bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Tea Seed Saponins against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Li E , Sun Na , Zhao Jun-Xing , Sun Yao-Gui , Huang Jian-Gang , Lei Hai-Min , Guo Jian-Hua , Hu Yuan-Liang , Wang Wen-Kui , Li Hong-Quan
Published: January 2015

Background

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major swine pathogens. This virus causes immune suppression and other secondary infections, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry. Tea seed saponins (TS) are a natural extract from tea seeds with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity. In this study, we demonstrated that TS possessed anti-PRRSV activity.

Methods

MTT assay and trypan blue staining were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiviral ability of TS in cell culture. Apoptosis was measured to assess the safety of TS on Marc-145 cells. Time-of-addition assay, entry inhibition assay and virucidal assay were used to assess the antiviral action of TS. The effect of TS on host cellular gene expression was analysed by real-time PCR. Absolute quantification RT-PCR and western blot were used to study the inhibitory effect of TS on PRRSV N gene and protein expression.

Results

Our results showed that 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) and 50% effective concentration (EC50) of TS were 59.86 ±0.3841 μg/ml and 24.29 ±1.194 mg/ml, respectively. The maximum non-cytotoxic concentration of TS on Marc-145 cells was 30 μg/ml. TS inhibited PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis and effectively inhibited PRRSV replication by reducing the expression of host cellular gene PABP, and significantly inhibited virus N gene/ protein expression.

Conclusions

TS possessed anti-PRRSV activity in vitro and could serve as a potential antiviral drug for PRRSV prevention and control.
Faire attention à la marche : considérations éthiques sur l'engagement thérapeutique
Authors: Eusden Sue
Published: January 2015

Cet article revient sur la nature et la nécessité du risque, éléments souvent négligés dans les codes éthiques. Selon l’auteur, certaines mises en acte, parfois jugées contraires à l’éthique, sont en réalité répandues dans les dyades thérapeutiques et peuvent être considérées comme un facteur essentiel du processus thérapeutique. Par ailleurs, l’auteur soutient qu’une pratique éthique implique de « faire attention à la marche » qui sépare l’intention des conséquences, ce qui requiert une attention constante aux interactions co-transférentielles.
Gut microbiota composition correlates with changes in body fat content due to weight loss
Authors: Remely M. , Tesar I. , Hippe B. , Gnauer S. , Rust P. , Haslberger A.G.
Published: January 2015

Genetics, lifestyle, and dietary habits contribute to metabolic syndrome, but also an altered gut microbiota has been identified. Based on this knowledge it is suggested that host bacterial composition tends to change in response to dietary factors and weight loss. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria affecting host metabolism in obesity during weight loss and to correlate them with changes of the body composition obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We recruited obese individuals receiving a dietary intervention according DACH (German, Austrian, and Swiss Society of Nutrition) reference values and guidelines for ‘prevention and therapy of obesity’ of DAG e.V., DDG, DGE e.V., and DGEM e.V. over three months. Faecal microbiota and BIA measurements were conducted at three time points, before, during, and after the intervention. Gut microbiota was analysed on the basis of 16S rDNA with quantitative real time PCR. Additionally, a food frequency questionnaire with questions to nutritional behaviour, lifestyle, and physical activity was administered before intervention. After weight reduction, obese individuals showed a significant increase of total bacterial abundance. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes significantly decreased during intervention. Lactobacilli significantly increased between the first and the second time point. These differences also correlated with differences in weight percentage. During the intervention period Clostridium cluster IV increased significantly between the second and the third time point. In contrast Clostridium cluster XIVa showed a decreased abundance. The dominant butyrate producer, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, significantly increased as did the abundance of the butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase gene. Archaea and Akkermansia were significantly more prevalent after weight reduction. Our results show a clear difference in the gut bacterial composition before and after dietary intervention with a rapid change in gut microbial composition after a few weeks, but also indicate that a major shift requires long term dietary treatment.
The paratransgenic potential of Lactobacillus kunkeei in the honey bee Apis mellifera
Authors: Rangberg A. , Mathiesen G. , Amdam G.V. , Diep D.B.
Published: January 2015

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a domestic insect of high value to human societies, as a crop pollinator in agriculture and a model animal in scientific research. The honey bee, however, has experienced massive mortality worldwide due to the phenomenon Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), resulting in alarming prospects for crop failure in Europe and the USA. The reasons for CCD are complex and much debated, but several honey bee pathogens are believed to be involved. Paratransgenesis is a Trojan horse strategy, where endogenous microorganisms are used to express effector molecules that antagonise pathogen development. For use in honey bees, paratransgenesis must rely on a set of criteria that the candidate paratransgenic microorganism must fulfil in order to obtain a successful outcome: (1) the candidate must be genetically modifiable to express effector molecules; (2) the modified organism should have no adverse effects on honey bee health upon reintroduction; and (3) it must survive together with other non-pathogenic bee-associated microorganisms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are common gut bacteria in vertebrates and invertebrates, and some have naturally beneficial properties in their host. In the present work we aimed to find a potential paratransgenic candidate within this bacterial group for use in honey bees. Among isolated LAB associated with bee gut microbiota, we found the fructophilic Lactobacillus kunkeei to be the most predominant species during foraging seasons. Four genetically different strains of L. kunkeei were selected for further assessment. We demonstrated (1) that L. kunkeei is transformable; (2) that the transformed cells had no obvious adverse effect on honey bee survival; and (3) that transformed cells survived well in the gut environment of bees upon reintroduction. Our study demonstrates that L. kunkeei fulfils the three criteria for paratransgenesis and can be a suitable candidate for further research on this strategy in honey bees.
Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis: Reliable Treatment for All Biceps Tendon Pathology
Authors: Kane Patrick , Hsaio Philip , Tucker Bradford , Freedman Kevin B.
Published: January 2015

Long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon pathology is a common cause of pain in the shoulder. Pathology encountered includes biceps tendon tears and tendonitis, biceps anchor or superior labral tears, and biceps subluxation or instability. Current surgical treatment options for LHB disorders include tenotomy and tenodesis. Tenodesis prevents cosmetic deformity and biceps cramping with activity. Open subpectoral tenodesis anatomically restores the length-tension relationship of the biceps muscle and removes all diseased biceps from the bicipital groove. The authors present their technique of open subpectoral tenodesis, which demonstrates a high success rate with consistent pain relief and dependable fixation. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):37–41.]
A Novel Reduction Technique for Elbow Dislocations
Authors: Skelley Nathan W. , Chamberlain Aaron
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to review a novel reduction maneuver for elbow dislocations. This was a retrospective review comparing a traditional elbow reduction method with a new single-person reduction technique. The reductions were performed during a 3-year period. Patients were evaluated in the Emergency Department of a large level I trauma center. All patients had posterolateral elbow dislocations. Sixteen patients were studied, with 6 in the traditional group and 10 in the novel single-person reduction group. All patients had successful reductions in the Emergency Department, but 2 of the patients in the traditional group were moved to the single-person reduction group after unsuccessful attempts. The traditional method required more sedations, assistance, and supplies. The authors had no nerve, vascular, or iatrogenic fractures in their series, and the technique was performed by 1 person without additional equipment. This technique is a valid option for orthopedic surgeons treating elbow dislocations. [
Orthopedics
. 2015; 38(1):42–44.]
Readmission Within 30 Days of Discharge After Hip Fracture Care
Authors: Pollock Frederic H. , Bethea Audis , Samanta Damayanti , Modak Asmita , Maurer James P. , Chumbe Julton Tomanguillo
Published: January 2015

The Affordable Care Act currently requires hospitals to report 30-day readmission rates for certain medical conditions. It has been suggested that surveillance will expand to include hip and knee surgery-related readmissions in the future. To ensure quality of care and avoid penalties, readmissions related to hip fractures require further investigation. The goal of this study was to evaluate factors associated with 30-day hospital readmission after hip fracture at a level I trauma center. This retrospective cohort study included 1486 patients who were 65 years or older and had a surgical procedure performed to treat a femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and/or subtrochanteric hip fracture during an 8-year period. Analysis of these patients showed a 30-day readmission rate of 9.35% (n=139). Patients in the readmission group had a significantly higher rate of pre-existing diabetes and pulmonary disease and a longer initial hospital length of stay. Readmissions were primarily the result of medical complications, with only one-fourth occurring secondary to orthopedic surgical failure. Pre-existing pulmonary disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.885; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.305–2.724), initial hospitalization of 8 days or longer (OR, 1.853; 95% CI, 1.223–2.807), and discharge to a skilled nursing facility (OR, 1.586; 95% CI, 1.043–2.413) were determined to be predictors of readmission. Accordingly, patient management should be consistently geared toward optimizing chronic disease states while concomitantly working to minimize the duration of initial hospitalization and decrease readmission rates [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):e7–e13.]
Median Nerve Superficial to the Transverse Carpal Ligament
Authors: Amanatullah Derek F. , Gaskin Alexis D. , Allen Robert H.
Published: January 2015

Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome occurs in up to 12% of cases after carpal tunnel release. Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome is defined as recurrence of classic symptoms confirmed by electrodiagnostic studies after a symptom-free interval of a minimum of 6 months, as opposed to persistent carpal tunnel syndrome, where a symptom-free interval never occurs after carpal tunnel release, which is attributed to incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament. The most common causes of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome requiring reoperation are incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament and scarring of the median nerve to the surrounding structures. Surgical exploration, release of the reconstituted transverse carpal ligament, and freeing of the median nerve from constricting scar will usually result in symptom relief. The authors describe an unusual presentation of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome with healing of the transverse carpal ligament dorsal to the median nerve, trapping the median nerve in the subcutaneous tissue. Hand surgeons must be aware of this anomalous location when performing revision carpal tunnel release. The surgeon must locate the median nerve proximally in normal tissue before proceeding distally to avoid iatrogenic injury during revision carpal tunnel release. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):e72–e74.]
TO WHAT EXTENT THE COMBINATION OF STEM LENGTH AND STEM INCLINATION DO AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TIBIAL COMPONENT IN KNEE IMPLANTS?
Authors: Mangado N. , Quevedo C. , Lozano L. , Suso S. , Cerrolaza M.
Published: January 2015

Mechanical loosening, instability, mechanical fractures and poor quality of bone are some factors that strongly influence the deterioration of knee implants. After a total knee replacement (TKR), proximal tibial bone suffers a resorption due to stress-shielding caused by the implant. The formation of weakening bone zones and loss of bone is one of the most clinical concerns. The aim of this work is to evaluate the geometry of the implant stem to improve the implant lifespan. A three-dimensional model of the tibial component has been generated using computerized tomographies (CT) reconstruction and CAD software. Stresses distribution at the interface bone-implant considering several combinations of stem lengths and stem inclinations have been analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA). High levels of resorption risk have been observed, when using different stem-lengths and varus inclination.
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ANFIS AND EMG UTILIZATION IN MODELING PROSTHESIS FOR TRANS-FEMORAL CUT REHABILITATION AND GAIT CYCLE RESTORATION
Authors: Al-Fahoum Amjed , Gharaibeh Khalid H.
Published: January 2015

Rehabilitation of lower limbs with high-level amputation (Trans-femoral Cut) requires an alternative method of inverse and forward dynamics to be employed. Inverse and forward dynamics are capable of solving the problem of redundancy of muscles in human lower limbs. Furthermore, inverse and forward dynamics can be used for estimating joints moments, predicting body segment kinematics, and estimating the distribution of forces between the agonist/antagonist muscle group with reasonable accuracy [Riener R, Lünenburger L, Colombo G, Human-Centered robotics applied to gait training and assessment robert, J Rehabil Res Dev43:679, 2006; Keller T, Perry JC, Rehabilitation robotics for outpatient clinical and domestic use, WC IFMBE Proc25:291, 2009; Crespo LM, Reinkensmeyer DJ, Review of control strategies for robotic movement training after neurologic injury, J Neuroeng Rehabil6:20, 2009; Hillman MI, Rehabilitation robotics from past to present — A historical prespective, Adv Rehabil Robotics, Lect Notes Contr Inf306:25, 2004.]. However, the application of these methods, in rehabilitation, is still limited due to their dependence on multiple input data that cannot be measured using conventional measurement tools. This study is aimed at verifying and validating new models which are capable of predicting body segment kinematics accurately using features obtained from electromyography (EMG) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). These features are used to model a set of (input\output) dynamic data. EMG signals obtained from full gait cycle trials of a subject are used to calculate joint moments. Kinematics of the body segments are obtained by applying Euler numerical integration. The relative percentage root mean square (RMS) error between predicted kinematics from ANFIS and measured values for hip, knee, and ankle were 2.23%, 0.98%, and 0.69%, respectively. However, the achieved minimal reasonable accuracy for minimum number of measured inputs depends on the characteristics of the gait parameters such as cyclic nature and delayed symmetric activities between right and left leg about mid sagittal plane. Results of the combined model show that higher prediction accuracy of the gait cycle is achieved and so rehabilitation of lower limbs is feasible.
Measuring and Monitoring Urban Sprawl of Jaipur City using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Sisodia Pushpendra Singh , Tiwari Vivekanand , Dahiya Anil Kumar
Published: January 2015

The world's population increased drastically and forced people to migrate from rural area to major cities in search of basic amenities. The majority of the World's population are already living in the major cities and it is continuously increasing. The increase in population forced the major cities to expand. Expansion of cities acclaimed more unplanned settlement that leads unplanned growth. This is a global phenomenon that has a direct impact on natural resources. It is the biggest challenge for urban planners to achieve sustainable development. Developing countries like India, where the population is increasing at an alarming pace, require more attention towards this problem. In this study, an attempt has been made to measure and monitor urban sprawl in Jaipur (Capital, State of Rajasthan, India). Built-up area with corresponding population has been analysed over a period of 41 years (1972-2013). Remotely sensed images of 1972-2013 (MSS, TM and ETM+) have been classified using Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) for digital image processing. Shannon's entropy has been used to quantify the degree of urban sprawl, and eight landscape metrics have also been used to quantify urban sprawl and its pattern.
On Singular Closures for the 5-Moment System in Kinetic Gas Theory
Authors: Schaerer Roman Pascal , Torrilhon Manuel
Published: January 2015

Moment equations provide a flexible framework for the approximation of the Boltzmann equation in kinetic gas theory. While moments up to second order are sufficient for the description of equilibrium processes, the inclusion of higher order moments, such as the heat flux vector, extends the validity of the Euler equations to non-equilibrium gas flows in a natural way.

Unfortunately, the classical closure theory proposed by Grad leads to moment equations, which suffer not only from a restricted hyperbolicity region but are also affected by non-physical sub-shocks in the continuous shock-structure problem if the shock velocity exceeds a critical value. Amore recently suggested closure theory based on the maximum entropy principle yields symmetric hyperbolic moment equations. However, if moments higher than second order are included, the computational demand of this closure can be overwhelming. Additionally, it was shown for the 5-moment system that the closing flux becomes singular on a subset of moments including the equilibrium state.

Motivated by recent promising results of closed-form, singular closures based on the maximum entropy approach, we study regularized singular closures that become singular on a subset of moments when the regularizing terms are removed. In order to study some implications of singular closures, we use a recently proposed explicit closure for the 5-moment equations. We show that this closure theory results in a hyperbolic system that can mitigate the problem of sub-shocks independent of the shock wave velocity and handle strongly non-equilibrium gas flows.
Reproducing the British Caribbean
Authors: De Barros Juanita
Published: January 2015

This book traces the history of ideas and colonial policymaking concerning population growth and infant and maternal welfare in Caribbean colonies wrestling with the aftermath of slavery. Focusing on Jamaica, Guyana, and Barbados in the nineteenth century through the violent labor protests that swept the region in the 1930s, the book takes a comparative approach in analyzing the acrimonious social, political, and cultural struggles among former slaves and masters attempting to determine the course of their societies after emancipation. Concerns about the health and size of populations were widespread throughout the colonial world in the context of an emergent black middle class, rapidly increasing immigration to the Caribbean, and new attitudes toward medicine and society. Invested in the success of the “great experiment” of slave emancipation, colonial officials developed new social welfare and health policies. While hemispheric and diasporic trends influenced the nature of these policies, the book shows that the actions of the physicians, philanthropists, midwives, and impoverished mothers who were the targets of the policies were central to shaping and implementing efforts to ensure the health and reproduction of Caribbean populations on the eve of independence after World War II.
Mass-specific optical absorption coefficients and imaginary part of the complex refractive indices of mineral dust components measured by a multi-wavelength photoacoustic spectrometer
Authors: Utry N. , Ajtai T. , Pintér M. , Tombácz E. , Illés E. , Bozóki Z. , Szabó G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Mass-specific optical absorption coefficients (MACs) and the imaginary part (κ) of the refractive indices of various mineral dust components including silicate clays (illite, kaolin and bentonite), oxides (quartz, hematite and rutile), and carbonate (limestone) were determined at the wavelengths of 1064, 532, 355 and 266 nm. The MAC values were calculated from aerosol optical absorption coefficients measured by a multi-wavelength photoacoustic (PA) instrument, the mass concentration and the number size distribution of the generated aerosol samples as well as the size transfer functions of the measuring instruments. Values of κ were calculated from the measured and particle-loss-corrected data by using a Mie-theory-based retrieval algorithm. The determined values could be used for comparisons with calculated wavelength-dependent κ values typically deduced from bulk-phase measurements by using indirect measurement methods. Accordingly, the presented comparison of the measured and calculated aerosol optical absorption spectra revealed the strong need for standardized sample preparation and measurement methodology in case of bulk-phase measurements.
Wet-season spatial variability of N2O emissions from a tea field in subtropical central China
Authors: Fu X. , Liu X. , Li Y. , Shen J. , Wang Y. , Zou G. , Li H. , Song L. , Wu J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Tea fields emit large amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Obtaining accurate estimations of N2O emissions from tea-planted soils is challenging due to strong spatial variability. We examined the spatial variability of N2O emissions from a red-soil tea field in Hunan province, China, on 22 April 2012 (in a wet season) using 147 static mini chambers approximately regular gridded in a 4.0 ha tea field. The N2O fluxes for a 30 min snapshot (10–10.30 a.m.) ranged from −1.73 to 1659.11 g N ha−1 d−1 and were positively skewed with an average flux of 102.24 g N ha−1 d−1. The N2O flux data were transformed to a normal distribution by using a logit function. The geostatistical analyses of our data indicated that the logit-transformed N2O fluxes (FLUX30t) exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation, which was characterized by an exponential semivariogram model with an effective range of 25.2 m. As observed in the wet season, the logit-transformed soil ammonium-N (NH4Nt), soil nitrate-N (NO3Nt), soil organic carbon (SOCt), total soil nitrogen (TSNt) were all found to be significantly correlated with FLUX30t (r=0.57–0.71, p<0.001). Three spatial interpolation methods (ordinary kriging, regression kriging and cokriging) were applied to estimate the spatial distribution of N2O emissions over the study area. Cokriging with NH4Nt and NO3Nt as covariables (r= 0.74 and RMSE =1.18) outperformed ordinary kriging (r= 0.18 and RMSE =1.74), regression kriging with the sample position as a predictor (r= 0.49 and RMSE =1.55) and cokriging with SOCt as a covariable (r= 0.58 and RMSE =1.44). The predictions of the three kriging interpolation methods for the total N2O emissions of the 4.0 ha tea field ranged from 148.2 to 208.1 g N d−1, based on the 30 min snapshots obtained during the wet season. Our findings suggested that to accurately estimate the total N2O emissions over a region, the environmental variables (e.g., soil properties) and the current land use pattern (e.g., tea row transects in the present study) must be included in spatial interpolation. Additionally, compared with other kriging approaches, the cokriging prediction approach showed great advantages in being easily deployed, and more importantly providing accurate regional estimation of N2O emissions from tea-planted soils.
simpleGAMMA – a reduced model of secondary organic aerosol formation in the aqueous aerosol phase (aaSOA)
Authors: Woo J. L. , McNeill V. F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. There is increasing evidence that the uptake and aqueous processing of water-soluble volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by wet aerosols or cloud droplets is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We recently developed GAMMA (Gas–Aerosol Model for Mechanism Analysis), a zero-dimensional kinetic model that couples gas-phase and detailed aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry for speciated prediction of SOA and organosulfate formation in cloudwater or aqueous aerosols. Results from GAMMA simulations of SOA formation in aerosol water (McNeill et al., 2012) indicate that it is dominated by two pathways: isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) uptake followed by ring-opening chemistry (under low-NOx conditions) and glyoxal uptake. This suggested that it is possible to model the majority of aqueous aerosol phase SOA mass using a highly simplified reaction scheme. We have therefore developed a reduced version of GAMMA, simpleGAMMA. Close agreement in predicted aaSOA mass is observed between simpleGAMMA and GAMMA under all conditions tested (between pH 1–4 and RH 40–80%) after 12 h of simulation. simpleGAMMA is computationally efficient and suitable for coupling with larger-scale atmospheric chemistry models.
Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations
Authors: Camacho V. V. , Saraiva Okello A. M. L , Wenninger J. W. , Uhlenbrook S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid-temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine if isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two and three component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap Catchment in South Africa were quantified using both, isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions between 64 and 98% of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41% of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component, contributed up to 45% of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84% of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment which trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.
Modelling the transfer of supraglacial meltwater to the bed of Leverett Glacier, Southwest Greenland
Authors: Clason C. C. , Mair D. W. F. , Nienow P. W. , Bartholomew I. D. , Sole A. , Palmer S. , Schwanghart W.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Meltwater delivered to the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet is a driver of variable ice-motion through changes in effective pressure and enhanced basal lubrication. Ice surface velocities have been shown to respond rapidly both to meltwater production at the surface and to drainage of supraglacial lakes, suggesting efficient transfer of meltwater from the supraglacial to subglacial hydrological systems. Although considerable effort is currently being directed towards improved modelling of the controlling surface and basal processes, modelling the temporal and spatial evolution of the transfer of melt to the bed has received less attention. Here we present the results of spatially distributed modelling for prediction of moulins and lake drainages on the Leverett Glacier in Southwest Greenland. The model is run for the 2009 and 2010 ablation seasons, and for future increased melt scenarios. The temporal pattern of modelled lake drainages are qualitatively comparable with those documented from analyses of repeat satellite imagery. The modelled timings and locations of delivery of meltwater to the bed also match well with observed temporal and spatial patterns of ice surface speed-ups. This is particularly true for the lower catchment (<1000 m a.s.l.) where both the model and observations indicate that the development of moulins is the main mechanism for the transfer of surface meltwater to the bed. At higher elevations (e.g. 1250–1500 m a.s.l.) the development and drainage of supraglacial lakes becomes increasingly important. At these higher elevations, the delay between modelled melt generation and subsequent delivery of melt to the bed matches the observed delay between the peak air temperatures and subsequent velocity speed-ups, while the instantaneous transfer of melt to the bed in a control simulation does not. Although both moulins and lake drainages are predicted to increase in number for future warmer climate scenarios, the lake drainages play an increasingly important role in both expanding the area over which melt accesses the bed and in enabling a greater proportion of surface melt to reach the bed.
Still Like That Old Time Rock and Roll: Tribute Bands and Historical Consciousness in Popular Music
Authors: Meyers John Paul
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper integrates ethnographic description of several tribute band performances and a critical reading of popular music discourse in order to explain historical consciousness and examine the role that tribute bands are playing in its development. Tribute bands both construct and partake in this new attitude that treats the events of the popular music past with historical respect and legitimacy. Focusing on rock music as a case study, this paper provides an example of how events from the past can be re-made and re-configured into “history.”
Challenges Posed to Pathologists in the Detection of KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Dudley Jonathan , Tseng Li-Hui , Rooper Lisa , Harris Marco , Haley Lisa , Chen Guoli , Gocke Christopher D. , Eshleman James R. , Lin Ming-Tseh
Published: January 2015

Context

Detection of KRAS mutation is mandatory to predict response to anti–epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancers.

Objective

To demonstrate challenges posed to pathologists in the clinical detection of KRAS mutations in colorectal cancers.

Design

In this retrospective analysis for quality assessment of the pyrosequencing assay, we survey the characteristics of 463 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neoplastic tissues submitted for KRAS mutation detection during a 26-month period.

Results

The KRAS mutation was detected in 39.2% of tumors. This included 2 tumors with complex pyrograms (GGT>GAG at codon 12 and GGC>GTT at codon 13, as resolved by a Pyromaker software program) and 3 tumors with an indeterminate percentage of mutant alleles (defined as 4% to 5% and confirmed by a next-generation sequencing platform). Among the 25 specimens (5.5%) with fewer than 20% tumor cells, 22 were resected after chemotherapy/radiation. Significant depletion of tumor cells was observed in rectal cancers resected after neoadjuvant therapy (31.0%) versus those without previous treatment (0%) (P = .01). We also explore other specimens with low tumor cellularity and potential causes of discrepancy between the estimated tumor cell percentage and detected mutant allele frequency, such as intratumor heterogeneity of KRAS mutation.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant therapy may deplete tumor cells and confound the molecular diagnosis of KRAS mutations. Accurate detection of specimens with poor tumor cellularity requires the appropriate selection of neoplastic tissues, evaluation of tumor cellularity, use of assays with high sensitivity, and prospective quality assessment.
Análise comparativa de dois produtos de higienização de próteses totais na remoção do biofilme
Authors: Marcos Regina Maria Helen Cot , Mazur Rui Fernando , Ulbrich Nerildo Luiz , Bindo Márcio José Fraxino , Franco Ana Paula Gebert de Oliveira
Published: January 2015

Introdução: A higiene das próteses totais é importante na prevenção de doenças cardíacas e pulmonares em pacientes idosos. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia dos métodos de higienização para próteses totais. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes portadores de próteses totais superiores. As próteses foram coradas com fucsina básica e, posteriormente, divididas em dois grupos de acordo com as soluções de higiene: grupo 1 – Corega Tabs® (CT); grupo 2 – hipoclorito de sódio (HS) 2,5%. No grupo 1, as próteses foram submersas em 250 mL de água destilada + 1 pastilha de Corega Tabs, no Grupo 2, em 250 mL de água destilada + 10 mL de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% por 5 minutos. Após a imersão, foi escovada a porção interna das próteses por um minuto. As bases internas das próteses foram coradas e fotografadas. Em seguida, realizaram-se imersão e imersão + escovação, e então, foi avaliada a quantidade de placa bacteriana pelo método da contagem de pontos. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes t de Student, ANOVA e múltiplas comparações de Tukey HSD. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a quantidade de placa bacteriana inicial e após imersão + escovação para ambos os grupos (CT, 40,12 ± 22,44 e 10,92 ± 11,39; HS, 40,64 ± 24,12 e 13,06 ± 11,08; p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos 1 e 2 para nenhuma condição teste (inicial, imersão e imersão + escovação) (p > 0,05). Conclusão: CT e HS não apresentaram diferenças para eficiência na remoção de placa bacteriana. O método de imersão + escovação mostrou-se o mais eficaz na remoção de placa bacteriana em próteses totais superiores.
Clinical evaluation of oral lesions associated with dermatologic diseases
Authors: Kaur Bhawandeep , Sheikh Soheyl
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Dermatologic diseases are not only represented by lesions affecting the skin but also by manifestations that may involve the mucous membranes, including oral mucosa. Objectives: To assess the frequency of oral manifestations associated with dermatologic diseases considering the location and clinical characteristics of the lesions found and also gender and age of the patients. Materials and Methods: It was an observational, cross-sectional study of patients who sought for treatment in the Dermatology Department of M. M. College of Medical Sciences & Research, Haryana (n=88). Results: The age of the patients varied from 5 to 88 and there was predominance of female patients. Of the cases studied, 35% were diagnosed as lichen planus, 11% as lupus erythematosus, 13% as erythema multiforme, 30% as pemphigus vulgaris and 11% as of pemphigoid group. Oral manifestations were more common among patients suffering from lichen planus (51%) and pemphigus vulgaris (23%). The most common clinical presentation found was reticular lichen planus located most predominantly in the buccal mucosa. Conclusions: It is essential for the dentists to know these pathologies so that they should be able to diagnose them at an early stage of the disease and direct the patients to get adequate treatment. Furthermore, intra-oral examination should be included as a routine practice in dermatological services.
Acompanhamento e supervisão
Authors: Oliveira Gracinda Maria D’Almeida , Fischer Marta Luciane , Malheiro Adriana , Feijó Anamaria Gonçalves Santos , Molinaro Etelcia , Casais-e-Silva Luciana Lyra , Peters Vera , Gimpel Jessica , Molinari Renata Bicudo , Quintana Lilian Gauto
Published: January 2015

O workshop Sucessos e Vicissitudes dos CEUAs reuniu em novembro de 2013 representantes de todas as regiões brasileiras com o intuito de discutir os avanços alcançados na implementação e consolidação de seus comitês, bem como novos desafios que devem ser superados para o aprimoramento dessa instituição que visa zelar pela conduta ética na utilização de animais para finalidade científica e acadêmica. Um dos assuntos que mais causa apreensão das comissões atualmente é a determinação legal de fiscalizar os projetos. Com o propósito de trocar experiências e discutir caminhos a serem seguidos, os representantes das CEUAs presentes responderam a um questionário para subsidiar as discussões. O resultado demostrou que depois de instituída a Lei n. 11.794 pelo CONCEA a pesquisa com animais ganhou mais transparência, porém, ainda são necessárias mais normas para nortear a fiscalização e a utilização humanitária dos animais em pesquisas.
Visibilidades da adoção: interrogando estratégias e práticas sociais
Authors: Rodrigues Luciana , Hennigen Inês
Published: January 2015

Este trabalho propõe visibilizar aspectos históricos e movimentos recentes da política de adoção de nosso país a partir de articulações tecidas em uma pesquisa que, por meio de referenciais teórico-metodológicos relacionados aos estudos foucaultianos e ao campo do jornalismo, buscou problematizar o direito à convivência familiar e comunitária de crianças e adolescentes. Tecemos nossas discussões trazendo, pontualmente, algumas cenas da edição do programa Profissão Repórter, que colocou em pauta essa temática após a Nova Lei de Adoção ter completado um ano, e problematizamos a proposição de um Projeto de Lei (em tramitação na Câmara) que visa incentivar a prática da adoção de determinadas crianças e adolescentes a partir de um aumento na dedução do imposto de renda dos adotantes. Interrogamos que modos de pensar produzimos e que práticas sociais sobre a adoção desejamos promover ao atualizarmos a estratégia da adoção como “salvação” da garantia do referido direito e ao colocar um auxílio financeiro como respaldo à sua efetivação.
The Evolved Apprentice
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: January 2015

A new theory of the evolution of human cognition and human social life that emphasizes the role of information sharing across generations.

Over the last three million years or so, our lineage has diverged sharply from those of our great ape relatives. Change has been rapid (in evolutionary terms) and pervasive. Morphology, life history, social life, sexual behavior, and foraging patterns have all shifted sharply away from those of the other great apes. In The Evolved Apprentice, Kim Sterelny argues that the divergence stems from the fact that humans gradually came to enrich the learning environment of the next generation. Humans came to cooperate in sharing information, and to cooperate ecologically and reproductively as well, and these changes initiated positive feedback loops that drove us further from other great apes.

Sterelny develops a new theory of the evolution of human cognition and human social life that emphasizes the gradual evolution of information-sharing practices across generations and how these practices transformed human minds and social lives. Sterelny proposes that humans developed a new form of ecological interaction with their environment, cooperative foraging. The ability to cope with the immense variety of human ancestral environments and social forms, he argues, depended not just on adapted minds but also on adapted developmental environments.

Bradford Books imprint
Agreement and Its Failures
Authors: Preminger Omer
Published: January 2015

A novel proposal regarding predicate-argument agreement that combines detailed empirical investigation with rigorous theoretical discussion.

In this book, Omer Preminger investigates how the obligatory nature of predicate-argument agreement is enforced by the grammar. Preminger argues that an empirically adequate theory of predicate-argument agreement requires recourse to an operation, whose obligatoriness is a grammatical primitive not reducible to representational properties, but whose successful culmination is not enforced by the grammar.

Preminger's argument counters contemporary approaches that find the obligatoriness of predicate-argument agreement enforced through representational means. The most prominent of these is Chomsky's “interpretability”-based proposal, in which the obligatoriness of predicate-argument agreement is enforced through derivational time bombs. Preminger presents an empirical argument against contemporary approaches that seek to derive the obligatory nature of predicate-argument agreement exclusively from derivational time bombs. He offers instead an alternative account based on the notion of obligatory operations better suited to the facts. The crucial data involves utterances that inescapably involve attempted-but-failed agreement and are nonetheless fully grammatical. Preminger combines a detailed empirical investigation of agreement phenomena in the Kichean (Mayan) languages, Zulu (Bantu), Basque, Icelandic, and French with an extensive and rigorous theoretical exploration of the far-reaching consequences of these data. The result is a novel proposal that has profound implications for the formalism that the theory of grammar uses to derive obligatory processes and properties.
The Politics of Invisibility
Authors: Kuchinskaya Olga
Published: January 2015

Lessons from the massive Chernobyl nuclear accident about how we deal with modern hazards that are largely imperceptible.

Before Fukushima, the most notorious large-scale nuclear accident the world had seen was Chernobyl in 1986. The fallout from Chernobyl covered vast areas in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Europe. Belarus, at the time a Soviet republic, suffered heavily: nearly a quarter of its territory was covered with long-lasting radionuclides. Yet the damage from the massive fallout was largely imperceptible; contaminated communities looked exactly like noncontaminated ones. It could be known only through constructed representations of it. In The Politics of Invisibility, Olga Kuchinskaya explores how we know what we know about Chernobyl, describing how the consequences of a nuclear accident were made invisible. Her analysis sheds valuable light on how we deal with other modern hazards—toxins or global warming—that are largely imperceptible to the human senses.

Kuchinskaya describes the production of invisibility of Chernobyl's consequences in Belarus—practices that limit public attention to radiation and make its health effects impossible to observe. Just as mitigating radiological contamination requires infrastructural solutions, she argues, the production and propagation of invisibility also involves infrastructural efforts, from redefining the scope and nature of the accident's consequences to reshaping research and protection practices.

Kuchinskaya finds vast fluctuations in recognition, tracing varyingly successful efforts to conceal or reveal Chernobyl's consequences at different levels—among affected populations, scientists, government, media, and international organizations. The production of invisibility, she argues, is a function of power relations.
Unmaking the Bomb
Authors: Feiveson Harold A. , Glaser Alexander , Mian Zia , von Hippel Frank N.
Published: January 2015

A new approach to nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and the prevention of nuclear terrorism that focuses on controlling the production and stockpiling of nuclear materials.

Achieving nuclear disarmament, stopping nuclear proliferation, and preventing nuclear terrorism are among the most critical challenges facing the world today. Unmaking the Bomb proposes a new approach to reaching these long-held goals. Rather than considering them as separate issues, the authors—physicists and experts on nuclear security—argue that all three of these goals can be understood and realized together if we focus on the production, stockpiling, and disposal of plutonium and highly enriched uranium—the fissile materials that are the key ingredients used to make nuclear weapons.

The authors describe the history, production, national stockpiles, and current military and civilian uses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium, and propose policies aimed at reducing and eventually eliminating these fissile materials worldwide. These include an end to the production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons, an end to their use as reactor fuels, and the verified elimination of all national stockpiles.
Empirical Model Discovery and Theory Evaluation
Authors: Hendry David F. , Doornik Jurgen A.
Published: January 2015

A synthesis of the authors' groundbreaking econometric research on automatic model selection, which uses powerful computational algorithms and theory evaluation.

Economic models of empirical phenomena are developed for a variety of reasons, the most obvious of which is the numerical characterization of available evidence, in a suitably parsimonious form. Another is to test a theory, or evaluate it against the evidence; still another is to forecast future outcomes. Building such models involves a multitude of decisions, and the large number of features that need to be taken into account can overwhelm the researcher. Automatic model selection, which draws on recent advances in computation and search algorithms, can create, and then empirically investigate, a vastly wider range of possibilities than even the greatest expert. In this book, leading econometricians David Hendry and Jurgen Doornik report on their several decades of innovative research on automatic model selection.

After introducing the principles of empirical model discovery and the role of model selection, Hendry and Doornik outline the stages of developing a viable model of a complicated evolving process. They discuss the discovery stages in detail, considering both the theory of model selection and the performance of several algorithms. They describe extensions to tackling outliers and multiple breaks, leading to the general case of more candidate variables than observations. Finally, they briefly consider selecting models specifically for forecasting.
Learning the specific quality of taste reinforcement in larval Drosophila
Authors: Schleyer Michael , Miura Daisuke , Tanimura Teiichi , Gerber Bertram
Published: January 2015

The only property of reinforcement insects are commonly thought to learn about is its value. We show that larval Drosophila not only remember the value of reinforcement (How much?), but also its quality (What?). This is demonstrated both within the appetitive domain by using sugar vs amino acid as different reward qualities, and within the aversive domain by using bitter vs high-concentration salt as different qualities of punishment. From the available literature, such nuanced memories for the quality of reinforcement are unexpected and pose a challenge to present models of how insect memory is organized. Given that animals as simple as larval Drosophila, endowed with but 10,000 neurons, operate with both reinforcement value and quality, we suggest that both are fundamental aspects of mnemonic processing—in any brain.