bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update on the College of American Pathologists Experience With High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Proficiency Testing for Cytology
Authors: Ghofrani Mohiedean , Zhao Chengquan , Davey Diane D. , Fan Fang , Husain Mujtaba , Laser Alice , Ocal Idris T. , Shen Rulong Z. , Goodrich Kelly , Souers Rhona J. , Crothers Barbara A.
Published: August 2016

Context.—

Since 2008, the College of American Pathologists has provided the human papillomavirus for cytology laboratories (CHPV) proficiency testing program to help laboratories meet the requirements of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988.

Objectives.—

To provide an update on trends in proficiency testing performance in the College of American Pathologists CHPV program during the 4-year period from 2011 through 2014 and to compare those trends with the preceding first 3 years of the program.

Design.—

Responses of laboratories participating in the CHPV program from 2011 through 2014 were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed model to compare different combinations of testing medium and platform.

Results.—

In total, 818 laboratories participated in the CHPV program at least once during the 4 years, with participation increasing during the study period. Concordance of participant responses with the target result was more than 98% (38 280 of 38 892). Overall performance with all 3 testing media—ThinPrep (Hologic, Bedford, Massachusetts), SurePath (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey), or Digene (Qiagen, Valencia, California)—was equivalent (P = .51), and all 4 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved platforms—Hybrid Capture 2 (Qiagen), Cervista (Hologic), Aptima (Hologic), and cobas (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California)—outperformed laboratory-developed tests, unspecified commercial kits, and other (noncommercial) methods in ThinPrep medium (P < .001). However, certain off-label combinations of platform and medium, most notably Cervista with SurePath, demonstrated suboptimal performance (P < .001).

Conclusions.—

Laboratories demonstrated proficiency in using various combinations of testing media and platforms offered in the CHPV program, with statistically significant performance differences in certain combinations. These observations may be relevant in the current discussions about FDA oversight of laboratory-developed tests.
Molecular Testing of Thyroid Nodules: A Review of Current Available Tests for Fine-Needle Aspiration Specimens
Authors: Zhang Ming , Lin Oscar
Published: August 2016

Context.—

Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules is a reliable diagnostic method to determine the nature of thyroid nodules. Nonetheless, indeterminate cytology diagnoses remain a diagnostic challenge. The development of multiplex molecular techniques and the identification of genetic alterations associated with different follicular cell–derived cancers in the thyroid have led to the introduction of several commercially available tests.

Objective.—

To summarize the most common commercially available molecular testing in thyroid cancer, focusing on the technical features and test performance validation.

Data Sources.—

Peer-reviewed original articles, review articles, and published conference abstracts were reviewed to analyze the advantages and limitations of the most common tests used in the evaluation of thyroid needle aspirations.

Conclusions.—

The most common tests available include the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier, ThyGenX, and ThyroSeq. The excellent negative predictive value (NPV) of the Afirma test allows it to be used as a “rule out” test. ThyGenX analyzes a panel of DNA mutations and RNA translocation fusion markers to assess the risk of malignancy with good NPV and positive predictive value. ThyroSeq is a next-generation sequencing–based gene mutation and fusion test that has been reported to have the best NPV and positive predictive value combined, suggesting that it can be used as a “rule in” and “rule out” test. Molecular testing of cytology specimens from thyroid nodules has the potential to play a major role in the evaluation of indeterminate thyroid lesions.
Autopsy and Postmortem Studies Are Concordant: Pathology of Zika Virus Infection Is Neurotropic in Fetuses and Infants With Microcephaly Following Transplacental Transmission
Authors: Schwartz David A.
Published: August 2016

Context.—Pathology studies have been important in concluding that Zika virus infection occurring in pregnant women can result in vertical transmission of the agent from mother to fetus. Fetal and infant autopsies have provided crucial direct evidence that Zika virus can infect an unborn child, resulting in microcephaly, other malformations, and, in some cases, death.

Objective.—To better understand the etiologic role and mechanism(s) of Zika virus in causing birth defects such as microcephaly, this communication analyzes the spectrum of clinical and autopsy studies reported from fetuses and infants who developed intrauterine Zika virus infection, and compares these findings with experimental data related to Zika virus infection.

Design.—Retrospective analysis of reported clinical, autopsy, pathology, and related postmortem studies from 9 fetuses and infants with intrauterine Zika virus infection and microcephaly.

Results.—All fetuses and infants examined demonstrated an overlapping spectrum of gross and microscopic neuropathologic abnormalities. Direct cytopathic effects of infection by the Zika virus were confined to the brain; in cases where other organs were evaluated, no direct viral effects were identified.

Conclusions.—There is concordance of the spectrum of brain damage, reinforcing previous data indicating that the Zika virus has a strong predilection for cells of the fetal central nervous system following vertical transmission. The occurrence of additional congenital abnormalities suggests that intrauterine brain damage from Zika virus interferes with normal fetal development, resulting in fetal akinesia. Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies of Zika virus infection corroborate the human autopsy findings of neural specificity.
Optimize Wastewater Treatment Operations With the Partnership for Clean Water
Authors: Martin Barb , Wheeler Gerry
Published: August 2016

With the recent launch of the Partnership for Clean Water wastewater utility optimization program, Opflow's Getting Optimized series is expanding to add wastewater treatment to its growing portfolio of optimization topics, bringing a total water solutions approach to utility optimization. This month's column introduces the Partnership for Clean Water's key wastewater optimization concepts.
De la codépendance à l’indépendance
Authors: Faugier Étienne
Published: August 2016

Comment le tourisme influence-t-il le transport ? Comment le transport influence-t-il le tourisme ? Comment démarre et comment se développe la coopération entre le tourisme et l’automobile dans la première moitié du XXe siècle ? Cet article entend montrer l’évolution des liens entre le tourisme et le transport en s’appuyant sur le cas de la province de Québec entre 1906 et 1936. Ce territoire constitue un exemple pertinent car durant cette période, le tourisme et la voirie se rejoignent pour former une politique étatique. Il s’agit d’en comprendre les origines, l’évolution et les conséquences que cela a pu avoir sur ces deux thématiques que sont le tourisme et le transport automobile.

À partir d’une recherche en histoire, l’article montre que les actions entreprises par les clubs automobiles de la province ont incité à l’essor du tourisme automobile. Puis, nous verrons que la pression associative amène l’État à participer activement au phénomène en devenant un des acteurs principaux de son élaboration à travers le ministère de la Voirie. La conclusion ouvre la réflexion sur l’historiographie.
Intermodalité, billettique et mobilité touristique
Authors: Salomon Christine
Published: August 2016

La mobilité touristique constitue un enjeu essentiel du développement du tourisme urbain. La maîtrise des flux par les acteurs locaux renforce l’attractivité de la ville-centre de la destination et permet d’accroître sa fréquentation temporelle et spatiale par la diffusion des flux vers les sites périphériques. Elle suppose une offre de transport adaptée, leur gestion intégrée et la création d’un produit billettique servant l’intermodalité.

Cet article cherche à comprendre comment les grandes destinations urbaines construisent et gèrent leur « système logistique touristique » territorial. Les interrelations entre le réseau-système et le système de transport conditionnent l’accessibilité de la destination, aujourd’hui condition première, de l’attractivité devenue seconde.

Dans le cadre d’un travail de recherche en géographie, nous avons cherché à appréhender l’importance des mobilités touristiques dans le succès d’une destination à travers l’étude de l’impact de l’artecard, outil local de mobilité touristique, et son articulation avec d’autres produits. Cette analyse centrée sur l’outil billettique révèle les carences du système logistique touristique local et de sa gouvernance liées aux insuffisances du réseau-système et du réseau d’accessibilité générale.
La chaîne d’accessibilité, pivot de l’accès au Tourisme Handicap
Authors: Blaho-Ponce Claude
Published: August 2016

L’une des dimensions les plus élémentaires du tourisme est l’action de voyager et de visiter un site pour son plaisir. Or, force est de constater que les départs en vacances pour les personnes en situation de handicap restent marginaux et bien souvent encore loin de portée. En fait, pour développer l’accès des personnes handicapées aux vacances et aux loisirs, il convient de mettre en oeuvre une réelle chaine touristique d’accessibilité dans les domaines de la vie quotidienne comme dans l’offre touristique standard. Ce processus est loin d’être enclenché ! Aujourd’hui, en France, à partir de la corrélation entre l’obligation réglementaire d’accessibilité, l’adaptation progressive des composantes de la chaîne touristique, les attentes de la clientèle handicapée et la certification nationale « Tourisme et handicap », se dessinent de nouvelles perspectives territoriales. Comment, dans la période actuelle, dépasser les frontières d’une mise en accessibilité fractionnée d’un lieu, d’un site, pour réaliser cette chaîne globale d’accessibilité d’un territoire, relier chaque maillon de la chaîne de consommation touristique et de vie quotidienne pour constituer une réelle offre de séjour à taille humaine ?

À partir de la littérature et d’une réflexion déductive, cet article, dans le champ de discipline de l’aménagement, vise à mieux faire comprendre les besoins des touristes handicapés, tenter de déterminer le principe des situations handicapantes, notamment l’interaction entre l’environnement, le contexte et le sujet handicapé, et pointer le besoin d’une information fiable et descriptive des sites et des équipements tout au long des composantes de la chaine touristique. Le principe d‘une chaine d’accessibilité territorialisée et adaptée au quotidien constitue le fondement de l’accès aux vacances et aux loisirs de la clientèle à besoins spécifiques.
Transformative consumer service
Authors: Moufakkir Omar
Published: August 2016

Despite progress in the inclusion of people with disabilities in society and in leisure participation, including access to tourism, their satisfaction with the tourism experience is still an area that receives limited attention in tourism research. Ingrained in the social psychology of tourism studies, the purpose of this study is to adapt the leisure constraints model to fill this gap and contribute positively to the tourism experience of this market segment. A questionnaire based on the literature was administered to a sample of people with various types of disabilities, to assess the importance of certain constraints on enjoyment, and highlight the importance of certain criteria for enjoyment. Findings support submissions that this market is a viable tourist segment based on travel frequency, preference for domestic travel, and information sources. Slight differences among disability groups regarding perceived constraints, problems encountered when travelling, inclusion, and important criteria for enjoyment are recorded.
Le camp de la jeunesse aux Jeux olympiques
Authors: Monnin Éric , Polycarpe Cyril
Published: August 2016

L’analyse des camps de la jeunesse aux Jeux olympiques (JO) nous montre que les jeunes participants se rassemblent en proposant des activités spécifiques dans la connaissance et l’accessibilité de l’olympisme grâce à la culture de la ville accueillante. La spécificité de ces camps tient dans le fait qu’ils rassemblent les notions de lieu et de patrimoine culturel, tant pour l’histoire olympique que pour la ville hôte, conférant une tendance à la mondialisation des valeurs olympiques au service du méga-événement et du lieu organisateur. Le camp de la jeunesse devient un objet de transmission décliné en catégories diverses : géographie, culture, sport, etc. Il participe ainsi à la dynamique des territoires et de l’évènement olympique en tant qu’acteur du tourisme national par la mise en avant de son patrimoine et social, par la transmission de savoirs vernaculaires.
Devenir la capitale du nautisme
Authors: Dussier Marie , Machemehl Charly
Published: August 2016

Les Jeux olympiques constituent des méga-événements. Du fait de leur gigantisme et de la complexité de leur organisation, ils ne se tiennent pas seulement dans la ville-hôte. D’autres destinations urbaines sont associées au projet olympique alors qu’elles sont parfois très éloignées du principal centre urbain et sportif. Si ces dernières portent leur projet au sein d’une candidature nationale, elles possèdent toutefois un fonctionnement autonome. Cette recherche s’interroge sur les spécificités de l’organisation qui promeut le rôle de la ville-associée. Par le prisme du local, elle tente de comprendre sa place dans le méga-événement et la signification de sa candidature. Elle étudie en particulier le cas de La Rochelle, ville retenue pour l’organisation des épreuves de voile dans le cadre de la candidature manquée de Paris en 2008. L’enquête historique permet de comprendre les motivations de cette candidature, de mettre en lumière les intérêts des différents groupes d’acteurs et nous éclaire sur les avantages d’une telle candidature au sein du projet, que l’on adopte le point de vue rochelais ou parisien.
L’État et l’informalité en Amérique latine : virage à gauche. Changement de cap ?
Authors: Rebotier Julien
Published: August 2016

La littérature en sciences sociales sur l’informalité en Amérique latine permet de suivre les pulsations de l’économie politique dans la région depuis les années 1970. Il en va de même pour les recompositions de la figure de l’État. L’attention portée aux liens entre les évolutions de l’informalité et les recompositions de l’État se concentre sur la période du « virage à gauche » des années 2000. Il en ressort le poids limité du retour récent et partiel de l’État, ainsi que celui, plus significatif, d’un grand récit libéral dans la définition de l’informalité et de sa portée dans la région aujourd’hui.
Du non-profit au for profit : vers un « floutage » de la notion de public
Authors: Lamotte Martin
Published: August 2016

Maillé par une grande diversité d’associations communautaires à but non lucratif (non-profit), le quartier du South Bronx à New York est aussi le lieu d’accueil d’une grande partie des foyers (shelters) pour la population la plus pauvre de la ville. À partir d’une ethnographie auprès d’une association communautaire du South Bronx — le Community Association of the South Bronx (CASB) — l’article décrit la façon dont les organisationsnon-profitse sont transformées, s’adaptant au double processus de démantèlement de l’État social américain et à la délégation de la gestion des aides sociales aux villes. L’article interroge ainsi les rapports entre associationsnon-profitetfor profitet l’hybridation (Duvoux, 2015) qu’opère, dans les quartiers populaires, le rapprochement des deux logiques. Cette dynamique, facilitée par les mesures dérégulatrices en faveur du secteur privé, accompagne uneinformalisationde l’État, ici dans sa composante municipale. En partant de l’expérience de Mickey, un ancien prisonnier vivant dans le South Bronx, l’article retrace les effets en termes de criminalisation et de dépendances que crée l’imposition d’une logique de marché dans la gestion sociale desnon-profits.
Les transmigrants colporteurs souterrains du capitalisme marchand moderne
Authors: Missaoui Lamia
Published: August 2016

En contexte de globalisation, la dualité des économies bâties, d’une part, sur la classique verticalité des échanges internationalement régulés et, d’autre part, sur l’horizontalité « entre pauvres » hors contrôles étatiques, est mondialement apparue pour des produits vestimentaires et électroniques. C’est ainsi que des milliards de dollars de marchandises « d’entrée de gamme » produites dans le Sud-Est asiatique sont vendues sans taxes, via Dubaï, en Europe auprès des populations pauvres par des transmigrants moyen-orientaux. Cet article décrit, à partir d’une recherche récente (Tarrius, Missaoui et Qacha, 2013) comment ces transmigrants offrent aux grandes firmes mondiales le vaste marché des pauvres en passant en Europe des produits totalement hors taxes et hors contingentements. Cette description permet à l’auteur de discuter des notions clés qui rendent compte de ces divers phénomènes : initiatives économiques, invisibilisation, mobilités, conscience migratoire.
Muscle contraction is required to maintain the pool of muscle progenitors via YAP and NOTCH during fetal myogenesis
Authors: Esteves de Lima Joana , Bonnin Marie-Ange , Birchmeier Carmen , Duprez Delphine
Published: August 2016

The importance of mechanical activity in the regulation of muscle progenitors during chick development has not been investigated. We show that immobilization decreases NOTCH activity and mimics a NOTCH loss-of-function phenotype, a reduction in the number of muscle progenitors and increased differentiation. Ligand-induced NOTCH activation prevents the reduction of muscle progenitors and the increase of differentiation upon immobilization. Inhibition of NOTCH ligand activity in muscle fibers suffices to reduce the progenitor pool. Furthermore, immobilization reduces the activity of the transcriptional co-activator YAP and the expression of the NOTCH ligand JAG2 in muscle fibers. YAP forced-activity in muscle fibers prevents the decrease of JAG2 expression and the number of PAX7+ cells in immobilization conditions. Our results identify a novel mechanism acting downstream of muscle contraction, where YAP activates JAG2 expression in muscle fibers, which in turn regulates the pool of fetal muscle progenitors via NOTCH in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
How to build a human
Authors: Mellough Carla B , Lako Majlinda
Published: August 2016

The genes that control the development of specific tissues and organs in human embryos have been identified.
Investigation of the mechanisms of action behind Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA)
Authors: Kos Bor , Vásquez Juan Luis , Miklavčič Damijan , Hermann Gregers G.G. , Gehl Julie
Published: August 2016

Objective

Bladder cancer is a cause of considerable morbidity worldwide. Electromotive Drug Administration is a method that combines intravesical chemotherapy with local electric field application. Electroporation has been suggested among other mechanisms as having a possible role in the therapy, so the goal of the present study was to investigate the electric fields present in the bladder wall during the treatment to determine which mechanisms might be involved.

Material and Methods

Electromotive Drug Administration involves applying intravesical mitomycin C with direct current of 20 mA delivered through a catheter electrode for 30 min. For numerical electric field computation we built a 3-D nonhomogeneous patient specific model based on CT images and used finite element method simulations to determine the electric fields in the whole body.

Results

Results indicate that highest electric field in the bladder wall was 37.7 V/m. The mean electric field magnitude in the bladder wall was 3.03 V/m. The mean magnitude of the current density in the bladder wall was 0.61 A/m2.

Conclusions

The present study shows that electroporation is not the mechanism of action in EMDA. A more likely explanation of the mechanism of action is iontophoretic forces increasing the mitomycin C concentration in the bladder wall.
Identification of biomarkers for periodontal disease using the immunoproteomics approach
Authors: Kerishnan Jesinda P. , Mohammad Sani , Alias Muhamad Shaifunizam , Mu Alan Kang-Wai , Vaithilingam Rathna Devi , Baharuddin Nor Adinar , Safii Syarida H. , Abdul Rahman Zainal Ariff , Chen Yu Nieng , Chen Yeng
Published: August 2016

Background

Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases associated with the host’s immune response against periodontopathogenic infection. Failure to accurately diagnose the stage of periodontitis has limited the ability to predict disease status. Therefore, we aimed to look for reliable diagnostic markers for detection or differentiation of early stage periodontitis using the immunoprotemic approach.

Method

In the present study, patient serum samples from four distinct stages of periodontitis (i.e., mild chronic, moderate chronic, severe chronic, and aggressive) and healthy controls were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by silver staining. Notably, we consistently identified 14 protein clusters in the sera of patients and normal controls.

Results

Overall, we found that protein levels were comparable between patients and controls, with the exception of the clusters corresponding to A1AT, HP, IGKC and KNG1 (p < 0.05). In addition, the immunogenicity of these proteins was analysed via immunoblotting, which revealed differential profiles for periodontal disease and controls. For this reason, IgM obtained from severe chronic periodontitis (CP) sera could be employed as a suitable autoantibody for the detection of periodontitis.

Discussion

Taken together, the present study suggests that differentially expressed host immune response proteins could be used as potential biomarkers for screening periodontitis. Future studies exploring the diagnostic potential of such factors are warranted.
Anxiolytic effects of fluoxetine and nicotine exposure on exploratory behavior in zebrafish
Authors: Singer Matthew L. , Oreschak Kris , Rhinehart Zachariah , Robison Barrie D.
Published: August 2016

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a popular model for studying the pharmacology and behavior of anxiety. While there have been numerous studies documenting the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of common drugs in zebrafish, many do not report or test for behavioral differences between the sexes. Previous studies have indicated that males and females differ in their baseline level of anxiety. In this study, we test for a sex interaction with fluoxetine and nicotine. We exposed fish to system water (control), 10 mg/L fluoxetine, or 1 mg/L nicotine for three minutes prior to being subjected to four minutes in an open-field drop test. Video recordings were tracked using ProAnalyst. Fish from both drug treatments reduced swimming speed, increased vertical position, and increased use of the top half of the open field when compared with the control, though fluoxetine had a larger effect on depth related behaviors while nicotine mostly affected swimming speed. A significant sex effect was observed where females swam at a slower and more constant speed than males, however neither drug produced a sex-dependent response.
Fine structure of the spermatozoon in three species of Cambaridae (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Decapoda)Cambarus robustus,Orconectes propinquusandOrconectes rusticus: a comparative biometrical study
Authors: Yazicioglu Buket , Hamr Přemek , Kozák Pavel , Kouba Antonín , Niksirat Hamid
Published: August 2016

The ultrastructure of spermatozoa in three species of cambarid crayfish,Cambarus robustus,Orconectes propinquus, andOrconectes rusticus, were studied and compared with eight previously studied species from different crayfish families using morphological features and biometrical data. The ultrastructure of spermatozoa show a generally conserved pattern including an acrosome and nucleus in the anterior and posterior parts of the cell, respectively, radial arms that wrap around the nucleus, and the whole cell is enclosed by an extracellular capsule. The most outstanding morphological feature in spermatozoa of three studied cambarid crayfish is the crest-like protrusions in the anterior part of the acrosome that can be used as one of the features for distinguishing the members of this family. Results of biometrical data reveal that acrosome size in the representatives of Parastacidae are the smallest, while representatives of Astacidae show the biggest acrosome. The acrosome size in species belonging to Cambaridae occupy an intermediate position between the two other families of freshwater crayfish. In conclusion, a combination of morphological features and biometrical data of spermatozoa can help distinguishing different species of the freshwater crayfish.
Morpho-histological characterisation of the alimentary canal of an important food fish, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)
Authors: Purushothaman Kathiresan , Lau Doreen , Saju Jolly M. , Musthaq SK Syed , Lunny Declan Patrick , Vij Shubha , Orbán László
Published: August 2016

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is a food fish of increasing aquaculture importance. In order to improve our understanding on the digestive system and feeding of this species, morphological and histological features of the gut were studied. Morphologically, the Asian seabass gut is defined by a short and muscular esophagus, well-developed stomach and comparatively short intestine. Mucous secreting goblet cells reactive to PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and AB (Alcian Blue) stain were present throughout the esophagus. The stomach was sac-like and could be distinguished into the cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. Gastric glands and mucus cells were predominately present in the cardiac and fundic regions. Five finger-like pyloric caeca were present between the stomach and intestine. The intestine was a short, tubular structure with no morphological differences between the various regions. Histologically, the intestinal regions were similar, the main difference being in the number of goblet cells that increased from anterior to posterior intestine, with 114 ± 9, 153 ± 7 and 317 ± 21 goblet cells in the anterior, mid and posterior regions, respectively. The intestinal epithelium stained positively for PAS, but the staining was stronger for acidic glycoproteins. The rectum was similar to intestine, except for increased goblet cell numbers (anterior rectum: 529 ± 26; posterior rectum: 745 ± 29). Gut morpho-histology did not respond to salinity changes, however, there was a significant reduction of mucosal height, goblet cell numbers and muscularis thickness upon food deprivation.
Sea ice decline and 21st century trans‐Arctic shipping routes
Authors: Melia N. , Haines K. , Hawkins E.
Published: August 2016

The observed decline in Arctic sea ice is projected to continue, opening shorter trade routes across the Arctic Ocean, with potentially global economic implications. Here we quantify, using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 global climate model simulations calibrated to remove spatial biases, how projected sea ice loss might increase opportunities for Arctic transit shipping. By midcentury for standard open water vessels, the frequency of navigable periods doubles, with routes across the central Arctic becoming available. A sea ice‐ship speed relationship is used to show that European routes to Asia typically become 10 days faster via the Arctic than alternatives by midcentury, and 13 days faster by late century, while North American routes become 4 days faster. Future greenhouse gas emissions have a larger impact by late century; the shipping season reaching 4–8 months in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5 double that of RCP2.6, both with substantial interannual variability. Moderately, ice‐strengthened vessels likely enable Arctic transits for 10–12 months by late century.
Toward a universal mass‐momentum transfer relationship for predicting nutrient uptake and metabolite exchange in benthic reef communities
Authors: Falter James L. , Lowe Ryan J. , Zhang Zhenlin
Published: August 2016

Here we synthesize data from previous field and laboratory studies describing how rates of nutrient uptake and metabolite exchange (mass transfer) are related to form drag and bottom stresses (momentum transfer). Reanalysis of this data shows that rates of mass transfer are highly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.9) with the root of the bottom stress
under both waves and currents and only slightly higher under waves (~10%). The amount of mass transfer that can occur per unit bottom stress (or form drag) is influenced by morphological features ranging anywhere from millimeters to meters in scale; however, surface‐scale roughness (millimeters) appears to have little effect on actual nutrient uptake by living reef communities. Although field measurements of nutrient uptake by natural reef communities agree reasonably well with predictions based on existing mass‐momentum transfer relationships, more work is needed to better constrain these relationships for more rugose and morphologically complex communities.
Imaging Mercury's polar deposits during MESSENGER's low‐altitude campaign
Authors: Chabot Nancy L. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Paige David A. , Nair Hari , Denevi Brett W. , Blewett David T. , Murchie Scott L. , Deutsch Ariel N. , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: August 2016

Images obtained during the low‐altitude campaign in the final year of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission provide the highest‐spatial‐resolution views of Mercury's polar deposits. Images for distinct areas of permanent shadow within 35 north polar craters were successfully captured during the campaign. All of these regions of permanent shadow were found to have low‐reflectance surfaces with well‐defined boundaries. Additionally, brightness variations across the deposits correlate with variations in the biannual maximum surface temperature across the permanently shadowed regions, supporting the conclusion that multiple volatile organic compounds are contained in Mercury's polar deposits, in addition to water ice. A recent large impact event or ongoing bombardment by micrometeoroids could deliver water as well as many volatile organic compounds to Mercury. Either scenario is consistent with the distinctive reflectance properties and well‐defined boundaries of Mercury's polar deposits and the presence of volatiles in all available cold traps.
Comparing dry and wet friction of plagioclase: Implication to the mechanism of frictional evolution effect at hydrothermal conditions
Authors: He Changrong , Tan Wenbin , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2016

To understand mechanism for unstable velocity‐weakening slip behavior of plagioclase at hydrothermal conditions in the lower crust, we employed nominally dry experiments on plagioclase gouge to isolate fluid‐assisted processes that may be activated at hydrothermal conditions and obtained constitutive parameters fitted to rate and state friction laws with temperatures of 99–617°C and confining pressure of 150 MPa, allowing comparison to the hydrothermal counterpart. While the direct effect (a value) has relatively high values of 0.007–0.01 in the high temperature range above 300–400°C, the evolution effect (b value) shows a diminishing trend from peak values of 0.0075 and 0.0057, respectively, at 305°C and 400°C down to ~0 at 617°C, in contrast to the increasing trend in both effects at hydrothermal conditions. The evolution effect in the dry experiments may be controlled by structural changes related to degrees of shear localization and evolution of porosity change rate in response to a change in loading rate. The evolution effect in dry friction compared to the thermally enhanced, much stronger one at hydrothermal conditions suggests activation of fluid‐assisted time‐dependent mechanism operating in the wet experiments.
Seaglider surveys at Ocean Station Papa: Circulation and water mass properties in a meander of the North Pacific Current
Authors: Pelland Noel A. , Eriksen Charles C. , Cronin Meghan F.
Published: August 2016

A Seaglider autonomous underwater vehicle augmented the Ocean Station Papa (OSP; 50°N, 145°W) surface mooring, measuring spatial structure on scales relevant to the monthly evolution of the moored time series. During each of three missions from June 2008 to January 2010, a Seaglider made biweekly 50 km × 50 km surveys in a bowtie‐shaped survey track. Horizontal temperature and salinity gradients measured by these surveys were an order of magnitude stronger than climatological values and sometimes of opposite sign. Geostrophically inferred circulation was corroborated by moored acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and AVISO satellite altimetry estimates of surface currents, confirming that glider surveys accurately resolved monthly scale mesoscale spatial structure. In contrast to climatological North Pacific Current circulation, upper‐ocean flow was modestly northward during the first half of the 18 month survey period, and weakly westward during its latter half, with Rossby number
. This change in circulation coincided with a shift from cool and fresh to warm, saline, oxygen‐rich water in the upper‐ocean halocline, and an increase in vertical fine structure there and in the lower pycnocline. The anomalous flow and abrupt water mass transition were due to the slow growth of an anticyclonic meander within the North Pacific Current with radius comparable to the scale of the survey pattern, originating to the southeast of OSP.
Reduction of saltwater intrusion by modifying hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Strack O. D. L. , Stoeckl L. , Damm K. , Houben G. , Ausk B. K. , de Lange W. J.
Published: August 2016

We present an approach for reducing saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers by artificially reducing the hydraulic conductivity in the upper part of selected areas by using a precipitate. We apply a previously presented analytical approach to develop formulas useful for the design of artificial barriers. Equations for the location of the tip of the saltwater wedge are presented and verified through a sand‐tank experiment. The analysis is capable of computing discharges exactly, but requires the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation to compute points of the interface between flowing fresh and stationary saltwater. We consider a vertical coastline and boundaries in the freshwater zone of either given discharge or given head. We demonstrate in the paper that reduction of the hydraulic conductivity in the upper part of a coastal aquifer will result in a decrease of saltwater intrusion, and present analytic expressions that can be used for design purposes. The previously presented analytical approach can be applied to design systems to reduce saltwater intrusion caused by pumping inland from the zone that contains saline groundwater.
Smart Meters and Residential Customers
Authors: Darby Sarah J.
Published: August 2016

Smart meters measure consumption at regular intervals, and they store, transmit, and receive data. This basic definition offers only limited clues to what a smart meter can enable, though, and it gives little indication of possible outcomes from a smart metering program. The outcomes from smart metering will depend on precise functional specifications and on how metering programs are implemented.

This chapter offers a commentary on the development of residential smart metering. The focus is on the context in which smart metering is introduced and on householders' experience of it, and there is a brief review of what we know about possible outcomes, risks, and uncertainties. There is an emphasis on the importance of a customer interface with the meter, as a feedback tool for learning about energy management; without this and a measure of program support, the potential for demand response and for direct customer benefit is reduced. The chapter also stresses the need to analyze the precise requirements for smart metering in any given situation, taking into account factors such as climate, geography and infrastructure, the built environment, regulatory regimes, equity and privacy issues, market structure, and the nature and patterning of load. Examples are taken primarily from Europe.
Workforce Training and Education on Smart Grids
Authors: Wang Chengshan , Li Peng , Wu Jianzhong
Published: August 2016

This chapter presents an overview of the current status and available facilities for the workforce training and education of the smart grid. Experienced workforce with up‐to‐date skillset is the pillar of successful deployment of the smart grid technologies in the decades to come, which makes education and training a high priority task in the smart grid development. The roles of the government, universities, industry, research institutions, and academic organizations in these training and education programs are analyzed; details of new curriculum to address the construction, operation, and maintenance of modern power systems are discussed. Software and hardware environments that are indispensable in research, education, and training for smart grid technologies are also selectively presented, spanning a wide range of topics including fast simulation and modeling (FSM), dynamic simulation, optimal planning, and design. We conclude this chapter with a detailed case example of the microgrid test bed at Tianjin University.
Overview of Smart Grid Project in Korea and Smart Power Grid Field Test
Authors: Ha Boknam
Published: August 2016

There are many smart grid test beds in the world, and the combination of smart grid technologies in each test bed is somewhat different according to the needs of each country. Among several test beds, it seems that Korean case is the special reference because it was covered with full scale from transmission to customer, and all kinds of smart grid technologies were installed and tested in its test bed. In this paragraph, the readers may understand the draft of smart grid technology in Korea, the directions of smart grid filed application, and the results of smart power grid project.
Utilization and Customer Behavior: Smart Choices for the Smart Grid
Authors: Jessoe Katrina , Rapson David , Smith Jeremy B.
Published: August 2016

The smart grid offers a wide array of opportunities to improve efficiency of the electricity grid via load management policies. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge in the economics literature as it relates to time‐varying pricing and to behavioral interventions, which together comprise a large portion of regulators' policy choice set. The authors present evidence that consumers respond to financial incentives, but that these are not the only determinants of behavior. For example, consumers are often uninformed and inattentive, and they exhibit a tendency to respond to certain nonmonetary factors in addition to monetary incentives. The authors conclude that time‐varying pricing is an effective and essential policy instrument, while instruments designed to boost customer attentiveness and allow households to become better informed about their energy use play an important complementary role. Smart meters are crucial in making such a policy package feasible. The power of randomized experimental designs, which underlie much of the evidence that is presented, is also discussed. The authors highlight the important areas for future research and recommend that such future research efforts continue to leverage randomized designs.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Smart Connections of Renewable Distributed Generation Projects: A Guide
Authors: Anaya Karim L.
Published: August 2016

The aim of this chapter is to explain and disseminate the methodology for the estimation of the costs and benefits associated with the implementation of renewable distributed generation projects. The analysis is focused on the estimation of two financial indicators: the net present value and the internal rate of return. The regulatory context and the different approaches of commercial arrangements are analyzed and taken into consideration in the costs and benefit analysis. Empirical examples and case studies of different connection options (smart vs conventional) are provided for illustrating the calculations and for interpreting the results, respectively. The cases relate to the different connection options offered under the context of the Flexible Plug and Play project, a customer‐funded network innovation project in the United Kingdom.
Synchrophasor Device Testing and Related Standards
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Biswas Saugata
Published: August 2016

With ongoing smart grid efforts, wide area monitoring and control requires advanced synchrophasor measurements based algorithms. However, testing and validation of these phasor measurement units (PMUs) are needed before integration into the physical grid. New procedures need to be developed for conformance testing of these devices. This work discusses an example testing tool PMU performance analyser (PPA) for conformance testing of PMU against standards. Number of related standards and other testing procedures have also been discussed. Example test results using PPA and associated test bed have been provided.
Grid Codes in Power Systems with Significant Renewable‐Based Generation
Authors: Erlich Istvan , Shewarega Fekadu
Published: August 2016

This chapter deals with grid codes designed to facilitate the integration of decentralized generation facilities into the power system. Power in‐feed by distributed resources with outputs fluctuating over a wide margin requires a strict operational regime to ensure power quality, system stability, and supply reliability. Grid codes specify and spell out these basic rules. This chapter discusses the scope of these requirements from the grid perspective with the German grid code as an illustrative example. Further, some implementation examples and technological options that enable strict adherence to the grid code requirements are also discussed.
System‐Level Simulation for Future Smart Grids
Authors: Xiong Jinjun
Published: August 2016

Smart grid is a complex, dynamic, stochastic, and hierarchical system of systems, and system‐level simulation is an essential step for understanding, reasoning, modifying, and designing such a system. Existing simulation solutions either have a narrow scope that is difficult to capture the complex interactions, or are not scalable enough in terms of development cost, computing capabilities, and application diversity. This chapter proposes a multi‐scenario multi‐agent simulation framework for future smart grid application development. The proposed system‐level simulation framework is configurable and scalable by leveraging a number of key technologies, including a library of well‐defined functional components with power industry semantics, a high‐level programming language for users to describe the power industry applications for simulation, and a compiler that automatically generates a target runtime simulation environment. A number of use cases along with some promising simulation tools are discussed to show the benefits and feasibility of developing such a system‐level simulation tool for future smart grid applications.
Data Analytics for Transmission and Distribution
Authors: Catterson Victoria M. , McArthur Stephen D. J.
Published: August 2016

With more sources of monitoring coming on‐line, manual analysis of the raw data becomes increasingly infeasible. Data analytics can provide the toolset for automated decision support for utility engineers, helping to unlock the potential of network data. This chapter will focus on when and how data analytics can support transmission and distribution engineers in various job functions. Some particular applications are considered first, highlighting what role analytics can play and how this benefits the utility. Then, the enabling technologies for data analytics are discussed, exploring the links with fields such as data science and Big Data. Finally, the chapter concludes with various case studies of transmission and distribution data analytics in practice, and draws out some key design and deployment challenges overcome in each case.
Power System Restoration
Authors: Sforna Marino
Published: August 2016

The organization, the implementation, and the test of a restoration plan are mandatory prerequisites for the success of a power system restoration after a large outage. The chapter describes the criteria and the strategies to build a restoration plan starting from the basic assumptions and the general rules, up to the correct use of the available resources considering component constrains and system priorities for the black‐start process. Examples of actual restoration tests are provided together with the description about their organization and the obtained results.
Preparation and Mechanical Properties of (Ni–Fe)–Graphene Composite Coating
Authors: Zhang Lan , Li Na , Xia Huimin , Zhang Jingyi , Zhang Pingping , Xu Miting , Ma Huizhong
Published: August 2016

(Ni–Fe)–Graphene composite coatings have been prepared on the stainless steel substrate using electro‐deposition technique. The mechanical properties are investigated by hardness and nano‐indentation tests and have shown that compared with uncoated substrate, substrate coated with (Ni–Fe)–Graphene composite coatings exhibits the maximum enhancement of threefold in hardness and 14.9% improvement in elastic modulus. The characterization results of morphology and microstructure with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy diffraction spectrum (EDS), as well as X‐ray diffraction (XRD) have demonstrated that Graphene Nano‐platelets wrapped by Ni–Fe crystalline grains are embedded into the matrix metal acting as an effective reinforcement.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 4H‐Pyrans Through Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formal [3+3] Cycloadditions of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Yue Zhenting , Li Wenbo , Liu Lu , Wang Cuihong , Zhang Junliang
Published: August 2016

4H‐Pyran units are frequently present in molecules with significant biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, we present the first enantioselective formal [3+3] cycloaddition between 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones and β‐keto esters catalyzed by a cyclohexyldiamine‐based thiourea‐tertiary amine bifunctional catalyst. Under the mild and eco‐friendly conditions, a wide range of polysubstituted 4H‐pyrans were obtained in moderate yields with good enantioselectivities.

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The Significance of Lewis Acid Sites for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide on Vanadium‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Marberger Adrian , Ferri Davide , Elsener Martin , Kröcher Oliver
Published: August 2016

The long debated reaction mechanisms of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide with ammonia (NH3) on vanadium‐based catalysts rely on the involvement of Brønsted or Lewis acid sites. This issue has been clearly elucidated using a combination of transient perturbations of the catalyst environment with operando time‐resolved spectroscopy to obtain unique molecular level insights. Nitric oxide reacts predominantly with NH3 coordinated to Lewis sites on vanadia on tungsta–titania (V2O5‐WO3‐TiO2), while Brønsted sites are not involved in the catalytic cycle. The Lewis site is a mono‐oxo vanadyl group that reduces only in the presence of both nitric oxide and NH3. We were also able to verify the formation of the nitrosamide (NH2NO) intermediate, which forms in tandem with vanadium reduction, and thus the entire mechanism of SCR. Our experimental approach, demonstrated in the specific case of SCR, promises to progress the understanding of chemical reactions of technological relevance.