bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating between signs of intra‐articular joint bleeding and chronic arthropathy in haemophilia: a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Timmer M. A. , Pisters M. F. , de Kleijn P. , de Bie R. A. , Fischer K. , Schutgens R. E.
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Elderly patients with haemophilia (PWH) suffer from both haemarthrosis and haemophilic arthropathy (HA). Diagnosis of haemarthrosis in PWH is currently based on clinical presentation. No diagnostic protocols or validated criteria are available to identify haemarthrosis or to differentiate haemarthrosis from HA.

Aim

The aim of this study is to identify symptoms and signs that can be used to differentiate haemarthrosis from HA.

Methods

A narrative literature review was performed on symptoms associated with haemarthrosis and symptoms associated with HA. Additionally, literature on the diagnosis of haemarthrosis in patients without haemophilia, imaging techniques and biomarkers was searched.

Results

This review shows that there is no consensus about the symptoms associated with haemarthrosis and that there is limited literature about the symptoms associated with HA. Additionally, symptoms associated with haemarthrosis partly overlap with symptoms of HA, particularly those symptoms associated with flare‐ups of HA. Due to the overlap in symptoms differentiating between these conditions is complex. Furthermore, differentiating based on imaging techniques or biomarkers causes practical difficulties.

Conclusion

Despite the overlap in symptoms, differentiating between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of HA based on clinical presentation still seems the most convenient and practical solution. Further research is necessary to identify specific symptoms that can be used to differentiate between the two conditions.
Disclosing haemophilia at school: strategies employed by mothers of children with haemophilia in Japan
Authors: Seki Y. , Kakinuma A. , Kuchii T. , Ohira K.
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Most children with haemophilia in Japan study in mainstream schools. However, many mothers have difficulty deciding whether to inform teachers of their child's haemophilia because of the accompanying potential discrimination and prejudice, particularly after the press coverage on the HIV scandal in the 1980s.

Aims

We therefore aim to explore and describe disclosure strategies of mothers of children with haemophilia.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted using the modified grounded theory approach to explore disclosure strategies of mothers of children with haemophilia. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 19 selected mothers (12 children were HIV positive and 7 were HIV‐negative).

Results

In the pre‐HIV/AIDS crisis period, the kind of strategy employed – full disclosure, conditional full disclosure and partial disclosure – depended on the extent of mothers’ fears about mainstream schools refusing admission because of their child's haemophilia. After the HIV/AIDS crisis in the 1980s in Japan, the three categories of strategies employed by mothers of children with haemophilia were limited disclosure, non‐disclosure and full disclosure. These depended on mothers’ expectations of discrimination towards their child because of the social stigma around haemophilia and being HIV‐positive.

Conclusion

For children with haemophilia to feel safe attending school, public schools must establish care management and anti‐discrimination systems for children with chronic diseases, thus assuring parents of their children's welfare at school.
Cost analysis of prophylaxis with activated prothrombin complex concentrate vs. on‐demand therapy with activated factor VII in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors, in Spain
Authors: Villarrubia R. , Oyagüez I. , Álvarez‐Román M. T. , Mingot‐Castellano M. E. , Parra R. , Casado M. A.
Published: April 2015

Objective:

A cost analysis model was developed to compare annual cost of prophylaxis with activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) vs. on‐demand therapy with activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors for the Spanish National Health System (NHS).

Methods:

Model inputs were drug cost for prophylaxis (aPCC) and for on‐demand treatment (rFVIIa or aPCC); bleeding episodes management (excluding bypassing agent cost); surgical costs and disease management (excluding bleeding episodes). Annual bleeding episodes treated on‐demand was assumed to be 25, whereas breakthrough bleeds on prophylaxis was 8. Dose for prophylaxis was 75.72 U kg−1, three times per week. The total on‐demand dose/bleeding episode was 679.66 μg kg−1 (rFVIIa) and 235.28 U kg−1 (aPCC). The average bleeding cost (€2998) considered different bleeding sites (62.5% joints, 28.6% muscles and soft tissues, 3.6% mucocutaneous tissues and 5.4% other areas). A 7.5% deduction was applied to ex‐factory drug prices. Unitary costs (€2013) derived from local databases. Sensitivity analyses (SA) were performed.

Results:

Annual cost of aPCC prophylaxis (€524 358) was 16% lower than on‐demand treatment with rFVIIa (€627 876). Yearly drug costs were €497 017 for aPCC (€73 166 for on‐demand treatment and €423 850 for prophylaxis), and €548 870 for rFVIIa. Disease management cost (€2645 per year) and surgical procedures (€708 per year) were common for both strategies. In the SA prophylactic treatment led to savings between €26 225 and €‐1 008 960.

Conclusion:

Prophylaxis with aPCC reduces number of bleeding episodes in severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. aPCC prophylaxis resulted in savings in excess of €100 000 per‐patient per year, being 16% less costly than on‐demand treatment with rFVIIa, for the Spanish NHS.
The influence of socioeconomic status on patient survival on chronic dialysis
Authors: Ward Frank L. , O'Kelly Patrick , Donohue Fionnuala , O'Haiseadha Coilín , Haase Trutz , Pratschke Jonathan , deFreitas Declan G. , Johnson Howard , O'Seaghdha Conall M. , Conlon Peter J.
Published: April 2015

Socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to worse end‐stage kidney disease survival. The effect of SES on survival on chronic dialysis, including the impact of transplantation, was examined. A retrospective, observational study investigated the association of SES with dialysis patient survival, with censoring at time of transplantation. Adult patients commencing dialysis from 1990 to 2009 in an Irish tertiary center received a spatial SES score using the 2011 Pobal Haase‐Pratschke Deprivation Index and were compared by quartile. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis examined any association of SES with survival. The 1794 patients included had a median follow‐up of 3.8 years. Patients in the lowest SES area quartile were significantly younger than the highest, mean age 56.7 vs. 59 years, P = 0.006, respectively. There was no association between SES area score and survival in an unadjusted model (hazard ratio [HR] 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.01). Survival in the highest SES area quartile was superior to the lowest SES in a multivariable adjusted model including age, gender, and dialysis modality (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.99, P = 0.04). These results were only mildly attenuated by censoring at time of transplantation (highest SES area quartile deprived vs. lowest SES area quartile, HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70–1.03, P = 0.09). Superior patient survival was identified in the highest SES areas compared with the lowest following age‐adjusted analyses, despite the older population in the most affluent areas. Further research should focus on identifying modifiable targets for intervention that account for this socioeconomic‐related survival advantage.
Bioadhesive hydrogels for cosmetic applications
Authors: Parente M. E. , Ochoa Andrade A. , Ares G. , Russo F. , Jiménez‐Kairuz Á.
Published: April 2015

Synopsis

Introduction

The use of bioadhesive hydrogels for skin care presents important advantages such as long residence times on the application site and reduced product administration frequency.

Object

The aim of the present work was to develop bioadhesive hydrogels for skin application, using caffeine as a model active ingredient.

Methods

Eight hydrogels were formulated using binary combinations of a primary polymer (carbomer homopolymer type C (Carbopol® 980) or kappa carrageenan potassium salt (Gelcarin® GP‐812 NF)) and a secondary polymer (carbomer copolymer type B (Pemulen™ TR‐1), xanthan gum or guar gum). Hydrogels were characterized by means of physico‐chemical (dynamic rheological measurements, spreadability and adhesion measurements) and sensory methods (projective mapping in combination with a check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) question). Caffeine hydrogels were formulated using two of the most promising formulations regarding adhesion properties and sensory characteristics. In vitro active ingredient release studies were carried out.

Results

Hydrogel formulations showed a prevalently elastic rheological behaviour. Complex viscosity of carbomer homopolymer type C hydrogels was higher than that of the kappa carrageenan hydrogels. Besides, complex viscosity values were dependent on the secondary polymer present in the formulation. Significant differences among hydrogels were found in detachment force, work of adhesion and spreading diameter results. Association of projective mapping with CATA allowed to determine similarities and dissimilarities among samples. Cluster analysis associated the samples in two groups. Two hydrogels were selected to study the release of caffeine. Both hydrogels presented similar release profiles which were well described by the Higuchi model. Caffeine release was exclusively controlled by a diffusive process.

Conclusion

Physico‐chemical and sensory techniques enabled the identification of bioadhesive hydrogel formulations with positive characteristics for cosmetic applications. Formulations which combined carbomer homopolymer type C with xanthan gum or with carbomer copolymer type B were the most promising for bioadhesive skin products. Caffeine release profiles of selected formulations were not statistically different. Both hydrogels gradually released the active ingredient, reaching approximately 80% within the first 5 h, and their profiles were well described by the Higuchi model. In this context, it could be concluded that the selected hydrogels are suitable bioadhesive hydrogel formulations for cosmetic application on the skin.
Lentinan exerts synergistic apoptotic effects with paclitaxel in A549 cells via activating ROS‐TXNIP‐NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Liu Wei , Gu Jun , Qi Jun , Zeng Xiao‐Ning , Ji Juan , Chen Zheng‐Zhen , Sun Xiu‐Lan
Published: April 2015

Paclitaxel is generally used to treat cancers in clinic as an inhibitor of cell division. However, the acquired resistance in tumours limits its clinical efficacy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect whether co‐treatment with lentinan enhanced the anti‐cancer effects of paclitaxel in A549 cells. We found that the combination of paclitaxel and lentinan resulted in a significantly stronger inhibition on A549 cell proliferation than paclitaxel treatment alone. Co‐treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan enhanced cell apoptosis rate by inducing caspase‐3 activation. Furthermore, co‐treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan significantly triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) expression. Moreover, co‐treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan enhanced TXNIP‐NLRP3 interaction, and activated NLRP3 inflammasome whereat interleukin‐1β levels were increased and cell apoptosis was induced. In addition, combination of paclitaxel and lentinan could activate apoptosis signal regulating kinase‐1 (ASK1)/p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal which also contributed to cell apoptosis. Taken together, co‐treatment with paclitaxel and lentinan exerts synergistic apoptotic effects in A549 cells through inducing ROS production, and activating NLRP3 inflammasome and ASK1/p38 MAPK signal pathway.
Neonatal Overfeeding in Female Mice Predisposes the Development of Obesity in their Male Offspring via Altered Central Leptin Signalling
Authors: Wang H. , Ji J. , Yu Y. , Wei X. , Chai S. , Liu D. , Huang D. , Li Q. , Dong Z. , Xiao X.
Published: April 2015

The prevalence of obesity among child‐bearing women has increased significantly. The adverse consequences of maternal obesity on the descendants have been well accepted, although few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether neonatal overfeeding in female mice alters metabolic phenotypes in the offspring and whether hypothalamic leptin signalling is involved. Neonatal overfeeding was induced by reducing the litter size to three pups per litter, in contrast to normal litter size of 10 pups per litter. Normal and neonatally overfed female mice were bred with normal male mice, and offspring of overfeeding mothers (OOM) and control mothers (OCM) were generated. We examined body weight, daily food intake, leptin responsiveness and the number of positive neurones for phosphorylated‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) along with neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) and NPY in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem. The body weight and daily food intake of OOM were significantly higher than those of OCM. Leptin significantly reduced food intake and increased the number of pSTAT3 positive neurones in the ARH of OCM mice, whereas no significant changes in food intake and pSTAT3 neurones were found in leptin‐treated OOM mice. The number of NPY neurones in the ARH and NTS of the OOM mice was significantly higher than that of OCM mice. The results of the present study indicate that the obese phenotype from mothers can be passed onto the subsequent generation, which is possibly associated with hypothalamic leptin resistance.
Thyroid Hormone and Astroglia: Endocrine Control of the Neural Environment
Authors: Dezonne R. S. , Lima F. R. S. , Trentin A. G. , Gomes F. C.
Published: April 2015

Thyroid hormones (THs) play key roles in brain development and function. The lack of THs during childhood is associated with the impairment of several neuronal connections, cognitive deficits and mental disorders. Several lines of evidence point to astrocytes as TH targets and as mediators of TH action in the central nervous system; however, the mechanisms underlying these events are still not completely known. In this review, we focus on advances in our understanding of the effects of THs on astroglial cells and the impact of these effects on neurone–astrocyte interactions. First, we discuss the signalling pathways involved in TH metabolism and the molecular mechanisms underlying TH receptor function. Then, we discuss data related to the effects of THs on astroglial cells, as well as studies regarding the generation of mutant TH receptor transgenic mice that have contributed to our understanding of TH function in brain development. We argue that astrocytes are key mediators of hormone actions on development of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and that the identification of the molecules and pathways involved in these events might be important for determining the molecular‐level basis of the neural deficits associated with endocrine diseases.
How do nurses experience working with adolescents with a diagnosis of ‘personality disorder’ or ‘emerging personality disorder'?
Authors: Reiss R. , Gannon K.
Published: April 2015

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject

Nurses are less sympathetic to patients with a diagnosis of ‘Personality Disorder’ (‘PD’) and there is disagreement about whether the diagnosis can be applied to children and young people. What this paper adds to existing knowledge.

We examined the experiences of nurses working with adolescents with a diagnosis of ‘PD’. Six nurses were interviewed and we analysed the data using an approach that focussed on experiences. We found two themes. One concerned the emotional impact of working with these young people and the other the ways in which this affected the dynamics of the clinical team. Many of the experiences and wishes of the participants, such as anger, feeling unskilled and wanting training, are similar to those of nurses working with adults with ‘PD’. Others appear to be more pronounced in this setting, particularly lack of certainty surrounding diagnosis, the dilemmas this raises in providing a service and the difficult interpersonal dynamics in the nurse‐patient relationship.

What are the implications for practice

Nurses working with these young people need space in supervision to discuss the challenges they face. This has been found to alter staff attitudes in adult services.

Nurses would benefit from training in relation to this diagnosis, particularly with an emphasis on the role of early trauma, and in approaches to working therapeutically with this population, such as cognitive analytic therapy.

Nurses experience adults with a diagnosis of ‘personality disorder’ (‘PD’) as challenging, but nothing is known of their experiences working with young people with a diagnosis of ‘PD’ or ‘emerging PD’. This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses with this group. Six nurses were interviewed individually and the transcripts analysed employing interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two themes were identified: emotional impact, and conflict and need for support. Participants described powerful emotional responses and heavy time demands as particular challenges. They also reflected on tensions that arose in the wider team and service context. The importance of reflective space, training and the need for specialist approaches, such as therapeutic input, was emphasized by all participants. The study's findings suggest that while there are some similarities to adult services, there are also issues specific to nursing adolescents with ‘PD’, which merit further attention, including the implications of the lack of diagnostic clarity for treatment approaches and the difficult interpersonal dynamics of the condition. Recommendations for practice include additional training in relation to the theoretical understanding of diagnosis itself and in working therapeutically with young people with the diagnosis, employing approaches that have been found to be useful in adult services.
A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating Metabolism of Colostral and Plasma Derived ImmunoglobulinGinJersey Bull Calves
Authors: Pipkin K.M. , Hagey J.V. , Rayburn M.C. , Chigerwe M.
Published: April 2015

Background

Intravenous plasma administration has been recommended in healthy or sick calves with failure of passive immunity.

Hypothesis

IV administered plasma‐derived immunoglobulinG(IgG) undergoes increased catabolism as reflected by a rapid decrease in serumIgGconcentration with an increase in fecalIgGconcentrations within 48 h.

Animals

Thirty newbornJersey calves. Fifteen were fed colostrum (CLgroup) and 15 were given bovine plasmaIV(PLgroup).

Materials and Methods

Randomized clinical trial. Calves in theCLgroup were fed 3 L of colostrum once, by oroesophageal tubing. Calves in thePLgroup were given plasmaIVat a dosage of 34 mL/kg. Serum and fecal samples were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 48 h, 5 d, and 7 d. Serum and fecalIgGconcentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion.

Results

Calves in theCLgroup maintained serumIgGconcentrations consistent with adequate transfer of immunity (≥1,000 mg/dL) throughout the study period. Calves in thePLgroup achieved medianIgGconcentrations of ≥1,000 mg/dL at 6 h but the concentrations were <1,000 mg/dL by 12 h. Calves in thePLgroup were 5 times more likely to experience mortality compared to theCLgroup (hazard ratio = 5.01). FecalIgGconcentrations were not different between the 2 groups during the first 48 h (P > .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Catabolism of plasma derivedIgGoccurs rapidly during the first 12 h after transfusion. Fecal excretion did not explain the fate of the plasma derivedIgG.
Accuracy of Potassium Supplementation of Fluids Administered Intravenously
Authors: Hoehne S. N. , Hopper K. , Epstein S. E.
Published: April 2015

Background

Potassium (K+) supplementation of isotonic crystalloid fluids in daily fluid therapy is commonly performed, yet its accuracy in veterinary medicine is undetermined.

Objective

To investigate the accuracy of K+supplementation in isotonic crystalloid fluids.

Animals

None.

Methods

Observational study. 210 bags of fluid supplemented withKCl being administered to hospitalized dogs and cats intravenously (IV) were sampled over a 3‐month period. Measured K+concentration ([K+]) was compared to the intended [K+] of the bag. In a second experiment, 60 stock fluid bags were supplemented to achieve a concentration of 20 mmol/L K+, mixed well and [K+] was measured. In another 12 bags of 0.9% NaCl, K+was added without mixing the bag, and [K+] of the delivered fluid was measured at regular time points during constant rate infusion.

Results

The measured [K+] was significantly higher than intended [K+] (mean difference 9.0 mmol/L, range 6.5 to >280 mmol/L,P < .0001). In 28% of clinical samples measured [K+] was ≥5 mmol/L different than intended [K+]. With adequate mixing, K+supplementation of fluids can be accurate with the mean difference between measured and intended [K+] of 0.7 (95%CI−0.32 to 1.7) mmol/L. When not mixed, K+supplementation of 20 mmol/L can lead to very high [K+] of delivered fluid (up to 1410 mmol/L).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Inadequate mixing following K+supplementation of fluid bags can lead to potentially life threateningIVinfused [K+]. Standard protocols for K+supplementation should be established to ensure adequate mixing.
Amphipoda assemblages in a disturbed area (Alicante, Spain, Western Mediterranean)
Authors: de‐la‐Ossa‐Carretero Jose Antonio , Del‐Pilar‐Ruso Yoana , Giménez‐Casalduero Francisca , Sánchez‐Lizaso José Luis
Published: April 2015

The distribution and composition of Amphipoda assemblages were analysed off the coasts of Alicante (Spain, Western Mediterranean), a disturbed area affected by several co‐occurring anthropogenic impacts. Although differences among sampled stations were mainly related to natural parameters, anthropogenic activities were linked with changes in amphipod assemblages. Expansion of the Port of Alicante, a sewage outfall and a high salinity brine discharge could be causing the disappearance of amphipods at stations closer to these disturbances. However, the completion of port enlargement works and mitigatory dilution of the brine discharge has led to the recovery of the amphipod assemblage. Among the natural parameters, depth determines the distribution of some of the species. While Siphonoecetes sabatieri was abundant at shallow stations, Ampelisca spp., Photis longipes, Pseudolirius kroyeri, Apherusa chiereghinii and Phtisica marina were more abundant at deeper stations. Grain size and percentage of organic matter also influenced amphipod distribution, resulting in changes in species composition and in the relative percentages of different trophic groups. Species such as Ampelisca brevicornis, Perioculodes longimanus, Urothoe hesperiae and Urothoe elegans were more abundant at stations with a high content of fine sand. Carnivorous species, mainly of the Oedicerotidae family, were more abundant at those stations with a low organic matter content, while detritivorous species were more abundant at stations with a higher mud content. Among 62 identified species, three were reported for the first time from the Spanish Mediterranean coast, two species were recorded for the second time and a new species of Siphonoecetes was found, Siphonoecetes (Centraloecetes) bulborostrum. These results confirm the need for further data on amphipods from the Mediterranean Spanish coast.
Identification of motivational state in adult male Atlantic walruses inferred from changes in movement and diving behavior
Authors: Lowther Andrew D. , Kovacs Kit M. , Griffiths David , Lydersen Christian
Published: April 2015

Motivational changes in animals are likely to be detectable retrospectively through observed changes in behavior. Breeding represents one of the strongest motivational states in mammals, and its timing is often tied to a seasonally optimal suite of environmental and physical conditions. While seasonal changes in behavior may be directly observable in some species, for others that breed cryptically or in difficult to access areas, detecting behavioral changes may only be feasible using data collected remotely. Herein, we explore whether behavioral changes can be used to infer motivational state for a wild, free‐ and wide‐ranging high arctic marine mammal, adult male Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus). Using satellite‐relayed location and dive data from 23 adult male walruses instrumented in the Svalbard Archipelago, we identify seasonal movement to discrete geographic regions deep into winter pack ice. Adult male walrus diving behavior underwent marked seasonal movements between geographical areas that coincided with changes in light regime. At offshore wintering sites adult males (n = 4) shifted from a summer pattern of deep, long benthic dives to much shallower diving. Some males performed similar shallow, winter dive behavior at coastal locations (n = 12) suggesting that breeding might also occur around the coast of Svalbard. However, interpretation of behavioral changes of these coastal individuals was challenging. The presumed breeding sites at the winter off‐shore locations were situated in areas where polynyas are known to occur, making them a predictable resource even if they are located deep inside the winter pack‐ice. We demonstrate that remotely collected behavioral data can be used to identify seasonally explicit changes in the behavior of cryptic species.
Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam as adjunctive therapy in Japanese patients with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures
Authors: Inoue Yushi , Yagi Kazuichi , Ikeda Akio , Sasagawa Mutsuo , Ishida Shigenobu , Suzuki Atsushi , Yoshida Katsumi ,   Japan Levetiracetam N01221 Study Group
Published: April 2015

Aims

The aim of this study was to confirm the efficacy and safety of adjunctive levetiracetam in adult Japanese patients with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures.

Methods

In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, confirmatory trial, eligible patients were randomized to receive levetiracetam 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 mg/day or placebo for 16 weeks. The primary end‐point was percentage reduction from baseline in seizure frequency/week over a 12‐week evaluation period. Tolerability assessments were also conducted. Findings of this and a previous randomized, double‐blind trial were compared.

Results

Of 401 patients screened, 352 were randomized and 316 completed the study. Median percentage reduction in seizure frequency/week from baseline was 12.92%, 18.00%, 11.11% and 31.67% in the levetiracetam 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000‐mg groups, respectively, compared with 12.50% in the placebo group. Unlike the previous trial, the primary efficacy analysis between the levetiracetam 1000 and 3000‐mg and placebo groups did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.067). Exploratory analyses demonstrated that the difference in seizure reduction versus placebo was 14.93% (95% confidence interval, 1.98–27.64; P = 0.025) for the levetiracetam 3000‐mg group. All levetiracetam doses were well tolerated. The main difference between the two trials was a high placebo response in the present trial.

Conclusions

The primary efficacy analysis did not reach statistical significance, a finding that could be attributed to an unexpectedly high placebo response. Nonetheless, exploratory analysis suggests that levetiracetam at 3000 mg/day may, at least marginally, be beneficial for patients with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures.
The dynamics of resource allocation and costs of reproduction in a sexually dimorphic, wind‐pollinated dioecious plant
Authors: Teitel Z. , Pickup M. , Field D. L. , Barrett S. C. H.
Published: April 2015

Sexual dimorphism in resource allocation is expected to change during the life cycle of dioecious plants because of temporal differences between the sexes in reproductive investment. Given the potential for sex‐specific differences in reproductive costs, resource availability may contribute to variation in reproductive allocation in females and males. Here, we used Rumex hastatulus, a dioecious, wind‐pollinated annual plant, to investigate whether sexual dimorphism varies with life‐history stage and nutrient availability, and determine whether allocation patterns differ depending on reproductive commitment. To examine if the costs of reproduction varied between the sexes, reproduction was either allowed or prevented through bud removal, and biomass allocation was measured at maturity. In a second experiment to assess variation in sexual dimorphism across the life cycle, and whether this varied with resource availability, plants were grown in high and low nutrients and allocation to roots, aboveground vegetative growth and reproduction were measured at three developmental stages. Males prevented from reproducing compensated with increased above‐ and belowground allocation to a much larger degree than females, suggesting that male reproductive costs reduce vegetative growth. The proportional allocation to roots, reproductive structures and aboveground vegetative growth varied between the sexes and among life‐cycle stages, but not with nutrient treatment. Females allocated proportionally more resources to roots than males at peak flowering, but this pattern was reversed at reproductive maturity under low‐nutrient conditions. Our study illustrates the importance of temporal dynamics in sex‐specific resource allocation and provides support for high male reproductive costs in wind‐pollinated plants.
Functional study of a salt‐inducible TaSR gene in Triticum aestivum
Authors: Ma Xiao‐Li , Cui Wei‐Na , Zhao Qian , Zhao Jing , Hou Xiao‐Na , Li Dong‐Yan , Chen Zhao‐Liang , Shen Yin‐Zhu , Huang Zhan‐Jing
Published: April 2015

The gene expression chip of a salt‐tolerant wheat mutant under salt stress was used to clone a salt‐induced gene with unknown functions. This gene was designated as TaSR (Triticum aestivum salt‐response gene) and submitted to GenBank under accession number EF580107. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that gene expression was induced by salt stress. Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing TaSR presented higher salt tolerance than the controls, whereas AtSR mutant and RNA interference rice plants were more sensitive to salt. Under salt stress, TaSR reduced Na+ concentration and improved cellular K+ and Ca2+ concentrations; this gene was also localized on the cell membrane. β‐Glucuronidase (GUS) staining and GUS fluorescence quantitative determination were conducted through fragmentation cloning of the TaSR promoter. Salt stress‐responsive elements were detected at 588–1074 bp upstream of the start codon. GUS quantitative tests of the full‐length promoter in different tissues indicated that promoter activity was highest in the leaf under salt stress. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and yeast two‐hybrid screening further showed the correlation of TaSR with TaPRK and TaKPP. In vitro phosphorylation of TaSR and TaPRK2697 showed that TaPRK2697 did not phosphorylate TaSR. This study revealed that the novel TaSR may be used to improve plant tolerance to salt stress.
Understory vegetation as an indicator for floodplain forest restoration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, U.S.A.
Authors: De Steven Diane , Faulkner Stephen P. , Keeland Bobby D. , Baldwin Michael J. , McCoy John W. , Hughes Steven C.
Published: April 2015

In the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), complete alteration of river‐floodplain hydrology allowed for widespread conversion of forested bottomlands to intensive agriculture, resulting in nearly 80% forest loss. Governmental programs have attempted to restore forest habitat and functions within this altered landscape by the methods of tree planting (afforestation) and local hydrologic enhancement on reclaimed croplands. Early assessments identified factors that influenced whether planting plus tree colonization could establish an overstory community similar to natural bottomland forests. The extent to which afforested sites develop typical understory vegetation has not been evaluated, yet understory composition may be indicative of restored site conditions. As part of a broad study quantifying the ecosystem services gained from restoration efforts, understory vegetation was compared between 37 afforested sites and 26 mature forest sites. Differences in vegetation attributes for species growth forms, wetland indicator classes, and native status were tested with univariate analyses; floristic composition data were analyzed by multivariate techniques. Understory vegetation of restoration sites was generally hydrophytic, but species composition differed from that of mature bottomland forest because of young successional age and differing responses of plant growth forms. Attribute and floristic variation among restoration sites was related to variation in canopy development and local wetness conditions, which in turn reflected both intrinsic site features and outcomes of restoration practices. Thus, understory vegetation is a useful indicator of functional progress in floodplain forest restoration.
A Synopsis of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Alterations in Advanced CKD
Authors: Nolin Thomas D.
Published: April 2015

Unrecognized alterations in pharmacokinetics, which quantitatively describes the time course of drug disposition in the body, may lead to clinically significant changes in systemic exposure and corresponding response to drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinicians must take pharmacokinetic changes into consideration when selecting and dosing medications in CKD patients to optimize the risk:benefit ratio. Pharmacokinetic changes in absorption, distribution, and renal clearance are well characterized and generally predictable for most drugs. Conversely, changes in nonrenal clearance are less well understood and corresponding clinical implications are still being elucidated. This review provides a synopsis of alterations in each of these pharmacokinetic parameters observed in patients with advanced CKD.
Combat Exposure and Risk for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Military Personnel and Veterans: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Bryan Craig J. , Griffith James E. , Pace Brian T. , Hinkson Kent , Bryan AnnaBelle O. , Clemans Tracy A. , Imel Zac E.
Published: April 2015

Due to seemingly mixed empirical results, questions persist about the possible role of deployments and combat exposure. We conducted a narrative review and meta‐analysis of 22 published studies to integrate findings regarding the relationship of deployment‐related predictors (i.e., deployment, deployment to a combat zone, combat experience, and exposure to specific combat events) with suicide‐related outcomes (i.e., suicide ideation, attempt, and death). Across all predictors and outcomes, the combined effect was small and positive, r = .08 [0.04, 0.13], and marked by significant heterogeneity, I2 = 99.9%, Q(21)=4880.16, p < .0001, corresponding to a 25% increased risk for suicide‐related outcomes among those who have deployed. Studies examining the relationship between exposure to killing and atrocities (k = 5) showed the largest combined effect, r = .12 [0.08, 0.17], and less heterogeneity, I2 = 84.4%, Q(4)=34.96, p < .0001, corresponding to a 43% increased risk for suicide‐related outcomes among those exposed to killing or atrocity. Implications for theory, research, and clinical practice are discussed.
Comparative effectiveness of plasma prepared with amotosalen‐UVA pathogen inactivation and conventional plasma for support of liver transplantation
Authors: Cinqualbre Jacques , Kientz Daniel , Remy Emilie , Huang Norman , Corash Laurence , Cazenave Jean Pierre
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Liver transplant may require large‐volume plasma transfusion with increased risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection (TTI). Pathogen inactivation of plasma with amotosalen‐UVA offers the potential to mitigate TTI risk.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort design was used to compare the therapeutic efficacy and key safety outcomes for liver transplants supported with quarantine plasma (Q‐FFP [reference]) or amotosalen‐UVA plasma (IBS plasma [test]). The outcomes evaluated were volume of plasma, the numbers of red blood cell (RBC) components, and the total dose of platelets (PLTs) transfused during and 7 days after transplant. The safety outcomes were acute hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and mortality.

RESULTS

Transplantation and transfusion records for 212 Q‐FFP transplants and 215 IBS plasma transplants were reviewed. Not all transplants required plasma; 161 received Q‐FFP and 174 received IBS plasma. Among the transplants that required plasma, there were significant differences in median values between cohorts for delay to transplantation (p = 0.002), model end‐stage liver disease score (p < 0.001), pretransplant hematocrit (p = 0.006), and graft cold perfusion time (p = 0.033). The median volumes of plasma transfused were not different for test and reference (2.160 L vs. 1.969 L, p = 0.292). Transplants in the test cohort required a mean of 3.7% more RBC components (p = 0.767) and on average a 16.5% increase in total PLT dose (p = 0.518). No significant differences were observed for the frequency of acute HAT or mortality.

CONCLUSION

In this retrospective study, IBS plasma provided therapeutic support of liver transplant not different from Q‐FFP.
Transfusion‐associated dyspnoea – shadow or substance?
Authors: Badami K. G. , Joliffe E. , Stephens M.
Published: April 2015

New Zealand Blood Service Haemovigilance uses International Society of Blood Transfusion/International Haemovigilance Network definitions to categorize transfusion reactions (TR). Transfusion‐associated dyspnoea (TAD) is a category for TR with respiratory features (TRRF) that do not fit definitive entities. TRRF, including TAD, are clinically significant. TR classified as TAD were reviewed. We found that many TAD may have been transfusion‐associated circulatory overload. Better information in TR reports and refining TR diagnostic criteria may result in less misclassification of TRRF. TAD may represent mild, atypical or overlap entities, and there may be a residuum of cases with currently unexplained pathophysiology.
Vibration Induced Fatigue Analysis of [0n/90n]s Simply Supported Composite Plate Under Central Patch Impulse Loading
Authors: Jayaprakash K. , Muthukumar M. , Desai Y. M. , Naik N. K.
Published: April 2015

Fatigue analysis of a simply supported composite plate with laminate configuration of [0n/90n]s under central patch impulse loading is presented using an analytical method. The method mainly consists of two steps, one, evaluation of vibration induced stresses for the given central patch impulse loading using modal analysis, and two, fatigue analysis using S–N curve approach, residual strength approach as well as failure function approach. The stress state in the plate was evaluated using viscous damping model as a function of time. The stress-time history was converted into block loading consisting of many sub-blocks. In the present study, the block loading consisted of four sub-blocks and a total of 175 numbers of cycles. The block loading was repeated after every 5 s. Next, fatigue analysis was carried out based on the block loading condition evaluated. Number of loading blocks for fatigue failure initiation and the location of failure were obtained. Studies were also carried out using two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis (FEA). Number of loading blocks required to cause fatigue failure initiation under central patch impulse loading was found to be 3120 and 3170 using the analytical method and 2D FEA, respectively.
Vacuum thermal evaporation of polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid
Authors: Boyne Devon , Menegazzo Nicola , Pupillo Rachel C. , Rosenthal Joel , Booksh Karl S.
Published: April 2015

Intrinsically conducting polymers belong to a class of organic polymers with intriguing electronic and physical properties specifically for electro-optical applications. Significant interest into doped polyaniline (PAni) can be attributed to its high conductivity and environmental stability. Poor dissolution in most solvents has thus far hindered the successful integration of PAni into commercial applications, which in turn, has led to the investigations of various deposition and acidic doping methods. Physical vapor deposition methods, including D.C. magnetron sputtering and vacuum thermal evaporation, have shown exceptional control over physical film properties (thickness and morphology). However, resulting films are less conductive than films deposited by conventional methods (i.e., spin and drop casting) due to interruption of the hyperconjugation of polymer chains. Specifically, vacuum thermal evaporation requires a postdoping process, which results in incorporation of impurities and oxidation of surface moieties. In this contribution, thermally evaporated films, sequentially doped by vacuum evaporation of an organic acid (camphorsulfonic acid, CSA) is explored. Spectroscopic evidence confirms the successful doping of PAni with CSA while physical characterization (atomic force microscopy) suggests films retain good morphology and are not damaged by the doping process. The procedure presented herein also combines other postpreparation methods in an attempt to improve conductivity and/or substrate adhesion.
How broadband speech may avoid neural firing rate saturation at high intensities and maintain intelligibility
Authors: Bashford James A. , Warren Richard M. , Lenz Peter W.
Published: April 2015

Three experiments examined the intelligibility enhancement produced when noise bands flank high intensity rectangular band speech. When white noise flankers were added to the speech individually at a low spectrum level (−30 dB relative to the speech) only the higher frequency flanker produced a significant intelligibility increase (i.e., recovery from intelligibility rollover). However, the lower-frequency flanking noise did produce an equivalent intelligibility increase when its spectrum level was increased by 10 dB. This asymmetrical intensity requirement, and other results, support previous suggestions that intelligibility loss at high intensities is reduced by lateral inhibition in the cochlear nuclei.
Iran deal would transform its nuclear infrastructure
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: April 2015

Secretive Fordow facility could become a stable isotope factory and international accelerator center.
Evaluation of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Enterovirus D68 in Clinical Samples from an Outbreak in New York State in 2014
Authors: Zhuge Jian , Vail Eric , Bush Jeffrey L. , Singelakis Lauren , Huang Weihua , Nolan Sheila M. , Haas Janet P. , Engel Helen , Della Posta Millicent , Yoon Esther C. , Fallon John T. , Wang Guiqing
Published: April 2015

An outbreak of severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection was reported in mid-August 2014 in the United States. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of an EV-D68-specific real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) that was recently developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in clinical samples. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens from patients in a recent outbreak of respiratory illness in the lower Hudson Valley, New York State, were collected and examined for the presence of human rhinovirus or enterovirus using the FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) assay. Samples positive by RP were assessed using EV-D68 rRT-PCR, and the data were compared to results from sequencing analysis of partial VP1 and 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) sequences of the EV genome. A total of 285 RP-positive NP specimens (260 from the 2014 outbreak and 25 from 2013) were analyzed by rRT-PCR; EV-D68 was detected in 74 of 285 (26.0%) specimens examined. Data for comparisons between rRT-PCR and sequencing analysis were obtained from 194 NP specimens. EV-D68 detection was confirmed by sequencing analysis in 71 of 74 positive and in 1 of 120 randomly selected negative specimens by rRT-PCR. The EV-D68 rRT-PCR showed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 98.6% and 97.5%, respectively. Our data suggest that the EV-D68 rRT-PCR is a reliable assay for detection of EV-D68 in clinical samples and has a potential to be used as a tool for rapid diagnosis and outbreak investigation of EV-D68-associated infections in clinical and public health laboratories.
Determination of a Viral Load Threshold To Distinguish Symptomatic versus Asymptomatic Rotavirus Infection in a High-Disease-Burden African Population
Authors: Bennett A. , Bar-Zeev N. , Jere K. C. , Tate J. E. , Parashar U. D. , Nakagomi O. , Heyderman R. S. , French N. , Iturriza-Gomara M. , Cunliffe N. A.
Published: April 2015

We evaluated quantitative real-time PCR to establish the diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis in a high-disease-burden population in Malawi using enzyme immunoassay as the gold standard diagnostic test. In 146 children with acute gastroenteritis and 65 asymptomatic children, we defined a cutoff point in the threshold cycle value (26.7) that predicts rotavirus-attributable gastroenteritis in this population. These data will inform the evaluation of direct and indirect rotavirus vaccine effects in Africa.
Creation of Matrix Protein Gene Variants of Two Serotypes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as Prime-Boost Vaccine Vectors
Authors: Kim Gyoung Nyoun , Wu Kunyu , Hong Jiho Patrick , Awamleh Zain , Kang C. Yong
Published: April 2015

To take advantage of live recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) as vaccine vectors for their high yield and for their induction of strong and long-lasting immune responses, it is necessary to make live vaccine vectors safe for use without losing their immunogenicity. We have generated safer and highly efficient recombinant VSV vaccine vectors by combining the M51R mutation in the
M
gene of serotype VSV-Indiana (VSV
Ind
) with a temperature-sensitive mutation (
ts
O23) of the VSV
Ind
Orsay strain. In addition, we have generated two new serotype VSV-New Jersey (VSV
NJ
) vaccine vectors by combining M48R and M51R mutations with G22E and L110F mutations in the
M
gene, rVSV
NJ
(G22E M48R M51R) [rVSV
NJ
(GMM)] and VSV
NJ
(G22E M48R M51R L110F) [rVSV
NJ
(GMML)]. The combined mutations G21E, M51R, and L111F in the M protein of VSV
Ind
significantly reduced the burst size of the virus by up to 10,000-fold at 37°C without affecting the level of protein expression. BHK
21
cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells infected with rVSV
Ind
(GML), rVSV
NJ
(GMM), and rVSV
NJ
(GMML) showed significantly reduced cytopathic effects
in vitro
at 37°C, and mice injected with 1 million infectious virus particles of these mutants into the brain showed no neurological dysfunctions or any other adverse effects. In order to increase the stability of the temperature-sensitive mutant, we have replaced the phenylalanine with alanine. This will change all three nucleotides from UUG (leucine) to GCA (alanine). The resulting L111A mutant showed the temperature-sensitive phenotype of rVSV
Ind
(GML) and increased stability. Twenty consecutive passages of rVSV
Ind
(GML) with an L111A mutation did not convert back to leucine (UUG) at position 111 in the M protein gene.

IMPORTANCE
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses as live vaccine vectors are very effective in expressing foreign genes and inducing adaptive T cell and B cell immune responses. As with any other live viruses in humans or animals, the use of live rVSVs as vaccine vectors demands the utmost safety. Our strategy to attenuate rVSV
Ind
by utilizing a temperature-sensitive assembly-defective mutation of L111A and combining it with an M51R mutation in the M protein of rVSV
Ind
significantly reduced the pathogenicity of the virus while maintaining highly effective virus production. We believe our new temperature-sensitive
M
gene mutant of rVSV
Ind
(GML) and
M
gene mutants of rVSV
NJ
(GMM) and rVSV
NJ
(GMML) add excellent vaccine vectors to the pool of live viral vectors.