bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Technological Innovation in Digital Wase Management
Authors: Vijayalakshmi V. , Radha R. , Sharanya S.
Published: February 2024

As the rapid pace of technological advancement continues to propel society into the digital age, the surge in electronic waste (e-waste) poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability. This research explores modern technological innovations in digital waste management that contribute to the reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal of electronic devices. Special attention is given to advancements in recycling methods, the application of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), robotics, and IoT in automated e-waste processing. The research investigates the utilization of exploring how materials can facilitate easier recycling and reduce the environmental impact of electronic devices. The research also explores the role of extended producer responsibility (EPR) in adapting to sustainable practices in product design, disposal, and recycling. This research contributes by offering an understanding of the tools, strategies, and policies that can contribute to a more sustainable volume of e-waste in our increasingly digitized world.
Computational Intelligence for Green Cloud Computing and Digital Waste Management
Authors: Dahmani Sana
Published: February 2024

The intersection of environmental protection, Sustainable Development Goals, and the role of information technology (IT) is to foster it. Artificial intelligence addresses environmental challenges, offering solutions such as emissions reduction, cost savings, legal compliance, HR attraction, optimized investments, and waste management. The “three Rs” of green IT emphasize sustainable hardware management through reuse, refurbishment, and recycling. Green IT aligns with broad sustainability and ESG standards and is fostered with innovative AI solutions to integrate and optimize AI-based green computing algorithms which address environmental impacts and data utilization strategies, optimizing energy consumption, and mitigating digital waste and carbon footprint. The conclusion advocates increased use of AI-built technologies for the adoption of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient hardware, hardware optimization, and exploration of external cloud solutions for a more sustainable future.
Fog Computing-Based Framework and Solutions for Intelligent Systems
Authors: Shashi  , Dhanalakshmi M. , Tamilarasi K. , Saravanan S. , Sujatha G. , Boopathi Sampath
Published: February 2024

The automotive industry is increasingly focusing on autonomous vehicles, leading to a need for intelligent systems that enable safe and efficient self-driving. Fog computing is a promising paradigm for real-time data processing and communication in autonomous vehicles. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework and solutions for integrating fog computing into intelligent vehicle systems, enabling autonomous features, low-latency data processing, reliable communication, and enhanced decision-making capabilities. By offloading computational tasks to nearby fog nodes, this framework optimizes resource utilization, reduces network congestion, and enhances vehicle autonomy. The chapter discusses various use cases, architectures, communication protocols, and security considerations within fog computing, ultimately contributing to the evolution of intelligent and autonomous vehicles.
Properties and Characteristics of Nanocoatings for Medicinal Applications
Authors: Mathew John Tsado , Inobeme Abel , Abdullahi Abdulkadir , Bini Etsuyankpa Muhammad , Shaba Elijah Yanda , Musah Monday , Azeh Yakubu , Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun , Ibrahim Aishetu Muhammad , Tanko Ezekiel , Mamman Amos
Published: February 2024

Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary field with diverse applications, including nanocoatings for medicinal purposes. Nanocoatings, with their unique properties and capabilities, have opened new avenues for drug delivery, medical devices, and antimicrobial treatments. Nanocoatings can be engineered to encapsulate therapeutic agents, protecting them from degradation and facilitating targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. The use of antimicrobial nanocoatings on medical surfaces has also shown promising results in preventing infections and combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens. While nanocoatings offer tremendous potential, concerns about potential toxicity, biocompatibility, and long-term effects require rigorous evaluation and testing. Furthermore, the study highlights ongoing research and future prospects in the field of medicinal nanocoatings. The development of multifunctional nanocoatings that combine drug delivery, sensing capabilities, and tissue regeneration holds promise for personalized medicine and advanced therapeutics.
Healing and Health Perspectives of Nanocoatings for Medicinal Applications
Authors: Thakur Abhinay , Kumar Ashish
Published: February 2024

Offering unprecedented opportunities to revolutionize healing and healthcare, this chapter delves into the cutting-edge advancements in nanocoatings tailored specifically for medicinal applications, presenting a comprehensive overview of their potential to enhance healing processes and improve health outcomes. A major focus of this chapter is on the multifaceted roles of nanocoatings in medicinal contexts. These include drug delivery systems, wound healing, antimicrobial coatings, and tissue engineering scaffolds, among others. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and regulatory considerations associated with the integration of nanocoatings into clinical practice. By exploring the latest research findings, this chapter provides valuable insights into how nanocoatings are poised to transform the landscape of medicinal applications. It underscores their potential to revolutionize healing processes, mitigate health-related challenges, and pave the way for a healthier future.
Beyond Traditional Learning
Authors: Jones Rebet Keith
Published: February 2024

This study explores the efficacy of the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model in the domain of Android malware detection, comparing its performance against traditional machine learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTMs). Employing a comprehensive methodology, the research utilizes two significant datasets, the Drebin dataset and the CIC AndMal2017 dataset, known for their extensive collection of Android malware and benign applications. The models are evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Additionally, the study addresses the challenge of concept drift in malware detection by incorporating active learning techniques to adapt to evolving malware patterns. The results indicate that BERT outperforms traditional models, demonstrating higher accuracy and adaptability, primarily due to its advanced natural language processing capabilities. This study contributes to the field of cybersecurity and NLP.
Securing the Cloud
Authors: Babu C. V. Suresh , Subhash S. , Vignesh M. , Jeyavasan T. , Muthumanikavel V.
Published: February 2024

Cloud computing has emerged as a transformative technology, providing numerous benefits in terms of scalability, cost-efficiency, and accessibility. However, this paradigm shift in data storage and processing also introduces new challenges, particularly concerning security. This chapter explores cloud-specific threats, such as data breaches and insider attacks, within the context of cloud computing. This chapter explores the various dimensions of these threats, discussing the vulnerabilities associated with cloud environments, potential attack vectors, and their impact on data security and privacy. To mitigate these threats, security measures like encryption, access control, and monitoring are examined. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the importance of proactive risk assessment and security strategies to protect sensitive information in the cloud.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) on Cloud Security
Authors: Rai Ruchi , Rohilla Ankur , Rai Abhishek
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the profound impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on the realm of cloud security. As organizations increasingly migrate their operations and data to cloud environments, ensuring robust security measures becomes paramount. The integration of AI and ML technologies introduces novel ways to enhance threat detection, prevention, and response in the cloud. This chapter delves into various aspects of this synergy, discussing the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of utilizing AI and ML for safeguarding cloud infrastructures. This chapter also presents the benefits, challenges, and future directions. It underscores the transformative potential of AI and ML in fortifying cloud infrastructures and safeguarding sensitive information in the digital age.
Mitigating Phishing Threats in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Through Multi-Stage Defense Strategies
Authors: Selvan C. , Ragunathan Aravindhan , Ashwinkumar U. M.
Published: February 2024

Phishing attacks, while more commonly associated with targeting individuals or organizations through traditional communication channels like email or social media, pose potential threats to unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones. Although not as prevalent in this domain, there exist scenarios where phishing tactics could compromise UAS operations and data. Attackers might impersonate legitimate UAS entities, crafting emails that appear credible and relevant to UAS operations. A multi-stage approach incorporating natural language processing and machine learning is introduced to combat such threats. This approach employs techniques like conditional random field (CRF) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to detect phishing attacks and discern manipulated content. A novel web crawler utilizing web ontology language (OWL) is devised, leveraging semantic relationships to filter out fake sites from search results. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in detecting and preventing phishing attacks across different platforms.
Threat Modeling and Risk Analysis for Cloud Deployments
Authors: Muraleedhara Prathibha
Published: February 2024

Today, most of the solutions and applications are migrated to cloud platforms. All the cloud service providers (CSP) employ a shared responsibility model. This means the cloud providers are responsible for the security “of the cloud” and the customers are responsible for the security “in the cloud.” Based on research it is stated that 95% of cloud security breaches are because of user misconfigurations. Cloud security almost entirely depends on the consumers configuring and using the cloud platform. Thus, it is important to understand the threat landscape of cloud implementations, the risks involved, and ways to remediate them. One of the earliest and most important processes is threat modeling. This process helps in analyzing the cloud architecture, identifying security threats, evaluating risks, and prioritizing remediation efforts. This chapter describes how to apply some of the popular threat modeling frameworks to access cloud architectures.
Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Their Role in Establishing Trust
Authors: Sissodia Rajeshwari , Rauthan ManMohan Singh , Barthwal Varun
Published: February 2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern business, the cultivation of trust between service providers and their clients stands as a linchpin for sustainable success. This chapter seeks to explore the pivotal role played by service level agreements (SLAs) in establishing and fortifying this essential trust. In essence, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of SLAs as more than contractual obligations, positioning them as instrumental tools for navigating the complex terrain of modern business relationships. Through insightful analyses and practical insights, the chapter will contribute to the discourse on trust-building mechanisms, underscoring the indispensable role of SLAs in shaping the dynamics of contemporary business interactions.
Strengthening Security, Privacy, and Trust in Artificial Intelligence Drones for Smart Cities
Authors: Sonia R. , Gupta Neha , Manikandan K. P. , Hemalatha R. , Kumar M. Jogendra , Boopathi Sampath
Published: February 2024

Smart cities are transforming by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) drones for various applications, including traffic monitoring, public space management, and surveillance. However, the increasing reliance on AI drones raises concerns about the security, privacy, and trust of both the technology and the data it collects and processes. Ensuring these factors is crucial for the success of these smart cities. The chapter explores the challenges and strategies for improving security, privacy, and trust in AI drones in smart cities. It emphasizes the role of AI drones in urban innovation, the evolving threat landscape, and the importance of robust security measures. Privacy considerations are also discussed, along with transparency, accountability, ethical use, and public engagement. Technical solutions include AI algorithms, secure communication protocols, and trusted hardware and software components. The chapter also explores future trends and emerging technologies in AI drones and the evolving regulatory landscape.
Hybrid Nanomaterials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Thakur Abhinay , Thakur Ramesh Chand , Kumar Ashish
Published: February 2024

The escalating concerns regarding environmental pollution, resource depletion, and climate change have driven the need for innovative technologies capable of accurate and real-time environmental sensing and monitoring. Hybrid nanomaterials, characterized by the synergistic integration of diverse nanocomponents, have emerged as a promising avenue for addressing these challenges. This book chapter explores the fascinating world of hybrid nanomaterials and their applications in environmental sensing and monitoring. It delves into the synthesis and characterization of these materials, highlighting their unique properties. The chapter also discusses various sensor designs and their integration into real-world environmental monitoring systems. With a focus on improved sensitivity, selectivity, and durability, this chapter provides valuable insights into the future of environmental sensing technologies.
Innovative Hybrid Nanomaterials for Precision Biomedical Solutions
Authors: Thakur Abhinay , Kumar Ashish
Published: February 2024

Hybrid nanomaterials, combining distinct nanoscale components, are versatile tools for complex biomedical challenges. Hybrid nanomaterials enhance drug delivery, minimizing side effects and overcoming drug resistance in cancer treatment. They also accelerate tissue repair and organ transplantation in regenerative medicine, acting as scaffolds for tissue engineering. This chapter outlines their diverse applications, beginning with their impact on medical diagnostics through imaging and sensing modalities. This chapter covers the wide range of biomedical applications of hybrid nanomaterials, offering precise and personalized approaches to disease management and patient care. As research advances, these materials will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of biomedicine
Extra-amniotic saline instillation versus combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol for second trimester termination of pregnancy in women with previous one caesarean section: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Madhuri K. , Sagili H.
Published: February 2024

Background: To study and compare the efficacy and safety of extra-amniotic saline instillation (EASI) and combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol for second trimester termination of pregnancy in women with previous one caesarean section.Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Puducherry, South India. Pregnant women aged 18-45 years with history of previous one caesarean section at 16-27+6 weeks of gestation admitted for pregnancy termination were randomized to receive EASI or combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol. Efficacy and safety were compared between the groups in an intention-to-treat analysis.Results: There were 50 patients randomized to the EASI (n=25) and oral mifepristone + vaginal misoprostol (n=25) groups. The median induction to abortion interval was 48 vs 60 hours (p value=0.029), need for another method of termination was 16% vs 44% and side effects were 36% vs 8% with combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol in comparison to EASI.Conclusion: Combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol appears to be more effective than EASI in reducing the induction-abortion interval, need for another method of termination and duration of hospital stay. The maternal safety profile appears to be comparable but requires further studies.
A case report on cystic adenomyosis: A rare variant of uterine adenomyosis
Authors: Hewawitharana K. G. , Sarathchandra N. , Mallawarachchi J. , Meegoda V. J. , Nimana K. V. H.
Published: February 2024

Background: Cystic adenomyosis is a rare variant of adenomyosis that can easily be misdiagnosed, due to the non-specific nature of symptoms. USS and MRI are essential in making a diagnosis which is later confirmed through histopathological evaluation. Surgical interventions are favored over medical management, as complete resection reduces the risk of recurrences and alleviates the chances of malignant transformation.Case presentation: A 37-year-old multipara presented with chronic abdominal pain, exacerbated by menstruation, lasting most days of the month for over one year. Clinical evaluation revealed a tender, less mobile pelvic mass which mimicked an intramural fibroid on USS. Considering the long-standing symptoms and lack of fertility wishes, she underwent a laparotomy. During surgery, an unexpected finding of chocolate-colored exudate with a thick epithelium-lined myometrial cystic lesion was noted. Histopathology evaluation revealed fragmented tissue composed of smooth muscle bundles and are lined by endometriotic type epithelium and stroma. There was no malignant changes. Overall findings are in favor of cystic adenomyosis.Discussion and conclusions: Cystic adenomyosis is considered to arise due to persisting mullerian epithelial cells stimulated by estrogen leading to periodic bleeding into the myometrium. Surgery of the myometrium can also introduce endometrial tissue to the myometrium. To preserve the quality of life and reduce the risk of recurrence, minimal access surgery should be carried out.Even though rare, a young woman presenting with chronic pelvic pain, and not responding to analgesics should raise the possibility of cystic adenomyosis, which should warrant further investigation and treatment.
Ocular changes in pregnancy and the postpartum period
Authors: De Silva P. H. P. , Perera D. C. , Gamage M. J.
Published: February 2024

No abstract available
Application of Digital Twin Technology to 3D Seismic Iterative Processing and Dynamic Geological Modeling
Authors: Chen Kelin , Zhao Huiyan , Zheng Jian , Yang Yang , Ma Yabin , Shen Jianwen , Huang Xingning
Published: February 2024

For an already established 3D geologic model, the accuracy of model correction only by seismic and well data is not high. Seismic-driven modeling, a modeling method that fully integrates seismic data, can fully explore the potential information in seismic data and convert seismic residuals into corrections of model errors through seismic driving to realize the updating and correction of the model. Based on this, this paper proposes the seismic forward loop iterative model correction technique and describes the technical process of this method with the example of the actual work area. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the model correction results are carried out by seismic comparison and well comparison techniques, and the results show that this method can reduce the cumulative error of the model correction, make the model closer to the real value, and better characterize the non-homogeneity of the reservoir and the distribution law of natural fractures. Based on the shale gas production well area of Changning Company, this project focuses on the research of different natural fracture prediction and the reliability evaluation method of the prediction results and explores the influence of different natural fractures on drilling and fracturing to form a more perfect and effective prediction and evaluation system of natural fractures in deep shale gas. The research results will guide the prediction of natural fractures in shale gas production zones, which will help improve the scientificity and adaptability of the design of engineering parameters in study area.
The Premier’s Economic Advisory Council in the African National Congress-led government of the Free State Province, 1999-2004: An historical exploration on service delivery and poverty alleviation
Authors: Twala Chitja
Published: February 2024

The article traces the impact and relevance of the service delivery and poverty alleviation strategies introduced by the African National Congress (ANC) led provincial government in the Free State Province. This was in line with the promises made by the ANC during its electioneering campaigns of a “better life for all”. South Africa was confronted with the challenge of transforming a racially and ethnically fragmented and unequal public service delivery system into one that would be able to meet the demands from a newly enfranchised citizenry for economic, social and political development. The legacies of apartheid, combined with widespread poor budgetary and financial management, a massive backlog in basic services and infrastructure, race and regional inequalities in provision, and sometimes tense social relationships, tended to limit opportunities for social development and expanded delivery.2 South Africa’s new Constitution guaranteed human rights and democratic governance, promised efficient delivery of services and implemented a number of reforms aimed at achieving equity, access and the redistribution of resources. I argue in this article that the appointment of Winkie Direko, as the Premier of the Free State for the period 1999 to 2004 heralded a new dispensation for service delivery and poverty alleviation projects in the province.3 Therefore,the article seeks to highlight some of her initiatives as the province’s Premier in fast-tracking service delivery and poverty alleviation programmes.4 In order to achieve the above, Direko introduced a structure which became known as the Premier’s Economic Advisory Council (PEAC). This article reflects the role played by the PEAC in advising Direko as Premier on the economic development of the Free State Province. It presents the reflections, analysis, and recommendations of the research projects undertaken under the auspices of the PEAC. Furthermore, it highlights the use of the PEAC as one approach to enhance stakeholders’ contribution to the economic development of the province, albeit within the limitations of time and funding from the Free State provincial government. Direko’s PEAC ceased to function after the change of the provincial political leadership in April 2004 general election. Therefore, the article discusses the period 1999 to 2004.
High apartheid and the erosion of “official” local politics in Daveyton in the 1960s
Authors: Nieftagodien Noor
Published: February 2024

The paper discusses the apartheid state’s onslaught against the limited rights enjoyed by Africans in urban areas in the 1960s. It focuses attention on the “modern model township” of Daveyton, which was seen in the early years of apartheid as a space where a settled urban African working class could be assured of a permanent presence in “white” urban spaces. But, crucial changes to apartheid policies from the late 1950s saw a reversal of these initial intentions and resulted in African’s urban existence constantly being under threat. Not only were the very limited “urban rights” further eroded but, importantly, “official” local politics was eviscerated of any substance, even to its conservative participants.
The interface between tradition and modern in postapartheid South Africa: An outline of the Kekana family succession dispute and their encounter with the Platinum Reef Resource mine
Authors: Skosana Dineo
Published: February 2024

The terms traditional and modern and the processes thereof are often discussed in isolation; as if they do not intersect. Some scholars have argued that chieftaincy, as a traditional form of governance in South Africa cannot coexist with modern democratic governance. Additional discussions have separated agrarian activities from modern economy. This article seeks to show the complexities of the terms modern and traditional, the institutions they characterise as well as the processes that are involved, essentially to demonstrate the fluidity of these terms. The familial chieftaincy dispute that erupted in 2001 between two Kekana candidates with personalities, backgrounds and histories that are inextricably bound up in controversies that are not of their making, is central to this paper. The Mokopane local government and the Limpopo provincial government officials arbitrated the dispute and then awarded one of the contenders with slightly more modern aspirations and whose father was an ally of the apartheid and democratic administrations, the position of chief. Also significant to this paper is the encounter between the chief and Platinum Reef Resource (Plat- Reef) mine. The chief in this article is key to the local economy of Mokopane. He, along with the local and provincial government are responsible for approving any economic activities that Plat- Reef seek to embark on. This creates a complex intersection of a traditional and a modern institution, systems and processes that are conventionally understood to be dissociated.
Development and validation of a stability-indicating analytical method for simultaneous determination of sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol in bulk and formulation using reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Beludari Mahammad I. , Chedela Hari K. , Lingareddy Siva S.R. , Dara China B. , Karimulla Shaik
Published: February 2024

Background

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, often known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is typically treated with a combination therapy that includes both sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) and taurursodiol (TRS).

Objectives

To assess both SPB and TRS in bulk and their dosage form concurrently, a stability-indicating analytical method was developed and validated using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Patients and methods

The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Waters C18 Column, with dimensions of 150×4.6 mm i.d. and a particle size of 2 μm. A mobile phase consisting of a phosphate buffer pH 2.5 with methanol in the ratio of 45 : 65 v/v was, then delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection of the analytes occurred at 285 nm using a photo diode array detector. An auto sampler injected a 10 μl sample into the column, and the column was maintained at a temperature of 30°C.

Results and conclusion

SPB and TRS were eluted at 1.483 and 2.492 nm, respectively. Linearity was established in the range of 567–1701 μg/ml for SPB and 189–567 μg/ml for TRS. The robustness of the method was assessed by intentionally modifying parameters such as flow rate, detection wavelength, and column temperature. Furthermore, studies on forced degradation under various stress conditions, including acid, base, peroxide, heat, and ultra violet exposure, indicated the method’s capability to identify stable materials. In summary, the developed analytical approach for simultaneously determining SPB and TRS in bulk and their formulation was found to be specific, accurate, precise, and reliable.
Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content: Advancing the Frontiers in Iron-deficiency Anemia Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Almashjary Majed N.
Published: February 2024

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global health concern, and its widespread prevalence and multifaceted impact on various populations, particularly in developing countries, underscore the urgency for efficient diagnostic and management strategies. While traditional diagnostic methods such as ferritin and transferrin saturation are fundamental, their limitations in sensitivity and specificity lead to challenges in the early detection and effective management of IDA. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of IDA, focusing on the evolution of diagnostic methods culminating in the utilization of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) as a critical biomarker. The core of this review is the detailed examination of CHr as a biomarker. Its emergence has been pivotal due to its superior sensitivity and specificity in identifying iron deficiency and monitoring therapy efficacy. The review discusses the comparative advantages of CHr over conventional methods, including its ability to detect IDA at an earlier stage and its utility in varied demographic groups, such as children and pregnant women. Future research directions are proposed, including integration of CHr into routine clinical practice, cost-effectiveness analysis, and technological advancements for enhanced measurement and accessibility. In conclusion, CHr holds significant potential for revolutionizing IDA management, paving the way for more precise and personalized medical interventions, thereby improving patient outcomes in diverse populations.
Sex-specific differences in presenting symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Goyal Abhishek , Meena Rishikesh , Gupta Suruchi , Kar Avishek , Ali Rashida , Bohra Arwa , Solanki Vindhya , Chaudhary Poonam , Pakhare Abhijit
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

Scant data from India are available on the gender differences in presenting features of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in India. This study aims to compare male and female patients with OSA for general characteristics and presenting symptoms.

Methodology:

Retrospective study was done in OSA patients diagnosed in our sleep lab. History, biochemical reports, and polysomnography variables were retrieved from the sleep registry and were compared between males and females.

Results:

Out of 514 patients of OSA (367 males; 147 females). Females were older (55.97 ± 9.73 v/s 50.2 + 12.70 years, P<0.001) and more obese (BMI 35.26 ± 7.17 v/s 29.58 ± 5.49 Kg/m2; P<0.001). Waist and hip circumference were significantly higher in the female patients (P = 0.009 and <0.001 respectively). Morning headache, nocturia, fatigability (P < 0.001), and depression (P = 0.005) was more common in females (P = 0.036). Hypersomnia was more commonly seen in males (P < 0.001). Mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in males, although no difference was seen in Systolic BP. Females had higher mean Fasting Blood glucose (FBS) (P = 0.02). Apnea hypopnea index was significantly higher in females {P = 0.01}.

Conclusion:

Women with OSA are more obese, elderly, and with higher fasting blood glucose than males at the time of diagnosis. Females have a higher prevalence of symptoms like fatigability, depression, nocturia and early morning headache and had more severe AHI than males.
Pregnancy Outcome Following Treatment of Premalignant Lesion of the Cervix in Southeast Nigeria; A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Chigbu CO , Onyebuchi AK , Odugu BU , Ifebi CO
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Treatment of cervical pre-cancers involves ablative and excisional therapies, and these have the potential to affect future pregnancy outcomes of women. Understanding the impact of the various treatment modalities on the outcome of pregnancies can motivate the development of interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes in women who had cervical pre-cancer treatment.

Aim:

We aimed to the effect of cervical pre-cancer treatment on second-trimester miscarriages and preterm births.

Materials and Methods:

Matched case-control study in which 373 women who had a pregnancy after cervical pre-cancer treatment were matched with 373 controls. McNemar Chi-square was used to compare the prevalence of second-trimester miscarriage and preterm birth between the study group and the matched controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis was done to determine the risk factors for second-trimester miscarriage and preterm birth.

Results:

Second-trimester miscarriages and preterm births were higher in women who had cervical pre-cancer treatment (AOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.174 – 3.693, p: 0.01) and (AOR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.591 – 4.902, p: 0.0001) respectively. In addition, large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) of the cervix increased the odds of second-trimester miscarriage (AOR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.034 – 1.441, p: 0.019) and preterm birth (AOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.793 – 3.965, p: 0.001). Cryotherapy and thermocoagulation were not associated with increased miscarriage and preterm birth. Treatment to pregnancy interval of ≥ 12 months decreased the odds of second-trimester miscarriage (AOR: 0.605, 95% CI: 0.502 – 0.808, p: 0.031) and preterm birth (AOR: 0.484, 95% CI: 0.317 – 0.738, p: 0.001).

Conclusion:

There is an increased odds of second-trimester miscarriage and preterm birth in women treated with LLETZ. A treatment-to-pregnancy interval of ≥ 12 months reduces this odd. Ablative therapies do not increase the odds of miscarriages and preterm births. This information could guide decisions on the choice of method of treatment for cervical pre-cancer in women of childbearing age.
Atherogenic Index, Cardiovascular Risk Ratio, and Atherogenic Coefficient as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Pre-eclampsia in Southeast Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Agu PU , Egbugara MN , Ogboi JS , Ajah LO , Nwagha UI , Ugwu EO , Ezugwu EC
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Pre-eclampsia is a key trigger for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Current evidence suggests an association between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, the importance of evaluating some indices of atherosclerosis during pregnancy cannot be over-emphasized.

Aim:

To evaluate the effect of some lipid profile indices as risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women with pre-eclampsia in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study of two groups of eligible pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation selected at three healthcare facilities in Enugu, Nigeria was carried out. The case group consisted of 160 women with pre-eclampsia, while the control group consisted of 160 normotensive pregnant women. Participants’ fasting blood samples were analyzed for different fractions of lipids and their atherogenic indices were calculated.

Results:

There were significantly higher mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) [P < 0.001] in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cardiovascular risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were significantly higher in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy (P < 0.001) and there was a significant positive correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and AIP (r = 0.421), CRR (r = 0.416) and AC (r = 0.634) for women with pre-eclampsia.

Conclusion:

Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased risk of CVDs. Determining the atherogenic indices and assessing the AIP level in pre-eclamptic women may predict disease risk and help in early management and measures for its prevention.
Relationship Between Menopausal Symptoms, Cancer Screening Behaviors, and Religion Attitudes of Women in the Climacteric Period: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Atilla R , Kaya D , Akarsu RH , Köroğlu V
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Although it is known that religion is used to cope with health problems, there is a lack of information about the effect of religion on menopausal symptoms and cancer screening attitudes of climacteric women.

Aim:

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the religious attitudes of women in the climacteric period and their attitudes toward menopausal symptoms and cancer screening.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study of 381 women in the climacteric period in the Central Anatolia region of Türkiye. Data collection form, the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), OK-Religious Attitude Scale (ORAS), and attitude for cancer screening (short form) (ASCS) were used to collect data. Correlation analysis assessed the relationship between MRS, ORAS, and ASCS.

Results:

There was a low positive correlation between women’s ORAS mean score (35.19 ± 4.80) and MRS mean score (12.68 ± 7.24) (r = 0.284, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the mean ORAS scores of the women and the mean ASCS scores (64.59 ± 10.47) (r = 0.089, P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Women who experienced more severe menopausal symptoms had stronger religious attitudes. Women’s religious attitudes did not affect their attitudes toward cancer screening. It is therefore recommended that health professionals organize counseling and training activities to protect and improve the health of menopausal women and increase their participation in screening and treatment programs.
New markers of fibrosis in hepatitis C: A step towards the Holy Grail?
Authors: Dabos Konstantinos John
Published: February 2024

In the present issue of the World Journal of Hepatology , Ferrassi et al examine the problem of liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C. They identify novel biomarkers in an effort to predict accurate fibrosis staging with the aid of the metabolome of Hepatitis C patients. Overall I think Ferrassi et al took a different approach in identifying fibrosis biomarkers, by looking at the patients’ metabolome. Their biomarkers clearly separate patients from controls. They can also separate out, patients with minimal fibrosis (F0-F1 stage) and patients with cirrhosis (F4 stage). Obviously, if these biomarkers were to be widely used, tests for all the important metabolites would need to be readily available for use in hospitals or outpatient setting and that may prove difficult and above all, costly. Nevertheless, this step could eventually lead to a metabolomic approach for novel biomarkers of Fibrosis. Obviously, it would need to be validated, but could represent a step towards the Holy Grail of Hepatology.
Detection and Characterization of Bacterial and Viral Acute Gastroenteritis among Outpatient Children under 5 Years Old in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Luo Xin , Deng Jiankai , Luo Mingyong , Yu Nan , Che Xiaoyan
Published: February 2024

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children can be attributed to a multitude of bacterial and viral pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of bacterial and viral AGE in children and to compare clinical characteristics between single and multiple enteric pathogen infections. A total of 456 stool samples were collected from outpatient children under 5 years old with AGE, which were subsequently analyzed for nine bacteria and three viruses using the Luminex xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. The presence of at least one pathogen was detected in 260 cases (57.0%), with Salmonella being the predominant agent, followed by norovirus, Campylobacter, and rotavirus. A total of 69 cases (15.1%) exhibited positive results for two or more enteric pathogens. Although certain co-infections demonstrated significant differences in primary clinical features compared with mono-infections, no statistical variance was observed in terms of disease severity. In outpatient children from southern China, Salmonella emerged as the most prevalent causative agent of AGE, succeeded by norovirus and Campylobacter. This study underscores the burden posed by coinfections and highlights the clinical characteristics associated with AGE when accompanied by coinfections among children under 5 years old.
Parity rate of Anopheles gambiae in Buruku and Katsina-Ala Local Government Areas of Benue State, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Yina G.I. , Mafuyai H.B. , Yakubu D.P. , Pam D.D.
Published: February 2024

Anopheles mosquitoes are major vectors of malaria and play a major role in transmission of infections in humans. Older populations of  Anopheles mosquito are more likely to transmit malaria since they need to survive the time needed for the parasite to develop inside the  mosquito and to take at least two blood meals to transmit the disease, therefore will have higher parity rates. Hence, the study on parity  rate of  gambiae in Buruku and Katsina-Ala Local Government Areas of Benue State was carried out to determine their  physiological age and longevity. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps, the traps were placed one indoor and  another outdoor in randomly selected houses for two consecutive nights, from June 2018 to May 2019. A total of 529 Anopheles gambiae  were dissected to determine their physiological age and longevity of which 280 (52.93%) were parous while nulliparous ones were 249  (47.07%). However, there was no 2 significant difference (χ = 0.3434, df = 1, P = 0.5579) in relation to the proportion of parous and  nulliparous mosquitoes. Katsina-Ala area had a higher number of parous mosquitoes 110 (57.29%) than Buruku area 170 (50.45%).  Nevertheless, 2 parity rate across the two Local Government Areas showed no significant difference (χ = 2.0347, df = 1, P = 0.1537). The results show that the nulliparous mosquitoes survive long enough to take at least one blood meal. Overall results showed that parity rate  in both dry and rainy season remained the same, indicating that malaria transmission across both seasons in the study area is also the  same and the chance for a person to be infected is equal and perennial. Control measures should therefore centre on education to  improve the proper use of Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and other protective measures to reduce human mosquito contact.
A Comparative Analysis of the Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii between Pregnant Women and Infertile Women
Authors: Nyenke C.U. , Ikpeama R.A. , Onosakponome E.O. , Affia A.G. , Adedokun A.A.
Published: February 2024

The obligatory intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii affects various species, including humans. Earlier studies onlaboratory animals showed that T. gondii infection can contribute to infertility in test animals. The aim of this study was tocompare the seroprevalence of T. gondii between pregnant and infertile women using T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodydetermination methods. The cross-sectional study was conducted in different healthcare facilities in Port Harcourt with 300randomly selected participants who were subjected to pregnancy test and female hormonal profile tests based on which theywere divided into two; 150 pregnant women and 150 infertile women. Their blood samples were tested for IgG and IgMantibodies against T. gondii using the ELISA technique. The cumulative seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG/IgM antibodies inthe current study was 55%. In both study groups, there were more T. gondii IgG antibodies than IgM antibodies. The resultshowed that there was a significant increase (p-value<0.05) in IgM antibody seroprevalence of T. gondii in the pregnancygroup than in the infertile group, but there was no significant difference (p-value>0.05) in IgG antibody sero-prevalence of T.gondiiin both groups. This study demonstrated that pregnant women had a higher seroprevalence of IgM, which is indicativeof early infection.
Using Immunohistochemistry and Histopathology in Confirming the responsibility of Toxoplasma gondii in causing Abortions of Women in Maysan Province, Iraq
Authors: Allamy S.S. , Alsaady H.A.M.
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, Amara, Maysan province, to evaluate the role of toxoplasmosis in the abortion of  women. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) test showed that 66.7% (10/15) of women had anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG in their placenta’s  tissues and 80% of toxoplasmosis-infected women had at least one abortion. Histopathology test shows that 100% (7/7) of aborted  women harbour T. gondii tachyzoites or pseudocysts stages or both in their placenta's tissues. The microscopic examination of the  prepared slides by immunohistochemical and histopathological techniques of the placenta tissue showed the presence of tachyzoites and  pseudocysts of T. gondii with a high density in all infected women. Necrosis, destruction, haemorrhage, granuloma, and fibrosis are  also observed in the tissues of the toxoplasmosis-infected placenta of the aborted women. IHC had a highly sensitive and reliable test for  detecting T. gondii in different tissues of the placentas. These immunohistochemical and histopathological studies conclude beyond  doubt the responsibility of the T. gondii parasite in causing abortions, as well as recurrent abortions.
Factors Associated with Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Compliance (NPIs) During COVID-19 in Nigeria: Lessons for Future Infectious Diseases Pandemic
Authors: Saliu O.A. , Idowu O.A. , Joseph-Shehu M.E. , Mohammed H.S. , Adamu S.U. , Alaba O.A.
Published: February 2024

To manage human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 during the initial outbreak of the pandemic, especially in the absence of effective  vaccines and amid the proliferation of various conspiracy theories regarding vaccination, the World Health Organization (WHO)  introduced non-medical interim guidelines. These guidelines emphasized non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) as the primary  preventive measures to combat the disease. However, understanding levels of awareness and compliance is essential as a prerequisite  for designing appropriate interventions. The aim of this study was to assess NPIs awareness and compliance and the associated factors  in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and April 2021 using a structured online Google survey on a  sample of 1001 adult population of Nigeria. Chi-square test, t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed as required.  Amultinomial logistic regression analyses was used to identify factors associated with COVID-19 NPIs compliance. NPI compliance was  disaggregated into three: compliance with ALLthe NPIs, compliance with any two of the NPIs and compliance with only one (single) NPIs.  Atotal of 1001 participants across the six geopolitical zones participated in the survey; 46.4% (n= 465) were from the North-Central, 25.4%  (n= 254) from the South west and 28.2% from other geo-political zones. The majority (53.9%, n=540) of the respondents were male and an  average age of 34.1 more than half (57.4%) of the participants were single. 51.3% were employed and 59.9% had first degree. Almost  all the participants, 99.8% (n=999) and 98.3% (n=984) had good knowledge of COVID-19 and the NPIs as preventive measures respectively.  Although, there was high awareness of NPIs, compliance to all the NPIs was only 1.9%. However, there was high compliance  with a combination of two NPIs (91.2%), followed by compliance with a single NPIs (6.9%). Based on the multivariate  regression analysis, Gender and income showed a statistically significant increase in compliance with single and all NPIs relative to the  base category of two combinations of NPIs. Awareness of COVID-19 NPIs was negatively associated with compliance for both all NPIs and  single NPIs (Coeff: 1.99; p<0.001) and (Coeff: 3.23; p<0.001) respectively. The results highlight the necessity for customized health  messages that focus not only on awareness but, most importantly, on promoting compliance. Although, raising awareness plays a crucial  role, it often falls short in achieving the desired impact. Thus, to drive change and ensure preparedness for future pandemics, people  require actionable steps and clear understanding for adhering to health recommendations.