bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anemia among Women Who Visit Bost Hospital for Delivery in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Authors: Anwary Zabihullah , Stanikzai Muhammad Haroon , Wyar Wali Mohammad , Wasiq Abdul Wahed , Farooqi Khushhal
Published: January 2021

Background. Anemia is a global public health problem that affects a large number of pregnant women worldwide. In developed and developing countries, the number of pregnant women who become anemic ranges between 18% and 56%, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women who visit Bost Hospital for delivery in Helmand province, Afghanistan. Methods. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that included 787 pregnant women who visited Bost Hospital for delivery services from January to June 2019. Data was collected in a self-structured questionnaire, which included sociodemographic, obstetrics, and laboratory information. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.00 Statistical software. The prevalence of anemia was presented as a percentage. Bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used to identify the predictors of anemia among pregnant women. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia in this study was 51% (95% CI = 48.7%–54.7%). The mean hemoglobin concentration among the study participants was 10.8 (±1.8) g/dL. On bivariate analysis, age group 30 years and above, rural residency and unemployment/housewives, multiparity, and no previous use of contraceptive were found to be associated with anemia. Binary logistic regression showed that multiparity (AOR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.81–5.29) and no contraceptive use (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.08–2.16) were the independent predictors of increased anemia among pregnant women. Conclusion. Anemia was found to be a severe public health problem in the study area. Policymakers in Afghanistan must accelerate interventions to promote family planning. The need for prospective studies is also suggested to identify other factors associated with anemia among pregnant women.
E7386, a Selective Inhibitor of the Interaction between β-Catenin and CBP, Exerts Antitumor Activity in Tumor Models with Activated Canonical Wnt Signaling
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Hori Yusaku , Inoue Satoshi , Yamamoto Yuji , Iso Kentaro , Kamiyama Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Atsumi , Kimura Takayuki , Uesugi Mai , Ito Junichi , Matsuki Masahiro , Nakamoto Kazutaka , Harada Hitoshi , Yoneda Naoki , Takemura Atsushi , Kushida Ikuo , Wakayama Naomi , Kubara Kenji , Kato Yu , Semba Taro , Yokoi Akira , Matsukura Masayuki , Odagami Takenao , Iwata Masao , Tsuruoka Akihiko , Uenaka Toshimitsu , Matsui Junji , Matsushima Tomohiro , Nomoto Kenichi , Kouji Hiroyuki , Owa Takashi , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Ozawa Yoichi
Published: January 2021

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays crucial roles in embryonic development and the development of multiple types of cancer, and its aberrant activation provides cancer cells with escape mechanisms from immune checkpoint inhibitors. E7386, an orally active selective inhibitor of the interaction between β-catenin and CREB binding protein, which is part of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, disrupts the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HEK293 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-mutated human gastric cancer ECC10 cells. It also inhibited tumor growth in an ECC10 xenograft model and suppressed polyp formation in the intestinal tract of ApcMin/+ mice, in which mutation of Apc activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. E7386 demonstrated antitumor activity against mouse mammary tumors developed in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt1 transgenic mice. Gene expression profiling using RNA sequencing data of MMTV-Wnt1 tumor tissue from mice treated with E7386 showed that E7386 downregulated genes in the hypoxia signaling pathway and immune responses related to the CCL2, and IHC analysis showed that E7386 induced infiltration of CD8+ cells into tumor tissues. Furthermore, E7386 showed synergistic antitumor activity against MMTV-Wnt1 tumor in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody. In conclusion, E7386 demonstrates clear antitumor activity via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and alteration of the tumor and immune microenvironments, and its antitumor activity can be enhanced in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody.

Significance:

These findings demonstrate that the novel anticancer agent, E7386, modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, altering the tumor immune microenvironment and exhibiting synergistic antitumor activity in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody.
Student performance prediction using simple additive weighting method
Authors: Warnars Harco Leslie Hendric Spits , Fahrudin Arif , Utomo Wiranto Herry
Published: January 2021

In the world of student education is an important component where the role of students is as someone who is psychologically ready to receive lessons or other input from the school. However, each student has different performance and development, therefore it is important to do monitoring so that student performance will always be monitored by the school for improving student quality maintenance. Also, in the process of valuing education for students needs to be done by giving an appreciation in the form of giving gifts or just giving words and motivation so that students can perform better in learning and participating in other activities at school. In terms of selecting students with good performance or those who have a very declining development using the school method not only assess students by one criterion but with several criteria to produce a decision that can be accepted by many people. Performance Students must also be monitored by the school or the related rights. In this paper, the student performance prediction was assessed with 5 criteria components and the result shows there are 10 very satisfy students, 10 satisfying students, 10 well students, and 10 Enough students from sample 40 students.
A proposed system for opinion mining using machine learning, NLP and classifiers
Authors: Tanwar Poonam , Rai Priyanka
Published: January 2021

In today’s life consumer reviews are the part of everyday life. User read the reviews before purchase, or stores it for finding the best product through comparison of the product review. From customers view point the reviews play vital role to make a decision regarding an online purchase as well as spammers to write the fake reviews which can increase or defame the reputation of any product. Spammers are using these platforms illegally for financial benefits/incentives are involved in writing fake reviews and they are trying to achieve their motive in terms of financial or to defeat the competitor which causes an explosive growth of sentiment/opinion spamming of writing forged/fake reviews. The present studies and research are used to analyse and categorize the opinion spamming into three different detection targets opinion spam, spammers, and to find the collusive opinion spammer groups so that false opinions can be avoided. Opinion spamming further divided into three different types based on textual and linguistic, behavioral, and relational features. The motivation behind this work is to study the dynamics of spam diffusion and extract the latent features that fuel the diffusion process. The user-based features and content-based features have been used for the categorization of spam/non-spam content. The contributions of this work are building the datasetwhich assists as the ground-truth for classifying/analyzing the variation of fraud/genuine and non-spam/spam information diffusion and to analyze the effects of topics over the diffusibility of non-spam and spam evidences/information. The paper, carried out an in-depth analysis of Twitter Spam diffusion.
Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic controller based unified power flow controller
Authors: Alsammak Ahmed Nasser , Mohammed Hasan Adnan
Published: January 2021

The Power quality of the electrical system is an important issue for industrial, commercial, and housing uses. An increasing request for high quality electrical power and an increasing number of distorting loads had led to increase the consideration of power quality by customers and utilities. The development and use of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTs) controllers in power transmission systems had led to many applications of these controllers. A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the FACTs elements which is used to control both active and reactive power flow of the transmission line. This paper tried to improve power quality using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based UPFC, where it used to control both active and reactive power flow, decreas the total harmonic distortion (THD), correct power factor, regulate line voltage and enhance transient stability. A comparison study of the performance between the system with a conventional PID controller and FLC has been done. The theoretical analysis has been proved by implementing the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK package.The Power quality of the electrical system is an important issue for industrial, commercial, and housing uses. An increasing request for high quality electrical power and an increasing number of distorting loads had led to increase the consideration of power quality by customers and utilities. The development and use of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTs) controllers in power transmission systems had led to many applications of these controllers. A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the FACTs elements which is used to control both active and reactive power flow of the transmission line. This paper tried to improve power quality using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based UPFC, where it used to control both active and reactive power flow, decreas the total harmonic distortion (THD), correct power factor, regulate line voltage and enhance transient stability. A comparison study of the performance between the system with a conventional PID controller and FLC has been done. The theoretical analysis has been proved by implementing the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK package.
License plate recognition for campus auto-gate system
Authors: Liyana Yaacob Nur , Ahmed Alkahtani Ammar , M. Noman Fuad , Mahmood Zuhdi Ahmad Wafi , Habeeb Dhuha
Published: January 2021

Automatic licence plate recognition (LPR) has been a subject of study for the last few decades. Considering the recent advancements in machine learning methods and portable devices, this increasingly attracting researchers’ interest to provide more reliable LPR systems. Several LPR techniques have been reported in the literature in different intelligent transportation applications and surveillance systems, and yet a ropust LPR system remains a challenging research task. Because the performance of current techniques is subject to several factors and local conditions, this paper aims to explore the use of LPR in a specific application; i.e. Automatic plate recognition to monitor the entry and exit of vehicles at the university campus gates. Implementing an auto-gate system is an important application for a smooth control of flowing traffic especially during peak hours. We propose an automated system with the ability to capture, verify and recognize the license plates using image processing-based techniques. The system is aimed to work alongside existing access cards and other gate remote controls. Experimental evaluation of the system reveals a detection accuracy of 91.58%, a successful plate number segmentation rate of 91% and 80% accuracy of plate recognition.
Arabic handwritten digits recognition based on convolutional neural networks with resnet-34 model
Authors: Hasan Finjan Rasool , Salim Rasheed Ali , Abdulsahib Hashim Ahmed , Murtdha Mustafa
Published: January 2021

Handwritten digits recognition has attracted the attention of researchers in pattern recognition fields, due to its importance in many applications in public real life, such as read bank checks and formal documents which is a continuous challenge in the last years. For this motivation, the researchers created several algorithms in recognition of different human languages, but the problem of the Arabic language is still widespread. Concerning its importance in many Arab and Islamic countries, because the people of these countries speak this language, However, there is still a little work to recognize patterns of letters and digits. In this paper, a new method is proposed that used pre-trained convolutional neural networks with resnet-34 model what is known as transfer learning for recognizing digits in the arabic language that provides us a high accuracy when this type of network is applied. This work uses a famous arabic handwritten digits dataset that called MADBase that contains 60000 training and 1000 testing samples that in later steps was converted to grayscale samples for convenient handling during the training process. This proposed method recorded the highest accuracy compared to previous methods, which is 99.6%.
A review of IoT-based smart waste level monitoring system for smart cities
Authors: I. Shah A. A. , M. Fauzi S. S. , J. M. Gining R. A. , R. Razak T. , F. Jamaluddin M. N. , Maskat R.
Published: January 2021

Smart cities are covering the population that are seeking the best lifestyle and fulfilling their needs. Through smart cities, necessary modern facilities using ICT emerging technologies such as the internet of things (IoT) had been installed to ensure the sustainability of the city. In the perspective of waste management, several different IoT-based solutions also had been proposed as an alternative to monitor and to ensure the health of communities. This paper reviews existing IoT-based solutions in smart cites’ waste level management system to bring together the state-of-the-art. We performed reviews on 16 research articles from the past 5 years in the literature to provide a comprehensive review of different works on IoT-based solutions related to the smart waste level monitoring system, possible solutions and technologies used. The results obtained shows that existing solutions were similar in the platform used to integrate with the IoT technologies but had some differences in term of the used of sensors and communication technologies. The study also shows that many of the prior studies used Arduino Uno. Results from this study will assist the researcher, focusing on expanding further the used of different technologies or improved the existing system.
Implementation of rover tank firefighting robot for closed areas based on arduino microcontroller
Authors: Murad Ahmed , Bayat Oguz , M. Marhoon Hamzah
Published: January 2021

Recently, communication via the wireless systems become promising, since the wireless communication system provides several benefits such as the disposal of the wire usage, provides long-distances communication, and the disposal of periodic maintenance of data transmission lines. In robotic science, the wireless system unit is the main part of the mobile robot. Whereas, only wireless communication module responsible for transmitting commands from the transmitter (e.g. mobile or PC) to the receiver (i.e. robot brain) and vice versa. With the increase in population growth and the construction of the urban, fires have become widely spread. It is worth mentioning here that the lives of firefighters are in permanent danger where they may be exposed to the combustion or inhalation of toxic gasses associated with the combustion process. Therefore, become necessary to find effective ways to reduce these risks. In this paper, a rover tank robot is implemented for fire extinguishing in closed areas based on the Arduino microcontroller, flame sensor, and motion sensor. The robot has a small water pump installed on a servo motor to pump water, the first flame sensor placed on the right of the robot's front and the second to the left of the robot's front. When a fire is explored through a flame sensor, the water pump sprays water to the location of the fire. The robot is driven wirelessly utilising the Bluetooth HC-06 module and the Wi-Fi camera utilised for driving purposes. Besides, a passive infrared (PIR) sensor is used to detect the presence of any living organism inside the fire site to alert the robot driver that an organism requires a rescue.
Study on security risks of e-banking system
Authors: Mogos Gabriela , Mohd Jamail Nor Shahida
Published: January 2021

Online banking and other e-banking modes are a very convenient way to banking in terms of speed, convenience and delivery costs, but they have brought many risks alongside them. Online banking has created a new risk orientation and even new forms of risk. Technology plays an important role as both a source and a tool for risk control. The purpose of this research is to identify the security situation of the e-banking application and to analyze the risks and attacks that could occur to the customers that, although it’s an e-banking application attacks could happen. Several mitigations were mentioned to overcome attacks like, access control is to mitigate eavesdropping this means that, restricting access to sensitive data is mandatory. Another way to mitigate is, update and patch which is for SQL injection meaning, it's vital to apply patches and updates when it’s available. These attacks may attack the whole application or target an individual where private information is stolen or changed. This research also shows how to apply several more different protections measures to protect oneself and organization from being targets of cybercrime. 
SQL injection attacks countermeasures assessments
Authors: Alenezi Mamdouh , Nadeem Muhammad , Asif Raja
Published: January 2021

SQL injections attacks have been rated as the most dangerous vulnerability of web-based systems over more than a decade by OWASP top ten. Though different static, runtime and hybrid approaches have been proposed to counter SQL injection attacks, no single approach guarantees flawless prevention/ detection for these attacks. Hundreds of components of open source and commercial software products are reported to be vulnerable for SQL injection to CVE repository every year. In this mapping study, we identify different existing approaches in terms of the cost of computation and protection offered. We found that most of the existing techniques claim to offer protection based on the testing on a very small or limited scale. This study dissects each proposed approach and highlights their strengths and weaknesses and categorizes them based on the underlying technology used to detect or counter the injection attacks.
Dynamic state estimation of multi-machine power system with UPFC using EKF algorithm
Authors: R Karamta Meera , G Jamnani Jitendra
Published: January 2021

Estimation of dynamic state variables in a multi-machine power system connected with UPFC is presented in this paper, using Extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm. A two-generator test case is used to estimate the generator rotor angle and rotor speed. The DC link voltage of the UPFC is the additional state variable to be estimated. Dynamic mathematical modeling of the multi-machine system with UPFC is explained in this work. DSE is done under transient condition of three-phase fault.
Network loss reduction and voltage improvement by optimal placement and sizing of distributed generators with active and reactive power injection using fine-tuned PSO
Authors: Karunarathne Eshan , Pasupuleti Jagadeesh , Ekanayake Janaka , Almeida Dilini
Published: January 2021

Minimization of real power loss and improvement of voltage authenticity of the network are amongst the key issues confronting power systems owing to the heavy demand development problem, contingency of transmission and distribution lines and the financial costs. The distributed generators (DG) has become one of the strongest mitigating strategies for the network power loss and to optimize voltage reliability over integration of capacitor banks and network reconfiguration. This paper introduces an approach for the optimizing the  placement and sizes of different types of DGs in radial distribution systems using a fine-tuned particle swarm optimization (PSO). The suggested approach is evaluated on IEEE 33, IEEE 69 and a real network in Malaysian Context. Simulation results demonstrate the productiveness of active and reactive power injection into the electric power system and the comparison depicts that the suggested fine-tuned PSO methodology could accomplish a significant reduction in network power loss than the other research works.
Evaluation of load balancing algorithms on overlappiing wireless accesspoints
Authors: Adebiyi Marion Olubunmi , Adeka Egbe Egbe , Oladeji Florence A. , Ogundokun Roseline Oluwaseun , Arowolo Micheal Olaolu , Adebiyi Ayodele Ariyo
Published: January 2021

Wireless networks came into the computing world replacing the costlier and more complex wired method of connecting numerous equipment in the same or different location via the use of cables. It provides the user devices a connection to one another and the greater internet via connections to access points. Generally, 802.11 access point products follow a default strongest signal first approach in selecting user devices or nodes to connect to the access point or overlapping access points. This standard does not make provisions for even distribution of load and hence the quality of service and the throughput in areas of congestion would be reduced. This article brings forward two algorithms used in load balancing and they include round-robin technique and the weighted round-robin technique to be used in the simulation of the distribution of the load amongst the access points with the results collated and compared to clearly show which algorithm is best suited to be used as a standard for access point load distribution.
La sémiotique au risque de Souriau: de la phénoménologie à une ontologie réaliste
Authors: Colas-Blaise Marion
Published: January 2021

Il s’agit, dans cet article, de réexaminer la dualité sujet (de connaissance) vs objet (connaissable) et d’argumenter son renouvellement et, à terme, son dépassement à la lumière de la sémiotique greimassienne et postgreimassienne, ainsi que de l’ontologie plurimodale d’Étienne Souriau. À cet effet, un ensemble de concepts-clefs – le sens de l’être et l’être du sens, la subjectivité et l’objectivité, la présence, l’événement, le point de vue, l’imperfection, le laisser être et le laisser faire, le faire être et le faire faire, l’un et le multiple, la singularité et l’agencement… – sont soumis à un double éclairage, par la sémiotique et par la théorie de l’instauration de Souriau. Ensuite, l’article se propose d’étudier le rôle joué, en sémiotique, par les modes généraux du synaptique, de la modalité et de l’altération et par les modulations d’existence auxquelles ils commandent. Tout au long de ce parcours, l’attention se porte non seulement sur l’impact que la prise en considération de la théorie de l’instauration peut avoir sur le devenir de la sémiotique, mais sur le développement d’une réflexion sémiotique épistémologique.
Pressupostos filosóficos da teoria da linguagem de Hjelmslev: a Filosofia Analítica de Frege e de Wittgenstein
Authors: Bonfim Jonatan Henrique Pinho
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo investiga os pressupostos filosóficos de quatro sentenças apresentadas por Hjelmslev ao final do seu “Ensaio de uma teoria dos morfemas” (1991). Inicialmente, situa-se o quadro referencial teórico do linguista dinamarquês em um paradigma específico. Em seguida, as sentenças de Hjelmslev são postas em diálogo com o pensamento de dois filósofos da linguagem: Frege e Wittgenstein. Por fim, aponta-se as influências filosóficas – diretas e indiretas – sobre Hjelmslev e vê-se que as conclusões finais realizadas pelo linguista, ao final do seu texto ensaístico, já estavam bem sedimentadas pela Filosofia Analítica da Linguagem.
Nanoparticle Shaped Titanium Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Integrin/Integrin Linked Kinase/Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Axis
Authors: Lu Xiaolin , Chen Yani , Mao Peng , Chen Liling , Han Xiaodong , Sun Fangfang
Published: January 2021

Dental implantation is an important method in treating missing teeth, widely used in oral treatment. As regards to physical and mechanical properties, pure titanium (Ti) material has become the most common dental implant material for its high stability and biocompatibility, clinically.
Cell-substrate interactions have vital contribution in regulating pertinent cell functions like adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Initiation of the signal cascades to modulate cells behavior can also relate to surface topography. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) primarily migrate
and adhere to the surface of implant prosthesis in the process of cells adhesion. Moreover, it was verified that adhesion and differentiation ability of BMSCs is mainly determined by surface morphology of implant prosthesis. In this study, we employed nanoparticle cluster beam technique to
establish a kind of nanoparticle surface modified Ti material to examine BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation. By examining osteospecific genes (osteocalcin, osteopontin and runx2) altered expressions, we found that nanoparticle modified Ti material can contribute to a higher up regulation of
BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. During the process, ILK (integrin linked kinase) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were expressed differentially. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that nanoparticle shaped Ti material induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs can be impaired by inhibiting
ILK or Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Analyzation of the obtained results concludes that ILK-mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is principal for osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, because of improved physical properties, nanoparticle modified Ti material are
superior for cell attachment and osseointegration.
Role of Physicochemical Properties of Protein in Modulating the Nanoparticle-Bio Interface
Authors: Dhar Sunandan , Sood Vishesh , Lohiya Garima , Deivendran Harini , Katti Dhirendra S.
Published: January 2021

Nanoparticles, on exposure to the biological milieu, tend to interact with macromolecules to form a biomolecular corona. The biomolecular corona confers a unique biological identity to nanoparticles, and its protein composition plays a deterministic role in the biological fate of nanoparticles.
The physiological behavior of proteins stems from their physicochemical properties, including surface charge, hydrophobicity, and structural stability. However, there is insufficient understanding about the role of physicochemical properties of proteins in biomolecular corona formation. We
hypothesized that the physicochemical properties of proteins would influence their interaction with nanoparticles and have a deterministic effect on nanoparticle-cell interactions. To test our hypothesis, we used model proteins from different structural classes to understand the effect of
secondary structure elements of proteins on the nanoparticle-protein interface. Further, we modified the surface of proteins to study the role of protein surface characteristics in governing the nanoparticle-protein interface. For this study, we used mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a model
nanoparticle system. We observed that the surface charge of proteins governs the nature of the primary interaction and the extent of subsequent secondary interactions causing structural rearrangements of the protein. We also observed that the secondary structural contents of proteins significantly
affected both the extent of secondary interactions at the nanoparticle-protein interface and the dispersion state of the nanoparticle-protein complex. Further, we studied the interactions of different protein-coated nanoparticles with different cells (fibroblast, carcinoma, and macrophage).
We observed that different cells internalized the nanoparticle-protein complex as a function of secondary structural components of the protein. The type of model protein had a significant effect on their internalization by macrophages. Overall, we observed that the physicochemical characteristics
of proteins had a significant role in modulating the nanoparticle-bio-interface at the level of both biomolecular corona formation and nanoparticle internalization by cells.
Engineered High-Loaded Mixed-Monoclonal Antibodies (Adalimumab, Rituximab and Trastuzumab) Polymeric Nanoparticle for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: A Proof of Concept
Authors: He Yeteng , Xin Yuxuan , Rosas Elaine Cruz , Alencar Luciana Magalhães Rebelo , Santos-Oliveira Ralph , Peng Xianbo , Yu Hongjian , Fu Jinhao , Zhang Wenqiang
Published: January 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic disease, affects from 0.5% to 1% of the world population. The main consequences include loss of joint functionality and severe pain, with lost in life quality and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The main strategy for RA treatment relies in
early diagnosis as targeted therapy. In this regard, the development and application of designed/engineered nanoparticles may represent an innovative approach and the key to success, since is a personalized nanodrug. Thus, we have synthetized, characterized, and in vivo evaluated a
tri-loaded monoclonal antibody nanoparticle. For the production we used a mix of monoclonal antibodies: adalimumab, rituximab and trastuzumab to surround all RA metabolic pathways. The characterization included atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis and entrapment efficacy
using BCA analysis. The in vivo evaluation was done in mice. At this stage we used animals to assess the pharmacokinetics, the tissue distribution as the proof of concept (therapeutic efficacy) of the nanoparticles developed in inducted animals with rheumatoid arthritis. The interpretation
of our results revealed that a spherical shaped nanoparticle has been produced with a mean size of 229.7 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.191. This data has been corroborated by DLS and AFM analysis. The pre-clinical (in vivo) evaluation demonstrated a low elimination rate of 2,34
L/hour, with a purge of 0,42 h. The therapeutic efficacy showed that the nanoparticles have an increased therapeutic effect than the conventional drug with a reduction in all main parameters including the interleukins.
Strain-Insensitive Simultaneous Measurement of Bending and Temperature Using Long-Period Fiber Grating Inscribed on Double-Clad Fiber with CO2 Laser
Authors: Kim Min Seok , Kim Do Kyung , Kim Jihoon , Lee Seul-Lee , Choi Sungwook , Han Jinsil , Lee Yong Wook
Published: January 2021

Here we report an optical fiber sensor capable of performing strain-insensitive simultaneous measurement of bending and temperature using a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) inscribed on doubleclad fiber (DCF) with a CO2 laser at ˜10.6 μm. The LPFG inscribed on DCF,
referred to as a DC-LPFG, was fabricated by scanning CO2 laser pulses on an unjacketed DCF with a specific period. Due to co-directional mode coupling, the fabricated DC-LPFG has discrete attenuation bands widely distributed over hundreds of nanometers. Among these wavelength-dependent
loss dips, adjacent two dips with different resonance wavelengths were selected as sensor indicators for the measurement of bending and temperature. For these two indicator dips designated as dips A and B, their bending and temperature responses were investigated in a curvature
range of 4.90 to 21.91 m−1 and a temperature range of 30 to 110 °C. With increasing bending applied to the DC-LPFG at room temperature, dips A and B showed different blue shifts. The bending sensitivities of dips A and B were measured to be
approximately −0.77 and 0.51 nm/m−1, respectively. Unlike the bending response, they showed red shifts of different amounts with increasing ambient temperature, while the sensor head (i.e., the DC-LPFG) remained straight without any applied bending. The temperature sensitivities
of dips A and B were measured to be ˜0.094 and ˜0.078 nm/°C, respectively. Owing to their linear and independent responses to bending and temperature, bending and temperature changes applied to the DC-LPFG could be simultaneously estimated from the measured wavelength
shifts of the two indicator dips using their pre-determined bending and temperature sensitivities. Moreover, in a strain range of 0 to 2200 με (step: 200 με), strain-induced spectral variations of dips A and B were also measured, and the strain sensitivities of
dips A and B were evaluated as approximately −0.028 and −0.013 pm/με, respectively. These strain-induced wavelength shifts were so small that they had little effect on the measurement results of bending and temperature. Thus, it is concluded that the fabricated
DC-LPFG can be employed as a cost-effective sensor head for strain-insensitive separate measurement of bending and temperature.
Simultaneous Measurement of Liquid Level and Temperature Using In-Fiber Grating-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer and Faraday Rotator Mirror
Authors: Choi Sungwook , Kim Jihoon , Lee Seul-Lee , Kim Min Seok , Kim Do Kyung , Han Jinsil , Lee Yong Wook
Published: January 2021

Here we propose an optical fiber sensor capable of simultaneous measurement of liquid level and temperature by utilizing cascaded long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) inscribed on high-birefringence fiber (HBF) and a Faraday rotator mirror (FRM). Due to the in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interference
and birefringence of the HBF, these cascaded LPFGs have polarization-dependent discrete interference spectra, each of which is created within one of the two different attenuation bands obtained in the two orthogonal input polarization states, e.g., linear horizontal polarization (LHP) and
linear vertical polarization (LVP). The minimum transmittance dip was selected as a sensor indicator for each interference spectrum obtained for LHP or LVP input signal. To monitor these indicator dips associated with LHP and LVP, referred to as the IDH and IDV, respectively, with one spectral
scanning, an FRM was connected to the end of the cascaded LPFGs. Both the IDH and IDV spectrally shifted according to liquid-level or temperature changes and showed very linear responses to them with adjusted R2 values greater than 0.997. The liquid-level sensitivities of
the IDH and IDV were measured as approximately −37.29 and −121.08 pm/mm in a liquid-level range of 0 to 55 mm, respectively. The temperature sensitivities of the IDH and IDV were measured as ˜28.79 and ˜218.21 pm/°C in a temperature range of 30 to 60 °C, respectively.
Owing to their linear and independent responses to liquid level and temperature, our sensor can perform temperature-independent liquid-level measurement using their pre-determined liquid-level and temperature sensitivities, even if both liquid level and temperature change simultaneously.
Surface Analysis of Amorphous Carbon Thin Film for Etch Hard Mask
Authors: Kim Kwang Pyo , Song Wan Soo , Park Min Kyu , Hong Sang Jeen
Published: January 2021

When the aspect ratio of a high aspect ratio (HAR) etching process is greatly increased, an amorphous carbon layer (ACL) hard mask is required for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). To improve the durability of an etch hard mask, an understanding of the plasma deposition mechanisms
and the deposited film properties associated with the plasma conditions and atomic structure, respectively, is required. We performed a series of plasma depositions, material characterizations and dry-etching to investigate the effect of the deposition process condition on the surface characteristics
of an ACL film to be used as a dry etch hard mask in an HAR etch process. We found that a lower chamber pressure at a higher temperature for the plasma deposition process yielded higher film hardness, and this infers that higher plasma ion energy in lower pressure regions helps to remove hydrogen
atoms from the surface by increased ion bombardment. It was postulated that a higher substrate temperature gears the bake-out of hydrogen or hydroxide contaminants. From the results of inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching of the deposited ACL film, we observed that the etch selectivity
over the silicon dioxide film was improved as C═C sp2 and C–C sp3 bonds increased.
Photoluminescence Properties of Nano-Sized BaO–TiO2–SiO2 System-Based Glass-Ceramics Doped with Er2O3 and Eu2O3
Authors: Rho Yoorim , Kang Seunggu
Published: January 2021

The crystal phase of fresnoite (Ba2TiSi2O8) produced from BaO–TiO2–SiO2 (hereinafter referred to as BTS) has nonlinear optical properties and is capable of emitting ultraviolet light. It can also be utilized in various
fields, such as optical communications and optoelectronic devices. In this study, Er and Eu were added to BTS-based glass and a glass-ceramic containing a nano-sized fresnoite crystal phase was prepared through an appropriate heat treatment process. The relationships among the type of crystal
phase, the microstructure, the light transmittance capabilities and the PL characteristics of the prepared glass-ceramic were analyzed. In the glass-ceramic of BTS doped with Er, 428 nm light was emitted when excitation light with a 268 nm wavelength was applied, while in the glass-ceramic
of BTS doped with Eu, 613 nm red light was emitted when excitation light with a wavelength 394 nm was supplied. The produced fresnoite-based glass-ceramic exhibits transparency and luminescence characteristics due to the nano-sized crystal phase. Therefore, it is likely to find use in various
fields in the future.
Predicting the Number of Graphene-Like Layers on Surface for Commercial Fumed Nanodiamonds with Raman Spectra and Model Calculations
Authors: Lee Jangwon , Kim Hyun Suk , Osawa Eiji , Hoang Geun C. , Lee Kee Hag
Published: January 2021

Nanoscale carbon materials have a broad range of applications in the field of surface and material sciences. Each vibration mode of a Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra corresponds to a specific frequency of a bond in the core and surface of the crystal, thus it is
highly sensitive to morphology, implying that every band is sensitive to the orientation of the bonds and the atomic weight at either end of the bond. Accordingly, in this study we apply transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscopies, and model calculations to study the relative
content of carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds to the anhydrous and weakly aggregated elementary nanoscale carbon particles of detonation nanodiamonds. One point of the Raman bands at approximately 1300 cm−1 established that there are highly uniform C–C bonds in a
tetrahedral crystal field environment not unlike that of diamonds. Another point at approximately 1600 cm−1 would be a hexagonal graphene-like sheet. By analyzing the relative content of carbon bonds using the area of intensity of the Raman peaks and a simulation of crystal
morphology, we suggest that the number of graphene surface layers would be monolayers in nanodiamonds, comprising two kinds of C–C bonds, one being sp3 bonds of diamond in the core and the other being sp2 bonds of graphene on the surface.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Naphthol Green B Dye Using Coupled CdS-ZnMoO4 in UV-A Light Irradiation
Authors: Gomathyjayamani  , Swaminathan M. , Shanthi M.
Published: January 2021

At present, nanotechnology field development makes a major role in photocatalysis. CdS-ZnMoO4 (36.6 wt%) coupled nanophotocatalyst is synthesized using facile hydrothermal method. The CdSZnMoO4 catalyst shows superior photocatalytic activity in the Naphthol Green
B (NGB) dye degradation in UV-A (365 nm) light irradiation. XRD analysis reveals the monoclinic structure of ZnMoO4, cubic structure of CdS. PL shows lesser the recombination (e−–h+) rate of electron–hole pair formation. UV-Vis-DRS
reveals an increase in absorption in entire visible region while loading with CdS. SEM images indicate that CdS-ZnMoO4 has nanofibrous structure. EDS reveal that Cd and S are present on the ZnMoO4 surface. ECM indicates the division of homogeneity in elements. SAED pattern
of HR-TEM images proved high crystalline properties of the catalyst. XPS reveals the different oxidation states and term-symbols of Cd, S, Zn, Mo and O in this catalyst with corresponding binding energies. CdS-ZnMoO4 (18.5 m2g−1) has a higher surface
area compared to ZnMoO4 (10.8 m2g−1). Current densities obtained from CV reveals the higher cyclic movement of electrons (electrochemical activity) of CdS-ZnMoO4. An effective parameters for photodegradability of NGB dye by CdS-ZnMoO4
was analyzed.
Self-Assembled Hybrid Gate Dielectrics for Ultralow Voltage of Organic Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Kim Dae-Cheol , Ha Young-Geun
Published: January 2021

We developed self-assembled hybrid dielectric materials via a facile and low-temperature solution process. These dielectrics are used to facilitate ultralow operational voltage of organic thinfilm transistors. Self-assembly of bifunctional phosphonic acid and ultrathin hafnium oxide
layers results in the self-assembled hybrid dielectrics. Additionally, the surface property of the top layer of hafnium oxide can be tuned by phosphonic acid-based self-assembled molecules to improve the function of the organic semiconductors. These novel hybrid dielectrics demonstrate great
dielectric properties as low-level leakage current densities of <1.45×10−6 A/cm2, large capacitances (up to 800 nF/cm2), thermal stability (up to 300 °C), and featureless morphology (root-mean-square roughness ~0.3 nm). As a result, self-assembled
gate dielectrics can be incorporated into thin-film transistors with p-type organic semiconductors functioning at ultralow voltages (<.2 V) to achieve enhanced performance (hole mobility: 0.88 cm2/V ·s, and Ion/Ioff: >105,
threshold voltage: 0.5 V).
Self-Powered All-Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors with Fast Response Speed
Authors: Zhang Ting , Li Shibin
Published: January 2021

In this manuscript, the inorganic perovskite CsPbI2Br and CsPbIBr2 are investigated as photoactive materials that offer higher stability than the organometal trihalide perovskite materials. The fabrication methods allow anti-solvent processing the CsPbIxBr3−x films, overcoming the poor film quality that always occur in a single-step solution process. The introduced diethyl ether in spin-coating process is demonstrated to be successful, and the effects of the anti-solvent on film quality are studied. The devices fabricated using the methods achieve high-performance, self-powered and the stabilized photodetectors show fast response speed. The results illustrate a great potential of all-inorganic CsPbIxBr3−x perovskites in visible photodetection and provide an effective way to achieve high performance devices with self-powered capability.
Associations between sensory processing and electrophysiological and neurochemical measures in children with ASD: an EEG-MRS study
Authors: Pierce Sarah , Kadlaskar Girija , Edmondson David A. , McNally Keehn Rebecca , Dydak Ulrike , Keehn Brandon
Published: January 2021

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with hyper- and/or hypo-sensitivity to sensory input. Spontaneous alpha power, which plays an important role in shaping responsivity to sensory information, is reduced across the lifespan in individuals with ASD. Furthermore, an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance has also been linked to sensory dysfunction in ASD and has been hypothesized to underlie atypical patterns of spontaneous brain activity. The present study examined whether resting-state alpha power differed in children with ASD as compared to TD children, and investigated the relationships between alpha levels, concentrations of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and atypical sensory processing in ASD.

Methods

Participants included thirty-one children and adolescents with ASD and thirty-one age- and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) participants. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was used to obtain measures of alpha power. A subset of participants (ASD = 16; TD = 16) also completed a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol in order to measure concentrations of excitatory (glutamate + glutamine; Glx) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters.

Results

Children with ASD evidenced significantly decreased resting alpha power compared to their TD peers. MRS estimates of GABA and Glx did not differ between groups with the exception of Glx in the temporal-parietal junction. Inter-individual differences in alpha power within the ASD group were not associated with region-specific concentrations of GABA or Glx, nor were they associated with sensory processing differences. However, atypically decreased Glx was associated with increased sensory impairment in children with ASD.

Conclusions

Although we replicated prior reports of decreased alpha power in ASD, atypically reduced alpha was not related to neurochemical differences or sensory symptoms in ASD. Instead, reduced Glx in the temporal-parietal cortex was associated with greater hyper-sensitivity in ASD. Together, these findings may provide insight into the neural underpinnings of sensory processing differences present in ASD.
Detection of unrecorded environmental challenges in high-frequency recorded traits, and genetic determinism of resilience to challenge, with an application on feed intake in lambs
Authors: Garcia-Baccino Carolina Andrea , Marie-Etancelin Christel , Tortereau Flavie , Marcon Didier , Weisbecker Jean-Louis , Legarra Andrés
Published: January 2021

Background

Resilient animals can remain productive under different environmental conditions. Rearing in increasingly heterogeneous environmental conditions increases the need of selecting resilient animals. Detection of environmental challenges that affect an entire population can provide a unique opportunity to select animals that are more resilient to these events. The objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to present a simple and practical data-driven approach to estimate the probability that, at a given date, an unrecorded environmental challenge occurred; and (2) to evaluate the genetic determinism of resilience to such events.

Methods

Our method consists of inferring the existence of highly variable days (indicator of environmental challenges) via mixture models applied to frequently recorded phenotypic measures and then using the inferred probabilities of the occurrence of an environmental challenge in a reaction norm model to evaluate the genetic determinism of resilience to these events. These probabilities are estimated for each day (or other time frame). We illustrate the method by using an ovine dataset with daily feed intake (DFI) records.

Results

Using the proposed method, we estimated the probability of the occurrence of an unrecorded environmental challenge, which proved to be informative and useful for inclusion as a covariate in a reaction norm animal model. We estimated the breeding values for sensitivity of the genetic potential for DFI of animals to environmental challenges. The level and slope of the reaction norm were negatively correlated (− 0.46 ± 0.21).

Conclusions

Our method is promising and appears to be viable to identify unrecorded events of environmental challenges, which is useful when selecting resilient animals and only productive data are available. It can be generalized to a wide variety of phenotypic records from different species and used with large datasets. The negative correlation between level and slope indicates that a hypothetical selection for increased DFI may not be optimal depending on the presence or absence of stress. We observed a reranking of individuals along the environmental gradient and low genetic correlations between extreme environmental conditions. These results confirm the existence of a G $$\times$$× E interaction and show that the best animals in one environmental condition are not the best in another one.