bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Well-Hidden Testimony: A Study of "The Document" by S. Y. Agnon
Authors: Shacham Chaya
Published: February 2012

The article discusses an enigmatic story "The Document" (1932) from The Book of Deeds . It attempts to decipher the story by unfolding its various facets: the hidden meaning of the story's main scenes and their way of relating to one another; the ties between this story and other stories in The Book of Deeds (" Hefker " and "A Whole Loaf"); and the latent theme of the story, namely literary writing. The conclusion is that the early stories of Agnon's Book of Deeds (such as "The Document") might be perceived as a son of a coded literary "diary," which accompanied Agnon's work in the early 1930s, setting forth his perplexity, inner struggle, and quest for right modes of writing.
The Rab Šāqēh at the Wall of Jerusalem: Israelite Identity in the Face of the Assyrian "Other"
Authors: Machinist Peter
Published: February 2012

The biblical sources on the attack of Sennacherib of Assyria against Hezekiah of Judah are extensive and varied, bespeaking the major impact that attack had on Judaean society. The dominant feature of these biblical sources is surely the letter-address of Sennacherib, communicated by the king's officials, especially the rab šāqēh , to Hezekiah and his subjects in Jerusalem, and the latter's response. The present paper examines the several ways in which the Bible depicts this address and the response, in the course of considering an even more basic question: why such an address appears in the biblical sources at all. Though no one answer to this question appears fully satisfying, all have their place and value, as the paper tries to show. Equally, all testify, despite their differences, to the overwhelming challenge of the Assyrian Empire to Judah and the biblical authors, particularly in matters of self-identity, and the enduring significance of this challenge well beyond the particular events that inspired it.
Stress Placement as a Morphological and Semantic Marker in Israeli Hebrew
Authors: Bolozky Shmuel
Published: February 2012

It is shown that in Israeli Hebrew, as well as in biblical Hebrew, the location of stress may have a "phonemic" function, in that it distinguishes between otherwise identical morpho-phonological patterns. Stress location can determine syntactic, temporal, and similar categorial differences as well as semantic nuances. This study presents a general description of 'mobile' versus 'fixed' stress in Israeli Hebrew followed by a brief discussion of stress as tense marker in biblical Hebrew, and by a more detailed examination of three instances in Israeli Hebrew in which stress has a phonemic function: the maCCuC pattern versus the identical native Hebrew pattern; the non-ultimately-stressed 'Yiddish/ English type' + er versus ultimately-stressed 'French type' + ér / + (y)onér ; and + i versus related + ai among gentilic nouns and residents of geographical places.
Midrash and Marginality: The "ʿAgunot" of S. Y. Agnon and Devorah Baron
Authors: Bernstein Marc S.
Published: February 2012

If intertextuality, the evocation and activation of earlier texts within a given text, is a general condition of all literature, radical intertextuality, in which the earlier text is not only engaged but ironized or undermined, is particularly characteristic of modern Hebrew belletristic writing. During the renascence of Hebrew literature in the first decades of the last century, writers mined the cultural legacy for materials whereby to construct a modern language and literature. This collective endeavor generated authorial "conversations" around the Jewish cultural patrimony. Thus, for example, in Agnon's story, [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] ( ʿAgunot ), and Baron's story, [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] ( ʿAgunah ), each writer treats the theme of the "abandoned wife" through the manipulation of midrashic material. An ʿagunah is a married woman who is legally barred from marrying again, either because her husband has failed or refused to give her a divorce, or because he has disappeared leaving behind no conclusive evidence of his death. Within the midrashic tradition, this condition of [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] ( ʿaginut ) has been extended allegorically to describe the estrangement of the Jewish people in exile from the love and protection of their God. Both Agnon and Baron creatively engage this interpretation in their stories, and the specific manner in which each author chooses to de-allegorize traditional midrash—and the ways in which Baron's story may be read as a response to Agnon's—are the central concerns of this study. While this article focuses on Baron's work, attention is also devoted to those elements in Agnon's story from which Baron departs in her piece: in particular, how Agnon converts ʿaginut into an abstracted condition that applies to all mismatched souls irrespective of gender. Baron, in contrast, offers a different reading, one that assigns ʿaginut solely to the domain of women as a metaphor or metonymy for their oppression. The article considers the intertextual relationship between the two stories as well as the intersection of the lives of the authors. The discussion affords as well an opportunity to examine Baron's proto-feminist message, a message that has of late sparked increased fascination with her life and brought her work newfound attention as attempts are made to recover female, modernist forebears.
אולי From Biblical to Modern Hebrew: A Semantic-Textual Approach
Authors: Livnat Zohar
Published: February 2012

אולי is a biblical word that expresses possibility, hope, doubt, fear, and condition. Common to all these is the element of uncertainty, the semantic core of biblical אולי in all its uses. The assumption of this paper is that study of a word's meaning must take into account the textual and situational context in which the word appears, אולי expressing hope is tightly linked to a textual pattern having a regular two-part structure. In the first part of the utterance, the speech act is directive, while the second part beginning with אולי, includes the result that the speaker hopes to attain through the desired action mentioned in the first part. In order to illustrate how אולי functions in Modern Hebrew, examples have been collected from all sections of daily newspapers. A study of these occurrences produces two common textual patterns: an addition pattern and a concession pattern. In both, אולי assumes a rhetorical-persuasive function: It appears to qualify one part of the message, thus bolstering the truth of the second. Another function of אולי in Modern Hebrew is to mark illocutionary force related to directive speech acts. It mitigates or increases the illocutionary force of the utterance. While its mitigating function is obvious, its strengthening function is not. This function, apparently related to the negative value of irony, requires explanation.
The Arab in Hanoch Levin's works—from The Queen of the Bathtub to Murder
Authors: Urian Dan
Published: February 2012

Hanoch Levin is an important and highly influential playwright. Unlike other playwrights, he has seldom addressed the "Arab problem," until the assassination of Rabin. The play Murder , in which this change is first reflected, differs from his earlier plays by locating the conflict at the center and incorporating a Palestinian figure, as well as by fracturing its structure. Murder is a text and performance in which incongruity is the central issue. There is order in the disorder and logic in the illogic of the play. The logic, which is beyond the pattern of the plot, design of the characters, dialogue, or genre, is the murderous logic of the dispute with the Palestinians.
The Medical History of Rabbi Judah the Patriarch: A Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Dvorjetski Estée
Published: February 2012

Talmudic literature contains more references to the maladies of Rabbi Judah the Patriarch (c. C.E. 180-225) than to the illnesses of any other of its Sages and personalities and provides an authentic and vivid picture of his illnesses. The most severe of his afflictions was his bowel disease, from which he suffered to the end of his days. Two other illnesses from which he suffered for many years were Tzmirtha—urinary calculi, and Tzafdinah—inflammation of the gums. He had some problems in the joints of his fingers or toes and ill-defined ocular pain. A nebulous and indirect Talmudic reference suggests further, that there was psoriasis in the family of Rabbi Judah. He took a number of active steps to alleviate his suffering, by following the contemporary doctrines of health care. His recurrent visits to the thermo-mineral baths indicate the chronic nature of his maladies. Rabbi Judah was probably past middle age when he had the illnesses. Therefore, he might well have suffered from a number of unrelated ailments. His most prominent and painful complaint was the intestinal disorder. It is unlikely that this chronic relapsing disorder was just due to hemorrhoids. The familial, recurrent and painful digital lesions described of him and his grandson might have been due to gout. In this case the term Tzmirtha could refer to urinary uric acid stones. It is suggested that it may be possible to explain all the clinical and familial aspects of Rabbi Judah's disease by diagnosing the presence of inflammatory bowel disease, with its known clinical and genetic associations with arthritis and with psoriasis. The oral Tzafdinah could then be due to an associated stomatitis, and his painful eyes could have been due to uveitis. The urinary symptoms of Tzmirtha could then have been due to non-specific urethritis or even to colitic abdominal pain, rather than to bladder stones.
The Oven Of Achnai Re-Deconstructed
Authors: Levine Nachman
Published: February 2012

The enigmatic narrative of the oven of Achnai incident ( b. B. Meṣiʿa 59b) has been explicated for its legalistic, historical, philosophical, theological, and mystical import. But it is also a very literary text, which can be read as a text in its literary context for its form, imagery, and allusions to other texts. The paper examines the signification of the narrative's constituent literary elements, motifs, and devices (symmetry, structure, parallelism, wordplay, oppositions, intertextuality, self-referentiality, allusion, and editorial framing) used to tell the story and create its meaning. The story has parallels as well as sequels about the aftermath and resolution in other Talmudic sources. Reading them as a composite whole reveals significant intertextual relationships and parallels.
When Literature Meets the Press: Trends in the Literary Supplements of Daily Newspapers in Israel, from the 1950s to the 1990s
Authors: Neiger Motti
Published: February 2012

This paper examines trends and changes in the Israeli literary supplements, investigates the tense relationship between literature and the printed media, and outlines the social and cultural processes that literary supplements reflect and echo. The research analyzed a sample of 540 literary supplements published in five main newspapers in Israel over a period of fifty years, since the establishment of the state in 1948. In addition, twelve interviews were conducted with present and former editors of the literary supplements. Two main trends—one relates to "form" while the other to "matter"—can be identified in the literary supplements within the fifty years of Israel's statehood. The first trend is shrinkage in their size; the second trend can generally be referred to as "popularization." This has led to the inclusion of pulp literature in literary supplements. As a consequence, literary supplements are in transition from progressive "mini literary periodicals" that publish new works of young writers to a mid-stream conservative supplement that does not take risks.
The Distinction Between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax
Authors: Joosten Jan
Published: February 2012

A strong tendency in recent historical-critical treatments of biblical literature is to date more and more books, including most of the Pentateuch, to the exilic or post-exilic periods. This development is problematic, not least for linguistic reasons. Hebraists widely agree in distinguishing Classical Biblical Hebrew from Late Biblical Hebrew, the former being roughly the language of Genesis-2 Kings, the latter being found most clearly in Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles, Ecclesiastes, Daniel, and Esther. Classical Biblical Hebrew is usually associated with the pre-exilic period, Late Biblical Hebrew with the Persian period. The present paper contributes to the debate by showing, firstly, that the verbal system used in Late Biblical Hebrew is systematically different and typologically later than the Classical Biblical Hebrew system, and, secondly, that Classical Biblical Hebrew syntax is very close to the syntax found in pre-exilic Hebrew inscriptions. Although the attestation of early Hebrew is too scanty to attain certainty, the facts brought to light strongly indicate that a terminus ad quem of about 500 B.C.E. should be maintained for texts written in Classical Biblical Hebrew.
Spanish Biblical Hebrew Manuscripts (Second Part)
Authors: Ortega-Monasterio Ma Teresa
Published: February 2012

A great number of valuable Biblical Hebrew manuscripts are conserved in Spanish libraries. They are of various content and some of them are specially significant for many reasons, one of them having been used in the editing of such important Polyglot Bibles like the Complutensian or the Antwerp Bible. A new catalogue describing the Hebrew collections in the different libraries in Madrid has been published. An overview of El Escorial and Complutensian University Libraries was given in Hebrew Studies 45 (2004). Now, the other main libraries' collections of manuscripts in Madrid are given, analyzing the most significant manuscripts.
The Law of Reproof: A Qumranic Exemplar of Pre-Rabbinic Halakah
Authors: Hanson Kenneth L.
Published: February 2012

The halakic character of the Dead Sea Scrolls is particularly helpful when it comes to understanding the legal fabric of ancient Jewish society. The particular focus of this paper deals with what Qumranic halakah tells us about the religious and legal context of Jewish society as a whole in late antiquity. It will highlight specific parallels between a Qumranic ordinance and the legal material presented in early rabbinic literature and other ancient sources. It will be argued that such correlations reveal a society far more halakically rigorous than is commonly imagined. I suggest the existence of a "pre-rabbinic halakah" relating to jurisprudence—reflected in the Dead Sea Scrolls but known well beyond the confines of the Qumran community—which required an offended person to "reprove" the offender in the presence of witnesses before being allowed to bring the matter to court. This extra step of "reproof" exemplifies an early, stringent layer of halakic ordinances which likely prevailed during the Second Jewish Commonwealth. Such a halakah would have governed personal relationships with regard to past actions, as a criterion for future legal remedy.
The Challenges of Writing a Literary History of Early Modernist Hebrew Fiction: Gershon Shaked and Beyond
Authors: Pinsker Shachar
Published: February 2012

This article deals with the challenges of writing historiography of modernist Hebrew fiction in the first three decades of the twentieth century in Europe. It examines the immense achievements of the late Gershon Shaked, who gave us the most recent and most comprehensive historiography of Hebrew fiction. The article analyzes the ideological, methodological, theoretical, and personal foundations of Shaked's historiographic understanding, and how they impact the ways in which he constructs his narrative. Finally, the article suggests some ways to move beyond Shaked's narrative; ways that might shed a new light on the literature written during the period under discussion.
First Cry: Moshe Ben-Meir's Early Holocaust Poetry of the Un-Passover
Authors: Katz Stephen
Published: February 2012

The response of America's Hebrew literati to the Holocaust has been long-neglected. The compositions created bear the markings of the immediate years of the Sho'ah and thereafter and are among the earliest works of literature to address the matter. Moshe Ben-Mier's strategy of representation of the Holocaust in poetry composed between 1941 and 1944 is by inverting traditional liturgy and Scripture of the Exodus story as an expression of his sense of powerlessness and loss of faith in covenantal promises in light of the experiences and premonitions of things to come. His poems comprise a single whole that undermines the story of the Passover to engender the Un-Passover.
"Much Delusion that is in Good Will": Aharon Appelfeld's Ambivalent Position on Zionism—In His Non-Fiction and in His Fiction
Authors: Rudin Shai
Published: February 2012

Since the appearance of Aharon Appelfeld's first collection of stories, Smoke , in 1962, Appelfeld has conducted a covert and an overt dialogue with the Zionist movement. This exchange finds expression in his fiction and in his published essays and interviews with the press. The concern of this article is to compare Appelfeld's stance on Zionism as reflected in each of the two forms of textual expression he practices, fiction and journalism/essays. Juxtaposing the two forms reveals not only tension but actual contradiction: Appelfeld's non-fiction mostly exudes a harshly critical tone from the author, but reading his fiction, one finds something different: the early Appelfeld indeed criticizes Zionism in his books, but the later writer forgoes his critical note and in fact joins in the Zionist discourse, which he undermined in his non-fiction.
The Sonnets of Lea Goldberg
Authors: Yeglin Ofra
Published: February 2012

This article examines the sonnets of Lea Goldberg. In contrast to the idea of Modernity, which is associated with the attempt to remove the chains of tradition and the past and to forget them entirely, Goldberg confronted the history of traditional structures of poetry precisely at the time of the Second World War, composing sixty-six sonnets, six elegies, eleven terzinas (terza rima), and in complete structural contrast, but with accordance with a new cultural-historical awareness, also many folk songs. Her choice of an accepted and routine aesthetic style was not simply an aesthetic reaction, or act of excessive admiration for the ancient, nor was it a paradoxical attempt toward an independent expression, but, instead, a persistent and ambitious choice, filled with the sense of historical responsibility. Lea Goldberg's first acquaintance with the sonnet was probably with the Russian and the German versions. Through German and Russian translations, she was surely acquainted with the Italian, as well as with the French and English sonnets. She immersed herself in the work of Emmanuel Ha-Romi, and undoubtedly knew as well the Hebrew sonnets of Tchernichovsky, Shteinberg, Fichman, Shalom, and Karni. Surely, Lea Goldberg does not treat her sonnets in the most conservative traditional manner, and at a second and a third glance, it is surprising to recognize the measure of liberties taken by her. Petrarchan and Shakespearian pangs of love and romantic themes are the subject of most of the sonnets, but several of them are directly concerned with the historical experience of the war, and they are, I would like to suggest, the exception that proves the rule. Significance: On the occasion of the publication of the first complete collection of Goldberg's published and unpublished sonnets, including manuscript versions and translations. The article includes a first general detailed description of Goldberg's use of the genre and a detailed close reading analysis of a sonnet.
Portrait of the Artist as an Aging Scholar: A. B. Yehoshua's The Liberating Bride
Authors: Morahg Gilead
Published: February 2012

In The Liberated Bride , A. B. Yehoshua thematizes the quest for truth and explores its implications in the life and work of the artist. This aspect of the novel may well be the closest Yehoshua has ever come to articulating his own artistic credo. It is explored through the conflict between the novel's protagonist, Yohanan Rivlin, an aging political scientist, and his wife, Hagit. The apparent cause of the conflict between Rivlin and Hagit is their disagreement about the appropriate reaction to their son's emotionally arrested situation in the aftermath of his unexplained divorce from his wife, Galya. But underlying this specific difference of opinion is a more profound clash of contradictory convictions. Rivlin believes that knowing the cause of the failure of that marriage is the key to liberating his son from its stultifying effects. He becomes obsessed with discovering the truth that the son, Ofer, is hiding. He is willing to transgress against honesty and loyalty, as well as against the prerogatives of personal boundaries, in order to pursue what he believes to be a necessary truth. Hagit, on the other hand, argues that personal boundaries must be respected and she, like Ofer, repeatedly admonishes Rivlin for his willingness to violate these boundaries. But Rivlin persists in this transgressive pursuit despite being aware that this may cost him the trust of his wife and the love of his son. In addition to plumbing the psychological underpinnings of Rivlin's choice, The Liberated Bride makes the exploration of the moral viability of this choice one of its central thematic concerns. Rivlin's insistence on truth draws on sources deeper than the intellectual honesty required of a scholar. It is portrayed as being akin to the all-consuming passion that inhabits many literary artists and drives them to defy the constraints of convention and to often sacrifice personal relations. Ultimately, Rivlin is able to bring about the transformation that will liberate his son. He accomplishes this by acting on the conviction that there are circumstances where the conventions of circumspect personal relations obstruct the apprehension of hidden truths that generate the more intractable problems of the individual, as well as the communal, psyche. Like the novelist who has created him, Rivlin believes that such problems cannot be resolved until these hidden causes are disclosed, and that in order to uncover these causes one must find the courage to violate norms and transgress boundaries that are barring access to them. As orchestrated by Yehoshua, the outcome of Rivlin's pursuit constitutes a vindication of this conviction.
Gutturals in MS Cambridge of the Mishnah: A Historical-Linguistic Study of Rabbinic Hebrew Traditions
Authors: Henshke Yehudit
Published: February 2012

This article examines the phonological phenomenon of attenuation of gutturals in Rabbinic Hebrew, grounded primarily in findings from MS Cambridge Add. 470 of the Mishnah and with reference to other trustworthy manuscripts of the Mishnah specifically and Rabbinic Hebrew in general. It treats the heh-ḥet, alef-ayin, alef-heh , and ayin-ḥet alternations in detail, at the same time noting the significant representation of terms from realia in these exchanges. My close study of MS Cambridge shows that, unlike other sectors of Rabbinic Hebrew, Mishnaic Hebrew does not testify to a phenomenon of attenuation of gutturals. It also reveals features of MS Cambridge. Although a reliable witness of Mishnaic Hebrew, the phonology of MS Cambridge exhibits the influence of extra-mishnaic rabbinic language and even of foreign languages.
The Biblical Hebrew Verbal System in Light of Grammaticalization: The Second Generation
Authors: Andrason A.
Published: February 2012

The present paper aims at designing a more accurate and richer model applying the grammaticalization approach to the synchronic study of the Biblical Hebrew verbal system. This new proposal—based on the dynamic description of languages and on the panchronic methodology, which are both necessary consequences of the grammaticalization framework, path and chaos theories, as well as of several principles of cognitive linguistics—constitutes an extension and improvement of the model formulated by John A. Cook. In 2002, J. A. Cook employed grammaticalization laws as the explanatory vehicle of the Biblical Hebrew verbal formations presenting a model which, being based on the findings of the grammaticalization and path theories, went beyond a purely diachronic perspective. However, the contrastive analysis of Cook's proposal with the requirements of the dynamic evolutionary view of languages demonstrates that this first application of the grammaticalization and path theories to the synchronic study of the Biblical Hebrew verb fails to comply with all the prerequisites derived from the two approaches. In light of this, the outline of an exemplary, second generation, model of the improvement will be sketched which in a more truthful manner takes into account the exigencies of the theories related to evolutionary linguistics.
From Oral Transmission to Written Transmission: Concerning the Meaning of Some Orthographic Forms in the Manuscripts of the Mishnah and of Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Bar-Asher Moshe
Published: February 2012

The manuscripts of rabbinic literature often transmit unusual orthographic and morphological forms. While many of these forms are errors, some of them reflect ancient linguistic phenomena and give us insight into the transmission of the Hebrew language in the Middle Ages. Indeed, a number of these unusual forms can be shown to have come into being in the transition from oral to written transmission. For example, the scribe of the Kaufmann manuscript of the Mishnah wrote ורוב עצמות instead of ורובע עצמות. Evidently the scribe heard the phrase עצמות ורובעrecited orally and the two ʿayins coalesced into one geminated consonant. The scribe transcribed the geminated ʿayin as a single one, since in Hebrew a geminated consonant is always written with one letter. Another example of this phenomenon is the tendency of short proclitic words to be connected to the following word. When the texts were transcribed to writing, these words were written as one orthographic word. This phenomenon explains forms such as אִם >) האם ) and [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] which have been mentioned in the research literature. This paper presents these forms as well as similar ones and analyses how they came into being. All of the forms presented are explained to have come into being during the transition from oral to written transmission.
raq and 'ak: Limiting and Countering: Limiting and Countering
Authors: Levinsohn Stephen H.
Published: February 2012

This article uses principles from Relevance Theory to distinguish the functions of the limiters raq and 'ak. It argues that raq always constrains a countering interpretation on the material that it introduces. In other words, the presence of raq indicates that an existing assumption is to be contradicted or eliminated. In contrast, the constraint on interpretation imposed by 'ak is simply that of limitation , without countering overtones (an effect often conveyed by English "just"). Consequently, when introducing a countering proposition, 'ak does not emphasize the contrast, as others have claimed. Rather, it limits or minimizes the contrast, often with the effect of strengthening another assumption.
The Place Could Not Bear Me: Expulsion and Exile in Khirbet Khizeh
Authors: Sagiv Yonatan
Published: February 2012

When Khirbet Khizeh by S. Yizhar was published in 1949, the story was criticized for its lack of historical consciousness. At the time, the text's failure to acknowledge the expulsion of Palestinians as a necessity gave rise to widespread objections. Ironically enough, the same story has been criticized in recent Israeli post-colonial writings as effacing the Other through exclusion, as overt identification, or as imagining the Other only in terms of the national subject. Through close reading, this essay re-examines the relation between expulsion and exile in Khirbet Khizeh , thus reassessing the relation between self and Other. Informed by the ethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, the essay explores the Palestinian expulsion as triggering another exile, the self-exile of Jewish settlers. Anticipating Levinas, Yizhar portrays his narrator's ethical responsibility through the metaphor of listening to an Other's cry. It is the soldiers' deafness and the narrator's failure to respond that turn the expulsion into an unheard cry inducing trauma for both nations, trauma which will erupt again in violent repetition. The tragedy of this ending can be mitigated by tracing Yizhar's ethical economy, calculating human voices in the place of territories.
Garnering an Opinion: A Double Look at Nick's Surrogate Mother and Her Relationship to Dr. Adams in Hemingway's "Ten Little Indians"
Authors: Tilton Margaret A.
Published: February 2012

The character of Mrs. Garner in "Ten Indians" has been interpreted as nurturing and benevolent, even simple. Yet Mrs. Garner's malice towards Carl, her fascination with Indians, and her attitude towards the boys all complicate her character. Her parenting style positions the boys on the "outside," excluded from adult discussions on race and sex while she and her husband joke privately. In her punitive attitude toward her own son, Mrs. Garner portends the complexities Dr. Adams later reveals. Her character suggests that even parents with healthy marriages can hurt their children and impede their transitions to adulthood.
A Foul Mood, A Dirty Joke: Hemingway's "Cat in the Rain"
Authors: Griffin Peter
Published: February 2012

Carlos Barker was the first to sense that "Cat in the Rain" had a strong autobiographical flavor. Hemingway denied this, claiming the characters were based on an American couple he'd seen at a hotel. For years most commentators took him at his word. But with much of Hemingway's life now on record, and in such detail, Carlos Baker seems to have been right after all. In Rapallo, Italy, in the winter of 1923, Hemingway, stressed by a lack of money, his wife's pregnancy, and the stagnation of his career, compressed his situation with the metaphor of a dirty joke.
Of Rocks and Marlin: The Existentialist Agon in Camus's The Myth of Sisyphus and Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea
Authors: Eddins Dwight
Published: February 2012

Among the various existentialist philosophers adduced to illuminate Hemingway's ethic and metaphysic, the Camus of The Myth of Sisyphus is uniquely apropos. Camus analyzes the heroic but doomed struggle against cosmic absurdity with a physical and emotional immediacy and a starkly lucid perspective on the value problems that this struggle entails. His analysis bears directly on The Old Man and the Sea , where—in essence—Santiago must battle both physically and mentally against the nihil and its ultimate negation of human enterprises. This existentialist grid makes it possible to view the novel's Christian symbolism as an ironic foil for an earth-bound metaphysic of perpetual and courageous rebellion without hope of transcendence.
Hemingway and the Poets
Authors: McFarland Ron
Published: February 2012

Ernest Hemingway's ninety or so published poems attest to his lifelong flirtation with the muse, and his biography echoes with names, influences, and contretemps with a galaxy of poets from stars like Ezra Pound, Archibald MacLeish, and Wallace Stevens to lesser lights like Evan Shipman and Ernest Walsh. Over the decades Hemingway's life, legend, and writing have also inspired responses from poets whose work offers a curious mix of contributions to the myth as well as an informal sub-genre of criticism. This essay reflects on such poems by writers as varied as Charles Bukowski, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, David Ray, Vicki Feaver, and Thomas Merton.
Hemingway Among the Bohemians: A Generational Reading of The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Soto Michael
Published: February 2012

This article investigates how The Sun Also Rises speaks for its generation both thematically and formally. Hemingway undertakes narrative experiments that expand the reader's linguistic range of reference, making available to subsequent generations a modernist bohemian sensibility. The article also explores ways in which readers have assessed the novel according to the standard of fidelity to a murky but compelling bohemian ideal (by engaging in roman à clef criticism and literary biography).
"But Bryant? What of Bryant in Bryan?": The Religious Implications of the Allusion to "A Forest Hymn" in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Hurley C. Harold
Published: February 2012

Although he asserts that knowing its sources and influences is unnecessary for understanding the novel, James Hinkle, in "Some Unexpected Sources for The Sun Also Rises ," intimates that Bill Gorton's allusion to William Cullen Bryant's "A Forest Hymn," embedded within his discourse on William Jennings Bryan's fundamentalism, has significance beyond Bill's playful association of similar-sounding names. Had Hinkle, in fact, further probed his own trenchant questions—"But Bryant? What of Bryant in Bryan?"—he might have discovered how Bill's conjoined references to William Cullen Bryant and William Jennings Bryan—American icons long venerated for their personal piety—provide an ironic counterpoint to one of The Sun Also Rises 's central issues—Jake Barnes's ongoing quest for spiritual values in a broken world.
Melancholy Modernism: Gender and the Politics of Mourning in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Forter Greg
Published: February 2012

The sense of loss so central to Hemingway's work inscribes a social rupture with autonomous and potent masculinity—and in this sense his work responds to the crisis in gender in the United States at the turn of the 20th century. Hemingway responded to this crisis, along with a dominant strain of American modernism, in a melancholic manner. He sought to keep psychically alive what he insisted had become socially impossible. The Sun Also Rises enacts this process with particular complexity, staging Hemingway's identification with two incompatible and lost forms of manhood—the sentimental and the invulnerable—neither of which he is able to relinquish for a masculinity more currently viable.
Tales from "The Big Outside World": Ann Beattie's Hemingway
Authors: Beuka Robert
Published: February 2012

Like many other contemporary writers from the school of literary minimalism, Ann Beattie writes in a style that seems to owe much to Hemingway's fictional method. Indeed, Beattie has acknowledged Hemingway's influence on her, and even written one short story, entitled "The Big Outside World," as a direct response to a Hemingway story, "Cat in the Rain." This essay examines this pair of stories as a means toward highlighting important stylistic and thematic connections between Hemingway and Beattie. Specifically, it is argued that both writers employ metonymic modes of signification to depict isolated, dislocated protagonists.
An Agatha Christie Play—Without the Mystery
Authors: Tyler Lisa
Published: February 2012

Four Hemingway scholars with diverse approaches offer their first impressions of Jane Mason's newly published play, Safari .
Hemingway's Influence on the Life and Writings of Robert Ruark
Authors: Bittner John R.
Published: February 2012

One writer heavily influenced by Hemingway was Robert Chester Ruark, Jr.—the prolific novelist and internationally syndicated columnist, best-known for Uhuru and Horn of the Hunter . Enamored of Hemingway since becoming familiar with his life and work, Ruark began emulating Hemingway's lifestyle and writings. Despite the critics' charges that Ruark was writing Hemingway parody, he continued to churn out prose that echoed Hemingway themes and continued to live his life as a reflection of Hemingway's most adventurous years. Although Hemingway's works are rarely associated with Ruark's, Ruark's personal and professional reputation remains attached to Hemingway's.
A Tribute to Gregory H. Hemingway
Authors: Hemingway Valerie
Published: February 2012

A loving tribute to and capsule biography of Ernest Hemingway's youngest son, written by his former wife.
"The Real Story of Ernest Hemingway": Cixous, Gender, and A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Hewson Marc
Published: February 2012

This essay explores the possibility of regarding Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms as evidence of Hemingway's dissatisfaction with cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity. Working with Cixous' definition of bisexuality, the paper reads Hemingway's novel as a nascent form of écriture feminine , writing that refuses a political hierarchy of gender experience.
“They Have Rewritten It All”: Film Adaptations of A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Barlowe Jamie
Published: February 2012

This essay examines the 1932 and 1957 film adaptations of A Farewell to Arms , not to argue for a particular interpretation, but for a way of analyzing them that can move knowledgeable readers of Hemingway’s texts and experienced viewers of the films away from a critical tradition that has dichotomized film and literature. The essay resituates the adaptations in the cultural contexts that shaped their production and reception, including national discourse about censorship, as well as some of the documents of film history—regulatory codes, production notes, reviews, memos, and letters.
"Higiene en la casa del habla": Eugenio Montejo's El cuaderno de Blas Coll
Authors: Lupi Juan Pablo
Published: February 2012

El cuaderno de Blas Coll (1981) by Venezuelan poet Eugenio Montejo consists of a collection of notes written by Blas Coll, an apocryphal linguist who devises a project of transforming the Spanish language by reducing all words to bisyllabic and monosyllabic expressions. The character of Blas Coll is composed of allusions to certain philosophers, writers, and doctrines. This paper identifies and analyzes some of the main cultural and theoretical components of this character's ideas: Plato's Cratylus , the figure of the nineteenth century Spanish American letrado , the linguistic doctrines of Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Stéphane Mallarmé's theories about linguistics and poetry. This analysis demonstrates how Coll's project is a device by which Eugenio Montejo elaborates a meditation on the origin and limits of language, and on how this reflection can be materialized in the poetic craft.
The Apple that Fell from Aristotle's Hand: Fruits of Love and Death in the Libro de buen amor
Authors: Giles Ryan D.
Published: February 2012

This article examines the Archpriest of Hita's metaphor of love as a fragrant, decaying apple in light of the Pseudo-Aristotelian Liber de pomo ('Book of the Apple or Death of Aristotle,' c. 1260), and in relation to the theological and mythographic connotations of fruto negro in the famous episode of Melón and Endrina, and in the Libro de buen amor as a whole. The narrator of the poem tempts readers with expressions of Ovidian "sweet love" of the flesh without concealing the malignant truth within, as he pursues the same fatal fruits that are warned against in the well-known Liber de pomo , with its apologetic revision of Aristotelian naturalism.
La orilla del discurso: una topografía del desorden poético en las Soledades de Luis de Góngora
Authors: Rodríguez-Guridi Elena
Published: February 2012

Este estudio se centra en la imagen de la orilla en las Soledades de Luis de Góngora, para examinar cómo el movimiento cíclico de regeneración que la caracteriza gobierna la praxis de lectura del poema. Mediante la constante desestabilización, hibridación y superposición de los códigos semánticos, sintácticos y genéricos, las Soledades muestran una realidad en continuo proceso de formación y renovación. El lector, situado en el espacio liminal entre la coherencia y el caos, debe originar los procesos de significación que produzcan significado y discurso, y adquiere así, en este movimiento entre caos y orden, una percepción del artificio de toda orilla o marco conceptual que interpreta, contiene y ordena la realidad.This study focuses on the image of the shore in Soledades to examine how its movement of cyclic regeneration governs the praxis of reading the poem. Through constant destabilization, hybridization, and superposition of the semantic, syntactic, generic, and gender codes, Soledades exposes a proteic reality in an incessant process of formation and regeneration. The reader, placed in the liminal space between coherency and chaos, must invent the signifying process that generates meaning and discourse, thus perceiving, in moving from chaos to order, the artifice of the conceptual frames that interpret, contain, and order reality.
Fashion and Femininity in Emilia Pardo Bazán's Insolación
Authors: Heneghan Dorota K.
Published: February 2012

This article explores the role of fashion in the construction of the modern woman in Emilia Pardo Bazán's 1889 Insolación . By taking into consideration the author's comments on the art of feminine dress during her time as a reporter at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1889 and again in 1890, as well as the focus on female clothing styles in connection with changes in the traditional gender divides in Pardo Bazán's essays, this study examines the ways in which feminine toilettes are implicated in the novel in the subversion and reinforcement of the established gender order and in which beauty products, clothing, and accessories function to signal the ambivalent nature of late-nineteenth-century femininity in Spain.
Hume's Moral Sentiments As Motives
Authors: Cohon Rachel
Published: February 2012

Do the moral sentiments move us to act, according to Hume? And if so, how? Hume famously deploys the claim that moral evaluations move us to act to show that they are not derived from reason alone. Presumably, moral evaluations move us because (as Hume sees it) they are, or are the product of, moral sentiments. So, it would seem that moral approval and disapproval are or produce motives to action. This raises three interconnected interpretive questions. First, on Hume's account, we are moved to do many virtuous actions not by the sentiments of approval and disapproval, but by other sentiments, such as gratitude and parental love; so when and how do the moral sentiments themselves provide motives to act morally? The second question arises as a result of a position I defend here, that the moral sentiments are best understood as Humean indirect affections. Hume says that the four main indirect passions (pride, humility, love and hatred) do not directly move us to act. The second question, then, is whether their status as indirect affections nonetheless allows moral approval and disapproval to be or provide motives. Finally, if we make a natural assumption about how Hume thinks belief about future pleasure is connected to the desire to obtain it (I call it the signpost assumption), it turns out that the mechanisms for producing motives that most naturally come to mind are ones that are equally available to reason alone. This introduces the third question: given the constraints Hume imposes on the nature of the moral sentiments, is there a way in which they can move us to act that is not also a way in which reason alone does? I argue that, given the signpost assumption, while Hume has greatly constrained his options, his moral sentiments do have one very limited way of moving us to act that is not available to reason alone. However, there are reasons to doubt that Hume endorses the signpost assumption. Without it, our moral evaluations have a far greater capacity to produce motives to act. One important objection arises; but this problem can be solved by rejecting a further assumption about what counts as being produced by reason alone.
Alexander of Aphrodisias's Account of Universals and Its Problems
Authors: Sirkel Riin
Published: February 2012

This paper explores Alexander of Aphrodisias' account of universals which offers a significant contribution to the problem of universals. I argue that Alexander is the first post-Aristotelian philosopher who explicitly defends a distinction between what it is to be a form and what it is to be a universal. This distinction is clear if we consider that when there is only one particular in existence, then, although there is no ground for universal predication, the particular still has its form or nature. I show that this distinction invokes two fundamental problems, viz., the problem about the ontological status of the form, and that of the universal. In the last part of the paper, I examine Boethius' solution to the problem of universals, which he claims to take from Alexander and which clarifies some problematic aspects of Alexander's account.
Being, History, Technology, and Extermination in the Work of Heidegger
Authors: Faye Emmanuel
Published: February 2012

The year 2001, with the publication of the course of 1933–1934, which calls for the “total extermination” of the enemy within, marks a turning point in the reception of Heidegger’s work. It represents a moment that requires the critical examination of the use of such key terms of his doctrine as being, understood by him as a “code-word” ( Deckname ), but also history, technology, and extermination or annihilation ( Vernichtung ). This article also puts the project of the “complete works” ( Gesamtausgable ) itself into question.
Causation, Agency, and the Law: On Some Subtleties in Antiphon's Second Tetralogy
Authors: Mann Joel E.
Published: February 2012

Antiphon is often criticized for confusing two distinct species of responsibility, causal and moral. Insofar as this distinction is fundamental to any mature legal or ethical theory, Antiphon appears at best naïve, at worst dishonest. I argue that a careful analysis of his second tetralogy reveals that Antiphon was well aware of the distinction and the rationale for recognizing it. However, Antiphon questions whether the distinction can be so easily made in every case, and he suggests that the inadequacy of the distinction might have radical implications for traditional ideas at the core of the Greek legal system. In short, Antiphon's second tetralogy gives us yet another reason to question whether the sophists were as philosophically unsophisticated as we are often led to believe.
From Malabo to Malibu: Addressing Corruption and Human Rights Abuse in an African Petrostate
Authors: Williams Robert E.
Published: February 2012

Equatorial Guinea has what is widely regarded as one of the worst governments in the world. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo presides over a corrupt and repressive government, dominated by members of his own family who have benefited from the country's status as the third-largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa. While Obiang and his family invest hundreds of millions of dollars in the United States and other developed countries, Equatorial Guinea remains among the poorest countries in the world according to human development indicators. This article describes the problems facing this small petrostate and notes several legal tools available to promote reform.
Intolerable Intolerance: Toxic Xenophobia and Pedagogy of Resistance
Authors: Jones Rachel Bailey
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the author examines the mobilization and regulation of toxic xenophobia in the post-September 11 th era. The graphic posters from the far-right, anti-immigration Swiss UDC party are examined along with artistic responses to this graphic xenophobia. The paper argues that using the visual forms of xenophobia and the artistic responses as the basis for critical visual analysis in the public school curriculum could lead to an important site of struggle against the rise of toxic xenophobia and the "neutral" presentation of 9/11 found within textbooks and curriculum created by mainstream educational companies.