bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prognostic Effect of MAC30 Expression on Patients With Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Ding Hui , Gui Xianhua , Lin Xubo , Chen Ruhua , Ma Tieliang , Sheng Yunlu , Cai Hourong , Fen Yan
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the MAC30 expression in non–small cell lung cancer and to evaluate its prognostic value on therapeutic response in patients with non–small cell lung cancer receiving postoperative chemotherapy. Among a total of 218 retrospective Chinese patients with non–small cell lung cancer, 164 patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the expression of MAC30 messenger RNA in 32 cases of non–small cell lung cancer tumors with the corresponding nontumor lung tissues. The MAC30 protein expression in all specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, we assessed the correlation of MAC30 expression with clinicopathological features, therapeutic response, and survival of patients. Here, we observed the increased expression of MAC30 messenger RNA in patients with non–small cell lung cancer compared to those in control samples. The overexpression of MAC30 was strongly associated with poor tumor differentiation, high tumor–node–metastasis stage, and lymph node metastasis. In addition, we observed that patients with increased MAC30 expression showed gloomy overall survival and disease-free survival. A multivariate analysis explicated that higher MAC30 expression was a valuable independent prognostic factor of poorer tumor differentiation, shorter overall survival, and disease-free survival in patients receiving chemotherapy. MAC30 could be a useful biomarker of tumor differentiation and outcome of patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Overexpression of MAC30 predicts a worse tumor differentiated stage and prognosis in patients with non–small cell lung cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.
Impact of Short-Term Study Abroad Experiences on Transformative Learning
Authors: Walters Colleen , Charles Jennell , Bingham Sue
Published: September 2016

In recent years, there has been a rapid rise in the number of universities offering students opportunities to study abroad. Traditional semester-long programs have been shortened with many new programs ranging anywhere from 1 to 8 weeks in length. The increased number of short-term programs has enabled professional degree programs, such as nursing, to increase student participation in these programs. These changes are supported by growing evidence of the impact of these programs on student learning, personal and professional development, and understanding of self as a global citizen. Utilizing Mezirow’s transformative learning theory to conceptualize critical reflection, this quantitative study examined the impact of six short-term study abroad programs on critical reflection as a core element of transformative learning. A modified version of the Reflection Questionnaire developed by Kember et al. was completed by 20 participants at 6 weeks following the completion of the study abroad experience. Participants were largely female (90%) and minority students (75%). The results showed that mean critical reflection scores across programs were moderately high (3.84/5.00). Nursing students who went to Haiti scored highest on critical reflection (4.70/5.00) compared to students in the other five programs. Reflective journaling and participation in service learning activities were linked to the highest critical reflection scores. Short-term study abroad programs support transformative learning for students representing a minority population and those in professional and traditional degree programs.
Diagnosing of pelvic vein incompetence using minimally invasive ultrasound techniques
Authors: Hansrani Vivak , Dhorat Zainab , McCollum Charles N
Published: September 2016

Background

Pelvic vein incompetence is a cause for pelvic pain and recurrent varicose veins in women. The gold standard diagnostic method is reflux venography involving radiation, nephrotoxic contrast and jugular puncture. Trans-vaginal ultrasound (TVU) is increasingly being used as a diagnostic tool for pelvic vein incompetence.

Methods

Fifty women with clinical suspicion of pelvic vein incompetence and aged between 18 and 55 years were recruited prospectively over two years at a large UK University Teaching Hospital. Trans-vaginal ultrasound was performed using a standardised protocol which included assessment of the ovarian and internal iliac veins bilaterally in the supine and semi-standing position with provocative manoeuvres. Diagnostic readability and inter-observer variability was determined.

Results

Mean (range) age of 43 (23–51). Visibility of all four pelvic veins was better in the supine position compared with semi-standing position (76% vs 64%). Pelvic vein incompetence was identified in 34 of 50 (68%) women in the supine position compared with 38 of 50 (76%) women in the semi-standing position. Pelvic vein incompetence was demonstrated in 35 of 50 (70%) women with Valsalva manoeuvre. Inter-observer variability was 0.84 (kappa, very good agreement, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Trans-vaginal ultrasound is effective at demonstrating pelvic vein incompetence. All trans-vaginal ultrasound protocols should include assessment of pelvic veins in the supine and semi-standing position with Valsalva manoeuvre.
Long-term results of intra-arterial onyx injection for type II endoleaks following endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Ribé L , Bicknell CD , Gibbs RG , Burfitt N , Jenkins MP , Cheshire N , Hamady M
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to report our experience of type II endoleak treatment after endovascular aneurysm repair with intra-arterial injection of the embolizing liquid material, Onyx liquid embolic system.

Methods

From 2005 to 2012, we performed a retrospective review of 600 patients, who underwent endovascular repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. During this period, 18 patients were treated with Onyx for type II endoleaks.

Principal findings

The source of the endoleak was the internal iliac artery in seven cases, inferior mesenteric artery in seven cases and lumbar arteries in four cases. Immediate technical success was achieved in all patients and no endoleak from the treated vessel recurred. During a mean follow-up of 19 months, no major morbidity or mortality occurred, and one-year survival was 100%.

Conclusions

Treatment of type II endoleaks with Onyx is safe and effective over a significant time period.
A Complex Network Perspective on Clinical Science
Authors: Hofmann Stefan G. , Curtiss Joshua , McNally Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Contemporary classification systems for mental disorders assume that abnormal behaviors are expressions of latent disease entities. An alternative to the latent disease model is the complex network approach. Instead of assuming that symptoms arise from an underlying disease entity, the complex network approach holds that disorders exist as systems of interrelated elements of a network. This approach also provides a framework for the understanding of therapeutic change. Depending on the structure of the network, change can occur abruptly once the network reaches a critical threshold (the tipping point). Homogeneous and highly connected networks often recover more slowly from local perturbations when the network approaches the tipping point, potentially making it possible to predict treatment change, relapse, and recovery. In this article, we discuss the complex network approach as an alternative to the latent disease model and its implications for classification, therapy, relapse, and recovery.
Social Climate Science
Authors: Pearson Adam R. , Schuldt Jonathon P. , Romero-Canyas Rainer
Published: September 2016

The recent Paris Agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions, adopted by 195 nations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, signaled unprecedented commitment by world leaders to address the human social aspects of climate change. Indeed, climate change increasingly is recognized by scientists and policymakers as a social issue requiring social solutions. However, whereas psychological research on intrapersonal and some group-level processes (e.g., political polarization of climate beliefs) has flourished, research into other social processes—such as an understanding of how nonpartisan social identities, cultural ideologies, and group hierarchies shape public engagement on climate change—has received substantially less attention. In this article, we take stock of current psychological approaches to the study of climate change to explore what is “social” about climate change from the perspective of psychology. Drawing from current interdisciplinary perspectives and emerging empirical findings within psychology, we identify four distinct features of climate change and three sets of psychological processes evoked by these features that are fundamentally social and shape both individual and group responses to climate change. Finally, we consider how a more nuanced understanding of the social underpinnings of climate change can stimulate new questions and advance theory within psychology.
Psychogenic Explanations of Physical Illness
Authors: Wilshire Carolyn E. , Ward Tony
Published: September 2016

In some patients with chronic physical complaints, detailed examination fails to reveal a well-recognized underlying disease process. In this situation, the physician may suspect a psychological cause. In this review, we critically evaluated the evidence for this causal claim, focusing on complaints presenting as neurological disorders. There were four main conclusions. First, patients with these complaints frequently exhibit psychopathology but not consistently more often than patients with a comparable “organic” diagnosis, so a causal role cannot be inferred. Second, these patients report a high incidence of adverse life experiences, but again, there is insufficient evidence to indicate a causal role for any particular type of experience. Third, although psychogenic illnesses are believed to be more responsive to psychological interventions than comparable “organic” illnesses, there is currently no evidence to support this claim. Finally, recent evidence suggests that biological and physical factors play a much greater causal role in these illnesses than previously believed. We conclude that there is currently little evidential support for psychogenic theories of illness in the neurological domain. In future research, researchers need to take a wider view concerning the etiology of these illnesses.
Why Should We All Be Cultural Psychologists? Lessons From the Study of Social Cognition
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: September 2016

I call the attention of psychologists to the pivotal role of cultural psychology in extending and enriching research programs. I argue that it is not enough to simply acknowledge the importance of culture and urge psychologists to practice cultural psychology in their research. I deconstruct five assumptions about cultural psychology that seriously undermine its contribution to the building of a true psychological science, including that cultural psychology (a) is only about finding group differences, (b) does not appertain to group similarities, (c) concerns only group-level analysis, (d) is irrelevant to basic psychological processes, and (e) is used only to confirm the generalizability of theories. I discuss how cultural psychology can provide unique insights into psychological processes and further equip researchers with additional tools to understand human behavior. Drawing lessons from the 20 years of cultural research that my colleagues and I have done on the development of social cognition, including autobiographical memory, future thinking, self, and emotion knowledge, I demonstrate that incorporating cultural psychology into research programs is not only necessary but also feasible.
Conducting Meta-Analyses Based on p Values
Authors: van Aert Robbie C. M. , Wicherts Jelte M. , van Assen Marcel A. L. M.
Published: September 2016

Because of overwhelming evidence of publication bias in psychology, techniques to correct meta-analytic estimates for such bias are greatly needed. The methodology on which the p-uniform and p-curve methods are based has great promise for providing accurate meta-analytic estimates in the presence of publication bias. However, in this article, we show that in some situations, p-curve behaves erratically, whereas p-uniform may yield implausible estimates of negative effect size. Moreover, we show that (and explain why) p-curve and p-uniform result in overestimation of effect size under moderate-to-large heterogeneity and may yield unpredictable bias when researchers employ p-hacking. We offer hands-on recommendations on applying and interpreting results of meta-analyses in general and p-uniform and p-curve in particular. Both methods as well as traditional methods are applied to a meta-analysis on the effect of weight on judgments of importance. We offer guidance for applying p-uniform or p-curve using R and a user-friendly web application for applying p-uniform.
Registered Replication Report
Authors: Cheung I. , Campbell L. , LeBel E. P. , Ackerman R. A. , Aykutoğlu B. , Bahník Š. , Bowen J. D. , Bredow C. A. , Bromberg C. , Caprariello P. A. , Carcedo R. J. , Carson K. J. , Cobb R. J. , Collins N. L. , Corretti C. A. , DiDonato T. E. , Ellithorpe C. , Fernández-Rouco N. , Fuglestad P. T. , Goldberg R. M. , Golom F. D. , Gündoğdu-Aktürk E. , Hoplock L. B. , Houdek P. , Kane H. S. , Kim J. S. , Kraus S. , Leone C. T. , Li N. P. , Logan J. M. , Millman R. D. , Morry M. M. , Pink J. C. , Ritchey T. , Root Luna L. M. , Sinclair H. C. , Stinson D. A. , Sucharyna T. A. , Tidwell N. D. , Uysal A. , Vranka M. , Winczewski L. A. , Yong J. C.
Published: September 2016

Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to subjective commitment can causally affect forgiveness responses. This Registered Replication Report (RRR) meta-analytically combines the results of 16 new direct replications of the original study, all of which followed a standardized, vetted, and preregistered protocol. The results showed little effect of the priming manipulation on the forgiveness outcome measures, but it also did not observe an effect of priming on subjective commitment, so the manipulation did not work as it had in the original study. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between the findings from this RRR and the original study.
The Role of the Liberal Arts in Preparing Health Education Specialists
Authors: Rodgers Kirsten , Funke Barbara , Rhodes Darson , Brown Kelli , Cox Carol
Published: September 2016

Purpose. Exposure to a liberal education or a set of liberal courses or curriculum is an approach to college learning that empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change in a competitive global economy. Public health education is a diverse, ever-changing field composed of complex challenges. Undergraduate student preparation for entry-level public health education specialists requires the mastery of the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing’s Health Education Specialist’s seven Areas of Responsibility. Due to the overlap in the Health Education Specialist Practice Analysis (HESPA) Areas of Responsibilities and the Liberal Arts (LA) guiding principles (three pillars) and Liberal Education and America’s Promise (LEAP) learning essential outcomes, liberal arts universities are uniquely positioned to offer undergraduate public health education programs. Method. Health education specialist competencies and subcompetencies were mapped onto liberal arts pillars and LEAP learning essential outcomes. Public health education course activities from two public liberal arts universities were used to demonstrate the application of health education competencies between the LA pillars and LEAP learning essential outcomes. Results. LEAP essential learning outcome Domains 1 through 3 provide a foundation for and the development of HESPA Areas I, IV, VI, and VII. A fourth domain addresses Areas III and V. Conclusion. Liberal arts universities are uniquely positioned to provide students with an undergraduate degree in the increasingly popular public health education major due to the established parallels between liberal education and health education specialist learning outcomes.
Improving short-term demand forecasting for short-lifecycle consumer products with data mining techniques
Authors: Maaß Dennis , Spruit Marco , de Waal Peter
Published: September 2016

Today’s economy is characterized by increased competition, faster product development and increased product differentiation. As a consequence product lifecycles become shorter and demand patterns become more volatile which especially affects the retail industry. This new situation imposes stronger requirements on demand forecasting methods. Due to shorter product lifecycles historical sales information, which is the most important source of information used for demand forecasts, becomes available only for short periods in time or is even unavailable when new or modified products are introduced. Furthermore the general trend of individualization leads to higher product differentiation and specialization, which in itself leads to increased unpredictability and variance in demand. At the same time companies want to increase accuracy and reliability of demand forecasting systems in order to utilize the full demand potential and avoid oversupply. This new situation calls for forecasting methods that can handle large variance and complex relationships of demand factors.

This research investigates the potential of data mining techniques as well as alternative approaches to improve the short-term forecasting method for short-lifecycle products with high uncertainty in demand. We found that data mining techniques cannot unveil their full potential to improve short-term forecasting in this case due to the high demand uncertainty and the high variance of demand patterns. In fact we found that the higher the variance in demand patterns the less complex a demand forecasting method can be.

Forecasting can often be improved by data preparation. The right preparation method can unveil important information hidden in the available data and decrease the perceived variance and uncertainty. In this case data preparation did not lead to a decrease in the perceived uncertainty to such an extent that a complex forecasting method could be used. Rather than using a data mining approach we found that using an alternative combined forecasting approach, incorporating judgmental adjustments of statistical forecasts, led to significantly improved short-term forecasting accuracy. The findings are validated on real world data in an extensive case study at a large retail company in Western Europe.
The split common fixed point problem for asymptotically nonexpansive semigroups in Banach spaces
Authors: Wang Lin , Ma Zhaoli
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we propose an iteration method for finding a split common fixed point of asymptotically nonexpansive semigroups in the setting of two Banach spaces, and we obtain some weak and strong convergence theorems of the iteration scheme proposed. The results presented in the paper are new and improve and extend some recent corresponding results.
A PROBLEM IN SEISMIC DEPTH CALCULATION
Authors: Beers Roland F.
Published: September 2016

In geologic provinces where surface erosion has removed several hundred feet of section the customary method of depth calculation for the reelection seismograph with an empirically determined velocity function frequently fails to show true sub-surface relief. Seismograph structure maps frequently show evidences of the surface topography and intervals between two reflection horizons may appear in excess of the true value. A method is presented here which seems to eliminate the effect of topography on the depth calculations.
Estrogens Exacerbate Nociceptive Pain via Up-Regulation of TRPV1 and ANO1 in Trigeminal Primary Neurons of Female Rats
Authors: Yamagata Kazuaki , Sugimura Mitsutaka , Yoshida Miki , Sekine Shinichi , Kawano Akiyo , Oyamaguchi Aiko , Maegawa Hiroharu , Niwa Hitoshi
Published: September 2016

Several trigeminal pain disorders show sex differences, and high levels of estrogens may underlie these differences. The interaction between transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and anoctamin 1 (ANO1) plays an important role in peripheral nociception. However, whether TRPV1 and ANO1 are involved in estrogen-modulated trigeminal pain sensitivity is unclear. In this study, we examined estradiol (E2) modulation of nociception through behavioral and immunohistological experiments after application of capsaicin (Cap), a selective TRPV1 agonist, onto the ocular surface in ovariectomized rats treated with high-dose E2 (HE) or low-dose E2 (LE) for 2 days. In addition, we used real-time PCR to study the effects of E2 on the expression levels of TRPV1 and ANO1 mRNA in trigeminal ganglia. In the behavioral experiment, the HE group showed significant potentiation of Cap-evoked nocifensive behavior compared with the LE group. Immunohistochemistry showed that Cap evoked a significantly greater number of cells that were immunoreactive for c-Fos, a marker of nociceptive activation, in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord in the HE group than in the LE group. The number of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the ventral trigeminal interpolaris/caudalis were similar in the 2 groups. Real-time PCR showed that the levels of TRPV1 and ANO1 mRNA in the HE group were significantly higher than levels in the LE group. Thus, high levels of estrogens may be a risk factor for Cap-evoked nociceptive pain, and estrogen-dependent increases in TRPV1 and ANO1 are likely involved in modulating the nociceptive response in the trigeminal area.
Shit in Developing Cities: A World of Ill Health, Indignity, Violence, and Death
Authors: Fawcett Ben
Published: September 2016

About one-third of the global human population does not have access to an effective toilet. As a result, disease-carrying feces contaminate the human environment causing more than seven hundred thousand child deaths each year from diarrhea, poor child development as a result of worm infestations, and numerous other disastrous health impacts. But, particularly for women and girls, the social impacts—including violence encountered while seeking a place to defecate and the gross indignity of defecating in the open—are equally significant and horrifying. For the nearly one billion people living in overcrowded urban slums, these impacts are especially severe. A massive global effort is needed to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal of providing sanitation for all by 2030, particularly in the slums, which are expected to double in population over the same period.
REV-ERBα influences the stability and nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: Okabe Takashi , Chavan Rohit , Fonseca Costa Sara S. , Brenna Andrea , Ripperger Jürgen A. , Albrecht Urs
Published: September 2016

REV-ERBα (encoded by Nr1d1) is a nuclear receptor that is part of the circadian clock mechanism and regulates metabolism and inflammatory processes. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, encoded by Nr3c1) influences similar processes, but is not part of the circadian clock, although glucocorticoid signaling affects resetting of the circadian clock in peripheral tissues. Because of their similar impact on physiological processes, we studied the interplay between these two nuclear receptors. We found that REV-ERBα binds to the C-terminal portion and GR to the N-terminal portion of HSP90α and HSP90β, a chaperone responsible for the activation of proteins to ensure survival of a cell. The presence of REV-ERBα influences the stability and nuclear localization of GR by an unknown mechanism, thereby affecting expression of GR target genes, such as IκBα (Nfkbia) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1). Our findings highlight an important interplay between two nuclear receptors that influence the transcriptional potential of each other. This indicates that the transcriptional landscape is strongly dependent on dynamic processes at the protein level.
On the Timing and Pricing of Dividends: Comment
Authors: Schulz Florian
Published: September 2016

I present novel empirical evidence on the term structure of the equity risk premium. In contrast to previous research that documented high discount rates for the short-term component of the market portfolio, I show evidence for an unconditionally flat term structure of equity risk premia. The tension with previous literature arises largely as a result of differential treatments of heterogeneous investment taxes, manifested in micro evidence on abnormal equity returns on ex-dividend days, and liquidity. The results not only help resolve an important recent “puzzle” but provide further important insights on the role of investment taxes in asset pricing. (JEL G11, G12, G35)
The Real Effects of Monetary Shocks in Sticky Price Models: A Sufficient Statistic Approach
Authors: Alvarez Fernando , Le Bihan Hervé , Lippi Francesco
Published: September 2016

We prove that the ratio of kurtosis to the frequency of price changes is a sufficient statistic for the real effects of monetary shocks, measured by the cumulated output response following the shock. The sufficient statistic result holds in a large class of models which includes Taylor (1980); Calvo (1983); Reis (2006 ); Golosov and Lucas (2007 ); Nakamura and Steinsson (2010); Midrigan (2011); and Alvarez and Lippi (2014). Several models in this class are able to account for the positive excess kurtosis of the size distribution of price changes that appears in the data. We review empirical measures of kurtosis and frequency and conclude that a model that successfully matches the microevidence on kurtosis and frequency produces real effects that are about four times larger than in the Golosov-Lucas model, and about 30 percent below those of the Calvo model. We discuss the robustness of our results to changes in the setup, including small inflation and leptokurtic cost shocks. (JEL, E23, E31)
Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India
Authors: Muralidharan Karthik , Niehaus Paul , Sukhtankar Sandip
Published: September 2016

Antipoverty programs in developing countries are often difficult to implement; in particular, many governments lack the capacity to deliver payments securely to targeted beneficiaries. We evaluate the impact of biometrically authenticated payments infrastructure (“Smartcards”) on beneficiaries of employment (NREGS) and pen sion (SSP) programs in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, using a large-scale experiment that randomized the rollout of Smartcards over 157 subdistricts and 19 million people. We find that, while incompletely implemented, the new system delivered a faster, more predictable, and less corrupt NREGS payments process without adversely affecting program access. For each of these outcomes, treatment group distributions first-order stochastically dominated those of the control group. The investment was cost-effective, as time savings to NREGS beneficiaries alone were equal to the cost of the intervention, and there was also a significant reduction in the “leakage” of funds between the government and beneficiaries in both NREGS and SSP programs. Beneficiaries overwhelmingly preferred the new system for both programs. Overall, our results suggest that investing in secure payments infrastructure can significantly enhance “state capacity” to implement welfare programs in developing countries. (JEL H53, H55, I32, I38, J65)
How Much Energy Do Building Energy Codes Save? Evidence from California Houses
Authors: Levinson Arik
Published: September 2016

Regulations governing the energy efficiency of new buildings have become a cornerstone of US environmental policy. California enacted the first such codes in 1978 and has tightened them every few years since. I evaluate the resulting energy savings three ways: comparing energy used by houses constructed under different standards, controlling for building and occupant characteristics; examining how energy use varies with outdoor temperatures; and comparing energy used by houses of different vintages in California to that same difference in other states. All three approaches yield estimated energy savings significantly short of those projected when the regulations were enacted. (JEL Q48, Q51, Q52)
Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors
Authors: Akcigit Ufuk , Baslandze Salomé , Stantcheva Stefanie
Published: September 2016

We study the effect of top tax rates on “superstar” inventors' international mobility since 1977, using panel data on inventors from the US and European Patent Offices. We exploit the differential impact of changes in top tax rates on inventors of different qualities. Superstar inventors' location choices are significantly affected by top tax rates. In our preferred specification, the elasticity to the net-of-tax rate of the number of domestic superstar inventors is around 0.03, while that of foreign superstar inventors is around 1. These elasticities are larger for inventors in multinational companies. An inventor is less sensitive to taxes in a country if his company performs a higher share of its research there. (JEL F22, F23, H24, H31, J61, O31, O34)
Corruption, Trade Costs, and Gains from Tariff Liberalization: Evidence from Southern Africa
Authors: Sequeira Sandra
Published: September 2016

This paper exploits quasi-experimental variation in tariffs in southern Africa to estimate trade elasticities. Traded quantities respond only weakly to a 30 percent reduction in the average nominal tariff rate. Trade flow data combined with primary data on firm behavior and bribe payments suggest that corruption is a potential explanation for the observed low elasticities. In contexts of pervasive corruption, even small bribes can significantly reduce tariffs, making tariff liberalization schemes less likely to affect the extensive and the intensive margins of firms' import behavior. The tariff liberalization scheme is, however, still associated with improved incentives to accurately report quantities of imported goods, and with a significant reduction in bribe transfers from importers to public officials. (JEL D22, D73, F13, H83, O17, O19, O24)
Can Tracking Raise the Test Scores of High-Ability Minority Students?
Authors: Card David , Giuliano Laura
Published: September 2016

We evaluate a tracking program in a large urban district where schools with at least one gifted fourth grader create a separate “gifted/high achiever” classroom. Most seats are filled by non-gifted high achievers, ranked by previous-year test scores. We study the program's effects on the high achievers using (i) a rank-based regres sion discontinuity design, and (ii) a between-school/cohort analysis. We find significant effects that are concentrated among black and Hispanic participants. Minorities gain 0.5 standard deviation units in fourth-grade reading and math scores, with persistent gains through sixth grade. We find no evidence of negative or positive spillovers on nonparticipants. (JEL I21, J21, J24)
Pathophysiological links between traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic headaches
Authors: Ruff Robert L. , Blake Kayla
Published: September 2016

This article reviews possible ways that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce migraine-type post-traumatic headaches (PTHs) in children, adults, civilians, and military personnel. Several cerebral alterations resulting from TBI can foster the development of PTH, including neuroinflammation that can activate neural systems associated with migraine. TBI can also compromise the intrinsic pain modulation system and this would increase the level of perceived pain associated with PTH. Depression and anxiety disorders, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are associated with TBI and these psychological conditions can directly intensify PTH. Additionally, depression and PTSD alter sleep and this will increase headache severity and foster the genesis of PTH. This article also reviews the anatomic loci of injury associated with TBI and notes the overlap between areas of injury associated with TBI and PTSD.
New Development Vectors in the System of Additional Pedagogical Professional Education in Moscow
Authors: Рытов  , Rytov A.
Published: September 2016

The article considers the factors depending on the features of management of educational organizations in Moscow, which had made an impact

on the activity of the educational organization’s leaders and placed new demands on the system of professional training and further training. The

project “Effective leader of capital education” is presented, which is realized through the module program, realization of the project of educational

organization’s leader and the system of mentoring support. The principles of educational programs development are given, the features of classes giving

and the requirements for training results are considered.
Preparation of Teachers to Create a Culture of Media Information Consumption
Authors: Жуковский  , Zhukovskiy V. , Шанин  , Shanin S.
Published: September 2016

The article considers one of the most important conditions for quality training of the teacher — the process of building a culture of information

consumption. The article provides pedagogical conditions of preparation of the future teaching staff to media education students, highlights the main

challenges that accompany this process. In conclusion, special techniques and programs are indicated aimed at the development and correction of

culture media consumption, the need to develop and implement new systems of marked direction is justified.
Methodological Aspects of the Development of Test Tasks As a Means of Mathematical Concepts Formation
Authors: Воинова  , Voinova I. , Сафонова  , Safonova L.
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to the methodical features of construction of test tasks aimed at the formation of mathematical concepts. The authors analyze

the pedagogical and psychological aspects of the given process, based on the logical rules of construction of determination notions and existing of the

concept of the formation of mathematical concepts. The paper discloses and substantiates the possibility of the use of test tasks as a means of formation

of mathematical concepts based on the diagnostic and didactic function tests. Methodic recommendations of application of test tasks at this or that

stage of work on notion is given. The examples of the construction test tasks in view of specificity the mathematical content are shown. The article also

examined ways of changing the complexity of these tasks, allowing you to use the proposed materials in the profile of teaching mathematics.

Materials of the article will be useful for teachers of mathematics, students of pedagogical universities, graduate students and scientific workers

pedagogical profile.
When Is a Network Epidemic Hard to Eliminate?
Authors: Drakopoulos Kimon , Ozdaglar Asuman , Tsitsiklis John N.
Published: September 2016

We consider the propagation of a contagion process (“epidemic”) on a network and study the problem of dynamically allocating a fixed curing budget to the nodes of the graph, at each time instant. For bounded degree graphs, we provide a lower bound on the expected time to extinction under any such dynamic allocation policy, in terms of a combinatorial quantity that we call the resistance of the set of initially infected nodes, the available budget, and the number of nodes n.

Specifically, we consider the case of bounded degree graphs, with the resistance growing linearly in n. We show that if the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the resistance, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially with n. As a corollary, if all nodes are initially infected and the CutWidth of the graph grows linearly, while the curing budget is less than a certain multiple of the CutWidth, then the expected time to extinction grows exponentially in n. The combination of the latter with our prior work establishes a fairly sharp phase transition on the expected time to extinction (sublinear versus exponential) based on the relation between the CutWidth and the curing budget.
50th Anniversary Invited Article—Future Research Directions in Stochastic Vehicle Routing
Authors: Gendreau Michel , Jabali Ola , Rei Walter
Published: September 2016

Stochastic vehicle routing, which deals with routing problems in which some of the key problem parameters are not known with certainty, has been an active, but fairly small research area for almost 50 years. However, over the past 15 years we have witnessed a steady increase in the number of papers targeting stochastic versions of the vehicle routing problem (VRP). This increase may be explained by the larger amount of data available to better analyze and understand various stochastic phenomena at hand, coupled with methodological advances that have yielded solution tools capable of handling some of the computational challenges involved in such problems.

In this paper, we first briefly sketch the state-of-the-art in stochastic vehicle routing by examining the main classes of stochastic VRPs (problems with stochastic demands, with stochastic customers, and with stochastic travel or service times), the modeling paradigms that have been used to formulate them, and existing exact and approximate solution methods that have been proposed to tackle them. We then identify and discuss two groups of critical issues and challenges that need to be addressed to advance research in this area. These revolve around the expression of stochastic phenomena and the development of new recourse strategies. Based on this discussion, we conclude the paper by proposing a number of promising research directions.
Survival rules
Authors: Gilbert Jonathan
Published: September 2016

Defibrillators are now a requirement – but what do they do and how do they work? Jonathan Gilbert explains
‘Dental nurse practitioners’ – what are they?
Authors: Barker Nick
Published: September 2016

In an ever-evolving dental world, we hear from Nick Barker on how dental nurse practitioners – at present, an aspirational title – are providing preventative clinical care within dentistry
Help them lead smoke-free lives
Authors: Pointer Rachel
Published: September 2016

Rachel Pointer on how joining forces with health colleagues can make a difference to the nation's health
A dental nurse's role in… direct restorations
Authors: MacLeavy Christine
Published: September 2016

You don't have to look too far into Levison, the dental nurse's bible, or Carol Hollins' book to revise what a dental nurse's role is when carrying out restorations, says Christine Macleavy, but…
Perfect combination
Authors: Cash Charlotte
Published: September 2016

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is part of standard precautions for infection prevention and control in the dental surgery
Uncomfortable truths
Authors: Sherlock Nicola
Published: September 2016

Nicola Sherlock reviews a new release by Graham Cope – Smoking – what all healthcare professionals need to know
The influence of cemented femoral stem choice on the incidence of revision for periprosthetic fracture after primary total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Palan J. , Smith M. C. , Gregg P. , Mellon S. , Kulkarni A. , Tucker K. , Blom A. W. , Murray D. W. , Pandit H.
Published: September 2016

Aims

Periprosthetic fracture (PF) after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication. This study aims to investigate the influence of cemented stem designs on the risk of needing a revision for a PF.

Patients and Methods

We analysed data on 257 202 primary THAs with cemented stems and 390 linked first revisions for PF recorded in the National Joint Registry (NJR) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland to determine if a cemented femoral stem brand was associated with the risk of having revision for a PF after primary THA. All cemented femoral stem brands with more than 10 000 primary operations recorded in the NJR were identified. The four most commonly used cemented femoral stems were the Exeter V40 (n = 146 409), CPT (n = 24 300), C-Stem (n = 15 113) and Charnley (n = 20 182). We compared the revision risk ratios due to PF amongst the stems using a Poisson regression model adjusting for patient factors. Compared with the Exeter V40, the age, gender and ASA grade adjusted revision rate ratio was 3.89 for the cemented CPT stem (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.07 to 4.93), 0.89 for the C-Stem (95% CI 0.57 to 1.41) and 0.41 for the Charnley stem (95% CI 0.24 to 0.70).

Conclusions

The limitations of the study include incomplete data capture, analysis of only PF requiring revision and that observation does not imply causality. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that the choice of a cemented stem may influence the risk of revision for PF. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1347–54.
Resident education in orthopaedic trauma
Authors: Nousiainen M. T. , McQueen S. A. , Hall J. , Kraemer W. , Ferguson P. , Marsh J. L. , Reznick R. R. , Reed M. R. , Sonnadara R.
Published: September 2016

As residency training programmes around the globe move towards competency-based medical education (CBME), there is a need to review current teaching and assessment practices as they relate to education in orthopaedic trauma. Assessment is the cornerstone of CBME, as it not only helps to determine when a trainee is fit to practice independently, but it also provides feedback on performance and guides the development of competence. Although a standardised core knowledge base for trauma care has been developed by the leading national accreditation bodies and international agencies that teach and perform research in orthopaedic trauma, educators have not yet established optimal methods for assessing trainees’ performance in managing orthopaedic trauma patients.

This review describes the existing knowledge from the literature on assessment in orthopaedic trauma and highlights initiatives that have recently been undertaken towards CBME in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.

In order to support a CBME approach, programmes need to improve the frequency and quality of assessments and improve on current formative and summative feedback techniques in order to enhance resident education in orthopaedic trauma.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1320–5.
Data errors in the National Hip Fracture Database
Authors: Cundall-Curry D. J. , Lawrence J. E. , Fountain D. M. , Gooding C. R.
Published: September 2016

Aims

We present an audit comparing our level I major trauma centre’s data for a cohort of patients with hip fractures in the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) with locally held data on these patients.

Patients and Methods

A total of 2036 records for episodes between July 2009 and June 2014 were reviewed.

Results

The demographics of nine patients were recorded incorrectly. The rate of incorrect data in operation codes was most significant with overall accuracy of 0.637 (95% CI 0.615 to 0.658). The sensitivity of NHFD coding ranged from 0.250 to 1.000 and the specificity 0.879 to 0.999. The recording of cementation had a sensitivity of 0.932 and specificity of 0.713. The recording of total hip arthroplasty had a sensitivity of 0.739 and specificity of 0.983. The overall accuracy of mortality data was 0.942 (95% CI 0.931 to 0.952), with sensitivity of 0.967 and specificity of 0.419.

Conclusion

This paper highlights the need for local audit of the integrity of data uploaded to the NHFD. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1406–9.
Outcomes following excision of Morton’s interdigital neuroma
Authors: Bucknall V. , Rutherford D. , MacDonald D. , Shalaby H. , McKinley J. , Breusch S. J.
Published: September 2016

Aims

This is the first prospective study to report the pre- and post-operative patient reported outcomes and satisfaction scores following excision of interdigital Morton’s neuroma.

Patients and Methods

Between May 2006 and April 2013, we prospectively studied 99 consecutive patients (111 feet) who were to undergo excision of a Morton’s neuroma. There were 78 women and 21 men with a mean age at the time of surgery of 56 years (22 to 78). Patients completed the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), Short Form-12 (SF-12) and a supplementary patient satisfaction survey three months pre-operatively and six months post-operatively.

Results

Statistically significant differences were found between the mean pre- and post-operative MOXFQ and the physical component of the SF-12 scores (p = 0.00081 and p = 0.00092 respectively). Most patients reported their overall satisfaction as excellent (n = 49, 49.5%) or good (n = 29, 29.3%), but ten patients were dissatisfied, reporting poor (n = 8, 8.1%) or very poor (n = 2, 2.0%) results. Only 63 patients (63%) were pain-free at follow-up: in eight patients (8.1%), the MOXFQ score worsened. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between surgery on single or multiple sites. However, the MOXFQ scores were significantly worse after revision surgery (p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The patient-reported outcomes after resection of a symptomatic Morton’s neuroma are acceptable but may not be as good as earlier studies suggest. Surgery at several sites can be undertaken safely but caution should be exercised when considering revision surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1376–81.
Patient-specific instrumentation improves the accuracy of acetabular component placement in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Spencer-Gardner L. , Pierrepont J. , Topham M. , Baré J. , McMahon S. , Shimmin A. J.
Published: September 2016

Aims

Accurate placement of the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an important factor in the success of the procedure. However, the reported accuracy varies greatly and is dependent upon whether free hand or navigated techniques are used. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of an instrument system that incorporates 3D printed, patient-specific guides designed to optimise the placement of the acetabular component.

Patients and Methods

A total of 100 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled and the accuracy of placement of the acetabular component was measured using post-operative CT scans.

Results

The mean absolute deviation from the planned inclination and anteversion was 3.9° (0.0° to 13.6°) and 3.6° (0.0° to 12.9°), respectively. In 91% of cases the planned target of +/-10° was achieved for both inclination and anteversion.

Conclusion

Accurate placement of the acetabular component can be achieved using patient-specific guides and is superior to free hand techniques and comparable to navigated and robotic techniques. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1342–6.