bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Transient Stability for Four Wheel Steering Automobile with Proportional Control
Authors: Song Zuo Jun
Published: November 2011

A 4WS automobile dynamic model with two degree-freedom was presented, and it’s dynamic equation and transient response was obtained by theoretical analysis. The simulation on its handling stability was executed with the driver model, and the simulation results showed that a 4WS automobile had a better performance than a 2WS automobile. The calculation and simulation results provided more accurate theoretical basis in automobile stability studies.
Study on Vibration Modes and Acoustic Radiation Modes for Air Conditioning Compressor
Authors: Yu Ming , Zhang Ling Li , Li Yang , Yan Xian Guo , Du Juan
Published: November 2011

Vibration and radiated sound of Air Conditioning are harmful to environment and safeness. Air Conditioning Compressor is its major part bringing vibration. To lower noise of a compressor and to improve its sound characteristic, the paper probes into a method indirect measurement of vibration, which both vibration and radiation behavior is represented using acoustic signal and theory of radiation modes. The paper investigates on the basic coupling relationship between structural vibration and acoustic radiation by means of the real modal analysis theory. Besides, the vibration and acoustic radiation characteristics of the rotary compressor are identified through the experiment method. According to the experimental results, between the vibration modes and the acoustic radiation modes have the comparability about the parameters. Therefore, this paper put forward a new method to the Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC), and provides the theoretical foundation of indirect measurement of vibration by using acoustic signal.
The Hybrid Genetic Algorithm of Single-Machine Materials Manufacturing Process with Periodic Maintenance
Authors: Yu Xian Yu , Rao Zhi Yong , Zhu Hui
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates single machine materials manufacturing process with periodic maintenance, which has been proved as a NP-hard problem. Such that, combining the advantages of the classic List Scheduling (LS) algorithm, the Longest Processing Time first (LPT) algorithm and the genetic algorithm, two hybrid genetic algorithm (LS-GENETIC algorithm and LPT-GENETIC algorithm) were proposed to solve the problem. Computational results have shown that both LS-GENETIC algorithm and LPT-GENETIC algorithm perform satisfactorily.
Spartina alterniflora: Potential Bio-Energy Source for Biofuel Production in China
Authors: Li Rui Li , Qiu Guo Yu
Published: November 2011

Spartina alternifloracan be widely used for fodder, sewage treatment and as a substantial source of bioactive material. As an invader, it strongly disturbs the structure and function of native ecosystem in China. However, it is also a promising bio-energy source. We analyzed the potential ofS. alternifloraas a bio-energy source, including the superiority at both temporal and spatial scales, advantages in high photosynthetic efficiency and high productivity. Meanwhile, its exploitation for biofuel production was introduced.
Effects of Varying Distance on Wireless Signal Propagation in Indoor and Outdoor Built Sites
Authors: Chomba B.K. , Konditi D.B.O. , Nyaanga D.M. , Githeko J.M.
Published: November 2011

The effects of varying distances on wireless signal propagation in indoor and outdoor built sites is presented in this paper. In indoor and outdoor built sites the major RF signal attenuation is due to multi-path interference, signal loss (fading), and non-line of sight signal blockage. A number of mobile communication systems is currently and frequently being used in indoor environments based on IEEE 802.11b standards which is on 2.4GHz frequency ISM band at the rate of 11Mbps. To determine the effects of varying distances on signal strength at 2.457 GHz, a Spykee spy Wi-Fi robot was used as the transmitter and laptop installed with a Wi-Fi card and Spykee console software to control the robot was used as the receiver. Results showed that the signal attenuation levels increased as distances increased.
Threshold Voltage and Sub-Threshold Slope Variation with Gate-Length in Al2O3/InAlAs/InGaAs Quantum Well (QW) FET's
Authors: Tsopelas I. , Gili A. , Xanthakis J.P.
Published: November 2011

We have theoretically examined the scaling of the Al2O3/InAlAs/InGaAs QW FET one of the proposed III-V channel MOSFET's designed to replace the conventional SiO2/Si structures. To accomplish this we have used a Schroedinger – Poisson – Continuity equation model that is fully 2-dimentional ie all equations are solved along and perpendicular to the channel. We have found out that for the threshold voltage VT to be around zero volts a Schottky barrier ΦΒ of 3.5 - 4.0eV is necessary. Both Cu or W will suffice. for this. The VT value moves by 0.7 as the device is scaled from 65 nm gate length Lg to 25nm. Furthermore, as the Lg is scaled to the desired 20nm value the subthreshold slope SS increases from 90meV/dec to about 170meV/dec guaranteeing fast switching.
TiO2 Coating onto Fe Powders via Fluidized Bed CVD
Authors: Kartswnakis Ioannis , Papadopoulos Nikolaos , Karayianni Chaido
Published: November 2011

The present research work describes deposition of titania onto Fe powder using a homemade fluidized bed CVD reactor and titanium tetrachloride as the precursor. The as-deposited particles were examined in terms of microstructure and magnetic behavior by means of SEM, XRD, FTIR and VSM. It was realized that high quality TiO2deposition onto iron particles was possible. The produced thin films were microcrystalline and homogenous, with the optimum conditions being in the range of 800-900OC and a TiCl4:air ratio equal to 1:15-1:25.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Nanozinc Oxide Varistor
Authors: Mirzayi Mehdi , Hekmatshoar Mohammad Hoseen , Azimi Abdolazim
Published: November 2011

Nanometer-sized ZnO powder was synthesized at low decomposing temperature by polyacrylamide-gel method where Acrylamide was used as monomer, and N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide as lattice reagent. The characteristic of powders were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated uniform distribution of nanoZnO particles. Also electrical properties were investigated at different sintering temperatures of 800, 900 and 1000 ° C. It was observed that increase in sintering temperature, resulted in increase in the grain size of the varistor ceramics. The observed nonlinearity in current – voltage characteristic was explained by the existence of potential barrier at the grain boundaries and lowering of the barriers.
Cold Working Degree Determination in Low Carbon Steel with Barkhausen Noise Analysis
Authors: Petrakou Z.
Published: November 2011

Mild steel is one of the most commonly used materials in both industry, construction and other commercial –less or more elaborated- applications, and therefore the need of the appliance of an efficient and precise non-destructive testing method is requisite and mandatory. Here we report the experimental study of one of the most significant properties of mild steel, that of hardness, that can substantially reveal important facts such as the grade of deformation and work-hardening of steel, with the use of Barkhausen Noise Analysis. We also studied how the magnetic and mechanical properties of this specific metallic material can be successfully correlated.
On the Mechanical Properties Determination of Armco Steel Using Magnetic Hysteresis Loop and Barkhausen Noise
Authors: Kosmas K.
Published: November 2011

Magnetic properties, namely B-H loops and Barkhausen noise, have been determined with respect to mechanical load in Armco steels. The monotonic response illustrated a clearly verified knee, corresponding to the initiation of plastic deformation.
Hydrogen Detection with Noble Metal-TiO2 Schottky Diodes
Authors: Rahbarpour Saeedeh , Hossein-Babaei Faramarz
Published: November 2011

Fast detection of hydrogen at a wide concentration range is desired for many applications. We report detecting hydrogen using Au-TiO2-Ti and Ag-TiO2-Ti diodes. While hydrogen-Au and hydrogen-Ag interactions are very different, at a constant biasing voltage, the measured current in both diodes is highly sensitive to the partial pressure of hydrogen contamination in the surrounding atmosphere. Work function variations were investigated by connecting the I-V specifications to the energy barrier height established at the Au-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 junctions. Electronic features of the devices were described based on the assumption of two different hydrogen-noble metal interactions: Hydrogen reduces Ag work function by reducing the adsorbed oxygen species from the silver surface, while Au work function is reduced by the same mechanism as well as the direct adsorption of hydrogen species to the gold surface. Both of these mechanisms result in hydrogen detection by Schottky barrier height reduction and current increase.
High-Temperature Sensor Based on Neutron-Irradiated 6H-SiC
Authors: Ruan Yong Feng , Wang Peng Fei , Huang Li , Zhu Wei
Published: November 2011

Nitrogen-doped 6H-SiC single crystals irradiated with neutrons up to a fluence of 5.74×1018 n/cm2 at the temperature of 60-80°C were investigated by means of X-ray diffractometer and metallurgical microscope. The experimental results showed the X-ray diffraction peak (0006) was broadened due to the lattice distortion resulting from irradiation-induced defects, and then narrowed linearly when isochronally annealed over the temperature of 700°C. Meanwhile, from the chemical etching photomicrographs, the characteristic was accompanied by the changes of the dislocation density after the process of irradiation and post-irradiation annealing. According to this characteristic of irradiated 6H-SiC crystals, a novel temperature sensor suitable for the temperature range of 700-1300°C or more is developed, which depends on the linear relationship between XRD FWHM (the full width at the half maximum of X-ray diffraction peak) and isochronal annealing temperature over about 700°C. The subsequent application test demonstrated that the sensor remained no damage in the very harsh conditions as well as possessed a less than +5% of the relative temperature error. Therefore, the neutron-irradiated 6H-SiC can be employed as a kind of non-invasive temperature measurement sensor to determine the temperature of closed, high-speed rotating and difficult-to-access parts on a running machine such as internal-combustion engine pistons, turbine blades and so on.
Sensing Element Made of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Network for Organic Vapor Detection
Authors: Olejnik Robert , Slobodian Petr , Saha Petr
Published: November 2011

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) network “Buckypaper” was made by the vacuum filtration method of MWCNT aqueous suspension. The sensitivity of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) networks of randomly entangled pure nanotubes to various organic solvent vapors (tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethanol) has been investigated by resistance measurements. The results demonstrate that the network electrical resistance increases when exposed to organic solvent vapors, and a reversible reaction is observed when the sample is removed from the vapors. The investigated MWCNT networks could be potentially used as sensing elements for sensitive and selective organic vapor detection.
Glued Functions - Based Assessment of Interpolation Accuracy of Self-Ignition Engine Real Indicator Diagram
Authors: Ambrozik Andrzej
Published: November 2011

The paper aims to provide an analysis and accuracy assessment of the interpolation of real indicator diagrams, averaged over 50 runs, performed with the use of glued functions which analytically describe the form of those diagrams. The analysis and accuracy assessment were carried out for values of mean indicated pressure p¬i and indicated efficiency determined for real and interpolated diagrams. The paper also presents the analysis and assessment of error in the determination of the mean maximum pressure value in the working cycle of the AD3.152 UR engine fuelled by diesel oil, pure methyl ester of rapeseed oil fatty acids FAME and the blend of both fuels marked B20. When the indicator diagram was taken experimentally, the engine operated in the mode of external speed characteristics at the crankshaft rotational velocity n=2000 rpm.
Design and Analysis of Model Following Control Structure with Nonlinear Plant
Authors: Brzózka Jerzy
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Linearization methods of the object: input-state and input-output linearization are used usually in a standard feedback control system. However, these systems are sensitive to the changes of nonlinear characteristics of the plant. These changes can be compensated in two types of control systems: in the model following control (MFC) and adaptive. The article presents the first solution and contains: miscellaneous structures of linear control systems with model following, brief description of the linearization’s methods, simulation example of the course control of vessel and the advantages of this solution.
The Influence of Fitness Function on Quality of Neuro-Controllers Produced with Assembler Encoding
Authors: Praczyk Tomasz
Published: November 2011

Assembler Encoding is a neuro-evolutionary method in which neural networks are represented in the form of evolutionary created programs. Each program consists of operations and data evolving in many separate populations. To enable the evolution to produce effective programs and in consequence neural networks, operations and data from each population have to be reliably evaluated. The paper presents and compares several methods that can be used for that purpose. The comparative tests were carried out on the predator-prey problem.
Synthesis of Conjugated Polythiophenes with Azobenzene Substitutes in the Side Chains
Authors: Tang Xin De , Wang Tie Shi , Chen Ye , Yu Fa Qi , Pei Mei Shan
Published: November 2011

Novel conjugated polythiophene derivatives with azobenzene moieties to attaching to the polymer backbone via a flexible alkyl spacer were synthesized by electrochemically direct anodic oxidation in boron trifluoride diethyletherate (BFEE). The physical, optical and fluorescent properties of the resulting polymers were characterized. As conducting and optical materials, the polymers can be promising in the field of photoelecrtonics area.
A Novel Method for Measuring the Difference in Flexoelectric Coefficients of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Outram Benjamin I. , Elston Steve J.
Published: November 2011

The difference between e1 and e3 parameters for flexoelectric polarization, as originally defined byMeyer, is measured for nematic liquid crystal materials E7 and BL087 in Twisted Nematic (TN) cells with In-Plane Switching (IPS) electric fields using the crystal rotation method, which measures transmission as a function of angle of incidence. Values of e1 − e3 for E7 and BL087 are found to be 7.2±1.0 pCm−1 and 9.4±1.0 pCm−1 respectively.
Negative Differential Resistance Induced by Intermolecular Interaction in Molecular Device
Authors: Xia Cai Juan , Zhang Ying Tang , Zai Xue Jun
Published: November 2011

Based on nonequilibrium Green’s function and first-principles calculation, we investigate the transport properties of the molecule device with a donor-acceptor molecular complex sandwiched between two electrodes. Numerical results show that a negative differential resistance under applied bias can be observed. The mechanism of negative differential resistance is mainly induced by the orbital match of molecule and electrodes as well as intermolecular charge transfer.
Investigation on High Laser-Induced Damage Threshold of ZrO2-PVP Thin Films by Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Wang Sheng Zhao , Tang Xiao Yan , Yin Ying Peng , Chen Lan Li , Zhang Li Na , Li Ding Zhen , Huang Da Yong
Published: November 2011

ZrO2 –PVP thin films were prepared with sol-gel and spin coating method. The films were characterized or examined by many kinds of instruments. With different heating treatment temperature, the surface toughness Ra of ZrO2-PVP thin films are different from 0.421nm to 0.738. And 1-on-1 laser-induced damage threshold tests on ZrO2 films were carried out with a Q–switched Nd-YAG high power laser at 1064 nm with a pulse width of 1ns. The experimental results showed that ZrO2 thin films could achieve good surface micro morphology and high laser induced damage threshold.
Theory of the Rectifying Performance in Molecular Device: The Role of Anchoring Groups
Authors: Xia Cai Juan , Liu Han Chen , Zhang Ying Tang
Published: November 2011

The electronic transport of the single molecule via different anchoring groups is studied using density functional theory in conjunction with the nonequilibrium Green’s function. The results show that the electronic transport properties are strongly dependent on the anchoring groups. Asymmetric electrical response for opposite biases is observed resulting in significant rectification in current. The transmission coefficients and spatial distributions of molecular orbitals under various external biases voltage are analyzed, and it suggests that the asymmetry of the coupling between the molecule and the electrodes with external bias leads to rectifying performance.
Experimental Investigations on Ultrasonic Velocity and Behavior of Thermodynamic Parameters of Four Members of nO.m Series
Authors: Latha D. Madhavi , Pisipati V.G.K.M. , Rao M. Ramakrishna Nanachara , Prasad P.V. Datta
Published: November 2011

Ultrasonic velocity measurements are carried out on fournOmcompounds viz., N-(p-n-methoxy and ethoxy benzylidene)-p-n-dodecyl and tetradecyl anilines, 1O.12, 1O.14, 2O.12 and 2O.14. The first three compounds exhibit mono variant nematic phase while the last compound exhibits nematic and smectic-A phases with variable thermal ranges. The temperature dependence of sound velocity, U shows minima at the isotropic-nematic and nematic-smectic-A transitions. In conjunction with the density data of these compounds, the thermo acoustic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βad), the molar sound velocity (Rao’s number) (Rn), molar compressibility (W), molecular free length (Lf) and available volume (Va) are estimated. In addition the intermolecular free length (Lf) is estimated in three different ways employing density and ultrasonic velocity data. The results are compared with the data available in literature of other compounds.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Vinpocetine in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Bhadra Subrata , Das Sreedam Chandra , Roy Sumon , Arefeen Shamsul , Rouf Abu Shara Shamsur
Published: November 2011

A simple, precise, specific, and accurate reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of vinpocetine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The different analytical performance parameters such as linearity, accuracy, specificity, precision, and sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantitation) were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. RP-HPLC was conducted on Zorbax C18 (150 mm length × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was consisting of buffer (containing 1.54% w/v ammonium acetate solution) and acetonitrile in the ratio (40 : 60, v/v), and the flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mLmin−1. Vinpocetine was monitored using Agilent 1200 series equipped with photo diode array detector (λ = 280 nm). Linearity was observed in concentration range of 160–240 μgmL−1, and correlation coefficient was found excellent (R2 = 0.999). All the system suitability parameters were found within the range. The proposed method is rapid, cost-effective and can be used as a quality-control tool for routine quantitative analysis of vinpocetine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The production of critical theories in Health Systems Research and Education. An epistemological approach to emancipating public research and education from private interests
Authors: Unger Jean-Pierre , De Paepe Pierre , Van Dessel Patrick , Stolkiner Alicia
Published: November 2011

This paper aims at offering alternative methodological perspectives in health systems research, to produce critical, theoretical knowledge in domains such as health policy and management of health care, organization of disease control, political economy of health and medical practice.We first examined the reasons to believe that worldwide economic agents have driven publicly funded schools of public health to adopt their preferred policies and to orient their priority research topics. We then studied whether this hidden leadership has also contributed to shape research methodologies, which we contrasted with the epistemological consequences of a quest for intellectual independence, that is, the researcher’s quest to critically understand the state of health systems and generalize results of related action-research. To do so, we applied concepts of what could be named the ‘French School of Critical Sociology’ to qualitative research methodologies in descriptive health systems research. To do so, we applied concepts of what could be named the ‘French School of Critical Sociology’ to qualitative research methodologies in descriptive health systems research.
OPTIMIZACIJA IZBORA KONCEPCIJE POSTROJENJA MALE HIDROELEKTRANE NA UNAPRIJED UTVRĐENOJ MAKROLOKACIJI METODOM VIŠEKRITERIJALNOG RANGIRANJA - MHE Sućeska instalisane snage 2x1, 015 MW
Authors: Milovanović Zdravko , Knežević Darko , Milašinović Aleksandar , Dumonjić-Milovanović Svetlana
Published: November 2011

U radu se razmatra problem definisanja optimalne koncepcije realizacije objekta MHE sa aspekta izbora varijante u okviru već definisanog prostora. Za izabrane kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakteristike određuju se relativni težinski koeficijenti kombinacijom AHP (Analitical Hierarchial Process), Saatyeve skale i primarno defininisanih vrijednosti parametara. U konkretnom problemu razmatraju se alternative definisane kvalitativnim kriterijumima i sa nepreciznim vrijednostima, što navodi na ideju da se postojeće višekriterijalne metode prilagode rješavanju takvih problema rangiranja alternativnih rješenja u smislu postepenog smanjenja polaznih više kriterijuma. Drugi dio rada razmatra problem vezan za određivanje mikrolokacije MHE Sućeska inbstalisane snage 2x1,015 MW.
Dispensing of rheologically complex fluids: The map of misery
Authors: Clasen Christian , Phillips Paul M. , Palangetic Ljiljana , Vermant and Jan
Published: November 2011

Rheological effects may complicate the dispensing of complex fluids, when compared to their Newtonian counterparts. In this work, fluids with tailored rheological properties have been studied using high‐speed video‐microscopy. The level of viscosity, the degree of shear thinning, and the elasticity have been varied independently. At low‐flow rates, droplets are formed that pinch off. The drop volumes, breakup mechanisms, and times have been identified. At higher‐flow rates, a continuous jet is observed, with the transition depending on the rheology of the dispensed fluid. The relevant nondimensional groups are the Ohnesorge, Deborah, and elasto‐capillary number, for when viscosity, inertia, or elastic forces dominate flow. In each of these cases, the transition between dripping and jetting dispensing occurs, controlled by a critical Weber, capillary, and Weissenberg number, respectively. This set of six nondimensional groups can be used to construct an operating space and map out areas of potential problems. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3242–3255, 2012
Estimating production test properties from test measurement data
Authors: Wilson Simon P. , Goyal Suresh
Published: November 2011

A complex sequence of tests on components and the system is a part of many manufacturing processes. Statistical imperfect test and repair models can be used to derive the properties of such test sequences but require model parameters to be specified. We describe a technique for estimating such parameters from typical data that are available from past testing. A Gaussian mixture model is used to illustrate the approach and as a model that can represent the wide variety of statistical properties of test data, including outliers, multimodality and skewness. Model fitting was carried out using a Bayesian approach, implemented by MCMC. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shadow enhancers: Frequently asked questions about distributed cis‐regulatory information and enhancer redundancy
Authors: Barolo Scott
Published: November 2011

This paper, in the form of a frequently asked questions page (FAQ), addresses outstanding questions about “shadow enhancers”, quasi‐redundant cis‐regulatory elements, and their proposed roles in transcriptional control. Questions include: What exactly are shadow enhancers? How many genes have shadow/redundant/distributed enhancers? How redundant are these elements? What is the function of distributed enhancers? How modular are enhancers? Is it useful to study a single enhancer in isolation? In addition, a revised definition of “shadow enhancers” is proposed, and possible mechanisms of shadow enhancer function and evolution are discussed.
A mechanistic study on the effect of dexamethasone in moderating cell death in Chinese Hamster Ovary cell cultures
Authors: Jing Ying , Qian Yueming , Ghandi Mahmoud , He Aiqing , Borys Michael C. , Pan Shih‐Hsie , Li Zheng Jian
Published: November 2011

Dexamethasone (DEX) was previously shown (Jing et al., Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010;107:488‐496) to play a dual role in increasing sialylation of recombinant glycoproteins produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. DEX addition increased sialic acid levels of a recombinant fusion protein through increased expression of α2,3‐sialyltransferase and β1,4‐galactosyltransferase, but also decreased the sialidase‐mediated, extracellular degradation of sialic acid through slowing cell death at the end of the culture period. This study examines the underlying mechanism for this cytoprotective action by studying the transcriptional response of the CHO cell genome upon DEX treatment using DNA microarrays and gene ontology term analysis. Many of those genes showing a significant transcriptional response were associated with the regulation of programmed cell death. The gene with the highest change in expression level, as validated by Quantitative PCR assays with TaqMan® probes and confirmed by Western Blot analysis, was the antiapoptotic gene Tsc22d3, also referred to as GILZ (glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper). The pathway by which DEX suppressed cell death towards the end of the culture period was also confirmed by showing involvement of glucocorticoid receptors and GILZ through studies using the glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone (RU‐486). These findings advance the understanding of the mechanism by which DEX suppresses cell death in CHO cells and provide a rationale for the application of glucocorticoids in CHO cell culture processes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Expression of NF‐κB and downstream antioxidant genes in skeletal muscle of hibernating ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
Authors: Allan Marcus E. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: November 2011

Many small mammals survive the winter by hibernating, entering long periods of cold torpor that are interspersed with brief periods of arousal back to euthermia. This cycling is accompanied by wide changes in oxygen consumption, perfusion of tissues and ATP turnover, and the arousal period in particular is challenging because of oxidative stress associated with the huge increase in oxygen consumption needed to support thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Well‐developed antioxidant defences are needed. The present study analyses responses of the redox‐sensitive transcription factor, NF‐κB, in skeletal muscle over six points on the torpor–arousal cycle to gain insight into its regulation and role during hibernation. Immunoblotting was used to analyse NF‐κB p50 and p65 subunit levels, nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization and DNA‐binding activity as well as levels and phosphorylation state of the IκBα inhibitor and the kinase IKK that phosphorylates IκBα to trigger its dissociation from NF‐κB. The data were generally consistent with an activation of NF‐κB during the entrance into torpor with responses including an auto‐up‐regulation of p50 subunits seen during early torpor and elevated IκBα protein during arousal. Protein levels of two downstream antioxidant targets showed differential regulation, Mn‐superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) rising during early torpor versus heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) increasing during early arousal. The mRNA transcript levels of p50, p65, HO‐1 and MnSOD also showed differential expression over the torpor–arousal cycle. The results suggest that antioxidant defences are up‐regulated at specific phases of the torpor–arousal cycle and that NF‐κB mediates such protective responses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intein‐Mediated Construction of a Library of Fluorescent Rab GTPase Probes
Authors: Wu Yao‐Wen , Goody Roger S. , Alexandrov Kirill
Published: November 2011

Rab GTPases play a key role in the regulation of membrane trafficking. Post‐translational geranylgeranylation is critical for their biological activity and is conferred by Rab geranylgeranyl transferease (RabGGTase), together with an accessory factor, Rab escort protein (REP). Mechanistic studies of Rab prenylation and identification of RabGGTase inhibitors require sensitive reporters of Rab prenylation. In the present work, a combination of protein engineering and expressed protein ligation was used to construct a library of semisynthetic Rab7 fluorescent conjugates. In order to avoid synthesis of a large number of fluorescently labeled peptides, we developed a strategy that combined thiol‐reactive dye‐labeling of cysteine with in vitro protein ligation. Application of this strategy required optimization of labeling and ligation conditions to promote thiol labeling and disfavor intramolecular cyclization. Using this approach, we constructed 46 fluorescent sensors with different spectral properties that reported on the interaction of Rab7 with RabGGTase, REP‐1, and the overall prenylation reaction. Two constructs, Rab7Δ3CCK(NBD) and Rab7Δ2SCCC–dans, displayed 2.5‐ and 1.5‐fold increase in fluorescence, respectively, upon prenylation. Moreover, dansyl‐, NBD (4‐nitro‐benzofurazan)‐, I‐BA‐, and I‐SO‐labeled Rab7 conjugates exhibited two‐ to tenfold change in fluorescence upon binding to REP or RabGGTase. These fluorescent sensors allowed us to monitor Rab prenylation in real time and to investigate the assembly of Rab–REP binary and Rab–REP–RabGGTase ternary complexes.
Evolving applications of zeolite molecular sieves
Authors: Lin Christopher C. H. , Dambrowitz K. Amy , Kuznicki Steven M.
Published: November 2011

Zeolite molecular sieves are essential to many processes in adsorption, catalysis and ion exchange. From the separation of air, to petroleum cracking, to water softening and decontamination, these materials influence our everyday lives. Some researchers have come to believe that all the great discoveries in the field of molecular sieves may be in the past. Nothing could be farther from the truth. From new mechanisms for pore size control, to new nanocomposite materials, to approaching the dream of robust, industrial‐scale sieving membranes, to whole new definitions for molecular sieves, new forms and uses of these materials are rapidly evolving. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Conjugated linoleic acid formation by hydrogenation/isomerisation of safflower oil over bifunctional structured catalyst Rh/SBA‐15
Authors: Chorfa Nasima , Hamoudi Safia , Arul Joseph , Belkacemi Khaled
Published: November 2011

Directed isomerisation of safflower oil under very low hydrogen partial pressure of 7 psi over a novel bifunctional highly structured rhodium‐based catalyst (Rh/SBA‐15), having narrow pore size distribution ranging from 4 to 8 nm, and BET‐specific surface of ≈1,000 m2 g−1, was investigated as a new chemocatalytic approach for vegetable oil hardening and simultaneously producing health‐beneficial conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Time course profiles of (cis‐9, trans‐11)‐; (cis‐10, trans‐12)‐; (trans‐10, cis‐12)‐; (cis,cis)‐ and (trans, trans)‐octadecadienoic isomers (CLAs) as well as the other fatty acids traditionally encountered during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils are presented and discussed under selected process conditions. Preliminary results show that it is possible to tailor characteristics of the hydrogenation catalyst in such way to confer its bi‐functional activity: hydrogenation and conjugation isomerisation. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Phase 2 trial of irinotecan and thalidomide in adults with recurrent anaplastic glioma
Authors: Giglio Pierre , Dhamne Megha , Hess Kenneth R. , Gilbert Mark R. , Groves Morris D. , Levin Victor A. , Kang Sanghee L. , Ictech Sandra E. , Liu Vivien , Colman Howard , Conrad Charles A. , Loghin Monica , de Groot John , Yung W. K. Alfred , Puduvalli Vinay K.
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Therapeutic options for patients with anaplastic gliomas (AGs) are limited despite better insights into glioma biology. The authors previously reported improved outcome in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with thalidomide and irinotecan compared with historical controls. Here, results of the AG arm of the study are reported, using this drug combination.

METHODS:

Adults with recurrent AG previously treated with radiation therapy, with Karnofsky performance score ≥70, adequate organ function and not on enzyme‐inducing anticonvulsants were enrolled. Treatment was in 6‐week cycles with irinotecan at 125 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks off, and thalidomide at 100 mg daily increased to 400 mg/day as tolerated. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival rate at 6 months (PFS‐6), and the secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and response rate (RR).

RESULTS:

In 39 eligible patients, PFS‐6 for the intent‐to‐treat population was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 21%, 53%), median PFS was 13 weeks (95% CI = 6%, 28%) and RR was 10%(95% CI = 3%, 24%). Radiological findings included 2 complete and 2 partial responses and 17 stable disease. Median OS from study registration was 62 weeks, (95% CI = 51, 144). Treatment‐related toxicities (grade 3 or higher) included neutropenia, diarrhea, nausea, and fatigue; 6 patients experienced venous thromboembolism. Four deaths were attributable to treatment‐related toxicities: 1 from pulmonary embolism, 2 from colitis, and 1 from urosepsis.

CONCLUSIONS:

The combination of thalidomide and irinotecan did not achieve sufficient efficacy to warrant further investigation against AG, although a subset of patients experienced prolonged PFS/OS. A trial of the more potent thalidomide analogue, lenalidomide, in combination with irinotecan against AG is currently ongoing. Cancer 2012;3599–3606. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Influence of Chemical and Structural Properties of Functionalized Polythiophene‐Based Layers on Electrochemical Sensing of Atrazine
Authors: Lattach Youssef , Garnier Francis , Remita Samy
Published: November 2011

Sensitive layers based on conducting homopolymer [poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene), denoted PEDOT] and copolymers [molecularly imprinted and non‐imprinted poly(EDOT‐co‐3‐thiophene acetic acid), denoted MICP and NICP, respectively] are electrosynthesized on gold substrates and used for the electrochemical detection of atrazine. These layers are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, optical profilemetry, and AFM microscopy in order to study the effect of the chemical functionalities and of the structural properties of these conducting polymers on the physical chemistry of the interaction with atrazine targets and with the aim to improve the sensitivity of the recognition process. In particular, due to the presence in their backbones of preshaped functionalized cavities which keep the molecular memory of the targets, MICP layers show remarkable sensitivity, a low detection limit (10−9 mol L−1), and a large linear range of detection (10−8 to 10−4 mol L−1), as demonstrated by square‐wave voltammetry.
Nanostructured Membranes for Enzyme Catalysis and Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Authors: Smuleac Vasile , Varma Rajender , Baruwati Babita , Sikdar Subhas , Bhattacharyya Dibakar
Published: November 2011

Macroporous membranes functionalized with ionizable macromolecules provide promising applications in high capacity toxic metal capture, nanoparticle syntheses, and catalysis. Our low‐pressure membrane approach has good reaction and separation selectivities, which are tunable by varying pH, ionic strength, or pressure. The sustainable green chemistry approach under ambient conditions and the evaluation of a reactive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)‐modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane is described. Two distinct membrane types were obtained through different methods: 1) a stacked membrane through layer‐by‐layer assembly for the incorporation of enzymes (catalase and glucose oxidase), providing tunable product yields and 2) Fe/Pd nanoparticles for degradation of pollutants, obtained through an in situ green synthesis. Bioreactor–nanodomain interactions and mixed matrix nanocomposite membranes provide remarkable versatility compared to conventional membranes.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Indium(0) Nanoparticles in Haloindate(III) Ionic Liquids
Authors: Estager Julien , Nockemann Peter , Seddon Kenneth R. , Srinivasan Geetha , Swadźba‐Kwaśny Małgorzata
Published: November 2011

A synthetic route to indium(0) nanoparticles via an electrochemical reduction of haloindate(III) ionic liquids to indium(I), and its subsequent disproportionation to indium(0) and indium(III) in the bulk electrolyte, is described. In this sustainable method, the ionic liquid acts simultaneously as metal source, templating agent, and stabilising agent, with the electron as the only reducing agent. The nature of the ionic liquid cation is demonstrated to strongly affect the morphology and size distribution of the indium(0) nanoparticles.
Extracellular matrix remodeling accompanies axial muscle development and morphogenesis in the mouse
Authors: Deries Marianne , Gonçalves André B. , Vaz Raquel , Martins Gabriel G. , Rodrigues Gabriela , Thorsteinsdóttir Sólveig
Published: November 2011

Background: Skeletal myogenesis is extensively influenced by the surrounding environment. However, how the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects morphogenesis of muscles is not well understood. Results: We mapped the three‐dimensional (3D) organization of fibronectin, tenascin, and laminin by immunofluorescence during early epaxial myogenesis in mouse embryos. We define four stages of dermomyotome/myotome development and reveal the 3D organization of myogenic cells within their ECM during those stages. Fibronectin is abundant in all interstitial tissues, while tenascin is restricted to intersegmental borders. Bundles of fibronectin and tenascin also penetrate into the myotome, possibly promoting myocyte alignment. A laminin matrix delineates the dermomyotome and myotome and undergoes dynamic changes, correlating with key developmental events. Conclusion: Our observations cast new light on how myotomal cells interact with their environment and suggest that, as the segmented myotomes transform into the epaxial muscle masses, the laminin matrix disassembles and myocytes use the abundant fibronectin matrix to reach their final organization. Developmental Dynamics 241:350–364, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Summary of ‘Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: November 2011

This is a summary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bernaola Aponte G, BadaMancilla CA, Carreazo Pariasca NY, Rojas Galarza RA. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD007401. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007401.pub2 Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: November 2011

This is a summary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Evidence‐Based Child Health Editorial Office2010, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003048. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Anti‐pseudomonal beta‐lactams for the initial, empirical, treatment of febrile neutropenia: comparison of beta‐lactams’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: November 2011

This is a summary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Paul M, Yahav D, Bivas A, Fraser A, Leibovici L. Anti‐pseudomonal beta‐lactams for the initial empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia: comparison of beta‐lactams. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Evidence‐Based Child Health Editorial Office2010, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD005197. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005197.pub3. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazoles from 1,1‐Dibromoalkenes and Sodium Azide
Authors: Wang Xiaokun , Kuang Chunxiang , Yang Qing
Published: November 2011

A new methodology for the Cu‐catalyzed synthesis of 1H‐1,2,3‐triazoles from 1,1‐dibromoalkenes and sodium azide is presented. Aryl dibromoolefins were efficiently converted into the corresponding 1,2,3‐triazoles. A comprehensive number of functional groups were compatible with this reaction. 1,2,3‐Triazoles were obtained in moderate to excellent yields.
Comparing spatio‐temporal models for particulate matter in Piemonte
Authors: Cameletti Michela , Ignaccolo Rosaria , Bande Stefano
Published: November 2011

In the last two decades, increasing attention has been given to air pollution around the world, mainly because of its impact on human health and on the environment. In the Po valley (northern Italy), one of the most troublesome pollutant is PM10(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10  μm). In order to assess PM10concentration over an entire region, environmental agencies need models to predict PM10at unmonitored sites. To choose among possible predictive models and then meet the agencies' request, we focus on the class of Bayesian hierarchical models as they provide a flexible framework for incorporating relevant covariates as well as spatio‐temporal interactions. We consider six alternative models for PM10concentration in Piemonte region (north‐western Po Valley), during the winter season October 2005–March 2006. Our aim is to choose a model that is satisfactory in terms of goodness of fit, interpretability, parsimony, prediction capability and computational costs. In order to support this choice, we propose a comparison approach based on a set of criteria summarized in a table that can be easily communicated to non‐statisticians. The comparison findings allow to provide Piemonte environmental agencies with an effective statistical model for building reliable PM10concentration maps, equipped with the corresponding uncertainty measure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in Serum Zn Levels in Acutely Ill and Recovered Adolescents and Young Adults with Anorexia Nervosa – A Pilot Study
Authors: Zepf Florian Daniel , Sungurtekin Idil , Glass Franziska , Elstrodt Linda , Peetz Dirk , Hintereder Gudrun , Kratzsch Jürgen , Poustka Fritz , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Wöckel Lars
Published: November 2011

Preliminary evidence suggests that changes in zinc (Zn) metabolism are associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, data are scarce regarding potential differences in serum Zn concentrations in adolescent and young adult patients with AN. It was the aim of the present pilot study to compare serum Zn concentrations between acutely ill and remitted adolescent and young adult female patients with AN and female controls. Zn concentrations were higher in remitted compared with acutely ill patients. Zn concentrations were also higher in remitted patients compared with controls, but there was no significant difference in Zn concentrations between acutely ill patients and controls. The present study provides preliminary evidence for differences in serum Zn status in recovered patients with AN. These differences are likely influenced by reported food preferences, in particular as regards Ca2+ and phosphorus‐containing foods. However, because of limited statistical power, future research involving larger samples is necessary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Screening serum biomarkers for early primary hepatocellular carcinoma using a phage display technique
Authors: Zhang Zhejia , Xu Linyong , Wang Zhiming
Published: November 2011

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs mainly in chronically diseased livers following hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Early detection and diagnosis of HCC would be of great clinical benefit. In this study, we used a random phage display peptide library and sera from early‐stage primary HCC patients (n = 30) to screen potential serum biomarkers for early primary HCC. Age‐ and sex‐matched patients with HBV and/or HCV infection were used as controls. In the screening phase, 19 out of 20 randomly selected phage clones exhibited specific reaction with purified sera IgG from early primary HCC patients, among them 14 coming from the same phage clone with inserted peptidesequence RGWCRPLPKGEG (named HC1). In the validation phase, phage ELISA results showed that the positive reaction rate of the HC1 phage clone was 91.4% with the early HCC group (n = 70), significantly higher than that with the HBV infection group (20.0%) (n = 70), the HCV infection group (12.9%) (n = 70), the HBV + HCV infection group (24.3%) (n = 70), the cirrhosis group (17.1%) (n = 70), and the healthy control group (10.0%) (n = 70). In conclusion, the HC1 mimic peptide showed high diagnostic validity for early primary HCC, and thereby could be a candidate serum biomarker for early primary HCC. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:402–408, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.