bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the Cost of an Adequate Education in Kentucky: A Professional Judgment Approach
Authors: Verstegen Deborah A.
Published: March 2015

What is an adequate education and how much does it cost? In 1989, Kentucky’s State Supreme Court found the entire system of education unconstitutional-“all of its parts and parcels”. The Court called for all children to have access to an adequate education, one that is uniform and has as its goal the development of seven capacities, including: (i) “sufficient oral and written communication skills to enable students to function in a complex and rapidly changing civilization . . . .and (vii) sufficient levels of academic or vocational skills to enable public school students to compete favorably with their counterparts in surrounding states, in academics or in the job market”. Now, over a decade later, key questions remain regarding whether these objectives have been fulfilled. This research is designed to calculate the cost of an adequate education by aligning resources to State standards, laws and objectives, using a professional judgment approach. Seven focus groups were convened for this purpose and the scholarly literature was reviewed to provide multiple inputs into study findings. The study produced a per pupil base cost for each of three prototype school districts and an total statewide cost, with the funding gap between existing revenue and the revenue needed for current operations of $1.097 billion per year (2001-02). Additional key resource requirements needed to achieve an adequate education, identified by professional judgment panels, include: (1) extending the school year for students and teachers, (2) adding voluntary half-day preschool for three and four year olds, and (3) raising teacher salaries. This increases the funding gap to $1.23 billion and suggests that significant new funding is required over time if the Commonwealth of Kentucky is to provide an adequate and equitable education of high quality for all children and youth as directed by the State Supreme Court.
Surviving the Doctoral Years
Authors: Kerlin Scott P.
Published: March 2015

This article probes the implications of neo-conservative public education policies for the future of the academic profession through a detailed examination of critical issues shaping contemporary doctoral education in U.S. and Canadian universities. Institutional and social factors such as financial retrenchment, declining support for affirmative action, downward economic mobility, a weak academic labor market for tenure-track faculty, professional ethics in graduate education, and backlash against women's progress form the backdrop for analysis of the author's survey of current doctoral students' opinions about funding, support, the job market, and quality of learning experiences.
Zeiteffiziente Realisierung komplexer Suchprozesse an assoziativ gespeicherten Daten/ Advanced methods of data retrieval from high-performance contentaddressable memories
Authors: Mötsch W. , Frowein J.
Published: March 2015

Die bisher bekannten Verfahren zum Auffinden assoziativ gespeicherter Daten wurden für einen relativ wenig komfortablen Typus inhaltsadressierbarer Speicher entwickelt und sind dementsprechend umständlich und zeitaufwendig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, welche bedeutenden Vereinfachungen aus der speicherinternen Implementierung zusätzlicher Vergleichskriterien und anderer logischer Operationen resultieren. Auf der Grundlage dieses Ersatzes von Software- durch Hardware-Funktionen werden für einige typische, recht komplexe Datensuchprozesse neuartige Algorithmen angegeben, die sich bequem in sehr kleine und zeiteffiziente Mikroprogramme umsetzen lassen. Ein durch sie gesteuerter assoziativer Prozessor bedarf lediglich der Aktivierung durch einen Makroaufruf im Anwenderprogramm, um einen Suchprozeß in kurzer Zeit autonom auszuführen.
Ein graphentheoretisches Verfahren zur kostenminimalen Beseitigung von Prozeßverklemmungen/ A graph theoretic method to remove process deadlocks at minimum cost
Authors: Schulze W.
Published: March 2015

Es wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das aus einem System verklemmter Prozesse, deren Nachbearbeitungskosten bekannt sind, eine billigste die Verklemmung behebende Kombination herausfindet. Dies wird durch die Ermittlung eines maximalen Flusses in einem reduzierten eckenbewerteten Graphen des blockierten Prozeßsystems erreicht. Rechenzeiten für die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte zeigen die praktische Einsetzbarkeit der Methode
Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in Second Trimester of Pregnancy. A Case Report
Authors: Pongrácz Endre , Farkas Szabolcs , Csiba László
Published: March 2015

Here we present a successful intra-arterial thrombolysis performed in the second trimester of pregnancy (21 weeks). The intervention resulted in complete recanalization of the occluded right middle cerebral artery and favourable clinical and gestational outcome. Together with cases described in respective medical literature our report affirms that in pregnancy acute ischemic stroke could be treated effectively applying intra-arterial thrombolysis (using rt-PA). This therapy could provide opportunity to help in such desperate situations.
Drug Closure of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus in An Extremely Low Birth Weight Premature Newborn. A Case Report
Authors: Moldovan Elena , Cucerea Manuela
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus involves maintaining the permeability of the vascular ductus located between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta, due to the failure of transition from foetal to adult type circulation. This malformation is characteristic to premature newborns with extremely low birth weight. The main pathophysiological factors identified in this pathology are immaturity of the smooth muscles, presence of vasodilator mediators and persistent hypoxaemia. Ductal-dependent cardiac malformations require drug therapy for keeping the permeability of the ductus arteriosus until the time of corrective surgery.

Case presentation: We present the case of an extremely low birth weight premature newborn, derived from twin pregnancy with suspected specific pathology, respectively feto-fetal transfusion syndrome, admitted to the Regional Centre of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Tîrgu-Mureş.

Premature newborn with gestational age 31-32 weeks, extremely low birth weight, derived from twin pregnancy, with adequate prenatal follow up, was born by caesarean section for severe intrauterine growth restriction secondary to feto-fetal transfusion syndrome suspicion. The newborn developed respiratory distress syndrome by surfactant deficiency, intraventricular-haemorrhage grade I/II, and severe retinopathy. The detection of a systolic murmur in the second week of life, the diastolic theft revealed by trans-fontanellar ultrasound as well as lowered diastolic blood pressure values raised the suspicion of a patent ductus arteriosus and therefore specific treatment with ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was initiated. Progressive alteration of the newborn's condition and the evidence of a coarctation of the aorta imposed the initiation of Prostaglandin E1 therapy and subsequent surgical correction.

Conclusions: Although beneficial, prophylactic or therapeutic closure of persistent ductus arteriosus
The Schooled Voice: Sound and Sense in the Victorian Schoolroom
Authors: Schroeder Janice
Published: March 2015

This article examines the vocality of teachers and schoolchildren in nineteenth-century English education discourse. Drawing on Andrew Bell’s model of the monitorial schools of the early nineteenth century, as well as the annual reports of the school inspectorate for the Committee of Council on Education, the article investigates the disaggregation of vocal sound and linguistic meaning in speech training and reading instruction in the writing of the mass schoolroom. Of particular interest is the development of notions of the teacher’s voice as a potentially powerful vehicle for the development of moral selfhood. Children’s speaking voices were understood as crucial indices of an effective pedagogy, something which the Revised Code of 1862 simultaneously enshrined and misrecognized.
η1/η2-Isomerie bei Pentacarbonyl(thiobenzaldehyd)-Komplexen von Chrom und Wolfram
Authors: Fischer Helmut , Zeuner Siegfried
Published: March 2015

The benzylidene(pentacarbonyl) complexes of chromium and tungsten (CO)5M = C(H)R [M = Cr, R = C6H4OMe-P (2a); M = W, R = Ph (2b), C6H4CF3-p (2c)] react with SCN- inserting sulfur into the M = C bond to give (CO)5M[S = C(H)R] (3a-c). From the reaction of (CO5W=C(H)R [R = Ph (2h), 2,4,A-C6H2Me3 (2d), C6H4Me-p (2e)] with S8 in CH2Cl2 the thiobenzaldehyde complexes (CO)5W[S=C(H)R] (3b, d, e) are obtained. In 3a and 3d the thiobenzaldehyde ligand is η1-bonded. However, a dynamic equilibrium between the η1- and the η2-isomeric forms is observed for the complexes 3b, 3c and 3e. The equilibrium constant is dependent on the aryl group, the solvent and the temperature. In hexane the η2-isomer is favored by its lower enthalpy. Because of the small but positive entropy of the reaction η2-3→η1-3, increasing temperatures shift the equilibrium towards the η1-isomer.
Neue Selen-Stickstoff-Verbindungen tert-Butyl-seleninylamin, ButNSeO, und Di(tert-butyl)selendiimid, Se(NBut)2/New Selenium-Nitrogen Compounds tert-Butyl-seleninylamine, ButNSeO, and Di(tert-butyl)selenium Diimide, Se(NBut)2
Authors: Herberhold Max , Jellen Wolfgang
Published: March 2015

The first seleninylamine, tBuNSeO, was prepared from tert-butylamine, tBuNH2, and SeOCl2 (3:1). The selenium diimide Se(NBut)2 was isolated from the corresponding reaction of tBuNH2 and SeCl4 (6:1); it decomposes at ambient temperature to give cyclic Se3(NBut)2. The new compounds were characterized on the basis of their IR , 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectra.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Bis(benzol)gallium(I)-tetrabromogallat(III)-Dimeren / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Bis(benzene)gallium (I) Tetrabromogallate(III) Dimer
Authors: Uson-Finkenzeller M. , Bublak W. , Huber B. , Müller G. , Schmidbaur H.
Published: March 2015

Anhydrous Ga[GaBr4] is readily dissolved in benzene. The resulting solutions show discrete 71Ga NMR signals for Ga(I) und Ga(III) centers. Narrow line-widths of the former indicate a small electric field gradient of the Ga(I) nucleus due to almost spherical shielding by the 4 s2 lone pair of electrons.

Crystals obtained from the benzene solution on cooling have the stoichiometry [(C6H6)2Ga · GaBr4]2 ·3 C6H6, and are isomorphous with the analogous chloride compound: a = 9.390(2). b = 10.847(1), c = 13.118(2) Å; α = 85.54(1). β = 102.91(1). γ = 105.62(1)°; triclinic, space group Ρ1̄, Z = 1.

The centrosymmetric dimers are composed of bis(benzene)gallium(I) and tetrabromogallate(III) units bridged by six bromine atoms. Only two bromine atoms are not engaged in coordinative bonding. The two benzene rings are both η6-bonded to the gallium(I) center, but not equidistant. They are enclined by 57.5°. The remaining benzene molecules are crystal benzene with no specific cation or anion contacts.
Alkin-induzierter Abbau von Fe4P2-Clustern / Alkyne Induced Fragmentation of Fe4P2 Clusters
Authors: Jaeger Tilman , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: March 2015

The unsaturated clusters Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PR)2 (R = Ph, Tol) insert terminal alkynes HC2R′ (R′ = Me, Ph) between iron and phosphorus to form clusters Fe4(CO)11(μ4-PR)(μ4-RP−CR′−CH) in which according to a structure determination the RP -CR′−CH ligand has the phosphorus μ2-bridg­ing to two irons, the CR′−CH unit η2-bonding to the third and the CH unit o-bonding to the fourth iron. Under CO these clusters lose one iron unit to form Fe3(CO)9(PR)(RP−CR′−CH).
Chemie polyfunktioneller Moleküle, 98. Oxidative Ringerweiterung des P3-Nortricyclans, 4-Methyl-1,2,6-triphosphatricycIo[2.2.1.02,6]heptan, mit Schwefel und Selen zu Hetero-Noradamantanen und -Adamantanen/ Chemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules, 98. Oxidative Ring Enlargement of the P3-Nortricyclane, 4-Methyl-1,2,6-triphosphatricyclo- [2.2.1.02,6]heptane, by Sulfur and Selenium to Hetero Noradamantanes and Adamantanes
Authors: Ellermann Jochen , Demuth Alfons A. M. , Bauer Walter
Published: March 2015

4-Methyl-1,2,6-triphosphatricyclo[2.2.1.02.6]heptane, CH3C(CH2P)3 (1) reacts with sulfur or selenium in the molar ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:6 to yield the chalcogeno-dichalcogenatriphosphanoradamantanes CH3C (CH2P)3E2(E ) (E = S, Se; 2a, b), the dichalcogeno-trichalcogenatriphospha- adamantanes CH3C(CH2PE)3(E)2 (E = S, Se; 3a, b) and the trichalcogeno-trichalcogenatriphospha- adam antanes CH3C(CH2PE)3(E )3 (E = S, Se; 4a, b). The selenium derivative 4b could be detected only by 31P{1H} NM R spectroscopy. Main product in the 1:6 reaction of 1 with selenium is 3b.
Notizen: Phosphorverbindungen ungewöhnlicher Koordination, 12. Diels-Alder-Reaktionen mit tBu–C ≡ P – ein ergiebiger Weg zu λ3-Phosphininen/ Phosphorus Compounds with Unusual Coordination, 12. Diels-Alder Reactions with tB u–C≡ P–a Lucrative Access to λ3-Phosphinines
Authors: Rösch Wolfgang , Regitz Manfred
Published: March 2015

Diels-Alder reactions of the phosphaalkyne 4 with the cyclic 1,3-dienes 5 generate the adducts 6 which decompose spontaneously under elimination of “X ” to yield the λ3-phosphinines 7. The bicyclic 9 decomposes into 7b on flash pyrolysis
Silaheterocyclen: Molekülstruktur eines 3-Oxa-2,4,6,7-tetrasilabicyclo[3.1.1]heptans / Silaheterocycles: Molecular Structure of a 3-Oxa-2,4,6,7-tetrasilabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
Authors: Reber Gabriele , Riede Jürgen , Wiberg Nils , Wagner Gerhard , Müller Gerhard
Published: March 2015

According to an X-ray structure analysis 1,5-bis(di-tert-butylmethylsilyl)-2,2,4,4,6,6,7,7-octamethyl-3-oxa-2,4,6,7-tetrasilabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (1) is a rigid bicyclic molecule consisting of a 1,3-disilacyclobutane ring whose 2,4 positions are bridged by a Me2Si—O—SiMe2 fragment. The four-membered ring is non-planar with a dihedral angle of 33.8° along the C—C axis. The intraring valence angles at carbon are significantly smaller than those at silicon leading to a transannular Si ··· Si distance of only 2.558(1) Å (triclinic, space group P 1̄ with a = 9.125(2), b = 12.668(2), c = 15.499(3) Å, α = 101.25(1), β = 87.87(1), γ = 96.88(1)°, V = 1744.4 Å3 R (wR) = 0.044 (0.051) for 316 refined parameters and 5156 observables).
Konformation von Anthranilsäurepeptiden: Kristallstruktur von tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Anthranilsäure-Glycinmethylester und semiempirische (AM 1) Beschreibung der Ramachandran-Hyperfläche / Conformation of Anthranilic Acid Peptides: Crystal Structure of tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-Anthranilic-Acid-Glycin-Methyl-Ester and Semi-Empirical (AM 1) Description of the Ramachandran Map
Authors: Feigel Martin , Lugert Gerhard , Manero Javier , Bremer Matthias
Published: March 2015

Two different molecules are observed in the asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of tert-butyloxycarbonyl-anthranilic-acid-glycin-methyl-ester (1). The whole conformational area (φ and ψ) of the amino acid part of 1 was investigated with the semi-empirical quantenmechanical method AM 1. The structures of 1 in the crystal are well described by the calculations. Rules are derived for the conformational space of peptides containing esters and anthranilic acids.
Hochdrucksynthese und Kristallstruktur von Kalium- und Rubidiumdiwolframat(VI), K2W2O7 und Rb2W2O7 / High-Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Potassium and Rubidium Ditungstate(VI), K2W2O7 und Rb2W2O7
Authors: Range Klaus-Jürgen , Hegenbart Wilhelm , Heyns Anton M. , Rau Franz , Klement Ulrich
Published: March 2015

Potassium tungstate, K2WO4, decomposes at high pressures to give K2W2O7 and other products. Single crystals of K2W2O7 could be synthesized from a mixture of K2WO4 + WO3 at 40kbar, 1000 °C. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 3.883(1) A, b = 13.653(4) Å, c = 5.960(1) Å, β = 90.40(3)°, and Ζ = 2.

The structure is comprise of distorted WO6-octahedra (W–O = 1.75-2.13 A) which are connected by corner- and edgesharing, thus forming layers with a sequence ABAB ... along [010]. The potassium ions are situated between the layers with K–O distances of 2.66-3.04 A.

Rb2W2O7, synthesized from a Rb2WO4/WO3-mixture at 40 kbar, 1000 °C, is isostructural with K2W2O7 (a = 3.9645(4) Å, b = 14.119(1) Å, c = 6.0415(5) Å,β = 90.446(9)°.
Neue oder verbesserte Synthesen für Germa- und Germa-sila-alkane und ihre chlorierten Vorstufen / New or Improved Syntheses for Germa- and Germa-sila-alkanes and their Chlorinated Precursors
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Rott Johann
Published: March 2015

Reaction of germanium powder and Cl3SiCH2Cl at 350 °C yields the l-germa-3-silapropane Cl3SiCH2GeCl3, and (Cl3SiCH2)2GeCl2, in a “Direct Synthesis”. Cl3GeCH2CH2GeCl3 is obtained from HGeCl3 and C2H2 as a “Hydrogermylation” product. Addition of CH2=CHSiCl3 to HGeCl3 yields the 1-germa-4-silabutane Cl3SiCH,CH2GeCl3, and Cl3GeCH2C(GeCl3)=CH2 is obtained similarly from ClCH2C=CH and HGeCl3-NEt3. These Chlorogermanes or -germanes/silanes are converted into the corresponding germanes (silanes) by treatment with LiAlH4 in tetralin as a solvent in the presence of triethyl(benzyl)ammonium chloride. The products are isolated in high yields and identified by standard analytical techniques, including 73Ge NMR spectroscopy. Owing to their high volatility they are potential feed-stock gases for CVD experiments to generate a-GeC:H or a-Ge,Si,C:H materials.
Neuartige Allylboran- und Allyldiboran(4)-Derivate / Novel Allylboran- and Allyldiboran(4) Derivatives
Authors: Knörzer Gabriele , Seyffer Hermann , Pritzkow Hans , Siebert Walter
Published: March 2015

Allyldiboran(4) derivatives la—c are obtained from allylmagnesium chloride and chloro derivatives of diboran(4). la—c are air-sensitive liquids; heating of le did not yield a 2,3-dihydro-l,2-diborole derivative (B). Reaction between 1,1-bis(dichloroboryl)-3,3-dimethyl-butane (5) and H2C=C(CH2SnMe3)2 (4) leads to the heat-sensitive chloro derivative 2a, in which the chlorine is substituted by Me3SiNMe2 to give stable 1,3-bis-dimethylamino-5-methylene-2-neopentyl- 1,3-diborinane (2 b). 1,2-Bis(dichloroboryl)benzene and 4 yield the chloro derivative 3a, and its substitution with HN(i-Pr)2 leads to 1,4-bis(diisopropylamino)-2,3-benzo-6-methylene-1,4,5,7-tetrahydro-1,4-diborepine (3 b). The X-ray structure analysis reveals a folded tetrahydro-1,4-diborepine ring.
Ag2[Ph – C(NSiMe3)2]2 und Au2[Ph – C(NSiMe3)2]2: Amidinatokomplexe mit kurzen Metall–Metall-Abständen / Ag2[Ph—C(NSiMe3)2]2 and Au2[Ph—C(NSiMe3)2]2: Amidinato Complexes with Short Metal—Metal Distances
Authors: Fenske Dieter , Baum Gerhard , Zinn Alfred , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: March 2015

The amidinato complexes of silver(I) and gold(I), M2[Ph—C(NSiMe3)2]2, have been prepared by the reaction of N,N,N′-tris(trimethylsilyl)benzamidine with AgO2CCH3, and ClAuCO, respectively, in acetonitrile suspensions. Both complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy as well as by X-ray structure determinations.

Ag2[Ph—C(NSiMe3)2]2: Space group P1̄, Z = 2 (6408 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.023). Lattice dimensions at —10 °C: a = 1132.5(5), b = 1221.4(6), c = 1407.9(8) pm, α = 107.85(3), β = 106.63(4), γ = 91.54(3)°.

Au2[Ph—C(NSiMe3)2]2: Space group P1̄, Z = 2 (6654 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.043). Lattice dimensions at —73 °C: a = 1119.6(6), b = 1219.0(8), c = 1391.7(9) pm, α = 108.74(4), β= 106.70(5), γ = 91.49(4)°.

The compounds, which are isotypical, form dimeric molecules with short metal—metal contacts of Ag···Ag = 265.5(2) and Au···Au = 264.6(2) pm and two chelating amidinato ligands with Ag—N bond lengths of (averaged) 212.4(2) pm and Au—N bond lengths of 206.0(7) pm.
Chemie polyfunktioneller Moleküle, 106. Kupfer(I)halogenid — Komplexe des Bis(diphenylphosphino)amins / Chemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules, 106. Copper(I) Halide Complexes of Bis(diphenylphosphino)amine
Authors: Ellermann Jochen , Knoch Falk A. , Meier Klaus J.
Published: March 2015

Reaction of Copper(I) halides CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) in methanol with bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa, 1) yields complexes [Cu3X2(dppa)3]X (X = Cl, Br, I: 2a–c). The derivates [Cu3X2(dppa)3]PF6 (2a′–c′) have been synthesized by metatheses of 2a–c with NH4PF6. The IR, Raman, 31P{1H} NMR, 1H{31Ρ} NMR, 13C{1H} NMR spectra, and FD mass spectra as well as the conductivity data are reported and discussed together with the X-ray crystal structure of 2a · 5 CH3OH. The structure consists of the trinuclear cations [Cu3Cl2(dppa)3]+, distorted tetrahedral anions [Cl( · · · HOCH3)4]- and molecules of methanol of crystallization, hydrogen bridged to the solvated anions. The Cu3Cl2 core of the cations corresponds closely to a trigonal bipyramid with the copper atoms in the equatorial and the chlorine atoms in the axial positions. The colourless prisms of 2a · 5 CH3OH crystallize in the triclinic space group P1̅, with the lattice constants a = 1368.0(4); b = 1486.7(4); c = 2036.8(10) pm; α = 74.52(3); β = 74.73(3); γ = 82.26(2)°. Raman and 31P{1H} NMR data of the complexes [Cu(X)dppm]4 (dppm = (C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2; X = Br, I) described earlier suggest that these compounds should also be formulated as [Cu3X2(dppm)3]X (4b, c).

The Raman spectra of the cations of 2a–c, 2a′–c′ and 4a–c show bands at 165 (X = Cl), 145 (X = Br) and 125 (X = I) cm-1, which can be assigned to the symmetric (XCu3X) stretching mode of the XCu3X unit.
Synthese und Struktur von achtgliedrigen Titan- und Zirkon-haltigen Siloxanringen / Synthesis and Structure of Eight-Membered Titanium and Zirconium Containing Siloxane Rings
Authors: Haoudi-Mazzah Amal , Mazzah Ahmed , Schmidt Hans-Georg , Noltemeyer Mathias , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: March 2015

Reaction of (tBu)2Si(OH)2 with TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, and ZrCl4 affords eight-membered rings 2a-2d. The X-ray structural analysis of 2a, 2b and 2d reveals in 2a and 2b tetrahedral and in 2d octahedral coordination at the transition metal atoms. The octahedral geometry in 2d is due to two additional coordinated solvent molecules. The Ti—O bond lengths in 2a and 2b are short indicating multiple bonding. Compounds 2a-2d are thermodynamically very stable having melting points above 250 °C.
Silver Nitrate Complexes of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Mair Angelika , Müller Gerhard , Lachmann Joachim , Gamper Siegfried
Published: March 2015

Pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole, and 8-amino-quinoline form complexes as neutral ligands with silver nitrate in slightly acidic aqueous medium. With pyrazole a 2:1 complex (1) is obtained. The crystal structure determination revealed an ionic structure with independent NO3
- anions and centrosymmetrical (pyr)2Ag+ cations with a linear coordination geometry at the silver atoms. The reactions with 1,2,4-triazole and 8-amino-quinoline yield dimeric 1:1 complexes (2,3), in which the silver atoms are bridged by the ligands and have short contacts with nitrate oxygen atoms. The coordination geometry of the metals can thus be described as distorted tetrahedral. A 1:1 complex with 2,3-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (2a) and a 2:1 complex with 8-hydroxy-quinoline (4) have also been prepared, but not characterized in detail.
Die Kristallstrukturen von (NEt4
+)2[Se5
2- · 1/2 Se6·Se7] und von (NPr4)2Se11 / The Crystal Structures of (NEt4
+)2[Se5
2- · 1/2 Se6 · Se7] and (NPr4)2Se11
Authors: Dietz Jochen , Müller Ulrich , Müller Volker , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: March 2015

The title compounds have been prepared by the reactions of a potassium diselenide solution in DMF with excess selenium in the presence of tetraethyl and tetrapropyl ammonium chloride, respectively. They were characterized by X-ray crystal structure determinations.

(NEt4
+)2[Se5
2-·1 /2 Se6 · Se7]: Space group PĪ, Z = 2, 2514 observed unique reflections, R = 0.085. Lattice dimensions at —40 °C: a = 957.7(4), b = 1384.2(4), c = 1545.3(7) pm, α = 107.32(3)°, β = 97.27(4)°, γ = 105.94(3)°. The compound has an ionic structure of NEt4
+ ions and chains of pentaselenide ions, which are associated with Se6 and Se7, ring molecules, forming layers parallel to (110).

(NPr4)2Se11: Space group C2/c, Ζ = 4, 2198 observed unique reflections, R = 0.082. Lattice dimensions at —40 °C: a = 2364.7(5), b = 1206.8(2), c = 1609.6(3) pm, β = 118.74(3)°. The compound consists of cations (N(C3H7)4
+ and spirocyclic anions Se11
2-, in which two Se6 rings having chair conformation are linked by a common Se atom with planar coordination. There are no short contacts between the S11
2- ions.
Einkernige Bis(triphenylphospin)kupfer(I)-Komplexe der Bidiazine / Mononuclear Bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) Complexes of the Bidiazines
Authors: Vogler Conny , Kaim Wolfgang
Published: March 2015

The cationic d10 metal complexes [(bdz)Cu(PPh3)2+]+ of the π accepting bidiazine (bdz) chelate ligands 3,3′-bipyridazine, 2,2′-bipyrazine, 2,2′- and 4,4′-bipyrimidine were synthesized and compared with the analogous complex of 2,2′-bipyridine. The long wavelength metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption maxima and the reduction potentials indicate relatively little π* orbital stabilization by +Cu(PPh3)2. The particular d orbital splitting in a tetrahedral ligand field results in an additional contribution from △t to the energy difference between the first and second MLCT band. Only the most easily reduced complexes of 4,4′-bipyrimidine and 2,2′-bipyrazine yield neutral radical complexes (“Cu(0)”) which were characterized by ESR spectroscopy.
Umsetzungen von 0,3-Dialkyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-onen; Darstellung von P(III)-Derivaten / Reactions of 1,3-Dialkyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-ones; Preparation of P(III) Derivatives
Authors: Neda Ion , Plinta Hans-Jürgen , Schmutzler Reinhard
Published: March 2015

The reaction of 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one 1 with N-trimethylsilylacetamide 2 and 2-methylpiperidine hydrochloride furnished the P-substituted derivatives 3 and 4. The reaction of 1 with trimethylbromo- and trimethyliodosilane yielded the 2-bromo- and 2-iodo- substituted compounds 5 and 6. 1-Methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-diaza-2-chloro-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one 8 was prepared in the reaction of N-methyl-N'-(2-chloroethyl)-anthranilamide 7 with phosphorus trichloride. The reaction of 8 with N-trifluoromethyl-3-nitrophenylamine 9 or with sodium fluoride led to the 2-fluorosubstituted product 11. From the unusual reaction of 8 with 9 in the presence of triethylamine N-difluoromethylene-3-nitrophenylimine 10 and the intermediate product, triethylamine hydrofluoride, were isolated. A mechanism of formation of 11 is proposed. The reaction of 8 with N-trimethylsilylacetamide 2 and bis-2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride furnished the expected substitution products 14 and 15, involving the 5,6-benzo-1,3,2-phosphorinan-4-one ring system. The characterization of 3-6, 8, 11, 14 and 15 rests, especially, on their 1H-, 13Cand 31P-NMR spectra, and their mass spectra.
Synthese von seitenkettenmodifizierten Analogen des Allergens Primin / Synthesis of Side-Chain-Modified Analogues of the Allergen Primin
Authors: König. Wilfried A. , Faasch Holger , Heitsch Holger , Colberg Cornelia , Hausen Björn M.
Published: March 2015

Benzoquinones such as primin (2-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone) from Primula obconica HANCE (Primulaceae) are known to be strong sensitizers and thus the source of severe allergic contact dermatitis (cell-mediated type of allergy). In order to determine the relationship between sensitizing capacity and chemical structure the synthesis of 19 side-chain-modified analogues of primin was carried out. With each of these primin derivatives 10 guinea pigs were sensitized using a modified FCA-method (FCA = Freund’s complete adjuvant). Elicitation was done open epicutaneously with 0.001 molar concentrations. In these sensitization experiments 2-methoxy-6-alkyl-1,4-benzoquinones (chain length C1-C15) showed ascending sensitizing potency with increasing number of the side chain carbon atoms reaching maximum activity at an alkyl chain of 10 to 11 carbons. Beyond this point a decrease of the sensitizing potency in correlation with a further prolongation of the side chain was observed.
Organometallic Phosphinimines as Building Blocks for Potential New Radiopharmaceuticals. Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of Ph3P=NH2
+ReO4
-
Authors: Katti Kattesh V. , Singh Prahlad R. , Barnes Charles L. , Katti Kavita K. , Kopicka Karel , Ketring Alan R. , Volkert Wynn A.
Published: March 2015

Reactions of the organometallic phosphinimine Ph3P=N-SiMe3 (1), with aqueous ReO4
- and 188ReO4
- yield the ion pairs Ph3P=NH2
+MO4
- (M=Re (2); 188Re (4)). The ion pairs undergo dehydration upon heating to produce the neutral Re(VII) species: Ph3P=N-MO3 (M=Re (3); 188Re (5)). The solid state structure of Ph3P=NH2
+ReO4
- (2) shows the presence of hydrogen bonding between the iminato hydrogen and the rhenium oxo center. The relevance of such reactions for the design of new radiopharmaceuticals is discussed
Zweikernige Bisphosphankupfer(I)-Komplexe mit dem 2,2′-Bipyrimidin-Brückenliganden: Strukturelle Analogie zu „Blauen“ Kupferzentren und Reduktion zu paramagnetischen Spezies / Dinuclear Bis(phosphane)copper(I) Complexes with 2,2′-Bipyrimidine as Bridging Ligand: Structural Analogy to “Blue” Copper Centers and Reduction to Paramagnetic Species
Authors: Vogler Conny , Kaim Wolfgang , Hausen H.-D.
Published: March 2015

Dinuclear complexes [(PR3)2Cu(μ: η4-bpym)Cu(PR3)2](BF4)2 with the bis-chelating bridging ligand 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpym) and various monodentate and bidentate phosphanes were synthesized via a four component “self assembly” reaction. The reversible electrochemical reduction to monocationic radical complexes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance (ESR). Highly resolved ESR spectra revealed the presence of the bpym anion radical ligand via resolved hyperfine coupling with 1H, 14N, 31P, 63Cu and 65Cu nuclei. The variation of phosphane ligands was accompanied by significant changes of electrochemical potentials which were rationalized considering electronic and structural effects. The configurational flexibility of Cu(I) in this environment is evident from the X-ray crystal structure analysis of [(PPh3)2Cu(μ: η4-bpym)Cu(PPh3)2](BF4)2 - H2O• CH3OH for which the coordination at the metal can be described as 3 + 1 (NN′P + P′), qualitatively similar to the (NN′S + S′) arrangement around the type 1 Cu centers of “blue” copper proteins. Intramolecular cooperative π donor/π acceptor/π donor “sandwich” interactions provide parts of the driving force for this highly distorted coordination geometry which illustrates the proclivity of Cu(I) towards such an “entatic state” arrangement.
Synthese amino- und silylsubstituierter Triphosphane – Struktur des 1.1.3.3-Tetrakis(di-iso-propylamino)-2-trimethylsilyl- und des 1.1.3.3-Tetraphenyl-2-tri-iso-propylsilyl-triphosphans / Synthesis of Amino- and Silyl-Substituted Triphosphines – Structure of 1,1,3,3-Tetrakis(di-iso-propylamino)-2-trimethylsilyl- and 1,1,3,3-Tetraphenyl-2-tri-iso-propylsilyl-triphosphine
Authors: Bender H. R. G. , Nieger M. , Niecke E.
Published: March 2015

A variety of triphosphines [(Et2N)2P]2PR 4a–h, [(iPr2N)2P]2PR 5a–e and [Ph2P]2PR 9e–g [R = Cy (a), tBu (b), Mes (c), Me3Si (d), tBuMe2Si (e), ThexMe2Si (f), iPr3Si (g), Ad (h), H (i)] has been obtained by the reaction of the dilithiated primary phosphines RPH2 la–h with 2 equiv. of the chlorophosphines (Et2N)2PCl 2, (iPr2N)2PCl 3 or Ph2PCl 8. Methanolysis of the trimethylsilyl substituted derivative [(iPr2N)2P]2P(SiMe3) 5d yields the hydrogen substituted triphosphine [(iPr2N)2P]2PH 5i. The lithiated diphosphine (iPr2N)2P–P(SiMe3)Li 6 reacts with the chlorophosphine 2 to give the unsymmetrically substituted triphosphine (iPr2N)2P–P(SiMe3)–P(NEt2)2 7d. The compounds have been chracterized by their NMR and mass spectra. The structures of 4d and 9g have been determined by X-ray diffraction, representing the first structures of uncomplexed triphosphines.
Effect of Drying and Wetting on the Shear Strength of a Low-Plasticity Clay With Different Initial Dry Densities
Authors: Liu Wenhua , Yang Qing , Tang Xiaowei , Yang Gang
Published: March 2015

Soils near the ground surface are naturally subjected to drying and wetting cycles because of climatic changes. The shear strength variations of soils induced by drying and wetting affect the stability of the geotechnical structures. The general objective of this study is to assess the effect of drying and wetting on the shear strength of a low-plasticity clay, classified as CL according to the Unified Soil Classification System, from Dalian, China. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens with three different initial dry densities of 1.61, 1.71, and 1.76 Mg/m3. These tests were conducted under the saturated condition after the specimens were subjected to different numbers of drying and wetting cycles. The results indicate that drying and wetting have different impacts on the mechanical behaviors of soils with different initial dry densities. For the specimens with the initial dry density of 1.61 Mg/m3, the internal friction angle increased, whereas the residual strength and cohesion decreased after cyclic drying and wetting. The stress–strain relationships altered from strain hardening to strain softening. As for the specimens with the initial dry density of 1.71 and 1.76 Mg/m3, the internal friction angle, residual strength, and cohesion all decreased after cyclic drying and wetting. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that the variations of the shear strengths can be attributed to the irreversible volume compression and the variation of dilatancy. The overall influence of drying and wetting on the mechanical behaviors depends on the initial state of soils.
Indonesia in 2014
Authors: Hamayotsu Kikue
Published: March 2015

In 2014, Indonesia inaugurated as president the former Governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, or “Jokowi,” raising public expectations for reform especially among people outside the powerful political and business elite circles. It is uncertain to what extent, and how, the new government will achieve his reform agendas. Moreover, a relatively weak economy and declining civil liberties may pose an additional challenge, despite Jokowi’s avowed commitment to structural reforms and good governance.
Nepal and Bhutan in 2014
Authors: Mocko Anne , Penjore Dorji
Published: March 2015

Both Nepal and Bhutan formed new parliamentary governments in 2014. In both cases, a new party took control, but major policies remained unchanged. Many people experienced hardships in buying basic commodities (because of inflation in Nepal and a subsidy dispute in Bhutan). Nepal faced three natural disasters.
Does selenium supplementation affect thyroid function? Results from a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial in a Danish population
Authors: Winther Kristian Hillert , Bonnema Steen Joop , Cold Frederik , Debrabant Birgit , Nybo Mads , Cold Søren , Hegedüs Laszlo
Published: March 2015

Objective

Selenium is present in the active site of proteins important for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation in different doses on thyroid function, under conditions of suboptimal dietary selenium intake.

Design

The Danish PREvention of Cancer by Intervention with SElenium pilot study (DK-PRECISE) is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 491 males and females aged 60–74 years were randomized to 100 μg (n=124), 200 μg (n=122), or 300 μg (n=119) selenium-enriched yeast or matching yeast-based placebo tablets (n=126). A total of 361 participants, equally distributed across treatment groups, completed the 5-year intervention period.

Methods

Plasma samples were analyzed for selenium and serum samples for TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) at baseline, and after 6 months, and 5 years of supplementation.

Results

Plasma selenium concentrations increased significantly and dose-dependently in treatment groups receiving selenium (P<0.001). Serum TSH and FT4concentrations decreased significantly and dose-dependently by 0.066 mIU/l (P=0.010) and 0.11 pmol/l (P=0.015), respectively, per 100 μg/day increase, with insignificant differences between 6 months and 5 years. No significant effects were found for FT3and FT3:FT4ratio.

Conclusions

In euthyroid subjects, selenium supplementation minutely and dose-dependently affects thyroid function, when compared with placebo, by decreasing serum TSH and FT4concentrations. Based on these findings, selenium supplementation is not warranted under conditions of marginal selenium deficiency. However, a role for selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases is still unresolved.
A Systematic Review on Drugs Absorption Modifications after Eradication in Helicobacter pylori Positive Patients undergoing Replacement Therapy
Authors: Fiorini Giulia , Bland John Martin , Hughes Elizabeth , Castelli Valentina , Vaira Dino
Published: March 2015

Background & Aims: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been suggested as a cause of impaired drug absorption. This infection leads to alteration of the gastric acid secretion that may change the conformational characteristics of drugs and their intestinal absorption leading to uncertainties about the dose to administer and the therapeutic results. A systematic review was undertaken to clarify the implications of drug absorption during the administration of replacement therapies.Methods: Electronic databases such as MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library [which includes Cochrane Database of Systematic Review (CDSR), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Database of Abstract of Reviews of Effect (DARE)] were searched. Grey literature databases (e.g. the International clinical trials registry platform, Trials Register, Clinical Trials.gov, Controlled Trials and TrialsCentral), Theses database, Government publication and LILACS database were also searched. No language restriction was applied.Results: Infection and altered drug absorption were evaluated in patients under replacement therapies with iron, thyroxin and L-dopa. In all, seven studies included an improvement in drug absorption after eradication and an existing inverse correlation between the grade of gastric inflammation and indices of drug absorption were noticed.Conclusion: This systematic review confirmed the presence of an interaction between infection and drug absorption of orally administered replacement therapies. Gastric acid reduction and subsequent alteration of drug composition seem to lead this mechanism. Clinicians should be aware of this possible interaction when starting a replacement therapy in patients and when evaluating poor clinical response.
The Role of Colonoscopy in Managing Diverticular Disease of the Colon
Authors: Tursi Antonio
Published: March 2015

Diverticulosis of the colon is frequently found on routine colonoscopy, and the incidence of diverticular disease and its complications appears to be increasing. The role of colonoscopy in managing this disease is still controversial.Colonoscopy plays a key role in managing diverticular bleeding. Several techniques have been effectively used in this field, but band ligation seems to be the best in preventing rebleeding. Colonoscopy is also effective in posing a correct differential diagnosis with other forms of chronic colitis involving colon harbouring diverticula (in particular with Crohn's disease or Segmental Colitis Associated with Diverticulosis). The role of colonoscopy to confirm diagnosis of uncomplicated diverticulitis is still under debate, since the risk of advanced colonic neoplasia in patients admitted for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is not increased as compared to the average-risk population. On the contrary, colonoscopy is mandatory if patients complain of persistent symptoms or after resolution of an episode of complicated diverticulitis. Finally, a recent endoscopic classification, called Diverticular Inflammation and Complications Assessment (DICA), has been developed and validated. This classification seems to be a promising tool for predicting the outcome of the colon harboring diverticula, but further, prospective studies have to confirm its predictive role on the outcome of the disease.
Callus growth and plant regeneration in Laelia speciosa (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Avila-Díaz Irene , Sarabia-Ochoa Marcela Esmeralda , Carlos-Gómez Alonso , Salgado-Garciglia Rafael
Published: March 2015

Laelia speciosa es una orquídea epífita amenazada, endémica de México. Se considera que la reproducción asexual in vitro puede ser una de las acciones para contrarrestar la extracción masiva de individuos de sus poblaciones naturales, al ofrecer plantas de calidad en el mercado. El crecimiento y diferenciación de callo derivado de explantes de hojas de L. speciosa fueron investigados en el medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) con 30 g l-1 de sacarosa y cinco concentraciones (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, y 2.5 g l-1) de ácido naftalenacético (ANA) en combinación con benziladenina (BA, 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, y 2.5 g l-1). Explantes de hojas de plántulas cultivadas in vitro fueron efectivos para la formación de callo en el medio MS suplementado con 2.5 mg l-1 BA, mientras que explantes de hojas maduras no respondieron. El diámetro del callo en promedio por explante de hoja fue de 1.25 cm después de ocho semanas de cultivo. El mejor desarrollo de PLBs se reportó en el medio MS suplementado con 2.5 mg l-1 ANA and 1 mg l-1 BA. La formación de plántulas se logró exitosamente en MS suplementado con 0.5 mg l-1 de ANA y 0.1 mg l-1 de GA3. Dichas plántulas fueron aclimatadas exitosamente en invernadero con una tasa de supervivencia de 70%.
Orchid itineraries of Augustus R. Endrés in Central America: a biographic and geographic sketch
Authors: Ossenbach Carlos , Pupulin Franco , Jenny Rudolf
Published: March 2015

Endrés, como fue conocido hasta que investigaciones recientes revelaron gran parte de sus datos biográficos relevantes, fue el más importante colector de orquídeas que jamás visitó Costa Rica. Además de recolectar los especímenes tipo de casi un centenar de nuevas especies de orquídeas, Endrés descubrió, describió e ilustró miles de plantas de orquídeas, muchas de ellas aún sin describir a la época de sus hallazgos. Uno de los rasgos sobresalientes de las colecciones llevadas a cabo por Endrés en la Costa Rica post-colonial del siglo diecinueve es su impresionante conocimiento del país, en términos de cobertura geográfica, que en muchos casos se extiende más allá de los límites de los territorios ya explorados en estos entonces. El presente trabajo presenta por vez primera los datos biográficos más importantes de Endrés y de su trabajo orquidológico en América Central. Se resaltan las rutas exploratorias más relevantes realizadas por Endrés, explicándolas en el marco de la geografía social de su época y se presenta un catálogo completo de las localidades en las que realizó sus colectas, referenciándolas con coordenadas geográficas modernas.
The root colonizing fungi of the terrestrial orchid Cypripedium irapeanum
Authors: Valdés María , Bautista Guerrero Héctor , Martínez Laura , Víquez Rafael
Published: March 2015

Este estudio investigó el status micorrízico y la identificación de los hongos que colonizan la raíz de la orquídea terrestre Cypripedium irapeanum por medio de los polimorfismos de los fragmentos de la restricción y la secuenciación del espacio tránscrito interno del rDNA. Esta orquídea es endémica de diferentes regiones de México, Guatemala y Honduras localizándose entre los 1400 y 2250 m de altitud. Crece principalmente en los remanentes de los bosques de encino del altiplano y está en la lista roja de México de las plantas amenazadas. Los bosques de encino en este país están constantemente amenazados. El examen al microscopio de los segmentos de raíces teñidas de las orquídeas nos mostró la presencia de estructuras fúngicas tanto de hongos de micorriza orquidoide (pelotones e hifas enrrolladas) como de los llamados endófitos obscuros septados (DSE) (hifas mielinizadas y microesclerosios). El análisis de la secuenciación de la región ITS1-5.6-ITS2 sugiere que el tejido micorrizado está dominado por Tulasneaceae: Sistotrema sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Epulorhiza sp. Entre los DSE, uno de los 10 aislados mostró 100% de similaridad con Phomopsis sp XJ-05, y otro 99% con el endofito MUT 885, ambos reportados como endófitos obscuros septados. El hipotético endófito septado obscuro Phomopsis sp XJ-05 fue aislado tanto de las raíces como de las semillas que germinaron de C. irapeanum restriction fragment length polymorphisms and by rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequencing.
Orchid genera lectotypess
Authors: Higgins Wesley , Alrich Peggy
Published: March 2015

The typification of Orchidaceae genera has been disorganized since currently there is not an up to date central database to track these nomenclatural publications. A listing of published generic typifications for Orchidaceae is provided.
The leaves got right again: DNA phylogenetics supports a sister-group relationship between Eurystyles and Lankesterella (Orchidaceae: Spiranthinae)
Authors: Salazar Gerardo , Dressler Robert
Published: March 2015

A pesar de notables similitudes en características no florales, tales como su desusado hábito epífito y su morfología vegetativa, Eurystyles y Lankesterella han sido considerados como sólo distantemente relacionados entre sí por los taxónomos que valoran los atributos florales por encima de cualquier otra fuente de información. En este trabajo evaluamos las relaciones filogenéticas de estos géneros analizando más de 4500 caracteres de secuencias de ADN nuclear (nrITS) y de plástidos (matK-trnK, trnL-trnF) de 29 especies/22 géneros de Spiranthinae (y grupos externos apropiados); tres especies de Eurystyles estructuralmente distintas entre sí y dos de Lankesterella fueron incluidas. Tanto nuestro análisis de parsimonia como el de inferencia bayesiana recobran a Eurystyles y Lankesterella como taxones hermanos con fuerte apoyo interno. El clado Eurystyles/ Lankesterella a su vez está apoyado como hermano del “clado Spiranthes.” Nuestros resultados concuerdan con interpretaciones previas de una relación cercana entre Eurystyles y Lankesterella basadas en el hábito epífito que comparten y su similar morfología vegetativa, indicando que la morfología floral es evolutivamente lábil en estos grupos y por lo tanto menos confiable como indicador de relaciones filogenéticas que la morfología vegetativa, más conservadora.
Morfoanatomía en Cranichideae (Orchidaceae) de la Estación Loma Redonda del Parque Nacional "Sierra Nevada", Mérida, Venezuela
Authors: Dugarte Corredor Blanca , Luque Arias Rebeca
Published: March 2015

Se realizó un estudio morfoanatómico de los órganos vegetativos y del pedúnculo de tres representantes de la subtribu Cranichidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae): Aa paleacea, Myrosmodes paludosa y Pterichis multiflora, de la estación Loma Redonda del Teleférico de Mérida, del Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Estas tres especies se estudiaron con el fin de determinar la posible existencia de caracteres diagnósticos así como la presencia de caracteres adaptativos al páramo. Se recolectaron plantas adultas. Se determinaron caracteres comunes: raíces rollizas, velamen y exodermis uniestratificado, exodermis con engrosamientos escalareiformes en las paredes radiales, espirantosomas en la corteza y hojas glabras arrosetadas. Se reporta por primera vez mesófilo diferenciado en Cranichideae. Se determinaron los siguientes caracteres diagnósticos: grosor de la corteza radicular; número de corridas de células de la empalizada y esponjoso; diferentes tipos de estelas en el pedúnculo. Algunos de estos caracteres se consideran adaptativos al ambiente: raíces rollizas, corteza compacta; hojas pequeñas y brillantes de cutícula gruesa, desarrollo de empalizada; pedúnculo con epidermis y cutícula gruesa Se considera Myrosmodes paludosa como la más xeromórfica. Se presenta una clave de caracteres morfológicos y otra de caracteres anatómicos.