bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: VIII. Special Forms of Transference
Authors: Sandler J. , Dare C. , Holder A.
Published: August 2008

The concept of transference, as developed by Freud, arose within the context of the psychoanalytic treatment of neurotic patients. The extension of the techniques of psychoanalysis to a wider range of patients, including psychotics, has led to the introduction of a number of terms to describe special and additional forms of transference. This paper is concerned with aspects of the relationship between patient and doctor which are discussed in the literature under such headings aserotic transference(Saul, 1962),erotized transference(E. Rappaport, 1956; Greenson, 1967),transference psychosis(Rosenfeld, 1952, 1954, 1969; Searles, 1961, 1963; Wallerstein, 1967) anddelusional transference(Little, 1958, 1960, 1966; Hammett, 1961).
Eye-Contact and Depression: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Hinchliffe Mary K. , Lancashire Meredith H. , Roberts F. J.
Published: August 2008

Riemer (1955) has argued that gaze is an ‘expression of affect’ between individuals. Kendon (1967) writes that the direction of gaze has a regulatory and expressive function, and ‘fluctuations in the amount of eye-contact during the course of one conversation showed that it was inversely related to the amount of emotionality displayed by the participants'. Also that it has a regulatory function which governs the pattern of social interaction. Argyle and Dean (1965) made similar observations in their concept of intimacy. They postulate that there is an Intimacy Equilibrium; Intimacy is a function of eye-contact, physical proximity, intimacy of topic, amount of smiling etc. They have shown that an alteration in one variable produces a change in the others until an equilibrium is reached. Exline et al. (1965, 1966, 1967) have described other aspects of eye-contact in relation to sex, dependency, social reinforcement, affiliative needs and affective relations. These findings support those of Kendon and Argyle.
Alcoholism: Antisocial Traits in Male Alcoholics
Authors: Schuckit M. , Rimmer J. , Reich T. , Winokur G.
Published: August 2008

As part of the study of alcoholism, we have investigated the possibility that early age of onset of alcoholism indicates a possible diagnosis of personality disorder while later age of onset does not.
Relationship Between Taste Threshold for Drugs and Clinical Progress in a Mixed Group of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Pan Lynn , Shoenberg Elisabeth , Joyce C. R. B.
Published: August 2008

Taste sensitivity may be a valid quantitative predictor of other kinds of reaction to the same drug by a given organism (Fischer and Griffin, 1963). Such a relationship in healthy subjects has been directly demonstrated for hyoscine butyl bromide (Joyce, Pan and Varonos, 1968), but the implications for the prediction of clinical response have apparently not yet been explored in a direct fashion. For example, in one group of female schizophrenics with a low taste threshold for quinine, a significantly lower dose of trifluoperazine elicited toxic effects than was the case in a group with a high taste threshold (Knopp, Fischer, Beck and Teitelbaum, 1966). But this study made, without testing, two important assumptions: first, that the dose necessary to produce toxic effects is positively correlated with the therapeutic dose; second, that the relationship between taste threshold and response to the drug is non-specific, so that the bitter substance quinine may serve as an indicator of response to any bitter-tasting centrally-active drug, or perhaps to any drug at all. The first of these propositions, though once fashionable, is certainly open to discussion; to accept the second would eliminate the interesting possibility of using differences in taste thresholds for a range of drugs to predict the drug to which the individual patient might best react.
Serum Vitamin B12Levels in Indian Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Jathar V. S. , Patrawalla S. P. , Doongaji D. R. , Rege D. V. , Satoskar R. S.
Published: August 2008

It is known that pernicious anaemia is sometimes associated with mental symptoms which improve following vitamin B12therapy (Eilenberg, 1960; Holmes, 1956; Smith, 1960). Further, it has been pointed out that such mental symptoms can occur years before the development of anaemia and no definite relationship exists between them and the severity of anaemia (Smith, 1960). Cases have been described with a variety of psychiatric symptoms and low serum vitamin B12levels without any neurological manifestation or abnormality of peripheral blood and bone marrow. Since pernicious anaemia is due to vitamin B12deficiency it is suspected that B12deficiency is responsible for the mental symptoms, and serum B12assays have been advocated routinely in psychiatric patients (Strachan and Henderson, 1965; Hunter and Matthews, 1965).
Recent Advances in the Aetiology and Treatment of Neurosyphilis
Authors: Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

During the first two decades of this century important advances were made in our knowledge of syphilis. Wassermann in 1904 introduced the serological reaction which bears his name; Schaudinn and Hoffmann discovered the spirochaete in 1905; Plaut in 1908 extended the application of the Wassermann test to the cerebro-spinal fluid; Ehrlich in 1909 synthesized “606”; Noguchi in 1913 demonstrated spirochaetes in the brains of general paralytics, and Wagner-Jauregg in 1918 inaugurated malaria therapy. During the second two decades no outstanding discoveries have been made, but there has been in these last twenty years a large amount of verification and elaboration; more sensitive serological tests have been devised, new chemo-therapeutic drugs have been manufactured, the histology of parenchymatous neurosyphilis has been more fully studied, and many methods of pyretotherapy have been tried. A review of the vast literature which has been published soon reveals the fact, however, that there are still numerous outstanding problems awaiting solution, many of which were already being discussed 20 and 30 years ago.
The Occurrence and Significance of Small Vascular Lesions in the Brain
Authors: Pickworth F. A.
Published: August 2008

The haemorespiratory system is subject to disease like any other tissue of the body. Degenerative changes of large arteries are known to have occurred thousands of years ago, and atherosclerosis is to be found throughout the world irrespective of race or geographical distribution. The first recorded observations of disease of the cerebral vessels appeared in the year 1700 (1). Perivascular softenings were noted in 1814 (2); a book on disease of the brain with clinical associations was published in 1836 (3). Atheroma was studied in 1844 (4), and periarteritis of the cerebral vessels in 1868 (5) and 1887 (6). Changes in the vessel walls and perivascular cells were noted in 1863 (7), and white cells and emboli seen in cerebral vessels in 1882 (8).
The 1916 Stanford Binet Vocabulary Test Revised for Rapid Routine Practice
Authors: Brody M. B.
Published: August 2008

Few patients in British mental hospitals are given a standardized mental test. Such tests may not be indispensable, but properly interpreted they tend to a precision otherwise lacking in clinical observation. Many psychiatrists rely on the answers to haphazard questions on general knowledge, simple arithmetic and so on. These not only have an indefinite significance, but may flatter to deceive.
The Influence of the War on Mental Disease: A Psychiatric Study
Authors: Hemphill R. E.
Published: August 2008

It was generally expected, before the actualities of war arrived, that not the least effect of it would be a shattering of the mental health of the civil population.

War on great cities was to be a particular application of what the war lords called the war of nerves. Propaganda, threats and their ultimate fulfilment with bombs and fire were to be the weapons of the future. With this in mind, arrangements were made to receive psychiatric casualties on the assumption that the civil population, untrained and unprofessional, would suffer in at least as large numbers as soldiers in the last war.
Treatment of Emotional Problems in Childhood
Authors: Whiles W. H.
Published: August 2008

The readjustment of the emotional problems of childhood which show themselves in behaviour disorders and nervousness is a most important part of any mental health service. This involves not only the relief of the immediate situation, but also prevention of more serious symptoms which may appear in adult life.

It is now being realized that the war-time evacuation of children is increasing the urgency for dealing with these problems on a broader basis. A recent editorial in the British Medical Journal (1941) stressed the strain that wartime imposes upon children by the break-up of normal family life and the consequent loss of security. It emphasized that these problems are seen mainly in the evacuation areas and stated, “There is in this situation a very real danger that the seeds of neurosis will be sown in an increasing number of children.”

Increased welfare and social work can do much to improve the situation, but many children need further treatment. There is an urgent need for more centres where adequate treatment can be obtained for selected cases. This paper indicates the methods by which children can be treated satisfactorily in an ordinary psychotherapeutic out-patient department when a fully established Child Guidance Clinic is not available in the district.

Each child is given an intelligence test, and mental defectives are not accepted for treatment by these methods. Detailed history from the parents is supplemented by visits of the psychiatric social worker to the home and to the school. In mild cases readjustment of unsuitable environmental conditions will effect improvement, but in more severe cases other measures will also be necessary.
The Mental Sequelae of Head Injury
Authors: Palmer H. A.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatrist is brought into contact with the patient who has received a blow on the head some time after the event in the majority of cases. His task is in many instances to be shared with the neurological surgeon. The Army psychiatrist is called upon to see such a large number of such cases that the following somewhat exoteric account is offered as covering some of the major considerations involved.

A blow to the head may result simply in stunning, in which case the patient thereafter remembers, if vaguely, the essentials of his behaviour and experience, or the alteration of consciousness may be more severe and for some recognizable interval he may subsequently possess a true amnesia, in which case we speak of concussion.

The degree of concussion clearly comprehends a wide range of disturbance of function which may almost immediately be fatal.

Thirdly, the patient may be killed outright.

Functionally considered, therefore, there are three degrees of effect from head injury : stunning, concussion, and death. Structurally we have no real parallelism of observed pathology, since it is only cases of severe concussion which characteristically come to autopsy. Consequently nothing is known for certain concerning the pathology of concussion. Cerebral contusion is therefore clearly inadmissible as a synonym, although its existence may be presumed in severe cases.

As regards the after-effects of head injury it is clear that the disturbance of function may be psychogenic or physiogenic, or a mixture of the two, and in discussing the physiogenic results there are two main clinical methods of approach. In the first our interest is focused on syndrome production, and in the second we are more concerned with individual function. Clinical orientation, however, as in all psychiatry, can only be achieved by the former.
Observations in Hypoglycaemia. II. Blood Sugar and Consciousness
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. , Berliner F.
Published: August 2008

Since Sakel's introduction of hypoglycaemia into the therapy of psychoses, discrepancies between the level of the patient's blood sugar and the severity of disturbance of consciousness have frequently been noted. The blood sugar decreases in a relatively steep curve within the first and second hour after the injection of insulin; but only after it has remained on a low level—differing from case to case—for a considerable time does the patient go into coma.

It seems useful to define the clinical signs of coma if it is intended to correlate it with laboratory findings. It is a state of unconsciousness in which the patient cannot be roused by sensory stimuli; in coma such stimuli do not provoke local and purposeful, but global movements only, if any. Once in coma the patient remains so, independently of the blood-sugar level, which can rise and fall within a certain range without visible change in the clinical picture; it may even rise to a level at which the patient was awake or could be easily wakened before he went into coma. Subcutaneous or intravenous injections of adrenalin in coma produce a rise in blood sugar without clinical effect. On the other hand, the flooding of the blood stream with sugar by nasal tube feed of a concentrated sugar solution or by intravenous injection of 33 per cent. glucose solution terminates coma and restores consciousness within a few minutes. The latter's action is so immediate that it is considered a practical rule not to stop injecting glucose until the patient is really awake.

From these observations coma appears to be a kind of trigger mechanism comparable to instinctive reactions, such as thirst, hunger or sexual desire. Once established it can only be reversed by specific means.
Some Preliminary Remarks on Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

The operation of prefrontal leucotomy first performed by Moniz (1) in 1936 in Lisbon will be by now more or less familiar to most psychiatrists, on paper if not in actual practice.

At first sight the operation would appear to be a revolutionary proceeding; and so it is in some ways. It is, however, no more drastic than the convulsion or insulin treatments in which the patient is near enough the line which separates life and death.
A Year's Experience of Intravenous Insulin in the Hypoglycaemic Shock Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Sandison R. A. , McGregor James S.
Published: August 2008

In a preliminary report (Brit. Med. Journ.,2, 310, 1940), two modifications were introduced in Sakel's technique for the insulin treatment of schizophrenia, with the primary object of continuing the treatment under wartime conditions. The first and most important of these was concerned with the saving of sugar. This simple method, by which glucose is given intravenously and is followed by a drink of potato soup as soon as the patient is awake, has already been fully described by us. We discovered incidentally that this method effected a saving of insulin amounting to 46.6 per cent. in seven patients. Various critics have asked why other workers have not effected a saving by using intravenous insulin. Further, we have been asked what advantages are to be gained by giving insulin intravenously apart from this saving of the drug; whether intravenous insulin adds any dangers to the treatment, and whether it brings about a remission in schizophrenia comparable with intramuscular insulin. We have had more than a year's experience with the use of intravenous insulin, and this paper aims at describing our first year of this experience and answering the questions set out above. We may mention that in 24 additional patients treated, an average saving of 28.3 per cent. of insulin has been effected.
A Case of Hysterical Stupor Recovering After Cardiazol Treatment
Authors: Neustatter W. Lindesay
Published: August 2008

Hysterical stupor is rare, and indeed some authorities are sceptical of its existence. There are few references to it in English, either in standard text-books or papers. Oppenheim and Bleuler refer to it in passing, but with little clinical detail. Hoch's benign stupors, in spite of their name, are really psychotic reactions. He refers to invariable intellectual retardation and preoccupation with ideas of death being present, and actually a follow-up has shown that most of these cases were really schizophrenic. Millais Culpin, Hubert, and others writing of war neuroses describe hysterical stupors, but they have been the result of terrifying experiences at the front. The case described below showed features which would appear to justify a diagnosis of hysterical stupor, occurring in an individual subject to little external strain. This, in conjunction with a failure to improve over some weeks, but with rapid recovery after cardiazol treatment would seem to warrant reporting it.
The Ammonium Chloride Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Rizvi K. N. H.
Published: August 2008

Meduna introduced the cardiazol treatment of schizophrenia, following an observation of the supposed rarity of the coexistence of epilepsy and schizophrenia and an observation of improvement in two schizophrenics who developed convulsions. Since then other drugs akin to cardiazol have been introduced, and recently electrically induced convulsions have been tried. It is generally agreed that there are certain complications and many objections to the use of cardiazol as a convulsant. Extreme apprehension and fear of treatment are present in almost every case. In some cases the patients' apprehension is so great that they decline treatment, saying that their dread of it makes them worse. It is a great obstacle preventing co-operation in the treatment. The other complications are the dislocation of the jaw, shoulder or hips, fractures of the arms or leg, sometimes the thigh, fracture of the spine and decalcification; cerebral haemorrhage and rarely lung abscesses and embolism have been reported.
Torulosis of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Blair Donald
Published: August 2008

In March, 1939. there was admitted under my care at the St. Pancras Hospital Mental Observation Unit a case of torulosis of the nervous system. This is a very rare disease in this country and the present case is only the third recorded in British medical history (Greenfieldet al., 1938; Smith and Crawford, 1930), and the first one to have come under mental hospital supervision. Although such a rarity here, torulosis is more common in the United States, and cases have been reported from nearly every part of the world.
Experiences in the Treatment of Depressive States by Electrically Induced Convulsions
Authors: Fitzgerald Otho W. S.
Published: August 2008

When von Meduna in 1935 introduced convulsion therapy, his hypothesis that schizophrenia and epilepsy were incompatible diseases suggested that convulsion therapy was applicable only to cases of schizophrenia. Similarly, Sakel, when introducing insulin shock, proposed it as a treatment to be applied essentially to schizophrenia. It is thus not surprising that most psychiatrists at first devoted their main attention to comparing the results obtained from treating schizophrenia by these alternative methods of “shock” rather than in studying their effects on other forms of psychosis. However, Low and co-workers (1) in 1938 reported having obtained very encouraging results from giving metrazol-induced convulsions to a group of sixteen manic-depressive cases, and very shortly afterwards Bennett (2) issued a preliminary report on ten cases of the depressive psychosis in which he stated he had found a remarkable improvement following cardiazol convulsion treatment.
Some Complications Arising During Electrical Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Samuel Eric
Published: August 2008

In 1938 Wespi (1) in Germany and Stalker (2) in this country reported cases of crush fracture of the spine following cardiazol convulsion therapy. It was not until then, some four years after its introduction, that attention was focused on the risk of fracture in this form of therapy. During 1939 alarming reports appeared, especially in the United States, regarding the occurrence of such mechanical injury. Polatin et al. (3) radiographed 51 cases following metrazol convulsive therapy and reported spinal fractures in 43 per cent. Bennett and Fitzpatrick (4) in a similarly treated series of cases recorded 47 per cent. spinal fractures. However, the latter figure was obtained from a series of only 18 cases, and should therefore be accepted with reserve. In this country H. A. Palmer (5) in a series of 20 cases treated by cardiazol shock therapy found spinal fractures in no less than 5 cases (25 per cent.).
Results of Prefrontal Leucotomy in Thirty Cases of Mental Disorder
Authors: Ström-Olsen R. , Last S. L. , Brody M. B. , Knight G. C.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of treatment by prefrontal leucotomy in 30 cases of mental disorder. In view of the fact that this procedure is not only comparatively new, and uncertain in its ultimate effects, but is also after all a destructive operation, its trial was only felt to be justified, in the first instance at any rate, in a selected number of chronic patients with an apparently hopeless or very poor prognosis.
The Technique of Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Willway F. Wilfred
Published: August 2008

I have been briefed to address you for half an hour on what must be a rather uninteresting subject to an audience composed mainly of physicians, namely the technique of the operation the results of which we have learnt this morning. May I congratulate this audience on showing such interest in the technicalities of the surgeon's art?
The Technique of Pre-Frontal Leucotomy
Authors: McKissock Wyllie
Published: August 2008

May I apologize in advance for the many deficiencies of the paper I am about to read. I have not had the time that I would have wished to spend upon its preparation, nor the opportunity to make myself more than superficially conversant with the increasing literature, and I trust that you will excuse such imperfections as will appear.
An Analysis of the Matrix (Progressive Matrices) Test Results on 700 Neurotic (Military) Subjects, and a Comparison with the Shipley Vocabulary Test
Authors: Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

Seven hundred Progressive Matrices records of male neurotic military patients admitted to Sutton Emergency Hospital between April and November, 1942, were compared with a control group (1). The distribution of the patients' scores shows a negatively skewed curve with a clustering of scores below the control median (Fig. 1).
The Maintenance Treatment of Chronic Psychotics by Electrically Induced Convulsions
Authors: Moore Norman P.
Published: August 2008

In the early days of convulsion therapy many chronic psychotics were treated by this method in the hope of effecting a cure. While temporary improvement was achieved in most cases, results were disappointing, owing to the rapidity with which relapses occurred. With cardiazol as the convulsant, various complications, such as sclerosis of veins, tachycardia, vomiting and, most of all, aversion to the treatment on the part of the patient made its continued repetition impracticable.
Involutional Melancholia
Authors: Gibson R.
Published: August 2008

In the treatment of involutional melancholia the administration of oestrogenic substances has for years been a feature. The results achieved with this form of therapy have varied, some workers claiming unqualified success, and others recording no change, or even deterioration in their patients.
Psychopathology
Authors: Coleman S. M.
Published: August 2008

It is concerned with the isolation of clinical entities on a psychological basis, and with the investigation of the aetiological factors and psychological mechanisms that may be responsible for these conditions. There is much division of opinion among psychopathologists on basic principles. Particularly is this so regarding the relative importance attached to innate factors, infantile experiences, early training and psychical trauma in adult life in the causation of mental disorder.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Crichton-Miller H. , Nicolle Grace H.
Published: August 2008

The present war has occasioned sudden and notable changes in many aspects of medicine. Psychotherapy is no exception. The war has come at a time when this branch of treatment is receiving a greater measure of acceptance by the profession than ever before. And the war has brought with it a challenging demand for shorter treatment and—if it may be—more permanent results. Thirty or forty years ago psychiatry complacently limited itself to environmental and custodial measures. Since then a gradual infiltration has taken place whereby the psychiatrist accepts an active therapeutic commission. Much of this change is due, directly and indirectly, to the work of Freud, which shook into animation both clinical psychiatry and academic psychology. The interdependence of these three departments of mental science has by no means reached completion. Nevertheless, psychotherapy can look back on a growing contribution to psychiatry, initiated to a large extent in the Great War, and now multiplied many times by the demands of totalitarian warfare.
Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

The operation of prefrontal leucotomy or, as some call it, prefrontal lobotomy, is one of the most startling of modern therapeutic procedures. It was introduced in Portugal by Moniz (1936)—the actual operation being performed by Lima—and was subsequently developed in Italy and in America. In this country it was first carried out at the Burden Neurological Institute in Bristol on December 11, 1940. At the time of writing (May, 1943) some 350 leucotomies have been performed in Great Britain. In 1942 Freeman published his book, Psychosurgery, dealing with the work done up to the end of 1941. Most of the work dealt with in the present review has been published since then, although for the sake of completeness Freeman's book will be referred to.
Psychoneuroses in R.A.F. Ground Personnel
Authors: Parfitt Squadron-Leader D. N.
Published: August 2008

The following report is based on 150 men treated in hospital, and 300 patients, 50 of whom were women, seen at a diagnostic and advice centre.

As a rule, stresses and precipitating factors were more obvious or easily discoverable than in civilian life, adverse situations were more superficial, diagnosis and treatment were easier. Anyone who has conducted civilian clinics finds the change-over comparatively easy. Nevertheless, much of what follows is applicable to civilian work.
An Unusual Brain Injury: With a Note on Lesions of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Authors: Thomas J. C. Sawle
Published: August 2008

The case about to be described presented a problem of some complexity in neurological diagnosis. The attempt here made to unravel the problem is set forth with the full realization that some quite different explanation may be the true one. The true explanation, however, is incapable of proof and the view offered here is only suggestive, though of some interest because of the rarity of lesions of the superior cerebellar peduncle in man.
Types of Personality: A Factorial Study of Seven Hundred Neurotics
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

Few psychologists or psychiatrists would object to the statement that the whole field of personality and temperament study is in a state of acute conflict and dissociation. This is as true on the psychological side, i.e. in the field of experimental tests, questionnaires, ratings and so forth (69, 1), as on the psychiatric side, i.e. in the field of the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders (39, 9). In the present paper an attempt is made to locate the fundamental trait-vectors in terms of which personality and temperament can be most parsimoniously described, and to demonstrate that the results thus obtained from a detailed analysis of psychiatric ratings and experimental tests carried out on 700 neurotics can serve to integrate findings from a wide variety of sources, which at first glance seem confused and even contradictory.
Death From Electrical Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Napier F. J.
Published: August 2008

Ten years have elapsed since the introduction by Meduna in 1934 of convulsion therapy, and five since Cerletti and Bini first described the use of electricity as a convulsant. A not unreasonable early prejudice finds a later echo in the comment of Critchley (1943) that convulsion therapy “is crude, dangerous and repellent to anyone who holds the central nervous system in respect.”
A Factorial Study of Some Morphological and Psychological Aspects of Human Constitution
Authors: Rees W. Linford , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

Since Hippocrates and his Roman followers described thehabitus apoplecticusand thehabitus phthisicus, linking these antithetical physical types with certain temperamental peculiarities and with susceptibility to specific diseases, much research has been carried out in an attempt (1) to prove the existence of physical types and to discover their nature, and (2) to investigate the relation of these types to temperamental traits. This work has done much to clarify the issues at stake.
Observations on the Rorschach Test in Two Cases of Acute Concussional Head-Injury
Authors: Zangwill O. L.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to report some observations on the Rorschach test in two cases of severe concussional head-injury. Detailed studies of such cases in the Rorschach literature are relatively few, and none, so far as the present writer is aware, includes observations on the test during the more acute phases of the post-traumatic disorder. In addition, therefore, to placing further cases of head-injury on record, it is hoped that our observations may throw light on the psychological changes associated with remission of the post-traumatic confusional state and recovery of normal consciousness. It is further hoped that the Rorschach observations made at a later stage of recovery in these cases may have some bearing on our knowledge and assessment of the chronic post-traumatic condition.
A Study of Certain Qualitative Aspects of Problem Solving Behaviour in Senile Dementia Patients
Authors: Eysenck Margaret Davies
Published: August 2008

Recent psychological investigations have left little doubt that considerable mental deterioration takes place with advancing age. The work of the United States Army Psychologists in the last war (22), of Beeson (1), Jones and Conrad (10), Weisenburg, Roe and McBride (21), Sorensen (18), Miles (11, 12, 13, 14), Ruch (17), Thorndike (19), Wechsler (20), Gilbert (7); Cleveland and Dysinger (3) and others makes it apparent that not only do the various mental abilities decline with age, but also that they decline at different rates.
Explosive Rage Following Head Injury
Authors: Hooper R. S. , McGregor J. M. , Nathan P. W.
Published: August 2008

In 1899 Kaplan described the “explosive diathesis” as follows: “Following the most trivial and impersonal causes, there is the effect of rage with its motor accompaniments. There may be the most grotesque gesticulation, excessive movements of the face, and a quick, sharp explosiveness of speech; there may be cursing and outbreaks of violence, which are often directed towards things; there may or may not be an amnesia for these afterwards. These outbursts may terminate in an epileptic fit. There is an excess in the reaction, with inadequate adaptation to the situation so remote from a well-considered purposeful act that it approaches a pure psychic reflex act in the shape of an almost or entirely unmodified explosion not unlike a convulsion. The explosive diathesis is not characteristic of head injuries, but is also found in hereditary degeneration, in alcoholic degeneration, etc.”
A Syndrome Associated with Left Hand Paralysis of Central Origin
Authors: Klein R. , Mallie P. P.
Published: August 2008

Certain disturbances of a higher order, e.g. aphasia and agnosia, follow as a rule a lesion of the left hemisphere in right-handed persons and vice versa. This dominance of one hemisphere for certain functions has been well established from abundant material. The Gerstmann Syndrome, recently studied, seems to obey the same rule of dominance; other disorders, such as the attitude toward paralysed limbs and defective functions, appear to be caused by lesions of the non-dominant hemisphere. The relations of the latter group, however, to the hemisphere cannot be regarded as firmly established, since the material presented is still limited.
Electrical Convulsion Therapy in 500 Selected Psychotics
Authors: Kino F. F. , Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

Although the electrical treatment of mental disorders is still in the empirical stage, its use is well established. Certain features and principles of treatment have been elucidated in the published reports, and all are agreed that it is specific for melancholic states.

The evaluation of the scope and usefulness of E.C.T. would be enhanced by the comparative study of case material from various clinics, but much in the published reports is not strictly comparable because of the unavoidable variation in the assessment of diagnosis and the degree of recovery. In our case material collected over a period of five years we have endeavoured to present the facts with a minimum of subjectivity by limiting our observation as far as possible to measurable data. In order to reduce the variable factor of diagnosis, some 700 psychotics treated with electrically induced convulsions have been reconsidered and 500 selected for analysis after carefully excluding the overlapping types, particularly those cases presenting features of both affective and schizophrenic psychoses. The selected cases can therefore be regarded as classical examples clearly separated into the two large groups of biogenetic psychoses—schizophrenic and manic-depressive, including involutional melancholia.
The Psychological Aspects of Ageing and Senility
Authors: Eysenck Margaret Davies
Published: August 2008

Perhaps the earliest adumbration of modern interest in problems of old age was Quetelet's important two-volume work on Man and the Development of his Faculties in 1835 (55). In this book appeared for the first time data of a kind since become very familiar: ages when various crimes are committed, when literary masterpieces are written, ages of admission to hospitals for the insane, and so on.
Personality Defects and Psychiatric Symptoms after Cerebrospinal Fever in Childhood: Meningococcal Encephalopathy
Authors: Pai M. Narasimha
Published: August 2008

Until quite recently the mortality from cerebrospinal spinal fever was considerable, and those who survived the illness were considered lucky to be alive at all. As a result of chemotherapy, which has already reduced the case mortality to less than 9 per cent., more and more persons are likely to recover and present new problems. That some of these survivors may continue to complain of symptoms which incapacitatate them for work for prolonged periods has been borne out by some recent contributions (Pai, 1944; Degenet al., 1945; MacKieth, 1945; Ballard and Miller, 1945). In a previous paper (Pai, 1945) it was pointed out that some of these symptoms were psychogenic in origin, and others probably physiogenic, due to organic changes in the brain. Among the latter symptoms were changes in personality, intellectual deterioration, mild but persistent depression, occasional disorders of conduct and pronounced tendencies to invalidism. As personality consists to a great extent of several patterns of behaviour acquired in infancy and childhood, it was decided to study a group of patients who had cerebrospinal spinal fever in early life, in order to determine to what extent this illness had contributed to the development or the warping of the personality in each patient.
Psychiatric Casualties in Burma, 1945
Authors: Stungo Ellis
Published: August 2008

It is likely to be contended that climatic conditions, jungle warfare, distance from home, long separation from wife and family, difficulties in obtaining leave in the United Kingdom, delay in the receipt of mail, close association with members of different races and problems in regard to evacuation contributed to the incidence of psychiatric illness in Burma. It will be interesting to note in due course, when the total figures of psychiatric casualties from all theatres of war are available, whether or not conditions in Burma were in fact relatively more productive of psychiatric illness than they were, say, in North Africa or Italy. Then only will it be possible to conjecture on the relative effects of one type of climate as compared with another, or jungle warfare as compared with desert fighting, and so on.
The Legal Aspects of Psychiatry
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

Discussions on crime and punishment frequently bring into relief two fundamental facts: one that everyone is dependent upon his fellows; the other that the physico-chemical, biological and psychological or spiritual worlds are, as J. S. Haldane pointed out, only the same worlds at different planes of interpretation.
Psychological Aspects of a Conscious Temporary Generalized Paralysis
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Conscious generalized immobility, in which the musculature remains in the tonic state in which it has been placed voluntarily, is known amongst naval officers, printers and nurses, amongst the last being known as “night nurses' paralysis.” Its duration is of a few seconds or minutes, and it appears to be a cataleptic phenomenon. It differs from cataplexy in that the musculature is tonic, and perhaps hypertonic, with the eyelids open, whereas in cataplexy the subject falls to the ground with muscles limp and eyelids closed, as if asleep.
Methods of Officer Selection in the Army
Authors: Gillman Simeon W.
Published: August 2008

In June, 1940, the first Area Psychiatrists in the United Kingdom, of whom I was one, were appointed. Although at first we were told that there were not many psychiatric cases, and in spite of the lack of encouragement in some areas, clinics were set up, and very soon the psychiatrists were overwhelmed by the number of patients sent, both officers and men. It became apparent to all of us who were doing the work that many of the men could have been eliminated at the source, for by going into the history of the individual patient, and giving him intelligence tests, one could have foretold fairly accurately his future in the army, i.e. whether he would be able to be trained as a soldier in a particular arm, and his length of service before his breakdown. But the process was that of elimination. The psychiatrist working alone managed to sort out the soldier, but there was at that time no disposal method except to hospital, which was not very useful for the dull and backward, and the chronic anxiety states. At the end of 1940, at the suggestion of a Command Psychiatrist, a Directorate of Officer Selection Personnel was set up, so that men joining the army would have their intelligence tested, and be interviewed by a personnel selection officer, and the dull and backward and the difficult cases interviewed by the psychiatrist, either for rejection from the army or for transfer to the unarmed or armed Pioneer Corps, or to any arm which was considered suitable. This process has continued since then, and has made great strides. At present no man is posted to any particular arm, but he comes into the army to primary training centres, where he is tested and interviewed, and after six weeks' general training is then posted to the arm most suitable for him. This procedure helped the problem of “other ranks,” and it was hoped that the incidence of psychological illnesses in the army would be lowered, and the number of men sent to the psychiatrist brought within reasonable limits. Till then, the psychiatrist in the army had been working very fast, seeing as many as thirty to one hundred men a day.
Intensive Electrical Convulsion Therapy in Acute Mania
Authors: Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

It would seem that the overwhelming success of convulsion therapy in depressive syndromes has retarded recognition of the use of this treatment in states of excitement. Little has been written in this country on E.C.T. in mania, and apart from a report that the condition is refractory and frequently relapses, there is scant guidance on the subject. The object of this paper is to draw attention to the real value of E.C.T. in mania, when given in adequate quantity at the beginning, and followed up by frequent spacing of shocks to prevent relapse. For this purpose, “intensive therapy” is regarded as that which commences with several shocks daily until the excited state is suppressed, and by this method the most maniacal patient can be rapidly and dramatically brought under control.
Continuous Narcosis: The Advantages of Oral Somnifaine—A Comparison
Authors: Walsh John
Published: August 2008

Continuous narcosis is a method of treating psychiatric conditions by producing a state of narcosis or intoxication for a prolonged period. It was first adopted seriously by Klaesi (1921), and has proved to be a valuable therapeutic weapon. Klaesi used large doses of somnifaine by intramuscular injection, and these were repeated as often as was required to maintain unbroken sleep for 8–10 days.
Moral Deficiency
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The harmonizing of legal administrative practice with the development of scientific concepts in the field of medicine is sometimes difficult. The law has to be understood by everybody, whereas scientific knowledge is too often considered the privilege of the educated few. Thus, the law must be simple and directly applicable, leaving for the expert, critical examination of causes and effects. When the definition of a situation depends upon physical findings, a decision can be made without very much difficulty as to how the law is to be interpreted; but in questions of behaviour interpretation of rules may be much more troublesome, and special care is required in drafting laws which define psychological concepts.
Diversional Therapy at Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum
Authors: Knox J. S.
Published: August 2008

Some 640 men and 170 women patients are detained in Broadmoor. The following account of the diversional therapy applied to their different types of mental disorder may be of interest.
Neurosis and Religious Affiliation
Authors: Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

During the six years of the war, from the opening of the hospital in September, 1939, until the end of September, 1945 (to choose a convenient end-point), 13,556 soldiers, sailors and airmen of non-commissioned rank were admitted to the wards of Sutton Emergency Hospital. From this number have been excluded all women, all foreign troops and prisoners of war, Dominions troops, foreign nationals in the British Army, and also a half dozen or so men of whose religious affiliation no record was kept. Apart from these few accidental exceptions, all men on admission to the hospital gave to a nurse particulars which included their religious affiliation, and which were subsequently entered on the Hospital's Admission Register. From this Register the data which will be discussed below have been obtained. It is to be noted that the religious classification is based solely on the men's own statements; and these may at times have been lacking in precision, or have implied a distinction which does not exist. It is doubtful, for instance, whether there is any real difference between “Wesleyans” and “Methodists”; but as this distinction was made by the men themselves it has been retained.
The Psycho-Somatic Sexual Life of the Family: A Psycho-Somatic Study of Suckling and Coitus
Authors: Turner C. E. H.
Published: August 2008

This is a field of knowledge which has been neglected unduly and which, should prove fruitful in view of the recognized importance of sex in psychology.

Pearse and Crocker (1944a), in their study of the family, that unit with which is associated suckling and coitus, leave out psychology, saying there is no normal psychology described.
A Study of Mental Derangement in Africans, and an Attempt to Explain its Peculiarities, More Especially in Relation to the African Attitude to Life
Authors: Carothers J. C.
Published: August 2008

This article is a study of mental derangement in Kenya Africans, and is based on seven years' special experience as Medical Officer in charge of Mathari Mental Hospital and of H.M. Prison, Nairobi, and on nine years' previous general medical experience as a Government Medical Officer in various parts of the Colony.
Excitatory Abreaction: With Special Reference to Its Mechanism and the Use of Ether
Authors: Shorvon H. J. , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

The origin of the term abreaction dates from the time of Breuer and Freud's (1) early studies in hysteria, when they observed that patients were helped by “just talking it out.” Later their technique was employed under hypnosis (2). Sadler (3) defined abreaction as “a process of reviving the memory of a repressed unpleasant experience and expressing in speech and action the emotions related to it, thereby relieving the personality of its influence.” Miller (4) quotes Freud as holding that experiences shall be recalled with emotional vividness. “Affectless memories are almost useless,” said Freud.
Treatment of Epileptics with Epanutin
Authors: Burrows Robert G. R.
Published: August 2008

Modern treatment of epilepsy is directed towards (1) the control of the fits, and (2) the diminution or abolition of the underlying cerebral dysrhythmia.

In this paper I shall give my personal observations on 196 patients treated with epanutin in the Maghull Colony over a period of 6 years.
Normal Changes in the Mental Abilities of Adults as Age Advances
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

It is generally recognized that the capacity to grasp new ideas and learn new methods of work depends partly upon a person's intelligence and partly upon his age. It is also recognized that over-taxing a person's capacity to acquire new methods of work, or inadequate opportunities for a person to develop the capacity he possesses, are sources of dissatisfaction, mental strain, and sometimes physical complaints amongst normally healthy people. There is even reason to believe that amongst less healthy people they contribute towards disaffection and illness.
The Identity of Alzheimer's Disease and Senile Dementia and Their Relationship to Senility
Authors: Newton R. D.
Published: August 2008

Since Alzheimer (1907) described the disease which bears his name there has been considerable controversy about its relationship to senile dementia and senility. In the course of years there has been little advance towards a solution of the problem.
Social Surveys
Authors: Strömgren Erik
Published: August 2008

I am very grateful to the Committee of this Conference for giving me the opportunity to say a few words about the aims and methods of social surveys. I must, however, confess that I was somewhat astonished when I got the invitation, because everybody interested in this topic knows that the most eminent experts within this field are English. It would, therefore, seem unnecessary to ask a foreigner to read this paper, and after having heard the lectures of Dr. Lewis and Dr. Blacker I feel still more convinced that I shall not be able to add anything of importance to their excellent presentations.
The Medea Complex: The Mother's Homicidal Wishes to her Child
Authors: Stern Edward S.
Published: August 2008

A Complex is a group of emotionally invested ideas that have unconscious activities. Contrary though it be to the popular and sentimental idea of an overriding mother love, it is common, especially in child psychiatry, to find a mother's lively hatred and even homicidal wishes towards her child. I consider that this should be called “The Medea Complex.”
The Effect of Leucotomy On Creative Personality
Authors: Hutton E. L. , Bassett M.
Published: August 2008

In some of our earliest investigations into the effect of leucotomy we used the Rorschach test, hoping thereby to obtain a fairly full and clear-cut picture of the personality changes produced by the operation, but it was found that this test had the disadvantage that, when repeated, memory of the previous test or tests to some extent minimizes the validity of the later interpretations.