bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Struktur Komunitas dan Anatomi Rumput Laut di Perairan Teluk Awur, Jepara dan Pantai Krakal, Yogyakarta
Authors: Pramesti Rini , Susanto AB. , S Wilis A , Ridlo Ali , Subagiyo Subagiyo , Oktaviaris Yohanes
Published: June 2018

Seaweed has ecological benefits as well as economic value. Waters condition of Awur Bay and Krakal Beach supported this plant’s growth. There’s not yet the latest information about the vegetation. Utilization is still limited on some specieses. Tourist and inhabitant’s activities who take this plant would give impact to this plant’s vegetation. Therefore, it’s necessary to have data collecting, monitoring, and controlling at both of location. This research was aim to inventarisasi of seaweed for morphologic and anatomic characteristics at both of location. The research of method is explorative descriptive. The results showed that the amount of seaweed which was found at Awur Bay based on the morphology characteristics consist of two divisions was Chlorophyta (3 species) and Phaeophyta (5 species). Beside that, the amount of seaweed which was found at Krakal Beach based on the morphology characteristics consist of three divisons was Chlorophyta (4 species), Phaeophyta (2 species) and Rhodophyta (11 species). Three types of cell (anatomy) i.e. epidermis, kortex and medulla. The results of seaweed which found at Krakal Beach are density, frequency, cover percentage, important value index, and ecology index was taller than Awur Bay. Key words : Community Structure, Seaweed, Awur Bay, Krakal Beach    Rumput laut bermanfaat secara ekologis maupun ekonomis. Kondisi perairan Teluk Awur, Jepara dan Pantai Krakal, Yogyakarta mendukung tumbuhan ini dapat tumbuh. Pemanfaatannya masih terbatas pada jenis tertentu. Aktivitas wisatawan dan penduduk sekitar yang mengambil tumbuhan ini akan berpengaruh sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang struktur komunitas di kedua lokasi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas, inventarisasi jenis baik secara morfologi dan anatomi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif eksploratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah jenis rumput laut yang ditemukan di Teluk Awur terdiri dari dua divisi yaitu Chlorophyta (3 jenis) dan Phaeophyta (5 jenis). Jumlah jenis yang ditemukan di Pantai Krakal terdiri dari tiga divisi yaitu Chlorophyta (4 jenis), Phaeophyta (2 jenis) dan Rhodophyta (11 jenis). Tiga jenis sel penyusun thallus yaitu sel epidermis, korteks dan medulla. Struktur komunitas yang ditemukan di Pantai Krakal meliputi kepadatan, frekuensi, persentase penutupan, indeks nilai penting, dan indeks ekologi lebih tinggi daripada di Teluk Awur.                                                                                                                            Kata Kunci : Struktur Komunitas, Rumput Laut, Teluk Awur, Pantai Krakal
Analisis Dimensi Fraktal Kejadian Gempa Dl Laut Banda Indonesia
Authors: Widada Sugeng
Published: June 2018

The Banda Sea region is an active earthquakes area which indicated by mean monthly incident of quakes more than 220. The condition is caused the area being located in the triple jucntion. Earthquakes system in this region which occur during September 2015 up to October 2016 is analyzed by fractal approach to investigate the subduction system.Earthquakes system is chaotic, so can be quantified using fractal concept. Quantify result of Banda Sea earthquakes system using Aki method is fractal dimension 2.08. It indicates that the slab was fractured by some fault in form an angle or upright possition with the subduction strike. Such a thing also be proven by the fact that the length zone of slab moved during each earthquake is not same, the variation is about 6 – 1,056 m. Based on the fractal analysis, also be identified that about 6.25 magnitute six earthquakes are expected each year. The result of study support the previous studies which propose that the tectonic system in Banda Sea region is very complex. Keywards:  Earthuakes system, fractal, Banda Sea Kawasan Laut Banda merupakan daerah aktif gempa yang ditunjukan dengan kejadian gempa rata-rata bulanan Iebih dan 220. Keadaan ini dapat dimengerti mengingat kawasan tersebut merupakan pertemuan tiga buah lempeng yang bergerak. Pola kegempaan di daerah tesebut yang tejadi pada September 2015 hingga Oktober 2016 dicoba dianalisa menggunakan pendekatan fraktal untuk mengetahui pola subduksi di daerah tersebut. Pola kegempaan merupakan suatu kejadian yang chaos, sehingga dapat dilakukan kuantisasi berdasarkan konsep fraktal. Hasil kuantisasi pola gempa Laut Banda meggunakan metode Aki diperoleh dimensi fraktal 2,08. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa slab yang menunjam dan bergerak sehingga menimbulkan gempa terbagi dalarn beberapa bagian melalui suatu sesar yang menyududut / tegak lurus jurus subduksi. Keadaan ini dikuatkan oleh hasil perhitungan panjang daerah yang bergerak untuk setiap kejadian gempa tidak sama, yaitu bervariasi dari 6 – 1.056 m. Berdasarkan analisa fraktal tersebut juga diketahui bahwa gempa dengan magnitudo 6,25 akan terjadi 6 kali dalam satu tahun. Hasil penelitian ini mendukung hasil penelitian terdahulu yang menyatakan bahwa tatanan tektonik di daerah Laut Banda sangat kompleks. Kata Kunci: Pole gempa, fraktal, Laut Banda
Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Dan Identifikasi Sponge Dari Teluk Kupang
Authors: Trianto Agus , Utami Ni Komang Tri , Radjasa Ocky Karna , Yusidharta Isai , Wiratno Wiratno
Published: June 2018

Recently, many research proved that bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococus aureus have resistant to antibiotics, called Multi Drug Resistance (MDR). The bacteria cause  various diseases both in humans and animals. Exploration and development of new antibiotics is needed, one which is derived from a sea sponge. This research aims to determine the potential of antibacterial sponge extracts from the waters of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara against E. coli and S. aureus MDR, as well as being able to identify the sponge. Maceration method was employed on extraction of the sponges, then the extract were tested against E.  coli and S. aureus.  The extracts content of sponge varied from  0.4% to 5,19%.  Anti bacterial test  showed that the sponge K14-52 has the highest inhibition zone of 10,43 ± 0,26 mm and 9,38 ± 0,57 mm and against the E. coli and S. Aureus, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ug/disk.  Based on macroscopic and microscopic anayses, the K14-52 sponge is identified  as Rhabdastrella globostellata.  a Demospongia sponge. The sponge has special characteristic i.e. globular shape with large oscula on the top of the sponge and ostia along the surface. The sponge also characterized with makrosclera monoaxon spikule (hastate oxea, centrotylote oxea, oxea fusiform gyrus) and mikrosclera tertaxon oxyaster spikule.  Keywords: Antibacterial, Sponges, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli   Saat ini banyak ditemukan bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococus aureus yang resisten terhadap antibiotik atau disebut Multi Drugs Resistance (MDR). Bakteri tersebut dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit baik pada manusia maupun hewan. Eksplorasi dan pengembangan sumber antibiotik baru sangat diperlukan, salah satunya yang berasal dari sponge laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri ekstrak sponge dari Perairan Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur terhadap bakteri  E. coli dan S. aureus MDR, serta mampu mengetahui jenis sponge. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metoda maserasi kemudian ekstrak diuji terhadap bakteri patogen. Uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa sponge K14-52 memiliki potensi antibakteri paling tinggi dengan zona hambat sebesar 10,43±0,26 mm terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 9,38±0,57 mm terhadap bakteri S. aureus pada konsentrasi 500 µg/disk.  Sponge K14-52 diidentifikasi sebagai Rhabdastrella globostellata berdasarkan analisis secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Ciri khas sponge tersebut adalah mempunyai bentuk bulat dengan ostia yang tersebar pada permukaan dan satu Oskula besar pada bagian atas sponge.  Secara mikroskopis sponge tersebut memiliki makrosklera monoaxon spikula (hastate oxea, centrotylote oxea, fusiform oxea) dan mikrosklera tertaxon spikula Oxyaster. Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Sponge, Identifikasi Sponge
Logam berat Pb, Cr dan Cd dalam Perairan Pelabuhan Tanjung Mas Semarang
Authors: Suryono Chrisna Adhi , Djunaedi Ali
Published: June 2018

The concentrations of metals in the marine waters were found in water pound of Tannjung Mas Semarang Harbour.  Three metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) have found in that research areas.  Majority of heavy metal have found during research was undetected / below detected.  However Cr was increasing that concentration during on July and Cd was increase on September and November.  The higher Cr concentration was found in station 1 and Cd found in station 1 and 4 Keywords: Heavy Metals, Harbour, Marine Water  Konsentrasi logam berat telah ditemukan dalam air laut kolam pelabuhan asedimen Tanjung Mas Semarang. Tiga logam berat seperti (Pb, Cr, dan Cd) telah ditemukan di lokasi penelitian.  Konsentrasi logam berat yang ditemukan selama penelitian kebanyak tidak terditeksi/ below detected.  Namun logam Cr meningkat pada bulan Juli dan logam Cd meningkat pada bulan September dan Nopember.  Konsentrasi Cr ditemukan pada stasiun 1 sedang Cd tertinggi ditemukan pada stasiun 1 dan 4. Kata Kunci : Logam berat, Pelabuhan, Air Laut
Kolejny tom studiów nad Sokratesem
Authors: Pentassuglio Francesca
Published: June 2018

[L. Rossetti, A. Stavru (eds.), Socratica 2008. Studies in Ancient Socratic Literature, Bari 2010]
De Cicerone poeta — sine ira et studio
Authors: Bleja Paweł
Published: June 2018

[K. Marciniak, Pro Cicerone poeta. Poezja Marka Tulliusza Cycerona na przestrzeni stuleci, Warszawa 2008]
Socrates and Deliberative Democracy. On Socrates’ Conception of Politics in Plato’s Apology, Crito and Gorgias
Authors: Jedan Christoph
Published: June 2018

The position of Socrates in Plato’s earlier dialogues is often seen as an anticipation of contemporary political theories. This article takes issue with the claim that Socrates anticipated modern theories of deliberative democracy. It examines three early Platonic dialogues (the Apology, the Crito and the Gorgias) and argues that the Socrates presented in the dialogues is actually far more dogmatic in ethical as well as religious matters than such annexations of Socrates can acknowledge. Furthermore, Socrates does not develop a theory that would support Athenian democracy. Although politically inactive within the Athenian political framework, Socrates is nonetheless depicted in the Gorgias as formulating an “ethical” view of politics. According to this conception, true politics is always virtue‑ oriented. It is a matter of improving the characters of one’s fellow citizens, and is detached from the question of how political power should be distributed. Socrates’ political outlook is echoed in several Hellenistic philosophical schools, the Stoics in particular.
The Tabula of Cebes as an Example of Allegorical Popularization of Ethics in Antiquity
Authors: Pacewicz Artur
Published: June 2018

The present paper offers a general introduction to the first Polish post¬war translation of the Tabula of Cebes. It discusses the general structure of the text and its major arguments. Subsequently, some speculations on the philosophical affinity of the author of the text are given and the nature of its reception is dealt with. Furthermore, the article presents also a brief history of allegorical interpretation in Greece and touches upon the most important exegetical tendencies that hitherto have appeared in European culture. The article is followed by the first Polish postwar translation of the Tabula of Cebes.
A Socrates That Does Not Listen. The Euthyphro Case
Authors: Rossetti Livio
Published: June 2018

Walter Kohan has recently observed that Socrates does not seem partic­ularly interested in the opinions of his interlocutors. Consequently, the philosopher is not really involved in a peer to peer relation with them, but rather embarks upon the task of annihilating their ideas. With the situation being as it is, the image of Socrates as a champion of dialogue begins to wobble. While the present paper aims to discuss these claims, a number of issues needs to be accounted for. First of all, the Socratic dialogue does begin in a characteristically symmetrical way, but it becomes more and more asymmetric as the elenchos begins to appear. This is due to the fact the elenchos makes the interlocutors defensive, whereas Socrates can attack freely. Given that, Kohan’s claims seem justified and enlightening, but they should not be regarded as conclusive, since one must neither forget nor undervalue how innovative it was to replace monologue speeches with one-to-one dialogues which offered the opportunity of being involved in unforeseeable conversations.
‘‘Plato Socraticus’ – The Apology of Socrates and Euthyphro
Authors: Erler Michael
Published: June 2018

The present paper focuses on the two works of Plato’s first tetralogyso as to bring out and generally characterize the Socratic dimensionof Plato’s philosophizing. It is common knowledge that Socrates’ trialand defense inspired Plato to engage in dialogical writing which culminatedin the famous logoi Sokratikoi. The article deals with the followingissues: 1. Philosophy as a ‘care for the soul’ in the Apology; 2. “The unexaminedlife is not worth living for a human being” (Ap. 38a); 3. Philosophyas a service to the god in the Euthyphro; 4. Socrates’ elenchos;5. Plato’s logoi Sokratikoi. While the issues are lively debated in thesubject literature, the present paper makes references to several importantstudies and to the broader account of Plato’s philosophy that is to befound in Erler 2006 and Erler 2007.
Defiance, Persuasion or Conformity? The Argument in Plato’s Apology and Crito
Authors: Domaradzki Mikołaj
Published: June 2018

The present paper attempts to throw some light on the conundrum of Socrates’ political views in the Apology and Crito. The problem resides in that the Socrates of the Apology evidently undermines the authority of Athenian democracy, whereas the Socrates of the Crito argues that his escape from prison would be tantamount to disrespecting the state, which would in turn threaten the prosperity of the entire πόλις. The article suggests that in the two dialogues, the young Plato examines the possibility of steering a middle course between embracing relativism, on the one hand, and encouraging civil disobedience, on the other. Thus, the philosopher focuses primarily on investigating the two options, without either totally subordinating the citizen to the state, or unreflexively accepting any crude pragmatism.
Plato’s Crito on Civil Disobedience and Political Obligations
Authors: Kuniński Tomasz
Published: June 2018

The present paper focuses on the complex relation between ethics andpolitics in Plato’s Crito. While the issue is presented from a contemporaryperspective, the problems of civil disobedience and politicalobligation are the present study’s primarily concern. The issue of civildisobedience concerns moral reasons for breaking the law, whereasthe concept of political obligation refers to a moral duty to obey the law.When disagreeing with the view that Socrates in the dialogue arguesfor an unconditional obedience to the state, the article builds on theApology. Subsequently, the similarities between the position of Socratesand that of H.D. Thoreau are investigated. Finally, the paper discussesthe concept of political obligation so as to show that the argumentin the Crito anticipates several modern theories. The modern controversiesthat this article covers are shown to play an important role in Plato’sdialogue, as they are the basis of Socrates’ political obligation.
Stoic Caricature in Lucian’s De astrologia: Verisimilitude As Comedy
Authors: McNamara Charles
Published: June 2018

The inclusion of De astrologia in the Lucianic corpus has been disputed for centuries since it appears to defend astrological practices that Lucian elsewhere undercuts. This paper argues for Lucian’s authorship by illustrating its masterful subversion of a captatio benevolentiae and subtle rejection of Stoic astrological practices. The narrator begins the text by blaming phony astrologers and their erroneous predictions for inciting others to “denounce the stars and hate astrology” (ἄστρων τε κατηγοροῦσιν καὶ αὐτὴν  στρολογίην μισέουσιν, 2). The narrator assures readers that he, the knowledgeable astrologer, will correct for the “stupidity and laziness” (μαθίῃ καὶ ῥαθυμίῃ, ibid.) that bring about false predictions. The narrator’s credibility quickly decays when he attempts to recast Orpheus, Bellerophon, Icarus, Daedalus, and a host of other mythological figures as Greek astrologers. Lucian’s audience would expect such far-fetched interpretations of myth from the stereotypical Stoic philosopher, a character lampooned elsewhere in the Lucianic corpus.
New Approaches to the Book Alpha Meizon of Aristotle’s Metaphysics and to its Unique Neoplatonic Commentary by Asclepius of Tralles
Authors: Wesoły Marian
Published: June 2018

R. Loredana Cardullo (a cura di), Il libro Alpha della Metafisica di Aristotele tra storiografia e teoria, Catania 2009, pp. 294.R. Loredana Cardullo, A sclepio di Tralle. Commentario al libro Alpha Meizon (A) della Metafisica di Aristotele. Intoduzione, testo greco, traduzione e note di commento, Acireale-Roma 2012, pp. 512.Paris 2012, pp. 164.
On Symbolic Allegoresis of the First Pythagoreans
Authors: Domaradzki Mikołaj
Published: June 2018

The present paper argues that the early Pythagoreans contributed significantly to the development of ancient hermeneutics. The article builds on the assumption that even if the thinkers did not deal with allegoresis directly, the very manner of articulating their thought was, nevertheless, quite conducive to the growth of allegorical interpretation. Thus, at least indirectly, Pythagoreanism must have played an important role in the development of allegoresis. The paper identifies two crucial aspects of Pythagorean influence on the allegorical tradition. Firstly, the Pythagoreans made a very specific use of the poetry of Homer and Hesiod as well as of the traditional mythology in general. Secondly, the teachings of Pythagoras were expressed in terms of various ambiguous symbols that required special exegesis. Both these factors must have contributed considerably to the development of allegoresis: the idiosyncratic use of conventional mythology, on the one hand, and the enigmatic nature of the Pythagorean symbols, on the other, must have provoked extensive search for the latent (i.e., “allegorical”) meaning of the “messages” in question.
Physicians of the Body Versus Therapists of the Word: Reflections On Medicine and Sophistry
Authors: Ioli Roberta
Published: June 2018

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the connection between ancient medicine and sophistry at the end of 5th century B.C. Beginning with analyses of some passages from the De vetere medicina (VM), De natura hominis (NH) and De arte, the article identifies many similarities between these treatises, on the one hand, and the sophistic doctrines, on the other: these concern primarily perceptual/intellectual knowledge and the interaction between reality, knowledge and language. Among the Sophists, Gorgias was particularly followed and imitated, as he was admired not only for his tremendous rhetorical skills, but also for his philosophically significant work On not being, which probably influenced various discussions in the Hippocratic treatises. However, if Gorgias argues in favor of language as dynastēs megas, the authors of VM, NH and De arte consider knowledge to be far more relevant and reliable than logos. These Hippocratic treatises criticize the philosophical thesis and the resulting kind of reductionism. Above all they defend the supremacy of medicine over any other art. By using the same argumentative and rhetorical strategies that were employed by Gorgias, these treatises reverse the thought of those Sophists who exalted only the technē tōn logōn.
«Apocryphal Nightmares». Observations on the Reference to Damascius in The Nameless City by Howard Phillips Lovecraf
Authors: Napoli Valerio
Published: June 2018

In his tale entitled The Nameless City, Howard Phillips Lovecraft includes unspecified «paragraphs from the apocryphal nightmares of Damascius» among the «fragments» of the «cherished treasury of daemoniac lore» of the protagonist In the present essay, I suggest that there is a connection between this unusual reference and a note in the writer’s Commonplace Book, which refers to the notice by Photius (Bibl. cod. 130) on a lost work by Damascius that nowdays is generally referred to as Paradoxa and assumed to consist of a variegated collection of extraordinary stories and facts. I, therefore, delineate a general presentation of the testimony by the Byzantine Patriarch (very probably only indirectly known to Lovecraft), upon which I attempt to bring into focus the motivations that led the Providence to make the writer insert the name of Damascius in the fantastic plot of his story.
Theodore Metochites On Philosophers’ Irony
Authors: Domaradzki Mikołaj
Published: June 2018

The present article offers the first Polish translation of Theodore Metochites’ important essay on the philosophers’ use and abuse of irony. The translation is preceded by an introduction which briefly presents the author of the Miscellanea philosophica et historica, upon which it reconstructs the argument of essay 8 and provides an assessment of Metochites’ account of irony.
On Aristotelian Category of Substance. Exegetic Variations from Plotinus to Ammonius
Authors: Cardullo R. Loredana
Published: June 2018

One of the main difficulties that Neoplatonic commentators of Aristotle face is the different treatment that the Categories and the Metaphysics offer to the question of the substance. After describing briefly the status quaestionis ousiae in Aristotle, and after tracing the main Neoplatonic interpretations of this doctrine (from Plotinus’ negative one to Porphyry’s positive and “conciliatory” one), this article attempts to demonstrate that the Neoplatonists of Athens and Alexandria, Syrianus and Ammonius, inaugurate a new interpretation of the Aristotelian doctrine. With regard to the category of substance in general and to the question of substantiality of “immanent form” in particular, this new interpretation goes beyond the positions of Plotinus and Porphyry and returns the ontological value to the Aristotelian substances. Unlike Plotinus, who recognized as ousia only that one intelligible, that is five genres of the Platonic Sophist, and unlike Porphyry, who defused the anti–Platonic fuse of the Categories, giving to this treaty a mainly semantic skopos, these philosophers, through their original study of the theory of the three states of katholou, already shed in the Porphyrian Eisagôgê, fit the immanent forms of Aristotle, recognized as substances and as a reflection of the transcendental universal, into the late antique Neoplatonic metaphysical triadic structure.
Aristotle’s Topics in the Greek Neoplatonic Commentaries on the Categories
Authors: Militello Chiara
Published: June 2018

This paper lists and examines the explicit references to Aristotle’s Topics in the Greek Neoplatonic commentaries on the Categories. The references to the Topics by Porphyry, Dexippus, Ammonius, Simplicius, Olympiodorus, Philoponus and David (Elias) are listed according the usual prolegomena to Aristotle’s works. In particular, the paper reconstructs David (Elias)’s original thesis about the proponents of the title Pre-Topics for the Categories and compares Ammonius’, Simplicius’ and Olympiodorus’ doxographies about the postpraedicamenta. Moreover, the study identifies two general trends. The first one is that all the commentators after Proclus share the same general view about: the authenticity of the Topics, Aristotle’s writing style in them, the part of philosophy to which they belong, their purpose, their usefulness and their place in the reading order. The second one is that whereas Porphyry, Dexippus and Simplicius use the Topics as an aid to understanding the Categories, Ammonius, Olympiodorus and David (Elias) do not.
Plato’s Critique of Writings/Orality and Theory of Principles
Authors: Erler Michael
Published: June 2018

The present paper is the first Polish translation of the following excerpts from the Author’s original and innovative book entitled Platon (Beck, München 2006): IV 4. a) Kritik der Schriftlichkeit; b) Hören des Richtiges, Verfehlen der Wahrheit: Platons Kritik der Mündlichkeit; IX 1. Schriftlicher Dialog und mündliches Prinziepiendenken; 2. Einheit und Vielheit: Ein Rekonstruktionsversuch; 3. Mündliche Lehre als Ergänzung des schriftlichen Dialogs. The book represents a new paradigm in research on Plato and the topics developed in it constitute a concise and coherent account of Plato’s critique of writing and orality as well as the related theory of principles. While these issues continue to be an area of scholarly debate, the authors groundbreaking proposals provide an invaluable point of reference for anyone truly interested in Plato’s philosophy. We are extremely grateful to the Author as well as the Publisher for their permission to publish a Polish translation of the aforementioned parts of this excellent book.
Contradiction and Aphairesis in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Gutiérrez Raúl
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to show that Plato uses contradictions in the Republic as an impulse to think and to advance in the ascent to the Idea of the good. The procedure to dissolve the main contradictions in the text is that of aphairesis, complementary to that of prosthēsis. Also if they are explicitly named just at the beginning and at the end of the ascent (Books II and VII), I will show that aphairesis and prosthēsis are consistently applied throughout the ascendant argument of Republic I-VII. Starting with the separation of the opposites at the sensible level, the process will continue separating the rational and the irrational in the soul and culminate when explicitly naming the aphairesis of the One/Good at the intelligible level. As will be seen, the opposites in question are unity and indeterminate/indefinite multiplicity. But also if named, the culminating aphairēsis of the Idea of the Good will not be consistently developed in the Republic. Some important allusions to it will also be found in the Parmenides allowing us to solve the main unresolved contradictions in the Republic in consonance with the theory of principles of the agrapha dogmata.
Persuasion, Justice and Democracy in Plato’s Crito
Authors: Liebersohn Yosef Z.
Published: June 2018

Speeches and persuasion dominate Plato’s Crito. This paper, paying particular attention to the final passage in the dialogue, shows that the focus on speeches, persuasion and allusions to many other elements of rhetoric is an integral part of Plato’s severe criticism of democracy, one of the main points of the Crito. Speeches allow members of a democracy – represented in our dialogue by Crito – firstly to break the law for self-interested reasons while considering themselves still to be law-abiding citizens, and secondly to feel that they are in a tolerant society preferring logos/persuasive speech above bia/compulsion. Socrates counters Crito’s speeches with speeches of his own, not only to defeat him at his own game, but also to make him aware how dangerous the game is. Real knowledge is preferable to speeches, but a democracy without speeches and rhetoric is doomed.
Syrianus on the Platonic Tradition of the Separate Existence of Numbers
Authors: Mouzala Melina G.
Published: June 2018

This paper analyzes and explains certain parts of Syrianus’s Commentary on book M of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, which details Syrianus’s response to Aristotle’s attack against the Platonic position of the separate existence of numbers. Syrianus defends the separate existence not only of eidetic but also of mathematical numbers, following a line of argumentation which involves a hylomorphic approach to the latter. He proceeds with an analysis of the mathematical number into matter and form, but his interpretation entails that form is the constituent of number, which has the status and role of a Platonic Form. This solution allows him not only to explain and justify the unity of number, but also to apply the Platonic thesis of the separate existence of numbers, to the mathematical or monadic numbers themselves. It also betrays its tendency to combine theses of the Platonic Ontology with fundamental Aristotelian doctrines.
Empedocles and the Other Physiologists in Aristotle’s Physics II 8
Authors: Giardina Giovanna R.
Published: June 2018

In this paper I propose to show: 1) that in Phys. II 8 Aristotle takes Empedocles as a paradigm for a theoretical position common to all philosophers who preceded him: the view that materialism implies a mechanistic explanation of natural becoming; and 2) that, since Empe­docles is regarded as a philosopher who clearly expresses the position of all mechanistic materialists, Aristotle builds his teleological arguments precisely to refute him. Indeed, Aristotle believes that refuting the argu­ments of Empedocles – the champion of mechanism – means refut­ing the mechanistic theory itself. In order to illustrate this point, I will discuss some passages from Phys. II 8, while also turning to consider the Neoplatonic commentators on Aristotle’s Physics. I will then endeav­our to explain why in 198b19 ff. Aristotle formulates the argument of rain, which has attracted so much attention from scholars of the Phys­ics: I will consider whether Aristotle believes that rain serves a purpose, contrary to what he claims with regard to meteorological phenomena in Meteorologica.
Aristotle’s Lost Symposium and On Drunkenness. The Content of The Extant Testimonies and Excerpts
Authors: Jaworska-Wołoszyn Magdalena
Published: June 2018

Ancient catalogues of Aristotle’s writings (Diogenes Laertius, Hesychius) mention Symposium in one book, but this does not seem to be a dialogue analogical to that of Plato. Aristotle raised the sympotical and wine-drinking issues differently, as Plutarchus, Macrobius, Philo of Alexandria, Ps. Julian, and first and foremost, Atheaneus relate in their works. In his The Sophists at Dinner, Atheaneus quotes Aristotle’s title Συμπόσιον only once, while the title Περὶ μέθης is cited six times. Some scholars and editors of Aristotle’s fragments combine both titles as belonging to one writing (Laurenti, Zanatta), while others (Gigon, Breitenberger) separate them as their identity is not confirmed by the sources. Irrespective of whether it was a dialogue, just one or two related works, the few extant testimonies and citations from Aristotle provide an interesting source of information concerning the then customs and drinking effects in Greek culture, which, however, should not be directly associated with contemporary drunkenness and alcoholism. Aristotle’s approach to wine-drinking and feasting was in fact investigative, natural, medical, and analogical to the arguments presented in the third book of Problemata, where the matters On the drinking of wine and drunkenness are touched upon.
Oblique Politics and Esotericism in Michael Psellos
Authors: Arabatzis Georges
Published: June 2018

The paper examines the relation of esotericism and oblique politics in the Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) on the basis of Eva De Vries’ study of the letters that Psellos addressed to the statesman Leo Paraspondylos. Traditionally, the name of Psellos signifies a revival of Neoplatonism in medieval Constantinople according to researchers like Chr. Zervos in the beginning of 20th century. Contemporary researchers such as Anthony Kaldellis and Stratis Papaioannou point to a more organic than speculative theorization in Psellos’ work while another contemporary scholar, Frederick Lauritzen, undertakes a synthesis of the two approaches. In any case, as this paper supports, it would be inadequate to consider the relation of esotericism to politics without referring to the evolution of the moral standards considered in a contextualized manner.
Arystoteles w filozofii XX wieku – przejaw choroby czy terapii?
Authors: Bleja Paweł
Published: June 2018

E. Berti, Arystoteles w XX wieku, tłum. A. Dudzińska-Facca, D. Facca, Warszawa 2015, ss. 270.
Plato: Smp. 212e4-223a9. Alcibiades: An Eulogy of Which Socrates? That of Plato, That of Antisthenes and Xenophon or That of All Three?
Authors: Mazzara Giuseppe
Published: June 2018

In the Symposium, there are two revelations: one is that of the woman of Mantinea, the other that of Alcibiades. The former (201d 1–212e 3) proposes a Socrates reshaped by Plato, but what Socrates does the latter (216a 6–217a 3) express? Can the praise for Socrates contained in the latter also be considered a tribute by Plato to his teacher? The opinions are divided. I looked at two scholars: Michel Narcy (2008) and Bruno Centrone (20142 ), whose judgments, as they are set out and argued, are irreconcilable. The contrast may be determined by a certain ambiguity in Plato’s attitude towards Alcibiades. Part One – In order to clarify this ambiguity and to overcome the contrast between the two scholars I have tried to show how in the praise of Alcibiades there overlap different portraits of Socrates that refer to the tradition, to different experiences of various Socratics and of Plato himself in Apologia, and how this differs from the others and from himself by proposing a whole new portrait of Socrates as a representative of an Eros megas daimōn, revealed by the woman of Mantinea, in contrast to an Eros megas theos. Part Two – As instead regards the accusation of hybris, the hypothesis is this: for Plato his colleagues, and especially Antisthenes and Xenophon, offering an image of Socrates founded exclusively on his way of life and not also on the erotic aspects alluding to the supersensible world, seem to end up arousing laughter and looking like “fools” (nēpioi), like Alcibiades, who at the end of his speech, after making the audience laugh, is unmasked by Socrates for his clumsy attempt to impart a “life lesson” to Agathon, which he did not need at all, paying at his own expenses for his ignorance of the revelation through arriving late at the party.
Aristotle’s Book Delta of the Metaphysics. ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΣΑΧΩΣ ΛΕΓΟΜΕΝΩΝ Η ΚΑΤΑ ΠΡΟΣΘΕΣΙΝ On Terms Which Are Said in Many Ways or by Virtue of Addition
Authors: Wesoły Marian Andrzej
Published: June 2018

This paper offers a new Polish translation of Aristotle’s Book Delta of his Metaphysics. It takes into account its original title and subtitle that have been preserved in ancient catalogues. It is argued that the title and subtitle did not concerns any “ambiguity” of expressions as it is often mistakenly assumed, but rather the many ways of predicating (πολλαχῶς λέγεται) of various terms. Nor is it a typical lexicon of philosophical concepts, but rather a methodical survey of certain expressions that begin with physical and categorical specifications to make the terminological domain of the first  philosophy more precise.
Publikacje Mariana Andrzeja Wesołego
Authors: Domaradzki Mikołaj
Published: June 2018

Lista publikacji Mariana Andrzeja Wesołego.
Prodicus at the Crossroads. Once Again on the Antilogy
Authors: Giombini Stefania
Published: June 2018

The aim of this paper is to analyze the tale of Heracles at the Crossroads, attributed to Prodicus by Socrates in Xenophon’s Memorabilia, through the notion of antilogy. The apologue has got an antilogic structure that is immediately outlined in the description of the situation in which the young Heracles finds himself. But the text, seemingly antilogic, does not develop itself according to one of the most important rules of antilogies, i.e., the epistemic parity of two speeches, since it appears to be completely in favor of just one of the theses. Prodicus would have had no interest in writing a text that did not demonstrate his rhetorical and linguistic abilities. According to this perspective, Xenophon’s version of Heracles at the Crossroads does not seem to be the original version by Prodicus, as can be seen by analyzing its structure and properties.
On the Epistemic Value of Eros. The Relationship Between Socrates and Alcibiades
Authors: Candiotto Laura
Published: June 2018

Several key lines concerning the relationship between Socrates and Alcibiades, extracted from the Symposium and the Alcibiades 1, are discussed for the purpose of detecting the epistemic value that Plato attributed to eros in his new model of education. As result of this analysis, I argue for the philosophical significance of the relationship between Socrates and Alcibiades as a clear example – even when failed – of the epistemic role of eros in the dialogically extended knowledge.
The Scope of Corrective Justice in Aristotle’s Ethics
Authors: Galewicz Włodzimierz
Published: June 2018

The task of corrective justice in Aristotle’s ethics is the rectification of harms or injuries resulting from voluntary or involuntary interactions between persons. However, the scope of this form of justice is not clear. In its widest conception it would include all harms done to a person against her will and without her fault. According to a narrower conception, instead, it is only an injury caused by an unjust or wrongful action that requires compensation. But in fact Aristotle distinguishes several concepts of unjust action. As a result, the narrower conception appears in various versions which are discussed in this paper.
Aristotle’s Criticism of the Platonic Idea of the Good in Nicomachean Ethics 1.6
Authors: Mouzala Melina G.
Published: June 2018

In Nicomachean Ethics 1.6, Aristotle directs his criticism not only against the Platonic Idea of the Good but also against the notion of a universal Good. In this paper, I also examine some of the most interesting aspects of his criticism of the Platonic Good and the universal Good in Eudemian Ethics 1.8. In the EN, after using a series of disputable ontological arguments, Aristotle’s criticism culminates in a strong ethical or rather practical and, simultaneously, epistemological argument, from which a dialectical postulatum emerges. This argument aims to show that we have to discover the dialectical stages or grades which constitute the relation between the ultimate End, i.e., the Good simpliciter or the absolute Good, and the relational goods till the last prakton good in which each specific praxis ends. According to the present reading, Aristotle sets out to establish a kind of Dialectic of the ends (Dialektikē tōn telōn) or Dialectic of the goods (Dialektikē tōn agathōn), which puts emphasis on the descent to the specific good, which is appropriate to and cognate with each individual, be that a person, praxis, science or craft. It is also suggested that this might be relevant to Aristotle’s tendency to establish a separation of phronēsis, i.e., practical wisdom, from sophia, i.e., wisdom, in the Nicomachean Ethics.
The Practical-Technical Reason in the Aristotelian Concept of the Faculties of the Soul
Authors: Mathiesen Aleksandra
Published: June 2018

When analyzing the structure of the soul, Aristotle distinguished three faculties: the theoretical, the practical and the technical one. The latter two are the focus of this paper. The division could be perceived as an abstract description of diverse functions and purposes of the faculties, but it does not imply factual dissociation between them if we take under consideration their functioning. On the contrary, Aristotle suggested that it would be impossible to detach the practical reasoning from the operational one, for the former stipulated the goal, whereas the latter provided the means for its fulfillment. The genuine intellectual disposition, which supplements the practical reason with the proper means was referred to as ‘cleverness’ (δεινότης). Cleverness has usually been associated with the technical faculty but it also seems to be, first and foremost, the disposition to inventiveness in a broader sense. Although Aristotle did not formulate this directly, it is plausible to view the practical and technical faculty as depending on each other, as far as their products and works are useful to pursue the practical goals and the practical reasoning determines the extent of the possibilities and limitations of their utility in the field of politics. The disposition to cleverness made the cooperation of those faculties possible.
Marian Wesoły’s Greek Philosophy in Byzantium
Authors: Jaworska-Wołoszyn Magdalena
Published: June 2018

Marian Wesoły devoted a considerable part of his life and research to studying the philosophical thought of antiquity. He is, therefore, widely known to scientific community as an admirer of Hellas, outstanding scholar and expert on ancient philosophy, which is reflected in his many publications in the field. Importantly, however, Marian Wesoły, has also been a pioneer of research into a much lesser known field of research, namely Greek philosophy in Byzantium. While this neglected and often disdained area of research has been the subject of Marian Wesoły’s numerous publications, this article presents an over view of his most important findings.
The Concept of ‘Matter’ in Archaic Greece, 1: Khaos/Aèr in Hesiod’s Theogony
Authors: Cerri Giovanni
Published: June 2018

The essay considers synthetically the passages of Hesiod’s Theogony concerning Khaos, Gaia, Uranòs, and Tàrtaros as describing the cosmic structure at its very beginning and at its present state. The final result of the cosmogenetic process consists of three solid parallel disks of equal size separated from one another by the space of Khaos/Aèr. The whole structure is conceived of as an ideal cylinder (ideal because it has no real lateral walls), whose superior base is Uranòs (the Sky), the inferior one is Tàrtaros (the Hell) and the median section is Gaia (the Earth), dividing the whole cylinder into two high semicylinders full of Khaos/Aèr. From this Khaos/Aèr, the primal Four Elements (earth, water, misty air and fire) derive, as plants do from their roots, from which all other substances of the universe originate in turn. Thus, Khaos is arkhè (the ‘beginning’) not only in the chronological-historical sense, but also in the sense of an eternal generative substance of all things. We may conclude that the Hesiodic word khaos is a lexical ancestor of the later physical and philosophical term hyle because it conveys the primeval notion of ‘matter’.
Secure Communication through MultiAgent System-Based Diabetes Diagnosing and Classification
Authors: Tangod Kiran , Kulkarni Gururaj
Published: June 2018

The main objective of the research is to provide a multi-agent data mining system for diagnosing diabetes. Here, we use multi-agents for diagnosing diabetes such as user agent, connection agent, updation agent, and security agent, in which each agent performs their own task under the coordination of the connection agent. For secure communication, the user symptoms are encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Optimal Advanced Encryption Standard. In Optimal Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm, the key values are optimally selected by means of differential evaluation algorithm. After receiving the encrypted data, the suggested method needs to find the diabetes level of the user through multiple kernel support vector machine algorithm. Based on that, the agent prescribes the drugs for the corresponding user. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated by classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, execution time and memory value. The proposed method will be implemented in JAVA platform.
Crystal structure of Ent-7β,20-epoxy-kaur-16-en-1β,6α,7α,14α,15α-pentaol-20-one, C20H30O8
Authors: Ye Jiang-Hai , Zhao Chen-Liang , Zou Juan , He Kang , Teng Chao-Jie , Pan Lu-Tai
Published: June 2018

C20H30O8, monoclinic, C2 (no. 5), a = 21.684(13) Å, b = 7.275(4) Å, c = 14.320(9) Å, β = 118.975(11), V = 1976(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0362, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0920, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of poly-{diaqua-bis[(μ2-3-nitrobenzenesulfonylglycine-κ3
N:O:O′)(4,4′-bipyridine)manganese(II)]}-dimethylformamide (1/1), C39H35Mn2N9O15S2
Authors: Chen Xiao-Miao , Liu Zheng-Jun , Deng Tao-Li
Published: June 2018

C39H35Mn2N9O15S2, orthorhombic, Pna21 (no. 33), a = 17.2427(6) Å, b = 11.7453(3) Å, c = 21.1828(7) Å, V = 4290.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0366, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0960, T = 293(2) K.
Community-Centred Infrastructure Design Process for Resilience Building in South African Informal Settlements: The “Genius of Space” Solid Waste and Greywater Infrastructure Project
Authors: Hermanus Lauren , Andrew Sean
Published: June 2018

Due to a lack of adequate water and sanitation infrastructure, growing, unplanned urban settlements in South Africa and elsewhere have been linked to pollution of critical river systems. The same dynamics undermine local resilience, understood as the capacity to adapt and develop in response to changes, persistent social and ecological risks, and disasters. Water and sanitation challenges undermine resilience by causing and compounding risks to individuals, and to household and community health and livelihoods, in a complex context in which communities and local governments have limited capacity and resources to respond appropriately. Household and community resilience in informal settlements is drawing increasing policy focus, given the persistence of these kinds of neighbourhoods in cities and towns in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa, in particular. This case considers whether bottom-up responses that combine public and private sector resources, including community participation, and use an interdisciplinary approach can support the production of novel resilience-fostering solutions. This article presents an analysis of the case of Genius of Space waste and wastewater management infrastructure in the Western Cape, South Africa. While the process has been imperfect and slow to show results, this analysis reflects on the gains, lessons and potential for replication that this work has produced. The Genius of Space approach adds to a growing area of practice-based experimentation focussed on incrementalism and adaptive development practices in urban environments, particularly in developing countries.
The Role of Sociocultural Beliefs in Sustainable Resource Management: A Case Study of Traditional Water Harvesting Systems in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Tripathi Mira , Hughey Kenneth F. D. , Rennie Hamish G.
Published: June 2018

This case study helps to develop a better overall understanding of the roles and need for managing traditional water management technologies and to focus greater attention towards preserving them. The unique traditional stone spouts of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, demonstrate human ingenuity in harnessing subsurface flows and are, as well, an example of outstanding social accomplishment in the form of communal collaboration. In addition, in places, some of these spouts are recognised as having significant heritage conservation value and thus contribute, via tourism, to the local and national economy. This study shows the current values of traditional spouts and their connection with social and cultural norms by comparing two spouts in peri-urban heritage areas of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Ultimately, it shows that in the presence of an alternative modern piped water supply system, which is inherently unreliable at times, the absence of an appropriate property right system is leading to the ongoing decline in the state of these traditional spout systems.