bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Republican Liberty as Liberty within Rights
Authors: Layman Daniel
Published: January 2022

What is the relationship between republican liberty and rights? The received view is that republican liberty is conceptually distinct from rights enjoyment. This chapter argues that republican liberty just is liberty within rights. Rights enjoyment is necessary and sufficient for republican liberty. It is necessary for republican liberty because there is no way to specify the range within which independence from others’ unconstrained wills matters without specifying particular rights that people may claim against one another. And it is sufficient for republican liberty because to enjoy a right is to possess securely a valid claim against one or more other people, where security is a function of institutional sanctions sufficient to dissuade others from violating that right. Once it becomes clear that republican liberty is liberty within rights, the liberty debate reappears as a contest that is fundamentally about whether there is conceptual daylight between liberty and rights.
Rodrigo de Arriaga (1592–1667) in Prague
Authors: Haar Christoph
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the uncertainty about boundaries between ethics and theology that is still evident in the work of the Jesuit Rodrigo de Arriaga. It describes Arriaga as a prominent figure in the climactic period of the second scholastic, whose academic career was spent in Prague, teaching and publishing textbooks in both domains. It also highlights how Arriaga's vision of ethics had a profound, long-lasting impact on the Bohemian regions in an ideal east-west trajectory, from the Iberian Peninsula to Eastern Europe. The chapter talks about education as one of the core activities of the Jesuits and focuses on their teaching of ethics in seventeenth-century Prague. It explores the Jesuit order of studies, wherein Aristotle represented the guide in philosophy and Thomas Aquinas in theology.
Ethics and Disciplines at Helmstedt
Authors: Gulizia Stefano
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the seminal contribution of the Swedish mathematician Nicolaus Andreae Granius. As a professor of natural philosophy, Granius included ethics in his background and took part in several disputations on ethical themes. It describes Granius's interest, such as the deriving didactic approach, that was driven by an epistemological purpose in which ethics was in constant interaction with adjacent disciplines and topics. The chapter cites Granius's collection of books that offers greater insight into his disciplinary system and the place attributed to ethics. It tells the story about ethical debates that teaches very different lessons depending on whether it is explained as a series of teaching initiatives taken within a stable system of courtly patronage or is instead framed as an issue within the history of knowledge.
Forming a Moral Conscience at School
Authors: Facca Danilo
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the case of the Protestant Gymnasium in Toruń at the turn of the seventeenth century and this is illustrated through the work of Franz Tidike. It describes Tidike as an eclectic figure of physician and philosopher that shifted the teaching of ethics in a moralistic direction. It also refers to the notion of consciousness that emerged as pivotal in an atmosphere of intense competition with the Jesuits, and in search of continuity with the Erasmian and Melanchthonian intellectual and religious legacy. The chapter analyzes progress towards maturity that was entrusted to constant meditation on texts dealing with moral improvement by classical and Christian writers, which made the learning of ethics a daily exercise of self-analysis and self-control. It recounts the dissipation of homogeneity and traditionalism by an examination of the academic practices implemented on the basis of the Aristotelian texts in the individual schools of the Kingdom of Poland.
Universitäre Gelehrtenkultur vom 13.–16. Jahrhundert. Ein interdiszplinäres Quellen- und Methodenhandbuch. Herausgegeben von Jan-Hendryk de Boer, Marian Füssel und Maximilian Schuh. Stuttgart
Authors: Freedman Joseph S.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a review of the book Universitäre Gelehrtenkultur vom 13.-16, which is considered a well-organized encyclopedic compendium on the history of universities during the 13th through to the 16th centuries. It discusses the compilation's three principal parts: Verwaltung, Lehren und Lernen, and Repräesentation. The introduction to Verwaltung includes Die Universität, Qualität: Entstehung, Verbreitung, Organe, Personal und Ämter, and Innere Umwelt und Umweltbeziehungen. Lehren und Lernen includes, among other topics, the titles Disputation, quaestio disputata, Kolleghefte, Vorlesungsmitschriften, Kommentar, Theologische Lehrwerke, and Studienführer. The ten unnumbered chapters within Repräsentation are Alltagsgegenstände, Bilder, Gebäude, Grabmäler, Insignien, Musik, Literarische Texte und Darstellungen, Universitätsgeschichts-scheibung, Universitätspredigten, and Universitätsreden.
Ethan Schrum, The Instrumental University, Education in Service of the National Agenda after World War II (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2019)
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews The Instrumental University, Education in Service of the National Agenda after World War II by Ethan Schrum. It describes the monograph as well-researched, confident, and in many respects impressive as it has both a main text and a sub-text, a thesis and an antithesis. The principal argument of the book is the fundamental transformation of the elite research university, which Schrum calls the 'instrumental university'. It also mentions the quality, breadth, and intensity of the research that proved that twelve years’ time Schrum gave was well spent and constitute a significant contribution to the literature on the structure and purposes of certain segments of higher education. The chapter proposes one possible introduction for the compilation, about asking how different forms of knowledge have been institutionalized.
Bernard Lightman and Bennett Zon (eds), Victorian Culture and the Origin of Disciplines. (New York and London: Routledge, 2020), xiii+320pp. ISBN: 978036228422
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the twelve essays arranged in Bernard Lightman and Bennett Zon's Victorian Culture and the Origin of Disciplines. The book covers a wide range of academic subjects: mathematics, zoology, child psychology, history, anthropology, archaeology, classics, art history, dance history and musicology. The first section is on professional validation, in which Lightman investigates the connection, and tension, between the emergence of new specialized disciplines and the continuing concern to see science as a unity, while the second section deals with university education. The third section is concerned with society journals, such as David Lowther's piece that explores the ferocious struggles between rival British natural history journals in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The remaining three chapters discusses literary genres, disciplinary boundaries, and interdisciplinarity.
Stephen Whitfield, Learning on the Left, Political Profiles of Brandeis University (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2020)
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes Stephen Whitfield's Learning on the Left, Political Profiles of Brandeis University, which is considered a rounded, witty, wise, and compelling read. It talks about how the monograph provides an absorbing account of the people who touched and were touched by affiliation with a 1948 foundation that arose like an Aladdin's palace in the night. It also talks about Whitfield, who is known as a professor of American Studies at Brandeis University and a recognized prolific author. The chapter points out that Learning on the Left is not a systematic study of institutional governance, the organization of studies, curriculum disputes, quarrels between faculty and boards of trustees, or such familiar in-fighting, the recruitment of students, alumni relations, budgetary issues or town and gown. It is ultimately a love story by an author who appreciates what has made Brandeis so interesting.
Introduction
Authors: Crisafi Nicolò
Published: January 2022

The Introduction is concerned with masterplots in general, and the teleological masterplot of Dante’s Commedia in particular. Its core claim is that, embedded within the Commedia and hegemonizing its interpretation, lies a dominant narrative consisting in ‘downgrading an earlier experience, removing its intrinsic aim, and repurposing it as part of a new experience’ (Gianfranco Contini). A threefold aim is proposed. First, to document the teleological assumptions underpinning modern interpretations of Dante through a critique of the most common keywords in Dante Studies. Second, to consider a number of theoretical frameworks for understanding narrative, enlisting the help of literary theorists such as Roland Barthes, Peter Brooks, and H. Porter Abbott in order to highlight the ways in which Dante imitates and harnesses within his fiction the meaning-making power of endpoints. Lastly, to tailor these models to the specific character of Dante’s masterplot by analysing passages from his Vita Nova, Convivio, and Commedia. The monograph’s methodology, significant scholarly influences, and overall structure are also set out. Through this analysis, the Introduction sheds light both on the narrative advantages of Dante’s textual strategy—whose aim is to control the interpretation of his own text and enhance its credibility—and on the (often problematic) issues that accompany teleological narratives and their reception. Attending to Dante’s use of narrative, it becomes evident that the fabric of the poem is woven with alternative storylines that run alongside, detour from, or otherwise resist the poem’s teleological masterplot, and thereby constitute evidence of Dante’s narrative pluralism.
The Future In/Out of the Commedia
Authors: Crisafi Nicolò
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 analyses passages in the poem that host future tenses or are otherwise oriented toward the future. Questioning the established paradigm of a clear division of labour between Dante the character and Dante the narrator—who should, respectively, experience the afterlife and narrate it in retrospect—the chapter takes teleology to its extreme consequences by demonstrating how future tenses implicate the narrator too with those who live forward and do not know their future. Dante the narrator appears at his most vulnerable to time and circumstance when he is most closely associated with the act of writing. Having had considerable experience of the difficulty of writing and now in precarious circumstances as an exile, the author complicates his relationship to the future: alongside Dante’s stolid prophetic persona, a new Dante gradually emerges whose relationship to the future is no longer one of certainty and authority but one of open-endedness and anxiety. Nightmarish representations of the future in the Inferno show it in all its unsettling connotations. Later in the poem, the anxiety of the future takes a more nuanced shape. The uplifting trajectory of a journey of the body, whereby the pilgrim’s experience of the afterlife strengthens his senses and gives him increased vision and joy, is increasingly contrasted with the journey of the narrator’s ageing body on Earth. The future is presented in the poem in all its polyvalence, then: from a source of hope and growth to a threat to every human endeavour.
Introduction
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the second of three volumes of essays written in honour of Derek Parfit. It describes the recent development of a distinct area of moral philosophy known as population ethics and explains some of the central issues in the area. It also explains how the field of population ethics was created almost single-handedly by Parfit in his seminal work, Reasons and Persons, which is the source of virtually all of the persistent and intractably difficult problems and paradoxes in the field. This chapter also enumerates some of the many issues in practical ethics that cannot be adequately understood until certain central issues in population ethics are resolved.
The Asymmetry
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an account of the asymmetry in population ethics. The first half of the asymmetry is explicated by means of a person-affecting view, whereas the second half is established by means of a structural consistency constraint. This account can be integrated into a general theory that can handle (i) cases where there are externalities in that members of the original distribution are positively or negatively affected by bringing the miserable life into existence, (ii) cases in which one is concerned not only with bringing individual persons into existence but also groups of people, and (iii) situations in which it is uncertain whether an action will result in the addition of lives that are worth not living.
Saving Posterity from a Worse Fate
Authors: Kolodny Niko
Published: January 2022

Suppose we must choose among different outcomes, in which people fare better or worse. Suppose different people, or different numbers of people, will ever exist in such outcomes. That is, suppose our choice affects the growth of the population, or the identities of future people. Which outcomes, if any, are wrong for us to choose? There are two ways of approaching such questions. The more familiar way might be called “Benefit Thinking.” We should make the choice that benefits people more. The less familiar way might be called “Worse-Fate Thinking.” We should make the choice that leaves fewer people to a worse fate. It is surprisingly hard to come up with non-question-begging grounds to favor Benefit Thinking over Worse-Fate Thinking: to view Benefit Thinking as the more natural extension of our concern for how people fare, as reflected in “ordinary” moral choices, which don’t affect who or how many come to exist. This chapter suggests that Worse-Fate Thinking, or a combination of Worse-Fate and Benefit Thinking, gives more intuitive answers than does Benefit Thinking to many of the questions of population ethics.
Against Large Number Scepticism
Authors: Mogensen Andreas L.
Published: January 2022

According to large number scepticism, intuitions about the Repugnant Conclusion and related problems in normative ethics shouldn’t be trusted because we can’t adequately grasp the very large numbers involved. This chapter argues that the case for large number scepticism is unconvincing. I respond to arguments for large number scepticism offered by John Broome and Michael Huemer, as well as more empirically grounded arguments due to Joshua Greene and Adam Cureton. I consider what we can learn from evidence of scope insensitivity in contingent valuation, people’s diminishing sensitivity to increasing numbers of lives lost or saved, well-established limitations of the mind/brain’s core number systems, and evidence that people are more moved by single victims than by groups. In each case, I argue that the case for large number scepticism should not convince us.
On Theory X and What Matters Most
Authors: Beard S. J. , Kaczmarek Patrick
Published: January 2022

One of Derek Parfit’s greatest legacies was the search for Theory X, a theory of population ethics that avoided all the implausible conclusions and paradoxes that have dogged the field since its inception: the Absurd Conclusion, the Repugnant Conclusion, the Non-Identity Problem, and the Mere Addition Paradox. In recent years, it has been argued that this search is doomed to failure and no satisfactory population axiology is possible. This chapter reviews Parfit’s life’s work in the field and argues that he provided all the necessary components necessary for a Theory X. It then shows how these components can be combined together and applied to the global challenges Parfit argued matter most: preventing human extinction, managing catastrophic risks, and eradicating global poverty and suffering. Finally, it identifies a number of challenges facing his theory and suggests how these may be overcome.
Population Ethics and Conflict-of-Value Imprecision
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf
Published: January 2022

Parfit (2016) has suggested a new way of avoiding the paradoxes and impossibility theorems in population ethics by revising our beliefs about fundamental axiological concepts such as “equally good” and “better than”. More specifically, Parfit suggests that “We might claim that…given the conflict between…values, [w]orlds are only imprecisely comparable, and would be imprecisely equally good.” From this it follows that many of the comparisons of different future populations will involve imprecise comparisons and hence that transitivity of “better than” might fail. Parfit suggests that this move in combination with an appeal to lexically superior values will open up a way of avoiding the Repugnant Conclusion without implying other counterintuitive conclusion, and thus solve one of the major challenges in ethics. This chapter tries to clarify Parfit’s proposal and evaluate whether it, or a possible development of it, will help us with the impossibility theorems in population ethics.
On Evaluative Imprecision
Authors: Thomas Teruji
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents several arguments related to Parfit’s notion of evaluative imprecision and his imprecisionist lexical view of population ethics. After sketching Parfit’s view, it argues that, contrary to Parfit, imprecision and lexicality are both compatible with thinking about goodness in terms of positions on a scale of value. Then, by examining the role that imprecision is meant to play in defusing spectrum argument, it suggests that imprecision should be identified with vagueness. Next, it argues that there is space for robust moral realists to think of evaluative vagueness as a semantic phenomenon, illustrating this view with a version of conceptual role semantics on which the precisifications of betterness are correctness conditions for the precisifications of preference. Finally, it gives a probability-based argument against the imprecisionist lexical view.
Sorites on What Matters
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: January 2022

Ethics in the tradition of Derek Parfit’s Reasons and Persons is riddled with sorites-like arguments, which lead us by what seem innocent steps to seemingly false conclusions. Take, for example, spectrum arguments for the Repugnant Conclusion that appeal to slight differences in quality of life. Several authors have taken the view that, since spectrum arguments are structurally analogous to sorites arguments, the correct response to spectrum arguments is structurally analogous to the correct response to sorites arguments. This sorites analogy is here argued against. There are potential structural disanalogies between spectrum arguments and sorites arguments. But even if these arguments are relevantly structurally analogous, they differ in their content in ways that show the sorites analogy to be implausible. Two content-based disanalogies are here explored—one is inspired by Parfit’s work on reductionism, and the other involves hypersensitivity. The chapter concludes with a methodological lesson.
Quarantined Prioritarianism
Authors: Segall Shlomi
Published: January 2022

While utilitarianism is vulnerable to a Repugnant Conclusion with regard to populations of variable sizes, prioritarianism, it has been observed, does even worse. Because it gives greater weight to utility at lower absolute levels, prioritarianism encounters a Super Repugnant Conclusion. It is not surprising, then, that in his last published paper on prioritarianism, Derek Parfit argued that the priority view ought not to apply to cases involving ‘different people’. Prioritarianism, in other words, ought to be ‘quarantined’, and restricted to ‘same people’ cases. This chapter advances four related claims with respect to quarantined prioritarianism. First, contra Parfit it shows that it is far from obvious that prioritarianism ought to be quarantined in the first place, and that doing so entails a certain cost, namely sacrificing its alleged ‘completeness’. Second, that if prioritarianism is, for some reason, to be quarantined, then that should hold, contra Michael Otsuka, with respect to Different Numbers Choices and never with respect to Same Number Choices. Third, this ‘narrow’ quarantining approach is in fact consistent with other tenets of Parfit’s axiology that we have good reason to endorse (such as his ‘No Difference View’, and his views on the Value of Existence). And fourth, it is shown that future generations do, after all, present a certain difficulty to standard formulations of prioritarianism (e.g. Nils Holtug’s), and that a minor yet important revision to how we understand the priority view is called for.
Climbing the Ladder, 1578–1612
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter charts the rise of John Prideaux from a Devonshire farming background to the headship of Exeter College, Oxford, an institution refounded and revivified a generation earlier by the Elizabethan statesman Sir William Petre. It shows how Prideaux’s talents were spotted in his boyhood by a local patron, a member of the Reynell family, and it outlines both the general religious situation in the Church of England and the particular religious milieu of the College which Prideaux entered in 1596. Strongly Calvinist and anti-Catholic, the College and its learned rector, Thomas Holland, exercised a formative influence on Prideaux’s intellectual and religious development. The chapter describes his early work as a college tutor, writer for undergraduates, and theological magnet for foreign scholars and students. It goes on to show the significance of his promotion to a chaplaincy in the household of Henry, Prince of Wales, James I’s son and heir, whose influence brought him the headship of his College. Stress is laid on the importance both of patronage and of Prideaux’s personal qualities––intellectual force, hard work, and ambition––in explaining his rise to eminence as a scholar and college head.
Rector Prideaux and his College
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Exeter College, its social structure, its teaching regime, and its management by Prideaux. Under his governance the number of its undergraduates rose, thanks largely to his reputation not only as an outstanding teacher but also as a sound evangelical Protestant, and for this reason a head of house with a special appeal to the sons of the leading puritan families of Devon and Cornwall. The undergraduate body was a hierarchical one headed by the sons of the nobility. Their attraction to the College and Prideaux’s skill in appointing dedicated and conscientious tutors were both marks of his success as rector. The chapter compares Exeter’s financial position with that of other colleges and concludes by exemplifying and emphasising Prideaux’s ‘hands-on’ style of management, involved, as he was, in every aspect of College life. His role as an educator, unduly neglected in the past, deserves to be given almost as much prominence as his role as a theologian and church politician.
Prideaux the Scholar
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter first considers Prideaux’s reputation as an exceptionally learned man and then describes his work as a scholar. His outstanding linguistic ability and his facility in Hebrew and Arabic are assessed, and the extent to which these talents were brought to bear on biblical exegesis is considered. The chapter goes on to outline his particular interest in some Protestant themes, notably the pre-Reformation ancestry of the Protestant churches and the extent to which Protestant ideas had been anticipated in the work and lives of some dissident medieval Catholics such as Grosseteste and Wyclif. It next considers the contexts in which his learning was displayed, especially that of the annual Oxford Act, where he lectured to a large and socially varied audience. One particular Act lecture, on reason and theology, is taken as a sample and analysed more closely. The chapter closes with an analysis of what remains of Prideaux’s library, now at Worcester Cathedral, in order to show what his books reveal about his interests and talents. His favourite authors are identified and the sources of his books discussed.
The Decline of the Calvinist Cause, 1624–30
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter returns to a chronological account of Prideaux life, taking as its theme the decline of Calvinism at Oxford and within the Church of England more generally in the mid- and late 1620s, and the countervailing rise of Arminianism. It focuses closely on the work and opinions of Richard Montagu, a leading Arminian and bitter enemy of Prideaux, who sought to brand the Church of England Calvinists as subversive puritans. It brings out the extent to which Montagu was condemned in Parliament (though retaining the support of the new king, Charles I), while Prideaux, his opponent, was viewed as something of a parliamentary hero. The chapter also describes Prideaux’s irascibility and his domineering attitudes, particularly towards those, often his juniors, who differed from him on fine points of Calvinist theology. For the Calvinists, Prideaux included, the political and religious world grew darker towards the end of this period, as the Crown placed new controls on preaching and publication and as Arminians were promoted to bishoprics and Calvinists such as Prideaux were increasingly passed over. The death in 1630 of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who had been the protector of Calvinism within the university, marked a turning point, leading as it did (and in the face of Prideaux’s opposition) to the election of William Laud as the university’s chancellor.
From Laud’s Apogee to Laud’s Decline, 1636–40
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter opens by describing an attempt by Richard Baylie, Laud’s vice-chancellor at Oxford, to smear Prideaux as a dissident puritan. Prideaux moved closer to Laud, however, when, in 1637, he approved the publication of a book by William Chillingworth, Laud’s godson and protégé, despite the book’s Socinian tendencies to which Prideaux must have been opposed: a favour to Laud conceded in exchange for a personal favour to Prideaux. In general Prideaux’s voice within the church was silenced in these years both by the restrictions on printing and publishing initiated in the late 1620s and by Laud’s control of the university. Prideaux’s growing fear of Laud in the years around 1640, despite their temporary rapprochement over Chillingworth’s book, is very evident. It was possibly derived from Laud’s harsh treatment of his main enemy, John Williams, bishop of Lincoln. But if Prideaux’s ecclesiastical life was hedged around with restrictions and apprehensions at this time, he would have derived some satisfaction from the flourishing state of his College, which saw new resources placed at its disposal and a rise in numbers, income, and reputation in the late 1630s. The national background to the affairs of Prideaux and his college grew increasingly threatening after the attempt by Laud and Charles to impose the English Prayer Book on the Scots in 1637––the prelude to new financial demands on the Crown’s resources which would eventually lead to civil war.
Prideaux Redivivus and the Road to Civil War, 1640–2
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces Prideaux’s career from the opening of the Long Parliament in November 1640 to his departure from Oxford in July 1642, immediately before the start of the Civil War. This was a period when, with Laud removed from the political and ecclesiastical scene, Prideaux’s fortunes revived. He began to publish again, was a member of the Lords’ subcommittee on religious reform, and in November 1641 was made bishop of Worcester in an attempt by the king to placate his puritan and parliamentary opponents. The Commons at this time were almost obsessively anti-Catholic, their obsessiveness increased by the outbreak of rebellion in Ireland. But they were also increasing hostile to all bishops, and Prideaux’s promotion had the opposite effect to that intended. Shortly before his elevation he had been made Oxford’s vice-chancellor, under the new chancellor, Philip Herbert, earl of Pembroke. As war came near, Prideaux identified himself ever more closely with the king’s cause, using his university position to raise money for Charles, an event which precipitated the Commons’ fury and led Prideaux to flee to his diocesan seat at Worcester. The revival in his fortunes had been short-lived.
John Prideaux: Life and Afterlife
Authors: Maddicott John
Published: January 2022

This chapter draws together the threads of the previous chapters to provide a conclusion. It emphasises Prideaux’s dual role throughout his life both as the consistent defender of the traditional Calvinist order in the Church of England and, from 1612 onwards, as the respected and successful head of a thriving Oxford college. It argues that he owed his rise to eminence both to patronage and the support of powerful men and to his own personal qualities. Some of those qualities—industriousness, humanity, and a punning sense of humour—are enumerated and discussed, together with the less sympathetic aspects of his personality. His posthumous publications are noted, including the full and final edition of his works edited by Samuel Maresius and published at Zurich in 1672. The chapter concludes with a general assessment of Prideaux’s ‘afterlife’, including the reasons for the survival of his reputation beyond his death, and the importance of Thomas Barlow, David Lloyd, and Anthony Wood in preserving that reputation. But after about 1675 his name faded as his style of academic theology declined and as the demand waned for the sort of humane and cultured education which Prideaux and his College had provided.
Labour Markets in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 serves as the introduction into the topic of the book, presenting the demographic background of low-income countries’ (LICs) struggle for better labour market performance and the focus of the joint Growth and Labour Markets in Low-Income Countries (GLM|LIC) programme of the UK Government and the IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Despite the importance of studying labour markets in LICs and investigating which policies are more successful, the evidence remained, until recently, rather limited. Against this backdrop, the joint IZA/FCDO (German IZA – Institute of Labor Economics and the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office) and the GLM|LIC programme was established in 2011 after identifying an important research gap on labour markets and growth in LICs. The GLM|LIC programme has taken important steps to close this gap. The chapter provides a brief overview of the subsequent chapters of the volume.
Barriers to Labour Market Efficiency in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 investigates how to make it easier for firms and workers to find each other in LICs. Several GLM|LIC projects study constraints such as information and mobility barriers that are mechanisms for exclusion of the most disadvantaged. They also show that well targeted, low-cost interventions can have large impacts, improving both efficiency and equity in the labour market. A project in Ethiopia found positive effects of low-cost programmes designed to help reduce search costs and improve matching, including a soft skills certification programme and transport subsidies. The chapter also presents evidence from Uganda on the impact of improving firms’ knowledge about workers’ characteristics. The demand for labour and the cost of labour in Africa is analysed building on evidence from Ghana, while the effect of intra-firm wage disparities on productivity and absenteeism is discussed based on a novel RCT in India.
The Role of Employability Training and Behavioural Change
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 looks at skills training, one of the most common labour market programmes run by governments and NGOs to enable individuals achieve better labour market outcomes. Despite the growing number of training programmes in LICs, many of these programmes go without any rigorous evaluation. Considerable evidence suggests that they are often not very effective, especially considering cost. GLM|LIC research presents new innovations in this area from a number of countries, including, for example, combining training with cash transfers that aim to relax credit constraints and adding behavioural interventions. Some of the interventions also investigate the role of non-cognitive skills. The outcomes studied go beyond the regular labour market outcomes of employment and wages and include other social outcomes such as risk or violence. The chapter discusses the lessons learned about what types of trainings and the (geographic and cultural) contexts in which these programmes would work.
The Interrelationship of Growth, Formality, Informality, and Regulation
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 discusses issues related to sectoral transformation, economic growth, and employment. The topic of informality, casual or self-employment is of particular importance because it accounts for the majority of employment in many low-income countries, yet its role in the process of economic growth, and its links with the formal sector, remain poorly understood. GLM|LIC studies show that the informal sector can play an important role in economic development, and may not always be simply the ‘last resort’ of workers who are unable to secure formal jobs. The chapter also looks at the question of whether labour costs are ‘too high’ in Africa, and discusses the possible role of labour market regulation such as social insurance mandates and minimum wages, based on evidence from GLM|LIC projects.
Gender Dimensions of Developing Labour Markets
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 8 focuses on the gender dimensions of labour markets in low-income countries. While women’s employment rates tended to increase with economic development and falling fertility rates in Latin America and some other regions, there has been little or no increase in most South Asian countries. A variety of factors appear to be at work, including rising incomes of husbands, social norms, and the sectoral composition of economic growth. GLM|LIC has supported novel training programmes targeted to (young) women. Vocational and life skills training was found to increase women’s labour force participation while reducing teen pregnancy and early marriage. Other GLM|LIC research demonstrates that women’s employment is affected by their control over finances via own bank accounts and direct deposit of their earnings, while access to safe transportation plays an important role as well on the road to women’s empowerment.
Lessons about Labour Market Programmes and Policies
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2022

Chapter 9 summarizes the lessons of GLM|LIC research for labour market policies and programmes in low-income countries. Lessons from projects that had disappointing results are, in many ways, as informative as lessons from projects that had positive results. The chapter recaps key points regarding labour market interventions including training programmes, public works programmes, and programmes designed to reduce labour market frictions due to imperfect information, transport costs, and barriers to access. Also discussed are the lessons from GLM|LIC projects about the ways in which social norms may limit economic activity of women, including examples of how women’s labour force activity can be increased by removing restrictions on women’s physical mobility and giving women greater control over their own finances. It also considers some of the important lessons from GLM|LIC projects about the importance of rigorous programme evaluation, especially evaluation that allows long-term follow-up of programme participants.
‘Power and wicked practices’
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: January 2022

This chapter extends the analysis of John Smyth’s ‘practice’ during the Warrens Court dispute, by exploring some of the most dramatic claims about his behaviour. These involved allegations about his willingness to exploit his ‘power’, both locally and nationally, in ways that might be thought to be corrupt, and that were said to extend to intimidation and violence. As throughout the book, the aim is not so much to arbitrate between conflicting claims as to interrogate the plausibility of contemporary allegations, and to reflect upon the degree to which they were given credence at the time. The aim is to suggest that historians have been too quick to dismiss certain claims as mere rhetoric, and to recover the degree of contemporary unease and debate over what constituted acceptable as opposed to ‘corrupt’ behaviour.
Conclusion
Authors: Lautz Terry
Published: January 2022

The characters in the book speak to us about the challenges of finding common ground between our two countries. At the present time, the Chinese Communist Party treats the values highlighted in this book—transparent business practices, open scholarly and cultural expression, unfettered rule of law, authentic human rights, and true freedom of the press—as potential threats to its existence. China’s leaders believe the United States opposes China’s rise and stands in the way of its unification with Taiwan. Americans fear the PRC as an economic, military, and geopolitical threat. The deterioration of official relations means that person-to-person ties are more important than ever. As shown in this book, the ultimate success of foreign policy, joint ventures, and scholarly and cultural exchange depends on personal networks, mutual understanding, and trust.
Toward “The New Music”: From Plato to Caccini
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

During the Renaissance, interest revived in the music of the ancient Greeks. The humanist Girolamo Mei’s research was discussed at the Florence Camerata, a group of intellectuals, poets, and musicians meeting at the home of Count Bardi. Plato had defined song as a synthesis of text, rhythm, and melody, but contemporary polyphony obscured the text and its rhythm. Vincenzo Galileo attempted to restore Plato’s priorities, setting a text by Dante to a single vocal line (monody) accompanied by viols: monody gave rise to the first opera, Dafne, by Peri. Giulio Caccini’s “New Music” is an anthology of monodic song; in the Preface, Caccini defends this “noble manner of singing”: the music exists to express the text, uncluttered by divisions but enhanced by specific expressive devices. Monody was to be adopted by instruments, the earliest Italian sonatas of Biagio Marini, Carlo Farina, and others being offshoots of this new vocal style.
Dario Castello: Sonata Prima, A Sopran Solo
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

Castello’s sonatas signal a radical departure from previous practice by introducing words (Allegro and Adagio, in Venetian dialect) to describe the mood of the sections and the implied tempi: this suggests a release from the dictates of tactus and the subsequent enhancement of freedom to the performer, the hallmark of what came to be known as stylus fantasticus. The bulk of the lesson deals with minutiae in the Observations section. An exercise entitled “Active impulses and passive ‘after-notes’ ” is designed to highlight the important notes and underplay the less important ones. Intensively notated examples of phrasings and dynamics within a line of equal notes promote the idea of dialogue and narrative, rather than melody. In his short adagios, explored in detail, Castello proves himself a master of expression.
Ornamenting Corelli
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The great virtuosi of the eighteenth century were famous for their improvisational skills, although some were criticized for distorting rather than embellishing the music: examples of such criticism are quoted in this lesson. Editions of Corelli sonatas were published with ornaments added, notably Estienne Roger’s 1710 edition, but no didactic Table of Ornaments, such as the seventeenth-century ones studied earlier in this book, exists from this period. To correct this historical omission, ornaments from Roger’s edition and from William Babell’s 1725 Twelve Solos for Violin have been formed into separate Tables of Ornaments, arranged by intervals. It is hoped that students will find these useful when they are learning to ornament Italian and Italianate sonatas from the first part of the eighteenth century. The ornaments in the tables range from simple appoggiaturas to whole passaggi and advice is given on how to practice them.
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (c. 1620–1680)
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

Heinrich Schmelzer was the first non-Italian Imperial Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court in Vienna and the most important Austrian composer before Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, who was possibly his pupil. Much of this sonata is in the form of a Passacaglia, although not named as such. Suggestions are made as to the pacing of such movements: respecting their broader architecture will maintain interest but may necessitate some initial restraint. The bulk of this lesson is its “Observations” section, with detailed remarks about almost every bar. There is information on the etymology of the word ‘Guige’ (Jig) and its relation to ‘geige’ (violin) and a discussion on the possible relevance of tactus to the sonata. Following the Passacaglia, the quasi-recitative section contains the most intimate musical thoughts of the sonata and is its spiritual core. An Afterthought deals with the common problem of inconsistency within a composer’s work and whether it should be respected or ‘corrected.’
Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber: The Mystery Sonatas
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The lesson begins with information on Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber and the background to the Rosary sonatas. The author’s meditational approach is explained: musicians, like actors, must convince the audience by their simulation of faith. The engraving at the head of the sonata is fully discussed and there are thoughts on instrumentation and structure.
The full biblical texts for the two Rosary sonatas discussed in the book are reproduced in Appendix IV. In the two lessons on Biber, the biblical and musical texts are constantly interwoven to suggest programmatic content, as if the narrative is recounted by the notes themselves, the rhetoric of the Gospel and Biber’s music fully aligned. Much in this approach is speculation, but the author believes that the clearer the performer’s vision, the more intense and meaningful will be the result. As usual, the “Observations” section is packed with suggestions and information based on many years of performing these unique works.
To Soothe the Sorrows of a King
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The sociocultural backdrop and the agréments having been described and explained, this lesson is mostly taken up with observations on the first two movements of the seventh Concert Royale. Couperin’s intention was perhaps to capture the melancholy mood of Louis XIV before steering it away from the gloom, much as today’s music therapists do.
The danger of playing agréments in a ‘correct’ but non-expressive way is raised: raw emotion has been distilled and channeled into exquisitely crafted vessels but must nevertheless be conveyed. Varying the character of the agréments to suit the context is important if we are not merely to repeat formulae. Another danger is that the agréments will arrest the flow of the music. The Allemande is marked “Gayement” and has a lively, playful quality. In a Postscript, notes inégales are considered to be unequal in dynamic as well as rhythm and an exercise explains how to practice them.
Beyond “Beautiful”
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The lesson starts by comparing two paintings. One, purely decorative, depicts a vase of flowers. The other, Rembrandt’s portrait of Homer, is meaningful in many ways: to describe it merely as “beautiful” is to miss the point. So it is with music. Johann Mattheson, in Der Vollkommene Capellmeister, gives us a detailed insight into what he calls the “science of melody.” The composer chooses a required affect and turns it into a written composition; the performer studies the written page and, perceiving the affects, turns it into sound. In the lesson’s exercise, “Becoming conscious of the ever-changing affects,” the reader is charged with identifying affects in a movement by Handel on a bar-by-bar basis. Punctuation is another essential aspect of literary and musical texts and is crucial to a rhetorical way of playing. There are two types, written and implied. The reader is asked to identify the punctuation in the Handel movement.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

This long and comprehensive study of one of the best-known pages of Bach’s music deals with multiple topics. Bach writes out his own ornamentation, for which he was criticized at the time: this has led to a tradition of misguided obedience to the letter, rather than to the spirit, of the musical text. Bach’s ornamentation is compared with that of Corelli; it should sound more like improvisation than melody. The bass is embedded in the whole and must be clearly audible, the harmonies dictating the flow of the music and the dynamic schemes. Examples are given of slurs, not always clear in Bach’s handwriting, and ambiguous accidentals. Bach’s credentials as a violinist are made clear. It is not physically possible to play everything as written, but the ear hears the illusion of what is missing. Ways of playing chords are discussed and innumerable details are pointed out in the Observations section.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The lesson opens with a detailed essay on Bach and rhetoric, with reference to Martin Luther, Bach’s spiritual and theological master, the Quadrivium, Musica Theoretica, Musica Practica, Musica Poetica, and Quintilian. The importance of rhetoric in the Presto is emphasized: by playing it through slowly “in the manner of a discourse” we can begin to grasp the complexity of the writing, the ever-shifting harmonies, the ambiguities of meter (duple and triple), the inner rhythms and the fifteen different patterns of slurs.
Sources advise us to decide on the tempo from the content of the piece rather than merely from the marking. There are exercises on breaking away from the “moto perpetuo” style of playing, on highlighting and expressing the essence of the intervals. and on varying the articulation. There is an attempt to explain the alternating long and short bar lines and a final piece of advice concerning slow practice.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: January 2022

The history and background of the loure from its appearance in 1701 is followed by a description of its choreography. The tempo and bowings are arrived at using French sources; as the loure is described as a slow gigue, an exercise recommends playing it as such, gradually reducing the speed until a comfortable tempo is reached that preserves the dance feel. Bowings by Michel Pignolet de Montéclair are reproduced and used as an initial blueprint for bowing Bach’s Loure. Five points culled from quoted sources help seek out the character: this leads to a discussion on punctuation and articulation in dance movements generally, quoting Mattheson’s annotated example of a minuet. One feature of the loure is the irregular length of its phrases, and these are marked. Ornamentation in Bach’s dances is discussed: his French-style Table of Ornaments is reproduced along with examples of his own ornaments in his transcription of the Loure for lute.