bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Potassium Absorption by Pigeon Blood Cells.: A Considerable Potassium Absorption by Pigeon‐ and Hen Blood Cells in Observed when a Hypertonic Sodium Chlorided Solution is Added
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that freshlv drawn pigeon blood when placed at body temperature during the first hour will absorb half or more of the plasma potassium. Later the plasma potassium concentration will increase. Lack of oxygen will stop the potassium absorption and instead potassium of the cells is lost. and sodium increased.

Addition of isotonic KCl solution will not change the potassium absorption.

But if you besides KCl add a hypertonic solution of NaCl a considerable potassium uptake is seen, and it will carry on for more than three hours. In this way the cell potassium concentration can be augmented by more than 20 %.

Blood from hen or cock will not absorb potassium unless a hypertonio NaCl solution is added.

The hypertonic solution may increase the active potassium absorption or it may tighten the cell membrane so that the loss of potassiiini from the cells is decreased. The second possibility is considered the most probable. The theory is strengthened by an experiment where 1 % ethyl alcohol produced a loss of potassium, whereas simultaneous addition of hypertonic NaCl solution produced a considerable potassium uptake. Simultaneously with the potassium absorption an increase of the haematocrit values is seen.

The find solution of the problem may be given by experiments with radioactive potassium.

The experiments correspond to similar experiments made with bacillus coli communis (Ørskov 1948).
The Assay of Thyroid Preparations Based on Increased Sensitivity to Adrenaline.: Studies on a New Method
Authors: PELTOLA P. , VARTIAINEN A.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the studies was to test the accuracy of a new method of standardization based on the increased sensitivity to adrenaline of mice which is occasioned by thyroid powders. Three different thyroid preparations with practically identical total iodine content, were used.

The biological efficacy of the preparations was compared by several biological methods of standardization. The acetonitrile method according to Grab gave no consistent results. The Mörch method, based on the measurement of output of carbon dioxide, and the method to be tested, which rests on increased sensitivity to adrenaline, brought, out, differences in biological efficacy which are in agreement with results obtained in clinical studies. In the results obtained by the method based on increased sensitivity to oxygen deficiency the differences mentioned above are not visible.

In clinical studies, the amount of serum protein bound iodine is found to follow sensitively other variations that occur in the clinical picture when different, preparations are used. The reaction must therefore be corisidered a good exponent, of the efficacy of the thyroid preparation. It is a serviceable medium for checking the results of standardization obtained in animal experinments on human patients suffering from hypothyreosis.

The standardization method described in the present paper. delveloped on the basis of increase in sensitivity to adrenaline caused by thyroid powder, must he considered biologically specific, and the results obtained by it agree with clinical results. Technically the method is very simple and the possibility of errors is small.
The Use of a Compressed Air Operated Shock Tube for Physiological Blast Research
Authors: CELANDER HJÖRDIS , CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , ERICSSON ULF A. , HULTMAN HOLTER ISON
Published: December 2008

The advantage of using a compressed air operated shock tube instead of blasting high explosive charges for certain types of physiological blast injury research is briefly discussed.

A description is given of a shock tube and of the special arrangements necessary for exposing mice to shock waves in that tube.

Some theoretical considerations concerning the shock tube and the data necessary for the calculation of the physical properties of the shock wave obtained are given.
Effects of Intrathecal Injections of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure in the Cat
Authors: LILJEDAHL S.‐O.
Published: December 2008

A rise of blood sugar was observed after 50 μg noradrenaline per kg body weight injected into the cisterna magna (22–40 mg%) or the third ventricle (30–45 mg%) in anesthetized cats.

The effects of the same dose of adrenaline was 50–60 mgyo and 54–66 mg% respectively. These effects were obtained even after interruption of the nervous pathways in the neck. No effects were noted on the blood pressure.

Intravenous injection of 0.05 ml of spinal fluid 3/2 hours after intrathecal injection of 50 μg noradrenaline raised the blood pressure 40 mm Hg.

In cases where lesions and hemorrhage occurred, a rise in blood pressure was observed after 50 μg noradrenaline intracisternally, suggesting a more rapid resorption. A rise in blood sugar was also noted in these cases prior to the injection.

Continuous intravenous infusion of 0.05–0.17 μg/kg/min. noradrenaline and 0.009–0.032 μg/kg/min. adrenaline, caused a rise in the blood sugar level of 32–55 mg% and 35–70 mg% respectively. The rise was of the same degree as injection into the cisterna magna or the third ventricle, without affecting the blood pressure.

The effects observed may be accounted for by resorption of small quantities from the dural space.
The Cerebral Blood Flow in Man Determined by the Use of Radioactive Krypton
Authors: LASSEN N. A. , MUNCK O.
Published: December 2008

A method for the determination of cerebral blood flow in man using the radioactive isotope krypton 85 is described.

The standard deviation of cerebal blood flow was esperimentally determined to he 1.6 cc/100 g/min.

Repeateil determinations of cerebral oxygen consumption at an interval of 30 minutes showed insignificant variations in 10 normal subjects and significant variations in 1 subject with slight hypertension.

Repeat ect deteminations of cerebral oxygen consumption at all interval of 3 to 8 days showed significant variations in 3 out of 4 normal individuals and in none out of 5 arteriosclerotic individuals.

In a group of 10 normal males and 10 normal females, mean age 38 years, the mean value for cerebral blood flow was 52 (S. D. = 8.6) cc/100 g/min., the mean value for cerebral oxygen consumption was 3.4 (S. D. = 0.58) cc/100 g/min., and the mean value for cerebral vascular resistance was 1.8 (S. D. = 0.38) mm Hg/cc/100 g/min.

The method described is compared to the nitrous oxide method as described by Kety and Schmidt. The results of the two methods agree, but the krypton 85 method is more accurate, secures more normal physiological conditions during the examination. and demands less manual work.
Sensitivity of the Normal and Denervated Parotid Gland to Chemical Agents
Authors: STRÖMBLAD R.
Published: December 2008

Experiments are described which show that parasympathetic denervation of the parotid gland renders the gland more sensitive to the secretory action of acetylcholine, adrenaline and pilocarpine.

Postganglionic denervation induces a greater sensitization than preganglionie denervation as regards acetylcholine and pilocarpine. The reverse seems to be true for adrenaline.

Some evidence is given to show that sympathetic stimulation arid injection of adrenaline has dual action on the parotid gland of the cat, apart from that on the vessels, one secretory and one expelling.
Influence of Chemotherapeuties on the Metabolism of Bile Acids in the Intestine of Rats.1 Steroids and Bile Acids 17.
Authors: NORMAN ARNE
Published: December 2008

Discussion and Summary

Cholic acid‐24–14C was administered intraperitoneally to rats which had been given terramycin and sulftalyl per os twice daily for three days before and during the whole experiment. Chromatographic separation of the labelled bile acid products excreted in faeces showed that the major part (75–95 per cent) is excreted as taurocholic acid. 2–10 per cent is presumably excreted as glycocholic acid. Likewise in the bile the labelled cholic acid has been found mainly in the form of taurocholic acid, only a minor part being present as glycocholic acid.

About 1–15 per cent of the labelled compound is found at the place where free cholic acid occurred. None of the bile acid metabolites found in normal rat faeces is observed after administration of antibiotics. This indicates that most of the peptide bonds of the conjugated bile acids are split by the intestinal microorganisms and that these latter also cause modification of the bile acid molecules. Further work is needed to decide whether the small amounts of free bile acid found in these experiments are due to splitting by resistant microorganisms, fungi or intestinal digestive enzymes.
Vasoconstrictor Inhibition and Vasodilator Activation — Two Functionally Separate Vasodilator Mechanisms in the Skeletal Muscles.
Authors: LINDGREN PERCY , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles is produced by electric stimulation of a sinus nerve, a vagus nerve, the depressor area of the oblongate medulla or by activation of sympathetic vasodilator nerves.

Destruction of the depressor area does not prevent the transmission of impulses in the bulbar sympathetic vasodilator tract.

The depressor area and the bulbar part of the sympathetic vasodilator tract seem to be separate anatomical and functional entities. The writers have been unable to activate the two vasodilator mechanisms simultaneously, a fact that is regarded to support the conception that they form two independently operating mechanisms.

The expenses of this investigation were partly defrayed by a grant from the Swedish Medical Research Council to one of us (B. U.) which is gratefully acknowledged.
Effect of Vestibular Nerve Section Upon the Spinal Influence of the Bulbar Reticular Formation.
Authors: GERNANDT B. E. , THULIN C.‐A.
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulation within the reticular formation gives rise to reciprocal or non‐reciprocal effects upon the spinal reflexes evoked from extensor and flexor nerves. The present investigation was designed to analyse the behaviour of this caudal influence of the bulbar reticular formation after transection of the 8th nerves. Cessation of the spontaneous afferent impulse discharge in the ipsilateral and/or contralateral 8th nerves affects the reflex responses in a manner resembling that of adequate vestibular stimulation. The afferent impulses in the 8th nerve thus facilitated the reflex response evoked from an ipsilateral flexor nerve and inhibited the reflex discharge derived from an ipsilateral extensor nerve. An increased impulse activity in the contralateral 8th nerve had the opposite effects, namely inhibition of the former reflex response and facilitation of the latter one.
Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex in the Unanesthetized Cat with Intact Brain Stem.
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H.
Published: December 2008

1. The electrical activity of isolated parietal cortex in the un‐anesthetized cat with intact brain stem has been analyzed. The data confirm that neuronally completely isolated cortex with preserved blood supply has the capacity of generating rhythmic electrical activity.

2. Electrical activity appeared spontaneously in the isolated areas, a fact confirming other studies with similar preparations. The spontaneous activity could be reversibly blocked by small doses of barbiturates. Brain stem mechanisms which were intact may have increased the excitability of the isolated area through extraneuronal means. The excitable slab becomes electrically active — it is assumed — due to the ‘stimulating’ influence of circulatory and/or humoral factors in the cortex.

3. The paroxysmal bursts, recorded from isolated cortex, showed a strong resemblance to a similar activity reported by other workers. A slow wave component of the bursts was found to be dominated by 2.5 to 3.5 per second waves of high voltage which often attained very regular characteristics. 3 per second sinusoidal forms as well as 3 per second spike and wave forms were often recorded. In the EEG record these rhythms appeared synchronous over the isolated area. The data demonstrate that the cortex itself possesses the inherent mechanisms necessary for the production of a 3 per second pattern similar to the one met with in petit mal epilepsy. Some conditions for the appearance of such a pattern in isolated cortex are discussed.

4. Apart from the 3 per second rhythms and a fast frequency component (of frequencies of up to 65 c/s), the slab activity was highly irregular, demonstrating a variety of frequencies and wave forms seen in the routine EEG. The data seem consistent with the view that the regulation and maintenance of the alpha rhythm, as well as other regular cortical patterns, are based upon an inter action between the cortex and other neuronaI structures (cortical as well as subcortical).

5. It is emphasized that not only purely interneuronal relationships, but also circulatory conditions as well as other factors — as yet unknown — may determine the form and frequency of rhythmic electrical events of the cortex.
Extraneuronal Influences Upon the Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex Following Stimulation of the Reticular Activating System1
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H.
Published: December 2008

1. Electrographic evidence is presented to show that the spontaneous as well as the (chemically induced) epileptic electrical activity of neuronally completely isolated parietal cortex of the cat may be influenced by electrical stimulation of the reticular activating system of the brain stem. A description is given of various forms of effects recorded.

2. By gross microscopic observation it was found, on intact as well as on isolated cortex, that cortical circulatory phenomena accompany the EEG activation elicited by reticular stimulation. A description is given of these phenomena, the most conspicuous feature of which was a vasodilatation and an increase in the speed of circulating blood elements.

3. Subjectively, there seemed in general to be a direct proportionality between the electrographic effects in isolated cortex and the circulatory changes. The circulatory changes often closely paralleled in time the electrographic effects in isolated cortex (as well as the electrographic changes in intact cortex).

4. The grossly visible cortical circulatory changes on reticular stimulation were abolished, together with activation of the EEG, by small doses of barbiturates given intravenously.

5. The mechanisms underlying the circulatory changes have been analyzed in a preliminary way. Such changes, as well as electrographic effects in isolated cortex, were observed after various procedures interfering with possible pressor effects caused by the reticular stimulation. The grossly visible cortical circulatory changes on tegmental and diencephalic reticular stimulation were abolished by intercollicular brain stem section, a procedure, however, which did not interfere with the electrographic activation of intact cortex.

6. The effects of reticular stimulation upon chernically induced epileptic discharges in isolated cortex may provide additional information for the understanding of the effects of arousing stimuli upon epileptic abnormalities in thc EEG.

7. The results suggest that the reticular activating system of the brain stem may influence cortical electrical activity by means of extraneuronal mechanisms. The findings indicate that circulatory factors are involved, but it is also possible that humoral events may be primarily responsible for the effects recorded.
Investigations into the Euglena Gracilis Method for Quantitative Assay of Vitamin B12
Authors: KRISTENSEN H. P. ØSTERGAARD
Published: December 2008

Using Ross's modification of Hutner's method for quantitative determination of vitamin B12 with Euglena gravities var. bacillaris, experiments were carried out which showed that the supernatant from a centrifuged vigorously growing Euglena culture contains a thermolabile factor, which has a growth‐inhibiting effect on Euglena cells when they are transferred to a freshly prepared medium containing vitamin B12.

Density and uniformity of growth in the tubes inoculated are increased by washing and diluting the Euglena culture used for inoculation. The sensitivity and the accuracy of the method are thereby increased.
The Electrocardiogram of Rabbits in Blast Injury
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , HULTMAN HOLTER I: SON
Published: December 2008

1. The ECG changes in blast injury have been studied in 194 rabbits, 62 of which were exposed to a detonating charge of TNT in the open field and the remaining 132 animals to a charge of PETN in a specially constructed detonation chamber.

2. In the total material 65.5 per cent showed pathological ECG after the detonation, in the open field material 30.6 per cent and of the rabbits exposed in the detonation chamber 81.8 per cent. An inetantaneous, transient and often pronounced sinus brady cardia and a lowering of the voltage are found in almost every case, but these changes are not included in the pathological changes.

3. Premature beats, depression of RS—T and T, injury potential, different kinds of heart block and auricular fibrillation are rather common findings.

4. Some changes in ECG are not manifested until several minutes to some days after the detonation, and some are only of a transient type. The changes in the first stages after the detonation often differ from those occurring later on.
Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase in the Aqueous Humour and the Angle of the Anterior Chamber
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST H. , WOODIN ALAN M.
Published: December 2008

A study has been made of some factors which might be of importance for the hydrodynamic resistance of the angle of the anterior chamber. The possible occurrence in the aqueous humour of chemical agents affecting the resistance has been investigated and the nature of the barrier studied with the aid of hyaluronidase. The main results are:

1. No hyaluronidase could be detected in cattle aqueous humour,

2. Aqueous humour contains hyaluronic acid capable of being hydrolysed by added hyaluronidase.

3. Aqueous humour has a diffusable thermo‐stable component which reduces the viscosity of the hyaluronic acid‐protein complex from synovial fluid. The action of this component is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate.

4. No increase in hyaluronic acid‐depolymerising power is observable in aqueous humour after induction of the gradual break down of resistance caused by mechanical trauma.

5. Mechanical trauma sometimes seems to act on the angle through an immediate physical derangement followed by a slower, temperature‐dependent phase. This latter is not inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate.

6. The fast initial resistance drop caused by small amounts of testicular hyaluronidase can also be induced by staphylococcal hyaluronidase.

7. On perfusing the angle for 8 hours with buffer, the resistance decreases continuously. With aqueous humour as perfusate the resistance is stable for about 100 minutes and then decreases. The hyaluronidase‐sensitive component in the angle does not disappear for several hundred minutes when perfused with aqueous.

8. In addition to its immediate action in low concentrations, hyaluronidase in high concentrations induces a further slow decrease in resistance of the angle.
The Response Speetrum of Taste Fibres in the Cat: A Single Fibre Analysis
Authors: COHEN MELVIN J. , HAGIWARA SUSUMU , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

1. Taste receptors in the cat's tongue were analyzed by recording from single afferent chorda tympani nerve fibres while applying various sapid solutions to the tongue.

2. Single fibres were observed which responded to the flow of distilled water over the tongue. The activity of these “water” fibres was depressed by various inorganic salt solutions with an anion concentration above 0.03 M. Organic sodium salts, in contrast, stimulated this fibre type in a manner similar to distilled water.

3. The “water” fibres were also stimulated by quinine hydro‐chloride and mineral acids below pH 2.5.

4. Single “salt” fibres were observed which responded to various salts above 0.1 M concentration. These fibres were also stimulated by acid.

5. Another fibre type responded primarily to quinine chloride and very little if at all to strong acid. The “quinine” fibre was not. stimulated by hypertonic salt solutions or by distilled water.

6. The fourth fibre type found responded only to acids below pH 2.5.

7. It is proposed that the presence of the “water” fibre extends the sensitivity to salt solutions beyond the concentration limits served by the “salt” fibres thus enabling discrimination of salt concentration over the entire physiologically significant saline range.

8. The importance of impulse pattern is discussed and a scheme presented illustrating the possible relationship between afferent impulse pattern and the evoked taste sensation.

9. The possible mechanism of stimulation by water is discussed and a view presented that the outward flow of anions across the receptor membrane stimulates while an inward flow depresses (“water”) fibre activity.
Uric Acid in Blood and Urine of Infants
Authors: POULSEN HEMMING
Published: December 2008

The 24–hour excretion of endogeneous uric acid in newborn infants was found to be about 16 mg/kg and in adults about 4 mg/kg. The average concentration of uric acid in blood from the umbilical cord was 61 pglml and in the amniotic fluid 72 μg/ml.
Acetylcholine Inactivation and Acetylcholine Sensitivity in Denervated Salivary Glands
Authors: STRÖMBLAD R.
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholine destruction was studied in the normal and the denervated parotid and submaxillary gland of cat. The parotid gland was pre‐ and postganglionically, the submaxillary gland preganglionically denervated. In the same cats the sensitization to acetylcholine brought about by the denervations was studied.

The preganglionic denervations were found to cause a decrease by 30 per cent in the total amount of enzyme in the glands. The postganglionic denervation caused a decrease in total amount by about 60 per cent.

The possible rôle of these reductions in enzyme activity for the mechanism of the sensitization to acetylcholine is discussed.
Transport Form of Decanoic Acid‐1‐14C in the Lymph During Intestinal Absorption in the Rat
Authors: BLOMSTRAND ROLF
Published: December 2008

A study on the transport of decanoic acid‐14C in the rat via the thoracic duct has been made.

Only a minor part of the labelled decanoic acid was transported via the thoracic duct after absorption.

The major part of the 14C‐activity in the lymph lipids was in the form of triglycerides and the remainder as phospholipids. No significant amount of free decanoic acid could be found in the lymph.
Changes in the Proteolytic Enzymes of the Yolk in the Developing Hen's Egg
Authors: EMANUELSSON HADAR
Published: December 2008

Free amino acids and alcohol‐soluble peptides in the yolk of the hen's egg have been studied during the first 14 days of incubation. No qualitative and only small quantitative changes could be noticed. During incubation three different proteolytic enzymes occur in the yolk and in the yolk‐sac. In the yolk maxima for these enzymes were found about the second and the ninth day of incubation. Yolk‐protein‐utilization of the embryo is discussed.
The Effect of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water) on Conduction Velocity in Isolated Frog Nerve.
Authors: GARBY L. , NORDQVIST P.
Published: December 2008

The effect of Ringer's solution containing 99.9% deuterium oxide on the conduction velocity of the A‐fibres in isolated frog nerves was investigated.

A decrease in conduction velocity of about 20% was noted, the full effect being reached in about 5 minutes in unsheathed nerves and in about twice that time in intact nerves.

A rapid exchange of water between the nerve and its environments could be inferred from the rate of decrease in conduction velocity. A considerable part of the exchange must take place across the myelin sheath.
The Urinary Excretion of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline in Healthy Subjects During Recumbency and Standing
Authors: VON EULER U. S. , LUFT R. , SUNDIN T.
Published: December 2008

Healthy persons placed on a tilting table at an angle of 75 degrees for 3 or 4 hours show a considerably increased urinary output of noradrenaline in comparison with the corresponding excretion in recumbent position.

The increased production of noradrenaline is interpreted as the result of reflex activation of the vasomotor system induced by the orthostatic fall of the systolic blood pressure.

The excretion of adrenaline in urine during the tilting test showed a slight to moderate increase probably depending on various stress factors (muscular activity, uncomfortable position) during standing.

In none of the 15 tested healthy persons on the tilting table (75°) showing increased noradrenaline excretion, did syncope occur.
The Action of Chronic Denervation and of the Use of a Ganglioplegic or a Sympatholytic Agent on the Baresthetic Device of the Renal Arteries
Authors: BRULL L. , LOUIS‐BAR D. , LYBECK H.
Published: December 2008

Proceeding with our research on the mechanism of the baresthet‐ic device regulating the constancy of the renal blood flow, by submitting kidneys transplanted in the neck to step‐wise raised perfusion pressures, by means of the mechanical heart with coagulable blood, we found that chronic denervation, or the use of a ganglioplegic (Pendiomide) or of a sympatholytic (Scurocaine), eliminates totally or partially vasoconstriction of the renal arteries which occurs in response to a rise of pressure and prevents variations of the blood flow.
The Effect of Dietary Fat on the Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and on the Cholesterol Metabolism in the Liver of Rats1
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.

The absorption of cholesterol has been studied in balance experiments on intact rats fed cholesterol together with different levels of arachis oil.

Cholesterol was found to be readily absorbed on a diet devoid of fat. Extensive deposition of cholesterol esters was found in the livers of rats given cholesterol in a fat‐free diet for 7 weeks.

Dietary fat was found to increase cholesterol absorption when the fat was present in large amounts as compared to cholesterol, confirming qualitatively the observations of previous authors. The smallest ratio of fat to cholesterol where a facilitating effect of fat was observed, was 15: 1.

The effect of dietary fat on the deposition of absorbed cholesterol was studied in experiments so designed that equal amounts of cholesterol were absorbed in groups fed diets with 15 per cent fat and no fat respectively. Roughly twice as much cholesterol was deposited in the livers of the rats given the fat‐containing diet. On the other hand, in rats with cholesterol deposited in the liver dietary fat appeared to promote the removal of cholesterol from the liver, when the rats were given cholesterol‐free diets.
On the Mode of Action of Fatty Acids in Cholesterol Absorption1: Cholesterol Studies IV
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.

In balance experiments on rats oleic acid (9 per cent in the diet) was found to increase the absorption of cholesterol (1 per cent in the diet) while stearic acid had no effect. Cholesterol oleate and cholesterol stearate were not absorbed to a greater extent than was free cholesterol under comparable conditions. Cholesterol was readily absorbed also when given as the acetate ester.

Cholesterol esters were detected in feces when free cholesterol with stearic acid was fed, but not when oleic acid was given. Addition of bile acids did not alter this result. Administered cholesterol esters, the acetate ester inclusive, were extensively
The Effect of Bile Acids on Cholesterol Absorption, Deposition and Synthesis in the Rat1
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER
Published: December 2008

The effect of cholic, desoxycholic and dehydrocholic acid on the intestinal cholesterol absorption and on the simultaneous deposition of cholesterol in the liver has been studied in balance experiments on rats.

Bile acid ingestion on a fat‐free diet did not increase the absorption of cholesterol.

When the effect of the bile acids were tested on a diet containing 5 per cent arachis oil or 9 per cent oleic acid, a stimulating effect on cholesterol absorption was only observed in one group fed cholic acid with arachis oil. The variability in these experiments was considerable and no clearcut conclusion could be drawn concerning the effect of bile acids on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in the presence of dietary fat or fatty acids.

The deposition of cholesterol in the liver was markedly increased by cholic or desoxycholic acid ingestion and moderately but definitely increased by dehydrocholic acid ingestion.

The serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed bile acids reflected in most cases the increased deposition in the liver.

The simultaneous measurements of cholesterol absorption and deposition indicated a post‐absorptive effect of dietary bile acids on cholesterol metabolism.

Cholic acid feeding, in the presence or absence of dietary cholesterol did not increase the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in vitro, as judged by the incorporation of 1–C14 acetate into cholesterol in surviving liver slices.

The inference has been made that bile acid ingestion probably interferes with the catabolism of cholesterol in the liver.
The Influence of Acetylcholine, Menthol and Strychnine on Taste Receptors in Man
Authors: SKOUBY ARNE P. , ZILSTORFF‐PEDERSEIT K.
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholine (1–100 ,μ/ml) decreased the taste threshold by 20–63 per cent as did menthol (0. 4–400 μ/ml). Higher concentrations of these substances as of strychnine in concentrations of 0.1–10 μ/ml produced increases of the same order as those produced by the solvent.
Metabolism of Desoxycholic Acid in the Rabbit: Bile, acids and Steroids 28
Authors: EKDAHL PER‐HUGO , SJÖVALL JAN
Published: December 2008

The bile acids in rabbit fistula bile have been studied with paper chromatography and reversed phase partition chromatography.

The fate of administered desoxycholic acid‐24‐14C has been studied. The major part of the acid is excreted in the bile as glycodesoxycholic acid. No transformation to cholic acid has been found to take place.
Fatigue of Sustained Tetanic Contribctions
Authors: NÆBSS KNUT , STORM‐MATHISEN ARDIS
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this investigation has been to examine the mechanism behind the process of fatigue during sustained titanic contractions.

Mechanical responses and action potentials have been recorded from the adductor policies muscle in man and from the flexor digit rum long us, gastronomies and sole us muscles in rabbit.

The following results were obtained:

1. Our results from man support the view of Merton (1954) that the process of fatigue developing during a sustained titanic contraction is a purely peripheral phenomenon.

2. It is impossible to produce a stronger or more prolonged tetanic contraction by indirect supramaximal stimulation than by maximal voluntary effort.

3. Superposition of indirect stimulation during maximal voluntary effort shortens the duration of the contraction.

4. We found in contrast to Merton that the action potentiais always decrease during the reduction of the mechanical response.

The results are discussed in Ielation to previous investigations in this field, especially to those of Brown and Burns (1949) and Merton (1954).
A Study on the Uptake of Injected Radioiron in the Mouse Kidney.
Authors: BERGSTRÖM INGMAR , MAGNUSSON GÖSTA , ODEBLAD ERIK , ZILIOTTO DONATO
Published: December 2008

Subcutaneously injected Fe59Cl3 in mice accumulates to a fairly large extent in the kidneys. The first few days after injection several structures (except glomeruli) in the cortex contained much radioiron. Nine days after injection the radioiron was mainly localized in proximal convoluted tubules. The marrow contained small amounts of radioiron throughout. The mechanisms underlying the found distribution of radioactive iron are unexplained by the present experiments.
A Comparative Study on the Metabolism of Sr90 and Ca45.
Authors: BAUER GORAN C. H. , CARLSSON ARVID , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: December 2008

The distribution and excretion of Sr90and Ca45was studied at varying intervals after simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of the isotopes to young rats.

Sr90was retained to a lesser extent than Ca45owing to the preferential excretion (or failure of reabsorption) of the former element by the kidneys as well as by the gastrointestinal tract.

With regard to skeletal accretion and exchange there was no marked difference between the two elements. The importance of the accretion process for the fixation of the isotopes in the skeleton is emphasized.

The computation of the rate of Ca accretion in the whole skeleton is described.
The Cardiac Output in Rest and Work at Low and High Oxygen Pressures.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

The cardiac output in rest and work in low oxygen and during work in pure oxygen was determined by means of the dye injection method.

In low oxygen (arterial oxygen saturation 65 to 70 per cent) it was found that the cardiac output in rest and work was increased 10 to 20 per cent above the values from control experiments in air. The increase was due to a pulse acceleration as the stroke volume was slightly decreased.

In pure oxygen no measurable effects on the cardiac output during work was found. The pulse rate decreased 4 to 8 per cent.

The results are discussed with a special view to the possible mechanisms by which the cardiac output is regulated during muscular work.
On the Mechanism of Formation of the Glomerular Fluid.
Authors: GARBY LARS
Published: December 2008

The mechanism of the formation of the glomerular fluid is discussed in terms of conventional physico‐chemical principles.

A recent formulation of the rate equation for this process is criticized.

A definition of the term filtration is proposed, and it is shown that this term may conveniently be used for the description of the mechanism of formation of the glomerular fluid.
Bulbar Influence on Spinal Cord Dorsum Potentials and Ventral Root Reflexes.
Authors: Lindblom U. F. , Ottosson J. O.
Published: December 2008

1. The influence of electrical stimulation of the bulbar reticular formation upon the cord dorsum response and ventral root reflexes elicited from cutaneous and muscle afferents has been studied in nembutalized cats.

2. Stimulation at certain points (see Fig. 2 E and F) resulted in a reduction of the negative cord dorsum potential evoked from low threshold cutaneous fibres (the N1 deflection). The result is taken as an evidence of reticulospinal inhibition at the segmental sensory relay for transmission to suprasegmental levels of impulses from low threshold skin afferents.

3. Stimulation in other reticular points (see Fig. 4) resulted in a depression of the late cord dorsum response evoked from high threshold muscle afferents. The afferent spike and the early cord dorsum response evoked from low threshold muscle fibres were not influenced from any point.

4. The effects on the monosynaptic extensor reflex and the polysynaptic reflex elicited from a cutaneous nerve were studied for comparison. Inhibition of the N1 deflection or the cord dorsum response evoked from high threshold muscle afferents and inhibition of the reflexes could be evoked from the same points or from different points in the reticular formation. Further, one or both reflexes could be facilitated concurrently with depression of the cord potentials. It is not possible to predict the type of effect from the localization of the point stimulated.
On the Emotional Eosinopenic Reaction Caused by Examination.
Authors: Markkanen A. , Pekkarinen A. , Pulkkinen K. , Simola P. E.
Published: December 2008

The appearance of the eosinopenic reaction in the blood in connection with examinations in 33 female and 79 male students have been studied, taking into account the strength, probability and individual fluctuations of the reaction.

In average there were during the non‐stress period 157 cells per cmm blood in 78 students and immediately after the 4—5 hours examination an average of 64 cells in 112 students. The average cell counts of the eosinophil cells have decreased during the examination in all these groups, in average to more than half of the normal. In all the examination groups with one exception the eosinophil cells have decreased with about 50% (70, 51, 44, 61, 82, 68, 62, 57, 11 and 49% respectively). During the control period the eosinophil count was under 50 cells per cmm only in 8%, but immediately after the examination there were less than 50 cells per cmm in 48% of cases. In almost every students the examination decreased the number of eosinophil cells, in some to a very great extent, but in few only little. 9 students have had a 100% decrease in the eosinophil cells in the blood after examination.

In order to ascertain the duration and strength of the eosinopenic reaction in connection with an examination the eosinophil cells in the blood were counted also during three days before and after the examination in 34 students. The eosinophil cell count became gradually lower during three days, and continued to fall till the examination began. One hour before the examination the average decrease of number of eosinophil cells was in these students 15 per cent and immediately after the examination 47 per cent. In these groups the decrease in the number of the eosinophil cells in the blood was strongest on the examination day immediately after the examination. This shows that the eosinopenia depends on the examination moment. After the examination the cell count rises relatively swiftly in 2—3 days to its control level.
Measurement of the Extracellular Fluid Volume by Thiosulfate. I. The measurement of the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate.
Authors: Ikkos Denis
Published: December 2008

The measurement of the apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate after a single injection was examined in 43 tests on 13 normal subjects and 11 patients with different disorders.

The time of equilibration of thiosulfate was found in most of the tests to lie between 20 and 30 minutes after the beginning of the injection. The changes in the concentration of thiosulfate in plasma could be described as the sum of two exponential functions with respect to time.

The overall error of a single measurement of the thiosulfate space was ±2.50 per cent.

The apparent volume of distribution of thiosulfate was reproducible with an accuracy of ±2.8 per cent in normal subjects and ±8.4 per cent in pathological cases.
The Effect of Light on the Appearance and Development of the Electroretinogram in Newborn Kittens
Authors: Zetterström Birgitta
Published: December 2008

In order to determine the effect of light on the development of the ERG, this response has been recorded in kittens bred in darkness and in kittens bred in daylight.

The appearance of an ERG in kittens bred in darkness in the majority of cases was found to be considerably delayed. The latent period of the b‐wave of the ERG in animals bred in darkness was likewise prolonged in comparison with those bred in light.

The significance of these results has been discussed.
Chromatographic Separation of Histaminase and Substance P‐Inactivating Enzymes in Extracts of Kidney Tissue
Authors: Arvidsson U. B. , Pernow B. , Swedin B.
Published: December 2008

1. A method for the extraction and purification of histaminase and a substance P‐inactivating factor from hog kidneys is described.

2. A complete separation of the two enzymes was achieved by using ion exchange columns (Dowex 50) and a M/150 phosphate buffer (pH 7.1).

3. By this method a satisfactory separation was also attained between the histaminase and inactive protein, giving a further purification of the enzyme of 40 times.
Studies in Calcium Metabolism in Rats. I. A Long Term Study in Rats given an optimal Diet with and without Vitamin D
Authors: Haavaldsen Ragnar , Nicolaysen Ragnar
Published: December 2008

For 18 months the rate of growth, the Ca metabolism and the composition of the bones were studied in rats given a presumably optimal diet with vitamin D as the one variable. The results were as follows:

1. Vitamin D influenced the Ca absorption only in the first 21 weeks of life. 2. Vitamin D administration resulted in somewhat heavier rats with more densely mineralized bones containing relatively less water and matrix than the comparable bones in vitamin D free rats of the same age1
Generalized Inhibition of the Retinal Ganglion Cells in Relation to Wave‐Length and State of Adaptation
Authors: DODT. EBERHARD
Published: December 2008

Complete generalized inhibition of individual retinal elements was observed in response to flickering light of increasing intensity in the darkadapted rabbit's eye. As soon as stimulus intensity had been lowered, the elements again began to respond to flicker.

The inhibition was confined to frequencies of intermittent light above the ‘kink’ in the Ferry‐Porter curve. Within the upper part of this curve the energy required for inhibition gradually decreased with increase of flicker frequency.

Lasting inhibition was only seen in the eyes that had been darkadapted for over 1½ hour. With shorter times of dark adaptation there was only a transient non‐flickering phase of the response to intermittent light depending upon duration of dark adaptation and flicker frequency. Immediate return of the flickering response was produced by light adaptation.

Simultaneous determinations of energy necessary in each wave‐length for the excitatory or threshold fusion on one hand and the inhibitory fusion point on the other reveals two different sensitivity curves. Whereas the low‐energy curve for excitation practically agrees with the spectral distribution of sensitivity at the absolute threshold, the high‐energy curve for inhibition shows greatly increased sensitivity to blue light and humps occur in the green and the violet parts of the spectrum.

The results would seem to be of some general interest also from the point of view of ‘glare’.
The Effect of Posture upon the Equillibrium between Carbon Monoxide in Rebreathed Gas and the Carboxy Hemoglobin Concentration of the Blood.
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM HANS
Published: December 2008

A closed circuit with a CO, filter, 95 % O2, (approximately) and minute CO concentrations were used for rebreathing experiments in a group of healthy individuals. The CO concentrations appearing in the system were attributable to either endogenous formation of CO or tobacco smoking. The CO concentration in the system was found t o vary with the position of the subject. Less CO accumulated in the system when the subject stood than when he sat or lay in the supine position.

A hypothesis was proposed concerning the nature of the equilibrium between CO in the alveolar spaces and the COHb concentration of the blood.
Neurotropic Effects of Substance P
Authors: von EULER U. S. , PERNOW B.
Published: December 2008

Intracisternal or intraventricular injections of small closes of highly purified Substance P elicit stimulation of respiratory frequency and amplitude in cats and rabbits.

The effects on the blood pressure of injections of Substance P into the III:rd ventricle were usually small and variable.

No consistent effects of moderately large doses administered intravenously were observed on the carotid occlusion test or on the effect of preganglionic stimulation on the nictitating membrane.

Intraventricular injection of Substance P had no definite effect on diuresis.

Substance P injected into a lateral ventricle caused a variety of symptoms of which a general inhibition of spontaneity was the most marked.
Histochemical Demonstration of AChE Activity in Isolated Nerve Cells
Authors: GIACOBINI EZIO
Published: December 2008

A modification of the thiocholine method of Koelle (1951) has been used for the demonstration of the AChE activity in single nerve cells isolated from the surrounding tissue by means of microdissection technique.

In neurons in the spinal, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglions, as well as in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord, large concentrations of AChE could be demonstrated inside the cytoplasm and neurite after a very short incubation time. By using this method the relative amount of such AChE bearing cells was found to be considerably higher than in previous investigations.
Alimentary Production of Gallstones in Hamsters. 6. Disappearance of Cholesterol Stones by Treatment with a Non‐lithogenic Diet.
Authors: CHRISTENSEN FREDE , DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD
Published: December 2008

As shown earlier by us, gallstones consisting of cholesterol and/or pigments can be produced and prevented in hamsters by dietary means.

It has now been shown that cholesterol stones and cholesterol from amorphous stones developed in the gallbladder of hamsters by a lithogenic diet can be dissolved in the bile by changing the diet to a non‐lithogenic type.
A Mathematical Analysis of Indicator Dilution Curves Leading to Direct Calculation of the Systolic and Diastolic Volumes of the Left Ventricle and Auricle and of the Pulmonary Blood Volume.
Authors: COMET STIG , LAGERLÖF HENRIK O.
Published: December 2008

A mathematical analysis of indicator dilution curves obtained by indicator injection into the pulmonary artery and blood sampling from the brachial artery is given. By considering the dilution effect of the left ventricle and auricle successively, the appearance of the dye dilution curve at the entrance of the left auricle is obtained. By means of this curve the mean circulation time of the lung is obtained and used for the calculation of the pulmonary blood volume.

The diastolic volume of the left ventricle and the systolic of the left auricle are obtained from the appearance of the last part of the curve, considering the dilution effect of each.
Fibrinolysokinase Activity in Animal and Human Tissue1
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , STEFSDORFF IDA
Published: December 2008

Animal and human tissues have been investigated for compounds activating the precursor of the plasminogen activator. In a few instances fibrinolysokinase activity was demonstrated in kidney tissue and lymph glands. All other organs investigated showed only activator activity and no lysokinase effect.
On the Intestinal Absorption of 2,2‐Dimethystearic Acid Fed as Free Acid or as Glyceride
Authors: BLOMSTRAND R. , TRYDING N. , WESTÖÖ G.
Published: December 2008

2,2‐Dimethyl [l‐14Ctearic acid has been fed as free acid and as glycoside to rats with a lymph fistula and to no calculated rats. The composition of the lymph lipids and the intestinal contents have been studied. No significant differences were found in the absorption and lymph composition when the acid was fed in the free form or incorporated into glycerides.

The enzymes in the intestinal lumina could not split or build up ester bonds with 2,2‐dimethylstearic acid in vivo. With this type of glyceride ester bonds it has been definitely shown that glycerides can be absorbed into the mucosa cells without total hydrolysis.