bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthurian Literature XXXII
Authors: Clark David Eugene , Robeson Lisa , Nievergelt Marco , Norris Ralph , Randles Sarah , Sévère Richard , Tracy Larissa , Tahkokallio Jaakko
Published: May 2021

The essays collected here put considerable emphasis on Arthurian narratives in material culture and historical context, as well as on purely literary analysis, a reminder of the enormous range of interests in Arthurian narratives in the Middle Ages, in a number of different contexts. The volume opens with a study of torture in texts from Chrétien to Malory, and on English law and attitudes inparticular. Several contributors discuss the undeservedly neglected Stanzaic Morte Arthur, a key source for Malory. His Morte Darthur is the focus of several essays, respectively on thesources of the "Tale of Sir Gareth"; battle scenes and the importance of chivalric kingship; Cicero's De amicitia and the mixed blessings and dangers of fellowship; and comparison of concluding formulae in the Winchester Manuscript and Caxton's edition. Seven tantalizing fragments of needlework, all depicting Tristan, are discussed in terms of the heraldic devices they include. The volume ends with an update on newly discovered manuscripts of Geoffrey of Monmouth's seminal Historia regum Britanniae, the twelfth-century best-seller which launched Arthur's literary career. Elizabeth Archibald is Professor of English Studies at Durham University, and Principal of St Cuthbert's Society; David F. Johnson is Professor of English at Florida State University, Tallahassee. Contibutors: David Eugene Clark, Marco Nievergelt, Ralph Norris, Sarah Randles, Lisa Robeson, Richard Sévère, Jaakko Tahkokallio, Larissa Tracy
Aurora Bertrana
Authors: Roig Silvia
Published: May 2021

Silvia Roig explores the narrative of Aurora Bertrana (1892-1974), an unknown writer today, but a successful and recognized female author in Catalonia and Spain during the 20th century. Aurora Bertrana's works are almost never mentioned in manuals of literature. Her rich, intellectual work has not received the attention it deserves, relegated almost to absolute oblivion. The author reviews and studies twenty-four of Bertrana's novels written in Catalan and Spanish, including: Ariatea (1960), "El pomell de les violes" (MS), L'inefable Philip (MS), La aldea sin hombres (mn.), La madrecitade los cerdos (MS), Entre dos silencis (1958), La ninfa d'argila (1959), Fracás (1966) and La ciutat dels joves: reportatge fantasia (1971). She studies her work, published and unpublished, from a feminist approach, taking into account the intellectual history of Spain and Catalonia. Bertana's strong commitment to social issues reveals her association with the Modernist and Noucentists trends of her time. Bertrana's novels reveal a unique interest in non-Western cultures and lifestyles and her work undertakes controversial topics and socio-cultural issues, while she observes and draws special attention to the situation of women in different circumstances and cultural geographies. This book is therefore anchored on interpretive and theoretical parameters that intersect with consideration of gender, such as travel-and-gender and war-and-gender. Roig uses the work of feminists such as Simone De Beauvoir, Shulamith Firestone, Jelke Boesten, Margaret and PatriceHigonnet, Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Julia Kristeva to help assess Bertrana's engagement with gender and socio-political issues. This approach is particularly well suited for a writer like Bertrana, a Catalan and Republican intellectual woman forced into self-exile during the Spanish Civil War and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Silvia Roig is a Faculty Member, BMCC Department of Modern Languages, The City University of New York.
Periodic points of post-critically algebraic holomorphic endomorphisms
Authors: LE VAN TU
Published: May 2021

A holomorphic endomorphism of

${{\mathbb {CP}}}^n$
is post-critically algebraic if its critical hypersurfaces are periodic or preperiodic. This notion generalizes the notion of post-critically finite rational maps in dimension one. We will study the eigenvalues of the differential of such a map along a periodic cycle. When

$n=1$
, a well-known fact is that the eigenvalue along a periodic cycle of a post-critically finite rational map is either superattracting or repelling. We prove that, when

$n=2$
, the eigenvalues are still either superattracting or repelling. This is an improvement of a result by Mattias Jonsson [Some properties of 2-critically finite holomorphic maps of P2. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.18(1) (1998), 171–187]. When

$n\geq 2$
and the cycle is outside the post-critical set, we prove that the eigenvalues are repelling. This result improves one obtained by Fornæss and Sibony [Complex dynamics in higher dimension. II. Modern Methods in
Complex Analysis (Princeton, NJ, 1992) (Annals of Mathematics Studies, 137). Ed. T. Bloom, D. W. Catlin, J. P. D’Angelo and Y.-T. Siu, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 135–182] under a hyperbolicity assumption on the complement of the post-critical set.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, behaviour problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Leader Geraldine , Moore Roisín , Chen June L. , Caher Aoife , Arndt Sophia , Maher Leanne , Naughton Katie , Clune Reanna , Mannion Arlene
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

The study aims to investigate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, comorbid psychopathology and behaviour problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods:

Parents of 147 children and adolescents with ASD aged 6–18 years completed the Conners 3 Parent-Short Form, Gastrointestinal Symptom Inventory, Behavior Problems Inventory-Short Form and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid for Children.

Results:

Fifty-six per cent of children and adolescents had a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD, yet over 70% presented with clinically significant ADHD symptoms. Forty per cent of participants received a diagnosis of ADHD before ASD and 25.6% received a diagnosis of ASD first. Relationships were found between ADHD symptoms and comorbid psychopathology, GI symptoms, and behaviour problems.

Conclusions:

The outcomes suggest that ADHD is being underestimated as a comorbid disorder of ASD. This may have implications on treatment and interventions for children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of both ASD and ADHD.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF ST. GEORGE’S ROTUNDA IN NITRIANSKA BLATNICA (SLOVAKIA): INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM RESULTS
Authors: Povinec Pavel P , Cherkinsky Alexander , Dorica Jozef , Hajdas Irka , Jull A J Timothy , Kontuľ Ivan , Molnár Mihály , Svetlik Ivo , Wild Eva Maria
Published: May 2021

An international consortium of radiocarbon (14C) laboratories was established to date the origin of the St. George’s Rotunda in Nitrianska Blatnica (Slovakia), because its age was not well established in previous investigations. Altogether, 20 samples of wood, charcoal, mortar and plaster were analyzed. The 14C results obtained from the different laboratories as well as between the different sample types were in good agreement, resulting in a 14C calibrated age of 783–880 AD (94.2% probability) for the Rotunda. Although the 14C results have very good precision, the specific plateau-shape of the calibration curve in this period caused the wide range of the calibrated age. The probability distribution from OxCal calibration shows, however, that about 86% of the probability distribution lies in the period before 863 AD, implying that the Rotunda could have been constructed before the arrival of Constantine (St. Cyril) and St. Methodius to Great Moravia. The Rotunda thus probably represents the oldest standing purpose-built Christian church in the eastern part of Central Europe.
GROUPS WITH MANY PRONORMAL SUBGROUPS
Authors: FERRARA MARIA , TROMBETTI MARCO
Published: May 2021

A subgroup H of a group G is pronormal in G if each of its conjugates
$H^g$
in G is conjugate to it in the subgroup
$\langle H,H^g\rangle $
; a group is prohamiltonian if all of its nonabelian subgroups are pronormal. The aim of the paper is to show that a locally soluble group of (regular) cardinality in which all proper uncountable subgroups are prohamiltonian is prohamiltonian. In order to obtain this result, it is proved that the class of prohamiltonian groups is detectable from the behaviour of countable subgroups. Examples are exhibited to show that there are uncountable prohamiltonian groups that do not behave very well. Finally, it is shown that prohamiltonicity can sometimes be detected through the analysis of the finite homomorphic images of a group.
Does diet map with mortality? Ecological association of dietary patterns with chronic disease mortality and its spatial dependence in Switzerland
Authors: Pestoni Giulia , Karavasiloglou Nena , Braun Julia , Krieger Jean-Philippe , Sych Janice M. , Bopp Matthias , Faeh David , Gruebner Oliver , Rohrmann Sabine
Published: May 2021

We investigated the associations between dietary patterns and chronic disease mortality in Switzerland using an ecological design and explored their spatial dependence, i.e. the tendency of near locations to present more similar and distant locations to present more different values than randomly expected. Data of the National Nutrition Survey menuCH (n2057) were used to compute hypothesis- (Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)) and data-driven dietary patterns. District-level standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated using the Swiss Federal Statistical Office mortality data and linked to dietary data geographically. Quasipoisson regression models were fitted to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and chronic disease mortality; Moran’sIstatistics were used to explore spatial dependence. Compared with the first, the fifth AHEI quintile (highest diet quality) was associated with district-level SMR of 0·95 (95 % CI 0·93, 0·97) for CVD, 0·91 (95 % CI 0·88, 0·95) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 0·97 (95 % CI 0·95, 0·99) for stroke, 0·99 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·00) for all-cancer, 0·98 (95 % CI 0·96, 0·99) for colorectal cancer and 0·93 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·96) for diabetes. The Swiss traditional and Western-like patterns were associated with significantly higher district-level SMR for CVD, IHD, stroke and diabetes (ranging from 1·02 to 1·08) compared with the Prudent pattern. Significant global and local spatial dependence was identified, with similar results across hypothesis- and data-driven dietary patterns. Our study suggests that dietary patterns partly contribute to the explanation of geographic disparities in chronic disease mortality in Switzerland. Further analyses including spatial components in regression models would allow identifying regions where nutritional interventions are particularly needed.
The Effects of Dehumanizing Attitudes about Black People on Whites’ Voting Decisions
Authors: Jardina Ashley , Piston Spencer
Published: May 2021

Political scientists have long noted the key role racial attitudes can play in electoral politics. However, the 2016 election of Donald Trump raises questions about prevailing theories of racial attitudes and their political effects. While existing research focuses on ‘cultural’ or ‘modern’ forms of racial prejudice, this article argues that a sizeable portion of White Americans, disturbingly, dehumanize Black people: that is, they view Black people as less than fully human. Unsurprisingly, given the blatant racism of Donald Trump's campaign, this study also demonstrates that dehumanizing attitudes toward Black people are more strongly associated with support for Trump than with support for other candidates in the 2016 Republican primary. The authors also find evidence that dehumanizing attitudes toward Black people bolstered Donald Trump's vote share among Whites in the 2016 presidential election. Finally, dehumanizing attitudes are negatively associated with Whites' evaluations of Barack Obama, even after holding standard measures of racial prejudice constant. These findings suggest that a fundamental form of racism – dehumanizing attitudes toward Black people – can powerfully shape candidate evaluations and voting decisions in the twenty-first century.
Testing of the new JOREK stellarator-capable model in the tokamak limit
Authors: Nikulsin Nikita , Hoelzl Matthias , Zocco Alessandro , Lackner Karl , Günter Sibylle ,   the JOREK Team
Published: May 2021

In preparation for extending the JOREK nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code to stellarators, a hierarchy of stellarator-capable reduced and full MHD models has been derived and tested. The derivation was presented at the EFTC 2019 conference. Continuing this line of work, we have implemented the reduced MHD model (Nikulsin et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 26, 2019, 102109) as well as an alternative model which was newly derived using a different set of projection operators for obtaining the scalar momentum equations from the full MHD vector momentum equation. With the new operators, the reduced model matches the standard JOREK reduced models for tokamaks in the tokamak limit and conserves energy exactly, while momentum conservation is less accurate than in the original model whenever field-aligned flow is present.
Nutritional concerns later in life
Authors: Grootswagers Pol , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M.
Published: May 2021

In an ageing society, the preservation of health and function is becoming increasingly important. The present paper acknowledges that ageing is malleable and focuses on diets and key nutritional concerns later in life. It presents evidence for the importance of healthful dietary patterns and points towards specific nutritional concerns later in life and conveys three main messages: (1) considering health maintenance and malnutrition risk, both dietary quality in terms of healthful dietary patterns and dietary quantity are important later in life, (2) ageing-related changes in nutrient physiology and metabolism contribute to the risk of inadequacies or deficiencies for specific nutrients, e.g. vitamin D, vitamin B12 and protein and (3) that current food-based dietary guidelines propagate a shift into the direction of Mediterranean type of diets including more plant-based foods. Limited scientific evidence on nutritional requirements of older adults, along with envisaged shifts towards diets rich in plant foods, are challenges that need to be addressed in order to develop tailored nutritional recommendations and dietary guidance for older adults.
Differential drivers of intraspecific and interspecific competition during malaria–helminth co-infection
Authors: Wait L. F. , Kamiya T. , Fairlie-Clarke K. J. , Metcalf C. J. E. , Graham A. L. , Mideo N.
Published: May 2021

Graphical abstract
Individual differences in memory predict changes in breakdown and repair fluency but not speed fluency: A short-term fluency training intervention study
Authors: Suzuki Yuichi
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this intervention study is to reveal the extent to which memory-related aptitudes are implicated in the second language (L2) fluency development fostered by task repetition. English L2 learners are engaged in oral narrative tasks three times per day under two different 3-day task repetition schedules: blocked (Day 1: A-A-A, Day 2: B-B-B, Day 3: C-C-C) versus interleaved (Day 1: A-B-C, Day 2: A-B-C, Day 3: A-B-C). Their phonological short-term memory (PSTM), attention control, and associative memory were used as predictors of fluency changes measured through speed, breakdown, and repair fluency behaviors. Results showed that while the articulation rate change was not explained by any of the examined predictors, breakdown and repair fluency were predicted by different memory components. Specifically, PSTM was associated with mid-clause pause decrease during the training phase, while associative memory was linked to the increase in clause-final pauses in the posttest. Attention control, as well as PSTM, was related to greater repair frequency in the posttest, indicating increased learners’ attention to speech monitoring. Furthermore, PSTM and associative memory contributed to reducing breakdown fluency in the blocked repetition condition only, suggesting that learners can capitalize on their memory for improving oral fluency by engaging in blocked practice.
Bimodal mobility actuated by inertial forces with surface elastic bodies in microgravity
Authors: Nagaoka Kenji , Kaneko Toshiyasu , Yoshida Kazuya
Published: May 2021

This paper presents bimodal mobility actuated by inertial forces with elastic bodies for an exploration robot in a microgravity environment. The proposed bimodal locomotion mechanism can selectively achieve vibration propulsion or rotational hopping mode based on centrifugal force and reaction torque exerted by the control of a single eccentric motor, where the rotational hopping is the primary locomotion mode for practical applications. The bimodal mobility performance under microgravity is experimentally examined using an air-floating testbed. Furthermore, we also present theoretical modeling of the bimodal mobility system, and the model is verified by comparison with the experiments.
On the cohomology of Kobayashi’s plus/minus norm groups and applications
Authors: LIM MENG FAI
Published: May 2021

The plus and minus norm groups are constructed by Kobayashi as subgroups of the formal group of an elliptic curve with supersingular reduction, and they play an important role in Kobayashi’s definition of the signed Selmer groups. In this paper, we study the cohomology of these plus and minus norm groups. In particular, we show that these plus and minus norm groups are cohomologically trivial. As an application of our analysis, we establish certain (quasi-)projectivity properties of the non-primitive mixed signed Selmer groups of an elliptic curve with good reduction at all primes abovep. We then build on these projectivity results to derive a Kida formula for the signed Selmer groups under a slight weakening of the usualµ = 0 assumption, and study the integrality property of the characteristic element attached to the signed Selmer groups.
Geometric series expansion of the Neumann–Poincaré operator: Application to composite materials
Authors: CHERKAEV ELENA , KIM MINWOO , LIM MIKYOUNG
Published: May 2021

The Neumann–Poincaré (NP) operator, a singular integral operator on the boundary of a domain, naturally appears when one solves a conductivity transmission problem via the boundary integral formulation. Recently, a series expression of the NP operator was developed in two dimensions based on geometric function theory [34]. In this paper, we investigate geometric properties of composite materials using this series expansion. In particular, we obtain explicit formulas for the polarisation tensor and the effective conductivity for an inclusion or a periodic array of inclusions of arbitrary shape with extremal conductivity, in terms of the associated exterior conformal mapping. Also, we observe by numerical computations that the spectrum of the NP operator has a monotonic behaviour with respect to the shape deformation of the inclusion. Additionally, we derive inequality relations of the coefficients of the Riemann mapping of an arbitrary Lipschitz domain using the properties of the polarisation tensor corresponding to the domain.
Quasi-Nelson algebras and fragments
Authors: Rivieccio Umberto , Jansana Ramon
Published: May 2021

The variety of quasi-Nelson algebras (QNAs) has been recently introduced and characterised in several equivalent ways: among others, as (1) the class of bounded commutative integral (but non-necessarily involutive) residuated lattices satisfying the Nelson identity, as well as (2) the class of (0, 1)-congruence orderable commutative integral residuated lattices. Logically, QNAs are the algebraic counterpart of quasi-Nelson logic, which is the (algebraisable) extension of the substructural logic ℱℒew (Full Lambek calculus with Exchange and Weakening) by the Nelson axiom. In the present paper, we collect virtually all the results that are currently known on QNAs, including solutions to certain questions left open in earlier publications. Furthermore, we extend our study to some subreducts of QNAs, that is, classes of algebras corresponding to fragments of the algebraic language obtained by eliding either the implication or the lattice operations.
Making every contact count: recognising obesity in paediatric and young adult cardiology
Authors: Smith Aaron E. , Bharucha Tara , Marino Luise V.
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

With increased survival, children with CHD are reaching adulthood, however, obesity amongst this cohort is an emerging problem. Making every contact count encourages clinicians to utilise contact to elicit behaviour change. The aim of this work was to identify whether the body habitus of children classified as obese was addressed during a clinical review.

Methods:

A retrospective observational cohort study was completed using a cardiology outpatient dataset from 2010 to 2019. Inclusion criteria are all children with a body mass index z score classified as obese (≥ 2 z scores). Individual electronic patient records were reviewed to identify long-term anthropometric measures including (i) recognition of body habitus, (ii) prescription of physical activity or dietary intervention, and (iii) referral to a weight management programme or dietitian.

Results:

From the cohort of 95 patients, 285 “obese clinical encounters” were identified, at the time of a cardiology clinic attendance. Of those, obesity was acknowledged in 25 clinic letters (8.65%), but only 8 used the correct terms “obese” or “obesity” (2.77%). Action to tackle obesity was recorded in 9.3% of cases with a direct referral to a dietitian being made on 3 occasions (1.04%).

Conclusions:

Body habitus is not being routinely addressed by cardiologists caring for paediatric and young adult cardiac patients. This study has recognised an alarmingly high incidence of missed opportunities to make every contact count, to manage those with obesity and associated risk factors.
Research Career Paths Among Political Scientists in Teaching Institutions
Authors: Hill Kim Quaile
Published: May 2021

Considerable work assesses research productivity in political science. Yet, the latter work has not explicated how research careers can differ across time and individuals and neither has it considered such careers in teaching institutions. This article presents an empirically validated typology for research career paths for political scientists who began their career in a teaching institution. The typology demonstrates that many scholars follow paths different from the most conventional expectations, and research “success” by measures of publications and citations is associated with only some of those paths. Thus, existing research on aggregate publications and citations likely addresses only a subset of the career paths described here. Understanding research activities in our profession requires accounting for various career paths, their motivations, and their place in our research community.
Economic evaluation of a farm-to-Special Supplemental Nutrition Programme for Women, Infants and Children intervention promoting vegetable consumption
Authors: Di Noia Jennifer , Monica Dorothy , Jensen Helen H , Sikorskii Alla
Published: May 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the cost and cost-effectiveness of a farm-to-Special Supplemental Nutrition Programme for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) intervention to promote vegetable intake and the redemption of WIC vouchers for produce purchases at farmers’ markets.

Design:

An economic analysis was undertaken using data from a pilot of the intervention. Vegetable intake was assessed with a reflection spectroscopy device (the Veggie Meter® [VM]) and via self-report. Voucher redemption was reported by WIC. Total and per participant intervention costs and cost-effectiveness ratios (expressed as cost per intervention effect) were estimated in 2019 US dollars over a 6-month period from the perspective of the agency implementing the intervention.

Setting:

A large, urban WIC agency.

Participants:

Participants were 297 WIC-enrolled adults.

Results:

Post-intervention, VM scores, self-reported vegetable intake and voucher redemption were higher in the intervention as compared with the control study group. Over the 6-month period, intervention costs were $31 092 ($194 unit cost per participant). Relative to the control group, the intervention cost $8·10 per increased VM score per participant, $3·85 per increased cup/d of vegetables consumed per participant and $3·29 per increased percentage point in voucher redemption per participant.

Conclusions:

Intervention costs and cost-effectiveness ratios compared favourably with those reported for other interventions targeting vegetable intake in low-income groups, suggesting that the programme may be cost effective in promoting vegetable purchases and consumption. As there is no benchmark against which to compare cost-effectiveness ratios expressed as cost per unit of effectiveness, conclusions regarding whether this is the case must await further research.
Receiving advice from a health professional and action taken to reduce dietary sodium intake among adults
Authors: Woodruff Rebecca C , Overwyk Katherine J , Cogswell Mary E , Fang Jing , Jackson Sandra L
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Population reductions in Na intake could prevent hypertension, and current guidelines recommend that clinicians advise patients to reduce intake. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of taking action and receiving advice from a health professional to reduce Na intake in ten US jurisdictions, including the first-ever data in New York state and Guam.

Design:

Weighted prevalence and 95 % CI overall and by location, demographic group, health status and receipt of provider advice using self-reported data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System optional Na module.

Setting:

Seven states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam.

Participants:

Adults aged ≥ 18 years.

Results:

Overall, 53·6 % (95 % CI 52·7, 54·5) of adults reported taking action to reduce Na intake, including 54·8 % (95 % CI 52·8, 56·7) in New York and 61·2 % (95 % CI 57·6, 64·7) in Guam. Prevalence varied by demographic and health characteristic and was higher among adults who reported having hypertension (72·5 %; 95 % CI 71·2, 73·7) v. those who did not report having hypertension (43·9 %; 95 % CI 42·7, 45·0). Among those who reported receiving Na reduction advice from a health professional, 82·6 % (95 % CI 81·3, 83·9) reported action v. 44·4 % (95 % CI 43·4, 45·5) among those who did not receive advice. However, only 24·0 % (95 % CI 23·3, 24·7) of adults reported receiving advice from a health professional to reduce Na intake.

Conclusions:

The majority of adults report taking action to reduce Na intake. Results highlight an opportunity to increase Na reduction advice from health professionals during clinical visits to better align with existing guidelines.
Seed Germination Ecology of South Eastern Australian Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Populations
Authors: Thompson Michael , Mahajan Gulshan , Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: May 2021

Herbicide resistance is an increasing issue in many weed species, including rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin); a major weed of winter cropping systems in southern Australia. Recently, this weed has also been found in summer crops in the south eastern region of Australia. Effective control of this herbicide resistant weed across south eastern Australia requires alternative management strategies. These strategies can be informed from analyses on the interaction of germinable seeds with their regional environment and by identifying the differences between populations of varying herbicide resistance levels. In this study, we explore how various environmental factors differentially affect the seed germination and seedling emergence of three L. rigidum populations, including one glyphosate-resistant population (GR), one glyphosate-susceptible population (GS) and one population of unknown resistance status (CC04). Germination was greater than 90% for all populations at each temperature regime except 15/5 C. Populations germinated at a lower rate under 15/5 C, ranging from 74 to 87%. Salt stress had a similar effect on the germination of all populations, with 0% germination occurring at 250 mM salt stress. Population GS had greater tolerance to osmotic stress with 65% germination at −0.4 MPa compared to 47% and 43% germination for CC04 and GR, respectively; however, germination was inhibited at −0.8 and −1.6 MPa for all populations. All populations had lower germination when placed in complete darkness as opposed to alternating light/dark. Germination in darkness was lower for CC04 (69%) than GR (83%) and GS (83%). Seedling emergence declined with increasing burial depth but retained 37% emergence at 8 cm when averaged over the populations. These results indicate that L. rigidum Gaud. can survive under a range of environmental variables and the extent of survival differs based on population, however, there was no difference based on herbicide resistance status.
The Evolution Dynamical Processes of Ural Blocking Through the Lens of Local Finite‐Amplitude Wave Activity Budget Analysis
Authors: Wang Mengling , Zhang Yang , Lu Jian
Published: May 2021

Understanding the dynamical processes of Ural blocking (UB) during its different phases of development is of great importance for the prediction of UB and the subsequent meteorological impacts in Asia. Using the 6‐hourly ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, this study quantifies the conservative and non‐conservative processes in the lifecycle of UB through the lens of the hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian local finite‐amplitude wave activity (LWA) diagnostics. It is found that (a) as a wave activity source, eddy heat flux assists the zonal LWA flux in initiating the UB, it also works to prevent the wave activity of the blocking from dispersing downstream—the key characteristic of blocking; (b) both wave propagation and wave advection are indispensable for the evolution of UB, playing a tug‐of‐war on the downstream development of wave activity; (c) throughout the lifespan of UB, diabatic heating acts as a damping mechanism for the wave activity both upstream and downstream.
How Strongly Are Mean and Extreme Precipitation Coupled?
Authors: Nishant Nidhi , Sherwood Steven C.
Published: May 2021

Changes in mean and extreme precipitation are among the most important consequences of climate change. Here, we examine the relationship between the mean and three different measures of extreme precipitation over Australia, from a regional climate model (RCM) ensemble. We show that model uncertainty in mean and extreme precipitation are tightly coupled for both the present‐day climate and future changes. On the continental scale, strong correlations (0.79–0.99) are observed across models between the changes in mean and extreme precipitation. We also find that except in eastern coastal regions, precipitation statistics projected by RCM are highly predictable (up to 60%–70% of variance explained) from the mean precipitation of the global climate model (GCM) providing the boundary conditions. In coastal locations where RCMs are more accurate than GCMs for the present climate, they are less predictable, hence provide information—but this impact disappears for climate change, suggesting that improved present‐day accuracy may not carry over to climate change.
Predicting Light Regime Controls on Primary Productivity Across CONUS River Networks
Authors: Savoy Phil , Harvey Judson W.
Published: May 2021

Solar radiation is a fundamental driver of ecosystem productivity, but widespread estimates of light available for primary producers in rivers are lacking. We developed a model to predict light available for river primary producers and used it to estimate river primary production across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Successively accounting for riparian and water column processes improved predictions of primary production as a function of light. We calculated the ratio of river width to riparian tree height and used this metric to predict whether riparian zones or water column processes most limit productivity for over 2 million reaches. Water column processes limited productivity for 50% of the nation's river length and 80% of its surface area, with variations across ecoregions related to riparian forest cover. Our findings facilitate large‐scale predictions of stream and river ecosystem productivity, as well as understanding the processes controlling productivity across networks.
Experimental Determination of Mantle Solidi and Melt Compositions for Two Likely Rocky Exoplanet Compositions
Authors: Brugman K. , Phillips M. G. , Till C. B.
Published: May 2021

For rocky exoplanets, knowledge of their geologic characteristics such as composition and mineralogy, surface recycling mechanisms, and volcanic behavior are key to determining their suitability to host life. Thus, determining exoplanet habitability requires an understanding of surface chemistry, and understanding the composition of exoplanet surfaces necessitates applying methods from the field of igneous petrology. Piston‐cylinder partial melting experiments were conducted on two hypothetical rocky exoplanet bulk silicate compositions. HEX1, a composition with molar Mg/Si = 1.42 (higher than bulk silicate Earth's Mg/Si = 1.23) yields a solidus similar to that of Earth's undepleted mantle. However, HEX2, a composition with molar Ca/Al = 1.07 (higher than Earth Ca/Al = 0.72) has a solidus with a slope of ∼10°C/kbar (vs. ∼15°C/kbar for Earth) and as result, has much lower melting temperatures than Earth. The majority of predicted adiabats point toward the likely formation of a silicate magma ocean for exoplanets with a mantle composition similar to HEX2. For adiabats that do intersect HEX2's solidus, decompression melting initiates at pressures more than 4x greater than in the modern Earth's undepleted mantle. The experimental partial melt compositions for these exoplanet mantle analogs are broadly similar to primitive terrestrial magmas but with higher CaO, and for the HEX2 composition, higher SiO2 for a given degree of melting. This first of its kind exoplanetary experimental data can be used to calibrate future exoplanet petrologic models and predict volatile solubilities, volcanic degassing, and crust compositions for exoplanets with bulk compositions and ƒO2 similar to those explored herein.
Localized Pollution Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in Three Anthropogenically Modified Asian River Systems
Authors: Begum Most Shirina , Bogard Matthew J. , Butman David E. , Chea Eliyan , Kumar Sanjeev , Lu Xixi , Nayna Omme K. , Ran Lishan , Richey Jeffrey E. , Tareq Shafi M. , Xuan Do Thi , Yu Ruihong , Park Ji‐Hyung
Published: May 2021

Despite growing research on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from inland waters, few systematic efforts have been made to assess the regional‐scale GHG emissions from Asian rivers under increasing anthropogenic stress. We examined factors controlling longitudinal and seasonal variations in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and CH4 and N2O concentrations in the Ganges, Mekong, and Yellow River by simultaneously measuring gas concentrations and stable C isotopes, and optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from 2016 to 2019. The levels of pCO2 and CH4 were distinctively higher in polluted tributaries and affected reaches of the Ganges and Mekong than in the Yellow River. The highest levels of N2O were found in the Ganges, followed by the Yellow River and Mekong. Across these basins, dry‐season mean concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O were 1.6, 2, and 7 times higher than those measured in the monsoon season, respectively. This seasonality was consistent with that of δ13C‐CO2, while δ13C‐CH4 showed an opposite pattern. GHG concentrations exhibited significant positive relationships with DOM concentrations and optical properties including fluorescence index and protein‐like fluorescence, implying the contribution of anthropogenic, labile DOM to production of GHGs in the polluted reaches. Graphical mixing models of δ13C‐CO2 and δ13C‐CH4 support the stronger impact of wastewater on the Ganges and Mekong than on the Yellow River. The overall results suggest that neglecting localized pollution impacts on GHG emissions from increasingly urbanized river basins can result in a substantial underestimation of global riverine GHG emissions.
Status of Basement Terranes in Orogens: Insights From the Cadomian Domain of the North Armorican Variscides, Western France
Authors: Le Gall Bernard , Authemayou Christine , Graindorge David , Duperret Anne , Kaci Tassadit , Ehrhold Axel , Schmitt Thierry
Published: May 2021

The stable versus mobile behavior of basement terranes in orogens is discussed about the North Armorican Cadomian‐floored domain (NAD) in the Armorican Variscides, Western France. Our onshore/offshore structural study demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of the NAD which comprises: (a) a southern part which remained stable during both the Paleozoic extensional and compressional (Variscan) events and (b) a northern part which was initially the locus of extensive Paleozoic sedimentary basins before recording Variscan deformation. Our work supplies a more complete structural picture of the Variscan pattern in Northern Armorica as a whole: (a) as precising the spatial distribution of Variscan strain, (b) as emphasizing its importance with a bulk shortening estimated at 30% in the North Cotentin fold‐and‐thrust belt, and (c) as regarding a newly identified pattern of sinistral ductile shear zones in the Morlaix area as lateral ramps that parallel the western edge of the rigid (southern) Cadomian block in a indenter kinematic setting. At a wider scale, compiling structural data set from others Cadomian terranes in the Variscan belt of Central (Bohemia) and Western (Iberia) Europe leads us to hypothetize that their stability versus reworking during the Variscan orogeny relies primarily on the mechanical/thermal state of their lithosphere at the end of the Paleozoic extensional stage.
Variable 21st Century Climate Change Response for Rivers in High Mountain Asia at Seasonal to Decadal Time Scales
Authors: Khanal S. , Lutz A.F. , Kraaijenbrink P. D. A. , van den Hurk B. , Yao T. , Immerzeel W. W.
Published: May 2021

The hydrological response to climate change in mountainous basins manifests itself at varying spatial and temporal scales, ranging from catchment to large river basin scale and from sub‐daily to decade and century scale. To robustly assess the 21st century climate change impact for hydrology in entire High Mountain Asia (HMA) at a wide range of scales, we use a high resolution cryospheric‐hydrological model covering 15 upstream HMA basins to quantify the compound effects of future changes in precipitation and temperature based on the range of climate change projections in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate model ensemble. Our analysis reveals contrasting responses for HMA's rivers, dictated by their hydrological regimes. At the seasonal scale, the earlier onset of melting causes a shift in the magnitude and peak of water availability, to earlier in the year. At the decade to century scale, after an initial increase, the glacier melt declines by the mid or end of the century except for the Tarim river basin, where it continues to increase. Despite a large variability in hydrological regimes across HMA's rivers, our results indicate relatively consistent climate change responses across HMA in terms of total water availability at decadal time scales. Although total water availability increases for the headwaters, changes in seasonality and magnitude may diverge widely between basins and need to be addressed while adapting to future changes in a region where food security, energy security as well as biodiversity, and the livelihoods of many depend on water from HMA.
Kinetics of Magnetic Hole Behind Dipolarization Front
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Liu Y. Y. , Xu Y.
Published: May 2021

Magnetic holes (MHs)—depressions in magnetic field strength—have been reported around dipolarization fronts (DFs), but their generation and dynamics remain elusive owing to the limited capacity of previous spacecraft measurements. Taking advantage of magentospheric multiscale mission high‐resolution data, here we present the first observational evidence for MH generation by electron mirror instability behind a DF. The MH is sustained by an electron flow vortex at sub‐proton scale and primarily drifting downward. Instability analysis shows that local condition is unstable to electron mirror instability, suggesting that the MH is electron mirror mode. The MH contains strong field‐aligned currents which may contribute to the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. The MH also hosts oscillatory energy conversion with energy loads dominant (integral of E·J is positive), suggesting that it can be efficient in transferring electromagnetic energy into particle energy. Sub‐ion‐scale dissipation of the magnetic field is coupled with electron‐scale whistlers and Debye‐scale solitary waves, indicating cross‐scale coupling therein.
Removal of CD276+ cells from haploidentical memory T-cell grafts significantly lowers the risk of GVHD
Authors: Hashimoto Hisayoshi , Kasteleiner Patrick , Kressin Jakob , Müller Friederike , Bühring Hans-Jörg , Handgretinger Rupert , Schilbach Karin
Published: May 2021

Detrimental graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) still remains a major cause of death in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The recently explored depletion of naive cells from mobilized grafts (CD45RA depletion) has shown considerable promise, yet is unable to eliminate the incidence of GVHD. Analysis of CD45RA-depleted haploidentical mixed lymphocytes culture (haplo-MLC) revealed insufficient suppression of alloresponses in the CD4+compartment and identified CD276 as a marker for alloreactive memory Th1 T cells. Conclusively, depleting CD276+cells from CD45RA-depleted haplo-MLC significantly attenuated alloreactivity to recipient cells while increasing antiviral reactivity and maintaining anti-third party reactivity in vitro. To evaluate these findings in vivo, bulk, CD45RA-depleted, or CD45RA/CD276-depleted CD4+T cells from HLA-DR4negativehealthy humans were transplanted into NSG-Ab°DR4 mice, a sensitive human allo-GVHD model. Compellingly, CD45RA/CD276-depleted grafts from HLA-DR4negativedonors or in vivo depletion of CD276+cells after transplant of HLA-DR4negativememory CD4 T cells significantly delay the onset of GVHD symptoms and significantly alleviate its severity in NSG-Ab°DR4 mice. The clinical courses correlated with diminished Th1-cytokine secretion and downregulated CXCR6 expression of engrafted peripheral T cells. Collectively, mismatched HLA-mediated GVHD can be controlled by depleting recipient-specific CD276+alloreacting T cells from the graft, highlighting its application in haplo-HSCT.
EGFR phosphorylates HDAC1 to regulate its expression and anti-apoptotic function
Authors: Bahl Sonali , Ling Hongbo , Acharige Nuwan P. N. , Santos-Barriopedro Irene , Pflum Mary Kay H. , Seto Edward
Published: May 2021

HDAC1 is the prototypical human histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme responsible for catalyzing the removal of acetyl group from lysine residues on many substrate proteins. By deacetylating histones and non-histone proteins, HDAC1 has a profound effect on the regulation of gene transcription and many processes related to cell growth and cell death, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Early studies reveal that, like most eukaryotic proteins, the functions and activities of HDAC1 are regulated by post-translational modifications. For example, serine phosphorylation of HDAC1 by protein kinase CK2 promotes HDAC1 deacetylase enzymatic activity and alters its interactions with proteins in corepressor complexes. Here, we describe an alternative signaling pathway by which HDAC1 activities are regulated. Specifically, we discover that EGFR activity promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of HDAC1, which is necessary for its protein stability. A key EGFR phosphorylation site on HDAC1, Tyr72, mediates HDAC1’s anti-apoptotic function. Given that HDAC1 overexpression and EGFR activity are strongly related with tumor progression and cancer cell survival, HDAC1 tyrosine phosphorylation may present a possible target to manipulate HDAC1 protein levels in future potential cancer treatment strategies.
A minimalistic cyclic ice-binding peptide from phage display
Authors: Stevens Corey A. , Bachtiger Fabienne , Kong Xu-Dong , Abriata Luciano A. , Sosso Gabriele C. , Gibson Matthew I. , Klok Harm-Anton
Published: May 2021

Developing molecules that emulate the properties of naturally occurring ice-binding proteins (IBPs) is a daunting challenge. Rather than relying on the (limited) existing structure–property relationships that have been established for IBPs, here we report the use of phage display for the identification of short peptide mimics of IBPs. To this end, an ice-affinity selection protocol is developed, which enables the selection of a cyclic ice-binding peptide containing just 14 amino acids. Mutational analysis identifies three residues, Asp8, Thr10 and Thr14, which are found to be essential for ice binding. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the side chain of Thr10 hydrophobically binds to ice revealing a potential mechanism. To demonstrate the biotechnological potential of this peptide, it is expressed as a fusion (‘Ice-Tag’) with mCherry and used to purify proteins directly from cell lysate.
Targeting Treg cells with GITR activation alleviates resistance to immunotherapy in murine glioblastomas
Authors: Amoozgar Zohreh , Kloepper Jonas , Ren Jun , Tay Rong En , Kazer Samuel W. , Kiner Evgeny , Krishnan Shanmugarajan , Posada Jessica M. , Ghosh Mitrajit , Mamessier Emilie , Wong Christina , Ferraro Gino B. , Batista Ana , Wang Nancy , Badeaux Mark , Roberge Sylvie , Xu Lei , Huang Peigen , Shalek Alex K. , Fukumura Dai , Kim Hye-Jung , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: May 2021

Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have failed in all phase III glioblastoma (GBM) trials. Here, we show that regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in GBM resistance to ICBs in experimental gliomas. Targeting glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related receptor (GITR) in Treg cells using an agonistic antibody (αGITR) promotes CD4 Treg cell differentiation into CD4 effector T cells, alleviates Treg cell-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immune response, and induces potent anti-tumor effector cells in GBM. The reprogrammed GBM-infiltrating Treg cells express genes associated with a Th1 response signature, produce IFNγ, and acquire cytotoxic activity against GBM tumor cells while losing their suppressive function. αGITR and αPD1 antibodies increase survival benefit in three experimental GBM models, with a fraction of cohorts exhibiting complete tumor eradication and immune memory upon tumor re-challenge. Moreover, αGITR and αPD1 synergize with the standard of care treatment for newly-diagnosed GBM, enhancing the cure rates in these GBM models.
Nanoscale real-time detection of quantum vortices at millikelvin temperatures
Authors: Guthrie A. , Kafanov S. , Noble M. T. , Pashkin Yu. A. , Pickett G. R. , Tsepelin V. , Dorofeev A. A. , Krupenin V. A. , Presnov D. E.
Published: May 2021

Since we still lack a theory of classical turbulence, attention has focused on the conceptually simpler turbulence in quantum fluids. Reaching a better understanding of the quantum case may provide additional insight into the classical counterpart. That said, we have hitherto lacked detectors capable of the real-time, non-invasive probing of the wide range of length scales involved in quantum turbulence. Here we demonstrate the real-time detection of quantum vortices by a nanoscale resonant beam in superfluid 4He at 10 mK. Essentially, we trap a single vortex along the length of a nanobeam and observe the transitions as a vortex is either trapped or released, detected through the shift in the beam resonant frequency. By exciting a tuning fork, we control the ambient vortex density and follow its influence on the vortex capture and release rates demonstrating that these devices are capable of probing turbulence on the micron scale.