bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Free Amino Acids in Bovine Muscles
Authors: MA ROBERTA M. , MATLACK M. B. , HINER R. L.
Published: August 2006

Paper chromatography was used in studying variations in the free amino acid content of beef muscle. Analysis of eleven cuts representing nine muscles from a cow shows a variation in the content of certain free amino acids. In general, the variation of the peak of the curve obtained from the chromatogram by a photoelectric densitometer is greatest in the leucine‐isoleucine spot. The more tender cuts (Longissimus dorsi and Psoas major) contain more leucine‐isoleucine than the less tender Semitendinosus. This was further evidenced in a comparative study of these same muscles from seven beef animals. In each of these seven animals the amounts of these free amino acids increased from the less tender to the more tender muscles. Since the results agree in general with those found by other methods, this study is now being extended to many more animals.
The Distribution of Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid in the Potato Tubera
Authors: MUDAMBI SUMATI RAJAGOPAL , HANNING FLORA
Published: August 2006

Two zones that together approximate the cortical layer of two varieties of stored potatoes were compared in thiamine and total ascorbic acid content with the center region. In both varieties the cortical layer contained a slightly higher concentration of thiamine than the center. In Sebago but not in Russet Burbank, total ascorbic acid was higher in the cortical region. The components of total ascorbic acid were determined separately in the Russet Burbank variety. The biologically active fraction (reduced and dehydroascorbic acid together) constituted 90‐970% of the total ascorbic acid.
Proximate Composition and Sodium and Potassium Contents of Four Species of Commercial Bottom Fish
Authors: THURSTON CLAUDE E.
Published: August 2006

The proximate composition and sodium and potassium contents of four species of bottom fish from Pacific Coast waters were investigated. Pacific Ocean perch, Pacific cod, and lingcod were quite uniform in composition regardless of species, size, season and area of capture, and method of preservation on board the fishing vessel. The averages were 79‐81% moisture, 18‐19% protein, 0.5‐1.5% oil, 1.1‐1.3% ash, 60‐70 mg% sodium, and 390‐440 mg% potassium. Sablefish varied greatly in oil content, with a range of 3‐23% and an average of 15%. Variations in the other constituents were rather large; averages were 71% moisture, 13% protein, 1% ash, 56 mg% sodium, and 348 mg% potassium.
Comparison of Four Methods of Isolating Salmonellae from Foods, and Elaboration of a Preferred Procedure
Authors: MONTFORD JEANNINE , THATCHER F. S.
Published: August 2006

From comparative study of four methods of isolation of Salmonella from egg products, of six enrichment broths and five selective media, and of several secondary technical operations, a recommended scheme for isolation of salmonellae from foods was devised and shown to be effective for diverse foods containing as few as 0.15 salmonellae per g, even in the presence of extreme coliform and other bacterial contamination.
Lipolytic Activity of Microorganisms at Low and Intermediate Temperatures. III. Activity of Microbial Lipases at Temperatures Below 0°C
Authors: ALFORD JOHN A. , PIERCE DAVID A.
Published: August 2006

The lipolytic activity at ‐7, ‐18, and ‐29°C of strains of Pseudomonas fragi, Staphylococcus aureus, Geotrichum candidum, Candida lipolytica, Penicillium roqueforti, and an unidentified Penicillium sp. in emulsions of corn oil, coconut oil, and lard was determined. The action was measured by titratable acidity and by quantitative determination of the fatty acids by chromatography. The lipases from these microorganisms showed considerable activity within 2‐4 days at ‐7°C and within a week at ‐18°C. Activity at ‐29°C was evident within 3 weeks by some of the cultures, particularly on corn oil. The rate of lipolysis in frozen substrates was directly related to their degree of unsaturation. However, there also were differences among genera. The lipase of G. candidum had considerably more specificity for oleic and linoleic acids than any of the others. P. fragi and C. lipolytica were least able to attack the β‐esterified palmitic acid of lard. The ability of S. aureus to attack this position readily at 35° C was nullified by lowering the temperature to –18° C. A similar effect was observed on the mold lipase.
Relationship of Extensibility of Muscle Fibers to Tenderness of Beef
Authors: HOSTETLER ROBERT L. , COVER SYLVIA
Published: August 2006

Greater muscle fiber extensibility in 1‐in. steaks from 24 steers was closely related to higher shear force for both Longissimus dorsi and Biceps femoris muscles cooked to 100°C. At 61°C only L. dorsi showed this close relationship. Greater extensibility for both muscles was associated with lower scores (tougher meat) for softness to tooth pressure, ease of fragmentation and mealiness of muscle fibers at 100°C. At 61° C these relationships were not as marked for either muscle.
The Relationship Between the Components of Myofibrillar Protein and the Effect of Various Phosphates that Influence the Binding Quality of Sausagea,b
Authors: FUKAZAWA TOSHIYUKI , HASHIMOTO YOSHIO , YASUI TSUTOMU
Published: August 2006

Components of myofibrillar protein consist mainly of a “heavy” part of myosin B; the existence of small components was recognized in 43‐50% of saturated ammonium sulfate from salting‐out diagrams of native myofibrillar protein. Regarding the increase in the binding quality of sausage that the phosphate addition brought about, the facts are summarized: first, in the native state the effect has been correlated with the action of phosphate in promoting the extraction of protein from intact fibrils; and second, in the denatured state the effect has been correlated with the quantities of “light” components dissociated by ultracentrifugation as result of addition of phosphate. It was shown that the binding properties of sausage bear close relationship to the amount and the nature of myosin A contained and/or liberated in myosin B.
Temperature and the Retrogradation of Starch
Authors: KALB A. JOSEPH , STERLING CLARENCE
Published: August 2006

Cornstarch sols (2%) were prepared at a series of gelatinization temperatures (80–127°C) and stored at 1, 37, and 70°C. At 1°C storage, retrogradatios was slower as the temperature of gelatinization was greater. At 37°C storage, no retrogradation occurred in samples gelatinized at lower temperatures, and solubilization took place in samples gelatinized at higher temperatures. At 70°C storage, solubilization occurred in all samples, but more rapidly as the temperature of gelatinization was greater.
Probable Identity of the Pectinase Inhibitor in Grape Leaves
Authors: PORTER WILLIAM L. , SCHWARTZ JOSEPH H. , BELL THOMAS A. , ETCHELLS JOHN L.
Published: August 2006

Studies were continued on the chemical nature of the water‐soluble substance in Muscadine grape leaves that was previously reported as inhibiting pectinase and cellulase. The inhibitor is a tannin or tannin‐like material, removable from leaf extracts by hide powder, caffeine, gelatin, and nicotine sulfate. Muscadine leaves had the highest inhibiting activity of the plants tested.
Some Characteristics of Coagulase‐Positive Staphylococci from Market Meats Relative to Their Origins Into the Meatsa,b
Authors: JAY JAMES M.
Published: August 2006

From four market meats (hamburger, pork chops, beef liver, and round steak) obtained at 28 retail stores, 136 isolates of coagulase‐positive staphylococci were recovered. Suggestive of human sources of Staphylococcus aureus to the meats were bacteriophage types of most of the isolates similar to those of human strains. Also, over 70% of the isolates produced hemolysins characteristic of human strains of S. aureus. Suggestive of non‐human sources was the finding that none of the strains was resistant to penicillin and three other antibiotics and that 6% were resistant to streptomycin, 3% to chlortet‐racycline, and 12.5% to ristocetin.
Factor Analysis Applied to Paired Preferences Among Four Grape Juices
Authors: BAKER G. A. , AMERINE M. A. , PANGBORN R. M.
Published: August 2006

Four grape juices differing in amount of added citric acid were examined by paired comparison by 72 tasters. Some judges preferred sweet and some preferred acid juices, causing pronounced and progressive changes in the frequency distributions of the preference ratings. The correlation coefficient between variances and acid differences was 0.98. The direction and degree of preference was much more consistent for larger differences in acid. Mathematical models developed by other authors for analysis of paired comparison data are of doubtful validity or awkward in application to the present data.
Peroxidase Regeneration and Its Effect on Quality in Frozen Peas and Thawed Peas
Authors: PINSENT B. R. W.
Published: August 2006

Peroxidase was regenerated in samples of peas that had been blanched just sufficiently to destroy the original peroxidase activity. The regeneration occurred after a few months in peas stored at −18° C, or within a few hours in thawed peas held at room temperature. The maximum activity regenerated was about 4% of the original activity. No regeneration occurred in peas given substantially more heat treatment than was needed for inactivation. Peroxidase regeneration during frozen storage, or after thawing, did not affect the quality of peas.
Extraction of Lipids from Oxidizing Mulleta
Authors: ZIPSER MARELYNN W. , DUPONT JACQUELINE , WATTS BETTY M.
Published: August 2006

Total lipids, lipid phosphorus, and total polyenes extracted from mullet tissues with chloroform‐methanol show a progressive decrease in oxidizing mullet tissue. Thiobarbituric acid values from chloroform‐methanol extracts of oxidized tissues are approx 30–50% of those obtained from the unextracted tissue. Much of the TBA‐reactive material becomes concentrated in the inter‐facial fluff during the washing of such extracts. Chloroform alone extracts only about 10% of the TBA‐reactive material.
The Browning Produced by Heating Fresh Pork. I. The Relation of Browning Intensity to Chemical Constituents and pHa,b
Authors: PEARSON A. M. , HARRINGTON G. , WEST R. G. , SPOONER MILDRED E.
Published: August 2006

A relationship between the degree of brownness produced by deep‐fat frying or by evaporating to dryness in a 100°C electric oven was established. Fresh pork as chops, in a water slurry, or a water extract developed varying degrees of brownness on heating. The amount of brown color development was related to the level of reducing sugars in the tissues. The degree of color development could be measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 375 mμ. The development of brownness in buffered solutions was pH‐dependent, with maximum color being produced between pH 5.60 and 5.90.
The Molecular Oxygen Content of Dehydrated Foods a
Authors: SIDWELL C. G. , SALWIN HAROLD , KOCH ROBERT B.
Published: August 2006

A polarographic method for measuring the molecular oxygen content of foods is described. Oxygen contents determined by the method were of the same order of magnitude as peroxide oxygen values of non‐rancid fats and oils. Factors that controlled the molecular oxygen content of dehydrated foods were percent moisture, surface area, partial pressure of oxygen, and absorbability of other gases in the headspace.
Antimicrobial Agent of Aged Surface Ripened Cheese.
Authors: GRECZ N. , DACK G. M. , HEDRICK L. R.
Published: August 2006

Antibiotic activity in aged Liederkranz cheese was found to be produced by the aerobic microorganisms inhabiting its surface. Brevibacterium linens was the principal source of the antimicrobial agent(s). Yeast of the Candida type and, when present, some other microorganisms contributed minor antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial agent(s) of aged Liederkranz cheese had the following properties: 1) dialysable through cellulose casing, 2) absorbed on Norit A at acid pH, 3) stable in acid and alkaline solutions ranging from pH 2.0 to 12.0 at 24° C, 4) destroyed within 20 hr in alkaline solution at pH 12 at room temperature, 5) in aqueous solution stable to heating at 121° C for 10 min at acid pH(pH<5.0) but decreased activity at pH 5.0 to 8.5, 6) in agar medium of pH 6.8–7.0 activity remained after heating at 121° C for 45 min, 7) soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and butanol, slightly soluble in acetone and insoluble in ethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ethyl acetate, 8) inhibited growth of many gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria as well as several yeasts and molds, and 9) related to antibiotic from B. linens but distinct from nisin, an antibiotic commonly associated with dairy products. In a survey of market samples of cheeses to determine whether antibiotic activity was present, only surface‐ripened cheeses with a brown smear made up of bacteria were found to contain antibacterial activity. Other types of cheeses which did not develop this brown smear did not possess this activity. It may be concluded that antibiotic activity is contained in the brown bacterial surface smear that develops during ripening.
A Comparison of Two Calorimetric Methods for Determining Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Frozen Peasa,b
Authors: STOWELL MARTHA LOIS , TINKLIN GWENDOLYN L. , HARRISON DOROTHY L.
Published: August 2006

The sodium 2,6‐dichlorohenzenoneindophenol method (Method A) and the diazotized 4‐methoxy‐2‐nitroaniline method (Method B) for measuring reduced ascorbic acid in frozen peas were compared. A randomized incomplete block design with 12 replications for each of the two methods of ascorbic acid analysis was used. Very highly significant differences in ascorbic acid values were obtained between Methods A and B, with Method A always the higher.
A Rating‐Scale Method for Determining Absolute Taste Thresholds
Authors: GREGSON R. A. M.
Published: August 2006

Absolute taste thresholds for salt and sweetness were determined by a combination of ascending‐series and rating‐scale methods: for salt a value only very slightly under previous quoted figures was obtained, for sugar a value of .002 p/p was obtained. The results also permitted a scaling of each taste description on the rating‐scales in terms of both j.n.d's above threshold and solution concentrations. Previous workers have doubted whether there is one single absolute threshold for taste: the present results suggest a number of thresholds in an ascending series may be defined operationally.
A Spectrophotometric Investigation of Dihydroxyacetone‐Arginine Browning
Authors: MORRIS ROBERT J. , ANN FORDHAM PATRICIA
Published: August 2006

Color development was maximum at a 2:l stoichiometric ratio of dihydroxyacetone to arginine when both the molar‐ratio and Job's methods were applied to solutions maintained at a pH 6.3–6.5. The reactants, which produced the red‐brown color through a series of chemical changes, gave reprodueihle absorbance data at 300 mμ for solutions containing a final concentration of 2–120 ppm of dihydroxyacetone.
Volatile Ester Equilibria in Plant Tissuea
Authors: HULTIN HERBERT O.
Published: August 2006

Variations in the apparent dissociation constants of ethyl acetate for several different samples of banana pulp are noted. It is hypothesized that the variations might he due to the involvement of coupled reactions that supply or delete one or more of the reacting species at a rate faster than that at which the tissue esterases function to establish equilibrium. In the same samples, the constants for methyl acetate and iso‐amyl acetate remained relatively constant.
Nutrient Content of Variety Meats.
Authors: KIZLAITIS LILIA , STEINFELD M. I. , SIEDLER A. J.
Published: August 2006

Analyses are presented of the vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron content and proximate composition of raw variety meats from beef, calf, lamb, and pork. Vitamin A content of liver varied considerably from reported values. Extreme variations within different liver samples were also observed. Lamb liver contained the largest amounts of vitamin A of any of the samples tested. Small amounts were found in kidney and lamb lung. Vitamin C content was greatest in calf and beef thymus.
Confusion in Sensory Scoring Induced by Experimental Design
Authors: AMERINE M. A. , BAKER G. A. , OUGH C. S.
Published: August 2006

Replicated scorings of 4 series of wines were made by 8 tasters with two different designs of presentation. Design 1 consisted of different wines with additives (each wine with four concentrations of additives was tasted as a block) and design 2 consisted of randomization of tastings over all wines and additives. In any one design, tasters did not react the same for any given series. The differences showed up in both mean scorings and in the variability of the scorings. When the design was broadened to include more diverse categories in a randomized fashion, the scorings became biased in rather unpredictable ways and the variability of the scorings increased in general, in some cases.
Changes in Water‐Soluble Calcium and Magnesium Content of Pear Fruit Tissue During Maturation and Ripening in Relation to Changes in Pectic Substances
Authors: ESAU PAUL , JOSLYN M. A. , CLAYPOOL L. L.
Published: August 2006

Changes were determined in total and water‐soluble calcium and magnesium content and in the pectic substances of Bartlett pears during maturation and storage. The data indicate a change in metabolic processes when the fruit is removed from the tree. In maturing fruit, about 48% of calcium and 65% of magnesium are present in soluble form. Both cations generally decreased during maturation. The Mg/Ca ratio varied with growing conditions and may be related to soil composition. The data indicate that mare, total pectin, water‐soluble pectin, total calcium, and total magnesium arc correlated with firmness. The relationship of soluble calcium and magnesium to firmness is radically different in detached fruit from that in fruit on the tree. Analyses of data indicate that the “bound” calcium and magnesium are present in concentrations far greater than the total available carboxyl groups of pectin, and that protopecin content is not related to calcium‐ or magnesium‐bound pectinic acid chains. In detaching ripening fruit, when a general breakdown begins there is a good correlation of all data with firmness.
Development and Application of an Apparatus for Continuous Measurement of Muscle Extensibility and Elasticity Before and During Rigor Mortisa,a,b
Authors: BRISKEY E. J. , SAYRE R. N. , CASSENS R. G.
Published: August 2006

An apparatus was developed to study the extensibility and elasticity characteristics of muscle fibers before and during the onset of rigor mortis. A variable load (weight) was applied to a muscle specimen held in a chamber under controlled conditions maintained by a thermostatically regulated cartridge heater, cooling coil, and gas inlet. A solenoid cell, energized by a cyclic timer, was used to release and apply the load in a direction longitudinal to the vertically mounted specimen. A lever attached to the specimen‐loading, system transmitted the extensibility and elasticity of the specimen to the armature of a differential transformer. The output voltage, from the secondary transformer winding was directly proportional to displacement of the armature. This AC output signal was rectified and transferred to a DC recording microammeter. The time course of rigor mortis was not influenced by loading and unloading interval or size of muscle strip, and was found to be temperature‐dependent, being prolonged as temperature was decreased. The white fibers of the semitendinosus muscle were found to have a considerably longer delay phase than the red fibers. The relations between the time course of rigor mortis and the ultimate properties of the muscle were discussed.
Darkening of Red Beets, Beta Vulgaris
Authors: BOSCAN L. , POWRIE W. D. , FENNEMA O.
Published: August 2006

Color changes in disrupted tissue of red beets were studied under various conditions with a Hunter color and color‐difference meter. Results showed that both autoxidation and enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation of brown‐pigment precursors were responsible for the darkening of beet tissue. Histochemical studies on the localization of phenolase in red, beets showed that the vascular tissue was the major site of enzyme activity. Apparently, the cell walls contained a small amount of phenolase. High phenolase activity was observed in both a beet extract and washed pulp of beets. Data are presented on the optimum pH and substrate specificity of beet phenolase. A solution containing 2% sodium carbonate and 5% sodium chloride was found to be a good solvent for extraction of the phenolase from washed beet pulp. At least four phenolic compounds were separated by paper chromatography.
Preparation and Properties of Rhamnosidase and Glucosidase Fractions from a Fungal Flavonoid Glycosidase Preparation, “Naringinase C‐100”
Authors: DUNLAP W. J. , HAGEN R. E. , WENDER S. H.
Published: August 2006

A fungal enzyme preparation, “Naringinase C‐100,” was separated by paper electrophoresis into individual rhamnosidase and glucosidase fractions. The specificities of these fractions were determined by testing their ability to hydrolyze various flavonoid and related phenolic glycosides. The individual rhamnosidase and glucosidase fractions were characterized by determining the degree of hydrolysis produced in standard naringin and prunin substrate solutions at various pH's, temperatures, and time intervals. A paper chromatographic‐fluorometric method suitable for quantitative determination of naringin and prunin in mixtures containing naringin, prunin, and naringenin was devised and employed in the characterization studies.
Pesticide Residue Analysis. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of 2,6‐Dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline
Authors: BECKMAN HERMAN , BEVENUE ARTHUR
Published: August 2006

Two procedures for the analysis of dicloran (2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline) by gas chromatography are described. Determination of residues in fruit with a microcoulometer detector with a sensitivity of 0.01 ppm is outlined, and determination of dicloran with a thermal‐conductivity detector with a sensitivity of 0.5 ppm is discussed. Gas chromatography with a thermal‐conductivity detector is also applicable to the analysis of formnlations of dicloran for quality control or regulatory purposes.
The Bioassay of Pimaricin and Its Binding Effect in Orange Juicea
Authors: SHIRK RICHARD J. , WHITEHILL ALVIN R. , CLARK WALTER L.
Published: August 2006

The stability of low levels of the antifungal pimaricin in orange juice can be quantitatively followed by a cylinder‐plate agar assay using a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is sensitive to 0.6 μg/ml. Pimaricin is stable in orange juice stored in the dark under refrigeration. The assay data indicate that pimaricin is adsorbed or bound to the juice pulp, and the recovery from the juice depends upon proper sample dilution.
Utilization of Some Carbon and Nitrogen Sources by Pseudomonas fluoresceda
Authors: VANDERZANT C. , OUSLEY T. J.
Published: August 2006

All test cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens established growth in a basal medium (0.02% Mg SO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, and 0.5% glucose) with NH4H2PO4, NaNH4HPO4, or (NH4)2HPO4 as the sole source of nitrogen. NH4Cl2 NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4 supported growth of the majority of the cultures. Complex organic N substrates were readily utilized by all test cultures. Glutamic acid, leucine, and proline were satisfactory sources of both nitrogen and carbon for all test cultures. With NH4H2PO4 as the sole source of nitrogen, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, maltose, trehalose, starch, arabitol, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, scyllo inosose, citric acid, malie, pyruvic, caprylic or capric acid supported growth of all cultures. 1‐Nonanol, 1‐decanol, and 1‐hendecanol were satisfactory carbon sources.
Inactivation‐Rate Studies on a Radiation‐Resistant Spoilage Microorganism III. Thermal Inactivation Rates in Beefa,b
Authors: DUGGAN D. E. , ANDERSON A. W. , ELLIKER P. R.
Published: August 2006

The thermal resistance of Micrococcus radiodurans R1, a spoilage bacterium highly resistant to ionizing radiation, was characterized. A modified “thermal‐death‐time tube” was used, with cells uniformly suspended in a raw meat puree reconstituted from freeze‐dried and powdered beef that had been screened to remove pipette‐plugging fibers and irradiated to eliminate viable aerobic organisms before use. Thermal death rate, unlike the radiation death rate, seemed to approximate an exponential form, as indicated by survival curves. A D1A0= 0.75 and z= 10.65 describes the heat resistance in beef. Simple calculations suggested that if all parts of the samples of beef reached 150° F, the lower level of the “medium‐done” range, a 1‐min hold at that temperature should reduce viable nymbers by a factor of 10−10 and a 2‐min hold should reduce numbers by a factor of 10−20.
Direct Microscopic Technique to Detect Viable Yeast Cells in Pasteurized Orange Drink
Authors: McDONALD V. R.
Published: August 2006

Biological spoilage of non‐carbonated orange drink is caused mainly by yeasts that are not inhibited by preservatives at permitted levels. A stain that distinguishes living from dead yeast cells was used to develop a technique that detected yeast growth within 24–36 hr of the addition of one viable yeast cell per 190 ml of pasteurized orange drink.
Growth of Psychrophiles. I. Lipid Changes in Relation to Growth‐Temperature Reductionsa
Authors: WELLS FRANK E. , HARTSELL STANLEY E. , STADELMAN WILLIAM J.
Published: August 2006

A monomolecular surface‐film method was used to evaluate lipid changes in bacteria isolated from refrigerated poultry meat. Changes in cell lipids were studied as functions of reduced growth temperature and growth in the presence of low concentrations of chlortetracycline. Temperature reduction did not cause lipid changes in representative psychrophilic bacteria but did cause profound changes in a gram‐positive rod having a lesser ability to grow at 4°C. Growth in the presence of CTC caused lipid increases in all strains.
Maple Sirup. XXI. The Effect of Temperature and Formaldehyde on the Growth of Pseudomonas geniculata in Maple Sap
Authors: WASSERMAN AARON E. , WILLITS C. O.
Published: August 2006

The growth of Pseudonmonas geniculata in sterile maple sap in the presence and absence of 5 ppm formaldehyde at several temperatures was investigated. At 27°C, the growth of inocula as low as 103 cells/ml was rapid, and the effect of formaldehyde, if any, was negligible. At 7°C, the temperature slowed the growth of the bacteria, particularly in cultures inoculated with 103 or 104 cells/ml. Formaldehyde further inhibited the cultures, initially causing a decrease in the number of viable organisms and lengthening the lag period before growth began again. This was particularly noticeable in the cultures with the smaller inocula.
The Influence of Post‐mortem Glycolysis on Poultry Tenderness a
Authors: de FREMERY DONALD , POOL MORRIS F.
Published: August 2006

The minimization of post‐mortem glycolysis by 1) subcutaneous injections of adrenaline, which eliminates muscle glycogen ante‐mortem, 2) intravenous injections of sodium iodoacetate, which inhibits phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, or 3) rapid cooking, has resulted in poultry meat that is tender without aging. Since these treatments accelerate rigor mortis, the elimination of post‐mortem glycolysis eliminates the toughening associated with an acceleration of rigor mortis in normal birds.
The Major Anthocyanin Pigments of Vitis Vinifera Varieties Flame Tokay, Emperor, and Red Malaga
Authors: AKIYOSHI MINORU , WEBB A. D. , KEPNER R. E.
Published: August 2006

The table‐grape variety Flame Tokay contains cyanidin‐3‐monoglucoside as the principal skin pigment, 82% of the total pigment, with no evidence for the presence of malvidin‐3‐monoglucoside. Skin pigment compositions for the Red Malaga and Emperor varieties were also determined.
Autoxidation of Beef and Tuna Oxymyoglobinsa
Authors: BROWN W. DUANE , DOLEV AMI
Published: August 2006

Rates of autoxidation of beef and tuna oxymyoglobins have been determined at pH 5.9 with various buffer concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.6M) and temperatures ranging from 0 to 40°C. The autoxidation is first‐order with respect to unoxidized myoglobin under all conditions used. The rates of oxidation of tuna oxymyoglobin were independent of buffer concentration, whereas those of beef myoglobin decreased with increasing buffer concentration. Tuna oxymyoglobin was oxidized more slowly than beef at 0 to 10°C at all buffer concentrations, and at higher temperatures and low buffer concentration; at high temperatures and high buffer concentration, tuna oxymyoglobin was oxidized more rapidly than beef. Oxidation of a crude preparation of beef oxymyoglobin was slower than that of purified myoglobin.
Chemical and Radiochemical Composition of the Rongelapese Diet
Authors: CHAKRAVARTI DIPTIMAN , HELD EDWARD E.
Published: August 2006

The gross chemical composition of the Rongelapese diet indicates that it is low in fat, protein, and ash hut fairly high in carbohydrate. The variation in gross chemical composition of the diets examined may be accounted for by the broad variability of the different diets. The habitat of the Rongelapese probably does not demand a high‐energy diet, which may partially justify the lower fat intake. Levels of calcium and phosphorus seem below the minimum required for maintenance of a proper calcium‐phosphorus balance. The diet seems adequate in magnesium and potassium but slightly low in sodium. The nickel, cobalt, and copper contents seem high in the Rongelap rations, manganese content is low, and iron and zinc compare favorably with minimum daily requirements.

Hight levels of cobalt‐60 and zinc‐65 are associated with each other and with rations containing local fish. The higher levels of strontium‐90 and cesium‐137 are found where local fruit was consumed. Coconut contributes little strontium‐90, and pandanus the most. Rations with higher zinc‐65 also contain higher levels of stable zinc, indicating that local sea foods may be the main source of zinc in the diet. Cesium‐137, strontium‐90, and cobalt‐60 show no definite correlation with stable potassium, calcium, and cobalt, respectively. There is probably a net addition of minerals to Rongelap soils from imported foods.
Decomposed pairwise regression analysis of genetic and geographic distances reveals a metapopulation structure of stream‐dwelling Dolly Varden charr
Authors: KOIZUMI ITSURO , YAMAMOTO SHOICHIRO , MAEKAWA KOJI
Published: August 2006

Isolation by distance is usually tested by the correlation of genetic and geographic distances separating all pairwise populations’ combinations. However, this method can be significantly biased by only a few highly diverged populations and lose the information of individual population. To detect outlier populations and investigate the relative strengths of gene flow and genetic drift for each population, we propose a decomposed pairwise regression analysis. This analysis was applied to the well‐described one‐dimensional stepping‐stone system of stream‐dwelling Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma). When genetic and geographic distances were plotted for all pairs of 17 tributary populations, the correlation was significant but weak (r2 = 0.184). Seven outlier populations were determined based on the systematic bias of the regression residuals, followed by Akaike's information criteria. The best model, 10 populations included, showed a strong pattern of isolation by distance (r2 = 0.758), suggesting equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift in these populations. Each outlier population was also analysed by plotting pairwise genetic and geographic distances against the 10 nonoutlier populations, and categorized into one of the three patterns: strong genetic drift, genetic drift with a limited gene flow and a high level of gene flow. These classifications were generally consistent with a priori predictions for each population (physical barrier, population size, anthropogenic impacts). Combined the genetic analysis with field observations, Dolly Varden in this river appeared to form a mainland‐island or source‐sink metapopulation structure. The generality of the method will merit many types of spatial genetic analyses.
Immigration, species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage: white‐eyes on Indian Ocean islands
Authors: WARREN BEN H. , BERMINGHAM ELDREDGE , PRYS‐JONES ROBERT P. , THÉBAUD CHRISTOPHE
Published: August 2006

Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of species‐rich lineages in regions where geological history can be reliably inferred may provide insights into the scale of processes driving diversification. Here we sample all extant or recently extinct white‐eye (Zosterops) taxa of the southwest Indian Ocean, combined with samples from all principal continental lineages. Results support a high dispersal capability, with at least two independent continental sources for white‐eyes of the region. An early (within 1.8 million years ago) expansion into the Indian Ocean may have originated either from Asia or Africa; the three resulting lineages show a disparate distribution consistent with considerable extinction following their arrival. Africa is supported as the origin of a later expansion into the region (within 1.2 million years ago). On two islands, a pair of Zosterops species derived from independent immigrations into the Indian Ocean co‐occur or may have formerly co‐occurred, providing strong support for their origin by double‐island colonization rather than within‐island (sympatric or microallopatric) speciation. On Mauritius and La Réunion, phylogenetic placement of sympatric white‐eyes allow us to rule out a scenario in which independent within‐island speciation occurred on both islands; one of the species pairs must have arisen by double colonization, while the other pair is likely to have arisen by the same mechanism. Long‐distance immigration therefore appears to be responsible for much of the region's white‐eye diversity. Independent immigrations into the region have resulted in lineages with mutually exclusive distributions and it seems likely that competition with congeneric species, rather than arrival frequency, may limit present‐day diversity.
Topical lidocaine effectively reduced the increase of systolic blood pressure after side‐clamping of the aorta in off‐pump cardiac surgery
Authors: Kweon T. D. , Kim S. H. , Oh Y. J. , Shim J. K. , Hong Y. W. , Kwak Y.‐L.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Side‐clamping of the ascending aorta during off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) may be associated with a significant increase in systemic blood pressure which may rarely result in aortic dissection. We evaluated whether topical application of lidocaine on the ascending aorta could reduce the rise in systemic blood pressure during side‐clamping of the aorta in OPCAB.

Methods:  Forty‐four patients scheduled for OPCAB were randomly allocated to receive gauze soaked with 10 ml of 4% lidocaine (n= 22) or normal saline (n= 22) on the side‐clamping site of the aorta. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was infused as necessary to maintain the systolic blood pressure at around 100 mmHg immediately prior to and during side‐clamp of the aorta. The requirement and frequency of use of SNP, as well as haemodynamic variables, were recorded serially.

Results:  The number of patients requiring an SNP infusion and the average amount of infused SNP were significantly less in the lidocaine group. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly during side‐clamping in the control group, but not in the lidocaine group.

Conclusion:  Topical application of lidocaine on the surface of the aorta is a simple and effective method to reduce the risk of a sudden increase in systemic blood pressure during side‐clamping of the aorta.
Reconciling differences in trophic control in mid‐latitude marine ecosystems
Authors: Frank Kenneth T. , Petrie Brian , Shackell Nancy L. , Choi Jae S.
Published: August 2006

The dependence of long‐term fishery yields on primary productivity, largely based on cross‐system comparisons and without reference to the potential dynamic character of this relationship, has long been considered strong evidence for bottom‐up control in marine systems. We examined time series of intensive empirical observations from nine heavily exploited regions in the western North Atlantic and find evidence of spatial variance of trophic control. Top‐down control dominated in northern areas, the dynamics evolved from bottom‐up to top‐down in an intermediate region, and bottom‐up control governed the southern areas. A simplified, trophic control diagram was developed accounting for top‐down and bottom‐up forcing within a larger region whose base state dynamics are bottom‐up and can accommodate time‐varying dynamics. Species diversity and ocean temperature co‐varied, being relatively high in southern areas and lower in the north, mirroring the shifting pattern of trophic control. A combination of compensatory population dynamics and accelerated demographic rates in southern areas seems to account for the greater stability of the predator species complex in this region.
B001 Multicentre Randomized Trial of Sphincter Preserving Surgery for Ultra‐Low Rectal Carcinoma
Authors: Rullier E. , Rivoire M. , Lelong B. , Vanseymortier L. , Mineur L. , Pocard M. , Lasser P. , Faucheron J.l. , Dravet F. , Pezet D. , Saint‐Aubert B. , Rouanet P
Published: August 2006

Objective  This randomized study compared two neoadjuvant treatments in patients with a low rectal cancer less than 2 cm from the anal verge that would have required APR before radiotherapy.

Method  A total of 207 patients (71% uT3) with a rectal carcinoma at 0.5 cm from the anal verge were randomized in two groups. The group HDR received a high dose of radiotherapy (45 Gy + boost 18 Gy). The group RCT received 45 Gy with concomitant chemotherapy (5FU). Surgery was performed 6 weeks after treatment, surgeons were trained with TME, APR and intersphincteric resection.

Results  The rate of sphincter preserving surgery was 83% after HDR and 86% after RCT (P = 0.69). There was no difference in morbidity, clinical tumour regression (80% vs. 87%) and complete pathological response (8% vs. 15%) between HDR and RCT. Overall, the rate of R0 resection was 78%. After a follow‐up of 23 months, the rates of local and distant recurrence were 6% and 19% respectively and the disease‐free survival was 77%. Survival was better after sphincter preservation than after APR.

Conclusion  Sphincter preservation was achieved in 85% of ultra‐low rectal carcinomas without compromising oncological prinicples. No difference was observed between HDR and RCT. Further follow‐up is necessary to confirm this conservative approach.
B002 Sacral Nerve Modulation for Faecal Incontinence: Repaired Anal Sphincter Complex Versus Anal Sphincter Defect
Authors: Melenhorst J. , Koch S.M. , Uludag Ö. , Van Gemert W.G. , Baeten C.G.
Published: August 2006

Objective  Sacral nerve modulation (SNM) for the treatment of faecal incontinence (FI) was originally performed with an intact anal sphincter. Two groups of patients were analysed to investigate whether SNM is as effective in patients with FI associated with an anal sphincter defect as in patients with FI after an anal repair (AR).

Method  Group A was initially treated with an AR resulting in an anatomically intact anal sphincter. They were treated with SNM because of persisting or recurring FI. Group B consisted of patients with a defect in the sphincter primarily treated with SNM. The follow‐up visits were scheduled at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and annually thereafter.

Results  Group A consisted of 20 patients. The mean number of incontinence episodes decreased significantly with SNM (P = 0.018). There was no significant difference in resting and squeeze pressures during SNM. Group B consisted of 20 women. The size of the defect in the anal sphincter varied between 17% and 33%. The mean number of incontinence episodes decreased significantly with SNM (P = 0.012). Again there was no significant change in the resting and squeeze pressures. Comparison between group A and B revealed no statistical difference.

Conclusion  Faecal incontinence associated with an anal sphincter defect of <33% of the circumference can be treated primarily with SNM.
B004 Small, Flat and Depressed Colorectal Carcinomas: Natural History and Survival
Authors: Tweedle E.M. , Azadeh B. , Rooney P.S.
Published: August 2006

Objective  The natural history of flat and depressed colorectal carcinomas is poorly understood in Western countries. We compared small, polypoid and flat or depressed tumours surgically resected in our teaching hospital over a nine‐year period. Analysis of TNM staging and survival is presented.

Method  A total of 1763 colorectal cancers were identified. Small tumours <20 mm across were included, M:F 1:1, age 69, (42–90 years). Slides were reviewed by a histopathologist and classified using Japanese Research Society Classification, JRSC.

Results  There were 61 small cancers, 64% (39/61) were flat or depressed and 33% (20/61) polypoid. Two tumours were unclassifiable. T3 tumours at presentation were more likely to be flat or depressed than polypoid, (P = 0.016). Significantly more T1 tumours at presentation were polypoid (P = 0.033). Rates of nodal metastases were high in both groups, (30% in polypoid vs. 39% flat/depressed; non‐significant P = 0.361). Five‐year disease‐specific survival for small tumours was 54% and for node positive tumours was 19%, (P = 0.003). Flat/depressed morphology predicted a non‐significant reduction in three‐year survival of 63% (92%–167%, P = 0.197).

Conclusion  Small and flat cancers should be staged and treated radically because of high rates of systemic disease. Further work is aimed at elucidating the pathway of development of flat cancers.
B005 Tumour Cells in Peri‐Tumoural Fibrosis after Neoadjuvant Treatment in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Tanaka S. , Palmer G. , Martling A. , Lindholm J. , Holm T.
Published: August 2006

Objective  In patients with locally advanced (T4) rectal cancer extended resections are usually performed to achieve R0 resection. A significant downsizing and downstaging is often seen after neoadjuvant treatment and histopathological assessment may reveal a T0–T3 tumour with fibrosis between the tumour and the adjacent resected structure. Provided this fibrosis does not contain tumour cells, a less extensive, organ preserving, resection would be preferable in such patients. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of tumour cells within the peri‐tumoural fibrosis

Method  A total of 53 patients with locally advanced (T4) rectal cancer according to clinical and/or radiological evaluation were treated with preoperative radiotherapy or radio‐chemotherapy. Extensive surgery, including resection of another structure or organ was performed based on the pretreatment assessment. Histopathological examination was performed using routine staining supplemented by immunohistochemistry (CK 20).

Results  Scattered tumour cells within the fibrosis, at or outside the mesorectal fascia, were found in 26 patients and in the remaining patients no tumour cells were found.

Conclusion  Although neoadjuvant treatment often induces fibrosis and downsizes locally advanced rectal cancer, less extensive resections (i.e. TME alone) cannot be advocated since the peri‐tumoural fibrosis contains tumour cells in 50% of the patients.
An overview of findings from a six‐country European survey on consumer attitudes to the metabolic syndrome, genetics in nutrition, and potential agro‐food technologies
Authors: De Almeida M. D. V. , Pinhão S. , Stewart‐Knox B. , Parr H. J. , Gibney M. J.
Published: August 2006

Summary  Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that can lead to type 2 diabetes and/or heart disease, is at the centre of LIPGENE. This European Union (EU)‐funded project integrates human nutrition, genomics, agro‐food, social and economic analysis. In the social science module of the project, a six‐country survey was carried out to provide data on consumers’ attitudes towards the metabolic syndrome, potential agro‐food technologies and nutrigenomics. A total of 5967 participants aged 15 years plus from six European countries were interviewed.

Heart disease, obesity, bulimia, anorexia and type 2 diabetes were the most frequently identified diet‐related diseases. Nearly 30% of participants self‐reported suffering from stress, and one in five reported having central obesity. High blood pressure was identified as an extremely high/high‐risk condition for almost half of the sample, followed by high cholesterol. Respondents reported the three most important ways of reducing personal risk of type 2 diabetes or heart disease to be increasing physical activity, eating more fruit and vegetables, and decreasing intake of fatty foods. However, lack of motivation, lack of information and lack of knowledge were identified as barriers to healthy actions. Participants associated the concept of ‘functional foods’ with fruit and vegetables, which were consumed at least once a week by most of them, but they also reported consuming high‐fibre products, probiotic yogurt drinks, foods with added vitamins and/or minerals, and cholesterol‐lowering spreads/drinks. However, the most commonly desired health benefits from foods to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease were a cholesterol‐lowering effect, blood sugar control and weight reduction. The preferred foods to decrease metabolic syndrome were fish, cheese and yogurt ‘with healthy fat’, but these foods were less acceptable to respondents if developed through genetic modification (GM) technology, and more than 30% of the sample would not eat GM foods at all. However, participants said that they would be more willing to consume GM foods if these foods provided health benefits. The survey also showed that many people would be willing to undergo a genetic test for general interest or in order for a diet to be tailored to their needs.
Schools As Subjective Singularities. The Inventions Of Schools In Durkheim's L'évolution Pédagogique En France1
Authors: RUSSO ALESSANDRO
Published: August 2006

Abstract  L'évolution pédagogique en France, is one of the major instances of Durkheim's research, and has long remained in the shadows even among the specialists. The author proposes to reconsider its importance, as it brings about a series of discoveries concerning the very category of the school, and its farsighted sociological views on the relationship between education and society. Durkheim's analyses proves that schools have the result of singular intellectual invention and reinvention, at the core of which lie, the overlapping intersections of knowing, thinking and teaching.
Love as a Contested Concept
Authors: HAMILTON RICHARD PAUL
Published: August 2006

Theorists about love typically downplay the scale of persistent and possibly intractable disagreement about love. Where they have considered such disagreements at all, they have tended to treat them as an example of the lack of clarity surrounding the concept of love, a problem which can be resolved by philosophical analysis. In doing so, they invariably slip into prescriptive mode and offer moral injunctions in the guise of conceptual analyses.

This article argues for philosophical modesty. I propose that the starting point of any coherent philosophical investigation of love must be a willingness to take our disagreements seriously. These disagreements stem from profound moral differences: we disagree about love inasmuch as we disagree about how we should properly treat one another.

With a series of examples drawn from philosophy, literature and real life I attempt to illustrate some of the disagreements that arise in relation to erotic love. Drawing upon the work of Wittgenstein, Friedrich Waissman and W.B. Gallie, I suggest that any robust theory of love needs to take account of its contestable nature and the integral role it plays in our moral life.