bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple version of resting‐state heart rate variability interpretation for patients with affective disorders: A four‐pattern perspective
Authors: Huang Wei‐Lieh , Cheng Ying‐Chih , Liao Shih‐Cheng
Published: September 2022

Heart rate variability (HRV) is often considered as a biomarker reflecting well‐being, but the clinical meaning of short‐term resting‐state HRV is not sufficiently defined. We assume that combining several common HRV indices as “HRV patterns” and using the patterns for screening purposes are meaningful approaches. Resting‐state 5‐min HRV data of 424 subjects were analyzed. Four of the most commonly used HRV indices were considered: standard deviation of normal–to–normal RR intervals, low‐frequency power, high‐frequency power and the ratio of low‐frequency to high‐frequency power. According to these indices, four HRV patterns were defined: normal pattern, low HRV pattern, relatively high sympathetic pattern, and relatively high vagal pattern. The associations between the demographics, lifestyles, personality traits, psychological states, and HRV patterns were explored: the low HRV pattern was positively associated with age, body mass index, and depression; the relatively high sympathetic pattern was positively associated with age and negatively associated with exercise habit; and the relatively high vagal pattern was negatively associated with having a steady job and novelty seeking. The pattern perspective may provide a convenient and evidence‐based way to interpret resting‐state HRV for patients with affective disorders.
Improved nasal recovery and intact olfactory function after a transseptal approach for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal adenomectomy: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Lee Yen‐Hui , Wang Huan‐Chih , Yeh Te‐Huei , Yang Shih‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Feng , Huang Po‐Hao , Wang Kuo‐Chuan , Lai Dar‐Ming , Tseng Ham‐Min , Lin Yi‐Tsen
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal adenomectomy (TSA) is the most frequently performed skull base surgery, and researchers have recently focused on preserving nasal function. The endoscopic transseptal approach is a promising procedure due to its reduced injury to the nasal mucosa; however, there are no studies comparing rhinological and neurosurgical outcomes concurrently with the standard endoscopic transnasal approach. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate whether the transseptal approach could reduce nasal morbidities with comparable neurosurgical outcomes.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 25 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transseptal TSA for pituitary adenoma without encasement of internal carotid artery from January 2019 to December 2020. Another 25 patients who received transnasal approach from January 2017 to December 2018 were selected as controls. Patients with diseases affecting the nasal cavity/olfaction or usage of a nasoseptal flap were excluded for a better comparison of the two procedures. We collected data from radiological studies, endocrine studies, endoscopic evaluations, 22‐item sinonasal outcome tests (SNOT‐22) and Top International Biotech Smell Identification Test (TIBSIT) for comparison.

Results

Lower postoperative SNOT‐22 and Lund‐Kennedy endoscopic scores were observed in the transseptal group. The effect size of differences were classified as large effect (The absolute value of Cohen's d > 0.8). Nevertheless, the TIBSIT scores were not significantly different. The rates of gross total resection, recovery of hormonal abnormalities, and complications were not significantly different. After controlling possible confounding factors using multivariate analysis, the endoscopic transseptal approach remained an independent factor for lower SNOT‐22 scores and Lund‐Kennedy endoscopic scores.

Conclusions

The endoscopic transseptal approach provides improved recovery of nasal mucosa and intact olfaction without compromising neurosurgical outcomes.

Level of Evidence

2b.
Chorda tympani nerve course and feasibility of its preservation during atresiaplasty for congenital aural atresia
Authors: Yeon Eun‐Kyeong , Kim Min‐Kyu , Im Se Yeon , Heo Da Beom , Moon Seong Jun , Choi Jin Woong
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The association between the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) and atresiaplasty has not been investigated. This study aimed to describe the course of the CTN observed during atresiaplasty for congenital aural atresia (CAA) and explore the feasibility of CTN preservation.

Methods

In this retrospective study, six consecutive patients who underwent atresiaplasty in a tertiary academic center were included. The course of the tympanic segment of the CTN and its preservation feasibility were evaluated. Atresiaplasty was performed using an anterior approach. The average Jahrsdoerfer score was 8.7 points (range, 8–9 points).

Results

The CTN was located in the atretic plate in all patients. It emerged from an average of 5.6 mm (range, 5.2–6.1) inferior to the incus buttress and crossed the middle ear in an anterior–superior direction. The distance between the neck of the malleus and the CTN varied in the absence of the malleus handle. However, when the malleus handle developed, the CTN passed between the incus and the malleus handle. The CTN was preserved in two of the six patients. They had a Jahrsdoerfer score of 9 and grade I microtia.

Conclusion

The CTN was located in the atretic plate, emerging from an average distance of 5.6 mm inferior to the incus buttress. The incus buttress might serve as a good anatomical landmark to identify and preserve the CTN. CTN preservation is feasible in atresiaplasty candidates with a Jahrsdoerfer score of 9 and auricular deformity of grade I.

Level of Evidence

4.
Anatomical classification and clinical outcomes of biliary strictures in living donor liver transplantation using right liver grafts
Authors: Park Hansang , Han Eui Soo , Park Sae‐Jin , Hong Su Young , Suh Sanggyun , Lee Sola , Lee Jeong‐Moo , Hong Suk Kyun , Choi YoungRok , Lee Kwang‐Woong , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Yi Nam‐Joon , Han Joon Koo
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to classify the anatomical types of biliary strictures, including intrahepatic biliary stricture (IHBS), after living donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) using right liver grafts and evaluate their prognosis. Among 692 adult patients who underwent right liver LDLT, 198 recipients with biliary strictures (28.6%) were retrospectively reviewed. Based on data obtained during the first cholangiography, the patients' biliary strictures were classified into the following three types according to the levels and number of branches involved: Types 1 (anastomosis), 2 (second‐order branch [a, one; b, two or more; c, extended to the third‐order branch]), and 3 (whole graft [a, multifocal strictures; b, diffuse necrosis]). IHBS was defined as a nonanastomotic stricture. Among the 198 recipients with biliary strictures, the IHBS incidence rates were 38.4% (n = 76). The most common type of IHBS was 2c (n = 43, 56.6%), whereas Type 3 (n = 10, 13.2%) was uncommon. The intervention frequency per year significantly differed among the types (Type 1, 2.3; Type 2a, 2.3; Type 2b, 2.8; Type 2c, 4.3; and Type 3, 7.2; p < 0.001). The intervention‐free period for more than 1 year, which was as follows, also differed among the types: Type 1, 84.4%; Type 2a, 87.5%; Type 2b, 86.7%; Type 2c, 72.1%; and Type 3, 50.0% (p = 0.048). The graft survival rates of Type 3 (80.0%) were significantly lower than those of the other types (p = 0.001). IHBSs are relatively common in right liver LDLTs. Although Type 3 IHBSs are rare, they require more intensive care and are associated with poorer graft survival rates than anastomosis strictures and Type 2 IHBS.
The Effect of Chain Topology on the Crystallization and Polymorphism of PVDF: Linear versus Star Molecules
Authors: Algarni Fatimah , Zapsas George , María Nicolás , Maiz Jon , Müller Alejandro J. , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: September 2022

Well‐defined linear, 3‐, 4‐, and 6‐arms polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) stars are synthesized by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using mono‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and hexa‐functionalized chain transfer agents, respectively, and 1,1‐bis‐(tert‐butylperoxy)‐cyclohexane as initiator. The crystallization kinetics and the polymorphic character of PVDF stars are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) . Using a cooling rate of 10 °C min−1, all samples form α‐ and β‐phases. However, the amount of β‐phase increases with respect to the α‐phase as the number of arms in the PVDF stars increases. This results from the increased topological complexity in the stars , which leads to the preferential formation of the less thermodynamically stable ferroelectricβ‐phase. When the cooling rate is decreased (1 °C min−1) and/or an isothermal crystallization procedure is applied, polymorphism is inhibited in the PVDF stars, and only the paraelectric α‐phase is formed. On the other hand, the linear PVDF sample is still capable of producing both paraelectric and ferroelectric phases after slow cooling or isothermal crystallization. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of the PVDF stars i faster than the linear as a result of their speedier nucleation, possibly promoted by their particular topology where the arms radiate from a common junction point.
DNA extraction bias is more pronounced for microbial eukaryotes than for prokaryotes
Authors: Brauer Anne , Bengtsson Mia M.
Published: September 2022

DNA extraction and preservation bias is a recurring topic in DNA sequencing‐based microbial ecology. The different methodologies can lead to distinct outcomes, which has been demonstrated especially in studies investigating prokaryotic community composition. Eukaryotic microbes are ubiquitous, diverse, and increasingly a subject of investigation in addition to bacteria and archaea. However, little is known about how the choice of DNA preservation and extraction methodology impacts perceived eukaryotic community composition. In this study, we compared the effect of two DNA preservation methods and six DNA extraction methods on the community profiles of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes in phototrophic biofilms on seagrass (Zostera marina) leaves from the Baltic Sea. We found that, whereas both DNA preservation and extraction method caused significant bias in perceived community composition for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, extraction bias was more pronounced for eukaryotes than for prokaryotes. In particular, soft‐bodied and hard‐shelled eukaryotes like nematodes and diatoms, respectively, were differentially abundant depending on the extraction method. We conclude that careful consideration of DNA preservation and extraction methodology is crucial to achieving representative community profiles of eukaryotes in marine biofilms and likely all other habitats containing diverse eukaryotic microbial communities.
Energy balance‐related factors in childhood and adolescence and risk of colorectal cancer based on KRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF mutations and MMR status
Authors: Jenniskens Josien C. A. , Offermans Kelly , Simons Colinda C. J. M. , Samarska Iryna , Fazzi Gregorio E. , van der Meer Jaleesa R. M. , Smits Kim M. , Schouten Leo J. , Weijenberg Matty P. , Grabsch Heike I. , van den Brandt Piet A.
Published: September 2022

KRAS mutations (KRASmut), PIK3CAmut, BRAFmut, and deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) have been associated with the Warburg effect. We previously reported differential associations between early‐life energy balance‐related factors (height, energy restriction, body mass index [BMI]) and colorectal cancer (CRC) subtypes based on the Warburg effect. We now investigated associations of early‐life energy balance‐related factors and the risk of CRC subgroups based on mutation and MMR status. Data from the Netherlands Cohort Study was used. KRASmut, PIK3CAmut, BRAFmut, and MMR status were available for 2349 CRC cases, and complete covariate data for 1934 cases and 3911 subcohort members. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression was used to estimate associations of height, energy restriction proxies (exposure to Dutch Hunger Winter, Second World War, Economic Depression), and early adult BMI (age 20 years) with risk of CRC based on individual molecular features and combinations thereof (all‐wild‐type+MMR‐proficient [pMMR]; any‐mutation/dMMR). Height was positively associated with any‐mutation/dMMR CRC but not all‐wild‐type+pMMR CRC, with the exception of rectal cancer in men, and with heterogeneity in associations observed for colon cancer in men (p‐heterogeneity = 0.049) and rectal cancer in women (p‐heterogeneity = 0.014). Results on early‐life energy restriction proxies in relation to the risk of CRC subgroups did not show clear patterns. Early adult BMI was positively, but not significantly, associated with KRASmut colon cancer in men and with BRAFmut and dMMR colon cancer in women. Our results suggest a role of KRASmut, PIK3CAmut, BRAFmut, and dMMR in the etiological pathway between height and CRC risk. KRASmut might potentially play a role in associations of early adult BMI with colon cancer risk in men, and BRAFmut and dMMR in women.
Unexpected configurations for the optical solitons propagation in lossy fiber system with dispersion terms effect
Authors: Zahran Emad H. M. , Bekir Ahmet
Published: September 2022

In this work, we will design unexpected configurations for the optical soliton propagation in lossy fiber system in the presence of the dispersion term solitons via two distinct and impressive techniques. The first one is the (G′/G)‐expansion method, while the second is solitary wave ansatze method. The two methods are implemented in the same vein and parallel. The obtained perceptions are new and were not achieved before. The comparison between our achieved visions and that achieved by other authors who used different schemas has been documented.
The first integrals and closed‐form solutions of a Susceptible‐Exposed‐Infectious epidemic model
Authors: Naz Rehana , Torrisi Mariano
Published: September 2022

The closed‐form solutions of Susceptible‐Exposed‐Infectious (SEI) epidemic model are constructed for two different scenarios. The SEI model is governed by a dynamical system of three first‐order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The dynamical system of three ODEs converts to a second‐order ODE in terms of only one variable for the specific restrictions on the parameters. Two scenarios are considered. For both scenarios, the multiplier approach yields two first integrals. We utilize these first integrals to establish the closed‐form solutions of SEI model for these two scenarios.
DHA‐Enriched Phospholipids Exhibit Anti‐Depressant Effects by Immune and Neuroendocrine Regulation in Mice: A Study on Dose‐ and Structure‐Activity Relationship
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Cheng , Wang Jun‐Yi , Shi Hao‐Hao , Zhao Ying‐Cai , Yang Jin‐Yue , Wang Yu‐Ming , Yanagita Teruyoshi , Xue Chang‐Hu , Zhang Tian‐Tian
Published: September 2022

Scope

It has been reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), especially EPA‐enriched phospholipids (EPA‐PL), significantly ameliorates depression‐like behavior in mice, while the corresponding effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is weak. However, it is still unclear whether the limited effect of DHA on alleviating depression is remedied by dose and chemical structure adjustment to DHA‐PL.

Methods and results

A mouse model with depression is established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to simulate the infection‐triggered immune perturbation during chronic stress, and the effects of dietary 0.2% EPA‐PL, 0.2% DHA‐PL, 0.6% DHA‐PL, and 0.6% DHA‐enriched ethyl ester (DHA‐EE) are comparatively investigated. The results demonstrate that dietary 0.6% DHA‐PL, instead of 0.2% DHA‐PL and 0.6% DHA‐EE, significantly rescues the depression‐like behavior with similar effects to 0.2% EPA‐PL. Further studies reveal that dietary DHA‐PL regulates immune dysregulation, inhibits neuroinflammation by NLRP3 inflammasome, and further improves monoamine systems and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.

Conclusion

The limited effect of DHA on depression is remedied by chemical structure adjustment to DHA‐PL and three‐fold dose. The present findings provide a potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat depression.
Crime, mortality and neurocognitive disorders: A nationwide register study in Finland
Authors: Talaslahti Tiina , Ginters Milena , Kautiainen Hannu , Vataja Risto , Palm Anniina , Elonheimo Henrik , Suvisaari Jaana , Lindberg Nina , Koponen Hannu
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To explore mortality of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), or Lewy body dementias (LBD) who had criminal behavior in the year preceding diagnosis.

Methods

Data were obtained from the nationwide registers. Mortality was compared between disorder groups with and without criminal acts and with the general population. The cohort included patients who had received a discharge register diagnosis of AD (N = 80,540), FTD (N = 1060), or LBD (N = 10,591) between 1998 and 2015. The incidences of crimes were calculated in the year preceding diagnosis. We further calculated age‐ and sex‐adjusted survivals of different dementia groups with and without criminal acts, and in relation to the general population (SMR, Standardized Mortality Ratio).

Results

Criminal behavior was more common in men than in women. It was associated with decreased mortality in the AD group. SMRs due to unnatural causes, and in the LBD and FTD female groups, were higher in patients with criminal behavior than in those without.

Conclusion

LBD and female FTD patients, who had criminal behavior before diagnosis, were at higher risk of death than patients without such behavior. Novel criminality in older adults may be associated with neurocognitive disorder, in which case medical attention is justified.
Treatment of research data
Authors: Jolliffe John D.
Published: September 2022

The National Research Data Infrastructure for Chemistry (NFDI4Chem) has been providing a lot of useful resources and support for chemists for two years now.
Efficient formulation of a two‐noded geometrically exact curved beam element
Authors: Horák Martin , La Malfa Ribolla Emma , Jirásek Milan
Published: September 2022

The article extends the formulation of a 2D geometrically exact beam element proposed by Jirásek et al. (2021) to curved elastic beams. This formulation is based on equilibrium equations in their integrated form, combined with the kinematic relations and sectional equations that link the internal forces to sectional deformation variables. The resulting first‐order differential equations are approximated by the finite difference scheme and the boundary value problem is converted to an initial value problem using the shooting method. The article develops the theoretical framework based on the Navier–Bernoulli hypothesis, with a possible extension to shear‐flexible beams. Numerical procedures for the evaluation of equivalent nodal forces and of the element tangent stiffness are presented in detail. Unlike standard finite element formulations, the present approach can increase accuracy by refining the integration scheme on the element level while the number of global degrees of freedom is kept constant. The efficiency and accuracy of the developed scheme are documented by seven examples that cover circular and parabolic arches, a spiral‐shaped beam, and a spring‐like beam with a zig‐zag centerline. The proposed formulation does not exhibit any locking. No excessive stiffness is observed for coarse computational grids and the distribution of internal forces is not polluted by any oscillations. It is also shown that a cross effect in the relations between internal forces and deformation variables arises, that is, the bending moment affects axial stretching and the normal force affects the curvature. This coupling is theoretically explained in the Appendix.
Dementia care in acute hospitals: A framework for practice development and theory‐based evaluation
Authors: Karrer Melanie , Zeller Adelheid , Mayer Hanna
Published: September 2022

Aim

The aim was to generate a framework for dementia care in acute hospitals.

Design

Framework development with logic modelling.

Methods

In phase one, we identified relevant elements of the framework by analysing several sources and by critically discussing them within the research team. We created the framework with logic modelling. In phase two, we adapted the framework in expert workshops and by reanalysing the included sources. We used the first stage of CReDECI 2 checklist for reporting.

Results

The framework describes necessary activities within four main bundles of measures: “developing structures and processes,” “developing competences and attitudes,” “building relationships” and “ensuring a social environment and adequate stimulation.” The overarching outcome is a person‐centred hospital culture, manifesting itself on different levels. The framework illustrates the necessity of an organization‐wide person‐centred culture for achieving positive outcomes for people with dementia, their relatives and health professionals.
Convergence of a finite element method on a Bakhvalov‐type mesh for a singularly perturbed convection–diffusion equation in 2D
Authors: Zhang Jin , Liu Xiaowei
Published: September 2022

A finite element method of any order is applied on a Bakhvalov‐type mesh to solve a singularly perturbed convection–diffusion equation in 2D, whose solution exhibits exponential boundary layers. A uniform convergence of (almost) optimal order is proved by means of a carefully defined interpolant.
An optimal control model for COVID‐19, zika, dengue, and chikungunya co‐dynamics with reinfection
Authors: Omame Andrew , Isah Mary Ele , Abbas Mujahid
Published: September 2022

The co‐circulation of different emerging viral diseases is a big challenge from an epidemiological point of view. The similarity of symptoms, cases of virus co‐infection, and cross‐reaction can mislead in the diagnosis of the disease. In this article, a new mathematical model for COVID‐19, zika, chikungunya, and dengue co‐dynamics is developed and studied to assess the impact of COVID‐19 on zika, dengue, and chikungunya dynamics and vice‐versa. The local and global stability analyses are carried out. The model is shown to undergo a backward bifurcation under a certain condition. Global sensitivity analysis is also performed on the parameters of the model to determine the most dominant parameters. If the zika‐related reproduction number is used as the response function, then important parameters are: the effective contact rate for vector‐to‐human transmission of zika (, which is positively correlated), the human natural death rate (, positively correlated), and the vector recruitment rate (, also positively correlated). In addition, using the class of individuals co‐infected with COVID‐19 and zika () as response function, the most dominant parameters are: the effective contact rate for COVID‐19 transmission (, positively correlated), the effective contact rate for vector‐to‐human transmission of zika (, positively correlated). To control the co‐circulation of all the diseases adequately under an endemic setting, time dependent controls in the form of COVID‐19, zika, dengue, and chikungunya preventions are incorporated into the model and analyzed using the Pontryagin's principle. The model is fitted to real COVID‐19, zika, dengue, and chikungunya datasets for Espirito Santo (a city with the co‐circulation of all the diseases), in Brazil and projections made for the cumulative cases of each of the diseases. Through simulations, it is shown that COVID‐19 prevention could greatly reduce the burden of co‐infections with zika, dengue, and chikungunya. The negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the control of the arbovirus diseases is also highlighted. Furthermore, it is observed that prevention controls for zika, dengue, and chikungunya can significantly reduce the burden of co‐infections with COVID‐19.
A kinetic scission model for molecular weight evolution in bioresorbable polymers
Authors: Hill Aoife , Ronan William
Published: September 2022

Further development of bioresorbable devices for use in clinical applications, where they can reduce long term risks, has been hindered by the complex degradation mechanisms that bioresorbable polymers exhibit and the difficulty this causes in designing suitable devices. Furthermore, experimental degradation studies often take years to complete, and small changes to the design of the test sample may significantly alter the degradation behavior. Motivated by existing degradation models, we present a kinetic scission model to predict how the molecular weight distribution evolves as a function of degradation time for bioresorbable polymers. Here, a refined kinetic model has been developed to capture the autocatalytic effect of carboxylic acid ends created via chain scissions, and our framework accounts for reduction in molecular weight via the cleavage of monomers from chain ends and from scissions in the middle of the polymer chain. These developments allow for a more complete representation of the molecular weight distribution during degradation. Young's modulus is estimated by approximating the changes in entropy for the molecular weight distributions following previous so‐called “entropy spring” models. The results obtained are quantitatively compared to and calibrated with existing experimental data for PLGA films. Finally, the effect of the initial carboxylic acid end on the degradation behavior is explored.
On‐line melt temperature measurements for polymer injection molding through an instrumented annular duct
Authors: Lin Qiao , Allanic Nadine , Mousseau Pierre , Madec Yannick , Beau Grégoire , Deterre Rémi
Published: September 2022

Polymer processing requires reliable monitoring equipment to ensure product quality, improve energy efficiency and apply advanced control strategies. This work tests an instrumented annular duct as a nozzle on the downstream side of the screw‐barrel to analyze the thermal behavior of the polymer flow in an injection molding machine. The plasticization step is first studied, and then virtual injection molding cycles are performed. The measurements via the instrumented annular duct show that the melt temperature decreases during fast production, due to the lack of residence time in the barrel for the material to be sufficiently heated by conduction. The instrumented annular duct also enables detection of changes in melt temperature over time during a single injection. Moreover, the experiments prove the robustness of the temperature measurements in an annular geometry for process monitoring.
Technology evolution of the photovoltaic industry: Learning from history and recent progress
Authors: Chen Yifeng , Chen Daming , Altermatt Pietro P. , Zhang Shu , Wang Le , Zhang Xueling , Xu Jianmei , Feng Zhiqiang , Shen Hui , Verlinden Pierre J.
Published: September 2022

This paper reports on the latest advances in crystalline Si cells and modules in the industry and explores the dynamics shaping the silicon PV industry. First, we report on the recent efficiency improvements of passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) cells on 210 mm wafers. At Trina Solar, the best batch average cell efficiency (total area) reached 23.61% for PERC and 25.04% for industrial‐TOPCon (i‐TOPCon). As far as we know, these are the highest values achieved on 210 mm wafers. The best champion efficiency for PERC and i‐TOPCon is 24.5% and 25.42%, respectively, as independently confirmed by the National Institute of Metrology of China in Beijing and ISFH CalTech in Hamelin. We have developed modules with power outputs of up to 660 W by using 66 pieces of these 210 mm cells with 12‐busbar technology in mass production. Besides, the aperture efficiency of the best laboratory PERC module fabricated by Trina Solar is 23.03%, which was independently confirmed by TÜV Rheinland. As far as we know, this is the first commercially sized PERC module with an aperture efficiency of 23% and a power output of over 600 W. Second, we have examined the technological development in the PV industry and summarise some empirical results. A look at the historical data shows that an increase in wafer area of at least 50% is required for a wafer size to become a new industry standard that lasts for 10 years. We find that it typically took about 3 years for the average efficiency of a cell in mass production to reach the efficiency of the champion cell produced in the industrial laboratory. We apply the empirical Goetzberger equation to analyse the module efficiency of c‐Si and thin‐film technologies. Based on our previous work, we update the selling price and manufacturing cost of PV modules and their learning curves. If we restrict the module price learning curve to the years starting in 2015, we find a short‐term learning rate (LR) of about 40%, while the overall LR since 1970 is about 24%. A strong LR is driven by collaboration among industrial players and clustering of the industry, as well as standardisation of the technology, the supply chain, and final product design, which lead to fast equipment development and fast increase in capacity of supply chain. We propose an empirical law to describe the recent evolution of equipment LR, which shows that the throughput of tool increases 100% in every 3 years, so that the investment in cell production lines has decreased by 50% every 3 years since 2015. Finally, we quantify the material consumption and carbon footprint of PV plants today and for the expansion of PV to terawatt (TW) levels. Besides replacing silver fingers with copper and aluminium, saving copper cables in utilities and low‐carbon mining of materials are the most effective carbon reduction measures in the PV supply chain.
Atomic scale controlled tunnel oxide enabled by a novel industrial tube‐based PEALD technology with demonstrated commercial TOPCon cell efficiencies > 24%
Authors: Liao Baochen , Wu Weiliang , Yeo Reuben J. , Wu Xinyuan , Ma Sheng , Wang Qiang , Wan Yimao , Su Xiaodong , Shen Wenzhong , Li Xiang , Li Weimin , Xing Guoqiang , Hoex Bram
Published: September 2022

In this work, we report on a significant breakthrough in fabricating the critical tunnel oxide layer of tunnel oxide passivated contacts (TOPCon) high‐efficiency solar cells compatible with high‐volume manufacturing. We show that the tunnel oxide can be controlled at the atomic scale, enabled by an innovative tube‐type industrial plasma‐assisted atomic layer deposition (PEALD) method. In combination with an in situ doped poly‐Si (n+) layer grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition, a uniform, ultrathin ~1.3 nm SiOxlayer is obtained at thec‐Si/SiOx/poly‐Si (n+) interface. Extremely low recombination current densities down to 2.8 fA/cm2and an implied open‐circuit voltage (iVoc) as high as 759 mV are achieved, comparable to state‐of‐the‐art laboratory results. The developed tube‐type PEALD SiOxis applied to industrial TOPCon solar cells resulting in a solar cell efficiency and open‐circuit voltage of up to 24.2% and 710 mV, respectively. The tunnel oxide process window is about 2.4 Å, highlighting the importance of precisely controlling the tunnel oxide thickness at the atomic scale for TOPCon solar cells. The newly developed tube‐type industrial PEALD SiOxmethod opens up a promising new route toward mass production of high‐efficiency industrial TOPCon solar cells. Furthermore, the developed tube‐type PEALD method can easily be integrated with the industrial tube‐type plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method, thus enabling the deposition of all thin film layers in TOPCon solar cells in one integrated PEALD/PECVD system. This significantly simplifies manufacturing complexity and fosters the commercialization of next‐generation high‐efficiency industrial TOPCon solar cells.
The natural history of patients with compensated cirrhosis and elevated hepatic venous pressure gradient
Authors: Wortham Andrew , Khalifa Ali , Rockey Don C.
Published: September 2022

Aims

Portal hypertension is a major complication of liver cirrhosis. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) appears to be one of the best surrogates of clinical outcomes. However, the utility of elevated HVPG in predicting subsequent clinical decompensation is unclear.

Methods

We analyzed 410 patients who underwent HVPG assessment between 2014 and 2018. Of these, we identified and analyzed 20 patients with HVPG >12 mmHg without evidence of clinical decompensation (defined as ascites, nonbleeding esophageal varices or bleeding esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome, or hepatic hydrothorax). Additionally, we compared this group to 40 randomly selected cirrhotic patients with HVPG >12 mmHg with signs of clinical decompensation. Clinical events were subsequently assessed (mean = 33 months) after HVPG measurement.

Results

Patients with high HVPG without evidence of clinical decompensation had a significantly lower model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) scores (8 ± 4) compared to decompensated patients (13 ± 8, p = 0.05). HVPG measurements were similar in compensated (17 ± 6 mmHg) and decompensated (18 ± 4 mmHg) patients. Over follow‐up for 33 months, 8/20 compensated patients had a decompensating event and neither MELD (8 and 8, respectively) nor HVPG (17 and 18 mmHg, respectively) differentiated patients who remained compensated versus those that decompensated. Serum albumin at the time of HVPG measurement was significantly higher in patients who remained compensated than those with a decompensating event (3.5 vs. 2.6 g/dl, respectively, p = 0.05).

Conclusions

A small, unique, population of cirrhotic patients with substantially elevated HVPG appear to remain free of complications over long‐term follow‐up.
Migration is not the perfect answer: How the cross‐talk error correction for multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBWN2) parameters differs on directly collected vs. legacy data
Authors: Short Christopher , Abkir Mary , Pinnell Sophie , Proctor Owain , Saunders Clare J. , Davies Jane C.
Published: September 2022

Recently, a cross‐talk error with commercial multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBWN2) software was discovered, which produced an absolute over‐reading of N2 of approximately 1%, i.e., 2% N2 read as 3%. This caused an extended tail to the washout, and over‐estimated lung clearance index (LCI2.5) values. Subsequently an updated and corrected software version has been released. Within the field there have been discussions on how to correct legacy data, whether to migrate or completely “rerun” raw data A‐files from the old software into the new corrected software. To our knowledge, no research has been published assessing whether either method is equivalent to directly collecting data in the new corrected software. We prospectively recruited 19 participants, 10 adult healthy controls and 9 people with cystic fibrosis (CF). MBWN2 was performed using the Exhalyzer® D first on the old 3.1.6 software and next, directly on corrected 3.3.1 software. Multiple breath washout (MBW) data directly collected in 3.3.1 was significantly different from both migrated and rerun data. A total of 7 of the 19 participants (37%; 4 CF) had a relative difference in LCI2.5 > 10% for both migrated and rerun data compared to 3.3.1 collected data. Our findings have implications for the Global Lung Initiative MBW project, which is accepting a combination of directly collected, A‐file reruns and migrated data to establish normative values. Further, caution must be used in clinical practice when comparing corrected legacy data versus 3.3.1 collected data for clinical interpretation. We recommend that a new baseline is collected directly on 3.3.1. before clinical interpretation and decisions are determined when comparing consecutive MBW tests.
Differential effects of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor/glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor heteromerization on cell signaling when expressed in HEK‐293 cells
Authors: Al‐Zaid Bashaier , Chacko Siby , Ezeamuzie Charles Ifeamalume , Bünemann Moritz , Krasel Cornelius , Karimian Tina , Lanzerstorfer Peter , Al‐Sabah Suleiman
Published: September 2022

The incretin hormones: glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are important regulators of many aspects of metabolism including insulin secretion. Their receptors (GIPR and GLP‐1R) are closely related members of the secretin class of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. As both receptors are expressed on pancreatic β‐cells there is at least the hypothetical possibility that they may form heteromers. In the present study, we investigated GIPR/GLP‐1R heteromerization and the impact of GIPR on GLP‐1R‐mediated signaling and vice versa in HEK‐293 cells. Real‐time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) saturation experiments confirm that GLP‐1R and GIPR form heteromers. Stimulation with 1 μM GLP‐1 caused an increase in both FRET and BRET ratio, whereas stimulation with 1 μM GIP caused a decrease. The only other ligand tested to cause a significant change in BRET signal was the GLP‐1 metabolite, GLP‐1 (9–36). GIPR expression had no significant effect on mini‐Gs recruitment to GLP‐1R but significantly inhibited GLP‐1 stimulated mini‐Gq and arrestin recruitment. In contrast, the presence of GLP‐1R improved GIP stimulated mini‐Gs and mini‐Gq recruitment to GIPR. These data support the hypothesis that GIPR and GLP‐1R form heteromers with differential consequences on cell signaling.
Temperature and metal ions regulate larval diapause termination via the 20‐hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone pathways in Monochamus alternatus
Authors: Yang Meijiao , Li Guoqiang , Yu Lu , Du Shijie , Jiang Di , Chu Xu , Wang Kai , Wu Songqing , Wang Rong , Zhang Feiping , Hu Xia
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Diapause allows insects to survive harsh environments, and its termination is crucial for their normal development after diapause. However, little is known about the regulatory pathways and signals involved in insect diapause termination.

RESULTS

We discovered that high temperature (25 °C) influenced larval diapause termination in Monochamus alternatus. Likewise, metal ions (Ca2+) promoted diapause termination by reducing diapause duration. We combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to investigate changes in gene expression and metabolism in diapause‐terminated larvae treated with high temperature (MaHt) and metal ions (MaCa). Hormone biosynthesis and metabolism contained the highest proportion of significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two groups. 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) were closely related to diapause termination in M. alternatus. RNA interference (RNAi) experiments verified that 20E biosynthesis (CYP314a1) and degradation (CYP18a1), JH biosynthesis (FOHSDR‐1) and degradation (JHEH) genes affected the larval diapause duration significantly. In addition, dysfunction of CYP314a1 resulted in increased larval mortality (P < 0.01), reduced pupation rate and emergence rate (P < 0.05). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis showed that the ecdysone content decreased after dsCYP314a1 injection and JH content increased after dsJHEH injection.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that genes CYP314a1, CYP18a1, FOHSDR‐1 and JHEH mediated 20E and JH biosynthesis and degradation to regulate diapause termination in M. alternatus. We elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of diapause termination and provided a basis for the prevention and control of M. alternatus infestation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Functional validation of CYP304A1 associated with haedoxan A detoxification in Aedes albopictus by RNAi and transgenic drosophila
Authors: Pei Yakun , Hao Huanhuan , Zuo Yayun , Xue Yuxin , Aioub Ahmed A. A. , Hu Zhaonong
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play important roles in the detoxification metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Haedoxan A (HA) from Phryma leptostachya L. is a highly efficient natural pesticide used to control houseflies and mosquitos. CYP4C21 and CYP304A1 were previously demonstrated to be transcriptionally increased in Aedes albopictus in response to HA exposure, but their involvement in HA metabolism is unknown.

RESULTS

Our data showed that CYP304A1 expression levels in A. albopictus were highest in third‐instar larvae, and the expression level of CYP4C21 decreased significantly with the growth of instars, with the lowest occurring in the pupal stage. Compared with the control, the silencing of CYP304A1 and CYP4C21 genes by chitosan nanoparticle‐mediated RNA interference could deplete 58.2% and 54.0% of the expression of corresponding genes, respectively. The bioassay data showed that knocking down the expression of CYP304A1 increased the mortality of A. albopictus when exposed to HA at LC30 and LC50 doses, but did not significantly increase mortality after silencing CYP4C21. Our data demonstrated that CYP304A1, but not CYP4C21, may be involved in HA detoxification. Moreover, the resistance ratio of CYP304A1 overexpressing flies was approximately 2‐fold higher than that of the control line. The metabolized product of HA by CYP304A1 needs to be further confirmed by in vitro expression.

CONCLUSION

This finding showed that inducibility was not always linked to detoxifying capabilities, and enhanced our understanding of the molecular basis of HA metabolic detoxification in A. albopictus. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subaltern struggles to access public spaces: Young rural migrants in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Labbé Danielle , Turner Sarah , Pham Thi‐Thanh‐Hiên
Published: September 2022

This paper explores the relationships between youth who are rural labor migrants and public spaces in Hanoi, Vietnam. A host of constraints limit the access of these young subalterns to the city's public spaces, ranging from a shortage of such spaces in areas where they live, to limited leisure time, constrained mobility, and social stigmatisation. Yet, these young men and women still manage to use and enjoy a number of public spaces in Hanoi for socialisation and recreational purposes. In analysing the practices adopted by these youth to access and use these spaces, we bring a stronger focus on socio‐spatial critiques and everyday politics to existing understandings of rural migrant experiences in Vietnamese cities. We approach the everyday socio‐spatial practices of young labour migrants in Hanoi as a complex amalgamation of both their individual subjectivities, needs, and desires, and the multiple obstacles they face to engage with urban public spaces. By unpacking these tensions, our analysis uncovers the specific importance of informal sidewalk stalls and pedestrian streets for this engagement. The multiple ways by which the youth comply with or subtly resist expected norms in these spaces uncovers their creativity in developing a range of everyday politics and spatial negotiations. Despite their subaltern position, migrant youth are able to challenge the material and socio‐normative constraints they face in Hanoi to gain a respite from their harsh working conditions and pursue their desires for distinctively urban experiences.
Model enhanced reinforcement learning to enable precision dosing: A theoretical case study with dosing of propofol
Authors: Ribba Benjamin , Bräm Dominic Stefan , Baverel Paul Gabriel , Peck Richard Wilson
Published: September 2022

Extending the potential of precision dosing requires evaluating methodologies offering more flexibility and higher degree of personalization. Reinforcement learning (RL) holds promise in its ability to integrate multidimensional data in an adaptive process built toward efficient decision making centered on sustainable value creation. For general anesthesia in intensive care units, RL is applied and automatically adjusts dosing through monitoring of patient's consciousness. We further explore the problem of optimal control of anesthesia with propofol by combining RL with state‐of‐the‐art tools used to inform dosing in drug development. In particular, we used pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) modeling as a simulation engine to generate experience from dosing scenarios, which cannot be tested experimentally. Through simulations, we show that, when learning from retrospective trial data, more than 100 patients are needed to reach an accuracy within the range of what is achieved with a standard dosing solution. However, embedding a model of drug effect within the RL algorithm improves accuracy by reducing errors to target by 90% through learning to take dosing actions maximizing long‐term benefit. Data residual variability impacts accuracy while the algorithm efficiently coped with up to 50% interindividual variability in the PK and 25% in the PD model's parameters. We illustrate how extending the state definition of the RL agent with meaningful variables is key to achieve high accuracy of optimal dosing policy. These results suggest that RL constitutes an attractive approach for precision dosing when rich data are available or when complemented with synthetic data from model‐based tools used in model‐informed drug development.
Impact of the Channel Thickness on Electron Confinement in MOCVD‐Grown High Breakdown Buffer‐Free AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures
Authors: Chen Ding-Yuan , Wen Kai-Hsin , Thorsell Mattias , Lorenzini Martino , Hjelmgren Hans , Chen Jr-Tai , Rorsman Niklas
Published: September 2022

The 2D electron gas (2DEG) confinement on high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) heterostructures with a thin undoped GaN channel layer on the top of a grain‐boundary‐free AlN nucleation layer is studied. This is the first time demonstration of a buffer‐free epi‐structure grown with metal–organic chemical vapor deposition with thin GaN channel thicknesses, ranging from 250 to 150 nm, without any degradation of the structural quality and 2DEG properties. The HEMTs with a gate length of 70 nm exhibit good DC characteristics with peak transconductances of 500 mS mm−1and maximum saturated drain currents above 1 A mm−1. A thinner GaN channel layer improves 2DEG confinement because of the enhanced effectiveness of the AlN nucleation layer acting as a back‐barrier. An excellent drain‐induced barrier lowering of only 20 mV V−1at aVDSof 25 V and an outstanding critical electric field of 0.95 MV cm−1are demonstrated. Good large‐signal performance at 28 GHz with output power levels of 2.0 and 3.2 W mm−1and associated power‐added efficiencies of 56% and 40% are obtained at aVDSof 15 and 25 V, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of sub‐100 nm gate length HEMTs on a buffer‐free GaN‐on‐SiC heterostructure.
Finite‐level uniformly quantized learning control with random data dropouts
Authors: Huo Niu , Jiang Hao , Shen Dong , Wang Jinrong
Published: September 2022

In this study, a quantized iterative learning control method with an encoding–decoding mechanism is investigated for networked control systems with constrained transmission bandwidths and random data dropouts at both the measurement and actuator sides. The intermittent update principle is used to address the problem of data asynchronism caused by two‐sided data dropouts. Then, a new “process” concept is introduced for the convergence analysis. The input sequence is guaranteed to achieve asymptotic zero‐error convergence to the unknown desired input for the given reference through an appropriate selection of scaling sequences. Furthermore, the quantization errors are shown bounded, where the upper bounds of the quantization level are precisely determined for selecting a finite‐level uniform quantizer. To verify the proposed scheme, an example of a permanent magnet linear motor is simulated.