bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of diversification on firm returns in chemical and oil industries
Authors: Li Diane , Jin Jongdae
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of diversification on returns of firms in chemical and oil industries.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to control for market effect, industry effect, and effects of endogenous variables of a sample firm that lead the firm to decide to diversify or refocus on stock returns, three‐factor asset‐pricing models introduced by Fama and French are used in each industry.

Findings

It is found that diversified firms have significantly higher returns than focused firms in both chemical and oil industries. It is also found that the three‐factor model explains much of the variation in the average stock returns for both focused firms and diversified firms, which is consistent with Fama and French.

Originality/value

Provides new evidence for the effect of diversification on firm returns in oil and chemical industries.
Stock return autocorrelation and institutional investors: the case of American depository receipt
Authors: Diane Li DeQing , Yung Kenneth
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Though stock portfolio return autocorrelation is well documented in the literature, its cause is still not clearly understood. Presently, evidence of private information induced stock return autocorrelation is still very limited. The difficulty in obtaining foreign country information by small investors makes the private information of institutional investors in the ADR (American Depository Receipt) market more significant and influential. As such, the ADR market provides a favorable environment for testing the effect of private information on return autocorrelation. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, ADRs are sorted annually into three groups based on market equity capitalization. Within each capitalization group, ADRs are further sorted into three groups based on the fraction of shares held by institutional investors. Each ADR is assigned to one of the nine groups and group membership is rebalanced each year. The return autocorrelation of individual ADR securities and ADR portfolios for each group are then calculated.

Findings

The results demonstrate that ADR individual stock and portfolio daily return autocorrelations are positively related to institutional ownership. It is also found that other explanations, such as non‐synchronous trading, bid‐ask spread and volatility of ADR, cannot explain the positive relation between daily return autocorrelations and institutional ownership of ADR.

Originality/value

Since ADR market is more suitable than other markets for testing the role of private information, stronger and clearer results are got accordingly. This paper suggests that trading strategy based on private information of institutional investors can lead to stock return autocorrelation in ADR daily returns.
Innovation accounting analysis on cross‐border mergers and acquisitions between Europe and the USA since the late 1990s
Authors: Amoateng Kofi A.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The aim of this research is to find out which mergers and acquisitions (M&A) market is better able to absorb all the shocks from legislations in securities and banking in Europe and the USA, 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA, and other global events. The most exogenous or self‐dependent market may be the mover and shaker in the M&A deals in the world. The sample period spans from October 1998 to September 2004.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses cointegration and innovation accounting techniques (variance decomposition analysis and impulse response functions) to find out: if the two M&A markets are linked and explained each other in the long‐run; which of the two markets can able to withstand all the list shocks in the observed period; how long each of the market is about to deal with the shocks (are the shocks long‐lasting or short‐lasting?).

Findings

The major findings are: The cointegration results indicate that the M&A markets in Europe and the USA tend to move together in the long‐run, particularly, the European M&A deals (EUMA) and US cross‐border M&A deals in Europe (USCROSS). On one hand, the most consistent result from the variance decomposition analysis and impulse response functions is that the European M&A market is the most exogenous or self‐dependent market in the observed period. On the other hand, the most interactive market (less able to deal with the shocks) is the US M&A market (USMA) because it is significantly impacted by the legislations in securities and banking, 9/11 and other global events. US cross‐border M&A deals in Europe (USCROSS) and European cross‐border M&A deals in the USA (EUCROSS) are able to deal with the shocks when the order of VAR is 6. However, when the order of VAR is extended to 12 they are less able to absorb the shocks.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of the data at that time did not allow examination of US M&A deals with individual European countries, particularly, United Kingdom that has historically invested in the US more than any country in Europe.

Practical implications

The pivotal conclusion of this study suggests that EUMA and USCROOS move together in the long‐run and EUMA is the strongest market in dealing with shocks, the world business may be gradually shifting to Europe. Practically, most of the multinational corporations (MNCs), especially the US MNCs are craving for market niches in Europe.

Originality/value

The real value of this paper is that the changing financial landscape is the US implies that all the shake‐up may lead to Europe. Philosophically, “all roads lead to Rome” New trends in world business is that the center of gravity in business may be pointing to Europe.
Clinical governance: assuring the sacred duty of trust to patients
Authors: Halligan Aidan
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To hammer home that clinical governance is the defining heart and inspiration of quality in the NHS and to expand on its implementation by all concerned.

Design/methodology/approach

Lists the ideal aspects and attributes of clinical governance.

Findings

Finds that clinical governance is a sine qua non and mandatory lever for achieving quality in the NHS and that whatever changes are necessary must be fully carried out.

Originality/value

Arguably, coming as it does from the top of the hierarchy, this posits the most soul‐searching advocacy of clinical governance's importance for the NHS so far presented.
Implementing organizational learning initiatives: integrating three levels of learning
Authors: Yeo Roland K.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The paper aims to describe and analyze the three levels of learning which take place in organizational contexts. It also provides practical strategies on how individual, team and organizational learning can be developed and integrated to propel collective learning.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi‐structured interviewing was employed in this study through four Singapore organizations. Views were gathered and collated from 24 senior management personnel representing both the private and public sectors.

Findings

Rich qualitative data were obtained and presented in meaningful excerpts from selected respondents. Additionally, suggestions on learning strategies were quantified according to the number of mentions and the concurrence of viewpoints. The usefulness of these strategies lies in the order in which they have been ranked, from the most to the least crucial.

Research limitations/implications

Although this study was limited by the single geographical context, it provides theoretical insights for further research. For instance, the integration of human resource and cognitive learning perspectives is critical to the understanding of the way individuals behave and act in the workplace.

Practical implications

Aside from the specific organizational learning strategies outlined, this study has identified three overarching factors that motivate and drive individuals to learn at work. They are: a clear definition of goals; a shared vision; and an appropriate reward system.

Originality/value

The value of this study is making actionable the complex processes of organizational learning, demonstrated in the step‐by‐step approach applicable to specific levels of learning. According to the respondents, some of these steps have been proven effective in harnessing learning at work.
Organising mentoring programmes: how to be a great programme coordinator
Authors: Clutterbuck David
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to initiate discussion on the qualities of effective mentoring programme coordinators.

Design/methodology/approach

This observation is based on non‐empirical observation of practice through: assisting the design of hundreds of programmes over two decades; programme co‐ordinator training courses; and critical appraisal of coordinator training to comply with EMCC kitemarking.

Findings

The paper finds that this is a complex role and requires appropriate networks and competences

Practical implications

Practical guidelines are provided for considering how to approach the role.

Originality/value

Very little has been written about the requirements of this role. It is hoped to initiate some empirical study in due course.
A risk assessment approach in selecting environmental performance indicators
Authors: Diakaki Christina , Grigoroudis Evangelos , Stabouli Maria
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to propose a method that may assist organisations in the task of selecting appropriate indicators for their environmental performance evaluation procedures.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed method is based on the principles of risk assessment, a key technique in the protection and management of the environment. When well‐constructed, it may cover all aspects of an organisation's activities, thus providing a sound base for the identification of the most significant indicators to be considered for the environmental performance evaluation.

Findings

The proposed approach starts from an initial set of numerous indicators. Each indicator is identified in order to monitor and assess the progress towards the achievement of a goal that has been set in relation to a particular environmental aspect of the activities of the considered organisation. For each indicator, a related environmental risk is assessed that may then be used to prioritise the indicators, and identify the most significant ones as far as the environmental aspects of the considered organisation are concerned.

Originality/value

Despite the fact that the environmental performance evaluation has been considered to be both significant and useful, the approaches proposed, so far, are very generic and do not provide actual assistance to the organisations that wish to adopt and apply such procedures. The main advantage of the proposed methodology lies exactly at this point. It facilitates the process of environmental performance evaluation providing substantial assistance to one of the most important stages that is to decide which particular indicators will be considered.
Sustainability assessment of onsite sanitation facilities in Ramallah‐Albireh district with emphasis on technical, socio‐cultural and financial aspects
Authors: Al‐Sa'ed Rashed , Mubarak Sana'
Published: July 2006

Purpose

This paper seeks to evaluate the present onsite sanitation systems in Palestinian rural areas in Ramallah‐Albireh district with special emphasis on technical, socio‐cultural and financial aspects.

Design/methodology/approach

A specialized questionnaire was developed and distributed to 200 households in four randomly selected villages with less than 5,000 persons and having onsite sanitation facilities. WAWTTAR software package was used to evaluate 16 different treatment systems and to select a sustainable onsite treatment system for these rural areas based on technical, environmental, financial and socio‐cultural considerations.

Findings

Major findings indicated that most of the respondents were in favor of using treated grey wastewater and equally rejected the use of mixed treated effluent for agricultural irrigation. More than 50 percent of the respondents were against having new onsite treatment systems and favored centralized wastewater treatment options, as only 18 percent showed willingness to participate partially in construction costs. The WAWTTAR data analysis on feasible onsite treatment alternatives revealed that the septic tank‐subsurface wetland system offers a higher level of sustainability to rural communities in Ramallah‐Albireh district. Finally, the social and economical aspects have an equal status in technical and financial issues.

Practical implications

The results obtained can be utilized by local and international experts seeking a carrier in the planning and design of sustainable sanitation facilities in developing countries or for those who have newly filled a post in governmental, non‐governmental or academic institutions.

Originality/value

This paper highlights adequate tools for the selection of sustainable onsite sanitation systems in Palestinian rural communities. Methodology and dissemination of the obtained results can be applied to other rural communities in developing countries.
Confluence of Six Sigma, simulation and environmental quality
Authors: Sekhar H. , Mahanti R.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The aim of the research is to use an integrated approach – simulation and Six Sigma to improve the ambient air quality.

Design/methodology/approach

Integration of simulation and Six Sigma DMAIC methodology in a foundry had been used to improve the ambient air quality. Various elements of the Six Sigma toolkit such as Cause and Effect diagrams and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis have been used to discover the root causes underlying the problem and prioritize action and incorporate cost‐effective solutions. Simulation has been used to improve and control the environmental efficiency by monitoring the performance of the Venturi Scrubber – the pollution control equipment, by running the model under varying conditions.

Findings

The integrated application of Six Sigma and simulation has been successful in reducing particulate emissions from 200 milligrams per cubic meter to less than 20 milligrams per cubic meter and sulphur dioxide emissions from 45 milligrams per cubic meter to less than 4.5 milligrams per cubic meter, thus reducing air pollution.

Practical implications

Air pollution is a burning problem in the present scenario and foundry industries are one of the contributors to air quality degradation. The approach described in this paper is a step towards reducing air pollution due to foundry operations.

Originality/value

Integration of Six Sigma DMAIC methodology and simulation provides a novel cost‐effective strategy for monitoring and reducing air pollution resulting from foundry operations. This paper is useful for environmental division of foundry and other manufacturing industries.
Urban landscapes and streaming structures as a basis of urban construction planning
Authors: Kurbatova Anna S. , Bashkin Vladimir N.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

This paper sets out describe the creation of sustainable urban planning concepts based on optimized urban landscape functioning. It gives an account of the formation and transformation processes of natural and artificial streaming structures.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the present‐day approaches to the environmental assessment and zoning of urban territories. This was achieved by creating the conceptual methodological basis for the assessment and classification of urban landscapes.

Findings

Based on an analysis of the urban planning development of the Moscow agglomeration, principles have been proposed for the shaping of sustainable urban planning structures – landscape planning that can be applied to the management of the territorial growth of large cities and urban agglomerations. First, the shaping and reconstruction of the city structure, including the structure of land management, as well as the mutual arrangement of functional areas, should be based on the need to preserve the axes – the lines and planes of mass, energy and information transfer of landscapes of various orders. Second, the order of preserved landscape axes depends on the organisational complexity of a territory. Third, assessment of the sustainability of the structure of a city and agglomeration should be based on the criteria of river systems along their borders, such as the quantity and composition of water, its temperature, retention of the annual functioning cycle and biodiversity. Finally, urban planning control regimes should be established across the entire city and they should be determined by the position of the territory in the city's landscape structure.

Originality/value

This work will provide a better understanding of integrated environmental systems to enable development of best management practices in the city of Moscow.
A national water demand management policy in Jordan
Authors: Abdel Khaleq Rania A. , Dziegielewski Benedykt
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal for formulating a national water demand management policy for Jordan. The objective is to stimulate discussion on the development and adoption of a formal policy document.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews data on water availability and use in Jordan. This is followed by a discussion of a number of policy objectives and elements.

Findings

The paper results in the formulation of a policy that should be further reviewed and made official by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Jordan.

Originality/value

The paper is a new source of information on the necessary elements of water policy.
Business cycles in insurance and reinsurance: the case of France, Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Meier Ursina B. , François Outreville J.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

This article aims to examine the existence of an underwriting cycle in property‐liability insurance for France, Germany and Switzerland (primary markets) and for the European reinsurance industry. It is also aimed to test how the two markets are related with each other in each country and how they influence each other.

Design/methodology/approach

Loss ratio data for France, Germany and Switzerland are used for the recent period 1982‐2001 in connection with the price of reinsurance in Europe as well as the money market rate. To test for the existence of cycles and calculate their length auto‐regressive processes of second order are applied.

Findings

There are cross‐country differences for the primary markets of the three countries. The reinsurance price index is highly cyclical with a calculated cycle length of almost nine years. It is shown that the reinsurance price index has a strong influence on the primary market loss ratios of the three countries studied.

Originality/value

With the exception of two studies examining the impact of reinsurance on insurance prices and profits, there has been no research as yet to determine the role of reinsurance on the cyclical behavior of underwriting results. This gap is filled here by an empirical study on three European countries.
Rapid hard tooling process selection using QFD‐AHP methodology
Authors: Hanumaiah Naga , Ravi B. , Mukherjee N.P.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To provide a systematic framework for mold designers, that can be used for rapid tooling (RT) process selection and prioritization of process parameters.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a QFD‐AHP methodology which has three phases. The first phase involves prioritizing the tooling requirements (driven by customer preferences) against a set of die/mold development attributes (such as product material, geometry, and die material and production order) through pair‐wise comparison using analytical hierarchal process (AHP). These priority ratings are used for selecting the most appropriate tooling process using quality function deployment (QFD) in the second phase. Finally, QFD is used again for identifying critical process parameters (such as layer thickness, scan pitch and laser power) for the selected RT process.

Findings

The QFD‐AHP methodology has been illustrated with industrial examples on RT for molded parts. The molds were fabricated using direct metal laser sintering and spray metal tooling processes, for example, 1 and 2, respectively, to prove that the methodology can be easily implemented in tool rooms. The issues noted in these experimental studies are also discussed for the benefit of researchers.

Research limitations/implications

The capabilities of the RT processes presented in the paper reflect the experience of the research team in RT development. The QFD‐AHP methodology will give progressively better results with a growing body of RT process knowledge.

Practical implications

This investigation is a key step towards the goal of developing a comprehensive system for RT process selection and manufacturability evaluation. The mold designer can use this QFD‐AHP process selection methodology, prior to detailed manufacturability analysis, to better realize the benefits of RT technologies.

Originality/value

The proposed QFD‐AHP methodology is a new approach for the tooling process selection domain, and has not been reported earlier; this can be easily used for similar applications for any manufacturing domain.
A case study on the operator allocation decision for TFT‐LCD inspection and packaging process
Authors: Kuo Yiyo , Yang Taho
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) is the primary flat panel display (FPD) technology, which is quickly becoming pervasive in many applications including computers, mobile phones, TV monitors, and so on. The finished product of a TFT‐LCD display device is called “module”. A module is subject to a final inspection and packaging (I/P) process before it is shipped to the customer. The I/P operations are primarily manual and the present study seeks to focus on these. The I/P process is strategically important since it directly impacts on both customer service and out‐going quality levels. The operator allocation decision for I/P operations determines the through‐put of the I/P line, and is a function of demand requirement, operator availability, and product dedication.

Design/methodology/approach

This research proposes to solve the I/P process operator allocation problem by mixed‐integer programming formulations. A practical case study has been adopted for the empirical illustrations.

Findings

Empirical results are promising. The potential improvement is ranging from 9 to 20 percent against the current practice at the case study company.

Originality/value

A structured experimental design shows the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed formulations in solving the problem of the case study.
A filter search algorithm based on machine‐order space for job‐shop scheduling problems
Authors: Hong Choi Shiu , Yu Yang Feng
Published: July 2006

Purpose

The research aims to develop a practicable method to solve relatively large job‐shop scheduling problems (JSSP) for production planning in real‐time.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper analyses some search strategies based on machine‐order space, and proposes a filter search algorithm (FSA) to reduce computing time by improving the speed of finding a proper machine order. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the FSA.

Findings

The experiments confirmed the superior performance of the FSA, making it possible to solve relatively large JSSPs in real‐time. The results showed that the leaf‐node number affects the solution quality. The performance can be improved by increasing the leaf‐node number. There is a significant decrease in the average quality deviation when the leaf‐node number increases; but the decreasing rate becomes minor when the leaf‐node number is relatively large. While triple filters may provide more leaf‐node numbers for the FSA, dual filters are considered enough for most practical scheduling problems. A method is proposed to determine appropriate leaf‐node numbers for practical production environments.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation is that the FSA's performance is affected by the choice of leaf‐node number. Although the relationships between the solution quality and the leaf‐node number for some problems have been worked out, it will be useful future research to deduce the relationships for other job‐shop instances of different sizes.

Originality/value

The FSA is a new approach, which is particularly useful for planning production schedules needed for efficient and responsive management of manufacturing systems to cope with increasing global competition and market changes.
An innovative m‐utility management and billing system
Authors: Al‐Rousan M. , Al‐Ali A.R.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

Aims to provide a new wireless design for utility management and billing systems using GSM networks that can be used by large utility sites.

Design/methodology/approach

Traditional energy and water meters are replaced or enhanced to produce digital readings. A hardware interface is designed and then connected via the GSM network to a server at the utility headquarters. The new system is compared with traditional utility systems.

Findings

A prototype for the proposed systems was implemented. It was tested using a real GSM network in the United Arab Emirates. The performance of the systems was acceptable, with high accuracy results when compared with the existing systems.

Research limitations/implications

Applying the system in large buildings with multiple subscribers is not a straightforward task; the system may need some modifications.

Practical implications

This is a very useful system for utility companies which are interested in better management and billing systems. The system can be implemented easily at low cost.

Originality/value

This work utilizes a mobile network to provide a practical system for utility companies. It is an integrated system with complete hardware, software, and database implementation.
Re‐engineering the usability‐testing process for live multimedia systems
Authors: Georgievski M. , Sharda N.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

This paper seeks to present a comparative study of the traditional usability‐testing process and the re‐engineered usability‐testing process for live multimedia systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Provides an overview of current usability‐testing techniques and usability laboratory configurations, and identifies some gaps in the traditional usability‐testing approach.

Findings

Traditional usability‐testing procedures are suitable for testing systems in the static environment but prove to be sub‐optimal in testing systems for dynamic (real‐time) environments.

Originality/value

The traditional set‐up is compared with innovative laboratory configuration, which consists of three computer systems: the test system in the middle augmented by two systems on either side that function as the scenario presenter and the data collection system. The re‐engineered usability‐testing process streamlined usability experiments and reduced the task completion times.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in a Face Discrimination Task in Infants
Authors: de Schonen Scania , Mathivet Eric
Published: July 2006

A right‐hemisphere advantage in a mother's face recognition task in infants aged between 4 and 10 months was found to exist by de Schonen, Gil de Diaz, and Mathivet. The present study was designed to test (a) whether the righthemisphere advantage would still prevail if the task requirements were different from those in the previous study, and (b) whether any information was communicated from one hemisphere to the other. 18‐42‐week‐old infants were presented with an operant conditioning situation where they had to discriminate between their mother's and a stranger's face within one visual hemifield. Transfer of learning from one visual hemifield to the other was also measured. The results confirm the existence of a right‐hemisphere advantage in discriminating between face stimuli. This advantage was weaker in the female than in the male population. No hemispheric transfer of learning was observed to occur.
Recognizing Conventionality: Reply to Shweder and Helwig et al
Authors: Gabennesch Howard
Published: July 2006

Shweder and Helwig et al. attribute to my thesis a denial of objective moral law. This is a misinterpretation of the argument. On the other hand, the critics deny the implications of the social construction of reality, leading them to reject the concept of transparency. This commits them to the remarkable position that all social formations are equally transparent. Helwig et al. do not reconcile their perspective with the phenomenon of ethnocentrism. They imply that I ignore the consistent results of the majority of studies, when in fact my critique centers on the unwarranted theoretical generalizations drawn from these results. Helwig et al. also do not adequately explain the murky distinction between “marginal” and “conventional.”
Children's Understanding of Guild and Shame
Authors: Ferguson Tamara J. , Stegge Hedy , Damhuis Ilse
Published: July 2006

Children's conceptions of the self‐conscious emotions guilt versus shame were investigated. In Study 1, 10–12‐year‐old children answered questions about scenarios that should elicit feelings of guilt and/or shame (moral transgressions and social blunders). In Study 2, 7–9‐ and 10–12‐year‐old children completed a sorting task to ascertain the features they associate with guilt and shame. Feelings of guilt were aroused by moral norm violations. Guilt feelings were also seen as involving an approach‐avoidance conflict with respect to the victim, self‐criticism, remorse, desire to make amends, and fear of punishment. Feelings of shame resulted from both moral transgressions and social blunders. Younger children associated shame with embarrassment, blushing, ridicule, and escape. Older children additionally characterized shame as feeling stupid, being incapable of doing things right, and not being able to look at others.
Infants' Contribution to the Achievement of Joint Reference
Authors: Baldwin Dare A.
Published: July 2006

This research examines whether infants actively contribute to the achievement of joint reference. One possibility is that infants tend to link a label with whichever object they are focused on when they hear the label. If so, infants would make a mapping error when an adult labels a different object than the one occupying their focus. Alternatively, infants may be able to use a speaker's nonverbal cues (e.g., line of regard) to interpret the reference of novel labels. This ability would allow infants to avoid errors when adult labels conflict with infants' focus. 64 16–19‐month‐olds were taught new labels for novel toys in 2 situations. In follow‐in labeling, the experimenter looked at and labeled a toy at which infants were already looking. In discrepant labeling, the experimenter looked at and labeled a different toy than the one occupying infants' focus. Infants' responses to subsequent comprehension questions revealed that they (a) successfully learned the labels introduced during follow‐in labeling, and (b) displayed no tendency to make mapping errors after discrepant labeling. Thus infants of only 16 to 19 months understand that a speaker's nonverbal cues are relevant to the reference of object labels; they already can contribute to the social coordination involved in achieving joint reference.
Television and Families: What Do Young Children Watch with Their Parents?
Authors: St. Peters Michelle , Fitch Marguerite , Huston Aletha C. , Wright John C. , Eakins Darwin J.
Published: July 2006

A sample of 271 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds and their families participated in a 2‐year longitudinal study of television viewing patterns. 5 1‐week diaries for all family members were collected at 6‐month intervals. Programs were categorized as: (1) child informative, (2) child entertainment, (3) news and informative, (4) sports, (5) comedy, (6) drama, (7) action‐adventure, and (8) variety‐game. The majority of child programs were viewed without parents, while the majority of adult programs were watched with parents. Coviewing patterns of adult programs were predicted from parents' individual viewing habits, but not from the child's. Coviewing declined with age. Parental encouragement and regulation of viewing were orthogonal. Children whose parents encouraged viewing watched more child informative programming; children of restrictive parents watched less entertainment programming. Encouraging parents coviewed more than nonencouraging parents. Results supports the assertion that parental viewing preferences, habits, and orientations toward television influence children's viewing, both with and without parents.
The Relative Effects of Maternal and Child Problems on the Quality of Attachment: A Meta‐Analysis of Attachment in Clinical Samples
Authors: van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Goldberg Susan , Kroonenberg Pieter M. , Frenkel Oded J.
Published: July 2006

In this meta‐analysis of 34 clinical studies on attachment the hypothesis is tested that maternal problems such as mental illness lead to more deviating attachment classification distributions than child problems such as deafness. A correspondence analysis on 21 North American studies with normal subjects produced a baseline against which the clinical samples could be evaluated. Separate analyses were carried out on studies containing the traditional A, B, C classifications and on studies that also included the recently discovered D or A/C category. Results show that groups with a primary identification of maternal problems show attachment classification distributions highly divergent from the normal distributions, whereas groups with a primary identification of child problems show distributions that are similar to the distributions of normal samples. The introduction of the D or A/C classifications (about 15% in normal samples) reveals an overrepresentation of D or A/C in the child problem groups, but the resulting distribution still is much closer to the normal distributions compared to the samples with maternal problems. In clinical samples, the mother appears to play a more important role than the child in shaping the quality of the infant‐mother attachment relationship.
Modification of Reconciliation Behavior through Social Experience: An Experiment with Two Macaque Species
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Johanowicz Denise L.
Published: July 2006

Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style.
What Is Crippling Free Enterprise?*
Authors: Briggs George A.
Published: July 2006

Those who ardently advocate free enterprise and at the same time justify specific private monopolies are like u woman who has u keen relish for virtue, slightly favored with adultery.
Self‐Government
Authors: Bremner Robert H.
Published: July 2006

“I have shown how Privilege used local, county, and state officers, city councils, the state legislature and the courts to frustrate our efforts. Is it not strange that witnessing the power of Privilege through the control of these agencies the people do not awake to the fact that with these agencies in their hands they would be supreme?”

—Tom L. Johnson, My Story.
Tax Equalization in Cleveland
Authors: Bremner Robert H.
Published: July 2006

Farms, buildings, personal property, land pay no taxes… it is men and women who are taxed and not things,—Tom L. Johnson, “My Story,” p. 131.
Philanthropy and Peace
Authors: Claughton Richard
Published: July 2006

Two contrary laws seem to be wrestling with each other nowadays: the one, a law of Mood and death, ever imagining new means of destruction and forcing nations to be constantly ready for the battlefield—the other, a law of peace, work and health, ever evolving new means of delivering man from the scourges that beset him.

Pasteur
The Fight for Home Rule
Authors: Bremner Robert H.
Published: July 2006

The general assembly shall provide for the organization of cities, and incorporated villages, by general laws, and restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, so as to prevent the abuse of such power. [Constitution of Ohio, 1851, Article XIII, Section 6].

Municipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self‐government and to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws. [Constitution of Ohio as amended September 3, 1912, Article XVIII, Section 3].
Industrial Relations, Manipulative or Democratic?
Authors: Parker Hilda Weiss
Published: July 2006

Summary: Three historical periods of motivating workers toward increasing productivity still “coexist” today: negative incentives, external rewards, forms of workers' participation in industry. Varying modes of joint consultation at top levels existing in many countries are contrasted with American industrial research emphasizing workers' participation on the workshop level. The problems of “common goals” and “manipulation” in industry are considered as contributing factors to the gap between those two levels. To fill it, industrial sociologists should follow Mayo and others in the use of ‘clinical’ research to find new institutional forms for a democratic work process based on collective bargaining.
Co‐operative Farming in Pre‐Communist Czechoslovakia
Authors: Meissner Frank
Published: July 2006

To (Czechoslovak farmers) co‐operation was neither an economic system nor an ideology, but only… special form of capitalistic enterprise.2
Status Implications of the Employment of Married Women in the United States
Authors: Day Lincoln H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract: The working wife as a factor in the determination of family status has been universally ignored by students of stratification. In this plea for investigation, it is suggested that the employment or married women could affect the system of stratification in the following ways: (1) making possible greater access to symbols of status; (2) implying that the husband has been unsuccessful in his own career; (3) identifying the wife with a particular occupation; and (4) identifying certain occupations with wives of high status.
Sociology and History: A New Look at Their Relatioaships
Authors: Means Richard L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The working wife as a factor in the determination of family status has been universally ignored by students of stratification. In this plea for investigation, it is suggested that the employment or married women could affect the system of stratification in the following ways: (1) making pos‐sible greater access to symbols of status; (2) implying that the husband has been unsuccessful in his own career; (3) identifying the wife with a particular occupation; and (4) identifying certain occupations with wives of high status.
The Role of Irrigation Districts in California's Water Development
Authors: Teilmann Henrik
Published: July 2006

Summary: Early settlers found that California had excellent soil and tem‐perature for agricultural development, but very scanty rainfall in the growing season. Irrigation was introduced on a small, indi‐vidual scale, which developed into organized projects through the pioneering of the irrigation‐district system. Legislation was passed for a special tax structure by which revenue for mainte‐nance and operation of irrigation projects was obtained by taxing the benefited land exclusive of improvements. This unique tax structure encouraged individual ownership of land in units of the most economic size and spurred intensive cultivation and general economic development.
Bargaining Power in Transactions: A Basic Model of Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Kuhn Alfred
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Four factors—the value of each of two things to each of two parties—determine the terms, or limits thereof, of all transactions, whether economic and objective or non‐economic and subjective. This relationship is shown to coincide with some existing power‐political, social‐psychological, and economic formulations of bargaining power. These four factors as seen in comparative advantage display quantitatively the conditions for determinate bargaining power. The dichotomy (1) market vs. bargaining power forces is rejected for (2) bargaining power forces vs. strategy and tactics. The transaction is viewed briefly as a system.
Public Efforts to Redevelop American Cities*
Authors: Swanson Bert E.
Published: July 2006

Never before, perhaps, has government at all levels been lobbied in behalf of the same cause by both liberals and conservatives, haves and have‐nots, welfare statists and rugged individualists… All these have embraced the same vague, but virile, objective: the salvage and renewal of American, cities.2
The Territorial Basis of the Division of Labor:
Authors: Labovitz Sanford
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT: The study considers both the theoretical significance and operational measurement of the territorial basis of the division of labor. Two such measurements, the index of dissimilarity and the standardized index of dissimilarity, are discussed in detail with regard to their adequacy and applicability. In addition, a theory linking the territorial basis to technological efficiency and urbanization is presented and tests performed with data for the United States for each of the census years from 1900–1950. Positive relations were found between the three variables, lending strong support to the theory.
Social Status of Coal Miners in Britain Since Nationalization*
Authors: Jencks Clinton E.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. Until World War I, coal miners in Great Britain were cut off, socially and geographically, from the mainstream of life in the society around them. Slavery in Scotland and serfdom throughout the rest of Britain were characteristic conditions of coal miners in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and well into the eighteenth century. Even after the Reformation, repressive laws, designed to prevent miners from leaving the industry, made more onerous the master‐servant relationship even though it was being ameliorated elsewhere.

Mineworkers shared in the gradual improvement of living conditions in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The isolation of mining communities, and the low status accorded miners by society, insured that changes were slower in coming. Poverty, unemployment, and the interwar depression years for the industry defeated attempts to break down barriers and to improve miners’ living and working conditions.

Wages, working conditions, fringe benefits, day‐to‐day labor‐management relations, housing, recreational facilities, and educational opportunities all sharply improved after nationalization.

Today most miners still feel they are rated lower in the social scale than they are entitled to be by the nature and importance of their work. Both their appreciation of gains and their resentment of shortcomings exert an influence on industrial relations. The presence of both elements has provoked contradictory interpretations, usually to the effect that nationalization has not worked. Actually most mineworkers feel better about themselves, about the industry and its management. The status of miners among workers is higher than it has ever been. Coal miners feel entitled to improve their position still more.
Rent Subsidy and Housing Satisfaction The Case of Urban Renewal In Lubbock, Texas
Authors: Edgley Charles K. , Steglich W. G. , Cartwright Walter J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

—Governmental programs proposing rental supplements for low‐income families assume that social and economic conditions of these families may be improved by such subsidy. However, this assumption has not been adequately tested by social science research. Data presented here were gathered at an urban renewal relocation housing project in Lubbock, Texas, and suggest that when families who, before urban renewal, were self‐sufficient in slum housing are forced into welfare situations because of rent subsidy programs, dissatisfaction with relocation facilities results. The data also indicate that dissatisfaction is correlated positively with the number of persons in the household, the age of residents, and socioeconomic status.
Territorial Differentiation and Societal Change in the United States and Canada *
Authors: Labovitz Sanford , Purdy Ross
Published: July 2006

Abstract A theory based on four stages of social and cultural changes for large territorial units is presented and three hypotheses are deduced linking territorial differentiation to societal change. The stages are measured by die degree to which the territorial units of a society display similar characteristics, and whether the units are diverging or converging from one another. Hypothesis I asserts that the form of societal change among territorial units over time is curvilinear. Hypothesis II maintains that changes in technological efficiency lead to changes in territorial differentiation on selected social and cultural characteristics. Finally, according to Hypothesis III, changes in territorial differentiation on technological efficiency are directly related to changes in territorial differentiation on selected social and cultural characteristics. The hypotheses are tested in terms of changes in the United States and Canada and receive strong support from the direction and magnitude of the relations.
The Issue‐Analysis Approach to Community Power: A Case Study of Realtors in Kalamazoo*
Authors: Bouma Donald H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Utilizing primarily the issue‐analysis method and incidentally the reputational method an assessment is made of certain aspects of social power in a midwestern community. Although a housing proposal had the support of almost every organization in the community, voters rejected it because the real estate board was the key influential in the decision‐making process. Respondents clearly saw a self‐interest motivation on the part of the realtors but nonetheless identified with them. Neither republicans nor Democrats voted in accordance with the recommendations of their organizations, church members rejected the advice of religious groups, and union members did not follows the urging of the unions. The validity of the reputational method of determining social power is questioned since respondents generally did not identify the real estate board as an influential group in determining community decisions.
The Industrialization of the Southeast Since 1950: Some Causes of Manufacturing Relocation, With Speculation About Its Effects
Authors: Schriver William R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Although wide recognition has been given to the recent industrialization of the Southeast, little attention has been directed toward specific causes and the societal effects of this economic change. A concentration in manufacturing has occurred frequently in low‐wage, low‐growth industries as a result of labor surpluses and certain external economies in the region and also as a result of deglomerative forces acting in the older established manufacturing areas. It would appear that these compositional changes in the region's economy would lead to societal changes in an urbanistic direction.