bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Card fault diagnosis of the pressurized water reactor off-heap nuclear measurement system based on expert experience and convolutional neural network
Authors: Jin Peng , Lu Jian , Guan Yue , Zhu Pengfei , Tian Ye , Zhu Weijian , Ye Jinmiao , Xie Linjun
Published: July 2024

The reactor nuclear measurement system is important in a
nuclear power plant. Its main role is to measure the reactor's core
power distribution using detectors and calibrate and provide data on
the core fuel consumption. This study describes the lack of fault
data and the lack of diagnostic methodology research in the
overhauling process and fault diagnosis of the off-heap nuclear
measurement system core card. This core card provides the detectors
with the necessary working conditions. It also collects signals. In
this study, we propose a methodology for the fault diagnosis of the
card through circuit analysis, simulation of functional module
division, fault data generation, and training of a convolutional
neural network diagnostic model. The proposed methodology can
transform the drawings into convenient diagnostic processes and
algorithms based on expert experience. These drawings are difficult
to use in actual overhauling conditions. The corresponding
experimental equipment was designed for practical testing. The
experimental results show that the accuracy of the obtained
diagnostic model for classifying preset faults can reach 99.5%,
indicating that this model can be applied in actual working
conditions. The accuracy of the trained diagnostic model in
classifying 13 kinds of faults in the training set during the actual
test was tested. Results show that the accuracy rate is close to
100%. Moreover, the correction of the model using the real
maintenance data in applying the actual maintenance conditions was
also analyzed. The intelligent diagnostic system that centers on the
fault diagnosis method investigated in this study has been applied
in the pressurized water reactor off-heap nuclear measurement system
digital transformation and upgrading project of Qinshan No. 2
Plant.
Tourism accessibility in a protected area: toward the psycho-social approach
Authors: Rahmafitria F , Pratama A R , Kaswanto  , Miller L
Published: July 2024

Tourism accessibility is one of the critical components in achieving sustainability in protected areas. The increasing tourism trend in protected areas implies the requisiteness of building a tourism accessibility conception that can guarantee the areas’ sustainability. Tourism accessibility in protected areas has to be understood comprehensively, physically and non-physically, as perceived limitless ease can affect tourist behaviors. This paper analyzes the components of accessibility using a perception approach. The research was undertaken in Taman National Komodo in 2019 by distributing questionnaires to 534 respondents. Results indicated that tourists’ perceived accessibility comprised five dimensions, i.e., destination, psychological, individual, physical, economic, and conservation. Out of the five dimensions, the conservation dimension, which was the knowledge about natural vulnerability in protected areas, could reduce perceived accessibility. Other dimensions increased perceived accessibility and impacted tourists’ ignorance behavior. It pointed out the salience of tourism planning for protected areas. This research is expected to provide input for sustainable tourism policy management in protected areas.
Trek n’ heal: A potential eco-sport tourism activity in Gunung Walat University Forest to reduce the stress for Gen-Z
Authors: Bawono P S , Maulina A Y , Fernando R , Raihan D M
Published: July 2024

Mental health issues are still under-reported in most low and middle-income countries, including in Indonesia. WHO states that mental health disorders as one of the causes of suicide of which the latter forms the fourth biggest cause of death of people aged 15-29 years or the so called Generation Z. Mental wellbeing of youth is crucial as they will carry on as future leaders of a nation. Healthy environment will create healthy wellbeing. One of the prevention strategies for mental health disorders is nature recreation. This research has the objective to identify potential recreational activities that can be carried out at Gunung Walat University Forest. The methods used in this research are observation; online interviews with 30 respondents stratified into three categories of 10 respondents: senior high school students, undergraduate students, and people who have graduated from university and have job; and literature review. This research found that activities especially trekking and orienteering were potential sports for reducing stress and other mental health issues according to the respondents.
Beyond concrete jungles: managing urban green spaces as butterfly hotspot and their implications for ecotourism in Pontianak City, Indonesia
Authors: Rushayati S B , Azahra S D
Published: July 2024

Urbanization and development in urban areas have led to changes in natural habitat of wildlife, including butterflies. To address this challenge, the development of green spaces as animal habitats and increasing public awareness of butterfly conservation through ecotourism programs are steps that can be taken. This paper explores the importance of RTH in Pontianak City related to its function as a butterfly habitat and its effective development strategy in supporting ecotourism programs, namely butterfly watching. The research was conducted from April 2022 to May 2023 in four green spaces in Pontianak City using the Pollard Walk technique in several seasons. The results showed the presence of 27 butterfly species from five families spread throughout the observation location. The diversity of butterfly species identified in each area and observation period indicates that the green spaces in Pontianak City can be developed as conservation and recreation areas based on environmental education. Management by creating habitat characteristics that support the presence of butterflies by considering the use of local plant species and landscape connectivity, as well as management that balances the needs of conservation, recreation, and education, conservation-oriented planning, and active involvement of related parties can help encourage the development of urban ecotourism.
High Conservation Value area in oil palm landscape as a potential ecotourism destination for birdwatching activity
Authors: Erniwati  , Santosa Y
Published: July 2024

HCV (High Conservation Value) areas in oil palm plantations has a potential to become an ecotourism destination, particularly where bird watching is concerned. However, the potential of HCV to become an ecotourism area has not yet been explored. The study aims to identify diversity of bird in different characteristic of HCV in oil palm landscape and to analysis which characteristic of HCV prospect to develop for bird watching ecotourism site. Data were collected using the line transect method in fourteen HCV areas in different plantation estates at different three provinces in Sumatera. The result showed about 87 bird species and 42 families were identified. Number of species recorded ranged from 10 species to 34 species each site. Based on species conservation status of IUCN, three species were listed as Vulnerable, according to CITES list, three species were classified in Appendix II. Eleven species were listed as protected species in Indonesia. The existence of these protected birds might be regarded as the iconic species of HCV areas, attracting tourists for birding. The HCV areas have a diversity of birds with different ecological roles which are thought to be related to the characteristics of the HCVs. The characteristics of HCV areas are; forest cover, riparian forest, or shrub, located in the middle of oil palm plantation had higher diversity of birds. Those kind of HCV characteristics is suitable to be developed as an ecotourism area. The management may utilize this study to design and manage ecotourism interventions, especially for birdwatching action.
Sustainable tourism: potential of natural tourism in Bogor Botanic Garden
Authors: Maranisya U
Published: July 2024

Developing tourism potential in a Botanic Garden is certainly inseparable from sustainable principles that support the principles of conservation and environmental protection. The importance of this research is carried out to be able to evaluate activities, attractiveness and supporting elements of tourism in order to survive and be sustainable. Evaluate using analytical tools to assess the potential of natural tourism in the Bogor Botanic Garden and further associated with the sustainability typology. The research involved three experts (academia, government, industry). This research was conducted by field observation method with the support of secondary data. There are 15 main assessment criteria that have several elements and sub-elements as supporting factors for the success of each criterion. The lowest value is found in environmental factors, namely in the criteria of area carrying capacity which is closely related to the type of activity. The highest criterion value is found in economic and social factors. economic factors in marketing, social factors of conditions around the area such as livelihood, education. The carrying capacity that gets the least attention. Although it is currently low, in the future it needs to get greater attention if the concept of sustainability will be applied in Botanic Garden tourism.
Youth leadership in ecotourism
Authors: Saputra F , Kamilah K
Published: July 2024

Youth represent one of the tourist sectors with the highest rate of growth. The active engagement of young leaders in the field of ecotourism not only embodies their commitment to safeguarding the planet but also shows their capacity to drive transformative change. This essay delves into the vital role of youth leadership in ecotourism, exploring the ways in which young individuals contribute to innovative approaches, community empowerment, and sustainable practices that are shaping the future of both travel and environmental conservation. The method used in this study is involving primary observation and empirical data gathering. This study shows some roles and benefits of youth as leader in ecotourism sector, such as; 1) promoting responsible travel, 2) stimulate innovation, 3) amplifying awareness, 4) inspiring longterm change, 5) fostering creativity, 6) driving passion and energy, 7) bridging generation gap, 8) attracting younger base, 9) leveraging digital engagement, and 10) promoting continuous learning. This paper also shows challenges faced by young leader that they are lacking of experience, have limited resources, and have gap in industry versus in-class knowledge.
The examination of conservation awareness, future sustainability, and conservation readiness on tourists’ attitude towards marine conservation behavior in Malaysia’s Marine Parks
Authors: Latif S A Abdul , Yazid F N , Farudz B Z M
Published: July 2024

This study examines the relationship between tourists’ conservation awareness, future sustainability, and conservation readiness towards attitude toward marine conservation behavior in Malaysia’s marine parks. This study adopted the quantitative convenience sampling approach, with 202 samples obtained via an online questionnaire. IBM-SPSS version 26 was used to process and analyze the data. Multiple Regression Analysis was used to test the relationships between variables. The findings suggest that future sustainability and conservation readiness are significant factors in predicting tourists’ attitudes towards marine conservation behavior. In contrast, conservation awareness was found to be insignificant. This study found that respondents have a positive attitude towards marine conservation behaviors, but awareness does not always translate into action. This study found that respondents support marine conservation and marine park sustainability. Awareness of conservation efforts does not necessarily lead to positive attitudes towards conservation behavior. The impact of conservation readiness on attitude emphasizes the need for preparation and education in conservation. The unexpected possible relationship between education and conservation behavior warrants further investigation. These findings highlight the importance of focused conservation education and the necessity to consider many elements when increasing stakeholder marine conservation behavior.
Bringing birdwatching closer to home: developing urban birdwatching as a mean of sustainable tourism
Authors: Larasati A A , Hernowo J B , Mardiastuti A
Published: July 2024

Sustainable tourism concept encourages tourist to be as efficient as possible while doing tourism. Birdwatching in urban landscapes is a suitable sustainable tourism activity that can be a learning medium and enhance public’s awareness towards wildlife, with the advantage in accessibility, location, travel cost, and time. This study aims to design birdwatching activities in urban green open spaces based on bird community and visitors’ desire. This study took place at Tebet Eco Park, DKI Jakarta and Taman Hutan Kota Patriot, Bekasi City on January – March 2023. Direct observation was conducted for bird community data. As many as 50 questionnaires were given to visitors on each site. There were 12 bird species encountered at TEP Jakarta and 16 bird species encountered at THKP Bekasi. The birds are frugivores, granivores, insectivores, nectarivores, and combination of them. Most respondents were interested in birdwatching even though never heard of it. Birds that have vibrant colors and prominent features attracted respondents more. On-site managements are supportive and open to collaborations to make urban birdwatching happens. There are two birdwatching trails designed for each site, one is intended for adult and young birdwatchers and the other is for elderly and family with children.
Community-based cultural tourism using responsible tourism initiative: A case study of Khok Salung, Lopburi province, Thailand
Authors: Yutthaworakool S , Shyangtan S , Sukklud R
Published: July 2024

Although tourism has been the driving force of Thailand’s economic development, community-based cultural tourism in Thailand has not been included as part of the mainstream tourism sector. Moreover, sustaining their income and preserving their cultural identity is challenging. Khok Salung village, Lopburi province, Thailand, once experienced these struggles from both internal and external factors. Drawing upon a qualitative methodology, this research uses a framework of responsible tourism by incorporating economic, social, and environmental dimensions with partnerships from all stakeholders in the community on how it fosters challenges and overcomes challenges. Today, Khok Salung village has successfully built a community-based cultural tourism model that not only raises their economic capital but also preserves social, cultural, and symbolic capital. More importantly, despite obtaining different forms of capital that Khok Salung village achieves, the community successfully preserves their eroding culture to their existing villagers or the next generations and to the external people outside the community.
Developing casual tourism: an identification to implement sustainable and responsible tourism in Dayeuhluhur
Authors: Mustikasari R S , Sunkar A , Santosa Y , Hikmat A
Published: July 2024

Numerous research projects have been launched to explore the themes of sustainability and responsibility, which have impacted the industry’s social and political conscience and could lead to the creation of an updated or new paradigm for the development of tourism. An identification to implement Sustainable and Responsible Tourism (SRT) in Dayeuhluhur, Central Java becomes a challenge as part of conserving biodiversity and ecosystem of an upland area. The concept of casual tourism as a method of tourist organisation arises from this research, with economic performance driven by industry taking precedence over ecological and social performance. The purpose of this research is to look into the community readiness to manage tourism. To gather information, triangulating techniques such as focus groups, in-depth interviews, and direct observations are employed. Casual tourism highlights the value of communication between visitors, locals, and organisers in order to foster mutual trust, respect, and education. It offers distinctive landscapes, biodiversity, and insights into people’s everyday lives. This realisation will be the foundation for building meaningful connections and improving our knowledge of biodiversity and cultural life. Dayeuhluhur’s daily life can offer a variety of tourism experiences, including cross-hiking among herb plants, bird watching, coffee gardens, and cultural Sundanese recreation.
Stakeholders’ perception, determinant factors, and impacts of sustainable rural tourism: a literature review.
Authors: Suherlan A , Cheer J M
Published: July 2024

This paper examines existing research on sustainable tourism (ST) in rural areas, analysing 221 scholarly papers from 67 journals spanning 2000 to 2023. It identifies key themes—stakeholders’ perceptions, determinant factors, and impact assessment—and underlines the need for a holistic, adaptable approach. The findings reveal literature gaps in stakeholder insights, determinants, and satisfaction impacts, emphasising the importance of nuanced, globally diverse perspectives. Success in sustainable tourism hinges on a multifaceted understanding, integrating economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and institutional dimensions. The study highlights community involvement’s crucial role in advocating for future initiatives to foster collaboration, sustainable principles, and effective partnerships with local communities. Tailoring strategies to destination-specific characteristics is imperative, addressing unique challenges and opportunities. The study concludes by calling for further research to enhance the comprehensive understanding of sustainable tourism dynamics and bridge existing gaps.
A liquid optical memristor using photochromic effect and capillary effect
Authors: Wang Dingchen , Yuan Anran , Dai Shilei , Tang Xiao , Huang Kunbin , Wei Songrui , Zhang Han , Wang Zhongrui
Published: July 2024

In the era of the Internet of Things, photonic neuromorphic computing presents a promising method for real-time, local processing of vast quantities of data. However, the rigidity of materials used in such devices can considerably impact performance and longevity when subjected to mechanical deformation. In this study, we introduce a liquid optical memristor (LOM) based on an organic-inorganic hybrid in a liquid state. This novel approach offers programmable optical properties and significant mechanical flexibility thanks to the robust photochromic and capillary effects. We have developed a LOM with a 24 dB cm−1 modulation depth and over 3-bit nonvolatile memory states. By controlling the droplet morphology to mimic a synapse-like shape, the LOM can withstand strains over 400% and endure misalignment and bending. Furthermore, our findings substantiate the application of LOM for photonic neuromorphic computing systems, yielding 100% accuracy in pattern recognition. The easily-integratable LOM paves the way for the creation of flexible and wearable photonic neuromorphic computing systems.
Continuous extension of the discrete shift translations on one-dimensional quantum lattice systems
Authors: Moriya Hajime , Narnhofer Heide
Published: July 2024

We study the continuous extension of discrete shift translations on one-dimensional quantum lattice systems. We explore a specific example provided by a quasi-free

C

∗

{C}^{\ast }

-flow on the one-dimensional fermion lattice system, comparing it with its original discrete shift-translations. Specifically, we demonstrate its explicit dynamical formula, which reveals violations of causality and locality. Furthermore, we prove that this quasi-free

C

∗

{C}^{\ast }

-flow on the one-dimensional fermion lattice system cannot be extended to the one-dimensional quantum spin lattice system via the Jordan-Wigner transformation.
Emotions as Hedonic States That Are Formed in Response to Intentional States That Apprehend Their Objects
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: July 2024

If Aristotle does not identify the representational pleasure/distress of an emotion with the intentional state that apprehends its object (as argued in Chapter 3), this leaves two questions: (1) what is the relation between them? (2) Are they two components of an emotion or is the emotion, strictly speaking, the pleasure/distress alone? With (1), it is argued that the representational pleasure/distress is best thought of as forming ‘in light of’ the intentional state that apprehends its object, rather than merely occurring along with it or being caused by it. With (2), it is argued that Aristotle holds that emotions are representational pleasures/distresses alone, and that the intentional state that apprehends an emotion’s object is not part of the emotion as such, but what the emotion is formed in response to. The chapter explores how Aristotle’s view thereby contrasts with many current accounts which hold that emotions are themselves perceptual apprehensions, or judgements, of value.
Introduction
Authors: Ungvary David
Published: July 2024

This chapter begins to frame an exploration of the ways in which Christian authorship was debated and defined in Latin Late Antiquity, with a focus on how problems of religious writing and authority were handled within late Roman Gaul. The examination takes as its starting point Gennadius of Marseille’s De viris illustribus, a bibliographic catalogue of estimable Christian authors produced in the late fifth century. Close reading of Gennadius’s Christian literary inventory reveals programmatic differences from Jerome’s earlier version, including a strong preference for regional monastic writers. The chapter argues that Gennadius’s provocative updates to the Christian canon and his distinctive evaluations of religious writers both reflected and energized a broader competition to fix the terms of Christian literary authority in late Roman Gaul. Observation of Gennadius’s ambivalence toward poetry points to a special subject of conversation within these debates: the potential meaning, force, and function of classicizing verse within Christian culture. The chapter concludes with explication of the book’s literary historical methodology, and descriptions of the book’s remaining chapters.
The Poet and the Virgin
Authors: Ungvary David
Published: July 2024

This chapter identifies and explains an ascetic poetics within the writings of Avitus of Vienne, a nephew of Sidonius Apollinaris. Interpretation focuses on Avitus’s poem, De consolatoria castitatis laude, composed to encourage his sister, a Christian nun, in her virginity. Fundamental to Avitus’s oeuvre are efforts to delineate a theory of Christian poetry that could mitigate tensions between his role as a Christian bishop and his commitments to classical literary traditions. This chapter proposes several strands of ascetic discourse as keys for decoding the language with which Avitus outlines and performs his poetic program. Close reading reveals that rhetorical and lexical elements of the bishop’s rationale derive from ascetic writings about the relationship between Christian speech and conduct. Analysis uncovers Avitus’s affinity with proponents of Lerinian asceticism, including Caesarius of Arles. Situating Avitus among these ascetic authors sets his poetic anxieties and procedures in new light. He emerges as an innovator of a tradition of regional Christian poets conflicted by competing poetic and ascetic imperatives. In the poem for his sister, Avitus produces a “chaste” form of poetry for a Christian virgin that stylistically enacts some of the very virtues of asceticism he recommends to her.
The Damietta Crusade, 1217-1221
Authors: Marvin Laurence W
Published: July 2024

The Damietta Crusade offers the first book-length monograph of the Fifth Crusade in almost forty years, and only the second in over a century. It emphasizes what made this campaign unique, from its planning, choice of target, its “brown-water” or amphibious nature, course, and result. It argues that the crusade’s planners worked from an achievable grand strategy: Jerusalem’s restoration to Latin Christian hands. Operationally the crusaders invaded Egypt, designed as a stratagem to threaten the economic hub of Cairo to force Jerusalem’s return. Once in Egypt, the crusaders had to deal first with the city of Damietta, which is where the main military campaign took place. Written for non-specialists, The Damietta Crusade offers a narrative and analysis grounded in the primary and relevant secondary sources. It presents a multi-sided perspective by describing and analyzing the Egyptians and other groups in the eastern Mediterranean who played a role in mounting a successful defense against Latin Christian forces. It contends that the crusade failed not because it derived from an unachievable or flawed grand strategy, but because of shifting operational goals, leadership issues, the social dynamics within the army, the arrival and departure of participants, and the effective defense led by Egypt’s sultan, al-Kamil. One of the surprises of this story is that the crusade ended with the men of the respective armies on relatively good terms with one another, suggesting it was never a “clash of civilizations.”
Impact of care–recipient relationship type on quality of life in caregivers of older adults with dementia over time
Authors: Kin Aiping Lai , Griffith Lauren E , Kuspinar Ayse , Smith-Turchyn Jenna , Richardson Julie
Published: July 2024

Background

Dementia caregiving is a dynamic and multidimensional process. To gain a comprehensive understanding of informal caregiving for people living with dementia (PLWD), it is pivotal to assess the quality of life (QoL) of informal caregivers.

Objective

To evaluate whether the care–recipient relationship type predicts changes in the QoL of informal caregivers of PLWD over a two-year period.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The data were drawn from two waves of linked data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) and the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) (2015: NHATS R5 & NSOC II; 2017: NHATS R7 & NSOC III). Caregivers were categorized into spousal, adult–child, “other” caregiver and “multiple” caregivers. QoL was assessed through negative emotional burden (NEB), positive emotional benefits and social strain (SS). Generalized estimating equation modelling was used to examine changes in caregivers’ QoL outcomes across types of relationship over time.

Results

About, 882 caregivers were included who linked to 601 PLWD. After adjusting caregivers’ socio-demographics, “other” caregivers had lower risk of NEB and SS than spousal caregivers (OR = 0.34, P = 0.003, 95%CI [0.17, 0.70]; OR = 0.37, P = 0.019, 95%CI 0.16, 0.85], respectively), and PLWD’s dementia status would not change these significance (OR = 0.33, P = 0.003, 95%CI [0.16, 0.68]; OR = 0.31, P = 0.005, 95%CI [0.14, 0.71], respectively).

Conclusions

The study demonstrates that spousal caregivers face a higher risk of NEB and SS over time, underscoring the pressing need to offer accessible and effective support for informal caregivers of PLWD, especially those caring for their spouses.
Screening and anti-angiogenesis activity of Chiloscyllium plagiosum anti-human VEGFR2 single-domain antibody
Authors: Guo Yanwen , Wang Ruiqi , Wang Yun , Zheng Feijian , Chen Jianqing , Lyu Zhengbing , Yuan Chen , Liu Lili , Jiang Xiaofeng
Published: July 2024

Recently, the incidence of malignant tumors is on the rise and searching for new treatments on it has become the research priority. Blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) is one of the treatment strategies that used in the development of specific anti-angiogenic drugs. The deficiencies in tissue penetration and affinity maturation become the weakness of these drugs in anti-tumors applications. The single heavy chain antibody found in Chiloscyllium plagiosum, which has a low molecular weight and superior tissue penetration of variable region (variable new antigen receptor, VNARs), was considered to have the high antigen-binding activity and stability. This type of antibody has a simple structure that can be prokaryoticaly expressed, which makes it easily to produce new antiangiogenic target drugs. Specific anti-IgNAR rabbit multiple antibodies have been used to assess the level of VNARs in sharks and have shown a significant enrichment of IgNAR after triple immunization. An anti-VEGFR2 phage library was used for the targeted VNARs screening, and five candidate VNARs sequences were subsequently obtained by phage screening, followed by combined screening with the transcriptome library, and analysis of conserved regions along with 3D modelling matched the VNAR profile. ELISA and cell-based assays showed that two of the VNARs, VNAR-A6, and VNAR-E3, had a superior antigen affinity and anti-angiogenic activity thereby being able to inhibit human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells proliferation and migration. The anti-VEGFR2 VNARs derived from the immunized C. plagiosum and screened by phage library, which provide the new research ideas and specific approaches for the development of new drugs. The anti-VEGFR2 VNARs are capable for blocking the VEGF–VEGFR pathway, which of these may contribute to expanding the use of anti-angiogenic drugs.
Effect of 2 Forms of Tenofovir on Duodenal Enterocytes—A Hypothesis for Different Effect of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Tenofovir Alafenamide on Body Weight and Plasma Lipids
Authors: Kauppinen Kai Juhani , Aho Inka , Sjöblom Nelli , Tynninen Olli , Suomalainen Anu , Schwab Ursula , Zhao Fang , Arkkila Perttu , Sutinen Jussi
Published: July 2024

Background

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), compared to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), leads to lower body weight and plasma lipids by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesize that TDF, when absorbed, may damage enterocytes of the proximal duodenum, leading to reduced absorption of nutrients.

Methods

People with human immunodeficiency virus, without significant gastrointestinal symptoms, receiving a regimen containing TDF (n = 12) or TAF (n = 12), underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopies. Plasma/serum concentrations of nutrients absorbed from proximal duodenum and serum intestinal fatty acid–binding protein (I-FABP), a marker of enterocyte damage, were measured. Cytochrome c oxidase/succinate dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) staining and electron microscopy (EM) were conducted to evaluate mitochondria.

Results

Five patients in the TDF group (1 celiac disease [excluded from further analyses], 1 Helicobacter gastritis, and 3 esophagitis) and 2 in the TAF group (2 esophagitis) had a pathological finding in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Villi were flatter (337 [59] vs 397 [42] μm; P = .016), crypts nonsignificantly deeper (200 [46] vs 176 [27] μm; P = .2), and villus-to-crypt ratio lower (1.5 [0.42] vs 2.5 [0.51]; P = .009) in the TDF versus TAF group (mean [standard deviation]). I-FABP concentration was higher in the TDF versus TAF group (3.0 [1.07] vs 1.8 [0.53] ng/mL; P = .003). The TDF group had numerically but not statistically significantly lower concentrations of folate and vitamins A, B1, D, and E. COX/SDH staining and EM showed similar mitochondrial damage in both groups.

Conclusions

Duodenal villous alterations may explain TDF-associated decrease in body weight and plasma lipids. Larger studies are needed to evaluate concentrations of nutrients absorbed from duodenum among TDF users..

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT05326971; EudraCT 2022-000849.
A novel fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening identified ATG14, the gene required for pexophagy in the methylotrophic yeast
Authors: Shiraishi Kosuke , Arima Yumi , Nakamura Motoharu , Nakatsuji Takumi , Oku Masahide , Sakai Yasuyoshi
Published: July 2024

Pexophagy is a type of autophagy that selectively degrades peroxisomes and can be classified as either macropexophagy or micropexophagy. During macropexophagy, individual peroxisomes are sequestered by pexophagosomes and transported to the vacuole for degradation, while in micropexophagy, peroxisomes are directly engulfed by the septated vacuole. To date, some autophagy-related genes (ATGs) required for pexophagy have been identified through plate-based assays performed primarily under micropexophagy-induced conditions. Here, we developed a novel high-throughput screening system using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to identify genes required for macropexophagy. Using this system, we discovered KpATG14, a gene that could not be identified previously in the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii due to technical limitations. Microscopic and immunoblot analyses found that KpAtg14 was required for both macropexophagy and micropexophagy. We also revealed that KpAtg14 was necessary for recruitment of the downstream factor KpAtg5 at the preautophagosomal structure (PAS), and consequently, for bulk autophagy. We anticipate our assay to be used to identify novel genes that are exclusively required for macropexophagy, leading to better understanding of the physiological significance of the existing two types of autophagic degradation pathways for peroxisomes.
Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of the Ponza Grayling (Hipparchia sbordonii), an Italian Endemic and Endangered Butterfly
Authors: Fava Sebastiano , Sollitto Marco , Racaku Mbarsid , Iannucci Alessio , Benazzo Andrea , Ancona Lorena , Gratton Paolo , Florian Fiorella , Pallavicini Alberto , Ciofi Claudio , Cesaroni Donatella , Gerdol Marco , Sbordoni Valerio , Bertorelle Giorgio , Trucchi Emiliano
Published: July 2024

Islands are crucial evolutionary hotspots, providing unique opportunities for differentiation of novel biodiversity and long-term segregation of endemic species. Islands are also fragile ecosystems, where biodiversity is more exposed to environmental and anthropogenic pressures than on continents. The Ponza grayling, Hipparchia sbordonii, is an endemic butterfly species that is currently found only in two tiny islands of the Pontine archipelago, off the coast of Italy, occupying an area smaller than 10 km2. It has been classified as Endangered (IUCN) because of the extremely limited area of occurrence, population fragmentation, and the recent demographic decline. Thanks to a combination of different assemblers of long and short genomic reads, bulk transcriptome RNAseq, and synteny analysis with phylogenetically close butterflies, we produced a highly contiguous, chromosome-scale annotated reference genome for the Ponza grayling, including 28 autosomes and the Z sexual chromosomes. The final assembly spanned 388.61 Mb with a contig N50 of 14.5 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.5%. Synteny analysis using four other butterfly species revealed high collinearity with Hipparchia semele and highlighted 10 intrachromosomal inversions longer than 10 kb, of which two appeared on the lineage leading to H. sbordonii. Our results show that a chromosome-scale reference genome is attainable also when chromatin conformation data may be impractical or present specific technical challenges. The high-quality genomic resource for H. sbordonii opens up new opportunities for the accurate assessment of genetic diversity and genetic load and for the investigations of the genomic novelties characterizing the evolutionary path of this endemic island species.
RABR-1, an atypical Rab-related GTPase, cell-nonautonomously restricts somatosensory dendrite branching
Authors: Salazar Christopher J , Diaz-Balzac Carlos A , Wang Yu , Rahman Maisha , Grant Barth D , Bülow Hannes E
Published: July 2024

Neurons are highly polarized cells with dendrites and axons. Dendrites, which receive sensory information or input from other neurons, often display elaborately branched morphologies. While mechanisms that promote dendrite branching have been widely studied, less is known about the mechanisms that restrict branching. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we identify rabr-1 (for Rab-related gene 1) as a factor that restricts branching of the elaborately branched dendritic trees of PVD and FLP somatosensory neurons. Animals mutant for rabr-1 show excessively branched dendrites throughout development and into adulthood in areas where the dendrites overlay epidermal tissues. Phylogenetic analyses show that RABR-1 displays similarity to small GTPases of the Rab-type, although based on sequence alone, no clear vertebrate ortholog of RABR-1 can be identified. We find that rabr-1 is expressed and can function in epidermal tissues, suggesting that rabr-1 restricts dendritic branching cell-nonautonomously. Genetic experiments further indicate that for the formation of ectopic branches rabr-1 mutants require the genes of the Menorin pathway, which have been previously shown to mediate dendrite morphogenesis of somatosensory neurons. A translational reporter for RABR-1 reveals a subcellular localization to punctate, perinuclear structures, which correlates with endosomal and autophagosomal markers, but anticorrelates with lysosomal markers suggesting an amphisomal character. Point mutations in rabr-1 analogous to key residues of small GTPases suggest that rabr-1 functions in a GTP-bound form independently of GTPase activity. Taken together, rabr-1 encodes for an atypical small GTPase of the Rab-type that cell-nonautonomously restricts dendritic branching of somatosensory neurons, likely independently of GTPase activity.
Safe(r) Landing by Older People: A Matter of Complexity
Authors: Masters Rich S W , Uiga Liis
Published: July 2024

Maintaining balance is a complex motor problem that requires coordinated contributions from multiple biological systems. Aging inevitably lessens the fidelity of biological systems, which can result in an increased risk of falling and associated injuries. It is advantageous to land safely, but falls manifest in diverse ways, so different motor solutions are required to land safely. However, without considerable practice, it is difficult to recall the appropriate motor solution for a fall and then apply it effectively in the brief duration before hitting the ground. A complex systems perspective provides a lens through which to view the problem of safe(r) landing. It may be possible to use motor analogies to promote degeneracy within the perceptual motor system so that, regardless of the direction in which an older person falls, their body self-organizes to land with less likelihood of injury.
Grave Matters: Ambiguity, Modernism, and the Quest for Moderate Islam in Indonesia
Authors: Meyer Verena
Published: July 2024

Although graves of famous figures are often important sites of commemoration where religious communities invoke a normative past, the very act of commemoration can coexist uneasily with a religious community’s values and self-understanding. This is the case with Muhammadiyah, an Indonesian modernist Islamic mass organization focused on the purification of Islam from what they consider heretical innovations, including memory practices at graves. Yet, to differentiate themselves from radical Islamist organizations they find objectionable, Muhammadiyah’s leadership has begun to draw on their organizational history and its physical remnants, including graves, to articulate a “moderate” identity. Drawing on ethnographic research in Yogyakarta, I show how Muhammadiyah’s conflicting desires produce an ambiguity that is productive for articulating the organization’s complex ideological positionings. In so doing, I argue against the pervasive claim that with modernity, Islam lost its tolerance and appreciation of ambiguity.
Nasturtium leaf compounds, diphenyl disulfide and lyral, against Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and their symbiotic fungi
Authors: Graebin Andressa , Amaral Karina D , Lira Davi C , Collares Lara J , Bernardes Rodrigo C , Turchen Leonardo M , Della-Lucia Terezinha Maria C , Guedes Raul Narciso C
Published: July 2024

Social insect pests, particularly leaf-cutting ants, present a considerable challenge in terms of control. Leaf-cutting ants are significant agricultural, forestry, and pasture pests, and understanding their behavior and defense mechanisms is essential for managing their colonies effectively. While toxic ant baits are a primary control method, the limited availability of effective insecticides and concerns over their hazardous nature has spurred the search for alternative solutions, particularly natural compounds, which aligns with the goals of forest certification groups. In the light of previous evidence demonstrating the efficacy of nasturtium leaves (Tropaeolum majus L. (Brassicales: Tropaeolaceae)) in suppressing leaf-cutting ant colonies, this study investigates 2 active components of nasturtium leaf extracts: diphenyl disulfide and lyral. We tested their impact on Atta sexdens (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), the most prevalent leaf-cutter ant species in Brazil, and their symbiotic fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Möller) Singer (Agaricales: Agaricaceae). We conducted experiments with increasing concentrations of diphenyl disulfide and lyral, assessing their effects on the symbiotic fungus and on forager workers and gardeners of A. sexdens colonies. Our findings revealed no fungicidal activity, and ant mortality was minimal in both topical and ingestion bioassays with the exception of gardeners topically exposed to diphenyl sulfide. Furthermore, the compounds did not affect leaf ingestion, but diphenyl disulfide did increase interactions among foragers. These results suggest that neither diphenyl disulfide nor lyral are the primary contributors to the suppression of leaf-cutting ant colonies by nasturtium leaves. However, they may enhance the formicidal activity of other compounds present in nasturtium leaves.
‘Authorized Push Payment’ Bank Fraud: What Does an Effective Regulatory Response Look Like?
Authors: Braithwaite Jo
Published: July 2024

Authorized Push Payment (APP) fraud occurs where bank customers are tricked into transferring money from their account. As this article shows, this type of fraud is a growing threat, catalysed by the rise of remote banking. However, long-standing legal and regulatory rules leave most victims without a route to redress, as recently confirmed by the UK Supreme Court’s 2023 decision in Philipp v Barclays. Through this lens, the article examines a new and ‘world first’ UK regulatory response, which includes a mandatory reimbursement scheme for APP fraud victims in certain circumstances. The article finds that the UK’s new loss allocation scheme is valuable, but also that its specific coverage is problematic given the broad nature of this threat. Overall, the article argues that the priority for UK regulators should be to develop a more ‘joined-up’ response to APP fraud, and it offers generally applicable insights into effective regulatory responses to this evolving threat.
Cytoplasmic vacuolization and ectopic formation of perineuronal nets are characteristic pathologies of cytomegalic neurons in tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Sosunov Alexander A , McKhann, II Guy , Tang Guomei , Goldman James E
Published: July 2024

Cytomegalic neurons, characterized by increased size and a hyperactive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), are pathognomonic for tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). To model these neurons, we recently generated a murine Tsc1 conditional knockout model in which Tsc1 deletion in late embryonic radial glia results in neuronal hypertrophy of a subset of isocortical pyramidal neurons. In the current study, we compared the cellular pathology of these cytomegalic neurons to those of the enlarged neurons in human cortical tubers. Neurons from the mice showed unique features, such as cytoplasmic vacuoles associated with Golgi complexes and the ectopic formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs), a feature of inhibitory neurons, rarely present in excitatory cortical neurons. The membranes of these vacuoles were enriched for the plasma membrane proteins CD44, KCC2, and Na+/K+ ATPase, suggesting deficits in Golgi membrane trafficking. These aberrant features in the mouse appeared only after the onset of seizures, probably due to the prolonged seizure activity in the context of constitutive mTORC1 activation. Similar PNNs and cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in the cytomegalic neurons of human cortical tubers. Our findings reveal novel pathological features of Golgi complexes and PNNs in the cytomegalic neurons in TSC.
The bitter truth: how insects cope with toxic plant alkaloids
Authors: Leite Dias Sara , D’Auria John C
Published: July 2024

Plants are unique organisms that have developed ingenious strategies to cope with environmental challenges, such as herbivorous insects. One of these strategies is the synthesis of a vast array of chemical compounds, known as specialized metabolites, that serve many ecological functions. Among the most fascinating and diverse groups of specialized metabolites are the alkaloids, which are characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom within a heterocyclic ring. While some have medicinal and recreational applications, others are highly unpalatable and/or toxic. The effects of alkaloids on both humans and insects can be very diverse, affecting their physiology and behavior. Insects that feed on alkaloid-containing plants have evolved various mechanisms to cope with the consequences of these toxins. These include sequestration, where insects store alkaloids in specialized tissues or organs, enzymatic detoxification through enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases, and behavioral adaptations such as selective feeding. In this review, we explore the relationships between plant alkaloids and the evolutionary adaptations that enable insects to exploit alkaloid-rich plants as food sources and ecological niches minimizing the harmful effects of these natural compounds. We aim to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of this fascinating and complex ecological interaction.
Navigating Liminality: Jewish Refugees in Global Transit
Authors: Lässig Simone , Steinberg Swen
Published: July 2024

This special section presents transit as a research concept and demonstrates its analytical potential in six case studies. The contributions focus on Jewish refugees fleeing National Socialist persecution to states, colonies or dependent territories in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that received scant attention in older research. The results of this research derive from the ongoing International Standing Working Group ‘In Global Transit’, started by the German Historical Institute Washington in 2018 to explore spatial and temporal dimensions in global migration.
Scale Characteristics of Six Fish Species of the Genus Cyprinion (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): A Microscopic Analysis
Authors: Aslan Faal Sima , Esmaeili Hamid Reza , Teimori Azad
Published: July 2024

This study investigated the morphological characteristics of scales in six Cyprinion species, using light and scanning electron microscopy focusing on key features such as scale type, key scales, lateral line scales, radius/radii, rostral margin, focus, circuli, lepidonts, tubercles, and scale indices. The research analyzed the scales using ultramicroscopy and light microscopy imaging, categorizing them based on size classes and body regions. The morphological variations in scale characteristics were examined across different species, regions, and size classes. Notable findings included the tetra-sectioned form of scales, representing a unique characteristic of the Cyprinion genus. Morphological changes in scale features were observed with fish growth, particularly in the overall shape, focus shape, and size. Quantitative analysis revealed variations in average relative scale length and width among different species, regions, and size classes. The study utilized canonical discriminant analysis for multivariate assessment, classifying the species into distinct groups based on morphometric indices. The findings contribute to the understanding of scale morphology in Cyprinion species and exploring morphological variation between the examined species.