bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest Information Systems that Really Work
Authors: Baskerville G. , Moore T.
Published: February 2014

Forest information systems are an essential element in the design and implementation of forest management, yet there are a lot of information systems that do not work. The task of building usable information systems has been fragmented and underestimated and, with the tendency to throw computer technology at a problem, it is still being underestimated. To get information systems that really work, the forestry community must spend time and effort in discovering the information needs across decision levels.
International Forest Projects: Trends, Profitability and Financing
Authors: Dubé Yves C.
Published: February 2014

International forest projects financed by development assistance agencies or international lending institutions, have evolved during the last 20 years from industrial forest management projects to agroforestry/watershed conservation projects. A 1985 World Resources Institute report calls for the investment of $8 billions US over the period 1987-91 to fight deforestation. International forest projects ex-ante rates of return are found to be well above 10%. Non-economic variables and economic variables are listed to explain a 50% discrepancy between those and ex-post rates of return of forest plantation projects in West Africa. The financial and economic analysis is defined and proposed to improve their financing. Key words: Tropical forestry action plan, rates of return, common property, externalities, private and public sectors participation.
Guidelines for Grading and Labeling Forest Tree Seeds in Canada
Authors: Edwards D. G. W. , Pollard D. F. W. , Wang B. S. P.
Published: February 2014

Guidelines for grading and labeling forest tree seeds in Canada are presented. The Guidelines will enhance forest management by providing minimum standards for labeling, and by encouraging the application of internationally-recognized grading procedures to domestic seed movements. Their adoption should deter the importation and movement of undesirable seeds, and will permit the gazetting of long-distance movements of tree seeds within Canada. They are proposed for acceptance by provincial and territorial agencies, industry and professional organizations concerned with the sale and movement of forest tree seeds.The Guidelines are introduced with a review of their development, and an outline of existing procedures for certifying the genetic origin and physical quality of forest tree seeds exported from Canada.
Armillaria Root Rot Damage in Softwood Plantations in Ontario
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: February 2014

Armillaria root rot. caused most likely by Armillaria obscura (Pers) Herink, killed 6-to 21-year-old white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and red pine saplings in each of 49 plantations examined in northern Ontario. Annual mortality in the four species over the last 2 to 6 years averaged 1.4%, 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. In all but one of 25 white spruce and red pine plantations (43 to 58 years old) in eastern and southern Ontario. Armillaria root rot was associated with mortality. Accumulated mortality in white spruce and red pine (initially recorded in 1978) averaged 7.6% and 11.7%, respectively, as of 1986. Current annual mortality for all plantations ranged from 0% to 16%. Key words: root rot. Armillaria obscura, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine.
Estimating Change from Successive Static Forest Inventories
Authors: Gillis M. D.
Published: February 2014

Most Canadian forest inventories are designed to obtain information about forest resources at a specific point in time, i.e., static information. In recent years there has emerged a requirement for information on changes over time of the forest resource. One potential for getting such information is to compare data from successive (static) inventories. However, as shown in this paper, such changes are frequently artifacts of different procedures. Since real changes in forest resources may be masked by artificial differences, such comparison is discouraged and should not be done without detailed background knowledge.
Some Economic Aggregates for Canadian Forest Industries
Authors: Dobie James
Published: February 2014

This article presents economic aggregates for the forest industries in Canada with some discussion on Gross Domestic Product, regional impacts, external trade, employment and multipliers.The goods-producing sector in recent years has comprised 40% of the economy, with manufacturing being 50% of goods-producing or 20% of the total economy. Forest-based industries in aggregate are diminishing over time in their contribution to the economy, dropping from 5.1% of total GDP in the early 1960s to 3.5% in the early 1980s. Wood industries and paper and allied industries together constituted 14% of manufacturing GDP in 1986, down from 21% in 1961.Forest products exports, with a surplus of $13.5 billion in 1986, contribute significantly to Canada's merchandise trade balance. Employee productivity has been growing recently at 5.33% per annum. If there are no increases in volume of timber harvested, increasing productivity will result in employment reductions. Keywords: Forest Economics, Gross Domestic Product, Productivity, and Multipliers.
Operational Planning Using Mixed Integer Programming
Authors: Walker H. Douglas , Preiss Stephen W.
Published: February 2014

A mathematical model was constructed and used to help plan five-year timber harvesting and delivery activities from an industrially managed public forest in Ontario. Harvest systems, harvest levels, and wood flows from compartments within the forest to various mills and delivery points were scheduled to minimize costs. The mathematical structure of the model may suggest applications to related forest planning problems. The model was useful in addressing the planning problem, and model results were used within the company's planning process. Data accuracy problems precluded assessing definitively the expected cost savings resulting from model use.
What Did You Expect?
Authors: Smith Steve
Published: February 2014

Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. has recently commenced utilization of hardwood species, in addition to traditional softwood consumption, at its Saskatchewan Division operations. Forest management and regeneration problems are not eliminated by virtue of "all-species" harvesting. This paper outlines the company's experience and approach in the mixed-wood region of Saskatchewan.
Supply, Demand and Policy Issues for Use of Aspen
Authors: Beck James , Constantino Luis , Phillips William , Messmer Mark
Published: February 2014

There is currently considerable expansion of aspen utilization in the Prairie Provinces, and particularly in Alberta. This expansion includes the establishment of both oriented strand board mill capacity and pulp mill capacity. The pulp mill expansion is geared predominantly to aspen utilization. These developments arise out of the adoption of new technology and are demand driven. In this paper, the derived demand for aspen roundwood is examined. It includes a review of panel product and pulp consumption patterns. On the supply side, factors such as stumpage availability are examined. There is some uncertainty about the economic viability of aspen utilization as a result of demand and trade patterns as well as domestic and trade policies. The paper concludes with an examination of some current policy issues and the manner in which they may affect the future of aspen utilization.
Reduced Volume, Grade and Value of Lodgepole Pine Lumber Caused by Atropellis Canker and Stalactiform Blister Rust
Authors: Nevill R. J. , Borden J. H. , Merler H.
Published: February 2014

In a stand of 45-65-year old lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., in the interior of British Columbia, Atropellis canker, Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman and Cash, and stalactiform blister rust, Cronartium coleosporioides Arth., reduced the volume of infected trees by 7.9% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacture of lumber from these trees increased volume losses by up to 28.7% and 26.4%, respectively. Atropellis canker reduced the volume of Standard and Better grade lumber by up to 40.1% and stalactiform blister rust by 33.3%, with corresponding relative increases in the volume of Utility grade up to 80%. The reduction of lumber volume and grade decreased the value of Atropellis-infected trees by 33.4% and stalactiform blister rust-infected trees by 28.7%. Based on the density of stems per hectare and infection rates, the two diseases reduced the potential lumber value of lodgepole pine by $508.40 per hectare. Thus management measures to reduce the incidence and impact of these diseases may be economically justified. Key Words: Lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; Atropellis piniphila, Cronartium coleosporioides; lumber volume, grade, value.
Boreal Forest Pre-Harvest Silviculture Prescriptions: Problems, Issues and Solutions
Authors: Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

An attempt is made to outline briefly the biological administrative and economic realities that influence the preparation of cutover regeneration prescriptions for virgin, boreal forests in Canada. Overmature public forests close to the economic margin, under a system of industrial licences, and often with unknown stand dynamics, present very difficult problems in preparing feasible regeneration prescriptions. For rich white spruce and mixedwood types we currently lack biologically successful prescriptions except at great expense. The problems associated with these old forests will persist for several decades; our track record in regeneration has not been good for some types. Public and professional awareness of the problems have escalated recently, often triggered by reductions in allowable cuts and tightening of regulatory controls.
An Urban Forestry Strategy For Ontario
Authors: Morsink W. A. G. , Ubbens R. M. U. , Pickering J. R. , Perkins R. G. , Lewis-Watts P. A.
Published: February 2014

An urban forestry strategy is presented for Ontario, in response to a growing need to manage for viable and healthy urban vegetation. Urban forestry is about planning and managing existing and/or new treed vegetation of all types and associated wildlife, to establish attractive urban habitats, using systematic forestry-like approaches and environmental principles, in combination with arboricultural and modified silvicultural techniques. Urban forestry managers, having various educational backgrounds, are increasingly becoming involved in managing our urban forest, our habitat.Currently, there is no educational institution that totally prepares students for a career in urban forestry. As a result, people entering this field do so on an ad hoc basis, having various educational backgrounds, which do not cover all aspects of urban forestry management. A second problem is the limited awareness of various levels of government that systematic urban forestry management for densely populated areas is a growing need.Factors contributing to the need for urban forestry management, as well as obstacles to establishing such programs, are discussed. The urban forest, its managers, the content of programs and experience in the USA are outlined. Proposed actions include:1 development of a provincial policy, through the enlargement of the private land forestry program to initiate and support urban forestry programs;2 evaluation of the feasibility of having conservation authorities include urban forestry in their mandate;3 establishment of an umbrella-type diploma course administered by an educational institution; and4 establishment of an urban forestry chair at a university with cross appointments in forestry, planning and/or landscape architecture. Key Words : Urban forestry programs, options and alternatives for Ontario communities.
The Potential Economic Impact of Biotechnology and Related Research on the Forest Sector
Authors: Reed F. L. C.
Published: February 2014

The Canadian forest sector is at a critical juncture in maintaining its competitive position internationally. One reason is the difficulty that we are experiencing in holding the line on the costs of timber and its processing. The expenditure on silviculture alone is often in the range of 10-20% of the cost of delivering roundwood to manufacturing plants. The entire forest community is counting of forestry science, and especially biotechnology, to enhance industry viability and provide solutions to problems with environmental quality. However, the funding of forestry R&D has always been handicapped by our inability to argue persuasively for science budgets. The central theme of this paper is that the application of biotechnology and other science to forestry certainly does pay. A synthesis of traditional and newer approaches to benefit-cost analysis is recommended to assist science managers in making their case for financial support.
Accroissement et qualité des tiges de deux jeunes futaies au Témiscouata
Authors: Ung Chhun-Huor , Trencia Jacques
Published: February 2014

Current annual increment volume and stem quality evaluation in two high forest stands allowed us to conclude that they have a potential to produce sawlog wood and therefore justify the profitability of the sanitation thinning.Current annual increment volume was evaluated by extracting increment cores from trees in sample plots set up systematically in the two stands. Stem quality was evaluated on the 2.5 m-logs of the sampled trees. Key words: current annual increment, increment rate, stem quality, intensive management.
Plant Composition in Relation to Vole Damage in Coniferous Plantations
Authors: Bergeron Jean-Marie , Jodoin Louise
Published: February 2014

We analysed the plant composition of several coniferous plantations of Eastern Townships of Quebec to examine the relationships between biomass patterns and levels of damage made by meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to young trees. The biomass of the most abundant grass species was compared in severely damaged, lightly damaged and undamaged plantations. Damage indices per plantation were standardized using the composite Mizushima (1976) index. Total biomass did not differ between the three categories of plantations analysed. However, heavily damaged plantations contained significantly more biomass of Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) and less of couch-grass (Agropyron repens). Debarking damage by voles was not concentrated on specific coniferous species but occurred rather in meadows where Fragaria was relatively more abundant. To reduce tree loss due to vole debarking, we recommend an initial survey of the biomass be made at future planting sites and seedlings be planted in meadows with low biomass. Sites with low biomass of Fragaria and high biomass of Agropyron would probably be the best ones. Key words: Plantations, conifers, damage, debarking, voles, biomass, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Fragaria virginiana, Agropyron repens, Quebec.
Forestry Working Groups/Groupes du travail
Authors: Dosne J. J. E.
Published: February 2014

The advantages and disadvantages of working in developing countries are reviewed. The definition of a developing country and the aid it receives from Canada are analysed. Projects in these countries do not harm the Canadian industry. The development of natural resources is a priority of international organisations, after health, sanitation and education. Organisations interested in this development are listed. A few notes of forestry projects in Turkey, Jamaica, Honduras, Burkina Faso, Haiti, Costa Rica are enclosed; as well as an ideal project in New Caledonia where they have assumed their own responsibility. A message: all Canadian faculties of forestry, should give a few courses on tropical forestry because of its need and the increasing demand for Canadian foresters in this field. All who have worked overseas agree that there is a certain satisfaction in having contributed to the advancement of developing countries.
Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System: An Overview
Authors: Stocks B. J. , Lynham T. J. , Lawson B. D , Alexander M. E. , Wagner C. E. Van , McAlpine R. S. , Dubé D. E.
Published: February 2014

Forest fire danger rating research in Canada was initiated by the federal government in 1925. Five different fire danger rating systems have been developed since that time, each with increasing universal applicability across Canada. The approach has been to build on previous danger rating systems in an evolutionary fashion and to use field experiments and empirical analysis extensively. The current system, the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS), has been under development by Forestry Canada since 1968. The first major subsystem of the CFFDRS, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System, provides numerical ratings of relative fire potential based solely on weather observations, and has been in use throughout Canada since 1970. The second major subsystem, the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, accounts for variability in fire behavior among fuel types (predicting rate of spread, fuel consumption, and frontal fire intensity), was issued in interim form in 1984 with final production scheduled for 1990. A third major CFFDRS subsystem, the Canadian Forest Fire Occurrence Prediction (FOP) System, is currently being formulated. This paper briefly outlines the history and philosophy of fire danger rating research in Canada discussing in detail the structure of the current CFFDRS and its application and use by fire management agencies throughout Canada. Key words: fire danger, fire behavior, fire occurrence prediction, fuel moisture, fire danger rating system, fire management.
Estimating Sound Seeds per Cone in White Spruce
Authors: Fogal W. H. , Alemdag I. S.
Published: February 2014

White spruce cones were collected near Petawawa, Sudbury, and Oakville, Ontario during the 1982 and 1984 crop years. Cones were used to examine several regression models for estimating the number of sound seeds per cone as a function of seeds per cone section, cone length, and/or diameter. For the simplest models, using only one independent variable, highest coefficients of determination (R2) were found with sound seed per section. A multiple regression model, including all three independent variables and their interactions, was identified. It provided higher coefficients of determination than the model using sound seed per cone section as a single independent variable but did not provide much more precision for estimating sound seeds per cone. Regressions were specific for locations and crop years.
The Eastern Larch Beetle, Another Threat to our Forests (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Langor David W. , Raske Arthur G.
Published: February 2014

Isolated infestations of the eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex LeConte, have been reported in North America for over 100 years. Historically, this species has been considered a secondary pest of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, infesting only weakened or recently felled host material. However, recent widespread outbreaks of this bark beetle in northeastern North America and Alaska suggest that the species can be a primary killer of trees. More than 1.4 million m3 of tamarack was killed in the Atlantic provinces of Canada from 1976 to 1986. No damage estimates are available for Quebec and the United States. Fire, flooding, drought and defoliation by insects are often important agents predisposing tamarack to beetle attack and fostering localized build-up of D. simplex populations which then spread to healthy stands resulting in a widespread outbreak. Key Words: Dendroctonus simplex, bark beetle, outbreaks, damage appraisal, predisposing agents, tamarack.
The Opportunity Cost of Reduced Timber Harvests Resulting from Coal Mine Development: A Case Study
Authors: Armstrong Glen W. , Phillips William E. , Beck Jr. James A.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a methodology for determining the opportunity cost of a temporary removal of forested land from timber production. The value of forested land in a jurisdiction requiring sustained timber yield is the net value of the contribution of that land to the annual allowable cut. This methodology is used in a case study in west central Alberta to determine the opportunity cost of the removal of land from timber production to allow for coal extraction.
Electronic Data Collection for Tomorrow's Forest
Authors: Scale Dale M.
Published: February 2014

The Fast Growing Forests Technology Development Group is committed to the development and transfer of forest management technology. To improve the efficiency of data collection and the integrity of the data collected, the group has implemented a system of electronic data collection utilizing the DAP Microflex and PC1000 hand-held units. Programs have been developed for applications such as field trial data collection, timber cruising the Larose Agreement Forest and Domtar hybrid poplar production plantation forest, stand marking, cold storage inventory, log scaling, plus tree collection, electronic weigh scales and other related forestry applications.
Régénération des interbandes dans un système de coupe par bandes de peuplements d'épinette noire
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude
Published: February 2014

A study on the regeneration of leave strips in an alternate strip clearcutting system was conducted in black spruce stands (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) in Abitibi in northwestern Quebec. The study consists of 49 leave strips scheduled for harvesting and 24 adjacent first-cut strips. Winter harvesting gave the best results while a prescription aiming at preserving advance growth did not result in any gain. Site moisture regime and harvesting system had no effect on advance growth destruction. Regeneration on first-cut strips was not significantly affected by the cutting of the leave strip.
Enhancing the Container-Stock Seeding Efficiency in Forest Nurseries
Authors: Arp Paul A. , Harris Darrell , Stinson Edwin D.
Published: February 2014

By modelling seed-count distributions per seedling tray, it is possible to determine the optimal seeding rate that leads to lowest labour costs for maximal container-stock production. The optimal seeding rate decreases with increasing seeding precision, seed viability, and seed costs. These results are illustrated for Paper pots and Jiffy pots seeded with black spruce. Survey-type information is provided for other species (jack pine, red pine, Norway spruce, white spruce). Key Words: Seeding, seed costs, transplanting, thinning, Binomial distribution.
Sustained Yield in Alberta
Authors: McDougall F. W.
Published: February 2014

The concept of sustained yield is examined with particular reference to the sustained yield concept as it is required to be applied by Alberta law and through the requirements of the regulations, timber quota certificates and forest management agreements. The adequacy of the sustained yield vision in Alberta is discussed. Actual forest management practices are examined in the light of the Alberta requirements. Some shortcomings are noted, and a number of serious problems are described. However, the author concludes that a dedicated and successful effort is being made, and the most important problems are being tackled vigorously, to the limit of the resources available. More funding is urgently needed to support cleaning and tending operations in young coniferous stands, particularly if governments continue to refuse to allow low cost brush control through the use of ground applications of federally approved biodegradable and non-toxic herbicides, such as glyphosate.
A View of Forest Pathology Research in Canada
Authors: Lachance Denis
Published: February 2014

Losses due to diseases are an important part of forest pest depletion, therefore much is expected from forest pathology research. Examples of recent accomplishments in forest disease protection include a vastly increased knowledge in the field of root and butt rots as well as in control methodologies and in the predictability of such problems; the development of control strategies for scleroderris canker through increased surveys, improved diagnostic methodologies and new control techniques; the establishment of white pine blister rust hazard zones; and the publication of user-friendly technical bulletins. As the pool of forest pathology researchers has changed little in recent years, the task ahead is enormous when compared to expectations. However, acquired knowledge, the application of new technologies, and the more common acceptance of the integrated pest management (IPM) concept should allow for significant strides forward in forest disease control. Finally, it is suggested that forest pathologists take the lead in promoting a concept of forest health to promote better integration of forest disease protection with forest stand productivity and survival.
Implementing Farm-Forestry Practices in Nepal: Experiences and Achievements
Authors: Dixit Pradeepmani
Published: February 2014

Forest and shrubland in Nepal are unable to sustain the supply of forest products. One program to alleviate this problem, which is leading to environmental degradation and down-stream effects in India and Bangladesh, has been to establish a farm-forestry project. Since 1983, this project has identified useful species and developed regeneration and protection techniques for them as well as encouraging on-farm participation by the farmers. Although the area of new forest needed is vast (4 million ha), the average land holding in the country is small (0.56 ha) thus, effective forest extension techniques must be developed.
Forestry Canada's International Relations
Authors: Steneker G. A.
Published: February 2014

The article outlines Forestry Canada's mandate and its role in international relations together with those of other federal departments and agencies.For its international program, the Department has identified six objectives which deal with trade, science, development aid. policy, intelligence and the environment. Approaches are described to achieve each of these objectives.
Rayonnement de la Faculté de foresterie et de géomatique sur la scène internationale
Authors: Tomlinson Jean
Published: February 2014

The Forestry and Geomatic School has always been an essential element of Laval University. Based in the Quebec City suburban area for about 80 years, the School has been active at the international level for more than 20 years. Thus, this paper presents the different aspects of this broad intervention. The main international activities of the School are divided into ten categories. These are listed, defined, and whenever needed, evaluated. The paper also demonstrates that the international cooperation is an important part of School basic mission and that we are willing to continue these activities as long as our means will permit.
Financial Returns from Fertilizing 70-year-old Lodgepole Pine near Hinton, Alberta
Authors: Ondro W. J. , Constantino L. F.
Published: February 2014

Fertilizing 70-year-old lodgepole pine stands 10 years before rotation on Coalspur Mercoal soils in Alberta increased wood yield and reduced logging costs. Real internal rates of return were over 10% for some treatments, making them an attractive investment on both soil types. Present net worth and profitability index were used to identify the most profitable treatment. Key words: Forest fertilization, lodgepole pine, returns from fertilization, profitability, investments in lodgepole pine, management of lodgepole pine, cost-effectiveness of fertilization, fertilization of preharvest lodgepole pine.
Foresters and the Law of Professional Negligence
Authors: Curtis David S.
Published: February 2014

The law of professional negligence imposes duties of care and standards of care on all professionals. The duties of care are based on avoidance of foreseeable risk and include the duty to:1) apply a reasonable level of skill and diligence2) warn principals, and third parties in a relationship of proximity, of risks inherent in particular courses of action, and3) avoid foreseeable harm, even if a customary practice is involved.The traditional standard of care, or level of skill that must be applied, is that of the average, reasonably competent and prudent practitioner of similar experience and standing. Conduct that falls below this standard may result in a finding of negligence in a court of law. Following a customary practice may provide a defence, unless the practice involves a risk that is foreseeable and avoidable.All foresters, as professionals, are subject to the law of professional negligence.
Herbicide Use for Forest Management in Canada: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: February 2014

In 1988, 217, 825 ha were treated with herbicide for forest management purposes in Canada. Ontario treated the largest absolute number of hectares but New Brunswick had the highest intensity of treatment in terms of percentage of productive forest, cutover or planted area treated. Seventy-six percent of the herbicide was applied aerially. Eighty-five percent was for release. Forest managers across Canada have identified a number of gaps in herbicide technology including the need for: alternatives to herbicides, demonstration areas for the public, assessment methodology, long-term cost/benefit analysis, more information on effects on wildlife habitat, and aerial navigation aids.
Lost Opportunities and the Future of Forestry: Will We Respond to the Challenges?
Authors: Dancik Bruce P.
Published: February 2014

Foresters are in danger of losing the responsibility for managing wildland resources for several reasons. First, foresters have lost public credibility in dealing with an increasingly informed public about forest management issues. Second, foresters rarely demonstrate the capability to manage forests for uses other than fibre production. Foresters must become more innovative in managing wildland resources. A mix of highly intensive and less intensive management to suit site conditions and land-use is needed rather than general management compromises over large areas. Multiple, or integrated uses can be promoted through zoning with each zone emphasizing certain resource values.
The Potential For Integrated Resource Management With Intensive or Extensive Forest Management: Reconciling Vision With Reality — The Extensive Management Argument
Authors: Benson C. A.
Published: February 2014

Extensive management is favoured over intensive management for integrated resource management of average Canadian forest sites of low productivity. The two arguments for extensive management are : the higher relative values obtained with extensive management, and the greater acceptance of extensive management by the public.
Productions sous tunnel ou au champ: influence sur la survie de plants de chênes après plantation
Authors: Labrecque Michel , Popovich Stevo
Published: February 2014

The use of polyethylene covered greenhouse has proven to be an effective method to promote the growth of seedlings. Could this improvement of the rate of growth affect seedling quality and their field performance after planting? To test this hypothesis, experimental plantations were made with two species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx. and Q. rubra L.). Survival and growth in height after planting were compared between seedlings produced in one season under polyethylene or in two years in open field conditions. For both species, survival percentages of the greenhouse-cultivated stock were superior to those of the field-cultivated seedlings. Analysis of the variation of the survival percentages during weeks and months following outplantings leads us to believe that the field-cultivated seedlings are probably subjected to a greater transplanting shock. The production of large seedlings, in only one season under greenhouse condition, promotes the development of a more superficial root system. Root damage at lifting is less important and the chance of successful establishment after planting are improved. Key words: Greenhouse, plantation, Quercus sp., seedling production, seedling quality, survival.
The Potential Effects of Phase Two of Tax Reform on Canada's Forest Sector
Authors: Baker Barbara , Roberts Don G.
Published: February 2014

On January 24, 1990, the federal government introduced Bill C-62 to Parliament to implement sales tax reform. The initial proposal outlined in the White Paper: Tax Reform 1987 included the provinces in a national sales tax reform. However, the federal and provincial governments could not reach an agreement on such a comprehensive reform. In the end, the federal government decided to pursue sales tax reform alone. The package finally chosen by the federal government includes modification of the existing legislation and replacement of the existing federal manufacturers' sales tax with a federal goods and services tax.The primary intent of this paper is to examine the effects on the forest sector of the proposed federal sales tax reform and the potential effects if there is national sales tax reform. In summary, although the impact of sales tax reform on the forest sector is generally positive, it is apparent that benefits were foregone due to the lack of provincial sales tax reform.
Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Crown Fuel Weights Predicted from Diameter at Breast Height
Authors: Johnson Allen F. , Woodard Paul M. , Titus Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

Regression equations that predict the foliage and roundwood biomass by diameter classes: 0.0-0.5 cm, 0.5-1.0 cm, 1.0-3.0 cm, 3.0-5.0 cm, 5.0-7.0 cm and 7.0-10.0 cm given diameter at breast height (dbh) were developed for lodgepole pine and white spruce. Common to the Prairie Provinces the allometric model y = adbhb fit the data well for all component categories except the roundwood classes >3.0 cm. The r2 values generally exceed.80 and SEE were small. The larger size classes are best predicted by multiplying the number of trees affected by a constant. The management value of this new information is significant when viewed from an ecologic perspective.
A Red Pine Case History: Development of the Rockland Plantation From 1914 to 1986
Authors: Althen F. W. von , Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Growth data are presented for a 72-year-old plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) at Rockland, Ontario, part of which was thinned four times between 1938 and 1972 and part of which was left unthinned. Height growth in both parts ceased between stand ages 67 and 72 years. During the same 5-year period, gross periodic increment was 551 ft3/ac (38.6 m3/ha) in the thinned stand while in the unthinned stand mortality exceeded gross periodic increment by 187 ft3/ac (13.1 m3/ha).
Thinning Lodgepole Pine by Brute Force: Three Implements in a Decade's Perspective
Authors: Bella I. E.
Published: February 2014

Anchor chains, Rome disks, or shark finned barrels were dragged by a D8H tractor in one or two directions in dense, 9-year-old, fire-origin lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in west-central Alberta. All three implements were equally effective in killing trees, although they also damaged a fairly high proportion. The two-directional treatments, with the second perpendicular to the first to approximate greater intensity of thinning, killed more than twice as many, or nearly 40% of mainly the larger trees. Large trees were also more damage-prone. In the 11 years after treatment the thinned stand recovered, and now the trees show virtually no signs of earlier damage. Their growth surpasses that of trees in the unthinned area. Treatments like these may be useful in dense lodgepole pine stands when thinning budgets are low and some reduction in usable yield, as compared to selective thinning, is acceptable.
Economics and sustainable forest development: The case of soil degradation
Authors: White William A.
Published: February 2014

Society's desire for greater emphasis on environmental quality is discussed within the context of the economics of soil degradation. The differences between production efficiency, financial efficiency and economic efficiency are demonstrated via the production possibility frontier. Forest products production is shown to decrease at least in the short term in the presence of forest harvest ground rules. Market forces will cause a portion of these losses to be regained.
Ten-year growth response to fertilizers by semimature black spruce and spruce-poplar mixedwoods near Kapuskasing, Ontario
Authors: Morrison I. K.
Published: February 2014

Five- and 10-year mean DBH, BA and volume growth responses to N, P and K fertilizer combinations are reported for three field trials in semimature black spruce and spruce-poplar mixedwoods in the clay belt of northern Ontario. Responses, though present, were generally nonsignificant. Modest responses to N, improved somewhat by the addition of K, but not P, were noted in a pure black spruce stand on an upland site. On a lowland site, however, no response by pure black spruce to either N or K, and only a small, nonsignificant response to P, were noted. In an upland mixedwood stand containing mainly black spruce and balsam poplar, responses were variable. In comparison with jack pine in northern Ontario, black spruce has responded poorly to mineral fertilizers. Results are discussed in relation to foliar nutrient concentrations and are compared with results from other fertilizer trials in the eastern boreal forest.
Control of vole populations in young pine plantations in northeast China
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Zhen-hao Jin , Heli Li , Shou-cai Wang
Published: February 2014

This paper reports influences of rodent pests on forest regeneration in northeastern China and methods, other than toxicants, to reduce feeding damage to trees by the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus). Studies were conducted in 7- to 8-year-old plantations of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) at NanGou Forest Farm, 15 km southeast of Langxiang, Heilongjiang Province. Stem analysis indicated that radial growth was reduced 27.5 % and height growth 30.5% in damaged (sub-lethal) versus undamaged trees. Synthetic predator odour repellents based on weasel (Mustela erminea) anal-gland secretion significantly reduced damage whereas red fox (Vulpes vulpes) components did not. Alternative foods composed of Korean pine (P. koraiensis) bark mulch, soybean oil, and wax significantly reduced damage in terms of feeding attacks and complete girdling. A sound silvicultural approach to rodent pest management could include repellents in combination with alternative foods. These tactics may be enhanced through alteration of vole habitat by reduction of vegetative competition in young stands.
Le jeu du marché et le poids du domaine public en aménagement forestier au Québec
Authors: Bouthillier Luc
Published: February 2014

This article comes from a concern about the impact of the market system on Quebec's forest sector. Comparisons between Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States and Quebec allow a clear picture of the situation. It is shown that the new Quebec forest system could bring elements of solution. This system has to deal with the problem of an oversized public domain and with the tack of economical foundation for the forest management program it promotes. Key words: Forest allotment, public domain, stumpage
Genetic Improvement of Black Locust: A Prime Agroforestry Species
Authors: Hanover James W. , Mebrathu Tesfai , Bloese Paul
Published: February 2014

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the fastest growing trees in North America, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen, it has a very dense, attractive wood, and possesses many other attributes desirable for an agroforestry species. Results of research on its genetic improvement show a large amount of genetic variation among and within families for growth, form, thorn length and other important traits. There is virtually no variation associated with geographic regions. A detailed plan for the genetic improvement and mass propagation of superior trees, through seed, root cuttings, and tissue culture is outlined.
The development of better direct seeding techniques through applied research
Authors: Damme Laird Van , Bax Herb
Published: February 2014

Applied developmental research conducted in Ontario by KBM Forestry Consultants, Inc. has resulted in significant improvements in direct seeding of jack pine. Various trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of seed delivery techniques, soil compaction following seeding and seed shelters. This research has led to the development of a pneumatic seeder, a compacting wheel and an improved plastic seed shelter tool.
Operational control of white pine blister rust by removal of lower branches
Authors: Hunt R. S.
Published: February 2014

Line surveys were conducted in 13 young western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don) stands throughout British Columbia to determine the effectiveness of lower branch removal in controlling blister rust (Cronartium ribicola Fischer). Uninfected trees and most trees with infected branches were protected from future stem infections. In general, effectiveness and efficiency could have been improved by (a) earlier treatment to reduce stem infections, (b) not treating trees with infected stems, (c) treating all other trees, and (d) removing infected branches above the treatment height. Some stands were spaced during treatment; however, untrained fallers failed to distinguish between healthy trees and those with infected stems. Frequently healthy trees were felled while diseased trees were left standing. A pre-treatment survey is recommended to determine the level of crew training needed and treatment prescription.
Risk assessment and forest pest management
Authors: Dost Frank N.
Published: February 2014

Prediction of potential harm, or risk assessment, is essential to planning for any vegetation management method, but the concepts and process are often not understood. This discussion is a highly simplistic description of the basic elements of toxicology and estimation of risk in excess of the high normal background. All chemical risk is directly related to the dose acquired by the subject or population. In the case of cancer, added human risk that may be associated with very low doses is expressed as a probability that is estimated by extrapolation from observations at high dose rates. Reasons for such an indirect approach and weaknesses of the present process are described.
Some future directions for biologically based vegetation control in forestry research
Authors: Jobidon Robert
Published: February 2014

During the past decade, considerable research efforts have been devoted towards non-chemical weed control. Some of these efforts have been directed towards the control of forest weed species. Non-chemical control of forest vegetation encompasses many approaches and techniques and only a few of them are discussed in this paper. Three major and promising research areas are identified: (1) allelopathy, (2) microbially produced phytotoxins, and (3) bio-control. Each of these weed management strategies is briefly presented and discussed using examples from the forestry literature.
Integrated vegetation management in California – advances and future
Authors: Fiddler Gary O. , McDonald Philip M.
Published: February 2014

A study on alternatives for releasing young conifer plantations on National Forests in northern and central California was started in 1980, and enlarged to include State of California, Bureau of Land Management, and private industry lands. Forty studies involving chemical, manual, mechanical, mulch, and animal treatments have been established and their effect on the survival and growth of conifer seedlings is being quantified. Plant diversity and succession on both treated and untreated sites are being recorded. The oldest study has had 10 growing seasons since the first treatments were applied. To release conifer seedlings, a treatment radius of at least 1.5 meters is required; smaller radii do not provide enough site resources for acceptable growth. Diameter, rather than height, is the best indicator of release. Some non-phenoxy chemicals show promise for good control of competing vegetation. Mechanical release requires additional treatments to effectively control shrubs. Mulching has given limited results to date. Manual treatments, if applied to non-sprouting and nonrhizomatous plants soon after planting, and usually more than once, provide adequate control of competing vegetation, but are costly.
Plonski's (metric) yield tables formulated
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

A four-parameter sigmoidal growth model was employed to express various characteristics of interest in Plonski's metric yield tables as functions of stand age and site index. Except in a few cases, excellent fits were obtained. The resulting equations will facilitate direct computer use of Plonski's metric yield tables.
Digital forest management: Cantor's experience
Authors: Winkle Philip
Published: February 2014

Canfor's Englewood Division acquired a GIS two years age. Within this period, we have developed the framework necessary to digitally manage our 200 000 hectare Tree Farm License. This paper focuses mainly on the role GIS played in our Management and Working Plan. The plan is produced every five years to document and justify our forest land management techniques. It addresses issues of current and long-term wood supply; the 200 year horizon, silviculture regimes, and habitat requirements. GIS was used in conjunction with a forest estate model to test numerous management scenarios. Important issues included the decision to load 'dirty' data, the acquisition of contour data, net-working data, raster/vector processing, restructuring for feature codes, and becoming a 'beta' test site for GIS software. In addition, we discuss our objectives for 1991 relating to training, wildlife habitat, ambrosia control, a cruise prediction system, coordinate geometry and other goals.
The "Greatest good for the greatest number": Is this a good land-use ethic?
Authors: Wood Paul M.
Published: February 2014

Implicitly, the "greatest good for the greatest number" serves as the dominant land-use ethic of professional foresters, but is flawed for several reasons that are discussed in this paper. In effect, when foresters invoke this ethic when they recommend or make land-use decisions, they are "taking sides" politically in exactly those situations in which professionals are ethically required to be politically neutral. I suggest that this problem may have contributed to the profession's recent lack of public credibility, but it also represents an opportunity for the profession to enhance its credibility by designing and explicitly adopting a more appropriate land-use ethic.
Priorities for silvicultural investments: Public, government, and industry perspectives
Authors: Vertinsky Ilan , Wehrung Donald A. , Brumelle Shelby
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the results of a survey of desired and perceived priorities for public silvicultural investments in British Columbia. The objective of the survey was to examine the extent to which non-timber benefits command the attention of the public and of managers in government and industry having responsibility for silvicultural investment. To reflect the "public view," elected representatives from local governments were surveyed. The industry sample consisted of senior foresters, while the government sample consisted of managers at both headquarters level and in the different forest regions and districts. The study revealed that non-timber benefits commanded attention in all the groups studied but, not surprisingly, the mean priority weights varied among groups. Surprisingly, however, only a few regional differences in priorities for silvicultural investments were discovered.