bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instability of Glacial Climate in a Model of the Ocean- Atmosphere-Cryosphere System
Authors: Schmittner Andreas , Yoshimori Masakazu , Weaver Andrew J.
Published: July 2002

In contrast to the relatively stable climate of the past 10,000 years, during glacial times the North Atlantic region experienced large-amplitude transitions between cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) states. In this modeling study, we demonstrate that hydrological interactions between the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) and adjacent continental ice sheets can trigger abrupt warming events and also limit the lifetime of the interstadial circulation mode. These interactions have the potential to destabilize the THC, which is already more sensitive for glacial conditions than for the present-day climate, thus providing an explanation for the increased variability of glacial climate.
Splendor of Humble Symbionts
Authors: DePriest Paula T.
Published: July 2002

Lichens of North America
. Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2001. 819 pp. $69.95, £50. ISBN 0-300-08249-5.

Specialists and amateur naturalists alike will find this superbly illustrated guidebook a goldmine of information on the identification and ecology of the often overlooked lichens.
Bird Watching with Honest Jim
Authors: Ankeny Rachel A.
Published: July 2002

Genes, Girls and Gamow
. James D. Watson. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. 303 pp. £18.99. ISBN 0-19-850976-6. Knopf, New York, 2002. 333 pp. $26. ISBN 0-375-41283-2.

Picking up his autobiography where
The Double Helix
concluded, Watson offers a detailed narrative of his activities from April 1953 though the summer of 1956. Prominent strands in the account follow his adjustment to fame, research on the structure of RNA, pursuit of women, and the founding of the RNA Tie Club.
Where Science Meets the Arts
Authors: Rauschecker Josef P.
Published: July 2002

Beethoven's Anvil
Music in Mind and Culture. William Benzon. Basic Books (HarperCollins), New York, 2001. 352 pp. $27.50, £19.99. ISBN 0-465-01543-3.

Exploring links between music and the brain, Benzon argues that music, dance, ritual, and religion were intermixed in early humans. He concludes that by engaging many parts of the brain, music "literally keeps the brain in tune with itself and with the brains of others."
Should It Be
Homo economicus
?
Authors: Grafen Alan
Published: July 2002

Second Nature
Economic Origins of Human Evolution. Haim Ofek. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. 264 pp. $74.95, £45. ISBN 0-521-62399-5. Paper, $27.95, £17.95. ISBN 0-521-62534-3.

Ofek argues that economic factors played critical (and usually overlooked) roles in determining the evolutionary path that led to modern humans.
Waiting for the Watchmaker
Authors: Padian Kevin
Published: July 2002

Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives. Robert T. Pennock, Ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001. 825 pp. $110, £75.95. ISBN 0-262-16204-0. Paper, $45, £30.95. ISBN 0-262-66124-1.

This anthology includes representative selections from the proponents of a new effort to banish Darwinism and philosophical naturalism, along with critiques from their opponents and some rebuttals from the creationists.
The Race to Understand the Outlier
Authors: Heinrich Bernd
Published: July 2002

Lore of Running
4th ed. Tim Noakes. Oxford University Press Southern Africa, Cape Town, 2001. 1277 pp. R400. ISBN 0-19-578016-7.

Before presenting the advice on training, racing, and medical aspects that form the bulk of this volume, Noakes reviews the physiology and biochemistry of running. His account offers a novel interpretation of fatigue during exercise.
Keeping Swaying Bridges from Falling Down
Authors: Petroski Henry
Published: July 2002

In the Wake of Tacoma
Suspension Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability. Richard Scott. ASCE Press, Reston, VA, 2001. Paper, 314 pp. $69. ISBN 0-7844-0542-5.

Scott offers a narrative of trends in the design and construction of suspension bridges through the decades following the catastrophic 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows span.
Home Life at Down House
Authors: Kevles Bettyann Holtzmann
Published: July 2002

Annie's Box
Charles Darwin, His Daughter and Human Evolution. Randal Keynes. Fourth Estate, London, 2001. 363 pp. £16.99. ISBN 1-84115-060-6.

Darwin, His Daughter, and Human Evolution
Charles Darwin, His Daughter and Human Evolution. Randal Keynes. Riverhead (Penguin Putnam), New York, 2002. 416 pp. $27.95. ISBN 1-57322-192-9.

Emma Darwin
The Inspirational Wife of a Genius. Edna Healey. Headline, London, 2001. 384 pp. £20. ISBN 0-7472-7579-3.

In these accounts, Keynes and Healey offer two perspectives on Charles Darwin's family life and on how Darwin's deep attachment to his wife and children influenced his thinking on evolution.
Estonian Researchers Lead the Way in Science Reform
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: July 2002

Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia--Even before the Soviet Union's final collapse, Estonian researchers took the bold step of forcing out of power the president of the Estonian Academy of Sciences and creating a Western-style fund for handing out competitive grants. As a result, this small Baltic state has set the pace of reform in the former Soviet Union, and it has won a disproportionate share of Western grant aid. But now, a plan to shed the last trappings of the Soviet way of doing science, by ending the division between research institutes and the university system, has split the research community.
Art Stirs Uproar Down Under
Authors: Holden Constance
Published: July 2002

A team of Australian scientists has shaken up the anthropological community by claiming that a rock-art site from the Australian outback, including thousands of circles engraved on boulders, may be more than 100,000 years old. Many anthropologists think modern humans were confined to Africa at that time, so these dates--if verified--would force a rethinking of human history. But many researchers remain skeptical of the dating, which was done with a relatively new method.
Close-Up of a Killer
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: July 2002

After a 12-year effort, scientists have finally captured a detailed image of the business end of the immune system's T cells, which ferret out and mark for destruction cancerous and infected cells. The La Jolla, California-based team has also caught a glimpse of how the T cell latches onto an infected cell. These results, published on (
209
), should eventually help drug designers tailor new compounds to promote or, in some cases, block this crucial latching-on process.
In China, an Enigma in Test Scores
Authors: Glanz James
Published: July 2002

On a standardized test required for admission to physics graduate programs in the United States, residents of the People's Republic of China (PRC) score more than 230 points higher—out of a possible score of 990—than U.S. residents. A huge pool of highly motivated, well-trained students in the PRC is one factor, but intensive coaching is another. Widespread security breaches may also have played some role in the past.
Stars Are Seen Through a Cloud, Darkly, Says New Theory
Authors: Schechter Bruce
Published: July 2002

Two laser spectroscopists from IBM have put forward a controversial theory to explain one of the greatest enigmas of astronomical spectroscopy: unexplained dark absorption bands in the spectra of all bright stars. Astronomers have in general been skeptical, but this radical theory is winning converts.
A Chloride Channel Model?
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: July 2002

Miller explains in his Perspective [also see report by Malashkevich
et al
. (
p. 761
)] why the new pentameric coiled-coil structure of the extracellular matrix protein COMP is exciting for students of ion channels. The narrow channel created by the coils holds not only water but a chloride ion.
A Brewing Controversy Over Bird-Friendly Coffee
Authors: Tangley Laura
Published: July 2002

Biologists and environmental organizations want to promote coffee grown in a way that does the least environmental damage, but they are divided over what criteria to use.
Homo erectus
in Java: A 250,000-Year Anachronism
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: July 2002

An interdisciplinary team of scientists reports on
page 1870
that
H. erectus
may have been alive in Java, Indonesia, as recently as 27,000 to 53,000 years ago—at least 250,000 years after this early hominid was thought to have gone extinct in Asia. This startling suggestion comes from redating of two key fossil sites. If the dates are correct, this remnant population of
H. erectus
would have been alive when modern humans and Neandertals roamed the Earth.
The One That Got Away?
Authors: Taubes Gary
Published: July 2002

This cautionary tale of experimental science begins 10 years ago, when physicists sifting through the debris from collisions of heavy atomic nuclei saw hints that an unknown particle was briefly materializing in the collisions and then decaying. The prospect was so exciting that it sparked a whole generation of nuclear physics experiments. But now, after spending a decade and millions of dollars on the quest, most of the participants have concluded that they were chasing a phantom. It now seems that the researchers may have been misled by statistical fluctuations, amplified by optimistic data analysis.
The Subtle Pull of Emptiness
Authors: Seife Charles
Published: July 2002

Classical physics—and common sense—dictates that the vacuum is devoid not only of matter but also of energy. But quantum mechanics implies that the vacuum seethes with an infinite number of “virtual” photons that, like unobservable Cheshire cats, wink in and out of existence. These fleeting photons can exert a pressure known as the Casimir force, and a high-precision experiment has now measured it.
How to Get Databases Talking the Same Language
Authors: Williams Nigel
Published: July 2002

CAMBRIDGE, U.K.
—The brave new world of searching biological databases via the World Wide Web is becoming increasingly balkanized. Differences in database structure and nomenclature hinder research, and efforts at standardization have met resistance. But researchers are optimistic that Web tools developed for other uses may come to the rescue.
SINQ Quickens Pulse to Cool Its Beams
Authors: Hellemans Alexander
Published: July 2002

This month, Switzerland's Paul Scherrer Institute formally inaugurates a $65 million neutron source that will help close one gap and bridge another. The first is the gap between supply and demand, as researchers clamor for access to neutron beams; the other is technological: how to produce sought-after “cold” neutrons on the cheap.
Russians Tread Boards to Sell Their Wares
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: July 2002

HEMPSTEAD, NEW YORK
—Collaborating with colleagues in the West is now a necessity for Russian scientists. But at a 3-day symposium last October on Long Island, organized by the Russian government, Russian researchers learned that touting their goods in a crowded marketplace is not easy, and the Russian government learned that it has much to do before it becomes a force in initiating East-West collaborations.
Glaucoma Gene Provides Light at the End of the Tunnel
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: July 2002

Because the eye disease glaucoma develops so insidiously, it blinds almost 12,000 people every year in the United States alone. Now, researchers report in this issue (
p. 668
) that they have identified the gene at fault in juvenile glaucoma—the first time a specific gene has been linked to the condition. The discovery may aid in the diagnosis of glaucoma and provide clues to how it causes a buildup of pressure in the eye, which is thought to lead to blindness by irreversibly damaging the optic nerve.
Microlensing Sheds Light on Dark Matter
Authors: Hewett Paul , Warren Stephen
Published: July 2002

Most of the universe is dark matter, but the actual nature of this matter is unknown. Gravitational lensing—the bending of light from distant stars by matter—may offer some clues. As Hewett and Warren discuss in their Perspective, recent observations of gravitational microlensing by compact masses are leading to a better understanding of how the universe is populated by matter in our own galaxy and elsewhere.
Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
Authors: Hungate Bruce A. , Jordan Thomas E. , Jackson Robert B. , Drake Bert G.
Published: July 2002

David A. Wedin and David Tilman (Reports, 6 Dec.,
p 1720
) show that increased nitrogen inputs to terrestrial ecosystems might cause smaller increases in the capacity of those ecosystems to store carbon than expected. Their findings are important because nitrogen inputs have increased dramatically over the past decades through fertilizer production, cultivation of nitrogen-fixing legumes, and production of oxides of nitrogen associated with fossil-fuel burning (
1
). However, the simultaneous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) concentrations caused by burning fossil fuels is likely to at least partially counteract the processes that limited carbon storage in Wedin and Tilman's experiment. CO
2
enrichment generally increases the amount of carbon fixed by plants per unit of nitrogen taken up from the soil, particularly in carbon-3 (C
3
) species (
2
) such as those that invaded their nitrogen-enriched plots. Compared with the C
4
species that thrived before nitrogen was added, the invading C
3
species have relatively lower C-to-N ratios, limiting the amount of carbon stored in response to nitrogen input. However, with elevated CO
2
tending to increase the C-to-N ratio of these C
3
plants, N and CO
2
enrichment in concert would likely cause greater C storage than observed by Wedin and Tilman.

Rising atmospheric CO
2
may also increase N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems, amplifying the direct human impact on the N cycle. CO
2
enrichment often increases the growth of plants housing N-fixing bacteria in their roots, and this stimulation is relatively larger than non-N-fixing plants (
3
). Thus, in addition to the direct anthropogenic stimulation of N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems through agriculture and fossil-fuel burning (
1
), humans may indirectly increase N inputs to terrestrial ecosystms by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The interaction between CO2 and N enrichment, as well as shifts in plant species, will likely influence future C storage by the terrestrial biosphere
A New Driver for the Atlantic's Moods and Europe's Weather?
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: July 2002

The North Atlantic is known for decade-long swings in its winds and weather; the most recent turnabout sent brutal chill to northern Europe this winter. Now researchers may have spotted an oceanic driver—changes in the temperatures of various currents—that may be propelling these atmospheric mood swings and could one day yield long-term predictions of European weather
A Case of Mistaken Identity?
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Two years ago, researchers made the controversial announcement that human influence was warming the world, on the basis of a geographic “fingerprint” that tied the observed warming to increased greenhouse gases. But some climatologists now raise the possibility that natural changes in the North Atlantic may be responsible for part of the fingerprint instead
Key Player--Kevin KinsellaThe Industry's Top Showman …
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: July 2002

A profile of the founder of Sequana Therapeutics.
Key Player--Daniel Cohen: … And a Recent Recruit
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: July 2002

A profile of Genset's chief genomics officer.
Medicine: Developing Prescriptions With a Personal Touch
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: July 2002

A dusty, old field called “pharmacogenetics,” which attempts to understand why drugs affect different people differently, may revolutionize the way drugs are prescribed in the future.
Intellectual Property: Companies Rush to Patent DNA
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: July 2002

Getting rich on human genes has become a fantasy for many investors in the 1990s. But who ends up rich may have more to do with their skill at navigating patent law—and with the unpredictable decisions of federal judges—than the importance of the biology they have uncovered.
Federal Regulation: Gene Tests Get Tested
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: July 2002

One of the first companies to bring a genomics invention to market has run into a series of obstacles—including concern about the need for federal regulation of the field—that suggest that genetic testing may not lead to the quick commercial payoff some had predicted.
Russian Money Woes Endanger Project
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: July 2002

Adding Russia as a partner in the international space station put the controversial orbiting laboratory on firmer footing. But now the multibillion-dollar effort is being threatened by Russia's failure to come up with money to build critical portions of the station, and U.S. legislators say they won't be left holding the bag.
Smart Neurons Offer Neuroscience a Math Lesson
Authors: Cipra Barry
Published: July 2002

SAN DIEGO
—Far from being simple on-off switches, neurons can “rewire” themselves, changing the way they respond to incoming signals as the properties of their membranes change. But which properties are important for which responses? Answers are emerging from a synapse between two disciplines: mathematical analysis of differential equations describing this activity.
Ionosphere Research Lab Sparks Fears in Alaska
Authors: Busch Lisa
Published: July 2002

SITKA, ALASKA
—The Department of Defense is constructing the world's most powerful ionospheric research laboratory in Gakona, a tiny town 300 kilometers southeast of Fairbanks. The project, called HAARP, will allow scientists to study fundamental physical and chemical processes in the ionosphere, and the military to develop and enhance long-range radio communications, surveillance, and navigation systems. But a diverse slew of critics is fighting the project, charging that the military is planning to use HAARP for a variety of top-secret, sinister purposes.
Synchronous Spawning—When Timing Is Everything
Authors: Hay Mark
Published: July 2002

Some corals release their gametes all at once, dramatically increasing the chances of any one gamete being fertilized. In a report in this issue, Clifton
et al
. (
1116
) demonstrate that a seaweed,
Halimeda
, also engages in synchronous spawning. Hay's Perspective discusses the natural history of these seaweeds and their efficient use of time in their growth and reproduction.
A New Way to Resist AIDS?
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: July 2002

When a team of archaeologists publicly accepted a disputed Chilean site as being 12,500 years old—and therefore proof of an early human presence in the Americas—the press compared it to the breaking of the sound barrier. But researchers say that the news on the site of Monte Verde amounted to the conversion of just two archaeologists—and that the debate isn't over yet.

See last week's issue (
Science
, 21 February, p.
1061
) for coverage of early sessions on
global R&D funding
and
submarine vents
.
HIV Experts vs. Sequencers in Patent Race
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: July 2002

Half a dozen groups are vying for priority on CCR5—the receptor HIV uses to enter cells early in an infection—and many are filing patents. But these competitors may themselves be surprised to learn that a company that was not directly involved in these HIV studies—Human Genome Sciences of Rockville, Maryland—appears to have beaten everyone to the patent office.
In Mao's China, Politically Correct Math
Authors: Cipra Barry
Published: July 2002

SAN DIEGO
—At the joint meetings of the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America here, a historian of mathematics shed new light on how mathematical research survived the Cultural Revolution in China during the 1960s and '70s. A highly abstract theory imported from the capital of Western imperialism, the United States, helped Chinese mathematicians cast their work in an ideologically favorable light, he said.
Cores Document Ancient Catastrophe
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Two new cores of ancient sea-floor muds preserve debris from the giant impact at the end of the Cretaceous period. And one core, drilled through a New Jersey state park, documents that many marine species went extinct at the moment the impact struck.
Growth Factors Sculpt the Synapse
Authors: Schuman Erin
Published: July 2002

The brain's ability to learn and remember is at least partly due to the changing strength of its cell-to-cell connections, the synapses. Growth factors, previously thought to confine their action on synapses to the developing organism, can also change synaptic strength in the adult; an example in the invertebrate
Aplysia
is reported by Zhang
et al
. on p.
1318
of this issue. In her Perspective, Schuman discusses how these new results add to what is known about the actions of growth factors in the adult and developing brain.
Left-Right Asymmetry
Authors: Robertson Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2002

Although vertebrates appear symmetrical on the surface, their viscera show pronounced left-right asymmetry. In an illustrated Perspective, Robertson summarizes what has been found to date about the molecular underpinnings of the asymmetry set up during embryogenesis, including a report in this week's issue by Isaac
et al
. (p.
1301
) on the asymmetric expression of the transcription factor cSnR in the chick embryo.
Slow Rebuilding of Germany's East
Authors: Koenig Robert
Published: July 2002

BERLIN
—The German government has poured huge sums into reconstructing research along western lines: re-equipping and reorganizing the best of what was there, opening new institutes, and closing many more. The results have been encouraging, but reforms are now threatened by budget shortages.
The Next Wave of Supercomputing Centers
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: July 2002

A year-long competition to replace NSF's current group of four supercomputing centers is coming down to the wire, and the winners are…
Tighter Rules for Sharing Studied
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: July 2002

HOUSTON
—NASA and the National Science Foundation are weighing new rules that would severely restrict investigators who want to parcel out their samples of the 12 known martian meteorites. The problem, says a new report, is simple: The more hands, the more chance of contamination.
Taking ‘Hard’ Problems to the Limit
Authors: Cipra Barry
Published: July 2002

SAN DIEGO
—Limits—a term often bandied in calculus class—are the “endpoints” of infinite processes. The concept hasn't played much of a role in theories of purely finite processes such as computing, which takes place in finite-sized machines. But a new proposal suggests that limits could be key to solving a famous question in computer science: whether certain problems, such as the Traveling Salesman Problem, are “hard,” meaning they cannot be solved efficiently by any computer algorithm.
Who Rules French Science?
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: July 2002

PARIS
—France's conservative government has defined seven priority areas of science, mostly in applied research, and has decreed that the country's sprawling public research organizations devote increasing amounts of funding to these themes. Most researchers, however, see this as a threat to basic science and are reluctant to play ball.
France's Industry-Academe Jobs Agency
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: July 2002

PARIS
—The Bernard Gregory Association is devoted to finding jobs for young scientists in industry. It maintains a steady flow of résumés each year between its Paris offices and the roughly 100 companies that help support it, and runs job-recruitment pages on its Internet
Web site.
Although created in the 1970s, the past few years have seen something of a boom in its activities as public money for hiring scientists has become ever more scarce.
To Catch a WIMP
Authors: Watson Andrew
Published: July 2002

For the past 20 years, astronomers have had compelling evidence that there is more to the universe than meets the eye: About 90% of the mass of the universe seems to be invisible. This “dark matter” could consist of dim stars, not bright enough to be seen from Earth. It could simply be neutrinos. But there is a more exotic alternative: Dark matter could be made up of massive particles yet to be discovered, collectively known as WIMPs, and a new wave of experiments is now coming on line to catch one.
Subatomic Spin Still in Crisis
Authors: Watson Andrew
Published: July 2002

A new detector on the HERA positron-proton collider in Hamburg, Germany, has confirmed a long-standing puzzle about the toplike spin of protons and neutrons—and physicists are delighted. The puzzle is that the quarks that make up protons and neutrons don't contribute nearly enough spin to explain the total. By confirming the shortfall, the new detector, called HERMES, has shown that its sophisticated spin-probing technology is working properly—and may eventually be able to track down the missing spin.
Sequence Patents
Authors: Cullen Susan E.
Published: July 2002

In Eliot Marshall's News & Comment article of 7 February (
p. 777
), it is suggested that the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) insistence on rapid release of gene sequence information arising from their large-scale sequencing programs and avoidance of patent filing on such information is in violation of the Bayh-Dole Act. This is not correct.

Sequence fragments of unknown utility, although important starting points for further research, are likely not to be inventions, and hence not within the Bayh-Doyle purview. NIH's early applications to patent such sequences, as discussed clearly in Marshall's companion article (News & Comment,
7 Feb., p. 780
), were considered unpatentable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), and although there was no appeal to trigger a more final decision, few if any patents of a similar nature have since been issued.

Furthermore, it is not likely that commercialization will be thwarted by publication of a sequence, as confirmed by the decision
In re Deuel
(
1
) (patentability of partially published protein sequence). Instead of wasting PTO and applicant time and money on trying to patent the unpatentable, the focus should be on protecting the commercially important invention. Most often, that invention will be the identification of how a particular sequence can be used and patent coverage for a diagnostic or therapeutic modality that can actually be incorporated into a product useful to the public. NIH and the universities have no reluctance to file for patents and encourage commercialization of inventions such as these.

The record is clear that we recognize the role of patents in advancing the health and welfare of the communities we serve and in encouraging economic competitiveness. It is perfectly consistent with the Bayh-Dole Act to encourage more dissemination of sequence information, so that the actual inventions can be made.
Supercomputing: Illinois, San Diego Centers Win Renewed NSF Funding
Authors: Jeffrey Mervis
Published: July 2002

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has decided to concentrate its $65 million a year supercomputing program at two university-based megacenters and phase out support for two other centers. That is good news for scientists at the University of Illinois and the University of California, San Diego, which have ambitious plans to develop the next generation of high-end computing hardware and applications with partners around the country, and bad news for officials at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing and Cornell Theory centers, which have 2 years to plug the hole left by NSF's departure.
Paleoanthropology: Tracing the Identity of the First Toolmakers
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: July 2002

Who were the first toolmakers? For years, scientists pondering which hominid species were capable of making tools have relied on a simple test based on anatomical traits in the human thumb. Now new work reported at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in St. Louis suggests that data from the whole hand are needed to identify toolmakers--and that the human hand was evolving to accommodate tool use as far back as 3.3 million years ago.
Tales of Neutrinos
Authors: Lattimer James M.
Published: July 2002

Shadow of a Star.
The Neutrino Story of Supernova 1987A. ALFRED K. MANN. Freeman, New York, 1997. xiv, 210 pp., illus., + plates. $22.95. ISBN 0-7167-3097-9.
A Paradigm in Conservation Biology
Authors: Brussard Peter F.
Published: July 2002

Metapopulation Biology.
Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. ILKKA HANSKI and MICHAEL R. GILPIN, Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1996. xvi, 512 pp., illus. $89.95 or £65. ISBN 0-12-323445-x.

Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation.
DALE R. McCULLOUGH, Ed. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1996. xii, 429 pp., illus. $55, ISBN 1-55963-457-x; paper, $28, ISBN 1-55963-458-8. Based on a symposium, Albuquerque, NM, Sept. 1994.
Galaxies Nearby
Authors: van den Bergh Sidney
Published: July 2002

The Magellanic Clouds.
BENGT E. WESTERLUND. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997. xvi, 279 pp., illus. $69.95 or £50. ISBN 0-521-48070-1. Cambridge Astrophysics Series, 29.
Superfluid Droplets on a Solid Surface
Authors: Ross D. , Rutledge J. E. , Taborek P.
Published: July 2002

Photographs are presented of isolated superfluid helium-4 droplets prepared on a cesium surface, the only material known that is not wetted by superfluid helium. Although thermodynamic measurements show that the cesium surface is highly uniform, the contact angle of the droplets is extremely hysteretic and depends on whether the contact line is advancing or receding. Superfluid helium-4 droplets on an inclined surface do not flow downhill but rather are strongly pinned to the surface.
Legacies of the Bendectin Case
Authors: Green Michael D.
Published: July 2002

Judging Science.
Scientific Knowledge and the Federal Courts. KENNETH R. FOSTER and PETER W. HUBER. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997. xii, 322 pp., illus. $40. ISBN 0-262-0692-9.
Quantum Physics With an Eastern Eye
Authors: Jackson J. D.
Published: July 2002

The Story of Spin
. SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA. Translated from the Japanese edition (1974) by Takeshi Oka. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997. xii, 258 pp., illus. $50 or £39.95. ISBN 0-226-80793-2.
Windows into Mathematical Minds
Authors: Levine David B.
Published: July 2002

Fermat's Enigma.
The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem. SIMON SINGH. Walker, New York, 1997. xx, 315 pp., illus. $23, ISBN 0-8027-1331-9.
Picture of an Ancient World
Authors: Brett Carlton E.
Published: July 2002

Richardson's Guide to the Fossil Fauna of Mazon Creek.
CHARLES W. SHABICA and ANDREW A. HAY, Eds. Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, 1997. xviii, 308 pp., illus. $101.25, ISBN 0-925065-21-8.
Dinosaurs for Adults
Authors: Witmer Lawrence M.
Published: July 2002

The Complete Dinosaur
. JAMES O. FARLOW and MICHAEL K. BRETT-SURMAN, Eds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1997. xiv, 752 pp., illus. $59.95. ISBN 0-253-333349-0.
Boundaries Not Established
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: July 2002

Impossibility.
The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits. JOHN BARROW. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. ix, 279 pp. $25.00. ISBN 0-19-851890-0.
Not Noticed by Darwin?
Authors: Bowers Deane
Published: July 2002

Induced Responses to Herbivory
. RICHARD KARBAN and IAN T. BALDWIN. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997. x, 319 pp., illus. $44 or £35.25. ISBN 0-226-42495-2. Paper, $17.95 or £14.25. ISBN 0-226-42496-0.
History in Flames
Authors: Goudsblom Johan
Published: July 2002

Vestal Fire
An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World.
By Stephen J. Pyne
. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1997. 680 pp. $34.95. ISBN 0-295-97596-2.
Focusing Cell Biology
Authors: Satir Peter
Published: July 2002

Picture Control
The Electron Microscope and the Transformation of Biology in America, 1940-1960.
Nicolas Rasmussen
. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1997. 356 pp. $55. ISBN 0-8047-28372.
Neural Nets for Novices
Authors: Wass John
Published: July 2002

Neuroshell Easy:
Predictor, Classifier, Run-Time. Ward Systems Group. Frederick, MD. $395; $395; $295 Phone: (301) 662-7950
www.wardsystems.com

Artificial neural networks can be trained with existing data and then used to predict outcomes and to analyze large data sets. Wass reviews NeuroShell Easy, a set of three programs that allow inexperienced users to apply neural network analysis to their own problems.
Finding Purpose in Life
Authors: Alexander R. McN.
Published: July 2002

Nature's Purposes
Analyses of Function and Design in Biology. Colin Allen, Marc Bekoff, and George Lauder, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. 603 pp. $55. ISBN 0-262-01168-9. Paper, $30. ISBN 0-262-51097-9

A collection of papers on the nature and functions of teleology in biology. Most were written for philosophical journals, and this convenient compilation is likely to be more useful for philosophers and students than for practicing biologists.
Bowfins and the Revenge of Comparative Biology
Authors: Janvier Philippe
Published: July 2002

A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based in Comparative Skeletal Anatomy
. An Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History. Lance Grande and William E. Bemis. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Chicago, 1998. 700 pp. $75. ISSN 0272-4634. Memoir 4.

A superbly illustrated, detailed, and data-rich comparative study of a once flourishing family of fish that is now reduced to a single species, the bowfin. Focused on skeletal anatomy, the monograph provides a model for carrying out phylogenetic analyses of morphological data.
On the Ontology and Origin of Species
Authors: Burian Richard M.
Published: July 2002

Metaphysics and the Origin of Species
. Michael T. Ghiselin. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1997. 389 pp. $75. ISBN 0-7914-3467-2. Paper, $24.95. ISBN 0-7914-3468-0

Metaphysics and the Origin of Species
is the culmination of the author's three-decade campaign for the idea that biological species are individuals, not classes. Burian describes it as "deep, difficult, and of foundational importance," deserving serious attention from everyone interested in biological ontology and questions in evolution, cladistics, and systematics.
ROSAT X-ray Detection of a Young Brown Dwarf in the Chamaeleon I Dark Cloud
Authors: Neuhäuser Ralph , Comerón Fernando
Published: July 2002

Photometry and spectroscopy of the object Cha Hα 1, located in the Chamaeleon I star-forming cloud, show that it is a ∼10
6
-year-old brown dwarf with spectral type M7.5 to M8 and 0.04 ± 0.01 solar masses. Quiescent x-ray emission was detected in a 36-kilosecond observation with 31.4 ± 7.7 x-ray photons, obtained with the Röntgen Satellite (ROSAT), with 9σ detection significance. This corresponds to an x-ray luminosity of 2.57 × 10
28
ergs per second and an x-ray to bolometric luminosity ratio of 10
−3.44
. These are typical values for late M-type stars. Because the interior of brown dwarfs may be similar to that of convective late-type stars, which are well-known x-ray sources, x-ray emission from brown dwarfs may indicate magnetic activity.
The Public and the Quake That Wasn't
Authors: Stein Seth
Published: July 2002

Earthquake Fears, Predictions, and Preparations in Mid-America
. John E. Farley. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL, 1998. 216 pp. $50. ISBN 0-8093-2177-7. Paper, $21.95. ISBN 0-8093-2201-3.

Farley, a sociologist, explores public reaction to Iben Browning's pseudoscientific prediction of a major earthquake on the New Madrid fault zone in December 1990. Using data gathered before and after the "pseudodisaster," he examines the public's planned and actual responses to an earthquake prediction and the reasons why Browning was believed despite the careful analyses offered by seismologists, dismissing his claims.
Black Hole Horizons
Authors: Matzner Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Black Holes and Relativistic Stars
. Robert M. Wald, Ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998. 290 pp. $50, £39.95. ISBN 0-226-87034-0.

Based on a symposium honoring Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, this volume provides a comprehensive overview of the current theory of black holes and relativistic stars. Black holes are considered as astrophysical objects that can be understood within the framework of classical general relativity and as fundamental objects in quantum gravitational physics (with a focus on thermodynamic properties and the possibility of information loss during black hole formation and evaporation).
Quantum Statistical Corrections to Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Mueller Leonard J. , Weitekamp Daniel P.
Published: July 2002

A quantum statistical treatment of the chemical exchange between molecular eigenstates or conformations revealed previously unsuspected dynamic terms in the spin Hamiltonian operator that describes fast exchange. These terms resulted from the effect of nuclear spin on rotational and vibrational relaxation. With the traditional theory, an interpretation of new carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the chemical shift of methylcyclohexane in solution showed fast-exchange equilibrium constants that were inconsistent with the slow-exchange free-energy difference and were spread over a range of 30 percent for the various carbon-13 positions. Modeling of the new terms indicated that they have the correct magnitude and temperature dependence to reconcile these inconsistencies.
Requirement for Diverse, Low-Abundance Peptides in Positive Selection of T Cells
Authors: Barton Gregory M. , Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: July 2002

Whether a single major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–bound peptide can drive the positive selection of large numbers of T cells has been a controversial issue. A diverse population of self peptides was shown to be essential for the in vivo development of CD4 T cells. Mice in which all but 5 percent of MHC class II molecules were bound by a single peptide had wild-type numbers of CD4 T cells. However, when the diversity within this 5 percent was lost, CD4 T cell development was impaired. Blocking the major peptide–MHC complex in thymus organ culture had no effect on T cell development, indicating that positive selection occurred on the diverse peptides present at low levels. This requirement for peptide diversity indicates that the interaction between self peptides and T cell receptors during positive selection is highly specific.
Only Unthinking Intelligence?
Authors: Cheney Dorothy
Published: July 2002

If a Lion Could Talk
Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of Consciousness. Stephen Budiansky. Free Press, New York, 1998. 255 pp. $25, C$36. ISBN 0-684-83710-2.

Examining a wide range of studies on animal intelligence, Budiansky argues that associative learning underlies behaviors that might suggest sophisticated reasoning.
What Will Become of Readers?
Authors: Keller Michael A.
Published: July 2002

Avatars of the Word
From Papyrus to Cyberspace. James J. O'Donnell. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. 224 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-674-05545-4.

O'Donnell approaches the current communication revolution through comparisons with earlier transformations of information technologies: oral to written, papyrus to codex, copied manuscript to print. He suggests that the ongoing changes are not as radical as many believe and offers suggestions for adjusting to them and for improving learning and teaching.
Statistics in the Social World
Authors: Fienberg Stephen E.
Published: July 2002

The Politics of Large Numbers
A History of Statistical Reasoning. Alain Desrosières translated by Camille Naish. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. 380 pp. $45. ISBN 0-674-68932-1.

Desrosières's narrative relates the development of modern statistics to the knowledge and power of governments, portraying it as a synthesis of scientific and administrative practices.
Old Views of Ancient Events
Authors: Benner Steven A.
Published: July 2002

The Molecular Origins of Life
Assembling Pieces of the Puzzle. André Brack, Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. 427 pp. $85, £65. ISBN 0-521-56412-3. Paper, $34.95, £22.95. ISBN 0-521-56475-1.

A collection of review articles, by researchers well known for their work on the origins of life, that offers the latest word on classical approaches but fails to convey the current excitement in, and potential of, the field.
Replication of Apparent Nonlinear Seismic Response with Linear Wave Propagation Models
Authors: O'Connell Daniel R. H.
Published: July 2002

It is necessary to understand ground-motion amplification by sediment, defined as the ratio of ground motions at sediment sites to those at rock sites, to predict seismic loadings for earthquake engineering. At sediment sites, observed weak-motion amplifications from magnitude 3 to 4 aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge earthquake were twice as large as magnitude 6.7 mainshock amplifications. Amplitude-dependent (nonlinear) amplification by sediment is one explanation. However, earthquake simulations with empirical impulse responses and elastic finite-difference calculations with weakly heterogeneous, random three-dimensional (3D) crustal velocity variations show that linear wave propagation can explain observed (apparently nonlinear) sediment responses. Random 3D velocity variations also reproduce the observed log-normal dispersion of peak ground motions. Deterministic wave propagation models are not adequate to quantify the scaling and dispersion of near-source ground motions.
The Assembly of Antibody Explanations
Authors: Mackay Ian R.
Published: July 2002

The Generation of Diversity
Clonal Selection Theory and the Rise of Molecular Immunology. Scott H. Podulsky and Alfred I. Tauber. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997. 520 pp. $75. ISBN 0-674-77181-8.

Podolsky and Tauber argue that the methods and concepts of immunology were shaped by the application of molecular techniques to the problem of explaining how so many different antibody-producing cells can be generated from limited genetic material.
Stories from the Front
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: July 2002

The Darwin Wars
How Stupid Genes Became Selfish Gods. Andrew Brown. Simon & Schuster, London, 1999. 255 pp. £12.99. ISBN 0-684-85144-X.

Brown presents stories from the often acrimonious battles over sociobiology and uses them to discuss the nature of science in general and evolutionary studies in particular.
Light on Darkened Minds
Authors: Rosenthal Norman E.
Published: July 2002

Malignant Sadness
The Anatomy of Depression. Lewis Wolpert. Faber and Faber, London, 1999. Paper, 208 pp. £9.99. ISBN 0-571-19172-X.

Wolpert provides a detached and clinical account of his own illness in this comprehensive overview written for a general audience (and accompanied by a BBC television series on depression).
Information Isn't Everything
Authors: DeFelice Louis J.
Published: July 2002

The Touchstone of Life
Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and the Foundations of Life. Werner R. Loewenstein. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999. 384 pp. $30. ISBN 0-19-511828-6.

Incorporating strands from information theory, thermodynamics, molecular biology, and cell structure, biophysist Lowenstein weaves an argument for recognizing information flow as the "prime mover of life."
Free Radicals in the 20th Century
Authors: Cotgreave Ian A. , Orrenius Sten
Published: July 2002

Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems
An Interdisciplinary Approach. Daniel L. Gilbert and Carol A. Colton, Eds. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, 1999. 733 pp. $165, £97.50. ISBN 0-306-45756-3.

The authors' detailed, relatively up-to-date accounts will be a useful tool for teaching and research on the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and their effects in biological systems.
Does Sex Matter?
Authors: Haseltine Florence P.
Published: July 2002

Has Feminism Changed Science?
. By Londa Schiebinger. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1999. 264 pp. $27.95, £17.50. ISBN 0-674-38113-0.

Schiebinger reviews the history of women in science and examines the effects of gender on the structure, the style, and the content of science.
A Change in the Air
Authors: Prather Michael J.
Published: July 2002

Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change
. Guy P. Brasseur, John J. Orlando, and Geoffrey S. Tyndall, Eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. 672 pp. $75, £54, ISBN 0-19-510521-4

The collective effort of a group of researchers at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research and their colleagues, this volume presents an interdisciplinary examination of chemical processes in the atmosphere that is focused on global patterns and problems.
Calculating the Chances
Authors: Evans John S.
Published: July 2002

Should We Risk It?
Exploring Environmental, Health, and Technological Problem Solving. Daniel M. Kammen and David M. Hassenzahl. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1999. 424 pp. $39.50, £23.95. ISBN 0-691-00426-9.

Kammen and Hassenzahl explore the nature and methods of risk analysis--and the relationship between science and policy--by critically examining and clearly explaining selected problems ranging from cancer susceptibility to airplane flights.
How the Biosphere is Organized
Authors: May Robert
Published: July 2002

Fragile Dominion
Complexity and the Commons. Simon Levin. Helix (Perseus), Reading, MA, 1999. 264 pp. $27, C$40. ISBN 0-7382-0111-1.

Writing for a general audience, Levin argues that the biosphere is a complex adaptive system, which exhibits self-organization, diversity, non-linear interactions among parts, and feedback flows. He finds our challenge is to harness the forces that organize the biosphere rather than fruitlessly try to resist them.
So That Others Might Also Live
Authors: Eisenberg Leon
Published: July 2002

Night Falls Fast
Understanding Suicide. Kay Redfield Jamison. Knopf, New York, 1999. 446 pp. $26. ISBN 0-375-40145-8.

In this account of the biological and psychological reasons that interact to cause suicide and the strategies being developed to combat them, Jamison blends straightforward reports of facts and figures with lyrical essays about individual deaths.
Origins of Trade-offs in Maternal Care
Authors: Hurtado A. Magdalena
Published: July 2002

Mother Nature
A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy. Pantheon, New York, 1999. 745 pp. $35, C$49.95. ISBN 0-679-44265-0.

Through her discussions of a wide range of ethnographic and historical summaries and anecdotes, Hrdy presents an evolutionary perspective on the diverse decisions women reach on when and how much to invest in children.
Bohr the Innovator? Or Bohr the Intimidator?
Authors: Greenberger Daniel
Published: July 2002

Quantum Dialog
The Making of a Revolution. Mara Beller. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999. 381 pp. $35, £24.50. ISBN 0-226-04181-6.

Beller argues that the success of the Copenhagen interpretation was due primarily to intimidation and abuse of authority by Bohr and his collaborators. Our reviewer believes the author's biases led her to overlook the important question of how so many people have convinced themselves that one viable interpretation was actually unique and unassailable.
Emergence of Genetic Instability in Children Treated for Leukemia
Authors: Finette B. A. , Homans A. C. , Albertini R. J.
Published: July 2002

T cells from patients who had received chemotherapy for B-lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia were studied to determine whether genetic instability, a principal characteristic of cancer cells, can also occur in nonmalignant cells. Consistent with expectations for a genetic instability phenotype, multiple mutations were detected in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (
HPRT
) reporter gene in independently isolated mutant T cells expressing identical rearranged T cell receptor β (TCRβ) gene hypervariable regions. These results indicate that cancer treatment can lead to genetic instability in nonmalignant cells in some individuals. They also suggest a mechanistic paradigm for the induction of second malignancies and drug resistance.