bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversations on Arithmetic
Authors: Porter Sarah Ricardo
Published: March 2015

In this 1835 work, Sarah Porter, née Ricardo (1790–1862) shows her enthusiasm for arithmetic, and her concern for teaching it in a way that will develop the pupil's mind: 'There is no branch of early education so admirably adapted to call forth and strengthen the reasoning powers.' She uses the device of a conversation between pupil and teacher, popularised by Jane Marcet (several of whose works are reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection), to guide young Edmund from the written symbols for numbers through addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, fractions and decimals, proportion, and square and cube roots. Answers to the questions are provided at the end of the book. A member of the Central Society of Education, which promoted imaginative theories of education instead of rote learning, Mrs Porter reworked her book in 1852 as Rational Arithmetic, a more conventional and less entertaining textbook for use in schools.
Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah
Authors: Ibn Batuta
Published: March 2015

This four-volume edition of the Arabic text of the Journey of the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta (1304–68/9), with a French translation, was published in 1853–8 as part of the 'Collection d'ouvrages orientaux' of the French Société Asiatique. In 1325, Ibn Battuta, who came from a family of Islamic jurists in Tangier, set out to make the pilgrimage to Mecca - the beginning of a journey that would last for twenty-four years and take him as far as China. In Volume 1, he describes his departure from Tangier, and his journey via Tunis to Egypt, where he travelled to Cairo, planning to reach a Red Sea port and sail to Arabia. The route was closed, so he returned to Cairo and travelled from there to Damascus, taking in the holy places of Palestine en route. Having finally reached Medina and Mecca, he decided to travel on, to Najaf (in present-day Iraq).
Swift and Others
Authors: Rawson Claude
Published: March 2015

Jonathan Swift's influence on the writings and politics of England and Ireland was reinforced by a combination of contradictory forces: an authoritarian attachment to tradition and rule, and a vivid responsiveness to the disorders of a modernity he resisted and yet helped to create. He was, perhaps even more than Pope, a dominant voice of his times. The rich variety of the literary culture to which he belonged shows the penetration of his ideas, personality and style. This is true of writers who were his friends and admirers (Pope), of adversaries (Mandeville, Johnson), of several who became great ironists in his shadow (Gibbon, Austen), and of some surprising examples of Swiftian afterlife (Chatterton). Claude Rawson, leading scholar of the works of Swift, brings together recent essays, as well as classic earlier work extensively revised, to offer fresh insights into an era when Swift's voice was a pervasive presence.
Nationalism, Myth, and the State in Russia and Serbia
Authors: Vujačić Veljko
Published: March 2015

This book examines the role of Russian and Serbian nationalism in different modes of dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in 1991. Why did Russia's elites agree to the dissolution of the Soviet Union along the borders of Soviet republics, leaving twenty-five million Russians outside of Russia? Conversely, why did Serbia's elite succeed in mobilizing Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia for the nationalist cause? Combining a Weberian emphasis on interpretive understanding and counterfactual analysis with theories of nationalism, Veljko Vujačić highlights the role of historical legacies, national myths, collective memories, and literary narratives in shaping diametrically opposed attitudes toward the state in Russia and Serbia. The emphasis on the unintended consequences of communist nationality policy highlights how these attitudes interacted with institutional factors, favoring different outcomes in 1991. The book's postscript examines how this explanation holds up in the light of Russia's annexation of Crimea.
Workload Modeling for Computer Systems Performance Evaluation
Authors: Feitelson Dror G.
Published: March 2015

Reliable performance evaluations require the use of representative workloads. This is no easy task since modern computer systems and their workloads are complex, with many interrelated attributes and complicated structures. Experts often use sophisticated mathematics to analyze and describe workload models, making these models difficult for practitioners to grasp. This book aims to close this gap by emphasizing the intuition and the reasoning behind the definitions and derivations related to the workload models. It provides numerous examples from real production systems, with hundreds of graphs. Using this book, readers will be able to analyze collected workload data and clean it if necessary, derive statistical models that include skewed marginal distributions and correlations, and consider the need for generative models and feedback from the system. The descriptive statistics techniques covered are also useful for other domains.
From Community to Compliance?
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: March 2015

In the past decade, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has transformed from a periodic meeting of ministers to setting ambitious goals of becoming a Community by 2015. ASEAN is now the most important regional organisation in the history of the continent of Asia. An important tension in this transformation is the question of whether the 'ASEAN way' - defined by consultation and consensus, rather than enforceable obligations - is consistent with the establishment of a community governed by law. This book examines the growing interest in following through on international commitments, in particular monitoring implementation and compliance. Key barriers remain, in particular the lack of resources and ongoing resistance to accepting binding obligations. It remains to be seen whether these trends herald a more measured approach to decision-making in ASEAN. Written for practitioners and researchers alike, this important book provides the first systematic survey of monitoring within ASEAN.
Towards a Rules-Based Community: An ASEAN Legal Service
Authors: Piris Jean-Claude , Woon Walter
Published: March 2015

In 2007, ASEAN adopted the ASEAN Charter, which stated its ambition to become a 'rules-based' community respecting the rule of law. In order to fulfil this objective, it is vital that the necessary legal infrastructure has effective legal support. This book helps readers to understand the need for and role of such a legal service. To begin with, it explores the way ASEAN and its various institutions have evolved. The current situation with respect to the making of rules and settlement of disputes is then analysed, drawing not only on published primary and secondary materials, but also on the experience of diplomats, officials and legal officers. Finally, the authors draw on their practical experiences, as former attorney-general of an ASEAN member state and former head of the European Council legal service, to make recommendations on how an ASEAN Legal Service might be organised.
The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen
Authors: Todd Janet
Published: March 2015

Jane Austen is unique among British novelists in maintaining her popular appeal while receiving more scholarly attention now than ever before. This introduction by Janet Todd, leading scholar and editor of Austen's work, explains what students need to know about her novels, life, context and reception. Each novel is discussed in detail, and the essential information is given about her life and literary influences, her novels and letters, and her impact on later literature. For this second edition, the book has been fully revised; a new chapter explores the ways in which Austen's work has prompted imitations, adaptations and creative spin-offs. Key areas of current critical focus are considered throughout, but the book's analysis remains thoroughly grounded in readings of the texts themselves. Janet Todd outlines what makes Austen's prose style so innovative and gives useful starting points for the study of the major works, with suggestions for further reading.
The Life of Schubert
Authors: Gibbs Christopher H.
Published: March 2015

Franz Schubert's tragically short life was spent in one of Europe's most richly musical cities: a Vienna that worshipped Beethoven, adored Rossini, and thrilled to Paganini. Schubert, with the help of supportive friends who were themselves immersed in the arts, won fame for himself through songs and dances while aspiring to succeed with larger operas and symphonies. Christopher Gibbs considers how and what Schubert composed, taking a fresh look at this misunderstood figure, particularly the unfolding of his professional career, his relationship to Beethoven, the growth of his reputation and public image and the darker side of drinking, depression and sexual ambiguity. This searching and sympathetic biography questions the customary sentimental clichés and the recent revisionist views concerning this elusive genius.
Influence of thermal reduced depolarization on a repetition-frequency laser amplifier and compensation
Authors: Jiang Xin-ying , Yan Xiong-wei , Wang Zhen-guo , Zheng Jian-gang , Li Ming-zhong , Su Jing-qin
Published: March 2015

Thermal stress can induce birefringence in a laser medium, which can cause depolarization of the laser. The depolarization effect will be very severe in a high-average-power laser. Because the depolarization will make the frequency doubling efficiency decline, it should be compensated. In this paper, the thermal characteristics of two kinds of materials are analyzed in respect of temperature, thermal deformation and thermal stress. The depolarization result from thermal stress was simulated. Depolarization on non-uniform pumping was also simulated, and the compensation method is discussed.
MINORITY RELIGIONS IN ISRAEL
Authors: Sapir Gideon , Statman Daniel
Published: March 2015

The article discusses the question of how Israel ought to treat its minority religions and whether its actual policies towards them accord with her moral and constitutional obligations. The first part of the paper offers three arguments purporting to show that Israel is justified in granting privileged status to the Jewish religion over other religions, and rejects each of them in turn. In particular, it rejects the view that Israel is allowed to privilege Judaism over other religions as far as the funding of religious services and needs is concerned. Nonetheless, the possibility that, on the symbolic level, weak privileging of Judaism may be permissible is left open. The second part of the paper questions whether the State of Israel guarantees equal treatment to all religions, and the answer is in the negative. Finally, the paper discusses the religious freedom of non-Jews in Israel and the way it has been interpreted by the courts. It is contended that both in terms of the freedom of religion and in terms of the freedom from religion, the protection of non-Jews is somewhat weaker than that granted to Jews, a state of affairs that ought to be remedied.
Late Cambrian (middle Furongian) shallow-marine dysoxic mudstone with calcrete and brachiopod–olenid–Lotagnostusfaunas in Avalonian Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: LANDING ED , WESTROP STEPHEN R.
Published: March 2015

The common belief that organic-rich mudstones formed in quiescent, distal settings is further weakened by study of an upper Cambrian (Leptoplastus– lowerPelturasuperzones) succession in the Chesley Drive Group in Avalonian Cape Breton Island that is comparable to Alum Shale successions in Baltica. Dramatic sea-level (likely eustatic) changes are now recognized by punctuation of deposition of shallow, wave-influenced black mudstone with brachiopod (Orusia lenticularis) and olenid trilobite-bearing limestones by offlap and formation of a subaerially cemented calcrete-clast conglomerate. Subaerial exposure was followed by transgression and accumulation of clastic pyrite sand and phosphatic granules withLeptoplastusSuperzone (L. ovatusZone) trilobite sclerites. Dynamic processes are shown by wave ripples in the mudstone and limestone, sorting and winnowing of fossil rudstones, and pre-compactional fracture of the conglomerate and rudstones.Orusiarudstones in the succession below the conglomerate are regarded as analogues ofEoorthisandBillingsellarudstones in the ‘biomere’ extinction intervals of the Laurentian basal Sunwaptan. The lowestOrusia-rich beds are no older than theP. spinulosaZone but, as elsewhere in Avalonia, they range into the higherLeptoplastus(Cape Breton) and even thePeltura(Britain, New Brunswick) superzones. Rare agnostoid sclerites in lowerPelturaSuperzone (Ctenopyge tumidaZone) olenid rudstone resemble those traditionally assigned toLotagnostus trisectusin Avalonian Britain and Sweden, and are distinct from LaurentianL. americanus. AnL. americanusZone cannot be identified in Avalonia or Baltica, and the first appearance datum (FAD) of purported ‘L. americanus’ is not suitable as a standard for the base of the highest Cambrian stage.
Steinernema jeffreyensen. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
Authors: Malan A.P. , Knoetze R. , Tiedt L.R.
Published: March 2015

During a non-targeted survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in South Africa, a new species ofSteinernemawas isolated from a soil sample collected from underneath a guava tree, close to the shore at Jeffrey's Bay. The nematode was isolated by means of the insect-baiting technique using last-instar larvae ofGalleria mellonella. It is described herein asSteinernema jeffreyensen. sp. The nematode can be separated from other described, closely related species in terms of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the different life stages, and in terms of the characterization and phylogeny of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA of the 18S gene, and of the D2D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene. The new species is placed molecularly in thearenarium–glaseri–karii–longicaudatumgroup characterized by the following morphological characters: infective third-stage juvenile with a body length of 926 (784–1043) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 87 (78–107) μm, tail length of 81 (50–96) μm, with an E% of 109 (86–169), and eight evenly spaced ridges (i.e. nine lines) in the middle of the body. First-generation males have a spicule length of 88 (79–95) μm and gubernaculum length of 57 (51–61) μm. Male mucron is absent in both generations. First-generation females have an asymmetrical protuberance and a short, double-flapped epiptygmata, with both flaps directed to the front. The tail of the first-generation female is shorter than the anal body width, with a mucron on the dorsal tail tip, with D% = 78 (59–99). Cross-hybridization withS. khoisanae,S. tophusandS. innovationishowed the new species to isolate reproductively from the others. The analyses of ITS rDNA and D2D3 sequence of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes support the studied nematode isolate to be a valid new species belonging to the ‘glaseri’ group (Clade V).
Molecular evidence shows that the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica is the predominant Fasciola species in ruminants from Pakistan
Authors: Chaudhry U. , van Paridon B. , Shabbir M.Z. , Shafee M. , Ashraf K. , Yaqub T. , Gilleard J.
Published: March 2015

Fascioliasis is an important disease affecting livestock, with great costs to producers worldwide. It has also become a serious issue for human populations in some endemic areas as an emerging zoonotic infection. There are two Fasciola species of liver fluke responsible for this disease, which occur worldwide, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Identifying these two species on the basis of adult or egg morphology requires specialist knowledge due to the similarity of characters, and may misidentify putative intermediate or hybrid forms. In this study we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) rDNA of liver flukes collected from multiple species of hosts from seven localities in the Punjab and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan, to determine the distribution of these two species. All 46 flukes processed in this study, collected from seven sites, showed the rDNA ITS-2 genotype corresponding to F. gigantica, contradicting previous reports, based on adult and egg morphology, that both species are present in Pakistan, with F. hepatica being the more common.
Philosophy: Scientific or Humanistic?
Authors: Kekes John
Published: March 2015

Are or should the assumptions, methods, and aims of philosophy be scientific or humanistic? I take Quine to represent the view that if philosophy is done as it should be, it is scientific. A contrary view is that philosophy rightly pursued is humanistic. I consider Williams' defense of it. My aim in this paper is to show that each view is partly right and partly wrong and to propose an alternative that includes what I take to be right and excludes what I take to be wrong in both views.
The effect of social participation on the subjective and objective health status of the over-fifties: evidence from SHARE
Authors: LEONE TIZIANA , HESSEL PHILIPP
Published: March 2015

Increasing social participation among older individuals to increase health and wellbeing has become a distinct policy goal of many national governments and the European Commission. However, to date the evidence on how social participation affects health, both subjective and objective, remains limited, especially since most studies do not account for the reciprocal relationship. The aim of this study is to analyse how changes in social participation affect both the subjective and objective health of older Europeans as well as how changes in health status affect social participation. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the results suggest that both the uptake as well as the continuation of social activities increase the chances of improvements in subjective as well as objective health. Furthermore, improvements in self-rated health as well as grip strength significantly increase the chances of taking up new activities as well as continuing with existing ones. Country effect is not as strong as expected and the benefits could be homogeneous across different cultures once we control for socio-economic status. Overall, the results stress the need for taking into account the reciprocal relationship between social participation and health. The paper highlights the importance of focusing on both uptake and continuation of social participation when devising policy aimed at improving healthy ageing.
A new seed coat water-impermeability mechanism in Chaetostoma armatum (Melastomataceae): evolutionary and biogeographical implications of physiophysical dormancy
Authors: Ribeiro Rafaella C. , Oliveira Denise M.T. , Silveira Fernando A.O.
Published: March 2015

Determining the phylogenetic and biogeographic distribution of physical dormancy remains a major challenge in germination ecology. Here, our goal was to describe a novel water-impermeable seed coat mechanism causing physical dormancy (PY) in the seeds of Chaetostoma armatum (Melastomataceae). Although seed coat permeability tests indicated a significant increase in seed weight after soaking in distilled water, anatomical and dye-tracking analyses showed that both water and dyes penetrated the seed coat but not the embryo, which remained in a dry state. The water and dye penetrated the lumen of the exotestal cells, which have a thin outer periclinal face and thickened secondary walls with U-shaped phenolic compounds. Because of this structure, water and dye do not penetrate the inner periclinal face of the exotestal cells, indicating PY. Puncturing the seeds increased germination more than tenfold compared to that of the control, but GA3 did not increase germination further. A significant fraction of the seeds did not germinate after puncturing, indicating that embryos are also physiologically dormant (PD). This paper constitutes the first report of the water-impermeable seed coat in the Myrtales and the first report of physiophysical (PD+PY) dormancy in a shrub from a tropical montane area.
Socio-economic influences on anthropometric status in urban South African adolescents: sex differences in the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort
Authors: Pradeilles Rebecca , Griffiths Paula L , Norris Shane A , Feeley Alison B , Rousham Emily K
Published: March 2015

Objective

To investigate the associations of household and neighbourhood socio-economic position (SEP) with indicators of both under- and overnutrition in adolescents and to explore sex differences.

Design

Analysis of anthropometric, household and neighbourhood SEP data from the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort born in 1990. Anthropometric outcomes were BMI (thinness, overweight and obesity) and percentage body fat (%BF; low, high). Associations between these and the household wealth index, caregiver education and neighbourhood SEP tertile measures were examined using binary logistic regression.

Setting

Johannesburg–Soweto, South Africa.

Subjects

Adolescents aged 17–19 years (n 2019; 48·2 % men).

Results

Women had a significantly higher combined prevalence of overweight/obesity (26·2 %) than men (8·2 %) whereas men had a significantly higher prevalence of thinness than women (22·2 % v. 10·6 %, respectively). Having a low neighbourhood social support index was associated with higher odds of high %BF in women (OR=1·59; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·44). A low household wealth index was associated with lower odds of both overweight (OR=0·31; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·76) and high %BF in men (OR=0·28; 95 % CI 0·10, 0·78). A low or middle household wealth index was associated with higher odds of being thin in men (OR=1·90; 95 % CI 1·09, 3·31 and OR=1·80; 95 % CI 1·03, 3·15, respectively). For women, a low household wealth index was associated with lower odds of being thin (OR=0·49; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·96).

Conclusions

The study highlights that even within a relatively small urban area the nutrition transition manifests itself differently in men and women and across SEP indicators. Understanding the challenges for different sexes at different ages is vital in helping to plan public health services.
Mid upper-arm circumference is an effective tool to identify infants and young children with severe acute malnutrition in India
Authors: Aguayo Victor M , Aneja Satinder , Badgaiyan Nina , Singh Karanveer
Published: March 2015

Objective

To assess the appropriateness of current mid upper-arm circumference (MUAC) cut-offs to identify children with severe acute malnutrition in India.

Design

The analysis concerned 6307 children admitted to nutrition rehabilitation centres (2009–2011) where they received therapeutic care as per guidelines by WHO and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics.

Setting

States of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India.

Subjects

Children aged 6–59 months with bilateral pitting oedema or weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ)<−3 or MUAC<115 mm at admission.

Results

Children aged 6–23 months represented ~80 % of the admissions. Among them, the proportion with WHZ<−3 was similar to that with MUAC<115 mm (85·7 % v. 81·8 %); the proportion with MUAC<115 mm whose WHZ was <−3 was 82·6 %; and the proportion with WHZ<−3 whose MUAC<115 mm was 78·8 %. MUAC<115 mm was as effective as WHZ<−3 in identifying 6–59-month-old children with medical complications (32·2 % v. 31·6 %, respectively), the most important risk factor of death among oedema-free children. Furthermore, death rates in children with MUAC<115 mm were higher than in children with WHZ<−3 (0·61 % v. 0·58 %, respectively) and 91 % of the deaths among oedema-free children were deaths of children with MUAC<115 mm.

Conclusions

In populations similar to those included in our analysis, MUAC<115 mm appears to be an appropriate criterion to identify children with severe acute malnutrition who are at a greater risk of medical complications and death, particularly among children 6–23 months old.
Paradigm formation and paradigm change in the EU’s Stability and Growth Pact
Authors: Princen Sebastiaan , van Esch Femke
Published: March 2015

This article analyses whether the European Union’s (EU) Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) has been underpinned by a policy paradigm. In doing so, it seeks to contribute to the debate on the existence and importance of paradigms in policy-making. It uses a causal mapping technique to reconstruct the beliefs behind three key policy documents in the SGP’s development, assessing to what extent these beliefs conform to two dominant economic policy paradigms. The analysis shows that the policy beliefs behind the SGP have been a mixture of economic policy paradigms, in which the emphasis placed on each paradigm has changed over time. This implies that internally coherent mixtures of policy paradigms are possible. This is likely also to be the case in many other areas of (EU) policy-making. Our findings have important implications for the debate on policy-change, as they suggest that paradigmatic change is likely to proceed more through gradual changes within mixes of paradigms than through radical paradigm shifts.
Asthma and Height in Twins: A Cohort and Within-Pair Analyses Study
Authors: Protudjer Jennifer L. P. , Lundholm Cecilia , Almqvist Catarina
Published: March 2015

In singletons, asthma may be associated with shorter height and delayed growth during adolescence. Yet, these studies do not account for heritability of asthma, puberty/menarche, and height. We aimed to study the association between asthma and puberty in boys and menarche in girls, and height, in a cohort of twins and subsequently in same-sex twin pairs discordant for asthma. From a Swedish twin cohort, parent- and self-reported data on asthma, puberty/menarche, and height were collected. Pubertal staging was established via the Petersen index. Logistic and linear regression was used to estimate associations between asthma and puberty/menarche and height, respectively. For within-pair analyses in twins discordant for asthma, conditional logistic and linear regression were used. Data on 2,658 (49.1% boys) twins were included. Among boys, asthma prevalence was 8.2% at 8–9 years and 10.2% at 13–14 years. Corresponding numbers for girls were 4.2% and 4.9%, respectively. In the entire cohort, no statistically significant associations were found between current asthma and puberty/menarche. Boys with asthma were shorter than boys without asthma at 8–9 years (on average, 1.86 [0.17–3.56] cm,p= .03) and at 13–14 years (on average, 2.94 [0.98–4.91] cm,p= .003) but not at 19–20 years. No such associations were found for girls. Within same-sex twin pairs discordant for asthma, no statistically significant associations were found for either sex. Twin boys, but not girls, with asthma were shorter than those without asthma. Non-statistically significant estimates from within-pair analyses suggest the association is partly confounded by genetic or familial environmental factors.
Psychosoziale Belastungen bei inhaftierten Mädchen und Jungen
Authors: Plattner Belinda , Bessler Cornelia , Vogt Gunnar , Linhart Susanne , Thun-Hohenstein Leonhard , Aebi Marcel
Published: March 2015

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Längsschnittstudien zeigten, dass kriminelles Verhalten von Jugendlichen häufig mit einem Umfeld bezogener und familiärer Belastung einhergeht, insbesondere bei Mädchen. In dieser Studie haben wir den psychosozialen Hintergrund von jugendlichen Inhaftierten erhoben und geschlechtsspezifisch ausgewertet. Methodik: Das Multidimensional Clinical Screening Inventory for delinquent juveniles (MCSI) wurde angewandt, um Schulanamnese, psychiatrische Anamnese, den familiären Hintergrund sowie belastende Erlebnisse und das Deliktmotiv zu erheben. Die endgültige Stichprobe umfasste 294 Jugendliche (46 Mädchen und 248 Jungen). Ergebnisse: Innerfamiliärer Missbrauch/Verlust wurde von 91 % (Mädchen) und 79 % (Jungen) angegeben. 76 % (Mädchen) und 88 % (Jungen) gaben ein Schulproblem an. 57 % (Mädchen) und 29 % (Jungen) gaben psychische Vorbehandlung an. Signifikant höhere Prävalenzraten fanden sich bei Mädchen bezüglich der elterlichen Trennung, Inhaftierungen der Mutter, bei Missbrauch/Verlust und psychischer Vorbehandlung. Signifikant mehr Mädchen als Jungen gaben zugleich schulische Probleme und Verlust- sowie Missbrauchserlebnisse an (65.2 % vs. 46.4 %, χ² = 5.51, df = 1, p < .05). Schlussfolgerung: Inhaftierte Jugendliche, insbesondere Mädchen, waren und sind multiplen psychosozialen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Es besteht daher die Notwendigkeit, Präventionsarbeit in psychosozial belasteten Familien zu leisten. Auch in der Behandlung in und nach der Haft muss das Umfeld im Rahmen sozialpsychiatrisch-familienzentrierter als auch forensischer Intervention berücksichtigt werden.
Combined Ampakine and BDNF Treatments Enhance Poststroke Functional Recovery in Aged Mice via AKT-CREB Signaling
Authors: Clarkson Andrew N , Parker Kim , Nilsson Michael , Walker F Rohan , Gowing Emma K
Published: March 2015

Cerebral ischemia results in damage to neuronal circuits and lasting impairment in function. We have previously reported that stimulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors with the ampakine, CX1837, increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and affords significant motor recovery after stroke in young mice. Here, we investigated whether administration of CX1837 in aged (24 months old) mice was equally effective. In a model of focal ischemia, administration of CX1837 from 5 days after stroke resulted in a small gain of motor function by week 6 after stroke. Mice that received a local delivery of BDNF via hydrogel implanted into the stroke cavity also showed a small gain of function from 4 to 6 weeks after stroke. Combining both treatments, however, resulted in a marked improvement in motor function from 2 weeks after insult. Assessment of peri-infarct tissue 2 weeks after stroke revealed a significant increase in p-AKT and p-CREB after the combined drug treatment. Using the pan-AKT inhibitor, GSK-690693, or deletion of CREB from forebrain neurons using the CREB-flox/CAMKii-cre mice, we were able to block the recovery of motor function. These data suggest that combined CX1837 and local delivery of BDNF are required to achieve maximal functional recovery after stroke in aged mice, and is occurring via the AKT-GSK3-CREB signaling pathway.
Choice-correlated activity fluctuations underlie learning of neuronal category representation
Authors: Engel Tatiana A. , Chaisangmongkon Warasinee , Freedman David J. , Wang Xiao-Jing
Published: March 2015

The ability to categorize stimuli into discrete behaviourally relevant groups is an essential cognitive function. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying categorization, we constructed a cortical circuit model that is capable of learning a motion categorization task through reward-dependent plasticity. Here we show that stable category representations develop in neurons intermediate to sensory and decision layers if they exhibit choice-correlated activity fluctuations (choice probability). In the model, choice probability and task-specific interneuronal correlations emerge from plasticity of top-down projections from decision neurons. Specific model predictions are confirmed by analysis of single-neuron activity from the monkey parietal cortex, which reveals a mixture of directional and categorical tuning, and a positive correlation between category selectivity and choice probability. Beyond demonstrating a circuit mechanism for categorization, the present work suggests a key role of plastic top-down feedback in simultaneously shaping both neural tuning and correlated neural variability.
Cytological and Subcellular Response of Cells Exposed to the Type-1 RIP Curcin and its Hemocompatibility Analysis
Authors: Mohamed M. Sheikh , Veeranarayanan Srivani , Minegishi Hiroaki , Sakamoto Yasushi , Shimane Yasuhiro , Nagaoka Yutaka , Aki Atsushi , Poulose Aby Cheruvathoor , Echigo Akinobu , Yoshida Yasuhiko , Maekawa Toru , Kumar D. Sakthi
Published: March 2015

Curcin, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) is investigated here for its cellular competence on six mammalian cell lines. Cells exposed to curcin (100 μg/ml) for 72 h exhibited significant cellular metabolic arrest, with the cancer cell lines being more sensitive. The viability assessment of the cancer cells in a 3D cell culture based assay revealed highly restricted sprouting and proliferation with near to complete dead cell population. Prominent mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated reactive oxygen species levels, nuclear degeneration, structural/mechanical destabilization and suppression of defense mechanisms were imminent with the RIP treated cells. Expression levels of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), cytoskeletal focal adhesion kinases (FAK) and vinculin were significantly diminished. Vital cellular organelles as nucleus, mitochondria and actin were severely incapacitated on RIP exposure resulting in multimodal apoptosis and necrosis. The ability of curcin to impart comprehensive shutdown of the cells, especially cancer cells, complemented with its hemocompatibility, opens up possibilities of utilizing this ribotoxin as a prospective therapeutic candidate against cancers of diverse origins.
The vaginal microbiome during pregnancy and the postpartum period in a European population
Authors: MacIntyre David A. , Chandiramani Manju , Lee Yun S. , Kindinger Lindsay , Smith Ann , Angelopoulos Nicos , Lehne Benjamin , Arulkumaran Shankari , Brown Richard , Teoh Tiong Ghee , Holmes Elaine , Nicoholson Jeremy K. , Marchesi Julian R. , Bennett Phillip R.
Published: March 2015

The composition and structure of the pregnancy vaginal microbiome may influence susceptibility to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Studies on the pregnant vaginal microbiome have largely been limited to Northern American populations. Using MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we characterised the vaginal microbiota of a mixed British cohort of women (n = 42) who experienced uncomplicated term delivery and who were sampled longitudinally throughout pregnancy (8–12, 20–22, 28–30 and 34–36 weeks gestation) and 6 weeks postpartum. We show that vaginal microbiome composition dramatically changes postpartum to become lessLactobacillusspp. dominant with increased alpha-diversity irrespective of the community structure during pregnancy and independent of ethnicity. While the pregnancy vaginal microbiome was characteristically dominated byLactobacillusspp. and low alpha-diversity, unlike Northern American populations, a significant number of pregnant women this British population had aL. jensenii-dominated microbiome characterised by low alpha-diversity.L. jenseniiwas predominantly observed in women of Asian and Caucasian ethnicity whereasL. gasseriwas absent in samples from Black women. This study reveals new insights into biogeographical and ethnic effects upon the pregnancy and postpartum vaginal microbiome and has important implications for future studies exploring relationships between the vaginal microbiome, host health and pregnancy outcomes.
PIK3R1 negatively regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-like phenotype of renal cancer cells through the AKT/GSK3β/CTNNB1 signaling pathway
Authors: Lin Youcheng , Yang Zhao , Xu Abai , Dong Pei , Huang Yi , Liu Huan , Li Feida , Wang Haifeng , Xu Qian , Wang Yongqiang , Sun Da , Zou Yong , Zou Xiaowen , Wang Yu , Zhang Duo , Liu Hongjie , Wu Xun , Zhang Meng , Fu Yu , Cai Zhiming , Liu Chunxiao , Wu Song
Published: March 2015

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway has been identified as an important pathway in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We have reported a nonsense mutation in PIK3R1, which encodes the regulatory subunit of PI3K, in a metastatic RCC (mRCC), while the mutation was absent in the corresponding primary RCC (pRCC). To identify the function of PIK3R1 in RCC, we examined its expression in normal kidney, pRCC and mRCC by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of PIK3R1 significantly decreased in pRCC and was further reduced in mRCC compared with normal tissue. Besides, its expression levels were negatively correlated with T-category of tumor stage. Additionally, 786-O and A-704 cells with PIK3R1 depletion introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 system displayed enhanced proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquired a stem-like phenotype. Moreover, the PIK3R1 depletion promoted the phosphorylation of AKT in the cells. The knockdown of AKT by shRNA reduced p-GSK3β and CTNNB1 expression in the cells, while the depletion of CTNNB1 impaired stem-like phenotype of the cells. Overall, PIK3R1 down-regulation in RCC promotes propagation, migration, EMT and stem-like phenotype in renal cancer cells through the AKT/GSK3β/CTNNB1 pathway and may contribute to progression and metastasis of RCC.
Carbon p Electron Ferromagnetism in Silicon Carbide
Authors: Wang Yutian , Liu Yu , Wang Gang , Anwand Wolfgang , Jenkins Catherine A. , Arenholz Elke , Munnik Frans , Gordan Ovidiu D. , Salvan Georgeta , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Chen Xiaolong , Gemming Sibylle , Helm Manfred , Zhou Shengqiang
Published: March 2015

Ferromagnetism can occur in wide-band gap semiconductors as well as in carbon-based materials when specific defects are introduced. It is thus desirable to establish a direct relation between the defects and the resulting ferromagnetism. Here, we contribute to revealing the origin of defect-induced ferromagnetism using SiC as a prototypical example. We show that the long-range ferromagnetic coupling can be attributed to the p electrons of the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms around the VSiVC divacancies. Thus, the ferromagnetism is traced down to its microscopic electronic origin.
Amphiphilic p-Sulfonatocalix[4]arene as “Drug Chaperone” for Escorting Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Wang Yi-Xuan , Guo Dong-Sheng , Duan Yong-Chao , Wang Yong-Jian , Liu Yu
Published: March 2015

Supramolecularly constructing multifunctional platform for drug delivery is a challenging task. In this work, we propose a novel supramolecular strategy “drug chaperone”, in which macrocyclic amphiphiles directly coassemble with cationic drugs into a multifunctional platform and its surface is further decorated with targeting ligands through host–guest recognition. The coassembling and hierarchical decoration processes were monitored by optical transmittance measurements and the size and morphology of amphiphilic coassemblies were identified by dynamic light scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In cell experiments to validate the drug chaperone strategy, the anticancer activities of free drugs were pronouncedly improved by coassembling with amphiphilic chaperone and further functionalization with targeting ligand.
Active link selection for efficient semi-supervised community detection
Authors: Yang Liang , Jin Di , Wang Xiao , Cao Xiaochun
Published: March 2015

Several semi-supervised community detection algorithms have been proposed recently to improve the performance of traditional topology-based methods. However, most of them focus on how to integrate supervised information with topology information; few of them pay attention to which information is critical for performance improvement. This leads to large amounts of demand for supervised information, which is expensive or difficult to obtain in most fields. For this problem we propose an active link selection framework, that is we actively select the most uncertain and informative links for human labeling for the efficient utilization of the supervised information. We also disconnect the most likely inter-community edges to further improve the efficiency. Our main idea is that, by connecting uncertain nodes to their community hubs and disconnecting the inter-community edges, one can sharpen the block structure of adjacency matrix more efficiently than randomly labeling links as the existing methods did. Experiments on both synthetic and real networks demonstrate that our new approach significantly outperforms the existing methods in terms of the efficiency of using supervised information. It needs ~13% of the supervised information to achieve a performance similar to that of the original semi-supervised approaches.
Facile synthesis of nanosized graphene/Nafion hybrid materials and their application in electrochemical sensing of nitric oxide
Authors: Yusoff Norazriena , Pandikumar Alagarsamy , Marlinda Ab Rahman , Huang Nay Ming , Lim Hong Ngee
Published: March 2015

Nanosized graphene hybridized with Nafion using a simple two step, sonication followed by hydrothermal process and utilized for electrochemical detection of nitric oxide.
A high performance lithium-ion sulfur battery based on a Li2S cathode using a dual-phase electrolyte
Authors: Wang Lina , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: March 2015

Li2S is efficiently used for a Li-ion sulfur battery with a dual-phase electrolyte, in which the parasitic polysulfide shuttle process is eliminated.
Booming atomic spectrometry in China
Authors: Hang Wei
Published: March 2015

Wei Hang introduces this Atomic Spectrometry in China themed issue that showcases a range of atomic spectrometry research from China.
Palladium-catalyzed dicarbonylative synthesis of tetracycle quinazolinones
Authors: Shen Chaoren , Man Nikki Y. T. , Stewart Scott , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: March 2015

An interesting palladium-catalyzed carbonylative procedure for the synthesis of isoindolo[1,2-b]quinazolin-10(12H)-ones from commercially available 2-bromoanilines and 2-bromobenzyl amines has been developed. The desired products were isolated in good yields.
Self-assembly of cyclic polymers
Authors: Williams Rebecca J. , Dove Andrew P. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: March 2015

This review describes the self-assembly of polymers with a cyclic topology and highlights how cyclization affects the resulting assemblies.
Bis(carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide) ligands fixed on the arene core via 1,2,3-triazole linkers: novel effective extractants for palladium, lanthanides and actinides
Authors: Turanov Alexander N. , Karandashev Vasilii K. , Sharova Elena V. , Genkina Galina K. , Artyushin Oleg I.
Published: March 2015

The extraction of U(vi) and Th(iv) from 3 M HNO3solutions with 0.01 M solutions of extractants1–8in 1,2-dichloroethane.
Superlubricity of silicone oil achieved between two surfaces by running-in with acid solution
Authors: Li Jinjin , Zhang Chenhui , Deng Mingming , Luo Jianbin
Published: March 2015

This is the first report showing that the superlubricity of silicone oil with an ultra-low friction coefficient of 0.004 (one-thirtieth of its original value) can be achieved between two surfaces (Si3N4/glass) after running-in with an acid solution.
Al(H2PO4)3 as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of naphthopyranopyrimidines
Authors: Sajadikhah Seyed Sajad
Published: March 2015

An efficient one-pot protocol has been developed for the synthesis of naphthopyranopyrimidine derivatives via a three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, β-naphthol and 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil in the presence of Al(H2PO4)3.
Dissolution of upconverting fluoride nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions
Authors: Lisjak D. , Plohl O. , Ponikvar-Svet M. , Majaron B.
Published: March 2015

The partial dissolution of selected nanoparticles (NaYF4, LaF3 and GdF3) co-doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ was detected and compared with respect to their size, chemical composition and structure.
Graphene oxide regulates the bacterial community and exhibits property changes in soil
Authors: Du Junjie , Hu Xiangang , Zhou Qixing
Published: March 2015

Graphene oxide regulates the bacterial community and exhibits property changes in soil.
Recent advances in f-element separations based on a new method for the production of pentavalent americium in acidic solution
Authors: Mincher Bruce J. , Schmitt Nicholas C. , Schuetz Brian K. , Shehee Thomas C. , Hobbs David T.
Published: March 2015

A reliable method for the quantitative production of pentavalent americium in acidic solution.
Asking the Stakeholders: Perspectives of Individuals With Aphasia, Their Family Members, and Physicians Regarding Communication in Medical Interactions
Authors: Burns Michael , Baylor Carolyn , Dudgeon Brian J. , Starks Helene , Yorkston Kathryn
Published: March 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of patients with aphasia, their family members, and physicians related to communication during medical interactions.

Method

Face-to-face, semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 participants—6 patients with aphasia, 6 family members involved in patient care, and 6 practicing physicians. A qualitative description approach was used to collect and summarize narratives from participants' perspectives and experiences. Participants were asked about experiences with communication during medical interactions in which the family member accompanied the patient. Interviews were audio- and/or video-recorded, transcribed, and then coded to identify main themes.

Results

Patients and family members generally described their communication experiences as positive, yet all participants discussed challenges and frustrations. Three themes emerged: (a) patients and family members work as a team, (b) patients and family members want physicians to “just try” to communicate with the patient, and (c) physicians want to interact with patients but may not know how.

Conclusions

Participants discussed the need for successful accommodation, or changing how one communicates, to help facilitate the patients' increased understanding and ability to express themselves. Over- and underaccommodation with communication were commonly reported as problems. Speech-language pathologists have a role to play in helping to improve communication during medical interactions. Implications for current speech-language pathologist practice and future directions of research are discussed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170237
Automatic image‐based detection and inspection of paper fibres for grasping
Authors: Hirvonen Juha , Kallio Pasi
Published: March 2015

An automatic computer vision algorithm that detects individual paper fibres from an image, assesses the possibility of grasping the detected fibres with microgrippers and detects the suitable grasping points is presented. The goal of the algorithm is to enable automatic fibre manipulation for mechanical characterisation, which has traditionally been slow manual work. The algorithm classifies the objects in images based on their morphology, and detects the proper grasp points from the individual fibres by applying given geometrical constraints. The authors test the ability of the algorithm to detect the individual fibres with 35 images containing more than 500 fibres in total, and also compare the graspability analysis and the calculated grasp points with the results of an experienced human operator with 15 images that contain a total of almost 200 fibres. The detection results are outstanding, with fewer than 1% of fibres missed. The graspability analysis gives sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.92, and the average distance between the grasp points of the human and the algorithm is 220 µm. Also, the choices made by the algorithm are much more consistent than the human choices.
Chemoselective Sequential Reactions for the Synthesis of 12H-Benzo[a]xanthenes and Dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazines
Authors: Shahrisa Aziz , Teimuri-Mofrad Reza , Gholamhosseini-Nazari Mahdi
Published: March 2015

Novel sequential Betti–Ullmann and Betti–C–H activation reactions for the synthesis of 12H-benzo[a]xanthenes and dihydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazines have been developed. Depending on the used conditions selective Ullmann-type arylation or α-C-H aryloxylation of 2-bromophenyl alkylaminonaphthols occurred. A simple, fast, green, and high-yielding method for the synthesis of aminonaphthols catalyzed by bismuth(III) chloride under solvent-free conditions is reported.