bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Chemical‐Oxygen Demand and Color Removal of Distillery Spent‐Wash by Ozonation
Authors: Srivastava S. , Bose P. , Tare V.
Published: March 2006

Distillery spent‐wash has very high organic content (75 000 to 125 000 mg/L chemical‐oxygen demand [COD]), color, and contains difficult‐to‐biodegrade organic compounds. For example, anaerobic treatment of the distillery spent‐wash used in this study resulted in 60% COD reduction and low color removal. Subsequent aerobic treatment of the anaerobic effluent resulted in enhancement of COD removal to 66%. In this paper, the effect of ozonation on various properties of the anaerobically treated distillery effluent, including the effect on its subsequent aerobic biodegradation, was investigated. Ozonation of the anaerobically treated distillery effluent at various ozone doses resulted in the reduction of total‐organic carbon (TOC), COD, COD/TOC ratio, absorbance, color, and increase in the biochemical‐oxygen demand (BOD)/COD ratio of the effluent. Further, ozonation of the anaerobically treated distillery effluent at an ozone dose of 2.08 mg/mg initial TOC and subsequent aerobic biodegradation resulted in 87.4% COD removal, as compared to 66% removal when ozonation was not used.
Design and Startup of a Membrane‐Biological‐Reactor System at a Ford‐Engine Plant for Treating Oily Wastewater
Authors: Kim B. R. , Anderson J. E. , Mueller S. A. , Gaines W. A. , Szafranski M. J. , Bremmer A. L. , Yarema G. J. , Guciardo C. D. , Linden S. , Doherty T. E.
Published: March 2006

A wastewater‐treatment facility at Ford (Dearborn, Michigan) was recently upgraded from chemical de‐emulsification to ultrafiltration (UF) followed by a membrane‐biological reactor (MBR). This paper describes the design, startup, and initial operational performance of the facility. Primary findings are as follows: (1) the MBR proved resilient; (2) the MBR removed approximately 90% of chemical‐oxygen demand (COD) after primary UF; (3) the removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen by MBR appeared to be more sensitive to operating conditions than COD removal; (4) nitrification and denitrification were established in one month; (5) the MBR removed oil and grease and phenolics to below detection levels consistently, in contrast to widely fluctuating concentrations in the past; (6) permeate fluxes of the primary and MBR UF were adversely affected by inadvertent use of a silicone‐based defoamer; and (7) zinc concentrations in the effluent increased, which might have been a result of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid used in membrane washing solutions and/or might have been within typical concentration ranges.
Effect of Formaldehyde on Biofilm Activity and Morphology in an Ultracompact Biofilm Reactor for Carbonaceous Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ong Say Leong , Sarkar Suhash Kumar , Lee Lai Yoke , Hu Jiang Yong , Ng How Yong , van Loosdrecht Mark
Published: March 2006

The effects of formaldehyde on biofilm morphology and biomass activity were investigated in an ultracompact biofilm reactor (UCBR) for carbonaceous wastewater treatment. The wastewater contained a fixed amount of glucose (with a chemical oxygen demand concentration of 600 mg/L) and an increasing concentration of formaldehyde (ranging from 21.4 to 271.1 mg/L). An influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 75 mg/L could facilitate filamentous growth (on biofilm) control and lead to a higher biofilm density, which is desirable as it enhanced the UCBR performance stability. However, at an influent formaldehyde concentration higher than 214.4 mg/L, biomass production was inhibited and deteriorations of biofilm morphology and biomass activity were observed. This study showed that it was desirable to maintain an influent formaldehyde concentration lower than 202.2 mg/L, as this concentration could achieve a good biofilm morphology while not inhibiting its microbial activity.
Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Moving‐Bed‐Biofilm Reactor with Diatomaceous Earth as Carriers
Authors: Zhao Yaping , Cao Dawen , Liu Lu , Jin Wei
Published: March 2006

This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using a moving‐bed‐biofilm reactor with internal circulation through aeration for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The attached film was a mixed‐microorganism consortium, which used composite‐refined‐diatomaceous earth as novel biomass carriers to form a diatomaceous‐earth‐moving‐bed‐biofilm‐reactor (DEMBBR) process. The startup of laboratory‐scale, continuous‐flow reactor was successfully achieved without seeding activated sludge. The DEMBBR process removed chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, ammonium‐nitrogen, and turbidity at the highest rate of 88.5, 83, 92.3, and 96.7%, respectively, with a hydraulic retention time of only 2.5 hours. The DEMBBR was less affected by interruption and adverse operation conditions than the conventional‐activated‐sludge reactor. Thus, the DEMBBR could be proposed to be a cost‐effective, small‐wastewater‐treatment‐process unit.
Online Oxygen Control for Sulfide Oxidation in Anaerobic Treatment of High‐Sulfate Wastewater
Authors: Khanal Samir Kumar , Huang Ju‐Chang
Published: March 2006

A new technique for sulfide control was investigated in an upflow‐anaerobic filter (UAF) treating high‐strength, sulfate‐rich wastewater. The technique used periodic oxygen injection using oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) as a controlling parameter to regulate oxygen injection. The UAF was operated at a constant influent total‐organic carbon of 6740 mg/L but with different influent sulfates of 1000, 3000, and 6000 mg/L. At 1000 and 3000 mg/L influent sulfates, the produced sulfide did not impose any inhibition to methane‐producing bacteria (MPB). However, at 6000 mg/L influent sulfate, the produced dissolved sulfide of 804 mg S/L (free sulfide = 280 mg S/L) severely inhibited the methanogenesis, but not the sulfidogenesis. Upon oxygen injection at elevated ORP of ‐265 mV, sulfides were almost completely eliminated with a concomitant improvement in methane yield by 46%. If oxygenation was excessive because of an oversetting of ORP, the excess oxygen could be used rapidly by facultative heterotrophs, thereby protecting the MPB from oxygen stress. Regarding online sulfide oxidation, it was found that the biogas and injected oxygen needed to pass through an aqueous layer containing trace metals, which were found to have a significant catalytic effect on abiotic sulfide oxidation.
Spatial Estimates of Stormwater‐Pollutant Loading Using Bayesian Networks and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Park Mi‐Hyun , Stenstrom Michael K.
Published: March 2006

Stormwater runoff has become the primary source of many pollutants to the Santa Monica Bay watershed (California), and managing stormwater inputs to the bay has become the primary objective of new regulatory efforts. Empirical methods to estimate stormwater pollution have been developed using land‐use data; however, land‐use data collected from traditional ground surveys are expensive and time consuming and may not be available. This study used an alternative approach and estimated land use from satellite‐image classification using Bayesian networks. The results were converted to thematic maps using a geographic information system to visualize spatial estimates of runoff coefficients of the given area, event‐mean concentrations (EMCs) of target pollutants, and their pollutant loads. The stormwater‐pollutant‐loading maps identified areas of high annual‐mass loads, which were more affected by impervious areas, because of their high runoff coefficients, rather than their EMCs. In this watershed, the major sources of nonpoint‐source pollution are the multiple‐family‐residential (14%), commercial (7%), public (6%), industrial (3%), and transportation (7%) land uses adjacent to Marina del Rey and the Ballona wetlands. The contributions of single‐family‐residential (30%) and open (33%) land uses are less important.
Biological Denitrification in Drinking Water Treatment Using the Seaweed Gracilaria Verrucosa as Carbon Source and Biofilm Carrier
Authors: Ovez B. , Mergaert J. , Saglam M.
Published: March 2006

Chemical and microbiological aspects were investigated with regard to biological denitrification of drinking water using the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as the carbon and energy substrate and as physical support for the microbial flora in semibatch, fixed‐bed reactors. Complete removal of nitrate (100 mg/L) was readily achieved without accumulation of nitrite. Microbiological analysis indicated that the effluent of the reactor contained high numbers of bacteria (>10 6/mL total count). Among the 44 bacterial strains isolated directly from the samples or isolated after enrichment at 37°C, 25 different fatty acid profiles were found, indicating a complex microflora, including potential pathogens.
Electrolytic Treatment of an Industrial Wastewater from a Hosiery Plant
Authors: Edwards Findlay G. , Fendley Darryl L. , Lunsford Jesse V.
Published: March 2006

Textile plant wastewater being treated in a facultative pond system had too high of a solids concentration to be reused in the dying and rinsing processes. Electrocoagulation was evaluated to further treat the pond effluent to remove turbidity, which was caused by dyes and microorganisms. A range of amperages were tested for removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Electrocoagulation lowered the turbidity from 1400 NTU to below 50 NTU; and COD was lowered from 550 mg/L to approximately 250 mg/L, which was acceptable for reuse. In addition, a laboratory‐scale sedimentation study was conducted on the electrocoagulated pond effluent, which indicated that a settling time of 35 minutes would provide for 80% removal of suspended solids, which was acceptable for reuse of the water in plant processes.
Testing the Extended Biotic Index in Slovakia: Consistency, Advantages, and Limitations versus the Saprobic Assessment Method of Water Quality
Authors: Pennelli Bruno , Nagel Karl‐Otto , Crivellaro Giuseppe , Fabiani Claudio , Vancova Alexandra , Mancini Laura
Published: March 2006

The European Union Water Framework Directive requires the achievement of environmental objectives for the ecological quality of water bodies. A comparable implementation of the Directive throughout member countries of the European Union is necessary to verify equal protection of surface waters. The Directive specifies that member states determine ecological quality by means of biological indices.    To improve comparability of water quality assessment, this research carried out an intercalibration trial between the Slovak Saprobic Index and the Italian protocol of the Extended Biotic Index, as part of a cooperative program between Italy and the Slovak Republic.    When assessing streams with no or low pollution, statistics showed similar results for both methods. In contrast, the comparison of indices was not accurate in the case of severely affected waters. Reliable conversion formulas are feasible to transform the Italian Extended Biotic Index into the Slovak Saprobic Index, and not vice versa.
Test Anxiety and Test Performance: Comparing Paper-Based and Computer-Adaptive Versions of the Graduate Record Examinations (Gre©) General Test
Authors: Powers Donald E.
Published: March 2006

Despite some assumptions to the contrary, there is reason to believe that the introduction of computer-adaptive testing may actually help to alleviate test anxiety and diminish the relationship between test anxiety and test performance. This study provided a test of this hypothesis. Results are based on a sample of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE©) General Test takers who took the computer-adaptive version of the test, and another sample of GRE examinees who took the paper-based version of the test. After taking the test, all examinees completed both a test anxiety inventory and an inventory concerning attitudes toward computers. Relationships were examined between performance on each of the three GRE General Test measures and reports of test anxiety (both worry and emotionality) and computer attitudes (both anxiety and confidence). For both the test anxiety and the computer attitudes scales, the relationship to GRE scores was similar for the computer-adaptive and paper-based GRE General Test. Thus, there was no support for the study's major hypothesis. Several ancillary findings, however, do have implications for large-scale testing programs, especially those moving to computer-based testing.
Complicated Grief and the Quest for Meaning: A Constructivist Contribution
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A.
Published: March 2006

One of the more important results of the upwelling of research on bereavement in recent decades has been the development of criteria for complicated grief, a disorder whose coherence, correlates and consequences have been subjected to increasing scrutiny. In this article I argue that clinical, conceptual, and evidence-based considerations converge to support the further refinement of such criteria, with a special emphasis on their connection to the protracted and painful quest for meaning that characterizes a subset of the bereaved. As further research supports and extends these current efforts, there is reason to believe that an understanding of complicated grief can make a significant contribution to research, theory, and practice concerning adaptation in the wake of loss.
Structures, Understandings and Discourses: Possibilities for Re-Envisioning the Early Childhood Worker
Authors: Moss Peter
Published: March 2006

As early childhood services move up the policy agenda, so too does the early childhood workforce. Its members are recognised as the main resource for such services, and there is an increasing recognition that the work is complex and requires enhanced education. But despite this recognition, the situation in many countries — where the early childhood workforce remains split between a minority of teachers and a growing majority of childcare workers with lower qualifications and poorer work conditions — is highly problematic. The article considers what forms change might take, both structurally and in terms of how the worker and her work is understood, arguing for the need to connect restructuring with rethinking to re-envision the workforce. It also examines how understandings of the workforce are produced from different discourses and how different understandings relate to concepts of professionalism, proposing a politics of occupational identity and values that moves beyond the dualistic ‘non-professional/professional’ divide. It concludes by arguing that although strong forces are involved, there is scope for contestation and change.
The Personal is Professional: Professionalism and the Birth to Threes Practitioner
Authors: Manning-Morton Julia
Published: March 2006

This article puts forward the idea that in order to sufficiently meet the needs of very young children and thereby develop quality provision, early years practitioners must develop a professional approach that combines personal awareness with theoretical knowledge. It argues that the development of such abilities is enabled in process-oriented training over an extended period of time and describes the ‘Key Times' Project (London Metropolitan University with the London Borough of Camden, 2000–2005) as illustration of a process that impacted positively on practitioners' professional self-worth through valuing self-awareness in relation to the physical and emotional dimensions of practice.
Deconstructing Professionalism in Early Childhood Education: Resisting the Regulatory Gaze
Authors: Osgood Jayne
Published: March 2006

The aim of this article is to problematise the dominant construction of ‘professionalism’ as created and promoted by the United Kingdom Government through policy. Like other professionals working in education, early years practitioners are subjected to a disempowering, regulatory gaze in the name of higher standards. The preoccupation with satisfying dominant and externally imposed constructions of professionalism leaves little time to engage in meaningful critiques of the status quo, and as a consequence of social engineering those working in the early years become constrained by demands for technicist practice. The discourse of rationality is deconstructed to reveal that through its dominance and perpetuation early years practitioners are regulated and controlled in their attempts to satisfy the demands for performativity and technicist practice. This article draws upon and is framed by the work of Foucault, in particular his concern with ‘disciplinary technologies' that produce docile bodies as objects that yield to the discourse, and his focus upon rules that govern the discourse — in this case the discourse professionalism. The article concludes with a discussion of the vital and important role that agency plays and it is argued that practitioners are not passively shaped by social structure but that they are active in challenging, negotiating and reforming the discourses through which they are positioned and defined and therein lies the possibility for resisting the regulatory gaze.
Distribution and activity of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria in Nakivubo wastewater channel and wastewater treatment wetland, Uganda
Authors: Kyambadde Joseph , Kansiime Frank , Dalhammar Gunnel
Published: March 2006

The pollution profiles of Nakivubo channel and wetland, and the spatial distribution of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria and the corresponding ammonium‐oxidation activities along Nakivubo channel and wetland are presented. A set of physico‐chemical and biochemical variables was monitored, and numbers and activity of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria in the water, sediment and epiphyton were quantified to estimate their influence on the nitrification and nitrogen bioconversions in general, and to determine the factors influencing the distribution of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria in Nakivubo channel and wetland. Considerable numbers of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria and ammonium‐oxidation activities were found upstream of Nakivubo channel suggesting that the physico‐chemical conditions were suitable for the survival of nitrifying bacteria. However, the longitudinal decline in numbers and activity of ammonium‐oxidizers was probably due to (1) high biodegradable organic matter input which supported proliferation of heterotrophs, consuming the little available oxygen, (2) hydro‐sedimentary conditions of the channel, (3) die‐off due to presence of toxic and inhibitory chemicals and metal compounds. The removal of biochemical oxygen demand was significantly higher than that of nitrogen indicating lower self‐purification efficiency for nitrogen. A comparison of the ammonium‐oxidation activity of the different phases indicated that epiphytic nitrification was more important than that of sediment and water compartments of the wetland, whereas sediment and suspended nitrifiers were equally important for nitrification upstream of Nakivubo channel.
The seasonal occurrence of the sewage fungus Leptomitus lacteus (Roth) C. Agardh in stagnant and running waters of different water chemistry of Hesse and Thuringia, Germany
Authors: Riethmüller Alexandra , Gründel Andreas , Langer Ewald
Published: March 2006

We compared the seasonal occurrence of Leptomitus lacteus (Roth) C. Agardh (Oomycetes, Leptomitales) in freshwater samples from autumn 2003 to summer 2004. For this purpose, we analysed 42 different water samples of running waters from Hesse and Thuringia and additionally of stagnant waters and of a spring from Hesse. For isolating L. lacteus, the baiting technique was used. The simultaneous limnochemical characterisation of the examined waters resulted in information on the trophic status of the lakes and the water quality classification of some rivers. L. lacteus occurred in all three types of waters examined. Based on the number of samples in which it occurred, L. lacteus seems to prefer rivers rather than stagnant waters. L. lacteus could be isolated during the whole year. Nevertheless, most isolates were obtained in winter. Hence, a preference for growth and propagation in winter is postulated.
Integrated fault‐detection and fault‐tolerant control of process systems
Authors: Mhaskar Prashant , Gani Adiwinata , El‐Farra Nael H. , McFall Charles , Christofides Panagiotis D. , Davis James F.
Published: March 2006

The problem of implementing fault‐tolerant control to nonlinear processes with input constraints subject to control actuator failures is considered, and an approach predicated upon the idea of integrating fault‐detection, feedback and supervisory control is presented and demonstrated. To illustrate the main idea behind the proposed approach, availability of measurements of all the process state variables is initially assumed. For the processes under consideration, a family of candidate control configurations, characterized by different manipulated inputs, is first identified. For each control configuration, a Lyapunov‐based controller that enforces asymptotic closed‐loop stability in the presence of constraints, is designed, and the constrained stability region, associated with it, is explicitly characterized. A fault‐detection filter is used to compute the expected closed‐loop behavior in the absence of faults. Deviations of the process states from the expected closed‐loop behavior are used to detect faults. A switching policy is then derived, on the basis of the stability regions, to orchestrate the activation/deactivation of the constituent control configurations in a way that guarantees closed‐loop stability in the event that a failure is detected. Often, in chemical process applications, not all state variables are available for measurement. To deal with the problem of lack of process state measurements, a nonlinear observer is designed to generate estimates of the states, which are then used to implement the state feedback controller and the fault‐detection filter. A switching policy is then derived to orchestrate the activation/deactivation of the constituent control configurations in a way that accounts for the estimation error. Finally, simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed fault‐tolerant control scheme, as well as to investigate an application in the presence of uncertainty and measurement noise. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The virtual mass of a growing and collapsing bubble
Authors: Kendoush Abdullah Abbas
Published: March 2006

Analytical solutions were obtained for the virtual mass coefficient (CV) of a growing and collapsing bubble controlled by the following causes: thermal diffusion and mass diffusion. Expressions were derived for CV of bubble growth and collapse controlled by thermal diffusion, at high and low Jakob numbers. The solutions were validated by their asymptotic approach to the limit of the constant volume bubble as well as to the limit of the single growing bubble in a system of two growing bubbles. Some avenues for future research were pointed out. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Automatic thesaurus development: Term extraction from title metadata
Authors: Wang Jun
Published: March 2006

The application of thesauri in networked environments is seriously hampered by the challenges of introducing new concepts and terminology into the formal controlled vocabulary, which is critical for enhancing its retrieval capability. The author describes an automated process of adding new terms to thesauri as entry vocabulary by analyzing the association between words/phrases extracted from bibliographic titles and subject descriptors in the metadata record (subject descriptors are terms assigned from controlled vocabularies of thesauri to describe the subjects of the objects [e.g., books, articles] represented by the metadata records). The investigated approach uses a corpus of metadata for scientific and technical (S&T) publications in which the titles contain substantive words for key topics. The three steps of the method are (a) extracting words and phrases from the title field of the metadata; (b) applying a method to identify and select the specific and meaningful keywords based on the associated controlled vocabulary terms from the thesaurus used to catalog the objects; and (c) inserting selected keywords into the thesaurus as new terms (most of them are in hierarchical relationships with the existing concepts), thereby updating the thesaurus with new terminology that is being used in the literature. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated by an experiment with the Chinese Classification Thesaurus (CCT) and bibliographic data in China Machine‐Readable Cataloging Record (MARC) format (CNMARC) provided by Peking University Library. This approach is equally effective in large‐scale collections and in other languages.
Enhanced lycopene production in Escherichia coli engineered to synthesize isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate from mevalonate
Authors: Yoon Sang‐Hwal , Lee Young‐Mi , Kim Ju‐Eun , Lee Sook‐Hee , Lee Joo‐Hee , Kim Jae‐Yean , Jung Kyung‐Hwa , Shin Yong‐Chul , Keasling Jay D. , Kim Seon‐Won
Published: March 2006

To increase expression of lycopene synthetic genes crtE, crtB, crtI, and ipiHP1, the four exogenous genes were cloned into a high copy pTrc99A vector with a strong trc promoter. Recombinant Escherichia coli harboring pT‐LYCm4 produced 17 mg/L of lycopene. The mevalonate lower pathway, composed of mvaK1, mvaK2, mvaD, and idi, was engineered to produce pSSN12Didi for an efficient supply of the lycopene building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Mevalonate was supplied as a substrate for the mevalonate lower pathway. Lycopene production in E. coli harboring pT‐LYCm4 and pSSN12Didi with supplementation of 3.3 mM mevalonate was more than threefold greater than bacteria with pT‐LYCm4 only. Lycopene production was dependent on mevalonate concentration supplied in the culture. Clump formation was observed as cells accumulated more lycopene. Further clumping was prevented by adding the surfactant Tween 80 0.5% (w/v), which also increased lycopene production and cell growth. When recombinant E. coli harboring pT‐LYCm4 and pSSN12Didi was cultivated in 2YT medium containing 2% (w/v) glycerol as a carbon source, 6.6 mM mevalonate for the mevalonate lower pathway, and 0.5% (w/v) Tween 80 to prevent clump formation, lycopene production was 102 mg/L and 22 mg/g dry cell weight, and cell growth had an OD600 value of 15 for 72 h. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of blood loss, obstruction and perforation on survival in patients undergoing curative resection for colon cancer
Authors: McArdle C S , McMillan D C , Hole D J
Published: March 2006

Background

Previous studies have drawn attention to the high postoperative mortality and poor survival of patients who present as an emergency with colon cancer. However, these patients are a heterogeneous group. The aim of the present study was to establish, having adjusted for case mix, the size of the differences in postoperative mortality and 5-year survival between patients presenting as an emergency with evidence of blood loss, obstruction and perforation.

Methods

The study included 2068 patients who presented with colon cancer between 1991 and 1994 in Scotland. Five-year survival rates and the adjusted hazard ratios were calculated.

Results

Thirty-day postoperative mortality following potentially curative resection was consistently higher in patients who presented with evidence of blood loss, obstruction or perforation (all P < 0·005) than in elective patients. Following potentially curative surgery, cancer-specific survival at 5 years was 74·6 per cent compared with 60·9, 51·6 and 46·5 per cent in those who presented with blood loss, obstruction and perforation respectively (all P < 0·001). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (95 per cent confidence interval) for cancer-specific survival, relative to elective patients, were 1·62 (1·22 to 2·15), 2·22 (1·78 to 2·75) and 2·93 (1·82 to 4·70) for patients presenting with evidence of blood loss, obstruction or perforation (all P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Compared with patients who undergo elective surgery for colon cancer, those who present as an emergency with evidence of blood loss, obstruction or perforation have higher postoperative mortality rates and poorer cancer-specific survival.
The changing face of treatment for Crohn's disease
Authors: Vermeire S , Rutgeerts P
Published: March 2006

Blocking lymphocyte migration holds promise
Repeat hepatic resection for recurrent colorectal liver metastases is associated with favourable long-term survival
Authors: Shaw I M , Rees M , Welsh F K S , Bygrave S , John T G
Published: March 2006

Background

The management of patients with recurrent colorectal liver metastases (RCLM) remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether repeat liver resection for RCLM could be performed with acceptable morbidity, mortality and long-term survival.

Methods

Of 1121 consecutive liver resections performed and prospectively analysed between 1987 and 2005, 852 ‘curative’ resections were performed on patients with colorectal liver metastases. Single liver resection was performed in 718 patients, and 71 repeat hepatic resections for RCLM were performed in 66 patients.

Results

There were no postoperative deaths following repeat hepatic resection compared with a postoperative mortality rate of 1·4 per cent after single hepatic resection. Postoperative morbidity was comparable following single and repeat hepatectomy (26·1 versus 18 per cent; P = 0·172), although median blood loss was greater during repeat resection (450 versus 350 ml; P = 0·006). Actuarial 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 94, 68 and 44 per cent after repeat hepatic resection for RCLM, compared with 89·3, 51·7 and 29·5 per cent respectively following single hepatectomy.

Conclusion

The beneficial outcomes observed after repeat liver resection in selected patients with RCLM confirm the experience of others and support its status as the preferred choice of treatment for such patients.
Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer
Authors: Söreide K , Janssen E A M , Söiland H , Körner H , Baak J P A
Published: March 2006

Background

Microsatellite instability (MSI) causes hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and occurs in about 15 per cent of sporadic colorectal cancers. Although the basic mechanisms are not clear, there is increased understanding of the clinicopathological consequences of MSI.

Methods

Medline was searched for articles with a combination of keywords relating to MSI in colorectal cancer, focusing on molecular mechanisms, clinicopathological implications, and prognostic and predictive value. Emphasis was placed on articles from the past 5 years.

Results

The genetic mechanisms differ in hereditary (germline mutation) and sporadic (epigenetic silencing) colorectal cancer. The MSI pathway frequently has altered transforming growth factor β receptor II and BAX genes, often β-catenin, and occasionally p16INK4A and PTEN. Changes in K-ras, adenomatous polyposis coli and p53 are rare. Polymerase chain reaction testing for MSI is superior to immunohistochemistry, but complicated by the number and types of nucleotide markers. The Bethesda panel guides HNPCC testing, but guidelines are lacking for general screening. The presence and role of low-frequency MSI remains controversial. Tumours with MSI tend to occur in the proximal colon and be large, but they have a good prognosis. Their reduced response to adjuvant chemotherapy requires confirmation.

Conclusion

Research on colorectal cancer needs to be stratified according to microsatellite status in order further to explore the molecular mechanisms and clinicopathological consequences of MSI.
Really changing the course: the limitations of environmental management systems for innovation
Authors: Könnölä Totti , Unruh Gregory C.
Published: March 2006

The paper broadens the scope of environmental management system (EMS) research by describing how EMSs can contribute to inertia in present production systems. In conjunction with other factors this inertia can inhibit dramatic shifts toward more sustainable technologies and systems. Our approach builds upon technological lock‐in theory, which focuses on market coordination and technological interdependencies as generators of inertia in technological systems. Building on this framework, we call attention to previously under appreciated non‐market social forces and institutional structures that can further reinforce lock‐in. We argue that the co‐evolutionary mechanisms that generate increasing returns for physical technologies may also be applied to social technologies, such as management systems. The paper describes the emergence of ‘EMS lock‐in’ as a path dependent evolution occurring within the context of the larger quality management paradigm. While EMS may initially produce improvements in environmental performance, EMS may also constrain organizational focus to the exploitation of present production systems, rather than exploring for superior innovations that are discontinuous. The paper questions the enthusiastic private and public sector support for EMS implementation and instead recommends an ambidextrous management approach that integrates foresight and broader stakeholder collaboration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental business strategy: the Portuguese case
Authors: Da Silva Rui Vinhas , Teixeira Natalia
Published: March 2006

This study focuses on the adoption of environmental management systems and corporate social responsibility reporting as mechanisms for creating a differential advantage, looking at how different stakeholders in an organization perceive the importance of instituting these mechanisms as determinants of market success.

The paper then aims to focus on environmental business strategy and corporate social responsibility reporting in companies, rather than prescribing policy for the entire sector. In so doing it postulates that compliance with market requirements on environmentally related issues, by instituting proper environmental management mechanisms and corporate social responsibility reporting, is a pre‐requisite for acceptance of the firm and its products in the market.

The paper is methodologically based on a set of 60 interviews conducted with various agents in the Portuguese textile industry, ranging from policy‐makers to industrialists and NGOs, with a view to determining differences in perception between the various stakeholders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Recycling Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysts by Their Immobilization onto Ion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Barbaro Pierluigi
Published: March 2006

Ion‐exchange resins can be used as supports for the preparation of single‐site, heterogenised asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts. The immobilised catalysts obtained can be efficiently and conveniently recovered and recycled. This article reviews the significant contributions in the field including the main concepts behind the design and the applications of this type of catalyst.
Crystal Structure of the Pyrochlore Oxide Superconductor KOs2O6.
Authors: Yamaura Jun‐Ichi , Yonezawa Shigeki , Muraoka Yuji , Hiroi Zenji
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structural Change upon Heating, and Electronic Structure of Ramsdellite‐Type TiO2.
Authors: Takahashi Yasuhiro , Kijima Norihito , Akimoto Junji
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study on the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of BiCoO3.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Optical Properties of LiZnN Prepared by Electrochemical Formation in a LiCl—KCl—Li3N Melt.
Authors: Toyoura Kazuaki , Goto Takuya , Hachiya Kan , Hagiwara Rika
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermoelectric Properties of Indium‐Filled Skutterudites.
Authors: He Tao , Chen Jiazhong , Rosenfeld H. David , Subramanian M. A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NaNO2 + NaNO3 Phase Diagram: New Data from DSC and Raman Spectroscopy.
Authors: Berg Rolf W. , Kerridge David H. , Larsen Peter H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reciprocal CuInS2 + 2CdSe ↔ CuInSe2 + 2CdS System. Part 1. The Quasi‐Binary CuInSe2—CdSe System: Phase Diagram and Crystal Structure of Solid Solutions.
Authors: Olekseyuk I. D. , Parasyuk O. V. , Dzham O. A. , Piskach L. V.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structures of Alkali‐Metal Indium(III) Phosphates of [M3In(PO4)2]n (M = K, n = 10; M = Rb, n = 2) Compounds, and Band Structures and Chemical Bond Properties of [Rb3In(PO4)2]2 Crystal.
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Cheng Wendan , Wu Dongsheng , Zhang Hao , Chen Dagui , Gong Yajing , Kan Zigui , Zhu Jing
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure and Thermochemical Properties of a First Scandium Borophosphate, Sc(H2O)2 [BP2O8]×H2O.
Authors: Ewald Bastian , Prots Yurii , Kudla Christian , Gruener Daniel , Cardoso‐Gil Raul , Kniep Ruediger
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Novel cis‐[Bi3I12]3‐‐Anion in Tri(n‐butyl)methylammoniumdodecaiodotribismutate.
Authors: Okrut A. , Feldmann C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Mixed‐Valence Chromium Structure Type: NH4Cr(CrO4)2.
Authors: Casari Barbara M. , Wingstrand Erica , Langer Vratislav
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of a Novel Diphosphoheptadecatungstate Complex, [(P2O7)W17O51]4‐.
Authors: Himeno Sadayuki , Katsuta Tadashi , Takamoto Masayo , Hashimoto Masato
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamic Properties of [Ni2Sn17]4‐.
Authors: Esenturk Emren N. , Fettinger James C. , Eichhorn Bryan W.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of KAg11(VO4)4.
Authors: Kovalevskiy Anton , Jansen Martin
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic and Stereoselective Iodination of Prochiral C—H Bonds.
Authors: Giri Ramesh , Chen Xiao , Hao Xue‐Shi , Li Jiao‐Jie , Liang Jue , Fan Zi‐Peng , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidation of C—H Bonds of Alkanes and Silyl Ethers to Optically Active Ketones.
Authors: Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Noji Satoru , Hirabayashi Tatsuo , Komiya Naruyoshi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polystyrene‐Supported Amino Alcohol Ligands for the Heterogeneous Asymmetric Addition of Phenyl Zinc Reagents to Aldehydes.
Authors: Castellnou David , Fontes Montserrat , Jimeno Ciril , Font Daniel , Sola Lluis , Verdaguer Xavier , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Protonation of Catalytically Generated Chiral Enolates as an Approach to the Synthesis of α‐Chloroesters.
Authors: Reynolds Nathan T. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organozinc Compounds to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with [2.2]Paracyclophaneketimine Ligands without Added Copper Salts.
Authors: Braese Stefan , Hoefener Sebastian
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Acetylenic Ketones Catalyzed by Triphenylphosphine.
Authors: Xue Song , Zhou Qing‐Fa , Zheng Xiao‐Qi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Methylpiperidine — A Useful Base Catalyst in the Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Zhao San‐Hu , Chen Zhao‐Bin
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Polycationic Quaternary Di‐ and Trispirocyclic Benzenes.
Authors: Spychala Jaroslaw
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers from 3‐ and 4‐Hydroxyalkylphosphonium Salts.
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Sakai Osami , Hayano Tetsuji , Shioji Kosei , Matsuyama Haruo
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Diazoalkanes with Unsaturated Compounds. Part 15. Catalytic Reactions of Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Their Derivatives with Diazomethane.
Authors: Khanova M. D. , Sultanova R. M. , Zlotskii S. S. , Dokichev V. A. , Tomilov Yu. V.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(NO3)3CeBrO3: Solvent‐Free Oxidation of Alcohols and Deprotection and Oxidative Deprotection of Trimethylsilyl Ethers.
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Esm‐Hosseini Majid , Hejazi Zoha
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water‐Soluble N‐Oxyl Compounds‐Mediated Electrooxidation of Alcohols in Water: A Prominent Access to a Totally Closed System.
Authors: Kubota Jun , Shimizu Yusuke , Mitsudo Koichi , Tanaka Hideo
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols with Polymer‐Supported Ruthenium Complex under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Kang Qiao‐xiang , Luo Ju‐jie , Bai Yan‐bin , Yang Zhi‐wang , Lei Zi‐qiang
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple Reduction of Heteroaromatic Esters to Alcohols Using a Sodium Borohydride—Methanol System.
Authors: Boechat Nubia , da Costa Jorge Carlos Santos , de Souza Mendonca Jorge , Paes Karla Ceodaro , Lopes Fernandes Elisa , de Oliveira Pedro Santos Mello , Vasconcelos Thatyana Rocha Alves , de Souza Marcus Vinicius Nora
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Methylation of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles with Dimethyl Carbonate.
Authors: Ouk Samedy , Thiebaud Sophie , Borredon Elisabeth , Chabaud Bernard
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aldol Condensations of Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Rare Earth(III) Perfluorooctane Sulfonates in Fluorous Solvents.
Authors: Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Protocol for Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Using Zirconium Tetrachloride under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Bora Utpal , Saikia Anil , Boruah Romesh C.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of (E)‐Oximes Catalyzed by Ferric Chloride under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Eshghi Hossein , Hassankhani Asadollah
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dialkyl 4,5,5‐Triacetyl‐3‐methylcyclopent‐3‐ene‐1,2‐dicarboxylates
Authors: Yavari Issa , Mohtat Bita , Zare Hasan , Alborzi Ali R.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Evaluating the Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Cyclic Enones Using Surfactants in Water.
Authors: Porzelle Achim , Williams Craig M. , Schwartz Brett D. , Gentle Ian R.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.