bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leaf‐trait relationships of Quercus liaotungensis along an altitudinal gradient in Dongling Mountain, Beijing
Authors: Jian Qi , Keming Ma , Yuxin Zhang
Published: May 2009

Few studies have examined leaf‐trait relationships in the distribution of individual species along an environmental gradient. Here we address the issue by testing for the leaf‐trait relationships of Quercus liaotungensis, a dominant deciduous woody species in northern China, along an altitudinal gradient in Dongling Mountain, Beijing. These leaf traits included specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration on mass basis (Nmass, Pmass and Kmass, respectively). Along the altitudinal gradient, negative relationships between SLA and LDMC and Nmass were found, and Nmass, Pmass and Kmass correlated with each other positively. Relationship between Nmass and Pmass was stronger than the ones between Nmass and Kmass, and between Pmass and Kmass. The weak and negative relationship between SLA and Nmass might result from trade‐offs that limit photosynthesis and water use efficiency along the altitudinal gradient, suggesting many environmental factors of local site being the collective forcing of drivers. Out of our expectations, Nmass and Pmass related very weakly to soil N and P, and no significant relationship between Kmass and soil K was found along elevation. These relationships could be used to predict the productivity of the population with changing environment in this region.
Is There a Role for NFAT Inhibitors in the Prevention of Bone Destruction?
Authors: McMahon Mark S.
Published: May 2009

Pathologic conditions resulting from excessive bone destruction include osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, metastases, periprosthetic osteolysis, cherubism, and others. A scarcity of molecular targets in bone has thwarted the development of drugs to combat these conditions. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a master regulator of osteoclastogenesis and is induced by RANKL. The immunosuppressive drugs, Cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus, inhibit osteoclast formation by targeting the NFAT/calcineurin pathway. These NFAT inhibitors should be considered in the treatment of osteoclastic hyper-resorptive syndromes.
Modification of Palm Oil for Anti‐Inflammatory Nutraceutical Properties
Authors: Zainal Zaida , Longman Andrea J. , Hurst Samantha , Duggan Katrina , Hughes Clare E. , Caterson Bruce , Harwood John L.
Published: May 2009

Palm oil is one of the most important edible oils in the world. Its composition (rich in palmitate and oleate) make it suitable for general food uses but its utility could be increased if its fatty acid quality could be varied. In this study, we have modified a palm olein fraction by transesterification with the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, α‐linolenate or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Evaluation of the potential nutritional efficacy of the oils was made using chondrocyte culture systems which can be used to mimic many of the degenerative and inflammatory pathways involved in arthritis. On stimulation of such cultures with interleukin‐1α, they showed increased expression of cyclooxygenase‐2, the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐1α and IL‐1β and the proteinase ADAMTS‐4. This increased expression was not affected by challenge of the cultures with palm olein alone but showed concentration‐dependent reduction by the modified oil in a manner similar to EPA. These results show clearly that it is possible to modify palm oil conveniently to produce a nutraceutical with effective anti‐inflammatory properties.
Structure – function analysis of factor VII activating protease (FSAP): Sequence determinants for heparin binding and cellular functions
Authors: Muhl Lars , Hersemeyer Karin , Preissner Klaus T. , Weimer Thomas , Kanse Sandip M.
Published: May 2009

Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is associated with cardiovascular diseases and liver fibrosis. To understand the regulation of its proteolytic activity we have characterized recombinant FSAP‐mutants over‐expressed in HEK‐293 cells. The secreted FSAP‐protein concentration correlated inversely with the enzymatic activity of the FSAP‐mutants. Over‐expression of enzymatically active FSAP decreased cell viability, whereas inactive variants were expressed and secreted in adequate amounts. The naturally occurring G534E‐variant exhibited reduced proteolytic activity. The ΔEGF‐3 mutant showed diminished binding to and activation by heparin. Hence, regulation of FSAP activity is dependent on its EGF‐3 domain and over‐expression of active variants induces cell death.
Confidence and Gold: German War Finance 1914–1918
Authors: Gross Stephen
Published: May 2009

In January 1915, Sir William Grenfell Max-Müller, an intelligence officer in the British Foreign Office, recorded the following remark from a German trade journal.

As long as the confidence in military and political victory continues, we need not fear our paper system and its consequences. But one sees immediately what would be bound to threaten us in the contrary case—a ruin to avoid which we are compelled to sacrifice the last man and the last penny.1
EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCOTTISH MILITARY PENSIONERS AS HOMECOMING SOLDIERS
Authors: COOKSON J. E.
Published: May 2009

This article makes use of the data-rich sources, little used by historians, relating to rank and file soldiers, especially those who became Chelsea Hospital outpensioners. It particularly seeks to find out the migration history of such men in the years after Waterloo, focusing on Scots. The conclusion is that Scots were under-represented among soldiers who became imperial settlers. There appear to be good reasons for Scots finding colonial conditions uncongenial, and, in this respect, there was little difference between the ‘Napoleonic’ soldiery and the succeeding generation who belonged more definitely to an imperial service army. Most, in fact, returned to Scotland, and then to that part of the country familiar to them. Moreover, they refute an image of veterans as marginalized men. They are shown, on the whole, to have settled back into civilian society with surprising ease, law-abiding rather than lawless, respected rather than despised or feared.
Industrial Lead Poisoning
Authors: Legge T. M.
Published: May 2009

The principal data which form the basis of the present paper were tabulated by the writer for the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1899, and were obtained as a result of an enactment in the Factories and Workshops Act of 1895. This enactment requires every medical practitioner attending on or called in to visit a patient whom he believes to be suffering from lead poisoning, contracted in a factory or workshop, to notify the case forthwith to the Chief Inspector of Factories at the Home Office; and a similar obligation is imposed on the occupier of a factory or workshop to send written notice of every such case to the Certifying Surgeon and Inspector of Factories for the district.
An Experiment on the Effect of Inhalation of Ethylene
Authors: Smith J. Lorrain , Hoskins A. Percy
Published: May 2009

The opinion has recently been expressed1 that the poisonous action of ordinary coal-gas and carburetted water-gas is probably in part due to the “Illuminant” hydro-carbons, of which ethylene is the chief, and not simply to carbonic oxide. In consequence of the doubt existing on this point one of us was asked by the recent Departmental Committee of the Home Office on Water-Gas to investigate the matter, and the results of the experiments which we were then able to make appeared in the Committee's Report2. In the main series of observations the animal was placed in a respiration chamber through which a current of air was passing at a known rate. With the current, before it entered the chamber, a known percentage of coal-gas or carburetted water-gas was mixed. It was found that whether ordinary coal-gas or carburetted water-gas was used the symptoms observed were those of carbonic oxide poisoning, and corresponded exactly to the percentages of carbonic oxide present. We also found that Benzene, which is one of the “illuminants,” is present in proportions far too small to contribute to the toxic effects of coal-gas or carburetted water-gas. Finally, we endeavoured to investigate separately the action of ethylene. The ethylene we then used was prepared in the ordinary way from sulphuric acid and alcohol, and when about 10% of the gas was mixed with air and supplied to an animal very distinct toxic symptoms were produced.
A Contribution to the Aetiology of Plague
Authors: Thompson J. Ashburton
Published: May 2009

The subject of the following remarks is the mode of spread of bubonic plague in epidemic form as deduced from observations made during the outbreak at Sydney. The nature of the disease, and the whole of the circumstances which accompanied its appearance, having been described at length in my official report, only those points which have a direct bearing on the subject just defined are here mentioned; but a brief preliminary statement of certain local conditions is necessary.
On the Influence of Boric Acid and Borax upon the General Metabolism of Children
Authors: Tunnicliffe F. W. , Rosenheim Otto
Published: May 2009

Both boric acid and borax are extensively used as food preservatives, and much interest attaches to the question of their influence if any upon the general nutrition of the consumer, especially children. Although this method of preserving food has existed for a comparatively long period there seems no agreement as to the harmfulness or otherwise of these substances when taken with a mixed diet.
An Outbreak of Diphtheria checked by Prophylactic Use of Antitoxin, and the Isolation of Infected Persons
Authors: Cobbett Louis
Published: May 2009

Towards the end of October 1900 the Sanitary Authorities of Cambridge and Chesterton found themselves face to face with a serious outbreak of diphtheria; the first official notification had been on October 14th, and by October 23rd eleven cases had been notified, of which four terminated fatally, on October 15th, 21st, 22nd and 26th respectively. These four were all children attending the Infants' Department of a certain Higher Grade School, and the other seven cases were either children of this school or persons closely associated with them.
On the Bacteriology of Normal Organs
Authors: Ford William W.
Published: May 2009

The question of the presence or absence of micro-organisms in the normal organs of the body has occupied the attention of numerous observers; yet, despite the fact that its solution is not accompanied by any great difficulties, the results of experimentation have been strangely at variance. For instance, Meissner stated that no bacteria capable of development are present in the living tissues of the healthy animal, while Zweifel (1885) expressed the opposite opinion, namely, that human organs habitually contain germs, that these germs, however, are anaerobic in character, their capability of development being limited by the amount of oxygen present in the blood stream.
On the Influence of Formic Aldehyde upon the Metabolism of Children
Authors: Tunnicliffe F. W. , Rosenheim Otto
Published: May 2009

Formic aldehyde, the simplest possible aldehyde, is a substance possessed of considerable biological and chemical interest. Its biological interest consists in the fact that it has long been regarded as forming the first product of plant assimilation, and has recently been actually demonstrated as such in plants. The ease with which this substance undergoes polymerisation resulting in the formation of sugars, under the influence of simple reagents, justifies the assumption that formic aldehyde is an essential link in the building-up of complex carbohydrates by plants. In addition to this it has recently been requisitioned as the only possible source of proteid anabolism. Its interest to the physiological chemist is that it combines energetically with proteids, and to a less extent with carbohydrates, effecting considerable alteration of their physical and physiological properties. This behaviour seems to be directly antagonistic to the biological rôle ascribed to the substance above. This apparent anomaly of the same substance being both a poison and an essential physiological constituent of living cells is discussed by Loew. It seems to depend upon the fact that what may be termed the biological formic aldehyde is present in small quantities (dilute solutions) and is quickly used up, owing to the ease with which it polymerises or forms innocuous compounds. This last property has an immediate bearing upon the subject of this inquiry in so far as it may serve to explain the results obtained by the administration of small quantities of formic aldehyde to man in his food. It is in this connection that formic aldehyde is of interest to us, and the importance of this subject is in our opinion sufficient to justify us in reviewing somewhat exhaustively the results of other observers with regard to the chemical and physiological properties of this substance.
The Elkton Milk Epidemic of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Fulton John S.
Published: May 2009

Elkton, the county seat of Cecil county, Maryland, is a town of 2542 inhabitants, built upon a red clay soil, rather flat as to surface, but sloping gently toward the Elk river. This small stream is not navigable, is but slightly influenced by the tides, and is only about 25 feet below the highest part of the town.
Neutral-Red in the Routine Bacteriological Examination of Water
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

The research which follows was undertaken with the object of determining how far the neutral-red reaction described by Rothberger could be utilised for the purpose of detecting Bacillus coli in water-supplies.
Direct Conglutination withRickettsia Burneti, the Causal Agent of Q Fever
Authors: Barber H.
Published: May 2009

1. Direct conglutination has been demonstrated withRickettsia burneti.

2. Sera from human volunteers inoculated with killed suspensions ofR. burnetiand from persons who had recovered from an attack of Q fever as well as sera from a small number of healthy blood donors were all examined by the direct conglutination reaction, the haemolytic-complement fixation test and the direct agglutination test. A good correlation was found between the titres of the direct conglutination reaction and the haemolytic complement-fixation test but the results with the direct agglutination test were unreliable.
The Active Immunization of Guinea-Pigs Passively Immunized with Homologous Antitoxic Serum
Authors: Mason J. H. , Robinson Mary , Christensen P. Agerholm
Published: May 2009

Groups of guinea-pigs were passively immunized against diphtheria toxin with homologous antitoxic serum so that their sera contained, at the start of the experiment, 1·0, 0·1, 0·01 or 0·001 unit/ml, respectively. They were then actively immunized with one, or two spaced, injections of 0·1 Lf of A.D.F. Two control groups were included, one passively immunized only and the other actively immunized only.

Passively produced serum titres of 0·01 and 0·001 unit/ml. did not interfere with active immunization in any demonstrable way.

A titre of 0·1 unit/ml. did interfere with active immunization, markedly 4 weeks after the primary, slightly 2 weeks after the secondary, and markedly 14 weeks after the secondary, stimulus.

A titre of 1·0 unit/ml. interfered with active immunization, markedly 4 weeks after the primary, and 2 and 14 weeks after the secondary, stimulus. This titre, however, did not completely annul the effect of the primary stimulus. The highest observed serum titre was obtained at the 32nd, instead of at the 4th week, as in the guinea-pigs actively immunized only.

In large measure the results confirm those of Barr and her colleagues who found that, in human babies, an initial ‘passive’ titre of 0·04 unit/ml. serum did not interfere with active immunization, whereas a titre of 0·1 unit/ml, led to unsatisfactory immunization.
Clostridium BotulinumTypes A and B Toxin-Antitoxin Reactions
Authors: Fulthorpe A. J.
Published: May 2009

C. botulinumtypes A and B toxins required larger amounts of antitoxin for neutralization when fractions of the test dose of toxin were used than would be expected.

The degree of this dilution effect, i.e. the dilution ratio, varied with different sera. The dilution ratios with type A sera could be improved by allowing a greater time for combination to occur, or by mixing toxin and antitoxin in high concentration and diluting these mixtures.

The dilution ratios of type A sera from horses rose as immunization proceeded, the greatest rise occurring during the 3-month rest period following three small doses of toxoid.

A type A serum could be separated into fractions of different dilution ratio by precipitation with increasing concentrations of ammonium sulphate.

Type A antitoxins prepared by immunization of groups of guinea-pigs with two doses of toxoid, had dilution ratios far lower than those found in hyperimmune horse sera.

The dilution ratios of sera were lower when tested against a toxic toxin than against a more toxoided one.

A number of type A sera were tested at one level of test against a number of test toxins. There was no evidence of heterogeneity of the toxins and antitoxins tested.

The serum ratios were found to be correlated with the dilution ratios except where the serum ratios exceeded 0·64. Flocculation time was slow and varied from 6 to 48 hr. with different sera tested against the same toxoid.

I am greatly indebted to Miss M. Barr for her constant advice and encouragement in the execution of this work and in the preparation of this paper. I am grateful to Dr M. Sterne for the supply ofC. botulinumtype A and B toxins and for the benefit of his experience of animal botulism.
Intensive Breeding of Mice
Authors: Lane-Petter W.
Published: May 2009

1. Production figures are given for a small mouse colony.

2. High productivity depends upon careful selection of breeding stock.

3. This selection has been based on an analysis of individual records. Both the keeping and the analysis of records are easy and simple.

4. In addition to providing a basis for selection, these records make possible a forecast of future production.

I particularly wish to thank Miss D. Lawrence, the animal technician whose skill in looking after this colony has contributed so much to its successful performance.
Production of Non-Infective Particles among Influenza Viruses: Do Changes in Virulence Accompany the von Magnus phenomenon?
Authors: de St Groth S. Fazekas , Moran P. A. P.
Published: May 2009

Two new statistical methods—one parametric, the other non-parametric—are developed to compare the slopes of quantal infectivity curves.

Ten influenza strains were examined with the aid of these tests, and the results show that virus yielded by the von Magnus phenomenon (i.e. containing ‘incomplete’ particles) and standard infective virus do not differ in the slope of their infectivity curves.

It is concluded that the von Magnus phenomenon yields a mixture of infective and non-infective particles; on this evidence Fulton's suggestion of uniformly changed virulence is untenable.

I am greatly indebted to Prof. P. A. P. Moran for helpful discussions of theory, and frequent corrections of statistical technique.
Q Fever in Britain: Isolation of Rickettsia Burneti from Placenta and Wool of Sheep in an Endemic Area
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Brown R. D. , Kett F. J. L. , Collings P. C. , Marmion B. P.
Published: May 2009

1. In an endemic area of Q fever in south-east England, two flocks of sheep, with serological evidence of infection by Rickettsia burneti, were examined for excretion of the rickettsia at parturition.

2. R. burneti was isolated from two out of ninety-six placentas collected from 118 ewes which lambed in one flock. The organism was also isolated from ‘wool tags’ obtained from one of the ewes which voided an infected placenta.

3. Infectivity titrations showed that the two placentas contained respectively 104·5 and 101·5 guinea-pig infective doses per gram of cotyledon. The wool tag from the sheep which voided the more highly infected placenta contained 103·25 infective doses per gram.

4. Except for one doubtful result, which could not be confirmed, no isolations were made from 194 placentas collected from 199 ewes in the other flock.

Details of the design of the microblender were supplied by Dr A. P. Goffe and Mr T. Nash of the Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, to whom we are much indebted. A gift of Triton X-100 was kindly given to us by the Rohm and Haas Corporation, Philadelphia 5 Pa.
The Titration of Viruses in Baby Mice
Authors: Beswick T. S. L.
Published: May 2009

This paper describes efforts to determine the LD50for mice, 24–48 hr. old, of pools of four strains ofHerpes simplexvirus, using the intraperitoneal route of inoculation.

The results have been analysed in an attempt to account for the very irregular relationship between dose of virus and mortality which was observed.

It is clear that, in addition to those difficulties which beset the interpretation of the results of any biological assay, titrations in very young animals raise difficulties of their own. The principal sources of difficulty are the high and uncertain non-specific mortality, the tendency of the mothers to eat their babies and individual variation between the litters. The latter, it is suggested, is mainly a reflexion of differences between the mothers, at least when a closely inbred strain of test animals is used.

Interesting and unexpected correlations were observed between the dose of virus and the proportion of mice eaten by the mothers and between the strain of virus and the proportion of mice eaten by the mothers.

It is emphasized that the results of titrations in very young animals must be interpreted with the greatest care and that in carrying out titrations the litter rather than the individual baby mouse should be regarded as the unit. Mice eaten by the mothers are probably best ignored altogether, although there are grave theoretical objections to doing this.

I should like to thank Professor H. R. Dean for his advice and encouragement. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the technical help which I have received throughout this investigation from Miss D. Sutton. I am also indebted to Dr M. G. P. Stoker for advice and for making available facilities in his laboratory; to Dr W. L. Smith and Mr T. H. Hollingsworth of the Department of Human Ecology, Cambridge, for advice on some of the statistical problems raised; to Miss M. E. Skinner and her staff on the ‘Animal Floor’ of this department, without whose help it would not have been possible to ensure that the large number of litters used were available when required; and to those of my colleagues who have been good enough to offer advice and criticism, especially Mr Douglas Annear.
The Recognition of Four Red Cell Antigen-Antibody Systems in the Rabbit
Authors: Heard D. H.
Published: May 2009

Four red cell antigen-antibody systems in the rabbit are described.

Three of these systems, Z, Y and W, appear to be inherited as an allelomorphic series. The fourth is inherited independently.

Some of the serological properties which allow these sera to be recognized are described and attention is drawn to a property of rabbit red cells, manifested by a variation in their susceptibility to agglutination by homologous antisera, which can complicate the separation of a mixture of antibodies in one serum.
Impetigo Contagiosa. The Association of Certain Types of Staphylococcus Aureus and of Streptococcus Pyogenes with Superficial Skin Infections
Authors: Parker M. T. , Tomlinson A. J. H. , Williams R. E. O.
Published: May 2009

In an investigation of impetigo among troops, carried out in 1941, nearly half of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the lesions had the ability to inhibit the growth of corynebacteria on solid media. A much smaller proportion of strains from other superficial lesions and from nose and throat swabs had this ability, and strains from deep suppurative lesions were uniformly negative.

Three-quarters of Staph. aureus strains isolated from schoolchildren with impetigo in Lancashire in 1953 and early 1954 were of one variety, which could be denned by its susceptibility to typing phages (‘type 71’).

Nearly 90 % of ‘type 71’ staphylococci, and very few others, produced a narrow, sharp zone of inhibition of Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis on solid media.

A small number of other staphylococci, mainly non-typable or unclassifiable strains, produced a wider, hazy zone of inhibition.

The majority of the impetigo staphylococci were penicillin-resistant, and most of the resistant strains were members of ‘type 71’. However, ‘type 71’ gave rise to only a small proportion of the penicillin-resistant hospital infections occurring in the same district at the same time.

Three-quarters of the Str. pyogenes strains from impetigo lesions belonged to one of two groups of closely related serological types, one of which was rarely encountered in other situations.
The Rate of Evaporation of Particles in Some Pesticide Aerosols
Authors: Powell E. O. , Pearce T. W.
Published: May 2009

The evaporation rates of small particles in aerosols of the following substances have been measured: 4−n−hexyl-1:3-resorcinol, 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2−di (p−chlorphenyl)ethane (‘DDT’), 1, 1, 1−trichloro-2-p−chlorphenyl-2-o−chlorphenyl-ethane (‘op′-DDT’), γ-hexachloro-cyclo-hexane (‘BHC’, ‘Lindane’, ‘Gammexane’), ‘Dieldrin’ and azobenzene.

The slit ultra-microscope method was used; a consideration of the experimental conditions leads to the conclusion that the results are of reliable quantitative significance.
The Antigenicity of Ultra-Violet Irradiated Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Collier L. H. , McClean D. , Vallet L.
Published: May 2009

Vaccinia virus which has been inactivated by exposure to ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions produces an immunity response in rabbits and monkeys. This can be measured by relative insusceptibility to challenge with living virus and by the titration of circulating antibody.

Experiments with small doses of living virus in excess of those that might have been given accidentally indicate that the immune response to the irradiated material was not due to traces of living virus that had escaped detection.

There is a logarithmic relationship between exposure to irradiation and destruction of virus. The exposure necessary to produce complete inactivation can be deduced from a knowledge of this relationship. Excessive exposure destroys the antigenicity of the preparations.

The antigenicity of irradiated virus can be preserved for at least 6 months at 4°C. and at least 2 months at 37°C. by drying from the frozen state.

Circulating antibody is detectable in rabbits for at least 22 weeks following immunization, and a single subsequent reinforcing dose is followed by a secondary immune response.

The possibility that preliminary immunization with irradiated virus may diminish the risk of complications and reduce the severity of the reaction to subsequent Jennerian vaccination with living virus is discussed. This material may provide a basal immunity in those individuals in which vaccination is contraindicated.
Notes on an Outbreak of Cattle-Plague in Shanghai, and its Limitation by the Gall Immunisation of Koch
Authors: Stanley Arthur
Published: May 2009

That Cattle-Plague (Rinderpest) is one of the most fatal and contagious maladies of cattle needs no further demonstration. The disease appears to be widely distributed in China, and is endemic in the hinterlands of Shanghai, Chinkiang, Hongkong, Pekin, Tientsin, and Chefoo.
Post-Scarlatinal Diphtheria
Authors: Gordon Pugh W. T.
Published: May 2009

1. The principle cause of post-scarlatinal diptheria is the admission into the scarlet fever wards of patients who, whether suffering from clinical diphtheria or not, are carriers of virulent diphtheria bacilli.

2. In large centres of population, where diphtheria always exists, diphtheria bacilli are to be found in a not inconsiderable proportion of school-children. In the absence both of evidence of clinical diphtheria and of a history of exposure to that affection, the bacilli are, in the majority of cases, of the non-virulent or saprophytic type and of little hygienic importance; in cases, on the other hand, where the clinical supports the bacteriological examination the bacilli are almost certainly virulent, and therefore dangerous; while in cases where the patient is known to have been exposed to infection the chances are great that the organisms are of the pathogenic variety, and such cases should always be regarded with grave suspicion.

3. On account of the prevalence of the non-virulent bacillus and the fallacies of single cultures, it may be doubted whether a routine bacteriological examination of throat and nose of all patients on admission would prove of sufficient value to repay the labour involved. Chief reliance must be placed on a careful inspection on admission, not only of the throat, but also of the nasal cavities, bacteriological examination being resorted to in cases of doubt.

4. In eradicating infection from an invaded ward bacteriological methods are, on the other hand, of prime importance, since children with apparently healthy throats and noses are often found to have acquired the virulent bacillus. An attempt to stamp out any outbreak of diphtheria by bacteriological examination of the throat alone is, however, futile, owing to the frequent infection of the nasal cavities.

5. Fibrinous rhinitis, which appears to be a not infrequent, though often unrecognised, affection of children is a common form of postscarlatinal diphtheria.

6. Although the treatment of diphtheria in the same hospital has no appreciable influence on the incidence of this complication of scarlet fever, it is advisable that precautions should be taken lest nurses harbouring diphtheria bacilli carry infection from the diphtheria to the scarlet fever wards.

7. To limit the risk of exposure to infection many-bedded wards should be avoided, and the mixing of patients from different wards prevented.
Recent Researches concerning the Etiology, Propagation, and Prevention of Yellow Fever, by the United States Army Commission
Authors: Reed Walter
Published: May 2009

The efficient control of the spread of yellow fever is a matter of such vast practical importance, both from the hygienic and commercial point of view—not only for the countries where this disease prevails as an epidemic, but also for those in which, after importation, it may assume epidemic proportions—that it has seemed appropriate to bring together in this paper a summary of the work thus far accomplished by the United States Army Commission 1 on the Island of Cuba, during the years 1900 and 1901, in order that English and Colonial readers who have not, perhaps, had access to the original contributions published in different American journals, may be able to form an intelligent opinion concerning the permanent value of this work. It will also afford opportunity for recording the more recent confirmatory observations made by others concerning the mode of transmission of yellow fever discovered by the Commission, and for calling attention to the results already obtained by the U.S. Army Medical Department in the suppression of this disease, especially in the city of Havana, through the enforcement of sanitary measures based on these later researches.
Observations on the Movements of the Pollutions of the Tyne Estuary during the Summer of 1901
Authors: Paton D. Noël
Published: May 2009

The present absence of any Statutory regulations as regards the discharge of sewage and other pollutions into tidal waters has allowed many estuaries in this country to be converted into receptacles for the filth of the sea-port and manufacturing towns situated near the mouth of the larger rivers. Only by an order of the Local Government Board, made after local enquiry and on sanitary grounds, can an estuary be declared a stream and thus brought under the various Rivers Pollutions Acts.
A Review of Current Theories Regarding Immunity
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: May 2009

The primary object of these papers is to attempt to give a brief review of the present state of opinion regarding the many questions involved in the subject of immunity,—a review intended chiefly for those whose work is concerned with other fields of hygienic research. The carrying out of this aim has necessitated the re-statement of many facts familiar to bacteriologists, in order that the continuity of the discussion might be maintained. Wherever it has been considered advisable the details of the data which have formed the basis of theory have been given, but as a rule the leading results have been alone dealt with, partly because details might obscure the general principles it was intended to emphasise, partly because considerations of space have made an exhaustive treatment of the subject impossible.
The Digestibility of the Albuminous Constituents of Human Milk and that of various substitutes for it
Authors: Tunnicliffe F. W.
Published: May 2009

The most important of the proteid constituents of milk is casein. From 70 to 90% of the total proteids of milk consists of this substance1. In milk, casein exists as a soluble calcium compound, which is not precipitated by boiling, but from which casein is deposited by the addition of acid or by the action of rennet2. This phenomenon is known as the curdling of milk and is a preliminary to its gastric digestion, both the acid in the stomach and the rennet being capable of producing it. By artificially influencing the nature of its curd we can influence the digestibility of the milk. In human gastric digestion and in the experiments detailed below both acid and rennet are present. The curdling of milk is a necessary preliminary to its digestion in an acid medium, and by influencing this process we can also influence the digestibility of the milk.
The Chemical Constitution of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Bulloch William , Macleod J. J. R.
Published: May 2009

1. Dried tubercle bacilli extracted with hot solutions of spirit, alcohol, alcohol-ether, Aronson's mixture, yield large percentages of fatty substances.

2. On filtering the boiling extracts a white acid-fast precipitate deposits on cooling.

3. The filtrates on evaporation can be saponified by soda, and on subsequent agitation with ether and water two extracts can be obtained —an ethereal and a watery extract.

4. The ethereal extract contains fat which is not acid-fast.

5. By saponifying the dried ethereal extract with alcoholic potash and decomposing the resulting soaps with sulphuric acid a mixture of fatty acids is obtained containing probably oleic, isocetinic and myristinic acids. None of these are acid-fast.

6. The watery extract (soap) on decomposition yielded a fatty acid with a melting point corresponding to lauric acid.

7. The filtrates also yield lipochromes to which the cultures of tubercle bacillus owe their colour.

8. The white acid-fast precipitate obtained by the original extraction can be saponified, but with great difficulty.

9. By prolonged boiling with alcoholic potash the acid-fast precipitate is decomposed and results in the deposition of an acid-fast snow-white flaky powder, and a non-acid-fast filtrate of fatty acids.

10. The chemical examination of the white flaky powder shows it to be an alcohol.

11. Acid- and alcohol-fastness of the tubercle bacillus is due to the presence of an alcohol.
On the Resistance of the Micrococcus melitensis to moist Heat. Suggested “Standard” Methods in the Determination of Thermal Death Points
Authors: Dalton F. J. A. , Eyre J. W. H.
Published: May 2009

The effects produced upon bacteria by environmental conditions constitute factors which until recently have been studied with but too little regard to scientific accuracy, even by the bacteriologist investigating the conditions under which pathogenic bacteria occur in nature, and whilst probably leading a saprophytic existence.
An improved Method of measuring the amount of Precipitum in connection with Tests with Precipitating Antisera
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Inchley O.
Published: May 2009

Futher experience with the method of measuring the precipitum obtained when experimenting with precipitating antisera has shown that finer degrees of reaction cannot be satisfactorily determined by means of the apparatus described by Nuttall. In the latter apparatus capillary tubes were used in which to measure the precipitum therein deposited. It is true that capillaries as far as possible of the same calibre were used, nevertheless we have found that different readings were obtained when experimenting with tubes of varying calibre, variations evidently due to physical causes which prevent an equal degree of “packing” of the deposit in tubes of unequal width. We have modified the method after finding that calibrated tubes of uniform bore gave more constant results, and have devised a simple apparatus which greatly facilitates the making of measurements.
A Method of Estimating Future Populations
Authors: Stevenson T. H. C.
Published: May 2009

It will perhaps be generally admitted that few of the practical problems which have from time to be faced by the Medical Officer of Health in his capacity of statistician present more difficulty than is often involved by the estimation of populations. This problem may be said naturally to present itself in three different forms, according as the estimate is required for a past, a present, or a future date. Practically, however, there are but two primary divisions of the problem, the one relating to dates since which a census has been taken (and its results published), and the other to dates subsequent to that of the last published census. This distinction is pointed out by Dr Cressy Wilbur in the “Thirty-second Annual Report (for 1898) on the Vital Statistics of the State of Michigan.” He there refers to the first class of cases as estimates of inter-censal, and the second as estimates of post-censal populations.
The Infants' Milk Depot: its History and Function
Authors: McCleary G. F.
Published: May 2009

Several causes have contributed to bring the problems of infantile mortality into greater prominence during recent years. The increased interest in child-study, the growth of humanitarian feeling, and the rapid decline of the English birth-rate during a period of Imperialist expansion have combined to set a higher value upon infant life. In this connection less is heard of the “survival of the fittest” and the “devastating torrent of babies”; the fear of over-population which induced many to regard a high rate of infantile mortality with complacency has faded before the danger of depopulation, and the so-called doctrines of Malthus have given place to the gospel of Fecundity. To those engaged in the work of preventive medicine the continuance of a high rate of infantile mortality in spite of the great improvements in public health administration of the last thirty years is a problem of special interest. The following table shows that although the general death-rate has steadily declined since the early seventies there has been no corresponding decline in infantile mortality, which in fact has increased during 1886–1901. The comparatively low rates in 1902–3 are explained by the exceptional meteorological conditions prevailing during the summer months:—
On a Dysentery Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Todd Charles
Published: May 2009

One of the most striking points in the pathology of Bacterial Dysentery is the fact that while the bacilli are found regularly in the mesenteric glands, they are not found in the spleen or other organs, and do not occur in the blood, urine, or milk. In this respect Lentz (p. 320) points out that the disease differs markedly from the septicaemic diseases, such as typhoid, and that it must be regarded as a local infection of the intestinal mucous membrane and corresponding lymphatic glands by the bacillus, the toxin alone passing into the circulation and giving rise to the typical clinical picture, which, as in the case of cholera, gives the impression of a severe poisoning or toxaemia.
Equine Piroplasmosis, or “Biliary Fever”
Authors: Bowhill Thomas
Published: May 2009

The disease known as equine piroplasmosis is one possessing great importance to the farming community of certain portions of Cape Colony, especially to importers, for the reason that recently imported horses sometimes develop a very acute and often fatal form of this malady. A similar disease attacks mules. The recently reported outbreak of piroplasmosis amongst donkeys in the Transvaal, if not identical, is probably very closely allied to the malady affecting horses and mules. A great mortality amongst donkeys at Lydenburg was due to piroplasmosis. Equine piroplasmosis requires further investigation, it being unknown how the disease is disseminated, although most authorities consider that the parasite is transmitted by the agency of a tick.
On the Epidemiology of Plague
Authors: Hankin E. H.
Published: May 2009

In areas in which plague is present, or has recently been present, in India, as an epidemic, no definite relation has been observed between intensity of plague (apart from its persistence), and badness of sanitary condition of dwellings. On the other hand, in areas in which plague is present endemically, so far as evidence goes, very unsatisfactory sanitary conditions exist. Such areas are generally situated in mountainous countries (Garhwal, Yunnan, Beni-Cheir, Transbaikalia). The inhabitants of such places, owing to the difficulty of obtaining water for domestic purposes, are apt to be filthy both in their houses and persons. In Garhwal, Yunnan, and Beni-Cheir domesticated animals are stabled in the houses, the paucity of level area making separate provision for cattle a matter of difficulty. Stable refuse consequently is liable to accumulate in the lower floors of the houses, producing conditions favourable to the presence of swarms of fleas.
Further Observations on a Leprosy-like Disease of the Rat
Authors: Dean George
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to record briefly the result of certain observations and experiments on a disease of the rat, which is chiefly interesting from the close resemblance it bears to leprosy in the human subject. Not only are the lesions similar in their macroscopical and microscopical appearances, but the causal bacillus closely resembles the Bacillus leprae in its morphological characters, distribution in the tissues, staining reactions, and refusal to adopt a saprophytic habit of life.
On the Mechanism of Agglutination
Authors: Craw J. A.
Published: May 2009

1. The hypotheses of Pfeiffer, Emmerich and Löw, attributing agglutination to a vital paralysis due to the action of a bacteriolytic enzyme, and those of Gruber, Dineur, and Nicolle, which ascribe the action to the glutinous nature of the membranes or cilia, are insufficient to account for the observed phenomena.

2. The views of Paltauf and Duclaux that a specific precipitate is formed in the medium which mechanically carries the bacilli together are sufficient, but probably do not account fully for the agglutination of washed bacilli.

3. Arrhenius's assumption that the gas laws are applicable to the partition of agglutinin between bacilli and medium is improbable since the conditions under which these laws can be applied are absent.

4. The formula given by Arrhenius for the partition of agglutinin seems to be a special case of a general formula holding for the absorption of substances from solution by substances with highly developed surfaces,e.g., the adsorption of iodine from solution by charcoal. A superficial analogy between the gas partition law and the adsorption partition law for equilibria is to be expected, likewise an equally superficial analogy between reactions in true solutions and colloidal solutions,e.g., of agglutinin, for the velocity of reaction.

5. The special formula given by Arrhenius does not apply to the entire range of agglutinin solutions and the change which must be made in the constants is incompatible with the application of the gas laws, but agrees with the view that the fixation of agglutinin is due to adsorption.

6. The fixation of agglutinin from two different typhoid immune sera by living typhoid bacilli did not correspond to the partition law deduced by Arrhenius from the experiments of Eisenberg and Volk.

7. The rate of addition of bacillary suspension to agglutinating serum is a factor determining the amount of agglutinin fixed by the bacilli. By adding the suspension in parts more agglutinin is removed than in the case where the whole amount of suspension is added at once. This points to the equilibria belonging to the class met with in absorption.

8. Similar adsorption equilibria are obtained by experiments on staining.

9. The cell contents probably play an important part in agglutination as the washed membranes are but slightly agglutinated.

10. Motile cultures ofB. typhosusgrown at 37°C., and non-motile cultures grown at 42°C., agglutinated equally well, the agglutinable substance probably being unchanged.

11. The law governing the fixation inB. typhosus, heated to 58°C. for 30 minutes, is probably different to that holding for living cultures owing to modification of the agglutinable substance.
An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates
Authors: Newsholme Arthur , Stevenson T. H. C.
Published: May 2009

1. The ordinary method of calculating the birth-rate does not distinguish between the influence of fertility and of variations in conditions of the population as to age and marriage.

2. In ascertaining the true meaning of the great reduction of the birth-rate which has occured in the last 25 years it is necessary to have means for distinguishing between the accidental and the intrinsic causes of change.

3. A step in the right direction is made when the legitimate births are stated in terms of the married women at child-bearing ages, and the illegitimate births in terms of the unmarried women of the same ages.

4. This method fails to correct for the differences of fertility of the various ages comprised in the age-period 15–45.

5. By calculating standard fertility-rates for given populations McLean overcame the above difficulty, and was thus able to compare experiences of a given community at different times with the standard.

6. In this paper it is shown that by continuing the above process and obtaining corrected fertility-rates, the fertility-rates of different communities can be made directly comparable.

7. The inconveniences of this new and unfamiliar method, and the necessity involved in it of calculating the crude as well as the corrected fertility-rate in every instance, indicate the desirability of obtaining a factor for each community which throughout an entire intercensal period can be applied to the crude birth-rate of that community.

8. The desirability of such a factor is increased by the fact that the method of corrected fertility-rates does not take into account the proportion of married women in each population.

9. In this paper a method is described of obtaining factors, which, when applied to the readily available crude birth-rates, correct completely both for the varying proportion of married women in compared populations and for the varying fertility at different periods of married life.

10. The practical bearings of these corrected birth-rates will be discussed in a later paper.
The Prevalence of Trichocephalus Dispar
Authors: French H. S. , Boycott A. E.
Published: May 2009

No investigations seem to have been made in recent years as to the prevalence of intestinal worms among the general population in this country. The present results are derived from the microscopical examination of the stools of 500 in-patients of Guy's Hospital. The cases were taken consecutively by beds all through the hospital, without any selection, over a period of ten months, and comprise surgical and medical as well as gynaecological and other special patients. Nearly all were inhabitants of London.