bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in prevalence and mortality burden attributable to smoking, Brazil and federated units, 1990 and 2017
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Flor Luisa Sorio , Machado Ísis Eloah , Felisbino-Mendes Mariana Santos , Brant Luisa Campos Caldeira , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz Pinho , Teixeira Renato Azeredo , Macário Eduardo Marques , Reitsma Marissa B. , Glenn Scott , Naghavi Mohsen , Gakidou Emmanuela
Published: September 2020

Background

The present study sought to analyze smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable mortality estimates produced by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study for Brazil, 26 states, and the Federal District.

Methods

Prevalence of current smokers from 1990 to 2017 by sex and age was estimated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Population-attributable fractions were calculated for different risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality. A cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort was performed to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. Smoking-attributable mortality rates were described and analyzed by development at state levels, using the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Finally, a decomposition analysis was conducted to evaluate the contribution of different factors to the changes in the number of deaths attributable to smoking between 1990 and 2017.

Results

Between 1990 and 2017, prevalence of smoking in the population (≥ 20 years old) decreased from 35.3 to 11.3% in Brazil. This downward trend was seen for both sexes and in all states, with a marked reduction in exposure to this risk factor in younger cohorts. Smoking-attributable mortality rates decreased by 57.8% (95% UI − 61.2, − 54.1) between 1990 and 2017. Overall, larger reductions were observed in states with higher SDI (Pearson correlation 0.637; p < 0.01). In Brazil, smoking remains responsible for a considerable amount of deaths, especially due to cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms.

Conclusions

Brazil has adopted a set of regulatory measures and implemented anti-tobacco policies that, along with improvements in socioeconomic conditions, have contributed to the results presented in the present study. Other regulatory measures need to be implemented to boost a reduction in smoking in order to reach the goals established in the scope of the 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Trends in prevalence, mortality, and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the “Global Burden of Disease 2017” (GBD 2017) study
Authors: Nascimento Bruno Ramos , Brant Luísa Campos Caldeira , Yadgir Simon , Oliveira Gláucia Maria Moraes , Roth Gregory , Glenn Scott Devon , Mooney Meghan , Naghavi Mohsen , Passos Valéria Maria Azeredo , Duncan Bruce Bartholow , Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz Pinho
Published: September 2020

Background

Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, and its impact in Brazil should be assessed in order to better address the issue. We aimed to describe trends in prevalence and burden of disease attributable to high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) among Brazilians ≥ 25 years old according to sex and federal units (FU) using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.

Methods

We used the comparative risk assessment developed for the GBD study to estimate trends in attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), by sex, and FU for HSBP from 1990 to 2017. This study included 14 HSBP-outcome pairs. HSBP was defined as ≥ 140 mmHg for prevalence estimates, and a theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) of 110–115 mmHg was considered for disease burden. We estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs attributed to HSBP. We also explored the drivers of trends in HSBP burden, as well as the correlation between disease burden and sociodemographic development index (SDI).

Results

In Brazil, the prevalence of HSBP is 18.9% (95% uncertainty intervals [UI] 18.5–19.3%), with an annual 0.4% increase rate, while age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP decreased from 189.2 (95%UI 168.5–209.2) deaths to 104.8 (95%UI 94.9–114.4) deaths per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017. In spite of that, the total number of deaths attributable to HSBP increased 53.4% and HSBP raised from 3rd to 1st position, as the leading risk factor for deaths during the period. Regarding total DALYs, HSBP raised from 4th in 1990 to 2nd cause in 2017. The main driver of change of HSBP burden is population aging. Across FUs, the reduction in the age-standardized death rates attributable to HSBP correlated with higher SDI.

Conclusions

While HSBP prevalence shows an increasing trend, age-standardized death and DALY rates are decreasing in Brazil, probably as results of successful public policies for CVD secondary prevention and control, but suboptimal control of its determinants. Reduction was more significant in FUs with higher SDI, suggesting that the effect of health policies was heterogeneous. Moreover, HSBP has become the main risk factor for death in Brazil, mainly due to population aging.
Global changes in mortality rates in polytrauma patients admitted to the ICU—a systematic review
Authors: van Breugel Johanna M. M. , Niemeyer Menco J. S. , Houwert Roderick M. , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Leenen Luke P. H. , van Wessem Karlijn J. P.
Published: September 2020

Background

Many factors of trauma care have changed in the last decades. This review investigated the effect of these changes on global all-cause and cause-specific mortality in polytrauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Moreover, changes in trauma mechanism over time and differences between continents were analyzed.

Main body

A systematic review of literature on all-cause mortality in polytrauma patients admitted to ICU was conducted. All-cause and cause-specific mortality rates were extracted as well as trauma mechanism of each patient. Poisson regression analysis was used to model time trends in all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Thirty studies, which reported mortality rates for 82,272 patients, were included and showed a decrease of 1.8% (95% CI 1.6–2.0%) in all-cause mortality per year since 1966. The relative contribution of brain injury-related death has increased over the years, whereas the relative contribution of death due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis decreased. MODS was the most common cause of death in North America, and brain-related death was the most common in Asia, South America, and Europe. Penetrating trauma was most often reported in North America and Asia.

Conclusions

All-cause mortality in polytrauma patients admitted to the ICU has decreased over the last decades. A shift from MODS to brain-related death was observed. Geographical differences in cause-specific mortality were present, which may provide region-specific learning possibilities resulting in improvement of global trauma care.
Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase Like 4 (TTLL4) overexpression in breast cancer cells is associated with brain metastasis and alters exosome biogenesis
Authors: Arnold Julia , Schattschneider Juliana , Blechner Christine , Krisp Christoph , Schlüter Hartmut , Schweizer Michaela , Nalaskowski Marcus , Oliveira-Ferrer Leticia , Windhorst Sabine
Published: September 2020

Background

The survival rate is poor in breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Thus, new concepts for therapeutic approaches are required. During metastasis, the cytoskeleton of cancer cells is highly dynamic and therefore cytoskeleton-associated proteins are interesting targets for tumour therapy.

Methods

Screening for genes showing a significant correlation with brain metastasis formation was performed based on microarray data from breast cancer patients with long-term follow up information. Validation of the most interesting target was performed by MTT-, Scratch- and Transwell-assay. In addition, intracellular trafficking was analyzed by live-cell imaging for secretory vesicles, early endosomes and multiple vesicular bodies (MVB) generating extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), Western blotting, mass spectrometry, and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Effect of EVs on the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) was examined by incubating endothelial cells of the BBB (hCMEC/D3) with EVs, and permeability as well as adhesion of breast cancer cells were analyzed. Clinical data of a breast cancer cohort was evaluated by χ2-tests, Kaplan-Meier-Analysis, and log-rank tests while for experimental data Student’s T-test was performed.

Results

Among those genes exhibiting a significant association with cerebral metastasis development, the only gene coding for a cytoskeleton-associated protein was Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase Like 4 (TTLL4). Overexpression of TTLL4 (TTLL4plus) in MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468 breast cancer cells (TTLL4plus cells) significantly increased polyglutamylation of β-tubulin. Moreover, trafficking of secretory vesicles and MVBs was increased in TTLL4plus cells. EVs derived from TTLL4plus cells promote adhesion of MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB468 cells to hCMEC/D3 cells and increase permeability of hCMEC/D3 cell layer.

Conclusions

These data suggest that TTLL4-mediated microtubule polyglutamylation alters exosome homeostasis by regulating trafficking of MVBs. The TTLL4plus-derived EVs may provide a pre-metastatic niche for breast cancer cells by manipulating endothelial cells of the BBB.
High-order blended compact difference schemes for the 3D elliptic partial differential equation with mixed derivatives and variable coefficients
Authors: Ma Tingfu , Ge Yongbin
Published: September 2020

Blended compact difference (BCD) schemes with fourth- and sixth-order accuracy are proposed for approximating the three-dimensional (3D) variable coefficients elliptic partial differential equation (PDE) with mixed derivatives. With truncation error analyses, the proposed BCD schemes can reach their theoretical accuracy, respectively, for the interior gird points and require 19 points compact stencil. They fully blend the implicit compact difference (CD) scheme and the explicit CD scheme together to make the derivation method and programming easier. The BCD schemes are also decoupled, which means the unknown function and its derivatives are separately resolved by different finite difference equations. Moreover, the sixth-order schemes are developed to solve the first-order derivatives, the second-order derivatives and the second-order mixed derivatives on boundaries. Several test problems are applied to show that the present BCD schemes are more accurate than those in the literature.
A short and sharpened way to approach fixed point results involving fuzzy $\mathcal{H}$-contractive mappings
Authors: Saleh Hayel N. , Imdad Mohammad , Hasanuzzaman Md
Published: September 2020

In the present paper, we adopt a short and sharpened approach to prove fixed point results involving fuzzy$\mathcal{H}$H-contractive mappings utilized in (Wardowski, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 125:245–252, 2013) and other related articles. In this process, we are able to relax some conditions utilized by earlier authors which in turn yields affirmative answers to some open questions raised by earlier authors.
Studies on Hemp and Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Ghosn Samer , Cherkawi Nour , Hamad Bilal
Published: September 2020

This paper reports on the first phase of a multi-phase research program conducted at the American University of Beirut (AUB) on “Hemp and Recycled Aggregates Concrete” (HRAC). HRAC is a new sustainable concrete material where hemp fibers are incorporated in the mix, the coarse aggregate content is reduced by 20% of the concrete volume, and 50% of the natural coarse aggregates (NCA) are replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), thus saving on natural resources and addressing the problem of waste material disposal. The effect of the new material on concrete consistency and hardened mechanical properties was studied. Also, few durability tests were conducted. Variables included percentage replacement of NCA by RCA (0 or 50%), maximum size aggregate (10 or 20 mm), hemp fiber length (20 or 30 mm), and hemp fiber treatment (alkali or silane or acetyl). Fiber characterization tests were conducted including morphology, crystallinity, and thermal analysis. The tests indicated that alkali and acetyl fiber treatments were better than the silane treatment in removing impurities on the fiber surface. Also, alkali and acetyl treatments have increased the crystallinity of the fibers while silane treatment decreased it. Results of mechanical properties tests showed that while HRAC has considerable lower compressive strength and modulus of elasticity than plain concrete, the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength are not significantly affected. The flexural stress–strain behavior of HRAC is ductile as compared to the brittle behavior of the plain concrete beams indicating positive impact on toughness and energy dissipation. The durability tests indicated that whereas HRAC mixes have higher absorption than plain concrete, they have better thermal properties and their resistance to freeze–thaw cycles is comparable to plain concrete. All test results were not significantly affected by fiber length or fiber treatment.
The morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 are correlated with the Ile105Val glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism
Authors: Saadat Mostafa
Published: September 2020

Background

Oxidative stress is an important issue in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Considering that glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is involved in cellular detoxification, it may play an important role in susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or its outcome. In the present study, the association between the Ile105Val GSTP1 polymorphism (rs1695) and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as its outcome was investigated. Data on the prevalence (per 106 people), case-fatality (per 100 infected cases), and mortality (per 106 people) of COVID-19 and various potential confounders (the life expectancy at birth, density of medical doctors, density of nursing and midwifery personnel, and the gross national income per capita) were used. The latest data available for 45 countries were used for the study.

Results

In multivariate linear regression analyses, the Val105 allelic frequency showed positive association with the log-prevalence (partial r = 0.308, p = 0.042) and log-mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.316, p = 0.037). The log-fatality did not show association with the allelic frequency. In the next step, only countries with the gross national income per capita more than $15,000 were included in the analysis. In the selected countries, the frequency of Val105 was positively associated with the log-prevalence (partial r = 0.456, p = 0.009) and log-mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.544, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The present findings indicate that countries with higher Val105 allelic frequency of the rs1695 polymorphism showed higher prevalence and mortality of COVID-19.
Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing a Patient-Centered Oncology Care Model
Authors: Tirodkar Manasi A. , Roth Lindsey , Fuld Nasso Shelley , Friedberg Mark W. , Scholle Sarah H.
Published: September 2020

PURPOSE:

Oncology practices often serve as the “medical home” for patients but may not have systems to support all aspects of patient-centered care. We piloted a new set of oncology medical home standards that call for accessible, continuous, coordinated, and team-based care. We examined how adoption of the standards varies across a variety of practices and compared practice self-report with external evaluation of implementation.

METHODS:

Five medical oncology practices in southeastern Pennsylvania implemented the standards from 2014 into 2016. Implementation support included training webinars and technical assistance. External reviewers evaluated practices’ implementation of the standards. We conducted site visits to interview providers and patients.

RESULTS:

Between baseline and follow-up, practice self-assessments and independent audits showed practices increased implementation of the patient-centered oncology standards. The largest improvement was seen in continuous quality improvement (QI). Practices were less successful in implementing care coordination: achievement on two standards (access and evidence-based decision support) declined from baseline to follow-up. Qualitative analyses revealed that practices focused QI in five areas: goals of care, engaging patients in QI, financial counseling, symptom management, and care coordination. Interviewees talked about facilitators, such as leadership support and physician buy-in, and barriers to transformation, including inadequate resources and staffing. Health information technology both supported and limited implementation.

CONCLUSION:

Oncology practices showed some progress in their implementation of patient-centered care processes over the course of the pilot program. Systems for tracking and documenting improvement, training for staff and clinicians, leadership support, and alignment of financial incentives are critical to transformation.
Fatty Acid Metabolism and Associations with Insulin Sensitivity Differs Between Black and White South African Women
Authors: Goedecke Julia H , Chorell Elin , van Jaarsveld Paul J , Risérus Ulf , Olsson Tommy
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Genetic differences in desaturase genes and consequently fatty acid metabolism have been reported. The aims were to examine ethnic differences in serum fatty acid composition and desaturase indices, and assess the ethnic-specific associations with insulin sensitivity (IS) and liver fat in black and white South African (SA) women.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study including 92 premenopausal black (n = 46) and white (n = 46) SA women, serum fatty acid composition was measured in cholesteryl ester (CE) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) fractions. Desaturase activities were estimated as product-to-precursor ratios: stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1-16, 16:1n-7/16:0); δ-5 desaturase (D5D, 20:4n-6/20:3n-6), and δ-6 desaturase (D6D, 18:3n-6/18:2n-6). Whole-body IS was estimated from an oral glucose tolerance test using the Matsuda index. In a subsample (n = 30), liver fat and hepatic IS were measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, respectively.

Results

Despite lower whole-body IS (P = .006), black women had higher CE D5D and lower D6D and SCD1-16 indices than white women (P < .01). CE D6D index was associated with lower IS in white women only (r = –0.31, P = .045), whereas D5D index was associated with higher IS in black women only (r = 0.31, P = .041). In the subsample, D6D and SCD1-16 indices were positively and D5D was negatively associated with liver fat (P < .05). Conversely, CE SCD1-16 was negatively associated with hepatic IS (P < .05), but not independently of liver fat.

Conclusions

Ethnic differences in fatty acid–derived desaturation indices were observed, with insulin-resistant black SA women paradoxically showing a fatty acid pattern typical for higher insulin sensitivity in European populations.
Early Versus Late Tracheostomy in Patients With Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Mubashir Talha , Arif Abdul A. , Ernest Prince , Maroufy Vahed , Chaudhry Rabail , Balogh Julius , Suen Colin , Reskallah Alexander , Williams George W.
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND:

Acute traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) often result in impairments in respiration that may lead to a sequelae of pulmonary dysfunction, increased risk of infection, and death. The optimal timing for tracheostomy in patients with acute SCI is currently unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the optimal timing of tracheostomy in SCI patients and evaluate the potential benefits of early versus late tracheostomy.

METHODS:

We searched Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PsycINFO for published studies. We included studies on adults with SCI who underwent early or late tracheostomy and compared outcomes. In addition, studies that reported a concomitant traumatic brain injury were excluded. Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers and copied into R software for analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD).

RESULTS:

Eight studies with a total of 1220 patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean age and gender between early and late tracheostomy groups were similar. The majority of the studies performed an early tracheostomy within 7 days from either time of injury or tracheal intubation. Patients with a cervical SCI were twice as likely to undergo an early tracheostomy (OR = 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.64; P = .006) compared to patients with a thoracic SCI. Early tracheostomy reduced the mean intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay by 13 days (95% CI, −19.18 to −7.00; P = .001) and the mean duration of mechanical ventilation by 18.30 days (95% CI, −24.33 to −12.28; P = .001). Although the pooled risk of in-hospital mortality was lower with early tracheostomy compared to late tracheostomy, the results were not significant (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32–1.01; P = .054). In the subgroup analysis, mortality was significantly lower in the early tracheostomy group (OR = 0.27; P = .006). Finally, no differences in pneumonia between early and late tracheostomy groups were noted.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the available data, patients with early tracheostomy within the first 7 days of injury or tracheal intubation had higher cervical SCI, shorter ICU length of stay, and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation compared to late tracheostomy. The risk of in-hospital mortality may be lower following an early tracheostomy. However, due to the quality of studies and insufficient clinical data available, it is challenging to make conclusive interpretations. Future prospective trials with a larger patient population are needed to fully assess short- and long-term outcomes of tracheostomy timing following acute SCI.
Association of Preoperative Pneumonia With Postsurgical Morbidity and Mortality in Children
Authors: Nafiu Olubukola O. , Mpody Christian , Kirkby Stephen E. , Samora Julie B. , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND:

Pneumonia is a common lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) and the leading cause of pediatric hospitalization in the United States. Given its frequency, children with pneumonia may require surgery during their hospital course. This poses serious anesthetic and surgical challenges because preoperative pulmonary status is among the most important risk factors for postoperative complications. Although recent adult data indicated that preoperative pneumonia was associated with poor surgical outcomes, comparable data in children are lacking. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the association of preoperative pneumonia with postoperative mortality and morbidity in children.

METHODS:

Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we assembled a retrospective cohort of children (<18 years) who underwent inpatient surgery between 2012 and 2015. Our primary outcome was the time to all-cause 30-day postoperative mortality that we evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. For the secondary outcomes, including 30-day postoperative morbidity events, we used Fine-Gray models to account for competing risk by mortality. We also evaluated the association of preoperative pneumonia with duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation and postoperative hospital length of stay. We used propensity score weighting methods to adjust for potential confounding factors, whose distributions differ across the pneumonia groups.

RESULTS:

Among 153,242 children who underwent inpatient surgery, 0.7% (n = 867) had preoperative pneumonia. Compared with those without preoperative pneumonia, children with preoperative pneumonia had a higher risk of mortality throughout the 30-day postoperative period (hazard ratio [HR], 4.10; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 2.42–6.97; P < .001). Although not statistically significant, children with preoperative pneumonia were twice as likely to develop cardiovascular complications compared to children without preoperative pneumonia (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.17–3.75; P = .012). Furthermore, children with preoperative pneumonia had longer duration of postoperative ventilation (incidence rate ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26–1.71; P < .001). Finally, children with preoperative pneumonia were estimated to be 56% less likely to be discharged within the 30 days following surgery, compared to children without preoperative pneumonia (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.40–0.47; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Preoperative pneumonia was strongly associated with increased incidence of postoperative mortality and complications in children. Clinicians should make concerted efforts to screen for preoperative pneumonia and consider whether proceeding with surgery is the most expedient course of action. Our findings may be helpful in preoperative discussions with parents of children with preoperative pneumonia for risk stratification and postoperative resource allocation purposes.
Adaptation of an Obstetric Anesthesia Service for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Pandemic: Description of Checklists, Workflows, and Development Tools
Authors: Li Yunping , Ciampa Erin J. , Zucco Liana , Levy Nadav , Colella Meredith , Golen Toni , Shainker Scott A. , Lunderberg J. Mark , Ramachandran Satya Krishna , Hess Philip E.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Care of the pregnant patient during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic presents many challenges, including creating parallel workflows for infected and noninfected patients, minimizing waste of materials, and ensuring that clinicians can seamlessly transition between types of anesthesia. The exponential community spread of disease limited the time for development and training.

METHODS:

The goals of our workflow and process development were to maximize safety for staff and patients, minimize the risk of contamination, and reduce the waste of unused supplies and materials. We used a cyclical improvement system and the plus/delta debriefing method to rapidly develop workflows consisting of sequential checklists and procedure-specific packs.

RESULTS:

We designed independent workflows for labor analgesia, neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean delivery, conversion of labor analgesia to cesarean anesthesia, and general anesthesia. In addition, we created procedure-specific material packs to optimize supplies and prevent wastage. Finally, we generated sequential checklists to allow staff to perform standard operating procedures without extensive training.

CONCLUSIONS:

Collectively, these workflows and tools allowed our staff to urgently care for patients in high-risk situations without prior experience. Over time, we refined the workflows using a cyclical improvement system. We present our checklists and workflows as well as the system we used for their development, so that others may use them to their benefit.
Cells expressing PAX8 are the main source of homeostatic regeneration of adult mouse endometrial epithelium and give rise to serous endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Fu Dah-Jiun , De Micheli Andrea J. , Bidarimath Mallikarjun , Ellenson Lora H. , Cosgrove Benjamin D. , Flesken-Nikitin Andrea , Nikitin Alexander Yu.
Published: September 2020

Humans and mice have cyclical regeneration of the endometrial epithelium. It is expected that such regeneration is ensured by tissue stem cells, but their location and hierarchy remain debatable. A number of recent studies have suggested the presence of stem cells in the mouse endometrial epithelium. At the same time, it has been reported that this tissue can be regenerated by stem cells of stromal/mesenchymal or bone marrow cell origin. Here, we describe a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the main cell types of the mouse uterus and epithelial subset transcriptome and evaluate the contribution of epithelial cells expressing the transcription factor PAX8 to the homeostatic regeneration and malignant transformation of adult endometrial epithelium. According to lineage tracing, PAX8+ epithelial cells are responsible for long-term maintenance of both luminal and glandular epithelium. Furthermore, multicolor tracing shows that individual glands and contiguous areas of luminal epithelium are formed by clonal cell expansion. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 in PAX8+ cells, but not in FOXJ1+ cells, leads to the formation of neoplasms with features of serous endometrial carcinoma, one of the most aggressive types of human endometrial malignancies. Taken together, our results show that the progeny of single PAX8+ cells represents the main source of regeneration of the adult endometrial epithelium. They also provide direct experimental genetic evidence for the key roles of the P53 and RB pathways in the pathogenesis of serous endometrial carcinoma and suggest that PAX8+ cells represent the cell of origin of this neoplasm.
Awangardowa książka kucharska?
Authors: Kwaśna Karolina
Published: September 2020

Avant-garde Cookbook? The Polish Translation of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook

The article focuses on the Polish translation of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook. The author provides examples which prove that Toklas’s book may be read as a functional text as well as an artistic cookbook. Nevertheless, the Polish translation narrow this possibility to functional text or a narration on cooking while the comments on its cultural, autobiographical and social aspects seem to be lost in translation.
Przekład w perspektywie awangardowości
Authors: Tokarz Bożena
Published: September 2020

Translation in the Perspective of Avant-garde

Avant-garde is a kind of precursor that precedes some fundamental change. Translation can provoke such a change in the host literature, presenting works that have the potential to make a turn in it, or it can become revolutionary in the art of translation. The avant-garde function of Polish literature in Slovenia is fuzzy. It is present in the minds of some authors although they do not exhibit it in an explicit way. Therefore, it is not possible to assign its translations an avant-garde role in the interwar period, which abounded with stormy transformations of European art and not only. The Polish historical avantgarde was unknown to the reader, and the poetry of one of the central poetic groups, the Krakow Avant-Garde, has remained so. The translations of avant-garde prose and drama of that time are late to fulfill such a function because they only appeared after the 1970s.
A UNIVERSIDADE E SEU PAPEL NO DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL: UM MAPEAMENTO DO TEMA CONFORME AS DELIMITAÇÕES POSTAS PELOS PESQUISADORES
Authors: Cardoso Borba Pricila , Casagrande Jacir Leonir , Corrêa Chaves Leonardo , Dutra Ademar
Published: September 2020

O objetivo do estudo consiste em realizar um mapeamento do tema universidade e desenvolvimento regional. O instrumento utilizado para a realização da pesquisa foi o Knowledge Development Process Constructivist (Proknow-C) com o propósito de apoiar a presente pesquisa na análise qualitativa e quantitativa de artigos de reconhecimento científico e relevantes para o tema proposto. Assim, buscou-se um conjunto de artigos por meio de um processo estruturado, em bases de dados internacionais, em que aplicou-se o uso de técnicas de análise bibliométrica para evidenciação das publicações sobre o assunto. A partir desse estudo, foram identificados os seguintes resultados: (i) elaboração de um portfólio bibliográfico composto por 19 artigos científicos internacionais alinhados ao tema; (ii) a análise bibliométrica permitiu identificar os principais autores, artigos, periódicos e principais palavras-chave referentes ao assunto.
A POLÍTICA PÚBLICA DE ECONOMIA SOLIDÁRIA COMO ALAVANCAGEM DA VIABILIDADE DOS EMPREENDIMENTOS: O CASO DO CESOL - BAHIA
Authors: Romeiro Maria do Carmo , Fonseca-Silva José Wilton , Araujo Dutra Flavio Galio , De Freitas Tânia Márcia
Published: September 2020

Esse estudo buscou caracterizar os empreendimentos solidários à luz do enfrentamento de sua viabilidade por programas de política pública, com base no serviço de assistência técnica dos Centros Públicos de Economia Solidária implantado na Bahia. A pesquisa exploratória utilizou abordagem qualitativa, por meio de 22 entrevistas semidiretivas com atores do programa. Os resultados evidenciaram a transformação dos empreendimentos por meio de esforço para a redução da mortalidade a partir da construção de sua sustentabilidade, apoiada por desde a o aumento da produtividade, passando pelas questões comerciais e culminando em ganhos sociais (qualidade de vida, autoestima, cidadania e outros).O estudo tem impacto social na medida que revela a efetividade da política pública frente aos seus propósitos ao mesmo tempo que possibilita a identificação de lacunas a serem desenvolvidas em novas pesquisas, como o baixo uso de crédito e mensuração da geração de valor dentro do contexto de baixa acumulação de capital.
Early inspirations
Authors: Glass Jonathan
Published: September 2020

The value of surgical training must be preserved, now and in the future.
Color-dependent unidirectional scattering of a plasmonic heterodimer investigated by a dipole-dipole interference model
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Zhang Qiang , Li Chunxiu , Yuan Yijun , Liu Jianping , Guo Jingfeng , Liu Wenwen , Chu Xinhong , Xie Fang
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we employ an interference model of two separated electric dipoles to study the color-dependent unidirectional scattering of a plasmonic heterodimer consisting of a pair of gold and silver disks of the same size. The dipole moments in such a dipole-dipole interference model are numerically obtained by a multipole decomposition method. It shows that the power difference between the different scattering directions predicted by the dipole-dipole interference model agrees well with that calculated by the full wave simulation. The dipole-dipole interference model indicates that the scattering directionality of the heterodimer is intimately related to its geometrical parameters, including the height and radius of the disk as well as the distance between two disks. We further show that the color routing of such a heterodimer is also maintained when an electric or magnetic dipole source is positioned in the center of the heterodimer. Finally, we propose an approach to enhance bidirectional scattering by arranging the heterodimer in a line and then the main lobe beamwidth can be reduced to about 26 deg for the right scattering and 29 deg for the left scattering. Our results may be used in designing integrated plasmonic nanocircuits that demand light guiding and routing in nanoscale.
Effect of crystal anisotropy on light-field-driven currents in
dielectric crystal
Authors: Kwon Ojoon , Kim D.
Published: September 2020

Recent advances in the availability of intense, carrier-envelope
phase-stabilized few-cycle lasers have led to the active study of the
control of electrons using a light field in atoms, molecules, and
solids. The field-driven ultrafast current in solids by strong fields
is of far-reaching importance in view of ultrafast devices. Recent
ab initio time-dependent density
functional theory calculations [Wachter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113,
087401 (2014)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.113.087401] predict
that the crystal anisotropy manifests itself as the phase shift
between induced currents along different crystal axes. The present
work observes such a phase shift, clearly demonstrating that the
electric current induced by a strong light field in an anisotropic
crystal is sensitive to the orientation. A series of experiments has
been carried out with few-cycle laser fields polarized parallel to the
axes of quartz,

c
^

and

a
^

, respectively. Owing to the
anisotropic atomic composition in the crystalline lattice, the
transition to the tunneling regime takes place at lower intensity
along the

a
^

axis than along the

c
^

axis. This implies that at a given
tailored intensity, the tunneling transition occurs along the

a
^

but not along the

c
^

axis (still in the multiphoton
regime). Hence, the currents induced by the two different mechanisms
lead to an unequal accumulative phase, thus the nonzero phase shift.
This work promotes an understanding of the strong field response of
solids at the atomic level and in the subcycle time scale.
Comprehensive design and simulation of a composite reflector for mode control and thermal management of a high-power VCSEL
Authors: Qi Yuxuan , Li Wei , Liu Suping , Ma Xiaoyu
Published: September 2020

We propose a composite top reflector composed of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and a subwavelength high-contrast grating (HCG) for a high-power 808-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The DBR and HCG in the reflector are connected by an indium tin oxide (ITO) surrounding layer, which makes it possible for the reflector to improve current injection uniformity and reduce heat generation while providing high reflectivity. The angle-dependent reflectivity of the composite reflector is optimized to suppress the high-order transverse modes of VCSEL while ensuring sufficient fundamental mode feedback. The number of top DBR periods and the thickness of the ITO surrounding layer are optimized to reduce the loss and provide high out-coupling efficiency. The double resonator coupled by top DBR is designed to provide optimal resonant wavelength stability, longitudinal optical confinement factor, and thermoelectric characteristics. Optical simulation results demonstrate that the well-designed configuration can provide a highest fundamental mode reflectivity of 99.7%, an out-coupling efficiency of 65%, a wavelength stability rate of 0.011 with the thickness of the ITO layer, and a confinement factor of 0.05. The transverse modes with order greater than 2 are effectively suppressed. The result of the thermoelectric model shows that the composite reflector-based VCSEL has low operating temperature and uniform current injection; thermal resistance of 0.87 K/mW is realized. In this context, devices with high emission efficiency and beam quality can be expected.
Sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor with serial tapered two-mode fibers based on the Vernier effect
Authors: Xie Liqin , Sun Bing , Chen Mengmeng , Zhang Zuxing
Published: September 2020

A sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor with cascaded tapered two-mode fibers (TTMFs) based on the Vernier effect is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It is confirmed that series connection exhibits higher extinction ratio than parallel one both by theory and experiments, which provides guidance for related experiments. In experiments, two TTMFs have the same single-mode fiber-TTMF-single-mode fiber configuration, while the free spectral ranges (FSRs) are chosen with slightly difference by modifying the parameters in the tapering process. Experimental results show that the proposed temperature sensor possesses sensitivity of −3.348 nm/°C in temperature measurement range from 25 °C to 60°C, 11.3 times sensitivity enhancement in comparison with single TTMF. Benefiting from advantages of high temperature sensitivity, simplicity of manufacture and long distance sensing, this novel sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor can be applied to various particular fields, such as oil wells, coal mines and so on.
Vector features of pulsating soliton in an ultrafast fiber laser
Authors: Li Ti-Jian , Liu Meng , Luo Ai-Ping , Luo Zhi-Chao , Xu Wen-Cheng
Published: September 2020

Pulsating soliton in ultrafast fiber lasers has interesting non-stationary dynamics, which is one of the hot topics in field of nonlinear soliton. So far, most researchers only focused on the spectral and temporal characteristics of pulsating soliton. However, the vector features of pulsating soliton were rarely studied. In this work, we experimentally studied the pulsating vector solitons in an ultrafast fiber laser. Three categories of vector solitons with different polarization evolution characteristics could be obtained by adjusting the pump power and polarization controller, such as pulsating polarization-locked vector soliton (PLVS), pulsating polarization-rotation vector soliton (PRVS) and progressive pulsating PRVS. Interestingly, besides the basic polarization rotation with a period of 2 roundtrips, the polarization angle also evolves with progressive mode in the progressive pulsating PRVS state. The abundant results of pulsating vector solitons demonstrate that investigating vector features of nonlinear soliton dynamics is necessary and significant and would greatly enrich the research of soliton dynamics.
Octave-spanning mid-infrared femtosecond OPA in a ZnGeP2 pumped by a 2.4 μm Cr:ZnSe chirped-pulse amplifier
Authors: Nam Sang-Hoon , Fedorov Vladimir , Mirov Sergey , Hong Kyung-Han
Published: September 2020

We report on the highly efficient, octave-spanning mid-infrared (mid-IR) optical parametric amplification (OPA) in a ZnGeP2 (ZGP) crystal, pumped by a 1 kHz, 2.4 μm, 250 fs Cr:ZnSe chirped-pulse amplifier. The full spectral coverage of 3−10 μm with the amplified signal and idler beams is demonstrated. The signal beam in the range of ∼3 − 5 μm is produced by either white light generation (WLG) in YAG or optical parametric generation (OPG) in ZGP using the common 2.4 μm pump laser. We demonstrate the pump to signal and idler combined conversion efficiency of 23% and the pulse energy of up to 130 μJ with ∼2 μJ OPG seeding, while we obtain the efficiency of 10% and the pulse energy of 55 μJ with ∼0.2 μJ WLG seeding. The OPA output energy is limited by the available pump pulse energy (0.55 mJ at ZGP crystal) and therefore further energy scaling is feasible with multi-stage OPA and higher pump pulse energy. The autocorrelation measurements based on random quasi-phase matching show that the signal pulse durations are ∼318 fs and ∼330 fs with WLG and OPG seeding, respectively. In addition, we show the spectrally filtered 30 μJ OPA output at 4.15 μm suitable for seeding a Fe:ZnSe amplifier. Our ultrabroadband femtosecond mid-IR source is attractive for various applications, such as strong-field interactions, dielectric laser electron acceleration, molecular spectroscopy, and medical surgery.
Research and Industry News
Authors: Cartlidge Edwin , Schulz Bill , Moser Molly , Wills Stewart , Kirkland Alessia
Published: September 2020

Optical seismometer monitors volcano / Laser test of facemask / Quantum
secret sharing / Machine learning / Quantum-dot nanopixels / Diode
laser beginnings / Luminar Technologies merger / Display calibration
puzzles / Spectroscopic cardiac imaging
Exceptional Times: 5G Networks in a COVID-19 Era
Authors: Téral Stéphane , Bosco Becky
Published: September 2020

The coronavirus and its associated economic dislocations have
complicated the technology’s 2020 rollout. But the changes wrought
by the pandemic may boost the case for 5G in the long run.
Covering ISIS in the British media: Exploring agenda-setting in The Guardian newspaper
Authors: Dogan Taner , Dogan Sare Selvi Ozturk
Published: September 2020

Self-proclaimed ‘Islamic State’ (ISIS) hit the news headlines across the globe in the post-Arab Uprisings period. Its main aim was to replace the ‘colonialist borders’ of the Middle East created with the Sykes–Picot agreement in 1916. One of the atrocities of this terror network was against a minority in Iraq, the Yazidis. Whereas other victims of ISIS, such as Alawites, Druze, Ismailis and Turkmen, have not been covered thoroughly in the British and US media, Yazidis – in particular Yazidi women – dominated the titles. Notwithstanding, the framing of the Yazidis has been influential in the engagement of the Obama administration against ISIS’ move in the Levant; the Kurdish minority is still under threat today because of their ethnic and religious identity. This article discusses how agenda-setting effects the news media’s power to shape individual attitudes and public opinion. The Guardian’s agenda-setting is discussed in this article as a credible, ‘most liberal’ and ‘most trusted’ news brand in the United Kingdom. A content analysis of news articles regarding the plight of Yazidi population in Iraq and its continuous coverage mostly focusing on Yazidi women was conducted, with the articles published at the time when the crisis broke out. The authors of this article apply the notions of an ‘East–West’ divide and ‘Othering’ to frame ISIS’ move in Mount Sinjar, Iraq. The study emphasizes that The Guardian not only set the agenda by prioritizing the circumstances of the Yazidi population, but also deployed frameworks of ‘orientalist’ depictions of Yazidi women as slaves of ISIS.
Los cuidados de Enfermería en los problemas de conducta durante la transición adolescente
Authors: Ramírez Cardesín María , Pedraz Marcos Azucena
Published: September 2020

Objetivos: Analizar la opinión que tienen las enfermeras que trabajan con población infanto-juvenil sobre los problemas de conducta del niño y adolescente, los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de estos problemas y los cuidados enfermeros que precisan.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo fenomenológico, en el marco de la Teoría de las Transiciones de Meleis. La estrategia de recogida de datos es el grupo de discusión y la entrevista en profundidad.Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indican que el aumento de problemas de conducta relacionados con la auto y heteroagresividad preocupa a las enfermeras, que detectan múltiples y complejos factores de riesgo familiares, personales y cognitivos y socio-culturales, sobre los que intervenir, que favorecen estos problemas de conducta.Conclusión: Se apunta a la necesidad de mejorar la coordinación entre enfermeras y la necesidad de contar con la enfermera escolar al ser la escuela un contexto de socialización determinante en el desarrollo del niño y del adolescente.
Dynamics of Establishment of the Enterprises and the Entrepreneurship in Romania
Authors: Angheluță Petrică Sorin , Negescu Oancea Mihaela Diana , Diaconu Amelia , Dima Cristina
Published: September 2020

The prosperity of a society is influenced by the existence of an industrial base. The stronger the industrial base, the more the society is considered to be more prosperous. A high degree of enterprises competitiveness leads to jobs that favor business development. The entrepreneurial spirit contributes to the development of businesses. For Romania, the article presents the evolution of the indicators regarding the degree of establishment of the newly created active companies. Also, the dynamics of the activity of newly created active enterprises in Romania is addressed. The level of education and the age of the founder differ depending on the activity sector of the newly created active enterprise. From the evolution analyzed, it can be concluded that, in Romania, the profile of the investor is represented by an individual under the age of 40, a high school graduate or who has university studies. For Romania, in recent years, the number of newly created active enterprises has decreased in the trade sector. Also, the sector with the highest dynamics in terms of setting up and closing companies, is the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. These aspects are important for the economy, but also for the studies of the analysis of the training needs. In the process of generating new sources of economic growth, a relevant contribution is provided by the degree to which the entrepreneurial culture is promoted.  Keywords: entrepreneurship, sustainable development, Romania