bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monoalkylaluminium Complexes Stabilized by a Rigid Dianionic Diimine Ligand: Synthesis, Solid State Structure, and Dynamic Solution Behaviour of (dpp‐BIAN)AlR (R = Me, Et, iBu)
Authors: Lukoyanov Anton N. , Fedushkin Igor L. , Schumann Herbert , Hummert Markus
Published: June 2006

(dpp‐BIAN)Na2 (dpp‐BIAN = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) reacts with two equivalents of R2AlCl in Et2O to give the monoalkylaluminium complexes (dpp‐BIAN)AlR(Et2O) (R = Me, 1; Et, 2; iBu, 3). Compounds 1‐3 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction has been used to determine the molecular structures of 1 and 2. Both structures show the aluminium atom tetrahedrally coordinated by the two N atoms of the dianionic dpp‐BIAN ligand, the alkyl group, and a diethyl ether molecule. Temperature dependent 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements of 2 in THF‐d8 revealed a dynamic process caused by positional exchange between the ethyl group and the ether molecule relative to the metallacycle, which slows down with decreasing temperature. In the case of the methyl derivative 1, the corresponding process is fast at ambient as well as at low temperatures, whereas in the case of the isobutyl derivative 3 the larger size of the alkyl group prevents such a positional ligand exchange already at room temperature.
Die Synthese von cis‐ und trans‐[Fe(CN)2(CNtBu)4] in einer Eintopfreaktion aus Fe2(CO)9 und tert. Butylisocyanid
Authors: Halbauer Kathi , Dönnecke Daniel , Görls Helmar , Imhof Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐[Fe(CN)2(CNtBu)4] in a One‐Pot Procedure from Fe2(CO)9 and tert. Butylisocyanide

The reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with tert. butyl isocyanide in the presence of 10 bar of carbon monoxide leads to the formation of the mononuclear trigonal bipyramidal compound [Fe(CO)3(CNtBu)2] with two axially coordinated isocyanide ligands. If the same reaction is carried out without additional carbon monoxide being present in the solution, a 1:1 mixture of the isomeric octahedral complexes cis‐ and trans‐[Fe(CN)2(CNtBu)4] is produced via a complex redox reaction involving the reductive cleavage of isocyanide ligands. The molecular structures of the product compounds is going to be discusssed. The crystal structures of cis‐ and trans‐[Fe(CN)2(CNtBu)4] are mainly determined by the ability of the cyano ligands to act as hydrogen bond acceptor sites.
Novel Coordination Complexes in the Bismuth(III)/Oxinate System
Authors: Campi Eva M. , Deacon Glen B. , Jackson W. Roy , Skelton Brian W. , Smith Katherine A. , White Allan H.
Published: June 2006

Single crystal structural characterizations are reported for a pair of bismuth(III)/oxinate ('ox') complexes, formulated as [Bi(ox)3(OH2)]2 and [BiPh(ox)2(O‐dmso)]2 respectively. In the former, analytically significant, species the Bi(ox)3 coordination sphere is augmented by dimerization by way of bridging interactions through two of the ox oxygen donor atoms and a residue modelled as a coordinated water molecule oxygen atom. In the dmso complex, a novel pentagonal pyramidal coordination environment (Ph at the apex) is described, presumably consequent on the effect of close η6‐interactions of the bismuth with the carbocyclic ring of one of the ox ligands of an adjacent, inversion‐related molecule.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Carbacylamidophosphate Derivatives: Crystal Structures of (p‐Cl‐C6H4)C(O)NHP(O)(NC5H10)2 and (p‐Br‐C6H4)C(O)NHP(O)(NC5H10)2
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Mojahed Fresia , Alizadehgan Ahlam Madani , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: June 2006

Using phosphorus pentachloride as a substrate, carbacylamidophosphates of the general formula (p‐X‐C6H4) C(O)NHP(O)(R)2; (X=Cl and R=Cl, 2a; X=Br and R=Cl, 3a; X=Me and R=Cl, 4a; X=Cl and R=piperidine, 2b; X=Br and R=piperidine, 3b; X=Me and R=piperidine, 4b; X=H and R=cyclohexylamine, 1c; X=Cl and R=cyclohexylamine, 2c; X=Br and R=cyclohexylamine, 3c; X=Me and R=cyclohexylamine, 4c; X=H and R=p‐Me‐cyclohexylamine, was prepared and characterized by 1H, 31P and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Different group attached on phosphorus nuclei affect on IR and NMR spectra. Three‐bond coupling constants between phosphorus and carbon nucleus, 3J(P,Caliphatic) in the 1b–4b and 1c–4c containing piperidine or cyclohexylamine groups, were greather than two‐bond coupling constants, 2J(P,Caliphatic). The structures of 2b and 3b were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. The both molecule crystals are composed of a centrosymmetric dimer via N‐H···O bonds. 3b exists as two independent molecules in crystal lattice.
Zur Elektronenstruktur hochsymmetrischer Verbindungen der f‐Elemente. 40. Parametrische Analyse des Kristallfeld‐Aufspaltungsmusters von Tris(hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato)neodym(III)
Authors: Reddmann Hauke , Apostolidis Christos , Walter Olaf , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter
Published: June 2006

Electronic Structures of Highly Symmetrical Compounds of f Elements. 40. Parametric Analysis of the Crystal Field Splitting Pattern of Tris(hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato)neodymium(III)

The absorption spectrum of tris(hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato)neodymium(III) (NdTp3) was run at room and low temperatures. From the spectra obtained, a truncated crystal field (CF) splitting pattern could be derived, and simulated by fitting the free parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian achieving an r.m.s. deviation of 11.0 cm−1 for 48 assignments. The parameters used allow the estimation of the ligand field strength experienced by the Nd3+ central ion, the insertion of the Tp ligand into empirical nephelauxetic and relativistic nephelauxetic series, and the set‐up of experimentally based nonrelativistic molecular orbital schemes in the f range.
Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction and Electron Microprobe Analysis of the Structurally related J‐Phases Nd4[Si2O5N2]O2, Nd4[Si2−xAlxO5+xN2−x]O2 with x ≈ 0.4 and SrxHo4−x[Si2−yAlyO5+(x+y)N2−(x+y)]O2 with x ≈ 0.2 and y ≈ 0.4
Authors: Lieb Alexandra , Kraut Robert , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

The oxonitridosilicate Nd4[Si2O5N2]O2, and the oxonitridoaluminosilicates Nd4[Si2−xAlxO5+xN2−x]O2 with x ≈ 0.4 and SrxHo4−x[Si2−yAlyO5+(x+y)N2−(x+y)]O2 with x ≈ 0.2 and y ≈ 0.4 were obtained by the reaction of the lanthanide metals, silicon diimide “Si(NH)2” and additional SiO2, AlN and SrCO3, respectively. The reactions were performed in a radio‐frequency furnace at temperatures between 1800 and 2100 °C. The crystal structures of the three compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (P21/c, no. 14, Z = 4; Nd4[Si2O5N2]O2: a = 7.8577(8) Å, b = 10.7793(12) Å, c = 11.0163(12) Å, β = 110.759(11)°, R1 = 0.0752; Nd4[Si2−xAlxO5+xN2−x]O2: a = 7.842(2) Å, b = 10.710(2) Å, c = 11.074(2) Å, β = 110.32(3)°, R1 = 0.1078; SrxHo4−x[Si2−yAlyO5+(x+y)N2−(x+y)]O2: a = 7.5704(5) Å, b = 10.4744(8) Å, c = 10.8502(11) Å, β = 109.856(7)°, R1 = 0.0825). The compound SrxHo4−x[Si2−yAlyO5+(x+y)N2−(x+y)]O2 crystallizes isotypically with the mineral cuspidine (Ca4[Si2O7]F2), the neodymium compounds crystallize in a cuspidine‐related structure type. The structure refinements were performed utilizing an O/N distribution model according to Paulings rules and according to powder neutron diffraction data obtained from La4Si2O7N2 and Lu4Si2O7N2 by Takahashi et al., i.e. nitrogen was positioned on the bridging site, mixed O/N‐occupation was assumed on the terminal sites and oxygen was positioned on the isolated site resulting in charge neutrality of the compounds. The Si and Al atoms were refined equally mixed on the two possible positions. The structures consist of bitetrahedral units [(Si,Al)2(O,N)7], lanthanide and alkaline earth cations and isolated oxygen anions. The chemical compositions of all three compounds were determined by electron probe micro analyses (EPMA).
Eine neue Verzerrungsvariante des CaBe2Ge2‐Typs – Die Kristallstrukturen von SrPd2Bi2, BaPd2Bi2 und BaAu2Sb2
Authors: Frik Lars , Johrendt Dirk , Mewis Albrecht
Published: June 2006

A New Distorted Variant of the CaBe2Ge2 Type – Crystal Structures of SrPd2Bi2, BaPd2Bi2, and BaAu2Sb2

SrPd2Bi2 (a = 4.886(1), b = 4.778(1), c = 10.679(1) Å, β = 91.80(1)°), BaPd2Bi2 (a = 4.919(1), b = 4.854(1), c = 10.783(1) Å, β = 91.30(1)°), and BaAu2Sb2 (a = 4.899(2), b = 4.783(2), c = 11.102(5) Å, β = 91.16(3)°) crystallize in a new monoclinic variant (P21/m; Z = 2) of the tetragonal CaBe2Ge2 type of structure. The distortion can be described as a rotation of the coordination polyhedra around the alkaline earth metal atoms. Investigations of SrPd2Bi2 at high temperatures by X‐ray methods indicate a phase transition in the range of 150°‐300 °C resulting in tetragonal symmetry. It is most likely that the high temperature form of SrPd2Bi2 crystallizes with the undistorted CaBe2Ge2 type of structure (P4/nmm). The compounds were prepared by heating mixtures of the elements at 900°‐1100 °C.
Synthesis and Structure of a Two‐dimensional Vanadium Tellurite, [H2en][VTeO5]2
Authors: Jung Kyungna , Kim Hyejin , Yun Hoseop , Do Junghwan
Published: June 2006

[H2en][VTeO5]2 (en = ethylenediamine) was synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction and structurally charac terized. The structure of [H2en][VTeO5]2 consists of an infinite [VTeO5]− layer, which contains VO4 tetrahedral and TeO5 square pyramidal units. Two square pyramidal TeO5 units are connected by sharing an edge to form a Te2O8 binuclear unit. The interlayer space is filled by diprotonated ethylenediammonium cations that link the layers through a network of hydrogen bonds.
[Sn6Se10Br6]2− – Ein Zinnselenidcluster mit trigonal prismatischer Struktur
Authors: Schmidtke Markus , Krautscheid Harald
Published: June 2006

[Sn6Se10Br6]2− – A Selenidostannate Cluster with Trigonal Prismatic Structure

The bromido‐selenido stannate (Et4N)2[Sn6Se10Br6] (1) is obtained by reaction of SnBr4 with Na2Se and (Et4N)PF6 and is one of the rare examples of polynuclear tin chalcogenide complexes. The D3h‐symmetric anion in 1 contains a trigonal prismatic arrangement of six SnIV atoms. Compound 1 crystallizes in space group P21/n with a = 1408.26(8), b = 1419.04(7), c = 2427.7(2) pm, β = 92.809(8)°, V = 4845.6(5) · 106 pm3, Z = 4.
Alkali Metal Carbonates at High Pressure
Authors: Čančarevič Ž , Schön J. C. , Jansen M.
Published: June 2006

The possible existence of crystalline alkali metal carbonates as high‐pressure modifications in the system M2CO3, where M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs are investigated. The results agree well with the experimental observations at standard pressure, and several new modifications are proposed that should be thermodynamically stable at high and effective negative pressures.
Synthesis of Fluoride Nanoparticles in Non‐Aqueous Nanoreactors. Luminescence Study of Eu3+:CaF2
Authors: Labéguerie Jessica , Gredin Patrick , Mortier Michel , Patriarche Gilles , de Kozak Ariel
Published: June 2006

Monodispersed CaF2 and Eu3+:CaF2 nanoparticles were synthesized through an original non‐aqueous route involving isopropanol nanoreactors dispersed in a polystyrene / THF solution. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a mean diameter of 15 nm with a small standard deviation of 5 nm, for both, undoped and doped nanoparticles. CaF2 particles exhibit a cubic morphology, while Eu3+:CaF2 particles are rather spherical. Luminescence experiments carried on Ca1−xEuxF2+x (x = 0.1) at room temperature, revealed that europium cations are only located in one type of site in the CaF2 structure, with an environment rather constituted by F− anions than by OH− or O2−, showing the absence of these later in the synthesized nanoparticles. These measurements highlighted also a long mean life‐time for the 5D0 state of trivalent europium (5.6 ms), compared to the ones observed in literature (around 3 ms). By an adequate choice of reagents, this waterless method of preparation could be adapted allowing the synthesis of other water sensitive compounds than fluorides.
119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Chemical Bonding in AuTSn2 (T = Ni, Cu, Pd)
Authors: Lange Stefan , Schappacher Falko M. , Johrendt Dirk , Nilges Tom , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: June 2006

The stannides AuTSn2 (T = Ni, Cu, Pd) were synthesized by reacting the elements in sealed silica ampoules at 1300 K and subsequent annealing sequences. The compounds were studied by X‐ray powder diffraction. The structure of the new stannide AuPdSn2 was refined from single crystal diffractometer data: P63/mmc, a = 415.8(2), c = 557.1(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0400, 88 F2 values, and 6 variable parameters. These ternary stannides derive from the NiAs structure. For AuPdSn2 only a disordered structure with a random distribution of gold and palladium on the nickel site was observed. AuNiSn2 and AuCuSn2, however, are ordered superstructures, space group $P{\bar 3}m{\rm 1}$. 119Sn Mössbauer spectra show single signals at isomer shifts of 2.00(1) (Ni), 2.10(1) (Pd), and 2.26(1) mm/s (Cu), indicating the highest s electron density at the tin nuclei of AuCuSn2. AuNiSn2, where the tin atoms show the strongest displacement from the subcell mirror plane reveals the largest quadrupole splitting of 0.60(1) mm/s. Chemical bonding in AuSn and AuNiSn2 was compared on the basis of TB–LMTO–ASA electronic structure calculations. The latter reveal strong Au–Ni and Ni–Sn bonding in the ordered structure of AuNiSn2.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of LiFePO4 and Lithium Extraction Effects
Authors: Ait‐Salah A. , Dodd J. , Mauger A. , Yazami R. , Gendron F. , Julien C. M.
Published: June 2006

The characterization of LiFePO4 and of materials synthesized by chemical delithiation of pure LiFePO4 using potassium peroxydisulfate is reported. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetization measurements are analyzed for lithium concentrations x = 0, 0.5, and 1. XRD and EPR data show that the x = 0.5 sample is phase separated into 0.5LiFePO4 + 0.5FePO4, in agreement with prior experiments showing that the mixed‐valence LixFePO4 compound is unstable. The magnetic properties give evidence of a superparamagnetism associated to iron‐based ferromagnetic nanoparticles, superposed to the intrinsic magnetic contribution of the powder which undergoes an antiferromagnetic ordering at TN(x =1) = 50 K and TN(x = 0) = 125 K. The magnetic clustering (amount of iron in the ferromagnetic nanoparticles, mean size distribution) is independent of the lithium concentration. Both the ESR signal of the magnetic clusters and the magnetization curves give evidence of a magnetic interaction between the magnetic clusters and their environment which acts as a friction.
Organothalliumhalogenide
Authors: Kuzu Istemi , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: June 2006

Organothallium Halides

When TlCl3 was reacted with cHexMgCl in THF, the triorganothallane TlcHex3 (1) could be obtained. The reaction of TlCl3 with PhLi in Et2O solution at 0 °C gave after workup the insoluble colorless solid Ph2TlCl (2). 2 was refluxed in pyridine. During cooling of the hot suspension colorless small crystals of [Ph2Tl(Py)2Cl]n (3) were formed. TlMes3 and TlCl3 in the molar ration 2:1 reacted in toluene at 20 °C to give the salt (TlMes2)[MesTlCl3] (4). The treatment of TlBr with MesMgBr solution (molar ratio 2:1) in THF/toluene lead to a suspension of MesTlBr2 and Tl. The suspension was refluxed in pyridine. After cooling of the solution, colorless crystals of [MesTlBr2(Py)2]·Py (5) could be isolated. 1 and 3–5 were characterized by NMR and MS techniques and in the case of 3 by vibrational spectroscopy. In addition X‐ray structure determinations of 3 ‐ 5 were performed. According to this the structure of 3 can be understood in two ways: 3 consists of polymeric linear chains along [001] buildt‐up by square planar [TlPh4]− and [Tl(Py)4]3+ units connected by Cl− ions. This would mean a description as [{TlPh4Cl}{Tl(Py)4Cl}]n. The disorder phenomena in 3 would allow the second explanation, the formation of chains [Ph2Tl(Py)2Cl]n. The unit cell of 4 contains zig‐zag chains of four‐membered rings consisting of linear (TlMes2)+ units and distorted tetrahedrons of [MesTlCl3]− ions. All chloro ligands in 4 are μ‐bridging forming Tl2Cl2 four‐membered rings and Tl‐Cl‐Tl sequences. In 5, molecular units of [MesTlBr2(Py)2] are present. The thallium atoms possess a trigonal bipyramidal environment.
A Non–Metallic Ionic Saccharinate. Synthesis, Structure and DFT Calculations of Piperazinium Disaccharinate
Authors: Gumus Sedat , Guney Serkan , Yilmaz Veysel T. , Kazak Canan
Published: June 2006

A new ionic saccharinate (sac) compound with the piperazinium dication (H2ppz)(sac)2 (1), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c and consists of the (sac)− monoanion and (H2ppz)2+ dication. In addition to the ionic interactions, the ions are linked by strong N–H···O hydrogen bonds involving the NH hydrogen atoms of (H2ppz)2+ and the sulfonyl O atoms of (sac)−. The intermolecular interactions are further reinforced by weak aromatic π(sac)···π(sac) stacking interactions, giving rise to a three‐dimensional network. Molecular structure and vibrational frequencies of 1 have also been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using GAUSSIAN 03. Calculated frequencies are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data.
Zur Frage der Tautomerie von Cyamelursäure im Kristall
Authors: Sattler Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

On the Question of the Tautomerism of Cyameluric Acid in the Crystal

Cyameluric acid was synthesized starting from melamine via melone and sodium cyamelurate. Cyameluric acid crystallizes from diluted aqueous hydrochloric acid, forming a trihydrate H3(C6N7)O3 · 3H2O. The crystal‐structure was solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Cc (no. 9), Z = 16, a = 1552.21(2), b = 2010.89(3), c = 1385.33(2) pm, β = 102.1066(8)°, V = 4227.89(10), 9224 data, 818 parameters, R1 = 0.058). There has been some unresolved discussion in the literature which of the possible tautomeric forms of cyameluric acid is preferred in the solid state. Our structural investigation provides proof that the keto‐tautomere is favored in the crystal. The IR‐, Raman and solid‐state NMR‐spectroscopic properties of cyameluric acid trihydrate were studied. The thermal behavior of the title compound was investigated.
Relativistic brachistochrones under electric or gravitational uniform fields
Authors: Mingari Scarpello G. , Ritelli D.
Published: June 2006

This paper analyzes the planar frictionless brachistochronic motion of a punctual charge moving in vacuo under the sole effect of a uniform electrostatic field accelerating it to relativistic speeds. Following the double assumption of minimizing the absolute (newtonian) and the local (relativistic) time, different fastest trajectory families are calculated in closed form, sometimes through the I and II kind elliptic integrals. The problem is furthermore treated and solved replacing the electrostatic field with the gravitational one.
Subclinical course of adult visceral Niemann–Pick type C1 disease. A rare or underdiagnosed disorder?
Authors: Dvorakova L. , Sikora J. , Hrebicek M. , Hulkova H. , Bouckova M. , Stolnaja L. , Elleder M.
Published: June 2006

We present the third case of Niemann–Pick disease type C without neurological symptoms. The patient was a 53‐year‐old woman without significant prior health problems who died of acute pulmonary embolism. Autopsy findings of hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and ceroid‐rich foam cells raised the suspicion of the visceral form of acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (Niemann–Pick disease type B; NPB) or a much rarer disorder, variant adult visceral form of Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC). To verify the histopathological findings, SMPD1, NPC1 and NPC2 genes were analysed. Two novel sequence variants, c.1997G>A (S666N) and c.2882A>G (N961S) were detected in the NPC1 gene. No pathogenic sequence variants were found either in the SMPD1 gene mutated in NPB or in NPC2 gene. The pathogenicity of both NPC1 variants was supported by their location in regions important for the protein function. Both variations were not found in more than 300 control alleles. Identified sequence variations confirm the diagnosis of the extremely rare adult visceral form of Niemann–Pick disease type C, which is otherwise dominated by neurovisceral symptoms. Although only three patients have been reported, this (most probably underdiagnosed) form of NPC should be considered in differential diagnosis of isolated hepatosplenomegaly with foam cells in adulthood.
How Low-Paid Employees Avoid Poverty: An Analysis by Family Type and Household Structure
Authors: GARDINER KAREN , MILLAR JANE
Published: June 2006

The risk of poverty is very unevenly distributed in society. Some groups – unemployed people, lone parents, large families, people with disabilities, and some ethnic groups – have much higher poverty rates than average. Some events – losing a job, marital breakdown, having children – also put people at high risk of poverty. But being in a high-risk group does not necessarily mean you will be poor, nor does experiencing an event with a high poverty risk attached to it. Some people avoid poverty, despite being in high-risk groups or facing high-risk events. This article focuses on one such group – low-paid workers – and explores whether and how people in low-paid jobs are able to avoid poverty. We consider three main options – own wages and in particular working long hours, living with other people and sharing income, and state transfers through the tax and benefit system – and compare these across different family and household types. The results highlight the importance of household living arrangements in protecting low-waged individuals against poverty.
Sour Grapes: Relative Deprivation, Adaptive Preferences and the Measurement of Poverty
Authors: HALLERÖD BJÖRN
Published: June 2006

One frequently used direct measure of deprivation and poverty is the objective relative deprivation index (O-RDindex), developed by Mack and Lansley (1985). One assumption underlying the O-RDindex is that respondents can distinguish between what that they cannot afford and what they do not want. This assumption contradicts the subjective usage of the concept relative deprivation (S-RD), which suggests a connection between economic circumstances, choice of reference group and consumption preferences.

The present analysis supports the S-RD assumptions. People with limited access to economic resources are more likely to say they ‘do not want’ various consumable items. The results indicate a subjective bias that leads to underestimation of the incidence of O-RD among those suffering from the greatest economic hardship. However, it is also concluded that asking people to differentiate between choice and economic constraint improves our measurement of O-RD and decreases the risk that relatively well-off individuals will score high on the O-RDindex due to peculiar prioritising of consumption. Yet it is still the case that the social mechanisms related to S-RD most probably lead to underestimation of O-RD.
Social Insecurity: Children and Benefit Dynamics
Authors: PLATT LUCINDA
Published: June 2006

This article uses administrative data to explore benefit dynamics for children in Britain's second largest city, Birmingham, over the period January 1998 to June 1999. As the benefits in question (housing benefit and council tax benefit) are means tested, the dynamics are also informative about moves in and out of low income. The article is original in its use of quarterly data to provide a comprehensive picture of benefit dynamics, in treating the child rather than the benefit claimant as the unit of analysis, and also in including ethnic group differences in its analysis of benefit exit and re-entry. It provides a picture of substantial ‘welfare dynamics’: that is, movements in and out of benefit support. Living in a low-income family in receipt of benefit can be seen to be a part, and sometimes a recurring part, of the experience of a large proportion of children. It argues that policy needs to investigate and take account of the impact of insecure income as well as poverty when considering the welfare of children.
Income Dynamics and the Life Cycle
Authors: RIGG JOHN , SEFTON TOM
Published: June 2006

This article argues that our understanding of income and poverty dynamics benefits from taking a life-cycle perspective. A person's age and family circumstances – the factors that shape their life cycle – affect the likelihood of experiencing key life events, such as partnership formation, having children, or retirement; this in turn affects their probability of experiencing rising, falling, or other income trajectories. Using ten waves of the British Household Panel Survey, we analyse the income trajectories of people at different stages in their lives in order to build a picture of income dynamics over the whole life cycle. We find that particular life events are closely associated with either rising or falling trajectories, but that there is considerable heterogeneity in income trajectories following these different events. Typically, individuals experiencing one of these life events are around twice as likely to experience a particular income trajectory, but most individuals will not follow the trajectory most commonly associated with that life event. This work improves our understanding of the financial impact of different life events and provides an indication of how effectively the welfare state cushions people against the potentially adverse impact of these events.
Extending Quality Life: Policy Prescriptions from the Growing Older Programme
Authors: WALKER ALAN
Published: June 2006

This article provides a policy-oriented overview of the five-year ESRC Growing Older Programme of research on quality of life in old age: the largest UK social sciences research endeavour to date in the field of ageing. By way of an introduction to the Growing Older Programme, its main objectives are stated and some of its unique contributions to knowledge and research methods are summarised. Then the bulk of the article focuses on the relationship between research and policy: first in general terms and then specifically with regard to the operation of and outputs from the Programme. The particular methods used by the Programme to engage with the policy process are described, within a broad enlightenment framework. This is followed by an outline of the key elements of a multi-dimensional approach to extending the quality of later life. The five priority elements of this skeletal strategy – inequalities in old age, environments of ageing, economic and family roles, participation and involvement, and frailty and identity – are derived from the Growing Older Programme's comprehensive evidence base. In each case the policy implications of the research evidence are illustrated. Finally, the role of older people in living their own lives of quality is discussed, and the results of the Programme are used to show how aspects of both structure and agency combine to determine the quality of later life.
The Business-Social Policy Nexus: Corporate Power and Corporate Inputs into Social Policy
Authors: FARNSWORTH KEVIN , HOLDEN CHRIS
Published: June 2006

It is increasingly impossible to understand and explain the shape and delivery of contemporary social policy unless we consider the role of business. Several factors have been at work here. First, many of the changes in social policy introduced since the 1970s have been in response either to business demands or more general concerns about national competitiveness and the needs of business. Second, globalisation has increased corporate power within states, leading to transformations in social and fiscal policies. Third, business has been incorporated into the management of many areas of the welfare state by governments keen to control expenditure and introduce private sector values into services. Fourth, welfare services, from hospitals to schools, have been increasingly opened up to private markets. Despite all this, the issues of business influence and involvement in social policy has been neglected in the literature. This article seeks to place corporate power and influence centre-stage by outlining and critically reflecting on the place of business within contemporary welfare states, with a particular focus on the UK. Business, it argues, is increasingly important to welfare outcomes and needs to be taken into account more fully within the social policy literature.
Contracting for Welfare Services in Italy
Authors: BIFULCO LAVINIA , VITALE TOMMASO
Published: June 2006

The 1990s witnessed the spread and broadening in Europe of different types of relationships between public administration and private organisations (both for-profit and non-profit), derived from the two main categories of contracting out and accreditation. These models, linked to the process of developing new modes of governance, also focus on forms of contracting between providers and users of services. This contractual configuration of local welfare systems appears to encourage ‘civil society’ and recipients to play a more active role in designing interventions and putting them into practice. Nonetheless, several questions still remain to be answered, mainly concerning the different position adopted by the beneficiaries in the case of intervention theoretically aimed at ensuring or increasing their ‘freedom of choice’. This article sets out to analyse these questions with specific reference to the implementation of the Italian legal reform of social services. The field of observation covers interventions based on economic benefits looking to promote recipients' independence. Our intention is to focus on whether and how the present structures incorporate and elaborate this impulse towards change, with particular reference to the new configuration of the users' own position.
From Pages to Clicks
Authors: Jones Margie
Published: June 2006

Margie Jones, from medium-sized law firm Lester Aldridge, has documented her experiences in incorporating online legal information into the firm's Library and Information Service (LIS). This article covers general issues in the print v electronic debate and subsequent issues of LIM will cover other aspects.
The Obscure and the Bizarre: Old Legislation Still on the Statute Book
Authors: Pease Catherine
Published: June 2006

Catherine Pease of the Law Society Library guides us through the very popular recent exhibition of peculiar legislation.
Recent Changes in Copyright Law and their Effects on Information Professionals within Law Firms
Authors: Beaumont Jon
Published: June 2006

This is an overview by Jon Beaumont of the results of his dissertation which examined the impact of changes in copyright law. It also contains a brief history of copyright law and discusses the more significant effects of the Copyright Directive 2001/29/EC.
BIALL Code of Good Practice for Law Publishers
Authors: Mullan James
Published: June 2006

The BIALL Code of Good Practice for Law Publishers was launched at the 2005 BIALL Conference. Support for the Code of Good Practice is growing and demonstrates a commitment by legal publishers to respond to the rapidly changing publishing environment. James Mullan Chair of the BIALL Legal Information Group (LIG) provides a history of the Code to date.
Access to, and Provision of, Legal Information in the Transition from Communism to Democracy in Estonia
Authors: Laffranque Julia
Published: June 2006

The Estonian legal system has over the last decade and a half undergone a tremendous change. Quite often we have had to start from almost nothing and to develop our law very fast compared to societies with long lasting traditions of stable and well established democracy where similar reforms have taken hundreds of years instead of ten. The years that have passed since the reestablishment of Estonia's independence are characterised by reforms of the legal system, preparation for them, and finally their implementation. All these activities have stemmed from a single underlying idea - to develop a legal order appropriate to a democratic state based on the rule of law. Reforms in public and private law as well as in penal law were finalised ten years after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia in 1992.
Creating ‘Opportunity for All’? New Labour, New Localism and the Opportunity Society
Authors: Ellison Nick , Ellison Sarah
Published: June 2006

Since coming to office, New Labour has made much of a ‘public philosophy’ that stresses the importance of equal access to opportunities. This article does not so much criticise this fairly modest understanding of social justice as ask whether the kind of social policies that New Labour has devised are capable of delivering ‘opportunity for all’. The suggestion is that, because ‘targeted’ policies – Labour's local regeneration initiatives are the example taken here – face intrinsic difficulties as vehicles for social inclusion and thus greater equality of access to opportunity, they need to be supported by a wider commitment to distributive justice.
Cross-Cultural Experiences of Studying Social Policy: A Small Exploratory Study of Korean Students Studying British Social Policy
Authors: Ross Liz
Published: June 2006

The paper examines the potential value of their cross-cultural study experience to international students studying social policy in the UK and draws on a small exploratory study, focusing on Korean students, to consider how the cross-cultural experience may be enhanced to enable students to develop a critical awareness of their own and their host country's culture and social policy.
Factors Affecting the Level of Depression and Life Satisfaction of Family Caregivers of Frail Older People in Korea
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Min So Young
Published: June 2006

South Korea is rapidly becoming an aged society and with changing family structures there is increasing concern about the care of older people. This paper considers the well being of family carers of older people who suffer from dementia or a stroke. One hundred and sixty eight family caregivers, who were caring for elderly relatives, were selected and the major factors affecting their psychological well-being and proposals to improve their quality of life are identified and discussed.
Korean Disability Employment Policy: What is it offering people with learning disabilities?
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Davis Ann
Published: June 2006

From the 1960s onwards opportunities for employment for disabled people have been promoted by the South Korean government and recent research has focused on the achievements of policies in this area. However people with learning disabilities have largely been ignored in this research. The paper draws on a study which used research methods designed explicitly to enable people with learning disabilities to participate and their voices to be heard. The findings highlight the failure of current policies to provide suitable employment opportunities for people with learning disabilities and the paper concludes with some recommendations.
Policy and Power: The Impact of the Internet on the Younger Generation in South Korea
Authors: Choi Young Soo , Ross Liz
Published: June 2006

South Korea is a leading country in the use of computers and broadband. The paper will show how young Koreans, who have been brought up within a hierarchical, family focused society, now find that they are able to create and have power within ‘their own world’ using information technology. Parents, government and IT companies have encouraged the use of IT by young people but there is now concern about ‘internet addiction’. The paper considers the changing power relationships and discusses the policy and practice changes required to ensure a more balanced use of the internet.
Towards Equal Voices: Childcare Policy and Children in the Chinese and Bangladeshi Communities in an English Regional Capital
Authors: Lie Mabel L. S.
Published: June 2006

Childcare provision in Britain has improved in terms of its quality, accessibility and affordability, but still much more has to be done, especially in meeting the needs of minority ethnic groups. Household research with Chinese and Bangladeshi families including grandparents, parents and children was conducted to account for their childcare needs. The findings indicate that, while there are a number of similarities between the two groups, there are also significant differences that influence household practices and preferences with regard to childcare. The qualitative data illustrate the diverse and dynamic nature of minority ethnic households, while also drawing out policy implications for socially inclusive childcare planning.
Some Useful Sources
Authors: Ross Liz
Published: June 2006

In addition to the texts and journal papers referenced in the papers there a number of recent texts which focus on the social policy and socio-cultural developments in Korea.
Temporal variation of an initial marine biofilm community and its effects on larval settlement and metamorphosis of the tubeworm Hydroides elegans
Authors: Shikuma N. J. , Hadfield M. G.
Published: June 2006

Planktonic larvae of many sessile marine invertebrates settle and metamorphose preferentially on surfaces covered by bacterial biofilms. The polychaete tubeworm Hydroides elegans is induced to settle by biofilms and is the primary colonizer of newly submerged surfaces in the succession of macrofouling invertebrates in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, USA. This study examines the succession of bacterial community composition and cell density of marine biofilms, and how temporal changes in biofilms affect settlement of H. elegans. Settlement assays of H. elegans were conducted on naturally formed biofilms of increasing age from Pearl Harbor. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and epifluoresence microscopy were used to identify community composition and densities of bacterial cells in biofilms. Results of this study suggest that increasing densities of a stable community, rather than a shift in dominant species composition of biofilm bacteria, are probably responsible for the primary colonization of submerged surfaces by H. elegans in Pearl Harbor. However, the current data leave open the question of why larvae of other biofouling invertebrate species known to settle in response to biofilms recruit to surfaces only at later times.
Working Memory Capacity and a Notorious Brain Teaser
Authors: De Neys Wim , Verschueren Niki
Published: June 2006

Abstract. The Monty Hall Dilemma (MHD) is an intriguing example of the discrepancy between people’s intuitions and normative reasoning. This study examines whether the notorious difficulty of the MHD is associated with limitations in working memory resources. Experiment 1 and 2 examined the link between MHD reasoning and working memory capacity. Experiment 3 tested the role of working memory experimentally by burdening the executive resources with a secondary task. Results showed that participants who solved the MHD correctly had a significantly higher working memory capacity than erroneous responders. Correct responding also decreased under secondary task load. Findings indicate that working memory capacity plays a key role in overcoming salient intuitions and selecting the correct switching response during MHD reasoning.
Stroop-Like Serial Position Effects in Color Naming of Words and Nonwords
Authors: Marmurek Harvey H. C. , Proctor Caroline , Javor Andrea
Published: June 2006

Color-naming latencies to noncolor words and nonwords were faster when the onset or final phoneme of the displays corresponded to the onset or final phoneme of the color response. For example, for displays printed in red, the word rack and nonword rask, which share the initial onset phoneme with the response, led to faster naming than did the control word chap and nonword chup. Conversely, when the onset or final phoneme of the displays matched the onset or final phoneme of a conflicting color response (e.g., rack printed in blue), latencies were longer than to control items. Facilitation effects were stronger than interference effects, and the onset phoneme facilitation effect was augmented by coloring only the initial letter in the display. It is hypothesized that nonlexical processes that govern the translation of print to speech may be a source of facilitation in Stroop-like tasks, whereas lexical processes are more likely to contribute to interference.
Different Interference Effects in Musicians and a Control Group
Authors: Berti Stefan , Münzer Stefan , Schröger Erich , Pechmann Thomas
Published: June 2006

In the present study musicians and normal control subjects performed an S1-S2 pitch comparison task, which included the presentation of intervening tones during the retention interval. The time for encoding and storing the pitch of S1 was varied between 200 and 1,500 ms by changing the pause between the S1 offset and the onset of the intervening tones. Although musicians outperformed the control group with longer pauses after the S1 offset, this advantage was relatively small with shorter pauses. These results suggest that the advantage of musicians in storing auditory information is not solely due to their superior encoding of information but also to improved working memory operations.
Generalization Gradients for Acquisition and Extinction in Human Contingency Learning
Authors: Vervliet Bram , Vansteenwegen Debora , Eelen Paul
Published: June 2006

Two experiments investigated the perceptual generalization of acquisition and extinction in human contingency learning. In Experiment 1, the degree of perceptual similarity between the acquisition stimulus and the generalization stimulus was manipulated over five groups. This successfully generated a generalization gradient of acquisition. In the subsequent phase, the response to the generalization stimulus was extinguished in each group. Finally, the acquisition stimulus was presented again. The response recovered differently over groups, thereby establishing the generalization gradient of extinction. In Experiment 2, the acquisition stimulus itself was extinguished before the set of generalization stimuli was tested between groups. One group evidenced a response recovery at test, which suggests that the gradient of acquisition is somewhat broader than the gradient of extinction.
End-State Comfort in Bimanual Object Manipulation
Authors: Weigelt Matthias , Kunde Wilfried , Prinz Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

The present experiment investigated the sensitivity for end-state comfort in a bimanual object manipulation task. Participants were required to simultaneously reach for two bars and to place the objects' ends into two targets on the table. The design of the experiment allowed to dissociate the relative roles of initial means (e.g., the selection of grips) and final postures (e.g., the anticipation of end-states). The question of interest was whether affording different grip patterns for the two hands would introduce a bias away from reaching end-state comfort. Results revealed a strong sensitivity for end-state comfort, independent of the required grip patterns. In particular, end-state comfort was preferred even if this meant selecting different initial means (i.e., different grips) for the two hands. Hence, end-state oriented action planning appears to dominate interaction costs that may result from motor-related, intermanual interference. We infer that movement planning is constrained by action goals (e.g., a comfortable end-posture for both hands), but largely unaffected by the type of motor actions necessary to achieve these goals.
A Common Representation for Semantic and Physical Properties
Authors: Cohen Kadosh Roi , Henik Avishai
Published: June 2006

This is the first report of a mutual interference between luminance and numerical value in magnitude judgments. Instead of manipulating the physical size of compared numbers, which is the traditional approach in size congruity studies, luminance levels were manipulated. The results yielded the classical congruity effect. Participants took more time to process numerically larger numbers when they were brighter than when they were darker, and more time to process a darker number when its numerical value was smaller than when it was larger. On the basis of neurophysiological studies of magnitude comparison and interference between semantic and physical information, it is proposed that the processing of semantic and physical magnitude information is carried out by a shared brain structure. It is suggested that this brain area, the left intraparietal sulcus, subserves various comparison processes by representing various quantities on an amodal magnitude scale.
Syllabic Priming Effects in Picture Naming in French
Authors: Perret Cyril , Bonin Patrick , Méot Alain
Published: June 2006

Ferrand, Segui, and Grainger (1996 ) found robust syllable priming effects in picture naming latencies: Pictures primed with their initial syllable (e.g., ba for baleine [whale]) were processed faster than pictures primed with a string of letters shorter or longer than their initial syllable (e.g., bal for baleine). However, in several studies, these priming effects have not been replicated in word naming or in picture naming either in Dutch or in English ( Schiller, 1998 , 1999 , 2000 ). The present study was aimed at replicating syllable priming effects in picture naming in French using a masked priming paradigm. The study employed a larger number of participants and items than were used in the Ferrand et al. (1996 ) study. The syllable priming effect in picture naming latencies was not replicated. Subsampling procedures were then used to examine the stability of the Ferrand et al. (1996 ) pattern of results in picture naming in greater detail. The syllabic priming effect in picture naming turned out to be an extremely rare event.
Tectonic discrimination diagrams revisited
Authors: Vermeesch Pieter
Published: June 2006

The decision boundaries of most tectonic discrimination diagrams are drawn by eye. Discriminant analysis is a statistically more rigorous way to determine the tectonic affinity of oceanic basalts based on their bulk‐rock chemistry. This method was applied to a database of 756 oceanic basalts of known tectonic affinity (ocean island, mid‐ocean ridge, or island arc). For each of these training data, up to 45 major, minor, and trace elements were measured. Discriminant analysis assumes multivariate normality. If the same covariance structure is shared by all the classes (i.e., tectonic affinities), the decision boundaries are linear, hence the term linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In contrast with this, quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) allows the classes to have different covariance structures. To solve the statistical problems associated with the constant‐sum constraint of geochemical data, the training data must be transformed to log‐ratio space before performing a discriminant analysis. The results can be mapped back to the compositional data space using the inverse log‐ratio transformation. An exhaustive exploration of 14,190 possible ternary discrimination diagrams yields the Ti‐Si‐Sr system as the best linear discrimination diagram and the Na‐Nb‐Sr system as the best quadratic discrimination diagram. The best linear and quadratic discrimination diagrams using only immobile elements are Ti‐V‐Sc and Ti‐V‐Sm, respectively. As little as 5% of the training data are misclassified by these discrimination diagrams. Testing them on a second database of 182 samples that were not part of the training data yields a more reliable estimate of future performance. Although QDA misclassifies fewer training data than LDA, the opposite is generally true for the test data. Therefore LDA is a cruder but more robust classifier than QDA. Another advantage of LDA is that it provides a powerful way to reduce the dimensionality of the multivariate geochemical data in a similar way to principal component analysis. This procedure yields a small number of “discriminant functions,” which are linear combinations of the original variables that maximize the between‐class variance relative to the within‐class variance.