bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing of ice crystal asymmetry parameter using multi-directional polarization measurements – Part 1: Methodology and evaluation with simulated measurements
Authors: van Diedenhoven B. , Cairns B. , Geogdzhayev I. V. , Fridlind A. M. , Ackerman A. S. , Yang P. , Baum B. A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We present a new remote sensing technique to infer the average asymmetry parameter of ice crystals near cloud top from multi-directional polarization measurements. The method is based on previous findings that (a) complex aggregates of hexagonal crystals generally have scattering phase matrices resembling those of their components and (b) scattering phase matrices systematically vary with aspect ratios of crystals and their degree of microscale surface roughness. Ice cloud asymmetry parameters are inferred from multi-directional polarized reflectance measurements by searching for the closest fit in a look-up table of simulated polarized reflectances computed for cloud layers that contain individual hexagonal columns and plates with varying aspect ratios and roughness values. The asymmetry parameter of the hexagonal particle that leads to the best fit with the measurements is considered the retrieved value. For clouds with optical thickness less than 5, the cloud optical thickness must be retrieved simultaneously with the asymmetry parameter, while for optically thicker clouds the asymmetry parameter retrieval is independent of cloud optical thickness. Evaluation of the technique using simulated measurements based on the optical properties of a number of complex particles and their mixtures shows that the ice crystal asymmetry parameters are generally retrieved to within 5%, or about 0.04 in absolute terms. The retrieval scheme is largely independent of calibration errors, range and sampling density of scattering angles and random noise in the measurements. The approach can be readily applied to measurements of past, current and future airborne and satellite instruments that measure multi-directional polarized reflectances of ice-topped clouds.
Variability of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide apparent quantum yield spectra in three coastal estuaries of the South Atlantic Bight
Authors: Reader H. E. , Miller W. L.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The photochemical oxidation of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) has been estimated to be a significant process with global photoproduction transforming petagrams of DOC to inorganic carbon annually. To further quantify the importance of these two photoproducts in coastal DOC cycling, 38 paired apparent quantum yield (AQY) spectra for CO and CO2 were determined at three locations along the coast of Georgia, USA over the course of one year. The AQY spectra for CO2 were considerably more varied than CO. CO AQY spectra exhibited a seasonal shift in spectrally integrated (260 nm–490 nm) AQY from higher efficiencies in the fall to less efficient photoproduction in the summer. While full-spectrum photoproduction rates for both products showed positive correlation with pre-irradiation UV-B sample absorption (i.e. chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM) as expected, we found no correlation between AQY and CDOM for either product at any site. Molecular size, approximated with pre-irradiation spectral slope coefficients, and aromatic content, approximated by the specific ultraviolet absorption of the pre-irradiated samples, were also not correlated with AQY in either data set. The ratios of CO2 to CO photoproduction determined using both an AQY model and direct production comparisons were 23.2 ± 12.5 and 22.5 ± 9.0, respectively. Combined, both products represent a loss of 2.2 to 2.6 % of the DOC delivered to the estuaries and inner shelf of the South Atlantic Bight yearly, and 5 to 6 % of the total annual degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere. This result suggests that direct photochemical production of CO and CO2 is a small, yet significant contributor to both DOC cycling and CO2 gas exchange in this coastal system.
Improving terrestrial CO2 flux diagnosis using spatial structure in land surface model residuals
Authors: Hilton T. W. , Davis K. J. , Keller K. , Urban N. M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We evaluate spatial structure in North American CO2 flux observations using a simple diagnostic land surface model. The Vegetation Photosynthesis Respiration Model (VPRM) calculates net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using locally observed temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) along with satellite-derived phenology and moisture. We use observed NEE from a group of 65 North American eddy covariance tower sites spanning North America to estimate VPRM parameters for these sites. We investigate spatial coherence in regional CO2 fluxes at several different time scales by using geostatistical methods to examine the spatial structure of model data-model residuals. We find that persistent spatial structure does exist in the data-model residuals at a length scale of approximately 1000 km. This spatial structure defines a flux-tower-based VPRM residual covariance matrix. The residual covariance matrix is useful in constructing prior fluxes for atmospheric CO2 concentration inversion calculations, as well as for constructing a VPRM North American CO2 flux map optimized to eddy covariance observations. Finally, the estimated VPRM parameter values do not separate clearly by plant functional type (PFT). This calls into question whether PFTs partition ecosystems by carbon cycle participation when the viewing lens is a simple model.
Alluvial fan dynamics in the El'gygytgyn Crater: implications for the 3.6 Ma old sediment archive
Authors: Schwamborn G. , Fedorov G. , Ostanin N. , Schirrmeister L. , Andreev A. ,   the El'gygytgyn Scientific Party
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A sedimentological program has been conducted using frozen core samples from the 141.5 m long El'gygytgyn 5011-3 permafrost well. The drill site is located in sedimentary permafrost west of the lake that partly fills the El'gygytgyn Crater. The total core sequence is interpreted as strata building up a progradational alluvial fan delta. Four structurally and texturally distinct sedimentary units are identified. Unit 1 (141.5–117.0 m) is comprised of ice-cemented, matrix-supported sandy gravel and intercalated sandy layers. Sandy layers represent sediments which rained out as particles in the deeper part of the water column under highly energetic conditions. Unit 2 (117.0–24.25 m) is dominated by ice-cemented, matrix-supported sandy gravel with individual gravel layers. Most of the unit 2 diamicton is understood to result from alluvial wash and subsequent gravitational sliding of coarse-grained material on the basin slope. Unit 3 (24.25–8.5 m) has ice-cemented, matrix-supported sandy gravel that is interrupted by sand beds. These sandy beds are associated with flooding events and represent near-shore sandy shoals. Unit 4 (8.5–0.0 m) is ice-cemented, matrix-supported sandy gravel with varying ice content, mostly higher than below. It consists of slope material and creek fill deposits. The uppermost meter is the active layer into which modern soil organic matter has been incorporated. The nature of the progradational sediment transport taking place from the western and northern crater margins may be related to the complementary occurrence of frequent turbiditic layers in the central lake basin as is known from the lake sediment record. Slope processes such as gravitational sliding and sheet flooding that takes place especially during spring melt are thought to promote mass wasting into the basin. Tectonics are inferred to have initiated the fan accumulation in the first place and possibly the off-centre displacement of the crater lake.
Water discharge estimates from large radar altimetry datasets in the Amazon basin
Authors: Getirana A. C. V. , Peters-Lidard C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. In this study, we evaluate the use of a large radar altimetry dataset as a complementary gauging network capable of providing water discharge in ungauged regions within the Amazon basin. A rating-curve-based methodology is adopted to derive water discharge from altimetric data provided by Envisat at 444 virtual stations (VS). The stage-discharge relations at VS are built based on radar altimetry and outputs from a global flow routing scheme. In order to quantify the impact of modeling uncertainties on rating-curve based discharges, another experiment is performed using simulated discharges derived from a simplified data assimilation procedure. Discharge estimates at 90 VS are evaluated against observations during the curve fitting calibration (2002–2005) and evaluation (2006–2008) periods, resulting in mean relative RMS errors as high as 52% and 12% for experiments without and with assimilation, respectively. Without data assimilation, uncertainty of discharge estimates can be mostly attributed to forcing errors at smaller scales, generating a positive correlation between performance and drainage area. Mean relative errors (RE) of altimetry-based discharges varied from 15% to 92% for large and small drainage areas, respectively. Rating curves produced a mean RE of 54% versus 68% from model outputs. Assimilating discharge data decreases the mean RE from 68% to 12%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying the proposed methodology to the regional or global scales. Also, it is shown the potential of satellite altimetry for predicting water discharge in poorly-gauged and ungauged river basins.
Origin and assessment of deep groundwater inflow in the Ca' Lita landslide using hydrochemistry and in situ monitoring
Authors: Cervi F. , Ronchetti F. , Martinelli G. , Bogaard T. A. , Corsini A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Changes in soil water content, groundwater flow and a rise in pore water pressure are well-known causal or triggering factors for hillslope instability. Rainfall and snowmelt are generally assumed as the only sources of groundwater recharge. This assumption neglects the role of deep water inflow in highly tectonized areas, a factor that can influence long-term pore-pressure regimes and play a role on local slope instability. This paper aims to assess the origin of groundwater in the Ca' Lita landslide (northern Italian Apennines) and to qualify and quantify the aliquot attributable to deep water inflow. The research is essentially based on in situ monitoring and hydrochemical analyses. It involved 5 yr of continuous monitoring of groundwater levels, electrical conductivity and temperature, and with groundwater sampling followed by determination of major ions, tracers (such as Boron and Strontium), and isotopes (Oxygen, Deuterium, Tritium). Leaching experiments on soil samples and water recharge estimation were also carried out. Results show that the groundwater balance in the Ca' Lita landslide must take into account an inflow of highly mineralized Na-SO4 water (more than 9500 μS cm−1) with non-negligible amounts of Chloride (up to 800 mg l−1). The deep water inflow recharges the aquifer hosted in the bedrock underlying the sliding surface (at a rate of about 7800–17 500 m3 yr−1). It also partly recharges the landslide body, where the hydrochemical imprint of deep water mixed with rainfall and snowmelt water was observed. This points to a probable influence of deep water inflow on the mobility of the Ca' Lita landslide, a finding that could be applicable to other large landslides occurring in highly tectonized areas in the northern Apennines or in other mountain chains.
An experimental study of the Atlantic variability on interdecadal timescales
Authors: Vincze M. , Jánosi I. M. , Barsy E. , Tél T. , Várai A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A series of laboratory experiments has been carried out to model the basic dynamics of the multidecadal variability observed in North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) records. According to the minimal numerical sector model introduced by te Raa and Dijkstra (2002), the three key components to excite such a low-frequency variability are rotation, meridional temperature gradient and additive thermal noise in the surface heat forcing. If these components are present, periodic perturbations of the overturning background flow are excited, leading to thermal Rossby mode like propagation of anomalous patches in the SST field. Our tabletop scale setup was built to capture this phenomenon, and to test whether the aforementioned three components are indeed sufficient to generate a low-frequency variability in the system. The results are compared to those of the numerical models, as well as to oceanic SST reanalysis records. To the best of our knowledge, the experiment described here is the very first to investigate the dynamics of the North Atlantic multidecadal variability in a laboratory-scale setup.
Technical Note: Mean sea level variation in the Singapore Strait from long-term tide data
Authors: Tkalich P. , Babu M. T. , Vethamony P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Winds over the South China Sea (SCS) are primarily responsible for the observed variability in sea level anomalies (SLAs) in the Singapore Strait (SS). The present study focuses on remote forcing contributing to local mean sea level changes in the SS in seasonal and inter-annual scales, and relating the long term mean sea level variation to El Niño/ENSO. As Tanjong Pagar (TP) tide station in the SS has nearly 23.5 yr (1984–2007) of time series data with less data gaps, this data was subject to harmonic and sea level analyses. The mean sea level changes suggest that the fluctuations are quasi-periodic. Rising and falling of sea level is noticed atleast 7 times in a period of 15 yr, with 3 distinct sharp falls (1984–1987, 1989–1992 and 1995–1996) and 4 sharp rises (1987–1988, 1992–1993, 1994–1995 and 1997–1999). These sea level falls are related to El Niño events. When we segregated the results into 2 time spans, we find that from 1984 to 1999 the sea level was on the rising trend in spite of sharp falls, and from 1999 to 2007 on gradual falling trend. More or less similar trend was observed by other researchers for the SCS with altimetry data. During the El Niño periods of 1987 and 1992, the inter-annual MSL variability is the highest, of the order of 7 cm. In one of the events, sea level recovered from a fall of 60 mm (in 1987) to a rise of 40 mm (in 1988). During 1992 to 1999, sea level was continuously on rising trend (from −50 mm to +60 mm), except in one year (1995–1996). The analysis shows a MSL rise rate of 15.7 mm yr−1, which is very closer to MSL in the SCS. The average rate of sea level rise around Singapore as shown by the Tanjong Pagar tidal station is 1.6 mm yr−1, and this matches with the global sea level rise.
The Effect of Age on Decision Making According to the Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Carvalho Janaína Castro Núñez , Cardoso Caroline de Oliveira , Shneider-Bakos Daniela , Kristensen Christian Haag , Fonseca Rochele Paz
Published: June 2012

Aging has been associated with several brain changes that often affect the cognitive functioning of adults, but changes in executive functions, particularly in the field of decision making, have not been fully investigated. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used tool to evaluate decision making, but little is known about the effect of age on its results. This study used the IGT and compared healthy young (n= 40) and elderly (n = 40) adults to evaluate their decision making processes. There were significant differences in the learning curve of the two age groups, but no difference in overall IGT performance. The results for the first IGT block were different from those of the rest of the task, and the group of elderly adults had a better performance in this block. Elderly adults also showed a preference for deck A, the one that resulted in greater losses. Findings confirmed the results of other studies, which reported that the IGT block score is the variable with the greatest sensitivity to age in this instrument.
Spanish Young Adults' Perceptions of the Costs and Benefits of Risky Driving Behaviors
Authors: Dhami Mandeep K. , García-Retamero Rocío
Published: June 2012

We used an open-ended survey to elicit Spanish young adults' perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of speeding and not wearing a seatbelt (or helmet).Around half of the sample reported past engagement in these two risky behaviors, although forecasted engagement was low. Past and forecasted risk taking were positively correlated. Participants provided more drawbacks than benefits of each risky behavior. Drawbacks typically referred to a combination of behavioral acts and social reactions (e.g., accident, punishment) that occurred during the journey. By contrast, benefits largely referred to personal effects (e.g., save time, comfort) that occurred after the journey had ended (speeding) or during the journey (not wearing a seatbelt/helmet). These findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of young adults' risk taking on the road, and to the development of road safety programs.
A Motivational Model for Environmentally Responsible Behavior
Authors: Tabernero Carmen , Hernández Bernardo
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a study examining whether self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation are related to environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). The study analysed past environmental behavior, self-regulatory mechanisms (self-efficacy, satisfaction, goals), and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in relation to ERBs in a sample of 156 university students. Results show that all the motivational variables studied are linked to ERB. The effects of self-efficacy on ERB are mediated by the intrinsic motivation responses of the participants. A theoretical model was created by means of path analysis, revealing the power of motivational variables to predict ERB. Structural equation modeling was used to test and fit the research model. The role of motivational variables is discussed with a view to creating adequate learning contexts and experiences to generate interest and new sensations in which self-efficacy and affective reactions play an important role.
Risk and Protective Factors of Dissocial Behavior in a Probability Sample
Authors: de la Rubia José Moral , Morales Humberto Ortiz
Published: June 2012

The aims of this study were to know risk and protective factors for dissocial behavior keeping in mind that the self-report of dissocial behavior is biased by the impression management. A probability sample of adolescents that lived in two neighborhoods with high indexes of gangs and offenses (112 male and 86 women) was collected. The 27-item Dissocial Behavior Scale (ECODI27; Pacheco & Moral, 2010), Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, version 6 (BIDR-6; Paulhus, 1991), Sensation Seeking Scale, form V (SSS-V; Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS; Barnes & Olson, 1982), 30-item Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS; Rathus, 1973), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1983) and a social relationship questionnaire (SRQ) were applied. Binary logistic regression was used for the data analysis. A third of the participants showed dissocial behavior. Belonging to a gang in the school (schooled adolescents) or to a gang out of school and job (total sample) and desinhibition were risk factors; being woman, perspective taking and open communication with the father were protective factors. School-leaving was a differential aspect. We insisted on the need of intervention on these variables.
Development and Validation of the Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire in Physical Activity
Authors: González Sonia Tirado , López Mª Carmen Neipp , Marcos Yolanda Quiles , Rodríguez-Marín Jesús
Published: June 2012

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the main theoretical models in the study of the different variables, which influence in the practise of physical activity. The aim in this study was to develop a questionnaire based on TPB in physical activity context providing evidence for the validity of the obtained measures. The instrumental project included three independent studies. The first study entailed the construction and qualitative assessment of the items. In the second study, the analysis of factorial structure was performed by means of exploratory measures, and it showed that the reliability of measures was adequate. The third study provided evidence on the dimensionality of the scale. The confirmatory factorial analysis guaranteed the stability of factorial structure proposed by the TPB and provided evidence for the internal validity of the inventory. Moreover, this study provided evidence of its external validity.
Biological Plate Osteosynthesis of Comminuted Subtrochanteric Fractures: A Clinical Study
Authors: Mehrpour Saeed Reza , Aghamirsalim Mohamadreza , Tavvafi Mohamadreza , Sorbi Reza
Published: June 2012

Background

Comminuted subtrochantric fractures represent a challenge for trauma surgeons. Achieving appropriate reduction and stable fixation can be difficult, some techniques being associated with technical difficulties and complications. The aim of this study is the assessment of biologic fixation in comminuted subtrochantric fractures.

Method

Twenty six men with comminuted subtrochanteric femoral fractures treated by bridging dynamic hip screw were prospectively studied. Patients were assessed clinically for pain, hip and knee range of motion, angular and rotational deformities and leg-length discrepancy. Union was assessed radiographically.

Results

Seinheimer classification: 8 fractures were type III, 11 patients type IV and seven patients type V. Fixation was performed with dynamic hip screw (DHS). Union occurred in all cases. None of the patients had clinical pain or dysfunction.

Discussion

We highly recommend submuscular plating in the treatment of comminuted subtrochantric fractures especially in the third world.
Hip Impingement in the Indian Population: Hip Anthropometry Measurements in 100 Hips
Authors: Maini Lalit , Palanisamy Yuvarajan , Shetty Vishvas , Kasture Sarang , Shetty Vijay
Published: June 2012

We studied 100 hip joints in Indian patients to measure femoral head sphericity, head-neck offset and alpha angle. Our study indicates that the mean values of the above measurements are far below the “danger” level for the onset of femoro-acetabular impingement. It remains to be seen whether these findings explain the low incidence of primary hip osteoarthritis in the Indian population.
Analysis of Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer along a Stretching Cylinder in a Porous Medium
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Swati
Published: June 2012

This paper presents an axi-symmetric laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid and heat transfer towards a stretching cylinder embedded in a porous medium. The partial differential equations corresponding to the momentum and heat equations are converted into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. Numerical solutions of these equations are obtained by shooting method. It is found that the velocity decreases with increasing permeability parameter. The skin friction as well as the heat transfer rate at the surface is larger for a cylinder compared to a flat plate.
“Oh that you were like a brother to me, one who had nursed at my mother's breasts.” Breast Milk as a Kinship-Forging Substance
Authors: Chapman Cynthia R
Published: June 2012

The term “blood relatives” exists as an accepted and understood part of our English lexicon. It is only recently that anthropologists focusing on kinship studies have leveled a critique against the uni- versal application of the metaphor of “blood” as a substance that establishes kinship relatedness. Adam Kuper, for example, argues that the notion of blood relatedness is culturally constrained, a uniquely European concept that finds its fullest articulation within British imperialism, an era that coincides with the development of the field of anthropology in Europe.1 Likewise, Edouard Conte, who examines concepts of relatedness within Arab cultures, posits that the notion of kinship being determined by “blood” is a par- ticularly western phenomenon and does not fit the self- understanding of Arabs.2 He argues that Classical Arab physicians deal little with blood and do not see blood as passing on hereditary attributes.
The Reinvention of Mexico
Authors: O'Toole Gavin
Published: June 2012

The Reinvention of Mexico explores the ideological conflict between neoliberalism and nationalism that has been at the core of economic and political developments in Latin America since the mid-1980s. It focuses on Mexico, which offers a unique opportunity to study one of the ruptures in 20th-century political thought that has come to define an era of unprecedented globalization. The book examines how neoliberals dismantling the statist economy in Mexico under President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988-94) confronted the dominant, official ideology upon which the countrys development had hitherto been based: revolutionary nationalism. It also considers how intellectuals and the main political forces to the left and right of the PRI grappled with the issues generated by the climate of market reform, in a period when there appeared to be few ideological alternatives to it, and the broader effort to reconcile economic liberalism with revolutionary nationalism that Salinas was attempting. Showing that the case of Mexico during the 1990s had important implications for the study of nationalism, the book offers timely insights into national responses to globalization and the form taken by debates about the most appropriate vision of political economy in Latin America. The highly contested result of Mexicos 2006 election demonstrated the extent to which the fateful ideological conflict between neoliberalism and nationalism remains unresolved.
The Liverpool Underworld
Authors: Macilwee Michael
Published: June 2012

In the nineteenth century Liverpool gained a notorious reputation as the most crime-ridden place in the country. Dock theft, alcohol-related crime, prostitution, sectarian violence, a high level of female offending and armies of juvenile thieves made Liverpool a distinct criminal landscape, the black spot on the Mersey. Using contemporary newspapers and journals (both local and national), autobiographies and first-hand accounts gleaned from parliamentary and prison reports, the book explores the social background, conditions and events that helped create and sustain the variety and high level of criminality. The book is a mixture of analysis, statistics and accounts of criminal practices, from poaching to pocket-picking to prostitution. Long buried away in newspaper archives and dusty library shelves, the voices of the long-forgotten Liverpool poor and so-called criminal classes are allowed to speak for themselves, offering their own motivations, fears, boasts and aspirations. The book also looks at how the various institutions, including the police, courts, prisons, Churches and philanthropic organizations, attempted to bring order to the streets and improve the behaviour of the Liverpool public. Finally the book suggests that we are still struggling with the legacy of Victorian social problems and solutions, particularly in relation to debates about alcohol, prostitution and the usefulness of prisons as punishment.
Smashing H-Block
Authors: Ross F. Stuart
Published: June 2012

Smashing H-Block is a political history of the Irish republican struggle against criminalization from 1976 to 1982. This struggle, which culminated in the historic hunger strikes of 1980 and 1981, is widely regarded as a turning point in Irelands Troubles, marking the 'last great wave of activism and mobilization within the nationalist population'. Unlike previous accounts of this period, this fascinating book focuses on the popular movement outside the prisons, challenging republican orthodoxy and stressing the importance of broad-based, grassroots movements in effecting political and social change. Ultimately, it was what happened outside the prisons during these years of protest that reshaped and revitalized modern Irish republicanism.
Tradition, Veda and Law
Authors: Squarcini Federico
Published: June 2012

The essays presented in this volume constitute a progression from general considerations related to the ethic (in the geertzian sense of the word) approach to South Asian cultural productions, to peculiar and detailed investigations of them.
Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture with Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty of Hip in Elderly Population-Short-term Results-
Authors: Lee Gun Woo , Kwak Jae-Man , Chung So Hak
Published: June 2012

Objectives
 The aim of this study is to evaluate the short-term results and complications of treating the intertrochanteric fracture with bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) in elderly population.

Methods
 We retrospectively reviewed 31 unstable intertrochanteric fracture patients who were treated with BHA between January 2007 and August 2009 in older populations more than 65 years old. The 6 males and 25 females had a mean age of 79.8 years (range: 66-88) and a mean follow-up of 36.3 months (range: 24-55). We analyzed the radiological outcomes, functional recovery grade, using Jensen's social function score and Harris hip score (HHS), and complications.

Results
 The average operation time and blood loss was 148.9 min (range, 110-215 min) and 455.2 mL (range, 200-1200 mL). Mean preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) was 10.9 g/dL (range, 8.6-13.4 g/dL) and 10.5 g/dL (range, 5.1-14.1 g/dL) respectively. Average 1.3 pints of blood transfusion was performed. Ambulation with (or without) crutch was possible at mean 6.8 days postoperatively. The stability and alignment indices were adequate in all cases at final follow-up. On clinical results, the average HHS score, was changed from 79.7 points (range, 44-100) preoperatively to 73.0 points (range, 46-92) postoperatively, and the preoperative and postoperative Jensen's score was 1.8 (range, 1-3) and 2.1 (range, 1-4) respectively.

Conclusions
 The BHA is an acceptable alternative for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in older population.
Developing Open Access Journals: A Practical Guide
Authors: Bakker Caitlin
Published: June 2012

As the founder of Medical Education Online, a peerreviewed open access (OA) journal that has been in existence for 15 years, David Solomon is able to offer useful advice based on extensive experience in the field of electronic publishing. Developing Open Access Journals: A Practical Guide aims to outline the necessary skills and steps involved in implementing and sustaining an OA publication. Although published in 2008, this remains a comprehensive manual to electronic publishing, offering timely, relevant advice regardless of the software used or the subject matter of the journal. The text consists of 10 chapters, divided into three parts, which provide succinct, clear advice for those new to the publishing field. There is an abridged, online version (http://www.developing-oa-journals.org/), but since it is a 17-page summary of a 200-page book, it should be considered an introduction rather than an electronic counterpart.
Does Tenure Matter? Factors Influencing Faculty Contributions to Institutional Repositories
Authors: Casey Anne M
Published: June 2012

INTRODUCTION Institutional repositories (IRs) provide colleges and universities a way to ensure stability of access to and dissemination of digital scholarly communications. Yet, many institutions report that faculty willingness to contribute to IRs is often limited. This study investigates faculty attitudes about IR contributions by tenure status and category of material. METHODS Two focus group interviews were conducted in the spring of 2009 among English department faculty at a large Midwestern university. One group consisted of tenured faculty and the other of tenure-track and adjunct faculty. RESULTS Both groups recognize the benefit of open access to research materials but expressed concern about their intellectual property rights. Untenured faculty spoke more about nonprint research. Both groups also shared concerns about contributing instructional materials, primarily in regard to plagiarism and outdated materials. In regard to faculty service, the tenured group discussed many items they would contribute, while the untenured faculty mentioned very little. DISCUSSION Some minor differences emerged related to experience and tenure status in regard to contributing research and instructional artifacts, but the major variation was the strong support tenured participants gave for contributing service items, compared to the untenured faculty, who did not view this category positively. Tenured faculty viewed the IR as a way to document their own service activities, investigate those of colleagues, and had fewer concerns about plagiarism or other negative effects in the service category. CONCLUSION Promoting faculty contribution of service-related items to an IR may be a way to encourage larger numbers to participate.
The Anatomy of a Data Citation: Discovery, Reuse, and Credit
Authors: Mooney Hailey , Newton Mark P
Published: June 2012

INTRODUCTION Data citation should be a necessary corollary of data publication and reuse. Many researchers are reluctant to share their data, yet they are increasingly encouraged to do just that. Reward structures must be in place to encourage data publication, and citation is the appropriate tool for scholarly acknowledgment. Data citation also allows for the identification, retrieval, replication, and verification of data underlying published studies. METHODS This study examines author behavior and sources of instruction in disciplinary and cultural norms for writing style and citation via a content analysis of journal articles, author instructions, style manuals, and data publishers. Instances of data citation are benchmarked against a Data Citation Adequacy Index. RESULTS Roughly half of journals point toward a style manual that addresses data citation, but the majority of journal articles failed to include an adequate citation to data used in secondary analysis studies. DISCUSSION Full citation of data is not currently a normative behavior in scholarly writing. Multiplicity of data types and lack of awareness regarding existing standards contribute to the problem. CONCLUSION Citations for data must be promoted as an essential component of data publication, sharing, and reuse. Despite confounding factors, librarians and information professionals are well-positioned and should persist in advancing data citation as a normative practice across domains. Doing so promotes a value proposition for data sharing and secondary research broadly, thereby accelerating the pace of scientific research.
In Memoriam: Deborah Barreau
Authors: Marchionini Gary
Published: June 2012

Professor Deborah Barreau influenced countless individuals as a teacher, mentor, and colleague. She did so through her inherent belief that there is good in everyone and her willingness to act on that belief and devote time and energy to others. She truly cared about people, and many of the accolades she has received reflect this. In addition to being a gentle and caring human being, Deborah was also an influential scholar who made important contributions to the information field. She combined her training in sociology, organizational behavior, and information science to craft a research agenda that put people at the center of information systems. Her dissertation work introduced the importance of ephemeral information in the workplace and the roles that such ephemeralness (e.g., sticky notes on the desktop monitor) played in illustrating workarounds that people use to deal with monolithic or poorly designed systems. One of her early projects investigated how people organize their computer desktops and a resulting paper (Barreau, D. & Nardi, B. 1995. Finding and reminding: file organization from the desktop, CHI Bulletin, 27(3)) is often cited in studies of what has come to be known as personal information management (PIM). Over the years, Deborah continued to study the human and organizational factors that affect complex systems such as libraries and corporate offices, and more basic systems such as personal collections. She was one of the organizers of a series of PIM workshops that have taken place at SIGCHI, SIGIR, ASIST, and CSCW conferences over the past several years. She co-edited important publications that have driven the field forward (e.g., the special issue of ACM Transactions on Information Systems in 2008).
Coming in the Back Door: Leveraging Open Textbooks To Promote Scholarly Communications on Campus
Authors: Bell Steven J
Published: June 2012

In 2007 I was assigned the responsibility for creating a scholarly communications initiative at Temple. Though lacking deep knowledge of the issues, I committed to a serious effort to raise awareness, build collective support, and contribute change to scholarly publishing practices at my institution. As a first step, I attended the ARL/ ACRL Institute on Scholarly Communication,1 where I improved my understanding of the different components of a scholarly communications initiative, and learned strategies for engaging faculty on a variety of levels. However, there was a problem: I was ready, but no one else was. Efforts to engage our faculty in campus-wide change received scant attention and virtually no support. A vast lack of awareness presented a huge barrier; many faculty members I encountered had no understanding of the issues. The rising cost of STEM journals was simply of no consequence to their work. As our dean liked to relate, one health sciences faculty member asked, “What crisis? The library provides access to almost any full-text article I need for my research.”
Innovation Fair Abstracts, SPARC 2012 Open Access Meeting
Authors: Authors Abstract
Published: June 2012

SPARC (The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) hosted its first North American meeting on Open Access in 2012. The first of its kind, the event expanded on the biennial SPARC Digital Repositories meeting.
Managing Obsolescence in the Aircraft Life cycle
Authors: Jones Derek , Seabridge Allan
Published: June 2012

In a complex aerospace product with long development time scales and long durations of in‐service use there are many opportunities for obsolescence to appear. Apart from the obvious examples of obsolete technology and component parts, obsolescence is often a major factor in the initial operational requirement or indeed, the design and manufacturing processes, the design toolset, organizational skills, support, and operations as well as the information processing system that supports this.

A failure to recognize where obsolescence can exert an influence can lead to major costs in the project life cycle as a result of a failure to meet the original specification or a failure to respond to competition in the market place.

The authors believe that a comprehensive knowledge of where obsolescence can strike and how to plan to manage obsolescence must be incorporated into the earliest stages of design.
Structural Design – Tradeoffs
Authors: Kassapoglou Christos , van Tooren Michel
Published: June 2012

An overview of the design process for airframe structures is presented. It summarizes the tradeoffs between structural requirements and manufacturing considerations. The design process examines all possible failure modes and attempts to sequence them in a way that weight is minimized and the failure sequence is beneficial for the overall structure when failure occurs (e.g., for improved damage tolerance). At the same time manufacturing constraints and high cost manufacturing steps are traded in order to minimize cost. In the end, the overall tradeoff between weight and cost leads to the best design given specific preferences and priorities that the designer may have on the relative importance of cost and weight. The design of a stiffened panel is used as an example to highlight the design process and tradeoffs.
Human 5‐Lipoxygenase
Authors: Newcomer Marcia E , Gilbert Nathaniel C , Funk Max O
Published: June 2012

The enzyme 5‐lipoxygenase initiates the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, lipid mediators of the inflammatory response. The enzyme is also required for the synthesis of lipoxins, arachidonic‐acid‐derived compounds that promote resolution of inflammation. Lipoxygenases are non‐heme‐iron enzymes that catalyze the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Although all arachidonate‐metabolizing lipoxygenases recognize the same 20‐carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, each generates a unique product. We describe here the structure of 5‐lipoxygenase, which is distinct among lipoxygenases with respect to the reactions it catalyzes and its regulation. Multiple regulatory mechanisms that combine to ensure a measured generation of its products, precursors of potent signaling compounds, are described. These mechanisms include an atypical (with respect to the lipoxygenase superfamily) protein lability, Ca2+‐induced translocation to the nuclear membrane, and serine phosphorylation.
MetallochaperoneSlyD
Authors: Löw Christian , Stubbs Milton T , Haupt Caroline , Balbach Jochen
Published: June 2012

SlyD (sensitive to lysis D) proteins are widely distributed among prokaryotic organisms. They share a two‐domain structure with one FKBP domain and a smaller ‘inserted‐in‐flap’ (IF) domain. Most of the SlyD homologs possess further an unstructured C‐terminal domain harboring metal‐binding properties. All have in common one highly conserved metal‐binding motif at the C‐terminal α‐helix preceding the metal‐binding domain. The single metal‐binding motif and additional metal‐binding sites in specialized domains have been structurally and biochemically characterized. X‐ray and NMR solution structures are available for different homologs showing the unique two‐domain topology and, if present, the additional metal‐binding domain as well as the constitution of the metal‐binding site.
Optimizing Single‐Walled‐Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Saturable Absorbers for Ultrafast Lasers
Authors: Ferrari Stefania , Bini Marcella , Capsoni Doretta , Galinetto Pietro , Grandi Marco Simone , Griebner Uwe , Steinmeyer Günter , Agnesi Antoniangelo , Pirzio Federico , Ugolotti Elena , Reali Giancarlo , Massarotti Vincenzo
Published: June 2012

The application of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as saturable absorbers (SA) in a Nd:glass femtosecond laser is verified as a promising alternative to traditional semiconductor saturable‐absorber mirrors (SESAMs). The shortest laser pulses achieved with a SWCNT‐SA fabricated by the slow‐evaporation method are reported herein. Nearly Fourier‐limited 288 fs pulses are obtained with negative‐dispersion soliton mode‐locking. The importance of the properties of the starting material, such as the degree of purity and the chirality, and the successive slow‐evaporation deposition method is proven by using a multitechnique approach based on X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and μ‐Raman spectroscopy. The high degree of nanotube alignment on the glass substrate and also the slight metallic character due to electron transfer between the glass matrix and the nanotubes themselves are identified as the main features responsible for the good laser response.
Recent Progress in Non‐Precious Catalysts for Metal‐Air Batteries
Authors: Cao Ruiguo , Lee Jang‐Soo , Liu Meilin , Cho Jaephil
Published: June 2012

Electrical energy storage and conversion is vital to a clean, sustainable, and secure energy future. Among all electrochemical energy storage devices, metal‐air batteries have potential to offer the highest energy density, representing the most promising systems for portable (electronics), mobile (electrical vehicles), and stationary (micro‐grids) applications. To date, however, many fundamental issues are yet to be overcome to realize this potential. For example, efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the air‐electrode are yet to be developed to significantly reduce the polarization loss in metal‐air batteries, which severely hinders the rate capability, energy efficiency, and operational life. In this progress report, a brief overview is first presented of the critical issues relevant to air‐electrodes in metal‐air batteries. Some recent advancements in the development of non‐precious catalysts for ORR in Li‐air and Zn‐air batteries are then highlighted, including transition metal oxides, low‐dimensional carbon‐based structures, and other catalysts such as transition‐metal macrocycles and metal nitrides. New directions and future perspectives for metal‐air batteries are also outlined.
Increase in the Figure of Merit by Cd‐Substitution in Sn1–xPbxTe and Effect of Pb/Sn Ratio on Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Han Mi‐Kyung , Zhou Xiaoyuen , Uher Ctirad , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: June 2012

The effects of Cd‐doping on the thermoelectric properties of Sn1–xPbxTe are investigated and compared to the properties of the corresponding Sn1–xPbxTe solid solutions. The addition of Cd results in a reduction in the carrier concentration and changes in the physical properties, as well as in the conduction type of Sn1–xPbxTe. A significant increase in the power factor accompanied by a reduction in the thermal conductivity result in a higher figure of merit (ZT) for (Sn1–xPbx)0.97Cd0.03Te than that of undoped Sn1–xPbxTe. The maximum ZT (∼0.7) values are observed for p‐type material with x = 0.36 at 560 K. Much higher values (ZT ∼ 1.2 at 560 K for x = 0.73) are obtained on n‐type samples.
An All‐Organic Non‐aqueous Lithium‐Ion Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Brushett Fikile R. , Vaughey John T. , Jansen Andrew N.
Published: June 2012

A non‐aqueous lithium‐ion redox flow battery employing organic molecules is proposed and investigated. 2,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐bis(2‐methoxyethoxy)benzene and a variety of molecules derived from quinoxaline are employed as initial high‐potential and low‐potential active materials, respectively. Electrochemical measurements highlight that the choice of electrolyte and of substituent groups can have a significant impact on redox species performance. The charge‐discharge characteristics are investigated in a modified coin‐cell configuration. After an initial break‐in period, coulombic and energy efficiencies for this unoptimized system are ∼70% and ∼37%, respectively, with major charge and discharge plateaus between 1.8‐2.4 V and 1.7‐1.3 V, respectively, for 30 cycles. Performance enhancements are expected with improvements in cell design and materials processing.
Moderne Naturwissenschaft: ein Fall kollektiver Intelligenz? Über die Rolle der Denkökonomie und belohnenden Beachtung in der Wissensproduktion
Authors: Franck Georg
Published: June 2012

Bitte um Beachtung: Bewusstsein ist etwas anderes als die Fähigkeit, Information zu verarbeiten, denn es enthält eine subjektive Qualität, die für einen außenstehenden Beobachter nicht existiert. Da die Naturwissenschaften auf Beobachtung bauen, sind sie sich dieser Subjektivität nicht bewusst und werden darum nicht oft als kollektive Intelligenz definiert. In diesem Essay werden die Rollen von Intelligenz und Beachtung diskutiert sowie eine Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation und Zitierung versucht, um zu ermitteln, ob die Naturwissenschaften ein Fall kollektiver Intelligenz sind.