bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharyngeal Flap and Sphincterplasty for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Have Equal Outcome at 1 Year Postoperatively: Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors:   VPI Surgical Trial Group, Åbyholm Frank , D'Antonio Linda , Davidson Ward Sally L. , Kjøll Lillian , Saeed Muhammad , Shaw William , Sloan Gerald , Whitby David , Worthington Helen , Wyatt Rosemary
Published: September 2005

Objective

The aim of this trial was to compare the relative effectiveness (efficacy and morbidity) of two surgical procedures for correcting velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).

Design

This was an international multicenter randomized trial to study the outcome of two surgical procedures (flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) for speech, incidence of sleep apnea, and surgical complications.

Method

Ninety-seven patients 3 to 25 years old with repaired cleft palate and previously identified VPI were enrolled from five centers in the United States, Norway, and the U.K. Data were collected at presurgery, 3 months postsurgery, and 12 months postsurgery for subsequent analysis blind to the procedure. Main outcome measures included perceptual speech parameters, sleep apnea, nasalance measures, endoscopic features, and surgical complications.

Results

Groups for both surgical procedures achieved a high level of clinical improvement. At 3 months postsurgery, elimination of hypernasal resonance was achieved in twice as many patients after the flap procedure. This reached significance. However, at 12 months postsurgery, no statistically significant difference in outcomes remained between the two procedures for resonance, nasalance, endoscopic outcomes, or surgical complications. Flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty rarely resulted in clinically significant sleep apnea, and no difference was detected between the two procedures in the long-term incidence of sleep apnea.

Conclusions

Despite strongly held views in the literature concerning the relative effectiveness and safety of flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, no significant differences were detected 1 year postoperatively.
Morbidity of Chin Bone Transplants Used for Reconstructing Alveolar Defects in Cleft Patients
Authors: Booij A. , Raghoebar G. M. , Jansma J. , Kalk W. W. I. , Vissink A.
Published: September 2005

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the objective and subjective morbidity of symphyseal chin bone harvesting used for reconstruction of alveolar defects in young cleft patients.

Design

All patients who had undergone chin bone harvesting for alveolar cleft reconstruction in the period from 1992 through 2000 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, were invited to participate in this retrospective study. Patients’ acceptance, perioperative and postoperative morbidity were evaluated. A survey of the medical records was performed. In addition, the patients completed a questionnaire for their appreciation of the procedure. They were also subjected to a clinical and radiographic examination.

Patients

Thirty patients (21 males and 9 females; mean age 11.8 ± 3.6 years) participated in this study.

Results

Neither the medical records nor the experiences of the patients showed significant morbidity. The procedure was appreciated with 6.8 ± 3.5 (scale 0 to 10). Postoperative pain was scored as 1.2 ± 2.5 (scale 0 to 10). Three patients reported transient sensory disturbances at the donor site. Two patients showed a slight sensibility disorder in the symphyseal region. In three patients, an endodontic problem had developed in a lower incisor.

Conclusion

This study showed that chin bone harvesting for reconstructing alveolar cleft in young patients is a well-accepted procedure with low objective and subjective morbidity. Notwithstanding this low morbidity, the patients (and their parents) have to be informed about the risk of objective and subjective disturbances of the sensibility in the donor region and the risk of dental pulp necrosis.
Comparison of Nasalance Scores Obtained with the Nasometer 6200 and the Nasometer II 6400
Authors: Watterson Thomas , Lewis Kerry , Brancamp Tami
Published: September 2005

Objective

This study was designed to compare nasalance scores obtained with the old Nasometer 6200 and the new Nasometer II 6400, and to evaluate test-retest reliability of nasalance scores on each machine.

Design

Nasalance scores were obtained for 60 subjects reading each of two stimuli. Each subject read each stimulus two times on one machine; the headgear was removed and replaced and each stimulus was read a third time. The same procedure was then repeated with the second machine. Within machines, nasalance scores were compared for repeated stimuli with and without headgear change. The first reading of each stimulus with each machine was used to compare nasalance scores across machines.

Participants

The subjects were 60 adults with normal speech ranging in age from 19 to 59 years.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were the 12 nasalance scores obtained for each of 60 subjects.

Results

For both passages, there was a significant difference in nasalance scores between the old Nasometer and the Nasometer II; however, the actual variability that could be attributed to a difference between machines was small. Most of the variability between machines could be explained as within-subject performance variability and variability associated with headgear change. There was no significant difference in repeated scores within machines with or without headgear change.

Conclusions

For clinical purposes, care should be exercised when comparing nasalance scores between the old Nasometer and the Nasometer II.
Histologic Study of Intravelar Structures in Normal Human Adult Specimens
Authors: Kuehn David P. , Moon Jerald B.
Published: September 2005

Objective

To describe more clearly the tissue composition and structure of the human soft palate with particular emphasis on the central portion between the faucial pillars.

Specimens

Nine female and three male normal adult human soft palate cadaver specimens.

Results

The anterior soft palate consists of fairly uniform layers. The anterior one fourth contains a substantial investment of mucous-secreting glandular tissue, as well as an abundance of adipose tissue. The tensor veli palatini tendon is prominent in the most anterior region just posterior to the hard palate and close to the nasal surface. The middle one third of the soft palate is largely invested with muscle tissue consisting of (1) levator veli palatini fibers coursing transversely across the midline without a septal interruption, (2) musculus uvulae fibers encapsulated in a sheath and coursing longitudinally, perpendicular to and cradled by the levator sling, and (3) palatopharyngeus fibers located laterally and not approaching the midline. Musculus uvulae is variable across and within specimens in terms of its paired versus unpaired nature.

Conclusions

The anatomy of the soft palate from the posterior border of the hard palate to the levator veli palatini sling is consistent among specimens, suggesting that structures in this region have a uniform function across subjects. The paired versus unpaired nature of musculus uvulae is variable both within and between specimens. The posterior one third of the soft palate is variable across specimens with regard to the relative amount and distribution of different tissue types.
Development of an Observational Instrument to Measure Mother-Infant Separation Post Birth
Authors: Anderson Gene Cranston , Radjenovic Doreen , Chiu Sheau-Huey , Conlon Michael , Lane Ann E.
Published: September 2005

The importance of the timing, quality, and quantity of early maternal-infant contact has gained prominence over the years. However, no researcher has adequately documented the nature of maternal-infant contact and separation. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Index of Mother-Infant Separation (IMIS), pronounced “I miss,” which is a 37-item observational measure of the process of mother-infant contact or separation post birth. Assessment of reliability and validity of the IMIS was conducted using data collected in a randomized clinical trial with 224 healthy newborn infants assigned at 1 hour post birth to self-regulatory or routine nursery care (control) groups. Time-sampled observations occurred every 15 minutes. Content validity indices of the IMIS, determined by nine nationally known perinatal experts, were 77% to 100% for instrument items. Construct validity was supported through known-groups hypothesis testing (p< .0001). Interrater reliability was from 86% to 90%. The IMIS is a valid observational measure of maternal contact when raters are trained to score it reliably.
Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise and Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scales with Minority Older Adults
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Luisi Daria , Vogel Amanda , Junaleepa Piyatida
Published: September 2005

Older African Americans and Latinos tend to exercise less than older Whites and are more likely to have chronic diseases that could benefit from exercise. Measurement of self-efficacy of exercise and exercise outcome expectations in this older population is required if exercise is to be monitored carefully and enhanced in this population. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) and Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (OEE) in a sample of African American and Latino older adults. A total of 166 individuals, 32 males (19%) and 134 females (81%) with an average age of 72.8 ± 8.4 years participated in the study. The SEE and OEE scales were completed using face-to-face interviews. There was evidence of internal consistency for both scales with alphas of .89 and .90 for the SEE scale and .72 and .88 for the OEE scale. There was some evidence of validity for both scales based on confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis testing, because factor loadings were greater than .50 in all but two items in the OEE, and there were significant relationships between self-efficacy and outcome expectations and exercise behavior at all testing time-points. The measurement models showed a fair fit of the data to the models. The study provided some evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE and OEE when used with minority older adults, and it provides some guidelines for future scale revisions and use.
Prosecution of Women Arrested for Intimate Partner Abuse
Authors: Henning Kris , Renauer Brian
Published: September 2005

Increasing arrests of women for domestic violence (DV) in the wake of mandatory arrest laws have generated significant concern among victim advocates, researchers, and practitioners. It is commonly believed that many, if not most, of the women arrested are victims who were acting in self-defense. Understanding how these cases are handled by prosecutors and judges is important if we wish to minimize the negative consequences of these errant arrests. The present study examines factors prosecutors in a large southern city considered when accepting or rejecting DV cases involving female defendants. The results indicate that almost one half (47%) of the cases involving women arrested for DV against a heterosexual intimate partner were rejected by prosecutors; another 16% were dismissed by a judge. Legal factors like a defendant’s prior criminal arrests, use of a weapon, victim injury, and, most important, the type of arrest (i. e., dual vs. single arrest) all affected prosecutors’ decisions to take these cases. Female defendants arrested for offending against a male intimate partner were treated more leniently than male defendants and women arrested for domestic offenses involving other types of relationships (i. e., familial, homosexual). The results highlight the need for a further study of officers’ arrest decisions in cases involving heterosexual intimate partners.
Wall‐to‐bed heat transfer in gas–solid bubbling fluidized beds
Authors: Patil D. J. , Smit J. , van Sint Annaland M. , Kuipers J. A. M.
Published: September 2005

The wall‐to‐bed heat transfer in gas–solid fluidized beds is mainly determined by phenomena prevailing in a “thermal boundary layer ” with a thickness in the order of magnitude of the size of a single particle. In this thermal boundary layer the temperature gradients are very steep and the local porosity profile near the wall strongly influences the heat‐transfer rate. A two‐fluid continuum model based on conservation laws for mass, momentum and thermal energy has been developed accounting for the porosity distribution near the wall. To validate the model, local instantaneous wall‐to‐bed heat‐transfer coefficients were measured along a heated wall kept at constant temperature. The incorporation of a porosity profile by effective conductivities has remarkably improved the prediction of the heat‐transfer coefficients compared against that of previous studies. The predicted local instantaneous heat‐transfer coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental data for different jet velocities as well as for different particle sizes, provided that the near‐wall porosity profile is accounted for. Two sets of closure equations for the solids‐phase rheology (that is, the solids‐phase stress tensor) have been considered: the constant viscosity model (CVM) and the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). For lower bed heights both models give good predictions of the wall‐to‐bed heat‐transfer coefficients, but the KTGF predictions at higher bed heights agree better with the experimental data than the predictions by the CVM as the result of a better description of the passage of the bubble along the wall. The influence of an additional kinetic contribution to the effective solids‐phase thermal conductivity arising from the fluctuating solids velocity was studied with the KTGF closures. Because of a large overprediction of the kinetic solids‐phase thermal conductivity the wall‐to‐bed heat‐transfer coefficients are largely overestimated when accounting for this additional contribution to the effective solids‐phase thermal conductivity. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Vessels' morphology in SMAD4 and BMPR1A‐related juvenile polyposis
Authors: Handra‐Luca Adriana , Condroyer Christel , de Moncuit Céline , Tepper Maryline , Fléjou Jean‐François , Thomas Gilles , Olschwang Sylviane
Published: September 2005

Juvenile polyposis syndrome is a hamartomatous intestinal polyposis associated with malignant changes in 20% of patients at an early age. Germline mutations mostly involve two genes, SMAD4 and BMPR1, with no strong evidence of phenotype‐genotype correlation, which could be predictive of the specific long‐term evolution. In contrast, PTEN mutations are more commonly associated with Cowden and related diseases. Forty‐two unrelated patients affected by juvenile polyposis syndrome were analyzed for germline alterations in the BMPR1A and SMAD4 genes, and for clinical and histological features. Deleterious mutations were found in 14/42 (33%) patients: 5 in BMPR1A and 9 in SMAD4. Low‐grade adenomas were present in both SMAD4 and BMPR1A mutation carriers; only patients with SMAD4 mutations harbored carcinoma lesions (5/9). Malformative vessels were present in all SMAD4 related polyps when the mutation involved codons prior to position 423. No gastric polyps were observed in BMPR1A mutation carriers. SMAD4 germline mutations are responsible for a more aggressive digestive phenotype in patients with juvenile polyposis. The presence of malformative vessels within the stromal component might be a useful tool to drive the subsequent genetic and clinical management. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adults with VATER association: Long‐term prognosis
Authors: Wheeler Patricia G. , Weaver David D.
Published: September 2005

VATER “association” is a common condition, with the diagnosis typically based on a characteristic constellation of congenital anomalies. Reported long‐term follow‐up information on VATER association is limited, thus making it difficult to prognosticate the future of infants and children with this condition. Further, there are few data on how often the initial diagnosis of VATER association is correct. Some information has been published on growth deficiency and mental retardation, but these data are minimal [Bull et al., 1985; Mapstone et al., 1986; Weaver et al., 1986] and for the most part look at children under the age of 10 years. We have undertaken a long‐term follow‐up of individuals with VATER association originally reported by Weaver et al. [1986] or diagnosed with VATER association by his associates and him after 1986. Out of the 50 patients, we were able to contact 20 individuals or families. Two of the 20 individuals had died: 1 at 3 days with cardiac failure due to a truncus arteriosus, and 1 at 4 years of unspecified cause. Two were unwilling to participate. Of the rest, we interviewed and examined seven persons, and interviewed another nine by telephone. Of the 16, 5 had some degree of cognitive impairment. These individuals were more likely to have congenital anomalies outside of the typical scope of VATER association, such as prune belly sequence or findings of CHARGE association. Of the nine individuals with a history of imperforate anus, five had partial or complete incontinence as adults leading to difficulties in maintaining employment. Height was at the 5th centile or less in 6 of 16 patients. Three of four patients who were trying to have children, had infertility. In two women, the infertility was thought to be related to congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system and multiple pelvic operations. We also present the long‐term medical and neurologic problems in these individuals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triploid mosaicism in a 45,X/69,XXY infant
Authors: Quigley Denise I. , McDonald Marie T. , Krishnamuthy Vidya , Kishnani Priya S. , Lee Mary M. , Haqq Andrea M. , Goodman Barbara K.
Published: September 2005

We report on an infant referred for chromosome analysis during the neonatal period due to ambiguous genitalia. The genitalia appeared male with bilaterally palpable testes, penoscrotal hypospadias, chordee, and a bifid scrotum. Chromosome analysis and interphase FISH analysis of lymphocytes showed a 45,X karyotype and no evidence for SRY in 200 nuclei examined, respectively. Subsequent chromosome analysis of fibroblasts revealed a 69,XXY karyotype. Molecular studies were carried out to determine the etiology of the chromosome findings. Results indicated that the two cell lines are mosaic rather than chimeric and that the triploidy resulted from delayed dispermy rather than delayed polar body inclusion. To our knowledge this is the first reported living individual with (near) diploid/triploid mosaicism for 45,X/69,XXY. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisomy 17p10‐p12 due to mosaic supernumerary marker chromosome: Delineation of molecular breakpoints and clinical phenotype, and comparison to other proximal 17p segmental duplications
Authors: Yatsenko Svetlana A. , Treadwell‐Deering Diane , Krull Kevin , Lewis Richard Alan , Glaze Daniel , Stankiewicz Pawel , Lupski James R. , Potocki Lorraine
Published: September 2005

The unstable, gene‐rich chromosome region 17p11.2‐p12 is associated with various structural aberrations including supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs). In some cases, SMC(17)s utilize the same substrates for recombination as the common recurrent 17p11.2 and 17p12 rearrangements. We report on a 9‐year‐old girl with a de novo mosaic SMC(17). The der(17) encompasses genetic material from 17p10‐p11.2 and is present in 97% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and in 79% of buccal cells. The patient has few features similar to individuals with duplication 17p11.2 including mental retardation, language impairment, and sleep disturbances but has normal growth, and no structural abnormalities of the heart, kidneys, or brain. She has no substantial behavioral abnormalities or dysmorphic features. Molecular analyses determined that the der(17) contains RAI1 but not PMP22. We found one chromosome breakpoint within the centromere and the second breakpoint within the distal Smith–Magenis syndrome low‐copy repeat (distal SMS‐REP). Recently we characterized the breakpoints of three other marker chromosomes originating from the proximal short arm of chromosome 17. In all four cases, one breakpoint maps within the centromere and in three cases the second breakpoint maps within a low‐copy repeat. We thus propose that genome architecture may play a significant role in the formation of marker chromosomes. We present the cytogenetic, molecular, and clinical data of this patient and compare our results with those of patients with dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) syndrome and other patients with SMC(17). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal recessive Oliver–McFarlane syndrome: Retinitis pigmentosa, short stature (GH deficiency), trichomegaly, and hair anomalies or CPD syndrome (chorioretinopathy‐pituitary dysfunction)
Authors: Haimi Motti , Gershoni‐Baruch Ruth
Published: September 2005

We describe a brother and sister with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), growth failure, long eyelashes, and sparse hair. They were born to young healthy consanguineous parents and presented at birth with IUGR. Evolving pigmentary retinopathy was diagnosed at the age of 5 years. A similar condition (Oliver–McFarlane) syndrome was reported previously. Our two sibs confirm the existence of this autosomal recessive syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of genetic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Linkage disequilibrium analysis of chromosome 18 in the Costa Rican population
Authors: Walss‐Bass Consuelo , Escamilla Michael A. , Raventos Henriette , Montero A. Patricia , Armas Regina , Dassori Albana , Contreras Salvador , Liu Wei , Medina Rolando , Balderas Teresa G. , Levinson Douglas , Pereira Reynaldo , Pereira Mariana , Atmella Ivannia , NeSmith Lisa , Leach Robin , Almasy Laura
Published: September 2005

The long‐standing concept that schizophrenia (SC) and bipolar disorder (BP) represent two distinct illnesses has been recently challenged by findings of overlap of genetic susceptibility loci for these two diseases. We report here the results of a linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis of chromosome 18 utilizing subjects with SC from the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Evidence of association (P < 0.05) was obtained in three chromosomal regions: 18p11.31 (D18S63), 18q12.3 (D18S474), and 18q22.3‐qter (D18S1161, D18S70), all of which overlap or are in close proximity with loci previously shown to be in LD with BP, type I in this population. Since both the SC and bipolar samples contained cases with a history of mania and almost all cases of SC and BP had a history of psychosis, we performed an alternative phenotyping strategy to determine whether presence or absence of mania, in the context of psychosis, would yield distinct linkage patterns along chromosome 18. To address this issue, a cohort of psychotic patients (including a range of DSMIV diagnoses) was divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of mania. Regions that showed association with SC showed segregation of association when the sample was stratified by history of mania. Our results are compared with previous genetic studies of susceptibility to SC or BP, in Costa Rica as well as in other populations. This study illustrates the importance of detailed phenotype analysis in the search for susceptibility genes influencing complex psychiatric disorders in isolated populations and suggests that subdivision of psychoses by presence or absence of past mania syndromes may be useful to define genetic subtypes of chronic psychotic illness. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome scan of schizophrenia families in a large Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study sample: Evidence for linkage to 18p11.32 and for racial heterogeneity on chromosomes 6 and 14
Authors: Faraone S.V. , Skol A.D. , Tsuang D.W. , Young K.A. , Haverstock S.L. , Prabhudesai S. , Mena F. , Menon A.S. , Leong L. , Sautter F. , Baldwin C. , Bingham S. , Weiss D. , Collins J. , Keith T. , vanden Eng J.L. , Boehnke M. , Tsuang M.T. , Schellenberg G.D.
Published: September 2005

Genome‐wide linkage analyses of schizophrenia have identified several regions that may harbor schizophrenia susceptibility genes but, given the complex etiology of the disorder, it is unlikely that all susceptibility regions have been detected. We report results from a genome scan of 166 schizophrenia families collected through the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program. Our definition of affection status included schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, depressed type and we defined families as European American (EA) and African American (AA) based on the probands' and parents' races based on data collected by interviewing the probands. We also assessed evidence for racial heterogeneity in the regions most suggestive of linkage. The maximum LOD score across the genome was 2.96 for chromosome 18, at 0.5 cM in the combined race sample. Both racial groups showed LOD scores greater than 1.0 for chromosome 18. The empiricalP‐value associated with that LOD score is 0.04 assuming a single genome scan for the combined sample with race narrowly defined, and 0.06 for the combined sample allowing for broad and narrow definitions of race. The empiricalP‐value of observing a LOD score as large as 2.96 in the combined sample, and of at least 1.0 in each racial group, allowing for narrow and broad racial definitions, is 0.04. Evidence for the second and third largest linkage signals come solely from the AA sample on chromosomes 6 (LOD = 2.11 at 33.2 cM) and 14 (LOD = 2.13 at 51.0). The linkage evidence differed between the AA and EA samples (chromosome 6P‐value = 0.007 and chromosome 14P‐value = 0.004). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haplotype‐controlled analysis of the association of a non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism at DBH (+ 1603C → T) with plasma dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity
Authors: Tang Yilang , Anderson George M. , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Köhnke Michael D. , Cubells Joseph F.
Published: September 2005

The DBH locus controls plasma dopamine β‐hydroxylase activity (pDβH). A 5′‐upstream single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at DBH (−1021C → T) explains ∼45% of the variance in pDβH, and a non‐synonymous SNP in exon 11 (+ 1603C → T) an additional 2%. However, that regression result underestimates the effect of + 1603C → T because of its low minor allele frequency. We estimated the biological effect of + 1603C → T on pDβH by comparing subjects of identical −1021CγT genotype, in a diagnostically heterogeneous group of subjects of European origin (N = 367). + 1603C → T genotype associated with pDβH within groups of identical genotype at −1021 C → T, accounting for 5%–16% of the variance. There was no significant linkage disequilibrium between −1021C → T and + 1603C → T (D = 0.0058, D′ = 0.4774, d2 = 0.0011, P > 0.05), confirming the validity of assessing the two polymorphisms independently. These results suggest that altered homospecific activity of the enzyme can contribute to variation in pDβH. This conclusion informs how associations between DBH and psychiatric disorders should be approached. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa cohorts using selected behavioral phenotypes as quantitative traits or covariates
Authors: Bacanu Silviu‐Alin , Bulik Cynthia M. , Klump Kelly L. , Fichter Manfred M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Keel Pamela , Kaplan Allan S. , Mitchell James E. , Rotondo Alessandro , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Woodside D. Blake , Sonpar Vibhor A. , Xie Weiting , Bergen Andrew W. , Berrettini Wade H. , Kaye Walter H. , Devlin Bernie
Published: September 2005

To increase the likelihood of finding genetic variation conferring liability to eating disorders, we measured over 100 attributes thought to be related to liability to eating disorders on affected individuals from multiplex families and two cohorts: one recruited through a proband with anorexia nervosa (AN; AN cohort); the other recruited through a proband with bulimia nervosa (BN; BN cohort). By a multilayer decision process based on expert evaluation and statistical analysis, six traits were selected for linkage analysis (1): obsessionality (OBS), age at menarche (MENAR), and anxiety (ANX) for quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis; and lifetime minimum body mass index (BMI), concern over mistakes (CM), and food‐related obsessions (OBF) for covariate‐based linkage analysis. The BN cohort produced the largest linkage signals: for QTL linkage analysis, four suggestive signals: (for MENAR, at 10p13; for ANX, at 1q31.1, 4q35.2, and 8q13.1); for covariate‐based linkage analyses, both significant and suggestive linkages (for BMI, one significant [4q21.1] and three suggestive [3p23, 10p13, 5p15.3]; for CM, two significant [16p13.3, 14q21.1] and three suggestive [4p15.33, 8q11.23, 10p11.21]; and for OBF, one significant [14q21.1] and five suggestive [4p16.1, 10p13.1, 8q11.23, 16p13.3, 18p11.31]). Results from the AN cohort were far less compelling: for QTL linkage analysis, two suggestive signals (for OBS at 6q21 and for ANX at 9p21.3); for covariate‐based linkage analysis, five suggestive signals (for BMI at 4q13.1, for CM at 11p11.2 and 17q25.1, and for OBF at 17q25.1 and 15q26.2). Overlap between the two cohorts was minimal for substantial linkage signals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of eating‐disorder phenotypes for linkage analysis
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Bacanu Silviu‐Alin , Klump Kelly L. , Fichter Manfred M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Keel Pamela , Kaplan Allan S. , Mitchell James E. , Rotondo Alessandro , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Woodside D. Blake , Sonpar Vibhor A. , Xie Weiting , Bergen Andrew W. , Berrettini Wade H. , Kaye Walter H. , Devlin Bernie
Published: September 2005

Vulnerability to anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) arise from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. To explore the genetic contribution, we measured over 100 psychiatric, personality, and temperament phenotypes of individuals with eating disorders from 154 multiplex families accessed through an AN proband (AN cohort) and 244 multiplex families accessed through a BN proband (BN cohort). To select a parsimonious subset of these attributes for linkage analysis, we subjected the variables to a multilayer decision process based on expert evaluation and statistical analysis. Criteria for trait choice included relevance to eating disorders pathology, published evidence for heritability, and results from our data. Based on these criteria, we chose six traits to analyze for linkage. Obsessionality, Age‐at‐Menarche, and a composite Anxiety measure displayed features of heritable quantitative traits, such as normal distribution and familial correlation, and thus appeared ideal for quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis. By contrast, some families showed highly concordant and extreme values for three variables—lifetime minimum Body Mass Index (lowest BMI attained during the course of illness), concern over mistakes, and food‐related obsessions—whereas others did not. These distributions are consistent with a mixture of populations, and thus the variables were matched with covariate linkage analysis. Linkage results appear in a subsequent report. Our report lays out a systematic roadmap for utilizing a rich set of phenotypes for genetic analyses, including the selection of linkage methods paired to those phenotypes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant association of BDNF haplotypes in European‐American male smokers but not in European‐American female or African‐American smokers
Authors: Beuten Joke , Ma Jennie Z. , Payne Thomas J. , Dupont Randolph T. , Quezada Paulina , Huang Weihua , Crews Karen M. , Li Ming D.
Published: September 2005

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission in the brain, both of which are involved in the reward system of addiction. The BDNF gene is located in a genomic region on chromosome 11p where we and others have found ‘significant’ linkage to nicotine dependence (ND). We tested the potential role of variants within BDNF in vulnerability to ND, which was assessed by Smoking Quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), and the Fagerström Test for ND (FTND). Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BDNF were analyzed in an extensively phenotyped cohort of 602 nuclear families with smokers and non‐smokers of African‐American (AA) or European‐American (EA) ancestry. Individual SNP analysis revealed that two SNPs in the pooled male and three SNPs in the EA male samples were significantly associated with at least one adjusted ND measure. However, none of these associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis of rs6484320‐rs988748‐rs2030324‐rs7934165 revealed that a major T–C–T–G haplotype was significantly associated, even after Bonferroni correction, with the three ND measures in the pooled and EA male samples (maximum Z = 3.00, P = 0.002 and maximum Z = 3.13, P = 0.0009 for SQ, respectively). No significant association of a major haplotype with ND was found in the AA or EA female smokers. The significant association of BDNF variants with ND implies that this gene plays a role in the etiology of ND in EAs and that its involvement is gender specific. BDNF may warrant further investigation in ND. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinreaktive Naturstoffe
Authors: Drahl Carmen , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Sorensen Erik J.
Published: September 2005

In der Post‐Genom‐Ära steht man vor der gewaltigen Aufgabe, die Strukturen und Funktionen zehntausender codierter Proteine zuzuweisen. Zur Analyse der Proteinfunktion werden neue Technologien mit großer Bandbreite entwickelt, etwa die aktivitätsbasierte Proteinanalyse (activity‐based protein profiling, ABPP). Bei diesem Verfahren sollen auf das aktive Zentrum gerichtete chemische Sonden entwickelt werden, um die Enzyme in ganzen Proteomen zu analysieren. Derartige chemische Proteomtechnologien können von proteinreaktiven Naturstoffen lernen, die Enzyme der unterschiedlichsten Klassen durch ein bemerkenswert vielfältiges Spektrum an Mechanismen kovalent modifizieren und somit eine reiche Quelle an Konzepten für die Entwicklung gegen aktive Zentren gerichteter Proteomsonden bilden. Hier werden wir anhand unterschiedlicher Naturstoffe zeigen, wie ihre Wirkmechanismen zum Fortschritt chemischer Proteomtechnologien wie ABPP beigetragen haben.
Titelbild: Hexakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedranyltetrahedrane (Angew. Chem. 36/2005)
Authors: Tanaka Masanobu , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: September 2005

Eine extreme Verkürzung der C‐C‐Bindung folgt aus einer Zunahme des s‐Charakters von Bindungsorbitalen, wie an dem im Titelbild gezeigten Hexakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedranyltetrahedran nachgewiesen werden konnte. Noch vor einem Jahrzehnt war es unvorstellbar, eine solche Verbindung isolieren zu können; nun beschreiben A. Sekiguchi und M. Tanaka in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 5971 ff. die Synthese und Charakterisierung dieses intensiv gesuchten Zielmoleküls, das perfekt mit theoretischen Vorhersagen übereinstimmt.
Protein‐Reactive Natural Products
Authors: Drahl Carmen , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Sorensen Erik J.
Published: September 2005

Researchers in the post‐genome era are confronted with the daunting task of assigning structure and function to tens of thousands of encoded proteins. To realize this goal, new technologies are emerging for the analysis of protein function on a global scale, such as activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP), which aims to develop active site‐directed chemical probes for enzyme analysis in whole proteomes. For the pursuit of such chemical proteomic technologies, it is helpful to derive inspiration from protein‐reactive natural products. Natural products use a remarkably diverse set of mechanisms to covalently modify enzymes from distinct mechanistic classes, thus providing a wellspring of chemical concepts that can be exploited for the design of active‐site‐directed proteomic probes. Herein, we highlight several examples of protein‐reactive natural products and illustrate how their mechanisms of action have influenced and continue to shape the progression of chemical proteomic technologies like ABPP.
The effects of enalapril maleate and cold stress exposure on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in some rat tissues
Authors: Talas Zeliha Selamoglu , Yurekli Muhittin
Published: September 2005

Enalapril is a highly specific and competitive inhibitor of angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) and thus belongs to the category of ACE inhibitors. The beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors appear to result primarily from the suppression of the plasma renin–angiotensin–aldesterone system. This study was designed to detect the effects of enalapril maleate and cold stress on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in adrenal medulla, heart and hypothalamus in rat. In cold stress treatment (exposed to 8°C cold for 48 h) TH activity was found to be raised significantly (p < 0.05) in adrenal medulla, hypothalamus and heart tissues. In the adrenal medulla, hypothalamus and heart tissues, TH activity of enalapril maleate treated rats (10 mg kg−1 body weight) group was not raised significantly (p > 0.05). Following intraperitoneal injection of enalapril maleate (10 mg kg−1 body weight) the rats were exposed to 8°C cold for 48 h. After cold stress and enalapril maleate treatment no statistically significant change in tyrosine hydroxylase activity was detected in adrenal medulla, hypothalamus or heart (p > 0.05). The results of our studies show that enalapril maleate blocks the effect of cold stress on the regulation of TH activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive MS Binding Assays for Dopamine D2Receptors Employing Spiperone as a Native Marker
Authors: Niessen Karin V. , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: September 2005

A competitive MS binding assay employing spiperone as a native marker and a porcine striatal membrane fraction as a source for dopamine D2receptors in a nonvolatile buffer has been established. Binding of the test compounds to the target was monitored by mass‐spectrometric quantification of the nonbound marker, spiperone, in the supernatant of the binding samples obtained by centrifugation. A solid‐phase extraction procedure was used for separating spiperone from ESI‐MS‐incompatible supernatant matrix components. Subsequently, the marker was reliably quantified by LC‐ESI‐MS‐MS by using haloperidol as an internal standard. The affinities of the test compounds, the dopamine receptor antagonists (+)‐butaclamol, chlorpromazine and (S)‐sulpiride obtained from the competitive MS binding assay were verified by corresponding radioligand binding experiments with [3H]spiperone. The results of this study demonstrate that competitive MS binding assays represent a universally applicable alternative to conventional radioligand binding assays.
Probing Lectin and Sperm with Carbohydrate‐Modified Quantum Dots
Authors: Robinson Anandakathir , Fang Jim‐Min , Chou Pi‐Tai , Liao Kuang‐Wen , Chu Rea‐Min , Lee Shyh‐Jye
Published: September 2005

We report the encapsulation of quantum dots with biologically important β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in different ratios, together with studies of their specific/sensitive multivalent interactions with lectins and sperm by fluorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering microscopy, confocal imaging techniques, and flow cytometry. These GlcNAc‐encapsulated quantum dots (QDGLNs) specifically bind to wheat germ agglutinin, and cause fluorescence quenching and aggregation. Further studies of QDGLNs and the mannose‐encapsulated QDs (QDMANs) with sperm revealed site‐specific interactions, in which QDGLNs bind to the head of the sperm, while QDMANs spread over the whole sperm body.
Core values and major issues in student affairs practice: What really matters?
Authors: Helfgot Steven R.
Published: September 2005

In a professional world characterized by change, uncertainty, and increased pressure to demonstrate that what they do really matters, community college student affairs professionals need clear definitions, a shared understanding of critical professional issues, and professional values that are consistent and congruent. This chapter provides those definitions and identifies core values and major issues for student affairs professionals in community colleges.
Building a culture of evidence in student affairs
Authors: Oburn Martha
Published: September 2005

Student affairs practitioners often rely on anecdotal evidence when asked to demonstrate their contributions to the community college, but their future may depend on their ability to become more data‐based and outcomes‐oriented. This chapter discusses the need for a culture of evidence in student affairs, describes how to build such a culture, and provides examples of effectiveness studies and program evaluation cycles.
Increasing the value of traditional support services
Authors: Culp Marguerite M.
Published: September 2005

Student affairs practitioners must reconceptualize traditional support services in order to use the resources allocated to them more effectively, meet the needs of today's students, and increase their value to community colleges. This chapter identifies student affairs programs that are vital to the community college's mission, describes best practices in community college student affairs, and demonstrates why traditional support services are essential to the success of the contemporary community college.
Connecting academic and student affairs to enhance student learning and success
Authors: Dale Paul A. , Drake Tonya M.
Published: September 2005

As community colleges embrace learning‐centered practices, student affairs professionals have an opportunity to recommit to building and maintaining partnerships with their academic colleagues. This chapter explores the development, nature, and culture of learning‐centered partnerships between academic and student affairs professionals, identifies best practices in community colleges, and examines the role of technology in enhancing partnership opportunities.
Doing more of what matters: The key to student success
Authors: Culp Marguerite M.
Published: September 2005

This chapter identifies eleven factors that, when present in a community college, substantially increase the probability that student affairs professionals will be able to create programs that matter to the institution‐s core mission. The chapter also provides student affairs practitioners with tools to assess the climate in student affairs as well as in the institution for both students and student affairs programs. Finally, the chapter offers guidelines that practitioners can use to design student affairs programs that matter.
Key Resources for student affairs professionals in learning‐centered community colleges
Authors: Kisker Carrie B.
Published: September 2005

This chapter, aimed at both new community college student affairs professionals and experienced practitioners hoping to further develop their skills, provides resources and information about the expanding focus on student learning, translating student development theory into practice, and assessing student learning outcomes.
Cover Picture: Cervimycin A–D: A Polyketide Glycoside Complex from a Cave Bacterium Can Defeat Vancomycin Resistance (Chem. Eur. J. 19/2005)
Authors: Herold Kerstin , Gollmick Friedrich A. , Groth Ingrid , Roth Martin , Menzel Klaus‐Dieter , Möllmann Ute , Gräfe Udo , Hertweck Christian
Published: September 2005

A novel antibiotic complex was purified from a strain of Streptomyces tendae, isolated from the wall of an ancient cave in southern Italy, shown in the cover picture. These polyketide glycosides, cervimycins A–D, demonstrated potent activity against multi‐drug‐resistant staphylococci and vancomycin‐resistant enterococci. Results of NMR and chemical degredation studies revealed the cervimycins to have a common tetracyclic polyketide core substituted with unusual di‐ and tetrasaccharide chains (see picture), but with differences in their acetyl and carbamoyl ring substituents, and in the terminal methylmalonyl and dimethylmalonyl residues. For more details, see the Full Paper by C. Hertweck and co‐workers on page 5523 ff.
Norman K. Wessells: A life in science
Authors: Barald Kate F.
Published: September 2005

“In its triple role as locomotory organelle, as a site of deposition of new surface material for the elongating axon, and a source of microspikes (sensory probes), the growth cone becomes the key to axon elongation” Yamada et al. (1971)
Dynamic Id2 expression in the medial and lateral domains of avian dermamyotome
Authors: Krishan K. , McKinnell I. , Patel K. , Dhoot G.K.
Published: September 2005

Id2 cDNA was isolated from a subtractive screen of stage‐12 quail caudal somites. In situ hybridisation analysis identified the previously un‐described expression of Id2 mRNA in distinct medial and lateral domains of the somitic dermamyotome in both quail and chick embryos. Id2 expression in somites was highly dynamic being first initiated in the lateral domain of the dermamyotome of stage‐8–10 embryos, followed by expression in a separate medial domain. Id2 mRNA during subsequent embryonic development could be detected in both medial and lateral domains in the anterior to mid regions while the posterior, recently segmented somites, showed expression only in the lateral domain, which was eventually down regulated in the anterior‐most somites. Tissue manipulation studies revealed that Id2 expression in somites required positive signalling from not only axial structures and lateral plate mesoderm but also surface ectoderm. In addition, Id2 expression was also observed in anterior and posterior domains of developing avian limb buds and interdigital tissue. Developmental Dynamics 234:363–370, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Theoretical Assessment of the Thermodynamic Preferences in the Cyclopalladation of Amines
Authors: Bosque Ramón , Maseras Feliu
Published: September 2005

The factors affecting the cyclopalladation of amines are explored by a comparison of the energy differences between the cyclopalladated amine and the free ligand for a series of compounds. Four factors are considered: the substituents in the nitrogen atom (primary vs. tertiary amines), the hybridization (sp2 or sp3) of the metalated carbon atom, the number of members in the metallacycle ring (four, five, or six), and the presence of electron‐donor or ‐acceptor groups. The trends that arise from these calculations, performed at the B3LYP level of theory, are compared with the experimental data available. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
New Polysulfur‐Nitrogen Heterocycles by Thermolysis of 1,3λ4δ2,2,4‐Benzodithiadiazines in the Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Series
Authors: Zhivonitko Vladimir V. , Makarov Alexander Yu. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Gatilov Yuri V. , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Zibarev Andrey V.
Published: September 2005

In contrast to thermolysis of 1,3λ4δ2,2,4‐benzodithiadiazine (1) and its 5,6,7,8‐tetrafluoro derivative 2 in dilute (10–3 M) hydrocarbon solutions, which leads to persistent 1,2,3‐benzodithiazolyls in nearly quantitative yields, the thermolysis of 1 and 2 (the 6‐6 bicyclic system) in concentrated (0.5 M) solutions at 150–170 °C results in complex mixtures of various polysulfur‐nitrogen heterocycles, in particular differently fused 5‐5‐6, 5‐6‐7 and 5‐6‐6‐6 polycyclic systems that were previously unknown. The products were isolated by column chromatography, and the structures of the 5‐5‐6 (11, 12), 5‐6‐7 (5, 13), and 5‐6‐6‐6 (6, 14, 15) polycyclic systems, as well as the 6‐7 (4) and 5‐6 (16) bicyclic derivatives, confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The crystal packing of 6 and 11–16 is discussed with special emphasis on π‐stacking interactions. The fluorescent properties of the 5‐6‐6‐6 systems synthesized are reported. An alternative approach to the linear 5‐6‐6‐6 system 15 based on self‐condensation of an R–N=PPh3 precursor (R = 4,5,6,7‐tetrafluoro‐1,2,3‐benzodithiazol‐2‐yl) is described, and the free‐radical character of this new reaction is proved. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)