bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleon effective mass splitting and density-dependent symmetry energy effects on elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions at Elab= 0.09 ~ 1.5 GeV/nucleon *
Authors: Tong Luyao , Li Pengcheng , Li Fupeng , Wang Yongjia , Li Qingfeng , Liu Fanxin
Published: June 2020

By incorporating an isospin-dependent form of the momentum-dependent potential in the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, we systematically investigate effects of the neutron-proton effective mass splitting

=

and the density-dependent nuclear symmetry energy

on the elliptic flow

in

+

collisions at beam energies from 0.09 to 1.5 GeV/nucleon. It is found that at higher beam energies (

0.25 GeV

nucleon) with the approximately 75 MeV difference in slopes of the two different

, and the variation of

ranging from –0.03 to 0.03 at saturation density with isospin asymmetry

, the

has a stronger influence on the difference in

between neutrons and protons, i.e.,

, than

has. Meanwhile, at lower beam energies (

0.25 GeV

nucleon),

is sensitive to both the

and the

. Moreover, the influence of

on

is more evident with the parameters of this study when using the soft, rather than stiff, symmetry energy.
Evolution of intrinsic nuclear structure in medium mass even-even Xenon isotopes from a microscopic perspective *
Authors: Gupta Surbhi , Bakshi Ridham , Singh Suram , Bharti Arun , Bhat G. H. , Sheikh J. A.
Published: June 2020

In this study, the multi-quasiparticle triaxial projected shell model (TPSM) is applied to investigate

-vibrational bands in transitional nuclei of

. We report that each triaxial intrinsic state has a

-band built on it. The TPSM approach is evaluated by the comparison of TPSM results with available experimental data, which shows a satisfactory agreement. The energy ratios, B(E2) transition rates, and signature splitting of the

-vibrational band are calculated.
A new method to test the cosmic distance duality relation using the strongly lensed gravitational waves *
Authors: Lin Hai-Nan , Li Xin
Published: June 2020

We propose a new method to test the cosmic distance duality relation using the strongly lensed gravitational waves. The simultaneous observation of the image positions, relative time delay between different images, redshift measurements of the lens and the source, together with the mass modelling of the lens galaxy, provide the angular diameter distance to the gravitational wave source. On the other hand, the luminosity distance to the source can be obtained from the observation of the gravitational wave signals. To our knowledge this is the first time a method is proposed to simultaneously measure the angular diameter distance and the luminosity distance from the same source. Hence, the strongly lensed gravitational waves provide a unique method to test the cosmic distance duality relation. With the construction of the third generation gravitational detectors such as the Einstein Telescope, it will be possible to test the cosmic distance duality relation with an accuracy of a few percent.
Resilience for whom? Demographic change and the redevelopment of the built environment in Puerto Rico
Authors: Keenan Jesse M , Hauer Mathew E
Published: June 2020

As Puerto Rico (‘PR’) makes long-term investments in the reconstruction of its built environment following Hurricanes Maria and Irma, a fundamental research question remains unanswered: who will benefit from these recovery and resilience efforts? The article presents 30-year demographic projections (2017–2047) that show current fiscal and infrastructure planning efforts overestimate the size and composition of the future PR populations who may be the direct and indirect beneficiaries of post-Hurricane recovery and resilience investments in the built environment. Our projections suggest long-term projected depopulation are inconsistently applied in the fiscal and infrastructure planning, shaping both recovery and resilience efforts. As PR moves forward with long-term plans and capital investments, consistently deployed, long-range population projections are critical for determining the optimal stewardship of public resources and as a check on the construction of a built environment that might be beyond the sustainable capacity of PR to utilize, maintain, and pay for.
Resistance of mound-building termites to anthropogenic land-use change
Authors: Davies Andrew B , Brodrick Philip G , Parr Catherine L , Asner Gregory P
Published: June 2020

Humans pose a major threat to many species through land-use change in virtually every habitat. However, the extent of this threat is largely unknown for invertebrates due to challenges with investigating their distributions at large scales. This knowledge gap is particularly troublesome for soil macrofauna because of the critical roles many of these organisms perform as ecosystem engineers. We used a combination of high-resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging and deep learning models to map the distribution of the ecologically important termite genus Macrotermes across a South African savanna land-use gradient, quantifying the effects of land-use change on patterns of mound densities, heights and spatial patterning. Despite significant anthropogenic alteration to landscapes, termite mounds persisted and shared a number of similarities to mounds in untransformed areas. Mean mound height was not substantially reduced in transformed landscapes, and over-dispersion of mounds at localized scales was conserved. However, mound densities were partially reduced, and height distributions in transformed areas differed to those in protected areas. Our findings suggest that mound-building termites persist even in areas of relatively high human disturbance, but also highlight important differences in termite distributions that could lead to reductions in ecosystem services provided by termites in human-modified landscapes. The persistence of at least half of mounds in human-modified landscapes could serve as starting points for savanna restoration.
Spectral properties of soft quantum waveguides
Authors: Exner Pavel
Published: June 2020

We consider a soft quantum waveguide described by a two-dimensional Schrödinger operator with an attractive potential in the form of a channel of a fixed profile built along an infinite smooth curve which is not straight but it is asymptotically straight in a suitable sense. Using the Birman–Schwinger principle we show that the discrete spectrum of such an operator is nonempty if the potential well defining the channel profile is deep and narrow enough. Some related problems are also mentioned.
Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking
Authors: McLaughlin Grace A. , Langdon Erin M. , Crutchley John M. , Holt Liam J. , Forest M. Gregory , Newby Jay M. , Gladfelter Amy S.
Published: June 2020

The structure of the cytosol across different length scales is a debated topic in cell biology. Here we present tools to measure the physical state of the cytosol by analyzing the 3D motion of nanoparticles expressed in cells. We find evidence that the physical structure of the cytosol is a fundamental source of variability in biological systems.
Implementation and sustainability of a medication reconciliation toolkit: A mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Stolldorf Deonni P , Mixon Amanda S , Auerbach Andrew D , Aylor Amy R , Shabbir Hasan , Schnipper Jeff , Kripalani Sunil
Published: June 2020

Purpose

MARQUIS (Multi-Center Medication Reconciliation Quality Improvement Study) provided participating hospitals with a toolkit to assist in developing robust medication reconciliation programs. Here we describe hospitals’ implementation of the MARQUIS toolkit, barriers and facilitators, and important factors that may enhance the spread and sustainability of the toolkit.

Methods

We used a mixed methods, quantitative-qualitative study design. We invited site leaders of the 5 hospitals that participated in MARQUIS to complete a Web-based survey and phone interview. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided question development. We analyzed the collected data using descriptive statistics (for survey responses) and thematic content analysis (for interview results).

Results

Site leaders from each MARQUIS hospital participated. They reported that MARQUIS toolkit implementation augmented their hospitals’ existing but limited medication reconciliation practices. Survey results indicated executive leadership support for toolkit implementation but limited institutional support for hiring staff (reported by 20% of respondents) and/or budgetary support for implementation (reported by 60% of respondents). Most participating hospitals (80%) shifted staff responsibilities to support medication reconciliation. Interview findings showed that inner setting (ie, organizational setting) and process factors (eg, designation of champions) both inhibited and facilitated implementation. Hospitals adopted a variety of toolkit interventions (eg, discharge medication counseling) using a range of implementation strategies, including development of educational tools and tip sheets for staff members and electronic health record templates.

Conclusion

Despite limited institutional support, hospitals can successfully implement, spread, and sustain the MARQUIS toolkit by shifting staff responsibilities, adding pharmacy staff, and using a variety of strategies to facilitate implementation. Although leadership support and resources for data collection and dissemination facilitated implementation, limited staff buy-in and competing priorities may hinder implementation.
SurvivalMeth: a web server to investigate the effect of DNA methylation-related functional elements on prognosis
Authors: Zhang Chunlong , Zhao Ning , Zhang Xue , Xiao Jun , Li Junyi , Lv Dezhong , Zhou Weiwei , Li Yongsheng , Xu Juan , Li Xia
Published: June 2020

Aberrant DNA methylation is a fundamental characterization of epigenetics for carcinogenesis. Abnormality of DNA methylation-related functional elements (DMFEs) may lead to dysfunction of regulatory genes in the progression of cancers, contributing to prognosis of many cancers. There is an urgent need to construct a tool to comprehensively assess the impact of DMFEs on prognosis. Therefore, we developed SurvivalMeth (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/survivalmeth) to explore the prognosis-related DMFEs, which documented many kinds of DMFEs, including 309,465 CpG island-related elements, 104,748 transcript-related elements, 77,634 repeat elements, as well as cell-type specific 1,689,653 super enhancers (SE) and 1,304,902 CTCF binding regions for analysis. SurvivalMeth is a convenient tool which collected DNA methylation profiles of 36 cancers and allowed users to query their genes of interest in different datasets for prognosis. Furthermore, SurvivalMeth not only integrated different combinations, including single DMFE, multiple DMFEs, SEs and clinical data, to perform survival analysis on preupload data but also allowed for uploading customized DNA methylation profile of DMFEs from various diseases to analyze. SurvivalMeth provided a comprehensive resource and automated analysis for prognostic DMFEs, including DMFE methylation level, correlation analysis, clinical analysis, differential analysis, DMFE annotation, survival-related detailed result and visualization of survival analysis. In summary, we believe that SurvivalMeth will facilitate prognostic research of DMFEs in diverse cancers.
Nonsmooth backfitting for the excess risk additive regression model with two survival time scales
Authors: Hiabu M , Nielsen J P , Scheike T H
Published: June 2020

We consider an extension of Aalen’s additive regression model that allows covariates to have effects that vary on two different time scales. The two time scales considered are equal up to a constant for each individual and vary across individuals, such as follow-up time and age in medical studies or calendar time and age in longitudinal studies. The model was introduced in Scheike (2001), where it was solved using smoothing techniques. We present a new backfitting algorithm for estimating the structured model without having to use smoothing. Estimators of the cumulative regression functions on the two time scales are suggested by solving local estimating equations jointly on the two time scales. We provide large-sample properties and simultaneous confidence bands. The model is applied to data on myocardial infarction, providing a separation of the two effects stemming from time since diagnosis and age.
Floral structure inThismia(Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales): new insights from anatomy, vasculature and development
Authors: Nuraliev Maxim S , Yudina Sophia V , Shepeleva Ekaterina A , Truong Ba Vuong , Do Thi Xuyen , Beer Anton S , Remizowa Margarita V
Published: June 2020

Thismia is characterized by an exceptionally complicated floral morphology that is currently not understood properly. In the taxonomic literature, descriptive rather than morphological terms are often applied to parts of the flower in Thismia, relating to the general appearance of the floral organs instead of their precise homologies. Precise understanding of the floral structure is complicated by the rarity of Thismia spp. and the paucity of appropriate material. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of three Thismia spp. (T. annamensis, T. javanica and T. mucronata) including the first investigation of inflorescence architecture and early floral development in Thismiaceae. We found a hitherto unknown diversity of the reproductive shoots in the genus, manifested in the number of floral prophylls (two or three, in contrast to a single prophyll in the vast majority of monocots) and in the branching plane resulting in two distinct inflorescence types, a drepanium and a bostryx. We report the non-acropetal sequence of initiation of floral whorls (with stamens being the last elements to initiate), never previously described in monocots, and the gynoecium composed of completely plicate carpels, also a rare feature for monocots. Floral vasculature is relatively uniform in Thismia, but significant interspecific differences are found in tepal innervation, including the number of tepal traces; some of these differences are not immediately related to the external tepal morphology. We argue that the annulus, which acts as a roof of the hypanthium, possesses an androecium nature and represents congenitally fused bases of stamen filaments. We describe the stamens as laminar structures, which are also shortly tubular in the distal part of the supraconnective with the adaxial tubular side forming a skirt-like appendage. Finally, the placentas, which are column-like when mature, are initially parietal, becoming secondarily similar to free-central placentas through schizogenous separation from the ovary wall.
Left heart matters in Ebstein’s anomaly: the importance of a closer follow up—a case report
Authors: Ordoñez Maria Victoria , Bedair Radwa , Curtis Stephanie L
Published: June 2020

Background

Ebstein’s anomaly (EA) is mainly thought of as a right heart condition, however, congenital left-sided lesions can co-exist. Therefore, it is paramount to include the left side of the heart as part of a routine investigation in these patients. We present a 57-year-old symptomatic patient with EA and progressive tricuspid regurgitation (TR) associated with acquired left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOTO).

Case summary

A 57-year-old women, known to have severe EA presented with shortness of breath and chest pain on exertion secondary to progression of the tricuspid valve regurgitation and right ventricle dilatation leading to a dynamic compression of the left outflow tract requiring surgical intervention.

Discussion

Left ventricular obstruction secondary to severe TR and dilation of the right ventricle can present and remain silent at rest but becoming significant on exertion. Therefore, we recommend that all patients with EA and significant TR undergo exercise echocardiography at regular intervals to specifically look for acquired dynamic LVOTO.
Understanding Sexual Violence during the Holocaust: A Reconsideration of Research and Sources
Authors: Mühlhäuser Regina
Published: June 2020

This article revisits research on sexual violence during the Holocaust since the 1970s and asks why it was so difficult to get this subject on the agenda and why it continues to be a challenge to grasp what actually happened. Discussing the difficulties in distinguishing between fact and fiction and rereading the concept of ‘genocidal rape’, I propose that we need to undertake thick descriptions of different situations of sexual violence and, furthermore, to explore victims’ and perpetrators’ sexualities alongside one another.
Contour integrals of analytic functions given on a grid in the complex plane
Authors: Fornberg Bengt
Published: June 2020

Ability to evaluate contour integrals is central to both the theory and the utilization of analytic functions. We present here a complex plane realization of the Euler–Maclaurin formula that includes weights also at some grid points adjacent to each end of a line segment (made up of equispaced grid points, along which we use the trapezoidal rule). For example, with a $5\times 5$ ‘correction stencil’ (with weights about two orders of magnitude smaller than those of the trapezoidal rule), the accuracy is increased from $2$nd to $26$th order.
Osteomyelitis Increases the Rate of Amputation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Lower Extremity Burns
Authors: Nizamani Rabia , Heisler Stephen , Chrisco Lori , Campbell Harold , Jones Samuel W , Williams Felicia N
Published: June 2020

In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), amputation rates exceed 30% when lower extremity osteomyelitis is present. We sought to determine the rate of osteomyelitis and any subsequent amputation in our patients with DM and lower extremity burns. We performed a single-site, retrospective review at our burn center using the institutional burn center registry, linked to clinical and administrative data. Adults (≥18 years old) with DM admitted from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018 for isolated lower extremity burns were eligible for inclusion. We evaluated demographics, burn characteristics, comorbidities, presence of radiologically confirmed osteomyelitis, length of stay (LOS), inpatient hospitalization costs, and amputation rate at 3 months and 12 months after injury. We identified 103 patients with DM and isolated lower extremity burns. Of these, 88 patients did not have osteomyelitis, while 15 patients had radiologically confirmed osteomyelitis within 3 months of the burn injury. Compared to patients without osteomyelitis, patients with osteomyelitis had significantly increased LOS (average LOS 22.7 days vs 12.1 days, P = .0042), inpatient hospitalization costs (average $135,345 vs $62,237, P = .0008), amputation rate within 3 months (66.7% vs 5.70%, P < .00001), and amputation rate within 12 months (66.7% vs 9.1%, P < .0001). The two groups were otherwise similar in demographics, burn injury characteristics, access to healthcare, and preexisting comorbidities. Patients with DM and lower extremity burns incurred increased LOS, higher inpatient hospitalization costs, and increased amputation rates if radiologically confirmed osteomyelitis was present within 3 months of the burn injury.
Cystadenoma of the tongue: report of a case with long-term follow-up
Authors: Kogi Shintaro , Onodera Kei , Tsunoda Naoko , Kawai Tadashi , Miyamoto Ikuya , Takeda Yasunori , Yamada Hiroyuki
Published: June 2020

Cystadenoma is a rare benign salivary gland neoplasm characterized by a predominantly multicystic growth pattern. The parotid gland is involved in about 45–50% of cystadenoma cases, with the minor glands of the lip and buccal mucosa being the next most common sites. The tongue is rarely involved; only one congenital case is reported in the literature. Here, we report a 63-year-old man who was referred to our hospital for a nodule on the right edge of his tongue that developed into an elastic soft mass, 4 mm in diameter. It was clinically diagnosed as a benign tumour and removed under local anaesthesia. Microscopically, the lesion was composed of multiple cysts of various sizes and shapes, with or without papillary intraluminal short projections. It was diagnosed as cystadenoma. The postoperative course was uneventful, and we found no evidence of recurrence at the postoperative 14-year follow-up.
Basic Premise and Classification of Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that there is no one universal approach to competition law and that the design and enforcement of competition law needs to take into account the political, economic, and social circumstances of the country. Given the overwhelming obstacles to attaining economic growth and development, economic policies in a developing country must be tailored to maximize the prospect of growth and development. This means that competition law enforcement should aim to promote growth and meet development needs, even if this may lead to conflict with other objectives of competition law such as the protection of consumer welfare and the pursuit of economic efficiency. Moreover, the various classifications of developing countries suggest that there is significant diversity among them. Indeed, there are likely to be significant differences in terms of market conditions among developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that there is a single approach to competition law enforcement suitable for all of them.
A Proposed Approach
Authors: Cheng Thomas K
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a coherent approach to competition law enforcement in developing countries. The promotion of economic growth and development should be the paramount objective of competition law enforcement in developing countries. However, ascribing the objective of the promotion of economic growth and development to competition law enforcement in developing countries does not require a detraction from a focus on promoting competition. In addition, competition law enforcement in developing countries must abide by the principle of causing no harm to the poor in society. If a developing country decides to pursue industrial policy, its competition authority may be asked to balance between competition and industrial policy objectives. Ultimately, competition law enforcement in developing countries must take into account the economic characteristics of developing countries as well as the enforcement capacity of developing country authorities.
Merger Control
Authors: Cheng Thomas K
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses how developing countries should approach merger review. One of the first issues that needs to be addressed is whether developing country authorities should devote resources to merger review at all. It has been argued that merger review is time-consuming and resource-intensive and should be left to more sophisticated and well-funded authorities. The time and resource intensity of merger review comes down to institutional design. It is thus concluded that an ex ante regime is preferable. A developing country authority can choose between mandatory and voluntary notifications and adjust its notification thresholds to strike a balance between maintaining sufficient scrutiny over problematic mergers and conserving enforcement resources. The chapter then considers various options available to developing country authorities. However, a number of other issues remain. The first is what is the appropriate welfare standard. It is argued that despite the highly controversial nature of the issue, the consumer welfare standard should be preferred. The second is how developing country authorities should analyze different types of merger: horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate. The answer to this question depends on the authority’s enforcement capacity.

Merger control

Horizontal mergers

Vertical effects

Vertical agreements

Conglomerate effects

Judicial remedies
The Intellectual Property–Competition Interface
Authors: Cheng Thomas K
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the interface between intellectual property and competition laws. The interface is the most complex between competition law on the one hand and patent law on the other hand. Developing countries only engage in what can be called laggard innovation, which includes acquisition of tacit knowledge, imitation, and process innovation. This may call for a reconsideration of the appropriate approach to the patent–competition interface in developing countries because laggard innovations, with the exception of process innovation, are not the subject of protection of the patent system. If laggard innovations are not the subject matter of protection of the patent system, the patent-competition rules should have little relevance for the quest for innovations in developing countries. In fact, one can argue that the patent system is an impediment to one of the main sources of laggard innovation, imitation, and that the patent-competition rules should be adjusted in a way to facilitate it if one were serious about adopting a pro-growth approach to competition law enforcement in developing countries. This implies that for developing countries that do not produce patentable innovations, there is no need to balance between patent and competition policies. There is in fact no conflict between these two policy objectives.

Intellectual property rights and

Market-sharing and customer allocation

Enforcement and procedure
Russian Arbitration Law and Practice
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: June 2020

This book represents an analysis of Russian arbitration law from a foreign lawyer’s point of view. Russian arbitration law went through a major reform in 2015. The overall goal of the reform was to make Russia an attractive venue for arbitration with the expectation of soliciting foreign businesses to Russia and preventing ‘off-shorisation’ of Russian businesses. The book covers the reform process at the outset by studying various reform proposals, draft laws and discussion of arbitration experts. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of the post-reform system of arbitration. After addressing issues such as arbitrability, arbitration clauses, arbitral procedure; the book looks into the way Russian courts apply arbitration law when Russian parties apply to the court for setting aside the awards and when foreign parties apply for recognition and enforcement of the awards. For this goal, court decisions have been extensively studied and reproduced in the book. The book is a critical analysis of the current system of arbitration in Russia which will provide practical guidance to lawyers involved in disputes with Russian parties, drawing on the author’s own practical insight and experience.
The Legacy of Racism for Children’s Interactions with the Law
Authors: Stevenson Margaret C. , Bottoms Bette L. , Burke Kelly C.
Published: June 2020

Psychological research and theory are needed to understand how laws and public policies contribute to racial disparities affecting children involved in the legal system. This chapter profiles an actual case to illustrate the complex interplay of myriad problems faced by children of color, such as early poverty, child abuse, failures in public education, and racism institutionalized in the policies and laws meant to protect children. The chapter also previews the issues presented in this book, which address the intersection of race and ethnicity involved in child victimization (sex trafficking, corporal punishment, disclosure of abuse); dependency court decisions and adoptions; juvenile and criminal justice systems (parental incarceration, the school-to-prison pipeline, police–youth interactions, perceptions of victims and offenders); and immigration law and policy. Understanding the intersecting implications of psychology, public policy, and law is necessary to end the challenges facing racial minority youth in America today, ensuring equitable treatment for children of color.
Corporal Punishment Harms All Children
Authors: Patton Stacey
Published: June 2020

Corporal punishment remains a controversial practice among American parents despite over 1,400 studies demonstrating the harms to children’s long-term physical and psychological health. Although the public strongly believes there are large disparities in racial attitudes about hitting children, national surveys show that the majority of parents across racial and ethnic lines (with the exception of Asians) defend hitting. Moreover, the utilization of the culture defense in public forums is erroneous and harmful. Consequently, expert witnesses who invoke the culture defense are admitting views of a vocal minority into courtrooms while lacking evidentiary value that satisfies Daubert standards. This chapter provides a template for how to dismantle assertions that whupping children is an intrinsic cultural tradition among African Americans. It also shares historical and scientific facts to help professionals counter defenses that attempt to minimize the harms of children or excuse their maltreatment.
Adults’ Perceptions of Law-Involved Minority Children and Youth
Authors: Burke Kelly C. , Petty Taylor , Jones Tayler M. , Stevenson Margaret C. , Silberkleit Gent , Bottoms Bette L.
Published: June 2020

This chapter reviews the role of race and ethnicity in shaping legal actors’ (e.g., police officers, attorneys, judges, jurors, parole officers) perceptions and judgments of youth victims and offenders. The intention of this review is to provide researchers with a comprehensive synthesis of the literature and to help front-line workers understand how race influences their interactions with racial minority youth. The chapter begins by considering racism in the criminal justice system generally and the research showing how race shapes perceptions of adult offenders and victims. The main focus is a review of research illustrating parallel findings in cases involving youthful offenders and victims. The chapter ends with recommendations for future research, as well as practical applications to improve law and public policy and to assist legal actors during their interactions with racial minority youth.
Child Immigration
Authors: Thronson Veronica T. , Thronson David B.
Published: June 2020

Race has played a prominent and persistent role in shaping U.S. immigration laws, and immigration laws in turn play a critical role in shaping the racial composition of the nation. Immigration status also serves as a proxy in efforts to target people for negative treatment based on race or poverty. The contrived development of immigration law has broad effect, but it also has particular bearing on children. As addressed in this chapter, immigration law and immigration enforcement affect the mental health of children in immigrant families, causing and contributing to trauma. Immigration law creates barriers to economic security, on the basis of both real and perceived immigration status, such that children in immigrant families suffer disproportionately. Efforts at reform will be daunting, as embedded legacies of race will not easily give way, but reform informed by research on the profound negative effects that immigration law has on children will provide a starting point for meaningful change.
Feeling Sick
Authors: Keel Pamela K.
Published: June 2020

Eating is fundamental to our survival and subject to numerous biological regulators that influence when, what, and how much we eat. This makes biological factors central to any answer for why someone develops purging disorder. Genetic factors impact body weight and temperament and may even influence a person’s susceptibility to nausea and vomiting. Yet data from family and twin studies suggest that genes may play a slightly smaller role in risk for purging disorder compared to other eating disorders. Instead, biological responses to food intake may explain the unique configuration of purging after consuming normal amounts of food in purging disorder. Compared to those with bulimia, individuals with purging disorder have greater release of hormones that trigger the brain to stop eating. Compared to those with bulimia and those without an eating disorder, individuals with purging disorder release excessive amounts of a hormone that triggers feelings of nausea and stomachache.
Outcomes Near and Far
Authors: Keel Pamela K.
Published: June 2020

What does the future hold for someone with purging disorder? Across studies including 943 individuals with purging disorder, approximately 3 out of 5 people (60%) had an eating disorder at follow-up anywhere from 11 weeks after they started treatment to 10 years after they were recruited from the community. Most continue to have an eating disorder characterized by purging or compulsive exercise in the absence of binge eating, but some progress to bingeing and purging. An average of 10 years after diagnosis with purging disorder, only 40% had no eating disorder. One study reported that 1 in 20 purging disorder inpatients died by 9-year follow-up, with suicide and medical complications of the eating disorder explaining all but one death in this cohort. These sobering statistics underscore the need to do better, and this chapter ends with a call for action to advance understanding and improve interventions for purging disorder.
Daily Session Schedule
Authors: Rauch Sheila A. M. , Rothbaum Barbara O. , Smith Erin R. , Foa Edna B.
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents how all the pieces of the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP) fit together to form a program. The authors discuss areas for variations and ways to improve efficiency. Each day of the PE-IOP program is described, with each component noted and the detailed specifics outlined. Suggested time markers for sessions are presented.
Time Out for Self-Reflection
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

The joys and challenges of being a parent are especially evident during adolescence. Given the many suggestions and techniques that are provided in the book, it is important for parents to identify what might interfere with their ability to implement them. Therefore, this chapter looks that the issue of self-reflection, or examining how a parent’s past affects current behavior and how they are related. Trauma, a history of depression, and current depression are all issues that are examined. A case is presented of a mother who was overly concerned about her daughter’s social life because of the negative role-modeling and expectations she had absorbed from her past. Another case of a family with an isolated teenage boy is also analyzed. Numerous paths to self-reflection are identified and described.
Getting Help on Campus
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

If a student is suffering from depression or anxiety, going to the counseling center is the best plan of action. Staff there are usually able to see students on a short term basis and refer them to a psychotherapist and psychiatrist if necessary. Availability can vary by the college’s resources, however. There are many other sources of support on campus including resident advisers, student support groups, deans, college chaplains, and faculty mentors. There are also specific services for victims of sexual assault. The process of getting help is revealed by the story of a young woman returning from the semester abroad and her challenges reintegrating into the college campus. Issues of confidentiality and family involvement are also discussed.
Does GBD 2010 Succeed in Measuring Health?
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: June 2020

This chapter responds to Joshua Salomon’s argument in Chapter 5 of this volume that the Global Burden of Disease 2010 (GBD) study succeeds in measuring health (Salomon et al. 2012a,b).. It begins by criticizing some detailed features of the GBD 2010’s surveys that make it unlikely that they succeed in measuring what they aim to measure. The chapter also comments on the consistency in the survey responses across very different nations, which may appear to support the claim that GBD 2010 succeeds in measuring health. Finally, the author argues that there is an interpretation of the results that is at least equally plausible, whereby GBD 2010 measures the values people assign to health rather than health itself.
Extended Preferences and the Valuation of Health
Authors: Adler Matthew D.
Published: June 2020

Measures of health quality used to evaluate governmental policy or to assess a society’s health condition—for example, as an input into cost-effectiveness analysis or the global burden of disease assessment—should take account of the fact that individuals are heterogeneous not only in their health states, but also in their preferences regarding health (the tradeoffs they are willing to make between different health conditions, and between health and longevity). This chapter presents a methodology for measuring health, the “extended preferences” framework, that both defers to individuals’ preferences in the valuation of health, and allows for preference heterogeneity. It is, plausibly, an advance over existing measures (such as quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years), which as implemented either ignore the preferences of the individuals whose health states are at issue, or assume identical preferences.
Equivalent Income and the Well-Being Burden of Disease
Authors: Schokkaert Erik
Published: June 2020

Economic evaluation of health policy has to go beyond health to focus on a broader concept of individual well-being if it aims at contributing to the debate about the optimal size of the health budget while taking into account economic inequality. The definition of well-being for policy purposes is neither a psychological nor a metaphysical issue, but a normative one. Happiness or subjective satisfaction are not attractive for this purpose, and this chapter proposes an alternative, the so-called equivalent income measure. Equivalent income does respect individual considered opinions about what is a good life. The author shows that the concept can be made operational through an analysis of the well-being burden of disease in various European countries.
Causal Attribution, Counterfactuals, and Disease Interventions
Authors: Woodward James
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores a number of interrelated issues that affect assessment of the global burden of disease including what can be learned from causal attributions of particular episodes of death and disability to specific diseases (such as cancer and stroke) about the effects of interventions to remove or reduce the incidence of these diseases (disease interventions). It also explores the use of counterfactuals in epidemiological causal reasoning—a methodology that is employed in the Global Burden of Disease project. It is argued that the effects of such disease interventions can be reliably predicted from causal attribution data alone only when strong additional “independence” assumptions are satisfied. It also argued that in many realistic circumstances these assumptions are unlikely to hold and that when they do not, additional information besides that provided by causal attribution data is needed to predict the effects of disease interventions. Among other things, one needs to explicitly model the causal relationships among different diseases or causes of death. This, in turn, requires frameworks (e.g., structural equations and directed graphs) that explicitly incorporate counterfactual information about what would happen if one were to intervene in various ways. Later sections discuss the sorts of variables that can or should figure in causal claims in epidemiology and the relevance of the epidemiological notions of excess and etiological fractions to predicting the results of disease interventions.
Causal Contribution
Authors: Hall Ned
Published: June 2020

Causal language in everyday life and even in policymaking contexts encourages a certain kind of mistake: given some quantifiable outcome (say, the total number of years of life lost in a certain community, over a certain time period), it may be taken for granted that it makes sense to ask, How much of this outcome was due to its various causes? But only in very rare circumstances—when the causal factors in question act additively—is this question well posed. This chapter explains what this additivity requirement amounts to, why it is almost never met, and why an alternative that some have found beguiling—draw on the game-theoretic concept of “Shapley values”—provides no refuge. In discussions of the global burden of disease, the question of what percentage of a given outcome each of its causes “contributed” to that outcome should be rejected as meaningless.
To Discount or Not to Discount?
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Zuber Stéphane
Published: June 2020

Discounting future health benefits when computing the global burden of disease has been highly debated. This chapter reviews some arguments in favor of discounting. The authors first propose a general theory of discounting for health benefits, based on a social welfare approach. They review two well-known arguments in favor of discounting: the infinite postponement paradox and the eradication paradox. They argue that these are invalid arguments. At the same time, they argue that the principle of weighting all life years equally, independently of time, is not plausible under assumptions of welfare growth. Health should be discounted, but at a rate that should not be related to market interest rates, or to the discount rate for regular consumption goods. The authors contend that the social welfare approach justifies a positive but very low discount rate for health.
Prisoner of War, 1941–1944
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter deals entirely with Fisher’s experience as a medical officer in a prisoner-of-war camp during World War II. Medical facilities and care, recreation, learning experiences, and German behavior in the prisoner-of-war camp are discussed, as is his liberation. Undoubtedly, Fisher’s wartime experiences had a profound effect on his later life and career. He did not pay much attention to material goods, money, or finances. He believed so much time in his life had been wasted as a prisoner that he was determined to make each subsequent day meaningful. With regard to his career, he was determined to contribute to knowledge and to dedicate himself to the optimum care of patients. He also developed a wide interest in people and human nature, probably at least kindled by the variety of individuals he came in contact with during the war years.
Pathology at Boston City Hospital
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter discusses Fisher’s experiences as a neuropathologist and neurologist in training at the Boston City Hospital during 1949. This training propelled Fisher into a career in the field of stroke and cerebrovascular disease. The vigorous academic milieu implemented by the director of Boston City Hospital, Derek Denny-Brown, and the work ethic on the neurological unit were new experiences for Fisher. There, he contacted individuals who would prove to be role models, mentors, and colleagues during much of his later career. The neurology and pathology departments at the hospital are described in this chapter, as are the background and major characteristics of Drs. Derek Denny-Brown and Raymond Adams, the key physicians who trained Fisher at Boston City Hospital. Early discoveries about brain embolism are mentioned.
Fisher’s Collegiality, Personality Traits and Idiosyncrasies, and “Rules”
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: The main attributes of Fisher—being a learner and teacher, his Socratic teaching method, his mentoring, his role as a physician, and his role as a colleague—are analyzed in this chapter. In addition, the “rules” that guided his behavior are enumerated. Fisher was unconcerned about time. He spent as much time as he needed to thoroughly analyze neuropathology specimens, to review literature in the library, and at the bedside until he satisfied himself that he had obtained all the salient details of a case. Fisher was clearly focused entirely on medical activities. His disregard and unconcern about practical and financial matters were legendary. He was a very compulsive note taker and collector. In addition, he was forward looking and flexible. He also enjoyed acting and was very patriotic.
Patient Selection Criteria for Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor
Authors: Dahdah Laura S. Surillo , Yazdani Umar , Dewey Richard B. , O’Suilleabhain Padraig , Chitnis Shilpa
Published: June 2020

Tremor is an involuntary movement characterized by a rhythmic oscillation around a fixed point or trajectory. It can be classified based on its clinical features or underlying cause. Tremor was the first approved indication for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the United States. Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder. These patients typically suffer from tremor of the hands and arms, and about 40% suffer from head tremor and 20% from voice tremor. Most candidates for functional neurosurgery have severe action or postural tremor that impairs function and quality of life to the extent that the risks, costs, and inconvenience of DBS treatment are justified. Unilateral procedures are commonly performed, although bilateral procedures should be considered when limb tremor is severe bilaterally or when head, voice, or trunk tremor causes significant disability. One reason for initially pursuing unilateral DBS for control of tremor in the dominant hand is that many patients will not require repeat surgery for the nondominant side despite residual tremor on that side. Many centers have developed a staged approach to DBS for ET that allows time to pass between the two stages; this can facilitate recovery and potentially diminish the negative consequences associated with a second procedure.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor
Authors: Bluett Brent
Published: June 2020

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders and can result in disabling symptoms that are refractory to standard medications. In 1997, the US Food and Drug Administration approved deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermedius nucleus of the thalamus for treatment of ET. DBS often reduces or eliminates the need for medications to treat ET. Proper patient selection and expertise in DBS programming are critical to ensure optimal outcomes. Recent advances in DBS include directional current steering and multisource independent constant current to program each electrode with its own power source. This chapter discusses proper patient selection, programming guidelines, and clinical pearls in DBS for ET.
Rebound Tremor Following a Suboptimally Placed Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Jindal Parul , Jimenez-Shahed Joohi
Published: June 2020

Long-term treatment of essential tremor (ET) with ventral intermediate (ViM) nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be complicated by rebound tremor and loss of sustained tremor control over days to weeks after DBS programming. This phenomenon is well-recognized but definitive treatments are lacking. In this chapter, the authors present a case in which rebound tremor was attributed to sub-optimal lead placement. Patient’s symptoms improved and tremor control was re-captured after electrode revision. Risk factors and management strategies for rebound tremor are also reviewed.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Mehanna Raja
Published: June 2020

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) directed to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus interna (GPi) has been demonstrated to improve motor control as well as quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). While patient screening is key to ensure that only patients with the most advantageous risk-to-benefit ratio proceed to DBS, effective postoperative programming is key to improving cardinal motor symptoms of PD. Applying sound principles of DBS programming can maximize benefits and reduce side effects of DBS. This chapter suggests a systematic approach to DBS programming for PD as well as a few programming pearls.