bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEM INFORMASI PENJADWALAN OTOMATIS MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM UNTUK MENDUKUNG PROMOSI PROGRAM STUDI DI UNIVERSITAS DHARMA ANDALAS
Authors: Faradika Faradika , Astri Renita , Zulfahmi Zulfahmi
Published: February 2021

Instagram's social media automatic scheduling system is one of the innovations in the field of promotion to introduce study programs to many people through social media. With this scheduling application, it will be easy for the university to schedule content to be published on Instagram social media. This application works on the desktop made with the PHP programming language with MySQL database support. This research was conducted to obtain data directly from the Social Media Manager of the Study Program by conducting observations and direct interviews to the management team and related parties so that the data contained in this report is real. The system testing that is carried out is how the application works as a whole, namely where the system can send scheduling automatically to Instagram which is contained in the database, there is an input update from a user (in this case a lecturer user) through the existing application.
Specifications and types of seawall structures needed to protect beaches from sand erosion and storm disasters
Authors: Zehro Khosro
Published: February 2021

When someone decides to buy a house or any other estate near the shoreline, they do not think that in future nature will impact the value of their asset significantly. Further to the risks of hurricanes or any other natural hazards (such as tsunami), waves are gradually shifting the coastlines by displacing soil from a location to various areas. In recent decades, coasts have been affected by a significant deterioration due to weather conditions, waves, and coastal soil erosion. Hence, it needs precise environmental consideration, and preserves coasts for leisure, specifying reasons that promoted effective technologies from immersed structures to coastal nourishing. Therefore, by constructing sea-walls should prevent shoreline environments, especially the mechanism of sedimentation, long-shore transfer of sand, altering the coasts to the significant proportion which results from weathering and sea waves sever. In this paper, an overview submitted to the kinds of seawalls and specifications needed to sustain the seawalls. There explained the positive and negative effects of seawalls on coastal area, and the required factors to enhance seawalls stabilization against overturning and sliding failure. Also, the developed types of seawall structures have been identified that, in addition to the more practical vertical model, the stepped, rubble-mound, and curves have also been designed. It is recommended to coastal structure designer and engineers, in the pre-construction stage should precisely be studied on the coast situation and weathering conditions in the area, that is essential to make sustainable decisions and designs for construction of these structures.
Reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete Structures: Classification and overview
Authors: Abo Nassar Nour Eldeen
Published: February 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures have the ability to be extremely durable and able to withstand a diversity of different environmental cases. However, failure in these structures still happens due to precocious reinforcement erosion. If steel reinforcement corrodes in concrete structures, this leads to a decrease in the lifetime and durability of these structures, which cause early failure of the structures, costing significantly to inspect and maintain the deteriorating structures. Then, monitoring of reinforcement corrosion is of great importance to prevent early failure of structures. Structures corrosion can be decreased through correct monitoring and taking appropriate control measures in the appropriate period of time. When steel bars corrode, the formation of rust causes the concrete to be separated from the steel and then thereafter. In case this issue is not addressed, it may influence the entire structure. This paper attempts to present a comprehensive review of corrosion of rebar in RC structures, its mechanisms, monitoring and prevention.
Role of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: synthetic analysis of last two decades
Authors: Arooj Fatima  , Haider Darain  , Syed Amir Gilani  , Ashfaq Ahmad  , Asif Hanif  , Shiza Kazmi
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective: The study is designed explore the current evidence on effectiveness of shockwave therapy in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy from 2000-2019.
Methodology: Data bases were searched including Cochrane, Medline, Embase and PEDro from 2000 to latest. A thorough search was performed to retrieve articles missed through databases as well as unpublished grey literature. Methodological quality assessment was performed using Cochrane risk of bias tool and included studies were critically appraised using PEDro scale.
Results: In current review, 11 articles were finally included based on eligibility criteria. However data was not extractable from 2 studies due to which 9 studies were finally reviewed as shown in figure I. There were 8 Randomized trials and 1 randomized pilot study. The summary of critical appraisal of included studies through PEDro scale was done which showed that 4 studies had high quality and 5 studies fall under the category of fair.
Conclusion: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy showed significant improvement in terms of reducing pain and improving functional mobility as compared to traditional rehabilitation in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy in some studies however in others results were not found to be significant. This systematic review has established that there is no consensus between both interventions however; extracorporeal shockwave therapy is an acceptable practical alternative among patients having tendinopathy.
Keywords: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, Rotator cuff tendinopathy, Systematic review, Continuous...
Modulatory effect of single nucleotide polymorphism in Xmn1, BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB loci on fetal hemoglobin levels in ?-thalassemia major and Intermedia patients
Authors: Shabnam Bashir  , Saqib Mahmood  , Shahida Mohsin  , Iqra Tabassum  , Mahmood Ghafoor  , Osheen Sajjad
Published: February 2021

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of these genetic modifiers (HBB gene cluster: rs7482144; BCL11A: rs766432; HBS1L-MYB: rs9399137) on the HbF levels in Thalassemia major and thalassemia intermedia.Methods: The cohort study comprised of 52 patients with ?-thalassemia Intermedia and 64 patients of thalassemia major, all diagnosed in laboratories of Punjab thalassemia prevention program Hb-F was quantified by HPLC (Variant ll- Biorad). Primary mutation analysis and SNPS were done by ARMS PCR. SPSS version 20 i used for data analysis applying multivariate regression analysis.Results: The levels of Hb-F were primarily influenced by alleles of the HBG2, (rs7482144), and BCL11A (rs766432) gene but SNP of HBS1L-MYB (rs9399137) has no significant role. The rs7482144 SNP explained 8.3% of the variation in the Hb-F levels, while 5% of trait variation was explained by rs766432.Conclusion: There is clear association between Hb-F level and SNPs in HBG2, (rs7482144), and BCL11A (rs766432) gene. This correlation is additive and seen both in thalassemia major and thalassemia Intermedia cohorts, more so in case of later.
Continuous...
The effects of an exercise program for core muscle strengthening in patients with low back pain after cesarean-section: a single blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Iqra Nayyab  , Misbah Ghous  , Syed Shakil ur Rehman  , Irum Yaqoob
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective: To determine the effects of an exercise programme for core muscle strengthening in patients with low back pain after caesarean section.
Method: The single-blind randomised controlled trail was conducted from August 2018 to January 2019 at the Helping Hand for Relief and Development Comprehensive Rehabilitation Centre, Chakwal, Pakistan, and comprised post-caesarean section women aged 25-40 years with low back pain. Patients were randomised into supervised group I and unsupervised group II using the sealed envelope method. Group I received supervised core stability exercise programme, while group II received unsupervised, home-based core stability exercise programme. Baseline and post-intervention values were compared for numeric pain rating scale, Oswestry disability index, inclinometer and core stability assessment. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
Results: Of the 30 subjects, there were 15(50%) in each of the two groups. There was no significant difference at baseline between the groups (p>0.05). Post-intervention results showed significant intra-group and inter-group differences (p<0.05) with respect to all parameters. No improvement was observed for right and left side bending (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Supervised core stability exercise programme was more effective in reducing pain and disability, and improved core muscle activation than unsupervised, home-based core exercise programme.
Clinical Trial Number: ISRCTN: 12478688 https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12478688.
Key Words: Core stability, C-section, Exercise, Continuous...
On the calculated method for assessing the impact of hydrolysis products from uranium hexafluoride on the human body
Authors: Babenko Svetlana P. , Bad’in Andrey V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. This article refers to the authors’ calculation method for studying the effects UF6 (uranium hexafluoride, UHF) on the human body. A review of this method’s main ideas and the features of the approach to solving the problem at certain stages of the movement of UHF from being released into the air before entering the body is offered. The possibilities of the proposed method and its place in many well-known studies in this direction are described. Material and methods. The research material is UHF. It serves as the primary working substance in technologies for enriching natural uranium with the 235U isotope. UHF, due to various circumstances, appears in the production room in a gaseous state. A method for studying the effects of UHF on humans is to describe the distribution processes of UHF molecules in the volume of the working room, chemical transformations of UHF, physical transformations of the resulting products, i.e., all processes accompanied by the delivery of toxic substances and their transfer from the source to the person and before excretion from the body in a natural way. The description of these processes is carried out analytically. Results. Lists the results that can be obtained by calculation. Discussion. A discussion of the results is carried out in the following areas. The issue of the possibility of using the described calculation method to solve the problems of ensuring labor safety at work is considered. The question of trust in the calculated values characterizing the effect of UHF on the human body is being studied. To solve this problem, we compared the calculated results obtained for a particular process and the experimental ones implemented in a similar process. Conclusion. A conclusion is made regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the method under investigation for studying the effects of UHF on humans and determining their place among existing methods.
Water: a substance with unique properties
Authors: Slesarev Valery I.
Published: February 2021

Water is a supramolecular aqua system with a single highly structurally dynamic network of hydrogen bonds. Since this grid is inhomogeneous in properties and structure, a proposed aquamezophase model of water takes into account the indicated heterogeneity and homogeneity of water. The peculiarities of intermolecular interactions for hydration and aquaclatratation, characteristic of water, are described. For the first time, the peculiarities of the chemistry and energy of water during vortex motion were revealed. This made it possible to propose a mechanism of action for vortex tubes, a cyclone of J. Rank, and aqua-vortex heat generators. Due to the vortex movement, the aquatic systems of the living organisms actively show restorative properties and become a source of energy necessary for life. Due to the thermodynamic nonequilibrium, openness, nonlinearity, and self-oscillating properties, water is a source of very weak acoustic and electromagnetic aqua emissions in a wide frequency range from fractions of Hz to 1017 Hz, which are recorded as emissions from the end of the 20th century. Since water is a source of radiation and is sensitive to external radiation, water is an aqua-radio system. Under even weak external influences, water is characterized by phase transitions of the second order under external weak influences, at which its ΔUtotal ≈ 0. At the first resonance stage, a quickly coordinated and conjugated transformation |ΔUfree|↔|ΔUconnect| occurs, which changes the properties of water. The second stage is a slow return to its original state, i.e., structural-temporal hysteresis is observed. The change in the properties of water as a result of a phase transition of the second kind is called aquacommunication. Given that living things in molecular composition consist of 99% of water, all living things are also aqua-systems.
Features of transcutaneous penetration of lead into the human body
Authors: Kashuba Nikolay A.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. One of the features of lead is its high ability to disintegrate and significantly contaminate the environment. The contamination of hands or the whole body with lead creates a high probability of penetrating micro- and nanoparticles through the skin into the body. Nowadays, this process is not sufficiently studied. There is evidence that inorganic compounds or metallic particles of lead can penetrate through the skin into a human body. Material and methods. centrifuge 10000 rpm, laser emitter (wavelength 625-740 nm), optical microscope, voltampermetric analyzer ABA-2, Analysette 12 Dyna Sizer, magnetic stirrer, distiller, Na2S solution. The studies were conducted in 2017-2018 among the workers of battery sections of technical service stations in Ternopol - 17 people. The research results were processed by the statistical package SPSS 19. Results. The process of mechanical contamination by the skin with lead, rejection of micro particles from the surface of lead, and, to a lesser extent, ultrafine nanoparticles, which can penetrate the sweat glands, was established to occur. The studies have shown in the washings from the palms particles’ skin are detected mainly in the size of 1 μm - 100 nm. In the process of finding the particles of lead in the sweat glands, their length decreases to Nanoscale, allowing them freely entering the body. The decrease in particle size in the sweat glands occurs due to the formation of soluble lead compounds. Presumably, the main chemical contributing to this process is lactic acid. With increasing exposure, the size of lead particles in the sweat glands decreases. Intensive cleaning of the skin surface by mechanical methods, and detergents, followed by contamination with lead, promotes the penetration of lead particles into the sweat glands and its further spread in the body. The intense physical activity was established to contribute to a decrease in particle size, which suggests chemical interaction of lead with lactic acid and the formation of soluble lead lactate. The assumption is confirmed by studies of the composition of sweat, which is detected lead lactate. Conclusion. The lead ability to penetrating a human body transcutaneously in the form of nanoparticles and soluble compounds has been proven. Intense physical activity facilitates the penetration of lead into the body.
Географик кўрсаткичлар – ҳудудларни ижтимоий-иқтисодий ривожлантиришнинг янги самарали воситаси
Authors: Каньязов Есемурат
Published: February 2021

Ушбу мақолада географик кўрсаткичларнинг мамлакатнинг ҳудудлари ривожланиши учун самарали восита сифатида тутган ўрнига урғу берилган. Географик кўрсаткичларнинг ривожланиш қонуниятлари, концепциялари ҳамда турлари батафсил таҳлил қилинди. Аниқландики, гарчи мамлакат географик кўрсаткич сифатида эътироф этилиши мумкин бўлган маҳсулотларнинг асосий ишлаб чиқарувчиси бўлиш истиқболига эга бўлишига қарамай, мамлакатда ҳудудлар ривожланишини кучайтиришда асосий куч бўлиб хизмат қилиши мумкин бўлган географик кўрсаткичлар учун ҳуқуқий асос етишмайди. Мақолада ривожланган мамлакатларнинг географик кўрсаткичларга оид амалиёти тегишли мисоллар ва статистик рақамлар асосида кўриб чиқилган. Бундан ташқари, мақолада “Географик кўрсаткичлар тўғрисида”ги Ўзбекистон Республикаси қонуни лойиҳасига муаллифнинг қарашлари келтирилган.
TLC/GC-FID Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Melicope madagascariensis (Baker) T.G. Hartley (Rutaceae) Essential Oil from Madagascar East Coast Rainforest
Authors: F. Ny Riana Razafindrakoto , R. Andrianantenaina , R. Letsara , J. Rafalimanantsoa , A. Randriamanantena , Iranto Andrin’ , Ashande Colette Masengo , T. Mpiana Pius , Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa , Rahelivololoniaina Baholy Robijaona
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Melicope madagascariensis essential oil from Madagascar East Coast Rainforest. Essential oil from the leaves of this plant species was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by TLC and GC-FID. The extraction revealed a yield is of 0.4% for a mass of 290 g of fresh leaves. Having a bland, pungent taste, the oil has a green-black color, a slightly unpleasant odor with a clear mobile consistency. Its density is 0.8765 and refractive index 1.4956 at 20 °C and is dextrorotatory (+0.1°) at 24 °C for its rotational power. The results of GC/FID analysis revealed that the essential oil contains (Z)-β-ocimene (12.7%) and (E)-β-ocimene (25.7%) as major compounds. The preparative TLC fractionation (using DPPH radical as revelator) and GC-FID analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of compounds of the sesquiterpene family namely trans-nerolidol (4.32%), phenylpropanoid like methyl eugenol (5.9%), terpene oxide like caryophyllene oxide (3.66%), cinnamic esters like cinnamyl acetate (4.79%) and monoterpene alcohol like linalol (2.81%). The study on M. madagascariensis essential oil is herein reported for the first time. Further studies including cytotoxicity assay in order to evaluate the selectivity/therapeutic index of this essential oil are needed before developing it as novel antioxidant drug.
HOW DEMOCRACY AFFECTS RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN MUSLIM MAJORITY COUNTRIES
Authors: Rid Saeed Ahmed
Published: February 2021

For understanding how democracy affects religious freedom in Muslim majority countries, Indonesia and Pakistan are the best case studies because they are top two countries in terms of the Muslim population and the both have experienced democratic and dictatorial regimes. In liberal philosophy ‘liberty’ and ‘equality’, which includes the religious liberty and equality are considered fundamental political values that define the core principles of liberal democracy. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that the religious minorities in Indonesia and Pakistan should have experienced more religious freedom during the democratic phases. This paper explains how a regime type (democracy) affects the religious freedom of minorities in Muslim majority countries. Does the personality of the ruler and his political vision matter as well? How the religious groups and religious parties exploit majoritarian principles of democracy to put hurdles in religious freedom?
SINO-ASEAN COOPERATION: PERCEPTIONS AND COUNTER STRATEGIES OF USA, JAPAN AND INDIA
Authors: Behan Ronaque Ali , Mahesar Shuja Ahmed , Mangrio Naghma
Published: February 2021

China and ASEAN have established cooperation since 1990 for the pursuit of their respective strategic and economic interests. They have achieved unprecendented heights in their cooperation covering various fields. As a result of the strong relations between China and ASEAN the influence and presence of China in the region has increased manifold. As a consequence of China’s growing influence and presence in the South East Asian region, the US, Japan and India appear worried as their strategic and economic interests in the region seem to be threatened by China. They perceive China as an emerging threat to their interests in the region. Thus, the US, Japan and India have designed counter strategies to check the influence of China and protect their interests in the region. This paper attempts to summarise the findings of a doctoral study by Behan, which studies the relations between China and ASEAN and the perpection and counter strategies of the US, Japan, and India.
Lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales en niños venezolanos VIH (+) bajo tratamiento antirretroviral
Authors: Guerra María Elena , Lambertini Arianna , Osorio Aura Y.
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales en los niños VIH(+) bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo en una muestra de ochenta y tres (83) niños VIH(+) entre 5 y 12 años que acudieron a tratamiento bucal al Centro de Atención a Pacientes con Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (CAPEI/UCV) de octubre 2013 a octubre 2014, fueron incluidos en este estudio los niños bajo terapia antirretroviral 100% con valores de CD4 mayores a 400. Todos los niños fueron bucalmente examinados al inicio, y trimestralmente durante el periodo 2013-2014, determinándose la de lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales. Los resultados fueron expresados en frecuencias y porcentajes. RESULTADOS: 53.01% (44 ) varones y 46,99 % (39) niñas. Se observaron 84% (70) de los participantes presentaron lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales durante este periodo. La frecuencia fue de 35,7% (25) gingivitis, seguida por candidiasis tipo queilitis angular 24,3% (17), Candidiasis eritematosa 12,9% (9), Candidiasis pseudomembranosa 8,6% (6), Virus Herpes Simple 10% (7), Aftas en 4,3% (4), Lesiones combinadas Xerostomía y Candidiasis 2,9% (2) y Xerostomía VHS 1,4% (1) .CONCLUSIÓN. Más de la mitad de los niños VIH(+) bajo terapia antirretroviral estudiados presentaron lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales. Pareciera que la terapia antirretroviral no influye en la frecuencia de lesiones bucales, ni en la probabilidad de padecer o no lesiones en tejidos blandos bucales.
Fibroma desmoplásico de maxilar en paciente pediátrico: Reporte de caso
Authors: Gerber Mora Roberto , Castro Mora Sergio , Ulate Jiménez Joseph
Published: February 2021

La presencia de tumefacciones en la cavidad bucal del paciente pediátrico puede ser indicativo de gran cantidad de patologías y enfermedades sistémicas, algunas incluso pueden perjudicar el bienestar del mismo. El Fibroma desmoplásico es un tumor óseo benigno, localmente destructivo, catalogado como muy poco frecuente. Se reporta el caso de un niño de 4 años con fibroma desmoplásico en el maxilar de alrededor de 2 años de evolución, observándose como una tumefacción generalizada del segundo cuadrante, con ausencia de signos y síntomas de inflamación. Por su edad representa un reto para el clínico ya que el abordaje debe ser interdisciplinario con profesionales expertos en odontopediatría, cirugía y patología. Se describe a profundidad cada paso del proceso diagnóstico incluyendo hallazgos clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos, así como la toma de la muestra para su estudio.
Una revisión crítica de algunos presupuestos sobre la democracia a propósito del caso salvadoreño
Authors: Orellana Carlos Iván
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 734, 2013: 355-385.
Cincuenta años al servicio de la justicia social
Authors: Oliva Andreu
Published: February 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 70, No. 742, 2015: 419-421.
Homilía por el 50.° aniversario de la UCA
Authors: Editor El
Published: February 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 70, No. 742, 2015: 423-427.
El despliegue de las capacidades de planificación para el ordenamiento y desarrollo territorial en la región Los Nonualcos y el municipio de Tecoluca
Authors: Ramos Ricardo
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 70, No. 743, 2015: 473-487.
Quien no vive para servir no sirve para vivir
Authors: Oliva de la Esperanza Andreu
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 70, No. 743, 2015: 577-580.
Effects of Foreign Exchange Crisis on the Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria
Authors: Iwedi Dr. Marshal
Published: February 2021

The study examined the effect of foreign exchange crisis on the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria over the period of 35 years ranging from 1985 to 2019. The study proxy foreign exchange crisis by exchange rate of U.S to Nigeria, trade openness and foreign direct investment while performance of manufacturing sector was measured by manufacturing sector gross domestic product. Time series were used and sourced from central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for 2019. Ordinary least square (OLS) technique of regression was used to analyze the data. The R-square, T-statistics and F-statistics were used to determine the extents to which the explanatory variables affect the explained variable. The hypotheses formulated were tested at 5% level of significance using t-test. The results reveal that foreign exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on manufacturing sector GDP in Nigeria. Trade openness has a positive and significant effect on manufacturing sector performance while foreign direct investment has a positive and significant effect on manufacturing sector GDP in Nigeria. The study concluded that foreign exchange crisis plays a significant negative role in the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The study recommended that there should be pursuance of sustainable and stable exchange rate policy and to put in place, measures that will promote greater exchange rate stability.
Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Acharya Ashwin , Arnold Zachary
Published: February 2021

China aims to become “the world’s primary AI innovation center” by 2030. Toward that end, the Chinese government is spending heavily on AI research and development (R&D)—but perhaps not as heavily as some have thought. This memo provides a provisional, open-source estimate of China’s spending.
AI Hubs in the United States
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Olander Justin , Flagg Melissa
Published: February 2021

With the increasing importance of artificial intelligence and the competition for AI talent, it is essential to understand the U.S. domestic industrial AI landscape. This data brief maps where AI talent is produced, where it concentrates, and where AI equity funding goes. This mapping reveals distinct AI hubs emerging across the country, with different growth rates, investment levels, and potential access to talent.
Chinese State Council Budget Tracker
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Fedasiuk Ryan , Weinstein Emily , Murphy Ben , Loera Alan
Published: February 2021

It’s widely understood that Beijing invests significant resources in shoring up its science and technology prowess, but the extent and flows of the Chinese government’s public investments in S&T are not as well known. This project tracks publicly available information about the budgets of more than two-dozen high-level Chinese government entities, including those that support science, technology, and talent recruitment.
SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY OF MAITHILI URDU
Authors: Warsi M J
Published: February 2021

This paper on the Mithilanchal Urdu, a dialect of the Indo-Aryan language family, would be an interesting study in the time of the Corona Pandemic, as it may be considered a minority language or dialect and such languages and dialects have been found to be especially vulnerable in the times of calamities like the present COVID-19 pandemic. However, this paper would basically provide a baseline upon which post-pandamic studies can be based for exploring the effect of the pandemic. The present study reflects the segmental phonology of Maithili Urdu, a dialect of the Indo-Aryan language family, spoken mainly in the Mithilanchal region of the state of Bihar in India. Maithili Urdu does not have its own script or literature, yet it has maintained an oral history over many centuries. It has contributed in enriching the Maithili, Hindi and Urdu language and literature very profoundly. There are ten vowels in Maithili Urdu. It would be very interesting to know that out of these, there are four front vowels, four back vowels, and two central vowels. Lip rounding is not distinctive, but only the back vowels are rounded. Out of these ten vowels, three are short and seven are long. Length, thus, is a distinctive feature in Maithili Urdu, where short and long vowels show full phonological opposition in all positions. These are all pure vowels, non-nasalized. All vowels in Maithili Urdu can be nasalized. Consonantal phonemes in Maithili Urdu show four-way contrast between voiceless and voiced and unaspirated and aspirated at bilabial, dental, retroflex, palatal, velar, and glottal places of articulation. Phonetically, affricates also behave like stops. Similarly, the taps, laterals, and nasals also show a two-way contrast between unaspirated and aspirated. Aspiration, thus, is an overriding characteristic of the Maithili Urdu sound system. This study has greatly benifited from the similar work done by Dixit, 1963; Halle & Mohannan 1985; Masud Husain Khan, 1986; Hyman, 2003. In this paper, a brief overview of segmental phonology of Maithili Urdu will be presented wherein vowels and consonants and their phonotactic behavior will be described in detail.
Energy Demand Elasticity in Pakistan: An Inter-temporal Analysis from Household Survey Data of PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2010-11
Authors: HASSAN KHAN ASHFAQUE , KHALID UMER , SHAHNAZ LUBNA
Published: February 2021

This study analyses household consumption patterns of different forms of energy in Pakistan over two survey rounds (2001-02 and 2010-11), while comparison with an earlier study based on 1984-85 data extends the analysis over a 25 years horizon. Income elasticities of different types of fuels have been computed using the Extended Linear Expenditure System. The analysis shows a differential pattern of energy use across the urban and rural areas of the country as well as changes over time, with rural households spending proportionately more on fuels throughout this period.
Psychological Distress Experienced by Women with Primary Infertility in Pakistan: Role of Psycho-Social and Cultural Factors
Authors: HASSAN SEHAR-UN-NISA , KHURSHID ERUM , BATOOL SAEEDA
Published: February 2021

This study aims to examine the predictive role of psycho-social factors in psychological distress among women with primary infertility and to explore the nature of mental pressures faced by these women. A sample of 200 women with primary infertility was recruited from various infertility clinics in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A demographic sheet, Urdu versions of General Health Questionnaire, Couple’s Satisfaction Index-4 (CSI-4) a Self-Report Questionnaire (SCQ) were used to assess psychological distress, marital satisfaction, personal and other family members’ desire for child, available social support, and nature of mental pressures faced by women. About 82% of these women reported distress. The standard multiple regression analysis showed that low marital satisfaction (β =-0.716; p<0.001); woman’s non-work status (β =0.183; p<.001) and high personal desire to have child (β =0.136; p=0.006) were significant predictors. Low social support from mother-in-law (β = 0.286; p<0.001) and high personal (β = -0.188; p<.01) and husband’s desire to have child (β = -0.288; p<.001) influenced marital satisfaction. Besides factors such as criticism, loneliness, inquiries made by other people, fear of husband’s second marriage, quarrelsome in-laws were reported as stressors. Women with primary infertility are at increased risk to experience psychological distress attributable to several social and cultural factors.
Teaching English Grammar through Animated Movies
Authors: MUSHTAQ HAMMAD , ZEHRA TASKEEN
Published: February 2021

This study seeks to examine how various components of English grammar can be taught through animated movies. The study demonstrates the use of gerunds in a sentence or a discourse through an animated feature film Tangled. The data for this research was taken from the students of grade eight. The students were shown various video clips, comprising dialogues and songs, from the movie and asked to identify the use of gerunds. Later, the students were given various worksheets containing tasks, based on the use of gerunds in a sentence. The students remained very responsive during the whole lesson and effectively learned the use of gerunds and the difference between gerunds and the present participle. The study concluded that animated movies in grammar teaching classes can serve as a positive reinforcement tool for the language learning process as the animated movies considerably increase the learning speed and proficiency of the students.
Climate Change Impact on Wheat Yield in Pakistan (An Application of ARDL Approach)
Authors: Kiani Adiqa , Iqbal Tehmeena
Published: February 2021

Wheat is an important food crop of Pakistan and used in variety of ways to produce other by-products. Pakistan falls under top ten major countries of the world producing wheat. The objectives of the study are to investigate whether hasty changes in climate exerting impacts on wheat yield in Pakistan or not. The data spanning over a time period of 1991 to 2015 were used. The variables namely area under cultivation of wheat, water availability, amount of precipitation, mean temperature, and mean relative humidity are used for the purpose of estimation. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model is applied for inference of results. The results of the study indicate that both in short and long run humidity rate, water usages, and area play a significant role in increasing the wheat yield whereas, precipitation shows the negative effect on wheat yield. Also, temperature does not show any significant impact in short run, while it plays a vital role in enhancing wheat yield in the long run.
Manipulating the Message: Letters of Gelasius and Nicholas I on Papal Authority
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: February 2021

Gelasius I, bishop of Rome during the problematic period of Odoacer’s replacement as rex Italiae in 493, was greatly concerned with the power of the bishop of Rome. While Gelasius was one of the most significant bishops of the first five hundred years of the Roman church, he is primarily known for his letter to the Byzantine emperor Anastasius in 494. His Epistula 12 introduced the controversial theory of “two powers” or “two swords.” The idea was taken up in the mid-ninth century by another champion for papal primacy, when Nicholas I embedded a quote from Gelasius in his denunciation of the Byzantine emperor Michael III. I examine the use of political rhetoric in ecclesiastical contexts in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, in particular the way that extracts from such letters could go on to have a life of their own in canon law. Finally, I measure the historical impact of each letter as a form of soft diplomacy.
Front Matter
Authors: Schneider Gary
Published: February 2021

Table of ContentsLetter from the Editor
Projections of shipping emissions and the related impact on air
pollution and human health in the Nordic region
Authors: Geels Camilla , Winther Morten , Andersson Camilla , Jalkanen Jukka-Pekka , Brandt Jørgen , Frohn Lise M. , Im Ulas , Leung Wing , Christensen Jesper H.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. International initiatives have successfully brought down the emissions from shipping in Emission Control Areas (ECAs), and hence the related negative impacts on environment and human health. But the question is if this is enough to mitigate the future increase in shipping activities. The overall goal of this study is to provide an up-to-date view on future ship emissions and provide a holistic view on atmospheric pollutants and its contribution to air quality in the Nordic (and Arctic) area. First step has been to setup new and detailed scenarios for the potential developments in global shipping emissions, including different regulations and new routes in the Arctic. The scenarios include a Baseline scenario, and two additional SOx Emission Control Area (SECA) and heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban scenarios. All three scenarios are calculated in two variants involving Business As Usual (BAU) and High Growth (HiG) traffic growths. Additionally a Polar route scenario is included, with new ship traffic routes in the future Arctic with less sea ice. This has been combined with existing Current Legislation scenarios for the land-based emissions (ECLIPSE V5a) and used as input for two Nordic chemistry-transport models (DEHM and MATCH). Thereby the current (2015) and future (2030, 2050) air pollution levels and the contribution from shipping have been simulated for the Nordic and Arctic areas. Population exposure and the number of premature deaths attributable to air pollution in the Nordic area have thereafter been assessed by using the health assessment model EVA. It is estimated that within the Nordic region, approximately 9900 persons died prematurely due to air pollution in 2015. When including the projected development in both shipping and land-based emissions, this number is estimated to decrease to approximately 7900 in 2050. The shipping alone is associated with about 850 premature deaths during current day conditions (as a mean over the two models), decreasing to approximately 600 cases in the 2050 BAU scenario. Introducing a HFO ban has the potential to lower the number of cases associated with emissions from shipping to approximately 550 in 2050, while the SECA scenario has a smaller impact. The worst case scenario of no additional regulation of shipping emissions combined with a high growth in the shipping traffic, will on the other hand lead to a small increase in the relative impact of shipping and the number of premature deaths related to shipping is in that scenario projected to be around 900 in 2050. This scenario also leads to increased deposition of nitrogen and black carbon in the Arctic, with potential impacts on environment and climate.
Observations of the thermodynamic and kinematic state of the atmospheric boundary layer over the San Luis Valley, CO, using the CopterSonde 2 remotely piloted aircraft system in support of the LAPSE-RATE field campaign
Authors: Pillar-Little Elizabeth A. , Greene Brian R. , Lappin Francesca M. , Bell Tyler M. , Segales Antonio R. , de Azevedo Gustavo Britto Hupsel , Doyle William , Kanneganti Sai Teja , Tripp Daniel D. , Chilson Phillip B.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In July 2018, the University of Oklahoma deployed three CopterSonde remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) to take measurements of the evolving thermodynamic and kinematic state of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over complex terrain in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. A total of 180 flights were completed over 5 d, with teams operating simultaneously at two different sites in the northern half of the valley. A total of 2 d of operations focused on convection initiation studies, 1 d focused on ABL diurnal transition studies, 1 d focused on internal comparison flights, and the last day of operations focused on cold air drainage flows. The data from these coordinated flights provide insight into the horizontal heterogeneity of the atmospheric state over complex terrain. This dataset, along with others collected by other universities and institutions as a part of the LAPSE-RATE campaign, have been submitted to Zenodo (Greene et al., 2020) for free and open access (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3737087).
A comprehensive global dataset of atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb measurements: air concentration and depositional flux
Authors: Zhang Fule , Wang Jinlong , Baskaran Mark , Zhong Qiangqiang , Wang Yali , Paatero Jussi , Du Jinzhou
Published: February 2021

Abstract. 7Be and 210Pb air concentration and depositional flux data provide key information on the origins and movements of air masses, as well as deposition processes and residence time of aerosols. After their deposition onto the Earth's surface, they are utilized for tracing soil redistribution processes on land and particle dynamics and mixing processes in the ocean. Here we present a global dataset of air concentration and depositional flux measurements of atmospheric 7Be and 210Pb made by a large number of researchers and laboratories. Data were collected from published papers between 1955 and early 2020. It includes the annual surface air concentrations data of 7Be from 367 sites and of 210Pb from 270 sites, the annual depositional flux of 7Be from 279 sites, and of 210Pb from 602 sites. When available, appropriate metadata have also been summarized, including geographic location, sampling date, methodology, annual precipitation, and references. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4521649 (Zhang et al., 2021). The purpose of this paper is to have the published data available in one place for future researchers' public consumption in their research and provide an overview of the scope and nature of this dataset holdings.
Life on the edge: behavioural and physiological responses of Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) to forest edges
Authors: Dinter Klara , Heistermann Michael , Kappeler Peter M. , Fichtel Claudia
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Forest edges change micro-environmental conditions, thereby
affecting the ecology of many forest-dwelling species. Understanding such
edge effects is particularly important for Malagasy primates because many of
them live in highly fragmented forests today. The aim of our study was to
assess the influence of forest edge effects on activity budgets, feeding
ecology, and stress hormone output (measured as faecal glucocorticoid
metabolite – fGCM – levels) in wild Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi), a group living,
arboreal lemur. We observed five habituated groups: three living in the
forest interior and two at an established forest edge. There was no
difference in average daily temperatures between edge and interior habitats;
however, within the edge site, the average daily temperature incrementally
increased over 450 m from the forest edge towards the interior forest of the edge habitat, and the population density
was lower at the edge site. Activity budgets differed between groups living
in the two microhabitats, with individuals living near the edge spending
more time travelling and less time feeding. Groups living near the edge also
tended to have smaller home ranges and core areas than groups in the forest
interior. In addition, edge groups had elevated average fGCM concentrations,
and birth rates were lower for females living in the edge habitat. Combined
with lower levels of fruit consumption at the edge, these results suggest
that nutritional stress might be a limiting factor for Verreaux's sifakas
when living near a forest edge. Hence, Verreaux's sifakas appear to be
sensitive to microhabitat characteristics linked to forest edges; a result
with implications for the conservation of this critically endangered lemurid
species.
Distributed summer air temperatures across mountain glaciers in the south-east Tibetan Plateau: temperature sensitivity and comparison with existing glacier datasets
Authors: Shaw Thomas E. , Yang Wei , Ayala Álvaro , Bravo Claudio , Zhao Chuanxi , Pellicciotti Francesca
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Near-surface air temperature (Ta) is highly important for
modelling glacier ablation, though its spatio-temporal variability over
melting glaciers still remains largely unknown. We present a new dataset of
distributed Ta for three glaciers of different size in the
south-east Tibetan Plateau during two monsoon-dominated summer seasons. We
compare on-glacier Ta to ambient Ta extrapolated
from several local off-glacier stations. We parameterise the along-flowline
sensitivity of Ta on these glaciers to changes in off-glacier
temperatures (referred to as “temperature sensitivity”) and present the results
in the context of available distributed on-glacier datasets around the
world. Temperature sensitivity decreases rapidly up to 2000–3000 m
along the down-glacier flowline distance. Beyond this distance, both the
Ta on the Tibetan glaciers and global glacier datasets show
little additional cooling relative to the off-glacier temperature. In general,
Ta on small glaciers (with flowline distances <1000 m) is highly sensitive to temperature changes outside the
glacier boundary layer. The climatology of a given region can influence the
general magnitude of this temperature sensitivity, though no strong
relationships are found between along-flowline temperature sensitivity and
mean summer temperatures or precipitation. The terminus of some glaciers is
affected by other warm-air processes that increase temperature sensitivity
(such as divergent boundary layer flow, warm up-valley winds or debris/valley
heating effects) which are evident only beyond ∼70 % of the
total glacier flowline distance. Our results therefore suggest a strong role
of local effects in modulating temperature sensitivity close to the glacier
terminus, although further work is still required to explain the variability
of these effects for different glaciers.
El rol de las mujeres en el Poema de Alfonso Onceno: el caso de Leonor de Guzmán
Authors: Janin Erica
Published: February 2021

En este trabajo estudiaremos el rol de las mujeres en el Poema de Alfonso Onceno. Comenzaremos recordando brevemente el papel que tuvieron las mujeres en otros poemas con héroes épicos y explicitando los conceptos teóricos que enmarcarán nuestras afirmaciones. En sentido amplio, examinaremos el papel de las mujeres nobles que entran en escena durante el desarrollo de la acción en esta obra literaria. En sentido estricto, haremos foco en el desempeño de Leonor de Guzmán para relevar y explicar las particularidades que se observan en el tratamiento de su caso. La noción de reginalidad y la idea de mediación puestas en relación con los estereotipos épicos y de la fin'amors nos permitirán demostrar cómo la adecuación del personaje de Leonor a los tópicos la diferencia del resto de los personajes femeninos del poema, contribuyendo a la exaltación del rey.
Reescritura, compilación y contexto manuscrito: la traducción del motivo del incesto en la Vida de Santa María Egipciaca
Authors: Zubillaga Carina
Published: February 2021

El tema del incesto es relevante en la apertura del Libro de Apolonio, texto hispánico en cuaderna vía del siglo XIII que principia el Ms. K-III-4 de la Biblioteca de San Lorenzo de El Escorial. El códice transmite otros dos poemas también de naturaleza clerical, aunque de dispar forma métrico-estrófica (pareados irregulares de rima asonante en lugar de consonante): la Vida de Santa María Egipciaca y el Libro de los tres reyes de Oriente. En la Vida de Santa María Egipciaca, el motivo del incesto pervive, a la vez que se resignifica a través de la práctica de la traducción medieval, que en este caso altera significativamente la fuente francesa del poema. El presente trabajo se propone ahondar en la problemática de la identidad manuscrita medieval a través de un ejemplo concreto de la traducción de un motivo de gran desarrollo en los siglos XIII y XIV como el del incesto y, asimismo, considerar las dinámicas de compilación de la literatura del periodo en función de su carácter contextual.