not affect tracer uptake. The tracer is suitable for studying central nervous system receptor occupancy by α2C‐AR ligands in human subjects. [11C]ORM‐13070 also holds potential as a tool for in vivo monitoring of synaptic concentrations of noradrenaline, but this remains to be further evaluated in future studies. Synapse 69:172–181, 2015.  © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bisphenol a exposure promotes the migration of NCM460 cells via estrogen receptor‐mediated integrin β1/MMP‐9 pathway
Authors: Shi Tonglin , Zhao Chao , Li Zhuoyu , Zhang Quanbin , Jin Xiaoting
Published: December 2014

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical and also an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED), which serves as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. BPA enters human body mainly through oral intake, and has been reported as being linked to oncogenesis in many tissues. However, the association of BPA intake with gastrointestinal cancer, such as colon cancer, has received less attention. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of BPA on the migration of normal colon epithelial cells (NCM460 cells) and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed that 1 × 10−8 M (equivalent to environmental concentration) of BPA potently promoted the migration of NCM460 cells. Interestingly, BPA treatment induced an increase of integrin β1 expression, and the functional blocking of integrin β1 abolished the migration‐promoting effects of BPA. Moreover, the results showed that it was estrogen receptor β but not estrogen receptor α that was involved in this migration promotion. In addition, cellular exposure of BPA stimulated the expression and activity of MMP‐9, a well‐known factor of cell migration. Taken together, these results indicate that environmental concentration of BPA exposure promotes cell migration through activating ERβ‐mediated integrin β1/MMP‐9 pathway, suggesting exposure to BPA in the colon may present a potential cancer risk. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 799–807, 2016.
The possible role of liver kinase B1 in hydroquinone‐induced toxicity of murine fetal liver and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Chunhong , Zhu Jie , Bai YuE , Wang Wei , Zhou Yanfeng , Zhang Shaozun , Liu Xiangxiang , Zhou Sheng , Huang Wenting , Bi Yongyi , Wang Hong
Published: December 2014

Epidemiological studies suggest that the increasing incidence of childhood leukemia may be due to maternal exposure to benzene, which is a known human carcinogen; however, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) acts as a regulator of cellular energy metabolism and functions to regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. We hypothesize that LKB1 contributes to the deregulation of fetal or bone hematopoiesis caused by the benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ). To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the effects of HQ on murine fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells (FL‐HSCs) and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (BM‐HSCs). FL‐HSCs and BM‐HSCs were isolated and enriched by a magnetic cell sorting system and exposed to various concentrations of HQ (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 24 h. We found that the inhibition of differentiation and growth, as well as the apoptosis rate of FL‐HSCs, induced by HQ were consistent with the changes in BM‐HSCs. Furthermore, G1 cell cycle arrest was observed in BM‐HSCs and FL‐HSCs in response to HQ. Importantly, FL‐HSCs were more sensitive than BM‐HSCs after exposure to HQ. The highest induction of LKB1 and adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was observed with a much lower concentration of HQ in FL‐HSCs than in BM‐HSCs. LKB1 may play a critical role in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of HQ‐treated HSCs. This research has developed innovative ideas concerning benzene‐induced hematopoietic toxicity or embryotoxicity, which can provide a new experimental evidence for preventing childhood leukemia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 830–841, 2016.
Regulations of essential amino acids and proteomics of bacterial endophytes Sphingomonas sp. Lk11 during cadmium uptake
Authors: Khan Abdul Latif , Ullah Ihsan , Hussain Javid , Kang Sang‐Mo , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Al‐Rawahi Ahmed , Lee In‐Jung
Published: December 2014

Endophytic bacteria have been recently known for their potential to bioaccumulate metal from contaminated mediums. However, little is known about the physiological responses of phytohormone producing (gibberellins and auxins) endophytes during metal stressed environment. Endophytic bacteria Sphingomonas sp. LK11 was assessed for metals bioaccumulation and its physiological responses towards metal stress. The endophyte was grown in cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) contaminated mediums. The results revealed significantly higher endophytic growth potentials in Cd, Cu and Zn contaminations; however, the bio‐accumulation rate of Cd was more prolific as compared to Zn and Cu. Interestingly, the SDS‐PAGE profile showed increased expressions of proteins in Zn and Cu than in Cd. A similar attenuate response of amino acids was also observed for Cd than in case of Zn and Cu. Only asparagine, glutamate and proline showed significant impact in Cd while Cu and Zn had significantly higher responses of almost all amino acids. Detailed protein profile showed the activation of chaperone, antioxidative and detoxification proteins. Increased regulations of oxidoreductases, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, malate dehydrogenase, 2‐oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase, 2‐oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase, and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase were observed. The cellular defense‐related protein responses were potent against Cd stress. The results conclude that Sphingomonas sp. LK11 reprogram its amino acids and proteomic expressions and maintain a steady growth during Cd stress. Using such phytohromones producing endophytic bacterium can be ideal approach to increase the phytoextraction potential of metal remediating plants. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 887–896, 2016.
The effect of processing parameters on cell structure and mechanical properties of extrusion‐foamed poly(vinyl chloride) sheets
Authors: Wang Mingyi , Liu Jianxiu , Hu Jun , Zhou Nanqiao
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of processing parameters on cell structure and mechanical properties of extrusion‐foamed poly(vinyl chloride) sheets. For this purpose, the effects of screw speed and die temperature on cell morphology, density, and mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, and notched impact strength of the foam samples, were determined under the same conditions. The experimental results indicated that the extrusion‐foaming process was comparatively stable as the screw speed changed in the range of 5.5–8.5 rpm. It was also shown that the lower the die temperature, the higher the die pressure and pressure drop rate, which is conducive to uniform bubble nucleation. In addition, the lower die temperature was beneficial for bubble solidifying and shaping. Therefore, in the range of temperature allowed, the lower the die temperature, the foamed poly(vinyl chloride) sheets with better cell structure and mechanical performance can be obtained. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:377–383, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Clinical Issues‐January 2015
Authors: Wood Amber
Published: December 2014

This Month

Ebola precautions in the OR

Key words: Ebola, PPE, airborne, droplet, respirator.

Abdominal‐perineal dual preps

Key words: surgical skin preparation, skin antisepsis, abdominal prep, perineal prep, vaginal prep, dual prep.

Chlorhexidine gluconate–impregnated cloths

Key words: preoperative bathing, preoperative washing, CHG cloths, chlorhexidine, CHG.

Alcohol‐based antiseptics and hair removal

Key words: hair removal, clipping, alcohol‐based antiseptic, alcohol, flammable antiseptic.
Construction of a genome‐scale metabolic network of the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum provides new strategies for bactericide discovery
Authors: Wang Cheng , Deng Zhi-Luo , Xie Zhi-Ming , Chu Xin-Yi , Chang Ji-Wei , Kong De-Xin , Li Bao-Ju , Zhang Hong-Yu , Chen Ling-Ling
Published: December 2014

We reconstructed the first genome‐scale metabolic network of the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum PC1 based on its genomic sequence, annotation, and physiological data. Metabolic characteristics were analyzed using flux balance analysis (FBA), and the results were afterwards validated by phenotype microarray (PM) experiments. The reconstructed genome‐scale metabolic model, iPC1209, contains 2235 reactions, 1113 metabolites and 1209 genes. We identified 19 potential bactericide targets through a comprehensive in silico gene‐deletion study. Next, we performed virtual screening to identify candidate inhibitors for an important potential drug target, alkaline phosphatase, and experimentally verified that three lead compounds were able to inhibit both bacterial cell viability and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in vitro. This study illustrates a new strategy for the discovery of agricultural bactericides.
Phosphorylation control of protein tyrosine phosphatase A activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Zhou Peifu , Li Wu , Wong Dennis , Xie Jianping , Av-Gay Yossef
Published: December 2014

Protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) has been shown to play a key role in human macrophage infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Protein tyrosine kinase A (PtkA) was the first protein tyrosine kinase shown to phosphorylate PtpA. Here, we found that PtkA‐mediated phosphorylation of PtPA on Tyr‐128 and Tyr‐129 enhances the PtPA phosphatase activity. Moreover, ex‐vivo protein–protein interaction assays showed that PtpA can be phosphorylated by several eukaryotic‐like Ser/Thr protein kinases, such as protein kinase A (PknA). PknA was found to regulate PtpA phosphatase activity through Thr‐45 phosphorylation. These results indicate that members of two independent families of protein kinases tune PtpA activity in Mtb.
Vaginal group B streptococcus status during intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis
Authors: Scasso Santiago , Laufer Joel , Rodriguez Grisel , Alonso Justo G. , Sosa Claudio G.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To assess maternal group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization status and the pharmacokinetic profile of penicillin G in the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid compartment during 4 hours of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP).

Methods

In a prospective study at a hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay, 60 GBS carriers in active labor after a singleton pregnancy of 37 weeks or more were enrolled between April 1, 2011, and April 30, 2012. Intravenous penicillin G was administered via a standard regimen. Rectovaginal samples were obtained before IAP initiation, and 2 and 4 hours after the initial dose. Penicillin G concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Samples were obtained from fetal cord blood in all cases and from amniotic fluid obtained from patients who delivered by cesarean.

Results

Among the 60 participants, 43 (72%) had a positive rectovaginal sample before IAP initiation. Of these women, 23 (53%) had negative cultures after 2 hours; after 4 hours, only 5 (12%) remained positive for GBS. The penicillin G concentration in amniotic fluid and cord blood was above the minimum inhibitory concentration (0.12 μg/mL) in all cases.

Conclusion

Four hours of IAP was needed to reduce the number of women with positive GBS cultures to 12%. Therefore, 4 hours of IAP might be necessary to achieve overall effectiveness from this treatment.
Obstetric and neonatal outcomes after preterm premature rupture of membranes among women carrying group B streptococcus
Authors: Ganor‐Paz Yael , Kailer David , Shechter‐Maor Gil , Regev Rivka , Fejgin Moshe D. , Biron‐Shental Tal
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate whether carriers of group B streptococcus (GBS) have adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes when preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurs.

Methods

In a retrospective study, data were reviewed for women with a singleton pregnancy and PPROM before 34 weeks who attended the Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel, between 2005 and 2012. All women received roxithromycin for 1 week, and ampicillin until GBS culture results were available. Ampicillin was continued to 1 week if the GBS culture was positive. The primary study outcome measure was the latency period (time from rupture of membranes to active/induced labor).

Results

Among 116 eligible patients, 21 (18.1%) were GBS carriers and 95 (81.9%) noncarriers. The latency period was 11.2 ± 18.1 days for GBS carriers versus 7.5 ± 9.6 days for noncarriers (P = 0.93). However, there was a correlation between the length of ampicillin treatment and the latency period (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.7; P < 0.001). There were no differences in early neonatal outcomes.

Conclusion

GBS carriers with PPROM did not have adverse outcomes. Longer treatment with ampicillin among GBS carriers prolonged the latency period.
Retrospective analysis of the clinicopathologic and prognostic characteristics of stage I placental site trophoblastic tumor in China
Authors: Zheng Yunxi , Bao Lingjie , Ning Yan , Lu Xin , Hua Keqin , Yi Xiaofang
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate clinicopathologic features and identify prognostic factors of placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT).

Methods

In a retrospective study, data were analyzed from patients with stage I PSTT treated at a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China, from January 2007 to May 2013. Univariate log‐rank tests were used to examine the association between clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival and disease‐free survival (DFS).

Results

In total, seven patients had stage I PSTT. Mean age was 31.6 years (range 22–42). Four patients had term delivery as the outcome of their antecedent pregnancy. Six had a β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) serum concentration of less than 10 000 mIU/mL. Among five patients who underwent hysterectomy combined with chemotherapy, one had recurrent disease. One patient received fertility‐preserving therapy and achieved complete remission. The mean 5‐year overall survival and DFS were 100% and 86%, respectively. Maximum β‐HCG concentration of at least 10 000 mIU/mL and a mitotic index of more than 5 mitotic counts per 10 high‐power fields were associated with disease recurrence (both P = 0.014).

Conclusion

Pretreatment β‐hCG concentration and mitotic index might be predictors of recurrence among patients with PSTT. Fertility‐preserving therapy might be practical in some patients.
Relationship between plasma dabigatran concentration and activated partial thromboplastin time in Japanese patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Shimomura Daiki , Nakagawa Yoshihisa , Kondo Hirokazu , Tamura Toshihiro , Amano Masashi , Hayama Yukiko , Onishi Naoaki , Tamaki Yodo , Miyake Makoto , Kaitani Kazuaki , Izumi Chisato , Hayashida Masahiko , Fukuda Aya , Nakamura Fumihiko , Kawano Seiji
Published: December 2014

Background

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is recommended for monitoring anticoagulant activity in dabigatran‐treated patients; however, there are limited data in Japanese patients. To clarify the relationship between plasma dabigatran concentration and aPTT, we analyzed plasma dabigatran concentration and aPTT at various time points following administration of oral dabigatran in a Japanese hospital.

Methods

We enrolled 149 patients (316 blood samples) with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who were taking dabigatran. Patients had a mean age of 66.6±10.0 years (range: 35–84) and 66% were men. Plasma dabigatran concentrations and aPTT were measured using the Hemoclot® direct thrombin inhibitor assay and Thrombocheck aPTT‐SLA®, respectively. Samples were classified into eight groups according to elapsed times in hours since oral administration of dabigatran.

Results

Significantly higher dabigatran concentrations were observed in samples obtained from patients with low creatinine clearance (CLCr) (CLCr<50 mL/min). Dabigatran concentrations and aPTT were highest in the 4‐h post‐administration range. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between plasma dabigatran concentrations and aPTT (y=0.063x+32.596, r2=0.648, p<0.001). However, when plasma dabigatran concentrations were 200 ng/mL or higher, the correlation was lower (y=0.040x+38.034 and r2=0.180); these results were evaluated by a quadratic curve, resulting in an increased correlation (r2=0.668).

Conclusions

There was a significant correlation between plasma dabigatran concentrations and aPTT. Additionally, in daily clinical practice in Japan, plasma dabigatran concentrations and aPTT reached a peak in the 4‐h post administration range. Considering the pharmacokinetics of dabigatran, aPTT can be used as an index for risk screening for excess dabigatran concentrations in Japanese patients with NVAF.
It Was Never Meant for Us: Towards a Black Feminist Construct of Citizenship in Social Studies
Authors: Vickery Amanda E.
Published: December 2014

This qualitative study focused on how two women African American teachers understand the purpose of teaching social studies and citizenship. The multiple identities as African American women and teachers along with their knowledge of African American history impacted the way notions of citizenship were understood and taught to students. The teachers drew on tenets of Black Feminist thought to make sense of construct of citizenship. Instead of conveying traditional notions of citizenship that include personal responsibility, patriotism, and membership to the nation state, they rejected these constructs of citizenship and understood their role as social studies teachers to instill notions of community membership and agency as aspects of citizenship. African American teacher's alternative notions of citizenship may provide a framework by which reconceptualized multiple views of American citizenship may be presented.
Clinical performance of a new hepatitis B surface antigen quantitative assay with automatic dilution
Authors: Liu Ta‐Wei , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Lin I.‐Ling , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chen Yao‐Li , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: December 2014

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) levels reflect disease status and can predict the clinical response to antiviral treatment; however, the emergence of HBsAg mutant strains has become a challenge. The Abbott HBsAg quantification assay provides enhanced detection of HBsAg and HBsAg mutants. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the Abbott HBsAg quantification assay with automatic sample dilutions (shortened as automatic Architect assay), compared with the Abbott HBsAg quantification assay with manual sample dilutions (shortened as manual Architect assay) and the Roche HBsAg quantification assay with automatic sample dilutions (shortened as Elecsys). A total of 130 sera samples obtained from 87 hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients were collected to assess the correlation between the automatic and manual Architect assays. Among the 87 patients, 41 provided 42 sera samples to confirm the linearity and reproducibility of the automatic Architect assay, and find out the correlation among the Elecsys and two Architect assays. The coefficients of variation (0.44–9.53%) and R2 = 0.996–1, which were both determined using values obtained from the automatic Architect assay, showed good reproducibility and linearity. Results of the two Architect assays demonstrated a feasible correlation (n = 130 samples; R = 0.898, p < 0.01). With regard to subgroups, correlations between the two Architect assays were better in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative group (HBeAg‐negative group vs. HBeAg‐positive group: R = 0.885 vs. R = 0.865, both p < 0.01) and low HBV DNA group (low DNA group vs. high DNA group: R = 0.886 vs. R = 0.844, both p < 0.01). Significant correlations were also found between the results of the Elecsys and Architect assays (R > 0.93 in all cases). In conclusion, the correlation between the automatic and manual dilution Architect assays was feasible, particularly in the HBeAg‐negative and low DNA groups. With lower labor costs and less human error than the manual version, the Abbott automatic dilution Architect assay provided a good clinical performance with regard to the HBsAg levels.
Creating a New Medina
Authors: Dhulipala Venkat
Published: December 2014

This book examines how the idea of Pakistan was articulated and debated in the public sphere and how popular enthusiasm was generated for its successful achievement, especially in the crucial province of UP (now Uttar Pradesh) in the last decade of British colonial rule in India. It argues that Pakistan was not a simply a vague idea that serendipitously emerged as a nation-state, but was popularly imagined as a sovereign Islamic State, a new Medina, as some called it. In this regard, it was envisaged as the harbinger of Islam's renewal and rise in the twentieth century, the new leader and protector of the global community of Muslims, and a worthy successor to the defunct Turkish Caliphate. The book also specifically foregrounds the critical role played by Deobandi ulama in articulating this imagined national community with an awareness of Pakistan's global historical significance.
Intellectual Shamans
Authors: Waddock Sandra
Published: December 2014

In traditional cultures, the shaman is the healer, the connector, and the spiritual leader or sensemaker. Today in the management academy, some individuals use their intellectual gifts to perform a similar role - mediating between various disciplines, ideas and theories, as well as making sense of ideas, insights, and research for others. This book, based on the work and lives of 28 very well-known management academics, describes what it means - and what it takes - to be an intellectual shaman. It is a fascinating insight into the career paths and the sometimes maverick behaviour that has allowed these individuals to achieve success. Based on extensive interviews, Intellectual Shamans provides both a roadmap to junior scholars and a critique of the current system of academic career progression.
Comorbidities, Exposure to Medications, and the Risk of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Furuya-Kanamori Luis , Stone Jennifer C. , Clark Justin , McKenzie Samantha J. , Yakob Laith , Paterson David L. , Riley Thomas V. , Doi Suhail A. R. , Clements Archie C.
Published: December 2014

Background

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been extensively described in healthcare settings; however, risk factors associated with community-acquired (CA) CDI remain uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize the current evidence for an association between commonly prescribed medications and comorbidities with CA-CDI.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in 5 electronic databases for epidemiologic studies that examined the association between the presence of comorbidities and exposure to medications with the risk of CA-CDI. Pooled odds ratios were estimated using 3 meta-analytic methods. Subgroup analyses by location of studies and by life stages were conducted.

Results

Twelve publications (n=56,776 patients) met inclusion criteria. Antimicrobial (odds ratio, 6.18; 95% CI, 3.80–10.04) and corticosteroid (1.81; 1.15–2.84) exposure were associated with increased risk of CA-CDI. Among the comorbidities, inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.52–9.12), renal failure (2.64; 1.23–5.68), hematologic cancer (1.75; 1.02–5.68), and diabetes mellitus (1.15; 1.05–1.27) were associated with CA-CDI. By location, antimicrobial exposure was associated with a higher risk of CA-CDI in the United States, whereas proton-pump inhibitor exposure was associated with a higher risk in Europe. By life stages, the risk of CA-CDI associated with antimicrobial exposure greatly increased in adults older than 65 years.

Conclusions

Antimicrobial exposure was the strongest risk factor associated with CA-CDI. Further studies are required to investigate the risk of CA-CDI associated with medications commonly prescribed in the community. Patients with diarrhea who have inflammatory bowel disease, renal failure, hematologic cancer, or diabetes are appropriate populations for interventional studies of screening.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0):1–10
Long-range wall perturbations in dense granular flows
Authors: Rognon Pierre G. , Miller Thomas , Metzger Bloen , Einav Itai
Published: December 2014

We explore how the rheology of dense granular flows is affected by the presence of sidewalls. The study is based on discrete element method simulations of plane-shear flows between two rough walls, prescribing both the normal stress and the shear rate. Results confirm previous observations for different systems: large layers near the walls develop where the local viscosity is not constant, but decreases when approaching the walls. The size of these layers can reach several dozen grain diameters, and is found to increase when the flow decelerates, as a power law of the inertial number. Two non-local models are found to adequately explain such features, namely the kinetic elasto-plastic fluidity (KEP) model and the eddy viscosity model (EV). The analysis of the internal kinematics further shows that the vorticity and its associated length scale may be a key component of these non-local behaviours.
Maternal Anxiety following Delivery, Early Infant Temperament and Mother´s Confidence in Caregiving
Authors: Jover Manuel , Colomer Julia , Carot Jose Miguel , Larsson Christina , Bobes Maria Teresa , Ivorra Jose Luis , Martín-Brufau Ramón , Sanjuan Julio
Published: December 2014

A mother’s emotional state is a well-known environmental factor that relates to the development of infant temperament. However, some relevant issues have not yet been fully explored. The current study examines the influence of determined maternal, contextual and perinatal variables on infant temperament and the mother’s confidence in caregiving during the first weeks of life. A prospective study was carried out in three-hundred and seventeen newborns and their mothers. Perinatal and socio-demographic variables were recorded. The mother’s anxiety and mood were measured in the first days after childbirth and again at 8 weeks. Infant temperament and the mother’s confidence in caregiving were measured at 8 weeks. A mother’s postpartum anxiety following delivery was the best predictor for most of the variables of infant temperament, including infant irritability (p= .001), and other child variables like infant sleep (p= .0003) and nursing difficulty (p= .001). Contextual-family variables, such as the number of people at home (p= .0024) and whether they were primiparous (p= .001), were the best predictors for a mother´s confidence in caregiving. Support was found for an early effect of maternal anxiety on infant temperament. The results have clinical implications for postnatal psychological interventions.
A microRNA expression atlas of mouse dendritic cell development
Authors: Johanson Timothy M , Cmero Marek , Wettenhall James , Lew Andrew M , Zhan Yifan , Chong Mark MW
Published: December 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinel cells of the immune system and are essential for inducing a proper immune response. The mechanisms driving the development of DCs are not fully understood. Although the roles of cytokines and transcription factors have been a major focus, there is now substantial interest in the role of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs for translational repression and ultimately degradation. By means of deep sequencing, we have assembled a comprehensive and quantitative resource of miRNA expression during DC development. We show that mature DCs and their hematopoietic progenitors can be distinguished based on miRNA expression profiles. On the other hand, we show that functionally distinct conventional and plasmacytoid DC subsets are indistinguishable based on miRNA profile. In addition, we identify differences between ex vivo purified conventional DCs and their in vitro Flt3L‐generated counterparts. This miRNA expression atlas will provide a valuable resource for the study of miRNAs in DC development and function.
IRF5 is a novel regulator of CXCL13 expression in breast cancer that regulates CXCR5+ B‐ and T‐cell trafficking to tumor‐conditioned media
Authors: Pimenta Erica Maria , De Saurav , Weiss Ryan , Feng Di , Hall Kelly , Kilic Sarah , Bhanot Gyan , Ganesan Shridar , Ran Sophia , Barnes Betsy J
Published: December 2014

Clinical studies using prognostic and predictive signatures have shown that an immune signal emanating from whole tumors reflects the level of immune cell infiltration—a high immune signal linked to improved outcome. Factors regulating immune cell trafficking to the tumor, however, are not known. Previous work has shown that expression of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a critical immune regulator, is lost in ~80% of invasive ductal carcinomas examined. We postulated that IRF5‐positive and ‐negative breast tumors would differentially regulate immune cell trafficking to the tumor. Using a focused tumor inflammatory array, differences in cytokine and chemokine expression were examined between IRF5‐positive and ‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells grown in three‐dimensional culture. A number of cytokines/chemokines were found to be dysregulated between cultures. CXCL13 was identified as a direct target of IRF5 resulting in the enhanced recruitment of B and T cells to IRF5‐positive tumor‐conditioned media. The ability of IRF5 to regulate mediators of cell migration was confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, small interfering RNA knockdown and immunofluorescence staining of human breast tumor tissues. Analysis of primary immune cell subsets revealed that IRF5 specifically recruits CXCR5+ B and T cells to the tumor; CXCR5 is the receptor for CXCL13. Analysis of primary breast tumor tissues revealed a significant correlation between IRF5 and CXCL13 expression providing clinical relevance to the study. Together, these data support that IRF5 directly regulates a network of genes that shapes a tumor immune response and may, in combination with CXCL13, serve as a novel prognostic marker for antitumor immunity.
Probing short-range protein Brownian motion in the cytoplasm of living cells
Authors: Di Rienzo Carmine , Piazza Vincenzo , Gratton Enrico , Beltram Fabio , Cardarelli Francesco
Published: December 2014

The translational motion of molecules in cells deviates from what is observed in dilute solutions. Theoretical models provide explanations for this effect but with predictions that drastically depend on the nanoscale organization assumed for macromolecular crowding agents. A conclusive test of the nature of the translational motion in cells is missing owing to the lack of techniques capable of probing crowding with the required temporal and spatial resolution. Here we show that fluorescence-fluctuation analysis of raster scans at variable timescales can provide this information. By using green fluorescent proteins in cells, we measure protein motion at the unprecedented timescale of 1 μs, unveiling unobstructed Brownian motion from 25 to 100 nm, and partially suppressed diffusion above 100 nm. Furthermore, experiments on model systems attribute this effect to the presence of relatively immobile structures rather than to diffusing crowding agents. We discuss the implications of these results for intracellular processes.
Decontamination of nanoparticles from aqueous samples using supramolecular gels
Authors: Patwa Amit , Labille Jérôme , Bottero Jean-Yves , Thiéry Alain , Barthélémy Philippe
Published: December 2014

We report for the first time, a facile and general method for the quantitative removal of nanoparticles from aqueous waste using supramolecular gels.
Tuning macrocycles to design ‘turn-on’ fluorescence probes for manganese(ii) sensing in live cells
Authors: Bakthavatsalam Subha , Sarkar Anindita , Rakshit Ananya , Jain Shubhi , Kumar Amit , Datta Ankona
Published: December 2014

We report novel ‘turn-on’ fluorescence probes for imaging Mn2+ in live cells.
Structural diversity of luminescent lanthanide metal–organic frameworks based on a V-shaped ligand
Authors: He Yan-Fei , Chen Di-Ming , Xu Hang , Cheng Peng
Published: December 2014

A systematic research of solvent and temperature induced structural diversity of lanthanide metal–organic frameworks based on a V-shaped ligand.
Low-volume multiplexed proteolytic activity assay and inhibitor analysis through a pico-injector array
Authors: Ng Ee Xien , Miller Miles A. , Jing Tengyang , Lauffenburger Doug A. , Chen Chia-Hung
Published: December 2014

In this study we developed a pico-injector array to generate 9 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 72 different reactions in picoliter-sized droplets by controlling the sequence of combinational injections, which allows simultaneous read-outs of a wide range of multiple protease reactions and measurement of inhibitor effects by using small sample volumes.
Controllable and facile synthesis of nearly monodisperse 18-facet indium hydroxide polyhedra
Authors: Liu Jijiang , Chen Gang , Yu Yaoguang , Wu Yalin , Zhou Mingjun , Zhang Wei , Qin Hao , Lv Chade , Fu Wei
Published: December 2014

In(OH)3 octadecahedra photocatalysts for H2 evolution were successfully synthesized by a simple mixed solvothermal process without any surfactant.
Large-scale growth of hierarchical transition-metal vanadate nanosheets on metal meshes as monolith catalysts for De-NOxreaction
Authors: Huang Lei , Zhao Xin , Zhang Lei , Shi Liyi , Zhang Jianping , Zhang Dengsong
Published: December 2014

Hierarchical transition-metal vanadate nanosheets on metal meshes were originally developed as monolith catalysts for De-NOxreaction.
NBD-based fluorescent chemosensor for the selective quantification of copper and sulfide in an aqueous solution and living cells
Authors: Meng Qingtao , Shi Yu , Wang Cuiping , Jia Hongmin , Gao Xue , Zhang Run , Wang Yongfei , Zhang Zhiqiang
Published: December 2014

A fluorescent chemosensor (NL) has been developed for the selective quantification of copper and sulfide in aqueous solutions and living cells.
A surfactant-free emulsion RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a continuous tubular reactor
Authors: Li Zhen , Chen Weijie , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhang Lifen , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Xiulin
Published: December 2014

A surfactant-free emulsion RAFT polymerization of methyl methacrylate was successfully conducted in a continuous tubular reactor with a mixed solvent of water and dimethyl formamide in the presence of air, using CTBCOOH as the chain transfer agent and emulsion stabilizer.
An innovative approach for separation and purification of natural products using carbon nanotube–alginate gel beads as a novel stationary phase
Authors: Long Jingjing , Wang Yuan , Xu Yanan , Li Xu
Published: December 2014

A new packing material is studied in preparative or semi-preparative liquid chromatography with high separation efficiency and quality.
Monolithic porous layer open tubular (monoPLOT) capillary columns for gas chromatography
Authors: Nesterenko Ekaterina P. , Burke Maurice , de Bosset Christophe , Pessutto Paulo , Malafosse Claire , Collins David A.
Published: December 2014

Polymer monolithic open tubular columns are presented as a solid adsorbent for fast and efficient gas phase separations.
MoS2 nanoflowers consisting of nanosheets with a controllable interlayer distance as high-performance lithium ion battery anodes
Authors: Lu Yutao , Yao Xiayin , Yin Jingyun , Peng Gang , Cui Ping , Xu Xiaoxiong
Published: December 2014

MoS2 with a controllable optimized interlayer distance of 0.65 nm and good crystallinity, appropriate surface area and defects as well as thickness of the nanosheets exhibit the best electrochemical performances.
A special Ag/AgCl network-nanostructure for selective catalytic degradation of refractory chlorophenol contaminants
Authors: Huang Zaidi , Wen Ming , Wu Dandan , Wu Qingsheng
Published: December 2014

Ag/AgCl network-structures exhibit high photocatalytic performance for the selective degradation of 4-CP under UV-light, suggesting potential application for organic pollutant elimination.
A near infrared fluorescent/ultrasonic bimodal contrast agent for imaging guided pDNA delivery via ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction
Authors: Yang Yongbo , Wang Jinrui , Li Xiaoda , Lin Li , Yue Xiuli
Published: December 2014

MBs@QDs@PEI/pDNA was prepared to operate as a NIR/Ultrasound bimodal imaging guided platform for targeting delivery of pDNA by UTMD.
Peripheral functionalisation of a stable phthalocyanine J-type dimer to control the aggregation behaviour and NLO properties: UV-Vis, fluorescence, DFT, TDHF and thermal study
Authors: Tolbin Alexander Yu. , Dzuban Alexander V. , Shestov Vladimir I. , Gudkova Yuliana I. , Brel Valery K. , Tomilova Larisa G. , Zefirov Nikolay S.
Published: December 2014

Chemical modification of a stable phthalocyanine J-type dimer was demonstrated for the first time, with an emphasis on controlling the aggregation, spectral and NLO properties.
Semiconducting properties of spinel tin nitride and other IV3N4polymorphs
Authors: Caskey Christopher M. , Seabold Jason A. , Stevanović Vladan , Ma Ming , Smith Wilson A. , Ginley David S. , Neale Nathan R. , Richards Ryan M. , Lany Stephan , Zakutayev Andriy
Published: December 2014

The semiconducting properties of tin nitride (spinel Sn3N4) is investigated and discussed in relation to group IV nitride polymorphs.
First order nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements between excited states: Implementation and application at the TD-DFT and pp-TDA levels
Authors: Li Zhendong , Suo Bingbing , Liu Wenjian
Published: December 2014

The recently proposed rigorous yet abstract theory of first order nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements (fo-NACME) between electronically excited states [Z. Li and W. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 014110 (2014)] is specified in detail for two widely used models: The time-dependent density functional theory and the particle-particle Tamm-Dancoff approximation. The actual implementation employs a Lagrangian formalism with atomic-orbital based direct algorithms, which makes the computation of fo-NACME very similar to that of excited-state gradients. Although the methods have great potential in investigating internal conversions and nonadiabatic dynamics between excited states of large molecules, only prototypical systems as a first pilot application are considered here to illustrate some conceptual aspects.
Position-momentum uncertainty relations in the presence of quantum memory
Authors: Furrer Fabian , Berta Mario , Tomamichel Marco , Scholz Volkher B. , Christandl Matthias
Published: December 2014

A prominent formulation of the uncertainty principle identifies the fundamental quantum feature that no particle may be prepared with certain outcomes for both position and momentum measurements. Often the statistical uncertainties are thereby measured in terms of entropies providing a clear operational interpretation in information theory and cryptography. Recently, entropic uncertainty relations have been used to show that the uncertainty can be reduced in the presence of entanglement and to prove security of quantum cryptographic tasks. However, much of this recent progress has been focused on observables with only a finite number of outcomes not including Heisenberg’s original setting of position and momentum observables. Here, we show entropic uncertainty relations for general observables with discrete but infinite or continuous spectrum that take into account the power of an entangled observer. As an illustration, we evaluate the uncertainty relations for position and momentum measurements, which is operationally significant in that it implies security of a quantum key distribution scheme based on homodyne detection of squeezed Gaussian states.
Improved thermoelectric performance of n-type Ca and Ca-Ce filled skutterudites
Authors: Thompson Daniel R. , Liu Chang , Ellison Nicole D. , Salvador James R. , Meyer Martin S. , Haddad Daad B. , Wang Hsin , Cai W.
Published: December 2014

Thermoelectric (TE) technology for use in automotive waste heat recovery is being advanced by General Motors with support from the US Department of Energy. Skutterudites are a very promising material for this application of TE technology due to their superior mechanical properties and good TE performance. Double-filled YbxBayCo4Sb12 with ZT values around 1.1 at 750 K are the best performing n-type skutterudites produced on a large scale using an economically viable approach of melt spinning (MS) in conjunction with spark plasma sintering (SPS). Another economical production method on the tons scale, the melt quench annealing (MQA) technique, has been recently claimed by Treibacher Industrie AG, further information is available [G. Rogl et al., Acta Mater. 76, 434–448 (2014)]. A possible hurdle to commercial implementation of these materials is the use of rare earths as the fillers to reduce thermal conductivity and improve the electrical transport properties. It will be shown herein that skutterudites double-filled with Ca and Ce, both of which are lower-cost fillers, display markedly different TE properties depending on whether they are produced by MQA or MS + SPS synthesis techniques. Ca and Ce double-filled skutterudites prepared by MS + SPS have TE properties that are superior to the same compositions prepared by MQA and that are comparable to the best performing Yb and Ba filled materials. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that the unusually poor transport properties of MQA Ca-filled skutterudites can be ascribed to deleterious secondary phases, which is contrary to reports in the literature attempting to explain these irregularities via band structure features.
An extended topological model for binary phosphate glasses
Authors: Hermansen Christian , Rodrigues Bruno P. , Wondraczek Lothar , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: December 2014

We present a topological model for binary phosphate glasses that builds on the previously introduced concepts of the modifying ion sub-network and the strength of modifier constraints. The validity of the model is confirmed by the correct prediction of Tg(x) for covalent polyphosphoric acids where the model reduces to classical constraint counting. The constraints on the modifying cations are linear constraints to first neighbor non-bridging oxygens, and all angular constraints are broken as expected for ionic bonding. For small modifying cations, such as Li+, the linear constraints are almost fully intact, but for larger ions, a significant fraction is broken. By accounting for the fraction of intact modifying ion related constraints, qγ, the Tg(x) of alkali phosphate glasses is predicted. By examining alkali, alkaline earth, and rare earth metaphosphate glasses, we find that the effective number of intact constraints per modifying cation is linearly related to the charge-to-distance ratio of the modifying cation to oxygen.
An efficient localization procedure for large systems using a sequential transformation strategy
Authors: Zhang Chenyang , Li Shuhua
Published: December 2014

A fast and efficient fragment-based top-down localization scheme is developed to obtain occupied and virtual regionally localized molecular orbitals (RLMOs) for large systems. In the scheme, RLMOs in many fragments of the target system are constructed using a fragment-based sequential transformation strategy based on a series of singular value decomposition operations. The present localization scheme is a non-iterative procedure, which computationally scales cubically with the system size. The locality of RLMOs is quite close to that of localized molecular orbitals obtained with conventional localization schemes. For several large systems, we demonstrate that this approach is efficient for computing both occupied and virtual RLMOs.