bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community resilience following extreme disturbances: The response of ground beetles to a severe summer flood in a Central European lowland stream
Authors: Gerisch Michael , Dziock Frank , Schanowski Arno , Ilg Christiane , Henle Klaus
Published: August 2010

Extreme environmental events are predicted to increase in future due to global climate change. However, their effects on biodiversity still remain insufficiently understood because of the rarity and consequently the difficulty of studying the effects of extreme events. Here, we investigate the impacts on ground beetles of an unpredictable catastrophic flood event of the Elbe River in Germany in the year 2002 using pre‐ and post‐flood data. We analysed the response of grassland communities differentially exposed to flooding and focused on the question of how long their response lagged behind this extreme flood.

Ground beetles were sampled from 1998 to 1999 (pre‐flood period) and from 2002 to 2006 (post‐flood period) on 48 floodplain grassland plots with a stratified randomized sampling design. Community resilience was quantified by calculating changes in species richness, species abundances, Simpson diversity and beta diversity of ground beetle assemblages.

Ground beetles showed low resistance but high resilience to the extreme flood. Species richness decreased strongly immediately after the flood but reached pre‐flood values 2 years later. However, beta diversity remained relatively high in the subsequent years indicating persistent shifts in species composition and abundances. Contrary to our expectation, assemblages inhabiting plots prone to flooding, expected to be less sensitive to floods, did not recover faster than those on rarely inundated plots.

We considered both the timing and the long duration of the flood as main reasons for the low community resistance to the flood. Strategies related to dispersal and habitat generality are identified to be crucial for the quick community recovery following the extreme flood. Our results endorse that extreme floods are integral parts of functioning floodplain ecosystems and that species can cope well even with such unpredictable extreme events, although recovery time tends to be longer than after normal floods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing teacher preparation loan forgiveness programs: Variables related to perceived influence
Authors: Liou Pey‐Yan , Lawrenz Frances
Published: August 2010

This research used multilevel modeling to investigate the perceived effect of a teacher preparation loan forgiveness program on recruiting science and mathematics majors to become teachers and teach in high‐need schools. The study investigated how and which personal perceptions, characteristics, and teacher preparation program variables influenced recipient perceptions. Data used for the study were collected from participants in the National Science Foundation Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program, which provides funding for highly qualified science and mathematics majors to teach in high‐need schools. Recipients agree to teach in high‐need schools for at least 2 years in return for each year of funding. The results suggest that scholars' race, their path into teaching, their perceptions of their preparation for teaching in high‐need schools, and the amount of funding were significant variables. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 121–144, 2011
Testing‐based process for component substitutability
Authors: Flores Andres , Polo Macario
Published: August 2010

Software components have emerged to ease the assembly of software systems. However, updates of systems by substitution or upgrades of components demand careful management due to stability risks of deployed systems. Replacement components must be properly evaluated to identify if they provide the expected behaviour affected by substitution. To address this problem, this paper proposes a substitutability assessment process in which the regular compatibility analysis is complemented with the use of black‐box testing criteria. The purpose is to observe the components' behaviour by analysing their internal functions of data transformation, which fulfils the observability testing metric. The approach is conceptually based on the technique Back‐to‐Back testing. When a component should be replaced, a specific Test Suite TS is built in order to represent its behavioural facets, viz. a Component Behaviour TS. This TS is later exercised on candidate upgrades or replacement components with the purpose of identifying the required compatibility. Automation of the process is supported through the testooj tool, which constrains the conditions and steps of the whole process in order to provide a rigorous and reliable approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Seed Roasting on Tocopherols, Carotenoids, and Oxidation in Mustard Seed Oil During Heating
Authors: Vaidya Bipin , Choe Eunok
Published: August 2010

Seed roasting is practiced in the mustard oil industry in some areas of the world, and can affect the physicochemical properties of the oil for further applications. This research studied the differences in oxidative stability, tocopherols, and carotenoids during heating at 160 °C between oil extracted from roasted mustard seeds and that from unroasted seeds. The content of free fatty acids, polar compounds (PC), and lutein were not significantly different between the roasted and unroasted seed oils before heating. The fatty acid compositions of both oils were also similar, with high amounts of erucic, linoleic, and oleic acids, moderate amounts of linolenic and eicosenoic acids, and low amounts of palmitic and stearic acids. However, the levels of tocopherols and conjugated dienoic acids (CDA) were higher in the roasted seed oil. Heating increased the content of CDA and PC in both oils, but decreased tocopherols and lutein. The rates of increase in CDA and PC and the degradation rates of tocopherols and lutein during heating were lower in the roasted than in the unroasted seed oil. Overall, the increased thermo‐oxidative stability of the mustard oil by roasting the seeds before oil extraction was highly correlated with improved heat stabilities for both tocopherols and lutein.
Surgical Smoke Evacuation Guidelines: Compliance Among Perioperative Nurses
Authors: Ball Kay
Published: August 2010

More than 500,000 health care workers are exposed to surgical smoke every year. Toxic gases create an offensive odor, small particulate matter causes respiratory complications, and pathogens may be transmitted in the surgical smoke to the surgical team. Previous research notes that perioperative nurses do not consistently follow smoke evacuation recommendations. The purpose of this study was to determine key indicators that are associated with compliance with smoke evacuation recommendations. Data from a web‐based survey completed by 777 nurse members of AORN were analyzed to examine the relationship between the key indicators and compliance with smoke evacuation recommendations. Major findings were that specific key indicators influencing compliance include increased knowledge and training, positive perceptions about the complexity of the recommendations, and increased specialization, interconnectedness, and leadership support in larger facilities. Education programs can be developed that directly address these key predictors so that a surgical environment free from surgical smoke is promoted.
The Nurse Liaison in Perioperative Services: A Family‐Centered Approach
Authors: Stefan Kimberly Ann
Published: August 2010

Surgery is a stressful time for patients, their family members, and their significant others. A perioperative nurse liaison can offer support, reinforce preoperative teaching, answer questions, and provide information during the surgical procedure that may help family members manage stress and view the process more positively. To provide the best possible care to patients and their family members, perioperative leaders at the Exempla Good Samaritan Hospital, Lafayette, Colorado, started a nurse liaison program when the facility opened in 2004. Although OR nurses were the first choice for the position, the director of perioperative services soon found that postanesthesia care unit nurses were the best candidates for this role. Positive outcomes of the program have included letters from patients praising the nurse liaison, better informed patients, and less anxious family members. As a result of this program, the facility's patient satisfaction survey scores related to communication had a marked improvement by June 2009.
Crystal structure of Bifidobacterium Longum phosphoketolase; key enzyme for glucose metabolism in Bifidobacterium
Authors: Takahashi Kazutoshi , Tagami Uno , Shimba Nobuhisa , Kashiwagi Tatsuki , Ishikawa Kohki , Suzuki Ei-ichiro
Published: August 2010

MINT‐7985878: PKT (uniprotkb:Q6R2Q7) and PKT (uniprotkb:Q6R2Q7) bind (MI:0407) by X‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
Induction of endosomal/lysosomal pathways in differentiating osteoblasts as revealed by combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses
Authors: Taniguchi Takako , Kido Shinsuke , Yamauchi Emiko , Abe Masahiro , Matsumoto Toshio , Taniguchi Hisaaki
Published: August 2010

We have analyzed proteome changes associated with bone‐forming osteoblast differentiation by quantitative differential proteomic and transcriptomic analyses using in vitro differentiation model. Sixty nine proteins were found up‐regulated (>2‐fold) and 18 were down‐regulated (<0.5‐fold) at protein level. The mRNA levels of these proteins were then analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR combined with clustering analysis. The most prominent cluster with increased protein and mRNA levels contains endosomal and lysosomal proteins, demonstrating the drastic induction of degradative endosomal/lysosomal pathways in osteoblasts. Osteoblasts, therefore, are involved not only in the synthesis but also in the turnover of the extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens.
Speleothem evidence of warm episodes in northeast France during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 and implications for permafrost distribution in northern Europe
Authors: Pons-Branchu Edwige , Hamelin Bruno , Losson Benoit , Jaillet Stephane , Brulhet Jacques
Published: August 2010

U–Th ages have been obtained by TIMS on the growth periods of a stalagmite from the “Grotte des Puits de Pierre-la-Treiche” (northeastern France), during the middle part of the “Weichselian glaciation” (Marine Isotope Stage 3), between 55.36 ± 0.95 and 53.34 ± 0.49 ka and around 45.85 ± 0.49 ka. These episodes are contemporaneous with abrupt climatic variations recorded in Greenland ice cores (Greenland interstadials 12, 14 and 15) that have been previously recognized in European speleothems. They also coincide with two interstadials, known as “Goulotte” and “Pile” in the Grande Pile pollen sequence (eastern France), which have been correlated with the Moershoofd complex in the Netherlands. Such evidence of speleothem deposition related to temperate episodes gives a strong indication of the absence of continuous shallow permafrost during the middle part of MIS 3 in northeastern France.
Japan Rising
Authors: Kunitake Kume
Published: August 2010

In 1871 Japan sent a high-ranking delegation to the USA and Europe, to negotiate treaties and trading agreements and to investigate how it might modernise its political and economic institutions. Led by the Foreign Minister Prince Tomomi Iwakura, the 'embassy' of politicians, courtiers and officials travelled extensively around the USA for eight months, before spending a further year examining the British manufacturing industry, German armaments and French culture. The Iwakura Embassy helped change the course of Japanese history, for the official report of this journey, compiled by Prince Iwakura's personal secretary, the Confucian scholar Kunitake Kume, was to play a key role in Japan's transformation into a modern industrial nation. The report was translated into English in five large volumes in 2002. This carefully prepared abridgement makes it accessible to a wider range of scholars and students, and to all who are interested in the remarkable rise of modern Japan.
European Commission Decisions on Competition
Authors: Russo Francesco , Schinkel Maarten Pieter , Günster Andrea , Carree Martin
Published: August 2010

European Commission Decisions on Competition provides a comprehensive economic classification and analysis of all European Commission decisions adopted pursuant to Articles 101, 102 and 106 of the FEU Treaty from 1962 to 2009. It also includes a sample of landmark European merger cases. The decisions are organised according to the principal economic theory applied in the case. For each economic category, the seminal Commission decision that became a reference point for that type of anticompetitive behaviour is described. For this, a fixed template format is used throughout the book. All subsequent decisions in which the same economic principle was applied are listed chronologically. It complements the most widely used textbooks in industrial organisation, competition economics and competition law, to which detailed references are offered. The book contains source material for teachers and students, scholars of competition law and economics, as well as practising competition lawyers and officials.
Thoughtful Foragers
Authors: Mithen Steven J.
Published: August 2010

Thoughtful Foragers is about hunter-gatherer decision making. The author explores the implications of the human mind as a product of biological evolution for the way in which humans solve foraging problems. He draws on studies form ethology, psychology and ethnography prior to turning his attention to prehistoric hunter-gatherers. He attempts to construct explanations for patterns in the archaeological record by an explicit focus on decision making by individuals. Thoughtful Foragers will appeal to specialists in European prehistory as well as to those interested in archaeological theory and method. It makes some very significant advances, which will be of real importance for the field of evolutionary theory in relation to human evolution and the evaluation of human social systems.
Wildfowl in Great Britain
Authors: Owen Myrfyn , Atkinson-Willes G. L. , Salmon D. G.
Published: August 2010

The Wildfowl Trust (founded by Sir Peter Scott in 1946) has worked actively to promote wildfowl conservation over many years and this volume will surely be recognised as one of its finest achievements. Here in one volume the Wildfowl Trust, supported by the Nature Conservancy Council, presents a synthesis of detailed data collected by a wide range of enthusiasts on the distribution of wildfowl and their major habitats. The importance of sensitive conservation planning is stressed as is the vulnerability of wetlands to modern technology. The international dimension of wildfowl conservation is also well covered, especially by the clear maps of ringing recoveries and migration routes. This book emphasises the need for international action in conserving wetlands and stresses the benefits enjoyed by the fortunate countries endowed with these habitats. By their very presence the spectacular flocks of wildfowl provide one of the strongest arguments to convince laymen, planners and politicians that our wetlands are not wastelands but a very precious and vulnerable part of our heritage.
The Aristocratic Families in Early Imperial China
Authors: Ebrey Patricia Buckley
Published: August 2010

Much scholarly work has been published on the Chinese medieval 'aristocracy', in Chinese, Japanese and Western languages. It is commonly accepted that the change from an aristocratic society to a 'meritocracy' was one of the turning points of Chinese history. But since almost every aspect of political, economic and cultural history is involved in questions of the nature of the aristocracy, perhaps the only way to test theories of the means by which a small elite preserved its social status and political prestige for seven or eight hundred years is by tracing the fortunes of a single family in great detail. The present work is a fully documented case study of the Ts'uis of Po-ling from the first through the ninth centuries. By observing OW evolution of the Ts'uis as an aristocratic kinship group – and an unusual quantity of rich and original source material was available to Dr Ebrey – the author demonstrates OW fluctuation in aristocratic influence and tic changing basis of such families' prestige and power. Studies such as this are essential to enlarge our knowledge not only of medieval society and politics in China but also the development of family and lineage. In the light of the detailed evidence Dr Ebrey provides, many conventional views many well have to be abandoned.
The Demography of Inequality in Brazil
Authors: Wood Charles H. , Carvalho Jose Alberto Magno
Published: August 2010

This book examines how transformations in Brazil's social, economic and political organization affect the demographic behaviour of people who live in different parts of the country and who occupy different positions in the social system. The authors review the history of unequal development and document the concentration of income and land ownership. Using data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses, they show how the Brazilian style of economic growth unequally affected different population subgroups. Mortality estimates for white and non-white people measure the consequences of racial inequality on the life chances of children. Other chapters investigate rural out-migration, the impact of Amazon colonization schemes on rural poverty, and the implications of differential rates of population growth among rich and poor households for future patterns of inequality and underemployment. The overall perspective places the concept of inequality at the centre of the study of demographic and structural change.
Romantic Drama
Authors: Burwick Frederick
Published: August 2010

Drama in the Romantic period underwent radical changes affecting theatre performance, acting, and audience. Theatres were rebuilt and expanded to accommodate larger audiences, and consequently acting styles and the plays themselves evolved to meet the expectations of the new audiences. This book examines manifestations of change in acting, stage design, setting, and the new forms of drama. Actors exercised a persistent habit of stepping out of their roles, whether scripted or not. Burwick traces the radical shifts in acting style from Garrick to Kemble and Siddons, and to Kean and Macready, adding a new dimension to understanding the shift in cultural sensibility from early to later Romantic literature. Eye-witness accounts by theatre-goers and critics attending plays at the major playhouses of London, the provinces, and on the Continent are provided, allowing readers to identify with the experience of being in the theatre during this tumultuous period.
Enhanced Dispute Resolution Through the Use of Information Technology
Authors: Lodder Arno R. , Zeleznikow John
Published: August 2010

Alternative dispute resolution has now supplanted litigation as the principal method of dispute resolution. This overview of dispute resolution addresses practical developments in areas such as family law, plea bargaining, industrial relations and torts. The authors elaborate on the necessary legal safeguards that should be taken into account when developing technology-enhanced dispute resolution and explore a wide range of potential applications for new information technologies in dispute resolution.
Structural Geology
Authors: Fossen Haakon
Published: August 2010

Lavishly illustrated in color, this textbook takes an applied approach to introduce undergraduate students to the basic principles of structural geology. The book provides unique links to industry applications in the upper crust, including petroleum and groundwater geology, which highlight the importance of structural geology in exploration and exploitation of petroleum and water resources. Topics range from faults and fractures forming near the surface to shear zones and folds of the deep crust. Students are engaged through examples and parallels drawn from practical everyday situations, enabling them to connect theory with practice. Containing numerous end-of-chapter problems, e-learning modules, and with stunning field photos and illustrations, this book provides the ultimate learning experience for all students of structural geology.
Mathematical Models in Biology
Authors: Allman Elizabeth S. , Rhodes John A.
Published: August 2010

This introductory textbook on mathematical biology focuses on discrete models across a variety of biological subdisciplines. Biological topics treated include linear and non-linear models of populations, Markov models of molecular evolution, phylogenetic tree construction, genetics, and infectious disease models. The coverage of models of molecular evolution and phylogenetic tree construction from DNA sequence data is unique among books at this level. Computer investigations with MATLAB are incorporated throughout, in both exercises and more extensive projects, to give readers hands-on experience with the mathematical models developed. MATLAB programs accompany the text. Mathematical tools, such as matrix algebra, eigenvector analysis, and basic probability, are motivated by biological models and given self-contained developments, so that mathematical prerequisites are minimal.
CREDIT RATING AGENCIES, THE SUBPRIME MORTGAGE DEBACLE AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: THE EU STRIKES BACK
Authors: McVea Harry
Published: August 2010

The global financial crisis has served to highlight serious weaknesses in global governance, revealing fault lines in the international financial architecture and its accompanying regulatory apparatus. Most glaringly, the spotlight has fallen on Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs)—key governance agencies in the pre-crisis domestic and international regulatory structures, and ones directly linked to the subprime mortgage debacle. The aim of this article is to provide a critical appraisal of CRAs as a mechanism of global governance in the light of their role in the subprime mortgage debacle and to evaluate the case for stricter regulation of CRAs. In this respect, special emphasis is placed on the recent EU attempt—by way of a new Regulation on Credit Rating Agencies—to bring rating agencies within the regulatory fold. It is argued that while the EU Regulation has serious implications for the operation of CRAs within the Community, the reform measure is potentially illustrative of a growing dissonance between EU and US responses to global governance issues more generally.

‘[Securitisation led to the belief among many that] poor quality assets … assembled as a portfolio … could somehow by alchemy be converted into something stronger than they were’.1

‘The crap had become cake.’2

‘In January 2008, there were 12 triple A-rated companies in the world. At the same time, there were 64,000 structured finance instruments, like CDO tranches, rated triple A.’3
A variational approach to Boussinesq modelling of fully nonlinear water waves
Authors: KLOPMAN GERT , VAN GROESEN BRENNY , DINGEMANS MAARTEN W.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we present a new method to derive Boussinesq-type equations from a variational principle. These equations are valid for nonlinear surface-water waves propagating over bathymetry. The vertical structure of the flow, required in the Hamiltonian, is approximated by a (series of) vertical shape functions associated with unknown parameter(s). It is not necessary to make approximations with respect to the nonlinearity of the waves. The resulting approximate Hamiltonian is positive definite, contributing to the good dynamical behaviour of the resulting equations. The resulting flow equations consist of temporal equations for the surface elevation and potential, as well as a (set of) elliptic equations for some auxiliary parameter(s). All equations only contain low-order spatial derivatives and no mixed time–space derivatives. Since one of the parameters, the surface potential, can be associated with a uniform shape function, the resulting equations are very well suited for wave–current interacting flows.

The variational method is applied to two simple models, one with a parabolic vertical shape function and the other with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure. For both, as well as the general series model, the flow equations are derived. Linear dispersion and shoaling are studied using the average Lagrangian. The model with a parabolic vertical shape function has improved frequency dispersion, as compared to classical Boussinesq models. The model with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure can be made to have exact phase and group velocity, as well as shoaling, for a certain frequency.

For the model with a parabolic vertical structure, numerical computations are done with a one-dimensional pseudo-spectral code. These show the nonlinear capabilities for periodic waves over a horizontal bed and an underwater bar. Further some long-distance computations for soliton wave groups over bathymetry are presented.
The marine limpetNotoacmea scaphaacts as a transmission sink for intertidal cercariae in Otago Harbour, New Zealand
Authors: Koppel E.M. , Leung T.L.F. , Poulin R.
Published: August 2010

Marine limpets,Notoacmea scapha, were collected from an intertidal mud flat in Otago Harbour, New Zealand, and examined for infection with larval trematodes. Three separate species of trematode (opecoelid sp. A,Acanthoparyphiumsp. A andCurtuteria australis) were identified from the limpets, based on molecular evidence. This is the first report of these three trematodes in limpets, indicating that the latter are physiologically suitable second-intermediate hosts. However, based on ecological information on the diet of the parasites' definitive hosts, we conclude that the limpetN. scaphadoes not contribute to the transmission of any of the trematodes. Instead, it acts as a sink for cercariae that fail to locate appropriate second-intermediate hosts.
A contribution to the taxonomy of the genusRinodina(Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina) using combined ITS and mtSSU rDNA data
Authors: NADYEINA Olga , GRUBE Martin , MAYRHOFER Helmut
Published: August 2010

To test the phylogenetic position of phenotypically peculiar species in thePhysciaceaewe generated 47 new sequences (26 of nrITS region and 21 of mtSSU rDNA) from 19 crustose taxa ofPhysciaceaemainly from the genusRinodina. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed theBuelliaandPhysciagroups. The analysis revealed a considerable variability of characters traditionally used for classification, especially in the delimitation of the generaBuelliaandRinodina. While ascus types agree well with the distinction of theBuelliaandPhysciagroups, none of the other traditional characters, including excipulum type and ascospore thickening, were consistent within subclades of thePhysciagroup. We suggest that both excipulum type and ascospore characters are rather dynamic in the evolution ofRinodinaspecies and only appear consistent in morphologically more complex foliose and fruticose groups, which are characterized by thallus characters not present in the crustose groups. Two recent taxonomic changes are supported by molecular characters:Endohyalina insularis(syn.‘Rinodina’ insularis) andRinodina lindingeri(syn.‘Buellia’ lindingeri). In additionRinodina parvula(syn.‘Buellia’ parvula) is reinstated. New records forEndohyalina brandii,E.diederichii, E. insularisandRinodina albanaare presented.
Two additions to the lichen genusCliostomumFr. (Ramalinaceae) with broad ascospores
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras , FRYDAY Alan M.
Published: August 2010

Two species,Cliostomum coppinsiiFryday & Kantvilas sp. nov. from Scotland, andCliostomum praepallidum(Müll. Arg.) Kantvilas & Fryday comb. nov. from Tasmania and southern South America, are described, illustrated and discussed. Both occupy an unusual position within the genus on account of their atypically wide, ± polarilocular ascospores.Patellaria banksiaeMüll. Arg., based on a collection from Australia, is lectotypified and reduced to synonymy withCliostomum griffithii(Sm.) Coppins.
Comparison of gene expression patterns amongLeishmania braziliensisclinical isolates showing a differentin vitrosusceptibility to pentavalent antimony
Authors: ADAUI V. , SCHNORBUSCH K. , ZIMIC M. , GUTIÉRREZ A. , DECUYPERE S. , VANAERSCHOT M. , DE DONCKER S. , MAES I. , LLANOS-CUENTAS A. , CHAPPUIS F. , ARÉVALO J. , DUJARDIN J.-C.
Published: August 2010

Introduction. Evaluation ofLeishmaniadrug susceptibility depends onin vitroSbVsusceptibility assays, which are labour-intensive and may give a biased view of the true parasite resistance. Molecular markers are urgently needed to improve and simplify the monitoring of SbV-resistance. We analysed here the gene expression profile of 21L. braziliensisclinical isolatesin vitrodefined as SbV-resistant and -sensitive, in order to identify potential resistance markers.Methods. The differential expression of 13 genes involved in SbVmetabolism, oxidative stress or housekeeping functions was analysed duringin vitropromastigote growth.Results. Expression profiles were up-regulated for 5 genes only, each time affecting a different set of isolates (mosaic picture of gene expression). Two genes,ODC(ornithine decarboxylase) andTRYR(trypanothione reductase), showed a significantly higher expression rate in the group of SbV-resistant compared to the group of SbV-sensitive parasites (P<0·01). However, analysis of individual isolates showed both markers to explain only partially the drug resistance.Discussion. Our results might be explained by (i) the occurrence of a pleiotropic molecular mechanism leading to thein vitroSbVresistance and/or (ii) the existence of different epi-phenotypes not revealed by thein vitroSbVsusceptibility assays, but interfering with the gene expression patterns.
The Socioeconomic and environmental effects of free trade agreements: a dynamic CGE analysis for Chile
Authors: O'RYAN RAÚL , DE MIGUEL CARLOS J. , MILLER SEBASTIAN , PEREIRA MAURICIO
Published: August 2010

This paper undertakes a quantitative analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of different trade agreements for Chile. A dynamic general equilibrium model is used to compare the consequences of unilateral liberalization and trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). The results show that economic gains under the trade agreements are only significant if foreign investment increases or value added taxes are modified. Winners and losers depend on the agreement; however, unskilled labor-intensive sectors always progress. Consequently, these agreements seem to be good for the poorest groups. Some natural resource intensive sectors significantly increase their production with the EU and the US agreements, also increasing the environmental pressures. CO2and PM-10 emissions are not very different under these agreements as compared to business as usual – under which environmental pressures increase significantly. The results show the importance of economy-wide analysis of trade agreements in developing contexts.
The art museum as a city or a machine for showing art?
Authors: Tzortzi Kali
Published: August 2010

This paper presents the comparative analysis of the National Museum of Modern Art, in the Pompidou Centre, Paris, designed by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1972–77), and the Tate Modern art gallery, London, the conversion of an industrial building by Swiss practice Herzog & de Meuron (1995–2000). The two museums share a set of conspicuous similarities so that their parallel investigation seems self-evident. Both are large-scale national museums of modern art, extending over two floors, in buildings that constitute urban landmarks and are often seen as examples of the museum as a box [1a–b]. Their ground floors are conceived as a space you walk through, as a ‘piazza’; their spatial organisation is modular and flexible; their visual construction, punctuated by powerful views to the city. Moreover, they are guided by similar spatial ideas and share common fundamental morphological properties. Interestingly, their affinities extend to their collections – both begin with the turn of the twentieth century and extend to the twenty-first century; and their curatorial practices – as, for instance, the practice of reprogramming the galleries on a regular basis. But the experience of visiting the two museums is entirely different and each appears to have its own idiosyncratic spatial character, quite distinct from the other (described metaphorically by the museum designers as the museum as a city in the case of the Pompidou and as a machine for showing art in the case of Tate Modern). So, could these obvious similarities hide critical differences between the two museums?
Musik und Gesundheit
Authors: Trappe Hans-Joachim
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung. Musik (M) spielt im Leben eines jeden Menschen nicht nur eine wichtige Rolle, sondern hat auch Effekte auf Herzfrequenz (HF), Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) und auf andere physiologische Parameter. Bei Musikern sind die Beeinflussungen von HF, HRV und autonomen Nervensystem größer als bei Musik-Zuhörern. Obgleich M als subjektives Empfinden zu interpretieren ist, zeigen Studien, dass objektive Parameter unter verschiedenen Umständen eindeutig durch Musik beeinflusst werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass M als Prämedikation zu einer signifikant niedrigen Ängstlichkeitsrate führte als Midazolam (p < 0,001). M wird auch bei anderen Situationen eingesetzt, bei depressiven Menschen, alten Menschen, zur Schmerztherapie und im Rahmen der Intensiv- bzw. Palliativmedizin. M sollte jedoch individuell nach den Wünschen der Pt ausgewählt werden. Nur so lassen sich die gewünschten Effekte erreichen, Ängste vermeiden und führen zu einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität (QoL). Die besten M-Effekte sind durch klassische oder meditative M zu erreichen, Heavy Metal or Techno-M ist ineffektiv oder gar schädlich und kann zu Stress oder lebensgefährlichen Arrhythmien führen. Es gibt viele Komponisten, deren M zu einer Verbesserung der QoL führt, besonders Bach, Mozart oder italienische Komponisten sind hier zu nennen.
A study of solar energetic particle events of 1997–2006: Their composition and associations
Authors: Cane H. V. , Richardson I. G. , von Rosenvinge T. T.
Published: August 2010

We examined the properties and associations of 280 solar proton events that extended above 25 MeV and occurred in the years 1997–2006. The properties include early peak intensities of five species over several energy ranges and the intensity‐time profiles. Solar event associations were made for as many events as possible. The solar parameters determined include coronal mass ejection and flare properties and radio emissions from a wavelength range of meters to kilometers. The events were divided into five representative types based on the relative abundances and particle profiles to more easily illustrate how particle characteristics vary with the solar parameters. We find a continuum of event properties with no indication of specific parameters that clearly separate out groups of events. There is, however, a reasonable separation of events based on the timing of the associated type III emissions relative to the H α flare. Type III bursts indicate the presence of flare particles that escape to the interplanetary medium. The least intense, relatively short‐lived, proton events that are electron‐rich (and generally Fe‐rich and He‐rich) have associated type III bursts that occur at the start of the flare (i.e., in the impulsive phase), indicating rapid acceleration and escape of particles. In the largest events the type III emissions occur after the impulsive phase. It is likely that this late acceleration and/or release of particles results in a composition different from that of impulsive acceleration and release. A scenario in which concomitant flare processes contribute particles in the majority of solar energetic particle events is consistent with the observations.
Internal gravity waves in the thermosphere during low and high solar activity: Simulation study
Authors: Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S.
Published: August 2010

Propagation of internal gravity waves (GWs) from the lower atmosphere into the upper thermosphere, and their dynamical and thermal effects have been studied under low and high solar activity approximated by the F10.7 parameter. It has been done by using a nonlinear spectral parameterization in systematic offline calculations with typical wind and temperature distributions from the HWM and MSISE‐90 models, and with interactive simulations using the University College London Coupled Middle Atmosphere‐Thermosphere‐2 (CMAT2) general circulation model (GCM) under solstice conditions. The estimates have been performed for relatively slow harmonics with horizontal phase velocities less than 100 m s−1, which are not affected by reflection and/or ducting. GW drag and wave‐induced heating/cooling are shown to be smaller below ∼170 km at high solar activity, and larger above. The maxima of GW momentum deposition occur much higher in the upper thermosphere, but their peaks are half as strong, 120 vs 240 m s−1 day−1 in the winter hemisphere when the insolation is large. Instead of strong net cooling in the upper thermosphere, GWs produce a weak heating at high solar activity created by fast harmonics less affected by dissipation. Molecular viscosity increases with solar activity at fixed pressure levels, but seen in Cartesian altitude grids it can either increase or decrease in the lower thermosphere, depending on the height. Therefore, in pressure coordinates, in which most GCMs operate, the influence of larger temperatures can be viewed as a competition between the enhanced dissipation and vertical expansion of the atmosphere.
Modeling of Saturn's magnetosphere during Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 encounters
Authors: Chou M. , Cheng C. Z.
Published: August 2010

We model Saturn's magnetosphere during the Voyager 1 encounter on days 317 and 318 in 1980 and the Voyager 2 encounter on days 237 and 238 in 1981, respectively. The rotating magnetosphere of Saturn is modeled by two‐dimensional axisymmetric equilibrium solutions of the Grad‐Shafranov type equation, which includes effects of the plasma pressure gradient force and the centrifugal force due to plasma toroidal rotation, by prescribing the radial profiles of plasma density and temperature in the equatorial plane. By varying the equatorial plasma profiles the equilibrium solutions are obtained with reasonably good fit to the observed plasma and magnetic field data along the orbits of the Voyager 1 encounter with the Saturn's magnetosphere on days 317 and 318 in 1980 and the Voyager 2 encounter on days 237 and 238 in 1981. The numerical equilibrium solutions provide detailed information of the global distribution of plasma environment and magnetic field structure of the Saturn's inner magnetosphere (for L < 24), and the results show that the plasma environment and the magnetic field configuration of the Saturn's magnetosphere are very different between these two spacecraft encounters with the Saturn. In particular, the meridian distributions of heavy ion density, azimuthal current density, and heavy ion beta have thin disk‐like shapes centered at the equator for the Voyager 1 case, but have fat torus shapes for the Voyager 2 case. The difference results from the difference in the equatorial plasma pressure profile which decreases with R for R > 5RS for the Voyager 1 case, but is quite flat between R ≃ 5 and 17RS for the Voyager 2 case.
Stochastic modeling of nutrient losses in streams: Interactions of climatic, hydrologic, and biogeochemical controls
Authors: Botter G. , Basu N. B. , Zanardo S. , Rao P. S. C. , Rinaldo A.
Published: August 2010

We present an analytical, stochastic approach for quantifying intra‐annual fluctuations of in‐stream nutrient losses induced by naturally variable hydrologic conditions. The relevance of the problem we address lies in the growing concern for the major environmental impacts of increasing nutrient loads from watersheds to freshwater bodies and coastal waters. Here we express the first‐order nutrient loss rate constant, ke, as a function of key biogeochemical and hydrologic controls, in particular the stream depth (h). The stage h modulates the impact of natural streamflow temporal fluctuations (induced by intermittent rainfall forcings) on the underlying biogeochemical processes and thus represents the major driver of at‐a‐site fluctuations of ke. Novel expressions for the probability distribution function (pdf) of h and ke are derived as a function of a few eco‐hydrologic, morphologic and biogeochemical parameters. The shape of such pdf's chiefly depends on the following attributes: (1) the average frequency of streamflow‐producing rainfall events, λ; (2) the inverse of mean catchment residence time, k; and (3) a stream channel shape factor, identified through the discharge rating curve exponent b. For λ/(kb) > 1, h and ke have lower intra‐annual variability and lower sensitivity to climatic and morphologic controls, leading to improved predictability and ease of measurement of these attributes. Moment analyses suggest that the variability of ke, relative to that of h, is attenuated for λ/(kb) > 1. Thus, the interplay between climate‐landscape parameters and the stream shape factor b controls the temporal variability induced by stochastic rainfall forcings on stream stages and nutrient removal rates.
Postspreading rifting in the Adare Basin, Antarctica: Regional tectonic consequences
Authors: Granot R. , Cande S. C. , Stock J. M. , Davey F. J. , Clayton R. W.
Published: August 2010

Extension during the middle Cenozoic (43–26 Ma) in the north end of the West Antarctic rift system (WARS) is well constrained by seafloor magnetic anomalies formed at the extinct Adare spreading axis. Kinematic solutions for this time interval suggest a southward decrease in relative motion between East and West Antarctica. Here we present multichannel seismic reflection and seafloor mapping data acquired within and near the Adare Basin on a recent geophysical cruise. We have traced the ANTOSTRAT seismic stratigraphic framework from the northwest Ross Sea into the Adare Basin, verified and tied to DSDP drill sites 273 and 274. Our results reveal three distinct periods of tectonic activity. An early localized deformational event took place close to the cessation of seafloor spreading in the Adare Basin (∼24 Ma). It reactivated a few normal faults and initiated the formation of the Adare Trough. A prominent pulse of rifting in the early Miocene (∼17 Ma) resulted in normal faulting that initiated tilted blocks. The overall trend of structures was NE–SW, linking the event with the activity outside the basin. It resulted in major uplift of the Adare Trough and marks the last extensional phase of the Adare Basin. Recent volcanic vents (Pliocene to present day) tend to align with the early Miocene structures and the on‐land Hallett volcanic province. This latest phase of tectonic activity also involves near‐vertical normal faulting (still active in places) with negligible horizontal consequences. The early Miocene extensional event found within the Adare Basin does not require a change in the relative motion between East and West Antarctica. However, the lack of subsequent rifting within the Adare Basin coupled with the formation of the Terror Rift and an on‐land and subice extension within the WARS require a pronounced change in the kinematics of the rift. These observations indicate that extension increased southward, therefore suggesting that a major change in relative plate motion took place in the middle Miocene. The late Miocene pole of rotation might have been located north of the Adare Basin, with opposite opening sign compared to the Eocene‐Oligocene pole.
RING domain dimerization is essential for RNF4 function
Authors: Liew Chu Wai , Sun Huaiyu , Hunter Tony , Day Catherine L.
Published: August 2010

RNF4 [RING (really interesting new gene) finger protein 4] family ubiquitin ligases are RING E3 ligases that regulate the homoeostasis of SUMOylated proteins by promoting their ubiquitylation. In the present paper we report that the RING domain of RNF4 forms a stable dimer, and that dimerization is required for ubiquitin transfer. Our results suggest that the stability of the E2~ubiquitin thioester bond is regulated by RING domain dimerization.
Differential regulation of synchronous versus asynchronous neurotransmitter release by the C2 domains of synaptotagmin 1
Authors: Yoshihara Motojiro , Guan Zhuo , Littleton J. Troy
Published: August 2010

Synaptic vesicle fusion at many synapses has been kinetically separated into two distinct Ca
2+
-dependent temporal components consisting of a rapid synchronous phase followed by a slower asynchronous component. Mutations in the synaptic vesicle Ca
2+
sensor Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt 1) reduce synchronous neurotransmission while enhancing the slower asynchronous phase of release. Syt 1 regulation of vesicle fusion requires interactions mediated by its tandem cytoplasmic C2 domains (C2A and C2B). Although Ca
2+
binding by Syt 1 is predicted to drive synchronous release, it is unknown if Ca
2+
interactions with either C2 domain is required for suppression of asynchronous release. To determine if Ca
2+
binding by Syt 1 regulates these two phases of release independently, we performed electrophysiological analysis of transgenically expressed Syt 1 mutated at Ca
2+
binding sites in C2A or C2B in the background of
Drosophila Syt 1
-null mutants. Transgenic animals expressing mutations that disrupt Ca
2+
binding to C2A fully restored the synchronous phase of neurotransmitter release, whereas the asynchronous component was not suppressed. In contrast, rescue with Ca
2+
-binding mutants in C2B displayed little rescue of the synchronous release component, but reduced asynchronous release. These results suggest that the tandem C2 domains of Syt 1 play independent roles in neurotransmission, as Ca
2+
binding to C2A suppresses asynchronous release, whereas Ca
2+
binding to C2B mediates synchronous fusion.
Attenuation of age-related changes in mouse neuromuscular synapses by caloric restriction and exercise
Authors: Valdez Gregorio , Tapia Juan C. , Kang Hyuno , Clemenson Gregory D. , Gage F. H. , Lichtman Jeff W. , Sanes Joshua R.
Published: August 2010

The cellular basis of age-related behavioral decline remains obscure but alterations in synapses are likely candidates. Accordingly, the beneficial effects on neural function of caloric restriction and exercise, which are among the most effective anti-aging treatments known, might also be mediated by synapses. As a starting point in testing these ideas, we studied the skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a large, accessible peripheral synapse. Comparison of NMJs in young adult and aged mice revealed a variety of age-related structural alterations, including axonal swellings, sprouting, synaptic detachment, partial or complete withdrawal of axons from some postsynaptic sites, and fragmentation of the postsynaptic specialization. Alterations were significant by 18 mo of age and severe by 24 mo. A life-long calorie-restricted diet significantly decreased the incidence of pre- and postsynaptic abnormalities in 24-mo-old mice and attenuated age-related loss of motor neurons and turnover of muscle fibers. One month of exercise (wheel running) in 22-mo-old mice also reduced age-related synaptic changes but had no effect on motor neuron number or muscle fiber turnover. Time-lapse imaging in vivo revealed that exercise partially reversed synaptic alterations that had already occurred. These results demonstrate a critical effect of aging on synaptic structure and provide evidence that interventions capable of extending health span and lifespan can partially reverse these age-related synaptic changes.