bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polar clouds and radiation in satellite observations, reanalyses, and climate models
Authors: Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Van Tricht Kristof , Lhermitte Stef , L'Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: March 2017

Clouds play a pivotal role in the surface energy budget of the polar regions. Here we use two largely independent data sets of cloud and surface downwelling radiation observations derived by satellite remote sensing (2007–2010) to evaluate simulated clouds and radiation over both polar ice sheets and oceans in state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric reanalyses (ERA‐Interim and Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications‐2) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate model ensemble. First, we show that, compared to Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System‐Energy Balanced and Filled, CloudSat‐CALIPSO better represents cloud liquid and ice water path over high latitudes, owing to its recent explicit determination of cloud phase that will be part of its new R05 release. The reanalyses and climate models disagree widely on the amount of cloud liquid and ice in the polar regions. Compared to the observations, we find significant but inconsistent biases in the model simulations of cloud liquid and ice water, as well as in the downwelling radiation components. The CMIP5 models display a wide range of cloud characteristics of the polar regions, especially with regard to cloud liquid water, limiting the representativeness of the multimodel mean. A few CMIP5 models (CNRM, GISS, GFDL, and IPSL_CM5b) clearly outperform the others, which enhances credibility in their projected future cloud and radiation changes over high latitudes. Given the rapid changes in polar regions and global feedbacks involved, future climate model developments should target improved representation of polar clouds. To that end, remote sensing observations are crucial, in spite of large remaining observational uncertainties, which is evidenced by the substantial differences between the two data sets.
Crystallization of iron‐containing sodium aluminosilicate glasses in the NaAlSiO4‐NaFeSiO4 join
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Mostafa , Marcial José , McCloy John
Published: March 2017

Although natural materials are the subject of most Earth science articles, fundamental studies on analogous synthetic materials, produced under laboratory‐controlled conditions, can provide significant insight into expected behavior of natural systems. Iron, a common element in natural aluminosilicates as well as high‐level nuclear wastes, plays a crucial role in crystallization behavior. In the present study, effects of Fe‐Al substitution in nepheline‐based aluminosilicate glasses (NaAl(1 − x)FexSiO4, x = 0.0–1.0) were investigated to assess the role of iron in crystallization, employing semiquantitative X‐ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Fe promotes nepheline crystallization when substituted for Al in low additions (x < 0.3), yet suppresses it at higher additions (x > 0.5). Since effect of Fe is the subject of the present work and is the most common magnetic element, magnetic techniques were used to further analyze the phase assemblage. VSM measurements revealed that Fe oxides, i.e., hematite and magnetite, are present in cases even when their fractions are below the XRD detection limit, and backscattered electron micrographs confirm their presence. EPMA also shows that Fe incorporation in nepheline increases with increasing Fe‐Al substitution, up to a maximum of x = 0.37 for the nepheline crystals in the sample with starting glass of Na(Al0.3Fe0.7)SiO4. The residual glass, on the other hand, contains approximately constant Fe concentration x ~ 0.54–0.59 for all samples with starting Fe addition 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, and excess iron is expelled into Fe oxide phases. The significance of these results for geological processes and immobilization of high‐level nuclear waste is discussed.
Ambient observations of dimers from terpene oxidation in the gas phase: Implications for new particle formation and growth
Authors: Mohr Claudia , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Yli‐Juuti Taina , Heitto Arto , Lutz Anna , Hallquist Mattias , D'Ambro Emma L. , Rissanen Matti P. , Hao Liqing , Schobesberger Siegfried , Kulmala Markku , Mauldin Roy L. , Makkonen Ulla , Sipilä Mikko , Petäjä Tuukka , Thornton Joel A.
Published: March 2017

We present ambient observations of dimeric monoterpene oxidation products (C16–20HyO6–9) in gas and particle phases in the boreal forest in Finland in spring 2013 and 2014, detected with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols employing acetate and iodide as reagent ions. These are among the first online dual‐phase observations of such dimers in the atmosphere. Estimated saturation concentrations of 10−15 to 10−6 µg m−3 (based on observed thermal desorptions and group‐contribution methods) and measured gas‐phase concentrations of 10−3 to 10−2 µg m−3 (~106–107 molecules cm−3) corroborate a gas‐phase formation mechanism. Regular new particle formation (NPF) events allowed insights into the potential role dimers may play for atmospheric NPF and growth. The observationally constrained Model for Acid‐Base chemistry in NAnoparticle Growth indicates a contribution of ~5% to early stage particle growth from the ~60 gaseous dimer compounds.
Aseismic slip and seismogenic coupling in the Marmara Sea: What can we learn from onland geodesy?
Authors: Klein E. , Duputel Z. , Masson F. , Yavasoglu H. , Agram P.
Published: March 2017

Ever since the Mw7.4 Izmit earthquake in 1999, evaluation of seismic hazard associated with the last unbroken segments of the North Anatolian fault is capital. A strong controversy remains over whether Marmara fault segments are locked or are releasing strain aseismically. Using a Bayesian approach, we propose a preliminary probabilistic interseismic model constrained by published GPS data sets. The posterior mean model show that Ganos and Cinarcik segments are locked while creep is detected in the central portion of Marmara fault. Our analysis, however, reveals that creeping segments are associated with large model uncertainties, which mainly results from the sparsity of current geodetic observations. We then discuss how the GPS network can be improved to attain more reliable assessment of interseismic slip rates. With this purpose, we implement a network optimization procedure to identify the most favorable distribution of stations measuring strain accumulation in the Marmara Sea.
Omori‐like decay of postseismic velocities following continental earthquakes
Authors: Ingleby T. , Wright T. J.
Published: March 2017

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the transient, enhanced surface deformation rates following earthquakes. Unfortunately, these different mechanisms can produce very similar surface deformation patterns leading to difficulty in distinguishing between them. Here we return to the observations themselves and compile near‐field postseismic velocity measurements following moderate to large continental earthquakes. We find that these velocities have a remarkably consistent pattern, with velocity inversely proportional to time since the earthquake. This suggests that postseismic velocities show an Omori‐like decay and that postseismic displacements increase logarithmically over time. These observations are inconsistent with simple, linear Maxwell or Burgers body viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms but are consistent with rate‐and‐state frictional afterslip models and power law shear zone models. The results imply that near‐field postseismic surface deformation measurements are primarily the result of fault zone processes and, therefore, that the inference of lower crustal viscosities from near‐field postseismic deformation requires care.
Daily variability of California coastal low cloudiness: A balancing act between stability and subsidence
Authors: Clemesha Rachel E. S. , Gershunov Alexander , Iacobellis Sam F. , Cayan Daniel R.
Published: March 2017

We examine mechanisms driving daily variability of summer coastal low cloudiness (CLC) along the California coast. Daily CLC is derived from a satellite record from 1996 to 2014. Atmospheric rather than oceanic processes are mostly responsible for daily fluctuations in vertical stability that dictate short‐period variation in CLC structure. Daily CLC anomalies are most strongly correlated to lower tropospheric stability anomalies to the north. The spatially offset nature of the cloud‐stability relationship is a result of the balancing act that affects low cloudiness wherein subsidence drives increased stability, which promotes cloudiness, but too much subsidence limits cloudiness. Lay explanations claim that high inland temperatures “pull in” CLC, but such a process presumably would have the high temperatures directly inland. Rather, we find that the spatially offset associations between CLC and atmospheric circulation result in positive correlations between CLC and inland surface temperature anomalies to the north.
A mechanism of midlatitude noontime foE long‐term variations inferred from European observations
Authors: Mikhailov A. V. , Perrone L. , Nusinov A. A.
Published: March 2017

Manually scaled June noontime monthly median foE values at three European stations Rome, Juliusruh, and Slough/Chilton were used to understand the mechanism of foE long‐term variations. The 11 year running mean smoothed foE manifests long‐term (for some solar cycles) variations with the rising phase at the end of 1960–1985 and the falling phase after 1985. A close relationship (even in details) between (foEave)11y and (R12)11y variations with the correlation coefficient of 0.996 (absolutely significant according to Fisher F criterion) suggests that the Sun is the source of these (foEave)11y long‐term variations. After removing solar activity long‐term variations the residual (foEave)11y trend is very small (~0.029% per decade) being absolutely insignificant. This means that all (foEave)11y variations are removed with one solar activity index, (R12)11y, i.e., this means that long‐term variations are fully controlled by solar activity. Theory of midlatitude daytime E region tells us that long‐term variations of solar EUV in two lines λ = 977 Å (CIII) and λ = 1025.7 Å (HLyβ) and X‐ray radiation with λ < 100 Å (both manifesting the same long‐term variations with the rising phase at the end of 1960–1985 and the falling phase after 1985) are responsible for the observed (foEave)11y variations. Therefore, the observed daytime midlatitude foE long‐term variations have a natural (not anthropogenic) origin related to long‐term variations of solar activity. No peculiarities in relation with the last deep solar minimum in 2008–2009 have been revealed.
The Third Macedonian War, 171–168
BC
Authors: Erdkamp Paul
Published: March 2017

Keen to curb the influence of Perseus and Macedon, the Senate declared war in 172
bc
. The consul crossed the Adriatic and established a camp, meeting a well‐prepared Macedonian force. Following an inconclusive initial engagement, the Romans limited themselves to small operations and gathering reinforcements. In the following years two abortive invasions of Macedon were beset by logistical difficulties. However, in 168 the Romans, now commanded by Lucius Aemilius Paulus, were able to maneuver Perseus out of his fortified positions and pursued him into Macedon, inflicting a crushing defeat at Pydna. Perseus was subsequently captured and his kingdom divided into four states ruled by pro‐Roman oligarchies; other Greek states, including Rhodes, were brought to heel, and Epirus was plundered.
The Rise of Parthia,

C

. 250–

C

. 92
BC
Authors: Sidebottom Harry
Published: March 2017

The origins and early history of the Parthian empire are profoundly obscure. Between 323 and about 240
bc
, the Parni tribe migrated from the steppe east of the Caspian into the Seleucid province of Parthia. In the 240 s they revolted from Seleucid rule, regarding 247 as the start of their era. As the Parthians expanded their control westward they resisted repeated attempts by the Seleucid monarchs to reassert their authority, aided by dynastic struggles in the Seleucid royal house and the distraction of Ptolemaic and Roman pressure in the west. Mithridates I succeeded in transforming the Parthians into a regional power. His successors won more territory from the Seleucids, and by the early first century Mithridates II had consolidated control of an area spanning northern Mesopotamia to the Persian gulf.
The Battle of Aelia, 133–135
Authors: Roth Jonathan P.
Published: March 2017

In 132, a Jewish revolt against Roman rule broke out in Palestine. The origins of the Bar Kokhbar revolt are connected with the visit of the emperor Hadrian to the city of Jerusalem in 129–130, and possibly with his plans to refound the city as a Roman colony, renamed Aelia. The rebels were led by Simon Bar Kosiba, who claimed to be the messiah, and for several years controlled large parts of Judea, minting their own coinage—though, if they ever controlled Jerusalem, they did so only briefly. The revolt was suppressed by 135 thanks to a huge troop surge, the redeployment of experienced commanders, and (apparently) the personal intervention of the emperor. Jerusalem was remodeled and Jews forbidden to live in the city.
The Fourth‐Century Roman Empire: West
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: March 2017

In the 350 s the security of Gaul was undermined by Roman internal conflicts, with the result that Alamans and other tribal groups were able to overrun large parts of Gaul. The Caesar Julian restored the position with energetic campaigning and a great victory near Strasburg. After Julian's death in the east, Emperor Valentinian continued the campaigns and, after his death, his son Gratian was able to extend the effective Roman defense of the Rhine and upper Danube frontiers.
Discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences and later internalizing and externalizing behavior: A prospective study
Authors: Hwang Soonjo , Kim Young Shin , Koh Yun‐Joo , Bishop Somer , Leventhal Bennett L.
Published: March 2017

Discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences may lead to later internalizing or externalizing behavior in adolescents. A 1,663 South Korean 7th and 8th graders (mean age: 13.1 and 14.1 years old), were seen for a follow‐up study to examine the relationships between the discrepancy in perception of their bullying experiences (defined as discrepancy between self‐ and peer‐reports of bullying experiences) and internalizing or externalizing behavior at follow‐up. Bullying was assessed by self‐ and peer‐report. The discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences was defined by the concordance or discordance between self‐ and peer‐reports. Internalizing and externalizing behavior was evaluated using the Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist, at baseline and follow‐up. Two by two ANCOVA was performed with a factorial design, categorizing discrepancy in perception of bullying experiences based on the agreement between self‐report and peer‐report. Internalizing/externalizing behavior‐at‐follow‐up was used as an outcome, adjusting for other known risk factors for internalizing/externalizing behavior, including baseline internalizing/externalizing behavior, and bullying experiences. Adolescents with perceptions of bullying experiences discrepant from peer‐reports showed increased internalizing/externalizing behavior at follow‐up. Bullying also stands out as an independent risk factor for the development of future externalizing behavior even among adolescents with accurate perceptions of bullying experiences. These specific groups of youth warrant more focused assessment and intervention.
TopoWellPlate: A Well‐Plate‐Based Screening Platform to Study Cell–Surface Topography Interactions
Authors: Beijer Nick R. M. , Vasilevich Aliaksei S. , Pilavci Bayram , Truckenmüller Roman K. , Zhao Yiping , Singh Shantanu , Papenburg Bernke J. , de Boer Jan
Published: March 2017

The field of biomaterial engineering is increasingly using high‐throughput approaches to investigate cell–material interactions. Because most material libraries are prepared as chips, immunofluorescence‐based read‐outs are used to uniquely image individual materials. This paper proposes to produce libraries of materials using a well‐based strategy in which each material is physically separated, and thus compatible with standard biochemical assays. In this work, the TopoWellPlate, a novel system to study cell–surface topography interaction in high‐throughput is presented. From a larger library of topographies, 87 uniquely defined bioactive surface topographies are identified, which induce a wide variety of cellular morphologies. Topographically enhanced polystyrene films are fabricated in a multistep cleanroom process and served as base for the TopoWellPlate. Thermal bonding of the films to bottomless 96‐well plates results in a cell culture ready, topographically enhanced, 96‐well plate. The overall metabolic activity of bone marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells is measured to show the functionality of the TopoWellPlate as a screening tool, which showed a 2.5‐fold difference range in metabolic activity per cell. TopoWellPlates of this and other topographical designs can be used to analyze cells using the wealth of standardized molecular assays available and thus disclose the mechanisms of biomaterials‐induced mechanotransduction.
Engineering of Magnetically Intercalated Silicene Compound: An Overlooked Polymorph of EuSi2
Authors: Tokmachev Andrey M. , Averyanov Dmitry V. , Karateev Igor A. , Parfenov Oleg E. , Kondratev Oleg A. , Taldenkov Alexander N. , Storchak Vyacheslav G.
Published: March 2017

Silicene, a Si analogue of graphene, is suggested to become a versatile material for nanoelectronics. Being coupled with magnetism, it is predicted to be particularly suitable for spintronic applications. However, experimental realization of free‐standing silicene and its magnetic derivatives is lacking. Fortunately, magnetism can be induced into silicene layers, in particular, by intercalation. Here, a successful synthesis of multilayer silicene intercalated by inherently magnetic Eu ions – a compound expected to exhibit both massless Dirac‐cone states, as its Ca analogue, and a nontrivial magnetic structure – is reported. This new polymorph with EuSi2 stoichiometry is epitaxially stabilized by continual replication of silicene layers employing Sr‐intercalated multilayer silicene as a template. The atomic structure of the new compound and its sharp interface with the template are confirmed using electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, and electron microscopy techniques. Below 80 K, the material demonstrates anisotropic antiferromagnetism coexisting with weak ferromagnetism. The magnetic state is accompanied by an anomalous behavior of magnetoresistivity.
Spermatozoa as Functional Components of Robotic Microswimmers
Authors: Magdanz Veronika , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana , Schwarz Lukas , Xu Haifeng , Elgeti Jens , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: March 2017

In recent years, the combination of synthetic micro‐ and nanomaterials with spermatozoa as functional components has led to the development of tubular and helical spermbots – microrobotic devices with potential applications in the biomedical and nanotechnological field. Here, the initial advances in this field are discussed and the use of spermatozoa as functional parts in microdevices elaborated. Besides the potential uses of these hybrid robotic microswimmers, the obstacles along the way are discussed, with suggestions for solutions of the encountered challenges also given.
Novel compound heterozygous mutations in BCS1L gene causing Bjornstad syndrome in two siblings
Authors: Falco Mariateresa , Franzè Annamaria , Iossa Sandra , De Falco Luigia , Gambale Antonella , Marciano Elio , Iolascon Achille
Published: March 2017

Bjornstad syndrome is a rare condition characterized by pili torti and sensorineural hearing loss associated with pathological variations in BCS1L. Mutations in this gene are also associated with the more severe complex III deficiency and GRACILE syndrome. We report the first Italian patients with Bjornstad syndrome, two siblings with pili torti and sensorineural hearing loss, in whom we detected two novel compound heterozygous mutations in BCS1L. A thorough clinical evaluation did not reveal any features consistent with complex III deficiency or GRACILE syndrome.
Nicht‐ribosomale Peptidsynthese – Prinzipien und Perspektiven
Authors: Süssmuth Roderich D. , Mainz Andi
Published: March 2017

Nicht‐ribosomale Peptidsynthetasen (NRPSs) sind große Multienzymmaschinerien, die zahlreiche Peptide mit enormer struktureller und funktionaler Diversität erzeugen. Unter diesen Produkten befinden sich mehr als 20 auf dem Markt befindliche Wirkstoffe, darunter Antibiotika (Penicillin, Vancomycin), antitumorale Medikamente (Bleomycin) und Immunsuppressiva (Cyclosporin). In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben biochemische sowie strukturbiologische Studien mechanistische Einblicke in die hochkomplexen NRPSs gewährt. Dieser Aufsatz fasst den aktuellen Kenntnisstand über die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen von NRPSs zusammen und gibt einen Überblick über die Vielfalt ihrer Produkte. Ebenso behandelt werden die Probleme und Herausforderungen, die mit der Umprogrammierung von NRPS‐Systemen einhergehen. Das Potenzial einer solchen Umprogrammierung liegt begründet in einer nachhaltigen Generierung von Wirkstoffanaloga und neuen Substanzbibliotheken, die anderenfalls kaum zugänglich sind.
Development of a didactical training concept for peer tutors in gross anatomy
Authors: Alvarez Simone , Nikendei Christoph , Schultz Jobst‐Hendrik
Published: March 2017

Even though peer tutors are often used in gross anatomy courses, research in the field is rather a subject of the last two decades. This is especially true about the didactical challenges these types of peer tutors experience during their tutorials and about how they are prepared for the task. The aim of the presented study was to learn about the training needs of the tutors, and to subsequently design, implement, and evaluate a didactical training concept. A qualitative design was chosen to examine how tutors can best be prepared for tutorials of gross anatomy. To do so, focus group interviews were conducted. The data were analyzed and grouped into various concepts, using semi‐structured interview questions as guidance. It was found that peer tutors are in need of training in the following aspects: Dealing with students who are experiencing difficulties during or as a result of dissection, dealing with group dynamics, that is, at the dissection table, keeping students motivated, time management, and staying confident as a tutor. In order to be regarded as useful and relevant in the eyes of tutors, a preparatory training course should include all these aspects in addition to general didactical training elements. Training needs of peer tutors of gross anatomy go beyond the content of standardized didactical curricula; therefore, tutors should be prepared with a curriculum that is specifically geared toward the many challenges associated with teaching gross anatomy to first year medical students which are already so well documented in the research literature. Anat Sci Educ 10: 495–502. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Controllable Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Zwitterionic PBI Towards Tunable Surface Wettability of the Nanostructures
Authors: Ye Yong , Lü Baozhong , Cheng Wenyu , Wu Zhen , Wei Jie , Yin Meizhen
Published: March 2017

Amphiphilic molecules have received wide attention as they possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, and can form diverse nanostructures in selective solvents. Herein, we report an asymmetric amphiphilic zwitterionic perylene bisimide (AZP) with an octyl chain and a zwitterionic group on the opposite imide positions of perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The controllable nanostructures of AZP with tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface have been investigated through solvent‐dependent amphiphilic self‐assembly as confirmed by SEM, TEM, and contact angle measurements. The planar perylene core of AZP contributes to strong π–π stacking, while the amphiphilic balance of asymmetric AZP adjusts the self‐assembly property. Additionally, due to intermolecular π–π stacking and solvent–solute interactions, AZP could self‐assemble into hydrophilic microtubes in a polar solvent (acetone) and hydrophobic nanofibers in an apolar solvent (hexane). This facile method provides a new pathway for controlling the surface properties based on an asymmetric amphiphilic zwitterionic perylene bisimide.
Acute ethanol exposure during late mouse neurodevelopment results in long‐term deficits in memory retrieval, but not in social responsiveness
Authors: Houlé Katherine , Abdi Myshake , Clabough Erin B. D.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in neurological changes in affected individuals and may result in the emergence of a broad spectrum of neurobehavioral abnormalities termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The effects of ethanol exposure during development are both time and dose dependent. Although many animal models of FASD use more chronic ethanol exposure, acute developmental alcohol exposure may also cause long‐lasting neuronal changes. Our research employed behavioral measures to assess the effects of a single early postnatal ethanol intoxication event in mice.

Materials and Methods

Mice were dosed at postnatal day 6 (a 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol or a saline control administered twice, 2 hr apart) as a model of third trimester binge drinking in humans. This exposure was followed by behavioral assessment in male mice at 1 month (1M) and at 4 months of age (4M), using the Barnes maze (for learning/memory retrieval), exploratory behavior, and a social responsiveness task.

Results

Ethanol‐exposed mice appeared to be less motivated to complete the Barnes maze at 1M, but were able to successfully learn the maze. However, deficits in long‐term spatial memory retrieval were observed in ethanol‐exposed mice when the Barnes maze recall was measured at 4M. No significant differences were found in open field behavior or social responsiveness at 1M or 4M of age.

Conclusions

Acute ethanol exposure at P6 in mice leads to mild but long‐lasting deficits in long‐term spatial memory. Results suggest that even brief acute exposure to high ethanol levels during the third trimester equivalent of human pregnancy may have a permanent negative impact on the neurological functioning of the offspring.
New simulation tool for teaching–learning processes in engineering education
Authors: Akkoyun Ozgur
Published: March 2017

In this study, new simulation‐based software developed for educational purposes is introduced. The software simulates the processing system of natural stone plants which are very important and have been taught in natural stone production related lectures both at mining engineering departments and vocational high schools. The software was used during these classes and the students’ feedbacks were measured by Likert scale surveys. This paper presents the development process of this software and the feedback results of its application in the classes. Positive feedbacks from the students encourage us for the next projects and show that the software achieved its learning objectives. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:404–410, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21807
Chemical Components from Phaeanthus vietnamensis and Their Inhibitory NO Production in BV2 Cells
Authors: Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Tuong Nguyen Trung , Ky Pham Thanh , Subedi Lalita , Park Seon Ju , Ngoc Tran Minh , Yen Pham Hai , Tai Bui Huu , Quang Tran Hong , Kiem Phan Van , Kim Sun Yeou , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: March 2017

Phaeanthus vietnamensis Bân is a well‐known medicinal plant which has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. Using various chromatographic methods, three new compounds, (7S,8R,8′R)‐9,9′‐epoxy‐3,5,3′,5′‐tetramethoxylignan‐4,4′,7‐triol (1), 8α‐hydroxyoplop‐11(12)‐en‐14‐one (5), and (1R,2S,4S)‐4‐acetyl‐2‐[(E)‐(cinnamoyloxy)]‐1‐methylcyclohexan‐1‐ol (12) along with twelve known compounds were isolated from the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their chemical structures were elucidated by physical and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory activities of nitric oxide production in LPS‐stimulated BV2 cells. As the results, compound 6 showed the most potent inhibitory activity on LPS‐stimulated NO production in BV2 cells with the IC50 values of 15.7 ± 1.2 μm. Compounds 2, 7, and 8 significantly inhibited inflammatory NO production with IC50 values ranging from 22.6 to 25.3 μm.
Opening of New Synthetic Routes Using Segmented Microflow in Multistep Syntheses
Authors: Karl Dominik , Börner Pia , Misuk Viktor , Löwe Holger
Published: March 2017

The application of microfluidics in organic chemistry is a valuable tool to access new synthesis pathways and to break limitations set by traditional batch chemistry. In the past, the majority of research focused on solving problems associated with individual reactions. It is necessary to advance the field by incorporating flow chemistry in longer multistep syntheses to open more direct paths towards complicated compounds. Several strategies were developed to meet the demands of a four‐step synthesis, which includes biphasic nitrations, gaseous substrates, and very fast reactions on multifunctional molecules. A unique micro flow setup was applied in each reaction to meet its specific requirements.
Metal Ion‐Catalyzed Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Calcium Lignosulfonate in Subcritical Water
Authors: Liu Chao , Xu Jiahuan , Hu Jun , Zhang Huiyan , Xiao Rui
Published: March 2017

Three metal ion catalysts, namely, Na+, K+, and Ca2+, were tested to improve liquefaction of calcium lignosulfonate, and their effects on product distribution were specifically investigated. Results showed that metal ion catalysts favored the production of hydrogen as well as of phenolic compounds. The total contents of phenolic compounds catalyzed by metal ions were generally higher than 75 %. The catalysis abilities of Na+ and K+ were better than that of Ca2+. The neutral‐alkaline condition was much more beneficial to calcium lignosulfonate liquefaction. Compared to the hydrochars with Na+ and K+ catalysts, the hydrochars with Ca2+ catalyst had higher carbon content and a higher heating value.
Mass Transfer in Reactive Bubbly Flows – A Single‐Bubble Study
Authors: Merker David , Böhm Lutz , Oßberger Martin , Klüfers Peter , Kraume Matthias
Published: March 2017

The design of reactors with a dispersed gas in a liquid phase, e.g., bubble columns, is often based on rather roughly estimated parameters. To obtain a better understanding of the influence and interaction of the fluid dynamics and the mass transfer in the presence of a chemical reaction of NO and Fe(EDTA) in the liquid phase, the complex system of a bubbly flow is here reduced to single‐bubble investigations. For this purpose, mass transfer is investigated with and without chemical reaction to be able to differentiate between various influencing factors and determined enhancement caused by the chemical reaction. Two experimental setups are applied, namely, the first one with two moving cameras where the velocity is adapted to the rising velocity of the bubble, and the second one is a countercurrent‐flow cell.
Doping Copper Ions into an Fe/N/C Composite Promotes Catalyst Performance for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yu Guo‐Qiang , Wei Ping‐Jie , Wang Fei‐Fei , Liu Jin‐Gang
Published: March 2017

Developing new non‐precious‐metal catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in low‐temperature fuel cells is highly desirable for replacing Pt‐based noble‐metal electrocatalysts. Herein, we report a two‐step method to prepare Fe, Cu, and N‐doped reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (rGO/CNT) composites through the low‐temperature hydrothermal treatment of iron‐porphyrin‐modified graphene and copper‐chloride‐loaded CNTs followed by high‐temperature calcination, for use as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the ORR. The optimized Fe/Cu−N‐rGO/CNT catalyst exhibited higher ORR activity and superior stability, as compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 mol ⋅ L−1 KOH solutions, and also demonstrates good stability in acidic electrolytes. These results suggest that additional doping of Cu ions into the Fe/N/C catalyst significantly promotes the catalyst ORR performance.
Synthesis of T‐705‐Ribonucleoside and T‐705‐Ribonucleotide and Studies of Chemical Stability
Authors: Huchting Johanna , Winkler Matthias , Nasser Hiba , Meier Chris
Published: March 2017

T‐705 (favipiravir) is a fluorinated hydroxypyrazine carboxamide that exhibits antiviral activities against a variety of RNA viruses. Given the lack of potent agents to combat these infections caused by a large number of high‐impact pathogens, significant emphasis has been put on studies of the antiviral properties of T‐705 and its mechanism of action. T‐705 acts as a nucleobase analogue; it is therefore metabolized to the corresponding ribonucleoside triphosphate intracellularly. Herein we report a reliable synthesis of T‐705‐ribonucleoside as well as its 5′‐monophosphate. Moreover, we disclose detailed studies on the remarkable lability of the heterocycle when attached to ribose under very mild conditions, as typically applied in biochemical studies.
Treatment pathway of bone sarcoma in children, adolescents, and young adults
Authors: Reed Damon R. , Hayashi Masanori , Wagner Lars , Binitie Odion , Steppan Diana A. , Brohl Andrew S. , Shinohara Eric T. , Bridge Julia A. , Loeb David M. , Borinstein Scott C. , Isakoff Michael S.
Published: March 2017

When pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients present with a bone sarcoma, treatment decisions, especially after relapse, are complex and require a multidisciplinary approach. This review presents scenarios commonly encountered in the therapy of bone sarcomas with the goal of objectively presenting a consensus, multidisciplinary management approach. Little variation was found in the authors' group with respect to local control or systemic therapy. Clinical trials were universally prioritized in all settings. Decisions regarding relapse therapies in the absence of a clinical trial had very minor variations initially, but a consensus was reached after a literature review and discussion. This review presents a concise document and figures as a starting point for evidence‐based care for patients with these rare diseases. This framework allows prospective decision making and prioritization of clinical trials. It is hoped that this framework will inspire and focus future clinical research and thus lead to new trials to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Cancer 2017;123:2206–2218. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
The prognostic value of extranodal extension in human papillomavirus‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: An Yi , Park Henry S. , Kelly Jacqueline R. , Stahl John M. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Burtness Barbara A. , Contessa Joseph N. , Decker Roy H. , Koshy Matthew , Husain Zain A.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Extranodal (or extracapsular) extension (ENE) is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with head and neck cancers who undergo primary surgery. However, the significance of ENE in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is not well established, and single‐institution studies have not established that ENE predicts inferior outcome. The authors investigated the prognostic value of ENE in HPV‐positive patients who underwent primary surgery and whether adjuvant chemoradiation improved overall survival (OS) compared with radiation alone in ENE‐positive patients.

METHODS

Patients who underwent primary surgery for pathologic T1 (pT1) through pT4 tumors, pathologic N1 (pN1) through pN3 lymph node status, HPV‐positive OPSCC were identified in the National Cancer Data Base from 2010 through 2012. Features associated with ENE were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses identified predictors of OS. The effect of adjuvant treatment on OS in ENE‐positive cohort was also evaluated.

RESULTS

In total, 1043 patients met inclusion criteria, among whom 43.5% were ENE‐positive. Of the ENE‐positive patients who had treatment details available, 72% received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 16% received radiotherapy, and 12% received no adjuvant treatment. After a median follow‐up of 28.4 months, ENE was associated with worse 3‐year OS (89.3% vs 93.6%; P = .01). On multivariable analysis that included involved lymph nodes, only ENE, lymphovascular invasion, pT3/pT4 tumors, and Charlson‐Deyo score were associated with worse OS. Among ENE‐positive patients, there was no difference in 3‐year OS between those who received adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone (89.6% vs 89.3%, respectively; P = .55). Propensity score‐matched comparison revealed similar results.

CONCLUSIONS

ENE is associated with inferior OS in patients with HPV‐positive OPSCC. However, OS was not better with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in ENE‐positive patients. The current findings support the need for prospective studies of adjuvant chemoradiation in HPV‐positive patients with ENE. Cancer 2017;123:2762‐72. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Three‐dimensional analysis of somatic mitochondrial dynamics in fission‐deficient injured motor neurons using FIB/SEM
Authors: Tamada Hiromi , Kiryu‐Seo Sumiko , Hosokawa Hiroki , Ohta Keisuke , Ishihara Naotada , Nomura Masatoshi , Mihara Katsuyoshi , Nakamura Kei‐ichiro , Kiyama Hiroshi
Published: March 2017

Mitochondria undergo morphological changes through fusion and fission for their quality control, which are vital for neuronal function. In this study, we examined three‐dimensional morphologies of mitochondria in motor neurons under normal, nerve injured, and nerve injured plus fission‐impaired conditions using the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), because the FIB/SEM technology is a powerful tool to demonstrate both 3D images of whole organelle and the intra‐organellar structure simultaneously. Crossing of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) gene‐floxed mice with neuronal injury‐specific Cre driver mice, Atf3:BAC Tg mice, allowed for Drp1 ablation specifically in injured neurons. FIB/SEM analysis demonstrated that somatic mitochondrial morphologies in motor neurons were not altered before or after nerve injury. However, the fission impairment resulted in prominent somatic mitochondrial enlargement, which initially induced complex morphologies with round regions and long tubular processes, subsequently causing a decrease in the number of processes and further enlargement of the round regions, which eventually resulted in big spheroidal mitochondria without processes. The abnormal mitochondria exhibited several degradative morphologies: local or total cristae collapse, vacuolization, and mitophagy. These suggest that mitochondrial fission is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial integrity in injured motor neurons, and multiple forms of mitochondria degradation may accelerate neuronal degradation.
Dynamic data integrity auditing for secure outsourcing in the cloud
Authors: Wei Jinxia , Zhang Ru , Liu Jianyi , Li Jing , Niu Xinxin , Yao Yuangang
Published: March 2017

Cloud servers provide cloud users with storage service and allow cloud users to access their files anytime. To guarantee security of the stored files, auditors need to periodically verify data block correctness. In the existing integrity verification schemes, there are few protocols to support the users' identity anonymity and the data block dynamic operation simultaneously. In this paper, we present an efficient and anonymous identity‐based integrity auditing protocol, which supports data dynamic operation and can be extended to support batch auditing in the multifile or multiuser setting. Our scheme not only resists forgery, replace, and replay attacks but also maintains users' anonymity, which is not discussed in other related techniques. The computation efficiency of auditor is improved a lot. Comparing with Zhang's efficient identity‐based public auditing scheme, our scheme is more suitable for actual application scenario with large‐scale storage system.
Max‐flow min‐cut algorithm with application to road networks
Authors: Ramesh Varun , Nagarajan Shivanee , Jung Jason J. , Mukherjee Saswati
Published: March 2017

The max‐flow min‐cut problem is one of the most explored and studied problems in the area of combinatorial algorithms and optimization. In this paper, we solve the max‐flow min‐cut problem on large random lognormal graphs and real‐world datasets using the distributed Edmonds‐Karp algorithm. The algorithm is deployed on a stand‐alone cluster using Spark. In our experiments, we compare the runtime between a single‐machine implementation and cluster implementation. We analyze the impact of communication cost on runtime for large lognormal graphs. Further, we record the runtime of the algorithm for various real‐world datasets having similar average outdegree and number of edges but different diameters. The observations indicate that for such a set of similar graphs, runtime increases slowly with an increase in diameter. Additionally, we apply this model on large urban road networks to evaluate the minimum number of sensors required for surveillance of the entire network. To validate the feasibility of this extension, we tested the model with large road network datasets having more than 2.7 million edges. Thus, we believe that our model can enhance the safety of today's dynamic large urban road networks.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Templated Catalyst: Synergy in Multiple Sites for Catalytic CO2 Fixation
Authors: Ding Meili , Chen Si , Liu Xiao‐Qin , Sun Lin‐Bing , Lu Junling , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: March 2017

The types and quantities of active sites play a critical role in catalysis. Herein, ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated into N‐doped porous carbon has been rationally prepared by the pyrolysis of a metal–organic framework (MOF) followed by a moderate oxidation treatment. The resulting catalyst exhibits excellent activity, selectivity, and recyclability in the CO2 cycloaddtion reactions with epoxides owing to the synergy of multiple sites inherited from the MOF and generated by the oxidation process.
Toll‐like receptor 2bright cells identify circulating monocytes in human and non‐human primates
Authors: Shirk Erin N. , Kral Brian G. , Gama Lucio
Published: March 2017

Polychromatic flow cytometry is a useful tool for monitoring circulating whole blood monocytes, although gating strategies often vary depending on the study. Increased analyses of the myeloid system have revealed monocytes to be more plastic than previously understood and uncovered changes among surface markers previously considered to be stable. The myeloid system has also been found to have disparate surface markers between mouse, human, and non‐human primate studies, which further complicates examination between species. This study has found bright Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression to be a consistent surface marker of circulating whole blood monocytes in humans and two species of macaques. Furthermore, within our pigtailed macaque model of HIV‐associated CNS disease, where monocyte surface markers have previously been shown to reorganize during acute infection, TLR2 remains stably expressed on the surface of classical, intermediate, and non‐classical monocytes. Our findings demonstrate that TLR2 is a useful surface marker for including all monocytes during other phenotypic changes that may alter the expression of common surface receptors. These results provide a practical tool for studying all types of monocytes during inflammation and infection within humans and macaques. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Highly stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls during early development in the domestic cat
Authors: Hudson Robyn , Chacha Jimena , Bánszegi Oxána , Szenczi Péter , Rödel Heiko G.
Published: March 2017

Study of the development of individuality is often hampered by rapidly changing behavioral repertoires and the need for minimally intrusive tests. We individually tested 33 kittens from eight litters of the domestic cat in an arena for 3 min once a week for the first 3 postnatal weeks, recording the number of separation calls and the duration of locomotor activity. Kittens showed consistent and stable individual differences on both measures across and within trials. Stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls across trials emerged already within the first 10 s of testing, and in locomotor activity within the first 30 s. Furthermore, individual kittens’ emission of separation calls, but not their locomotor activity, was highly stable within trials. We conclude that separation calls provide an efficient, minimally intrusive and reliable measure of individual differences in behavior during development in the cat, and possibly in other species emitting such calls.
Invisible but consequential: root endophytic fungi have variable effects on belowground plant–insect interactions
Authors: Gan Huijie , Churchill Alice C. L. , Wickings Kyle
Published: March 2017

Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous in nature and can play important roles in regulating plant–herbivore interactions. While some aboveground obligate symbionts are considered defensive mutualists of host plants, the importance of root endophytes in plant defense, especially against root‐feeding insects, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of root fungal endophytes on plant resistance against belowground herbivores and the recovery of host plants from damage. We grew the common grassFestuca arundinacea(tall fescue) semi‐aeroponically in the laboratory and inoculated roots with one of five fungal endophytes isolated from field‐collected tall fescue or meadow soil. Endophyte‐inoculated and uninoculated control plants were subjected to feeding by larvae of the generalist root herbivoreRhizotrogus majalis(European chafer). Herbivory intensity was quantified after eight days, and regrowth of roots and shoots following root herbivory and mechanical shoot damage was measured thereafter for each treatment. Fungal identifications byDNAsequence analysis were conducted after completion of the herbivory experiments and revealed that the five endophytes included the decomposer fungiTrametes versicolorandMortierella alpina, the entomopathogenic fungiIsaria fumosoroseaandBeauveria bassiana, and a potential plant pathogen/entomopathogenFusariumcf.equiseti. The effects of these root endophytes on plant defense against root‐feeding insects were species‐specific. While four endophytes had few effects on plant resistance, endophyticB. bassianasignificantly reduced herbivore damage to roots. In comparison, plant tolerance to damage was impaired after colonization by all endophyte species exceptT. versicolorandM. alpina. The contrasting effects of endophytes on plant resistance and plant tolerance suggest that research solely evaluating plant resistance is likely to overestimate the benefits conferred by endophytes without accounting for potential negative effects on plant tolerance. We propose a conceptual framework to include both plant resistance and tolerance as two dimensions of a defensive strategy and show that plant associations with different root endophytes may shift the relative importance of resistance and tolerance for plant defense.