bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T‐cell precursor frequencies and long‐term outcome following unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: KIRCHER B. , NIEDERWIESER D. , GÄCHTER A. , LINDNER B. , MITTERSCHIFFTHALER A. , URBAN C. , GREINIX H. , PETERS C. , LÄTZER K. , GASTL G. , NACHBAUR D.
Published: November 2007

Functional assays measuring alloreactivity of donor cells are desired to detect either cryptic epitopes inducing graft‐vs.‐host disease (GvHD) after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or permissible HLA mismatches. However, their value in predicting GvHD and survival is still limited. We determined the cytotoxic and helper T‐cell precursor (CTLp and HTLp) frequencies by limiting dilution analysis (LDA) in 40 unrelated recipient/donor combinations. The median observation period at the time of this writing was 4.44 years (range from 0.1 to 11.28). Better overall survival was observed in patients with rather low host‐specific CTLp and HTLp frequencies, whereas a trend toward high CTLp frequencies was seen in patients with higher incidence of acute GvHD, especially in patients mismatched in HLA‐C. CTLp and HTLp frequencies did not correlate with the incidence of chronic GvHD and relapse. In conclusion, we detected a trend toward better overall survival of patient/donor pairs with low CTLp and HTLp frequencies, however, recommend to use LDA as an additional tool for identifying the most suitable donor when more than one fully HLA‐matched stem cell donor is available.
Transient trisomy 8 abnormality in Philadelphia‐negative cells during imatinib mesylate treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: KIM M. , LEE S. , JUNG C. K. , LIM J. , CHO S. G. , KIM D. W. , KIM Y. , HAN K. , MIN W. S. , KIM C. C.
Published: November 2007

We investigated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients who developed trisomy 8 abnormalities in Philadelphia‐negative (Ph−) cells during imatinib mesylate treatment to evaluate the clinical outcome and laboratory features. Of the 470 CML patients, 1.5% (n = 7) developed trisomy 8 chromosomal abnormalities in Ph− cells. The median interval of the first trisomy 8 observation was 12 months. Our follow‐up cytogenetic evaluations revealed that six of the patients demonstrated a complete or partial cytogenetic response and that all of the six patients revealed no dysplastic changes following a bone marrow examination. Moreover, the percentage of trisomy 8 in metaphase karyotyping has decreased in five of the seven subjects. In conclusion, these results suggest that the emergence of trisomy 8 in Ph− cells is transient and not related to therapy‐related myelodysplasia or acute leukemia.
Biculturalism Unpacked: Components, Measurement, Individual Differences, and Outcomes
Authors: Nguyen Angela‐MinhTu D. , Benet‐Martínez Verónica
Published: November 2007

Cultural contact due to migration, globalization, travel, and the resulting cultural diversity, has led to growing numbers of bicultural individuals, which demands further research on this group. In this article, we introduce the concept of biculturalism and provide the foundation necessary for understanding literature on this topic, beginning research in this area, and recognizing biculturalism in everyday life. In unpacking the construct of biculturalism, we first define it along with its components and related constructs (e.g. acculturation strategies). Second, we compare and discuss various ways of measuring biculturalism (e.g. unidimensional versus bidimensional models). Third, we organize and summarize the limited literature on individual differences in bicultural identity, focusing on the construct of Bicultural Identity Integration (Benet‐Martínez & Haritatos, 2005). Lastly, we review the possible outcomes resulting from biculturalism.
A Brief History of Dissonance Theory
Authors: Brehm Jack W.
Published: November 2007

Prior to the construction of the theory of cognitive dissonance, the dominant view in American experimental psychology held that behavior, including verbal attitude statements, was learned and shaped by rewards and/or punishments. Dissonance theory took a surprisingly different view by stating that behaviors and reasons for engaging in them could be strengthened by minimizing the very rewards or threatened punishments that produced the behaviors. Many hundreds of experimental studies later, the main argument of dissonance theory is well supported, although researchers disagree about the necessary and sufficient conditions. The present paper traces the major lines of research, including contributions from around the world, and the major controversies among some of the researchers.
Youth‐Subcultural Studies: Sociological Traditions and Core Concepts
Authors: Williams J. Patrick
Published: November 2007

The study of youth subcultures has rich histories in the USA and UK, yet has remained a marginal subfield within cultural sociology. In this article, I begin by reviewing the significance of the Chicago school, strain theory, Birmingham school and post‐subcultural studies traditions of youth‐cultural and youth‐subcultural research. I then conceive of a series of significant analytic concepts that over time have proven themselves to be core components of youth‐subcultural studies. These analytic concepts include subcultural style, resistance, subcultural space and media, societal reaction, and identity and authenticity. In each analytic section, I explore major conceptual frames and discuss significant empirical research, on youth subcultures including punk goth, straightedge, riot grrrl skateboarding, rave and club cultures, among others.
Critical Whiteness Studies
Authors: Nayak Anoop
Published: November 2007

Until relatively recently the sociology of race and ethnicity, with a few notable exceptions, has been predominantly concerned with ethnic minorities and colour‐based forms of racism. However, developments across a range disciplines have seen a new attention given to the question of white ethnicity and the meaning of whiteness. This paper considers three discernable approaches to critical whiteness studies and is focused on developing a productive dialogue between the materialist, deconstructionist and psychoanalytic frameworks identified. The author argues that these repertoires differ in seeking to abolish, deconstruct or rethink the meaning of whiteness and white identities as they currently stand. It is suggested that each of these positions can inspire an interrogation of white identities capable of disturbing the more traditional focus of race enquiry to engender new theory and political practices in the field. The article concludes by pointing to some of the limits of white ethnicities research and argues for more international approaches to offset the parochial possibilities of a ‘white studies’ agenda. It is suggested that new geographies of whiteness can displace the construction of critical whiteness studies as a Western pursuit and open up researchers to a global interpretation and postcolonial understanding of such race markers.
Who Is to Blame for Deviance in Organizations? The Role of Scholarly Worldviews
Authors: Lee Matthew T. , Gailey Jeannine A.
Published: November 2007

This paper explores two of the most important challenges facing contemporary scholars who seek to assign blame for deviance in organizational contexts. The first concerns the selection of an appropriate level of analysis. The second focuses on the social meaning of intent, or willfulness, also called mens rea in criminal trials. We suggest that scholarly worldviews play a central role in determining how these issues are discussed in the literature, thereby impacting the assignment of blame. Throughout, we use the case of the Tuskegee syphilis study to illustrate key issues.
Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yetkin Ozkan , Gunen Hakan
Published: November 2007

Object:  Periodic exacerbations of symptoms are the major cause of morbidity, mortality and health care costs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is the major factor affecting the comfort of patients in the exacerbation of COPD. In this study, we aimed to compare the value of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and inspiratory capacity (IC) measured before and after treatment in exacerbations and in the improvement in dyspnea.

Methods:  Eighty‐seven patients (male/female, 80/7; mean age, 63 ± 7) with COPD exacerbation were included in this study. All subjects underwent spirometric tests on the first day and at the end of treatment. The subjects were asked to quantify the sensation of dyspnea that was described to them as a nonspecific discomfort associated with the act of breathing. The patients quantified dyspnea by pointing to a score on a large Borg scale from 0 to 10 arbitrary units. In the beginning and at the end of treatment, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), IC and Borg score (BS) values were compared.

Results:  After treatment of COPD exacerbations, FEV1, FEF25–75, PEF and IC significantly increased, and the BS significantly decreased compared to the initial values. The increase in IC was more significantly correlated with the improvement in BS compared with FEV1. Admission and discharge day BS was negatively correlated with FEV1, FEF25–75 and IC.

Conclusion:  We have shown a more dramatic improvement in IC compared with FEV1 in patients treated as a result of acute exacerbation of COPD. These data suggest that IC may be more useful than FEV1 during acute exacerbation of COPD. Moreover, IC better reflects the severity of dyspnea in these patients.

Please cite this paper as: Yetkin O and Gunen H. Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 36–40.
Asthma management in primary care: does increasing patient medication improve symptoms?
Authors: Rimington Lesley D. , Pearson Michael G.
Published: November 2007

Aims:  We set out to observe the General Practitioner (GP) management of a cohort of asthma patients over a 2‐year period by comparing asthma health status, spirometry, British Thoracic Society treatment step, inhaled medication uptake and psychological status. Changes in these parameters were assessed over the 2‐year period.

Methods:  One hundred fourteen subjects were recruited from four GP practices, two in the inner city and two in suburbia. Subjects were assessed at baseline and at 2 years using the Juniper asthma quality of life questionnaire, the locally devised Q score (a simple patient‐focused morbidity index) and the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale. Spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow) was recorded using a Micro Medical portable spirometer (Micro Medical Ltd, Chatham, UK); the best values from three acceptable attempts were recorded.

Results:  Data for 90 subjects reviewed at baseline and at 24 months were compared to the original cohort of 114 subjects. Patients who had the treatment increased showed no apparent benefit over 2 years. They had similar physiology and symptom scores at baseline but had higher HAD scores (particularly depression element P < 0.05) initially. The picture remained constant over the 2 years.

Conclusion:  Asthma guidelines define the aim of treatment to minimise or abolish symptoms. We suggest that if the symptoms are not measured, they remain unrecognised. This is something that could and should be incorporated routinely into clinical practice because this is morbidity that is largely treatable.

Please cite this paper as: Rimington LD and Pearson MG. Asthma management in primary care: does increasing patient medication improve symptoms? The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 92–97.
Aldosterone responsiveness of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in colon is increased in a mouse model for Liddle's syndrome
Authors: Bertog Marko , Cuffe John E. , Pradervand Sylvain , Hummler Edith , Hartner Andrea , Porst Markus , Hilgers Karl F. , Rossier Bernard C. , Korbmacher Christoph
Published: November 2007

Liddle's syndrome is an autosomal dominant form of human hypertension, caused by gain‐of‐function mutations of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) which is expressed in aldosterone target tissues including the distal colon. We used a mouse model for Liddle's syndrome to investigate ENaC‐mediated Na+ transport in late distal colon by measuring the amiloride‐sensitive transepithelial short circuit current (ΔISC‐Ami) ex vivo. In Liddle mice maintained on a standard salt diet, ΔISC‐Ami was only slightly increased but plasma aldosterone (PAldo) was severely suppressed. Liddle mice responded to a low or a high salt diet by increasing or decreasing, respectively, their PAldo and ΔISC‐Ami. However, less aldosterone was required in Liddle animals to achieve similar or even higher Na+ transport rates than wild‐type animals. Indeed, the ability of aldosterone to stimulate ΔISC‐Ami was about threefold higher in Liddle animals than in the wild‐type controls. Application of aldosterone to colon tissue in vitro confirmed that ENaC stimulation by aldosterone was not only preserved but enhanced in Liddle mice. Aldosterone‐induced transcriptional up‐regulation of the channel's β‐ and γ‐subunit (βENaC and γENaC) and of the serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) was similar in colon tissue from Liddle and wild‐type animals, while aldosterone had no transcriptional effect on the α‐subunit (αENaC). Moreover, Na+ feedback regulation was largely preserved in colon tissue of Liddle animals. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that in the colon of Liddle mice, ENaC‐mediated Na+ transport is enhanced with an increased responsiveness to aldosterone. This may be pathophysiologically relevant in patients with Liddle's syndrome, in particular on a high salt diet, when suppression of PAldo is likely to be insufficient to reduce Na+ absorption to an appropriate level.
Does elimination of afferent input modify the changes in rat motoneurone properties that occur following chronic spinal cord transection?
Authors: Button Duane C. , Kalmar Jayne M. , Gardiner Kalan , Marqueste Tanguy , Zhong Hui , Roy Roland R. , Edgerton V. Reggie , Gardiner Phillip F.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6–8 weeks of chronic spinal cord isolation (SI, removal of descending, ascending and afferent inputs), compared with the same duration of spinal cord transection (ST, removal of descending input only) on hindlimb motoneurone biophysical properties. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were placed into three groups: (1) control (no removal of inputs), (2) ST and (3) SI. The electrophysiological properties from sciatic nerve motoneurones were recorded from deeply anaesthetized rats. Motoneurones in SI rats had significantly (P < 0.01) lower rheobase currents and higher spike afterhyperpolarization amplitudes and input resistances compared with motoneurones in control rats. A higher percentage (χ2, P= 0.01) of motoneurones in SI than control rats demonstrated frequency‐current (f–I) relationships consistent with activation of persistent inward currents. Motoneurone steady state f–I slopes determined by increasing steps of 500 ms current pulses were significantly lower (P < 0.02) in SI than control rats. Motoneurone spike frequency adaptation measured using 30 s square‐wave current injections (1.5–3.0 nA above the estimated rhythmic firing threshold), was similar for control and SI motoneurones. Changes in motoneurone properties following SI did not differ from ST. These findings indicate that the removal of afferent and ascending inputs along with descending inputs has little additional affect on motoneurone properties than removal of descending inputs alone. This study is the first to demonstrate that intact ascending and afferent input does not modify the effects of spinal transection on basic and rhythmic firing properties of rat hindlimb motoneurones.
Disruption of axoplasmic transport induces mechanical sensitivity in intact rat C‐fibre nociceptor axons
Authors: Dilley Andrew , Bove Geoffrey M.
Published: November 2007

Peripheral nerve inflammation can cause axons conducting through the inflamed site to become mechanically sensitive. Axonal mechanical sensitivity (AMS) of intact axons may explain symptoms in a diverse number of conditions characterized by radiating pain evoked by movements of the affected nerve. Because nerve inflammation also disrupts axoplasmic transport, we hypothesized that the disruption of axoplasmic transport by nerve inflammation could cause the cellular components responsible for mechanical transduction to accumulate and become inserted at the inflamed site, causing AMS. This was tested by examining AMS in C‐fibre nociceptors following the application of axoplasmic transport blockers (colchicine and vinblastine) to the sciatic nerve. Both 10 mm colchicine and 0.1 mm vinblastine caused AMS to develop in 30.6% and 33.3% of intact axons, respectively (P < 0.05 compared to sham treatment). Since high doses of colchicine (> 50 mm) can damage axons, and inflammation is involved in the removal of axonal debris, experiments were performed to assess conduction across the treatment site as well as signs of inflammation. Results indicated minimal axonal loss (95% of A‐ and C‐fibres conducting), consistent with the normal microscopic appearance of the colchicine treatment site and absence of ED1‐positive (recruited) macrophages. In a separate series of experiments, the block of axoplasmic transport proximal to a localized neuritis significantly reduced inflammation‐induced AMS (15.6% compared to 55.6%; P < 0.05), further supporting that the components necessary for AMS are moved by anterograde transport. In summary, nerve inflammation that causes the disruption of axoplasmic transport in patients with painful conditions may result in the accumulation and insertion of mechanosensitive elements at the inflamed site.
Performance of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System Fueled With Hydrogen Generated by a Fuel Processor
Authors: Jannelli E. , Minutillo M. , Galloni E.
Published: November 2007

Fuel cells, which have seen remarkable progress in the last decade, are being developed for transportation, as well as for both stationary and portable power generation. For residential applications, the fuel cells with the largest market segment are the proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are suitable for small utilities since they offer many advantages: high power density, small footprint, low operating temperature, fast start-up and shutdown, low emissions, and quiet operation. On the other hand, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells require high purity hydrogen as fuel. Currently, the infrastructure for the distribution of hydrogen is almost nonexistent. In order to use PEM fuel cell technology on a large scale, it is necessary to feed them with conventional fuel such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline or methanol to generate hydrogen in situ. This study aims to predict the performance of a PEM fuel cell integrated with a hydrogen generator based on steam reforming process. This integrated power unit will be able to provide clean, continuous power for on-site residential or light commercial applications. A precommercial natural gas fuel processor has been chosen as hydrogen generator. This fuel processor contains all the elements—desulphurizer, steam reformer, CO shift converter, CO preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor, steam generator, burner, and heat exchanger—in one package. The reforming system has been modeled with the ASPEN PLUS code. The model has a modular structure in order to allow performance analysis, component by component. Experimental investigations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the fuel cell fed with the reformate gas, as produced by the reformer. The performance of the integrated system reformer/fuel cell has been evaluated both using the numerical results of the reformer modeling and the experimental data of the PEM fuel cell.
Plasma Sprayed Diffusion Barrier Layers Based on Doped Perovskite-Type LaCrO3 at Substrate-Anode Interface in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Franco T. , HoshiarDin Z. , Szabo P. , Lang M. , Schiller G.
Published: November 2007

In the thin-film solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) concept of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Stuttgart, the entire membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is deposited onto a porous metallic substrate by an integrated multistep vacuum plasma spray (VPS) process. This concept enables the production of very thin and stable electrodes and electrolyte layers with a total cell thickness of only 100–120μm. In this concept, the porous ferrite substrate material predominantly acts as mechanical cell support and as fuel gas distributor. In general, ferrite substrate alloys with high chromium and low manganese content show both excellent corrosion stability and adequate thermal expansion behavior. Nevertheless, at the high process temperature in the SOFC of ∼800°C, atomic transport processes can show a detrimental effect on cell performance, at least at the required long-term operation. Problems arise, in particular, through diffusion processes of Fe-, Cr-, and Ni-species between the Ni/8YSZ anode and the ferrite steel-based substrate material. This can induce significant structure changes both in the anode and the substrate. As a reliable solution of this key problem, a plasma sprayed thin diffusion barrier layer is seen at the interface between anode and substrate, which consists of an electrically conductive and chemically stable ceramic component. For this purpose, some doped perovskite-type LaCrO3, such as La1−xSrxCrO3−δ, La1−xCaxCrO3−δ, or La1−xSrxCr1−yCoyO3−δ were investigated and tested carefully at DLR. These types of perovskites show a high potential to fulfill all the required properties that are needed for the applicability as an anode-side diffusion barrier layer. The paper focuses on basic investigations of differently doped LaCrO3 compounds under SOFC-relevant conditions concerning thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, chemical stability, etc. Furthermore, first results of electrically and electrochemically characterized half cells carried out with some qualified doped LaCrO3 are shown. Finally, the diffusion barrier layer is demonstrated as a new SOFC component that is effective at cell operating conditions.
Power Exchanges of Hybrid Fuel Cell-Ultracapacitor Power Sources Feeding Pulse Loads
Authors: Asprino D. , Conte L. , Pagano M. , Velotto G.
Published: November 2007

The paper focuses on the experimental results of a series of tests performed on a hybrid electrical source. The hybrid generator is made up of a fuel cell primary source equipped with an ultracapacitor storage device. The paper presents an examination of the steady-state and transient performance of the hybrid fuel cell-ultracapacitor source in terms of power quality. The aim is to investigate on fuel cell-ultracapacitor source’s behavior to feed pulsing loads.
Fabrication of Support Tubular Proton Exchange Membrane For Fuel Cell
Authors: Yu Ru-Jun , Cao Guang-Yi , Liu Xiu-Qing , Li Zhong-Fang , Xing Wei , Zhu Xin-Jian
Published: November 2007

The support tubular proton exchange membranes (STPEMs) were fabricated successfully by impregnating porous silica pipe into a solution of perfluorinated resin. The structures of the inner, outer, and cross section of support PEM tube were characterized intensively by scanning electron microscopy observation. In addition, the conductivity and impermeability were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the bubble method, respectively. Results show that the conductivity of the PEM can reach as low as 1.46S∕m when using the silica pipe of 0.7mm wall thickness. Subsequently, the ST membrane electrode assembly for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications was prepared first by loading Pt∕C and Pt–Ru∕C catalyst ink onto the outer and inner surfaces of the PEM tube, respectively. The performances of the tubular DMFC and the PEMFC were tested on a self-made apparatus, which shows that the power density of tubular DMFC can reach 10mWcm−2 when 4molL−1 methanol solution flows through the anode at 80°C, and that the power density of tubular PEMFC can reach up to 60mWcm−2 when hydrogen flows at the rates of 20mlmin−1 through the anode at 60°C, both the cathodes adopting air-breathing mode.
Dynamic Model of 5kW SOFC CHP Test Station
Authors: Saarinen Jaakko , Halinen Matias , Ylijoki Jukka , Noponen Matti , Simell Pekka , Kiviaho Jari
Published: November 2007

A dynamical model for a 5kW class solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined heat and power (CHP) test station has been composed using the APROS® environment. The model is based on a real test station being constructed and operated at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and it comprises the following main components of the real test system: the autothermal reforming unit, SOFC stack situated inside a furnace, catalytic afterburner, and three heat exchangers. The constructed model has been verified against experimental results obtained from the autothermal reforming unit, catalytic afterburner, and the two cathode side heat exchangers. The model has been used for the phenomenological studies of the system during current transient simulations using a simplified and fast zero-dimensional model including internal reforming reactions for the SOFC stack. The test station model was capable of operating at a speed of 18 times the real time using a standard personal computer.
Bayes Inference in Multicriteria Analysis for Hybrid Electrical Transportation Systems Design
Authors: Chiodo Elio , Velotto Giovanni
Published: November 2007

An advanced stage has been reached in the research and development of alternative vehicle propulsion systems, aiming at assuring acceptable levels of both consumption and emissions. Many different criteria, often expressed in incommensurable units, such as weight, reliability or availability, cost, etc., must be taken into account in order to obtain an “optimal” design for such systems. The design of such vehicles is the result of a complex synthesis, requiring high degree of methodologies involving tradeoffs among multiple criteria. This paper proposes a probabilistic multicriteria decision analysis applied to the design of a hybrid electric vehicle. In particular, a Bayesian estimation approach is proposed and numerically illustrated, with the purpose of determining the optimal decision for the systems’ design under uncertainty. In the course of the numerical application, it is shown how such methodology is able to integrate and update available information, even if poor and uncertain, on the basis of new experimental data.
Implementation of a Fuel Cell System Model Into Building Energy Simulation Software IDA-ICE
Authors: Vesanen Teemu , Klobut Krzysztof , Shemeikka Jari
Published: November 2007

Due to constantly increasing electricity consumption, networks are becoming overloaded and unstable. Decentralization of power generation using small-scale local cogeneration plants becomes an interesting option to improve economy and energy reliability of buildings in terms of both electricity and heat. It is expected that stationary applications in buildings will be one of the most important fields for fuel cell systems. In northern countries, like Finland, efficient utilization of heat from fuel cells is feasible. Even though the development of some fuel cell systems has already progressed to a field trial stage, relatively little is known about the interaction of fuel cells with building energy systems during a dynamic operation. This issue could be addressed using simulation techniques, but there has been a lack of adequate simulation models. International cooperation under IEA/ECBCS/Annex 42 aims at filling this gap, and the study presented in this paper is part of this effort. Our objective was to provide the means for studying the interaction between a building and a fuel cell system by incorporating a realistic fuel cell model into a building energy simulation. A two-part model for a solid-oxide fuel cell system has been developed. One part is a simplified model of the fuel cell itself. The other part is a system level model, in which a control volume boundary is assumed around a fuel cell power module and the interior of it is regarded as a “black box.” The system level model has been developed based on a specification defined within Annex 42. The cell model (programed in a spreadsheet) provides a link between inputs and outputs of the black box in the system model. This approach allows easy modifications whenever needed. The system level model has been incorporated into the building simulation tool IDA-ICE (Indoor Climate and Energy) using the neutral model format language. The first phase of model implementation has been completed. In the next phase, model validation will continue. The final goal is to create a comprehensive but flexible model, which could serve as a reliable tool to simulate the operation of different fuel cell systems in different buildings.
Is It More Thrilling to Ride at the Front or the Back of a Roller Coaster?
Authors: Alberghi Stefano , Foschi Alessandro , Pezzi Giovanni , Ortolani Fabio
Published: November 2007

An activity called “Project Physics, a Classroom Without Walls” was started during the spring of 2003 at the amusement park in Mirabilandia (Italy).1 Many thousands of students from Italian middle and high schools are today participating in the initiative. Under the guidance of trained tutors, they perform physics experiments on some of the attractions at the park such as the roller coaster, the Ferris wheel, and the launch towers. The students involved in the experiments can enjoy learning how to observe reality through the eyes of a scientist and to apply classroom concepts to real situations. They discuss the sensations experienced on the rides, perform measurements with traditional and computer-interfaced instruments, analyze collected data, and discuss the results in an open-air physics laboratory. This paper describes the results of one such activity.
Physics Phridays
Authors: Falbo Maria
Published: November 2007

Teaching high school physics involves cheerleading, coaching, and acting (in addition to course preparation, equipment maintenance/construction, and grading). One is like a performer that has to be “on” all the time to keep the attention and interest of students in order to engage them in the content. But what happens once the course is over? We hope that we have sparked some interest in physics that will continue and that our students take what they've learned with them, but the reality is often disappointing. Can we do better than hope? “Physics Phridays” might be a starting point.
Social Integration of Robots into Groups of Cockroaches to Control Self-Organized Choices
Authors: Halloy J. , Sempo G. , Caprari G. , Rivault C. , Asadpour M. , Tâche F. , Saïd I. , Durier V. , Canonge S. , Amé J. M. , Detrain C. , Correll N. , Martinoli A. , Mondada F. , Siegwart R. , Deneubourg J. L.
Published: November 2007

Collective behavior based on self-organization has been shown in group-living animals from insects to vertebrates. These findings have stimulated engineers to investigate approaches for the coordination of autonomous multirobot systems based on self-organization. In this experimental study, we show collective decision-making by mixed groups of cockroaches and socially integrated autonomous robots, leading to shared shelter selection. Individuals, natural or artificial, are perceived as equivalent, and the collective decision emerges from nonlinear feedbacks based on local interactions. Even when in the minority, robots can modulate the collective decision-making process and produce a global pattern not observed in their absence. These results demonstrate the possibility of using intelligent autonomous devices to study and control self-organized behavioral patterns in group-living animals.
Robotics in Remote and Hostile Environments
Authors: Bellingham James G. , Rajan Kanna
Published: November 2007

In our continuing quest for knowledge, robots are powerful tools for accessing environments too dangerous or too remote for human exploration. Early systems functioned under close human supervision, effectively limited to executing preprogrammed tasks. However, as exploration moves to regions where communication is ineffective or unviable, robots will need to carry out complex tasks without human supervision. To enable such capabilities, robots are being enhanced by advances ranging from new sensor development to automated mission planning software, distributed robotic control, and more efficient power systems. As robotics technology becomes simultaneously more capable and economically viable, individual robots operated at large expense by teams of experts are increasingly supplemented by teams of robots used cooperatively under minimal human supervision.
Mobile Robots: Motor Challenges and Materials Solutions
Authors: Madden John D.
Published: November 2007

Bolted-down robots labor in our factories, performing the same task over and over again. Where are the robots that run and jump? Equaling human performance is very difficult for many reasons, including the basic challenge of demonstrating motors and transmissions that efficiently match the power per unit mass of muscle. In order to exceed animal agility, new actuators are needed. Materials that change dimension in response to applied voltage, so-called artificial muscle technologies, outperform muscle in most respects and so provide a promising means of improving robots. In the longer term, robots powered by atomically perfect fibers will outrun us all.
Response to Comment on "Origin of Human Bipedalism As an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches"
Authors: Crompton R. H. , Thorpe S. K. S.
Published: November 2007

Begun
et al
. purport to present technical concerns regarding our case for an arboreal origin for terrestrial bipedalism in early hominins, but merely reiterate their knuckle-walking hypothesis, which lacks support from the fossil record and is highly unparsimonious. The technical concerns are refuted by published studies cited in our study and thus do not affect our original conclusions.
Learning in and from Brain-Based Devices
Authors: Edelman Gerald M.
Published: November 2007

Biologically based mobile devices have been constructed that differ from robots based on artificial intelligence. These brain-based devices (BBDs) contain simulated brains that autonomously categorize signals from the environment without a priori instruction. Two such BBDs, Darwin VII and Darwin X, are described here. Darwin VII recognizes objects and links categories to behavior through instrumental conditioning. Darwin X puts together the “what,”“when,” and “where” from cues in the environment into an episodic memory that allows it to find a desired target. Although these BBDs are designed to provide insights into how the brain works, their principles may find uses in building hybrid machines. These machines would combine the learning ability of BBDs with explicitly programmed control systems.
Widespread Monoallelic Expression on Human Autosomes
Authors: Gimelbrant Alexander , Hutchinson John N. , Thompson Benjamin R. , Chess Andrew
Published: November 2007

Monoallelic expression with random choice between the maternal and paternal alleles defines an unusual class of genes comprising X-inactivated genes and a few autosomal gene families. Using a genome-wide approach, we assessed allele-specific transcription of about 4000 human genes in clonal cell lines and found that more than 300 were subject to random monoallelic expression. For a majority of monoallelic genes, we also observed some clonal lines displaying biallelic expression. Clonal cell lines reflect an independent choice to express the maternal, the paternal, or both alleles for each of these genes. This can lead to differences in expressed protein sequence and to differences in levels of gene expression. Unexpectedly widespread monoallelic expression suggests a mechanism that generates diversity in individual cells and their clonal descendants.
Fast-Forward Playback of Recent Memory Sequences in Prefrontal Cortex During Sleep
Authors: Euston David R. , Tatsuno Masami , McNaughton Bruce L.
Published: November 2007

As previously shown in the hippocampus and other brain areas, patterns of firing-rate correlations between neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during a repetitive sequence task were preserved during subsequent sleep, suggesting that waking patterns are reactivated. We found that, during sleep, reactivation of spatiotemporal patterns was coherent across the network and compressed in time by a factor of 6 to 7. Thus, when behavioral constraints are removed, the brain's intrinsic processing speed may be much faster than it is in real time. Given recent evidence implicating the medial prefrontal cortex in retrieval of long-term memories, the observed replay may play a role in the process of memory consolidation.
Orchestration of the DNA-Damage Response by the RNF8 Ubiquitin Ligase
Authors: Kolas Nadine K. , Chapman J. Ross , Nakada Shinichiro , Ylanko Jarkko , Chahwan Richard , Sweeney Frédéric D. , Panier Stephanie , Mendez Megan , Wildenhain Jan , Thomson Timothy M. , Pelletier Laurence , Jackson Stephen P. , Durocher Daniel
Published: November 2007

Cells respond to DNA double-strand breaks by recruiting factors such as the DNA-damage mediator protein MDC1, the p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), and the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 to sites of damaged DNA. Here, we reveal that the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 mediates ubiquitin conjugation and 53BP1 and BRCA1 focal accumulation at sites of DNA lesions. Moreover, we establish that MDC1 recruits RNF8 through phosphodependent interactions between the RNF8 forkhead-associated domain and motifs in MDC1 that are phosphorylated by the DNA-damage activated protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). We also show that depletion of the E2 enzyme UBC13 impairs 53BP1 recruitment to sites of damage, which suggests that it cooperates with RNF8. Finally, we reveal that RNF8 promotes the G
2
/M DNA damage checkpoint and resistance to ionizing radiation. These results demonstrate how the DNA-damage response is orchestrated by ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDC1 and RNF8-mediated ubiquitination.
Clonal relationship between Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroid lymphoma
Authors: Moshynska O V , Saxena A
Published: November 2007

Background:

Although Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a predisposing factor for B-lineage thyroid lymphoma, clonal B-cell populations in HT are rare.

Aim:

To investigate whether there is a clonal relationship between HT and primary thyroid lymphoma.

Methods:

Clonalilty and sequence similarity was determined by PCR followed by sequencing and comparing immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement sequences to germline sequences and to each other.

Results:

12/20 patients with primary thyroid lymphoma had a previous history and histological diagnosis of HT. Clonal IgH bands associated with a polyclonal background were present in four of these 12 cases of HT; of these four, three had reproducible clonal IgH bands from the subsequently developed lymphoma. The range of similarity (homology) of multiple clonal bands in HT with the germline IgH varied from 90% to 96.3%. Multiple clonal bands in HT had sequence similarity (homology) of 62–100% with the clonal band in the lymphoma from the same patient. At least one clonal band in HT had more than 96% similarity (homology) with the clonal band of lymphoma in all three cases.

Conclusion:

Sequence similarity between the clonal bands in HT and subsequently developed thyroid lymphoma is supportive of the argument that primary thyroid lymphoma may evolve from HT.
The HIV-positive skin biopsy
Authors: Grayson W
Published: November 2007

Dermatological disorders are a frequent presenting feature of HIV infection and/or AIDS. More than 90% of HIV-infected patients will suffer from one or more skin diseases during the course of their illness. This trend is reflected in the increasing number of skin biopsies from HIV-positive patients in those parts of the world where HIV infection/AIDS is highly prevalent. Histopathologists are therefore required to possess a working knowledge of the broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. These include the range of dermatoses that are specific to HIV infection, the more common dermatoses occurring with greater frequency (or modified by) HIV infection/AIDS, the spectrum of infectious diseases (often opportunistic) caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and even arthropods, and neoplastic conditions such as Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The risk for adverse skin reactions to certain drugs is also greatly increased. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a dramatic decrease in opportunistic infections, several of these drugs may result in adverse reactions in the skin. Skin biopsies play a vital diagnostic role when different diseases present with clinically similar skin lesions. Biopsy material should always be examined carefully to exclude dual pathology. The diagnosis may need to be confirmed with histochemical and immunohistochemical stains, and/or molecular studies. Where indicated, additional biopsies for microbiological culture should always be recommended. The examination of multiple serial sections often proves invaluable. A diagnostic approach is given based on the predominant histological reaction pattern, with an emphasis on clinicopathological correlation.
Characteristics and frequency of detection of fecalListeria monocytogenesshed by livestock, wildlife, and humans
Authors: Lyautey Emilie , Hartmann Alain , Pagotto Franco , Tyler Kevin , Lapen David R. , Wilkes Graham , Piveteau Pascal , Rieu Aurélie , Robertson William J. , Medeiros Diane T. , Edge Thomas A. , Gannon Victor , Topp Edward
Published: November 2007

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can be carried asymptomatically in various animals and can be shed in feces. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of L. monocytogenes isolated from livestock, wildlife, and human potential sources of contamination in 2 areas in Ontario, Canada. From February 2003 to November 2005, a total of 268 fecal samples were collected from different animals. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated using selective enrichment, isolation, and confirmation procedures, and 15 samples (6%) yielded to the isolation of 84 confirmed strains. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from livestock (beef and dairy), wildlife (deer, moose, otter, and raccoon), and human (biosolids and septic) fecal sources. Thirty-two isolates were from serovar 1/2a, 34 from serovar 1/2b, 1 from serovar 3a, and 17 from serovar 4b. Listeria monocytogenes populations were resolved into 13 EcoRI ribotypes, and 18 ApaI and 18 AscI pulsotypes, with Simpson indexes of discrimination of 0.878 and 0.907, respectively. A majority (59%) of L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited potential virulence linked to the production of a functional internalin A, which was supported by higher entry into Caco-2 cells (9.3%) than isolates producing truncated and secreted internalin A (1.3% of entry). Listeria monocytogenes fecal isolates were on average resistant to 6.4 ± 2.5 antibiotics out of 17 tested, and potentially virulent isolates exhibited an enhanced resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and rifampicin. Livestock, wildlife, and human L. monocytogenes fecal communities exhibited overlapping but distinct populations, and some genotypes and phenotypes were similar to those previously described for surface water isolates in the same area.
Molecular characterization of fourHaemophilus influenzaeserotype a strains isolated from patients in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Sill Michelle L. , Zhou Jianwei , Law Dennis K.S. , Lorange Manon , Ringuette Louise , Bekal Sadjia , Tsang Raymond S.W.
Published: November 2007

Four epidemiologically unrelated Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) strains from patients in Quebec, Canada, were characterized and found to represent 3 distinct groups. One isolate, found to be biotype I and sequence type (ST)-62 by multilocus sequence typing, was shown to possess the copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase gene, sodC, and was suspected to belong to clonal division II. The other 3 isolates were classified as clonal division I based on the absence of the sodC gene. Among the 3 sodC-negative Hia strains, 2 were biotype II and had related STs (ST-23 and ST-403) and highly similar DNA fingerprints, similar to a group of previously described Hia isolates causing invasive disease in Manitoba, Canada. The remaining sodC-negative strain belonged to biotype I and ST-4 and shared no common allele with ST-23, ST-403, or ST-62. This isolate also possessed the IS1016-bexA partial deletion, which is often associated with increased virulence. Despite the small number of isolates used in this study, our finding of 3 distinct groups shows the existence of a potential genetic diversity not previously described for Hia. Whether this genetic diversity is related to the severity and epidemiology of Hia disease requires further studies.
Molecular bacterial diversity and bioburden of commercial airliner cabin air
Authors: La Duc Myron T. , Stuecker Tara , Venkateswaran Kasthuri
Published: November 2007

Culture-independent, biomarker-targeted bacterial enumeration and identification strategies were employed to estimate total bacterial burden and diversity within the cabin air of commercial airliners. Samples from each of 4 flights on 2 commercial carriers were collected via air-impingement. The total viable microbial population ranged from below detection limits to 4.1 × 106cells/m3of air, as assessed by the ATP assay. A gradual accumulation of microbes was observed from the time of passenger boarding through mid-flight, followed by a sharp decline in bacterial abundance and viability from the initiation of descent through landing. Representatives of the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as Gram-positive bacteria, were isolated in varying abundance. Neisseria meningitidis rRNA gene sequences were retrieved in great abundance from Airline A followed by Streptococcus oralis/mitis sequences. Pseudomonas synxantha sequences dominated Airline B clone libraries, followed by those of N. meningitidis and S. oralis/mitis. The cabin air samples examined herein housed low bacterial diversity and were often dominated by a particular subset of bacteria: opportunistic pathogenic inhabitants of the human respiratory tract and oral cavity.
Introduction
Authors: Vardanega Tullio , Ruiz Josée F.
Published: November 2007

This session focused on discussing open issues that arose from consideration of the real-time part of the Ada 2005 LRM. Three issues were table for the workshop to discuss. Accordingly, the goals of the session were to:

• Agree on proposed correction to EDF semantics

• Agree on resolution to requeue problem

• Review Ravenscar extensions for 2005 and consider extensions for distributed systems
Building high-integrity distributed systems with Ravenscar restrictions
Authors: Urueña Santiago , Zamorano Juan
Published: November 2007

The Ravenscar profile was a qualitative leap in the development of single-processor hard real-time systems with certification requirements. But nowadays more and more safety-critical systems are distributed, so a new Ada profile is needed for multi-node applications. This work discusses the restrictions and additions to the language needed to certify and obtain the required predictability and timeliness in a high-integrity hard real-time Ada distributed application.