bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Religión sin Dios? XXI Conferencias Aranguren
Authors: Fraijó Manuel
Published: March 2013

Mientras la fe en Dios parece decaer, crece el interés por las numerosas religiones y movimientos religiosos existentes. Estamos ante un fenómeno nuevo. En el ámbito monoteísta reinaba el antiguo aserto «ningún Dios, ninguna religión». Hoy, en cambio, la religión parece caminar sola. Hay signos de que las religiones, independizadas de la antigua fe en Dios, se han establecido por cuenta propia. Hay quien piensa incluso que podrían sobrevivir a Dios.
Las Conferencias analizarán las alternancias de Dios y de la religión en el poder. Hasta bien entrada la modernidad, la religión vivió a la sombra de Dios; a partir de esa fecha, es Dios quien vive a la sombra de la religión. Las conferencias se preguntarán, además, qué clase de religión quedará en los lugares de tradición monoteísta cuando se prescinde de Dios.
¿Hasta cuándo la religión?
Authors: Rius Mercè
Published: March 2013

Un problema sociopolítico candente es el grado de representatividad pública que merezcan las religiones. Esta nota despliega el «estado de la cuestión» vertebrándolo en actitud crítica hacia el argumento básico común a los distintos interlocutores: la libertad de conciencia entendida como libertad de elección. No cabe identificarlas sin cancelar así la exigida separación entre lo religioso y lo político. Ahora bien, tal cancelación no solo se esté dando en la práctica, sino en los esquemas teóricos de quienes apoyan la laicidad desde dicha libertad para elegir. Como todo ello concierne al «monoteísmo de la razón», el discurso filosófico al respecto no debería quedarse en simple mediador entre las partes.
Don Quijote, Hamlet y el cogito. Sobre las raíces de la estética en la filosofía moderna
Authors: Serrano Vicente
Published: March 2013

El artículo compara los dos grandes personajes de Shakespeare y Cervantes con el cogito cartesiano a fin de averiguar si expresan aspectos de lo moderno que este último oculta. En particular se analizan desde la perspectiva de la ausencia, cuya expresión se compara con la pérdida de la metafísica del ser y de la noción de naturaleza premodernas. Se indaga la posibilidad de que en esa ausencia hunda sus raíces la estética de la filosofía moderna.
El problema de la utopía en Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Antonelli Marcelo
Published: March 2013

El presente trabajo aborda la cuestión de la utopía en el pensamiento de Gilles Deleuze. Frente a diversos comentadores que lo consideran un autor utopista (Buchanan, Patton, Scherer, Zourabichvili), argumentamos que su filosofía es inconciliable con la utopía a causa de su opción por el devenir, la fabulación y la creación de lo posible. No obstante, sostenemos que la utopía pone de manifiesto una ambigüedad en la idea deleuzeana de inmanencia. Si bien ésta tiene por efecto rechazar los ideales y las posiciones trascendentes, Deleuze conjuga la inmanencia y la utopía mediante una evaluación inmanente de las acciones guiadas por los ideales utópicos.
El anarquismo moderado del primer Savater
Authors: Nogueroles Marta
Published: March 2013

En este trabajo nos acercaremos a los inicios de la trayectoria intelectual de Fernando Savater, una etapa desconocida por muchos de sus seguidores, caracterizada por una postura anarquista y una concepción libertaria del hombre y la sociedad. Esta etapa se inicia hacia el año 1976 y se extiende, aproximadamente, hasta 1981, año en que, en España, se produce el intento de golpe de Estado protagonizado por el general Tejero. Bajo la influencia de esta circunstancia histórica Savater abandona el anarco-nihilismo y desencanto político de su juventud y adopta una postura de confianza en la transformación política de España. Este acercamiento a los primeros años del joven Savater nos proporcionará algunas claves importantes para entender con más claridad la evolución de su obra y el carácter independiente de su pensamiento político que, desde siempre, le ha caracterizado.
Conservadurismo británico contemporáneo: John Gray y la teoría política del modus vivendi
Authors: Del Palacio Martín Jorge
Published: March 2013

John N. Gray es uno de los teóricos políticos más relevantes del panorama intelectual contemporáneo. Este trabajo ofrece una síntesis de su pensamiento, entendido como teoría política del modus vivendi. Se sostiene aquí que el pensamiento político de John Gray es un tipo de liberalismo congruente con los principios de la tradición del conservadurismo británico. En concreto, el artículo defenderá esta vinculación atendiendo al marcado carácter anti-racionalista y escéptico de su pensamiento, elementos que lo alejan de cualquier concepción universalista del liberalismo.
Democracias y populismos en América del Sur: Otra perspectiva. Un comentario a «La democracia en América Latina: la alternativa entre populismo y democracia deliberativa» de Osvaldo Guariglia
Authors: Retamozo Martín
Published: March 2013

En el marco de los debates sobre los procesos políticos actuales en América Latina, este trabajo presenta un análisis crítico del artículo «La democracia en América Latina: la alternativa entre populismo y democracia deliberativa» de O. Guariglia. La lectura del trabajo nos permite mostrar las limitaciones de la argumentación. Por un lado porque no confronta una posición normativa de la democracia deliberativa contra otra concepción normativa que defendería el populismo (en la obra de E. Laclau). Por otro lado, porque las evidencias empíricas sobre los populismos realmente existentes son escasas e imprecisas. Estos límites sin embargo contribuyen al debate porque reavivan la controversia sobre ¿qué democracia? Y habilitan distintas preguntas como ¿Qué conceptos normativos de democracia están presentes en la región? ¿cuáles han sido los alcances de los procesos políticos en América Latina bajo gobiernos «populistas» en el siglo XIX? ¿Qué posibilidades reales hay de democratizar ordenes sociales atravesados por profundas desigualdades como las de los países latinoamericanos?. Las respuestas a estos interrogantes pueden elaborarse desde distintas miradas que aportan pluralidad al debate.
Characterization of an aquifer in Roorkee, India using the spatially constrained inversion of in‐loop TEM data
Authors: von Papen M. , Tezkan B. , Israil M.
Published: March 2013

The study area is a sewage farm in Saliyar in the state of Uttarakhand, India, which is irrigated using untreated sewage from the nearby city of Roorkee. Previous studies showed that due to sewage irrigation the first unconfined aquifer at a depth of 5–15 m is contaminated. The aim of this study is to characterize the deeper aquifers to a depth of 100 m, underlying the first unconfined aquifer. Therefore 46 in‐loop TEM measurements were carried out in the farming area and an uncontami‐nated reference site with a transmitter loop of and receiver loops of and . To benefit from the geologically expected one‐dimensional subsurface we applied the spatially constrained inversion technique on the data resulting in a geologically reasonable model and allowing the identification of a conducting layer of 28 Ωm as the second aquifer. The resolution of model parameters was computed using singular value decomposition. The low resistivity of the underlying aquifer, however, is not locally restricted to the sewage farm but is also visible in the reference area; it is therefore unlikely caused by irrigation with untreated sewage.
Airborne time‐domain electromagnetics, electrical resistivity and seismic reflection for regional three‐dimensional mapping and characterization of the Spiritwood Valley Aquifer, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Oldenborger Greg A. , Pugin André J.‐M. , Pullan Susan E.
Published: March 2013

The Geological Survey of Canada commissioned a helicopter‐borne time‐domain electromagnetic (HTEM) survey over a 1062 km2 area of the Spiritwood Valley in southern Manitoba in order to test the effectiveness of airborne time‐domain electromagnetics for mapping and characterizing buried valley aquifers in the Canadian Prairies. The data exhibit rich information content and clearly indicate the broader Spiritwood Valley in addition to a continuous incised valley along the broader valley bottom. We detect complex valley morphology with nested scales of valleys including at least three distinct valley features and multiple possible tributaries. Conductivity‐depth images (CDI) derived from the HTEM decays indicate that the fill materials within the incised valleys are more resistive than the broader valley fill, consistent with an interpretation of sand and gravel. Comparison of ground‐based electrical resistivity and seismic reflection data allow for the evaluation of CDI models. Lateral spatial information is in excellent agreement between data sets. However, CDI results tend to underestimate the dynamic range of electrical conductivity while overestimating depths to valley bottoms; these issues may be associated with system limitations, algorithm limitations or differences between data types. The integrated data sets illustrate that HTEM surveys have the potential to map complicated buried valley aquifers at a level of detail required for groundwater prospecting, modelling and management.
Prolégomènes à la phraséologie comparée en langue de spécialité : exemple de l’anglais et du français de la finance
Authors: Resche Catherine
Published: March 2013

La phraséologie comparée est le prolongement logique et le complément de la terminologie comparée. Elle permet une approche plus complète de la réalité langagière de la langue de spécialité. L’unité phraséologique est constituée d’un terme-noyau et de cooccurrents dont la sélection est examinée ici à la lumière de différents critères : fréquence, prévisibilité, connaissance du public cible, de son niveau en langues et de ses besoins... Les questions soulevées sont étayées par l’étude des UP ayant pour termes-noyaux inflation, croissance, et taux d’intérêt dans les deux langues. Le problème pratique de la conception de la fiche phraséo-terminologique bilingue est envisagé. Si la phraséologie peut apporter une aide précieuse à l’étudiant et à l’enseignant d’une langue de spécialité, mais aussi au traducteur ou au spécialiste. En enrichissant l’analyse notionnelle effectuée dans une optique terminologique d’une dimension fonctionnelle illustrée par les unités phraséologiques répertoriées, elle ne permet pas encore de rendre compte de toute la complexité d’une langue de spécialité. Pour atteindre ce but, une description systématique de la syntaxe s’avère nécessaire.
Les éoliennes : vertes et vertueuses ?
Authors: Hugh-Jones Christine
Published: March 2013

Les turbines éoliennes, qui sont devenues un élément industriel caractéristique des campagnes européennes, sont de plus en plus controversées. D’âpres batailles ont lieu localement au sujet de projets de parcs éoliens, et des alliances se nouent autour de cet enjeu entre des particuliers et des groupes, qui, bien que se référant à des systèmes de valeurs radicalement différents – pro et antiéoliens –, n’en appellent pas moins aux mêmes notions de « communauté locale » et de justice sociale. Cet article s’appuie sur des exemples britanniques pour montrer comment un secteur industriel de plus en plus riche et puissant est parvenu à manipuler le concept « vert » pour convaincre des partis politiques, le mouvement écologiste traditionnel et des organisations de sauvegarde de la nature que l’énergie éolienne était un impératif moral. Cette présomption a eu pour conséquence une politique d’aménagement du territoire encourageant la construction de turbines éoliennes, et étouffant le débat au niveau national.
Novel Function of Trim44 Promotes an Antiviral Response by Stabilizing VISA
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Jie , Wang Yanming , Zhou Haiyan , Wu Xiaodong , Tian Zhigang , Sun Bing
Published: March 2013

Virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) functions as a critical adaptor in the regulation of both the production of type I IFNs and the subsequent control of the innate antiviral response. In this study, we demonstrate that tripartite motif (Trim)44 interacts with VISA and promotes VISA-mediated antiviral responses. The overexpression of Trim44 enhances the cellular response to viral infection, whereas Trim44 knockdown yields the opposite effect. Trim44 stabilizes VISA by preventing VISA ubiquitination and degradation. These findings suggest that Trim44 functions as a positive regulator of the virus-triggered immune response by enhancing the stability of VISA.
Critical Role of ASC Inflammasomes and Bacterial Type IV Secretion System in Caspase-1 Activation and Host Innate Resistance to Brucella abortus Infection
Authors: Gomes Marco Tulio R. , Campos Priscila C. , Oliveira Fernanda S. , Corsetti Patricia P. , Bortoluci Karina R. , Cunha Larissa D. , Zamboni Dario S. , Oliveira Sergio C.
Published: March 2013

Pathogens are detected by innate immune receptors that, upon activation, orchestrate an appropriate immune response. Recent studies revealed the intracellular signaling cascades involved in the TLR-initiated immune response to Brucella abortus infection. However, no report has elucidated the role of inflammasome receptors in Brucella recognition. Therefore, we decided to investigate the function of NLRC4, NLRP3, and AIM2 in sensing Brucella. In this study, we showed that NLRC4 is not required to induce caspase-1 activation and further secretion of IL-1β by B. abortus in macrophages. In contrast, we determined that AIM2, which senses Brucella DNA, and NLRP3 are partially required for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Additionally, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induced by Brucella were implicated in IL-1β production. Furthermore, AIM2, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 knockout mice were more susceptible to B. abortus infection than were wild-type animals, suggesting that multiple ASC-dependent inflammasomes contribute to host protection against infection. This protective effect is due to the inflammatory response caused by IL-1β and IL-18 rather than pyroptosis, because we observed augmented bacterial burden in IL-1R and IL-18 knockout mice. Finally, we determined that bacterial type IV secretion system VirB and live, but not heat-killed, Brucella are required for full inflammasome activation in macrophages during infection. Taken together, our results indicate that Brucella is sensed by ASC inflammasomes that collectively orchestrate a robust caspase-1 activation and proinflammatory response.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Regulate Growth of Multiple Myeloma by Inhibiting T Cells in Bone Marrow
Authors: Ramachandran Indu R. , Martner Anna , Pisklakova Alexandra , Condamine Thomas , Chase Tess , Vogl Thomas , Roth Johannes , Gabrilovich Dmitry , Nefedova Yulia
Published: March 2013

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are one of the major factors limiting the immune response in cancer. However, their role in bone marrow (BM), the site of primary localization of multiple myeloma (MM), is poorly understood. In this study, we found a significant accumulation of CD11b+CD14−CD33+ immunosuppressive MDSC in BM of patients with newly diagnosed MM. To assess the possible role of MDSC in MM, we used immunocompetent mouse models. Immunosuppressive MDSC accumulated in BM of mice as early as 1 wk after tumor inoculation. S100A9 knockout (KO) mice, which are deficient in their ability to accumulate MDSC in tumor-bearing hosts, demonstrated reduced MDSC accumulation in BM after injection of MM cells compared with wild-type mice. Growth of the immunogenic MM cells was significantly reduced in S100A9KO mice. This effect was associated with the accumulation of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in BM and spleens of S100A9KO mice, but not wild-type mice, and was abrogated by the administration of anti-CD8 Ab or adoptive transfer of MDSC. Thus, the accumulation of MDSC at early stages of MM plays a critical role in MM progression and suggests that MDSC can be considered a possible therapeutic target in this disease.
Impact of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus on Circulation Dynamics of Seasonal Influenza Strains in Kenya
Authors: Majanja Janet , Njoroge Rose N. , Achilla Rachel , Wurapa Eyako K. , Wadegu Meshack , Mukunzi Silvanos , Mwangi Josephat , Njiri James , Gachara George , Bulimo Wallace
Published: March 2013

We describe virus variations from patients with influenza-like illness before and after the appearance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Kenya during January 2008–July 2011. A total of 11,592 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from consenting patients. Seasonal influenza B, A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Of patients enrolled, 2073 (17.9%) had influenza. A total of 1,524 (73.4%) of 2,073 samples were positive for influenza A virus and 549 (26.6%) were positive for influenza B virus. Influenza B virus predominated in 2008 and seasonal A(H1N1) virus predominated in the first half of 2009. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus predominated in the second half of 2009. Influenza A/H3N2 virus predominated in 2010, and co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and influenza B virus predominated the first half of 2011. The reduction and displacement of seasonal A(H1N1) virus was the most obvious effect of the arrival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The decision of the World Health Organization to replace seasonal A(H1N1) virus with the pandemic virus strain for the southern hemisphere vaccine was appropriate for Kenya.
Travel Characteristics and Yellow Fever Vaccine Usage Among US Global TravEpiNet Travelers Visiting Countries with Risk of Yellow Fever Virus Transmission, 2009–2011
Authors: Jentes Emily S. , Han Pauline , Gershman Mark D. , Rao Sowmya R. , LaRocque Regina C. , Staples J. Erin , Ryan Edward T. , _ _
Published: March 2013

Yellow fever (YF) vaccine-associated serious adverse events and changing YF epidemiology have challenged healthcare providers to vaccinate only travelers whose risk of YF during travel is greater than their risk of adverse events. We describe the travel characteristics and YF vaccine use among US travelers visiting Global TravEpiNet clinics from January of 2009 to March of 2011. Of 16,660 travelers, 5,588 (34%) had itineraries to areas with risk of YF virus transmission. Of those travelers visiting one country with YF risk (N = 4,517), 71% were vaccinated at the visit, and 20% were presumed to be immune from prior vaccination. However, travelers visiting friends and relatives (odds ratio [OR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.27–5.22) or going to Nigeria (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.37–6.62) were significantly more likely to decline vaccination. To optimize YF vaccine use, clinicians should discuss an individual's risk–benefit assessment of vaccination and close knowledge gaps regarding vaccine use among at-risk populations.
Molecular and Biological Diagnostic Tests for Monitoring Benzimidazole Resistance in Human Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Authors: Diawara Aïssatou , Schwenkenbecher Jan M. , Kaplan Ray M. , Prichard Roger K.
Published: March 2013

In endemic countries with soil-transmitted helminths mass drug administration with albendazole or mebendazole are being implemented as a control strategy. However, it is well known in veterinary helminths that the use of the same benzimidazole drugs can place selection on the β-tubulin gene, leading to resistance. Given the concern that resistance could arise in human soil-transmitted helminths, there is an urgent need to develop accurate diagnostic tools for monitoring resistance. In this study, we developed molecular assays to detect putative resistance genetic changes in Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms, and we optimized an egg hatch assay for the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and applied it to Necator americanus. Both assays were tested on field samples. The molecular assays demonstrated their reproducibility and capacity to detect the presence of worms carrying putative resistance-associated genetic changes. However, further investigations are needed to validate our molecular and biological tests on additional field isolates.
Risk Factors for the Presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Domestic Water-Holding Containers in Areas Impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project, Laos
Authors: Hiscox Alexandra , Kaye Angela , Vongphayloth Khamsing , Banks Ian , Piffer Michele , Khammanithong Phasouk , Sananikhom Pany , Kaul Surinder , Hill Nigel , Lindsay Steven W. , Brey Paul T.
Published: March 2013

We assessed risk factors for vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses near a new hydroelectric project, Nam Theun 2, in Laos. Immature stages of Aedes aegypti were found only in sites within 40 km of the urban provincial capital, but Aedes albopictus was found throughout. Aedes aegypti pupae were most common in water storage jars (odds ratio [OR] = 4.72) and tires (OR = 2.99), and Ae. albopictus pupae were associated with tires in 2009 (OR = 10.87) and drums, tires, and jars in 2010 (drums OR = 3.05; tires OR = 3.45, jars OR = 6.59). Compared with water storage vessels, containers used for hygiene, cooking, and drinking were 80% less likely to harbor Ae. albopictus pupae in 2010 (OR = 0.20), and discarded waste was associated with a 3.64 increased odds of infestation. Vector control efforts should focus on source reduction of water storage containers, particularly concrete jars and tires.
Efficacy of Chloroquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Honduras
Authors: Mejia Torres Rosa Elena , Banegas Engels Ilich , Mendoza Meisy , Diaz Cesar , Bucheli Sandra Tamara Mancero , Fontecha Gustavo A. , Alam Md Tauqeer , Goldman Ira , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam , Zambrano Jose Orlinder Nicolas
Published: March 2013

Chloroquine (CQ) is officially used for the primary treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Honduras. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of CQ for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in the municipality of Puerto Lempira, Gracias a Dios, Honduras was evaluated using the Pan American Health Organization—World Health Organization protocol with a follow-up of 28 days. Sixty-eight patients from 6 months to 60 years of age microscopically diagnosed with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were included in the final analysis. All patients who were treated with CQ (25 mg/kg over 3 days) cleared parasitemia by day 3 and acquired no new P. falciparum infection within 28 days of follow-up. All the parasite samples sequenced for CQ resistance mutations (pfcrt) showed only the CQ-sensitive genotype (CVMNK). This finding shows that CQ remains highly efficacious for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Gracias a Dios, Honduras.
A Study on Imbibition and Syneresis in Four Commercially Available Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate) Impression Materials
Authors: Mittal Sanjeev , Bansal Sanjay , Garg Shushant , Kansal Gagandeep
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To evaluate imbibition and syneresis in four commercially available irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials at different time intervals (10, 20 and 30 minutes).

Materials and methods

Eighty samples of four commercially available irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials Algitex (DPI, Mumbai), Plastalgin (Septodont, Cedex, France), Zelgan 2002 (Dentsply), Finndent (Pyrex Polykem) were made. Twenty samples each of four irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials were grouped into four groups (I, II, III and IV). Measured quantity of alginate powder and liquid was used to make samples. The samples were evaluated for imbibition and syneresis at different time intervals (i.e.10, 20, and 30 minutes) by weighing on electronic analytic balance. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA, post hoc test and t-test.

Results

The statistical data revealed that imbibition within four groups of irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials were not significant. Regarding syneresis there was insignificant difference between the four groups but within the group itself they showed significant difference between them depending upon the time interval. It was observed that Group I showed significant difference in syneresis at time interval of 10 to 20 minutes. Group II showed significant difference in syneresis at time interval of 10 to 30 minutes.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that four groups of irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression materials showed different rates of imbibition and syneresis at time interval of 10, 20 and 30 minutes depending upon molecular weight, calcium concentration and environmental conditions.

How to cite this article

Garg S, Mittal S, Bansal S, Kansal G. A Study on Imbibition and Syneresis in Four Commercially Available Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate) Impression Materials. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(1):1-4.
Rehabilitation of an Auricular Defect using Spectacle Retained Silicone Ear Prosthesis and Ear Stent
Authors: Mohamed Kasim , Vaidyanathan Anandkumar , Mani Umamaheswari , Bhatia Yadharth , Veeravalli Padmanabhan Thallam
Published: March 2013

Auricular defects resulting from skin cancer, trauma or congenital cause present reconstructive challenges. Surgical reconstruction may provide effective results for smaller and larger defects. However, some patients do not prefer surgical intervention for rehabilitation due to fear of pain. The use of silicone material for fabrication of facial prosthesis has made it possible to acceptably restore what has been lost. The application of skill and resources in the correct direction can provide the needy patients good treatment options that are cost-effective and esthetically acceptable. This article describes a simple clinical technique to rehabilitate patients with auricular defects. The purpose of this treatment was to minimize the extent of surgical intervention and to restore the lost facial structure to patient's satisfaction in a manner that was both cosmetically elegant and cost-effective.

How to cite this article

Mohamed K, Vaidyanathan A, Mani U, Bhatia Y, Veeravalli PT. Rehabilitation of an Auricular Defect using Spectacle Retained Silicone Ear Prosthesis and Ear Stent. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(1):29-33.
Identification of key aerosol populations through their size and composition resolved spectral scattering and absorption
Authors: Costabile F. , Barnaba F. , Angelini F. , Gobbi G. P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Characterizing chemical and physical aerosol properties is important to understand their sources, effects, and feedback mechanisms in the atmosphere. This study proposes a scheme to classify aerosol populations based on their spectral optical properties (absorption and scattering). The scheme is obtained thanks to the outstanding set of information on particle size and composition these properties contain. The spectral variability of the aerosol single scattering albedo (dSSA), and the extinction, scattering and absorption Angstrom exponents (EAE, SAE and AAE, respectively) were observed on the basis of two-year measurements of aerosol optical properties (scattering and absorption coefficients at blue, green and red wavelengths) performed in the suburbs of Rome (Italy). Optical measurements of various aerosol types were coupled to measurements of particle number size distributions and relevant optical properties simulations (Mie theory). These latter allowed the investigation of the role of the particle size and composition in the bulk aerosol properties observed. The combination of simulations and measurements suggested a general "paradigm" built on dSSA, SAE and AAE to optically classify aerosols. The paradigm proved suitable to identify the presence of key aerosol populations, including soot, biomass burning, organics, dust and marine particles. The work highlights that (i) aerosol populations show distinctive combinations of SAE and dSSA times AAE, these variables being linked by a linear inverse relation varying with varying SSA; (ii) fine particles show EAE > 1.5, whilst EAE < 2 is found for both coarse particles and ultrafine soot-rich aerosols; (iii) fine and coarse particles both show SSA > 0.8, whilst ultrafine urban Aitken mode and soot particles show SSA < 0.8. The proposed paradigm agrees with aerosol observations performed during past major field campaigns, this indicating that relations concerning the paradigm have a general validity.
Analysis of present day and future OH and methane lifetime in the ACCMIP simulations
Authors: Voulgarakis A. , Naik V. , Lamarque J.-F. , Shindell D. T. , Young P. J. , Prather M. J. , Wild O. , Field R. D. , Bergmann D. , Cameron-Smith P. , Cionni I. , Collins W. J. , Dalsøren S. B. , Doherty R. M. , Eyring V. , Faluvegi G. , Folberth G. A. , Horowitz L. W. , Josse B. , MacKenzie I. A. , Nagashima T. , Plummer D. A. , Righi M. , Rumbold S. T. , Stevenson D. S. , Strode S. A. , Sudo K. , Szopa S. , Zeng G.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Results from simulations performed for the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Modeling Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) are analysed to examine how OH and methane lifetime may change from present day to the future, under different climate and emissions scenarios. Present day (2000) mean tropospheric chemical lifetime derived from the ACCMIP multi-model mean is 9.8 ± 1.6 yr (9.3 ± 0.9 yr when only including selected models), lower than a recent observationally-based estimate, but with a similar range to previous multi-model estimates. Future model projections are based on the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), and the results also exhibit a large range. Decreases in global methane lifetime of 4.5 ± 9.1% are simulated for the scenario with lowest radiative forcing by 2100 (RCP 2.6), while increases of 8.5 ± 10.4% are simulated for the scenario with highest radiative forcing (RCP 8.5). In this scenario, the key driver of the evolution of OH and methane lifetime is methane itself, since its concentration more than doubles by 2100 and it consumes much of the OH that exists in the troposphere. Stratospheric ozone recovery, which drives tropospheric OH decreases through photolysis modifications, also plays a partial role. In the other scenarios, where methane changes are less drastic, the interplay between various competing drivers leads to smaller and more diverse OH and methane lifetime responses, which are difficult to attribute. For all scenarios, regional OH changes are even more variable, with the most robust feature being the large decreases over the remote oceans in RCP8.5. Through a regression analysis, we suggest that differences in emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds and in the simulation of photolysis rates may be the main factors causing the differences in simulated present day OH and methane lifetime. Diversity in predicted changes between present day and future OH was found to be associated more strongly with differences in modelled temperature and stratospheric ozone changes. Finally, through perturbation experiments we calculated an OH feedback factor (F) of 1.24 from present day conditions (1.50 from 2100 RCP8.5 conditions) and a climate feedback on methane lifetime of 0.33 ± 0.13 yr K−1, on average. Models that did not include interactive stratospheric ozone effects on photolysis showed a stronger sensitivity to climate, as they did not account for negative effects of climate-driven stratospheric ozone recovery on tropospheric OH, which would have partly offset the overall OH/methane lifetime response to climate change.
Interactive ozone and methane chemistry in GISS-E2 historical and future climate simulations
Authors: Shindell D. T. , Pechony O. , Voulgarakis A. , Faluvegi G. , Nazarenko L. , Lamarque J.-F. , Bowman K. , Milly G. , Kovari B. , Ruedy R. , Schmidt G. A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The new generation GISS climate model includes fully interactive chemistry related to ozone in historical and future simulations, and interactive methane in future simulations. Evaluation of ozone, its tropospheric precursors, and methane shows that the model captures much of the large-scale spatial structure seen in recent observations. While the model is much improved compared with the previous chemistry-climate model, especially for ozone seasonality in the stratosphere, there is still slightly too rapid stratospheric circulation, too little stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux in the Southern Hemisphere and an Antarctic ozone hole that is too large and persists too long. Quantitative metrics of spatial and temporal correlations with satellite datasets as well as spatial autocorrelation to examine transport and mixing are presented to document improvements in model skill and provide a benchmark for future evaluations. The difference in radiative forcing (RF) calculated using modeled tropospheric ozone versus tropospheric ozone observed by TES is only 0.016 W m−2. Historical 20th Century simulations show a steady increase in whole atmosphere ozone RF through 1970 after which there is a decrease through 2000 due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Ozone forcing increases throughout the 21st century under RCP8.5 owing to a projected recovery of stratospheric ozone depletion and increases in methane, but decreases under RCP4.5 and 2.6 due to reductions in emissions of other ozone precursors. RF from methane is 0.05 to 0.18 W m−2 higher in our model calculations than in the RCP RF estimates. The surface temperature response to ozone through 1970 follows the increase in forcing due to tropospheric ozone. After that time, surface temperatures decrease as ozone RF declines due to stratospheric depletion. The stratospheric ozone depletion also induces substantial changes in surface winds and the Southern Ocean circulation, which may play a role in a slightly stronger response per unit forcing during later decades. Tropical precipitation shifts south during boreal summer from 1850 to 1970, but then shifts northward from 1970 to 2000, following upper tropospheric temperature gradients more strongly than those at the surface.
Investigation of a mesospheric bore event over northern China
Authors: Li Q. , Xu J. , Yue J. , Liu X. , Yuan W. , Ning B. , Guan S. , Younger J. P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A mesospheric bore event was observed using an OH all-sky airglow imager (ASAI) at Xinglong (40.2° N, 117.4° E), in northern China, on the night of 8–9 January 2011. Simultaneous observations by a Doppler meteor radar, a broadband sodium lidar, and TIMED/SABER OH intensity and temperature measurements are used to investigate the characteristics and environment of the bore propagation and the possible relations with the Na density perturbations. The bore propagated from northeast to southwest and divided the sky into bright and dark halves. The calculations show that the bore has an average phase velocity of 68 m s−1. The crests following the bore have a horizontal wavelength of ~ 22 km. These parameters are consistent with the hydraulic jump theory proposed by Dewan and Picard, as well as the previous bore reports. Simultaneous wind measurements from the Doppler meteor radar at Shisanling (40.3° N, 116.2° E) and temperature data from SABER on board the TIMED satellite are used to characterize the propagating environment of the bore. The result shows that a thermal-Doppler duct exists near the OH layer that supports the horizontal propagation of the bore. Simultaneous Na lidar observations at Yanqing (40.4° N, 116.0° E) suggest that there is a downward displacement of Na density during the passage of the mesospheric bore event.
High tolerance of microzooplankton to ocean acidification in an Arctic coastal plankton community
Authors: Aberle N. , Schulz K. G. , Stuhr A. , Malzahn A. M. , Ludwig A. , Riebesell U.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine biota have been observed in a wide range of marine systems. We used a mesocosm approach to study the response of a high Arctic coastal microzooplankton community during the post-bloom period in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) to direct and indirect effects of high pCO2/low pH. We found almost no direct effects of OA on microzooplankton composition and diversity. Both the relative shares of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates as well as the taxonomic composition of microzooplankton remained unaffected by changes in pCO2/pH. Although the different pCO2 treatments affected food availability and phytoplankton composition, no indirect effects (e.g. on the total carrying capacity and phenology of microzooplankton) could be observed. Our data point to a high tolerance of this Arctic microzooplankton community to changes in pCO2/pH. Future studies on the impact of OA on plankton communities should include microzooplankton in order to test whether the observed low sensitivity to OA is typical for coastal communities where changes in seawater pH occur frequently.
Does the Fukushima NPP disaster affect the caesium activity of North Atlantic Ocean fish?
Authors: Kanisch G. , Aust M.-O.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Fillet samples of marine fish collected from the East/West Greenland current (GC) and from the Baltic Sea (BS), have been investigated by gamma-ray spectrometry within the regular German monitoring program. In samples of the second half of 2011 134Cs traces have been detected, suggested to originate from the Fukushima fallout being deposited in March/April 2011 over the northern North Atlantic and accumulated by fish. The radionuclide 134Cs (half-live 2 yr) was indeed detected with quite small activities at about 0.0036 Bq kg−1 w.w. Existing box-models describing the transport of Cs within seawater boxes of the NE Atlantic allowed estimating that 134Cs contributions from other sources, i.e. from the Chernobyl fallout and from discharges by the two major European nuclear reprocessing plants, both were negligible around Greenland, while for the Chernobyl fallout a small 134Cs background contribution to BS fish was estimated. Model results confirmed the level of 134Cs measured in BS fish and showed its maximum to have occurred in winter 2011/2012 followed by a continuous decrease. It was also determined that 134Cs activity, but not that of 134Cs, showed a significant negative correlation with sampling depth (150–400 m) of GC fish; this strengthens our Fukushima fallout assumption. As a result, the Fukushima fallout in these sea areas only marginally enhanced (GC: 4%; BS: 0.1%) pre-Fukushima levels of individual dose rates received by human fish consumers; the addition was around 0.001 μSv following the consumption of 10 kg fish per year, which is not expected to cause concern according to present guidelines for radiation protection.
Development and evaluation of new behavioral indexes for a biological early warning system using Daphnia magna
Authors: Jeong T. Y. , Jeon J. H. , Kim S. D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. New behavioral indexes including combined index (CI), distribution index (DI), toxic index (TI), and altitude index (AI) for a biological early warning system (BEWS) were developed and evaluated using Daphnia magna in this study. The sensitivity and stability of each index were compared to evaluate the performance of the indexes through a real-time exposure test with a synthetic copper solution. The applicability of the CI to the field sample was evaluated through an effluent exposure test. The proportional relationship between toxicity level and magnitude of response was much lower in the effluent due to the complexity of water than in the copper solution. The results showed that the CI was most sensitive among the three indexes, while the DI was confirmed as the most useful index among the individual indexes. The combined index (CI) shows not only sensitivity but also stability in normal conditions below the statistically significant threshold (p < 0.01), whereas the individual indexes displayed unstable index values in normal conditions (p > 0.01). The CI improved performance of the BEWS in terms of sensitivity and stability, and it was confirmed as the higher correlation coefficient between the magnitude of the index and the toxicity level of the water sample.
Gradually varied open-channel flow profiles normalized by critical depth and analytically solved by using Gaussian hypergeometric functions
Authors: Jan C.-D. , Chen C.-L.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The equation of one-dimensional gradually varied flow (GVF) in sustaining and non-sustaining open channels is normalized using the critical depth, yc, and then analytically solved by the direct integration method with the use of the Gaussian hypergeometric function (GHF). The GHF-based solution so obtained from the yc-based dimensionless GVF equation is more useful and versatile than its counterpart from the GVF equation normalized by the normal depth, yn, because the GHF-based solutions of the yc-based dimensionless GVF equation for the mild (M) and adverse (A) profiles can asymptotically reduce to the yc-based dimensionless horizontal (H) profiles as yc/yn → 0. An in-depth analysis of the yc-based dimensionless profiles expressed in terms of the GHF for GVF in sustaining and adverse wide channels has been conducted to discuss the effects of yc/yn and the hydraulic exponent N on the profiles. This paper has laid the foundation to compute at one sweep the yc-based dimensionless GVF profiles in a series of sustaining and adverse channels, which have horizontal slopes sandwiched in between them, by using the GHF-based solutions.
Seismic behavior of buried pipelines constructed by design criteria and construction specifications of both Korea and the US
Authors: Jeon S.-S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Lifeline damage induced by earthquake loading not only causes structure damage but also communication problems resulting from the interruption of various energy utilities such as electric power, gas, and water resources. Earthquake loss estimation systems in the US, for example HAZUS (Hazard in US), have been established for the purpose of prevention and efficient response to earthquake hazards. Sufficient damage records obtained from earthquakes are required to establish these systems, however, in Korea, insufficient data sets of damage records are currently available. In this study, according to the design criteria and construction specifications of pipelines in Korea and the US, the behavior of both brittle and ductile pipelines embedded in dense sand overlying various in-situ soils, such as clay, sand, and gravel, were examined and compared with respect to the mechanical characteristics of pipelines under various earthquake loadings.
Investigation of Health Hazards in Vehicle Refueling Stations Attendants at Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Imran , Rahman Saleem Ur , Ilyas Muhammad , Khan Ayaz Ali
Published: March 2013

Vehicles refueling station workers are a class of labors prone to long term petroleum product toxicity due to their routine work at vehicles refueling stations. Health problems posed by the pollutants at the work environment of an individual are closely linked to the nature and level of exposure to these hazardous chemicals. The adverse effect of the toxicants in such environment is a common phenomenon in all the developing countries. The awareness about this problem is lacking in Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In present study, blood biochemical parameters like calcium, cholesterol, glucose, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and triglyceride levels were determined among workers and control individuals. The results of the workers showed an increase in glucose, cholesterol and phosphorus level; while significant decrease was observed in calcium and potassium level as compared to the control group of individuals. While the level of magnesium and triglyceride level was same in both groups. In comparative picture, the blood biochemical parameters were normal in control as that of workers. Further study may be conducted to investigate the effect of such environment on other blood parameters and large size population may be included in the study.
Tumor-related Lipid Exudation and Associated Tumor-related Complications after Plaque Radiotherapy of Posterior Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Mashayekhi Arman , Tuncer Samuray , Shields Carol L. , Shields Jerry A.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To identify complications associated with tumor-related lipid exudation (TRLE) after plaque radiotherapy of posterior uveal melanoma.

Methods

Comparative study including 294 patients with posterior uveal melanoma who developed TRLE after plaque radiotherapy (TRLE group) and 294 patients who did not develop TRLE (non-TRLE group). Patients in the TRLE group were matched with patients in the non-TRLE group for age, gender, and initial tumor thickness.

Results

The TRLE group was associated with significantly higher incidence of postradiation complications including early transient increase of serous retinal detachment (p<0.001), iris neovascularization (NVI) (p<0.001), neovascular glaucoma (NVG) (p<0.001), posterior synechia (p<0.001), vitreous hemorrhage (p<0.001), subretinal hemorrhage (p<0.001), and retinoschisis (p<0.001). A significant relationship was found between extent of TRLE and NVI (p<0.001), NVG (p<0.001), posterior synechia (p = 0.007), and retinoschisis over tumor (p = 0.010). Radiation-induced retinopathy, maculopathy, and papillopathy were not associated with presence or extent of TRLE. Tumor-related lipid exudation was also associated with worse final visual acuity (p = 0.011), higher rate of secondary enucleation (p<0.001), and lower rate of systemic metastasis (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Tumor-related lipid exudation following plaque radiotherapy of posterior uveal melanoma is associated with major intraocular complications and portends poor prognosis for final visual acuity and eye retention. These findings provide evidence for the presence of 2 distinct pathogenic mechanisms, one radiation-induced and one tumor-related, in development of postradiation complications in eyes with posterior uveal melanoma.
Dry Eye in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: Correlation with Corneal Hypoesthesia
Authors: Achtsidis Vasilis , Tentolouris Nicholas , Theodoropoulou Sofia , Panagiotidis Dimitris , Vaikoussis Emmanuel , Saldana Manuel , Gouws Pieter , Theodossiadis Panagiotis G.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To evaluate dry eye disease and corneal sensitivity in patients with early and active Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO).

Methods

A total of 52 eyes of 26 patients with early GO and 74 eyes of 37 age- and sex-matched controls were included in our study. Dry eye disease was assessed based on the criteria of the International Dry Eye Workshop. Diagnosis of early GO was based on the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy consensus statement. Clinical Activity Score (CAS) and Werner-NOSPECS Score were determined. Corneal sensitivity was assessed using a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer.

Results

A total of 67.8% of patients with early GO and 13.5% of healthy controls had ocular surface dryness (p<0.001). The mean Schirmer test score was significantly lower in patients with early GO (12.88 ± 7.94 mm [right eyes] and 14.04 ± 9.00 mm [left eyes]) than in controls (18.08 ± 7.26 mm [right eyes] and 18.05 ± 7.50 mm [left eyes] [p<0.05]). The tear film break-up time was lower in patients by 5.46 seconds and 5.74 seconds in right and left eyes (p<0.001). We also found a significant reduction in corneal sensitivity in patients with early GO (4.16 ± 0.68 [right eyes] and 4.10 ± 0.89 [left eyes]) than in controls (4.70 ± 0.34 [right eyes] and 4.72 ± 0.34 [left eyes] [p<0.05]). The CAS correlated significantly with the Schirmer test (r = −0.60, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Dry eye is common in early GO even in the absence of apparent exophthalmos and is associated with CAS and reduced corneal sensitivity.