bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aging and Cytomegalovirus Infection Differentially and Jointly Affect Distinct Circulating T Cell Subsets in Humans
Authors: Wertheimer Anne M. , Bennett Michael S. , Park Byung , Uhrlaub Jennifer L. , Martinez Carmine , Pulko Vesna , Currier Noreen L. , Nikolich-Žugich Dragana , Kaye Jeffrey , Nikolich-Žugich Janko
Published: February 2014

The impact of intrinsic aging upon human peripheral blood T cell subsets remains incompletely quantified and understood. This impact must be distinguished from the influence of latent persistent microorganisms, particularly CMV, which has been associated with age-related changes in the T cell pool. In a cross-sectional cohort of 152 CMV-negative individuals, aged 21–101 y, we found that aging correlated strictly to an absolute loss of naive CD8, but not CD4, T cells but, contrary to many reports, did not lead to an increase in memory T cell numbers. The loss of naive CD8 T cells was not altered by CMV in 239 subjects (range 21–96 y), but the decline in CD4+ naive cells showed significance in CMV+ individuals. These individuals also exhibited an absolute increase in the effector/effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells with age. That increase was seen mainly, if not exclusively, in older subjects with elevated anti-CMV Ab titers, suggesting that efficacy of viral control over time may determine the magnitude of CMV impact upon T cell memory, and perhaps upon immune defense. These findings provide important new insights into the age-related changes in the peripheral blood pool of older adults, demonstrating that aging and CMV exert both distinct and joint influence upon blood T cell homeostasis in humans.
Decidual Neutrophil Infiltration Is Not Required for Preterm Birth in a Mouse Model of Infection-Induced Preterm Labor
Authors: Rinaldi Sara F. , Catalano Rob D. , Wade Jean , Rossi Adriano G. , Norman Jane E.
Published: February 2014

Parturition is associated with a leukocyte influx into the intrauterine tissues; however, the exact role these leukocytes play in the onset of labor remains unclear. Neutrophil infiltration of the uteroplacental tissues has been particularly associated with infection-associated preterm labor (PTL) in both women and mouse models. In this study, we investigated the role of neutrophils in a mouse model of infection-induced PTL. Intrauterine administration of LPS on day 17 of gestation resulted in a 7-fold increase in the number of decidual neutrophils compared with control mice receiving PBS (p < 0.01; n = 8–11). We hypothesized that neutrophil influx is necessary for PTL and that neutrophil depletion would abolish preterm birth. To test this hypothesis, mice were depleted of neutrophils by treatment with anti–Gr-1, anti–Ly-6G, or the appropriate IgG control Ab on day 16 of gestation prior to LPS on day 17 (n = 6–7). Successful neutrophil depletion was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Neutrophil depletion with Gr-1 resulted in reduced uterine and placental Il-1β expression (p < 0.05). Neutrophil depletion with Ly-6G reduced uterine Il-1β and Tnf-α expression (p < 0.05). However, neutrophil depletion with either Ab did not delay LPS-induced preterm birth. Collectively, these data show that decidual neutrophil infiltration is not essential for the induction of infection-induced PTL in the mouse, but that neutrophils contribute to the LPS-induced inflammatory response of the uteroplacental tissues.
Multivariate regression analysis of prime variables affecting ophthalmic patients’ satisfaction in a resource limited economy
Authors: Megbelayin Emmanuel Olu , Sackey Jacob
Published: February 2014

The aim of the present study was to appraise prime dependent variables of ophthalmic patients’ satisfaction in a Nigerian public eye care facility with a view to boosting service uptake. It was a cross sectional study conducted between March and May 2012 in our centre. Consecutive clinic patients (n=251) that met study’s criteria were recruited. The patients filled interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. A total of 251 patients were analyzed comprising 139 males (55.4%) and 112 females (44.6%). Male:female ratio=1:0.8. The ages of the patients studied ranged from 17 to 92 years with a mean of 37.2 years±15.57. Bivariate analysis, validated by multiple logistic regression, showed P values of 0.021, 0.008, 0.036, 0.008 and 0.004 for privacy, comfort during eye exam, fairness (non-partiality), thoroughness of examination and expectation, respectively. Satisfaction with overall quality of services was 80.1%. The services of any eye facility should be patient-driven to attain desired goals; therefore the identified areas of patients’ dissatisfaction should be addressed for effective service uptake.
Netmes: Assessing Gene Network Inference Algorithms by Network-Based Measures
Authors: Altay Gökmen , Kurt Zeyneb , Dehmer Matthias , Emmert-Streib Frank
Published: February 2014

Gene regulatory network inference (GRNI) algorithms are essential for efficiently utilizing large-scale microarray datasets to elucidate biochemical interactions among molecules in a cell. Recently, the combination of network-based error measures complemented with an ensemble approach became popular for assessing the inference performance of the GRNI algorithms. For this reason, we developed a software package to facilitate the usage of such metrics. In this paper, we present netmes, an R software package that allows the assessment of GRNI algorithms. The software package netmes is available from the R-Forge web site https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/netmes/ .
Hyperspace Dynamics of Generic Maps of the Cantor Space
Authors: Bernardes Nilson C. , Vermersch Rômulo M.
Published: February 2014

We study the hyperspace dynamics induced fromgeneric continuous maps and fromgeneric
homeomorphisms of the Cantor space, with emphasis on the notions of Li– Yorke chaos, distributional
chaos, topological entropy, chain continuity, shadowing, and recurrence.
Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Yellow River Estuary
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Zhang Longjun , Cai Wei-Jun , Wang Liang , Xue Ming , Zhang Xiangshang
Published: February 2014

The Yellow River of China runs mainly through an arid and semiarid midlatitude region that has experienced substantial anthropogenic and climatic change. This area includes the carbonate‐rich Loess Plateau and carries water of exceptionally high carbonate content. To investigate the processes by which dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is biogeochemically modified as the river approaches the sea, a multipronged field investigation was conducted in the Yellow River estuary, 2005–2009. The project included four research cruises (spring and fall), a year of monthly sampling at a lower‐river hydrological station (Lijin), and in situ bottle incubations. Our study revealed that 4–11% of the Yellow River DIC was removed from the water column in the estuarine mixing zone and thus was not transported to the sea. DIC removal was greater in the spring and occurred at a higher salinity range than in the fall. As a unique feature of the Yellow River estuary, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation was nearly as important as net biological production in the DIC removal. Longer freshwater—seawater mixing distances (and times) and higher DIC concentrations in the freshwater end member also promoted net biological production and CaCO3 precipitation, thus encouraging DIC removal.
Nitrogen cycling in deeply oxygenated sediments: Results in Lake Superior and implications for marine sediments
Authors: Li Jiying , Katsev Sergei
Published: February 2014

To understand the nitrogen (N) cycle in sediments with deep oxygen penetration, we measured pore‐water profiles to calculate N fluxes and rates at 13 locations in Lake Superior in water depths ranging from 26 to 318 m. Sediments with high oxygen demand, such as in nearshore or high‐sedimentation areas, contribute disproportionally to benthic N removal, despite covering only a small portion of the lake floor. These sediments are nitrate sinks (average 0.16 mmol m−2 d−1) and have denitrification rates (average 0.76 mmol m−2 d−1) that are comparable to those in coastal marine sediments. The deeply oxygenated (4 to > 12 cm) offshore sediments are nitrate sources (average 0.26 mmol m−2 d−1) and generate N2 at lower rates (average 0.10 mmol m−2 d−1). Ammonium is nitrified with high efficiency (90%), and nitrification supports > 50% of denitrification nearshore and µ 100% offshore. Oxygen consumption by nitrification accounts for 12% of the total sediment oxygen uptake. About 2% of nitrate reduction is coupled to oxidation of iron, a rarely detected pathway. Our Lake Superior N budget indicates significant contributions from sediment—water exchanges and N2 production and is closer to balance than previous budgets. Our results reveal that sediment N cycling in large freshwater lakes is similar to that in marine systems. They further suggest that denitrification rates in slowly accumulating, well‐oxygenated sediments cannot be described by the same relationship with total oxygen uptake as in high‐sedimentation areas; hence, global models should treat abyssal ocean sediments differently than coastal and shelf sediments.
Effect of the Association between Citric Acid and EDTA on Root Surface Etching
Authors: Leite Fabio Renato Manzolli , Nascimento Gustavo Giacomelli , Leite Elza Regina Manzolli , Leite Amauri Antiquera , Sampaio José Eduardo Cezar
Published: February 2014

Objective

This study aims to compare the clot stabilization on root surfaces conditioned with citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Materials and methods

Scaled root samples (n = 100) were set in five groups: group I–control group (saline solution); group II (24% EDTA); group III (25% citric acid); group IV (EDTA + citric acid); group V (citric acid + EDTA). Fifty samples were assessed using the root surface modification index (RSMI). The other 50 received a blood drop after conditioning. Clot formation was assessed using blood elements adhesion index (BEAI). A blind examiner evaluated photomicrographs. Statistical analysis considered p < 0.05.

Results

Groups-III and G-V attained the best results for RSMI and BEAI in comparison to control. The worst results for clot stabilization were seen in group-II. EDTA employment before citric acid (group-IV) reduced clot formation in comparison to citric acid use alone (group-III).

Conclusion

Root conditioning with citric acid alone and before EDTA had the best results for smear layer removal and clot stabilization. EDTA inhibited clot stabilization on root surface and must have a residual activity once it has diminished clot adhesion to root even after citric acid conditioning. Thus, EDTA can be used to neutralize citric acid effects on periodontal cells without affecting clot stabilization.

Clinical significance

To demonstrate that citric acid use on root surfaces previously affected by periodontal disease may favor clot stabilization and may have a beneficial effect on surgical outcomes. Also, EDTA can be used to neutralize citric acid effects on periodontal cells.

How to cite this article

Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Leite ERM, Leite AA, Sampaio JEC. Effect of the Association between Citric Acid and EDTA on Root Surface Etching. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):796-800.
Estimation of Serum Copper and Zinc Levels in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: An Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Neethi H
Published: February 2014

Background and objectives

Biochemical derangements of microelements although reported in oral cancer is poorly understood in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Hence, the present study was carried out to estimate and compare the serum copper and zinc levels among different histopathological stages of OSMF with that of healthy controls.

Materials and methods

Thirty histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSMF and 30 healthy controls reporting to MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital (MSRDCH), Bengaluru, were included in the study. The histopathological staging of OSMF was done as per criteria given by Pindborg and Sirsat (1966). Blood samples were collected and the serum copper and zinc levels were estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were statistically analyzed using independent t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results

The mean serum copper levels were increased (p < 0.0005) and zinc levels were decreased (p < 0.01) in OSMF patients when compared to that of controls. The mean serum copper levels showed an increasing trend from stage I to IV (p = 0.004) while zinc levels showed a decreasing trend from stage I to IV (p = 0.04) in OSMF patients.

Conclusion

The serum copper and zinc levels in OSMF showed a significant difference in comparison to that of controls and between the histopathological stages. These findings indicate that serum copper and zinc may have a contributory role in the etiopathogenesis of OSMF.

Clinical relevance

Although the role of the trace elements as etiological factors is minor, derangements noted in the serum copper and zinc levels could be correlated with diseased progression and possibly explain the transformation of OSMF into malignancy. Thus, they can be used as prognostic markers and can be of value for proactive intervention.

How to cite this article

Neethi H, Patil S, Rao RS. Estimation of Serum Copper and Zinc Levels in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: An Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):801-805.
An in vitro Study to Compare the Effectiveness of F-file with Ultrasonically Activated K-file to Remove Smear Layer by using a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Kumar B Shiva , Shenvi Suresh
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the F-file with an ultrasonically activated #15 K-file in removing the smear layer after biomechanical instrumentation along with irrigation of Saline, NaOCl and with or without a flush of EDTA.

Materials and methods

Sixty decoronated human premolar teeth with a single canal were instrumented with ProTaper using S1, S2 and F1 series to produce the smear layer and randomly divided into two groups. Group A used Ultrasonics and group B used F-file for activation of irrigants respectively. Each group was further divided in to three subgroups consisting of 10 teeth in each as I, II, III consisting of saline, NaOCl, NaOCl and EDTA as irrigants respectively. SEM micrographs were taken and amount of smear layer removal was analyzed by using Chi-square statistics tests.

Results

Most effective smear layer removal was seen only when EDTA was used. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups A and B in removal of smear layer.

Conclusion

There was no increase in smear layer between use of F-file when compared with the Ultrasonically activated K-file.

Clinical significance

The F-file although does not have a superior efficacy than the ultrasonics in removal of smear layer from root canals but when used along with EDTA, can be an effective alternative for the dentists who are unable to bear the initial setup cost of ultrasonics.

How to cite this article

Shenvi S, Kumar BS. Anin vitroStudy to Compare the Effectiveness of F-file with Ultrasonically Activated K-file to Remove Smear Layer by using a Scanning Electron Microscope. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):825-829.
An Investigation of Blood Hemogram and Estimation of Serum Iron and Protein Levels in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients: A Clinic Biochemical Study
Authors: Reddy R Vamshidhar , Arora Dimple , Rao P Krishna , Mapare Sagar Arjun , Nag Venkat Ratna , Gowtham K
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate the blood hemogram and estimation of serum iron and proteins level in aggressive periodontitis patients.

Materials and methods

A total of 85 patients were selected and divided into two groups, 45 patients are with aggressive periodontitis and 40 patients are healthy. Periodontal parameters such as gingival inflammation oral hygiene index, Russell's periodontal index and radiograph were taken. Total 10 ml blood was collected and sent for estimation of blood hemogram protein estimation and serum electrophoresis.

Results

There was statistical significant difference observed in relation to gingival inflammation oral hygiene hemoglobin and total iron binding capacity level between both the groups.

Conclusion

It has been concluded that periodontitis does not induce anemia like state, as the hematological and biochemical parameters were almost equally affected in periodontally healthy and periodontally diseased individuals, but some parameters showed statistical significant difference between the both groups.

Clinical significance

In the present study, the clinical periodontal parameters, red blood cell parameters and serum iron and ferritin levels were compared among control and test groups. It was found that the values of gingival inflammation, oral hygiene and periodontal index, hemoglobulin level and total iron binding protein were statistically significant between the groups. However, the values of erythrocyte count, white blood cell count, serum iron and serum proteins, serum electrophoresis did not show any significant correlation.

How to cite this article

Rao PK, Reddy RV, Mapare SA, Nag VR, Gowtham K, Arora D. An Investigation of Blood Hemogram and Estimation of Serum Iron and Protein Levels in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients: A Clinic Biochemical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):852-857.
Antioxidant Agents and Their Effects on Shear Bond Strength of Bleached Enamel
Authors: Moosavi Horieh , Maleknejad Fatemeh , Hoseinipour Zahra , Hatami Lila , Zeynali Mahsa
Published: February 2014

Aim

The goal of this study was to find a method to eliminate bond strength reduction after vital bleaching.

Materials and methods

Sixty flat surfaces of enamel central human incisors were prepared by diamond disks. In the first group, the samples immediately bonded to the tooth after bleaching. For the second group, the bleached samples were treated by sodium ascorbate for 1 hours. In the third and fourth groups the treatment was down using a new antioxidant agent for 1 hour and 15 minutes respectively. For the fifth group no bleaching was done. Cylindrical composite resin (Z 100) with a Single Bond adhesive system was bonded to the enamel with a special metal mold. After thermocycling, the samples were loaded at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The mode of failures was inspected by the Dino Lite microscope and the microstructure of the debonding surfaces was observed by SEM. Considering normal data, statistical analysis was conducted by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = 0.05).

Results

The fourth group had maximum (21.82), while the first group had the least (9.0971) shear bond strength. The ANOVA test showed a significant difference among the five groups (p = 0.0002). There was not any significant statistical difference between the three types of debonding (p = 0.165).

Conclusion

The usage of sodium ascorbate or sodium ascorbate with detergent after vital bleaching are effective methods for reducing the damaging effects of bleaching agents on the shear bond strength of composite resin restoration to enamel.

Clinical significance

Using antioxidants is necessary post bleaching and before resin bonding.

How to cite this article

Moosavi H, Maleknejad F, Hoseinipour Z, Hatami L, Zeynali M. Antioxidant Agents and Their Effects on Shear Bond Strength of Bleached Enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):871-875.
Long-Term Surface Hardness and Monomer Conversion of a Nanofilled and a Microhybrid Composite Resin
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Bandéca Matheus Coelho , Saad José Roberto Cury , de Campos Edson Alves , Jassé Fernanda Ferreira , Borges Carlos Henrique Braga , de Souza Rastelli Alessandra Nara , Bagnato Vanderlei Salvador , Santos Reidson Stanley Soares dos
Published: February 2014

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) and hydrolytic degradation through the Vickers hardness test (HV) of a nanofilled (FiltekTM Z-250, 3M) and a microhybrid (FiltekTMSupreme-XT, 3M) composite resin.

Materials and methods

Eight disk-shaped specimens (4 mm diameter × 2 mm thick, ISO 4049) of each material were prepared for each test. Composites were inserted into single increment in a metallic matrix and light-cured for 40 seconds. VH readings were performed for each specimen at predetermined intervals: immediately after polymerization (control), 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 180 days. After curing, initial hardness measurements were performed and the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. For DC (%), specimens were ground, pressed with KBr and analyzed by FT-IR spectrophotometer.

Results

Student t-test showed that there was no difference between the resins for DC (p = 0.252). ANOVA analysis revealed that Z-250 VH means were all greater than S-XT, for both top and bottom surfaces, whatever the storage-period in artificial saliva (p < 0.001). After 180 days of storage, the hardness obtained for S-XT was similar with that at the baseline, for both top and bottom surfaces. While for Z-250 hardness was not significantly different from baseline only for top surface, but there was a significant decrease observed in hardness for bottom surface.

Conclusion

The materials tested showed no evidence of hydrolytic degradation in a significant way, in a 6-month storagetime in artificial saliva. Nanofilled resin presents a monomer conversion comparable to the conventional microhybrid.

How to cite this article

Jassé FF, Borges CHB, Tonetto MR, de Souza Rastelli AN, Bagnato VS, de Campos EA, Bandeca MC, Saad JRC. Long-Term Surface Hardness and Monomer Conversion of a Nanofilled and a Microhybrid Composite Resin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):876-882.
Fluoride releasing and Uptake Capacities of Esthetic Restorations
Authors: Shetty Rajesh , Gururaj M , Shetty Shwetha , Kumar CN Vijay
Published: February 2014

Background and objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare in vitro the fluoride release and uptake from 5 different esthetic restorative materials.

Materials and methods

Materials tested were conventional GIC — Fuji 7, GC (group1), resin modified GIC — Vitremer, 3M ESPE (group 2), polyacid modified composite — Dyract, Dentsply (group 3), fluoride releasing composite — Tetric ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent (group 4), Giomer-Beautifil, Shofu (group 5). Fluoride release was estimated at 6th, 24th, 48th hour and weekly interval for 5 weeks. For fluoride recharge, each specimen was exposed to 2 ml of 1.23% APF gel for 4 minutes and fluoride release measured at 1st, 2nd, 3rd day and 7th day. The fluoride release and recharge was measured using fluoride ion specific electrode.

Results

ANOVA and Tukey HSD test were used for statistical analysis. During tested period all materials showed statistically different capability to release and uptake fluoride. Groups 1 and 2 results were comparable in fluoride release. Similarly groups 3 and 5. Groups 1 and 2 vs 3, 4, 5 were statistically very highly significant. Only conventional GIC showed initial ‘burst effect’.

Interpretation and conclusion

Materials tested showed potential for fluoride release and recharge. Different esthetic materials had variable fluoride release hence selection of materials should be guided by specific clinical situations.

How to cite this article

Gururaj M, Shetty R, Nayak M, Shetty S, Kumar CNV. Fluoride releasing and Uptake Capacities of Esthetic Restorations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5): 887-891.
A Study to evaluate the Frequency and Association of Various Mucosal Conditions among Geriatric Patients
Authors: Shet RGK , Shetty Shobith R , Kalavathi M , Kumar M Naveen , Yadav Rishi Dev , Soumya S
Published: February 2014

Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.

Aim

To evaluate the oral mucosal status in the elderly population of different age group and find out the association of age, gender and denture with oral mucosal disorders.

Materials and methods

The study sample consisted of 570 geriatric persons concentrating mainly on the oral mucosal changes or lesions occurring in the geriatric population. Individuals those are aged above 60 years were selected, and all the examined geriatric persons were categorized into 3 age groups to find out the association of oral mucosal lesions in each group.

Group I—60 to 65 years, Group II—66 to 70 years, Group III—71 and above years.

Results

The sample of 570 elderly patients included 279 (48.95%) men and 291 (51.05%) women in three age groups: 61 to 65 years (40.35%), 66 to 70 years (31.05%), and 71 years and older (28.60%). The sample included 254 (44.56%) dentate patients, 205 (35.96%) denture wearers (partial and complete denture wearers) and 111 (19.47%) edentulous persons who lacked dentures in both the jaws. Almost half of the patients examined (48%) had one or more oral mucosal lesions. The 48% of the patients who presented with oral mucosal lesions, twenty five different oral mucosal conditions were identified and the three most common findings were lingual varices (13.68%), denture induced inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (4.21%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.21%). There was some differences in the distribution of oral mucosal condition among the sexes. Leukoplakia and dysplasia were significantly associated with men (p < 0.001) whereas the association of fibroma and lichen planus with women were significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In our study it was found that patients in groups II and III had more prevalence of oral mucosal disorders. Lingual varices, oral squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma and denture induced inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia were more commonly associated with the geriatric patients. The oral lesions (fibroma and lichen planus) were strongly associated with women while leukoplakia was strongly associated with men. Ageing is an important factor that can influence the occurrence of mucosal lesions and with age the oral mucosa becomes more permeable to noxious substances and more vulnerable to external carcinogens.

How to cite this article

Shet RGK, Shetty SR, M Kalavathi, Kumar MN, Yadav RD, S Soumya. A Study to evaluate the Frequency and Association of Various Mucosal Conditions among Geriatric Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):904-910.
Comparison of Mutans Streptococcal Strains of Father, Mother, and Child in Indian Families using Chromosomal Dna Fingerprinting
Authors: Katre Amar N , Damle SG
Published: February 2014

Introduction

It is now understood and accepted that there is a direct transmission of mutans streptococci (MS) from the mother to the child. There is also a direct correlation between the levels of MS in the mother and the caries status of the child. Advanced technologies in molecular biology like chromosomal DNA fingerprinting have established beyond doubt that the mother and the child bear similar strains of MS.

Aim

A study was designed with the aim of comparing the MS strains between the father, mother and the child in Indian families.

Materials and methods

A group of 20 Indian families comprising of the father, mother and child were selected and divided into caries free and caries active groups. Mixed salivary samples were collected from the individuals and were cultured for the growth of Mutans streptococci. The colonies were counted on a colony counter and a comparison was made between the mutans streptococcal counts of the mother and the caries status of the child. Further, the genotypes of the father, mother and the child were isolated and compared using the technique of chromosomal DNA fingerprinting. Following electrophoresis, the band pattern obtained was compared for similarities or differences. The results of the same were tabulated and evaluated statistically

Results

When the colony counts of the mother (in CFU/ml) were compared with the ‘dft’ status of the child, a positive correlation was seen in group II. Intergroup comparison using the unpaired T test was statistically significant. Electrophoretic analysis of the chromosomal DNA on the agarose gels revealed identical band patterns in 13 mother-child pairs, which was statistically significant. Three of the father-child pairs showed identical band patterns, which was statistically significant. Intergroup comparison using Chi-square test was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

One may conclude that irrespective of the caries status of the child, majority of the mother child pairs share identical strains of MS and hence the mother is the primary source of infection. However, in children with a high dft, the father may also play an important role in the acquisition and transmission of MS.

How to cite this article

Katre AN, Damle SG. Comparison of Mutans Streptococcal Strains of Father, Mother, and Child in Indian Families using Chromosomal DNA Fingerprinting. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):911-916.
Pressure-induced Alopecia from Orthodontic Headgear
Authors: Premkumar Sridhar , Vidya Kalanjiam
Published: February 2014

Every treatment in the dental specialty has its own set of complications, Orthodontic therapy being no exception. Such a problem during the course of treatment puts the specialist in a dilemma as to whether to continue or stop the treatment.

One such case in which during headgear therapy, a rare complication such as alopecia was encountered has been dealt with in this paper. This case report shows its effective management while still continuing treatment, thus leading to the desired result. It emphasizes on the importance of maintaining a balance between the benefits and risks of a treatment.

Clinical relevance

The use of headgear can lead to the rare complication of alopecia and the clinician should be aware of it.

Objective

The reader should understand the psychological implications of alopecia and also to carry out the treatment after assessing the risk/benefit ratio.

How to cite this article

Premkumar S, Vidya K. Pressureinduced Alopecia from Orthodontic Headgear. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):954-956.
The Museum Maze in Oral Pathology Demystified: Part II
Authors: Ganavi BS
Published: February 2014

Museum technology is perpetually changing due to current requirements and added inventions for our comfort and furbished display of specimens. Hence numerous methods of specimen preservation have been put on trial by diverse people in the medical field as are the inventions. But only few have caught people's interest and are popularized today. This part provides unique insights into specialized custom-made techniques, evolution of recent advances like plastination and virtual museum that have popularized as visual delights. Plastination gives handy, perennial life-like acrylic specimens, whereas virtual museum takes museum field to the electronic era making use of computers and virtual environment.

How to cite this article

Patil S, Rao RS, Ganavi BS. The Museum Maze in Oral Pathology Demystified: Part II. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):987-992.
Hemangioma: Review of Literature
Authors: Kalra Amit , Jaggi Nitin , Ahuja Tarun , Bansal Kanishka , Sharma Shiv Prasad
Published: February 2014

Hemangiomas are tumors identified by rapid endothelial cell proliferation in early infancy, followed by involution over time. All other abnormalities are malformations resulting from anomalous development of vascular plexuses. The malformations have a normal endothelial cell growth cycle that affects the veins, the capillaries or the lymphatics and they do not involute. Hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy and are characterized by a proliferating and involuting phase. They are seen more commonly in whites than in blacks, more in females than in males in a ratio of 3:1.

How to cite this article

Ahuja T, Jaggi N, Kalra A, Bansal K, Sharma SP. Hemangioma: Review of Literature. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(5):1000-1007.
When Multinationals Leave: A CGE Analysis of the Impact of Divestments
Authors: Gómez-Plana Antonio G. , Latorre María C.
Published: February 2014

Most studies on Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) focus on the impact of their expansion through inward or outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. However, divestments are quite common among the operations of MNEs. In order to derive their effects, we build a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that includes two non-standard characteristics: the presence of MNEs and unemployment. The model is applied to the Spanish economy, where FDI inflows have surpassed divestments at the aggregate level in the period 2005-2009, although divestments have been sizeable in ten sectors. We analyse two different scenarios: 1) divestments that involve the closure of plants of foreign affiliates and 2) divestments where national firms buy the plant of foreign affiliates. The model allows estimating the overall impact of the divestments occurring simultaneously in ten sectors and in particular sectors. Results not only show that national acquisitions are less harmful than closures, but quantify those effects, and provide information on the role of the divesting sector. Some adjustment costs arise in all scenarios.
Characterizing the impact of urban emissions on regional aerosol particles: airborne measurements during the MEGAPOLI experiment
Authors: Freney E. J. , Sellegri K. , Canonaco F. , Colomb A. , Borbon A. , Michoud V. , Doussin J.-F. , Crumeyrolle S. , Amarouche N. , Pichon J.-M. , Bourianne T. , Gomes L. , Prevot A. S. H. , Beekmann M. , Schwarzenböeck A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) experiment took place in July 2009. The aim of this campaign was to study the aging and reactions of aerosol and gas-phase emissions in the city of Paris. Three ground-based measurement sites and several mobile platforms including instrument equipped vehicles and the ATR-42 aircraft were involved. We present here the variations in particle- and gas-phase species over the city of Paris, using a combination of high-time resolution measurements aboard the ATR-42 aircraft. Particle chemical composition was measured using a compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS), giving detailed information on the non-refractory submicron aerosol species. The mass concentration of black carbon (BC), measured by a particle absorption soot photometer (PSAP), was used as a marker to identify the urban pollution plume boundaries. Aerosol mass concentrations and composition were affected by air-mass history, with air masses that spent longest time over land having highest fractions of organic aerosol and higher total mass concentrations. The Paris plume is mainly composed of organic aerosol (OA), BC, and nitrate aerosol, as well as high concentrations of anthropogenic gas-phase species such as toluene, benzene, and NOx. Using BC and CO as tracers for air-mass dilution, we observe the ratio of ΔOA / ΔBC and ΔOA / ΔCO increase with increasing photochemical age (−log(NOx / NOy)). Plotting the equivalent ratios of different organic aerosol species (LV-OOA, SV-OOA, and HOA) illustrate that the increase in OA is a result of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Within Paris the changes in the ΔOA / ΔCO are similar to those observed during other studies in London, Mexico City, and in New England, USA. Using the measured SOA volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species together with organic aerosol formation yields, we were able to predict ~50% of the measured organics. These airborne measurements during the MEGAPOLI experiment show that urban emissions contribute to the formation of OA and have an impact on aerosol composition on a regional scale.
Solar irradiance in the heterogeneous albedo environment of the Arctic coast: measurements and a 3-D-model study
Authors: Kreuter A. , Buras R. , Mayer B. , Webb A. , Kift R. , Bais A. , Kouremeti N. , Blumthaler M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We present a unique case study of the solar global irradiance in a highly heterogeneous albedo environment at the arctic coast. Diodearray spectroradiometers were deployed at three sites around Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, and spectral irradiances were simultaneously measured under clear sky conditions during a 24 h period. The 3-D radiative transfer model MYSTIC is applied to simulate the measurements in various model scenarios. First, we model the effective albedos of ocean and snow and consequently around each measurement site. The effective albedos at 340 nm increase from 0.57 to 0.75, from the coastal site in the west towards the site 20 km east, away from the coast. The observed ratios of the global irradiance indicate a 15% higher average irradiance at east relative to west at 340 nm due to the higher albedo. The comparison to our model scenarios suggest a snow albedo of >0.9 and confirm the observation that drift ice has moved into the Fjord during the day. The local time shift between the locations causes a hysteresis-like behavior of these east-west ratios with solar zenith angle (SZA). The observed hysteresis, however, is larger and, at 340 nm, can be explained by the drift ice. At 500 nm, a plausible explanation is a detector tilt of about 1°. The ratios between afternoon and morning irradiances at the same SZA are investigated, which confirm the above conclusions. At the coastal site, the measured irradiance is significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Besides the effect of changing drift ice and detector tilt, the small variations of the aerosol optical depth have to be considered also at the other stations to reduce the discrepancies between model and observations. Remaining discrepancies are possibly due to high thin clouds.
Monitoring the lowermost tropospheric ozone with thermal infrared observations from a geostationary platform: performance analyses for a future dedicated instrument
Authors: Sellitto P. , Dufour G. , Eremenko M. , Cuesta J. , Forêt G. , Gaubert B. , Beekmann M. , Peuch V.-H. , Flaud J.-M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we present performance analyses for a concept geostationary observing system called MAGEAQ (Monitoring the Atmosphere from Geostationary orbit for European Air Quality). The MAGEAQ mission is designed to include a TIR (thermal infrared) spectrometer and a broadband VIS (visible) radiometer; in this work we study only the TIR component (MAGEAQ-TIR). We have produced about 20 days of MAGEAQ-TIR tropospheric ozone pseudo-observations with a full forward and inverse radiative transfer pseudo-observations simulator. We have studied the expected sensitivity of MAGEAQ-TIR and we have found that it is able to provide a full single piece of information for the ozone column from surface to 6 km (about 1.0 DOF (degrees of freedom) and maximum sensitivity at about 3.0 km, on average), as well as a partially independent surface–3 km ozone column (about 0.6 DOF and maximum sensitivity at about 2.5 km, on average). Then, we have compared the tropospheric ozone profiles and the lower (surface–6 km) and lowermost (surface–3 km) tropospheric ozone column pseudo-observations to the target pseudo-reality, produced with the MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) chemistry and transport model. We have found very small to not significant average biases (< 1% in absolute value, for the surface–6 km TOC (tropospheric ozone column), and about −2 to −3 %, for the surface–3 km TOC) and small RMSEs (root mean square errors; about 1.3 DU (5%), for the surface–6 km TOC, and about 1.5 DU (10%), for the surface–3 km TOC). We have tested the performance of MAGEAQ-TIR at some selected small (0.2° × 0.2°) urban and rural locations. We have found that, while the vertical structures of the lower tropospheric ozone pseudo-reality are sometimes missed, MAGEAQ-TIR's lower and lowermost column pseudo-observations follow stunningly good the MOCAGE column pseudo-reality, with correlation coefficients reaching values of 0.9 or higher. Unprecedented retrieval performance for the lowermost tropospheric ozone column is shown. In any case, our MAGEAQ-TIR pseudo-observations are only partially able to replicate the MOCAGE pseudo-reality variability and temporal cycle at the very lowest layers (surface and 1 km altitude), especially at southern European urban locations, where the photochemistry signal is partially missed or shifted at higher altitudes. Temporal artifacts on the daily cycle are sometimes observed. Stratospheric-to-tropospheric exchanges during short time periods (of the order of 1 day) are detected by the MAGEAQ-TIR pseudo-observations.
A multi-site techniques intercomparison of integrated water vapour observations for climate change analysis
Authors: Van Malderen R. , Brenot H. , Pottiaux E. , Beirle S. , Hermans C. , De Mazière M. , Wagner T. , De Backer H. , Bruyninx C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Water vapour plays a dominant role in the climate change debate. However, observing water vapour over a climatological time period in a consistent and homogeneous manner is challenging. At one hand, networks of ground-based instruments allowing to retrieve homogeneous Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) datasets are being set up. Typical examples are Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation networks such as the International GNSS Service (IGS), with continuous GPS (Global Positioning System) observations spanning over the last 15+ yr, and the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), providing long-term observations performed with standardized and well-calibrated sun photometers. On the other hand, satellite-based measurements of IWV already have a time span of over 10 yr (e.g. AIRS) or are being merged in order to create long-term time series (e.g. GOME, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2). The present study aims at setting up a techniques intercomparison of IWV measurements from satellite devices (in the visible, GOME/SCIAMACHY/GOME-2, and in the thermal infrared, AIRS), in-situ measurements (radiosondes) and ground-based instruments (GPS, sun photometer), to assess the applicability of either dataset for water vapour trends analysis. To this end, we selected 28 sites worldwide at which GPS observations can directly be compared with coincident satellite IWV observations, together with sun photometer and/or radiosonde measurements. We found that the mean biases of the different techniques w.r.t. the GPS estimates vary only between −0.3 to 0.5 mm of IWV, but the small bias is accompanied by large Root Mean Square (RMS) values, especially for the satellite instruments. In particular, we analysed the impact of the presence of clouds on the techniques IWV agreement. Also, the influence of specific issues for each instrument on the intercomparison is investigated, e.g. the distance between the satellite ground pixel centre and the co-located ground-based station, the satellite scan angle, daytime/nighttime differences, etc. Furthermore, we checked if the properties of the IWV scatter plots between these different instruments are dependent on the geography and/or altitude of the station. We could only detect a clear dependency of the RMS, for all considered instruments, on latitude or mean IWV: the RMS of the IWV observations w.r.t. the GPS IWV retrievals decreases with increasing latitude and decreasing mean IWV.
Spatiotemporal variability and drivers of pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the California Current System: an eddy-resolving modeling study
Authors: Turi G. , Lachkar Z. , Gruber N.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We quantify the CO2 source/sink nature of the California Current System (CalCS) and determine the drivers and processes behind the mean and spatiotemporal variability of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the surface ocean. To this end, we analyze eddy-resolving, climatological simulations of a coupled physical–biogeochemical oceanic model on the basis of the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). In the annual mean, the entire CalCS within 800 km of the coast and from ∼33° N to 46° N is essentially neutral with regard to atmospheric CO2: the model simulates an integrated uptake flux of −0.9 ± 3.6 Tg C yr−1, corresponding to an average flux density of −0.05 ± 0.20 mol C m−2 yr−1. This near zero flux is a consequence of an almost complete regional compensation between (i) strong outgassing in the nearshore region (first 100 km) that brings waters with high concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the surface and (ii) and a weaker, but more widespread uptake flux in the offshore region due to an intense biological reduction of this DIC, driven by the nutrients that are upwelled together with the DIC. The air–sea CO2 fluxes vary substantially in time, both on seasonal and sub-seasonal timescales, largely driven by variations in surface ocean pCO2. Most of the variability in pCO2 is associated with the seasonal cycle, with the exception of the nearshore region, where sub-seasonal variations driven by mesoscale processes dominate. In the regions offshore of 100 km, changes in surface temperature are the main driver, while in the nearshore region, changes in surface temperature, as well as anomalies in DIC and alkalinity (Alk) owing to changes in circulation, biological productivity and air–sea CO2 fluxes dominate. The prevalence of eddy-driven variability in the nearshore 100 km leads to a complex spatiotemporal mosaic of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes that require a substantial observational effort to determine the source/sink nature of this region reliably.
Data-based assessment of environmental controls on global marine nitrogen fixation
Authors: Luo Y.-W. , Lima I. D. , Karl D. M. , Deutsch C. A. , Doney S. C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. There are a number of hypotheses concerning the environmental controls on marine nitrogen fixation (NF). Most of these hypotheses have not been assessed against direct measurements on the global scale. In this study, we use ~ 500 depth-integrated field measurements of NF covering the Pacific and Atlantic oceans to test whether the spatial variance of these measurements can be explained by the commonly hypothesized environmental controls, including measurement-based surface solar radiation, mixed layer depth, average solar radiation in the mixed layer, sea surface temperature, wind speed, surface nitrate and phosphate concentrations, surface excess phosphate (P*) concentration and subsurface minimum dissolved oxygen (in upper 500 m), as well as model-based P* convergence and atmospheric dust deposition. By conducting simple linear regression and stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses, surface solar radiation (or sea surface temperature) and subsurface minimum dissolved oxygen are identified as the predictors that explain the most spatial variance in the observed NF data, although it is unclear why the observed NF decreases when the level of subsurface minimum dissolved oxygen is higher than ~ 150 μM. Dust deposition and wind speed do not appear to influence the spatial patterns of NF on global scale. The weak correlation between the observed NF and the P* convergence and concentrations suggests that the available data currently remain insufficient to fully support the hypothesis that spatial variability in denitrification is the principal control on spatial variability in marine NF. By applying the MLR-derived equation, we estimate the global-integrated NF at 74 (error range 51–110) Tg N yr−1 in the open ocean, acknowledging that it could be substantially higher as the 15N2-assimilation method used by most of the field samples underestimates NF. More field NF samples in the Pacific and Indian oceans, particularly in the oxygen minimum zones, are needed to reduce uncertainties in our conclusion.