bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Brokers and the Broken
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: September 2021

This chapter elaborates on the anecdotal evidence of the previous chapter. It includes a study of members of the Liverpool Cotton Brokers’ Association and how they operated. The most powerful factions in Britain’s raw cotton trade were the selling brokers and the bankers. This is corroborated by a study of the B Lists of the customs Bills of Entry for Liverpool, which provide a complete inventory of who received every consignment into the port. All cotton consignments for 1860 and 1864 have been tabulated. Data are produced which show the changes wrought by the civil war to cotton shipments, and which prove that 91 per cent of LCBA members were direct recipients of cotton from Liverpool docks. This is the final blow to the notion that there was a scrupulous dividing line between buying and selling brokers. Almost all cotton brokers were traders, but not necessarily successful ones. The chapter concludes with an account of some of the bankruptcies and suggests that Thomas Ellison knowingly falsified the historical record.
Pitigliano, Maryland? Travelling Memories and Moments of Truth
Authors: Spadaro Barbara
Published: September 2021

Pitigliano is the birthplace of Giannetto Paggi (1852–1916), a Jewish teacher who opened the first Italian school in Tripoli and was celebrated as ‘the pioneer of Italian civilization in Libya’ in the colonial and Fascist decades. The chapter considers the mobility of memory as a series of intersubjective and translational processes. It draws on Luisa Passerini’s concept of intersubjectivity, Naomi Leite’s ethnography of affinity and Francesco Ricatti’s ‘emotion of truth’ to engage with the processes of identification and knowledge exchange that emerged through the fieldwork. Spadaro explores the webs of imaginative and emotional interconnections linking her interviewees with the stories of Giannetto Paggi and Pitigliano, and, by extension, with narratives of Italianness and Jewishness across the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.
The Chinese Community in Italy, the Italian Community in China: Economic Exchanges and Cultural Difference
Authors: Giuliani Chiara
Published: September 2021

The chapter analyses the representation of Sino-Italian economic relationships as articulated in a selection of literary texts (both fictional and autobiographical) about the Chinese community in Italy and the expat community of Italians in China. By focusing on the representation of the interactions between Italian and Chinese populations, both in Italy and in China, and by unpacking the recurrent idea of ‘cultural difference’, the chapter aims to investigate the extent to which these works belong to the wider discourse underpinning the complex relationship between Italy and China and Italy’s resident Chinese community.
Afterword and Timeline: On Becoming a Citizen
Authors: Hawthorne Melanie C.
Published: September 2021

Throughout the course of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, women's claims to citizenship in their own right have gradually been recognized in Europe and the US, though some exceptions still remain (as charted in a parallel chronology). Yet citizenship remains tied to broad cultural assumptions about gender and enforces gender norms. The resurgence of nationalism in the twenty-first century suggests and the success of "gay pride" movements may have shifted shame away from sexual orientation and onto national belonging, but the question remains whether the underlying structural ideological isomorphism has shifted.
Policing the Caribbean
Authors: Webb Jack Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the powerful resonance of Haiti in Britain in the aftermath of two conflicts that took place almost simultaneously in the Caribbean in October 1865: the sinking of the H. M. S.
Bulldog in Haitian waters and the Morant Bay War in Jamaica. The British authorities and presses were initially convinced that Haitians had aided the protestors at Morant Bay. When scant evidence for this was forthcoming, the press insisted instead that Haiti had acted as a powerful inspiration for the protestors. In this fast-moving situation, British diplomats worked together with the Haitian state. Yet, the perceived opposition of Haiti to the British Empire in the Caribbean was further consolidated when news arrived that the Bulldog had been defeated by Haitian rebels. The various lines of communication between Haitian state actors and rebels and British diplomats, journalists and a popular reading public made for rapidly fluctuating representations of Haiti in this period.
Hayti, or, the Black Republic
Authors: Webb Jack Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the ‘communication circuit’ of the most influential book written on Haiti in the Victorian period, Spenser St John’s Hayti or the Black Republic (1884). During the ‘life-cycle’ of this book, from its research, writing, publishing, reading, and the re-writing (in its second edition), the meanings of Haiti varied. Through exploring the dynamics of this book’s communication circuit, I track the construction and rejection of certain ideas about Haiti. In the books’ text, some pre-existing ideas about the ‘Black Republic’, especially those concerning ‘Vaudoux’ and cannibalism, were consolidated whereas the more problematic notions of Haitian sovereignty were discarded. Yet, it is in the readings of the book performed by Haitians and certain political commentators across the Caribbean that counter-visions of Haiti emerge and are reinforced. In this moment, Haiti could be deployed equally as evidence in the case for expanding political agency to people of African descent in the British Caribbean.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Rachel Gregory , Qabaha Ahmad
Published: September 2021

The introduction to the collection begins by explaining the rationale behind the project; that the collection is a response to how Palestinians have recently felt obliged to re-think memory and narration in response to dynamic political and regional changes in the twenty-first century, ongoing national loss, prolonged spatial and temporal dispossession, and the continued deterioration of the peace process. It outlines key historical and political events and theorises the critical paradigms central to the book. It addresses how, insofar as the articulation of memory in (post)colonial contexts can be viewed as an integral component of a continuing anti-colonial struggle for self-determination, in tracing the dynamics of conveying the memory of ongoing, chronic trauma, this collection negotiates the urgency for Palestinians to reclaim and retain their heritage in a continually unstable and fretful present.
A ‘Rich Fabric of Some Sort, Which No One Can Fully Comprehend [or] Fully Own’
Authors: Moore Lindsey
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers what ‘Levantine remains’ yield for post-millennial Palestine, particularly in the context of a seemingly moribund ‘two-state solution.’ It takes up the regional optic of a multi-generational extended-family narrative in Edward Said’s Out of Place: A Memoir (1999), his sister Jean Said Makdisi’s Teta, Mother and Me: An Arab Woman’s Memoir (2005), and his mother-in-law Wadad Makdisi Cortas’ A World I Loved: The Story of an Arab Woman (2009). The chapter contends that the Said-Makdisi-Cortas family collectively summon, through memoirs and paratexts, a ‘lost’ or otherwise ‘forgotten’ Levantine world. In archiving ways in which historically-produced ‘facts on the ground’ have etiolated Levantine identities, these authors resuscitate embedded, expansive models of being Palestinian.
Snapshots of Solidarity
Authors: Brown Sophia , Fox Rachel Gregory , Qabaha Ahmad
Published: September 2021

Life-writing that emerges from Palestine and the diaspora is marked by its emphasis on the collective. Following the proliferation of single-author, book-length works during the previous quarter-century, this chapter turns to focus on contemporary English-language anthologies, which gather together connected yet distinct voices through short-form life writing. This sense of communality, alongside a desire to respond to contemporary crises, is central to these anthologies of Palestinian writing. Often to a greater extent than single-author texts, anthologies actively draw attention to the fact that while the predicaments faced by Palestinians are individually experienced, they are also widespread and shared. Such texts, individually meaningful but also conversant with wider concerns and messages of solidarity, this chapter argues, are ideal components of anthologies that position themselves as future-orientated and express a desire for change at the outset.
A Butterfly Flaps its Wings
Authors: Bullock Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the background of Steven Spielberg’s involvement in Jurassic Park as well as the context of his career up to that point. It argues that by the early 1990s he was looking to make a change in his career by exploring mature themes in films such as The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun. Against this backdrop, it questions why he decided to make Jurassic Park, a film that appears to be the kind of straightforward blockbuster he was attempting to move away from. Additionally, the chapter seeks to understand his interest in working within a range of genres and how he merges them together to create truly unique films. It argues that this approach is particularly evident in Jurassic Park, a fact that helps give the film much of its substance and longevity, and which goes some way to explaining why he chose to take the project on.
Rain Instead of Shine
Authors: Bullock Paul
Published: September 2021

The concluding chapter of Constellations: Jurassic Park explores the impact of Jurassic Park. Touching on themes explored in the previous chapters, it shows how nature, fantasy and masculinity were addressed in similar media that followed Jurassic Park’s release. First it looks at Steven Spielberg’s own continuation of the franchise: The Lost World: Jurassic Park, noting the sequel’s darkness and continued subversion. It then explores the TV adaptation of Jurassic Park author Michael Crichton’s film Westworld, drawing out several similarities and differences in approach when compared to Jurassic Park. Finally, it focuses on modern monster movies such as Pacific Rim and the ongoing Monsterverse, as well as the continuing Jurassic franchise (Jurassic World and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom). In doing so, it explores how some of Jurassic Park’s key themes have been evolved in the wider cinema landscape since the film’s release.
Roadside Picnic: Introduction
Authors: Hoel Jon
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents an overview on the genesis of the film’s creation; the novel it was based upon, written by the Strugatsky brothers, Tarkovksy’s first musings on its viability for a screen adaptation, as well as the various predicaments that arose in the film’s now-infamous production period. This includes the highly controversial filming within a contaminated body of water that may or may not have led to two actors and Tarkovsky himself contracting cancer in later years. The chapter also includes a brief summation of the film’s reception both nationally and internationally, as well as Tarkovksy’s subsequent legacy within the larger film community up to present day.
Production and Reception
Authors: Evans-Powell David , Evans-Powell David
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines the film’s production, release and reception. It includes brief biographies for the key creatives (Piers Haggard, director; Robert Wynne-Simmons, writer; Marc Wilkinson, composer; Dick Bush, Director of Photography), a detailed history on the film’s inception and production, an account of the film’s release and its immediate reception, and a summary of its home release and its emergent cult status. This chapter concludes with a consideration of the film’s locations, the time setting for the film (an approximate early 18th Century) and a short discussion on the influence of Ingmar Bergman’s films on Satan’s Claw’s aesthetic and themes.
A Green and (un)Pleasant Land
Authors: Evans-Powell David
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers how the landscape is depicted in The Blood on Satan’s Claw. In examining the depiction of the rural landscape, the film’s pre-credits and opening sequences receive particular scrutiny. The chapter explores the countryside within the film through a number of different lenses: as a worked, agricultural landscape that is markedly different from those seen in Hammer’s gothic horror films; as a pastoral landscape that appreciates the beauty inherent in a stark and unsentimentalised topography as a variant on the richer and more sumptuous landscapes of heritage cinema; as an uncanny landscape that diminishes human presence and in doing so becomes an unfamiliar, disquieting environment; as a malign landscape that is actively hostile to those who dwell within it; and as a landscape that resists occupation altogether. This chapter will also consider how the film mediates cultural understandings of the local and localism.
The Fiend and its Followers
Authors: Evans-Powell David , Evans-Powell David
Published: September 2021

This chapter will examine the relationship between the past and the present within the film through a close assessment of the behaviour of the fiend, in particular the relationship between the fiend and the landscape. The chapter will consider the historical and cultural attitudes towards cultural memory and the remembrance or forgetting of unwelcome aspects of the past. The chapter will also place the film into its contemporary screen context through a survey of other British screen texts concerned with malign revenants that upset the present when unearthed or discovered. The chapter will continue by considering the nature of the fiend and the consequences of its influence through a detailed examination of the character of Angel Blake and the abject. The chapter will also make a close study of the influence of Margaret Murray’s The Witch-Cult in Western Europe on the film.
Anarchy in the UK
Authors: Evans-Powell David
Published: September 2021

This chapter will contextualise the film within the time of its production and release and consider how its themes and focuses are as much as product of their time as there are of the early 18th Century. This chapter will explore how the film mediates British seventies cultural anxieties around the counterculture and youth movements. It will consider how this cultural zeitgeist has affected the film’s nihilistic tone and ambiguous ending, as well as the depiction of the children and the authority characters in the film. This chapter will include a close analysis of the influence of two specific cases on the film’s development and that had been identified as especially influential by writer Robert Wynne-Simmons: the Tate-LaBianca murders and Mary Bell. The chapter will conclude with a consideration of the film as part of a revival of interests in British folk and vernacular heritage in the sixties and seventies.
Introduction
Authors: Grafius Brandon , Grafius Brandon
Published: September 2021

A brief overview of the film, the career of writer-director Robert Eggers, and the production history of the film.
Folkloric Elements in The Witch
Authors: Grafius Brandon , Grafius Brandon
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the aspects of folklore employed by The Witch (2015), including its depiction of Satan and witchcraft. The chapter identifies particular sources that resonate with the film, including accounts of witch’s familiars and reports of meetings with the Devil.
Characters and Family Dynamics
Authors: Grafius Brandon , Grafius Brandon
Published: September 2021

This chapter treats the characters of The Witch (2015) individually, exploring how each of them reveals their personal hopes and anxieties, then discusses how these individual character arcs combine into the overall family dynamics. Starting with an exploration of William, the chapter argues that the film pulls a sleight-of-hand, setting him up as the main character before slowly revealing the protagonist to be Thomasin. The characterization of Black Phillip is treated, along with a brief discussion of his appropriation by popular culture.
Introduction
Authors: Ercolani Eugenio , Stiglegger Marcus
Published: September 2021

This short introductory section provides a synopsis of the film, describes the protests that took place during the making, and introduces the thesis that the perception of this film has changed over the four decades since its premiere.
Black Leather Gloves: Cruising as a Global Giallo
Authors: Ercolani Eugenio , Stiglegger Marcus
Published: September 2021

In this chapter Cruising is discussed in the context of Italian giallo. The tendency of thrillers by Mario Bava, Dario Argento, and others has in fact a lot in common with Friedkin’s film: the sexualized violence, the queerness of the killer, leather fetishism, and the investigations of an outsider. Cruising can thus be seen as a ‘Global Giallo’, alongside similar efforts such as Dressed to Kill, Maniac or The New York Ripper.
Making Peeping Tom
Authors: Walden Kiri Bloom
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Michael Powell’s mastery of film making and analyses what makes Peeping Tom so different from contemporary Horror in terms of its setting, themes and technical style. While some scenes were filmed on sets a large number were shot on location (in streets still recognisable today) and Peeping Tom captures aspects of early 60s London and British society that many people would have been uncomfortable seeing exposed. The chapter includes quotes from Actors Anna Massey and Pamela Green about the experiences they had filming Peeping Tom
“Alles z'Unterobsi” Hannes Meyer and German Communist Exiles in Mexico
Authors: Leidenberger Georg
Published: September 2021

The case of modern architect Hannes Meyer’s stay in Mexico during World War Two differed from the typical exile experience of German-speaking Communists. The latter identified as political exiles, engaged in Mexico to promote the Soviet Union only to immediately return to Europe after 1945. The Communist Meyer moved amidst this exile community, yet as a professional and artist developed closer ties to Mexican colleagues and institutions, and as a (German-speaking) Swiss preferred to associate with Italian Communists. Facing a precarious existence abroad, exiles like Meyer engaged in trying efforts to make community, all amidst the intensive committments and conflicts marked by the ideological fervor of the age.
Discoveries
Authors: Kadish Doris
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces preliminarily the history of Partisan Review and the stages in Rahv’s life and career, from his immigration in 1922, through the 1920s, and up until his death in 1973. Noting the traits of his complex personality that friends and associates observed, it delves deeper into the roots of his character through the love letters he sent to my mother, Ethel Richman, between 1928 to 1931. They uncover previously unknown information including his time spent in Savannah, GA and Portland, OR teaching Hebrew; several pieces of juvenilia; his experiences with race and anti-Semitism; and his literary aspirations. The chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s major thematic emphasis on Jewishness. In Rahv’s case, key components discussed are appearance, voice, and name. In a “Personal Reflections” section, I reflect on experiences of Jewishness in the Lower East Side of NYC, Savannah, GA, and Peekskill, NY.
From Greenberg to Rahv
Authors: Kadish Doris
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces Rahv’s story of immigration and explores his psychology as an immigrant. Reaching back to his time in Russia, it considers pogroms, the notorious trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis, the use of Yiddish and Russian language, and the Bolshevik revolution. It examines his dysfunctional Jewish family, which it relates to the families of other New York Jewish intellectuals. It explores the significance of his father’s beginnings as a peddler, his mother’s Zionism, and the time he spent in Palestine. Some light is shed on the mysteries surrounding his lack of formal education. Detailed analyses of two texts are provided: “Homeless but not Motherless, Variation on a theme by L. Kwitko” by the Ukranian poet Leib Kvitko, which Rahv translated from Yiddish; “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities,” Delmore Schwartz’s modernist tour de force which appeared in Partisan Review in 1937.
Roads to and from Revolution
Authors: Kadish Doris
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces Rahv’s forays into and retreats from political radicalism. Letters to Ethel Richman and essays published in the early 1930s (“An Open Letter to Young Writers”, “The Literary Class War”) reveal his deep-seated faith in Marxism and ambivalent commitment to Communism. It describes the founding of Partisan Review, sponsored by the Communist John Reed Club. It considers the magazine’s attention to diversity and social justice and the modern feminist theory of intersectionality, through which interconnected categories of race, class, and gender create overlapping systems of discrimination. The chapter focuses on Partisan Review’s publication of works by proletarian writers including Richard Wright and several women writers: Meridel Le Sueur, Tillie Lerner (Olsen), Grace Lumpkin. It explains Rahv’s break with communism after 1934, in response to the Soviet policy of the Popular Front and Stalin’s infamous Moscow Trials. The “Personal Reflections” sections shows how Communism touched my life.
‘The Lingua Franca of the Bangle'
Authors: Perry Matt
Published: September 2021

Wilkinson’s approach to imperialism provides significant insight into her political ideas. For much of the interwar period, she perceived a causal link between imperialism—which she understood as a product of late capitalism—and war. This chapter focuses upon her visit to India in autumn 1932 on behalf of the India League. Using the British and Indian press as well as India Office sources, it examines the complex relationships involved in this visit between the delegation, the Indian nationalist movement, the British and Indian state as well as the British Labour movement and the reception of Indian affairs in Britain. In this case, culturalist approaches, stressing the mutual comprehensibility, the prejudices and assumption of superiority underplay the micro-level complexity of transnational contentious politics. Wilkinson used several techniques to overcome the distance between Indian and British workers in her journalism and campaigning for Indian independence regarding the trip. The trip had a lasting significance for her attitude to the possibilities of revolution as well as the misplaced complacency about British immunity to fascism. Indeed, she incorporated her Indian experiences into her campaigning frames for social mobilisation related to women, Jarrow and anti-fascism.
Class, Cold War and Colonialism
Authors: Sibley Tom
Published: September 2021

Following the defeat of the fascist Axis powers and the election of the first majority Labour government in 1945, the British state faced demands from across its vast empire for self government. Rather than concede these democratic demands the decision was taken to hold on to the Empire wherever that was possible, thus putting British economic and strategic interests before the just demands of the people in the colonies. This article shows how Britain’s imperialist strategy worked out in Fortress Gibraltar in the late 1940s. It tells the story of trade union leader Albert Fava’s deportation which effectively neutered the newly formed independent and fast growing trade union federation.
Leah Horowitz’s Tkhine Imohos A Proto-Feminist Demand to Increase Jewish Women’s Religious Capital
Authors: Rosman Moshe
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses an article from 1961, in which Haim Liberman introduced the academic world to an eight-page booklet entitled Tkhine imohos. It explains that the booklet has three parts: a Hebrew introduction, an Aramaic piyut, and a Yiddish tkhine. It also points out that Aramaic piyut and the Yiddish tkhine were intended for liturgical recitation in the synagogue on sabbaths when the day of the appearance of the new moon was announced and a special prayer was said to bless the upcoming Hebrew month. The chapter describes the booklet as unusual since it presented material in three different languages and it was written by a woman. It provides a background about Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Horowitz as the author of Tkhine imohos, noting how her ability to write in both Hebrew and Aramaic placed her among the Jewish intellectual elite of her era and region.
Popular Religion and Modernity
Authors: Gellman Uriel
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with an account of the famous maskil Moses Leib Lilienblum’s mother-in-law, who sought all sorts of experts to help her bear a son. It discusses how Lilienblum’s mother-in-law epitomizes the complex cultural reality of many Jews in nineteenth-century eastern Europe of being open to modern trends, but at the same time still believing in superstition, popular religion, and magical medicine. It also analyzes the view on the Age of Enlightenment as a period in which European nations adopted new philosophical approaches that directed men and women to take rational control of their own fate. The chapter explores how the age of reason and rationality led to a weakening and eradication of certain religious faiths, including belief in witchcraft, magic, and superstition. It points out that the weakening of religious piety and popular religion amongst Jewish society in Europe over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a clear sign of cultural change.
The Laws of Moses and the Laws of the Emperor
Authors: Manekin Rachel
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on marriage and divorce, which symbolizes the Galician Jewry’s failure to internalize Austrian legal and civil norms. It talks about Galician Jews that married clandestinely in accordance with Jewish law but in violation of Austrian law, causing children of such marriages that carried their mother’s last name to be considered illegitimate. It also examines how the application of Austrian marriage and divorce laws to Habsburg Jewry developed and illustrates the impact of these laws on Galician Jewry. The chapter focuses on the two division of the marriage and divorce laws: legislation that applied throughout the Habsburg empire and political laws or local ordinances that applied to Galician Jews. It talks about how the division affected the way many Galician Jews viewed the law of the land.
The Vilna Pogrom of 19–21 April 1919
Authors: Rudnicki Szymon
Published: September 2021

This chapter mentions Jarosław Wołkonowski of Vilna and Przemysław Rózanski of Gdansk, who wrote about the events in Vilna based on materials located in US archives. It talks about opposing descriptions of the events in Vilna, in which there was denial of any anti-Jewish behaviour. It also discusses the significant decrease of the Jewish population of Vilna during the First World War, while the Polish population increased. The chapter examines the theory about negative attitudes towards the Poles, which was established a priori under the influence of prevailing anti-Jewish attitudes and the triumph of nationalist ideas. It explores the Poles' attitude towards Jews that arose because the Jewish population was seen above all as supportive of Bolshevism.
Demons and Witches
Authors: Tuszewicki Marek
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about demons and witches. People believed that an illness or other health issue could be the work of supernatural beings such as demons, devils, or witches. These creatures were thought to do their mischief not by directly entering the victim's body, but usually by using magic. In the popular imagination, humans were constantly surrounded by demons and the like, though not all of these creatures drew satisfaction from making mischief. Ghosts and demons were thought to inhabit specific places, or to be in the habit of behaving in particular ways, and, left in peace, they would not interfere in human affairs. In the folk consciousness, any interference in a sphere perceived to be the domain of unclean forces was bound to render the meddler vulnerable to a more or less violent reaction on the part of those forces. The practical ramifications of this belief were visible in superstitions surrounding matters such as building and moving into a house. Places considered holy and which were reserved for the enactment of rites and rituals were by no means out of bounds to incorporeal beings. There is also a belief there were demons who, at the request of the rebbe, would protect the Jewish community from the local squire's insatiable greed. Almost every type of demon could be persuaded to help humans, and whether or not one was successful in this mission depended chiefly on one's cunning. Nonetheless, the dominant trope in folk tales is of demons harming or causing damage to humans, and even bringing death on them.
Back to the Future
Authors: Grace Nancy McCampbell
Published: September 2021

This comprehensive essay presents a history of Beat literature, its reception in and out of academia, suggestions for contemporary approaches to teaching Beat literature in multidisciplinary contexts, and an outline of the contents of the volume.
Spirituality and Religious Traditions in Beat Literature
Authors: Calonne David Stephen
Published: September 2021

This essay explicates a Beat fascination with esoteric religious traditions, including astrology, alchemy, and Gnosticism, illuminating heterodoxies characterizing countercultural minorities from antiquity to the present and shaping the Beat imagination. Calonne presents detailed readings of the poetry of Gregory Corso, Diane di Prima, and Michael McClure
Teaching Venice West, Lawrence Lipton, and California’s Literary Canon
Authors: Mohr William
Published: September 2021

The essay explores the bohemian community of Venice West, California, during its Beat heyday, focusing on the cultural understanding of that community based on Lawrence Lipton’s presentation of it in his book The Holy Barbarians. The essay highlights Venice West Beat writers including Stuart Perkoff, John Thomas, Bruce Boyd, and Eileen Aronson Ireland. The essay concludes with a discussion of contemporary Venice West poets writing as Beat legacy.
Beat Performance Poetry
Authors: Geis Deborah R.
Published: September 2021

The essay investigates the influence of Beat performance poetry on the contemporary slam poetry movement, which includes many participants who openly acknowledge Beat antecedents for the social justice content of their poetry. The essay focuses on the Beat performance poetry of Allen Ginsberg, Bob Kaufman, and Anne Waldman, and discusses at length the ways in which the author teaches Beat literature as well as performance poetry.
The Initial–Final Mass Relation for Hydrogen-deficient White Dwarfs*
Authors: Barnett Joseph W. , Williams Kurtis A. , Bédard A. , Bolte Michael
Published: September 2021

The initial–final mass relation represents the total mass lost by a star during the entirety of its evolution from the zero age main sequence to the white-dwarf cooling track. The semiempirical initial–final mass relation (IFMR) is largely based on observations of DA white dwarfs, the most common spectral type of white dwarf and the simplest atmosphere to model. We present a first derivation of the semiempirical IFMR for hydrogen-deficient (non-DA) white dwarfs in open star clusters. We identify a possible discrepancy between the DA and non-DA IFMRs, with non-DA white dwarfs ≈0.07 M
⊙ less massive at a given initial mass. Such a discrepancy is unexpected based on theoretical models of non-DA formation and observations of field white dwarf mass distributions. If real, the discrepancy is likely due to enhanced mass loss during the final thermal pulse and renewed post-AGB evolution of the star. However, we are dubious that the mass discrepancy is physical and instead is due to the small sample size, to systematic issues in model atmospheres of non-DAs, and to the uncertain evolutionary history of Procyon B (spectral type DQZ). A significantly larger sample size is needed to test these assertions. In addition, we also present Monte Carlo models of the correlated errors for DA and non-DA white dwarfs in the initial–final mass plane. We find the uncertainties in initial–final mass determinations for individual white dwarfs can be significantly asymmetric, but the recovered functional form of the IFMR is grossly unaffected by the correlated errors.
Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-main Sequence and Related Stars. V. Occultation Events from the Innermost Disk Region of the Herbig Ae Star HD 163296
Authors: Pikhartova Monika , Long Zachary C. , Assani Korash D. , Fernandes Rachel B. , Bayyari Ammar , Sitko Michael L. , Grady Carol A. , Wisniewski John P. , Rich Evan A. , Henden Arne A. , Danchi William C.
Published: September 2021

HD 163296 is a Herbig Ae star that underwent a dramatic ∼0.8 magnitude drop in brightness in the V photometric band in 2001 and a brightening in the near-IR in 2002. Because the star possesses Herbig–Haro objects traveling in outflowing bipolar jets, it was suggested that the drop in brightness was due to a clump of dust entrained in a disk wind, blocking the line of sight toward the star. In order to quantify this hypothesis, we investigated the brightness drop at visible wavelengths and the brightening at near-IR wavelengths of HD 163296 using the Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Code, HOCHUNK3D. We created three models to understand the events. Model 1 describes the quiescent state of the system. Model 2 describes the change in structure that led to the drop in brightness in 2001. Model 3 describes the structure needed to produce the observed 2002 brightening of the near-IR wavelengths. Models 2 and 3 utilize a combination of a disk wind and central bipolar flow. By introducing a filled bipolar cavity in Models 2 and 3, we were able to successfully simulate a jet-like structure for the star with a disk wind and created the drop and subsequent increase in brightness of the system. On the other hand, when the bipolar cavity is not filled, Model 1 replicates the quiescent state of the system.
The Einstein Ring GAL-CLUS-022058s: a Lensed Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at z = 1.4796
Authors: Díaz-Sánchez A. , Dannerbauer H. , Sulzenauer N. , Iglesias-Groth S. , Rebolo R.
Published: September 2021

We report an ultrabright lensed submillimeter galaxy at z
spec = 1.4796, identified as a result of a full-sky cross-correlation of the AllWISE and Planck compact source catalogs aimed at searching for bright submillimeter galaxies at z ∼ 1.5–2.8. Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX)/LABOCA observations of the candidate galaxy reveal a source with flux S
870μ
m
= 54 ± 8 mJy. The position of the APEX source coincides with the position of the AllWISE mid-IR source and with the Einstein ring GAL-CLUS-022058s, observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. Archival VLT/FORS observations reveal the redshift of this Einstein ring, z
spec = 1.4796, and the detection of the CO(5–4) line at z
spec = 1.4802 with APEX/nFLASH230 confirms the redshift of the submillimeter emission. The lensed source appears to be gravitationally magnified by a massive foreground galaxy cluster lens at z = 0.36. We use Lenstool to model the gravitational lensing, which is close to a “fold arc” configuration for an elliptical mass distribution of the central halo, where four images of the lensed galaxy are seen; the mean magnification is μ
L = 18 ± 4. We have determined an intrinsic rest-frame infrared luminosity of L
IR ≈1012
L
⊙ and a likely star formation rate of ∼70–170 M
⊙yr−1. The molecular gas mass is M
mol ∼ 2.6 × 1010
M
⊙ and the gas fraction is f = 0.34 ± 0.07. We also obtain a stellar mass log (M
*/M
⊙) = 10.7 ± 0.1 and a specific star formation rate log (sSFR/Gyr−1) = 0.15 ± 0.03. This galaxy lies on the so-called main sequence of star-forming galaxies at this redshift.
Double- and Triple-line Spectroscopic Candidates in the LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey
Authors: Li Chun-qian , Shi Jian-rong , Yan Hong-liang , Fu Jian-Ning , Li Jia-dong , Hou Yong-Hui
Published: September 2021

The LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey (LAMOST-MRS) provides an unprecedented opportunity for detecting multiline spectroscopic systems. Based on the cross correlation function and successive derivatives, we search for spectroscopic binaries and triples and derive their radial velocities (RVs) from the LAMOST-MRS spectra. A Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to estimate the RV uncertainties. After examining over 1.3 million LAMOST DR7 MRS blue-arm spectra, we obtain 3133 spectroscopic binary (SB) and 132 spectroscopic triple (ST) candidates, which account for 1.2% of the LAMOST-MRS stars. Over 95% of the candidates are newly discovered. It is found that all of the ST candidates are on the main sequence, while around 10% of the SB candidates may have one or two components on the red giant branch.
Collision Chains among the Terrestrial Planets. II. An Asymmetry between Earth and Venus
Authors: Emsenhuber Alexandre , Asphaug Erik , Cambioni Saverio , Gabriel Travis S. J. , Schwartz Stephen R.
Published: September 2021

During the late stage of terrestrial planet formation, hit-and-run collisions are about as common as accretionary mergers, for expected velocities and angles of giant impacts. Average hit-and-runs leave two major remnants plus debris: the target and impactor, somewhat modified through erosion, escaping at lower relative velocity. Here we continue our study of the dynamical effects of such collisions. We compare the dynamical fates of intact runners that start from hit-and-runs with proto-Venus at 0.7 au and proto-Earth at 1.0 au. We follow the orbital evolutions of the runners, including the other terrestrial planets, Jupiter, and Saturn, in an N-body code. We find that the accretion of these runners can take ≳10 Myr (depending on the egress velocity of the first collision) and can involve successive collisions with the original target planet or with other planets. We treat successive collisions that the runner experiences using surrogate models from machine learning, as in previous work, and evolve subsequent hit-and-runs in a similar fashion. We identify asymmetries in the capture, loss, and interchange of runners in the growth of Venus and Earth. Hit-and-run is a more probable outcome at proto-Venus, being smaller and faster orbiting than proto-Earth. But Venus acts as a sink, eventually accreting most of its runners, assuming typical events, whereas proto-Earth loses about half, many of those continuing to Venus. This leads to a disparity in the style of late-stage accretion that could have led to significant differences in geology, composition, and satellite formation at Earth and Venus.
Size and Shape of (11351) Leucus from Five Occultations
Authors: Buie Marc W. , Keeney Brian A. , Strauss Ryder H. , Blank Ted E. , Moore John G. , Porter Simon B. , Wasserman Lawrence H. , Weryk Robert J. , Levison Harold F. , Olkin Catherine B. , Leiva Rodrigo , Bardecker Jerry E. , Brown Michael E , Brown Lilah B , Collins Michael P. , Davidson Hugh M. , Dunham David W. , Dunham Joan B. , Eaccarino John A. , Finley Tiffany J. , Fuller Lindsay , Garcia Maria L. , George Tony , Getrost Kai , Gialluca Megan, T. , Givot Rima M. , Gupton David , Hanna William H. , Hergenrother Carl William , Hernandez Yamir , Hill Bryan , Hinton P. C. , Holt Timothy R. , Howell Robert R , Jewell Jack Lee , Kamin Roxanne L. , Kammer Joshua A. , Kareta Theodore , Kayl Gregory J. , Keller John M. , Kenyon David A. , Kester Scott R. , Kidd John N. , Lauer Tod R. , Leung Cecilia W. S. , Lorusso Zoey R. , Lundgren Christopher B. , Magana Lizeth O. , Maley Paul D. , Marchis Franck , Marcialis Robert L. , McCandless Andrew E. , McCrystal Delsie Joy , McGraw Allison Marie , Miller Kelly E. , Mueller Beatrice E. A. , Noonan J. W. , Olsen Aart M. , Patton Alexander R. , O’Conner Peluso Daniel , Person Michael J. , Rigby James G. , Rolfsmeier Alex D , Salmon Julien J. , Samaniego Joseph , Sawyer R. P. , Schulz David M. , Skrutskie Michael F , Smith Rose J. C. , Spencer John R. , Springmann Alessondra , Stanbridge Dale R. , Stoffel Timothy J , Tamblyn Peter , Tobias Bryan , Verbiscer Anne J. , von Schalscha Michael P. , Werts Holly , Zhang Qicheng
Published: September 2021

We present observations of five stellar occultations for (11351) Leucus and reports from two efforts on (21900) Orus. Both objects are prime mission candidate targets for the Lucy Discovery mission. Combined results for Leucus indicate a very dark surface with p

V
= 0.037 ± 0.001, which is derived from the average of the multichord occultations. Our estimate of the triaxial ellipsoidal shape is for axial diameters of 63.8 × 36.6 × 29.6 km assuming that the spin pole is normal to the line of sight. The actual shape of the object is only roughly elliptical in profile at each epoch. Significant topography is seen with horizontal scales up to 30 km and vertical scales up to 5 km. The most significant feature is a large depression on the southern end of the object as seen from a terrestrial viewpoint. For this work we developed a method to correct for differential refraction, accounting for the difference in color between the target object and the reference stars for astrometry derived from ground-based images.
Revision of the Exechia parva group (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)
Authors: Lindemann Jon Peder , Søli Geir , Kjærandsen Jostein
Published: September 2021

Exechiais a diverse genus of small fungus gnats, widespread in the Holarctic Region, while the fauna is largely unknown elsewhere, such as in the Afrotropical and Oriental Region. Members ofExechiacan be arranged into several species groups, based on homologies in the male and female terminalia. TheExechia parvagroup is delimited, based on male terminalia possessing a pair of gonocoxal lobes on the apicoventral gonocoxal margin. Eight previously-described species can be placed in this group, of which six are from the Holarctic Region, while one is recorded each from the Oriental and the Afrotropical Regions.

TheExechia parvagroup was reviewed and found to include 33 species, of which 24 were described as new to science and six were re-described. Identification keys to 32 species for males and nine species for females are provided together with illustrations and photos of male and female terminalia. Species delimitations were based on morphological examination of 94 male and female specimens, as well as DNA barcodes obtained from 124 specimens. Molecular and morphological species delimitations were mostly congruent, except in two cases where two species were delimited within a single Barcode Index Number (BIN). We found that each species is only known from a single zoogeographical region and that several species complexes are largely congruent with zoogeographical divisions, indicating that intercontinental barriers may have a strong impact on the species diversity of the group.
Lectotypification of six names in the genus Elleanthus (Orchidaceae) described from J. J. Linden’s collection
Authors: Dudek Magdalena , Szlachetko Dariusz L.
Published: September 2021

The lectotypification of six names of species, originally described as Evelyna Lind. (Orchidaceae), based on collections of Jean Jules Linden from locations that are currently in Venezuela and Colombia, is proposed. We also provide the number and location of duplicates of the type material.
Role of indole derivative SS-68 in increasing the frequency range of cardiac rhythm control (reflex stimulation of the sinoatrial node)
Authors: Galenko-Yaroshevsky Pavel A. , Nechepurenko Anatoly A. , Pokrovskaya Tatiana G. , Shimanovsky Nikolay L. , Dukhanin Alexander S. , Suzdalev Konstantin F. , Maslova Polina D. , Makhnova Natalia M. , Sheivais Vadim V. , Abushkevich Valery G. , Zelenskaya Anait V. , Seletskaya Valeria V. , Akhedzhak-Naguse Saida K. , Korotkov Konstantin G.
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Cardiac pacing is indicated for sick sinus syndrome. It is performed with a pacemaker via electrodes implanted in the heart. This technique has several disadvantages. The search for alternative methods of cardiac pacing is underway. One of them is control of heart rhythm through stimulation of the tragus.

Objective: To perform the reflex stimulation of the sinoatrial node and to study the influence of the SS-68 substance on it.

Materials and methods: Two electrodes were fixed in the reflexogenic zone of rabbits’ auricles, volleys of electrical impulses from an electrical stimulator were applied to the electrodes, and the synchronization range of volley frequency and cardiac contractions was recorded. This range was re-recorded again after injecting the SS-68 substance (2-phenyl-1-(3-pyrrolidine-1-cyclopropyl)-1H-indole hydrochloride) intravenously at a dose of 50 µg/kg. In other experiments on frogs in a high-frequency electromagnetic field, the process of excitation of the area of the medulla oblongata associated with the heart rhythm was visualized. After the application of SS-68 (50 μM) to the surface of this zone, the process of its excitation was recorded.

Results and discussion: Stimulation of the auricular reflexogenic zone of rabbits produced a synchronization of volley frequency and heart rate in the range from 173.5 ± 2.0 to 214.0 ± 1.8 per minute. SS-68 extended this range from 168.2 ± 1.9 to 219.4 ± 1.5 per minute. In the frog’s medulla oblongata, an area synchronous to the heart rhythm glowed in the high-frequency electromagnetic field. SS-68 increased the area of glow by 131.0%.

Conclusion: The substance SS-68 increases the frequency range of heart rhythm control by activating reflex stimulation of the sinoatrial node. The main point of application of SS-68 is the medulla oblongata. Glow in the high-frequency electromagnetic field reflects the process of neuron excitation. The increase in the glow zone under the influence of SS-68 indicates synchronously excited neurons, which leads to the assimilation of the central heart rhythm generation by the sinoatrial node.
Growing Nurse Leaders: Their Perspectives on Nursing Leadership and Today’s Practice Environment
Authors: Dyess Susan , Sherman Rose , Pratt Beth , Chiang-Hanisko Lenny
Published: September 2021

With the growing complexity of healthcare practice environments and pending nurse leader retirements, the development of future nurse leaders is increasingly important. This article reports on focus group research conducted with Generation Y nurses prior to their initiating coursework in a Master’s Degree program designed to support development of future nurse leaders. Forty-four emerging nurse leaders across three program cohorts participated in this qualitative study conducted to capture perspectives about nursing leaders and leadership. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze and code the data into categories. We discuss the three major categories identified, including: idealistic expectations of leaders, leading in a challenging practice environment, and cautious but optimistic outlook about their own leadership and future, and study limitations. The conclusion offers implications for future nurse leader development. The findings provide important insight into the viewpoints of nurses today about leaders and leadership.