bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION COUNSELING ON STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE LEVEL AND ATTITUDE IN SMK KESEHATAN SAKINAH KOTA PASURUAN
Authors:   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, Auni Rochmah Pribadi , Roni Faishol ,   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, Putri Santoso Shelfi Dwi Retnani ,   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Published: June 2022

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) becomes a central focus of global health issues since the mortality rate is very high. Cardiac arrest can occur in various locations, both in which can not be anticipated (out of hospital) and can be anticipated (for instance: Intensive Care Unit Room). Knowledge level is very essential because with it, the attitude that is reflected in them will be in accordance with the knowledge gained. This research aims to study the impacts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation counseling on students knowledge level and attitude in SMK Kesehatan Sakinah Kota Pasuruan. Using Quasi-Eksperimental design with applying the approach of one - group pre - post test design. The samples are 30 students of SMK Kesehatan Sakinah Kota Pasuruan. using the technique of total population sampling. The data were collected using questionnaire. The obtained results showed that the level of knowledge in the category of low-level was 23 respondents (76.7%) and the attitudes in the category of low-level were 16 respondents (53.3%). After the results were tested using Wilcoxon Test, obtained = 0.000 where p <0.005 In conclusion, cardiopulmonary resuscitation affected the students knowledge level and attitude in SMK Kesehatan Sakinah Kota Pasuruan. To improve the students knowledge level and attitude, accordingly following cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be worked.
THE EFFECT OF WARM WATER SOAK FOR HYPERTENSION IN ELDERLY IN POSYANDU PONDOK JERUK TAMBAKBERAS, TAMBAKREJO VILLAGE, JOMBANG DISTRICT, JOMBANG DISTRICT
Authors:   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, Putri Santoso Shelfi Dwi Retnani , Nur Hidayah Siti ,   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, Bagus Sasmito Nanang ,   STIKes Bahrul Ulum Jombang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Published: June 2022

Hypertension is a common disease in the elderly. Hypertension can be treated with non-pharmacology such as soaking foot warm water which is useful for dilating blood vessels so that blood circulation. The purpose of this study is to identify blood pressure levels before and after the intervention and analyze the effect of giving warm water soak. The research design used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-posttest control group design. The sampling technique uses purposive non probability sampling with a population of 32 people and a sample of 20 people. The results of the pretest-posttest cystole showed a value of 0.001 (P <0.005) and the result of the pretest-posttest diastole showed a decrease in difference indicated by the value of 0.002 (P <0.005). The statistical test used Paired T-Test. So that, there is a significant influence on the decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after warm water foot bath therapy.
Health Promotion and Care—Approaches and Trends
Authors:   Independent Researcher, USA, Honeycutt Richard A.
Published: June 2022

Throughout the history and even prehistory of humankind, efforts have been made to improve health, including the treatment and cure of disease and wounds. These efforts have led to a variety of beliefs and approaches to healthcare, involving a variety of different paradigms. If we examine a representative sampling of these approaches, we can see radical differences in theory and practice. Perhaps inevitably, practitioners of one school of thought have disagreed—sometimes in the extreme—with each other. Scientists, and especially their cheerleaders, have often been guilty of worshiping their own limited views of “science”, an attitude that harms both science and society. Remembering the history of healthcare gives us some background against which to view the current social antipathy among groups having different opinions concerning the Covid pandemic. Greater understanding coupled with humility offers us an opportunity to end the antipathy.
"Interfaith dialogue in limbo: How can tradition work against religious purposes?"
Authors:   Ovidius University of Constanta, Department of Theology, Constanta, Romania, Ciocan Tudor-Cosmin
Published: June 2022

"When we talk about dialogue, we always start looking for ways to best present the content of our speech. Approaching another through dialogue does not seem to care too much about the will or desire to accept the otherness for dialogue even if this is the basis of the binary formula of dialogue. Yet, in the case of religious dialogue, things are not at all so clear or proactive; instead, this (accepting otherness) is usually the central issue of interreligious dialogue. However, when we finally manage to bring together two or more religious representatives for dialogue, the most intriguing aspect of the dialogue is less emphasized on the content and issues to be brought to the attention of the participants and more on the issue of accepting, tolerating all others’ traditions through this dialogue. Nervousness, anxiety, discomfort, and squirming are the habitual and, even more shocking, ""expected"" features in interfaith dialogue. Well, if this is the main problem in interfaith - being able to bring acceptance in this ""toxic"" environment - then this would be a step forward. But probably all these are since, at present, the construction of interreligious dialogue is still in progress, about to be polished and become a formal custom, an emerging tradition of the current era. However, is the content that all participants in the interfaith dialogue bring, our particular traditions, to blame for this challenge? Can they help us build the bridge or, on the contrary, put interfaith in a limbo state, waiting for a redeemer? To pinpoint the direction in which interreligious dialogue is heading, we must better evaluate and understand a ""tradition"", what it is, how it works, and why it is developed and preserved. What is the significance of a tradition for people in general and a religious group in particular? How deeply rooted is it in human thinking and how valuable to fight for it? And then, can we consider changing, altering, or even removing a whole tradition from our perspective? If so, [regardless of the response] what is then the impact of [any] tradition on us and our reactions to the current issues, therefore to human endeavor? This article illustrates the role that tradition plays in peoples' views of the world and how tradition influences their behavior and attitudes toward certain practices and against a current acquisition of interreligious relationships, namely interreligious dialogue."
Fundamental Oxidation Processes in the Remote Marine Atmosphere Investigated Using the NO-NO2-O3 Photostationary State
Authors: Andersen Simone T. , Nelson Beth S. , Read Katie A. , Punjabi Shalini , Neves Luis , Rowlinson Matthew J. , Hopkins James , Sherwen Tomás , Whalley Lisa K. , Lee James D. , Carpenter Lucy J.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. The photostationary state (PSS) equilibrium between NO and NO2 is reached within minutes in the atmosphere and can be described by the PSS parameter, φ. Deviations from expected values of φ have previously been used to infer missing oxidants in diverse locations, from highly polluted regions to the extremely clean conditions observed in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL), and have been interpreted as missing understanding of fundamental photochemistry. Here, contrary to these previous observations, we observe good agreement between PSS-derived NO2 ([NO2]PSS ext.) calculated from photochemical model predictions of peroxy radicals (RO2 and HO2) and measured NO, O3, and jNO2, and observed NO2 in extremely clean air containing low levels of CO (< 90 ppbV) and VOCs. However, in clean air containing small amounts of aged pollution (CO > 100 ppbV), we observed higher levels of NO2 than inferred from the PSS, with [NO2]Obs./[NO2]PSS ext. of 1.12–1.68 (25th–75th percentile) implying 18.5–104 pptV (25th–75th percentile) of missing RO2 radicals. Potential NO2 measurement artefacts have to be carefully considered when comparing PSS-derived NO2 to observed NO2, but we show that the NO2 artefact required to explain the deviation would have to be ~ 4 times greater than the maximum calculated from known interferences. If the missing RO2 radicals have an ozone production efficiency equivalent to that of methyl peroxy radicals (CH3O2), then the calculated net ozone production including these additional oxidants is similar to that observed, within estimated uncertainties, once halogen oxide chemistry is accounted for. This implies that peroxy radicals cannot be excluded as the missing oxidant in clean marine air containing aged pollution, and that measured and modelled RO2 are both significantly underestimated under these conditions.
Australian wildfire smoke in the stratosphere: the decay phase in 2020/2021 and impact on ozone depletion
Authors: Ohneiser Kevin , Ansmann Albert , Kaifler Bernd , Chudnovsky Alexandra , Barja Boris , Knopf Daniel A. , Kaifler Natalie , Baars Holger , Seifert Patric , Villanueva Diego , Jimenez Cristofer , Radenz Martin , Engelmann Ronny , Veselovskii Igor , Zamorano Félix
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Record-breaking wildfires raged in southeastern Australia in late December 2019 and early January 2020. Rather strong pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) convection developed over the fire areas and lofted enormous amounts of biomass burning smoke into the tropopause region and caused the strongest wildfire-related stratospheric aerosol perturbation ever observed around the globe. We discuss the geometrical, optical, and microphysical properties of the stratospheric smoke layers and the decay of this major stratospheric perturbation. A multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar at Punta Arenas (53.2∘ S, 70.9∘ W), southern Chile, and an elastic backscatter Raman lidar at Río Grande (53.8∘ S, 67.7∘ W) in southern Argentina, were operated to monitor the major record-breaking event until the end of 2021. These lidar measurements can be regarded as representative for mid to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. A unique dynamical feature, an anticyclonic, smoke-filled vortex with 1000 km horizontal width and 5 km vertical extent, which ascended by about 500 m d−1, was observed over the full last week of January 2020. The key results of the long-term study are as follows. The smoke layers extended, on average, from 9 to 24 km in height. The smoke partly ascended to more than 30 km height as a result of self-lofting processes. Clear signs of a smoke impact on the record-breaking ozone hole over Antarctica in September–November 2020 were found. A slow decay of the stratospheric perturbation detected by means of the 532 nm aerosol optical thickness (AOT) yielded an e-folding decay time of 19–20 months. The maximum smoke AOT was around 1.0 over Punta Arenas in January 2020 and thus 2 to 3 orders of magnitude above the stratospheric aerosol background of 0.005. After 2 months with strongly varying smoke conditions, the 532 nm AOT decreased to 0.03-0.06 from March–December 2020 and to 0.015–0.03 throughout 2021. The particle extinction coefficients at 532 nm were in the range of 10–75 Mm−1 in January 2020 and, later on, mostly between 1 and 5 Mm−1. Combined lidar–photometer retrievals revealed typical smoke extinction-to-backscatter ratios of 69 ± 19 sr (at 355 nm), 91 ± 17 sr (at 532 nm), and 120 ± 22 sr (at 1064 nm). An ozone reduction of 20 %–25 % in the 15–22 km height range was observed over Antarctica and New Zealand ozonesonde stations in the smoke-polluted air, with particle surface area concentrations of 1–5 µm2 cm−3.
Future projections of daily haze-conducive and clear weather conditions over the North China Plain using a perturbed parameter ensemble
Authors: Jain Shipra , Doherty Ruth M. , Sexton David , Turnock Steven , Li Chaofan , Jia Zixuan , Shi Zongbo , Pei Lin
Published: June 2022

Abstract. We examine past and future changes in both winter haze and clear weather
conditions over the North China Plain (NCP) using a perturbed parameter
ensemble (PPE) and elucidate the influence of model physical
parameterizations on these future projections for the first time. We use a
large-scale meteorology-based haze weather index (HWI) with values
>1 as a proxy for haze-conducive weather and HWI <-1 for clear weather conditions over the NCP. The PPE generated using the UK
Met Office's HadGEM-GC3 model shows that under a high-emission (RCP8.5)
scenario, the frequency of haze-conducive weather (HWI >1) is
likely to increase whereas the frequency of clear weather (HWI <-1)
is likely to decrease in the future with a growing influence of climate change
over the 21st century. Nevertheless, a reduction in the frequency of haze-conducive weather and increment in the frequency of clear weather, though less likely, is also possible. In the
future, the frequency of haze-conducive weather for a given winter could be as
much as ∼3.5 times higher than the frequency of clear weather
over the NCP. More frequent haze-conducive weather (HWI >1)
during winter over the NCP is found to be associated with an enhanced
warming of the troposphere and weaker northwesterlies in the
mid-troposphere over the NCP. We also examined the changes in the
interannual variability of the haze-conducive and clear weather and found no
marked changes in the variability during future periods. We find a clear
influence of model physical parametrizations on climatological mean
frequencies for both haze-conducive and clear weather. For the mid- to late
21st century (2033–2086), the parametric effect can explain up to
∼80 % of the variance in the climatological mean frequencies of PPE
members. This shows that different model physical parameterizations lead
to a different evolution of the model's mean climate, particularly towards the
end of the 21st century. Therefore, it is desirable to consider the PPE
in addition to the initialized and multimodel ensembles to obtain a more
comprehensive range of plausible future projections.
The roles of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and El Niño for entry stratospheric water vapor in observations and coupled chemistry–ocean CCMI and CMIP6 models
Authors: Ziskin Ziv Shlomi , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Davis Sean , Banerjee Antara
Published: June 2022

Abstract. The relative importance of two processes that help control the concentrations of stratospheric water vapor, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are evaluated in observations and in comprehensive coupled ocean–atmosphere-chemistry models. The possibility of nonlinear interactions between these two is evaluated both using multiple linear regression (MLR) and three additional advanced machine learning techniques. The QBO is found to be more important than ENSO; however nonlinear interactions are nonnegligible, and even when ENSO, the QBO, and potential nonlinearities are included, the fraction of entry water vapor variability explained is still substantially less than what is accounted for by cold-point temperatures. While the advanced machine learning techniques perform better than an MLR in which nonlinearities are suppressed, adding nonlinear predictors to the MLR mostly closes the gap in performance with the advanced machine learning techniques. Comprehensive models suffer from too weak a connection between entry water and the QBO; however a notable improvement is found relative to previous generations of comprehensive models. Models with a stronger QBO in the lower stratosphere systematically simulate a more realistic connection with entry water.
Ice-nucleating particles from multiple aerosol sources in the urban environment of Beijing under mixed-phase cloud conditions
Authors: Zhang Cuiqi , Wu Zhijun , Chen Jingchuan , Chen Jie , Tang Lizi , Zhu Wenfei , Pei Xiangyu , Chen Shiyi , Tian Ping , Guo Song , Zeng Limin , Hu Min , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Ice crystals occurring in mixed-phase clouds play a vital
role in global precipitation and energy balance because of the unstable
equilibrium between coexistent liquid droplets and ice crystals, which
affects cloud lifetime and radiative properties, as well as precipitation
formation. Satellite observations proved that immersion freezing, i.e., ice
formation on particles immersed within aqueous droplets, is the dominant ice
nucleation (IN) pathway in mixed-phase clouds. However, the impact of
anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric IN in the urban environment remains
ambiguous. In this study, we present in situ observations of ambient ice-nucleating particle number concentration (NINP) measured at mixed-phase
cloud conditions (−30 ∘C, relative humidity with respect to
liquid water RHw= 104 %) and the physicochemical properties of
ambient aerosol, including chemical composition and size distribution, at an
urban site in Beijing during the traditional Chinese Spring Festival. The
impact of multiple aerosol sources such as firework emissions, local traffic
emissions, mineral dust, and urban secondary aerosols on NINP is
investigated. The results show that NINP during the dust event reaches
up to 160 # L−1 (where “#” represents number of particles), with an activation fraction (AF) of 0.0036 % ± 0.0011 %. During the rest of the observation, NINP is on the
order of 10−1 to 10 # L−1, with an average AF between 0.0001 % and
0.0002 %. No obvious dependence of NINP on the number concentration of
particles larger than 500 nm (N500) or black carbon (BC) mass
concentration (mBC) is found throughout the field observation. The
results indicate a substantial NINP increase during the dust event,
although the observation took place at an urban site with high background
aerosol concentration. Meanwhile, the presence of atmospheric BC from
firework and traffic emissions, along with urban aerosols formed via
secondary transformation during heavily polluted periods, does not influence
the observed INP concentration. Our study corroborates previous laboratory
and field findings that anthropogenic BC emission has a negligible effect on
NINP and that NINP is unaffected by heavy pollution in the urban
environment under mixed-phase cloud conditions.
The diurnal and seasonal variability of ice-nucleating particles at the High Altitude Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Switzerland
Authors: Brunner Cyril , Brem Benjamin T. , Collaud Coen Martine , Conen Franz , Steinbacher Martin , Gysel-Beer Martin , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Cloud radiative properties, cloud lifetime, and precipitation initiation are strongly influenced by the cloud phase. Between ∼ 235 and 273 K, ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are responsible for the initial phase transition from the liquid to the ice phase in cloud hydrometeors.
This study analyzes immersion-mode INP concentrations measured at 243 K at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) between February 2020 and January 2021, thereby presenting the longest continuous, high-resolution (20 min) data set of online INP measurements to date. The high time resolution and continuity allow us to study the seasonal and the diurnal variability of INPs.
After exclusion of special events, like Saharan dust events (SDEs), we found a seasonal cycle of INPs, highest in April (median in spring 3.1 INP std L−1) followed by summer (median:
1.6 INP std L−1) and lowest in fall and winter (median: 0.5 and 0.7 INP std L−1, respectively). Pollen or subpollen particles were deemed unlikely to be responsible for elevated INP concentrations in spring and summer, as periods with high pollen loads from nearby measurement stations do not coincide with the periods of high INP concentrations. Furthermore, for days when the site was purely in the free troposphere (FT), no diurnal cycle in INP concentrations was observed, while days with boundary layer intrusions (BLIs) showed a diurnal cycle. The seasonal and diurnal variability of INPs during periods excluding SDEs is within a factor of 7 and 3.3, respectively, significantly lower than the overall variability observed in INP concentration including SDEs of more than 3 orders of magnitude, when peak values result from SDEs. The median INP concentration over the analyzed 12 months was 1.2 INP std L−1 for FT periods excluding SDEs and 1.4 INP std L−1 for both FT and BLI, and including SDEs, reflecting that despite SDEs showing strong but comparatively brief INP signals, they have a minor impact on the observed annual median INP concentration.
The SPARC Water Vapor Assessment II: assessment of satellite measurements of upper tropospheric humidity
Authors: Read William G. , Stiller Gabriele , Lossow Stefan , Kiefer Michael , Khosrawi Farahnaz , Hurst Dale , Vömel Holger , Rosenlof Karen , Dinelli Bianca M. , Raspollini Piera , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Gille John C. , Kasai Yasuko , Eriksson Patrick , Sioris Christopher E. , Walker Kaley A. , Weigel Katja , Burrows John P. , Rozanov Alexei
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Nineteen limb-viewing data sets (occultation, passive thermal, and UV scattering) and two nadir
upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) data sets are intercompared and also compared to frost-point hygrometer
balloon sondes. The upper troposphere considered here covers the pressure range from 300–100 hPa.
UTH is a challenging measurement, because concentrations
vary between 2–1000 ppmv (parts per million by volume), with sharp changes in vertical
gradients near the tropopause. Cloudiness in this region
also makes the measurement challenging. The atmospheric temperature is also highly
variable ranging from 180–250 K. The assessment of satellite-measured UTH
is based on coincident comparisons with balloon frost-point hygrometer
sondes, multi-month mapped comparisons, zonal mean time series comparisons, and
coincident satellite-to-satellite comparisons. While the satellite fields show
similar features in maps and time series, quantitatively they can differ by a
factor of 2 in concentration, with strong dependencies on the amount of UTH.
Additionally, time-lag response-corrected Vaisala RS92 radiosondes are
compared to satellites and the frost-point hygrometer measurements. In summary,
most satellite data sets reviewed here show on average ∼30 % agreement
amongst themselves and frost-point data but with an additional ∼30 %
variability about the mean bias. The Vaisala RS92 sonde, even with a time-lag
correction, shows poor behavior for pressures less than 200 hPa.
Retrieval of greenhouse gases from GOSAT and GOSAT-2 using the FOCAL algorithm
Authors: Noël Stefan , Reuter Maximilian , Buchwitz Michael , Borchardt Jakob , Hilker Michael , Schneising Oliver , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. , Di Noia Antonio , Parker Robert J. , Suto Hiroshi , Yoshida Yukio , Buschmann Matthias , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Feist Dietrich G. , Griffith David W. T. , Hase Frank , Kivi Rigel , Liu Cheng , Morino Isamu , Notholt Justus , Oh Young-Suk , Ohyama Hirofumi , Petri Christof , Pollard David F. , Rettinger Markus , Roehl Coleen , Rousogenous Constantina , Sha Mahesh Kumar , Shiomi Kei , Strong Kimberly , Sussmann Ralf , Té Yao , Velazco Voltaire A. , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Warneke Thorsten
Published: June 2022

Abstract. We show new results from an updated version of the Fast atmOspheric
traCe gAs retrievaL (FOCAL) retrieval method applied to measurements
of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and its successor
GOSAT-2.
FOCAL was originally developed for estimating the total column carbon
dioxide mixing ratio (XCO2) from spectral measurements made by the
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2).
However, depending on the available spectral windows, FOCAL also
successfully retrieves total column amounts for other atmospheric
species and their uncertainties within one single retrieval.
The main focus of the current paper is on methane (XCH4; full-physics and proxy product), water vapour (XH2O) and the
relative ratio of semi-heavy water (HDO) to water vapour
(δD).
Due to the extended spectral range of GOSAT-2, it is also possible to
derive information on carbon monoxide (XCO) and nitrous oxide
(XN2O) for which we also show first results.
We also present an update on XCO2 from both instruments. For XCO2, the new FOCAL retrieval (v3.0) significantly increases
the number of valid data compared with the previous FOCAL retrieval
version (v1) by 50 % for GOSAT and about a factor of 2 for GOSAT-2
due to relaxed pre-screening and improved post-processing.
All v3.0 FOCAL data products show reasonable spatial distribution and
temporal variations.
Comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) result
in station-to-station biases which are generally in line with the
reported TCCON uncertainties. With this updated version of the GOSAT-2 FOCAL data, we provide a
first total column average XN2O product.
Global XN2O maps show a gradient from the tropics
to higher latitudes on the order of 15 ppb, which can be
explained by variations in tropopause height.
The new GOSAT-2 XN2O product compares well with TCCON.
Its station-to-station variability is lower than 2 ppb,
which is about the magnitude of the typical
N2O variations close to the surface.
However, both GOSAT-2 and TCCON measurements show that the seasonal
variations in the total column average XN2O are on the order
of 8 ppb peak-to-peak, which can be easily resolved by the GOSAT-2 FOCAL
data.
Noting that only few XN2O measurements from satellites exist so
far, the GOSAT-2 FOCAL product will be a valuable contribution in
this context.
On the derivation of zonal and meridional wind components from Aeolus horizontal line-of-sight wind
Authors: Krisch Isabell , Hindley Neil P. , Reitebuch Oliver , Wright Corwin J.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Since its launch in 2018, the European Space Agency's
Earth Explorer satellite Aeolus has provided global height resolved
measurements of horizontal wind in the troposphere and lower stratosphere
for the first time. Novel datasets such as these provide an unprecedented
opportunity for the research of atmospheric dynamics and provide new
insights into the dynamics of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
(UTLS) region. Aeolus measures the wind component along its horizontal
line-of-sight, but for the analysis and interpretation of atmospheric
dynamics, zonal and/or meridional wind components are most useful. In this
paper, we introduce and compare three different methods to derive zonal and
meridional wind components from the Aeolus wind measurements. We find that
the most promising method involves combining Aeolus measurements during
ascending and descending orbits. Using this method, we derive global
estimates of the zonal wind in the latitude range 79.7∘ S to
84.5∘ N with errors of less than 5 m s−1 (at the 2σ
level). Due to the orbit geometry of Aeolus, the estimation of meridional
wind in the tropics and at midlatitudes is more challenging and the quality
is less reliable. However, we find that it is possible to derive meridional
winds poleward of 70∘ latitude with absolute errors typically
below 5 m s−1 (at the 2σ level). This further demonstrates the value of Aeolus wind measurements for applications in weather and climate research, in addition to their important role in numerical weather
prediction.
Satellite measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate from the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder: comparison with ATom aircraft measurements
Authors: Payne Vivienne H. , Kulawik Susan S. , Fischer Emily V. , Brewer Jared F. , Huey L. Gregory , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Worden John R. , Bowman Kevin W. , Hintsa Eric J. , Moore Fred , Elkins James W. , Juncosa Calahorrano Julieta
Published: June 2022

Abstract. We present an overview of an optimal estimation algorithm to retrieve peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) from single-field-of-view Level 1B radiances measured by the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS). CrIS PAN retrievals show peak sensitivity in the mid-troposphere, with degrees of
freedom for signal less than or equal to 1.0. We show comparisons with two
sets of aircraft measurements from the Atmospheric Tomography Mission
(ATom), the PAN and Trace Hydrohalocarbon ExpeRiment (PANTHER) and the
Georgia Tech chemical ionization mass spectrometer (GT-CIMS). We find a
systematic difference between the two aircraft datasets, with vertically
averaged mid-tropospheric values from the GT-CIMS around 14 % lower than equivalent values from PANTHER. However, the two sets of aircraft
measurements are strongly correlated (R2 value of 0.92) and do provide
a consistent view of the large-scale variation of PAN. We demonstrate that
the retrievals of PAN from CrIS show skill in measurement of these
large-scale PAN distributions in the remote mid-troposphere compared to the
retrieval prior. The standard deviation of individual CrIS–aircraft
differences is 0.08 ppbv, which we take as an estimate of the uncertainty of the CrIS mid-tropospheric PAN for a single satellite field of view. The
standard deviation of the CrIS–aircraft comparisons for averaged CrIS
retrievals (median of 20 satellite coincidences with each aircraft profile) is lower at 0.05 ppbv. This would suggest that the retrieval error is reduced with averaging, although not with the square root of the number of observations. We find a negative bias of the order of 0.1 ppbv in the CrIS PAN results with respect to the aircraft measurements. This bias shows a dependence on column water vapor. We provide a water-vapor-dependent bias
correction for use with the CrIS PAN data.
Phase correlation on the edge for estimating cloud motion
Authors: Raut Bhupendra A. , Collis Scott , Ferrier Nicola , Muradyan Paytsar , Sankaran Rajesh , Jackson Robert , Shahkarami Sean , Park Seongha , Dematties Dario , Kim Yongho , Swantek Joseph , Conrad Neal , Gerlach Wolfgang , Shemyakin Sergey , Beckman Pete
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Phase Correlation (PC) is a well-known method for estimating cloud motion vectors (CMV) from infrared and visible spectrum images. Commonly phase-shift is computed in the small blocks of the images using the fast Fourier transform. In this study, we investigate the performance and the stability of the block-wise PC method by changing the block size, the frame interval, and combinations of red, green, and blue (RGB) channels from the total sky imager (TSI) at the United States Atmospheric Radiation Measurement user facility's Southern Great Plains site. We find that shorter frame intervals, followed by larger block sizes, are responsible for stable estimates of the CMV as suggested by the higher autocorrelations. The choice of RGB channels has a limited effect on the quality of CMV, and the red and the grayscale images are marginally more reliable than the other combinations during rapidly evolving low-level clouds. The stability of CMV was tested at different image resolutions with an implementation of the optimized algorithm on the Sage cyberinfrastructure testbed. We find that doubling the frame rate outperforms quadrupling the image resolution in achieving CMV stability. The correlations of CMV with the wind data are significant in the range of 0.38–0.59 with a 95 % confidence interval, despite the uncertainties and limitations of both datasets. The raindrop contaminated images were excluded by identifying the rotation of the raindrop contaminated TSI mirror in the motion field. The results of this study are critical to optimizing algorithms for edge-computing enabled sensor systems.
Dissolved organic matter signatures in urban surface waters: spatio-temporal patterns and drivers
Authors: Romero González-Quijano Clara , Herrero Ortega Sonia , Casper Peter , Gessner Mark O. , Singer Gabriel A.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Advances in analytical chemistry have facilitated the characterization of
dissolved organic matter (DOM), which has improved understanding of DOM
sources and transformations in surface waters. For urban waters, however,
where DOM diversity is likely to be high, the interpretation of DOM
signatures is hampered by a lack of information on the influence of land
cover and anthropogenic factors such as nutrient enrichment and release of
organic contaminants. Here we explored the spatio-temporal variation in DOM
composition in contrasting urban water bodies, based on spectrophotometry
and fluorometry, size-exclusion chromatography, and ultrahigh-resolution mass
spectrometry, to identify linkages between DOM signatures and potential
drivers. The highly diverse DOM we observed distinguished lakes and ponds,
which are characterized by a high proportion of autochthonous DOM, from
rivers and streams where allochthonous DOM is more prevalent. Seasonal
variation in DOM composition was apparent in all types of water bodies,
apparently due to interactions between phenology and urban influences, such
as nutrient supply, the percentage of green space surrounding the water
bodies and point source pollution. Optical DOM properties also revealed the
influence of effluents from wastewater treatment plants, suggesting that
simple optical measurements can be useful in water quality assessment and
monitoring, providing information about processes both within water bodies and in their
catchments.
Hand-written letters and photo albums linking geoscientists with school classes
Authors: Stiller-Reeve Mathew , Argentino Claudio , Waghorn Kate Alyse , Vadakkepuliyambatta Sunil , Kalenitchenko Dimitri , Panieri Giuliana
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Do we miss something about «traditional” media such as handwritten letters and photography before the digital age? Some of the authors remember this age fondly, and we wanted to see if this fondness could be translated into a science dialogue project with school classes. We designed and carried out a communication process with 4 classes at different schools across Europe. During this process, each class would interact with a single scientist primarily via hand-written questions & letters, and a Polaroid photo album. The scientists would make this unique, one-of-a-kind album whilst on board a research expedition in the Barents Sea. We asked the question whether this process might show any benefits to the school students involved. To answer this, we asked the students to write up their thoughts on communicating with a scientist in this way. We analysed the texts and found that most students thought the letters and polaroid albums were a “beautiful experience”. Others commented on how important it is to actually put pen to paper and write, since they use (almost) only digital media these days. Most importantly, the students learnt different elements of the science connected to the research expedition, but also about the scientific process in general. And, equally important, some of the students were surprised and thankful that the scientists took the time to communicate with them in such a personal way. These results could possibly have been achieved using other media, however the hand-written letters and Polaroids worked very well. They also seemed to conjure up some of the personal memories that we have about communication not so long ago. Maybe there is something to be said for slowing things down with our science communication projects and making them more personal and unique. This is something that snail-mail and making photo albums forces us to do.
Eddy-covariance carbon fluxes of a heterogeneous forest: one tower - two heights
Authors: Krasnova Alisa , Krasnov Dmitrii , Cordey Hans Peter Ernst , Noe Steffen M.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Eddy-covariance (EC) is a widely used method for measuring ecosystem-scale fluxes of various gases. The sensor placement height is typically constrained by the canopy height and area of interest size. We studied the carbon dioxide fluxes over a hemiboreal mixed forest with two EC measurement systems located at 30 m and 70 m. The lower system NEE (NEE30) values were more positive (smaller sink or higher source) than the NEE of the higher one (NEE70), but this difference was prevalent in low light conditions and in May–November of all studied years. The nighttime and early morning difference (ΔNEE) increased with wind speed until ~2 m s-1 and friction velocity until ~0.35 m s-1 and linearly decreased after. ΔNEE was irregularly distributed over the wind direction sectors with high values overlapping the directions of South-East and South-West guy wire tunnels. Moreover, the shape of the NEE30 seasonal cycle was closer to that of a clear-cut area, and the difference between the systems increased with air temperature. The forest under study varied between a weak net sink and a strong net source on the annual scale. Directional heterogeneity correction shifted the annual NEE towards more negative values, but neither removed the difference between the systems nor changed the shape of the seasonal cycle. More studies are needed to assess the impact of clearcutting on the carbon accumulation under the measurement point.
NH3 spatio-temporal variability over Paris, Mexico and Toronto and its link to PM2.5 during pollution events
Authors: Viatte Camille , Abeed Rimal , Yamanouchi Shoma , Porter William , Safieddine Sarah , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Herrera Beatriz , Grutter Michel , Coheur Pierre-Francois , Strong Kimberly , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Megacities can experience high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution linked to ammonia (NH3) mainly emitted from agricultural activities. Here, we investigate such pollution in the cities of Paris, Mexico and Toronto, each of which have distinct emission sources, agricultural regulations, and topography. Ten years of measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are used to assess the spatio-temporal NH3 variability over and around the three cities. In Europe and North America, we determine that temperature is associated with the increase in NH3 atmospheric concentrations with coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.8 over agricultural areas. The variety of the NH3 sources (industry and agricultural) and the weaker temperature seasonal cycle in southern North America induce a lower correlation factor (r2 = 0.5). The three regions are subject to long range transport of NH3, as shown using HYSPLIT cluster back-trajectories. The highest NH3 concentrations measured at the city scales are associated with air masses coming from the surrounding and north-northeast regions of Paris, the south-southwest areas of Toronto, and the southeast/southwest zones of Mexico City. Using NH3 and PM2.5 measurements derived from IASI and surface observations from 2008 to 2017, annually frequent pollution events are identified in the 3 cities. Wind roses reveal statistical patterns during these pollution events with dominant northeast-southwest directions in Paris and Mexico cities, and the transboundary transport of pollutants from the United-States in Toronto. To check how well chemistry transport models perform during pollution events, we evaluate simulations made using the GEOS-Chem model for March 2011. In these simulations we find that NH3 concentrations are overall underestimated, though day-to-day variability is well represented. PM2.5 is generally underestimated over Paris and Mexico, but overestimated over Toronto.
Optical and biogeochemical properties of diverse Belgian inland and coastal waters
Authors: Castagna Alexandre , Amadei Martínez Luz , Bogorad Margarita , Daveloose Ilse , Dasseville Renaat , Dierssen Heidi Melita , Beck Matthew , Mortelmans Jonas , Lavigne Héloïse , Dogliotti Ana , Doxaran David , Ruddick Kevin , Vyverman Wim , Sabbe Koen
Published: June 2022

Abstract. From 2017 to 2019, an extensive sampling campaign was conducted in Belgian inland and coastal waters, aimed at providing paired data of optical and biogeochemical properties to support research into optical monitoring of aquatic systems. The campaign was focused on inland waters, with sampling of four lakes and a coastal lagoon during the growth season, in addition to samples of opportunity from other four lakes. Campaigns also included the Scheldt estuary over a tidal cycle and two sampling campaigns in the Belgian coastal zone. Measured parameters include inherent optical properties (absorption, scattering and beam attenuation coefficients, near-forward volume scattering function, turbidity), apparent optical properties (Secchi disc depth, substrate and water-leaving Lambert-equivalent bi-hemispherical reflectance), and biogeochemical properties (suspended particulate matter, mineral fraction of particle mass, particle size distribution, pigment concentration, DNA metabarcoding, flow microscopy counts, and bottom type classification). The diversity of water bodies and environmental conditions covered a wide range of system states. The chlorophyll a concentration varied from 0.63 to 382.72 mg m−3, while the suspended particulate matter concentration varied from 1.02 to 791.19 g m−3, with mineral fraction varying from 0 to 0.95. Depending on system and season, phytoplankton assemblages were dominated by cyanobacteria, green algae (Mamiellophyceae, Pyramimonadophyceae), or diatoms. The dataset is available from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940240 (Castagna et al., 2022).
Constraining the aggradation mode of Pleistocene river deposits based on cosmogenic radionuclide depth profiles and numerical modelling
Authors: Vandermaelen Nathan , Beerten Koen , Clapuyt François , Christl Marcus , Vanacker Veerle
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Pleistocene braided river deposits commonly represent long periods of non-deposition or erosion that are interrupted by rapid and short aggradation phases. When dating these sedimentary sequences with in-situ produced cosmic radionuclides (CRN), simple concentration-depth profiling approaches fall often short as they assume that the alluvial sedimentary sequence has been deposited with a constant and rapid aggradation rate and been exposed to cosmic radiations afterwards. Numerical modelling of the evolution of CRNs in alluvial sequences permits to account for aggradation, non-deposition and erosion phases, and can simulate which scenarios of aggradation and preservation are most likely representing the river dynamics. In this study, such a model was developed and applied to a Middle Pleistocene gravel sheet (Zutendaal gravels) exposed in NE Belgium. The model parameters were optimized to the observed 10Be and 26Al concentrations of 17 sediment samples taken over a depth interval of 7 m. In the sedimentary sequence, (at least) three individual aggradation phases can be distinguished that were interrupted by non-deposition or erosion lasting each ~40 kyr. The age for the onset of aggradation was further constrained to kyr, and further narrows down the anticipated age window [500;1000] Ma of the terrace gravels. This age, within error limits, does not invalidate previous correlations of this gravel sheet with the Cromerian Glacial B, and marine isotope stage (MIS) 16. The deposition of the entire sedimentary sequence likely represents more than one climatic cycle, and demonstrates the importance of accounting for the depositional modes of braided rivers when applying in-situ cosmogenic radionuclide techniques.
Implementation and evaluation of open boundary conditions for sea ice in a regional coupled ocean (ROMS) and sea ice (CICE) modeling system
Authors: Duarte Pedro , Brændshøi Jostein , Shcherbin Dmitry , Barras Pauline , Albretsen Jon , Gusdal Yvonne , Szapiro Nicholas , Martinsen Andreas , Samuelsen Annette , Wang Keguang , Debernard Jens Boldingh
Published: June 2022

Abstract. The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) is used by several Earth system models
where sea ice boundary conditions are not necessary, given their global
scope. However, regional and local implementations of sea ice models require
boundary conditions describing the time changes of the sea ice and snow
being exchanged across the boundaries of the model domain. The physical
detail of these boundary conditions regarding, for example, the usage of
different sea ice thickness categories or the vertical resolution of
thermodynamic properties, must be considered when matching them with the
requirements of the sea ice model. Available satellite products do not
include all required data. Therefore, the most straightforward way of
getting sea ice boundary conditions is from a larger-scale model. The main
goal of our study is to describe and evaluate the implementation of
time-varying sea ice boundaries in the CICE model using two regional coupled
ocean–sea ice models, both covering a large part of the Barents Sea and
areas around Svalbard: the Barents-2.5 km​​​​​​​, implemented at the Norwegian
Meteorological Institute (MET), and the Svalbard 4 km (S4K) model, implemented at the Norwegian
Polar Institute (NPI). We use the TOPAZ4 model and a Pan-Arctic 4 km resolution model (A4) to generate the boundary conditions for the
sea ice and the ocean. The Barents-2.5 km model is MET's main forecasting
model for ocean state and sea ice in the Barents Sea. The S4K model covers a
similar domain but it is used mainly for research purposes. Obtained results
show significant improvements in the performance of the Barents-2.5 km model
after the implementation of the time-varying boundary conditions. The
performance of the S4K model in terms of sea ice and snow thickness is
comparable to that of the TOPAZ4 system but with more accurate results
regarding the oceanic component because of using ocean boundary conditions
from the A4 model. The implementation of time-varying boundary conditions
described in this study is similar regardless of the CICE versions used in
different models. The main challenge remains the handling of data from
larger models before its usage as boundary conditions for regional/local sea
ice models, since mismatches between available model products from the
former and specific requirements of the latter are expected, implying
case-specific approaches and different assumptions. Ideally, model setups
should be as similar as possible to allow a smoother transition from larger
to smaller domains.
Ocean biogeochemistry in the Canadian Earth System Model version 5.0.3: CanESM5 and CanESM5-CanOE
Authors: Christian James R. , Denman Kenneth L. , Hayashida Hakase , Holdsworth Amber M. , Lee Warren G. , Riche Olivier G. J. , Shao Andrew E. , Steiner Nadja , Swart Neil C.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. The ocean biogeochemistry components of two new versions
of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM) are presented and compared to
observations and other models. CanESM5 employs the same ocean biology model
as CanESM2, whereas CanESM5-CanOE (Canadian Ocean Ecosystem model) is a
new, more complex model developed for CMIP6, with multiple food chains,
flexible phytoplankton elemental ratios, and a prognostic iron cycle. This
new model is described in detail and the outputs (distributions of major
tracers such as oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, and alkalinity, the iron
and nitrogen cycles, plankton biomass, and historical trends in CO2
uptake and export production) compared to CanESM5 and CanESM2, as well as to
observations and other CMIP6 models. Both CanESM5 models show gains in skill
relative to CanESM2, which are attributed primarily to improvements in ocean
circulation. CanESM5-CanOE shows improved skill relative to CanESM5 for most
major tracers at most depths. CanESM5-CanOE includes a prognostic iron
cycle, and maintains high-nutrient/low-chlorophyll conditions in the
expected regions (in CanESM2 and CanESM5, iron limitation is specified as a
temporally static “mask”). Surface nitrate concentrations are biased low in
the subarctic Pacific and equatorial Pacific, and high in the Southern
Ocean, in both CanESM5 and CanESM5-CanOE. Export production in CanESM5-CanOE
is among the lowest for CMIP6 models; in CanESM5, it is among the highest,
but shows the most rapid decline after about 1980. CanESM5-CanOE shows some
ability to simulate aspects of plankton community structure that a
single-species model can not (e.g. seasonal dominance of large cells) but
is biased towards low concentrations of zooplankton and detritus relative to
phytoplankton. Cumulative ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide
through 2014 is lower in both CanESM5-CanOE (122 PgC) and CanESM5 (132 PgC)
than in observation-based estimates (145 PgC) or the model ensemble mean
(144 PgC).