bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical characterization of patients with schizophrenia and 16p13.11 duplication: A case series
Authors: Kimura Hiroki , Kushima Itaru , Banno Masahiro , Inada Toshiya , Yoshimi Akira , Aleksic Branko , Ozaki Norio
Published: April 2023

Background

Chromosome 16p13.11 duplication is a well‐known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia (SCZ) (odds ratio = 1.84). However, no case reports focusing on patients with SCZ and 16p13.11 duplication have been published. Therefore, here, we report the detailed clinical cases of four patients with SCZ and 16p13.11 duplication who were identified in our previous whole‐genome copy number variant (CNV) study.

Case Presentation

In the four patients with SCZ and 16p13.11 duplication detected by array comparative genomic hybridization, one patient was found to have treatment‐resistant SCZ and an additional pathogenic rare CNV. Two of the four patients in this study had environmental risk factors that may have been involved in the development of SCZ.

Conclusions

The results of this case series suggest that a genetic cohort study would be useful for evaluating which genetic and environmental risk factors could better explain the variable expressivity of 16p13.11 duplication. Furthermore, this work could be useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of SCZ.
A combined compact finite difference scheme for solving the acoustic wave equation in heterogeneous media
Authors: Li Da , Li Keran , Liao Wenyuan
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we consider the development and analysis of a new explicit compact high‐order finite difference scheme for acoustic wave equation formulated in divergence form, which is widely used to describe seismic wave propagation through a heterogeneous media with variable media density and acoustic velocity. The new scheme is compact and of fourth‐order accuracy in space and second‐order accuracy in time. The compactness of the scheme is obtained by the so‐called combined finite difference method, which utilizes the boundary values of the spatial derivatives and those boundary values are obtained by one‐sided finite difference approximation. An empirical stability analysis has been conducted to obtain the Courant‐Friedrichs‐Levy (CFL) condition, which confirmed the conditional stability of the new scheme. Four numerical examples have been conducted to validate the convergence and effectiveness of the new scheme. The application of the new scheme to a realistic wave propagation problem with a Perfect Matched Layer is validated in this paper as well.
Thermoformability analysis of TPO sheets blended with postindustrial secondary feedstock
Authors: Masato Davide , Licata Juliana , Gao Peng , Maynard Nathan , Slocomb Jeffrey , Cavanaugh Andrew , Sterling Matt , Moritz Charles
Published: April 2023

Production scrap is a significant cost for automotive thermoforming due to the expensive resin costs and large part sizes. Manufacturers strive to regrind and reprocess sheet cutouts from production runs, however, the utilization of a secondary feedstock can be limited by its impact on the sheet processing behavior. To mitigate the economic impact of production scrap, the thermoformability of a blend needs to be predicted at the material development stage. In this work, a test mold is designed to assess the thermoformability of blended TPO sheets. The mold design is developed to evaluate the effects of different geometries. Regrind content is introduced in the blend before extrusion to compare the sheet properties to those of a virgin material configuration. The statistical analysis of the thermoforming experiments shows that the sheet thickness reduction is affected by the draw ratio and sheet temperature. Multivariate regression modeling allows for predicting the thermoformed part thickness as a function of the sheet configuration, draw ratio, and processing conditions. However, the introduction of regrind content, below 50%, did not affect thermoformability. The stretchability of the sheets was also characterized by uniaxial tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis, confirming the absence of negligible differences when regrind content is introduced in the blend.
Examining the mental health needs of sexual and gender minority youth to articulate a multitiered system of supports for schools
Authors: Weinberg Jillian R. , McGrory Cooper Jennifer
Published: April 2023

Sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) experience more significant mental health concerns compared to their cisgender and heterosexual peers, especially within recent years, as a result of the relentless political attacks on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual+ (LGBTQIA+) community. Given that youth spend the majority of their time in school, it is pertinent that schools invest in prevention and intervention strategies to support LGBTQIA+ youth and address their mental health needs, including strategies to reduce the disproportionate rates of suicide among trans and nonbinary young people. Minority stress theory posits that mental health disparities between LGBTQIA+ youth and non‐LGBTQIA+ youth are a product of structural risk factors, such as discriminatory and homophobic environments, which lead to increased psychological distress among SGM youth. Therefore, in addressing the mental health needs of LGBTQIA+ youth it is imperative that a multitiered system of supports model focuses on systemic changes to enhance the overall school climate through prevention and promotion efforts (tier 1), as well as individualized, direct interventions and coordinated care for students in need of greater support (tiers 2 and 3). To this end, findings from a comprehensive literature review were used to propose a model of tiered school‐based mental health services tailored for LGBTQIA+ youth. Implications for implementation and training focused on prevention and intervention approaches to create LGBTQIA+‐affirming schools for LGBTQIA+ youth are discussed.
Crystal structure of FAD‐independent methylene‐tetrahydrofolate reductase from Mycobacterium hassiacum
Authors: Gehl Manuel , Demmer Ulrike , Ermler Ulrich , Shima Seigo
Published: April 2023

FAD‐independent methylene‐tetrahydrofolate (methylene‐H4F) reductase (Mfr), recently identified in mycobacteria, catalyzes the reduction of methylene‐H4F to methyl‐H4F with NADH as hydride donor by a ternary complex mechanism. This biochemical reaction corresponds to that of the ubiquitous FAD‐dependent methylene‐H4F reductase (MTHFR), although the latter uses a ping‐pong mechanism with the prosthetic group as intermediate hydride carrier. Comparative genomics and genetic analyses indicated that Mfr is indispensable for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which lacks the MTHFR encoding gene. Therefore, Mfr appears to be an excellent target for the design of antimycobacterial drugs. Here, we report the heterologous production, enzymological characterization, and the crystal structure of Mfr from the thermophilic mycobacterium Mycobacterium hassiacum (hMfr), which shows 78% sequence identity to Mfr from M. tuberculosis. Although hMfr and MTHFR have minor sequence identity and different catalytic mechanisms, their structures are highly similar, thus suggesting a divergent evolution of Mfr and MTHFR from a common ancestor. Most of the important active site residues of MTHFR are conserved and equivalently positioned in the tertiary structure of hMfr. The Glu9Gln variant of hMfr exhibits a drastic reduction of the catalytic activity, which supports the predicted function of the glutamate residue as proton donor in both hMfr and MTHFR. Thus, highly similar binding modes for the C1‐carriers and the reducing agents in hMfr and MTHFR are assumed.
Process safety incident prediction using near miss data
Authors: Tiwari Anshulkumar Kalipankaj , Malluri Sai Vijaya Krishna
Published: April 2023

Process safety is concerned with making sure that hazardous chemical industries are designed inherently safer and operated, and maintained by implementing safe operation and maintenance principles. It focuses on preventing events involving leaks, spills, fires, or explosions. Process industries are constantly using the lessons learned from prior mishaps and near misses to stop similar incidents from happening again. A robust near‐miss reporting system at HPCL‐Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL), which owns and operates the Guru Gobind Singh Refinery, enabled the development of an incident predictive model that uses big data to identify areas of safety concern and offer practical insights to help prevent future potential process safety incidents. Through this model, we have demonstrated that if a particular category of process safety‐related near miss, such as unsafe conditions or unsafe acts, are reported more frequently, it is a clear sign to the organization that there may be a potential weakness in the operational discipline, work processes, or safety layers of protection. The methodology also gives organizations the ability to create an action plan to address identified root causes and increase the integrity of safety systems. This paper examines HMEL's successes in preventing future big incidents and provides an illustration of the incident predictive model's operational methodology.
High‐Brightness GaN‐Based Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes Using AlON Buffer Layer on 4 In.‐Patterned Sapphire Substrate: Low‐Dislocation‐Defect Epitaxy, Growth Mechanisms, and Higher Device Performance
Authors: Li Minghang , Chen Wencheng , Zhang Jiasheng , Bai Shuming , Zeng Jiarong , Zhu Xueliang , Zhang Kelvin H. L. , Cheng Qijin , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: April 2023

AlN is a common buffer layer in GaN‐based light emitting diode (LED) devices. However, application of AlN on industry‐relevant patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) causes unwanted screw dislocations in the epitaxial layer during GaN nucleation. Industry experience suggests that AlON buffer layer improves the quality of GaN epitaxial layer, but the low‐dislocation‐defect epitaxy mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, high‐brightness GaN‐based blue LEDs with the sputtered AlON buffer layer on industry‐grade four‐inch PSS is demonstrated. The effect of oxygen addition to AlN is revealed by growing GaN epitaxial layers on AlON buffer layers with different oxygen contents and testing these GaN layers in LED devices. Compared with conventional AlN, our AlON buffer layer reduces the density of screw dislocations, thereby improving the quality of the GaN epitaxial layers and the performance of GaN‐based LEDs. These insights allow the explanation of the growth mechanisms of GaN on PSS with AlN and AlON buffer layers and can guide the development of next‐generation optoelectronic technologies.
Canonical fibroblast growth factors in viral infection
Authors: Lottini Giulia , Plicanti Erika , Lai Michele , Quaranta Paola , Pistello Mauro , Freer Giulia
Published: April 2023

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues in the body. There are three function‐al groups of FGFs: canonical FGFs (cFGFs), intracellularly retained FGFs, and metabolic (also called endocrine) FGFs. cFGFs are secreted and act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to regulate differentiation during foetal development, as well as tissue repair in adults. Recent studies have also begun to unravel the role of cFGFs during viral infections, suggesting that FGF‐2 and other canonical FGFs may have an important virus‐specific role, also by the regulation of the immune response. Because dysregulation in the FGF pathways is pivotal in cancer development, FGFs are the target of many anticancer drugs. These drugs may be repurposed to treat viral infection, since dysregulation of FGF signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral infections, such as hepatitis C. Overall, the role of cFGFs during viral infection is an underrepresented area of current research. This review focuses on overviewing the effects of canonical FGFs during infection by different viruses. Many studies highlight that the effects of FGFs during viral infection may be complex and context‐dependent. While there is evidence to suggest that FGFs may have a beneficial impact on the immune response and tissue repair during viral infection, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to determine in what cases FGFs could be targeted as a therapeutic approach for viral infection.
Linear matrix inequality relaxations and its application to data‐driven control design for switched affine systems
Authors: Seuret Alexandre , Albea Carolina , Gordillo Francesco
Published: April 2023

The problem of data‐driven control is addressed here in the context of switched affine systems. This class of nonlinear systems is of particular importance when controlling many types of applications in electronic, biology, medicine and so forth. Still in the view of practical applications, providing an accurate model for this class of systems can be a hard task, and it might be more relevant to work on data issued from some trajectories obtained from experiments and to deploy a new branch of tools to stabilize the systems that are compatible with the processed data. Following the recent concept of data‐driven control design, this paper first presents a generic equivalence lemma that shows a matrix constraint based on data, instead of the system parameter. Then, following the concept of robust hybrid limit cycles for uncertain switched affine systems, robust model‐based and then data‐driven control laws are designed based on a Lyapunov approach. The proposed results are then illustrated and evaluated on an academic example.
Sustainable development of Socotra Archipelago. Application and reflexivity
Authors: Valek Nataša Slak
Published: April 2023

When talking about developing tourism in places where nature has been untouched, strong criticism has emerged, especially from naturalists, ecologists, and environmentalists. These voices advocating for ‘keeping untouched places untouched’ often reach many people, who then echo that opinion without necessarily knowing the territory's situation. This paper reflects the sustainable development theory and constitutes a reflective piece of writing about tourism development in the Socotra Archipelago, a place rich in biodiversity and human traditions, but geographically remote. Socotra Island, although relatively unknown, has received a great deal of attention from natural science researchers who have focused on understanding the many endemic species found on the island. However, information about Indigenous Socotri, their behaviors, traditions, and cultures—all components of a successful cultural tourism destination—is scarce. In this paper, the author reflects on current situation on the island and possibilities for future generations. Tourism may help create future possibilities for people from the island by considering a sustainable development theory.
Graphite coated by Cu2S‐Cu2O nanoparticles film for hydrogen production application
Authors: Chetibi Loubna , Hamana Djamel , Achour Slimane
Published: April 2023

Many researchers have shifted their interest towards eco‐friendly, cost effective, and environmental‐based metal oxide nanoparticles. Herein, Cu2O nanoparticles are synthesized via green method for water splitting application. The prepared materials are characterized structurally and morphologically by field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Raman, and UV–visible spectroscopy. It is found that size and morphology depend strongly on OLE concentration and reaction time. The temperature increase leads to the formation of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, which exhibit quantum confinement behavior and have an optical band gap that increases with decreasing size. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) tests of the coated graphite with Cu2O nanoparticles show a severe instability of Cu2O under irradiation due to the oxidation state that can easily change. For that, a protective overlayer of cuprous sulfide Cu2S is successfully grown on the top of Cu2O nanostructures to stabilize the photocathode. After Cu2S deposition, the measured photocurrent is significantly improved. Thus, this material is very promising for hydrogen generation by water splitting.
Balancing Volmer Step by Superhydrophilic Dual‐Active Domains for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhou Jinsong , Leung Tsz Kei , Peng Zehua , Li Xin , Chen Keda , Yuan Jiaxin , Leung Michael K. H.
Published: April 2023

The reaction kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is largely determined by balancing the Volmer step in alkaline media. Bifunctionality as a proposed strategy can divide the work of water dissociation and intermediates (OH* and H*) adsorption/desorption. However, sluggish OH* desorption plagues water re‐adsorption, which leads to poisoning effects of active sites. Some active sites may even directly act as spectators and do not participate in the reaction. Furthermore, the activity comparison under approximate nanostructure between bifunctional effect and single‐exposed active sites is not fully understood. Here, a facile three‐step strategy is adopted to successfully grow molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on cobalt‐containing nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (Co‐NCNTs), forming obvious dual active domains. The active sites on domains of Co‐NCNTs and MoS2 and the tuned electronic structure at the heterointerface trigger the bifunctional effect to balance the Volmer step and improve the catalytic activity. The HER driven by the bifunctional effect can significantly optimize the Gibbs free energy of water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption, resulting in fast reaction kinetics and superior catalytic performance. As a result, the Co‐NCNTs/MoS2 catalyst outperforms other HER electrocatalysts with low overpotential (58 and 84 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline and neutral conditions, respectively), exceptional stability, and negligible degradation.
Nanosome‐Mediated Delivery Of Hdac Inhibitors and Oxygen Molecules for the Transcriptional Reactivation of Latent Hiv‐Infected Cd4+ T Cells
Authors: Hong Joohye , Choi Yonghyun , Lee Gahyun , Kim Jiwon , Jang Yeonwoo , Yoon Cheol‐Hee , Seo Hyun Wook , Park In‐Kyu , Kang Shin Hyuk , Choi Jonghoon
Published: April 2023

The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is notoriously difficult due to the ability of this virus to remain latent in the host's CD4+ T cells. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) interfere with DNA transcription in HIV‐infected hosts, resulting in viral latency. Therefore, HDAC inhibitors can be used to activate viral transcription in latently infected cells, after which the virus can be eliminated through a shock‐and‐kill strategy. Here, a drug delivery system is developed to effectively deliver HDAC inhibitors to latent HIV‐infected cells. Given that the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors is reduced under hypoxic conditions, oxygen‐containing nanosomes are used as drug carriers. Oxygen‐containing nanosomes can improve the efficiency of chemotherapy by delivering essential oxygen to cells. Additionally, their phospholipid bilayer structure makes them uniquely well‐suited for drug delivery. In this study, a novel drug delivery system is developed by taking advantage of the oxygen carriers in these oxygen nanosomes, incorporating a multi‐drug strategy consisting of HDAC inhibitors and PKA activators, and introducing CXCR4 binding peptides to specifically target CD4+ T cells. Oxygen nanosomes with enhanced targeting capability through the introduction of the CXCR4 binding peptide mitigate drug toxicity and slow down drug release. The observed changes in the expression of p24, a capsid protein of HIV, indirectly confirm that the proposed drug delivery system can effectively induce transcriptional reactivation of HIV in latent HIV‐infected cells.
High Cathode Loading and Low‐Temperature Operating Garnet‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries – Material/Process/Architecture Optimization and Understanding of Cell Failure
Authors: Yamada Hirotoshi , Ito Tomoko , Nakamura Tatsuya , Bekarevich Raman , Mitsuishi Kazutaka , Kammampata Sanoop Palakkathodi , Thangadurai Venkataraman
Published: April 2023

All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are prepared using garnet‐type solid electrolytes by quick liquid phase sintering (Q‐LPS) without applying high pressure during the sintering. The cathode layers are quickly sintered with a heating rate of 50–100 K min−1 and a dwell time of 10 min. The battery performance is dramatically improved by simultaneously optimizing materials, processes, and architectures, and the initial discharge capacity of the cell with a LiCoO2‐loading of 8.1 mg reaches 1 mAh cm−2 and 130 mAh g−1 at 25 °C. The all‐solid‐state cell exhibits capacity at a reduced temperature (10 °C) or a relatively high rate (0.1 C) compared to the previous reports. The Q‐LPS would be suitable for large‐scale manufacturing of ASSLBs. The multiphysics analyses indicate that the internal stress reaches 1 GPa during charge/discharge, which would induce several mechanical failures of the cells: broken electron networks, broken ion networks, separation of interfaces, and delamination of layers. The experimental results also support these failures.
Protic Amine Carboxylic Acid Ionic Liquids Additives Regulate α‐FAPbI3 Phase Transition for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shen Wenjian , Cai Haoyu , Kong Yingjie , Dong Wei , Bai Cong , Liang Guijie , Li Wangnan , Zhao Juan , Huang Fuzhi , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Zhong Jie
Published: April 2023

The α‐phase formamidinium lead tri‐iodide (α‐FAPbI3) has become the most promising photovoltaic absorber for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its outstanding semiconductor properties and astonishing high efficiency. However, the incomplete crystallization and phase transition of α‐FAPbI3 substantially undermine the performance and stability of PSCs. In this work, a series of the protic amine carboxylic acid ion liquids are introduced as the precursor additives to efficiently regulate the crystal growth and phase transition processes of α‐FAPbI3. The MA2Pb3I8·2DMSO phase is inhibited in annealing process, which remarkably optimizes the phase transition process of α‐FAPbI3. It is noted that the functional groups of carboxyl and ammonium passivate the undercoordinated lead ions, halide vacancies, and organic vacancies, eliminating the deleterious nonradiative recombination. Consequently, the small‐area devices incorporated with 2% methylammonium butyrate (MAB) and 1.5% n‐butylammonium formate (BAFa) in perovskite show champion efficiencies of 25.10% and 24.52%, respectively. Furthermore, the large‐area modules (5 cm × 5 cm) achieve PCEs of 21.26% and 19.27% for MAB and BAFa additives, indicating the great potential for commercializing large‐area PSCs.
Dual Molecules Cooperatively Confined In‐Between Edge‐oxygen‐rich Graphene Sheets as Ultrahigh Rate and Stable Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Qiu Zhipeng , Liu Zheng , Lu Xiaolong , Zhang Su , Yan Yingchun , Chi Chunlei , Huangfu Chao , Wang Guanwen , Gao Pengfei , Chi Weihao , Xu Zheng , Wei Tong , Fan Zhuangjun
Published: April 2023

Noncovalent modification of carbon materials with redox‐active organic molecules has been considered as an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. However, their low loading mass, slow electron transfer rate, and easy dissolution into the electrolyte greatly limit further practical applications. Herein, this work reports dual molecules (1,5‐dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) and 2,6‐diamino anthraquinone (DAQ)) cooperatively confined in‐between edge‐oxygen‐rich graphene sheets as high‐performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Cooperative electrostatic‐interaction on the edge‐oxygen sites and π–π interaction in‐between graphene sheets lead to the increased loading mass and structural stability of dual molecules. Moreover, the electron tunneling paths constructed between edge‐oxygen groups and dual molecules can effectively boost the electron transfer rate and redox reaction kinetics, especially at ultrahigh current densities. As a result, the as‐obtained electrode exhibits a high capacitance of 507 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, and an unprecedented rate capability (203 F g−1 at 200 A g−1). Moreover, the assembled symmetrical supercapacitor achieves a high energy density of 17.1 Wh kg−1 and an ultrahigh power density of 140 kW kg−1, as well as remarkable stability with a retention of 86% after 50 000 cycles. This work may open a new avenue for the efficient utilization of organic materials in energy storage and conversion.
Robust and Stable Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters Mediated Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Mo Qiao‐Ling , Dai Xiao‐Cheng , Xiao Fang‐Xing
Published: April 2023

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) represent an emerging sector of light‐harvesting antennas by virtue of peculiar atomic stacking fashion, quantum confinement effect, and molecular‐like discrete energy band structure. Nevertheless, precise control of charge carriers over metal NCs has yet to be achieved by the short carrier lifetime and intrinsic instability of metal NCs, which renders the complexity of metal NCs‐based photosystems with photoredox mechanisms remaining elusive. Herein, fine tuning of charge migration over metal NCs is demonstrated by constructing directional charge transfer channels in multilayered heterostructure enabled by a facile layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly approach, wherein oppositely charged branched poly‐ethylenimine (BPEI) and glutathione (GSH)‐capped gold NCs [Aux NCs, Au25(GSH)18 NCs] are alternately deposited on the metal oxide (MOs: TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3) substrates. TheAux (Au25) NCs layer serves as light‐harvesting antennas for engendering charge carriers, andBPEI interim layer uniformly intercalated at the interface of Aux NCs layer constitutes the tandem hole transport channel for motivating the charge transfer cascade, resulting in the considerably enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation performances. Besides, poor photo‐stability of Aux NCs is surmounted by stimulating the hole transfer kinetics process.
Manipulating Molecular Structure to Trigger Ultrafast and Long‐Life Potassium Storage of Fe0.4Ni0.6S Solid Solution
Authors: Cao Liang , Len Zichen , Xu Xin , Chen Zongquan , Zhou Lijun , Geng Hongbo , Lu Xihong
Published: April 2023

Currently, the main obstacle to the widespread utilization of metal chalcogenides (MSx) as anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) is their poor rate capability and inferior cycling stability as a result of the undesirable electrical conductivity and severe pulverization of the nanostructure during large K‐ions intercalation‐extraction processes. Herein, an ultrafast and long‐life potassium storage of metal chalcogenide is rationally demonstrated by employing Fe0.4Ni0.6S solid‐solution (FNS/C) through molecular structure engineering. Benefiting from improved electroactivity and intense interactions within the unique solid solution phase, the electrical conductivity and structure durability of Fe0.4Ni0.6S are vastly improved. As anticipated, the FNS/C electrode delivers superior rate properties (538.7 and 210.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 10 A g−1, respectively) and long‐term cycle stability (180.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 2000 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.011% per cycle). Moreover, the potassium storage mechanisms of Fe0.4Ni0.6S solid solution are comprehensively revealed by several in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. This innovative molecular structure engineering strategy opens avenues to achieve high‐quality metal chalcogenides for future advanced PIBs.
New Insights into Interfacial Passivation on 3D Graphene–CuInS2 Composites‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Feng , Hong Weihua , Zhao Ziying , Zhang Chao , Deng Xiaoting , Cao Jiamin , Yu Donghong
Published: April 2023

Although it is generally accepted by the perovskite solar cells community that their interface behaviors have a profound impact on their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability, such interfacial engineering on the bottom interface between electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite film is still lagging. Herein, a 3D graphene (G)–CuInS2 composite is designed as an efficient ETL to improve both the interfacial contact and passivate defects at the G–CuInS2/perovskite interface. The lattice matching of graphene and methylammonium lead iodide CH3NH3PbI3 inhibits the concentrated stress generated during the growth of perovskite, resulting in crystal films with large grain boundaries. The low‐electron defect density in 3D G–CuInS2 composite facilitates the electron transport from perovskite film to CuInS2 quantum dots. In addition, 3D G–CuInS2 shows excellent carrier extraction capability of reducing carrier extraction time by 1.47 times than that of the counterpart. Correspondingly, a highly improved PCE of 22.4% is obtained, which increases by 15% of the counterpart. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device based on 3D G–CuInS2 shows long‐term stability, maintaining 85% of its original efficiency in air for 30 days. This strategy provides a new route to interfacial passivation engineering for preparation of high‐performance perovskite solar cells.
Nano Organic Co‐Crystal Scintillator for X‐ray Imaging
Authors: Sun Qisheng , Wang Hongyun , Li Jing , Li Fei , Zhu Weigang , Zhang Xiaotao , Chen Qiushui , Yang Huanghao , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2023

Traditional‐metal‐containing scintillators are widely used in X‐ray imaging due to their efficient X‐ray absorption and output of visible light. However, they suffer from heavy‐metal toxicity, environmental stability, harsh preparation, and afterglow. Metal‐free organic scintillators show a rising momentum, especially organic‐halogen‐containing molecules. Halogens are introduced to improve their X‐ray absorption, but the resulting increase in spin–orbit coupling leads to significant delayed fluorescence or phosphorescence, affecting the response speed to X‐rays. Moreover, there is still insufficient practice in fabricating microstructured organic scintillators for high spatial resolution of imaging. Herein, the preparation of nano organic co‐crystals (t‐Bpe‐IFB co‐crystal, abbreviated as BIC, t‐Bpe for trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, and IFB for 1,3,5‐trifluoro‐2,4,6‐triiodobenzene) and its application in X‐ray imaging are explored. In contrast to previous single organic‐halogen‐containing molecules, BIC generates nanosecond‐scale fluorescence through the charge‐transfer state of the donor–acceptor. Its high iodine content ensures large X‐ray absorption, strong radioluminescence, and a low detection limit of 85 nGyair s−1. The composite film made of nano‐sized BICs and polydimethylsiloxane exhibits a high spatial resolution of 16.7 lp mm−1. Herein, the application of organic co‐crystals is expanded and ideas are provided for the development of new scintillators.
Physical Heights of Inland Lakes
Authors: Sneeuw Nico , Bergé-Nguyen Muriel , Crétaux Jean-François
Published: April 2023

Inland satellite altimetry has gained traction over the past decade and is now routinely used to monitor the water levels of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The accuracy of such inland water height measurements, at least from radar altimetry is still relatively poor from a geodetic viewpoint, namely in the range of several decimeter. Accuracies from spaceborne laser altimetry, in particular from the ICESat-2 mission, are at cm-level, however, and further progress in the radar altimetry domain is expected from swath-based altimetry by the SWOT mission, (to be) launched December 2022. With accuracies down to cm-level one needs to reconsider the height system definition of inland lake surfaces as obtained from satellite altimetry. Conventionally one subtracts a global geoid model from the altimetry-derived ellipsoidal height to obtain an orthometric height. Without wind stress, seiches and other time-variable height disturbances the lake water surfaces will conform to equipotential surfaces in the Earth’s gravity field. Thus lake surfaces are surfaces of constant dynamic height, from which follows that a lake surface cannot be a surface of constant orthometric or normal height. Because equipotential surfaces are inherently non-parallel, two points at a lake surface can and will have different orthometric height. Although being well-understood in physical geodesy, we will here model this effect and quantify it for various case studies. We demonstrate that the effects can be as large as a few dm for large lakes at high altitudes, which is an order of magnitude that is relevant in terms of satellite altimetry error levels.
Why a Height Theory Must Be Rigorous and Physically Correct
Authors: Vaníček Petr , Santos Marcelo , Kingdon Robert , Foroughi Ismael , Sheng Michael B.
Published: April 2023

Let us start with defining what we understand by a height system. A height system is a conglomerate of reference surface upon which height H = 0, and a recipe for how heights above that surface are obtained from observations. Two such systems, which we call the classical or Gauss-Stokes’s system and the Molodensky system, are used in practical height measurement.

The reference surface used by the classical system is the Geoid and its usage is based on valid physical arguments. Determination of the height above the geoid requires data at the surface of the Earth obtained by levelling, gravimetry, sea level measurements, and topographical density from geological measurements. This system served us well when decimetre height accuracy was required and will continue doing so even now when one or even two orders of magnitude better accuracy is needed. On the other hand, Molodensky’s system uses the quasigeoid as a reference surface; this surface is ill suited for a global height system. This paper argues the case that the standard classical reference surface, the geoid, should be used in practice everywhere.
An Introduction to Sparse Matrices
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

Consider the simple matrix A on the left in Figure 1.1. Many of its entries are zero (and so are omitted). This is an example of a sparse matrix. The problem we are interested in is that of solving linear systems of equations Ax = b, where the square sparse matrix A and the vector b are given and the solution vector x is required. Such systems arise in a huge range of practical applications, including in areas as diverse as quantum chemistry, computer graphics, computational fluid dynamics, power networks, machine learning, and optimization. The list is endless and constantly growing, together with the sizes of the systems. For efficiency and to enable large systems to be solved, the sparsity of A must be exploited and operations with the zero entries avoided. To achieve this, sophisticated algorithms are required.
Sparse Approximate Inverse Preconditioners
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

Consider a preconditioner M based on an incomplete LU (or Cholesky) factorization of a matrix A. M−1, which represents an approximation of A−1, is applied by performing forward and back substitution steps; this can present a computational bottleneck. An alternative strategy is to directly approximate A−1 by explicitly computing M−1. Preconditioners of this kind are called sparse approximate inverse preconditioners. They constitute an important class of algebraic preconditioners that are complementary to the approaches discussed in the previous chapter. They can be attractive because when used with an iterative solver, they can require fewer iterations than standard incomplete factorization preconditioners that contain a similar number of entries while offering significantly greater potential for parallel computations.
Sparse Matrices and Their Graphs
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

Many sparse matrix algorithms exploit the close relationship between matrices and graphs. We make no assumption regarding the reader’s prior knowledge of graph theory. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize basic concepts from graph theory that will be exploited later and to establish the notation and terminology that will be used throughout.
Sparse Cholesky Solver: The Symbolic Phase
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on the symbolic phase of a sparse Cholesky solver. The sparsity pattern $$\mathcal {S}\{A\}$$
S
{
A
}
of the symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix A is used to determine the nonzero structure of the Cholesky factor L without computing the numerical values of the nonzeros.
Sparse Cholesky Solver: The Factorization Phase
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

Having considered the symbolic phase of a sparse Cholesky solver in the previous chapter, the focus of this chapter is the subsequent numerical factorization phase. If A is a symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix, then it is factorizable (strongly regular) and (in exact arithmetic) its Cholesky factorization A = LLT exists. LDLT factorizations of general symmetric indefinite matrices are considered in Chapter 7.
Sparse LU Factorizations
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: April 2023

This chapter considers the LU factorization of a general nonsymmetric nonsingular sparse matrix A. In practice, numerical pivoting for stability and/or ordering of A to limit fill-in in the factors is often needed and the computed factorization is then of a permuted matrix PAQ. Pivoting is discussed in Chapter 7 and ordering algorithms in Chapter 8.
Wohnungsnot
Authors: Finzi Jan A.
Published: April 2023

Der zentrale Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Phänomen der Wohnungsnot. Im öffentlichen Raum begegnet man zwangsläufig Menschen, die sichtbar in Wohnungsnot leben, aber auch Menschen die in Wohnungsnot leben, denen man diese aber nicht ansieht. Diese machen sich unsichtbar, um die Ausgrenzungen und Abwertungen, die mit dem Phänomen seit jeher verbunden sind, auszuweichen (Wolf, 2016, S. 9–10).
Methodische Schlussfolgerungen aus der Theorie
Authors: Finzi Jan A.
Published: April 2023

Die Implikationen aus den vorhergehenden Theoriekapiteln für den sich daraus ergebenden Aufbau und das sich daraus ergebende Vorgehen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden im Folgenden dargestellt. Aufbau und Vorgehen werden detailliert beschrieben und mittels einer graphischen Darstellung unterstützt.
Zugang 2: Strukturelle Stigmatisierung
Authors: Finzi Jan A.
Published: April 2023

Die vorliegende Arbeit und deren vier einzelne Untersuchungen sind insgesamt auf der Strukturebene zu verorten (siehe Kapitel 6 Methodische Schlussfolgerungen aus der Theorie). Nach der Untersuchung der Öffentlichen Stigmatisierung (siehe Kapitel 7 Zugang 1: Öffentliche Stigmatisierung) wird im zweiten Zugang die Strukturelle Stigmatisierung untersucht. Im Fokus des zweiten Zugangs steht das qualifizierte Hilfesystem für Menschen in Wohnungsnot.
Diskussion
Authors: Finzi Jan A.
Published: April 2023

Die vorgestellte Untersuchung ist in ihrer Art und ihrem Umfang bisher einmalig (siehe Abschnitt 3.2 Forschungsstand und Forschungsbedarf) und hat das übergeordnete Ziel, die Teilhabe und Stigmatisierung – als Barriere der Teilhabe – von Menschen in Wohnungsnot zu eruieren. Zugleich wird ein neuer theoretischer Bezugsrahmen zur umfassenden Betrachtung von Wohnungsnot und den damit einhergehenden Lebenslagen vorgestellt. Ausgehend von dieser intersektionalen Perspektive und dem theoretischen Vorwissen werden die beiden Kategorien Geschlecht und Gesundheit als bedeutende Ungleichheitslagen im Kontext von Wohnungsnot identifiziert und analysiert.
Leading all-loop quantum contribution to the effective potential in general scalar field theory
Authors: Kazakov D. I. , Iakhibbaev R. M. , Tolkachev D. M.
Published: April 2023

Abstract

The RG equation for the effective potential in the leading log (LL) approximation is constructed which is valid for an arbitrary scalar field theory in 4 dimensions. The solution to this equation sums up the leading log ϕ contributions to all orders of perturbation theory. In general, this is the second order nonlinear partial differential equation, but in some cases it can be reduced to the ordinary one. For particular examples, this equation is solved numerically and the LL effective potential is constructed. The solution has a characteristic discontinuity replacing the Landau pole typical for the ϕ4 theory. For a power-like potential no new minima appear due to the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism.
AdS Witten diagrams to Carrollian correlators
Authors: Bagchi Arjun , Dhivakar Prateksh , Dutta Sudipta
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Carrollian Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) have been proposed as co-dimension one holographic duals to asymptotically flat spacetimes as opposed to Celestial CFTs which are co-dimension two. In this paper, drawing inspiration from Celestial holography, we show by a suitable generalisation of the flat space limit of AdS that keeps track of the previously disregarded null direction, one can reproduce Carrollian CFT correlation functions from AdS Witten diagrams. In particular, considering Witten diagrams in AdS4, we reproduce two and three-point correlation functions for three dimensional Carrollian CFTs in the so-called delta-function branch. Along the way, we construct non-trivial Carrollian three-point functions in the delta-branch by considering a collinear limit. We also obtain a generalised anti-podal matching condition that now depends on the retarded time direction.
A structural model of the iRhom–ADAM17 sheddase complex reveals functional insights into its trafficking and activity
Authors: Kahveci-Türköz Selcan , Bläsius Katharina , Wozniak Justyna , Rinkens Cindy , Seifert Anke , Kasparek Petr , Ohm Henrike , Oltzen Shixin , Nieszporek Martin , Schwarz Nicole , Babendreyer Aaron , Preisinger Christian , Sedlacek Radislav , Ludwig Andreas , Düsterhöft Stefan
Published: April 2023

Several membrane-anchored signal mediators such as cytokines (e.g. TNFα) and growth factors are proteolytically shed from the cell surface by the metalloproteinase ADAM17, which, thus, has an essential role in inflammatory and developmental processes. The membrane proteins iRhom1 and iRhom2 are instrumental for the transport of ADAM17 to the cell surface and its regulation. However, the structure–function determinants of the iRhom–ADAM17 complex are poorly understood. We used AI-based modelling to gain insights into the structure–function relationship of this complex. We identified different regions in the iRhom homology domain (IRHD) that are differentially responsible for iRhom functions. We have supported the validity of the predicted structure–function determinants with several in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches and demonstrated the regulatory role of the IRHD for iRhom–ADAM17 complex cohesion and forward trafficking. Overall, we provide mechanistic insights into the iRhom–ADAM17-mediated shedding event, which is at the centre of several important cytokine and growth factor pathways.
Continuous Mean Distance of a Weighted Graph
Authors: Garijo Delia , Márquez Alberto , Silveira Rodrigo I.
Published: April 2023

We study the concept of the continuous mean distance of a weighted graph. For connected unweighted graphs, the mean distance can be defined as the arithmetic mean of the distances between all pairs of vertices. This parameter provides a natural measure of the compactness of the graph, and has been intensively studied, together with several variants, including its version for weighted graphs. The continuous analog of the (discrete) mean distance is the mean of the distances between all pairs of points on the edges of the graph. Despite being a very natural generalization, to the best of our knowledge this concept has been barely studied, since the jump from discrete to continuous implies having to deal with an infinite number of distances, something that increases the difficulty of the parameter. In this paper, we show that the continuous mean distance of a weighted graph can be computed in time roughly quadratic in the number of edges, by two different methods that apply fundamental concepts in discrete algorithms and computational geometry. We also present structural results that allow for a faster computation of this continuous parameter for several classes of weighted graphs. Finally, we study the relation between the (discrete) mean distance and its continuous counterpart, mainly focusing on the relevant question of convergence when iteratively subdividing the edges of the weighted graph.
Projections and Angle Sums of Belt Polytopes and Permutohedra
Authors: Godland Thomas , Kabluchko Zakhar
Published: April 2023

Let$$P\subset \mathbb {R}^n$$P⊂Rnbe a belt polytope, that is a polytope whose normal fan coincides with the fan of some hyperplane arrangement$${\mathcal {A}}$$A. Also, let$$G:\mathbb {R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb {R}^d$$G:Rn→Rdbe a linear map of full rank whose kernel is in general position with respect to the faces ofP. We derive a formula for the number ofj-faces of the “projected” polytopeGPin terms of thej-th level characteristic polynomial of$${\mathcal {A}}$$A. In particular, we show that the face numbers ofGPdo not depend on the linear mapGprovided a general position assumption is satisfied. Furthermore, we derive formulas for the sum of the conic intrinsic volumes and Grassmann angles of the tangent cones ofPat all of itsj-faces. We apply these results to permutohedra of typesAandB, which yields closed formulas for the face numbers of projected permutohedra and the generalized angle sums of permutohedra in terms of Stirling numbers of both kinds and theirB-analogues.
Exposure to dietary fatty acids oleic and palmitic acid alters structure and mechanotransduction of intestinal cells in vitro
Authors: Bergen Janice , Karasova Martina , Bileck Andrea , Pignitter Marc , Marko Doris , Gerner Christopher , Del Favero Giorgia
Published: April 2023

Intestinal cells are continuously exposed to food constituents while adapting to peristaltic movement and fluid shear stress. Oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) are among the most prevalent fatty acids with respect to dietary lipids. Despite the central importance of dietary lipids for a balanced diet, awareness about potential detrimental effects related to excessive consumption is increasing; this includes toxicity, metabolic deregulation, and, particularly for cancer cells, a benefit from the uptake of fatty acids related to promotion of metastasis. Expanding on this, we started elucidating the effects of OA and PA (25–500 µM) on non-transformed human intestinal epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT) in comparison to colon carcinoma cells (HCT116), with regard to the mechanosensory apparatus. Hence, intestinal cells’ motility is on the one side essential to ensure adaption to peristaltic movement and barrier function, but also to enable metastatic progression. Incubation with both OA and PA (≥ 25 µM) significantly decreased membrane fluidity of HCT116 cells, whereas the effect on HCEC-1CT was more limited. Application of rhodamine-labelled PA demonstrated that the fatty acid is incorporated into the plasma membrane of HCT116, which could not be observed in the non-tumorigenic cell line. Down-streaming into the intracellular compartment, a pronounced rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton was evident in both cell lines (OA and PA; 25 and 100 µM). This was accompanied by a variation of translocation efficiency of the mechanosensitive co-transcription factor YAP1, albeit with a stronger effect seen for PA and the cancer cells. Untargeted proteomic analysis confirmed that exposure to OA and PA could alter the response capacity of HCT116 cells to fluid shear stress. Taken together, OA and PA were able to functionally modulate the mechanosensory apparatus of intestinal cells, implying a novel role for dietary fatty acids in the regulation of intestinal pathophysiology.