bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Succinate production from sucrose by metabolic engineered escherichia coli strains under aerobic conditions
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhu Jiangfeng , Bennett George N. , San Ka‐Yiu
Published: June 2011

Two metabolically engineered E. coli strains HL2765k and HL27659k, while capable of producing succinate from glucose with high yields, are not able to grow and produce succinate on sucrose. Consequently, the pUR400 plasmid containing scrK, Y, A, B, and R genes was introduced into HL2765k and HL27659k, respectively. Shake flask culture studies showed that the resulting strains can utilize sucrose; the strain HL2765k pUR400 and HL27659k pUR400 can produce succinate aerobically with a molar yield of 0.78 ± 0.02 mol/mol and 1.35 ± 0.13 mol/mol, respectively. On introduction of the plasmid pHL413, which encodes the heterologous pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) from Lactococcus lactis, the molar succinate yield increased to 1.60 ± 0.01 mol of succinate per mole of sucrose by the HL2765k pUR400 pHL413 strain and to 1.84 ± 0.10 by the HL27659k pUR400 pHL413 strain. In aerobic batch bioreactor studies, the succinate production rate was faster, and succinate production reached 101.83 mM with a yield of 1.90 when dissolved oxygen (DO) was controlled at 40 ± 7%. In addition, the results showed that DO had an important effect on succinate production by influencing PYC activity. This work demonstrates the possibility of producing succinate aerobically using sucrose as the carbon source. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Paclitaxel delivery to brain tumors from hydrogels: A computational study
Authors: Torres Alexis J. , Zhu Charles , Shuler Michael L. , Pannullo Susan
Published: June 2011

Malignant gliomas are aggressive forms of primary brain tumors characterized by a poor prognosis. The most successful treatment so far is the local implantation of polymer carriers (Gliadel® wafers) for the sustained release of carmustine. To improve the effectiveness of local drug treatment, new polymer carriers and pharmacological agents are currently being investigated. Of particular interest is a set of novel thermo‐gelling polymers for the controlled release of hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel (e.g., OncoGel™). Herein, we use computational mass transport simulations to investigate the effectiveness of paclitaxel delivery from hydrogel‐forming polymer carriers. We found similar (within 1–2 mm) therapeutic penetration distances of paclitaxel when released from these hydrogels as compared with carmustine released from Gliadel® wafers. Effective therapeutic concentrations were maintained for >30 days for paclitaxel when released from the hydrogel as compared with 4 days for carmustine released from Gliadel® wafers. Convection in brain tissue prevented the formation of a uniform drug concentration gradient around the implant. In addition, the surface area to volume ratio of the gel is an important factor that should be considered to maintain a controlled release of paclitaxel within the degradation lifetime of the polymer matrix. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Spectroscopic Investigation of Heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta Catalysts: Ti and Mg Chloride Tetrahydrofuranates, Their Interaction Compound, and the Role of the Activator
Authors: Seenivasan Kalaivani , Sommazzi Anna , Bonino Francesca , Bordiga Silvia , Groppo Elena
Published: June 2011

X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Infrared, Raman, and UV/Vis spectroscopy have been used to investigate the structural, vibrational, and optical properties of Ti and Mg chloride tetrahydrofuranates as precursors of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts for polyethylene production; as well as their interaction compound (pro‐catalyst) and the final catalyst obtained after interaction with the AlR3 activator. Although the structure of the precursors and of the pro‐catalyst were well known, that of the catalyst (obtained by reaction of the pro‐catalyst with AlR3) was not easily obtainable from XRPD data. IR and Raman spectroscopy provided important information on tetrahydrofuran (thf) coordination and on the ν(MCl) region; whereas UV/Vis spectroscopy gave the direct proof on both the formal oxidation state and the coordination environment of the active Ti sites. Those presented herein are among the first direct experimental data on the structure of the active Ti sites in Ziegler–Natta catalysts, and can be used to validate the many computational studies that have been increasing exponentially in the last few decades.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Response Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles.
Authors: Wang Xiong , Lin Ying , Ding Xifeng , Jiang Jinguo
Published: June 2011

BiFeO3 nanoparticles with an average size of 35 nm are synthesized by a sol—gel method from a solution of Bi(NO3)3 and Fe(NO3)3 in ethylene glycol and heating of the obtained xerogel at 500 °C [0.5 h].
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Selective Chemical Extraction of Selenium and Sulfur from Nanoscale Metal Chalcogenides: A General Strategy for Synthesis, Purification, and Phase Targeting.
Authors: Sines Ian T. , Schaak Raymond E.
Published: June 2011

Selenium‐ or sulfur‐rich metal chalcogenides are chemically transformed into lower‐chalcogen compounds by reaction with trioctylphosphine at temperatures that range from 65 to 270 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Quasi‐one‐Dimensional Complex Oxide Sr4LiMn2O9.
Authors: Bazuev G. V. , Tyutyunnik A. P. , Berger I. F. , Nikolaenko I. V. , Golovkin B. G.
Published: June 2011

The phase‐pure title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of SrCO3 and LiMn2O4 in a microwave furnace (700 W, 2450 MHz).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of a New Reagent, Ethyltriphenylphosphonium Tribromide.
Authors: Jamir Latonglila , Alimenla B. , Kumar Anil , Sinha Dipak , Sinha Upasana B.
Published: June 2011

Title reagent is synthesized and successfully used for bromination and acylation reactions as well as for the synthesis of isothiocyanates (XI) from freshly prepared dithiocarbamate salts (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Azoles Using Formamides or Amines as Nitrogen Sources in Air.
Authors: Wang Jian , Hou Ji‐Ting , Wen Jun , Zhang Ji , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: June 2011

A new catalytic system for decarbonylative coupling between azoles (I) and (IV) and formamides (II) and (VI) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(III) Complexes Catalyze Deoximations/Transoximations at Neutral pH.
Authors: Isart Carles , Bastida David , Bures Jordi , Vilarrasa Jaume
Published: June 2011

The AuBr3‐catalyzed deoximination by transoximination with diacetyl proceeds under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Deoxygenation of Epoxides to Alkenes with Molecular Hydrogen Using a Hydrotalcite‐Supported Gold Catalyst: A Concerted Effect Between Gold Nanoparticles and Basic Sites on a Support.
Authors: Noujima Akifumi , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2011

Gold on hydrotalcite nanoparticles with a diameter <3 nm selectively catalyzes the hydrogenolytic deoxygenation of oxiranes to olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Rate Acceleration of Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Notorious α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Proton Donor.
Authors: Kim Ko Hoon , Lee Hyun Seung , Kim Yu Mi , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: June 2011

A series of various Baylis—Hillman adducts of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is synthesized using excess amounts of DABCO and phenol additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Complete Stereocontrol in Organocatalytic Additions of β‐Ketosulfoxides to Conjugated Aldehydes.
Authors: Garcia Ruano Jose Luis , Alvarado Cuauhtemoc , Diaz‐Tendero Sergio , Aleman Jose
Published: June 2011

Michael addition of enantiomerically pure β‐ketosulfoxides towards α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes proceeds with excellent stereocontrol in the presence of a prolinol‐derived organocatalyst to give the adducts containing three contiguous stereocenters (III) as single diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Phenols and Arylboronic Acids Through an in situ Phenol Activation Mediated by PyBroP.
Authors: Chen Guo‐Jun , Huang Jie , Gao Lian‐Xun , Han Fu‐She
Published: June 2011

Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling of phenols with arylboronic acids proceeds smoothly by preactivation of the phenols with PyBroP and subsequent Ni‐catalyzed coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Flask Preparation of Polyazatriaryl Ligands by Sequential Borylation/Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling.
Authors: Avitia Bertoldo , MacIntosh Eric , Muhia Samuel , Kelson Eric
Published: June 2011

An optimized single‐flask method is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐3‐pyrrolines and 3‐Arylpyrroles via Spontaneous Rearrangement of N‐Sulfinyl 2‐Aryl‐2‐vinylaziridines.
Authors: Leemans Erika , Colpaert Filip , Mangelinckx Sven , De Brabandere Stijn , Denolf Bram , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: June 2011

The addition of vinylmagnesium bromide to ketimines (I) forms intermediate 2‐aryl‐2‐vinylaziridines which spontaneously rearrange to 3‐pyrrolines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Bicyclization to the Mitosene Skeleton.
Authors: Pyeon Hyeyoung , Pyo Sung Hwan , Ahn Jeong Keun , Kim Guncheol
Published: June 2011

Intramolecular bicyclization of substituted substrates (I) affords the pyrroloindoles (II) with the common mitosene skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: One Approach to Cyclic Carbonates via a Three‐Component Cyclization of Phenacyl Bromide, CO2, and Aldehyde.
Authors: Yan Peng , Tan Xueqin , Jing Huanwang , Duan Shuhui , Wang Xiaoxuan , Liu Zhongli
Published: June 2011

It provides a new and extremely mild method to prepare a wide range of target compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Fluorescence Tuning of Novel Nitroxides with a Binaphthyl Framework.
Authors: Wang Haibo , Jing Linlin , Xiang Zhuo , Liu Peng , Sun Xiaoli , Jiang Ru
Published: June 2011

The title compounds (I) could serve as a redox fluorescence switch.
ChemInform Abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 2,3‐Diaryl‐4‐thiazolidinones
Authors: Pratap Umesh R. , Jawale Dhanaji V. , Bhosle Manisha R. , Mane Ramrao A.
Published: June 2011

as a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly procedure
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective and Enantioselective Michael Addition of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Promoted by Simple Chiral Primary Amine Thiourea Bifunctional Catalysts.
Authors: Mei Ren‐Qiang , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Li Yan‐Chun , Fu Ji‐Ya , Huang Qing‐Chun , Wang Li‐Xin
Published: June 2011

Among various thioureas tested, ATC is found to be the most efficient one.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiviral Agents. Part 3. Discovery of a Novel Small Molecule Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
Authors: Crosby Ian T. , Bourke David G. , Jones Eric D. , Jeynes Tyrone P. , Cox Susan , Coates Jonathan A. V. , Robertson Alan D.
Published: June 2011

Compound (I) is found to be a potent inhibitor of HBV and also an inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus resistant to 3TC.
ChemInform Abstract: Anticonvulsant Activity of a Combined Pharmacophore of Pyrazole‐Pyridines with Lesser Toxicity in Mice.
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Ahsan Waquar , Alam M. Shamsher , Ali Ruhi , Srivastava Kamna , Ahmed Sharique
Published: June 2011

Clubbing two active pharmacophores, pyrazole and pyridine, affords a new structural class of anticonvulsants which display comparable anticonvulsant activity to standard drugs with markedly lower neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Approach to 6‐Alkylated Piperidinone & 2‐Piperidine via Three‐Component Vinylogous Mannich Reactions (VMR) and a Concise Synthesis of (S)‐Anabasine.
Authors: Yang Yang , Phillips Dean P. , Pan Shifeng
Published: June 2011

Starting from commercial chiral naphthylethylamine (I) and aldehydes, a stereoselective access to amino carboxylic acids of type (IV) and (IX) (no yield given) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: I2‐Induced Stereospecific Synthesis of 4‐Piperidones Through Double Mannich Reaction and Tandem Cyclization.
Authors: Jia Xiao‐Dong , Chen Xiang‐Ning , Wang Xiao‐E , Huo Cong‐De , Wang Wen‐Juan , Ren Yan , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: June 2011

Iodine‐catalyzed double Mannich reaction—cyclization sequence of a variety of aromatic imines with ketones provides access towards triarylpiperidones containing three stereocenters (III) as single diastereoisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of Benzofuro[3,2‐c]isoquinolines and Naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]furo[3,2‐c]isoquinolines.
Authors: Kalugin Victor E. , Shestopalov Anatoly M.
Published: June 2011

The products are of interest as scaffolds in drug synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Four‐Component Reaction Towards Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrimidinethiones.
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Wang Chunping , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: June 2011

The reaction of enaminones (I), benzaldehydes (II), anilines (III), and thiourea proceeds in the manner of specific diastereoselectivity with all‐cis relationship of the substituents at the resulting pyrimidinethiones.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Reaction Between Anthanilic Acids and Isocyanides: A Novel Approach for the Synthesis of 2‐Unsubstituted 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Karimzadeh Morteza , Mahdavi Mohammad , Sheikhi Ehsan , Mirzaei Peiman
Published: June 2011

The simple procedure allows the preparation of the heterocyclic scaffold (III) (12 examples), which is of interest in the preparation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of (Di)‐Benzazocinones via an Endocyclic N‐Acyliminium Ion Cyclization.
Authors: King Frank D. , Aliev Abil E. , Caddick Stephen , Tocher D. A.
Published: June 2011

Triflic acid‐mediated cyclization of endocyclic N‐acyliminium ions towards aryl rings provides access towards benzazocinones, e.g. (III), (VI) or (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Potent and Long‐Acting Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors with Tetrahydroisoquinoline and Benzazepine P4 Motifs.
Authors: Young Robert J. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2011

Discovery and evaluation of potent and long‐acting oral sulfonamidopyrrolidin‐2‐one factor Xa inhibitors with tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzazepine P4 motifs are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Activation of Epoxides: Application in the Synthesis of Bicyclic Ketals.
Authors: Balamurugan Rengarajan , Kothapalli Raveendra Babu , Thota Ganesh Kumar
Published: June 2011

A series of alkynyl epoxides is converted into the bicyclic ketals as mixtures of diastereomers under catalysis of cationic Au(I) generated from a combination of AuCl(PPh3) and AgSbF6.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Hydroxymethyl Group as a New Hydrophilic 4′‐Pocket in 5′‐Norcarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Liu Lian Jin , Hong Joon Hee
Published: June 2011

In order to investigate the relationship between the 4′‐group and antiviral enhancement, novel 4′‐hydroxymethyl‐5′‐norcarbocyclic adenosine phosphonic acid analogues are synthesized from ethanol derivative (I) utilizing reiterative Grignard addition and ring‐closing metathesis as key reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Bibenzyl Derivatives Bearing Pyranyl Moieties: First Total Synthesis of Bauhinol D.
Authors: Park Byung Ho , Lee Yong Rok , Kim Sung Hong
Published: June 2011

Natural and unnatural bibenzyl derivatives with a fused pyran ring are synthesized in moderate yields by an ethylenediamine diacetate‐catalyzed single step reaction of dihydroxybibenzyl (I) with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Torezolid as a Novel 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agent.
Authors: Im Weon Bin , Choi Sun Ho , Park Ju‐Young , Choi Sung Hak , Finn John , Yoon Sung‐Hwa
Published: June 2011

The SAR study of a series of novel pyridyl phenyl oxazolidinone analogues leads to the discovery of title compound (I) which shows promising in vivo activity against Gram‐positive infections.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasonic Cavitation at Solid Surfaces
Authors: Shchukin Dmitry G. , Skorb Ekaterina , Belova Valentina , Moehwald Helmuth
Published: June 2011

Review: as route to new materials with functional surfaces; 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Approaches Towards Unravelling Kinase‐Mediated Signalling Pathways
Authors: Hodgson David R. W. , Schroeder Martin
Published: June 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Decorations of Arenes and Heteroarenes with C—C Multiple Bonds
Authors: Bandini Marco
Published: June 2011

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Cyclopropanes
Authors: Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Artamonov Oleksiy S. , Komarov Igor V. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: June 2011

Review: cyclopropanation reactions, intramolecular cyclizations, fluorination of cyclopropanecarboxylic acids; 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Formation of a Blue Arsasilene and Isolation of Air‐Stable Emissive Disilenes.
Authors: Scheschkewitz David
Published: June 2011

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Organic Framework Materials
Authors: Kepert Cameron J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 321 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zwitterionic and Donor‐Stabilized N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes (NHSis) for Metal‐Free Activation of Small Molecules
Authors: Yao Sheng‐Lai , Xiong Yun , Driess Matthias
Published: June 2011

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenylacetylene: A Hydrogen Bonding Chameleon
Authors: Maity Surajit , Guin Mridula , Singh Prashant Chandra , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: June 2011

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Brake Systems Controlled by Light and Heat
Authors: Hirose Keiji
Published: June 2011

Review: 146 refs.
Adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy is effective in women with small, node‐negative, HER2‐positive breast cancer
Authors: McArthur Heather L. , Mahoney Kathleen M. , Morris Patrick G. , Patil Sujata , Jacks Lindsay M. , Howard Jane , Norton Larry , Hudis Clifford A.
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND:

Several large, randomized trials established the benefits of adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy. However, the benefit for women with small, node‐negative HER2‐positive (HER2+) disease is unknown, as these patients were largely excluded from these trials. Therefore, a retrospective, single‐institution, sequential cohort study of women with small, node‐negative, HER2+ breast cancer who did or did not receive adjuvant trastuzumab was conducted.

METHODS:

Women with ≤2 cm, node‐negative, HER2+ (immunohistochemistry 3+ or fluorescence in situ hybridization ≥2) breast cancer were identified through an institutional database. A “no‐trastuzumab” cohort of 106 trastuzumab‐untreated women diagnosed between January 1, 2002 and May 14, 2004 and a “trastuzumab” cohort of 155 trastuzumab‐treated women diagnosed between May 16, 2005 and December 31, 2008 were described. Survival and recurrence outcomes were estimated by Kaplan‐Meier methods.

RESULTS:

The cohorts were similar in age, median tumor size, histology, hormone receptor status, hormone therapy, and locoregional therapy. Chemotherapy was administered in 66% and 100% of the “no trastuzumab” and “trastuzumab” cohorts, respectively. The median recurrence‐free and survival follow‐up was: 6.5 years (0.7‐8.5) and 6.8 years (0.7‐8.5), respectively, for the “no trastuzumab” cohort and 3.0 years (0.5‐5.2) and 3.0 years (0.6‐5.2), respectively, for the “trastuzumab” cohort. The 3‐year locoregional invasive recurrence‐free, distant recurrence‐free, invasive disease‐free, and overall survival were 92% versus 98% (P = .0137), 95% versus 100% (P = .0072), 82% versus 97% (P < .0001), and 97% versus 99% (P = .18) for the “no trastuzumab” and “trastuzumab” cohorts, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Women with small, node‐negative, HER2+ primary breast cancers likely derive significant benefit from adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Delayed synapse elimination in mouse levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Authors: Fox Michael A. , Tapia Juan Carlos , Kasthuri Narayanan , Lichtman Jeff W.
Published: June 2011

At birth, synaptic sites in developing rodent muscles are innervated by numerous motor axons. During subsequent weeks, this multiple innervation disappears as one terminal strengthens, and all the others are eliminated. Experimental perturbations that alter neuromuscular activity affect the rate of synaptic refinement, with more activity accelerating the time to single innervation and neuromuscular blockade retarding it. However, it remains unclear whether patterns of muscle use (driven by endogenous neuronal activity) contribute to the rate of synapse elimination. For this reason we examined the timing of supernumerary nerve terminal elimination at synapses in extraocular muscles (EOMs), a specialized set of muscles controlling eye movements. On the basis of their exceptionally high patterns of activity, we hypothesized that synaptic refinement would be greatly accelerated at these synapses. We found, however, that rates of synaptic refinement were only modestly accelerated in rectus and oblique EOMs compared with synapses in somite‐derived skeletal muscle. In contrast to these results, we observed a dramatic delay in the elimination of supernumerary nerve terminals from synapses in the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle, a specialized EOM that initiates and maintains eyelid elevation. In mice, natural eye opening occurs at the end of the second postnatal week of development. Thus, although synapse elimination is occurring in most EOMs and somite‐derived skeletal muscles, it appears to be dramatically delayed in a set of specialized eyelid muscles that remain immobile during early postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2907–2921, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective localization of collybistin at a subset of inhibitory synapses in brain circuits
Authors: Patrizi Annarita , Viltono Laura , Frola Elena , Harvey Kirsten , Harvey Robert J. , Sassoè‐Pognetto Marco
Published: June 2011

Collybistin is a brain‐specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that is crucial for the postsynaptic accumulation of gephyrin and γ‐aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAARs) at a specific subset of inhibitory synapses. Our understanding of the in vivo function of collybistin has been hampered by lack of information about the synaptic localization of this protein in brain circuits. Here we describe the subcellular localization of endogenous collybistin by using antibodies raised against distinct molecular domains that should recognize the majority of endogenous collybistin isoforms. We show that collybistin co‐clusters with gephyrin and GABAARs in synaptic puncta and is recruited to postsynaptic specializations early during synapse development. Notably, collybistin is present in only a subset of gephyrin‐positive synapses, with variable co‐localization values in different brain regions. Moreover, collybistin co‐localizes with GABAARs containing the α1, α2, or α3 subunits, arguing against a selective association with specific GABAAR subtypes. Surprisingly, we found that collybistin is expressed only transiently in Purkinje cells, suggesting that in these cerebellar neurons collybistin plays a selective role during the initial assembly of postsynaptic specializations. These data reveal a remarkable heterogeneity in the organization of GABAergic synapses and provide an anatomical basis for interpreting the variable effects caused by disruption of the collybistin gene in human X‐linked intellectual disability and mouse knockout models. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytodiagnosis of primary thyroid lymphoma with histologic correlation: A case report
Authors: Mondal Santosh Kumar
Published: June 2011

Primary thyroid lymphoma is a very rare disease. Here, we present a case of primary diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 48‐year‐old female involving thyroid gland. The patient had thyroid swelling for 15 years which rapidly increased during last 5 months. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed monomorphic large cells arranged discretely. The cells have high nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio with prominent single to multiple nucleoli. Aggregates of thyroid follicular cells were absent in the smears. A cytodiagnosis of DLBCL was made and a differential diagnosis of lymphocytic thyroiditis was also included. Subsequent histologic examination revealed a high‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Immunohistochemistry showed the tumor cells expressing CD45, CD20, BCl‐6, and tumor cells were negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, CD3, CD5, and CD30. Proliferative index (Ki‐67) was very high (70%). Thus, a final diagnosis of NHL of DLBCL subtype was established. The patient was treated with R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristin, prednisone) and radiotherapy. The patient is under one‐year follow‐up which is uneventful. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: An experience of 1,382 cases in a community practice setting with the implication for risk of neoplasm and risk of malignancy
Authors: Her‐Juing Wu Howard , Rose Crystal , Elsheikh Tarik M.
Published: June 2011

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has provided a set of uniform diagnostic terminology including benign (B), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular neoplasm (FN), suspicious for malignancy (SM), malignancy (M), and nondiagnostic (ND) for the interpretation of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). We applied this terminology on our 1,382 thyroid aspirates in a community practice setting, which included 539 cases of B (39%), 376 cases of AUS (27.2%), 116 cases of FN (8.4%), 37 cases of malignant (2.7%), 36 cases of SM (2.6%), and 278 cases of ND (20.1%). Two hundred twenty‐one cases (16%) of thyroid FNA had corresponding follow‐up thyroidectomies. Each diagnostic category represented a unique association with risk of malignancy and risk of neoplasm. Based on histologic follow‐up, the risk of neoplasm (including benign and malignant neoplasm) was B 14%, AUS 44%, FN 67%, SM 77%, and M 100% and the risk of malignancy was B 3%, AUS 6%, FN 22%, SM 56%, and M 100%. The classification and follow‐up recommendation of TBSRTC are appropriate for each category. Both B and AUS are low‐risk lesions with low probability of malignancy. FN predicts a higher rate for neoplasm but an intermediate rate for malignancy while SM carries a high risk for malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of hydrophilicity of polymer surface by surface‐wave excited Ar plasma with acetic acid
Authors: Anzawa Eiki , Kral Martin , Ogino Akihisa , Nagatsu Masaaki
Published: June 2011

Plasma surface treatment has many advantages over other wet techniques. In this work, we focused on surface modification by introducing ‐COOH groups onto the polymer surface by means of surface‐wave plasma. To introduce ‐COOH groups onto the surface, we added a small amount of acetic acid (CH3COOH) vapor to the argon plasma. The water contact angle on the polycarbonate surface decreased from 70° to 0° after plasma treatment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed that the surface roughness increased and oxygen molecules were introduced. These results suggest that functional groups on the polymer surface were replaced by highly hydrophilic groups as a result of Ar + CH3COOH plasma treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 1–6, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21137
Bifunctional Mesoporous Silica Catalyst for C–C Bond Forming Tandem Reactions
Authors: Sharma Krishna K. , Biradar Ankush V. , Das Sayantani , Asefa Tewodros
Published: June 2011

We report on the synthesis and catalytic properties of a class of hybrid organic–inorganic mesoporous bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for efficient catalysis of two‐step tandem reactions in one pot. With a solvent‐assisted grafting method, two different catalytic groups, that is, an organoamine and a palladium–organodiamine complex, were immobilized onto high‐surface‐area mesoporous silica sequentially, by using their corresponding organosilanes in 2‐propanol or toluene as the solvent in the first step and toluene as the solvent in the second step. Both MCM‐41 and SBA‐15 mesoporous silicas were used as support materials for the two catalytic groups, and the effect of different sequential grafting of the two organosilanes in 2‐propanol or toluene on the structures and the catalytic properties of the resulting bifunctional catalysts were investigated. By using the resulting amine/PdII–diamine bifunctional mesoporous material as catalyst, the occurrence of two very important C–C bond forming reactions, that is, the Sonogashira and the Henry reactions, was demonstrated in one pot for the first time. Yields of approximately 100 % in 2.5 h for the Sonogashira reaction and approximately 100 % in 45 min for the Henry reaction were obtained in the presence of the bifunctional catalyst when the reactions were run individually. When the bifunctional catalyst was used to catalyze the Sonogashira–Henry reactions in tandem in one pot, a yield of up to approximately 60 % of the Sonogashira–Henry product in 5 h was obtained. The synthesis and use of such bifunctional catalysts for efficient catalysis of the tandem reaction is of importance in three significant ways: it prevents the unnecessary use of solvents and other chemicals required for the purification of the intermediate products of either individual reaction, eliminates some of the work‐up procedures, and lowers the cost of synthesis of the final product.
Switchable Green and White Luminescence in Terbium‐Based Ionic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Getsis Anna , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: June 2011

[C12mim]Br (C12mim = 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methyl) and [C12mpyr]Br (C12mpyr = N‐dodecyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium), both doped with TbBr3, as well as the neat compounds [C12mim]3[TbBr6] and [C12mpyr]3[TbBr6] show mesomorphic behavior and are able to form smectic liquid crystalline phases. The thermal phase behavior of all compounds was investigated by hot‐stage polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Whilst the doped compounds crystallize around room temperature, the neat compounds solidify as glasses around –5 °C and qualify also as ionic liquids. The crystal structure of the acetonitrile solvate of the imidazolium compound, [C12mim]3[TbBr6]·2CH3CN, could be determined by single X‐ray diffraction. The structure features alternating double layers of [C12mim]+ cations and [TbBr6]3– octahedra with hydrogen bonded acetonitrile. [C12mim]3[TbBr6]·2CH3CN can serve as a structure model for the smectic mesophase of the solvate‐free [C12mim]3[TbBr6]. All materials show strong green luminescence from the 5D4‐level of Tb3+ after excitation into the 4f8→ 4f75d1 transition. In case of the imidazolium compounds, the color of this emission can be switched between green and blue‐white depending on the excitation energy. After excitation with λex = 254 nm, strong green emission mainly from the 5D4‐level of Tb3+ is observed. With λex = 366 nm, only the blue‐white luminescence from the imidazolium cation itself is detected.
Rare‐Earth Cobalt Gallides RE4Co3Ga16 (RE = Gd–Er, Y): Self‐Interstitial Derivatives of RE2CoGa8
Authors: Slater Brianna R. , Bie Haiying , Gaultois Michael W. , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Mar Arthur
Published: June 2011

Ternary rare‐earth cobalt gallides RE4Co3Ga16 (RE = Gd–Er, Y) have been prepared by arc‐melting of the elements followed by annealing at 800 °C. Single crystals of the Gd and Tb members were also grown in the presence of a Ga self‐flux. They extend the rare‐earth substitution possible in the Sm4Co3Ga16‐type structure (Pearson symbol tP23, space group P4/mmm, Z = 1), in which additional Co atoms enter as self‐interstitials into the parent RE2CoGa8 structure. Structural refinements were carried out on single‐crystal (RE = Gd, Tb) and powder (RE = Dy, Ho, Er, Y) X‐ray diffraction data. Cell parameters lie in the ranges of a = 6.03–5.96 Å and c = 11.11–10.96 Å. Magnetic measurements on RE4Co3Ga16 (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) reveal that they order antiferromagnetically below TN of 19, 25, and 14 K, respectively; Y4Co3Ga16 is Pauli paramagnetic. The electrical resistivity of Tb4Co3Ga16 undergoes a transition coincident with the magnetic ordering temperature. Band structure calculations on Y4Co3Ga16 indicate that the major bonding contributions arise from Co–Ga and Ga–Ga interactions, with the stuffing of interstitial Co atoms into octahedral sites of the parent Y2CoGa8 structure, which provides additional Co–Ga bonding stabilization.
Clinical and functional outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder and painful physical symptoms switched to treatment with duloxetine
Authors: Sheehan David V. , Chokka Pratap R. , Granger Renee E. , Walton Richard J. , Raskin Joel , Sagman Doron
Published: June 2011

Objective

This post hoc analysis of a multicenter, single‐arm, open‐label trial (the Attributes of Response in Depressed Patients Switched to Treatment with Duloxetine [ARDENT] study) assessed the relationship between functional improvement in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and clinical outcomes of mood, pain, and anxiety over 8 weeks after switching treatment to duloxetine in patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods

Analyses included all 195 patients who completed the study. Pearson's correlation and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between change from baseline in SDS total score and 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD17) Maier score (mood), Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form average pain score (pain), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale total score (anxiety) at week 8.

Results

At week 8, change in SDS total score was positively correlated with change in mood (r = 0.49), anxiety (r = 0.44), and pain (r = 0.40). Multivariate linear regression coefficients for mood and pain were estimated at 1.21 (standard error [SE] = 0.184) and 1.16 (SE = 0.180), respectively (both p < 0.0001) compared with 0.02 (SE = 0.097; p = 0.82) for anxiety. Overall, 43% of patients achieved both HAMD17 and SDS total remission.

Conclusions

Functional improvement at 8 weeks was positively correlated with mood, pain, and anxiety in patients with major depressive disorder switched to duloxetine. Change in mood and pain exerted a relatively stronger joint effect on functioning than did anxiety in this patient population. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the osteoconductivity of α‐tricalcium phosphate, β‐tricalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite combined with or without simvastatin in rat calvarial defect
Authors: Rojbani Hisham , Nyan Myat , Ohya Keiichi , Kasugai Shohei
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the osteoconductivity of three different bone substitute materials: α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP), (β‐TCP), and hydroxyapatite (HA), combined with or without simvastatin, which is a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor stimulating BMP‐2 expression in osteoblasts. We used 72 Wistar rats and prepared two calvarial bone defects of 5 mm diameter in each rat. Defects were filled with the particles of 500–750 μm diameter combined with or without simvastatin at 0.1 mg dose for each defect. In the control group, defects were left empty. Animals were divided into seven groups: α‐TCP, β‐TCP, HA, α‐TCP with simvastatin, β‐TCP with simvastatin, HA with simvastatin, and control. The animals were sacrificed at 6 and 8 weeks. The calvariae were dissected out and analyzed with micro CT. The specimens were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. In α‐TCP group, the amount of newly formed bone was significantly more than both HA and control groups but not significantly yet more than β‐TCP group. Degradation of α‐TCP was prominent and β‐TCP showed slower rate while HA showed the least degradation. Combining the materials with Simvastatin led to increasing in the amount of newly formed bone. These results confirmed that α‐TCP, β‐TCP, and HA are osteoconductive materials acting as space maintainer for bone formation and that combining these materials with simvastatin stimulates bone regeneration and it also affects degradability of α‐TCP and β‐TCP. Conclusively, α‐TCP has the advantage of higher rate of degradation allowing the more bone formation and combining α‐TCP with simvastatin enhances this property. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
A chemically polymerized electrically conducting composite of polypyrrole nanoparticles and polyurethane for tissue engineering
Authors: Broda Christopher R. , Lee Jae Y. , Sirivisoot Sirinrath , Schmidt Christine E. , Harrison Benjamin S.
Published: June 2011

A variety of cell types respond to electrical stimuli; accordingly, many conducting polymers (CPs) have been used as tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds, and one such CP is polypyrrole (PPy). PPy is a well‐studied biomaterial with potential TE applications because of its electrical conductivity and many other beneficial properties. Combining its characteristics with an elastomeric material, such as polyurethane (PU), may yield a hybrid scaffold with electrical activity and significant mechanical resilience. Pyrrole was in situ polymerized within a PU emulsion mixture in weight ratios of 1:100, 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5, respectively. Morphology, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility with C2C12 myoblast cells were characterized. The polymerization resulted in a composite with a principle base of PU interspersed with an electrically percolating network of PPy nanoparticles. As the mass ratio of PPy to PU increased so did electrical conductivity of the composites. In addition, as the mass ratio of PPy to PU increased, stiffness of the composite increased while maximum elongation length decreased. Ultimate tensile strength was reduced by ∼47% across all samples with the addition of PPy to the PU base. Cytocompatibility assay data indicated no significant cytotoxic effect from the composites. Static cellular seeding of C2C12 cells and subsequent differentiation showed myotube formation on the composite materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: , 2011.
Silk fibroin and polyethylene glycol‐based biocompatible tissue adhesives
Authors: Serban Monica A. , Panilaitis Bruce , Kaplan David L.
Published: June 2011

Tissue sealants have emerged in recent years as strong candidates for hemostasis. A variety of formulations are currently commercially available and though they satisfy many of the markets' needs there are still key aspects of each that need improvement. Here we present a new class of blends, based on silk fibroin and chemically active polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with strong adhesive properties. These materials are cytocompatible, crosslink within seconds via chemical reaction between thiols and maleimides present on the constituent PEGs and have the potential to further stabilize through β‐sheet formation by silk. Based on the silk concentration in the final formulation, the adhesive properties of these materials are comparable or better than the current leading PEG‐based sealant. In addition, the silk‐PEG based materials show decreased swelling and longer degradation times. Such properties would make them suitable for applications for which the current sealants are contraindicated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Midkine prevented hypoxic injury of mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Akt and HIF‐1α via low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Suh Han Na , Lee Yu Jin , Seo Bit Na , Ha Jeong Won , Han Ho Jae
Published: June 2011

Stem cell functions are dramatically altered by oxygen in tissue culture, which means the antioxidant/oxidant balance is critical for protection as well as toxicity. This study examined the effect of the heparin‐binding growth factor midkine (MK) on hypoxia‐induced apoptosis and related signal pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Hypoxia (60 h) increased lactate dehydrogenase release and apoptosis, and reduced cell viability and proliferation. These effects were reversed by MK (100 ng/ml). MK also reversed hypoxia‐induced increases of intracellular reactive oxygen species, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Blockage of JNK and p38 MAPK using small interference (si)RNAs produced a decrease in apoptosis. A loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increases of cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol, and cleaved caspase‐3 expression, as well as decreases in cIAP‐2 and Bcl‐2 were also reversed by MK. Hypoxia alone and hypoxia with MK increased low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP‐1) mRNA and protein expression. Hypoxia with MK rapidly increased serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) phosphorylation which reversed by LRP‐1 Ab (0.1 µg/ml) and prolonged heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression. In addition, hypoxia with MK increased the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). Moreover, inhibition of Akt, HO‐1, and HIF‐1α signaling pathways abolished the MK‐induced blockage of apoptosis. In conclusion, MK partially prevented hypoxic injury of mESCs through activation of Akt, HO‐1, and HIF‐1α via LRP‐1. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1731–1739, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scrap cast iron and copper‐modified cast iron for reductive degradation of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene
Authors: Fan Jin‐Hong , Wang Hong‐Wu , Wu De‐Li , Liu Zhi‐Gang , Ma Lu‐Ming
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Little attention has been paid to the use of large‐sized scrap cast iron for reduction of refractory organic pollutants at neutral pH and in the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO).

RESULTS: Scrap cast iron and copper‐modified cast iron with fresh surfaces have a high reactivity towards the reduction of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT). The extent of conversion reached around 80% and 97% respectively, though it gradually decreased with repeated reactions to relatively stable values of 63% and 72%, and recovered once the reacted filings were cleaned by dilute acid. After 50 days reaction, no dissolved copper appeared in the copper‐modified cast iron process. The mass loss of copper due to physical detachment reached 1.1% of the total coated copper within the initial 20 reaction days, and only 0.3% appeared in the next 30 days. 2,4‐DNT oxidizes scrap cast iron to generate mainly FeFe2O4 with DO, however, it oxidizes scrap copper‐modified cast iron to generate mainly γ‐FeO(OH) and α‐FeO(OH).

CONCLUSION: Both samples of cast iron were successfully applied in the treatment of neutral wastewater containing 2,4‐DNT with high reactivity and good repeatable efficiency. Electrode reaction rate was enhanced by the deposited copper, which has strong chemical and physical stability. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Increase in bioethanol production yield from triticale by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with application of ultrasound
Authors: Pejin Dušanka J. , Mojović Ljiljana V. , Pejin Jelena D. , Grujić Olgica S. , Markov Siniša L. , Nikolić Svetlana B. , Marković Milica N.
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as sugar, starch or lignocellulosic materials, is one of the alternative energy resources that is environmentally friendly. Triticale crops have a high yield as well as a high starch content and amylolytic enzyme activity and are therefore considered to be ideal for bioethanol production.

RESULTS: This study examined the feasibility of ultrasound pretreatment to enhance the release of fermentable sugars from triticale meal during pretreatment and consequently increase bioethanol yield in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Ultrasonic pretreatment effectively increased the glucose and maltose content after liquefaction by 15.71% and 52.57%, respectively, compared with the untreated control sample under determined optimal conditions of sonication (5 min, 60 °C). The ultrasound pretreatment consequently improved bioethanol production during SSF processing since the bioethanol content was increased by 10.89%.

CONCLUSION: Taking into consideration significant process parameters obtained in the SSF process of triticale meal with ultrasound pretreatment at 60 °C, the process time may be reduced from 72 to 48 h. At that point of the SSF, maximum bioethanol content of 9.55% (w/v), bioethanol yield of 0.43 g g−1 of triticale starch, and percentage of the theoretical bioethanol yield of 84.56% were achieved. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of mouldy core and core rot on physiological and biochemical responses of apple fruit
Authors: Li Shunfeng , Zhang Lihua , Liu Xinghua
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Apple mouldy core (MC) and core rot (CR) are pathogenic disorders associated with the core region of fruits of susceptible varieties that have open calyx tubes. MC is not economically important because its symptoms are restricted to within the seed cavities, but CR is an important postharvest disease because its symptoms penetrate the fruit flesh and bring about economic losses. Recently, most studies have focused on causal agents and control of apple MC and CR. However, there is little information on the physiological and biochemical responses of apple fruits with MC and CR.

RESULTS: The results indicated that MC and CR have different effects on the physiological and biochemical indices of apple fruits. Higher polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and total phenolic content were found in MC, dry CR (DCR) and asymptomatic tissue of wet CR (asympWCR) fruits than in healthy fruits, as well as significantly higher catalase and peroxidase activities in DCR and symptomatic tissue of WCR (sympWCR) fruits respectively, while asympWCR fruits showed a marked increase in malondialdehyde content, membrane permeability and superoxide production and a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that PPO and phenolic compounds may play a key role in the defence system of apple fruits against MC and CR. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
pH Sensitive Hierarchically Self‐Organized Bioinspired Films
Authors: Escalé Pierre , Rubatat Laurent , Derail Christophe , Save Maud , Billon Laurent
Published: June 2011

In the present manuscript, we have demonstrated that hierarchically structured smart porous polymer films based on honeycomb‐patterned surface can be elaborated from PS‐b‐P4VP pH‐responsive block copolymer using the breath figure process. Despite the fast film formation by a bottom‐up process, the copolymer nanostructuration was observed inside the walls of the honeycomb porous film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), small angle X‐ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) measurements were used to reveal both the hexagonal arrays formed by the pores at the micrometer length scale and the hexagonal copolymer self‐assembly at the nanometer length scale.

Contact angle (CA) measurements were used to point out the reversible pH‐responsive wettability character of the surface. The PS‐b‐P4VP honeycomb film shows a contact angle variation of 20° between pH 9 and pH 3. An increase of the roughness was obtained with the pincushions hexagonal array enhancing the pH responsiveness of the polymer film with a switching CA gap of 75° when pH tuned from pH 9 to pH 3. This work presents the first report on honeycomb porous and pincushion films exhibiting a reversible pH‐responsive character.

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