bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered RBC deformability in diabetes: clinical characteristics and RBC pathophysiology
Authors: Ebenuwa Ifechukwude , Violet Pierre-Christian , Tu Hongbin , Lee Casey , Munyan Nicholas , Wang Yu , Niyyati Mahtab , Patra Kartick , Wilkins Kenneth J. , Parrow Nermi , Levine Mark
Published: October 2024

Background

Reduced red blood cell deformability (RBCD) is associated with diabetic vascular complications, but early pathophysiological RBC changes and predictive demographic and clinical factors in populations with diabetes are unclear. An understanding of early diabetes-specific RBC changes associated with impaired RBCD is essential in investigating mechanisms that predispose to diabetic vascular complications.

Methods

We conducted an outpatient cross-sectional study of participants in a well-controlled diabetes cohort (N81) and nondiabetic controls (N78) at the National Institutes of Health. First, between-group differences in RBCD measures were assessed with shear stress-gradient ektacytometry. Differences in structural RBC parameters were assessed using osmotic gradient ektacytometry and NaCl osmotic fragility. Functional RBC changes were assessed using hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation: p50.

Results

All shear-stress gradient RBCD measures were significantly altered in the diabetes cohort vs. nondiabetic controls, even after adjustment for confounding covariates (p < 0.001). Adjusted for diabetes-status and demographic factors, significant predictors of reduced RBCD included older age, Black race, male gender, hyperglycemia, and vascular complications (all p < 0.05). Reduced RBCD was also associated with aberrant osmotic-gradient parameters, with a left-shift on osmotic gradient profile indicative of dehydrated RBCs in diabetes. A structure-function relationship was observed with reduced RBCD associated with reduced osmotic fragility (P < 0.001) and increased hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Findings suggest impaired RBCD incurs similar demographic and clinical risk factors as diabetic vascular disease, with early pathophysiological RBC changes indicative of disordered RBC hydration in diabetes. Findings provide strong evidence for disordered oxygen release as a functional consequence of reduced RBCD.

Clinical trial number: NCT00071526.
Impact of physical activity levels on the association between air pollution exposures and glycemic indicators in older individuals
Authors: Park Hyunji , Kim Sun Young , Jang Heeseon , Ha Yae Won , Yun Young Mi , Kim Kwang Joon , Rhee Yumie , Kim Hyeon Chang , Kim Chang Oh , Cho Jaelim
Published: October 2024

Background

Air pollution may exacerbate diabetes-related indicators; however, the longitudinal associations between air pollutant concentrations and glycemic markers remain unclear. In this prospective cohort study, we examined the longitudinal associations between air pollution and glycemic indicators among older individuals with normoglycemia at baseline and determined whether these associations differed according to changes in physical activity levels.

Methods

Overall, 1,856 participants (mean age, 70.9 years) underwent baseline and 4-year follow-up surveys. We used linear mixed-effect models to examine the associations between previous 1-year exposures to air pollutants and glycemic indicators. We further investigated associations between previous 5-year exposures to air pollutants and glycemic indicators after the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We explored effect modifications by the level of physical activity maintenance and changes in metabolic equivalent of task (METs) for physical activity.

Results

Levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM10) and ≤ 2.5 μm, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were significantly associated with increased fasting blood glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. After IPTW, the associations remained significant for PM10 and NO2. The positive associations of NO2 with insulin and HOMA-IR remained significant in the maintained inactive group, but not in the maintained moderate-to-vigorous active group. The positive associations of PM10 or NO2 with insulin and HOMA-IR remained significant in the group with increased METs, but not in those with decreased METs. In the post-hoc analysis of non-linear relationships between an increase in METs and glycemic indicators, insulin and HOMA-IR remarkably increased in the higher PM10 and NO2 exposure group from the point of 12,000 and 13,500 METs-min/week increase, respectively.

Conclusions

We demonstrated longitudinal associations between air pollution exposures and increased insulin resistance in older individuals. Maintaining moderate-to-vigorous physical activity may mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on insulin resistance. In older individuals dwelling in highly polluted areas, an increase of less than 12,000 METs-min/week may be beneficial for insulin resistance.
Patterns of care contacts in the final year of life among opioid overdose fatalities in southern Sweden: a latent class analysis
Authors: Johnson Björn , Andersson Lisa , Jacobsson Helene , Khoshnood Ardavan M.
Published: October 2024

Background

Understanding the heterogeneity of opioid overdose fatalities is critical to developing effective preventive interventions. This study examines patterns of care contacts among people who subsequently died from opioid overdose. The aim was to identify distinct groups of deceased individuals, based on their contacts with different care agencies in their last year of life.

Methods

A retrospective registry study was conducted in Skåne, Southern Sweden. All recorded opioid overdose fatalities during the study period were included, n = 191. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of care contacts in the last year of life.

Results

Three distinct classes were identified: “Few care contacts,” with limited interaction with any services; “Social service contacts,” comprising individuals who predominantly had contacts with the social services and, to a lesser extent, with prison and probation services; and “Numerous care contacts,” with extensive contacts with both healthcare and social services. The “few care contacts” class comprises about half of the population. This is an important finding, since this group has not been clearly visible in previous research. The analysis indicates significant gaps in service provision, particularly regarding substance use treatment and mental health support.

Conclusions

Using a person-centred approach, this article offers a novel way of analysing care contacts among people who subsequently died from opioid overdose. The identification of distinct groups, particularly a large group of people with minimal contact with the community care system, highlights the need for more targeted outreach and support work. Developing targeted interventions in emergency and inpatient care settings may provide an opportunity to reach the group with few care contacts.
Beneficiaries’ satisfaction with community-based health insurance services and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bayked Ewunetie Mekashaw , Toleha Husien Nurahmed , Zewdie Segenet , Mekonen Asnakew Molla , Workneh Birhanu Demeke , Kahissay Mesfin Haile
Published: October 2024

Background

The viability of community-based health insurance programs depends on beneficiary satisfaction, and healthcare systems evaluate performance through patient reports and ratings to ensure effectiveness and service quality. To our knowledge, Ethiopia lacks national pooled data on the satisfaction of community-based health insurance beneficiaries and related factors. As a result, this review aimed to evaluate the level of beneficiaries’ satisfaction with the scheme’s services and associated factors in Ethiopia.

Methods

Database searches on Scopus, Hinari, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar were conducted on September 1st, 2022. Thirteen studies were chosen for review from the search results. Checklists from the Joan Briggs Institute were used to evaluate the risk of bias for the included studies. The data were extracted using a 2019 Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using Stata 17. The odds ratios at p-values less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the effect estimates.

Results

The pooled satisfaction of beneficiaries with community-based health insurance was found to be 66.0% (95% CI = 57-76%) and was found to be influenced by socio-demographic, health service-related, the scheme’s related factors, and the beneficiaries’ knowledge of it. The beneficiary satisfaction levels were highest in the Amhara region, at 69.0% (95% CI = 59-79%), followed by Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) at 67.0% (95% CI = 40-94%), Oromia at 63.0% (95% CI = 58-68%), and Addis Ababa at 53.0% (95% CI = 45-62%).

Conclusion

Even though there was a moderate level of satisfaction, there are indications that the quality of health services and the coverage of the entire population lag behind, necessitating greater efforts to achieve universal health coverage.
An estimation of global genetic prevalence of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration
Authors: Kurtovic-Kozaric Amina , Singer-Berk Moriel , Wood Jordan , Evangelista Emily , Panwala Leena , Hope Amanda , Heinrich Stefanie M. , Baxter Samantha , Kiel Mark J.
Published: October 2024

Background

PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) comprises three diseases with overlapping features: infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy (atypical NAD), and PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism. INAD is an early onset disease characterized by progressive loss of vision, muscular control, and mental skills. The prevalence of PLA2G6-associated diseases has not been previously calculated.

Methods

To provide the most accurate prevalence estimate, we utilized two independent approaches: database-based approach which included collecting variants from ClinVar, Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and high confidence predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) from gnomAD (Rare Genomes Project Genetic Prevalence Estimator; GeniE), and literature-based approach which gathered variants through Mastermind Genomic Search Engine (Genomenon, Inc). Genetic prevalence of PLAN was calculated based on allele frequencies from gnomAD, assuming Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

Results

In the PLA2G6 gene, our analysis found 122 pathogenic, 82 VUS, and 15 variants with conflicting interpretations (pathogenic vs VUS) between two approaches. Allele frequency was available for 58 pathogenic, 42 VUS, and 15 conflicting variants in gnomAD database. If pathogenic and/or conflicting variants are included, the overall genetic prevalence was estimated to be between 1 in 987,267 to 1 in 1,570,079 pregnancies, with the highest genetic prevalence in African/African-American (1 in 421,960 to 1 in 365,197) and East-Asian (1 in 683,978 to 1 in 190,771) populations.

Conclusion

Our estimates highlight the significant underdiagnosis of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration and underscores the need for increased awareness and diagnostic efforts. Furthermore, our study revealed a higher carrier frequency of PLA2G6 variants in African and Asian populations, stressing the importance of expanded genetic sequencing in non-European populations to ensure accurate and comprehensive diagnosis. Future research should focus on confirming our findings and implementing expanded sequencing strategies to facilitate maximal and accurate diagnosis, particularly in non-European populations.
Increased expression of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) contributes to synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Yiran , Chen Xiusheng , Chen Laiqiang , Shao Mingting , Zhu Wenzhen , Xing Tingting , Guo Tingting , Jia Qingqing , Yang Huiming , Yin Peng , Yan Xiao-Xin , Yu Jiandong , Li Shihua , Li Xiao-Jiang , Yang Su
Published: October 2024

Background

The activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an early pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, but how ER stress contributes to the onset and development of AD remains poorly characterized. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a non-canonical neurotrophic factor and an ER stress inducible protein. Previous studies reported that MANF is increased in the brains of both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic AD patients, but the consequence of the early rise in MANF protein is unknown.

Methods

We examined the expression of MANF in the brain of AD mouse models at different pathological stages. Through behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuropathological analyses, we assessed the level of synaptic dysfunctions in the MANF transgenic mouse model which overexpresses MANF in the brain and in wild type (WT) mice with MANF overexpression in the hippocampus. Using proteomic and transcriptomic screening, we identified and validated the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of MANF on synaptic function.

Results

We found that increased expression of MANF correlates with synapse loss in the hippocampus of AD mice. The ectopic expression of MANF in mice via transgenic or viral approaches causes synapse loss and defects in learning and memory. We also identified that MANF interacts with ELAV like RNA-binding protein 2 (ELAVL2) and affects its binding to RNA transcripts that are involved in synaptic functions. Increasing or decreasing MANF expression in the hippocampus of AD mice exacerbates or ameliorates the behavioral deficits and synaptic pathology, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study established MANF as a mechanistic link between ER stress and synapse loss in AD and hinted at MANF as a therapeutic target in AD treatment.
Socioeconomic status, linguistic skills and language background differentially relate to preschoolers’ emotional and behavioural profile
Authors: Bonifacci Paola , Ravaldini Viola , Cangelosi Martina , Tobia Valentina
Published: October 2024

Background

Proximal and distal factors interact to shape children’s development and well-being. The present study aimed to examine socioeconomic status (SES), linguistic skills, and language background as concurrent predictors of socio-emotional and behavioural outcomes in heritage bilingual and monolingual children attending preschool.

Methods

Parents of 1810 children (mean age = 63.42 months ± 7.36), attending preschool in Italy, completed the Four Factor Index of SES and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Teachers (n = 99) completed a questionnaire on children’s linguistic skills and emotional and behavioural profiles. A subsample of 995 children was administered an expressive vocabulary task in Italian.

Results

Regression analyses showed that linguistic skills were the only concurrent predictor of conduct problems, as well as the dominant predictor of hyperactivity/impulsivity, peer problems, and better prosocial behaviour. SES was negatively related to ADHD traits, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour. Finally, heritage bilingualism background was associated, although not as a primary predictor, with increased emotional problems, peer relationship problems, and lower teacher-rated emotional and behavioural skills. However, it was the main factor positively associated with prosocial behaviour.

Conclusions

The implications of these findings for research in this area and for educational policy are discussed, highlighting the need for a multidimensional perspective that includes linguistic skills and SES in the assessment of children’s emotional and behavioural outcomes.
The relationship between implicit motives and physical activity: a scoping review
Authors: Brummer Julian , Sudharsanan Nikkil , Köllner Martin G.
Published: October 2024

Background

Interventions that leverage implicit motives — affect-based, non-conscious motivational dispositions — may increase physical activity by making physical activity more pleasurable. However, there is no evidence synthesis of the empirical data linking the major implicit motives (achievement, affiliation, and power motives) and physical activity. We aimed to close this research gap.

Methods

Following a systematic literature search in the PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science databases until August 2024, we performed a scoping review. We included German- or English-language publications in peer-reviewed journals or books that followed an observational or intervention study design. Studies had to link ≥ 1 major implicit motive measured via a well-established method to physical activity behavior. We critically appraised the methodological quality of the included studies using an adaptation of the JBI critical appraisal checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies and synthesized the evidence qualitatively.

Results

Out of 1047 potentially relevant records, five publications (seven studies,N = 550) were included. All eligible studies were observational (six cross-sectional, one prospective longitudinal). The achievement motive was researched the most. The data indicated a relatively consistent positive association between physical activity and the achievement motive, particularly in athletes and in sports-specific settings. The associations with the affiliation and power motives were more mixed. Most studies were conducted in sports-specific settings. All studies elicited methodological concerns, to varying degrees.

Conclusions

The available data indicate a positive association between achievement motive strength and physical activity. However, important limitations, especially the lack of intervention studies and the use of non-gold standard assessment methods, limit the confidence in the findings. More, methodologically sound research is needed to better understand the link between implicit motives and physical activity, especially in the general population.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42023392198.
A review of botanical interventions for neuropathy and neuropathic pain
Authors: Olalekan Samuel Oluwadare , Okwute Patrick Godwin , Osonuga Ifabunmi Oduyemi , Adeyanju Muinat Moronke
Published: October 2024

Neuropathy is a complex condition characterized by nerve damage and a wide range of symptoms, creating significant challenges in clinical management. Traditional pharmacological treatments often present partial efficacy and adverse side effects, prompting increasing interest in botanical interventions. This review evaluates the effectiveness of various plants in treating neuropathy and neuropathic pain, focusing on their pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, clinical studies, dosage, and safety profiles. Notable plants include Crocus sativus (saffron), Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), and Cannabis sativa. These botanicals demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and analgesic effects, highlighting their potential to reduce neuropathic pain and improve patients’ quality of life. Future research should focus on optimizing dosages, clarifying long-term effects, and integrating botanicals into broader treatment protocols for neuropathic care.
The Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents: Translation and validation among Vietnamese young adults
Authors: Ruckwongpatr Kamolthip , Lee Yu-Han , Tran Ngoc Dang , Pham Le An , Griffiths Mark D. , Pakpour Amir H. , Lin Cheng-Kuan , Huang Yu-Ting , Chen Jung-Sheng , Lei Sio-Meng , Lin Chung-Ying
Published: October 2024

Background

Previous studies have shown that the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) have promising validity and reliability when assessing symptoms of gaming disorder among young adults. However, validity and reliability properties of the two scales have not been established among a Vietnamese population.

Objective

The present study translated the GDT and GADIS-A into Vietnamese and examined their factor structures, measurement invariance, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and divergent validity among university students.

Methods

A total of 610 young adults (mean age = 21.09 years; 63.4% females) were recruited using convenience sampling and who completed a paper-and-pencil survey between April and June 2023. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire, GDT, GADIS-A, and six standardized scales related to gaming disorder, social media addiction, smartphone addiction, and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency testing, and Pearson’s correlations were performed.

Results

CFA showed that the GDT had a one-factor structure and the GADIS-A had a two-factor structure. The internal consistency was excellent for both scales among this population. Moreover, both GDT and GADIS-A showed convergent, concurrent, and divergent validity with other standardized scales.

Conclusion

The Vietnamese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A have good psychometrics, which may be utilized in future research regarding gaming disorder among Vietnamese populations.
Is platelet-rich plasma as safe as we think?: a case report
Authors: Leventoğlu Emre , Böncüoğlu Elif
Published: October 2024

Background

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous plasma product in which the concentration of platelets is several times higher than the physiologic level in peripheral blood and is a kind of concentrated form of platelet growth factor. It is widely used in dentistry, sports medicine, dermatology and cosmetology, gynecology and reproductive medicine, and ophthalmology. It has also been used in neurology for pain alleviation and regeneration of neurons. Herein, a 4-year-old patient, who was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and received PRP subcutaneous injection was presented.

Case presentation

A 4-year-old patient, who was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at the age of 3 years old and recovered with severe neurological sequelae despite treatment, received PRP subcutaneous injection in a private center to provide neuronal regeneration. The patient was admitted to our hospital 5 days after PRP with fever, refusal to feed, and decreased urine output. He was intubated due to respiratory distress. Inotropic treatments were initiated when hypotension and circulatory disturbance did not improve despite appropriate intravenous fluid administration. Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia was detected. Unfortunately, the patient died despite all interventions.

Conclusion

In this case, it should not be ignored that the PRP procedure, which can be performed easily and quickly for various indications in many health institutions today, may be associated with serious side effects that may result in death. PRP injection must be performed in competent hands, following disinfection recommendations.
The Role of Whole Food Plant-Based Food Intake on Postprandial Glycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Johnson Rebecca J , Bergford Simon , Gal Robin L , Calhoun Peter , Neubig Karissa , Martin Corby K , Riddell Michael C , Addala Ananta
Published: October 2024

Context

A whole food plant-based diet (WFPBD), minimally processed foods with limited consumption of animal products, is associated with improved health outcomes. The benefits of WFPBD are underexplored in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Objective

The primary objective of this analysis is to evaluate the association between WFPBD on glycemia in individuals with T1D.

Methods

Utilizing prospectively collected meal events from the Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative, we examined the effect of WFPBD intake on glycemia, determined by the plant-based diet index (PDI). The PDI calculates overall, healthful (hPDI), and unhealthy PDI (uPDI) to evaluate for degree of processed foods and animal products (ie, WFPBD). Mixed effects linear regression model assessed time in range (TIR), time above range, and time below range.

Results

We analyzed 7938 meals from 367 participants. TIR improved with increasing hPDI scores, conferring a 4% improvement in TIR between highest and lowest hPDI scores (high hPDI: 75%, low hPDI: 71%; P < .001). Compared with meals with low hPDI, meals with high hPDI had lower glucose excursion (high hPDI: 53 mg/dL, low hPDI: 62 mg/dL; P < .001) and less time >250 mg/dL (high hPDI: 8%, low hPDI: 14%; P < .001). These effects were present but less pronounced by PDI (high PDI: 74%, low PDI: 71%; P = .01). No differences in time below 70 mg/dL and 54 mg/dL were observed by PDI or hPDI.

Conclusion

Meal events with higher hPDI were associated with 4% postprandial TIR improvement. These benefits were seen primarily in WFPBD meals (captured by hPDI) and less pronounced plant-based meals (captured by PDI), emphasizing the benefit of increasing unprocessed food intake over limiting animal products alone.
The Prognostic Impact of Tumor Size and BRAF Mutational Status in Middle Eastern Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Parvathareddy Sandeep Kumar , Siraj Abdul K , Qadri Zeeshan , Siraj Nabil , Al-Rasheed Maha , Haqawi Wael , Al-Sobhi Saif S , Al-Dayel Fouad , Al-Kuraya Khawla S
Published: October 2024

Context

Tumor size at diagnosis has been widely used as a major mortality risk factor in risk stratification of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Objective

The current study was designed to analyze whether tumor size at diagnosis is a major prognostic factor in Middle Eastern DTC.

Methods

We conducted a comparative study of the relationship between tumor size at diagnosis and event-free survival (EFS) with respect to BRAF status in 1709 consecutive patients treated surgically for DTC. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the size of tumor and BRAF mutation status: Group 1 (≤4 cm without BRAF mutation), Group 2 (≤4 cm with BRAF mutation), Group 3 (>4 cm without BRAF mutation), and Group 4 (>4 cm with BRAF mutation). Predictors of EFS were compared using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Tumor size >4 cm was associated with clinicopathologic characteristics, such as older age, male gender, bilateral tumors, extrathyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion, advanced tumor stage, and persistent/recurrent disease. Tumor size was also inversely associated with BRAF mutation. Both tumor size (>4 cm) and BRAF mutation were associated with EFS on univariate analysis. On subgroup analysis, larger tumor size was an independent predictor of EFS (Group 3 vs Group 1), irrespective of BRAF mutation status. Also, within the BRAF mutant tumors, larger tumor size was still an independent predictor of EFS (Group 4 vs Group 2).

Conclusion

Tumor size is an independent predictor of EFS in Middle Eastern patients with DTC, regardless of BRAF mutational status.
Living in a multi-stressor world: nitrate pollution and thermal stress interact to affect amphibian larvae
Authors: Sinai Noa , Eterovick Paula C. , Kruger Natasha , Oetken Ben , Ruthsatz Katharina
Published: October 2024

The interaction of widespread stressors such as nitrate pollution and increasing temperatures associated with climate change is likely to affect aquatic ectotherms such as amphibians. The metamorphic and physiological traits of amphibian larvae during the critical onset of metamorphosis are particularly susceptible to these stressors. We used a crossed experimental design subjecting Rana temporaria larvae to four constant rearing temperatures (18, 22, 26, 28°C) crossed with three environmentally relevant nitrate concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg l−1) to investigate the interactive and individual effects of these stressors on metamorphic (i.e. growth and development) and physiological traits (i.e. metabolism and heat tolerance) at the onset of metamorphosis. Larvae exposed to elevated nitrate concentrations and thermal stress displayed increased metabolic rates but decreased developmental rate, highlighting interactive effects of these stressors. However, nitrate pollution alone had no effect on either metamorphic or physiological traits, suggesting that detoxification processes were sufficient to maintain homeostasis but not in combination with increased rearing temperatures. Furthermore, larvae exposed to nitrate displayed diminished abilities to exhibit temperature-induced plasticity in metamorphosis timing and heat tolerance, as well as reduced acclimation capacity in heat tolerance and an increased thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate to higher temperatures. These results highlight the importance of considering the exposure to multiple stressors when investigating how natural populations respond to global change.
Immunological resilience of a temperate catshark to a simulated marine heatwave
Authors: Martins Sandra , Ferreira Cristina , Mateus Ana Patrícia , Santos Catarina Pereira , Fonseca Joana , Rosa Rui , Power Deborah M.
Published: October 2024

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have recently been proposed to be more relevant in driving population changes than the continuous increase in average temperatures associated with climate change. The causal processes underpinning MHW effects in sharks are unclear but may be linked to changes in fitness caused by physiological trade-offs that influence the immune response. Considering the scarcity of data about the immune response of sharks under anomalous warming events, the present study analyzed several fitness indices and characterized the immune response (in the blood, epigonal organ, liver, spleen and intestine) of temperate adult small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula) after a 30 day exposure to a category II MHW. The results indicated that adult small-spotted catsharks have developed coping strategies for MHWs. Specifically, among the 35 parameters investigated, only the gonad-to-body ratio (GBR) and plasma glucose concentration showed significant increases. In contrast, gene expression of igm and tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr) in blood cells, and tnfr in the epigonal organ, as well as the number of monocytes, all significantly decreased. Although a decline in immune function in small-spotted catsharks was revealed following MHW exposure, energy mobilization restored homeostasis and indicated a shift in energy allocation towards reproduction. Group resilience may be due to the variable tolerance of individuals, the phenotypic plasticity of cellular immunity, thermal imprinting and/or metabolic capacity of the individuals.
The avian vocal system: 3D reconstruction reveals upper vocal tract elongation during head motion
Authors: Fournier Morgane , Olson Rachel , Van Wassenbergh Sam , Provini Pauline
Published: October 2024

While the impressive singing abilities of birds are made possible by the syrinx, the upper vocal system (i.e. trachea, larynx and beak) could also play a role in sound filtration. Yet, we still lack a clear understanding of the range of elongation this system can undertake, especially along the trachea. Here, we used biplanar cineradiography and X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to record 15 species of cadaveric birds from 9 different orders while an operator moved the birds’ heads in different directions. In all studied species, we found elongation of the trachea to be correlated with neck extension, and significantly greater (ranging from 18 to 48% for the whole motion; and from 1.4 to 15.7% for the singing positions) than previously reported on a live singing bird (3%). This elongation or compression was not always homogeneous along its entire length. Some specimens showed increased lengthening in the rostral part and others in both the rostral and caudal parts of the vocal tract. The diversity of elongation patterns shows that trachea elongation is more complex than previously thought. Since tracheal lengthening affects sound frequencies, our results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in complex communication signals, one of the amazing traits we share with birds.
Socially induced plasticity of the posterior tuberculum and motor behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Heagy Faith K. , Clements Katie N. , Adams Carrie L. , Blain Elena , Issa Fadi A.
Published: October 2024

Social dominance is prevalent throughout the animal kingdom. It facilitates the stabilization of social relationships and allows animals to divide resources according to social rank. Zebrafish form stable dominance relationships that consist of dominants and subordinates. Although social status-dependent differences in behavior must arise as a result of neural plasticity, mechanisms by which neural circuits are reconfigured to cope with social dominance are poorly described. Here, we describe how the posterior tuberculum nucleus (PTN), which integrates sensory social information to modulate spinal motor circuits, is morphologically and functionally influenced by social status. We combined non-invasive behavioral monitoring of motor activity (startle escape and swim) and histological approaches to investigate how social dominance affects the morphological structure, axosomatic synaptic connectivity and functional activity of the PTN in relation to changes in motor behavior. We show that dopaminergic cell number significantly increases in dominants compared with subordinates, while PTN synaptic interconnectivity, demonstrated with PSD-95 expression, is higher in subordinates than in dominants. Secondly, these socially induced morphological differences emerge after 1 week of dominance formation and correlate with differences in cellular activities illustrated with higher phosphor-S6 ribosomal protein expression in dominants compared with subordinates. Thirdly, these morphological differences are reversible as the social environment evolves and correlate with adaptations in startle escape and swim behaviors. Our results provide new insights into the neural bases of social behavior that may be applicable to other social species with similar structural and functional organization.
The integrative biology of the heart: mechanisms enabling cardiac plasticity
Authors: Joyce William , Shiels Holly A. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: October 2024

Cardiac phenotypic plasticity, the remodelling of heart structure and function, is a response to any sustained (or repeated) stimulus or stressor that results in a change in heart performance. Cardiac plasticity can be either adaptive (beneficial) or maladaptive (pathological), depending on the nature and intensity of the stimulus. Here, we draw on articles published in this Special Issue of Journal of Experimental Biology, and from the broader comparative physiology literature, to highlight the core components that enable cardiac plasticity, including structural remodelling, excitation–contraction coupling remodelling and metabolic rewiring. We discuss when and how these changes occur, with a focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms, from the regulation of gene transcription by epigenetic processes to post-translational modifications of cardiac proteins. Looking to the future, we anticipate that the growing use of -omics technologies in integration with traditional comparative physiology approaches will allow researchers to continue to uncover the vast scope for plasticity in cardiac function across animals.
Genetic Factors Associated with Clinical Response in Melanoma Patients Treated with Talimogene Laherparapvec: A Single-Institution Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Sierra-Davidson Kailan , Dedeilia Aikaterini , Lawless Aleigha , Sharova Tanya , Kaufman Howard L. , Boland Genevieve M. , Cohen Sonia
Published: October 2024

Background

Talimogene laherparapvec (T-VEC) is a modified herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the first oncolytic virus to be approved for the treatment of unresectable melanoma. We assessed whether there are tumor-intrinsic genetic factors that are associated with tumor control.

Methods

A single-institution, retrospective analysis of melanoma patients treated with T-VEC was performed. Demographics, histopathologic reports, treatment history, clinical outcomes, and tumor genomic analysis of approximately 100 genes were collected.

Results

Ninety-three patients who had received T-VEC were identified, of whom 84 (91%) were diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. Sixty-nine (69) patients received more than one dose of T-VEC and had sufficient data available for clinical analysis. Of these patients 30.0% (n = 21) had evidence of a complete response, defined as complete regression of all lesions without the need for additional treatment or procedures. Stage III disease (p < 0.001), absence of macroscopic nodal disease (p < 0.001), and absence of visceral/central nervous system metastases (p = 0.004) were all associated with evidence of any clinical response or local control by univariate analysis. At the time of analysis, 54 patients had tumor genetic data available. Sixty genes were mutated in at least one patient, and all but one patient had at least one gene mutation identified. Presence of TERT promotor mutation was associated with evidence of any clinical response (p = 0.043) or local control (p = 0.039) by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

This work describes the experience using T-VEC in melanoma at a single institution and highlights the presence of TERT promotor mutations as a possible driver of clinical response.
The Effect of Health Literacy Level and Some Growth Parameters on Quality of Life of Celiac Adolescents
Authors: Bakirlioğlu Burcu , Çetinkaya Bengü
Published: October 2024

Background: Celiac is an autoimmune disease that occurs as hypersensitivity to gluten and affects the intestinal system. This disease also negatively affects the quality of life of individuals. This study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of health literacy level and Body Mass Index (BMI) on the quality of life of adolescents with celiac disease. 
Method and Material: All participants between the ages of 15-18 in the study completed the Turkish Health Literacy Scale (THLS-32) and Celiac Disease-Specific Pediatric Quality of Life (CDPQOL) Scale online. The data of this study was analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software package program.
Results: More than half (59%) of adolescents with an average age of 16.44 ±1.17 years had celiac disease for 3 years or more.  CDPQOL mean total score was 41.44±14.33, and 44.4% of the participants had inadequate or problematic levels of health literacy. It was determined that the mean of total score of quality of life was not related to THLS-32 sub-dimensions but had a moderate negative relationship with diagnostic time and BMI (r=-0.376, p=0.005; r=-0.602, p=0.00, respectively). At the same time, it was found that the decrease in BMI was a predictive factor for poor quality of life (B=-0.218, p=0.003).
Conclusions: It has been shown that the health literacy levels of celiac adolescents are not related to the quality of life, and it is recommended to examine the quality of life with other variables that can be affected by many factors.
The gut microbiota-brain axis role in neurodegenerative diseases and implications according to the sex
Authors: Mora-Ortiz Marina , García-Fernández Helena , Perez-Martinez Pablo , Camargo Antonio
Published: October 2024

Recent advancements in neurodegenerative research have embraced a multisystemic approach, emphasizing the role of the gut microbiota and its interactions with various systems, including the central nervous system. This review explores the interactions between the gut-brain axis and neurological illnesses associated with ageing, with a particular focus on the potential influence of sex. Despite increased life expectancy, the chronological ceiling of human well-being remains unchanged, implying that conditions such as dementia and Parkinson's disease will continue to affect individuals for extended periods as lifespans increase. Understanding the microbiota-gut-brain axis in relation to neurodegenerative diseases may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches. Additionally, emerging research suggests that sex-related variations in gut microbiota and the influence of sex hormones may impact the manifestation of several neurodegenerative conditions, including those related to mental health. This review updates the current knowledge on age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Future research should focus on exploring microbial therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, as well as gender-specific variations in gut microbiota. In this context, the EU-funded project MEMOIR will investigate the impact of a healthy diet on gut microbiota and the progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment.
Prospective versus retrospective: a simple matter of timing?
Authors: Ikram Mohammad Kamran , Labrecque Jeremy A , Ikram Mohammad Arfan
Published: October 2024

Background The terms “prospective” and “retrospective” are commonly used to describe the timing of a study. However, there is much confusion surrounding the use of these terms. In this paper we describe two common definitions used for these terms and explore whether the application of these different definitions may partly explain the confusion surrounding the use of the terms “prospective” and “retrospective”. Methods The most used definitions explored in this paper are a) time of recording of exposure status with respect to the occurrence of an outcome, and b) timing of the accumulation of person-time with respect to the study’s conduct. Subsequently, we apply these definitions to various real-world scenarios. Results Using these definitions, we show that there are specific scenarios in which these definitions may lead to concordant conclusions. However, more worryingly, we also present scenarios in which the two definitions lead to discordant conclusions, thereby partly explaining the confusion caused by these terms. Finally, we propose to use the terms “prospective” and “retrospective” to describe an aspect of a study not covered by other epidemiological concepts (e.g. bias, study design), namely the chronological relationship between the implementation of the eligibility criteria (which may include obtaining informed consent) and the accumulation of person-time. Conclusion In this paper, we show that different definitions used may partly explain the confusion surrounding the term prospective/retrospective. A consistent application of a clear definition will in the future reduce this confusion in the medical literature.
The genome sequence of the crescent-cup liverwort, Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb., 1868 (Lunulariaceae)
Authors: Bell David ,   Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Plant Genome Sizing collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: October 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual haploid female gametophyte of Lunularia cruciata (the crescent-cup liverwort; Marchantiophyta; Marchantiopsida; Lunulariales; Lunulariaceae). The genome sequence is 565.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 9 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 191.35 kilobases and 121.97 kilobases in length, respectively.
The genome sequence of a fungus weevil, Pseudeuparius sepicola (Fabricius, 1792)
Authors: Booth Roger ,   Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: October 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Pseudeuparius sepicola (Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Anthribidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 769.10 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.99%) is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.55 kilobases in length.
Photon-counting three-dimensional fluorescence imaging based on the transport of intensity equation
Authors: Matsuda Shiori , Shoda Marin , Yoneda Naru , Kumar Manoj , Murata Takashi , Muniraj Inbarasan , Awatsuji Yasuhiro , Matoba Osamu
Published: October 2024

A transport of intensity equation (TIE) based three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging using photon-counting detection was proposed for low light-level bioimaging applications. The number of photons required to achieve the quantitative phase measurement using the proposed system was investigated experimentally and numerically. Results show that the feasibility of reconstructing phase information with an average number of photons is greater than about 9 per pixel in our plant cells.
Simulation of wind-temperature-density measurement in near space by spaceborne Fe resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar
Authors: Wang Jingsong , Li Cheng , Wu Decheng , Deng Qian , Wang Kexin , Liu Dong
Published: October 2024

Spaceborne resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar uses metal atoms as tracers to detect atmospheric temperature, wind speed, and metal atom number density from the top of the mesosphere to the bottom of the thermosphere in the global atmosphere. This study proposes a concept of spaceborne Fe resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar (spaceborne Fe lidar). To theoretically analyze the feasibility of this technology, key parameters of the lidar were designed. Starting from the lidar equation, the echo signal intensity of spaceborne Fe lidar and the random error of atmospheric parameters were simulated and analyzed. Satellite orbit height is designed to be 400 km, monopulse energy is 300 mJ, and vertical and horizontal distance resolution is 2 km and 230 km, respectively. The simulation calculation shows that the random error of temperature detection of the spaceborne Fe lidar is 3.32 K, the line of sight wind speed is 1.67 m/s, and the horizontal wind speed is 3.34 m/s at 90 km. At the same time, the atmospheric density and temperature of 30-70 km can be detected at night, and the error is less than 10%. The conclusion of this paper has reference value for developing spaceborne resonance fluorescence Doppler lidar to detect atmospheric parameters in near space.
Activation of plant immunity through conversion of a helper NLR homodimer into a resistosome
Authors: Selvaraj Muniyandi , Toghani AmirAli , Pai Hsuan , Sugihara Yu , Kourelis Jiorgos , Yuen Enoch Lok Him , Ibrahim Tarhan , Zhao He , Xie Rongrong , Maqbool Abbas , De la Concepcion Juan Carlos , Banfield Mark J. , Derevnina Lida , Petre Benjamin , Lawson David M. , Bozkurt Tolga O. , Wu Chih-Hang , Kamoun Sophien , Contreras Mauricio P.
Published: October 2024

Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins can engage in complex interactions to detect pathogens and execute a robust immune response via downstream helper NLRs. However, the biochemical mechanisms of helper NLR activation by upstream sensor NLRs remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the coiled-coil helper NLR NRC2 from Nicotiana benthamiana accumulates in vivo as a homodimer that converts into a higher-order oligomer upon activation by its upstream virus disease resistance protein Rx. The cryo-EM structure of NbNRC2 in its resting state revealed intermolecular interactions that mediate homodimer formation and contribute to immune receptor autoinhibition. These dimerization interfaces have diverged between paralogous NRC proteins to insulate critical network nodes and enable redundant immune pathways, possibly to minimise undesired cross-activation and evade pathogen suppression of immunity. Our results expand the molecular mechanisms of NLR activation pointing to transition from homodimers to higher-order oligomeric resistosomes.