bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second‐generation narrow‐band imaging to detect colorectal adenomas: A prospective study including community hospitals
Authors: Minamide Tatsunori , Sashiyama Hiroshi , Muramatsu Yusuke , Yada Tomoyuki , Matsumura Tomoaki , Takeda Shinichiro , Suzuki Takuto , Kakimoto Toshiharu , Yano Tomonori , Yoshii Katsumi , Arai Makoto , Uemura Naomi , Yamaguchi Taketo , Ikematsu Hiroaki
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim

It is unclear whether second‐generation narrow‐band imaging (NBI) improves colorectal adenoma detection in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the ability of NBI to detect adenomas in academic and community hospitals.

Methods

This observational, multicenter study was conducted in four academic and four community hospitals between July 2018 and April 2019. We enrolled patients aged ≥ 20 years who underwent colonoscopy for screening, polyp surveillance, or diagnostic workup. The primary endpoint was the adenoma detection rate (ADR) between NBI (NBI group) and white‐light imaging colonoscopies (WLI group) after propensity score (PS) matching.

Results

Of 1831 patients analyzed before PS matching, the NBI and WLI groups included 742 and 1089 patients, respectively. After PS matching, 711 pairs from both groups were analyzed. ADR and the mean number of adenomas per patient did not differ significantly between the NBI and WLI groups (43.5% vs 44.4%, P = 0.71; 0.90 ± 1.38 vs 0.91 ± 1.40, P = 0.95, respectively). Academic hospitals showed higher ADR in the NBI group (60.5% vs 53.8%), whereas community hospitals showed higher ADR in the WLI group (35.8% vs 40.5%). In the NBI group, ADR was significantly higher among NBI‐screening‐experienced endoscopists than among NBI‐screening‐inexperienced endoscopists (63.2% vs 39.2%, P < 0.001). The mean number of flat and depressed lesions detected per patient was significantly higher with NBI than with WLI (0.62 ± 1.34 vs 0.44 ± 1.01, P = 0.035).

Conclusions

Second‐generation NBI could not surpass WLI in terms of ADR based on patient recruitment from both academic and community hospitals but improved the detection of easily overlooked flat and depressed lesions.
No longer green with envy: Objectifying and destroying negative consumer emotions
Authors: Soesilo Primidya K. M. , Morrin Maureen L. , Onuklu Nese Nur Yazgan
Published: July 2021

Envy is a natural emotion that can occur to anyone. While envy can be beneficial in a way, it can also bring negative implications on self‐regulatory resources as well. A novel coping mechanism is proposed to help mitigate self‐regulatory failure elicited by envious feelings. The research demonstrates that envy loses its potency when such feelings are objectified by writing about them on a piece of paper, and then physically destroying them. Three laboratory studies (n = 110; n = 159; n = 174) are reported showing that participants who objectify their envious feelings and then destroy them (e.g., by shredding, cutting, tearing, or dissolving) rather than keeping them, exhibit enhanced self‐regulation, as evidenced by reduced acquisitiveness and less indulgent spending, as well as a greater willingness to volunteer. Theoretical and consumer welfare implications are discussed.
New product advantage infused by modularity: Do resources make a difference?
Authors: Xiao Yazhen , Zhang Haisu
Published: July 2021

Given the plethora of new product introductions, managers often embrace modularity (i.e., decompose product or process design into components or sub‐tasks, respectively) as part of new product development (NPD). Although modularity increases overall firm performance, a holistic view is missing for the relationship between modularity and new product advantage (i.e., a new product's superiority relative to competing products). In addition, extant research has not examined modularity in juxtaposition with allocated resources, so it is unclear how their interplay will unfold as means to foster new product advantage. Accordingly, by building on resource theories (resource‐based view and resource orchestration theory) and extant research on NPD, we bridge the modularity‐new product advantage gap in a survey study of managers involved in NPD projects. Overall, we view product modularity and process modularity as NPD capabilities and contrast their roles in NPD. Our findings show that product modularity, rather than process modularity, directly fosters new product advantage. More interestingly, resources form different contingency factors for the two types of modularity to influence new product advantage. Resources allocated to marketing stages constrain product modularity's positive impact, but they create a synergy with process modularity to increase new product advantage. On the contrary, the synergy between resources allocated to technical stages and product modularity generates more benefit for new product advantage, but resources allocated to marketing stages do not have a contingency effect on process modularity. These findings help firms understand how to leverage modularity to develop superior new products. At the same time, they offer insights into allocating and bundling different resources across NPD stages as the range of product modularity and process modularity vary in NPD.
Day‐to‐day variability of porcine lente, insulin glargine 300 U/mL and insulin degludec in diabetic dogs
Authors: Miller Michelle , Pires Jully , Crakes Katti , Greathouse Rachel , Quach Nina , Gilor Chen
Published: July 2021

Background

Day‐to‐day variability impacts safety of insulin therapy and the choice of monitoring strategies. Side‐by‐side comparisons of insulin formulations in diabetic dogs are scarce.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Insulin glargine 300 U/mL (IGla300) and insulin degludec (IDeg) are associated with less day‐to‐day glucose variability compared to porcine lente (PL) in diabetic dogs.

Animals

Seven intact male purpose‐bred beagles with toxin‐induced diabetes.

Methods

In this repeated measured study, PL, IGla300 and IDeg were compared in 2 phases: once‐daily (q24h) and twice‐daily (q12h) administration. Interstitial glucose concentrations (IG) were measured continuously throughout the study. For each formulation, maximal q24h dose was determined using the same algorithm (while avoiding hypoglycemia) and then maintained for 72 hours. In phase 2, 70% of the maximal q24h dose was administered q12h and maintained for 5 days regardless of hypoglycemia. Coefficient of variation (CV) and glycemic variability percentage (GVP) were calculated to determine day‐to‐day and intraday variability, respectively.

Results

There was no difference in day‐to‐day variability between PL, IGla300, and IDeg in the q24h phase. In the q12h phase, day‐to‐day variability was higher (P = .01) for PL (CV = 42.6 ± 6.8%) compared to IGla300 and IDeg (CV = 30.1 ± 7.7%, 25.2 ± 7.0%, respectively). The GVP of PL was lower (P = .02) compared to IGla300. There was no difference between PL, IGla300 and IDeg in %time IG < 70 mg/dL.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Insulin degludec and IGla300 administered q12h were associated with lower day‐to‐day variability, which might be advantageous in minimizing monitoring requirements without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Grandparent caregiving in Cambodian skip‐generation households: Roles and impact on child nutrition
Authors: Schneiders Mira Leonie , Phou Maly , Tum Vira , Kelley Maureen , Parker Michael , Turner Claudia
Published: July 2021

This study aims to understand nutrition‐related roles, responsibilities and ethical issues of grandparents caring for their grandchildren in skip‐generation households in rural Cambodia. Over the past decade, Cambodia has experienced a rise in economic migration of working age populations. This has resulted in increasing numbers of ‘skip‐generation’ households, in which grandparents and grandchildren co‐reside without parents, reflecting potential household vulnerability. This qualitative study involved in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions with Cambodian grandparents who were primary caregivers to grandchildren for six months or longer. A total of 39 grandparents were recruited at two sites in north‐west Cambodia. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in Khmer and were recorded, transcribed and translated into English. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Grandparents in this study looked after an average of three children, aged between two months and 18 years old. Overall, 40% were sole caregivers. Analysis showed that grandparents, particularly grandmothers, played a central role in their grandchildren's health and nutrition. Although grandchildren's health and nutrition were a major priority to grandparents, they reported facing significant challenges to safeguard their grandchildren's and their own nutritional needs. As a result, grandparents frequently faced difficult ethical trade‐offs and prioritised their grandchildren's health and nutrition over their own. This study highlights that in order to improve child nutrition, policies and interventions need to be designed in ways that support and enable grandparent caregivers to meet their grandchildren's health and nutritional needs without neglecting their own.
Individualised care in Flemish and Dutch hospitals: Comparing patients’ and nurses’ perceptions
Authors: Theys Sofie , van Belle Elise , Heinen Maud , Malfait Simon , Eeckloo Kristof , Beeckman Dimitri , Verhaeghe Sofie , Van Hecke Ann
Published: July 2021

Background

Patient‐centred care has been recognised as vital for today's healthcare quality. This type of care puts patients at the centre, contributing to positive patient outcomes such as patient autonomy. Empirical research comparing nurses’ and patients’ perceptions of the support and provision of patient‐centred care is limited and focuses solely on nurses and patients working and staying on surgical wards.

Aims and objectives

Comparing patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of patient‐centred care on different types of hospital wards, and exploring if patient empowerment, health literacy, and certain sociodemographic and context‐related variables are associated with these perceptions.

Design

Cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Data were collected in ten Flemish (February–June 2016) and two Dutch (December 2014–May 2015) hospitals using the Individualised Care Scale (ICS). A linear mixed model was fitted. Data from 845 patients and 569 nurses were analysed. As the ICS was used to measure the concept of patient‐centred care, it is described using the term ‘individualised care.’

Results

Nurses perceived that they supported and provided individualised care more compared with patients as they scored significantly higher on the ICS compared with patients. Patients with higher empowerment scores, higher health literacy, a degree lower than bachelor, a longer hospital stay, and patients who were employed and who were admitted to Dutch hospitals scored significantly higher on some of the ICS subscales/subsections. Nurses who were older and more experienced and those working in Dutch hospitals, regional hospitals and maternity wards scored significantly higher on some of the ICS subscales/subsections.

Conclusion

Nurses perceived that they supported and provided individualised care more compared with patients.

Relevance to clinical practice

Creating a shared understanding towards the support and provision of individualised care should be a priority as this could generate more effective nursing care that takes into account the individuality of the patient.
Effect of increasing the time between slurry application and first rainfall event on phosphorus concentrations in runoff
Authors: O’Rourke Sharon M. , Foy Robert H. , Watson Catherine J. , Gordon Alan , Higgins Suzanne , Vadas Peter A.
Published: July 2021

Minimizing slurry phosphorus (P) losses in runoff requires careful management in the context of both soil P surpluses and changing patterns in rainfall. Increasing the time interval between slurry application and the first rainstorm event is known to reduce P loss in runoff although the risk period for elevated P concentrations in runoff can extend for weeks. This study investigated the impact of increasing the time interval between slurry application and first rainstorm event on P concentrations in runoff. Simulated rainfall (40 mm h−1) was applied at 2, 4, 10, 18, 30 and 49 days after dairy slurry was surface‐applied to a grassland sward in Ireland. Increasing time to runoff resulted in a decrease in dissolved reactive P concentrations from 5.0 to 1.0 mg P L−1 and a P signal in runoff for 18 days. Beyond 18 days, elevated P concentrations were observed in runoff collected from natural rainfall that preceded the day 49 rainstorm event. A published surface phosphorus and runoff model (SurPhos) was used to understand the slurry P dynamics controlling P interactions with runoff. Dissolved reactive P in runoff was predicted with accuracy by SurPhos, R2 = .89. The SurPhos model implied that slurry P mineralization occurred during the experimental period that resulted in a small spike in P concentrations beyond the defined risk period. This study shows that the experimental data have the potential to be extrapolated to different weather scenarios using SurPhos and could test when and where slurry P could be most safely spread.
Anticipating the locations in Europe of high‐risk areas for West Nile virus outbreaks in 2021
Authors: García‐Carrasco José‐María , Muñoz Antonio‐Román , Real Raimundo
Published: July 2021

West Nile virus infections in humans are continuously increasing, and the virus has spread considerably in Europe over the past decade. The incidence of the disease was unusually high between 2018 and 2020. The resulting model identifies the West Nile virus outbreak‐prone areas during 2021, even in regions where the virus has not yet been discovered. It is remarkable that in Central Europe, new favourable areas are emerging, where early actions could lessen the impact of the disease.
An Online Assessment Strategy to Improve Student Engagement, Performance, and Retention: Certification-based Retesting
Authors: Pierce Rebecca , Brenneman Matthew , Pierce Martin , Wilken Eric
Published: July 2021

Many courses still utilize a traditional one chance testing model to assess student understanding. If the purpose of assessment is to reflect the mastery a student has in a course, then there is benefit for students to have multiple opportunities to show mastery. This paper outlines the results of a course policy of full grade replacement retesting that required students to first pass a “recertification” quiz. The goal of this policy was to adopt a pedagogical style that more readily reflected the opportunity of continued learning that many workers experience in the professional world while simultaneously aiming to engage students in an online course during the COVID-19 pandemic. A hypothesis test was conducted to determine if this retake policy helped to improve student grades during the course. The results indicate there was a statistically significant difference between the mean score on the first exam and the retest where, on average, students who utilized the exam retake increased their score. Time was found to have a positive relation with retest scores, but even after accounting for time, retesting was found to have a practical and significant effect on student performance. Retesting policies consistently show positive impacts on grades (e.g. Roszkowski & Spreat, 2016; Herman et al., 2019) and should be more widely considered when developing and updating course policies.
Business Case Mining and E-R Modeling Optimization
Authors: Sun Zhaohao , Pinjik Paul , Pambel Francisca
Published: July 2021

Business case mining and business rule discovery are at the center for entity relationship (E-R) modeling and database design to obtain E-R models. How to transform business cases through business rules into E-R models is a fundamental issue for database design. This article addresses this issue by exploring business case mining and E-R modeling optimization. Business case mining is business rule discovery from a business case. This article reviews case-based reasoning, explores business case-based reasoning, and presents a unified approach to business case mining for business rule discovery. The approach includes people-centered entity/business rule discovery and function-centered entity/business rule discovery. E-R modeling optimization aims to improve the E-R modeling process to get a better E-R diagram that reflects the business case properly. This article proposes a unified optimal method for E-R modeling. The unified optimal method includes people-centered E-R modeling, function-centered E-R modeling, and hierarchical E-R modeling. The approach proposed in this research will facilitate the research and development of E-R modeling, database design, data science, and big data analytics.
Survival of presolar
p
-nuclide carriers in the nebula revealed by stepwise leaching of Allende refractory inclusions
Authors: Charlier Bruce L. A. , Tissot François L. H. , Vollstaedt Hauke , Dauphas Nicolas , Wilson Colin J. N. , Marquez Ren T.
Published: July 2021

Step leaching of fine-grained refractory inclusions from Allende reveals the presence of large
84
Sr anomalies.
Sex and gender missing in COVID-19 data
Authors: O'Grady Cathleen
Published: July 2021

Despite suggestions of differential effects, most clinical trials don't report results by sex
Skeletal muscle thermogenesis enables aquatic life in the smallest marine mammal
Authors: Wright Traver , Davis Randall W. , Pearson Heidi C. , Murray Michael , Sheffield-Moore Melinda
Published: July 2021

Keeping warm when small

Several mammal species live in cold-water environments, enabled by adaptations such as blubber and large size. A notable exception to this rule is the sea otter, a species that is orders of magnitude smaller and skinnier than the others. It is known that the sea otter's unusually thick fur helps, but Wright
et al.
show that they are also internally warmed by thermogenic leak from skeletal muscle, a process that elevates their metabolic rate three times above that expected for their size. This mechanism is present even in infants with immature muscles, providing these animals with internal warmth from birth.

Science
, abf4557, this issue p.
223
Mapping the cellular origin and early evolution of leukemia in Down syndrome
Authors: Wagenblast Elvin , Araújo Joana , Gan Olga I. , Cutting Sarah K. , Murison Alex , Krivdova Gabriela , Azkanaz Maria , McLeod Jessica L. , Smith Sabrina A. , Gratton Blaise A. , Marhon Sajid A. , Gabra Martino , Medeiros Jessie J. F. , Manteghi Sanaz , Chen Jian , Chan-Seng-Yue Michelle , Garcia-Prat Laura , Salmena Leonardo , De Carvalho Daniel D. , Abelson Sagi , Abdelhaleem Mohamed , Chong Karen , Roifman Maian , Shannon Patrick , Wang Jean C. Y. , Hitzler Johann K. , Chitayat David , Dick John E. , Lechman Eric R.
Published: July 2021

Down with leukemia

Down syndrome is a congenital disorder caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21, and it is associated with a greatly increased risk of leukemia with origins in fetal development. Infants with Down syndrome are often born with a preleukemic condition, which later resolves in most cases. By using gene-edited human cells implanted into mouse models, Wagenblast
et al.
recapitulated the development of preleukemia and leukemia in the context of Down syndrome (see the Perspective by Roberts and Vyas). A specific mutation triggered a preleukemic condition in the context of trisomy 21 as expected, but progression to full-blown leukemia required a different genetic path and was not dependent on trisomy 21.

Science
, abf6202, this issue p.
eabf6202
; see also abj3957, p.
155
Elastic ice microfibers
Authors: Xu Peizhen , Cui Bowen , Bu Yeqiang , Wang Hongtao , Guo Xin , Wang Pan , Shen Y. Ron , Tong Limin
Published: July 2021

Ice goes bendy

One well known characteristic of ice is that it fractures instead of bending when strained. This characteristic is caused by the inevitable defects introduced into the ice structure during solidification. Xu
et al.
show that very thin, carefully grown ice microfibers can bend a lot, up to about 11%, and still remain elastic (see the Perspective by Schulson). This value is reasonably close to theoretical limits previously estimated. The fibers are also super clear, allowing for efficient light transmission.

Science
, abh3754, this issue p.
187
; see also abj4441, p.
158
Loss of RND-Type Multidrug Efflux Pumps Triggers Iron Starvation and Lipid A Modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Adamiak Justyna W. , Jhawar Varsha , Bonifay Vincent , Chandler Courtney E. , Leus Inga V. , Ernst Robert K. , Schweizer Herbert P. , Zgurskaya Helen I.
Published: July 2021

Transporters belonging to the
r
esistance-
n
odulation-
d
ivision (RND) superfamily of proteins are invariably present in the genomes of Gram-negative bacteria and are largely responsible for the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of these organisms. The numbers of genes encoding RND transporters per genome vary from 1 to 16 and correlate with the environmental versatilities of bacterial species.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain PAO1, a ubiquitous nosocomial pathogen, possesses 12 RND pumps, which are implicated in the development of clinical multidrug resistance and known to contribute to virulence, quorum sensing, and many other physiological functions.
Implementing spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide testing in childhood asthma management in UK primary care: an observational study to examine training and implementation cost and impact on patient’s health use and outcome
Authors: Yang Yaling , Lo David KH , Beardsmore Caroline , Roland Damian , Richardson Matthew , Danvers Lesley , Wilson Andrew , Gaillard Erol A
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Implementation of guidelines into clinical practice is challenging and complex. This study aims to (1) identify the training needs and capacity requirements, and (2) explore the impact on healthcare utilisation and asthma-related quality of life of implementing both spirometry and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in diagnosis of asthma among children in the UK primary care.

Methods

Ten UK general practitioner practices and a total of 612 children (5–16 years) with diagnosed or suspected asthma were invited to participate in this prospective observational study. The total times that the trainer and trainee clinical staff spent on developing the training package, providing and receiving, and performing and interpreting the two tests as part of routine child asthma review were collected, and costs were calculated. We compared healthcare utilisation and asthma-related and general health-related quality of life data between the 6 months before and after the asthma review guided by objective tests.

Results

The average training cost for the 27 primary care clinical members was £1395. The average cost to implement and deliver the test-guided asthma review among the 612 included children was £22. In the 6 months following the tests-guided asthma review, both unplanned primary care attendance, and hospital admissions were reduced, and the asthma-related health status increased significantly.

Conclusion

This study provides robust cost estimates of the resources needed to implement the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence asthma guideline. It also demonstrates the potential to save healthcare costs and improve health status among asthmatic children by implementing this guideline.
Collective aeromedical evacuations of SARS-CoV-2-related ARDS patients in a military tactical plane: a retrospective descriptive study
Authors: Martinez Thibault , Simon K , Lely L , Nguyen Dac C , Lefevre M , Aloird P , Leschiera J , Strehaiano S , Nespoulous O , Boutonnet M , Raynaud L
Published: July 2021

After the appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, MEROPE system was created to transform the military tactical ATLAS A400M aircraft into a flying intensive care unit. Collective aeromedical evacuations (aero-MEDEVAC) of patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome was performed from June to December 2020. A total of 22 patients were transported during seven missions. All aero-MEDEVAC was performed in safe conditions for patients and crew. No life-threatening conditions occurred during flight. Biohazard controls were applied according to French guidelines and prevented crew contamination. Thanks to rigorous selection criteria and continuous in-flight medical care, the safe transportation of these patients was possible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of collective aero-MEDEVAC of these kinds of patients using a tactical military aircraft. We here describe the patient’s characteristics and the flight’s challenges.
Veteran help-seeking behaviour for mental health issues: a systematic review
Authors: Randles Rebecca , Finnegan A
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Serving military personnel and veterans have been identified to have a high prevalence of mental health disorders. Despite this, only a significantly small number seek mental healthcare. With the UK beginning to invest further support to the armed forces community, identification of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking behaviour is needed.

Methods

Corresponding literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Medline, Web of Science and EBSCO. Articles which discussed barriers and facilitators of seeking help for mental health concerns in the veteran population were included. Those which discussed serving personnel or physical problems were not included within this review. A total of 26 papers were analysed.

Results

A number of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking for a mental health issue within the veteran population were identified. Barriers included stigma, military culture of stoicism and self-reliance, as well as deployment characteristics of combat exposure and different warzone deployments. Health service difficulties such as access and lack of understanding by civilian staff were also identified. Facilitators to help combat these barriers included a campaign to dispel the stigma, including involvement of veterans and training of military personnel, as well as more accessibility and understanding from healthcare staff.

Conclusions

While some barriers and facilitators have been identified, much of this research has been conducted within the USA and on male veterans and lacks longitudinal evidence. Further research is needed within the context of other nations and female veterans and to further indicate the facilitators of help-seeking among veterans.
Patient views of therapeutic interchange of ACE inhibitors in Australian primary care: a qualitative study
Authors: Marshall Tessa , Lim Hok , Lau Phyllis
Published: July 2021

Objectives

In Australia, therapeutic interchange of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors could generate savings for patients and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). The PBS subsidises nine drugs in the ACE inhibitor class. These drugs are therapeutically equivalent, but the price varies between each drug. Patients are key players in successful therapeutic interchange programmes, but little is known about their views. This study aims to explore patient views of therapeutic interchange of ACE inhibitors in Australian primary care.

Design

Qualitative exploratory research study using semi-structured interviews, asking participants about therapeutic interchange and their attitude towards hypothetically switching ACE inhibitors. Data were analysed thematically.

Setting

Australian primary care.

Participants

Fourteen adults in Australia currently taking an ACE inhibitor, recruited via general practices and pharmacies, social media and professional networks.

Findings

Five key themes were identified: participants’ limited understanding of medication; the expectation that a new drug would be ‘the same’; the view that choice, convenience and fear of change outweigh the cost; altruism; and trust in health professionals, particularly participants’ own general practitioner (GP).

Conclusions

Patients’ limited understanding of medication changes poses a barrier to therapeutic interchange. Clinicians should explore patients’ understanding and expectations of therapeutic interchange. Counselling from trusted health professionals, particularly GPs, could ameliorate concerns. Policymakers implementing therapeutic interchange programmes should ensure a trusted GP directs medication changes.
Citizen engagement initiatives in precision health in the European Union member states: a scoping review
Authors: Pezzullo Angelo Maria , Sassano Michele , Hoxhaj Ilda , Pastorino Roberta , Boccia Stefania
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Precision health requires citizens that are empowered to orient health decisions towards their personal values, aware of the benefits and risks, and committed to sharing their personal data to trustful institutions. Effective citizen engagement initiatives are fundamental for the success of a precision health approach.

Objective

To provide an overview of citizen engagement initiatives in precision health in European Union (EU) member states.

Design

Scoping review.

Methods

The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Embase were searched to include articles published in English. Furthermore, desk research was conducted in English, Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish. Articles or reports regarding ongoing initiatives of citizen engagement in precision health conducted in EU member states and published from January 2015 to July 2020 were considered eligible. A quality assessment of the retrieved entries using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was conducted.

Results

We identified nine documents, which reported eight ongoing citizen engagement initiatives, with substantial variability. Government agencies, non-governmental organisations and scientific societies were the main organisers and funders. Most of the initiatives were conducted in the UK. Genomics was the most emphasised aspect of precision health in these initiatives. Among the identified initiatives, both in-person and digital means were reported.

Conclusion

Our work provides an overview of current citizen engagement initiatives in the EU that can be useful for stakeholders interested in designing and developing precision health projects enriched by meaningful citizen participation.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020193866.
Systematic review of clinician-directed nudges in healthcare contexts
Authors: Last Briana S , Buttenheim Alison M , Timon Carter E , Mitra Nandita , Beidas Rinad S
Published: July 2021

Objective

Nudges are interventions that alter the way options are presented, enabling individuals to more easily select the best option. Health systems and researchers have tested nudges to shape clinician decision-making with the aim of improving healthcare service delivery. We aimed to systematically study the use and effectiveness of nudges designed to improve clinicians’ decisions in healthcare settings.

Design

A systematic review was conducted to collect and consolidate results from studies testing nudges and to determine whether nudges directed at improving clinical decisions in healthcare settings across clinician types were effective. We systematically searched seven databases (EBSCO MegaFILE, EconLit, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and used a snowball sampling technique to identify peer-reviewed published studies available between 1 January 1984 and 22 April 2020. Eligible studies were critically appraised and narratively synthesised. We categorised nudges according to a taxonomy derived from the Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Included studies were appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.

Results

We screened 3608 studies and 39 studies met our criteria. The majority of the studies (90%) were conducted in the USA and 36% were randomised controlled trials. The most commonly studied nudge intervention (46%) framed information for clinicians, often through peer comparison feedback. Nudges that guided clinical decisions through default options or by enabling choice were also frequently studied (31%). Information framing, default and enabling choice nudges showed promise, whereas the effectiveness of other nudge types was mixed. Given the inclusion of non-experimental designs, only a small portion of studies were at minimal risk of bias (33%) across all Cochrane criteria.

Conclusions

Nudges that frame information, change default options or enable choice are frequently studied and show promise in improving clinical decision-making. Future work should examine how nudges compare to non-nudge interventions (eg, policy interventions) in improving healthcare.
Development and use of mobile messaging for individuals with musculoskeletal pain conditions: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Scotti Requena Simone , Sterling Michele , Elphinston Rachel A , Ritchie Carrie , Robins Sarah , R Armfield Nigel
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Previous reviews of mobile messaging for individuals with musculoskeletal pain have shown positive effects on pain and disability. However, the configuration of digital content, method of presentation and interaction, dose and frequency needed for optimal results remain unclear. Patient preferences concerning such systems are also unclear. Addressing these knowledge gaps, incorporating evidence from both experimental and observational studies, may be useful to understand the extent of the relevant literature, and to influence the design and outcomes of future messaging systems. We aim to map information that could be influential in the design of future mobile messaging systems for individuals with musculoskeletal pain conditions, and to summarise the findings of efficacy, effectiveness, and economics derived from both experimental and observational studies.

Methods and analysis

We will include studies describing the development and/or use of mobile messaging to support adults (≥18 years) with acute or chronic musculoskeletal pain. We will exclude digital health studies that lack a mobile messaging component, or those targeted at other health conditions unrelated to the bones, muscles and connective tissues, or involving surgical or patients with cancer, or studies involving solely healthy individuals. Our sources of information will be online databases and reference lists of relevant papers. We will include papers published in English in the last 10 years. Two pairs of independent reviewers will screen, select and extract the data, with any disagreements mediated by a third reviewer. We will report the results according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist. We will synthesise the findings in a tabular format and provide a descriptive summary.

Ethics and dissemination

Formal ethical approval is not required. We will disseminate the findings through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, relevant conferences, and relevant consumer forums.

Trial registration

Open Science Frameworkhttps://osf.io/8mzya; DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/8MZYA.
Dichotomous impact of affinity on the function of T cell engaging bispecific antibodies
Authors: Poussin Mathilde , Sereno Arlene , Wu Xiufeng , Huang Flora , Manro Jason , Cao Shanshan , Carpenito Carmine , Glasebrook Andrew , Powell Jr Daniel J , Demarest Stephen J
Published: July 2021

Background

Bispecific T cell engagers represent the majority of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) entering the clinic to treat metastatic cancer. The ability to apply these agents safely and efficaciously in the clinic, particularly for solid tumors, has been challenging. Many preclinical studies have evaluated parameters related to the activity of T cell engaging BsAbs, but many questions remain.

Main body

This study investigates the impact of affinity of T cell engaging BsAbs with regards to potency, efficacy, and induction of immunomodulatory receptors/ligands using HER-2/CD3 BsAbs as a model system. We show that an IgG BsAb can be as efficacious as a smaller BsAb format both in vitro and in vivo. We uncover a dichotomous relationship between tumor-associated antigen (TAA) affinity and CD3 affinity requirements for cells that express high versus low levels of TAA. HER-2 affinity directly correlated with the CD3 engager lysis potency of HER-2/CD3 BsAbs when HER-2 receptor numbers are high (~200 K/cell), while the CD3 affinity did not impact potency until its binding affinity was extremely low (<600 nM). When HER-2 receptor numbers were lower (~20 K/cell), both HER-2 and CD3 affinity impacted potency. The high affinity anti-HER-2/low CD3 affinity BsAb also demonstrated lower cytokine induction levels in vivo and a dosing paradigm atypical of extremely high potency T cell engaging BsAbs reaching peak efficacy at doses >3 mg/kg. This data confirms that low CD3 affinity provides an opportunity for improved safety and dosing for T cell engaging BsAbs. T cell redirection also led to upregulation of Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and 4-1BB, but not CTLA-4 on T cells, and to Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation on HER-2HI SKOV3 tumor cells, but not on HER-2LO OVCAR3 tumor cells. Using this information, we combined anti-PD-1 or anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies with the HER-2/CD3 BsAb in vivo and demonstrated significantly increased efficacy against HER-2HI SKOV3 tumors via both combinations.

Conclusions

Overall, these studies provide an informational dive into the optimization process of CD3 engaging BsAbs for solid tumors indicating that a reduced affinity for CD3 may enable a better therapeutic index with a greater selectivity for the target tumor and a reduced cytokine release syndrome. These studies also provide an additional argument for combining T cell checkpoint inhibition and co-stimulation to achieve optimal efficacy.
Ethics of split liver transplantation: should a large liver always be split if medically safe?
Authors: Kim Tae Wan , Roberts John , Strudler Alan , Tayur Sridhar
Published: July 2021

Split liver transplantation (SLT) provides an opportunity to divide a donor liver, offering transplants to two small patients (one or both could be a child) rather than keeping it whole and providing a transplant to a single larger adult patient. In this article, we attempt to address the following question that is identified by the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network and United Network for Organ Sharing: ‘Should a large liver always be split if medically safe?’ This article aims to defend an answer—‘not always’—and clarify under what circumstances SLT is ethically desirable. Our answer will show why a more dynamic approach is needed to the ethics of SLT. First, we discuss a case that does not need a dynamic approach. Then, we explain what is meant by a dynamic approach and why it is needed.
Vaccine passports and health disparities: a perilous journey
Authors: Jecker Nancy S
Published: July 2021

This paper raises health equity concerns about the use of passports for domestic and international travel to certify COVID-19 vaccination. Part I argues that for international travel, health equity objections undercut arguments defending vaccine passports, which are based on tholding people responsible, protecting global health, safeguarding individual liberty and continuing current practice. Part II entertains a proposal for a scaled down vaccine passport for domestic use in countries where vaccines are widely and equitably available. It raises health equity concerns related to racial profiling and fairness to people who are vaccine cautious. Part III sets forth a proposal for a flexible pass that certifies people who have been vaccinated, tested, previously infected or granted a conscientious objection. It sets ethical guidelines for the timing and use of flexible passes that promote equity, public health education, antidiscrimination, privacy and flexibility.
MBGEM: a stack of borated GEM detector for high efficiency thermal neutron detection
Authors: Muraro A. , Claps G. , Croci G. , Lai C. C. , De Oliveira R. , Altieri S. , Cancelli S. , Gorini G. , Hall-Wilton R. , Höglund C. , Cippo E. Perelli , Robinson L. , Svensson P. , Murtas F.
Published: July 2021

A new position-sensitive thermal neutron detector based on boron-coated converters has been developed as an alternative to today’s standard $$^3\mathrm{He}$$

3

He

-based technology for application to thermal neutron scattering. The key elements of the development are the boron-coated GEM foils (Sauli in Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrom Detect Assoc Equip 386:531, 1997) that are used as a multi-layer neutron converter via the $$^{10}\mathrm{B}(n,\alpha )^7\mathrm{Li}$$

10

B

(
n
,
α
)

7

Li

reaction together with an efficient collection of the produced secondary electrons. This paper reports the test performed on a 3 layers converter prototype coupled to a GEMPix detector (Murtas in Radiat Meas 138:106421, 2020), carried out in order to study the possibility to produce a large-scale multi-layer neutron detector capable to reach high detection efficiency with high spatial resolution and able to sustain the high neutron flux expected in the new neutron spallation source under development like the ESS.
On a critical nonlinear problem involving the fractional Laplacian
Authors: Alghanemi Azeb , Chtioui Hichem
Published: July 2021

Fractional Yamabe-type equations of the form [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a bounded domain of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is a given function on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], is the fractional Laplacian are considered. Bahri’s estimates in the fractional setting will be proved and used to establish a global existence result through an index-counting formula.
Prioritized Induced Heavy Operators Applied to Political Modelling
Authors: León-Castro Ernesto , Perez-Arellano Luis A. , Olazabal-Lugo Maricruz , Merigó Jose M.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the prioritized induced heavy ordered weighted average (PIHOWA) operator. This operator combines an unbounded weighting vector, an induced vector and a prioritized vector and can be applied to the group decision-making process where the information provided by each decision maker does not have the same importance. An application of this operator is done in governmental transparency in Mexico based on the Open Government Metric (OGM). Among the main results it is possible to visualize how the relative importance of each component can generate important change in the top 10 ranking.
Building the Foundation of Robot Explanation Generation Using Behavior Trees
Authors: Han Zhao , Giger Daniel , Allspaw Jordan , Lee Michael S. , Admoni Henny , Yanco Holly A.
Published: July 2021

As autonomous robots continue to be deployed near people, robots need to be able to explain their actions. In this article, we focus on organizing and representing complex tasks in a way that makes them readily explainable. Many actions consist of sub-actions, each of which may have several sub-actions of their own, and the robot must be able to represent these complex actions before it can explain them. To generate explanations for robot behavior, we propose using Behavior Trees (BTs), which are a powerful and rich tool for robot task specification and execution. However, for BTs to be used for robot explanations, their free-form, static structure must be adapted. In this work, we add structure to previously free-form BTs by framing them as a set of semantic sets {goal, subgoals, steps, actions} and subsequently build explanation generation algorithms that answer questions seeking causal information about robot behavior. We make BTs less static with an algorithm that inserts a subgoal that satisfies all dependencies. We evaluate our BTs for robot explanation generation in two domains: a kitting task to assemble a gearbox, and a taxi simulation. Code for the behavior trees (in XML) and all the algorithms is available at github.com/uml-robotics/robot-explanation-BTs.
Dynamic Windows Scheduling with Reallocation
Authors: Farach-Colton Martín , Leal Katia , Mosteiro Miguel A. , Caro Christopher Thraves
Published: July 2021

We consider the Windows Scheduling (WS) problem, which is a restricted version of Unit-Fractions Bin Packing, and it is also called Inventory Replenishment in the context of Supply Chain. In brief, WS problem is to schedule the use of communication channels to clients. Each client

c
i

is characterized by an active cycle and a window

w
i

. During the period of time that any given client

c
i

is active, there must be at least one transmission from

c
i

scheduled in any

w
i

consecutive time slots, but at most one transmission can be carried out in each channel per time slot. The goal is to minimize the number of channels used.

We extend previous online models, where decisions are permanent, assuming that clients may be reallocated at some cost. We assume that such cost is a constant amount paid per reallocation. That is, we aim to minimize also the number of reallocations. We present three online reallocation algorithms for Windows Scheduling. We evaluate experimentally multiple variants of these protocols showing that, in practice, all three achieve constant amortized reallocations with close to optimal channel usage. Our simulations also expose interesting tradeoffs between reallocations and channel usage. We introduce a new objective function for WS with reallocations that can be also applied to models where reallocations are not possible. We analyze this metric for one of the algorithms that, to the best of our knowledge, is the first online WS protocol with theoretical guarantees that applies to scenarios where clients may leave and the analysis is against current load rather than peak load. Using previous results, we also observe bounds on channel usage for one of the algorithms.
On the Expressibility and Overfitting of Quantum Circuit Learning
Authors: Chen Chih-Chieh , Watabe Masaya , Shiba Kodai , Sogabe Masaru , Sakamoto Katsuyoshi , Sogabe Tomah
Published: July 2021

Applying quantum processors to model a high-dimensional function approximator is a typical method in quantum machine learning with potential advantage. It is conjectured that the unitarity of quantum circuits provides possible regularization to avoid overfitting. However, it is not clear how the regularization interplays with the expressibility under the limitation of current Noisy-Intermediate Scale Quantum devices. In this article, we perform simulations and theoretical analysis of the quantum circuit learning problem with hardware-efficient ansatz. Thorough numerical simulations show that the expressibility and generalization error scaling of the ansatz saturate when the circuit depth increases, implying the automatic regularization to avoid the overfitting issue in the quantum circuit learning scenario. This observation is supported by the theory on PAC learnability, which proves that VC dimension is upper bounded due to the locality and unitarity of the hardware-efficient ansatz. Our study provides supporting evidence for automatic regularization by unitarity to suppress overfitting and guidelines for possible performance improvement under hardware constraints.
Erratum: Elementary Reaction Kinetic Model of An Anode-supported Syngas Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Considering The Carbon Deposition Effect [ECS Trans. 103 (1) 949-957 (2021)]
Authors: Zhang Ruiyu , Wang Yuqing , Shi Yixiang , Wang Yinan , Cao Haishan
Published: July 2021

In the Acknowledgement, the following sentence "The authors acknowledge the Project (218YFB1502201) supported by National Key R&D Program of China" should be changed to "The authors acknowledge the Project (2018YFB1502201) supported by National Key R&D Program of China".
Erratum: Numerical Simulation of An Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Unit Fueled with Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures [ECS Trans. 103 (1) 883-892 (2021)]
Authors: Fan Junhua , Wang Yuqing , Shi Jixin , Shi Yixiang , Cao Haishan , Cai Ningsheng
Published: July 2021

In the Acknowledgement, the following sentence "The authors acknowledge the Project (218YFB1502201) supported by National Key R&D Program of China" should be changed to "The authors acknowledge the Project (2018YFB1502201) supported by National Key R&D Program of China".