bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Routine outcome monitoring in the Netherlands: practical experiences with a web‐based strategy for the assessment of treatment outcome in clinical practice
Authors: de Beurs E. , den Hollander‐Gijsman M. E. , van Rood Y. R. , van der Wee N. J. A. , Giltay E. J. , van Noorden M. S. , van der Lem R. , van Fenema E. , Zitman F. G.
Published: March 2010

Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) is a method devised to systematically collect data on the effectiveness of treatments in everyday clinical practice. ROM involves documenting the outcome of treatments through repeated assessments. Assistants are employed who perform a baseline assessment comprising a standardized diagnostic interview, administration of rating scales and completion of several self‐report measures by the patient. At fixed time intervals, assessments are repeated. Dedicated Web‐based software has been developed to assist in this task. ROM informs therapists and patients on the severity of the complaints at intake, and the waxing and waning of symptoms over the course of treatment. Researchers can use ROM for effectiveness research, and managers can use it for benchmarking. The use of ROM for research is illustrated by presenting data on the diagnostic status of patients participating in ROM and data on treatment outcome of a subgroup of patients (with panic disorder) in our database. The results show that implementation of ROM is feasible, and after some initial reservations, most therapists now consider ROM to be a necessary and important adjunct to the clinical treatment. In addition, ROM furthers research as the data can be used to study the phenomenology of psychiatric disorders and the outcome of treatments delivered in everyday practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• A form of tracking the progress of treatment through routine outcome monitoring (ROM) is described.

• Implementation of ROM appears feasible and can be carried out in large institutions as well as smaller practices.

• Providing feedback about outcome in an appealing format is highly valued by both therapists and patients.

• ROM data enable investigation of the effectiveness of treatments in everyday clinical practice.
An innovative model to promote CSR among SMEs operating in industrial clusters: evidence from an EU project
Authors: Battaglia Massimo , Bianchi Lara , Frey Marco , Iraldo Fabio
Published: March 2010

This paper presents the findings of our EU co‐funded project, an idea developed to better understand the opportunities to formalize corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a clustered system. Small companies often have to compete in a global market; for this reason, cooperation among SMEs, and with local stakeholders and intermediary institutions, might be facilitated by a collective answer to new market requests. Cooperation and social capital are key elements to facilitate trust amongst involved local actors. Moreover, they can also play a key role in the formalization of CSR policies and practices for small companies. In our project, we aimed at identifying and understanding the role of the ‘intermediary institutions’ (such as trade unions, local authorities, business consortia) in the cluster. Throughout the paper, we focus on the analysis of three industrial clusters in Tuscany (Italy). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Authenticated route optimization scheme for network mobility (NEMO) support in heterogeneous networks
Authors: Koo Jung‐Doo , Oh Seong‐Hoon , Lee Dong‐Chun
Published: March 2010

For the efficient communications between mobile or fixed hosts in mobile networks, the route optimization and its security are indispensable. So, the Internet Engineering Task Force introduced a NEMO basic support protocol in 2005. However, this protocol does not provide a strong security between hosts and especially in nested‐mobile network it can incur a pinball routing problem. And the previous Proxy Binding Update (PUB) protocol has an advantage that can prove the ownership of address of a host using Multi‐key Cryptographically Generated Address (MCGA) which can alleviate a neighbor bombing attack. However, a Mobile Network Node (MNN) belonging to the mobile network which can have low power or limited computing capability may be require burdened costs such as signification and verification of messages. Also, the PUB protocol does not provide the secure message communication architecture between the MNN and its Mobile Router (MR). In this paper we propose a CGA‐based Authentication Route Optimization scheme (CARO) in mobile hotspots with heterogeneous networks. The proposed CARO protocol satisfies two problems using IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) tunnel, a secret mobile group key, and the CGA. And we also do not require the considerable computing costs to the MNN or a Correspondent Node. In performance analysis, we prove more secure and efficient protocols than the previous protocols using the defense of various attacks and the result of computational cost, etc. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of trichloroethylene and toluene toxicity to Pseudomonas putida F1
Authors: Singh Rajveer , Olson Mira Stone
Published: March 2010

The goal of the present study was to elucidate the distribution of viable bacteria in chemical gradients and to evaluate the toxic effect of high concentrations of contaminants on contaminant-degrading bacteria under prolonged exposure. Accumulations of viable Pseudomonas putida F1 (P. putida F1) cells were observed surrounding trichloroethylene (TCE)-containing plugs. Results from this work indicate that P. putida F1 immediately adjacent to a TCE source become nonviable, whereas cells accumulating farther away use chemotaxis to migrate toward regions with optimal chemical concentrations in the form of concentrated bacterial bands. A method was developed to test the toxicity of model contaminant stressors, TCE and toluene, to P. putida F1; data obtained from toxicity experiments were fit to linear and exponential bacterial viability-decay models. Toxicity of TCE to P. putida F1 was best described with an exponential viability-decay model, with a viability-decay constant kTCE = 0.025 h−4.95 (r2 = 0.965). Toluene toxicity showed a marginally better fit to the linear viability-decay model (r2 = 0.976), with a viability-decay constant ktoluene = 0.208 h−1. Best-fit model parameters obtained for both TCE and toluene were used to predict bacterial viability in toxicity experiments with higher contaminant concentrations and matched well with experimental data. Results from the present study can be used to predict bacterial accumulation and viability near nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) sources in groundwater and may be helpful in designing bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with residual NAPLs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:56–63. © 2009 SETAC
Toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether to soil invertebrates (springtails: Folsomia candida, Proisotoma minuta, and Onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Authors: Dodd Matthew , Addison Janet A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to assess the toxicity of methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE) to three species of Collembola (Proisotoma minuta, Folsomia candida, and Onychiurus folsomi) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using an artificial Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) soil and field-collected sandy loam and silt loam soil samples. Soil invertebrate tests were carried out in airtight vials to prevent volatilization of MTBE out of the test units and to allow for direct head-space sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for residual MTBE. The use of the airtight vial protocol proved to be very successful, in that the measured MTBE concentrations at the beginning of the experiments were within 95% of nominal concentrations. The test methods used in this study could be used to test the toxicity of other volatile organic compounds to Collembola. The soil invertebrates tested had inhibitory concentration (ICx) and lethal concentration (LCx) values that ranged from 242 to 844 mg MTBE/kg dry soil. When the three test species of Collembola were tested under identical conditions in the artificial OECD soil, O. folsomi was the most sensitive collembolan, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50; reproduction) of 296 mg MTBE/kg dry soil. The most sensitive endpoint for lettuce was an IC50 for root length of 81 mg MTBE/kg dry soil after 5 d of germination in OECD soil. Data on the loss of MTBE from the three test soils over time indicated that MTBE was retained in the silt loam soil longer than in either the sandy loam or the artificial OECD soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:338–346. © 2009 SETAC
The toxic effects of benzyl glucosinolate and its hydrolysis product, the biofumigant benzyl isothiocyanate, to Folsomia fimetaria
Authors: Jensen John , Styrishave Bjarne , Gimsing Anne Louise , Bruun Hansen Hans Christian
Published: March 2010

Natural isothiocyanates (ITCs) are toxic to a range of pathogenic soil-living species, including nematodes and fungi, and can thus be used as natural fumigants called biofumigants. Natural isothiocyanates are hydrolysis products of glucosinolates (GSLs) released from plants after cell rupture. The study investigated the toxic effects of benzyl-GSL and its hydrolysis product benzyl-ITC on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria, a beneficial nontarget soil-dwelling micro-arthropod. The soil used was a sandy agricultural soil. Half-lives for benzyl-ITC in the soil depended on the initial soil concentration, ranging from 0.2 h for 67 nmol/g to 13.2 h for 3,351 nmol/g. For benzyl-ITC, the concentration resulting in 50% lethality (LC50) value for F. fimetaria adult mortality was 110 nmol/g (16.4 mg/kg) and the concentration resulting in 50% effect (EC50) value for juvenile production was 65 nmol/g (9.7 mg/kg). Benzyl-GSL proved to be less toxic and consequently an LC50 value for mortality could not be estimated for springtails exposed to benzyl-GSL. For reproduction, an EC50 value was estimated to approximately 690 nmol/g. The study indicates that natural soil concentrations of ITCs may be toxic to beneficial nontarget soil-dwelling arthropods such as springtails. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:359–364. © 2009 SETAC
Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on fish: A temporal assessment of fish health across sampling cycles
Authors: Barrett Timothy J. , Lowell Richard B. , Tingley Maureen A. , Munkittrick Kelly R.
Published: March 2010

The Canadian environmental effects monitoring (EEM) program is a regulated, cyclical, industry-funded program designed to determine whether receiving water impacts exist when a mill is in compliance with its discharge limits. The results from three cycles of the fish monitoring program (1992 to 2004) are available from over 200 surveys of fish compared between sites located upstream and downstream of pulp and paper mill effluent outfalls. Previous meta-analyses have shown a national average response pattern across cycles characterized by an increase in endpoints measuring energy storage and growth and a decrease in a reproductive endpoint, consistent with a response of nutrient enrichment in combination with some form of metabolic disruption. Although the national average pattern of effects was temporally consistent, there was some variability in the magnitude of effects among cycles. Questions were raised as to whether the intercycle variability was due to changes in effluent quality or due, at least in part, to other factors. The present study compares responses over the first three cycles, and shows that the choice of sentinel species is likely to be a major contributing factor to the variability in observed effects. Subset analyses using studies from mills that used the same sentinel species across cycles reveal fairly uniform responses and little evidence of significant improvements in overall fish health from cycles one to three. However, a meta-analysis using 1991 data collected from 10 mills before the implementation of the EEM program and data from the same mills collected during cycles one to three of the program reveal significantly reduced effects on relative liver weight and potential improvements in other endpoints. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:440–452. © 2009 SETAC
Phage display as a novel screening tool for primary toxicological targets
Authors: Van Dorst Bieke , De Coen Wim , Blust Ronny , Robbens Johan
Published: March 2010

In the present study the use of phage display as a screening tool to determine primary toxicological targets was investigated. These primary toxicological targets are the targets in the cell with which a chemical compound initially interacts and that are responsible for consecutive (toxic) effects. Nickel was used as model compound for the present study. By selection of Ni-binding peptides out of a 12-mer peptide phage library, it was possible to identify primary toxicological targets of Ni (and other metals). The selected Ni-binding peptides showed similarities to important primary toxicological targets of Ni, such as the hydrogenase nickel incorporation protein (hypB) and the Mg/Ni/Co transporter (corA). This shows that phage display, which is already widely used in other research fields, also has potential in ecotoxicology, as a novel screening tool with which to determine primary toxicological targets of chemical compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:250–255. © 2009 SETAC
Mercury and other metals in muscle and ovaries of goldeye (Hiodon alosoides)
Authors: Donald David B. , Sardella Gino D.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of 24 trace metals were assessed in gravid ovaries and in muscle of female juvenile and adult female goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), a fish with both low annual growth (16 g/year as adults) and a long life span (maximum longevity of 30 years). It was hypothesized that adult fish with these life-history characteristics would maintain stable concentrations of metals in their tissues with higher levels of essential elements compared with those that are potentially toxic. As hypothesized, the concentration of most metals in muscle of adult female goldeye was similar at all ages, suggesting that uptake and excretion of metals was equal. Mercury was a notable exception. Total Hg concentrations in muscle of adults increased throughout life from a mean of 206 ng/g wet weight at age 8 to 809 ng/g at age 28, or by 26.2 ng/g/year. Concentrations of Hg were low in ovaries (mean 21.1 ng/g wet wt) compared to the mean for muscle, only 7% of the concentration in muscle. This was the lowest percent of muscle concentration of all 24 metals. Concentrations of Al, Ba, La, V, and Mn were significantly greater in muscle of juveniles and in ovaries than in muscle of adults. Concentrations of 13 metals were higher in ovaries relative to muscle, seven were similar, and four were depleted. Silver was enriched by over 50-fold in ovaries. Overall, the present study suggests that low concentrations of some metals in muscle of adult female goldeye, relative to concentrations in female juveniles and ovaries, may be maintained in part by transfer of metals to the external environment in eggs at spawning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:373–379. © 2009 SETAC
A comparison of the copper sensitivity of six invertebrate species in ambient salt water of varying dissolved organic matter concentrations
Authors: Arnold W. Ray , Cotsifas Jeffrey S. , Ogle R. Scott , DePalma Sarah G. S. , Smith D. Scott
Published: March 2010

The copper sensitivity of four saltwater invertebrates (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the oyster Crassostrea virginica, the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) was determined experimentally using chronic-estimator embryo-larval test procedures. The effect of sample dissolved organic matter (DOM) content on Cu bioavailability was determined for these species using commonly prescribed test procedures. Comparisons were made among these test results and test results reported previously for two other invertebrate species: the mussel Mytilus edulis and the copepod Eurytemora affinis. All six species exhibited a direct and significant relationship between the sample dissolved organic carbon (DOC; a surrogate measure of DOM) and either the dissolved Cu median lethal concentration (LC50) values or median effect concentration (EC50) values. This relationship is significant even when the DOM has different quality as evidenced by molecular fluorescence spectroscopy. Once normalized for the effects of DOM, the Cu sensitivity of these species from least to most sensitive were E. affinis < D. excitricus < C. virginica ≈ S. purpuratus ≈ M. edulis ≈ M. galloprovincialis. This ranking of species sensitivity differs from the saltwater species sensitivity distribution proposed in 2003 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These results support the need to account for factors that modify Cu bioavailability in future saltwater Cu criteria development efforts. More specifically, Cu saltwater species sensitivity distribution data will need to be normalized by factors affecting Cu bioavailability to assure that accurate and protective criteria are subsequently developed for saltwater species and their uses. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:311–319. © 2009 SETAC
Pulp and paper mill effluents induce distinct gene expression changes linked to androgenic and estrogenic responses in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Werner Julieta , Ouellet Jacob D. , Cheng Caroline S. , Ju Young-Jun , Law R. David
Published: March 2010

Although effluent treatment systems within pulp and paper mills remove many toxicants and improve wastewater quality, there is a need to understand and quantify the effectiveness of the treatment process. At a combined news and kraft pulp and paper mill in northwestern Ontario, Canada, fathead minnow (FHM) reproduction and physiology were examined before, during, and after a short-term (6-d) exposure to 10% (v/v) untreated kraft mill effluent (UTK), 25% (v/v) secondary treated kraft mill effluent (TK), and 100% (v/v) combined mill outfall (CMO). Although UTK exposure significantly decreased egg production, neither TK nor CMO caused any reproductive changes. The expression of six genes responsive to endocrine-disrupting compounds, stress, or metals was then examined in livers of these fish using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In female FHMs, none of the three effluents induced significant expression changes in any genes investigated. By contrast, in males there were significant increases in the mRNA levels of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor (ER) β, and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) upon UTK and TK exposure but no changes in ERα or vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression, whereas CMO exposure significantly increased the mRNA levels of ERα, VTG, and CYP1A. Together, these results suggest that kraft effluent before and after biological treatment contained compounds able to induce androgenic effects in FHMs, and that combination of kraft and newsmill effluents eliminated the androgenic compounds while inducing distinct and significant patterns of gene expression changes that were likely due to estrogenic compounds produced by the newsmill. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:430–439. © 2009 SETAC
Estimating potential risks to terrestrial invertebrates and plants exposed to bisphenol A in soil amended with activated sludge biosolids
Authors: Staples Charles , Friederich Urs , Hall Tilghman , Klečka Gary , Mihaich Ellen , Ortego Lisa , Caspers Norbert , Hentges Steven
Published: March 2010

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume substance primarily used to produce polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. During manufacture and use, BPA may enter wastewater treatment plants. During treatment, BPA may become adsorbed to activated sludge biosolids, which may expose soil organisms to BPA if added to soil as an amendment. To evaluate potential risks to organisms that make up the base of the terrestrial food web (i.e., invertebrates and plants) in accordance with international regulatory practice, toxicity tests were conducted with potworms (Enchytraeids) and springtails (Collembolans) in artificial soil, and six plant types using natural soil. No-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC) for potworms and springtails were equal to or greater than 100 and equal to or greater than 500 mg/kg (dry wt), respectively. The lowest organic matter-normalized NOEC among all tests (dry shoot weight of tomatoes) was 37 mg/kg-dry weight. Dividing by an assessment factor of 10, a predicted-no-effect concentration in soil (PNECsoil) of 3.7 mg/kg-dry weight was calculated. Following international regulatory guidance, BPA concentrations in soil hypothetically amended with biosolids were calculated using published BPA concentrations in biosolids. The upper 95th percentile BPA biosolids concentration in North America is 14.2 mg/kg-dry weight, and in Europe is 95 mg/kg-dry weight. Based on recommended biosolids application rates, predicted BPA concentrations in soil (PECsoil) would be 0.021 mg/kg-dry weight for North America and 0.14 mg/kg-dry weight for Europe. Hazard quotients (ratio of PECsoil and PNECsoil) for BPA were all equal to or less than 0.04. This indicates that risks to representative invertebrates and plants at the base of the terrestrial food web are low if exposed to BPA in soil amended with activated sludge biosolids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:467–475. © 2009 SETAC
Error analysis of predicted fate of anthracene in a simulated pond
Authors: Bartell Steven M. , Gardner Robert H. , O'Neill Robert V. , Giddings Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2010

Statistical regressions that relate rates of transport processes to chemical characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were used to estimate parameters in a model that predicts the fate of a simulated anthracene spill onto the surface (25 m2) of a 12.5 m3 pond ecosystem. During 60 d following a simulated spill of 2.0 g/m2 anthracene, predicted concentration in sediments peaked at 550 μg/m2. Predicted bioaccumulation was maximal in rooted macrophytes (0.35 μg/g dry weight), followed by benthic invertebrates (0.23 μg/g dry weight) and zooplankton (0.04 μg/g dry weight). Precision of predicted concentrations depends upon precise estimation of model parameters that define maximum water solubility and that regulate photolytic degradation, volatilization, sorption and bioaccumulation of anthracene. In 200 simulations, values of 29 model parameters were chosen at random from distributions with standard deviations that ranged between 0.5 and 53% of their means. Results demonstrate greater precision in predictions of the relative distribution of anthracene among water, sediments and total biota than precision of predicted concentrations of individual pond components.
Compartmentalization of permethrin on cotton leaves in the field during a spray application season
Authors: Southwick Lloyd M. , Smith Sammie , Willis Guye H.
Published: March 2010

The insecticide permethrin was applied (10 applications in 6 weeks) to cotton in field plots separated for morning and afternoon applications in early (August to September) and late (September to October) season spray programs. The compartmentalization of permethrin on the leaves was determined throughout the application programs. In each of the four studies, initial surface permethrin residues were 80–90% of the total leaf load. At the end of each study, surface residues had doubled and total leaf content had quadrupled; the surface residues then were 40–45% of the total load. Thus, throughout each phase of the study, a major portion of the leaf permethrin content was at or near the surface where weathering processes occur. The surface residues from the late-season afternoon applications were generally higher than the residues from the early-season afternoon applications. This difference was in line with differences in rainfall, temperature and evaporation rates, which favored higher leaf surface residues in the late season. This residue trend did not appear in the morning samples from the two seasons. The cis:trans isomer ratios of the permethrin residues from the late-season study showed consistently significant decreases, which may have been due in large part to cis-to-trans isomerization.
Effects of aluminum on respiratory responses and spontaneous activity of rainbow trout, Salmo Gairdneri
Authors: Ogilvie D.M. , Stechey D.M.
Published: March 2010

Respiratory responses of juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were determined after approximately 26 h of exposure to dechlorinated tap water (at pH 6.0) containing 50, 100, 200 or 500 μg/L of added aluminum. Aluminum exposure produced significant increases in both opercular rate and cough frequency. Changes in the cough rates were proportional to the aluminum level, and the threshold concentration was approximately 100 μg/L. In addition, spontaneous locomotor activity was reduced by aluminum exposure.
Effect of Hexagenia on Daphnia response in sediment toxicity tests
Authors: Malueg K. W. , Schuytema G. S. , Gakstatter J. H. , Krawczyk D. F.
Published: March 2010

The toxicity of 12 freshwater sediments to the water flea, Daphnia magna Straus, and the mayfly nymph, Hexagenia, were tested in recycling laboratory microcosms. The organisms were tested both together and singly. Significant differences in Daphnia mortality between test and control sediments occurred in only two cases in which Daphnia was tested alone, and in five cases in which it was tested with Hexagenia. Significant Hexagenia mortality occurred in only two cases. The results imply that (a) Hexagenia is a less sensitive indicator of freshwater sediment toxicity than is Daphnia and (b) the presence of Hexagenia usually intensifies the Daphnia response. Tests that combine these two organisms are recommended, since Daphnia, although an open-water species, responds not only to dissolved materials in the water but also to particulates released from the sediments by the physical activity of Hexagenia. These types of tests could be used, on a standardized, routine basis, as indicators of potential problems.
Predator—prey (Vole—Cricket) interactions: The effects of wood preservatives
Authors: Gillett James W. , Gile Jay D. , Russell Loren K.
Published: March 2010

The rate of loss of crickets (Acheta domestica L.), with and without the presence of an adventitious predator, the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus), has been studied in Terrestrial Microcosm Chambers (TMC-II) treated with pine stakes impregnated with creosote, bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO), dieldrin (HEOD), pentachlorophenol (PCP) or a toluene solvent control. The first-order rate of cricket loss (-k) increased only for HEOD, to a maximum at 33 d post-treatment, with oscillations of about a 16-d period. This result infers a “cricket-available” compartment of HEOD and/or metabolites with concentrations that must be greater than those measured in air, soil, water or plants and other biota. When a gravid vole was subsequently added to each TMC, the predation index (Δkv) increased for control and PCP, but declined markedly for creosote and HEOD, and to a lesser extent for TBTO.
Aquatic safety assessment for cationic surfactants
Authors: Lewis Michael A. , Wee Victorio T.
Published: March 2010

The first comprehensive evaluation of the environmental safety of three similar cationic surfactants to aquatic life is reported. Toxicity tests were conducted that exposed freshwater and marine species, representing three trophic levels, to the dialkyl dimethyl ammonium compounds. The studies were conducted in a high-quality laboratory water and in river waters that were used to model realistic receiving streams. Most current laboratory test methods for the assessment of chemical effects on aquatic life do not consider the physical and chemical properties of the test material in surface waters. This safety assessment shows that these considerations are important in developing realistic conclusions about the ecological safety of cationic surfactants. In tests using river water, acute and chronic toxicities and bioconcentration were considerably less than those in corresponding tests conducted in filtered laboratory waters. This reduction in toxicity and/or uptake was attributable to the aqueous insolubility of the surfactants, strong adsorption to natural solids and tendency to form chemical complexes with anionic substances. The mean ratio of the concentration of anionic to cationic surfactants in municipal sewage treatment plant effluent is 4:1. Safety margins were calculated for daphnids and fathead minnows using the ratio of the no observed effect concentration, determined from chronic toxicity tests, to mean measured surface water concentrations. Safety margins for fish and daphnids were 7 and 11, respectively, for a river having a low wastewater effluent dilution factor of 10. For a river with a higher dilution factor of 150, the values were 115 (fish) and 190 (daphnids). Projected safety margins for marine invertebrates and fish were several orders of magnitude greater than those for freshwater species. Based on available information and expected usage levels, the projected environmental impact of these surfactants on aquatic life is minimal.
Hydrolysis studies of aldicarb, Aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone
Authors: Hansen James L. , Spiegel Milton H.
Published: March 2010

Hydrolysis studies were conducted on aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone for 186 to 228 d. These long-term studies show that, for a given temperature, the reaction rate constants for the three compounds are relatively constant below pH 7 and increase rapidly as the pH increases beyond 7. These rate constants generally result in shorter half-lives (under two years in most environments) than previously assumed, and would result in aldicarb residues being less persistent in groundwater than previously expected.
Applicability of microbial toxicity assays to assessment problems
Authors: Gillett James W. , Knittel Martin D. , Jolma Eva , Coulombe Roger
Published: March 2010

Microbial assays of dissolved oxygen (DO) uptake and resazurin reduction (RR) assays were compared with regard to applicability for hazard assessment schemes and determination of bioactive residues in soil and biota. The DO method is simpler and less expensive, but is less sensitive and more variable than the RR method. Both gave highly comparable results with pure or mixed cultures of microbes.
Trace organic contamination of ground water from a rapid infiltration site: A laboratory-Field coordinated study
Authors: Hutchins S. R. , Tomson M. B. , Ward C. H.
Published: March 2010

A previous study at Rice University demonstrated that trace organic compounds in primary and secondary effluents treated in rapid infiltration systems are detected in associated ground water. A direct cause and effect relationship was not established, however, since background data on trace organics in the ground water were not available. Field studies on a rapid infiltration site currently under construction at Fort Polk, Louisiana, have indicated that characteristic trace organics are mostly absent from ground water underlying the site. Therefore, a laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the potential for ground water contamination by trace organics during operation of this system. Four columns were packed with topsoil obtained from one of the basins at the site. Unchlorinated secondary effluent was also obtained from the site and used as feed solution for the columns. Soil columns were operated for a period of 4 months on a 2d flooding/12-d drying cycle to parallel design operation of the rapid infiltration system. Feed solution and column effluents were monitored for 22 trace organics by reverse ion search using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Each of nine target trace organics found consistently in the feed solution, with the exception of p-dichlorobenzene, was detected in the column effluents during the first inundation cycle; all target trace organics were detected in the column effluents during subsequent cycles. The concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, p-dichlorobenzene, acetophenone, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the feed solution were generally reduced by passage through the soil column, whereas diethyl phthalate, benzophenone, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide and dibutyl phthalate concentrations were unaffected or enhanced. Addition of mercuric chloride during the seventh and eighth inundation cycles had variable effects for the different compounds. These preliminary results indicate that ground water contamination at the Fort Polk rapid infiltration site can occur once the system begins operation, although concentrations of specific trace organics may be significantly reduced.
Effect of fluctuating lead exposures on lead accumulation by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Hodson Peter V. , Blunt Beverley R. , Borgmann Uwe , Minns Charles K. , McGaw Shelly
Published: March 2010

Contaminant concentrations in aquatic ecosystems vary spatially and temporally, so that surveillance data exhibit a log-normal distribution; i.e., the majority of measurements are low but a few are quite high. These data are best characterized by geometric means. Contaminants that are taken up quickly but excreted slowly should accumlate in fish at concentrations that reflect the highest exposure rather than the geometric mean exposure. To confirm this prediction, blood lead concentrations of rainbow trout were measured after 20-d exposures to concentrations of waterborne lead that fluctuated about a fixed geometric mean. Four levels of exposure variability were used. A lead exposure characterized by wide fluctuations was expected to cause greater lead uptake by trout than the equivalent exposure with less variability. Lead accumulation was best described by the following equation: log10 blood lead concentration (μg/L) = 0.814 + 0.999 log10 waterborne lead (μg/L) + 1.335 × standard deviation of log10 waterborne lead. Increasing lead concentrations and increasing variability of waterborne concentrations increased lead accumulation by trout. These results were accurately predicted by a simple one-compartment model of contaminant kinetics in fish. Applying this model to other contaminants and to hypothetical exposure regimes demonstrated that high depuration rate constants increase the importance of exposures over the previous 24 h. This anaylsis also demonstrated that arithmetic mean exposures were a better way of describing contaminant accumulation by fish than were geometric mean exposures. Therefore, brief (24 h) violations of water quality criteria may cause a greater toxicity to fish than would be expected from simple estimates of the geometric mean concentrations in water. Water quality surveillance programs must be designed to accurately describe both contaminant variance and the arithmetic mean concentration.
Growth optimized algal bioassays for toxicity evaluation
Authors: Klaine S. J. , Ward C. H.
Published: March 2010

Dynamic (flow-through) algal bioassays generally have been found to be more sensitive to toxicants than have static (batch) bioassays, and have led to lower estimates of maximum allowable toxicant concentrations. When growth of Selenastrum capricornutum is optimized, both systems are equally sensitive and quantitatively related to toxicant concentration.
Oxidative degradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by microorganisms
Authors: Quensen J. F. , Matsumura F.
Published: March 2010

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was metabolized by pure cultures of Nocardiopsis spp. and Bacillus megaterium. The degree of metabolism was strongly dependent on the solvent used, with ethyl acetate giving the best results. TCDD metabolism by B. megaterium increased when the concentration of soybean extract was reduced from 1.6% to 0.8%. Two TCDD-degrading bacteria were isolated from farm soil that consistently showed a low level of TCDD-degrading activity.
Bioavailability of six organic chemicals to Chironomus Tentans larvae in sediment and water
Authors: Mum D. C. G. , Townsend B. E. , Lockhart W. L.
Published: March 2010

Uptake and elimination of 14C-labeled terbutryn, fluridone, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), trans-permethrin, methoxychlor and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) by Chironomus tentans larvae were studied in sediment-water systems. Animals were exposed to three different sediments containing 50 to 500 μg/kg (wet weight) of each chemical, or were held in screened containers in water above the treated sediment for 24 or 96-h. Elimination of radioactivity was determined over a 48-h interval. Results were analyzed by use of a one-compartment kinetic model. Larvae exposed in sand or in water above sand had significantly higher concentrations of each chemical than those exposed in or above river (silty) or pond (silty clay) sediments. Uptake of terbutryn and fluridone, two hydrophilic compounds, was similar (24-h exposure) to that of methoxychlor and greater than that for TPP, trans-permethrin or HCBP, due to much greater partitioning of the former compounds into water above each sediment. TPP, trans-permethrin, methoxychlor and HCBP concentrations were significantly higher in larvae from sediment than in animals held in water above sediment. Uptake rate constants from water for each chemical were much greater than those for sediment, but due to the relatively large sediment-to-water ratio (1:5) and the high proportion of chemical in sediment, relative contributions of sediment and water uptake to body burden were similar. Assimilation of each compound by larvae from ingested sediments appeared to be negligible except for TPP and HCBP. Estimates of assimilation of TPP and HCBP in sand-water systems were much greater than those for sediments with higher organic matter content.
Induction of isoflavonoid production in Phaseolus Vulgaris L. leaves by ozone, sulfur dioxide and herbicide stress
Authors: Rubin Baruch , Penner Donald , Saettler A. W.
Published: March 2010

The potential induction of phytoalexin production by stress following exposure to ozone, sulfur dioxide and several herbicides was evaluated in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and lines varying in sensitivity to ozone injury. The isoflavonoids, coumestrol and several other coumestans were extracted from leaf tissue after various periods of exposure to ozone, sulfur dioxide or application of various herbicides. Elicitation of isoflavonoid production varied with lines and cultivars, but generally increased with increased plant injury caused by ozone, sulfur dioxide or herbicide.
A method for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of waterborne organosilicon substances
Authors: Mahone L. G. , Garner P. J. , Buch R. R. , Lane T. H. , Tatera J. F. , Smith R. C. , Frye C. L.
Published: March 2010

A novel method has been developed for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of (a) waterborne organosilicon substances, which are present as low-molecular-weight silanols (such as silicone hydrolysis products), and (b) higher-molecular-weight materials (e.g., silicones), which can be caused to undergo hydrolysis to yield such low-molecular-weight silanol-functional materials. This method is capable of good to excellent accuracy and precision in the parts per million range and, with suitable precautions, has the potential for extension to determinations in the low parts per billion range. Although particularly valuable for the analysis of water-soluble species, this method can also be adapted to yield useful information concerning water-insoluble organosilicon materials present in aqueous systems, such as colloidal suspensions, surface films, or sedimentary slurries. Because of its inherent sensitivity and selectivity, this method constitutes a valuable tool for measuring and characterizing the silicone content of industrial and municipal waste waters, surface and ground waters, foods and biological tissues, etc. The determination of water-soluble organosilanol species is accomplished by the acid-catalyzed trimethylsilylation of the silanol functionality with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) followed by gas-liquid chromatographic assay of the resulting HMDS extract. Water-insoluble components are determined by subjecting the sample to acidic predigestion before the addition of the HMDS-derivatizing and extracting reagent. The possibility of dimethyl- or monomethyl-silicon artifacts arising from inadvertent trace cleavage of methyl groups from the HMDS can be determined and/or precluded by the use of hexaethyldisiloxane or perdeutero-HMDS when appropriate.
pH Control of weak electrolyte toxicity to fish
Authors: Hayton William L. , Stehly Guy R.
Published: March 2010

A pharmacokinetic model was used to predict the acute toxicity of weak electrolytes to fish as a function of pH. For weak acids, the model predicted that the toxic concentration-pH profile was shifted to the right of the ionized fraction-pH profile. The relative rates of uptake of ionized and nonionized species can be calculated using toxic concentration-pH data.
Response of a salt marsh microbial community to inputs of heavy metals: Aerobic heterotrophic metabolism
Authors: Giblin Anne E. , Piotrowski Michael , Leighty Bruce , Valiela Ivan , Teal John M.
Published: March 2010

The addition of a sterilized, sludge-based fertilizer to experimental salt marsh plots increased both the nitrogen and the heavy metal content of the surface sediment. Aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms collected from these plots differed from microbes collected from control plots in their oxygen uptake rates on a uniform sediment medium both in the presence and absence of metals. When metals were not present, microbes from fertilized plots took up significantly less oxygen that did microbes from control plots. In the presence of metals, oxygen uptake by microbes from both plots was depressed; however, activity of microbes from the fertilized plots was significantly less inhibited than was that of microbes from the control plots, indicating a greater degree of metal tolerance in the former.

To assess the effect of a metal on the microbial community in the absence of nutrient enrichment, chromium solutions were applied to several 1-m2 marsh plots. Microbes from these plots developed a tolerance to both copper and chromium within 1 month. The oxygen uptake on sediment media in the absence of metals did not differ from that demonstrated by nonmetal-tolerant microbes.
Influence of water hardness on fluoride toxicity to rainbow trout
Authors: Pimentel Richard , Bulkley Ross V.
Published: March 2010

Static bioassays were conducted to determine effects of water hardness on toxicity of sodium fluoride to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ninety-six hour LC50 values increased from 51 to 193 mg/L [F] as water hardness levels rose from 17 to 385 mg/L CaCO3. Tests of chronic toxicity at different water hardness levels are needed before fluoride standards for aquatic life, such as fish, can be set.
Year and age effects on residues of dieldrin and heptachlor in dead gray bats, franklin county, missouri—1976, 1977, and 1978
Authors: Clark Donald R. , Bunck Christine M. , Cromartie Eugene , Laval Richard K.
Published: March 2010

Dead gray bats (Myotis grisescens) containing lethal concentrations of dieldrin were found beneath a maternity roost in Bat Cave Nos. 2 and 3, Franklin County, Missouri, in 1976, 1977 and 1978. Whereas residues of dieldrin, DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] and PCB polychlorinated biphenyls in bats appeared not to change significantly over the 3 years, residues of heptachlor-related chemicals increased in 1977 to potentially dangerous concentrations and remained elevated in 1978. Lethal brain levels of dieldrin in adult bats (geometric mean = 12.1 μg/g), compared with juvenile bats (geometric mean = 6.5 μg/g), indicated that juveniles are nearly twice as sensitive. The estimated population of gray bats (as maximum number of nonflying young) at Bat Cave Nos. 2 and 3 in 1976 and 1978 was 1,800 bats, but in 1979 no bats were present. Dieldrin, perhaps in conjunction with heptachlor, may have caused the decline and disappearance of this colony. However, dieldrin was banned in 1974 and Missouri's authorization to use heptachlor on corn expired in 1981. Furthermore, three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, dyfonate and mocap) are to be substituted. We hope that the gray bats remaining in this area of Missouri survive the residues of dieldrin and heptachlor still in their food chains and prove to be unaffected by the new organophosphates.
Altered avoidance behavior of young black ducks fed cadmium
Authors: Heinz Gary H. , Haseltine Susan D. , Sileo Louis
Published: March 2010

Pairs of adult black ducks (Anas rubripes) were fed a diet containing 0, 4 or 40 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride. One-week-old ducklings that had been fed the same dietary concentrations of cadmium as had their parents were tested for avoidance of a fright stimulus. Ducklings fed 4 ppm cadmium ran significantly farther from the stimulus than did controls or ducklings fed 40 ppm cadmium. Such an alteration in behavior could have harmful effects on wild birds.
Effect of naphthalene on the hemolymph ion concentrations of Chironomus attenuatus and the possible mode of action
Authors: Harmon H. James , Sanborn Mark R. , Darville Roy G. , Wilhm Jerry L.
Published: March 2010

Naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), was examined for its effect on the ionic regulation of the freshwater dipteran Chironomus attenuatus. Exposure of the fourth instar larvae to 1 mg/L naphthalene for 1 h resulted in elevated hemolymph Na+, K+ and Cl− concentrations.

After documenting the loss of ionic regulation in Chironomus exposed to naphthalene, we designed several experiments to elucidate the mode of action of naphthalene and other PAH (naphthol, phenanthrene, chrysene) on ionic regulation. Lipid vesicles were used to simulate biological membranes to test if PAH cause a loss of structural membrane integrity. Cellular membrane transport is mediated by the Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme system. Inhibition of this system was tested using cultured mammalian cells (HEp-2), which have a ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase.

Ion leakage experiments using Na+, K+ and cytochrome c-loaded liposomes resulted in little ionic leakage, suggesting that PAH do not cause a loss of membrane integrity. Exposure of plasma membranes of cultured cells to PAH (10 mg/L) for 30 min caused inhibition of ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase. Data indicated that as the molecular size of the PAH increased, the inhibition decreased. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that loss of ionic regulation in aquatic organisms is due to inhibition of specific enzyme systems and not to a general alteration of membrane integrity.
Effects of temperature and nutritional state on the acute toxicity of acridine to the calanoid copepod, Diaptomus clavipes schacht
Authors: Cooney John D. , Beauchamp J. , Gehrs Carl W.
Published: March 2010

Acute toxicity tests were performed on adult males and females of a freshwater calanoid copepod, Diaptomus clavipes Schacht, using the azaarene acridine as the test compound. Tests were performed at three temperatures (16, 21 and 26°C) and over a range of nutritional states (fed, starved and stock). Observations on mortality were made at 24-h intervals for 96 h.

Analysis of the data was based on comparisons (using different treatment combinations) of the parameters in a logistic survival function used to describe the mortality data. Median lethal concentrations (using 96-h LC50 values) were estimated from the logistic survival function as well as from the probit function, for comparative purposes. The LC50 values ranged from 1.64 to 6.70 mg/L, depending on temperature, nutritional state of the animals and sex. The LC50 values were highest for animals (fed before testing) at 16°C. As food availability decreased and temperature increased, toxicity of acridine increased up to fourfold. No significant differences in LC50 values were found between the sexes except in starved animals at 26°C, when males were more sensitive than females. This difference in toxicity between the sexes at 26°C may be due to differences in nutritional stress between the sexes (at this temperature), since control mortality at this temperature was also higher in males than in females.