bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Servicios Sociales y vulnerabilidad frente a la pandemia
Authors: Eguía Careaga Fundación
Published: May 2022

Durante sus casi cincuenta años de existencia, uno de los principales objetivos de la Fundación Eguía Careaga ha sido contribuir a la mejora de las políticas públicas orientadas a los colectivos más vulnerables de la sociedad. La discapacidad, el envejecimiento, la dependencia, la desprotección infantil, la desigualdad, las adicciones, la pobreza, la marginación... son algunos de los problemas y fenómenos sociales en los que se ha centrado durante estos años el trabajo de investigación, información, divulgación y análisis que la Fundación ha realizado a través del SIIS. Durante todos estos años, nuestra sociedad se ha enfrentado a muchas y muy diversas situaciones de crisis: económicas y políticas, en su mayoría, pero también medioambientales, demográficas o sanitarias. Ninguna ha tenido, sin embargo, las características de la crisis sociosanitaria y socioeconómica que desde hace ya dos años sufrimos en todo el planeta a causa de la covid. Aunque pueda pensarse que hemos dejado atrás las fases más agudas de esta crisis, no cabe duda de que sus consecuencias han sido y están siendo especialmente duras para los colectivos más vulnerables, aquellos que ya antes de la pandemia tenían más carencias y dificultades para su integración social. Las consecuencias de la crisis también han sido y están siendo extremadamente duras para los profesionales que trabajan en los servicios sociales, sanitarios y educativos. En ese contexto, el Patronato de la Fundación Eguía Careaga ha querido contribuir mediante este libro a la reflexión sobre los retos y los desafíos a los que las políticas sociales se han de enfrentar para dar respuesta a las necesidades de esos colectivos vulnerables, y del conjunto de la ciudadanía, especialmente en el ámbito de los servicios sociales, la educación y el empleo.
A atuação da iniciativa privada do turismo brasileiro, no âmbito do Mercosul, nas perspectivas da diplomacia e da cooperação técnica internacional
Authors: Tomazzoni Edegar Luis , De Sena Abrahão Cinthia Maria , Santos Lumertz Juliane
Published: May 2022

ResumoO objetivo do estudo: O objetivo do artigo é analisar o entendimento dos atores da iniciativa privada do turismo brasileiro sobre a inserção e a promoção do Brasil no mercado turístico internacional, especialmente, do Mercosul, considerando os quadros conjunturais de 2016 e 2021, com base nas perspectivas da diplomacia e da cooperação técnica internacional.Metodologia/abordagem: Os procedimentos da pesquisa abrangeram coleta de dados em fontes secundárias e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de entidades privadas representativas do turismo brasileiro (ABEAR, ABRACORP, FOHB e CNTUR). As entrevistas foram realizadas em dois períodos, no ano de 2016 e no ano de 2021.Originalidade/Relevância: Apesar de sua expressividade econômica, social e cultural, no campo das relações internacionais e do Mercosul, as atuações e as visões dos atores privados, ou corporativos, do turismo brasileiro, ainda não são suficientemente reconhecidas no campo da pesquisa acadêmica. Principais resultados: Confirma-se a importância da atuação das entidades empresariais do turismo brasileiro, mas verificam-se limitações na sua atuação, tanto no que se refere a realizações de acordos cooperativos quanto nas parcerias público-privadas, mesmo nas relações com a Argentina, o maior emissor de turistas estrangeiros ao país, antes da pandemia de Covid-19. Adicionalmente, frente ao cenário da crise pandêmica, observou-se a preocupação dos atores em relação à conjuntura adversa, que impacta, sobremaneira, as atividades turísticas, sobretudo, as internacionais, mas, também, em relação à ausência de coordenação central por parte do governo brasileiro, o que aponta para um cenário ainda mais difícil de recuperação dos fluxos de turistas e de investidores.Contribuições teórico-metodológicas: Fundamentado nas revisões conceituais de diplomacia corporativa, paradiplomacia e cooperação técnica internacional, o artigo proporciona reflexões sobre os fatores que justificam a maior inserção e o reconhecimento da atuação e das visões dos gestores privados do turismo brasileiro, no âmbito internacional, especialmente, no Mercosul. Além de contribuir para a contextualização do turismo nas relações internacionais, o artigo proporciona subsídios para as políticas públicas e o desenvolvimento do setor, em âmbito regional.
Is a disability a hindrance of employment in tourism industry?
Authors: Akın Aliye , Akın Adnan , Çakan Serdar , İbrahim Karakan Halil
Published: May 2022

ResumoObjetivo do estudo: O objetivo do estudo realizado neste contexto é identificar os problemas decorrentes do emprego de pessoas com deficiência empregadas na indústria hoteleira e revelar os problemas decorrentes das situações de deficiência nas áreas de negócio na perspetiva do gestor.Metodologia/abordagem: A amostra desta pesquisa é um grupo de quatorze diferentes gestores de recursos humanos de hotéis de quatro e cinco estrelas na Turquia. Durante as entrevistas com o grupo amostral entre 5 de janeiro e 10 de março de 2021, os pesquisadores utilizaram uma questão semiestruturada e diversos dados foram obtidos. Para dar sentido aos dados obtidos e chegar aos achados da pesquisa, foram feitas análises fenomenológicas e descritivas e obtidos os resultados.Originalidade/Relevância: As pessoas, com deficiência têm algumas limitações na vida profissional, bem como em todas as áreas da vida individual. Os estados promulgam várias leis para o emprego de pessoas com deficiência. Mas essas leis não são suficientes em termos de qualidade e quantidade. Nesse caso, pessoas com deficiência e empresas que empregam essas pessoas encontram problemas. Na literatura nacional e internacional, os estudos que descrevem os problemas enfrentados pelos gestores em relação ao emprego de pessoas com deficiência em hotéis são bastante limitados.Principais resultados: Determinou-se que os gestores de recursos humanos participantes enfrentavam problemas como lentidão no trabalho, baixa motivação e adaptação, falta de disciplina, baixa qualidade do serviço, conflito de funcionários e ineficiência. Estes problemas constituem um grande obstáculo ao emprego de pessoas com deficiência no setor do turismo.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Contribuições teórico-metodológicas: O estudo contribui para revelar as deficiências das legislações e práticas vigentes no emprego de pessoas com deficiência.
KAJIAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI, TRANSPARANSI DAN AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN DANA OTONOMI KHUSUS PAPUA BERDASARKAN TIPOLOGI WILAYAH
Authors: Iek Mesak
Published: May 2022

Objective of the Study is to identify planning and financial management problem which are sourced from Papua's Special Autonomy Fund for education and health services in mountainous areas, difficult access areas and easy access areas. The approach used in this study is a case study which is one of the qualitative research approaches using inductive logic process. The scope of the study area is divided into three regions, namely easy access plains, coastal lowlands and difficult access, and mountains. Samples were taken according to the typology of district areas, namely: (a) the mountainous region : Jayawijaya, Tolikara, and Mountains, (b) difficult  access of coastal areas: Asmat regency, Yapen Islands, Keerom, (c) easy access plains areas : District Supiori, Merauke and Jayapura. Furthermore, 1 district and 2 villages were taken from each district. The samples were taken from each district in accordance with the studies that may represent the locus of social organization, executives and legislative those are SKPD and hospitals. While for the sample of villages/urban population were taken representatively from elementary school, junior high school and Health Center. And for the study of individual locus that represent the population are teachers, doctors, health workers, traditional leaders, religious leaders, and households are all Papuans so that the sample in this study amounted to 598 people. In this case, statistical descriptive analysis tool is used. This study found that the Management which is not optimal in 3 areas are Reporting and Internal Control. Activities funded by the special autonomy fund did not inform freely to the public. During this time the local government did not involve teachers, medical personnel and Papua native communities to do the planning, implementation and monitoring of spending special autonomy funds. During these activities are carried out by SKPD which is financed by the special autonomy funds are not openly communicated to all those in need: easy access areas, difficult access areas, and mountainous areas. At the planning stage, programs and activities funded by Autonomy funds are not transparent. The only real activity that is known by society is Respek (villages’ strategic planning development). Many activities where the source of activity and funds are still unknown by teachers, medical personnel, and the public. According to the society (sample), the management of special autonomy funds is not accountable. The local government is necessary to disseminate the activities that use special autonomy funds, as well as formal and informal information to the public about the activities that used special autonomy funds. All stakeholders need to be involved to participate in the management system of special autonomy fund. Musrembang format that has been carried out needs to be done properly.Keyword : Participation, Transparency, Accountability, Special Autonomy Funds
ANTROPOLOGI EKONOMI : MASYARAKAT MEYBRAT DI KEPALA BURUNG PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Kambu Arius A.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study is to explain in depth and thorough about the value of kinship and consumptive pattern that gives a clear impact on the pattern of the business establishment of Meybrat people. The sample access is all kinds of Meybrat people’s business. This study used a qualitative analysis of a single case study approach. The results of this study found that (1) the business of  Meybrat people is still at the stage of looking for shapes (innovation , triggering) where the personal character (personal values, education, experience, risk taking, internal control) are still weak in shaping the behavior of Meybrat people’s business; (2) business groups (micro, small and medium enterprises) are more successful and grow well on an individual level than on groups; (3) Factors of kinship consumptive pattern systems and communities include: payment of dowry, families and relatives’ education costs which is still a strong influence in shaping the conduct of business of  Meybrat people.Keywords: Kinship, Consumer Pattern, Productive Economy
Pengaruh Alokasi Anggaran Pemerintah Terhadap Aktivitas Pemberdayaan Perempuan Di Kota Jayapura
Authors: Normayunita Normayunita , Mollet Julius Ary , Bonay Antonia Klara
Published: May 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berapa banyak alokasi anggaran yang tersalurkan ke kaum perempuan dari program-program kegiatan yang dibuat oleh Badan Pemberdayaan Perempuan yang ada di Kota Jayapura. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kasus dengan mengkombinasikan bebagai cara dalam pengambilan data untuk membahas topik diatas secara deskriptif kualitatif, dengan analisis data menggunakan analisis SWOT yaitu metode perencanaan strategis yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kekuatan (strengths), kelemahan (weaknesses), peluang (opportunities), dan ancaman (threats) dalam suatu obyek penelitian. Kata Kunci: Alokasi Anggaran, Aktivitas, Pemberdayaan Perempuan
Analisis Pengaruh Luas Lahan, Tenaga Kerja, Bibit, Pakan Dan Pupuk Terhadap Produksi Ikan Nila Di Kelurahan Koya Timur Distrik Muara Tami
Authors: Turua Fahry Z. , Subyantoro Kuwat , Ratang Sarlota Arrang
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi ikan nila di Kelurahan Koya Timur Distrik Muara Tami.Dengan menggunakan beberapa teori produksi, maka variabelyang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah luas lahan, tenaga kerja, bibit, pakan, dan pupuk.Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer diperoleh dari petani ikan melalui wawancara langsung dengan menggunakan daftar pertanyaan yang telah dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua tahap metode penentuan sampel, yaitu judgement (purposive) sampling, dan quota sampling.Besarnya faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat produksi ikan nila dianalisis dengan analisis regresi berganda dengan model fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel luas lahan, tenaga kerja, bibit, dan pupuk berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produksi ikan nila, sedangkan variabel pakan berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap produksi ikan nila di Kelurahan Koya Timur. Elastisitas luas lahan, tenaga kerja, bibit, dan pupuk, penggunaan pakan bersifat tidak elastis (in elastis)Kata Kunci : Faktor Produksi, Produksi, Elastisitas Produksi
Pengembangan Pertanian Padi Sawah Masyarakat Suku Marind Di Kabupaten Merauke
Authors: Mollet Julius Ary
Published: May 2022

Kajian ini merupakan hasil laporan penelitian yang didanai oleh Penelitain Prioritas Nasional MP3EI Tahun 2015 Tahap ke II. Tujuan penelitian : 1) untuk mengkaji  pola pengelolaan tanaman padi suku Marind, 2) menganalisa tingkat keuntungan produksi tanaman padi masyarakat Marind. Dengan menggunakan simple random sampling, total  responden sebanyak 168 orang yang tersebar  di tiga distirik (Kurik, Semanggi dan Tanah Miring). Pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitan memperlihatkan bahwa terjadi perubahan sistem pertanian suku Marid dari subsisten ke mekanisasi pertanian, serta masyarkat Marind mampu mengembangkan tanaman padi. Selanjuntya hasil analisa BEP, memperlihatkan masyarakat Maridn masih memperopleh keuntungan dalam memproduksi padi.Kata Kunci : Pengembangan Pertanian, Tanaman Padi, Suku Marind
Analisis Produktivitas Komoditi Kelapa Kabupaten Sarmi
Authors: Ngutra Risky Novan , Kakisina Charlota Stella
Published: May 2022

Tanaman Kelapa (Coco nucifera L) merupakan salah satu tanaman asli Indonesia yang sangat potensial sebagai komoditas perdagangan baik dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Masyarakat pada umumnya, sudah sejak lama mengenal tanaman kelapa sebagai tanaman multifungsi yang dapat dimanfaatkan hampir semua bagiannya. Kabupaten Sarmi termasuk kabupaten penghasil kelapa terbesar di Provinsi Papua dengan luas wilayah tanam produksi kelapa terbesar di Papua. Selain itu, jika dilihat dari jenis tanaman perkebunan, komoditas kelapa di Kabupaten Sarmi termasuk komoditas unggulan. Penelitian ini menganisis“Bagaimana pengembangan produktivitas komoditi kelapa kabupaten Sarmi; serta bagaimana arah kebijakan pengembangan komoditas kelapa untuk memfasilitasi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kabupaten Sarmi. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa penerimaan dari usaha tani kelapa secara monokultur jika dihitung berdasarkan harga yang berlaku dengan luas lahan yang dimiliki/dikelola, diperoleh penerimaan sebesar Rp 2.700.000/ha/tahun sampai dengan Rp. 3.100.000/ha/tahun atau Rp.225.000/ha/bulan sampai dengan 258.000/ha/bulan. Sedangkan penerimaan yang diterima oleh petani kelapa di kabupaten setelah di hitung menghasilkan penerimaan adalah dengan usahatani kopra sebesar Rp. 36,971,650,000,-, dengan usahatani buah kelapa sebesar Rp 22,182,350,000.- dan usahatani minyak kelapa sebesar Rp 9,981,470,000,-. Sedangkan arah kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan nilai kelapa untuk mendukung perekonomian petani perlu dilakukan pengembangan komoditas kelapa yang diarahkan pada peningkatan produktivitas melalui penggunaan bibit unggul dan pengelolaan usaha tani yang efisien, pengembangan produk kelapa yang bernilai ekonomi dengan mutu yang sesuai  permintaan pasar, pemberdayaan kelompok tani atau gapoktan yang bermitra dengan industri kelapa/eksportir, bantuan teknis pembinaan dan pembiayaan bagi gapoktan dari instansi terkait yang terprogram dan berkelanjutan.Kata Kunci: Produktivitas, Komoditi Kelapa, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Kebijakan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Perumahan Dan Kawasan Permukiman (PKP) Di Provinsi Papua
Authors: Aminah Siti
Published: May 2022

Peraturan Pemerintah No. 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Urusan Pemerintah telah menegaskan bahwa Bidang Perumahan telah didesentralisasikan. Pemerintah Daerah wajib memberikan kemudahan pembangunan dan perolehan rumah khususnya bagi masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah (MBR) di wilayahnya. Melalui Dokumen Perencanaan Pembangunan PKP Tahun 2011, Pemerintah Provinsi Papua berkomitmen untuk mengatasi permasalahan di bidang perumahan di Provinsi Papua dalam mewujudkan perumahan dan kawasan permukiman yang layak huni, terjangkau, aman dan berwawasan lingkungan. Kompleksitas urusan perumahan khususnya di Provinsi Papua menjadi tantangan dalam upaya implementasi. Dengan komitmen yang terpadu antar berbagai instansi (SKPD yang memiliki tugas dan fungsi pembangunan PKP) dan didukung harmonitas kerja dengan stakeholders terkait, diyakini program ini dapat mencapai tujuannya.Kata Kunci : Desentralisasi Perumahan, Program PKP, Pemerintah Daerah.
Analisis Penerimaan Retribusi Pelayanan Parkir Di Tepi Jalan Umum Berdasarkan Perda Kota Jayapura Nomor 14 Tahun 2007
Authors: Saragi Rosari Uli Artha , Siahainenia Joddy E. H. , Indahyani Rachmaeny
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana jumlah lahan parkir, jumlah kendaraan dan PDRB berpengaruh terhadap penerimaan RPPTJU, perkembangan penerimaan RPPTJU sebelum dan sesudah Perda No.14 tahun 2007 dan kontribusinya terhadap retribusi daerah. Objek yang diteliti adalah realisasi penerimaan RPPTJU, jumlah lahan parkir, jumlah kendaraan dan PDRB. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi berganda, t-test dan kontribusi . Hasil analisis ini menunjukkan secara deskriptif kuantitatif ,lahan parkir dan kendaraan mempunyai pengaruh yang tidak signifikan dan PDRB sama sekali tidak berpengaruh, sedangkan Perkembangan sebelum dan sesudah Perda No.14 tahun 2007, secara umum dikatakan baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan perkembangan realisasi RPPTJU  sesudah berlakunya Perda, penerimaan RPPTJU meningkat dari 19,33 menjadi 20,5. Dan kontribusinya terhadap retribusi daerah  pada tahun 2008 sebesar 5,59%  selanjutnya terus mengalami penurunan sampai  tahun 2011 menjadi 2,87%, pada tahun 2012 sempat mengalami kenaikan menjadi 4,45% dan kembali menurun pada tahun 2013 menjadi 3,75%.Kata Kunci: RPPTJU ,Jumlah Lahan Parkir, Jumlah Kendaraan, PDRB
Analisis Flypaper Effect Pada Pemerintah Daerah Di Provinsi Papua
Authors: Marbun Robert M. WST. , Riani Ida Ayu Purba , Bisai Charley M.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of General Allocation Fund Transfer (DAU) and Local Income (PAD) to local government expenditure (BD) in Papua Province. To determine and analyze how flypaper effect happen to the local government expenditure in Papua Province. This research using panel data in the 26 (twenty six) out of 29 local government in Papua Province in the year of 2010-2013 period. The data gathered from the Regency Expenditure Realization Report on the Fund report of local government that already get into final audit from BPK RI and submitted to the DJPK Ministry of Finance of The Republic of Indonesia and Papua in Figures that published by Central Bureau Of Statistics. This research results show that PAD and DAU at the same time positively affect the local government expenditure (BD) in Papua Province; but only DAU coefficient affects significantly and having a positive relation to the regency expenditure, while PAD statisticaly not significant to the local government expenditure in Papua Province. Coefficient value of DAU is higher than the PAD even though only the DAU is signifficant, this thing shows flypaper effect has detected happen on the local government expenditure in Papua Province.Keywords: Flypaper Effect, General Allocation Fund, DAU, PAD.
Pushing the Boundaries of System Safety
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

The 35th Annual ISSC was held August 21-25, 2017 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This year’s theme was intended not only to redefine how system safety is applied in different domains, but to also reach into our past for lessons learned and go beyond our present thinking as we confront new challenges. It was intended to push the boundaries of the system of safety, as well as how we think about the safety of systems.

Highlights of the 35th International System Safety Conference
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Chelani Ashoka , Olayinka Fasusi
Published: May 2022

“Safer than Safe Enough” – Australia leads the way?

The technical paper in the International System Safety Society’s (ISSS) Journal of System Safety Winter 2017 issue on “How Safe is Safe Enough? Acceptable Safety Criteria from an Engineering and Legal Perspective” by Martin Chizek is an interesting read, especially for Australian readers. This letter briefly talks about how Australian Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) legislation provides a framework for “Safer than Safe Enough” from a different engineering and legislative perspective.

Generating Sustainable Income for ISSS

I carefully read the points raised by Charles Hoes in his “TBD” column published on pages 6 and 7 of the Spring 2016 issue of Journal of System Safety. He raised some important issues concerning the future of the International System Safety Society (ISSS) and shared other thoughts regarding funding, vision and the relevance of the Society.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

My main focus during the Conference was on making sure that the Virtual Chapter’s suggestions for four Society initiatives received a fair hearing to determine whether to go forward with the ideas. The Executive Council and the people who attended our presentations were overwhelmingly in agreement that we brought good and valuable ideas that should be implemented by the International System Safety Society (ISSS) as a whole, rather than as independent actions of our small chapter. These four initiatives are:

1. Create a “motherhood” standard that describes the key goals and elements of a system safety program as understood and promoted by members of the ISSS.

2. Assist university engineering departments with integrating system safety concepts into their existing classes and curricula, starting with Arizona State University but expanding to other colleges and universities in the future.

3. Work to create system safety courses for system safety engineers that reflect the goals and elements of the “motherhood” standard developed in the first initiative.

4. Create a means of certifying system safety engineers as having the experience and expertise necessary to be fully qualified system safety engineers.
Safety by Design
Authors: Enschede Mohammad
Published: May 2022

I have been teaching design engineers for many years, seeing them trying to achieve the best for their customers given the available resources. Despite the constraints, they often enjoy a freedom of choices in the early design. This is because problems often can be solved in a variety of ways, and early choices are more easily made. These choices often remain, perhaps for the full project lifecycle and sometimes with the next generation of the product. If these early decisions are not proper, there are extra costs subsequently imposed on the project. Figure 1 highlights the increasing costs for mitigations as the project advances. In other words, designers often enjoy exploring design choices in early design phases, and they have the most influence on the design of products or systems, as well as their safety.
President's Message
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

Recently, I was working on an electrical safety issue and came upon an interesting article [Ref 1]. The author describes some research performed from 1936 to 1939 by Baron Whitaker, an electrical engineer at Underwriters Laboratories. Whitaker performed experiments on humans and animals to characterize the injuries that result from electric shock and determine the equipment properties that are needed for safety. The author asserts that this research still stands today and laments that “we don’t do much research anymore,” but instead develop standards based on the “Bunch Of Guys Sitting Around Talking” (BOGSAT) process.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

I have received some remarks from readers on the great diversity of opinion expressed in some the articles in Journal of System Safety. We encourage the freedom of expression (within reason) and look for a variety of authors for the Journal in the hope that this will stimulate discussion and progress in the field of system safety engineering. It should be noted, however, that the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the International System Safety Society as is seen in the editorial disclaimer on page one.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

Outside our professional fraternity of system safety practitioners, I am amazed at the “hocus-pocus” image of what system safety is. In lay terms, system safety needs to be explained as a learning process to identify unrecognized hazards at time of design.
System Safety In The News
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

FDA Shuts Down Program that Allowed Medical Device Makers to Hide Reports of Malfunctions

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently announced that it is ending a decadeslong program that allowed medical device manufacturers to conceal from the public millions of reports of malfunctions and harm linked to their products.
Harnessing Uncertainty in Autonomous Vehicle Safety
Authors: Thomas Stephen , Vandenberg Dirk
Published: May 2022

Safely developing self-driving vehicles presents technical challenges. Among the key technical challenges are how to confidently demonstrate the safety of a self-driving vehicle when the number of permutations of operating conditions, scenarios, system inputs, etc. are complex, uncertain and potentially limitless. This paper provides a broad survey of the various types of uncertainty in the development of self-driving vehicles and outlines several possible strategies for handling uncertainty. Advantages and challenges of different approaches, including qualitative and quantitative methods, are also discussed.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

I read a good number of scientific and technical journals, and almost every issue includes at least one article on some aspect of artificial intelligence (AI). The topics are usually about a new application, such as unmanned fighter jets, but quite often these articles touch upon the potential risks of these systems.

And, a letter to the editor by Rick Clarke points out that a JSS article by Nancy Leveson in our last issue (Vol. 55, No. 2), “Improving the Standard Risk Matrix using STPA,” may not be fully connected to the background of system safety.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev , Escano Maria
Published: May 2022

Unsafe work practices can happen in many ways. The following lengthy list includes examples of potential causes:

Excessive work for clinicians

Too many unnecessary reports and requirements

Over-dependence on technology

Conflict between the need for professional autonomy and establishing the dynamically changing best processes

Care delivery “silos” resulting from lack of interdepartmental teamwork

Constant distractions and interruptions

Too many policies and procedures, leading to a tendency to follow marginally effective methods

Over-reliance on electronic medical tracking taking precedence over bedside discussions with patients

Inattention to detail

Lack of motivation to get, or resources for, a second opinion

Quick diagnosis based on past observations

Inadequate attention to medical equipment dangers

Insufficient effort in infection prevention

People pretending the negative would not happen to them

Hospitals looking for quick profit

Questionable alternate boards certifying physicians who may not be qualified

A lack of passion for work

Unfavorable workflows, such as labs located far from the emergency department

A lack of clarity of what is required to assure patient safety

Too much team consensus instead of challenging the quality of intervention
Artificial Intelligence (AI) - The Need for New Safety Standards and Methodologies
Authors: Jones Malcolm
Published: May 2022

There have been a series of challenges in developing appropriate safety standards and methodologies as technology evolves to ensure their safe implementation. These challenges, which fi rst arose at the dawn of the industrial revolution, will inevitably continue. New technologies will always forge ahead in a competitive marketplace; failure to do so will inevitably lead to organizational demise. However, these developments must be matched by a complement of research activity seeking to ensure that appropriate new safety standards and methodologies are put in place to maintain acceptable levels of risk. A new challenge now confronts us in the form of artifi cial intelligence (AI), where we stand at the frontiers of decision making in relation to what roles machines and humans should play in optimal decision making and how this will impact safety.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

Right now, we continue to observe the government response to a dangerous hazard — the COVID-19 virus. Every aspect of this matter is commented on by an array of self-proclaimed experts. This certainly is an interesting risk analysis and risk management problem. There has been much discussion in the International System Safety Society (ISSS) about model-based systems engineering (MBSE) for the last few years, and this tool would seem to be highly applicable to the COVID-19.
Sex, Health and Australia’s Artarmon Triangle
Authors: Boulais Denis
Published: May 2022

The Artarmon Triangle in Sydney, Australia is cornered by three large broadcast towers that, over the years, have emitted high levels of radiofrequency radiation. One study of the Artarmon Triangle suggests a link between the incidence of leukemia and proximity to the towers. Further, there is a widespread belief within the telecommunications industry that exposure to radiofrequency radiation may cause telecommunication equipment riggers to conceive more female offspring.

This study tests a hypothesis that telecommunications riggers who have worked on any of the three Artarmon Triangle towers would have an increased frequency of female offspring when compared to telecommunications riggers who have not worked in the Triangle.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

A few people pointed out that there were some events at our recent International System Safety Conference (ISSC) that included some excellent discussions that were not documented with slides or papers. This is often the case with panels and roundtables. There was concern that important principles were discussed and might be lost. It is now my understanding that, at least in one case, there will be an effort to create a paper to provide some documentation.
Tips and Lessons Learned for Conducting Safety Review Board Meetings
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: May 2022

At some point during a safety program’s lifecycle, presenting to an Independent Safety Review Board is likely. For the program representatives, including their safety lead, program manager, and supporting representatives (e.g., design engineers, software developers, test directors, etc.), this could be comparable to a full-scale audit on their program - and in some cases, it is! The fear that program representatives have with presenting to Safety Review Boards is the unknown. They may ask themselves:

What is going to be uncovered, or discovered?

Will they be able to provide sufficient responses to address questions and concerns and defend our safety assessments?

Will the Safety Review Board process delay the schedule?

Are they going to miss a test event milestone?

Will they make their Critical Design Review (CDR)?

Will they meet their certification process?

How much is this going to cost?

Why do they need to provide all of this Objective Quality Evidence (OQE)?

This paper provides tips and highlights what programs should do, and should not do, based on lessons learned to have successful Safety Review Board meetings. The end goal of any successful Safety Review Board meeting is to ensure the safety program processes and analytical artifacts are adequate and well-established to properly identify and assess safety risks for the personnel, equipment and environment that will be exposed to potential hazards during the system’s lifecycle.
Perancangan Virtual Simulator Sistem Pengendalian Level Berbasis Web Server untuk Praktikum Teknik Otomasi
Authors:   Departemen Teknik Instrumentasi, Fakultas Vokasi, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November, Pratama Penulis I Putu Eka Widya , Soehartanto Totok , Iman Ahmad Lazuardi
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan praktikum memiliki peran penting dalam pendidikan teknik, terlebih untuk pendidikan vokasi yang memiliki sistem pengajaran dengan rasio 60% praktek dan 40% teori. Pandemi COVID-19 saat ini, terdapat himbauan untuk menjaga jarak (Physical Distancing) serta mengakibatkan mahasiswa tidak dapat melakukan pengajaran dan praktikum secara langsung. Virtual Live Streaming Simulator memungkinkan praktikan untuk mengakses dan berinteraksi dengan alat praktikum melalui layanan live streaming. Pada penelitian ini plant yang digunakan adalah plant pengendalian level air dengan dua buah pompa. Virtual Live Streaming Simulator terdapat webcam yang akan terhubung kepada website menggunakan live streaming service. Web server digunakan untuk menghubungkan praktikan dengan alat pengendalian level secara virtual, sehingga praktikan dapat mengubah nilai setpoint, serta dapat memonitoring variabel proses melalui website. Tahap rancang bangun sistem ini dibagi dua yaitu rancang bangun sistem interface dan sistem live streaming pada web. Tahap karakterisasi digunakan untuk mengetahui performasi alat dan tahap pengujian Virtual Live Streaming Simulator ini terletak pada akses live streaming dan interaksi praktikan dengan plant pengendalian level air. Data yang akan diambil adalah data latensi dari sistem tersebut.
Overview of the Processes Driving Exchange at Cape Hatteras Program
Authors:   University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Seim Harvey , Savidge Dana , Andres Magdalena , Bane John , Edwards Catherine , Gawarkiewicz Glen , He Ruoying , Todd Robert , Muglia Michael , Zambon Joseph , Han Lu , Mao Shun
Published: May 2022

The Processes driving Exchange At Cape Hatteras (PEACH) program seeks to better understand seawater exchanges between the continental shelf and the open ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. This location is where the Gulf Stream transitions from a boundary-trapped current to a free jet, and where robust along-shelf convergence brings cool, relatively fresh Middle Atlantic Bight and warm, salty South Atlantic Bight shelf waters together, forming an important and dynamic biogeographic boundary. The magnitude of this convergence implies large export of shelf water to the open ocean here. Background on the oceanography of the region provides motivation for the study and gives context for the measurements that were made. Science questions focus on the roles that wind forcing, Gulf Stream forcing, and lateral density gradients play in driving exchange. PEACH observational efforts include a variety of fixed and mobile observing platforms, and PEACH modeling included two different resolutions and data assimilation schemes. Findings to date on mean circulation, the nature of export from the southern Middle Atlantic Bight shelf, Gulf Stream variability, and position variability of the Hatteras Front are summarized, together with a look ahead to forthcoming analyses.
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on career perceptions among medical students in (IMSIU)
Authors: Almadhi Abdulmalk Abdullah , Alhorishi Abdulaziz H , Alnamshan Abdullah Z , Alkhamis Faris A , Alosaimi Ruba S , Alassaf Turki Y , Alateeq Fahad A
Published: May 2022

Background and aim: COVID-19 pandemic has impacted daily activities due to restrictions regarding social distancing. We aim to investigate the effect of withholding clinical rotations and elective rotations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on career perceptions among medical students in Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU). Design: A cross-sectional study aimed at IMSIU medical students in Riyadh. A questionnaire was distributed in April 2021 through WhatsApp to randomly select medical students from all years except preparatory-year students. Results: We collected 301 responses. 41.9% reported not starting any clinical rotations, and 38.5% indicated finishing some clinical rotations. Of the total students surveyed, 49.5% indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced their choice of specialty; 48.6% felt that they had discovered new interests, which affected their consideration. In comparison, 40.5 % believed that COVID -19 had limited their ability to explore their considered specialty. A total of 63.1% students were concerned about fulfilling their graduation requirements in a timely manner, and 15.9% thought that they would need an additional year in medical school before applying to residency because of COVID-19. Conclusion: It was found that most of the students did not complete their clinical rotations or electives. Moreover, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced students’ perceptions about their specialty choices after graduation. Most of the students surveyed said their intentions had changed from pursuing specialties that required direct contact with patients to those that did not. Key words: Medical students, COVID 19, career choice, Residency programs
Teachers’ awareness regarding first-aid management and control of epistaxis inside schools in Taif region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aljuaid Sattam , Alqahtani Rahaf A , Alqasem Sarah H. , Alsulaimani Yara T. , Alqahtani Shahad A. , Alsalmi Shmookh M.
Published: May 2022

Background: Epistaxis is one of the commonest ENT emergencies worldwide and awareness of the first aid is important especially among teachers inside school as students easily get injured during school activities. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding first-aid management and control of epistaxis among teachers inside schools in Taif region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Based on a review of the literature on awareness regarding first-aid management and control of epistaxis a cross sectional study was conducted with an online survey which was distributed to all schoolteachers in Taif city. Responders were selected randomly and the predesigned questionnaire was sent to them. Results: The study revealed that teachers have fair knowledge about epistaxis control. Most of them were aware of changing the head position; almost (80.1%) of the teachers will try to stop bleeding by applying pressure on the nose and about one third of them will do it on the lower part of the nose, while 17% of the teachers reported that they will use other methods where most of them reported that they will seek health care or call for emergency assistance. Conclusion: Sixty-three percent of the teachers have fair knowledge regarding the control of epistaxis, especially those who have had previous experience with it. However, more attention should be paid to improve the awareness regarding epistaxis management in the area through health training and educational sessions. Key words: Teachers, awareness, first-aid, epistaxis, schools, Taif
Essentials to prevent and live with COVID-19: An Explanatory Mixed Method Study at Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharthi Muffarah Hamid
Published: May 2022

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic in early 2020. Since then, the world has been facing repeated waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the vaccine against COVID-19 has been in action since December 2020, the time testing, effective coverage, and cross-immunity against various antigenicity are waiting for answers. Aim of Study: To determine the knowledge and understanding of the concepts of social distancing and personal protective equipment (PPE), and its adherence among the owners and managers of supermarkets and major shops, which could be the main places for community acquired infection in Bisha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: An explanatory mixed method study was conducted among 45 participants (owners, managers and supervisors of super-markets and major shops) along with a qualitative technique Key Informant Interview that was carried out among 9 purposively selected managers and supervisors to further explore the factors influencing adherence to social distancing and PPE use in Bisha City, KSA. Demographic profile, knowledge, attitude and adherence on social distancing and appropriate PPE use were elicited by questionnaire. Several themes emerged with the Key Informant in-depth interview. Results: The action taken by the government to provide education on COVID-19 has reached the people evenly and equally. Owners were less understanding than other cadres on social distancing and use of PPE. There was a significant correlation between participants’ knowledge and their adherence level. The in-depth interviews revealed remarkable outcomes with several facilitating and hindering factors on social distancing and use of PPE. Conclusions: Actions taken by the government to provide education regarding COVID-19 spread and prevention have reached the target population evenly and equally. However, there is chance for improvement to prevent cross infection in the community work-place settings with stringent implementation of the norms of social distancing and scientific use of PPE. Key words: COVID-19, Social Distancing, PPE Use, Explanatory mixed method, Qualitative technique, Key Informant Interview
A Review on the Clinical Potential of Lorcaserin in the Treatment of Obesity
Authors: bin Daud Muhammad Danial
Published: May 2022

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation and associated with impaired metabolism and cardiovascular disease. The high global prevalence of obesity has resulted in the production of anti-obesity drugs over the last couple of decades, normally to be used in combination with lifestyle modifications such as physical activity and diet. One such medication is lorcaserin, a selective serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2012 as a drug therapy for weight management in conjunction with lifestyle modifications. Importantly, the FDA recently issued a request to withdraw lorcaserin from the market as it may promote certain types of cancers, including pancreatic, colorectal, and lung, but further clinical data is being collected and analyzed to assess its carcinogenic risk. This review will address lorcaserin’s therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity, considering the pre-clinical and clinical trials describing its efficacy in weight loss along with its adverse carcinogenic effects to ultimately determine the likelihood of its reintroduction into the market. Key words: Lorcaserian, obesity, carcinogenic risk
Aufnahmegesellschaft Deutschland
Authors: Kumbruck Christel , Dulle Maik , Vogt Marvin , Reckmann Laura , Bork Elias
Published: May 2022

In ihrer empirischen Studie zum Flüchtlingsengagement 2015 identifizierten die Autor*innen zwei gegensätzliche Gruppierungen, nämlich Helfer*innen und Skeptiker*innen. Sie analysierten, wie daraus Kommunikationsstörungen und eine gesellschaftliche Polarisierung entstanden. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen wagen sie einen prognostischen Ausblick auf die Aufnahmegesellschaft Deutschland angesichts der Kriegsflüchtlinge aus der Ukraine.
Wege zu einer kinderfreundlichen Gemeinde
Authors: Merk K. Peter
Published: May 2022

Kinder dürfen grundsätzlich nicht übergangen werden, wenn bei der Gestaltung einer Kommune Entscheidungen zu treffen sind. Sie haben einen nicht nur moralischen, sondern auch rechtlichen Anspruch auf angemessene Beteiligung.
Irrwege und Auswege: Verschwörungserzählungen und Soziale Arbeit
Authors: Weßling Christian
Published: May 2022

Verschwörungserzählungen führten im Verlauf der Corona-Pandemie dazu, dass massenhaft gesundheitsschützende Maßnahmen abgelehnt, Falschinformationen zu Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von Covid-19-Impfstoffen verbreitet, Personal und Einrichtungen, die das Einhalten von Hygienemaßnahmen einfordern, angefeindet und bedroht werden.
Being Natural and Supernatural: Animals between Spiritual Sense-Making and Environmentalism from 19th to 21st Century CentralAsia
Authors: Dağyeli Jeanine
Published: May 2022

The history of pastoralist and agricultural societies in Central Asia is intimately interlinked with the non-human world: non-human animals shared their habitat with humans, domesticated animals were used as meat, fur, milk and fuel suppliers, drought animals, beasts of burden, mounts and wealth. Wild animals were cherished as heralds of upcoming seasonal weather change, hunted for meat, fur, prestige and the alleged medical-magical faculties of their body parts or feared for their destructive potential. The close cohabitation of humans and non-humans is reflected in a complex cosmological order. Without denying the fundamental religious importance of canonical texts in an Islamicate context, vernacular texts that belong to the so-called “small genres” were more important sources of information for large parts of Central Asian populations, and shaped the spiritual map for the majority of Central Asians and guided them in making sense of their natural and supernatural environment. This article examines Central Asian conceptualisation of animals as shaped by these texts as a departure to the mundane and spiritual relationship between human and non-human animals in Muslim Central Asia and explores how these different conceptual registers reverberate in contemporary, global debates on animal rights, sustainability and environmental protection.
Wohnraum als Seelenraum – Porträt eines Wüstenlagers in Erhart Kästners Zeltbuch von Tumilad
Authors: Seiderer Ute
Published: May 2022

Kriegsgefangenenlager stellen häufig eine Art Ersatzheimat für Gefangene dar, sobald sie dort länger leben. In seinem Bestseller Zeltbuch von Tumilad (1949) beschreibt Erhart Kästner, wie die Alltagsrituale der Gefangenen vom Aufstehen bis zum Schlafengehen aussahen und wie die Umgebung des Lagers, besonders die ägyptische Wüstenlandschaft zwischen Kairo und Suez im Wadi Tumilat, die Wahrnehmung von Natur und die Seele der Betroffenen beeinflusste. In seinem literarischen Erlebnisbericht aus den Jahren 1945 und 1946 sind die Bilder der Wüste, die der Autor entwirft, von tradierten Orientalismus-Vorstellungen geprägt. Sein Interims-Lebensraum wird zum Seelenraum eines Einsiedlers.
Verfassungsrechtliche, völker- und unionsrechtliche Gewährleistungen von angemessenem Wohnraum
Authors: Schollmeier Jana
Published: May 2022

Auf rasant steigende Mieten und eine unzureichende Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit angemessenem und bezahlbarem Wohnraum zu reagieren, ist nicht lediglich ein politisches Gebot. Vielmehr lässt sich eine Verpflichtung von Bund, Ländern und Kommunen hierzu aus dem Grundgesetz, aus völkerrechtlichen Verträgen und vielfach auch aus den Landesverfassungen ableiten. Dennoch bietet das Verfassungsrecht nicht die Lösung für die Wohnraumkrise. Ein Grundrecht auf Wohnen würde als einklagbares Recht kaum über bestehende Gewährleistungen hinausgehen können.