bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
K-X rays induced by helium-like C ions in thick target atoms of different metals
Authors: Mei Ce-Xiang , Zhang Xiao-An , Zhou Xian-Ming , Liang Chang-Hui , Zeng Li-Xia , Zhang Yan-Ning , Du Shu-Bin , Guo Yi-Pan , Yang Zhi-Hu ,   Ion beam & Optical Physical joint Laboratory, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, China,   Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China,   Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China
Published: November 2023

The physical process and experimental phenomena of the interaction between highly charged heavy ions and atoms are very complex, particularly in the intermediate energy region, because of the limitation of accelerator and existing theoretical analysis, less systematic researches, incomplete atomic data, and not so high accuracy. The research of celestial element X-ray data is more scarce and the research of X-ray data of celestial elements is even more scarce. Helium-like C ions with 15–55 MeV kinetic energy provided by the HI-13 MV series accelerator of the China Institute of Atomic Energy are used to bombard Fe, Ni, Nb and Mo thick targets. The HpGe detectors are used to measure the K-X ray emission, and the corresponding K-X ray emission cross sections are obtained. Due to the different ionization degrees of the shell layers of various target atoms, the branching intensity ratio of Kβ to Kα X rays emitted by Helium-like C ions interacting with Fe and Ni target atoms decreases with the increase of the kinetic energy of the incident ions, while the branching intensity ratio of K-X rays emitted by Nb and Mo target atoms does not change significantly. The K-X ray emission cross section of target atom is calculated by using the formula of thick target cross section, and compared with the results of different theoretical models and proton. The results show that with the increase of the kinetic energy of helium-like C ions, the total emission cross section of the Kβ and Kα X ray emitted from Fe and Ni target atoms are most consistent with the BEA correction model considering multiple ionization, and the total emission cross section of Kβ and Kα X ray emitted from Nb and Mo target atoms are closest to the theoretical values of PWBA model. When the energy of proton is the same as that of single nucleon C ion, the cross section of K-X ray produced by proton is about three orders of magnitude smaller than that produced by helium-like C ion.
SUMOylation of Bonus, the Drosophila homolog of Transcription Intermediary Factor 1, safeguards germline identity by recruiting repressive chromatin complexes to silence tissue-specific genes
Authors: Godneeva Baira , Ninova Maria , Fejes-Toth Katalin , Aravin Alexei
Published: November 2023

The conserved family of Transcription Intermediary Factors (TIF1) proteins consists of key transcriptional regulators that control transcription of target genes by modulating chromatin state. Unlike mammals that have four TIF1 members, Drosophila only encodes one member of the family, Bonus. Bonus has been implicated in embryonic development and organogenesis and shown to regulate several signaling pathways, however, its targets and mechanism of action remained poorly understood. We found that knockdown of Bonus in early oogenesis results in severe defects in ovarian development and in ectopic expression of genes that are normally repressed in the germline, demonstrating its essential function in the ovary. Recruitment of Bonus to chromatin leads to silencing associated with accumulation of the repressive H3K9me3 mark. We show that Bonus associates with the histone methyltransferase SetDB1 and the chromatin remodeler NuRD and depletion of either component releases Bonus-induced repression. We further established that Bonus is SUMOylated at a single site at its N-terminus that is conserved among insects and this modification is indispensable for Bonus’s repressive activity. SUMOylation influences Bonus’s subnuclear localization, its association with chromatin and interaction with SetDB1. Finally, we showed that Bonus SUMOylation is mediated by the SUMO E3-ligase Su(var)2–10, revealing that although SUMOylation of TIF1 proteins is conserved between insects and mammals, both the mechanism and specific site of modification is different in the two taxa. Together, our work identified Bonus as a regulator of tissue-specific gene expression and revealed the importance of SUMOylation as a regulator of complex formation in the context of transcriptional repression.
Mapping the architecture of the initiating phosphoglycosyl transferase from S. enterica O-antigen biosynthesis in a liponanoparticle
Authors: Dodge Greg J. , Anderson Alyssa J. , He Yi , Liu Weijing , Viner Rosa , Imperiali Barbara
Published: November 2023

Bacterial cell surface glycoconjugates are critical for cell survival and for interactions between bacteria and their hosts. Consequently, the pathways responsible for their biosynthesis have untapped potential as therapeutic targets. The localization of many glycoconjugate biosynthesis enzymes to the membrane represents a significant challenge for expressing, purifying, and characterizing these enzymes. Here, we leverage cutting-edge methods to stabilize, purify, and structurally characterize WbaP, a phosphoglycosyl transferase (PGT) from
Salmonella enterica
(LT2) O-antigen biosynthesis without detergent solubilization from the lipid bilayer. From a functional perspective, these studies establish WbaP as a homodimer, reveal the structural elements responsible for oligomerization, shed light on the regulatory role of a domain of unknown function embedded within WbaP, and identify conserved structural motifs between PGTs and functionally unrelated UDP-sugar dehydratases. From a technological perspective, the strategy developed here is generalizable and provides a toolkit for studying small membrane proteins embedded in liponanoparticles beyond PGTs.
A 2-Hydroxybutyrate- mediated feedback loop regulates muscular fatigue
Authors: Wadsworth Brennan J , Leiwe Marina , Minogue Eleanor A , Cunha Pedro P , Engman Viktor , Brombach Carolin , Asvestis Christos , Sah-Teli Shiv K , Marklund Emilia , Koivunen Peppi , Ruas Jorge L , Rundqvist Helene , Lanner Johanna T , Johnson Randall S
Published: November 2023

The metabolite 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB) is produced by skeletal muscle acutely during exercise and persists for several hours in the blood post-exertion. We show here that 2HB directly inhibits branched- chain aminotransferase enzymes, and that this inhibition in turn triggers a SIRT4-dependent shift in the compartmental abundance of protein ADP-ribosylation. The 2HB-induced decrease in nuclear protein ADP-ribosylation leads to a C/EBPβ mediated transcriptional response in the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway. This response to 2HB exposure leads to an improved oxidative capacity both
in vitro
and
in vivo
, with the latter mimicking the effects of exercise training on whole body metabolism. Thus, we show here that 2-HB production by skeletal muscle represents a novel mechanism for the modification of metabolism by exercise.
Structural dynamics of the active HER4 and HER2/HER4 complexes is finely tuned by different growth factors and glycosylation
Authors: Trenker Raphael , Diwanji Devan , Bingham Tanner , Verba Kliment A. , Jura Natalia
Published: November 2023

Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 4 (HER4) carries out essential functions in the development and maintenance of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. HER4 activation is regulated by a diverse group of extracellular ligands including the neuregulin (NRG) family and betacellulin (BTC), which promote HER4 homodimerization or heterodimerization with other HER receptors. Important cardiovascular functions of HER4 are exerted via heterodimerization with its close homolog and orphan receptor, HER2. To date structural insights into ligand-mediated HER4 activation have been limited to crystallographic studies of HER4 ectodomain homodimers in complex with NRG1β. Here we report cryo-EM structures of near full-length HER2/HER4 heterodimers and full-length HER4 homodimers bound to NRG1β and BTC. We show that the structures of the heterodimers bound to either ligand are nearly identical and that in both cases the HER2/HER4 heterodimer interface is less dynamic than those observed in structures of HER2/EGFR and HER2/HER3 heterodimers. In contrast, structures of full-length HER4 homodimers bound to NRG1β and BTC display more large-scale dynamics mirroring states previously reported for EGFR homodimers. Our structures also reveal the presence of multiple glycan modifications within HER4 ectodomains, modeled for the first time in HER receptors, that distinctively contribute to the stabilization of HER4 homodimer interfaces over those of HER2/HER4 heterodimers.
Structure-guided mutagenesis of OSCAs reveals differential activation to mechanical stimuli
Authors: Jojoa-Cruz Sebastian , Dubin Adrienne E. , Lee Wen-Hsin , Ward Andrew
Published: November 2023

The dimeric two-pore OSCA/TMEM63 family has recently been identified as mechanically activated ion channels. Previously, based on the unique features of the structure of OSCA1.2, we postulated the potential involvement of several structural elements in sensing membrane tension
1
. Interestingly, while OSCA1, 2, and 3 clades are activated by membrane stretch in cell- attached patches (i.e., they are stretch-activated channels), they differ in their ability to transduce membrane deformation induced by a blunt probe (poking). In an effort to understand the domains contributing to mechanical signal transduction, we used cryo-electron microscopy to solve the structure of
Arabidopsis thaliana
(At) OSCA3.1, which, unlike AtOSCA1.2, only produced stretch- but not poke-activated currents in our initial characterization
2
. Mutagenesis and electrophysiological assessment of conserved and divergent putative mechanosensitive features of OSCA1.2 reveal a selective disruption of the macroscopic currents elicited by poking without considerable effects on stretch-activated currents (SAC). Our results support the involvement of the amphipathic helix and lipid-interacting residues in the membrane fenestration in the response to poking. Our findings position these two structural elements as potential sources of functional diversity within the family.
Colombian expressions of condolence on Facebook during the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Gomez Tania
Published: November 2023

The present research is an examination of 245 responses to three death notice posts published on Facebook. The respondents, all friends of whom published the posts, had no other choice in acting upon the news given the gathering restrictions created by COVID-19 (April 2020-November 2021). First, I examine the personal deixis (e.g., to whom the message is oriented towards) through the close examination of pronouns in the expressions of condolences. Results reveal that to maintain the social relationships, the respondents preferred to orient their message of condolence towards the bereaved or the family followed by orienting the condolence towards both the bereaved and the deceased. In Spanish, orienting the message toward the self (i.e., I am sorry) is the least preferred response. Behavioral cultural expectations also suggests that to demonstrate empathy, Colombian Spanish speakers tend to offer condolences in the form of routine formulas—focused on religious sayings, or expressions that reveal signs of affection. In managing the respect component, the respondents tend to praise God for mercy and strength for the bereaved/family and prayed for the deceased’s soul. In addition, it was noted that the responses included emojis (18.8%) which were used to upgrade and strengthen the force of the expressions of condolence. Although, the results cannot be generalized to the entire Colombian population, this study serves as the base to understand how Spanish speakers respond to condolences, a topic scarcely investigated.
Shrinkage and Strength Characteristics of Expansive Soil Amended with Bagasse Ash and Lime
Authors: Goutham D.R. , Krishnaiah A.J.
Published: November 2023

Bagasse ash (BA) is a non-environmental waste product gathered from sugarcane manufacturing industries. As a result of the large accumulation and shortage of disposal yards, handling BA has become an immediate challenge. This paper presents studies on the Atterberg limit, shrinkage index, linear shrinkage after 7 days of curing, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests (following 7 days of curing) of BA and lime-BA assorted expansive soil (ES) by differing BA content from 0 to 18% at an interval of 3% and adding 4% lime by dry weight of ES. The outcomes disclosed that the inclusion of BA and lime beneficially controls the shrinkage attribute. According to the research, changes in moisture-density correlations resulted in reduced maximum dry densities (MDD) and greater optimal moisture content (OMC). The volume change characteristic of ES can be mitigated by mixing BA and lime. In addition, test findings showed that both BA and lime-BA enhanced axial stress while reducing axial strain. As a result, a substance that was once thought to be a misery to the environment and society has become a benefit to the civil engineering industry.
AVALIAÇÃO DO ENSINO SUPERIOR NO PIAUÍ
Authors: De Sousa Lopes Marcus Vinícius , E Silva Willame Carvalho , Guimarães Jairo de Carvalho
Published: November 2023

As políticas públicas para a educação superior, na medida que buscam fomentar o desenvolvimento, definir diretrizes de expansão e ampliar a interiorização desse nível de educação, também avaliam os resultados do programa. O estudo pretende avaliar o impacto do programa Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB), no contexto da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), com o propósito de aferir a extensão e a interiorização da educação superior a distância no Piauí, no período de sua instalação (2006 a 2020). O estudo possui natureza descritivo-exploratória, de abordagem quantitativa, apoiando-se na técnica do Estudo de Caso. Como conclusão, percebeu-se que há franca evolução do projeto UAB na UFPI, tendo em vista o crescente oferecimento de cursos, disponibilização de vagas e criação de polos. Ressalve-se a necessidade de futuras pesquisas relacionadas à avaliação qualitativa dos resultados do programa.
Social Effects of Coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemic on Local Artisan Livelihood in Iringa District, Tanzania
Authors: Mwita Fidea N. , Phillipo Frank , Pesha John
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to examine the social effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the livelihood of local artisans in Iringa District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study examined poor social networking, business training during COVID-19, and the loss of cultural practices. The study used a qualitative and quantitative research approach with a sample size of 41 respondents who are victims of COVID-19 in five craft markets and 10 key informants. The study employed interviews with a semi-structured checklist guide to elicit information from the sampled population; also, qualitative data were thematically analysed, and quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25. The study findings revealed that the social effects of COVID-19 on local artisans’ livelihoods were less social networking, a lack of access to business training, and a loss of cultural practices. Finally, recommendations are made from the findings, which revealed that among the social effects of COVID-19 on local artisans’ livelihoods were poor social networking, which reduced the number of customers due to a lack of interactions and the emergence of social distancing, a lack of business training, and a loss of cultural practices. Local artisans who depend on selling their products in the craft markets to tourists in different seasons are highly affected due to governmental restrictions in Tanzania, like in other countries, which make them dependent on getting movements and interactions between themselves and their customers. Therefore, the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and community members should establish various trainings on how to practice domestic tourism and be the first customers of arts and crafts markets to make the livelihood of local artisans sustainable even in hard times like COVID-19.
Relative Toxicity of Different Insecticides to Asian Citrus Psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)
Authors: Nage Sonal M. , Kulkarni U. S. , Undirwade D. B. , Sant Swati S.
Published: November 2023

Asian citrus psyllids Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) act as vector of the devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB) also known as citrus greening which is widely spread in citrus growing regions. The use of insecticides for management of citrus phylla is one of the prominent and effective method to overcome their menace. However, recently very few insecticides have been found under label claim for this pest. The present investigation was conducted in order to know the toxicity of some new chemistry insecticides against D.citri. Bioassay experiments were conducted during 2022-23. The toxicity was assessed through uptake bioassay technique for systemic insecticides by using fresh citrus twigs. The results showed that, among the five tested insecticides imidacloprid 17.8 % SL was the most effective insecticide with lowest LC50 values for both nymph and adult psyllid i. e. 0.028 and 0.032, respectively.  However, except spirotetramat 15.3 % OD,  the LC50 values of thiamethoxam 25 % WG, abamectin 1.9 % EC, fenpropathrin 30 % EC were placed within the fiducial limit of most toxic insecticide i.e. imidacloprid 17.8% SL. They are considered as at par and equally toxic to D. citri. The relative toxicity trend against the adult psylla was imidacloprid > abamectin > thiamethoxam > fenpropathrin > spirotetramat and for the nymph, the trend was imidacloprid > thiamethoxam> abamectin > fenpropathrin > spirotetramat.
In vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella sativa against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shendi Town, Sudan
Authors: El-Majeed Sundus Amer Hassan Abd , Bashir Mazin Babekir Musa , Bulla Haghamad Allzain , Ahmed Alhaj Saad Mohamed , Saeed Omran Musa Ahmed , Gorish Babbiker Mohammed Taher , Abdelmula Waha Ismail Yahia
Published: November 2023

Background: Augment of antibiotics resistance with development of new aggressive strains for the same disease is an international health problem. The ability of treating diseases is based on our ability to discover a new line of treatment with highly effectiveness and simple potentiality; so Herbal-Medicine is the line of choice. Traditional Arabic medicine point to the beneficial effect of Nigella sativa in curing a lot of diseases.

The Prophetic-Sunna point out that Nigella sativa has highly therapeutic properties for various diseases. Prophet Mohammed quoted as saying “There is healing in Black seed for all diseases except death”.

Methods: A cross-sectional community and hospital-based study, was done from 10 Jan-2023 to 31 March-2023 in Shendi Town, River Nile State. 95 nasal and skin swabs were collected from people and a variety of hospitals in shendi town, then cultured on Manitol Salt Agar (MSA) for selectivity of S.aureus to be isolated, bacterial identification done by colonial morphology, Gram`s stain and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S.aureus to N. sativa was carried out using agar well diffusion method.

Results: 48 pure culture of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA) was isolated from 95 different clinical swabs specimens. Nigella sativa oil shows an effective inhibitory reactions against all MRSA bacterial isolates. All tested concentrations (50%, 25%, 13%) compared with Methicillin antibiotic inhibit 48(100%) of MRSA isolated bacteria.

Conclusions: Our results show the highly effect of Nigella sativa against MRSA so can be derived as strongly effectiveness herbal antimicrobial agent against it.
Studies on Different Host Range of Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) under Pot House
Authors: Shekhawat Deependra Singh , Bagri R. K. , A. L. Yadav  , Bhati Priyanka , Yadav B. Bhagchand , Kumawat Suresh
Published: November 2023

The pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani has a wide host range infecting crops.  In order to find out the host range of R. solani causing root rot of fenugreek, 13 plant species were selected which are commonly found in fenugreek growing ecosystem. Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani has become an important constraint to the growers in Rajasthan. Rhizoctonia solani cause root rot in chick pea, chilli, coriander, fenugreek, cumin, wheat, barley, okra, field pea, tomato, fennel and cabbage but spinach was not infected. Out of these plants maximum disease incidence was observed in paan methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) i.e., 57.82 per cent whereas, minimum 28.31 per cent disease incidence was observed in barley (Hordeum vulgare).
Antisamonellal Property and Modes of Action of Leaf Extracts of Dracaena deisteliana Engl. (Dracaenaceae)
Authors: Feudjio Huguette Bocanestine Laure , Noubom Michel , Goka Marie Stéphanie Chekem , Djenguemtar Josias , Konack Elodie Yamako , Kamsu Gabriel Tchuenté , Sokoudjou Jean Baptiste , Kodjio Norbert , Famen Louis-Claire Ndel , Gatsing Donatien
Published: November 2023

Background: In Cameroon, typhoid fever is after malaria, the disease with which health workers are most confronted because its incidence is constantly increasing. Salmonella has become over time multiresistant to antibiotics available on the market, for this reason, it becomes imperative to use drugs made from extracts of parts of medicinal plants consisting of several secondary metabolites at the origin of their good efficacity.

Objective: Determine whether the aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana have in vitro antisalmonellal activities, and to determine the site of action of the most active extract on Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539).

Methods: To do this, the in vitro antisalmonellal activity of aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana was evaluated by the liquid microdilution method. The modes of action of the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana was also done in order to verify the sites of action of this extract.

Results: The in vitro antisalmonellal activity revealed that the decocted and 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana presented MICs of 256 and 128 μg/ml respectively on the Salmonella Typhi (ATCC6539) strain on which they were tested. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins in aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana. The modes by which the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana inhibits the growth of Salmonella, were studied by following bacterial decay, bacteriolysis, inhibition of biofilms, inhibition of ATPASES-H+ proton pumps, protein synthesis and biofilm formation. The study of growth kinetics on the Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539) showed that at all concentrations (2MIC, MIC and 1/2MIC), the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana induced the inhibition of bacterial ATPASES-H+ proton pumps. This extract also inhibits the formation of biofilms from 28 to 72% and prevents the synthesis of Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539) proteins.

Conclusion: Aqueous and Hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana possess in vitro antisalmonellal activities.
Diagnosis of focal liver lesions from ultrasound images using a pretrained residual neural network
Authors: Tangruangkiat Sutthirak , Chaiwongkot Napatsorn , Pamarapa Chayanon , Rawangwong Thanatcha , Khunnarong Araya , Chainarong Chanyanuch , Sathapanawanthana Preeyanun , Hiranrat Pantajaree , Keerativittayayut Ruedeerat , Sungkarat Witaya , Phonlakrai Monchai
Published: November 2023

Objective

This study aims to develop a ResNet50‐based deep learning model for focal liver lesion (FLL) classification in ultrasound images, comparing its performance with other models and prior research.

Methodology

We retrospectively collected 581 ultrasound images from the Chulabhorn Hospital's HCC surveillance and screening project (2010–2018). The dataset comprised five classes: non‐FLL, hepatic cyst (Cyst), hemangioma (HMG), focal fatty sparing (FFS), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We conducted 5‐fold cross‐validation after random dataset partitioning, enhancing training data with data augmentation. Our models used modified pre‐trained ResNet50, GGN, ResNet18, and VGG16 architectures. Model performance, assessed via confusion matrices for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, was compared across models and with prior studies.

Results

ResNet50 outperformed other models, achieving a 5‐fold cross‐validation accuracy of 87 ± 2.2%. While VGG16 showed similar performance, it exhibited higher uncertainty. In the testing phase, the pretrained ResNet50 excelled in classifying non‐FLL, cysts, and FFS. To compare with other research, ResNet50 surpassed the prior methods like two‐layered feed‐forward neural networks (FFNN) and CNN+ReLU in FLL diagnosis.

Conclusion

ResNet50 exhibited good performance in FLL diagnosis, especially for HCC classification, suggesting its potential for developing computer‐aided FLL diagnosis. However, further refinement is required for HCC and HMG classification in future studies.
Deep learning based automatic internal gross target volume delineation from 4D‐CT of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
Authors: Yang Zhen , Yang Xiaoyu , Cao Ying , Shao Qigang , Tang Du , Peng Zhao , Di Shuanhu , Zhao Yuqian , Li Shuzhou
Published: November 2023

Background

The location and morphology of the liver are significantly affected by respiratory motion. Therefore, delineating the gross target volume (GTV) based on 4D medical images is more accurate than regular 3D‐CT with contrast. However, the 4D method is also more time‐consuming and laborious. This study proposes a deep learning (DL) framework based on 4D‐CT that can achieve automatic delineation of internal GTV.

Methods

The proposed network consists of two encoding paths, one for feature extraction of adjacent slices (spatial slices) in a specific 3D‐CT sequence, and one for feature extraction of slices at the same location in three adjacent phase 3D‐CT sequences (temporal slices), a feature fusion module based on an attention mechanism was proposed for fusing the temporal and spatial features. Twenty‐six patients’ 4D‐CT, each consisting of 10 respiratory phases, were used as the dataset. The Hausdorff distance (HD95), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and volume difference (VD) between the manual and predicted tumor contour were computed to evaluate the model's segmentation accuracy.

Results

The predicted GTVs and IGTVs were compared quantitatively and visually with the ground truth. For the test dataset, the proposed method achieved a mean DSC of 0.869 ± 0.089 and an HD95 of 5.14 ± 3.34 mm for all GTVs, with under‐segmented GTVs on some CT slices being compensated by GTVs on other slices, resulting in better agreement between the predicted IGTVs and the ground truth, with a mean DSC of 0.882 ± 0.085 and an HD95 of 4.88 ± 2.84 mm. The best GTV results were generally observed at the end‐inspiration stage.

Conclusions

Our proposed DL framework for tumor segmentation on 4D‐CT datasets shows promise for fully automated delineation in the future. The promising results of this work provide impetus for its integration into the 4DCT treatment planning workflow to improve hepatocellular carcinoma radiotherapy.
Recent Progress in Marine Antifouling Technology Based on Graphene and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Levchenko Igor , Kumar Avishek , AL-Jumaili Ahmed , Bazaka Olga , Ivanova Elena P. , Riccardi Claudia , Roman Hector Eduardo , Xu Shuyan , Jacob Mohan V. , Baranov Oleg , Bazaka Kateryna
Published: November 2023

Sea vessels and artificial sea‐based structures are severely affected by biofouling, i.e., the formation of deposits of living and dead marine organisms that belong to different species and range in size from unicellular bacteria to multicellular seaweed and mussels. This is a significant engineering problem since they essentially alter the geometry of the hull, increasing friction and reducing the speed of vessels, thus increasing the cost and environmental footprint of transportation. Given the scale of global transportation reaches several billion tons per year, the socioeconomic consequences of the reduction in transit speed and increased consumption of fuel continue to drive researchers and engineers to develop strategies to combat the processes of marine biofouling. Many types of antifouling paints, coatings, and materials that have been designed and tested, and in some instances used commercially, suffer from shortcomings ranging from environmental toxicity to limited efficiency and durability. In this review article, a brief overview of the traditional antifouling materials is presented and recent achievements in the design of advanced antifouling materials based on such nanomaterials as graphene, nanotubes, nanoparticles, and more complex nanostructures are discussed. These materials exhibit excellent antifouling properties and candrive a breakthrough in how marine biofouling is tackled.
Hot Tear Formation During the Casting of Al–Zn Binary Alloys
Authors: Yang Bing , Wu Jianchun , Zeng Yu , Liu Jinyan , Yang Nan , McGuckin Damian , Chhor Allen , StJohn David , Dargusch Matthew , Wang Gui
Published: November 2023

The hot tearing susceptibility of Al–Zn binary alloys with solute contents of Al–0.5%Zn, Al–1%Zn, Al–2%Zn, and Al–4%Zn, with all compositions being in wt%, is investigated through physical experiments and numerical simulation. The temperature at the hot spot, the designed critical point for hot tearing, and the load at the end of the test bar are measured and compared with the simulation results. The test samples with 0.5 and 1.0% Zn show hot tears while those with 2.0 and 4.0% Zn have no sign of such tearing. The correlation between solid fraction, strain, stress, and hot tearing indicator is revealed using the simulation results of the Al–1%Zn and Al–4%Zn alloys. Just before solidification, the Al–1%Zn alloy is found to have not only a much higher strain rate at the hot spot of the test bar than that of the Al–4%Zn alloy, but also a higher strain gradient along the longitudinal direction. It is believed that both the high strain rate and high strain gradient are attributable to the formation of hot tears in the Al–1%Zn alloy.
A Temperature‐Sensing Hydrogel Coating on The Medical Catheter
Authors: Li Yiran , Li Dan , Wang Jiacheng , Ye Tingting , Li Qianming , Li Luhe , Gao Rui , Wang Yuanzhen , Ren Junye , Li Fangyan , Lu Jiang , He Er , Jiao Yiding , Wang Lie , Zhang Ye
Published: November 2023

Medical surgical catheters are widely used in the medical field for drug delivery or postoperative drainage. However, infections associated with local temperature rise often occur at the catheter‐tissue interface, resulting in irreversible pathological damage, cognitive behavioral abnormalities, or even an increased risk of mortality if not monitored in time. Herein, an in situ temperature‐sensing hydrogel coating on the outer surface of medical surgical catheters for real‐time infection monitoring is developed. The hydrogel coating exhibits a record temperature coefficient of resistance of 2.90%  °C−1 and maintains stable in vivo. Besides, the hydrogel layer forms a mechanically compatible catheter‐tissue interface and minimizes the risk of inflammatory responses due to its tissue‐like softness (Young's modulus of 4.24 kPa). By applying it in the early detection of infections in the brain of SD rats, the individual survival rate has increased to 90% with timely intervention.
Superbiphilic Laser‐Microengineered Surfaces with A Self‐Assembled Monolayer Coating for Exceptional Boiling Performance
Authors: Hadžić Armin , Može Matic , Zupančič Matevž , Golobič Iztok
Published: November 2023

The rapid advancement of engineering systems has spurred the search for innovative thermal management solutions. Boiling, as a phase‐change heat transfer method, has shown promise in heat dissipation, but non‐functionalized surfaces struggle with increasing cooling demands. To improve heat dissipation efficiency across different heat loads, functionalized surfaces with tailored wettability have been proposed. Separately, superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces each offer benefits and drawbacks in boiling applications but combining them on a single “biphilic” surface simultaneously harnesses their advantages. In this study, laser‐functionalized copper surfaces with spatially tailored wettability are developed by combining two‐step laser texturing with a self‐assembled monolayer coating, while focus is placed on the impact of the size and pitch of superhydrophobic spots. The developed functionalized surfaces exhibit exceptional boiling performance with heat transfer coefficients up to 299 kW m−2 K−1, a 434% enhancement over untreated surfaces. Optimal ratios of superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic areas and optimal spot pitch are identified. Additionally, varying behavior at different heat flux levels is observed, emphasizing the importance of considering thermal loads when determining the optimal surface pattern. This advancement in performance, along with the rapid and cost‐effective functionalization process, represents a significant breakthrough for enhanced thermal management applications.
Phase Engineering on Amorphous/Crystalline γ‐Fe2O3 Nanosheets for Boosting Dielectric Loss and High‐Performance Microwave Absorption
Authors: Wu Peikun , Kong Xiangkai , Feng Yingrui , Ding Wei , Sheng Zhigao , Liu Qiangchun , Ji Guangbin
Published: November 2023

To design and develop efficient microwave absorbents via phase engineering is still less studied. The unique properties caused by constructing heterophase structure hold the potential to strengthen absorbing capability toward microwave radiation. Herein, amorphous/crystalline γ‐Fe2O3 nanosheets (Fe‐H) are carefully fabricated through a controlled annealing process. The matched Fermi levels formed on both sides of the heterophase interface not only provides efficient interfacial polarizations but also facilitates the transport of electrons with less scattering over the whole Fe‐H nanosheets. Thereby, both of the conduction loss and dielectric polarization relaxation are promoted, leading to a strengthened attenuation toward electromagnetic wave radiation. The as‐synthesized Fe‐H sample exhibited a minimum reflection loss of ‐89.5 dB centered at a thickness of 2.00 mm, associated with an effective absorption bandwidth (reflection loss ≤ ‐10 dB) reaching 6.45 GHz. All of these behaviors are superior to its pure amorphous absorbent and bare crystalline counterpart. Furthermore, this heterophase engineering strategy is valid when extended to Co and Ni based oxides, suggesting its universality and generality for promoting microwave absorption. Henceforth, this study indicates a favorable potential of the synthesis and application of amorphous/crystalline materials as heterophase microwave absorbents.
Strain Engineering in Perovskites: Mutual Insight on Oxides and Halides
Authors: Choi Min‐Ju , Lee Jung‐Woo , Jang Ho Won
Published: November 2023

Perovskite materials have garnered significant attention over the past decades due to their applications, not only in electronic materials, such as dielectrics, piezoelectrics, ferroelectrics, and superconductors but also in optoelectronic devices like solar cells and light emitting diodes. This interest arises from their versatile combinations and physiochemical tunability. While strain engineering is a recognized powerful tool for tailoring material properties, its collaborative impact on both oxides and halides remains understudied. Herein, strain engineering in perovskites for energy conversion devices, providing mutual insight into both oxides and halides is discussed. The various experimental methods are presented for applying strain by using thermal mismatch, lattice mismatch, defects, doping, light illumination, and flexible substrates. In addition, the main factors that are influenced by strain, categorized as structure (e.g., symmetry breaking, octahedral distortion), bandgap, chemical reactivity, and defect formation energy are described. After that, recent progress in strain engineering for perovskite oxides and halides for energy conversion devices is introduced. Promising methods for enhancing the performance of energy conversion devices using perovskites through strain engineering are suggested.
Complex Fourier Surfaces by Superposition of Multiple Gratings on Azobenzene Thin Films
Authors: Berdin Alex , Rekola Heikki T. , Priimagi Arri
Published: November 2023

Diffractive optical elements (DOE) are integral components for lightweight and ultra‐thin optical elements due to their ability to manipulate light efficiently and accurately. However, conventional DOEs are static and cannot be altered after fabrication, which hinders their adaptability to changing requirements. To overcome this limitation, the potential of surface patterning on azobenzene thin films to fabricate reconfigurable DOEs is investigated. Using holographic lithography, surface topographies with sinusoidal surface relief gratings (SRG) are created and the superposition of up to 80 SRGs with high accuracy and minimal information loss in subsequent inscriptions is demonstrated. This is enabled by a surface patterning tool combining holographic lithography and digital holographic microscopy. Reconfigurable and adaptive optical elements can improve the efficiency of optical coupling and increase the sensitivity and selectivity of sensors, especially in applications such as near‐eye displays and plasmonic sensors. These results demonstrate the ability to create complex azobenzene‐based DOEs for advanced photonic applications, where the ability to alter optical elements is of high importance.
Impact of the Hexagonal Phase on Multiphoton‐Absorption Properties of Mixed‐Cation Halide Perovskite: FA0.8MA0.2PbI3
Authors: Cho Jeong Bin , Park Dae Young , Lee Kyeong‐Hyeon , Kim Sungdo , Kim Yong Soo , Jeong Mun Seok , Jang Joon I.
Published: November 2023

Recently, mixed‐cation halide perovskites have gained significant attention for developing stable, high‐performance solar cells. However, their nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are much less explored. Herein, this study reports on intriguing NLO properties observed from FA0.8MA0.2PbI3 single crystals, having an ideal bandgap of 1.52 eV for photovoltaic performance. Contrary to a simple prediction, the perovskite exhibits higher‐order multiphoton absorption (MPA) over a broad wavelength range from 1300 to 1710 nm as evidenced by wavelength‐ and intensity‐dependent photoluminescence measurements. The corresponding MPA coefficients are very large to dominate lower‐order ordinary MPA across the bandgap. The hexagonal phase present in the perovskite is responsible for the observed higher‐order transition as confirmed by the recovery of ordinary MPA in the absence of the hexagonal phase. Although the perovskite is known to crystallize into the cubic phase at room temperature, these results indicate that minor inclusion of the hexagonal phase (≈4.0% at room temperature) can drastically alter the nature of the multiphoton process by double resonance uniquely offered by the mixed phases.
Phase‐Changing Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose‐As An Electrolyte for Electro‐Thermochromic Smart Window with Synergistic Optical Modulation
Authors: Rathod Pramod V. , Chavan Pooja V. , Kim Hern
Published: November 2023

Smart windows are gaining attention for their exceptional ability to regulate light and heat dynamics effectively. The main objective of developing dual‐responsive smart window materials lies in enhancing building applications and optimizing energy efficiency. Materials that exhibit dual responsiveness have already been reported in the literature. However, these materials have not garnered substantial research interest primarily due to prevailing economic and technological constraints. This study introduces a new methodology that uses a phase‐changing material as an electrolyte to design and customize smart windows based on individual preferences and requirements. In this paper, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt‐grafted copolymerpoly(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)[CMC‐Na‐pDN] as an electrolyte and 1,1'‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4'4'‐dipyridinium hexafluorophosphate [HOEV] as a chromophore are synthesized and used to fabricate a gel‐based electro/thermochromic device (ETD). ETD exhibits dual‐chromism characteristics, transitioning from a colorless state to a purplehue at 25°C when 2V is applied. Furthermore, the purple color undergoes a transformation to blue coloration when the temperature exceeds 40°C. These phenomena arise due to the synergistic effect between its electrochromicreaction and thermochromic behavior. The ETD device exhibits a high optical constrast ∼82.5%, with a coloration efficiency (CE) of 333.1 cm2 C−1 and cyclic stability of >2000 cycles.
Enhancing the Output Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Soft‐Contact Coaxial Double‐Rotation Structure
Authors: Liu Weilong , Wang Xiutong , Wang Youqiang , Xu Hui , Nan Youbo , Niu Jianmin , Xiong Jianbo , Yang Haicheng , Liu Tao , Yang Lihui
Published: November 2023

As a promising energy technology, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has garnered wide attention across various fields. The rotating structure‐based TENG exhibits superior output performance and energy conversion efficiency. However, further improvement is required in terms of output performance, and the issue of serious friction and wear between the materials in the friction layer needs to be addressed. In this work, A coaxial double‐rotation soft‐contact material based TENG (DR‐TENG) with characteristics of low wear and high output is fabricated. The introduction of soft‐contact material reduces frictional resistance and material wear, while the design and optimization of double‐rotation structures further enhance the output performance of TENG. The output current of DR‐TENG using rabbit furs as friction material can reach 144 µA after rectification. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent power supply capability of DR‐TENG. The output of DR‐TENG can be used to power commercial electronic devices after being stored by capacitance. The DR‐TENG is successfully applied for cathodic protection. The outcomes reveal that the open‐circuit potential of Q235 carbon steel can be reduced by 500 mV, which has a remarkable anti‐corrosion effect. These results confirm the broad application prospects of TENG in metal corrosion protection.
Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors toward Skin‐Integrated Photoplethysmography‐Electrocardiography Multimodal Sensing System
Authors: Lou Zirui , Tao Jun , Wei Binbin , Jiang Xinyu , Cheng Simin , Wang Zehao , Qin Chao , Liang Rong , Guo Haotian , Zhu Liping , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Xu Xiaomin
Published: November 2023

In the fast‐evolving landscape of decentralized and personalized healthcare, the need for multimodal biosensing systems that integrate seamlessly with the human body is growing rapidly. This presents a significant challenge in devising ultraflexible configurations that can accommodate multiple sensors and designing high‐performance sensing components that remain stable over long periods. To overcome these challenges, ultraflexible organic photodetectors (OPDs) that exhibit exceptional performance under near‐infrared illumination while maintaining long‐term stability are developed. These ultraflexible OPDs demonstrate a photoresponsivity of 0.53 A W−1 under 940 nm, shot‐noise‐limited specific detectivity of 3.4 × 1013 Jones, and cut‐off response frequency beyond 1 MHz at −3 dB. As a result, the flexible photoplethysmography sensor boasts a high signal‐to‐noise ratio and stable peak‐to‐peak amplitude under hypoxic and hypoperfusion conditions, outperforming commercial finger pulse oximeters. This ensures precise extraction of blood oxygen saturation in dynamic working conditions. Ultraflexible OPDs are further integrated with conductive polymer electrodes on an ultrathin hydrogel substrate, allowing for direct interface with soft and dynamic skin. This skin‐integrated sensing platform provides accurate measurement of photoelectric and biopotential signals in a time‐synchronized manner, reproducing the functionality of conventional technologies without their inherent limitations.
State of knowledge of aquatic ecosystem and fisheries of the Lake Edward System, East Africa
Authors: Musinguzi Laban , Vranken Nathan , Natugonza Vianny , Okello William , van Steenberge Maarten , Snoeks Jos
Published: November 2023

Poor and unreliable knowledge of the status of freshwater fisheries limits their inclusion in governance processes, thereby impeding effective management measures. This threatens the livelihoods of people, particularly in developing countries. Improved knowledge is required to draw the attention of policymakers and stimulate effective management measures to accelerate the sustainability of the freshwater fisheries. In line with this requirement, this paper provides the state of knowledge of the aquatic ecosystem and fisheries of the Lake Edward system, East Africa, focusing on lakes Edward, George and the Kazinga channel. The state of knowledge was accomplished by reviewing existing data and information on aspects of primary productivity and water quality, invertebrates, fish fauna, fish life history and ecology, and fisheries. The waterbodies have been monitored since the 1930s, albeit sporadically, providing data on all the above aspects but with substantial temporal gaps. Adequate and updated data and information exist on the water quality status of the water bodies, extant aquatic taxa (including fishes) and fish catches but with uncertainties in the latter. Data and information gaps exist on the abundance of biotic communities, fish life history, quantitative trophic ecology and fisheries management reference points. The aggregated data and information can directly support decisions for fisheries management. We recommend regular monitoring to fill the data and information gaps, more comprehensive stock assessments and the development of aquatic ecosystem models.
A multidisciplinary overview on the Tupi‐speaking people expansion
Authors: Castro e Silva Marcos Araújo , Hünemeier Tábita
Published: November 2023

The cultural and biological diversity of South American indigenous groups represent extremes of human variability, exhibiting one of the highest linguistic diversities alongside a remarkably low within‐population genetic variation and an extremely high inter‐population genetic differentiation. On top of that, this region has seen some of the most dramatic demographic events in human history unleashed by the European colonization of the Americas. As a result of this process, the distribution of indigenous populations has been radically changed. In this review we focus on the Tupi, the largest and most widespread linguistic family in eastern South America. Tupi are believed to have originated in southwestern Amazon, from where some of its subfamilies expanded into other parts of the Amazon and, in the case of the Tupi‐Guarani, beyond its borders. Recent evidence from archaeology, linguistics, and genetics aligns with José Brochado's Tupi Expansion model. He proposed that the gradual development of agricultural systems within the Amazon resulted in population growth and, eventually, territorial expansion. This model also supports separate Tupi Expansion branches: Tupinambá (Atlantic coast) and Guarani (south, midwest Brazil). Although being the most populous group on Brazil's Atlantic coast, which was the most affected by European colonization, the Tupi still account for roughly 20% of the country's overall indigenous population. Finally, despite its importance and more than a century of research on the Tupi and their expansion history, many key questions remain unanswered, which we attempt to summarize and explore here.