bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban‐rural disparities in childhood obesogenic environments in the United States: Application of differing rural definitions
Authors: Wende Marilyn E. , Meyer M. Renée Umstattd , Abildso Christiaan G. , Davis Kara , Kaczynski Andrew T.
Published: May 2022

Background

Research is needed that identifies environmental resource disparities and applies multiple rural definitions. Therefore, this study aims to examine urban‐rural differences in food and physical activity (PA) environment resource availability by applying several commonly used rural definitions. We also examine differences in resource availability within urban‐rural categories that are typically aggregated.

Methods

Six food environment variables (access to grocery/superstores, farmers' markets, fast food, full‐service restaurants, convenience stores, and breastfeeding‐friendly facilities) and 4 PA environment variables (access to exercise opportunities and schools, walkability, and violent crimes) were included in the childhood obesogenic environment index (COEI). Total COEI, PA environment, and food environment index scores were generated by calculating the average percentile for related variables. US Department of Agriculture Urban Influence Codes, Office of Management and Budget codes, Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes, Census Bureau Population Estimates for percent rural, and Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes were used. One‐way ANOVA was used to detect urban‐rural differences.

Results

The greatest urban‐rural disparities in COEI (F=310.2, P<.0001) and PA environment (F=562.5, P<.0001) were seen using RUCC codes. For food environments, the greatest urban‐rural disparities were seen using Census Bureau percent rural categories (food: F=24.9, P<.0001). Comparing remote rural categories, differences were seen for food environments (F=3.1, P=.0270) and PA environments (F=10.2, P<.0001). Comparing metro‐adjacent rural categories, differences were seen for PA environment (F=4.7, P=.0090).

Conclusion

Findings inform future research on urban and rural environments by outlining major differences between urban‐rural classifications in identifying disparities in access to health‐promoting resources.
The denture microbiome in health and disease: an exploration of a unique community
Authors: Redfern J. , Tosheva L. , Malic S. , Butcher M. , Ramage G. , Verran J.
Published: May 2022

The United Nations suggests the global population of denture wearers (an artificial device that acts as a replacement for teeth) is likely to rise significantly by the year 2050. Dentures become colonized by microbial biofilms, the composition of which is influenced by complex factors such as patient’s age and health, and the nature of the denture material. Since colonization (and subsequent biofilm formation) by some micro-organisms can significantly impact the health of the denture wearer, the study of denture microbiology has long been of interest to researchers. The specific local and systemic health risks of denture plaque are different from those of dental plaque, particularly with respect to the presence of the opportunist pathogen Candida albicans and various other nonoral opportunists. Here, we reflect on advancements in our understanding of the relationship between micro-organisms, dentures, and the host, and highlight how our growing knowledge of the microbiome, biofilms, and novel antimicrobial technologies may better inform diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of denture-associated infections, thereby enhancing the quality and longevity of denture wearers.
Development of a nested real time PCR/high resolution melting assay for human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and 2) identification
Authors: Caputo Mariela , Trinks Julieta , Azcurra Marcela , Corach Daniel
Published: May 2022

HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are present in different high-risk populations, such as sexual workers and injecting drug users (IDUs). HTLV-1 is endemic in areas of Middle East, Southern Japan and Latin America, whereas HTLV-2 infection is endemic among some Native Americans and some Central African tribes. The pathogenic consequences and clinical manifestations of these two viruses differ significantly, demanding an adequate identification; therefore, proper diagnosis of HTLV-1 and 2 infection is crucial. To get a final diagnosis of HTLV-1 or 2 infection, it is recommended that positive serologic samples should be confirmed by PCR assays or western blot (WB) analysis. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and implement a simple reaction for the rapid identification of HTLV-1 and 2. Nested real-time PCR technique followed by high resolution melting was performed based on the tax/rex sequences of HTLV-1 (M2) and HTLV-2 (MoT) cell lines perfectly discriminating between HTLV-1 from HTLV-2, by distinct melting curve profiles. The sensitivity assay of this method revealed that at least 1 viral copy of HTLV-1 or 1·5 viral copy of HTLV-2 could be amplified. Later, this method was validated using 200 blood samples from corpses. In agreement with previous epidemiological, the HTLV-1 and 2 prevalence was 1·5% (CI 95%: 0·31–4·3) and 0·5% (CI 95%: 0·013–2·75), respectively. The strategy proposed herein has some advantages over other PCR-based tests because it not only reduces considerably time and the costs of the total diagnosis but also allows detection and discrimination of HTLV-1 and 2 in the same reaction.
William Blake the designer: The reception of Robert Blair's “Graveˮ in Serbia
Authors: Bakić Tanja
Published: May 2022

It was in 2015 that the Blair edition featuring Blake's design first appeared in the Serbian language. Simultaneously, it was the first time in Serbia that Blake was approached solely as an artist, and not as a poet, i. e. not as the author of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793) or Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789)—works he was mainly recognised for there. The aim of this article is to bring the figure of William Blake the designer closer to the Serbian reader, and to set it apart from the previously dominant figure of Blake the poet, when it comes to his reception in that country. Our conclusions point towards Blake the designer acting as a constructive reader, deconstructing the meaning of Blair's poem which he designed, confirming the notion by Morris Eaves (1980) that Blake was his own sole audience. We also tend to examine the hitherto neglected relationships that exist between English Graveyard Poetry and the so‐called “Serbian Graveyard Poetry”.
Comparison of point‐shear wave elastography (ElastPQ) and transient elastography (FibroScan) for liver fibrosis staging in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Roccarina Davide , Iogna Prat Laura , Pallini Giada , Guerrero Misas Marta , Buzzetti Elena , Saffioti Francesca , Aricò Francesco M. , Mantovani Anna , Koutli Evangelia , Goyale Atul , Rosselli Matteo , Luong Tu Vinh , Pinzani Massimo , Tsochatzis Emmanuel A.
Published: May 2022

Background and Aims

ElastPQ is a point shear wave elastography technique used to non‐invasively assess liver fibrosis. We compared liver stiffness measurements (LSM) by ElastPQ and fibroscan transient elastography (F‐TE) in a cohort of patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We further evaluated the performance of ElastPQ in a subgroup of patients with available liver histology.

Materials and Methods

We included patients with NAFLD who presented in a dedicated multidisciplinary clinic. Anthropometric parameters, blood tests and elastography measurements were obtained using F‐TE and ElastPQ as part of routine clinical care.

Results

We enrolled 671 patients with NAFLD, mean age 55.8 ± 13 years, body mass index (BMI) 31.5 ± 5.7 kg/m2, 56.6% males, 41% diabetes, 53.7% hypertension, 68% dyslipidaemia. ElastPQ showed an excellent correlation with F‐TE (Spearman's r = 0.80, p < .001), which was better for mild/moderate stages of fibrosis. Independent predictors of a >2 kPa discrepancy between the two techniques were a larger waist circumference and F‐TE ≥10 kPa. In the subgroup of 159 patients with available histology, ElastPQ showed similar diagnostic accuracy with F‐TE in staging liver fibrosis (ElastPQ area under the curves 0.84, 0.83, 0.86 and 0.95, for F ≥ 1, F ≥ 2, F ≥ 3 and F = 4 respectively). Optimal cut‐off values of ElastPQ for individual fibrosis stages were lower than those of F‐TE.

Conclusions

ElastPQ shows an excellent correlation with F‐TE in patients with NAFLD, which was better for lower LSM. The optimal cut‐off values of ElastPQ are lower than those of F‐TE for individual stages of fibrosis. ElastPQ has similar diagnostic accuracy to F‐TE for all stages of fibrosis.
Clinical practice gaps and challenges in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis care: An international physician needs assessment
Authors: Lazure Patrice , Tomlinson Jeremy W. , Kowdley Kris V. , Magni Paolo , Santos Raul D. , Jacobs Ginny , Murray Suzanne
Published: May 2022

Background and aims

Even as several pharmacological treatments for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are in development, the incidence of NASH is increasing on an international scale. We aim to assess clinical practice gaps and challenges of hepatologists and endocrinologists when managing patients with NASH in four countries (Germany/Italy/United Kingdom/United States) to inform educational interventions.

Methods

A sequential mixed‐method design was used: qualitative semi‐structured interviews followed by quantitative online surveys. Participants were hepatologists and endocrinologists practising in one of the targeted countries. Interview data underwent thematic analysis and survey data were analysed with chi‐square and Kruskal‐Wallis tests.

Results

Most interviewees (n = 24) and surveyed participants (89% of n = 224) agreed that primary care must be involved in screening for NASH, yet many faced challenges involving and collaborating with them. Endocrinologists reported low knowledge of which blood markers to use when suspecting NASH (56%), when to order an MRI (65%) or ultrasound/FibroScan® (46%), and reported sub‐optimal skills interpreting alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 37%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 38%) blood marker test results, causing difficulty during diagnosis. Participants believed that more evidence is needed for upcoming therapeutic agents; yet, they reported sub‐optimal knowledge of eligibility criteria for clinical trials. Knowledge and skill gaps when managing comorbidities, as well as skill gaps facilitating patient lifestyle changes were reported.

Conclusions

Educational interventions are needed to address the knowledge and skill gaps identified and to develop strategies to optimize patient care, which include implementing relevant care pathways, encouraging referrals and testing, and multidisciplinary collaboration, as suggested by the recent Global Consensus statement on NAFLD.
Molecular response of Sargassum vulgare to acidification at volcanic CO2 vents: Insights from proteomic and metabolite analyses
Authors: Kumar Amit , Nonnis Simona , Castellano Immacolata , AbdElgawad Hamada , Beemster Gerrit T. S. , Buia Maria Cristina , Maffioli Elisa , Tedeschi Gabriella , Palumbo Anna
Published: May 2022

Ocean acidification is impacting marine life all over the world. Understanding how species can cope with the changes in seawater carbonate chemistry represents a challenging issue. We addressed this topic using underwater CO2 vents that naturally acidify some marine areas off the island of Ischia. In the most acidified area of the vents, having a mean pH value of 6.7, comparable to far‐future predicted acidification scenarios (by 2300), the biomass is dominated by the brown alga Sargassum vulgare. The novelty of the present study is the characterization of the S. vulgare proteome together with metabolite analyses to identify the key proteins, metabolites, and pathways affected by ocean acidification. A total of 367 and 387 proteins were identified in populations grown at pH that approximates the current global average (8.1) and acidified sites, respectively. Analysis of their relative abundance revealed that 304 proteins are present in samples from both sites: 111 proteins are either higher or exclusively present under acidified conditions, whereas 120 proteins are either lower or present only under control conditions. Functionally, under acidification, a decrease in proteins related to translation and post‐translational processes and an increase of proteins involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, oxidation–reduction processes, and protein folding were observed. In addition, small‐molecule metabolism was affected, leading to a decrease of some fatty acids and antioxidant compounds under acidification. Overall, the results obtained by proteins and metabolites analyses, integrated with previous transcriptomic, physiological, and biochemical studies, allowed us to delineate the molecular strategies adopted by S. vulgare to grow in future acidified environments, including an increase of proteins involved in energetic metabolism, oxidation–reduction processes, and protein folding at the expense of proteins involved in translation and post‐translational processes.
When is the long run?—Historical time and adjustment periods in demand‐led growth models
Authors: Gallo Ettore
Published: May 2022

In recent years, Post‐Keynesian analysis has been characterized by a renewed interest in long‐run theories of growth and distribution. While many authors have focused on the convergence of demand‐led growth models to a fully adjusted equilibrium, relatively little attention has been given to the time required to reach this long‐run position. In order to fill the gap, this paper seeks to answer the question of when is the long run in demand‐led growth models. By making use of numerical integration, it analyses the time of adjustment from one steady‐state to the other in two well‐known demand‐led growth models: the Sraffian Supermultiplier and the fully adjusted version of the neo‐Kaleckian model. The results show that the adjustment period is generally beyond an economically meaningful time span, suggesting that researchers and policy makers ought to pay more attention to the models' predictions during the traverse rather than focusing on steady‐state positions.
The Biden Administration and Rojava: Old Wine, New Bottle?
Authors: Michnik Wojciech , Plakoudas Spyridon
Published: May 2022

One of the domains of US foreign policy stuck on autopilot relates to Syria and, most importantly, Rojava (or AANES by its official name). The Biden administration inherited a quandary from its predecessor with no easy solution. On the one hand, the hostility of other actors in the region—especially Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Syria—render a continued US presence in northeastern Syria untenable in the long term. On the other hand, Washington cannot abandon its partners in the fight against ISIS as they did before—at least not before securing a deal beneficial to all sides. So what will President Joe Biden do with regards to Rojava? Will he adopt the policy enacted during Barack Obama's second term? Or will he implement a new policy to address the new challenges? This article examines the challenges for US foreign policy with regards to Rojava and, on the basis of the developments thus far, analyzes whether the Biden administration's approach will replicate Obama‐era policy.
Brahms's ‘Musical Prose’ Reconsidered
Authors: LIU LUCY Y.
Published: May 2022

In the history of Brahms reception, developing variation has emerged as a central concept. Another suggestive term, musical prose, often accompanies discussions of developing variation. Schoenberg defines musical prose as ‘the direct and straightforward presentation of ideas, without any patchwork, without mere padding and empty repetitions’ ([1947] 1975, p. 414). Current scholarship supposes that developing variation ‘provides the grammar by which musical prose is created’ (Frisch 1984, p. 9).

This article restructures the relationship between developing variation and musical prose because a few prose‐like pieces by Brahms exhibit almost no developing variation. These works are representative of the hitherto unacknowledged category of ‘modular discourse’. Modular discourse presents incises that are not related by a common denominator, and many of them in quick succession. In other words, modular discourse does not rely on traditional motivic/thematic workings‐out to generate new content, unlike developing variation. To demonstrate modular procedures at intra‐rotational and inter‐rotational formal levels, I analyse the Andante sostenuto of Symphony No. 1 and the Scherzo of Symphony No. 4. Both movements are cast in multiple rotations within established forms, either sonata or ternary. In addition to discussing the logic of succession from one module to the next, I trace the formal‐functional recontextualisation of modules in later rotations to explain a perceived paradox: given the lack of development – modules often return verbatim or simply transposed – what factors are responsible for the changes in expressive meaning of later rotations?
The Second Vatican Council on Other Religions Revisited
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: May 2022

My The Second Vatican Council on Other Religions (Oxford University Press) appeared in 2012. In 2014 it went into a paperback edition, which allowed me to list some reviews and promise to enter into dialogue with all the reviewers. This article takes up such dialogue and discusses what came from nine reviewers. Glenn Siniscalchi wrote two reviews. Eduardo Echeverria went much further by writing two long essays on the book.
Do gluten peptides stimulate weight gain in humans?
Authors: Brouns Fred , Shewry Peter R.
Published: May 2022

Observations from animal and in vitro laboratory research, and anecdotal evidence, have led to the suggestion that gluten consumption stimulates weight gain by the presence of peptides expressing opioid activity. Another proposed mechanism is that gluten peptides decrease resting energy expenditure resulting in a positive energy balance. In order to induce such effects in vivo, intact food peptides must be absorbed in sufficient quantities, remain intact in the blood for sufficient time to have long‐lasting biological activity and bind to receptors involved in appetite, satiety and energy regulation. However, although peptides from food may pass from the intestine into the blood in extremely low quantities, they are generally rapidly degraded by plasma and vasculum‐bound aminopeptidases, resulting in very short half‐lives and loss of bioactivity. At present, gluten peptide sequences that influence regulators of energy metabolism have not been identified. Furthermore, data on the quantitative absorption of gluten peptides in the blood stream, their stability and lasting bioactivity are also lacking. Therefore, there is no evidence for proposed effects on driving appetite by the brain, nor on energy expenditure and weight gain. Furthermore, the level of overweight observed in various countries appears to be independent of the level of wheat consumption, and abundant observational evidence in humans shows that the levels of gluten consumption are neither related to daily calorie intake nor to BMI. This narrative review therefore discusses the proposed effects of gluten on bodyweight (BW) and putative biological mechanisms in the light of the current evidence.
Lepidagathis mahakassapae sp. nov. (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) from the high elevated Lateritic Plateau of northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India
Authors: More Sushant , Kambale Sharad , Sawant Mandar , Mane Rohit , Bhosale Harshal
Published: May 2022

Lepidagathis mahakassapae sp. nov., a monocarpic and endemic species of Acanthaceae, is described from Western Maharashtra, India. The new species is allied to L. sabui from Konkan, Maharashtra, but differs by having oblanceolate acuminate leaves, pubescent terminal elongated spikes, large floral but small sterile bracts and lanceolate broader segment of the bracteole. The stems of L. mahakassapae grows up to 250 cm in length while a few other prostrate species grows up to this length. Illustrations and colour photographs are provided for ease of identification.
Amorphophallus fontarumii (Araceae), a new species from Tanay Rizal, Luzon Island, Philippines
Authors: Bulawin Norilyn F. , Medecilo‐Guiang Maria Melanie P. , Alejandro Grecebio Jonathan D.
Published: May 2022

As an addition to the diversity of Amorphophallus we here describe the recent discovery of A. fontarumii sp. nov. The distinct characteristics of the new species are described and compared to A. caudatus Bustamante et al. and A. minimus Bustamante et al. It differs from the other species by its miniature habit, very long tapered verruculose appendix, absence of a staminode, finely verruculose, long, thin and filiform appendix apex, globose ovary and irregular peltate stigma with one lobe.
Territory‐level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds
Authors: Shutt Jack D. , Bell Sophie C. , Bell Fraser , Castello Joan , El Harouchi Myriam , Burgess Malcolm D.
Published: May 2022

Temperature plays an important role in determining the breeding phenology of birds in temperate climates, with higher spring temperatures associated with earlier breeding. However, the effect of localised territory‐scale temperature variations is poorly understood, with relationships between temperature and breeding phenology mostly studied using coarse‐grained climatic indices. Here, we interpolate spring temperatures recorded at 150‐m2 grid intersections encompassing 417 ha of forest to examine the influence of territory‐scale temperature, and its interaction with mean annual temperature, on territory selection, breeding phenology, clutch size and fledging success for three co‐occurring single‐brooded passerine birds using data from 672 nests over four years. All species exhibited significant trends in reproductive traits associated with territory‐scale temperature. Pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca settled in cooler territories first, where they raised more fledglings. Blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus laid larger clutches in warmer territories in warm years and always laid earlier at warmer territories irrespective of annual temperature variation. Contrastingly, pied flycatcher and wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding phenology was earlier at warmer territories in cool years and cooler territories in warm years, with wood warbler clutch size responding similarly to this interaction. Greater previous breeding experience and higher rates of historical territory occupancy (territory quality) also predicted earlier breeding phenology and higher fledging success for pied flycatchers. We suggest that the migratory pied flycatcher and wood warbler are best synchronised with their prey availability in cooler years at a local population level. However resident blue tits match local phenology across all years, which is potentially advantageous under warmer predicted climate change scenarios. We conclude that temperature at the territory scale can be an important driver of settlement and breeding phenology and influence reproductive traits.
Science parks as key players in entrepreneurial ecosystems
Authors: Germain Eloïse , Klofsten Magnus , Löfsten Hans , Mian Sarfraz
Published: May 2022

This study explores the crucial role of modern science parks in the creation, development, and management of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Thus, it has developed a conceptual framework for analysing the role that science parks could have in developing an entrepreneurial ecosystem. We interviewed several stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem oriented towards sustainable production. The study design comprises three levels of analysis: 27 nodes, 7 themes, and 3 aggregate dimensions. While a science park can play a key role in creating, developing, and managing an entrepreneurial ecosystem, we find that its success largely depends on the level of cooperation among the key stakeholders. This study provides new insights into (i) how we can better comprehend the emergence of linkages to develop entrepreneurial ecosystems and (ii) how science park managers and regional policymakers can better examine the role of key stakeholders in envisioning, configuring, and enabling regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. When studying science parks, it is important to use a holistic approach, focusing on the key players in the entrepreneurial ecosystem – science parks and their stakeholders – and knowing how and when to intervene.
Factors associated with dental caries experience of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Pansrimangkorn Kullanant , Asvanit Pornpun , Santiwong Busayarat
Published: May 2022

Aim

To investigate the factors association with dental caries experience in the primary dentition of Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy.

Methods and results

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among sixty Thai preschool children with cerebral palsy, aged 3–6 years old. Caries experience was determined by identifying decayednon‐cavitated and cavitated lesion, missing, and filled surfaces of deciduous teeth(dmfs). Sociodemographic data, CP motor types, dietary habits, oral health behaviors and dental plaque index were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the strength of the association between factors and dental caries experience. The prevalence of dental caries was 91.66%. The average dmfs was 20.30 ± 21.63 surfaces/individual. The multiple linear regression indicated that dmfs was significantly associated with snacking carbohydrate between meals more than two times/day (β ± SE = 0.372 ± 0.125; p = 0.004), spastic type of cerebral palsy (β ± SE = 0.309 ± 0.124; p = 0.015) and one‐time daily tooth brushing (β ± SE = 0.306 ± 0.124; p = 0.017).

Conclusions

Nine out of 10 preschool children with CP experienced dental caries. Spastic type of CP had more risk to develop dental decay. Caries prevention for preschool children with CP should emphasis on controlling the frequency of carbohydrate snack no more than two times/day and reinforcing tooth brushing at least twice daily.
Individualself‐controland collective outcomes: An examination of cigarette addiction and taxes
Authors: Mamun Khawaja A. , Chollete Lorán
Published: May 2022

Can individual self‐control problems affect policy variables? And if so, through what type of channels? Building on recent literature in political economy, we explore a specific channel that allows for links between individual addiction and state taxes. We develop a theoretical lobbying model to explain the role of addiction in the political process of cigarette taxation. Our model shows that equilibrium cigarette taxes are determined by the average addiction level in society, corruption, and their interaction. Our results suggest a potential impact of individual self‐control issues in the process of government policy.
Scientific understanding in the Aharonov‐Bohm effect
Authors: Shech Elay
Published: May 2022

By appealing to resources found in the scientific understanding literature, I identify in what senses idealisations afford understanding in the context of the (magnetic) Aharonov‐Bohm effect. Three types of concepts of understanding are discussed: understanding‐what, which has to do with understanding a phenomenon; understanding‐with, which has to do with understanding a scientific theory; and understanding‐why, which has to do with the reason some phenomenon occurs. Consequently, I outline an account of understanding‐with that is suggested by the historical controversy surrounding the Aharonov‐Bohm effect.
Energy homeostasis mediated by the LcSnRK1α–LcbZIP1/3 signaling pathway modulates litchi fruit senescence
Authors: Zhou Yijie , Li Zhiwei , Zhu Hong , Jiang Yueming , Jiang Guoxiang , Qu Hongxia
Published: May 2022

Cellular energy status is a key factor deciding the switch‐on of the senescence of horticultural crops. Despite the established significance of the conserved energy master regulator sucrose non‐fermenting 1 (SNF1)‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) in plant development, its working mechanism and related signaling pathway in the regulation of fruit senescence remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that energy deficit accelerates fruit senescence, whereas exogenous ATP treatment delays it. The transient suppression of LcSnRK1α in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit inhibited the expression of energy metabolism‐related genes, while its ectopic expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) promoted ripening and a high energy level. Biochemical analyses revealed that LcSnRK1α interacted with and phosphorylated the transcription factors LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3, which directly bound to the promoters to activate the expression of DARK‐INDUCIBLE 10 (LcDIN10), ASPARAGINE SYNTHASE 1 (LcASN1), and ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHASE (LcANS), thereby fine‐tuning the metabolic reprogramming to ensure energy and redox homeostasis. Altogether, these observations reveal a post‐translational modification mechanism by which LcSnRK1α‐mediated phosphorylation of LcbZIP1 and LcbZIP3 regulates the expression of metabolic reprogramming‐related genes, consequently modulating litchi fruit senescence.
A null allele of the pol IV second subunit impacts stature and reproductive development in Oryza sativa
Authors: Chakraborty Tania , Trujillo Joshua T. , Kendall Timmy , Mosher Rebecca A.
Published: May 2022

All eukaryotes possess three DNA‐dependent RNA polymerases, Pols I–III, while land plants possess two additional polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V. Derived through duplication of Pol II subunits, Pol IV produces 24‐nt short interfering RNAs that interact with Pol V transcripts to target de novo DNA methylation and silence transcription of transposons. Members of the grass family encode additional duplicated subunits of Pol IV and V, raising questions regarding the function of each paralog. In this study, we identify a null allele of the putative Pol IV second subunit, NRPD2, and demonstrate that NRPD2 is the sole subunit functioning with NRPD1 in small RNA production and CHH methylation in leaves. Homozygous nrpd2 mutants have neither gametophytic defects nor embryo lethality, although adult plants are dwarf and sterile.
Freeze‐dried plasma: From damage control resuscitation to coronavirus disease 2019 therapy
Authors: Peng Henry T. , Rhind Shawn G. , Moes Katy , Devine Dana , Jenkins Craig , Beckett Andrew
Published: May 2022

Background

Freeze‐dried plasma (FDP) is a promising blood component for prehospital resuscitation given its logistic advantages over fresh frozen plasma (FFP). COVID‐19 convalescent (CC) plasma has been used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients, and its corresponding FDP has potential use during future pandemics. Therefore, we conducted the study to determine if the hemostatic and immunological properties of plasma can be retained after lyophilization.

Study design and methods

Hemostatic tests were conducted with Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and a Stago analyzer. Anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and neutralizing activity were analyzed using Meso Scale Diagnostics immunoassay kits.

Results

There were no differences in ROTEM parameters and Stago measurements for prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen and D‐dimer concentrations, and antithrombin, factor V, VIII, and protein S activities between FFP and FDP for either pre‐COVID‐19 or CC samples. Differences were observed in INTEM clotting time and PT and PTT when comparing reconstituted FDP stored at 4°C for 24 h or room temperature for 4 h to healthy control. Both CC‐FFP and CC‐FDP showed two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens than pre‐COVID‐19‐FFP and pre‐COVID‐19‐FDP and healthy control. Similarly, the CC samples showed approximately 4‐fold higher %‐inhibition of receptor binding than the pre‐COVID‐19 samples. There were no differences in either the antibody levels or neutralization activity between CC‐FFP and CC‐FDP.

Discussion

We demonstrated that FDP and CC‐FDP retained the same hemostatic and antibody functional activities relative to their initial plasma sources, supporting clinical evaluation of their benefits in severe trauma and COVID‐19 patients.
The use of optical coherence tomography for skin evaluation in healthy rats
Authors: Szczepanik Marcin , Balicki Ireneusz , Śmiech Anna , Szadkowski Mateusz , Gołyński Marcin , Osęka Maciej , Zwolska Jowita
Published: May 2022

Background

Noninvasive diagnostic techniques allow for morphological and morphometric in vivo evaluation of the skin. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a method that allows visualization of dermal structures up to several 100 μm with a resolution of 3–7.5 μm.

Objectives

The aim of the study was the morphological and morphometric assessment of rats' skin using SD‐OCT.

Animals

Fifteen male Wistar rats, aged 3 and 8 months, weighing 350–450 g.

Materials and Methods

The skin of the plantar metatarsal area of the right pelvic limb was assessed. The measurements were performed using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD‐OCT) scans and histological images.

Results

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography could determine the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis. Apart from the stratum corneum (SC), it did not allow for the differentiation of the individual epidermal layers. In the SD‐OCT and in the histological examination, the mean thicknesses of the layers (μm ± SD) were (respectively): SC 33.053 ± μm(SD 5.85, 29.675 ± 5.54; epidermis 88.2 ± 7.97, 65.126 ± 13.23; dermis 259.86 ± 18.29, 166.05 ± 31.88 μm. There was a correlation between the total epidermal SD‐OCT and histological measurements (r = 0.43, p = 0.05). Bland–Altman plots revealed a bias of −19.18 (95% confidence interval) –39.21 to 0.84 μm) in the case of live epidermis (stratum granulosum, stratum spinous, stratum basale).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography can be used to evaluate rat epidermis and dermis. The method enables the differentiation of the SC, as well as the epidermis and the dermis. SD‐OCT and histological thickness dimensions of the epidermis and skin differ.
The effect of a mixed cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid based oil on client‐owned dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Loewinger Melissa , Wakshlag Joseph J. , Bowden Daniel , Peters‐Kennedy Jeanine , Rosenberg Andrew
Published: May 2022

Background

Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) are reported to have antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory actions.

Objectives

To determine if CBD/CBDA is an effective therapy for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).

Animals

Thirty‐two privately owned dogs with cAD.

Materials and methods

Prospective, randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study. Concurrent therapies were allowed if remained unchanged. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either 2 mg/kg of an equal mix of CBD/CBDA (n = 17) or placebo for 4 weeks. On Day (D)0, D14 and D28, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) scores were determined by investigators and owners, respectively. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry profiles and cytokine bioassays were performed on serum collected on D0 and D28.

Results

There was no significant difference in CADESI‐04 from D0 to D14 (p  = 0.42) or D28 (p  = 0.51) in either group. pVAS scores were significantly lower for the treatment group at D14 (p  = 0.04) and D28 (p  = 0.01) and a significant change in pVAS from baseline was seen at D14 (p  = 0.04) and not D28 (p  = 0.054) between groups. There was no significant difference in serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein ‐ 1, IL‐31 or IL‐34 between groups at D0 or D28. Elevated alkaline phosphatase was observed in four of 17 treatment group dogs.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

CBD/CBDA as an adjunct therapy decreased pruritus, and not skin lesions associated with cAD in dogs.
Successful use of carbon dioxide laser surgery as an adjunctive treatment for feline herpesvirus‐1 dermatitis in two cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Marshall Kalie R. , Turner Rachel , Emerson Jessica A. , Santoro Domenico
Published: May 2022

Carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are used for a variety of soft tissue procedures. This report describes their use in dermatitis associated with feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV) in two cheetahs. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing CO2 laser use to adjunctively treat FHV‐associated skin lesions.
Cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania mexicana in a cat treated with cryotherapy
Authors: Mendoza Yeimar , Colmenares Alegria , Hernández‐Pereira Carlos E. , Shaban Maryia V. , Mogollón Alexander , Morales‐Panza R.J. , Suarez‐Alvarado Maria Jose , Sordillo Emilia M. , Kato Hirotomo , Paniz‐Mondolfi Alberto E.
Published: May 2022

We report the novel use of cryosurgery to treat cutaneous feline leishmaniosis (FeL) in a domestic cat from mid‐western Venezuela. Amastigotes, evident by microscopy in aspirates from the nodular, erythematous nose lesions, were identified as Leishmania mexicana by cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Lesions resolved completely without relapse after 14 months.
Sampling the skin surface chemistry for diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Stanley Guy H. M. , Wang Katie , Daly Patrick , Lau Christopher , O'Brien Aoife M. , Hamill Cheryl , Fear Mark , Wood Fiona M.
Published: May 2022

Skin and wound blotting are non‐invasive techniques used to sample the skin and wound surface chemistry, whereby a nitrocellulose membrane is applied to an intact or broken cutaneous surface to detect biomarkers. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the evidence for the techniques used and data obtained to date. The primary aim of this study was to review the utilities of surface blotting for the diagnosis and prognosis of physiological, pre‐disease, and pathological states. The secondary aim was to summarise the procedural steps. A systematic literature search was conducted on 9 July 2021 using Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Investigators used McMaster's Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies to assess quality, then performed a narrative synthesis reporting according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty‐five studies were reviewed. Eighteen studies were of good quality, and seven were of moderate quality. These studies conducted skin and wound blotting on 176 animals and 1546 humans. Studies reported physiological and pathological states for diagnosis and prediction of conditions, including skin tears, wound healing, biofilm detection, and skin barrier function. The four steps for blotting are surface preparation, blot preparation, application and removal of blot, and analysis. This review demonstrates that blotting can determine the skin and wound surface chemistry using a versatile and reproducible technique. However, future research is needed to validate the technique and skin biomarkers identified.
Fractional-Order Shell Theory: Formulation and Application to the Analysis of Nonlocal Cylindrical Panels
Authors: Sidhardh Sai , Patnaik Sansit , Semperlotti Fabio
Published: May 2022

We present a theoretical and computational framework based on fractional calculus for the analysis of the nonlocal static response of cylindrical shell panels. The differ-integral nature of fractional derivatives allows an efficient and accurate methodology to account for the effect of long-range (nonlocal) interactions in curved structures. More specifically, the use of frame-invariant fractional-order kinematic relations enables a physically, mathematically, and thermodynamically consistent formulation to model the nonlocal elastic interactions. To evaluate the response of these nonlocal shells under practical scenarios involving generalized loads and boundary conditions, the fractional-finite element method (f-FEM) is extended to incorporate shell elements based on the first-order shear-deformable displacement theory. Finally, numerical studies are performed exploring both the linear and the geometrically nonlinear static response of nonlocal cylindrical shell panels. This study is intended to provide a general foundation to investigate the nonlocal behavior of curved structures by means of fractional-order models.
Investigation of Surface Roughness in Novel Magnetorheological Finishing of the Internal Hemispherical-Shaped Acetabular Cup Workpieces
Authors: Arora Kunal , Paswan Sunil Kumar , Singh Anant Kumar
Published: May 2022

In today’s world, the hemispherical-shaped component’s fine finishing with high wear resistance and dimensional accuracy is required in different applications such as shells, molds, and implants. The magnetorheological finishing (MRF) method using a novel hemispherical tip-based tool is used to finish the hemispherical cups. The study aims to develop a novel theoretical mathematical model to predict the surface roughness reduction of the hemispherical cups using the present MRF process. Because the magnetic field regulates forces in the MRF process, the effect of the magnetic flux density (MFD) in the fine finishing of the hemispherical acetabular cup workpiece has been examined theoretically and experimentally. The mathematical model for reducing surface roughness is next tested experimentally on a hemispherical acetabular cup workpiece surface. The results of the predicted roughness match well with the experimental values with the error ranging from 1.17% to 6.15%. Further, surface morphology, microhardness, and dimensional accuracy tests are done on the workpiece using scanning electron microscopy, a microhardness tester, and coordinate measuring equipment to evaluate the efficacy of the present process. The present mathematical model for the MRF process predicts fine finishing along with the overall enhancement in the surface quality of the hemispherical acetabular cup surface.
SuperMeshing: Boosting the Mesh Density of Stress Field in Plane-Strain Problems Using Deep Learning Method
Authors: Xu Handing , Nie Zhenguo , Xu Qingfeng , Li Yaguan , Xie Fugui , Liu Xin-Jun
Published: May 2022

The increase of the spatial resolution in numerical computation always leads to a decrease in computing efficiency with respect to the constraint of mesh density. In response to this problem of the inability to perform numerical computation, we propose a novel method to boost the mesh-density in the finite element method (FEM) within 2D domains. Running on the von Mises stress fields of the 2D plane-strain problems computed by FEM, the proposed method utilizes a deep neural network named SMNet to learn a nonlinear mapping from low mesh-density to high mesh-density in stress fields and realizes the improvement of numerical computation accuracy and efficiency simultaneously. By introducing residual density blocks into SMNet, we can extract abundant local features and improve prediction capacity. The result indicates that SMNet can effectively increase the spatial resolution of stress fields under multiple scaling factors in mesh-density: 2 ×, 3 ×, and 4 ×. Compared with the targets, the relative error of SMNet is 1.67%, showing better performance than many other methods. SMNet can be generically used as an enhanced mesh-density boosting model of 2D physical fields for mesh-based numerical methods.
Proceedings of the Clinical Microbiology Open 2018 and 2019 - a Discussion about Emerging Trends, Challenges, and the Future of Clinical Microbiology
Authors: Doern Christopher D. , Miller Melissa B. , Alby Kevin , Bachman Michael A. , Brecher Stephen M. , Casiano-Colon Aida , Couturier Marc Roger , Johnson J. Kristie , Kirby James E. , McElvania Erin , Newton Duane W. , Nolte Frederick S. , Pancholi Preeti , McNult Peggy , Dharmarha Vaishali , Dunbar Sherry
Published: May 2022

Clinical Microbiology Open (CMO), a meeting supported by the American Society for Microbiology’s Clinical and Public Health Microbiology Committee (CPHMC) and Corporate Council, provides a unique interactive platform for leaders from diagnostic microbiology laboratories, industry, and federal agencies to discuss the current and future state of the clinical microbiology laboratory. The purpose is to leverage the group’s diverse views and expertise to address critical challenges, and discuss potential collaborative opportunities for diagnostic microbiology, through the utilization of varied resources.
The
Shigella
Spp. Type III Effector Protein OspB Is a Cysteine Protease
Authors: Wood Thomas E. , Westervelt Kathleen A. , Yoon Jessica M. , Eshleman Heather D. , Levy Roie , Burnes Henry , Slade Daniel J. , Lesser Cammie F. , Goldberg Marcia B.
Published: May 2022

Shigella
spp. are important human pathogens and among the leading causes of diarrheal mortality worldwide, especially in children. Virulence depends on the
Shigella
type III secretion system (T3SS).
Understanding why collective action resulted in greater advances for tobacco control as compared to alcohol control during the Philippines’ Sin Tax Reform: a qualitative study
Authors: Hoe Connie , Weiger Caitlin , Cohen Joanna E
Published: May 2022

Background and aims

In 2012, the Philippines passed a law popularly known as the ‘Sin Tax Reform’. This law increased excise tax on both tobacco and alcohol. While a victory for public health, the total amount of taxes paid by the tobacco and alcohol industries was an uneven 69–31 split. The primary aim of this study is to explore why collective action of Sin Tax proponents resulted in greater advances for tobacco control as compared with alcohol control.

Methods

A case study approach was used. Key informant interviews were carried out with 25 individuals from academic, governmental, non-governmental and international organisations and industry who had first-hand knowledge of the Sin Tax policy process, led an organisation that participated in the process and/or possessed expert knowledge of Sin Taxes in the Philippines. Interviews were subsequently transcribed then analysed using inductive coding.

Results

Four factors contributed to the varying tax treatment of the two industries: (1) absence of advocacy-oriented alcohol control groups, (2) the proponents’ ‘divide and conquer’ strategy, which aimed to prevent the alcohol and tobacco industries from joining forces, (3) the perception that moderate drinking is acceptable among some of the Sin Tax proponents, public and medical community and (4) a weaker global push for alcohol control.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest the need to cultivate advocacy-oriented alcohol control civil society organisations, generate consensus at the local and global level regarding the problem definition and policy solutions for alcohol control and consider global instruments to strengthen norms and standards for alcohol control. Given that proponents also negotiated for a lower alcohol tax compared with tobacco due to the concern that the two industries might join forces, it also raises the question of whether or not a health tax bill should tackle more than one health harming product at a time.