bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acid‐Catalyzed Redox Isomerizations of 6,8‐Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐4‐ols Provide Mechanistic Insights for Levoglucosenone Formation
Authors: Lamb Oscar , Puschnig Johannes , Glover Stephen , Greatrex Ben W.
Published: December 2024

Levoglucosenone is an important platform chemical and the principal product of acid‐catalyzed cellulose pyrolysis, formed through several intermediates including levoglucosan. An acid‐catalyzed redox isomerization of substituted 6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐4‐ols, which could be considered levoglucosan analogues, has been developed using HBr giving (S)‐6‐hydroxymethyl‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐3(4H)‐ones. Higher yields were obtained when 3,3‐disubstitution was present on the ring‐system, and reactions were faster in acetonitrile. Inclusion of ethylene glycol in the reaction mixture led to the in‐situ formation of a ketal adduct, which improved the yield for the parent system. A secondary kinetic isotope effect kH/kD of 1.23 for the 3,3‐dibenzylated substrate suggested that the mechanism involved elimination rather than hydride transfer, and that ring‐opening is the rate‐limiting step for the reaction. The facile nature of this transformation further supports a redox‐isomerization leading to a glucopyran‐2‐ulose intermediate in the mechanism leading to levoglucosenone from levoglucosan and cellulose, and may have implications for other acid catalyzed reactions of carbohydrates.
Topological Information Embedded Convolution Neural Network–Dependent Energy Alert‐Cluster Head Selection in WSN
Authors: Elumalai Sivanantham , Mani Senthil Vadivu , Govinda Swamy Bhuvaneswari , Gnanasundaram Manikandan
Published: December 2024

Energy efficiency is a major challenge in developing wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The cluster head (CH) can be selected at random or depending on one or more criteria that leads to increase the network lifespan directly. Nevertheless, the CH selection creates an optimization problem. For this purpose, a number of researches have been presented so far to select the optimum CH with the help of various optimization methods, but none of them effectively solves this problem. Therefore, a topological information embedded convolution neural network based energy alert‐cluster head selection in wireless sensor network (TIECNN‐EAC‐WSN) is proposed in this paper. In this method, cluster formation and CH selection is performed by topological information embedded convolution neural network (TIECNN). The CH selection is carried out by three features: energy stabilization, minimization of distance among nodes, and minimization of delay during data transmission. Then, the optimal route is selected by using improved manta ray foraging optimization (IMFO). The TIECNN‐EAC‐WSN approach is evaluated with some metrics, such as network lifetime, number of alive sensor node, and energy consumption with different scenrios. The stimulation results show that the proposed TIECNN‐EAC‐WSN method attains 23.20%, 27.22%, and 26.28% higher number of alive sensor node when compared with the existing models: energy‐aware optimization clustering for hierarchical routing in WSN (EAC‐HR‐WSN), energy‐aware clustering depending on fuzzy modeling in WSN utilizing modified invasive weed optimization (FMEAC‐WSN‐IWO), and quantum tunicate swarm approach–dependent energy‐aware clustering mode for WSN (QTSA‐EAC‐WSN), respectively.
Nocturnal Cleaning Interactions Between the Giant Moray (Gymnothorax javanicus) and the Clear Cleaner Shrimp (Urocaridella antonbruunii)
Authors: Cryan Daniel M. , Vaughn Kelsey M. , Caves Eleanor M.
Published: December 2024

We observed a novel, nocturnal cleaning interaction between a cleaner shrimp (Genus Urocaridella) and the giant moray eel (Gymnothorax javanicus) on a lagoonal patch reef in Moorea, French Polynesia. Over the course of an 85‐min foraging bout (recorded on video by a snorkeler), we observed three separate, stereotyped cleaning interactions between G. javanicus and a cleaner shrimp in the genus Urocaridella (which surveys of Moorea biodiversity previously visually identified as Urocaridella antonbruunii). During these interactions, the shrimp would slowly crawl along one of the eel's flanks towards its head, enter its mouth, emerge on the other side of its head, then crawl back towards the reef along the eel's opposite flank, often causing it to jolt in response. On each of the visits, the moray spent roughly 9–12 min at the cleaning station and was observed being cleaned for a total of 62 s. Although this was a chance observation of only a few instances of cleaning, it may have several important implications for our understanding of the behavioral ecology of cleaning mutualisms, including (1) indicating potential temporal trade‐offs between being cleaned and foraging in eels, (2) suggesting a degree of temporal niche partitioning among sympatric cleaner species and (3) updating our understanding of cleaner‐client communication, given the nocturnal nature of our observations.
Substygophily in Dinaric Karst: A Model Case of Locally Endemic Minnows Phoxinellus (Leuciscinae)
Authors: Palandačić Anja , Reier Susanne , Diripasko Oleg A. , Jelić Dušan , Stroj Andrej , Wanka Alexandra , Marić Dario , Bogutskaya Nina G.
Published: December 2024

The Dinaric Karst extends along the Adriatic coast of the Western Balkan Peninsula and is home to a group of “karst minnows” of the genera Delminichthys, Phoxinellus, and Telestes, which have adapted to the highly variable water conditions in the karst by spending up to several months underground, but require surface habitats for spawning, defining them as substygophiles. The three species of the genus Phoxinellus, P. alepidotus, P. pseudalepidotus, and P. dalmaticus, are defined by restricted ranges, making them vulnerable to pollution and extended draughts caused by the climate change. In this study, the phylogeny of Leusciscinae was reconstructed using 15 Phoxinellus and one Delminichthys adspersus, one Pelasgus epiroticus, and one Telestes polylepis complete mitochondrial genomes and the position of the genus Phoxinellus within the subfamily as sister species to the Chondrostoma clade was confirmed. The inter‐ and intrapopulation structure of the genus Phoxinellus was inferred using molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial data) and morphological analyses. For the molecular analysis, more than 150 historical specimens were analyzed for a short fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding region and 15 Phoxinellus specimens were subjected to single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. For morphological analysis, 121 Phoxinellus specimens were analyzed for 51 measurements and 8 counts. All analyses confirmed the clear delimitation of the three Phoxinellus species, but were insufficient to fully resolve the intrapopulation structure within the species. This study also included data from field surveys of Phoxinellus collected over the past 20 years, which showed that abundance is declining and ranges are shrinking. Phoxinellus are also threatened by invasive/introduced species. Based on cave observations/occurrence and morphological analysis, P. dalmaticus was classified as an advanced substygophile and P. alepidotus and P. pseudalepidotus were classified as basic stygophiles.
Repeated Copulation and Guarding, and Their Relationship With Male and Female Morphological Traits in the Water Scorpion Nepa hoffmanni
Authors: Hyun Hyoseul , Lee Byeongho , Han Chang S.
Published: December 2024

Insects copulate multiple times not only with different mates but also with the same mate, which is called repeated copulation. It occurs as a repeated alternation between copulation and mate‐guarding, leading to the prolonged physical attachment between males and females. Particularly, in species where males forcefully grasp females, attempt to mate without courtship and exhibit repeated copulations, male and female morphological traits are expected to be associated with mating characteristics. In this study, we describe for the first time the detailed mating behaviour and patterns of repeated copulations in the water scorpion Nepa hoffmanni (Nepidae, Hemiptera). Nepa hoffmanni repeated copulation and guarding approximately 10 times on average. Over repeated copulations, copulation duration decreased while guarding duration increased, potentially due to decreased male sperm reserves and increased female mating reluctance. Additionally, we found that average guarding duration was positively associated with male leg length and negatively associated with female leg length. This suggests that shorter male legs may enhance courtship efficiency or intensity, while shorter female legs may be less effective at resisting male mating attempts, leading to a quicker initiation of subsequent copulations with the same partner. This indicates that the evolution of repeated copulations may be linked to the evolution of morphological characteristics. Therefore, our study provides novel insights into the evolution of the mating behaviour of water scorpions.
Preliminary Ecological Data on the Cocco's Lanternfish Lobianchia gemellarii (Cocco, 1838) (Osteichthyes: Myctophidae) in Mediterranean With New Records in the Northern Ionian Sea
Authors: Turco Cristina , Sion Letizia , Galasso Gabriele , D'Onghia Gianfranco , Capezzuto Francesca
Published: December 2024

This paper presents preliminary ecological data on the Cocco's lanternfish Lobianchia gemellarii (Cocco, 1838) (Osteichthyes: Myctophidae) in the Central Mediterranean and its first records from the northern Ionian Sea. A total of 28 specimens of lantern fish were collected using an experimental trawl net between August and September 2023 in a depth range of 500–701 m in the northern Ionian Sea (central Mediterranean), as part of the MEDITS project. Their morphological traits, the presence and arrangement of photophores together with the otolith characteristics allowed the identification of these specimens as L. gemellarii. In the study area, the standard length of individuals was up to a maximum of 109 mm, which is the largest size ever found for the species. A length‐age key was estimated through otoliths reading. The stomach content analysis for all individuals is also reported. Plastic fibers were found in the gut contents of two individuals. This study not only represents the first record of the species in the northern Ionian Sea but also provides information and a new contribution to the knowledge on the role of the species in the Mediterranean marine food web.
Cameras or Camus? Comparing Snow Track Surveys and Camera Traps to Estimate Densities of Unmarked Wildlife Populations
Authors: Waller Scott J. , Hebblewhite Mark , Brodie Jedediah F. , Soutyrina Svetlana V. , Miquelle Dale G.
Published: December 2024

Population density is a valuable metric used to manage wildlife populations. In the Russian Far East, managers use the Formozov‐ Malyushev‐Pereleshin (FMP) snow tracking method to estimate densities of ungulates for hunting management. The FMP also informs Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) conservation since estimates of prey density and biomass help inform conservation interventions. Yet, climate change and challenges with survey design call into question the reliability of the FMP. Camera traps offer a promising alternative, but they remain unexplored for monitoring tiger prey density. Over three years (2020‐2022), we used the FMP and camera‐based methods to estimate densities of four prey species of the Amur tiger in the Sikhote‐ Alin Biosphere Reserve, Russian Far East: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus canadensis), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and sika deer (Cervus nippon). We compared FMP results from snow track survey routes either along trails, or along routes representative of the study area, and estimates derived from camera data using the random encounter model (REM), space‐to‐event model (STE), and time‐to‐event model (TTE). We found that density estimates from representative routes were typically lower than routes along trails and indicated different relative densities of prey. Density estimates from camera traps and representative track surveys were generally similar with no significant relative bias, but precision was poor for all methods. Differences between estimates were amplified when converted to prey biomass, particularly with larger, more abundant prey, which poses a challenge for their utility for tiger managers. We conclude camera traps can offer an alternative to snow track surveys when monitoring unmarked prey, but we caution that they require considerably more resources to implement. Tiger managers should be especially cautious when extrapolating density to estimates of prey biomass, and we encourage future research to develop more robust methods for doing so.
Some Like It Cold: Long‐Term Assessment of a Near‐Global Invader
Authors: Guareschi S. , Cancellario T. , Oficialdegui F. J. , Laini A. , Clavero M.
Published: December 2024

Long‐term studies depicting the multicontinental invasion trajectories of species are often constrained by the scarcity of documented records, especially for invertebrates. The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae), stands out as an uncommon example of hypersuccessful invasive species with a well‐known invasion history at both regional and global levels. This allows for the use of its records to track distribution dynamics and bioclimatic preferences over time. Through multiple temporal comparisons, the global bioclimatic tendencies of the species have been explored over a period exceeding a century (1854–2023) using linear models with generalized least squares estimation and two‐sample t‐tests. This specific setup provides a rare focus on biological invasions at both broad temporal and spatial scales. The results highlight climatic trends in the invasion process of the species, including decreases in the values of bioclimatic variables associated with temperature and precipitation. This trend encompasses not only mean values but also both extreme (minimum and maximum) and is coupled with increases in elevation and aridity values in the areas with the presence of the species. The findings indicate that the species can engage in new ecological interactions and further affect range‐restricted species in climatic refuges once considered protected. These findings help anticipate changes in the species' invasion trajectory, suggesting possible expansions into colder, less humid climates and higher altitudes. This knowledge supports effective monitoring and early detection for management and conservation efforts.
Complex multivariate model predictions for coral diversity with climatic change
Authors: McClanahan Tim R. , Azali Maxwell K. , Muthiga Nyawira A. , Porter Sean N. , Schleyer Michael H. , Guillaume Mireille M. M.
Published: December 2024

Models of the future of coral reefs are potentially sensitive to theoretical assumptions, variable selectivity, interactions, and scales. A number of these aspects were evaluated using boosted regression tree models of numbers of coral taxa trained on ~1000 field surveys and 35 spatially complete influential environmental proxies at moderate scales (~6.25 km2). Models explored influences of climate change, water quality, direct human‐resource extraction, and variable selection processes. We examined the predictions for numbers of coral taxa using all variables and compared them to models based on variables commonly used to predict climate change and human influences (eight and nine variables). Results indicated individual temperature variables alone had lower predictive ability (R2 < 2%–7%) compared to human influence variables (6%–18%) but overall climate had a higher training–testing fit (70%) than the human influence (63%) model. The full variable model had the highest fit to the full data (27 variables; R2 = 85%) and indicated the strongly interactive and complex role of environmental and human influence variables when making moderate‐scale biodiversity predictions. Projecting changes using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) 2050 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and 8.5) water temperature predictions indicated high local variability and fewer negative effects than predictions made by coarse scale threshold and niche models. The persistence of coral reefs over periods of rapid climate change is likely to be caused by smaller scale variability that is poorly simulated with coarse scale modeled predictions.
Spectroscopic Exploration Of Catalyst Dynamics And Electrochemical Properties Of Grubbs Second Generation In Different Solvent
Authors: Odewole O. Abiola , Swart Martinus Rudi , Erasmus Elizabeth
Published: December 2024

The phosphine (PCy3) ligand dissociation equilibrium of the second generation Grubbs catalyst (GII) in different solvents (dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene) was determined to be pseudo first order with kobs=0.8–2.6×10−4 s−1. An electrochemically reversible behavior was observed for GII dissolved in the chlorinated solvents (DCM, DCE, and CLF). The formal reduction potentials, E°′, of GII in the different chlorinated solvents increased with increasing polarity index of the solvent. In THF, however, only oxidation of GII could be detected. Upon oxidation of GII, THF (with a lone pair electron on the oxygen), which is a highly coordinative solvent, nucleophilically attaches to the electrochemically generated Ru⋅+, resulting in a redox inactive THF‐associated compound. A correlation was established between the ease of GII oxidation in the different solvents and the rate of PCy3 dissociation in that solvent. The % yield of GII‐catalyzed cross‐metathesis product in the different solvents at 40 °C increases exponentially with increasing Gutmann donor number of the solvent increased, with DCM showing the highest yield. No metathesis could be detected in THF, consistent with the electrochemical data that THF coordinates to the positively charged or active GII, rending it inactive.
Modular Synthesis of Tetracyclic Heteroarenes via Platinum‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Ethynylbiaryl Precursors
Authors: Jablonkai István , Bogner Marcell M. , Zsignár‐Nagy Barnabás , Simon József , London Gábor
Published: December 2024

Polycyclic heteroarenes that contain internal thiophene, furan and pyrrole rings are well‐documented materials due to their presence in fossil fuels and their importance in organic optoelectronic applications. Accordingly, a variety of methods are available for their synthesis. In this report we prepared naphthannulated 4‐membered heteroarene isomers through the PtCl2‐catalyzed 6‐endo cyclization of ethynylbiaryls. Isomers were accessible from two structurally different precursors that contained the ethynyl subunit in different positions. We synthesized two pairs of thiophene‐based ethynylbiaryls where each pair would lead to the same tetracyclic isomer and explored their reactivity in the Pt‐catalyzed transformation. The formation of a detectable amount of inseparable side‐product was observed when the alkyne was introduced onto the benzene ring of the biaryls. This is suggested to be an exo‐methylene group containing derivative that forms via a 5‐exo cyclization pathway. Similarly, naphthannulated benzofuran isomers were prepared following the same strategy and an exo‐methylene‐containing side product was observed when the alkyne unit was on the benzene ring of the biaryl. Finally, novel synthesis methods were described for benzo‐fused carbazoles from ethynylbiaryls containing an alkyne either on the heterocyclic ring or on the phenyl substituent attached to the indole ring. No side‐product formation was detected in this case.
Selective synthesis of cyclic dithiocarbonates using bis‐benzimidazolate salts as multifunctional catalysts
Authors: da Silva Ribeiro Stephany Larissa , Alves de Oliveira Cecília Maria , Pereira da Silva Thaís Vieira , do Rêgo Barros Olga Soares , Edivirges Alvarenga Meiry , Terra Martins Felipe , Sônego Milani Jorge Luiz , das Chagas Rafael Pavão
Published: December 2024

Cyclic dithiocarbonates of the type 1,3‐oxathiolane‐2‐thione were selectively and efficiently produced from the reaction between epoxides and CS2 using disodium bis‐benzimidazolate salts as catalysts. We have designed and synthesized this group of three nucleophilic catalysts from the neutral forms of bis‐benzimidazole compounds (BBE‐Me, BBE‐H and BBE‐NO2), through simple and efficient procedures. All three catalysts, with aryl substituents possessing different electronic characteristics, were able to selectively catalyze the production of cyclic dithiocarbonates. BBE‐Me proved to be the most effective catalyst in the initial screening with 1,2‐epoxy‐3‐phenoxypropane, converting 95 % of the epoxide with 99 % of selectivity for the cyclic dithiocarbonate 1,3‐oxathiolane‐2‐thione. This catalyst was subsequently used to evaluate various reaction parameters and then several epoxides were selectively converted to the respective cyclic dithiocarbonates, under mild conditions, with a low catalyst loading, short reaction times, and in a solvent‐ and additive‐free system. A mechanistic proposal, supported by high‐resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrated for the first time that a nucleophilic catalyst in this system can simultaneously activate both CS2 and the epoxide molecule.
The Moralization of Women's Bodies
Authors: Morgenroth Thekla , Ryan Michelle K. , Arnold Madisyn F. , Faber Nadira S.
Published: December 2024

Women's bodies have long been subject to societal control. We examine a form of gender/sex bias that may be used to justify and maintain such control: the moralization of women's bodies. Across two studies with US samples (total N = 805), we show that people draw more strongly on morality when justifying their views about women's (vs. men's) autonomy over their bodies. Study 1 showed that a wide range of body‐related behaviours were seen as more of a moral issue for women than for men—a pattern that was absent for behaviours unrelated to bodily autonomy. Study 2 focused on a context with more opposition to women's bodily autonomy (public toplessness) and showed that people drew more strongly on morality when justifying their opposition to women's, compared to men's, bodily autonomy. Exploratory analyses suggested that sexist beliefs may play an important role in such gendered moralization.
Seismic Capacity of Unstrengthened and FRP Strengthened Masonry Arches: Tilting Test and Nonlinear Numerical Analysis
Authors: Tarhan İsmail Hakkı , Savalle Nathanaël , Uysal Habib , da Silva Luis C. M. , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: December 2024

Cultural heritage preservation requires a deeper understanding of their seismic response and imposes the use of effective strengthening methods. Fibre‐reinforced polymers (FRP) have emerged as an effective solution for strengthening masonry structural elements. The decision over the optimal configuration for a FRP‐based strengthening is a trade‐off between different objective functions such as strength, inelastic stiffness and cost. Although some studies have explored design alternatives and topology optimisation, experimental investigation remains limited, especially regarding the evaluation of seismic response. This study investigates the seismic capacity of unstrengthened and strengthened mortared–masonry arches through tilting table experiments and numerical simulations. The optimal strengthening arrangement is obtained through topology optimisation, and experimental results demonstrate its performance. A three‐dimensional numerical model, following a macro‐modelling approach through the so‐called concrete damage plasticity material model, is adopted. Numerical results are validated with existing literature and experimental data. A parametric study is conducted for full‐scale arches to evaluate the effect of dimensions and the embrace angle of masonry arches. The study reveals that the numerical model successfully replicates masonry arches' nonlinear behaviour and hinge mechanism. In addition, both experimental and numerical results highlight the effectiveness of optimised strengthening placement achieved through topology optimisation.
Metabolic response of vitamin C and phenolic compounds in fresh‐cut pineapple induced by pulsed electric fields
Authors: Sanches Alex Guimarães , Ferreira Feitosa Elem Maria , Schwob André Colson
Published: December 2024

The loss of nutritional quality is the main factor associated with the perishability of minimally processed foods. In this sense, the application of pulsed electric field (PEF) as an abiotic elicitor to induce stress responses in the metabolism of vitamin C and phenolic compounds in minimally processed pineapple tissues was evaluated. The samples were subjected to treatment with PEF (5 pulses – 3.5 kV m−1) and subsequently stored under refrigeration (10 ± 2°C and 90 ± 5% RH) for a period of 7 days. Pulsed electric field treatment increased total vitamin C (AsA) levels by up to 4.32% up to the third day of storage compared to the control and kept oxidized AsA levels low. This is advocated by the incitement of AsA biosynthesis initiated by the more prominent action of l‐galactone‐1,4‐lactone dehydrogenase—GalLDH and the reusing chemicals (Monodehydroascorbate reductase—MDHA and Dehydroascorbate reductase—DHA) in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. In the metabolism of phenolic compounds, an increase of 25.26%, 21.48%, and 25.44% was observed for polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in samples treated with PEF in relation to the control, respectively, until the third day of storage. These results were corroborated by the higher phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) – PAL synthesis activity and lower polyphenoloxidase—PPO degradative action, which can be seen in the absence of dark spots on the tissues during storage. Considering the consumption and nutritional potential of minimally processed pineapple, the use of PEF is an important technology to increase/preserve the antioxidant potential, ensuring food safety and the visual appearance of the final product.
A Global Lakes/Reservoirs Surface Extent Dataset (GLRSED): An Integration of Multi‐Source Data
Authors: Bai Bingxin , Mu Lixia , Tan Yumin
Published: December 2024

The surface water extent of global lakes/reservoirs is a fundamental input data for many studies. Although some datasets are currently available, issues such as incomplete data or spatial inconsistencies persist. In this study, a new Global Lakes/Reservoirs Surface Extent Dataset (GLRSED), which provides a more comprehensive spatial extent and basic attributes (e.g., name, area, source, depth and type) of 2.17 million individual features, was developed based on HydroLAKES and OpenStreetMap (OSM). In addition, by spatially overlaying with mountainous polygon, lakes/reservoirs in mountainous areas were identified. The Global Reservoir and Dam database (GRanD), GlObal geOreferenced Database of Dams (GOODD), Georeferenced global Dams and Reserves (GeoDAR) dataset, and OSM were used to distinguish reservoirs from natural lakes. The lakes/reservoirs in the rivers were identified by overlaying them with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission River Database (SWORD). Similarly, endorheic, glacier‐fed and permafrost‐fed lakes/reservoirs were identified using the same method. Furthermore, the coverage of the SWOT ground track for each lake/reservoir in the GLRSED was calculated to explore the potential of SWOT in monitoring water resources. Although preliminary and with some limitations, this dataset is promising. It can provide essential data for monitoring global lakes/reservoirs, support refined water resource management, and facilitate comprehensive studies on the impacts of human activities and climate change on these water bodies.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Bilateral Temporal Lobes Modulates Hippocampal‐Occipital Functional Connectivity and Visual Short‐Term Memory Precision
Authors: Xie Weizhen , Thakurdesai Sanikaa , Varastegan Sahereh , Zhang Weiwei
Published: December 2024

Although the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is traditionally considered a region dedicated to long‐term memory, recent neuroimaging and intracranial recording evidence suggests that the MTL also contributes to certain aspects of visual short‐term memory (VSTM), such as the quality or precision of retained VSTM content. This study aims to further investigate the MTL's role in VSTM precision through the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants underwent 1.5 mA offline tDCS over bilateral temporal lobes using left cathodal and right anodal electrodes, administered for either 20 min (active) or 0.5 min within a 20‐min window (sham), in a counterbalanced design. As the electrical current passes through midbrain structures with this bilateral stimulation montage, prior behavioral and modeling evidence suggests that this tDCS protocol can modulate MTL functions. To confirm this and examine its impacts on VSTM, participants completed a VSTM color recall task immediately following tDCS, while undergoing a 20‐min fMRI scan and a subsequent 7.5‐min resting‐state scan, during which they focused on a fixation cross. Behavioral results indicated that this tDCS protocol decreased VSTM precision without significantly affecting overall recall success. Furthermore, psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that tDCS over the temporal lobe modulated hippocampal‐occipital functional connectivity during the VSTM task, despite no main effect on fMRI BOLD activity. Notably, this modulation was also observed during resting‐state fMRI 15–20 min post‐tDCS, with the magnitude of the effect correlating with participants' behavioral changes in VSTM precision across active and control conditions. Combined, these findings suggest that tDCS over the temporal lobe can modulate the intrinsic functional connectivity between the MTL and visual sensory areas, thereby affecting VSTM precision.
A Crystal Structure of an Oligoproline Hexamer with a Zig‐zag Arrangement
Authors: Schnitzer Tobias , Woods Joseph F. , Trapp Nils , Wennemers Helma
Published: December 2024

Oligoprolines adopt the well‐defined polyproline II (PPII) helical conformation, even at a short chain length of six residues. These rigid peptides are versatile molecular rulers and scaffolds, yet there has been great difficulty in obtaining single crystals for X‐ray crystal structure analysis to probe their conformation in the solid state. Here, we report a crystal structure of an oligoproline hexamer bearing an N‐terminal terephthalic acid moiety. Comparison with that of a previously obtained crystal structure of a closely related hexaproline revealed influence of the terminal functional groups and the solvent on the crystal packing.
Robust Determinants of Current Account Imbalances in Emerging and Developing Countries
Authors: Mbassi Christophe Martial , Samba Michel Cyrille , Lakouetene Prince de Pierre
Published: December 2024

We aim to identify robust determinants of current account imbalances in 87 emerging and developing countries in the context of model uncertainty and selection bias, from 1980 to 2017. The uncertainty arises from the diversity of competing theories and the contradictory findings of empirical works, while the systemic unavailability of current account data causes selection bias. To overcome these issues, we extend Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach to HeckitBMA in order to address model uncertainty in the presence of selection bias. We find that out of 21 potential determinants, only 10 are robust determinants. However, these determinants differ according to country groupings, and since the 2008 financial crisis, some determinants have gained importance, such as inflation targeting, macroprudential policies, and income inequality. Finally, we find that the determinants of current account surpluses are not strictly the same as those of deficits. Our results shed more light on how policy makers can manage current account imbalances and which levers to use.
Board Gender Diversity and Firm Performance in an Emerging Economy: The Role of Women Directors' Attributes
Authors: Pham Tien‐Minh , Rizov Marian , Vo Xuan Vinh
Published: December 2024

Despite the extensive research on board gender diversity (BGD), questions persist regarding its impact on firm performance and the mechanisms through which it operates, especially in emerging economies. This research enhances our understanding of how the attributes of female directors contribute to firm performance. Using data from large, listed firms in Vietnam over the period 2014–2020, we find a positive effect of BGD on firm performance, with a significant impact when at least two women serve on the board. Notably, our results show that women executive directors exert a stronger positive influence than women independent directors. We also demonstrate the importance of women directors' age, rather than their education level, in shaping firm performance. Our findings are robust across various tests. Overall, this study provides compelling evidence that, in the context of emerging economies, BGD's impact on firm performance is driven by older (more experienced) women executive directors.
Community Building in Crisis: Interventions With Displaced Communities in Temporary Housing Shelters
Authors: Posklinsky Iris , Nouman Hani
Published: December 2024

Emergency displacement is a widespread phenomenon impacting all facets of life and increasing rates of psychological trauma. This article analyzes the effects of shared residency among evacuated and fragmented communities, focusing on social and communal disparities in temporary shelters. By adopting theoretical perspectives of community building and social capital, it describes interventions aimed at promoting resilience within newly formed shelter communities. A qualitative study was conducted in temporary housing shelters in Israel during wartime. The study included four focus groups with 31 professionals and an analysis of recent emergency protocols. Professional interventions following displacement into temporary evacuation centers create a new reference community, “the shelter community.” These mobilizing interventions include establishing volunteer emergency teams, strengthening community cohesion, and fostering community participation in renewed daily routines. Community building interventions in temporary housing shelters can foster personal and community empowerment following disasters worldwide.
The Potential Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2/‐4 in Excessive Mechanical Overloading‐Initiated Joint Degeneration
Authors: Hsieh Rong‐Ze , Huang Kuo‐Chin , Su Yu‐Ping , Shi Chung‐Sheng , Chang Shun‐Fu
Published: December 2024

Excessive mechanical overloading of articular cartilage caused by excessive exercise or severe trauma is considered a critical trigger in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the available clinical theranostic molecular targets and underlying mechanisms still require more elucidation. Here, we aimed to examine the possibility that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) serve as molecular targets in rat cartilages and human chondrocytes under conditions of excessive mechanical overloading. Two rat models involving high‐intensity running training and surgery for destabilization of medial meniscus, along with a cell model subjected to cyclic tensile strain, were established to simulate and investigate excessive mechanical overloading effects on cartilages/chondrocytes. We employed various methods, including immunohistochemistry, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, to evaluate the expression, secretion, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of mRNA/proteins in cartilages and chondrocytes. Our findings revealed a simultaneous upregulation of BMP‐2 and downregulation of BMP‐4 in degenerated and inflamed cartilages and chondrocytes under excessive mechanical overloading. Furthermore, toll‐like receptor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B‐p50/p65 subunits signaling were identified as regulators governing this distinct expression pattern. Treatment with recombinant BMP‐2 and/or BMP‐4 proteins significantly ameliorated cartilage degeneration and chondrocyte inflammation induced by excessive mechanical overloading. These results strongly suggest that BMP‐2 upregulation and BMP‐4 downregulation might represent mechanisms for self‐rescue and degeneration in damaged cartilage/chondrocytes, respectively. Our findings advance new insights that BMP‐2/‐4 might be potential molecular targets for excessive mechanical overloading‐caused OA development and should be taken into account in future clinical applications.
CO2 capture by new ternary nanocomposite LDH/bayerite/Ag2O in tetrametallic NiZnAgAl layered double hydroxides fabricated via in situ growth
Authors: Wihadi Muh. Nur Khoiru , Maza Muh. Khoirul , Grasianto Grasianto , Sofyan Muhammad Ihsan
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Carbon dioxide exerts the most substantial environmental influence of all greenhouse gases. Therefore, creating novel materials that exhibit minimal energy requirements, robust CO2 capture efficiency, outstanding adsorption and selectivity, economic viability and rapid scalability for applications in industry is important. This study aimed to fabricate the new ternary nanocomposite LDH/bayerite/Ag2O in tetrametallic NiZnAgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) using the hydrothermal method and to investigate its use for efficient CO2 capture.

RESULTS

The results showed that tetrametallic NiZnAgAl LDH, bayerite and Ag2O had grown and formed in situ ternary composites in the solid. Various characterization techniques confirmed the presence of tetrametallic NiZnAgAl LDH, bayerite and Ag2O in the composites. The composites exhibit surface areas ranging from 153.34 to 255.02 m2 g−1, pore volumes ranging from 0.19 to 0.26 cm3 g−1 and pore diameters ranging from 4.06 to 4.93 nm. Each composite has a laminar arrangement of stacked flakes, and the surface of the composite is covered with silver oxide. Transmission electron microscopy images exhibit the nano‐hexagonal construction of the composites. The selected area electron diffraction profile exhibited congruence with the X‐ray diffraction data of LDH, bayerite and Ag2O. The composites have an average particle size that ranges from 22.79 to 41.84 nm. The ternary composite exhibits CO2 capture activity with adsorption capacities ranging from 5.88 to 8.29 mmol g−1. We observed that variations in the molar ratios of Ni, Zn and Ag affected the properties of the composites.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the new ternary nanocomposites LDH/bayerite/Ag2O in tetrametallic NiZnAgAl LDH exhibit promising potential for CO2 capture applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Are Cases of Nonvisualized Appendix on Ultrasound Not Actually Appendicitis? Single‐Center Results
Authors: Ulutaş Mehmet Eşref , Balcı Eray , Hasırcı İsmail , Ataş Abdullah Enes , Yılmaz Abdullah Hilmi
Published: December 2024

Background

Ultrasonography (USG), which is used as the first step in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA), sometimes cannot visualize the appendix. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical, imaging, and pathology results of these cases and to provide information to clinicians about the next step to be taken.

Methods

The study was performed retrospectively between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021. Patients with a prediagnosis of AA who underwent USG as the first‐line imaging modality and in whom the appendix could not be visualized were included. Imaging, clinical, and pathology results of the patients were analyzed, and the study was completed by comparing patients with and without computed tomography (CT) scans as well as patients with and without AA diagnosis.

Results

The study included 176 patients aged 18–89 years, 63 (35.8%) of whom were male and 113 (64.2%) female. The mean age was 37.5 ± 17.8 years. CT was not performed in 97 patients (55.1%), while it was performed in 79 patients (44.9%). Of the patients, 121 (68.7%) were discharged and 55 (31.2%) were hospitalized. Of the patients who were hospitalized, 36 (20.5%) received medical treatment and 19 (10.7%) received surgical treatment. Fifteen patients (8.5%) were pathologically diagnosed with AA. Two patients (1.1%) who were discharged without CT were subsequently diagnosed with AA. The white blood cell (WBC) count of patients operated on for AA was 13.4 ± 3.9 × 103/mL, while the WBC count of the other patients was 10.3 ± 4.2 × 103/mL (p = 0.009). The proportion of patients with an Alvarado score of ≥ 6 was 80% in patients diagnosed with AA, while this rate was 4.3% in other patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In cases of a nonvisualized appendix on USG, the absence of leukocytosis and an Alvarado score below 6 may suggest a reduced likelihood of AA. Consequently, further investigations, such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging, could be avoided.
Fused extracellular vesicles from M2 macrophages and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for the targeted regulation of macrophage pyroptosis in periprosthetic osteolysis
Authors: Liu Qimeng , Ma Tianliang , Zhang Zheyu , Nan Jiangyu , Liu Guanzhi , Yang Yute , Hu Yihe , Xie Jie
Published: December 2024

The development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening of prostheses stands as a critical area of global research interest. The pyroptosis of local macrophages triggered by wear particles plays a pivotal role in the onset of periprosthetic osteolysis and subsequent loosening. Extracellular vesicles, carrying the surface components and regulatory molecules of their parent cells, embody the cellular characteristics and biological functions of these progenitors. In a pioneering approach to precisely inhibit the pyroptosis of local macrophages induced by wear particles, we have engineered fused extracellular vesicles (fEV) from M2 macrophages and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. These fEV boast the distinctive capability for targeted transport and immune evasion, collectively enhancing the anti‐pyroptosis effect of the therapeutic extracellular vesicles. Our research demonstrates the targeted, significant preventive and therapeutic potential of fEVs against periprosthetic osteolysis prompted by wear particles, highlighting its crucial clinical significance and application prospects. These findings suggest that extracellular vesicle fusion technology heralds a novel paradigm in the design and development of targeted extracellular vesicle‐based drug delivery systems.
Bothersome Back Exchange in MALDI Plume and Its Impact on Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Authors: Lou Xianwen , van Houtem Michel , Lafleur René P. M. , Schoenmakers Sandra M. C. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Palmans Anja R. A.
Published: December 2024

One critical issue in hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS) analysis is the deleterious back exchange. Herein, we report that when matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is used, the MALDI process itself can also cause significant back exchange. The back exchange occurred inside the reactive MALDI plume was investigated by depositing a fully deuterated sample prepared in D2O on top of a preloaded dried layer of matrix. A benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) compound that can form supramolecular polymer in water and five peptides of angiotensin II (AT), pentaglycine (5G), pentaalanine (5A), cyclohexaglycine (C6G), and cyclohexaalanine (C6A) were selected as the testing compounds. Just like the situation in solution, the back exchange for the side chains and end groups is fast in the MALDI plume, while for the backbone amides, it is slow and dependent on the primary structure of the peptide. For the peptides tested, 5%–15% of D‐labels in the backbone amides can be lost during the MALDI process. This degree of back exchange, although not an unbearable problem for most HDX MS applications as 85%–95% of the informative labels would still survive, could seriously limit the use of MALDI in the HDX MS analysis of supramolecular assemblies. For these assemblies, the EX1‐like mechanism with two distinct distributions is common, and the back exchange could gravely distort or even merge the distinct isotopic distributions, which are the characteristic symbols of EX1.
Estimation of Break and Noise Variance and the Maximum Distance of Climate Stations Allowed in Relative Homogenisation of Annual Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Lindau Ralf
Published: December 2024

Relative homogenisation uses the difference time series of neighbouring climate stations in order to reduce the dominating variance of the climate signal. Larger distances between the stations reduce the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) because the noise variance increases while the break variance remains constant. For different continents, we derive the distance where noise and break variance become equal (SNR = 1). This is an estimate for the maximum allowed distance because SNRs below 1 bear the risk that the homogenisation produces nonsense results. Technically, the break variance is derived by extrapolating the autocovariance to zero temporal distance. An analogous treatment of the variance provides an estimate of the sum of break and noise variance, so that the SNR can be concluded. However, the unavoidable usage of anomalies and limited time series shifts and bends the commonly assumed simple functions (decreasing exponential for the covariance and constant for the variance) in a complex manner. The actually occurring functions are theoretically derived and then fitted to observational data. Above that, we show that also in North America, the inhomogeneity levels themselves and not the jumps between them can be described as a random variable. Consequently, no Brownian‐motion‐type inhomogeneities seem to exist, as it was suggested in earlier studies.
Post‐irradiation Sinus Mucosa Disease in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Treated With Proton Therapy
Authors: Wu Pei‐Wen , Huang Chi‐Che , Chang Po‐Hung , Lee Ta‐Jen , Lin Chien‐Yu , Chang Joseph Tung‐Chieh , Huang Chien‐Chia
Published: December 2024

Objective

Post‐irradiation sinonasal mucosa disease (SMD) is observed in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with radiotherapy (RT), leading to a detrimental impact on quality of life. This study aimed to assess the incidence, severity, and regression of the post‐irradiation SMD among patients with NPC treated with proton therapy.

Methods

NPC patients treated with proton therapy were retrospectively enrolled. The incidence of SMD was detected using scheduled follow‐up magnetic resonance images. The severity of SMD was evaluated using the Lund–Mackay (L–M) staging system. Localized inflammation of the nasopharynx was measured with the endoscopy score.

Results

A total of 161 NPC patients were recruited. The incidence of SMD significantly increased from the third month to the first year after RT. The severity of SMD gradually decreased over time. Regression analyses showed that patients with pre‐treatment SMD (OR = 1.75; p = 0.005) and lower serum total protein (OR = 0.16; p = 0.01) were associated with persistence of SMD at 2 years post‐RT. Correlations were observed between post‐RT L‐M and endoscopy scores (rs = 0.239, p < 0.001). A high endoscopy score (cut‐off value, 1.5 [sensitivity, 87.5%; specificity, 49.2%]) predicted the persistence of SMD.

Conclusions

Proton therapy in patients with NPC induces SMD, which peaked at 3 months post‐RT, decreased gradually with time, and became insignificant at 2 years post‐RT. Pre‐existence of SMD and lower serum total protein levels were factors associated with the persistence of post‐irradiation SMDs.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 2024