bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El entorno alimentario: Un factor de riesgo social en la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Ascensio Martínez Christian Amaury , Ferrer Sánchez Erick Alejandro
Published: January 2022

En el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19 surge la necesidad de analizar las condiciones sociales que propician el desarrollo de Enfermedades No Transmisibles (ENT) como la obesidad y la diabetes, enfermedades que se presentan como factores de riesgo para un curso grave de COVID-19. En este artículo primero se presenta una descripción del cruce entre obesidad, diabetes y COVID-19, y después se explica el surgimiento de las ent a partir de la disponibilidad de alimentos ultra-procesados en los entornos alimentarios. Tal desarrollo es resultado de un proceso histórico de transformación sociocultural llamado modernidad alimentaria, en el que se modifican las formas de producir y consumir los alimentos, lo que repercute en el incremento de estas enfermedades. Por último, se analiza la importancia de las políticas públicas para prevenir y disminuir a largo plazo algunos de los principales factores de comorbilidad frente a la enfermedad COVID-19.

[1] El acrónimo ENT es el utilizado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
El compromiso ético de socializar el conocimiento sobre experiencias reproductivas: ¿con quién y desde dónde?
Authors: Figueroa Perea Juan Guilermo
Published: January 2022

Este texto incluye un conjunto de reflexiones sobre el compromiso ético que existe de socializar el conocimiento generado a través de procesos de investigación. Se propone un diálogo sobre la diferencia entre socializar el conocimiento con tomadores de decisiones institucionales, y hacerlo con las personas que permiten realizar las investigaciones. Se presenta una lectura de la investigación que incluye de manera importante su carácter crítico, en tanto es capaz de matizar el alcance de sus hallazgos y a la par revisar los supuestos que guían los estudios de donde se derivan. Se seleccionó el ámbito de los comportamientos reproductivos, para ejemplificar un espacio de conocimiento permeado por supuestos de género, tanto en la construcción de categorías y conceptos disciplinarios, como en su puesta en práctica desde instituciones encargadas de definir políticas públicas y programas sociales. Por ende, se propone una socialización crítica del conocimiento con las personas estudiadas, tanto para matizar y enriquecer sus alcances, como para diversificar la población que tiene acceso al mismo. Se concluye reflexionado sobre las posibilidades de una socialización reflexiva del conocimiento, en contraste con una interpretación directiva que supone que se puede definir de antemano el sentido de cambios esperados en los comportamientos estudiados.
La fragilidad del sistema de salud en México y su interacción con el problema alimenticio durante el COVID-19
Authors: Lara Chávez Nelly Lucero
Published: January 2022

En este texto se presenta un análisis basado en la teoría de sistemas, para demostrar cómo la pandemia por covid-19 desató un desequilibrio general que puso en jaque al sistema de salud de México y reveló que, más allá del hecho de contar con pocos hospitales a nivel nacional, su fragilidad se cimentaba por sobre todo en el problema de la mala alimentación de la población. De tal manera que el covid-19, entendido como una perturbación al sistema en general, sirvió de catalizador para demostrar la urgente necesidad de transformar los hábitos alimenticios como posibilidad de balancear a este sistema de salud y por añadidura al sistema social.
La pugna por una alimentación sana y sostenible
Authors: Cortés Islas Andrea
Published: January 2022

Alrededor de los alimentos existen una serie de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y ecológicas mediadas por la organización capitalista, y materializadas en la producción industrial de la agricultura. Esto ha tenido como consecuencia diversas problemáticas socio ecológicas, como el desarrollo de virus y bacterias cada vez más extraños y difíciles de controlar, tal es el caso del sars-cov-2 causante de la pandemia de covid-19 que ha asolado al mundo; y una salud marcada por una variedad de enfermedades y trastornos relacionados con la mala calidad de los alimentos. En este texto explicaré brevemente, cómo los alimentos han estado organizados por un sistema ecosocialmente devastador, cuyas repercusiones sobre los cuerpos y territorios han recrudecido los efectos del coronavirus. Pero también mostrará la existencia de otro tipo de relaciones en torno a éstos, cuyo objetivo es la emancipación, mediante la pugna por una alimentación sana y sostenible.
Los viejos del viejo Goya: el viejismo en la pintura.
Authors: Sánchez-Nieto José Miguel
Published: January 2022

El concepto de viejismo se refiere a las actitudes y acciones discriminatorias de rechazo, tendencia a la marginación, temor, desagrado, negación y agresión a las personas envejecidas y a la vejez. El viejismo propicia que las generaciones más jóvenes vean a los viejos como personas diferentes a ellos mismos, por lo que sutilmente dejan de reconocerlos como seres humanos productivos e independientes. La importancia del estudio del viejismo en la gerontología, radica en las repercusiones de las actitudes y comportamientos que los viejos adoptan, debido a los estereotipos, discriminación y rechazo que promueven las representaciones sociales negativas de la vejez. En este contexto, el viejismo es promovido a través de políticas públicas, intereses mercantilistas y el arte, entre las que destacan las pinturas de los viejos. Por tal motivo, en este artículo se presentan algunas pinturas de viejos de Goya, en las que las imágenes muestran las representaciones negativas de la vejez que tenía el pintor y la sociedad de esa época.
Síndrome otodental y su manejo en la estomatología pediátrica. Una revisión narrativa.
Authors: Collado-Gabino Anabel , Magaña-Barrios Violeta
Published: January 2022

Introducción. El síndrome otodental se caracteriza por pérdida auditiva Neurosensorial y la presencia de dientes bulbosos agrandados (globodoncia) queafectan a la dentición primaria y permanente. Objetivo. Presentar el estado del arte del conocimiento sobre las características clínicas del síndrome otodental en el niño y en el adolescente. Desarrollo. Se encontró como cuadro clínico principal globodoncia, pérdida auditiva de baja frecuencia, con aparición variable durante la vida del paciente; así
como el retardo en la erupción en la dentición temporal y permanente. Además, se observa que estas manifestaciones pueden presentarse en uno o en varios integrantes de la familia y estar asociadas a otras manifestaciones faciales y oculares. Conclusión. Existe poca información reciente sobre la
frecuencia de esta condición en el mundo, tomando en cuenta que la mayoría de los casos se limita a la ascendencia europea u oriental, coincidiendo en el
cuadro clínico característico. Por lo anterior, se sugiere considerar este diagnóstico clínico cuando se detecten algunas alteraciones dentales raras como la globodoncia, para un tratamiento integral sistémico incluyendo el de estomatología pediátrica.
Corona Discharge Power of Plasma Treatment Influence on the Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Enoki Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes)
Authors: Minh Nguyen Phuoc
Published: January 2022

Plasma treatment was widely known as an effective technology applied for contact-surface decontamination. Enoki (Flammulina velutipes) was an edible-medicinal mushroom with different phytochemicals and bioactive components beneficial for human health. Enoki mushroom had high respiration rate therefore it was highly perishable after harvesting. Moreover, it was greatly susceptible to microbial contamination but it was not feasible to be decontaminated by normal water washing. It’s urgent to extend shelf-life and control microbial criteria on this mushroom in dry manner without aqueous treatment. Corona discharge plasma was among 4 kinds of diverse cold atmospheric pressure plasma sources widely applied in food industry. This study demonstrated the influence of corona discharge plasma power values (control, 120, 150, 180, 210 W) on the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of Enoki mushroom during 10 days of storage at ambient temperature. Results showed that Enoki mushroom should be treated at 150 W of corona discharge plasma power to retain weight loss, total soluble solid, vitamin C in acceptable values while reducing total Aerobic count, Coliform, Enterobacteriaceae as much as possible. At the 10th day of storage, the weight loss, total soluble solid, vitamin C, total Aerobic count, Coliform, Enterobacteriaceae were recorded at 3.35±0.07%, 6.98±0.03 oBrix, 14.81±0.04 mg/100 g, 4.71±0.05 log CFU/g, 3.17±0.02 log CFU/g, 2.13±0.01 CFU/g, respectively. Findings of this research proved that corona discharge plasma pretreatment would be appropriate to maintain physicochemical properties and retard microbial loads on Enoki mushroom during preservation.
Eulers Totient Function (Number Theoretic Functions), Right Angle Triangle and Their Applications
Authors: Gupta Chirag
Published: January 2022

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce some new theorem and results(section Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅵ) on Euler’ s Totient Function , Right angle triangle and their applications Keywords: Euler’ s totient function, right angle triangle, Golden ratio, Hardy – Ramanujan number, student’s pencil compass and etc.
Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems
Authors: Swapna Sonti
Published: January 2022

Abstract: A combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technologies can be employed in modern wireless communication systems to achieve high data rates and improved spectrum efficiency. For multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, this paper provides a Rayleigh fading channel estimation technique based on pilot carriers. The channel is estimated using traditional Least Square (LS) and Minimum Mean Square (MMSE) estimation techniques. The MIMO-OFDM system's performance is measured using the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Mean Square Error (MSE) levels. Keywords: MIMO, MMSE, Channel estimation, BER, OFDM
Design and Development of Foot Operated Areca-Nut Leaf Plate Manufacturing Machine
Authors: Poudel Kiran
Published: January 2022

Abstract: This paper describes the techniques for design and development of areca-nut leaf plate making machine which uses manual power (foot operated) as the main power source. The primary purpose of this research is the utilization of generally wasted areca-nut leaf sheath for the production of bio-degradable areca-nut leaf plates by the development of machine, which can be operated easily at home. This machine mainly uses mild steel for the development of the parts such as lower and upper die, frame, pedal, connecting links and shafts. The force applied at the pedal is transferred to moving upper die, which then presses the areca-nut leaf sheath placed above the fixed lower die, resulting areca-nut leaf sheath plates within 15 seconds of pressing. Keywords: Areca-nut leaf, Bio degradable, Foot operated
Challenges Faced in Prefabrication or Modular Construction
Authors: Beulah Felecia
Published: January 2022

Abstract: The prefabricated materials used in construction has indeed been hailed amongst the most efficient approaches, there is a difficulty in implementing this process in the construction industry. The article included an outline of the obstacles and factors that influence prefabrication or modular construction in India. The issues of prefabrication and modular construction were investigated through case studies. Prefabricated elements have been demonstrated to be an efficient and efficient approach for improving productivity and the process of construction, as well as assuring the quality of construction & reducing time and cost. However, there are a number of issues with this strategy in practise, including initial high building costs, lack of understanding of the prefabricated method of construction, technical and installation hurdles, and the inability to find prefabrication businesses locally. Because of the nature of the city and also the growing population, the use of such prefabricated materials in the construction of buildings is beneficial. Keywords: Prefabricated construction, Challenges, fabricated elements, Installation hurdles
Building of Inmoov Robotic Arm for Performing Various Operations
Authors: Broota Sumir
Published: January 2022

Abstract: ‘Automation is the key in reducing the repetitive and banal tasks of everyday life’, the oft-quoted aphorism best portrays our effort at making a humanoid hand for tasks that require dexterity of fingers in situations where time and effort are of importance. The cost of human labor, quality of processes or products, time, and safety make this project a need of the hour. The research paper showcases our efforts of making a humanoid robotic arm. The body of the arm is composed of 3D printed parts. Servo Motors with nylon strings were used to control the fingers and the wrist. InMoov Nervo Board was used to control the servos. Worm Gear Mechanism was implemented to control the bicep movement and Worm Wheel is used for shoulder rotation. Machines can perform a wide range of functions without a considerable amount of human intervention. The future scope of Robotics and Automation would be to make a diverse and positive impact in industrial as well as research applications. Keywords: 3D Print, Build Challenges, Electronics, Humanoid, Inmoov, MyRobotLab, Robotic Arm, Robotics
Lean Concept Implementation Practices in Small and Medium Scale Pharmaceutical Industry- A Case Study
Authors: Nagaich Ravi
Published: January 2022

Abstract: This paper describes an exploratory study of lean techniques and an extant of its implementation in a pharmaceutical industries. The main purpose of this paper is, at how much extant adoption of lean techniques and elimination of wastage and non-value added activities in a pharmaceutical industries. A questionnaire survey is prepared to know the extent of lean techniques implementation. Questionnaire survey send to the respondents of various department (production and planning, human resources, quality and control, transportation, inventory control etc.) of an organization and asked to rate the each of these areas. This study also inspect the drivers and barriers that affect the adoption of lean techniques. The mean value for each area is obtain after calculations on SPSS and statistical analyses were performed for each area. Further, this study also examined different subjects related with lean techniques adoption for example its comprehension among the respondent organization, its advantages and impediments, the techniques and tools used, etc. The outcomes from this study also revealed the hindrance that forestall or postpone the lean execution. The main obstacles in adoption of lean technology are the absence of understanding lean ideas and shop floor representative’s attitude. Keywords: lean manufacturing, lean barriers, SPSS, mean score, driving forces
Pengaruh token ekonomi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan rawat diri pada individu dengan gangguan skizoafektif
Authors: Mintarsih Rullita Aristya
Published: January 2022

The subject was a 41-year-old woman with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. Subjects showed the symptoms of schizoid that made them less interested in daily activities, less concerned with hygiene and self-care. Assessment methods used are observations, interviews, and psychological tests in the form of WAIS, graphic tests (DAP, BAUM, &HTP), TAT, WWQ and WHODAS questionnaire. Interventions are made to deal with the lack of ability in self-care, using behavior modification therapy with the token economy method. The results showed that Token Economy was effective to improve the subject's ability to care for themselves, they became more motivated to perform basic activities such as self-cleaning.
Nepamet mums grēkus mūsu jeb latviešu tēvreize 16. gs. pasaules aprakstos un tēvreižu krājumos
Authors:   Viļņas Universitāte, Kazakėnaitė Ernesta
Published: January 2022

Rakstā aplūkoti astoņi 16. gs. Rietumeiropas citvalodu izdevumos atrodami latviešu tēvreizes publicējumi: Lācija aprakstos, Beļsku hronikās, Tevē kosmogrāfijā un Megisera tēvreižu krājumos, uzmanību pievēršot tekstu sakariem. Lai gan savstarpēji tie vairāk vai mazāk atšķiras, visiem pamatā bijusi Minstera kosmogrāfijā publicētā Hāzentētera tēvreize. Salīdzinot ar iespējamiem Minstera kosmogrāfijas izdevumiem, visos pētītajos 16. gs. kosmogrāfiju publicējumos redzams tiešs sakars ar tiem, tomēr Megisera krājumos tēvreize, visticamāk, nonākusi ar Tevē vai kāda cita pašlaik nezināma darba starpniecību. Nevienā grāmatā latviešu tēvreize nav precīzi norakstīta burts burtā no pirmavota – publicējumi atšķiras gan formāli, gan rakstības ziņā. Visvairāk no visiem 16. gs. tēvreizes pierakstiem izceļas M. Beļska sniegtā, kura pielāgota poļu tēvreizei.
Suntažu mācītājs Johans Teodors Bērents (1784–1866) un viņa latviešu valoda
Authors:   Latvijas Universitāte, Paegle Dzintra
Published: January 2022

Rakstā aplūkota 19. gs. vidus latviešu valoda 1854. gadā iznākušajā un J. T. Bērenta tulkotajā V. O. Horna darbā „Śtahśts par Śapņu ķehniņu un baggatu śkrohderi“ krājumā „Śtahśti pa ſeemas wakkareem śtahśtiti Kraukļu=krohgâ krahśns preekśchâ“. Tulkojuma latviešu valoda ir tipiska 19. gs. vidus rakstu valoda, tajā ir saskatāmas ne tikai Vidzemes valodas īpatnības, bet arī kurzemnieku valoda un 18. un 19. gs. rakstu valodas paradumi. Tulkojuma valoda nav normēta, par to liecina nesakārtota nomenu deklinācija; nesistemātiski lietotas adjektīvu noteiktās un nenoteiktās galotnes, nešķirta īstenības un pavēles izteiksmes dsk. 2. personas forma; prepozīcijas ap, pehz lietotas ar vairākiem vienskaitļa locījumiem; u. c. Tulkojuma latviešu valoda ir izteiksmīga, bagāta sinonīmiem un frazeoloģismiem. Tikai atsevišķos gadījumos jūtami dzimtās vācu valodas atspulgi tas un viens lietojumā.
Vārds baudīt senajos tekstos: semantiskā daudzveidība
Authors:   Latvijas Universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts, Trumpa Anta
Published: January 2022

Raksta mērķis ir, balstoties uz „Latviešu valodas seno tekstu korpusa“ un topošās „Latviešu valodas vēsturiskās vārdnīcas“ datiem, kā arī salīdzinot vārda lietojumu senajos tekstos ar avottekstiem un vēlākiem Bībeles tulkojumiem, aplūkot vārda baudīt un nedaudz arī tā atvasinājumu nozīmes latviešu valodas 16. un 17. gadsimta tekstos iespējamā to senuma secībā; kur iespējams, ‒ raksturot saistību starp šīm nozīmēm. Vārda baudīt senākā nozīme visticamāk, ir ‘pārbaudīt, mēģināt’. No tās atvasinātas vairākas nozīmes: ‘uzdrošināties, iedrošināties’, ‘doties viens otram pretī, satikties, redzēties’ (šīs nozīmes mūsdienās vairs netiek lietotas) un vēl līdz mūsdienām lietotā nozīme ‘pagaršot, ēst, dzert’. No tās savukārt atvasināta vēl mūsdienās pazīstamā nozīme ‘piedzīvot pieredzēt, izjust; dabūt’. Fakts, ka semantiskās attīstības ziņā visjaunākā nozīme ‘piedzīvot, pieredzēt, izjust; dabūt’ senajos tekstos ir fiksēta pati pirmā, drīzāk skaidrojams ar to, ka tā bija reliģiskajos tekstos visizplatītākā, turklāt arī citas nozīmes senajos tekstos ir fiksētas vien dažus gadus vai dažus gadu desmitus vēlāk. Vārda baudīt nozīmju attīstību ir ietekmējuši Bībeles tekstu tulkojumi ­‒ iespējams, nozīme ‘piedzīvot, pieredzēt, izjust; dabūt’ latviešu valodā ir ienākusi tieši līdz ar tiem. Vārda baudīt un tā atvasinājumu lietojuma salīdzinājums dažādos Bībeles tulkojumos liecina par to, ka nereti mūsdienu tulkojumi nav brīvi no E. Glika tulkojuma tradīcijas, jo atsevišķas vārdkopas, piemēram, nāvi nebaudīt Bībeles tekstos ir saglabājušās cauri gadsimtiem, kaut mūsdienu valodā šāds lietojums ir ļoti neparasts.
Indian scenario on the occurrence of a dreaded insect pest Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella on Bt cotton-A review
Authors:   Acharya N.G. Ranga  Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Guntur-522 034, India, Prasada Rao G.M.V.
Published: January 2022

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, has become a significant production constraint on Bt cotton in India. This problem is unique to India because the pest has developed multi-fold resistance to Cry toxins in many Indian populations but not in other countries. Most Indian populations have developed multifold resistance to Cry 1 Ac and Cry 1Ac + Cry 2 Ab toxins. Year-round cultivation of long-duration Bt cotton hybrids on a large scale has a pronounced impact on the incidence. Also discussed other factors responsible for the occurrence of pink bollworm on Bt cotton in India. Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategies implemented by different cotton-growing countries globally; the USA, India, and China had a significant impact on the interaction of pink bollworm on Bt cotton. Huge selection pressure resulted in resistance to Cry toxins. Time-tested IPM, if implemented on a community basis focusing on pheromones technology and closed season, will help sustain the cotton cultivation in India in the future. Thus, this review aims to congregate exhaustive information on the history, biology, resistance to Bt cotton, and Integrated Management (IPM) options for the Indian scenario, which would help researchers in their future endeavors.
Correlation studies on pathological changes in brain with neurotransmitters and behavioural changes in Balb/c mice
Authors:   Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-osmania, Hyderabad- 500 007, India, Balaji G. , Sinha S.N. ,   Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-osmania, Hyderabad- 500 007, India, Surekha M.V. ,   Division of Pathology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-osmania, Hyderabad- 500 007, India, Kasturi V. ,   Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-osmania, Hyderabad- 500 007, India, Mungamuri S.K. ,   Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-osmania, Hyderabad- 500 007, India, Shashikala P. ,   Department of pharmacy, University college of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 027, India
Published: January 2022

Aim: To determine the plasma neurotransmitters simultaneously and to find any correlation with pathological changes in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells and their relation with behavioral changes in Balb/c mice. Methodology: In the present study, both sexes of Balb /C mice were divided into two groups (4 males and 4 females; n = 8): Both the groups were given a single dose of either saline or sodium valproate (400mg kg-1) respectively through subcutaneous injection on PND 14. Behavioural tests were conducted on mice pups on various postnatal days till 40th day. On PND 41, blood samples were collected from all the animals for quantification of the neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenalin) in plasma, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and whole brain was isolated for histological examination of the Purkinje cells and hippocampus. Results: Sodium valproate exposed animals showed loss of motor skill development (delayed negative geotaxic response), increased locomotor activity, increased anxiety, and retardation in water maze performance, and lower social interaction. Histopathological evolutions of cerebellum purkinje cells and hippocampus showed 40-50% atrophic cells in sodium valproate animals compared to control animals. Interpretation: The results of the present study indicate that Sodium valproate changes specific brain cell population in Balb/C mice, which might be the reason for the altered neurotransmitter levels, leading to behavioural changes in these animals.
Development and effectiveness of greenhouse type solar dryer for coriander leaves
Authors:   Farm Machinery & Post Harvest Technology, ICAR – Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284 003, India, Singh S.K. , Samsher Mr. ,   College of Technology Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut - 250 110, India, Singh B.R. ,   College of Technology Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut - 250 110, India, Sengar R.S. ,   College of Technology Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut - 250 110, India, Kumar P. ,   College of Bio-Technology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250 110, lndia
Published: January 2022

Aim: Sun drying system is not able to provide the best drying performance and quality dried produce of leafy vegetables. To facilitate better options to the farmers, this study aims to develop and evaluate a cost-effective greenhouse type solar dryer to improve shelf stability of coriander leaves. Methodology: A greenhouse type solar dryer (5m x 3m x 2.3m) was developed with the provision of rigid frame, 200 µ UV stabilized LDPE glazing material, solar collector cum drying chamber, inlet air and outlet air openings. The dryer was evaluated for its performance, drying characteristics of coriander leaves and qualitative evaluation of dried product as compared to open sun drying. Results: The greenhouse type solar dryer performed well for coriander drying with increased level of temperature inside the dryer (42oC) and 24% reduced drying time as compared to sun drying (29oC).The loading capacity, efficiency, payback period and B:C ratio of the dryer were found to be 100 kg, 70.47 %, 1.26 yr and 1.79, respectively. The drying of coriander leaves occured mostly in falling rate period. Coriander leaves dried under the dryer possessed higher values of chlorophyll content (1.356 mg g-1 of tissue), ascorbic acid content (111.257 mg 100g-1), rehydration ratio (5.302) and coefficient of rehydration (0.762) than sun dried coriander leaves with the respective values of these quality parameters being 1.097 mg g-1 of tissue, 62.37 mg 100g-1, 4.715 and 0.689, respectively.
Estimation of soil organic carbon in agricultural fields: A remote sensing approach
Authors:   Precision Agriculture Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Madugundu R. , Al-Gaadi K.A. ,   Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Tola E. ,   Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Edrris M. ,   Precision Agriculture Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Edrees H. ,   Precision Agriculture Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Alameen A. ,   Precision Agriculture Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia, Fulleros R.B. ,   Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
Published: January 2022

Aim: In view of the importance of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in agricultural management, a study was conducted to develop a digital SOC map using remotely sensed spectral indices. The present study was conducted on the Tawdeehiya Farms, located in the central region of Saudi Arabia between Al-Kharj and Haradh cities. Methodology: Landsat-8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2A) satellite images were used for the characterization of SOC stocks in the topsoil layer (0-10 cm) of the experimental fields. Soil samples were randomly collected from six (50 ha each) agricultural fields and analyzed in the laboratory for SOC (SOCA) following Walkley and Black method. While, vegetation indices (VI), such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), NDVIRedEdge, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Bare Soil Index (BSI), and Reduced Simple Ratio (RSR) were computed and subsequently used for the development of SOC prediction models. Results: Univariate linear regression technique was employed for the recognition of a suitable band/VI for SOC (SOCP) mapping. The SWIR-1 band of both L8 (R2 = 0.86) and S2A (R2 = 0.77) data was promising for predicting SOC with 16% (S2A) and 18% (L8) of BIAS. Interpretation: The NDVI and BSI (for L8 data) and BSI and RSR (for S2A data) were found most suitable VI in the prediction of SOC. The R2 values of linear regression models were 0.68 (BSI) and 0.78 (RSR), indicating that nearly 68% and 78% of the SOC could be predicted through L8 and S2A datasets, respectively.
Genetic study of terminal heat stress in indigenous collections of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) germplasm
Authors:   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Sharma H.K. , Singh V.V. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Kumar A. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Meena H.S. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Meena B.L. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Sharma P. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India, Rai P.K. ,   ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur-321 303, India
Published: January 2022

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate 145 genotypes of Indian mustard for terminal heat stress under late sown irrigated conditions. Methodology: One hundred and forty five genotypes of Indian mustard were evaluated for terminal heat tolerance, along with six checks in augmented block design. The effect of heat stress was assessed on different agro-morphological traits. Data were recorded on five randomly selected plants for 12 different quantitative traits for each genotype. Results: Terminal heat stress caused significant reduction in performance of all traits, except oil content and fruiting zone length. Seed yield per plant showed highest reduction (33.92%) followed by 1000-seed weight (21.28%). Thousand-seed weight and secondary branches per plant were found associated with seed yield under late sown conditions. Based on yield under stress, yield index, geometric mean productivity and stress tolerance indices, five lines viz., DRMR-59, DRMR-2094, DRMR-2129, DRMR-2071, DRMR-2136 were identified as high yielding and terminal heat stress tolerant. Whereas, based on heat stress susceptibility index, DRMR-1347, DRMR-1154, DRMR-1190 were top performing lines tolerant to terminal heat stress. Interpretation: Selection of high yielding lines under stress condition can be done using correlated traits. Yield under stress was found significantly correlated with YSI, YI, MP, STI and GMP suggesting to use these indices for selection of high yielding and heat tolerant lines. However, further re-validation is very much needed for effective use of these indices for selection of heat tolerant lines in Indian mustard.
Utilization of biomolecules as fuel energy and their physiological mechanism during migration in birds- A review
Authors:   Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793 022, India, Dixit A.S. , Chetri R. ,   Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793 022, India, Singh N.S. ,   Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati-781 001, India
Published: January 2022

Migratory birds undergo physiological and behavioral changes to fuel their high energy demanding migratory flights. They increase their food intake as a part of the preparation for migration which results in increase in their body mass. Fat, carbohydrate and protein acquired from food are stored mainly in the adipose tissue (triglycerides), muscle and liver (glycogen) and body organs (protein) in migratory birds. These stored foods act as fuels to support birds’ migratory flights. Dietary carbohydrates and lipids not only provide energy for migration but also help in fattening as carbohydrates can be converted into fat and lipids which can be stored. Lipolysis of adipose-stored fats leads to the production of triglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol, which provide energy for migration. Fats are depleted after long migratory flights and replenished during refueling at the stopover sites. Being chemically reduced and hydrophobic in nature, fat releases more energy on oxidation as compared to carbohydrate and protein. Due to its high energy-yielding nature, the fat is the preferred fuel to support migration in birds. Migratory birds deposit fat and deplete it during the course of migration. Though, the stored fat acts as the primary source of energy, metabolism of body protein also provides energy for migratory flights. Uric acid in plasma is elevated when protein is catabolized. The metabolism of carbohydrate, stored as glycogen in liver and muscle in migratory birds, produces glucose which also fuels migration. Glucose in migratory birds is maintained at stable levels in plasma and it provides energy only for a flight of short period. Further, catabolism of carbohydrate and protein results in release of metabolic water which helps the migratory birds to maintain their water balance during long dehydrating flight conditions. Different levels of plasma metabolites in migratory birds act as significant indicators of their physiological and metabolic state. Plasma metabolites also give an idea of feeding, fasting and refueling during migration in birds. The available information is scanty and fragmented about how birds meet their migratory requirements and overcome the physiological challenges encountered during migration. The present review article, therefore, focuses on the biomolecules and their plasma biochemistry during migration in birds.
Evaluation of yellow rust resistance in backcross populations of wheat
Authors:   Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India, Gupta V. , Kumar M. ,   Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India, Singh V. ,   Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India, Sheokand R.N. ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India, Chaudhary L. ,   Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India
Published: January 2022

Aim: To screen wheat populations derived from cross DBW17 × WH1105 for loci imparting yellow rust resistance and selection of plants using polymorphic SSRs. Methodology: The study for yellow rust resistance was carried out on two populations, i.e., BC1F2 and BC2F2. Stress was provided by planting infector rows between the blocks and by artificial inoculation using a mixture of races 46S102, 47S103 and 78S84 of stripe rust pathogen. DNA isolated from young leaves was checked for the presence of yellow rust resistance genes using gene specific primers. Results: Fifteen primers were found to be polymorphic among parents DBW17 and WH1105. Fifteen polymorphic SSR markers were dispersed over the wheat genome (AABBDD), with allele range 2-5. These polymorphic SSR markers were used to produce molecular diversity among progeny lines. Cluster analysis of parents and both the populations, showed that two parents were diverse genetically and in both backcrosses progeny lines resembled their respective recurrent parent. Single marker analysis using data revealed that primers on nine chromosomes were associated with grain yield per plant, other yield attributes and yellow rust resistance in both populations. Interpretation: This study showed that a linked marker like Xgwm582 could be a promising tool for breeding wheat with enhanced tolerance to yellow rust resistance. However, growth rates and biomass production provide reliable criteria for assessing the degree of yellow rust resistance and the ability of a plant to withstand it.
Altitudinal variation in plant community, population structure and carbon stock of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. forest in Kumaun Himalaya
Authors:   Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, India, Fartyal A. , Khatri K. ,   Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, India, Bargali K. ,   Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, India, Bargali S.S. ,   Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, India
Published: January 2022

Aim: To study the impact of altitudinal variation on plant community composition, structure, dispersion and regeneration status of Quercus semecarpifolia forest in Kumaun Himalaya. Methodology: Along the altitudinal gradient, the forest stands between 2400 and 2610 m asl were selected at low, mid and high altitude. The phyto-sociological analysis was carried by laying ten quadrats of 10m × 10m at each site. Soil samples were collected with the help of soil corer from two depths. Various ecological indices and population structure were investigated for each forest stand and regeneration status of forest was predicted by the population size of seedlings, saplings and trees. Tree biomass was estimated using allomatric equations and carbon stock was determined by multiplying biomass of species to factor 0.475. Results: With increasing altitude the number of tree species decreased and the shrub species richness increased, while herb species showed a unimodel pattern. Q. semecarpifolia was the dominant tree species at all the three sites with the IVI values of 220.14, 255.22 and 286.23 at LA, MA and HA, respectively. A complete absence of Q. semecarpifolia seedlings indicated no regeneration in low and high altitude stands while low proportion of seedlings in mid altitude forest stand indicated poor regeneration. Soil was acidic (pH 5.66-5.86), with higher silt content and showed decreasing pattern in physico-chemical properties with increasing altitude. The biomass of tree layer ranged from 871.49 to 1050.17 t ha-1. The tree layer carbon stock was maximum in high altitude forest (498.84 t ha-1) which was largely contributed by bole, stump roots and branches. Interpretation: Variation in species richness, distribution pattern and regeneration potential is related to site characteristics governed by altitude and require various efforts to conserve and protect these forests to check ecosystem imbalance.
Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)
Authors: Bilgin Feridun
Published: January 2022

The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming “Andalusia” again, the Spanish government established the country’s lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain’s Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.
Historical Narratives on Reconstruction of al-Aqsa Mosque in Early Islam
Authors: Al-Tel Othman Ismael
Published: January 2022

The aim of this paper is to examine historical accounts related the first demarcating re-construction of al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem after Islam. It focusing on the differences between the early and later sources by examining the early and later Islamic narratives and sources and the available non-Islamic sources. This research attempts to find some explanation behind the differences between the early and later sources. Through the analysis of the early sources, the author also discusses and analyses the views of some modern researchers who have dealt with some of these issues.
Peranan Harem dalam Institusi Sosial dan Politik Uthmaniyyah
Authors: Rosman Nurul Syafina , Rozali Ermy Azziaty , Jamsari Ezad Azraai , Mohd Nor Mohd Roslan
Published: January 2022

The history of harem institution has been a subject of interest among researchers on the Ottoman era for the reason of extraordinary involvement of women in administrative affairs of Ottoman politics, military and international relations. The emergence of some prominent Ottoman female figures such as Hurrem Sultan, Kosem Sultan and Turhan Sultan proved that the harem institution is very significant and dynamic.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the history of the Ottoman harem institution in general, besides analysing related issues on its role in the social and political aspects. This research uses a qualitative approach through the methods of historical study and content analysis, in gathering and analysing information from relevant materials and academic sources. From the results of the study, this research argues that the main role of the harem institution in the social aspect is the segregation of women to assigned spaces. In the political aspect, the harem has a significant effect on Ottoman administrative affairs, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries. The harem institution was responsible for the continuity of administration, by giving birth to heirs for the throne and shaping a new dimension for the Ottoman’s international relations or external affairs through the role of diplomatic agents.
Nurturing Islamic and Socio-political Thoughts in Riau and Beyond: Exploring Raja Ali Haji’s Works
Authors: Helmiati Helmiati
Published: January 2022

Raja Ali Haji is best-known as the author of the famous poem "Gurindam Dua Belas", even though he authored some other important poetries and proses that are often overlooked. In fact, he wrote a vast number of subjects in a variety of literary genres ranging from culture, history, politics, and jurisprudence to language. While other researchers such as Junus, Putten, Andaya, and Syam, have been concerned mainly with his works on culture, history, language, and jurisprudence, this study explores his works on Islamic and socio-political thoughts. Employing content analysis of relevant manuscripts and books, this study finds that Raja Ali Haji played various roles including as a religious scholar and a political thinker who synthesized culture and politics with Islam and whose thoughts have been extensively influential, mainly in Riau and beyond. This finding weakens the earlier assumption that Al-Mawardi political thoughts were more influential in the Malay world.
Pigmentos fotosintéticos de Stevia rebaudiana Bert en condiciones diferenciales de luz solar y fertilización nitrogenada en invernadero
Authors: Jarma-Orozco Alfredo de Jes´ús , Cordero-Cordero Carina Cecilia , Cleves-Leguizamo José Alejandro
Published: January 2022

Contextualización: El área de siembra del cultivo de estevia ha venido creciendo de manera significativa, debido a las nuevas tendencias de consumo de alimentos naturales, bajos en calorías. Los efectos de las altas radiaciones, debidas al cambio climático global, han evidenciado la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos estudios sobre el comportamiento fisiológico de los pigmentos fotosintéticos de las especies agrícolas. 
 
Vacío de conocimiento: El desconocimiento del comportamiento de los cultivos de estevia frente a los cambios actuales y futuros del ambiente (principalmente ante aumentos  de los niveles de radiación solar) hace que los agricultores y productores no obtengan los rendimientos esperados. 
 
Propósito del estudio: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de diferentes niveles de radiación solar y de fertilización nitrogenada,  en condiciones controladas,  en la producción de pigmentos fotosintéticos  de Stevia rebaudiana Bert. 
 
Metodología: El ensayo se estableció mediante un diseño estadístico completamente al azar (DCA), bajo un arreglo factorial 2 x 6, y 16 repeticiones por tratamiento; el factor A correspondió a dos niveles de radiación solar incidente (300 y 1500 μmol de fotones. m-2 s-1 correspondientes al 20 % y 100 % de radiación respectivamente) y el factor B a seis dosis de nitrógeno (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 y 300 kg ha-1). Se evaluó el contenido de clorofilas a, b y total en hojas jóvenes y sanas a los ocho meses después del trasplante. 
 
Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados evidenciaron que los contenidos de clorofilas a, b y total fueron afectados significativamente por la radiación solar, pero no por los niveles de nitrógeno. En ambos ambientes de radiación, los contenidos de clorofila a fueron superiores a los de clorofila b. En el ambiente de menor radiación solar se presentaron los máximos contenidos de los pigmentos fotosintéticos. En el ambiente de 1500 µmol de fotones m-2 s-1, los contenidos de clorofilas a, b y total fueron menores en las plantas que no se fertilizaron.
Vaccines for gastrointestinal parasites, a pillar of preventive medicine in veterinary practice: Systematic review
Authors: Vargas Borda Lina Maria , Prieto Prieto Laura Daniela , Baquero Parra Monica María , Corredor Santamaria Wilson , Alcantara Neves Neuza Maria , Jaramillo Hernández Dumar Alexander
Published: January 2022

Contextualization: The antiparasitic resistance caused by the indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs for the control of gastrointestinal parasites in production animals and pets, has become one of the biggest problems in animal health. For this reason, the use of vaccines could benefit animal health and welfare by controlling emerging zoonotic diseases and foodborne pathogens of animal origin, thus improving public health.
Knowledge gap: It is relevant for professionals in veterinary science to know the clinical trials of experimental vaccines for controlling certain gastrointestinal parasites.   This way, they can be at the forefront of the next available technological products and so, be able to control this menace to the animal health and public health. 
Purpose: To do a systematic review of clinical trials for experimental vaccines in production animals and pets for diseases caused by gastrointestinal parasites of relevance in animal production and/or public health. Furthermore, it presents the current gastrointestinal antiparasitic vaccines commercialized in different countries and their prophylactic efficacy.
Methodology: PRISMA protocols were followed for this systematic review. Articles were obtained from scientific databases with the following keywords: vaccines, clinical trials, commercial vaccines, parasites control, gastrointestinal nematodes, gastrointestinal cestodes, gastrointestinal protozoa, Ascaris suum, Ancylostoma caninum, Cooperia oncophora, Echinococcus granulosus, Eimeria spp., Giardia lamblia, Haemonchus contortus, Osteortagia osteortagi, Taenia solium and Teladorsagia circumcincta.  Only clinical trials of gastrointestinal antiparasitic vaccines in birds, pets, pigs and ruminants were included in this analysis, as well as commercial vaccines currently available for these same parasites. 
Results and conclusions: Even though there are important clinical trial studies of vaccines in these animal species (n=101) reported between 1964 to 2020, only five parasites can be prevented/controlled with commercial vaccines used in veterinary medicine: Haemonchus contortus and Echinococcus granulosus in ruminants, Taenia solium in pigs, Eimeria spp. in birds and Giardia lamblia in dogs (e.g., Cysvax™, Barbervax®, Providean® Hidatil EG95, CocciVac® and GiardiaVax™). It is expected that, with the development of bioinformatics and methodologies such as reverse vaccinology, this immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic range will be extended as to control these parasitic agents of great importance in human and animal health.