bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTEST DESIGN: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: SHEREMETA ROMAN M.
Published: April 2010

This paper experimentally compares the performance of four simultaneous lottery contests: a grand contest, two multiple prize settings (equal and unequal prizes), and a contest which consists of two subcontests. Consistent with the theory, the grand contest generates the highest effort levels among all simultaneous contests. In multi‐prize settings, equal prizes produce lower efforts than unequal prizes. The results also support the argument that joint contests generate higher efforts than an equivalent number of subcontests. Contrary to the theory, there is significant over‐dissipation. This over‐dissipation can be partially explained by strong endowment size effects. Subjects who receive higher endowments tend to over‐dissipate, whereas such over‐dissipation disappears when the endowments are lower. This behavior is consistent with the predictions of a quantal response equilibrium. We also find that less risk‐averse subjects over‐dissipate more. (JEL C72, C91, D72)
DOES RELATIVE THINKING EXIST IN REAL‐WORLD SITUATIONS? A FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH BAGELS AND CREAM CHEESE
Authors: AZAR OFER H.
Published: April 2010

Many experiments show that consumers consider relative price differences even when only absolute price differences are relevant from an economic perspective, a phenomenon that was denoted “relative thinking.” These experiments, however, were conducted using hypothetical questions. To test whether the relative thinking bias also exists in real‐world situations, a field experiment where subjects could purchase either a bagel or a bagel with cream cheese was conducted. The monetary addition for the cream cheese was kept constant ($0.20) in both treatments, but the bagel's price varied ($0.05 in one treatment and $0.30 in the other). Relative thinking then implies that more people should add the cream cheese when the bagel's price is higher, because the relative price increase for the cream cheese is then smaller. However, the results did not document any relative thinking—more people (in percentage of those who purchase) added the cream cheese when the bagel's price was lower (the difference between the treatments, however, was not statistically significant). A replication of the experiment as a hypothetical‐scenario experiment did document relative thinking, suggesting that introduction of financial incentives might alleviate relative thinking.(JELC93, D01, D10, L00, M31)
Differentiation, perceived stress and therapeutic alliance as key factors in the early stage of couple therapy
Authors: Knerr Michael , Bartle‐Haring Suzanne
Published: April 2010

A sample of 168 couples were assessed at intake and over the first six sessions of treatment providing the opportunity to investigate not only the impact of client and common factors on initial levels of satisfaction, but also trajectories of change in satisfaction over time. The study used multi‐level modelling to examine changes in relationship satisfaction for both partners, thus enabling the couple to be maintained as the unit of analysis. We first examined changes in satisfaction and, having discovered differences there, we then investigated the impact of client factors of differentiation and stress in explaining these differences in relationship satisfaction. Finally we explored the additional influence of the common factor, therapeutic alliance, while controlling for the client factors, on relationship satisfaction.
Discovering forgiveness through empathy: implications for couple and family therapy
Authors: Hill E. Wayne
Published: April 2010

This article explores the concept of forgiveness in the context of couple and family therapy. Forgiveness is described as a complex psychological and relational process that is more a discovery via understanding and empathy than an act of will. Empathy is related to emotional intelligence, and the developmental and relational benefits of both are discussed. A rationale for viewing forgiveness in a contextual (family of origin), historical and relational attachment paradigm is offered. Relevant clinical cases illustrate the process of forgiveness as discovery in the context of an empathic relational environment where ambivalence is anticipated and respected.
Elucidating the psychosocial context of ‘post‐concussion syndrome’ (PCS): a case study from post‐Milan systemic family therapy
Authors: Yeates Giles N. , Luckie Michael , De Beer Zach , Khela Parmjit
Published: April 2010

The literature on post‐concussion syndrome (PCS) following mild head injury includes biopsychosocial formulations. However, it is contended that the complexities of the psychosocial remain conceptually underdeveloped. An engagement with this complexity is presented via a case study from post‐Milan systemic family therapy. The work described is with grandparents, a mother and daughter. The latter two both initially experienced PCS following a road traffic accident, yet demonstrated contrasting outcomes in the year post‐injury. Implications for family therapy services and the wider literature are discussed.
Quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Guevara C. A. , Blain C. R. , Stahl D. , Lythgoe D. J. , Leigh P. N. , Barker G. J.
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the measurement of a number of brain tissue metabolites in vivo, including N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), a putative marker of neuronal integrity. Unlike single voxel MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) enables quantification of these metabolites simultaneously from multiple anatomically localized voxels. Both single voxel MRS and MRSI allow the absolute quantification of these metabolites and, when combined with tissue segmentation, can give accurate metabolite concentrations even in the presence of partial volume effects from nearby cerebrospinal fluid.

Methods:  Using MRSI with cubic voxels with a nominal volume of 1.0 cm3, we tested the hypothesis that concentrations of NAA in the basal ganglia in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) would show differences compared to Parkinson’s disease (IPD). NAA values (in mM) from MRSI voxels centred to the putamen, pallidum and thalamus were obtained from 11 patients with IPD, 11 with MSA‐P, six with MSA‐C, 13 with PSP and 18 controls. The mean concentrations of NAA and its bulk grey and white matter values were also estimated over the whole brain slab.

Results:  N‐acetylaspartate concentrations in the pallidum, putamen and lentiform nucleus were significantly lower in patients with MSA‐P and PSP compared to IPD and controls. The putaminal values were also significantly reduced in PSP compared to MSA‐P. There were no significant differences between groups in the thalamus and over the whole brain slab.

Conclusion:  Our findings support the notion that MRSI can potentially quantify basal ganglia cellular pathology in MSA and PSP.
Assimilation of Foreigners in Former West Germany
Authors: Schaeffer Peter V. , Bukenya James O.
Published: April 2010

Migration movements to industrialized countries have grown in number and size, and the presence of large numbers of immigrants has raised concerns about their integration and assimilation into host societies. This article is an empirical study of assimilation of foreign nationals in Germany. Their experience may hold lessons for other relatively recent immigration destinations. As expected, language is one of the most critical factors for determining integration and assimilation at the workplace and in society. Our results indicate uneven success in these two areas, and suggest that greater language skills may be required for social assimilation, compared to economic assimilation. Among the most important findings of our study are the strong and statistically significant effects of the attitudes by Germans toward immigrants, the significant influence of the region of residence, and the ambivalence of German‐born foreign residents toward naturalization and continued stay. This signals the failure of past integration and assimilation policies. The results show that negative attitudes by ethnic Germans against others at work or in society, in general, reduce interest in integration and assimilation. This is neither new nor surprising and this research does not contribute new theoretical insights, but it demonstrates the magnitude and significance of the effects. The question of why different locations seemed to have different impacts on citizenship aspirations is beyond the scope of this article. The data do not provide information to pursue this question and we suspect that the causes are too complex for a short answer. As expected, non‐EU citizens showed greater interest in acquiring German citizenship than EU citizens. Finally, the results also indicate that the immediate post‐World War II notion of “guest workers” was not completely false. There has been significant return migration and a significant number of respondents to the survey say that they intend to return.
Mainstream In‐Patient Mental Health Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Service User, Carer and Provider Experiences
Authors: Donner Ben , Mutter Robin , Scior Katrina
Published: April 2010

Background  Government guidelines promote the use of mainstream mental health services for people with intellectual disabilities whenever possible. However, little is known about the experiences of people with intellectual disabilities who use such services.

Materials and Methods  Face‐to‐face interviews with service users, carers and community nurses were completed and analysed on a case by case basis using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The results were followed up in focus groups with service providers.

Results  Positive aspects included the provision of respite, particularly for carers, and good basic care. These were outweighed by a perception of the admission as disempowering and lacking in flexible treatment provision. Accessing help emerged as a major problem, as well as the prospect of staff neglecting the specific needs of people with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusions  While there were some indications of improvements in line with recent policies and guidance, mainstream services seem a long way off realizing aims of easy accessibility, person‐centred practices and active partnership with intellectual disability services.
Cognitive Functioning of Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities and Children with Deafblindness: A Study of the Perceptions of Teachers and Parents in the USA and India
Authors: Narayan Jayanthi , Bruce Susan M. , Bhandari Reena , Kolli Padmavathi
Published: April 2010

Background  Teachers and parents play a very important role in providing valuable information for the assessment of children with severe disabilities. The needs of children, educational goals, and parental aspirations are similar irrespective of the part of the globe they live in. This study focused on the perceptions of teachers and parents of children with severe intellectual disability and children with deafblindness in the USA and India.

Method  A total of 125 teachers and parents from both countries formed the participants for the study. A questionnaire of 13 yes/no items with space for narrative comments was administered to participants.

Results  Analysis of the yes/no questions revealed that many of the perceptions of the participants were similar in both countries. Furthermore, the examples cited in the narrative were also similar across both countries. The teachers in this study tended to credit performance more readily than parents and teachers were more likely to report emerging skills and teaching strategies. The narratives highlighted the importance of functional assessment in the child’s natural environment over time to most fully capture the child’s present abilities and potential.

Conclusions  While detailed study with larger samples is necessary, the present study implies that it may be possible to develop assessment tools that can be used across countries for educational planning.
Do You Know What I Feel? A First Step Towards a Physiological Measure of the Subjective Well‐Being of Persons With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Vos Pieter , De Cock Paul , Petry Katja , Van Den Noortgate Wim , Maes Bea
Published: April 2010

Background  Because of limited communicative skills, it is not self‐evident to measure subjective well‐being in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. As a first step towards a non‐interprative measure of subjective well‐being, we explored how the respiratory, cardiovascular and electro dermal response systems were associated with the valence dimension of emotion.

Material and Methods  Three participants were presented with staff selected negative and positive stimuli. During the presentation we measured the participants’ respiration, skin conductance, heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). We used behavioural codings as an extra measure of emotional valence.

Results  Participants showed a shallow, fast breathing pattern, used less thoracic breathing, had a higher skin conductance and had less RSA when experiencing positive emotions then when experiencing negative emotions.

Conclusion  There are physiological differences between positive and negative emotions. The results also indicate that people with PIMD direct their attention away from negative stimuli.
Characterization of Silicon Oxide Nanowires Prepared by Hydrothermal Treatment Using Slow Dissolution of Bulk Glass Source Materials
Authors: Kita Tomoyuki , Nishimoto Shunsuke , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Miyake Michihiro
Published: April 2010

Silicon oxide nanowires were successfully synthesized using a low‐temperature hydrothermal treatment (200°C) without the use of metallic catalysts. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed nanowires having uniform distribution and straight morphology with diameters ranging from 50 to 100 nm and lengths up to ca. 60 μm. TEM results suggest that the nanowires consist of a crystalline core and an amorphous sheath. The nanowires were produced by hydrothermal treatment based on our original concept of slow structure formation by the dissolution of bulk glass source materials (borosilicate glasses), which can be used to supply a continuous source solution.
Synthesis and CO2 Adsorption Characteristics of Lithium Zirconates with High Lithia Content
Authors: Yin Xian‐Sheng , Li Shao‐Peng , Zhang Qin‐Hui , Yu Jian‐Guo
Published: April 2010

Pure monoclinic phase Li6Zr2O7 and rhombohedral phase Li8ZrO6 that coexisted with a fraction of Li6Zr2O7, are synthesized by a liquid phase coprecipitation method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermo‐gravimetric analysis. The high‐temperature CO2 uptake properties of both samples are systematically investigated. The temperature effect tests indicate that, in the case of low temperature (<973 K), both of the adsorbents exhibit slow CO2 uptake rates because of the inhibited diffusion of CO2 in the solid carbonate shell; while at the temperature above the melting point of Li2CO3 (about 983 K), the CO2 uptake rates are enhanced dramatically for both Li6Zr2O7 and Li8ZrO6, and achieved about 12.3% weight gain and 35.0% weight gain within 15 min at 1073 K, respectively. The thermal stability tests indicate that both samples exhibit gradually reduced capacities during the multicycle processes. The analysis of the crystalline structure reveals that the reduced capacities are resulted from the loss of lithia under high temperatures. Finally, the possible adsorption pathways for both monoclinic phase Li6Zr2O7 and rhombohedral phase Li8ZrO6 are suggested as well.
But I'm No Bigot: How Prejudiced White Americans Maintain Unprejudiced Self‐Images
Authors: O'Brien Laurie T. , Crandall Christian S. , Horstman‐Reser April , Warner Ruth , Alsbrooks AnGelica , Blodorn Alison
Published: April 2010

Four experiments investigate a modern paradox: White Americans harbor racial prejudice, but view themselves as unprejudiced. We hypothesized that social representations of prejudice available in American culture lead many Whites to conclude that they are relatively unprejudiced. In Experiment 1, participants primed with the bigot stereotype viewed themselves as less prejudiced. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants exposed to media representations of racists viewed themselves as less prejudiced. In Experiment 4, participants sought exposure to media representations of prejudice after a threat to their unprejudiced self‐image. These experiments suggest that representations of prejudice in American culture lead prejudiced individuals to view themselves as unprejudiced, and the effect of these representations on people's unprejudiced self‐images can be passive or intentional.
Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Mak KK , Day JR
Published: April 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 122–126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00452.x Mak KK, Day JR. Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong.

Abstract:  Objectives:  This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and socioeconomic differences in dental health behaviours among Hong Kong early adolescents.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 4927 students (44.7% boys) aged 14–15 from 36 secondary schools in 2000–2001. Students reported their socioeconomic information and dental health behaviours using the Health Related Behaviour General Questionnaire (HRBGQ). Logistic regression models were used to determine the adjusted odds ratios of regular tooth brushing (at least twice daily), weekly use of dental floss (in the past 7 days) and annual dental visit (in the past 12 months) for different socioeconomic characteristics.

Results:  Of the subjects, 77.8% reported to have brushed regularly, but only 22.3% used dental floss weekly and 37.9% had annual dental visit. Male gender and Chinese ethnicity were significantly associated with lower odds of regular brushing, use of dental floss and annual dental visit. Two or more siblings and not living with both parents were also significantly associated with lower odds of regular brushing and annual dental visit. Furthermore, students living in non‐private housing were significantly less likely to have annual dental visit than those in private housing.

Conclusions:  Regular brushing was common, but not use of dental floss and annual dental visits among Hong Kong early adolescents. In general, socioeconomic disparity in dental health behaviours was observed. Extending the existing government‐run dental health programmes to secondary school students in Hong Kong is warranted.
Difference in incisional complications following exploratory celiotomies using antibacterial‐coated suture material for subcutaneous closure: Prospective randomised study in 100 horses
Authors: BISCHOFBERGER A. S. , BRAUER T. , GUGELCHUK G. , KLOHNEN A.
Published: April 2010

Reasons for performing study:Incisional complications are a major post operative challenge following ventral midline exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain in horses. They lead to discomfort, prolonged hospitalisation, longer recovery times and increased cost; therefore, investigation of preventative procedures are warranted.

Objectives:To determine the clinical effect of antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material on the likelihood of incisional infections when used for closure of subcutaneous tissue following ventral midline celiotomies in horses.

Methods:One hundred horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy assigned at random to one of 2 groups. In the control group coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) was used for apposition of the subcutaneous tissue in a simple continuous pattern and, in the study group, antibacterial (triclosan) coated 2‐0 polyglactin 910 suture material (Vicryl Plus) was used. Post operatively an elastic adhesive abdominal bandage was applied, changed and the incision was inspected by a clinician blinded to the study protocol at 24–36 h and 6–9 days post operatively. Outcomes of interest were evidence of incisional pain, incisional oedema, sheath/udder oedema, incisional drainage, hernia formation and dehiscence.

Results:Antibacterial‐coated suture material did not decrease the likelihood of incisional complications in 100 horses.

Conclusions:A beneficial effect on ventral midline incisions in 100 horses was not evident by using antibacterial‐coated suture material.

Potential relevance:Lack of effectiveness of antibacterial‐coated suture material in equine ventral midline closure after exploratory celiotomy and the observed potential adverse effects suggest that further clinical investigations are needed before using such material routinely on horses.
A morphological and quantitative immunohistochemical study of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the normal equine intestinal tracts
Authors: PAVONE S. , MANDARA M. T.
Published: April 2010

Reasons for performing study: The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play a key role in the control of intestinal motility and have been implicated in several human gastrointestinal dysmotility syndromes, in equine grass sickness and in other intestinal disorders where a significant reduction in ICC density was observed.

Objectives: To investigate the density of ICC in clinically normal horses, ICC c‐Kit expression was evaluated by image analysis in order to obtain numerical data.

Methods: Intestinal samples from the jejunum to small colon from 5 clinically normal horses were studied. Immunohistochemical labelling of ICC was performed using an anti‐c‐Kit antibody. Density of ICC was calculated using image analysis software.

Results: In the equine intestinal tract 2 types of ICC were observed: intramuscular ICC, i.e. ICC in the internal circular layer (IC‐CM) and ICC in the external longitudinal layer (IC‐LM), and myenteric ICC (IC‐MY). The density of IC‐MY was found to be higher throughout the small intestine. IC‐MY density in the large intestine appeared to be greatest in the right ventral colon and in the small colon. IC‐MY density in the ileocaecal junction showed an intermediate value compared to the small and large intestine. On the other hand, the density of IC‐CM was found to be higher in the ileocaecal junction, whereas the caecum, left ventral colon and the left dorsal colon showed the lowest c‐Kit immunoreactivity. The ileal tract and the ileocaecal junction showed an appreciable IC‐LM density.

Conclusions: Image analysis is a rapid and reproducible method to establish the density of ICC in the normal equine intestinal tract.

Potential relevance: This study corroborates the findings of previous studies and provides a platform for further future pathological investigations of the equine intestine by supplying usable numerical data as comparative elements.
The interstitial cells of Cajal of the equine gastrointestinal tract: What we know so far
Authors: FINTL C. , HUDSON N. P. H.
Published: April 2010

Gastrointestinal motility disorders are a serious problem in both veterinary and human medicine and may represent a dysfunction of the neural, muscular or pacemaker components (interstitial cells of Cajal) of bowel control. The interstitial cells of Cajal are considered to be the pacemakers and mediators of certain forms of neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have been implicated, either primarily or secondarily, in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease processes in which there is a prominent element of disturbance to intestinal motility. In the horse, their involvement has been implicated in large intestinal obstructive colic and grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). This review highlights the properties of the interstitial cells of Cajal and the role these cells play in orchestrating gastrointestinal motility patterns. In addition, it examines their role in intestinal motility disorders and summarises our current understanding of their importance in the equine gastrointestinal tract.
Supercritical bifurcation in a simple mechanical system: An undergraduate experiment
Authors: Sharpe J. P. , Sungar N.
Published: April 2010

An inverted pendulum is used to demonstrate a supercritical bifurcation. The results can be explained by a simple theory, and the apparatus is inexpensive, uses readily available USB cameras, and requires no machining. The experiment and analysis are suitable for an upper division advanced laboratory or as a demonstration in mechanics or nonlinear dynamics classes.
Spinning tubes: An authentic research experience in a three-hour laboratory
Authors: Sikkema Arnold E. , Steenwyk Steven D. , Zwart John W.
Published: April 2010

We discuss a three-hour laboratory that is a microcosm of physics research, starting with the discovery of an intriguing phenomenon, and including participation in “research conferences” and the interplay of theory and experiment. Students are given a small segment of PVC pipe marked at opposite ends with different symbols and asked to observe what happens when the pipe is placed on a horizontal surface and one end is pushed downward by a finger to initiate a rotation. Most students immediately recognize that the symbol at one end is visible while the other is not, and set about trying to understand why. Students initially work in pairs and are provided with opportunities to request equipment from a “granting agency” and conferences and collaborations are encouraged. Students are quickly caught up in their search for explanations, usually culminating in a full-class effort with significant contributions coming from all students.
The dynamics of an eccentrically loaded hoop
Authors: Taylor Andrew , Fehrs Mary
Published: April 2010

Several papers have modeled the hopping behavior of a rolling massless hoop with a point mass on the rim and predicted the angle of the point mass with respect to the vertical when the hoop first hopped. The predictions vary from no hop at all to a hop at π/2 or 3π/2. Theron more recently modeled the hoop, assuming that it has mass. For a mass ratio γ of the rim-loaded mass to the total hoop mass, he predicted hopping angles between 3π/2 and 2π. We tested these predictions experimentally for hoops with γ between 0.5 and 0.8 and found that Theron’s model correctly predicts the angles at which the hoop hops. There is a slight disagreement between our results and Theron’s for mass ratios near the crossover between hopping and nonhopping.
Active learning in intermediate optics through concept building laboratories
Authors: Masters Mark F. , Grove Timothy T.
Published: April 2010

We have modified our intermediate optics laboratory to improve student understanding through the use of active learning. Our approach relies on the direct confrontation of misconceptions through the use of predictions, collection of data to support or refute the predictions, reconciliation of the predictions and observations, discussions, and leading questions. This method differs from the traditional approach in which students are provided a series of detailed instructions. Through the class and the laboratory we build conceptual understanding in subjects such as image formation by lenses and mirrors, ray optics, and elliptical polarization while fostering laboratory independence and helping students erect a new paradigm for learning. We present data indicating improved student understanding of optics through the course of the semester.
Extending Healthy Life Span—From Yeast to Humans
Authors: Fontana Luigi , Partridge Linda , Longo Valter D.
Published: April 2010

Eat Less, Live Long

Studies in several model organisms have shown that dietary restriction without malnutrition, or manipulation of nutrient-sensing pathways through mutations or drugs, can increase life span and reduce age-related disease.

Fontana
et al.

(p.
321
) review the ways in which nutrient-sensing pathways are central to aging. Studies of yeast, worms, rodents, and primates show that these pathways are conserved during evolution. Although data on the effects of dietary restriction in primates are very limited, in humans, the protective effects of dietary restriction against cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes must be judged against potentially negative long-term effects. More work is needed to determine whether dietary restriction and the modulation of anti-aging pathways through drugs can extend life span and reduce pathologies in humans.
A Younger Age for ALH84001 and Its Geochemical Link to Shergottite Sources in Mars
Authors: Lapen T. J. , Righter M. , Brandon A. D. , Debaille V. , Beard B. L. , Shafer J. T. , Peslier A. H.
Published: April 2010

Less Old Martian Meteorite

The oldest Martian meteorite known, ALH84001, was thought to be a remnant of primordial martian crust formed during solidification of an early magma ocean. Using isotope data,

Lapen
et al.

(p.
347
) revised the crystallization age of this meteorite from 4.51 billion years to 4.09 billion years ago, meaning that this rock cannot be a fragment of primordial crust that escaped the period of intense bombardment that occurred between 4.25 and 4.10 billion years ago. The revised age also suggests that magmatism was ongoing in Mars for a large part of its history and that ALH84001 was actually formed during the heavy bombardment period, just before the martian core dynamo stopped and the planetary magnetic field was lost.
The Future of Metals
Authors: Lu K.
Published: April 2010

Despite advances made in composite materials, metals remain irreplaceable in many important applications.
Dicer's Cut and Switch
Authors: Liu Qinghua , Paroo Zain
Published: April 2010

An enzyme that cleaves RNA is converted to a DNA-cleaving enzyme during programmed cell death in
Caenorhabditis elegans
.
Discovery of 'Missing' Element 117 Hints at Stable Isotopes to Come
Authors: Schenkman Lauren
Published: April 2010

Last week in
Physical Review Letters
, a multi-institution team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, announced that it had filled a gap in the periodic table by making element 117.
Obama Picks Pragmatists for New Bioethics Panel
Authors: Holden Constance
Published: April 2010

President Barack Obama named the members of his bioethics commission—headed by two university presidents—last week. The 12-member group was selected more for practical advice than for philosophizing, as the last one was prone to.
New Guidelines Aim to Improve Studies of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: April 2010

A new initiative is attempting to improve the way traumatic brain injury patients are characterized for clinical trials and other studies. A rough draft of new guidelines was released on 1 April by one of the project's sponsors.
Screening Disease Away
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: April 2010

When it comes to genetic diseases, deciding who to screen can be difficult. Many early programs targeted specific populations whose members are more likely to carry the disease mutations, whereas in other groups, physicians don't think to offer carrier testing or consider it cost-effective.
Immunoglobulin G Subclass Responses to Recombinant Em18 in the Follow-Up of Patients with Alveolar Echinococcosis in Different Clinical Stages
Authors: Tappe Dennis , Sako Yasuhito , Itoh Sonoyo , Frosch Matthias , Grüner Beate , Kern Peter , Ito Akira
Published: April 2010

In this study, we compared the sequential responses of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses to the diagnostic antigen Em18 in sera from patients with alveolar echinococcosis. A total of 225 sera from 36 patients at different clinical stages according to the WHO-PNM staging system were tested. The antibody responses were measured for cohorts with resected and unresected parasitic lesions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Total IgG and, to a lesser extent, IgG4 antibody levels against Em18 correlated with all PNM stages before treatment, whereas levels of IgG2 were low and IgG3 was undetectable. Antibody kinetics, however, depended on the treatment rather than on the PNM stage. For some patients, after curative surgery, IgG1 antibodies dropped below the cutoff earlier than other antibodies, followed by total IgG and IgG4 within 18 months. For some patients with recurrences after surgery, IgG1 and IgG4 reappeared, whereas patients with unresectable lesions but stable disease showed steady declines in the levels of all antibodies, and IgG1 became undetectable in some patients. Additional testing of IgE responses to Em18 showed constantly low levels at all stages and in all cohorts.
Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for
Intra Vitam
Diagnosis of Avian Bornavirus Infection in Psittacine Birds
Authors: Herzog Sibylle , Enderlein Dirk , Heffels-Redmann Ursula , Piepenbring Anne , Neumann Daniel , Kaleta Erhard F. , Müller Hermann , Lierz Michael , Herden Christiane
Published: April 2010

Different avian bornavirus (ABV) genotypes have recently been detected in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), an inflammatory fatal central and peripheral nervous system disorder. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) for
intra vitam
demonstration of ABV-specific serum antibodies was established since reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays may not detect all ABV variants.
Detection of a Mixed Infection in a Culture-Negative Brain Abscess by Broad-Spectrum Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene PCR
Authors: Keller Peter M. , Rampini Silvana K. , Bloemberg Guido V.
Published: April 2010

We describe the identification of two bacterial pathogens from a culture-negative brain abscess by the use of broad-spectrum 16S rRNA gene PCR. Simultaneous detection of
Fusobacterium nucleatum
and
Porphyromonas endodontalis
was possible due to a 24-bp length difference of their partially amplified 16S rRNA genes, which allowed separation by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Swab Type, Moistening, and Preenrichment for
Staphylococcus aureus
on Environmental Surfaces
Authors: Landers Timothy F. , Hoet Armando , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: April 2010

We compared five swabs, dry or premoistened and with or without preenrichment, to detect surface contamination with
Staphylococcus aureus
. Sensitivities varied based on swab type, as follows: 71.9% and 75% for rayon, 71.2% for cotton, 81.3% for polyester, and 53.2% for calcium alginate. Preenrichment improved sensitivity (80%, versus 61.3% for direct-plated specimens), as did premoistening (83.4%, versus 57.5% for dry swabs). All of the premoistened, preenriched swabs were positive.
Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein 1 Suppresses Virus-Induced Cellular Apoptosis To Facilitate Viral Growth by Activating the Cell Survival Pathways during Early Stages of Infection
Authors: Bagchi Parikshit , Dutta Dipanjan , Chattopadhyay Shiladitya , Mukherjee Anupam , Halder Umesh Chandra , Sarkar Sagartirtha , Kobayashi Nobumichi , Komoto Satoshi , Taniguchi Koki , Chawla-Sarkar Mamta
Published: April 2010

Following virus infection, one of the cellular responses to limit the virus spread is induction of apoptosis. In the present study, we report role of rotavirus nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) in regulating apoptosis by activating prosurvival pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) during early hours of infections (2 to 8 hpi). The NSP1 mutant strain A5-16 induces weak and transient activation of Akt (protein kinase B) and p65 NF-κB compared to the isogenic wild-type strain A5-13 in MA104 or HT29 cells. The weak NF-κB promoter activity or Akt phosphorylation after A5-16 infection could be complemented in cells transfected with plasmid expressing NSP1 after infection with the rotavirus A5-16 strain. In cells either infected with A5-13 or transfected with pcD-NSP1, coimmunoprecipitation of NSP1 with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was observed, indicating that strong activation of PI3K/Akt could be due to its interaction with NSP1. In addition, after infection with same multiplicity of infection, A5-16 showed reduced number of viral particles compared to the A5-13 strain at the end of the replication cycle. A lower growth rate could be due to weak induction of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB, since the A5-13 strain also showed reduced growth in the presence of PI3K or NF-κB inhibitors. This effect was interferon independent; however, it was partly due to significantly higher caspase-3 activity, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and apoptosis during earlier stages of infection with the NSP1 mutant. Thus, our data suggest that NSP1 positively supports rotavirus growth by suppression of premature apoptosis for improved virus growth after infection.
Structure of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Mutant Polymerases with Reduced Sensitivity to Ribavirin
Authors: Ferrer-Orta Cristina , Sierra Macarena , Agudo Rubén , de la Higuera Ignacio , Arias Armando , Pérez-Luque Rosa , Escarmís Cristina , Domingo Esteban , Verdaguer Nuria
Published: April 2010

Passage of poliovirus (PV) or foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the presence of ribavirin (R) selected for viruses with decreased sensitivity to R, which included different mutations in their polymerase (3D): G64S located in the finger subdomain in the case of PV and M296I located within loop β9-α11 at the active site in the case of FMDV. To investigate why disparate substitutions were selected in two closely related 3Ds, we constructed FMDVs with a 3D that included either G62S (the equivalent replacement in FMDV of PV G64S), M296I, or both substitutions. G62S, but not M296I, inflicts upon FMDV a strong selective disadvantage which is partially compensated for by the substitution M296I. The corresponding mutant polymerases, 3D(G62S), 3D(M296I), and 3D(G62S-M296I), were analyzed functionally and structurally. G62S in 3D impairs RNA-binding, polymerization, and R monophosphate incorporation activities. The X-ray structures of the 3D(G62S)-RNA, 3D(M296I)-RNA, and 3D(G62S-M296I)-RNA complexes show that although the two positions are separated by 13.1 Å, the loops where the replacements reside are tightly connected through an extensive network of interactions that reach the polymerase active site. In particular, G62S seems to restrict the flexibility of loop β9-α11 and, as a consequence, the flexibility of the active site and its ability to bind the RNA template. Thus, a localized change in the finger subdomain of 3D may affect the catalytic domain. The results provide a structural interpretation of why different amino acid substitutions were selected to confer R resistance in closely related viruses and reveal a complex network of intra-3D interactions that can affect the recognition of both the RNA template and incoming nucleotide.
A modified Poisson–Boltzmann study of the singlet ion distribution at contact with the electrode for a planar electric double layer
Authors: Silvestre-Alcantara Whasington , Bhuiyan Lutful B. , Outhwaite Christopher W. , Henderson Douglas
Published: April 2010

The properties of the singlet ion distributions at and around contact in a restricted primitive model double layer are characterized in the modified Poisson–Boltzmann theory. Comparisons are made with the corresponding exact Monte Carlo simulation data, the results from the Gouy–Chapman–Stern theory coupled to an exclusion volume term, and the mean spherical approximation. Particular emphasis is given to the behaviour of the theoretical predictions in relation to the contact value theorem involving the charge profile. The simultaneous behaviour of the coion and counterion contact values is also examined. The performance of the modified Poisson–Boltzmann theory in regard to the contact value theorems is very reasonable with the contact characteristics showing semi-quantitative or better agreement overall with the simulation results. The exclusion-volume-treated Gouy–Chapman– Stern theory reveals a fortuitous cancellation of errors, while the mean spherical approximation is poor.
Methanolysis of 3β-substituted 4,5-epoxyandrostanes catalysed by tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Uyanik Cavit , Malay Aslihan , Sonmez Hayal B. , Queudrue Loic , Hanson James R.
Published: April 2010

The presence of a 3β-acetoxyl and 3β-hydroxyl group has been shown to modify the structures of the products arising from the tetracyanoethylene catalysed methanolysis of the epimeric 4,5-epoxyandrostanes when compared to the unsubstituted epoxyandrostanes.
Biomarkers in tongue cancer: understanding the molecular basis and their clinical implications
Authors: Zheng Min , Li Li , Tang Ya-ling , Liang Xin-hua
Published: April 2010

Tongue cancer, one of the most common malignant cancers of the oral cavity, still affects human health worldwide due to its disappointing survival rates, despite significant developments in its multimodality treatment. The predominant cause of death in patients with tongue cancer is the high occurrence of invasion to surrounding tissues, lymph and distant metastasis, and recurrence. Due to the limited value of conventional predictive and prognostic factors and the uniformity of treatment strategies, several patients are still over- or under-treated, with significantly personal and socioeconomic impact. This review focuses on some promising predictive and prognostic biomarkers of tongue cancer and their actual/potential clinical implications, in order to provide clinicians with useful information for the improvement of early diagnostic/prognostic evaluation and management of patients with tongue cancer.
Rb–Sr Isotopic Studies of the Lac Croche Complex Grenville Province, Quebec
Authors: Barton Jr. Jackson M. , Doig Ronald
Published: April 2010

The Lac Croche complex is a deformed basin-shaped body of igneous origin, situated northeast of the Morin anorthosite pluton. Rb–Sr isotopic studies of the rock-types comprising the complex yield the following results: (a) The mangeritic augen gneiss, leuconoritic gneiss, monzonite, and monzonorite crystallized approximately 1124 m.y. ago with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7042, compatible with these rocks being derivatives from a common source; (b) The K-feldspar – quartz gneiss crystallized approximately 1143 m.y. ago with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7025; and (c) the granite crystallized approximately 961 m.y. ago with an 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7084. Because the mangeritic augen gneiss and leuconoritic gneiss were deformed with the complex and the monzonite and monzonorite crystallized after this deformation, and because these rock types define an isochron, we conclude that the deformation of the Lac Croche complex took place approximately 1124 m.y. ago. If this deformation was a result of the emplacement of the Morin pluton, then this latter body also had to be emplaced at this time. These events constitute the main penetrative deformation in the area and represent the Grenville orogenic event.
La Transgression Ordovicienne dans le Comté de Charlevoix, Québec
Authors: Rondot Jehan
Published: April 2010

The presence of a cover of Paleozoic rocks on this part of the Canadian Shield greatly facilitated the interpretation of the readjustment of the Charlevoix impact structure. On the other hand, the study of these rocks and the knowledge of the relative movements they have undergone on both side of the St. Lawrence rift fault allow us to establish a first marine advance which encroached to lap the present border of the Shield during the Early Ordovician, or at the beginning of the Middle Ordovician time. This was followed by further marine transgression which progressively covered all this part of the shield. This episode was followed, in Early Utica time, by the deepening of a miogeosyncline between the shield and the uplift of the Vermont–Quebec geanticline, inducing the slumping of the latest calcareous deposits into a narrow band bordering the shield, followed by accumulations of flysch-type deposits in the basin. This deposition ceased after a last subsidence along the bordering fault, and the closing of the basin when the gliding Appalachian nappes abutted against the resulting escarpment.
Foraminifera and the Holocene History of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Bartlett Grant A. , Molinsky Linda
Published: April 2010

Foraminifera have been utilized to interpret the response of waters in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to climatic changes during the Holocene. Sediment cores (up to 1000 cm long) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and environs, are characterized throughout by meager foraminiferal faunas. The microfaunas are characteristic of marginal marine environments and are typified by low foraminiferal numbers (less than 300 and generally less than 100 per unit sample), few genera and species, and hyposaline, shallow-water assemblages. The microfaunal information indicates that marine waters were more brackish and much shallower during the latter stages, and immediately following the Wisconsin glaciation. Shallow-water foraminiferal species such as Elphidium incertum clavatum, Islandiella islandica, and I. teretis are commonly the first to inhabit cool temperate to northern environments after glacial retreat. Consequently, because of the absence of deep water marine microfaunas it is believed that many areas in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were at least 100 to 200 m shallower than at present.The Holocene history of the area is one of transition from a rapidly fluctuating brackish water environment, to one which is more consistent with the present environment. The presence of Globigerinoides ruber (pink), a species commonly associated with subtropical waters, intermixed with the eurybathic benthonic fauna, indicates distinctive lateral and vertical water-mass zonation in a restricted geographic area. Warm water incursions into the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the Gulf Stream, which contained the subtropical foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber and Globorotalia menardii, were intermittent, whereas a persistent cold-water marine influence from the Arctic via the Labrador Current is indicated by the presence of Globigerina pachyderma. The adjoining Scotian Shelf faunas, alternating from sparse, to prolific and diverse, during the Holocene, suggest that conditions there were not significantly different from those in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.Extremely brackish and/or shallower waters were present in most of the western Laurentian Channel and shelf waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence until recently (< 6400 ± 130 yr B.P.). The baymouth bars, persistent features restricting circulation with most bays, estuaries, and lagoons adjoining Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick were established between 4540 ± 180 and 2235 ± 155 yr B.P. Sediments containing subtropic and arctic planktonic species, alternating with eurythermal benthonic species, are indicative of environmental extremes throughout the Holocene. It is believed that many of these marine fluctuations were neither recorded nor preserved in adjoining continental sediments of equivalent age.