bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rictor regulates the vasculogenic mimicry of melanoma via the AKT‐MMP‐2/9 pathway
Authors: Liang Xingmei , Sun Ran , Zhao Xiulan , Zhang Yanhui , Gu Qiang , Dong Xueyi , Zhang Danfang , Sun Junying , Sun Baocun
Published: July 2017

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM)‐positive melanomas are usually associated with poor prognosis. Rictor, the key component of the rapamycin‐insensitive complex of mTOR (mTORC2), is up‐regulated in several cancers, especially in melanomas with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Rictor in the regulation of VM and the mechanism underlying this possible regulation. VM channels were found in 35 of 81 tested melanoma samples and high Rictor expression correlated with VM structures. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated that VM structures and high Rictor expression correlated with shorter survival in patients with melanoma. In vitro, Rictor knockdown by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly inhibited the ability of A375 and MUM‐2B melanoma cells to form VM structures, as evidenced by most tubes remaining open. Cell cycle analysis revealed that Rictor knockdown blocked cell growth and resulted in the accumulation of cells in G2/M phase, and cell migration and invasion were greatly affected after Rictor down‐regulation. Western blotting assays indicated that down‐regulating Rictor significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and Thr308, which subsequently inhibited the expression and activity of downstream MMP‐2/9, as confirmed by real‐time PCR and gelatin Zymography. MK‐2206, a small‐molecule inhibitor of AKT, similarly inhibited the activity of AKT and secretion of MMP‐2/9, further supporting that Rictor down‐regulation inhibits the phosphorylation of AKT and activity of downstream MMP‐2/9 to affect VM formation. In conclusion, Rictor plays an important role in melanoma VM via the Rictor—AKT—MMP‐2/9 signalling pathway.
Dietary practices and FODMAPs in South Asia: Applicability of the low FODMAP diet to patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Hewawasam Samapriya P , Iacovou Marina , Muir Jane G , Gibson Peter R
Published: July 2017

The low Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Monosaccharides And Polyols (FODMAP) diet has been described, evaluated, and found efficacious for the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome primarily in Western countries. The aim of this review was to address the applicability of this diet to South Asia. The high prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in South Asia and its associated effects of quality of life and economics warrant the introduction of efficacious therapies. The considerable heterogeneity of dietary patterns and methods of food preparation across South Asian countries and a paucity of food analysis limit precision in defining foods that are high or low in FODMAPs. Spices and condiments are commonly consumed and mostly have a low FODMAP content. However, major high FODMAP sources are frequently used and include onion, garlic, shallots, legumes/pulses, and wheat‐based products, as well as coconut and milk products, offering an opportunity for dietary management to reduce the symptom load. The feasibility of instituting a restrictive diet in which foods with a high FODMAP content are replaced by foods low in FODMAPs must be addressed as a substantial proportion of the nutritional intake including energy, proteins, and micronutrients, is often obtained from FODMAP‐rich food. Furthermore, limited knowledge of health professionals together with a paucity of dietitians further challenge the practicality of introducing the diet. Thus, while the use of the low FODMAP diet in South Asia may be more limited than in westernized countries, it does offer potential therapeutic opportunities, the efficacy, and impact of which require further investigation.
Intellectual disability in children aged less than seven years born moderately and late preterm compared with very preterm and term‐born children – a nationwide birth cohort study
Authors: Hirvonen M. , Ojala R. , Korhonen P. , Haataja P. , Eriksson K. , Rantanen K. , Gissler M. , Luukkaala T. , Tammela O.
Published: July 2017

Background

Prematurity has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of intellectual disability (ID).

Method

The aim was to establish whether the prevalence of ID, defined as significant limitations in both intellectual (intelligence quotient below 70) and adaptive functioning among moderately preterm (MP; 32+0–33+6 weeks) and late preterm (LP; 34+0–36+6 weeks) infants, is increased compared with that in term infants (≥37+0 weeks). Antenatal and neonatal risk factors for ID among gestational age groups were sought. The national register study included all live‐born infants in Finland in 1991–2008, excluding those who died before one year age, or had any major congenital anomaly or missing data. A total of 1 018 256 infants (98.0%) were analysed: very preterm (VP; <32+0 weeks, n = 6329), MP (n = 6796), LP (n = 39 928) and term (n = 965 203).

Results

By the age of seven years, the prevalence of ID was 2.48% in the VP group, 0.81% in the MP group, 0.55% in the LP group and 0.35% in the term group. Intracranial haemorrhage increased the ID risk in all groups. Male sex and born small for gestational age predicted an increased risk in all but the MP group.

Conclusions

The prevalence of ID decreased with increasing gestational age. Prevention of intracranial haemorrhages may have a beneficial effect on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates.
An integrative literature review exploring the clinical management of delirium in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Lawley Hayley , Hewison Alistair
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectives

To present the findings of an integrative literature review of the evidence for the clinical management of delirium in patients with advanced cancer.

Background

Patients with advanced cancer frequently experience delirium which can be distressing for both patients and their families. Current guidelines recommend that underlying causes of the delirium be addressed and a course of antipsychotics considered. However, the research into the effectiveness of treatments for delirium in people with advanced cancer is limited.

Design

Integrative literature review.

Data sources

Systematic searches of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health and PsychInfo databases were conducted in April 2016 to include papers published in 2000 and later. The returns were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the seven studies found to be suitable were subject to review.

Review methods

Findings of the seven papers were extracted, appraised critically and reviewed using a narrative approach.

Results

A number of interventions, including the use of atypical antipsychotics, opioid rotation, methylphenidate hydrochloride and coeliac plexus block, were reported; however, there was limited evidence of their effectiveness. One study reported the use of exercise therapy as a nonpharmacological intervention.

Conclusion

A variety of interventions to treat delirium in patients with advanced cancer have been tested through nonblinded, nonrandomised trials which have not produced a clear evidence base for practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

The clinical management of delirium in patients with advanced cancer is poorly understood and remains a clinical issue which requires further research (particularity randomized control trials) in order to determine more effective treatments and management strategies.
The prevalence of peripheral intravenous cannulae and pattern of use: A point prevalence in a private hospital setting
Authors: Wong Kelvin , Cooper Alannah , Brown Janie , Boyd Leanne , Levinson Michele
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectives

To determine the prevalence and pattern of use of peripheral intravenous cannulae in hospital wards.

Background

Peripheral intravenous cannulae are commonly used in acute health care to directly access the bloodstream for the administration of medications, intravenous fluids and blood products. Peripheral intravenous cannulae are associated with multiple adverse events including hospital‐acquired bloodstream infection, thrombophlebitis and pain/discomfort. Administration of intravenous fluids is associated with impaired mobility and nocturia which may increase falls risk in the older people.

Design

Observational, point prevalence study.

Methods

Three private hospitals comprising a total of 1,230 beds participated in the study. Nurses recorded the presence of a peripheral intravenous cannulae, duration of insertion, state of the dressing and whether the peripheral intravenous cannulae was accessed in the previous 24 hr and for what purpose. Nurses were also asked whether they would replace the peripheral intravenous cannulae should it fail.

Results

Approximately one‐quarter of patients had a peripheral intravenous cannulae, the majority of which had been present for <24 hr. The major use of the peripheral intravenous cannulae was antibiotic administration. Administration of intravenous fluids occurred in the presence of normal oral fluid intake. Nurses would not replace one‐third of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the event of failure. A majority of patients were at increased falls risk, and one‐third of these were receiving intravenous fluids.

Conclusions

There is room for improvement in the utilisation of peripheral intravenous cannulae, particularly in removal and associated use of intravenous fluids. Alternative strategies for medication administration and timely switch to the oral route may reduce the risks associated with intravenous fluids.

Relevance to clinical practice

Vigilance is required in the use of peripheral intravenous cannulae. Consider transition of medication administration to oral intake where possible to minimise risks associated with the use of invasive devices and increased fluid intake.
Electronic messaging intervention for management of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fang Ronghua , Deng Xuexue
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectives

To determine the effectiveness of an electronic messaging support service for management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes.

Background

Microletter and short message service are widely used, but their health education benefit for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been investigated.

Design

Convenience sample study with randomised group assignment.

Methods

Participants completed survey questionnaires, physical and laboratory evaluations between May 2015 and May 2016 and were then randomly assigned to two groups for receipt of a microletter + short message or a phone call (control). Appointment reminders and health information were sent to the intervention patients by microletter + short message. Every three months, intervention patients and control patients were followed up by telephone. After 12 months, changes in cardiovascular risk factors in each group were evaluated and compared.

Results

There were no statistically significant changes or between‐group differences in daily smoking and drinking. There were statistically significant between‐group differences in glycated haemoglobin (p = .034), postprandial plasma glucose (p = .001), postprandial insulin (p = .005), total cholesterol (p = .038) and low‐density lipoprotein (p < .001). Levels of glycated haemoglobin (p = .011), fasting plasma glucose (p = .007), postprandial plasma glucose (p < .001), fasting insulin (p = 0.004), postprandial insulin (p < .001), total cholesterol (p < .001) and low‐density lipoprotein (p < .001) were found to be decreased significantly in intervention patients. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in patients only followed by telephone (p = .014). The microletter + short message intervention was an effective means of reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

Regular smartphone communication had a favourable impact on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Relevance to clinical practice

Regular smartphone communication has a favourable impact on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Querying heteronormativity among transnational Pasifika teenagers in New Zealand: An Oceanic approach to language and masculinity
Authors: King Brian W.
Published: July 2017

This study aims to contribute to emerging dialogues on language, sexuality and gender, focusing on the performance and subversion of gender and sexual normativities in a New Zealand sexuality education classroom. In terms of theory, the aim is to focus on New Zealand's outlying, unsettled ‘global Southern’ status. It also aims to heuristically separate New Zealand from the global North to explore local relationships between sexuality and gender that might otherwise be imperceptible in the glare of globalisation. In two critical incidents, transnational Pasifika boys use language to perform what appears to be sexual fluidity and sexual objectification of the self. A transformation occurs in which a local version of hegemonic masculinity is countered, and the analytical purchase of the concept of heteronormativity becomes questionable in this context. Existing Southern theories from Oceania provide a possible pathway to better understanding the sociolinguistics of gender and sexuality in New Zealand and in the world at large.
New Surgical Instruction Method for Homium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate, “Hand‐Grab Navigated Technique,” to Shorten the Learning Curve: The Results of Multicenter Analysis
Authors: SHIN Dong Gil , KIM Hyeon Woo , PARK Sung Woo , PARK Chang Soo , CHOI Seong , OH Tae Hee , LEE Dong Hwan , LEE Chang Yell , KIM Jung Man , LEE Jeong Zoo
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To introduce a new surgical mentorship, the “hand‐grab navigated technique,” to shorten the learning curve for Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

Methods

Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were managed at six institutions with Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. An analysis was done in the 200 of these patients (the set of first 20 patients treated with Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate by 10 surgeons) who were sorted into two groups depending on the surgeon's instructional group. Surgeons in group I learned Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate by self‐study by using videos and written information, whereas those in group II were instructed by “the hand‐grab navigated technique” along with the self‐study. To evaluate the efficiency of hand‐grab navigated technique, enucleation and morcellation efficiencies between the two groups were compared.

Results

The mean prostate volume was 49.5 ± 23.8 and 51.1 ± 25.2 g in group I and II, respectively, showing no significant difference. The enucleation efficiency was significantly greater (P = 0.01) in group II (0.35 ± 0.20 g/min) than in group I (0.21 ± 0.12 g/min). Morcellation efficiency was also significantly greater (P = 0.03) in group II (3.08 ± 3.27 g/min) than in group I (2.43 ± 2.68 g/min).

Conclusion

The learning curve for Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate can be shortened with the “hand‐grab navigated technique” when combined with the self‐study.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of anidulafungin vs fluconazole for the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC) in Turkey
Authors: Neoh Chin Fen , Senol Esin , Kara Ates , Dinleyici Ener Cagri , Turner Stuart J. , Kong David C. M.
Published: July 2017

Anidulafungin has been shown to be non‐inferior to, and possibly more efficacious, than fluconazole in treating patients with invasive candidiasis (IC). This study aimed to determine the cost‐effectiveness of anidulafungin vs fluconazole for treatment ofICin the Turkish setting. A decision analytic model was constructed to depict downstream economic consequences of using anidulafungin or fluconazole for treatment ofICin the Turkish hospitals. Transition probabilities (ie treatment success, observed or indeterminate treatment failures) were obtained from a published randomised clinical trial. Cost inputs were from the latest Turkish resources. Data not available in the literature were estimated by expert panels. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model outcome. While anidulafungin [TL17 171 (USD4589)] incurred a higher total cost than fluconazole [TL8233 (USD2200) per treated patient, treatment with anidulafungin was estimated to save an additional 0.58 life‐years, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio ofTL15 410 (USD4118) per life‐years saved. Drug acquisition cost and hospitalisation were the main cost drivers for anidulafungin and fluconazole arms respectively. The model findings were robust over a wide range of input variables except for anidulafungin drug cost. Anidulafungin appears to be a cost‐effective therapy in treatingICfrom the Turkish hospital perspective.
In vitro fungicidal effects of methylene blue at 625‐nm
Authors: Guffey J. Stephen , Payne William , Roegge Wilson
Published: July 2017

The aim of the study is to confirm the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a significant inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) and to determine the most appropriate dose and rate of delivery. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte worldwide, responsible for the majority of superficial fungal infections. The traditional treatment of T. rubrum has known adverse effects. An alternative treatment is warranted. Photosensitised T. rubrum specimens were treated with 625‐nm light at doses of 3, 12, 24, 40 and 60 J/cm2. Colony counts were performed and compared to untreated controls. Doses of 24, 40 and 60 J/cm2 all produced kill rates of over 94%. A lower rate of delivery (7.80 mW/cm2) was shown to be a greater inhibitor of T. rubrum than a higher rate of delivery (120 mW/cm2). Photodynamic therapy with methylene blue (MB) at 625 nm using a low rate of delivery at doses of 24, 40 and 60 J/cm2 is an effective inhibitor of T. rubrum. A rate of delivery of 7.80 mW/cm2 is a significantly greater inhibitor of T. rubrum than a rate of 120 mW/cm2 when applying 625‐nm light in PDT using MB.
Effects of intranasally dosed posaconazole on fungal load and biomarkers in Aspergillus fumigatus infected immunocompromised mice
Authors: Kimura Genki , Nakaoki Takahiro , Nishimoto Yuki , Suzuki Yuto , Rapeport Garth , Strong Pete , Ito Kazuhiro , Kizawa Yasuo
Published: July 2017

Although anti‐fungal triazoles are dosed orally or systemically for Aspergillus fumigatus infection, systemic adverse events and limited exposure of the lung cavity would make a topical treatment for the lung an attractive option. In this study, we examined the effects of intranasally dosed posaconazole on survival rates and biomarkers in A. fumigatus (itraconazole susceptible: ATCC13073 [Af]; or resistant: NCPF7100 [AfR]) infected, temporarily neutropenic A/J mice. Once daily treatment produced a dose‐dependent improvement of survival of Af‐infected mice (ED50: 0.019 mg/mouse [approx. 0.755 mg/kg, in]), similar to its potency (ED50: 0.775 mg/kg, po) after once daily oral dosing. For AfR infection, either intranasal or oral posaconazole was largely ineffective on survival, although the highest dose of intranasal treatment (0.35 mg/mouse) achieved 75% survival rate. Early intervention (treated on days 0, 1, 2 and 3 postinfection) and late intervention (treated on days 1, 2 and 3) with intranasal posaconazole (0.014‐0.35 mg/mouse) demonstrated potent inhibition of lung fungal load and galactomannan levels in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum as well as inflammatory cells, IFN‐γ, IL‐17 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in BALF. Thus, posaconazole when dosed intranasally once daily showed an improvement of survival equivalent to or better than oral treatment, and produced potent inhibition of fungal load and biomarkers.
A positive use of smart phone media in the paediatric emergency department
Authors: Rickart A.J. , Brotherton P.
Published: July 2017

Aim

This article discusses an observation made within the Hull Royal Infirmary. It aims to explain how the use of smart phone images of paediatric lacerations, as taken by the child's parents, can be used as an aid for triaging patients in the emergency department.

Materials and methods

Clinical observations.

Results and conclusions

It is the authors’ opinion that attention to detail and small changes in practice play an important role in improving overall patient care.
Effects of high oleic acid soybean on seed yield, protein and oil contents, and seed germination revealed by near‐isogeneic lines
Authors: Bachleda Nicole , Grey Timothy , Li Zenglu
Published: July 2017

Typical soybean oil is composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. High oleic acid content in soybean seed is a key compositional trait that improves oxidative stability and increases oil functionality and shelf life. Using a marker‐assisted selection method, near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of G00‐3213 for the high oleic trait were developed and yield tested. These NILs have various combinations of FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles that were derived from the same backcrossing populations. The results indicated that G00‐3213 NILs with both homozygous mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles produced an average of 788 g/kg oleic acid content. The results also demonstrated that possessing these mutant alleles did not cause a yield reduction. Furthermore, seed germination tests across 12 temperatures (12.8–32.0°C) showed that modified seed composition for oleic acid in general did not have a major impact on seed germination. However, there was a possible reduction in seed germination vigour when high oleic seeds are planted in cold soil. The mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles did not hinder either seed or plant development.
NPQ(T): a chlorophyll fluorescence parameter for rapid estimation and imaging of non‐photochemical quenching of excitons in photosystem‐II‐associated antenna complexes
Authors: Tietz Stefanie , Hall Christopher C. , Cruz Jeffrey A. , Kramer David M.
Published: July 2017

In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by light‐harvesting complexes and used to drive photochemistry. However, a fraction of absorbed light is lost to non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) that reflects several important photosynthetic processes to dissipate excess energy. Currently, estimates of NPQ and its individual components (qE, qI, qZ and qT) are measured from pulse‐amplitude‐modulation (PAM) measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence yield and require measurements of the maximal yield of fluorescence in fully dark‐adapted material (Fm), when NPQ is assumed to be negligible. Unfortunately, this approach requires extensive dark acclimation, often precluding widespread or high‐throughput use, particularly under field conditions or in imaging applications, while introducing artefacts when Fm is measured in the presence of residual photodamaged centres. To address these limitations, we derived and characterized a new set of parameters, NPQ(T), and its components that can be (1) measured in a few seconds, allowing for high‐throughput and field applications; (2) does not require full relaxation of quenching processes and thus can be applied to photoinhibited materials; (3) can distinguish between NPQ and chloroplast movements; and (4) can be used to image NPQ in plants with large leaf movements. We discuss the applications benefits and caveats of both approaches.
Expression patterns of claudins in patients with triple‐negative breast cancer are associated with nodal metastasis and worse outcome
Authors: Katayama Ayaka , Handa Tadashi , Komatsu Kei , Togo Maria , Horiguchi Jun , Nishiyama Masahiko , Oyama Tetsunari
Published: July 2017

Claudins (CLDNs) are key cell adhesion molecules, which compose tight junctions (TJs), and the disruption of TJs is associated with cancer development. Here we immunohistochemically studied expression patterns of CLDNs in 222 primary invasive breast cancers including 68 triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBCs), and examined their correlation with epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related markers, breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) markers, and clinicopathological features including patients’ clinical outcome. Tumor margins were classified as three infiltrating growth patterns (expanding, intermediate and infiltrating). For CLDN1, 3, 4, and 7, their expression rates were more frequent in TNBCs than in other subtypes (11.8% vs 0.7%, 26.5% vs 2.0%, 48.5% vs 11.1%, and 32.4% vs 8.7%, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). In 68 TNBCs, we identified high Ki67 labeling index (LI) and the combination of CLDN4 high/CLDN7 low expression as independent predictors of axillary nodal metastasis (P = 0.019; OR, 4.36; 95%CI, 1.28–14.90 and P = 0.007; OR, 5.33; 95%CI, 1.58–17.90). Moreover, the combination of CLDN1 low/CLDN7 low/E‐cadherin negative as well as tumor infiltrating patterns were predictors for worse recurrence‐free survival by univariate analyses in TNBCs (P = 0.005 and P = 0.011). Our analyses provide further evidence that CLDNs would be valuable prognostic markers in TNBCs.
Regulating drinking through alcohol taxation and minimum unit pricing: A historical perspective on alcohol pricing interventions
Authors: Yeomans Henry
Published: July 2017

Discourse on alcohol policy in several countries has recently become dominated by discussions of pricing. In Britain, proposals for a minimum unit price for alcoholic drinks are frequently depicted as radical and new. However, other means of legally intervening in alcohol pricing have long been used to shape consumption habits. Key to recognizing this historical lineage is a conceptualization of taxation as partly a form of regulation. This article builds upon findings from a wider historical study of alcohol excise duties in England and Wales to develop an empirically‐based typology of the main forms of government interventions in alcohol pricing. By connecting some instances of alcohol excise taxation to government attempts to shape behavior, this typology enables advances in understanding of the relationship between taxation and regulation. In so doing, the article also provides an original historical perspective on an ongoing policy debate. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
Evaluation of visual and computer‐based CT analysis for the identification of functional patterns of obstruction and restriction in hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Jacob Joseph , Bartholmai Brian J. , Brun Anne Laure , Egashira Ryoko , Rajagopalan Srinivasan , Karwoski Ronald , Kouranos Vasileios , Kokosi Maria , Hansell David M. , Wells Athol U.
Published: July 2017

Background and objective

To determine whether computer‐based quantification (CALIPER software) is superior to visual computed tomography (CT) scoring in the identification of CT patterns indicative of restrictive and obstructive functional indices in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP).

Methods

A total of 135 consecutive HP patients had CT parenchymal patterns evaluated quantitatively by both visual scoring and CALIPER. Results were evaluated against: forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and a composite physiological index (CPI) to identify which CT scoring method better correlated with functional indices.

Results

CALIPER‐derived scores of total interstitial lung disease extent correlated more strongly than visual scores: FVC (CALIPER R = 0.73, visual R = 0.51); DLCO (CALIPER R = 0.61, visual R = 0.48); and CPI (CALIPER R = 0·70, visual R = 0·55). The CT variable that correlated most strongly with restrictive functional indices was CALIPER pulmonary vessel volume (PVV): FVC R = 0.75, DLCO R = 0.68 and CPI R = 0.76.

Ground‐glass opacity quantified by CALIPER alone demonstrated strong associations with restrictive functional indices: CALIPER FVC R = 0.65; DLCO R = 0.59; CPI R = 0.64; and visual = not significant. Decreased attenuation lung quantified by CALIPER was a better morphological measure of obstructive lung disease than equivalent visual scores as judged by relationships with TLC (CALIPER R = 0.63 and visual R = 0.12). All results were maintained on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

CALIPER improved on visual scoring in HP as judged by restrictive and obstructive functional correlations. Decreased attenuation regions of the lung quantified by CALIPER demonstrated better linkages to obstructive lung physiology than visually quantified CT scores. A novel CALIPER variable, the PVV, demonstrated the strongest linkages with restrictive functional indices and could represent a new automated index of disease severity in HP.
Transplant center support for infectious diseases
Authors: Schaenman Joanna M. , Kumar Deepali , Kotton Camille N. , Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Morris Michele I.
Published: July 2017

Background

Transplant Infectious Diseases (TID) is a rapidly growing subspecialty, which has contributed significantly to improving patient outcomes after transplantation. Obtaining institutional support to implement programs that promote excellence in patient care remains a challenge for many non‐surgical transplant‐related specialties.

Method

We surveyed the membership of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice to assess characteristics of individual transplant programs and delineate current patterns of institutional support of TID, with a goal of facilitating the exchange of innovative funding ideas between transplant programs.

Results

Of 53 questionnaires returned, 36 programs reported the existence of a dedicated TID service for adults. Of these, the ratio of dedicated TID providers to the number of solid organ transplant patients transplanted annually ranged from 15:1 to 259:1. A total of 21% of responding programs indicated that they received no support from their institution. Respondents from larger programs were more likely to receive some type of programmatic support.

Conclusion

Given that the presence of expert TID input into patient care can improve outcomes through direct patient management and transplant team education, we suggest that continued support of the unbillable time contributed by TID practitioners is a critical part of ensuring excellent outcomes after transplantation.
Tax-budget Deficit Relationships: Fiscalists’ Platform for Deficit Financing Policy
Authors: Okafor Samuel O. , Maduka Olisaemeka D. , Ike Ann N. , Uzoechina Benedict I. , Ohachosim Celestine I.
Published: July 2017

With heavy debt burden on developing economies accompanied by their low credit worthiness rating, developing economies often resort to taxes for financing development projects. Raising tax rates and expanding tax bases have become frequent government activities in developing economies. Without dynamic deficit financing policy which takes into cognizance the conflicting arithmetic and economic effect of Laffer curve analysis, financing budget deficit through taxation has remained largely unsuccessful. Perhaps, what was required is to constitute latent factors operating along Laffer curve into major theoretical construct of a deficit financing policy. Therefore, study focused on identifying latent factors influencing the inter-relationship among budget deficit finance, taxes, human capital and macroeconomic indicators. Study spanned across 1970-2015. Data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and World Development Indicators. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. Results indicate that: (1) Tax contributed significantly to budget deficit financing (2)Tax spending and disposable personal income were latent factors influencing the effectiveness of deficit financing (3) Tax spending activated government revenue to contribute significantly to budget deficit reduction (4) Disposable personal income boosted GDP to cause reduction in budget deficit . It was concluded that, with the taxonomy of highly significant factor correlates of tax spending and disposable personal income, a viable deficit financing policy was devised with component tax, budgetary, pricing, credit and macroeconomic policies. It was recommended, inter alia, that developing economies should activate their current deficit financing policies by adapting them to their tax spend and macroeconomic policies.
Intervention Methodologies Targeting Vulnerable Youth in Frankfort, Kentucky: Measuring Developmental Assets
Authors: Walston Herman , Meshack Angela , Peters, Jr. Ronald J.
Published: July 2017

Results from the Kentucky State University Youth Empowerment Project (KSU-YEP) are presented. The results of this study indicate that increases in the factors that support positive health outcomes can be achieved if interventions are developed and implemented with community involvement and inclusion of the target population’s values and norms.
A Heat Transfer Model of Grinding Process Based on Energy Partition Analysis and Grinding Fluid Cooling Application
Authors: Yin Guoxu , Marinescu Ioan D.
Published: July 2017

In the grinding process, high temperature in grinding area is generated by the frictional resistance between workpiece and abrasive grains on the grinding wheel cylindrical surface. Grinding fluid application is an optimal option to reduce the thermal effect and crack on the workpiece ground surface. In this paper, a grinding process heat transfer model with various grinding fluid application is introduced based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. The effect of specific heat, viscosity, and surface tension of grinding fluid are taken into account. In the model, the grinding contact area is considered as a heating resource. Most of the heat energy is conducted into the workpiece. The rest of the energy is taken away by the grinding wheel, grinding fluid, and chips. How many percentage of the generated heat is conducted into the workpiece is a key issue, namely, the energy partition ratio ε. An energy partition equation is introduced in this paper with the cooling effect of different grinding fluid. Generated heat energy based on the calculation from energy partition equation is applied on the grinding contact area in the heat transfer model.
Multiscale Tomography-Based Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Towards a Fully Resolved Gas Diffusion Electrode Reconstruction
Authors: Klingele Matthias , Moroni Riko , Vierrath Severin , Thiele Simon
Published: July 2017

The microstructure of a fuel cell electrode largely determines the performance of the whole fuel cell system. In this regard, tomographic imaging is a valuable tool for the understanding and control of the electrode morphology. The distribution of pore- and feature-sizes within fuel cell electrodes covers several orders of magnitude, ranging from millimeters in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) down to few nanometers in the catalyst layer. This obligates the application of various tomographic methods for imaging every aspect of a fuel cell. This perspective evaluates the capabilities, limits, and challenges of each of these methods. Further, it highlights and suggests efforts toward the integration of multiple tomographic methods into single multiscale datasets, a venture which aims at large-scale, and morphologically fully resolved fuel cell reconstructions.
Assessing the Importance of Surgeon Hand Anthropometry on the Design of Medical Devices
Authors: Stellon Michael , Seils Drew , Mauro Christine
Published: July 2017

Improperly designed medical devices can induce unwanted biomechanical stressors on their users, impacting health and career longevity. Despite this, manufacturers struggle to balance device design with the growing female surgeon population. We have applied anthropometry to a population of surgeon hands as an alternative to preferred glove size. Correlations to physical dimensions of two laparoscopic staplers were assessed. Five anthropometric measurements were taken from dominant hands of surgeons. These measurements were selected with the goal of comparing resulting data to published anthropometry studies and assessing correlation to preferred glove size and instrument design. The trigger reach of the two laparoscopic staplers were measured to assess suitability among the surgeon population surveyed. Fifty eight surgeons (50 male, 8 female), average glove size 7.5 and 6.0, were measured. Data indicate that male surgeons had significantly larger hands than female. Hand circumference displayed a relatively strong positive correlation with preferred glove size (0.799, R2 = 63.9%); other measurements did not. The trigger span of one stapler was found suitable for only 78.2% of male and 30.9% of female surgeons, based on comparisons with anthropometry of the surveyed population. Anthropometry should be used to characterize surgeon hands instead of preferred glove size. Also, from the limited scope of this research, discrepancies exist between the size of the surgeon hand and the devices designed for their use. The use of inappropriately designed instrumentation can cause musculoskeletal injury, decreased productivity, and shortened careers. Manufacturers would benefit by consulting anthropometry databases to develop products.
Replication and Substitution of Anatomic Stabilizing Mechanisms in a Total Knee Design
Authors: Walker Peter S. , Borukhov Ilya
Published: July 2017

While the majority of the total knees used today are of the cruciate retaining (CR) and cruciate substituting (PS) types, the results are not ideal in terms of satisfaction, function, and biomechanical parameters. It is proposed that a design which specifically substituted for the structures which provided stability could produce normal laxity behavior, which may be a path forward to improved outcomes. Stabilizing structures of the anatomic knee were identified under conditions of low and high axial loading. The upward slope of the anterior medial tibial plateau and the anterior cruciate was particularly important under all loading conditions. A guided motion design was formulated based on this data, and then tested in a simulating machine which performed an enhanced ASTM constraint test to determine stability and laxity. The guided motion design showed much closer neutral path of motion and laxity in anterior–posterior (AP) and internal–external rotation, compared with the PS design. Particular features included absence of paradoxical anterior sliding in early flexion, and lateral rollback in higher flexion. A total knee design which replicated the stabilizing structures of the anatomical knee is likely to provide more anatomical motion and may result in improved clinical outcomes.
Reliability Assessment of Failure Assessment Diagram Based Fitness for Service Procedure Including the Effect of Bias in Modeling
Authors: Rastogi Rohit , Ghosh Siddhartha , Ghosh A. K. , Vaze K. K.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the estimation of the reliability levels associated with a cracked pipe found acceptable as per the failure assessment diagram (FAD) based acceptance criteria of ASME Section XI, Appendix H. This acceptance criterion is built on the concepts of fracture mechanics. The parameters which enter the acceptance criteria are piping geometry, applied loading, crack size, and the material properties (tensile and fracture). Most of these parameters are known to exhibit uncertainty in their values. The FAD used also has an associated modeling bias. The code addresses these uncertainties by providing a factor of safety on the applied load. The use of a common factor of safety for a variety of pipe sizes, crack configuration, load combination, and materials may not ensure consistent level of safety associated with the piping component being evaluated. This level of safety can be evaluated by using structural reliability concepts. This paper analyzes the reliability level which is achieved if a cracked pipe passes the acceptance criteria prescribed by the code. The reliability is evaluated for a range of pipe and crack geometry, different load combination, and different materials using Monte Carlo method. The realistic assessment of reliability also requires the assessment of modeling bias associated with the FAD. This bias is also evaluated using the results from the published fracture experiments.
Numerical simulation of wave-induced fluid flow seismic attenuation based on the Cole-Cole model
Authors: Picotti Stefano , Carcione José M.
Published: July 2017

The acoustic behavior of porous media can be simulated more realistically using a stress-strain relation based on the Cole-Cole model. In particular, seismic velocity dispersion and attenuation in porous rocks is well described by mesoscopic-loss models. Using the Zener model to simulate wave propagation is a rough approximation, while the Cole-Cole model provides an optimal description of the physics. Here, a time-domain algorithm is proposed based on the Grünwald-Letnikov numerical approximation of the fractional derivative involved in the time-domain representation of the Cole-Cole model, while the spatial derivatives are computed with the Fourier pseudospectral method. The numerical solution is successfully tested against an analytical solution. The methodology is applied to a model of saline aquifer, where carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected. To follow the migration of the gas and detect possible leakages, seismic monitoring surveys should be carried out periodically. To this aim, the sensitivity of the seismic method must be carefully assessed for the specific case. The simulated test considers a possible leakage in the overburden, above the caprock, where the sandstone is partially saturated with gas and brine. The numerical examples illustrate the implementation of the theory.
Wide-angle asymmetric acoustic absorber based on one-dimensional lossy Bragg stacks
Authors: Long Houyou , Cheng Ying , Zhang Ting , Liu Xiaojun
Published: July 2017

Based on one-dimensional lossy Bragg stacks, an asymmetric absorber is realized for low-frequency sound waves, that is, perfect absorption can be obtained when sound waves are normally incident from one side while a small absorption can be obtained from the opposite side. Moreover, the asymmetric absorption persists for a wide incident angle of sound waves in the range from 0° to 42° with the absorptive coefficient larger than 90% from one side while less than 20% from the other side. By changing the thickness of the top sublayer, a series of interesting absorption phenomena such as Fano-resonance type absorption are further investigated.
Mini-livers reveal fine details of organ development
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

3D structure arises in a dish as cell types interact to promote differentiation.
Spooky action achieved at record distance
Authors: Popkin Gabriel
Published: July 2017

Entangled photons from Chinese satellite foreshadow space-based quantum network.
Supply of promising T cell therapy is strained
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Surging demand for modified immune cells causes some cancer trials to run short.
A division of labor in cells' protein factories
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: July 2017

Ribosomes may specialize to produce select proteins.
New haul of distant worlds casts doubt on Planet Nine
Authors: Sokol Joshua
Published: July 2017

Icy bodies show no sign of giant's gravitational influence.
Tallying the tropical toll on trees from lightning
Authors: Price Michael
Published: July 2017

It's a slow death, but bolts still slay rainforest trees.
AAAS Leshner fellow aligns science with publicservice
Authors: Jarvis Michaela
Published: July 2017

Build a structure that rewards scientists for communicating broadly, she says
Lawmakers balk at most Trump cuts
Authors: Malakoff David , Mervis Jeffrey
Published: July 2017

But House panel reduces climate and earth science
The cyberscientist
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: July 2017

Artificial intelligence isn't just a tool. In some labs, it conceives and carries out experiments—and then interprets the results
The AI detectives
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: July 2017

As neural nets push into science, researchers probe back
Transcriptional activation of RagD GTPase controls mTORC1 and promotes cancer growth
Authors: Di Malta Chiara , Siciliano Diletta , Calcagni Alessia , Monfregola Jlenia , Punzi Simona , Pastore Nunzia , Eastes Andrea N. , Davis Oliver , De Cegli Rossella , Zampelli Angela , Di Giovannantonio Luca G. , Nusco Edoardo , Platt Nick , Guida Alessandro , Ogmundsdottir Margret Helga , Lanfrancone Luisa , Perera Rushika M. , Zoncu Roberto , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Settembre Carmine , Ballabio Andrea
Published: July 2017

A transcriptional regulatory mechanism enables cellular adaptation to nutrient availability and supports cancer metabolism.
Femtosecond electron-phonon lock-in by photoemission and x-ray free-electron laser
Authors: Gerber S. , Yang S.-L. , Zhu D. , Soifer H. , Sobota J. A. , Rebec S. , Lee J. J. , Jia T. , Moritz B. , Jia C. , Gauthier A. , Li Y. , Leuenberger D. , Zhang Y. , Chaix L. , Li W. , Jang H. , Lee J.-S. , Yi M. , Dakovski G. L. , Song S. , Glownia J. M. , Nelson S. , Kim K. W. , Chuang Y.-D. , Hussain Z. , Moore R. G. , Devereaux T. P. , Lee W.-S. , Kirchmann P. S. , Shen Z.-X.
Published: July 2017

A deeper look into iron selenide

In the past 10 years, iron-based superconductors have created more puzzles than they have helped resolve. Some of the most fundamental outstanding questions are how strong the interactions are and what the electron pairing mechanism is. Now two groups have made contributions toward resolving these questions in the intriguing compound iron selenide (FeSe) (see the Perspective by Lee). Gerber
et al.
used photoemission spectroscopy coupled with x-ray diffraction to find that FeSe has a very sizable electron-phonon interaction. Quasiparticle interference imaging helped Sprau
et al.
determine the shape of the superconducting gap and find that the electron pairing in FeSe is orbital-selective.

Science
, this issue p.
71
, p.
75
; see also p.
32
Tubular clathrin/AP-2 lattices pinch collagen fibers to support 3D cell migration
Authors: Elkhatib Nadia , Bresteau Enzo , Baschieri Francesco , Rioja Alba López , van Niel Guillaume , Vassilopoulos Stéphane , Montagnac Guillaume
Published: July 2017

“Frustrated” coated pits associate with collagen fibers and appear to promote cell adhesion in three-dimensional collagen networks.
Comment on “Xist recruits the X chromosome to the nuclear lamina to enable chromosome-wide silencing”
Authors: Wang Chen-Yu , Froberg John E. , Blum Roy , Jeon Yesu , Lee Jeannie T.
Published: July 2017

Chen
et al
. (Reports, 28 October 2016, p. 468) proposed that an interaction between Xist RNA and Lamin B receptor (LBR) is necessary and sufficient for Xist spreading during X-chromosome inactivation. We reanalyzed their data and found that reported genotypes of mutants are not supported by the sequencing data. These inconsistencies preclude assessment of the role of LBR in Xist spreading.
Linking job loss, inequality, mental health, and education
Authors: Ananat Elizabeth O. , Gassman-Pines Anna , Francis Dania V. , Gibson-Davis Christina M.
Published: July 2017

Job destruction knocks many youth off the path to college
Decoding of position in the developing neural tube from antiparallel morphogen gradients
Authors: Zagorski Marcin , Tabata Yoji , Brandenberg Nathalie , Lutolf Matthias P. , Tkačik Gašper , Bollenbach Tobias , Briscoe James , Kicheva Anna
Published: July 2017

Building the neural tube

The development of the neural tube is regulated by a pair of morphogens acting in
opposing gradients. The mature neural tube is built from a variety of different cell
types organized in a consistent dorsal-ventral pattern. Zagorski
et al.
asked how this pattern is defined in a reproducible way from individual to individual.
The morphogens define positions most accurately toward the top of their respective
gradients, but things get a bit messy in the middle. Modeling the gene regulatory
network's response as a maximum likelihood estimation from the combined input of both
morphogens, however, succeeds at defining even the intermediate positions. Thus, the
computation of position by the gene regulatory network establishes accurate tissue
patterning despite messy inputs.

Science
, this issue p.
1379