bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expected maintenance waste reduction benefits after implementation of Just in Time (JIT) philosophy in maintenance (a statistical analysis)
Authors: Phogat Sandeep , Gupta Anil Kumar
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The maintenance department of today, like many other departments, is under sustained pressure to slash costs, show outcome and support the assignment of the organization, as it is a commonsensical prospect from the business perspective. The purpose of this paper is to examine expected maintenance waste reduction benefits in the maintenance of organizations after the implementation of just-in-time (JIT) managerial philosophy. For this, a structured questionnaire was designed and sent to the 421 industries in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The designed questionnaire was divided into two sections A and B to assist data interpretation. The aim of the section A was to build general information of participants, type of organization, number of employees, annual turnover of the organization, etc. Section B was also a structured questionnaire developed based on a five-point Likert scale. The identified critical elements of the JIT were included in the questionnaire to identify the maintenance waste reduction benefits in the maintenance of organizations.

Findings

On the basis of the 133 responses, hypothesis testing was done with the help of Z-test, and it was found out that in maintenance, we can reduce a large inventory of spare parts and also shorten the excessive maintenance activities due to the implementation of JIT philosophy. All the four wastes: waste of processing; waste of rejects/rework/scrap in case of poor maintenance; waste of the transport of spares, and waste of motion, have approximately equal weightage in their reduction. Waste of waiting for spares got the last rank, which showed that there are little bit chances in the reduction of waiting for spares after the implementation of JIT philosophy in maintenance.

Practical implications

The implication of the research findings for maintenance of organizations is that if maintenance practitioners implement elements of JIT philosophy in maintenance then there will be a great reduction in the maintenance wastes.

Originality/value

This paper will be abundantly useful for the maintenance professionals, researchers and others concerned with maintenance to understand the significance of JIT philosophy implementation to get the expected reduction benefits in maintenance wastes of organizations which will be helpful in the great saving of maintenance cost and time side by side great increment in the availability of machines.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of secukinumab in Japanese patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: 3‐year results of a double‐blind extension study
Authors: Okubo Yukari , Ohtsuki Mamitaro , Morita Akimichi , Yamaguchi Masako , Shima Tomohiro , Tani Yumiko , Nakagawa Hidemi ,   Extension Study Japanese Subgroup
Published: January 2019

Secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody neutralizing interleukin‐17A, has been shown to have significant efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. Long‐term (3‐year) efficacy and safety of secukinumab in Japanese patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were evaluated in an extension study of a large phase 3 global study (SCULPTURE). In the core study, 52 Japanese patients with 75% improvement of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI‐75) response at week 12 were re‐randomized to a fixed interval (FI; every 4 weeks) schedule and retreatment as needed (RAN), in which patients received placebo until start of relapse, at which time secukinumab was reinitiated. Fifty Japanese patients completed the 52‐week core study, and 47 patients entered the extension study with the same double‐blind regimens up to week 152. All patients in the secukinumab 300 mg FI and seven patients in 150 mg FI groups completed 3 years of treatment. PASI‐90 and ‐100 at the end of year 3 were achieved in 69.2% and 53.8%, respectively, in 300 mg FI and 42.9% and 42.9%, respectively, in 150 mg FI, indicating high sustained response in 300 mg FI. Mean absolute PASI was continually low in 300 mg FI and numerically higher in 150 mg FI. Dermatology Life Quality Index of 0/1 was maintained by approximately two‐thirds of 300 mg FI patients, and all EuroQoL 5‐Dimension Health Questionnaire domain measures were also improved. FI dosing was consistently more efficacious than RAN. The safety profile of secukinumab remained favorable, with no new safety concerns identified.
Factors influencing the successful transition of young people with Down syndrome
Authors: Mullan Patricia , Prendeville Paula , Kinsella William
Published: January 2019

This study explored parental experiences and factors impacting on the successful transitioning of young people with Down syndrome from primary to mainstream secondary school settings in Ireland. This qualitative study used semi‐structured interviews to examine the perspectives of parents (N = 5) and secondary school teachers (N = 3) regarding this transition process. Interviews were analysed via thematic analysis using a social constructionist perspective. Results revealed that open communication between parents and schools was a significant factor impacting positively on the experience. However, results also indicated that a balancing act was required to manage factors such as parental fears and expectations, educational resources and the challenges in supporting the child to navigate the social world of mainstream schools. Findings identify challenges to the successful inclusion of young people with Down syndrome at secondary‐school level. Recommendations are made for future research.
Health information work and the enactment of care in couples and families affected by Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mazanderani Fadhila , Hughes Nicholas , Hardy Claire , Sillence Elizabeth , Powell John
Published: January 2019

Given the considerable emphasis placed on informed choice, the management of health information has become an increasingly important part of living with chronic illness. This paper explores the intra‐familial dynamics of managing health information in the context of chronic illness. Drawing on 77 interviews with people affected by Multiple Sclerosis in theUK(patients, partners, family members and close friends), we show how families develop their own idiosyncratic information practices, including the careful, at times strategic, seeking, sharing and withholding of information. We describe how one individual, most commonly either the patient or their partner, often takes primary responsibility for managing growing quantities of health information. Doing this is a complex task, yet its dynamics within the family unit remain invisible and unacknowledged. In this paper we: (a) stress the importance of understanding information management in chronic illness as a collective process across all those affected, patients as well as carers; (b) conceptualise the process of managing health information in this context as ‘health information work’; and (c) analyse it as part of the wider care practices families engage in and as a form of care in its own right.
How clients solicit medication changes in psychiatry
Authors: Bolden Galina B. , Angell Beth , Hepburn Alexa
Published: January 2019

In psychiatry, practitioners are encouraged to adopt a patient‐centred approach that emphasises shared decision‐making. In this article, we investigate how clients with severe mental illnesses (e.g. schizophrenia) advocate for their treatment preferences in psychiatric consultations. The study uses Conversation Analysis to examine audio‐recorded medication check appointments in a comprehensive treatment programme known as assertive community treatment (ACT). The analysis shows that clients solicit medication changes at activity boundaries and design them in one of the following ways: reporting a physical problem; reporting a medication problem; explicitly requesting a medication change; and demanding a change. These formats put pressure on the psychiatrist to respond by either offering a solution to the client's problem or by accepting or rejecting the client's request. Through a detailed analysis of clients’ communicative behaviours, we show that, in soliciting a medication change, clients ordinarily respect boundaries of medical authority and present themselves as ‘good’ patients who are reliable witnesses of their own experiences. Overall, the paper advances our understanding of patient advocacy in psychiatry and mental health interactions more generally.
“Cloud chasers” and “substitutes”: e‐cigarettes, vaping subcultures and vaper identities
Authors: Tokle Rikke , Pedersen Willy
Published: January 2019

The use of e‐cigarettes is increasing, a practice denoted as vaping. We explore user motives, self‐identity as vapers and involvement in vaping subcultures, drawing on sociological theory of stigma, subcultures and symbolic boundaries. Based on analyses of semi‐structured interviews with 30 Norwegian vapers, we find that there is a vaping subculture in Norway. We identify two dominant vaper identities. The first is labelled cloud chasers. These were dedicated vapers who identified with symbols and values in the subculture. Many were politically engaged in improving vaping regulation regimes and felt a sense of belonging to a vaping community. The second group is labelled substitutes. These were former daily smokers who used e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation in a more pragmatic and defensive manner, to avoid health risks, to escape the stigma of smoking and to manage nicotine addiction. In this group, self‐identity as a vaper was generally lacking. Vaping was often symbolically linked to the stigmatised smoker identity they wanted to escape, and was restricted to private contexts. The perceived symbolic meaning of e‐cigarettes varies: for some, they are a symbol of pleasure and community. For others, they connote the stigmatised status of the addicted smoker seeking an alternative to cigarettes.
Facilitating the involvement of young people with ASD in organising their examination access arrangements
Authors: Tyrrell Beverley , Woods Kevin
Published: January 2019

Examination success can be considered a passport to further education and, as a result, higher income and better health. Access arrangements (AAs) are intended to allow fair access to examinations for candidates with disabilities, including those with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is a lack of research into how AAs should be organised for ASD candidates. Emerging evidence suggests a lack of student involvement in organising AAs in general. This case‐based action research involves students with ASD in deciding on their AAs, alongside members of school staff. Involving these students in organising their AAs improved their self‐esteem and allowed AAs to be closely tailored to individuals, both of which could lead to improved exam performance. Appropriate support to facilitate ASD student involvement is discussed. The novel concept of ‘pre‐examination access facilitators’ is highlighted, entailing support provided before an exam to facilitate access.
A Tale of Three SENCOS, post 2015 Reforms
Authors: Whalley Sara
Published: January 2019

This article forms part of a Masters Inclusive Education research project. Whilst most inclusive research focuses on a marginalised group, my research participants would not normally be deemed marginalised. Nevertheless, they have a pivotal role within the English mainstream education system to promote inclusive practice, improving outcomes for the most vulnerable young people. For this reason, I intend to explore the role of three Special Educational Needs Co‐ordinators (SENCOs) post 2015 reforms and firmly believe this is fundamentally inclusive research.
International Business Ethnography: Are We Looking for Cultural Differences?
Authors: HARA YUUKI , SHADE LYNN
Published: January 2019

In international business ethnography, clients and subjects don't share the same background. Without an understanding of the underlying factors affecting the subject's behaviors, data can lead to false home‐market based assumptions about cause and effect. Where do we as researchers look to detect meaningful findings in international contexts? Drawing on our decades of international fieldwork, we describe how focusing on culture or cultural differences to interpret differences in workflows and attitudes can sometimes hamper accurate interpretation of observations. We describe through case studies how instead, identifying foundation factors shaping behaviors and mindsets such as market forces, government policy, labour markets, and financial schemas can be the key to insight in international contexts.
Can I Get a Witness? The Limits of Evidence in Healthcare Quality Evaluation Systems in American Hospitals
Authors: FERRIS LINDSAY , CARELOCK NICHOLE
Published: January 2019

“I got verbals, but verbals don't hold up in court….I need it in black and white.”

After Sheila submits hospital quality data to the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS), reports indicate that her data hasn't been received. She makes countless calls to the CMS Help Desk to get answers. They reassure her numerous times that they have her data, yet Sheila is insistent that she needs to see the change explicitly stated in the report. Sheila makes it her personal crusade to obtain material evidence because only written testimony will prove that her data has been submitted successfully and protect her facility from CMS penalties.

At a time when we are becoming increasingly reliant on data and technology as the ultimate bearers of truth, Sheila exemplifies how people become stewards of evidence in service to these technical systems. As she moves her facilities’ data through CMS’ error‐ridden reporting system, the burden of proof is on her to provide the type of evidence acceptable to demonstrate her facilities’ compliance with federal quality of care standards.

Throughout our paper, we explore the different practices that hospital employees and vendors take to demonstrate their facility's quality of care to CMS, identifying key elements of materiality, evidence and moral obligation. By weaving together their narratives of a responsibility to prove their truth to a capricious, data‐driven system, with theoretical concepts of “bearing witness” and governmentality, we reveal the ways in which digital data falls short of being sufficient evidence and the dangers inherent in shifting blame from a body of government onto the body of an individual.
Map Making: Mobilizing Local Knowledge and Fostering Collaboration
Authors: MORALES NORA , GONZALEZ SALOMON
Published: January 2019

Participatory mapping – the production of maps in a collective way – is a common activity used for planning and decision making in urban studies. It started as a way to empower men and women, usually from rural vulnerable communities threatened by climate change, degradation of their landfills or any other conflict related to access to their land. It has been considered a fundamental instrument to help marginal groups represent and communicate their needs within the territory and augment their capacity to protect their rights. (FIDA, 2011). Why is it that in some cases participatory mapping works and in others fails? Why do these initiatives not trigger local action? Or even end up being counterproductive, when authorities use the map made by locals, to validate their points, causing conflict instead of negotiation?

As a research team of designers and social scientists involved in the creation of participatory mapping workshops, our goal was to analyze the process and resources and different outcomes of some participatory cartographic projects, including one developed by us for three small communities of the original settlements of the West Mountain Region of Mexico City.

Our findings outline three main principles to consider when pursuing a community mapping project whether using low‐end or state of the art technology, in order to involve a community, validate their knowledge acquired from the mapping practice, and foster collaboration and organized action.
Eye Tracking in Medical Ethnography: Evaluating Evidence for Perception, Action, and Collaboration in Healthcare Professions
Authors: MCGRATH LARRY S.
Published: January 2019

Using eye tracking in ethnographic research poses numerous theoretical and practical challenges. How might devices originally intended to record individuals’ vision of two‐dimensional planes be useful in interpersonal contexts with dynamic visual interfaces? What would the technology reveal about collegial environments in which different levels of knowledge and expertise come together and inform decision‐making processes? Why would pupil movement show us anything that conventional ethnographic methods could not? In this paper, I argue that these challenges are not intractable. When tailored to specific questions about perception, action, and collaboration, eye trackers can reveal behaviors that elude ethnographers’ gaze. In so doing, the devices enrich the observational and interview‐based methods already employed in ethnographic studies of workplace dynamics.

Hospitals are a fruitful context in which to test the value of eye‐tracking evidence. Healthcare professionals look, interpret, and act on wide‐ranging streams of visual information. The focus of this paper is to explore the possibility of carrying out potential fieldwork in pulmonology suites. I put forward a hypothetical eye‐tracking framework to interrogate: 1) the different perceptual skillsets exhibited by pulmonologists; 2) the collaborative decision‐making practices by which medical teams interpret monitors’ bronchoscopic imagery and perform lung biopsies. According to this model, optical evidence (i.e., fixation durations, scan paths, and heat maps) could demonstrate not only how healthcare professionals look at visual interfaces; the evidence could be especially useful to show when and where vision runs aground. Such gaps in eye‐tracking data illuminate additional sensory systems which facilitate information consumption and exchange. When brought to bear on potential fieldwork, the eye‐tracking model offers an incisive point of departure for ethnographers to investigate, observe, and present questions about peoples’ perceptual expertise.

Far from opening a glimpse “inside” peoples’ heads, eye trackers add one perspective among others. When accommodated to the mobile conditions of immersive research, the technology offers a modest, though useful, contribution to ethnographers’ toolkit.
Contextual Analytics: Towards a Practical Integration of Human and Data Science Approaches in the Development of Algorithms
Authors: ARORA MILLIE P. , KRENCHEL MIKKEL , McAULIFFE JACOB , RAMASWAMY POORNIMA
Published: January 2019

As algorithms play an increasingly important role in the lives of people and corporations, finding more effective, ethical, and empathetic ways of developing them has become an industry imperative. Ethnography, and the contextual understanding derived from it, has the potential to fundamentally change the way that data science is done. Reciprocally, engaging with data science can help ethnographers focus their efforts, build stronger and more precise insights, and ultimately have greater impact once their work is incorporated into the algorithms that increasingly power our society. In practice, building contextually‐informed algorithms requires collaboration between human science and data science teams who are willing to extend their frame of reference beyond their core skill areas. This paper aims to first address the features of ethnography and data science that make collaboration between the two more valuable than the sum of their respective parts; second, to present a methodology that makes collaboration between the two possible in practical terms; and third, to generate critical discussion through an examination of the authors’ experiences leading and working within joint teams of ethnographers and data scientists.
Who and What Drives Algorithm Development: Ethnographic Study of AI Start‐up Organizational Formation
Authors: SAPPINGTON RODNEY , SERKSNYTE LAIMA
Published: January 2019

The focus of this paper is to investigate deep learning algorithm development in an early stage start‐up in which edges of knowledge formation and organizational formation were unsettled and contested. We use a debate by anthropologists Clifford Geertz and Claude Levi‐Strauss to examine these contested computational forms of knowledge through a contemporary lens. We set out to explore these epistemological edges as they shift over time and as they have real practical implications in how expertise and people are valued as useful or non‐useful, integrated or rejected by the practice of deep learning algorithm R&D. We discuss the nuances of epistemic silences and acknowledgments of domain knowledge and universalizing machine learning knowledge in an organization that was rapidly attempting to develop algorithms for diagnostic insights. We conclude with reflections on how an AI‐Inflected Ethnography perspective may emerge from both, data science and anthropology perspectives together, and what such a perspective may imply for a future of AI organizational formation, for the people who build algorithms and for a certain kind of research labor that AI inflection suggests.
Screenplay, Novel, and Poem: The Value of Borrowing From Three Literary Genres to Frame Our Thinking as We Gather, Analyze, and Elevate Data in Applied Ethnographic Work
Authors: CURY MARIA , CHANG‐MCGRATH MICHELE
Published: January 2019

Applied ethnography still struggles with the fundamental challenges of (1) framing research to obtain ‘thick’ data, (2) making sense of data in teams and with clients, and (3) making a convincing case with data in challenging environments. We have observed that borrowing from literary genres can be effective in addressing these challenges. We therefore argue that in an age of data science, it is just as important to draw from the literary arts when gathering, analyzing, and elevating evidence to inspire change in applied ethnographic work. We raise three specific applications of literary genres to distinct project phases, to improve how data is collected and analyzed, and how data travels. In this paper we show: (1) how the screenplay can help solve challenges in research framing, to obtain thicker data; (2) how the novel can help solve challenges in analysis, to turn data into meaningful evidence; (3) how poetry can help solve challenges in the opportunities‐development phase of a project, to turn evidence into action.
Designed for Care: Systems of Care and Accountability in the Work of Mobility
Authors: STAYTON ERIK , CEFKIN MELISSA
Published: January 2019

In this paper we explore the idea of asystem of carethrough a city transit system. We argue that a systematic orientation to care is central to what makes a transit system work for people. Further, we suggest that this care orientation is recognized as such, even though it is not apparent in typical modes of systems management. Care is what knowing in this system is for. We examine how participants in the system navigate different epistemic bases of their work, focusing on how care work and information work intertwine. How is this work practiced and known? And how could we, as design researchers, use these practices to design systems of care? In service of these goals, we expand the notion of care work toward care of non‐human actors as well as that of people. We focus particularly on the roles of automation and the risks automation presents for care. In a moment of increased automation in the workplace, what happens to the care of people and things? We argue that the systemic aspect of care, operating at multiple scales toward people and things alilke, is important for maintaining the goods the organization seeks to produce. And we propose a list of critical questions to ask when designing new systems to shape their orientation toward care.
Mattresses and Moneyboxes: Cultural Affordances for Microfinance in Jordan
Authors: HYMAN ZACH
Published: January 2019

This case study will present how a multicultural and multidisciplinary team from EPAM Continuum, the global innovation design firm, gathered, analyzed, and presented back different forms of “evidence” to satisfy the complex set of client and customer needs for a Jordanian microfinance bank with 30 branches and 65,000 clients. The team navigated cultural and linguistic barriers as they sought to provide stakeholders and their customers the evidence they needed to confidently design a new “mobile payment service” for their microloan customers. Over the course of the engagement, the firm's team strove not only to research, design, and prototype a new service to hand off to a local development team, but also to (1) use a combination of deliverables and in‐field accompaniment to train microfinance bank staff in their process; (2) present evidence demonstrating the deep customer understanding that can result from pairing ethnographic research and human‐centered design; and (3) create evidence that the firm's process was both effective and replicable by bank staff.
Getting from Vision to Reality: How Ethnography and Prototyping Can Solve Late‐Stage Design Challenges
Authors: SIH BRADY , CAREY HILLARY , LIN MICHAEL C.
Published: January 2019

In 2014, Kaiser Permanente began implementing a next‐generation medical office model that reimagines the outpatient care experience, combining new architecture, workflow, and technology to create a more convenient experience for patients and a connected, efficient experience for staff and care teams. As the first next‐gen facilities were being built, challenges emerged as teams across a variety of disciplines attempted to translate the model's vision into reality. Teams were making design and operational decisions in parallel, without the ability to see how their decisions impacted the overall user experience.

To resolve these challenges, our innovation team at Kaiser Permanente used a hybrid make‐and‐observe method of prototyping and ethnography. Employing a co‐creation mindset (Bødker and Grønbaek 1991), we engaged staff and patients to help us bring the future state of these next‐gen clinics to life in a minimally viable way. We created a full‐scale prototype experience at an existing clinic during working hours that included functional proxies of the future space; iterative techniques that simulated automation, i.e., Wizard of Oz‐ing (Kelley 1984); rewritten workflows; and recast staff roles. With this model we were able to mock up the future user experience, test assumptions in the field, surface latent needs, and resolve unanticipated conflicts.

This case study provides an example of how ethnography, in combination with working prototypes of the future, can be essential tools for clarifying radical changes to new services. Using these methods, we were able to provide leaders with tangible evidence of why some elements of the initial vision needed to change in order to ensure a better user experience. Here we outline lessons learned and discuss limitations to our approach.
The Transformative Power of Singular Stories: Making the Case for Qualitative Evidence in Healthcare Contexts in Colombia
Authors: CARDONA JULIANA , SALDARRIAGA JULIANA , ESTUPIÑAN MARIA FERNANDA , GAMBOA PAULA
Published: January 2019

In this case study we describe how we collaborated with a Colombian healthcare provider company and enabled its decision makers to understand the power of stories and other types of qualitative evidence in healthcare contexts. The stories became a tool for recognizing singularities in a complex, massive system, where individuals were constantly reduced to social security numbers. We describe the qualitative methods implemented, such as in‐depth interviews, projective techniques, shadowings and observations, explain the difficulty in explaining the value of our qualitative evidence and mention some of the lessons learned throughout the project. We also discuss the project's outcomes, such as understanding the difference between user perception and user experience, the impotance of healthcare providers to go beyond healthcare and using stories as input for measuring quality of the service. We also recall the transformative power of stories: stories allowed the client to emotionally connect with the individual behind the singular story. This empowered them to generate their own initiatives, taking our qualitative evidence as a starting point.
Humanizing Quant and Scaling Qual to Drive Decision‐Making
Authors: MORRIS LAUREN , GATI REBECCA
Published: January 2019

The Amazon Prime Video User Experience (UX) Research team endeavored to balance qualitative and quantitative insights and translate them into the currency that drives the business, specifically customer engagement, to improve decision‐making. Researchers conducted foundational qualitative research to uncover what matters most to Prime Video customers, translated resulting insights into a set of durable, measurable customer outcomes, and developed a global, longitudinal online survey program that validated the importance and perception of these outcomes at scale. Researchers then systematically linked customers’ attitudinal survey results to their usage patterns and overall satisfaction with the service. The resulting data showed how investing in improving a customer outcome is likely to increase service engagement, thus closing the loop between insights and business metrics for the first time. Prime Video executive leadership has not only embraced this integrated qualitative‐quantitative system, but now uses it to prioritize projects on behalf of the customer. UX Research has shifted Prime Video culture from relying on analytics data alone and toward seeking comprehensive evidence to drive strategic decision‐making.
Just Add Water: Lessons Learned from Mixing Data Science and Design Research Methods to Improve Customer Service
Authors: SAMPSON OVETTA
Published: January 2019

This case study provides an inside look at what occurs when methods from the data science and ethnographic fields are mixed to solve perennial customer service problems within the call center and cruise industries. The paper details this particular blend of ethnographic practitioners with a data scientist resulted in changes to design approaches, debunking myths about qualitative and quantitative research methods being at odds and altering team member perspectives about the value of both. The project also led to the creation of innovative blended design research and data science methods to discover and leverage the right customer data to the benefit of both the customer and the call center agents who serve them. This paper offers insight into the untold value design teams can unlock when data scientists and ethnographers work together to solve a problem. The result was a design solution that gives a top‐performing company an edge to grow even better by leveraging the millions of data records housed in its warehouse to the benefit of its customers.
“Empathizing” with Machines
Authors: BUTLER CHRIS
Published: January 2019

When we study human systems and organizations we have a job that requires to empathize or at the very least be compassionate towards the experiences others are having. This allows to understand their goals, problems, and how we can best make their lives better. When machines start to do things that we can't imagine how do we continue to work with them? What is necessary to create great combinations of humans and machines? What is a machine's purpose? Very simply: it is to serve human purposes. As technology continues to build facades that hide the human element we need to pull back the curtain (like the one in the Wizard of Oz) and see that the tools we build are really us reflected back. We have the choice to make tools that are good or bad for us.
Play it Back: Research as Intervention
Authors: NAPIER NATALIE
Published: January 2019

The social welfare system was built to protect the vulnerable through the provision of basic needs. I left my social service job to join an organization with a mission to shift that system from safety nets to trampolines ‐ from services designed to maximize safety, to those that develop agency and resilience. That's meant interrogating and renewing my principles for ethical engagement with people who are getting the poorest outcomes from services. Returning people's data to them, in the form of a story is now a practice at the heart of my relationships to the people with whom I do research. At the best of times this interaction is an intervention in and of itself, validating someone's experience and allowing them to open themselves up to new self‐narratives. But the goal of story return in not a positive reception; rather, it's about following through on our ethical commitment to recognize people's ownership over their own data, and allowing them the opportunity to benefit from it. Ultimately, the story is never evidence for once policy direction or another, but, through the way in which it's gathered, it becomes evidence for how human connection is the foundation for our growth.
Life and Death of Evidence: The Role of Digital Interactions during Mexico's Earthquake
Authors: RAMIREZ FRANCISCO JAVIER PULIDO
Published: January 2019

Social media played a fundamental role on Mexico's earthquake, it bring us new solutions but created some other problematics that were unexpected. Millions of users shared their experiences faster than any other traditional media but the use and abuse of their evidence impacted the way we faced the crisis. Earthquakes are extreme case scenarios where social medias couldn't forecast the different consequences of their design decisions that impacts people's lifes. As producers of contents, all our evidence is storage on the digital sphere, always available, unchangeable, static, waiting to be rescue for interpretation. Most of the evidence that generate chaos after the earthquake happened because they were digitally alive, being shared over and over without control, for hours and days and when it finally reach you it was no longer useful. But on a scenario where temporality is crucial and minutes can define life or death, should we kill our evidences in pro for a better communication?
The Story as Evidence: It's Yours, It's Mine, It's Theirs
Authors: JARVIE‐WALDROM NIK
Published: January 2019

I've been reflecting on my role in the use and abuse of evidence — in the past as a radio producer and more recently as a writer in a design research company. Storytelling is held aloft as something businesses need to do more of — and be better at — but often the narratives do not belong to businesses. We are re‐tellers. The work of a writer presenting design research isolates evidence from its source. There are limits to what we can do to make sure evidence is considered alongside the intention it was gathered with. I started working on this because I wanted to share my indignation at evidence I gathered being misrepresented. My editors have turned stories of triumph into stories of disaster to get more clicks. But I've noticed the similarity between my questioning of editors, and the anthropologists I work with questioning me.

Evidence exists in relation to questions. Defining the things we're curious about helps us focus, and decide which evidence to seek out. Ethnographers need to be so careful about the way we communicate throughout a project, lest the evidence we gather is carried away to serve a question we never wanted to ask.
Midway Atoll
Authors: BROOKS SARAH
Published: January 2019

We live our lives in contexts of overlapping systems. Developing the skill to connect dots of evidence between social, ecological and economic evidence offers the potential for more effective interventions in complex challenges.
Rejected!: Design Research, Publics and the Purging of New Technologies
Authors: CESAFSKY LAURA
Published: January 2019

A challenge for design research today lies in naming, knowing and accounting for people who are not direct users of our technologies, but who are nonetheless affected and compelled to interact with them in daily life. This Pecha Kucha takes us to the streets of Bogotá, Colombia, where a new bus system that was roundly rejected becomes a cautionary tale on the perils of ignoring the painpoints of ‘non‐direct users.’ Drawing from pragmatist political science, I propose we can usefully understand this latter group as a ‘technological public,’ and I touch on key difficulties of designing for publics.
Consistency in microbiomes in cultures of Alexandrium species isolated from brackish and marine waters
Authors: Sörenson Eva , Bertos‐Fortis Mireia , Farnelid Hanna , Kremp Anke , Krüger Karen , Lindehoff Elin , Legrand Catherine
Published: January 2019

Phytoplankton and bacteria interactions have a significant role in aquatic ecosystem functioning. Associations can range from mutualistic to parasitic, shaping biogeochemical cycles and having a direct influence on phytoplankton growth. How variations in phenotype and sampling location, affect the phytoplankton microbiome is largely unknown. A high‐resolution characterization of the bacterial community in cultures of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium was performed on strains isolated from different geographical locations and at varying anthropogenic impact levels. Microbiomes of Baltic Sea Alexandrium ostenfeldii isolates were dominated by Betaproteobacteria and were consistent over phenotypic and genotypic Alexandrium strain variation, resulting in identification of an A. ostenfeldii core microbiome. Comparisons with in situ bacterial communities showed that taxa found in this A. ostenfeldii core were specifically associated to dinoflagellate dynamics in the Baltic Sea. Microbiomes of Alexandrium tamarense and minutum, isolated from the Mediterranean Sea, differed from those of A. ostenfeldii in bacterial diversity and composition but displayed high consistency, and a core set of bacterial taxa was identified. This indicates that Alexandrium isolates with diverse phenotypes host predictable, species‐specific, core microbiomes reflecting the abiotic conditions from which they were isolated. These findings enable in‐depth studies of potential interactions occurring between Alexandrium and specific bacterial taxa.
Prognostic impact of pleural effusion in EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer patients without brain metastasis
Authors: Yoshimura Akihiro , Yamada Tadaaki , Tsuji Taisuke , Hamashima Ryosuke , Shiotsu Shinsuke , Yuba Tatsuya , Takumi Chieko , Uchino Junji , Hiraoka Noriya , Takayama Koichi
Published: January 2019

Background

In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), brain metastasis is known as a poor prognosis factor. However, prognostic factors in the patients without brain metastasis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the differences between metastatic site and prognosis in common EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients without brain metastasis.

Methods

Chemotherapy‐naïve, advanced EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients without brain metastasis diagnosed between January 2010 and March 2016 were enrolled. We evaluated prognosis according to the presence or absence of bone metastases, liver metastasis, and pleural effusion.

Results

A total of 50 EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients without brain metastasis were enrolled. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were significantly shorter in patients with pleural effusion than in those patients without (progression‐free survival 7.0 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7–13.0 vs. 13.0 months, 95% CI 9.1–21.7, hazard ratio [HR] 2.29, 95% CI 1.11–4.73, P = 0.020; overall survival 19.5 months, 95% CI 5.7–28.8 vs. 55.3 months, 95% CI 24.0–not evaluable, HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.35–6.68, P = 0.005). Pleural effusion was an independent factor of poor prognosis for progression‐free survival (HR 3.44, 95% CI 1.50–7.88, P = 0.003) and overall survival (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.00–5.44, P = 0.049).

Conclusion

Pleural effusion might be a poor prognosis factor for advanced EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients without brain metastasis treated with first‐generation EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Further precision medicine according to the metastatic site is required.
Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in critically ill patients – A protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Maagaard Mathias , Barbateskovic Marija , Perner Anders , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Wetterslev Jørn
Published: January 2019

Background

Delirium is a common complication in critically ill patients and carries an increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Dexmedetomidine can potentially prevent delirium by diminishing predisposing factors. The evidence regarding the use of dexmedetomidine in preventing delirium is conflicting. This protocol aims to identify the beneficial and harmful effects of dexmedetomidine in the prevention of delirium.

Methods

This protocol uses the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration, the Preferred Report Items of Systematic Reviews with Meta‐Analysis Protocols, and the eight‐step assessment procedure suggested by Jakobsen and colleagues. We wish to assess in critically ill patients, if dexmedetomidine versus placebo can reduce the incidence of delirium and improve clinical outcomes. We will include all randomised trials assessing the use of dexmedetomidine in the prevention of delirium. To identify trials, we will search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Science Citation Index Expanded on Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science Journal Database, and BIOSIS. Two authors will screen the literature and extract data. We will use the Cochrane risk of bias tool to evaluate trials. Extracted data will be analysed using Review Manager 5 and Trial Sequential Analysis. We will create a “Summary of Findings”‐table in which we will present our primary and secondary outcomes. We will assess the quality of evidence using GRADE.

Discussion

This systematic review can potentially aid clinicians in decision‐making and benefit the many critically ill patients at risk of delirium.
The New Microeconomics: A Psychological, Institutional, and Evolutionary Paradigm with Neoclassical Economics as a Special Case
Authors: Markey‐Towler Brendan
Published: January 2019

Microeconomics requires a new grounding or formulation that can account for a broader range of socioeconomic behavior than neoclassical economics does. The core of the neoclassical economics research program—the theory of rational choice—has offered insights into the determination of socioeconomic behavior. But other elements need to be integrated into a coherent microeconomic perspective. We introduce such a perspective in which neoclassical economics becomes a special case. This advances our understanding of the determinants of behavior in a coherent and integrated manner. This perspective may form the foundation of an evolutionary and institutional perspective on socioeconomic systems. This has practical value in designing strategy and policy.
The Debate on Pension Systems: The Paradigmatic Cases of Chile and Spain
Authors: Arrizabalo Montoro Xabier , del Rosal Mario , Javier Murillo Arroyo F.
Published: January 2019

This article is focused on pension systems in the light of two case studies that are antagonistic within the capitalist economy. On the one hand, the Spanish pension scheme, based on the principle of intergenerational solidarity, was achieved by the working‐class after decades of struggle. It constitutes the backbone of the Spanish social security system, thanks to the creation and development of indirect and deferred wages. On the other hand, the Chilean pension scheme, first imposed by the Pinochet dictatorship, is based on a funded system and private management. It rejects the principle of solidarity and, therefore, it makes impossible the construction of a decent pension structure. The comparison of the Spanish and the Chilean pension systems can be expressed in just one revealing fact: while the average pension in Spain is 79 percent of the last salary earned, benefits in Chile barely reach 33 percent for male workers and 25 percent for female workers. The analysis of both cases is framed in terms of the critique of political economy, in direct opposition to the current mainstream in economics. Instead of assuming methodological individualism and a harmonious view of human societies, as orthodoxy does, the critical paradigm conceives of capitalist economy as a dialectical process determined by the existence of social classes with different and opposed interests.
Historical Significance of Labor’s Increased Precariousness in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Spain
Authors: Arrizabalo Xabier , Pinto Patricia , Vicent Lucía
Published: January 2019

This article addresses the historical significance of the increasing precariousness of labor, even in the most advanced economies. Given the sterility of the mainstream approach, based on methodological individualism, we start from a Marxist critique of political economy, focusing on the laws that govern the process of capitalist accumulation and its contradictions. Within the framework of these laws, we analyze the tendency of labor exploitation to increase in a capitalist economy, linked to the exigencies of profitability due to the increasing difficulties of the valorization of capital. The precariousness of labor is studied around some of the main forms it adopts in three European economies: mini‐jobs in Germany, “zero‐hours contracts” in the United Kingdom, and false self‐employment, together with internship and training contracts, in Spain. Based on theoretical and empirical analysis, several conclusions are proposed to understand the extension and deepening of labor precariousness, built on the notions of overexploitation and destruction of productive forces, linked to current demands of capitalist accumulation.
The effect of sleep deprivation and disruption on DNA damage and health of doctors
Authors: Cheung V. , Yuen V. M. , Wong G. T. C. , Choi S. W.
Published: January 2019

Observational studies have highlighted the detrimental health effects of shift work. The mechanisms through which acute sleep deprivation may lead to chronic disease have not been elucidated, but it is thought that increased DNA damage or decreased repair can lead to disease. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acute sleep deprivation on DNA damage. This was a cross‐sectional observational study on 49 healthy, full‐time doctors. Baseline blood was sampled from each participant after three consecutive days of adequate sleep. Participants (n = 24) who were required to work overnight on‐site had additional blood sampled on a morning after acute sleep deprivation. DNA damage and expression of DNA repair genes were quantified. Information on health, working patterns and sleep diaries were collected. Independent t‐tests were used to compare differences between groups and standardised mean differences expressed as Cohen's d. Overnight on‐site call participants had lower baseline DNA repair gene expression and more DNA breaks than participants who did not work overnight (d = 1.47, p = 0.0001; and 1.48, p = 0.0001, respectively). In overnight on‐site call participants, after acute sleep deprivation, DNA repair gene expression was decreased (d = 0.90, p = 0.0001) and DNA breaks were increased (d = 0.87, p = 0.0018). Sleep deprivation in shift workers is associated with adverse health consequences. Increased DNA damage has been linked to the development of chronic disease. This study demonstrates that disrupted sleep is associated with DNA damage. Furthermore, larger prospective studies looking at relationships between DNA damage and chronic disease development are warranted, and methods to relieve, or repair, DNA damage linked to sleep deprivation should be investigated.