bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value of Sacral Reflex and Sympathetic Skin Reflex in the Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy P-Type
Authors: Li Xiaohang , Wang Chengju , Zhang Xueming , Zhang Wanli , Deng Binbin , Wang Xun , Huang Huanjie
Published: January 2021

Objectives. To observe the characteristics of sacral reflex and sympathetic skin reflex in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy P-type (MSA-P) and to analyze their value as a differential diagnostic method. Methods. The data of 30 healthy people, 58 PD patients, and 52 MSA-P patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were collected. Electrophysiological bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) and sympathetic skin response (SSR) were evaluated using the Keypoint EMG/EP system. The latency period, amplitude, and extraction rate of BCR and SSR were compared between the control, PD, and MSA-P groups. Results. The incidence of the related autonomic damage in the PD group was lower than that of the MSA-P group. For BCR, the latency period was shorter and the amplitude and elicitation rates were lower in the PD group than in the MSA-P group. For SSR, the latency period was longer in the MSA-P and PD groups than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion. SSR cannot be used to assess autonomic nerve function. PD patients can have clinical symptoms similar to those of MSA-P patients, but the incidence is lower. Both MSA-P and PD patients have a damage to the BCR arc, but the MSA-P patients have a more severe damage.
Study on the Static Performance of Prefabricated UHPC‐Steel Epoxy Bonding Interface
Authors: Zou Yang , Jiang Jinlong , Zhou Zhixiang , Wang Xifeng , Guo Jincen
Published: January 2021

Prefabricated UHPC‐steel composite structure can make full use of the two materials’ mechanical and construction performance characteristics, with super mechanical properties and durability, which has been proved to be a very promising structure. However, using traditional mechanical connectors to connect prefabricated UHPC and steel not only is inconvenient for the prefabrication of UHPC components but also introduces heavy welding work, which is detrimental to the construction speed and antifatigue performance of the composite structure. Bonding UHPC‐steel interface with epoxy adhesive is a potential alternative to avoid the above problem. In order to explore the mechanical properties of the prefabricated UHPC‐steel epoxy bonding interface, this study carried out the direct shear test, tensile test, and tensile‐shear test of the UHPC‐steel epoxy‐bonded interface (prefabricated UHPC‐steel epoxy bonding interface). The results show that the interface failure is mainly manifested as the peeling of the epoxy‐UHPC interface and the destruction of part of the UHPC matrix (the failure of the UHPC′s surface). In pure shear and pure tension state, the interfacial shear strength is 5.14 MPa and the interfacial tensile strength is 1.18 MPa. In the tensile‐shear state, the interfacial shear strength is 0.61 MPa and the interfacial tensile strength is 1.06 MPa. The stress‐displacement curves of the interface normal and tangential direction are all in the shape of a two‐fold line. The ultimate displacement was within 0.1 mm, showing the characteristics of brittle failure. Finally, a numerical model of the tensile specimen is established based on the cohesive interface element, and the interfacial tensile‐shear coupling failure mechanism (tensile‐shear coupling effect) is analyzed.
A Rare Case of GATA3 Positivity in Pleomorphic Lung Carcinoma in a Patient with History of Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast: Primary Lung or Metastatic Disease?
Authors: Abada Evi
Published: January 2021

Pleomorphic lung carcinoma is a rare and aggressive neoplasm accounting for <1% of all lung tumors. It is more common in men and consists of spindle and/or giant cells with an epithelial component. In patients with known histories of malignancies at other sites, diagnosis of a new lung lesion may prove challenging with respect to classification as either primary or metastatic disease, especially in cases with overlapping immunohistochemical staining patterns. This was a case of a 67-year-old female with a newly discovered 1.5 cm nodule in her left lower lung lobe. Her past medical history was significant for an intracystic papillary carcinoma of the right breast diagnosed 8 years prior. Histopathologic examination of the new lung lesion revealed highly pleomorphic cells composed predominantly of neoplastic giant cells and atypical mitotic figures, with geographic areas of necrosis. However, no areas reminiscent of intracystic papillary carcinoma or other forms of breast carcinoma were seen. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were immunoreactive for GATA3, TTF1, and napsin A and nonimmunoreactive for p40. Therefore, although this index lung tumor did show positivity with GATA3 staining, it was morphologically different from her original intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast. In addition, intracystic papillary carcinomas are known to rarely metastasize to other organs, and GATA3 staining has been rarely reported in lung carcinomas. In summary, this case typifies the overlapping immunohistochemical staining patterns that may be seen in different tumors and the role of histopathologic morphology in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
Fuzzy Integral Sliding Mode Control Based on Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Lian Lei , Ji Peng , OuYang Tianyu , Ma Fengying , Xu Shanwen , Gao Chao , Liu Jing
Published: January 2021

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a renewable clean energy. Microorganisms are used as catalysts to convert the chemical energy of organic matter in the sewage into electrical energy to realize sewage treatment and recover energy at the same time. It has good development prospects. However, the output power of MFC is affected by many factors, and it is difficult to achieve a stable voltage output. For the control‐oriented single‐chamber MFC, a fuzzy integral sliding mode control is designed. The continuous adjustment of the sliding surface ensures that the system only moves on the sliding surface, which eliminates the arrival stage and improves robustness. For chattering existing in the system, the control scheme is further optimized to obtain fuzzy integral sliding mode control, and the fuzzy module adaptively adjusts the control parameters according to the system state, which effectively reduces the system chattering. Experiments prove that the control scheme reduces chattering while ensuring the stable output of the system.
miR-301b-3p Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting NR3C2
Authors: Fan Yaohua , Li Yan , Zhu Yuzhang , Dai Guiping , Wu Dongjuan , Gao Zhenzhen , Zhang Lei , Xu Danying
Published: January 2021

Objectives. Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among females, and miRNAs have been reported to play an important regulatory role in breast cancer progression. This study aimed to explore the function and underlying molecular mechanism of miR-301b-3p in breast cancer. Methods. Differential analysis and survival analysis were performed based on the data accessed from the TCGA-BRCA dataset for identification of the target miRNA. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict the downstream target gene of the miRNA. Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to detect the expression of miR-301b-3p and nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2). Western blot was used to assess the protein expression of NR3C2. Cell counting kit-8 assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Transwell assay was conducted to determine the migratory and invasive abilities of breast cancer cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify the targeting relationship between miR-301b-3p and NR3C2. Results. miR-301b-3p was elevated in breast cancer cell lines and promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in terms of its biological function in breast cancer. NR3C2 was validated as a direct target of miR-301b-3p via bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay, and NR3C2 was downregulated in breast cancer cell lines. The rescue experiment indicated that NR3C2 was involved in the mechanism by which miR-301b-3p regulated the malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells. Conclusion. The present study revealed for the first time that miR-301b-3p could foster breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting NR3C2, unveiling that miR-301b-3p is a novel carcinogen in breast cancer.
Predictive and Prognostic Role of Lipocalin-2 Expression in Prostate Cancer and Its Association with Gleason Score
Authors: Ulusoy M. Hakan , Cirak Yalcin , Adali Yasemen
Published: January 2021

Lipocalin-2 has an important role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. However, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. The objective of this study is to determine the expression level of lipocalin-2 in human prostate cancer tissues and to evaluate the relationship between its expression level and clinicopathologic parameters including response to docetaxel treatment, Gleason score, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). We retrospectively analyzed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 33 metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients whose clinical outcomes had been tracked after docetaxel treatment. The expression status of lipocalin-2 was defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the anti-lipocalin-2 antibody. Lipocalin-2 was highly expressed in 36% of the examined specimens. There was no significant correlation between high lipocalin-2 expression and docetaxel response (

p
:
0.09

). High lipocalin-2 expression was signiﬁcantly associated with a higher Gleason score (

p
=
0.027

). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis failed to show a significant correlation between expression levels of lipocalin-2 and both OS and PFS although patients with high lipocalin-2 levels had a numerically shorter PFS and OS time compared to patients with low levels. Consequently, it is clear that further studies are needed to evaluate the predictive and prognostic role of lipocalin-2 in prostate cancer patients.
Distalization in Orthodontics: A Review and Case Series
Authors: Alogaibi Yahya A. , Al-Fraidi Ahmad A. , Alhajrasi Manar K. , Alkhathami Saleh S. , Hatrom Abdulkarim , Afify Ahmed R.
Published: January 2021

Distalization is a conservative method that is utilized in orthodontics to gain space by moving posterior teeth distally. It may be combined with other space gaining strategies, such as expansion, or can be used alone. Many methods have been used for distalization. These methods differ significantly in their place, whether to be extraoral or intraoral, site of action in upper and/or lower arch, and cooperation needed by the patient if it is removable or fixed. This review illustrates some of the most commonly used methods for distalization with a brief presentation of three cases that incorporated successful distalization techniques.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Soil Interface under Dry‐Wet Cycle
Authors: Huang Liang , Ma Wenbo , Hou Yujie , Wang Bo , Zhu Jiahua
Published: January 2021

The reinforced soil‐retaining wall has been widely used in coastal projects, and the dry‐wet cycles influence the mechanical properties of the reinforced soil interface. This study conducts macro‐micro tests and selects four different water content samples of reinforced soil with five types of overburden pressure conditions and three sets of dry‐wet cycles, with a total of 60 working conditions. The pull‐out test was used to study the mechanical properties of the reinforced soil interface. The scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microscopic characterization of the particles under different working conditions. Through the analysis of the experimental results, we can draw the conclusion as follows. (1) The friction coefficient of the reinforced soil interface decreases with the increase of the number of dry and wet cycles. (2) The apparent cohesion of soil‐reinforcement interface decreases with the increase of the number of dry‐wet cycles. After 30 dry‐wet cycles, the apparent cohesion of the soil‐reinforcement interface with water content of 14% is the maximum 5.91 kPa. The variation law of cohesion derived from microstructure analysis conforms to the laws and conclusions obtained by the experiment. (3) The shear stress of the reinforced soil is linearly related to the normal stress, which is in accordance with Coulomb’s law.
Evaluation of Botanical Powders for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Rupandehi, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Dipak , Neupane Subin Babu , Bhattarai Archana , Khatri-Chhetri Swarnima , Nakarmi Nisha , Sapkota Sarita , Mahat Bivekananda , Pandey Pushpa , Sharma Vinita
Published: January 2021

An experiment to manage rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L. Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Gramineae) was carried out at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, Nepal. The experiment was conducted under completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments viz. neem leaf dust (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) 15 g/kg, tobacco leaf dust (Nicotiana tabacum L.) 10 g/kg, ginger rhizome powder (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) 20 g/kg, garlic cloves powder (Allium sativum L.) 20 g/kg, Sichuan pepper seed powder (Zanthoxylum armatum Roxb.) 10 g/kg, sweet flag rhizome dust (Acorus calamus L.) 5 g/kg, and control with three replication. Result revealed that the highest mortality of weevils was observed in the wheat seed treated with A. calamus (98.33%), followed by N. tabacum (85.67%), A. sativum (73.34%), A. indica (70.67%), Z. armatum (70.34%), and Z. officinale (58.34%). Similarly, the lowest percent weight loss (3.32%) and damage of seed (4.0%) were observed in wheat treated with A. calamus. Moreover, the highest germination (89%) was observed in seeds treated with A. calamus rhizome powder when tested at 90 days after treatment application. Based on weevil mortality and the germination test, it is found that sweet flag rhizome powder is the best treatment against rice weevil followed by tobacco leaf dust and garlic clove powder. Therefore, these botanicals could be one of the effective alternatives for the management of weevil especially to the farmers who do not use chemical insecticides in the rural areas of Nepal.
Systemic Overexpression of GDF5 in Adipocytes but Not Hepatocytes Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice
Authors: Yang Yan , Zhang Wenting , Wu Xiaohui , Wu Jing , Sun Chengjun , Luo Feihong , Pei Zhou
Published: January 2021

Objective. Our recent study demonstrated that growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) could promote white adipose tissue thermogenesis and alleviate high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obesity in fatty acid-binding protein 4- (Fabp4-) GDF5 transgenic mice (TG). Here, we further investigated the effects of systemic overexpression of the GDF5 gene in adipocytes HFD-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods. Fabp4-GDF5 TG mice were administered an HFD feeding. NAFLD-related indicators associated with lipid metabolism and inflammation were measured. A GDF5 lentiviral vector was constructed, and the LO2 NAFLD cell model was induced by FFA solution (oleic acid and palmitic acid). The alterations in liver function, liver lipid metabolism, and related inflammatory indicators were analyzed. Results. The liver weight was significantly reduced in the TG group, which was in accordance with the significantly downregulated expression of TNFα, MCP1, Aim2, and SREBP-1c and significantly upregulated expression of CPT-1α and ACOX2 in TG mouse livers. Compared to that of cells in the FAA-free control group, LO2 cells with in situ overexpression of GDF5 developed lipid droplets after FFA treatment; the levels of triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in both the GDF5 lentivirus and control lentivirus groups compared with those of the FAA-free group. Additionally, the levels of FAS, SREBP-1, CPT-1α, and inflammation-associated genes, such as ASC and NLRC4, were unaltered despite GDF5 treatment. Conclusion. Systemic overexpression of GDF5 in adipose tissue in vivo significantly reduced HFD-induced NAFLD liver damage in mice. The overexpression of GDF5 in hepatocytes failed to improve lipid accumulation and inflammation-related reactions induced by mixed fatty acids, suggesting that the protective effect of GDF5 in NAFLD was mainly due to the reduction in adipose tissue and improvements in metabolism. Hence, our study suggests that the management of NAFLD should be targeted to reduce the overall amount of body fat and improve metabolic status before the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis occurs.
Common Peroneal Nerve Injury Related to Small Saphenous Vein Surgery: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mura Sebastiano , De Biasio Fabrizio , Zingaretti Nicola , Scalise Anna , Parodi Pier Camillo
Published: January 2021

Although iatrogenic damage is less often involved, deep nerve injuries are reported especially as a result of small saphenous vein (SSV) dissection. Complete or partial division of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) during varicose vein operations causes substantial and serious disability. Most CPN injuries recover spontaneously; nonetheless, some require nerve surgery. Treatment depends on the nature of CPN injury. This report chronicles 2 instances of CPN injury after SSV surgery, addressing treatment strategies and therapeutic gains. The pertinent literature is also reviewed.
Eye Salvage with Intra-Arterial and Intra-Vitreal Chemotherapy in Patients with Retinoblastoma: 8-Year Single-Institution Experience in Colombia
Authors: González María Elena , Gaviria Martha Lia , López Mariana , Escudero Pablo Andrés , Bravo Andrés , Vargas Sergio Alberto
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is useful for eye preservation in advanced retinoblastoma (Rb). Intra-vitreal chemotherapy (IvitC) is the latest treatment for vitreous seeds. Methods: The present study is a retrospective assessment of 100 eyes, treated with primary or secondary IAC alone or with IvitC. We evaluated demographic and clinical variables, eye salvage, associated adverse events, and patient survival. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox hazard ratios were utilized to assess the effect of demographic and clinical variables over eye salvage. Results: Bilateral Rb was observed in 61% of patients, and 57% of eyes received secondary treatment. Forty eyes needed intra-arterial plus IvitC and 62 presented advanced disease (group D and E). Three- and 5-year ocular survival probabilities were 75 and 68%. We found a higher risk in group D and E eyes and those requiring 2 or more routes for ophthalmic artery catheterization. Patients coming from other countries also showed increased risk. Using primary or secondary treatment, or IvitC, did not affect this risk. Overall rates of survival and eye salvages were 98.8 and 73%, and we had a 100% catheterization success and none ophthalmic arterial occlusions. Conclusions: In an upper middle-income country such as Colombia, a specialized institution counting with therapeutic alternatives and a multidisciplinary team can reach rates of patient survival and eye salvage similar to those of high-income countries.
Cytologic Features of Ventricular Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Review with Emphasis on Diff-Quik Stained Smears
Authors: Jimenez-Heffernan Jose Antonio , Alvarez Federico , Muñoz-Hernández Patricia , Bárcena Carmen , Azorin Daniel , Bernal Israel , Pérez-Campos Ana
Published: January 2021

Background: Neoplasms from the ventricular system share a common location but have highly variable histogenesis. Many are slowly growing tumors that behave in a benign fashion. They can be classified as primary and secondary tumors. The most common primary tumors are ependymomas, subependymomas, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, central neurocytomas, choroid plexus tumors, meningiomas, germinomas, pineal parenchymal tumors, papillary tumors of the pineal region, chordoid gliomas, rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle, and craniopharyngiomas. Pilocytic astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors often show secondary involvement of the ventricular system. Summary: Advances in neurosurgery have facilitated access to the ventricular system increasing the number of cases in which such tumors can be biopsied. In this context, cytology has been proven to be an extremely useful diagnostic tool during intraoperative pathologic consultations. Many ventricular tumors are infrequent, and the cytologic information available is limited. In this review, we describe the cytologic features of the uncommon ventricular tumors and report on unusual findings of the more common ones. For the cytologic evaluation of brain tumors, many neuropathologists prefer formalin fixation and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In this review, we highlight the cytologic findings as seen with Diff-Quik, a very popular staining method among cytopathologists. In fact, when pathologists are unfamiliar with cytology, it is common to request the assistance of cytopathologists during the evaluation of intraoperative procedures. Key Message: Ventricular tumors of the central nervous system comprise a group of heterogeneous tumors with very different cytologic features. The cytomorphology of these tumors, including rare entities, is often very characteristic, allowing a precise recognition during intraoperative pathologic consultations. Diff-Quik is a valuable staining method that can be used alone or as a complement to hematoxylin and eosin staining. Diff-Quik allows for clear visualization of the overall architecture, cytoplasmic details, and extracellular material.
Does Pandemic Anxiety Affect Urology Health Care Workers?
Authors: Apfelbeck Maria , Staehler Michael , Rodler Severin , Stredele Regina , Chaloupka Michael , Mumm Jan-Niclas , Buchner Alexander , Stief Christian , Casuscelli Jozefina
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To assess anxiety, stress level, and perception of safety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in health care workers (HCWs) of one of Germany’s largest urology university clinics. Methods: A cross-sectional study among urological HCWs was performed. HCWs were surveyed for anxiety about the pandemic, stress level and current workload, fear of coronavirus infection, current perception of safety at work, and attitude towards protective equipment and tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results: Sixty-three HCWs filled in the questionnaire. Overall anxiety of infection with CO­VID-19 is at a median of 4.7 with no statistically significant difference between nurses and physicians (p = 0.0749). Safety at work reaches a median of 6 out of 10. In fact, the highest fear in 56.7% (31/63) of the personnel is to get infected by a colleague tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 despite wearing surgical face masks. A proportion of 55.7 and 74.6% highly favor swabs for SARS-CoV-2 on a regular basis in HCWs and patients, respectively (p = 0.0001). Workload in the urology department is clearly reduced during the pandemic (physicians 39.3% vs. nurses 32.2%, p = 0.0001) and 57.4% do not feel distress at all; only 27.9% express mental distress. Conclusion: During the pandemic, urology HCWs perceive lower burden by workload and deem themselves at low risk of infection. However, the greatest anxiety is related to infection by a SARS-CoV-2-positive colleague, despite reciprocal protection by surgical face masks. This highlights a relevant mental stress and uncertainty towards management of infected HCWs, calling for increased education and psychological support.
The Double Effect of COVID-19 Confinement Measures and Economic Recession on High-Risk Drug Users and Drug Services
Authors: Costa Storti Claudia , Bretteville-Jensen Anne Line , De Grauwe Paul , Moeller Kim , Mounteney Jane , Stevens Alex
Published: January 2021

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have a profound impact on the lives of high-risk drug users and on the services responding to their needs in at least two important ways: first, through the restrictive measures introduced to mitigate the spread of the virus and, second, as a result of extensive economic downturn. Currently there is great uncertainty as to the future intensity and duration of the pandemic. In addition, the lessons we have been able to learn from previous economic downturns may be of limited applicability to the current situation, which differs in a number of significant respects. Experience nevertheless suggests that the potential consequences for drug users’ health and well-being may be severe. The ongoing uncertainty serves to underline the importance of close monitoring of the drug situation and preparing flexible and innovative solutions to be able to meet new challenges which may arise.
Avances en tomografía de coherencia óptica y endomicroscopía confocal láser en enfermedades pulmonares
Authors: Goorsenberg Annika W.M. , Kalverda Kirsten A. , Annema Jouke T. , Bonta Peter I.
Published: January 2021

El diagnóstico y monitoreo de enfermedades pulmonares depende en gran medida de los estudios de imagen, las pruebas de función fisiológica y la toma de muestras de tejido. La tomografía de coherencia óptica (TCO) y la endomicroscopía confocal láser (ECL) son técnicas de imagen novedosas con resolución casi microscópica, que pueden combinarse de manera fácil y segura con la broncoscopía convencional. Mediante estas técnicas pueden visualizarse compartimentos anatómicos pulmonares relacionados con enfermedades, en tiempo real. En enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas, pueden identificarse y cuantificarse las capas en las paredes de las vías respiratorias y el remodelado estructural asociado. En neoplasias pulmonares, es posible discriminar entre áreas normales y malignas en las vías respiratorias centrales, el parénquima pulmonar, los nodos linfáticos y la pleura. Un número creciente de enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales (EPIs) han podido visualizarse mediante TCO o ECL. Es posible estudiar por imagen varios cambios estructurales asociados con EPIs: fibrosis, infiltración celular, bronqui(ol)ectasias, quistes y el patrón microscópico en panal de abejas. Aunque aún no se han implantado en la práctica clínica, la TCO y la ECL tienen el potencial de mejorar la detección y el monitoreo de enfermedades pulmonares y pueden contribuir a desentrañar la fisiopatología de varias enfermedades y el mecanismo de acción de nuevos tratamientos. De hecho, el examen de las paredes de las vías respiratorias mediante TCO podría ser útil al evaluar tratamientos contra el remodelado de las vías respiratorias. Al visualizar células malignas individuales, la ECL tiene potencial como herramienta para detectar el cáncer en tiempo real. En el futuro, ambas técnicas podrían combinarse con la detección de marcadores fluorescentes con láser. Esta revisión discute el valor de la TCO y la ECL en la medicina pulmonar, presentando de forma sumaria la evidencia actual, y se comentan las perspectivas a futuro.
O “acontecimento 1968” brasileiro: reflexões acerca de uma periodização da cultura de contestação estudantil
Authors: Müller Angelica
Published: January 2021

Ao longo das décadas de 1960 e 1970 pôde ser vista em escala mundial a eclosão de movimentos de contestação, oriundos de uma juventude engajada, cuja circulação de referências, atores e repertórios foi reinterpretada de acordo com as diferentes conjunturas nacionais, abrindo, dessa maneira, diferentes possibilidades de atuação para os movimentos estudantis, a saber, dentre outras: as guerras revolucionárias de libertação nacional; a rejeição da política tradicional; a defesa das universidades; a inclusão dos valores da contracultura e a emergência de novos movimentos sociais. A partir da produção historiográfica sobre o tema e utilizando documentos de naturezas diversas, o artigo reflete sobre a periodização da “época 68” do movimento estudantil brasileiro, analisando-a a partir de seu acontecimento, que possibilitou a ampliação do repertório de contestação contra a ditadura militar, mostrando como essas diferentes influências aparecem no caso brasileiro através das suas rupturas e continuidades.
Erectile dysfunction in male lymphoma survivors in a Southeast Asian country
Authors: Gan Gin Gin , Ng Diana Leh Ching , Leong Yuen Chwan
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

Although erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of known long-term complications among male lymphoma survivors, it is not commonly reported, particularly in Southeast Asia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ED in lymphoma survivors in Malaysia and its association with anxiety and depression, and effects on quality of life.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Patients were all male lymphoma survivors. The self-administered International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire was used to screen for ED. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score questionnaire was used to assess for anxiety and depression, and quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire.

Results:

Overall, 106 patients were recruited. Mean age was 55.7 years, with 61.3% of patients aged above 50 years. Only 67.0% of patients were sexually active and 81.7% of these reported the presence of ED, with only 4.2% having severe ED. Prevalence of ED among younger patients (age ≤50 years old) was 64.5%.The most common reason given by patients who were not sexually active was fatigue. Age was the only factor found to be associated with ED (p <0.005) and severity of ED increased with age. There was no association between ED and psychological stress or quality of life.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of ED and absence of sexual activity in lymphoma survivors was high. This should serve as a reminder to the treating clinician to offer early treatment and counselling.
One Manuscript, Many Books: The Manuscript and Editing History of Aḥkām ahl al-dhimma
Authors: Bosanquet Antonia
Published: January 2021

Aḥkām ahl al-dhimma is a book of regulations about Christian and Jewish subjects of Islamic rule, written by the Ḥanbalī jurist and theologian Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350). It is an important resource for historical studies of non-Muslim minorities in the Mamluk period and is often cited as a normative text in present-day Muslim discussions about Muslim-non-Muslim relations. This article gives an insight into the history of the only surviving manuscript of Aḥkām ahl al-dhimma and the unusual process by which the first printed edition was compiled. It shows that the movement of the manuscript was largely a result of Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn al-Qayyim’s more general popularity in specific geographic regions than the authority of the text itself, and that individuals’ religious-intellectual interests were decisive for the publication of a printed edition in 1961. It also shows that the unusual editing process impacted on the reliability of the printed editions available today, the majority of which are financed by Saudi institutions.
Inductive Metaphysics
Authors: Engelhard Kristina , Feldbacher-Escamilla Christian J. , Gebharter Alexander , Seide Ansgar
Published: January 2021

This introduction consists of two parts. In the first part, the special issue editors introduce inductive metaphysics from a historical as well as from a systematic point of view and discuss what distinguishes it from other modern approaches to metaphysics. In the second part, they give a brief summary of the individual articles in this special issue.
Analogical Inference in Gustav Theodor Fechner’s Inductive Metaphysics
Authors: Seide Ansgar
Published: January 2021

Gustav Theodor Fechner was one of the main proponents of inductive metaphysics in the 19th century. The idea of inductive metaphysics is to use empirical sources and inductive forms of inference in metaphysics. Although this sounds like a research program which might well appeal to scientifically minded philosophers, some of Fechner’s metaphysical conclusions look very suspicious from a scientific viewpoint. For example, Fechner famously argues that the planets and stars are animated by a soul and that the same holds for the whole universe. In the present article it is shown that Fechner’s mystical cosmological views are based on a principle of analogy which is too permissive and that as a result of that his central argument to the conclusion that the earth is animated by a soul is not correct. As the article argues, the principle Fechner bases his inference on has to be supplemented by a causal condition along the lines of Mary Hesse’s account of analogical inferences, a condition Fechner at least implicitly recognizes but fails to meet.
A new species of planthopper in the genus Myxia (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae) from the Reserva Privada el Silencio de Los Angeles Cloud Forest in Costa Rica
Authors: ECHAVARRIA MARCO A. ZUMBADO , BARRANTES EDWIN A. BARRANTES , BARTLETT CHARLES R. , HELMICK ERICKA E. , BAHDER BRIAN W.
Published: January 2021

A new species of Myxia Bahder & Bartlett (Cixiidae: Cixiinae: Oecleini) is established as Myxia baynardi sp. n. collected from native palms in cloud forest habitat in Costa Rica. Placement in the genus Myxia is supported by molecular analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 18S loci as well as morphological characters. Haplaxius delta (Kramer) was collected along the Caribbean coast as a new country record for Costa Rica. Based on morphological characters observed and molecular analysis of COI and 18S, H. delta is herein moved to the genus Myxia.
A new species of Leptoplectus Casey from Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with comments on morphology of integumental structures in Euplectitae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ , NOMURA SHÛHEI
Published: January 2021

Leptoplectus kijimunaa Jałoszyński & Nomura, sp. n. is described, based on a series of specimens collected on Okinawa Island, Japan. Morphological structures of the new species are illustrated in detail and compared to known characters of all remaining 14 congeners. As the diagnosis of Leptoplectus remains unclear, character variability within known species is discussed. It is concluded that within Palaearctic region, the bilobed labrum is a reliable character to distinguish this genus from other Euplectini. The placement of Labroplectus Kurbatov, treated as incertae sedis within the tribe Trichonychini in the latest edition of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, is verified and it is concluded that it should be maintained in Euplectini. An identification key to genera of northeastern Asian Euplectini is given. We also comment on outdated and inaccurate morphological nomenclature still broadly used in descriptions of new Pselaphinae taxa.
Suicide Prevention
Authors: Daniel Melanie
Published: January 2021

Suicide prevention begins with understanding depression and mental health protection.
Adsorption behaviour of clomazone on inorganic and organically modified natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Serbia)
Authors: Kaluđerović Lazar , Tomić Zorica P. , Đurović-Pejčev Rada , Životić Ljubomir
Published: January 2021

The adsorption behaviour of the herbicide clomazone on inorganic and organically modified montmorillonite from the Bogovina deposit in Serbia was investigated. Montmorillonite was modified first with NaCl and then with organic complexes such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) and phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA). Changes in the surface properties and morphology of the montmorillonite before and after the modification with various concentrations of organic complexes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorption of clomazone on all examined samples was investigated using the batch adsorption method. Montmorillonite modified with HDTMA-bromide displayed greater uptake of the clomazone compared to the PTMA-montmorillonite, and both organically modified montmorillonites displayed greater uptake of the herbicide compared to the inorganic montmorillonite. Comparing the Freundlich coefficient and maximum adsorbed clomazone quantity values obtained by Langmuir model, the levels of adsorption of clomazone decreased in the following order: HDTMA-montmorillonite with 1.00 cation-exchange capacity (CEC) saturation > HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.75 CEC saturation > PTMA-montmorillonite with 1.00 CEC saturation > PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.75 CEC saturation > HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.50 CEC saturation > HDTMA-montmorillonite with 0.25 CEC saturation > PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.50 CEC saturation > PTMA-montmorillonite with 0.25 CEC saturation > Na-montmorillonite > raw sample. The type and content of an organic cation plays an important role in the behaviour of clomazone in a solid/liquid system. It is concluded that organically modified montmorillonite from Bogovina might be used as an effective adsorbent for clomazone.
The formation of alluvial platinum-group minerals: present knowledge and the way ahead
Authors: Bowles John F.W. , Suárez Saioa
Published: January 2021

The weathering of platinum-group element (PGE) deposits presents unusual problems, especially in the very active environment of lateritic weathering under tropical conditions. There is clear evidence of the destruction of platinum-group minerals (PGM) to form PGE oxides, or fine intergrowths between relict PGM and iron oxides or hydroxides, as an intermediate stage during weathering. The PGE released by weathering are transported in solution with the more soluble Pd species remaining in solution and travelling further than the less soluble Pt species. The presence of PGM in the laterite differing in mineralogy, mineral assemblage and size from those in the primary rock is difficult to explain, especially when they show secondary textures. Differing interpretations have created controversy. Are alluvial PGM derived unaltered from the primary rock where they are rare and, therefore, not encountered by standard petrographic examination? Is it possible that they could have developed in the laterite by some process that we do not yet fully understand? Some favourable genetic conditions have been outlined and debated. For more than 100 years authors have reported secondary ore textures and recently proposed a biogenic origin. Frank Reith and his co-workers provided evidence of a process involving metallophillic bacteria which, for the first time, demonstrates PGM growth in the laboratory under supergene conditions. Their work shows that a mechanism for supergene growth (‘neoformation’) can occur, which offers a new field of study of the appropriate Eh, pH, $f_{{\rm O}_ 2}$ conditions and organic and bacterial reactions that could permit supergene growth.
Rapid removal of phagosomal ferroportin in macrophages contributes to nutritional immunity
Authors: Flannagan Ronald S. , Farrell Tayler J. , Trothen Steven M. , Dikeakos Jimmy D. , Heinrichs David E.
Published: January 2021

Nutrient sequestration is an essential facet of host innate immunity. Macrophages play a critical role in controlling iron availability through expression of the iron transport protein ferroportin (FPN), which extrudes iron from the cytoplasm to the extracellular milieu. During phagocytosis, the limiting phagosomal membrane, which derives from the plasmalemma, can be decorated with FPN and, if functional, will move iron from the cytosol into the phagosome lumen. This serves to feed iron to phagocytosed microbes and would be counterproductive to the many other known host mechanisms working to starve microbes of this essential metal. To understand how FPN is regulated during phagocytosis, we expressed FPN as a green fluorescent protein–fusion protein in macrophages and monitored its localization during uptake of various phagocytic targets, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, human erythrocytes, and immunoglobulin G opsonized latex beads. We find that FPN is rapidly removed, independently of Vps34 and PI(3)P, from early phagosomes and does not follow recycling pathways that regulate transferrin receptor recycling. Live-cell video microscopy showed that FPN movement on the phagosome is dynamic, with punctate and tubular structures forming before FPN is trafficked back to the plasmalemma. N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor, which disrupts soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE)–mediated membrane fusion and trafficking, prevented FPN removal from the phagosome. Our data support the hypothesis that removal of FPN from the limiting phagosomal membrane will, at the cellular level, ensure that iron cannot be pumped into phagosomes. We propose this as yet another mechanism of host nutritional immunity to subvert microbial growth.
Chromosomal defects and survival in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma after allogeneic HSCT
Authors: Nakano Nobuaki , Utsunomiya Atae , Matsuo Keitaro , Yoshida Noriaki , Seto Masao , Ohshima Kouichi , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Fuji Shigeo , Takatsuka Yoshifusa , Ito Ayumu , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Suehiro Youko , Nakamae Hirohisa , Sawayama Yasushi , Yuasa Mitsuhiro , Miyazaki Yasuhiko , Ota Shuichi , Imada Kazunori , Fukuda Takahiro , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Kato Koji
Published: January 2021

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells frequently exhibit chromosomal abnormalities, including numerical aberrations and structural defects. However, no studies have examined the correlation between these abnormalities and survival in patients with ATL after allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). In this study, 300 patients with ATL (median age, 55 years; range, 24-74) who were registered in a Japanese nationwide registry database were analyzed. The majority (n = 183) had acute ATL. Specimens for chromosomal analysis were collected from bone marrow (n = 166), lymph nodes (n = 86), peripheral blood (n = 41), and other locations (n = 7). In survival analyses, breakpoints at 2q (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.38; P = .012) and 5q (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.25-3.80; P = .006) were significantly poor prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). In terms of ATL-related death, loss of chromosome 14 and breakpoints at 3p, 1q, 5q, and 6q were extracted as significantly poor prognostic factors. Moreover, complex karyotypes were associated with ATL-related death. This study of the survival impact of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with ATL after allo-HSCT demonstrated that several structural breakpoints were independent risk factors for OS and ATL-related death.
Asthma prescribing according to Arg16Gly beta-2 genotype: a randomised trial in adolescents
Authors: Ruffles Tom , Jones Christina J. , Palmer Colin , Turner Steve , Grigg Jonathan , Tavendale Roger , Hogarth Fiona , Rauchhaus Petra , Pilvinyte Kristina , Hannah Romanie , Smith Helen , Littleford Roberta , Lipworth Brian , Mukhopadhyay Somnath
Published: January 2021

Introduction

The A allele of rs1042713 (Arg16 amino acid) in the β2-adrenoreceptor is associated with poor response to long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) in young people with asthma. Our aim was to assess whether the prescribing of second-line controller with LABA or a leukotriene receptor antagonist according to Arg16Gly genotype would result in improvements in Pediatric Asthma-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ).

Methods

We performed a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT)viaa primary care clinical research network covering England and Scotland. We enrolled participants aged 12–18 years with asthma taking inhaled corticosteroids. 241 participants (mean±sdage 14.7±1.91 years) were randomised (1:1) to receive personalised care (genotype directed prescribing) or standard guideline care. Following a 4-week run-in participants were followed for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was change in PAQLQ. Asthma control, asthma exacerbation frequency and healthcare utilisation were secondary outcomes.

Results

Genotype-directed prescribing resulted in an improvement in PAQLQ compared to standard care (0.16, 95% CI 0.00–0.31; p=0.049), although this improvement was below the pre-determined clinical threshold of 0.25. The AA genotype was associated with a larger improvement in PAQLQ with personalisedversusstandard care (0.42, 95% CI 0.02–0.81; p=0.041).

Conclusion

This is the first RCT demonstrating that genotype-driven asthma prescribing is associated with a significant improvement in a clinical outcome compared to standard care. Adolescents with the AA homozygous genotype benefited most. The potential role of such β2-adrenoceptor genotype directed therapy in younger and more severe childhood asthma warrants further exploration.
Respiratory care in myotubular myopathy
Authors: Tan Hui-leng , Chan Elaine
Published: January 2021

X-linked myotubular myopathy is a neuromuscular condition caused by pathogenic variants in theMTM1gene, which encodes for myotubularin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate phosphatase. Affected individuals typically require intensive medical intervention to survive, though there are some milder phenotypes. To date, respiratory management has been primarily supportive, optimising clearance of airway secretions, providing ventilatory support and prevention/early intervention of respiratory infections. Encouragingly, there has been significant progress in the development of novel therapeutic strategies such as gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy and drugs that modulate downstream pathways. In this review, we discuss the common respiratory issues using four illustrative real-life cases, and summarise recent translational research, which offers hope to many patients and their families.
Oesophageal pressure as a surrogate of pleural pressure in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Tilmont Antoine , Coiffard Benjamin , Yoshida Takeshi , Daviet Florence , Baumstarck Karine , Brioude Geoffrey , Hraiech Sami , Forel Jean-Marie , Roch Antoine , Brochard Laurent , Papazian Laurent , Guervilly Christophe
Published: January 2021

Background

Oesophageal pressure (Poes) is used to approximate pleural pressure (Ppl) and therefore to estimate transpulmonary pressure (PL). We aimed to compare oesophageal and regional pleural pressures and to calculate transpulmonary pressures in a prospective physiological study on lung transplant recipients during their stay in the intensive care unit of a tertiary university hospital.

Methods

Lung transplant recipients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and monitored by oesophageal manometry and dependent and nondependent pleural catheters were investigated during the post-operative period. We performed simultaneous short-time measurements and recordings of oesophageal manometry and pleural pressures. Expiratory and inspiratoryPLwere computed by subtracting regionalPplorPoesfrom airway pressure; inspiratoryPLwas also calculated with the elastance ratio method.

Results

16 patients were included. Among them, 14 were analysed. Oesophageal pressures correlated with dependent and nondependent pleural pressures during expiration (R2=0.71, p=0.005 and R2=0.77, p=0.001, respectively) and during inspiration (R2=0.66 for both, p=0.01 and p=0.014, respectively).PLvalues calculated usingPoeswere close to those obtained from the dependent pleural catheter but higher than those obtained from the nondependent pleural catheter both during expiration and inspiration.

Conclusions

In ventilated lung transplant recipients, oesophageal manometry is well correlated with pleural pressure. The absolute value ofPoesis higher thanPplof nondependent lung regions and could therefore underestimate the highest level of lung stress in those at high risk of overinflation.