bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values and lifestyles of individualists and collectivists: a study on Chinese, Japanese, British and US consumers
Authors: Sun Tao , Horn Marty , Merritt Dennis
Published: September 2004

Based on a multi‐national lifestyle survey, this study investigated consumer lifestyle differences between individualist cultures (Britain and the USA) and collectivist cultures (China and Japan). Congruent with previous findings on values and lifestyles differences between idiocentrics (individualists) and allocentrics (collectivists) at the emic level (USA), this etic‐level (cross‐cultural) study found that consumers in the individualist cultures, compared with those in the collectivist cultures, were more brand‐savvy, travel‐oriented, satisfied with their lives, financially satisfied and optimistic. They were also more likely to consider themselves better managers of finances. Findings that were incongruent with those at the emic level were also discussed (e.g. dressing behavior, opinion leadership and impulsive buying). Additional findings were provided as well (e.g. family orientation, gender roles, safety/security). The findings carry practical implications for international marketers whose products/services cut across both individualist and collectivist cultures.
“While stocks last!” Impact of framing on consumers' perception of sales promotions
Authors: Tan Soo‐Jiuan , Hwang Chua Seow
Published: September 2004

This paper investigates the impact of framing through the use of a vague scarcity restriction (“while stocks last”) on consumers' perception of promotional offers involving different claim formats (tensile price claim such as “save up to 60 percent” versus non‐tensile price claim such as “save 60 percent”) and different amount of price discounts. The findings show that framing the sales offer with such a vague scarcity restriction and using a tensile claims format improve the consumers' perceived informational value of the offer, only if exaggerated price discounts are involved. This study also confirms earlier studies' findings on the effects of exaggerated price discounts and tensile claims on consumers' perceived savings and information value of sales promotional offers. Managerial implications are discussed.
The impact of interpersonal relationships on customer satisfaction and loyalty to the service provider
Authors: Guenzi Paolo , Pelloni Ottavia
Published: September 2004

The focus on ongoing customer relationships is the most distinctive aspect of relationship marketing. To date we still have a poor understanding of the role played by interpersonal‐related factors in gaining and developing customer loyalty. This paper explores the impact of interpersonal relationships (both with a firm employee and with another customer) on customer satisfaction and loyalty towards the firm. Based on a review of different streams of research, the paper develops and empirically tests an original multi‐level and multi‐subject model. The findings show that customer‐to‐employee and customer‐to‐customer relationships contribute differently to the development of customer loyalty. Finally, the paper discusses managerial implications and directions for future research.
Service case scheduling
Authors: Simons Jacob V. , Russell Gregory R. , Kraus Mark E.
Published: September 2004

Numerous services involve the processing of individual customer cases. These cases require a service provider to accomplish several tasks, many of which involve precedence relationships and sequence‐dependent setup times. In addition, time lags may be required between certain tasks to permit processing external to the service provider. Finally, satisfaction of customer demand is typically constrained by the availability of the service provider, who seeks to accomplish tasks with an eye toward several dynamic objectives. This problem, designated the service case scheduling problem, is logically described in terms of its objectives, constraints, and characteristics. A simulation study is then used to produce general recommendations for the problem's solution in practice.
Maintenance of machinery
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Markeset Tore , Kumar Uday
Published: September 2004

As industrial products are becoming more advanced and complex, the role of supporting services needed to exploit a product's function to an agreeable performance is becoming increasingly important. To achieve the best performance, industrial customers are entering into service contracts with the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) or independent service providers. This, in turn essentially involves service contract negotiation between OEM/service provider and the client. If such contracts are not negotiated carefully, it may lead to conflict and poor system performance. To achieve a win‐win situation for both parties, aspects such as what services to deliver, who is to deliver them, how they are to be delivered and received, and at which performance level, need to be considered in the negotiation process and agreed upon by both the provider and the client. A conceptual framework has been developed for service delivery negotiation process based on review of literature and analysis of results from a survey conducted to study the existing approaches being practiced by the industrial organizations to negotiate a service contract.
The evolution of the Spanish property market
Authors: Keogh Geoffrey
Published: September 2004

Examines the development of the Spanish non‐residential property market over the last 20 years and in particular since the Boyer reform of 1985. Explores the legal framework of property interests to demonstrate that the legal prerequisites of a mature market form are now in place. Places legal change in the context of economic pressures for the creation of a modern property investment market. Considers the professional support for transacting property and the nature of the urban planning regime as factors which constrain and mould property market activity, but which may ultimately be transformed by it. Presents market data which show that the Spanish market has experienced one turn of the property cycle in its modern form. Demonstrates that it has proved highly susceptible to extremes of under‐ and over‐supply, arguably owing to the combined influence of an extremely open market and underdeveloped information provision.
Shopping centres and house values: an empirical investigation
Authors: Des Rosiers François , Lagana Antonio , Thériault Marius , Beaudoin Marcel
Published: September 2004

Focuses on the effect of both proximity and size of shopping centres on surrounding residential property values, using hedonic modelling. States that the data bank consists of a subset of some 4,000 single‐detached, owner‐occupied housing units transacted all over the Quebec Urban Community territory between January 1990 and December 1991. Tests several functional forms and uses up to 60 descriptors. Reveals that in line with previous studies, findings indicate that shopping‐centre size exerts a positive contributory effect on values; they also tend to confirm the non‐monotonicity of the price‐distance function. Concludes that, in that respect, resorting to the gamma function for distance variables yields most interesting results and provides consistent estimates of optimal distances for various shopping‐centre size categories.
Maximising Marketing Effectiveness
Authors: Wills Gordon , Kennedy Sherril H. , Cheese John , Rushton Angela
Published: September 2004

To achieve a full understanding of the role of
marketing from plan to profit requires a knowledge
of the basic building blocks. This textbook
introduces the key concepts in the art or science
of marketing to practising managers.
Understanding your customers and consumers,
the 4 Ps (Product, Place, Price and Promotion)
provides the basic tools for effective marketing.
Deploying your resources and informing your
managerial decision making is dealt with in Unit
VII introducing marketing intelligence,
competition, budgeting and organisational issues.
The logical conclusion of this effort is achieving
sales and the particular techniques involved are
explored in the final section.
Better Technology, Better Plots, or Better Farmers? Identifying Changes in Productivity and Risk among Malagasy Rice Farmers
Authors: Barrett Christopher B. , Moser Christine M. , McHugh Oloro V. , Barison Joeli
Published: September 2004

We introduce a method for properly attributing observed productivity and risk changes among new production methods, farmers, and plots by controlling for farmer and plot heterogeneity. Results from Madagascar show that the new system of rice intensification (SRI) is indeed a superior technology. Although about half of the observed productivity gains appear due to farmer characteristics rather than SRI itself, the technology generates the estimated average output gains of more than 84%. The increased estimated yield risk associated with SRI would nonetheless make it unattractive to many farmers within the standard range of relative risk aversion.
Environmental Regulation and the Spatial Structure of the U.S. Dairy Sector
Authors: Isik Murat
Published: September 2004

Substantial public scrutiny about adverse environmental impacts of the dairy sector has resulted in increased environmental regulations. A behavioral model of location and production is developed to examine the impacts of environmental regulations, traditional location factors, and agglomeration economies on the spatial structure and geographical location of dairy production. The results show that counties in the states with more stringent environmental regulations tend to lose dairy inventories to those with less stringent policies. There are substantially meaningful spatial patterns of dairy production. Current dairy production levels are positively correlated while changes in production levels are negatively correlated across counties.
Effects of Regulations on Expected Catch, Expected Harvest, and Site Choice of Recreational Anglers
Authors: Scrogin David , Boyle Kevin , Parsons George , Plantinga Andrew J.
Published: September 2004

The use of public lands and waterways is often subject to environmental regulations designed to limit the depletion of resource stocks. Such regulations may influence expectations of quality, destination choice, and consumer surplus. This paper examines the effects of environmental regulations on recreational anglers. The empirical application develops a joint model of expected catch and expected harvest in conjunction with a random utility model of site choice. Findings for Maine anglers indicate that regulations have sizable effects on catch and harvest, site choice, and welfare.
Assessing Public Priorities for Experiment Station Research: Contingent Value and Public Preferences for Agricultural Research
Authors: Swallow Stephen K. , Mazzotta Marisa J.
Published: September 2004

Laws concerning government accountability mandate that agencies weigh constituent interests in setting priorities. This study extends literature on the value of research by considering the public's stated preferences for scientist‐effort allocated across an Agricultural Experiment Station's research portfolio. Over 75% of respondents expressed a willingness‐to‐pay exceeding $20 per household for allocations of at least 139 scientist‐months. The mean household is willing to pay about $25 for a 25% increase in effort. Marginal analysis identifies topic areas where an additional scientist‐month provides above‐ or below‐average benefits. The distribution of effort across research topics significantly affects respondents' values.
Evaluation of USDA Interval Forecasts of Corn and Soybean Prices
Authors: Isengildina Olga , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L.
Published: September 2004

USDA World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) price forecasts are published as an interval, but are typically analyzed as point estimates. Thus, all information about uncertainty imbedded in the forecast is ignored. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the accuracy of WASDE corn and soybean price forecasts using methodology suitable for testing judgmental interval forecasts. Accuracy tests suggest that WASDE forecasts are not calibrated at the 95% confidence level for both commodities and generally not calibrated for corn, but calibrated for soybeans, at the implied confidence level elicited from the survey of forecast providers.
Pricing Weather Derivatives
Authors: Richards Timothy J. , Manfredo Mark R. , Sanders Dwight R.
Published: September 2004

This article presents a general method for pricing weather derivatives. Specification tests find that a temperature series for Fresno, CA follows a mean‐reverting Brownian motion process with discrete jumps and autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic errors. Based on this process, we define an equilibrium pricing model for cooling degree day weather options. Comparing option prices estimated with three methods: a traditional burn‐rate approach, a Black‐Scholes‐Merton approximation, and an equilibrium Monte Carlo simulation reveals significant differences. Equilibrium prices are preferred on theoretical grounds, so are used to demonstrate the usefulness of weather derivatives as risk management tools for California specialty crop growers.
Volatility and Price Jumps in Agricultural Futures Prices—Evidence from Wheat Options
Authors: Koekebakker Steen , Lien Gudbrand
Published: September 2004

Evidence suggests that agricultural futures price movements have fat‐tailed distributions and exhibit sudden and unexpected price jumps. There is also evidence that the volatility of futures prices is time‐dependent both as a function of calendar‐time (seasonal effect) and time to maturity (maturity effect). This article extends Bates' (1991) jump‐diffusion option pricing model by including both seasonal and maturity effects in the volatility specification. Both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample procedures to fit market option prices on wheat futures show that the suggested model outperforms previous published models. A numerical example shows the magnitude of pricing errors for option valuation.
Ranking Crop Yield Models Using Out‐of‐Sample Likelihood Functions
Authors: Norwood Bailey , Roberts Matthew C. , Lusk Jayson L.
Published: September 2004

There has been considerable debate regarding which probability distribution best represents crop yields. This study ranks six yield densities based on their out‐of‐sample forecasting performance. The forecasting ability for each density was ranked according to its likelihood function value when observed at out‐of‐sample observations. Results show that a semiparametric model offered by Goodwin and Ker best forecasts county average yields.
An Empirical Analysis of Acreage Effects of Participation in the Federal Crop Insurance Program
Authors: Goodwin Barry K. , Vandeveer Monte L. , Deal John L.
Published: September 2004

The extent to which crop insurance programs have resulted in additional land being brought into production has been a topic of considerable debate. We consider multiequation structural models of acreage response, insurance participation, CRP enrollment, and input usage. Our analysis focuses on corn and soybean production in the Corn Belt and wheat and barley production in the Upper Great Plains. Our results confirm that increased participation in insurance programs provokes statistically significant acreage responses in some cases, though the response is very modest in every case. In the most extreme cases, 30% decreases in premiums as a result of increased subsidies provoke acreage increases ranging from 0.2% to 1.1%. A number of policy simulations involving increases in premium subsidies are considered.
Incorporating Generalized Marginal Budget Shares in a Mixed Demand System
Authors: Matsuda Toshinobu
Published: September 2004

This article extends a Rotterdam type of mixed demand system by replacing its constant marginal budget shares with the ones derived from originally defined and specified mixed Engel curves that take a generalized functional form using the Box‐Cox transformation. An empirical illustration is given for Japanese demand for fresh and processed fruits and vegetables. The results show that the Rotterdam parameterization of marginal budget shares, which corresponds to those in linear mixed Engel curves, is preferred by the data, and that improper assumptions of the form of mixed Engel curves underlying a mixed demand system can bias its elasticities.
Efficient Estimation of Hedonic Inverse Input Demand Systems
Authors: Kristofersson Dadi , Rickertsen Kyrre
Published: September 2004

This article is concerned with efficient estimation of characteristics demand. We derive and estimate an inverse input demand system for quality characteristics by using 172,946 observations over 881 trading days in the Icelandic fish auctions. An improved estimation method based on an expanded random coefficient model is suggested as an alternative to the currently used two‐stage method of Brown and Rosen. The estimates demonstrate the improved efficiency of the suggested method. A number of empirical results emerge, including a general increase in the demand for quality.
Panel Estimates of the Canadian Rural/Urban Women's Wage Gap
Authors: Vera‐Toscano Esperanza , Phimister Euan , Weersink Alfons
Published: September 2004

This article analyzes the female rural‐urban wage gap in Canada using longitudinal data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics 1993–96. We estimate a two‐step wage equation accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and sample selection. The results indicate that a statistically and economically significant rural‐urban wage gap remains after controlling for observed and unobserved characteristics. Further, the results suggest this rural‐urban wage difference is not simply induced by immobility between rural and urban markets. Rather, consistent with the effect of thinner rural labor markets, the evidence indicates that rural‐urban differences in the impact of a number of explanatory variables are significant.
Patterns and determinants of manufacturing plant location in interwar London
Authors: Scott Peter , Walsh Peter
Published: September 2004

Greater London constituted Britain's most important interwar centre for new manufacturing plants. Using a new dataset of plants established throughout London from 1919 to 1938, this article examines intra‐metropolitan location patterns, together with the factors that led to heavy concentrations of plants in particular localities. Traditional sectors characterized by batch production are shown to be concentrated in sectorally specialized inner London industrial districts, benefiting from Marshallian externalities. Meanwhile, industries experiencing a transition towards standardized production became concentrated in new industrial areas along outer London's arterial road network, encompassing a diverse range of sectors using similar production methods and mainly accruing inter‐sectoral ‘Jacobs’ externalities.
Trade, empire, and the fiscal context of imperial business during decolonization
Authors: Stockwell Sarah
Published: September 2004

Recent studies have shown convincingly that no ‘neocolonialist’ conspiracies were hatched to perpetuate British commercial dominance in the former colonies after independence, and that relations between individual firms and policy‐makers were frequently troubled. In acknowledging the force of this general proposition, however, there is a risk of neglecting the still significant place of commercial considerations in state policy making. By relocating the relationship of trade and empire in the 1950s in an examination of a hitherto neglected dimension of British taxation policy, this article demonstrates that the Conservative government sought to assist British business with colonial interests at a time when these firms faced new uncertainties.
SENSES AND SENSIBILITY IN BYZANTIUM
Authors: James Liz
Published: September 2004

Byzantine art tends to be considered in almost exclusively visual terms. However, Byzantine writings about works of art appeal to all the senses and aim to involve the listener (who may also be looking at the object described) in an emotional engagement with the image and with the scene it depicts. This paper explores some of the ways in which the five physical senses were engaged in the overall sensory experience of worship in a Byzantine church, notably Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, discussing how the senses seem to have played spiritual as much as physical roles in the church. The Byzantines do not appear to have perceived the interaction between the senses as synaesethic, but rather as an interlinking and an interplay. This emphasis on the sensory nature of images suggests a corporeal dimension to religious experience, offering the human body an intrinsic role in the worship of the divine.
GENDERING THE PERIOD EYE: DESCHI DA PARTO AND RENAISSANCE VISUAL CULTURE
Authors: Randolph Adrian W.B.
Published: September 2004

Michael Baxandall's concept of the ‘period eye’ emphasizes the cultural constructedness of vision, characterizes a set of viewing norms, and charts the manner in which artists responded to these norms in their works. This interpretive structure has played an important role in the development of what has come to be known as visual culture. Through a particular example of deschi da parto, or birth trays, this essay highlights how some of the issues raised by visual culture may be brought to bear upon the study of Italian Renaissance art, specifically in relation to gender and viewing. As moveable paintings that gained significance when carried and passed around in the rituals attending conception, pregnancy and birth, deschi specifically addressed feminine spectators. They participated in, even structured, a visual economy in which the pictorial merged with the haptic; the lone monocular beholder of mathematical linear perspective multiplied into a choric array of spectators; and the grammar of composition was subverted by an anti‐grammatical pictorial vernacular. The deschi and the spaces of their reception offer, it is proposed, a heteroglossic alternative to the normative period eye.
MAKING SENSE OUT/OF THE VISUAL: ABORIGINAL PRESENTATIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY CANADA
Authors: Phillips Ruth B.
Published: September 2004

This essay examines a series of visual representations and material objects made by Aboriginal and colonial artists for the Prince of Wales's 1860 tour. This first royal visit to Canada featured a series of carefully staged meetings with Indians wearing distinctive dress, presentations of fine, Native‐made gifts, performances and formal speeches. The tour also stimulated a wealth of pictorial representations ranging from amateur watercolours to professional lithographs commissioned for the new illustrated weeklies. The material objects and visual images survive in museums and archives as a deposit of a moment of heightened colonial encounter and contestation. I argue that they reflect both the increased power and the reductionist tendency that characterize visual representation in modernity. On the other hand, the contemporary reassembly and reframing of these materials offers the opportunity to make sense out of the visual by accessing other sensory and performative dimensions of these encounters that point beyond the limitations of the visual towards a more fully post‐colonial understanding of their expressive values.
FRAMING THE COLONY: HOUSES OF ALGERIA PHOTOGRAPHED
Authors: Çelik Zeynep
Published: September 2004

Photography constituted an important component of the visual culture that developed in the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper explores the role of photography in devising a short‐hand to represent colonial Algeria, showing that the French occupation was intertwined with its early history. The new technology was used to make the colony visible in the metropole by endowing it with an easily recognizable image that could be disseminated efficiently. The Algerian house occupied a key place in the repertory of French photographers. The private realm of women and the family was perceived as the impenetrable nucleus of the colonized society and its conquest remained a struggle until the end of French rule in the mid‐twentieth century. The courtyard, photographed over and over again, stood as an appropriate symbol; it was the heart of the house, architecturally picturesque, and relatively easy to photograph. The corner view, often crowded with posed figures, quickly, and enduringly, came to signify Algeria under French domination.
ART BEYOND AESTHETICS: PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM, ART HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY ART
Authors: Osborne Peter
Published: September 2004

In 1965 the American art critic Harold Rosenberg declared: ‘Art criticism today is art history, though not necessarily the art history of the art historian.’ This raises the question of precisely what kind of art history art criticism is (or should be), and what its relations are to ‘the art history of the art historian’. This essay addresses this question through the relationship between art criticism and philosophy. More specifically, it offers an account of the critical structure of an historically reflective Romantic philosophy of art. Such a philosophical criticism, it is argued, provides the appropriate framework for grasping the distinctively post‐conceptual (and anti‐aesthetic) condition of contemporary art. Art criticism today should be the art history of an historically reflective Romantic philosophy of art.
HISTORY AS THE MAIN COMPLAINT: WILLIAM KENTRIDGE AND THE MAKING OF POST‐APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Dubow Jessica , Rosengarten Ruth
Published: September 2004

This essay considers the relation of history to memory in the process of radical political change. Looking at the work of William Kentridge in the context of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, it argues the ways that the language of nation‐building fails to account for the experience of trauma as it resists absorption into the structures of historical time and the ‘talking cure’. In particular, it considers how Kentridge's unique graphic techniques of film animation contest the logic of closure, recovery and renewal that the political and psychic imperatives of ‘new’ nationhood seem to demand. In the radical upheaval to which he submits visuality as much as chronology and teleology, and in the eruption of historical debris through the visual surface, his work disables all sense of resolution.
Art history visual culture
Authors: Cherry Deborah
Published: September 2004

Art History and Visual Culture have been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. Both are the focus of dedicated journals, publishers' lists, conferences and courses. The introduction explores the relationship between the two: are art history and visual studies distinct, antagonistic, or complementary enterprises? Is visual studies a dangerous supplement that, while it can add to art history, also poses the profound threat of its displacement? Or is it simply another ‘critical term’ to be inserted into art history's wider field?
Oneiric horizons and dissolving bodies: Buddhist cave shrine as mirror hall
Authors: Wang Eugene Y.
Published: September 2004

Buddhist cave shrines in medieval China amount to an optical theatre. Tracing the history of these mirror halls, the author argues that the model of the mirror‐hall underlies the conception of Chinese Buddhist cave shrines. Focusing on an eighth‐century cave at Dunhuang, the author demonstrates that the murals covering its ceiling slopes and walls combine to map out a temporal‐spatial continuum that encompasses vast imaginary horizons and cycles of past, present, and future. The resulting virtual space facilitates a meditative practice that dissolves and obliterates the bedrock of the physical surrounding altogether. Pictorial images become oneiric mirror reflections and phantasmatic projections of both Buddhist deities and the perceiving subject. Individual pictorial tableaux derived from disparate Buddhist sutras, rather than ‘illustrating’ the sutras, mark different phases of an implied visualization process and sustain an optical fiction.
Gendering the period eye: deschi da parto and Renaissance visual culture
Authors: Randolph Adrian W.B.
Published: September 2004

Michael Baxandall's concept of the ‘period eye’ emphasizes the cultural constructedness of vision, characterizes a set of viewing norms, and charts the manner in which artists responded to these norms in their works. This interpretive structure has played an important role in the development of what has come to be known as visual culture. Through a particular example of deschi da parto, or birth trays, this essay highlights how some of the issues raised by visual culture may be brought to bear upon the study of Italian Renaissance art, specifically in relation to gender and viewing. As moveable paintings that gained significance when carried and passed around in the rituals attending conception, pregnancy and birth, deschi specifically addressed feminine spectators. They participated in, even structured, a visual economy in which the pictorial merged with the haptic; the lone monocular beholder of mathematical linear perspective multiplied into a choric array of spectators; and the grammar of composition was subverted by an anti‐grammatical pictorial vernacular. The deschi and the spaces of their reception offer, it is proposed, a heteroglossic alternative to the normative period eye.
Visceral culture: blushing and the legibility of whiteness in eighteenth‐century British portraiture
Authors: Rosenthal Angela
Published: September 2004

This essay engages art history and visual culture more fully with the visceral spaces of gendered and racialized subjectivities, by focusing on an involuntary bodily performance, the blush. Towards the end of the eighteenth century British artists in particular represented their female sitters with pale, white skin and strikingly flushed cheeks. What did the blush as a corporeal eruption mean in a culture where the circulation and mixing of blood was a cause of great anxiety? The essay suggests that far from being just a marker of beauty or virtue, blushing cheeks of the so‐called British Fair also came to signal racially. The gendered concept of whiteness that became legible in the depiction of European woman's blushing skin will here be seen as both an expression of anxieties about racial purity and a means by which the English formulated ideals of femininity and nationhood.
Making sense out/of the visual: Aboriginal presentations and representations in nineteenth‐century Canada
Authors: Phillips Ruth B.
Published: September 2004

This essay examines a series of visual representations and material objects made by Aboriginal and colonial artists for the Prince of Wales's 1860 tour. This first royal visit to Canada featured a series of carefully staged meetings with Indians wearing distinctive dress, presentations of fine, Native‐made gifts, performances and formal speeches. The tour also stimulated a wealth of pictorial representations ranging from amateur watercolours to professional lithographs commissioned for the new illustrated weeklies. The material objects and visual images survive in museums and archives as a deposit of a moment of heightened colonial encounter and contestation. I argue that they reflect both the increased power and the reductionist tendency that characterize visual representation in modernity. On the other hand, the contemporary reassembly and reframing of these materials offers the opportunity to make sense out of the visual by accessing other sensory and performative dimensions of these encounters that point beyond the limitations of the visual towards a more fully post‐colonial understanding of their expressive values.
Framing the colony: houses of Algeria photographed
Authors: Çelik Zeynep
Published: September 2004

Photography constituted an important component of the visual culture that developed in the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper explores the role of photography in devising a short‐hand to represent colonial Algeria, showing that the French occupation was intertwined with its early history. The new technology was used to make the colony visible in the metropole by endowing it with an easily recognizable image that could be disseminated efficiently. The Algerian house occupied a key place in the repertory of French photographers. The private realm of women and the family was perceived as the impenetrable nucleus of the colonized society and its conquest remained a struggle until the end of French rule in the mid‐twentieth century. The courtyard, photographed over and over again, stood as an appropriate symbol; it was the heart of the house, architecturally picturesque, and relatively easy to photograph. The corner view, often crowded with posed figures, quickly, and enduringly, came to signify Algeria under French domination.
Society for Latin American Studies 2004 Plenary Lecture  The Return of Cuba to Latin America: The End of Cuban Exceptionalism?
Authors: Angel Centeno Miguel
Published: September 2004

Comparing Cuban history and contemporary circumstances to those in the rest of the region, this article challenges the idea of Cuban exceptionalism. The last four decades have seen Cuba move away from typical Latin American patterns such as economic and geographical inequalities. The Revolution has not been able, however, to reverse a historical dependence on external financing nor has it resolved racial inequities. While the Revolution did establish an unusually effective political apparatus, it did not use this opportunity to nurture democracy. As the social welfare advances of the revolution erode, Cuba resembles the rest of the continent ever more and reflects the central problems facing the region.
Explaining the Politics of Recognition of Ethnic Diversity and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Muñoz Alejandro Anaya
Published: September 2004

A ‘politics of recognition’– a process of political reform intended to recognise formally cultural diversity and indigenous peoples’ rights – has developed in Mexico, both at the federal and at the state levels, since the early 1990s. The case of the state of Oaxaca stands out in this respect – the local constitution and nearly a dozen secondary laws were reformed during the 1990s, resulting in the conformation of the most comprehensive multicultural framework in Mexico. In this article, I attempt to explain the emergence and the particular development of Oaxaca's unique politics of recognition. Following an explanatory framework proposed by Donna Lee Van Cott, I conclude that the recognition agenda emerged in Oaxaca as legitimacy and governability was put under strain. In addition, I conclude that the (by Mexican standards) rapid and broad fashion in which it developed can be explained on the bases of the severity of the threats to governability and of the capacity of indigenous actors to influence the decision‐making process and form alliances with key political actors – i.e. the state governors.
History, Violence and Self‐Glorification in Afro‐Mexican corridos from Costa Chica de Guerrero
Authors: Ramsay Paulette A.
Published: September 2004

‘The poetry, the culture itself, exists not in a dictionary but in the tradition of the spoken word. It is based as much on sound as it is on song. That is to say, the noise that it makes is part of the meaning, and if you ignore the noise (or what you would think of as noise, shall I say), then you lose part of the meaning.’(Braithwaite, 1984)

‘Y no importa si es el calipso de Trinidad, o “dancehall” de Jamaica, o el choteo cubano o el chuchumbé mexicano, la expresión popular afro de toda la región ha tendido a aprovecharse del “relajamiento” como arma en socavar la estructura social dominante y a reconstruir un individuo más liberado.’1(Pereira, 1995)
‘Brazil Needs to Change’: Change as Iteration and the Iteration of Change in Brazil's 2002 Presidential Election1
Authors: Panizza Francisco
Published: September 2004

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's triumph in Brazil's 2002 presidential election was construed in terms of a promise of radical change against the holders of thestatus quo. This article argues that in fact a more subtle political game was a stake in the election, a contest over the meaning and limits of change itself. The article examines how the various players – Lula da Silva, outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso and the PSDB's presidential candidate José Serra – invoked and iterated a discourse of change to define and redefine the political dividing lines that marked out the electoral dispute and attempted to set or fix the distinctions between their political positions.
Seasonal differences in leaf attributes in Australian tropical tree species: family and habitat comparisons
Authors: PRIOR L. D. , BOWMAN D. M. J. S. , EAMUS D.
Published: September 2004

An individual evergreen leaf in the northern Australian savanna biome experiences seasonal extremes in rainfall, raising questions of whether there is a corresponding shift in the physiology of these leaves, and whether estimates of leaf function for the biome differ between wet and dry seasons.

A range of leaf attributes was measured for 21 tree species in four contrasting habitats during the wet season, and again during the dry season for the 14 species that retained leaves.

The 14 leaf‐retaining species showed decreases in assimilation rates, foliar saturated water content and chlorophyll content, and increases in leaf mass per area and leaf density between wet and dry seasons. Species means were strongly correlated between seasons for attributes other than assimilation and stomatal conductance.

Seasonal variation in CO2 assimilation rates was larger in non‐Myrtaceous species than in the leaf‐retaining Myrtaceous species that largely dominate the biome, and also varied considerably among the four habitats, which had different edaphic conditions. Assimilation per unit mass decreased between the wet and dry seasons by only 5% in the Melaleuca swamp and 17% in the Eucalyptus open forest, compared with 47% in the dry monsoon forest and 57% in the mixed woodland.

Biome means differed between seasons because wet‐season means included measurements of fully deciduous species which tended to have large, thin, nitrogen‐rich leaves.
Variations in leaf production and floral display of Anthurium schlechtendalii (Araceae) in response to herbivory and environment
Authors: CANTO A. , PARRA‐TABLA V. , GARCÍA‐FRANCO J. G.
Published: September 2004

The study of the impact of herbivory on plant fitness and its relationship with environmental conditions is essential to an understanding of the ecological and evolutionary routes in different populations of the same plant species. This paper addresses the effects of herbivory and environment on growth (leaf production) and floral display (inflorescence production) in the tropical aroid Anthurium schlechtendalii ssp. schlechtendalii Kunth (Araceae).

Defoliation experiments were conducted in three natural A. schlechtendalii populations in Mexico: coastal sand dunes (Telchac); thorny dry forest (Dzemul); and medium‐height subhumid forest (Hobonil). Experiments were also conducted under common‐garden conditions using plants transplanted from the three populations.

Logistic regression models showed that herbivory did not affect growth negatively, but did affect floral display in A. schlechtendalii. The effect on floral display differed as a function of environment, damage intensity and season. When the plants experienced no resource limitation (common garden), herbivory inhibited inflorescence production in the first season (2001) and at the highest damage level (75%). When plants experienced heterogeneous resource conditions (field experiment), inflorescence production was inhibited in the second season (2002) at intermediate damage intensities.

Overall, A. schlechtendalii plants maintained growth regardless of damage intensity, but inflorescence production was reduced, indicating a trade‐off between growth and floral display due to herbivory. Results also suggested that plants were constrained in their response by the environmental history of their native site.
Potential effects of earthworms on leaf‐chewer performance
Authors: NEWINGTON J. E. , SETÄLÄ H. , BEZEMER T. M. , JONES T. H.
Published: September 2004

Detritivores affect plant performance and therefore have the potential indirectly to affect above‐ground herbivore populations.

In a microcosm study we asked whether changes in the performance of two plant species, Cardamine hirsuta L. and Veronica persica Poiret., arising from the activity of various earthworm communities influenced the consumption rate and development of a leaf‐chewer, Mamestra brassicae L.

Earthworms increased soil nitrate and foliar nitrogen concentrations. There was no associated increase in plant biomass.

There was no significant effect of earthworm treatment on the biomass of M. brassicae larvae. However, highest larval mortality occurred in microcosms without earthworms, while the proportion of larvae that had reached the final instar was lowest. In a 24 h feeding trial, the consumption rate of V. persica foliage by M. brassicae was higher when plants were grown in soil containing earthworms. The complexity of earthworm communities did not affect M. brassicae consumption rates and consequent development.

This is the first study to show the potential of detritivore communities indirectly to affect leaf‐chewing herbivores. It highlights the need to explore the interactions that occur between above‐ and below‐ground components of plant–insect communities.
Increased photosynthetic performance in holly trees infested by scale insects
Authors: RETUERTO R. , FERNANDEZ‐LEMA B. , RODRIGUEZ‐ROILOA  , OBESO J. R.
Published: September 2004

Changes in plant physiological features after herbivory may alleviate the adverse effects of herbivores. We examined the ability of Ilex aquifolium L. (European Holly) plants to compensate for scale insect herbivory through increased photosynthesis. Based on assumptions of the source–sink hypothesis, we predicted that scale insects, by inducing supplementary sinks for photosynthates, would increase photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic performance was evaluated by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in plants growing under natural light and temperature at the field station of the University of Santiago (north‐west Spain). We measured photosynthesis on infested leaves of infested trees; scale‐free leaves of infested trees; and scale‐free leaves of scale‐free trees.

Insect infestation significantly increased photosynthetic efficiency. Effects of scale insects on photosynthesis were particularly enhanced by high temperature and light. Scale insects also altered the photosynthesis of leaves not directly affected by the insects.

Our study showed that changes in the balance between source and sink tissues, induced by scale insects, may partly explain host plant photosynthesis. We suggest that increased feeding rates of scale insects promoted by high temperature and light conditions would increase the carbon demand of infested plants, resulting in greater compensatory photosynthesis.
Estimating endogenous nutrient allocations to reproduction in Redhead Ducks: a dual isotope approach using δD and δ13C measurements of female and egg tissues
Authors: HOBSON K. A. , ATWELL L. , WASSENAAR L. I. , YERKES T.
Published: September 2004

Clutch formation represents a considerable energy expense for waterfowl, yet little evidence is available to quantify nutrient allocation from endogenous and exogenous sources. Here we investigated hydrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios (δD and δ13C) in female Redhead Ducks (Aythya americana) and their eggs to evaluate the use of δD as an indicator of nutrient sources to reproduction.

Females arrived with mean muscle tissue δD and δ13C values more positive than those of the local food web, reflecting marine dietary inputs from the wintering grounds. These values changed to the range of local food values by late incubation. δ13C values from albumen and yolk protein were correlated, supporting the presence of a common exogenous carbon source for these egg components.

There was no significant correlation between δD or δ13C values in egg tissues and abdominal fat or muscle from the corresponding laying female. No general population‐level trends in isotope values from sequentially developing follicle yolks were found.

Redhead females relied mainly on dietary lipids and proteins for egg production, and therefore endogenous reserves were used to satisfy female body maintenance and energy requirements.
Evolutionary changes in nectar sugar composition associated with switches between bird and insect pollination: the Canarian bird‐flower element revisited
Authors: DUPONT Y. L. , HANSEN D. M. , RASMUSSEN J. T. , OLESEN J. M.
Published: September 2004

The bird‐flower element of the Canary Islands is a group of endemic plants having traits characteristic of bird pollination, and some are visited by opportunistically nectar‐feeding passerine birds.

We investigated evolutionary changes in nectar sugar composition in seven Canarian lineages of ornithophilous plant species and their entomophilous relatives.

We hypothesized that nectar sugar composition evolved in response to the main pollinator group of a plant. Specialist nectarivores can assimilate sucrose, whereas some opportunistic nectar‐feeders digest only the simple hexoses.

Sugar composition of nectars was analysed using high pH anion exchange chromatography.

Evolution of nectar type was correlated with mode of pollination. Generally, sucrose nectars were associated with insect visitation and hexose nectars with bird visitation. Nectar sugar composition was an evolutionary labile trait within a lineage. Hence, nectar characteristics may have evolved readily, perhaps in response to opportunistically nectarivorous birds living in the Canary Islands.
Soil animals influence microbial abundance, but not plant–microbial competition for soil organic nitrogen
Authors: COLE L. , STADDON P. L. , SLEEP D. , BARDGETT R. D.
Published: September 2004

In a microcosm experiment we examined the effects of individual species of microarthropods, and variations in microarthropod diversity of up to eight species, on soil microbial properties and the short‐term partitioning of a dual‐labelled organic nitrogen source (glycine‐2‐13C‐15N) between a grassland plant,Agrostis capillaris, and the soil microbial biomass, to determine how soil fauna and their diversity influence plant–microbial competition for organic N.

We hypothesized that variations in the diversity of animals would influence the partitioning of15N inputs between plants and the microbial biomass, due to the effect of animal grazing on the microbial biomass, and hence its ability to sequester N.

Certain individual species of Collembola influenced the microbial community of the soil.Folsomia quadrioculatareduced microbial biomass, whereasMesaphorura macrochaetaenhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization ofA. capillarisroots. Effects of increasing species richness of microarthropods on microbial biomass and AM colonization were detected, but these effects could be interpreted in relation to the presence or absence of individual species.

Microbial uptake of added15N was not affected by the presence of any of the individual species of animal in the monoculture treatments. Similarly, increasing diversity of microarthropods had no detectable effect on microbial15N.

Root and shoot uptake of15N was also largely unaffected by both single species and variations in diversity of microarthropods. However, one collembolan species,Ceratophysella denticulata, reduced root15N capture when present in monoculture. We did not detect13C in plant tissue under any experimental treatments, indicating that all N was taken up by plants after mineralization.

Our data suggest that, while single species and variations in diversity of microarthropods influence microbial abundance in soil, there is no effect on microbial or plant uptake of N. Overall, these data provide little support for the notion that microbial‐feeding soil animals are regulators of microbial–plant competition for N.