bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The vermiform appendix: A review
Authors: Barlow Andrew , Muhleman Mitchel , Gielecki Jerzy , Matusz Petru , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: May 2013

New research on the vermiform appendix has shed light on its function. In further understanding the function of the appendix, this information should not negatively impact the clinical judgment in the event of appendicitis. Although the appendix and its pathology have been noted for centuries, it still presents a challenge in the operating room. The most common emergency surgical procedure performed is an appendectomy. Its highly variable position within the abdomen can cause confusion for clinicians. However, improved imaging modalities have heightened the physician's ability to diagnose disease of this organ. This article reviews germane literature regarding the human vermiform appendix. Clin. Anat. 26:833–842, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utilization of the impella 2.5 micro‐axial pump in children for acute circulatory support
Authors: Dimas V. Vivian , Murthy Raghav , Guleserian Kristine J.
Published: May 2013

Percutaneous circulatory support is widely available for use in adult patients. Options remain limited in the pediatric population due to limitations of vessel and patient size, resulting in the use of more invasive means of circulatory support. We present a case series of pediatric patients in whom the Impella 2.5 axial flow pump was able to be placed utilizing a hybrid approach that allowed for adequate distal perfusion while providing successful short‐term hemodynamic support. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterisation of Nanoscopic FeF3‐MgF2 Heterogeneous Catalysts with Bi‐Acidic Properties
Authors: Guo Ying , Gaczyński Piotr , Becker Klaus‐Dieter , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: May 2013

Nanoscopic metal fluorides with surface hydroxy groups are of broad interest in heterogeneous catalysis. With both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites on the surface, these catalysts can be applied to a wide range of reactions. Having previously synthesised AlF3‐ and MgF2‐based catalysts, we report a new transition metal fluoride with bi‐acidity. A pre‐dehydration procedure was developed to introduce hydroxy groups to a Lewis acid, FeF3. Subsequently, ternary nanoscopic FeF3‐MgF2 with enhanced porosity was prepared through a one‐step fluorination. The interaction between MgF2 and FeF3 was elucidated. Surface characterisation revealed a remarkable increase in the surface area of FeF3‐MgF2 compared with FeF3. More importantly, medium–strong Lewis and Brønsted acid sites were detected on the FeF3‐MgF2 surface. In line with its bi‐acidity, FeF3‐MgF2 was highly active in the model reaction, the isomerisation of citronellal to isopulegol. Finally, we discuss how the porosity and surface acidity jointly determine the activity of FeF3‐MgF2. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of ternary FeF3‐MgF2 and opens new possibilities to synthesise bi‐acidic fluoride catalysts.
An Experimental Study of Copper Extraction Characteristics in a T‐Junction Microchannel
Authors: Yang L. , Zhao Y. , Su Y. , Chen G.
Published: May 2013

The extraction performance in a T‐junction microchannel was investigated experimentally. CuSO4/H2SO4/AD‐100/260# solvent oil was chosen as the working system. The velocities of the aqueous and oil phases were varied from 0.0016 to 0.45 m s–1, with ReM varying between 9 and 200. The experimental results show that the extraction process of copper in the microchannel is controlled by both reaction intrinsic kinetics and mass transfer, depending on the characteristics of the reaction and the fluid hydrodynamics. The maximum extraction efficiency is about 0.96, and the apparent overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kappa) is in the range of 0.02–0.2 s–1. In addition, the effects of the Cu2+ concentration and the pH in the aqueous phase, the volumetric fraction of AD‐100 in the oil phase, and the temperature on the extraction performance were investigated in detail.
Chemistry and Structures of Hexakis(halogenomethyl)‐, Hexakis(azidomethyl)‐, and Hexakis(nitratomethyl)disiloxanes
Authors: Ascherl Laura , Evangelisti Camilla , Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Nafe Julia , Nieder Anian , Rest Sebastian , Schütz Christian , Suceska Muhamed , Trunk Matthias
Published: May 2013

An investigation of the structures and chemistry of substituted hexamethyl disiloxanes ((XCH2)3Si)2O; X=F, Cl, Br, I, N3, and ONO2) is reported. New synthetic routes to the precursor hexakis(chloromethyl)disiloxane are presented. The products with X=Cl, Br, I, and N3 were characterized by NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the single‐crystal structures of the products with X=Cl, Br, and I are discussed in detail. The compounds with X=F and ONO2 were not obtained in their pure form; instead investigations of the decomposition products revealed their conversion into intermediates. Theoretical calculations of the gas‐phase structures at the B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ, B3LYP/3‐21G, MP2/6‐31G*, and MP2/3‐21G levels of theory are used to explain the chemical and physical behavior of the compounds with X=Cl, Br, I, N3, and ONO2. A new decomposition pathway of hexakis(nitratomethyl)disiloxane is presented and is used to explain their remarkable instability. The energetic properties and values of the nitrate and azide derivatives were calculated at the CBS‐4M level of theory by using the improved EXPLO5 computer code version 6.01.
Solvent Based Membrane Nanofiltration for Process Intensification
Authors: Buekenhoudt Anita , Beckers Herman , Ormerod Dominic , Bulut Metin , Vandezande Pieter , Vleeschouwers Roel
Published: May 2013

A large‐scale mobile pilot installation for organic solvent nanofiltration has been designed to facilitate the transfer of this new promising technology for process intensification to industry. The installation, suitable for all requirements ranging from proof of principle testing to pilot scale production, is mobile and can be equipped both with ceramic and polymeric membranes. The pilot is full ATEX, meets the regulatory requirements of pharmaceutical and fine chemical manufacturing and is available to customers on a rental basis. In this paper, the technical specifications of the pilot unit, possible applications and some successful case studies are presented.
Quantitative analysis of fatty acids composition in the used cooking oil (UCO) by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC–MS)
Authors: Abidin Sumaiya Zainal , Patel Dipesh , Saha Basudeb
Published: May 2013

A simple, robust and reliable method has been developed for the quantification of fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Four steps involved in this study are: the preparation of UCO for quantification analysis, development of calibration curve, determination of fatty acids composition and the ageing studies. The developed method has been validated with known composition of the UCO and biodiesel and the error has been found to be within ±0.7%. This method can be used for the determination of composition of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in oil and biodiesel products.
Theoretical Study on the Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Complexes of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine with Water
Authors: Guo Lingfei , Huang Zhengguo , Shen Tingting , Ma Lingling , Niu Xiqian
Published: May 2013

The energies, geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of 1:1 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐water (5‐HT‐H2O) complexes are studied at the MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) level. Natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses and the localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (LMO‐EDA) were performed to explore the nature of the hydrogen‐bonding interactions in these complexes. Various types of hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds) are formed in these 5‐HT‐H2O complexes. The intermolecular C4H55‐HT···Ow H‐bond in HTW3 is strengthened due to the cooperativity, whereas no such cooperativity is found in the other 5‐HT‐H2O complexes. H‐bond in which nitrogen atom of amino in 5‐HT acted as proton donors was stronger than other H‐bonds. Our researches show that the hydrogen bonding interaction plays a vital role on the relative stabilities of 5‐HT‐H2O complexes.
Emulation of human and rodent cardiac motion with a computer‐controlled cardiac phantom using DENSE MRI
Authors: Constantinides C. , Zhong X. , Tzagkarakis V. , Cofer G. , Gravett R.
Published: May 2013

In this work, human myocardial motion is studied in an electrical and in an MRI‐compatible (pneumatic) version of a specialized, commercially available, human cardiac phantom at 1.5 Tesla using Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE). Work is extended to a prototype rodent phantom, designed, manufactured, implemented, and imaged on a high field (7 T) scanner using urethane‐elastomers under dynamic conditions. Mechanical properties of phantom composition (including commercially available urethane‐elastomers of variable elasticity, poly(glycerol) sebacate (PGS), and polyvinyl acetate (PVA)‐elastomeric samples were evaluated with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both phantoms were cyclically driven at 90–100 bpm and were molded to match accurately human and rodent anatomy. Constructed waveforms attained human and rodent torsions that ranged between 0–40° and 0–20°, respectively. The human phantom used PVA elastomer‐materials, whereas solid, cylindrical urethane‐elastomeric, and PGS samples were tested in the rodent phantom. Measured bulk storage moduli of elasticity varied between 0.7 and 1.06 MPa using the DMA, whereas AFM measurements independently confirmed the graded surface stiffness of elastomers and PGS samples. Displacement maps were generated with DENSE at time intervals ending at 25% of the cardiac cycle (due to the reduced DENSE‐MRI SNR at subsequent intervals) and yielded basal, middle, and apical longitudinal displacements that ranged between −4–6, −8–8, and −10–8 mm, respectively. Elicited in‐plane strain results yielded LV phantom values during the first five cardiac phases that ranged between 0.03–3.7% for Exx and 0.03–4.8% for Eyy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 42A: 59–71, 2013.
Breast cancer mortality in participants of the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Hofvind Solveig , Ursin Giske , Tretli Steinar , Sebuødegård Sofie , Møller Bjørn
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program started in 1996. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report using individual‐based data on invitation and participation to analyze breast cancer mortality among screened and nonscreened women in the program.

METHODS

Information on dates of invitation, attendance, breast cancer diagnosis, emigration, death, and cause of death was linked by using unique 11‐digit personal identification numbers assigned all inhabitants of Norway at birth or immigration. In total, 699,628 women ages 50 to 69 years without prior a diagnosis of breast cancer were invited to the program from 1996 to 2009 and were followed for breast cancer through 2009 and death through 2010. Incidence‐based breast cancer mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were compared between the screened and nonscreened cohorts using a Poisson regression model. The MRRs were adjusted for calendar period, attained age, years since inclusion in the cohorts, and self‐selection bias.

RESULTS

The crude breast cancer mortality rate was 20.7 per 100,000 women‐years for the screened cohort compared with 39.7 per 100,000 women‐years for the nonscreened cohort, resulting in an MRR of 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.47‐0.59). The mortality reduction associated with attendance in the program was 43% (MRR, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.51‐0.64) after adjusting for calendar period, attained age, years after inclusion in the cohort, and self‐selection bias.

CONCLUSIONS

After 15 years of follow‐up, a 43% reduction in mortality was observed among women who attended the national mammographic screening program in Norway. Cancer 2013;119:3106–3112. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Tools to improve clinical trial design in urothelial cancer
Authors: Deal Allison M. , Milowsky Matthew I.
Published: May 2013

Two reports in this issue describe a nomogram for predicting survival and a landmark analysis demonstrating the relation between 6‐month and 9‐month progression‐free status and overall survival in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. These 2 important tools will be used to improve future clinical trial design in patients with advanced urothelial cancer.
Multi‐Trace Boundary Integral Formulation for Acoustic Scattering by Composite Structures
Authors: Claeys Xavier , Hiptmair Ralf
Published: May 2013

We study the scattering of an acoustic wave by an object composed of several adjacent parts with different material properties. For this problem we derive a new integral equation formulation of the first kind. This formulation involves two Dirichlet data and two Neumann data at each point of each material interface of the diffracting object. It is immune to spurious resonances, and it enjoys a stability property that ensures quasi‐optimal convergence of conforming Galerkin boundary element discretization. In addition, the operator of this formulation satisfies a relation similar to the standard Calderón identity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Ionic Hydrogen/Deuterium Bonds between Diammoniumalkane Dications and Halide Anions
Authors: Demireva Maria , Oomens Jos , Berden Giel , Williams Evan R.
Published: May 2013

Halide‐anion binding to 1,12‐dodecanediammonium, tetramethyl‐1,12‐dodecanediammmonium, and tetramethyl‐1,7‐heptanediammonium has been investigated with infrared multiple‐photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in the 1000–2250 cm−1 spectral region and with theory. Both charged ammonium groups in these diammonium compounds interact with the halide anion resulting in an ionic hydrogen bond (IHB) stretching frequency outside of the spectral frequency range that can be measured with the free‐electron laser (FEL). This frequency is shifted into the spectral range upon exchanging all of the labile hydrogen atoms with deuterium atoms, thus making measurement of the ionic deuterium bond (IDB) stretching frequency possible. The IDB stretching frequency shifts to higher values with increasing halide‐anion size, methylation of the ammonium groups, and alkane chain length, consistent with the halide‐anion–deuterium bond strength decreasing with decreasing gas‐phase basicity of the halide anion and the increasing gas‐phase basicity of the ammonium groups. The IDB stretching frequency also depends on the alkane chain length owing to constraints on the angle of the bonds between the halide anion and the two ammonium groups. There are additional bands in the IDB stretching feature in the IRMPD spectra, which are attributed to Fermi resonances and arise from coupling with overtone or combination bands that can be identified from theory and depend on the halide‐anion identity and alkane chain length.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Materials as Regenerable Sensing Systems for the Recognition of Nitroaromatic Explosives
Authors: Sarkar Krishanu , Salinas Yolanda , Campos Inmaculada , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Marcos María D. , Sancenón Félix , Amorós Pedro
Published: May 2013

Fluorescent organic–inorganic mesoporous hybrid materials have been prepared and characterised, and their behaviour against nitroaromatic explosives have been tested. MCM‐41 silica was used as an inorganic scaffold and pyrene (P derivative containing trialkoxysilane moieties), dansyl and fluorescein (D and F derivatives also containing trialkoxysilane groups, respectively) fluorophores have been anchored on hybrid materials by a co‐condensation method to obtain a homogenous distribution of dyes into the pores of the support. Six sensing materials have been prepared, of which SP, SD, SF were hydrophilic and SPh, SDh, SFh were hydrophobic. Template‐free hydrophilic materials (SP, SD, SF) were obtained after repeated NH4NO3/ethanol extractions under temperature from as‐synthesised (MP, MD and MF supports, respectively) solids. Hydrophobic materials (SPh, SDh, SFh) were prepared by using excess 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexamethyldisilazane with template‐free hydrophilic (SP, SD and SF) materials. The six final materials displayed the typical emission bands of the grafted fluorophores. In particular, SP and SPh show the typical pyrene monomer (370–420 nm) and excimer (430–600 nm) emissions. SD and SDh exhibit the broad dansyl fluorescence band in the 450–600 nm range, whereas solids SF and SFh present sharp fluorescein emission centred at 525 nm. The fluorescent behaviour of the six final materials was tested in the presence of explosives (pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), nitrobenzene (NB), 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl) and picric acid (PA)). Only nitroaromatic compounds were able to induce emission quenching. As a general trend, the quenching degree depended on the nature of the final material. The best response was obtained with explosives PA and Tetryl, which were able to significantly quench the emission of the sensing supports. The observed quenching was ascribed to the π–π stacking interactions between the electron‐donor fluorophores and the electron‐withdrawing nitroaromatic explosives. When using SPh for Tetryl and PA, the limits of detection were 8.5 and 1.4 ppm, respectively, whereas they were 14.4 and 1.2 ppm for SDh. Principal component analysis algorithms were applied to the fluorescence measurements taken with the six hybrid materials and the seven explosives. The obtained score plot showed well‐defined clusters for the seven explosives tested. Finally, solid SDh was applied to detect trace amounts of Tetryl in soil samples with good results.
Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Tungsten using Tungsten Hexafluoride and Highly‐diluted Silane in Argon
Authors: Kalanyan Berç , Losego Mark D. , Oldham Christopher J. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: May 2013

Inherent chemical hazards in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes can be mitigated significantly by careful selection of precursor materials. This work describes the effect of silane (SiH4) exposure on tungsten ALD growth when the silane is heavily diluted (2 at.‐%) in argon. A wide ALD temperature window from 200 to ∼300°C is identified, exhibiting a growth rate of between 5 and 6 Å per ALD cycle using SiH4 and tungsten hexafluoride (WF6) exposures of ∼6 × 105 and ∼5 × 105 Langmuirs (L), respectively. For deposition at lower temperature (150°C), growth rates of ∼4.5 Å per cycle are obtained using a silane exposure of 30 s per cycle, where the partial pressure of silane at the inlet is controlled at 40 mTorr (corresponding to 1.2 × 106 L of silane). Compositional analysis by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) show less than ∼5 at.‐% Si in the W films, with the smallest Si content in films deposited at 300°C. We also describe effects of hot‐wall reactor preconditioning on film growth. We conclude that the dilute silane co‐reactant offers an alternative to the common disilane, borosilane, or undiluted silane precursors, allowing well‐controlled W deposition at 150°C.
Nuclear phosphatase PPM1G in cellular survival and neural development
Authors: Foster William H. , Langenbacher Adam , Gao Chen , Chen Jaunian , Wang Yibin
Published: May 2013

Background: PPM1G is a nuclear localized serine/threonine phosphatase implicated to be a regulator of chromatin remodeling, mRNA splicing, and DNA damage. However, its in vivo function is unknown. Results: Here we show that ppm1g expression is highly enriched in the central nervous system during mouse and zebrafish development. ppm1g−/− mice were embryonic lethal with incomplete penetrance after E12.5. Rostral defects, including neural tube and craniofacial defects were observed in ppm1g−/− embryos associated with increased cell death in the neural epithelium. In zebrafish, loss of ppm1g also led to neural defects with aberrant neural marker gene expression. Primary fibroblasts from ppm1g−/− embryos failed to grow without immortalization while immortalized ppm1g−/− fibroblasts had increased cell death upon oxidative and genotoxic stress when compared to wild type fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our in vivo and in vitro studies revealed a critical role for PPM1G in normal development and cell survival. Developmental Dynamics 242:1101–1109, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of on‐animal acoustical recording devices for studying animal behavior
Authors: Lynch Emma , Angeloni Lisa , Fristrup Kurt , Joyce Damon , Wittemyer George
Published: May 2013

Audio recordings made from free‐ranging animals can be used to investigate aspects of physiology, behavior, and ecology through acoustic signal processing. On‐animal acoustical monitoring applications allow continuous remote data collection, and can serve to address questions across temporal and spatial scales. We report on the design of an inexpensive collar‐mounted recording device and present data on the activity budget of wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) derived from these devices applied for a 2‐week period. Over 3300 h of acoustical recordings were collected from 10 deer on their winter range in a natural gas extraction field in northwestern Colorado. Analysis of a subset of the data indicated deer spent approximately 33.5% of their time browsing, 20.8% of their time processing food through mastication, and nearly 38.3% of their time digesting through rumination, with marked differences in diel patterning of these activities. Systematic auditory vigilance was a salient activity when masticating, and these data offer options for quantifying wildlife responses to varying listening conditions and predation risk. These results (validated using direct observation) demonstrate that acoustical monitoring is a viable and accurate method for characterizing individual time budgets and behaviors of ungulates, and may provide new insight into the ways external forces affect wildlife behavior.
Asymmetric Formal Synthesis of (–)‐Swainsonine by a Highly Regioselective and Diastereoselective Allylic Amination Using Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate
Authors: Li Qing Ri , Dong Guang Ri , Park Sook Jin , Hong Yong Rae , Kim In Su , Jung Young Hoon
Published: May 2013

A concise asymmetric formal synthesis of (–)‐swainsonine from readily available D‐erythronolactone is described. The key steps include a highly diastereoselective amination of a chiral benzylic ether, which occurs with the retention of stereochemistry using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, and a palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative N‐allylation of an allyl carbamate.
Direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels from biomass via integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion process—A techno‐economic analysis
Authors: Tan Eric C.D. , Marker Terry L. , Roberts Michael J.
Published: May 2013

A techno‐economic analysis (TEA) is performed to investigate the production of gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbon fuels by conversion of woody biomass via Gas Technology Institute (GTI)'s integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2) process. The processing capacity is 2000 dry metric tonnes (2205 dry US tons) of woody biomass per day. Major process areas include catalytic hydropyrolysis, catalytic hydroconversion, on‐site hydrogen production, feedstock handling and storage, hydrocarbon absorber, sour water stripper, hydrogen sulfide scrubber, distillation tower, and all other operations support utilities. The TEA incorporates applicable commercial technologies, process modeling using Aspen HYSYS software, equipment cost estimation, and discounted cash flow analysis. The resulting minimum fuel selling price is $1.64 per gallon (or $1.68 per gallon of gasoline equivalent) in 2007 US dollars. The process yields 79 gallons of liquid fuels per dry US ton of woody biomass feedstock, for an annual fuel production rate of 61 million gallons at 96% on‐stream time. The estimated total capital investment for an nth‐plant is $264 million. A sensitivity analysis captures uncertainties in costs and plant performance. Results from this TEA can serve as the baseline for future comparison and as a basis for comparing this process to other biomass‐to‐liquid fuel pathways. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 609–617, 2014
A leaky model of long‐term soil phosphorus dynamics
Authors: Boyle John F. , Chiverrell Richard C. , Norton Stephen A. , Plater Andy J.
Published: May 2013

Soil phosphorus (P) leaks rapidly from newly formed land surfaces to upland rivers and lakes, surface water P concentrations peaking early before declining as soil apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) becomes depleted. We present lake sediment P profiles that record this leakage through the early Holocene. The results are entirely consistent with our re‐analysis of published soil chronosequence data, but conflict with more recent quantitative interpretations of global soil P dynamics that identify far slower loss rates. P inherited from the bedrock on soil formation, long regarded as the major source for terrestrial ecosystems, only lasts ~104 years rather than the previously suggested 106 years, and thus is, globally, much less important in the long term than atmospheric supply. This changes the conceptualization of terrestrial P dynamics, with the “terminal steady state” of Walker and Syers (1976) being the norm not the exception, and with soil P export being little if at all controlled by biotic retention mechanisms. High early export of P from newly formed soil causes a peak in the productivity of terrestrial surface waters, before a decline as the soil P pool depletes. Globally, the 18 × 106 km2 of terrain exposed since the Last Glacial Maximum potentially produced a substantial surge in runoff P, with greatest impacts likely in high‐latitude, restricted basin seas and maximal area of deglaciated terrain.
SBERIA: Set‐Based Gene‐Environment Interaction Test for Rare and Common Variants in Complex Diseases
Authors: Jiao Shuo , Hsu Li , Bézieau Stéphane , Brenner Hermann , Chan Andrew T. , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Le Marchand Loic , Lemire Mathieu , Newcomb Polly A. , Slattery Martha L. , Peters Ulrike
Published: May 2013

Identification of gene‐environment interaction (G × E) is important in understanding the etiology of complex diseases. However, partially due to the lack of power, there have been very few replicated G × E findings compared to the success in marginal association studies. The existing G × E testing methods mainly focus on improving the power for individual markers. In this paper, we took a different strategy and proposed a set‐based gene‐environment interaction test (SBERIA), which can improve the power by reducing the multiple testing burdens and aggregating signals within a set. The major challenge of the signal aggregation within a set is how to tell signals from noise and how to determine the direction of the signals. SBERIA takes advantage of the established correlation screening for G × E to guide the aggregation of genotypes within a marker set. The correlation screening has been shown to be an efficient way of selecting potential G × E candidate SNPs in case‐control studies for complex diseases. Importantly, the correlation screening in case‐control combined samples is independent of the interaction test. With this desirable feature, SBERIA maintains the correct type I error level and can be easily implemented in a regular logistic regression setting. We showed that SBERIA had higher power than benchmark methods in various simulation scenarios, both for common and rare variants. We also applied SBERIA to real genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) data of 10,729 colorectal cancer cases and 13,328 controls and found evidence of interaction between the set of known colorectal cancer susceptibility loci and smoking.
Probing IMF using nanodust measurements from inside Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Hsu H.‐W. , Hansen K. C. , Horányi M. , Kempf S. , Mocker A. , Moragas‐Klostermeyer G. , Postberg F. , Srama R. , Zieger B.
Published: May 2013

We present a new concept of monitoring the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) by using in situ measurements of nanodust stream particles in Saturn's magnetosphere. We show that the nanodust detection pattern obtained inside the magnetosphere resembles those observed in interplanetary space and is associated with the solar wind compression regions. Our dust dynamics model reproduces the observed nanodust dynamical properties as well as the detection pattern, suggesting that the ejected stream particles can reenter Saturn's magnetosphere at certain occasions due to the dynamical influence from the time‐varying IMF. This method provides information on the IMF direction and a rough estimation on the solar wind compression arrival time at Saturn. Such information can be useful for studies related to the solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions, especially when the solar wind parameters are not directly available.
The formation and evolution of double layers inside the auroral cavity
Authors: Main D. S. , Newman D. L. , Scholz C. , Ergun R. E.
Published: May 2013

The formation and dynamic evolution of double layers which form inside the auroral cavity are studied using one‐ and two‐dimensional electrostatic particle‐in‐cell simulations. Both the one‐ and two‐dimensional simulations are confined to processes that occur in the auroral cavity and include four plasma populations: hot electrons, H+ and O+ anti‐earthward ion beams and a hot H+background population. We show that double layers inside the auroral cavity can evolve nonlinearly from ion phase space holes and are supported by the cold, anti‐earthward traveling O+beam. We then present two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell results which show that double layers in the interior of the auroral cavity can form in higher dimensions. The electric field structure in 2‐D is verified as a double layer through simultaneous analysis of the parallel electric field and H+ and O+ phase space.
In vitro biocompatibility of Ti‐45S5 bioglass nanocomposites and their scaffolds
Authors: Kaczmarek M. , Jurczyk M. U. , Rubis B. , Banaszak A. , Kolecka A. , Paszel A. , Jurczyk K. , Murias M. , Sikora J. , Jurczyk M.
Published: May 2013

Titanium–10 wt % 45S5 Bioglass nanocomposites and their scaffolds were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by pressing, sintering, or combination of MA and a “space‐holder” sintering process, respectively. An amorphous structure was obtained at 15 h of milling. The crystallization of the amorphous phase upon annealing led to the formation of a nanostructured Ti–10 wt % 45S5 Bioglass composite with a grain size of approximately 7 nm. The in vitro cytocompatibility of these materials was evaluated and compared with a conventional microcrystalline titanium. During the studies, established cell line of human fibroblasts CCD‐39Lu was cultured in the presence of tested materials and its survival rate, and proliferation activity were examined. Furthermore, the influence of the Ti–45S5 Bioglass nanocomposites and microcrystalline titanium was tested on the growth of Candida albicans yeast. Biocompatibility tests carried out indicate that the nanocomposite Ti–10 wt % 45S5 Bioglass scaffolds could be a possible candidate for dental implants and other medicinal applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1316–1324, 2014.
Reduced platelets and bacteria adhesion on poly(ether ether ketone) by photoinduced and self‐initiated graft polymerization of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
Authors: Tateishi Takaharu , Kyomoto Masayuki , Kakinoki Sachiro , Yamaoka Tetsuji , Ishihara Kazuhiko
Published: May 2013

Aromatic poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a super engineering plastic, which has good mechanical properties and is resistant to physical and chemical stimuli. We have, therefore, attempted to use PEEK in cardiovascular devices. Synthetic cardiovascular devices require both high hemocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory activity in addition to the mechanical properties. We modified the PEEK surface by photoinduced and self‐initiated graft polymerization with 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC; PMPC‐grafted PEEK) for obtaining good antithrombogenicity. Polymerization was carried out on the surface of PEEK under radiation of ultraviolet (UV) light during which we controlled monomer concentrations, temperatures, and UV intensities. The biological performance of the PMPC‐grafted PEEK was examined and compared with that of unmodified PEEK. With increase in the thickness of the PMPC layer, the amount of fibrinogen adsorption decreased significantly in comparison to that in the case of unmodified PEEK. When placed in contact with human platelet‐rich plasma, surface of the PMPC‐grafted PEEK clearly showed inhibition of platelet adhesion and activation. Also, bacterial adhesion was reduced dramatically on the PMPC‐grafted PEEK. Thus, the PMPC grafting on PEEK improved the antithrombogenicity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1342–1349, 2014.
Biomaterials and biotechnology: From the discovery of the first angiogenesis inhibitors to the development of controlled drug delivery systems and the foundation of tissue engineering
Authors: Langer Robert
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the discovery of the first inhibitors of angiogenesis; the discoveries that led to the development of the first biocompatible controlled release systems for macromolecules, and findings that helped to create the field of tissue engineering. In addition, new paradigms for creating biomaterials, early work on nanotechnology in medicine and intelligent drug delivery systems are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2449–2455, 2013.
Dentistry proteomics: From laboratory development to clinical practice
Authors: Rezende Taia M. B. , Lima Stella M. F. , Petriz Bernardo A. , Silva Osmar N. , Freire Mirna S. , Franco Octávio L.
Published: May 2013

Despite all the dental information acquired over centuries and the importance of proteome research, the cross‐link between these two areas only emerged around mid‐nineties. Proteomic tools can help dentistry in the identification of risk factors, early diagnosis, prevention, and systematic control that will promote the evolution of treatment in all dentistry specialties. This review mainly focuses on the evolution of dentistry in different specialties based on proteomic research and how these tools can improve knowledge in dentistry. The subjects covered are an overview of proteomics in dentistry, specific information on different fields in dentistry (dental structure, restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, oral pathology, oral surgery, and orthodontics) and future directions. There are many new proteomic technologies that have never been used in dentistry studies and some dentistry areas that have never been explored by proteomic tools. It is expected that a greater integration of these areas will help to understand what is still unknown in oral health and disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2271–2284, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and structural elucidation of in vitro metabolites of atazanavir by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Changfu , Gallegos Richard , Bridson Gary , Wu Lijun , Harbeson Scott , Zelle Robert , Tung Roger
Published: May 2013

Atazanavir (marketed as Reyataz®) is an important member of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor class. LC‐UV‐MSn experiments were designed to identify metabolites of atazanavir after incubations in human hepatocytes. Five major (M1–M5) and seven minor (M7–M12) metabolites were identified. The most abundant metabolite, M1, was formed by a mono‐oxidation on the t‐butyl group at the non‐prime side. The second most abundant metabolite, M2, was also a mono‐oxidation product, which has not yet been definitively identified. Metabolites, M3 and M4, were structural isomers, which were apparently formed by oxidative carbamate hydrolysis. The structure of M5 comprises the non‐prime side of atazanavir which contains a pyridinyl‐benzyl group. Metabolite M6a was formed by the cleavage of the pyridinyl‐benzyl side chain, as evidenced by the formation of the corresponding metabolic product, the pyridinyl‐benzoic acid (M6b). Mono‐oxidation also occurred on the pyridinyl‐benzyl group to produce the low abundance metabolite M8. Oxidation of the terminal methyl groups produced M9 and M10, respectively, which have low chemical stability. Trace‐level metabolites of di‐oxidations, M11 and M12, were also detected, but the complexity of the molecule precluded identification of the second oxidation site. To our knowledge, metabolites M6b and M8 have not been reported. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry screening for synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends
Authors: Ibáñez María , Bijlsma Lubertus , van Nuijs Alexander L.N. , Sancho Juan V. , Haro Gonzalo , Covaci Adrian , Hernández Félix
Published: May 2013

‘Legal highs’ are novel substances which are intended to elicit a psychoactive response. They are sold from ‘head shops’, the internet and from street suppliers and may be possessed without legal restriction. Several months ago, a 19‐year‐old woman came searching for medical treatment as she had health problems caused by smoking legal highs. The substances were sold as herbal blends in plastic bags under four different labels. In this work, samples of these herbal blends have been analysed to investigate the presence of psychoactive substances without any reference standard being available at the laboratory. A screening strategy for a large number of synthetic and natural cannabinoids has been applied based on the use of ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole‐time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QTOF MS) under MSE mode. A customized home‐made database containing literature‐based exact masses for parent and product ions of around 200 synthetic and natural cannabinoids was compiled.

The presence of the (de)protonated molecule measured at its accurate mass was evaluated in the samples. When a peak was detected, collision‐induced dissociation fragments and characteristic isotopic ions were also evaluated and used for tentative identification. After this tentative identification, four synthetic cannabinoids (JWH‐081, JWH‐250, JWH‐203 and JWH‐019) were unequivocally confirmed by subsequent acquisition of reference standards. The presence in the herbal blends of these synthetic cannabinoids might explain the psychotic and catatonic symptoms observed in the patient, as JWH compounds could act as potent agonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors located in the Limbic System and Basal ganglia of the human brain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape and intraporosity of topsoil aggregates under maquis and pasture in the Mediteranean region
Authors: Zucca Claudio , Vignozzi Nadia , Madrau Salvatore , Dingil Mahmut , Previtali Franco , Kapur Selim
Published: May 2013

The clearing of Mediterranean maquis along with the creation of new pasture land has been an important factor of soil and land degradation in the Mediterranean region. The present research compared soil aggregates and their intraporosity in paired pasture/maquis plots in central E Sardinia (Italy), to study the impact of land use change on soil structure.

Undisturbed surface horizons were sampled for thin‐section analysis. Aggregate shape was compared and intraporosity was studied for representative aggregates at different depths. Furthermore, the interaction of root activity and grazing under pasture and maquis cover was discussed. The outcomes revealed a complex interplay of trampling and root activity effects. A decrease (–44%) in total voids (regular pores), along with higher aggregate regularity, was observed under pasture in the 0–2 cm layer, and an increase (+261%) in 50–100 μm planar (elongated) pores was determined in the 2–4 cm layer, suggesting a possible surface compaction due to trampling and an increased subsurface fine root activity by the grassland vegetation.
The effect of young age on outcomes in head and neck cancer
Authors: Lassig Amy Anne D. , Lindgren Bruce R. , Fernandes Patricia , Cooper Sarah , Ardeshipour Farhad , Schotzko Chelsea , Yueh Bevan
Published: May 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Many head and neck surgeons believe that young patients with head and neck cancer (HNCA) have poorer outcomes than older patients, whereas the evidence in the literature is mixed. We sought to review our HNCA population to evaluate for survival differences between young and older patients.

Study Design

Matched pair retrospective cohort study.

Methods

A matched pair retrospective cohort study was completed of mucosal HNCA patients at our academic center (2003–2008). Patients aged 45 or less when diagnosed were identified as cases and matched one‐to‐one to controls by site of tumor, stage of disease, and gender. Risk factors, disease and treatment variables, and survival outcomes were compared between groups. In addition, a subset survival analysis was completed with oropharyngeal cancer patients and nonoropharyngeal cancer patients.

Results

There were 87 cases matched to 87 controls. Despite no difference in T and N stage between groups, cases more frequently underwent neck dissection. On Kaplan‐Meier and multivariate analysis, overall survival was marginally better for all young patients, whereas disease‐free survival was significantly better. Within the subgroup analysis, the statistically significant disease‐free survival advantage was lost for young patients with oropharyngeal cancer but maintained for all other sites.

Conclusions

In this cohort, young HNCA patients had mildly improved overall survival but statistically greater disease‐free survival. There was no statistically significant survival difference between young and older patients with oropharyngeal cancer, potentially secondary to a human papillomavirus effect.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 123:1896–1902, 2013
CO2‐Responsive Polymers
Authors: Lin Shaojian , Theato Patrick
Published: May 2013

This Review focuses on the recent progress in the area of CO2‐responsive polymers and provides detailed descriptions of these existing examples. CO2‐responsive polymers can be categorized into three types based on their CO2‐responsive groups: amidine, amine, and carboxyl groups. Compared with traditional temperature, pH, or light stimuli‐responsive polymers, CO2‐responsive polymers provide the advantage to use CO2 as a “green” trigger as well as to capture CO2 directly from air. In addition, the current challenges of CO2‐responsive polymers are discussed and the different solution methods are compared. Noteworthy, CO2‐responsive polymers are considered to have a prosperous future in various scientific areas.

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Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Polymer Consisting of Pyrrole and Fluorene Units by Ru‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective Direct Arylation Polycondensation
Authors: Lu Wei , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki
Published: May 2013

Polycondensation of 1‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)pyrrole with 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene via Ru‐catalyzed direct arylation gives the corresponding conjugated polymer with a molecular weight of 19 800 in 86% yield. The introduction of directing group, 2‐pyrimidinyl substituent, into the pyrrole monomer induces ortho‐metalation and provides the site‐selective direct arylation polycondensation at the α‐position of pyrrole unit without the protection of β‐position. The removal of 2‐pyrimidinyl substituent on the pyrrole unit proceeds efficiently and results in the enhancement of coplanarity along the main chain of the polymer.

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Polymer Solar Cells: An Overview
Authors: Singh Ram Prakash , Kushwaha Omkar Singh
Published: May 2013

Polymer Solar cells being flexible, light weight, inexpensive, colorful and large area devices, portend potential for large scale grid power generation. The first major breakthrough in organic solar cell performance came in 1986 when Tang discovered that much higher efficiencies about 1% can be attained when electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) are brought together in one cell. With the discovery of photo induced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer to fullerene molecules in 1992, the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cell has become the most successful device structure developed in the field till date. Poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) has been the subject of intensive investigations upto 2008 yielding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) around 5‐6%. OPV technology has grown during the past decade with cell efficiencies quadrupling. As alternative route of higher performance, two or more single cells can be combined in tandem structure. The most efficient tandem organic solar cell reported by Yang Yang's group has 8.62% power conversion efficiency (PCE) which has been further improved with an NREL – certified PCE of 10.6%. An overview of the above will be presented in this paper.
Silica based aerogel‐like materials obtained by quick microwave drying
Authors: Durães L. , Matias T. , Patrício R. , Portugal A.
Published: May 2013

Aerogel‐like silica based materials were obtained by microwave drying of the gels synthesized with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) precursor. The microwave drying is an alternative ambient pressure drying technique for these nanostructured materials that allows a fast fine drying stage and avoids the high temperature cycles of conventional evaporative drying. The gels were synthesized by a two‐step acid‐base catalyzed sol‐gel process following the procedures described in an earlier work. After 2 days of aging, they were placed in an oven at 60°C, during one day, and then washed with distilled water at 40°C. Finally, the gels were dried in a microwave oven, at 450 W, in three cycles of two minutes each with two minutes of interval. During drying, a reduction of the gel volume was observed, but the major part of this volume was recovered by spring‐back effect in 2 days, giving aerogel‐like materials with a density in the interval 60–80 kg/m3. The final materials are monolithic, flexible and have a thermal conductivity of ˜0.04 W/(m K), which make them suitable for insulation applications. Additionally, they exhibit high hydrophobicity (contact angle ˜150°) and surface area (414 m2/g), what can be beneficial for adsorption of some organic pollutants.
The effect of Bi addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of cast Al‐15%Mg2Si composite
Authors: Akrami A. , Emamy M. , Mousavian H.
Published: May 2013

In the current research, the influence of different concentrations of Bi (0.01–0.3 wt.%) on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al‐15 wt.% Mg2Si in‐situ metal matrix composite (MMC) has been investigated. It was found that 0.03 wt.% Bi changes the primary Mg2Si shape from large to irregular or dendritic to polyhedral shape. The average particle size of Mg2Si also decreases from 65 μm to 20 μm by adding 0.03% Bi. Microstructural observations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) also depicted that the morphology of the eutectic Mg2Si phase alters from flake‐like to fine fiber or dot like. Further investigations on tensile testing revealed that the optimum amount of Bi level is 0.03% for improving both ultimate tensile test (UTS) and elongation values.