bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optimized Smoke Segmentation Method for Forest and Grassland Fire Based on the UNet Framework
Authors: Hu Xinyu , Jiang Feng , Qin Xianlin , Huang Shuisheng , Yang Xinyuan , Meng Fangxin
Published: February 2024

Smoke, a byproduct of forest and grassland combustion, holds the key to precise and rapid identification—an essential breakthrough in early wildfire detection, critical for forest and grassland fire monitoring and early warning. To address the scarcity of middle–high-resolution satellite datasets for forest and grassland fire smoke, and the associated challenges in identifying smoke, the CAF_SmokeSEG dataset was constructed for smoke segmentation. The dataset was created based on GF-6 WFV smoke images of forest and grassland fire globally from 2019 to 2022. Then, an optimized segmentation algorithm, GFUNet, was proposed based on the UNet framework. Through comprehensive analysis, including method comparison, module ablation, band combination, and data transferability experiments, this study revealed that GF-6 WFV data effectively represent information related to forest and grassland fire smoke. The CAF_SmokeSEG dataset was found to be valuable for pixel-level smoke segmentation tasks. GFUNet exhibited robust smoke feature learning capability and segmentation stability. It demonstrated clear smoke area delineation, significantly outperforming UNet and other optimized methods, with an F1-Score and Jaccard coefficient of 85.50% and 75.76%, respectively. Additionally, augmenting the common spectral bands with additional bands improved the smoke segmentation accuracy, particularly shorter-wavelength bands like the coastal blue band, outperforming longer-wavelength bands such as the red-edge band. GFUNet was trained on the combination of red, green, blue, and NIR bands from common multispectral sensors. The method showed promising transferability and enabled the segmentation of smoke areas in GF-1 WFV and HJ-2A/B CCD images with comparable spatial resolution and similar bands. The integration of high spatiotemporal multispectral data like GF-6 WFV with the advanced information extraction capabilities of deep learning algorithms effectively meets the practical needs for pixel-level identification of smoke areas in forest and grassland fire scenarios. It shows promise in improving and optimizing existing forest and grassland fire monitoring systems, providing valuable decision-making support for fire monitoring and early warning systems.
Distribution and Management of Residual Antibiotics in the Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp Farming Environment: Recommendations for Effective Control
Authors: Li Feipeng , Xie Siyu , Wang Mingzhu , Chen Ling , Yu Haixiang
Published: February 2024

This study specifically focused on Litopenaeus vannamei and examined the distribution of residual antibiotics in various components of shrimp ponds throughout an aquaculture cycle. The findings revealed that aquaculture feed served as the primary source of antibiotics, continuously introducing them into the ponds throughout the entire production cycle. A multimedia distribution model for antibiotics in the ponds was established based on the principle of mass balance. The distribution characteristics of six antibiotics with higher levels in the feed, namely, sulfamethoxazole (SMX), norfloxacin (NOF), levofloxacin (LEOF), tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC), were investigated in the pond water, sediment, and shrimp. At the end of the cultivation period, the total antibiotic residues accounted for 65~80% in various media, with the sediment containing 50~60% of the distribution proportion (p < 0.01), which was identified as the primary reservoir for most antibiotics, with LEOF and NOF accounting for the highest proportions (45.78% and 50.29%, respectively). Based on the model’s findings and the allowable daily dosage of antibiotics, recommendations were made for the effective control of antibiotic residues in shrimp farming management. To address the significant net loss of sulfonamides (SAs) and tetracyclines (TCs) in aquaculture production, it is crucial to carefully regulate their dosages and administration methods. Implementing eco-friendly additives and regularly cleaning surface sediments can aid in reducing antibiotic residue levels in various environmental media, thereby mitigating the environmental impact on aquaculture production activities.
Effect of Different Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acids on Skim Milk Functional Properties
Authors: Joshi Rutvi , Sutariya Suresh G. , Salunke Prafulla
Published: February 2024

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring polysaccharide with recognized health benefits, has gained approval for use in the food industry as a food additive, ingredient, and health supplement in numerous countries. HA can increase viscosity in solutions and is available commercially in various molecular weights (MW) depending on end applications. Nevertheless, no research has explored the impact of different MW HAs on functionality, rheological properties, and texture-building benefits in the dairy product matrix wherein they are incorporated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate how varying MWs of HA—specifically 8 kDa, 320 kDa, 980 kDa, and 2550 kDa at 0.25% (w/w) concentration—impact rheological characteristics, functional attributes, heat stability, protein stability, protein structure, and protein fractions within skim milk. The addition of HA led to an increase in the apparent viscosity of all samples. A higher G″ value over G′ values for all HA samples was observed in frequency sweep, indicating the absence of interparticle interactions between HA particles. Protein stability and heat stability were significantly lower for 980 kDa and 2550 kDa HA as compared to the control and 8 kDa HA samples. As the MW increased, WHC, emulsion properties, and foaming stability notably increased. However, reversed results were found in the case of foaming activity. Moreover, no significant changes were observed in the percent area of individual protein fractions and the hydrodynamic diameter of protein particles. This study would help to understand the effect of HA when incorporated in dairy products for water binding or enhancement in viscosity-based applications.
The Behavior of Phenolic Compounds from Apples during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion with Focus on Chlorogenic Acid
Authors: Jakobek Lidija , Pöc Kristina , Valenteković Matea , Matić Petra
Published: February 2024

The fate of phenolic compounds during digestion is important for their bioactive effects in the digestive tract. The aim was to study the various phenolic compounds occurring in the peel and flesh of apples in in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, focusing on the behavior of chlorogenic acids. Additionally, the behavior of individual chlorogenic acids (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and cryptochlorogenic) was studied in models of simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal fluid electrolyte solutions (SSF, SGF, SIF). At the end of the intestinal phase of the digestion of peel and flesh, the amount of recovered dihydrochalcones and flavonols increased or was similar to the amount in the gastric phase, which showed their stability. Anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols decreased, which suggests their biotransformation. Chlorogenic acid isomerized into neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid: chlorogenic acid from the peel into 22% and 41% of the isomers in the salivary and intestinal phases, respectively; chlorogenic acid from the flesh into 12% of the isomers in the intestinal phase. Similarly, chlorogenic acid isomerized in model solutions (20% and 26% of the isomers in SSF and SIF, respectively). Neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid isomerized in SSF and SIF into other two forms. They were all stable in SGF. For bioactive effects in the digestive tract, the biotransformation of chlorogenic acids should be considered.
Efficiency of Identification of Blackcurrant Powders Using Classifier Ensembles
Authors: Przybył Krzysztof , Walkowiak Katarzyna , Kowalczewski Przemysław Łukasz
Published: February 2024

In the modern times of technological development, it is important to select adequate methods to support various food and industrial problems, including innovative techniques with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). Effective analysis and the speed of algorithm implementation are key points in assessing the quality of food products. Non-invasive solutions are being sought to achieve high accuracy in the classification and evaluation of various food products. This paper presents various machine learning algorithm architectures to evaluate the efficiency of identifying blackcurrant powders (i.e., blackcurrant concentrate with a density of 67 °Brix and a color coefficient of 2.352 (E520/E420) in combination with the selected carrier) based on information encoded in microscopic images acquired via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Recognition of blackcurrant powders was performed using texture feature extraction from images aided by the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). It was evaluated for quality using individual single classifiers and a metaclassifier based on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The research showed that the metaclassifier, as well as a single random forest (RF) classifier most effectively identified blackcurrant powders based on image texture features. This indicates that ensembles of classifiers in machine learning is an alternative approach to demonstrate better performance than the existing traditional solutions with single neural models. In the future, such solutions could be an important tool to support the assessment of the quality of food products in real time. Moreover, ensembles of classifiers can be used for faster analysis to determine the selection of an adequate machine learning algorithm for a given problem.
High-Fat Diet-Induced Decreased Circulating Bile Acids Contribute to Obesity Associated with Gut Microbiota in Mice
Authors: Cai Haiying , Zhang Junhui , Liu Chang , Le Thanh Ninh , Lu Yuyun , Feng Fengqin , Zhao Minjie
Published: February 2024

The altered circulating bile acids (BAs) modulate gut microbiota, energy metabolism and various physiological functions. BA profiles in liver, serum, ileum and feces of HFD-fed mice were analyzed with normal chow diet (NCD)-fed mice after 16-week feeding. Furthermore, gut microbiota was analyzed and its correlation analysis with BA was performed. The result showed that long-term HFD feeding significantly decreased hepatic and serum BA levels, mainly attributed to the inhibition of hepatic BA synthesis and the reduced reabsorption efficiency of BAs in enterohepatic circulation. It also significantly impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice. We found significantly higher bile salt hydrolase activity in ileal microbes and a higher ratio of free BAs to conjugated BA content in ileal contents in HFD groups compared with NCD group mice, which might account for the activated intestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling on liver BA synthesis inhibition and reduced ileal reabsorption. The decreased circulating BAs were associated with the dysregulation of the lipid metabolism according to the decreased TGR5 signaling in the ileum and BAT. In addition, it is astonishing to find extremely high percentages of taurocholate and 12-OH BAs in liver and serum BA profiles of both groups, which was mainly attributed to the high substrate selectivity for 12-OH BAs of the intestinal BAs transporter during the ileal reabsorption of enterohepatic circulation. This study revealed a significant effect of long-term HFD feeding on the decreased circulating BA pool in mice, which impaired lipid homeostasis and gut microbiota, and collectively resulted in metabolic disorders and obesity.
The Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Maillard Reaction on the Flavor of Chicken Osteopontin
Authors: Xu Xiong , Bi Ke , Wu Guangyu , Yang Ping , Li Hongjun , Jia Wei , Zhang Chunhui
Published: February 2024

To reveal the changes in the flavor quality of chicken osteopontin (CO) before and after enzymatic hydrolysis and a thermal reaction, the present study was carried out to evaluate the volatile compounds and non-volatile compounds in CO. The results show that the chicken boneset enzymatic solution (CBES) presented a notably richer aroma after the enzymatic hydrolysis treatment. At the same time, the concentrations of the total free amino acids (FAAs) and 5′-nucleotides in the CBES increased dramatically. The ERP (enzymatic reaction paste) scores and the ORC (osteopontin reactive cream) scores were exceptionally high in terms of the umami and salty flavor profiles. As precursors, FAAs and 5′-nucleotides also boosted the Maillard reaction, leading to the generation of wide volatile compounds. Compared to CO, CBES, and ORC, the sensory evaluation showed that ERP scored the highest. In summary, the enzymatic hydrolysis treatment coupled with the Maillard reaction significantly enhanced the flavor profile of CO. These findings offer valuable insights into the high-value utilization of bone by-products, making a significant advancement in the field.
New Method for 5′−Nucleotidase Preparation and Evaluation of Its Catalytic Activity
Authors: Zhang Yin , Zeng Qing , Zhang Yingjie , Zhang Pengcheng , Li Qing , Zhou Jiao , Dong Li , Pan Zhongli
Published: February 2024

In this study, we established a new methodology for preparing 5′−nucleotidase (5′−NT) with the aim of enhancing our understanding of its enzyme activity and laying a basis for regulating the content of umami−enhancing nucleotides in pork. 5′−NT was prepared with Sephadex gel filtration and reverse−phase high−performance liquid chromatography, and its enzymatic properties and catalytic activity were evaluated. The results show that the molecular weight of the prepared 5′−NT was 57 kDa, the optimal catalytic temperature was 40 °C, and the optimal pH was 8. Zn2+, and sucrose showed inhibitory effects on the activity of 5′−NT, while K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, glucose, fructose, and trehalose promoted the activity of the studied compound. The prepared 5′−NT exhibited higher catalytic activity and selectivity against IMP compared with its commercial counterpart, while its catalytic activity against XMP was not significant (p > 0.05). In brief, we established a new methodology for preparing 5′−NT, enhancing our understanding of its enzyme activity and providing a solid basis for regulating the content of umami−enhancing nucleotides in pork through the control of endogenous 5′−NT activity.
Research Collaboration: What It Means to Work with Someone
Authors: Song Miri
Published: February 2024

I am very happy to contribute to this Special Issue on the works of Peter Aspinall [...]
The Magmatic Patterns Formed by the Interaction of the Hainan Mantle Plume and Lei–Qiong Crust Revealed through Seismic Ambient Noise Imaging
Authors: Pan Mohan , Yang Ting , Le Ba Manh , Dai Yuhang , Xiao Han
Published: February 2024

Magmatism on continental lithospheres induced by mantle plumes is more complex compared to oceanic intraplate volcanism owing to the heterogeneous nature of continental crustal and lithospheric structures. Substantial evidence points to the deep-oriented Hainan mantle plume beneath the Lei–Qiong region, the southernmost of the South China block. In this study, we present a detailed shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle in the Lei–Qiong volcanic region, derived from 3-year seismic data (2016–2018) from 34 stations and the use of the ambient noise tomography method. An evident columnar low-velocity anomaly was imaged in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Wushi Sag (WSS), Beibu Gulf, potentially suggesting that the center of either one branch or the entirety of the Hainan mantle plume impacts the crust here. This low-velocity anomaly is overlaid by a local Moho deepening, indicative of underplating beneath the existing crust. The Maanling–Leihuling Volcanic Field (MLVF) in northern Hainan Island, previously considered the center of the hotspot, does not exhibit such distinct velocity anomalies. Instead, subtle lower crustal anomalies beneath the MLVF are linked with the upper mantle low-velocity zone beneath the WSS. Additionally, the high-conductivity bodies beneath the MLVF indicate lateral magma transport. Earthquake swarms and deep-seated seismic events beneath the WSS further support the presence of magmatic processes. This study indicates that in the Lei–Qiong region, the interaction of the continental crust with the mantle plume centered in the WSS results in magma exhibiting both vertical ascent and lateral migration, leading to a dual low-velocity shear wave pattern in the upper crust, which significantly influences the surface volcanic activity.
Comparison of the Piezocone Penetrometer (CPTU) and Flat Dilatometer (DMT) Methods for Landslide Characterisation
Authors: Grabar Kristijan , Jug Jasmin , Bek Anja , Strelec Stjepan
Published: February 2024

The increasing occurrence of landslides worldwide causes many human casualties and huge socio-economic losses. Therefore, the fastest and most accurate characterisation of landslides is important. The objective of this study is to compare how well the flat dilatometer (DMT) test and the piezocone penetration (CPTU) test can find the depth of a sliding zone. Inclinometers were used to measure horizontal changes in the soil to ensure the depth of the sliding zone was correct. The coincidence of the results of in situ static probes, and the displacements of the inclinometers is a sure confirmation of the depth of the sliding zone. In the example of Bedekovčina and Kravarsko landslides, in situ static probes were used to obtain values of input parameters on the sliding zone for parametric sensitivity analysis of parameters. Sensitivity analysis was performed by plotting the relationship between the above parameters and the vertical effective stress σ′vo on the sliding zone. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters of 11 tested samples shows that for the parameters of the obtained DMT probe, a higher sensitivity of the parameters is obtained, closer to the values concerning the expected range, and a minor standard deviation. The parameter Kd obtained by dilatometer probing is the best indicator of the depth of the sliding zone. The literature value Kd = 1.8–2.0 on the sliding zone in this paper is extended to the range Kd = 1.8–2.5, and its detection sensitivity is influenced by over-consolidation in shallow soil layers. In general, the research results show that the dilatometer probe has an advantage over the piezocone penetrometer test for the needs of landslide characterisation.
Successful Bone Marrow Transplantation in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Developed from Severe Congenital Neutropenia Using Modified Chemotherapy and Conditioning Regimen for Leukemia
Authors: Matsumura Risa , Mochizuki Shinji , Morishita Yusuke , Hayakawa Hiroko , Karakawa Shuhei , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Okada Satoshi , Hyakuna Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Masao
Published: February 2024

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is characterized by chronic neutropenia with recurrent infections from early infancy and a predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for patients with SCN who develop myelodysplastic syndrome/AML. We report an 8-year-old girl with SCN carrying an ELANE mutation that had been refractory to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The patient experienced recurrent infections and then developed AML. The counts of leukemic blasts that harbored both CSF3R and RUNX1 mutations spontaneously decreased with antimicrobial therapy, leading to partial remission. After AML recurrence, HSCT was successfully performed using modified chemotherapy and a conditioning regimen. Serial donor lymphocyte infusions against mixed chimerism induced complete donor chimerism over 4 years without any infections or AML relapse. This case suggests the importance of carefully managing neutropenia-related infections, leukemia progression, and HSCT in patients with SCN developing AML.
Research Progress on Cuttings of Malus Rootstock Resources in China
Authors: Wang Dajiang , Wang Guangyi , Sun Simiao , Lu Xiang , Liu Zhao , Wang Lin , Tian Wen , Li Zichen , Li Lianwen , Gao Yuan , Wang Kun
Published: February 2024

Apple (Malus Mill.) is one of the most important fruits in China, and it boasts the world’s largest cultivation area and yield. It needs to be grafted onto rootstocks to maintain a variety of characteristics. China has many apple rootstock resources that exhibit high resistance and strong adaptability; for these reasons, they are highly suited to China’s complex and diverse natural environment. In China, apple rootstock breeding began in the 1970s, and now, several rootstocks, such as the ‘GM256’ and ‘SH’ series, are widely used. However, domestic rootstock resources and varieties are difficult to root. This affects the selection, utilization, and promotion of apple rootstocks. Cutting is an important method of rooting for apple rootstocks. This study discusses the main factors that affect rooting in rootstock cutting propagation; it also summarizes the rooting ability of different apple rootstocks and presents analyses of the demand for rootstocks in the major areas of apple production in China. We present the apple rootstock resources that are suitable for the soil and climate conditions of this production. We also call for research on the cutting roots of these specific apple rootstock resources to be expanded and strengthened. It is hoped that cutting rootstocks suitable for major areas of apple production may be more easily screened and bred successfully in China in the near future.
Genetic Transformation of Potato without Antibiotic-Assisted Selection
Authors: Miroshnichenko Dmitry , Klementyeva Anna , Sidorova Tatiana , Pushin Alexander S. , Dolgov Sergey
Published: February 2024

The genetic engineering of plants often relies on the use of antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes for the initial selection of primary transgenic events. Nevertheless, the commercial release of genetically modified crops containing any marker gene encounters several challenges stemming from the lack of consumer acceptance. The development of strategies enabling the generation of marker-free transgenic plants presents an alternative to address public concerns regarding the safety of biotech crops. This study examined the capabilities of highly regenerative potato cultivars to develop transgenic plants without the presence of selective substances in their media. Internodal segments of in vitro potato plants were inoculated with the Agrobacterium strain AGL0 carrying plasmids, which contained the GFP or RFP gene driven by the CaMV 35S promoter to monitor the transformation process by observing in vivo green or red fluorescence. Despite the absence of selective pressure, inoculated explants demonstrated comparable or even higher transient expression compared to experiments based on antibiotic assistant selection. Consequently, under non-selective conditions, non-transgenic, chimeric, and fully fluorescent potato plantlets were concurrently developed. Among the five tested cultivars, the regeneration efficiency of non-chimeric transgenic plants varied from 0.9 (‘Chicago’) to 2.7 (#12-36-42) plants per 100 detached plantlets. Depending on the regenerative characteristics of potato varieties (early, intermediate, or late), a specific time interval can be determined when a blind collection of transgenic plantlets is more successful, streamlining the transformation procedure. The results indicate that the outlined procedure is simple and reproducible, consistently achieving the transformation efficiency of 7.3–12.0% (per 100 inoculated explants) in potato cultivars without selective pressure. The described transformation procedure holds the potential for obtaining cisgenic or intragenic potato plants with new valuable traits that do not carry marker genes.
A Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Study of Twin Pairs Discordant for Incident Acute Myocardial Infarction within Three Years after Blood Sampling Suggests Novel Biomarkers
Authors: Beck Hans Christian , Skovgaard Asmus Cosmos , Mohammadnejad Afsaneh , Palstrøm Nicolai Bjødstrup , Nielsen Palle Fruekilde , Mengel-From Jonas , Hjelmborg Jacob , Rasmussen Lars Melholt , Soerensen Mette
Published: February 2024

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet biomarkers for AMI in the short- or medium-term are lacking. We apply the discordant twin pair design, reducing genetic and environmental confounding, by linking nationwide registry data on AMI diagnoses to a survey of 12,349 twins, thereby identifying 39 twin pairs (48–79 years) discordant for their first-ever AMI within three years after blood sampling. Mass spectrometry of blood plasma identified 715 proteins. Among 363 proteins with a call rate > 50%, imputation and stratified Cox regression analysis revealed seven significant proteins (FDR < 0.05): FGD6, MCAM, and PIK3CB reflected an increased level in AMI twins relative to their non-AMI co-twins (HR > 1), while LBP, IGHV3-15, C1RL, and APOC4 reflected a decreased level in AMI twins relative to their non-AMI co-twins (HR < 1). Additional 50 proteins were nominally significant (p < 0.05), and bioinformatics analyses of all 57 proteins revealed biology within hemostasis, coagulation cascades, the immune system, and the extracellular matrix. A protein–protein-interaction network revealed Fibronectin 1 as a central hub. Finally, technical validation confirmed MCAM, LBP, C1RL, and APOC3. We put forward novel biomarkers for incident AMI, a part of the proteome field where markers are surprisingly rare and where additional studies are highly needed.
Pulmonary Biodistribution of Platelet-Derived Regenerative Exosomes in a Porcine Model
Authors: Rizzo Skylar A. , Bagwell Monique S. , Schiebel Paige , Rolland Tyler J. , Mahlberg Ryan C. , Witt Tyra A. , Nagel Mary E. , Stalboerger Paul G. , Behfar Atta
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of a platelet-derived exosome product (PEP), previously shown to promote regeneration in the setting of wound healing, in a porcine model delivered through various approaches. Exosomes were labeled with DiR far-red lipophilic dye to track and quantify exosomes in tissue, following delivery via intravenous, pulmonary artery balloon catheter, or nebulization in sus scrofa domestic pigs. Following euthanasia, far-red dye was detected by Xenogen IVUS imaging, while exosomal protein CD63 was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Nebulization and intravenous delivery both resulted in global uptake of exosomes within the lung parenchyma. However, nebulization resulted in the greatest degree of exosome uptake. Pulmonary artery balloon catheter-guided delivery provided the further ability to localize pulmonary delivery. No off-target absorption was noted in the heart, spleen, or kidney. However, the liver demonstrated uptake primarily in nebulization-treated animals. Nebulization also resulted in uptake in the trachea, without significant absorption in the esophagus. Overall, this study demonstrated the feasibility of pulmonary delivery of exosomes using nebulization or intravenous infusion to accomplish global delivery or pulmonary artery balloon catheter-guided delivery for localized delivery.
Molecular Aspects of the Functioning of Pathogenic Bacteria Biofilm Based on Quorum Sensing (QS) Signal-Response System and Innovative Non-Antibiotic Strategies for Their Elimination
Authors: Juszczuk-Kubiak Edyta
Published: February 2024

One of the key mechanisms enabling bacterial cells to create biofilms and regulate crucial life functions in a global and highly synchronized way is a bacterial communication system called quorum sensing (QS). QS is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication process that depends on the bacterial population density and is mediated by small signalling molecules called autoinducers (AIs). In bacteria, QS controls the biofilm formation through the global regulation of gene expression involved in the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) synthesis, virulence factor production, stress tolerance and metabolic adaptation. Forming biofilm is one of the crucial mechanisms of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A common feature of human pathogens is the ability to form biofilm, which poses a serious medical issue due to their high susceptibility to traditional antibiotics. Because QS is associated with virulence and biofilm formation, there is a belief that inhibition of QS activity called quorum quenching (QQ) may provide alternative therapeutic methods for treating microbial infections. This review summarises recent progress in biofilm research, focusing on the mechanisms by which biofilms, especially those formed by pathogenic bacteria, become resistant to antibiotic treatment. Subsequently, a potential alternative approach to QS inhibition highlighting innovative non-antibiotic strategies to control AMR and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria has been discussed.
Novel Perspectives in Chronic Kidney Disease-Specific Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Xu Cuicui , Tsihlis George , Chau Katrina , Trinh Katie , Rogers Natasha M. , Julovi Sohel M.
Published: February 2024

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects > 10% of the global adult population and significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which remains the leading cause of death in this population. The development and progression of CVD—compared to the general population—is premature and accelerated, manifesting as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. CKD and CV disease combine to cause multimorbid cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) due to contributions from shared risk factors, including systolic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Additional neurohormonal activation, innate immunity, and inflammation contribute to progressive cardiac and renal deterioration, reflecting the strong bidirectional interaction between these organ systems. A shared molecular pathophysiology—including inflammation, oxidative stress, senescence, and hemodynamic fluctuations characterise all types of CRS. This review highlights the evolving paradigm and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of CRS, outlining the potential for disease-specific therapies and biomarker disease detection.
The Microtubule End Binding Protein Mal3 Is Essential for the Dynamic Assembly of Microtubules during Magnaporthe oryzae Growth and Pathogenesis
Authors: Shen Ningning , Han Libo , Liu Zixuan , Deng Xianya , Zhu Shuai , Liu Chengyu , Tang Dingzhong , Li Yuanbao
Published: February 2024

Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) play crucial roles in many aspects of life processes in eukaryotic organisms. They dynamically assemble physiologically important MT arrays under different cell conditions. Currently, aspects of MT assembly underlying the development and pathogenesis of the model plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) are unclear. In this study, we characterized the MT plus end binding protein MoMal3 in M. oryzae. We found that knockout of MoMal3 results in defects in hyphal polar growth, appressorium-mediated host penetration and nucleus division. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging, we further found that the MoMal3 mutant assembled a rigid MT in parallel with the MT during hyphal polar growth, the cage-like network in the appressorium and the stick-like spindle in nuclear division. These aberrant MT organization patterns in the MoMal3 mutant impaired actin-based cell growth and host infection. Taken together, these findings showed that M. oryzae relies on MoMal3 to assemble elaborate MT arrays for growth and infection. The results also revealed the assembly mode of MTs in M. oryzae, indicating that MTs are pivotal for M. oryzae growth and host infection and may be new targets for devastating fungus control.
Tough Hydrogels with Different Toughening Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Xu Zhengyu , Chen Yanru , Cao Yi , Xue Bin
Published: February 2024

Load-bearing biological tissues, such as cartilage and muscles, exhibit several crucial properties, including high elasticity, strength, and recoverability. These characteristics enable these tissues to endure significant mechanical stresses and swiftly recover after deformation, contributing to their exceptional durability and functionality. In contrast, while hydrogels are highly biocompatible and hold promise as synthetic biomaterials, their inherent network structure often limits their ability to simultaneously possess a diverse range of superior mechanical properties. As a result, the applications of hydrogels are significantly constrained. This article delves into the design mechanisms and mechanical properties of various tough hydrogels and investigates their applications in tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and other fields. The objective is to provide insights into the fabrication and application of hydrogels with combined high strength, stretchability, toughness, and fast recovery as well as their future development directions and challenges.
Osteoimmunology: The Crosstalk between T Cells, B Cells, and Osteoclasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Yang Mei , Zhu Lei
Published: February 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects the joints and can lead to severe damage to cartilage and bones, resulting in significant disability. This condition occurs when the immune system becomes overactive, causing osteoclasts, cells responsible for breaking down bone, to become more active than necessary, leading to bone breakdown. RA disrupts the equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, resulting in serious complications such as localized bone erosion, weakened bones surrounding the joints, and even widespread osteoporosis. Antibodies against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a crucial stimulator of osteoclast differentiation, have shown great effectiveness both in laboratory settings and actual patient cases. Researchers are increasingly focusing on osteoclasts as significant contributors to bone erosion in RA. Given that RA involves an overactive immune system, T cells and B cells play a pivotal role by intensifying the immune response. The imbalance between Th17 cells and Treg cells, premature aging of T cells, and excessive production of antibodies by B cells not only exacerbate inflammation but also accelerate bone destruction. Understanding the connection between the immune system and osteoclasts is crucial for comprehending the impact of RA on bone health. By delving into the immune mechanisms that lead to joint damage, exploring the interactions between the immune system and osteoclasts, and investigating new biomarkers for RA, we can significantly improve early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.
Glycolysis-Stimulated Esrrb Lactylation Promotes the Self-Renewal and Extraembryonic Endoderm Stem Cell Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Dong Qiman , Zhang Qingye , Yang Xiaoqiong , Nai Shanshan , Du Xiaoling , Chen Lingyi
Published: February 2024

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, and glycolytic metabolism is critical for pluripotency establishment, maintenance, and exit. However, an understanding of how glycolysis regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that protein lactylation, regulated by intracellular lactate, contributes to the self-renewal of ESCs. We further showed that Esrrb, an orphan nuclear receptor involved in pluripotency maintenance and extraembryonic endoderm stem cell (XEN) differentiation, is lactylated on K228 and K232. The lactylation of Esrrb enhances its activity in promoting ESC self-renewal in the absence of the LIF and XEN differentiation of ESCs by increasing its binding at target genes. Our studies reveal the importance of protein lactylation in the self-renewal and XEN differentiation of ESCs, and the underlying mechanism of glycolytic metabolism regulating cell fate choice.
A Glycosyl Hydrolase 5 Family Protein Is Essential for Virulence of Necrotrophic Fungi and Can Suppress Plant Immunity
Authors: Liu Xiaofan , Zhao Huihui , Xie Jiatao , Fu Yanping , Li Bo , Yu Xiao , Chen Tao , Lin Yang , Jiang Daohong , Cheng Jiasen
Published: February 2024

Phytopathogenic fungi normally secrete large amounts of CWDEs to enhance infection of plants. In this study, we identified and characterized a secreted glycosyl hydrolase 5 family member in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SsGH5, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Glycosyl Hydrolase 5). SsGH5 was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection. Knocking out SsGH5 did not affect the growth and acid production of S. sclerotiorum but resulted in decreased glucan utilization and significantly reduced virulence. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SsGH5 became more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens and basal immune responses were inhibited in these plants. Remarkably, the lost virulence of the ΔSsGH5 mutants was restored after inoculating onto SsGH5 transgenic Arabidopsis. In summary, these results highlight that S. sclerotiorum suppresses the immune responses of Arabidopsis through secreting SsGH5, and thus exerts full virulence for successful infection.
Molecular Targets of the 5-Amido-Carboxamide Bumped Kinase Inhibitor BKI-1748 in Cryptosporidium parvum and HCT-8 Host Cells
Authors: Ajiboye Jubilee , Uldry Anne-Christine , Heller Manfred , Naguleswaran Arunasalam , Fan Erkang , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Hemphill Andrew , Müller Joachim
Published: February 2024

Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite causing persistent diarrhea in humans and animals. Issuing from target-based drug development, calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitors, collectively named bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs), with excellent efficacies in vitro and in vivo have been generated. Some BKIs including BKI-1748 share a core structure with similarities to the first-generation antiprotozoal drug quinine, which is known to exert notorious side effects. Unlike quinine, BKI-1748 rapidly interfered with C. parvum proliferation in the human colon tumor (HCT) cell line HCT-8 cells and caused dramatic effects on the parasite ultrastructure. To identify putative BKI targets in C. parvum and in host cells, we performed differential affinity chromatography with cell-free extracts from non-infected and infected HCT-8 cells using BKI-1748 and quinine epoxy-activated sepharose columns followed by mass spectrometry. C. parvum proteins of interest were identified in eluates from columns coupled to BKI-1748, or in eluates from both BKI-1748 and quinine columns. However, no C. parvum proteins could be identified binding exclusively to BKI-1748. In contrast, 25 BKI-1748-specific binding proteins originating from HCT-8 cells were detected. Moreover, 29 C. parvum and 224 host cell proteins were identified in both BKI-1748 as well as in quinine eluates. In both C. parvum and host cells, the largest subset of binding proteins was involved in RNA binding and modification, with a focus on ribosomal proteins and proteins involved in RNA splicing. These findings extend previous results, showing that BKI-1748 interacts with putative targets involved in common, essential pathways such as translation and RNA processing.
A Secure Face Verification Scheme Based on Fully Homomorphic Encryption with Anonymity
Authors: Wang Xingchen , Li Peng
Published: February 2024

With the widespread adoption of cloud computing, the face verification process often requires the client to upload the face to an untrusted cloud server to obtain the verification results. Privacy leakage issues may arise if the client’s private information is not protected. This paper proposes a secure and anonymous face verification scheme using fully homomorphic encryption technology and SealPIR. Our scheme is a three-party solution that requires a third-party server trusted by the client. This scheme not only prevents the client’s facial data from being obtained by untrusted data servers but also prevents the data server from learning the index corresponding to the face that the client wants to verify. In a single-face verification process, the client only needs to perform one upload operation and one download operation, with a communication volume of 264 KB. We can complete a privacy-protected anonymous face verification process in 84.91 ms.
The Concept of a Universal Tram Driver Console with Interchangeable Panels for a Polish Tram Simulator
Authors: Kierzkowski Artur , Wolniewicz Łukasz , Danilevičius Algimantas , Mardeusz Ewa , Kin Maciej , Bakinowski Łukasz , Barabasz Dawid , Wielkopolan Przemysław
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a concept for a universal tram driver console that has been developed based on research results regarding the review of tram control panels. These efforts were carried out as part of the project “Innovative training system for tram drivers, based on a full-cab simulator with the application of cognitive science” POIR.01.01.01-00-0135/22, with funding from the Smart Growth Operational Programme. This project involves the development of a tram driver training system based on a full-cabin tram simulator mounted on a motion platform, integrated with eye-tracking technologies and skin conductance response analysis for tram drivers’ assessment. The presented research results regarding the development of a universal control panel structure for a tram simulator have led to the creation of a panel based on interchangeable panels. The arrangement of individual switches was determined based on the identification, selection, critical evaluation, and analysis of data from current solutions.
6-Bromo-2-hydroxypyridinate-bridged Paddlewheel-Type Dirhodium Complex Isomers: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Electrochemical Properties, and Structure-Dependent Absorption Properties
Authors: Sato Kozo , Yano Natsumi , Kataoka Yusuke
Published: February 2024

Two new paddlewheel-type dirhodium (Rh2) complex isomers, formulated as trans-2,2- and 3,1-forms of [Rh2(bhp)4] (bhp = 6-bromo-2-hydroxypyridinate), were obtained by the reaction of 6-bromo-2-hydroxypyridine with [Rh2(O2CCH3)4(H2O)2] and characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, and elemental analyses. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses clarified that the crystal structure of trans-2,2-form takes a conventional paddlewheel-type dimer structure with no axial coordination ligands, i.e., trans-2,2-[Rh2(bhp)4], whereas that of the 3,1-form changed significantly depending on the kinds of solvent used for crystallization processes; dimer-of-dimers-type tetrarhodium complex, i.e., 3,1-[Rh2(bhp)4]2, and a conventional paddlewheel-type dimer complex with an axial DMF ligand, i.e., 3,1-[Rh2(bhp)4(DMF)], were observed. The 3,1-form showed unique absorption changes that were not observed in the trans-2,2-form; the trans-2,2-form showed an absorption band at approximately 780 nm both in the solid state and in solution (CH2Cl2 and DMF), whereas the 3,1-form showed a similar absorption band at 783 nm in CH2Cl2 solution, but their corresponding bands were blue-shifted in solid state (655 nm) and in DMF solution (608 nm). The molecular structures and the origin of their unique absorption properties of these Rh2 complexes were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT).
A Modified Slicing Method with Multi-Dimensional Unfolding to Measure Hadron-Argon Cross Sections
Authors: Liu Yinrui
Published: February 2024

Liquid argon technology is widely used by many previous and current neutrino experiments, and it is also promising for future large-scale neutrino experiments. When detecting neutrinos using liquid argon, many hadrons are involved, which can also interact with argon nuclei. In order to gain a better understanding of the detection processes, and to simulate neutrino events, knowledge of hadron-argon cross sections is needed. This paper describes a new procedure which improves upon the previous work with multi-dimensional unfolding to measure hadron-argon cross sections in a liquid argon time projection chamber. Through a simplified version of simulation, we demonstrate the validity of this procedure.
Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Liver Disease in Patients Undergoing Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Orzan Rares Ilie , Gligor Rares Ioan , Agoston Renata , Cionca Carmen , Zlibut Alexandru , Pais Raluca , Seicean Andrada , Agoston-Coldea Lucia
Published: February 2024

In this single-center cross-sectional study on patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), we assessed the prognostic significance of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and CCTA-derived parameters for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Over a mean follow-up of 26.9 months, 2038 patients were analyzed, with 361 (17.7%) experiencing MACE. MASLD was associated with a higher MACE incidence (25.90% vs. 14.71% without MASLD, p < 0.001). Cox regression revealed significant associations between MASLD, coronary calcium score (CCS), number of plaques (NoP), epicardial fat volume (EFV), and MACE, with hazard ratios of 1.843, 1.001, 1.097, and 1.035, respectively (p < 0.001 for all). A composite risk score integrating CCS, NoP, EFV, and MASLD demonstrated superior predictive value for MACE (AUC = 0.948) compared to individual variables (p < 0.0001 for all). In conclusion, MASLD is linked to an elevated risk of MACE, and a comprehensive risk-scoring system incorporating imaging and clinical factors enhances MACE prediction accuracy.
Prognostic Role of Multiparametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Neo Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Pistoia Laura , Ricchi Paolo , Maggio Aurelio , Cecinati Valerio , Longo Filomena , Sorrentino Francesco , Borsellino Zelia , Salvo Alessandra , Rossi Vincenza , Grassedonio Emanuele , Restaino Gennaro , Renne Stefania , Righi Riccardo , Positano Vincenzo , Cademartiri Filippo
Published: February 2024

Background: We prospectively evaluated the predictive value of multiparametric cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for cardiovascular complications in non-transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (β-NTDT) patients who started regular transfusions in late childhood/adulthood (neo β-TDT). Methods: We considered 180 patients (38.25 ± 11.24 years; 106 females). CMR was used to quantify cardiac iron overload, biventricular function, and atrial dimensions, and to detect left ventricular (LV) replacement fibrosis. Results: During a mean follow-up of 76.87 ± 41.60 months, 18 (10.0%) cardiovascular events were recorded: 2 heart failures, 13 arrhythmias (10 supraventricular), and 3 cases of pulmonary hypertension. Right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), RV mass index (MI), LV replacement fibrosis, and right atrial (RA) area index emerged as significant univariate prognosticators of cardiovascular complications. The low number of events prevented us from performing a multivariable analysis including all univariable predictors simultaneously. Firstly, a multivariable analysis including the two RV size parameters (mass and volume) was carried out, and only the RV MI was proven to independently predict cardiovascular diseases. Then, a multivariable analysis, including RV MI, RA atrial area, and LV replacement fibrosis, was conducted. In this model, RV MI and LV replacement fibrosis emerged as independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes (RV MI: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18; LV replacement fibrosis: HR = 6.26). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of CMR in cardiovascular risk stratification.