bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosodic Phase and Left-to-Right Structure Building
Authors: Shiobara Kayono
Published: February 2018

I consider the empirical domain constituted by word order alternations in the verbal domain in English and Japanese. Based on the observation of prosodic properties of these alternations, a derivational analysis of the syntax-prosody interface is proposed in the context of a model of grammar in which linearization is determined by core syntax and the syntax-prosody interface. This approach crucially posits, and hence gives independent support for, two auxiliary assumptions: incremental structure building in the grammar and multiple spell-out into the phonological component.
Asymmetric Merge and Parataxis
Authors: de Vries Mark
Published: February 2018

I argue that syntactic structure encodes three types of asymmetries. The first corresponds to the asymmetry between mother and daughters nodes that is called dominance, that is, syntactic hierarchy. The second is the selectional asymmetry between sister nodes, which is translated into the precedence relation in the phonological component. The third, calledbehindance, is an alternative to dominance, and corresponds to parataxis. Parenthesis, coordination, and apposition are analyzed on the basis of behindance. In our derivational model of grammar it is defined as a special type of inclusion that blocks c-command. It follows that parenthetic material can neither move toward the matrix, nor be bound by a constituent from the matrix.
La construction des représentations linguistiques : le cas de l’Acadie
Authors: Boudreau Annette
Published: February 2018

Ce texte traite de la construction des représentations linguistiques en Acadie en partant de l’analyse des articles de presse publiés dans deux journaux importants, soitL’Évangéline(1887–1982) et leMoniteur Acadien(1867–1926). L’accent est placé sur trois périodes clés de l’histoire acadienne, la première s’étalant de 1880 à 1910, la deuxième de 1950 à 1967, et la troisième de 1970 à 1973, périodes choisies en fonction de leur importance à illustrer les moments forts de la construction de l’espace social acadien. L’article décrit d’abord les principales idéologies linguistiques trouvées dans les éditoriaux et les lettres d’opinions du lecteur, puis s’attarde à la période contemporaine et montre comment les discours sur les pratiques linguistiques se sont diversifiés. Les différentes stratégies mises de l’avant par les artistes sont présentées. Ceux-ci participent à la construction de nouvelles façons d’appréhender les pratiques linguistiques qu’ils voient plurielles et polyvalentes.
LesRécits du français québécois d’autrefois: reflet du parler vernaculaire du 19e siècle
Authors: Poplack Shana , St-Amand Anne
Published: February 2018

Le présent article décrit la constitution d’un corpus de français oral, baptisé lesRécits du français québécois d’autrefois(RFQ), qui comprend des contes, des légendes et des entrevues recueillis auprès de locuteurs nés entre 1846 et 1895. Leur parler est celui du Québec rural du 19e siècle; il montre la variabilité inhérente et les structures vernaculaires caractéristiques des dialectes d’aujourd’hui. Nous examinons les avantages et les inconvénients de ces données diachroniques et montrons que, si elles sont utilisées judicieusement, elles représentent effectivement un stade antérieur du français québécois, avant son contact intense avec l’anglais. À ce titre, elles constituent un point de repère pour situer les traits linguistiques actuels. À partir d’une étude de cas de l’élision dune, nous montrons comment une comparaison systématique entre les RFQ et le parler vernaculaire contemporain peut servir à repérer un changement linguistique, à le dater et à suivre son acheminement.
Quantification et microvariation : les adjectifs de dimension spatiale
Authors: Vinet Marie-Thérèse
Published: February 2018

Cette étude en microvariation porte sur des constructions nominales quantifiées (Elle a pas long de jupe) impliquant des adjectifs de dimension spatiale en français québécois et examine comment elles se distinguent de celles avec le quantificateurbeaucoup. Après une brève description des faits, je propose une structure sous-jacente pour ces constructions et une analyse des propriétés reférentielles des N que ces adjectifs quantifient : N de masse, N collectifs, N d’Espèces au singulier et quelquefois au pluriel avec certains adjectifs quantificateurs seulement, mais jamais des Individualités. Sont aussi abordées les restrictions sur la modification et les restrictions aspectuelles qu’elles manifestent. J’en viens à la conclusion que la microvariation observée est minime. Elle est le résultat d’une interaction entre les propriétés lexicales de ces adjectifs de dimension et les principes de la Grammaire universelle.
Introduction
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: February 2018

This issue addresses questions surrounding predication. Predication is typically defined as making a claim or statement — that is, saying something that is truth-evaluable. The canonical manner of achieving predication would appear to be the sentence, made up of a noun phrase (NP), e.g., [NpSandy] and a verb phrase (VP), e.g., [vpplays the fiddle].

Two central questions arise concerning this basic view of predication. The first has to do with what varieties predication comes in. The second is about various ways of achieving predication.
Forms of predication in Sakha (Turkic): Will the true lexical predicates please stand up?
Authors: Baker Mark C. , Vinokurova Nadezda
Published: February 2018

The Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) uses a copular verb with predicate nominals but not with predicate adjectives or verbs in certain environments, including relative clauses, nominalized clauses, and complements to nouns. Previous work takes this as evidence that adjectives but not nouns are true one-place predicates. However, unaccusativity diagnostics show that adjectives pattern with nouns in Sakha, as in other languages: neither is inherently predicative without a predicative functional head. The need for a copula with predicate nominais in certain environments can be explained using Richards’s distinctiveness condition. Relative clauses, noun complements, and nominalization structures all bring a nominal head in close contact with the predicate. If the predicate itself is nominal, a verbal copula must intervene to separate the predicate from the embedding head of the same category.
Saying and doing: The role of semantics in the use of generic sentences
Authors: Nickel Bernhard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses semantic theories of generic sentences that seek to tie their meaning closely to their use, rather than giving more traditional truth-conditional semantic treatments. It focuses on McConnell-Ginet’s recent work and defends truth-conditional approaches combined with a traditional semantics-pragmatics distinction.
Where does predication come from?
Authors: Gil David
Published: February 2018

Predication is widely considered to be a fundamental feature of human language and conceptual structure. This article offers a reassessment of the central role that predication plays within current theories of grammar, by calling into question the universality of predication and its nature as a primitive, irreducible notion. It proposes a new definition ofpredicate, as a complex emergent entity derived from the alignment of two independent elements of conceptual structure: thematic role assignment and headedness.
The Comprehension of Pronominal Reference in Children
Authors: Ingram David , Shaw Catherine
Published: February 2018

Years ago, Piaget (1926:121) reported the fact that children, in their spoken language, show little concern for identifying the appropriate antecedents of their pronouns. In the texts he presented, they would typically introduce one or more antecedents followed by a series of pronouns. Such examples show a simple rule of linear order whereby a pronoun needs to refer to an antecedent somewhere preceding it. Further, this rule appeared to characterize the productive language of older children in the years five to ten, when much of the structure of language has already been acquired.
Media Lengua and Linguistic Theory
Authors: Muysken Pieter
Published: February 2018

In this paper I address the question what Media Lengua can tell us about the distinction between stems and affixes, the nature of lexical entries, and the relation between the lexicon, syntax, and phonology. It is part of a much larger attempt, coming from a variety of subdisciplines to provide what is sometimes termed external evidence for particular assumptions about the nature of the human language faculty.
Issues in Linguistics: A View From the Outside
Authors: Lele Jayant K.
Published: February 2018

To an outsider looking at linguistic theory, the problem of internal vs. external evidence seems to arise out of a conflation of two relatively distinct enterprises. The first of these tries to establish a claim that there is a distinct, organic, language faculty (a language organ), that is, a species-specific characteristic common to all humans. The second is an attempt to abstract from the facts of diversity a structure that has equivalent universal characteristics and thus can be seen as an ideal type or as an ideal initial state condition (of a pure and uniform experience) under which a language is acquired by a native speaker. As I understand it, the relationship between these two enterprises is yet to be fully determined given the fact that the physical mechanism that has been deduced to correspond to a property of mind is as of now largely unknown.
La source du déterminant agglutiné en créole haïtien
Authors: Ndayiragije Juvénal
Published: February 2018

En créole haïtien (CH), l’agglutination du déterminant dans certains items lexicaux empruntés au français réalise des paires minimales révélant dans la plupart des cas une distinction sémantique évidente entre la forme à déterminant préfixé et sa correspondante non agglutinée. Ceci est illustré dans l’opposition établie entre listoua ‘histoire’ et istoua ‘une histoire’. Quelle est la source d’un tel type de distinction?

Pour Baker (1984, 1986), la fréquence d’apparition d’un article particulier devant certains noms du français plutôt que d’autres constitue une condition préliminaire ayant favorisé l’agglutination du déterminant. L’influence de la structure morphologique des langues sources permet, quant à elle, d’expliquer l’inégale répartition de ce phénomène dans les différents créoles à base lexicale française.
Instrumental Take-Serial Constructions in Haitian and in Fon
Authors: Lefebvre Claire
Published: February 2018

Since the paper by Jansen et al (1978), it is a well-known fact that serializing languages divide into two major groups: those which have Take-serial constructions and those which don’t. Haitian creole has Take-serial constructions, as exemplified in (l):

(1)

Jan pran kabrit ale nan mache

John take goat go in market

‘John brought the goat in the market.’

Among the languages which have Take-serial constructions, languages further divide into two groups: those which have instrumental Take constructions and those which do not. An example of an instrumental Take-serial construction is provided in (2). In these constructions, the subject of the second verb is interpreted as the instrument of the complex predicate formed by the series of verbs.
Lexical Conflation as a Basis for Relexification
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: February 2018

Substratal influences as an explanation for creolization (and language change generally) often fail to convince for one major reason, namely that, in most cases, the possible substratum for a given creole language is now separated from the site where creolization took place by a wide historical and geographical gap. This, for example, is the case of the West African languages vis-à-vis the Caribbean Creoles.
A Nonlinear Analysis of the Evolution of Consonant + Yod Sequences in Gallo-Romance
Authors: Jacobs Haike
Published: February 2018

In Late Latin the consonantalization of unstressed nonlow front vowels in hiatus gave rise to consonant + yod sequences. These clusters, which were absent in Classical Latin, became subject to a number of phonological processes as diverse as palatalization, affrication, gemination, palatal diphthongization and lenition. Some of these changes occurred in all dialects, others were limited to a number of them. The primary aim of this study is to provide a detailed nonlinear analysis of the above-mentioned processes, which, although well-documented in philological studies, have never received a proper formal treatment.
On Preverbal Positions in Romanian
Authors: Motapanyane Virginia
Published: February 2018

The concepts of X-bar theory are fundamental to the framework of generative grammar. The last version of the theory (Chomsky 1992) defines the projected positions as either narrowly or broadly L(exically)-related to the head X, where “L-relation” means inclusion in the checking domain of X. Narrowly L-related positions, nonadjoined (e.g., Spec), obey structure preserving rules; they have the basic properties of A-positions. Broadly L-related positions, adjoined and optional, have the properties of A’-positions.
Syntax: Autonomous or Meaning Motivated?
Authors: Hirtle Walter H.
Published: February 2018

… on ne peut rien savoir de scientifiquement valable concernant les actes d’expression si l’on n’a fait préalablement l’étude des actes de représentation dont ils émanent. (Gustave Guillaume 1954:28)

Perhaps the most remarkable trait of human language is the way it adapts spontaneously to the particular experience the speaker wants to express. Thanks to our mother tongue, the linguistic means are available to render more or less faithfully whatever we intend to communicate regardless of the particular nature or quality of the message. This is remarkable first of all because, in itself, raw experience is strictly private and incommunicable, a fact Northrop Frye (1971:124) depicts quite vividly in the following passage:

… it is clear that all verbal structures with meaning are verbal imitations of that elusive psychological and physiological process known as thought, a process stumbling through emotional entanglements, sudden irrational convictions, involuntary gleams of insight, rationalized prejudices, and blocks of panic and inertia, finally to reach a completely incommunicable intuition.
Peripheral in Consonants
Authors: Rice Keren
Published: February 2018

In recent work in feature geometry, the internal structure of the Place node has been the subject of attention. In the earliest work, the place features [anterior], [coronal], [high], [low], [back], and [round] proposed by Chomsky and Halle (1968) were arrayed under the Place node (Clements 1985). In later work it was argued that such an arrangement did not capture the classes required for operations involving place of articulation, and it was proposed that unary articulator features Labial, Coronal, and Dorsal be used, with [anterior], [high], [low], [back], and [round] being dependents of these major articulators (Sagey 1986; McCarthy 1988). This structure, which I will call the “flat structure”, is diagrammed in (1).
English Participle Constructions
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an analysis of participial constructions in English, within the feature-checking approach to inflectional morphology. It argues for a unified treatment of the perfect, passive and adjectival uses of the past participle, involving a monosemous inflectional head checking a monosemous affix. There are two classes of constructions with -ing, each of which is given a unified treatment. The analysis requires the assumption that head-adjoined structures can be generated directly, rather than arising only as a result of movement. It also demonstrates that inflectional and derivational affixation are inherently different processes. An affix may in principle be attached by either process, with each process resulting in a different output structure. With these two provisos, it is possible to maintain both Johns’ (1992) One Form/One Meaning Principle and the more restrictive Strong Monosemy Principle proposed here.
Modularity in Thematic versus Aspectual Licensing: Paths and Moved Objects in Motion Verbs
Authors: Tenny Carol L.
Published: February 2018

This article investigates the nature of argumenthood and adjuncthood, through an examination of the behaviour of the internal arguments of two classes of motion verbs in English. A highly modular view is put forth, in which three separate distinctions influencing argument-like or adjunct- like behaviour must be recognized: aspectual versus thematic licensing, structural versus inherent case assignment, and referentiality versus non-referentiality. Of these three, only referentiality is a graded rather than a binary distinction. The distinction between aspectual and thematic licensing is developed and elucidated. A picture emerges in which aspectual structure may itself be thematically licensed by a verb, and this aspectual structure may have its own arguments, which are then indirectly licensed by the verb. Cognate objects and Romance measure phrases are also discussed in light of these theoretical conclusions.
Implicit Arguments in Japanese Potentials and Resultatives
Authors: Tawa Wako , Nakayama Mineharu
Published: February 2018

Many, if not all, languages possess syntactic constructions in which covert arguments, often referred to as “implicit arguments”, are required. While the implicit arguments in Western languages have received considerable attention, the study of the same topic in non-Western languages such as Japanese has been neglected. In this article, the nature of the implicit arguments of the potential and resultative constructions in Japanese is investigated. A detailed examination reveals that the implicit AGENTs in these two constructions differ in terms of the specificity of their reference, which in turn suggests that the representations of the two types of implicit arguments reflect this difference. It is argued that the implicit AGENT of the potential construction should be analyzed as proarb while that of the resultative construction is realized as pro.
Transitivity and Causation in Lushootseed Morphology
Authors: Beck David
Published: February 2018

The Salishan language Lushootseed shows an unusual pattern in its verbal morphology wherein its verbs are formed from intransitive, adjective-like roots via a highly productive set of suffixes, the bulk of which serve to increase the valency of their stem. These include the middle-marker, which forms intransitives, and several transitivizing affixes, which are shown here to be types of causative, their transitivizing effect being an expression of the causality inherent in the prototypical transitive event. In addition, the syntactic properties of the Lushootseed passive — formed by combining a transitivizing suffix with the middle-marker — can be analyzed as straightforward consequences of the meanings of the affixes that compose it. Treating Lushootseed causatives as subtypes of the transitive event model suggests that cross-linguistically transitive-causatives — as well as instrumentals and applicatives — may be subschematic extensions of the simple transitive clause, rather than derivations from more complex, biclausal structures.
Infinitival Clauses in Breton
Authors: Tallerman Maggie
Published: February 2018

In Breton, lexical subjects occur both in finite clauses and infinitival clauses. Within the Principles and Parameters model, the question arises as to how infinitival subjects can be Case-licensed, since the finite Tense element associated with Case-licensing in finite clauses is absent from infinitival clauses. Infinitival subjects are, however, preceded by some prepositional element, and previous accounts have proposed that these are Case-markers, assigning abstract Case to the subjects. However, prepositional elements also occur in controlled infinitival clauses—which have the null subject PRO—yet lexical subjects and PRO are not interchangeable. In this article, it is proposed that the crucial property associated with the Case-licensing of lexical subjects in all Breton clause types is subject agreement. This occurs not only on finite verbs, but also on the prepositional elements in infinitival clauses, which are sometimes complementizers and sometimes AgrSP heads. Clauses containing PRO, however, lack subject agreement, and hence cannot license lexical subjects.
Government-Licensing and Consonant Cluster Simplification in Quebec French
Authors: Nikièma Emmanuel
Published: February 2018

This article is a reanalysis of cluster simplification in Quebec French (QF) in terms of government-licensing, a condition which requires non-nuclear governing heads to be licensed by a following vowel. It is suggested, contra Côté (1997, 1998), that simplification is triggered by a structural constraint rather than a constraint on sonority. It is shown that in QF, simplification does not apply to word internal clusters such asappartementandvendredibecause the following vowel is realized, but applies to forms liketableandcasque, and converts them into [tab] and [kas] respectively at the surface level due to the lack of a final vowel. However, cluster reduction does not apply to final clusters such asbarbe, gorge, andsoldein which the first member is a liquid. To account for why simplification applies in one case and not in the other, it is suggested that the two types of final clusters differ with respect to syllabification: liquids are within branching nuclei, whereas the first member of other clusters is within a branching rhyme. The case of word-final cluster simplification attested in Haitian Creole is also examined.
L’acquisition des clitiques nominatifs et des clitiques objets en français
Authors: Jakubowicz Celia , Rigaut Catherine
Published: February 2018

This article presents and discusses data on nominative and object clitics used by twelve monolingual French-speaking children aged 2;0 to 2;7 years in a spontaneous interaction setting and in an elicited production task. It is shown that nominative clitics surpass object clitics, and that reflexive clitics fare better than accusative clitics. It is argued that these two dissociations are compatible with the computational complexity hypothesis put forth by Jakubowicz and Nash (to appear), applied to the analysis of third person Romance pronominal clitics proposed by Jakubowicz, Nash, Rigaut, and Gérard (1998).
Les infinitifs racines en langage enfantin
Authors: Labelle Marie
Published: February 2018

This article is mostly devoted to a critical review of the main analyses of root infinitives. Confronting these analyses to acquisition data from French, it is shown that an analysis in terms of a “null auxiliary” is more compatible with the data than the alternative hypotheses. However, an analysis in terms of a null or deleted auxiliary raises some difficult questions with respect to the existence and the nature of null elements in child language. Rather than appealing to null or deleted elements, it seems more appropriate to assume that children utterances do not include an auxiliary or a modal and that the corresponding node is simply not projected. An analysis along these lines is developed in the last section of the article.
Categories of C’est-Cleft Constructions
Authors: Katz Stacey
Published: February 2018

In this article, a system of categorizing the c’esf-cleft into different types is developed, based on their pragmatic, syntactic and prosodic properties. This goal has already been accomplished in English linguistic studies for a similar construction, the it-cleft. The c’est-cleft, however, is found more frequently than the it-cleft, and in many contexts, it is obligatory. In general, in the relative clause of the c’est-cleft, there is an open proposition that is saturated through replacing the missing variable by the element that is found in post-copular position. In most cases, the material found in the relative clause is presupposed; however, there are some cleft types for which this is not necessarily the case. This study is based on Lambrecht’s study of Information Structure.
The Acquisition of Wh-Question Formation by Malagasy Learners of English: Evidence for Universal Grammar
Authors: White Lydia , Travis Lisa , MacLachlan Anna
Published: February 2018

In investigations of the question of whether or not Universal Grammar (UG) is available in non-primary language acquisition, a number of researchers have tried to isolate situations where the way principles of UG operate in the first language (L1) could not help the learner acquire the relevant properties of the second language (L2). If learners show evidence of acquiring properties of the L2 that could not be acquired from the input alone and could not be reconstructed via the L1, this suggests that UG is available in non-primary acquisition; in contrast, if learners fail under such circumstances, this supports the claim that UG is no longer directly accessible. In particular, there has been a tradition of looking at island constraints in this light, using L1s and L2s which differ radically in terms of the surface effects of principles like Subjacency and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) (e.g., Bley-Vroman et al 1988; Johnson and Newport 1991; Martohardjono 1991a, 1991b; Martohardjono and Gair 1992; Schachter 1989, 1990; White 1989, 1992).
A Note on Velar Nasals: The Case of Uradhi
Authors: Paradis Carole , Prunet Jean-François
Published: February 2018

In the past few years, a number of articles have argued that the default articulator for consonants is Coronal (see, for example, Kiparsky 1985; Iverson and Kim 1987:187; Shaw 1988; Avery and Rice 1989; and the contributors to Paradis and Prunet 1991). Paradis and Prunet (1993b), with a view to strengthening and formalizing this proposal, have expressed the Weak Coronal Hypothesis (WCH) in (1).
Le redoublement des sujets en français informel québécois: une approche variationniste
Authors: Auger Julie
Published: February 2018

This article deals with morphosyntactic variation. Focusing on subject doubling in Québec Colloquial French (QCF), the author argues in favor of a conception of linguistic competence which allows for variation. Various analyses which exclude variation from linguistic competence are considered and rejected, and it is concluded that the alternation between doubled and non-doubled constructions is an integral part of the linguistic competence of QCF speakers. The author then raises the question of the plausibility of an analysis which posits variable subject-verb agreement. She demonstrates that variable agreement systems are common crosslinguistically and that the analysis proposed for QCF is in consequence a quite reasonable one. Finally, an analysis is sketched within Chomsky’s Minimalist Program, showing that current linguistic theory is equipped for handling language-internal morphosyntactic variation.
(De)-Focussing and Object Raising in Romanian
Authors: Alboiu Gabriela
Published: February 2018

This article argues that VOS structures in Romanian are derived from a basic VSO word order and, consequently, involve object raising out of VP, across the subject left in situ. Binding interactions and the availability of raising quantified NPs clause-medially provide syntactic support for an A-movement analysis of the raised objects. In contrast to other languages that allow (or require) movement of objects to argumental positions, it is argued that in Romanian VOS structures the object does not move for the purposes of Case checking nor does object raising entail a strong, definite interpretation of the moved NP. Rather, object raising is an instance of de-focussing, made possible by a strong nominal feature on the abstract verb v.
TO BE in the Progressive: A New Use
Authors: Hirtle Walter , Bégin Claude
Published: February 2018

Visser (1973:1968) gives a long list of verbs “more or less incompatible” with the progressive that have this in common: in their general sense

they do not express a real activity . . . In order to account for their use in the expanded form one ought to go in quest of the various senses and sub-senses that are tinged with a notion — however slight — of activity. (1973:1969)
Some Issues in the Metalinguistic Representation of French Tense and Aspect
Authors: Bourdin Philippe
Published: February 2018

Just over a decade ago, Catherine Fuchs and Anne-Marie Léonard (henceforth, F and L) co-authored Vers une théorie des aspects (Fuchs and Léonard 1979), a monograph on the tense and aspect systems of French and English. Although fairly influential among French linguists, their work has been largely ignored by scholars outside France. There is nothing surprising in this: indeed, the theoretical framework chosen by F and L, namely Antoine Culioli’s théorie des opérations énonciatives (‘theory of speaker-based operations’), has hitherto met with much the same fate. I do not wish to go into the epistemological, cultural or attitudinal reasons for this state of affairs. The scope of the present article is actually very restricted. My purpose will be to delineate, in deliberately informal terms, some of the critical problems that are to be encountered by anyone attempting to construct a formalized or semi-formalized representation of French tense and aspect. F and L’s book happens to be such an attempt, certainly the most explicit and comprehensive one in recent years.
The Use of the Verb Dare in Blends between the Modal and Main Verb Constructions
Authors: Duffley Patrick
Published: February 2018

It is a well-known fact that the verb dare can be used with either modal or main verb characteristics both in its inflection and in its syntax. When used as a modal, it drops the -s ending in the third person singular present indicative (She dare not mention it in his presence), has no imperative, infinitive or participial forms, takes direct negation by not, AUX-inverts in questions (Dare I ask you another question?) and is followed by the bare infinitive. In main verb use, on the other hand, it has all the normal forms of the verb, occurs with do auxiliary in negatives and interrogatives, and is construed with the to infinitive (She doesn’t dare to mention it in his presence).
Place Variation in the Consonant System: The Rhenish Velarization Revisited
Authors: Kuepper Karl J.
Published: February 2018

The motivations of sound change are almost exclusively treated as articulatory phenomena, even when the source and the target sounds are generated by very different articulatory mechanisms and no transitional stages can be found. What will be argued here is that seemingly regular place shifts in the articulation of consonants, such as the ones known under the term of “Rhenish Velarization” or “Rhenish Gutturalization” are actually manifestations of acoustically induced variants, very similar to those known as “slips of the ear”, which differ from one another only by the presence or absence of a single acoustic feature. The data assembled from a larger Rhenish corpus show that the operative process entails variations between labial, dental and velar place of articulation and involves stops, fricatives and nasals; its directionality is basically undetermined. Data from other sources and languages suggest that such place variations may be much more general than previously thought.
Infinitival Complements of Have
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2018

This paper provides a syntactic and semantic analysis of sentences such as those in (1).

(1)

a. Mary has to leave early.

b. I have a paper to write/a dress to wear.

c. Mary has only/but to call, and Fred comes running.

d. We have yet to figure out why the car won’t start.
The Case Filter and Licensing of Empty K
Authors: Travis Lisa , Lamontagne Greg
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we will investigate certain phenomena which appear sensitive to particular conditions of adjacency and provide an explanation of these conditions in terms of syntactic structure and principles defined over such structure. Two interesting results which follow from such an explanation are: (i) the Case Filter given in (1) below, which stipulates that phonetically realized NPs must receive Case, may be subsumed under the Empty Category Principle, and (ii) the claim that only Case-marked traces are visible at PF (which has been suggested as an explanation of wanna contraction facts) can be given a structural account.
Cross-Linguistic Evidence for Number Phrase
Authors: Ritter Elizabeth
Published: February 2018

In this paper I provide cross-linguistic evidence for a functional projection between D and NP, which I call “Number Phrase” (NumP). In a full noun phrase, the head of this projection is, among other things, the locus of number specification (singular or plural) of a noun phrase. Pronominal noun phrases are distinguished from full noun phrases by the fact that they lack a lexical projection, i.e., they lack a NP. The existence of two distinct functional categories predicts the existence of at least two classes of pronouns, those of the category D, and those of the category Num. In both Modern Hebrew and Haitian, there is evidence that this prediction is borne out.
Functional Categories and Language Acquisition
Authors: Guilfoyle Eithne , Noonan Máire
Published: February 2018

Many theorists (e.g., Hyams 1987; Pinker 1984) working in the framework of generative grammar have assumed the “Continuity Hypothesis”. Under this view language acquisition is made up of a series of continuous stages. The child moves from one stage to another, and at each stage the grammar posited by the child is determined by Universal Grammar (UG). The motivation for the movement from one stage to another comes from a trigger in the language environment which causes the child to restructure her grammar, and so move on to the next stage. The Continuity Hypothesis has provided an explanation for the acquisition of many linguistic structures; however, in many instances it has been difficult to explain exactly which data in the language environment act as a trigger, and why they have an effect on the child’s grammar.
Schwa and /œ/ in French
Authors: Walker Douglas C.
Published: February 2018

Few topics in the phonological literature have inspired the amount of attention that has been lavished on the notorious “mute-e” of contemporary French. Perhaps the most perplexing difficulty for phonologists is how (or even whether) to include schwa in phonological representations. Solution of the representation problem, moreover, is necessary for a proper identification of the conditions under which schwa is deleted, maintained or inserted, and for an analysis of alternations linking schwa and other vowels. Many different solutions to the representation problem have been suggested: schwa as a distinct vowel; schwa as absent from the phonemic inventory (hence from underlying representations) and inserted as a “lubrifiant”; or (in the current non-linear literature), schwa as an empty nucleus; schwa as an unlinked vowel.
Motion Verbs with Locational/Directional PPs in English and Japanese
Authors: Inagaki Shunji
Published: February 2018

According to Talmy’s typology of “lexicalization patterns” for a motion event, English is the type of language that conflates Motion and Manner in the verb root, whereas Japanese is the type of language that conflates Motion and Path in the verb root. This article provides an explanation for why there is such a difference between English and Japanese within the framework of Hale and Keyser’s syntactic approach to argument structure. It extends Hale and Keyser’s approach to motion verbs and locational/directional Ps in English and Japanese and shows that given a “Lexical Relational Structure” of a motion event, the difference between English and Japanese derives from the fact that the former has a variety of directional Ps, allowing the insertion of a manner-of-motion verb into the Motion V, whereas the latter has a variety of directed motion verbs with the Path P incorporated into the Motion V. This suggests that Talmy’s lexicalization patterns are constrained by general syntactic principles.
Anti-ECP Effects in the Rejang Language of Sumatra
Authors: McGinn Richard
Published: February 2018

This article explores some evidence against the ECP that appears at first to be fairly overwhelming. Upon deeper inspection, however, the evidence supports the ECP and a special universal computation involving the complementizer system, the Complementizer Contraction rule (Pesetsky 1982). Complementizer Contraction is parameterized; some languages have an overt reflex (French, Norwegian); other languages do not (English, Tagalog). To make the argument, many intricate details are described about the structure of relative clauses, comparative clauses, embedded complement clauses, and wh-questions in Rejang, a Western Austronesian language of Sumatra.
Existentials and Partitives in Malagasy
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the existential construction in Malagasy, focussing on the distribution and interpretation of nominals. It is argued that the existential construction involves the raising of specific NPs out of the small clause complement of the existential verb misy. Nonspecific NPs, on the other hand, are shown to remain within the complement. That raising correlates with interpretation provides evidence in favour of the Mapping Hypothesis of Diesing (1992). Although the syntactic analysis accounts for the specific/nonspecific distribution in the existential construction, it leaves unexplained the precise interpretation of the specific NP, which may be either partitive, possessive, or locative. This article therefore argues for a relation, PARTITIVE, which unites these three readings.
The Syntax of Genitives in the Maori DP
Authors: Pearce Elizabeth
Published: February 2018

This article proposes an account of genitive case marking in the Maori DP which shows how the licensing requirements for genitive depend both on thematic role distinctions and on the presence of a functional projection situated immediately below D. An investigation of ordering alternations including genitives, demonstratives, adjectives, and the lexical head indicates that the FP below D is also the location of an identifying or specifying function within the DP. The label “IdentP” is proposed as a cover term for this FP projection. It is also proposed that DPs containing nominalized verbs include a head, Nmz, that has the capacity to license additional instantiations of genitive case marking.
Sequence and Co-Occurrence of Yoruba Auxiliary Verbs
Authors: Adéwọlé Lawrence O.
Published: February 2018

Just as in several other languages of the world, the Yoruba auxiliary verbs can be stacked, that is, there can be more than one auxiliary verb in a structure. In this paper, we shall propose an analysis, within the framework of GPSG, which accounts for the distribution of the Yoruba auxiliary verbs and compare our analysis with some previous ones.
There must be an explanation/There has to be an explanation: Tentative d’analyse énonciative du «semi-modal» have to
Authors: Serpault Pauline
Published: February 2018

La dichotomie subjectif/objectif est traditionnellement mise à contribution pour éclairer les différences d’emploi de must et have to. Cette représentation, qui se heurte parfois à la réalité linguistique, ne semble cependant pas propre à rendre compte à elle seule de la spécificité de have to. Il s’agit dans ces pages d’exploiter, énoncés authentiques à l’appui, les outils de la Théorie des Opérations Énonciatives afin de dégager les opérations dont have to et must sont la trace. Les deux formes se trouvent ordonnées sur un même axe paradigmatique, have to supposant en quelque sorte un must préconstruit, en ce que les opérations marquées par ce modal sont présentées par have to comme acquises au moment d’énonciation. Cette réflexion permet en outre de comprendre les glissements sémantiques provoqués en contexte par l’exploitation de la configuration de base du marqueur, qui le font préférer à must dans certains cadres potentiellement polémiques.
Should après un adjectif de valuation: Un marqueur inattendu?
Authors: Bourdier Valérie
Published: February 2018

L’évolution du modal should s’est caractérisée par l’émergence progressive d’une interprétation non-déontique en construction hypotaxique. En effet, certaines constructions comportant should, du type It is surprising that he should say that, révèle un conflit sur une valeur construite ; celle-ci n’est alors plus repérée comme «effective» mais comme «fictive», et est considérée comme inattendue. Cette contribution se propose d’analyser le lien entre représentation attendue/inattendue et interaction de marqueurs hypotaxiques. L’examen d’exemples authentiques d’anglais contemporain révèle, en effet, la coexistence de plusieurs formes après la séquence It is + adjectif de valuation : constructions en for … to, propositions introduites par that (ou ∅) comportant should ou une forme assertée ou une base verbale. Il s’agit de montrer les différences de repérages entre ces formes et de rendre compte de l’apparition de l’une plutt que de l’autre en contexte.
Quitte à en français moderne: L’inattendu comme élément de pertinence argumentative
Authors: Guimier Claude
Published: February 2018

Cette contribution fait suite à un article paru dans Modèles Linguistiques, qui propose une analyse détaillée de la locution prépositive quitte à. Dans cet article, une hypothèse, basée sur l’observation des emplois de la locution et sur son origine, est proposée: dans une configuration du type P, quitte à Q, quitte à formate la proposition introduite comme une issue à un parcours. À ce titre, elle introduit le plus souvent une forme d’argumentation portant sur la mise en œuvre ou non d’un procès exprimé en P. D’autres emplois sont possibles, mais tous sont basés sur cette valeur invariante. Le présent article reprend ces différents emplois et tente de montrer que la locution comporte une valeur supplémentaire: elle construit une relation discordante, donc inattendue, entre P et Q. Mais cette discordance est contournée, Q constituant le plus souvent un argument en faveur de la validation de P.
The Tatar DP
Authors: Lyutikova Ekaterina , Pereltsvaig Asya
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we reconsider whether article-less languages have the DP projection, focusing on Tatar. We argue that putative correlations between the presence/absence of articles in a language and various DP-external phenomena (e.g. Left-Branch Extraction, superiority effects, and others), discussed by Bošković and Şener (2014), inter alia, do not hold if a broader range of languages is considered more carefully. Instead, we show that certain correlations obtain between the internal structure, syntactic position, case marking, and interpretation of. noun phrases found in distinct structural environments: direct objects, possessors, and complements of the so-called attributivizers. Specifically, we demonstrate a contrast between two types of nominals: accusative direct objects, possessors in ezafe-3, and complements of certain attributivizers share properties that contrast them with unmarked direct objects, possessors in ezafe-2, and complements of other attributivizers. We argue that postulating the DP projection in the former but not the latter type of noun phrases allows us to account for these observed correlations in a unified way.
Human dendritic cell sequestration onto theNecator americanuslarval sheath during ex-sheathing: a possible mechanism for immune privilege
Authors: Hassan A. , Pritchard D. I. , Ghaemmaghami A. M.
Published: February 2018

Despite the profound health implications ofNecator americanusinfection in humans, many aspects of its interaction with the host immune system are poorly understood. Here we investigated the early events at the interface ofN. americanuslarvae (L3) and human dendritic cells (DCs). Our data show that co-culturing DCs and the larvae trigger ex-sheathing of hookworms rapidly where a majority of DCs are sequestered onto the larval sheath allowing the ex-sheathed larvae to migrate away unchallenged. Intriguingly, DCs show negligible interaction with the ex-sheathed larvae, alluding to differences between the surface chemistry of the larva and its sheath. Furthermore, blocking of two key C-type lectin receptors on DC surface (i.e. DC-SIGN and mannose receptor) resulted in inhibition of ex-sheathing process and DC sequestration, highlighting the importance of C-type lectins on DCs in the induction of the ex-sheathing. Analyses of DC phenotype and cytokine profile after co-culture with theN. americanuslarvae showed an immature phenotype as evidenced by the low expression of the maturation markers and cytokines. These data provide new insights into early events at the interface of human DCs andN. americanuslarvae and could explain how L3 evade immune recognition upon initial interaction with DCs.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE ON E-HEALTH/M-HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES: EVALUATING THE TRANSPARENCY AND THOROUGHNESS
Authors: Vukovic Vladimir , Favaretti Carlo , Ricciardi Walter , de Waure Chiara
Published: February 2018

Objectives:Evaluation is crucial for integration of e-Health/m-Health into healthcare systems and health technology assessment (HTA) could offer sound methodological basis for these evaluations. Aim of this study was to look for HTA reports on e-Health/m-Health technologies and to analyze their transparency, consistency and thoroughness, with the goal to detect areas that need improvement.

Methods:PubMed, ISI-WOS, and University of York – Centre for Reviews and Dissemination–electronic databases were searched to identify reports on e-Health/m-Health technologies, published up until April 1, 2016. The International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) checklist was used to evaluate transparency and consistency of included reports. Thoroughness was assessed by checking the presence of domains suggested by the European network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) HTA Core Model.

Results:Twenty-eight reports published between 1999 and 2015 were included. Most were delivered by non-European countries (71.4 percent) and only 35.7 percent were classified as full reports. All the HTA reports defined the scope of research whereas more than 80 percent provided author details, summary, discussed findings, and conclusion. On the contrary, policy and research questions were clearly defined in around 30 percent and 50 percent of reports. With respect to the EUnetHTA Core Model, around 70 percent of reports dealt with effectiveness and economic evaluation, more than 50 percent described health problem and approximately 40 percent organizational and social aspects.

Conclusions:E-Health/m-Health technologies are increasingly present in the field of HTA. Yet, our review identified several missing elements. Most of the reports failed to respond to relevant assessment components, especially ethical, social and organizational implications.
INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY LEARNING IN SLA
Authors: Malone Jonathan
Published: February 2018

This study explored the roles of exposure frequency, aural enhancement (AE) of input, and individual differences in working memory (WM) during L2 incidental vocabulary learning while reading. Eighty intermediate-level English learners were divided into four treatment groups, and given reading tasks with target words embedded two or four times. Listening while reading was controlled, as well as duration of exposure to new words through timed reading tasks, and comprehension questions helped to ensure a focus on meaning. Surprise posttests assessed initial form recognition and form-meaning connections. Proficiency and WM measures were administered, with English proficiency used as a covariate. Results indicated that measurable learning occurred at the two-exposure level for new words, both in form recognition and form-meaning connections. Frequency effects held from two to four exposures across AE and non-AE conditions, but were influenced by AE on the form-meaning outcome. This indicated support for simultaneous input modalities facilitating deeper processing and better learning outcomes. WM outcomes correlated with vocabulary outcomes for form recognition, and an aptitude by treatment interaction was found for form recognition.