bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy Of Formulas Used To Assess Strength Loss Due To Decay In Trees
Authors: Kane Brian C.P. , Ryan H. Dennis P.
Published: February 2022

There are four formulas that arborists in the United States often use to assess the probability of tree failure. Although they are commonly referred to as “strength loss formulas,” three of the formulas (Wagener 1963; Coder 1989; Smiley and Fraedrich 1992) actually estimate the loss instem moment of inertia(ISTEM) to evaluate the probability of failure. The formulas estimate the loss inISTEMby modeling the stem and decay cross-sectional areas as concentric circles. For many trees with decay, however, neither the stem nor the decay cross-sectional areas resemble concentric circles, which may limit the formulas’ accuracy. The fourth formula (Mattheck and Breloer 1998) is based on the buckling strength of a cylinder; it also offers a measure of the probability of stem failure. To test how well the formulas estimate the loss inISTEM, we compared each formula’s estimates for loss inISTEMto the actual loss inISTEMthat we calculated using theparallel axis theorem, an engineering technique. Although the parallel axis theorem provides the actual loss inISTEM, it cannot be used in practice because an image of the tree’s cross-section is needed to apply it. Significant differences existed between two formulas’ (Wagener 1963; Coder 1989) estimates of loss inISTEMand the actual value. Each of the formulas misclassified some trees as to whether they exceeded the formula’s action threshold. When we calculated the actual loss inISTEMfor those trees, however, it was less than 33%. We present representative stem cross-sections for which the formulas did not accurately represent loss inISTEM.
A Computer Simulation of An Alternative Design to Tree Crown Support Systems
Authors: Greco Craig M. , Lee Andy , Ham Donald , Smiley E. Thomas , Law E. Harry
Published: February 2022

Trees with multiple leaders that are susceptible to breaking pose a serious threat to nearby people and structures, and compromise overall tree health and aesthetics. The traditional remedy has been to install flexible steel cables in the crown of the tree in an attempt to limit the displacement of the leaders. This project was conducted to evaluate an alternative three-leader support cable system using computer simulation. The system is centered on a pulley that redirects loads along convergent cables, allowing for more displacement of the cabled leaders while minimizing the amount of materials and time required for installation. Comparisons between the traditional system and the alternative design were simulated using two-dimensional computer modeling to quantify the forces on the cables. The test winds were standardized at 43.45 km (27 mi) per hour for duration of 2 seconds. An interval of 18 seconds was allowed for the system to return to equilibrium for a total trial time of 20 seconds. Each system was standardized for cable diameter, damped springs, and distance between leaders with only the total length of cable varying according to the requirements of each system. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in both overall and shock forces to support cables when utilizing the alternative design. The decrease in force (based on cable configuration and wind direction) ranged from a 3.4:1 to 22.4:1 for the alternative and traditions systems, respectively.
QUEIJO COLONIAL DO SUDOESTE PARANAENSE: CAMINHOS PARA A VALORIZAÇÃO E REGULAMENTAÇÃO / Colonial cheese of Southwest of Paraná State: pathways for valorization and regulation
Authors: Gheller Diego Ghedini , Corona Hieda Maria Pagliosa
Published: February 2022

Mesmo com as mudanças trazidas pelo sistema agroalimentar dominante, os produtos alimentares tradicionais, como os queijos artesanais, seguem contribuindo significativamente na agricultura familiar. Neste contexto, objetivou-se analisar aspectos culturais e sociais ligados à fabricação do queijo colonial no Sudoeste Paranaense, seguindo três etapas de pesquisa: busca de dados e informações sobre a agricultura familiar e a produção de queijos artesanais no território, análise de recentes legislações sobre as agroindústrias de pequeno porte e acompanhamento do Concurso de Queijos Artesanais do Paraná, com registro de depoimentos dos participantes.  Segundo as informações levantadas, há uma importante concentração de produtores de queijo na região, que seguem mantendo a produção nos moldes do saber-fazer tradicional, onde a informalidade perante a legislação sanitária ainda prevalece, mesmo com recentes avanços. Contudo, a recente valorização dos alimentos tradicionais pelos consumidores se constitui em oportunidade para a valorização territorial dos produtos, especialmente os queijos artesanais.Abstract: Even with the changes brought about by the dominant agrifood system, traditional food products, such as artisanal cheeses, continued to contribute to family farming. In this context, the objective was to analyze cultural and social aspects related to the manufacture of colonial cheese in the Southwest of Paraná, following three stages of research: search for data and information on family farming and the production of artisanal cheeses in the territory, analysis of recent legislation on small agro-industries and monitoring of the Paraná Craft Cheese Contest, with participants' testimonies recorded. According to the information gathered, there is an important concentration of cheese producers in the region, who maintain production in the mold of traditional know-how, where informality in relation to sanitary legislation still prevails, despite recent advances. However, a recent appreciation of traditional foods by consumers is an opportunity for the territorial appreciation of products, especially artisanal cheeses.
A QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA E O CAPITAL MONOPOLISTA / The agrarian issue and monopolistic capital
Authors: Pedrão Fernando Cardoso
Published: February 2022

Esse ensaio discute a questão agrária com seus impactos regionais e as relações capitalistas, na fase do capital monopolista. A questão agrária é uma pista para expor as contradições do capital monopolista e dos processos de mercado. A atual expansão do capital na forma de grandes extensões de produção monocultora absenteísta implica em uma reforma agrária negativa, que expõe o confronto entre agronegócios e politicas sociais com devastação ambiental.ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the agrarian issue with its regional impacts and capitalist relations, in the monopolistic capital phase The agrarian issue is a clue to the contradictions of monopolistic capital and on -going market process.  The present day expansion of capital as big expanses of digitalized and absentees production amounts to a negative agrarian reform that exposes agrobusiness as the opposite of social issue and responsible for environment plundering.
ECONOMIA ECOLÓGICA E O PLANO ESTADUAL DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS (PERS) NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO/ The Ecological Economy and the State Solid Waste Plan (PERS) in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil
Authors: Lara Julio Cezar de , Arend Silvio Cezar , Oliveira Edson Aparecida de Araújo Querido
Published: February 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo, mediante revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental, descrever os conceitos fundamentais da Economia Ecológica e apresentar a discussão inicial do Plano Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos – PERS do estado de Mato Grosso. Para alcançar seu objetivo reproduz argumentos da Economia Ecológica que defende um equilíbrio entre o capital, recursos naturais e trabalho, entendendo que a alocação de recursos com base nos preços de mercado conduzirá a uma irracionalidade do ponto de vista ecológico e do aspecto da incomensurabilidade. Também demonstrará explicações sobre a existência de uma troca desigual entre a periferia (que não expressa o desgaste ambiental e social) e o centro.  Destaca que há defensores dos movimentos sociais e da pressão política para realizar mudanças efetivas na postura governamental e nas políticas ambientais. Por fim apresenta o exemplo do estado de Mato Grosso na elaboração do PERS.Abstract: The objective of this paper, through bibliographical review and documentary research, is to describe the fundamental concepts of Ecological Economics and present the initial discussion of the State Solid Waste Plan – PERS in the state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. To achieve its objective, it reproduces arguments from Ecological Economics that defend a balance between capital, natural resources and labor, understanding that the allocation of resources based on market prices will lead to irrationality from an ecological point of view and from the aspect of incommensurability. It will also demonstrate explanations about the existence of an unequal exchange between the periphery (which does not express the environmental and social wear) and the center. It highlights that there are advocates of social movements and political pressure to make effective changes in government posture and environmental policies. Finally, it presents the example of the state of Mato Grosso in the elaboration of the PERS.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEATHS FROM ILL-DEFINED AND UNKNOWN CAUSES BEFORE AND DURING THE SARSCOV-2 PANDEMIC
Authors: SOUZA Andreza Rozendo , SANTOS Marcus Asevedo , QUEIROZ Aline Trovão
Published: February 2022

Documenting the cause of death is important to know the health situation of the population. After the beginning of the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, institutional protocols were created to minimize the spread of the virus, including changes in the handling of bodies. The main objective of this study was to identify whether there was a change in the number of deaths from unknown to ill-defined causes comparing two years before the pandemic and two years during the pandemic in Brazil and the state of Rio de Janeiro and to determine the main epidemiological characteristics. A documentary, retrospective, and historical study were carried out based on data collection in the mortality information system from 2018 to 2021. The period was divided into two phases to make comparisons, two years before and two during the pandemic. Mortality rate, sex, color, and age data were included. Before the pandemic, there was a lower mortality rate from an ill-defined or unknown cause in Brazil and the State of Rio de Janeiro. In addition to the problems faced before, the changes caused by the pandemic may have influenced the rise in death notifications from this cause. The age group most affected in the two biennia analyzed was over 80. During the pandemic, men were more affected than women, browns in Brazil and whites in Rio de Janeiro had the highest number of notifications. In general, during the pandemic, it was shown that there was an increase in the number of people who died from unknown or poorly defined causes, especially the elderly. Additional studies need to be performed for definitive elucidation. In addition, it is necessary to identify better the conditions that caused the increase in the number of deaths from unknown or poorly defined causes.
El origen común de las instituciones de asistencia médica colectiva en Argentina y Uruguay: organización actual a ambos lados del rìo
Authors: Giribaldi Natalia Veloso
Published: February 2022

El presente trabajo analiza los orígenes de la organización colectiva de la atención de la salud en Argentina y Uruguay, así como su configuración actual. En este sentido, identifica puntos de origen comunes para concluir que, en relación con el estado actual, estos sistemas comparten características comunes, ya que abarcan un sector importante de la población y estaban abiertos al público en general, independientemente de si pertenecen al respectivo campo de actividad o al fundador de la comunidad. Sin embargo, se diferencian por el hecho de que, si bien en Uruguay hubo adhesión de órganos originarios al Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud, en Argentina el funcionamiento de Obras Sociales parece quedarse en la lógica de subsistemas o compartimentos estancos, advirtiendo de mayores desigualdades entre los diferentes subsectores.
“alquimia” da relevância, o reuso de dados e seu impacto no desenvolvimento sustentável: contribuições à agenda 2030
Authors: Viola Carla Maria Martellote , Sales Luana Farias
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: Evidenciar a relevância da recuperação de informação de fontes de dados de terceiros para reuso com propósito de alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável no Brasil.
Método: Desenvolve-se pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de cunho bibliográfico e documental, inspirada nos autores Saracevic e Hjørland, para abordar as noções de relevância aplicadas aos conceitos de metadados e dados de pesquisa e nos processos de representação, recuperação e reuso desses dados, reflete-se qualitativamente sobre conceitos e fenômenos e analisa-se documentos nacionais que contemplem resultados sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil e internacionais que possibilitem o reuso de dados.
Resultado: Salienta-se que o reuso de dados de pesquisa científica está assinalado na metodologia dos assuntos apresentados no Relatório Luz 2020 sobre a Agenda 2030 do Grupo de Trabalho da Sociedade Civil e que o Relatório da Oliver Wyman aponta serem as fontes de dados de terceiros, um complemento essencial para os dados tradicionais coletados pelas Organizações Nacionais de Estatística.
Conclusões: A partir dos resultados assinalados, constata-se a necessidade dos dados de pesquisa serem registrados em plataformas de gestão de dados para reuso e a importância do conhecimento prévio do assunto para obtenção de resultados relevantes e eficazes na recuperação da informação para constatação de resultados rumo à Agenda 2030.
O Caso Gomes Lund (“Guerrilha Do Araguaia”) dez anos depois: desafios para o cumprimento integral pelo Estado brasileiro
Authors: Archegas João Gabriel , Gussoli Felipe Klein , Valle Vivian Cristina Lima López
Published: February 2022

O artigo analisa o caso Gomes Lund vs. Brasil, julgado pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos em 2010. Após uma breve introdução ao Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos e sua relação com o Brasil, o artigo se divide da seguinte maneira: primeiro analisa o caso, desde as violações de direitos humanos na década de 70 até o julgado da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos em 2010; em seguida, mostra qual é o estágio atual de cumprimento das medidas de reparação determinadas pela Corte; por fim, lista quais são os principais entraves para que as medidas da sentença Gomes Lund sejam integralmente cumpridas pelo Estado Brasileiro. Foi utilizada a metodologia de pesquisa indutiva, mediante consulta a bibliografia especializada e análise de pedidos de acesso à informação enviados às Forças Armadas brasileiras e Ministério da Mulher, Família e Direitos Humanos via Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão (e-SIC) do Governo Federal.
MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM BINGKAI KONSTITUSI NEGARA
Authors: Mbitu Falentin Rambu
Published: February 2022

Conflicts between religious communities in Indonesia are not only experienced by the majority and minorities but also the majority with the majority. The purpose of the article answers the question: What is a State Constitution? How to Explore Historical, Sociological and Political Sources on the Constitution in State Life? How is religious moderation in the framework of the state constitution? The answers are: (1) The state constitution is a state government organization that has various forms and structural complexity, there is also a political or legal constitution but it also contains the meaning of an economic constitution. (2) The state constitutional institutions are: the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the People's Representative Council (DPR), the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), the President/Vice President, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Supreme Audit. (3) Religious moderation is the frame of item 3 of the Pancasila “Unity of Indonesia”, in which President Joko Widodo to the Minister of Religion emphasizes the importance of the state (state constitution) implementing religious moderation because it strengthens national unity. Religious moderation can improve: national character, tolerance and national harmony, quality of education, and quality of leadership.Konflik masyarakat beragama di Indonesia bukan saja dialami oleh mayoritas dan minoritas tetapi mayoritas dengan mayoritas pun berlangsung. Tujuan artikel menjawab pertanyaan: Apa yang dimaksud dengan Konstitusi Negara?  Bagaimanakah Menggali Sumber Historis, Sosiologis dan Politik tentang Konstitusi dalam Kehidupan Bernegara?  Bagaimanakah moderasi beragama dalam bingkai konstitusi negara? Jawab adalah:  (1) Konstitusi negara adalah organisasi pemerintahan negara yang terdapat beragam bentuk dan kompleksitas strukturnya, terdapat pula konstitusi politik atau hukum akan tetapi mengandung pula arti konstitusi ekonomi.  (2) Lembaga konstitusi negara adalah:  Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD),  Presiden/Wakil Presiden, Mahkamah Agung,  Mahkamah Konstitusi, Komisi Yudisial, dan   Pemeriksa Keuangan. (3) Moderasi beragama menjadi bingkai butir 3 Pancasila “Persatuan Indonesia”, di mana Presiden Joko Widodo hingga Menteria Agama, menegaskan betapa pentingnya negara  (konstitusi negara) melaksanakan moderasi beragama karena hal tersebut memperkuat persatuan bangsa. Moderasi beragama dapat meningkatkan: karakter bangsa, toleransi dan kerukunan bangsa, kualitas pendidikan, dan kualitas kepemimpinan.
Zanubrutinib (Brukinsa)
Authors: Reimbursement Team
Published: February 2022

CADTH reimbursement reviews are comprehensive assessments of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, as well as patient and clinician perspectives, of a drug or drug class.
The assessments inform non-binding recommendations that help guide the reimbursement decisions of Canada's federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the exception of Quebec.
This review assesses zanubrutinib (Brukinsa), 80 mg oral capsules.
Indication: Treatment of adult patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma).
Anestesiologia para acadêmicos de medicina: uma visão contemporânea
Authors: Medeiros Pedro Diógenes Peixoto de
Published: February 2022

Esse livro traz temáticas sobre alguns dos principais assuntos de Anestesiologia de modo suscinto, mas repleto de atualizações. O livro foi concebido e escrito por acadêmicos do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), integrantes da Liga Acadêmica de Anestesiologia e Dor (LIANCE) que, ao perceberem a escassa produção voltada para os estudantes em formação, resolveram buscar e unir conhecimentos em uma obra com o fito de auxiliar outros estudantes que buscam se aprofundar nessa área tão magnífica que é a Anestesiologia. A produção contou, ainda, com a orientação e revisão de professores do curso de Medicina da UECE e Médicos Residentes em Cirurgia e em Anestesiologia, garantindo a qualidade das informações. Nessa obra, você encontrará temáticas com embasamento teórico confiável, escritos de forma objetiva, que servirá para a compreensão e noção sobre os temas abordados aos estudantes de graduação. Aos entusiastas da área de Anestesiologia, também contribuirá em aprendizado para a especialização, uma vez que buscamos abordar temáticas que vão desde o pré-operatório ao pós-opetarório.
PM2.5 Source Apportionment using Organic Marker-based CMB Modeling: Influence of Inorganic Markers and Sensitivity to Source Profiles
Authors: Tian Yingze , Wang Xiaoning , Zhao Peng , Shi Zongbo , Harrison Roy M.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Chemical mass balance (CMB) is one of the most popular methods to apportion the sources of PM2.5. However, the source apportionment results are dependent on the choices of measured chemical species and the source profiles. Here, we explore the sensitivity of CMB results to source profiles by comparing CMB modeling based on organic markers only (OM-CMB) with a combination of organic and inorganic markers (IOM-CMB), using organic and inorganic markers in PM2.5 samples collected in the Chinese megacity of Chengdu. OM-CMB results show that gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, industrial coal combustion, resuspended dust, biomass burning, cooking, vegetation detritus, SOA, sulphate, and nitrate contributed to 4 %, 10 %, 15 %, 12 %, 5 %, 3 %, 4 %, 9 %, 10 %, and 20 %, in comparison to 4 %, 11 %, 15 %, 17 %, 6 %, 2 %, 5 %, 10 %, 7 %, and 18 % from IOM-CMB modelling. The temporal variations of PM2.5 contributions from sulphate, nitrate, SOA, gasoline vehicles, and biomass burning, characterized by unique markers and low collinearity, were in good agreement between the OM-CMB and IOM-CMB results. However, resuspended dust estimates from OM-CMB had a poor correlation with that from IOM-CMB, due to the different tracers used. When replacing the source profile for industrial coal combustion with that for from residential sources, the contributions of resuspended dust and residential coal combustion were overestimated because the residential coal combustion profile contained a higher concentration of OC and organic compounds but lower crustal elements. Different source profiles for gasoline vehicles were also evaluated. Our results confirm the superiority of combining inorganic and organic tracers and using up-to-date locally-relevant source profiles in source apportionment of PM.
Simulated impacts of vertical distributions of black carbon aerosol on meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during severe haze events
Authors: Chen Donglin , Liao Hong , Yang Yang , Chen Lei , Zhao Delong , Ding Deping
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) play a critical role in modifying the
meteorological conditions such as temperature, planetary boundary layer
height (PBLH), and regional circulation, which influence surface layer
concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of
2.5 µm or less; the surface layer covers from 0 to 79.5 m). However, BC vertical
profiles in current models usually have large uncertainties. In this study,
by using measurements of BC vertical profiles in Beijing collected by
King Air 350 aircraft and the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry
model (WRF-Chem) coupled with an improved integrated process (IPR) analysis
scheme, we investigated the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BC with
different vertical profiles on meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations in
Beijing during two severe haze events (11–12 and 16–19 December 2016). Compared with measurements in Beijing, the model
overestimated BC concentrations by 87.4 % at the surface and
underestimated BC mass by 14.9 % at altitudes of 300–900 m as averaged over the two pollution events. The BC DRE with the default vertical profiles from the model heated the air around 300 m altitude, but the warming would be
stronger when BC vertical profiles were modified for each day using the
observed data during the two severe haze events. Accordingly, compared to
the simulation with the default vertical profiles of BC, PBLH was reduced
further by 24.7 m (6.7 %) and 6.4 m (3.8 %) in Beijing in the first and second haze events, respectively, with the modified vertical profiles, and hence the surface layer PM2.5 concentrations were higher by 9.3 µg m−3 (4.1 %) and 5.5 µg m−3 (3.0 %) over central Beijing,
owing to increased positive contributions of vertical mixing and chemical
processes. Furthermore, we quantified by sensitivity experiments the roles
of BC vertical profiles with six exponential decline functions
(C(h)=C0×e-h/hs and hs​​​​​​​ = 0.35, 0.48, 0.53,
0.79, 0.82, and 0.96) parameterized on the basis of the observations. A
larger hs means less BC at the surface and more BC in the upper atmosphere,
resulting in less solar radiation reaching the ground and consequently a
stronger cooling at the surface (+0.21 with hs of 0.35 vs. −0.13∘ with hs of 0.96). Our results indicate that it is very important to have accurate vertical profiles of BC in simulations of meteorology and PM2.5 concentrations during haze events.
N2O5 uptake onto saline mineral dust: a potential missing source of tropospheric ClNO2 in inland China
Authors: Wang Haichao , Peng Chao , Wang Xuan , Lou Shengrong , Lu Keding , Gan Guicheng , Jia Xiaohong , Chen Xiaorui , Chen Jun , Wang Hongli , Fan Shaojia , Wang Xinming , Tang Mingjin
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2), an important precursor of Cl atoms,
significantly affects atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation.
However, sources of ClNO2 in inland China have not been fully
elucidated. In this work, laboratory experiments were conducted to
investigate heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with eight saline
mineral dust samples collected from different regions in China, and
substantial formation of ClNO2 was observed in these reactions.
ClNO2 yields, φ(ClNO2), showed large variations (ranging
from <0.05 to ∼0.77) for different saline mineral
dust samples, depending on mass fractions of particulate chloride. In
addition, φ(ClNO2) could increase, decrease or show
insignificant change for different saline mineral dust samples when relative
humidity (RH) increased from 18 % to 75 %. We further found that current
parameterizations significantly overestimated φ(ClNO2) for
heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 onto saline mineral dust. In
addition, assuming a uniform φ(ClNO2) value of 0.10 for
N2O5 uptake onto mineral dust, we used a 3-D chemical transport
model to assess the impact of this reaction on tropospheric ClNO2 in
China and found that weekly mean nighttime maximum ClNO2 mixing ratios
could have been increased by up to 85 pptv during a severe dust event in May
2017. Overall, our work showed that heterogeneous reaction of N2O5
with saline mineral dust could be an important source of tropospheric
ClNO2 in inland China.
Estimating cloud condensation nuclei concentrations from CALIPSO lidar measurements
Authors: Choudhury Goutam , Tesche Matthias
Published: February 2022

Abstract. We present a novel methodology to estimate cloud condensation nuclei
(CCN) concentrations from spaceborne CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observations) lidar measurements. The
algorithm utilizes (i) the CALIPSO-derived backscatter and extinction
coefficient, depolarization ratio, and aerosol subtype information;
(ii) the normalized volume size distributions and refractive indices
from the CALIPSO aerosol model; and (iii) the MOPSMAP (modelled optical properties of ensembles of aerosol particles) optical
modelling package. For each CALIPSO height bin, we first select the
aerosol-type specific size distribution and then adjust it to
reproduce the extinction coefficient derived from the CALIPSO
retrieval. The scaled size distribution is integrated to estimate the
aerosol number concentration, which is then used in the CCN
parameterizations to calculate CCN concentrations at different
supersaturations. To account for the hygroscopicity of continental and
marine aerosols, we use the kappa parameterization and correct the
size distributions before the scaling step. The sensitivity of the
derived CCN concentrations to variations in the initial size
distributions is also examined. It is found that the uncertainty
associated with the algorithm can range between a factor of 2 and
3. Our results are comparable to results obtained using the POLIPHON (Polarization Lidar Photometer Networking)
method for extinction coefficients larger than 0.05 km−1. An
initial application to a case with coincident airborne in situ
measurements for independent validation shows promising results and
illustrates the potential of CALIPSO for constructing a global
height-resolved CCN climatology.
The FY-3D Global Active Fire product: Principle, Methodology and Validation
Authors: Chen Jie , Yao Qi , Chen Ziyue , Li Manchun , Hao Zhaozhan , Liu Cheng , Zheng Wei , Xu Miaoqing , Chen Xiao , Yang Jing , Lv Qiancheng , Gao Bingbo
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Wild fires have a strong negative effect on environment, ecology and public health. However, the continuous degradation of mainstream global fire products leads to large uncertainty on the effective monitoring of wild fires and its influence. To fill this gap, we produced FY-3D global fire products with a similar spatial and temporal resolution, aiming to serve as the continuity and replacement for MODIS fire products. Firstly, the sensor parameters and major algorithms for noise detection and fire identification in FY-3D products were introduced. For accuracy assessment, five typical regions, Africa, South America, Indo-China Peninsula，Siberia and Australia, across the globe were selected. The overall consistence between FY-3D fire products and reference data exceeded 94 %, with a more than 90 % consistence in all regions. Furthermore, the consistence between FY-3D and MODIS fire products was examined. The result suggested that the overall consistence was 84.4 %, with a fluctuation across seasons, surface types and regions. The high accuracy and consistence with MODIS products proved that FY-3D fire product was an ideal tool for global fire monitoring. Specially, since detailed geographical conditions in China were considered, FY-3D products should be preferably employed for fires monitoring in China. FY-3D fire dataset can be downloaded at http://satellite.nsmc.org.cn/portalsite/default.aspx (NSMC, 2021).
Inland lake temperature initialization via cycling with atmospheric data assimilation
Authors: Benjamin Stanley G. , Smirnova Tatiana G. , James Eric P. , Anderson Eric J. , Fujisaki-Manome Ayumi , Kelley John G. W. , Mann Greg E. , Gronewold Andrew D. , Chu Philip , Kelley Sean G. T.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Application of lake models coupled within earth-system prediction models, especially for short-term predictions from days to weeks, requires accurate initialization of lake temperatures. Here, we describe a lake initialization method by cycling within an hourly updated weather prediction model to constrain lake temperature evolution. We compare these simulated lake temperature values with other estimates from satellite and in situ and interpolated-SST data sets for a multi-month period in 2021. The lake cycling initialization, now applied to two operational US NOAA weather models, was found to decrease errors in lake temperature from as much as 5–10 K (using interpolated-SST data) to about 1–2 K (comparing with available in situ and satellite observations.
Studying the dynamic of a high alpine catchment based on multiple natural tracers
Authors: Michelon Anthony , Ceperley Natalie , Beria Harsh , Larsen Joshua , Vennemann Torsten , Schaefli Bettina
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Hydrological processes in high elevation catchments are largely influenced by snow accumulation and melt, as well as summer rainfall input. The use of the stable isotopes of water as a natural tracer has become popular over recent years to characterize water flow paths and storage in such environments, in conjunction with electric conductivity (EC) and water temperature measurements. In this work, we analyzed in detail the potential of year round samples of these natural tracers to characterize hydrological processes in a snow-dominated Alpine catchment. Our results underline that water temperature measurements in springs, groundwater and in-stream are promising to trace flow path depth and relative flow rates. The stable isotopes of water are shown here to be particularly valuable to get insights into the interplay of subsurface flow and direct snowmelt input to the stream during winter and early snow melt periods. Our results underline the critical role of subsurface flow during all melt periods and the presence of snowmelt even during winter base flow. We furthermore discuss why reliably detecting the role of subsurface flow requires year-round water sampling in such environments. A key conclusion of our work is the added value of soil and water temperature measurements to interpret EC and isotope analyses, by giving additional information on snow-free periods and on flow path depths.
Impact of runoff temporal distribution on ice dynamics
Authors: de Fleurian Basile , Davy Richard , Langebroek Petra M.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Records of meltwater production at the surface of the Greenland ice sheet have been recorded with a surprisingly high recurrence over the last decades. Those longer and/or more intense melt seasons have a direct impact on the surface mass balance of the ice sheet and on its contribution to sea level rise. Moreover, the surface melt also affects the ice dynamics through the meltwater lubrication feedback. It is still not clear how the meltwater lubrication feedback impacts the long term ice velocities on the Greenland ice sheet. Here we take a modelling approach with simplified ice sheet geometry and climate forcings to investigate in more detail the impacts of the changing characteristics of the melt season on ice dynamics. We model the ice dynamics through the coupling of the Double Continuum (DoCo) subglacial hydrology model with a shallow shelf approximation for the ice dynamics in the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). The climate forcing is generated from the ERA5 dataset to allow the length and intensity of the melt season to be varied in a comparable range of values. Our simulations present different behaviours between the lower and higher part of the glacier but overall, a longer melt season will yield a faster glacier for a given runoff value. Furthermore, an increase in the intensity of the melt season, even under increasing runoff, tends to reduce glacier velocities. Those results emphasise the complexity of the meltwater lubrication feedback and urge us to use subglacial drainage models with efficient drainage components to give an accurate assessment of its impact on the overall dynamics of the Greenland Ice sheet.
Quantifying the effect of blockage for wind farm layout optimization
Authors: Young Ethan , Allen Jeffery , Jasa John , Barter Garrett , King Ryan
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Wind plant blockage is a phenomenon where the presence of a large wind farm creates a disturbance to air flow external to the farm itself that is not accounted for by wake effects. This is typically manifested as a slowdown in wind velocity upstream from a plant, which can be shown to decrease power production. Knowing a priori how a wind farm's layout will generate blockage could help to improve the accuracy of AEP calculations and suggest more blockage-optimal turbine layouts. In this study, we consider the effect of wind plant blockage and perform multiple types of layout optimization to reduce blockage while solving the flow physics using computational fluid dynamics. We present a variety of methods to quantify this blockage effect, ranging from localized measurements taken in the proximity of each turbine to farm-wide integral measurements designed to capture the velocity decrease in a more global way. We then investigate each blockage metric using simple case studies designed to isolate effects due to layout changes. While all metrics show sensitivity during this testing, the integral metrics better avoid spurious effects due to waking and are better suited to evaluating blockage which we find to be a cumulative effect. We then perform multiple farm layout optimizations using these blockage metrics as objectives and find that in the absence of a power production constraint the optimized layouts tend to minimize disturbance to the surrounding flow by creating streamwise rows of turbines. Finally, we present a power-constrained layout optimization which explicitly illustrates the trade-off between designing for blockage and power. This work presents a variety of different blockage definitions and offers a set of recommendations regarding their deployment, expected behavior, and viability for consideration as part of layout planning.
What makes authentic questions authentic?
Authors: Schaffalitzky Caroline
Published: February 2022

In some approaches to dialogic pedagogy research, authentic questions have long attracted attention, since the prevalence of authentic questions has been used as an indicator of the dialogic quality of classroom activities. However, this article offers an analysis of the concept of authentic questions in the research literature and shows that this concept is less clear than is commonly assumed. For instance, descriptions and definitions offered are very heterogeneous even within particular studies, and classifications of authentic questions vary across research literature. The analysis identifies four different, implicit conceptual elements in “authentic question” — some of which cannot be reconciled. The analysis also identifies an important underlying theme, namely mutual recognition and respect, in descriptions of authentic questions. Accordingly, the article concludes with the recommendation that future research on authentic questions includes this theme explicitly in reflections on the identification of authentic questions.
The Relationship Between Liquidity Risk and Profitability in the Commercial Banks Listed in Amman Stock Exchange
Authors:   College of Business, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan, K. Al-Shehadeh Abedalrazzak , El Refae Ghaleb A. ,   College of Business, Al Ain University, UAE, Qasim Amer M. ,   College of Business, Al Ain University, UAE
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to evolve the relationship between liquidity risk and the profitability among commercial banks (n=16) listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. The evolution was based on the annual reports from 2010 to 2019. A suitable multiple regression model was used to achieve this goal, which indicated no statistically significant relationship between the liquidity risk indicators and the majority of profitability indicators. However, the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) index was statistically significant with the Utilization Ratio (UR). Additionally, there was a statistically significant relationship between the return on equity and the legal reserve ratios and the funds’ investment. This study recommends raising the awareness of the relationship between the indicators of liquidity risk and profitability among the financial policy planer in Jordanian commercial banks because the maintained level of liquidity will undoubtedly affect the volume of investments in banks. Thus, influencing the bank market value by increasing the share on the stock exchange.
The Authenticity of Visual Recording in Criminal Evidence in Palestinian Legislation
Authors:   College of Law, Al-Istiqlal University, UAE, Mahmmoud Abdullah D. , Darraj Osama I. ,   College of Law, Al-Istiqlal University, UAE
Published: February 2022

This study revolves around the authenticity of video recordings before the criminal judiciary in Palestine, as video recordings of all kinds have become widely spread in society, especially with modern technical development, and imaging devices have spread in public and private places, which opened the way to consider the authenticity of these recordings in the event The occurrence of a crime to benefit from it in criminal proof. The Palestinian judiciary has taken the legality of the evidence derived from visual recordings in public places, where it is required that the visual evidence, like the rest of the other evidence, is certain and unquestionable so that the verdict of conviction is based on it and the judge can reach its validity and conviction through the visual evidence presented to him from pictures and films and watching them through his computer screen. The researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach by addressing and analyzing the texts of Resolution Law No. 10 of 2018 regarding cybercrime, and Law of Criminal Procedure No. 3 of 2001 and analyzing them to reach the true will of the legislator. The study concluded that visual recording in an illegal private place is a violation of the sanctity of private life, a constitutional principle that the legislator was keen on in the Palestinian Basic Law, and the Palestinian legislator did not explicitly refer to the acceptance of visual evidence in criminal evidence except in the decision by Law No. 20 of 2015 on money laundering and terrorism financing, and the most important recommendations are related to the need to investigate the accuracy of uploading the visual evidence so that this evidence does not constitute a violation of the sanctity of the private life of individuals, with the need to adhere to the use of this guide by observing the legal controls related to the visual evidence.
Special Criminal Measures in Combating Terrorist Crimes in the Light of Federal Law No. (7) of 2014 Concerning Combating Terrorist Crimes
Authors:   College of law- Al-Ain University- UAE, SHIYAB Tayil M.
Published: February 2022

This study came to analyze the legal texts regulating criminal measures for combating terrorist crimes, as stipulated by the UAE legislator in Law No. 7 of 2014 on combating terrorist crimes. In this study, I tried to go into the details of these measures to show the adequacy of these legal texts to reduce the terrorist crime and address the terrorist development of the terrorist person. This research has been divided into two sections, the first of which deals with the management of counseling centers by showing the legislative basis for this measure and the legal nature of it, and the mechanism of action of these centers. . We have concluded that the UAE legislator did well in adopting this measure to confront the extremist and terrorist ideology of people who adopt an extremist ideology and fear that they will commit terrorist crimes in the future. As for the second topic, additional measures were addressed, which consisted of banning travel and surveillance, prohibiting going to certain places or places, and prohibiting residency in a specific place or region. As well as limiting residence in a specific place and preventing contact with a specific person or persons. It has become clear to us that these additional measures play an important role in reducing the phenomenon of terrorist crime. The research concluded with a number of results that were a reflection of the main question that was raised in the introduction to this research.
SELEKSI FITUR DAN OPTIMASI PARAMETER k-NN BERBASIS ALGORITMA GENETIKA PADA DATASET MEDIS
Authors: Prasetio Rizki Tri
Published: February 2022

Klasifikasi dataset medis adalah masalah data mining utama yang sedang diteliti selama satu dekade yang telah menarik beberapa peneliti dari berbagai bidang. Banyak algoritma klasifikasi dirancang untuk belajar dari data itu sendiri melalui proses pelatihan, karena pengetahuan ahli untuk menentukan parameter klasifikasi sulit. Penelitian ini mengusulkan metodologi yang didasarkan pada paradigma data mining. Paradigma ini mengintegrasikan pencarian heuristic yang terinspirasi dari evolusi alam yang disebut algoritma genetika dengan algoritma pembelajaran yang paling sederhana dan paling banyak digunakan, k nearest neighbor. Algoritma genetika digunakan untuk pemilihan fitur dan optimasi parameter sedangkan k-nearest neighbor digunakan sebagai algoritma klasifikasi. Metode yang diusulkan diujicobakan pada lima dataset medis dari UCI Machine Learning Repository untuk menangani klasifikasi dataset medis. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa metode yang diusulkan mampu mencapai kinerja yang baik, dibandingkan dengan hasil pengklasifikasi lain dengan peningkatan yang signifikan dengan nilai p uji-t 0.0011.
Effectiveness of Online Teaching Methodology on Students’ Learning During Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Online Learning Space Design
Authors: Fatima Najeeb Khan , Amna Hafeez  , Beenish Batool, Zukhraf Jamil
Published: February 2022

This study is aimed to analyze the effectiveness of online teaching on students’ learning during the current pandemic. The novelty lies in analyzing the mediating role of online learning space design during an unprecedented situation of a pandemic. The effect of online teaching methodology (instructional design, assessment design, and online teaching platform and online learning space design) on student learning (dependent variable) is studied. Furthermore, the mediating role of online learning space design is investigated by correlating factors that influence student learning. A total of 837 student responses and 86 teacher responses have been recorded using two questionnaires. The results fully support the proposed hypotheses.
The Carceral Automaton: Digital Prisons and Technologies of Detention
Authors: McKay Carolyn
Published: February 2022

Prisons are on the cusp of a technological transformation as twenty-first-century digital connectivity in ‘free’ society permeates prison design and offender management. This article will begin with an overview of the digital technologies in ‘smart’ prisons. Two limbs are emerging: technologies that are embedded into the infrastructure of prisons to benefit authorities through heightened security, and technologies that may benefit prisoners by providing them with positive opportunities to access justice, maintain family relationships and engage in programs aimed at optimising their post-release circumstances and rehabilitation. However, recent case law paints a picture of prison life devoid of human contact during the COVID-19 pandemic, bringing isolation and heightened anxiety. Through the lens of emergent conceptions of digital criminology, this article will analyse Australian case law to examine whether the automated, smart or digital prison offers a utopian vision of safe detention and rehabilitation or a dehumanised and punitive dystopia.
Getting a statistician job you want: necessary skills for statistics graduates
Authors:   Mayo Clinic, Mandrekar Jay
Published: February 2022

Many smart statistics graduates compete for the same job, but why does only one of them get selected? What separates him or her from the rest? Technical skill or soft skill or both? What does an employer look for in the candidate? Statisticians work as collaborators in various industries and academic institutions. In today’s competitive world, focusing only on mastering new statistical techniques and software is not enough. A candidate needs to strengthen soft skills. These include networking, communication, collaborative attitude, showcasing teamwork, and leadership potential. These skills are not generally taught in graduate coursework and may take time to deve- lop, but pay dividends when they come together. Graduate students should find a mentor who can guide them in achieving and mastering soft skills. Mentoring is a form of shared leadership which benefits both mentor and mentee, and is facilitated by many statistical associations. This paper will share insights from the author’s experience as a lead statistician over 15 years, as well as from his responsibilities as the director of biostatistics core at a large academic healthcare institute with over 300 statisticians, data scientists, bioinformaticians, and programmers. Examples will include one on one interactions, as well as a group setting with high school and university students.
How to prepare students for work in the pharmaceutical industry?
Authors:   Early Clinical Development, Astrazeneca RD, Taib Ziad
Published: February 2022

In this article, we consider the skills and competencies needed for a statistician to make a successful career in the pharmaceutical industry. We argue that there is gap between a theory- centered academia and a problem solving and data driven industry. As a result, companies face a constant shortage of statisticians with the right skills and capabilities. However, this problem is not specific to the pharmaceutical industry and eventually necessary reforms will be made to remedy this situation. In the meanwhile, there is a need to design courses that build on existing curricula. We discuss some recent experience of such courses.