bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseline maps of potentially toxic elements in the soils of Garhwal Himalayas, India: Assessment of their eco‐environmental and human health risks
Authors: Kumar Amit , Pinto Marina Cabral , Candeias Carla , Dinis Pedo Alexandre
Published: May 2021

Geochemical mapping is frequently used to identify the regions of the Planet with critical chemical elements and their natural or anthropogenic sources. In order to understand elements' geochemistry and to identify the area's potentially harmful associations, high‐resolution maps of chemical elements, physico‐chemical parameters, a noncarcinogenic hazard index, and a potential ecological risk index were modelled with soil samples collected in the Himalaya region. It is the first environmental and geochemical atlas for this region. It was found that natural processes are determining the distribution of the variable in this area. The granulometric features seem to be strongly influenced by land use, with coarser grain sizes in forest soils, contrasting with the finer grain sizes in agricultural soils. The map distribution of the noncarcinogenic hazard index showed that there is an expected hazard for some variables for both children and adults. Potential ecological risk is revealed to be low to moderate. Remediation of contaminated soils is necessary to reduce the associated risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production, enhance food security, and scale down land tenure problems arising from changes in the land use pattern. This study is subsequent implementation of natural‐based approaches to system stability in largely unspoilt area.
Construction of ecofriendly anticorrosive composite film ZnAl‐LDH by modification of lignin on AA 7075 surface
Authors: Cao Yanhui , Zheng Dajiang , Lin Changjian
Published: May 2021

In this study, an environment‐friendly composite ZnAl‐LDH film modified by the rich biomass lignin was prepared on AA 7075 surface successfully. A wide range of characterizations was carried out to obtain the morphology, composition, and structure of this composite film, including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and so on. In addition, FTIR was used to investigate the complexing interaction between layered double hydroxide (LDH) and lignin. Finally, the corrosion protection ability of this composite film was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in an immersion period of 7 days in NaCl solutions. The results indicated that the ZnAl‐LDH film modified by lignin could provide effective corrosion protection for the underlying substrate in the whole immersion period, with almost one order of magnitude higher of the corrosion resistance in comparison with that in the case of the blank ZnAl‐LDH film after immersion of 7 days. Such results could provide inspiring insights into the development of composite inhibitors based on LDH and biomass.
Longitudinal Change in Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Measures Over 3 Years in Patients with Early Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Marras Connie , Mills Kelly A. , Eberly Shirley , Oakes David , Chou Kelvin L. , Halverson Matthew , Parashos Sotirios A. , Tarolli Christopher G. , Lai Jin‐Shei , Nowinsky Cindy J. , Suchowersky Oksana , Farbman Eric S. , Shulman Lisa M. , Simuni Tanya
Published: May 2021

Background

The Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro‐QoL) is a publicly available health‐related quality‐of‐life measurement system.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of Neuro‐QoL item banks as outcome measures for clinical trials in Parkinson's disease.

Methods

An analysis of Neuro‐QoL responsiveness to change and construct validity was performed in a multicenter clinical trial cohort.

Results

Among 310 participants over 3 years, changes in five of eight Neuro‐QoL domains were significant (P < 0.05) but very modest. The largest effect sizes were seen in the cognition and mobility domains (0.35–0.39). The largest effect size for change over the year in which levodopa was initiated was −0.19 for lower extremity function–mobility. For a similarly designed clinical trial, estimated sample size required to demonstrate a 50% reduction in worsening ranged from 420 to more than 1000 participants per group.

Conclusions

More sensitive tools will be required to serve as an outcome measure in early Parkinson's disease. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Integral inequalities for n‐polynomial s‐type preinvex functions with applications
Authors: Ihsan Butt Saad , Budak Hüseyin , Tariq Muhammad , Nadeem Muhammad
Published: May 2021

In this present paper, we introduce the idea and concept of n‐polynomial s‐type preinvex functions. We elaborate and investigate the algebraic properties of the newly introduced definition and discuss their connections and relations with convex functions. We find the new sort of Hermite–Hadamard inequality via a newly introduced definition. Furthermore, some refinements of Hermite–Hadamard inequality are given. Finally, we investigated some applications via this newly introduced definition. The results obtained in this paper can be viewed as significant improvement of previously known results.
Construction of finite non‐diffractive and self‐accelerating laser beams
Authors: Palea Victor‐Cristian , Preda Liliana
Published: May 2021

We propose an algorithm for constructing initial conditions for the wave equation in the paraxial approximation that generate non‐diffractive and self‐accelerating solutions in terms of their amplitude profiles. We make use of local properties of the initial conditions that are related to the shape of the solution's amplitude profile.
A multi‐dimensional integration (MDI) strategy for MR T2* mapping
Authors: Ye Yongquan , Lyu Jingyuan , Sun Wenbo , Lan Lan , Wang Liang , Zhang Weiguo , Xu Haibo
Published: May 2021

MRI signals are intrinsically multi‐dimensional, and signal behavior may be orthogonal among different dimensions. Such dimensional orthogonality can be utilized to eliminate unwanted effects and facilitate mathematical simplicity during image processing for improved outcomes. In this work, we will demonstrate and analyze the principles and performance of a newly developed multi‐dimensional integration (MDI) strategy in MR T2* mapping. By constructing a complex signal function to extract the inter‐echo signal changes, MDI solves an optimization problem by processing all signal dimensions (eg echoes, flip angles and coil channels) in one integrative step. MDI was compared with routine curve fitting methods on noise behavior, quantification accuracy and computational efficiency. All methods were tested and compared on simulation, phantom and knee data. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on simulation and all MRI data to investigate noise propagation from k space to T2* maps. For phantom tests, T2* values in regions of interest were extracted on a voxel‐wise basis and analyzed using a paired t‐test between scanning parameters and mapping methods, with p < 0.05 being significantly different. MDI facilitated a straightforward processing procedure, yielding homogeneous, high‐signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) and artifact‐free T2* maps without explicit coil combination or additional measures. Compared with routine fitting methods, MDI offered significantly (p < 0.05) improved SNR and quantitative accuracy/robustness, with two to three orders higher computational efficiency. MDI also represented low‐SNR signals with low T2* values, avoiding misinterpretation with long‐T2* species.
A Case of a Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Periampullary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pothuri Vikram , Herndon John , Ballentine Samuel J. , Lim Kian-Huat , Fields Ryan C.
Published: May 2021

Herein, we report on a patient with known Lynch syndrome and periampullary adenocarcinoma that exhibited a pathological complete response to neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Two MSH2 mutations, high microsatellite instability, high tumor mutational burden, and elevated PD-L1 expression were identified by next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Following FOLFIRINOX (Fluorouracil/Leucovorin/Irinotecan/Oxaliplatin) administration and disease progression, nivolumab (1 mg/kg) and ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) were administered every 3 weeks for four total cycles. The patient responded well with minimal adverse effects and significant improvement in epigastric pain, appetite, and body weight. She then underwent resection consisting of pancreaticoduodenectomy, which demonstrated pathological complete response. Complete genomic profiling of periampullary carcinomas is crucial for optimal treatment selection as true ampullary masses and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have different genetic profiles. This case provides an example of a patient who may have further benefited from first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab to avoid the reduced efficacy and significant side effects associated with chemotherapy.

Key Points

A patient with known Lynch syndrome and ampullary adenocarcinoma harboring two MSH2 mutations, high microsatellite instability (MSI-high), high tumor mutational burden (TMB), and elevated PD-L1 expression achieved pathological complete response with neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab. The combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab may be a better first-line option for patients with ampullary adenocarcinomas harboring deficient mismatch repair, MSI-high, and high TMB. Complete genomic profiling of periampullary adenocarcinomas is crucial for optimal treatment selection as true ampullary masses and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have different genetic profiles. The presence of either MSI-high or high TMB could be an appropriate predictive biomarker for response to nivolumab plus ipilimumab in the context of Lynch syndrome.
Traditional and novel cardiometabolic risk markers across strata of body mass index in young adults
Authors: Kempel Mia Klinkvort , Winding Trine Nøhr , Lynggaard Vibeke , Brantlov Steven , Andersen Johan Hviid , Böttcher Morten
Published: May 2021

Background

Cardiometabolic risk increases with increasing body mass index (BMI). The exact mechanism is poorly understood, and traditional risk assessment of young adults with obesity has shown to be ineffective. Greater knowledge about potential new effective biomarkers and the use of advanced cardiac imaging for risk assessment in young adults is, therefore, necessary.

Objective

This study aims to explore traditional and novel cardiometabolic risk markers across strata of BMI in young adults.

Methods

Participants (N = 264, 50% women, age 28–30 years) were invited from an ongoing cohort study, based on BMI and sex. BMI‐strata were: BMI <25, 25–30, >30 kg/m2, representing normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obesity (OB). Participants underwent cardiac computed tomography to detect coronary artery calcification, measures of body composition, blood pressure measurements, and a comprehensive panel of circulating cardiometabolic risk markers.

Results

No significant coronary artery calcifications were detected in this study. Minor differences in median levels of traditional risk markers were detected across BMI‐strata, for example, total cholesterol (men‐ NW: 4.7 (4.3–5.1) and OB: 4.8 (4.2–5.6) mmol/L, p = 0.58; women‐ NW: 4.3 (3.9–4.8) and OB: 4.7 (4.2–5.3) mmol/L, p = 0.016), whereas substantial differences were seen in markers of inflammation and glucose metabolism, for example, high sensitive CRP (men‐ NW: 0.6 (0.3–1.1) and OB: 2.8 (1.5–4.0) mg/L, p < 0.001; women‐ NW: 0.7 (0.3–1.7) and OB: 4.0 (2.2–7.8) mg/L, p < 0.001) and insulin (men‐ NW: 47.0 (35.0–59.0) and OB: 113.5 (72.0–151.0) pmol/L, p < 0.001; women‐ NW: 44.0 (35.0–60.0) and OB: 84.5 (60.0–126.0) pmol/L, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In young adults, obesity is associated with an early onset insulin resistance and inflammatory response prior to development of coronary artery calcification and deterioration of lipid profiles.
Electrostatic modulation of hnRNPA1 low‐complexity domain liquid–liquid phase separation and aggregation
Authors: Tsoi Phoebe S. , Quan My Diem , Choi Kyoung‐Jae , Dao Khoa M. , Ferreon Josephine C. , Ferreon Allan Chris M.
Published: May 2021

Membrane‐less organelles and RNP granules are enriched in RNA and RNA‐binding proteins containing disordered regions. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1), a key regulating protein in RNA metabolism, localizes to cytoplasmic RNP granules including stress granules. Dysfunctional nuclear‐cytoplasmic transport and dynamic phase separation of hnRNPA1 leads to abnormal amyloid aggregation and neurodegeneration. The intrinsically disordered C‐terminal domain (CTD) of hnRNPA1 mediates both dynamic liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and aggregation. While cellular phase separation drives the formation of membrane‐less organelles, aggregation within phase‐separated compartments has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To understand some of the underlying mechanisms behind protein phase separation and LLPS‐mediated aggregation, we studied LLPS of hnRNPA1 CTD in conditions that probe protein electrostatics, modulated specifically by varying pH conditions, and protein, salt and RNA concentrations. In the conditions investigated, we observed LLPS to be favored in acidic conditions, and by high protein, salt and RNA concentrations. We also observed that conditions that favor LLPS also enhance protein aggregation and fibrillation, which suggests an aggregation pathway that is LLPS‐mediated. The results reported here also suggest that LLPS can play a direct role in facilitating protein aggregation, and that changes in cellular environment that affect protein electrostatics can contribute to the pathological aggregation exhibited in neurodegeneration.
Tradeoff Relations in Quantum Resource Theory
Authors: Ming Fei , Wang Dong , Li Li‐Juan , Fan Xiao‐Gang , Song Xue‐Ke , Ye Liu , Chen Jing‐Ling
Published: May 2021

Entanglement and coherence are deemed as two unreplaceable and important quantum resources in the regime of quantum physics, which are widely applied to quantum information processing and quantum computation. It is therefore natural to ask if there exists any intrinsic relationship between entanglement and coherence. In this work, the authors originally put forward tradeoff relations between intrinsic concurrence and first‐order coherence in the context of an arbitrary three‐qubit state. To do so, an equality relation related to the quantum entanglement and first‐order coherence for arbitrary three‐qubit pure states is derived first, and then extended to present another tradeoff relation regarding arbitrary three‐qubit states. Notably, physical explanation is offered for how coherence migrates in three‐qubit systems from first‐order coherence of a given subsystem to quantum correlations between subsystems. The result shows that the derived tradeoff relations can reveal the complementarity between intrinsic concurrence and first‐order coherence, which provides reliable theoretical basis of transformation and flow for quantum resources.
Quantization‐based switched second‐order sliding mode control for uncertain systems
Authors: Zhang Zhihong , Ma Kemao
Published: May 2021

A novel quantization‐based switched second‐order sliding mode control design is considered for nonlinear uncertain systems. A new quantization strategy associated with state‐space partition is utilized to accommodate the control amplitude to different uncertainty levels then the conservatism of the control gain is thus attenuated. Investigating each quantized region, it is obtained that all regions are globally invariant sets which offers a monotonously consecutive decrease of the quantized control amplitude when sliding variable converging to the origin through considered uncertainty levels. To deal with different control objectives, the closed‐loop system performance can be enhanced via adapting the quantization parameters. The finite‐time stability analysis and the effect assessment of quantization parameter on the total convergence time are provided. Simulation shows the efficacy and superiority compared with referenced methods.
Study on Flow Behavior and Processing Maps of High‐Ti Low‐C Microalloyed Steel during Hot Compression
Authors: Song Li-ying , Gao Xiu-hua , Wang Ming-ming , Xue Qi-he , Misra R. Devesh Kumar , Li Jin-bo , Wu Hong-yan , Du Lin-xiu
Published: May 2021

Deformation behavior of a high‐Ti low‐C microalloyed steel is studied by isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 800–1100 °C and strain rates of 0.1–10 s−1. The results indicate that the lower the strain rate and higher the temperature of steel, the more likely is the dynamic recrystallization. The stress–strain predicted by the constitutive model, which is established based on the experimental data, are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is noted from the processing maps of steel at various strains that there is instability zone which should be avoided during thermal processing at strain rate less than 1 s−1. The range of 850–1100 °C and 5–10 s−1 strain rate is more conducive to the processing of experimental steel. The movement of grain boundaries, subboundaries, and dislocations is hindered by precipitates in steel. In addition, the mean grain size of austenite at 0.1 s−1 is larger than 5 s−1. This is mainly because low strain rate provides more time for growth of grains.
Investigation of Calcium–Aluminate‐Based Mold Flux of Different Compositions
Authors: Marschall Irmtraud , Harmuth Harald
Published: May 2021

The liquidus temperature, crystallization behavior, and viscosity of calcium–aluminate (CA)‐based mold flux systems are investigated by differential thermal analysis, quench tests, and viscosity measurements to understand the impact of SrO, B2O3, F, and Li2O on the flux properties. For mixtures with a CaO/Al2O3 (wt%) ratio of 1, the liquidus temperature of 1443 K and a viscosity of 0.37 Pa s are achieved with the addition of 6.5 wt% B2O3. Substitution of CaO for 8.3 wt% SrO in the B2O3‐free compositions increases a liquidus temperature from 1547 to 1559 K, and 2.6 wt% increases the viscosity from 0.35 to 0.41 Pa s, indicating that low amount SrO is not beneficial in adjusting slag properties of CA mold flux. A fluorine content of up to 6.1 wt% decreases the melting temperature from 1547 to 1509 K and inhibits crystallization while promoting volatilization in the liquid state. Li2O (2.3 wt%) effectively enhances the glass‐forming ability of the CA mold flux and decreases both the liquidus temperature from 1571 to 1509 K and the viscosity of the system from 0.43 to 0.28 Pa s. This study deepens the knowledge on CA flux systems, which could be useful for their effective design.
Environmental impact of peanut skin‐reinforced native starch foams modified by acetylation
Authors: García‐Rengifo Aldo R. , Rojas‐Bringas Pedro M. , De‐la‐Torre Gabriel E. , Torres Fernando G.
Published: May 2021

Starch foams are natural and biodegradable alternatives proposed as sustainable replacements to expanded polystyrene. Despite being recognized as eco‐friendly materials, environmental impacts associated with their production process remain poorly studied. Here, the cradle‐to‐gate life‐cycle assessment of four types of starch‐based foams (potato, cassava, corn, and sweet potato) reinforced with peanut skin was assessed and analyzed. Chemically modifying starch by acetylation may accelerate the degradation ratio and decrease its hydrophilicity, which is a common issue in packaging applications. Hence, two starch scenarios were evaluated, considering as‐prepared and acetylated starches. The environmental burden of starch foam production varied depending on the starch source due to the different agricultural and irrigation practices. By incorporating 10 wt% of acetylated starch, the environmental impact drastically increased in most categories. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis carried out with different peanut skin contents showed a limited effect under 0–30 wt% of peanut skin, suggesting that peanut production exhibits a similar environmental burden to most starches.
Treatment of high‐strength synthetic textile wastewater through anaerobic osmotic membrane bioreactor and effect of sludge characteristics on flux
Authors: Malik Surraya Mehbub , Nawaz Muhammad Saqib , Ali Muhammad , Manzoor Kamran , Khan Sher Jamal , Ghaffour Noreddine
Published: May 2021

The anaerobic osmotic membrane bioreactor (AnOMBR) system was evaluated for the treatment of high‐strength synthetic textile wastewater. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was above 3,000 mg/L and color above 1,300 Pt‐Co in the synthetic textile wastewater. The study was divided into six cycles of roughly nine days each. Mono ammonium phosphate with 1 M concentration was used as draw solution. Average COD and color removal efficiencies from anaerobic bioreactor were 57% ± 5% and 43.7% ± 6%, respectively; however, in OMBR permeate, these parameters were improved to 91% ± 4% and 91% ± 2%, respectively. After each cycle, membrane cleaning was performed using osmotic backwashing for 3 hours, which produced flux recovery values between 88% and 61% from cycle 2 to cycle 6, respectively. High mixing speed of the stirrer bar (600 rpm) in the bioreactor produced a greater shear force, causing a reduction in average sludge particle size from 10 to 3.5 μm. It increased the release of soluble microbial products and extra polymeric substances to cause an initial flux decline from 3.3 to 2.2 LMH from cycle 1 to cycle 6. The study proved AnOMBR as a promising technology for high‐strength synthetic textile wastewater treatment.
Generalized vanishing theorems for Yukawa couplings in heterotic compactifications
Authors: Anderson Lara B. , Gray James , Larfors Magdalena , Magill Matthew , Schneider Robin
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Heterotic compactifications on Calabi-Yau threefolds frequently exhibit textures of vanishing Yukawa couplings in their low energy description. The vanishing of these couplings is often not enforced by any obvious symmetry and appears to be topological in nature. Recent results used differential geometric methods to explain the origin of some of this structure [1, 2]. A vanishing theorem was given which showed that the effect could be attributed, in part, to the embedding of the Calabi-Yau manifolds of interest inside higher dimensional ambient spaces, if the gauge bundles involved descended from vector bundles on those larger manifolds. In this paper, we utilize an algebro-geometric approach to provide an alternative derivation of some of these results, and are thus able to generalize them to a much wider arena than has been considered before. For example, we consider cases where the vector bundles of interest do not descend from bundles on the ambient space. In such a manner we are able to highlight the ubiquity with which textures of vanishing Yukawa couplings can be expected to arise in heterotic compactifications, with multiple different constraints arising from a plethora of different geometric features associated to the gauge bundle.
Recursion relation for instanton counting for SU(2) $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SYM in NS limit of Ω background
Authors: Poghosyan Hasmik
Published: May 2021

Abstract

In this paper we investigate different ways of deriving the A-cycle period as a series in instanton counting parameter q for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SYM with up to four antifundamental hypermultiplets in NS limit of Ω background. We propose a new recursive method for calculating the period and demonstrate its efficiency by explicit calculations. The new way of doing instanton counting is more advantageous compared to known standard techniques and allows to reach substantially higher order terms with less effort. This approach is applied for the pure case as well as for the case with several hypermultiplets.

In addition we suggest a numerical method for deriving the A-cycle period for arbitrary values of q. In the case when one has no hypermultiplets for the A-cycle an analytic expression for large q asymptotics is obtained using a conjecture by Alexei Zamolodchikov. We demonstrate that this expression is in convincing agreement with the numerical approach.
The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cox Peter , Gupta Sonal , Zhao Sizheng Steven , Hughes David M.
Published: May 2021

The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to describe prevalence of cardiovascular disease in gout, compare these results with non-gout controls and consider whether there were differences according to geography. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies reporting prevalence of any cardiovascular disease in a gout population. Studies with non-representative sampling, where a cohort had been used in another study, small sample size (< 100) and where gout could not be distinguished from other rheumatic conditions were excluded, as were reviews, editorials and comments. Where possible meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models. Twenty-six studies comprising 949,773 gout patients were included in the review. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated for five cardiovascular diseases: myocardial infarction (2.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI)s 1.6, 5.0), heart failure (8.7%; 95% CI 2.9, 23.8), venous thromboembolism (2.1%; 95% CI 1.2, 3.4), cerebrovascular accident (4.3%; 95% CI 1.8, 9.7) and hypertension (63.9%; 95% CI 24.5, 90.6). Sixteen studies reported comparisons with non-gout controls, illustrating an increased risk in the gout group across all cardiovascular diseases. There were no identifiable reliable patterns when analysing the results by country. Cardiovascular diseases are more prevalent in patients with gout and should prompt vigilance from clinicians to the need to assess and stratify cardiovascular risk. Future research is needed to investigate the link between gout, hyperuricaemia and increased cardiovascular risk and also to establish a more thorough picture of prevalence for less common cardiovascular diseases.
Minimum Size Highly Redundantly Rigid Graphs in the Plane
Authors: Jordán Tibor
Published: May 2021

A graphGis said to bek-vertex rigid in$$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rdif$$G-X$$G-Xis rigid in$$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rdfor all subsetsXof the vertex set ofGwith cardinality less thank. We determine the smallest number of edges in ak-vertex rigid graph onnvertices in$$\mathbb {R}^2$$R2, for all$$k\ge 4$$k≥4. We also considerk-edge-rigid graphs, defined by removing edges, as well ask-vertex globally rigid andk-edge globally rigid graphs in$$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rd. For$$d=2$$d=2we determine the corresponding tight bounds for each of these versions, for all$$k\ge 3$$k≥3. Our results complete the solutions of these extremal problems in the plane. The result onk-vertex rigidity verifies a conjecture of Kaszanitzky and Király (Graphs Combin, 32:225–240, 2016). We also determine the degree of vertex redundancy of powers of cycles, with respect to rigidity in the plane, answering a question of Yu and Anderson (Int J Robust Nonlinear Control, 19(13):1427–1446, 2009).
Links between atmospheric blocking and North American winter cold spells in two generations of Canadian Earth System Model large ensembles
Authors: Jeong Dae Il , Yu Bin , Cannon Alex J.
Published: May 2021

Due to the significant negative consequences of winter cold extremes, there is need to better understand and simulate the mechanisms driving their occurrence. The impact of atmospheric blocking on winter cold spells over North America is investigated using ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 reanalyses for 1981–2010. Initial-condition large-ensembles of two generations of Canadian Earth System Models (CanESM5 and its predecessor, CanESM2) are evaluated in terms of their ability to represent the blocking-cold spell linkage and the associated internal-variability. The reanalysis datasets show that 72 and 58% of cold spells in southern and northern North America coincide with blocking occurring in the high-latitude Pacific-North America. Compared to the two reanalyses, CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensembles underestimate by 19.9 and 14.3% cold spell events coincident with blocking, due to significant under-representation of blocking frequency over the North Pacific (− 47.1 and − 29.0%), whereas biases in cold spell frequency are relatively small (6.6 and − 4.7%). In the reanalyses, regions with statistically significant above-normal cold spell frequency relative to climatology lie on the east and/or south flanks of blocking events, whereas those with below-normal frequency lie along the core or surrounding the blocking. The two ensembles reproduce the observed blocking-cold spell linkage over North America, despite underestimating the magnitude of blocking frequency. The two ensembles also reproduce the physical drivers that underpin the blocking-cold spell linkage. Spatial agreement with the reanalyses is found in the simulated patterns of temperature advection and surface heat flux forcing anomalies during blocking events. While CanESM5 shows an improved representation of the blocking climatology relative to CanESM2, both yield similar results in terms of the blocking-cold spell linkage and associated internal-variability.
STRYDE versus PRECICE magnetic internal lengthening nail for femur lengthening
Authors: Galal Sherif , Shin Jonggu , Principe Peter , Khabyeh-Hasbani Nathan , Mehta Rena , Hamilton Amber , Rozbruch S. Robert , Fragomen Austin T.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Magnetic internal lengthening nails (MILNs) have been used for femoral lengthening to avoid complications associated with external fixation. The titanium version of the MILN (PRECICE®) has been in use since 2011 but had limitations (50–75 lb) in post-operative weight bearing. A new stainless-steel version of the MILN (STRYDE®) allows 150–250 lb of post-operative weight bearing.

The aim is to compare the outcomes of using these two different MILNs for both unilateral and bilateral femoral lengthening.

Methods

A single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted in which patients’ records were reviewed from the period from January 2017 to March 2020. A total of 66 femoral lengthening procedures were included in the study and were divided into two groups: STRYDE® group (30 femora) and PRECICE® group (36 femora). Outcomes assessed were the 6-months post-operative Limb Deformity-Scoliosis Research Society (LD-SRS) Score, adjacent joint range of motion (ROM), average distraction rate, bone healing index (BHI), and complications.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in regard to the (LD-SRS) score, hip ROM, or knee ROM. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in regard to BHI (average of 0.84 months/cm and 0.67 months/cm for STRYDE® and PRECICE®, respectively) and distraction rate (average of 0.6 mm/day and 0.9 mm/day for STRYDE® and PRECICE®, respectively).

No mechanical nail complications were reported in the STRYDE® group compared to three events of nail failure in the PRECICE® group. One femur in the PRECICE® group needed BMAC injection for delayed healing compared to four femurs in the STRYDE® group.

Conclusion

The STRYDE® MILN yields comparable functional results to those of PRECICE® MILN and shows fewer mechanical nail complications. However, STRYDE® MILN requires a slower distraction rate and yields slower healing (larger BHI).

Level of evidence

Level III, Therapeutic study.
Insights to enhance the examination of tool marks in human cartilage
Authors: Weber Matthias , Niehoff Anja , Rothschild Markus A.
Published: May 2021

This work deals with the examination of tool marks in human cartilage. We compared the effectiveness of several cleaning methods on cut marks in porcine cartilage. The method cleaning by multiple casts achieved the significantly highest scores (P = 0.02). Furthermore, we examined the grain-like elevations (dots) located on casts of cut cartilage. The results of this study suggest that the casting material forms these dots when penetrating cartilage cavities, which are areas where the strong collagen fibres leave space for the chondrocytes. We performed fixation experiments to avoid this, without success. In addition, 31 casting materials were compared regarding contrast under light-microscope and 3D tool marks scanner. Under the light-microscope, brown materials achieved significantly higher values than grey (P = 0.02) or black (P = 0.00) whereas under the 3D scanner, black materials reached higher contrast values than grey (P = 0.04) or brown (P = 0.047). To compare the accuracy and reproducibility of 6 test materials for cartilage, we used 10 knives to create cut marks that were subsequently scanned. During the alignment of the individual signals of each mark, the cross-correlation coefficients (Xmax) and lags (LXmax) were calculated. The signals of the marks in agarose were aligned with significantly fewer lags and achieved significantly higher cross-correlation coefficients compared to all tested materials (both P = 0.00). Moreover, we determined the cross-correlation coefficients (XC) for known-matches (KM) per material. Agarose achieved significantly higher values than AccuTrans®, Clear Ballistics™, and gelatine (all P = 0.00). The results of this work provide valuable insights for the forensic investigation of marks in human costal cartilage.
Correction to: bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a predictive scoring system for very low birth weight infants. A diagnostic accuracy study with prospective data collection
Authors: El Faleh Ikbel , Faouzi Mohamed , Adams Mark , Gerull Roland , Chnayna Jamel , Giannoni Eric , Roth-Kleiner Matthias ,   for the Swiss Neonatal Network
Published: May 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00431-021-04105-z
MPM–FEM hybrid method for granular mass–water interaction problems
Authors: Pan Shaoyuan , Yamaguchi Yuya , Suppasri Anawat , Moriguchi Shuji , Terada Kenjiro
Published: May 2021

The present study proposes an MPM (material point method)–FEM (finite element method) hybrid analysis method for simulating granular mass–water interaction problems, in which the granular mass causes dynamic motion of the surrounding water. While the MPM is applied to the solid (soil) phase whose motion is suitably represented by Lagrangian description, the FEM is applied to the fluid (water) phase that is adapted for Eulerian description. Also, the phase-field approach is employed to capture the free surface. After the accuracy of the proposed method is tested by comparing the results to some analytical solutions of the consolidation theory, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its capability in simulating fluid motions induced by granular mass movements.
Deep freezing to maintain the freshness of pork loin during long-term storage
Authors: Lee SangYoon , Kim Eun Jeong , Park Dong Hyeon , Ji Yu Ra , Kang Guhyun , Choi Mi-Jung
Published: May 2021

As storage temperature impacts frozen meat quality, we evaluated the ideal freezing and storage temperatures for pork loin, and effects of long-term storage at − 60, − 50, and − 18 °C on pork loin physicochemical properties. Pork loin was cut into 30 × 30 × 30 mm (50 g) and packed in air-containing box. Thereafter, they were stored at different freezing temperature for 6 months. Frozen pork loins were thawed at 4 °C. Samples frozen at − 18 °C exhibited surface dehydration (at 3 months) and high moisture loss surface dehydration-induced discoloration and toughening. However, samples frozen by deep freezing temperature (− 60 and − 50 °C) had lower values of thawing loss, WHC, and shear force than those of frozen at − 18 °C. Samples frozen at − 60 and − 50 °C maintained their freshness better than those frozen at − 18 °C; samples stored at − 60 °C showed significantly lower VBN than those stored at − 50 °C. Therefore, − 60 °C is suitable for freezing pork loins.
Lidstone–Euler interpolation and related high even order boundary value problem
Authors: Costabile Francesco Aldo , Gualtieri Maria Italia , Napoli Anna
Published: May 2021

We consider the Lidstone–Euler interpolation problem and the associated Lidstone–Euler boundary value problem, in both theoretical and computational aspects. After a theorem of existence and uniqueness of the solution to the Lidstone–Euler boundary value problem, we present a numerical method for solving it. This method uses the extrapolated Bernstein polynomials and produces an approximating convergent polynomial sequence. Particularly, we consider the fourth-order case, arising in various physical models. Finally, we present some numerical examples and we compare the proposed method with a modified decomposition method for a tenth-order problem. The numerical results confirm the theoretical and computational ones.
Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for oil spill cleanup from water
Authors: Abdullah Thamer Adnan , Juzsakova Tatjana , Hafad Sanaa A. , Rasheed Rashed Taleb , Al-Jammal Noor , Mallah Muhammad Ali , Salman Ali Dawood , Le P. C. , Domokos Endre , Aldulaimi Mustafa
Published: May 2021

The growing global economy resulted in an incessant increase in transportation and exploitation of oil. Hence, the oil spillage has been considered a serious threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, water purification has been considered a major challenge around the world. There are numerous classical methods available for oil removal from water, but owing to multiple defects and disadvantages, research efforts have focused to find such adsorbents which can improve oil adsorption capability. Traditional adsorbent material typically applied in oil removal includes activated carbon, organoclays, wool, zeolites, etc. These materials suffer from several drawbacks such as low absorption capacity, non-selective absorption, and complicated reusability, whereas nano-adsorbents offer multiple advantages such as having multiple sorption sites, large surface area, short intra-particle diffusion distance, tuneable pore size, and ease of low-temperature modification. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are extensively used adsorbent materials with a strong affinity for the removal of organic pollutants. The functionalization MWCNTs further increase the sorption capacity of adsorbents manifolds to remove organic materials. These nanocomposites are also compatible with green materials and considered environmentally friendly adsorbents. This review paper aims at providing an insight to understand the properties of the MWCNTs and their potential use to adsorb hydrocarbons from water. Moreover, the synthesis methods of those materials, their modification procedures including the functionalization with metal oxide nanoparticles, and applications are also discussed in detail.

Graphic abstract
Securing the surgical field for mobilization of right-sided colon cancer using the duodenum-first multidirectional approach in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Nagayoshi K. , Nagai S. , Zaguirre K. P. , Hisano K. , Sada M. , Mizuuchi Y. , Nakamura M.
Published: May 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the short-term outcomes of the duodenum-first multidirectional approach (DMA) in laparoscopic right colectomy with those of the conventional medial approach to assess its safety and feasibility.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 120 patients who had laparoscopic surgery for right-sided colon cancer in our institution between April 2013 and December 2019. Fifty-four patients underwent colectomy using the multidirectional approach; among these, 20 underwent the DMA and 34 underwent the caudal-first multidirectional approach (CMA). Sixty-six patients underwent the conventional medial approach. Complications within 30 days of surgery were compared between the groups.

Results

There were 54 patients in the multidirectional group [29 females, median age 72 years (range 36–91 years)] and 66 in the medial group [42 females, median age 72 years (range 41–91 years)]. Total operative time was significantly shorter in multidirectional approach patients than conventional medial approach patients (208 min vs. 271 min; p = 0.01) and significantly shorter in patients who underwent the DMA compared to the CMA (201 min vs. 269 min; p < 0.001). Operative time for the mobilization procedure was also significantly shorter in patients who underwent the DMA (131 min vs. 181 min; p < 0.001). Blood loss and incidence of postoperative complications did not differ. In 77 patients with advanced T3/T4 tumors, the DMA, CMA, and conventional medial approach were performed in 13, 21, and 43 patients, respectively. Total operative time and operative time of the mobilization procedure were significantly shorter in patients undergoing DMA. Blood loss and incidence of postoperative complications did not differ. R0 resection was achieved in all patients with advanced tumors.

Conclusions

The DMA in laparoscopic right colectomy is safe and feasible and can achieve R0 resection with a shorter operative time than the conventional medial approach, even in patients with advanced tumors.
Simulation of building damage distribution in downtown Mashiki, Kumamoto, Japan caused by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake based on site-specific ground motions and nonlinear structural analyses
Authors: Sun Jikai , Nagashima Fumiaki , Kawase Hiroshi , Matsushima Shinichi , Baoyintu
Published: May 2021

Most of the buildings damaged by the mainshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake were concentrated in downtown Mashiki in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. We obtained 1D subsurface velocity structures at 535 grid points covering this area based on 57 identified velocity models, used the linear and equivalent linear analyses to obtain site-specific ground motions, and generated detailed distribution maps of the peak ground acceleration and velocity in Mashiki. We determined the construction period of every individual building in the target area corresponding to updates to the Japanese building codes. Finally, we estimated the damage probability by the nonlinear response model of wooden structures with different ages. The distribution map of the estimated damage probabilities was similar to the map of the damage ratios from a field survey, and moderate damage was estimated in the northwest where no damage survey was conducted. We found that both the detailed site amplification and the construction period of wooden houses are important factors for evaluating the seismic risk of wooden structures.
Cooperative Management of Ecosystem Services: Coalition Formation, Landscape Structure and Policies
Authors: Bareille Francois , Zavalloni Matteo , Raggi Meri , Viaggi Davide
Published: May 2021

A growing body of literature shows that full-cooperation among farmers to manage productive ecosystem services would yield gains with respect to uncoordinated approaches. The public good feature of these ecosystem services may, however, hinder the emergence of a cooperative solution at the landscape scale. In this paper, we introduce in a coalition formation game a spatially-explicit bioeconomic model of fruit pollination, where pollinaton depends on the distance to the choosen location of natural habitats. We analyse: (i) which coalitions are stable; (ii) what benefits they provide; (iii) how cooperation depends on the initial landscape structure; and (iv) how policy instruments affect cooperation. The theoretical model presents the rationality of cooperation but, due to the detailed heterogeneity and complex spatial interactions among farms, we use a numerical example to determine the stable coalitions. We find that only small coalitions are stable and that the benefits of cooperation decrease when the spatial autocorrelation of fruit tree covers increase. Policy instruments can increase the interest for cooperation but per-hectare payments and minimum participation rules may reduce the habitat area at the margin (by decreasing the stability of coalitions). Price premium for the coalition members increase the habitat area but its budget-effectiveness decreases as the spatial autocorrelation of fruit tree covers increase.
Publishing Science in Tribology: The Past, Present and Future of Tribology Letters
Authors: Martini Ashlie , Burris David L. , Cayer-Barrioz Juliette , Spencer Nicholas D.
Published: May 2021

The last 25 years have seen immense changes, both in the world generally and in scientific publishing. It is now hard to imagine that our original editorial responsibilities included managing filing cabinets full of manuscripts and making frequent trips to the post office! In this first Invited Viewpoint, we have invited ourselves to highlight some of the key breakthroughs that have been made on topics that are within the scope of Tribology Letters, i.e., breakthroughs in the science of tribology. We also bring your attention to some unique, existing features of the journal, as well as new ways in which Tribology Letters will be more functional for you in the future. Finally, we share our views on publishing tribology research more generally, with the aim of encouraging publication decisions that benefit the tribology community as a whole.
Structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP
Authors: Jiang Lin-Hua , Caseley Emily A. , Muench Steve P. , Roger Sébastien
Published: May 2021

The P2X7 receptor, originally known as the P2Z receptor due to its distinctive functional properties, has a structure characteristic of the ATP-gated ion channel P2X receptor family. The P2X7 receptor is an important mediator of ATP-induced purinergic signalling and is involved the pathogenesis of numerous conditions as well as in the regulation of diverse physiological functions. Functional characterisations, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis, molecular modelling, and, recently, structural determination, have provided significant insights into the structure–function relationships of the P2X7 receptor. This review discusses the current understanding of the structural basis for the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor.
Integrated Assessment of Coastal Exposure and Social Vulnerability to Coastal Hazards in East Africa
Authors: Ballesteros Caridad , Esteves Luciana S.
Published: May 2021

An index of vulnerability to coastal change, integrating indices of social vulnerability and exposure to coastal hazards, was created for East Africa to identify ‘areas of priority concern’ for risk reduction. Currently, 22% of East Africa’s coastline and 3.5 million people are at higher levels of exposure to coastal hazards, which would increase, respectively, to 39% and 6.9 million people if mangroves, coral reefs and seagrasses are lost. Madagascar and Mozambique show the largest proportion of the coastline at higher exposure, while Kenya and Tanzania benefit the most from natural coastal protection. Coral reefs protect 2.5 million people from higher exposure, mostly in Mombasa, Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam. Considering Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania, the latter is the least, and the former is the most vulnerable. Under current conditions, 17 (out of 86) coastal districts are considered ‘areas of priority concern’; four of these are critically exposed as over 90% of their shoreline length are at higher exposure (Zavala, Inharrime, Manhiça and Mandlakaze, all in southern Mozambique). These locations are of critical concern for any present or future coastal development due to the high level of exposure posed to both vulnerable people and investments. Habitat loss would increase the number of ‘priority concern’ districts to 24; some would show great increase in the population exposed (e.g. Pemba and Mossuril in Mozambique). Applying this knowledge to identify where ecosystem-based management should be prioritised to promote social and environmental resilience is timely and urgent in East Africa.