bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects of silane coupling on moisture treated silica surface
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Jea , VanderKooi John
Published: December 2004

Moisture and temperature effects were investigated on silica/(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (TESPD)/carbon black (CB)/S‐SBR compounds with respect to processability, vulcanization characteristics, physical properties, and alcohol residues. The moisture‐treated compounds exhibited lower rates of viscous heat generation during mixing, lower discharging temperatures (drop temperatures), lower Mooney viscosities, shorter cure times (Tc‐90), higher torque rises (MH − ML), less heat build ups (HBU), and equal or less alcohol residues than the control. As the drop temperatures of the compound were increased, decreased temperature differences between mixer sensor (set drop) and real (proven) temperatures, increased the scorch times (Ts‐2), decreased the cure times (Tc‐90), increased the tensile moduli, and decreased the alcohol residues remaining in the compound. The higher temperature drop compounds (160 and 176°C) exhibited no reversion behavior; however, the lower temperature (120 and 140°C) drop compounds exhibited marching behavior. The treatment of moisture on the silica surface influenced the hydrolysis reaction to the silane and improved coupling on the silica surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95:623–633, 2005
Bioequivalence assessment of Lovrak (Julphar, UAE) compared with Zovirax (Glaxo Wellcome, UK)‐Two brands of Acyclovir‐in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji M. , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi Muntaser , Mohammed B. , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Dham Ruwayda , Qumaruzaman
Published: December 2004

Two studies were performed to assess the relative bioavailability of Lovrak (Julphar, UAE) compared with Zovirax (Glaxo Wellcome, UK) at the International Pharmaceutical Research Center (IPRC), Amman, Jordan. One study involved acyclovir tablets and the other acyclovir suspension. Each study enrolled 24 volunteers and in both studies, after an overnight fasting, the two brands of acyclovir were administered as a single dose on 2 treatment days separated by 1 week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 16 h. Plasma harvested from blood, was analysed for acyclovir by an HPLC method with UV detection. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∞, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kelm were determined from plasma concentrations for both formulations and found to be in good agreement with the reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within the bioequivalence acceptance range 80%–125%. Based on these statistical inferences it was concluded that a Lovrak tablet is bioequivalent to a Zovirax tablet and that Lovrak suspension is bioequivalent to Zovirax suspension. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbed morphogenesis of cardiac outflow tract and increased rate of aortic arch anomalies in the offspring of diabetic rats
Authors: Molin Daniël G.M. , Roest Pauline A.M. , Nordstrand Hanna , Wisse Lambertus J. , Poelmann Robert E. , Eriksson Ulf J. , Gittenberger‐De Groot Adriana C.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Maternal diabetes (MD) is a risk factor for offspring to develop cardiovascular anomalies; this is of growing clinical concern since the number of women in childbearing age with compromised glucose homeostasis is increasing. Hyperglycemia abrogates cardiovascular development in vitro; however, a link to cardiovascular defects in diabetic offspring remains to be investigated.

METHODS

We have studied cardiovascular development in offspring of MD rats by examining serial histological sections of GD 12.0–18.0 offspring. Development of pharyngeal arch artery malformations was analyzed and related to intracardiac anomalies.

RESULTS

Pharyngeal arch artery and intracardiac defects were present in 27 of 37 MD GD 13.0–18.0 offspring. Early sixth arch arteries showed abrogated arteriogenesis, whereas fourth arch artery defects developed as a result of abnormal remodeling. Morphometrical analysis showed increased apoptosis in regressing artery segments and reduced apoptosis in persisting artery segments. Double outlet right ventricle with infundibular stenosis (tetralogy of Fallot) was predominantly found in combination with sixth artery defects and pulmonary atresia. As confirmed by morphometric analysis and three‐dimensional (3D)‐reconstructions, outflow tract defects coincided with endocardial cushion hypoplasia. Cases with teratology of Fallot additionally showed a shorter outflow tract. No relation with apoptosis or disturbed neural crest cell migration was found.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data uniquely demonstrate mechanistic differences involved in the development of sixth and fourth artery anomalies. Whereas increased apoptosis induces fourth artery anomalies, pulmonary outflow obstruction abrogates sixth artery differentiation independent of apoptosis. The model presented allows analysis of diabetic conditions on cardiovascular development in vivo, essential for elucidating this teratology. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern management of salivary calculi
Authors: McGurk M , Escudier M P , Brown J E
Published: December 2004

Background

The aim was to investigate the results of a minimally invasive approach to the management of salivary calculi.

Methods

Four hundred and fifty-five salivary calculi (323 submandibular and 132 parotid) were treated using extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ECSWL), fluoroscopically guided basket retrieval or intraoral stone removal under general anaesthesia. The techniques were used either alone or in combination.

Results

ECSWL achieved complete success (stone and symptom free) in 87 (39·4 per cent) of 221 patients (84 of 218 primary and all of three secondary procedures; 43 of 131 submandibular, 44 of 90 parotid). Basket retrieval cured 124 (74·7 per cent) of 166 patients (103 of 136 primary and 21 of 30 secondary procedures; 80 of 109 submandibular, 44 of 57 parotid). Intraoral surgical removal was successful in a further 137 (95·8 per cent) of 143 patients with submandibular stones (99 of 101 primary, 36 of 38 secondary and two of four tertiary procedures). The overall success rate for the three techniques was 348 (76·5 per cent) of 455.

Conclusion

A minimally invasive approach to the management of salivary calculi is to be encouraged. All three techniques described have low morbidity and afford the possibility of retaining a functional gland.
Aromatic Gold and Silver “Rings”: Hydrosilver(I) and Hydrogold(I) Analogues of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Authors: Tsipis Constantinos A. , Karagiannis Eustathios E. , Kladou Panagiota F. , Tsipis Athanassios C.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electron‐Deficient Bonding in Rhomboid Rings.
Authors: Balakrishnarajan Musiri M. , Hoffmann Roald
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ab initio Study of [Mg,nH2O]‐ Reactive Decay Products: Structure and Stability of Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Hydroxide Water Cluster Anions [MgO,(n—1)H2O]‐, [HMgOH,(n—1)H2O]‐ and [Mg(OH)2,(n—2)H2O]‐
Authors: Reinhard Bjoern M. , Lagutschenkov Anita , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discriminating Lattice Structural Effects from Electronic Contributions to the Superconductivity of Doped MgB2 with Nanotechnology.
Authors: Li Sean , White T. , Sun C. Q. , Fu Y. Q. , Plevert J. , Lauren K.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extensive Migration of Ni and Mn by Lithiation of Ordered LiMg0.1Ni0.4Mn1.5O4 Spinel.
Authors: Wagemaker Marnix , Ooms Frans G. B. , Kelder Erik M. , Schoonman Joop , Kearley Gordon J. , Mulder Fokko M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Class of CVD Precursors to Metal Borides: Cr(B3H8)2 and Related Octahydrotriborate Complexes.
Authors: Goedde Dean M. , Girolami Gregory S.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lipase‐Mediated Deracemization of Secondary 1‐Phenyl‐Substituted Propargylic Alcohols of Different Topology.
Authors: Vlasyuk A. L. , Gamalevich G. D. , Ignatenko A. V. , Serebryakov E. P. , Struchkova M. I.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iodoazidation of Olefins by Polymer‐Bound Iodate (I) Reagents.
Authors: Hashem Md. Abul , Haque Tahmina
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[2,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Unstable Sulfur Ylides from Allyl Sulfonium Salts. Comparative Study of Electrochemical Reduction with the Base Method and Mechanism Elucidation by the MO Method.
Authors: Okazaki Yuichi , Ando Fumio , Koketsu Jugo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel and Simple Solvent Free Method for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Inactive Aryl Halides.
Authors: Hashemi Mohammed , Akhbari Maryam
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Generation and Trapping of Cyclopropyldiazonium and Diazocyclopropane in the Nitrosation of Cyclopropylamine with Alkyl Nitrites.
Authors: Tomilov Yu. V. , Okonnishnikova G. P. , Shulishov E. V. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Chiral N,N′‐Disubstituted Thioureas by “Just Mixing” the Reagents.
Authors: Vazquez Jaime , Bernes Sylvain , Reyes Yasmi , Moya Monica , Sharma Pankaj , Alvarez Cecilio , Gutierrez Rene
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Procedure for the Oxidative Cleavage of Olefins by OsO4‐NaIO4.
Authors: Yu Wensheng , Mei Yan , Kang Ying , Hua Zhengmao , Jin Zhendong
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Preparation of Alkylidenesuccinimides from Maleimides via the Phosphoniosilylation Process.
Authors: Jung Sun Ho , Kim Jung Hyun , Lee Jung Hyun
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trialkylsilyl Group‐Directed Regioselective Transformations of 2‐(Alk‐1‐yn‐1‐yl)‐2‐(trialkylsilyl)‐1,3‐dithianes to Alkynylcyclopropanes and Enynes.
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Kuroi Shuichi , Ozaki Makoto , Tsubouchi Akira
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Intermolecular Pauson—Khand‐Type Reaction: Strong Directing Effect of Pyridylsilyl and Pyrimidylsilyl Groups and Isolation of Ru Complexes Relevant to Catalytic Reaction.
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Mitsudo Koichi , Fujita Kazuyoshi , Ohashi Youichi , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Fries Rearrangement Catalyzed by Zinc Powder.
Authors: Paul Satya , Gupta Monika
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Water: An Efficient Zinc‐Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐Trisubstituted Alkenes Using Unactivated Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep , Mahender Gurram , Majhi Anjoy
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Practical Sulfonylation of Amines with 4‐Hydroxybenzenesulfonyl Chlorides: In situ Silylation—Desilylation.
Authors: Levin Jeremy I. , Du Mila T. , Park Kaapjoo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluoroalkene Chemistry. Part 2. Reactions of Thiols with Some Toxic 1,2‐Dichlorinated Polyfluorocycloalkenes.
Authors: Timperley Christopher M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ROMPgel‐Supported Thiazolium Iodide: An Efficient Supported Organic Catalyst for Parallel Stetter Reactions.
Authors: Barrett Anthony G. M. , Love Andrew C. , Tedeschi Livio
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective C‐Alkylation of Alkyl 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylthiophene‐3‐carboxylates with α‐Halo Ketones.
Authors: Krayushkin M. M. , Shirinian V. Z. , Nikalin D. M. , Shimkin A. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Preparation of 2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐4‐iodo‐benzaldehyde and Its Application in Porphyrin Synthesis.
Authors: Leroy Jacques , Schoellhorn Bernd , Syssa‐Magale Jean‐Laurent , Boubekeur Kamal , Palvadeau Pierre
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isoindolinone Ureas: A Novel Class of KDR Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Curtin Michael L. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indole Derivatives. Part 142. Some Properties of [4‐(2‐Indolyl)phenyl]phenylmethane and 1‐[4‐(2‐Indolyl)phenyl]‐2‐phenylethane.
Authors: Chikvaidze I. Sh. , Samsoniya Sh. A. , Narindoshvili T. G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and DP‐IV Inhibition of Cyano‐Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potent Antidiabetic Agents.
Authors: Ahn Jin Hee , Kim Hye‐Min , Jung Sun Ho , Kang Seung Kyu , Kim Kwang Rok , Rhee Sang Dal , Yang Sung‐Don , Cheon Hyae Gyeong , Kim Sung Soo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triphenylphosphine‐Mediated Chemoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Spiro‐imidazol‐4‐ones.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Zabarjad‐Shiraz Nader
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Leukemia Cell Growth Inhibition of a Series of 1,3‐Dithiazolylbenzene Derivatives.
Authors: Lagoja Irene M. , Nauwelaerts Koen , Bal‐Bahieu Christine , Pasqualini Michela , Bailly Christian , Herdewijn Piet
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3‐Hydroxy‐4‐arylsulfonyltetrahydropyranyl‐3‐hydroxamic Acids Are Novel Inhibitors of MMP‐13 and Aggrecanase.
Authors: Noe Mark C. , Snow Sheri L. , Wolf‐Gouveia Lilli A. , Mitchell Peter G. , Lopresti‐Morrow Lori , Reeves Lisa M. , Yocum Sue A. , Liras Jennifer L. , Vaughn Marcie
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Annulations via Platinum Catalyzed Enyne Cyclization and Cyclopropane Cleavage.
Authors: Nevado Cristina , Ferrer Catalina , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituted 6‐Phenyl‐pyridin‐2‐ylamines: Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase.
Authors: Nason Deane M. , Heck Steven D. , Bodenstein Mathew S. , Lowe John A. III , Nelson Robert B. , Liston Dane R. , Nolan Charles E. , Lanyon Lorraine F. , Ward Karen M. , Volkmann Robert A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyridoxine as a Template for the Design of Antiplatelet Agents.
Authors: Haque Wasim , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Substituted 5‐Cyano‐6‐oxo‐2‐styrylnicotinic Acids.
Authors: Deyanov A. B. , Konshin M. E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonpeptide αvβ3 Antagonists. Part 9. Improved Pharmacokinetic Profile Through the Use of an Aliphatic, Des‐amide Backbone.
Authors: Whitman David B. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Substituted 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐1‐benzazepine‐5‐carboxylic Esters by a Tandem Reduction‐Reductive Amination Reaction.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Johnson Lara B. , Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphorylation of Furfural by Secondary Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Ivanova N. I. , Gusarova N. K. , Nikitina E. A. , Medvedeva S. A. , Al'pert M. L. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Dihydroxyselenides from Allylic Alcohols and Their Conversion to β‐Hydroxy Epoxides via Substitution of a Phenylselenonyl Group.
Authors: Cooper Matthew A. , Ward A. David
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Terpestacin and Structural Revision of Siccanol Using Catalytic Stereoselective Fragment Couplings and Macrocyclizations.
Authors: Chan Johann , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic and Structure—Activity Relationships of Andrographolide Analogues as Novel Cytotoxic Agents.
Authors: Nandrui Srinivas , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Revision of the Structures Assigned to the Fungal Metabolites Boletunones A and B.
Authors: Steglich Wolfgang , Hellwig Veronika
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Some Terpenoids with CH‐Acids in the Presence of Cs‐β Zeolite.
Authors: Volcho K. P. , Suslov E. V. , Kurbakova S. Yu. , Korchagina D. V. , Salakhutdinov N. F. , Barkhash V. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Expedient Synthesis of Triazole‐Linked Glycosyl Amino Acids and Peptides.
Authors: Kuijpers Brian H. M. , Groothuys Stan , Keereweer A. R. , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Blaauw Richard H. , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylated Sugar Amino Acids: A New Entry Toward Highly Functionalized Dipeptide Isosters.
Authors: Raunkjaer Michael , El Oualid Farid , van der Marel Gijs A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Overhand Mark
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of C‐6 Carbamate Ketolides, a Novel Series of Orally Active Ketolide Antibiotics.
Authors: Henninger Todd C. , Xu Xiaodong , Abbanat Darren , Baum Ellen Z. , Foleno Barbara D. , Hilliard Jamese J. , Bush Karen , Hlasta Dennis J. , Macielag Mark J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Ag2S Nanocrystals of Predictable Shape and Size.
Authors: Lim Wen Pei , Zhang Zhihua , Low Hong Yee , Chin Wee Shong
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Ionic Liquids Composed of only Azole Ions.
Authors: Ogihara Wataru , Yoshizawa Masahiro , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Tacrine‐E2020 Hybrids as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer′s Disease.
Authors: Shao Dong , Zou Chunyan , Luo Cheng , Tang Xican , Li Yuanchao
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gas Phase Ion Chemistry of Transition Metal Clusters: Production, Reactivity, and Catalysis
Authors: O'Hair Richard A. J. , Khairallah George N.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterobimetallic Mixed Metal Oxide (HMMO) Nanoparticles and Their Applications
Authors: Kapoor Pramesh N. , Sharma Harish K. , Bhagi Ajay K. , Sharma Malti
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Analgesic Indole Alkaloids from the Rubiaceous Plant, Mitragyna speciosa
Authors: Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Construction of One‐, Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Materials from Molecular Building Blocks
Authors: Finn Robert C. , Burkholder Eric , Zubieta Jon
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Functional Derivatives of the [1‐CB9H10]‐ Anion for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Sivaev Igor B. , Sjoeberg Stefan , Bregadze Vladimir I.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivity of the Cluster Core of Ruthenaboranes Toward Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Pangan L. N. , Shimoi M. , Kawakami H. , Kawano Y.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organosilanes in Copper‐Mediated Conjugate Reductions and Reductive Aldol Reactions
Authors: Chiu Pauline
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Carboranes and Metallacarboranes
Authors: Hosmane N. S.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Further Advances at the Interface of Boron and Carbon Chemistries
Authors: Hawthorne M. Frederick
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Syntheses with Fluoroboranes from Boronic Esters
Authors: Matteson Donald S.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evolving Patterns in Boron Cluster Chemistry
Authors: Fox M. A. , Wade K.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid‐ and Solution‐Phase Synthesis of Bioactive Dihydropyrimidines
Authors: Dallinger Doris , Stadler Alexander , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallocene Carbene Chemistry
Authors: Erker G. , Kehr G. , Froehlich R.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Dialkoxytitanacyclopropane Reagents
Authors: Kulinkovich O. G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral 1,3,2‐Oxazaborolidines in Asymmetric Synthesis: Recent Advances
Authors: Glushkov V. A. , Tolstikov A. G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The RuO4‐Catalyzed Dihydroxylation, Ketohydroxylation and Mono Oxidation — Novel Oxidation Reactions for the Synthesis of Diols and α‐Hydroxy Ketones
Authors: Plietker Bernd , Niggemann Meike
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Reagents, Not Just Ligands!
Authors: Nair Vijay , Bindu Santhamma , Sreekumar Vellalath
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Evaluation of Cyclodextrin‐Based Drug Formulation
Authors: Uekama Kaneto
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Monitoring myeloablative therapy‐induced small bowel toxicity by serum citrulline concentration
Authors: Lutgens Ludy C. H. W. , Blijlevens Nicole M. A. , Deutz Nicolaas E. P. , Donnelly J. Peter , Lambin Philippe , de Pauw Ben E.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Intestinal mucositis is an important cause of cancer treatment‐related morbidity and mortality, carrying a serious economic burden. Currently, objective parameters are lacking that would enable the monitoring of gut damage in routine clinical practice, thus hindering the development of clinical studies designed to investigate potential new strategies aimed at reducing or preventing this side effect. The authors investigated the characteristics of serum citrulline concentration compared with sugar permeability tests with respect to its use as a marker for cancer treatment‐induced small bowel injury.

METHODS

In this prospective study, 10 patients with hematologic malignancies who were receiving myeloablative therapy had gut toxicity assessed with sugar permeability tests. Serum citrulline concentrations also were determined using archival serum samples. The association between both parameters and their respective characteristics were analyzed and compared with data from the literature.

RESULTS

Sensitivity and specificity were better for the citrulline assay compared with sugar permeability tests. Maximum gut damage assessed with the citrulline assay was observed 1–2 weeks earlier compared with the sugar permeability test. Similarly, citrulline indicated recovery of gut damage at 3 weeks after transplantation, whereas most sugar permeability tests remained abnormal.

CONCLUSIONS

The simplicity of the method, the low costs, and the lack of drawbacks to the method make the citrulline assay the first choice for measuring and monitoring treatment‐related gut damage and provides an objective parameter for cancer treatment‐related gut toxicity. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Prostate carcinoma detection and increased prostate‐specific antigen levels after 4 years in Dutch and Japanese males who had no evidence of disease at initial screening
Authors: Ito Kazuto , Raaijmakers René , Roobol Monique , Wildhagen Mark , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Schröder Fritz H.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

In the current study, the authors set out to investigate the possibility that increased prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in Dutch and Japanese men without suspicious findings at initial prostate cancer screening were indicative of the risk of newly developing clinical malignancy in the Netherlands and Japan.

METHODS

Between 1992 and 2000, 2650 men ages 55–74 years who had PSA levels < 4.0 ng/mL and no suspicious findings on digital rectal examination were entered into the current study from a population‐based prostate cancer screening cohort in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. In addition, between 1994 and 1997, 3163 men with the same clinical background were entered into the current study from the Rotterdam (Netherlands) Section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). Prostate carcinoma incidence and the cumulative probability of freedom from PSA increases to levels > 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively, after 4 years of observation were compared between the Japanese and Dutch populations. The predictive value of initial PSA level, age at study entry, and geographic location also were investigated using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

The overall risk of developing prostate carcinoma during the 4‐year observation period was significantly higher for the ERSPC Rotterdam cohort (5.2%) compared with the Gunma cohort (1.6%). The cumulative probability of freedom from prostate carcinoma detection and freedom from an increase in PSA levels to ≥ 4.0 ng/mL (PSA progression) decreased significantly with increasing initial PSA level and did not differ significantly between Japanese and Dutch patients whose initial PSA levels fell within the same range (0.0–0.9, 1.0–1.9, 2.0–2.9, or 3.0–3.9 ng/mL). Multivariate analysis also revealed that after controlling for age and initial PSA level, the probability of PSA progression was the same for Japanese and Dutch men. Initial PSA level was the only variable found to be significantly predictive of PSA progression on multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of developing prostate carcinoma within a given 4‐year period is greater for Dutch males ages 55–69 years compared with their Japanese counterparts, because the former have higher PSA levels. Nonetheless, there appears to be no significant difference in prostate carcinoma risk between Dutch and Japanese males whose baseline PSA levels fall within the same range. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Up‐regulation of the interferon γ (IFN‐γ)‐inducible chemokines IFN‐inducible T‐cell α chemoattractant and monokine induced by IFN‐γ and of their receptor CXC receptor 3 in human renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Suyama Takahito , Furuya Mitsuko , Nishiyama Mariko , Kasuya Yoshitoshi , Kimura Sadao , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Ueda Takeshi , Nikaido Takashi , Ito Haruo , Ishikura Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

The antiangiogenic CXC chemokines interferon γ (IFN‐γ)‐inducible T‐cell α chemoattractant (I‐TAC) and monokine induced by IFN‐γ (Mig) are known as members of IFN‐γ‐inducible antiangiogenic CXC chemokines. However, the expression of these chemokines in highly angiogenic tumors remains poorly understood. The authors examined expression of I‐TAC, Mig, and their receptor, CXCR3, in tissue samples from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

Twenty‐one samples of untreated RCC and corresponding normal renal tissues were obtained from surgical specimens. The expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 were investigated using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis, real‐time RT‐PCR analysis, and Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to clarify the localization of both chemokines and of CXCR3.

RESULTS

RT‐PCR analysis showed strong expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 in RCC tissues and very weak or undetectable expression in normal kidney tissues. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed that expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 in RCC tissues were 14.9 times greater, 30.3 times greater, and 9.9 times greater compared with the levels in the corresponding normal kidney tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed up‐regulation of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 at the protein level. Immunofluorescence double stainings revealed that I‐TAC coincided with pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in tumor angiogenic vessels. Mig was detected in tumor endothelial cells (TECs) and in infiltrating leukocytes. In the corresponding normal kidney tissues, neither VSMCs nor endothelial cells showed positive stainings for these chemokines. CXCR3 was expressed in both tumor cells and infiltrating leukocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

The results revealed special feature of vascular mural cells and TECs in RCC. The up‐regulated I‐TAC and Mig, produced by tumor vessels, may interact with CXCR3 expressed in tumor cells, with possible pathophysiologic significance in RCC progression. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Original and reviewed nuclear grading according to the Fuhrman system
Authors: Ficarra Vincenzo , Martignoni Guido , Maffei Nicola , Brunelli Matteo , Novara Giacomo , Zanolla Luisa , Pea Maurizio , Artibani Walter
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Fuhrman nuclear grading system as well as its independent predictive value in a series of patients with conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

The authors selected 388 patients who had undergone surgical treatment for conventional RCC between 1986 and 2000. Pathology slides from the selected patients were reviewed by a single pathologist, who reassigned a Fuhrman nuclear grade and assessed the presence of tumor necrosis. The pathologist was blinded to both the original pathologic diagnosis and follow‐up data. The κ statistic was used to evaluate concordance between original and reviewed nuclear grades. The log‐rank test was used for univariate analyses, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The original Fuhrman nuclear grade was Grade 1 (G1) in 111 patients (28.6%), G2 in 141 patients (36.3%), G3 in 108 patients (27.8%), and G4 in 28 patients (7.3%). After pathology slide review, nuclear grades were reassigned as follows: G1 in 49 patients (12.6%), G2 in 138 patients (35.6%), G3 in 150 patients (38.7%), and G4 in 51 patients (13.1%). The grade of concordance was moderate (κ = 0.44; P < 0.001). Univariate analyses identified three separate prognostic categories defined by nuclear grade (G1 and G2 vs. G3 vs. G4). Both the original and the reviewed Fuhrman nuclear grading systems were capable of independently predicting disease‐specific survival in patients with conventional RCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The interobserver reproducibility of Fuhrman nuclear grading was moderate. The substantial overlap in survival curves for G1 and G2 tumors provided an opportunity to cluster those categories, and the resulting three‐tiered nuclear grading system was an independent predictor of cause‐specific survival in patients with conventional RCC. Other independent predictors of survival included pathologic stage and tumor necrosis status. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Up‐regulated expression of cytoplasmic clusterin in human ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Xie Dan , Lau Sze Hang , Sham Jonathan S. T. , Wu Qiu‐Liang , Fang Yan , Liang Li‐Zhi , Che Li‐Hong , Zeng Yi‐Xin , Guan Xin‐Yuan
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Recently, tumorigenic roles of the clusterin gene in several human malignancies have been suggested, but its potential role in the development and progression of ovarian carcinoma is unclear.

METHODS

In the current study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression status of clusterin in 10 normal ovaries, 20 ovarian cystadenomas, 15 borderline ovarian tumors, and 240 ovarian carcinomas (nonmetastatic and metastatic) by tissue microarray. In addition, the apoptotic index of each tumor was assessed with a terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling assay.

RESULTS

Positive staining for clusterin in different ovarian tissues was observed primarily a cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic overexpression of clusterin was detected in none of the normal ovaries, in 17% of cystadenomas, in 38% of borderline tumors, and in 58% of invasive ovarian carcinomas. A significant association was observed (P < 0.001) between the overexpression of clusterin and late clinical stage according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system. In addition, the overexpression of clusterin was detected more frequently in metastatic lesions than that in their matched primary tumors. The current results also provided evidence that the overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin in carcinomas was correlated inversely with the tumors' apoptotic index, demonstrating an antiapoptotic function of cytoplasmic clusterin in ovarian carcinomas.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggested that the overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin may represent an acquired malignant phenotypic feature of ovarian carcinoma and may be one of the important factors in determining the aggressive nature of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Mcl‐1 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome
Authors: Fong Pui‐Yee , Xue Wei‐Cheng , Ngan Hextan Y. S. , Chan Kelvin Y. K. , Khoo Ui‐Soon , Tsao Siu‐Wah , Chiu Pui‐Man , Man Lai‐Shan , Cheung Annie N. Y.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Hydatidiform moles (HMs) are abnormal pregnancies with a propensity for developing persistent disease in the form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which requires chemotherapy. In previous studies, the authors demonstrated that low apoptotic activity was correlated with the progression of HM to GTN, and they hypothesized that some apoptosis‐related genes may determine this progression.

METHODS

The differential expression of apoptotic genes in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN was compared with the same expression in HMs that spontaneously regressed using a human apoptosis array; then, the expression was evaluated with real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry using 54 clinical samples from patients with HMs who had follow‐up data available.

RESULTS

Using an apoptosis array, greater expression of Mcl‐1, which is an antiapoptotic gene, was detected in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN. It was confirmed that the levels of Mcl‐1 RNA expression (P = 0.017) and Mcl‐1 protein expression (P < 0.001) in HMs that developed into persistent disease and required chemotherapy were significantly greater compared with the levels in HMs that regressed. Moreover, Mcl‐1 immunoreactivity, which was detected predominantly in cytotrophoblasts, was correlated with the apoptotic index, as assessed with M30 cytoDeath immunohistochemistry, which is a good indicator of apoptotic events in the early‐stage disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results demonstrated that Mcl‐1, as identified by a cyclic DNA array, may play a role in the pathogenesis of HMs and may have potential as a useful marker for predicting the clinical behavior of HMs. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Postoperative radiotherapy for primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Temam Stephane , Mamelle Gerard , Marandas Patrick , Wibault Pierre , Avril Marie‐France , Janot François , Julieron Morbize , Schwaab Guy , Luboinski Bernard
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Primary head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) has a poor prognosis with a low local control rate and frequent distant metastases. The objective of the current study was to determine the impact of postoperative radiotherapy on local control and survival.

METHODS

One hundred forty‐two patients with primary HNMM treated between 1979 and 1997 were reviewed. Of these, 69 patients with confirmed primary mucosal melanoma, absence of metastatic disease, and definitive management by surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy and follow‐up at the Institut Gustave‐Roussy (Villejuif) were selected. The site of primary HNMM was sinonasal in 46 patients, oral in 19 patients, and pharyngolaryngeal in 4 patients. Twenty‐two patients (32%) had a locally advanced tumor (T3–T4) and 17 patients had regional lymph node metastases after pathologic examination (pN > 0). Thirty patients underwent surgery alone and 39 received postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with locally advanced tumors had received postoperative radiotherapy more frequently than those with small tumors (P = 0.02).

RESULTS

Thirty‐seven patients (54%) experienced local disease recurrence and 47 patients (68%) developed distant metastasis. The overall survival rates were 47% at 2 years and 20% at 5 years. In the Cox multivariate analysis, patients with early T‐classification tumors who received postoperative radiotherapy had a better local disease‐free survival (P = 0.004 and P = 0.05, respectively) compared with patients with late T‐classification tumors who did not receive postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with advanced T‐classification and pN > 0 stage had a shorter distant metastasis disease‐free survival compared with patients with early T‐classification and pN < 0 stage. Patients with advanced T‐classification tumors had a shorter overall survival compared with patients with early T‐classification tumors (P = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

The prognosis of patients with HNMM was poor. Patients had a high rate of distant metastasis and a low rate of local control. The current study suggested that postoperative radiotherapy increased local control even for patients with small tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Increased risk of brain metastases in patients with HER‐2/neu‐positive breast carcinoma
Authors: Altaha Ramin , Crowell Edward , Hobbs Gerry , Higa Gerry , Abraham Jame
Published: December 2004

Data from previous studies have indicated that overexpression of HER‐2/neu appears to be correlated with more aggressive disease, increased metastatic potential, and poorer prognosis in patients with breast carcinoma.
Control of horizontal radiation pattern of base station antenna for cellular mobile communications by performing approach arrangement of slender metal conductors
Authors: Kimura Yasuko , Ebine Yoshio
Published: December 2004

In the IMT‐2000 system, in which the subscriber capacity is increased by using the same frequency repeatedly, it is known that the base station antenna becomes more effective if its beam width in the horizontal plane is narrower than the sector division angle. In order to narrow the beam width of the wireless zone antenna designed with the beam width in the horizontal plane identical to the sector division angle, the antenna elements must be replaced. Replacement of the antenna causes interruption of service and is economically unfavorable. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an antenna configuration for reducing the beam width by placing metal conductors near the antenna which is used generally. An analysis using the method of moments is employed to find the relationship of the metal conductor to the beam width when metal conductors are placed close to the antenna in the base station. The effect of the metal conductor on the impedance is also explained by measurement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(4): 20–31, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20178
Formation of Pyridazinium Salts by Azo Coupling of N‐Substituted 3‐Amino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐ones and Diazonium Salts
Authors: Šimůnek Petr , Pešková Markéta , Bertolasi Valerio , Lyčka Antonín , Macháček Vladimír
Published: December 2004

Treatment of 3‐(2,4‐dimethoxyphenylamino)‐ and 3‐methylamino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐ones with some benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates gives, besides the usual azo coupling products [i.e., 3‐(substituted imino)‐1‐phenylbutane‐1,2‐diones 2‐(4‐substituted phenylhydrazones) and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyldiazenyl)‐3‐methylamino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐one, respectively], the previously unreported 1,4,5,6‐tetrasubstituted pyridazinium tetrafluoroborates. The pyridazinium salts have been identified by X‐ray analysis and by their 1H, 13C, 15N, 11B and 19F NMR spectra. Their formation is most probably the result of nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon by the nitrogen of the hydrazone group and subsequent dehydration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Conformational Studies and Mannosidase Stability of a Mimic of 1,2‐Mannobioside
Authors: Mari Silvia , Posteri Helena , Marcou Gilles , Potenza Donatella , Micheli Fabrizio , Cañada F. Javier , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus , Bernardi Anna
Published: December 2004

Dimethyl (1S,2S,4S,5S)‐4‐allyloxy‐5‐(α‐mannosyloxy)cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate (3) was designed as a structural mimic of α(1,2)mannobioside (1). Its synthesis and structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling are described. The results show that 3, like 1, populates two low‐energy conformations — stacked (S) and extended (E) — that are in fast dynamic equilibrium around the glycosidic linkage. Thus, the data confirm the expectation that the pseudo‐disaccharide can be used as a structural mimic of mannobioside. The mannosidase stability of 3 was found to be significantly higher (sixfold) than that of natural mannobioside. This is a very useful feature of this mimic and is encouraging for its future development. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The Acidity of Brønsted CH Acids in DMSO − The Extreme Acidity of Nonacyanocyclononatetraene
Authors: Vianello Robert , Maksić Zvonimir B.
Published: December 2004

The gas‐phase (GP) acidity of a large variety of CH organic acids is studied by a carefully selected B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d) theoretical model. Acidities are mirrored by the proton affinities of the corresponding conjugate bases. A very good agreement with available experimental data is achieved. It is concluded that the model applied has a high predictive value and that theoretical PA(anion)GP values can be used instead of measured data in cases where experiments are not feasible or not performed. It is shown, employing the isodensity polarized continuum model (IPCM), that there is a good linear relationship between the enthalpies of the proton‐transfer reactions in DMSO and the observed pKa(DMSO) values. This relation can be used in predicting the acidity of strong, neutral organic superacids. As an illustrative case, the acidity of cyclononatetraene‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‐nonacarbonitrile (“nonacyanocyclononatetraene”) is considered. It is conclusively shown that this compound should be a very potent superacid, as evidenced by its PA(anion)GP (260.0 kcal·mol−1) and pKa (−14.8). The origin of high acidity is identified as a very strong anionic resonance effect in the resulting conjugate base. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of the First Chiral, Functionalised‐Bridged Resorcinarenes in Asymmetric Catalysis: Evidence for Intracavity Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Arnott Gareth , Heaney Harry , Hunter Roger , Page Philip C. B.
Published: December 2004

Methodology is presented for synthesis of the first examples of chiral, bridged resorcinarenes with functionality in the bridge as possible sites for intracavity asymmetric catalysis. A preliminary study comparing unfunctionalised with functionalised lines using the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde as a probe reaction, provides compelling evidence for intracavity catalysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms Using Phthalocyanine‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrode
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Wen Ying , De Zhang Wei , Cui Hui Fang , Xu Guo Qin , Sheu Fwu‐Shan
Published: December 2004

Iron‐phthalocyanines (FePc) are functionalized at multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to remarkably improve the sensitivity toward hydrogen peroxide. We constructed a highly sensitive and selective glucose sensor on FePc‐MWNTs electrode based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) on poly‐o‐aminophenol (POAP)‐electropolymerized electrode surface. SEM images indicate that GOD enzymes trapped in POAP film tend to deposit primarily on the curved tips and evenly disperse along the sidewalls. The resulting GOD@POAP/FePc‐MWNTs biosensor exhibits excellent performance for glucose with a rapid response (less than 8 s), a wide linear range (up to 4.0×10−3 M), low detection limits (2.0×10−7 M with a signal‐to‐noise of 3), a highly reproducible response (RSD of 2.6%), and long‐term stability (120 days). Such characteristics may be attributed to the catalytic activity of FePc and carbon nanotube, permselectivity of POAP film, as well as the large surface area of carbon nanotube materials.
A promising boundary element formulation for three‐dimensional viscous flow
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Wei
Published: December 2004

In this paper, a new set of boundary‐domain integral equations is derived from the continuity and momentum equations for three‐dimensional viscous flows. The primary variables involved in these integral equations are velocity, traction, and pressure. The final system of equations entering the iteration procedure only involves velocities and tractions as unknowns. In the use of the continuity equation, a complex‐variable technique is used to compute the divergence of velocity for internal points, while the traction‐recovery method is adopted for boundary points. Although the derived equations are valid for steady, unsteady, compressible, and incompressible problems, the numerical implementation is only focused on steady incompressible flows. Two commonly cited numerical examples and one practical pipe flow problem are presented to validate the derived equations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrin‐growth factor interactions as regulators of oligodendroglial development and function
Authors: Baron Wia , Colognato Holly , Ffrench‐Constant Charles
Published: December 2004

Central nervous system (CNS) development requires mechanisms for the regulation of cell number. Although growth factors are essential determinants of the proliferation and apoptosis that determine final numbers, the long‐range nature of signals from diffusible growth factors makes them insufficient for the provision of the precise and localized signals required. Integration of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling in controlling cell behavior has been an important theme of research over the past several years. The focus of this review is on the mechanisms by which integrin–growth factor interactions regulate the development of oligodendrocytes and provide a mechanism for controlling, both in space and in time, oligodendrocyte numbers in the developing CNS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.