bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short Circuits in Multinational Companies: The Extension of European Works Councils to Poland
Authors: Meardi Guglielmo
Published: June 2004

The extension of European Works Councils to central and eastern Europe is a rare attempt to create transnational employee representation covering both low- and high-wage areas. Research carried out in Poland in 2001 provides a quantitative estimate of such enlargement and a qualitative assessment of its effects. The evidence undermines fears of ‘social dumping’ and reveals indirect effects definable as ‘short circuits’.
Designing Institutions in European Industrial Relations: A Strong Commission versus Weak Trade Unions?
Authors: Schroeder Wolfgang , Weinert Rainer
Published: June 2004

This article uses the concept of ‘designing institutions’ and a heuristic model of strategic options to address two questions. First, what institutional changes support a social Europe? This question is examined on the basis of recent developments in the European Union regarding macro-economic dialogue and the unions’ own policies of European coordination. Second, what is the influence of these changes on national trade unions? The conclusion is that institutional changes are limited, and strong national unions remain the central agents of transnational coordination. The European Trade Union Confederation and the European Industry Federations administer the new coordination procedures, but their status is not enhanced structurally.
Stress-Dependent Behavior of d33 and Y in Navy Types III and VI Ceramics E 33
Authors: Fisher Rachel S. L. , Mclaughlin Elizabeth A. , Robinson Harold C.
Published: June 2004

The stress dependence of hard and soft active ceramic properties is important because many submarine sonar transducers are subject to compressive mechanical prestress as well as dynamic stress variations caused by ac electrical excitation. The level of prestress to which a ceramic in a transducer is subjected also depends in part on operational factors, such as the level of ac activation and depth of the submersible. This investigation builds upon prior work (Yang, G., Liu, S-F., Ren, W. and Mukherjee, B.K. 2000. “Uniaxial Stress Dependence of the Piezoelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics,” Smart Structures and Materials 2000: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 3992, pp. 103-113.) by examining the time dependence and the uniaxial stress dependence of the average, differential and dynamic d33 and YE33 of Navy Type III (PZT8) and Navy Type VI (PZT5H) lead zirconate titanate ceramics. This research incorporates higher levels of prestress and various mid-level ac stress cycles. Under short-circuit conditions, large and small compressive stresses are applied while measuring dielectric displacement and strain. The piezoelectric coefficient, d33, is evaluated using the direct method as a function of time, prestress level, and ac stress magnitude. The constant-field modulus is calculated from the slope of the corresponding stress-strain curves. Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to these properties are discussed.
New Approach to Solving Crack Tip Stress Fields for Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Oates William S. , Lynch Christopher S.
Published: June 2004

A new technique has been developed which solves the anisotropic stress fields in piezoelectric materials. The technique utilizes orthotropic rescaling by rescaling the coordinate axes in terms of certain elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric material coefficients to obtain the biharmonic equation. The steps which lead to the biharmonic equation require decoupling the stress and electric field components. It is shown that for a certain ratio of dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients, an applied electric field does not change the stress field near a crack tip. The new technique is compared to Stroh’s formalism and finite element modeling.
Dual-Stack Piezoelectric Device with Bidirectional Actuation and Improved Performance
Authors: Heverly David E. , Wang K. W. , Smith Edward C.
Published: June 2004

Piezoelectric stacks can normally take significant compressive loads but cannot tolerate tension. Therefore, conventional piezoelectric stack actuators are mainly designed for the push-only actions and usually incorporate a compressive preload mechanism to protect the stack from experiencing tensile stresses. A common preload method is to include a mechanical spring in parallel with the stack, which may reduce the free stroke capability of the actuator and affect performance. In this research, a new bi-directional (can operate in both push and pull directions) actuator design is introduced, utilizing a pair of matching piezoelectric stack elements within the actuator housing. The stack elements are integrated in a mechanically opposing configuration and are electrically operated out of phase. To examine the performance advantages of the new concept, both analytical and experimental studies are conducted. The dual-stack actuator is compared with two internally preloaded single stacks integrated in a parallel configuration, thus both actuator systems are utilizing equivalent volumes of the piezoelectric material. The analysis indicates that the dual-stack actuator produces greater free stroke, output energy, and energy efficiency than the two parallel single-stack actuators. For experimental evaluations, a dual-stack actuator and an internally preloaded single-stack actuator are fabricated using the same materials, similar construction techniques, and the same piezoelectric stack elements. A testing procedure is formulated to determine the free stroke and blocked force of both the actuators. The experimental results verified the trends observed in the analytical predictions. That is, in addition to being bi-directional, the dual-stack arrangement can produce higher free stroke, blocked force, output energy, specific output energy, and energy efficiency, as compared to two preloaded, parallel-configured single-stack actuators. It is also concluded that by tailoring the dual-stack actuator, it will be 62% volume and weight of a conventional single-stack actuator that produces the same amount of blocked force and free strain.
Gender, Perceived Competence, and Power Displays
Authors: Karakowsky Leonard , McBey Kenneth , Miller Diane L.
Published: June 2004

This study examined sources of influence on power displays in mixed-gender work groups. The participants for this study included 216 university students who were randomly assigned to 36 mixed-gender groups for the purpose of case discussions. Measures of individual verbal interruption behavior were used as indicators of power displays among group members. The findings support the assertion that the proportional representation of men and women in a group will influence patterns of interruption behavior, with both men and women exhibiting higher levels of interruption behavior in male-dominated groups. In addition, the results indicate that perceived member competence based on congruence or incongruence with the gender orientation of the group’s task has a greater impact on power displays among women compared to men. The use of such power displays was also shown to be negatively correlated with leadership rankings in the group for both men and women.
Toward an Understanding of What it Means to be Student Centered: A New Teacher’s Journey
Authors: Mundhenk Leigh Gronich
Published: June 2004

In this article, I describe the personal challenges encountered in making the transition from a long career in management to teaching. Through this experience, I came to construct my own meaning of student centeredness, learning to examine many of my assumptions about teaching and students. Drawing from my experience and the literature on adult learning, collaborative learning, and human development, I describe my understanding of student centeredness as that which goes beyond teaching technique to being fully present with my students and coming to understand them as people who bring to their learning their unique backgrounds and experiences.
Understanding and Transcending Team Member Differences: A Felt-Experience Exercise
Authors: Dugal Sanjiv S. , Eriksen Matthew
Published: June 2004

The felt-experience exercise is a form of cooperative learning. Participants are placed into dyads in which they interact with one another to realize and deepen their understanding of themselves, their partner, and the course content. Meaning is created through written reflection on personal experience and dialogue with one’s partner. The understanding of one’s self and one’s partner is created through awareness of their differences. As well as providing a basic cooperative learning structure to be used in any course, the felt-experience exercise may be used as a diversity-training tool or to assist individuals or groups to understand and transcend conflict.
Active Learning Facilitated by Using a Game-Show Format or Who Doesn’t Want to be a Millionaire?
Authors: Sarason Yolanda , Banbury Catherine
Published: June 2004

University faculty are increasingly called on to be less of a sage on the stage and more a guide on the side. This discussion introduces the underlying philosophy and assumptions of active learning theory. With this shift in pedagogical philosophy, there has been an increasing call for tools that actively engage students in the learning process. A game-show format is suggested as an effective classroom tool for active learning. Examples are given that draw on the television shows Who Wants to be a Millionaire? and Jeopardy.
Frameworks for Teaching and Learning Business Ethics within the Global Context: Background of Ethical Theories
Authors: White Judith , Taft Susan
Published: June 2004

In this article, we provide a summary of several major traditional and contemporary philosophical and psychological perspectives on ethical conduct for businesses, along with five different sets of internationally accepted ethical guidelines for corporations operating anywhere in the world. We include examples of corporate codes of conduct from particular multinational corporations. Our orienting framework of ethics theory is expanded to include a discussion of both Western and non-Western frameworks, including those of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Native American traditions, allowing faculty and students to explore ethical problems that honor a wide array of national, cultural, and ethnic contexts and differences.
Expectations and Values of University Students in Transition: Evidence from an Australian Classroom
Authors: Pearson Cecil A. L. , Chatterjee Samir R.
Published: June 2004

Reforms in the functioning and purpose of higher education during the past 2 decades have created profound changes in the expectations and values of university students worldwide. Indeed, the values of entrepreneurship, vocational relevance, and commercial success have considerably displaced the traditional expectations of knowledge acquisition and dissemination. These sea changes in the role and functioning of universities have brought about significant stress at the classroom level, where the expectation gap between instructors and students has been widening. This article explores the expectations and value gaps of students in an Australian university during a period of 2 years in two different cycles by gathering evidence in an auto-reflective postcourse narrative survey. The key findings of the study indicate an overwhelming indication toward utilitarian and pragmatic outcomes. The article suggests some pedagogical reconceptualizations in response to the inevitable conflict between what is delivered and what is valued and expected.
Use of a Numeric Visual Analog Anxiety Scale Among Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Elkins Gary , Staniunas Ray , Rajab M. Hasan , Marcus Joel , Snyder Todd
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a Numeric Visual Analog Anxiety Scale (NVAAS) as a potentially accurate and efficient way to determine presurgery anxiety among patients undergoing colorectal surgery. A secondary aim was to determine the relationship between NVAAS ratings of anxiety and postsurgery pain. Thirty-six patients scheduled for colorectal surgery were asked to rate their state anxiety on the NVAAS and to complete the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The NVAAS correlated significantly with STAI-state anxiety (0.64,p < .0001). The NVAAS measure of presurgery anxiety also correlated significantly with STAI-trait anxiety (0.46,p < .005) and postsurgery Visual Analog Scale pain ratings (0.35,p <.038). The NVAAS appears to be a valid and sensitive measure of anxiety among patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The NVAAS also has the advantage of being convenient and easy to use at bedside, increasing its clinical utility in medical nursing care.
Physical Fitness Training
Authors: Drake Diane , Falzer Paul , Xistris Deanna , Robinson Garret , Roberge Michael
Published: June 2004

Physical activity and exercise participation are important considerations in the study and management of acute and long-term care for cancer patients. Although excessive rest and lack of physical activity are related to diminished physical fitness, reduced functional status, impaired cognition, and diminished quality of life, exercise prescription is not a standard treatment support for patients or survivors of cancer. In this retrospective study, it was hypothesized that routine participation in exercise could improve physical fitness for adults recently completing months of cancer treatment. Forty-five cancer patients were able to make considerable fitness gains over an 8-week period. A fitness program coordinated by an exercise physiologist, certified trainers, and an advanced practice cancer nurse was an effective method of organizing referral, monitoring individual patient concerns, and avoiding unnecessary risks.
An Exploration of Seniors' Ability to Report Pain
Authors: Kaasalainen Sharon , Crook Joan
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a group of elderly residents to use self-report methods to measure their pain in an accurate fashion. Using a comparative descriptive design, completion rates of three pain assessment tools and the self-report skills of a sample of 130 long-term care residents with varying levels of cognitive impairment were evaluated. The majority of residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment were able to complete at least one of the verbal pain assessment tools, with the Present Pain Intensity and Numerical Rating Scales being the preferred choices for use in clinical settings. However, the Faces Pain Scale appeared to be more challenging for residents to complete, suggesting that it requires further testing before it can be recommended for clinical use.
Comparison of Symptoms of Younger and Older Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Miller Kathleen H. , Grindel Cecelia Gatson
Published: June 2004

Little is known about the symptom experience throughout the trajectory of recovery for patients after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS). This study investigates the preoperative and postoperative symptoms experienced by younger (< 65 years) and older (= 65 years) patients (N= 102) who had undergone CABS. Reported preoperative symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, dizziness, and sweating. At 1 week post-CABS, symptoms were incisional pain, wound drainage, chest congestion, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, swollen feet, and loss of appetite; incisional pain and swollen feet were reported by a few patients at 6 weeks after CABS. The incidence and frequency of postoperative symptoms declined over time. There were several age-related differences in symptom reports prior to and at 1 and 6 weeks after the procedure. Such information can be used to plan the care of patients undergoing CABS, to prepare them for normal recovery, and to determine the need for symptom management by health care providers.
An Irreversible Thermodynamics Theory for Damage Mechanics of Solids
Authors: Basaran Cemal , Nie Shihua
Published: June 2004

The entropy production is a non-negative quantity based on irreversible thermodynamics and thus serves as a basis for the systematic description of the irreversible processes occurring in a solid. In this paper, a thermodynamic framework has been presented for damage mechanics of solid materials, where entropy production is used as the sole measure of damage evolution in the system. As a result, there is no need for physically meaningless empirical parameters to define a phenomenological damage potential surface or a Weibull function to trace damage evolution in solid continuum. In order to validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results, which indicates that entropy production can be used as a damage evolution metric. The theory is founded on the basic premise that a solid continuum obeys the first and the second laws of thermodynamics.
Modeling of Glass Fracture Damage Using Continuum Damage Mechanics - Static Spherical Indentation
Authors: Sun Xin , Khaleel Mohammad A.
Published: June 2004

The response of soda-lime glass subjected to the stress field induced by the static indentation of a spherical indenter is studied using continuum damage mechanics (CDM). An anisotropic damage tensor with linear damage evolution law is chosen to model the cracking damage. An axisymmetric finite element model is generated to simulate the static indentation process. The damage pattern and zone size are predicted for both the loading cycle and the unloading cycle, and the comparison between the predictions and the experimental results reported in the open literature serves as a validation of the CDM model and the modeling procedure.
Policy Makers’ Perspectives on the Utility of a National Study of Child Maltreatment
Authors: Tonmyr Lil , de Marco Richard , Hovdestad Wendy E. , Hubka David
Published: June 2004

Reliable national child maltreatment data are needed for developing and modifying policies aimed at preventing child maltreatment and helping child victims of maltreatment. Health Canada hosted a daylong forum in 2002 to solicit feedback from senior Government of Canada policy and program officials involved in child welfare programs and research in regard to the data collected in the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS). This article reviews the discussions and debates regarding the utility of the CIS data for government policy makers and reflects on the implications for surveillance and knowledge in the area of child maltreatment. The key themes are definitions and measurement issues, the value of enhanced and additional data, and challenges to linking research and practice.
The Impact of Type of Out-of-Court Disclosure in a Child Sexual Assault Trial
Authors: Yozwiak John A. , Golding Jonathan M. , Marsil D. F.
Published: June 2004

This study investigated the impact of type of out-of-court disclosure in a child sexual assault case involving a 6-year-old alleged victim. Community participants read a fictional criminal trial summary of a child sexual assault case in which the alleged victim’s out-of-court disclosure of the assault was: (a) complete on two occasions or (b) incomplete at first, but later included the full account of the incident. The results showed that there were more guilty verdicts, higher ratings of the defendant’s guilt, and greater belief of the alleged victim when there was full disclosure on two occasions compared to when there was a delay in full disclosure. These results are discussed in terms of the impact the nature of out-of-court disclosure can have when a child testifies in a sexual assault case.
How Does Trauma Beget Trauma? Cognitions about Risk in Women with Abuse Histories
Authors: Smith Daniel W. , Davis Joanne L. , Fricker-Elhai Adrienne E.
Published: June 2004

This study examined the associations between perceived risks and benefits of drug use, unsafe sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, and aggressive/illegal behavior and reports of expected involvement in those behaviors in a sample of 340 college women with and without histories of interpersonal victimization (i.e., child sexual abuse, child physical abuse, adult sexual assault, and aggravated assault). Trauma victims reported greater perceived benefits and lower perceived risks associated with risky sexual behavior, illicit drug use, and heavy drinking, but not aggressive/illegal behavior than nonvictims. Victims also reported greater expected involvement in risky sex behavior, drug use, and heavy drinking. Regression analyses revealed that the relationship between victim status and expected involvement in risky behaviors was mediated by cognitions about risks and benefits of risky behavior, controlling for trauma-related symptoms. Implications of the findings for the understanding of repeat victimization are discussed.
Perceptions of Child Maltreatment by Parents from the Indian Subcontinent: Challenging Myths About Culturally Based Abusive Parenting Practices
Authors: Maiter Sarah , Alaggia Ramona , Trocmé Nico
Published: June 2004

Clinicians and researchers emphasize the importance of recognizing differential cross-cultural definitions of child maltreatment, cautioning awareness that some ethnic groups may use harsher methods to discipline their children. Using a mixed-method research approach, based on questionnaire and focus group data, 29 parents of South Asian descent provided input on their attitudes toward child discipline, maltreatment, and neglect. Study findings suggest that South Asian parents do not differ significantly from other populations in their judgment of appropriate parenting approaches; that is, persistent and excessive use of physical discipline was considered to be inappropriate, behaviors of parents that may have negative emotional consequences for children were recognized as inappropriate, and lack of proper supervision of children was seen as a concern. Notably, though, participants voiced their reluctance to contact child protective services should they encounter families struggling with abuse. Implications for practice and directions for future research are suggested.
Assessing Sexual Behavior in High-Risk Adolescents with the Adolescent Clinical Sexual Behavior Inventory (ACSBI)
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Lysne Marit , Sim Leslie , Shamos Susan
Published: June 2004

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Adolescent Clinical Sexual Behavior Inventory (ACSBI), a new 45-item measure, designed to elicit parent-and self-report regarding a range of sexual behaviors in high-risk adolescents. Using this measure, this study also investigated predictors of adolescent sexual behavior. Participants were 174 adolescents and their parents consecutively admitted to one of three clinical settings (i.e., inpatient treatment, partial hospital program, and outpatient clinic). Parent-and self-reports of adolescent sexual behavior were moderately correlated, and there was a strong relationship between high-risk sexual behavior and adolescent emotional and behavioral problems, as well as sexual concerns, distress, and preoccupation. In addition to sexual abuse, physical abuse, life stress, and impaired family relationships also significantly predicted sexual behavior in adolescents.
Challenging Children in Kin Versus Nonkin Foster Care: Perceived Costs and Benefits to Caregivers
Authors: Timmer Susan G. , Sedlar Georganna , Urquiza Anthony J.
Published: June 2004

This study uses social exchange theory as a framework for examining 102 kin and 157 nonkin foster parents’ perceptions of their foster children, their relationships with them, and their own functioning. The authors argue that these perceptions reflect perceived costs and benefits of parenting these children, which may influence their investment in them. All children in the study were referred to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for treatment of the children’s behavior problems, participating with their foster parents. Analyses showed that nonkin caregivers rated their foster children’s behavior problems as significantly more severe than kin caregivers but rated themselves as significantly less stressed. Analyses predicting early treatment termination showed that kin caregivers were more likely than nonkin caregivers to complete the course of treatment in PCIT, particularly if they reported elevated levels of parental distress. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for foster children’s placement stability and long-term success.
Some Thoughts on Stråk
Authors: Persson Rickard
Published: June 2004

Already the possibility of English language concepts, in this case the planning concept “route,” to function in a Swedish context is debatable and serves as a starting point for the discussion of this article. However, the transdiscursive potential of the Swedish concept stråk gradually comes into the foreground of the argument and replaces the difficulties of the English concept as the main point of the article. Through reflecting on stråk, this article hopes to shed some light not only on how similar words mean different things in different languages, but also on how this could make us either blind to the possibilities of concepts already available in our vocabulary or blinded by the difficulties of translation. Can the concept of stråk add to our understanding of the lived space of institutionalized human movement, or is its appearance in the Swedish language just a linguistic quirk?
Art and the Immemorial
Authors: Curtis Neal
Published: June 2004

This article explores the relationship between art, politics, and memory. It works with Arendt's conception of works of art as preserving the public realm as spaces of appearance. Following Lyotard, it also argues that such an interpretation of works of art is too redemptive and pardons politics for forgetting the exclusions implicit in its representative models. The article proceeds to articulate the public realm as spaces of anamnesis whereby politics is opened to exteriority or what Lyotard has referred to as the Law. As an example of a space of anamnesis the article examines one specific artwork, namely Rachel Whiteread's Untitled Monument, which briefly occupied Trafalgar Square's fourth plinth. The argument concerns Whiteread's own interest in the theme of memory and how her sculpture interrupts the aestheticized politics of the spectacle and intimates a path for a politicized art that opens the subject to the immemorial.
Reflections on Working-Class Space,Being,and Experience
Authors: Charlesworth Simon J.
Published: June 2004

This piece responds to Kirk's piece in 2003. Cultural studies substitutes discussions of cultural representations for attempts to evidence the nature of the contemporary experience of class. Social distances inscribed in the academic career have the effect of obscuring processes constitutive of the lives of working people. The absence of working class people in the university means they are uniquely suited to this kind of colonizing reduction to tokenised, symbolic totem. It is not surprising that one sees "working class studies" emerging as an object of study and that those " representing" the "working class" have become institutionally powerful, organized within arts, humanities, and social science faculties at a time when we have a government whose claim to concern must be reduced to rhetorics that it pays university departments to produce. As an unemployed man, my differential involvement in being working class means I look elsewhere for categories to understand what I hear around me, everyday, and the difference in my categories and those of Kirk, arises from the difference in our form of involvement in the everyday phenomena that we deploy categories to signify.
Core Versus Periphery: Dynamics of Personhood Over the Life-Course for a Gujarati Hindu Woman
Authors: Raval Vaishali V. , Kral Michael J.
Published: June 2004

Popular conceptions of Hindu Indian womanhood suggest that these women are best conceptualized within a network of social roles. These conceptions, for the large part, are based on ideological descriptions or normative patterns, depict Indian women as a homogeneous group, and are relatively static. Conceptualized within the framework of existential philosophy, in this article we explore an urban middle-class Hindu woman’s conceptions of herself and the notion of change. Using the metaphor of a tree, she describes her existence in terms of two main components: one that represents the core and the other that constitutes the periphery. She perceives family roles at the periphery, while considering her soul as the center of her existence, which organizes various roles into an integrated whole. Both individuality and connectivity are integrated in her depiction of Hindu Indian womanhood with their relative emphasis changing over the life-course. This narrative, along with our analysis and broader discussion of problems with research on personhood, suggests the need to expand the theoretical and methodological focus to obtain a more complete understanding of personhood in collectivist cultures.
Learning to Teach Sport Education: Misunderstandings, Pedagogical Difficulties, and Resistance
Authors: McCaughtry Nate , Sofo Seidu , Rovegno Inez , Curtner-Smith Matthew
Published: June 2004

This study used cognitive developmental theory to analyze how teachers learn to teach sport education. Two groups of undergraduate pre-service teachers were studied, one group during their secondary methods and corresponding field-teaching courses, the other during an independent teaching course. Data were collected through ethnographic observations and interviews, and analyzed using constant comparison. Findings revealed that the teachers encountered three pitfalls in learning to teach sport education. First, group one teachers struggled with the tactical instruction in sport education and, in response, retreated to the safety of decontextualized skill drills or non-instructional games. Second, group one teachers, in their descriptions of future pedagogical intentions, expressed resistance, for a number of reasons, to incorporating most of the unique characteristics of sport education into their future secondary classrooms. Third, group two teachers misunderstood the role of skill development in sport education. The discussion centers on mechanisms of knowledge acquisition related to learning sport education, and recommendations for teacher educators and future research.
Action Logics of Physical Education Teachers in their Teaching Teams
Authors: Briot Marika , Chifflet Pierre
Published: June 2004

The objective of this study was to apply the sociological model of action logics to investigate the ways in which PE teams function. The chosen framework was a combination of the action logic models of Dubet (1994) and Amblard et al. (1996). The former enabled us to distinguish between integrating, strategic and distinctive logics, the latter offered an explanation for these logics by pinpointing the various factors involved in each one. The results for the two junior high schools that were studied (Pompidou and Sabatier) show a dominant integrating type logic. Whereas this integrating logic was seen to be very strong among the Sabatier team, it was weakened by a strategic logic among the Pompidou team. The differences between the two PE teams can be explained by (a) their history, (b) the presence/absence of a leader, and (c) the general way in which the school functioned.
An Action Research Approach to Supporting Elite Student-Athletes in Higher Education
Authors: McKenna Jim , Dunstan-Lewis Nicky
Published: June 2004

Support for elite student-athletes was explored within a single English university using Stringer’s (1996) Look, Think, Act model of action research. Entry to the ongoing support programme is competitive and participation is voluntary, with sessions delivered every second week after lectures. Based on supporting documentation, interviews, focus groups and participation in a long-standing voluntary support programme, we developed a perspective on the daily life of university elite student-athletes. According to their achievements, these student-athlete participants were ‘elite’ in both academic and sporting terms. Tutors, heads of department, administrators and managers of sports services within the university contributed supplementary interviews. Based on a systematic thematic analysis of contributions, which was subsequently verified by student-athletes, three main areas of concern were identified: (1) establishing priorities of the ‘student’and ‘athlete’roles, (2) relationships with academia and (3) lack of support and understanding. The programme has been altered to reflect these issues. Further discussion focuses on unresolved issues and continuing development.
A Comparison of Rugby Seasons Presented in Traditional and Sport Education Formats
Authors: Browne Tom B.J. , Carlson Teresa B. , Hastie Peter A.
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that two instructional approaches to teaching rugby had on students’ learning, enjoyment and affect. Fifty-three boys (aged 12-13) from a large metropolitan private boy’s school in eastern Australia participated in either a 20 lesson unit of rugby union taught using a skill-drill-game approach ( n = 26), or a 20 lesson season following the sport education model ( n = 27). The results indicated that both groups made significant improvements in their knowledge of the game as well as their skill. In addition, the students in sport education showed significant gains in perceived learning and also reported that they developed a better understanding of the game. The differences between the two conditions can be explained by the increased affiliation and feelings of belonging and membership offered in the sport education condition.
Exploring Teachers’ Biographies and Perceptions of Girls’ Participation in Physical Education
Authors: Rich Emma
Published: June 2004

Drawing on data from a life history study of 11 women, this article explores the ways in which a group of newly qualified female physical education (PE) teachers constructed the ‘problem’ of girls’ relatively low participation in PE. It is suggested that, while these women voluntarily expressed a desire to change the gendered nature of PE, during teaching their positions were most strongly oriented towards a discourse of liberal individualism constructing ‘girls’ as a problem in PE. The life stories highlighted the ways in which a discourse of liberal individualism came to be reproduced through a series of connections between their own schooling experiences as successful pupils in the PE system, which set them aside from ‘disinterested’ girls, and the experiential resources this later provided them with in constructing their own pedagogical positions as teachers. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which teachers may begin to move beyond seeing girls as ‘problems’ within PE by drawing on an understanding of physical culture and developing reflexive practices in teacher education.
Authentic Inuit Art
Authors: Graburn Nelson H. H.
Published: June 2004

Modern Inuit commercial arts grew out of the desires of multiple non-Inuit agencies and persons active during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Competing visions, of art production as substitute for welfare, art as continuity with pre-modern crafts, art as Canadian national symbol, art as the expression of extreme alterity in the form of an animistic hunter-gatherer people’s world view, brought into being a dynamic new set of creative forms which surpassed all of those views. In Gell’s terms, these new art forms were means of carrying out the will of these competing persons in a complex competition to control social and cultural relationships. Yet this, in some sense, imposed aesthetic category of ‘Eskimo Art’ was in turn appropriated by the Inuit and transformed in both discourse and practice to express their active (rather than passive) relations with the Canadian state. Indeed by the 1970s the Inuit had come to believe that a major component of their identity in the world was that of artists, and they built on this new strength to establish new economic, social and political institutions. This case illustrates the complex way in which indigenous art can simultaneously proclaim difference or distinctiveness from the surrounding nation-state and also express that nation’s identity within the world of nations. Objects, with their multivalent potentials, seem uniquely able to carry out such symbolic projects.
Olfactory-Triggered Panic Attacks among Khmer Refugees: A Contextual Approach
Authors: Hinton Devon , Pich Vuth , Chhean Dara , Pollack Mark
Published: June 2004

One hundred Khmer refugees attending a psychiatric clinic were surveyed to determine the prevalence of olfactory-triggered panic attacks as well as certain characteristics of the episodes, including trigger (i.e. type of odor), frequency, length, somatic symptoms, and the rate of associated flashbacks and catastrophic cognitions. Forty-five of the 100 patients had experienced an olfactory-triggered panic attack in the last month. Trauma associations and catastrophic cognitions (e.g. fears of a ‘wind attack,’ ‘weakness,’ and ‘weak heart’) were common during events of olfactory panic. Several case examples are presented. A multifactorial model of the generation of olfactory panic is adduced. The therapeutic implications of this model for the treatment of olfactory panic are discussed.
An Ethnographically Derived Measure of Anxiety, Depression and Somatization: The Phan Vietnamese Psychiatric Scale
Authors: Phan Tuong , Steel Zachary , Silove Derrick
Published: June 2004

This article describes the development and validation of the Phan Vietnamese Psychiatric Scale (PVPS). The PVPS was derived from Vietnamese idioms and cultural understandings of psychiatric and emotional distress identified from the Vietnamese literature and using ethnographic methods. The PVPS consists of a 26-item depression subscale, a 13-item anxiety subscale and a 14-item somatization subscale. Estimates of internal consistency for the three subscales ranged from .87 to .95, with 4-day interval test–retest reliability ranging from .81 to .89. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the subscale structure, with the depression subscale comprising two components ‘general mood disturbance’ and ‘psychovegetative symptoms.’ Multitrait–multimeasure analysis supported the construct validity of the scale. The PVPS demonstrated good criterion validity against case assignments by psychiatrists, naturalist healers, and structured diagnostic measures. The PVPS was rated as superior in clinical sensitivity and acceptability in comparison to other related measures.
Parenting Styles and Mental Health of Palestinian–Arab Adolescents in Israel
Authors: Dwairy Marwan
Published: June 2004

The relationship between three parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative) and the mental health of Arab adolescents was tested. It was hypothesized that parenting style toward boys would differ from that towards girls, psychological adjustment of girls would differ from that of boys, and that the authoritarian style applied within the authoritarian Arab society is not associated with poor psychological adjustment. The Parental Authority Questionnaire, Child Attitude Toward Parents, Lipsitt’s Self-Concept Scale for Children, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Psychological State Scale were administered to 431 Arab adolescents. Sex comparison revealed that the parenting style with regard to girls tends to be more authoritative and less authoritarian than with regard to boys. Girls scored higher than boys on identity disorder, anxiety disorder, and depression scales, whereas boys scored higher than girls on the behavior disorder scale. There was no significant relationship between the authoritarian parenting style and the mental health measures. A significant positive relationship exists between the authoritative parenting style and the mental health of children. Among boys, the permissive parenting style was associated with negative attitudes towards parents, lower self-esteem and increased identity, anxiety, phobia, depressive, and conduct disorders. It seems, therefore, that the effect of parenting style is culturally and gender dependent rather than universal.
Depression in South Asian Women Living in the UK: A Review of the Literature with Implications for Service Provision
Authors: Hussain Feryad , Cochrane Ray
Published: June 2004

Research has shown that South Asian people in the UK underutilize health services compared with White people. Also, where services are accessed, they may not adequately meet cultural and religious needs. In exploring the relationship between the cultural and religious beliefs of South Asian service users about perceptions, beliefs about aetiology, cause and treatment of mental illness, past studies have illustrated a wide range of expectations, experiences, beliefs and attitudes. This article reviews research on depression in South Asian women in the UK, highlighting implications for services.
Making Psychiatric Sense of Sand: A Case of Delusional Disorder in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Qureshi Naseem Akhtar , Al-Habeeb Tariq Ali , Al-Ghamdy Yasser Sayeed
Published: June 2004

Somatic delusional disorder is an uncommon psychiatric disorder that has been typically reported in elderly women. This article reviews the literature and describes a Saudi female patient who presented with novel somatic delusion of turabosis–the conviction that she was continually being covered by sand from sandstorms. Although the systematized delusional convictions remained unshakable, her anxiety and mood symptoms responded to a regimen of tricyclic antidepressants and her delusional beliefs resolved within eight weeks of treatment with risperidone. Sociocultural themes and therapeutic approaches to somatic delusional disorder are discussed.
‘But this Time You Choose!’
Authors: Holmes Su
Published: June 2004

The concept of ‘interactivity’ has gained increasing currency in relation to television. At the level of programming, at least, this has been made visible with the phenomenal rise of reality TV. Phrases such as ‘ You decide!’ ( Big Brother), ‘But this time you choose!’ ( Pop Idol) and ‘If you want to have your say’ ( The Salon) proliferate in contemporary television, articulating a rhetoric that insists pressingly upon a ‘new’ participatory relationship between viewer and screen. The aim of this article is to consider the political implications of this shift for existing approaches to audience-text relations in television and cultural studies. This involves a consideration of a number of broader issues which currently raise questions for the study of television and its audience, particularly the increasing criticisms made of the active/resistant audience paradigm, the relationship between television and the internet, and the status of the televisual ‘text’ in a proliferating intertextual field.
Accumulating Being
Authors: Noble Greg
Published: June 2004

Subjective experience has a continuity and a density - a depth and a breadth - that are rarely captured by contemporary theory and analysis. This article, based on research into material culture in the home, argues that as we accumulate objects, we accumulate being. The article develops notions of ‘existential breadth’ and ‘ontogenetic depth’ to explore the complexity and continuity of everyday life, grounded in the material objects and spaces of the home. Our ‘prized possessions’ demonstrate the fact that humans ‘accumulate being’ in their struggle for recognition. These objects offer ‘ontological proof’ of our being and, by providing for its dimensionality, maximize the possibility of recognition and the attainment of ontological security.
Punk and Globalization
Authors: O’Connor Alan
Published: June 2004

Against theories of cultural globalization, this article argues that there are substantial inequities in the global flows of punk subculture between different parts of the world. The flows are unequal and unbalanced. The use of the internet contributes to this inequality rather than solving it. Drawing on ethnographic descriptions of the scenes in Mexico City and Barcelona, the article shows that there are considerable differences in access to public space, radio stations, styles of dress and musical performances between the two cities. The article argues that Bourdieu’s concept of habitus is still relevant even in an epoch of rapid global communication.
Criminal Law and Punishment
Authors: Loizidou Elena
Published: June 2004

This article sets out to question the relationship between criminal law, punishment and prohibition. The argument is made that criminal law is not founded upon prohibitive grounds but rather on permissive grounds. Criminal law does not operate as a set of prohibitive rules, whereby the rule breaker is punished, but rather as a system that is indexed by permission and particularly by the slogan ‘enjoy without restraints!’ If criminal law is viewed in this way, it can be read as a manual of citizenship. The article articulates this reading through the use of psychoanalytic myths. The aim is to open up a space whereby one can articulate and criticize the wider project in which criminal law is engaged, one whereby it creates the conditions for citizenship.
Moving Images, Ethics and Justice
Authors: Valier Claire , Lippens Ronnie
Published: June 2004

When the call for justice comes through the grief-stricken plea of the mother of a murdered child, it carries a potent affective charge, levying an unassailable demand for our concern and commanding urgent action. Today we are regularly confronted with images of suffering and vengeful crime victims. What kind of response can be envisioned as just? This article stages some encounters arising from press photographs of mothers bereaved by violent acts of criminality. The reflections presented here pose a grave test to the theory of the face. How to respond to the face of the hater, and specifically to the black wrath of the mother of the murdered child? How is the passage from ethics to justice to be negotiated?
Reinventing Tradition?
Authors: Innes Martin
Published: June 2004

Focusing upon the trajectory of emergence of reassurance policing, this article seeks to interrogate the symbolic and material dimensions of contemporary policing reform programmes. It considers how a need for something labelled ‘Reassurance Policing’ was identified and the various social forces that coalesced to bring it into being. Exploring the contested meanings of reassurance policing, the article details how it has come to be defined as a strategy composed of three constitutive components: high visibility patrols performed by officers who are known to the local public; the targeting of ‘signal crimes’ and ‘signal disorders’; and informal social control performed by communities. The article concludes by postulating what the emergence of the reassurance policing perspective indicates about the future of policing reform.
Accounting Education Through an Online-Supported Virtual Learning Environment
Authors: Broad Martin , Matthews Martin , Mcdonald Andrew
Published: June 2004

A shift in emphasis from teaching to learning in the UK higher education sector has resulted in universities considering more efficient learning and teaching strategies. This has included embracing and adopting new technologies, such as the Internet, as an aid to more effective learning and teaching for the student and the teacher. This strategy has not yet been pedagogically proven, however, it is one that many higher education institutions are currently pursuing, or are seriously considering. This article considers the effectiveness of Web-based learning and teaching on a second year unit of a BA (Hons) Accounting degree, and appraises whether it could provide the appropriate medium to create an efficient and robust learning environment for accounting students. The study was implemented as a result of a successful collaborative bid to the university’s Learning and Teaching Development Fund, which consisted of staff from Academic Services and the School. Changes in the learning styles (Honey and Mumford, 1992) of students were evaluated and it is suggested that an integrated virtual learning environment, as discussed in this article, could engender a move to more autonomous learning by students.